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Thorbjørn Jagland

Thorbjørn Jagland (born Thorbjørn Johansen;, 5 November 1950) is a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party. He served as the Secretary General of the Council of Europe from 2009 to 2019. He served as the 32nd Prime Minister of Norway from 1996 to 1997, as the minister of Foreign Affairs from 2000 to 2001 and as the president of the Storting from 2005 to 2009.

Jagland studied economics at the University of Oslo at introductory level, but did not graduate. He started his political career in the Workers' Youth League, which he led from 1977 to 1981. He was party secretary from 1986 to 1992 and party leader from 1992 to 2002.

Jagland's cabinet, albeit short-lived, was marked by controversies, with two ministers being forced to withdraw following personal scandals. Jagland, who was much ridiculed in the media for his quotes and statements and frequently portrayed as incompetent, resigned following the 1997 election, as a consequence of his much ridiculed 36.9 ultimatum, even though his party won the most votes. In 2010 a group of forty prominent historians ranked Jagland as the weakest Norwegian prime minister since the end of the Second World War; two years before, his predecessor Gro Harlem Brundtland had criticized his premiership in harsh terms and described Jagland as "stupid". Also his term as Foreign Minister was marked by controversies, due to his perceived lack of qualification for the office and quotes and statements that were considered inappropriate. Jagland was widely perceived to have been passed over when Jens Stoltenberg formed his second cabinet in 2005.

In 2009, Jagland was elected as the secretary-general of the Council of Europe. In 2014 he was reelected for an additional five years. His tenure as secretary-general has been controversial, and he has been accused of inaction against corruption and of servility towards Putin's Russia. Jagland was a member of the Norwegian Nobel Committee, and left in 2020; he formerly served as its chairman from 2009 to 2015.

Early and personal life
Thorbjørn Jagland was born on 5 November 1950 as Thorbjørn Johansen in Drammen and is the son of a welder, Helge Th. Jagland, and a cook, Ingrid Bjerknes. According to the Norwegian daily Dagbladet, his father had additional duties as a kind of "steward" for his community, so when "the postal service had letters" or envelopes without a complete address, the mailman delivered many of them to Jagland's home, "since that was where everything happened". Jagland graduated from secondary school in 1969. Along with his twin brother Helge, Thorbjørn Jagland briefly studied economics at the University of Oslo, but was at the same time involved in politics and did not finish his studies. Jagland and his parents changed their surname from Johansen, a common surname with working class connotations, to Jagland in 1957; the Jagland name was one of the proposed "new family names" which imitated traditional farm names in the book 2000 nye slektsnavn ("2,000 new family names") by Astrid Moss; the book aimed to help members of the working class with common surnames to find more unique names.

He married journalist Hanne Grotjord in 1976. The couple has two sons, Anders (born 1978) and Henrik (born 1986). As Secretary General of the Council of Europe, Jagland resided in Strasbourg, France, but has since moved back to Norway.

Jagland has been awarded the title of Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour of France for his "tireless commitment to the European continent and the universal values it represents".

Early involvement, general secretary and elected party leader
In 1966, at age 16, he joined the Lier chapter of the Workers' Youth League (AUF). Rising up rapidly through the party ranks, he was elected leader of the Workers' Youth League in Buskerud, in 1973, a position he held until 1975. That year, he was elected member of the Buskerud county council. In 1977, he became the national leader of the Workers' Youth League, a position he held until 1981. During this period, he said he wanted to bridge the gap between the youth wing and the mother party, but also expressed the need for the Workers' Youth League to have its own political platform. Important issues he supported at that time included the nationalization of the oil industry, permission to conduct petroleum test boring outside Northern Norway, and that the state should use income from the petroleum industry to nationalise domestic industry.

From 1981, he worked as a secretary for the Labour Party; he became acting general secretary in 1986 and was formally appointed to the position in 1987. In his role as secretary of the Labour party, Jagland initiated a number of measures that culminated in organisational and political reforms. The right of the Trade Unions to influence the working of the Labour Party was curtailed; periodic consultations were initiated with civil society outside the party boundaries in the formulation of the party manifesto etc. In 1986, he also became chairman of the Labour Party's International Committee. He held both positions until 1992, when he succeeded long-time leader Gro Harlem Brundtland.

Jagland was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Buskerud in 1993, and was re-elected on three occasions. During his first term, Jagland was a member of the Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, and also served as the fractional leader for the parliamentary group of the party. In 1995, Jagland published a book, titled Brev (Letters), "Vår sårbare verden" (Our vulnerable World) i 2001 and "Ti teser om EU og Norge" (Ten Postulates about the EU & Norway) in 2003.

Premiership
On 23 October 1996, Gro Harlem Brundtland informed Jagland she was withdrawing from politics and leaving him as head of government. The third cabinet Brundtland resigned, prompting the party leader Jagland to form a new cabinet.

Jagland's cabinet was short-lived with two ministers being forced to withdraw. He resigned following the 1997 election even though his party won the most votes. Jagland was widely perceived to have been passed over when Jens Stoltenberg formed his second cabinet in 2005.

Jagland launched his vision of the "Norwegian House" during his tenure as Prime Minister. In his speech to the Storting following his appointment, Jagland described the Norwegian House as a foundation with four pillars. The metaphor represented, "the collective value creation within the ecologically sustainable society". The four pillars that hold up the house were business and labour policy; welfare policy; research and educational policy; and foreign and security policy. Jagland stated that everyone had something to contribute regarding the creation of the house; in particular he stated that the cabinet would cooperate with the opposition to reach these goals. In his speech, Jagland said that he would not deviate much from Harlem Brundtland's policies, but that he would increase the focus on violence, abuse of alcohol and drugs, and crime, including improvement of preventative measures and the courts. He also stated that it was important to introduce information technology in all parts of the education system. As part of the construction of the Norwegian House, the cabinet also started to appoint lay councils, with expertise within their fields, that would provide them with feedback and inputs on important areas in society. Jagland stated that the purpose was to allow critical voices close access to the political decisions, and increase the number of ideas generated at a political level. Jagland stated in August 2008 that, "the Norwegian House could have been better planned and prepared, but I did not have the time. I took a chance. The Labour Party was down for the count. My goal was to make a good election; and we did. We have not done so well since". Jagland said in an interview, "I still get letters from people who miss the Norwegian House. It was an attempt at something new, a building project that would also inspire the activity on the side of the parties".

Jagland's 36.9 ultimatum and resignation
Ahead of the 1997 parliamentary election, Jagland announced the cabinet would resign if the Labour Party received less than 36.9% of the popular vote. This was the percentage of the vote that the party had received in the 1993 election while Brundtland was still leading, which had provided them with an unclear mandate to govern. The Constitution of Norway does not require a cabinet to be formally approved by Parliament in order to serve, and a minority government that lacks concrete support from its inception may serve as long as it does not receive a vote of no confidence.

The Labour cabinet was only directly supported by its own party group, which consisted of 67 out of 165 members of Parliament. To pass legislation, the cabinet had sought support from the largest opposition parties—the Centre Party as well as Labour's traditional adversary, the Conservative Party—on a case-by-case basis. Brundtland had already employed this ad-hoc tactic during her time as Prime Minister, describing it as "slalom racing in the Storting". However, the negotiations in order to land the annual state budget in 1996 were particularly tough. According to political scientist Trond Nordby, Jagland felt that a cabinet which achieved less than 36.9% would struggle to govern.

As it turned out, Labour only received 35.0%, remaining the largest party with a small loss of seats. Jagland resigned on 29 September 1997 and power was given to the first cabinet of Kjell Magne Bondevik. This cabinet had an even weaker parliamentary basis. Erik Solheim, the leader of Socialist Left Party (SV), said that if Jagland resigned, "he would go down in history as Norway's most puzzling politician".

Minister of Foreign Affairs
In February 2000, still reeling from the 36.9 fiasco and the growing popularity of deputy party leader Stoltenberg, Jagland withdraw as a prime minister candidate. Speaking to the national council of Labour on 10 February 2000, Jagland said "If I were to continue as prime minister candidate, and especially if I should return as prime minister, the pressure that has been put against me the last three years will only continue and increase in strength." Only 35 days later, the first cabinet of Bondevik resigned following a motion of confidence. A new Labour cabinet, to be led by Jens Stoltenberg, was announced by King Harald V on 17 March 2000. Jagland was chosen for Minister of Foreign Affairs.

One of his first acts as Minister of Foreign Affairs was to visit Belgrade, three years before its collapse. Jagland wanted to improve foreign aid to Yugoslavia and try to find a peaceful solution to the Yugoslav wars. Jagland engineered financial and material support to the forces in Yugoslavia who were opposed to Slobodan Milosevic, a move that increased the popularity of the opposition to Milosevic and his eventual fall from power. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs furnished computers that helped in revealing the electoral fraud perpetrated by Milosevic. The Norwegian contribution was instrumental in the overthrow of the Milosevic government and Jagland was the first to be invited to the victory celebrations.

Jagland again made national headlines in a similar fashion to the publicity about "The Norwegian House" and "36.9%", this time for the phrase "Bongo from Congo", which Jagland used when referring to Omar Bongo, the President of Gabon, when he was visiting Norway. Jagland stated on 2 February 2001 on the nationally broadcast television show I kveld med Per Ståle on TV 2 that "everybody at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs went around saying that 'now you are going to meet with Bongo from Congo. The term "Bongo" and "Congo" has been seen by many as a racial slur.

Jagland visited Sri Lanka in June 2001 to try to reach a level of involvement in the Sri Lankan Civil War. After a brief visit to the capital Colombo, at the request of the Sri Lankan president Chandrika Kumaratunga, Jagland agreed to take a role in the peace process of Sri Lanka between the Sri Lankan Government and the Tamil Tigers.[29] The Labour Party did not fare well during the 2001 election. In an interview with the Associated Press, Jagland said, "It is unstable and unpredictable". After the votes had been counted, Stoltenberg and his cabinet was forced to resign, suffering from its worst election campaign results since 1924.

Jagland stepped down in 2001 from his post as Foreign Minister in the wake of the collapse of the Stoltenberg government.

The leadership battle of the party didn't end with the election, and pressure was still mounting on Jagland to give the party leader role to Stoltenberg. It was expected that Stoltenberg would contest the leader during the national congress of Labour in November 2002, and in January 2002 the two were supposed to say if they wanted role. On 15 January, Jagland collapsed in the parliament and was sent to the hospital. Later that evening, during live coverage by TV 2 Nyhetene, comedian Bård Tufte Johansen interrupted the live broadcast jumping around in a chicken costume, cackling about media's treatment of Thorbjørn Jagland and mocking the media's double standards. On 3 February 2002, Jagland announced that he wouldn't seek a new term as party leader in November.

President of the Storting
In 2005, Jagland was reelected to a fourth term in the Norwegian Parliament. Jørgen Kosmo, the previous President of the Storting, had not stood for parliamentary re-election, and Jagland was elected to this position by the members of parliament on 10 October 2005. Jagland was elected with only one blank vote, whereas his Progress Party opponent, Carl I. Hagen, had 25 blank votes in the Storting. He later said:

This is a completely new era for me. I shall lead the work of the parliament, so that it goes smoothly on rails. Also, I represent the Parliament, both in Norway and abroad.

Jagland told the newspaper Aftenposten he wanted more Norwegian soldiers sent to South Afghanistan: "The Norwegian special forces will certainly be welcome throughout the winter. If NATO is demanding them, Norway should contribute". In 2007, Stoltenberg allowed Jagland to push through his plan to develop Storting as a stronger centre for current political debates, thus increasing the power of the parliamentary members on issues from the cabinet.

A UN conference against racism and discrimination in Geneva was planned for the spring of 2009. Some member states, such as Canada and Israel, had announced that they might boycott the conference because previous such conferences had given way to anti-Semitism and racism. Jagland said Norway was unlikely to undertake any boycott, but he added, "The previous racism conference in Durban, South Africa, in 2001, was a festival in the criticism of Western values. We must never allow the successor conference in Geneva in April next year to be a repetition of this".

In 2009, the cabinet issued a proposal to remove the "Blasphemy Paragraph", part of the criminal law that made blasphemous statements a criminal offense. There was a political consensus in parliament that the paragraph was outdated. The cabinet proposed that it instead by replaced by a "Racism Paragraph", that was aimed at protecting religious groups from attacks, while retaining protection of the academic freedom of speech. All political parties in parliament, except the Centre Party, were opposed to the "Racism Paragraph", but Centre-leader Liv Signe Navarsete stated that she had used her influence to make the Labour Party accept the matter. When asked about the case, Jagland responded: "It will in itself be a paradox if one questions the principle that freedom of speech is subject to the party whip. Especially when it emerges that the question may have been the subject of horse-trading and attempts at a coup".

Jagland had also been critical of the lack of parliamentary control permitted by the coalition cabinet. Critics accused Jagland of attacking the Red-Green Cabinet as revenge against Stoltenberg for forcing Jagland to resign as Labour Party leader in 2002. Jagland rejected this as "petty criticism". Jagland announced in September 2008 that he would not seek reelection. He said he decided, with "great sadness", to leave Norwegian politics because he was applying for the position of Secretary-General of the Council of Europe.

Nobel Committee

On 1 January 2009, he succeeded Ole Danbolt Mjøs as the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee.

The Norwegian Nobel Committee is tasked with selecting candidates for award of the annual Nobel Prize for Peace in accordance with the last will and testament of Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896), the Swedish chemist and inventor of dynamite. The Norwegian Parliament selects a committee consisting of 5 persons who then choose the candidates for the prize. This committee is completely independent of the Norwegian Parliament or other institutions, domestic or foreign.

The Nobel Committee announces the winning candidate(s) on the first Friday of each October; prizes themselves are handed out on 10 December in Oslo, that date being the birthday of Alfred Nobel.

The announcement of Barack Obama as winner of the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize, raised a few eyebrows and Jagland had to clarify this choice on several occasions. The Nobel Committee points to the fact that it has to execute the will of Alfred Nobel, in accordance with the following text in his will:

"...The whole of my remaining realizable estate shall be dealt with in the following way...the capital, invested in safe securities by my executors, shall constitute a fund, the interest on which shall be annually distributed in the form of prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind... and one part to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses....The prizes for physics and chemistry shall be awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences; that for physiological or medical work by the Caroline Institute in Stockholm; that for literature by the Academy in Stockholm, and that for champions of peace by a committee of five persons to be elected by the Norwegian Storting. It is my express wish that in awarding the prizes no consideration whatever shall be given to the nationality of the candidates, but that the most worthy shall receive the prize, whether he be a Scandinavian or not..."

The justification for award to Barack Obama was anchored in the work he had done to restart the START agreements with Russia and for promotion of dialogue with the Muslim world.

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2012 was awarded to the European Union for "....have for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe."

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2013 was awarded to the Organization for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons OPCW for "...its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons".

The Nobel Peace Prize for 2014 was shared between Pakistani national Malala Yousafzai and Indian activist Kailash Satyarthi. The prize motivation states: "for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education".

On 3 March 2015 Jagland was demoted by the five-person Norwegian Nobel Committee, which elected Kaci Kullmann Five as its new chair. Jagland's demotion is without precedent in the history of the Nobel Peace Prize. After the demotion, Jagland continued to serve as an ordinary member of the committee.

In 2019 the leader of the committee asked each of the members if any of them had been in contact with Jeffrey Epstein; in 2020 Jagland changed his answer; Jeffrey Epstein and Bill Gates had a meeting with Jagland at his residence in Strasbourg in 2013, according to media in October 2020.

Secretary General of the Council of Europe: First term, from 2009 to 2014
In 2009, Jagland was elected Secretary General of the Council of Europe. Jagland was elected with 165 against 80 votes in the Parliamentary Assembly. The other candidate was former Prime Minister of Poland Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz.

Jagland has emphasized the importance of strengthening the cooperation with the European Union and regular consultations are taking place with the leaders of the EU. The process of EU accession to the European Convention was meant to be ratified by 2015, but as of July 2017, no new accession agreement had been drafted. Jagland signed an intention agreement with Commissioner Stefan Füle in April 2014, which will considerably increase the number of Joint Programmes and EU financing of projects implemented by the Council of Europe. Jagland has also taken the initiative to a Neighbourhood Policy which includes an important number of cooperation activities on the basis of Council of Europe standards with Jordan, Tunisia, Morocco and Kazakhstan.

Jagland's has initiated regular consultations with the United Nations and these have since become institutionalised within the Council of Europe.

In 2012, Jagland launched the World Forum for Democracy conferences at the Council of Europe. The annual conference brings together statesmen, NGOs, grassroots workers, academics, politicians and others and was inaugurated in 2012 by the Secretary General of the United Nations Ban ki Moon.

In April 2014, under Jagland's watch, the Council of Europe released its seminal report "State of Democracy, Human Rights and the Rule of Law in Europe". The report constituted the first consolidated analysis of human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe, based on the findings of the Council of Europe's monitoring bodies. In the preface to the report, Jagland wrote:

"Human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe now face a crisis unprecedented since the end of the Cold War. Serious violations – including corruption, immunity from prosecution, impunity, human trafficking, racism, hate speech and discrimination – are on the rise throughout the continent. People's rights are also threatened by the impact of the economic crisis and growing inequalities. The Council of Europe and its member States must act urgently to stop this erosion of fundamental rights..."

Secretary General of the Council of Europe: Second term, from 2014 to 2019
On 24 June 2014, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe convened to elect the Secretary General for the term running from 2014 to 2019. Thorbjørn Jagland had expressed his intentions of continuing on for a second term and was one of the two candidates competing for the post. Jagland was opposed by Ms Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger.

In the voting conducted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE), of the 252 members voting, Jagland won 156. Ms Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger obtained 93. There were 3 blank ballots. With the requirement for an absolute majority being 125, Jagland's tally of 156 gave him a comfortable absolute majority. Jagland formally commenced his next term from 1 October 2014.

Jagland's re-election as Secretary General of the Council of Europe is without precedent. Several outgoing Secretaries General had stood for re-election without having been successful. His wide margin of victory is seen as a sign of approval and appreciation of his yeoman services to both the Council of Europe and his unstinting efforts to reduce tensions in Ukraine.

Jagland was continually accused by Norwegian and foreign media of servility towards Putin's Russia during his tenure. Russia was placed under voting sanctions following the annexation of Crimea in 2014, but in 2019 Jagland spearheaded the effort to give the Russians their voting rights back. Council members and analysts have criticized Jagland for giving in to Russian "blackmail". 7 delegations left the council in protest of the decision to give Russia voting rights without ending the occupation of parts of Ukraine.

Other positions
He was vice-president of the Socialist International and was Chair of the Organisation's Board when Willy Brandt was president. Jagland also chaired its Middle East Committee for 10 years. Furthermore, Jagland was one of five members of the Mitchell Committee appointed by President Clinton and Secretary-General Kofi Annan to advise on how to end violence in the Middle East. Jagland is an Honorary Board member of the Peres Center for Peace and was chair of the Board of the Oslo Centre for Peace and Human Rights but left when he became Chair of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. A survey in 2000 found that Jagland was second most influential in a list of the 50 most influential persons in Norway.

Jagland has been member of the International Board of Governors at the Peres Center for Peace since 1997. He served as one of several vice presidents of the Socialist International from 1999 to 2008. From 2000 to 2006, he chaired the Socialist International Committee on the Middle East. He became chairman of the board of the Oslo Centre upon its establishment in 2006 but left in 2009 when he became chairman of the Norwegian Nobel committee.

Political views
Through his career in politics, Jagland was more to the left of his party. Jagland supported more of a traditional social democratic government, and was very skeptical of policies such as privatization of state-owned companies.

Jagland is in favour of Norwegian membership of the European Union. In 1990, he published the book Min europeiske drøm (My European dream). He proposed the European Union be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, and it was, by Jagland himself in 2012. Since 1999, he has stated that the left wing in Norway does not use Socialist International enough.

He has outspokenly opposed the perceived presence of Islamophobia in Western societies. He has also called fighting Islamic extremism an "unnecessary fight", "that would only lead to confrontation", and insisted that no Islamic extremism exists in Norway.

title: Thorbjørn Jagland


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Talk:Headphones

FPS thing
Hello, I don't have any objection to FPSs, but the FPS section really stuck out like a sore thumb, so I tried putting it into the context of the 'the purpose of headphones is...' paragraph at the start. Acceptable?

 * Uh, why do you reject the term FPS? That's a feature of FPS games, but not all of video games. --Ypacaraí 23:47, September 2, 2005 (UTC)

I find that headphones give me a much better mental map of the world in any game with decent 3D sound, whether it's an FPS, 3rd person (eg resi 4), a driving game or whatever.

Potential inconsistencies in terminology
I came to this page hoping it would clarify the distinction between words such as earphones, earbuds, headphones, etc. However, I noticed a couple of potential inconsistencies in the terminology:

1.

"Earphones are very small headphones that are fitted directly in the outer ear, facing but not inserted in the ear canal"

Earphones are a type of headphones.

"Headphones are also known as earphones[1] or, colloquially, cans.[2]"

Earphones is another word for headphones.

2.

"earbuds or earpieces[1] consist of individual units that plug into the user's ear canal"

Earbuds plug into the ear canal.

"Earphones are very small headphones that are fitted directly in the outer ear, facing but not inserted in the ear canal... (The use of the term earbuds, which has been around since at least 1984, did not hit its peak until after 2001, with the success of Apple's MP3 player.[40])"'

Earbuds fit in the outer ear; they don't plug into the ear canal.

I understand that these terms can be used inconsistently by different people. Clarification would be appreciated! Dopsilio (talk) 16:36, 8 August 2023 (UTC)

 * This is going to take some effort to sort out. If we look far enough, I'm sure we'll find even more ambiguity but that can be addressed with according to... language. ~Kvng (talk) 16:26, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

Gamer-/Headset dent
It seems to be some kind of constant fake news. However, it is logical that constant pressure changes the structure of the bones. Otherwise braces in the mouth would also be hocus pocus. Is this some kind of controversy in the public/scientific discussion? 2A01:C22:77D8:EA00:8066:2B6D:1C91:A738 (talk) 09:23, 12 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Not an authority on the topic of human anatomy, but it seems like you mean deformation of the auricle as a result of constant pressure. According to the page Dental braces braces do indeed cause "bone remodelling". The auricle however seems to not contain any bone only cartilage. I don't think I can contribute more to this discussion.
 * From a quick Google search there does seem to be a PubMed article that mentions a case of bone remodeling in the nose as a result of using a VR headset, but from the words "To our knowledge, this is the first case to describe this clinical phenomenon." I would not expect there to be a scientific consensus about this. In case you really want to know for yourself right now, it's probably best to ask your GP. Wallby (talk) 12:45, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Headphones


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Jan P. Syse

(25 November 1930 – 17 September 1997) was a Norwegian lawyer and politician from the Conservative Party. He was the 31st prime minister of Norway from 1989 to 1990. He also served as the minister of Industry from 1983 to 1985. Syse was the president of the Lagting 1993–1997. Syse was the president of the Nordic Council in 1988 and 1993. He served in the Norwegian parliament for over 25 years until his sudden death from a cerebral hemorrhage in 1997.

Early life and career
Syse was born in Nøtterøy in the county of Vestfold. He was the son of Peter Syse (1888–1965) and Magnhild Bjønnes (1898–1985). His father was a local politician and dental surgeon. He earned his examen artium in 1949 and his degree in law in 1957. He was politically active as a student, serving as chair of Den Konservative Studenterforening, Det Norske Studentersamfund, and the construction committee for Chateau Neuf.

His initial professional experience was as an attorney and manager for the deep sea shipping company Wilh. Wilhelmsen. He worked for Wilhelmsen at various times throughout his career, and was also employed as the editor for Wilhelmsen's newsletter, Skib-rederi.

Jan P. Syse met Else Walstad (1936–2021) while they both were students at the University of Oslo in 1955, and they were married in 1959. They had two sons, philosopher Henrik Syse and diplomat Christian Syse.

Political career
After being a member of the national council for the Conservative Party since 1957, he started his elected political career in 1963 when he was elected to the Oslo city council, where he served two terms.

He was elected into the Storting as a deputy representative in 1965. He started his term as a full voting member in 1969 to replace Kåre Willoch who was a member of Borten's Cabinet. Syse served on the Judiciary, Administration, Finance, extended Foreign Affairs and Constitution, and Constitutional committees throughout his parliamentary career. He was also sent as a parliamentary delegate to the United Nations General Assembly, Nordic Council, Inter-Parliamentary Union, and other international bodies. Syse was State Secretary to the Ministry of Justice from 1 November 1970 to 17 March 1971 in the non-Socialist coalition government led by Per Borten. He was Minister of Industry in the second cabinet Willoch from 16 September 1983 to 4 October 1985, and prime minister with the Syse Cabinet from 16 October 1989 to 3 November 1990.

Political legacy
Syse was well liked and respected among political allies and adversaries alike. He worked for cooperation within the Nordic region and also to strengthen the cooperation with the Baltic states, although he opposed their wish to join the Nordic council. His sons Christian Syse and Henrik Syse published Ta ikke den ironiske tonen - tanker og taler av Jan P. Syse (Oslo, Forlaget Press, 2003), a book that describes Syse's speeches and style.

Other sources

 * Borgen, Per Otto (1999) Norges statsministre (Oslo: Aschehoug)  ISBN 82-03-22389-3

title: Jan P. Syse


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Kåre Willoch

Kåre Isaachsen Willoch (3 October 1928 – 6 December 2021) was a Norwegian politician who served as the 30th prime minister of Norway from 1981 to 1986 and as leader of the Conservative Party from 1970 to 1974. He previously served as the Minister of Trade and Shipping from August to September 1963 and 1965 to 1970, and as the president of the Nordic Council in 1973.

After stepping down as Prime Minister, he later served as Governor of both Oslo as well as Akershus counties from 1990 to 1998 and as Chairman of Norway's state broadcasting company NRK from 1998 to 2000. Following his retirement from politics he became an outspoken advocate of the environment and human rights and was widely respected for his activism including amongst Norway's political left. He also wrote several books.

Early life
Willoch was born on 3 October 1928 in Oslo, to Haakon Isaachsen Willoch (1898–1956) and his wife, Agnes Christine Saure (1896–1994). He grew up in the West End of Oslo, and took the examen artium in 1948. After that, he studied economics at the University of Oslo, where he was taught by the Nobel Prize winners Trygve Haavelmo and Ragnar Frisch. He graduated with the cand.oecon. degree in 1953. From 1951 onwards, Willoch was a member of the Oslo city council, and later in 1953, he became a deputy in the Parliament of Norway. He became a member of parliament after the 1957 parliamentary election, and was at 29 years then the youngest MP.

On 1 May 1954, he married Anne Marie Jørgensen (born 9 March 1930 ).

Willoch graduated as an economist (cand. oecon.) from the University of Oslo. He served in the Norwegian Brigade that formed part of the Allied occupation in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany, after World War II, and became a dedicated friend of Germany during that time.

He spoke Norwegian, English, German and French fluently.

Political life
An economist (characterized in 1981 as being "supply side" ) by education and profession, Willoch made an early mark in national politics on issues related to economic development. He expressed deep skepticism about social democratic reforms throughout most of the post-World War II era and advocated a larger role for market mechanisms to solve economic problems.

Within the Conservative Party, Willoch was respected for his command of the issues and consistent ideological platform. In spite of friendly rivalries with Erling Norvik, Rolf Presthus, and Jan P. Syse, these and other party members led a political shift in Norway away from the nation's social democratic legacy.

Parliamentary and ministerial posts
Willoch's first political post was as a member of the Oslo City Council from 1952 to 1959.

Willoch was first elected to the Norwegian parliament at the age of 29 in 1957, representing Oslo. Thereafter he was elected in every parliamentary election until 1989.

He was appointed Minister of Trade in the short-lived but notable John Lyng cabinet from August to September 1963, following the Kings Bay Affair that brought to an end the uninterrupted chain of Labor governments after World War II, headed by Einar Gerhardsen and Oscar Torp.

He was appointed to the same ministerial post in the government of Per Borten from 1965 to 1970. He stepped down from this post to become first the Parliamentary leader, and then the chairman of the Conservative Party from 1970 to 1974.

In 1973, he unified his party in opposition to the newly introduced restrictions on use of land. This formed a watershed in Norwegian politics, in that the party adopted a stronger ideological alternative to the social democratic establishment that had dominated post-World War II politics. Some historians, notably Francis Sejersted attribute this in large part to the Norwegian Labour Party's exuberant continuation of social democratic efforts.

Willoch served as the leader of the Foreign Affairs committee in the coalition government and from then until he retired from parliament in 1989.

As a member of the Borten government he faced the constitutional question of the marriage of the then Crown Prince Harald to a commoner, Sonja Haraldsen (they married in 1968 and since 1991 have been the king and queen of Norway ). Willoch is reported to have never considered opposing the union.

Most of Willoch's political career was spent in opposition to various Labour governments. His rhetorical style was characterized by a use of language and carefully articulated viewpoints that many considered cold or even sarcastic. His debates with long-time adversary Gro Harlem Brundtland became legendary in Norway and were by several accounts based on personal as well as political differences. Brundtland wrote in her memoirs that she learned from Willoch "how not to treat people, or parties."

Premiership
Willoch was asked to form a Conservative party government when a non-socialist coalition gained a majority in the parliamentary elections of 1981. The cabinet depended on the support of the Christian Democrats and Centre Party, and in 1983 these joined the cabinet to become a coalition government.

When Braathens SAFE Flight 139 was hijacked, the hijacker demanded to speak with Willoch.

By the parliamentary elections of 1985, Willoch's cabinet had lost much of its parliamentary basis and was dependent on the Progress party for support. The cabinet lost a vote of no-confidence over Willoch's proposal to increase surcharges on gasoline, when the Socialist Left Party, Labour Party, and Progress party joined forces. A minority government led by Gro Harlem Brundtland took over through the rest of the parliamentary period.

In spite of difficult parliamentary conditions, the Willoch cabinet embarked on a series of reforms that to many seemed like reversals of long-standing social democratic reforms, and to others changes that reflected new and emerging economic realities.

Often cited changes included:
 * Dissolution of the governmental monopoly on radio and television broadcasting, including allowing the introduction of commercially funded content.
 * Ending government intervention in credit markets, which in turn led to freer access to credit by both consumers and businesses.
 * Reducing restrictions on ownership and sale of real estate
 * Reducing restrictions on retail trade, especially with respect to opening hours
 * Several efforts at strengthening the non-petroleum related Norwegian economy

The Willoch government's foreign policy was largely consistent with those of prior Labour party cabinets in terms of Norwegian commitments under the NATO treaty, but deviated sharply on the issue of non-proliferation. Where the Labour Party promoted a policy of "reduction of tensions" in the Nordic region, which marginalized Norway in NATO, the Willoch cabinet approved forward logistical bases for U.S. rapid deployment forces and lent full support to the NATO double track decision of 1979.

Willoch earned a reputation as a sharp-witted, sometimes acerbic politician. During his years in parliament and in various governments, he was respected by his political allies and opponents alike, but never gained the popularity of other prime ministers in his time in office.

Later life
Willoch served as county governor (fylkesmann) of Oslo and Akershus from 1990 to 1998. From 1998 to 2000 he was chairman of NRK, the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation. He was also director of the Nansen Institute. From 1986 on, he was deputy chairman of the International Democrat Union (IDU). He was President of the Deutsch-Norwegische Gesellschaft (German-Norwegian Society) from 1987 to 1991.

Considered one of the most pronounced conservative Norwegian politicians in his time, in later years he shifted his position in many areas and became known for his advocacy of human rights and environmental issues. He took issue with the "culture of greed", "tax paradises', the environment, and criticised Israel's policies toward Palestinians, stating that the occupation of and settlement on Palestinian land (outside the 1967 borders) is unlawful. The extent of the political left's newfound respect for Willoch after he left office was summarised by social democrat former government minister Hallvard Bakke, who when criticising Willoch's defense of some of his policies regarding the surveillance of communists in the 1980s noted that Willoch had become the most important voice on the Middle East conflict and many other issues, but that "Willoch isn't always right".

Widely respected for his activism and argumentative style, he accused Israel of "ethnic cleansing" stated that it is "creating terror" by cultivating extremism "as if in a greenhouse in the Palestinian areas". Supporters of Israel such as Jo Benkow criticised his views as partisan and unapologetically pro-Palestinian. Willoch also stated that, though "there are strong reasons to warn against the new antisemitism, it will not strengthen Israel's cause to accuse critics of Israeli politics of antisemitism". He also claimed that Israel indirectly contributes to antisemitism stating that "It would be naïve to ignore that Israel's politics towards the Palestinians has become a new source of negative attitudes." In May 2006, Willoch invited Atef Adwan, an official in Hamas to a private luncheon at Det Norske Selskab, commenting that "A dialogue with Hamas is very useful."

In an op-ed in the newspaper Aftenposten, Willoch summarized his views on Israel's policies towards the Palestinians. He warned that "those who defend the Israeli policies towards the Palestinians support a policy that generates a hatred that may lead to a disaster for Israel" and concluded that "Friends of Israel should seek to make Israel accept the Arab peace proposal. It demands, amongst other things, borders as before the war of 1967, only with such adjustments that the parties reach agreement upon, and guarantees for Israel's security."

Willoch said the appointment of Rahm Emanuel, who had once volunteered for the Israeli military despite being a U.S. citizen and who had criticised the George W. Bush administration for not being supportive enough of Israel, was probably not an indication that President Barack Obama would significantly change U.S. policy on the Middle East, referencing then-ongoing U.S. debate on the appointment, in which Emanuel's father Benjamin Emanuel, a former Irgun member, had said that "obviously he will influence the president to be pro-Israel. Why wouldn’t he be? What is he, an Arab? He’s not going to clean the floors of the White House", a comment that Rahm Emanuel later apologised for. Willoch's comment was later taken out of context by the anti-immigration Progress Party; liberal daily Dagbladet described the accusations against Willoch by the far-right as "unreasonable, unfair, and at worst harmful."

Regarding Cablegate, he stated that "the problem is that the Western world is violating Human rights, not that someone is uncovering those violations".

In 1996, Willoch was decorated as a Commander with Star of the Order of St. Olav.

Kåre Willoch died in his home in Oslo, on 6 December 2021, at the age of 93.

title: Kåre Willoch


text:
Talk:Light-on-dark color scheme

For a November 2004 deletion debate over this page see Votes for deletion/White-on-black color scheme

Evidence?
Can we have some evidence for this please? Cites? The Anome

 * At various times I have heard "black on white", "white on black", "dark blue on light blue", "orange on black" and "pale yellow on dark blue" all advocated by some study or another to be the "best" colour scheme. I take all this with a pinch of salt -- Chris Q 11:38 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)

I don't think anyone seriously would advocate text on a light background being best, except for WYSIWYG applications. Kim Bruning 20:59, 27 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Black-on-white will close the iris, resulting in a longer depth of field and less eyestrain due to changing focus. 70.225.161.132 (talk) 03:54, 12 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Why would you claim that a closed iris would result in less focus-change? Light strains the eyes. More light = more strain. Black on a white background = more light = more strain. This seems downright obvious to me... but then I also have to wear sunglasses to work because the fluorescent lighting is absolute hell on my retinas. I would well imagine that it relates directly to preferred background light-levels (and obviously my preference is a dark room). ~ SotiCoto (talk) 16:03, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Black text on a plain background elicited reliably faster reading performance than on a medium-textured background. When compared to reading light text on a dark background, people read black text on a white background up to thirty-two percent faster. In general, the greater the contrast between the text and background, the easier the text is to read.

-- Research-Based Web Design & Usability Guidelines, 2006 (chapter 11, page 2; http://usability.gov/pdfs/chapter11.pdf ) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Myfonj (talk • contribs) 00:42, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Merge with Dark-on-light color scheme
How should we merge these - perhaps to high-contrast color scheme? But that would be more suggestive of an OS-wide high contrast theme... any suggestions? « Aaron Rotenberg « Talk « 05:10, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Light-on-dark isn't necessarily the same as High Contrast. For instance, I have my work computer set to light-grey on medium-grey. The text is lighter than the background, but the contrast is comparatively low. ~ SotiCoto (talk) 16:06, 17 November 2015 (UTC)

White-on-* printing
How the printing by (white) gaps in some printing plate (say, black) is named? In Russian it is ru:Выворотка. Because redirects here, an appropriate link should be added under a redirect, if someone can remember this term. Incnis Mrsi (talk) 09:16, 19 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I sent the Russian wikipage to my Bulgarian friend who knows Russian partially and he sent me back this page Reversing type. Rudyon (talk) 13:54, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

Reference incorrect?
I don't know if things have changed (it's quite an old article) but a LCD works differently to a CRT and should consume more power drawing black than white. I looked up some alternative articles on Tom's Hardware and such and they agree. I suspect the figures in the article were made up, or whoever edited the article presumed they had been mixed up.

Citations: http://www.tomshardware.com/reviews/lcd-backlight-led-cfl,2683-6.html http://darrenyates.com.au/2009/09/black-white-power-consumption-24-more-lcd-monitors-tested/1219 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.30.230.69 (talk) 16:39, 17 December 2012 (UTC)

Web issue
Having worked for a while with a computer set to show white text on black on webpages, the biggest issue is that many attributes are set wrongly by people assuming a white background, resulting too often in illegible pages or elements of black on black. 86.10.62.169 (talk) 23:11, 12 July 2016 (UTC)

Users apply using Stylish.
This sentence, currently in the article, sounds like either a cheap plug or marketing wank from a snake oil salesman:

"Users who prefer certain color schemes frequently apply their preference to web pages using tools such as Stylish."

It also doesn't read very well.--Awhit003 (talk) 16:10, 13 July 2018 (UTC)

Second paragraph of "Issues with the web"
Am I missing something, or is the second paragraph off-topic? The article is about light-on-dark color schemes, while the second paragraph of this section seems to be about general practice of color in web design and trails off with something about designers not using mechanisms that the architect provides (which doesn't have any citation confirming this).2A01:388:2F9:115:0:0:1:3 (talk) 15:01, 29 January 2019 (UTC)

 * It does seem to be offtopic. Should it be removed? Rudyon (talk) 09:10, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I removed the paragraph. —Dexxor (talk) 05:58, 27 October 2021 (UTC)

History
It would be nice if the article had some history of dark mode. Everything on a computer terminal that I saw was dark mode until the Macintosh in 1984. Then Windows went the way of the Macintosh. And now dark mode is regaining popularity. But I don't have any source for this. Bubba73 You talkin' to me? 23:23, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

 * I have tried to bring to attention FORA.tv by adding a paragraph in the History section, however, I was asked by @Nardog to submit it in this forum, as I can't personally add that information myself. Please see my notes below for your consideration.
 * FORA.tv was first to use a dark-on-light color scheme and is the precursor to the Dark Mode that is in use today. FORA.tv dissolved as a company in 2018.
 * It is part of the history of the light-on-dark color scheme as the website was designed by me in 2009, Apple released Mojave in 2018. Please also refer to Responsive Web Design as an example, where Audi.com was the first to demonstrate a responsive website.
 * This is the paragraph I have written to be included in the History section:
 * In 2009, FORA.tv, a San Francisco-based on-demand video start-up, launched a re-designed version of their website with a light-on-dark color scheme as a way to simulate an indoor auditorium and lecture hall experience of prestigious institutions; which was an update from an earlier version of the website with a dark-on-light color scheme which could cause eyestrain while viewing intellectual hour-long videos.[1] It was also a way to differentiate it from TED.com, which was a dark-on-light color scheme website.[2]
 * [1] https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1918031_1918016_1917931,00.html
 * [2] https://www.fastcompany.com/1550880/face-ted-talks-vs-foratv
 * Hope that you can take FORA.tv into consideration for inclusion in the History section, it was quite possibly the most visible of the light-on-dark color scheme websites in 2009 (see References section in FORA.tv), however, the claim is not to be the first but to be mentioned in the history that led the the Dark Mode. I too am looking forward to knowing more about the other sites that did it before or after FORA.tv. Ditheringsurface (talk) 19:33, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

History Section Criteria
Could we get some consensus on what type of information should be added to the history section?

Currently, the history section is just a list of WP:RECENT dark mode releases, completely out of WP:PROPORTION. Also, as a reminder to what wikipedia is not, articles should not be an indiscriminate collection of information or WP:RELEASENOTES. To be honest, I'm not sure that all of the releases listed are important to the "history of light-on-dark color schemes" (which is what that section should be about).

Either way, I think if we do include dark mode releases, we need some sort of criteria so that we don't have every app and brand being added to the history section. - Whisperjanes (talk) 18:44, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

 * My suggestion to add only the sites/apps/etc. that have had a light as well as a dark version, to be considered for inclusion in the History section. Ditheringsurface (talk) 19:37, 1 April 2023 (UTC)

Less energy
> Light on dark color schemes require less energy to display on the most common display technologies

False. This is true for about zero desktop systems in the last 15 years.

>, including as OLED, CRT and LCD displays.

OLED sure. CRT sure. LCD no, as explained below in that section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.91.180.20 (talk) 17:09, 29 April 2020 (UTC)

Enable dark mode on Wikipedia
How do I enable it — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.181.116.105 (talk) 10:09, 31 January 2021 (UTC) It would be nice if wikipedia had a dark mode. Are there any plans for this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.39.106.194 (talk) 21:51, 21 March 2021 (UTC)
 * https://github.com/vitaly-zdanevich/wikipedia-userstyle-dark-minimum Vitaly Zdanevich (talk) 13:35, 31 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Also: m:User:DavidL/DarkTheme -- ◄ David L • discuter ► 14:37, 13 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Also, there is Dark Reader browser addon https://darkreader.org/ -- Vulp here  08:43, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

 * It's in development. You can enable it from Preferances > Gadgets > Testing and development > Dark mode: Use a light text on dark background color scheme. Rudyon (talk) 09:16, 26 October 2021 (UTC)

Propaganda / bias
This article reads like an advertisement for dark mode. Sentences like this are a dead giveaway:

"Some users find dark mode displays more visually appealing, and they can reduce power consumption"

That's a messy sentence, but also it is set up to sound neutral when it is doing the opposite.

I was hoping to find an article giving facts on whether dark mode has become popular due to environmentalism or simple visual preference. Instead this is a strangely written brochure for how great dark mode is for whatever the reason.

It mentions the power saving benefits for an OLED monitor at least 4 times, giving vague positive numbers, but only half mentions the negative effects on an LCD, as though it wants to mention it as quickly as possible to avoid people accusing the article of bias. Crazytonyi (talk) 21:31, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * "Some users find dark mode displays more visually appealing, and they can reduce power consumption." This sentence seems neutral to me. What would you replace it with? --The Tips of Apmh (talk) 20:43, 27 November 2021 (UTC)

NPOV Dispute
This page seems to have a Neutral point of view now. Should the maintanence template be removed? Rudyon (talk) 09:23, 26 October 2021 (UTC)
 * , the opinion expressed above does not appear to justify the use of the NPOV tag so I have removed it. The template documentation states: Use this template when you have identified a serious issue regarding WP:Neutral point of view. Calling it NPOV on the basis of one objectionable sentence is not a "serious issue". It goes on to state: The editor who adds the tag should discuss concerns on the talk page, pointing to specific issues that are actionable within the content policies. In the absence of such a discussion, or where it remains unclear what the NPOV violation is, the tag may be removed by any editor. As this is the case with the above objections, I have followed the advise. Thank you. Eggishorn  (talk) (contrib) 17:04, 30 November 2021 (UTC)

Invented in 2018?
This article currently contains this: In early 2018, designer Sylvain Boyer extended the dark mode concept to the core interface of smartphones with OLED screens to save power consumption.[5][6]

This seems to imply that "the dark mode concept" was "extended" to smartphones in 2018, which is quite obviously incorrect to me (I personally wrote a dark CSS for Wikipedia around 2015 or 2016, and I have screenshots of smartphone apps with "dark mode" enabled from 2017). Is there a way to rephrase this? jp×g 00:59, 3 December 2021 (UTC)

 * That part of the article actually seems to be about a very specific aplication that was created in 2018. I don't think should even be included in the article. Thus I have removed the passage. Rudyon (talk) 14:00, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

Importance
It has become almost a standard these days that operating systems provide a dark mode theme for users accessibility in low light situations. In fact there are a plethora of references showing that a high majority of iOS and Android users have permanently switched their devices to dark mode. As a result, we should properly prioritize this page until the content has been updated.

Secondarily we should update the page name. I am suggesting that we switch the name from "Light-on-dark color scheme" to what is now known as "Screen Color Theme". Maybe it should be it's own issue. Thoughts? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Guylepage3 (talk • contribs) 15:04, 16 July 2023 (UTC)

 * why that, and not dark mode? cogsan  •  (give me attention)  •  (see my deeds)  11:31, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Light-on-dark color scheme


text:
The Net

The Net may refer to:

Film

 * The Net, a 1916 film by George Foster Platt
 * The Net (1923 film), a film by J. Gordon Edwards
 * The Net (1953 film), a film starring James Donald
 * The Net (1975 film), a film starring Klaus Kinski
 * The Net (1995 film), a film starring Sandra Bullock
 * The Net (2016 film), a South Korean film by Kim Ki-duk

Television

 * The Net (British TV series), a 1994 educational show focusing on emerging technologies
 * The Net (American TV series), a 1998 drama series based on the 1995 film

Other uses

 * The Net (novel), a 1952 novel by John Pudney
 * The Net (album), a 1983 album by the Little River Band
 * The Net (substance), an alloy of copper and antimony
 * The Net (building), a future high-rise building in Seattle, Washington, U.S.
 * Internet or the Net
 * Network Associates Coliseum or the Net, now Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, a multi-purpose stadium in California

title: The Net


text:
Self-hosting

Self-hosting may refer to:
 * Self-hosting (compilers), a computer program that produces new versions of that same program
 * Self-hosting (web services), the practice of running and maintaining a website using a private web server

title: Self-hosting