text:
Master of the King's Music

Master of the King's Music (or Master of the Queen's Music, or earlier Master of the King's Musick) is a post in the Royal Household of the United Kingdom. The holder of the post originally served the monarch of England, directing the court orchestra and composing or commissioning music as required.

The post is broadly comparable to that of poet laureate. It is given to people eminent in the field of classical music; they have almost always been composers. Duties are not clearly stated, though it is generally expected the holder of the post will write music to commemorate important royal events, such as coronations, birthdays, anniversaries, marriages and deaths, and to accompany other ceremonial occasions. The individual may also act as the sovereign's adviser in musical matters. Since 2004 the appointment has been for a fixed term of ten years rather than for life, as previously.

The King's Musick
In the 14th century professional music-making in England was theoretically regulated by the Crown. Musicians known as the "King's Minstrels" or the "King's Musick" wore the royal livery and exercised some control of other musicians, although the musicologist Leonard Duck describes that control as "nominal".

Henry VI appointed a Royal Commission to regulate unlicensed minstrelsy and in 1469 Edward IV granted the royal minstrels a Guild charter. According to the charter, "no Minstrel of our Kingdom ... shall henceforth in any way practise or publicly exercise the art or occupation within our Kingdom aforesaid, unless he belong to the said Brotherhood or Guild". This led to legal difficulties between the royal minstrels and the City Company under the patronage of the City of London, chartered by James I in 1604 to perform in the City and three miles outside it. The King's Minstrels requested and received a charter from Charles I in 1635 to "have the survey, scrutinie, correction and government of all and singular the musicians within the kingdome of England".

First Masters of the King's Musick

The first appointed Master of the King's Musick was the only one seriously to attempt to rule all the musicians in the kingdom as a guild. This was Nicholas Lanier, appointed by Charles I in 1626 as Master of the King's Musick (the spelling was changed to "Music" in the 20th century, during Sir Edward Elgar's tenure). At that time the holder of the post took charge of the monarch's private band, a responsibility which continued until the band was dissolved in 1901 by Edward VII.

The position lapsed during the period of military rule following the Civil War, but on the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 Lanier returned from exile to resume the revived post. After Lanier's death in 1666, Charles II appointed a French violinist, Louis Grabu, to the post. Grabu was primarily concerned with organising the music for the court, and the Westminster musicians' guild fell into decline, coming to an end after 1697. Neither Grabu nor his successor Nicholas Staggins, who served from 1674 to 1700, was a talented composer; they turned to established composers such as Henry Purcell to supply music for important occasions.

18th century
Staggins was succeeded by John Eccles, who was appointed by William III in June 1700. Eccles was the longest-serving Master, holding the post for 35 years; he is also the only one to have served under four monarchs (William III, Anne, George I and George II). He was already a well-known composer before his appointment, described by Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians as "undoubtedly the greatest of the Restoration theatre composers" after Purcell. He nevertheless continued his predecessors' practice of commissioning works from other composers, including Handel, who supplied the Ode for the Birthday of Queen Anne (1713). Duck comments that Handel's eminence as a composer "evidently did not qualify him as a suitable candidate for the honour of Master of the King's Music – the Hanoverian kings clearly played safe by choosing musicians of unimpeachable native breeding".

After Eccles's death in 1735, his post was filled by Maurice Greene, who already held the posts of organist of St Paul's Cathedral and organist and composer of the Chapel Royal. He held the post for twenty years, but his health was never robust, and he frequently called upon his former pupil William Boyce to compose music for the birthday and New Year odes written by the Poet Laureate in honour of the king. After Greene died in December 1755, Boyce succeeded him as Master of the King's Musick, and later in the Chapel Royal appointment. It was probably in the latter capacity rather than the former that Boyce provided what Grove calls "an imposing and deeply felt orchestral anthem" for the funeral of George II on 11 November 1760, "a splendid setting of 'The King shall rejoice"' for the wedding of King George III and Princess Charlotte on 8 September 1761, and eight anthems for the coronation of the king later in the same month.

Boyce died in 1779, and was succeeded as Master by another former pupil of Greene, John Stanley, who held the post until he died in 1786. He composed fifteen birthday and New Year odes, but none of them have survived. The last Master appointed in the 18th century was Sir William Parsons. He was viewed by his contemporaries as an affable man but a musician of limited ability, although his court music cannot be assessed, having mostly been lost. He is believed to be the first professional musician to have been knighted in Britain, although it was said that the honour was more for "the score of his merits than because of the merits of his scores".

19th century

Parsons held the post of Master until 1817, when he was succeeded by William Shield, best known as a theatre composer: he composed or arranged music for at least thirty-six operas and seven pantomimes and ballets. Shield's tenure is most notable for the abandonment of the traditional provision of court odes. By custom, the Poet Laureate of the day wrote the words for the odes, a task that the then holder, Robert Southey, found uncongenial. After the death of George III in 1820 the odes were discontinued. The post of Master of the King's Musick continued because George IV maintained the traditional small orchestra, which Shield's successor, Christian Kramer, directed. That remained the chief function of the Master through the tenures of Franz Cramer (Master 1834–48), George Frederick Anderson (Master 1848–70), and Sir William Cusins (Master 1870–93). The last of these produced a few works for royal occasions, including a jubilee cantata, "Grant the Queen a Long Life" (1887).

The last Master appointed in the 19th century was Sir Walter Parratt, organist of St George's Chapel, Windsor. His tenure lasted thirty-one years from 1893, under the reigns of three monarchs – Queen Victoria, Edward VII and George V. In Duck's view, Parratt's role was chiefly that of musical adviser to the Crown. Among his actions in that capacity were inviting Elgar to set A. C. Benson's verses as a Coronation Ode for Edward VII in 1901, and writing an anthem for the anniversary of Queen Victoria's death in 1909. Parratt's own official compositions included a contribution to a collection of choral songs by various composers in honour of Queen Victoria and a Confortare for the coronation service of Edward VII.

20th century

After Parratt's death in 1924, there was a body of opinion that the position of Master was an anachronism, with neither a royal band to direct nor regular royal odes to compose. Elgar, who was well regarded by the royal family, pressed the case for retaining the post. According to the music writer Nicholas Kenyon, he also "lobbied shamelessly" for his own candidacy for it. Other names, including that of Ralph Vaughan Williams had been suggested, but George V and his advisers took the view that "if the post is to go to the most eminent musician it would hardly be possible to go beyond Elgar." Elgar's appointment was announced in May 1924; The Times commented, "it is entirely fitting that in the changed condition of the office he should be made Master of the King's Musick and the Musician Laureate of the British people." Elgar was not required to write any official music in his new capacity, but in 1931, he dedicated his Nursery Suite to the Duchess of York and her two daughters. He used his influence as Master to track down the original instruments of Edward VII's band, to ensure the royal music library was well ordered, and to secure recognition for other musicians, including a knighthood for Granville Bantock and the Companion of Honour for Delius. As musical aide to the king he gave advice about such topics as the foundation of a national opera company, the correct version of the national anthem to be broadcast by the BBC, and the musical events at which members of the royal family should be present.

Elgar died in 1934. He was succeeded by Sir Walford Davies, organist of St George's Chapel, Windsor, who had been rumoured to be in the running for the post in 1924. In a 1966 retrospective of the various Masters, Charles Cudworth wrote that Davies was "a fine musician, a good composer, and was even better-known as one of the world's first great broadcasters, so the appointment was popular." When Davies died in 1941, Sir Arnold Bax replaced him, to the surprise of many in the musical world, given his strong affinities with Ireland, and no record of writing occasional music. Bax did write a few pieces for royal occasions, including a march for the coronation of Elizabeth II.

Bax died in 1953; many expected his successor to be Sir William Walton, but to Walton's own relief the post went to Sir Arthur Bliss. In The Times, the critic Frank Howes commented, "The duties of a Master of the Queen's Music are what he chooses to make of them, but they include the composition of ceremonial and occasional music". Bliss, who composed quickly and with facility, was able to discharge the calls on him as Master, providing music as required for state occasions, from the birth of a child to the Queen, and the funeral of Winston Churchill, to the investiture of the Prince of Wales.

When Bliss died in 1975, Walton and others lobbied for the appointment of Malcolm Arnold. There was some surprise that Bliss's actual successor was the Australian composer Malcolm Williamson; Walton attributed the appointment to the need for "cementing the cracks in the Commonwealth". Williamson held the post from 1975 until his death in 2003, composing works including Lament in Memory of Lord Mountbatten of Burma (1980), Ode for Queen Elizabeth (1980), and Songs for a Royal Baby (1985).

21st century

Sir Peter Maxwell Davies was appointed to the Mastership in 2004 in succession to Williamson. For the first time the appointment was for a fixed, ten-year, term rather than for life, with the aim of making the post more attractive to composers. Maxwell Davies' work as Master included a Christmas carol for the Queen which was recorded by the Chapels Royal, and a work to accompany a poem by the Poet Laureate, Andrew Motion, to mark the Queen's eightieth birthday in 2006. He played a key role in the creation of the Queen's Medal for Music.

After the end of Maxwell Davies' term, Judith Weir was appointed in 2014, again for a ten-year term. Reporting the appointment, The Guardian said that rather than only writing pieces for royal occasions, Weir would concentrate on supporting and speaking up for her composer colleagues, challenging the function that contemporary music fulfils in society, and embarking on a nationwide exploration of the state of music education in order to create pieces that will be useful for schoolchildren and amateur musicians.

However, Weir has composed several works for state events, including The True Light for the First World War centenary in 2018, By Wisdom for the Platinum Jubilee and Like as the hart for the Queen's state funeral.

title: Master of the King's Music


text:
TTS

TTS may refer to:

Places

 * Taman Tasik Semenyih, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, a student town
 * Toba Tek Singh District, a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan
 * Toba Tek Singh Tehsil
 * Toba Tek Singh, Punjab, Pakistan

Schools

 * Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary
 * Tanglin Trust School, Singapore
 * Thomas Telford School, a City Technology College in Telford, Shropshire

Science

 * Temporary threshold shift, auditory fatigue
 * Tarsal tunnel syndrome, foot condition
 * Three-taxon analysis, a method of phylogenetic reconstruction
 * Time-temperature superposition, in polymer physics
 * Time translation symmetry, in physics
 * Transdermal therapeutic system, a drug delivery system
 * T Tauri star, a class of variable stars
 * Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome, a rare medical condition of blood clotting yet with low platelet counts

Technology

 * Text-to-speech
 * Teletypesetter
 * Transaction Tracking System, in Novell NetWare
 * Technology Transformation Services, an organizational sub-unit of the U.S. General Services Administration

Other

 * Audi TTS, a car
 * Girls' Generation-TTS, subgroup of South Korean musical group Girls' Generation
 * Tower Transit Singapore, a bus operating company in Singapore
 * Tanker Transport Services BV, a Dutch barge tanker transportation company
 * Telegraphic transfer, selling rate in Japan
 * Tabletop Simulator, an independent video game letting you play tabletop games
 * Trader tax status, a form of business in the U.S. for securities trading

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: TTS


text:
Talk:Neurilemma

Could
Could someone put more text for general audience? -- Taku 01:56 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)
 * It'll have to be someone with subscription access: there are lots of hits on PubMed about the ultrastructure of nerves, but none the review articles that sound like good sources are available as free full text. -- dsws 05:36, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Neurolemma. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070212061042/http://www.dmacc.edu/instructors/periphxs.htm to http://www.dmacc.edu/instructors/periphxs.htm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:43, 16 February 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:57, 25 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Cat brain.jpg

Is "Blay Ambrose" vandalization? If not, what does it mean?
In the lead, a sentence is/was: "The myelin Blay Ambrose sheaths of oligodendrocytes do not have neurilemma because excess cytoplasm is directed centrally toward the oligodendrocyte cell body." Looks like it could be vandalized, since the sentence makes perfectly good sense without it, but I don't know that so I can't remove it. UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 03:15, 17 July 2021 (UTC)

What could happen if the neurilemma was damaged
Please I want some answers 103.14.90.134 (talk) 20:23, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neurilemma


text:
Talk:When the Pawn...

Requested move 11 April 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (non-admin closure) Toadette Edit! 15:29, 12 May 2024 (UTC)

When the Pawn... → When the Pawn ... – Per MOS:ELLIPSIS, there should be a space before the dots. We could also hypothetically use a longer title; I notice several of the cited sources go up to the word "King", so we could use When the Pawn Hits the Conflicts He Thinks like a King ... (please confirm MOS:CT about the lowercase "like") or at least go as far as "Conflicts", as in When the Pawn Hits the Conflicts ... — BarrelProof (talk) 20:16, 11 April 2024 (UTC) — Relisting. EggRoll97 (talk) 22:01, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose When the Pawn Hits the Conflicts He Thinks like a King ... per WP:CONCISE, Oppose When the Pawn Hits the Conflicts ... per few cited sources titling the album as such, and because “When the Pawn” are the main words in the album cover; additionally, many off wiki sources address the album as When the Pawn  . Oppose When the Pawn … per MOS:ELLIPSIS Use an ellipsis (plural ellipses) if material is omitted in the course of a quotation; the title is not a quotation.
 * DS537(WIR) 18:35, 14 April 2024 (UTC) WP:SOCKSTRIKE – Extraordinary Writ (talk) 08:23, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Are you saying you oppose the current title as well as the suggested ones? The current title includes an ellipsis. It appears that all three of the sources you cited include an ellipsis in the title, at least sometimes. (One of them is not an independent source, and another is considered unreliable per WP:GENIUS.) — BarrelProof (talk) 20:55, 14 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Are you saying you oppose the current title as well as the suggested ones? Per my previous points, yes I do. Ellipsis are very commonly used in non-titles, and I’ll admit that the 3 out of many sources I picked may not be reliable, but a search engine can greatly provide thousands of sources titled “When the Pawn”. DS537(WIR) 20:34, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Apologies for the miscommunication, but lest it be known that I would like to keep the current title as it is. My ultimate conclusion is No move. DS537(WIR) 20:36, 15 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Whatever MOS:ELLIPSIS may say, standard practice on Wikipedia (and elsewhere) is not to use a space. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:58, 16 April 2024 (UTC)
 * I wasn't aware of it when I submitted this RM, but it seems that the vast majority of article titles on Wikipedia that contain an ellipsis do not have a space before it. Having said that, the MoS says to include one, and I think we should follow the MoS unless we choose to change what it says, and a better place for discussing that question is WT:MOS rather than here. See also Talk:But what about the noise.... — BarrelProof (talk) 06:40, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: This could benefit from more discussion prior to closure, especially vis a vis MOS:ELLIPSIS. EggRoll97 (talk) 22:01, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Alternative music and WikiProject Albums have been notified of this discussion. EggRoll97 (talk) 22:03, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Of the sources in this article which use the title formation "When the Pawn...", only one of them ("The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time") adds a space before the ellipsis. And I will second Necrothesp's point that I can't think of any instances that actually follow that MoS clause, and I'm curious about how it would hold up to its own discussion. Something tells me it might not. QuietHere (talk | contributions) 04:13, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

title: Talk:When the Pawn...


text:
Talk:Software security vulnerability

Why don't we simply name it security vulnerability since security vulnerability is simply redirect to here. -- Taku 02:06 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)

"a security vulnerability is a software bug" <- I don't think a security vulnerability always depends on a bug! a weak default password is a vulnerability as well ... just as an example ...

title: Talk:Software security vulnerability


text:
Talk:Maize/Archive 1

First entry
I removed this:
 * Corn is also used to make Moonshine.

-- Toby 02:06 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)
 * Do you mean that all these things called "corn" are used to make moonshine? Then this should be under Grain.
 * Do you mean that whatever the writer calls "corn" is used to make moonshine? Then this should be under Maize, Wheat, or whatever.
 * Do you mean that some kinds of moonshine are called "corn moonshine" or some such thing? Then explain that and let us know what grain is in fact used to make corn moonshine.

Since Wikipedia is not a dictionary, I removed this:
 * It is connected with ideas of something that needs grinding, kerning (querning) or corning to be made useful.

which is etymological information about the word "corn". Wiktionary writers, however, may find it useful, so I record it here for posterity. -- Toby Bartels

I removed this:
 * See also Mamaliga, a national Romanian dish made out of corn.

-- Toby Bartels 16:22, 28 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * Do you mean that all these things called "corn" are used to make Mamaliga? Then this should be under Grain.
 * Do you mean that whatever the writer calls "corn" is used to make Mamaliga? Then this should be under Maize, Wheat, or whatever.
 * Do you mean that some kinds of Mamaliga are called "corn Mamaliga" or some such thing? Then explain that and let us know what grain is in fact used to make corn Mamaliga.

Actual primary grains
The article Corn says
 * In various English-speaking countries, the term may now be used for some particular grain, often the most common staple food grain eaten in the country.

and then proceeds in a survey of most of the Anglo-Saxon world but without reference to the countries where English is either a second national lnaguage, or (are there examples?) a second language for most people but the only national language. Now, we have it on Dr. Johnson's authority that in Scotland, the population subsists on oats, but in at least the northern US and, i doubt not, Canada, wheat is the primary grain even tho "corn" means maize. But the language of the article invites the impression that Yanks and Canucks are chowing down daily on cornbread and grits. I don't want to compound the confusion by trying to supplement the current version with the part of the full story that i know, but can we collect more information and include it? --Jerzy(t) 19:24, 2004 Mar 20 (UTC)

Corn in Scotland and England
Is it true that the word means oats in Scotland nowadays? I know Johnson recorded it that way, but a brief and unscientific survey of a couple of Scots seemed to indicate that they understood it to mean wheat, like English people do. Can any Scottish people here comment? Marnanel 14:08, May 15, 2004 (UTC)
 * Does corn really mean oats or wheat in Scotland and England? Here in Ireland, corn means corn. Or more specifically, maize, although that word is never used - would have thought of it as an Americanism, ironically. Blorg 20:19, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm English. My parents are both interested in language, and one of them is from Cheshire, and the other from London. I've lived in Leicester, York and Birmingham.  I have never heared the word corn used in England to mean anything other than sweetcorn.  Does anyone object if I change that bit?  Does anyone know if this is an antiquated usage?  I'll ask my grandparents, and see if they know. Hughcharlesparker 20:56:10, 2005-09-07 (UTC) - newsflash: my housemate points out that the word "cornfield" is used to mean a field of any sort of grain - a field of corn in its generic sense.  Also, Chambers disagrees with me, and I reckon they have the authoritative voice on this one.  I think they're outdated, but that would count as original research.  Oh well, I hope someone found my rambling two pennorth interesting. Hughcharlesparker 21:22:07, 2005-09-07 (UTC)

 * (I'm English.) If someone said "I'm having corn for dinner" I'd think it was a slightly strange way of saying "sweetcorn", merely because nobody eats wheat per se for dinner. The important question is, if I say, "Picture a field of corn," do you think of maize plants or wheat plants growing? I think English people in general don't think of maize plants. I certainly don't. The Wednesday Island 14:31, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Corn as transitive verb
In a Patrick O'Brian novel (one of the Aubrey/Maturin series; I don't recall which), there is a sentence similar to the following: "They set to work corning the powder." The sense in this passage is that a ship's gunpowder stores had gotten wet and consequently had become a solid or caked mass. After the powder had dried in its massive form, some of the ship's hands were set to work breaking it up (presumably by grinding or pounding) into kernels of fairly uniform size. Consider this usage in light of the sense of the noun corn meaning a particle or small bit, as in "peppercorn."

sweetcorn
Sweetcorn is a genetic variation that is softer and has more sugars and less starch. If it is served as "corn on the cob" it is still sweetcorn.--Gbleem 16:26, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

Picture
Will someone please edit the link away from the picture or find another?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.184.109.162 (talk • contribs)
 * Why? —Eternal Equinox | talk 23:28, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Disambig page?
Shouldn't this be a disambiguation page?-- The  i  kiro  id  ( talk/parler/hablar/paroli/说/話 ) 02:50, 8 April 2006 (UTC)
 * It is and it was. It just wasn't a very good one, so I've cleaned it up a whole lot. —Pengo 03:50, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

Corny
Should we add corny (as in cheesy) to this page? robertvan1 19:43, 16 September 2006 (UTC)

Redirect to maize
I am redirecting corn to maize. after doing a bunch of disambig clean up it is clear the 98% of the links to corn are for Maize, not sweetcorn or anything else. I will finish any clean up this evening as paid work is calling Jeepday 13:58, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * looks like the only clean up is the "Cornfield (redirect page)" wiht about 6 pages. Jeepday 14:01, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maize/Archive 1


text:
Talk:Disney Studios

Next couple of days, I'll do a number on the Disney stuff here. There's no division called "Disney Studios". user:zanimum

Both Walt Disney Studios and Walt Disney Pictures redirect to The Walt Disney Company; Walt Disney Pictures should probably have its own page, covering the film/TV production company only. Walt Disney Studios is simply the name of the studio facility. This page should, I think, eventually redirect to Walt Disney Pictures. MisfitToys 03:21, Jul 29, 2004 (UTC)

Unless someone decides to write an article about Disney's production facilities (which should be called The Walt Disney Studios anyway), I'm redirecting this to The Walt Disney Company. —tregoweth 17:38, Oct 31, 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Disney Studios


text:
Talk:Grid

Rdr
Why was this page created? I thought that "X (disambiguation)" pages were only required when the base page was occupied with a "more important" article.

Grid is just a redirect back to Grid (disambiguation). Pretty meaningless really. Gaz 02:42 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)
 * That was a few months before my time, and i don't recall when i learned abt Rdrs to Dab pages. In any case, now the principle is
 * to use the sfx "... (disambiguation)" as the Dab page
 * only... when the base page [is] occupied with a "more important" article [more specifically, a primary topic: one most users will assume is intended when told "i'm going to show you an encyclopedia article entitle ....], and
 * to use that sfx as a Rdr to the (unsuffixed title) of the Dab page, which will be the proper link
 * (with the suffix hidden by piping) whenever the page intended is the Dab page, and not some specific article (for instance, if an author today names a character "Ulysses", and that character evokes both Odysseus and Leopold Bloom, our article might well say "He chose the evocative name Ulysses" if the point being made as too small to say more; this alerts editors and bots not to bypass the Dab.
 * (without piping, so the suffix is visible to every reader) whenever the reference in question to that Dab page is from another Dab page -- i don't recall what i read about this practice, but it make sense to me to alert users (who expect the lks on a Dab pg to point to articles) not to be confused when they follow the lk and are reading Dab entries instead of prose.
 * --Jerzy•t 05:39, 3 December 2008 (UTC) Belated self-sig

Merge
I agree with the proposal to merge GRID into into the disambiguation page, especially as GRID in a distributed computing context is not an acronym as far as i'm aware. On the issue of the disambiguation page in general, there doesn't seem to be a base article, as 'Grid' as a visual pattern seems to be grid plan instead. ora 10:07, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

Removal of Grid computing

 * At first I disagreed with the edit removing Grid computing, but after reviewing WP:MoSDab, I see there is ample justification, because an article does not qualify  simply because the ambiguous term occurs in the title.  I am aware of various grid computing projects like Seti's, and in usage, it is true you wouldn't use it alone as a noun- only as part of a noun phrase- so that appears to be like the example for "Oxford".
 * I still have misgivings though. Among technical type folks you might use it as modifier, eg: "Seti is using a grid approach".  If someone read that remark somewhere and wanted to know more I'm not so sure we have great support in WP for finding it.  Sure, Search nowdays has the word wheel feature, but "grid computing" doesn't appear in the list (as of the time of this writing).  So the user is out of luck.  I'd say- leave this term on the disambig case even though it breaks the rule somewhat.  If someone else feels the same maybe consider reinstating grid computing.  It's a popular concept and may be otherwise difficult to find in WP.-J JMesserly (talk) 17:08, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks for commenting. I'm sympathetic with your misgivings, tho they only think they are looking for an article that could be entitled "Grid". I like to use the "See also" section when such misgivings occur to me; how about
 * * Grid computing
 * as the first item in a new closing "See also" section? --Jerzy•t 04:54, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Sounds good to me. -J JMesserly (talk) 08:40, 3 December 2008 (UTC)

Style
I broke the list into subjects per the WP:MoSDab. However, as I'm still learning to edit WP, I'm not completely sure how to interpret the manual. In the "order of entries" section it shows to be sure to list articles with a clarifier in parentheses and and with the item as part of the name first and then other things afterwords. In the "longer lists" section it shows how to break it into subject areas, but how long does the list have to be for this to be necessitated? It seemed that it was already broken up somewhat so I attempted to bring it to conforming with the Manual of Style. Any opinions? - Behrat (talk) 07:32, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

Grid in Amateur radio
The Maidenhead Locator System is often informally known as the "Grid" in amateur radio terms: http://www.arrl.org/locate/gridinfo.html http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-19192129.html and http://www.dxzone.com/catalog/Operating_Aids/Grid_Squares/ It would be useful to many users who are not familiar with the exact name. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  10:39, 11 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I still don't see it being named the "Grid" anywhere, but it does use the terms grid locator and grid square. Ok, so I relisted an edited version of your entry since it appears to be an important/obscure concept for amateur amateur radio operators. + m t  00:27, 12 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks :) =Nichalp   «Talk»=  06:53, 12 January 2009 (UTC)

Media section?
Apparently there *used*to*be* a newspaper. Now, there is a "GRID.news" website. I came to Wikipedia hoping to learn more about it; so many of these sites turn out to be heavily-ideological propaganda rather than "journalism" per se. :-( WP had nothing, but I found these: https://www.politico.com/news/2022/01/25/unusual-origins-news-site-00001776 https://www.nytimes.com/2022/01/12/business/grid-news-site-live.html https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/news-media-publication-grid-launches-with-focus-on-interconnected-storytelling-301459473.html https://www.adweek.com/media/news-publisher-grid-interconnected-approach/ Does this qualify "grid.news" as WP "notable"? With two different media/journalism uses, should there be a section of those (pulling the newspaper out of "Periodicals"? Thanks! 73.15.69.75 (talk) 02:50, 12 May 2022 (UTC)
 * No new section needed — if it is notable as a newspaper it can go under periodicals. —David Eppstein (talk) 05:20, 12 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Grid


text:
The Phantom

The Phantom is an American adventure comic strip, first published by Lee Falk in February 1936. The main character, the Phantom, is a fictional costumed crime-fighter who operates from the fictional African country of Bangalla. The character has been adapted for television, film and video games.

The series began with a daily newspaper strip on February 17, 1936, followed by a color Sunday strip on May 28, 1939; both are still running as of. In 1966, King Features stated that The Phantom was being published in 583 newspapers worldwide. At its peak, the strip was read by over 100 million people daily.

Falk worked on The Phantom until his death in 1999; since his death, the comic strip has been written by Tony DePaul. Since 2016, it has been drawn by Mike Manley (Monday–Saturday) and, since 2017, Jeff Weigel (Sunday). Previous artists on the newspaper strip include Ray Moore, Wilson McCoy, Bill Lignante, Sy Barry, George Olesen, Keith Williams, Fred Fredericks, Graham Nolan, Eduardo Barreto, Paul Ryan, and Terry Beatty. In the strip, the Phantom was 21st in a line of crime-fighters which began in 1536, when the father of British sailor Christopher Walker was killed during a pirate attack. Swearing an oath on the skull of his father's murderer to fight evil, Christopher began a legacy of the Phantom which would pass from father to son. Nicknames for the Phantom include "The Ghost Who Walks", "Guardian of the Eastern Dark" and "The Man Who Cannot Die".

Unlike many other superheroes, the Phantom has no superpowers; he relies on his strength, intelligence, skill at arms (he carries two holstered handguns, a revolver and a 1911 .45 autopistol, one on each hip, and is an expert marksman with both), and the myth of his immortality to take action against the forces of evil. The 21st Phantom is married to Diana Palmer; they met while he studied in the United States and they have two children, Kit and Heloise. He has a trained wolf named Devil and a horse named Hero, and like the 20 previous Phantoms he lives in the ancient Skull Cave.

The Phantom was the first fictional hero to wear the skintight costume which has become a hallmark of comic-book superheroes, and was the first shown in a mask with no visible pupils (another superhero standard). Comics historian Peter Coogan has described the Phantom as a "transitional" figure, since the Phantom has some of the characteristics of pulp magazine heroes such as The Shadow and the Spider and earlier jungle heroes such as Tarzan, as well as anticipating the features of comic book heroes such as Superman, Batman, and Captain America.

Creation
After the success of Mandrake the Magician, King Features Syndicate asked Falk to develop a new feature. His first effort was to write and draw a strip about King Arthur and his knights. When King Features rejected the strip, Falk developed the Phantom, a mysterious, costumed crime-fighter. He planned the first few months of the story, and drew the first two weeks as a sample.

Fascinated by myths and legends (such as King Arthur and El Cid) and the modern fictional characters Zorro, Tarzan and The Jungle Book Mowgli, Falk envisioned the character as wealthy playboy Jimmy Wells by day and the crime-fighting Phantom by night. During his first story, "The Singh Brotherhood", before disclosing that Wells was the Phantom, Falk changed the setting to a jungle and made the Phantom an apparently immortal, mythic figure. Thinking that there were already too many characters called "the Phantom" (including The Phantom Detective and The Phantom of the Opera), Falk considered calling his hero "The Gray Ghost". However, he could not find a name he liked better and decided to stay with "The Phantom".

In the A&E American cable TV documentary The Phantom: Comic Strip Crusader, Falk explained that Greek busts inspired him to omit the Phantom's pupils when the character was wearing his mask. He incorrectly believed that ancient Greek busts had no pupils (they were painted on originally and faded with time) which he said gave them an "inhuman, awe-inspiring appearance." In an interview for Comic Book Marketplace, Falk said the Phantom's skin-tight costume was inspired by Robin Hood, who wore tights in films and onstage.

Falk was a Shakespeare enthusiast and the comic included several references to Shakespeare. These include the third Phantom playing Juliet in the original premiere of Romeo and Juliet, as well as marrying Shakespeare's niece.

Newspaper strips
The Phantom began as a daily strip on February 17, 1936 with "The Singh Brotherhood", written by Falk and drawn by him for two weeks and then by Ray Moore (assistant to artist Phil Davis on Mandrake the Magician). That year, The Phantom was serialized in the Australian Woman's Mirror. A Sunday Phantom strip was added on May 28, 1939.

During World War II Falk joined the Office of War Information, where he became chief of the radio foreign-language division. Moore also served during the war and left the strip to his assistant, Wilson McCoy. When Moore returned he worked sporadically on the strip until 1949, when McCoy succeeded him. During McCoy's tenure, The Phantom appeared in thousands of newspapers worldwide and was smuggled by boat into Nazi-occupied Norway during the war; "Phantom" was a password for the Norwegian resistance movement.

McCoy died unexpectedly in 1961. Carmine Infantino and Bill Lignante (who later drew several Phantom stories for comic books) filled in before a successor was found in Sy Barry. During Barry's early years he and Falk modernized the strip, laying the foundation for what is considered the Phantom's modern look. Under Barry, Bangalla became a democracy and the character of President Lamanda Luaga was introduced. Barry worked on The Phantom for over 30 years until his 1994 retirement, drawing a total of about 11,000 strips.

His longtime assistant George Olesen remained on the strip as penciller, with Keith Williams inking the daily strip. The Sunday strip was inked by Eric Doescher until Fred Fredericks succeeded him in 1995.

Falk continued to script The Phantom and Mandrake until his death on March 13, 1999. His last daily Phantom strip story, "Terror at the Opera," was finished by his wife, Elizabeth. After Falk's death King Features cooperated with European comic publisher Egmont, publisher of the Swedish Fantomen magazine (which changed from publishing Phantom stories in comic-book format to providing the newspaper strip as well) by adapting their own Phantom comic-book stories into the strip format. Fantomen writers Tony DePaul and Claes Reimerthi alternated as writers of the newspaper strip after Falk died, with DePaul handling the daily strips and Reimerthi the Sunday ones. DePaul would later become the strip's sole writer. Some stories were adapted from those originally published in Fantomen.

In 2000, Olesen and Fredericks retired from the Sunday strip. It was continued by comic-book artist Graham Nolan, who had drawn three Fantomen covers. In early 2005 Olesen and Williams left the daily strip after Olesen retired, and artist Paul Ryan (who had worked on the Fantomen comic stories and had been a fan of the character since childhood) took over the daily strip. Ryan succeeded Nolan as artist on the Sunday strip in 2007. On July 31, 2011, Eduardo Barreto became the Sunday-page artist. He died after only a few months, and Ryan temporarily took over the Sunday page again on January 15, 2012 (which featured a memorial to Barreto). Ryan also did the following week's strip, before Terry Beatty became Barreto's replacement.

Ryan died at his home unexpectedly on March 7, 2016. Mike Manley succeeded Ryan as artist on The Phantom, beginning with the strip dated May 30, 2016.

Beatty stepped down as Sunday artist in 2017, and was replaced by Jeff Weigel.

United States
The Phantom has been published by a number of publishers in the United States. During the 1940s the strips were reprinted in Ace Comics, published by David McKay Publications. Harvey Comics published The Phantom during the 1950s. In 1962 Gold Key Comics took over, followed by King Comics in 1966 and Charlton in 1969. By 1977, a total of 73 issues were published. Principal Phantom artists during this period were Bill Lignante, Don Newton, Jim Aparo and Pat Boyette.

In 1943, Columbia Pictures released the 15-episode serial The Phantom starring Tom Tyler as "The Phantom" and Jeanne Bates as "Diana Palmer".

DC Comics published a Phantom comic book from 1988 to 1990. The initial May–August 1988 miniseries was written by Peter David, penciled by Joe Orlando, and inked by Dennis Janke. A subsequent series, written by Mark Verheiden and drawn by Luke McDonnell, ran for thirteen issues from March 1989 to March 1990. In the series, the Phantom fought racism, toxic dumping, hunger and modern-day piracy. According to Verheiden, the series ended as much because of licensing issues as falling sales. In the final panels of issue 13, the Phantom marries Diana.

In 1987, Marvel Comics published a four-issue miniseries written by Stan Lee and based on the Defenders of the Earth TV series. Another three-issue Marvel miniseries, The Phantom: The Ghost Who Walks (February–April 1995) followed which was written and drawn by David de Vries and Glenn Lumsden; it featured the 22nd Phantom with an updated, high-tech costume. Marvel later released a four-part miniseries (May–August 1995), pencilled by Spider-Man co-creator Steve Ditko, based on the Phantom 2040 TV series. One issue featured a pin-up by the original two Spider-Man signature artists, Ditko and John Romita, Sr.

In the United States and Australia, The Phantom was released in theaters as a major motion picture starring Billy Zane as “The Phantom/Kit Walker,” the 21st Phantom. Opened June 7, 1996 nationwide in the aforementioned markets.

Moonstone Books published Phantom graphic novels beginning in 2002. Five books, written by Tom DeFalco, Ben Raab and Ron Goulart with art by Mike Collins were published. In 2003, Moonstone introduced a Phantom comic-book series written by Raab, Rafael Nieves and Chuck Dixon, and drawn by Pat Quinn, Jerry DeCaire, Nick Derington, Rich Burchett, and EricJ. After eleven issues Mike Bullock took over the scripting, with Gabriel Rearte and Carlos Magno creating the artwork before Silvestre Szilagyi became the regular artist in 2007. Bullock's stories often feature topical issues, based on actual African conflicts. In a 2007 three-part story arc, "Invisible Children", the Phantom fights a fictional warlord called "Him" (loosely based on Joseph Kony).

In 2006 Moonstone published a retcon of the Phantom's origin, "Legacy", by Raab and Quinn. Three years later the company reintroduced the series as The Phantom: Ghost Who Walks, beginning with issue 0 (a retelling of the first Phantom's origin). The aim was to make the comic darker, grittier and more realistic, similar to the 1930s stories by Lee Falk and Ray Moore. It updated the Phantom, giving him modern accessories, and introduced a number of supporting characters and villains. In the series, the Phantom fights reality-based enemies such as modern terrorists, organ smugglers and Somali pirates.

Dynamite Entertainment introduced a monthly comic-book series, The Last Phantom, in August 2010. The series was written by Scott Beatty and drawn by Eduardo Ferigato, with covers painted by Alex Ross.

In 2013 the Phantom appeared in Dynamite's five-issue miniseries, Kings Watch. In the series, written by Jeff Parker and drawn by Marc Laming, the Phantom joins Flash Gordon and Mandrake the Magician to fight Ming the Merciless and prevent his attempt to take over the planet. It was followed by the 2015 five-issue miniseries King: The Phantom in which Lothar as the new Phantom looks for the rightful heir to the legacy. In 2016 started a new crossover of King Features characters (The Phantom, Mandrake the Magician, Flash Gordon, Prince Valiant, Jungle Jim), Kings Quest.

In 2014 Hermes Press announced that it would publish a Phantom comic-book miniseries with new content, written by Peter David and illustrated by Sal Velluto, scheduled for publication in November 2014. It debuted October 31, 2014. For Free Comic Book Day 2015, Hermes published a Phantom comic book with art by Bill Lignante and samples of the new miniseries

Nordic region
Egmont Publications has published original Phantom stories in a fortnightly Phantom comic book in Sweden as Fantomen, in Denmark and Norway as Fantomet and in Finland as Mustanaamio (Black Mask). The first issue of Fantomen was dated October 1950, and over 1,600 issues have been published. The first story created originally for Fantomen was published in 1963, and there are a total of over 900 Fantomen stories. The average Fantomen story is over 30 pages, compared to 20–24 pages for most American comics. Artists and writers who have created stories for Fantomen include Dick Giordano, Donne Avenell, Heiner Bade, David Bishop, Georges Bess, Jaime Vallvé, Joan Boix, Tony DePaul, Ulf Granberg, Ben Raab, Rolf Gohs, Scott Goodall, Eirik Ildahl, Kari Leppänen, Hans Lindahl, Janne Lundström, Cesar Spadari, Bob McLeod, Jean-Yves Mitton, Lennart Moberg, Claes Reimerthi, Paul Ryan, Alex Saviuk, Graham Nolan, Romano Felmang and Norman Worker, and they have been nicknamed "Team Fantomen". The team have experimented with the character and his surroundings, with Singh Brotherhood leader Sandal Singh taking over as President of Bangalla and the Phantom and Diana having marriage problems. In 2018, the Norwegian branch of Egmont issued a statement that the Norwegian Fantomet edition would get cancelled at the end of 2018, thus leaving the Swedish edition as the only remaining edition in Scandinavia. The Phantom has been a noticeable part of culture in Sweden especially. Between 1986 and 2009 there was even a "Fantomenland" (Phantom Land) at the Parken Zoo in Eskilstuna in Sweden.

Australia
In Australia, the Australian Woman's Mirror began publishing the strip in 1936 and Frew Publications has published a fortnightly Phantom comic book since 1948, celebrating sixty years of uninterrupted publication in September 2008. Although Frew's comic book primarily contains reprints from the newspaper strips, Fantomen (translated into English) and other Phantom comic books, it has occasionally included original stories drawn by Australian artists such as Keith Chatto. The editor-in-chief was Jim Shepherd until his death. Frew's The Phantom is the longest-running comic-book series with the character in the world, and Australia's bestselling comic book. Frew Phantom comics appear in a number of Sydney Royal Easter Show, Royal Adelaide Show, Melbourne Show and Perth Royal Show showbags.

In 2013 publisher Jim Shepherd, who had bought the rights from the original owners during the late 1980s, died of a heart attack. Shepherd had taken over the company and introduced some minor changes to placate King Features, which had become unhappy at Frew's treatment of its character. Shepherd's changes included glossy covers (replacing the standard newsprint covers), brief editorials, regular 100-page specials and, most significantly, an annual special of between 200 and 300 pages which included multiple stories and a standalone "replica" reprint of a very early Frew edition. Shepherd also embarked on an ambitious project to reprint the entire backlist of Lee Falk stories in their original formats: Frew's reprints had often been heavily edited to fit its 32-page format. Following Shepherd's death, Frew and The Phantom were continued by Shepherd's wife Judith until she sold the business to artist Glenn Ford and Rene White in 2016. Since then, the new "Frew Crew" (with new publisher Dudley Hogarth) have introduced a range of innovations:
 * Kid Phantom, a standalone quarterly all-colour, glossy comic book aimed at children, with original material, illustrated by Dr Paul Mason and written by Andrew Constant.
 * Giant-Size Phantom, a standalone quarterly comic book series reprinting Frew's other characters from the 1950s as well as The Phantom. The title revives an earlier title published by Frew between 1957 and 1960.
 * Phantom's World, a standalone quarterly comic book series which features Phantom stories from around the world, often seen for the first time in English, as well as original material.

New Zealand
King Features sold The Phantom to a number of New Zealand newspapers, included The New Zealand Herald. The Phantom also appeared in a successful comic from the Wellington-based Feature Publications during the 1950s. The Frew comics are also available in New Zealand.

India
In India, The Phantom first appeared in The Illustrated Weekly of India in the 1950s. In 1964, the Indian publisher Indrajal Comics began publishing a Phantom comic book in English. Later Indrajal would also publish The Phantom in several Indian languages. Over the years, other Indian publishers have printed Phantom comic books, the most prominent being Diamond Comics, Euro Books (formerly Egmont Imagination India), and Rani Comics. The Telugu regional daily Eenadu published translated versions of Phantom comics during the early days of its Sunday supplements. Phantom is also published in Bengali and Hindi language in local newspapers. In Hindi it is published by Indrajal comics as character name Vetaal. They have also published it in Bengali as character name, Aranyadeb.

In the early 1990s, Regal Publishers from Kerala started publishing Phantom comics in Malayalam Language. After a gap, Regal Publishers have again started publishing Phantom comics in Malayalam in 2019. From August 2020 onwards Regal Publishers have started publishing Phantom comics in English.

From 2021 Shakti Comics started publishing the phantom along with Mandrake & Flash Gorden in English as well as Hindi & Bengali languages. Shakti Comics is the only publisher after Indrajal to publish phantom comics in Hindi and Bengali on monthly basis.

Leading Bengali publishing house, Anandabazar Patrika, had published the comics in Bengali, under the character name, Aranyadeb (the god of the jungle), in their elite magazine, Desh, later in their children's periodical, Anandamela, and continue to publish the strips in their Bengali newspaper, Anandabazar Patrika.Gujarathi newspaper Mumbai Samachar also used to print the Phantom comics in their Sunday supplement named Utsav.

Other countries
Italian publisher Nerbini reprinted the Phantom strip in its weekly comic newspaper L’Avventuroso, starting in issue 101, September 13, 1936. In 1939, Roberto Lemmi and Emilio Fancelli started to produce some new stories.

Italian publisher Fratelli Spada produced original Phantom stories for their L'Uomo Mascherato (The Masked Man) series of comic books during the 1960s and 1970s. Contributing artists included Raul Buzzelli, Mario Caria, Umberto Sammarini ("Usam"), Germano Ferri, Senio Pratesi, Angelo R. Todaro, and Romano Felmang. Ferri, Usam, Felmang and Caria later worked for Fantomen. Brazilian publisher RGE and German publisher Bastei produced original Phantom stories for their comic books; in Brazil, the Phantom is known as o Fantasma.

In 1939, the Phantom appeared in the second story of the Yugoslav comic Zigomar, "Zigomar versus the Phantom", as an opponent and then an ally of the title character. In South Africa, The Phantom ran in Afrikaans newspapers as Die Skim. In the Republic of Ireland, the Phantom appeared in both the Irish Independent and Sunday Independent newspapers during the 1950s and 1960s.

Also in 1939, the Phantom appeared in Turkey as "Kizilmaske", which translates to "Red Mask" in Turkish, by publishers Tay Yayinlari. Originally, the publishers colored the hero's costume in red on the covers, and decided to stay with that color throughout the history of the comic in Turkey, rather than use the original purple coloring. Under the name "Kizilmaske" and with color covers drawn by Turkish artists, older Lee Falk stories of the Phantom has since appeared in Turkish comic books primarily in black and white.

Reprints
The entire run of the Phantom newspaper strip was reprinted in Australia by Frew Publications, and edited versions of most stories have been published in the Scandinavian Phantom comics. In the United States, the following Phantom stories (written by Lee Falk) have been reprinted by Nostalgia Press (NP), Pacific Comics Club (PCC) or Comics Revue (CR):
 * "The Sky Band", Ray Moore, November 9, 1936, CR
 * "The Diamond Hunters", Ray Moore, April 12, 1937, PCC
 * "Little Tommy", Ray Moore, September 20, 1937, PCC
 * "The Prisoner of the Himalayas", Ray Moore, February 7, 1938, NP
 * "Adventure in Algiers", Ray Moore, June 20, 1938, CR
 * "The Shark's Nest", Ray Moore, July 25, 1938, PCC
 * "Fishers of Pearls", Ray Moore, November 7, 1938, CR
 * "The Slave Traders", Ray Moore, January 30, 1939, CR
 * "The Mysterious Girl", Ray Moore, May 8, 1939, CR
 * "The Golden Circle", Ray Moore, September 4, 1939, PCC
 * "The Seahorse", Ray Moore, January 22, 1940, PCC
 * "The Game of Alvar", Ray Moore, July 29, 1940, PCC
 * "Diana Aviatrix", Ray Moore, December 16, 1940, PCC
 * "The Phantom's Treasure", Ray Moore, July 14, 1941, PCC
 * "The Phantom Goes to War", Ray Moore and Wilson McCoy, February 2, 1942, PCC
 * "The Slave Markets of Mucar", Sy Barry, August 21, 1961, CR

In its October 2009 issue, Comics Revue began reprinting the Sunday story "The Return of the Sky Band" in color.

As of August 2019, Hermes Press has reprinted sixteen volumes of Phantom dailies and five volumes of Phantom Sundays. Volumes nine and ten of the dailies also carry the color Sundays from 1949 to 1951, when the stories for dailies and Sundays were synchronized. In 2011 Hermes began reprinting the Complete Gold Key Volumes 1 and 2 with issues 1–17 and King's complete Phantom issues 18–28 comics side by side. The following year, it began reprinting the Charlton Years: Volume 1 through volume 5, issues 30–74. There was no issue 29, as Charlton started their series with issue 30) Hermes has also published a full-size Phantom Sunday Archives, 1939–1942.

Other media
A live action serial entitled The Phantom was released in 1943 stars Tom Tyler. As the alter ego of Kit Walker had not yet been introduced in the comic strip the serial uses the moniker Geoffrey Prescott.

The 1986 Animated series Defenders of the Earth is a team-up between The Phantom, Mandrake the Magician (another hero by Lee Falk) and Flash Gordon.

The animated series Phantom 2040 ran for two series between 1994 and 1996. It follows the 24th Phantom.

A live action film of The Phantom was released in 1996, starring Billy Zane.

A live action mini-series, The Phantom, was released on Syfy in 2009 starring Ryan Carnes as the 22nd phantom.

Tribal pop art
During World War II, soldiers received care packages containing comics. The soldiers stationed in Papua New Guinea shared these comics, and the Phantom became extremely popular among the tribes. The Papuan people who could read English would read the stories and share the images with others (by the 1970s they were available in Pidgin, Tok Pisin). The character's image is often painted on ceremonial shields or alongside other tribal art. This is sometimes referred to as "tribal pop art."

title: The Phantom


text:
Treaty of Paris (1856)

The Treaty of Paris of 1856 brought an end to the Crimean War between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, the United Kingdom, the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia.

The treaty, signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris, made the Black Sea neutral territory, closing it to all warships and prohibiting fortifications and the presence of armaments on its shores.

The treaty diminished Russian influence in the region. Conditions for the return of Sevastopol and other towns and cities in the south of Crimea to Russia were severe since no naval or military arsenal could be established by Russia on the coast of the Black Sea.

Summary
The Treaty of Paris was signed on 30 March 1856 at the Congress of Paris with Russia on one side of the negotiating table and France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia on the other side. The treaty came about to resolve the Crimean War, which had begun on 23 October 1853, when the Ottoman Empire formally declared war on Russia after Russian troops occupied the Danubian Principalities.

The Treaty of Paris was seen as an achievement of the Tanzimat policy of reform. The Western European alliance powers pledged to maintain the integrity of the Ottoman Empire and restored the respective territories of the Russian and the Ottoman Empires to their pre-war boundaries. They also demilitarised the Black Sea to improve trade, which greatly weakened Russia's influence in the region. Moldavia and Wallachia were recognized as quasi-independent states under Ottoman suzerainty. They gained the left bank of the mouth of the Danube and part of Bessarabia from Russia as a result of the treaty.

Negotiations
As the Crimean War ended, all sides of the war wanted to come to a lasting resolution due to the casualties and attrition suffered. However, competing ideas of war resolution inhibited the drafting of lasting and definitive peace treaty. Even amongst the allies, disagreements between nations concerning the nature of the treaty created an uncertain peace, resulting in further diplomatic issues involving the Ottoman Empire, especially in terms of its relations with the Russian Empire and the Concert of Europe. Also, mistrust between the French and British allies during the war effort compounded problems in formulating a comprehensive peace. Thus, the terms of the treaty made future relations between the major powers uncertain.

Russian aims
Despite losing the war, the Russians wanted to ensure attain the best possible outcome for the empire at the Congress of Paris. When Alexander II took the crown of Russia in 1855, he inherited a potential crisis that threatened the collapse of the empire. There were problems throughout the empire, stretching from parts of Finland to Poland and Crimea and many tribal conflicts, and the Russian economy was on the brink of collapse. Russia knew that within a few months, a total defeat in the war was imminent, which would mean the complete humiliation of Russia on an international scale, and further loss of territory.

Alexander II pursued peace talks with Britain and France in Paris in 1856, seeking to keep some imperial possessions, to stop the deaths of thousands of its army reserves, and to prevent an economic crisis. Similarly, Russia wanted to maintain at least a pretence of military power, which had posed a formidable threat to the west European allies. It attempted "to turn defeat into victory ... through ... peacetime [internal] reforms and diplomatic initiatives."

Britain and France

During the war Britain and France resumed their latent rivalry, largely derived from the Napoleonic Wars. The French blamed many of the defeats of the alliance on the fact that Britain had marched into war without a clear plan. Defeats including the Charge of the Light Brigade during the Battle of Balaclava highlighted the logistical and tactical failures of Britain, and spurred calls for increased army professionalism. The British were increasingly wary throughout the war that the French might capitalise on a weakened Russia and focus their attention on seeking revenge on the British for French military defeats at Trafalgar and Waterloo.

Although there was a call for the end of the war in Britain, including riots in London, there was support for its continuation, and expansion to punish Russia's imperial ambition, particularly from the incumbent prime minister Lord Palmerston.

Britain and France desired to ensure that the Ottoman Empire were made stronger by the Treaty of Paris, ensuring a stable balance of power in Europe. They hoped that peace and restricting Russian access to key areas, such as the Black Sea, would allow the Ottoman Empire to focus on internal issues including rising nationalism in many nations under the empire's authority. Without the Ottomans being in full control of their empire, the great powers feared that it could lose much of its territory in future wars with the Russian Empire and the Austrian Empire, eventually strengthening these nations and posing a significant threat to the French and British. Thus, the full removal of Russian presence in the Danubian principalities and the Black Sea served both to protect British dominance and to inhibit the Russian Empire from expanding its influence readily.

Russian losses
The Ottoman, British and French governments desired a more crushing defeat for Russia, which was still crippled in many key areas. The Russian Empire had lost over 500,000 troops and knew that pressing further militarily with their largely unprofessional army would have resulted in higher casualties and attrition.

Russia was forced to withdraw from the Danubian Principalities, where it had started a period of common tutelage for the Ottomans and the Congress of Great Powers.

Russia had to return to Moldavia part of its territory it had annexed in 1812 (to the mouth of the Danube, in southern Bessarabia). The Danubian principalities and the Principality of Serbia, were given greater self-government, resulting in the Russian Empire having a diminished influence over them.

Russia was forced to abandon its claim to protect Christians in the Ottoman Empire, which initially served as part of the pretext for the Crimean War.

Russian warships were banned from sailing the Black Sea, which greatly decreased Russian influence over the Black Sea trade.

The defeat accentuated the impediments of the Russian Empire, contributing to future reform including the emancipation of the serfs and the spread of revolutionary ideas.

Short-term consequences
The treaty reopened the Black Sea for international trade to be safe and effectual after both the naval warfare of the Crimean War and the presence of Russian warships had made trade difficult, including many trade disputes.

The Treaty of Paris was influenced by the general public in France and Britain because the Crimean War, was one of the first wars in which the general public received relatively prompt media coverage of the events. The British prime minister, Lord Aberdeen, who was viewed as being incompetent to lead the war effort, lost a vote in parliament and resigned in favour of Lord Palmerston, who was seen as having a clearer plan for victory. Peace was accelerated in part because the general population of the western allies had greater access to and understanding of political intrigue and foreign policy, and therefore demanded an end to the war.

Long-term consequences
Nationalism was bolstered in many ways by the Crimean War, and very little could be done at a systemic level to stem the tides of growing nationalist sentiment in many nations. The Ottoman Empire, for the next few decades until World War I, had to face a number of patriotic uprisings in many of its provinces. No longer capable of withstanding the internal forces tearing it apart, the empire was splintering, as many ethnic groups cried out for more rights, most notably self-rule. Britain and France may have allowed the situation in Europe to stabilise briefly, but the Peace of Paris did little to create lasting stability in the Concert of Europe. The Ottomans joined the Concert of Europe after the Peace was signed, but most European nations looked to the crumbling empire with either hungry or worried eyes.

The war revealed to the world just how important solving the "Eastern Question" was to the stability of Europe; however, the Peace of Paris provided no clear answer or guidance.

The importance of the Ottoman Empire to Britain and France in maintaining the balance of power in the Black and the Mediterranean Seas made many view the signing of the Treaty of Paris to be the entrance of the Ottoman Empire to the European international theatre. Greater penetration of European influence into Ottoman international law and a decline in emphasis of Islamic practices in their legal system illustrate more of an inclusion of the Ottoman Empire into European politics and disputes, leading to its major role in the First World War.

Simultaneously, defeating the Russian forces led the British Empire to believe that Russia was not as much of a threat as before. Great Britain's interest within the region was to curb Russian expansionism and the Ottoman Empire, with their diminished military state, relied on their support for their existence. Surely but slowly, British forces would start to show less of an interest in allying with the Ottoman Empire and maintaining stability in their empire, especially later on during the later Russo-Turkish wars. Austria and Germany were affected by nationalism as a result of the signing of the Peace of Paris. Austria was normally an ally of Russia but was neutral during the war, mobilized troops against Russia and sent at least an ultimatum asking the withdrawal of Russian armies from the Balkans.

After the Russian defeat, relations between the two nations, the most conservative in Europe, remained very strained. Russia, the gendarme of conservatism and the saviour of Austria during the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, angrily resented the failure of Austria to help or assist its former ally, which contributed to Russia's non-intervention in the 1859 Franco-Austrian War, ending Austrian influence in Italy; in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, with the loss of its influence over the German Confederation; and in the Ausgleich (compromise) with Hungary of 1867, which meant the sharing of the power in the empire with the Magyars. The status of Austria as a great power, after the unifications of Germany, Italy was now severely diminished. Austria slowly became little more than a German satellite state.

A unified and strengthened Germany was not a pleasant thought for many in Britain and France since it would pose a threat to both French borders and British political and economic interest in the East.

Essentially, the war that sought to stabilise power relations in Europe brought about by a temporary peace. The great powers only strengthened nationalist aspirations of ethnic groups, under the control of the victorious Ottomans and of the German states. By 1877, the Russians and the Ottomans would once again be at war.

Provisions
The treaty admitted the Ottoman Empire to the European concert, and the Powers promised to respect its independence and territorial integrity. Russia gave up some and relinquished its claim to a protectorate over the Christians in the Ottoman domains. The Black Sea was demilitarised, and an international commission was set up to guarantee freedom of commerce and navigation on the Danube River.

Moldavia and Wallachia would stay under nominal Ottoman rule but be granted independent constitutions and national assemblies, which were to be monitored by the victorious powers. A project of a referendum was to be set in place to monitor the will of the peoples on unification, which eventually happened on 1859. Moldavia recovered part of Bessarabia (including part of Budjak), which it had held prior to 1812, creating a buffer between the Ottoman Empire and Russia in the west. The United Principalities of Romania, which would later be formed from the two territories, would remain an Ottoman vassal state until 1877.

New rules of wartime commerce were set out in the Declaration of Paris: (1) privateering was illegal; (2) a neutral flag covered enemy goods except contraband; (3) neutral goods, except contraband, were not liable to capture under an enemy flag; (4) a blockade, to be legal, had to be effective.

The treaty also demilitarised the Åland Islands in the Baltic Sea, which belonged to the autonomous Russian Grand Duchy of Finland. The fortress Bomarsund had been destroyed by British and French forces in 1854, and the alliance wanted to prevent its future use as a Russian military base.

Signing parties

 * undefined
 * Alexandre, Count Colonna-Walewski, Minister of Foreign Affairs
 * François-Adolphe, Baron de Bourqueney, ambassador to Vienna
 * undefined
 * Count Karl Ferdinand von Buol, Foreign Minister
 * Baron Joseph Alexander von Hübner, ambassador to Paris
 * undefined
 * George Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon, Foreign Secretary
 * Henry Wellesley, 2nd Baron Cowley, ambassador to Paris
 * undefined
 * Otto Theodor von Manteuffel, Minister President of Prussia
 * Count Maximilian von Hatzfeldt-Trachenberg, ambassador to Paris
 * undefined
 * Alexey Fyodorovich, Count Orloff, Plenipotentiary
 * Count Philipp von Brunnow, ambassador to German Confederation
 * undefined
 * Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Prime Minister
 * Salvatore Pes, Marquis of Villamarina, ambassador to Paris
 * undefined
 * Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha, Grand Vizier
 * Mehmed Cemil Bey, ambassador to Paris

Legacy

 * In 2006, Finland celebrated the 150th anniversary of the demilitarisation of the Åland Islands by issuing a commemorative coin. Its obverse depicts a pine tree, very typical in the Åland Islands, and the reverse features a boat's stern and rudder, with a dove perched on the tiller, a symbol of 150 years of peace.
 * Berwick-upon-Tweed – an apocryphal story concerns Berwick's status with Russia

Sources and further reading

 * Adanir, Fikret. "Turkey's entry into the Concert of Europe." European Review 13#3 (2005): pp 395–417.
 * Baumgart, Winfried, and Ann Pottinger Saab. Peace of Paris, 1856: Studies in War, Diplomacy & Peacemaking (1981), 230 pp
 * Figes, Orlando. The Crimean War: A History (2010) pp 411–65.
 * Hazen, C. D. et al. Three Peace Congresses of the Nineteenth Century (1917) pp 23–44. online
 * Jelavich, Barbara. St. Petersburg and Moscow: tsarist and Soviet foreign policy, 1814-1974 (Indiana University Press, 1974) pp 128–33.
 * Mosse, W. E. "The Triple Treaty of 15 April 1856." English Historical Review 67.263 (1952): pp 203–229. in JSTOR
 * Taylor, A.J.P. The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918 (1954) pp 83–97
 * Temperley, Harold. "The Treaty of Paris of 1856 and Its Execution," Journal of Modern History (1932) 4#3 pp 387–414 in JSTOR

title: Treaty of Paris (1856)


text:
User:Uncertainthinker200

Hi. Holler if you hear me!

title: User:Uncertainthinker200


text:
Talk:Cigarette

when did this article turn into a non smoking ad?
the entire opening section after the first paragraph basically reads like one big nonsmoking ad, listing nothing but the negative effects of cigarettes and how "bad" they are for your health..

shouldnt an article open up with a general blurb or two about the main topic (the opening text above the two images seems sufficient) and then have all the specific health related risks/concerns that are listed below the images in their own subsection?

especially since there is already a subsection titled: "health effects" that contains such a ridiculously detailed breakdown of all the negative aspects of smoking, it basically makes the information after that first opening paragraph redundant.

it just doesnt seem as though it reads like a "normal" article with all that negativity being listed in the opening and then listed again in its own subsection.

i know it really doesnt matter what i think, and if i remove it somebody will just revert it.. so thats why i came here first to point out how "extra" it all seems, in hopes of someone taking another look at it and either dealing with it or getting back to me, probably with an elaborate yet somehow valid explanation as to why it "needs" to be that way.

thanks in advance. Snarevox (talk) 19:29, 28 November 2022 (UTC)

 * nvm i found a decent reason in WP:LEAD

 * thx anyway. Snarevox (talk) 15:33, 30 November 2022 (UTC)

 * I was coming here to say this. The article is biased probably cause only nonsmokers edited it. PuppyMonkey (talk) 01:25, 20 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Simple. It's all about control. Don't worry though, it's Für Ihre Sicherheit.
 * Wikipedia is a joke. 71.209.111.82 (talk) 09:08, 22 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 29 May 2023
In the context of birth defects, please change “pregnant people” to “pregnant women”. 2601:249:601:90E0:193B:8BC7:A399:F1F2 (talk) 02:14, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Women who are pregnant fall under the umbrella of people who are pregnant. No reason not to use the broader phrasing. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 02:16, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 August 2023
change “an herbal cigarette” to “a herbal cigarette” (11th line) 2A02:C7C:7422:4B00:182B:8AE3:7AC3:8175 (talk) 17:23, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The "h" is unvoiced in the most common pronunciation, so "an herbal cigarette" is correct. —C.Fred (talk) 17:27, 17 August 2023 (UTC)

I would like enlarge tis article with just coming future of Cigarettes - non Electronic without pyrolisis in any kind
Hello, I would like to enlarge your article about new step at cigarette "life road" as this artice contain history of clasicc Cigarette and current status as eCigarettes (electronic or electric ones) and what I want to add is just right now comming future of Ciggarettes - non electronical one, enviromental friendly even fully biodegradable as new invention in EU. I can provide more details and pictures for posible enlargment of tis article. Thx 89.24.40.99 (talk) 04:56, 20 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 25 January 2024
Citation needed for number of people killed by smoking and second hand smoke. 97.103.241.0 (talk) 09:13, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: The sources appear in the article prose at the appropriate claims already. -- ferret (talk) 15:01, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: The Climate Crisis - Global Perspective, Mediterranean Context
— Assignment last updated by Climatewarrior88 (talk) 15:51, 2 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cigarette