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Soest (district)

Soest is a Kreis (district) in the middle of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighbouring districts are Warendorf, Gütersloh, Paderborn, Hochsauerland, Märkischer Kreis, Unna and the independent town of Hamm.

History
In medieval times Soest was the biggest town in Westphalia; however, after it liberated itself from the bishops of Cologne in the Soester Fehde in 1449 it slowly lost importance, only to gain it again when in 1816 the new Prussian government created the district. In 1975 the district was merged with the neighbouring district of Lippstadt and parts of the former district of Arnsberg.

Geography
Geographically it covers the northern part of the Sauerland hills and the lower land north of it, the 'Hellweg'. The rather flat land and very fertile loess soil have made it an agricultural area from ancient times. The main rivers through the district are the Ruhr, the Lippe and the Möhne, which is dammed to form the Möhne Reservoir. The highest elevation is in the area of Warstein at 580m, while the lowest is the Lippe valley at 65m.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms show two symbols of the bishops of Cologne, who possessed Soest until 1449. In left half is the key of Saint Peter, the patron of Cologne; in the right is the black cross of Cologne. After the district was merged with Lippstadt the rose, symbol of the Lippe area, was added on top of the cross. This new version of the coat of arms was granted in 1976.

title: Soest (district)


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Bias (statistics)

Statistical bias, in the mathematical field of statistics, is a systematic tendency in which the methods used to gather data and generate statistics present an inaccurate, skewed or biased depiction of reality. Statistical bias exists in numerous stages of the data collection and analysis process, including: the source of the data, the methods used to collect the data, the estimator chosen, and the methods used to analyze the data. Data analysts can take various measures at each stage of the process to reduce the impact of statistical bias in their work. Understanding the source of statistical bias can help to assess whether the observed results are close to actuality. Issues of statistical bias has been argued to be closely linked to issues of statistical validity.

Statistical bias can have significant real world implications as data is used to inform decision making across a wide variety of processes in society. Data is used to inform lawmaking, industry regulation, corporate marketing and distribution tactics, and institutional policies in organizations and workplaces. Therefore, there can be significant implications if statistical bias is not accounted for and controlled. For example, if a pharmaceutical company wishes to explore the effect of a medication on the common cold but the data sample only includes men, any conclusions made from that data will be biased towards how the medication affects men rather than people in general. That means the information would be incomplete and not useful for deciding if the medication is ready for release in the general public. In this scenario, the bias can be addressed by broadening the sample. This sampling error is only one of the ways in which data can be biased.

Bias can be differentiated from other statistical mistakes such as accuracy (instrument failure/inadequacy), lack of data, or mistakes in transcription (typos). Bias implies that the data selection may have been skewed by the collection criteria. Other forms of human-based bias emerge in data collection as well such as response bias, in which participants give inaccurate responses to a question. Bias does not preclude the existence of any other mistakes. One may have a poorly designed sample, an inaccurate measurement device, and typos in recording data simultaneously. Ideally, all factors are controlled and accounted for.

Also it is useful to recognize that the term “error” specifically refers to the outcome rather than the process (errors of rejection or acceptance of the hypothesis being tested), or from the phenomenon of random errors. The terms flaw or mistake are recommended to differentiate procedural errors from these specifically defined outcome-based terms.

Bias of an estimator
Statistical bias is a feature of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated. The bias of an estimator of a parameter should not be confused with its degree of precision, as the degree of precision is a measure of the sampling error. The bias is defined as follows: let $$T$$ be a statistic used to estimate a parameter $$\theta$$, and let $$\operatorname E(T)$$ denote the expected value of $$T$$. Then,

 * $$\operatorname{bias}(T, \theta) = \operatorname{bias}(T) = \operatorname E(T) - \theta$$

is called the bias of the statistic $$T$$ (with respect to $$\theta$$). If $$\operatorname{bias}(T, \theta)=0$$, then $$T$$ is said to be an unbiased estimator of $$\theta$$; otherwise, it is said to be a biased estimator of $$\theta$$.

The bias of a statistic $$T$$ is always relative to the parameter $$\theta$$ it is used to estimate, but the parameter $$\theta$$ is often omitted when it is clear from the context what is being estimated.

Types
Statistical bias comes from all stages of data analysis. The following sources of bias will be listed in each stage separately.

Data selection
Selection bias involves individuals being more likely to be selected for study than others, biasing the sample. This can also be termed selection effect, sampling bias and Berksonian bias.
 * Spectrum bias arises from evaluating diagnostic tests on biased patient samples, leading to an overestimate of the sensitivity and specificity of the test. For example, a high prevalence of disease in a study population increases positive predictive values, which will cause a bias between the prediction values and the real ones.
 * Observer selection bias occurs when the evidence presented has been pre-filtered by observers, which is so-called anthropic principle. The data collected is not only filtered by the design of experiment, but also by the necessary precondition that there must be someone doing a study. An example is the impact of the Earth in the past. The impact event may cause the extinction of intelligent animals, or there were no intelligent animals at that time. Therefore, some impact events have not been observed, but they may have occurred in the past.
 * Volunteer bias occurs when volunteers have intrinsically different characteristics from the target population of the study. Research has shown that volunteers tend to come from families with higher socioeconomic status. Furthermore, another study shows that women are more probable to volunteer for studies than men.
 * Funding bias may lead to the selection of outcomes, test samples, or test procedures that favor a study's financial sponsor.
 * Attrition bias arises due to a loss of participants, e.g., loss of follow up during a study.
 * Recall bias arises due to differences in the accuracy or completeness of participant recollections of past events; for example, patients cannot recall how many cigarettes they smoked last week exactly, leading to over-estimation or under-estimation.

Hypothesis testing
Type I and type II errors in statistical hypothesis testing leads to wrong results. Type I error happens when the null hypothesis is correct but is rejected. For instance, suppose that the null hypothesis is that if the average driving speed limit ranges from 75 to 85 km/h, it is not considered as speeding. On the other hand, if the average speed is not in that range, it is considered speeding. If someone receives a ticket with an average driving speed of 7 km/h, the decision maker has committed a Type I error. In other words, the average driving speed meets the null hypothesis but is rejected. On the contrary, Type II error happens when the null hypothesis is not correct but is accepted.

Bias in hypothesis testing occurs when the power (the complement of the type II error rate) at some alternative is lower than the supremum of the Type I error rate (which is usually the significance level, $$\alpha$$). Equivalently, if no rejection rate at any alternative is lower than the rejection rate at any point in the null hypothesis set, the test is said to be unbiased.

Estimator selection
The bias of an estimator is the difference between an estimator's expected value and the true value of the parameter being estimated. Although an unbiased estimator is theoretically preferable to a biased estimator, in practice, biased estimators with small biases are frequently used. A biased estimator may be more useful for several reasons. First, an unbiased estimator may not exist without further assumptions. Second, sometimes an unbiased estimator is hard to compute. Third, a biased estimator may have a lower value of mean squared error.

 * A biased estimator is better than any unbiased estimator arising from the Poisson distribution. The value of a biased estimator is always positive and the mean squared error of it is smaller than the unbiased one, which makes the biased estimator be more accurate.

 * Omitted-variable bias is the bias that appears in estimates of parameters in regression analysis when the assumed specification omits an independent variable that should be in the model.

Analysis methods

 * Detection bias occurs when a phenomenon is more likely to be observed for a particular set of study subjects. For instance, the syndemic involving obesity and diabetes may mean doctors are more likely to look for diabetes in obese patients than in thinner patients, leading to an inflation in diabetes among obese patients because of skewed detection efforts.
 * In educational measurement, bias is defined as "Systematic errors in test content, test administration, and/or scoring procedures that can cause some test takers to get either lower or higher scores than their true ability would merit." The source of the bias is irrelevant to the trait the test is intended to measure.
 * Observer bias arises when the researcher subconsciously influences the experiment due to cognitive bias where judgment may alter how an experiment is carried out / how results are recorded.

Interpretation
Reporting bias involves a skew in the availability of data, such that observations of a certain kind are more likely to be reported.

Addressing statistical bias
Depending on the type of bias present, researchers and analysts can take different steps to reduce bias on a data set. All types of bias mentioned above have corresponding measures which can be taken to reduce or eliminate their impacts.

Bias should be accounted for at every step of the data collection process, beginning with clearly defined research parameters and consideration of the team who will be conducting the research. Observer bias may be reduced by implementing a blind or double-blind technique. Avoidance of p-hacking is essential to the process of accurate data collection. One way to check for bias in results after is rerunning analyses with different independent variables to observe whether a given phenomenon still occurs in dependent variables. Careful use of language in reporting can reduce misleading phrases, such as discussion of a result "approaching" statistical significant as compared to actually achieving it.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Bias (statistics)


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Singing sand

Singing sand, also called whistling sand, barking sand, booming sand or singing dune, is sand that produces sound. The sound emission may be caused by wind passing over dunes or by walking on the sand.

Certain conditions have to come together to create singing sand:
 * 1) The sand grains have to be round and between 0.1 and 0.5 mm in diameter.
 * 2) The sand has to contain silica.
 * 3) The sand needs to be at a certain humidity.

The most common frequency emitted seems to be close to 450 Hz.

There are various theories about the singing sand mechanism. It has been proposed that the sound frequency is controlled by the shear rate. Others have suggested that the frequency of vibration is related to the thickness of the dry surface layer of sand. The sound waves bounce back and forth between the surface of the dune and the surface of the moist layer, creating a resonance that increases the sound's volume. The noise may be generated by friction between the grains or by the compression of air between them.

Other sounds that can be emitted by sand have been described as "roaring" or "booming".

In dunes
Singing sand dunes, an example of the phenomenon of singing sand, produce a sound described as roaring, booming, squeaking, or the "Song of Dunes". This is a natural sound phenomenon of up to 105 decibels, lasting as long as several minutes, that occurs in about 35 desert locations around the world. The sound is similar to a loud low-pitch rumble. It emanates from crescent-shaped dunes, or barchans. The sound emission accompanies a slumping or avalanching movement of sand, usually triggered by wind passing over the dune or by someone walking near the crest.

Examples of singing sand dunes include California's Kelso Dunes and Eureka Dunes; AuTrain Beach in Northern Michigan; sugar sand beaches and Warren Dunes in southwestern Michigan; Sand Mountain in Nevada; the Booming Dunes in the Namib Desert, Africa; Porth Oer (also known as Whistling Sands) near Aberdaron in Wales; Indiana Dunes in Indiana; Barking Sands Beach in Hawaiʻi; Ming Sha Shan in Dunhuang, China; Kotogahama Beach in Odashi, Japan; Singing Beach in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts; near Mesaieed in Qatar; and Gebel Naqous, near el-Tor, South Sinai, Egypt.

The song "The Singing Sands of Alamosa" on Bing Crosby's 1947 album Drifting and Dreaming was inspired by the sand dunes near Alamosa, Colorado, now Great Sand Dunes National Park.

On the beach
On some beaches around the world, dry sand makes a singing, squeaking, whistling, or screaming sound if a person scuffs or shuffles their feet with sufficient force. The phenomenon is not completely understood scientifically, but it has been found that quartz sand does this if the grains are highly spherical. It is believed by some that the sand grains must be of similar size, so the sand must be well sorted by the actions of wind and waves, and that the grains should be close to spherical and have surfaces free of dust, pollution and organic matter. The "singing" sound is then believed to be produced by shear, as each layer of sand grains slides over the layer beneath it. The similarity in size, the uniformity, and the cleanness means that grains move up and down in unison over the layer of grains below them. Even small amounts of pollution on the sand grains reduce the friction enough to silence the sand.

Others believe that the sound is produced by the friction of grain against grain that have been coated with dried salt, in a way that is analogous to the way that the rosin on the bow produces sounds from a violin string. It has also been speculated that thin layers of gas trapped and released between the grains act as "percussive cushions" capable of vibration, and so produce the tones heard.

Not all sands sing, whistle or bark alike. The sounds heard have a wide frequency range that can be different for each patch of sand. Fine sands, where individual grains are barely visible to the naked eye, produce only a poor, weak sounding bark. Medium-sized grains can emit a range of sounds, from a faint squeak or a high-pitched sound, to the best and loudest barks when scuffed enthusiastically.

Water also influences the effect. Wet sands are usually silent because the grains stick together instead of sliding past each other, but small amounts of water can actually raise the pitch of the sounds produced. The most common part of the beach on which to hear singing sand is the dry upper beach above the normal high tide line, but singing has been reported on the lower beach near the low tide line as well.

Singing sand has been reported on 33 beaches in the British Isles, including in the north of Wales and on the little island of Eigg in the Scottish Hebrides. It has also been reported at a number of beaches along North America's Atlantic coast. Singing sands can be found at Souris, on the eastern tip of Prince Edward Island, at the Singing Sands beach in Basin Head Provincial Park; on Singing Beach in Manchester-by-the-Sea, Massachusetts, as well as in the fresh waters of Lake Superior and Lake Michigan and in other places.

title: Singing sand


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Wikipedia talk:Building Wikipedia membership

I (snoyes) moved the following comment from Building Wikipedia membership here, because it added nothing of importance to the article:
 * "I just showed up today because the latest issue of Netsurfers Digest had a mention of it. -- corvus13"

Hi, I've mentioned this before and thought I'd mention it again. As I'm browsing the pedia I find articles that might interest friends/coworkers. I pop them a link in a quick hello message and ask them if they confirm the accuracy of the content...the response so far has been first one of wonder, then awe, then enthusiasm! And it's been a nice way to relate to some folks I'm not often in contact with. Anyway, I searched for evangelism and came up with nada around the 'pedia. Is there a place for sharing an evangelical/ 'help us' message of wikipedia? --dgd

 * There's some stuff at Building Wikipedia membership. (Hint which wouldn't help here but may in general: after searching, go to the "Power search" box at the bottom of the screen and check the box for the 'Wikipedia' namespace. You'll get various about, help, documentation, etc pages that aren't supposed to show up when you're searching for encyclopedia articles.) Also check the Meta-wikipedia where we keep general project discussion and misc stuff. --Brion 20:42 Oct 22, 2002 (UTC)

 * How about doing what a lot of news web pages do? They have a box at the bottom, "Send this article to a friend" with some kind of java mailer to ship it off and a box for you to add a signed message. Ortolan88
 * I like that idea too. Especially, and I know this would require more overhead, but a way to keep my list of folks in memory so I don't have to open my email client (which may not be available esp, as I'm a student and working on diff. machines).

Has anyone considered encoraging educators to organize Wikipedia contributions as part of classroom projects? I can see several benefits: Brianiac 17:57, 20 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * Reports would at least provide stub articles, rather than simply being discarded or filed.
 * Photography/Journalism students could contribute pictures.
 * Educators and librarians may start to consider it an excellent starting point for research.
 * Wikipedia awareness would increase significantly, and kids who found value in it would become lifelong users (and possibly contributors).

I changed:

 * And be sure to offer a link back, at least from Friends of Wikipedia--you can point out that they can put in links, themselves, on other pages, if they wish.

to:

 * And be sure to offer a link back, from Friends of Wikipedia.

It seems like an awfully bad idea to give preferential treatment to anyone in our regular encyclopedia articles. We'll advertise for you if you link to us, that sort of thing... Axlrosen 16:09, 19 Oct 2003 (UTC)

I suggest a merger of Publicity into this article. Please comment there. (Alexander Konovalenko 18:09, 1 Jul 2004 (UTC))

Merge implemented
The proposed merger from Wikipedia:Publicity has been completed. -- Beland 00:36, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

Targeted advertising partnerships and using Wikipedia articles to answer questions
I own a Google Group named Minors Major (http://groups.google.com/group/MinorsMajor) which is for bored teen chat. We became the most active Google Group for teen chat through targeted advertising. Targeted advertising is somewhat like Google AdSense. In the case of Minors Major, since it is a teen chat group, we formed an advertising partnership with RuneScape World (http://groups.google.com/group/RuneScape-World). Since RuneScape World is a group dedicated to RuneScape, an online game which is very popular among teens, forming an advertising partnership with them was a wise decision that gained us many members. The terms of the advertising partnership were simple: RuneScape World advertises Minors Major, and Minors Major advertises RuneScape World. For Wikipedia, we must think about who would want to edit Wikipedia if they knew about it, and then approach these people and get them to join in the editing. I'm new to editing Wikipedia, so I don't know anyone who would love to edit Wikipedia, but I'll advertise Wikipedia in my Google Group, since I posted a link to my group here! In my group, we chat about a lot of things. My friend often asks for help with her homework (mostly research essays) on my group. Normally, we will pinpoint her to a Wikipedia article and several other good sources as a basis for her research essay. For example, if she had a research essay on H5N1 avian influenza, we would pinpoint her to the Wikipedia article on H5N1. I hope this helps, and if it does, I hope more Wikipedians use this means to get more new Wikipedians. Of course, this only encourages users to read, not to write, but I became a Wikipedia writer because I enjoyed the high quality Wikipedia articles on my favourite websites, and spotted several favourite websites of mine that did not have an article although they deserved one.

What;'s up with the notice?
Hi guys,

Why's there a notice on the main article page that says the following?:

I think we should get this article moving because (in my opinion) wikipedia is one of the best, if not the best, encyclopedia. Especially since you can voice your input and make changes etc...

--EChronicle 17:19, 22 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree. In addition, to newcomers who read the Contributing to Wikipedia, and then on publicity to get to this page, it might be confusing to encounter that notice, the first thing they'll see. Perhaps they'll think the whole page is obsolete. Mortsggah 07:32, 22 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Absolutely agree, I got here from the Contributing to Wikipedia page, and wondered if this page was pretty much dead. Voyaging (talk) 17:39, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Related stuff - couldn't this be a project?
(... or is it already a project?)

Anyway, after seeing Newbie Recruitment Initiative, I was thinking it'd be better as a project, and proposed User:Flammifer/Wikiproject New member recruitment, which I now realize is pretty damn redundant :P

Differences I see:
 * Focusing on recruiting *editors*, and telling people they can come and edit
 * Having a WikiProject dedicated to this, because, well, it is a project :)

Any thoughts? Is there already a project for making editors? If no, should we make one? :)

Citing as a source -concerns?
I'm a bit peeved about the suggestion to cite Wikipedia as a source (Building_Wikipedia_membership), especially because Academic use explicitly discourages students from citing any type of encyclopedia (Wikipedia included) as a source for a research paper. Many colleges are now banning Wikipedia as a source, and an unfortunate student could click the link to this page in the upper-right corner, and see the suggestion to cite Wikipedia. This would not be a good thing. I any of us would want to put a student in that position for the sole purpose of advertising. --Hojimachongtalk 05:49, 9 September 2007 (UTC)


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Talk:United States Air Force Thunderbirds

You figure Out My Cryptic Note
Please see the discussion at talk:Thunderbird_(disambiguation). - UtherSRG 20:16, 10 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Looking For Someone Else To Do My Work
OK, the '16s are lovely, but, it's a T-birds page, so how 'bout some of their historic aircraft, like, say, F-84, F-100, T-38? Trekphiler 20:54, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

On another note, can we do a jet demonstration teams page? Just tracking dn the Golden Hawks was a bit of a trial... Trekphiler 20:56, 6 December 2005 (UTC)

--The reason for this is because of the history Captain Almighty Nutz ( Contact me EMail Me  Contribs ) 01:56, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Link to Pete Peterson
I think that the link for "Pete Peterson" who was part of the "Diamond crash" points to the wrong person. —the preceding unsigned comment is by Bob Collins (talk • contribs) 13:20, December 9, 2005
 * I fixed it --rogerd 18:53, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Images
Is it just me that thinks there are too many images in the article? Some of them should be removed or placed inside tags. kallemax 19:28, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Heh, yeah, that is a lot. My rule of thumb is that the ideal is to have an average of one illustration visible at any one time - no all-text screenfuls, particularly not for such a visual subject. The images should be a little smaller, and the less-good ones gathered into a gallery at the end (even better would be commons, but that's a bunch of re-uploading). Stan 22:14, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

 * So be bold and make the changes you deem appropriate! I've organized the images on the page, so take a look and make sure I did an ok job. ~MDD4696 23:00, 1 January 2006 (UTC)

Mountain Home Air Force Base
Shouldn't there be any reference to the 2004 incident at Mountain Home Air Force Base? Also, the two images in the history section do seem to have the correct text. --rxnd ( t | € | c ) 16:29, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

List Of Fatalities Not Complete
The list of fatalities is not complete. Captain Nick Hauwk (I'm not sure of the spelling) was killed when his plane stalled during a low speed pass in the 1981 season at a air show. My brother was one of the pilots killed during the 82 crash. I would edit the main page but I don't remember the details.Dick Mays

 * Both info added! Captain Almighty Nutz ( Contact me EMail Me  Contribs ) 01:59, 21 March 2019 (UTC)

Robert Fitzgerald link
Link to Major Robert Fitzgerald in fatalities section pointed to evidently wrong person. I removed the link, while as far as I can see, we have no article on the correct man. I hope it was the right thing to do. 83.29.244.78 13:04, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Nonsense phrase under "Accidents"?
The Accidents section contains the following sentence.

On 1958-10-09 14 men aboard the Thunderbirds support C-123 perished in a crash 50 miles NW of Boise, Idaho while transiting an airshow.

The phrase "while transiting an airshow" implies that they were passing through the airspace of an airshow at the time of the accident. I suspect that is not correct. Can someone confirm whether this accident occurred while enroute to an airshow, enroute from an airshow, or enroute between airshows? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Tedd (talk • contribs) 22:41, 18 March 2007 (UTC).

 * Fixed it. Joe Hepperle (talk) 18:23, 8 March 2009 (UTC)

September 1981 Crash Info Incorrect Maybe
I think the description of the September 8, 1981 crash may be incorrect. I seem to recall that he did eject, but was too low and was killed falling to the breakwall at Burke airport in Cleveland. I have no reference, and 26 year-old memories may be faulty. 68.99.53.199 03:56, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

132.58.234.102
This user seems to be adding blatant advertisment. The user is registered from the base used by the Thunderbirds - so I reckon someone there is promoting them through this article. Can someone else look at this? --Richardwhiuk (talk) 23:26, 3 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I didn't see what it was that you were referring to in the article but the Thunderbirds aren't really a business so how could they be advertising? —ASPENSTI— TALK — CONTRIBUTIONS 21:18, 15 August 2011 (UTC)
 * Aspensti, they are effectively part of the recruiting arm of the Air Force, so they do make advertising to "sell" their "product": recruiting people. That said, I'm not seeing where there's a problem either, but this comment was made 3.5 years ago; it's likely already been fixed. Buffs (talk) 02:45, 16 August 2011 (UTC)

Citations Needed
wow talk about a need of references. No citations in history or in incidents, only 2 in-line citations. Please consider adding the citations needed banner to head of article.--Sparkygravity (talk) 16:09, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Encyclopedia or titillating newspaper?
Just like hearing vulgarities in church, I was shocked and horrified to read the following in this Wikipedia article:

"To the shock and horror of the onlookers, Stricklands aircraft failed to complete the maneuver and instead smashed into the ground less than 500 yards from spectators. ''"It was really quiet," remembers M D, who saw the crash first hand. "Nobody said a word until we saw the pilot stand up. Everyone shouted 'he got out! he got out!' he got out at the last second."''

This is just one of several sections that read like a sensationalized newspaper article. The section should only say, "Strickland's aircraft failed to complete the maneuver and instead smashed into the ground less than 500 yards from spectators."

And who is M D? A Wikipedia editor looking for his 15 minutes of fame by listing himself as a "shocked onlooker" with a comment to make? Even if not, "M D's" comments have no place here. They add absolutely nothing to the article.

After all, Joe Hepperle, who saw the crash, said, "The fireball was big! It was real big!" and you don't have that "quote" in here.

N.B Joe Hepperle did not see the crash and was nowhere near at the time. The above claim about Joe Hepperle and his comments on the crash are meant as a demonstration analogy to (analogously demonstrate ?) why "...shock and horror of the onlookers..." and "M D" and his alleged comments have no place in this Wikipedia article.

Since most of this article is not referenced, there is no way to view the original citations to determine a correct way to rewrite this section. Joe Hepperle (talk) 16:16, 8 March 2009 (UTC)
 * A lot less time and effort, and a lot more civility, could have been accomplished just by editing the article.--Reedmalloy (talk) 05:17, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

Show schedule needed?
Is the show schedule needed? I think that there should maybe be a link to the show schedule. Any thoughts? 66.239.250.209 (talk) 20:22, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

Accidents section
The section on accidents emphasizes that there have only been two fatalities at air shows. But the list below it shows three. Then the list below that shows the death of one pilot, which was already mentioned in both the airshows list, and the text above that. -Freekee (talk) 20:23, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

The accidents section has Captain Hauck's name misspelled. It is misspelled Hauk and should be correctly "Hauck." His family would greatly appreciate if this could be corrected. Havoc medic (talk) 13:33, 23 January 2014 (UTC)

Missing Crash
The article doesn't mention the March 18, 1973 F-4 Phantom crash at Holloman AFB, NM. Capt. Mike "Rip" Blaisdell safely ejected. I saw it happen, but don't know how to reference it to Wikipedia standards. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.191.150.241 (talk) 06:05, 19 July 2010 (UTC)

The article also doesn't mention Capt Dan McCoy, the slot pilot, flying his T-38 into the ground while making a timing run at low altitude. Capt McCoy actually survived flying the plane into the ground while it broke up around him. Though seriously injured, he hobbled to the rescue helicopter with his arm around the PJ.

The article also doesn't mention the gear up landing at Nellis shortly after the four ship flew into the ground norHogBear (talk) 02:50, 31 August 2021 (UTC)Bear that the wives of the killed pilots had complained that the lead was not doing a good job with maneuvers.

NPOV Tagg
This section especially compared to similar section on Blue Angels article appear to need NPOV check as the tone appears to attempt to mitigate instead of just document.0pen$0urce (talk) 21:42, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

 * 0pen$0urce, "....the tone appears to attempt to mitigate instead of just document".  You need to describe what information this section downgrades or ignores.  Please add specific details to allow improvements, or remove the tag. Tnx: HarryZilber (talk) 18:35, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Christopher R. Stricklin -- Pilot for 2003 Split-S Crash -- CO of 49 FTS
Here is a link to the bio for Lieutenant Colonel Christopher R. Stricklin, who as a Captain piloted the F-16 which crashed on September 14, 2003. On 18 June 2010 he became the commander of the 49th Fighter Training Squadron. There is currently probably too little information about the crash in this article to merit an indication that it did not bring his career to an end, though it makes for a nice coda. -- 110.49.251.173 (talk) 14:48, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Meaning and context of "Fastest"
Editor refers to the Thunderbirds as "the Fastest Flying Jet Team in the world." We need a reliable citation to verify this, because the context and meaning are unclear. Other aerobatic teams operate the MiG-29 (comparable), Su-27 (faster) or F/A-18 (comparable at low altitudes where aerobatic typically happen), or have previously operated comparable or faster aircraft. Is this a marketing slogan, or an actual claim meant to be factual? Since you put it in boldface title case, do you mean to imply that this is an alternate name for the team? Either way, I'm removing it for now. Please provide a citation if you put it back into the article, and/or discuss it further on this talk page. TheFeds 22:33, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

Insets or gallery—not both, and too many similar pictures in general
Numerous pictures are duplicated in the gallery and the insets. This is not valuable, especially given the link to a Commons category where some of these, and many similar images can also be found. Moreover, there are too many pictures of various closely related activities, many with somewhat saccharine captions. We should prune those a little bit. Any other opinions on this matter, before I set about making relevant modifications? TheFeds 06:36, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

 * Hearing none opposed, I'll go ahead and make the change. TheFeds 05:51, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Notablility - first female pilot
The paragraph describing the first female Thunderbirds demonstration pilots has been removed several times. On each of the occasions, the reason given has been lack of notability. Given how much the appointments were covered in the press, the topic seems to meet every requirement for notability. I've reinstated the text.

The contribution histories of the IPs used for the edits, 68.227.222.230 and 38.100.50.158, show the removal of several other 'first female to ...' mentions in other articles. See also: 98.169.124.201, 98.169.115.189,  68.100.242.247.

--QWw (talk) 05:15, 10 September 2012 (UTC)

Missing Oct. 20, 1967 crash.
Article from "Aviation Week & Space Technology : Contrails", unknown date (resumed recent), posted on this forum site: http://www.rugerforum.com/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=169272 USAF General Merrill A. (Tony) McPeak On ' Jerking The Wings Off ' An F-100. Hopefully someone can find article info and make addition to Wiki. Flightsoffancy (talk) 19:32, 6 January 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 3 April 2013
There's a typo in Demonstration Routine, 5th para., 1st sent.: "...by doing maneuver such as fast passes,..." (maneuver vs. maneuvers)

50.53.161.197 (talk) 15:29, 3 April 2013 (UTC)
 * ✅ EricSerge (talk) 18:48, 3 April 2013 (UTC)

Focus of article and possible split: historical vs. contemporary
I'm not sure the new material on the history of the squadron as a bomber unit is terribly relevant to the actual history of the Thunderbirds. The USAF administratively reassigning the lineage of a bomber squadron so as to backdate the squadron's founding seems to be an exercise in pencil-whipping, because that history had nothing to do with the exploits of the people or aircraft of the already-extant 4520th. Wouldn't a split better focus this article on the real Thunderbirds, and we can use the new material to do the bombers (and WWI fighters) justice in their own article? (Use hatnotes etc. freely to link the two where appropriate.) TheFeds 06:35, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Done Bwmoll3 (talk) 23:15, 31 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Looks great—especially now that the 30th's article has a picture of a bomber at the top! TheFeds 04:20, 1 August 2013 (UTC)

Edit request on 29 July 2013
There's a typo in "History". The section before the "F-16 Era" section should be "T-38 Talon era". It is currently incorrectly labeled as T-33.

 * Completed :) Bwmoll3 (talk) 16:27, 29 July 2013 (UTC)

In 1947, while the jet age was still in its infancy, military aviation was hurtled into the future with the creation of the U.S. Air Force as a separate service. Just six years later, on May 25, 1953, the Air Force’s official air demonstration team, designated the 3600th Air Demonstration Unit, was activated at Luke Air Force Base, Ariz. The unit adopted the name “Thunderbirds,” influenced in part by the strong Native American culture and folklore from the southwestern United States where Luke Air Force Base is located.

Seven officers and 22 enlisted were selected for the first demonstration team. Major Dick Catledge, a training squadron commander at Luke AFB, was chosen as the team’s leader. Twins Bill and Buck Pattillo were selected and flew the left and right wing, respectively. The Pattillos, both captains, were ideal choices as both had flown with a demonstration team for the previous three years. For the difficult position of slot, the position sandwiched between both wingmen and behind the leader, Capt. Bob Kanaga was selected. The spare pilot was Capt. Bob McCormick. Like the Pattillo brothers, he also had demonstration team experience. First Lieutenant Aubry Brown served as the maintenance officer for the team. Lieutenant Brown, along with Master Sgt. Earl Young, selected 21 enlisted men to help maintain the team’s aircraft. Captain Bill Brock was the final officer selected for the team. He served as the information officer and team narrator.

From these humble beginnings and this group of men, the Air Force Thunderbird legend was born.

The team flew and maintained the F-84G Thunderjet. The straight-wing configuration of the F-84G was considered well suited for aerobatic and demonstration maneuvers, though the aircraft could not exceed the speed of sound.

A series of formation aerobatics, lasting a total of 15 minutes, comprised the original demonstration. The “solo” was not originally incorporated into the demonstration, however, as the season progressed, the team took opportunities to perform “solo” maneuvers with a spare aircraft.

Always trying to display the most advanced fighters of the age, the swept-wing F-84F Thunderstreak became the team’s new aircraft in 1955.

After one season in the F-84F Thunderstreak, the Thunderbirds traded aircraft again and became the world’s first supersonic aerial demonstration team as it transitioned to the F-100C Super Sabre in 1956. That same year, to simplify logistics and maintenance for the aircraft, the Thunderbirds moved to Nellis AFB, Nev. Although never a regular part of the show, the solo would fly supersonic at the request of an air show sponsor in 1956. Eventually, the Federal Aviation Administration banned all supersonic flight at air shows, and consequently, today’s sequence is entirely subsonic.

Nearly forgotten, the F-105B Thunderchief performed only six shows between April 26 and May 9, 1964. Following an unfortunate accident in the F-105, the team transitioned back to the Super Sabre following the incident and the F-100 remained with the team for nearly 13 years.

The Thunderbirds started the 1969 training season still in the F-100Ds, but in the spring of 1969, received the first of the new McDonnell Douglas F-4E Phantom IIs and began the team’s conversion.

The F-4’s conversion was the most extensive in the team’s history. Among several other modifications, the paint scheme changed due to the variations in chemicals, which allows paint used on the F-4 to resist heat and friction at Mach II speeds. As a result, the white paint base was developed and remains a part of today’s Thunderbird aircraft design.

In 1974, a spreading fuel crisis inspired a new aircraft for the team, the T-38A Talon. Although the Talon did not fulfill the Thunderbirds tradition of flying front-line jet fighters, it did demonstrate the capabilities of a prominent Air Force aircraft.

Remaining true to its character to showcase the latest advancement in America’s fighter technology, the first red, white and blue F-16A assigned to the Thunderbirds was delivered to Nellis AFB on Jun. 22, 1982. Due to the conversion to the new aircraft, there were no official shows flown in 1982. The team flew the F-16 during the 1983 show season; making it the team’s ninth aircraft and once again returning to flying a front-line fighter.

In 1997, the Thunderbirds performed 57 demonstrations for more than 12 million people in the spirit and theme of the Air Force’s 50th anniversary. The year was memorialized with the Thunderbirds Delta pictured on the official Air Force 50th Anniversary U.S. Postal stamp. On Sept. 18, 1997, the United States Postal Service had official unveilings of the stamp in both the Pentagon and the Thunderbird hangar.

The Thunderbirds made television history in 2003 while celebrating their 50th Anniversary. The commander/leader started the Coca-Cola 600 by broadcasting live from Thunderbirds No. 1 as he said, “Gentlemen, start your engines.”

In 2007, the Thunderbirds visited Europe for the first time since Sept. 11, 2001 with the European Goodwill Tour. The trip included shows in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, France, United Kingdom, and for the first time in Thunderbirds history, Ireland.

The team took its fifth Far East tour during the 2009 show season. The team’s tour included visits to Hawaii, Australia, Thailand, Guam, Malaysia, Japan and Korea. The team performed more than 70 shows in 22 states and Puerto Rico in 2009.

The team’s 59th show season included stops in Alaska and Canada, plus dozens more. During the 2013 season, the team will spend more than 200 days on the road while celebrating its 60th anniversary.

Millions of people have witnessed the Thunderbirds demonstrations, and in turn, they’ve seen the pride, professionalism and dedication of hundreds of thousands of Airmen serving at home and abroad. Each year brings another opportunity for the team to represent those who deserve the most credit: the everyday, hard-working Airmen voluntarily serving America and defending freedom. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.27.146.46 (talk) 14:49, 12 March 2014 (UTC)

Duplicate text
There's some duplicate text at the beginning of the F-16 era section - can't fix it myself as editing appears to be disabled. 99.88.5.242 (talk) 04:59, 7 May 2014 (UTC)John
 * Corrected, thank you for pointing it out :) Bwmoll3 (talk) 10:26, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

Duplicate text
Duplicate text continues in section "F-16 Fighting Falcon era". Paragraphs beginning in "Their 3,000th air show" and "The United States Postal Service" are duplicated. 38.67.3.219 (talk) 20:50, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

Correction required, but editing is locked
I call attention to the following sentence in the first paragraph: "Created in 1953, the USAF Thunderbirds are the thirst oldest formal flying aerobatic team (under the same name) in the world, after the US Navy Blue Angels formed in 1946 and the prestigious French Air Force Patrouille de France formed in 1931." I do believe the USAF Thunderbirds are the third oldest formal flying aerobatic team rather than the thirst oldest.Toddabearsf (talk) 09:02, 4 February 2015 (UTC)
 * ✅ Thanks for pointing it out.  --Lineagegeek (talk) 23:02, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

the maneuver being described under the demonstration routine as a split s is actually an immelman. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.137.96.9 (talk) 02:52, 27 April 2022 (UTC)

costs?
On 1 March 2013, the USAF announced that due to budget cuts, aerial demonstration team performances would cease indefinitely, effective 1 April 2013.[1] On 6 December 2013 the Thunderbirds announced their 2014 schedule and the resumption of their appearances.

<-I talk too much, sorry, but I can not stop when I start, for the question in short form go down to the last sentences<

Very good, that the USA decided to resume their appearances! It would be really the wrong signal and sad since I think I saw a video of many such teams at the "ILA" (Internationale Luftfahrt Ausstellung), International Airflight Exhibition/Show) close to Berlin in the Schönefeld-Airport which is being modernized. Today I live in the centre of West-Berlin (close to Bahnhof Zoo ;) If someone knows Christiane F's book), but at my mothers flat in "Buckow" you always heard the sound since they were flying very low and compared to Airbus or Boeing-Jets they are much louder, I think this comes often from activated afterburner?

Would be a very very bad signal to say "We can not pay this anymore" for the US. The Chinese are coming closer to the US-Budget anyway every year... the times in which the US military budget made 25% of the world wide military budget are over, but this unit is psychological important! It is like the British, after World War 2 they fell in a recession in the 50's and together with France (exhausted by World War 2 and by the war in Indochina or later Vietnam, which ended in the catastrophy of Dien Bien Phu, even though the USA paid 75% of the bills since they saw communists as a thread, which happened at least with the North Korean attack on South Korea in the Summer 1950. But France and British could no longer really hold their colonies under controll without exploiting them as much as possible..

I hope the US will be longer a world power (until 1945 the British were seen as a world power, or lets say 1939, they had Iranian oil, every third or fourth human on earth was living in one of their colonies.... but this ended and the USA took over the German, French and British role in this section.

I never thought I would ever say, that I wish Bush Junior should be president again, since he got the balls to fight the enemy, what is happening now is just a "defending line" at the parallel of Bagdad. Offensive operations in the North are done not enough, okay air strikes increased, but the most brave soldiers fighting are the Kurds, the Peshmerga saved the Northern parts and many locations at the Syrian-Turkish border... but Turkey is not allowing the Iraqi Kurds to transport weapons as much as they want, through the Turkey and than send them into the Northern Syrian Area... since the ground way is not possible to use for flights,

However... I hope the USA stay the Number 1 for a long time! But does anyone know how much these "Thunderbird"-Squadron does cost yearly? I mean they take old Air Force jets which are put out of service, even not part of the reserve. Like the F-4 Phantom II, F-100 Super Sabre or the F-105 "Thunderchief" aircraft (the Name is good at least :D ).

So costs should not be so high: spare parts (which can be taken from old machines too, since many thousand aircraft are somewhere in underground or so I believe, maybe the largest parts were dismantled to park it easier, most of these fighters were sold too, but the cold-war production was extreme high as we know..... So anybody does know the costs? I think payment, food, housing etc for the soldiers of that unit is one larger point,

but the worst point are the kerosene costs... they make their shows in extreme much countries, means they often have to fly thousands of kilometers to their destination and at the airshows they need fuel too. In some Areas it is not possible to land and refuel, aircraft carrier is rarely in range, so maybe very expensive air refueling is needed sometimes? But it they take as much as possible drop tanks as possible. I think 2 are possible, but with modification the gun hardpoints can be changed, so that more than 2 drop-off-tanks can be carried?

Greetings Kilon22 (talk) 14:44, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

F-4 Livery Correction
F-4 Phantom II era

EDIT REQUEST

EXISTING TEXT By 1967, the Thunderbirds had flown 1,000 shows. In 1969, the squadron re-equipped with the front-line F-4E Phantom which it flew until 1973, the only time the Thunderbirds would fly jets similar to those of the Blue Angels as it was the standard fighter for both services in the 1960s and 1970s. A special white paint had to be developed to cover high-temperature metals, replacing the bare metal paint scheme of past planes. The white paint scheme has been continued to the present.

PROPOSED TEXT By 1967, the Thunderbirds had flown 1,000 shows. In 1969, the squadron re-equipped with the front-line F-4E Phantom which it flew until 1973, the only time the Thunderbirds would fly jets similar to those of the Blue Angels as it was the standard fighter for both services in the 1960s and 1970s.

EXPLANATION This is an old mistake that will not die. It makes no sense to paint bare metal to protect it from heat especially considering that the scallops, stripes and stylized thunderbird on the ventral area showed no effect from heat. The F-4 used titanium on the fuselage and empennage which gave a bare-metal Phantom a mottled appearance because of the color difference between titanium and aluminum. You can see this effect in good photos of the F-100. The F-4 was painted white only for cosmetic reasons. The entire livery was, as it is today, painted with standard aviation polyurethane with special colors that are mil spec Thunderbird Red, Thunderbird White and Thunderbird Blue, formulated for maximum vibrancy.

MY BONAFIDES I was the Team's PAO from 1974 to 1976 which made me part of the transition from the F-4 to the T-38. I am the author of "We Rode the Thunder: The Autobiography of the United States Air Force Thunderbirds", published on the Team's 50th anniversary.

Hope I did this right.

RobertLGore (talk) 11:59, 2 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Sentence removed. LittleWink (talk) 09:50, 3 June 2016 (UTC)

Air Force Academy crash
One of the pilots involved in the air show at the Air Force Academy graduation show had to ditch his plane after an apparent engine failure. I'm sure there will be more details available shortly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.229.239.2 (talk) 21:09, 2 June 2016 (UTC)

the black tail tradition
TL;DR it's soot from the lead planes' exhausts. The article currently mentions but doesn't go into detail about the black tail on slot 4. I found this and thought it interesting. http://forum.virtualthunderbirds.com/viewtopic.php?t=3202 74.65.224.183 (talk) 18:55, 18 October 2017 (UTC)

Where does these planes fly in shows?
I heard that the Blue Angels go to the same cities year after year, such as Seattle, San Francisco, Fort Lauderdale.

How about the Thunderbirds? Should we insert in the article that they go to Phoenix, Kansas City, Pittsburgh, and Atlanta every year? New2018Year (talk) 21:42, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Thunderbirds visit South America film
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B5cCOiTEYSw BillVol (talk) 23:34, 25 July 2019 (UTC)

Suggestion to reword 20 August 2005 Incident
20 August 2005: The Thunderbirds temporarily grounded themselves pending an investigation into a minor mid-air incident during the Chicago Air & Water Show. During the maneuver known as the "Diamond Pass in Review" the missile rail on the right wing of the slot (#4) aircraft, flown by Major Steve Horton, contacted the left stabilator of the right (#3) aircraft, flown by Major D. Chris Callahan. A four-foot section of the missile rail snapped off the #4 aircraft, while the #3 aircraft sustained a "medium deep scratch" to the red paint of the stabilator. As a result, the Thunderbirds have taken extra precaution when flying their diamond, changing from about 18" wingtip to canopy separation to 36". Amateur video showed the missile rail falling into the "safety box" on Lake Michigan away from boaters. While there were no injuries and the aircraft remained flight worthy, the demonstration was immediately terminated, all aircraft returned to Gary International Airport, and the Thunderbirds did not perform on the second day of the Chicago show.

2605:E000:9119:2100:9DAC:F8D6:8794:D5A8 (talk) 21:28, 15 May 2020 (UTC)voodoo_curse, 15May2020 - Reworded and condensed slightly, unrelated information removed.

URL Incorrect
The team's URL listed in the infobox is incorrect and leads to some site selling coins. The team's site is https://www.airforce.com/thunderbirds/overview. I'd ask that someone please correct this. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 107.13.151.51 (talk) 21:18, 20 January 2022 (UTC)

This has been corrected Captain Almighty Nutz (talk)

Clarification would be helpful
The section that talks about 21 pilots killed in the team's history could be clearer. (Compare to the Blue Angels page for the latter two comments below.)

First, the wording might be political, but I would find it better to say that the pilots "died" in the various incidents described rather than that they were killed. To me, "killed" implies active intention even when used in the passive voice. I fervently hope that none of the deaths were intentional.

Second, it isn't clear, going through the list of crashes, which pilots died in some of the events, particularly in the mention of the transport going down near Boise _en_route_ to McChord whether any of the service people lost were pilots or were piloting the craft at the time.

Third, it isn't explicitly clear whether any of the pilots were killed in later military action or whether the count (21) is of pilots who died during their Thunderbirds assignment. (Given the number of years that the Thunderbirds have been a team, I would expect that some retired pilots have since died due to causes entirely unrelated to their professions. That would be private, of course, and needn't be addressed in the article.)

I am the daughter and sister of Air Force officers, who lived in Las Vegas in the 60s through 80s due to its proximity to Nellis AFB. I have fond memories of living on base and going to airshows. I appreciate the care and information provided in this article.

Thank you, Lisa A. LePome Lepome (talk) 17:05, 16 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
Grand Manan

Grand Manan is a Canadian island in the Bay of Fundy, part of the province of New Brunswick. Grand Manan is also the name of an incorporated village, which includes the main island and numerous nearby islands; White Head Island, small islands near it, and Machias Seal Island are not part of the village.

The point on the mainland closest to the island is near the town of Lubec, Maine, the easternmost point of the continental United States, 15 km across the Grand Manan Channel. Grand Manan is 32 kilometres south of Blacks Harbour, New Brunswick.

Toponymy
"Manan" is a corruption of mun-an-ook or man-an-ook, meaning "island place" or "the island", from the Maliseet-Passamaquoddy-Penobscot First Nations who, according to oral history, used Grand Manan and its surrounding islands as a safe place for the elderly Passamaquoddy during winter months and as a sacred burial place (ook means "people of"). In 1606 Samuel de Champlain sheltered on nearby White Head Island and produced a map calling the island "Manthane", which he later changed to "Menane" or "Menasne".

History

Portuguese explorer João Álvares Fagundes charted the area around 1520, but the island does not appear clearly on a map until 1558, produced by Portuguese cartographer Diogo Homem. French merchant-explorer Étienne Bellenger visited the area in January 1583.

In 1693, the island was granted to Paul D'Ailleboust, Sieur de Périgny as part of Champlain's "New France". D'Ailleboust did not take possession of it, and it reverted to the French Crown, in whose possession it remained until 1713, when it was traded to the British in the Treaty of Utrecht.

The first permanent settlement was established in 1784, when Moses Gerrish gathered a group of settlers on an area of Grand Manan he called Ross Island, in honour of settler Thomas Ross. During the American Revolution, just off the island there were many naval battles between American privateers and British shipping.

Because of the Treaty of Paris (1783), the U.S. considered Grand Manan to be its possession due to the island's proximity to Maine. Britain obtained title in Jay's Treaty of 1794, while surrendering its sovereignty claims over Eastport on Moose, Frederick and Dudley islands in nearby Cobscook Bay.

From 1812 to 1814, the Bay of Fundy was infested with privateers who raided and plundered villages. The ownership of islands in Passamaquoddy Bay was not settled until 1817, when the United States gave up its claim to Grand Manan and the surrounding islands.

By 1832 schools were established by the Anglican Church. While neighbouring islands along the American coast to Boston relied on whaling, Grand Manan had fishing and shipbuilding.

In 1831 the Gannet Rock Lighthouse was built on a rocky islet south of Grand Manan, to protect shipping en route to Saint John, New Brunswick. It is Grand Manan's oldest lighthouse.

This period was also marked by a number of shipwrecks off the island's rocky, cliff-lined coast. In 1857, the Lord Ashburton, was driven into the cliffs at the northern end of the island by hurricane-force winds to great loss of life. Another wreck was the Nova Scotian barque Walton, which was bound for Saint John, New Brunswick, from Wales when it wrecked on the White Ledge off Grand Manan on September 14, 1878.

By 1851, the island population numbered almost 1,200 permanent inhabitants, most working in fishing.

By 1884, Grand Manan became the largest supplier of smoked herring in the world. By 1920, it produced one million boxes—or twenty thousand tons—of smoked herring, all caught in its local waters.

By the late Victorian era, Grand Manan had been discovered by a new breed of explorers—the "tourists"—who began visiting the island in steady numbers, weaving themselves into the fabric of its close-knit, isolated society. Pulitzer Prize–winning author Willa Cather loved the island's unspoiled solitude, while painters such as Alfred Thompson Bricher and John James Audubon came to Grand Manan and its outlying islands to capture what they believed to be its "unique majesty", documenting its varied geography and indigenous fauna.

Geography

Grand Manan Island is the largest of the Fundy Islands and the primary island in the Grand Manan archipelago. The archipelago incorporates many nearby smaller islands including popular White Head Island, Ross and Cheney Islands, the Wood Islands and dozens of surrounding shoaling rocks.

The Western side of the main island and the smaller islands form numerous passages, coves, and rocky reefs.

Grand Manan is 34 km long and has a maximum width of 18 km with an area of 137 km2.

The vast majority of Grand Manan residents live on the eastern side of the island. Due to limited access, 90 m cliffs and high winds, the western side of the island is not residentially developed.

Geology

The western two-thirds of the island shows thick lava flows (basalt) of Late Triassic age, part of a flood basalt that underlies most of the Bay of Fundy. The Fundy basalts are themselves a small portion of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province which was formed in a volcanic event preceding the breakup of the supercontinent Pangaea in the Early Jurassic.

Many minerals have filled the cracks and bubbles left by gases boiling out of the cooling lavas. They include zeolite minerals such as chabazite, mesolite, stilbite, and heulandite, plus attractive quartz-related amethyst, agate, jasper, and many others. Good collecting areas include Seven Days Work, Indian Beach, and Bradford Cove. A few meters of siltstone are exposed under the basalt along the western shoreline, which by analogy with the Blomidon Formation in Nova Scotia must include the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.

Harbours along the eastern shoreline were created by the erosion of complex fault and fold structures in ancient metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rock formations. A major north–south fault is exposed at Red Point, and it divides these older eastern rocks from the western basalts. The metamorphic formations are organized into groups called Castalia, Ingalls Head, and Grand Manan, and there are also metamorphosed plutonic masses such as Stanley Brook Granite, Rockweed Pond Gabbro, and Kent Island Granite.

These rocks have recently been dated between 539 and 618 million years old [ref. Black and others, 2007] and are now considered to correlate with the New River and Mascarene terranes of southern New Brunswick, Canada. Although originally they were igneous and sedimentary rocks such as basalt, sandstone, and shale, the eastern formations have been metamorphosed into greenstone, phyllite, argillite, schist, quartzite, and other foliated types. In addition, many folds and faults have bent and broken the formations in rather tortured-looking outcrops. One such fault can be seen at the north end of Pettes Cove, where it separates metabasalt of Swallowtail Head from schist of North Head.

Climate
Grand Manan has a humid continental climate (Dfb). The climate in spring, summer and fall is very comfortable but winter has an inconsistent weather pattern with snow, rain, freezing rain and mild weather. Since 2000, the average annual precipitation has been 859.8 mm with August being the driest month (35 mm) and October (112 mm) the wettest.

The highest temperature ever recorded on Grand Manan was 33.3 C on 26 July 1963. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -30.6 C on 10 January 1890.

Economy

Grand Manan's economy is dependent upon fishing, aquaculture and tourism. Lobster, herring, scallops and crab are most commonly sought among fishermen. Together with ocean salmon farms, dulse, rock weed and clam digging, many residents make their living "on the water."

Tourism is growing significantly, providing the island with a highly profitable "green" industry. Whale and bird watching, camping and kayaking are popular activities for tourists. Visitors and retirees often purchase real estate and remain on the island through the summer months or reside permanently. Approximately 54% of the island is owned by non-residents. New York architect Michael Zimmer established the Sardine Museum and Herring Hall of Fame.

There are freshwater ponds, lakes and beaches that are prime locations for sunbathing, beachcombing, and picnics. Other interesting finds on Grand Manan are magnetic sand, and "The Hole-In-The Wall" located in Whale Cove in the village of North Head. The Anchorage Provincial Park can be found on the island's southeastern coast between the communities of Grand Harbour and Seal Cove.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Grand Manan had a population of $2,595$ living in $1,179$ of its $1,408$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $2,360$. With a land area of 150.56 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

As of 2016, the racial make-up of the island was 99.17% White; the remainder of the population was mostly Indigenous. Those who were third generation or more made up 89% of the population.

There were 1,045 households, out of which 23% had children under the age of 18 living with them. Of the 700 census families on the island, 71.42% were married couples living together. The average family size was 2.90.

On the island the population is spread out in terms of age, with 25% age 19 or under; 5% from 20 to 24, 27% from 25 to 44, 25.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.1% at 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.3 years.

The median income for a family was $48,190. Males had a median income of $32,183 versus $23,106 for females. A full 63% of the population 15 years and older had at least a high school certificate or equivalent, with 22% having at least some college, CEGEP, or university training.

Governance
The village of Grand Manan includes all of Grand Manan Parish except White Head Island, Machias Seal Island, and some small bodies near them.

The village was formed in 1995 by the amalgamation of the villages of Grand Harbour, North Head, and Seal Cove, along with the local service districts of Castalia, Woodwards Cove, and the parish of Grand Manan.

Education
The Anglophone South School District operates the K–12 Grand Manan Community School.

Health care
The only medical facility is the Grand Manan Hospital, operated by Horizon Health Network, provides family medicine, emergency medicine and palliative care. The hospital also has an eight-bed inpatient unit. There are onsite diabetes clinics, physiotherapy as well as telemedicine. Diagnostics include x-ray, EKG, and blood and specimen collecting.

Access and transportation
Coastal Transport Limited operates the Blacks Harbour to Grand Manan Island Ferry. The crossing is approximately one and one-half hours.

The Grand Manan Island to White Head Island Ferry, serves the 220 residents of White Head Island from Ingalls Head on Grand Manan, with a trip of about half an hour.

Airplane service is available to most destinations in the Maritime region and some destinations in the New England States from the Grand Manan Airport.

New Brunswick Route 776 is the main road on Grand Manan, running on a north–south alignment along the island's eastern coast.

title: Grand Manan


text: Talk:God's Debris

title: Talk:God's Debris


text:
Kleve

Kleve (traditional Cleves ; Kleef; Clèves; Cléveris; Clivia; Low Rhenish: Kleff) is a town in the Lower Rhine region of northwestern Germany near the Dutch border and the River Rhine. From the 11th century onwards, Cleves was capital of a county and later a duchy. Today, Cleves is the capital of the district of Kleve in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The city is home to one of the campuses of the Rhine-Waal University of Applied Sciences.

Territory of the municipality
In addition to the inner city, the territory of Kleve comprises fourteen villages and populated places: Bimmen, Brienen, Donsbrüggen, Düffelward, Griethausen, Keeken, Kellen, Materborn, Reichswalde, Rindern, Salmorth, Schenkenschanz, Warbeyen and Wardhausen.

History
The name Kleff probably derives from Middle Dutch clef, clif 'cliff, bluff', referring to the promontory on which the Schwanenburg castle was constructed. Since the city's coat of arms displays three clover leaves (German Klee, Low German Kliev), the city's name is sometimes linked by folk etymology to the clover, but the corresponding Dutch word is klaver.

The Schwanenburg Castle, which was the residence of the Dukes of Cleves, stands on a steep hill. It is located at the northern terminus of the Kermisdahl where it joins with the Spoykanal, which was previously an important transportation link to the Rhine. The old castle has a massive tower, the Schwanenturm 180 ft high, that is associated in legend with the Knight of the Swan, immortalized in Richard Wagner's Lohengrin.

Medieval Kleve grew together from four parts – the Schwanenburg Castle, the village below the castle, the first city of Kleve on Heideberg Hill, and the Neustadt ("New City"), dating from the 14th century. In 1242 Kleve received city rights. The Duchy of Cleves, which roughly covered today's districts of Kleve, Wesel and Duisburg, was united with the Duchy of Mark in 1368, was made a duchy itself in 1417, then united with the neighboring duchies of Jülich and Berg in 1521, when John III, Duke of Cleves, married Mary, heiress of Jülich-Berg-Ravenburg. Kleve's most famous native was Anne of Cleves (1515–1557), daughter of John III, Duke of Cleves and (briefly) the fourth wife of Henry VIII of England. Several local businesses are named after her, including the Anne von Kleve Galerie.

The ducal dynasty became extinct in the male line in 1609, leading to a succession crisis in the duchies: the War of the Jülich Succession (1609–1614). After the Thirty Years' War ended in 1648, the succession dispute was resolved with Cleves passing to the elector of Brandenburg, thus becoming an exclave of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, later Brandenburg-Prussia.

During the Thirty Years' War the city had been under the control of the Dutch Republic, which in 1647 had given Johann Moritz von Nassau-Siegen administrative control over the city. He approved a renovation of Schwanenburg Castle in the baroque style and commissioned the construction of extensive gardens that greatly influenced European landscape design. Significant amounts of his original plan for Kleve were put into effect and have been maintained to the present, a particularly well-loved example of which is the Forstgarten (Forest Garden). In 1701, Cleves became part of the Kingdom of Prussia.

During the War of the First Coalition, Cleves was captured by French Revolutionary troops on 19 October 1794. In 1795 it was incorporated into the Roer department, which became part of the Cisrhenian Republic in 1797, which in turn was formally annexed by the French First Republic in 1802, becoming the French First Empire in 1804. Prussia retrieved the city in 1815.

The mineral waters of Kleve and the wooded parkland surrounding it made it a fashionable spa in the 19th century. At this time, Kleve was named "Bad Cleve" (English: Spa of Cleves). It was not until 1935 when the German spelling of its name was officially changed from Cleve to Kleve.

During World War II Kleve was the site of one of the two radio wave stations that served the Knickebein aircraft navigation system. Luftwaffe bombers used radio beams from Kleve and a second station at Stolberg to navigate to British targets. The Knickebein system was eventually jammed by the British. It was replaced by the higher frequency X-Gerät system, which used transmitter stations located on the channel coast of France.

Kleve was heavily bombed during the Second World War, and over 90% of buildings in the city were severely damaged. Most of the destruction was the result of a raid late in the war in 1945, conducted at the request of Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks in preparation for Operation Veritable. Horrocks recounted his decision in the 1973 television documentary The World at War: "'Then they came to me and they said, 'Do you want the town of Cleves taken out?' By 'taken out' they meant the whole of the heavy bombers putting on to Cleves. Now, I knew that Cleves was a very fine old historical German town. Anne of Cleves, one of Henry VIII's wives, came from there. I knew that there were a lot of civilians in Cleves, men, women and children. If I said no, they would live. If I said yes, they would die. A terrible decision you’ve got to take. But... everything depended on getting a high piece of ground at Materborn. The German reserves would have to come through Cleves, and we would have to breach the Siegfried Line and get there. And your own lives, your own troops, must come first, so I said yes, I did want it taken out. But when all those bombers went over, the night just before zero hour, to take out Cleves, I felt a murderer. And after the war I had an awful lot of nightmares, but always Cleves.'"

Horrocks later said that this had been "the most terrible decision I had ever taken in my life" and that he felt "physically sick" when he saw the bombers overhead.

As a result of the bombing, relatively little of the pre-1945 city remains. Those structures spared include a number of historic villas built during the heyday of the spa Bad Kleve, located along the B9 near the Tiergarten. Of those buildings destroyed, many were reconstructed, including most of the Schwanenburg and the Stiftskirche, the Catholic parish church. Constructed on high ground, many of these landmarks can be seen from the surrounding communities.

Since 1953 there has been a broadcasting facility for FM radio and television from regional broadcaster WDR near Kleve. The current aerial mast was brought into service in 1993. The steel tube mast rises 126.4 metres high and has a diameter of 1.6 metres. It is stabilized by guy wires attached at 57 and 101.6 metres height.

After the Second World War important employers in the area were associated with the West German "Economic Miracle" (Wirtschaftswunder), and included the XOX Bisquitfabrik (XOX Biscuit Factory) GmbH and the Van den Berg'schen Margerinewerke (Van den Berg’s Margarine Factory). Another important employer was the Elefanten-Kinderschuhfabrik (Elefant Children's Shoe Factory).

Retail became an increasingly important industry, particularly after the institution of the euro in 2002. Dutch citizens often crossed the open border to patronize Kleves retailers, and much of the euros spent on shopping in Kleve came from the Netherlands. Lower costs of real estate have attracted a wave of Dutch citizens, who purchased houses in the area.

Census data
According to the Statistical Yearbook of Cleves as of 2013, 50,650 people resided in the city. The population density was 517.9 people per square kilometer. 86.7% of the residents had the German citizenship (including residents with dual citizenship) and 10.1% another EU citizenship (5.6% Dutch and 2.9% Polish). In the city, in 2013, the population was distributed with 19.7% under the age of 21, 25.6% from 21 to 40, 29.7% from 41 to 60, 20.1% from 61 to 80, and 4.9% who were 81 years of age or older. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 21 and over, there were 93.9 males.

81.3 of the citizens lived in households without children under the age of 18, 9.2% with one child, 6.1% with two children, 1.7% with three children, and 0.1% with four children or more.

Religion
Like the rest of the Lower Rhine region, Kleve is a predominantly Roman Catholic city. The city is part of the Diocese of Münster. 61.1% of the residents are Roman Catholics, 14.4% Protestant, and 24.6% "Other". The largest section of this group are residents without any religious affiliation, but there are also sizeable Russian Orthodox and Muslim communities in Kleve.

The synagogue of Kleve was destroyed during Kristallnacht and is today commemorated on the Synagogenplatz (Synagogue square) on which the building's outline can be seen. The fifty killed Jewish citizens of Cleves are remembered with signs that tell their names, and dates and places of death.

In 1767 the town was at the center of a controversy between prominent European rabbis, known as "The Kleve Divorce", over the legality of a divorce granted by a groom whose sanity was in doubt.

City Council
Prior to the Nazi Era, Kleve's local politics were dominated by the Catholic Centre Party. This situation continued with the Christian Democratic successor party CDU after the Second World War, in spite of resettled displaced people from eastern Germany, most of them Protestants. Until 2004 the CDU controlled an absolute majority of the city council.

Today, Kleve is governed by a coalition of CDU and the Green Party. Since the last local elections on 25 May 2014 the following parties are represented in Cleves' city council. In addition to nationwide parties, Offene Klever (Open Cleves) has a number of seats.

The next local elections are scheduled for 2020.

Mayor
In 2015, Sonja Northing (no party affiliation) became mayor of Kleve, with 64.5% of the vote. Her candidacy was supported by the SPD and FDP, and opposed by CDU and Green Party candidates. Northing was the first mayor of Cleves since World War I who was not a CDU member. In 2020 Wolfgang Gebing (CDU) was elected mayor.

Language and dialect
The native language of Kleve and much of the Lower Rhine region is a Low Franconian dialect known as Kleverlandish (Dutch: Kleverlands, German: Kleverländisch), but the official language is Standard High German, which is dominant among the younger generation.

Because of its geographical location at the Dutch-German border, there is a strong overlap in culture and language. One example of this is Govert Flinck (1615–1660), who though born in Kleve established himself as a Dutch artist. On the other hand, the Dutch artist Barend Cornelis Koekkoek (1803–1862) settled in Kleve and became a successful landscape painter. His works are collected by and exhibited in the local museum Haus Koekkoek for his and others' romantic paintings.

Twin towns – sister cities
Kleve is twinned with:
 * Ameland, Friesland, Netherlands
 * 🇺🇸 Fitchburg, Massachusetts, United States
 * 🇧🇪 Ronse, East Flanders, Belgium
 * Worcester, England, United Kingdom

Notable people

 * Marie of Cleves, Duchess of Orléans (1426–1487), mother of king Louis XII of France
 * Johannes von Soest (1448–1506), medieval musician, music theorist, poet, and composer
 * Duke Englebert of Cleves (1462–1506), Count of Nevers
 * Anne of Cleves (1515–1557), fourth wife of Henry VIII of England
 * Marie Eleonore of Cleves (1550–1608), Duchess Consort of Prussia
 * Govaert Flinck (1615–1660), Dutch painter, worked in Kleve
 * Anacharsis Cloots (1755–1794), nobleman, politician and French revolutionary
 * Heinrich Vohs (c. 1763–1804), actor and singer
 * Joachim Murat (1767–1815), Grand Duke of Grand Duchy of Berg during the Napoleonic years
 * Heinrich Berghaus (1797–1884), cartographer
 * Joseph Beuys (1921–1986), artist, grew up in Kleve
 * Karl Leisner (1915–1945), Roman Catholic martyr and beatified by Pope John Paul II, grew up in Kleve
 * Willi Lippens (born 1945), footballer
 * Jürgen Möllemann (1945–2003), politician (FDP), Federal Minister
 * Barbara Hendricks (born 1952), politician (SPD), Federal Minister
 * Klaus Steinbach (born 1953), swimmer, president of the German Olympic Sports Confederation in 2002–2006
 * Tina Theune (born 1953), football coach

title: Kleve


text:
Time hierarchy theorem

In computational complexity theory, the time hierarchy theorems are important statements about time-bounded computation on Turing machines. Informally, these theorems say that given more time, a Turing machine can solve more problems. For example, there are problems that can be solved with n2 time but not n time, where n is the input length.

The time hierarchy theorem for deterministic multi-tape Turing machines was first proven by Richard E. Stearns and Juris Hartmanis in 1965. It was improved a year later when F. C. Hennie and Richard E. Stearns improved the efficiency of the Universal Turing machine. Consequent to the theorem, for every deterministic time-bounded complexity class, there is a strictly larger time-bounded complexity class, and so the time-bounded hierarchy of complexity classes does not completely collapse. More precisely, the time hierarchy theorem for deterministic Turing machines states that for all time-constructible functions f(n),
 * $$\mathsf{DTIME}\left(o\left(f(n)\right)\right) \subsetneq \mathsf{DTIME}(f(n){\log f(n)})$$,

where DTIME(f(n)) denotes the complexity class of decision problems solvable in time O(f(n)). The left-hand class involves little o notation, referring to the set of decision problems solvable in asymptotically less than f(n) time.

In particular, this shows that $$\mathsf{DTIME}(n^a) \subsetneq \mathsf{DTIME}(n^b)$$ if and only if $$a < b$$, so we have an infinite time hierarchy.

The time hierarchy theorem for nondeterministic Turing machines was originally proven by Stephen Cook in 1972. It was improved to its current form via a complex proof by Joel Seiferas, Michael Fischer, and Albert Meyer in 1978. Finally in 1983, Stanislav Žák achieved the same result with the simple proof taught today. The time hierarchy theorem for nondeterministic Turing machines states that if g(n) is a time-constructible function, and f(n+1) = o(g(n)), then

 * $$\mathsf{NTIME}(f(n)) \subsetneq \mathsf{NTIME}(g(n))$$.

The analogous theorems for space are the space hierarchy theorems. A similar theorem is not known for time-bounded probabilistic complexity classes, unless the class also has one bit of advice.

Background
Both theorems use the notion of a time-constructible function. A function $$f:\mathbb{N}\rightarrow\mathbb{N}$$ is time-constructible if there exists a deterministic Turing machine such that for every $$n\in\mathbb{N}$$, if the machine is started with an input of n ones, it will halt after precisely f(n) steps. All polynomials with non-negative integer coefficients are time-constructible, as are exponential functions such as 2n.

Proof overview
We need to prove that some time class TIME(g(n)) is strictly larger than some time class TIME(f(n)). We do this by constructing a machine which cannot be in TIME(f(n)), by diagonalization. We then show that the machine is in TIME(g(n)), using a simulator machine.

Statement
Time Hierarchy Theorem. If f(n) is a time-constructible function, then there exists a decision problem which cannot be solved in worst-case deterministic time o(f(n)) but can be solved in worst-case deterministic time O(f(n)log f(n)). Thus
 * $$\mathsf{DTIME}(o(f(n))) \subsetneq \mathsf{DTIME}\left (f(n)\log f(n) \right).$$

Note 1. f(n) is at least n, since smaller functions are never time-constructible.

Example. There are problems solvable in time nlog2n but not time n. This follows by setting $$f(n) = n\log n$$, since n is in
 * $$o\left(n\log n\right).$$

Proof
We include here a proof of a weaker result, namely that DTIME(f(n)) is a strict subset of DTIME(f(2n + 1)3), as it is simpler but illustrates the proof idea. See the bottom of this section for information on how to extend the proof to f(n)logf(n).

To prove this, we first define the language of the encodings of machines and their inputs which cause them to halt within f

 * $$ H_f = \left\{ ([M], x)\ |\ M \ \text{accepts}\ x \ \text{in}\ f(|x|) \ \text{steps} \right\}. $$

Notice here that this is a time-class. It is the set of pairs of machines and inputs to those machines (M,x) so that the machine M accepts within f(|x|) steps.

Here, M is a deterministic Turing machine, and x is its input (the initial contents of its tape). [M] denotes an input that encodes the Turing machine M. Let m be the size of the tuple ([M], x).

We know that we can decide membership of Hf by way of a deterministic Turing machine R, that simulates M for f(x) steps by first calculating f(|x|) and then writing out a row of 0s of that length, and then using this row of 0s as a "clock" or "counter" to simulate M for at most that many steps. At each step, the simulating machine needs to look through the definition of M to decide what the next action would be. It is safe to say that this takes at most f(m)3 operations (since it is known that a simulation of a machine of time complexity T(n) for can be achieved in time $$O(T(n)\cdot|M|)$$ on a multitape machine, where |M| is the length of the encoding of M), we have that:

 * $$ H_f \in \mathsf{TIME}\left(f(m)^3\right). $$

The rest of the proof will show that

 * $$ H_f \notin \mathsf{TIME}\left(f\left( \left\lfloor \frac{m}{2} \right\rfloor \right)\right) $$

so that if we substitute 2n + 1 for m, we get the desired result. Let us assume that Hf is in this time complexity class, and we will reach a contradiction.

If Hf is in this time complexity class, then there exists a machine K which, given some machine description [M] and input x, decides whether the tuple ([M], x) is in Hf within

 * $$\mathsf{TIME}\left(f\left( \left\lfloor \frac{m}{2} \right\rfloor \right)\right). $$

We use this K to construct another machine, N, which takes a machine description [M] and runs K on the tuple ([M], [M]), ie. M is simulated on its own code by K, and then N accepts if K rejects, and rejects if K accepts. If n is the length of the input to N, then m (the length of the input to K) is twice n plus some delimiter symbol, so m = 2n + 1. N's running time is thus

 * $$ \mathsf{TIME}\left(f\left( \left\lfloor \frac{m}{2} \right\rfloor \right)\right) = \mathsf{TIME}\left(f\left( \left\lfloor \frac{2n+1}{2} \right\rfloor \right)\right) = \mathsf{TIME}\left(f(n)\right). $$

Now if we feed [N] as input into N itself (which makes n the length of [N]) and ask the question whether N accepts its own description as input, we get:

 * If N accepts [N] (which we know it does in at most f(n) operations since K halts on ([N], [N]) in f(n) steps), this means that K rejects ([N], [N]), so ([N], [N]) is not in Hf, and so by the definition of Hf, this implies that N does not accept [N] in f(n) steps. Contradiction.

 * If N rejects [N] (which we know it does in at most f(n) operations), this means that K accepts ([N], [N]), so ([N], [N]) is in Hf, and thus N does accept [N] in f(n) steps. Contradiction.

We thus conclude that the machine K does not exist, and so
 * $$ H_f \notin \mathsf{TIME}\left(f\left( \left\lfloor \frac{m}{2} \right\rfloor \right)\right). $$

Extension
The reader may have realised that the proof gives the weaker result because we have chosen a simple Turing machine simulation for which we know that
 * $$ H_f \in \mathsf{TIME}(f(m)^3). $$

It is known that a more efficient simulation exists which establishes that
 * $$ H_f \in \mathsf{TIME}(f(m) \log f(m)) $$.

Non-deterministic time hierarchy theorem
If g(n) is a time-constructible function, and f(n+1) = o(g(n)), then there exists a decision problem which cannot be solved in non-deterministic time f(n) but can be solved in non-deterministic time g(n). In other words, the complexity class NTIME(f(n)) is a strict subset of NTIME(g(n)).

Consequences
The time hierarchy theorems guarantee that the deterministic and non-deterministic versions of the exponential hierarchy are genuine hierarchies: in other words P ⊊ EXPTIME ⊊ 2-EXP ⊊ ... and NP ⊊ NEXPTIME ⊊ 2-NEXP ⊊ ....

For example, $$\mathsf{P} \subsetneq \mathsf{EXPTIME}$$ since $$\mathsf{P} \subseteq \mathsf{DTIME} (2^n)\subsetneq \mathsf{DTIME} (2^{2n}) \subseteq \mathsf{EXPTIME}$$. Indeed, $$\mathsf{DTIME}\left(2^n\right) \subseteq \mathsf{DTIME}\left(o\left(\frac{2^{2n}}{2n}\right)\right) \subsetneq \mathsf{DTIME}(2^{2n})$$ from the time hierarchy theorem.

The theorem also guarantees that there are problems in P requiring arbitrarily large exponents to solve; in other words, P does not collapse to DTIME(nk) for any fixed k. For example, there are problems solvable in n5000 time but not n4999 time. This is one argument against Cobham's thesis, the convention that P is a practical class of algorithms. If such a collapse did occur, we could deduce that P ≠ PSPACE, since it is a well-known theorem that DTIME(f(n)) is strictly contained in DSPACE(f(n)).

However, the time hierarchy theorems provide no means to relate deterministic and non-deterministic complexity, or time and space complexity, so they cast no light on the great unsolved questions of computational complexity theory: whether P and NP, NP and PSPACE, PSPACE and EXPTIME, or EXPTIME and NEXPTIME are equal or not.

Sharper hierarchy theorems
The gap of approximately $$\log f(n)$$ between the lower and upper time bound in the hierarchy theorem can be traced to the efficiency of the device used in the proof, namely a universal program that maintains a step-count. This can be done more efficiently on certain computational models. The sharpest results, presented below, have been proved for: For these models, the theorem has the following form: "If f(n) is a time-constructible function, then there exists a decision problem which cannot be solved in worst-case deterministic time f(n) but can be solved in worst-case time af(n) for some constant a (dependent on f)." Thus, a constant-factor increase in the time bound allows for solving more problems, in contrast with the situation for Turing machines (see Linear speedup theorem). Moreover, Ben-Amram proved that, in the above models, for f of polynomial growth rate (but more than linear), it is the case that for all $$\varepsilon > 0$$, there exists a decision problem which cannot be solved in worst-case deterministic time f(n) but can be solved in worst-case time $$(1+\varepsilon)f(n)$$.
 * The unit-cost random-access machine
 * A programming language model whose programs operate on a binary tree that is always accessed via its root. This model, introduced by Neil D. Jones is stronger than a deterministic Turing machine but weaker than a random-access machine.

title: Time hierarchy theorem


text:
The Man from Snowy River (poem)

"The Man from Snowy River" is a poem by Australian bush poet Banjo Paterson. It was first published in The Bulletin, an Australian news magazine, on 26 April 1890, and was published by Angus & Robertson in October 1895, with other poems by Paterson, in The Man from Snowy River and Other Verses.

The poem tells the story of a horseback pursuit to recapture the colt of a prizewinning racehorse that escaped from its paddock and is living with the brumbies (wild horses) of the mountain ranges. Eventually the brumbies descend a seemingly impassable steep slope, at which point the assembled riders give up the pursuit, except the young protagonist, who spurs his "pony" (small horse) down the "terrible descent" and catches the mob.

Two characters mentioned in the early part of the poem are featured in previous Paterson poems: "Clancy of the Overflow" and Harrison from "Old Pardon, Son of Reprieve".

Setting of the poem
It is recorded in the selected works of "Banjo" Paterson that the location of the ride fictionalised in the poem was in the region of today's Burrinjuck Dam, north-west of Canberra in Australian Capital Territory. Paterson had helped round up brumbies as a child and later owned property in this region.

The Snowy River, from where "the Man" comes, has its headwaters in the Snowy Mountains, the highest section of the Great Dividing Range near the easternmost part of the border between New South Wales and Victoria. The ride does not take place in the Snowy River region because, within the poem, Clancy describes to the other men the country from where "the man from Snowy River" comes.

"The Man"

Corryong, a small town on the western side of the range, claims stockman Jack Riley (1841–1914) as the inspiration for the character, and like many other towns in the region uses the image of the character as part of the marketing to tourists. Riley was a hermit stockman employed by John Pierce of Greg Greg Station at Corryong to run cattle at "Tom Groggin" 60 km upriver from Khancoban, New South Wales. Paterson is said (by Corryong legend) to have met Riley on at least two occasions.

The inspiration for "The Man" was claimed by Banjo himself to be not one person but a number of people, one of which was Owen Cummins. Cummins was born to Michael Cummins of Duniry, Ireland - The family emigrated to Melbourne to settle in Dargo. Owen was well known for being a great horseman. He worked around the area before making his way up to Wave Hill, Northern Territory, where a monument has been erected to reflect his role in inspiring the poem. Owen Cummins is also recognised in the Stockmen's Hall of Fame in Longreach.

There is a possibility that another exceptional and fearless rider, Charlie McKeahnie, was the inspiration for the poem. In 1885, when McKeahnie was only 17 years of age, he performed a dangerous riding feat in the Snowy River region. Historian Neville Locker supports this theory, adding that a prior poem had been written about McKeahnie by bush poet Barcroft Boake and that the story had been recounted by a Mrs Hassle to a crowd that included Paterson. Locker also offers as evidence a letter by McKeahnie's sister that discusses the ride and Paterson's hearing of the ride. McKeahnie was killed in a riding accident near Bredbo in 1895 and is buried in the Old Adaminaby cemetery, on the shores of Lake Eucumbene.

Other historians point to the claims of Jim Troy, who died aged 33. Troy was related by marriage to Thomas McNamara, said to be “Clancy”, subject of another famous Paterson poem, Clancy of the Overflow. “Clancy” also had a second claim to absolute knowledge of the “man” having been included in the Snowy River poem as “no better horseman ever held the reins”. McNamara gave an interview to the Brisbane Courier-Mail newspaper in 1938 in which he recalled the actual details of that terrific chase in the hills beside Wagga Wagga.

Another possibility is J.R. Battye from Walgett. In a report in the papers in 1877, likely to have been seen by Paterson, Battye while Brumby shooting spurs his horse on when it slips its bridle and, powerless over the animal's actions trusts it to follow the wild ones, which it does, catching them after several miles through country thickly timbered and full of holes.

Historical context of the poem
The poem was written at a time in the 1880s and 1890s when Australia was developing a distinct identity as a nation. Though Australia was still a set of self-governing colonies under the final authority of Britain, and had not yet trod the path of nationhood, there was a distinct feeling that Australians needed to be united and become as one. Australians from all walks of life, be they from the country or the city (see "Clancy of the Overflow"), looked to the bush for their mythology and heroic characters. They saw in the Man from Snowy River a hero whose bravery, adaptability and risk-taking could epitomise a new nation in the south. This new nation emerged as the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.

Currency commemoration and tribute
A. B. "Banjo" Paterson and "The Man From Snowy River" poem are commemorated on the Australian 10 dollar note . The full text of the poem is printed several times in microprint as one of the note's security devices.

Recordings of the poem

 * In 1972, Slim Dusty recorded the poem with new music, to call attention to the "old bush ballads".
 * A reading of the poem by actor and narrator Leonard Teale was named to the National Film and Sound Archive's registry of culturally significant audio recordings, Sounds of Australia, in 2019.
 * Steve Bisley narrated the poem, in his role as Banjo Paterson, during the re-enactment of the poem in the 2002 musical theatre production The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular.
 * Jack Thompson has released recordings of a number of Banjo Paterson poems including "The Man from Snowy River" and "Clancy of the Overflow" on the album The Bush Poems of A.B. (Banjo) Paterson.
 * The Australian folk band Wallis and Matilda set the poem to music on their album Pioneers.
 * The Concert Band of the 2nd Military District (Australia) made a recording with the poem narrated by Tim Elliott, accompanied by an arrangement of the music from the 1982 film. (Reference YPRX2097)

Adaptations of the poem
Three films, a television series and an arena spectacular musical have been based on the poem.

Films:
 * The Man from Snowy River (1920 film)– a silent black & white film
 * starring Cyril Mackay as "Jim Conroy" (the Man) and Stella Southern as "Kitty Carewe"
 * The Man from Snowy River (1982 film)– film
 * starring Tom Burlinson as "Jim Craig" (the Man) and Sigrid Thornton as "Jessica Harrison"
 * The Man from Snowy River II – the 1988 sequel to the 1982 film
 * (US title: Return to Snowy River / UK title: The Untamed)
 * starring Tom Burlinson as "Jim Craig" (the Man) and Sigrid Thornton as "Jessica Harrison"

Television:
 * The Man from Snowy River (TV series) — (set 25 years after the famous ride)
 * starring Andrew Clarke as "Matt McGregor" (the Man)

Stage musical:
 * The Man from Snowy River: Arena Spectacular
 * starring Martin Crewes as "Jim Ryan" (the Man) and Georgie Parker as "Kate Conroy"

title: The Man from Snowy River (poem)


text:
List of Royal Navy ships

There are two lists of Royal Navy ships:

 * List of active Royal Navy ships lists all currently commissioned vessels in the Royal Navy.
 * List of ship names of the Royal Navy lists all names that Royal Navy ships have ever borne.

title: List of Royal Navy ships


text:
Talk:List of Royal Navy ships

For now I'm making all the ships alpabetical by name. Listing by type is complicated by multiple ships having the same name, will have to figure out something eventually though. Stan Shebs 23:26 Feb 16, 2003 (UTC)

Indicate United Kingdom?
I recognized that Royal Navy probably referred to the United Kingdom. Finding the category does indicates "Ships of the United Kingdom", but it isn't stated in the lists of ships I've looked at. Is it that obvious to English speakers that it isn't needed, or should/can it be added? Please be kind, I'm new to Wikipedia!

Hello - I wanted to pass along to you a very comprehensive list generated by Gordon Smith of Naval-History.net, in part from data gathered by the Old Weather project. Here is the link: http://www.naval-history.net/WW1NavyBritishShips-Dittmar3WarshipsA.htm  If you have any questions, please feel free to visit the Old Weather forum site - Oldweather.org. Yours - Kathy Wendolkowski 216.15.44.249 (talk) 18:57, 29 September 2013 (UTC)(I have a Wiki user name, but can't recall what it is right now - )

dabs on the Forward and Satellite for 1863
Please see Lamalcha. There is one comment on HMS Forward that says it was sold in 1869...that would have to have been after it was bought back from the Lamalcha, who seized it and sold it in 1863 or '64. As that article says, which I got from a book called The Lamalcha War which I browsed in a BC Ferries bookshop one day, this was supposedly the only major defeat of the Royal Navy from the Crimean War to the end of the 19th C, maybe to the start of the Great War. I'm wondering if there are any Royal Navy histories on this incident that might augment that page; a Lamalcha War article may be split off from it, so the more detail the better.Skookum1 (talk) 07:53, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of Royal Navy ships