text:
1905 in sports

1905 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

American football
College championship
 * College football national championship – Chicago Maroons

Professional championships
 * Ohio League championship – Massillon Tigers
 * Western Pennsylvania Championship – Latrobe Athletic Association

Events
 * The college football season is blighted by a spate of serious injuries, some fatal, and U S President Theodore Roosevelt calls upon the game's authorities to reform it.
 * 6 October — Night-time football is played west of the Mississippi for the first time (see 1905 Cooper vs. Fairmount football game)
 * December 25 — An experimental game using new rules is played in Wichita, Kansas under the supervision of John H. Outland. Proposed rules changes include the addition of the forward pass.

Association football
Argentina England Germany Scotland Turkey
 * Boca Juniors was founded in Buenos Aires
 * The Football League – Newcastle United 48 points, Everton 47, Manchester City 46, Aston Villa 42, Sunderland 40, Sheffield United 40
 * 1905 FA Cup final – Aston Villa 2–0 Newcastle United at Crystal Palace, London.
 * 14 March — foundation of Chelsea F.C.
 * Alf Common becomes the first player ever to be transferred for £1,000 when he moves from Sunderland to Middlesbrough
 * The First and Second Divisions are expanded from eighteen to twenty teams each ahead of the 1905–06 season, bringing the total number of League clubs to 40. New clubs elected to the league include Chelsea, Hull City and Leeds City.
 * National Championship – Union Berlin 2–0 Karlsruher FV at Köln-Merheim
 * Scottish Football League – Celtic
 * Scottish Cup final – Third Lanark 3–1 Rangers at Hampden Park (replay, following 0–0 draw at Hampden Park)
 * Galatasaray founded in Istanbul

Athletics

 * Frederick Lorz wins the ninth running of the Boston Marathon.

Australian rules football
VFL Premiership
 * Fitzroy wins the 9th VFL Premiership: Fitzroy 4.6 (30) d Collingwood 2.5 (17) at Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)

Baseball
World Series
 * 9–14 October — New York Giants (NL) defeats Philadelphia Athletics (AL) by 4 games to 1 in the 1905 World Series, which is the first organized by the modern National and American Leagues.

Boxing
Events Lineal world champions
 * 13 May — James J. Jeffries announces his retirement from boxing and relinquishes the World Heavyweight Championship title
 * 3 July — Jeffries referees the Marvin Hart v. Jack Root fight at Reno and "awards" his title to Hart, who has won by a 12th-round knockout. Besides winning this bout, Hart has earlier in the year defeated Jack Johnson over 20 rounds at San Francisco.  Hart holds the title until 1906.
 * 9 September — Battling Nelson defeats Jimmy Britt by an eighteenth-round knockout to win the World Lightweight Championship.
 * 20 December — Bob Fitzsimmons loses his World Light Heavyweight Championship to Philadelphia Jack O'Brien on a 13th-round technical knockout in San Francisco. O'Brien effectively relinquishes the title soon afterwards and it remains vacant until 1914.
 * World Heavyweight Championship – James J. Jeffries → vacant → Marvin Hart
 * World Light Heavyweight Championship – Bob Fitzsimmons → Philadelphia Jack O'Brien → vacant
 * World Middleweight Championship – Tommy Ryan
 * World Welterweight Championship – Barbados Joe Walcott
 * World Lightweight Championship – Jimmy Britt → Battling Nelson
 * World Featherweight Championship – Abe Attell
 * World Bantamweight Championship – Joe Bowker → vacant → Jimmy Walsh

Cricket
England Australia India South Africa West Indies
 * County Championship – Yorkshire
 * Minor Counties Championship – Norfolk
 * Most runs – C B Fry 2801 @ 70.02 (HS 233)
 * Most wickets – Walter Lees 193 @ 18.01 (BB 9–81)
 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year – David Denton, Walter Lees, George Thompson, Joe Vine, Levi Wright
 * Sheffield Shield – New South Wales
 * Most runs – Warwick Armstrong 460 @ 57.50 (HS 200)
 * Most wickets – Frederick Collins 27 @ 23.37 (BB 6–64)
 * Bombay Presidency – Parsees
 * Currie Cup – not contested
 * Inter-Colonial Tournament – not contested

Cycling
Tour de France
 * Louis Trousselier (France) wins the 3rd Tour de France

Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships
 * World Men's Champion – Ulrich Salchow (Sweden)

Golf
Major tournaments Other tournaments
 * British Open – James Braid
 * U.S. Open – Willie Anderson
 * British Amateur – Gordon Barry
 * US Amateur – Chandler Egan

Horse racing
England Australia Canada Ireland USA
 * Grand National – Kirkland
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Cherry Lass
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Vedas
 * The Derby – Cicero
 * The Oaks – Cherry Lass
 * St. Leger Stakes – Challacombe
 * Melbourne Cup – Blue Spec
 * King's Plate – Inferno
 * Irish Grand National – Red Lad
 * Irish Derby Stakes – Flax Park
 * Kentucky Derby – Agile
 * Preakness Stakes – Cairngorm
 * Belmont Stakes – Tanya

Ice hockey
Stanley Cup Events
 * Ottawa Hockey Club wins a challenge series against the Dawson City Nuggets of Dawson City, Yukon two games to nil. The Dawson club has travelled over 4,000 miles by dog sled, boat and train to play the Silver Seven but are outmatched. Frank McGee, incensed by comments from the Dawson squad, scores 14 goals as Ottawa wins the second game 23–2.
 * Ottawa wins the Federal Amateur Hockey League (FAHL) championship to defend the Stanley Cup.
 * Ottawa defeats Rat Portage Thistles 2 games to one in a Stanley Cup challenge.
 * 9 December — Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA) is formed from teams in the Canadian Amateur Hockey League (CAHL) and the FAHL. Stanley Cup champion Ottawa and Montreal Wanderers join from FAHL and Montreal, Montreal Shamrocks, Montreal Victorias and Quebec Bulldogs join from the CAHL.

Lacrosse
Events
 * The Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (ILA) is replaced by the Intercollegiate Lacrosse League, which will be renamed the U.S. Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association (USILA) in 1929.

Motor racing
Gordon Bennett Cup Ardennes Circuit Vanderbilt Cup Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb
 * Sixth and final running of the Gordon Bennett Cup takes place in France on the Charade Circuit, then known as the Circuit d'Auvergne, at Clermont-Ferrand. As road racing has been banned in France, this is the first time the trophy is contested on a circuit.  The winner for the second successive year is Léon Théry (France) driving a Richard-Brasier.
 * The fourth Circuit des Ardennes is run on 7 August over 591.255 km (118.251 km x 5 laps) in the vicinity of Bastogne. The winner is Victor Hémery (France) driving a Darracq 80 hp in a time of 5:58:32.
 * The second Vanderbilt Cup is run on 14 October over 455.430 km (45.543 km x 10 laps) on Long Island. The winner is Victor Hémery (France) driving a Darracq 80 hp in a time of 4:36:08.
 * First running of the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb on August 12, still run annually on the same course.

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * 1 April — Oxford wins the 62nd Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race

Rugby league
England
 * Championship – Oldham
 * Challenge Cup final – Warrington 6–0 Hull Kingston Rovers at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds
 * Lancashire League Championship – not contested
 * Yorkshire League Championship – not contested
 * County cup competitions introduced in both Lancashire and Yorkshire ahead of the 1905–06 season. These are knockout competitions in the same format as the Challenge Cup except for their regional character.

Rugby union
Home Nations Championship
 * 23rd Home Nations Championship series is won by Wales

Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
 * Men's All-round Champion
 * January 22 - Dutchman Coen de Koning wins the 1,500m, 5,000m & 10,000m at World Allround Speed Skating Championships in Groningen, Netherlands to become 2nd Dutchman to win a world title

Tennis
Events Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Inaugural Australian Championship is held, but for men only
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – Rodney Heath (Australia) defeats Arthur Curtis (Australia) 4–6 6–3 6–4 6–4
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Laurence Doherty (GB) defeats Norman Brookes (Australia) 8–6 6–2 6–4
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – May Sutton Bundy (USA) defeats Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers (GB) 6–3 6–4
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Maurice Germot (France) defeats André Vacherot (France): details unknown
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Kate Gillou (France) defeats Yvonne de Pfeffel (France) 6–0 11–9
 * American Men's Singles Championship – Beals Wright (USA) defeats Holcombe Ward (USA) 6–2 6–1 11–9
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Elisabeth Moore (USA) defeats Helen Homans (USA) 6–4 5–7 6–1
 * 1905 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – 5–0  at Queen's Club (grass) London, United Kingdom

title: 1905 in sports


text:
1906 in sports

1906 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

American football
College championship Events
 * College football national championship – Princeton Tigers and Yale Bulldogs (shared)
 * 31 March — the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States (IAAUS) is established to set rules for amateur sports in the United States, including revisions to American football rules that legalise the forward pass. The IAAUS later became the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) in 1910.
 * 5 September — Bradbury Robinson of St. Louis University throws the first legal forward pass to teammate Jack Schneider in a 22–0 victory over Carroll College in Waukesha, Wisconsin.
 * 25 October — Peggy Parratt of the Massillon Tigers throws the first legal forward pass in professional football to teammate Dan "Bullet" Riley in a 60–0 victory over a combined Benwood-Moundsville team in Massillon, Ohio.
 * 24 November — the Canton Bulldogs-Massillon Tigers Betting Scandal effectively ends the first era of major professional football. All three of the top three teams in the nation will fall by the wayside by 1907.

Association football
England Germany Mexico Portugal Scotland Spain
 * The Football League – Liverpool 51, Preston North End 47, The Wednesday 44, Newcastle United 43, Manchester City 43, Bolton Wanderers 41
 * FA Cup final – Everton 1–0 Newcastle United at Crystal Palace, London
 * National Championship – VfB Leipzig 2–1 Pforzheim at Nuremberg
 * Club Unión founded (8 May).
 * Sporting Clube de Portugal founded (14 April).
 * Scottish Football League – Celtic
 * Scottish Cup final – Hearts 1–0 Third Lanark at Ibrox Park
 * Deportivo de La Coruna, officially founded in Galicia, on March 2.

Australian rules football
VFL Premiership Events
 * Carlton wins the 10th VFL Premiership – Carlton 15.4 (94) d Fitzroy 6.9 (45) at Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)
 * The Australasian Football Council is established in November to serve as the top-level governing body for Australian rules football in Australia and New Zealand.

Baseball
World Series
 * 9–14 October — Chicago White Sox (AL) defeats Chicago Cubs (NL) in the 1906 World Series by 4 games to 2.

Boxing
Events Lineal world champions
 * 23 February — Marvin Hart loses his World Heavyweight Championship to Tommy Burns over 20 rounds in Los Angeles. Burns holds the title until December 1908 and successfully defends it 11 times until he is defeated by Jack Johnson.
 * World Heavyweight Championship – Marvin Hart → Tommy Burns
 * World Light Heavyweight Championship – vacant
 * World Middleweight Championship – Tommy Ryan → vacant
 * World Welterweight Championship – Barbados Joe Walcott → Billy "Honey" Mellody
 * World Lightweight Championship – Battling Nelson → Joe Gans
 * World Featherweight Championship – Abe Attell
 * World Bantamweight Championship – Jimmy Walsh

Cricket
Events England Australia India South Africa West Indies
 * George Hirst of Yorkshire and England creates a unique record as the only player to score 2000 runs and take 200 wickets in the same season: 2385 runs and 208 wickets.
 * The Plunket Shield competition is introduced in New Zealand ahead of the 1906–07 season. The shield is donated by William Plunket, 5th Baron Plunket, the Governor-general of New Zealand. In its early years, until 1920–21 when a league system is started, the competition is decided by a series of challenge matches between five provincial Cricket Association sides, Auckland, Wellington, Canterbury, Otago and, briefly, Hawke's Bay.
 * County Championship – Kent
 * Minor Counties Championship – Staffordshire
 * Most runs – Tom Hayward 3518 @ 66.37 (HS 219)
 * Most wickets – George Hirst 208 @ 16.50 (BB 7–18)
 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Jack Crawford, Arthur Fielder, Ernie Hayes, Kenneth Hutchings, Neville Knox
 * Sheffield Shield – New South Wales
 * Most runs – Jim Mackay 902 @ 112.75 (HS 203)
 * Most wickets – Leonard Garnsey 36 @ 21.44 (BB 6–48)
 * Bombay Presidency – Hindus shared with Parsees
 * Currie Cup – Western Province
 * Inter-Colonial Tournament – Barbados

Cycling
Tour de France
 * René Pottier (France) wins the 4th Tour de France

Figure skating
Events World Figure Skating Championships
 * Inaugural ISU World Championships for women is held at Davos, Switzerland
 * World Men's Champion – Gilbert Fuchs (Germany)
 * World Women's Champion – Madge Syers-Cave (Great Britain)

Golf
Events Major tournaments Other tournaments
 * As scoring improves, Alex Smith becomes the first golfer in US Open history to break 300 for 72 holes when he posts 295
 * British Open – James Braid
 * US Open – Alex Smith
 * British Amateur – James Robb
 * US Amateur – Eben Byers

Horse racing
England Australia Canada Ireland USA
 * Grand National – Ascetic's Silver
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Flair
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Gorgos
 * The Derby – Spearmint
 * The Oaks – Keystone II
 * St. Leger Stakes – Troutbeck
 * Melbourne Cup – Poseidon
 * King's Plate – Slaughter
 * Irish Grand National – Brown Bess
 * Irish Derby Stakes – Killeagh
 * Kentucky Derby – Sir Huon
 * Preakness Stakes – Whimsical
 * Belmont Stakes – Burgomaster

Ice hockey
Stanley Cup Other events
 * February — Ottawa Hockey Club defeats Queen's College of Kingston, Ontario in a Stanley Cup challenge
 * March — Ottawa defeats Smiths Falls, Ontario two games to none in another Stanley Cup challenge.
 * March — Ottawa and Montreal Wanderers tie for first place in the ECAHA league's regular season with 9–1 records. The two clubs hold a playoff to determine the ECAHA and Stanley Cup champion. The Wanderers win the series for their first Stanley Cup win, defeating the Silver Seven in a two-game total-goals series.
 * 3 January — the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA) begins its inaugural season
 * Berlin, Ontario defeats the Toronto Argonaut Rowing Club to win the Ontario Hockey Association title.

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * 7 April — Cambridge wins the 63rd Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race

Rugby league
England Events
 * Championship – Leigh
 * Challenge Cup final – Bradford F.C. 5–0 Salford at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds
 * Lancashire League Championship – not contested
 * Yorkshire League Championship – not contested
 * Lancashire County Cup – Wigan 8–0 Leigh (replay following 0–0)
 * Yorkshire County Cup – Hunslet 13–3 Halifax
 * Rules of rugby league are changed so that the number of players in a team is reduced from 15 to 13, and following tackles the play-the-ball is introduced in place of rucks and mauls.

Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
 * January 27 - New world record in speed skating 500m by Rudolf Gundersen (44.8) in Davos
 * Men's All-round Champion – none declared

Rugby union
Home Nations Championship
 * 24th Home Nations Championship series is shared by Ireland and Wales

Tennis
Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – Anthony Wilding (NZ) defeats Francis Fisher (NZ) 6–0 6–4 6–4
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Laurence Doherty (GB) defeats Frank Riseley (GB) 6–4 4–6 6–2 6–3
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers (GB) defeats May Sutton Bundy (USA) 6–3 9–7
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Maurice Germot (France) defeats Max Decugis (France): details unknown
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Kate Gillou-Fenwick (France) defeats Mac Veagh (France): details unknown
 * American Men's Singles Championship – William Clothier (USA) defeats Beals Wright (USA) 6–3 6–0 6–4
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Helen Homans (USA) defeats Maud Barger-Wallach (USA) 6–4 6–3
 * 1906 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – 5–0  at Worple Road (grass) London, United Kingdom

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1906 in sports


text:
1907 in sports

1907 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

American football
College championship Events
 * College football national championship – Yale Bulldogs
 * For the first time, fans are entertained by a marching band during halftime of the University of Illinois game against the University of Chicago.

Association football
Egypt England Germany Scotland Turkey
 * Al Ahly SC founded in Cairo (24 April)
 * The Football League – Newcastle United 51 points, Bristol City 48, Everton 45, Sheffield United 45, Aston Villa 44, Bolton Wanderers 44
 * FA Cup final – The Wednesday 2–1 Everton at Crystal Palace, London
 * National Championship – Freiburger FC 3–1 Viktoria Berlin at Mannheim
 * Scottish Football League – Celtic
 * Scottish Cup final – Celtic 3–0 Hearts at Hampden Park
 * Fenerbahce SK founded in Istanbul (19 July)

Athletics
Marathon
 * 28 November — Johnny Hayes wins the inaugural Yonkers Marathon.

Australian rules football
VFL Premiership
 * Carlton wins the 11th VFL Premiership – Carlton 6.14 (50) d South Melbourne 6.9 (45) at Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)

Bandy
International

Bandy was included in the winter games held in Helsinki, Finland, similar to the Nordic Games. Finland was represented by the club Polyteknikkojen Urheiluseura (PUS) but the winner of the competition was a combined team from Sweden, which defeated PUS as well as a team from St. Petersburg, Russia.

Sweden
 * Swedish national championship inaugurated.
 * Championship final – IFK Uppsala 4–1 IFK Gävle

Baseball
World Series Events Dominican Republic
 * 8–12 October — Chicago Cubs (NL) defeats Detroit Tigers (AL) to win the 1907 World Series by 4 games to 0 with one tie
 * Winnipeg Maroons wins the Northern League Championship
 * Tigres del Licey, a famous professional baseball club in Dominican Republic, officially founded in Santo Domingo on November 7.

Boxing
Events Lineal world champions
 * 8 May. Canadian Tommy Burns retains his world heavyweight boxing title by beating Philadelphia Jack O'Brien on points after 20 rounds in Los Angeles.
 * Following two successful title defences in California, Burns travels to London, where he defeats British heavyweight champion Gunner Moir.
 * World Heavyweight Championship – Tommy Burns
 * World Light Heavyweight Championship – vacant
 * World Middleweight Championship – vacant → Stanley Ketchel
 * World Welterweight Championship – William "Honey" Mellody → Mike "Twin" Sullivan
 * World Lightweight Championship – Joe Gans
 * World Featherweight Championship – Abe Attell
 * World Bantamweight Championship – Jimmy Walsh

Cricket
England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies
 * County Championship – Nottinghamshire
 * Minor Counties Championship – Lancashire II
 * Most runs – Tom Hayward 2353 @ 45.25 (HS 161)
 * Most wickets – Edward Dennett 201 @ 16.05 (BB 8–9)
 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Albert Hallam, Reggie Schwarz, Frank Tarrant, Bert Vogler, Thomas Wass
 * Sheffield Shield – New South Wales
 * Most runs – Bert Hopkins 617 @ 56.09 (HS 171)
 * Most wickets – Leonard Garnsey 32 @ 21.93 (HS 6–35)
 * Bombay Presidency – Hindus
 * Plunket Shield – Canterbury
 * Currie Cup – not contested
 * Inter-Colonial Tournament – Trinidad and Tobago

Cycling
Tour de France
 * Lucien Petit-Breton (France) wins the 5th Tour de France

Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships
 * World Men's Champion – Ulrich Salchow (Sweden)
 * World Women's Champion – Madge Syers-Cave (Great Britain)

Golf
Events Major tournaments Other tournaments
 * Arnaud Massy (France) becomes the first overseas British Open champion
 * British Open – Arnaud Massy (France)
 * US Open – Alec Ross
 * British Amateur – John Ball
 * US Amateur – Jerome Travers

Horse racing
England Australia Canada Ireland United States
 * Grand National – Eremon
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Witch Elm
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Slieve Gallion
 * The Derby – Orby
 * The Oaks – Glass Doll
 * St. Leger Stakes – Wool Winder
 * Melbourne Cup – Poseidon
 * King's Plate – Kelvin
 * Irish Grand National – Sweet Cecil
 * Irish Derby Stakes – Orby
 * Kentucky Derby – Pink Star
 * Preakness Stakes – Don Enrique
 * Belmont Stakes – Peter Pan

Ice hockey
Stanley Cup Events
 * 17–21 January — Kenora Thistles defeats Montreal Wanderers two games to none in a Stanley Cup challenge. Kenora, Ontario is the smallest town ever to win the Stanley Cup.
 * 16–18 March — Kenora Thistles defeats Brandon, Manitoba to win the Manitoba title and defends the Stanley Cup.
 * 23–25 March — Montreal Wanderers regains the Stanley Cup by defeating the Thistles two games to none in a rematch.
 * 9 March — Montreal Wanderers wins the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA) title.
 * Stratford 14th Regiment defeats Kingston Frontenacs 8–6 to win Ontario Hockey Association title.

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * 16 March — Cambridge wins the 64th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race

Rugby league
England Australia
 * Championship – Halifax
 * Challenge Cup final – Warrington 17–3 Oldham at Wheater's Field, Broughton
 * Lancashire League Championship – not contested
 * Yorkshire League Championship – not contested
 * Lancashire County Cup – Broughton Rangers 15–6 Warrington
 * Yorkshire County Cup – Bradford F.C. 8–5 Hull Kingston Rovers
 * The newly formed New South Wales Rugby League conducts its first game of rugby: a match in Sydney between New Zealand and New South Wales

Rugby union
Home Nations Championship
 * 25th Home Nations Championship series is won by Scotland

Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
 * Men's All-round Champion – none declared

Tennis
Events Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Norman Brookes (Australia) becomes the first overseas winner of the Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – Horace Rice (Australia) defeats Harry Parker (Australia) 6–3 6–4 6–4
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Norman Brookes (Australia) defeats Arthur Gore (GB) 6–4 6–2 6–2
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – May Sutton Bundy (USA) defeats Dorothea Douglass Lambert Chambers (GB) 6–1 6–4
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Max Decugis (France) defeats Robert Wallet (France): details unknown
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Comtesse de Kermel (France) defeats d'Elva (France): details unknown
 * American Men's Singles Championship – William Larned (USA) defeats Robert LeRoy (USA) 6–2 6–2 6–4
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Evelyn Sears (USA) defeats Carrie Neely (USA) 6–3 6–2
 * 1907 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – 3–2  at Warple Road (grass) London, United Kingdom

title: 1907 in sports


text:
1908 in sports

1908 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

American football
College championship
 * College football national championship – Penn Quakers

Association football
Belgium Brazil England Germany Greece Italy Mexico Netherlands Scotland
 * R.S.C. Anderlecht was founded in Brussels Region on May 27.
 * 25 March — Clube Atlético Mineiro founded
 * The Football League – Manchester United 52 points, Aston Villa 43, Manchester City 43, Newcastle United 42, The Wednesday 42, Middlesbrough 41
 * FA Cup final – Wolverhampton Wanderers 3–1 Newcastle United at Crystal Palace, London
 * Bradford Park Avenue (1908–70) and Tottenham Hotspur elected to the Football League after Lincoln City and Stoke FC are expelled. Stoke FC is not involved in the election process but goes into receivership soon afterwards and is replaced by Tottenham Hotspur, who have lost the election to Bradford Park Avenue.
 * National Championship – Viktoria Berlin 3–0 Stuttgarter Kickers at Berlin-Tempelhof
 * 3 February — Panathinaikos, Greece's most successful sports club is founded in Athens, Greece by Georgios Kalafatis.
 * 9 March — Internazionale Milan founded
 * Club Union of Mexico becomes Club Deportivo Guadalajara
 * 19 July — Feyenoord Rotterdam founded
 * Scottish Football League – Celtic
 * Scottish Cup final – Celtic 5–1 St Mirren at Hampden Park

Australian rules football
VFL Premiership Events
 * Carlton wins the 12th VFL Premiership: Carlton 5.5 (35) d Essendon 3.8 (26) at Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)
 * Richmond and University join the VFL

Bandy
Sweden
 * Championship final – Djurgårdens IF 3–1 Östergötlands BF

Baseball
World Series Events
 * 10–14 October — Chicago Cubs (NL) defeats Detroit Tigers (AL) to win the 1908 World Series by 4 games to 1
 * 23 September — the Merkle incident, which finally costs New York Giants the NL pennant
 * Major League Baseball's lowest scoring season including the current record for fewest runs scored in a season by one team: 372 by St. Louis Cardinals
 * Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA) founded

Boxing
Events Lineal world champions
 * 4 July — Battling Nelson recovers his World Lightweight Championship from Joe Gans with a 17th-round knockout at Colma, California
 * World Middleweight Champion Stanley Ketchel loses his title on 7 September to Billy Papke by a 12th-round technical knockout at Vernon, California, but regains it on 26 November at Colma, California, where he knocks out Papke in the 11th round
 * October – Mike "Twin" Sullivan vacates the World Welterweight Championship which remains unresolved until 1914
 * 26 December — Jack Johnson becomes the first African American World Heavyweight Champion by defeating Tommy Burns at Sydney, Australia. Johnson holds the title until 1915.
 * World Heavyweight Championship – Tommy Burns → Jack Johnson
 * World Light Heavyweight Championship – vacant
 * World Middleweight Championship – Stanley Ketchel → Billy Papke → Stanley Ketchel
 * World Welterweight Championship – Mike "Twin" Sullivan → vacant
 * World Lightweight Championship – Joe Gans → Battling Nelson
 * World Featherweight Championship – Abe Attell
 * World Bantamweight Championship – Jimmy Walsh

Cricket
England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies
 * County Championship – Yorkshire
 * Minor Counties Championship – Staffordshire
 * Most runs – Tom Hayward 2337 @ 45.82 (HS 175)
 * Most wickets – Colin Blythe 197 @ 16.88 (BB 8–83)
 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Walter Brearley, Lord Hawke, Jack Hobbs, Alan Marshal, John Newstead
 * Sheffield Shield – Victoria
 * Most runs – Joe Hardstaff senior 1360 @ 52.30 (HS 135)
 * Most wickets – Jack Saunders and Jack Crawford 66 apiece
 * Bombay Triangular – Parsees
 * Plunket Shield – Auckland
 * Currie Cup – Western Province
 * Inter-Colonial Tournament – not contested

Cycling
Tour de France
 * Lucien Petit-Breton (France) wins the 6th Tour de France

Field hockey
Olympic Games (Men's Competition)
 * Gold Medal – England
 * Silver Medal – Ireland
 * Bronze Medals – Scotland & Wales

Figure skating
Events World Figure Skating Championships 1908 Summer Olympics
 * Inaugural International Skating Union (ISU) Championships for pair skating is held at Saint Petersburg
 * Figure skating is held at the 1908 Summer Olympics and is the first winter sport to feature at the Olympics — 16 years before the inaugural Winter Games is held
 * World Men's Champion – Ulrich Salchow (Sweden)
 * World Women's Champion – Lily Kronberger (Hungary)
 * World Pairs Champions – Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger (Germany)
 * Men's individual – Ulrich Salchow (Sweden)
 * Men's special figures – Nikolai Panin (Russia)
 * Women's individual – Madge Syers (Great Britain)
 * Pairs – Anna Hübler and Heinrich Burger (Germany)

Golf
Major tournaments Other tournaments
 * British Open – James Braid
 * US Open – Fred McLeod
 * British Amateur – Edward Lassen
 * US Amateur – Jerome Travers

Horse racing
England Australia Canada Ireland USA
 * Grand National – Rubio
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Rhodora
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Norman
 * The Derby – Signorinetta
 * The Oaks – Signorinetta
 * St. Leger Stakes – Your Majesty
 * Melbourne Cup – Lord Nolan
 * King's Plate – Seismic
 * Irish Grand National – Lord Rivers
 * Irish Derby Stakes – Wild Bouquet
 * Kentucky Derby – Stone Street
 * Preakness Stakes – Royal Tourist
 * Belmont Stakes – Colin

Ice hockey
Events Stanley Cup
 * January 2 — The first All-Star game in ice hockey history is held at Montreal to benefit the widow of Hod Stuart, killed in an off-season swimming accident.
 * January 9–13 – Montreal Wanderers defeat the Ottawa Victorias 9–3, 13–1 (22–4) in a two-game challenge to retain the Stanley Cup.
 * March 7 — Montreal Wanderers win the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association (ECAHA) championship for the third year in a row and successfully defend the Stanley Cup.
 * March 10–12 – Montreal Wanderers defeat Winnipeg Maple Leafs 11–5, 9–3 (20–8) in a two-game challenge.
 * March 14 – Montreal Wanderers defeat Toronto Professionals 6–4 in a one-game challenge to retain the Stanley Cup.

Lacrosse
Events
 * Lacrosse is played as an Olympic sport for the second and last time (the first having been in 1904). Canada defeats Great Britain: they are the only two teams to compete.

Olympic Games
1908 Summer Olympics
 * The 1908 Summer Olympics takes place in London
 * Great Britain wins the most medals (145) and the most gold medals (56)

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * 4 April — Cambridge wins the 65th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race

Rugby league
Events England Australia
 * Hunslet becomes the first team to achieve the celebrated "All Four Cups" feat
 * Championship – Hunslet
 * Challenge Cup final – Hunslet 14–0 Hull F.C. at Fartown Ground, Huddersfield
 * Lancashire League Championship – Oldham
 * Yorkshire League Championship – Hunslet
 * Lancashire County Cup – Oldham 16–9 Broughton Rangers
 * Yorkshire County Cup – Hunslet 17–0 Halifax
 * Professional rugby league begins in Australia with the formation of the New South Wales Rugby League
 * South Sydney wins the first Australian championship, defeating Eastern Suburbs 14–12 in the final
 * First Australian national rugby league team embarks on the inaugural 1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain

Rugby union
Home Nations Championship
 * 26th Home Nations Championship series is won by Wales
 * As Wales also defeats France in a 1908 non-championship match, its team is retrospectively regarded as a Grand Slam winner

Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
 * Men's All-round Champion – Oscar Mathisen (Norway)

Tennis
Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – Fred Alexander (USA) defeats Alfred Dunlop (Australia) 3–6 3–6 6–0 6–2 6–3
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Arthur Gore (GB) defeats Herbert Barrett (GB) 6–3 6–2 4–6 3–6 6–4
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Charlotte Cooper Sterry (GB) defeats Agnes Morton (GB) 6–4 6–4
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Max Decugis (France) defeats Maurice Germot (France): details unknown
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Kate Gillou-Fenwick (France) defeats Pean (France): details unknown
 * American Men's Singles Championship – William Larned (USA) defeats Beals Wright (USA) 6–1 6–2 8–6
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Maud Barger-Wallach (USA) defeats Evelyn Sears (USA) 6–3 1–6 6–3
 * 1908 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – 3–2  at Albert Ground (grass) Melbourne, Australia

title: 1908 in sports


text:
1909 in sports

1909 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.

American football
College championship
 * College football national championship – Yale Bulldogs

Association football
International football Brazil England Germany Hungary Romania Scotland Spain
 * West Auckland Town, an English amateur team, defeats FC Winterthur of Switzerland 2–0 to win the Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy, one of the earliest international club competitions
 * 4 April — Sport Club Internacional is founded in Porto Alegre
 * 12 October - Coritiba Foot Ball Club is founded in Curitiba
 * The Football League – Newcastle United 53 points, Everton 46, Sunderland 44, Blackburn Rovers 41, The Wednesday 40, Woolwich Arsenal 38
 * FA Cup final – Manchester United 1–0 Bristol City at Crystal Palace, London
 * National Championship – Phönix Karlsruhe 4–2 Viktoria Berlin at Breslau
 * Budapest Honvéd FC founded on August 3.
 * Formation of the Romanian Football Federation (Federaţia Română de Fotbal or FRF)
 * Scottish Football League – Celtic
 * Scottish Cup final – competition cancelled following a riot at a replay between Rangers and Celtic; the first match was drawn 2–2 and the replay ended 1–1
 * Formation of the Royal Spanish Football Federation (Real Federación Española de Fútbol or RFEF). It is originally known as the Federación Española de Clubs de Football.
 * Real Sociedad was founded in San Sebastián on September 7.

Athletics

 * February 12 - American athlete James Clark runs world record Marathon (2:46:52.6) in New York City at the Brooklyn Marathon
 * May 8 - American long-distance runner Albert Raines set a world's best time in the marathon ( 2:46:04) at the Bronx Marathon
 * August 23 - Fred ‘Tenby’ Davies (Wales) defeats Bert Day (Ireland) at Pontypridd to become world champion over the half-mile distance run.

Australian rules football
VFL Premiership
 * South Melbourne wins the 13th VFL Premiership: South Melbourne 4.14 (38) d Carlton 4.12 (36) at Melbourne Cricket Ground (MCG)

Bandy
Sweden
 * Championship final – AIK 7–3 Djurgårdens IF

Baseball
World Series
 * 8–16 October — Pittsburgh Pirates (NL) defeats Detroit Tigers (AL) to win the 1909 World Series by 4 games to 3

Boxing
Events Lineal world champions
 * March 10 - Jack Johnson fights Victor McLaglen to no decision in 6 rounds (Exhibition fight at the Vancouver Athletic Club)
 * June 19 — Monte Attell wins the World Bantamweight Championship joining his brother Abe Attell, who holds the World Featherweight Championship, as the first pair of brothers to hold world titles simultaneously.
 * World Heavyweight Championship – Jack Johnson
 * World Light Heavyweight Championship – vacant
 * World Middleweight Championship – Stanley Ketchel
 * World Welterweight Championship – vacant
 * World Lightweight Championship – Battling Nelson
 * World Featherweight Championship – Abe Attell
 * World Bantamweight Championship – Jimmy Walsh → "Fighting" Jimmy Reagan → Monte Attell

Canadian football
Grey Cup
 * 4 December — 1st Grey Cup – University of Toronto Varsity Blues 26–6 Toronto Parkdale Canoe Club.

Cricket
Events England Australia India New Zealand South Africa West Indies
 * 15 June — representatives of England, Australia and South Africa meet at Lord's to form the Imperial Cricket Conference (ICC)
 * County Championship – Kent
 * Minor Counties Championship – Wiltshire
 * Most runs – Ernie Hayes 2105 @ 36.29 (HS 276)
 * Most wickets – Colin Blythe 215 @ 14.54 (BB 9–42)
 * Wisden Cricketers of the Year – Warren Bardsley, Sydney Barnes, Douglas Carr, Arthur Day, Vernon Ransford
 * Sheffield Shield – New South Wales
 * Most runs – Vernon Ransford 825 @ 103.12 (HS 182)
 * Most wickets – Jack O'Connor 40 @ 23.00 (BB 7–36)
 * Bombay Triangular – Europeans
 * Plunket Shield – Auckland
 * Currie Cup – not contested
 * Inter-Colonial Tournament – Barbados

Cycling
Tour de France Giro d'Italia
 * François Faber (Luxembourg) wins the 7th Tour de France
 * Luigi Ganna (Italy) wins the inaugural Giro d'Italia

Eton wall game
Events
 * 30 November — a goal is scored in the St. Andrew's Day match at Eton College, the last time this has happened in the St. Andrew's Day game (the most important match of the year) though points have been scored by other methods

Figure skating
World Figure Skating Championships
 * World Men's Champion – Ulrich Salchow (Sweden)
 * World Women's Champion – Lily Kronberger (Hungary)
 * World Pairs Champions – Phyllis Johnson and James H. Johnson (Great Britain)

Golf
Major tournaments Other tournaments
 * British Open – John Henry Taylor
 * U.S. Open – George Sargent
 * British Amateur – Robert Maxwell
 * US Amateur – Robert A. Gardner

Horse racing
England Australia Canada Ireland USA
 * Grand National – Lutteur III
 * 1,000 Guineas Stakes – Electra
 * 2,000 Guineas Stakes – Minoru
 * The Derby – Minoru
 * The Oaks – Perola
 * St. Leger Stakes – Bayardo
 * Melbourne Cup – Prince Foote
 * King's Plate – Shimonese
 * Irish Grand National – Little Hack II
 * Irish Derby Stakes – Bachelor's Double
 * Kentucky Derby – Wintergreen
 * Preakness Stakes – Effendi
 * Belmont Stakes – Joe Madden

Ice hockey
Stanley Cup Amateur hockey Professional hockey
 * March — Ottawa Hockey Club wins the Eastern Canada Hockey Association (ECHA) championship and the Stanley Cup.
 * March — Renfrew Creamery Kings win the Federal Hockey League championship and challenge for the Stanley Cup, but cannot play because the Stanley Cup trustees rule their players are ineligible.
 * February — the Allan Cup is donated to be the amateur championship hockey trophy of Canada
 * March — Ottawa Cliffsides win the Inter-Provincial Amateur Hockey Union (IPAHU) and the Allan Cup. The Cliffsides then lose a challenge to Queen's College of Kingston, Ontario.
 * 25 November — Eastern Canada Hockey Association (ECHA) disbands over the plans of the Montreal Wanderers to change rinks. The Wanderers are shut out and the new Canadian Hockey Association (CHA) is formed with the remainder of the ECHA teams. The CHA will disband in January 1910.
 * 2 December — The Montreal Wanderers form the National Hockey Association (NHA) with the Renfrew Creamery Kings, Cobalt Silver Kings and Haileybury Comets of the Temiscaming league. The NHA owners also organize a new team Les Canadiens which is the basis of today's Montreal Canadiens. The NHA will absorb Ottawa and the Montreal Shamrocks of the CHA in January 1910.

Rowing
The Boat Race
 * 3 April — Oxford wins the 66th Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race

Rugby league
International England Australia
 * 10 February — Great Britain defeats Australia to claim the first ever Ashes series in the final match of the 1908–09 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain
 * Championship – Wigan
 * Challenge Cup final – Wakefield Trinity 17–0 Hull F.C. at Headingley Rugby Stadium, Leeds
 * Lancashire League Championship – Wigan
 * Yorkshire League Championship – Halifax
 * Lancashire County Cup – Wigan 10–9 Oldham
 * Yorkshire County Cup – Halifax 9–5 Hunslet
 * 14 September — NSW Premiership is won by minor premiers South Sydney on a forfeit after Balmain withdraws from the grand final

Rugby union
Home Nations Championship
 * 27th Home Nations Championship series is won by Wales
 * Wales defeats France in a 1909 non-championship match. It is later retrospectively regarded as a Grand Slam winner.
 * October 8 – The first rugby football match to be played at Twickenham Stadium is won by the Harlequins when they defeat Richmond at the brand new ground.

Speed skating
Speed Skating World Championships
 * Men's All-round Champion – Oscar Mathisen (Norway)

Tennis
Australia England France USA Davis Cup
 * Australian Men's Singles Championship – Anthony Wilding (NZ) defeats Ernie Parker (Australia) 6–1 7–5 6–2
 * Wimbledon Men's Singles Championship – Arthur Gore (GB) defeats Josiah Ritchie (GB) 6–8 1–6 6–2 6–2 6–2
 * Wimbledon Women's Singles Championship – Dora Boothby (GB) defeats Agnes Morton (GB) 6–4 4–6 8–6
 * French Men's Singles Championship – Max Decugis (France) defeats Maurice Germot (France): details unknown
 * French Women's Singles Championship – Jeanne Matthey (France) defeats Gallay (France): details unknown
 * American Men's Singles Championship – William Larned (USA) defeats William Clothier (USA) 6–1 6–2 5–7 1–6 6–1
 * American Women's Singles Championship – Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman (USA) defeats Maud Barger-Wallach (USA) 6–0 6–1
 * 1909 International Lawn Tennis Challenge – 5–0  at Double Bay Grounds (grass) Sydney, Australia

title: 1909 in sports


text:
Carpentry

Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are also used and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry. In the United States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999. In 2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million carpentry positions. Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave. Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the 19th century; now this old-fashioned carpentry is called timber framing. Carpenters learn this trade by being employed through an apprenticeship training—normally four years—and qualify by successfully completing that country's competence test in places such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and South Africa. It is also common that the skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program, which may be the case in many places.

Carpentry covers various services, such as furniture design and construction, door and window installation or repair, flooring installation, trim and molding installation, custom woodworking, stair construction, structural framing, wood structure and furniture repair, and restoration.

Etymology
The word "carpenter" is the English rendering of the Old French word carpentier (later, charpentier) which is derived from the Latin carpentarius [artifex], "(maker) of a carriage." The Middle English and Scots word (in the sense of "builder") was wright (from the Old English wryhta, cognate with work), which could be used in compound forms such as wheelwright or boatwright.

In the United Kingdom
In the UK, carpentry is used to describe the skill involved in first fixing of timber items such as construction of roofs, floors and timber framed buildings, i.e. those areas of construction that are normally hidden in a finished building. An easy way to envisage this is that first fix work is all that is done before plastering takes place. The second fix is done after plastering takes place. Second fix work, the installation of items such as skirting boards, architraves, doors, and windows are generally regarded as carpentry, however, the off-site manufacture and pre-finishing of the items is regarded as joinery. Carpentry is also used to construct the formwork into which concrete is poured during the building of structures such as roads and highway overpasses. In the UK, the skill of making timber formwork for poured or in situ concrete is referred to as shuttering.

In the United States
Carpentry in the United States is historically defined similarly to the United Kingdom as the "heavier and stronger" work distinguished from a joiner "...who does lighter and more ornamental work than that of a carpenter..." although the "...work of a carpenter and joiner are often combined." Joiner is less common than the terms finish carpenter or cabinetmaker. The terms housewright and barnwright were used historically and are now occasionally used by carpenters who work using traditional methods and materials. Someone who builds custom concrete formwork is a form carpenter.

History

Along with stone, wood is among the oldest building materials. The ability to shape it into tools, shelter, and weapons improved with technological advances from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. Some of the oldest archaeological evidence of carpentry are water well casings. These include an oak and hazel structure dating from 5256 BC, found in Ostrov, Czech Republic, and one built using split oak timbers with mortise and tenon and notched corners excavated in eastern Germany, dating from about 7,000 years ago in the early Neolithic period.

Relatively little history of carpentry was preserved before written language. Knowledge and skills were simply passed down over the generations. Even the advent of cave painting and writing recorded little. The oldest surviving complete architectural text is Vitruvius' ten books collectively titled De architectura, which discuss some carpentry. It was only with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century that this began to change, albeit slowly, with builders finally beginning to regularly publish guides and pattern books in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Some of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are temples in China such as the Nanchan Temple built-in 782, Greensted Church in England, parts of which are from the 11th century, and the stave churches in Norway from the 12th and 13th centuries.

Europe
By the 16th century, sawmills were coming into use in Europe. The founding of America was partly based on a desire to extract resources from the new continent including wood for use in ships and buildings in Europe. In the 18th century part of the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the steam engine and cut nails. These technologies combined with the invention of the circular saw led to the development of balloon framing which was the beginning of the decline of traditional timber framing. The 19th century saw the development of electrical engineering and distribution which allowed the development of hand-held power tools, wire nails, and machines to mass-produce screws. In the 20th century, portland cement came into common use and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to do away with heavy timber sills. Also, drywall (plasterboard) came into common use replacing lime plaster on wooden lath. Plywood, engineered lumber, and chemically treated lumber also came into use. For types of carpentry used in America see American historic carpentry.

Training

Carpentry requires training which involves both acquiring knowledge and physical practice. In formal training a carpenter begins as an apprentice, then becomes a journeyman, and with enough experience and competency can eventually attain the status of a master carpenter. Today pre-apprenticeship training may be gained through non-union vocational programs such as high school shop classes and community colleges.

Informally a laborer may simply work alongside carpenters for years learning skills by observation and peripheral assistance. While such an individual may obtain journeyperson status by paying the union entry fee and obtaining a journeyperson's card (which provides the right to work on a union carpentry crew) the carpenter foreperson will, by necessity, dismiss any worker who presents the card but does not demonstrate the expected skill level.

Carpenters may work for an employer or be self-employed. No matter what kind of training a carpenter has had, some U.S. states require contractors to be licensed which requires passing a written test and having minimum levels of insurance.

Schools and programs
Formal training in the carpentry trade is available in seminars, certificate programs, high-school programs, online classes, in the new construction, restoration, and preservation carpentry fields. Sometimes these programs are called pre-apprenticeship training.

In the modern British construction industry, carpenters are trained through apprenticeship schemes where general certificates of secondary education (GCSE) in Mathematics, English, and Technology help but are not essential. However, this is deemed the preferred route, as young people can earn and gain field experience whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification.

There are two main divisions of training: construction-carpentry and cabinetmaking. During pre-apprenticeship, trainees in each of these divisions spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and indoor workshops learning mathematics, trade terminology, and skill in the use of hand and power tools. Construction-carpentry trainees also participate in calisthenics to prepare for the physical aspect of the work.

Upon completion of pre-apprenticeship, trainees who have passed the graded curriculum (taught by highly experienced journeyperson carpenters) are assigned to a local union and to union carpentry crews at work on construction sites or in cabinet shops as First Year Apprentices. Over the next four years, as they progress in status to Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth Year Apprentice, apprentices periodically return to the training facility every three months for a week of more detailed training in specific aspects of the trade.

In the United States, fewer than 5% of carpenters identify as female. A number of schools in the U.S. appeal to non-traditional tradespeople by offering carpentry classes for and taught by women, including Hammerstone: Carpentry for Women in Ithaca, NY, Yestermorrow in Waitsfield, VT and Oregon Tradeswomen in Portland, OR.

Apprenticeships and journeyperson
Tradesmen in countries such as Germany and Australia are required to fulfill formal apprenticeships (usually three to four years) to work as professional carpenters. Upon graduation from the apprenticeship, they are known as journeyperson carpenters.

Up through the 19th and even the early 20th century, the journeyperson traveled to another region of the country to learn the building styles and techniques of that area before (usually) returning home. In modern times, journeypeople are not required to travel, and the term now refers to a level of proficiency and skill. Union carpenters in the United States, that is, members of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, are required to pass a skills test to be granted official journeyperson status, but uncertified professional carpenters may also be known as journeypersons based on their skill level, years of experience, or simply because they support themselves in the trade and not due to any certification or formal woodworking education.

Professional status as a journeyperson carpenter in the United States may be obtained in a number of ways. Formal training is acquired in a four-year apprenticeship program administered by the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, in which journeyperson status is obtained after successful completion of twelve weeks of pre-apprenticeship training, followed by four years of on-the-job field training working alongside journeyperson carpenters. The Timber Framers Guild also has a formal apprenticeship program for traditional timber framing. Training is also available in groups like the Kim Bồng woodworking village in Vietnam where apprentices live and work to learn woodworking and carpentry skills.

In Canada, each province sets its own standards for apprenticeship. The average length of time is four years and includes a minimum number of hours of both on-the-job training and technical instruction at a college or other institution. Depending on the number of hours of instruction an apprentice receives, they can earn a Certificate of Proficiency, making them a journeyperson, or a Certificate of Qualification, which allows them to practice a more limited amount of carpentry. Canadian carpenters also have the option of acquiring an additional Interprovincial Red Seal that allows them to practice anywhere in Canada. The Red Seal requires the completion of an apprenticeship and an additional examination.

Master carpenter
After working as a journeyperson for a while, a carpenter may go on to study or test as a master carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany, Iceland and Japan, this is an arduous and expensive process, requiring extensive knowledge (including economic and legal knowledge) and skill to achieve master certification; these countries generally require master status for anyone employing and teaching apprentices in the craft. In others, like the United States, 'master carpenter' can be a loosely used term to describe any skilled carpenter.

Fully trained carpenters and joiners will often move into related trades such as shop fitting, scaffolding, bench joinery, maintenance and system installation.

Materials
Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood which has been prepared by splitting (riving), hewing, or sawing with a pit saw or sawmill called lumber (American English) or timber (British English). Today natural and engineered lumber and many other building materials carpenters may use are typically prepared by others and delivered to the job site. In 2013 the carpenters union in America used the term carpenter for a catch-all position. Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing "...flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid surface, roofing, framing, siding, flooring, insulation, ...acoustical ceilings, computer-access flooring, metal framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both custom or factory-produced materials, ...trim and molding,... ceiling treatments, ... exposed columns and beams, displays, mantels, staircases...metal studs, metal lath, and drywall..."

United States
Carpentry is often hazardous work. Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include: machine hazards, flying materials, tool projection, fire and explosion, electrocution, noise, vibration, dust, and chemicals. In the United States the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tries to prevent illness, injury, and fire through regulations. However, self-employed workers are not covered by the OSHA act. OSHA claims that "Since 1970, workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent. At the same time, U.S. employment has almost doubled." The leading cause of overall fatalities, called the "fatal four," are falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution, and caught-in/between. In general construction "employers must provide working conditions that are free of known dangers. Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, dry condition. Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers. Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand." Examples of how to prevent falls includes placing railings and toe-boards at any floor opening which cannot be well covered and elevated platforms and safety harness and lines, safety nets, stair railings, and handrails.

Safety is not just about the workers on the job site. Carpenters' work needs to meet the requirements in the Life Safety Code such as in stair building and building codes to promote long-term quality and safety for the building occupants.

Types

 * Cabinetmaker is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing in the making of cabinets made from wood, wardrobes, dressers, storage chests, and other furniture designed for storage.
 * Carpenter and joiner has broad skill sets ranging from joinery, finish carpentry, framing, and formwork.
 * Conservation carpenter works in architectural conservation, known in the U.S. as a "preservation" or "restoration"; a carpenter who works in historic preservation, maintaining structures as they were built or restoring them to that condition.
 * Cooper, a barrel maker.
 * Finish carpenter (North America), also trim carpenter, specializes in installing molding and trim, such as door and window casings, mantels, crown mouldings, baseboards, and other types of ornamental work. Finish carpenters pick up where framing ends off, including hanging doors and installing cabinets.
 * Formwork carpenter creates the shuttering and falsework used in concrete construction, and reshores as necessary.
 * Framer is a carpenter who builds the skeletal structure or wooden framework of buildings, most often in the platform framing method. A framer who specializes in building with timbers and traditional joints rather than studs is known as a timber framer.
 * Log builder builds structures of stacked horizontal logs with limited joints.
 * Joiner (a traditional name now rare in North America), is one who does cabinetry, furniture making, fine woodworking, model building, instrument making, parquetry, joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal margins of error are important.
 * Luthier is someone who makes or repairs stringed instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word for lute, "luth".
 * Restoration carpenter (see conservation carpenter)
 * Set carpenter builds and dismantles temporary scenery and sets in film-making, television, and the theater.
 * Ship's carpenter specializes in maintenance, repair techniques, and carpentry specific to vessels afloat.  Such a carpenter patrols the vessel's carpenter's walk to examine the hull for leaks.
 *  Shipwright builds wooden ships on land.

Other

 * Japanese carpentry, daiku is the simple term for carpenter, a Miya-daiku (temple carpenter) performs the work of both architect and builder of shrines and temples, and a sukiya-daiku works on teahouse construction and houses. Sashimono-shi build furniture and tateguya do interior finishing work.
 * Green carpentry specializes in the use of environmentally friendly, energy-efficient and sustainable sources of building materials for use in construction projects. They also practice building methods that require using less material and material that has the same structural soundness.
 * Recycled (reclaimed, repurposed) carpentry is carpentry that uses scrap wood and parts of discarded or broken furniture to build new wood products.

title: Carpentry


text:
Spiegeleisen

Spiegeleisen (literally "mirror-iron", Spiegel—mirror or specular; Eisen—iron) is a ferromanganese alloy containing approximately 15% manganese and small quantities of carbon and silicon. Spiegeleisen is sometimes also referred to as specular pig iron, Spiegel iron, just Spiegel, or Bisalloy.

Usage
Historically, this was the standard form in which manganese was traded and used in steel making. Manganese is useful in steel manufacture because it binds with phosphorus, sulfur, and silica, removing them (to a degree) from the iron. It was much used in conjunction with the Bessemer process both to introduce carbon and manganese, and also to reduce impurities.

Manufacture
In the 19th-century spiegeleisen was made either by mixing iron ores with appropriate levels of manganese and smelting them directly, or by adding pyrolusite or manganite to previously smelted iron in a cupola furnace.

title: Spiegeleisen


text:
Talk:Neil Armstrong

Expedition to Cueva de los Tayos
As well as the North Pole expedition, he was involved with a 1976 exploration mission of this Ecuadorian cave. Read a bit more about it here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cueva_de_los_Tayos Scroll down to the heading '1976 BCRA expedition'. It probably should be listed on his wiki page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 110.175.165.167 (talk) 03:19, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

One small step for [a] man...
When I saw the addition of the bracketed a, I researched it for two reasons. 1. Have we been wrong all these decades about what was so famously said; is there thoughtful, informed disagreement? 2. Is it policy to add language into a famous quote based on what is determined to be a grammatical error? If not, what other reasoning could there be for doing so? I couldn't locate editor discussion on this matter. What I found was more complicated. I have linked to four solid sources about this for discussion here if it is desired. I don't think discussion is warranted, however. I believe the four sources support the article's handling of the quote and thought the addition of them might answer questions about the wording for readers. PaulThePony (talk) 19:29, 13 August 2023 (UTC)

Had heard his wife said “he blew it”

Source of Confusion
While it may be obvious to most readers, it should be explained why Armstrong's statement would be confusing or grammatically incorrect. Without the "a" before "man", the meaning of the statement would have been self-contradictory, because "man" in that sense means the same thing as "mankind"; thus the statement would mean:  A small step for mankind and a giant leap for mankind. Which is it? By contrast, if "man" is preceded by "a", then "man" refers to a single person, and the statement makes sense. 174.56.173.38 (talk) 12:11, 10 December 2023 (UTC)kolef174.56.173.38 (talk) 12:11, 10 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 20 December 2023
neil A. Armstrong wasn't the first person on the moon. he was the first documented but not the first. the first person was a dude who came out first to take picture. another thing is Neil A spelt backwards is A. lien or Alien Kairosssssss (talk) 15:27, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  Delta  space 42 (talk • contribs) 15:50, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 3 May 2024
Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American person who flew on rockets and aeronautical engineer who in 1969 became the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. Epsmlewis01 (talk) 20:42, 3 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done. I'm assuming this is a joke, but we're obviously not going to replace the text 'astronaut" with "person who flew on rockets". TJRC (talk) 23:05, 3 May 2024 (UTC)

Lede initial line
The first line should instead read as:

Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 – August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who in 1969 became the first man to walk on the Moon.

"man" should be used instead of "person" as that was the period usage of the term. Ergzay (talk) 11:23, 31 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Neil Armstrong


text:
Steelmaking

Steelmaking is the process of producing steel from iron ore and/or scrap. In steelmaking, impurities such as nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur and excess carbon (the most important impurity) are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon and vanadium are added to produce different grades of steel.

Steelmaking has existed for millennia, but it was not commercialized on a massive scale until the mid-19th century. An ancient process of steelmaking was the crucible process. In the 1850s and 1860s, the Bessemer process and the Siemens-Martin process turned steelmaking into a heavy industry.

Today there are two major commercial processes for making steel, namely basic oxygen steelmaking, which has liquid pig-iron from the blast furnace and scrap steel as the main feed materials, and electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, which uses scrap steel or direct reduced iron (DRI) as the main feed materials. Oxygen steelmaking is fueled predominantly by the exothermic nature of the reactions inside the vessel; in contrast, in EAF steelmaking, electrical energy is used to melt the solid scrap and/or DRI materials. In recent times, EAF steelmaking technology has evolved closer to oxygen steelmaking as more chemical energy is introduced into the process.

Steelmaking is one of the most carbon emission intensive industries in the world. , steelmaking is responsible for about 10% of greenhouse gas emissions. To mitigate global warming, the industry will need to find significant reductions in emissions.

History
Steelmaking has played a crucial role in the development of ancient, medieval, and modern technological societies. Early processes of steel making were made during the classical era in Ancient China, India, and Rome.

Cast iron is a hard, brittle material that is difficult to work, whereas steel is malleable, relatively easily formed and a versatile material. For much of human history, steel has only been made in small quantities. Since the invention of the Bessemer process in 19th century Britain and subsequent technological developments in injection technology and process control, mass production of steel has become an integral part of the global economy and a key indicator of modern technological development. The earliest means of producing steel was in a bloomery.

Early modern methods of producing steel were often labor-intensive and highly skilled arts. See:
 * finery forge, in which the German finery process could be managed to produce steel.
 * blister steel and crucible steel.

An important aspect of the Industrial Revolution was the development of large-scale methods of producing forgeable metal (bar iron or steel). The puddling furnace was initially a means of producing wrought iron but was later applied to steel production.

The real revolution in modern steelmaking only began at the end of the 1850s when the Bessemer process became the first successful method of steelmaking in high quantity followed by the open-hearth furnace.

Modern processes for manufacturing of steel
Modern steelmaking processes can be divided into three steps: primary, secondary and tertiary.

Primary steelmaking involves smelting iron into steel. Secondary steelmaking involves adding or removing other elements such as alloying agents and dissolved gases. Tertiary steelmaking involves casting into sheets, rolls or other forms. Multiple techniques are available for each step.

Basic oxygen
Basic oxygen steelmaking is a method of primary steelmaking in which carbon-rich pig iron is melted and converted into steel. Blowing oxygen through molten pig iron converts some of the carbon in the iron into Carbon monoxide and Carbon dioxide, turning it into steel. Refractories—calcium oxide and magnesium oxide—line the smelting vessel to withstand the high temperature and corrosive nature of the molten metal and slag. The chemistry of the process is controlled to ensure that impurities such as silicon and phosphorus are removed from the metal.

The modern process was developed in 1948 by Robert Durrer, as a refinement of the Bessemer converter that replaced air with more efficient oxygen. It reduced the capital cost of the plants and smelting time, and increased labor productivity. Between 1920 and 2000, labour requirements in the industry decreased by a factor of 1000, to just 0.003-man-hours per tonne. in 2013, 70% of global steel output was produced using the basic oxygen furnace. Furnaces can convert up to 350 tons of iron into steel in less than 40 minutes compared to 10–12 hours in an open hearth furnace.

Electric arc
Electric arc furnace steelmaking is the manufacture of steel from scrap or direct reduced iron melted by electric arcs. In an electric arc furnace, a batch ("heat") of iron is loaded into the furnace, sometimes with a "hot heel" (molten steel from a previous heat). Gas burners may be used to assist with the melt. As in basic oxygen steelmaking, fluxes are also added to protect the lining of the vessel and help improve the removal of impurities. Electric arc furnace steelmaking typically uses furnaces of capacity around 100 tonnes that produce steel every 40 to 50 minutes. This process allows larger alloy additions than the basic oxygen method.

HIsarna process
In HIsarna ironmaking process, iron ore is processed almost directly into liquid iron or hot metal. The process is based around a type of blast furnace called a cyclone converter furnace, which makes it possible to skip the process of manufacturing pig iron pellets that is necessary for the basic oxygen steelmaking process. Without the necessity of this preparatory step, the HIsarna process is more energy-efficient and has a lower carbon footprint than traditional steelmaking processes.

Hydrogen reduction
Steel can be produced from direct-reduced iron, which in turn can be produced from iron ore as it undergoes chemical reduction with hydrogen. Renewable hydrogen allows steelmaking without the use of fossil fuels. In 2021, a pilot plant in Sweden tested this process. Direct reduction occurs at 1500 F. The iron is infused with carbon (from coal) in an electric arc furnace. Hydrogen produced by electrolysis requires approximately 2600 kWh per ton of steel. Costs are estimated to be 20–30% higher than conventional methods. However, the cost of -emissions add to the price of basic oxygen production, and a 2018 study of Science magazine estimates that the prices will break even when that price is €68 per tonne, which is expected to be reached in the 2030s.

Secondary steelmaking
Secondary steelmaking is most commonly performed in ladles. Some of the operations performed in ladles include de-oxidation (or "killing"), vacuum degassing, alloy addition, inclusion removal, inclusion chemistry modification, de-sulphurisation, and homogenisation. It is now common to perform ladle metallurgical operations in gas-stirred ladles with electric arc heating in the lid of the furnace. Tight control of ladle metallurgy is associated with producing high grades of steel in which the tolerances in chemistry and consistency are narrow.

Carbon dioxide emissions
, steelmaking is estimated to be responsible for around 11% of the global emissions of carbon dioxide and around 7% of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Making 1 ton of steel emits about 1.8 tons of carbon dioxide. The bulk of these emissions results from the industrial process in which coal is used as the source of carbon that removes oxygen from iron ore in the following chemical reaction, which occurs in a blast furnace:

Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

Additional carbon dioxide emissions result from mining, refining and shipping the ore used, basic oxygen steelmaking, calcination, and the hot blast. Carbon capture and use or carbon capture and storage are proposed techniques to reduce the carbon dioxide emissions in the steel industry and reduction of iron ore using green hydrogen rather than carbon. See below for further decarbonization strategies.

Mining and extraction
Coal and iron ore mining are very energy intensive, and result in numerous environmental damages, from pollution, to biodiversity loss, deforestation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Iron ore is shipped great distances to steel mills.

Blast furnace
To make pure steel, iron and carbon are needed. On its own, iron is not very strong, but a low concentration of carbon – less than 1 percent, depending on the kind of steel – gives the steel its important properties. The carbon in steel is obtained from coal and the iron from iron ore. However, iron ore is a mixture of iron and oxygen, and other trace elements. To make steel, the iron needs to be separated from the oxygen and a tiny amount of carbon needs to be added. Both are accomplished by melting the iron ore at a very high temperature (1,700 degrees Celsius or over 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit) in the presence of oxygen (from the air) and a type of coal called coke. At those temperatures, the iron ore releases its oxygen, which is carried away by the carbon from the coke in the form of carbon dioxide.

Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) → 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)

The reaction occurs due to the lower (favorable) energy state of carbon dioxide compared to iron oxide, and the high temperatures are needed to achieve the activation energy for this reaction. A small amount of carbon bonds with the iron, forming pig iron, which is an intermediary before steel, as it has carbon content that is too high – around 4%.

Decarburization
To reduce the carbon content in pig iron and obtain the desired carbon content of steel, the pig iron is re-melted and oxygen is blown through in a process called basic oxygen steelmaking, which occurs in a ladle. In this step, the oxygen binds with the undesired carbon, carrying it away in the form of carbon dioxide gas, an additional source of emissions. After this step, the carbon content in the pig iron is lowered sufficiently and steel is obtained.

Calcination
Further carbon dioxide emissions result from the use of limestone, which is melted at high temperatures in a reaction called calcination, which has the following chemical reaction:

CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Carbon dioxide is an additional source of emissions in this reaction. Modern industry has introduced calcium oxide (CaO, quicklime) as a replacement. It acts as a chemical flux, removing impurities (such as Sulfur or Phosphorus (e.g. apatite or fluorapatite) ) in the form of slag and keeps emissions of CO2 low. For example, the calcium oxide can react to remove silicon oxide impurities:

SiO2 + CaO → CaSiO3

This use of limestone to provide a flux occurs both in the blast furnace (to obtain pig iron) and in the basic oxygen steel making (to obtain steel).

Hot blast
Further carbon dioxide emissions result from the hot blast, which is used to increase the heat of the blast furnace. The hot blast pumps hot air into the blast furnace where the iron ore is reduced to pig iron, helping to achieve the high activation energy. The hot blast temperature can be from 900 to 1300 C depending on the stove design and condition. Oil, tar, natural gas, powdered coal and oxygen can also be injected into the furnace to combine with the coke to release additional energy and increase the percentage of reducing gases present, increasing productivity. If the air in the hot blast is heated by burning fossil fuels, which often is the case, this is an additional source of carbon dioxide emissions.

Strategies for reducing carbon emissions
The steel industry produces 7-8% of CO2 emissions created by humans (almost two tonnes for every tonne of steel produced), and it is one of the most energy-consuming industries on earth. There are several carbon abatement and decarbonization strategies in the steelmaking industry, which on the basic manufacturing process used. Options fall into three general categories: switching the energy source from fossil fuels to wind and solar; increasing the efficiency of processing; and innovative new technological processes. All three may be used in combination.

"Green steel" is the term used for manufacturing steel without the use of fossil fuels, that is, zero-emission products. However, not all companies claiming to produce green steel meet this criterion. Some merely reduce emissions. Australia produces nearly 40% of the world's iron ore, and the government, via the Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA), is helping to fund many research projects involving direct reduced ironmaking (DRI) to increase green steel and iron production. Large companies such as Rio Tinto, BHP, and BlueScope are developing green steel projects.

CO2 emissions vary according to energy sources. When sustainable energy such as wind or solar are used to power the process, either in electric arc furnaces or to create hydrogen as a fuel, emissions can be reduced dramatically. European projects from HYBRIT, LKAB, Voestalpine, and ThyssenKrupp are pursuing strategies to reduce emissions. HYBRIT claims to produce true "green steel".

Top gas recovery in BF/BOF
Top gas from the blast furnace is the gas that is normally exhausted into the air during steelmaking. This gas contains CO2 and is also rich in the reducing agents of H2 and CO. The top gas can be captured, the CO2 removed, and the reducing agents reinjected into the blast furnace. A 2012 study suggested that this process can reduce BF CO2 emissions by 75%, while a 2017 study showed that emissions are reduced by 56.5% with carbon capture and storage, and reduced by 26.2% if only the recycling of the reducing agents is used. To keep the carbon captured from entering the atmosphere, a method of storing it or using it would have to be found.

Another way to use the top gas would be in a top recovery turbine which then generates electricity, which could be used to reduce the energy intensity of the process, if electric arc smelting is used. Carbon could also be captured from gases in the coke oven. , separating the CO2 from other gases and components in the system, and the high cost of the equipment and infrastructure changes needed, have kept this strategy minimal, but the potential for emission reduction has been estimated to be up to 65% to 80%.

H2 direct reduced ironmaking
Alternatively, hydrogen can be used in a shaft furnace to reduce the iron oxides. Only water is produced as the by-product of the reaction between iron oxide and hydrogen, and results in emission-free iron-making. Known as hydrogen direct reduction (HDR), this is the most prominent among green steel technologies. This differs from conventional steel making processes, in which carbon in coke is used as the reductant (to strip oxygen from iron ore), which creates iron and carbon dioxide. Where hydrogen is generated from a renewable energy source as both the alternative reductant and the fuel, the greatest gain in CO2 emissions is achieved. As of 2021, only ArcelorMittal in France, Voestalpine in Austria, and TATA in the Netherlands were committed to using green hydrogen to make steel from scratch.

HDR is employed in the HYBRIT project in Sweden. However, this approach requires a substantial amount of renewables to produce the needed renewable hydrogen. For the European Union, it is estimated that the hydrogen demand for hydrogen-based steelmaking would require 180 GW of renewable capacity.

Iron ore electrolysis
Another developing possible technology is iron ore electrolysis, where the reducing agent is simply electrons as opposed to H2, CO, or carbon. One method for this is molten oxide electrolysis. Here, the cell consists of an inert anode, a liquid oxide electrolyte (CaO, MgO, etc.), and the molten steel. When heated, the iron ore is reduced to iron and oxygen. Boston Metal is at the semi-industrial stage for this process, with plans to reach commercialization by 2026. Expanding a pilot plant in Woburn, Massachusetts, and building a production facility in Brazil, it was founded by MIT professors Donald Sadoway and Antoine Allanore.

A research project which involved the steel company ArcelorMittal tested a different type of iron ore electrolysis process in a pilot project called Siderwin. It operates on relatively low temperatures (around 110 °C), while the Boston Metal process operates on high temperatures (~1.600 °C). ArcelorMittal is investigating whether the company wants scale up the technology and build a larger plant, and expects an investment decision by 2025.

Scrap-use in BF/BOF
Scrap in steelmaking refers to steel that has either reached its end-of-life use, or was generated during the manufacture of steel components. Steel is easy to separate and recycle due to its inherent magnetism and using scrap avoids the emissions of 1.5 tons of CO2 for every ton of scrap used. , steel has one of the highest recycling rates of any material, with around 30% of the world's steel being made from recycled components. However, steel cannot be recycled forever, and the recycling processes, using arc furnaces, use electricity.

H2 enrichment in BF/BOF
In the blast furnace, the iron oxides are reduced by a combination of CO, H2, and carbon. Only around 10% of the iron oxides are reduced by H2. With H2 enrichment processing, the proportion of iron oxides reduced by H2 is increased, so that less carbon is consumed and less CO2 is emitted. This process can reduce emissions by an estimated 20%.

Other strategies
The HIsarna ironmaking process was described above as a way of producing iron in a "cyclone converter furnace" without the pre-processing steps of choking/agglomeration, which reduces the CO2 emissions by around 20%.

One speculative idea is and ongoing project by SuSteel to develop a hydrogen plasma technology that reduces the oxides with hydrogen, as opposed to with CO or carbon, and melts the iron at high operating temperatures.

In steelmaking, coal and coke are used for fuel and iron reduction. Biomass such as charcoal or wood pellets are a potential alternative fuel, but this does not actually reduce emissions, as the burning biomass still emits carbon, it merely provides a "carbon offset", where emissions are "traded" against the sequestration of the source biomass, "ofsetting" emissions by 5% to 28% of current CO2 values. Offsetting has a very low reputation globally, as cutting down the trees to create the pellets or charcoal does not sequester carbon, it interrupts the natural sequestration the tree was providing. Offsetting is not reduction.

Outlook
Overall, there are a number of innovative methods to reduce CO2 emissions within the steelmaking industry. Some of these, such as top gas recovery and using hydrogen reduction in DRI/EAF are highly feasible with current infrastructure and technology levels. Others, such as hydrogen plasma and iron ore electrolysis are still in the research or semi-industrial stage.

title: Steelmaking


text:
Giorgio Moroder

Giovanni Giorgio Moroder (, ; born 26 April 1940) is an Italian composer and music producer. Dubbed the "Father of Disco",  Moroder is credited with pioneering euro disco and electronic dance music. His work with synthesizers had a large influence on several music genres such as hi-NRG, Italo disco, synth-pop, new wave, house and techno music.

While in Munich in the 1970s, Moroder started Oasis Records, later a subdivision of Casablanca Records. He is the founder of the former Musicland Studios in Munich, a recording studio used by many artists including the Rolling Stones, Electric Light Orchestra, Led Zeppelin, Deep Purple, Queen and Elton John. He produced singles for Donna Summer during the mid-to-late 1970s disco era, including "Love to Love You Baby", "I Feel Love", "Last Dance", "MacArthur Park", "Hot Stuff", "Bad Girls", "Dim All the Lights", "No More Tears (Enough Is Enough)", and "On the Radio". During this period, he also released many albums, including the synthesizer-driven From Here to Eternity (1977) and E=MC2 (1979).

He began to compose film soundtracks and scores, including Midnight Express, American Gigolo, Superman III, Scarface, The NeverEnding Story, and the 1984 restoration of Metropolis. Moroder's work on the film Midnight Express (1978), which contained the international hit "Chase", won him the Academy Award for Best Original Score and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score. He also produced a number of electronic disco songs for the Three Degrees, two albums for Sparks, and a handful of songs on Bonnie Tyler's album Bitterblue as well as her 1985 single "Here She Comes". In 1990, he composed "Un'estate italiana", the official theme song of the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

Moroder has created songs for many performers including David Bowie, Falco, Kylie Minogue, Irene Cara, Janet Jackson, Madleen Kane, Melissa Manchester, Blondie, Japan and France Joli. Moroder has stated that the work of which he is most proud is Berlin's "Take My Breath Away", which earned him the Academy Award for Best Original Song and the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song after appearing in the film Top Gun in 1986; he had earned the same awards in 1983 for "Flashdance... What a Feeling" (as well as the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score for all of his work on Flashdance). In addition to the three Academy Awards and four Golden Globes, Moroder has also received four Grammy Awards, two People's Choice Awards, and more than 100 Golden and Platinum discs. In 2004, he was inducted into the Dance Music Hall of Fame.

Early life
Giovanni Giorgio Moroder was born to Ladin parents on 26 April 1940 in Urtijëi (known in Italian as Ortisei and in German as St. Ulrich in Gröden), South Tyrol, in what was then the Kingdom of Italy. His father was a hotel concierge. He has three brothers, one of them being artist Ulrich Moroder. Moroder grew up in a mixed Ladin-, German- and Italian-speaking environment in South Tyrol, with his mother calling him Hansjörg, a German version of his two first names.

Career
He began teaching himself to play the guitar, at age 15, inspired by Paul Anka's Diana. At age 18, he began touring Europe as a professional musician. He performed at night, and during the day, made recordings with two Revox recorders. Around age 25 he moved to his aunt in Berlin, working as a sound engineer. Ricky Shayne's single "Ich sprenge alle Ketten" ("I bust all the chains"), composed by then-unknowns Moroder and Michael Holm, became a German hit. The second hit was Moroder's and Holm's cover of Sir Douglas Quintet's single, Mendocino. After two years in Berlin, Moroder moved to Munich.

Moroder made his first steps in music in the Scotch Club in Aachen and then released a few singles under the name "Giorgio" beginning in 1963 after moving to Berlin, singing in Italian, Spanish, English, and German.

1963–1983: Contribution to electronic music

In 1968, he moved to Munich and came to prominence when "Looky Looky" was awarded a gold disc in 1970. He then founded the Musicland Studios in the early 1970s. Moroder first implemented synthesizers into his work during the making of his album Son of My Father (1972), on which he used the groundbreaking Moog synthesizer. Often collaborating with lyricist Pete Bellotte, Moroder had a number of hits in his own name including "Son of My Father" in 1972, a No. 1 hit in the UK for Chicory Tip, before releasing the synthesizer-driven From Here to Eternity, a chart hit in 1977. That same year he co-wrote and produced the Donna Summer hit single "I Feel Love", the first track in the Hi-NRG genre. The following year he released "Chase", the theme from the film Midnight Express. These songs achieved some chart success in the United Kingdom, the United States and across Europe, and everywhere disco-mania was spreading. The score for Midnight Express featured "Chase", which brought his first Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1979.

Moroder released E=MC² in 1979. He released three albums between 1977 and 1979 under the name Munich Machine. He composed and produced two film soundtrack albums: the first for Foxes, and the second for American Gigolo (both 1980). A double album of the Foxes soundtrack was released on the disco label Casablanca Records which includes Donna Summer's hit single "On the Radio", which Moroder produced and co-wrote. The Foxes soundtrack contains a song titled "Bad Love", written and performed by Cher and produced by Moroder. The American Gigolo soundtrack featured the Moroder-produced "Call Me" by Blondie, a US and UK number one hit. The combined club play of the album's tracks was number two for five weeks on the disco/dance charts. He wrote the soundtrack of the movie Cat People (1982), including the hit single "Cat People (Putting Out Fire)" featuring David Bowie, and produced the soundtrack for the film Scarface (1983). During its initial release, the album was only available in a few countries and strictly through import in the United States. Moroder-produced tracks included "Scarface (Push It to the Limit)" by Paul Engemann, "Rush Rush" by Debbie Harry and "She's on Fire" by Amy Holland.

1984–1993: Recognition and hiatus
In 1984, Moroder compiled a new restoration and edit of the silent film Metropolis (1927) and provided it with a contemporary soundtrack. This soundtrack includes seven pop music tracks from Pat Benatar, Jon Anderson, Adam Ant, Billy Squier, Loverboy, Bonnie Tyler and Freddie Mercury. He integrated the original intertitles into the film as subtitles as a means of improving continuity. Since the original speed was unknown this choice was controversial. Known as the "Moroder version", it sparked debate among film buffs, with outspoken critics and supporters of the film falling into equal camps. Most critics agree that, the opinion of film purists aside, Moroder's version was a welcome addition. In 1984, Moroder worked with Philip Oakey of the Human League to make the album Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder, which was a UK singles chart hit with "Together in Electric Dreams", title track to the 1984 film Electric Dreams. The same year saw him collaborating with Kajagoogoo frontman Limahl for his worldwide hit "The NeverEnding Story".

In 1986, Moroder collaborated with his protégé Harold Faltermeyer (of "Axel F") and lyricist Tom Whitlock to create the score for the film Top Gun (1986) which included Kenny Loggins' hit "Danger Zone" and Berlin's "Take My Breath Away". He wrote the theme song to the film Over the Top, "Meet Me Half Way", also performed by Loggins. In 1987, Moroder produced and co-wrote Falco's song "Body Next to Body". Moroder wrote the official theme songs, "Reach Out", for the 1984 Los Angeles Olympics, and "Hand in Hand", for the 1988 Seoul Olympics and "Un'estate italiana" for the 1990 FIFA World Cup. On 12 March 1992, Moroder released his fourteenth studio album, Forever Dancing, his last solo project for years and he began a long hiatus in 1993. For two decades he released no new albums, focusing largely on remixes and visual art during most of the 1990s and early 2000s. With Daniel Walker he produced a soundtrack for Leni Riefenstahl's last film Impressionen unter Wasser. His song Forever Friends was featured in the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008.

2012–present: Return and collaborations
In 2012, Moroder returned to music with the theme music for Google's "Racer". Moroder contributed to Daft Punk's 2013 studio album Random Access Memories, admitting that he was a fan of their song "One More Time" before working with the group. His voice and story are on the album track "Giorgio by Moroder". On the track, he states "My name is Giovanni Giorgio, but everybody calls me Giorgio". In the summer of 2013, he DJ'd at the Red Bull Music Academy in New York. In 2014, Moroder reworked an old classic from the 1960s called "Doo Bee Doo" (2014 version), which was used in the Volkswagen 2014 Super Bowl commercial, "Wings". He also announced that he was planning to work with electro-pop producer Madeon and American singer Lana Del Rey. On 9 June 2014, Adult Swim released a new Hi-NRG Disco single by Moroder (named "Giorgio's Theme"). Moroder also remixed Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga's rendition of "I Can't Give You Anything but Love".

Moroder's solo studio album, Déjà Vu, was released in 2015. It features collaborations with Kylie Minogue, Britney Spears, Sia, Charli XCX, Mikky Ekko, Foxes and Matthew Koma, among others. On 16 January, the collaboration with Kylie Minogue, "Right Here, Right Now", was leaked to the internet ahead of its official release. The song, along with a video teaser, was officially released on 20 January 2015 and on 18 April 2015 reached number one on the US Dance Club Songs, becoming Moroder's first chart-topper in 15 years. In March 2015, Moroder supported Minogue during the Australian leg of her Kiss Me Once Tour. Moroder and Sia collaborated in May 2015 on the title track from Moroder's LP Déjà Vu.

In September 2015, Moroder was featured on Kylie Minogue's EP Kylie + Garibay on the song "Your Body". In 2016, he and Raney Shockne wrote and composed the music to the video game Tron RUN/r. The soundtrack album was released on 31 May 2016. In October 2016, Moroder produced "One More Day" for Sistar, a Korean girl group. They debuted the song live on 8 October, at Korea's DMC Festival 2016, with Moroder being present in the audience. The music video for the song was released on 22 November, alongside the official digital release of the track. 2021 saw Moroder return to the studio with Duran Duran, co-writing and producing two tracks, "Tonight United" and "Beautiful Lies" for their October 2021 album release Future Past''.

Awards
Moroder has won three Academy Awards: Best Original Score for Midnight Express (1978); Best Song for "Flashdance...What a Feeling", from the film Flashdance (1983) and Best Song for "Take My Breath Away", from Top Gun (1986). Moroder also won two of his four Grammy Awards for Flashdance: Best Album or Original Score Written for a Motion Picture or a Television Special and Best Instrumental Composition for the track "Love Theme from Flashdance". The third was awarded for Best Dance Recording for the song "Carry On".

Moroder also won four Golden Globes: two Best Original Score for "Midnight Express" and "Flashdance... What a Feeling", and two Best Original Song for "Flashdance... What a Feeling" and "Take My Breath Away".

On 20 September 2004, Moroder was honoured at the Dance Music Hall of Fame ceremony, held in New York, when he was inducted for his achievements and contributions as a producer. In 2005, Moroder was named a Commendatore Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana, and in 2010 Bolzano awarded him the Grande Ordine al Merito della Provincia autonoma di Bolzano. In 2011, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award by the World Soundtrack Academy. In 2014, Moroder won his fourth Grammy Award for Daft Punk's Random Access Memories (Album of the Year).

Legacy
The British alternative rock duo Curve covered "I Feel Love" in 1992. The song was later included on the double CD compilation The Way of Curve, released in 2004. Bronski Beat covered "I Feel Love" and "Love to Love You Baby" for their debut album The Age of Consent (1984). "On Fire", the second single from rapper Lil Wayne's seventh studio album Rebirth, contains allusions from Amy Holland's song "She's on Fire" and was inspired in its entirety by Scarface. "Push It", the second single from rapper Rick Ross' debut album Port of Miami, samples "Scarface (Push It to the Limit)" and the story of the video has a very similar theme to the film Scarface. It was produced by J. R. Rotem.

His song "Tears" was sampled and used as the basis of the DJ Shadow song "Organ Donor" on his 1996 album Endtroducing...... Canadian hip hop group Swollen Members sampled the song in "Fuel Injected" and "Meltdown". It also appears on the song "Tragedy" by RZA. The main melody and chord progression form the basis of "Marz" by folk musician John Grant and "Only Light" by Australian ska band the Cat Empire. Hip hop duo Mobb Deep used a sample from the song "Tony's Theme" in their song "G.O.D. Pt. III". His song "E=MC²" was sampled and used for J. Dilla's song of the same title. One of his early compositions, "Doo-Bee-Doo-Bee-Doo" from 1969, was featured for many years in silent sketches on The Benny Hill Show as part of a medley that also included "Mah Nà Mah Nà", a 4/4 adaptation of Ludwig van Beethoven's "Für Elise", and "Gimme Dat Ding".

The theme from Midnight Express was sampled by hip-hop duo OutKast for their song "Return of the Gangsta", and by hip-hop producer J Dilla for "Phantom of the Synths", a beat later used by MF Doom for "Gazzillion Ear" and by Jay Electronica for "Dimethyltryptamine".

"Chase" was used as the entrance theme music for the professional wrestling tag team the Midnight Express throughout the early 1980s as well as in a number of montage videos for NBC's Major League Baseball coverage and CBS's coverage of the NBA. Art Bell also used "Chase" as the theme for his late-night talk radio programs Coast to Coast AM and Midnight in the Desert.

Moroder's opening theme from the 1983 film Scarface is sampled by Nas and Mobb Deep for the track "It's Mine". "Leopard Tree Dream" from Cat People is sampled by Cannibal Ox in the song "Iron Galaxy". "The Legend of Babel" theme from the Metropolis soundtrack was covered by DJ Dado. British electronica musician Little Boots covered "Love Kills", which was written in collaboration with Freddie Mercury. "Future Lovers", a song from American recording artist Madonna's 2005 album Confessions on a Dance Floor, has a bass line inspired by Donna Summer's Moroder-produced hit "I Feel Love". Furthermore, Madonna opened her 2006 Confessions Tour with a medley of "Future Lovers" and "I Feel Love". The version of "Live to Tell" that Madonna performed on The Confessions Tour heavily samples Moroder's song "Tears". Suns of Arqa's album "Technomor" includes the track "Moroder Vibe" which contains elements of "I Feel Love". Underworld's 1999 album, Beaucoup Fish, contains a song titled "Shudder/King of Snake", which contains an interpolation of the bass line from "I Feel Love".

"I Feel Love" was inducted into the National Recording Registry in 2011.

In 2013, a dance club named after Moroder called Georgio's opened in Hollywood's Standard Hotel. Moroder even visited it and for the first time saw people dancing to his music, stating: "I never saw people dancing to my music. I was too busy working. I was always in the studio. I never took the coca." In February 2016, Shooter Jennings, the son of outlaw country singer Waylon Jennings, released a tribute album entitled Countach (For Giorgio), his seventh studio album. Shooter Jennings stated that Moroder's music from the movies Midnight Express (1978), Cat People (1982) and The NeverEnding Story (1984) had a major influence on him as a child which "...set the foundation for the music of my entire life."

Before his career reboot with Daft Punk, Moroder dedicated decades to his personal hobbies/projects. He designed a car with Marcello Gandini and ex-Lamborghini personnel, the Cizeta-Moroder V16T. Also in a 2013 interview, he spoke about the architectural design of a pyramid-like apartment that was supposed to take place in Dubai. It was never built. Other projects included creating his own cognac liquor and getting involved with digital and neon art and putting on shows.

Moroder is a character in Summer: The Donna Summer Musical, in reference to his work with disco diva Donna Summer.

Personal life
Moroder currently lives in Los Angeles, California. He was married to his Mexican manager Francisca Gutiérrez from 1990 until her death in 2022. Their son Alessandro was born in 1989.

He is a friend of Michael Holm, with whom he composed the 1973 album Spinach 1 under the moniker "Spinach". Holm's song Giorgio und ich is dedicated to Moroder.

Discography

 * That's Bubblegum - That's Giorgio (1969)
 * Giorgio (1970)
 * Son of My Father (1972)
 * Giorgio's Music (1973)
 * Einzelgänger (1975)
 * Knights in White Satin (1976)
 * From Here to Eternity (1977)
 * Love's in You, Love's in Me (1978)
 * E=MC² (1979)
 * Solitary Men (1983) (with Joe Esposito)
 * Innovisions (1985)
 * Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder (1985)
 * To Be Number One (1990)
 * Forever Dancing (1992)
 * Déjà Vu (2015)

title: Giorgio Moroder