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Stetson University

Stetson University is a private institution located in Central Florida, along the I–4 corridor. Established in 1883 as DeLand Academy, it was later renamed John B. Stetson University in honor of a generous donor. The university's main campus in DeLand spans 175 acres and boasts Florida's oldest collection of education-related buildings, including DeLand Hall, the state's longest-standing building used for higher education.

Stetson University offers over 55 majors and minors that lead to undergraduate degrees, such as Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Bachelor of Music. Additionally, it provides 18 graduate programs in areas such as Business, Law, Education, Counseling, and Fine Arts. Accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, Stetson maintains a student-faculty ratio of 12:1.

The university is composed of four colleges and schools: the College of Arts and Sciences, the School of Music, the School of Business Administration, and the Stetson University College of Law, which is Florida's first law school.

Apart from academics, Stetson University offers various libraries, including the duPont-Ball Library, Dolly & Homer Hand Law Library, and the Innovation Lab.

Stetson University's DeLand campus has also served as a filming location for movies and TV shows. Recent additions include a new science building and modern facilities like the Rinker Welcome Center and Carlton Union Building.

History
Stetson University was founded in 1883 and was first known as DeLand Academy, after the principal founder of the town, Henry Addison DeLand. In 1887, the institution was incorporated as DeLand University, but in 1889, its name was changed to John B. Stetson University. to honor John B. Stetson, the well-known hat manufacturer who made generous donations to the university and served alongside Henry A. DeLand as a founding trustee.

The first director of the academy was Dr. John H Griffith, a minister. When the college was founded, Dr. John Franklin Forbes took over as the first President. Lena B. Mathes was an early faculty member. Lincoln Hulley served as president from 1904 to 1934.

Until 1995, Stetson had an affiliation with the Florida Baptist Convention and was considered a “Baptist school".

Campus
Stetson University is located roughly halfway between Orlando and Daytona Beach, Florida in a town called DeLand, Florida. The main campus sits just north of the downtown area. The DeLand campus is home to the university's College of Arts and Sciences, School of Business Administration, School of Music, and most graduate programs.

The 175 acre campus in DeLand is nationally designated by the National Register of Historic Places as the Stetson University Campus Historic District for Florida's oldest collection of education-related buildings.

DeLand Hall
DeLand Hall opened in 1884. The original cost of the building was $4,000. DeLand Hall was known as the first academic building on campus. Today, it is known as the oldest building in Florida in continuous use for higher education. DeLand Hall houses the Office of the President and the offices of other administrators.

Lynn Business Center
The Lynn Business Center is home for the university's School of Business. The Lynn Business Center is known on campus as the LBC. Constructed in 2003, Stetson's Lynn Business Center earned LEED certification and became not only Stetson's first green building on campus, but also the first green building in the state of Florida.

Elizabeth Hall
The Elizabeth Hall houses a number of departments in the College of Arts and Sciences. The South end of the building is home to the Lee Chapel. Elizabeth Hall is an official symbol of the undergraduate campus. The name Elizabeth Hall came from founder John B. Stetson's wife, Elizabeth. Designed after Independence Hall in Philadelphia, the building is three stories of patterned brick, with a four-story central brick pavilion topped by a snowy white cupola. The building had once served as the college of natural sciences, as well as the library before the introduction of Sampson Hall, which held the books until the Dupont-Ball library was constructed. Currently, the building houses the offices of the faculty and the philosophy department, the department of political science, and the economics department on the first floor. The first floor also houses the Brown Center for Teaching Excellence, made possible by a multimillion-dollar gift from board members Hyatt and CiCi Brown. The second floor houses the offices of the faculty and the computer science department.

Lee Chapel
Lee Chapel is located in the historic Elizabeth Hall. It is a 100-year-old performance hall that seats 700 in an intimate setting. The acoustical properties are well-suited for classical music performances. It was built in 1897 and dedicated to the memory of John B. Stetson's late son, Ben, who died at age 6. It is currently named after H. Douglas Lee, who served as Stetson's eighth president from 1987 until 2009. It accommodates up to 787 people. William Sharp, an art professor, designed all the stained glass windows in the chapel. The organ is a 1961 Beckerath Organ. It is made up of 2,548 pipes and came here in 56 crates from Hamburg, Germany. It took three men two months to build. Along with many Stetson musicians and renowned traveling musicians; William Jennings Bryan, Ralph Nader, Jimmy Carter, Robert Frost, and Desmond Tutu are among the notables who have spoken in Lee Chapel.

Recent Enhancements
In 2018, Stetson University announced a $18 million donation to construct a new science building on the DeLand campus and enhance science programs. This donation was made by Hyatt and Cici Brown. Prior to that, over $17 million in new construction took place at the DeLand campus to create the Rinker Welcome Center, Carlton Union Building, among many other things.

Stetson University College of Law
The Stetson University College of Law, was founded in 1900 in DeLand. It was closed from 1942 to 1946 due to the Second World War. In 1954, the law school was relocated to Gulfport, Florida where Stetson Law still exists today. The Stetson University College of Law was the first law school in Florida.

Housing and residential life
The residential campuses in DeLand and Gulfport became smoke-free and tobacco-free on August 1, 2014.

There are many residence halls at Stetson University's DeLand campus. These include:

 * Carson-Hollis Hall
 * Chaudoin Hall
 * Conrad Hall
 * Emily Hall
 * Gordis Hall
 * Hatter Hall
 * Houses 1-7 (which include sororities)
 * Houses A-F (which include fraternities)
 * Nemec Hall
 * Plymouth Apartments
 * Smith Hall
 * Stetson Cove Apartments
 * Stetson Oaks Apartments
 * Stetson Palms Apartments
 * University Hall (U-Hall)
 * University Village Apartments (UVA)

Academics
Stetson University offers more than 55 majors and minors leading to the Bachelor of Arts (B.A), Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Bachelor of Music (B.M.), Bachelor of Music Education (B.M.E.), and Bachelor of Business Administration (B.B.A.) degree. There are 18 graduate programs in Business, Law, Education, Counseling, and Master of Fine Arts. The Juris Doctor and Master of Laws are offered by the Stetson College of Law, which guarantees admission to Stetson graduates who meet certain academic requirements. Dual degree programs are offered in law and business administration, and in pharmacy and business administration.

The university is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The student-faculty ratio is 12–1. Total full-time faculty in all Stetson's colleges and schools is 265.

College of Arts and Sciences
The College of Arts and Sciences is the liberal arts heart of the university, with 19 academic departments and several interdisciplinary programs. The College of Arts and Sciences is the largest college on campus in terms of total undergraduate majors and total number of faculty. The College of Arts and Sciences is the largest and most diverse of Stetson University's colleges and schools; it includes the humanities, natural sciences, social sciences, education and the arts. There is a student to faculty ratio of 12:1.

School of Music
Rated one of the finest undergraduate-only music schools in the country, Florida's first collegiate school of music has an enduring tradition of top-notch instruction. Its small size allows an intimate atmosphere and interaction between students and faculty. There is a select enrollment of just over 300 majors and minors and 52 artist-scholar faculty. Performance opportunities for students include the symphony orchestra, band, choirs, opera, musical theater, jazz, chamber music, and solo recitals. The curriculum includes degree options in performance, education, theory, and composition. Music students may combine music study with business, pre-law, and many other fields. The School of Music has been an accredited member of the National Association of Schools of Music since 1938, and is included in Parade Magazine's national "College A-List" in the category highlighting Arts Programs

Music students can opt for the Bachelor of Music in Music Technology, and a Bachelor of Arts in Digital Arts-Sound is also available. Through the collaboration of the music and business schools, students can earn an undergraduate music degree and a graduate business degree in five years.

School of Business Administration
The School of Business Administration opened its doors in 1897 and today is one of 178 business schools worldwide to be accredited in both accounting and business by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (A.A.C.S.B.). The School of Business Administration features a range of traditional and non-traditional majors. Each major offers a customized field of study for a specific business discipline. Undergraduate majors include accounting, management, finance, international business, management information systems, marketing, family business, and general business. Masters programs include MBA, EMBA, and MAcc. The accounting program is one of only 182 worldwide that is accredited by AACSB International. The School of Business Administration is recognized by The Princeton Review as a Best Business School (Southeast).

College of Law
Florida's first law school, the ABA-accredited College of Law has educated lawyers, judges and community leaders for over a century. Consistently placing in the top tier in achievement for trial advocacy and legal writing, the college has been a member of the Association of American Law Schools since 1931.

Libraries
duPont-Ball Library

The library provides 3D scanning and printing, Google Glass, a variety of tablets, and lifeloggers (small wearable cameras that shoot high-definition photos that can be streamed live across the Internet). In addition, the library's databases provide access to 50,000 full-text journals, magazines and newspapers. As of October 2022, the library's physical collection contains 934,251 items organized by Library of Congress Classification.

The Stetson University Archives include memorabilia, photographs, yearbooks, newsletters and other documents related to the university's history. The archives also contain special collections not directly related to the university's history, including the Treasure Collection of Rare Books, the Max Cleland Collection, the Regar collection, and the Greenlaw Collection, which includes signed, first-edition children's books.

The duPont-Ball Library also keeps a collection of government documents. It is the oldest federal depository in Florida, established in 1887. The library has been receiving State of Florida publications since 1968. The federal and Florida government documents depository collections are accessible to the general public at no charge and without restriction. Some of the federal, and all of the state, documents are listed in the library's online catalog. Those that are not accessible through the catalog are accessible through their online subscription databases.

The library also houses the Innovation Lab, a makerspace for students, faculty and staff to use to create projects for classes, labs, research projects, or just for fun. The Innovation Lab features 3D printers, virtual reality technology, and workstations for soldering, woodworking, sewing, and more.

Dolly & Homer Hand Law Library

The Stetson University College of Law libraries in Gulfport and Tampa support the research efforts of students, faculty, staff, bench and bar. The Gulfport campus library is open to the public. The combined collections of statutes, court reports, journals and treatises, in a variety of formats, is above the median size of academic law libraries in the United States.

Early History

Before the first library was established in 1887, DeLand University had started to accumulate a small collection of books. At this time, fewer than 1,300 volumes were housed on bookshelves in Deland Hall, sharing space with the science lab. The library collection began to expand rapidly in November 1887 when the college was selected to become Florida's first repository for federal government documents. The U.S. Government would send about 600 volumes to the library within the next two years.

DeLand University was renamed John B. Stetson University in 1889, and was the first university in Florida to employ a full-time librarian. In 1888, Warren Stone Gordis was hired by the university to be a language professor. In addition to teaching Greek and Latin, Gordis found himself charged as the library's manager. While acquainting himself with the materials, Gordis discovered that the library had no traditional classification system; instead, the books were arranged and shelved by subject after being logged into a ledger in the order of their reception. Aware that the expanding library needed a permanent solution, Gordis did some research and decided to employ the dictionary cataloging method and the Dewey Decimal Classification System. Gordis also recognized that the library needed to incorporate periodicals as source material. As he was in charge of building the collection, he designated funds toward the purchase of some of the most prevalent journals of the time, including The Nation Scientific American, North American Review, Atlantic Monthly, the Edinburgh Review, and the London Quarterly Review. Additionally, Gordis trained library assistants to follow correct library procedures and taught students how to locate items in the library.

Sampson Hall: Origins as a "Carnegie Library"

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Scottish-American steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie was instrumental in the building of free public libraries, as well as a number of university libraries. A library built with donations from the Carnegie Corporation of New York is known as a Carnegie library. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built worldwide between 1883 and 1929; 1,689 of these were built in the United States; 14 were built in Florida.

One of the four Florida academic libraries funded by Andrew Carnegie was on the Stetson University campus in Deland. The university received $40,000 on March 12, 1906 – the largest Carnegie grant given to a Florida academic library. Elizabeth S. Stetson, wife of John B. Stetson, matched Carnegie's contribution allowing for the Sampson Library to be built. Opening in 1908, it was named after university trustee C.T. Sampson, who was a major donor to the Stetson library fund. Sampson also bequeathed $20,000 to the library for an endowment. Sampson Library was designed by noted Floridian architect Henry John Klutho. Klutho chose to emulate the traditional neoclassic design which distinguished many of America's Carnegie libraries.

In 1964, the duPont-Ball Library became the campus's new main library building. Students, faculty, and staff undertook the task of moving over 100,000 books and other resources from Sampson Hall to the duPont-Ball Library building. Students were encouraged to assist faculty and staff for one hour, but many were willing to stay and help out for the entire day to see the task to completion.

Special programs
A variety of special academic programs are available to students, such as the Roland George Investments Program, where business students manage a real portfolio of more than $2.8 million, the Honors Program, where students and faculty collaborate in an interdisciplinary community, the Nina B. Hollis Institute for Education Reform, which attempts to improve education from preschool through college, the Stetson Institute for Social Research, which provides services to outside agencies, the Family Enterprise Center, offering a major in family business, as well as the Centurion Sales Program providing advanced training in professional sales. Stetson is also the home of the Community Education Project, a higher education in prison program that operates at Tomoka Correctional Institution in Daytona Beach.

Stetson University also offers special programs for students up through ninth grade. Working in collaboration with the Belin-Blank International Center for Gifted Education and Talent Development at the University of Iowa, Stetson University sponsors the HATS (High Achieving Talented Students) Program. HATS serves K–9th grade students who participate in gifted programs or have scored at or above the 95th percentile on any subject area on the FCAT, ITBS, CTBS, or other standardized test. HATS offers Saturday and summer enrichment programs, scholarships, and above-level testing.

International education
Stetson University offers study abroad programs at a number of universities in Spain, France, Germany, Mexico, England, Scotland, Russia, Austria, and China, as well as an option for study in Washington, D.C.

Undergraduate research
In addition to the completion of a "senior thesis" project compulsory for graduation, students have the opportunity to develop their own research projects and be involved in faculty research. Two distinct programs foster undergraduate research: the SURE (Stetson Undergraduate Research Experience) Grant competition, which provides summer stipends and faculty mentors for selected student research projects; and Stetson Showcase, a day-long event that encourages all undergraduates to share their research with the Stetson community.

Continuing Education
The university offers departments and program that specialize in services to lifelong learners and organizations outside the Stetson community.

 * The Elderhostel – or Road Scholar – program allows individuals older than the traditional university age to attend classes on campus and in the region for a week, and offers specialized courses based on the university's curriculum.
 * Each February, the departments of Continuing Education and Religious Studies co-host the Florida Winter Pastors’ School, which in 2010 celebrated its 25th anniversary.
 * Each summer, week-long Destination Science camps are offered for youth ages 6–11, who attend sessions such as "Robots vs. Aliens" and "'G' Force Rockets and Moon Blasters."
 * Stetson Lifelong is a program that provides community residents an educational place for intellectual discussion and social interaction. Launched at the Celebration campus in 2012.
 * Stetson HATS (High Achieving Talented Students) is a year-round academic enrichment program that provides educational opportunities for high-achieving Florida students.

Student life
Stetson has approximately 20 honorary academic and professional organizations and over 100 other student organizations on campus, including Phi Beta Kappa (first private university in Florida to be granted a chapter); the Floyd M. Riddick Model United States Senate program; The Reporter, Florida's oldest college newspaper; Model United Nations; Phi Alpha Delta Pre-Law Professional Fraternity; Psi Chi, an international psychology honors fraternity; Alpha Kappa Delta, an international sociology honor society; Alpha Kappa Psi business professional fraternity; Omicron Delta Kappa national leadership fraternity; Poetry at an Uncouth Hour (a poetry reading club); Hatter Harvest (organic community garden); Touchstone, the student literary magazine, and many others.

There are several religious organizations on campus as well, including Baptist Collegiate Fellowship; Catholic Campus Ministry; Wesley House (Methodist Ministry); Muslim American Student Organization; Hillel, a Jewish student organization; Renown, an interfaith group; and Shield, a Pentecostal organization.

There are also a number of multicultural and social justice organizations on campus, including the Black Student Association, the Hispanic Organization for Latin American Awareness (HOLA), Organization for Students Actively Pursuing Equality (OSAPE), STAND (the student-run branch of the Genocide Intervention Network), and Kaleidoscope (the LGBT alliance on campus).

There is also an Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) unit that students can participate in on-campus through Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University. Successful completion of the ROTC program allows university students to be commissioned in the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant, and requires a post-graduation service commitment.

The Greek Community at Stetson is about twenty-nine percent of the student body being a member of a fraternity or sorority.

There are six Panhellenic social sororities on campus: Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Xi Delta, Delta Delta Delta, Kappa Alpha Theta, Pi Beta Phi, and Zeta Tau Alpha, two Divine 9 organizations Sigma Gamma Rho and Phi Beta Sigma, and eight IFC social fraternities: Alpha Tau Omega, Delta Sigma Phi, Lambda Chi Alpha, Pi Kappa Alpha, Pi Kappa Phi, Phi Sigma Kappa, Sigma Nu and Sigma Phi Epsilon.

Stetson is also home to chapters from Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, a music fraternity for men, and Sigma Alpha Iota, a music fraternity for women.

Movies
Several movies have been filmed on the Stetson campus, as well as in the City of DeLand. Among them are Ghost Story (1981), starring John Houseman and Fred Astaire; The Waterboy, featuring Adam Sandler; Walt Before Mickey, which starred Thomas Ian Nicholas, Jon Heder and Armando Gutierrez; From Earth to the Moon; First of May; and Estás nominado: Cuando la realidad supera a la ficción.

Student government
Established in 1908, the Stetson University Student Government Association is the representative and executive decision-making body for all undergraduate students in the Stetson community. Student governance at Stetson consists of two branches, an executive and a unicameral legislative branch. The executive branch consists of the president, the vice president, the secretary of communication, the secretary of finance, and the secretary of student involvement. The president and vice president are elected annually in the spring. After installment, the President appoints the secretaries of communication, finance, and student involvement.

Patrick Smith Model United States Senate
Stetson University hosts the nation's first and oldest college-level Model United States Senate program (established in 1970) every year in March. Each year, students from colleges and universities around the nation gather at Stetson for the three-day event. The Model Senate reproduces the actual procedures and activities of the U.S. Senate in an effort to provide experience and education for the student participants. Each student is assigned as a Senator in one of five legislative committees and is responsible for researching a variety of bills, and crafting appropriate amendments. In addition, the Model Senate attracts national speakers and lecturers, including former and sitting U.S. senators.

Athletics
Stetson is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, and the university's 18 intercollegiate men's and women's teams compete on the Division I level in the ASUN Conference, the Pioneer Football League (Football Championship Subdivision - FCS) and MAAC – Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference. The school's mascot is "John B.", a stylized version of John B. Stetson, the benefactor for whom the university is named. The basketball, baseball, men's and women's tennis, women's golf, men's and women's soccer, sand volleyball and softball teams have either earned conference championships or gained national rankings or recognition.

One of the high-profile sports at Stetson is baseball. Since 1970, the baseball program has earned seven ASUN Conference championships and 16 trips to the NCAA Regionals. In 2013, women's basketball made its third NCAA tournament appearance. The team won the A-Sun Conference Championship in 2005, 2011, and 2013. Stetson also has a signature win in the 2024 NCAA regional against the University of Alabama. Stetson participated in football from 1901 until 1956 achieving an all-time record of 155–127–27 (.545). The football team earned its 100th victory in 1935. In 2010, university officials gathered information and evaluated the feasibility of starting a Division I-AA (now Football Championship Subdivision) non-scholarship program. In March 2011, SU President Wendy B. Libby announced the return of Hatters Football. and the addition of women's lacrosse. In July 2011, Stetson named Roger A. Hughes as head football coach. Stetson's sand volleyball team had its inaugural season in 2012, after the sport was officially approved for conference play. In 2013, both the lacrosse and football teams played their first games.

Stetson's main rivals include Jacksonville University and Florida Gulf Coast University.

Athletic facilities

 * The J. Ollie Edmunds Center – basketball and volleyball, 4,000-seat multipurpose arena, athletic offices, weight room
 * Athletic Training Center – a $6.7 million complex that opened in August 2012, home to football practice fields, as well as soccer + lacrosse game and practice fields
 * Patricia Wilson Softball Field, the 2009 Softball Field of the Year
 * The Wilson Athletic Center – sport and exercise science department, fitness and activity rooms
 * Mandy Stoll Tennis Center – next to the soccer field
 * Melching Field at Conrad Park – baseball stadium (off campus)
 * Victoria Hills Golf Club (off campus)
 * Hollis Center
 * Sandra Stetson Aquatic Center- a $7 million aquatic center, opened in 2019, houses the Men's and Women's Crew teams as well as the Institute for Water and Environmental Resilience.
 * Spec Martin Stadium—6,000 seat off campus football stadium

Awards and certifications
Stetson is consistently named by the Corporation for National and Community Service to the President's Higher Education Community Service Honor Roll With Distinction for exemplary service initiatives; in 2014, Stetson was one of only two universities in the country to earn the "With Distinction" recognition in every category of community engagement.
 * Awarded a $1.1 million grant from Florida Department of Education, 2014, to partner with Bethune–Cookman University, Volusia County Schools and New Teacher Center to create and launch the Volusia Center for Excellence in Education.
 * Earned Florida Campus Compact's Most Engaged Campus Award, 2012; Campus-Community Partnership Award, 2013; four individual awards, 2014.
 * Ranked one of the top in the South by U.S. News & World Report, 2015.
 * Named a "Military-Friendly School", with the School of Business Administration being additionally recognized by Military Times as one of the best in the nation for veterans.
 * Stetson University College of Law ranked first in U.S. for trial advocacy by U.S. News & World Report, 2015.

title: Stetson University


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Flag of Vatican City

The flag of Vatican City, also referred to as the flag of the Holy See, was adopted in 1929, the year Pope Pius XI signed the Lateran Treaty with Italy, creating the new independent state of Vatican City. The Holy See, which governs Vatican City, has ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the worldwide Catholic Church. As a result, the flag is also a symbol of Catholic faith or identity, and is often displayed at Catholic churches.

The flag is a vertical bicolour of yellow and white, with the white half charged with the coat of arms of Vatican City (a papal tiara and the crossed keys of Saint Peter). It was modeled after the 1808 flag of the Papal States, a yellow-and-white bicolour defaced with the tiara and keys in the centre. It is one of only two national flags that use a 1:1 aspect ratio, along with the flag of Switzerland.

Description
The 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State states: "The flag of the Vatican City State is made up of two vertically divided sides, one yellow adhering to the hoist and the other white, and in the latter carries the tiara with the keys, all according to the model on Annex A of this Law".

Current regulations
The flag is described in Article 23 of the 2023 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.

Previous regulations
The flag is described in Article 19 of the 1929 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A.

The flag is also described in Article 20 of the 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State, with a visual model appended as Attachment A. The 2000 Fundamental Law of Vatican City State's Attachment A, shows a square flag.

In 2010, the Apostolic Nunciature to Germany stated that the flag does not have to be square.

History
Before 1808, the Papal States commonly used a bicolor, yellow-red flag, which was derived from the colours of the Holy See's coat of arms, as well as being the two tradional colours of the Senate and the Roman people. In 1798, Napoleon established the Roman Republic, which introduced a black, white, and red flag; after the Papal rule was restored, Pope Pius VII restored the Papal cockade, which was described as red and yellow.

In 1808, Pope Pius VII ordered the Vatican's Noble Guard and other troops to replace red color with white, in order to distinguish them from the troops that had been incorporated into Napoleon's army.

In 1803, the Papal States started using a white merchant flag with the Papal coat of arms in the centre. This flag was made official on 7 June 1815. On 17 September 1825, it was replaced with a yellow and white flag which took its colours from the materials of the two keys (yellow for gold, white for silver). These colors were probably taken from the 1808 flag of the Palatine guard. This was the first bicolour used by the Papal States and the ancestor of the modern flag of Vatican City. The merchant flag also served as a state flag on land.

Starting in 1831, the papal infantry flew square yellow and white flags. At first, they were diagonally divided, but after 1849 they were vertically divided like the merchant flag. The last infantry colour, adopted in 1862, was a plain square white and yellow flag.

On 8 February 1849, while Pope Pius IX was in exile in Gaeta, a Roman Republic was declared. The new government's flag was the Italian tricolor with the motto "Dio e Popolo" on the central stripe. The papal government and its flags were restored on 2 July 1849. On 20 September 1870, the Papal States were conquered by Italy.

After the Lateran Treaty was signed in 1929, papal authorities decided to use the 1825–1870 merchant flag as the state flag of the soon to be independent Vatican City state. The treaty came into effect on 7 June 1929.

Incorrect version
An incorrect version of the flag has been commonly used. In this version, the visible inner lining of the papal tiara is colored red instead of white, and a different shade of yellow or gold is used in some portions of the coat of arms. This was used as Wikimedia Commons' version of the Vatican flag between 2006 and 2007 and between 2017 and 2022, and has since become widespread on the Internet.

Controversies
During Pope Francis's 2018 visit to Ireland, the South Dublin County Council refused to fly the Vatican flag; a local petrol station began to fly the flag in response.

A Police Scotland list of flags which could be a criminal offence to display "in a threatening manner" included the Vatican flag; sectarianism is common in Scotland, especially in Glasgow, and the Vatican flag could supposedly be flown as a sign of Catholic identity to intimidate Protestant neighbours.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Flag of Vatican City


text:
Lucius Junius Brutus

Lucius Junius Brutus ( 6th century BC) was the semi-legendary founder of the Roman Republic, and traditionally one of its first consuls in 509 BC. He was reputedly responsible for the expulsion of his uncle the Roman king Tarquinius Superbus after the suicide of Lucretia, which led to the overthrow of the Roman monarchy. He was involved in the abdication of fellow consul Tarquinius Collatinus, and executed two of his sons for plotting the restoration of the Tarquins.

He was claimed as an ancestor of the Roman gens Junia, including Decimus Junius Brutus, and Marcus Junius Brutus, the most famous of Julius Caesar's assassins. Traditions about his life may have been fictional, and some scholars argue that it was the Etruscan king Porsenna who overthrew Tarquinius. The plebeian status of the Junia gens has also raised doubts about his position as a consul and the alleged initial patrician domination of the office. Depicted as the nephew of Tarquinius, he may have symbolized the internal tensions that occurred during the transition between the monarchy and the republic.

Background and historicity
Prior to the establishment of the Roman Republic, Rome had been ruled by kings.

The account is from Livy's Ab urbe condita and deals with a point in the history of Rome prior to reliable historical records (virtually all prior records were destroyed by the Gauls when they sacked Rome under Brennus in 390 BC or 387 BC).

Modern historians have challenged almost every part of the traditional story from Livy:

"Some of the leading dramatis personae – Lucretia, Brutus, Valerius Publicola, even Lars Porsenna – have been dismissed as figments of pure legend. The chronology has been challenged, with many scholars rejecting the traditional sixth-century date in favour of a later one - around 470 BC, or even after 450. Others have suggested that the transition from monarchy to republic was not a sudden revolution, but rather a gradual process lasting many years, perhaps even centuries... before the consular system of the classical Republic was at last established. Finally, it is widely supposed in modern books that the end of the Roman monarchy marked the end of a period of Etruscan rule in Rome, and the liberation of the city from a period of foreign occupation. In its strongest form this theory maintains that the fall of Tarquin was only a minor symptom of a much wider phenomenon, namely the decline of Etruscan power and the fall of an Etruscan empire in central Italy."

Overthrow of the monarchy

According to Roman tradition, Brutus led the revolt that overthrew the last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus. The coup was prompted by the rape of the noblewoman Lucretia by a son of the king, Sextus Tarquinius; Brutus was joined in this plotting by among others, Lucretia's father, Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus and Publius Valerius Poplicola.

Brutus was the son of Tarquinia, daughter of Rome's fifth king Lucius Tarquinius Priscus and sister to Rome's seventh king Tarquinius Superbus.

According to Livy, Brutus had a number of grievances against his uncle the king. Amongst them was the fact that Tarquinius had put to death a number of the chief men of Rome, including Brutus' brother. Brutus avoided the distrust of Tarquinius's family by feigning that he was slow-witted (in Latin brutus translates to dullard).

He accompanied Tarquinius's sons on a trip to the Oracle of Delphi. The sons asked the oracle which of them was going to be Rome's next king. The Oracle of Delphi responded that the first among them to kiss their mother "shall hold supreme sway in Rome." Brutus interpreted "mother" to mean Gaia, so he pretended to trip and kissed the ground.

Brutus, along with Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus, Publius Valerius Poplicola, and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus were summoned by Lucretia to Collatia after she had been raped by Sextus Tarquinius, the son of the king Tarquinius Superbus. Lucretia, believing that the rape dishonoured her and her family, committed suicide by stabbing herself with a dagger after telling of what had befallen her. According to legend, Brutus grabbed the dagger from Lucretia's breast after her death and immediately shouted for the overthrow of the Tarquins.

The four men gathered the youth of Collatia, then went to Rome where Brutus, being at that time Tribunus Celerum, summoned the people to the forum and exhorted them to rise up against the king. The people voted for the deposition of the king, and the banishment of the royal family.

The leaders of the revolt were close relatives of the king: Brutus was the king's nephew and Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus was king's cousin. The king, who was conducting a war near and camped at Ardea, rushed to Rome on news of the coup, but found the city barred; at the same time, the coup leaders won over the army and then expelled the king's sons. Tarquinius Superbus fled with his family into exile.

In the aftermath following the overthrow Brutus is credited by later historians such as Tacitus as "establishing liberty and the consulate".

The Oath of Brutus
According to Livy, Brutus' first act after the expulsion of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was to bring the people to swear an oath never to allow any man again to be king in Rome.
 * Omnium primum avidum novae libertatis populum, ne postmodum flecti precibus aut donis regiis posset, iure iurando adegit neminem Romae passuros regnare.

 * (First of all, by swearing an oath that they would suffer no man to rule Rome, it forced the people, desirous of a new liberty, not to be thereafter swayed by the entreaties or bribes of kings.)

This is, fundamentally, a restatement of the 'private oath' sworn by the conspirators to overthrow the monarchy:

 * Per hunc... castissimum ante regiam iniuriam sanguinem iuro, vosque, di, testes facio me L. Tarquinium Superbum cum scelerata coniuge et omni liberorum stirpe ferro igni quacumque dehinc vi possim exsecuturum, nec illos nec alium quemquam regnare Romae passurum.

 * (By this guiltless blood before the kingly injustice I swear – you and the gods as my witnesses – I make myself the one who will prosecute, by what force I am able, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus along with his wicked wife and the whole house of his freeborn children by sword, by fire, by any means hence, so that neither they nor any one else be suffered to rule Rome.)

There is no scholarly agreement that the oath took place; it is reported, although differently, by Plutarch (Poplicola, 2) and Appian (B.C. 2.119). Nevertheless, the spirit of the oath inspired later Romans including his descendant Marcus Junius Brutus.

Consulship and death
Brutus and Lucretia's bereaved husband, Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, were elected as the first consuls of Rome (509 BC). Tradition says that this election was conducted by Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus, whom Brutus had appointed as interrex in his position as tribunus celerum. Brutus' first acts during his consulship, according to Livy, included administering an oath to the people of Rome to never again accept a king in Rome (see above) and replenishing the number of senators to 300 from the principal men of the equites.

Later-day Romans attributed many institutions to Brutus, including:
 * the taking of auspices before entering office,
 * use of the Curiate Assembly to bestow consular imperium,
 * alternation of fasces between the consuls (also attributed to others),
 * expansion of the senate in adding the minores gentes, and
 * dedication of a temple to Carna on the Coelian hill.

The new consuls also created a new office of rex sacrorum to carry out the religious duties that had previously been performed by the kings.

During his consulship the royal family made an attempt to regain the throne, firstly by their ambassadors seeking to subvert a number of the leading Roman citizens in the Tarquinian conspiracy. Amongst the conspirators were two brothers of Brutus' wife, Vitellia, and Brutus' two sons: Titus Junius Brutus and Tiberius Junius Brutus. The conspiracy was discovered and the consuls determined to punish the conspirators with death. Brutus gained respect for his stoicism in watching the execution of his own sons, even though he showed emotion during the punishment. Following this, he either forced his co-consul Collatinus to resign or otherwise had him removed – either because of enmity to his relationship to the Tarquins or due to his lack of harshness in punishing the conspirators – and then presided over the election of a suffect consul, Publius Valerius Poplicola.

Tarquinius again sought to retake the throne soon after at the Battle of Silva Arsia, leading the forces of Tarquinii and Veii against the Roman army. Valerius led the infantry, and Brutus led the cavalry. Arruns Tarquinius, the king's son, led the Etruscan cavalry. The cavalry joined the battle and Arruns, having spied from afar the lictors, and thereby recognising the presence of a consul, soon saw that Brutus was in command of the cavalry. The two men, who were cousins, charged each other, and speared each other to death. The infantry also soon joined the battle, the result being in doubt for some time. The right wing of each army was victorious, the army of Tarquinii forcing back the Romans, and the Veientes being routed. However the Etruscan forces eventually fled the field, the Romans claiming the victory.

Some time during his consulship, he is supposed to have signed a treaty with Carthage and dedicated the Capitoline temple, reported in Polybius. This, along with the unanimous reporting of Roman sources, is the main evidence of his historicity.

The surviving consul, Valerius, after celebrating a triumph for the victory, held a funeral for Brutus with much magnificence. The Roman noblewomen mourned him for one year, for his vengeance of Lucretia's violation.

Brutus in literature and art

The profile of Lucius Junius Brutus is on a coin that was minted by Marcus Junius Brutus following the assassination of Julius Caesar.

Lucius Junius Brutus is prominent in English literature, and he was popular among British and American Whigs.

A reference to Lucius Junius Brutus is in the following lines from Shakespeare's play The Tragedie of Julius Cæsar, (Cassius to Marcus Brutus, Act 1, Scene 2).

 * "O, you and I have heard our fathers say,
 * There was a Brutus once that would have brookt
 * Th'eternal devil to keep his state in Rome
 * As easily as a king."

One of the main charges of the senatorial faction that plotted against Julius Caesar after he had the Roman Senate declare him dictator for life, was that he was attempting to make himself a king, and a co-conspirator Cassius, enticed Brutus' direct descendant, Marcus Junius Brutus, to join the conspiracy by referring to his ancestor.

Lucius Junius Brutus is a leading character in Shakespeare's Rape of Lucrece, in Benjamin Britten's opera The Rape of Lucretia based on André Obey's play Le Viol de Lucrèce, and in Nathaniel Lee's Restoration tragedy, Lucius Junius Brutus; Father of his Country. Before the Glorious Revolution, Nathaniel Lee's Lucius Junius Brutus was banned in December of 1680 for portraying the Whig cause (Protestantism, no royal prerogatives, encouragement to trade and industry, empire) as Roman republicanism.

Lucius Junius Brutus (referred to simply as "Brutus") is discussed briefly in Søren Kierkegaard's work, Fear and Trembling. There, Brutus serves as an example of what Kierkegaard calls "tragic heroism." Alongside the examples of Agamemnon and Jephthah, the tragic heroism of Brutus is presented in stark contrast to the faith of the Biblical figure, Abraham.

In The Mikado, the protagonist Nanki-poo refers to his father the Emperor as "the Lucius Junius Brutus of his race", for being willing to enforce his own law even if it means killing his son.

The memory of L. J. Brutus also had a profound impact on Italian patriots, including those who established the ill-fated short-lived Roman Republic in February 1849.

Brutus was a hero of republicanism during the Enlightenment and Neoclassical periods. In 1789, at the dawn of the French Revolution, master painter Jacques-Louis David publicly exhibited his politically charged master-work, The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons, to great controversy. David's contemporary, Guillaume Guillon-Lethière depicted the scene of Brutus' sons' executions in grand style in his work Brutus Condemning His Sons to Death (1788).

title: Lucius Junius Brutus


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John Stewart Bell

John Stewart Bell FRS (28 July 1928 – 1 October 1990) was a physicist from Northern Ireland and the originator of Bell's theorem, an important theorem in quantum physics regarding hidden-variable theories.

In 2022, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Alain Aspect, John Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger for work on Bell inequalities and the experimental validation of Bell's theorem.

Early life and work
Bell was born in Belfast, Northern Ireland. When he was 11 years old, he decided to be a scientist, and at 16 graduated from Belfast Technical High School. Bell then attended the Queen's University of Belfast, where, in 1948, he obtained a bachelor's degree in experimental physics and, a year later, a bachelor's degree in mathematical physics. He went on to complete a PhD in physics at the University of Birmingham in 1956, specialising in nuclear physics and quantum field theory. In 1954, he married Mary Ross, also a physicist, whom he had met while working on accelerator physics at Malvern, UK. Bell became a vegetarian in his teen years. According to his wife, Bell was an atheist.

Bell's career began with the UK Atomic Energy Research Establishment, near Harwell, Oxfordshire, known as AERE or Harwell Laboratory. In 1960, he moved to work for the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN, Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire), in Geneva, Switzerland. There he worked almost exclusively on theoretical particle physics and on accelerator design, but found time to pursue a major avocation, investigating the foundations of quantum theory. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1987. Also of significance during his career, Bell, together with John Bradbury Sykes, M. J. Kearsley, and W. H. Reid, translated several volumes of the ten-volume Course of Theoretical Physics of Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz, making these works available to an English-speaking audience in translation, all of which remain in print.

Bell was a proponent of pilot wave theory. In 1987, inspired by Ghirardi–Rimini–Weber theory, he also advocated collapse theories. He said about the interpretation of quantum mechanics: "Well, you see, I don't really know. For me it's not something where I have a solution to sell!"

Bell's theorem
In 1964, after a year's leave from CERN that he spent at Stanford University, the University of Wisconsin–Madison and Brandeis University, Bell wrote a paper entitled "On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox". In this work, he showed that carrying forward EPR's analysis permits one to derive the famous Bell's theorem. The resultant inequality, derived from basic assumptions that apply to all classical situations, is violated by quantum theory.

There is some disagreement regarding what Bell's inequality—in conjunction with the EPR analysis—can be said to imply. Bell held that not only local hidden variables, but any and all local theoretical explanations must conflict with the predictions of quantum theory: "It is known that with Bohm's example of EPR correlations, involving particles with spin, there is an irreducible nonlocality." According to an alternative interpretation, not all local theories in general, but only local hidden-variables theories (or "local realist" theories) have shown to be incompatible with the predictions of quantum theory.

Critique of von Neumann's proof
Bell's interest in hidden variables was motivated by the existence in the formalism of quantum mechanics of a "movable boundary" between the quantum system and the classical apparatus:

"A possibility is that we find exactly where the boundary lies. More plausible to me is that we will find that there is no boundary. ... The wave functions would prove to be a provisional or incomplete description of the quantum-mechanical part, of which an objective account would become possible. It is this possibility, of a homogeneous account of the world, which is for me the chief motivation of the study of the so-called 'hidden variable' possibility."

Bell was impressed that in the formulation of David Bohm's nonlocal hidden-variable theory, no such boundary is needed, and it was this which sparked his interest in the field of research. Bell also criticized the standard formalism of quantum mechanics on the grounds of lack of physical precision:

"For the good books known to me are not much concerned with physical precision. This is clear already from their vocabulary. Here are some words which, however legitimate and necessary in application, have no place in a formulation with any pretension to physical precision: system, apparatus, environment, microscopic, macroscopic, reversible, irreversible, observable, information, measurement. ... On this list of bad words from good books, the worst of all is 'measurement'."

But if he were to thoroughly explore the viability of Bohm's theory, Bell needed to answer the challenge of the so-called impossibility proofs against hidden variables. Bell addressed these in a paper entitled "On the Problem of Hidden Variables in Quantum Mechanics". (Bell had actually written this paper before his paper on the EPR paradox, but it did not appear until two years later, in 1966, due to publishing delays. ) Here he showed that John von Neumann's argument does not prove the impossibility of hidden variables, as was widely claimed, due to its reliance on a physical assumption that is not valid for quantum mechanics—namely, that the probability-weighted average of the sum of observable quantities equals the sum of the average values of each of the separate observable quantities. This flaw in von Neumann's proof had been previously discovered by Grete Hermann in 1935, but did not become common knowledge until after it was rediscovered by Bell. Bell reportedly said, "The proof of von Neumann is not merely false but foolish!" In this same work, Bell showed that a stronger effort at such a proof (based upon Gleason's theorem) also fails to eliminate the hidden-variables program.

However, in 2010, Jeffrey Bub published an argument that Bell (and, implicitly, Hermann) had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, saying that it does not attempt to prove the absolute impossibility of hidden variables, and is actually not flawed, after all. (Thus, it was the physics community as a whole that had misinterpreted von Neumann's proof as applying universally.) Bub provides evidence that von Neumann understood the limits of his proof, but there is no record of von Neumann attempting to correct the near universal misinterpretation which lingered for over 30 years and exists to some extent to this day. Von Neumann's proof does not in fact apply to contextual hidden variables, as in Bohm's theory.

Conclusions from experimental tests
In 1972 an experiment was conducted that, when extrapolated to ideal detector efficiencies, showed a violation of Bell's inequality. It was the first of many such experiments. Bell himself concluded from these experiments that "It now seems that the non-locality is deeply rooted in quantum mechanics itself and will persist in any completion." This, according to Bell, also implied that quantum theory is not locally causal and cannot be embedded into any locally causal theory. Bell regretted that results of the tests did not agree with the concept of local hidden variables:

For me, it is so reasonable to assume that the photons in those experiments carry with them programs, which have been correlated in advance, telling them how to behave. This is so rational that I think that when Einstein saw that, and the others refused to see it, he was the rational man. The other people, although history has justified them, were burying their heads in the sand. ... So for me, it is a pity that Einstein's idea doesn't work. The reasonable thing just doesn't work."

Bell seemed to have become resigned to the notion that future experiments would continue to agree with quantum mechanics and violate his inequality. Referring to the Bell test experiments, he remarked:

"It is difficult for me to believe that quantum mechanics, working very well for currently practical set-ups, will nevertheless fail badly with improvements in counter efficiency ...'"

Some people continue to believe that agreement with Bell's inequalities might yet be saved. They argue that in the future much more precise experiments could reveal that one of the known loopholes, for example the so-called "fair sampling loophole", had been biasing the interpretations. Most mainstream physicists are highly skeptical about all these "loopholes", admitting their existence but continuing to believe that Bell's inequalities must fail.

Bell remained interested in objective 'observer-free' quantum mechanics. He felt that at the most fundamental level, physical theories ought not to be concerned with observables, but with 'be-ables': "The beables of the theory are those elements which might correspond to elements of reality, to things which exist. Their existence does not depend on 'observation'." He remained impressed with Bohm's hidden variables as an example of such a scheme and he attacked the more subjective alternatives such as the Copenhagen interpretation.

Teaching special theory of relativity
Bell and his wife, Mary Ross Bell, also a physicist, contributed substantially to the physics of particle accelerators, and with numerous young theorists at CERN, Bell developed particle physics itself. An overview of this work is available in the volume of collected works edited by Mary Bell, Kurt Gottfried, and Martinus Veltman. Apart from his particle physics research, Bell often raised an issue of special relativity comprehension, and although there is only one written report on this topic available ("How to teach special relativity"), this was a critical subject to him. Bell admired Einstein's contribution to special relativity, but warned in 1985 "Einstein's approach is ... pedagogically dangerous, in my opinion". In 1989 on the occasion of the centenary of the Lorentz-FitzGerald body contraction Bell writes "A great deal of nonsense has been written about the FitzGerald contraction". Bell preferred to think of Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction as a phenomenon that is real and observable as a property of a material body, which was also Einstein's opinion, but in Bell's view Einstein's approach leaves a lot of room for misinterpretation. This situation and the background of Bell's position is described in detail by his collaborator Johann Rafelski in the textbook "Relativity Matters" (2017). In order to combat misconceptions surrounding Lorentz-FitzGerald body contraction Bell adopted and promoted a relativistic thought experiment which became widely known as Bell's spaceship paradox.

Death
Bell died unexpectedly of a cerebral hemorrhage in Geneva in 1990. Unknown to Bell, he had reportedly been nominated for a Nobel Prize that year. His contribution to the issues raised by EPR was significant. Some regard him as having demonstrated the failure of local realism (local hidden variables). Bell's own interpretation is that locality itself had met its demise.

Legacy

 * In 2008, the John Stewart Bell Prize was created by the Centre for Quantum Information and Quantum Control at the University of Toronto. The prize is awarded every other year for significant contributions first published during the six preceding years. The award recognizes major advances relating to the foundations of quantum mechanics and to the applications of these principles. In 2009, the first award was presented by Alain Aspect to Nicolas Gisin for his theoretical and experimental work on foundations and applications of quantum physics — notably quantum nonlocality, quantum cryptography, and quantum teleportation.

 * At the CERN site in  Meyrin, close to Geneva, there is a street called Route Bell in honour of John Stewart Bell.
 * In 2016, his colleague from CERN, Reinhold Bertlmann, wrote a lengthy piece, "Bell's Universe: A Personal Recollection", explaining in some detail his amazement at finding out about Bell's paper on Bertlmann's socks, in which Bell compared the EPR paradox with socks.
 * A day was named after him, referring to the date he released Bell's Theorem, 4 November.

Northern Ireland

 * Since 2015, a street has been named Bell's Theorem Crescent in his city of birth, Belfast.
 * The John Bell House, named in his honour, finished construction in 2016 and houses over 400 students in Belfast city centre.
 * The pedestrian entrance to the Olympia leisure centre in Belfast located 200 meters from Bell's childhood home is named the "John Stewart Bell Entrance" in honour of the local man.
 * In the Queen's University of Belfast one of the Physics lecture theatres is named in honour of John Stewart Bell.
 * There is a blue plaque commemorating John Stewart Bell in Queen's university main campus
 * There is a blue plaque commemorating John Stewart Bell at his childhood home in Tates Avenue in Belfast
 * In 2017 the Institute of Physics commissioned classical composer Matthew Whiteside's Quartet No 4 (Entangled) to be performed at the 2018 NI Science Festival inspired by Bell's work; the piece went on to become the title track on Whiteside's second album and was the inspiration for a short film by Marisa Zanotti.

Books

 * 2004 edition with introduction by Alain Aspect and two additional papers: ISBN 0-521-52338-9.

title: John Stewart Bell


text:
Twin Towers (disambiguation)

The Twin Towers was a common name for two 110-story skyscrapers that were part of the original World Trade Center in New York City.

Twin Towers may also refer to:

Architecture

 * Twin towers (architecture)

North America

 * Twin Towers Correctional Facility, Los Angeles, California

Europe

 * Deutsche Bank Twin Towers, Frankfurt, Germany
 * Twin Towers, Wembley, part of the original Wembley Stadium, London
 * Vienna Twin Tower, Vienna, Austria
 * Tours Société Générale (Société Générale Twin Towers), Paris, France
 * Buchanan Wharf, Glasgow, Scotland

Asia

 * Petronas Towers, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 * Taipei Twin Towers, Taipei, Taiwan
 * Panhsin Twin Towers, New Taipei, Taiwan
 * Kaohsiung Twin Towers, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
 * Salcedo Park Twin Towers, Makati, Philippines
 * Guangzhou Twin Towers, Guangzhou, China
 * Shimao Cross-Strait Plaza, Xiamen, China. Nicknamed "Xiamen Twin Towers"
 * Al Kazim Twin Towers, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
 * Twin Towers (Ramat Gan), two identical office buildings in Ramat Gan, Israel

Oceania

 * TNT Towers, Sydney, Australia

Previously proposed buildings

 * Broadway Corridor Twin Towers, a 2017 skyscraper plan for Portland, Oregon
 * Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers, a 2011 skyscraper plan for Chicago, Illinois
 * Twin Towers 2, a 2004 skyscraper plan for New York City

Architectural designs

 * Twin Tower, a 1970s Hong Kong architectural design

Film

 * 9/11: The Twin Towers, a 2006 television special documentary film
 * Twin Towers (film), a 2002 Oscar-winning documentary

Sports

 * Twin Towers (Houston Rockets), front court consisting of Ralph Sampson and Hakeem Olajuwon
 * Twin Towers (San Antonio Spurs), front court consisting of Tim Duncan and David Robinson
 * Twin Towers (professional wrestling), a former professional wrestling tag team consisting of Akeem and the Big Boss Man
 * The Twin Towers, another former professional wrestling tag team consisting of Lex Luger and Barry Windham

title: Twin Towers (disambiguation)


text:
Slow Motion Daydream

Slow Motion Daydream is the sixth studio album by Everclear. It was released in the U.S. in 2003 on Capitol Records and recorded in 2002.

Production
The first single released to radio from Slow Motion Daydream was "Volvo Driving Soccer Mom", followed by second single "The New York Times".

Though the album debuted at number 33 on the Billboard 200 chart, higher than the band's last, it quickly fell off the charts. By July 2004, the album had sold 106,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen Soundscan. Spin listed the album as one of 2003's biggest commercial flops.

This was the last album of new material to feature longtime members Craig Montoya and Greg Eklund who left the band later in August of that year.

Personnel

 * Art Alexakis – guitar, vocals
 * Craig Montoya – bass
 * Greg Eklund – drums

title: Slow Motion Daydream


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Talk:Green Party of British Columbia

Original research
Some examples:
 * "Parker's first term (1993-96) was characterized by near-continuous touring of rural BC which had, up to that point, negligible or highly intermittent organization outside of the Okanagan and Comox Valleys. This touring paid off in yielding on-going organization throughout the province, enabling the party to come just four candidates short of a full slate."

 * "Although he was arrested in logging road blockades in 1993 and 1997, Parker's Greens actually invested more resources in opposing the BC Benefits package of welfare reforms and working on other social issues than it did on any significant environmental issue."

 * "Although the campaign only submitted enough signatures in four of the province's 79 ridings, Free Your Vote was successful in mobilizing new support for reform. But it also appears to have hardened the party's support for a single model of proportional representation (mixed-member, closed-list) and public condemnation of others."

 * "Running a candidate in Delta South, where the party had no organizational strength whatsoever, probably caused the defeat of Vicki Huntington, a green-leaning city councillor running as an independent."

A lot of effort has been put into this article and, not particularly knowledgeable on GPBC history myself, I'm hesitant to wipe the slate clean. But clearly a lot of stuff in this article is speculation or opinion. Kelvinc 05:21, 14 September 2007 (UTC)
 * "Another factor was the party's inability to counter the polarized environment and vote-splitting rhetoric, a staple of BC politics, that had temporarily lost credibility during the 2001 campaign, but returned with new force in 2005. Carr's initial seizure of power based on opposition to Parker-era NDP coalitions left the party with little room to manoeuvre."
 * As "someone who was there" at the party's founding, and also a Wikipedia regular, I have to agree - most of this article is not encyclopedic content and is clearly WP:COI as well as WP:AUTO in places. If those Greens who contributed to this page want to move most of this party history to a private/independent website, that's fine, and it can be used as a citation.  But as it sits, most of it should be deleted and only citable materials should remain.  Clearly internal-party POV like the phrase "Carr's initial seizure of power...etc" are not suitable, and are also rhetorical polemic in the extreme, and reflect the sentiments of only one party faction - the "anti-power faction"; I remember too well people coming to meetings and conventions denouncing the volunteer effort in the Vancouver office as "power grabbers", without themselves contributing anything other than the $2 membership fee and some extermely lengthy tracts the office was supposed to publish and circulate on their behalf; Adrienne didn't "seize power", she was appointed/voted to it by near-consensus from those actively involved in the organization at the time; she and Paul did form a certain bloc within that, but portraying this as "seizing power" is just POV crap and is reminiscent of the paranoia about leadership politics which led to the party shooting itself in the foot by refusing to have a leader on ideological grounds.  My own views are beside the point, except to say that I could equally contribute to this article on the POV/OR scale it's already exhibiting such that its principal authors wouldn't like it very much.  This article reads much more like a partisan tract and violates "essay" and other article issues concerns more than even the Liberal Party and Conservative and NDP pages do.  Delete most of it; it's high time.Skookum1 (talk) 14:04, 23 May 2009 (UTC)

2020 Leadership campaign
Should there be a separate article for the 2020 Green Party of British Columbia leadership election? There is already an article for the federal race. It seems like in the past BC Green leadership races have been merged into this article (see the 2007 race, which now redirects here). It seems like the current Ontario leadership race has its own article. Not sure if there is a reason no one has started a BC Green one yet. Is there some consensus about this which I am unaware of?--Darryl Kerrigan (talk) 23:17, 27 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I assume the reason there aren't any previous leadership election pages is because, at the time of those races, the party was very small and didn't receive coverage in reliable sources— not much to say about a race that is not being covered and is between several non-notable figures. The BC Greens of 2020 are a different story, there is a healthy amount of coverage on the current leadership race and it can definitely support a page. I was wondering why there wasn't one myself, and was considering starting one… though I hadn't gone any further than that, so feel free to beat me to the punch! — Kawnhr (talk) 23:20, 30 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Okay, there is now a stub for us to work from.--Darryl Kerrigan (talk) 02:11, 31 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Green Party of British Columbia


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Tarpeian Rock

The Tarpeian Rock (Latin: Rupes Tarpeia or Saxum Tarpeium; Rupe Tarpea) is a steep cliff on the south side of the Capitoline Hill that was used in Ancient Rome as a site of execution. Murderers, traitors, perjurors, and larcenous slaves, if convicted by the quaestores parricidii, were flung from the cliff to their deaths. The cliff was about 25 meters (80 ft) high.

History
According to early Roman histories, when the Sabine ruler Titus Tatius attacked Rome after the Rape of the Sabines (8th century BC), the Vestal Virgin Tarpeia, daughter of Spurius Tarpeius, governor of the citadel on the Capitoline Hill, betrayed the Romans by opening the Porta Pandana gate for Titus Tatius in return for "what the Sabines bore on their arms" (golden bracelets and bejeweled rings). In Book 1 of Livy's Ab Urbe Condita, the Sabines "having been accepted into the citadel, [the Sabines] killed her, having been overwhelmed by weapons, and "scuta congesta", meaning, "[they] heaped up shields [on her]". The Sabines crushed her to death with their shields, and her body was buried in the rock that now bears her name. Regardless of whether or not Tarpeia was buried in the rock itself, it is significant that the rock was named for her deceit.

About 500 BC, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the seventh legendary king of Rome, levelled the top of the rock, removing the shrines built by the Sabines, and built the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus on the intermontium, the area between the two summits of the hill. The rock itself survived the remodelling and was used for executions well into Sulla's time (early 1st century BC). However the execution of Simon bar Giora was as late as the time of Vespasian.

There is a Latin phrase, Arx tarpeia Capitoli proxima ('the Tarpeian Rock is close to the Capitol'), a warning that one's fall from grace can come swiftly.

To be hurled off the Tarpeian Rock was, from a certain perspective, a fate worse than mere death because it carried with it the stigma of shame. The standard method of execution in ancient Rome was by strangulation in the Tullianum. The rock was reserved for the most notorious traitors and as a place of unofficial, extra-legal executions such as the near-execution of then-Senator Gaius Marcius Coriolanus by a mob whipped into frenzy by a tribune of the plebs.

Notable victims

Victims of this punishment included:
 * Spurius Cassius Vecellinus, 485 BC, for perduellio (i.e. high treason)
 * Marcus Manlius Capitolinus, 384 BC, for sedition
 * Rebels from Tarentum, 212 BC
 * Lucius Cornelius Chrysogonus, 80 BC
 * Syllaeus or Syllaios, 6 BC
 * Aelius Saturninus, 23 AD
 * Sextus Marius, a rich man from Spain with copper and gold mines confiscated by Tiberius and executed in 33 AD after being accused of incest.
 * Barbatius Philippus
 * Simon bar Giora, 70 AD

In fiction
"Let them pronounce the steep Tarpeian death,/ Vagabond exile, flaying, pent to linger/ But with a grain a day; I would not buy/ Their mercy at the price of one fair word." In lines 99–104, Sicinius Velutus gives judgment: "we/ Even from this instant, banish him our city,/ In peril of precipitation/ From off the rock Tarpeian, never more/ To enter our Rome gates."
 * The Tarpeian Rock is briefly mentioned in Act Three, Scene Three of the Shakespeare tragedy Coriolanus. In lines 87–90, Coriolanus warns:
 * In Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote The image of Nero watching the burning of Rome is related to the fires of passion. In Part 1, Chapter 14 Ambrosio accuses Marcela of being a cruel Nero. In Part 2, Chapter 44, Altisidora accuses Don Quixote of being a new Nero who watches her burn with love from the Tarpeian Rock: "No mires de tu Tarpeya / este incendio que me abrasa / Neron manchego del mundo."
 * In Asterix and the Laurel Wreath, the jailer at the Circus Maximus remarks to Asterix and Obelix that, while they are getting a gourmet feast leading up to the day they are thrown to the lions: "Those who are thrown from the Tarpeian Rock are given solid, heavy food."
 * In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Marble Faun, a character is murdered by another character by being thrown from the Tarpeian Rock.
 * Canto IX of Purgatory of the Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri has a reference to the Tarpeian Rock. When Metellusus yielded to Julius Caesar, the rock, close by, was said to creak when the door to the treasury was opened. The symbolic meaning is obvious as Caesar was criticized for robbing the public treasury of Roman Republic.
 * In the HBO TV series Rome, Julius Caesar refers to the site while trying to motivate his soldiers to march to Rome in opposition to the Senate.
 * In A Capitol Death by Lindsey Davis, three deaths involve falls from the Tarpeian Rock.
 * The Tarpeian Cliff is mentioned multiple times in I, Claudius by Robert Graves, as a place of execution by hurling over the edge.
 * In The Cantos, Ezra Pound includes reference to the 'Rupe Tarpeia' in "Notes for CXVII etc seq.": "Under the Rupe Tarpeia/ weep out your jealousies--/ To make a church/ or an altar to Zagreus/ Son of Semele/ Without jealousy/ like the double arch of a window/ Or some great colonnade."

title: Tarpeian Rock


text:
Volvo Driving Soccer Mom

"Volvo-Driving Soccer Mom" is a song by the alternative rock band Everclear, from their album Slow Motion Daydream (2003). The song was performed by Everclear lead singer Art Alexakis during his solo tour and was made the first single off Slow Motion Daydream.

Content
The song is about girls who use drugs and are sexually promiscuous in high school and college, but later grow up to be more conservative, suburban housewives when they decide it will be to their advantage. The lyrics allude to having a threesome and being busted for possession in the earlier part of the song, and describes the subjects' lives later on as "blonde, bland, middle-class Republican lives".

In an October 2003 interview with Songfacts, Alexakis explained the inspiration for "Volvo Driving Soccer Mom":

"This is a song about definitions, about being defined by people, allowing yourself to be defined by other people's standards. It's very junior-high to be able to say 'that person's this, that person's a slut, that person's that.' It's understandable in junior high school, it's just unacceptable in your 20s, 30s, and 40s. People doing it is not right, so it's kind of poking fun at them and people who allow it to happen to them. Who cares if you're a porn star? Who cares if you're a stripper. Who cares if you have a bunch of tattoos? What matters is, are you a good person? Do you pay your taxes? Are you good to your kids? Are you a good neighbor? Nothing else should matter to anybody else. What people do in their own life, if it doesn't hurt other people, should not matter."

Music video
The video for the song features the story of a blonde wild child and former stripper who grows up to become a Volvo-driving soccer mom just like the song describes. In the video, scenes from her "checkered" past are intercut with scenes from her present life as a housewife to highlight the differences between the two. Some of the final scenes subvert the implied message of the song, portraying the present day housewife engaged in sex while her past stripper self falls asleep alone watching financial reports. The video also features scenes of Everclear performing the song at a house party.

Australian CD single

 * 1) "Volvo Driving Soccer Mom"
 * 2) "Your New Disease"
 * 3) "Happy"

title: Volvo Driving Soccer Mom


text:
Modal particle

In linguistics, modal particles are always uninflected words, and are a type of grammatical particle. They are used to indicate how the speaker thinks that the content of the sentence relates to the participants' common knowledge or to add emotion to the meaning of the sentence. Languages that use many modal particles in their spoken form include Dutch, Danish, German, Hungarian, Russian, Telugu, Nepali, Norwegian, Indonesian, Sinitic languages, and Japanese. The translation is often not straightforward and depends on the context.

German
The German particle ja is used to indicate that a sentence contains information that is obvious or already known to both the speaker and the hearer. The sentence Der neue Teppich ist rot means "The new carpet is red". Der neue Teppich ist ja rot may thus mean "As we are both aware, the new carpet is red", which would typically be followed by some conclusion from this fact. However, if the speaker says the same thing upon first seeing the new carpet, the meaning is "I'm seeing that the carpet is obviously red", which would typically express surprise. In speech the latter meaning can be inferred from a strong emphasis on rot and higher-pitched voice.

Dutch
In Dutch, modal particles are frequently used to add mood to a sentence, especially in spoken language. For instance:

 * Politeness
 * Kan je even het licht aandoen? (literally: "Can you turn on the light?" with the added "even" indicating that it will not take you long to do so.)
 * Weet u misschien waar het station is? ("Do you perhaps know where the train station is?") Misschien here denotes a very polite and friendly request: "Could you tell me the way to the train station, please?"
 * Wil je soms wat drinken? ("Do you occasionally want a drink?") Soms here conveys a sincere interest in the answer to a question: "I'm curious if you would like to drink something?"
 * Frustration
 * Doe het toch maar. ("Do it nevertheless, however.") Toch here indicates anger and maar lack of consideration: "I don't really care what you think, just do it!"
 * Ben je nou nog niet klaar? ("Are you still not ready yet?") Nou here denotes loss of patience: "Don't tell me you still haven't finished!"

Modal particles may be combined to indicate mood in a very precise way. In this combination of six modal particles the first two emphasise the command, the second two are toning down the command, and the final two transform the command into a request:

 * Luister dan nu toch maar eens even. ("Listen + at this moment + now + just + will you? + only once + only for a while", meaning: "Just listen, will you?")

Because of this progressive alteration these modal particles cannot move around freely when stacked in this kind of combination. However, some other modal particles can be added to the equation on any given place, such as gewoon, juist, trouwens. Also, replacing the "imperative weakener" maar by gewoon (indicating normalcy or acceptable behavior), changes the mood of the sentence completely, now indicating utter frustration with someone who is failing to do something very simple:

 * Luister dan nou toch gewoon eens even! ("For once, can you just simply listen for a minute?")

title: Modal particle


text:
Talk:Langton's ant

Question

 *  There is a simple extension to Langton's ant where instead of just two colours, more colours are used. There is also a simple name giving scheme for such ants where the letters 'L' and 'R' are used to indicate whether a left or right turn should be taken. Langton's ant would get the name 'RL' in this name giving scheme.

 * Some of these extended Langton's ants produce patterns that become symmetric over and over again. One of the simplest examples is the ant RLLR

I don't understand this naming scheme. The ant RLLR uses four colors? Does it modify the colors in a cyclic fashion? AxelBoldt 22:38 Jan 16, 2003 (UTC)

 * Exactly. --FvdP 22:43 Jan 16, 2003 (UTC)

I have experimented with various rules of Langton's ants, and they tend to fall into two categories. One category wanders seemingly chaotically at first, then builds a pathway, like that shown in the article's picture. The other, which I call "fortifiers", makes a symmetrical rectangular pattern and keeps on expanding it outward, one layer at a time. There doesn't seem to be any other category. J I P | Talk 17:57, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

Not sure whether there is still any interest in this nearly 2 decades later, but there are many Youtube videos showing quite elaborate multi-colour extensions. Quite complex patterns emerge. This one is the best I have found: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1X-gtr4pEBU&t=304s — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:E422:3C01:1108:FBEB:A305:8792 (talk) 08:24, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

Question
Has anyone looked at what would happen if multiple Langton's ants were to share a plane? -- The Anome 14:26, 15 May 2004 (UTC)

 * Sure. I've seen pages on the web on this subject. But since it's not in line with my interests about ants, I remembered no reference. --FvdP 21:56, 17 May 2004 (UTC)

Page update

 * Chris Langton implemented a version with multiple ants which exhibits complex emergent interactions between pairs, triples, and higher order-collections of ants. I've added text about this and a link to a YouTube video demonstrating the multiple ants implementation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.119.75.230 (talk) 21:27, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

sex-positive feminism?
Has there been a mistake made. emmm, how is sex-positive feminism representative of Langston's ant? Tim, Flagstaff, AZ

broken link
the coldstorageonline external link is broken. 156.56.223.53 (talk) 22:36, 4 December 2007 (UTC) yes and i believe that most other program link are broken as well

In popular culture
Should this have an In Popular Culture section? I have played several games that contain Langton's ant, most notably Powder Game. Or has Wikipedia been trying to cut down on these since the whole Wood thing? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.3.246.103 (talk) 22:15, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Information about highway on one shown design
The RLR ant does not produce a highway until at least 202.530 steps. 14bauhr (talk) 16:56, 30 April 2021 (UTC)

Ant "cancer"
This is all OR, but I have coded numerous of these cellular automata, and I have found it very educational to introduce rare (say 1:100,000 iterations, often even more rare than that) "errors" in the code, where a semi-arbitary different rule applies for only that one step. As in real life, I have found that this can produce utterly profound changes in the long term behaviour. Hence my name of "cancer". "Mutation" could be another possible name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:E422:3C01:2D1C:818D:3EFC:15A5 (talk) 11:07, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

An extension to the ant's "domain"
Ant as he is defined is fairly boring, in that once he finds/makes the highway he then keeps going in a straight line. Much more interesting in to put him into non-homogenous media. I have found that randomly making "a few" cells in every thousand "colour2" rather than the background, makes for much much more interesting behaviour. I can elaborate on this and put in a pic if wanted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:E422:3C01:1108:FBEB:A305:8792 (talk) 08:22, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Langton's ant


text:
Kalakshetra Foundation

Kalakshetra Foundation, formerly simply Kalakshetra, is an arts and cultural academy dedicated to the preservation of traditional values in Indian art and crafts, especially in the field of Bharatanatyam dance and Gandharvaveda music. Based in Chennai, India, the academy was founded in January 1936 by Rukmini Devi Arundale and her husband George Arundale. Under Arundale's guidance, the institution achieved national and international recognition for its unique style and perfectionism. In 1962, Kalakshetra moved to a new campus in Besant Nagar, Chennai, occupying 40 ha of land.

In January 1994, an Act of the Parliament of India recognised the Kalakshetra Foundation as an "Institute of National Importance." The current Chairman of Kalakshetra is S. Ramadorai and the current director is Revathi Ramachandran.

History
Kalakshetra, later known as the Kalakshetra Foundation, was established by Rukmini Devi Arundale, along with her husband, George Arundale, a well-known theosophist, in Adyar, Chennai, in 1936. She invited not only the best students but also noted teachers, musicians and artists to be a part of this institution. In 1944, the University of Madras granted its affiliation for conducting diploma courses in Music, Dance and Painting & Crafts.

Year-long celebrations, including lectures, seminars and festivals marked her 100th birth anniversary, on 29 February 2004, at Kalakshetra and elsewhere in many parts of the world. Also on 29 February, a photo exhibition on her life opened at the Lalit Kala Gallery in New Delhi, and President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam released a photo-biography, written and compiled by Sunil Kothari, with a foreword by former president Ramaswamy Venkataraman. In 2016, marking its 80th year, the Kalakshetra Foundation held a 'Remembering Rukmini Devi’ festival of music and dance.

Kalakshetra style
Having studied the Pandanallur style for three years, in 1936 Rukmini Devi Arundale started working on developing her own, Kalakshetra, style of Bharatanatyam. She introduced group performances and staged various Bharatanatyam-based ballets. The Kalakshetra style is noted for its angular, straight, ballet-like kinesthetics, and its avoidance of Recakas and of the uninhibited throw (Ksepa) of the limbs.

According to Sankara Menon (1907–2007), who was her associate from Kalakshetra's beginnings, Rukmini Devi raised Bharatanatyam to a puritan art form, divorced from its recently controversial past by "removing objectionable elements" (mostly, the Sringara, certain emotional elements evocative of the erotic, such as hip, neck, lip and chest movements) from the Pandanallur style, which was publicly criticized by Indian dancer Tanjore Balasaraswati (1918–1984) and other representatives of Tamil Nadu's traditional Isai Velalar culture. Love outside parameters considered "chaste" was not to be portrayed. Balasaraswati said that "the effort to purify Bharatanatyam through the introduction of novel ideas is like putting a gloss on burnished gold or painting the lotus". Lawyer and classical artist E. Krishna Iyer (1897–1968) said about Rukmini Devi, "There is no need to say that before she entered the field, the art was dead and gone or that it saw a renaissance only when she started to dance or that she created anything new that was not there before".

Controversy
In December 2022, allegations of sexual abuse in the campus began to surface after former director Leela Samson wrote a social media post accusing a teacher of harassing and molesting students, but hadn't specified the name of the teacher. In the following months, over a hundred students of Kalakshetra Foundation's Rukmini Devi College of Fine Arts accused senior faculty member, Hari Padman, of sexual harassment. The accusations spanned a number of years. Padman was exonerated following an internal investigation, and Kalakshetra Foundation issued a gag order preventing students and staff from discussing the allegations. On 21 March 2023, the National Commission for Women began investigating the allegations, but closed the investigation shortly, after a victim denied any sexual harassment during an enquiry. On 30 March, the students began protests against the inaction of the Kalakshetra authorities, by walking out of a routine morning prayer when Padman walked in. The protests prompted a response from the Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M. K. Stalin, after which an FIR was registered against Padman by the Tamil Nadu police. The Tamil Nadu State Commission for Women also launched an investigation and received over 90 written complaints regarding various issues faced by the students of the foundation. Padman was arrested by the Tamil Nadu police on 3 April 2023. In response, Padman's wife Divya Hari Padman filed a counter complaint against the victim and two teachers working in the institute. Amidst the sexual harassment allegations, students also raised complaints about mismanagement by the foundation director Revathi Ramachandran, referring to the coverup of a food poisoning outbreak in November 2021.

Institutes

 * Rukmini Devi College of Fine Arts
 * Rukmini Devi Museum
 * Koothambalam (Kalakshetra theatre)
 * Craft Education and Research Centre (including the weaving department, the Kalamkari natural dye printing and the painting unit)

Notable alumni
Notable alumni include Radha Burnier, Amala Akkineni, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Sanjukta Panigrahi, C.V. Chandrasekhar, Dhananjayans,  Adyar K. Lakshman, Jayashree Narayanan, Kalakshetra Vilasini, Leela Samson, Satyavati Motiram Sirsat, Jaya Thyagarajan, Devoleena Bhattacharjee, and Ananda Shankar Jayant.

title: Kalakshetra Foundation


text:
Drug Enforcement Agency

The Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA) is an agency within the Liberian government charged with fighting drug-related crimes. The DEA is supervised by the Ministry of Justice and is charged with fighting drug trafficking at the country's borders, arresting traffickers and dealers, and destroying illegal drugs. The DEA is not responsible for overseeing commerce in legal drugs and other pharmaceuticals; such substances are within the purview of the Pharmaceutical Board of Liberia.

History
Before its creation, fighting drug crimes was a responsibility of the Ministry of Defense. The agency began as the National Drug Committee of the Interim Government of National Unity; it was created in 1993 during the presidency of Amos Sawyer. Five years later, the committee was converted into its present form: President Charles Taylor signed a bill passed by the National Legislature that created the DEA and patterned it after the Drug Enforcement Administration in the United States.

In 2011, the DEA boss was Director Henry Shaw, but by 2012 he had been replaced by Anthony Souh. According to DEA boss Anthony Souh, the agency suffers from substantial internal corruption. Directors are appointed by the President subject to confirmation by the Senate of Liberia.

title: Drug Enforcement Agency


text:
Talk:Modal particle

[Untitled]
Can we have some examples, please?

Wait, let me finish what I am going to say. 80.225.15.249 23:01 Jan 17, 2003 (UTC)Dieter Simon 22:58 16.1.03

Hi,User 213.253.39.27 Re your query whether the term "Modalpartikel" exists in German, yes, this is certainly the German word for the English "modal particle". See, for example, http://llt.msu.edu/vol5num3/mollering/, one of many websites which discusses and uses the term amongst other synonyms for modal particle. Dieter Simon 23:53 Jan 17, 2003 (UTC)Dieter Simon

 * It's an interesting article. Thanks for writing it!

Article to be completed in due course. Dieter Simon 00:09 Jan 21, 2003 (UTC)

List now completed. Dieter Simon 23:59 Jan 30, 2003 (UTC)

Words like these also exist in the Dutch language. But I don't know if they're called modal particles as well. Guaka 18:29, 7 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Blanking this article and leaving it as a stub is better, is it?
I have seen a few actions in my experience as a Wikipedian. but this is ridiculous. Anyone can blank an article and leave it with nothing but a stub. Surely, the correct thing to do is to improve on the original, yes, take out and replace something by something better, and not just vandalise it. Isn't that the way we Wikipedians should act? Come on Mark and the anon, you can do better than this. Dieter Simon 00:27, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * The information that was in this article, such as a list of German modal particles, is not encyclopedic and does not belong at Wikipedia. As noted in the edit summary, the article was filled with POV (saying that German modal particles should or must be learned a certain way, etc.), misinformation (implying that modal particles do not occur in English), and this individual article is a topic that is very difficult to expand on linguistically. This article has not been blanked. It has not been vandalised. If you want to discuss a problem you have, don't resort to calling people vandals, please discuss it on the talkpage.--Node 05:54, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Anyone who just destroys without replacing it with something better gets very close to being a vandal. That's all I can say, and that is all I am going to say. The sign of good Wikipedians is that they create good articles, and if they remove something put something better in its place. It is true what had been in this article, is better off in a separate article for German modal particles, which I have now done. What I said before is that you should always put an article you think is POV on the Vdf pages and explain why you have done it and why you think it should be removed. Better still create a much better article. Dieter Simon 23:49, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Apparently you haven't been at Wikipedia very long, as if you think an article is POV, you are supposed to fix it, not nominate it for VfD. If you think an article should be deleted (usually because it is already covered in another article, or the topic is not notable), THAT is when you nominate it for VfD. Much of the text of this page was either just plain wrong, or totally unencyclopedic. You still have not responded to individual arguments about the individual problems with the article. Why is that? --Node 04:03, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Also, regarding what vandalism is... What if I add to the end of the article German language, "Also, German is only spoken by squirrels from Mars, but only on Tuesdays. It only has one word, 'vlacka', which translates roughly as 'Three days after the first full moon of the year occuring on a Friday, a spaceship which was flying from Earth to Pluto went slightly off track at 8 o'clock in the morning, but its course was soon righted by its pilots, who then shared a pint of Bavarian beer before going back to watching a DVD with a title beginning with an S and ending with an exclamation point, after all this they proceeded to have sex and when they got back to Earth they got married in Canada at 3 o'clock PM on the 3rd of December 2101, and went on their honeymoon to Mars, returning at sunset the next Wednesday'. Popular urban legend says that this language is spoken in Germany, however the national language of Germany is Swahili and it has been that way since the first written records from the area appeared, and German squirrels are forbidden from speaking the German language, instead they speak Italian except on Sunday evenings when they speak Cantonese."? What if you just remove it, rather than replacing it with something valuable? Since all of it is false, there is no burden on you to replace this with good content, just as I am not expected to replace such falsehoods and POV and unencyclopedic content as that with which you have filled this page and, after I tried to fix these problems, a page on German modal particles. ==Node 04:13, 8 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Chinese
Chinese has modal particals too by the way, not just German. |. ~ InsérerNombreHere (talk) 20:57, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Oops, I was looking at an old version when I typed. Nevermind. ~ InsérerNombreHere (talk) 20:59, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The bit about Chinese needing modal particles because it can't use tone of voice is completely inaccurate. Of course Chinese people can freely use tone of voice to express emotion. The language isn't robotic. EastAsiaStudent (talk) 08:49, 25 July 2011 (UTC)
 * Also the reference given for this doesn't mention that at all. It's an accurate explanation of some Chinese particles with no mention of them being necessary due to a lack of emotional tone in Chinese. EastAsiaStudent (talk) 08:51, 25 July 2011 (UTC)
 * I am deleting this paragraph, as I can confirm it is incorrect. If anyone needs a source to confirm that Chinese has tone changes across the sentence to convey mood, please see http://ling.cass.cn/yuyin/report/file/2006_1.pdf 76.118.179.96 (talk) 20:29, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

expletive
is an expletive also a modal particle? because then there would be a lot of bloody examples :) --ThurnerRupert (talk) 12:12, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

English
I think we all would certainly agree that German uses modal particles quite frequently. But I would not say that they are entirely absent in English. Take for example the sentence "Now this is funny!" Here, "now" is not used because it is funny right at this moment but to express a certain feeling of surprise and contrast to other things that are not funny. A German translation of it, using four modal particles, could be "Das ist jetzt aber mal echt lustig!" (instead of just "Das ist lustig!") Not sure if we should integrate such examples here to highlight that English, in some situations at least, has modal particles, too? 80.71.142.166 (talk) 13:31, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Modal particle