text:
Mythologies of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The Indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise numerous different cultures. Each has its own mythologies, many of which share certain themes across cultural boundaries. In North American mythologies, common themes include a close relation to nature and animals as well as belief in a Great Spirit that is conceived of in various ways.

Northern America
There is no single mythology of the Indigenous North American peoples, but numerous different canons of traditional narratives associated with religion, ethics and beliefs. Such stories are deeply based in Nature and are rich with the symbolism of seasons, weather, plants, animals, earth, water, fire, sky, and the heavenly bodies. Common elements are the principle of an all-embracing, universal and omniscient Great Spirit, a connection to the Earth and its landscapes, a belief in a parallel world in the sky (sometimes also underground and/or below the water), diverse creation narratives, visits to the 'land of the dead', and collective memories of ancient sacred ancestors.

A characteristic of many of the myths is the close relationship between human beings and animals (including birds and reptiles). They often feature shape-shifting between animal and the human form. Marriage between people and different species (particularly bears) is a common theme. In some stories, animals foster human children.

Although most Native North American myths are profound and serious, some use light-hearted humor – often in the form of tricksters – to entertain, as they subtly convey important spiritual and moral messages. The use of allegory is common, exploring issues ranging from love and friendship to domestic violence and mental illness.

Some myths are connected to traditional religious rituals involving dance, music, songs, and trance (e.g. the sun dance).

Most of the myths from this region were first transcribed by ethnologists during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These sources were collected from Native American elders who still had strong connections to the traditions of their ancestors. They may be considered the most authentic surviving records of the ancient stories, and thus form the basis of the descriptions below.

Northeast (Southeastern Canada and Northeastern US, including the Great Lakes)

Myths from this region feature female deities, such as the creator, Big Turtle; and First Mother, from whose body grew the first corn and tobacco. The two great divine culture heroes are Glooskap and Manabus.

Other stories explore the complex relationships between animals and human beings. Some myths were originally recited as verse narratives.

 * Anishinaabe traditional beliefs - The Anishinaabeg peoples (Algonquin/Nipissing, Ojibwa/Chippewa/Saulteaux/Mississaugas, Odawa, Potawatomi and Oji-Cree)
 * Ho-Chunk mythology - A North American tribe located in now eastern Wisconsin.
 * Iroquois mythology - A confederacy of tribes located in the New York state area.
 * Lenape mythology
 * Seneca mythology - A North American tribe located south of Lake Ontario.
 * Wyandot religion - A North American tribe located around the northern shore of Lake Ontario.

Great Plains
Stories unique to the Great Plains feature buffalo, which provided the Plains peoples with food, clothing, housing and utensils. In some myths they are benign, in others fearsome and malevolent. The Sun is an important deity; other supernatural characters include Morning Star   and the Thunderbirds.

A common theme is the making of a journey, often to a supernatural place across the landscape or up to the parallel world in the sky.

One of the most dominant trickster stories of the Plains is Old Man, about whom numerous humorous stories are told. The Old Man, known as Waziya, lived beneath the earth with his wife, and they had a daughter. Their daughter married the wind and had four sons: North, East, South, and West. The sun, moon and winds then ruled the universe together.

An important supernatural hero is the Blood Clot Boy, transformed from a clot of blood.

 * Ho-Chunk mythology
 * Lakota mythology
 * Pawnee mythology

Southeastern US
Important myths of this region deal with the origin of hunting and farming, and the origin of sickness and medicine.

An important practice of this region was animism, the belief that all objects, places, and creatures have a soul. Most death, disease, or misfortune would be associated with the failure to put the soul of a slain animal to rest. When this happens, the animal could get vengeance through their "species chief". Large amounts of rare materials found with this regions dead suggest strong evidence that they believed in a sort of afterlife. It is thought that when a member of a tribe died, their soul would hover over their communities, trying to get their friends and relatives to join them, so their funeral ceremonies were not just to commemorate the dead, but to protect the living.

The Green Corn ceremony, also known as Busk, was an annual celebration of a successful corn crop. Their fires were put out and rekindled, grudges are forgiven, and materials are thrown out or broken to then be replaced. It was essentially a renewing of life and community for these tribes.

Cherokee Myth of Creation
There was a time when there was no earth, and all creatures lived in a place above the sky called Galvlo’i. Everything below was only water, but when Galvlo’i got too crowded, the creatures decided to send down Water Beetle to see if he could find them a new place to live. He obliged and dove down into the water, all the way to the bottom of the sea, where he picked up a bit of mud and brought it to the surface. Once above the water, the mud spread out in all directions and became an island. The Great Spirit secured the island by attaching cords to it and tying it to the vault in the sky.

Though the land was now stable, the ground was too soft for any of the animals to stand on, so they sent down Buzzard to scope it out. He flew around for some time until he could find a dry enough spot to land, and when he did the flapping of his wings caused the mud to shift. It went down in some places and up in others, creating the peaks, valleys, hills, and mountains of the earth. The rest of the creatures were now able to come down, but they soon realized it was very dark, so they invited the sun to come with them. Everyone was happy except Crawfish, who said his shell turned a bright red because the sun was too close, so they raised the sun seven different times until Crawfish was satisfied.

The Great Spirit then created plants for this new land, after which he told the animals to stay awake for seven days. Only Owl was able to do so, and as a reward, the Great Spirit gave him the gift of sight in the dark. The plants tried as well, but only the pines, firs, holly, and a select few others were able to stay awake, so he gave them the gift of keeping their leaves year-round. Great Spirit then decided he wanted to have people live on this island, so he created one man and one woman. The pair did not yet know how to make children, so the man took a fish and pressed it against the woman's stomach, after which she gave birth. They did this for seven days until Great Spirit felt there was enough humans for the time being, and made it so a woman could only give birth once a year.

See also:
 * Cherokee mythology – A North American tribe that migrated from the great lakes area to the southeastern woodlands.
 * Choctaw mythology – A North American tribe from the area of modern-day Alabama, Florida, Mississippi and Louisiana.
 * Creek mythology – A North American tribe from the area of modern-day Georgia and Alabama.

Caribbean US

 * Taíno mythology – This mythology and philosophy expresses the spiritual beliefs of the maritime Maipurean island settlers from the Amazon and/or Arawakan group of peoples. Their lineage and mythologies include having a creator deity as well as endless cyclical spontaneous birth. Immigrating from North East South America, their stories include gods and deity veneration as well as a view beyond that. Some of the philosophies include a concept of reality as illusion; and also that this world is a dream. Some petroglyphs on the islands include references interpreted to suggest galactic or alien life. Today's members of the community have established several views of mythology; some indicating ancestor veneration while others focus on deity and spirit veneration. The belief sets indicate the lineage rather than pointing to one absolute truth. A commonality between lineages includes honoring ancestors through cemi/zemi stones; spiritual homes of the lineage, as well as respecting sun and moon spirits. Weather spirits and spirits of the honored dead are also respectfully acknowledged.

California and Great Basin
Myths of this region are dominated by the sacred creator/trickster Coyote. Other significant characters include the Sun People, the Star Women and Darkness.

A few of the most distinctive ceremonies of this region were their funeral customs and their commemoration of the dead. When a death occurred, the house in which it happened would be burnt down, and there would sometimes be bans on speaking the name of the dead. Widows would be smeared with pitch and their hair would be cut until the annual mourning releases them. This mourning came to be known as the "burning", the "cry", or the "dance of the dead". During these ceremonies, multiple properties are burned while the tribe dances, chants, and wails, in order to appease the ghosts.

Another common ceremony is one that takes place when adolescents hit puberty. Girls go through a series of grueling tabus when her first period starts but is followed by a celebratory dance when it ends. Boys will undergo an official initiation into the tribe by participating in ceremonies that recount the tribes' mysteries and myths.

See also:
 * Earth-maker myth
 * Kuksu – a religion in Northern California practiced by members within several Indigenous peoples of California.
 * Miwok mythology – a North American tribe in Northern California.
 * Ohlone mythology – a North American tribe in Northern California.
 * Pomo religion – a North American tribe in Northern California.

Southwest
Myths of the Navajo, Apache, and Pueblo peoples tell how the first human beings emerged from an underworld to the Earth. According to the Hopi Pueblo people, the first beings were the Sun, two goddesses known as Hard Being Woman (Huruing Wuhti) and Spider Woman. It was the goddesses who created living creatures and human beings. Other themes include the origin of tobacco and corn, and horses; and a battle between summer and winter. Some stories describe parallel worlds in the sky and underwater. These peoples went on to kill each other due to Zuni tales.

Multi-sensory experiences also are prominent in Ancestral Pueblo ceremonial rituals; for example, to evoke a paradisiacal realm, Chacoan people would perform sensorial ceremonies by use of exotic artifacts such as turquoise, shell, cacao, copper bells, and macaws.

See also:
 * Ute mythology – a North American tribe located in both the Northwestern and Southwestern United States.
 * Diné Bahaneʼ (Navajo) – a North American nation from the Southwestern United States.
 * Hopi mythology – a North American tribe in Arizona.
 * Zuni mythology – a North American tribe in New Mexico.

Plateau
Myths of the Plateau region express the people's intense spiritual feeling for their landscapes and emphasize the importance of treating with respect the animals that they depend upon for food. Sacred tricksters here include Coyote and Fox.

See also:
 * Salish mythology – a North American tribe or band in Montana, Idaho, Washington and British Columbia, Canada

Arctic (coastal Alaska, northern Canada, and Greenland)
The myths of this region are strongly set in the landscape of tundra, snow, and ice. Memorable stories feature the winds, the moon, and the giants. Some accounts say that Anguta is the supreme being, who created the Earth, sea and heavenly bodies. His daughter, Sedna created all living things – animals and plants. Sedna is also regarded as the protecting divinity of the Inuit.

Subarctic (inland northern Canada and Alaska)
Here some myths reflect the extreme climate and the people's dependence on salmon as a major food resource. In imagination, the landscape is populated by both benign and malevolent giants.

Northwest
In this region, the dominant sacred trickster is Raven, who brought daylight to the world and appears in many other stories. Myths explore the people's relationship with the coast and the rivers along which they traditionally built their towns. There are stories of visits to parallel worlds beneath the sea and up in the sky.

See also:
 * Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology – an Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast.
 * Lummi – a North American tribe from the Pacific Northwest, Washington state area.
 * Nuu-chah-nulth mythology – a group of indigenous peoples living on Vancouver Island in British Columbia.
 * Haida mythology – a nation living in Haida Gwaii and the Alaska Panhandle.
 * Tsimshian mythology – an indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast living on the British Columbia Coast and Alaska's Annette Islands.

Aztecs
The Aztecs, who predominantly inhabited modern-day central Mexico, had a complex system of beliefs based on deities who directly affected the lives of humans, including those who controlled rain, the rising Sun, and fertility. Voluntary human sacrifice was a central piece to the order of the universe and human survival.

The Aztecs viewed people as servants and warriors of the gods, whom were not merciful or generous, but all-powerful beings that needed to be fed and appeased in order to avoid disaster and punishment. Thus, the concept of human sacrifice emerged. This practice was not new and had been used in other cultures such as the Mayans, but the Aztecs made this their main event, so to speak, in their ceremonies. These sacrifices were mainly to appease the sun god.

Creation Myth
According to the Aztecs, the creation of the earth started with a god called Ometeotl, otherwise known as the dual god, as they were made from the union of Tonacatecuhtli and Tonacacihuatl, whom the Aztecs believed were the lord and lady of their sustenance. Tonacatecuhtli and Tonacacihuatl had four children: Xipe Totec, which translates to "the flayed god" in Nahuatl, is associated with the color red. He is the god of the seasons and all things that grow on the earth. Tezcatlipoca, which translates to "smoking mirror", is associated with the color black. He is the god of the earth and the most powerful of the four children. Quetzalcoatl, which translates to "plumed serpent", is associated with the color white. He is the god of air. Finally, Huitzilopochtli, which translates to "hummingbird of the south", is associated with the color blue. He is the god of war. The four children decided they wanted to create a world with people to live in it. Quetzalcoatl and Huitzilopochtli made the first attempt, starting by making fire. This fire became the sun, but only half a sun, because it was not big or bright enough to light their entire world. They then made the first man and woman, which they called Cipactonal and Oxomoco respectively. Their many children were called macehuales, and were to be the farmers of the land. From there they created time, and then the underworld known as There are many stories of how the age of the fifth and final sun came to be. One story tells of how Tezcatlipoca took flint and used it to make fires to light the world again, before discussing with his brothers what should be done. They decided to make a new sun that feeds on the hearts and blood of humans. To feed it, they made four hundred men and five women. This is where the story goes into different directions. Some say that both Quetzalcoatl and Tlaloc wanted their sons to become the new sun, so they each threw their sons into one of the fires created by Tezcatlipoca. Tlaloc waited for the fire to burn out before throwing his son into the embers, so his son became the moon. Quetzalcoatl elected to throw his son directly into the fiery blaze, so he became the fifth and final sun that we see in the sky today. Another story tells of the gathering of the gods at the ancient city of Teotihuacan, to discuss how to make a new sun. A god by the name of Nanahuatzin, god of disease, offered to throw himself into the fire and become the new sun. Being a weak and sickly god, the others thought he should not be the one to do it, and that a stronger and more powerful god should be the sun. Tecuciztecatl, a very wealthy god, stepped forward and said he would do it, but was not able to find the courage to jump into the flames. Nanahuatzin, with little hesitation, then threw himself into the fire. Seeing his bravery, Tecuciztecatl decided to jump in too. They were both transformed into suns, but the light was now too bright to see anything, so one of the other gods threw a rabbit at Tecuciztecatl, dimming his light and turning him into the moon. Nanahuatzin, now the new sun, was essentially reborn as Ollin Tonatiuh. The problem they now had was that he would not move from his position in the sky unless the other gods sacrificed their blood for him. So a god by the name of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, lord of dawn, threw a dart at Tonatiuh, but missed. Tonatiuh then threw one back at Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, hitting him in the head and turning him into Itzlacoliuhqui, god of coldness, frost, and obsidian. Realizing that they could not refuse, the other gods offered their bare chests to him, and Quetzalcoatl cut out their hearts with a sacrificial knife. With the blood of the gods, Tonatiuh began to move across the sky in the same pattern that we see to this day. Quetzalcoatl took the clothing and ornaments of the sacrificed gods and wrapped them in bundles, which the people then worshipped.

Central America

 * Lencan mythology – a Central American people of southwest Honduras and eastern El Salvador in Central America.
 * Maya mythology – an ancient Central American people of southern Mexico and northern Central America.
 * Olmec religion – an ancient Central American people of south-central Mexico, in the present-day states of Veracruz and Tabasco.
 * Purépecha religion – a Central American people centered around Lake Pátzcuaro.
 * Talamancan mythology – combined mythologies of the Bribri and Cabécar peoples of the Talamanca region in Costa Rica.

Southern America

 * Brazilian mythology – the subset of Brazilian folklore with cultural elements of diverse origin found in Brazil, comprising folk tales, traditions, characters and beliefs regarding places, peoples, and entities.
 * Chaná mythology – the folk tales and beliefs of Chaná people about places, peoples and entities around them.
 * Chilote mythology – the cultures of Chono and Huilliche, who live on the Chiloé Archipelago, off the coast of southern Chile.
 * Guarani mythology – an indigenous people of the Gran Chaco, especially in Paraguay and parts of the surrounding areas of Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia and Some regions in the southern part of South America.
 * Inca mythology (Religion in the Inca Empire) – a South American empire based in the central Andes mountain range.
 * Mapuche religion – an indigenous people in Chile.
 * Muisca mythology – the indigenous people of the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the modern Eastern Ranges of the Colombian Andes.
 * Selk'nam mythology


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Index of language articles

This is a partial index of Wikipedia articles treating natural languages, arranged alphabetically and with (sub-) families mentioned. The list also includes extinct languages.

For a published list of languages, see ISO 639-1 (list of ISO 639 language codes for 136 major languages), or for a more inclusive list, see ISO 639-3 (list of ISO 639-3 codes, 7,874 in total as of June 2013). The enumeration of languages and dialects can easily be taken into the five-digit range; the Linguasphere Observatory has a database (LS-2010) with more than 32,800 coded entries and more than 70,900 linguistic names.

List

{| class="sortable wikitable" ! width="250px" | Language !! Group
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

!

 * !Xóõ or Taa || Khoisan
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

'

 * 'Are'are || Malayo-Polynesian
 * 'Auhelawa || Malayo-Polynesian
 * colspan="2"|
 * 'Auhelawa || Malayo-Polynesian
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

A

 * A-Pucikwar || Great Andamanese
 * A'Tong || Tibeto-Burman
 * Aari || Omotic
 * Abanyom || Bantu
 * Abaza || Northwest Caucasian
 * Abenaki || Eastern Algonquian
 * Abkhaz or Abkhazian || Northwest Caucasian
 * Abujmaria or Madiya or Maria || Dravidian
 * Acehnese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Adamorobe Sign Language || Language isolate
 * Adele || Kwa
 * Adyghe or West Circassian || Northwest Caucasian
 * Afar || Cushitic
 * Afrikaans || Germanic
 * Afro-Seminole Creole || English-based creole
 * Aguaruna || Chicham
 * Ahom || Kra–Dai
 * Aimaq or Barbari || Iranian
 * Ainu, Hokkaido || Ainu
 * Ainu, Kuril || Ainu
 * Ainu, Sakhalin || Ainu
 * Ajawa || Chadic
 * Ajem-Turkic or Ajami Turkic || Turkic
 * Aka-Bea || Great Andamanese
 * Aka-Bo || Great Andamanese
 * Aka-Cari || Great Andamanese
 * Aka-Jeru || Great Andamanese
 * Aka-Kede || Great Andamanese
 * Aka-Kol || Great Andamanese
 * Aka-Kora || Great Andamanese
 * Akan || Kwa
 * Akar-Bale || Great Andamanese
 * Akateko || Mayan
 * Akawaio || Cariban
 * Akkadian || Semitic
 * Aklanon || Bisayan
 * Alabama || Muskogean
 * Albanian || Indo-European
 * Alchuka || Tungusic
 * Aleut || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Algonquin || Algonquian
 * Alsatian || Germanic
 * Altay || Turkic
 * Alyutor or Alutor || Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Alzenau German || Germanic
 * Amdang || Nilo-Saharan
 * American Sign Language || Francosign
 * Amharic || Semitic
 * Ammonite || Semitic
 * Amorite || Semitic
 * Amuzgo || Oto-Manguean
 * Angami Naga Sign Language || Language isolate
 * Angika || Indo-Aryan
 * Anyin || Kwa
 * Ao || Tibeto-Burman
 * Aquitanian || Basque
 * Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Algerian || Semitic
 * Arabic, Algerian Saharan || Semitic
 * Arabic, Anatolian || Semitic
 * Arabic, Andalusian or Andalusi Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Bahrani || Semitic
 * Arabic, Bareqi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Bimbashi or Mongallese || Semitic
 * Arabic, Central Asian || Semitic
 * Arabic, Chadian || Semitic
 * Arabic, Classical || Semitic
 * Arabic, Cypriot || Semitic
 * Arabic, Dhofari || Semitic
 * Arabic, Egyptian || Semitic
 * Arabic, Gilit || Semitic
 * Arabic, Gulf || Semitic
 * Arabic, Hadhrami || Semitic
 * Arabic, Hassaniya || Semitic
 * Arabic, Hejazi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Jebli || Semitic
 * Arabic, Jijel || Semitic
 * Arabic, Juba or South Sudanese Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi or Yahudic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan || Semitic
 * Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian || Semitic
 * Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni || Semitic
 * Arabic, Khuzestani || Semitic
 * Arabic, Levantine || Semitic
 * Arabic, Libyan || Semitic
 * Arabic, Maridi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Modern Standard || Semitic
 * Arabic, Moroccan || Semitic
 * Arabic, Nabataean || Semitic
 * Arabic, Najdi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Qeltu or North Mesopotamian Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Northwest Arabian, Levantine Bedawi Arabic, or Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Nubi or Ki-Nubi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Omani || Semitic
 * Arabic, Sanʽani || Semitic
 * Arabic, Saʽidi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Shihhi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Shirvani || Semitic
 * Arabic, Sicilian or Siculo-Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Sudanese || Semitic
 * Arabic, Taʽizzi-Adeni or Southern Yemeni Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Tihamiyya || Semitic
 * Arabic, Tunisian || Semitic
 * Aragonese || Romance
 * Aramaic || Semitic
 * Are || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Argobba || Semitic
 * Arin || Yeniseian
 * Aromanian || Romance
 * Armazic || Semitic
 * Armenian || Indo-European
 * Armenian, Eastern || Armenian
 * Armenian, Western || Armenian
 * Arvanitika or Arvanitic || Albanian
 * Ashkun || Indo-Iranian
 * Assamese || Indo-Iranian
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Ateso or Teso || Nilotic
 * Asháninka || Arawakan
 * Ashokan Prakrit || Indo-Aryan
 * Asi || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Asturian || Romance
 * Asturleonese || Romance
 * Auslan || BANZSL
 * Austro-Bavarian || Germanic
 * Avar || Northeast Caucasian
 * Avestan || Iranian
 * Awadhi || Indo-Iranian
 * Aymara || Aymaran
 * Äynu || Turkic
 * Ayoreo || Zamucoan
 * Azerbaijani or Azeri || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Arabic, Classical || Semitic
 * Arabic, Cypriot || Semitic
 * Arabic, Dhofari || Semitic
 * Arabic, Egyptian || Semitic
 * Arabic, Gilit || Semitic
 * Arabic, Gulf || Semitic
 * Arabic, Hadhrami || Semitic
 * Arabic, Hassaniya || Semitic
 * Arabic, Hejazi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Jebli || Semitic
 * Arabic, Jijel || Semitic
 * Arabic, Juba or South Sudanese Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Judeo-Iraqi or Yahudic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan || Semitic
 * Arabic, Judeo-Tripolitanian || Semitic
 * Arabic, Judeo-Yemeni || Semitic
 * Arabic, Khuzestani || Semitic
 * Arabic, Levantine || Semitic
 * Arabic, Libyan || Semitic
 * Arabic, Maridi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Modern Standard || Semitic
 * Arabic, Moroccan || Semitic
 * Arabic, Nabataean || Semitic
 * Arabic, Najdi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Qeltu or North Mesopotamian Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Northwest Arabian, Levantine Bedawi Arabic, or Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Nubi or Ki-Nubi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Omani || Semitic
 * Arabic, Sanʽani || Semitic
 * Arabic, Saʽidi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Shihhi || Semitic
 * Arabic, Shirvani || Semitic
 * Arabic, Sicilian or Siculo-Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Sudanese || Semitic
 * Arabic, Taʽizzi-Adeni or Southern Yemeni Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Tihamiyya || Semitic
 * Arabic, Tunisian || Semitic
 * Aragonese || Romance
 * Aramaic || Semitic
 * Are || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Argobba || Semitic
 * Arin || Yeniseian
 * Aromanian || Romance
 * Armazic || Semitic
 * Armenian || Indo-European
 * Armenian, Eastern || Armenian
 * Armenian, Western || Armenian
 * Arvanitika or Arvanitic || Albanian
 * Ashkun || Indo-Iranian
 * Assamese || Indo-Iranian
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Ateso or Teso || Nilotic
 * Asháninka || Arawakan
 * Ashokan Prakrit || Indo-Aryan
 * Asi || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Asturian || Romance
 * Asturleonese || Romance
 * Auslan || BANZSL
 * Austro-Bavarian || Germanic
 * Avar || Northeast Caucasian
 * Avestan || Iranian
 * Awadhi || Indo-Iranian
 * Aymara || Aymaran
 * Äynu || Turkic
 * Ayoreo || Zamucoan
 * Azerbaijani or Azeri || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Arabic, Taʽizzi-Adeni or Southern Yemeni Arabic || Semitic
 * Arabic, Tihamiyya || Semitic
 * Arabic, Tunisian || Semitic
 * Aragonese || Romance
 * Aramaic || Semitic
 * Are || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Argobba || Semitic
 * Arin || Yeniseian
 * Aromanian || Romance
 * Armazic || Semitic
 * Armenian || Indo-European
 * Armenian, Eastern || Armenian
 * Armenian, Western || Armenian
 * Arvanitika or Arvanitic || Albanian
 * Ashkun || Indo-Iranian
 * Assamese || Indo-Iranian
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Ateso or Teso || Nilotic
 * Asháninka || Arawakan
 * Ashokan Prakrit || Indo-Aryan
 * Asi || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Asturian || Romance
 * Asturleonese || Romance
 * Auslan || BANZSL
 * Austro-Bavarian || Germanic
 * Avar || Northeast Caucasian
 * Avestan || Iranian
 * Awadhi || Indo-Iranian
 * Aymara || Aymaran
 * Äynu || Turkic
 * Ayoreo || Zamucoan
 * Azerbaijani or Azeri || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Ateso or Teso || Nilotic
 * Asháninka || Arawakan
 * Ashokan Prakrit || Indo-Aryan
 * Asi || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Asturian || Romance
 * Asturleonese || Romance
 * Auslan || BANZSL
 * Austro-Bavarian || Germanic
 * Avar || Northeast Caucasian
 * Avestan || Iranian
 * Awadhi || Indo-Iranian
 * Aymara || Aymaran
 * Äynu || Turkic
 * Ayoreo || Zamucoan
 * Azerbaijani or Azeri || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Avar || Northeast Caucasian
 * Avestan || Iranian
 * Awadhi || Indo-Iranian
 * Aymara || Aymaran
 * Äynu || Turkic
 * Ayoreo || Zamucoan
 * Azerbaijani or Azeri || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Äynu || Turkic
 * Ayoreo || Zamucoan
 * Azerbaijani or Azeri || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Azerbaijani or Azeri || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

B

 * Babuza || Western Plains Formosan
 * Bactrian || Iranian
 * Badaga || Dravidian
 * Badeshi || Indo-Iranian
 * Baekje || Unclassified language, perhaps Koreanic, Puyŏ, and/or Han
 * Bahnar || Austroasiatic
 * Bailang || Lolo-Burmese
 * Bala || Tungusic
 * Balinese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Balochi || Indo-Iranian
 * Balti || Tibeto-Burman
 * Bambara or Bamanankan || Mande
 * Banjar || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Banyumasan || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Barranquenho or Barranquenhu || Alentejan Portuguese, Extremaduran Spanish, and Andalusian Spanish-based mixed language
 * Bartangi || Iranian
 * Basaa || Bantu
 * Basay || East Formosan
 * Bashkardi || Iranian
 * Bashkir || Turkic
 * Ba–Shu Chinese || Sinitic
 * Basque or Euskara/Euskera || Language isolate
 * Batak Karo || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Batak Toba || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bats || North Caucasian
 * Bawean and Bawean Creole || Madurese
 * Beja || Cushitic
 * Belarusian || Slavic
 * Belhare || Tibeto-Burman
 * Berta || Nilo-Saharan
 * Bemba || Bantu
 * Bengali || Indo-Aryan
 * Bezhta || Northeast Caucasian
 * Berber || Afroasiatic
 * Betawi || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bete || Niger–Congo
 * Bété || Niger–Congo
 * Bhili || Indo-Aryan
 * Bhojpuri || Indo-Aryan
 * Bijil Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Bikol || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bikya or Furu || Bantu
 * Bissa || Mande
 * Blackfoot || Algonquian
 * Bodo || Bodo
 * Boholano || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bohtan Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Bonan or Paoan || Mongolic
 * Bororo || Bororoan
 * Bosnian || Slavic
 * Brahui || Dravidian
 * Breton || Celtic
 * British Sign Language || BANZSL
 * Bru || Austroasiatic
 * Bua || Niger–Congo
 * Buginese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bukusu || Bantu
 * Bulgar || Turkic
 * Bulgarian || Slavic
 * Bunjevac || Slavic
 * Burmese || Tibeto-Burman
 * Burushaski || Language isolate
 * Buryat || Mongolic
 * Buyeo || Puyŏ
 * colspan="2"|
 * Bezhta || Northeast Caucasian
 * Berber || Afroasiatic
 * Betawi || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bete || Niger–Congo
 * Bété || Niger–Congo
 * Bhili || Indo-Aryan
 * Bhojpuri || Indo-Aryan
 * Bijil Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Bikol || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bikya or Furu || Bantu
 * Bissa || Mande
 * Blackfoot || Algonquian
 * Bodo || Bodo
 * Boholano || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bohtan Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Bonan or Paoan || Mongolic
 * Bororo || Bororoan
 * Bosnian || Slavic
 * Brahui || Dravidian
 * Breton || Celtic
 * British Sign Language || BANZSL
 * Bru || Austroasiatic
 * Bua || Niger–Congo
 * Buginese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bukusu || Bantu
 * Bulgar || Turkic
 * Bulgarian || Slavic
 * Bunjevac || Slavic
 * Burmese || Tibeto-Burman
 * Burushaski || Language isolate
 * Buryat || Mongolic
 * Buyeo || Puyŏ
 * colspan="2"|
 * Bosnian || Slavic
 * Brahui || Dravidian
 * Breton || Celtic
 * British Sign Language || BANZSL
 * Bru || Austroasiatic
 * Bua || Niger–Congo
 * Buginese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Bukusu || Bantu
 * Bulgar || Turkic
 * Bulgarian || Slavic
 * Bunjevac || Slavic
 * Burmese || Tibeto-Burman
 * Burushaski || Language isolate
 * Buryat || Mongolic
 * Buyeo || Puyŏ
 * colspan="2"|
 * Bulgar || Turkic
 * Bulgarian || Slavic
 * Bunjevac || Slavic
 * Burmese || Tibeto-Burman
 * Burushaski || Language isolate
 * Buryat || Mongolic
 * Buyeo || Puyŏ
 * colspan="2"|
 * Burushaski || Language isolate
 * Buryat || Mongolic
 * Buyeo || Puyŏ
 * colspan="2"|
 * Buyeo || Puyŏ
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

C

 * Caluyanon or Caluyanun || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Canaano-Akkadian || Akkadian and Canaanite-based mixed language
 * Cantonese || Sinitic
 * Cape Verdean Creole or Kabuverdianu || Portuguese-based creole
 * Carrier or Dakelh || Athabaskan
 * Catalan || Romance
 * Catalan Sign Language || Catalan Sign
 * Cavineña || Tacanan
 * Cayuga || Iroquoian
 * Cebuano || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Chabacano or Chavacano || Creole (Spanish-based)
 * Chaga or Kichagga || Bantu
 * Chagatai || Turkic
 * Chakavian || Slavic
 * Chakma || Indo-Aryan
 * Chaldean Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Cham || Chamic
 * Chamorro or Chamoru || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Chaouia or Tachawit || Berber
 * Chatino || Oto-Manguean
 * Chechen || Northeast Caucasian
 * Chenchu || Dravidian
 * Chenoua || Berber
 * Cherokee || Iroquoian
 * Cheyenne || Algonquian
 * Chhattisgarhi || Indo-Aryan
 * Chichimeca Jonaz || Oto-Manguean
 * Chickasaw || Muskogean
 * Chinese Kyakala || Tungusic
 * Chintang or Chhintang || Kiranti
 * Chilcotin or Tsilhqot'in || Athabaskan
 * Chinantec || Oto-Manguean
 * Chinese || Sinitic
 * Chinese Kyakala || Tungusic
 * Chiricahua or Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache || Athabaskan
 * Chichewa or Nyanja || Bantu
 * Chimané or Tsimané or Mosetén || Language isolate
 * Chipaya || Uru-Chipaya
 * Chipewyan || Athabaskan
 * Chiquimulilla || Xincan
 * Chiquitano || Language isolate
 * Chittagonian || Indo-Aryan
 * Chocho or Chocholtec || Oto-Manguean
 * Choctaw || Muskogean
 * Ch'ol || Mayan
 * Chontal de Oaxaca || Tequistlatecan
 * Chontal de Tabasco || Mayan
 * Chorasmian or Khwarezmian || Iranian
 * Christian Palestinian Aramaic || Semitic
 * Chuj || Mayan
 * Chukchi or Chukot || Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Chulym || Turkic
 * Church Slavonic || Slavic
 * Chuukese or Trukese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Chuvan || Yukaghir
 * Chuvash || Turkic
 * Cochin Portuguese Creole or Vypin Indo-Portuguese || Portuguese-based creole language
 * Cocoma or Cocama || Tupian
 * Cocopah || Yuman-Cochimí
 * Coeur d’Alene || Salishan
 * Comanche || Uto-Aztecan
 * Comorian || Bantu
 * Coptic || Egyptian
 * Cora || Uto-Aztecan
 * Cornish || Celtic
 * Corsican || Romance
 * Cree || Algonquian
 * Cree, East or James Bay Cree || Algonquian
 * Cree, Moose || Algonquian
 * Cree, Plains || Algonquian
 * Cree, Swampy || Algonquian
 * Cree, Woods or Woodland Cree || Algonquian
 * Crimean Tatar or Crimean Turkish || Turkic
 * Croatian || Slavic
 * Cuicatec || Oto-Manguean
 * Cuyonon || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Czech || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Chiquimulilla || Xincan
 * Chiquitano || Language isolate
 * Chittagonian || Indo-Aryan
 * Chocho or Chocholtec || Oto-Manguean
 * Choctaw || Muskogean
 * Ch'ol || Mayan
 * Chontal de Oaxaca || Tequistlatecan
 * Chontal de Tabasco || Mayan
 * Chorasmian or Khwarezmian || Iranian
 * Christian Palestinian Aramaic || Semitic
 * Chuj || Mayan
 * Chukchi or Chukot || Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Chulym || Turkic
 * Church Slavonic || Slavic
 * Chuukese or Trukese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Chuvan || Yukaghir
 * Chuvash || Turkic
 * Cochin Portuguese Creole or Vypin Indo-Portuguese || Portuguese-based creole language
 * Cocoma or Cocama || Tupian
 * Cocopah || Yuman-Cochimí
 * Coeur d’Alene || Salishan
 * Comanche || Uto-Aztecan
 * Comorian || Bantu
 * Coptic || Egyptian
 * Cora || Uto-Aztecan
 * Cornish || Celtic
 * Corsican || Romance
 * Cree || Algonquian
 * Cree, East or James Bay Cree || Algonquian
 * Cree, Moose || Algonquian
 * Cree, Plains || Algonquian
 * Cree, Swampy || Algonquian
 * Cree, Woods or Woodland Cree || Algonquian
 * Crimean Tatar or Crimean Turkish || Turkic
 * Croatian || Slavic
 * Cuicatec || Oto-Manguean
 * Cuyonon || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Czech || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Cocopah || Yuman-Cochimí
 * Coeur d’Alene || Salishan
 * Comanche || Uto-Aztecan
 * Comorian || Bantu
 * Coptic || Egyptian
 * Cora || Uto-Aztecan
 * Cornish || Celtic
 * Corsican || Romance
 * Cree || Algonquian
 * Cree, East or James Bay Cree || Algonquian
 * Cree, Moose || Algonquian
 * Cree, Plains || Algonquian
 * Cree, Swampy || Algonquian
 * Cree, Woods or Woodland Cree || Algonquian
 * Crimean Tatar or Crimean Turkish || Turkic
 * Croatian || Slavic
 * Cuicatec || Oto-Manguean
 * Cuyonon || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Czech || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Cree, Moose || Algonquian
 * Cree, Plains || Algonquian
 * Cree, Swampy || Algonquian
 * Cree, Woods or Woodland Cree || Algonquian
 * Crimean Tatar or Crimean Turkish || Turkic
 * Croatian || Slavic
 * Cuicatec || Oto-Manguean
 * Cuyonon || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Czech || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Croatian || Slavic
 * Cuicatec || Oto-Manguean
 * Cuyonon || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Czech || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Czech || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

D

 * Dadanitic || Semitic
 * Dagaare || Niger-Congo
 * Dagbani || Gur
 * Dahlik || Semitic
 * Dalecarlian || Germanic
 * Dalmatian || Romance
 * Dameli || Indo-Aryan
 * Danish || Germanic
 * Dargin || Northeast Caucasian
 * Dari or Dari Persian || Iranian
 * Daur or Dagur || Mongolic
 * Daylami || Iranian
 * Dena'ina or Tanaina || Athapaskan
 * Dhatki || Indo-Aryan
 * Dhivehi or Maldivian || Indo-Aryan
 * Dicamay Agta || Northern Luzon
 * Dida || Kru
 * Dioula or Jula || Mande
 * Dogri || Indo-Aryan
 * Dogrib or Tli Cho || Athapaskan
 * Dolgan || Turkic
 * Domaaki or Dumaki || Indo-Aryan
 * Dongxiang or Santa || Mongolic
 * Duala || Bantu
 * Dungan || Sinitic
 * Dura || Greater Magaric
 * Dutch || Germanic
 * Dzhidi or Judeo-Persian || Iranian
 * Dzongkha || Tibetic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Dicamay Agta || Northern Luzon
 * Dida || Kru
 * Dioula or Jula || Mande
 * Dogri || Indo-Aryan
 * Dogrib or Tli Cho || Athapaskan
 * Dolgan || Turkic
 * Domaaki or Dumaki || Indo-Aryan
 * Dongxiang or Santa || Mongolic
 * Duala || Bantu
 * Dungan || Sinitic
 * Dura || Greater Magaric
 * Dutch || Germanic
 * Dzhidi or Judeo-Persian || Iranian
 * Dzongkha || Tibetic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Dongxiang or Santa || Mongolic
 * Duala || Bantu
 * Dungan || Sinitic
 * Dura || Greater Magaric
 * Dutch || Germanic
 * Dzhidi or Judeo-Persian || Iranian
 * Dzongkha || Tibetic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Dutch || Germanic
 * Dzhidi or Judeo-Persian || Iranian
 * Dzongkha || Tibetic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Dzongkha || Tibetic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

E

 * Eblaite || Semitic
 * Edomite || Semitic
 * Egyptian || Afroasiatic
 * Ekoti || Bantu
 * Elfdalian || Germanic
 * Enets or Yenisey Samoyed || Samoyedic
 * English || Germanic
 * Erzya || Uralic
 * Estonian || Uralic
 * Even || Tungusic
 * Evenk or Evenki || Tungusic
 * Ewe || Volta–Niger
 * Extremaduran || Romance
 * colspan="2"|
 * Erzya || Uralic
 * Estonian || Uralic
 * Even || Tungusic
 * Evenk or Evenki || Tungusic
 * Ewe || Volta–Niger
 * Extremaduran || Romance
 * colspan="2"|
 * Evenk or Evenki || Tungusic
 * Ewe || Volta–Niger
 * Extremaduran || Romance
 * colspan="2"|
 * Extremaduran || Romance
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

F

 * Faetar or Faetar–Cigliàje || Romance
 * Faifi || Semitic
 * Faliscan || Latino-Faliscan
 * Fang || Bantu
 * Faroese || Germanic
 * Favorlang || Western Plains Formosan
 * Fijian || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Filipino || Central Philippine
 * Finland-Swedish Sign Language || Swedish Sign
 * Finnish || Uralic
 * Finnish Sign Language || Swedish Sign
 * Flemish || Germanic
 * Flemish, East || Germanic
 * Flemish, French || Germanic
 * Flemish, West || Germanic
 * Foodo || Kwa
 * Fon || Kwa
 * Franco-Provençal or Arpitan || Romance
 * French || Romance
 * French Sign Language || Francosign
 * Frisian, East || Germanic
 * Frisian, Hindeloopen || Germanic
 * Frisian, North || Germanic
 * Frisian, Saterland || Germanic
 * Frisian, Schiermonnikoog || Germanic
 * Frisian, Terschelling || Germanic
 * Frisian, West or Mainland West Frisian|| Germanic
 * Friulian || Romance
 * Fula, Fulfulde, or Fulani || Senegambian
 * Fur || Nilo-Saharan
 * Futunan || Polynesian
 * Futuna-Aniwa || Polynesian
 * colspan="2"|
 * Fon || Kwa
 * Franco-Provençal or Arpitan || Romance
 * French || Romance
 * French Sign Language || Francosign
 * Frisian, East || Germanic
 * Frisian, Hindeloopen || Germanic
 * Frisian, North || Germanic
 * Frisian, Saterland || Germanic
 * Frisian, Schiermonnikoog || Germanic
 * Frisian, Terschelling || Germanic
 * Frisian, West or Mainland West Frisian|| Germanic
 * Friulian || Romance
 * Fula, Fulfulde, or Fulani || Senegambian
 * Fur || Nilo-Saharan
 * Futunan || Polynesian
 * Futuna-Aniwa || Polynesian
 * colspan="2"|
 * Frisian, Terschelling || Germanic
 * Frisian, West or Mainland West Frisian|| Germanic
 * Friulian || Romance
 * Fula, Fulfulde, or Fulani || Senegambian
 * Fur || Nilo-Saharan
 * Futunan || Polynesian
 * Futuna-Aniwa || Polynesian
 * colspan="2"|
 * Fur || Nilo-Saharan
 * Futunan || Polynesian
 * Futuna-Aniwa || Polynesian
 * colspan="2"|
 * Futuna-Aniwa || Polynesian
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

G

 * Ga || Kwa
 * Gadaba || Dravidian
 * Gagauz || Turkic
 * Galatian || Celtic
 * Galician || Romance
 * Galindian || Baltic
 * Gan Chinese || Sinitic
 * Ganda || Bantu
 * Gangte || Kuki-Chin
 * Garhwali || Indo-Aryan
 * Gaya || Unclassified language
 * Gayo || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Gen or Gẽ or Mina || Volta–Niger
 * Georgian || South Caucasian
 * German || Germanic
 * German Sign Language || DGSic
 * Gikuyu or Kikuyu || Bantu
 * Gilbertese or Kiribati || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Gilaki || Iranian
 * Gitxsan || Tsimshianic
 * Goaria || Indo-Aryan
 * Goguryeo || Puyŏ
 * Gondi || Dravidian
 * Gorani language (Našinski) || Slavic
 * Gorani or Hawrami || Kurdish
 * Gawar-Bati or Gowari or Narsati || Indo-Aryan
 * Greenlandic or Kalaallisut || Eskaleut
 * Greenlandic Norse || Germanic
 * Greek || Hellenic
 * Greek, Aeolic || Hellenic
 * Greek, Apulian or Griko || Hellenic
 * Greek, Ancient Macedonian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Arcadocypriot || Hellenic
 * Greek, Attic || Hellenic
 * Greek, Byzantine or Medieval Greek || Hellenic
 * Greek, Calabrian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Cappadocian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Cypriot || Hellenic
 * Greek, Doric or West Greek || Hellenic
 * Greek, Homeric or Epic Greek || Hellenic
 * Greek, Ionic || Hellenic
 * Greek, Italiot || Hellenic
 * Greek, Jewish Koine || Hellenic
 * Greek, Koine || Hellenic
 * Greek, Mariupolitan or Crimean Greek || Hellenic
 * Greek, Mycenaean || Hellenic
 * Greek, Pamphylian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Pontic || Hellenic
 * Greek, Romani || Hellenic
 * Greek, Tsakonian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Yevanic || Hellenic
 * Guaraní || Tupian
 * Guaruyu || Tupian
 * Guazacapán || Xincan
 * Guinea-Bissau Creole || Portuguese-based creole
 * Gujarati || Indo-Aryan
 * Gula Iro or Kulaal || Adamawa
 * Gullah or Sea Island Creole English || English-based creole
 * Gusii || Bantu
 * Gwichʼin || Athabaskan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Greek, Apulian or Griko || Hellenic
 * Greek, Ancient Macedonian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Arcadocypriot || Hellenic
 * Greek, Attic || Hellenic
 * Greek, Byzantine or Medieval Greek || Hellenic
 * Greek, Calabrian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Cappadocian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Cypriot || Hellenic
 * Greek, Doric or West Greek || Hellenic
 * Greek, Homeric or Epic Greek || Hellenic
 * Greek, Ionic || Hellenic
 * Greek, Italiot || Hellenic
 * Greek, Jewish Koine || Hellenic
 * Greek, Koine || Hellenic
 * Greek, Mariupolitan or Crimean Greek || Hellenic
 * Greek, Mycenaean || Hellenic
 * Greek, Pamphylian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Pontic || Hellenic
 * Greek, Romani || Hellenic
 * Greek, Tsakonian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Yevanic || Hellenic
 * Guaraní || Tupian
 * Guaruyu || Tupian
 * Guazacapán || Xincan
 * Guinea-Bissau Creole || Portuguese-based creole
 * Gujarati || Indo-Aryan
 * Gula Iro or Kulaal || Adamawa
 * Gullah or Sea Island Creole English || English-based creole
 * Gusii || Bantu
 * Gwichʼin || Athabaskan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Greek, Pamphylian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Pontic || Hellenic
 * Greek, Romani || Hellenic
 * Greek, Tsakonian || Hellenic
 * Greek, Yevanic || Hellenic
 * Guaraní || Tupian
 * Guaruyu || Tupian
 * Guazacapán || Xincan
 * Guinea-Bissau Creole || Portuguese-based creole
 * Gujarati || Indo-Aryan
 * Gula Iro or Kulaal || Adamawa
 * Gullah or Sea Island Creole English || English-based creole
 * Gusii || Bantu
 * Gwichʼin || Athabaskan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Guazacapán || Xincan
 * Guinea-Bissau Creole || Portuguese-based creole
 * Gujarati || Indo-Aryan
 * Gula Iro or Kulaal || Adamawa
 * Gullah or Sea Island Creole English || English-based creole
 * Gusii || Bantu
 * Gwichʼin || Athabaskan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Gullah or Sea Island Creole English || English-based creole
 * Gusii || Bantu
 * Gwichʼin || Athabaskan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Gwichʼin || Athabaskan
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

H

 * Hachijō or shima kotoba || Japonic
 * Hadramautic || Semitic
 * Hadza or Hatsa || Language isolate
 * Haida or Masset || Language isolate or Na-Dené
 * Haitian Creole || French-based creole
 * Hakka || Sinitic
 * Hän || Athabaskan
 * Hani || Lolo-Burmese
 * Harappan || Unclassified language
 * Harari || Semitic
 * Harauti || Indo-Aryan
 * Harsusi || Semitic
 * Haryanavi || Indo-Aryan
 * Harzani || Iranian
 * Hasaitic || Semitic
 * Hattic || Unclassified language
 * Hausa || Chadic
 * Havasupai or Upland Yuman || Hokan
 * Hawaiian || Polynesian
 * Hawaiʻi Sign Language || Language isolate or small language family
 * Hazaragi || Iranian
 * Hebrew || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Ashkenazi || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Biblical || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Italian || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Medieval || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Mishnaic || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Mizrahi || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Modern || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Samaritan || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Sephardi || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Tiberian || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Yemenite || Semitic
 * Herero || Bantu
 * Hértevin || Semitic
 * Hiligaynon || Bisayan
 * Himyaritic || Semitic
 * Hindi || Indo-Aryan
 * Hindustani || Indo-Aryan)
 * Hinukh || Northeast Caucasian
 * Hiri Motu || Motu-based pidgin
 * Hismaic || Semitic
 * Hittite || Anatolian
 * Hixkaryana || Cariban
 * Hmong || Hmong–Mien
 * Hmu || Hmong-Mien
 * Ho || Austroasiatic
 * Hobyót || Semitic
 * Hokkien || Sinitic
 * Hopi || Uto-Aztecan
 * Hoti || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Huastec or Teenek || Mayan
 * Huave || Language isolate
 * Huiliche || Araucanian
 * Hulaulá || Semitic
 * Hungarian || Uralic
 * Hunnic || Unclassified language
 * Hutterisch or Tirolean || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Hebrew, Samaritan || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Sephardi || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Tiberian || Semitic
 * Hebrew, Yemenite || Semitic
 * Herero || Bantu
 * Hértevin || Semitic
 * Hiligaynon || Bisayan
 * Himyaritic || Semitic
 * Hindi || Indo-Aryan
 * Hindustani || Indo-Aryan)
 * Hinukh || Northeast Caucasian
 * Hiri Motu || Motu-based pidgin
 * Hismaic || Semitic
 * Hittite || Anatolian
 * Hixkaryana || Cariban
 * Hmong || Hmong–Mien
 * Hmu || Hmong-Mien
 * Ho || Austroasiatic
 * Hobyót || Semitic
 * Hokkien || Sinitic
 * Hopi || Uto-Aztecan
 * Hoti || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Huastec or Teenek || Mayan
 * Huave || Language isolate
 * Huiliche || Araucanian
 * Hulaulá || Semitic
 * Hungarian || Uralic
 * Hunnic || Unclassified language
 * Hutterisch or Tirolean || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Hmong || Hmong–Mien
 * Hmu || Hmong-Mien
 * Ho || Austroasiatic
 * Hobyót || Semitic
 * Hokkien || Sinitic
 * Hopi || Uto-Aztecan
 * Hoti || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Huastec or Teenek || Mayan
 * Huave || Language isolate
 * Huiliche || Araucanian
 * Hulaulá || Semitic
 * Hungarian || Uralic
 * Hunnic || Unclassified language
 * Hutterisch or Tirolean || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Huave || Language isolate
 * Huiliche || Araucanian
 * Hulaulá || Semitic
 * Hungarian || Uralic
 * Hunnic || Unclassified language
 * Hutterisch or Tirolean || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Hungarian || Uralic
 * Hunnic || Unclassified language
 * Hutterisch or Tirolean || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Hutterisch or Tirolean || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

I

 * Ibibio || Cross River
 * Iban || Malayic
 * Ibanag || Northern Luzon
 * Icelandic || Germanic
 * Ifè || Yoruboid
 * Igbo or Ibo or Biafra || Igboid
 * Ikalanga or Kalanga || Bantu
 * Ili Turki || Turkic
 * Illyrian || Indo-European
 * Ilokano or Ilocano || Northern Luzon
 * Indonesian || Malayic
 * Indo-Portuguese Creole of Bombay || Portuguese-based creole language
 * Ingrian or Izhorian || Uralic
 * Ingush || Northeast Caucasian
 * Inuktitut || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Inupiaq || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Inuvialuktun || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Iraqw || Cushitic
 * Irish or Irish Gaelic || Celtic
 * Irish Sign Language || Francosign
 * Irula || Dravidian
 * Isan or Northeastern Thai || Kra–Dai
 * Ishkashimi or Ishkashmi || Iranian
 * Istriot || Romance
 * Istro-Romanian || Romance
 * Italian || Romance
 * colspan="2"|
 * Ingush || Northeast Caucasian
 * Inuktitut || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Inupiaq || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Inuvialuktun || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Iraqw || Cushitic
 * Irish or Irish Gaelic || Celtic
 * Irish Sign Language || Francosign
 * Irula || Dravidian
 * Isan or Northeastern Thai || Kra–Dai
 * Ishkashimi or Ishkashmi || Iranian
 * Istriot || Romance
 * Istro-Romanian || Romance
 * Italian || Romance
 * colspan="2"|
 * Irula || Dravidian
 * Isan or Northeastern Thai || Kra–Dai
 * Ishkashimi or Ishkashmi || Iranian
 * Istriot || Romance
 * Istro-Romanian || Romance
 * Italian || Romance
 * colspan="2"|
 * Istro-Romanian || Romance
 * Italian || Romance
 * colspan="2"|
 * Italian || Romance
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

J

 * Jacaltek, Jakalteko or Popti' || Mayan
 * Jalaa || Unclassified language, possibly Niger–Congo
 * Japanese || Japonic
 * Japhug || Sino-Tibetan
 * Jaqaru || Aymaran
 * Jarai || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Javanese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Jeju || Koreanic
 * Jemez or Towa || Tanoan
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic || Aramaic
 * Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho || Semitic
 * Jibbali or Shehri || Semitic
 * Jicarilla || Athabaskan
 * Juang || Austroasiatic
 * Judeo-Georgian || South Caucasian
 * Jumaytepeque || Xincan
 * Jurchen || Tungusic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Jewish Babylonian Aramaic || Aramaic
 * Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho || Semitic
 * Jibbali or Shehri || Semitic
 * Jicarilla || Athabaskan
 * Juang || Austroasiatic
 * Judeo-Georgian || South Caucasian
 * Jumaytepeque || Xincan
 * Jurchen || Tungusic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Juang || Austroasiatic
 * Judeo-Georgian || South Caucasian
 * Jumaytepeque || Xincan
 * Jurchen || Tungusic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Jurchen || Tungusic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

K

 * Kaaps || Germanic
 * Kabardian || Northwest Caucasian
 * Kabiye || Gur
 * Kabyle || Berber
 * Kachin or Jingpo || Tibeto-Burman
 * Kaingáng || Jê
 * Kajkavian || Slavic
 * Kalami or Gawri or Dirwali || Indo-Aryan
 * Kalahsa-mun || Indo-Aryan
 * Kalašma || Anatolian
 * Kalmyk || Mongolic
 * Kalto or Nahali || Indo-Aryan
 * Kamassian || Uralic
 * Kamchadal, Eastern || Khukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Kamchadal, Southern || Khukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Kamchadal, Western or Itelmen || Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Kankanaey || Northern Luzon
 * Kannada || Dravidian
 * Kanuri || Saharan
 * Kaonde or Chikaonde || Bantu
 * Kapampangan || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Karachay–Balkar || Turkic
 * Karagas || Turkic
 * Karaim || Turkic
 * Karakalpak || Turkic
 * Karelian || Uralic
 * Karen || Tibeto-Burman
 * Kashmiri || Indo-Aryan
 * Kashubian || Slavic
 * Kasiguranin or Casiguran || Central Philippine
 * Kawésqar or Alacaluf || Language isolate
 * Kazakh || Turkic
 * Kerek || Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Keres or Keresan || Language isolate or small language family
 * Ket || Yeniseian
 * Khakas || Turkic
 * Khalaj || Turkic
 * Kham or Sheshi || Tibeto-Burman
 * Khandeshi || Indo-Aryan
 * Khanty or Ostyak || Uralic
 * Khasi || Austroasiatic
 * Khitan || Mongolic
 * Khmer || Austroasiatic
 * Khmu || Austroasiatic
 * Khowar || Indo-Aryan
 * Kimatuumbi || Bantu
 * Kinaray-a or Hiraya || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Kinyarwanda || Bantu
 * Kirombo || Bantu
 * Kirundi || Bantu
 * Kivunjo || Bantu
 * Klallam or Clallam || Salishan
 * Koasati or Coushatta || Muskogean
 * Kodava Takk or Kodagu or Coorgi || Dravidian
 * Kohistani or Khili || Indo-Aryan
 * Kolami || Dravidian
 * Komi or Komi-Zyrian || Uralic
 * Konkani || Indo-Aryan
 * Kongo or Kikongo || Bantu
 * Koraga || Dravidian
 * Korandje || Nilo-Saharan
 * Korean || Koreanic
 * Korku || Austroasiatic
 * Korowai || Trans–New Guinea
 * Korwa || Austroasiatic
 * Koryak || Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Kosraean || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Kota || Dravidian
 * Koyra Chiini or Western Songhay || Nilo-Saharan
 * Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Koya || Dravidian
 * Krymchak or Judeo-Crimean Tatar || Turkic
 * Kujarge || Unclassified language, perhaps Chadic
 * Kui || Dravidian
 * Kukkuzi || Uralic
 * Kumauni || Indo-Aryan
 * Kumeyaay or Kumiai || Yuma-Cochimí (Hokan?)
 * Kumyk || Turkic
 * Kumzari || Iranian
 * Kung || Khoisan
 * Kurdish || Kurdish
 * Kurukh or Kurux || Dravidian
 * Kusunda || Language isolate
 * Kutenai or Kootenay or Ktunaxa || Language isolate
 * Kuy || Austroasiatic
 * Kven || Uralic
 * Kwak'wala || Wakashan
 * Kwanyama or Ovambo || Bantu
 * Kxoe || Khoe
 * Kyrgyz or Kirghiz || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Kimatuumbi || Bantu
 * Kinaray-a or Hiraya || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Kinyarwanda || Bantu
 * Kirombo || Bantu
 * Kirundi || Bantu
 * Kivunjo || Bantu
 * Klallam or Clallam || Salishan
 * Koasati or Coushatta || Muskogean
 * Kodava Takk or Kodagu or Coorgi || Dravidian
 * Kohistani or Khili || Indo-Aryan
 * Kolami || Dravidian
 * Komi or Komi-Zyrian || Uralic
 * Konkani || Indo-Aryan
 * Kongo or Kikongo || Bantu
 * Koraga || Dravidian
 * Korandje || Nilo-Saharan
 * Korean || Koreanic
 * Korku || Austroasiatic
 * Korowai || Trans–New Guinea
 * Korwa || Austroasiatic
 * Koryak || Chukotko-Kamchatkan
 * Kosraean || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Kota || Dravidian
 * Koyra Chiini or Western Songhay || Nilo-Saharan
 * Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Koya || Dravidian
 * Krymchak or Judeo-Crimean Tatar || Turkic
 * Kujarge || Unclassified language, perhaps Chadic
 * Kui || Dravidian
 * Kukkuzi || Uralic
 * Kumauni || Indo-Aryan
 * Kumeyaay or Kumiai || Yuma-Cochimí (Hokan?)
 * Kumyk || Turkic
 * Kumzari || Iranian
 * Kung || Khoisan
 * Kurdish || Kurdish
 * Kurukh or Kurux || Dravidian
 * Kusunda || Language isolate
 * Kutenai or Kootenay or Ktunaxa || Language isolate
 * Kuy || Austroasiatic
 * Kven || Uralic
 * Kwak'wala || Wakashan
 * Kwanyama or Ovambo || Bantu
 * Kxoe || Khoe
 * Kyrgyz or Kirghiz || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Koyra Chiini or Western Songhay || Nilo-Saharan
 * Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * Koya || Dravidian
 * Krymchak or Judeo-Crimean Tatar || Turkic
 * Kujarge || Unclassified language, perhaps Chadic
 * Kui || Dravidian
 * Kukkuzi || Uralic
 * Kumauni || Indo-Aryan
 * Kumeyaay or Kumiai || Yuma-Cochimí (Hokan?)
 * Kumyk || Turkic
 * Kumzari || Iranian
 * Kung || Khoisan
 * Kurdish || Kurdish
 * Kurukh or Kurux || Dravidian
 * Kusunda || Language isolate
 * Kutenai or Kootenay or Ktunaxa || Language isolate
 * Kuy || Austroasiatic
 * Kven || Uralic
 * Kwak'wala || Wakashan
 * Kwanyama or Ovambo || Bantu
 * Kxoe || Khoe
 * Kyrgyz or Kirghiz || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Kurdish || Kurdish
 * Kurukh or Kurux || Dravidian
 * Kusunda || Language isolate
 * Kutenai or Kootenay or Ktunaxa || Language isolate
 * Kuy || Austroasiatic
 * Kven || Uralic
 * Kwak'wala || Wakashan
 * Kwanyama or Ovambo || Bantu
 * Kxoe || Khoe
 * Kyrgyz or Kirghiz || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Kven || Uralic
 * Kwak'wala || Wakashan
 * Kwanyama or Ovambo || Bantu
 * Kxoe || Khoe
 * Kyrgyz or Kirghiz || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Kxoe || Khoe
 * Kyrgyz or Kirghiz || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

L

 * Laal || Unclassified language
 * Lacandon || Mayan
 * Ladakhi || Tibeto-Burman
 * Ladin || Romance
 * Ladino or Judeo-Spanish || Romance
 * Lak || Northeast Caucasian
 * Laki || Iranian
 * Lakota or Lakhota or Teton || Siouan
 * Lambadi or Lamani or Banjari || Indo-Aryan
 * Lanuvian || Latino-Faliscan
 * Lao or Laotian || Kra–Dai
 * Larestani || Iranian
 * Latin || Latino-Faliscan
 * Latgalian || Baltic
 * Latvian || Baltic
 * Laz or Lazuri || South Caucasian
 * Lenca, Honduran || Lencan
 * Lenca, Salvadoran || Lencan
 * Leonese || Romance
 * Lezgi or Agul || Northeast Caucasian
 * Ligbi or Ligby || Mande
 * Limburgish || Germanic
 * Lingala || Bantu
 * Lipan || Athabascan
 * Lisan al-Dawat || Indo-Aryan
 * Lishanid Noshan or Lishana Didan || Semitic
 * Lithuanian || Baltic
 * Livonian or Liv || Uralic
 * Livvi-Karelian, Olonets Karelian, or Livvi || Uralic
 * Lobala or Bala || Bantu
 * Lombard || Romance
 * Lotha || Tibeto-Burman
 * Low German || Germanic
 * Lower Sorbian || Slavic
 * Lozi or Silozi || Bantu
 * Ludic or Ludian || Uralic
 * Lunda or Chilunda || Bantu
 * Luri || Iranian
 * Lushootseed || Salishan
 * Lusoga or Soga || Bantu
 * Luvale || Bantu
 * Luwati || Indo-Iranian
 * Luxembourgish || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Lingala || Bantu
 * Lipan || Athabascan
 * Lisan al-Dawat || Indo-Aryan
 * Lishanid Noshan or Lishana Didan || Semitic
 * Lithuanian || Baltic
 * Livonian or Liv || Uralic
 * Livvi-Karelian, Olonets Karelian, or Livvi || Uralic
 * Lobala or Bala || Bantu
 * Lombard || Romance
 * Lotha || Tibeto-Burman
 * Low German || Germanic
 * Lower Sorbian || Slavic
 * Lozi or Silozi || Bantu
 * Ludic or Ludian || Uralic
 * Lunda or Chilunda || Bantu
 * Luri || Iranian
 * Lushootseed || Salishan
 * Lusoga or Soga || Bantu
 * Luvale || Bantu
 * Luwati || Indo-Iranian
 * Luxembourgish || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Lower Sorbian || Slavic
 * Lozi or Silozi || Bantu
 * Ludic or Ludian || Uralic
 * Lunda or Chilunda || Bantu
 * Luri || Iranian
 * Lushootseed || Salishan
 * Lusoga or Soga || Bantu
 * Luvale || Bantu
 * Luwati || Indo-Iranian
 * Luxembourgish || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Lushootseed || Salishan
 * Lusoga or Soga || Bantu
 * Luvale || Bantu
 * Luwati || Indo-Iranian
 * Luxembourgish || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Luwati || Indo-Iranian
 * Luxembourgish || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

M

 * Macedonian || Slavic
 * Machiguenga || Arawakan
 * Madí or Jamamadí or Kapaná || Arauan
 * Madurese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Magadhi || Indo-Aryan
 * Maguindanao || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Maithili || Indo-Aryan
 * Makasar || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Makhuwa or Makua || Bantu
 * Makhuwa-Meetto || Bantu
 * Malagasy || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Malay || Malayic
 * Malay, Brunei || Malayic
 * Malayalam || Dravidian
 * Malaysian Sign Language || Francosign
 * Maltese or Maltese Arabic || Semitic
 * Malto or Sauria Paharia || Dravidian
 * Malvi, Malavi, or Ujjaini || Indo-Aryan
 * Mam || Mayan
 * Manchu || Tungusic
 * Mandaic || Semitic
 * Mandarin || Sinitic
 * Mandinka || Mande
 * Mansi or Vogul || Uralic
 * Manx || Celtic
 * Manyika || Bantu
 * Māori || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Mapudungun or Mapuche || Araucanian
 * Maranao || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Marathi || Indo-Aryan
 * Mari or Cheremis || Uralic
 * Maria || Dravidian
 * Marquesan || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Marshallese or Ebon || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Martha's Vineyard Sign Language || Language isolate
 * Masaba || Bantu
 * Masbatenyo or Minasbate || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Median || Iranian
 * Meitei or Manipuri or Meithei || Tibeto-Burman
 * Mauritian Creole or Morisyen || French-based creole
 * Mayan Sign Language || Language isolate or small language family
 * Mayo || Uto-Aztecan
 * Mazandarani or Tabari || Iranian
 * Mazahua || Oto-Manguean
 * Mazatec || Oto-Manguean
 * Meänkieli or Tornedalian Finnish || Uralic
 * Megleno-Romanian || Romance
 * Megrelian or Mingrelian || South Caucasian
 * Mehri or Mahri || Semitic
 * Menominee || Algonquian
 * Mentawai || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Meroitic || Unclassified language, maybe Nilo-Saharan or Language isolate
 * Mescalero || Athabaskan
 * Meru or Kimeru || Bantu
 * Michif || Métis French and Plains Cree-based mixed language
 * Mikasuki or Miccosukee || Muskogean
 * Mi'kmaq or Micmac || Algonquian
 * Minaean || Semitic
 * Minangkabau || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Mirandese || Romance
 * Miskito or Miskitu || Misumalpan
 * Mnong or M'Nong || Austroasiatic
 * Mobilian Jargon || Choctaw and French-based pidgin
 * Moghol || Mongolic
 * Mohawk || Iroquoian
 * Moksha || Uralic
 * Molengue || Bantu
 * Mon || Austroasiatic
 * Middle Mongol || Mongolic
 * Mongolian || Mongolic
 * Mongolian, Classical || Mongolic
 * Mono || Ubangian
 * Mono || Uto-Aztecan
 * Mono || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Montagnais or Innu || Algonquian
 * Montenegrin || Slavic
 * Mopan || Mayan
 * Motu || Papuan Tip
 * Moxo || Arawakan
 * Muher || Semitic
 * Mundari || Austroasiatic
 * Mundurukú || Tupian
 * Munji || Iranian
 * Muong || Austroasiatic
 * Muria || Dravidian
 * Muscogee or Creek || Muskogean
 * colspan="2"|
 * Mazahua || Oto-Manguean
 * Mazatec || Oto-Manguean
 * Meänkieli or Tornedalian Finnish || Uralic
 * Megleno-Romanian || Romance
 * Megrelian or Mingrelian || South Caucasian
 * Mehri or Mahri || Semitic
 * Menominee || Algonquian
 * Mentawai || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Meroitic || Unclassified language, maybe Nilo-Saharan or Language isolate
 * Mescalero || Athabaskan
 * Meru or Kimeru || Bantu
 * Michif || Métis French and Plains Cree-based mixed language
 * Mikasuki or Miccosukee || Muskogean
 * Mi'kmaq or Micmac || Algonquian
 * Minaean || Semitic
 * Minangkabau || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Mirandese || Romance
 * Miskito or Miskitu || Misumalpan
 * Mnong or M'Nong || Austroasiatic
 * Mobilian Jargon || Choctaw and French-based pidgin
 * Moghol || Mongolic
 * Mohawk || Iroquoian
 * Moksha || Uralic
 * Molengue || Bantu
 * Mon || Austroasiatic
 * Middle Mongol || Mongolic
 * Mongolian || Mongolic
 * Mongolian, Classical || Mongolic
 * Mono || Ubangian
 * Mono || Uto-Aztecan
 * Mono || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Montagnais or Innu || Algonquian
 * Montenegrin || Slavic
 * Mopan || Mayan
 * Motu || Papuan Tip
 * Moxo || Arawakan
 * Muher || Semitic
 * Mundari || Austroasiatic
 * Mundurukú || Tupian
 * Munji || Iranian
 * Muong || Austroasiatic
 * Muria || Dravidian
 * Muscogee or Creek || Muskogean
 * colspan="2"|
 * Moksha || Uralic
 * Molengue || Bantu
 * Mon || Austroasiatic
 * Middle Mongol || Mongolic
 * Mongolian || Mongolic
 * Mongolian, Classical || Mongolic
 * Mono || Ubangian
 * Mono || Uto-Aztecan
 * Mono || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Montagnais or Innu || Algonquian
 * Montenegrin || Slavic
 * Mopan || Mayan
 * Motu || Papuan Tip
 * Moxo || Arawakan
 * Muher || Semitic
 * Mundari || Austroasiatic
 * Mundurukú || Tupian
 * Munji || Iranian
 * Muong || Austroasiatic
 * Muria || Dravidian
 * Muscogee or Creek || Muskogean
 * colspan="2"|
 * Mopan || Mayan
 * Motu || Papuan Tip
 * Moxo || Arawakan
 * Muher || Semitic
 * Mundari || Austroasiatic
 * Mundurukú || Tupian
 * Munji || Iranian
 * Muong || Austroasiatic
 * Muria || Dravidian
 * Muscogee or Creek || Muskogean
 * colspan="2"|
 * Munji || Iranian
 * Muong || Austroasiatic
 * Muria || Dravidian
 * Muscogee or Creek || Muskogean
 * colspan="2"|
 * Muria || Dravidian
 * Muscogee or Creek || Muskogean
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

N

 * Nafaanra || Senufo
 * Nagarchal || Dravidian
 * Nahuatl || Uto-Aztecan
 * Nama or Khoekhoe || Khoe
 * Nanai || Tungusic
 * Nauruan || Micronesian
 * Navajo or Navaho || Na-Dené
 * Ndau or Southeast Shona || Bantu
 * Ndonga || Bantu
 * Neapolitan || Romance
 * Negidal || Tungusic
 * Nenets or Yurak || Samoyedic
 * Nepal Bhasa or Newari || Newaric
 * Nepali || Indo-Aryan
 * New Zealand Sign Language || BANZSL
 * Nihali or Nahali || Language isolate
 * Nisga'a || Tsimshianic
 * Nganasan or Tavgi || Samoyedic
 * Ngumba || Bantu
 * Nheengatu or Geral or Modern Tupí || Tupian
 * Nias || Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands
 * Nicaraguan Sign Language || Language isolate
 * Niellim || Adamawa
 * Nigerian Pidgin || English-based pidgin
 * Nisenan || Maiduan
 * Niuean or Niue || Polynesian
 * Nivkh or Gilyak || Language isolate
 * Nogai || Turkic
 * Norfuk or Norfolk || cant, English-Tahitian based
 * Norman or Norman-French || Romance
 * Norn || Germanic
 * Northern Ndebele || Bantu
 * Northern Sotho or Sepedi || Bantu
 * Northern Straits Salish || Salishan
 * Norwegian (Bokmål, Nynorsk, Riksmål) || Germanic
 * Northeast Malakula || Central Vanuatu
 * Nǀu || Tuu
 * Nuer || Nilotic
 * Nuxálk or Bella Coola || Salishan
 * Nyabwa || Kru
 * Nyah Kur || Austroasiatic
 * Nyangumarta || Pama–Nyungan
 * Nyoro || Bantu
 * colspan="2"|
 * Niellim || Adamawa
 * Nigerian Pidgin || English-based pidgin
 * Nisenan || Maiduan
 * Niuean or Niue || Polynesian
 * Nivkh or Gilyak || Language isolate
 * Nogai || Turkic
 * Norfuk or Norfolk || cant, English-Tahitian based
 * Norman or Norman-French || Romance
 * Norn || Germanic
 * Northern Ndebele || Bantu
 * Northern Sotho or Sepedi || Bantu
 * Northern Straits Salish || Salishan
 * Norwegian (Bokmål, Nynorsk, Riksmål) || Germanic
 * Northeast Malakula || Central Vanuatu
 * Nǀu || Tuu
 * Nuer || Nilotic
 * Nuxálk or Bella Coola || Salishan
 * Nyabwa || Kru
 * Nyah Kur || Austroasiatic
 * Nyangumarta || Pama–Nyungan
 * Nyoro || Bantu
 * colspan="2"|
 * Northern Straits Salish || Salishan
 * Norwegian (Bokmål, Nynorsk, Riksmål) || Germanic
 * Northeast Malakula || Central Vanuatu
 * Nǀu || Tuu
 * Nuer || Nilotic
 * Nuxálk or Bella Coola || Salishan
 * Nyabwa || Kru
 * Nyah Kur || Austroasiatic
 * Nyangumarta || Pama–Nyungan
 * Nyoro || Bantu
 * colspan="2"|
 * Nuxálk or Bella Coola || Salishan
 * Nyabwa || Kru
 * Nyah Kur || Austroasiatic
 * Nyangumarta || Pama–Nyungan
 * Nyoro || Bantu
 * colspan="2"|
 * Nyangumarta || Pama–Nyungan
 * Nyoro || Bantu
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

O

 * Occitan or Provençal || Romance
 * Odia || Indo-Aryan
 * Ojibwe, Ojibwa, or Chippewa || Algonquian
 * Okinawan || Japonic
 * Oko-Juwoi || Great Andamanese
 * Omagua || Tupian
 * Omok || Yukaghir
 * Ongota || Afroasiatic
 * O'odham || Uto-Aztecan
 * Ormuri || Iranian
 * Oroch || Tungusic
 * Orok || Tungusic
 * Oromo or Afaan Oromoo || Cushitic
 * Ossetic or Ossetian || Iranian
 * colspan="2"|
 * Ongota || Afroasiatic
 * O'odham || Uto-Aztecan
 * Ormuri || Iranian
 * Oroch || Tungusic
 * Orok || Tungusic
 * Oromo or Afaan Oromoo || Cushitic
 * Ossetic or Ossetian || Iranian
 * colspan="2"|
 * Orok || Tungusic
 * Oromo or Afaan Oromoo || Cushitic
 * Ossetic or Ossetian || Iranian
 * colspan="2"|
 * Ossetic or Ossetian || Iranian
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

P

 * Páez or Nasa Yuwe || Language isolate
 * Palauan || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Pame || Oto-Manguean
 * Pangasinan || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Papiamento or Papiamentu || Iberian Romance-based creole
 * Parachi || Iranian
 * Parthian || Iranian
 * Parya || Indo-Aryan
 * Pashto, Pushto, or Pashtu || Iranian
 * Paya or Pech || Chibchan
 * Peninsular Japonic || Japonic
 * Pennsylvania Dutch or Pennsylvania German || Germanic
 * Persian or farsi, as it is referred to in the Persian language || Iranian
 * Phalura || Indo-Aryan
 * Phoenician || Semitic
 * Phuthi || Bantu
 * Picard || Romance
 * Pipil or Nawat || Uto-Aztecan
 * Pirahã || Mura
 * Plautdietsch or Mennonite Low German || Germanic
 * Podlachian or Podlashuk || Slavic
 * Polabian || Slavic
 * Polish || Slavic
 * Popoloca || Oto-Manguean
 * Portuguese || Romance
 * Pothohari or Pahari-Potwari || Indo-Aryan
 * Pradhan or Pardhan || Dravidian
 * Praenestinian || Latino-Faliscan
 * Puelche || Language isolate or Chonan
 * Puma || Tibeto-Burman
 * Punic, Phoenicio-Punic, or Carthaginian || Semitic
 * Punjabi, Panjabi, or Gurmukhi || Indo-Aryan
 * Purépecha or Tarascan ||Language isolate
 * colspan="2"|
 * Pipil or Nawat || Uto-Aztecan
 * Pirahã || Mura
 * Plautdietsch or Mennonite Low German || Germanic
 * Podlachian or Podlashuk || Slavic
 * Polabian || Slavic
 * Polish || Slavic
 * Popoloca || Oto-Manguean
 * Portuguese || Romance
 * Pothohari or Pahari-Potwari || Indo-Aryan
 * Pradhan or Pardhan || Dravidian
 * Praenestinian || Latino-Faliscan
 * Puelche || Language isolate or Chonan
 * Puma || Tibeto-Burman
 * Punic, Phoenicio-Punic, or Carthaginian || Semitic
 * Punjabi, Panjabi, or Gurmukhi || Indo-Aryan
 * Purépecha or Tarascan ||Language isolate
 * colspan="2"|
 * Pothohari or Pahari-Potwari || Indo-Aryan
 * Pradhan or Pardhan || Dravidian
 * Praenestinian || Latino-Faliscan
 * Puelche || Language isolate or Chonan
 * Puma || Tibeto-Burman
 * Punic, Phoenicio-Punic, or Carthaginian || Semitic
 * Punjabi, Panjabi, or Gurmukhi || Indo-Aryan
 * Purépecha or Tarascan ||Language isolate
 * colspan="2"|
 * Punic, Phoenicio-Punic, or Carthaginian || Semitic
 * Punjabi, Panjabi, or Gurmukhi || Indo-Aryan
 * Purépecha or Tarascan ||Language isolate
 * colspan="2"|
 * Purépecha or Tarascan ||Language isolate
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

Q

 * Q'anjob'al || Mayan
 * Qashqai or Ghashghai || Turkic
 * Qatabanian || Semitic
 * Q'eqchí || Mayan
 * Quebec Sign Language || Francosign
 * Quechua || Quechuan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Q'eqchí || Mayan
 * Quebec Sign Language || Francosign
 * Quechua || Quechuan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Quechua || Quechuan
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

R

 * Rajasthani || Indo-Aryan
 * Ratagnon, Datagnon, or Latagnun || Bisayan
 * Razi || Iranian
 * Razihi || Semitic
 * Réunion Creole or Bourbonnais || French-based creole
 * Rijāl Almaʿ || Semitic
 * Romanian || Romance
 * Romansh || Romance
 * Romani || Indo-Aryan
 * Romblomanon || Bisayan
 * Rotokas || East Papuan
 * Rotuman || Central Pacific
 * Rouran || Mongolic
 * Runyankole language or Nyankore || Bantu
 * Russian || Slavic
 * Russian Sign Language || Francosign
 * Rusyn, Carpathian || Slavic
 * Rusyn, Pannonian || Slavic
 * Rutul || Northeast Caucasian languages
 * Ruthenian || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Rotokas || East Papuan
 * Rotuman || Central Pacific
 * Rouran || Mongolic
 * Runyankole language or Nyankore || Bantu
 * Russian || Slavic
 * Russian Sign Language || Francosign
 * Rusyn, Carpathian || Slavic
 * Rusyn, Pannonian || Slavic
 * Rutul || Northeast Caucasian languages
 * Ruthenian || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Rusyn, Carpathian || Slavic
 * Rusyn, Pannonian || Slavic
 * Rutul || Northeast Caucasian languages
 * Ruthenian || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Rutul || Northeast Caucasian languages
 * Ruthenian || Slavic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

S

 * Sabaic or Sabaean || Semitic
 * Safaitic || Semitic
 * Salar || Turkic
 * Samaritan Aramaic || Semitic
 * Samoan || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Sandawe || Language isolate
 * Sango || Ngbandi-based creole
 * Sanskrit || Indo-Aryan, liturgical language
 * Santali || Austroasiatic
 * Sara Bakati' || Land Dayak
 * Saraiki, Seraiki, or Siraiki Southern Punjabi || Indo-Aryan
 * Saramaccan || English-based creole
 * Sardinian || Romance
 * Sardinian, Campidanese || Romance
 * Sardinian, Logudorese || Romance
 * Sarikoli || Iranian
 * Sart Kalmyk || Mongolic
 * Saurashtra or Sourashtra || Indo-Aryan
 * Savi || Indo-Aryan
 * Sawai || South Halmahera–West New Guinea
 * Scots || Germanic
 * Scots, Shetlandic or Shaetlan || Germanic
 * Scots, Ulster || Germanic
 * Scottish Gaelic or Scots Gaelic or Gaidhlig or Gaelic || Celtic
 * Selangor Sign Language || Francosign
 * Selkup or Ostyak Samoyed || Samoyedic
 * Semnani || Iranian
 * Senaya || Semitic
 * Serbian || Slavic
 * Serbo-Croatian || Slavic
 * Sesotho || Bantu
 * Seto or Setu || Uralic
 * Seychellois Creole || French-based creole
 * Shan || Kra–Dai
 * Shelta || Irish and Irish English-based mixed language
 * Shimaore || Bantu
 * Shina || Indo-Aryan
 * Shipibo or Shipibo-Konibo || Panoan
 * Shona || Bantu
 * Shor || Turkic
 * Shoshoni or Shoshone || Uto-Aztecan
 * Shtokavian || Slavic
 * Shughni || Iranian
 * Shumashti || Indo-Aryan
 * Shuswap or Secwepemctsín || Salishan
 * Siberian Tatar || Turkic
 * Sicilian || Romance
 * Sidamo || Cushitic
 * Sierra Popoluca or Soteapanec || Mixe–Zoque
 * Sika || Flores–Lembata
 * Silesian || Slavic
 * Silla or Old Korean || Koreanic
 * Silt'e or Selti or East Gurage || Semitic
 * Sinacantán || Xincan
 * Sindhi || Indo-Aryan
 * Sinhala || Indo-Aryan
 * Sioux || Siouan
 * Sivandi || Iranian
 * Sámi, Akkala || Uralic
 * Sámi, Inari || Uralic
 * Sámi, Kainuu || Uralic
 * Sámi, Kemi || Uralic
 * Sámi, Kildin || Uralic
 * Sámi, Lule || Uralic
 * Sámi, Northern || Uralic
 * Sámi, Pite || Uralic
 * Sámi, Skolt || Uralic
 * Sámi, Southern || Uralic
 * Sámi, Ter || Uralic
 * Sámi, Ume || Uralic
 * Sentinelese || Unclassified language
 * Slavey || Athabaskan
 * Slavomolisano || Slavic
 * Slovak || Slavic
 * Slovene or Slovenian || Slavic
 * Soddo or Kistane || Semitic
 * Somali || Cushitic
 * Sonjo or Temi || Bantu
 * Sonsorolese or Sonsorol || Micronesian
 * Soqotri || Semitic
 * Sora || Austroasiatic
 * Sorbian, Lower || Slavic
 * Sorbian, Upper || Slavic
 * Sourashtra || Indo-Aryan
 * Southern Ndebele || Bantu
 * South Estonian || Uralic
 * Spanish || Romance
 * Spanish, Amazonic || Romance
 * Spanish, Andalusian || Romance
 * Spanish, Canarian || Romance
 * Spanish, Caribbean || Romance
 * Spanish, Castilian || Romance
 * Spanish, Catalan || Romance
 * Spanish, Chilote || Romance
 * Spanish, Extremaduran or Castúo || Romance
 * Spanish, Galician or Castrapo || Romance
 * Spanish, Gibraltarian or Llanito || Romance
 * Spanish, Mexican || Romance
 * Spanish, Murcian || Romance
 * Spanish, Peninsular || Romance
 * Spanish, Sabine River, Adaeseño Spanish, or Zwolle-Ebarb Spanish || Romance
 * Spanish, Saharan or Western Saharan Spanish || Romance
 * Spanish, Standard || Romance
 * Sranan Tongo || English-based creole
 * St'at'imcets or Lillooet || Salishan
 * Sucite or Sìcìté Sénoufo || Senufo
 * Suba || Bantu
 * Sundanese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Supyire or Supyire Senoufo || Senufo
 * Surigaonon || Bisayan
 * Susu || Mande
 * Svan || South Caucasian
 * Swahili || Bantu
 * Swati, Swazi, Siswati, or Seswati || Bantu
 * Swedish || Germanic
 * Syriac || Semitic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Sámi, Akkala || Uralic
 * Sámi, Inari || Uralic
 * Sámi, Kainuu || Uralic
 * Sámi, Kemi || Uralic
 * Sámi, Kildin || Uralic
 * Sámi, Lule || Uralic
 * Sámi, Northern || Uralic
 * Sámi, Pite || Uralic
 * Sámi, Skolt || Uralic
 * Sámi, Southern || Uralic
 * Sámi, Ter || Uralic
 * Sámi, Ume || Uralic
 * Sentinelese || Unclassified language
 * Slavey || Athabaskan
 * Slavomolisano || Slavic
 * Slovak || Slavic
 * Slovene or Slovenian || Slavic
 * Soddo or Kistane || Semitic
 * Somali || Cushitic
 * Sonjo or Temi || Bantu
 * Sonsorolese or Sonsorol || Micronesian
 * Soqotri || Semitic
 * Sora || Austroasiatic
 * Sorbian, Lower || Slavic
 * Sorbian, Upper || Slavic
 * Sourashtra || Indo-Aryan
 * Southern Ndebele || Bantu
 * South Estonian || Uralic
 * Spanish || Romance
 * Spanish, Amazonic || Romance
 * Spanish, Andalusian || Romance
 * Spanish, Canarian || Romance
 * Spanish, Caribbean || Romance
 * Spanish, Castilian || Romance
 * Spanish, Catalan || Romance
 * Spanish, Chilote || Romance
 * Spanish, Extremaduran or Castúo || Romance
 * Spanish, Galician or Castrapo || Romance
 * Spanish, Gibraltarian or Llanito || Romance
 * Spanish, Mexican || Romance
 * Spanish, Murcian || Romance
 * Spanish, Peninsular || Romance
 * Spanish, Sabine River, Adaeseño Spanish, or Zwolle-Ebarb Spanish || Romance
 * Spanish, Saharan or Western Saharan Spanish || Romance
 * Spanish, Standard || Romance
 * Sranan Tongo || English-based creole
 * St'at'imcets or Lillooet || Salishan
 * Sucite or Sìcìté Sénoufo || Senufo
 * Suba || Bantu
 * Sundanese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Supyire or Supyire Senoufo || Senufo
 * Surigaonon || Bisayan
 * Susu || Mande
 * Svan || South Caucasian
 * Swahili || Bantu
 * Swati, Swazi, Siswati, or Seswati || Bantu
 * Swedish || Germanic
 * Syriac || Semitic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Spanish, Andalusian || Romance
 * Spanish, Canarian || Romance
 * Spanish, Caribbean || Romance
 * Spanish, Castilian || Romance
 * Spanish, Catalan || Romance
 * Spanish, Chilote || Romance
 * Spanish, Extremaduran or Castúo || Romance
 * Spanish, Galician or Castrapo || Romance
 * Spanish, Gibraltarian or Llanito || Romance
 * Spanish, Mexican || Romance
 * Spanish, Murcian || Romance
 * Spanish, Peninsular || Romance
 * Spanish, Sabine River, Adaeseño Spanish, or Zwolle-Ebarb Spanish || Romance
 * Spanish, Saharan or Western Saharan Spanish || Romance
 * Spanish, Standard || Romance
 * Sranan Tongo || English-based creole
 * St'at'imcets or Lillooet || Salishan
 * Sucite or Sìcìté Sénoufo || Senufo
 * Suba || Bantu
 * Sundanese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Supyire or Supyire Senoufo || Senufo
 * Surigaonon || Bisayan
 * Susu || Mande
 * Svan || South Caucasian
 * Swahili || Bantu
 * Swati, Swazi, Siswati, or Seswati || Bantu
 * Swedish || Germanic
 * Syriac || Semitic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Spanish, Standard || Romance
 * Sranan Tongo || English-based creole
 * St'at'imcets or Lillooet || Salishan
 * Sucite or Sìcìté Sénoufo || Senufo
 * Suba || Bantu
 * Sundanese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Supyire or Supyire Senoufo || Senufo
 * Surigaonon || Bisayan
 * Susu || Mande
 * Svan || South Caucasian
 * Swahili || Bantu
 * Swati, Swazi, Siswati, or Seswati || Bantu
 * Swedish || Germanic
 * Syriac || Semitic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Susu || Mande
 * Svan || South Caucasian
 * Swahili || Bantu
 * Swati, Swazi, Siswati, or Seswati || Bantu
 * Swedish || Germanic
 * Syriac || Semitic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Swati, Swazi, Siswati, or Seswati || Bantu
 * Swedish || Germanic
 * Syriac || Semitic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Syriac || Semitic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

T

 * Tabasaran or Tabassaran || Northeast Caucasian
 * Tacana || Tacanan
 * Tachelhit || Berber
 * Tagalog || Central Philippine
 * Tahitian || Polynesian
 * Tai Lue || Kra–Dai
 * Taíno || Arawakan
 * Taiwanese Sign Language || JSLic
 * Tajik || Iranian
 * Takestani || Iranian
 * Talysh || Iranian
 * Tamil || Dravidian
 * Tanacross || Athabaskan
 * Tangut || Tibeto-Burman
 * Taos or Northern Tiwa || Tanoan
 * Tarahumara || Uto-Aztecan
 * Tarama || Japonic
 * Tarifit or Rifi or Riff Berber || Berber
 * Tat or Tati || Iranian
 * Tatar || Turkic
 * Tausug || Bisayan
 * Taymanitic || Semitic
 * Tehuelche or Aonikenk || Chon
 * Telugu || Dravidian
 * Tetum || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Tepehua || Totonacan
 * Tepehuán or O'otham || Uto-Aztecan
 * Tewa || Tanoan
 * Thai || Kra–Dai
 * Thamudic || Semitic
 * Tharu || Indo-Aryan
 * Tibetan, Lhasa || Tibetic
 * Ticuna || Language isolate
 * Tigre or Xasa || Semitic
 * Tigrinya || Semitic
 * Timbisha or Panamint || Uto-Aztecan
 * Tiv || Tivoid
 * Tlingit || Na-Dené
 * Tobian || Micronesian
 * Toda || Dravidian
 * Tojolab'al || Mayan
 * Tok Pisin || English-based creole
 * Tokelauan || Polynesian
 * Tol or Jicaque || Jicaquean
 * Tonga || Bantu
 * Tongan || Polynesian
 * Torlakian || Slavic
 * Torwali or Turvali || Indo-Aryan
 * Tregami || Indo-Aryan
 * Trique or Triqui || Oto-Manguean
 * Tsat || Chamic
 * Tsez or Dido || Northeast Caucasian
 * Tshiluba, Luba-Kasai, or Luba-Lulua || Bantu
 * Tsimshian, Coast || Tsimshianic
 * Tsimshian, Southern || Tsimshianic
 * Tsonga || Bantu
 * Tswana or Setswana || Bantu
 * Tu or Monguor || Mongolic
 * Tuareg languages or Tamasheq || Berber
 * Tulu || Dravidian
 * Tumbuka || Bantu
 * Tupiniquim || Tupian
 * Turkish || Turkic
 * Turkish, Ottoman || Turkic
 * Turkmen || Turkic
 * Turoyo || Semitic
 * Tuvaluan || Polynesian
 * Tuvan Tuvin or Tyvan || Turkic
 * Tzeltal || Mayan
 * Tzotzil || Mayan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Timbisha or Panamint || Uto-Aztecan
 * Tiv || Tivoid
 * Tlingit || Na-Dené
 * Tobian || Micronesian
 * Toda || Dravidian
 * Tojolab'al || Mayan
 * Tok Pisin || English-based creole
 * Tokelauan || Polynesian
 * Tol or Jicaque || Jicaquean
 * Tonga || Bantu
 * Tongan || Polynesian
 * Torlakian || Slavic
 * Torwali or Turvali || Indo-Aryan
 * Tregami || Indo-Aryan
 * Trique or Triqui || Oto-Manguean
 * Tsat || Chamic
 * Tsez or Dido || Northeast Caucasian
 * Tshiluba, Luba-Kasai, or Luba-Lulua || Bantu
 * Tsimshian, Coast || Tsimshianic
 * Tsimshian, Southern || Tsimshianic
 * Tsonga || Bantu
 * Tswana or Setswana || Bantu
 * Tu or Monguor || Mongolic
 * Tuareg languages or Tamasheq || Berber
 * Tulu || Dravidian
 * Tumbuka || Bantu
 * Tupiniquim || Tupian
 * Turkish || Turkic
 * Turkish, Ottoman || Turkic
 * Turkmen || Turkic
 * Turoyo || Semitic
 * Tuvaluan || Polynesian
 * Tuvan Tuvin or Tyvan || Turkic
 * Tzeltal || Mayan
 * Tzotzil || Mayan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Tsimshian, Coast || Tsimshianic
 * Tsimshian, Southern || Tsimshianic
 * Tsonga || Bantu
 * Tswana or Setswana || Bantu
 * Tu or Monguor || Mongolic
 * Tuareg languages or Tamasheq || Berber
 * Tulu || Dravidian
 * Tumbuka || Bantu
 * Tupiniquim || Tupian
 * Turkish || Turkic
 * Turkish, Ottoman || Turkic
 * Turkmen || Turkic
 * Turoyo || Semitic
 * Tuvaluan || Polynesian
 * Tuvan Tuvin or Tyvan || Turkic
 * Tzeltal || Mayan
 * Tzotzil || Mayan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Turkish || Turkic
 * Turkish, Ottoman || Turkic
 * Turkmen || Turkic
 * Turoyo || Semitic
 * Tuvaluan || Polynesian
 * Tuvan Tuvin or Tyvan || Turkic
 * Tzeltal || Mayan
 * Tzotzil || Mayan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Tuvan Tuvin or Tyvan || Turkic
 * Tzeltal || Mayan
 * Tzotzil || Mayan
 * colspan="2"|
 * Tzotzil || Mayan
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

U

 * Udihe or Ude or Udege || Tungusic
 * Udmurt or Votyak || Uralic
 * Ugaritic || Semitic
 * Ukrainian || Slavic
 * Ulch or Olcha || Tungusic
 * Unserdeutsch or Rabaul Creole German || German-based creole
 * Upper Sorbian || Slavic
 * Urdu || Indo-Aryan
 * Urum || Turkic
 * Ute || Uto-Aztecan
 * Uyghur or Uighur || Turkic
 * Uzbek || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Upper Sorbian || Slavic
 * Urdu || Indo-Aryan
 * Urum || Turkic
 * Ute || Uto-Aztecan
 * Uyghur or Uighur || Turkic
 * Uzbek || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Uyghur or Uighur || Turkic
 * Uzbek || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Uzbek || Turkic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

V

 * Vafsi || Iranian
 * Valencian Sign Language || Catalan Sign
 * Vasi-vari or Prasuni || Indo-Aryan
 * Vastese || Romance
 * Venda or Tshivenda || Bantu
 * Venetian || Romance
 * Veps || Uralic
 * Vietnamese || Austroasiatic
 * Võro || Uralic
 * Votic or Votian || Uralic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Venetian || Romance
 * Veps || Uralic
 * Vietnamese || Austroasiatic
 * Võro || Uralic
 * Votic or Votian || Uralic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Võro || Uralic
 * Votic or Votian || Uralic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

W

 * Wa || Austroasiatic
 * Waddar || Dravidian
 * Wagiman || Language isolate
 * Waigali or Kalasha-Ala || Indo-Aryan
 * Waima or Roro || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Wakhi || Iranian
 * Wallisian or East Uvean || Polynesian
 * Walloon || Romance
 * Waray or Binisaya || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Washo || Language isolate
 * Welsh || Celtic
 * Western Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * West Polesian or Poleshuk || Slavic
 * Wolane (Silt'e) || Semitic
 * Wolof || Niger–Congo
 * Wu || Sinitic
 * Wymysorys || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Washo || Language isolate
 * Welsh || Celtic
 * Western Neo-Aramaic || Semitic
 * West Polesian or Poleshuk || Slavic
 * Wolane (Silt'e) || Semitic
 * Wolof || Niger–Congo
 * Wu || Sinitic
 * Wymysorys || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Wolane (Silt'e) || Semitic
 * Wolof || Niger–Congo
 * Wu || Sinitic
 * Wymysorys || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Wymysorys || Germanic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

X

 * Xavante || Jê
 * Xhosa || Bantu
 * Xiang || Sinitic
 * Xibe or Sibo || Tungusic
 * Xipaya || Tupian
 * colspan="2"|
 * Xibe or Sibo || Tungusic
 * Xipaya || Tupian
 * colspan="2"|
 * Xipaya || Tupian
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

Y

 * Yaaku || Afroasiatic
 * Yaeyama || Japonic
 * Yaghan or Yámana || Language isolate
 * Yaghnobi || Iranian
 * Yakut || Turkic
 * Yankunytjatjara || Pama–Nyungan
 * Yanyuwa || Pama–Nyungan
 * Yapese || Malayo-Polynesian
 * Yaqui || Uto-Aztecan
 * Yauma || Bantu
 * Yavapai || Yuman
 * Yazdi || Iranian
 * Yazgulyam or Yazgulami || Iranian
 * Ye-Maek || Puyŏ?
 * Yeni || Niger–Congo
 * Yi language or Nuosu || Tibeto-Burman
 * Yine or Piro || Arawakan
 * Yiddish || Germanic
 * Yidgha || Iranian
 * Yugur, Eastern || Mongolic
 * Yugur, Western or Neo-Uygur || Turkic
 * Yokuts, Yokutsan, or Mariposa || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Buena Vista || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Delta || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Palewyami || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Tule–Kaweah || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Valley || Yokutsan
 * Yonaguni || Japonic
 * Yorùbá || Volta–Niger
 * Yucatec Maya || Yucatecan
 * Yuchi || Language isolate
 * Yukaghir, Northern or Tundra Yukaghir || Yukaghir
 * Yukaghir, Southern or Forest Yukaghir || Yukaghir
 * Yukjin || Koreanic
 * Yupik || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Yupiltepeque || Xincan
 * Yurats || Samoyedic
 * Yurok || Algic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Yugur, Eastern || Mongolic
 * Yugur, Western or Neo-Uygur || Turkic
 * Yokuts, Yokutsan, or Mariposa || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Buena Vista || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Delta || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Palewyami || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Tule–Kaweah || Yokutsan
 * Yokuts, Valley || Yokutsan
 * Yonaguni || Japonic
 * Yorùbá || Volta–Niger
 * Yucatec Maya || Yucatecan
 * Yuchi || Language isolate
 * Yukaghir, Northern or Tundra Yukaghir || Yukaghir
 * Yukaghir, Southern or Forest Yukaghir || Yukaghir
 * Yukjin || Koreanic
 * Yupik || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Yupiltepeque || Xincan
 * Yurats || Samoyedic
 * Yurok || Algic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Yucatec Maya || Yucatecan
 * Yuchi || Language isolate
 * Yukaghir, Northern or Tundra Yukaghir || Yukaghir
 * Yukaghir, Southern or Forest Yukaghir || Yukaghir
 * Yukjin || Koreanic
 * Yupik || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Yupiltepeque || Xincan
 * Yurats || Samoyedic
 * Yurok || Algic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Yupik || Eskimo–Aleut
 * Yupiltepeque || Xincan
 * Yurats || Samoyedic
 * Yurok || Algic
 * colspan="2"|
 * Yurok || Algic
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|
 * colspan="2"|

Z

 * Záparo || Saparoan
 * Zapotec || Oto-Manguean
 * Zaza or Zazaki || Iranian
 * Zeelandic || Germanic
 * Zhuang || Kra–Dai
 * Zok or Agulis || Armenian
 * Zoque || Mixe–Zoquean
 * Zoroastrian Dari || Iranian
 * Zulu || Bantu
 * Zuñi or Zuni || Language isolate
 * Zway or Zay || Semitic
 * }
 * Zoque || Mixe–Zoquean
 * Zoroastrian Dari || Iranian
 * Zulu || Bantu
 * Zuñi or Zuni || Language isolate
 * Zway or Zay || Semitic
 * }
 * Zuñi or Zuni || Language isolate
 * Zway or Zay || Semitic
 * }
 * Zway or Zay || Semitic
 * }

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Index of language articles


text:
Gerry and the Pacemakers

Gerry and the Pacemakers were an English beat group prominent in the 1960s Merseybeat scene. In common with the Beatles, they came from Liverpool, were managed by Brian Epstein, and were recorded by George Martin. Their early successes alongside the Beatles were instrumental in popularizing the Merseybeat sound and launching the wider British beat boom of the mid-1960s.

They were the first act to reach number one in the UK Singles Chart with their first three single releases: "How Do You Do It?", "I Like It" and "You'll Never Walk Alone". This record was not equalled for 20 years, until the mid-1980s success of fellow Liverpool band Frankie Goes to Hollywood. Another of their most famous songs, "Ferry Cross the Mersey", refers to the River Mersey, which flows past Liverpool, and was the title song for the film of the same name. The group also enjoyed some success in North America as part of the British Invasion with seven of their singles reaching the US top 40, the most popular being "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying".

Gerry Marsden led the group on and off through the years, until his retirement in 2018. Since his death in 2021 (at his request before his retirement), his bandmates (from his final lineup of the band) returned to touring as Gerry's Pacemakers.

History
Marsden formed the group in 1956 with his brother Fred, Les Chadwick, and Arthur McMahon. At the time, Gerry had been working for British Rail as a deliveryman. They rivalled the Beatles early in their career, playing in the same areas of Liverpool. McMahon (known as Arthur Mack) was replaced on piano by Les Maguire around 1961. The group's original name was Gerry Marsden and the Mars Bars, but they were forced to change this when the Mars Company, producers of the chocolate Mars bar, complained.

Epstein later signed them to Columbia Records (a sister label to the Beatles' label Parlophone under EMI). They began recording in January 1963 with "How Do You Do It?", a song written by Mitch Murray. The song was produced by George Martin and became a number one hit in the UK, the first by an Epstein-managed Liverpool group to achieve this on all charts. "How Do You Do It?" was also reluctantly recorded by the Beatles (they eventually convinced Martin to let them release their song "Love Me Do" as a single instead). Both the Pacemakers' and Beatles' versions of "How Do You Do It?" were recorded at Abbey Road Studios.

Gerry Marsden was quoted as saying:

"The Beatles and ourselves (The Pacemakers)—we let go, when we get on-stage. I'm not being detrimental, but in the south, I think the groups have let themselves get a bit too formal. On Merseyside, it's beat, beat, beat all the way. We go on and really have a ball."

Gerry and the Pacemakers' next two singles, Murray's "I Like It" and Rodgers and Hammerstein's "You'll Never Walk Alone", both also reached number one in the UK Singles Chart, the latter recorded instead of the Beatles' "Hello Little Girl". "You'll Never Walk Alone" had been a favourite of Marsden's since seeing Carousel when he was growing up. It quickly became the signature tune of Liverpool Football Club and, later, other sports teams around the world. The song remains a football anthem. The group narrowly missed a fourth consecutive number one when "I'm the One" was kept off the top spot for two weeks in February 1964 by fellow Liverpudlians The Searchers' "Needles and Pins".

Gerry and the Pacemakers had the distinction of being the first act to have their first three recordings go to number 1 in the UK charts. Although they never had a number 1 in the United States, they were the second-most successful group from Liverpool, after the Beatles, to have hits on the United States Billboard pop charts.

Despite this early success, Gerry and the Pacemakers never had another number one single in the UK. Marsden began writing most of their songs, including "I'm the One", "It's Gonna Be All Right" and "Ferry Cross the Mersey", as well as their first and biggest US hit, "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying" (Laurie 3251), which peaked at No. 4.

The band also starred in the early 1965 film, Ferry Cross the Mersey for which Marsden wrote much of the soundtrack. The film was co-written by Coronation Street creator and writer Tony Warren and is considered to be their version of the Beatles' A Hard Day's Night.

The title song was revived in 1989 as a charity single for an appeal in response to the Hillsborough football crowd disaster, giving Marsden – in association with other Liverpool stars, including Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr and Frankie Goes to Hollywood's Holly Johnson – another British number one.

In the US, their recordings were released by the small New York City record label Laurie in 1963, with which they issued four singles without success. When the Beatles broke through in January 1964, Laurie's next regular single release of "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying" (Laurie 3284) became a big hit and, during 1964, Laurie coupled "How Do You Do It?" with "You'll Never Walk Alone" (Laurie 3261), and "I Like It" with "Jambalaya (On the Bayou)" (Laurie 3271), with some success. They appeared in the landmark concert film T.A.M.I. Show, released in December 1964, performing alongside Chuck Berry, The Beach Boys, James Brown and The Rolling Stones.

By late 1965, their popularity was rapidly declining on both sides of the Atlantic. They disbanded either in October 1966 or sometime in early-to-mid-1967, (or perhaps in 1969 ) with much of their later recorded material never released in the UK. Gerry Marsden maintained a low-key (but popular) career on television, including on TV variety shows and as a regular slot on children's television in The Sooty Show. He also starred in the West End musical Charlie Girl alongside Derek Nimmo and Anna Neagle.

While working as a solo artist, Gerry Marsden began working with pianist and musical director Jose McLaughlin in 1970. In 1972, Gerry Marsden and McLaughlin reformed the Pacemakers in 1972 with fellow Liverpool musicians Billy Kinsley (bass) and Pete Clarke (drums). Kinsley had previously been a member of The Merseybeats, the Kinsleys, and Rockin' Horse. (Kinsley would later reunite Rockin' Horse after leaving the Pacemakers and rename his new group Liverpool Express). Clarke had previously been a member of a band called The Escorts. In April 1973, this second version of the group became the only Merseybeat band to ever record for the John Peel Show on BBC Radio. The tracks from that show have now been included on the album Gerry and the Pacemakers Live at the BBC, released on Parlophone Records in October 2018. Since then, Marsden often toured with various lineups of the band on the oldies circuit. By the mid-1980s, Gerry and the Pacemakers toured nine months every year (in the words of David Fricke of Rolling Stone) "doing lucrative cabaret gigs and nostalgia rock shows in Europe, North America, and Australia."

Gerry Marsden returned to #1 in the UK charts twice during the 1980s with re-recordings of two of his hits with the Pacemakers, with all profits going to charity. In 1985 after the Bradford Football Club stadium tragedy in which 56 were killed, he formed a group called the Crowd, which included other musicians, singers, and radio disc jockeys, to produce a new version of "You'll Never Walk Alone". On 18 April 1989, three days after the Hillsborough disaster in which 97 Liverpool F.C. fans died, he joined forces with Paul McCartney, the Christians, Holly Johnson, and the production trio Stock, Aitken & Waterman on a new version of "Ferry Cross the Mersey".

Drummer Freddie Marsden later opened the Pacemaker driving school in Formby after having previously worked for British Telecom during the 1980s. He died on 9 December 2006 in Southport, age 66.

On 15 March 2017, Gerry Marsden collapsed onstage due to a sore knee while performing at a concert in Newport, Wales. After being helped offstage, Marsden did not return but was quoted as saying the incident was "nothing serious".

Gerry Marsden announced his retirement on 29 November 2018, in order to spend more time with family, but, on 6 June 2019, to commemorate Liverpool's win against Tottenham in the Champions League, he surprised Take That fans by singing "You'll Never Walk Alone" at their show at Anfield.

Original bass player Les Chadwick died on 26 December 2019. (After the original lineup broke up during the 1960s, Chadwick moved to Australia. )

In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, Gerry Marsden released a new version of "You'll Never Walk Alone" in tribute to the National Health Service.

Marsden died on 3 January 2021 at Arrowe Park Hospital in Merseyside, after being diagnosed with a blood infection in his heart. He was 78 years old.

Les Maguire, the last surviving member of the classic 1960s lineup, died on 25 November 2023. (Some time after the original lineup split during the 1960s, Maguire joined the British Navy, where he was still serving and employed during 1985. )

Members
This is a partial list of band members.

Current members (Gerry's Pacemakers)
 * Darren Tingey - vocals, bass (2022–present)
 * Jimmy Stanley - guitar (2023–present)
 * Dean Hilborne - drums (2023–present)
 * John Meaney - keyboards, vocals (2024–present)

Former members (Gerry and the Pacemakers)

The original lineup of "Gerry and the Pacemakers" are in bold Former members (Gerry's Pacemakers)
 * Gerry Marsden – lead vocals, guitar (1956–1966, 1972–2018; died 2021)
 * Les Chadwick – bass (1956–1966; died 2019)
 * Freddie Marsden – backing vocals, drums (1956–1966; died 2006)
 * Arthur (Mack) McMahon – piano (1956–1961)
 * Faron Ruffley – vocals (January–February 1961 )
 * Les Maguire – harmony and backing vocals, piano (1961–1966, 1980s; died 2023)
 * Jose McLaughlin – piano, guitar, musical director (1972–1974)
 * Billy Kinsley – bass (1972–1975?)
 * Pete Clarke – drums (1972–1978)
 * Dave Burgess – drums (1978–1983)
 * Neil Rhodes – bass (1981–1982)
 * Alan Greenwood – piano (1981–1982)
 * Keff McCulloch – backing vocals (1990s)
 * Tracey McCulloch – backing vocals (1990s)
 * Andy Taylor – guitar (1993)
 * Tony Young - vocals, keyboards (1996–2018)
 * Rick Medlock - drums (c. 2011?–2018)

Members of Gerry's Pacemakers who were in Gerry and the Pacemaker's are in bold

 * Tee Green - vocals (2021–2022)
 * John Summerton - vocals, lead guitar (2021–2023)
 * Mike Steed - bass (2021–2022)
 * Tony Young - vocals, keyboards (2021–2023)
 * Andy Mapp - drums (2021–2022)
 * Rick Medlock - drums (2022–2023)
 * Rob Linacre - lead vocals (2022–2023)
 * Tony Hancox - vocals, keyboards (2023–2024)

Discography
Studio albums
 * How Do You Like It? (1963) (UK) / I'm the One (1964) (Canada)
 * Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying (1964) (US)
 * Gerry and the Pacemakers' Second Album (1964) (US)
 * Gerry's Second Album (1965) (Canada)
 * Ferry Cross the Mersey (1965) (soundtrack album) (with various artists, including The Fourmost, The George Martin Orchestra, and Cilla Black (UK release), as well as The Black Knights, Earl Royce and the Olympics, and The Blackwells (US release); both UK and US releases feature 3 (different) select tracks from other musicians featured in the movie)
 * I'll Be There (1965)
 * Girl on a Swing (1966) (US)
 * Gerry and the Pacemakers...Today! (1967) (Canada)
 * A Portrait of Gerry and the Pacemakers (1981) (mix of new songs and re-recorded hits)
 * 20 Year Anniversary Album (1983)

title: Gerry and the Pacemakers