text:
Netizen

The term netizen is a portmanteau of the English words internet and citizen, as in a "citizen of the net" or "net citizen". It describes a person actively involved in online communities or the Internet in general.

The term also commonly implies an interest and active engagement in improving the internet, making it an intellectual and a social resource, or its surrounding political structures, especially in regard to open access, net neutrality and free speech. The term was widely adopted in the mid-1990s as a way to describe those who inhabit the new geography of the internet. Internet pioneer and author Michael F. Hauben is credited with coining and popularizing the term.

Determining factor
In general, any individual who has access to the internet has the potential to be classified as a netizen. In the 21st century, this is made possible by the global connectivity of the internet. People can physically be located in one country but connected to most of the world via a global network.

There is a clear distinction between netizens and people who come online to use the internet. A netizen is described as an individual who actively seek to contribute to the development of the internet. Netizens are not individuals who go online for personal gain or profit, but instead actively seeks to make the internet a better place.

A term used to classify internet users who do not actively contribute to the development of the internet is "lurker". Lurkers cannot be classified as netizens, as although they do not actively harm the internet, they do not contribute either.

Besides, lurkers seemed to be more critical of the technological elements enabling communities whereas posters appeared to be more critical of users who hampered community creation by making rude or unpleasant comments. Additionally, discussions indicate that both lurkers and posters had distinct motives for lurking and might modify their engagement behaviours based on how they understand the community from various online groups, despite the fact that engagement between those who post and those who lurk was different in the communities studied.

In China
In Mandarin Chinese, the terms wǎngmín (, literally "netizen" or "net folks") and wǎngyǒu (, literally "net friend" or "net mate") are commonly used terms meaning "internet users", and the English word netizen is used by mainland China-based English language media to translate both terms, resulting in the frequent appearance of that English word in media reporting about China, far more frequently than the use of the word in other contexts.

Netizen Prize
The international nonprofit organisation Reporters Without Borders awards an annual Netizen Prize in recognition to an internet user, blogger, cyber-dissident, or group who has helped to promote freedom of expression on the internet. The organisation uses the term when describing the political repression of cyber-dissidents such as legal consequences of blogging in politically repressive environments.

Psychological studies
With time, more and more people have started interacting and building communities online. The effect it has on human psychology and life is of major interest and concern to researchers. Several studies are being done on netizens under the name Netizens’ Psychology. Problems are internet addiction, mental health, outrage, and the effect on kids' development are some of the many problems netizen psychology tries to focus on.

title: Netizen


text:
Talk:Lipnice

huh???????? KJ

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Lipnice. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080505094648/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/45_655_PLK_HTML.htm to http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/45_655_PLK_HTML.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 16:08, 16 May 2017 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Lipnice


text:
TAROM

TAROM (legally Compania Națională de Transporturi Aeriene Române TAROM S.A.) is the flag carrier and oldest currently operating airline of Romania, based in Otopeni near Bucharest. Its headquarters and its main hub are at Henri Coandă International Airport. It is currently the first and largest airline operating in Romania based on international destinations, international flights and the second-largest measured by fleet size and passengers carried.

The brand name is an acronym for Transporturile Aeriene Române (Romanian Air Transport). Over ninety-seven percent (97.22%) of TAROM is owned by the Romanian Government (Ministry of Transport). The airline transported almost 2.75 million passengers in 2018, with an average load factor of 74%. The airline joined SkyTeam on 25 June 2010.

The beginnings
The history of the Romanian National Air Transport Company can be traced back to 1920, when CFRNA - (French-Romanian Company for Air Navigation) was founded. On 13 April 1920, the company registered its headquarters at 194 Rue Rivoli, in Paris. A decree issued on 26 April 1920 establishes Direcțiunea Aviației (The Directorate of Aviation), in the subordination of the Ministry of Communications. In the same year, the Kingdom of Romania offered CFRNA exploitation rights. The country offered the airline two aerodromes: one in Arad, and another one in Bucharest–Băneasa. The airline used French-built Potez 15 aircraft for its passenger/mail service between Paris and Bucharest via several cities in Central Europe. In 1925, the city of Galați became the first destination in Romania served by regular flights followed, from 24 June 1926, by an extended service to Iași and Chișinău. Ten de Havilland DH.9 and five Ansaldo A.300, in addition to the Potez aircraft, operated the service.

In 1928 the airline changed its name to SNNA (Serviciul Național de Navigație Aeriană, The National Service of Air Navigation). On 9 July 1930, the company adopted the name LARES Airlines (Liniile Aeriene Române Exploatate de Stat, Romanian Airlines Operated by the State) while 20 July 1937 saw the merger of LARES with its competitor, SARTA Airlines (Societatea Anonimă Română de Transporturi Aeriene).

Post-World War II
Immediately after World War II, in 1945, when the Soviet Union had extended its influence across Eastern Europe, a new reorganization replaced LARES with TARS (Transporturi Aeriene Româno-Sovietice), jointly owned by the governments of Romania and the Soviet Union. Domestic operations were started from Bucharest (Băneasa Airport) on 1 February 1946, when TARS took overall air services and aircraft from LARES.

Over the following decade, the company's Soviet share was purchased by the Romanian government and, on 18 September 1954, the airline adopted the name of TAROM (Transporturi Aeriene Române, Romanian Air Transport). By 1960, TAROM was flying to a dozen cities across Europe. 1966 saw the operation of its first transatlantic flight. On 14 May 1974, it launched a regular service to New York City (John F. Kennedy International Airport).

Being part of the regional group of airlines within Eastern Bloc states meant that for much of its history TAROM has operated Soviet-designed aircraft. These included Lisunov Li-2s, Ilyushin Il-14s, Ilyushin Il-18 long-range turboprops, Ilyushin Il-62 long-range jet airliners, Antonov An-24 regional turboprops, and Tupolev Tu-154 medium-range tri-jets. As was the case with several other nations, the Il-62 was the first long-range jet airliner to be put into operation by Romania, in 1973. Five examples (three Il-62s and two later version Il-62Ms) were owned by TAROM, which also leased the aircraft to other operators.

An exception to Soviet-built aircraft was made in 1968, when TAROM bought six BAC One-Eleven 400s for European and Middle East destinations, and in 1974 when it acquired Boeing 707 aircraft to share its long-haul operations with the Il-62. Plans were made to acquire Vickers VC10 aircraft as well, but in the end, the Soviets did not allow it, and made them buy the Il-62 instead. With 59 aircraft in operation, in the late '70s, TAROM had the largest fleet in the Eastern Bloc, after Aeroflot.

In 1978, a contract was signed with the UK enabling Rombac to manufacture the BAC One Eleven at Romaero, near Bucharest. Meanwhile, the 707 and Il-62 long-range aircraft were operating New York (via Amsterdam, later London and finally Vienna), Abu-Dhabi-Bangkok-Singapore, and Karachi-Beijing. TAROM was the only Eastern Bloc airline to operate flights to Tel Aviv, Israel.

During the mid 1980s, TAROM leased Tupolev Tu-154 jets to Guyana Airways and also supported these aircraft which were operated in scheduled passenger service between Georgetown, Guyana in South America and both Miami and New York City.

The 1990s
After the collapse of the communist regime in 1989, the airline, operating a fleet of 65 aircraft of six basic types, was able to acquire more Western-built jets. In 1992, TAROM bought 3 Airbus A310 planes, nicknamed: "Transilvania" (YR-LCA), "Moldova" (YR-LCB) and "Muntenia" (YR-LCC). By 1993, TAROM had introduced long-haul flights to Montreal and Bangkok using Ilyushin Il-62 and Airbus A310 aircraft. The YR-LCC Airbus A310 joined TAROM's fleet on 10 April 1994, to then crash near Balotești on 31 March 1995.

During the 1990s, TAROM replaced its long-haul fleet of Boeing 707s and IL-62s with Airbus A310s (the last Il-62 being sold in 1999).

2000s and 2010s
TAROM is recovering from a difficult period that began in the 1990s when losses of up to $68 million per year were registered, caused by unprofitable routes. At the beginning of the new millennium, the airline initiated a programme that was aimed at restoring profitability. This was achieved by terminating loss-making intercontinental services. In 2001, the airline cancelled its non-profitable long-haul services to Bangkok and Montreal and also terminated services to its remaining intercontinental destinations of Chicago in 2002, and Beijing and New York City in 2003. TAROM terminated loss-making domestic services to Craiova, Tulcea, Caransebeș, and Constanța, and focused its activity on service to key destinations in Europe and the Middle East. TAROM has decided to focus its operations on Bucharest (Henri Coandă International Airport) (OTP) and Cluj-Napoca International Airport (CLJ), and initiated direct international flights from Sibiu International Airport. 2004 was the first profitable year of the last decade. By 2005, TAROM tried selling its A310 fleet three times, which was being preserved since 2003.

A fleet upgrade programme started in 2006 with the acquisition of four Airbus A318s, three Boeing 737-800s, and two ATR 72-500s, which resulted in a fleet increase to 26 by 2009.

From 2003 till 2007, the airline spent €1 million per year to preserve its A310s "Moldova" and "Transilvania". In 2007, TAROM modernized its two Airbus A310 planes at the Airbus plant in Bordeaux. After being reconditioned, the pair was used in medium-haul flights, which weren't successful.

The airline had a frequent-flyer programme "Smart Miles", which was turned into Flying Blue on 5 June 2010. Codeshare agreements with foreign partner airlines are in place for several international routes. On 25 June 2010, TAROM joined SkyTeam as the alliance's thirteenth member.

Starting with November 2012, in accordance with the Romanian state-company legislation, TAROM was led by a private manager, the Belgian Christian Heinzmann occupying the positions of CEO and Accountable Manager until March 2016. During Heinzmann's leadership, the company reduced its financial losses by more than 75%, grew its yearly passenger number to a record 2.4 million and stabilised its load-factor around 70%. However, broad reforms like the fleet renewal and harmonisation, as well as the establishment of profit centers such as the TAROM Maintenance and TAROM Charter services, were not accomplished due to a constant lack of a decision from the company's board of administrators.

On 12 September and 29 October 2016, TAROM retired their remaining two Airbus A310-300s after final flights from Madrid to Bucharest. The A310s will be replaced with new smaller aircraft. In May 2017, TAROM received its first of two leased Boeing 737-800s. Another two ex-Malaysian Airlines 737-800 were added to the fleet in 2018 and a contract for five Boeing 737 MAX 8 was signed with deliveries stated to begin in 2023. On 27 December 2019, the Ministry of Transport announced that 9 new ATR 72-600 leased from Nordic Aviation Capital for a 10 year-period would replace the existent ATR 42-500 and 72-500, manufactured in 1999–2000 and 2009, respectively. TAROM received the first four aircraft in February 2020, with the first one, registered with code YR-ATJ, landing in Bucharest on 18 February 2020, at 2:50 PM EET.

2020s
TAROM was directly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, temporarily ceasing all scheduled operations from 25 March 2020. TAROM operated flights for the Romanian Government during the state of emergency, bringing some medical equipments from China. After the state of emergency expired, TAROM resumed scheduled operations from May 2020.

In 2021, TAROM's then new CEO stated that none of the airline's current routes were profitable. In October 2022, it was reported that the operator of Henri Coandă International Airport, TAROM's home base, was considering legal action against the airline over unpaid fees exceeding 10 million Euros, and also might suspend all services for the carrier.

Ownership
TAROM is a state-owned company, with shareholding structure as follows:

Business trends
Figures for recent years are shown below (for years ending 31 December):

Logo and livery
The TAROM logo, representing a swallow in flight, has been used on all TAROM aircraft since 1954. The 1970s livery had the logo on the tail painted in red, with a red cheatline. The livery introduced in the early 1990s (on the Airbus A310 aircraft) is an overall-white scheme with the titles and the tailfin painted in dark blue. The current colour scheme (introduced in 2006 on the A318) is a slightly modified version of the previous one, with an oversized logo on the tailfin, and the engine pods also painted in dark blue.

All aircraft in the TAROM fleet receive a "name" which is a Romanian toponym. For instance, the names of the ATR aircraft in the fleet are related to the rivers of Romania, the Boeing aircraft bear names of Romanian cities, the Airbus long-haul aircraft bore Romanian historical province names; while the Airbus A318s bear names of Romanian aviation pioneers.

In 2009, marking the airline's 55th anniversary, a Boeing 737-700 (YR-BGG "Craiova") was painted in a retro jet colour scheme, representing the airline's first livery used in the 1950s on Lisunov Li-2 aircraft.

TAROM Technical Division
The TAROM Technical Division provides aircraft maintenance services for the entire fleet of the company and the fleet of other national and international companies. The objective of TAROM Technical Department is to be the best and the most efficient, in terms of costs, maintenance service provider for Boeing 737, ATR 42 and ATR 72 aircraft in Central and Eastern Europe. The services provided by the TAROM Technical Department include unscheduled maintenance works, scheduled maintenance works and repair works for spare parts.

The major maintenance activity is performed in the hangar of the technical department, built between 1969 and 1972, with an area of 6,000 m$2$ and restored in 2000 to fully comply with EASA (European Safety Aviation Agency) and FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) standards. The hangar is equipped to perform all types of inspections for TAROM fleet, and the personnel is qualified and licensed for all types of aircraft in the fleet. Maintenance activities for 3 to 6 aircraft, depending on their size, may be carried out simultaneously in the hangar. The hangar is equipped with a full MERO system for B737 docking.

The most important maintenance capacities of the TAROM Technical Department include full maintenance services for Boeing 737 and ATR42/72 aircraft, inspection capacity type C for Airbus A310 and A318 aircraft, total painting, interior cleaning, and modifications.

The technical department also provides safe storage facilities for spare parts and materials necessary for maintenance activity, dedicated spaces for chemicals, special tools and testing equipment, and quarantine spaces. The TAROM Technical Department also provides conveyance services (packaging, preparation of documents, customs) and acceptance services (customs, disassembly, and reception inspection) for various substances and equipment.

In a dispute between TAROM and UK airline Jet2.com regarding failure to provide adequate maintenance services for Jet2.com's fleet and the latter's resulting failure to pay certain invoices, the High Court in England determined that TAROM's attempt to terminate the contract in 2007 for non-payment was invalid, and treated the termination as a repudiatory breach of the contract. Jet2.com were awarded damages.

Destinations
The airline directly operates 50 destinations including charter and seasonal services in 22 countries in Europe, the Middle East and Northern Africa including 8 domestic destinations. The airline's flights to the USA ceased in 2003 and are now operated under a codeshare agreement with Air France via Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport.

Alliances
In 2006, TAROM was scheduled to join SkyTeam as an associate member (sponsored by Alitalia), but the entry into the alliance was postponed until 2008. On 7 May that year, SkyTeam signed a SkyTeam Alliance Associate Adherence Agreement (SAAAA) with TAROM. On 22 June 2010, SkyTeam announced that it had renewed its membership program, thereby making TAROM a future full member of the alliance. On 25 June 2010, TAROM became a full member of SkyTeam.

Codeshare agreements
TAROM has codeshare agreements with the following airlines as of November 2023:

 * Air Europa
 * Air France
 * Air Serbia
 * airBaltic
 * Bulgaria Air
 * Czech Airlines
 * ITA Airways
 * KLM
 * Middle East Airlines
 * Turkish Airlines

Current fleet
, the TAROM fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Short-haul fleet
TAROM agreed in 2019 to lease 9 ATR 72-600 aircraft from Nordic Aviation Capital in order to replace existing ATR 42-500 and ATR 72-500 aircraft. In 2021, the order was reduced from 9 to 7 ATR 72-600.

Medium-haul fleet
After the retiring of Airbus A310s in 2016, two new Boeing 737-800 were leased in 2017. In 2018, another two Boeing 737-800 were leased. Also, at the Farnborough Air Show, the Government of Romania signed a contract to buy 5 Boeing 737 MAX-8 at an estimated value of $586 million. As of 2022, TAROM was negotiating with a few leasing companies for 4 to 8 Boeing 737 MAX-8. Airbus A318s and Boeing 737-700s are going to be retired soon, while Boeing 737-300s were retired in 2021.

Long-haul fleet
TAROM had been planning to lease three widebody aircraft to resume long-haul operations to China and the United States after the withdrawal of its Airbus A310s. The Request For Proposals (RFP) to leasing firms expired on 31 August 2017. In 2018, TAROM made efforts to lease some Boeing 787s, but there was no further information.

VIP fleet
In 2018, the CEO of that time declared that TAROM could operate a legacy aircraft with maximum 10 seats, which could fly over Atlantic, in order to be leased by the Romanian Government, the Presidential Administration, for VIP business affairs or in medical emergencies. There was no further development. Between 2010 and 2013, under the Băsescu administration, TAROM operated an Airbus A310-300 for presidential purposes.

Former fleet
During its history, TAROM also operated the following aircraft types:

 * Airbus A310-300
 * Antonov An-2
 * Antonov An-24
 * ATR 42
 * BAC One-Eleven
 * ROMBAC 1-11
 * Boeing 707
 * Boeing 737-300
 * Boeing 737-500
 * Ilyushin Il-14
 * Ilyushin Il-18
 * Ilyushin Il-62
 * Lisunov Li-2
 * McDonnell Douglas DC-10
 * Mil Mi-4
 * Tupolev Tu-154

Incidents and accidents

 * On 4 November 1957, a TAROM Ilyushin Il-14P, registration YR-PCC, operating an international administrative flight from Bucharest to Moscow crashed short of the runway at Vnukovo Airport, killing four of 16 on board. The aircraft was on approach to Vnukovo Airport when the pilot noticed that the aircraft was too low, however, the aircraft continued its descent until it struck treetops and later crashed. The aircraft was carrying Romanian government members Chivu Stoica, Grigore Preoteasa, Alexandru Moghioroș, Ștefan Voitec, Nicolae Ceaușescu, Leonte Răutu and Marin Năstase to Moscow for the 40th anniversary of the October Revolution. Preoteasa, who apparently was not wearing a safety belt, and three Soviet crew members lost their lives.
 * On 24 February 1962 an Ilyushin Il-18V, registration YR-IMB, operating on an international scheduled flight from Bucharest Otopeni Airport (OTP) to Tel Aviv via Nicosia lost power on all four engines and made a belly landing on a grassy field in Cyprus. While cruising at 23,000 ft over the Mediterranean Sea and 43 mi offshore, engine number 3 lost power, followed shortly by number 1 and 2. Then, at 10,000 ft and 27 mi offshore, engine 4 also quit. All 100 occupants survived. The aircraft was transported to Moscow for repairs, but it never re-entered service.
 * On 16 June 1963, a VEB 14P (YR-ILL) flying from Munich to Constanța entered a dive and crashed near the village of Békéssámson, Hungary following engine problems, killing all 31 on board.
 * On 9 October 1964, an Ilyushin Il-14P, registration YR-ILB, operating a domestic scheduled flight from Timișoara to Bucharest broke up in mid-air and crashed 2 km south of Cugir, killing all 31 on board. The aircraft had flown into a strong downdraft; the pilot attempted to maintain altitude, but this caused the fuselage to overstress and break up.
 * On 11 August 1966, a Lisunov Li-2, registration YR-TAN, crashed in the Lotrioara Valley en route from Brașov to Constanţa, killing all 24 on board.
 * On 4 February 1970, Tarom Flight 35, an Antonov An-24, registration YR-AMT, operating a domestic scheduled flight from Bucharest to Oradea struck the side of a mountain in the Vlădeasa mountain group, killing 20 of 21 on board; although nine survived the crash, eight died in the low temperatures before rescuers reached the crash site. The aircraft began descending too soon in poor visibility until it struck treetops on a mountainside, after which it struck the slope of a second mountain. The aircraft was leased from the Romanian government.
 * On 29 December 1974, an Antonov An-24, registration YR-AMD, operating on a domestic scheduled flight from Oradea to Bucharest was making an unscheduled stop at Sibiu and crashed into the side of the Lotrului mountains (22 km south of Sibiu) at an altitude of 1,700 m, killing all 28 passengers and 5 crew members. The crew's incorrect approach procedure execution, which led to the aircraft drifting south off course by 20 km, while the wind was increasing turbulence was present.
 * On 7 August 1980, a Tupolev Tu-154B-1 registered YR-TPH, operating on an international scheduled flight from Bucharest Otopeni Airport to Nouadhibou Airport, Mauritania ditched in the water 300 m short of the runway at Nouadhibou Airport. The crew could not see the runway while descending through the 90 m decision height. A missed approach procedure was initiated when the pilot felt contact with what he thought was ground but was actually water. All of the 152 passengers and 16 crew members survived the impact, but a passenger suffered a heart attack and died before he could be rescued. Most of the passengers were sailors who were going to replace the crew of two Romanian ships located on the Mauritanian coast. Many passengers swam to the land, while sharks were kept away by the vibrations of an engine which continued to function for a few hours after the crash.
 * On 5 September 1986, an Antonov An-24 registered YR-AMF operating on a domestic scheduled flight from Bucharest Băneasa Airport touched down nose wheel-first while landing at Cluj Airport. A fire erupted, killing three crew members who were trapped in the cockpit. The other two crew members and all fifty passengers survived.
 * On 28 December 1989, during the Romanian Revolution, an Antonov An-24 flying from Bucharest to Belgrade, carrying Sunday Times journalist Ian Henry Parry, was shot down by a missile at Vișina, Dâmbovița. All the people on board (six crew members and the passenger) died.
 * On 13 August 1991, TAROM Flight 785A, an Ilyushin Il-18, flying from Otopeni to Timișoara Airport crashed in the Retezat Mountains during a repositioning flight. The flight crew, and an aircraft maintenance crew, all consisting of 9 people, died instantly. Whilst the official cause of the crash was attributed to pilot error (the pilots did not use radar instruments and only assumed their positions, thus getting lost), the secrecy regarding the crash sparked a few conspiracy theories, which include sabotage, accidental shootdown from a nearby surface-to-air missiles unit (a theory later dismissed by the MApN), and UFOs that tricked the pilots into believing they had arrived at their destination, linked to the sightings of unusual lights on 4 August 1991.
 * On 24 September 1994, TAROM Flight 381, an Airbus A310 registered YR-LCA flying from Bucharest to Paris Orly, went into a sudden and uncommanded nose-up position and stalled. The crew attempted to countermand the aircraft's flight control system but were unable to get the nose down while remaining on course. Witnesses saw the aircraft climb with an extreme nose-up attitude, then bank sharply left, then right, then fall into a steep dive. Only when the dive produced additional speed was the crew able to recover steady flight. An investigation found that an overshoot of flap placard speed during the approach, incorrectly commanded by the captain, caused a mode transition to flight level change. The auto-throttles increased power and trim went full nose-up as a result. The crew's attempt at commanding the nose-down elevator could not counteract the effect of stabilizer nose-up trim, and the resulting dive brought the aircraft from a height of 4,100 ft at the time of the stall to 800 ft when the crew was able to recover command. The aircraft landed safely after a second approach. There were 186 people on board.
 * On 31 March 1995, a TAROM Airbus A310 operating as Flight 371 crashed near Balotești due to a fault in the throttles and lack of recovery from the flight crew. All 49 passengers and 11 crew members were killed.
 * On 30 December 2007, a TAROM Boeing 737-300 (YR-BGC "Constanța"), flying Flight 3107 hit a car on the runway of Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport while taking off for Sharm-el-Sheikh. The aircraft stopped beside the runway and was severely damaged. None of the passengers were injured. Because of fog, neither the tower nor the pilots saw the car belonging to staff who were repairing a runway beacon.
 * On 9 July 2019, a TAROM ATR 42-500 (YR-ATF) burst the tyres of the main landing gear wheels at Bucharest Henri Coandă International Airport while conducting the landing of Flight 638 from Satu Mare. None of the passengers were injured. An internal safety investigation was conducted, with a report being published on 11 September 2019. TAROM's report concluded that the tyre explosions were caused by the parking brakes being engaged on contact with the runway. The brakes locked shortly after contact with the runway. This resulted in the bursting of all four tyres of the main landing wheels. The early engagement of parking brakes were attributed to pilot error. Specifically, poor cockpit resource management (CRM).

title: TAROM


text:
Formula

In science, a formula is a concise way of expressing information symbolically, as in a mathematical formula or a chemical formula. The informal use of the term formula in science refers to the general construct of a relationship between given quantities.

The plural of formula can be either formulas (from the most common English plural noun form) or, under the influence of scientific Latin, formulae (from the original Latin).

In mathematics
In mathematics, a formula generally refers to an equation relating one mathematical expression to another, with the most important ones being mathematical theorems. For example, determining the volume of a sphere requires a significant amount of integral calculus or its geometrical analogue, the method of exhaustion. However, having done this once in terms of some parameter (the radius for example), mathematicians have produced a formula to describe the volume of a sphere in terms of its radius:

 * $$V = \frac{4}{3} \pi r^3.$$

Having obtained this result, the volume of any sphere can be computed as long as its radius is known. Here, notice that the volume V and the radius r are expressed as single letters instead of words or phrases. This convention, while less important in a relatively simple formula, means that mathematicians can more quickly manipulate formulas which are larger and more complex. Mathematical formulas are often algebraic, analytical or in closed form.

In a general context, formulas often represent mathematical models of real world phenomena, and as such can be used to provide solutions (or approximate solutions) to real world problems, with some being more general than others. For example, the formula

 * $$F = ma$$

is an expression of Newton's second law, and is applicable to a wide range of physical situations. Other formulas, such as the use of the equation of a sine curve to model the movement of the tides in a bay, may be created to solve a particular problem. In all cases, however, formulas form the basis for calculations.

Expressions are distinct from formulas in that they cannot contain an equals sign (=). Expressions can be likened to phrases the same way formulas can be likened to grammatical sentences.

In mathematical logic
In mathematical logic, a formula (often referred to as a well-formed formula) is an entity constructed using the symbols and formation rules of a given logical language. For example, in first-order logic,
 * $$\forall x \forall y (P(f(x)) \rightarrow\neg (P(x) \rightarrow Q(f(y),x,z)))$$

is a formula, provided that $$f$$ is a unary function symbol, $$P$$ a unary predicate symbol, and $$Q$$ a ternary predicate symbol.

Chemical formulas
In modern chemistry, a chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound, using a single line of chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes other symbols, such as parentheses, brackets, and plus (+) and minus (−) signs. For example, H2O is the chemical formula for water, specifying that each molecule consists of two hydrogen (H) atoms and one oxygen (O) atom. Similarly, O$$ denotes an ozone molecule consisting of three oxygen atoms and a net negative charge.

A chemical formula identifies each constituent element by its chemical symbol, and indicates the proportionate number of atoms of each element.

In empirical formulas, these proportions begin with a key element and then assign numbers of atoms of the other elements in the compound—as ratios to the key element. For molecular compounds, these ratio numbers can always be expressed as whole numbers. For example, the empirical formula of ethanol may be written C2H6O, because the molecules of ethanol all contain two carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and one oxygen atom. Some types of ionic compounds, however, cannot be written as empirical formulas which contains only the whole numbers. An example is boron carbide, whose formula of CBn is a variable non-whole number ratio, with n ranging from over 4 to more than 6.5.

When the chemical compound of the formula consists of simple molecules, chemical formulas often employ ways to suggest the structure of the molecule. There are several types of these formulas, including molecular formulas and condensed formulas. A molecular formula enumerates the number of atoms to reflect those in the molecule, so that the molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6 rather than the glucose empirical formula, which is CH2O. Except for the very simple substances, molecular chemical formulas generally lack needed structural information, and might even be ambiguous in occasions.

A structural formula is a drawing that shows the location of each atom, and which atoms it binds to.

In computing
In computing, a formula typically describes a calculation, such as addition, to be performed on one or more variables. A formula is often implicitly provided in the form of a computer instruction such as.

 * Degrees Celsius = (5/9)*(Degrees Fahrenheit - 32)

In computer spreadsheet software, a formula indicating how to compute the value of a cell, say A3, could be written as

 * =A1+A2

where A1 and A2 refer to other cells (column A, row 1 or 2) within the spreadsheet. This is a shortcut for the "paper" form A3 = A1+A2, where A3 is, by convention, omitted because the result is always stored in the cell itself, making the stating of the name redundant.

Units
Formulas used in science almost always require a choice of units. Formulas are used to express relationships between various quantities, such as temperature, mass, or charge in physics; supply, profit, or demand in economics; or a wide range of other quantities in other disciplines.

An example of a formula used in science is Boltzmann's entropy formula. In statistical thermodynamics, it is a probability equation relating the entropy S of an ideal gas to the quantity W, which is the number of microstates corresponding to a given macrostate:

 * $$S = k \cdot \log W $$          (1) S= k ln W

where k is Boltzmann's constant equal to 1.38062 x 10−23 joule/kelvin, and W is the number of microstates consistent with the given macrostate.

title: Formula


text:
Aceraceae

Aceraceae were recognized as a family of flowering plants also called the maple family. They contain two to four genera, depending upon the circumscription, of some 120 species of trees and shrubs. A common characteristic is that the leaves are opposite, and the fruit a schizocarp.

The maples have long been known to be closely related to the family Sapindaceae. Several taxonomists (including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) now include both the Aceraceae and the Hippocastanaceae in the Sapindaceae. Recent research (Harrington et al. 2005 ) has shown that while both Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae are monophyletic in themselves, their removal from Sapindaceae sensu lato would leave Sapindaceae sensu stricto as a paraphyletic group, particularly with reference to the genus Xanthoceras.

title: Aceraceae


text:
Andrew Golota

Andrzej Jan Gołota (born 5 January 1968), best known as Andrew Golota, is a Polish former professional boxer who competed from 1992 to 2013. He challenged four times for a heavyweight world title (by all four major sanctioning bodies), and as an amateur won a bronze medal in the heavyweight division at the 1988 Olympics. Despite his accomplishments and more than 40 professional wins, Golota is perhaps best known for twice being disqualified against Riddick Bowe for repeated low blows in fights that Golota was winning. On October 4, 1997, he became the first Pole to challenge for a heavyweight boxing crown when he fought WBC champion Lennox Lewis at Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City. In November 2016, Golota was inducted into the Illinois Boxing Hall of Fame.

Amateur career
The Warsaw-born, Golota had 111 wins and 10 losses in an amateur career that culminated in his winning a bronze medal at the 1988 Summer Olympics. Golota won other international amateur tournaments as well.

In 1990, he got into a fight with a machinist "about half a foot and 50 pounds smaller" in a bar in Poland. Facing charges of assault and battery, he fled rather than risk five years in prison. Later that year, he married an American citizen of Polish descent and settled in Chicago. Gołota's Olympic results were as follows:
 * 1st round bye
 * Defeated Svilen Rusinov (Bulgaria) 5-0
 * Defeated Harold Obunga (Kenya) 5-0
 * Lost to Baik Hyun-Man (South Korea) RSC 2

Professional career
In 1992, Golota turned professional, knocking out Roosevelt Shuler in three rounds. He had three more knockouts and then went the distance for the first time, defeating Robert Smith in six rounds. He won his next 16 fights by knockout. His wins included Bobby Crabtree and Jeff Lampkin. Following his KO of Crabtree he was featured in Ring Magazine's new faces section. Soon after, he faced a respected contender, Maron Wilson. Golota won a ten-round decision. He won his next five bouts by knockout. His opponents included Samson Po'uha and Darnell Nicholson, both of whom were considered fringe contenders at the time. The win over Po'uha was memorable for the moment in which Gołota bit Po'uha on the side of the neck, two years before the bite-including rematch between Evander Holyfield and Mike Tyson.

Golota vs. Bowe I & II
Golota's first high-profile fight came against former heavyweight champion Riddick Bowe. Bowe had not fought in nearly a year since his third and final fight with Evander Holyfield, which he won by technical knockout in the eighth round, and had said regarding his opponent, "how do you train for a bum?", paying no attention to his opponent's win–loss record. The fight was held at Madison Square Garden on 11 July 1996, and was televised by HBO as part of its World Championship Boxing series.

Early in the fight it appeared that Bowe had underestimated his opponent's skills. However, Golota's penchant for not following the rules was also showcased in this fight as he took to striking Bowe in the testes. After being repeatedly warned, referee Wayne Kelly began deducting points from Golota and had done so twice prior to the seventh round. Early in that round, Kelly took a third point from Golota for punching Bowe in the testes, and warned him that if he did it again, he was going to lose the fight. Golota continued to fight and with less than a minute left in the round landed several hard shots that appeared to have Bowe staggered. However, with 37 seconds remaining in the round Golota dropped Bowe with another punch directly to the testes, and Kelly disqualified him. What ensued was a dramatic riot that left a large number of civilians and policemen injured, including Gołota himself, who was hit by a member of Bowe's entourage with a two-way radio and required eleven stitches to close a cut on his head. The riot, which has been named "Riot at the Garden", was called Event of the Year by Ring Magazine.

The controversy of Golota vs. Bowe I created interest in a rematch, which was held in Atlantic City, New Jersey on December 14, 1996. Golota vs. Bowe II was on Pay Per View and Gołota once again led Bowe on the scorecards only to be disqualified in the ninth round by referee Eddie Cotton, again for multiple shots to Bowe's testes. This fight also proved to be controversial, and a protest was filed by Gołota's camp to try to overturn the fight's result. Michael Katz, a sportswriter, coined the term Foul Pole for Gołota. Both fights are featured on HBO's documentary Legendary Nights The Tale of Bowe Golota.

Championship fight with Lewis
Despite two losses in a row, Gołota became the WBC number one contender. On 4 October 1997, he received a shot at the world's Heavyweight championship against Lennox Lewis in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Gołota was knocked out in the first round.

Gołota subsequently claimed that an injection of lidocaine for tendonitis in his right knee given to him by his physician shortly before the fight made him woozy and impaired his vision. The adverse effects of lidocaine include dizziness, blurred vision, seizures. As a result, he filed a medical malpractice suit against his physician, claiming that the injection had cost him the fight and a deal with HBO for $21 million to broadcast his next four to five fights.

Later career
Gołota's boxing career continued with his beating former 2-time world champion Tim Witherspoon by decision. In his next match, he lost to Michael Grant by a knockout in the tenth round in one of The Ring's 1999 fights of the year. Gołota scored two knockdowns of Grant in the first round. He was ahead on all three judges' scorecards in the tenth round when he himself was knocked down. When asked by referee Randy Neuman whether he wanted to continue, he shook his head twice and then haltingly answered "No".

In 2000, Gołota fought in China beating Marcus Rhodes with a third-round knockout. Later in 2000, he faced former heavyweight champion Mike Tyson. Tyson knocked Golota down in the first round, and in between rounds Golota told his corner to stop the fight but his corner talked him into continuing. In the third round, as he had done in the Grant match, Gołota told the referee he did not want to continue, despite his team desperately urging him on. He later claimed a headbutt impaired him during the fight, which was one of his main reasons for deciding not to continue. The result of the fight was later changed to no contest when Tyson failed a post fight drug test, testing positive for marijuana. Following the Tyson fight, Gołota was inactive for nearly three years before returning to the ring on 14 August 2003. He scored a technical knockout of journeyman Brian Nix in the seventh round. On November 15, Golota knocked out Terrence Lewis in the sixth round at Verona, New York.

Later World title shots
Gołota then received a second world title shot, fighting IBF heavyweight champion Chris Byrd at New York City's Madison Square Garden on 17 April 2004. The fight resulted in a draw.

On 13 November 2004, Gołota received his second world title shot in a row. Despite knocking down WBA champion John Ruiz twice within the bout, he lost by unanimous decision.

Golota received his third world title try in a row on 21 May 2005 against WBO champion Lamon Brewster. Though heavily favored to win, Gołota lost when Brewster knocked him down three times inside the first round, prompting the referee to stop the bout. On 9 June 2007, he beat Jeremy Bates in the 2nd round by technical knockout. Gołota fought Kevin McBride on October 6, 2007 in Madison Square Garden and won by TKO in the 6th round, winning the inaugural IBF North American Heavyweight championship.

On 19 January 2008, Gołota defeated Mike Mollo by unanimous decision in 12 rounds to win the World Boxing Association Fedelatin heavyweight championship belt. In January, 2009, Gołota lost by first-round TKO to Ray Austin. On 24 October 2009 in Łódź, Gołota fought Tomasz Adamek and lost by TKO in the 5th round. The event was hosted on Polsat TV, it was also broadcast live online on ipla.tv platform. It was the largest live internet transmission in Poland.

Other
Golota took part in Census 2010 commercials, recorded in Polish and English. In 2010, he appeared in the Polish edition of Dancing with the Stars (Taniec z Gwiazdami) with partner Magdalena Soszyńska-Michno. In his first appearance he danced the waltz. He was eliminated on 7 November 2010, at the quarter final stage and he finished in 5th place. He has also participated in Polish version of The Mole (Agent - Gwiazdy), he has been eliminated and finished in eighth place.

title: Andrew Golota


text:
Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)

The Ayyubid Mosque of Omar (مسجد عمر بن الخطاب, מסגד עומר) is an Islamic place of worship inside the Old City of Jerusalem. It is located opposite the southern courtyard of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, in the Muristan area of the Christian Quarter. The mosque is not open to tourists, and can be accessed only for praying.

History
According to local tradition, after the Siege of Jerusalem in 637 by the Rashidun army under the command of Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah, Patriarch Sophronius refused to surrender except to the Caliph Omar (579-644) himself. Omar travelled to Jerusalem and accepted the surrender. He then approached the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and Patriarch Sophronius invited the Caliph to pray inside the church, but Omar declined so as not to set a precedent and thereby endanger the church's status as a Christian site. Instead he prayed outside, on the steps east of the church. The Mosque of Omar was later built at that site, as evidenced by a stone plate with a Kufic inscription found in 1897 in the area of the eastern or outer atrium of the Constantinian (4th-century) Church of the Holy Sepulchre, defining this area as a mosque.

The current structure was built in its current shape by the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din in 1193 to commemorate the prayer of the caliph Omar.

Architecture
The current structure was built in its current shape by the Ayyubid Sultan Al-Afdal ibn Salah ad-Din in 1193 to commemorate the prayer of the caliph Omar. The entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre had by then moved from the east to the south of the church, as a result of repeated destructive events that affected the Holy Sepulchre and Muslim mosques during the 11th and 12th centuries.

The current building of the mosque has a 15 m high minaret that was built sometime before 1465 during the Mamluk period, maybe after the 1458 earthquake, and was renovated by Ottoman sultan Abdulmecid I (r. 1839–1860).

The Al-Khanqah al-Salahiyya Mosque, located on the other (northern) side of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, has an almost identical minaret, erected in 1418.

title: Mosque of Omar (Jerusalem)


text:
Gustave Le Bon

Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon (7 May 1841 – 13 December 1931) was a leading French polymath whose areas of interest included anthropology, psychology, sociology, medicine, invention, and physics. He is best known for his 1895 work The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, which is considered one of the seminal works of crowd psychology.

A native of Nogent-le-Rotrou, Le Bon qualified as a doctor of medicine at the University of Paris in 1866. He opted against the formal practice of medicine as a physician, instead beginning his writing career the same year of his graduation. He published a number of medical articles and books before joining the French Army after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War. Defeat in the war coupled with being a first-hand witness to the Paris Commune of 1871 strongly shaped Le Bon's worldview. He then travelled widely, touring Europe, Asia and North Africa. He analysed the peoples and the civilisations he encountered under the umbrella of the nascent field of anthropology, developing an essentialist view of humanity, and invented a portable cephalometer during his travels.

In the 1890s, he turned to psychology and sociology, in which fields he released his most successful works. Le Bon developed the view that crowds are not the sum of their individual parts, proposing that within crowds there forms a new psychological entity, the characteristics of which are determined by the "racial unconscious" of the crowd. At the same time he created his psychological and sociological theories, he performed experiments in physics and published popular books on the subject, anticipating the mass–energy equivalence and prophesising the Atomic Age. Le Bon maintained his eclectic interests up until his death in 1931.

Ignored or maligned by sections of the French academic and scientific establishment during his life due to his politically conservative and reactionary views, Le Bon was critical of majoritarianism and socialism.

Youth
Charles-Marie Gustave Le Bon was born in Nogent-le-Rotrou, Centre-Val de Loire on 7 May 1841 to a family of Breton ancestry. At the time of Le Bon's birth, his mother, Annette Josephine Eugénic Tétiot Desmarlinais, was twenty-six and his father, Jean-Marie Charles Le Bon, was forty-one and a provincial functionary of the French government. Le Bon was a direct descendant of Jean-Odet Carnot, whose grandfather, Jean Carnot, had a brother, Denys, from whom the fifth president of the French Third Republic, Marie François Sadi Carnot, was directly descended.

When Le Bon was eight years old, his father obtained a new post in French government and the family, including Gustave's younger brother Georges, left Nogent-le-Rotrou never to return. Nonetheless, the town was proud that Gustave Le Bon was born there and later named a street after him. Little else is known of Le Bon's childhood, except for his attendance at a lycée in Tours, where he was an unexceptional student.

In 1860, he began medicinal studies at the University of Paris. He completed his internship at Hôtel-Dieu de Paris, and received his doctorate in 1866. From that time on, he referred to himself as "Doctor" though he never formally worked as a physician. During his university years, Le Bon wrote articles on a range of medical topics, the first of which related to the maladies that plagued those who lived in swamp-like conditions. He published several other about loa loa filariasis and asphyxia before releasing his first full-length book in 1866, De la mort apparente et des inhumations prématurées. This work dealt with the definition of death, preceding 20th-century legal debates on the issue.

Life in Paris

After his graduation, Le Bon remained in Paris, where he taught himself English and German by reading Shakespeare's works in each language. He maintained his passion for writing and authored several papers on physiological studies, as well as an 1868 textbook about sexual reproduction, before joining the French Army as a medical officer after the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in July 1870. During the war, Le Bon organised a division of military ambulances. In that capacity, he observed the behaviour of the military under the worst possible condition—total defeat, and wrote about his reflections on military discipline, leadership and the behaviour of man in a state of stress and suffering. These reflections garnered praise from generals, and were later studied at Saint-Cyr and other military academies in France. At the end of the war, Le Bon was named a Chevalier of the Legion of Honour.

Le Bon also witnessed the Paris Commune of 1871, which deeply affected his worldview. The then thirty-year-old Le Bon looked on as Parisian revolutionary crowds burned down the Tuileries Palace, the library of the Louvre, the Hôtel de Ville, the Gobelins Manufactory, the Palais de Justice, and other irreplaceable works of architectural art.

From 1871 on, Le Bon was an avowed opponent of socialist pacifists and protectionists, who he believed were halting France's martial development and stifling her industrial growth; stating in 1913: "Only people with lots of cannons have the right to be pacifists." He also warned his countrymen of the deleterious effects of political rivalries in the face of German military might and rapid industrialisation, and therefore was uninvolved in the Dreyfus Affair which dichotomised France.

Widespread travels

Le Bon became interested in the emerging field of anthropology in the 1870s and travelled throughout Europe, Asia and North Africa. Influenced by Charles Darwin, Herbert Spencer and Ernst Haeckel, Le Bon supported biological determinism and a hierarchical view of the races and sexes; after extensive field research, he posited a correlation between cranial capacity and intelligence in Recherches anatomiques et mathématiques sur les variations de volume du cerveau et sur leurs relations avec l'intelligence (1879), which earned him the Godard Prize from the French Academy of Sciences. During his research, he invented a portable cephalometer to aid with measuring the physical characteristics of remote peoples, and in 1881 published a paper, "The Pocket Cephalometer, or Compass of Coordinates", detailing his invention and its application.

In 1884, he was commissioned by the French government to travel around Asia and report on the civilisations there. The results of his journeys were a number of books, and a development in Le Bon's thinking to also view culture to be influenced chiefly by hereditary factors such as the unique racial features of the people. The first book, entitled La Civilisation des Arabes, was released in 1884. In this, Le Bon praised Arabs highly for their contributions to civilisation, but criticised Islamism as an agent of stagnation. He also described their culture as superior to that of the Turks who governed them, and translations of this work were inspirational to early Arab nationalists. He followed this with a trip to Nepal, becoming the first Frenchman to visit the country, and released Voyage au Népal in 1886.

He next published Les Civilisations de l'Inde (1887), in which he applauded Indian architecture, art and religion but argued that Indians were comparatively inferior to Europeans in regard to scientific advancements, and that this had facilitated British domination. In 1889, he released Les Premières Civilisations de l'Orient, giving in it an overview of the Mesopotamian, Indian, Chinese and Egyptian civilisations. The same year, he delivered a speech to the International Colonial Congress criticising colonial policies which included attempts of cultural assimilation, stating: "Leave to the natives their customs, their institutions and their laws." Le Bon released the last book on the topic of his travels, entitled Les monuments de l'Inde, in 1893, again praising the architectural achievements of the Indian people.

Development of theories

On his travels, Le Bon travelled largely on horseback and noticed that techniques used by horse breeders and trainers varied dependent on the region. He returned to Paris and in 1892, while riding a high-spirited horse, he was bucked off and narrowly escaped death. He was unsure as to what caused him to be thrown off the horse, and decided to begin a study of what he had done wrong as a rider. The result of his study was ''L'Équitation actuelle et ses principes. Recherches expérimentales'' (1892), which consisted of numerous photographs of horses in action combined with analysis by Le Bon. This work became a respected cavalry manual, and Le Bon extrapolated his studies on the behaviour of horses to develop theories on early childhood education.

Le Bon's behavioural study of horses also sparked a long-standing interest in psychology, and in 1894 he released Lois psychologiques de l'évolution des peuples. This work was dedicated to his friend Charles Richet though it drew much from the theories of Théodule-Armand Ribot, to whom Le Bon dedicated Psychologie des Foules (1895). Psychologie des Foules was in part a summation of Le Bon's 1881 work, L'Homme et les sociétés, to which Émile Durkheim referred in his doctoral dissertation, De la division du travail social.

Both were best-sellers, with Psychologie des Foules being translated into nineteen languages within one year of its appearance. Le Bon followed these with two more books on psychology, Psychologie du Socialisme and Psychologie de l'Éducation, in 1896 and 1902 respectively. These works rankled the largely socialist academic establishment of France.

Le Bon constructed a home laboratory in the early 1890s, and in 1896 reported observing "black light", a new kind of radiation that he believed was distinct from, but possibly related to, X-rays and cathode rays. Not the same type of radiation as what is now known as black light, its existence was never confirmed and, similar to N rays, it is now generally understood to be non-existent, but the discovery claim attracted much attention among French scientists at the time, many of whom supported it and Le Bon's general ideas on matter and radiation, and he was even nominated for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.

In 1902, Le Bon began a series of weekly luncheons to which he invited prominent intellectuals, nobles and ladies of fashion. The strength of his personal networks is apparent from the guest list: participants included cousins Henri and Raymond Poincaré, Paul Valéry, Alexander Izvolsky, Henri Bergson, Marcellin Berthelot and Aristide Briand.

In L'Évolution de la Matière (1905), Le Bon anticipated the mass–energy equivalence, and in a 1922 letter to Albert Einstein complained about his lack of recognition. Einstein responded and conceded that a mass–energy equivalence had been proposed before him, but only the theory of relativity had cogently proved it. Gaston Moch gave Le Bon credit for anticipating Einstein's theory of relativity. In L'Évolution des Forces (1907), Le Bon prophesied the Atomic Age. He wrote about "the manifestation of a new force—namely intra-atomic energy—which surpasses all others by its colossal magnitude," and stated that a scientist who discovered a way to dissociate rapidly one gram of any metal would "not witness the results of his experiments ... the explosion produced would be so formidable that his laboratory and all neighbouring houses, with their inhabitants, would be instantaneously pulverised."

Le Bon discontinued his research in physics in 1908, and turned again to psychology. He released La Psychologie politique et la défense sociale, Les Opinions et les croyances, La Révolution Française et la Psychologie des Révolutions, Aphorismes du temps présent, and La Vie des vérités in back-to-back years from 1910 to 1914, expounding in which his views on affective and rational thought, the psychology of race, and the history of civilisation.

Later life and death
Le Bon continued writing throughout World War I, publishing Enseignements Psychologiques de la Guerre Européenne (1915), Premières conséquences de la guerre: transformation mentale des peuples (1916) and ''Hier et demain. Pensées brèves'' (1918) during the war.

He then released Psychologie des Temps Nouveaux (1920) before resigning from his position as Professor of Psychology and Allied Sciences at the University of Paris and retiring to his home.

He released Le Déséquilibre du Monde, Les Incertitudes de l'heure présente and L'évolution actuelle du monde, illusions et réalités in 1923, 1924 and 1927 respectively, giving in them his views of the world during the volatile interwar period.

He became a Grand-Croix of the Legion of Honour in 1929. He published his last work, entitled Bases scientifiques d'une philosophie de l'histoire, in 1931 and on 13 December, died in Marnes-la-Coquette, Île-de-France at the age of ninety.

"In putting an end to the long, diverse and fruitful activity of Gustave Le Bon, death deprived our culture of a truly remarkable man. His was a man of most exceptional intelligence; it sprang entirely from within himself; he was his own master, his own initiator.... Science and philosophy have suffered a cruel loss."

Le Bonian thought
Convinced that human actions are guided by eternal laws, Le Bon attempted to synthesise Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer with Jules Michelet and Alexis de Tocqueville.

Inspirations
According to Steve Reicher, Le Bon was not the first crowd psychologist: "The first debate in crowd psychology was actually between two criminologists, Scipio Sighele and Gabriel Tarde, concerning how to determine and assign criminal responsibility within a crowd and hence who to arrest." While this previous attribution may be valid, it is worth pointing out that Le Bon specified that the influence of crowds was not only a negative phenomenon, but could also have a positive impact. He considered this as a shortcoming from those authors who only considered the criminal aspect of crowd psychology.

Crowds
Le Bon theorised that the new entity, the "psychological crowd", which emerges from incorporating the assembled population not only forms a new body but also creates a collective "unconsciousness". As a group of people gather together and coalesces to form a crowd, there is a "magnetic influence given out by the crowd" that transmutes every individual's behaviour until it becomes governed by the "group mind". This model treats the crowd as a unit in its composition which robs every individual member of their opinions, values and beliefs; as Le Bon states: "An individual in a crowd is a grain of sand amid other grains of sand, which the wind stirs up at will".

Le Bon detailed three key processes that create the psychological crowd: i) Anonymity, ii) Contagion and iii) Suggestibility. Anonymity provides to rational individuals a feeling of invincibility and the loss of personal responsibility. An individual becomes primitive, unreasoning, and emotional. This lack of self-restraint allows individuals to "yield to instincts" and to accept the instinctual drives of their "unconscious". For Le Bon, the crowd inverts Darwin's law of evolution and becomes atavistic, proving Ernst Haeckel's embryological theory: "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny". Contagion refers to the spread in the crowd of particular behaviours and individuals sacrifice their personal interest for the collective interest. Suggestibility is the mechanism through which the contagion is achieved; as the crowd coalesces into a singular mind, suggestions made by strong voices in the crowd create a space for the unconscious to come to the forefront and guide its behaviour. At this stage, the psychological crowd becomes homogeneous and malleable to suggestions from its strongest members. "The leaders we speak of," says Le Bon, "are usually men of action rather than of words. They are not gifted with keen foresight... They are especially recruited from the ranks of those morbidly nervous excitable half-deranged persons who are bordering on madness."

Influence

George Lachmann Mosse claimed that fascist theories of leadership that emerged during the 1920s owed much to Le Bon's theories of crowd psychology. Adolf Hitler is known to have read The Crowd and in Mein Kampf drew on the propaganda techniques proposed by Le Bon. Benito Mussolini also made a careful study of Le Bon. Some commentators have drawn a link between Le Bon and Vladimir Lenin/the Bolsheviks.

Just prior to World War I, Wilfred Trotter introduced Wilfred Bion to Le Bon's writings and Sigmund Freud's work Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. Trotter's book Instincts of the Herd in Peace and War (1919) forms the basis for the research of both Wilfred Bion and Ernest Jones who established what would be called group dynamics. During the first half of the twentieth century, Le Bon's writings were used by media researchers such as Hadley Cantril and Herbert Blumer to describe the reactions of subordinate groups to media.

Edward Bernays, a nephew of Sigmund Freud, was influenced by Le Bon and Trotter. In his influential book Propaganda, he declared that a major feature of democracy was the manipulation of the electorate by the mass media and advertising. Some have claimed that, Theodore Roosevelt and Charles G. Dawes and many other American progressives in the early 20th century were also deeply affected by Le Bon's writings.

Works

 * Bibliography compiled from the 1984 reissue of Psychologie du Socialisme.

Medical
 * De la mort apparente et des inhumations prématurées (1866); ("Apparent Death and Premature Burials")
 * Traité pratique des maladies des organes génitaux-urinaires (1869); ("Practical Treatise of Diseases of the Genitourinary System")
 * La Vie physiologique humaine appliquée à l'hygiène et à la médecine (1874); ("Life (Treatise of Human Physiology)")

Anthropology, psychology and sociology
 * Histoire des origines et du développement de l'homme et des sociétés (1877); ("History of the Origins and Development of Man and Society")
 * Voyage aux Monts-Tatras (1881); ("Travel to Tatra Mountains")
 * L'Homme et les sociétés (1881); ("Man and Society")
 * La Civilisation des Arabes (1884); The World of Islamic Civilization (1884)
 * Voyage au Népal (1886); ("Travel to Nepal")
 * Les Civilisations de l'Inde (1887); ("The Civilisations of India")
 * Les Premières Civilisations de l'Orient (1889); ("The First Civilisations of the Orient")
 * Les Monuments de l'Inde (1893); ("The Monuments of India")
 * Les Lois Psychologiques de l'Évolution des Peuples (1894); ("The Psychology of Peoples", 1898) Audiobook available.
 * Psychologie des Foules (1895); ("The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind", 1986) Full text available; Audiobook available.
 * Psychologie du Socialisme (1896); The Psychology of Socialism (1899)
 * Psychologie de l'éducation (1902); ("The Psychology of Education")
 * La Psychologie Politique et la Défense Sociale (1910); ("The Psychology of Politics and Social Defense")
 * Les Opinions et les croyances (1911); ("Opinions and Beliefs")
 * La Révolution Française et la Psychologie des Révolutions (1912); The Psychology of Revolution (1913) Audiobook available; The French Revolution and the Psychology of Revolution (1980).
 * Aphorismes du temps présent (1913); ("Aphorisms of Present Times")
 * La Vie des vérités (1914); ("Truths of Life")
 * Enseignements Psychologiques de la Guerre Européenne (1915); The Psychology of the Great War (1916)
 * Premières conséquences de la guerre: transformation mentale des peuples (1916); ("First Consequences of War: Mental Transformation of Peoples")
 * Hier et demain. Pensées brèves (1918); ("Yesterday and Tomorrow. Brief thoughts")
 * Psychologie des Temps Nouveaux (1920); The World in Revolt (1921)
 * Le Déséquilibre du Monde (1923); The World Unbalanced (1924)
 * Les Incertitudes de l'heure présente (1924); ("The Uncertainties of the Present Hour")
 * L'Évolution actuelle du monde, illusions et réalités (1927); ("The Current Evolution of the World, Illusions and Realities")
 * Bases scientifiques d'une philosophie de l'histoire (1931); ("Scientific Basis for a Philosophy of History")

Natural science <!--== Selected works ==
 * La Méthode graphique et les appareils enregistreurs (1878); ("The Graphical Method and recording devices")
 * Recherches anatomiques et mathématiques sur les variations de volume du cerveau et sur leurs relations avec l'intelligence (1879); ("Anatomical and mathematical research on the changes in brain volume and its relationships with intelligence")
 * La Fumée du tabac (1880); ("Tobacco smoke")
 * Les Levers photographiques (1888); ("Photographic surveying")
 * L'Équitation actuelle et ses principes. Recherches expérimentales (1892); ("Equitation: The Psychology of the Horse")
 * L'Évolution de la Matière (1905); The Evolution of Matter (1907)
 * La Naissance et l'évanouissement de la matière (1907); ("The birth and disappearance of matter")
 * L'Évolution des Forces (1907); The Evolution of Forces (1908)
 * Experimental Research on the Variations of the Volume of the Brain and Skull (1878)
 * In this 1878 presentation to the Anthropology Society of Paris, Dr. Gustave Le Bon summarizes his extensive research on the volume of the brain and skull. The major findings of his study are: (1) "what constitutes the superiority of one race over another is that the superior race contains many more voluminous skulls than the inferior race;” (2) "comparing the largest skulls belonging to the superior races to the largest skulls of the inferior races, the difference amounts to the enormous number of 400 cubic centimeters;" (3) "the difference existing between the brain weight of a man and woman progressively increases as a people's level of civilization rises." These conclusions were based on patterns contained in the measurements he obtained by grouping data in a statistical progressive series.
 * The Study of Races and Present-day Anthropology  (1881)
 * In this 1881 treatise Dr. Gustave Le Bon strongly criticizes his fellow anthropologists for merely calculating the averages of the various craniological measurements in their data set. Such "averages are fictitious values that provide a totally false idea of the elements that have served to constitute them," he says. Instead, he urges his fellow scientists to analyze their data by utilizing a series statistical method which will accurately determine the intelligence level of a race. Le Bon concludes the paper with two claims, (1) "skull volume directly corresponds with intelligence," and (2) "the superior race contains a certain number of quite voluminous skulls, whereas the inferior race does not.
 * On the Applications of Photography to Anthropology with Respect to the Photographs Taken of the Fuegians Housed at the Jardin d'Acclimatation (1881)
 * In this November 17, 1881 presentation to the Anthropology Society of Paris, Dr. Gustave Le Bon describes several photographs that he took of individuals from Tierra del Fuego who were housed at the time at the Jardin d'Acclimatation in Paris. Employing a new photography method, which involved the use of a dry emulsion of gelatino-silver bromide, Le Bon was "able to operate in an instantaneous manner." He comments that his Fuegian subjects were, "caught in the most diverse, but at the same time the most natural, poses." Gustave Le Bon presented this paper as a helpful introduction to the much longer presentation by Dr. Leonce Manouvrier, who had taken detailed measurements of 50 different body parts (foot length, etc.) on the same Tierra del Fuegian individuals Le Bon had photographed. See, "The Fuegians of the Jardin d'Acclimatation" by Leonce Manouvrier).
 * Applications of Psychology to the Classification of Races (1886)
 * In this 1886 paper Dr. Gustave Le Bon analyzes the various races of India from a psychological point of view. This viewpoint represents a dramatic change in Le Bon’s approach to anthropology. After his departure from anthropology it appears that he took up the idea that a race can be best defined by its psychological qualities, rather than by its physical characteristics. In this study he classifies the peoples of India into three large groups, the largest of which is composed of the Hindus. He has two major conclusions: (1) the psychological qualities of the Hindus are submissiveness, absence of energy, fatalism, and lack of precision in thought; and (2) the mass of the Hindu population is intellectually equal to Europeans. Although he qualifies this finding with the remark that the "former, unlike the latter, does not possess a certain number of superior intellects." The paper is illustrated with reproduced photos to illuminate his findings.-->

title: Gustave Le Bon


text:
Talk:Blazing Saddles

Material for Remake section stored for future use
An editor deleted the starter section below on Sep 27, 2012. In case there is a more substantial development on this topic or if there is consensus that it should be return, here is a 2012 quote by Mel Brooks. 5Q5 (talk) 17:41, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

==Remake==

Mel Brooks indicated an openess to the idea of a remake in an interview he gave that appeared in the summer 2012 issue of DGA Quarterly, the official publication of the Directors Guild of America (full quote in reference):

"Q: Blazing Saddles also makes frequent use of the "N-word." Could you get away with that today? A: Never. If they did a remake of Blazing Saddles today, they would leave out the N-word. And then, you've got no movie."

- Mel Brooks

 * I highly doubt that this material will see any progress. "If they did a remake" =/= "indicating openness".  Not by any stretch of the imagination.  DP 76764  (Talk) 17:59, 28 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I am the editor who removed the above. The quote is interesting and has merit, not for any claim about a remake, but because of Brooks' concern about the "N-word".  Some place could be found for it, but not for supporting a claim that he is considering a remake, which is dubious. --- The Old Jacobite The '45  19:36, 28 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I am the editor who started this post. You are right about its use as a good reference for the N-word controversy and today I added a couple of lines with the above Brooks quote to the article. I think I was excited about any prospect of a Blazing Saddles remake or sequel (preferred) and I had never come across Mel Brooks even remotely okaying the idea. Here are some Remake sections already on Wiki. Thanks. 5Q5 (talk) 18:30, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

 * Star_Wars:_X-Wing_vs._TIE_Fighter
 * The_Bad_Seed
 * The_People_Under_the_Stairs
 * Poultrygeist:_Night_of_the_Chicken_Dead
 * Ti_Psyhi_Tha_Paradoseis_Mori%3F
 * The quote is a good addition (I thought it used to be in the article before), but the whole remake topic I find entirely dubious. The difference between the other articles you mention and this one is that the sources cited in those actually clearly discuss the associated remakes.  Barring another source for this one, you're talking Apples v Oranges.  DP 76764  (Talk) 18:51, 5 October 2012 (UTC)

"Sue high"
An editor is asserting that Mel Brooks is saying "This is 1874, you'll be able to sue high!" I'd like to see a source for this (and have marked it as such.) It makes no sense to me at all -- I've seen this movie perhaps fifty times, and my ears (which, incidentally, are quite familiar with Brooklyn accents) tell me it's the much more sensible "you'll be able to sue her!" Mind you, I can't find the actual script online, and every other reference in the world to this line agrees with me...Anyway, I don't like edit warring, so I'll leave it to someone else to correct this nonsense. --jpgordon:==( o ) 06:01, 29 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Brooks is clearly saying "you'll be able to sue her," which makes sense in context because Hedy Lamarr could conceivably sue over the confusion with her name (and in fact did). Also, the closed captions and subtitles in all languages back up this as correct. I don't have the screenplay, but the novelization agrees with "sue her." So Keith, unless you have a source for "sue high," please don't change this back again. MFNickster (talk) 18:28, 29 November 2012 (UTC)
 * It's "her". Brooks was born in Brooklyn, but he still pronounces the trailing "r" reasonably well. Go to about 1:05 of this clip. ←Baseball Bugs What's up, Doc? carrots→ 19:00, 29 November 2012 (UTC)

What's the Indian Chief saying?
I know it's Brooks himself, in headdress and face paint, appearing briefly as the 'Indian Chief' who speaks with Bart and his family as they're on their way West. Now, I've had a couple of years of college-level German, so I *think* I'm properly understanding parts of what he's saying in Yiddish. But I'd appreciate a more-or-less accurate and complete translation. Anyone up to it? :) FWIW, I think his last comments are: From Yiddish: Did you get a LOOK at those people? (colloquially) English: They're darker than us!  Whoo!

Regards, 72.0.15.8 (talk) 18:05, 23 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm trying to find a reliable source, but most of the translations are in agreement with:

Chief: "No, no, are you crazy? (shouted) Let them go! Cop a walk, s'alright." Family: Thank you! Chief: "If you're healthy, take off.  (to the other natives) Have you ever seen such a thing? They darker than us! Whoof!" —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 17:40, 11 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Not "If you're healthy". It's "zay gezunt" -- "stay healthy". --jpgordon:==( o ) 01:35, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * There seems to be some disagreement on that one. Several of the transcripts had it as "abi gezunt" instead, which got translated as "if you're healthy." —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 12:28, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Even that doesn't make any sense. "So long as your healthy" is idiomatically much closer. Molly Picon's song would have been quite familiar to Brooks; it contains its own translation:

A bisl zun, A bisl regn, A ruik ort dem kop tzu leygn Abi gezunt, ken men gliklekh zayn ... A bit of sun, A bit of rain, A peaceful place to lay your head, So long as you're healthy, you can be happy.
 * --jpgordon:==( o ) 15:10, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Just a note: "Contains its own translation" - not necessarily reliable. Since the translated verse has to fit the same pattern as the original verse, the "translation" could be not an actual translation per se, but something having an equivalent or near-equivalent sense (this has come up in my work) - although in this case it looks to be an actual translation. This page gives "Be well!" for "Zei mir gezunt!". This page says "Zei gezunt" means "Be healthy". This discussion says it means "Be healthy", but that it can be used sarcastically. (I think almost anything in Yiddish can be used sarcastically or ironically). This page says "Zei gezunt" means "Be well" and "a be gezunt" means as long as you're healthy. (see the Molly Picon song above).  And so on. BMK (talk) 01:43, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment: Just out of curiosity, how does this pertain to improving this article? DP 76764  (Talk) 15:20, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * More than your question does, certainly. The Yiddish speaking chief is mentioned in the lede; what he is saying (is it gibberish?) might or might not be an interesting trivia to include in the article. --jpgordon:==( o ) 15:57, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * No need for uncivil personal commentary, I was merely asking for clarification on the purpose of this discussion as it seems to be mainly Q&A with no stated goals on how to improve the article. DP 76764  (Talk) 18:25, 13 May 2014 (UTC)
 * An accurate translation would be an improvement to the article. I thought that was obvious. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 14:27, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Ok. Seems a bit trivial, but thank you for the concise clarification.  DP 76764  (Talk) 15:29, 14 May 2014 (UTC)

Mongo punching the horse
This "infamous" scene was one of the ones the Warner Bros executives wanted cut (which Brooks rightly refused). I have a dim memory that there is actually a story in Greek mythology (or perhaps actual history?) in which a hero proved his strength by performing the identical feat (knocking out a horse or perhaps an ox with a single punch). Can anyone enlighten me on this? Thanks. Partnerfrance (talk) 23:27, 11 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not familiar with that story. If it's Greek, sounds like it might be Heracles or Hercules, maybe? If not, Paul Bunyan?  (But why would Paul punch Babe the Blue Ox?)  Sorry, I got nothing here. BMK (talk) 23:35, 11 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't know of any mythology for such a thing, but Arnold punched out a camel in Conan. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 16:47, 12 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Which was made after Blazing Saddles, so could hardly be an inspiration for it. -- Jayron  32  17:47, 12 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Not saying it was an inspiration, but it might be cause for mistaking that scene for some mythological tale. —  The Hand That Feeds You :Bite 19:52, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

Brooks vocal on "I'm Tired"
This seems to be pretty contentious, so I just want to make it clear why I believe this requires a citation per the Verifiability policy. It clearly states "Wikipedia does not publish original research. Its content is determined by previously published information rather than the beliefs or experiences of its editors." So regardless of how obvious it may be to you or me, for the attribution to be included it MUST be previously published by a notable source. If you think it's "obviously" Brooks, that falls under your beliefs and experiences and is not verifiable. So, what do you think is best to keep the article within the policy guidelines? MFNickster (talk) 21:33, 7 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Agree. Anything on Wikipedia that is challenged must be sourced. And adding the legitimate citation needed tag either requires someone to add a source and allows it to be deleted. 75.177.156.78 (talk) 14:32, 8 June 2014 (UTC)
 * I watched the Blu-Ray with Brooks's commentary, and as far as I can tell, it is the same commentary as on the DVD. I also watched the documentary featurettes Back in the Saddle and Blaze of Glory: Mel Brooks' Wild, Wild West, and neither of them says anything about Brooks doing the song. The booklet included with The Mel Brooks Collection also contains no information. I'm hoping another source will turn up, but so far nothing I've seen supports the edit. MFNickster (talk) 00:56, 19 June 2014 (UTC)
 * There's absolutely no doubt it requires a citation. If we don't get one in a week I'll take it out. Ged  UK  12:08, 19 June 2014 (UTC)
 * The best lead I've found so far is from pages 64-65 of Robert Alan Crick's book The Big Screen Comedies of Mel Brooks, which offers: "As for Mel Brooks himself, his aviator and voice-overs as a German dancer and cranky film-goer provide funny cameos..." and credits him as playing "William J. LePetomane/Indian Chief/Aviator/Voice of German Dancer/Voice of Moviegoer." MFNickster (talk) 22:48, 22 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Ah... that's not a "lead", that's a citation from a reliable source. BMK (talk) 23:13, 22 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Awesome! MFNickster (talk)
 * Ideal! Good find. Ged  UK  13:34, 24 June 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks! And might I add, this is how WP is supposed to work. MFNickster (talk) 03:16, 25 June 2014 (UTC)

Possible tie-in to "Witness for the Prosecution?"
I happened to be watching "Witness for the Prosecution," which has its own page here on Wiki. I first noticed Marlene Dietrich speaking and having a slight impediment, which Madeline Kahn really emphasizes in her impression of Dietrich in "Blazing Saddles." Then came a flashback scene in "Witness" with Dietrich performing in a caberet for German troops in WWII. It was so much like Lili von Shtupp's performance in the saloon in BS that I wonder if Mel Brooks used "Witness" as inspiration for that scene. I checked both pages, and find no mention. It may be coincidence, but if there is a tie-in, it might be of interest to both articles. I am not a "real" researcher, so maybe someone could find a cite for this, if it exists. Thanks. Jororo05 (talk) 01:19, 5 April 2015 (UTC)
 * There may be a connection, but for it to appear in either article, you're going to need to find a citation from a reliable source that specifically says that Brooks was influenced by the earlier film. BMK (talk) 02:15, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

That's what I meant about not being a "real" researcher. I don't know the ropes, and don't really have time to learn them. I just wanted to point out the similarity, on the off chance that someone more familiar with said ropes would be interested enough to look into it. I am aware of the need for references, which is why I didn't just add it to the article. I might be best described as a "dabbler" here, but thought it would be an interesting fact, if true. Thanks.Jororo05 (talk) 15:20, 8 April 2015 (UTC)
 * According to Leonard Maltin's movie encyclopedia (p231) it's a direct spoof of Dietrich's performance as a saloon singer in Rancho Notorious. Would Leonard Maltin be considered a reliable source? 167.123.240.35 (talk) 05:32, 23 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Maltin is a well-known and respected critic. I don't see any problem with citing him. MFNickster (talk) 12:31, 23 October 2015 (UTC)

Groin attack
I am attempting to link to the Groin attack article in the line that references "shooting him in the groin." Another user (Beyond My Ken) insists that "shooting in the groin is NOT a 'groin attack.'" If a higher-ranking third party could provide some authority on this, it would be immensely appreciated. Thank you. Rowsdower45 (talk) 04:02, 16 April 2015 (UTC)
 * A groin attack describes a physical blow to the balls, it does not include being shot in the groin, and nothing in the article supports the idea that it does - that's your own WP:OR interpretation. Please do not edit war, as you maybe blocked from editing for doing so. Alos, please do not return your link to the article until you have a consensus to do so here on the talk page, which at this time you do not. Finally, avoid personal attacks such as "[Beyond My Ken] ... possibly does not understand the meaning of the word 'attack'", as personal attacks such as that can also get you blocked from editing. Please discuss the edits and not the editor. Thanks. BMK (talk) 03:01, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

RFC
The article at groin attack defines the concept as "an attempt to cause pain to the groin area of one's opponent." A user editing this page disagrees that a man shooting another man in the groin falls under this definition, and therefore this article should not carry a link to that article. Please advise. Rowsdower45 (talk) 03:03, 5 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Shooting someone in the groin is far more than an attempt to "cause pain", it is an attempt to cause grievous bodily harm, and possibly death. The phrase "groin attack" is apt in describing physical blows to the groin. BMK (talk) 03:01, 5 July 2015 (UTC)
 * May I also say that this is the silliest RfC I've seen in a month of Sundays. BMK (talk) 03:14, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Comment Having just read the article there is nothing in it that immediately leads one to naturally equate a "groin attack" with shooting someone in the genitals. The article seems to imply it is mainly a hand-to-hand combat tactic, such as used in martial arts and wrestling. It seems that "genital mutilation" is just as applicable in this case i.e. really stretching the definition. Is there any known context where causing harm to the genitals with a deadly weapon is referred to as a "groin attack"? Betty Logan (talk) 18:01, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree with BMK: this is a magnificently inane RfC, a groan attack if you will (or even if you don't). Guns have never been part of groin attacks, though. Not genital mutilations either (knives and scalpels and such only). Clarityfiend (talk) 23:12, 5 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I also agree, this is hardly worth an RfC -- but since we have one going, I can only agree with BMK that "groin attack" is not a term generally associated with shooting someone in the groin. DoctorJoeE  review transgressions/ talk to me!  01:16, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I'm going to groin attack whoever filed this RfC, and I won't even link to it as I'm assaulting them. That way editors won't know what I'm doing because, as we all know, nobody knows what a groin attack even is without a link to an article on it. Of course I'm just joking, but seriously, do we even need a link at all? LesVegas (talk) 02:28, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

 * What?, having come here, I can only agree with several others that "groin attack" is not a term generally associated with shooting someone in the groin. (The film is called 'Blazing Saddles'!).Pincrete (talk) 20:12, 15 July 2015 (UTC)

 * The purpose of linking to another article is to let the reader easily find more information on the topic linked. I can't see any possibility of the groin attack article being useful in this case. It's also pretty clear from the categorization of that article that it's a term used in martial arts, boxing, etc., which is about as relevant to this article as linking heart attack would be if Hedley had been shot in the heart. I favor removing the link entirely. MFNickster (talk) 04:42, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

 * My point is that this is a work of comedy, and Mel Brooks (who frequently employs toilet humor) is deliberately making a reference to a well-known comedy trope. An inline link would allow users to learn more about the trope. The scene is obviously played for laughs, as groin attacks in film usually are. See the climactic moment for yourself at 3:28 of this video. Rowsdower45 (talk) 04:59, 6 July 2015 (UTC)

 * Trivia like this isn't what WP:RFC is for. As to the question at hand, the Groin attack article isn't about a "trope" (that's not what that word actually means, BTW), so the link isn't helpful to readers.  It probably would not be difficult to write an article on groin injury as a comedic motif, and it would even be an encyclopedic topic if done properly, as is toilet humor, etc.  But a tiny detail in an overly-detailed plot synopsis is not a subject for a big debate.  That summary could be cut down by at least 50%, including removal of that detail, with no harm to the article.  — SMcCandlish ☺ ☏ ¢ ≽ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ≼  09:06, 11 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I don't think the linked article expands at all on the concept of shooting in the groin or its use as a device in this movie, so I believe the link does more harm (as a distraction) than good to the article. And on the meta-issue: I don't mind this RfC - the history shows at least two people care a fair amount about this detail and have conflicting opinions and this is what an RfC is for.  Bryan Henderson (giraffedata) (talk) 00:38, 20 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Blazing Saddles. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140525140429/http://davekehr.com:80/?p=148 to http://davekehr.com/?p=148

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 15:12, 25 August 2015 (UTC)

unintentional anachronism?
The movie is filled with obvious anachronisms, but the sheriff explaining that he would need more vitamin E might not have been on the minds of the filmmakers. Vitamins were not named as such until half a century after the movie's setting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.114.251.147 (talk) 02:54, 15 March 2016 (UTC)
 * If the film is "filled with obvious anachronisms" - which it is - why would you think that Brooks give a damn about when "vitamins" were named? He was making a funny movie, not doing historical research. BMK (talk) 03:42, 15 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Yes -- I don't understand why you've singled out that particular anachronism. Were Nazi soldiers named as such in 1850?  Or Academy Awards?  Or Randolph Scott?  Or student discounts at movie theatres?  Or movie theatres?  Or ... oh, this is ridiculous; I could go on for several pages.  It's a movie.  Let it go.  DoctorJoeE  review transgressions/ talk to me!  05:03, 15 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Probably just singled out for it being possibly unintentional; but I really doubt Mel Brooks or the other writers bothered to look up when vitamin E was discovered. I also doubt there were sex shows in Havana in 1874, but the reference was used in Godfather: Part II so it was topical for the time. MFNickster (talk) 01:38, 16 March 2016 (UTC)

All those other ones--- the modern tollbooth, Nazis, don't pass the beast from behind on right--- and so on were one's I spotted on my first viewing. The vitamins didn't hit me until about the 20th. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.114.251.147 (talk)

 * Sorry, but what exactly does this section have to do with improving the article? It doesn't seem to be suggesting any content, just making commentary.  DP 76764  (Talk) 16:57, 4 April 2016 (UTC)

US TV version
The Wikiquote page - https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Blazing_Saddles - mentions that the line 'Land snatching. [searches books] "L-l-land. See snatch."' is changed to finish "see property", presumably because 'snatch' is slang for vulva and 'see snatch' could be considered rude by anyone so minded.

If they change that, how much else of the original dialogue is left?!? The censorship would be notable. Lovingboth (talk) 16:12, 13 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I just saw it on TV two nights ago and they included "see snatch" as written. This was, however, on cable, rather than broadcast TV, if that makes a difference. More to your point, they DID still edit out the N word and the F word that describes a bundle of twigs. I find it ironic that this film does not celebrate racism but rather pokes fun at it and they still censor certain words. Yet, you can hear 90% of rap songs using the same words, as well as the works of comedians such as Richard Pryor who, coincidentally, had a writing credit on this film. I doubt that you'll ever see this film uncut on television again. FiggazWithAttitude (talk) 14:28, 24 June 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Blazing Saddles. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121113172746/http://www.lalalandrecords.com/BlazingSaddles.html to http://www.lalalandrecords.com/BlazingSaddles.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 01:44, 22 May 2017 (UTC)

Brooks did not expand Bergman's "outline"
Bergman wrote the entire first draft of Blazing Saddles, called "Tex X," by himself. Much of this article contains false information that comes from Brooks himself, who has always tried to diminish everyone else's contribution. Also, it says "Tex X" was sold to Mel Brooks; it was not; it was sold to Warner Bros. This whole article would be better off listening to The Library of Congress (https://www.loc.gov/programs/static/national-film-preservation-board/documents/blazing_saddles.pdf) and other sources rather than anything Brooks has had to say. He is not a trustworthy source about this film or Young Frankenstein (and I mention those alone because they are the only ones I know about; he's probably a bad source for everything. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:645:102:3590:5C9D:4566:C41A:54DA (talk) 19:01, 23 March 2018 (UTC)

Categories represent defining characteristics
According to WP:CATDEF, the instructions say that the category should represent a defining characteristic, "one that reliable sources commonly and consistently define." If the Klu Klux Klan appears in a film, the film is not necessarily categorized as a film depicting the KKK. The KKK category would be implemented only if reliable sources commonly define the film as one about the KKK. It's not enough to have sources mention the KKK along with Nazis, Hell's Angels and Arab horsemen – the source must be saying that Blazing Saddles is a film that is about the KKK. Binksternet (talk) 19:52, 13 February 2019 (UTC)

Why? How does that serve as an easy way to find KKK-related films in Wikipedia? Dimadick (talk) 00:37, 22 February 2019 (UTC)

"Black Bart" TV series
The section on the "Black Bart" pilot contains three long unsourced quotes -- from Louis Gossett Jr., Steve Landesberg, and Mel Brooks -- about the existence of multiple unaired seasons of "Black Bart," made for legal purposes only. I have been unable to find ANY of these interviews or quotes anywhere else on the internet. The only searchable material asserting that the series ever existed is sourced from this Wikipedia entry. 74.71.26.69 (talk) 23:22, 3 November 2019 (UTC)
 * Now removed for two reasons.

 * 1) It's a copyright violation of
 * 2) The writer of the FB post has confirmed via  that it's all made up anyway and completely untrue (see also ). Nthep (talk) 14:04, 3 July 2020 (UTC)

 * If the fact they made 4 seasons worth of Black Bart is untrue, I think this should still be mentioned - with a debunk source - owing to it having been referenced now in multiple videos on the history of Blazing Saddles and I am certain I have seen an on-camera interview with Mel Brooks in which he mentioned this happening. Basically, I'm proposing a sentence be added to the effect that "Rumors that four seasons' worth of episodes were produced in order for Warner Bros. to retain the rights to make a sequel to Blazing Saddles are untrue." I know it's a bit of a Streisand effect in action - calling attention to something undesirable, in this case a rumor - but if the rumor originated here, or was propagated here - then we have a bit of a responsibility to include a corrective as some elements of the rumor cross into WP:BLP given that several of the actors who supposedly sacrificed four years of their careers to this supposed project are still alive. We can't assume readers will go to this talk page. 70.73.90.119 (talk) 15:17, 25 October 2020 (UTC)

Edits Made Between July 2016-July 2020
Why can't we see what edits were made during this period? Ron Stowmarket (talk) 03:19, 9 August 2020 (UTC)
 * see the section above. The article contained a large amount of copyrighted material so the revisions with that material in had to be deleted. Nthep (talk) 08:55, 9 August 2020 (UTC)

Mel brooks non speaking role
Mel brooks also played a biker on line waiting to be hired by headly Lamar 108.6.116.77 (talk) 12:20, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Blazing Saddles