text:
Echo sounding

Echo sounding or depth sounding is the use of sonar for ranging, normally to determine the depth of water (bathymetry). It involves transmitting acoustic waves into water and recording the time interval between emission and return of a pulse; the resulting time of flight, along with knowledge of the speed of sound in water, allows determining the distance between sonar and target. This information is then typically used for navigation purposes or in order to obtain depths for charting purposes.

Echo sounding can also be used for ranging to other targets, such as fish schools. Hydroacoustic assessments have traditionally employed mobile surveys from boats to evaluate fish biomass and spatial distributions. Conversely, fixed-location techniques use stationary transducers to monitor passing fish.

The word sounding is used for all types of depth measurements, including those that don't use sound, and is unrelated in origin to the word sound in the sense of noise or tones. Echo sounding is a more rapid method of measuring depth than the previous technique of lowering a sounding line until it touched bottom.

History
German inventor Alexander Behm was granted German patent No. 282009 for the invention of echo sounding (device for measuring depths of the sea and distances and headings of ships or obstacles by means of reflected sound waves) on 22 July 1913. Meanwhile, in France, physicist Paul Langevin (connected with Marie Curie) and better known for his research work in nuclear physics was recruited by french navy laboratories at the beginning of WW 2 and conducted (then secret) research on active sonars for anti-submarine warfare (using a piezoelectric transmitter). His work was developed and implemented by other scientists and technnicians such as Chilowski, Florisson and Pierre Marti. Though a fully operational échosondeur (sonar) was not ready for use in wartime, successful trials both off Toulon and in the Manche (Channel)took place as early as 1920 and french patents taken for civilian uses. Oceanographic ships and french High-sea fishing assistance vessels were equipped with Langevin-Florisson and Langevin Marti recording sonars as early as the mid/late 20s

One of the first commercial echo sounding units was the Fessenden Fathometer, which used the Fessenden oscillator to generate sound waves. This was first installed by the Submarine Signal Company in 1924 on the M&M liner S.S. Berkshire.

Technique
Distance is measured by multiplying half the time from the signal's outgoing pulse to its return by the speed of sound in the water, which is approximately 1.5 kilometres per second [T÷2×(4700 feet per second or 1.5 km per second )] For precise applications of echosounding, such as hydrography, the speed of sound must also be measured typically by deploying a sound velocity probe into the water. Echo sounding is effectively a special purpose application of sonar used to locate the bottom. Since a traditional pre-SI unit of water depth was the fathom, an instrument used for determining water depth is sometimes called a fathometer.

Most charted ocean depths use an average or standard sound speed. Where greater accuracy is required average and even seasonal standards may be applied to ocean regions. For high accuracy depths, usually restricted to special purpose or scientific surveys, a sensor may be lowered to measure the temperature, pressure and salinity. These factors are used to calculate the actual sound speed in the local water column. This latter technique is regularly used by US Office of Coast Survey for navigational surveys of US coastal waters.

Single beam
A single-beam echo sounder is one of the simplest and most fundamental types of underwater sonar. They are ubiquitous in the boating world and used on a number of different marine robotic vehicles. It operates by using a transducer to emit a pulse through the water and listen for echos to return. Using that data, it's able to determine the distance from the strongest echo, which can be the seafloor, a concrete structure, or other larger obstacle. A fishfinder is an echo sounding device used by both recreational and commercial fishers.

Common use
As well as an aid to navigation (most larger vessels will have at least a simple depth sounder), echo sounding is commonly used for fishing. Variations in elevation often represent places where fish congregate. Schools of fish will also register.

Hydrography
In areas where detailed bathymetry is required, a precise echo sounder may be used for the work of hydrography. There are many considerations when evaluating such a system, not limited to the vertical accuracy, resolution, acoustic beamwidth of the transmit/receive beam and the acoustic frequency of the transducer.

The majority of hydrographic echosounders are dual frequency, meaning that a low frequency pulse (typically around 24 kHz) can be transmitted at the same time as a high frequency pulse (typically around 200 kHz). As the two frequencies are discrete, the two return signals do not typically interfere with each other. There are many advantages of dual frequency echosounding, including the ability to identify a vegetation layer or a layer of soft mud on top of a layer of rock.

Most hydrographic operations use a 200 kHz transducer, which is suitable for inshore work up to 100 metres in depth. Deeper water requires a lower frequency transducer as the acoustic signal of lower frequencies is less susceptible to attenuation in the water column. Commonly used frequencies for deep water sounding are 33 kHz and 24 kHz.

The beamwidth of the transducer is also a consideration for the hydrographer, as to obtain the best resolution of the data gathered a narrow beamwidth is preferable. The higher the operating frequency, the narrower the beamwidth. Therefore, it is especially important when sounding in deep water, as the resulting footprint of the acoustic pulse can be very large once it reaches a distant sea floor.

A multispectral multibeam echosounder is an extension of a dual frequency vertical beam echosounder in that, as well as measuring two soundings directly below the sonar at two different frequencies; it measures multiple soundings at multiple frequencies, at multiple different grazing angles, and multiple different locations on the seabed. These systems are detailed further in the section called multibeam echosounder.

Echo sounders are used in laboratory applications to monitor sediment transport, scour and erosion processes in scale models (hydraulic models, flumes etc.). These can also be used to create plots of 3D contours.

Standards for hydrographic echo sounding
The required precision and accuracy of the hydrographic echo sounder is defined by the requirements of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) for surveys that are to be undertaken to IHO standards. These values are contained within IHO publication S44.

In order to meet these standards, the surveyor must consider not only the vertical and horizontal accuracy of the echo sounder and transducer, but the survey system as a whole. A motion sensor may be used, specifically the heave component (in single beam echosounding) to reduce soundings for the motion of the vessel experienced on the water's surface. Once all of the uncertainties of each sensor are established, the hydrographer will create an uncertainty budget to determine whether the survey system meets the requirements laid down by IHO.

Different hydrographic organisations will have their own set of field procedures and manuals to guide their surveyors to meet the required standards. Two examples are the US Army Corps of Engineers publication EM110-2-1003, and the NOAA 'Field Procedures Manual'.

title: Echo sounding


text:
Nina Hamnett

Nina Hamnett (14 February 1890 – 16 December 1956) was a Welsh artist and writer, and an expert on sailors' chanteys, who became known as the Queen of Bohemia.

Early life
Hamnett was born in the small coastal town of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, Wales, eldest of the four children of George Edward Hamnett (born 1864), a captain in the Royal Army Service Corps, and Mary Elizabeth De Blois (1863/4-1947), daughter of Captain William Edwin Archdeacon, a Royal Navy officer and cartographer. Hamnett was sent to a private boarding school at Westgate-on-Sea before moving on aged 12, to the Royal School for Daughters of Officers of the Army in Bath, Somerset from 1902 to 1905. Her father, having been dishonourably discharged from the army, took work as a taxi driver. Her education had to be funded by her aunts and by a loan against a future bequest. From 1906 to 1907 she studied at the Pelham Art School and then at the London School of Art until 1910. In 1914 she went to Montparnasse, Paris to study at Marie Vassilieff's Academy.

While studying in London she met and posed for Henri Gaudier-Brzeska who sculpted a series of nude bronzes. During this period she became friendly with Olivia Shakespear and Ezra Pound. She went on to have a love affair with Brzeska, and later with Amedeo Modigliani and Roger Fry.

On her first night in the Bohemian community she went to the café La Rotonde where the man at the next table introduced himself as "Modigliani, painter and Jew". In addition to making close friends with Modigliani, Pablo Picasso, Serge Diaghilev, and Jean Cocteau, she stayed for a while at La Ruche, where many of the leading members of the avant-garde lived at the time. In Montparnasse in 1914 she also met her future husband, the Norwegian artist Edgar de Bergen, who later changed his name to Roald Kristian to sound less German. She would remain married for forty years but her relationship with her husband lasted only three years. In 1916 her husband was deported as an unregistered alien.

Her work was well regarded by Walter Sickert who endeavoured to advise her on her painting but she lacked his dedication and she revelled in not taking advice. Sickert used her as a model and also painted her with her husband in 1915–16 in The Little Tea Party: Nina Hamnett and Roald Kristian.

Flamboyant lifestyle
Flamboyantly unconventional, and openly bisexual, Hamnett once danced nude on a Montparnasse café table just for the "hell of it". She drank heavily, was sexually promiscuous, and kept numerous lovers and close associations within the artistic community. Very quickly, she became a well-known bohemian personality throughout Paris and modelled for many artists. Her reputation soon reached back to London, where for a time, she went to work making or decorating fabrics, clothes, murals, furniture, and rugs at the Omega Workshops, which was directed by Roger Fry, Vanessa Bell, and Duncan Grant.

Her artistic creations were widely exhibited during World War I, including at the Royal Academy in London as well as the Salon d'Automne in Paris. Back in England, she taught at the Westminster Technical Institute from 1917 to 1918. After Kristian left, she took up with another free spirit, composer E. J. Moeran.

From the mid-1920s until the end of World War II, the area known as Fitzrovia was London's main Bohemian artistic centre. The place took its name from the popular Fitzroy Tavern on the corner of Charlotte and Windmill Streets that formed the area's centre. Home of the café life in Fitzrovia, it was Hamnett's favourite hangout as well as that of her friend from her home town, Augustus John, and later another Welshman, the poet Dylan Thomas.

Later life
In 1932 Hamnett published Laughing Torso, a tale of her bohemian life, which became a bestseller in the UK and US. The notorious occultist Aleister Crowley unsuccessfully sued her and the publisher for libel over allegations of black magic made in her book.

Although she won the case, the situation profoundly affected her for the remainder of her life. Alcoholism would soon overtake her many talents and the tragic "Queen of the Fitzroy" spent a good part of the last few decades of her life at the bar (usually that of the Fitzroy Tavern), trading anecdotes for drinks.

Twenty-three years after her first book Laughing Torso was published, Hamnett, in poor health, released a follow-up book titled: Is She a Lady?.

Hamnett died in 1956 from complications after falling out of her apartment window and being impaled on the fence forty feet below. The great debate has always been whether it was a suicide attempt or merely a drunken accident. Her last words were "Why don't they let me die?"

The American novelist Julius Horwitz (1920–1986) portrayed Nina Hamnett in his 1964 novel about London during World War Two titled Can I Get There By Candlelight. Horwitz was stationed outside of London during World War Two and was befriended by Hamnett as a young soldier when he would go into London on a three-day pass. A biography, Nina Hamnett: Queen of Bohemia, by Denise Hooker was published in 1986. In 2011, Hamnett was the subject of a short film by writer/director Chris Ward What Shall We Do with the Drunken Sailor starring Siobhan Fahey. In November 2019, the Fitzrovia Chapel hosted an exhibition called Nina Hamnett - Everybody was Furious.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Nina Hamnett


text:
Talk:Am5x86

It's great to see the lesser-known processors being filled out at last. Two things:
 * I removed "it went into very few new computer systems" because this is untrue: it was a major part of the entry-level market for quite some time.
 * On cache, the much earlier Cyrix 486SLC was the first 486 CPU to have had write-back cache, and most of the later 486 designs did too. The common Cyrix 486DX chips were all write-back (only the older DLC was write-through), one of the two AMD DX/4s was write-back, and the later Intel DX/4 had 16k write-back. Tannin

I'll take your word for it, but I almost never saw a 5x86 in a new desktop system, just laptops. I guess it depended on where you were. I saw it in plenty of laptops, though. I had a few systems running these as recently as the turn of the century, they were as good as AMD said they were. I even got one going at 200 MHz, so I know it was possible. John

 * Computing trends can be quite different in the different parts of the world alright. VIA's C3 has had a reasonable slice of the CPU market share in Asia, but is largely unheard of & unavailable elsewhere.

 * Cool to see people running these all at the higher speeds... Years ago I got a 133 one going at 160mhz after some messing about with my old 486 board (inherited from the family machine - I was still at school and too poor to afford any *real* upgrades, or a pentium..) and thought myself a hardware god :D hadn't seen anyone else do this til now. Was quite satisfied with the performance - a good step above the 25s, 33s and 66s that were most people's 486 experience, and far more cost effective than the slightly laughable Intel Overdrives - and eventually sold it to an even more cash strapped friend as an entry level multimedia (!) pc (a "P-90" I think I talked it up as) when i finally reached the heady heights of a Cyrix PR-166 (not really very much more swift, I think most of the benefit came from the motherboard & memory being 66mhz/64bit vs 40mhz/32bit rather than the CPU being faster!). They went all the way up to 200? Eeeeeexcellent! - tahrey 20/1/07

I read somewhere that AMD produced a 200MHz Am5x86 especially for embedded systems. Can anyone confirm this?
 * They still do, but it's a special-order part and not something they advertise. The 5x86 is still a very popular embedded CPU, but is usually sold as a regular 133 MHz chip even today. Jsc1973 (talk) 06:06, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The 5x86 die has been in production up to 2007 if I am right though not as a stand alone 486 cpu. In the end it was/is an embedded cpu running at nearly 500Mhz. Not that anyone ever used those in a "real PC" though. Even today its core is part of some embedded designs 01:01, 25 July 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Crass Spektakel (talk • contribs)

ADZ vs ADW
There were two major versions of the PGA version of this CPU, ADZ and ADW. According to the data sheet, the ADW chip ran cooler than the ADZ, and in my personal experience that was true. The ADW was the preferred chip for overclocking to 160Mhz and could tolerate running at a full 5 volts where the ADZ ran hotter and while 5 volts wouldn't immediately fry it, it probably could not tolerate it for long without extreme cooling.

I ran an ADW version on 5 volts for nearly a year with a cheap 486 CPU cooler, and it ran cooler than the SMT 486 SX33 (soldered to a PGA conversion board) it replaced.

There are two pins on these CPUs that can be shorted together to force it to run at 4x on boards with no clock multiplier support, or to force it to run at 4x instead of 3x or 2x on 40 or 50 Mhz bus speed. (I'd have to dig up the info, been a long time since I did that!)

The problem with running it at 4x50Mhz wasn't so much finding a VESA Local Bus videocard that could handle it, it was finding a motherboard with an L2 SRAM cache that could run at 50Mhz. I never found a board that wouldn't automatically disable the L2 cache at 50Mhz bus, which drastically hurt performance, so 4x40Mhz worked well enough. Perhaps replacing the typical 10ns cache chips with 8ns ones may have worked, but at the prices those chips sold for back then, ouch!

The ADW on 3.3 or 5 volts and the ADZ on 3.3 volts both ran cooler than the Cyrix competitor. I got a bad second degree burn and blister on a finger once when I accidentially brushed a fingertip against the heatsink on a Cyrix 5x86 in a PC that had just been turned off. Real world performance of the Cyrix VS the AMD on business apps (in an actual office I was the IT person in) was quite poor. The Cyrix PC was the first to be replaced by a shiny new Pentium 120.

 * There was no difference in runnign cooler or getting hotter between these CPU - it was just the ADZ specified to be able to work under more temperature-intensive circumstances. AFAIK ADW was specified to 60 or 65 degrees celsius whil the ADZ up to 85 degrees. --Denniss 12:52, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Which should make the ADZ the more overclockable chip. It would be similar to the Athlon XP mobiles that were very popular a year or two ago. The mobile variants are capable of remaining stable with far higher temperatures, meaning that they ought to be able to maintain a higher clock speed than a regular desktop chip in the same environment. I've used several ADZs in the past and I don't remember 160 being a problem. I'm not positive anymore, but I think I did have trouble with an ADW. --Swaaye 22:09, 28 March 2006 (UTC)

What's VLB got to do with it?
I can credit the poor availability of 50mhz-bus 486 boards, as they were rare beasts indeed... but VESA Local Bus was dead in the water by the time even 100mhz 486s were common, let alone overclocking parts to try and keep up with Pentiums. So why is it given as a reason for the impracticality of 200mhz 5x86s? I mean, if you're still rocking a VLB graphics card and bus, you've got bigger performance concerns to worry about than raw CPU speed. Probably only got the ability to chuck 16mb RAM in, limited L2 cache levels and poor hard disk performance for a start. And a slow original CPU - getting up to 133mhz would be a perfectly adequate speed boost over your original DX-33 or DX2/50.

(I'm the guy with the 160mhz one waaaay up above - when I did that, I was maxing a by-then quite old 486 board from 1994... which had a maximum of 40mhz bus... plus three PCI sockets, 256kb cache, PIO4 hard drive access and some vague stab at DMA/bus mastering, and 64mb RAM capability. VLB was on the way out even when we bought it as part of our main PC, in an era when the P75 had JUST arrived and was very expensive; and the 5x86 overdrive wasn't bought until '96-97)

I may remove it, if I can figure a way of patching up the hole it'll leave. 193.63.174.10 (talk) 16:36, 11 February 2010 (UTC)

 * PCI is only specified for 16, 25 and 33Mhz and the 5x86 allows only 3x and 4x multiplier so with PCI your maximum is 4x33Mhz while with two VLB cards it is 4x40Mhz and with one 4x50Mhz. Overclocking PCI is NOT a good idea because its design parameters are a lot narrower. Even 37,5Mhz often where unreliable. About overclocking, mine ran at 3x50Mhz, 4x40Mhz, 4x44Mhz and 4x50Mhz but the 4x50Mhz where quite unreliable and bus speeds over 40Mhz required more waitstates in cache and memory, resulting in an overall slower performance in some cases. At 4x40 it outperformed PCI based systems in nearly every aspect. Having a quite fast and ultrarare VLB-VGA-S3Virge, a fast VLB-SCSI-Adaptec2840 and a ISA-Ethernet-100MBit "Corkscrew" 3c515 helped also. Crass Spektakel (talk) 01:19, 25 July 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Am5x86


text:
Talk:Jane Jacobs

Some mixed comments
Here's the criteria I've referenced for inclusion in the "20th Century philosophers" category:

"This article takes philosophy not in the more general sense of a system of belief or ideology but as a tradition that generally requires a degree of more or less formalized study (although autodidacts have not been excluded) and a degree of institutional recognition in the form of work incorporated into subsequent formalized teaching in university philosophical education. Articles referenced here are expected to substantiate standing by demonstrating either of the above criteria."

There's nothing to substantiate this in the article. If you can substantiate it, please do. I would, however, add that there are no small number of profound and/or influential thinkers who do not meet the above definition, including influential and subtle conceptual thinkers. Exclusion under the above definition should not be taken as deprecation. If you have an alternate definition that prevents the term "philosopher" from becoming a catch-all, please propose it on Category talk: 20th Century philosophers. In the interim, I'd prefer to drop the categorisation in this article. Buffyg 17:24, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Truely an amazing thinker. Her book Cities and the Wealth of Nations should cause every economist to rethink their assumptions about national economies.

What does it mean to say that a "moral syndrome" is "applicable" to some set of people? Does it mean that the "syndrome" has those people as its subject? Or that those people are likely to espouse the beliefs described by the "syndrome"? Or something else? I think the paragraph that uses this terminology should be rewritten for clarity.

I'm a bit new here, so I'm not sure how to do this - but it seems if you're going to use a quote source (namely Ideas that Matter: the Worlds of Jane Jacobs) three times in the first six paragraphs, there should be some kind of shorthand so you don't have to give the full title every time.

 * There is no convention in Wikipedia for doing this, probably since Wikipedia is not paper the issue of saving space this way doesn't arise. This article certainly needs work and if you are interested in Jane Jacobs I hope you will take the plunge. BTW, Please consider creating an account for yourself; takes all of two minutes. -- Viajero 17:40, 7 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Given the importance of The Death and Life of Great American Cities, shouldn't either that section be expanded or a separate article on Death and Life be written? --Senning, 22Jan2006

so what's the Guardian/Trade Ethics
I got redirected here from Guardian/Trade Ethics, but I don't see these terms anywhere on this page. Can someone add an explanation?

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 5 one external links on Jane Jacobs. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20080830010106/http://www.eyeweekly.com/eye/issue/issue_10.03.02/news/airport.php to http://www.eyeweekly.com/eye/issue/issue_10.03.02/news/airport.php
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20081001210819/http://www.onpha.on.ca/english/doc/places.pdf to http://www.onpha.on.ca/english/doc/places.pdf
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20060430115928/http://www.theglobeandmail.com:80/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060425.wjanejacobs0425/BNStory/National/home to http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060425.wjanejacobs0425/BNStory/National/home
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110927151653/http://www.urbancenterbooks.org/jane_jacobs.html to http://www.urbancenterbooks.org/jane_jacobs.html
 * Added archive http://web.archive.org/web/20110607213026/http://www.mas.org/images/media/original/JJMedalists.pdf to http://www.mas.org/images/media/original/JJMedalists.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 17:40, 26 May 2016 (UTC)

Protestant?
Many people assume she was Jewish, either by birth or marriage. Maybe it doesn't matter, but people are curious about things like that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.162.253.101 (talk) 21:44, 30 January 2017 (UTC)

Jacobs is a well known Jewish last name, so maybe her her husband was Jewish. One source says her family was protestant, another says they were Jewish. Maybe she had a parent from each. Butzner is German/ or Eastern European (Jewish?) https://www.notablebiographies.com/supp/Supplement-Fl-Ka/Jacobs-Jane.html https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/jane-jacobs-urban-visionary/article20414634/ Starbwoy (talk) 00:18, 7 November 2018 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jane Jacobs. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090521035033/http://www.rockfound.org/efforts/jacobs/090808caro_transcript.pdf to http://www.rockfound.org/efforts/jacobs/090808caro_transcript.pdf
 * Added tag to http://eratos.erin.utoronto.ca/desrochers/CJRS_Jacobs.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 02:19, 19 April 2017 (UTC)

On orthodox urbanism...
I can't say I am extremely familiar with Jane Jacobs, having only read "Dark Age Ahead". So I couldn't and didn't fix this by myself. But what's with this random section at the end of the article? Is it part of the discussion of "Death and Life"? If so, it should be moved there. Is orthodox urbanism integral to an understanding of Jacobs' own urban philosophy? If so, why is a deeper explanation not in the overview? Is the section rather more of a see-also list? If it is, it should be moved there. Τηε ΓΟΟΔ (talk) 12:37, 7 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Jane Jacobs. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141030022021/http://www.kunstler.com/mags_jacobs2.htm to http://www.kunstler.com/mags_jacobs2.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103732/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/press-releases/rockefeller-foundation-honors-two-new to http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/press-releases/rockefeller-foundation-honors-two-new
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110723103743/http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/press-releases/rockefeller-foundation-honors-three-new to http://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/news/press-releases/rockefeller-foundation-honors-three-new
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160810055530/http://blog.martinprosperity.org/2012/04/cui-awards-recognize-urban-leaders-across-canada/ to http://blog.martinprosperity.org/2012/04/cui-awards-recognize-urban-leaders-across-canada/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:52, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Jane Jacobs. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160505144334/http://www.urbanspacegallery.ca/exhibits/jane-home to http://www.urbanspacegallery.ca/exhibits/jane-home

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:19, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

Incorrect assertion in lead?
The lead of this article currently states that Jacobs introduced the terms "eyes on the street" and "social capital". The evidence for these is not provided in the citations given, and some cursory research reveals that the latter term existed before she used it. Someone with more expertise in this area should correct the errors. - Sdkb (talk) 09:25, 11 September 2018 (UTC)

Jane Jacobs and Lewis Mumford
Jane Jacobs was a major theorist in urban planning. Jacobs & Mumford have each been influential thinkers to whom I’ve paid some attention. Jane’s daughter, (Mary) Burgin Jacobs, has been a friend and one-time neighbor of mine. It was through Burgin that I had the pleasure of meeting Jane one time, decades ago. Burgin feels, and I agree, the contrast, in certain respects, between her mother’s and Mumford’s views has been obvious and significant.

I believe someone could do a good job with bringing in the contrasts (and criticisms) each respectfully had with the other. Mumford's name is mentioned in the Jacobs article. Since urban planning hasn’t been a major focus in my life, I wouldn’t be an appropriate person to do this in the Jacobs article (nor into the one about Mumford).

Please, if you have the background & knowledge, consider bringing this contrast in viewpoints (and spheres of influence) into the article.Joel Russ (talk) 19:40, 13 March 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jane Jacobs


text:
Talk:Cadmium

You really have to laugh at the sloppiness of Wiki so-called 'editors'
The intro says it was discovered simultaneously by 2 people. Then in the history section, it says that only one of them discovered it. Jeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesus. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.21.84.208 (talk) 13:47, 9 November 2023 (UTC)

NFPA704 Hazard Codes
The NFPA704 hazard codes (4:health/0:flamability/0:reactivity/white:special) are almost certainly incorrect. I was able to find the codes for cadmium powder (3/4/3/white) via cursory google search, but nothing official for solid metal. I have also found significantly conflicting categorizations for it here, here and here, all of which seem to be using the OSHA category numbering system in which 1 is the most hazardous and 4 is the least hazardous. At least based on the guidelines here and the oral LD50 that seems to vary between >1g/kg and ~200mg/kg depending on the source, the solid metal should be a (2/0/0/white).

 * -

17:57, 6 May 2019 174.46.151.226

chemical element infobox, "physical properties" in Georgian language
The first line under "physical properties" in the Georgian language version of the chemical element infobox begins with the word "აგრეგეგატული" ("agregegatuli", 'agregate'), but it should be spelled "აგრეგატული" ("agregatuli"); i.e., there is an extra "ეგ" ("eg"), at least in the articles for silver and cadmium. How to fix it? Sdiabhon Sdiamhon (talk) 09:23, 14 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cadmium


text:
Talk:Handfasting

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 January 2019 and 23 May 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Hannah.Gammons.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:02, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Skyclad
Isn't skyclad a preference? Sybil Leek never performed ceremonies skyclad. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Two16 (talk • contribs) 10 January 2003

 * Yes, it is preference. --Morningstar2651 17:27, Apr 12, 2005 (UTC)

History
The history section of the article doesn't actually say anything about the history of the tradition. The second and third paragraphs in particular don't even seem to be about handfasting, unless it is meant to be inferred that this is about how the tradition became less common. That section should be modified to have the history of the tradition itself, and to avoid a tone critical of other traditions.

Jumping the broom
I am a Modern Orthodox Jew. My wife (civil marriage) is African American. Soon, she will have completed her conversion, and we will have an Orthodox Jewish wedding. In order to incorporate the a-religious African American tradition of Jumping the Broom, I need to determine if it is a religious act as currently practiced by any other culture. If it is, then we will not be able to incorporate this. The Rabbi is researching. I am, sort of, counter-researching. This article is not very detailed, other than saying that it is sometimes done, and is symbolic. Yeah, got that. Is it religious, is then the question. In West African culture, it is simply a custom, as benign as carrying the bride over the threshhold - which can have plenty of symbolism (entering a new life together, support, and so forth). I would say that the difference lies in the purpose, possible origins, and the ritual aspect. Eventually, after we argue a little, the Rabbi will issue a psak (ruling that I must abide by). So, I need my face time to be good and filled with evidence.

Insights? Further explanations?

Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jndrline (talk • contribs) 5 May 2006

 * The jumping of the broom is a folk-custom or a tradition, not a specifically religious ceremony even where it occurs as a symbolic element in a neo-pagan rite. Its place in African-American history was as a folk substitute for a legal wedding, which slaves were not permitted. By all means, include it. It is no more idolatrous than crushing a glass in a napkin. 208.102.87.91 (talk) 14:41, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

tying the knot?
Is it not a hindu ritual as well. RhettFester 18:12, 1 February 2006 (UTC)

It's also a Catholic thing, though it's not so much a binding, as wrapping a Bride and Groom's hands together for a short period while kneeling. It is POV to say that its definitive orgin is in handfasting. In general, it is POV to assert a definitive origin for most anything. Phrases like "possible origins","may have come from", "generally accepted", "modern scholars believe", and "commonly thought" are your friends. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Jndrline (talk • contribs) 5 May 2006

 * Beware of weasel words. -Phoenixrod 05:35, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * better than completely unsubstantiated possible psuedoetymologies. Novium 19:39, 15 August 2007 (UTC)
 * “So to the priest their tale they tell: he ties the knot” ( Matthew Prior, ‘’Alma’’, 1717). OED gives this as the first recorded usage of the phrase “to tie the knot” in the sense of “to marry”.  1717 is only a few decades before the declining custom of handfasting became illegal in England (1753).  As it seems very unlikely a ceremony which had existed since at least the twelfth century would have given rise to an expression only as it ended, I deleted the unsupported assertion that the use of cords to bind the hands during a betrothal gave rise to the saying.  Anyway, historically “handfasting” referred to the custom of holding hands during a betrothal.  Using cords or ribbons to tie them together doesn't seem to have been practised in England at all. RLamb (talk) 09:23, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

Different Conclusions
This article draws a different conclusion to the page Historical Handfasting that it references at the bottom of the page. For the sake of consistency, shouldn't either, the content be altered, or the webpage deleted as a reference?

Just wondering.--Jcvamp 23:42, 10 July 2006 (UTC)

Riddled With Inaccuracies
Sorry, but much of the information based on the early history of Handfasting is based on medern neopagan concepts, and has little to do with any historical reality. I'll clean it up as soon as I get a chance.

Aguyanon.

 * I agree.--Jcvamp 06:56, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, this needs serious help. I'll deal with a couple glaring things right now, but don't have time for a full-scale edit tonight. --Kathryn NicDhàna ♫ ♦ ♫ 04:49, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

Permanent or Trial?
I like how the article concludes that handfasting was a trial marriage, and then references a page, Historical Handfasting, that says the exact opposite. What references do we have that say handfasting was only a trial marriage? LadySunflower 16:59, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The Oxford English Dictionary's entry on handfasting quotes a book several centuries old that say so. I suspect that about five centuries or so ago, when that book was written, it was used in that way, and that may be one of a number of reasons why the church objected to it (another being that it was not one of the church's sacraments), and that in ancient times (e.g. more than 15 centuries ago) it was the usual permanent marriage ceremony.  But at this point I need to reserve the right to change my mind when I learn more. Michael Hardy 17:54, 14 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The only books the Oxford English Dictionary quotes that claim that handfasting was trial marriage are 18th century and later books talking about something that their authors (mistakenly) believed used to be practiced a century or (usually) more before their own time. The 1541 Coverdale quote does not say handfasting was trial marriage -- to the contrary, Coverdale's use of of the term "handfasting"s is clearly with the meaning "betrothal":

 * In some places..at the Handefasting ther is made a greate feaste and superfluous Bancket, and even the same night are the two handfasted personnes brought and layed together, yea, certan wekes afore they go to the Chyrch.

 * The OED's interpretation that it is an example of the definition "Formerly treated as an uncanonical, private, or even probationary form of marriage" is most charitably interpreted as a confusing reference to the fact that in Scotland and England in the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, if a couple had sex on the strength of having exchanged future tense promises to marry (that is, if a betrothed couple had sex), they were then legally (permanently) married, though such marriages were considered "clandestine" or "irregular". --68.164.87.98 04:20, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

It turns out that the "trial marriage" is a product of late 18th to 19th century Romanticism. The term handfast is attested (per OED) from the 13th to the 16th century, simply meaning "marry, betroth". I suggest this article should focus on the Neopagan ceremony. The discussion of marriage laws in Early Modern Scotland would belong on Marriage in Scotland. dab (𒁳) 10:51, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Asked for her hand...
Did that expression also arise from this custom? Michael Hardy 19:53, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

A Neopagan POV
This article has a HUGE slant toward Neopagan practices. This ceremony is performed by MANY people of many nationalities and many religions (I am having a handfasting because of my Irish ancestry and I am Christian). It is a Celtic tradition, not a Neopagan tradition. It is not exclusively Neopagan and that needs to be clarified in the article, especially in the modern usage section. I will tag the article as necessary and clean it up a little when I can. However, it would be nice to get some help with this. --132 19:55, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

Lawful, not legal?
I'm not totally sure, but my hunch is that "legal" in "Currently, handfasting is a legal Pagan wedding ceremony in Scotland,..." would better be "lawful". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.195.28.79 (talk) 22:09, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * keep it as legal. rdunn  PLIB  10:20, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

Is it really Celtic?
Given that the word's etymology is Norse or Germanic, and that much of Scotland was settled by Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians, do we really have evidence for the fact that the custom is Celtic in origin? I notice too that the earliest medieval cites in OED for the word "handfast" (v.) meaning "betroth" are not from Scotland and don't deal with matters Scottish. The first OED cite is from the Ormulum, which was written in Lincolnshire around the year 1200 in a heavily Norse-inflected dialect of Middle English. 65.213.77.129 (talk) 17:44, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * "Celtic" covers more than just Scotland. --132 19:56, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Certainly it covers more than just Scotland. But I the etymological point handn't occurred to me before.  The word is clearly Germanic. Michael Hardy (talk) 22:54, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, of course all of England (and much of Europe) had a Celtic culture in ancient times. I didn't word my comment very clearly. My main point was that at least as far as the words "handfast" and handfasting" go, they seem to date back only to the Danelaw in early medieval Britain, whose culture was not (or at least not directly) Celtic in origin. I was wondering what evidence exists indicating that handfasting is originally a Celtic form of marriage rather than a Germanic form of legally recognized and binding betrothal. 65.213.77.129 (talk) 13:55, 1 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. It must also be kept in mind that the Hebrides have not always been the Gaelic strongholds that they are now; ironically, they used to be distinctly Scandinavian through most of the Middle Ages, and were only Gaelicised in the modern period. According to Einar Haugen, The Scandinavian Languages, Norse was spoken in the Hebrides as late as the 16th century. If handfast is a loan from Norse, as seems likely, the early appearance of the custom on the Hebrides would point to Scandinavian rather than Celtic origin. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 21:24, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

 * I have now simply changed "Celtic" back to "European". --Florian Blaschke (talk) 23:06, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

Plagiarism
This article has a serious plagiarism problem. Much of the historical discussion is clearly lifted (though subsequently mangled) from an article listed in the External Links section but given no credit as a source. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.38.148.96 (talk) 06:47, 20 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Details please. It's not obvious to me. Also, merely summarising and paraphrasing research without passing it off as original work is not plagiarism, in any case. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 21:27, 23 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Summarizing and paraphrasing a work that is _not cited as a source_ is the very definition of plagiarism. Summaries/paraphrases must be footnoted just as quotations are. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.159.56.255 (talk) 19:35, 16 December 2012 (UTC)

 * See WP:PARAPHRASE for more detail. I'm not sure if this case crosses the line of too close paraphrasing, but you can turn to WP:CP and report the problem if you think that it is plagiarism. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 23:01, 23 October 2012 (UTC)

German "handfest"
There is a adjective in German, "handfest", which is wordly the same as English "handfast".

The use is (at least today) not related to marriage. The meaning is "coarse, real, not sophisticated, peasant-like, not diplomatic, above any doubt" etc.

Examples: I want to see "handfeste" evidence". (evidence beyond doubt)

He hired some "handfeste" men. (men ready to brawl)

He ate a "handfestes" breakfast. (A typical farmers breakfast to start a day of hard work) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.221.239.228 (talk) 09:13, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

Old relief
Some kind of medieval or early-modern ceremony seems to be taking place in this image, but I don't understand the details, or whether it's fully relevant to this article. AnonMoos (talk) 12:00, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Also File:Marriage of henry and Catherine.jpg... -- AnonMoos (talk) 21:39, 10 October 2012 (UTC)

Need to separate modern "Handfasting" from historical usage?
Having googled it, it seems to me the word "handfasting" as used today most often refers to the modern (often neopagan) marriage rite involving the binding of hands with ribbons. Unfortunately this seems to be a whole different beastie from the historical "handfasting", which for centuries (in England at any rate) was a legally-binding betrothal instantly creating a union which carried exactly the same obligations as Christian church weddings - no adultery and till death, etc. No historical accounts I've seen mention any use of ribbons in English handfastings, either; but I can't help feeling that people looking up "handfasting" have exactly this bit of the ceremony in mind.

Maybe we should separate the historical handfasting out and put it in with the article on betrothal? Just put a line at the top of this article specifying it's really about the modern handfasting ceremony, and a redirection 'For the historical meaning of Handfasting, see under Betrothal'?

I'm also not sure whether the opening line about the Celtic origin is accurate. Betrothal practices common to much of northern Europe seem to have evolved from a combination of Christian ideas and existing customs under Germanic law. The English word is Norse in origin. Obviously there must have been Celtic betrothals and culturally distinct marriage practices; but would they not have a Celtic-language name, did they involve the hand-binding rite, and were they ever meant to be for a limited duration?RLamb (talk) 12:53, 24 May 2012 (UTC)

sigh, the article is completely garbled. In almost unbelievable innocence, it conflates the topics of This isn't salvageable. The terminological stuff should be exported to Wiktionary. The "history of marriage" section should go to an article about the history of marriage in England and Scotland, and the neopagan stuff should go to an article about neopagan weddings. Conflating all of this under the title of "handfasting" is just a red herring. --dab (𒁳) 11:11, 26 July 2013 (UTC)
 * terminology: "handfasting" as simply a historical term for "marriage contract" in the Early Modern period
 * "handfasting" in the meaning of temporary marriage, apparently limited to 17th-century northern Scotland
 * "handfasting" interpreted as a ceremony of symbolically tying the marrying couple's hands with a ribbon
 * "handfasting" as a Wiccan euphemism for "wedding"

Origin of the Wiccan term
The Wiccan use of "handfasting" for "pagan wedding" seems to arise around 1970. The earliest use I could find is due to Hans Holzer (1969). Holzer apparently wrote several books about Wicca, either "dramatized" documentaries or pseudo-documentaries. He probably didn't come up with the term but he may have contributed to its becoming "standard" in the pagan subculture. I would be interested in any reference to a Wiccan "handfasting" predating 1969. OED is of no use here, it is aware of the Wiccan sense, but its earliest (and only) reference is dated 2001. The "literal" interpetation (ribbons and so on) arises around 2000 and is not yet known to OED.

Clearly, the Wiccan term was taken from "Celtic folklore" books, OED cites Emyr Estyn Evans,  Irish folk ways, 1957 "Like the Scottish hand-fasting, the system allowed the husband to test the usefulness and fertility of the wife" and the term seemed to fit both the "Celtic" the "sexual-liberation" flair of the Wiccan subculture perfectly, so at first, it was just made into an "ancient pre-Christian Celtic" thing allowing ad-hoc marriage (1970s to 1980s); with the appearance of "Wiccan self-help" books describing spells and rituals, apparently the "literal" interpretation of using ribbons arose (but the first evidence of this I found so far dates to 2000). With the internet, and yes, Wikipedia, this "handfasting ribbon" thing entered the mainstream, and since about 2006,  you find "handfasting ribbons" all over the place, how-tos on DIY websites, and on sale ready-made on amazon --dab (𒁳) 13:21, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Article scope
This is the Neopagan wedding article, so it should ideally talk less about "handfasting" and ribbons and more about the breadth of Neopagan ceremonies and their legal recognition in various countries. --dab (𒁳) 11:58, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

History of marriage in Great Britain and Ireland
Though this article is titled 'History of marriage in Great Britain and Ireland' it solely deals with England and Scotland, maybe add more material or rename it? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.37.122.99 (talk) 10:01, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

Proposed retitle
While it contains some interesting information, as it stands the article is not really a "history of marriage" as it only addresses the period c.1200 to c.1500 in England, and then a similar timeframe in Scotland with a few references to the early 19th century. As it's predominantly about the practice of handfasting, should it be renamed to Handfasting, and then the Neopagan term can continue to be a redirect at the top? Bob talk 22:34, 5 April 2015 (UTC)

Can we have a real Handfasting article?
For those of us that used the internet before 1999 and didn't decide to base our religious views on the movie The Craft and the ramblings of a pedophile, I would like to ask this article be restored to address the original pagan ceremonies of handfasting, what little we do know of them, rather than a tl;dr about an internet cult of obese basement dwellers making shit up as they go along while glorifying Gardner's 'Wica' - a child abuse cult by a child abuser who was thrown out of Freemasonry for kiddy fiddling who took the rituals verbatim (and even the term 'The Craft' a term used to indicate Freemasonry) to try and create his own weird whacky cult to gain access to teenage girls for his peculiar sexual habits?--It'd be really nice to see an encyclopedic article rather than a pedophillic internet cult article for this entry. Agendabender (talk) 15:27, 25 August 2017 (UTC)

Origin of the term
Did the author really mean it is a "history" term, that is a term used in the academic field of history by historians? I think what was meant was "historical", a term used in the past, coming from the past. Cospelero (talk) 12:52, 1 May 2020 (UTC)

Intro
Mentions that handfasting defined as a unofficiated, a betrhothal or a temp wedding. Also used for officiated weddings. 2A02:8084:A2:5F80:3D49:8B57:331D:8F49 (talk) 09:21, 19 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Handfasting


text:
Sphalerite

Sphalerite is a sulfide mineral with the chemical formula (Zn, Fe)S. It is the most important ore of zinc. Sphalerite is found in a variety of deposit types, but it is primarily in sedimentary exhalative, Mississippi-Valley type, and volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. It is found in association with galena, chalcopyrite, pyrite (and other sulfides), calcite, dolomite, quartz, rhodochrosite, and fluorite.

German geologist Ernst Friedrich Glocker discovered sphalerite in 1847, naming it based on the Greek word sphaleros, meaning "deceiving", due to the difficulty of identifying the mineral.

In addition to zinc, sphalerite is an ore of cadmium, gallium, germanium, and indium. Miners have been known to refer to sphalerite as zinc blende, black-jack, and ruby blende. Marmatite is an opaque black variety with a high iron content.

Crystal habit and structure
Sphalerite crystallizes in the face-centered cubic zincblende crystal structure, which named after the mineral. This structure is a member of the hextetrahedral crystal class (space group F$\overline{4}$3m). In the crystal structure, both the sulfur and the zinc or iron ions occupy the points of a face-centered cubic lattice, with the two lattices displaced from each other such that the zinc and iron are tetrahedrally coordinated to the sulfur ions, and vice versa. Minerals similar to sphalerite include those in the sphalerite group, consisting of sphalerite, colaradoite, hawleyite, metacinnabar, stilleite and tiemannite. The structure is closely related to the structure of diamond. The hexagonal polymorph of sphalerite is wurtzite, and the trigonal polymorph is matraite. Wurtzite is the higher temperature polymorph, stable at temperatures above 1020 C. The lattice constant for zinc sulfide in the zinc blende crystal structure is 0.541 nm. Sphalerite has been found as a pseudomorph, taking the crystal structure of galena, tetrahedrite, barite and calcite. Sphalerite can have Spinel Law twins, where the twin axis is [111].

The chemical formula of sphalerite is (Zn,Fe)S; the iron content generally increases with increasing formation temperature and can reach up to 40%. The material can be considered a ternary compound between the binary endpoints ZnS and FeS with composition ZnxFe(x-1)S, where x can range from 1 (pure ZnS) to 0.6.

All natural sphalerite contains concentrations of various impurities, which generally substitute for zinc in the cation position in the lattice; the most common cation impurities are cadmium, mercury and manganese, but gallium, germanium and indium may also be present in relatively high concentrations (hundreds to thousands of ppm). Cadmium can replace up to 1% of zinc and manganese is generally found in sphalerite with high iron abundances. Sulfur in the anion position can be substituted for by selenium and tellurium. The abundances of these impurities are controlled by the conditions under which the sphalerite formed; formation temperature, pressure, element availability and fluid composition are important controls.

Physical properties
Sphalerite possesses perfect dodecahedral cleavage, having six cleavage planes. In pure form, it is a semiconductor, but transitions to a conductor as the iron content increases. It has a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.

It can be distinguished from similar minerals by its perfect cleavage, its distinctive resinous luster, and the reddish-brown streak of the darker varieties.

Optical properties
Pure zinc sulfide is a wide-bandgap semiconductor, with bandgap of about 3.54 electron volts, which makes the pure material transparent in the visible spectrum. Increasing iron content will make the material opaque, while various impurities can give the crystal a variety of colors. In thin section, sphalerite exhibits very high positive relief and appears colorless to pale yellow or brown, with no pleochroism.

The refractive index of sphalerite (as measured via sodium light, average wavelength 589.3 nm) ranges from 2.37 when it is pure ZnS to 2.50 when there is 40% iron content. Sphalerite is isotropic under cross-polarized light, however sphalerite can experience birefringence if intergrown with its polymorph wurtzite; the birefringence can increase from 0 (0% wurtzite) up to 0.022 (100% wurtzite).

Depending on the impurities, sphalerite will fluoresce under ultraviolet light. Sphalerite can be triboluminescent. Sphalerite has a characteristic triboluminescence of yellow-orange. Typically, specimens cut into end-slabs are ideal for displaying this property.

Varieties
Gemmy, colorless to pale green sphalerite from Franklin, New Jersey (see Franklin Furnace), are highly fluorescent orange and/or blue under longwave ultraviolet light and are known as cleiophane, an almost pure ZnS variety. Cleiophane contains less than 0.1% of iron in the sphalerite crystal structure. Marmatite or christophite is an opaque black variety of sphalerite and its coloring is due to high quantities of iron, which can reach up to 25%; marmatite is named after Marmato mining district in Colombia and christophite is named for the St. Christoph mine in Breitenbrunn, Saxony. Both marmatite and cleiophane are not recognized by the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). Red, orange or brownish-red sphalerite is termed ruby blende or ruby zinc, whereas dark colored sphalerite is termed black-jack.

Deposit types
Sphalerite is amongst the most common sulfide minerals, and it is found worldwide and in a variety of deposit types. The reason for the wide distribution of sphalerite is that it appears in many types of deposits; it is found in skarns, hydrothermal deposits, sedimentary beds, volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (VMS), Mississippi-valley type deposits (MVT), granite and coal.

Sedimentary exhalitive
Approximately 50% of zinc (from sphalerite) and lead comes from Sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX) deposits, which are stratiform Pb-Zn sulfides that form at seafloor vents. The metals precipitate from hydrothermal fluids and are hosted by shales, carbonates and organic-rich siltstones in back-arc basins and failed continental rifts. The main ore minerals in SEDEX deposits are sphalerite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite and marcasite, with minor sulfosalts such as tetrahedrite-freibergite and boulangerite; the zinc + lead grade typically ranges between 10 and 20%. Important SEDEX mines are Red Dog in Alaska, Sullivan Mine in British Columbia, Mount Isa and Broken Hill in Australia and Mehdiabad in Iran.

Mississippi-Valley type
Similar to SEDEX, Mississippi-Valley type (MVT) deposits are also a Pb-Zn deposit which contains sphalerite. However, they only account for 15–20% of zinc and lead, are 25% smaller in tonnage than SEDEX deposits and have lower grades of 5–10% Pb + Zn. MVT deposits form from the replacement of carbonate host rocks such as dolostone and limestone by ore minerals; they are located in platforms and foreland thrust belts. Furthermore, they are stratabound, typically Phanerozoic in age and epigenetic (form after the lithification of the carbonate host rocks). The ore minerals are the same as SEDEX deposits: sphalerite, galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite and marcasite, with minor sulfosalts. Mines that contain MVT deposits include Polaris in the Canadian arctic, Mississippi River in the United States, Pine Point in Northwest Territories, and Admiral Bay in Australia.

Volcanogenic massive sulfide
Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits can be Cu-Zn- or Zn-Pb-Cu-rich, and accounts for 25% of Zn in reserves. There are various types of VMS deposits with a range of regional contexts and host rock compositions; a common characteristic is that they are all hosted by submarine volcanic rocks. They form from metals such as copper and zinc being transferred by hydrothermal fluids (modified seawater) which leach them from volcanic rocks in the oceanic crust; the metal-saturated fluid rises through fractures and faults to the surface, where it cools and deposits the metals as a VMS deposit. The most abundant ore minerals are pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and pyrrhotite. Mines that contain VMS deposits include Kidd Creek in Ontario, Urals in Russia, Troodos in Cyprus, and Besshi in Japan.

Localities
The top producers of sphalerite include the United States, Russia, Mexico, Germany, Australia, Canada, China, Ireland, Peru, Kazakhstan and England.

Sources of high quality crystals include:

Metal ore
Sphalerite is an important ore of zinc; around 95% of all primary zinc is extracted from sphalerite ore. However, due to its variable trace element content, sphalerite is also an important source of several other metals such as cadmium, gallium, germanium, and indium which replace zinc. The ore was originally called blende by miners (from German blind or deceiving) because it resembles galena but yields no lead.

Brass and bronze
The zinc in sphalerite is used to produce brass, an alloy of copper with 3–45% zinc. Major element alloy compositions of brass objects provide evidence that sphalerite was being used to produce brass by the Islamic as far back as the medieval ages between the 7th and 16th century CE. Sphalerite may have also been used during the cementation process of brass in Northern China during the 12th–13th century CE (Jin Dynasty). Besides brass, the zinc in sphalerite can also be used to produce certain types of bronze; bronze is dominantly copper which is alloyed with other metals such as tin, zinc, lead, nickel, iron and arsenic.

Other

 * Yule Marble – sphalerite is found as inclusions in yule marble, which is used as a building material for the Lincoln Memorial and Tomb of the Unknown.
 * Galvanized iron – zinc from sphalerite is used as a protective coating to prevent corrosion and rusting; it is used on power transmission towers, nails and automobiles.
 * Batteries.
 * Gemstone.

title: Sphalerite


text:
Talk:Sphalerite

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 14 January 2021 and 11 April 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Laurenmacky. Peer reviewers: LisaTruong3, EmlyCole.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 10:00, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Adopted orphan redirects for Google: false galena, mock lead, black-jack ore

 * This material's crystal structure happens to be the prototype for all commercial compound semiconductors. I might eventually want to calve off the zincblende and zinc blende redirect pages into an article on general properties of this crystal structure, with a navigational aid at the top linking to this mineralogy page.  Otherwise, lots of materials scientists might come traipsing through here looking for info on GaAs, AlGaAs, InGaP, ...--Joel 00:00, 17 May 2005 (UTC)

 * The lustre of sphalerite is submetallic, rather than resinous as was previously stated in the article. It is listed in the submetalic lustre category. --turkeybrain 02:54, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Most refs (Webmineral, Mindat) state adamantine to resinous (esp. for low iron), but high Fe varieties verge on submetallic (Dana's Manual). Vsmith (talk) 03:31, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Shouldn't we add some basic chemical data such as melting point, solubility in water etc.? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 194.53.253.51 (talk) 14:51, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Second that, especially since I'm told that sphalerite has no melting point, subliming at 1185 C. This seems like a pretty interesting property to me. 98.221.97.100 (talk) 19:15, 27 December 2010 (UTC)

See zinc sulfide. Sphalerite is mostly ZnS, but impurities/other phases (whose presence is common for most minerals) would change its properties, such as melting. Perhaps this is a reason why they are not listed in the mineral articles. Materialscientist (talk) 00:01, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

Uses of Sphalerite
I have added a "Uses" heading for sphalerite but it requires more information and is a major gap in the article that needs to be filled in. Laurenmacky (talk) 01:34, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

Reorganization of sections
I have changed the "chemistry" heading to "crystal habit and structure", and then added a new heading on "properties"; the information from the original chemistry heading has been split into these new ones. Additionally, I have merged the "economic importance" and "gemstone" headings under a new one titled "uses" because there was not enough information in them to remain separate. There is a gap in information about how sphalerite is mined and turned into zinc that should be added as a new section.Laurenmacky (talk) 01:38, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

Strange contradiction with German version of article
This article says that "German geologist Ernst Friedrich Glocker discovered sphalerite in 1847, naming it based on the Greek word sphaleros, meaning "deceiving", due to the difficulty of identifying the mineral." - By contrast, the German langugage version of this article claims that the ore was understood to be a Zink ore in 1735 and that the name stuck around from before when it was already know but thought to be a misleading lookalike. Both claims are sourced. I have no clue which one is correct, but maybe someone else does and can look into this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A01:C22:D152:6A00:294C:4CF2:FE53:9B82 (talk) 15:31, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:Sphalerite -_Creede,_Mineral_County,_Colorado,_USA.jpg, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for April 29, 2024. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2024-04-29. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! — Amakuru (talk) 15:58, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sphalerite


text:
Greenockite

Greenockite, also cadmium blende or cadmium ochre (obsolete) is a rare cadmium bearing metal sulfide mineral consisting of cadmium sulfide (CdS) in crystalline form. Greenockite crystallizes in the hexagonal system. It occurs as massive encrustations and as hemimorphic six-sided pyramidal crystals which vary in color from a honey yellow through shades of red to brown. The Mohs hardness is 3 to 3.5 and the specific gravity is 4.8 to 4.9.

Greenockite belongs to the wurtzite group and is isostructural with it at high temperatures. It is also isostructural with sphalerite at low temperatures. It occurs with other sulfide minerals such as sphalerite and galena, and is the only ore mineral of cadmium. Most cadmium is recovered as a byproduct of copper, zinc, and lead mining. It is also known from the lead-zinc districts of the central United States.

It was first recognized in 1840 in Bishopton, Scotland, during the cutting of a tunnel for the Glasgow, Paisley and Greenock Railway. The mineral was named after the land owner Lord Greenock (1783–1859).

Use
Greenockite, also known as "cadmium ochre", was used as a yellow pigment prior to cadmium being recognized as a toxic element. The extracted cadmium has various industrial use, such as electrical nickel-cadmium (NiCd) rechargeable batteries, electroplating, high temp alloys, plating steel and other metals that corrode easily, and use in control rods for some nuclear reactors.

title: Greenockite


text:
Guyot

In marine geology, a guyot, also called a tablemount, is an isolated underwater volcanic mountain (seamount) with a flat top more than 200 m below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat summits can exceed 10 km. Guyots are most commonly found in the Pacific Ocean, but they have been identified in all the oceans except the Arctic Ocean. They are analogous to tables (such as mesas) on land.

History
Guyots were first recognized in 1945 by Harry Hammond Hess, who collected data using echo-sounding equipment on a ship he commanded during World War II. His data showed that some undersea mountains had flat tops. Hess called these undersea mountains "guyots", after the 19th-century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot. Hess postulated they were once volcanic islands that were beheaded by wave action, yet they are now deep under sea level. This idea was used to help bolster the theory of plate tectonics.

Formation
Guyots show evidence of having once been above the surface, with gradual subsidence through stages from fringed reefed mountain, coral atoll, and finally a flat-topped submerged mountain. Seamounts are made by extrusion of lavas piped upward in stages from sources within the Earth's mantle, usually hotspots, to vents on the seafloor. The volcanism invariably ceases after a time, and other processes dominate. When an undersea volcano grows high enough to be near or breach the ocean surface, wave action or coral reef growth tend to create a flat-topped edifice. However, all ocean crust and guyots form from hot magma or rock, which cools over time. As the lithosphere that the future guyot rides on slowly cools, it becomes denser and sinks lower into Earth's mantle, through the process of isostasy. In addition, the erosive effects of waves and currents are found mostly near the surface: the tops of guyots generally lie below this higher-erosion zone.

This is the same process that gives rise to higher seafloor topography at oceanic ridges, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge in the Atlantic Ocean, and deeper ocean at abyssal plains and oceanic trenches, such as the Mariana Trench. Thus, the island or shoal that will eventually become a guyot slowly subsides over millions of years. In the right climatic regions, coral growth can sometimes keep pace with the subsidence, resulting in coral atoll formation, but eventually the corals dip too deep to grow and the island becomes a guyot. The greater the amount of time that passes, the deeper the guyots become.

Seamounts provide data on movements of tectonic plates on which they ride, and on the rheology of the underlying lithosphere. The trend of a seamount chain traces the direction of motion of the lithospheric plate over a more or less fixed heat source in the underlying asthenosphere, the part of the Earth's mantle beneath the lithosphere. There are thought to be up to an estimated 50,000 seamounts in the Pacific basin. The Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain is an excellent example of an entire volcanic chain undergoing this process, from active volcanism, to coral reef growth, to atoll formation, to subsidence of the islands and becoming guyots.

Characteristics
The steepness gradient of most guyots is about 20 degrees. To technically be considered a guyot or tablemount, they must stand at least 900 m tall. One guyot in particular, the Great Meteor Tablemount in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean, stands at more than 4000 m high, with a diameter of 110 km. However, there are many undersea mounts that can range from just less than 90 m to around 900 m. Very large oceanic volcanic constructions, hundreds of kilometres across, are called oceanic plateaus. Guyots have a mean area of 3,313 sqkm, which is much larger than typical seamounts, which have a mean area of 790 sqkm.

There are 283 known guyots in the world's oceans, with the North Pacific having 119, the South Pacific 77, the South Atlantic 43, the Indian Ocean 28, the North Atlantic eight, the Southern Ocean six, and the Mediterranean Sea two; there are none known in the Arctic Ocean, though one is found along the Fram Strait off northeastern Greenland. Guyots are also associated with specific lifeforms and varying amounts of organic matter. Local increases in chlorophyll a, enhanced carbon incorporation rates and changes in phytoplankton species composition are associated with guyots and other seamounts.

title: Guyot


text:
Loran

Loran may refer to:

People

 * Loran L. Lewis (1825–1916), New York judge and politician
 * Loran Cehack, the fictional protagonist in the anime series Turn A Gundam
 * First Maje Loran, the leader of the Kazon-Hobii from Star Trek: Voyager
 * Loran (footballer), Brazilian footballer
 * Loran Whitelock, was an American botanist who specialized in Cycads
 * Loran Nordgren, American behavioral scientist and author

Places

 * Loran, Iran, a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran
 * Loran Valley, in Jammu and Kashmir, India

Other uses

 * LORAN, a World War II radio-based navigation system, also known as Loran-A
 * Loran-C, an improved navigation system that replaced the original LORAN
 * Loran (death knight), a fictional character in the World of Greyhawk campaign setting for the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
 * Loran Award, an undergraduate scholarship in Canada
 * Loran Scholars Foundation, National charitable organization in Canada

title: Loran


text:
Herman's Hermits

Herman's Hermits are an English rock and pop group formed in 1963 in Manchester and fronted by singer Peter Noone. Known for their jaunty beat sound and Noone's often tongue-in-cheek vocal style, the Hermits charted with numerous transatlantic hits in the UK and in America, where they ranked as one of the most successful acts in the Beatles-led British Invasion. Between March and August 1965 in the United States, the group logged twenty-four consecutive weeks in the Top Ten of Billboard's Hot 100 with five singles, including the two number ones "Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter" and "I'm Henry VIII, I Am".

Their other international hits in the 1960s include "I'm into Something Good" (their sole UK number one), "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat", the two covers "Silhouettes" and "Wonderful World", "A Must to Avoid", "Listen People", "No Milk Today", "There's a Kind of Hush", "I Can Take or Leave Your Loving", "Something's Happening" and "My Sentimental Friend", all of which were produced by Mickie Most. Herman's Hermits also appeared in four films, two of which were vehicles for the band.

Early days
Herman's Hermits was formed from two different local bands. Keith Hopwood (Rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Karl Green (lead guitar, backing vocals), Alan Wrigley (bass), Steve Titterington (drums) and Peter Noone (lead vocals) came from the Heartbeats where Hopwood had replaced rhythm guitarist Alan Chadwick. The second-youngest member of a young group (four months older than Karl Green who was originally in the Balmains), 15-year-old Noone was already an experienced actor on the popular British TV soap opera Coronation Street. Derek "Lek" Leckenby (lead guitar) and Barry Whitwam (drums) (born Jan Barry Whitwam) joined later from another local group, the Wailers. Whitwam replaced Titterington on drums, Green switched to bass guitar (replacing Wrigley) and Leckenby took over for Green as lead guitarist. After Leckenby joined the band, the group made a deal with producer Mickie Most and signed with EMI's Columbia label in Europe and MGM Records in the United States.

The band's name came from a resemblance, noted by a publican in Manchester, England, between Noone and Sherman from the Rocky and Bullwinkle cartoons. Sherman was shortened to Herman and then became Herman and His Hermits, which was soon shortened to Herman's Hermits.

1960s fame
Harvey Lisberg discovered them and signed on as their manager. He sent a plane ticket to London record producer Mickie Most so that he could fly to see the band play in Bolton. Most, already successful with the Animals, became the group's producer and controlled the band's output. He emphasised a simple and non-threatening clean-cut image.

Their chart debut was a cover of Gerry Goffin and Carole King's "I'm into Something Good" (a then-recent US Top 40 hit for Earl-Jean). In September 1964, it replaced the Kinks' "You Really Got Me" at number one in the UK singles chart and in December reached no. 13 in the US. The Hermits never topped the British charts again. However, in America in 1965—when Billboard magazine ranked them America's top singles act of the year (with the Beatles at no. 2)—they topped the Hot 100 with two non-UK releases: "Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter" and "I’m Henry VIII, I Am” (a remake of the 1910 Cockney-style music hall song "I'm Henery the Eighth, I Am"). The no. 12 debut of "Mrs. Brown" on the Hot 100 in April 1965 was the decade's third highest (behind the Beatles' "Hey Jude" and "Get Back").The band played on most of its singles, including "I'm into Something Good", "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat", "Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter", "I'm Henry VIII, I Am" (said at the time to be "the fastest-selling song in history"), "A Must to Avoid", "Listen People", "You Won't Be Leaving" and "Leaning on a Lamp Post". Leckenby soloed on "Henry" and Hopwood played rhythm guitar on "Mrs. Brown". Despite the group's competent musicianship, some subsequent singles employed session musicians – including Big Jim Sullivan, Jimmy Page, John Paul Jones, Vic Flick and Bobby Graham – with contributions from the band, although the role of session players on Herman's Hermits records has been exaggerated in the rock media and in liner notes on the 2004 ABKCO Records compilation Retrospective (which does not credit the Hermits' playing). Mickie Most used session musicians on many records he produced; this was industry practice then.

Between late 1964 and early 1968, Herman's Hermits never failed to reach the Top 40 in the States. Six of their 11 US Top Tens were not released as A-side singles in their native UK, including the two aforementioned number ones plus "Can't You Hear My Heartbeat" (no. 2), "Listen People" (no. 3), a cover of Noel Gay's 1937 song "Leaning on a Lamp-post" (no. 9, under the title "Leaning on the Lamp Post") and their version of Ray Davies's "Dandy" (no. 5). Conversely they hit big in Britain between 1968 and 1970 with several major hits which failed to register in America, among them the four Top Tens "Sunshine Girl" (no. 8), "Something's Happening" (no. 6), "My Sentimental Friend" (no. 2) and "Years May Come, Years May Go" (no. 7). Their final UK hit, "Lady Barbara" (no. 13), released in the autumn of 1970, was credited to 'Peter Noone & Herman's Hermits'. In America the group appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show, The Dean Martin Show and The Jackie Gleason Show. The group's US records were released by MGM Records, which often showcased its musical performers in MGM films. The band appeared in several movies. On screen the Hermits featured opposite Connie Francis in When the Boys Meet the Girls (1965) and starred outright in Hold On! (1966) — featuring one song performed by co-star Shelley Fabares and nine by the Hermits, including the title track — and Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter (1968). They also appeared in the 1965 British music revue film Pop Gear. P. F. Sloan wrote the Hermits soundtrack title track to the 1966 film Hold On!. Sloan and regular collaborator Steve Barri—whose songs include "Let Me Be", "You Baby" and "Secret Agent Man"—also co-wrote "Where Were You When I Needed You", "All the Things I Do for You Baby" and the Top Ten hit "A Must to Avoid", all recorded by Herman's Hermits.

Ray Davies of the Kinks wrote "Dandy" – a 1966 US no. 5 hit for the Hermits – and  Graham Gouldman wrote three of their 1966 hits: "Listen People", "No Milk Today" and "East West", the latter of which was covered in 1989 by singer and Hermits fan Morrissey.

In November 1966 in the UK, after two consecutive Top 20 hits, the Hermits returned to the Top Ten with "No Milk Today", backed with "My Reservation's Been Confirmed". For the US release of "No Milk Today" in 1967, MGM backed it with "There's a Kind of Hush". The latter climbed to no. 4 in March 1967. "No Milk Today" peaked at no. 35, though it was linked to "Hush" on local charts nationwide. "No Milk Today" also scored in its own right, including success on San Francisco Top 40 station KFRC, where in April 1967, it reached no. 1, ranking 6 for the year.

In 1966 the group was nominated for three Grammy awards including Best New Artist of 1965—they lost to singer Tom Jones—and two for their chart-topper "Mrs. Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter": Best Performance by a Vocal Group and Best Contemporary (R&R) Performance – Group (Vocal or Instrumental). According to Noone and Hopwood, "Mrs. Brown" was recorded as an afterthought in two takes – using two microphones, with Hopwood on guitar, Green on bass guitar and Whitwam on drums. Noone and the band deliberately emphasised their English accents on the record, never intended to be a single. Hopwood recalls playing a Gretsch Country Gentleman guitar in the studio, with its strings muted to create the distinctive sound. When playing the song live, Hopwood often used a Rickenbacker guitar with a rag tied around the bridge to duplicate the sound, which can be seen clearly in old performance clips.

The 1967 album Blaze received critical acclaim, but barely made the Top 100 in the US and did not chart in the UK. The album included original songs by Leckenby, Whitwam, Hopwood, Green and Noone, including "Ace King Queen Jack" and the psychedelic "Moonshine Man".

In 1968, Hopwood and Leckenby eventually started a music company, Pluto Music, which is still in business as of 2023, working primarily on commercial and animation soundtracks.

A 1969 two-disc album Herman's Hermits Rock 'n' Roll Party was never released.

1970s–present
Peter Noone left in 1971 to pursue a solo career in the United States. In 1973, a cover of the song "(I Think I'm Over) Getting Over You" went to number 63 on the Adult Contemporary Chart.

When Noone left the group in 1971, the Hermits continued, first with singer Pete Cowap. They signed with RCA Records in the UK and, as "The Hermits", recorded two singles at Strawberry Studios and an unreleased album (under the name Sourmash) produced by Eric Stewart. The group subsequently cut one-off singles for Private Stock, Buddah, and Roulette in 1975, 1976, and 1977 without significant success. Noone did return to front Herman's Hermits during a 1973–1974 U.S. multi-artist tour of "British Invasion" acts, after which Whitwam, Leckenby, and Green (who assumed lead vocal duties until his 1980 retirement) continued to tour with newer members, including Rod Gerrard (formerly with Wayne Fontana & the Mindbenders and Salford Jets). Hopwood left in 1972.

Karl Green left the band in 1980 to spend more time with his family. He later opened a plumbing and tiling business in London.

In 1986, the Hermits opened for the Hep Stars and the Monkees on their 1980s reunion tours of the US.

Hopwood has since become a composer of scores for film and television. Green has become a manager of sound systems for concert venues along London's South Bank. Leckenby died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in 1994, leaving Whitwam as the only original member of the band. Noone continues to play solo shows billed as "Herman's Hermits starring Peter Noone".

On 8 June 1997, Hopwood, Green, and Whitwam reunited to play a one-off reunion concert with Noone.

Karl Green has noted that he preferred harder rock but was grateful for the hand he was dealt. Many of the band's singles and album tracks were written by some of the top songwriters of the day, but Noone, Leckenby, Hopwood and Green contributed lesser-known songs such as "My Reservation's Been Confirmed", "Take Love, Give Love", "Marcel's", "For Love", "Tell Me Baby", "Busy Line", Moonshine Man", "I Know Why" and "Gaslight Street". "I Know Why" enjoyed a limited A-side release. The Sourmash album from 1972 was finally released in 2000 under the title A Whale of a Tale! And Others.

Scottish-born keyboardist Robert Birrell joined in May 2002. He was diagnosed with cancer a few years into being a Hermit, and Kevan Lingard was added in on keys in 2005 to fill in for dates Birrell couldn't attend. Robert eventually left in September 2006 and later died on 18 October 2008.

Paul Cornwell (guitarist from 2013 to 2019) was added into Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich in January 2015 on bass as "Dozy II" following the death of original Dozy Trevor Ward-Davies.

In 2019, Noone won the "Entertainer of the Year" award at the Casino Entertainment Awards. In 2023, Herman's Hermits Starring Peter Noone were scheduled to perform in over 100 concerts in countries such as the USA, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom and France.

Geoff Foot, who, with the exception of Whitwam, was the longest serving member, left the Hermits after playing his last gig with them at a Butlin's on Saturday, 14 January 2023. Foot was replaced by John Summerton. The group has played some concerts since that time, however, including one on 23 July 2023 in New Jersey.

Also, in 2023, Tony Hancox left the band after six years. He was replaced by Tony Young of Gerry's Pacemakers. Hancox's last performance with the Hermits was at the Leeds Grand Theatre on 29 October 2023, when they were touring in the "Sixties Gold" nostalgia tour. In turn, Hancox filled Young's place in Gerry's Pacemakers. As of April 2024, the current lineup of Herman's Hermits is: Barry Whitwam (drummer since 1964), Jamie Thurston (formerly of The Tornados starring Dave Watts; bassist and lead vocalist since 2020), John Summerton (formerly of Flintlock; guitarist since January 2023), and Tony Young (formerly of Gerry and the Pacemakers; keyboardist since October 2023).

Disputes over recording contributions
Continuing acrimony among former members of Herman's Hermits has increased the amount of disinformation about the group's role on their records; the late Derek Leckenby, in particular, was a skilled guitarist. Mickie Most commented on the VH1 My Generation: Herman's Hermits episode that the Hermits "played on a lot of their records, and some they didn't." The group played on all their UK and US no. 1 hits ("I'm Into Something Good", "Mrs Brown You've Got a Lovely Daughter", and "I'm Henry VIII, I Am"), on most of their US Top Ten singles, on several other singles and most album cuts. According to Peter Noone, Leckenby played the muted lead on "This Door Swings Both Ways".

The riff in "Silhouettes" variously has been credited to Jimmy Page, Big Jim Sullivan and Vic Flick; however, according to Keith Hopwood and Karl Green, Leckenby replaced Flick in the studio and played the signature riff under Most's direction. According to Hopwood, Green and Noone, Jimmy Page played on the single "Wonderful World" (although Big Jim Sullivan lists the song as part of a session he played); both may have added to the backing track. Several writers have claimed that session players played on "I'm into Something Good"; according to the surviving band members, the song was recorded on a two-track recorder, with only a piano player in addition to the Hermits.

Legal disputes over "Herman's Hermits" name
Legal disputes between Whitwam and Noone have occurred since the 2000s. In 2003, members were forced to rename the band "Herman's Hermits starring Barry Whitwam" when they tour in North America, but remain billed as "Herman's Hermits" worldwide.

One such case in 2009 had the band sued by Peter Noone when advertisements for their tour in the US had "Herman's Hermits" in large text, with "starring/featuring Barry Whitwam" in small text underneath, which would not have been noticed by people looking at the advertisement, possibly misleading them into thinking that they were seeing an ad for Noone. A lawsuit unravelled, and Whitwam ultimately decided to stop touring in the United States with his band: "In 2009, our last tour of America we did, we agreed in 2003 that if I would tour America that I was Herman's Hermits Starring Barry Whitwam and when Peter went out it would be Herman's Hermits Starring Peter Noone. In 2009, the promoters, the buyers, didn't read the rider properly, got it wrong and said Herman's Hermits. Then in small letters, Featuring or With Barry Whitwam. The promoters got it wrong. Peter got wired up and we went to battle, litigation and all that stuff. It could've been settled with a phone call because my agents and promoters were in the wrong because they didn't read the rider properly. Anyway, we agreed to go out as Herman's Hermits Starring Barry Whitwam and he agreed to go out as Herman's Hermits Starring Peter Noone. In 2009, it went pear-shaped and I decided it's not worth the hassle going out in America because every time you got booked, you got booked wrong, not the way it should have been. So 2009 was the last tour of America for me."

- Barry Whitwam

Discography
Studio albums
 * Herman's Hermits (1965, US/UK)
 * Herman's Hermits on Tour (1965, US)
 * Hold On! (1966, US)
 * Both Sides of Herman's Hermits (1966, US/UK)
 * There's a Kind of Hush All Over the World (1967, US/UK)
 * Blaze (1967, US)
 * Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter (1968, US/UK)

Filmography

 * 1965 – When the Boys Meet the Girls
 * 1966 – Hold On!
 * 1968 – Mrs. Brown, You've Got a Lovely Daughter

Band members
Original members are listed in bold.

 * Current members
 * Barry Whitwam (born 21 July 1946 in Prestbury) – drums (1964–present)
 * Jamie Thurston – bass, lead and backing vocals (2020-present)
 * John Summerton (born 10 January 1961 – guitar, lead and backing vocals (2023-present)
 * Tony Young – keyboards, lead and backing vocals (2023-present)
 * Former members
 * Derek Leckenby (born 14 May 1943 in Leeds, died 4 June 1994 in Manchester) – lead guitar (1964–1994)
 * Karl Green (born 31 July 1947 in Davyhulme) – bass, vocals (1964–1980)
 * Keith Hopwood (born 26 October 1946 in Davyhulme) – rhythm guitar, vocals (1964–1972)
 * Peter Noone (born 5 November 1947 in Davyhulme) – lead vocals (1964–1971, 1973)
 * Pete Cowap (born 1944 in Middleton, died 1997) – lead vocals, rhythm guitar (1971–1972; died 1997)
 * John Gaughan (born 1953) – rhythm guitar, vocals (1972–1975)
 * Chris Finley (born 1948 in Liverpool, died February 2016 ) – keyboards, vocals (1973–1974)
 * Lance Dixon – keyboards, vocals (1974)
 * Frank Renshaw (born 22 June 1943 in Wythenshawe ) – rhythm guitar, vocals (1975–1982)
 * Paul Farnell – bass, vocals (1980–1988)
 * Garth Elliott – rhythm guitar, vocals (1982–1986)
 * Rod Gerrard (born in Manchester) – rhythm guitar, vocals (1986–1995)
 * Geoff Foot (born 26 November 1946 in Manchester) – vocals (1988–2023), bass (1988–2020) , lead guitar (2020–2023)
 * Alec Johnson (born 3 April 1953 in Northwich) – lead guitar (1994–2002 )
 * Geoff Kerry (born 28 August 1949 in Salford ) – rhythm guitar, vocals (1995–2001)
 * Graham Lee (born 1943 in Manchester ) – rhythm guitar, vocals (2001–2004), lead guitar (2002–2004)
 * Robert Birrell (born 25 November 1948, died 18 October 2008 ) – keyboards, vocals (2002–2006 ) (not touring 2005–2006)
 * Eddy Carter (born 17 April 1957 in Manchester ) – lead guitar, vocals (2004–2013 )
 * Kevan Lingard (born 28 October 1958 in Accrington ) – keyboards, vocals (2005–2016 )
 * Simon Van Downham – rhythm guitar, vocals (2010–2011 )
 * Paul Cornwell (born 31 October 1963 in Lincolnshire) – lead guitar, vocals (2013–2019)
 * Justin LaBarge – rhythm guitar, vocals (2015–2019)
 * Paul Robinson (born 1 December 1964 ) – keyboards, vocals (2016)
 * Duncan Keith – guitar, vocals (2019)
 * Ray Frost (born in Essex ) – guitar, vocals (2019–2020)
 * Tony Hancox (born 25 March 1972 ) – keyboards, vocals (2017-2023)

title: Herman's Hermits