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Acela

The Acela (originally the Acela Express until September 2019) is Amtrak's flagship passenger train service along the Northeast Corridor (NEC) in the Northeastern United States between Washington, D.C., and Boston via 13 intermediate stops, including Baltimore, New York City and Philadelphia. Acela trains are the fastest in the Americas, reaching 150 mph (qualifying as high-speed rail), but only over 49.9 mi of the 457 mi route.

Acela carried more than 2.9 million passengers in fiscal year 2023, second only to the slower and less expensive Northeast Regional, which had over 9 million passengers. Ridership is down from the pre-Covid-19 pandemic high of 3,557,455 passengers in 2019. Its 2016 revenue of $585 million was 25% of Amtrak's total.

Acela operates along routes that are used by freight and slower regional passenger traffic, and reaches the maximum allowed speed of the tracks only along some sections, with the fastest peak speed along segments between Mansfield, Massachusetts, and Richmond, Rhode Island, and South Brunswick and Trenton, New Jersey. Acela trains use active tilting technology, which helps control lateral centrifugal force, allowing the train to travel at higher speeds on the sharply curved NEC without disturbing passengers. The high-speed operation occurs mostly along the 226 mi route from Pennsylvania Station in New York City to Union Station in Washington, D.C., with a fastest scheduled time of 2 hours and 45 minutes and an average speed of 82 mph, including time spent at intermediate stops. Over this route, Acela and the Northeast Regional service captured an 83% share of air/train commuters between New York and Washington in 2021, up from 37% in 2000.

The Acela speed is limited by traffic and infrastructure on the route's northern half. On the 231 mi section from Boston's South Station to New York's Penn Station, the fastest scheduled time is 3 hours and 30 minutes, or an average speed of 66 mph. Along this section, Acela has captured a 54% share of the combined train and air market. The entire 457 mi route from Boston to Washington takes between 6 hours, 38 minutes and 6 hours, 50 minutes, at an average speed of around 70 mph.

The present Acela Express equipment will be replaced by new Avelia Liberty trainsets, beginning in 2024. The new trains will have greater passenger capacity and an enhanced active tilt system that will allow higher speed on the many curved sections of the route.

Background
Following the success of Japan's newly inaugurated Shinkansen network, the High Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 authorized the U.S. government to explore the creation of high-speed rail, which resulted in the introduction of the higher-speed Metroliner trains between Washington, D.C., and New York City in 1969, the predecessor to Acela. During the 1980s, the U.S. Federal Railroad Administration explored the possibilities of high-speed rail in the United States. On December 18, 1991, five potential high speed rail corridors were authorized, including the Northeast Corridor.

In the early 1990s, Amtrak tested several different high-speed trains from Europe on the Northeast Corridor. An X 2000 train was leased from Sweden for test runs from October 1992 to January 1993, followed by revenue service between Washington, D.C., and New York City from February to May and August to September 1993. Siemens showed the ICE 1 train from Germany, organizing the ICE Train North America Tour which started to operate on the Northeast Corridor on July 3, 1993.

Building and development
With the testing of the trains from Europe complete, Amtrak was able to define a set of specifications for high-speed equipment and in October 1994, Amtrak requested bids from train manufacturers for a trainset that could reach 150 mph. A consortium of Bombardier (75%) and GEC Alsthom (now Alstom) (25%) was selected in March 1996.

On March 9, 1999, Amtrak unveiled its plan for the Acela Express, a high-speed train on the Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston. Several changes were made to the corridor to make it suitable for higher-speed electric trains. The Northend Electrification Project extended existing electrification from New Haven, Connecticut, to Boston to complete the overhead power supply along the 454 mi route, and several grade crossings were improved or removed. Prior to 2000, all trains bound for Boston had to switch to diesel power at New Haven.

A pilot trainset was completed by early 2000 and sent to Transportation Technology Center (TTC) for testing in June 2000. An inaugural VIP run of the Acela occurred on November 16, 2000, with the VIP train being led by power car number 2020 with no. 2009 at the opposite end, followed by the first revenue run on December 11, 2000, a few months after the intended date.

Impact of the Acela
By 2005, Amtrak's share of the common-carrier market between New York and Boston had reached 40%, from 18% pre-Acela. With the increasing popularity of the faster, modern Acela Express, Metroliner service was phased out in late 2006. To meet the demand, more Acela services were added in September 2005. By August 2008 crowding had become noticeable.

By 2011, the Acela fleet had reached half of its designed service life. Amtrak proposed several replacement options, including one as part of its A Vision for High-Speed Rail in the Northeast Corridor. In 2011, Amtrak announced that forty new Acela coaches would be ordered in 2012 to increase capacity on existing trainsets. The existing trains would have received two more coaches, lengthening the trainsets from a 1-6-1 configuration to 1-8-1 (power car—passenger cars—power car). The longer trainsets would have required the modifications of the Acela maintenance facilities in Boston, New York and Washington. The first of the stretched trainsets was to have entered service in fiscal year 2014. This plan was cancelled in 2012 in favor of replacing, rather than refurbishing, the Acela fleet.

In January 2014, Amtrak issued a request for proposals on 28 or more new model Acela trainsets, in a combined order with the California High-Speed Rail Authority. These bids were due May 17, 2014. After discussions with manufacturers, Amtrak and the California High Speed Rail Authority concluded their needs were too disparate for common rolling stock and decided not to pursue the joint option.

Cost
Amtrak's original contract with the Bombardier-Alstom consortium was for the delivery of 20 trainsets (six coaches each, with power cars at front and rear) for $800 million. By 2004, Amtrak had settled contract disputes with the consortium, paying a total of $1.2 billion for the 20 trainsets plus 15 extra high-speed locomotives and the construction of maintenance facilities in Boston, New York, and Washington.

Branding
Before the introduction of the Acela, there were several classes of trains on the Northeast Corridor: the express Metroliners, the Philadelphia-New York Clockers, Empire Service trains between New York City and Niagara Falls via the Empire Corridor, Keystone Service trains between New York City and to Harrisburg via the Keystone Corridor, and the umbrella term NortheastDirect, applied to other trains on the corridor (in addition to unique names assigned to many departures).

The Acela name was announced on March 9, 1999, as a part of the original announcement of the service itself. The branding team based the name "Acela" on the ideas of acceleration and excellence. At the same time, Amtrak launched what it called the Capstone Program, a short-lived plan to rebrand the NortheastDirect, Keystone Service and Empire Service trains as Acela Regional and the Clocker trains as Acela Commuter.

The Acela Regional name was first applied to NortheastDirect trains 130–133 on January 31, 2000. Those trains were the first electrified trains to run on the full Northeast Corridor between Washington, D.C., and Boston. As more trains were electrified, they too were rebranded.

Following mass rider confusion between the three services, the branding was removed from the lower-speed Acela Regional and Acela Commuter trains in 2003.

On September 23, 2019, Amtrak shortened the name of the service from Acela Express to simply Acela.

At the same time, Amtrak introduced the Acela Nonstop, a direct train from Washington, D.C., to New York's Penn Station. The nonstop service was temporarily suspended as of March 10, 2020, due to low ridership caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.

First-generation trainsets
The first-generation Acela trainset is a unique set of vehicles designed specifically to satisfy governmental rolling stock requirements established primarily by the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA). This includes the ability to withstand a collision with a freight train at speed without collapsing. Most manufacturers that bid on the Acela were unable to meet the structural requirements, due to increased costs and complications for the manufacture of the trains, and the need for manufacturers to make significant engineering changes to their standard designs. In the end, only three qualified bidders remained: ABB (Swedish-Swiss manufacturer of the X 2000 train), Siemens (manufacturer of the German ICE), and a consortium of Bombardier (manufacturer of the LRC trains) and Alstom (manufacturer of the French TGV).

The design, using identical 6,200 hp power cars at each end which operate on voltages of 12 kV, 12.5 kV, and 25 kV AC, and either 25 or 60 Hz frequency, derives several components from the TGV, such as the third-generation TGV's traction system (including the four asynchronous AC motors per power car, rectifiers, inverters, and regenerative braking), the trucks/bogies structure (a long-wheelbase dual transom H frame welded steel with outboard mounted tapered roller bearings), the brake discs (although there are only three per axle, versus four on the TGV), and crash energy management techniques to control structural deformation in the event of an accident.

The tilting carriages are based upon Bombardier's earlier LRC trains used on Via Rail rather than the TGV's non-tilting articulated trailers. Acela power cars and passenger cars are much heavier than those of the TGV in order to meet the FRA's crash standards. French and Canadian crews testing the Acela referred to it as "the pig" due to its weight. The extra weight leads to the Acela power-to-weight ratio being about 22.4 hp per tonne, compared to 30.8 hp for a SNCF TGV Reseau trainset. The Tier II crash standards, adopted in 1999, have also resulted in the passenger cars being designed without steps and trapdoors, which means that the trainsets can only serve lines with high-level platforms such as the Northeast Corridor. Acela trains are semi-permanently coupled (but not articulated as in the TGV) and are referred to as trainsets. Bombardier later used the Acela carriage design and a diesel/gas turbine variant of the power car for its experimental JetTrain.

Second-generation trainsets
On August 26, 2016, then-Vice President Joe Biden announced a $2.45 billion federal loan package to pay for new equipment for the Acela Express service, as well as upgrades to the NEC. The loans will finance 28 Avelia Liberty trainsets that will be built by Alstom in Hornell and Rochester, New York, and will replace the existing fleet of twenty Acela trainsets.

The fleet expansion will allow for hourly New York-Boston service all day and half-hourly New York-Washington service at peak hours. The new trainsets will be longer, have 386 seats compared to 304 on Acela Express (a 27% increase) and will feature active tilt technology that will initially allow service to operate at 160 mph (260 km/h) and would allow for 186 mph service if proposed infrastructure improvements are completed.

The new trains were expected to be phased in between 2021 and 2022, after which the current fleet was to be retired. Trains are now expected to enter passenger service in 2024.

Operating speeds
Although the first-generation Acela Express trainsets were designed with a top speed of 165 mph and the second-generation Avelia Liberty trainsets will be designed to reach 220 mph, the existing infrastructure of the Northeast Corridor significantly limits speeds.

The maximum speed limit on the Northeast Corridor is 150 mph on 49.9 mi of the 457 mi route, in four sections of track in Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New Jersey. The Acela achieves an average speed (including stops) of 90 mph between Washington and New York, and an average speed of 66 mph from New York to Boston. The average speed over the entire route is 70.3 mph.

Speeds are limited by the route the corridor takes through urban areas, and there are several speed restrictions below 60 – over bridges or through tunnels that are over a century old. Altogether, Amtrak has identified 224 bridges along Acela route that are beyond their design life.

South of the Delaware River, the Acela 's top speed is 135 mph. One limiting factor is the overhead catenary support system which was constructed before 1935 and lacks the constant-tension features of the new catenary east of New Haven. The Pennsylvania Railroad ran Metroliner test trains in the late 1960s as fast as 164 mph and briefly intended to run the Metroliner service at speeds reaching 150 mph. Certification testing for commercial operation at 160 mph involving test runs at up to 165 mph began between Trenton and New Brunswick in September 2012. Passenger operation at 150 mph began in this region in late May 2022.

The fastest schedule between New York and Washington, DC was 2 hours, 45 minutes in 2012. $450 million was allotted by President Barack Obama's administration to replace catenary and upgrade signals between Trenton and New Brunswick, which will allow speeds of 160 mph over a 23 mi stretch. The improvements were scheduled to be completed in 2016, but have been delayed; the project was partially completed in late May 2022, with the remainder projected in 2024. This section of track holds the record for the highest speed by a train in the US, which is 170.8 mph, achieved in a test run by the U.S./Canada-built UAC TurboTrain on December 20, 1967.

North of New York City, Amtrak upgraded the track along the Connecticut shoreline east of New Haven to allow maximum speeds in excess of 110 mph, in preparation for the Acela launch. Although this area contains the fastest current operating speeds (150 mph), it also has the slowest section of the NEC: between New Rochelle, New York, and New Haven, Connecticut. This section is owned by Metro-North Railroad and the Connecticut Department of Transportation and is heavily used by commuter trains which limit the speed of the Acela. Amtrak's trains achieve 90 mph only on a limited 4 mi stretch in New York State and rarely exceed 60 mph at any time eastbound through Connecticut until reaching New Haven. In 1992, ConnDOT began plans to upgrade the catenary system and replace outdated bridges on the New Haven Line to enable the Acela to run slightly faster. the catenary replacement and bridge work were under way and expected to be completed by mid-2018.

On July 9, 2007, Amtrak introduced a limited-stop round trip, with trains stopping only at Philadelphia between New York and Washington. This shortened the trip between the two cities to 2 hours 35 minutes, making the trip roughly an hour faster than some of the Northeast Regional train services. These trains were an experiment to find ways to expedite travel time on the Acela; Amtrak has since dropped them.

High speed infrastructure
The dense population of the northeastern United States makes the Northeast Corridor the most heavily traveled portion of the American passenger rail system. Two-thirds of rail passengers in the United States live in or near New York City, also home to the nation's busiest passenger rail station, Penn Station. In order to compete with airliners, Amtrak needed to increase the speed of trains in the region. The former Shore Line from New Haven to Boston is burdened by sharp turns and grade crossings, the crossings being of special concern.

Tilting enables passengers to ride more comfortably on curved sections of track faster than would otherwise be possible, by leaning into the bend. Acela trainsets use active tilting above 60 mph on most of the system, but some segments of track in the Northeast Corridor are too close together for the cars to safely tilt while maintaining FRA minimum space between trains on parallel tracks. Metro-North Railroad restricts tilting on the segment of track north of New York which it owns. The system was originally designed for a 6.8° tilt, but the cars were redesigned 4 in wider to accommodate wider seats and aisles that reduced allowable tilt to 4.2° to fit within the clearance constraints of the existing tracks. Traveling at higher than 135 mph also requires constant-tension catenary, which is only implemented on the more modern catenary system north of New York City. South of New York City, the trains are restricted to 135 mph. By comparison, the Northeast Regional and the now-defunct Metroliner service reached 125 mph.

Acela service was originally expected to begin in late 1999 but was delayed. The catenary system could not support the intended speeds between Washington DC and New York City, but the newer system between New York City and Boston allows the higher speeds. Attention was drawn to the decreased 4.2° tilt, but this was not the root of the speed problem, as the tracks from New York to Boston are similar to those between New York and Washington, and the tilt mechanism is not the factor enabling higher speeds. Following repairs, the first Acela service began on December 11, 2000, a year behind schedule.

Acela travels between Boston and New York in about three and a half hours (an improvement of half an hour); New York to Washington runs take a minimum of two hours and forty-five minutes. These schedules, as well as the relative convenience of direct downtown-to-downtown rail service as opposed to air travel, especially after the September 11 attacks, have made the Acela Express more competitive with the air shuttles. Due to this competition, Southwest Airlines canceled service between Washington and New York.

Platform track speeds
Due to the high speed at which Acela trains bypass platforms of local stations, concerns have mounted in some communities over inadequate warnings and safeguards for passengers waiting for other trains, including that the two-foot wide yellow platform markings may not keep people at a safe distance. At Kingston station in Rhode Island and Mansfield station in Massachusetts, Acela trains pass by at 150 mph. Suggestions include platform safety barriers, or use of different announcements for approaching Acela trains versus slower ones.

Outages
In August 2002, shortly after their introduction, Acela trainsets were briefly removed from service when the brackets that connected truck (bogie) dampers (shocks) to the powerunit carbodies ("yaw dampers") were found to be cracking. The Acela returned to service when a program of frequent inspections was instituted. The damper brackets have since been redesigned and old brackets replaced by the newer design.

On April 15, 2005, the Acela was removed from service when cracks were found in the disc brakes of many passenger coaches. The Bombardier-Alstom consortium replaced the discs under warranty. Limited service resumed in July 2005, as a portion of the fleet operated with new brake discs. Metroliner trains, which the Acela Express was intended to replace, filled in during the outage. Amtrak announced on September 21, 2005, that all 20 trainsets had been returned to full operation.

In October 2012, Acela service was cancelled immediately before, during, and after Hurricane Sandy, which damaged the North River Tunnels causing lasting delays and reliability problems.

In March 2020, all Acela trips were suspended as part of a round of service reduction in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Amtrak resumed Acela service on June 1, 2020.

Composition
The production sets are formed as follows:

The Acela Express trainset consists of two power cars, a Café car, a First Class car, and four Business Class cars, semi-permanently coupled together. It has fewer seats than its regional service counterparts. The First Class car has 44 seats, being three seats across (one on one side, two on the other side), four-seat tables and assigned seating. There are 260 Business Class seats on each trainset; these cars have four seats across (two on each side), four-seat tables, and assigned seating. Baggage may be stowed in overhead compartments or underneath seats. Trains are wheelchair-accessible. Each car has one or two toilets, with one being ADA compliant.

The Business Class car adjacent to First Class is designated as a quiet car, where passengers are asked to refrain from loud talking and phone conversations. Automatic sliding doors between cars reduce noise.

Operations and staffing
Acela offers two classes of seating, Business Class and First Class. Unlike most other Amtrak trains, Business Class is the de facto standard class on Acela trains; there is no coach service.

Acela maintenance is generally taken care of at the Ivy City facility in Washington, DC; Sunnyside Yard in Queens, New York; or Southampton Street Yard in Boston.

The Acela trainsets underwent minor refurbishments between mid-2009 and 2010 at Penn Coach Yard, next to 30th Street Station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. These refurbishments included new blue leather seats throughout the trainset.

In May 2018, Amtrak announced a 14-month program to refresh the interiors of the Acela trainsets, including new seat cushions and covers, new aisle carpeting, and a deep clean. This refurbishment program has been completed as of June 2019.

Wi-Fi service
Wireless Internet station service began in 2004. In 2010, with services provided by The GBS Group, all Acela trains began offering "AmtrakConnect" supporting IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n, 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz and standard VPN connections. In 2016, Amtrak upgraded to a faster wifi service.

Staffing
Generally, Amtrak train crews consist of an engineer, a conductor, and at least one assistant conductor. Acela trains also have an On-Board Service crew consisting of two First Class attendants and a Café Car attendant. In addition to the food service provided in the Café Car, on most trains an attendant will also provide at-seat cart service, serving refreshments throughout the train. First Class passengers are served meals at their seats on all services.

Notable incidents

 * During the Northeast blackout of 2003, a northbound Acela Express train was stuck on the Hell Gate Bridge for over nine hours, until a rescue engine from Sunnyside Yard was able to tow the train back to New York's Penn Station.
 * The first Acela grade crossing accident occurred on September 27, 2005, when a car rolled under closed crossing gate arms in Waterford, Connecticut, and was struck by a train traveling at 70 mph, killing three automobile passengers. None of the 130 Acela passengers were injured. The gates were found to have been functioning properly, but the incident drew much criticism regarding the eleven remaining grade crossings along Amtrak's busy Northeast Corridor.
 * On March 24, 2017, an Acela Express train derailed at low speed in New York's Penn Station, during morning rush hour. All 248 passengers were safely evacuated. The derailment was caused by a defective section of track, of which Amtrak was aware, but had not yet fixed.
 * On February 6, 2018, Acela Express train No. 2150 split apart between the first and second cars in the trainset, at 124 mph, near Havre de Grace, Maryland. There were no injuries of the crew nor the 52 passengers on board, who were transferred to Northeast Regional train No. 180.

Station stops
A limited number of Acela trains previously stopped at New Rochelle, New York; New London, Connecticut; and Trenton, New Jersey; service was eliminated in 2021, 2022 and 2023, respectively.

title: Acela


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Chapaize

Chapaize is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France.

Sights
It features a Romanesque church built in the 11th century, in lombard style, surrounded by stone-built houses with the typical covered galleries of this region with a 16th-century watch tower. In the hamlet of Lancharre, there is a church of the 12th century, remains of a canonnesse's monastery.

Around Chapaize lie a large state and communal forest and two ponds. In the 4 hamlets of Chapaize (Bessuge, Gemaugue, Lancharre and Chapaize), there are several laundrettes which were still used at the beginning of the 1950s.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Chapaize


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Tsugi Takano

Tsugi Takano (鷹野 つぎ) was a female novelist from Hamamatsu in Shizuoka prefecture, Japan. She was born in 1890 as the second daughter of a local merchant. In 1904, she entered Hamamatsu Women's High School and in 1907 she entered Shizuoko Women's High School. However, she was forced to withdraw because of an eye disease. In 1909, at the age of 19, she married newspaper reporter Yasaburō Takano despite the objections of those around her. She moved with her husband to Toyohashi, Fukushima, and Tokyo. In the midst of her husband's long unemployment, six of eight of her children succumbed to ill health. She herself fought a long battle with tuberculosis to which she succumbed to in 1943 at the age of 52.

From her time at Hamamatsu Woman's High School developed a deepening interest in the writings of female literary circles. In 1922 she published her first novel, Allotment of Sorrow (悲しき配分). Later, while on her sickbed, she wrote a novel with 11 volumes. Her works urged the calm self-discovery and self-reformation of woman.

There is a stone monument dedicated to Takano at Hamamatsu Municipal High School (the original Hamamatsu Woman's High). Inscribed on the monument is one of her poems where she writes about thinking of her home town.

Works
Her works include:
 * Kusa-yabu (草藪) "A grassy hedge"
 * Mado (窓) "Window"
 * Toki (時) "Time"
 * Mushi-hoshi (虫干し) "Drying Insects"

See also: Japanese literature, List of Japanese authors

title: Tsugi Takano


text:
Takashi Nagatsuka

Takashi Nagatsuka (長塚 節) was a Japanese poet and novelist. According to prominent historian Ann Waswo, Nagatsuka Takashi was born into a landowning family.

Generally, he was born in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. More specifically, his place of birth was 国生村 (Kosshō Village) in 石下町 (Ishige Town), which was merged in 2006 with 水海道市 (Mitsukaido City) to form modern day 常総市 (Joso City).

In 1896, poor health forced him to stop his middle-school education in Mito. In accordance with his duties as eldest son, he assisted his mother Taka in managing their six acres of arable land. He started experimenting in 1905 with different fertilizers, crop-rotation, charcoal-production, and commercial-grade bamboo-production. These are just some of his attempts to save the family's finances from the political career of his father Genjiro (who was elected during the late 1880s to the prefectural assembly), since he tended to absorb other people's debts.

In Tokyo, he studied poetry with Masaoka Shiki starting 1900 until 1902, the same year Shiki died of tuberculosis.

His only novel 土 ("Tsuchi"; "The Soil") was published in 151-installment series from June–November of1910 in the 東京朝日新聞 (Tokyo Asahi Shimbun; Tokyo Morning-Sun Newspaper), which eventually became today's 朝日新聞 (Asahi Shimbun ; Morning-Sun Newspaper) after a merger with the 大阪朝日新聞 (Osaka Asahi Shimbun; Osaka Morning-Sun Newspaper). Two years after its newspaper serialization, 土 was published as a complete work in book form in 1912. The novel depicts life in rural Japan and in Kossho Village. The characters are based on actual people although their names are altered. The novel's copyright expired in the mid-1960s.

He died of laryngeal tuberculosis on February 8, 1915.

Major works

 * しらくちの花 Shirakuchi no hana
 * 炭焼のむすめ Sumiyaki no musume
 * 太十と其犬 Tajuu to sono inu
 * 長塚節歌集 Nagatsuka Takashi Kashu, tanka collection
 * 隣室の客 Rinshitsu no kyaku
 * 土 Tsuchi
 * The Soil, translated by Ann Waswo, University of California Press, 1989, ISBN 9780520083721

title: Takashi Nagatsuka


text:
Atsushi Nakajima

Atsushi Nakajima (中島 敦) was a Japanese author known for his unique style and self-introspective themes. His major works include "The Moon Over the Mountain" and "Light, Wind and Dreams" with the former being published in many Japanese textbooks.

During his life he wrote about 20 works, including unfinished works, typically inspired by Classical Chinese stories and his own life experiences.

Early life
Atsushi Nakajima was born in Yotsuya ward, Tokyo on 5 May 1909, into a family of Confucian scholars with his father, grandfather and three uncles being scholars themselves. Nakajima's childhood is filled with turbulent times with his parents divorcing two years into their marriage and less than one year since Nakajima was born. The infant Nakajima was then sent to Saitama Prefecture to be raised by his grandparents. Unfortunately one year after he was sent to his grandparents, his grandfather died.

In February 1914, he was sent to his father who at this point had remarried. His father worked a teaching job and often transferred to many different locations. In 1918 he moved to Seoul and later on in 1920 he also moved to Manchuria for his father's teaching job. Because of this teaching job, the young Nakajima often transferred schools which led to a feeling of isolation. Despite his frequent transfers however, Nakajima was known for being an intelligent student who consistently received good grades.

His family life was equally rough as he was not very close to his father and his stepmother abused him. He also remained as an only child until 1914, where his step-mother gave birth to his half-sister, unfortunately his step-mother died during childbirth. His father then married for the third time in 1924 but his new stepmother was also abusive. Through his childhood, Nakajima had poor health. He developed asthma at the age of 17 which continued for the rest of his life.

Despite his family's deep roots in Chinese studies and Nakajima's knowledge on the topic, he decided to enroll into the University of Tokyo where he studied Japanese literature. He wrote his graduation thesis on the topic of Aestheticism. The thesis, titled "The Study of Aestheticism" traces the influences of modern Japanese literature to Edgar Allan Poe, Oscar Wilde and Charles Baudelaire. The thesis then also proceeds to analyze the works of Tanizaki Jun'ichirō, Mori Ōgai, Ueda Bin and Nagai Kafū. After graduating, he married Taka Hashimoto. The couple had three children: Takeshi, Masako (died three days after birth), and Kaku.

Literary career
His literary career started very early into his life. After graduating from his school in Seoul, he joined the Tokyo First Higher School's (第一高等学校) literary program where he began writing fiction. In 1927 he began publishing in the school's literary magazine and by 1929 he became a member of the editorial staff. During this period he began showing his signature style of setting his stories in exotic locations such as China or Korea along with recurring themes of self-doubt, questions on the meaning of life, isolation, fate and the nature of human existence. Some of his later works also display a sense of irony and satire.

Despite his skills as an author, Nakajima barely published any of his works to literary magazines due to him having high literary standards and Nakajima lacking the confidence to publish in these journals.

The Moon Over the Mountain
One of Nakajima's most well-known literary works is The Moon Over the Mountain (山月記) sometimes also known as Tiger Poet (人虎伝). The story is derived from a story from the Tang dynasty period. The story was first published in the February 1942 issue of Bungakukai.

The Moon Over the Mountain tells the story of Yuan Can who recently had heard about a man-eating tiger roaming around his area. One day he encountered the tiger and the tiger started speaking to him. Yuan Can discovered that the tiger was his friend named Li Zheng (李徴), Li Zheng was smart and could qualify as a government official but his true ambition was to be a poet. Unfortunately, he failed and started working as a government official. While traveling for official business one day, Li Zheng claims that he went insane and transformed into a tiger. Li Zheng claims that this was because of the "cowardly pride" and "arrogant shame" he harbored within him which caused him to transform into the tiger. Li Zheng laments that as a tiger he could no longer become a famous poet, the two then parted ways.

Teaching Job
In 1933, he accepted a teaching position at Yokohama Girls' Higher School. During his time in the School, Nakajima was exposed to more of western literature, such as the works of Blaise Pascal, Anatole France and Robert Louis Stevenson. During this time he translated works by D. H. Lawrence, Aldous Huxley and Franz Kafka into Japanese, while continuing to write fiction.

Micronesia and Palau
In 1941, he resigned from his teaching job and joined the Japanese government working as an editor for a Japanese language textbook set to be published in Palau. He believed that the warmer climate in Palau would cure his asthma. Nakajima's choice to visit the southern seas may have been influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson's Vailima Letters, which described Stevenson's stay in Samoa. After some time in Palau, he took a boat to Micronesia on 15 September 1941 for the purpose of inspecting the schools in the region. He returned to Palau in 5 November 1941. During this part of his life, Nakajima kept a diary and recorded topics such as the native culture and practices.

In letters he wrote, Nakajima disagrees with the Japanese exploitation of the island natives. He wished that he could do more for the people of Palau and Micronesia other than teaching them. He wrote that he had not experienced any asthma attacks, but instead felt lethargic due to the tropical heat. The food in Micronesia supplied by the Japanese were also lacking. Because of this, he wished to quit his job as soon as possible. By the end of 1941, Nakajima had requested a transfer and returned to Japan in March 1942.

Final years
In 1942, Nakajima contracted pneumonia after returning from Palau. While bedridden for two months, he published "Light, Wind and Dreams," a fictionalized biography of Robert Louis Stevenson. The story was critically acclaimed, even becoming a finalist for the Akutagawa Prize.

At this point he resigned from his job at the South Seas Agency and fully devoted himself to being a writer. However, this did not last long. His health greatly declined due to the asthma medication he had taken. He was immediately hospitalized. When he was hospitalized, no one expected him to die. His father, expecting his stay to be short, did not visit him in the hospital. After a night of asthma attacks, Nakajima died on the morning of 4 December 1942.

In popular culture
A character based on Atsushi Nakajima is featured in the manga series Bungo Stray Dogs, where major literary figures from Japan and across the world are presented as teenagers and young adults. In the series, Nakajima works for the Armed Detective Agency and has a supernatural ability named after his short story "The Moon Over the Mountain" which allows him to transform into a tiger.

Nakajima also appears in the online game Bungo and Alchemist, an online collectible card game with characters based on literary figures.

English Translations

 * Legend of the Master (名人伝), translated by Reiko Seri and Doc Kane. Kobe, Japan, Maplopo, 2020

title: Atsushi Nakajima


text:
Mokutaro Kinoshita

Mokutarō Kinoshita (木下 杢太郎) was the pen-name of a Japanese author, dramaturge, poet, art historian and literary critic, as well as a licensed doctor specializing in dermatology during Taishō and early Shōwa period Japan. His other pen names included Horikason (堀花村), Chikaisshakusei (地下一尺生), Sounan (葱南) and others. As professor of dermatology and a noted leprosy researcher, he served at four universities (South Manchuria Medical College, Aichi Medical College, Tohoku Imperial University, Tokyo Imperial University).

Biography
Kinoshita was born in what is now part of Itō, Shizuoka as Masao Ōta (太田正雄). He moved to Tokyo at the age of 13 to pursue studies in German, during which time he was exposed to German literature and history. In 1906 entered the Medical School of Tokyo Imperial University to pursue a medical career and to translate literary works and to cultivate contacts in the literary world. In 1907, he met Tekkan Yosano and was invited to become a member of the Myōjō literary circle, to which he contributed translations and original works. In 1908 he was one of the founding members of the Pan-no-kai (パンの会) literary circle, through which he became acquainted with Kafū Nagai, Rokuzan Ogiwara, Kaoru Osanai, Kōtarō Takamura, Jun'ichirō Tanizaki, Bin Ueda and other noted figures in the Japanese literary and artistic world. In 1909, he assisted Takuboku Ishikawa in the production of the literary magazine Subaru.

Bin Ueda introduced Kinoshita to Mori Ōgai, who suggested that he should concentrate on literature, as his reputation was becoming widespread, but that if he should continue to pursue medicine, he should specialize in dermatology. Kinoshita chose both and studied under the respected Keizo Dohi, the first professor of dermatology at Tokyo Imperial University, where he became interested in research on leprosy. He used the pen-name of Kinoshita for writing and his real name of Ota for his medical career. One of his main topics of interest was the history of Japanese Christianity in the 16th century. He wrote a play titled Christian Story (切支丹物) which depicted the Kirishitan in feudal Japan.

In 1916, at age 31, he was named professor of dermatology at South Manchuria Medical University and earned his Ph.D. based on the culture of Malassetia furfur. In 1920 he left Tokyo Imperial University to study mycology at the Sorbonne and Hôpital Saint-Louis and at the University of Lyon in France. He remained in France until 1924 and became fluent in French. He became known for the “Classification of Ota and Langeron”, based on morphology. His observations were very exact and, according to Hideyo Yamaguchi, this classification closely resembled the classification based on genes. In 1924, he was named Professor of Dermatology at Aichi Medical University. In 1926, he went to Tohoku Imperial University.

He attended an international leprosy meeting in Bangkok which revived his interest in the condition. Knowing that Kensuke Mitsuda had studied and described the “Mitsuda reaction” (Lepromin reaction), he lobbied for the publication of an international journal. Finally Hayashi Fumio wrote the first article on the Mitsuda reaction in its first issue. He opposed the prevalent practice in Japan of segregating leprosy patients into sanatoriums. In 1937, he returned to Tokyo Imperial University. His interest in leprosy increased and he performed experimental works intended for the inoculation of leprosy which failed. In 1938 he first presented the case which was later named Nevus of Ota in 1939. The Nevus of Ota is a birthmark, mostly seen in Mongoloid people. In 1941, he was awarded the Legion of Honour from the Vichy French government for his work on leprosy in French Indochina. In 1944, he participated in medical conferences held in Shanghai and Nanjing.

In October 1945, he died of gastric cancer. His grave is in Tama Cemetery. The house where he was born is preserved as the Kinoshita Mokutaro Memorial House.

Major works

 * The Death of Youth (少年の死 Shonen no shi, 1915)
 * Sukanpo (すかんぽ, 1945)
 * On The Front of Christian Church (南蛮寺門前 Nanban ji monzen, 1909)
 * Memories of Gathering of Pan (パンの会の回想 Pan no kai no kaiso, 1926)
 * Binding (本の装釘 Hon no sotei, 1942)

title: Mokutaro Kinoshita


text:
Nankichi Niimi

Nankichi Niimi (新美 南吉) was a Japanese author, sometimes known as the Hans Christian Andersen of Japan.

Niimi was born Shōhachi Watanabe (渡邊 正八) in Yanabe, in the city of Handa, Aichi prefecture, on July 30, 1913. He lost his mother when he was four years old. His literary skill was noticeable at an early age. During his elementary school graduation ceremony, he presented a haiku that impressed most people at the ceremony.

 * The Dandelion
 * So Many Days Trampled
 * Today’s Flower

At age 18, Niimi moved to Tokyo to enter the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. He fell sick with tuberculosis while in Tokyo shortly after graduating, and returned to his hometown. He worked there, first as an elementary school teacher, then as a women's high school teacher. He died at age 29.

Although not prolific, he shows great talent in all of his writings. His works are known for their accuracy and lively depictions of humans. He is also often compared to Kenji Miyazawa. There is a Niimi Nankichi Memorial Museum in his birthplace, Handa.

Works

(Some are given only with the Japanese title)
 * Gon, the Little Fox (Japanese: ごんぎつね): This is his most famous work, which he wrote when he was only seventeen years old. This story of an orphaned fox that dies young somewhat parallels his own life.
 * Buying Mittens (Japanese: 手袋を買いに): This is another famous work of his.
 * Grandfather’s Lamp (Japanese: おぢいさんのランプ), published 1942
 * Hananoki Village and the Thieves (Japanese: 花のき村と盗人たち)
 * A Tale of Ryôkan: a Ball and a Child at a Basin, published 1941
 * Ushi wo tsunaida tsubaki no ki (Temporary Translation: A camellia tree to which a cow was tethered)
 * Lie (Japanese: うそ)

title: Nankichi Niimi


text:
Talk:Case-based reasoning

Untitled
This entry is incorrect. Not just a bit off, but completely so. CBR was around years before Alice (in 1988, 3 years before Alice, Jaime Carbonell had a paper on it). Any objections to deleting this entry until someone can properly research it?

Zippy 23:32 Feb 24, 2003 (UTC)

I just found that there's already a much better entry for "Case based reasoning" - redirecting this entry to that one.

Zippy 04:18 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

Hi, Can u tell me then what is this mean?

http://pandorabots.com/pandora/talk?botid=c96f911b3e35f9e1

What do u think about it? Is there somebody online at the other end? Or is it an example of "Case-based reasoning" ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

 * Neither. It's a simple "bot" that can respond to a small number of pre-programmed questions. It's nothing complex like CBR. 86.174.124.26 (talk) 16:48, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

Should relate this subject to Instance-based learning and vice versa.

Hestad (talk) 21:08, 6 December 2009 (UTC)

Copyvio?
I recognise the example about Fred and his blueberry pancake recipe. Isn't it from Kolodner? Has it been sufficiently (or at all) rephrased? 86.174.124.26 (talk) 16:48, 4 June 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20030402185429/http://www.nupedia.com:80/article/465/ to http://www.nupedia.com/article/465/

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Definition of term is too unclear
I am deeply dissatisfied with this article because it doesn't define "case-based reasoning" precisely enough to distinguish it from other data-based artificial intelligence techniques in general. If someone could write the precise distinguishing characteristics of "case-based reasoning" I would appreciate it a lot. (I also want to write Textual case-based reasoning, so I'll need some background). Duckmather (talk) 18:42, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

Diagrams in french?
The diagrams that this article presents appear to be labelled in french, meaning that they are not very useful for presumably most users of the english wikipedia. Are there alternatives of the appropriate language? MinimumViablePerson (talk) 02:29, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Case-based reasoning


text:
Seo

Seo or SEO may refer to:

 * Search engine optimization, the process of improving the visibility of a website or a web page in search engines

Organisations

 * SEO Economic Research, a scientific institute
 * Spanish Ornithological Society (Sociedad Española de Ornitología)

People

 * Seo (surname), a Korean and Japanese family name
 * SEO (artist), Seo Soo-kyoung (born 1977) Korean painter in Berlin

Places

 * Séguéla Airport (IATA code), Ivory Coast
 * Serving Every Ohioan Library Center in Caldwell, Ohio, United States
 * Västra Götaland County (ISO 3166 code: SE-O), a county in Sweden
 * Seo, Kohistan, an administrative unit in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
 * Seo (瀬尾村), a former village that was merged into Imaichi, Tochigi, now itself also merged into Nikkō, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan

Other uses

 * Can Seo, a television series
 * Seasoned equity offering, a new equity issue by a company after its initial public offering
 * Security Engineering Officer
 * Senior Executive Officer, a grade within the United Kingdom's Civil Service
 * Socio-Economic Objective, an Australian Standard Research Classification from the Australian Bureau of Statistics
 * State electoral office
 * Site enhancement oil, an oil used by bodybuilders to increase the apparent size of some muscles

title: Seo


text:
User talk:Sherwoodseo

hi

Hello! Welcome to the 'pedia. :) Hephaestos

There is another Lotus (car) article already. Don't you hate it when that happens :-) Aldie 01:00 Feb 25, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sherwoodseo


text:
User:Sherwoodseo

Name: Sherwood Stranieri

Occupation: Search Engine Marketing Manager Catalyst On-line; Brookline MA

title: User:Sherwoodseo


text:
Univalent

Univalent may refer to:

 * Univalent function – an injective holomorphic function on an open subset of the complex plane
 * Univalent foundations – a type-based approach to foundation of mathematics
 * Univalent relation – a binary relation R that satisfies $$xRy \text{ and } xRz \text{ implies } y = z.$$
 * Valence (chemistry) – 1-valent.

title: Univalent


text:
User:Anonymous56789

I switched to the username LittleDan

title: User:Anonymous56789


text:
Martin Hannett

James Martin Hannett (31 May 1948 – 18 April 1991) was a British record producer, musician and an original partner/director at Tony Wilson's Factory Records. Hannett produced music by artists including Joy Division, the Durutti Column, A Certain Ratio, Magazine, John Cooper Clarke, New Order, Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark and Happy Mondays. His distinctive production style embraced atmospheric sounds and electronics.

Early life
Born in Manchester, England, Hannett was raised in a working class, Catholic family in Miles Platting, Manchester; he attended Corpus Christi school and Xaverian College in Rusholme. In 1967, he went to the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST), where he earned a degree in chemistry but chose not to pursue the profession.

Career
Hannett's uncle was a bass player and gave his nephew a bass guitar when he was 14. Hannett played bass with Spider Mike King and as member in a band called Paradox, in 1973, alongside Paul Young, later of Sad Café and Mike + The Mechanics.

Hannett's production work began with the soundtrack for the animated film All Kinds of Heroes, written by future collaborator Steve Hopkins. By this time, he also began to mix live sound at pub gigs. Other early production works included Greasy Bear, Belt & Braces Road Show Band's eponymous album in 1975 and five songs from Pete Farrow's repertoire recorded at Pennine Studios, Oldham, later included on the compilation album Who Says There's No Beach in Stockport.

Hannett attracted more musical attention in 1977, when, as Martin Zero, he produced the first independent punk record, Buzzcocks' Spiral Scratch EP. Under the same moniker he produced early records by punk poet John Cooper Clarke, whose Salford monotone was complemented by drum machines, simple synthesiser motifs and Hannett's bass playing. Jilted John's eponymous debut single was Hannett's first hit single as a producer.

Soon after, Hannett became closely associated with Joy Division. His production of their albums and singles incorporated looping technology to treat musical notes with an array of filters, echoes and delays. Hannett had a collection of BBD echo devices which he called his "bluetop echo and delay boxes". The Cargo Recording Studios in Rochdale were used for the recording of the Joy Division songs "Digital", "Glass", "Atmosphere", "Dead Souls" and "Ice Age". Hannett's unorthodox production methods resulted in drum sounds mixed with synthesisers that were complex and highly distinctive. According to Hannett: "There was a lot of space in [Joy Division's] sound. They were a gift to a producer, because they didn't have a clue. They didn't argue. A Factory Sample was the first thing I did with them. I think I'd had the new AMS delay line for about two weeks. It was called 'Digital'. It was heaven sent." He went on to produce all of Joy Division's studio recorded output, including their two albums Unknown Pleasures and Closer and single "Love Will Tear Us Apart", which became a hit following the suicide of lead singer Ian Curtis.

Hannett produced U2's first international single, "11 O'Clock Tick Tock", which was released in May 1980. He was set to produce their debut album, Boy, but after the suicide of Curtis, Hannett was too distraught to work and backed out. A rift developed with Factory, leading Hannett to sue the label in 1982 over various financial matters. The dispute was eventually settled out of court, and the lawsuit is listed as part of the Factory Records catalogue as FAC61. When Hannett returned to produce Happy Mondays he worked as a freelance producer, and was not reinstated as a Factory director.

Personal life and death

After leaving Factory, Hannett's career declined due to his heavy use of alcohol and drugs, especially heroin. He later married his new partner Wendy. Hannett died on 18 April 1991 at the age of 42 in Manchester, as a result of heart failure. He was survived by his wife, son James and stepdaughter Tania. His headstone at Southern Cemetery, Manchester pays him tribute as the creator of "The Manchester Sound".

Legacy
Several weeks after his death, Factory Records released the compilation album Martin: The Work of Martin Hannett (FACT325) as a tribute, collecting his work as a producer.

In 2007, Colin Sharp published Who Killed Martin Hannett?, a memoir based on extensive interviews with Hannett's friends and collaborators. Sharp had previously been a member of The Durutti Column and was friends with Hannett during his time in the Manchester scene.

Hannett was portrayed by Andy Serkis in the 2002 film 24 Hour Party People, a fictionalised depiction of Tony Wilson's career as the co-founder of Factory Records and The Haçienda nightclub. In the DVD commentary for the film, Wilson notes a review that described Hannett as Serkis' "strangest role" and points out that the actor is best known for his portrayal of Gollum in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy. Wilson concludes that the reviewer's implication is correct, that indeed, Hannett was far stranger than the Lord of the Rings character. Hannett was portrayed by Ben Naylor in Anton Corbijn's film 2007 Control, a biopic of Ian Curtis.

A film documentary about Hannett's life was released on DVD on the 23rd anniversary of his death on 10 April 2014. A book was released the same day, Martin Hannett – Pleasures of the Unknown by Chris Hewitt. Another book by Hewitt, Martin Hannett, His Equipment and Strawberry Studios, was published on 26 January 2016 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Strawberry Recording Studios, where Hannett recorded with Joy Division.

Albums produced

 * Belt & Braces Road Show Band – Belt & Braces Road Show Band LP 1975 private pressing – rare- tracks issued on Hannett Maverick Producer compilation CD
 * Pete Farrow, Who Says There's No Beach in Stockport? recorded 1977 issued 2001 on CD by Ozit Morpheus and on Maverick Producer Hannett compilation CD
 * John Cooper Clarke – Disguise in Love 1978
 * Jilted John – True Love Stories 1978
 * The Durutti Column – The Return of the Durutti Column 1979
 * Joy Division – Unknown Pleasures 1979
 * Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls – Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls 1979
 * Basement 5 – 1965–1980 and In Dub 1980
 * John Cooper Clarke – Snap, Crackle & Bop 1980
 * Joy Division – Closer 1980
 * Magazine – The Correct Use of Soap 1980
 * The Psychedelic Furs – The Psychedelic Furs 1980 (songs "Susan's Strange" and "Soap Commercial")
 * Various Artists – A Factory Quartet 1980 – Three tracks by The Durutti Column and six by The Royal Family and the Poor. The double album on Factory Records also featured a side each from Kevin Hewick and Blurt
 * A Certain Ratio – To Each... 1981
 * Joy Division – Still 1981
 * Magazine – Magic, Murder and the Weather (1981) – mixed
 * New Order – Movement 1981
 * Section 25 – Always Now (1981)
 * John Cooper Clarke – Zip Style Method (1982)
 * The Names – Swimming (1982)
 * Orchestre Rouge – Yellow Laughter 1982
 * Armande Altaï – Nocturne Flamboyant (1983)
 * Blue in Heaven – All the Gods Men (1985)
 * The Stone Roses – The Martin Hannett album (1985) (Finally released as Garage Flower, coupled with the single "So Young" in 1996)
 * Walk the Walk – Walk the Walk (1987)
 * Happy Mondays – Bummed (1988)
 * The High – Somewhere Soon (1990)
 * Joy Division – Martin Hannett's Personal Mixes (2007)
 * Joy Division – In the Studio with Martin Hannett (2008)
 * Johnny and the Cold Demons – Walk the Walk (2014)

Singles and EPs produced
INXS Simple Simon
 * Buzzcocks, Spiral Scratch 1976 as Martin Zero
 * Slaughter and the Dogs, "Cranked Up Really High" 1977 as Martin Zero
 * Jilted John, "Jilted John" 1978
 * Joy Division, "Transmission" 1979
 * Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, "Almost" 1979 as Martin Zero
 * A Certain Ratio, "Flight" 1979/1980
 * A Certain Ratio, Do the Du EP 1980
 * Kevin Hewick, "Haystack" 1980
 * 1981
 * Joy Division, "Love Will Tear Us Apart" 1980
 * Buzzcocks, Are Everything, Strange Thing 1980
 * U2, "11 O'Clock Tick Tock" 1980
 * Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls, "Mr X" 1980
 * Pauline Murray and the Invisible Girls, "Searching for Heaven" 1981
 * Crispy Ambulance, "Live on a Hot August Night" 1981
 * ESG, ESG
 * Kissing the Pink, "Don't Hide in the Shadows" 1981
 * New Order, "Ceremony" 1981
 * New Order, "Everything's Gone Green" 1981
 * New Order, "Procession" 1981
 * Minny Pops, "Dolphin's Spurt" 1981
 * Tunnelvision, "Watching the Hydroplanes" 1981
 * Stockholm Monsters, "Fairy Tales" 1981
 * The Names, "Nightshift" 1980
 * The Names, "Calcutta" 1981
 * The Names, "The Astronaut" 1982
 * Blue in Heaven, "Across My Heart" (version) 1984
 * The Stone Roses, "So Young"/"Tell Me" 1985
 * Kit, "Overshadowing Me" 1990
 * Kitchens of Distinction, "Quick as Rainbows" 1990
 * New Fast Automatic Daffodils, "Get Better" 1991
 * World of Twist, "She's a Rainbow" 1991
 * Wasted Youth, "Rebecca's Room" 1981
 * Chris Sievey, "Camouflage" 1983

Compilations

 * Martin: The Work of Martin Hannett (Factory Records, 1991)
 * And Here is the Young Man (Debutante, 1998)
 * Zero: A Martin Hannett Story 1977–1991' (Big Beat, 2006)
 * Martin Hannett: Maverick Producer, Genius and Musician (Ozit Morpheus Records Sept 2011)

title: Martin Hannett