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Decemviri

The decemviri or decemvirs (Latin for "ten men") refer to official 10-man commissions established by the Roman Republic.

The most important were those of the two Decemvirates, formally the "decemvirate with consular power for writing laws" (decemviri consulari imperio legibus scribundis) who reformed and codified Roman law during the Conflict of the Orders between ancient Rome's patrician aristocracy and plebeian commoners. Other decemviri include the "decemviri adjudging litigation" (decemviri stlitibus judicandis), the "decemviri making sacrifices" (decemviri sacris faciundis), and the "Decemviri Distributing Public Lands" (decemviri agris dandis adsignandis).

Background
Gaius Terentilius Harsa, a plebeian tribune, wished to protect the plebeian population by curtailing the power of the Roman consuls. To do this, he proposed a law in 462 BC which provided for a five-man commission to define their power. The patricians were opposed to this curtailment and managed to postpone the debate on this law for eight years. In 454 BC the plebeian tribunes dropped their pursuit of this law. They asked the senate to “consent to the appointment of a body of legislators, chosen in equal numbers from plebeians and patricians to enact what would be useful to both orders and secure equal liberty for each”. The patricians replied that this was worthy of consideration, but said that only patricians could legislate. Although disputed by historians such as Niebuhr, Cornell and Grant, according to Livy and Dionysius, three envoys were sent to Athens to study the Law of Solon and question more about the laws of Greek city-states.

In 452 BCE the envoys “returned with the laws of Athens.” The plebeian tribunes pressed to begin the compilation of the laws. It was agreed to appoint decemviri with consular powers which would not be subject to appeal and to suspend both the consulship and the plebeian tribunate. Thus establishing the decemvirate as a political institution with the power to compile laws. After a debate about whether plebeians should sit on the decemvirate, the plebeian tribunes agreed to a patrician-only panel in exchange for a law they had passed not being repealed.

First decemvirate
The decemviri took office in 451 BC. Both consuls, Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus and Titus Genucius Augurinus, resigned as well as the other magistrates and the plebeian tribunes. In compensation for their loss of office, Appius Claudius and Titus Genucius were appointed to the decemviri. Publius Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus, one of the consuls of the previous year, was also appointed because he had put the proposal to the senate despite the opposition of his colleague. The three envoys were also part of the decemviri. The most influential member was Appius Claudius who, according to Livy, "was the guiding hand in the whole magistracy ... thanks to the favour of the plebs." Each day a different decemvir presided over the magistracy and this man had the twelve lictors (the bodyguards of the consuls) with fasces (bound bundles of rods, sometimes with axes, which were the symbol of supreme authority). The decemvirate was not subject to appeal, despite this, they yielded to one another when an appeal was taken. They drafted their laws on ten bronze tables and presented them to the people, asked for feedback and amended them accordingly. They were approved by the higher popular assembly, the Assembly of the Soldiers. There was a general feeling that two more tables were needed to have a corpus of all Roman law. It was decided to elect a new decemvirate.

The first decemvirate consisted of:

 * Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus
 * Titus Genucius Augurinus
 * Titus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus
 * Gaius Julius Iullus
 * Aulus Manlius Vulso
 * Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus
 * Publius Sestius Capitolinus Vaticanus
 * Publius Curiatius Fistus Trigeminus
 * Titus Romilius Rocus Vaticanus
 * Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis

Second decemvirate
According to Livy, Appius Claudius rigged the election and announced the election of himself and nine men who were his supporters. Livy writes that these officials became tyrannical, each man had twelve lictors and each fasces had axes. He describes this decemvirate conducting trials behind closed doors and issuing arbitrary judgements. Due to these possible actions, they may have become a source of fear in ancient Rome, striking terror into those who saw them. Livy states that there were rumors that the officials in the second decemvirate wished to rule perpetually. When time for the elections came, they were not held, and the decimviri became violent.

A Sabine and an Aequi army attacked Roman territory and an ally of Rome. According to Livy, the decemviri summoned the senate, but the senators did not show up due to their disgust. To the plebeians this signaled the illegitimacy of the decemviri as their term had expired and were now meant to be just private citizens. They were considering boycotting the military draft. Again, the senate was summoned, and this time some senators attended. The plebeians saw this as a betrayal of liberty. However, the senators denounced the decemviri and tried to oppose them, called them private citizens and refused to call a levy. In the end they allowed its proclamation of the levy in silence because they feared a popular uprising would bolster the plebeian tribunes, their political adversaries. The plebeians enlisted because they feared violent reprisal as there was no right to appeal. Some of the decemviri led two armies against the two enemies. However, both armies were routed.

Livy alleged that Appius Claudius was sexually interested in Verginia, the daughter of a plebeian, Lucius Verginius, who was a centurion absent from Rome with the army. Having failed to woo her with money and promises, Appius Claudius decided to seize this opportunity to get one of his men to claim her as his slave. She was dragged off her feet in the forum and the shouts of her nurses attracted a crowd. The claimant said that he was acting lawfully and had summoned her to court. Verginia went to court followed by her friends and acquaintances. The judge was Appius Claudius. The claimant said that the girl was born at his house and then he persuaded Verginius to take her, but that she still was his slave. Verginia's friends asked for an adjournment until Verginius could attend and to leave Verginia in the custody of the defendants.

Appius Claudius agreed to summon Verginius but put Verginia in the custody of the claimant. Verginia's lover, Icilius, arrived at the forum, but was stopped by a lictor. He pleaded his case loudly and attracted the attention of the crowd. Verginia's supporters sent a relative and Icilius' brother to quickly go to Verginius' military camp. The claimant pressed Icilius to pay surety to be Verginia's guarantor. Many people offered money and Verginia was bailed to her family.

Appius Claudius wrote to his colleagues at the camp not to grant Verginius leave and to arrest him. However, the messengers had already arrived and Verginius had already been given leave. At dawn a crowd was waiting to see what would happen. Verginius arrived, leading his daughter and a large mass of supporters. He motivated people for help to claim his due. The matrons accompanying Verginia began to cry, this display moved the populace towards Icillus' side.

Appius Claudius upheld the fabricated case of the claimant and adjudged Verginia to him without even listening to Verginius. Livy wrote that the crowd was stunned by this. When the claimant made his way to take her, Verginius shouted that he had betrothed Verginia to Icilius, not to Appius Claudius, and that he did not bring her up for dishonor. Appius Claudius claimed that he knew that there had been seditious meetings and told Verginius to be quiet and the lictors to seize the slave (Verginia). The crowd did not react. According to Livy, Verginius stabbed his daughter to death saying that was the only way he could assert her freedom. Appius Claudius ordered his arrest, but the crowd protected him as he made his way to the city gate. As a result, the crowd talked about restoring the plebeian tribunes and the right to appeal.

The second decemvirate consisted of:

 * Appius Claudius Crassus Inregillensis Sabinus
 * Marcus Cornelius Maluginensis
 * Lucius Sergius Esquilinus
 * Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus
 * Quintus Fabius Vibulanus
 * Quintus Poetelius Libo Visolus
 * Titus Antonius Merenda
 * Kaeso Duillius Longus
 * Spurius Oppius Cornicen
 * Manius Rabuleius

Second plebeian secession
According to Livy, Appius Claudius ordered the arrest of Icilius, but the crowd prevented this. Two patricians, Lucius Valerius Potitus and Marcus Horatius Barbatus pushed the lictors back, announcing that “if Appius proceeded legally, they would protect Icilius from the prosecution of a mere citizen; if he sought to make use of violence, there too they would be a match for him." Appius Claudius, Lucius Valerius, and Marcus Horatius made speeches. The crowd booed the former and listened only to the latter two, who ordered the lictors to back off. Appius Claudius fled. Another decemvir, not knowing what to do, ended up summoning the senate. The senators were hostile to the decemviri and there was hope that they would bring them down. However, the senators were concerned that the arrival of Verginius at the military camp would cause unrest and sent messengers to tell the commanders to keep the troops from mutiny. Verginius, who had been followed by nearly four hundred men, caused an even bigger stir with the soldiers than in the city. He told his fellow soldiers to "look out for themselves and for their own children" and they replied that they "would not forget his sufferings nor fail to vindicate their liberty." The civilians who had come with Verginius to the military camp claimed that the decemviri had been overthrown and that Appius Claudius had gone into exile and incited the soldiers to rise up.

These soldiers, who were from the army which had been sent against the Aequi, marched to Rome and took possession of the Aventine Hill. They urged the plebeians to regain their freedom and elect the plebeian tribunes. The senate decided to take no harsh action as it had been partly responsible for the mutiny. It sent three envoys to inquire who had seized the Aventine, who their leaders were and what they wanted. The mutineers did not have a leader, and no one dared to express enmity. The civilian crowd shouted that they wanted Lucius Valerius and Marcus Horatius to be the envoys. Verginius proposed the election of ten leaders to be given the military title, military tribune. Verginius was elected.

At the instigation of Icilius, the soldiers of the Roman armies located in Sabine territories also rebelled. On hearing of the election of military tribunes at the Aventine, Icilius, thinking that these men would then be elected as plebeian tribunes and wanting to become one himself, arranged the election of the same number of "military tribunes" among these soldiers, who headed for Rome, marched through the city and to the Aventine. When they joined the other army, the twenty "military tribunes" appointed two men, Marcus Oppius and Sextus Manilius, to take command.

According to Livy, the senators, who were convening daily, spent most of the time squabbling. They decided to send Valerius and Horatius to the Aventine on the condition that the decemviri resign. The latter said that they would do so only after the enactment of the two tables of laws for which they were elected. Given that the senate kept bickering, the soldiers decided to secede to Mons Sacer as they had done in 494 BC to increase pressure on the senators and the decemviri. They now demanded the restoration of tribunician power (i.e. the reinstatement of the plebeian tribunes) and they would stand firm to obtain this. On their way through the city, they were joined by civilian plebeians. The senate hesitated because of the enmity between senators and plebeian tribunes. Some senators, including Valerius and Horatius, argued that their restoration was needed in order to both get rid of the decemviri and restore patrician magistrates. The decemviri agreed to step down on the condition that they would get personal protection against any reprisals.

Lucius Valerius and Marcus Horatius were sent to negotiate terms with the plebeians at their discretion. The plebeians welcomed and thanked them because of their previous stand at the forum. They demanded the recovery of the protections the plebeians enjoyed through the plebeian tribunes and the right to appeal, immunity for those who incited the rebellion and harsh punishment for the decemviri. The envoys agreed on the first three demands and asked that the issue of punishment be postponed. The plebeians accepted this. The senate decreed the abdication of the decemviri, the election of the plebeian tribunes and the mentioned immunity. The plebeians returned to Rome and elected their tribunes. The plebeian council carried a motion of immunity and passed a bill for the election of consuls subject to appeal.

Valerio-Horatian Laws (Leges Valeriae Horatiae)
Lucius Valerius Potitius and Marcus Horatius Barbatus were elected as consuls. They passed the Valerio-Horatian Laws (Leges Valeriae Horatiae). The first law provided that the resolutions of the plebeian council were binding on the people. Then "they not only restored a consular law about the appeal, but they also safeguarded it for the future by the solemn enactment of a new law, that no one should declare the election of any magistrate without appeal, and that he who should so declare might be put to death [by anyone] without offence to law or religion, and that such a homicide should not be held a capital crime." They also reinstated the principle of the sacrosanctity of the plebeian tribunes "by restoring certain long-neglected ceremonies" and by putting what had been just a religious sanction into the statutes with a law which extended it to all plebeian magistrates, including the aediles and the decemviral judges. Additionally, they specified that the heads of those who violated these ceremonies were to be forfeited to Jupiter and their property sold at the temple of Ceres, Liber, and Libera. They also introduced the practice of delivering the decrees of the senate to the aediles at the temple of Ceres, “[u]p to that time they were wont to be suppressed or falsified, at the pleasure of the consuls." In addition, the plebeian council passed a law whereby those who left the plebeians without tribunes or elected a magistrate without appeal were to be scourged and beheaded. Livy noted that all the measures were passed against the will of the patricians, but they did not actively oppose them.

The Law of the Twelve Tables
The two consuls marched with their armies to confront the Sabines and the Aequi who had not withdrawn. "Before they left the city, the consuls had the decemviral laws, which are known as the Twelve Tables, engraved on bronze, and set them up in a public area. Some authors say that the aediles, acting under orders from the tribunes, performed this service."

Views of modern historians
The reason the first decemvirate had a dual role, as a new magistracy which replaced the consuls and took on governance with extraordinary powers, and as a commission for compiling law, is not explained by the sources. Some modern historians have grappled with this as an apparent contradiction.

A theory has tried to explain this contradiction by positing that the first decemvirate differed from the second one by being a commission to compile laws, while the latter was a permanent governing body. Theodor Mommsen criticized this for not having any support from the sources. Cornell notes that if this was the case the consuls and the plebeian tribunes would have been suspended at the start of the second decemvirate instead of the first. Moreover, that the second decemvirate was elected because it was felt that two new tables were needed implies that the decemvirate was meant to be a temporary body for the duration of the drawing up of the laws. So does the second decemvirate's attempt to prolong its office by pretending that they were still working on the final two tables.

The decemvirate's role as a new magistracy which replaced the consuls and the plebeian tribunes has been interpreted as being intended to reintegrate the plebeians into the Roman state by doing away with the plebeian tribunes. If this was the case, the fact that Livy seemed to suggest that only patricians sat on the first decemvirate would be a contradiction. This and the fact that one of the decemviri was Titus Genucius Augurinus, who had a plebeian name, have led some historians to reject both that this man was a decemvir and the existence of a second decemvirate, which they see as fiction. Mommsen argued that the decemvirate must have been open to plebeians from the beginning.

Some historians see the sharp contrast between the first, good decemvirate and the second, bad one as a legend to explain the Twelve Tables in general being good while the prohibition of marriage between patricians and plebeians was bad. This bad law was fictively ascribed to a second body of bad decemvirs. However, Cornell argues that this view is problematic. He asks two questions. If this was a fiction to explain this law, why were the last two tables (one of which contained this law) published by the consuls in 449 BC after the deposition of the bad decemvirate? Why was a law banning marriage between patricians and plebeians drawn up by a body composed by both patricians and plebeians (the majority of the members of the second decemvirate being plebeians)?

In 2005, historian Gary Forsythe dismissed the second decemvirate as unhistorical. He presents a number of arguments for his view. First, it is an invention modeled on the story of the Thirty Tyrants. Athens was forced to abolish her democracy following her defeat by Sparta and it was replaced by a commission tasked with drafting the laws of a new constitution. They arrested and executed political opponents and seized power. Many Athenians fled or were exiled. They formed a militia and reached Peiraeus (Piraeus, the port of Athens), defeated the forces sent by the Thirty Tyrants, and then forced them to abdicate and restored democracy. Forsythe sees similarities with the story of the decemviri, where the republican offices are suspended and replaced by the decemviri who were also tasked with drafting new laws, who then refused to leave office when their term was up, became tyrannical, were forced to resign by a secession and the republican offices were restored. Second, the story fits with the Greek theory that a good form of government gives way to its corrupt counterpart, which, in turn, leads back to another good one. The first decemvirate represents “ideal aristocratic rule in its ideal form, followed by the corrupt oligarchy of the second one whose misrule leads to rebellion and further political change.” Third, one year and one decemvirate should have been enough to draw up a legislation which was not overly complicated. Forsythe also says that the idea of the decemviri being overthrown “might have been suggested to later Roman historians by the names of the consuls for 449 BC, Lucius Valerius Potitus and Marcus Horatius Barbatus.” They were similar to the names of the consuls for 509 BC, the year of the establishment of the Roman republic (Publius Valerius Publicola and Marcus Horatius Pulvillus). The republic was instituted with the overthrow of the last king of Rome, who was a tyrant, in a rebellion and the decision to do away with the monarchy.

Cornell thinks that the story of the second decemvirate attracted much secondary elaboration (later additions), that some of this at times romanticized it and that parts of the story are fictitious, but that it cannot be proved the whole story was fictive and more convincing cases have to be made to support this view. He adds that “identifying the fictitious parts is no easier than deciding which parts might be based on genuine fact.” He also notes that the tradition of two decemvirates and the division of the tables into groups of ten and two were already around in the mid-second century BC. Therefore, although the later historians who have given us the accounts of the decemvirate might have added additional elaborations, there is no evidence that they made up the core story.

Doubts have been cast about the story of Appius Claudius and Verginia. Appius Claudius was the victim of a later tradition of hostility towards the Claudii, his family (Mommsen showed traces of this, but did not see it as a reason for rejecting the story); the character of Verginia bears similarities with that of Lucretia, whose rape led to the overthrow of the monarchy (Ogilvie notes that in the original story might not have provided names and that she may have been referred to as ‘a maiden’ and the name Verginia was ascribed to her later, but she did exist); the story was the subject of a traditional ballade. Cornell argues that such objections do not prove that “the story is a later invention.” The story of the embassy to Athens to study the Law of Solon is unlikely. If it had gone to Athens, by that time the Law of Solon would have been replaced by the radical reforms of Pericles in the first half of the 5th century BC. Cornell notes that the fragments of the Law of the Twelve Tables show many signs of Greek influence and even some Greek loan-words. He thinks that the source was likely to have been the Greek cities of southern Italy and that it is there that efforts to familiarize with Greek written laws would have been directed. He also points out that according to an alternative tradition the decemviri were advised by Hermodorus of Ephesus, a Greek philosopher in exile.

Decemviri Stlitibus Judicandis
The decemviri stlitibus judicandis ("the ten men who judge lawsuits") was a civil court of ancient origin (traditionally attributed to King Servius Tullius) mainly concerned with questions bearing on the status of individuals. It originally served as a jury rendering verdicts under the presidency of the praetor, but these decemviri subsequently became annual minor magistrates (magistratus minores) of the Republic, elected by the Comitia Populi Tributa and forming part of the Vigintisexviri ("Twenty-Six Men").

Suetonius and Dio Cassius record that during the Principate, Caesar Augustus transferred to the decemviri the presidency in the courts of the Centumviri ("Hundred Men"). Under imperial law, the decemvirate had jurisdiction in capital cases.

Decemviri Sacris Faciundis
The decemviri sacris faciundis (also called the decemviri sacrorum) had religious functions and was the outcome of the claim of the plebs to equal share in the administration of the state religion (five decemviri were plebeians, five were patricians). They were first appointed in 367 BC in lieu of the patrician duumviri ("Two Men") who had had responsibility for the care and consultation of the Sibylline books and the celebration of the games of Apollo. Membership in this ecclesiastical college (collegium) was for life, and the college was increased to a quindecimvirate—that is, a college of fifteen members—and renamed accordingly (see quindecimviri sacris faciundis) in the last century of the Republic, possibly by the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla; the dictator Gaius Julius Caesar added a sixteenth member, but this precedent was not followed.

Decemviri Agris Dandis Adsignandis
The decemviri agris dandis adsignandis was appointed from time to time to control the distribution of public lands (ager publicus).

title: Decemviri


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Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecoregions

Welcome to WikiProject Ecoregions. This is a group dedicated to organizing Wikipedia's ecology and geography articles in terms of ecoregions. If you would like to join us, please [ add your name] to the list of project members!

Strategy and scope
An ecoregion is "a relatively large area of land or water that contains a geographically distinct assemblage of natural communities." Ecoregions are an obvious and objective way to understand physical geography. They also enable organization of ecology and climate data, including ranges of animals and plants.

This WikiProject will create articles on all the terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecoregions on Earth using a consistent naming scheme.

Link to these ecoregion articles when you need to describe broad-scale ecology. This may be from articles on protected areas, mountains, rivers, lakes, and countries.

The project will allow users to navigate logically from the entire planet Earth down into the ecozones and ecoregions, and their bordering rivers, seas, and oceans.

Copyright review (August 2021)
The ecoregion articles depend heavily on information from the World Wildlife Fund. WWF has placed strict terms of conditions (updated March 21, 2021) on the use of their web site, including:
 * Linking to the WWF site is prohibited without prior permission. (“If you would like to link another Web site to this Site, you may only do so if you obtain WWF's prior permission.”)
 * Use of the terms “World Wildlife Federation” and “WWF” are prohibited, as is the use of these terms in ‘hidden tags’, which would include Wikipedia templates, reference links, and WikiData ID's.
 * The whole site is copyrighted with an explicit prohibition of commercial use, which means Wikipedia's CC BY-SA cannot be supported

Obviously the first thing to keep in mind is that direct quotations from the site are out of the question. I have started a review of the 866 ecoregion articles using the Copyvio Detector, with checkmarks in the ecoregion tracking list, column named “CRChk?” for status updates.

I will also seek permission from WWF for permission to link to their site, and to use their name and initials in passing in the articles and links. But because of their non-commercial requirement, we have to be ready for a refusal that will require scrubbing WW* from our ecoregion articles. Or does anyone know of link/name permission that might have been formally granted to Wikipedia in the past?

WW* is listed as an “author” on the Encyclopedia of the Earth site (terms of use), which carries a CC-BY-SA 3.0 notice (“unless otherwise noted”) at the bottom of their pages. But serious Wikipedia editors have questioned that license's documentation for Wikipedia purposes. And in any event the EOE terms of use appears to pass through some of WW* organizational limits. I will check with EOE on the status of WW* content on their site. We may have to make some article adjustments for EOE also.

Sorry to bring this up, but those of us who put a lot of work into ecoregion articles don’t want to find it all lost in a mass deletion. The WW* and EOE do solid work and are important to the study of ecoregions. For us, the moral of the story is to respect their copyright wishes, keep our articles clean, and to diversify our reference links to more sources in the scientific community. Every-leaf-that-trembles (talk) 16:37, 21 August 2021 (UTC)

Open tasks
We now have articles for all of the WWF terrestrial ecoregions – about 865 depending on definitions. A good base to work on! Here are some important next steps:

Upgrade stubs
There are currently 41 stubs (August 2021). To see which ones they are, go to the Project's full checklist: A checklist of Terrestrial Ecoregions on EN-Wikipedia. Click twice on the "Status" column header to bring the stubs to the top. You can use the suggested references in the right hand column to get information for the articles.

Create ecoregion-specific subsections in "redirect" articles
About 90 of the ecoregions have boundaries similar to well-known geographic areas. For example, the 'Aleutian Islands tundra' ecoregion covers the same islands as the Aleutian Islands article. So the ecoregion link is a Redirect to the main article. Two things need to be checked on these ecoregions: (a) Do the ecoregion and main article subject really refer to the same area? If not, a separate ecoregion article may be warranted. (b) Is there an 'ecoregion' subsection in the main article? If not, one should be added, so that basic information about the ecoregion can be noted: realm, biome, WWF ID#, area in km2, whether it is a Global200 ecoregion, a couple of sentences describing how the flora/fauna differ from bordering ecoregions, a characterization of the conservation status, and of course the reference links.

Note: Other checklists of ecoregions

 * List of ecoregions (WWF): terrestrial, marine, and freshwater ecoregions for the entire world. These should be our top priority, since they are global in scope.
 * Lists of ecoregions by country. You can see which countries have missing or incomplete ecoregion articles and create or expand them, or create a missing country list.
 * List of ecoregions in North America (CEC)
 * List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA)

Fill in basic data in WikiData items
For the WikiData page for each ecoregion, there should be complete coverage of some minimal data points: Ecoregion name, realm, biome, countr(ies), WWF ID code, map, image, climate (Koppen), coordinates (middle of the largest section).

Create high-quality example articles
Currently there are no Feature articles among the ecoregions. If anyone wishes to identify a candidate for upgrading to Feature status, it would be a great help to the project. We can get a group of people helping. Similarly, it would be good to upgrade each of the biome articles to "B" status, as they are the base for a lot of common information.

Upgrade the flora and fauna sections
There is no real standard, but readers probably want to know about:
 * What species are characteristic of the area
 * What species are notable for the area
 * What species are of conservation interest (threatened, endangered, vulnerable, endemic)
 * Address plants, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish
 * Describe the character of the habitats (types of forest, desert, etc.)

Article cleanup
As always:
 * Copy edit
 * Clear any cleanup tags
 * Add "main" templates as appropriate
 * Write articles for important redlinks

Add links to other articles that point to the ecoregion article
When an article for a country, protected area, mountain range, water body, etc. needs general information on its environment and ecology, link to the appropriate ecoregion(s). Similarly, articles for plants, animals, etc. should also refer to ecoregions when describing their range.

Create missing ecoregion maps
As of January 2021, there are about 65 missing maps. One way to identify source data for maps is to look at the source information on the WikiCommons page for a nearby ecoregion map. Some other sources:
 * An interactive map is at 'Resolve'
 * Images can be found at NASA's Blue Marble earth imagery
 * Databasin's Terrestrial ecoregions of the world has both the map and a dataset for terrestrial ecoregions.

Create missing articles for marine and freshwater ecoregions
We'll set up a separate checklist for these.

Text and content

 * The Encyclopedia of Earth contains articles for many ecoregions, the text of which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic license. This license is compatible with Wikipedia's and the text can be re-used here.

Maps

 * The Wikimedia Commons Maps of ecoregions category contains hundreds of ecoregion maps that can be used in ecoregion articles.
 * Google Earth layers for the WWF ecoregions
 * Interactive WWF ecoregions map from the WWF
 * Interactive WWF ecoregions map from National Geographic
 * EPA ecoregions

Databases

 * WWF Databases include terrestrial and marine ecoregions, as well as thousands of species distributions in terms of ecoregions.
 * Wikiproject Watchlist - WikiProject Ecoregions

Soils
We should use the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) (External link), as it is a worldwide soil classification system, widely accepted and translated in many languages. As of 2006, it is the pre-eminent soil classification system, replacing the previous FAO soil classification. The WRB borrows from modern soil classification concepts, including USDA soil taxonomy. The classification is based mainly on soil morphology as an expression pedogenesis. A major difference with USDA soil taxonomy is that soil-related climate regimes, such as xeric, ustic, and udic, are not part of the system, except insofar as climate influences soil profile characteristics (see climate guide-lines).
 * Issue 1 : the main map is "fair use" : could we ask for it, might we just put a link to it ?
 * Issue 2 : the main map is not precise enough to easily find references of soil types for each ecoregion. Are there other, more precise maps? See:
 * http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/wrbmaps/htm/soilres.htm
 * http://www.fao.org/ag/agl/agll/wrb/mapindex.stm
 * ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/agll/wrb/wrbdom.gif

Useful citations
Ecoregion ranges. When claiming that a country, state, landform, or protected area is in a WWF ecoregion, you can copy-paste the following citation to the original paper:

It will appear as follows:

Ecoregion statistics. The Atlas of Global Conservation from The Nature Conservancy has various statistics for all the WWF ecoregions, valid. These include numbers of bird, mammal, and threatened species, percent habitat loss, and percent area formally protected. Just copy-paste the following if you use their stats:

It will appear like this:

Templates
Add the User WikiProject Ecoregions template your user page.

Add the Infobox ecoregion template to all ecoregion articles and fill out as many fields as possible.

Add the WikiProject Ecoregions template to the top of the talk page of any article which is in the scope of this project.

Naming
Ecoregion articles should use the names given them by their defining organizations (WWF, EPA, CEC, etc). When there are differences with Wikipedia conventions, default to Wikipedia conventions regarding capitalization, and create redirects for all likely variations in naming and capitalization.

Formatting
An ecoregion article will typically contain the following sections:

Infobox

 * The ecoregion infobox template contains various fields for describing an ecoregion. Please fill out as many as possible.

Introduction

 * The name of the ecoregion.
 * The biome in which it is contained.
 * The countries it covers.

Setting

 * Physical area of the ecoregion, in square kilometers and square miles.
 * Bordering ecoregions.
 * The ecozone and bioregion in which it is contained.
 * Major geological/physiographic features of the ecoregion.
 * Soils.
 * The rivers that flow through it, and the watersheds it lies within, including freshwater ecoregions that it overlaps.
 * Any oceans or seas that it borders.
 * Alternative names for the ecoregion, including names in local languages, other biogeographic naming schemes.

Climate

 * Köppen climate classifications for parts of the ecoregion.
 * Statistics on rainfall and temperature throughout the year.
 * Important weather systems (i.e. monsoons, El Niño) that influence the climate.

Flora

 * An account of major plant communities or habitat types, including their structure and predominant or characteristic species.
 * The total number of plant species (by phylum, if known), and the number and percentage of endemic plant species.
 * The floristic region or regions it is a part of.
 * The origins of the flora, and the floral affiliations with and distinctions from with neighboring ecoregions.

Fauna

 * An account of native animals organized from top predator down through lesser predators, then herbivore/prey animals and plants they feed on.
 * The total number of animal species (by phylum/class, if known), and the number and percentage of endemic animal species.
 * The zoogeographic region or regions it is a part of.
 * The origins of the fauna, and the faunal affiliations with and distinctions from with neighboring ecoregions.

Human use

 * An account of the history of human activity in the ecoregion.
 * The resources of the ecoregion: agriculture, fishing, timber, mining, industry.
 * Major cities in the ecoregion.

Conservation and threats

 * Local and global agents affecting the ecoregion's ecology, including:
 * Protected and natural areas.
 * Resource extraction, including hunting, fishing, logging, gathering.
 * Deforestation, soil degradation, and desertification.
 * Invasive plants and animals, and a description of how they have impacted native ones.
 * Conservation status as defined by... (need to establish whose conservation status to use).
 * Whether the region is part of the Global 200 or a biodiversity hotspot.

Article assessment
Article assessments help project members prioritise improvements to articles related to ecoregions. Project members should assess articles according to the importance and quality scales given at WikiProject Ecoregions/Assessment, and then record the results using the WikiProject Ecoregions project template on the article talk page. E.g.

After assessing an article, you may want to place it on your watchlist for a while, and reassess the article if you see major improvements. New articles often take a few days or weeks before they stabilize, and may improve considerably during this period.

Participants

 * This WikiProject was proposed by Earth, itself, fed up by itchy humans on its surface.
 * Right. Earth ability is limited to do the job herself. And it fits very well in my biodiversity focus, so I'll help a bit User:anthere
 * Curious about how Earth proposed this. Though I recognize that she is fed up, which I suppose is enough.  I will help. Sunray 17:26, 2004 Jan 15 (UTC)
 * Tom Radulovich
 * Ombudsman 22:19, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * User:Paleorthid - Soil scientist, working on WikiProject Soil. Project tast #5 is to work in support of this project.
 * User:1brettsnyder - I have created several ecoregion articles and will continue to do so, as well as improve any and all ecoregion articles I find lacking.
 * User:Every-leaf-that-trembles (2018) - writing WWF ecoregion articles, also filling out the WikiData items
 * JarrahTree (2019) - adding for the processes interconnected with biota in Oceania
 * J-Mo 19:49, 13 September 2020 (UTC)
 * User:Joe Roe, interested in arid ecosystems in Western Asia.
 * Wil540 art (talk) 00:52, 6 December 2022 (UTC) interested in the ecosystems of the U.S.A and North America
 * PerytonMango I would like to be involved in this though my knowledge is mostly limited to the eastern USA
 * User: CascadiaWikimedian 03/02/2024 - excited to be here. Main topic area is Cascadia, bioregions and bioregional mapping.
 * User:MiseDominic (2024)

Inactive

 * Lots of work to do here, so i reckon I'm in. Oh BTW, see Ecoregion DTD on meta. Quinobi 20:55, 14 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * -- bcasterline • talk 04:37, 1 June 2006 (UTC) despite obvious inactivity. Articles on biogeography (still) badly need some sort of standardization.
 * Miguel.v will work on ecoregion articles as I look them up and find them lacking.
 * User:Kaarel - I am a biologist interested (among other things) in biogeography and improving the Wikipedia articles.
 * User:Bengrin85 I'd be glad to help in any way I can, but I'm no expert 02:00, 25 July 2008 (UTC)
 * User:Forstbirdo - forest engineer, translation of ecoregion articles into Esperanto.
 * Farjad 0322  (talk|contribs) (31 August 2010) - I have joined this project so that I could learn more about deserts and xeric shrublands, woodlands, badlands, whatever. I am a coordinator of WP:Desert. I also created Ecoregions of Pakistan.
 * User:Gulivar - Interested in improving articles relating to ecoregions.
 * User:Cleveland13 - Interested in improving ecoregion articles for a college project.

Related Wikiprojects

 * WikiProject Ecology
 * WikiProject Protected areas
 * WikiProject Geology
 * WikiProject Tree of Life
 * WikiProject Oceans
 * WikiProject Rivers
 * WikiProject Lakes
 * WikiProject Deserts
 * WikiProject Botany
 * WikiProject Environment
 * WikiProject Forestry
 * WikiProject Lights Camera Wiki/Parks
 * WikiProject Lights Camera Wiki/Wildlife

Links to French-language Wikipedia

 * Région écologique
 * Écozone
 * Écodistrict
 * Classification écologique des terres

External watchlist

 * Wikiproject Watchlist - WikiProject Ecoregions

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia:WikiProject Ecoregions


text:
Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ecoregions

Ecosections
Hello. I have written a bit about ecoregions for a few volcano articles this year, namely Level Mountain and Hoodoo Mountain. One thing I noticed is that ecoregions in British Columbia, Canada appear to be subdivided into ecosections. Is there an article this term can be redirected to or should it have its own article? Volcanoguy 00:04, 11 November 2021 (UTC)

WWF ecoregions now deprecated
For many years, WP has relied on WWF definitions for many ecoregion articles, e.g., Alberta Mountain forests. To my dismay, I see that the WWF has now stopped maintaining their ecoregion pages (see, e.g., ) and refer to OneEarth for updates. OneEarth has a different system of dividing the world into ecoregions. OneEarth also does not release their material under an open-source license.

What shall we do? — hike395 (talk) 04:11, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

 * It's a good question! WWF haven't updated their articles, or the books, in almost 20 years. Most of the ecoregion definitions and boundaries used by OneEarth are the same as the WWF boundaries, albeit with some different names. There are a few parts of the world - the US and Canada, and the Middle East and arid Africa, where the ecoregion boundaries are different, some by a little and some by a lot.

 * I'm less familiar with North America, but for the most part OneEarth's African and Middle eastern ecoregion adjustments sync better with other biogeographic scholarship, like Frank White's Vegetation Map of Africa and VECEA. However the WWF articles generally cover the ecoregions in greater depth than the OneEarth articles do. I wrote an article on one of the distinct OneEarth ecoregions – South Arabian fog woodlands, shrublands, and dune. I included an 'ecoregion delineation' section explaining how it's treated in the WWF system.

 * I'd love if the teams who put together the WWF and OneEarth systems (there's a lot of overlap) would work together on a grand synthesis, and those who use the WWF system (like DOPA) would join in. For now I'm not sure what the best way to present them here on Wikipedia, or whether to treat one or the other as 'definitive', except to explain the diffences between the systems in the articles we're writing.Tom Radulovich (talk) 05:39, 19 December 2022 (UTC)

Project-independent quality assessments
Quality assessments by Wikipedia editors rate articles in terms of completeness, organization, prose quality, sourcing, etc. Most wikiprojects follow the general guidelines at Content assessment, but some have specialized assessment guidelines. A recent Village pump proposal was approved and has been implemented to add a class parameter to WikiProject banner shell, which can display a general quality assessment for an article, and to let project banner templates "inherit" this assessment.

No action is required if your wikiproject follows the standard assessment approach. Over time, quality assessments will be migrated up to WikiProject banner shell, and your project banner will automatically "inherit" any changes to the general assessments for the purpose of assigning categories.

However, if your project has decided to "opt out" and follow a non-standard quality assessment approach, all you have to do is modify your wikiproject banner template to pass WPBannerMeta a new custom parameter. If this is done, changes to the general quality assessment will be ignored, and your project-level assessment will be displayed and used to create categories, as at present. Aymatth2 (talk) 19:38, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

Valdivian temperate forests
Hello Ecoregionalists!

I requested a page move back to Valdivian temperate forests. It's the name used by the primary sources - WWF, EoL, DOPA, OneEarth, etc. Our practice has been to use the names used by primary sources for our ecoregion articles. Please opine! You can find the discussion at Requested moves. Tom Radulovich (talk) 03:22, 22 April 2023 (UTC)

Merger discussion for Sudanian savanna
An article which may be of interest to members of this project—Sudanian savanna—has been proposed for merging with Sudan (region). If you are interested, please participate in the merger discussion. Thank you. 89.206.112.13 (talk) 17:52, 3 May 2023 (UTC)

Trans-Baikal conifer forests listed at Requested moves
A requested move discussion has been initiated for Trans-Baikal conifer forests to be moved to Transbaikal conifer forests. This page is of interest to this WikiProject and interested members may want to participate in the discussion here. —RMCD bot 23:33, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * To opt out of RM notifications on this page, transclude, or set up Article alerts for this WikiProject.

Baja California Desert listed at Requested moves
A requested move discussion has been initiated for Baja California Desert to be moved to Baja California desert. This page is of interest to this WikiProject and interested members may want to participate in the discussion here. —RMCD bot 05:02, 16 August 2023 (UTC)
 * To opt out of RM notifications on this page, transclude, or set up Article alerts for this WikiProject.

title: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ecoregions


text:
Average White Band

The Average White Band (also known as AWB) are a Scottish funk and R&B band that had a series of soul and disco hits between 1974 and 1980. They are best known for their million-selling instrumental track "Pick Up the Pieces", and their albums AWB and Cut the Cake. The band name was initially proposed by Bonnie Bramlett. They have influenced others, such as the Brand New Heavies, and been sampled by various musicians, including the Beastie Boys, Public Enemy, TLC, The Beatnuts, Too Short, Ice Cube, Eric B. & Rakim, Nas, A Tribe Called Quest, Christina Milian, and Arrested Development, making them the 15th most sampled act in history.

Formation
AWB was formed in early 1972 in London by Alan Gorrie, and Malcolm "Molly" Duncan, with Owen "Onnie" McIntyre, Michael Rosen (trumpet), Roger Ball, and Robbie McIntosh joining them in the original line-up. Hamish Stuart quickly replaced Rosen. Duncan and Ball, affectionately known as the Dundee Horns, studied at Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art (now part of the University of Dundee, but which at the time was part of the Dundee Institute of Art and Technology, now known as Abertay University), and were previously members of Mogul Thrash. Gorrie and McIntyre had been members of Forever More. McIntyre and McIntosh were used as session musicians on Chuck Berry's recording of "My Ding-a-Ling".

According to Duncan, members of the band had played together before in Scotland, but had moved to London separately and met up by chance at a Traffic concert. They decided to jam together; a friend heard them and remarked: "This is too much for the average white man," which became adapted as the name of the band.

Breakthrough
The band's breakthrough was a support slot at Eric Clapton's comeback concert in 1973. MCA Records released their debut album, Show Your Hand (1973), which sold poorly. Bruce McCaskill, who was Clapton's tour manager, liked the band's music and agreed to manage them. He borrowed money to take them to the US and to promote them. McCaskill had many contacts from his days with Clapton and managed to get Atlantic Records to sign them. The band relocated to Los Angeles and released the follow-up, AWB, better known as The White Album. It reached No. 1 and was the first of many with renowned producer Arif Mardin.

McIntosh died of a heroin overdose at a Los Angeles party on 23 September 1974. Gorrie also overdosed, but Cher kept him conscious until medical help arrived. The NME reported in January 1975 that AWB played a benefit show for McIntosh's widow at the Marquee Club in London. McIntosh was replaced by Steve Ferrone, previously of Bloodstone, who had replaced McIntosh before in Brian Auger's Oblivion Express.

In 1975, the single "Pick Up the Pieces", taken from the No. 1 AWB album, reached No. 1 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. The song knocked Linda Ronstadt's "You're No Good" out of No. 1 and sold over one million copies. It was awarded a gold disc by the R.I.A.A. in March 1975. It also prompted The J.B.'s, the backup band of the "Godfather of Soul", James Brown, to record and release a song in reply, "Pick Up the Pieces, One by One", under the name AABB (Above Average Black Band). It was both a tribute to AWB's knowledge of funk and a tongue-in-cheek play on the Scottish band's name.

AWB followed up with the LPs Cut the Cake (1975) and Soul Searching (1976), both big sellers and yielding further Top 40 singles. Cut the Cake was dedicated by the surviving band members to McIntosh's memory. A double live album Person To Person was issued in late 1976. Their next LP, Benny & Us, was a collaboration with Ben E. King.

Later career
After several more albums, "Warmer Communications" (1978), "Feel No Fret" (1979) and after a switch to the U.S. Arista label, "Shine" (1980) and "Cupid's In Fashion" (1982), AWB's audience and sales dwindled. The group initially disbanded by 1983. Their 1980 disco hit "Let's Go Round Again" (UK No. 12), was covered in the late 1990s by Louise.

Ferrone went on to work with Duran Duran and later with Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers from 1994 until Petty's death in 2017. Hamish Stuart joined Paul McCartney's touring group. In 1985 Gorrie released a solo album, Sleepless Nights.

The classic lineup of Gorrie, McIntyre, Ball, Stuart, Duncan and Ferrone reunited for one last time at the Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary in 1988. Gorrie, McIntyre, and Ball then continued in 1989 to record Aftershock. Alex Ligertwood (ex-Santana, Jeff Beck Group and another veteran of Brian Auger's Oblivion Express) also appeared on this album, replacing lead singer Hamish Stuart, along with Eliot Lewis who co-wrote with Gorrie and joined the band. Ligertwood left after the album's recording and drummer Tiger McNeil joined for the reunited band's live shows. McNeil was with the group until 1994. He was then succeeded by Peter Abbott (ex-Blood, Sweat & Tears), who in turn was replaced by Fred "Catfish" Alias in September 1998. Drummer Adam Deitch did a two-year stint with AWB from 1999 to 2001.

Average White Band has continued recording (1997's Soul Tattoo, 1999's Face to Face) and touring since. Ball worked on Soul Tattoo with the group but was replaced by Fred Vigdor (aka Freddy V.) in 1996.

Brian Dunne took over the drum chair in 2001 and when Eliot Lewis left the band in September 2002 to pursue other musical opportunities (including a stint with Hall and Oates), he was replaced by Klyde Jones.

Their line-up as of 2002 became Alan Gorrie (bass guitar, guitar, lead and backing vocals), Klyde Jones (keyboards, bass guitar, guitar, lead and backing vocals), Onnie McIntyre (guitar, vocals), Freddy V (sax, keyboards, vocals), and Brian Dunne (drums).

Dunne was replaced by Rocky Bryant as drummer as of the 2006 tour. After Jones left in 2011 to join Hall and Oates, Monte Croft (keyboards, bass, guitar) and former Earth, Wind & Fire member Morris Pleasure (keyboards, bass, guitar) came in to do brief stints before Rob Aries arrived in 2013.

Brent Carter (ex-Tower of Power) has been singing with AWB since 2011.

In July 2015, Malcolm 'Molly' Duncan, Steve Ferrone and Hamish Stuart reunited to form The 360 Band. This is in essence one half of the classic AWB. They released an album titled Three Sixty in 2017 and performed live together along with supporting musicians. As of 2019, Alan Gorrie and Onnie McIntyre are the only two original members left in the Average White Band.

Original tenor sax player Molly Duncan died on 8 October 2019, shortly after it had been announced that he had been diagnosed with terminal cancer.

In June 2023, AWB announced their final tour, Let's Go Round Again One Last Time. "That it's finally coming to an end is going to mean a highly emotional tour next year, but one which will mean we bow out at the top level," Gorrie said. "Please join us in a final celebration of that journey, and to a last hurrah of epic proportions with your presence and your aye-ready appreciation!"

Members

 * Current members
 * Alan Gorrie – bass, guitars, vocals, keyboards (1972–1983, 1989–present)
 * Owen "Onnie" McIntyre – guitars, backing vocals (1972–1983, 1989–present)
 * Fred Vigdor – tenor saxophone, keyboards, backing vocals (1996–present)
 * Rocky Bryant – drums (2006–present)
 * Brent Carter – vocals (2011–present)
 * Rob Aries – keyboards, bass (2013–present)
 * Cliff Lyons – alto saxophone (2015–present)

 * Former members

 * Roger Ball – alto saxophone, keyboards (1972–1983, 1989–1996)
 * Malcolm "Molly" Duncan – tenor saxophone (1972–1983; died 2019)
 * Robbie McIntosh – drums (1972–1974; his death)
 * Michael Rosen – trumpet, guitar (1972)
 * Hamish Stuart – guitar, bass, vocals (1972–1983)
 * Steve Ferrone – drums (1974–1983)
 * Eliot Lewis – keyboards, guitar, bass, percussion, vocals (1989–2002)
 * Tiger McNeil – drums (1989–1994)
 * Alex Ligertwood – vocals (1989)
 * Peter Abbott – drums (1994–1998)
 * Fred "Catfish" Alias – drums (1998–1999)
 * Adam Deitch – drums (1999–2001)
 * Brian Dunne – drums (2001–2006)
 * Klyde Jones – keyboards, guitar, bass, vocals (2002–2011)
 * Morris Pleasure – keyboard, bass, guitar (2011, 2013)
 * Monte Croft – keyboard, bass, guitar (2011–2013)

Other contributions

 * Wish You Were Here (1974) – Average White Horns on "Just a Chance" and "Should I Smoke" – arranged by Roger Ball
 * Up (1976) – Morrissey–Mullen
 * The Atlantic Family Live at Montreux (1977)
 * The Cosmos Theme (1978) – written by Alan Gorrie and Steve Ferrone, and recorded by the band under the pseudonym "The Cosmic Highlanders"

title: Average White Band


text:
Marie d'Agoult

Marie Catherine Sophie, Comtesse d'Agoult (born de Flavigny; 31 December 1805 – 5 March 1876), was a French romantic author and historian, known also by her pen name, Daniel Stern.

Life
Marie was born in Frankfurt am Main, Germany, with the full name of Marie Catherine Sophie de Flavigny, the daughter of Alexandre Victor François, Vicomte de Flavigny (1770–1819), a footloose émigré French aristocrat, and his wife Maria Elisabeth Bethmann (1772–1847), a German banker's daughter. The young Marie spent her early years in Germany and completed her education in a French convent after the Bourbon Restoration.

She entered into an early marriage of convenience with Charles Louis Constant d'Agoult, Comte d'Agoult (1790–1875) on 16 May 1827, thereby becoming the Comtesse d'Agoult. They had two daughters, Louise (1828–1834) and Claire (1830–1912). Marie never divorced the count, even though she had left him for Franz Liszt.

From 1835 to 1839, she lived with composer and virtuoso pianist Franz Liszt, who was six years younger, and was then a rising concert star. She became close to Liszt's circle of friends, including Frédéric Chopin (despite the hatred between her and Chopin’s partner George Sand), who dedicated his 12 Études, Op. 25 to her (his earlier set of 12 Études, Op. 10 had been dedicated to Liszt). Liszt's "Die Lorelei", one of his very first pieces, based on text by Heinrich Heine, was also dedicated to her.

From summer 1837 until autumn 1839 they travelled to Italy and Switzerland, staying successively in Bellagio, Milan, Venice, Lugano, Modena, Florence, Bologna and Rome. It was these travels that inspired the composer to write his cycle of piano collections entitled Années de pèlerinage.

D'Agoult had three children with Liszt; however, she and Liszt did not marry, maintaining their independent views and other differences while Liszt was busy composing and touring throughout Europe.

Her children with Liszt were:
 * Blandine Rachel (1835–1862), who was the first wife of future French prime minister Émile Ollivier and died at the age of 26
 * Francesca Gaetana Cosima (1837–1930), who first married pianist and conductor Hans von Bülow and then composer Richard Wagner
 * Daniel (1839–1859), who was already a promising pianist and gifted scholar when he died of tuberculosis.

In 1876, she died in Paris, aged 70, and was buried in Division 54 of Père Lachaise Cemetery.

Works

 * Her first stories (Hervé, Julien, and Valentia), published 1841–1845
 * Histoire de la révolution de 1848 (appearing from 1850 to 1853, in 3 volumes), her best known work published under the name Daniel Stern
 * Nélida, a novel (1846)
 * Lettres Républicaines in Esquisses morales et politiques (1849, collected articles)
 * Trois journées de la vie de Marie Stuart (1856)
 * Florence et Turin (1862)
 * Histoire des commencements de la république aux Pays-Bas (1872)
 * A Catholic Mother Speaks to Her Children (1906, posthumously)
 * Mes souvenirs (1877, posthumously).
 * Correspondence with Liszt
 * Mémoires, souvenirs et journaux de la Comtesse d'Agoult, Mercure de France, Paris, 1990.

title: Marie d'Agoult


text:
Daniel Stern

Daniel Stern may refer to:
 * Daniel Stern (actor) (born 1957), American actor
 * The pen name of Marie d'Agoult (1805–1876)
 * The pen name of Ina Lange (1846—1930), Finnish pianist, music historian and author
 * Daniel Stern (psychologist) (1934–2012), psychoanalytic theorist and author
 * Daniel Stern (writer) (1928–2007), Jewish American novelist and professor of English

title: Daniel Stern


text:
Dymaxion map

The Dymaxion map or Fuller map is a projection of a world map onto the surface of an icosahedron, which can be unfolded and flattened to two dimensions. The flat map is heavily interrupted in order to preserve shapes and sizes.

The projection was invented by Buckminster Fuller. The March 1, 1943, edition of Life magazine included a photographic essay titled "Life Presents R. Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion World". The article included several examples of its use together with a pull-out section that could be assembled as a "three-dimensional approximation of a globe or laid out as a flat map, with which the world may be fitted together and rearranged to illuminate special aspects of its geography". Fuller applied for a patent in the United States in February 1944, showing a projection onto a cuboctahedron, which he called "dymaxion". The patent was issued in January 1946.

In 1954, Fuller and cartographer Shoji Sadao produced the Airocean World Map, a version of the Dymaxion map that used a modified but mostly regular icosahedron as the base for the projection. The version most commonly referred to today, it depicts Earth's continents as "one island", or nearly contiguous land masses.

The Dymaxion projection is intended only for representations of the entire globe. It is not a gnomonic projection, whereby global data expands from the center point of a tangent facet outward to the edges. Instead, each triangle edge of the Dymaxion map matches the scale of a partial great circle on a corresponding globe, and other points within each facet shrink toward its middle, rather than enlarging to the peripheries. Fuller's 1980 version of the Dymaxion map was the first definition and use of a mathematical transformation process to make the map. It is a polyhedral map projection.

The name Dymaxion was applied by Fuller to several of his inventions.

Properties
Though neither conformal nor equal-area, Fuller claimed that his map had several advantages over other projections for world maps.

It has less distortion of relative size of areas, most notably when compared to the Mercator projection; and less distortion of shapes of areas, notably when compared to the Gall–Peters projection. Other compromise projections attempt a similar trade-off.

More unusually, the Dymaxion map does not have any "right way up". Fuller argued that in the universe there is no "up" and "down", or "north" and "south": only "in" and "out". Gravitational forces of the stars and planets created "in", meaning "towards the gravitational center", and "out", meaning "away from the gravitational center". He attributed the north-up-superior/south-down-inferior presentation of most other world maps to cultural bias.

Fuller intended the map to be unfolded in different ways to emphasize different aspects of the world. Peeling the triangular faces of the icosahedron apart in one way results in an icosahedral net that shows an almost contiguous land mass comprising all of Earth's continents – not groups of continents divided by oceans. Peeling the solid apart in a different way presents a view of the world dominated by connected oceans surrounded by land.

Showing the continents as "one island earth" also helped Fuller explain, in his book Critical Path, the journeys of early seafaring people, who were in effect using prevailing winds to circumnavigate this world island.

However, the Dymaxion map can also prove difficult to use. It is, for example, confusing to describe the four cardinal directions and locate geographic coordinates. The awkward shape of the map may be counterintuitive to most people trying to use it. For example, the shortest route from Africa to South America is not obvious. Depending on how the map is projected, land masses and oceans are often divided into several pieces.

Impact
A 1967 Jasper Johns painting, Map (Based on Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion Airocean World), depicting a Dymaxion map, hangs in the permanent collection of the Museum Ludwig in Cologne.

The World Game, a collaborative simulation game in which players attempt to solve world problems, is played on a 70-by-35-foot Dymaxion map.

In 2013, to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the publication of the Dymaxion map in Life magazine, the Buckminster Fuller Institute announced the "Dymax Redux", a competition for graphic designers and visual artists to re-imagine the Dymaxion map. The competition received over 300 entries from 42 countries.

In 2019, Daniel "daan" Strebe used mathematical work on conformal projections by Oscar S. Adams and L. P. Lee to create a conformal version of the Dymaxion projection. In 2020, the Build the Earth project used Strebe's work to create a map projection for their work known as the Modified Airocean. This map projection provides an extremely low amount of distortion of both shapes and sizes on land, at the cost of heavily distorting the oceans. Unlike the Dymaxion, Modified Airocean is not intended to be unfolded into a 3D object like an icosahedron, and has its continents placed such that it looks somewhat similar to an equirectangular projection.

Comparison of the Fuller projection and Strebe's Dymaxion-like

conformal projection with Tissot's indicatrices at 30° intervals

title: Dymaxion map


text:
Autodesk

Autodesk, Inc. is an American multinational software corporation that provides software products and services for the architecture, engineering, construction, manufacturing, media, education, and entertainment industries. Autodesk is headquartered in San Francisco, California, and has offices worldwide. Its U.S. offices are located in the states of California, Oregon, Colorado, Texas, Michigan, New Hampshire and Massachusetts. Its Canada offices are located in the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, and Alberta.

The company was founded in 1982 by John Walker, who was a coauthor of the first versions of AutoCAD. AutoCAD is the company's flagship computer-aided design (CAD) software and, along with its 3D design software Revit, is primarily used by architects, engineers, and structural designers to design, draft, and model buildings and other structures. Autodesk software has been used in many fields, and on projects from the One World Trade Center to Tesla electric cars.

Autodesk became best known for AutoCAD, but now develops a broad range of software for design, engineering, and entertainment—and a line of software for consumers. The manufacturing industry uses Autodesk's digital prototyping software—including Autodesk Inventor, Fusion 360, and the Autodesk Product Design Suite—to visualize, simulate, and analyze real-world performance using a digital model in the design process. The company's Revit line of software for building information modeling is designed to let users explore the planning, construction, and management of a building virtually before it is built.

Autodesk's Media and Entertainment division creates software for visual effects, color grading, and editing as well as animation, game development, and design visualization. 3ds Max and Maya are both 3D animation software used in film visual effects and game development

History
The company was founded by John Walker and a team of programmers in 1982. Walker founded the company after acquiring Interact, a computer-aided design program that operated on microcomputers running the 8-bit CP/M operating system and two of the new 16-bit systems, the Victor 9000 and the IBM Personal Computer (PC). This tool provided made it affordable for smaller design, engineering, and architecture companies to create detailed technical drawings. The program had been developed by Michael Riddle in 1979. Riddle had struggled to sell the program, and agreed to sell it to Walker in exchange for royalties. The program was further developed and renamed AutoCAD.

Autodesk became a public company in 1985. John Walker did not enjoy the process of writing the prospectus, relating the process to "lying on the beach or juggling chainsaws".

Release 2.1 of AutoCAD, released in 1986, included AutoLISP, a built-in Lisp programming language interpreter initially based on XLISP. This opened the door for third party developers to extend AutoCAD's functionality, to address a wide range of vertical markets, strengthening AutoCAD's market penetration.

Subsequent to AutoCAD Release 13, the company stopped supporting the Unix environment and the Apple Macintosh platform. After AutoCAD Release 14 (R13 was last DOS & Unix release), first shipped in 1997, Autodesk discontinued development under DOS, and focused exclusively on Microsoft Windows.

AutoCAD has grown to become the most widely used CAD program for 2D non-specialized applications. The native file formats written by AutoCAD, DXF and DWG, are also widely used for CAD data interoperability.

In 1989, Autodesk's sales grew to over $100,000,000 after just four operational years.

Walker remained a programmer at Autodesk until 1994, when he left due to disagreements with changes at the company. With the purchase of Softdesk in 1997, Autodesk started to develop specialty versions of AutoCAD, targeted to broad industry segments, including architecture, civil engineering, and manufacturing. Since the late 1990s, the company has added several significant non-AutoCAD-based products, including Revit, a parametric building modeling application (acquired in 2002, from Massachusetts-based Revit Technologies for $133 million), and Inventor, an internally developed parametric mechanical design CAD application.

In 2007, Timothy Vernor sued Autodesk (Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc.), alleging that he was entitled to resell "used" copies of AutoCAD software on eBay. He had obtained the software from an Autodesk licensee at an office liquidation sale. A federal district judge in Washington denied Autodesk's initial motion to dismiss in early 2008. In February and March 2009, both sides filed motions for summary judgment addressing the issue whether the First Sale Doctrine applies to previously licensed software. The Court ruled in Vernor's favor, holding that when the transfer of software to the purchaser materially resembled a sale (non-recurring price, right to perpetual possession of copy) it was, in fact, a "sale with restrictions on use" giving rise to a right to resell the copy under the first-sale doctrine. As such, Autodesk could not pursue an action for copyright infringement against Vernor, who sought to resell used versions of its software on eBay. Autodesk appealed the decision to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, which reversed the lower court ruling, denying Vernor the right to resale Autodesk software due to Autodesk's nontransferable licensing restrictions. In October 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court let stand the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruling.

Autodesk introduced a new logo at the TED conference in Long Beach, California, on February 26, 2013.

Autodesk announced the largest lay off in its history on November 27, 2017, with the lay off of 1,150 jobs. This was in addition to the almost 1,000 job cuts announced in January 2016. The number of Autodesk employees decreased from approximately 9,200 to 7,200 in less than 2 years.

Autodesk updated to its current logo in September 2021.

In 2022, Autodesk moved their headquarters to San Francisco from San Rafael, California — which served as their headquarters since 1994.

Corporate acquisitions

 * In 1992 Autodesk acquired Micro Engineering Solutions (MES) Inc., a developer and marketer of manufacturing CAD / CAM software.
 * In 1993 Autodesk acquired Ithaca Software, a 3D computer graphics company founded by Autodesk's former CEO Carl Bass and Garry Wiegand.
 * In December 1996, Autodesk announced its plan to acquire Softdesk, a developer of architecture, engineering and construction software.
 * In 1998 Autodesk acquired assets of Genius CAD-Software to strengthen the functionality of its core mechanical products.
 * In August 1998, Autodesk agreed to acquire Discreet Logic Inc. for about $520 million in stock.
 * In 1999, Autodesk acquired VISION* Solutions, a vendor of enterprise automated mapping/facilities management/geographic information systems (AM/FM/GIS) from MCI Systemhouse Corp.
 * In January 2001, Autodesk acquired Gentry Systems, a supplier of specialized software tools and services in the electric utility industry. The asset was used to strengthen Autodesk's position in the utility industry.
 * In September 2001, Autodesk acquired Buzzsaw.
 * In February 2002, Autodesk acquired Revit Technology Corporation, a developer of parametric building technology for building design, construction, and management.
 * In August 2002, Autodesk acquired CAiCE Software Corporation, a developer of surveying and engineering applications for transportation agencies and consultants; the product was released in 2003 as "Civil 3D".
 * In December 2002, Autodesk acquired the assets of truEInnovations, Inc. to create the application Autodesk Vault.
 * In 2003 Autodesk acquired Linius Technologies, Inc. and purchased certain assets of a third software company—VIA Development Corporation.
 * In 2004 Autodesk acquired MechSoft, Inc., the developer of the MechSoft product.
 * In 2005 Autodesk acquired the assets of COMPASS systems GmbH, to strengthen Autodesk's position in the European product data management market.
 * In 2006 Autodesk acquired Alias, with its automotive styling and digital content creation applications such as FBX file format.
 * On August 6, 2007, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Skymatter Inc, developer of Mudbox.
 * On August 9, 2007, Autodesk completed the acquisition of NavisWorks Limited.
 * On August 20, 2007, Autodesk announced that it completed the acquisition of technology and product assets of Opticore AB in Gothenburg, Sweden. Opticore is specialized in real time visualization primarily for the carmakers industry.
 * On August 28, 2007, Autodesk announced the acquisition of PlassoTech, developers of CAE applications.
 * In January 2008, Autodesk completed the acquisition of Robobat, a France-based developer of structural engineering analysis applications.
 * In February 2008, Autodesk announced that it completed the acquisition of the assets of Carmel Software Corporation.
 * On May 1, 2008, Autodesk announced it agreed to acquire Moldflow Corporation, a leading provider of injection molding simulation software.
 * On May 7, 2008, Autodesk announced that it completed the acquisition of Kynogon SA, the privately held maker of Kynapse artificial intelligence middleware. Paris-based Kynogon specialized in video game middleware and simulation.
 * On May 7, 2008, Autodesk also announced the acquisition of REALVIZ S.A. REALVIZ's flagship products are "Stitcher" software for the creation of panoramas and 360 degree virtual tours, and "ImageModeler" software to produce 3D models from photographs.
 * In June 2008, a press release announced the acquisition of Square One Research and its flagship product, Ecotect.
 * In October 2008, Autodesk announced the acquisition on Avid's Softimage, Co. business, developers of 3D application Softimage (formerly Softimage|XSI).
 * On December 15, 2008, Autodesk announced the acquisition of BIMWorld, plans to combine BIMWorld with Autodesk Seek.
 * On December 17, 2008, Autodesk agreed to acquire ALGOR, Inc. for approximately $34 million.
 * In December 2009, Autodesk announced the acquisition of VisualTAO (also known as PlanPlatform), an Israeli start-up that developed cloud-based web and mobile applications that enable users to view and edit AutoCAD files online. VisualTAO became part of PSEB, and the product was released during 2010 as "AutoCAD WS".
 * In 2010, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Illuminate Labs, the maker of Beast (a global illumination middleware) and Turtle (a global illumination plugin for Maya) used for video game development.
 * In February 2011, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Blue Ridge Numerics, Inc., a leading provider of simulation software.
 * In March 2011, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Scaleform, a UI middleware for video games.
 * In July 2011, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Pixlr, online photo editing and sharing service.
 * On August 1, 2011, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Instructables, a website and platform where users can share their ideas and collaborate with a variety of do-it-yourself projects.
 * On August 25, 2011, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Numenus, which optimizes CAD and construction processes by using NURBS technology.
 * In November 2011, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Grip Entertainment, which develops behavior control systems for computer-controlled characters in video games.
 * In December 2011, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Horizontal Systems, a provider of cloud-based BIM (Building Information Modeling) collaboration solutions for the AEC (architecture, engineering and construction) industry.
 * In 2012, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Qontext, Inc., an enterprise social collaboration platform to accelerate Autodesk's ongoing move to the cloud and expansion of social capabilities in the Autodesk 360 cloud-based service.
 * On March 19, 2013, Autodesk completed the acquisition of Firehole Technologies, a developer of design and analysis software for composite materials.
 * On May 18, 2013, Tinkercad announced it had been bought by Autodesk. Tinkercad is a browser-based 3D solid modeling tool for rapid prototyping known for its simple interface and entry-level ease of use.
 * In October 2013, Autodesk signed an agreement to acquire structural fabrication and detailing software- Advance Steel from Graitec.
 * In February 2014, Autodesk completed the acquisition of Delcam, a UK based supplier of advanced CAD/CAM software for the manufacturing industry.
 * In March 2014, Creative Market announced it had been bought by Autodesk. Creative Market is a platform for handcrafted, mousemade design content from independent creatives around the world.
 * In May 2014, Autodesk acquired Nei Nastran, one of three versions of Nastran, the FEA solver.
 * In May 2014, Autodesk acquired Within Technologies, a company founded by Siavash Haroun Mahdavi.
 * In June 2014, Shotgun Software announced that it had been acquired by Autodesk. Shotgun Software are the publishers of the popular "Shotgun" project tracking software for media and entertainment content creation.
 * In July 2014, Autodesk acquired Topolabs Technology, a company founded by James Page which pioneered the use of 3D toolpaths for FDM/FFF additive manufacturing systems.
 * In August 2015, Autodesk signs agreement to acquire SeeControl.
 * In April 2016, Autodesk announced that it had acquired SolidAngle, creator of the Arnold rendering software.
 * In June 2016, Autodesk acquired CadSoft Computer GmbH, creator of the PCB design software EAGLE, from Premier Farnell.
 * In July 2018, Autodesk announced that it had acquired Assemble Systems.
 * In November 2018, Autodesk announced that it would acquire PlanGrid, a San Francisco-based provider of construction productivity software.
 * In December 2018, Autodesk announced that it would acquire BuildingConnected, a San Francisco-based construction bid-management platform.
 * In April 2020, Autodesk announced that it had invested in Aurigo Software to Bolster Construction Technology Offering for Owners. Aurigo provides a full lifecycle cloud software to plan, design, build and operate construction assets.
 * On July 14, 2020, Bridgit Inc. announced that Autodesk had raised $9.4 million in venture capital to take an ownership stake in the Canadian company which makes Bridgit Bench, an online construction work force and resource planning software.
 * On July 22, 2020, Autodesk announced that it would acquire Pype, a Bengaluru-based provider of cloud-based solutions for automating construction project management workflows.
 * In November 2020, Autodesk announced that it would acquire Spacemaker, a cloud-based platform that uses artificial intelligence (AI) and generative design to rapidly create, optimize, iterate, and evaluate design alternatives for buildings.
 * In February 2021, Autodesk announced that it would acquire Innovyze, a provider of smart water infrastructure modeling and simulation technology, for $1billion.
 * In December 2021, Autodesk announced that it would acquire ProEst, a cloud-based construction estimating product.
 * In January 2024, Autodesk announced that it would acquire Payapps, a cloud-based construction claim software.
 * In May 2024, Autodesk announced that it had acquired Wonder Dynamics, a cloud-based 3D animation and VFX tools founded by actor and producer Tye Sheridan.

Platforms
Platform Solutions and Emerging Business (PSEB) division develops and manages the product foundation for most Autodesk offerings across multiple markets, including Autodesk's flagship product AutoCAD, AutoCAD LT, AutoCAD for Mac, and AutoCAD mobile app (formerly AutoCAD 360). Autodesk Suites, Subscription and Web Services, which include Autodesk Cloud, Autodesk Labs, and Global Engineering are also part of PSEB. In what was seen as an unusual step for a maker of high-end business software, Autodesk began offering AutoCAD LT 2012 for Mac through the Apple Mac App Store. Also part of PSEB is the Autodesk Consumer Product Group, which was created in November 2010 to generate interest in 3-D design and “foster a new wave of designers who hunger for sophisticated software”. Users range from children, students and artists to makers and DIYers.

Training and certification
Autodesk offers certificates in two categories: Autodesk Certified User and Advanced Certified Professional.

 * Autodesk Certified User- Verifies entry-level skills in key Autodesk products. Designed for students and instructors who wish to demonstrate basic proficiency. Curriculum, courseware, and exams offered for independent study or institutional integration.
 * Advanced Certified Professional- Validates more advanced skills, including complex workflow and design challenges. Designed for students seeking a competitive advantage in a specific product area.

Architecture, engineering and construction
The Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry group is headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts, in a LEED Platinum building designed and built using Autodesk software. Autodesk's architecture, engineering, and construction solutions include AutoCAD, and Revit, which is their flagship product for relational Building information modeling. The AEC division also develops and manages software for the Construction industry, including Autodesk Construction Cloud, Advance Steel, and the Navisworks (formerly JetStream) product tools; the Infrastructure industry, including Civil 3D, and InfraWorks; and the MEP industry, including Fabrication CADmep. The Autodesk Services Marketplace offering helps its clients train their team in AEC Industry. Projects that have used software from the Autodesk AEC division include the NASA Ames building, the San Francisco Bay Bridge, the Shanghai Tower, and New York's One World Trade Center.

Genetic engineering
Autodesk Life Sciences is an extensible toolkit for genetic engineering. It visualises DNA code (Molecule Viewer), and has a tool for writing DNA code (genetic constructor). The tool allows work on molecule-level, rather than nucleobase-level (A, C, G, T) constructs.

In 2018, all projects were suspended.

Manufacturing
Autodesk's manufacturing industry group is headquartered in Portland, Oregon. The company's manufacturing software is used in various manufacturing segments, including industrial machinery, electro-mechanical, tool and die, industrial equipment, automotive components, and consumer products. The principal products are Fusion 360, and its family (Fusion 360 with FeatureCAM, PowerMill, PowerShape, PowerInspect, or Netfabb ), Autodesk Alias, Autodesk Inventor, Autodesk Vault, Autodesk CFD (formerly Autodesk Simulation CFD), Moldflow, VRED, and the Product Design & Manufacturing Collection, which includes Inventor Nastran (formerly Nastran In-CAD), Inventor CAM (formerly Autodesk HSM and Inventor HSM), Inventor Nesting, Inventor Tolerance Analysis, and Factory Design Utilities.

Media and entertainment
Autodesk Media and Entertainment products are designed for digital media creation, management, and delivery, from film and television visual effects, color grading, and editing to animation, game development, and design visualization. Autodesk's Media and Entertainment Division is based in Montreal, Quebec. It was established in 1999 after Autodesk, Inc. acquired Discreet Logic, Inc. and merged its operations with Kinetix. In January 2006, Autodesk acquired Alias, a developer of 3D graphics technology. In October 2008, Autodesk acquired the Softimage brand from Avid. The principal product offerings from the Media and Entertainment Division are Flame, and the Media & Entertainment Collection, which include Maya, 3ds Max, Arnold, MotionBuilder, Mudbox, and ReCap Pro.

Much of Avatar's visual effects were created with Autodesk media and entertainment software. Autodesk software enabled Avatar director James Cameron to aim a camera at actors wearing motion-capture suits in a studio and see them as characters in the fictional world of Pandora in the film. Autodesk software also played a role in the visual effects of Alice in Wonderland, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1, Inception, Iron Man 2, King Kong, Gladiator, Titanic, and other films. Walt Disney Animation Studios also utilizes Autodesk Maya for character rigging and animation, being used in films such as Frozen II.

Renderers
Autodesk develops and purchased many specific-purpose renderers but many Autodesk products had been bundled with third-party renderers such as NVIDIA Mental Ray or Iray.
 * Autodesk Raytracer (ART; aka RapidRT ) - a simple path tracing renderer based on Opticore technology.
 * Autodesk Real Time Ray Tracing (Autodesk RTRT; formerly Opus RTRT) - a ray tracing rendering engine used in Autodesk Opticore Studio and Autodesk Real-Time Ray Tracing Cluster
 * Autodesk VRED - an OpenGL/Raytracing real-time and offline renderer that supports direct NURBS ray tracing
 * RenderGin (formerly Augenblick MMV) - a discontinued realtime NURBS ray tracing renderer the technology was merged into VRED.
 * Autodesk Realtime Renderer (formerly VSR Realtime Renderer) - a discontinued ray tracing renderer for Rhinoceros 3D.
 * Autodesk Arnold - a CPU- or GPU-accelerated pathtracing renderer widely used in animation and visual effects for film and TV
 * Turtle - a primary texture-baking renderer in Maya LT; its baking technology was also used in Beast, a discontinued lighting middleware with baking tools.
 * Maya Software - a scanline/raytracing hybrid renderer in Maya
 * 3ds Max Scanline - a scanline/ray tracing/radiosity hybrid renderer in 3ds Max
 * Lightscape - a discontinued radiosity renderer; its technologies were merged within Autodesk VIZ (later 3ds Max Design).
 * Maya Vector - a vector renderer based on Electric Rain's RAViX technology.
 * One Graphics System - a GPU photorealistic/non-photorealistic renderer, aka Nitrous/Quicksilver in 3ds Max and Viewport 2.0/Hardware 2.0 in Maya
 * Maya Hardware - a legacy GPU rasterize renderer in Maya 2017 or earlier.

Cloud rendering services

 * Autodesk Rendering (formerly A360 Rendering) - a simple cloud renderer
 * Lagoa MultiOptics - a discontinued cloud renderer for visualization
 * 3ds Max Cloud Rendering - a technology preview cloud rendering system for Arnold on 3ds Max.
 * Azure Batch Rendering - a cloud rendering system for Maya, 3ds Max and Arnold, which is provided by Autodesk and Microsoft.

Visualization tools

 * Autodesk ImageStudio (formerly Alias ImageStudio) - a discontinued visualization tool based on mental ray, marketed for Autodesk Alias
 * Autodesk Showcase - a discontinued design visualization tool
 * Autodesk Opticore Studio (formerly Opus Studio) - a discontinued design visualization tool
 * Autodesk VRED (formerly PI-VR VRED)
 * 3ds Max Interactive - a real-time visualization tool based on Autodesk Stingray, shipped within 3ds Max.
 * Revit Live - a discontinued real-time visualization service for Autodesk Revit

Discontinued products
Some of Autodesk's "retired" products are listed here:

 * Lightscape 3.2 Was the world's only radiosity rendering package at the time (1991) developed from work done by Donald Greenberg at the Cornell University Department of Computer Graphics. The problem with this part of Autodesk's history is that it was a time of discovery in computer graphics, and Cornell was one of the birthplaces for the technology. In this sense Lightscape was more than just another product, it was an essential part of the development of rendering technology generally, and part of its evolution. Additionally, the software came from a university research department and represented the start of a development cycle that users the world over were watching closely. Regardless, Autodesk purchased rights to the software and promptly discontinued its sale. A primitive version of the radiosity renderer was incorporated into the companies 3d Studio Max product, while existing Lightscape customers and the product were simply dropped.
 * Volo View was a web-enabled review and markup tool from Autodesk for engineering data, including support for Autodesk's DWG, DXF, and DWF formats. Volo View enabled design teams to communicate ideas and review designs without access to AutoCAD software. Autodesk discontinued sales of Volo View on May 1, 2005. The latest version of the software, Volo View 3, worked with the following file formats: AutoCAD 2004, DWG and DXF; Design Web Format (DWF 6); Autodesk Inventor 7 IPT, IAM, and IDW and raster files. The functionality of this product is largely replaced by Autodesk DWF Composer (versions 1 and 2) later replaced by the free Autodesk Design Review. Autodesk has also released a free product called DWG TrueView. This product enables users to view and plot AutoCAD DWG and DXF files, and to publish these same files to the DWF file format.
 * Autodesk Animator Pro (DOS) and Autodesk Animator Studio (Windows) were products designed for cel-based animation produced between the early-to-mid-1990s. At the time Autodesk was also advertising an Autodesk Media product similar in description to Macromedia Director but this product was never released to the public.
 * Cyberspace by Autodesk was an early real-time 3D environment capable of producing basic phong shaded walkthroughs of DXF format models in "realtime". No textures were supported, and the system was able to support a maximum DXF model size of around 35 KB. A popular demo model of the Parthenon in Greece was shown around the United States in a tour of the portable demo system – complete with virtual reality goggles.
 * CAD Camera
 * AutoSketch
 * AutoShade
 * AutoCAD Survey (Autodesk Survey)
 * Civil Design
 * AutoCAD Civil 3D Land Desktop Companion (AutoCAD Land Desktop)
 * Autodesk Mechanical Desktop
 * AutoCAD Freestyle, released on April 26, 2010, and discontinued January 31, 2011.
 * Autodesk Fluid FX
 * Autodesk Time FX
 * Inventor Fusion was discontinued August 23, 2014 due to redundancies with Fusion 360.
 * Sketchbook designer has been discontinued as of November 1, 2012
 * Softimage was discontinued after the release of Softimage 2015 on April 14, 2014.
 * Face Robot
 * Lagoa Multiphysics
 * Autodesk Stitcher Unlimited
 * Autodesk ImageModeler
 * Autodesk Movimento (formerly Realviz Movimento)
 * Autodesk Combustion
 * Discreet Effect (formerly Illuminaire Composition)
 * Discreet Paint (formerly Illuminaire Paint)
 * Cleaner Streaming Studio
 * Cleaner Live
 * Cleaner
 * Cinestream (formerly EditDV)
 * 3D software for game modification
 * gmax
 * Maya PLE
 * XSI Mod Tool
 * Autodesk Topobase Client - its feature was merged into AutoCAD Map 3D.
 * Autodesk Topobase Web - its feature was merged into Autodesk Infrastructure Map Server.
 * Autodesk Opticore Realizer (formerly Opus Realizer)
 * Autodesk Opticore Studio (formerly Opus Studio)
 * Autodesk AutoCAD ecscad - the product was replaced by AutoCAD Electrical.
 * Autodesk Smoke Advanced
 * Autodesk Flint
 * Autodesk Inferno
 * AutoCAD Structural Detailing
 * tsElements for SolidWorks
 * FBX Converter
 * FBX QuickTime Viewer
 * Autodesk Scaleform Unity Integration
 * Revit variants
 * Autodesk Revit Architecture - its features were merged into Revit itself.
 * Autodesk Revit Structure - its features were merged into Revit itself.
 * Autodesk Revit MEP - its features were merged into Revit itself.
 * Autodesk Ecotect Analysis
 * Buzzsaw - the service was replaced by BIM 360 Docs.
 * Mockup 360 - the tool was replaced by A360 Viewer.
 * Autodesk Remote
 * Inventor Engineer-to-Order
 * Autodesk Advance Concrete
 * Autodesk Quantity Takeoff - some features of the product were merged into Autodesk Navisworks Simulate.
 * Autodesk 123D
 * Autodesk 3D Print Utility - its features were merged into the Meshmixer.
 * Autodesk 123D CNC Utility
 * Autodesk 123D Sculpt+ (formerly 123D Sculpt and Sculpt 123D)
 * Autodesk 123D Make - its slice feature was introduced in "Slicer for Fusion 360" add-in.
 * Autodesk 123D Catch (formerly Project Photofly)
 * Autodesk 123D Circuits (a.k.a. Circuits.io) - its "Electronics Lab" feature was merged into Tinkercad.
 * Tinkerplay (formerly Modio)
 * Autodesk plugins for Rhino
 * Autodesk T-Splines Plug-in for Rhino
 * Autodesk Shape Modeling Plug-in for Rhino (formerly VSR Shape Modeling)
 * Autodesk Realtime Renderer (formerly VSR Realtime Renderer)
 * Autodesk ForceEffect family
 * Autodesk ForceEffect
 * Autodesk ForceEffectMotion
 * Autodesk ForceEffectFlow
 * Autodesk Spark - the 3D Print API in Autodesk Forge was also discontinued.
 * Print Studio - the tool was replaced by Netfabb.
 * Autodesk Footwear CAM Software (formerly Delcam Crispin )
 * Autodesk Delcam for Solidworks CAM Software
 * Autodesk Delcam Dentmill CAM Software
 * Autodesk Delcam Orthomill CAM Software
 * Autodesk Artcam CAM Software
 * Autodesk Partmaker CAM Software
 * Autodesk Inventor Publisher - the product was replaced by the presentation feature of Autodesk Inventor Professional.
 * Inventor Publisher Viewer
 * AutoCAD Utility Design
 * Pixlr for Desktop
 * Autodesk Showcase
 * Autodesk Real-Time Ray Tracing Cluster
 * Autodesk Simulation Mechanical
 * Autodesk Homestyler
 * Autodesk Within - its functionality was merged into Netfabb.
 * Autodesk ReMake - the product was replaced by ReCap Photo in ReCap Pro.
 * Autodesk Gameware
 * Autodesk Scaleform
 * Autodesk Beast
 * Autodesk HumanIK
 * Autodesk Navigation (the successor of Autodesk Kynapse)
 * Autodesk Population
 * Autodesk Cognition
 * Lagoa
 * Autodesk Stingray (formerly Bitsquid) - the product is now part of 3ds Max as "3ds Max Interactive".
 * Autodesk Infrastructure Map Server (formerly Autodesk MapGuide Enterprise Server)
 * Autodesk Live Viewer - The presentation published by Autodesk Live (Revit Live) now comes with internal viewer but its mobile publishing feature was dropped.
 * Autodesk Flow Design
 * AutoCAD variants
 * AutoCAD P&ID - the product was replaced by AutoCAD Plant 3D.
 * AutoCAD Architecture (formerly Autodesk Architectural Desktop) - the product was merged into AutoCAD itself.
 * AutoCAD Electrical - the product was merged into AutoCAD itself.
 * AutoCAD Mechanical - the product was merged into AutoCAD itself.
 * AutoCAD MEP (formerly Autodesk Building Systems) - the product was merged into AutoCAD itself.
 * AutoCAD Map 3D - the product was merged into AutoCAD itself.
 * AutoCAD Plant 3D - the product was merged into AutoCAD itself.
 * AutoCAD Raster Design - the product was merged into AutoCAD itself.
 * Structural Analysis for Revit - the product was replaced by Robot Structural Analysis Professional.
 * A360 Desktop
 * Autodesk InfraWorks 360 iPad app
 * Autodesk MatchMover (formerly RealViz MatchMover)
 * Autodesk Composite (formerly Autodesk Toxik )
 * BIM 360 Team (formerly A360 Team)
 * P&ID Modeler for Revit - deprecated to expand the use of the product.
 * Collaboration for Plant 3D (C4P) - deprecated to expand the use of the product.
 * Autodesk Revit Extensions
 * Autodesk TruFiber - the product was merged into TruComposites.
 * Autodesk TruLaser - the product was merged into TruComposites.
 * Autodesk TruPlan - the product was merged into TruComposites.
 * Autodesk Life Sciences' products
 * Genetic Constructor
 * Molecule Viewer
 * Configurator 360
 * Alias SpeedForm - its functionality was merged into other Alias products.
 * Alias Design
 * Revit Live
 * Revit Model Review - the product was replaced by Autodesk BIM Interoperability Tools.
 * Site Designer add-in for Revit
 * ReCap Pro for mobile
 * Slicer for Fusion 360
 * A360 Drive - the product was replaced by Autodesk Drive.
 * Autodesk Constructware
 * Inventor LT
 * Inventor LT Suite
 * Dynamo Studio - the product was replaced by Dynamo Sandbox.
 * Autodesk TruComposites
 * Autodesk TruNest
 * Autodesk Meshmixer - though it's still available as free, the development was discontinued; its technologies were merged into Fusion 360 and Netfabb.
 * Netfabb Online Service - the product was merged into Fusion 360.
 * Autodesk 3ds Max Asset Library
 * Autodesk Smoke - the product was replaced by Flame Assist.
 * Autodesk Maya LT - the product was replaced by Maya Creative.
 * Autodesk Screencast
 * Autodesk EAGLE - the technology was merged into Fusion 360.
 * Autodesk Process Analysis 360

Maintenance-mode products

 * BIM 360 - the product was replaced by Autodesk Construction Cloud.
 * BIM 360 Field (formerly Vela Systems ) - the product had become to provide through BIM 360 Build.
 * BIM 360 Build - the product was replaced by Autodesk Build.
 * BIM 360 Coordinate (formerly BIM 360 Glue ) - the product was replaced by BIM Collaborate which is a subset of Autodesk BIM Collaborate Pro (formerly BIM 360 Design).

Non-maintained products

 * Motion FX

Formerly owned and have since been divested

 * Autodesk Seek - acquired by BIMobject AB.
 * Autodesk Pixlr - acquired by 123RF.
 * Creative Market - became independent again in funding by Palm Drive Capital and others.
 * Autodesk SketchBook (formerly Alias Sketchbook Pro) - became independent

Sustainability
Autodesk CFD (formerly Autodesk Simulation CFD) includes modeling and thermal modeling tools for architectural and MEP applications. Common applications for environmental sustainable design include mechanical ventilation, external flow (wind loading), natural ventilation, and occupant comfort. Other energy applications include analysis for building energy, solar load, advanced energy and heating and cooling. Autodesk introduced C-FACT, an open-source, science-driven approach to setting greenhouse gas reduction targets, which calls for greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions to be made in proportion to a company's gross domestic product (GDP). Unlike other carbon accounting methods, Autodesk's C-FACT measures carbon dioxide emissions that are proportional to a company's global GDP contribution. Autodesk will derive its own targets using this approach through 2020.

In 2006, Autodesk sponsored a PBS program named e² Design, which focused on green building design around the world, describing the leaders and technologies that drive sustainable design.

In November 2021, the company was added to the Dow Jones Sustainability World Index.

title: Autodesk


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Talk:Neotropical realm

Neotropical migratory birds - Here or in a separate article?
I am working on updates and expansion of articless on swallows, swifts and martins, all classified as neotropical migratory birds. Neotropical migrant is a common descriptive term in ornithology but Wikipedia lacks an article or major section that contains a description, list of species, and so on. I can argue both for and against each option: a major section in this article or a separate article. I would appreciate comments from others on which is most appropriate. DocTree (ʞlɐʇ · cont) Join WER 00:35, 17 September 2012 (UTC)
 * I would say a separate article would be better, because the migrants also spend a considerable amount of time in temperate zones, and so the scope is broader than this article. A "see also" link to a Neotropical Migratory Birds would be quite useful here, however. Animalparty (talk) 00:18, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

Northern limit
I have seen Texas and Florida be included or excluded from the Neotropical region by different authorities. For example, Graham Griffiths' Flies of the Nearctic Region excludes Texas. Southern Florida has a tropical climate but strong connections to the Nearctic. I weakened the statement about inclusion of these regions. Vox Sciurorum (talk) 14:10, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Etymology and history of the term
The word "Neotropics" is a combination of the prefix "neo-" meaning "new" and "tropics" which means near the equator. Who coined this term? When did it make its way into common use? In what way is the region "new"? This basic information should be presented in an encyclopedic entry on the term "Neotropics".60.242.189.31 (talk) 19:44, 27 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neotropical realm