text:
American Gods

American Gods (2001) is a novel by British author Neil Gaiman. The novel is a blend of Americana, fantasy, and various strands of ancient and modern mythology, all centering on the mysterious and taciturn Shadow.

The book was published in 2001 by Headline in the United Kingdom and by William Morrow in the United States. It gained a positive critical response and won the 2002 Hugo and Nebula awards.

A special tenth anniversary edition, which includes the "author's preferred text" and 12,000 additional words, was published in June 2011 by William Morrow. Two audio versions of the book were produced and published by Harper Audio: an unabridged version of the original published edition, read by George Guidall, released in 2001; a full cast audiobook version of the tenth anniversary edition, released in 2011. In March 2017, The Folio Society published a special collector's edition of American Gods, with many corrections to the author's preferred text version.

In April 2017, Starz began airing a television adaptation of the novel. Bryan Fuller and Michael Green served as showrunners, and Gaiman is an executive producer. Fuller and Green departed the show after the first season.

Plot summary
Shadow is an ex-convict who is released from prison three days early when his wife Laura is killed in a car accident. Shadow is devastated by her death, and is distraught to learn that she died alongside his best friend Robbie, with whom she had been having an affair. He takes a job as a bodyguard for a mysterious con man, Mr. Wednesday, and travels with him across the United States, visiting Wednesday's acquaintances. Shadow meets a leprechaun named Mad Sweeney, who gives Shadow a magical gold coin after Shadow beats him in a fight. Shadow later tosses the coin into his wife's grave at her funeral, inadvertently bringing her back from the dead as a semi-living revenant. Shadow meets Czernobog and the Zorya Sisters. One of the sisters gives Shadow a silver coin, coming from the Moon, that will protect him. Shadow learns that Wednesday is an incarnation of Odin the All-Father, and that he is recruiting American manifestations of the Old Gods, whose powers have waned as their believers have decreased in number, to participate in a battle against the New American Gods – manifestations of modern life and technology (which is what most Americans now inadvertently worship), such as the Internet, media, and modern means of transport. Shadow meets many of Wednesday's allies, including Mr. Nancy (Anansi), Easter (Ēostre), Whiskey Jack (Wisakedjak) and John Chapman (Johnny Appleseed).

The New Gods abduct Shadow (utilizing a group of shadowy Men in Black called Spooks, led by the mysterious Mr. World), but Laura rescues him, killing several Spooks in the process. Wednesday tells Shadow to hide with Mr. Ibis (Thoth) and Mr. Jacquel (Anubis), who run a funeral parlor in Cairo, Illinois. Sweeney appears and begs Shadow to give him the coin back as he had accidentally given Shadow the coin that held all of his luck and power. Shadow admits that he no longer has the coin and Sweeney dies lamenting that he used to be a king only to die like this. His body is tended to by Ibis and Jacquel, who lament the loss of another Old God. On the way to the Wisconsin community of Lakeside, Shadow picks up the hitchhiker Samantha Black Crow and drops her off at her house. Once in Lakeside, Shadow hides under the alias "Mike Ainsel" and spends time with several Lakeside residents, including the elderly Hinzelmann, police chief Chad Mulligan and local reporter Marguerite Olsen who all live simple but happy and prosperous lives. Hinzelmann explains the Lakeside tradition to take a car onto the ice and bet on when it will fall through. Wednesday periodically takes Shadow on jobs to meet other gods. They are pursued all the while by the Spooks, particularly Mr. Town, who blames Shadow for the death of his friends. When a teenager in Lakeside goes missing, Shadow helps the other residents search for her, but she isn't found. Shadow learns from another teenager in the town that children and teenagers often go missing from Lakeside. Shadow runs into Sam and Robbie's widow out of coincidence. He is shortly arrested by Chad for breaking his parole, but is able to escape with help from Czernobog and Mr. Nancy.

The New Gods seek to parley with Wednesday, but murder him at the meeting. This act is witnessed by and galvanizes the Old Gods, and they rally to face their enemies in battle at Rock City. While retrieving Wednesday's body, Shadow is surprised to discover his old prison cellmate and mentor, Low Key Lyesmith, is working as a driver for the New Gods. Shadow is bound by his contract with Wednesday to hold his vigil by re-enacting Odin's time hanging from a "World Tree" while pierced by a spear for nine days. During these nine days, he is visited by Horus, who has become mad from living too long as a hawk. Shadow dies and visits the land of the dead, where he is judged by Anubis. Shadow learns that he is Wednesday's (Odin's) son, conceived as part of the deity's plans. During this time, Mr. Town arrives at the World Tree, ordered by Mr. World to cut a branch from it.

Horus finds Easter and convinces her to bring Shadow back to life. Shadow realizes Mr. World is actually Low Key (Loki) Lyesmith, and that Odin and Loki have been working a "two-man con". They orchestrated Shadow's birth, his meeting of Loki in disguise in prison, and even Laura's death. Loki had arranged for Odin's murder, thus making the battle between the New and Old Gods a sacrifice to Odin, restoring Odin's power, while also allowing Loki to feed on the chaos of the battle.

Laura chooses to hitchhike to Rock City and meets Mr. Town, who does not realize who she is, and they agree to travel together. During their travels, Laura learns who Mr. Town is and, once they arrive at their destination, kills him and takes the branch he took from the World Tree. She then meets with Loki and manages to stab him with the World Tree branch, which turns into a spear as she stabs.

Shadow arrives at Rock City and confronts Loki, now gravely wounded, and the ghost of Odin, who reveal their plans. Shadow travels to the site of the battle and explains that both sides have nothing to gain and everything to lose, with Odin and Loki as the only true winners. Shadow tells them the United States is a bad place for Gods, and he recommends they return to their original homelands. The gods depart, Loki dies, and Odin's ghost fades. Laura asks Shadow to take the coin from her, which he does, and she finally dies.

After resting with Mr. Nancy, Shadow remembers a dream where the Hindu god Ganesha told him to "look in the trunk". He returns to Lakeside and walks onto the thinning ice toward the car resting there. He picks the lock and opens the trunk to find the body of the missing teenager inside. He falls through the ice and, while trapped beneath, sees cars from past winters resting on the lake floor. Each one presumably has a child's body locked inside. Shadow is saved by Hinzelmann, who takes him to his house and treats him for hypothermia. Shadow realizes that Hinzelmann is a god and is also responsible for the children's kidnappings and deaths. Hinzelmann explains that he regretfully must take one child as a sacrifice each year in exchange for the town's prosperity. The townspeople are unaware of this and Hinzelmann's control of the town as he tries to sacrifice children that no one will greatly miss. Shadow thinks of killing Hinzelmann, but finds he cannot as Hinzelmann saved his life. However, Chad Mulligan overhears the conversation and shoots Hinzelmann, killing him. Shadow and Chad drive away, with Chad guilty to the point of suicide. Shadow concludes this is a fail-safe created by Hinzelmann so that whoever killed him would die soon after. Using magic, Shadow takes Chad's memory of overhearing Hinzelmann and the killing. He leaves Chad and Lakeside behind, understanding that the town's prosperity will likely wither away without Hinzelmann's protection.

In Iceland, Shadow meets another incarnation of Odin (created by the belief of the original settlers of Iceland), who is much closer than Wednesday to the Odin of mythology. Shadow accuses Odin of Wednesday's actions, but Odin retorts: "He was me, yes. But I am not him." He indicates that Wednesday was the part of him that went with his followers when they traveled to the new world and became corrupted as he was gradually forgotten. Shadow gives Wednesday's glass eye to Odin, which Odin places in a leather bag as a keepsake. Shadow performs a simple sleight-of-hand coin trick, which delights Odin, who asks for a repeat performance. Shadow then performs a small piece of real magic, pulling a golden coin from nowhere like Mad Sweeney did when they first met. He then flips the coin up into the air and walks away, wondering if the coin will ever come back down.

Characters

 * Shadow Moon – an ex-convict who becomes the reluctant bodyguard and errand boy of Mr. Wednesday (Odin).
 * Laura Moon – Shadow's wife, who dies in a car crash at the beginning of the novel, a few days before Shadow is due to be released from prison.
 * Samantha "Sam" Black Crow – a hitchhiking college student whom Shadow meets during his journey.
 * Chad Mulligan – a kind-hearted chief of police in the town of Lakeside.

Old Gods

 * Mr. Wednesday – an aspect of Odin, the Old Norse god of knowledge and wisdom.
 * Low-Key Lyesmith – Loki, the Old Norse god of mischief and trickery. He was a close acquaintance of Shadow Moon whilst incarcerated.
 * Czernobog – the Slavic god of darkness and twin brother to Belobog, the god of light.
 * The Zorya Sisters – relatives of Czernobog, sisters who represent Dawn (Zorya Utrennyaya), Dusk (Zorya Vechernyaya), and the Midnight Star (Zorya Polunochnaya). In Slavic lore, they are servants of Dažbog who guard and watch over the doomsday hound, Simargl. Simargl is said to be chained to the star Polaris in the constellation Ursa Minor (the "Little Bear") and, according to legend, if the chain ever breaks the hound will devour the world.
 * Mr. Nancy – Anansi, a trickster spider god from Ghanaian folklore. He often makes fun of people for their stupidity, a recurring aspect of his personality in his old stories.
 * Mr. Ibis – Thoth, the Ancient Egyptian god of knowledge and writing. He runs a funeral parlor with Mr. Jacquel in Cairo, Illinois. He often writes short biographies of people who brought folkloric beings with them to the United States.
 * Mr. Jacquel – Anubis, the Ancient Egyptian god of the dead and mummification. He is an expert at preparing bodies for the wake at funerals.
 * Bast – Bastet, the Ancient Egyptian cat goddess. Often appears as a small house cat and heals Shadow's bruises and aches after he has been beaten.
 * Horus – the Ancient Egyptian god of the sky.
 * Easter – Ēostre, the Germanic goddess of the dawn.
 * Mad Sweeney – Suibhne, a king from an old Irish story. Though not portrayed as such in his story, he calls himself a "Leprechaun" despite his description as being nearly 7-feet-tall. Sweeney is foul-mouthed and a frequent drinker.
 * Whiskey Jack – Wisakedjak, a trickster figure of Algonquian mythology. He lives near a Lakota reservation in the badlands with John Chapman, where he is mistaken for Iktomi, a trickster of their culture.
 * John Chapman – Johnny Appleseed, described as a "culture hero" rather than a god. He loathes Paul Bunyan (who he incorrectly describes as an advertising ploy) for diverting belief away from him.
 * Elvis - Alvíss, a dwarf in Norse mythology. The King of the Dwarves, he is of average height for humans but has dwarfish proportions.
 * Elegba and Great Mawu - The gods worshipped by those enslaved coming to America.
 * Gwydion – Gwydion fab Dôn, a trickster god of Welsh mythology.
 * Hinzelmann – Hinzelmann, a kobold who was formerly revered as a tribal god by ancient Germanic tribes. He protects the town of Lakeside in the guise of an old man.
 * Bilquis – the ancient Queen of Sheba, who endures by absorbing her sexual partners, turning them into worshippers
 * Mama-Ji – Kali, the Hindu goddess of time and destruction.
 * The Jinn – an ifrit taxi-driver that swaps lives with an Omani businessman after a sexual encounter.
 * The Land – a buffalo-headed man, the personification of the land as worshipped by Native Americans, who appears to Shadow in his dreams to give him guidance.
 * Bearded man – A character similar to Jesus speaks to Shadow in a dream sequence while he is hanging from the world tree. Shadow states that, compared to the other old Gods, he still has a lot of influence. However, the bearded man worries that his teachings have been applied to everything, and as a result also apply to nothing. Gaiman has removed and replaced this section of the book numerous times.
 * The Elephant God – Ganesha, the Hindu god of new beginnings; appears to Shadow during the world tree dream sequences. Shadow eventually realizes Ganesha's role is to remove obstacles, and that his cryptic message to 'look in the trunk' is in fact a clue to the location of Alison McGovern's body.
 * The Forgettable God – An unknown god whom Mr. Wednesday meets in Las Vegas along with Shadow, whose name slipped from Shadow's mind whenever Mr. Wednesday said it. He has a liking for Soma, a Vedic ritual drink. Gaiman has never confirmed the identity of this god.

New Gods

 * Technical Boy – New God of technology and the Internet, personified as an adult-sized fat child.
 * Media – New Goddess of television and pop culture. She often communicates by hijacking whatever is showing on television, for example communicating with Shadow via Lucy Ricardo from I Love Lucy and the cast of Cheers.
 * The Black Hats – Mister Road, Mister Town, Mister Wood, and Mister Stone represent beliefs in conspiracy theories, taking the form of men in black. They work as spooks for the New Gods.
 * The Intangibles – New Gods of the modern stock market, they are a personification of the "Invisible hand of the market".
 * Mr. World – leader of The Black Hats and the New God of globalization.
 * Other New Gods mentioned include those of automobiles, locomotives, heavier-than-air flight, cosmetic surgery, and various drugs.

Influences
The novel's dedication reads "for absent friends – Kathy Acker and Roger Zelazny and all points in between".

The Discworld novel Small Gods explores a similar origin of deities (thoughtform). While Gaiman says that he did not read the book by Terry Pratchett, he thought they shared a worldview due to their same geographic origins and, more importantly, their daily phone conversations. He had also sought advice from Pratchett on resolving plot elements of American Gods.

According to Gaiman, American Gods is not based on Diana Wynne Jones's 1975 novel Eight Days of Luke, "although they bear an odd relationship, like second cousins once removed or something". When working on the structure of a story linking gods and days of the week, he realised that this idea had already been used in Eight Days of Luke. He abandoned the story, but later used the idea when writing American Gods to depict Wednesday and Shadow meeting on the god's namesake day.

Of John James' 1966 novel Votan, Gaiman stated: "I think probably the best book ever done about the Norse was a book that I couldn't allow myself to read between coming up with the idea of American Gods and finishing it. After it was published, I actually sat down and allowed myself to read it for the first time in 15 years, and discovered it was just as good as I thought it was".

In his introduction to Fritz Leiber's The Knight and Knave of Swords, Gaiman acknowledges Leiber's portrayal of Odin and Loki had "definitely smudged into" and informed his take on the characters.

Writing and promotion
While Gaiman was writing American Gods, his publishers set up a promotional web site featuring a weblog in which Gaiman described the day-to-day process of writing, revising, publishing, and promoting the novel. After the novel was published, the website evolved into a more general Official Neil Gaiman Web Site. Gaiman sporadically adds to the weblog, describing the writing, revising, publishing, or promoting of his current projects; but tends to use social media like Tumblr or Twitter for more personal details or reader questions.

On 28 February 2008, Gaiman announced on his journal that for one month the complete text of American Gods would be available to the public on his publisher's website.

Reception
The book won the 2002 Hugo, Nebula, Locus, SFX and Bram Stoker Awards, all for Best Novel, and likewise received nominations for the 2001 BSFA Award, as well as the 2002 World Fantasy, International Horror Guild and Mythopoeic, and British Fantasy awards. It won the 2003 Geffen Award.

In May 2010, American Gods was selected in an online poll to be the first "One Book One Twitter" book. In 2014, when the television show adaptation was announced, author Abraham Riesman criticized the move as being a "bad idea", highlighting the aspects of the book that did not age well or were offensive to some cultures. Beyond this, academics have claimed the work has ontological and epistemic implications, and, as part of the body of Gaiman's work, explored the appropriative style.

Publishing history
The book was published in 2001 by Headline in the United Kingdom and by William Morrow in the United States.

A special tenth anniversary edition, which includes the "author's preferred text" and 12,000 additional words, was published in June 2011 by William Morrow. The tenth anniversary text is identical to the signed and numbered limited edition released in 2003 by Hill House Publishers, and to the edition from Headline, Gaiman's publisher in the UK since 2005. The tenth anniversary edition marked the first time the author's preferred text had been available in wide release outside the UK.

Two audio versions of the book were produced and published by Harper Audio: an unabridged version of the original published edition, read by George Guidall, was released in 2001. A full cast audiobook version of the tenth anniversary edition, including the author's preferred text and 12,000 additional words, was released in 2011.

A comic book series, American Gods: Shadows, was published by Dark Horse Comics starting in March 2017. A book of the same name, collecting issues 1 through 9 of the comic book series, was published by Dark Horse Books in February 2018.

In March 2017, The Folio Society published a special collector's edition of American Gods, with many corrections to the author's preferred text version. Gaiman described this edition as 'the cleanest text there has ever been' of the novel.

Comics
Dark Horse Comics publishes a series of comic books based on the novel.

Television
Starz developed a television series from the novel with Bryan Fuller and Michael Green. The series debuted in April 2017. At the end of season 1, Fuller stepped down as showrunner and was replaced by Jesse Alexander. The two had previously worked together on Star Trek: Discovery and Hannibal.

Music
The power metal band Blind Guardian wrote a song titled "Secrets of the American Gods" based on the novel, on their 2022 album The God Machine.

Related works
Gaiman's next novel, Anansi Boys (2005), was conceived before American Gods and shares a character, Mr. Nancy (Anansi, the spider god of African legend).

In an interview with MTV News published on 22 June 2011, Gaiman said that he had plans for a direct sequel to American Gods. Gaiman had plans for a sequel even while writing the first book and has said that he is likely to focus on the New Gods in the sequel.

In addition to the planned sequel, Gaiman has written two short story sequels featuring Shadow Moon. "The Monarch of the Glen", a novella first published in the 2003 anthology Legends II, takes place in Scotland two years after American Gods. The second short story, "Black Dog", was collected in Gaiman's 2015 Trigger Warning. It takes place a year later in Derbyshire's Peak District. In the introduction for Trigger Warnings Gaiman said that he had one final standalone story that would take Shadow to London before he returns to the US and the start of American Gods 2.

Translations

 * Amerikāņu dievi (Latvian), ISBN 978-9934-0-2282-1
 * Ameerika jumalad (Estonian), ISBN 9985-62-181-6
 * Amerykańscy bogowie (Polish), ISBN 83-89004-10-0
 * Zei Americani (Romanian), ISBN 973-733-070-6
 * אלים אמריקאים (Elim Amerikaim) (Hebrew)
 * American Gods (Italian), ISBN 88-04-52083-3
 * Deuses Americanos (Portuguese), ISBN 85-87193-59-7
 * Američtí bohové (Czech), ISBN 80-85911-98-1
 * Americkí bohovia (Slovak), ISBN 978-80-556-0754-2
 * Unohdetut jumalat ("Forgotten Gods") (Finnish), ISBN 951-1-18055-X
 * Amerikai istenek (Hungarian), ISBN 9786155049705
 * American Gods (Spanish), ISBN 84-8431-627-0
 * Američki Bogovi (Croatian), ISBN 953-220-126-2
 * Ameriški bogovi (Slovenian), ISBN 978-961-274-129-7
 * Aмерички Богови (Serbian), ISBN 86-7436-039-4
 * Американские Боги (Russian), ISBN 5-17-019844-2
 * Amerikos dievai (Lithuanian), ISBN 9986-97-101-2
 * Amerikan Tanrıları (Turkish), ISBN 978-975-10-1904-2
 * American Gods (German), ISBN 3-453-40037-2
 * Amerikanska gudar (Swedish), ISBN 91-37-12227-4
 * Amerikanske guder (Norwegian), ISBN 978-82-93059-50-9
 * Amerikanske guder (Danish), ISBN 978-87-71375-44-2
 * 美國眾神 (Traditional Chinese), ISBN 978-986-7399-84-7, ISBN 9789863593492
 * 美国众神 (Simplified Chinese), ISBN 978-753-6459-50-2, ISBN 978-7-5502-9714-2
 * Ο Πόλεμος των Θεών (O Polemos ton Theon, "The War of the Gods") (Greek)
 * American Gods (French), ISBN 978-2-290-33041-8
 * Американски богове (Bulgarian), ISBN 954-585-519-3
 * 신들의 전쟁 (상), 신들의 전쟁(하) (Korean), ISBN 978-89-6017-268-5, ISBN 978-89-6017-269-2
 * Amerikaanse Goden (Dutch), ISBN 90-245-4261-8, ISBN 978-90-245-4261-1
 * ამერიკელი ღმერთები (Georgian) ISBN 978-9941236631
 * アメリカン・ゴッズ (Japanese), ISBN 978-4047916081, ISBN 978-4047916098
 * Американские боги (Russian), ISBN 978-5170454716, ISBN 978-5971354659
 * Американські боги (Ukrainian), ISBN 978-617-7498-66-6
 * อเมริกัน ก็อดส์ (Thailand), ISBN 978-616-9187-39-4

title: American Gods


text:
Talk:Christianity and Judaism/Archive 1

(All of this entry is an archive of earlier discussions)
From the article:

Historically, Christianity has taught that all people are born contaminated with Original sin, and that nothing a person does in their life can ever get rid of this taint; this doctrine began with Paul in the New Testament, and was especially promoted by Augustine in the fourth century. Failure to get rid of this taint leads God to eternally damn these people to Hell. Only by worshipping Jesus as a saviour and son of God can a person be saved from this fate.

 * Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christianity never held this doctrine, and began repudiating it once they learned of it. They teach that we inherit a corrupted or damaged human nature in which the tendency to do bad is greater, but that each person is only guilty of their own sins. By participating in the life of the church, our human nature is healed and it becomes easier to do good; at the same time, we become more acutely aware of more of our shortcomings. I added this bit in another article once, I think. --Wesley

 * Please provide a few official sources for this statement about Eastern Orthodoxy.

First, tell me where in the New Testament you find this doctrine, and more importantly your hermeneutical method, which Christians of any stripe follow this interpretation, and which Eastern Orthodox Christians affirm or have made that interpretation.

 * Its not my method, its their method. I don't believe that the New Testament is divinely inpired, so I don't follow rules or beliefs derived from it. But I don't understand your perspective. All of Christianity has historically believed what I mentioned. I understand that some liberal Protestant sects have changed their beliefs in the last two centuries, many in the last 50 years. Perhaps Orthodox Chrisitianity has as well. But you seem to be asking me to "prove" that most Christians have historically believed (and still believe) that Christ is the only way to God. I don't know how to respond to this. Just read any encyclopaedia, or go to any Church. Where did you learn the contrary? Here in the USA we have hundreds of distinct Protestant Christian groups, and the vast majority teach this. Even the Catholic Church is still divided on this issue, with one person claiming that salvation is available outside Christ, while another equally ranking official denies this. Much information is available on this topic from the religioustolerance.org website RK

 * First of all, the Catholic Church is not "divided" on this issue, as you say--Vatican II clearly pronounced that non-Christians can attain salvation, and the current Pope has also stated this. Secondly, Quakers have never believed that only Christians attain salvation (that is to say, when Quakers even worry about the question of salvation, which they generally don't), and Quakerism is 350 years old.  It is true that many Protestant churches still preach an intolerant vision of salvation, and it is also true that historically the Christian church was highly intolerant of other faiths (Catholicism used ot preach that "there is no salvation outside the church", but reversed itself on this subject at Vatican II), but the religion is also more diverse than you are making it out to be.

 * If we attribute something to St. Paul or the New Testament, we need to cite book, chapter and verse. In addition, just look at protestantism to see how many opposing views can be attributed to Paul, often citing the same passages in support of opposite positions. It's poor policy for an encyclopedia to enter the fray by citing the New Testament directly in support of a particular doctrine. We can cite specific passages, but should also identify the people or groups that have used the passage in that way to justify a particular belief or practice.

 * Paul in First Corinthians 15 specifically talks about the concept of Original Sin. He didn't give any particular name for this theology, but he describes it in detail. According to Paul, Jesus died not to merely allow people to gain eternal life, but Jesus died specifically because of "our sins". He is not talking about the sin of Adam and Eve, but about the sins of the actual audience that he is writing to. RK

 * Second, as Ben said, Original Sin defined as guilt that has been inherited, is NOT what the Eastern Orthodox church has taught. Nor did the Catholics before Augustine. This doctrine is much more specific than claiming that Jesus is the only way to God, and is not shared by the entire church. Methodists are a notable exception on the protestant side, going back to the 18th century, but again, you simply won't find it in the East, for at least most of the last 2000 years. But I'm talking very specifically about inherited guilt. Also, many Christians would speak more of people destroying themselves by their sins and by their rejection of God, rather than speak of God damning them to hell on a technicality. The language used matters a great deal when discussing the problem of evil, for example. --Wesley

Scripture can and has been used poorly to say almost anything; be careful to attribute interpretations of it specifically. This is also NPOV procedure; otherwise we have Wikipedia setting down a standard interpretation. I made several statements together there. A random web site confirmed that Augustine wasn't translated into Greek until the 14th century, and suggested he wasn't widely read in the East until the 17th or 18th century, when Western style education made its way to Russia. That's the easiest fact to confirm. I'll have to look harder for some official statements; ( ... goes away grumbling about being asked to prove a negative ... ;-) ) --Wesley

Here's a somewhat extended quote from St. Iranaeus, a second century bishop and early church Father, taken from Book IV of Irenaeus Against Heresies:
 * Chapter XXII.-Christ Did Not Come for the Sake of the Men of One Age Only, But for All Who, Living Righteously and Piously, Had Believed Upon Him; And for Those, Too, Who Shall Believe.

 * 1 Now in the last days, when the fulness of the time of liberty had arrived, the Word Himself did by Himself "wash away the filth of the daughters of Zion,"327 when He washed the disciples' feet with His own hands.328 For this is the end of the human race inheriting God; that as in the beginning, by means of our first [parents], we were all brought into bondage, by being made subject to death; so at last, by means of the New Man, all who from the beginning [were His] disciples, having been cleansed and washed from things pertaining to death, should come to the life of God. For He who washed the feet of the disciples sanctified the entire body, and rendered it clean. For this reason, too, He administered food to them in a recumbent posture, indicating that those who were lying in the earth were they to whom He came to impart life. As Jeremiah declares, "The holy Lord remembered His dead Israel, who slept in the land of sepulture; and He descended to them to make known to them His salvation, that they might be saved."329 For this reason also were the eyes of the disciples weighed down when Christ's passion was approaching; and when, in the first instance, the Lord found them sleeping, He let it pass,-thus indicating the patience of God in regard to the state of slumber in which men lay; but coming the second time, He aroused them, and made them stand up, in token that His passion is the arousing of His sleeping disciples, on whose account "He also descended into the lower parts of the earth,"330 to behold with His eyes the state of those who were resting from their labours,331 in reference to whom He did also declare to the disciples: "Many prophets and righteous men have desired to see and hear what ye do see and hear."332

From what I can tell quickly skimming his writings, when he speaks of the consequences of Adam's sin, it is of the consequence of death, and he contrasts this with the consequence of Jesus Christ's death, which is resurrection and new life. There appears to be no mention of inherited guilt. It's proof by absence, but what do you expect?

 * True, but this quote doesn't address original sin. Most Christians have historically believed in this concept, and that most still do. Further, most Christians lived long after him. What have most Chruches and Christian denominations taught about original sin? This quote could be used as source material for coming up with a view on the subject, but it doesn't represent what any particular church teaches. Also, this quote shows that he believed that only Jesus is the way to avoid eternal death. Why would this even be necessary without original sin? RK

 * I think you are confusing "original sin" with a doctrine that says that everyone sins. "Original sin" is a doctrine that says that all have inherited the stain of Adam's guilt, and that was a product of Augustine's theology.  That has nothing to do with a belief that everyone sins and that the penalty of sin is death. -- Egern.

 * To follow up, I included this quote to show that the early church talked about the first sin. Read it carefully, and it says that the consequence of the first sin, meaning Adam's, was death for all humanity. The work of Christ is to restore life to humanity, to remove a legal blot that we all inherited. This most certainly does address how early Christians viewed original sin, and it has been very formative in how the Eastern Orthodox Church continues to view sin. Elsewhere Iranaeus argues at length that when Christ rose from the dead, he freed Adam himself from death. The influence of this statement can be seen in the icon of the resurrection that is in every Orthodox church: most variations show Christ rising from the tomb, pulling after him Adam with one hand and Eve with the other. As far as "most" Christians believing in original sin, I think that Eastern Orthodoxy represents the second largest body of Christians worldwide, after the Roman Catholics. There are also a sizable minority of Protestants that reject the doctrine. --Wesley

More sources, including more recent and official statements, will have to wait a day or two. I can tell you that when Augustine's theology is mentioned by any Orthodox writer I've come across, it's to point out where he's wrong more often than not. --Wesley

Here's a relatively modern statement regarding the state of the "sinner", by St. Theophan the Recluse (1802-1894) in The Path to Salvation: A Manual of Spiritual Transofrmation, page 101:
 * We have said that the sinner is like a person who is sunk in deep slumber. Just as a person who is fast asleep will not stir and get up on his own in spite of approaching danger unles someone comes and rouses him, so will the person who is sunk in the slumber of sin not come to his senses and awaken unless divine grace comes to his aid. By the boundless mercy of God, this grace is prepared for everyone, approaches everyone in turn, and calls out clearly to each: "Awake thou that sleepest, and arise from the dead, and Christ shall give thee light" (Eph. 5:14).... Thus, there are three stages in the conversion of sinners to God: 1) arousal from the slumber of sin; 2) reaching the decision to give up sin and devote oneself to pleasing God; 3) vestment with power from on high for doing this in the Mysteries of Repentance and Communion." (BTW, the above is from a translation that's copyright 1996, so don't anyone go pasting it into a Wikipedia article.)

This isn't a statement of a council, but it is the statement of a bishop who is now regarded as a saint. The picture of the sinner fast asleep, then awakening, is very often used. In fact, the verse quoted from Ephesians is sung by the congregation (or perhaps choir) as a person is being baptized. Salvation for the Orthodox is not concerned with erasing an inherited "taint" or with legal formalities. It is concerned with repentance, change, and ultimately achieving union with God. I'm going to wait for questions before I go looking for more quotes. Wesley

 * This is a good source to describe their POV, but - and I may be wrong here - doesn't appear to directly discuss the issue. We should try to get quotes that discuss the concept of original sin. RK

 * Again, it shows that original sin is not significant in the Orthodox perspective of dealing with sin and salvation. But there is a quote at the Orthodox Church in America's web site that addresses it; I'll let you read it there: http://www.oca.org/pages/orth_chri/Q-and-A_OLD/St-Augustine-and-Original-Sin.html

I'll be controversial by saying to my knowledge, the idea of original sin is only one interpretation of scripture possible among christians. It is uncontroversial to say that sin entered the world by Adam's acts. It is uncontroversial to say that Jesus is the eternal Life of God, and that believers avoid the penalty of sin by trusting in him. 'There is none righteous, no, not one' is in Romans 3:10, but it claims there to be a quote from the Jewish scriptures. (ie: 'As it is written,') In Romans, it also says 'For he that is dead is freed from sin'. (Rom 6:7) and then proceeds to argue 'sin shall no longer have dominion over you' because of the death and resurrection of Christ. 'the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.' (Rom 6:23)

So in summary, there seems to be support for the idea that sin came into the world. There seems to be support for sin bringing death into the world. There is support for Jesus giving life. The niceties of original sin versus personal sin are not supported by this scripture. It would not be NPOV, in my point of view, to make a statement in Wikipedia to the extent of 'all Christians' believe either side.

I tried to look at the main article, and feel it states Paul supported views that I don't see evidence that he supported. -- BenBaker

I have corrected the information in this article about Original Sin, which is a different doctrine altogether than merely a belief that everyone sins. "Original Sin" is not an inherent doctrine of Christianity, but rather a very specific doctrine about the transmission of guilt through inheritance. I also clarified the point that Catholicism, as of Vatican II, accepts that salvation is available to non-Christians.

Do Catholics say they changed their beliefs or they changed them without admiting they were ever different. --Taw

 * As far as I know, Catholicism never admits that it has changed its official theology on anything, because that would call into question the claims it makes about itself. But the fact is that Catholicism did reverse itself on this subject, even if it doesn't admit it.  -- Egern

I read the page that I was referred to, and I saw the almost the opposite of what other people were talking about. The webpage states that Orthodox Christianity does believe in original sin. They say that they believe that Adam and Even sinned, that they were punished, and that all of humanity inherits the same punishment that they got, and that only by worshipping Jesus as the messiah will the punishment be erased. This is precisely what I was saying all along. The only difference was that Catholics believe that both the sin and punishment get inherited, while the Orthodox say that only the punishment was inherited. But they agree on 3 out of 4 points on this concept. I guess to an Orthodox Christian it might be easy to overlook the the vast common ground, and see only the differences, but to a non-Christian this is virtually the same concept! Thus, this entry should indeed point out that Orthodox Christians do believe in original sin, but explain these 1 out of 4 points that they reject. [Here is part of the relevent text (copyrighted, probably) from their webpage: RK

 * In the Orthodox Faith, the term "original sin" refers to the "first" sin of Adam and Eve. As a result of this sin, humanity bears the "consequences" of sin, the chief of which is death. Here the word "original" may be seen as synonymous with "first." Hence, the "original sin" refers to the "first sin" in much the same way as "original chair" refers to the "first chair."  In the West, humanity likewise bears the "consequences" of the "original sin" of Adam and Eve. However, the West also understands that humanity is likewise "guilty" of the sin of Adam and Eve. The term "Original Sin" here refers to the condition into which humanity is born, a condition in which guilt as well as consequence is involved.  In the Orthodox Christian understanding, while humanity does bear the consequences of the original, or first, sin, humanity does not bear the personal guilt associated with this sin. Adam and Eve are guilty of their willful action; we bear the consequences, chief of which is death.

 * Well, I've lost track of what those 4 points are that you speak of, but I don't see your interpretation that the Orthodox Church believes that people have inherited the original sin. From what I can tell, even Jews believe that we humans no longer live in the Garden of Eden, so how is that any different from the Orthodox view that we still suffer the consequences of the original sin?  According to that logic, Jews also believe in original sin!  Which is, of course, not hte case at all.  Orthodox doctrine doesn't say that any individual is guilty in the eyes of God of sin at the moment of conception, which is the key point of the Catholic doctrine.  -- Egern

 * It looks to me like there are 4 points in common between Catholic and Orthodox understandings of this issue: (A) Adam and Eve sinned and thus were guilty of the original sin (B) They were punished for their sin, (C) All of their descendents are still being punished for their sin, (D) By accepting Jesus as their messiah they can bypass the punishment for the sin. The difference is that Catholics say that sin is inhertited along with the guilt, while Orthodox Christians say that sin ins't inherited (does this mean that God is punishing the innocent?). RK

 * Judaism's view of this issue does have significant similarities; most Jews see the story as an explanation of how man came to have a finite lifespan and free-will, rather than immortality but no free-will (which might have happened if Adam & Eve ate from the fruit of the Tree of Life). Judaism's theological emphasis on this story is different, as we believe that nothing we say, do or believe will change the fact that humans are mortal and have free-will. Belief in God has no effect on this status. In Christianity, the inherited punishment (Orthodox), or the inherited punishment and sin (Catholic) is one of the prime driving forces behind the faith, as one of the purposes of Christianity (as I understand it) is to overcome the punishment. Mainstream Jewish denominations have no such concern, but there are individual Jewish theologians who have made this point.RK

Maybe we should restructure the article in chronological order, as follows:
 * The story of Adam and Eve in Genesis, which talks about their personal sin.
 * The early rabbinic Jewish concept of what this means (Mishna)
 * The New Testament theology of original sin as discussed by Paul, and the various statements on this by early Church authorities.
 * The view of original sin in Catholic and Orthodox Christianity
 * The later Jewish views, in the Talmud and Kabbalah. Point out that some parts of the Kabbalah are closer to the Christian view of original sin.

 * I was about to submit the below text, when the above suggestion for reorganization was submitted. If we follow that organization plan and spell this stuff out, does "original sin" get its own subpage? --Wesley

 * I don't think that would be necessary. I propose this entry stay focused on original sin; I just think it would be good to discuss its origins in the primary religious texts, in chronological order, and discuss how different groups view the concept. Also, I will be writing some stuff on Judaism's view of this concept. Most of Judaism rejects original sin outright, but has similarity to Orthodox Christianity's view. However, the Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism) has some provocative analogues to original sin which are worth mentioning in this entry, even if they are not the same theological concept. Sentence on this issue can be linked to the already existing entry on Kabbalah for further amplification. RK

Ok, we are getting much closer to a common understanding. This is good. This exercise is also making me do some homework, which is good for me at least. The Jewish understanding of what might have happened had Adam also eaten of the Tree of Life is at least somewhat similar to Orthodoxy's. Here's Iranaeus again on why Adam and Eve were expelled from Eden (Book III, Chapter XXIII, as found at http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-60.htm#P7805_2133414):

 * 6. Wherefore also He drove him out of Paradise, and removed him far from the tree of life, not because He envied him the tree of life, as some venture to assert, but because He pitied him, [and did not desire] that he should continue a sinner for ever, nor that the sin which surrounded him should be immortal, and evil interminable and irremediable. But He set a bound to his [state of] sin, by interposing death, and thus causing sin to cease, putting an end to it by the dissolution of the flesh, which should take place in the earth, so that man, ceasing at length to live to sin, and dying to it, might begin to live to God.

So death is in part a way to at least limit sin; other Orthodox theologians see it as a natural consequence of mankind choosing independence from God, the source of life. Severance from one's life source results in death, just as though one were to choose to stop breathing or to stop eating. The Orthodox do not only seek salvation from the consequences of sin, but salvation from sinning personally. (See also the earlier summation by St. Theophan.) A line from the standard morning prayers (matins) reads "Grant, O Lord, that we might pass this day without sin." Standard doctrine is that infants who die without committing sin are received into Heaven. (No concept of Limbo or of Purgatory.) In fact, the infants who were killed by Herod in the latter's effort to destroy the infant Jesus are remembered collectively as the Holy Innocents and revered as saints on December 29 of each year. The Orthodox do practice pedobaptism, but not because the infants would go to Hell otherwise. Rather, it is because they are part of a Christian family and so are immediately received into the extended family of the Church.

Gee, I should be putting this stuff on the Eastern Orthodoxy page. --Wesley

I deleted the text that referred to Augustine's doctrine of original sin as a pre-existing belief that he made more explicit. I have quoted earlier authors who discussed Adam's sin and the remedy to it without reference to any inherited 'taint' or guilt. Please give some evidence to the contrary before you re-insert this claim. --Wesley

 * It is described by Paul in First Corinthians, chapter 15. Read the entire section, especially sentences 20 to 28. This is a standard Catholic view of Original Sin. Even before Paul was born, varying conceptions of original sin were extant among some Jews; it was certainly extant in the time of Jesus and Paul as well. That's not surprising, as it is a natural way of interpreting the story in Genesis.  It was never an official principle of Jewish faith, then or now, but that's a different issue.  We can look up some historical studies on this issue, but I am under the impression that this isn't controversial.  RK

 * Well, I read the passage, and I didn't see the reference to "original sin". Maybe you should quote some specific passages and tell us how that they specifically express this doctrine.  I see there that Paul did say that death was brought into the world by Adam's sin, which is the same as saying that all of us live with the consequences of that sin, which is what Judaism believes and what Orthodox Church believes (according to Wesley), but which is not the same as the doctrine of "original sin" as taught by the Catholic Church.

 * Paul doesn't use the phrase "original sin", as this name for his theology wasn't invented until later, and its not the clearly developed theology that Augustine had. But he describes the basis of it here. Many other Christians and non-Christians see it, which is why most Christian denominations do believe in original sin. I guess Eastern Orthodoxy reads this text differently.  Maybe we can write this into the entry, saying that Catholics and Protestants read this biblical text as describing the basis of original sin, while Eastern Orthodox read it in another way, and both ways are equally legitimate? RK

 * Just as long as you put a some on the Protestants who believe this way. My experience and knowledge is not Eastern Orthodox, but mainstream Protestant, such as Baptist, and Methodist. To my knowledge, Lutherans hold to Original Sin as a doctrine, but other protestants have more variety of belief. In fact, any church that rejects pedobaptism probably also rejects Original Sin, as they are tied together. (And that church probably has some concept of Age of Accountability as well.) Certain doctrines form cohesive sets.  -- BenBaker
 * As a clarification Original Sin as a doctrine is the guilt of sin passing on to the children. "original sin" uncapitalized is the doctrine that Adam and Eve brought sin into the world (and hence death) which I would be surprised if any Judeo-Christian belief system would disagree with. I'm not sure how other religions explain that death is the 'lot of mankind'.

I have a question regarding this paragraph:

 * Both Jews and Christians believe that there will be some sort of afterlife. Protestant Christianity generally posits that one can be saved through the acceptance of Jesus as a saviour, although some variants of Protestantism do teach that salvation is available to followers of other faiths as well.

Which variants of Protestantism teach that salvation is available to other non-Christian faiths? I can't think of any off-hand, unless you count the 10% of Unitarian Universalists that call themselves Christian. Who am I forgetting? Is the list short enough to name the exceptions? --Wesley

 * Quakers who identify themselves as Christian and who concern themselves with the question of salvation believe that salvation is available to other faiths. However--Quakers don't consider themselves Protestants, so that doesn't really count.  -- Egern

(All of this entry is an archive of earlier discussions)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Christianity and Judaism/Archive 1


text:
Tentsuyu

Tentsuyu (てんつゆ/天汁) is Japanese tempura dip.

The recipe for tentsuyu depends on the seasons and on the ingredients for which tentsuyu is being prepared. A general, all-purpose, tentsuyu might consist of three parts dashi, one part mirin, and one part soy sauce. For ingredients with strong odors or flavors, however, sake and sugar might be used instead of mirin, or more or less shōyu might be used.

Similar ingredients make up the simmering sauce for donburi and the broth for dishes like agedashi tofu (deep-fried tofu in broth) and soba (buckwheat noodles).

Tentsuyu in concentrated form is commonly sold in a small bottles in supermarkets and grocery stores throughout Japan—and also in Asian grocery stores in the US.

When used for tempura, tentsuyu is commonly served with grated daikon white radish.

title: Tentsuyu


text:
Sunoco

Sunoco LP is an American master limited partnership organized under Delaware state laws and headquartered in Dallas, Texas. Dating back to 1886, the company has transitioned from a vertically integrated energy company to a distributor of fuels. It was previously engaged in oil, natural gas exploration and production, refining, chemical manufacturing, and retail fuel sales, but divested these businesses. Sunoco is the largest independent distributor of fuels in the United States.

Its current operational focus dates back to 2018 when it divested the non–core convenience store operations to 7-Eleven to focus on fuel distribution and midstream terminal operations.

Sunoco distributes multiple unbranded fuel brands and also owns its own brand of retail fuel, which shares the same name as the parent company. Sunoco distributes fuel to over 5,200 fuel station locations across 30 U.S. States, Ontario, Canada, and Quebec, Canada

The partnership was known as Sun Company, Inc. from 1886 to 1920 and 1976 to 1998, and as Sun Oil Co. from 1920 to 1976. (The Sunoco name is a condensation of SUN Oil COmpany.)

1800s to 1950s: founding and growth
The partnership began as The Peoples Natural Gas Company in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In 1886, its partners – Joseph Newton Pew, Philip Pisano, and Edward O. Emerson – decided to expand their fuel business with a stake in the new oil discoveries in Ohio and Pennsylvania. Four years later, the growing enterprise became the Sun Oil Company of Ohio. Sun Oil diversified quickly, active in the production and distribution of oil as well as processing and marketing refined products. By 1901, the company was incorporated in New Jersey as Sun Company, Inc.

In 1902, the Sun Oil Refining Company was chartered in Texas, as it turned its interest to the new Spindletop field in Texas. Joseph Newton Pew's nephew, J. Edgar Pew, was able to buy the storage and transportation assets of Lone Star and Crescent Oil Company at a receivership auction. Spindletop oil was then shipped to the company's Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, refinery.

Pew's sons, J. Howard Pew and Joseph N. Pew, Jr. would take over the company after their father's death.

With a growing portfolio of oil fields and refineries, Sun opened its first service station in Ardmore, Pennsylvania, in 1920. In 1922, it changed its name back to Sun Oil Company and, in 1925, it became a public company via an initial public offering on the New York Stock Exchange. Sunoco ranked 39th among United States corporations in the value of World War II production contracts. Sun expanded internationally following the war. Its first Canadian refinery was built in 1953 in Sarnia, Ontario, home to a burgeoning new petrochemical industry. Sun established a facility at Venezuela's Lake Maracaibo in 1957, which produced over a billion barrels (160,000,000 m3) before the operation was nationalized in 1975.

In 1956, Sunoco introduced "Custom–Blended" fuel pumps, an innovation that allowed customers of Sunoco service stations to choose from several octane ratings through a single pump. Sunoco stations offered as many as eight grades of "Custom–Blended" fuels from its "Dial A Grade/Blend Selector" pumps ranging from subregular Sunoco 190 to Sunoco 260 and super-premium grade of 102 octane. The Sunoco 260 was advertised as "The Highest Octane Fuel You Can Buy!" and very popular with operators of V8–powered muscle cars of the 1960s.

1960s to 1990s: acquisitions and branding
In 1967, Sun established its Great Canadian Oil Sands Limited facility in northern Alberta, Canada to access the estimated 300 billion barrels (48 km3) of extractable oil in the Athabasca oil sands.

In 1968, Sun Oil merged with Tulsa, Oklahoma–based Sunray DX Oil Company, which refined and marketed fuel under the DX brand in several midwestern states, and included several refineries. Its Tulsa refinery was operated by Sun until its sale in June 2009 to Holly Corporation of Dallas. This move expanded Sun's marketing area into the mid–continent region.

Sun Oil continued marketing its petroleum products under both the Sunoco and DX brands through the 1970s and into the 1980s. In the late 1980s, Sun began rebranding DX stations in the Midwest to the Sunoco brand, but by the early 1990s, they pulled out of virtually all areas in the southeastern U.S. and west of the Mississippi, resulting in the closing and rebranding of service stations and jobbers to other brands in those areas, notably Sinclair in Oklahoma and Kerr-McGee in Arkansas.

With increased diversification, Sun Oil Company was renamed Sun Company in 1976. In 1980, Sun acquired the U.S. oil and gas properties of Texas Pacific Oil Company, Inc., a subsidiary of The Seagram Company Ltd, for U.S.$2.3 billion – the second largest acquisition in U.S. history to that date.

Through the 1980s, Sun developed oil interests in the North Sea and offshore China and expanded its holdings in both oil and coal with additional U.S. business acquisitions. In 1983, Sun Oil launched Sunoco ULTRA 94, the market's highest octane unleaded fuel. Then in 1988, Sun undertook a restructuring to segregate its domestic oil and fuel exploration and production business and focus the company on its refining and marketing business. This led to the acquisition of Atlantic Refining and Marketing (and, in effect, that company's convenience store chain, A–Plus), including its Philadelphia refinery which was later merged with the former Gulf Oil refinery next door that Sunoco acquired from Chevron.

By the 1990s, Sun had departed the international exploration business and was fully dedicated to its branded products and services. In 1994, Sunoco acquired the Philadelphia Chevron Oil refinery consolidating operations with its own adjacent which it had acquired with Atlantic. Sun sold its remaining interest in Canada's Suncor Energy in 1995, but markets product from two refineries – one in Toledo, Ohio, and the other Sarnia, Ontario – in joint ventures. In 1998, Sun Company, Inc. became Sunoco, Inc. In 2011 the Toledo facility was sold to PBF Energy, Inc.

In 1998, Sun acquired the chemical business of Allied Signal, including a phenol plant. The business was renamed as "Sunoco Chemicals, Inc." In 2011, the plant was acquired by Honeywell for $85 million.

2000s
In 2003, Speedway LLC, then a subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum, sold 193 convenience stores to Sunoco. It also acquired many service stations from Coastal Petroleum.

In 2004, Sunoco replaced the ConocoPhillips' 76 brand as the Official Fuel of NASCAR.

After ConocoPhillips abandoned the marketing of the Mobil brand name in the Washington, D.C. area, Sunoco purchased these rights, converted Maryland and Virginia Mobil stations to the Sunoco brand, bringing the A–Plus convenience store with them – prior to this, these stations had convenience stores under the Circle K or On the Run brands.

In September 2009, Sunoco sold its retail heating oil and propane distribution business to Superior Plus for $82.5 million in cash.

In Canada, the Sunoco brand was licensed for the Ontario retail fuel station operations of Suncor Energy until 2010. Following Suncor's acquisition of Petro-Canada, all Canadian Sunoco outlets were converted to Petro–Canada branding, except for one location in Port Colborne, Ontario.

In December 2010, Sunoco sold its refinery in Toledo, Ohio, to PBF Energy, Inc. for $400 million. Effective September 6, 2011, Sunoco announced that it would exit the crude oil refining business and seek to sell its Philadelphia and Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania refineries by mid-2012. The company has said that its cost for exiting the refining business could be as high as $2.7 billion. According to one report, the company had lost some $800 million on refining operations since 2009; an earlier report provided a figure of $772 million.

On December 1, 2011, Sunoco announced it would accelerate closure of the Marcus Hook facility. The Marcus Hook facility, founded in 1902 and covering 781 acres, was dedicated exclusively to the processing of light sweet crude oil; this processing focus combined with volatility in crude oil prices are considered contributing factors to both this refinery's closure and Sunoco's exit from the refinery business.

In 2012, Sunoco demolished its Eagle Point refinery complex in West Deptford Township, New Jersey, which had been idle since 2010.

In September 2012, Sunoco formed a joint venture with The Carlyle Group, allowing for the continuation of operations at the Philadelphia refinery, and temporarily saving over 800 jobs. However, on January 22, 2018, the joint venture, named Philadelphia Energy Solutions, filed for bankruptcy. The bankruptcy announcement was followed by a damaging fire on June 21, 2019, which occurred at the 30,000 bpcd alkylation unit. The explosion of the alkylation unit triggered a massive fireball and caused nearby homes to shake. A few days later, on June 26 the refinery complex announced it would cease operations and shut down.

Environmental record
In 2014, Sunoco was one of 50 companies sued by Pennsylvania, which alleged that the companies polluted waters with MTBE, a fuel additive.

In 2000, Sunoco leaked 190,000 gallons of oil into the John Heinz National Wildlife Refuge at Tinicum in Pennsylvania through a cracked pipe. Sunoco claimed their systems did not detect the leak; the leak was reported by a hiker in the Wildlife Refuge.

In 1993, Sunoco became the first Fortune 500 company to endorse the CERES principles (Coalition for Environmentally Responsible Economies). The 10–point conduct code includes public reporting of environmental record.

On April 4, 1991, Pennsylvania U.S. Senator H. John Heinz was killed when his airplane collided with a Sun Company helicopter in what is known as the Merion air disaster. Falling debris killed two children at the Merion Elementary School in the Lower Merion School District. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the probable cause of the accident included poor judgment and errors on the behalf of both pilots.

Purchase by Energy Transfer Partners and creation of Sunoco LP as master–limited partnership

In 2012, Dallas–based energy company Energy Transfer Partners purchased Sunoco. Sunoco would subsequently move its corporate headquarters to Dallas in 2016.

In 2014, Energy Transfer Partners acquired Susser Holdings Corporation, the general partner of Susser Petroleum Partners (SUSP) and owner of Stripes Convenience Stores, and merged it with Sunoco into a master limited partnership, forming Sunoco LP. Subsequently, SUSP changed its name to Sunoco LP and its ticker symbol to SUN. Energy Transfer Partners then sold the combined retail assets of Sunoco and Susser Holdings to Sunoco LP.

In Texas, Sunoco replaced Valero at the Stripes locations; Stripes and A–Plus remained separate brands.

Current Operation: Focus on fuel distribution and midstream operations
Also in 2014, Sunoco LP acquired Aloha Petroleum, Ltd., a retail and wholesale fuel business with six terminals in Hawaii. Additionally, Sunoco LP purchased eight Pico convenience stores in south central Texas. In December 2015, Sunoco LP completed its acquisition of Alta East, Inc., a wholesale motor fuel distribution business serving the northeast United States. In 2015, Aloha Petroleum, Ltd. acquired stores including a Subway in Hawaii.

In June 2016, Sunoco LP purchased Valentine Convenience stores, consisting of 18 locations selling more than 20 million gallons of fuel, as well as Texas–based Kolkhorst Petroleum, Inc. Kolkhorst operated 14 convenience stores under the Rattler's brand and distributed more than 46 million gallons of fuel. Denny Oil, a convenience store and wholesale distributor operator, was purchased by Sunoco LP in October 2016, adding an additional 90 million gallons of fuel to its distribution business.

Sunoco diversified its portfolio in August 2017 with the acquisition of Emerge Energy Services LP, entering into the business of processing transmix fuels.

In April 2017, Sunoco introduced at all of its stations Sunoco UltraTech, a high detergent fuel blend that met Top Tier standards. Sunoco UltraTech contains the same detergent level as the fuel Sunoco makes for NASCAR.

In January 2018, the company sold 1,030 retail stores to 7-Eleven and agreed to supply 2.2 billion gallons of fuel to 7–Eleven convenience stores annually for 15 years. This included Sunoco's contract to the service plazas along the Pennsylvania Turnpike. Sunoco LP announced the completion of the acquisition of the refined terminaling business from American Midstream Partners, LP on December 20, 2018.

On April 2, 2018, Sunoco announced the completion of the conversion of its 207 retail sites located in central west Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico markets to a single commission agent, Cal's Convenience, Inc. That month also saw the acquisition of Superior Plus Energy Services, adding three terminals and approximately 200 million gallons to Sunoco LP's wholesale fuels business. Additional 2018 acquisitions included Sandford Energy, LLC. in August, BRENCO Marketing Corp. in October, and Schmitt Sales, Inc. in December.

In 2019, Sunoco LP announced a 50 percent ownership joint venture with Energy Transfer on the J.C. Nolan diesel fuel pipeline that connects west Texas to the Gulf Coast. On January 18, 2019, Sunoco LP announced the execution of a definitive asset purchase agreement with Attis Industries, Inc. for the sale of Sunoco LP's ethanol plant, including the grain malting operation in Fulton, New York.

As of 2020, Sunoco still operates 78 retail locations, all of which are located in New Jersey and Hawaii (branded as Aloha Petroleum, Ltd.).

In 2021, the company expanded its midstream footprint with the construction of a terminal in Brownsville, Texas along with the purchase of Cato Incorporated, with a terminal in Maryland, and NuStar Energy LP, with eight terminals in Illinois, Maryland, Florida, New Jersey, and Virginia.

In 2022, Sunoco acquired Gladieux Capital Partners, LLC, a transmix plant in Indiana that included a wholesale fuel business, and Peerless Oil & Chemicals, a terminal and wholesale fuel business in Puerto Rico.

In May 2023, the company completed the acquisition of 16 refined product terminals located across the East Coast and Midwest from Zenith Energy.

In January 2024, Sunoco announced the sale of 204 convenience stores in New Mexico, Oklahoma, and West Texas to 7-Eleven for $1.0 billion. Additionally, the company announced the acquisition of NuStar Energy for approximately $7.3 billion and Zenith Energy including liquid fuels terminals in Bantry Bay, Ireland and Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Exclusive deals
Sunoco has exclusive deals as the fuel supplier at the travel plazas along the Ohio Turnpike, Pennsylvania Turnpike, New Jersey Turnpike, Garden State Parkway, Atlantic City Expressway, Palisades Parkway, and Delaware Turnpike.

Sunoco also operates some of the fuel filling stations on the New York Thruway, as well as the two service areas – Chesapeake House, and Maryland House – along Interstate 95 in Maryland.

President
Joseph Newton Pew, 1886–1912 J. Howard Pew, 1912–1947 Robert G. Dunlop, 1947–1970 H. Robert Sharbaugh, 1970–1976 Theodore A. Burtis, 1976–1981 Robert McClements, Jr., 1981–1987 Robert P. Hauptfuhrer, 1987–1988 Robert McClements, Jr., 1988–1991 Robert H. Campbell, 1991–1996 John G. Drosdick, 1996–2008 Lynn L. Elsenhans, 2008–2012 Brian P. MacDonald, 2012 Robert W. Owens, 2012–2017 Joseph Kim, 2017–

Chairman of the Board
Joseph Newton Pew, Jr., 1947–1963 J. Howard Pew, 1963–1971 Robert G. Dunlop, 1971–1974 H. Robert Sharbaugh, 1975–1979 Theodore A. Burtis, 1979–1987 Robert McClements, Jr., 1987–1992 Robert H. Campbell, 1992–2000 John G. Drosdick, 2000–2008 Lynn L. Elsenhans, 2009–2012 Sam L. Susser, 2014–2015 Matthew S. Ramsey, 2015–2022 Ray W. Washburne, 2022–

Sunoco Performance Fuels

As of 2017, Sunoco's full lineup of fuels meets both the demands of high-performance drivers and the specifications of the TOP TIER Fuel Program. Its enhanced fuel detergency helps keep engines clean and ensures compliance with tight vehicle emissions requirements. Sunoco fuels all have the same level of detergency that they use to fuel NASCAR and help vehicles run cleaner, longer, and more efficiently.

94 Octane
From 1983 to the early 2000s, 94-octane Ultra 94 was the market's highest octane of unleaded fuel. In 2021, Sunoco began to reintroduce the 94-octane fuel in specific markets.

Sunoco Race Fuels
Sunoco Race Fuels is a refiner and distributor of racing fuels. Originally featuring two high-octane options (Sunoco 260 and 280), Sunoco Race Fuels now produces 18 different high-performance fuel blends, which are used for all types of professional motorsports. All Sunoco Race Fuels products are refined at Sunoco LP's Marcus Hook facility.

Sunoco Race Fuels also holds partnerships as the Official Fuel or Spec Fuel of the following racing series:

 * NASCAR
 * National Hot Rod Association
 * Sports Car Club of America
 * International Hot Rod Association
 * Pro All Stars Series
 * Sportscar Vintage Racing Association
 * Trans-Am Series
 * ARCA Menards Series
 * Lucas Oil Late Model Dirt Series

Motorsports partnerships
The Sunoco fuel brand was Team Penske's sponsor of choice for many years, particularly in the Sports Car Club of America Trans-Am Series, where Roger Penske's Sunoco Camaros won the championship in 1968 and 1969. Sunoco also sponsored Penske Porsche + Audi Le Mans in the Sports Car Club of America Can-Am series, and Penske won his first Indianapolis 500 in 1972 with driver Mark Donohue.

NASCAR Whelen Modified Tour standout Charlie Rudolph made five appearances in the NASCAR Winston Cup Series (now NASCAR Cup Series) in 1987, bringing Sunoco into the sport for the first time. Between 1989 and 1992, Sunoco sponsored Hagan Racing. Sterling Marlin drove the No. 94 Sunoco Ultra94 Oldsmobile during the 1989–90 seasons and Terry Labonte for the 1991–92 seasons.

From 1995 to 1997, Sunoco was the primary sponsor of ST Motorsports No. 47 Chevrolet, driven by Jeff Fuller. Fuller captured his lone NASCAR Busch Grand National Series (now NASCAR Xfinity Series) victory at Bristol Motor Speedway on August 23, 1996.

In 2003, Sunoco is named the Official Fuel of NASCAR. Starting in the 2011 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Sunoco introduced a new race fuel Green E15 98 octane racing fuel which is still used in the NASCAR Cup Series today.

Sunoco was the Official Fuel of the NTT IndyCar Series from 2011 through 2018, and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway from 2015 through 2018. New for the 2012 IZOD IndyCar Series, Sunoco introduced a new ethanol fuel blend rate that was reduced to E85 formula in a reference of road car relevance.

In 2013, Sunoco sponsored the No. 60 Panther Racing Chevrolet in the 2013 Indianapolis 500 with driver Townsend Bell. Following their participation in that event, Sunoco partnered with KV Racing and driver Tony Kanaan, who won the 2013 Indianapolis 500, for a four-race primary sponsorship agreement.

In 2015, Sunoco became the Official Fuel of the National Hot Rod Association.

In 2016, Sunoco was the founding partner of the "Daytona Rising" project, which was highlighted by the reimagining of the historic Daytona International Speedway. The Sunoco Injector, a branded fan engagement area built as part of the new speedway section opened during the Daytona 500 weekend.

In 2017/2018, Sunoco became the Official Fuel for the Canadian Snow Cross Circuit.

In 2019, Sunoco signed on to be the presenting sponsor of the Richmond Raceway eSports Fueled By Sunoco, an eNASCAR iRacing World Championship Series team, with Malik Ray driving the No. 90 Sunoco Toyota Camry. Beginning in 2020, defending series champion Zack Novak will pilot the Sunoco sponsored entry, with Jimmy Mullis as his Richmond Raceway eSports teammate in the No. 46 Toyota.

As of 2023, Sunoco completed its 20th season as the Official Fuel of NASCAR.

In 2024, the company announced a two-year agreement with Sauber Motorsport to sponsor its Formula 1 racing team.

Sponsorships

Sunoco is a partner with the following:

 * Pittsburgh Pirates
 * New York Yankees
 * Philadelphia Phillies
 * Detroit Tigers
 * Boston Red Sox
 * Philadelphia Union
 * Hershey Bears – American Hockey League Affiliate of the Washington Capitals

 * Hersheypark – Sponsor of the Twin Turnpike – Classic Cars and Twin Turnpike – Speedway cars.

title: Sunoco


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Mitchell Parish

Mitchell Parish (born Michael Hyman Pashelinsky; July 10, 1900 – March 31, 1993) was an American lyricist, notably as a writer of songs for stage and screen.

Biography
Parish was born to a Jewish family in Lithuania, Russian Empire in July 1900 His family emigrated to the United States, arriving on February 3, 1901, aboard the SS Dresden when he was less than a year old. They settled first in Louisiana where his paternal grandmother had relatives, but later moved to New York City, where he grew up on the Lower East Side of Manhattan and received his education in the public schools.

He attended Columbia University and N.Y.U. and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa. He eventually abandoned the notion of practicing law to become a songwriter. He served his apprenticeship as a writer of special material for vaudeville acts, and later established himself as a writer of songs for stage, screen and numerous musical revues. By the late 1920s, Parish was a well-regarded Tin Pan Alley lyricist in New York City.

Parish's grandnephew, Steve Parish, was a roadie for the band Grateful Dead. He described Mitchell Parish's meeting with Jerry Garcia in his autobiography, Home Before Day Light.

Career
His first steady employer was the music publisher Jack Mills, brother of Irving Mills, who signed him for $12 a week to write comedy lyrics for vaudeville acts and to be a song-plugger. His first hit, "Carolina Rolling Stone," was recorded by the musical comedy team Van and Schenck for Columbia Records in 1922. Parish tended to write his lyrics to completed melodies, hits that originated in other languages, or adaptations of classical music.

Hoagy Carmichael, Duke Ellington, Peter De Rose, Leroy Anderson, Glenn Miller, Sammy Fain, and Benny Goodman were among the composers. As one of the first inductees into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, the romantic quality of many of his lyrics such as "Stardust", "Stairway to the Stars", "Deep Purple", and "Moonlight Serenade" contributed to his being called by other songwriters "the poet laureate of the profession." In an interview in 1987, Parish claimed to have written the lyrics to the Duke Ellington standard "Mood Indigo," though they were credited to Irving Mills. He remained "somewhat rueful, though no longer bitter" about it.

His best-known works include the lyrics to songs such as "Stardust," "Sweet Lorraine," "Deep Purple," "Stars Fell on Alabama," "Sophisticated Lady," the translation to English lyrics of "Volare" and "Blue Skirt Waltz," "Moonlight Serenade," "Mr. Ghost Goes to Town," "Sleigh Ride," "One Morning in May," and "Louisiana Fairy Tale," which was the first theme song used in the PBS Production of This Old House.

Besides providing the lyrics to Hoagy Carmichael's "Stardust," the two collaborated on standards such as "Riverboat Shuffle" and "One Morning in May."

In 1949, Parish added lyrics to bandleader Al Goodman's tune "The Allen Stroll," which was played as radio comedian Fred Allen took a stroll down "Allen's Alley," a featured segment of Allen's weekly show. The new song, "Carousel of Love," premiered on The Fred Allen Show on April 4, 1949. It was sung by the DeMarco Sisters and played by Al Goodman and his Orchestra.

In 1950, he wrote lyrics to Leroy Anderson's "The Syncopated Clock."

In 1951, he wrote the English lyrics of the French song "Maître Pierre" which was written in 1948 by Henri Betti (music) and Jacques Plante (lyrics). The title song became "The Windmill Song" and the song was recorded by The Andrews Sisters with Gordon Jenkins and his Orchestra.

In 1972, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame. He is the recipient of their Johnny Mercer Award.

The Evolution of "Stardust"
"Stardust" was conceived by Hoagy Carmichael in 1927 as a jazz instrumental, influenced by Bix Beiderbecke. Parish wrote the lyrics in 1929, and the song became a hit the following year in a recording by Isham Jones, who led one of the most popular orchestras of the pre-swing era. "Stardust" was resurrected during the swing era, when Benny Goodman and Tommy Dorsey both had hit versions. In 1940, Artie Shaw recorded "Stardust" and Tommy Dorsey recorded a second version featuring Frank Sinatra and the Pied Pipers.

The song went on to have three other commercially significant lives, each in a different style. In 1957, it was a hit for Billy Ward and the Dominoes and the same year was the centerpiece of one of Nat King Cole's most successful albums, "Love Is the Thing." In 1978, Willie Nelson revived "Stardust" as a country ballad, as the title track to his album of the same title "Stardust", that sold three million copies. "Stardust" also became the title of a revue of Parish's lyrics. It was mounted off-Broadway, then moved briefly to Broadway the following year, where it was the last production in the Biltmore Theater. It ran for 101 performances and was revived in 1999.

Work on Broadway

 * Continental Varieties (1935) - revue - featured lyricist
 * Lew Leslie's Blackbirds of 1939 (1939) - revue - performer
 * Earl Carroll's Vanities of 1940 (1940) - revue - featured lyricist
 * Bubbling Brown Sugar (1976) - revue - featured lyricist
 * Sophisticated Ladies (1981) - featured lyricist for "Sophisticated Lady"
 * Stardust (1987) - revue - lyricist

Death
Parish died in 1993 in Manhattan, New York at the age of 92. He was buried in Beth David Cemetery in Elmont, New York.

title: Mitchell Parish


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Talk:Christus Dominus

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Somewhere in latin studies,I remember seeing a rule that when two nouns which are not declined are placed together it indicates equivalence as if they had the word 'is' seperating them. This will mean the translation will be 'The Christ is The Lord. --RonaldCurtis--

 * The official Vatican translation linked to at the bottom of the article has it as "Christ the Lord", and they'd know if anyone did. —Paul A 06:05, 20 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Controversy about collegiality
Two sections of this article, "Preliminary Note" and "Controversy", discuss controversy about the doctrine of the collegiality of bishops. This doctrine was set out in "Lumen gentium", the constitution on the Church, and not in "Christus Dominus", the object of the current article. Therefore, the two sections I've referred to do not belong in this article about "Christus Dominus". I will leave this note for a month, after which, if no objection is raised, I will delete the two sections in question. MDJH (talk) 14:54, 12 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christus Dominus


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Victoria of Baden

Victoria of Baden (Sophie Marie Viktoria; 7 August 1862 – 4 April 1930) was Queen of Sweden from 8 December 1907 until her death in 1930 as the wife of King Gustaf V. She was politically active in a conservative fashion during the development of democracy and known to be pro-German during the First World War.

Early life
Princess Viktoria was born on 7 August 1862 at Karlsruhe Palace, Baden. Her parents were Grand Duke Frederick I of Baden, and Princess Louise of Prussia. Viktoria was named after her aunt by marriage, Crown Princess Victoria of Prussia, daughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom.

Victoria was tutored privately in the Karlsruhe Palace, by governesses and private teachers, in an informal "Palace School" with carefully selected girls from the aristocracy. She was given a conventional education for her gender and class with focus on art, music and languages, and could play the piano, paint and speak French and English. Victoria was given a strict and Spartan upbringing with a focus on duty. Among other things, her mother ordered her to sleep on hard mattresses by an open window. Such spartan methods was recommended at the time as beneficial and something that would harden the child's future health; but it is believed, that this had bad consequences for Victoria's health later in life.

Victoria was given her confirmation in 1878. After this, she made her debut in adult social life and marriage prospects were discussed.

Crown Princess
On 20 September 1881 in Karlsruhe Princess Viktoria married Crown Prince Gustaf of Sweden and Norway, the son of King Oscar II of Sweden and Norway and Sofia of Nassau. From then on, she used the name Victoria. The German Emperor and Empress were present at the wedding, and marriage was arranged as a sign that Sweden belonged to the German sphere in Europe. The marriage was popular in Sweden where she was called "The Vasa Princess", because of her descent from the old Vasa dynasty, and she received a very elaborate welcome on the official cortege into Stockholm 1 October 1881. On 1 February 1882, Victoria and Gustaf visited Oslo, where they were welcomed with a procession of 3,000 torch bearers.

She and Gustaf were brought together by their families and their marriage was reported not to have been a happy one. Their marriage produced three children. In 1890–1891, Victoria and Gustaf travelled to Egypt to repair their relationship, but it did not succeed, allegedly due to Victoria's interest in one of the courtiers, and she repeated the trip to Egypt in 1891–1892. After 1889, the personal relationship between Victoria and Gustaf is considered to have been finished, in part, as estimated by Lars Elgklou, due to the bisexuality of Gustaf. She suffered from postnatal depression after the birth of her first child in 1882, and after this, she often spent the winters at spas abroad. She would continue to spend the winters outside Sweden from that year until her death. By 1888, her winter trips had made her unpopular, and she was described as very haughty. In 1889, she had pneumonia, and was formally ordered by the doctors to spend the cold Swedish winters in a southern climate. She had conflicts with her parents-in-law about her expensive stays abroad.

She greatly disapproved of the marriage between her brother-in-law prince Oscar and her lady-in-waiting Ebba Munck af Fulkila in 1888. She is described as strong-willed and artistically talented. She was an accomplished amateur photographer and painter and she also sculpted. On her travels in Egypt and Italy she both photographed and painted extensively, and experimented with various photo-developing techniques, producing high-quality photographic work. She was also an excellent pianist and, for example, could play through the complete Ring of the Nibelung by Wagner without notes. She had had a good music education and in her youth she had turned the notes on court concerts for Franz Liszt. Her favourite composers were Schubert and Beethoven. She was also described as a skillful rider.

Queen
Victoria became Queen-consort of Sweden with her father-in-law's death on 8 December 1907. As queen, she was only present in Sweden during the summers, but she still dominated the court. She arranged the marriage between her son Wilhelm and Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna of Russia in 1908. She was also devoted to various kinds of charity, in Sweden, Germany and Italy.

Queen Victoria had substantial political influence over her husband, who was often considered pro-German. In 1908, Victoria made an official visit to Berlin with Gustaf, where she was made an honorary Prussian Colonel of the 34th (Pomeranian) Fusiliers by her cousin Wilhelm II. She was described as strict and militant and it was said that she had the heart of a Prussian soldier. She was very strict with discipline, and if any of the member of the palace guard forgot to salute her, he was generally put under arrest. Swedish court life was also dominated by a certain stiffness, upheld by her favoured lady in waiting, Helene Taube. She was deeply conservative in her views and resented the dissolution of the Swedish-Norwegian union in 1905, the Great Strike of 1909, the 1911 election victory of the radicals and the Socialists as well as the liberals, and when her son was temporary regent in 1912, she warned him in letters from Italy that he should not be too "intimate" with the elected government.

Queen Victoria lost much popularity among Swedes for her often noted pro-German attitude, particularly politically during World War I when she is said to have influenced her husband to a large extent. During World War I, she gave a personal gift to every Swedish volunteer to the German forces. She kept up a close contact with her first cousin, German Emperor Wilhelm II, whom she often visited during the war She founded "Drottningens centralkomittée" ("The Queen's Central Committee") for defence equipment. She deeply resented the social democratic election victories in 1917 and worked to prevent them from taking part in the government. Victoria's political influence was founded upon the power position of her first cousin, the German Emperor and King of Prussia, and in 1918–19, after he was deposed, she lost all political influence in Sweden. Queen Victoria suffered from very poor health (much due to poor treatment by several doctors in her youth), and often went on trips to make her health better (she suffered from bronchitis and possibly tuberculosis). She was treated with mercury and undue heavy medications during her difficult pregnancies, possibly the cause of her chronic conditions. From 1892 to her death, Axel Munthe was her personal physician and recommended for health reasons that she spend winters on the Italian island of Capri. While initially hesitant, in the autumn of 1901 she travelled to Capri, arriving to an official welcome and a crowd which escorted her from the Marina Grand to the Hotel Paradise. From then on, except during World War I and for the last two years of her life, she spent several months a year on Capri. After some time, she decided to purchase her own residence on Capri, an intimate rustic two-storey farmhouse she named Casa Caprile, which she had extensively landscaped, surrounding it with a dense park. In the 1950s, twenty years after her death, the property became a hotel.

The Queen went to Munthe's residence, the Villa San Michele, most mornings to join Munthe for walks around the island. Munthe and the Queen also arranged evening concerts at San Michele, at which the Queen played the piano. They also shared a love of animals, with the Queen frequently being seen with a leashed dog, and she was known to support Munthe's (eventually successful) efforts to purchase Mount Barbarossa for use as a bird sanctuary. It was rumoured that Munthe and the Queen were lovers, but this has never been confirmed.

Queen Victoria spent a lot of her time abroad because of health reasons, as the Swedish climate was not considered good for her, and during her last years as queen, she was seldom present in Sweden: she participated in an official visit to Norrland in 1921, a visit to Dalarna in 1924, and to Finland in 1925. The visit to Finland was her last official appearance as queen; although she did visit Sweden at her husband's birthday 1928, she did not show herself to the public. During those celebrations, however, someone noticed the figure of a woman behind a curtain in the Royal Palace of Stockholm: he waved to her, and she waved back with her handkerchief. After this, she left Sweden for Italy for good: she died two years afterwards.

She was the 855th Dame of the Royal Order of Queen Maria Luisa.

Death
Toward the end of her life, with her health declining, Munthe recommended she no longer spend time in Capri, and she returned to Sweden for some time, building a Capri-styled villa there. She then moved to Rome.

Her final visit to Sweden was on her husband's 70th birthday in June 1928, and Queen Victoria died on 4 April 1930 in her home Villa Svezia in Rome aged 67.

title: Victoria of Baden


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Talk:1991 in American television

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MTV isn't a TV show. It's a TV channel. Should all these changes be reverted? Comments? --AW

title: Talk:1991 in American television