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Abul-Abbas

Abul-Abbas (c. 770s or 780s – 810) was an Asian elephant brought back to the Carolingian emperor Charlemagne by his diplomat Isaac the Jew. The gift was from the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid and symbolizes the beginning of Abbasid–Carolingian relations. The elephant's name and events from his life are recorded in the Carolingian Annales regni Francorum,  and he is mentioned in Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni. However, no references to the gift or to interactions with Charlemagne have been found in Abbasid records.

From the Orient to Europe
Abul-Abbas was probably born during the 770s or 780s (based on the average age of Asian elephant maturity) and was brought from Baghdad, the capital city of the Abbasid Caliphate, by Charlemagne's diplomat Isaac the Jew, who along with two other emissaries, Lantfrid and Sigimund, had been sent to the caliph on Charlemagne's orders. That the only surviving member of the group of three, Isaac, was being sent back with the elephant was heralded as advance news to Charlemagne from two emissaries he met in 801: one was sent by the caliph Harun al-Rashid himself, another by Abraham (Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab), who was governor of Africa. Charlemagne then ordered a man to Liguria (the province around Genoa) to commission a fleet of ships to carry the elephant and other goods.

Researchers have speculated on Isaac and the elephant's route through Africa: Isaac and the elephant began the trek back by following the Egyptian coast into Ifriqiya, ruled by Ibrahim ibn al-Aghlab who had bought the land from al-Rashid for 40,000 dinars annually. Possibly with the help of Ibrahim in the capital city of Kairouan (now in Tunisia), Isaac set sail from port (possibly Carthage, now in Tunisia) with Abul-Abbas and traveled the remaining distance to Europe via the Mediterranean Sea.

At any rate, the strict reading of the historic text Annales regni Francorum is that "Isaac the Jew returned from Africa with the elephant" (Isaac Iudeus de Africa cum elefanto) and landed in Porto Venere (near Genoa) in October 801. The two spent the winter in Vercelli, and in the spring they started the march over the Alps to the Emperor's residence in Aachen, arriving on 20 July 802. Abul Abbas was a full-grown adult elephant.

Death
In the year 810, Charlemagne left his palace and mounted a campaign intending to engage with King Godofrid of Denmark and his fleet that invaded and plundered Friesland. Charlemagne had crossed the Rhine River and tarried at a place called "Lippeham" awaiting troops for three days, when his elephant suddenly died. On the tacit assumption that the Abul-Abbas was with Charlemagne when he died, some modern commentators venture that the beast had been brought to serve as a war elephant.

Place of death
The location of "Lippeham" is a matter of conjecture, but has been placed at the "mouth of the Lippe River" (its confluence with the Rhine), in other words, somewhere near the city of Wesel. The claim dates at least as far back as 1746, (or 1735) when J. H. Nünning (Nunningus) and a colleague had published a notice that "Lippeham" was to be identified with Wesel; and that a colossal bone unearthed from the area, in the possession of their affiliated museum, was plausibly a part of the remains of the elephant Abul-Abbas. Another gigantic bone was found in the Lippe River among a catch of fish in the herrschaft of in early 1750, and it too was claimed to be a piece of Abul-Abbas.

One detractor to the claim is Richard Hodges who places it in Lüneburg Heath, which is nowhere near the Rhine.

Details of exhibition and death
The Annales regni Francorum contain only short reports about the transport of Abul-Abbas (801), his delivery to the Emperor (802) and his death (810). But modern writers have given various embellished accounts. Some indicate that when Abul-Abbas arrived, he was marched through various towns in Germany to the astonishment of onlookers, that he was shown in "Speyer, Strassburg, Verdun, Augsburg, and Paderborn" as ostentatious display of the emperor's might, and was eventually housed in Augsburg in what is now southern Bavaria.

Some added details about the elephant's death, stating he was in his forties and already suffering from rheumatism when it accompanied Charlemagne in the campaign across the Rhine heading to Friesland. According to these sources, in a spell of "cool rainy weather", Abul-Abbas developed a case of pneumonia. His keepers were able to transport the beast as far as Münster, where he collapsed and died.

White elephant
Some modern works indicate that Abul-Abbas was albino – literally a white elephant – but the basis for the claim is wanting. An early example claiming that Abul-Abbas was a "white elephant" occurs in a title authored by Willis Mason West (1902). In 1971, Peter Munz wrote a book intended for popular readership which repeated the same "white elephant" claim, but a reviewer flagged this as a "slip" given there was "no evidence" known to him to substantiate it. Mention of "white elephant" also misleadingly occurs in the title of the published catalog from the Aachen exhibition of 2003: Ex oriente : Isaak und der weisse Elefant, however, in this publication is a contributing article by Grewe and Pohle that appends a question mark on it: "Among the famous gifts to Charlemagne was a (white?) elephant".

Abul-Abbas' species
A number of authors assert that Abul-Abbas was an Indian elephant, though others cast this as an open question with the African elephant being a distinct possibility. No primary source identifies his species directly.

Arguments for Abul-Abbas having been an Indian elephant include that Abbasid sources such as al-Jahiz and al-Masudi record a belief that African elephants were not tamable. Another clue comes from the Irish monk Dicuil who mentions Abul-Abbas in his description of India in his geographic work De mensura orbis terrae ("Concerning the Measurement of the World") in 825. An inhabited initial B from a copy of Cassiodorus' Commentary on the Psalms made at the Abbey of Saint-Denis in the first quarter of the ninth century (now Paris, BnF lat. 2195) incorporates an elephant's head. The realistic portrayal of an Asian elephant suggests that the artist had seen Abul-Abbas.

Evidence put forward for Abul-Abbas having been an African elephant includes the route by which he arrived in Europe, which was via Tunisia. Also, a Carolingian plaque survives which was manufactured from ivory from an African elephant and was from a contemporary source. Ivory was widely used in Carolingian art, but most of this material was re-purposed from Roman sources. This particular plaque, a depiction of the Virgin Mary is too large to have come from the tusk of an Indian elephant, measuring 22 cm along its longest side. Radio-carbon dating shows that the ivory in the plaque is not of ancient origin. For Carolingian artists to have access to new ivory is so unusual that it makes Abul-Abbas a possible source of the material.

A short story by the German-New Zealand author Norman Franke tells the biography of the elephant from his own point of view.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Abul-Abbas


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Talk:Apple Records/Archive 1

There's a lack of consistency between this article and The Beatles as to which albums were released on which labels, particularly Apple and EMI. Someone who feels knowledgeable could probably do a separate Beatles discography which would shorten the main Beatles article and also lend some clarity. Don't forget Capitol records and VeeJay for the US. Ortolan88

At one point, Apple Records sued Apple Computer for trademark infringement because the computer company broke their earlier agreement not to add sound to its computers. The case was settled out of court. Apple computers ever since have included a sound labelled sosumi ("So, sue me").

 * The above paragraph contradicts internal Apple Computer sources which attribute the sound labelled 'sosumi' as a response to a complaint by Microsoft that it resembled a sound they used too closely. The sound previously had a different name. -- 64.171.185.104

"ringo" is the japanese word for "Apple". Yoko Ono is japanese. Maybe that's where the label got its name from? clem

I've often thought the same thing about the origin of the name. Does anyone know why they called it Apple?

Third paragraph down contradicts itself. -Litefantastic 22:10, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

It should be stressed that The Beatles were under a firm contract with EMI/Capitol up until 1974. All the Beatle recordings, or recordings made by former Beatles, were owned by EMI. EMI couldn't care less if these recordings were issued as EMI, Parlophone or Apple records. Apple Corp. did (and does) own the rights to artists like Mary Hopkin, Badfinger etc, but not The Beatles.

Anybody know the typeface used in the trademark?--The dez 05:49, 13 December 2005 (UTC)

Comment relevant to this article added to Talk:Apple Corps. --kingboyk 03:55, 18 December 2005 (UTC)

Jimmy Cliff
The article said that the above was an Apple artist. I'd never heard that, and I used to collect Apple Records. I figured that maybe, like David Peel, his records weren't released by Apple in the UK. However, a Google search reveals nothing, excluding Wikipedia mirrors. The Jimmy Cliff article has no mention of Apple or the Beatles. I conclude that entry is a mistake or a hoax. If you know different please reinstate it with a source and/or a catalogue number. --kingboyk 04:39, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Apple Records/Archive 1


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Natsume Sōseki

Natsume Sōseki (夏目 漱石), pen name Sōseki, born Natsume Kin'nosuke (夏目 金之助), was a Japanese novelist. He is best known for his novels Kokoro, Botchan, I Am a Cat, Kusamakura and his unfinished work Light and Darkness. He was also a scholar of British literature and writer of haiku and kanshi poetry and fairy tales.

Early years
Natsume Kin'nosuke was born on 9 February 1867 in the town of Babashita, Ushigome, Edo (present Kikui, Shinjuku, Tokyo), the fifth son of village head (nanushi) Natsume Kohē Naokatsu and his wife Chie. His father, a powerful and wealthy nanushi, owned all land from Ushigome to Takadanobaba in Edo and handled most civil lawsuits at his doorstep. He was a descendant of Natsume Yoshinobu, a Sengoku period samurai and retainer of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Sōseki began his life as an unwanted child, born to his mother late in her life, forty years old and his father then fifty-three. When he was born, he already had five siblings. Having five children and a toddler had created family insecurity and was in some ways a disgrace to the Natsume family. A childless couple, Shiobara Masanosuke and his wife, adopted him in 1868 and raised him until the age of nine, when the couple divorced. He returned to his biological family and was welcomed by his mother although regarded as a nuisance by his father. His mother died when he was fourteen, and his two eldest brothers died in 1887, intensifying his sense of insecurity.

Sōseki attended the First Tokyo Middle School (now Hibiya High School), where he became deeply enamored with Chinese literature, and fancied that he might someday become a writer. His desire to become an author arose when he was about fifteen when he told his older brother about his interest in literature. However, his family disapproved strongly of this course of action, and when Sōseki entered the Tokyo Imperial University in September 1884, it was with the intention of becoming an architect. Although he preferred Chinese classics, he started studying English at that time, feeling that it might prove useful to him in his future career, as English was a necessity in Japanese college.

In 1887, Sōseki met Masaoka Shiki, a friend who would give him encouragement on the path to becoming a writer, which would ultimately be his career. Shiki tutored him in the art of composing haiku. From this point on, he began signing his poems with the epithet Sōseki, a Chinese idiom meaning "stubborn". In 1890, he entered the English Literature department, and quickly mastered the English language. In 1891 he produced a partial English translation of the classical work Hōjōki upon request by his then English literature professor James Main Dixon. Sōseki graduated in 1893, and enrolled for some time as a graduate student and part-time teacher at the Tokyo Normal School. In 1895, Sōseki began teaching at Matsuyama Middle School in Shikoku, which later became the setting of his novel Botchan. Along with fulfilling his teaching duties, Sōseki published haiku and Chinese poetry in a number of newspapers and periodicals. He resigned his post in 1896, and began teaching at the Fifth High School in Kumamoto (now part of Kumamoto University). On June 10 of that year, he married Nakane Kyōko.

In the United Kingdom, 1900–1902
In 1900, the Japanese government sent Sōseki to study in Great Britain as "Japan's first Japanese English literary scholar". He visited Cambridge and stayed a night there, but gave up the idea of studying at the university because he could not afford it on his government scholarship. He studied instead at University College London (UCL). He had a miserable time in London, spending most of his days indoors buried in books, and his friends feared that he might be losing his mind. He also visited Pitlochry in Scotland, where he lodged with John Henry Dixon at the Dundarach Hotel.

He lived in four different lodgings: 76 Gower Street, near the British Museum; 85 Priory Road, West Hampstead; 6 Flodden Road, Camberwell; and 81 The Chase, Clapham (see the photograph). Only the last of these addresses, where he lodged with Priscilla Leale and her sister Elizabeth, proved satisfactory. Five years later, in his preface to Bungakuron (The Criticism of Literature), he wrote about the period: "The two years I spent in London were the most unpleasant years in my life. Among English gentlemen I lived in misery, like a poor dog that had strayed among a pack of wolves."

He got along well with Priscilla, who shared his love of literature, notably Shakespeare and Milton (his tutor at UCL was the Shakespeare scholar W. J. Craig), and who also spoke fluent French, much to his admiration. The Leales were a Channel Island family, and Priscilla had been born in France. The sisters worried about Sōseki's incipient paranoia and successfully urged him to get out more and take up cycling.

Despite his poverty, loneliness, and mental torment, he consolidated his knowledge of English literature during this period and left the United Kingdom in December 1902, returning to the Empire of Japan in January 1903. In April he was appointed to the First National College in Tokyo. Also, he was given the lectureship in English literature, subsequently replacing Koizumi Yakumo (Lafcadio Hearn) and ultimately becoming a professor of English literature at the Tokyo Imperial University, where he taught literary theory and literary criticism.

Literary career
Sōseki's literary career began in 1903, when he began to contribute haiku, renku (haiku-style linked verse), haitaishi (linked verse on a set theme) and literary sketches to literary magazines, such as the prominent Hototogisu, edited by his former mentor Masaoka Shiki, and later by Takahama Kyoshi. However, it was the public success of his satirical novel I Am a Cat in 1905 that won him wide public admiration as well as critical acclaim.

He followed on this success with short stories, such as "Rondon tō" ("Tower of London") in 1905 and the novels Botchan ("Little Master"), and Kusamakura ("Grass Pillow") in 1906, which established his reputation, and which enabled him to leave his post at the university for a position with Asahi Shimbun in 1907, and to begin writing full-time. Much of his work deals with the relation between Japanese culture and Western culture. His early works in particular are influenced by his studies in London; his novel Kairo-kō was the earliest and only major prose treatment of the Arthurian legend in Japanese. He began writing one novel a year before his death from a stomach ulcer in 1916. After his death, his brain and stomach were donated to the University of Tokyo, and his brain has been preserved as a specimen there.

Major themes in Sōseki's works include ordinary people fighting against economic hardship, the conflict between duty and desire (a traditional Japanese theme; see giri), loyalty and group mentality versus freedom and individuality, personal isolation and estrangement, the rapid industrialization of Japan and its social consequences, contempt of Japan's aping of Western culture, and a pessimistic view of human nature. Sōseki took a strong interest in the writers of the Shirakaba (White Birch) literary group. In his final years, authors such as Akutagawa Ryūnosuke and Kume Masao became close followers of his literary style as his disciples.

Legacy
In the 21st century, there has been a global emergence of interest in Sōseki. Sōseki's Kokoro has been newly published in 10 languages, such as Arabic, Slovenian and Dutch, since 2001. Kokoro also holds the distinction as the best-selling bunkobon in Japan, having sold over seven million copies in the country as of 2016. From 1984 until 2004, his portrait appeared on the front of the Japanese 1,000 yen note.

In South Korea, the complete collection of Sōseki's long works began to be published in 2013. In English-speaking countries there has been a succession of English translations since 2008. About 60 of his works have been translated into more than 30 languages. Reasons for this emergence of global interest have been attributed in part to Haruki Murakami who said Sōseki was his favorite Japanese writer. Political scientist and principal of Seigakuin University Kang Sang-jung argued that "Soseki predicted the problems we are facing today [and] had a long-term view of civilization," suggesting that "[h]is popularity will become more global in the future".

In 2016, the centennial of Sōseki's death, Nishogakusha University in Tokyo collaborated with Hiroshi Ishiguro, robotics researcher at Osaka University, to create a robotic android version of Sōseki. Sōseki's grandson, Fusanosuke Natsume, voiced the 130 cm figure which depicted Sōseki at age 45. The robot gave lectures and recitations of Sōseki's works at the university, as a way to engage students' interest in literature.

In 2017, as part of the 150-year commemoration of Sōseki's birth, the Asahi Beer Oyamazaki Villa Museum of Art displayed the letter Sōseki had written suggesting names for the villa itself. Sōseki had been on good terms with the owner, Shotaro Kaga, who asked him to name the house. Sōseki died before its completion in 1917. Sōseki's diary was also on display during the exhibition. In June 2019, retired professor Ikuo Tsunematsu reopened the Sōseki Museum, in Surrey, dedicated to the writer's life in the United Kingdom. The museum originally opened in 1982 in London, but closed in 2016 due to high maintenance costs and a decreased rate of attendance. The collection includes over 10,000 items including works in translation, collected books and magazines from Sōseki's stay in London, and census records.

Sōseki appears as a character in The Great Ace Attorney: Adventures, where he is charged with stabbing a woman in the back during his stay in London, and defended by the protagonist. In the game, he has a pet cat called Wagahai, a reference to I Am a Cat. He also appears in the sequel, The Great Ace Attorney 2: Resolve, where he is further charged with a man's poisoning in London, as well as appearing as a witness to a murder that occurs in Japan. In the manga and anime Bungou Stray Dogs, a character is named and based around Sōseki. In homage to his novel of the same name, Sōseki's character uses the ability 'I Am a Cat' which allows him to transform into a calico cat.

title: Natsume Sōseki


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CTAN

CTAN (an acronym for "Comprehensive TeX Archive Network") is the authoritative place where TeX related material and software can be found for download. Repositories for other projects, such as the MiKTeX distribution of TeX, constantly mirror most of CTAN.

History
Before CTAN there were a number of people who made some TeX materials available for public download, but there was no systematic collection. At a podium discussion that Joachim Schrod organized at the 1991 EuroTeX conference, the idea arose to bring together the separate collections. (Joachim was interested in this topic because he is active in the TeX community since 1983 and ran one of the largest ftp servers in Germany at that time.)

CTAN was built in 1992, by Rainer Schöpf and Joachim Schrod in Germany, Sebastian Rahtz in the UK, and George Greenwade in the U.S. (George came up with the name). Today, there are still only four people who maintain the archives and the TeX catalogue updates: Erik Braun, Ina Dau, Manfred Lotz, and Petra Ruebe-Pugliese. The site structure was put together at the start of 1992 – Sebastian did the main work – and synchronized at the start of 1993. The TeX Users Group provided a framework, a Technical Working Group, for this task's organization. CTAN was officially announced at the EuroTeX conference at Aston University, 1993. The WEB server itself is maintained by Gerd Neugebauer.

The English site has been stable since the beginning, but both the American and the German sites have moved thrice. The American site was first at Sam Houston State University under George Greenwade, in 1995 it moved to UMass Boston where it was run by Karl Berry. In 1999 it moved to Saint Michael's College in Colchester, Vermont. There it was announced to go off-line in the end of January 2011. Since January 2013, a mirror has been hosted by the University of Utah (no upload node). The German site was first at the University of Heidelberg, operated by Rainer; in 1999 it moved to the University of Mainz, also operated by Rainer; 2002 to the University of Hamburg, operated by Reinhard Zierke; finally in 2005 it moved to a commercial hosting company since the amount of traffic got too high to get sponsored by a university. The German site is subsidized by DANTE, the Deutschsprachige Anwendervereinigung TeX.

Today, the main CTAN nodes serve downloads of more than 6 TB per month, not counting its 94 mirror sites worldwide.

title: CTAN


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Talk:Akagi

(This article used to be about the Japanese aircraft carrier Akagi)

Shouldn't we rename the title to simply Akagi since it is not ambigous. -- Taku 06:06 Feb 24, 2003 (UTC)

It seems to be the policy to name them this way. See Naming conventions (ships), and also its talk page, where this rule is debated. Personally, I think the current policy is wrong, but there you go. Tannin 09:22 Feb 24, 2003 (UTC)

I think the convension should be applied only for western ships. Japanese don't use common name or numbers basically for ships so I don't think every country needs to follow western convension. -- Taku 16:00 Feb 24, 2003 (UTC)

 * If you look at the page now you can see the reason for the convention. Gdr 18:53, 2004 Dec 13 (UTC)

reverts
I was partially reverted and I don't see how any of the information put back helps the reader find the correct article (except the Prefecture information - I'll grant you those - I made a mistake there). Who cares that the ships were named for the volcano? That information doesn't help you find the right ship. As for the volcano, there's no page for it, so it should be redlink, or the entry removed entirely. Eliminating the redlink doesn't help the reader find the intended article. And why does the link to basketball help? Or the fact that those characters are siblings? I don't get it. Tedernst | talk 23:11, 28 December 2005 (UTC)

 * You're right about the ships being named after the volcano and about the basketball link, but I disagree about the volcano. It could be a redlink perhaps, but should certainly not be removed entirely. As for the siblings, it takes up little space and is not at all irrelevent older≠wiser 02:56, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Akagi


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List of ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy

The following is the list of ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy for the duration of its existence, 1868–1945. This list also includes ships before the official founding of the Navy and some auxiliary ships used by the Army. For a list of ships of its successor, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, see List of active Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force ships and List of combatant ship classes of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.

Early warships

 * Atakebune, 16th century coastal oar propelled warships.
 * Red seal ships – Around 350 armed sailships, commissioned by the Bakufu in the early 17th century, for Asian and South-East Asian trade.
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP San Buena Ventura (1607) – Built by William Adams for Tokugawa Ieyasu. Crossed the Pacific in 1610.
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP San Juan Bautista (1614) – One of Japan's first Western-style sail warships, transported the embassy of Hasekura Tsunenaga to America in 1614.

Western-style sail warships

 * JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Shohei Maru (1854) – Japan's first post-seclusion Western-style sail warship.
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Hou-Ou Maru (1854)
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Asahi Maru (1856)

Steam warships

 * Kankō Maru (1855), Japan's first steam warship.
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Kanrin Maru (1855) – Japan's first screw-driven steam warship
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Chōyō (1858)
 * JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Kaiyō Maru (1866)
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Kaiten
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Banryū
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Chogei
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Shinsoku
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Mikaho
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Yoshun(ja:陽春丸)
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Kasuga
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Chiyodagata (1863), Japan's first domestically built steam warship.
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Hiryū(ja:飛龍丸)
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Teibo
 * JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Ryūjō (1864) Japanese-Gunboat-Unyo-1875.png
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Unyo
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Nisshin
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Takao(ja:第二回天)
 * JAPANESE WARSHIP Moshun

Corvettes and gunboats

 * Kongō-class ironclad
 * JAPANESE CORVETTE Kongō (1877)
 * JAPANESE CORVETTE Hiei (1877)
 * JAPANESE CORVETTE Amagi
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Tsukushi
 * JAPANESE CORVETTE Kaimon
 * JAPANESE CORVETTE Tenryū
 * Katsuragi-class corvette
 * JAPANESE CORVETTE Katsuragi
 * JAPANESE CORVETTE Yamato
 * JAPANESE CORVETTE Musashi
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Heien (1882, ex-Chinese, captured 1895)
 * Maya-class gunboat
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Maya
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Akagi
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Atago
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Chōkai
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Ōshima
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Banjo
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Uji

Old battleships
‡ Before conversion to hybrid aircraft carriers

Seaplane tenders

 * JAPANESE SEAPLANE CARRIER Wakamiya (1913)
 * Notoro (1920)
 * Akitsushima
 * Kamoi
 * Chitose-class aircraft carrier (converted to aircraft carriers)
 * JAPANESE SEAPLANE CARRIER Mizuho
 * JAPANESE SEAPLANE CARRIER Nisshin
 * Kamikawa Maru-class seaplane tender

Aircraft carriers

 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Hōshō (1921)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Akagi (1925)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Kaga (1928)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Ryūjō (1931)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Sōryū (1935)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Hiryū (1937)
 * Shōkaku-class aircraft carrier
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shōkaku (1939)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuikaku (1939)
 * Zuihō-class aircraft carrier
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Zuihō (1940)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shōhō (1941)
 * Hiyō-class aircraft carrier
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Jun'yō (1941)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Hiyō (1941)
 * Taiyō-class escort carrier escort carrier
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Unyō (liner converted to escort carrier in 1941)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chūyō (liner converted to escort carrier in 1942)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Taiyō (liner converted to escort carrier in 1942)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Kaiyō (liner converted to escort carrier in 1942) (liner converted to escort carrier in 1943)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Ryūhō (converted from submarine tender in 1942)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Taihō (1943)
 * Chitose-class aircraft carrier light aircraft carriers
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chiyoda (1943)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Chitose (1944)
 * Unryū-class aircraft carrier
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Amagi (1943)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Unryū (1943)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Katsuragi (1944)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Kasagi (not completed)
 * Aso (not completed)
 * Ikoma (not completed)
 * Shin'yō (1943)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shinano (1944)
 * Shimane Maru-class escort carrier escort carrier
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Shimane Maru (1944)
 * Otakisan Maru (not completed)

Imperial Japanese Army

 * Yamashio Maru-class aircraft carrier auxiliary escort carrier (used by the Army)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Yamashio Maru (1944)
 * Chigusa Maru (not completed)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Akitsu Maru (1941, landing craft carrier and escort carrier)
 * JAPANESE AIRCRAFT CARRIER Kumano Maru (1945, landing craft carrier and escort carrier)

2nd Class destroyers

 * Sakura-class destroyer (1911–1912)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Sakura
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Tachibana
 * Kaba-class destroyer (1915)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kaba
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kashiwa
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Sakaki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Katsura
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Sugi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kaede
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Ume
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kiri
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kusunoki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Matsu
 * Momo-class destroyer (1916–1917)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Momo
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kashi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hinoki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Yanagi
 * Enoki-class destroyer (1917–1918)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Enoki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Maki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Nara
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Keyaki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kuwa
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Tsubaki
 * Momi-class destroyer (1919–1922)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Momi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kaya
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Nire
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kuri
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Nashi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Take
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kaki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Tsuga
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kiku
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Aoi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hagi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Susuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Fuji
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Tsuta
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Ashi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hishi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hasu
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Sumire
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Yomogi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Warabi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Tade
 * Wakatake-class destroyer (1922–1923)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Wakatake
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kuretake
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Sanae
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Sawarabi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Asagao
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūgao
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Fuyo
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Karukaya

3rd Class destroyers

 * Murakumo-class destroyer (1898–1922)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Murakumo
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Shinonome
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūgiri
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Shiranui
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kagero
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Usugumo
 * Ikazuchi-class destroyer (1898–1926)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Ikazuchi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Inazuma
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Akebono
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Sazanami
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Niji
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Oboro
 * Akatsuki-class destroyer (1901–1920)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Akatsuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kasumi
 * Shirakumo-class destroyer (1901–1926)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Shirakumo
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Asashio
 * Harusame-class destroyer (1902–1926)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Harusame
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Murasame
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hayatori
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Asagiri
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Ariake
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Fubuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Arare
 * Kamikaze-class destroyer (1905–1930)
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kamikaze
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hatsushimo
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Yayoi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kisaragi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Asakaze
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Shiratsuyu
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Shirayuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Matsukaze
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Harukaze
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Shigure
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Asatsuyu
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hayate
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Oite
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūnagi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūgure
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūdachi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Mikazuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Nowaki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Ushio
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Nenohi
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hibiki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Shirotae
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hatsuharu
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Wakaba
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Hatsuyuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Uzuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Minatsuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Nagatsuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Kikutsuki
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Uranami
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Isonami
 * JAPANESE DESTROYER Ayanami

Torpedo boats

 * Shirataka-class torpedo boat (1899–1923)
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Shirataka
 * Hayabusa-class torpedo boat (1899–1923)
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Hayabusa
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Kasasagi
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Manazuru
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Chidori
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Aotaka
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Kari
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Hato
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Tsubame
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Hibari
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Kiji
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Hashitaka
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Sagi
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Uzura
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Kamome
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Ōtori
 * Chidori-class torpedo boat (1933)
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Chidori
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Hatsukari
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Manazuru
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Tomozuru
 * Ōtori-class torpedo boat (1935–1937)
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Hato
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Hayabusa
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Hiyodori
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Kari
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Kasasagi
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Kiji
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Ōtori
 * JAPANESE TORPEDO BOAT Sagi

River gunboats

 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Sumida
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Fushimi
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Ataka
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Okitsu (ex-Italian minelayer Lepanto)
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Karatsu (ex-USS Luzon (PR-7))
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Katada
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Fushimi
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Sumida
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Hozu
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Katata
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Futami
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Atami
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Seta
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Kotaka
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Toba
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Hira
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Tatara (ex-USS Wake (PR-3))
 * JAPANESE GUNBOAT Suma (ex-HMS Moth (1915))
 * Kozakura-class traffic boat

Minesweepers

 * No. 1 class
 * No. 13 class
 * No. 7 class
 * No. 19 class
 * Aux. No. 1 class

Patrol vessels
List of IJN Patrol Vessels can be found here at
 * No.1-class auxiliary submarine chaser (驅潛特務艇第一號型): Over 200 built during World War II, 81 lost.
 * No.1-class patrol boat
 * Patrol Boat No. 1 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Shimakaze)
 * Patrol Boat No. 2 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Nadakaze)
 * No.31-class patrol boat
 * Patrol Boat No. 31 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Kiku)
 * Patrol Boat No. 32 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Aoi)
 * Patrol Boat No. 33 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Hagi)
 * Patrol Boat No. 34 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Susuki)
 * Patrol Boat No. 35 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Tsuta)
 * Patrol Boat No. 36 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Fuji)
 * Patrol Boat No. 37 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Hishi)
 * Patrol Boat No. 38 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Yomogi)
 * Patrol Boat No. 39 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Tade)
 * Patrol Boat No. 46 (ex-JAPANESE DESTROYER Yūgao)
 * Patrol Boat No. 101 (ex-HMS Thracian)
 * Patrol Boat No. 102 (ex-USS Stewart)
 * Patrol Boat No. 103 (ex-USS Finch)
 * Patrol Boat No. 104 (ex-HNLMS Valk)
 * Patrol Boat No. 105 (ex-Arayat)
 * Patrol Boat No. 106 (ex-HNLMS Banckert)
 * Patrol Boat No. 107 (ex-USS Genesee)
 * Patrol Boat No. 108 (ex-HNLMS Arend)
 * Patrol Boat No. 109 (ex-HNLMS Fazant)

Minelayers

 * JAPANESE MINELAYER Itsukushima
 * JAPANESE MINELAYER Yaeyama

1st Class submarines

 * Junsen class
 * Type J1, Junsen 1 gata (巡潜I型), 4 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-1, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-2, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-3, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-4.
 * Type J1M, Junsen 1 gata kai (巡潜I型改), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-5.
 * Type J2, Junsen 2 gata (巡潜II型), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-6.
 * Type J3, Junsen 3 gata (巡潜III型), 2 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-7, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-8.
 * Kou class
 * Type A1, Kou gata(S35) (甲型 (S35)), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-9, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-10, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-11.
 * Type A2, Kou gata(S35B) (甲型 (S35B)), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-12.

 * Type AM, Kou gata(S35G) (甲型 (S35G)), 2 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-13, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-14.
 * Otsu class
 * Type B1, Otsu gata(S37) (乙型 (S37)), 20 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-15, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-17, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-19, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-21, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-23, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-25, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-26, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-27, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-28, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-29, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-30, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-31, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-32, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-33, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-34, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-35, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-36, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-37, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-38, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-39.
 * Type B2, Otsu gata(S37B) (乙型 (S37B)), 6 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-40, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-41, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-42, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-43, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-44, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-45.
 * Type B3, Otsu gata(S37C) (乙型 (S37C)), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-54, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-55, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-58.
 * Hei class
 * Type C1, Hei gata(S38) (丙型 (S38)), 5 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-16, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-18, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-20, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-22, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-24.
 * Type C2, Hei gata(S38B) (丙型 (S38B)), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-46, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-47, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-48.
 * Type C3, Hei gata(S37D) (丙型 (S37D)), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-52, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-53, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-55.
 * Tei class
 * Type D1, Tei gata(S51/S51B) (丁型 (S51/S51B)), 12 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-361, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-362, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-363, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-364, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-365, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-366, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-367, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-368, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-369, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-370, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-371, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-372 (S51B).
 * Type D2, Tei gata kai(S51C) (丁型改 (S51C)), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-373.
 * Kaidai class
 * Type KD1, Kaidai 1 gata (海大I型), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-51.
 * Type KD2, Kaidai 2 gata (海大II型), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-152 (ex-I-52).
 * Type KD3a, Kaidai 3 gata a (海大III型a), 4 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-153 (ex-I-53), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-154 (ex-I-54), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-155 (ex-I-55), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-158 (ex-I-58).
 * Type KD3b, Kaidai 3 gata b (海大III型b), 5 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-156 (ex-I-56), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-157 (ex-I-57), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-159 (ex-I-59), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-60, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-63.
 * Type KD4, Kaidai 4 gata (海大IV型), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-61, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-162 (ex-I-62), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-164 (ex-I-64)
 * Type KD5, Kaidai 5 gata (海大V型), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-165 (ex-I-65), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-166 (ex-I-66), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-67
 * Type KD6a, Kaidai 6 gata a (海大VI型a), 6 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-168 (ex-I-68), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-169 (ex-I-69), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-70, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-171 (ex-I-71), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-172 (ex-I-72), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-73.
 * Type KD6b, Kaidai 6 gata b (海大VI型b), 2 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-174 (ex-I-74), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-175 (ex-I-75).
 * Type KD7, Kaidai 7 gata (海大VII型), 10 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-176 (ex-I-76), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-177, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-178, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-179, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-180, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-181, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-182, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-183, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-184, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-185.
 * Sentoku type, Toku gata (特型), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-400, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-401, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-402 (I-404 not launched, I-405 not completed).
 * Sentaka type, Sentaka (潜高), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-201, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-202, JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-203 (I-204 to I-208 not completed).
 * Senho type, Senho (潜補), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-351 (I-352 not completed).
 * Kiraisen (Mine layer) type, Kiraisen (機雷潜), 4 units JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-121 (ex-I-21), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-122 (ex-I-22), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-123 (ex-I-23), JAPANESE SUBMARINE I-124 (ex-I-24).
 * Captured German submarines, 6 units, I-501 (ex-GERMAN SUBMARINE U-181), I-502 (ex-GERMAN SUBMARINE U-862), I-503 (ex-UIT-24, ex-ITALIAN SUBMARINE Comandante Cappellini), I-504 (ex-UIT-25, ex-ITALIAN SUBMARINE Luigi Torelli), I-505 (ex-GERMAN SUBMARINE U-219), I-506 (ex-GERMAN SUBMARINE U-195).

2nd Class submarines

 * Type F
 * Type F1, Ro-ichi-gata (F1型（呂一型) 2 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-1, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-2.
 * Type F2, Ro-san-gata (F2型（呂三型), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-3, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-4, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-5.
 * Kaichū type
 * Type K1, Kaichū 1 gata (海中I型), 2 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-11, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-12.
 * Type K2, Kaichū 2 gata (海中II型), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-13, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-14, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-15.
 * Type K3, Kaichū 3 gata (海中III型), 10 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-16, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-17, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-18, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-19, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-20, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-21, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-22, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-23, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-24, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-25.
 * Type K4, Kaichū 4 gata (海中IV型), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-26, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-27, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-28.
 * Type KT (Toku-Chū), Kaichū 5 gata (海中V型), 5 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-29,JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-30, Submarine No. 70, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-31, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-32.
 * Type K6, Kaichū 6 gata (海中VI型), 2 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-33, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-34.
 * Type KS (Sen-Chū), Kaichū 7 gata (海中VII型), 18 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-35, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-36, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-37, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-38, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-39, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-40, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-41, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-42, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-43, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-44, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-45, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-46, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-47, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-48, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-49, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-50, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-55, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-56.
 * Type L
 * Type L1, Ro go jū 1 gata (L1型), 2 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-51, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-52.
 * Type L2, Ro go jū 2 gata (L2型), 4 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-53, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-54, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-55, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-56.
 * Type L3, Ro go jū 3 gata (L3型), 3 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-57, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-58, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-59.
 * Type L4, Ro go jū 4 gata (L4型), 9 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-60, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-61, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-62, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-63, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-64, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-65, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-66, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-67, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-68.
 * Ko Type, 18 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-100, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-101, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-102, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-103, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-104, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-105, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-106, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-107, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-108, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-109, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-110, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-111, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-112, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-113, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-114, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-115, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-116, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ro-117.
 * Sen'yu-Shō Type, 10 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-101, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-102, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-103, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-104, 'JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-105, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-106, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-107, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-108, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-109, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-111 (Ha-110 and Ha-112 not completed)
 * Sentaka-Shō Type, 11 units, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-201, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-202, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-203, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-204, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-205, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-207, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-208, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-209, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-210, JAPANESE SUBMARINE Ha-216 (Ha-206, Ha-211 to Ha-215, Ha-217 to Ha-279 not completed)
 * Ex-German submarines, 2 units, Ro-500 (ex-GERMAN SUBMARINE U-511), Ro-501 (ex-GERMAN SUBMARINE U-1224).

3rd Class submarines

 * Type A Kō-hyōteki-class submarine, 101 units.
 * Kairyū-class submarine, about 250 units (750 planned).
 * Kaiten, about 1000 units.
 * C1 type
 * C2 type
 * S1 type
 * Kawasaki class
 * S2 type
 * No.71, Dai 71 gou-kan (第71号艦),71-gou

Army submarines

 * Type 3 submergence transport vehicle
 * Yu 1-class submarine
 * Yu 1001-class submarine
 * Yu 2001-class submarine

Other submarines

 * Holland-class submarine
 * modified Holland class

Suicide vessels

 * Shinyo, 6,200 units.
 * Kaiten, approx. 420 units.


text:
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text:
The Beatles discography

Worldwide, the British rock band the Beatles released 12 studio albums (17 in the US), 5 live albums, 51 compilation albums, 36 extended plays (EPs), 63 singles, 17 box sets, 22 video albums and 53 music videos. In their native United Kingdom, during their active existence as a band, they released 12 studio albums (including 1 double album), 1 compilation album, 13 EPs (including 1 double EP), and 22 singles (including 4 double A-sided singles). The early albums and singles released from 1962 to March 1968 were originally on Parlophone, and their albums and singles from August 1968 to 1970 were on their subsidiary label Apple. Their output also includes vault items, remixed mash-ups and anniversary box-sets.

The Beatles are the biggest selling band of all time, selling over 500 million records.

With the first CD releases of their albums in 1987 and 1988, the Beatles' core catalogue was harmonised worldwide to encompass their 12 original UK studio albums, the 1967 US Magical Mystery Tour album and the newly assembled Past Masters: Volumes One and Two compilation albums consisting of all the studio recordings released during 1962 to 1970 that are not present on the UK studio albums or Magical Mystery Tour (mainly non-album singles, B-sides and EP tracks). When the core catalogue was reissued in remastered editions in 2009, the two volumes of Past Masters were combined into one double album. Since then, other past releases have been reissued in digital formats and on vinyl. The catalogue is currently distributed by Universal Music Enterprises' Calderstone Productions. This core catalogue contains all 217 tracks intended for commercial release, either as album tracks, EP tracks, or singles, that were put out by the Beatles from 1962 to 1970.

The Beatles' international discography is more complicated due to different versions of their albums sometimes being released in other countries, particularly during their early years on Capitol Records in North America. Prior to 1967, it was common practice for British releases to be reconfigured for the American market. The first seven British Beatles albums were converted into ten LPs for the American market, adding material from singles and the UK EPs; the band were unhappy with these reconfigurations. With the exception of Magical Mystery Tour, studio releases from Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967 forward were uniform in both the UK and the US. The band's first eight albums were released on Parlophone. From 1968, in both the UK and the US, starting with the single "Hey Jude" and the album The Beatles (better known as "the White Album"), new releases appeared on the Beatles' own Apple record label, although Parlophone and Capitol catalogue numbers continued to be used for contractual reasons.

The Beatles' discography was originally released on the vinyl format, with full-length long plays (LPs), shorter EPs and singles. Over the years, the collection has also been released on cassette, 8-track, compact disc (CD), on a USB flash drive in MP3 and 24-bit FLAC format, and on digital media streaming services. The Beatles' UK discography was first released on CD in 1987 and 1988. Between 1962 and 1968, the Beatles released their songs in both mono and stereo versions. The band's catalogue was remastered in both mono and stereo in 2009.

Original UK studio albums
Notes

Original US studio albums
Notes

Standardised studio albums
Since the first release of their music on CD during 1987–1988, the Beatles' studio albums have been standardised worldwide to the following albums:

 * Please Please Me (original UK album)
 * With the Beatles (original UK album)
 * A Hard Day's Night (original UK album)
 * Beatles for Sale (original UK album)
 * Help! (original UK album)
 * Rubber Soul (original UK album)
 * Revolver (original UK album)
 * Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band (original UK and US album)
 * Magical Mystery Tour (original US album)
 * The Beatles ("The White Album") (original UK and US album)
 * Yellow Submarine (original UK and US album)
 * Abbey Road (original UK and US album)
 * Let It Be (original UK and US album)
 * Past Masters (see Compilation albums; compiles all studio recordings the Beatles commercially released during 1962–1970 that do not appear on the thirteen previously listed albums)

Live albums
Notes

Compilation albums
Notes

Box sets
Notes

Billboard Year-End performances
Notes

Flexi discs
The Beatles released seven consecutive Christmas records on flexi disc for members of their UK and US fan clubs, from 1963 to 1969, ranging in length between 3:58 and 7:48. These short collections had a mix of spoken and musical messages for their official fan clubs.

Other appearances
The Beatles notably very rarely appear on compilation albums with other artists.

Home videos
Notes

TV series

 * Notes:

Music videos
Notes

title: The Beatles discography


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Gentleman

Gentleman (Old French: gentilz hom, gentle + man; abbreviated gent.) is a term for a chivalrous, courteous, or honorable man. Originally, gentleman was the lowest rank of the landed gentry of England, ranking below an esquire and above a yeoman; by definition, the rank of gentleman comprised the younger sons of the younger sons of peers, and the younger sons of a baronet, a knight, and an esquire, in perpetual succession. As such, the connotation of the term gentleman captures the common denominator of gentility (and often a coat of arms); a right shared by the peerage and the gentry, the constituent classes of the British nobility.

Thus, the English social category of gentleman corresponds to the French gentilhomme (nobleman), which in Great Britain meant a member of the peerage of England. English historian Maurice Keen further clarifies this point, stating that, in this context, the social category of gentleman is "the nearest contemporary English equivalent of the noblesse of France." In the 14th century, the term gentlemen comprised the hereditary ruling class, which is whom the rebels of the Peasants' Revolt (1381) meant when they repeated:

"When Adam delved and Eve span, Who was then the gentleman?"

In the 17th century, in Titles of Honour (1614), the jurist John Selden said that the title gentleman likewise speaks of "our English use of it" as convertible with nobilis (nobility by rank or personal quality) and describes the forms of a man's elevation to the nobility in European monarchies. In the 19th century, James Henry Lawrence explained and discussed the concepts, particulars, and functions of social rank in a monarchy, in the book On the Nobility of the British Gentry, or the Political Ranks and Dignities of the British Empire, Compared with those on the Continent (1827).

Gentleman by conduct

In The Tale of Melibee (c. 1386), Geoffrey Chaucer says: "Certes he sholde not be called a gentil man, that . . . ne dooth his diligence and bisynesse, to kepen his good name"; and in The Wife of Bath's Tale (1388-1396):

Loke who that is most vertuous alway Prive and apert, and most entendeth ay To do the gentil dedes that he can And take him for the gretest gentilman

In the French allegorical poem The Romance of the Rose (ca. 1400), Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meun described the innate character of a gentleman: "He is gentil bycause he doth as longeth to a gentilman." That definition develops until the 18th century, when in 1710, in the Tatler No. 207, Richard Steele said that "the appellation of Gentleman is never to be affixed to a man's circumstances, but to his Behaviour in them." Hence, the apocryphal reply of King James II of England to a lady's petition to elevate her son to the rank of gentleman: "I could make him a nobleman, but God Almighty could not make him a gentleman."

Selden said "that no Charter can make a Gentleman, which is cited as out of the mouth of some great Princes [who] have said it," because "they, without question, understood Gentleman for Generosus in the antient sense, or as if it came from Genii/[Geni] in that sense." The word gentilis identifies a man of noble family, a gentleman by birth, for "no creation could make a man of another blood than he is." In contemporary usage, the word gentleman is ambiguously defined, because "to behave like a gentleman" communicates as little praise or as much criticism as the speaker means to imply; thus, "to spend money like a gentleman" is criticism, but "to conduct a business like a gentleman" is praise.

William Harrison
In the 16th century, the clergyman William Harrison said that "gentlemen be those whom their race and blood, or at the least their virtues, do make noble and known." In that time, a gentleman usually was expected to have a coat of arms, it being accepted that only a gentleman could have a coat of arms, as indicated in an account of how gentlemen were made in the day of William Shakespeare:

"Gentlemen whose ancestors are not known to come in with William duke of Normandy (for of the Saxon races yet remaining we now make none accompt, much less of the British issue) do take their beginning in England after this manner in our times. Who soever studieth the laws of the realm, who so abideth in the university, giving his mind to his book, or professeth physic and the liberal sciences, or beside his service in the room of a captain in the wars, or good counsel given at home, whereby his commonwealth is benefited, can live without manual labour, and thereto is able and will bear the port, charge and countenance of a gentleman, he shall for money have a coat and arms bestowed upon him by heralds (who in the charter of the same do of custom pretend antiquity and service) and thereunto being made so good cheap be called master, which is the title that men give to esquires and gentlemen, and reputed for a gentleman ever after. Which is so much the less to be disallowed of, for that the prince doth lose nothing by it, the gentleman being so much subject to taxes and public payments as is the yeoman or husbandman, which he likewise doth bear the gladlier for the saving of his reputation. Being called also to the wars (for with the government of the commonwealth he medleth little) what soever it cost him, he will both array and arm himself accordingly, and show the more manly courage, and all the tokens of the person which he representeth. No man hath hurt by it but himself, who peradventure will go in wider buskins than his legs will bear, or as our proverb saith, now and then bear a bigger sail than his boat is able to sustain."

William Shakespeare
In this way, William Shakespeare himself was demonstrated, by the grant of his coat of arms, to be no "vagabond", but a gentleman. The inseparability of arms and gentility is shown by two of his characters:

Petruchio: I swear I'll cuff you if you strike again. Katharine: So may you lose your arms:  If you strike me, you are no gentleman; And if no gentleman, why then no arms.
 * —The Taming of the Shrew, Act II, Scene i

However, although only a gentleman could have a coat of arms (so that possession of a coat of arms was proof of gentility), the coat of arms recognised, rather than created, the status (see G. D. Squibb, The High Court of Chivalry, pp. 170–177). Thus, all armigers were gentlemen, but not all gentlemen were armigers. Hence, Henry V, act IV, scene iii:

For he today that sheds his blood with me Shall be my brother: be he ne'er so vile, This day shall gentle his condition. And gentlemen in England now abed Shall think themselves accurs'd they were not here And hold their manhoods cheap whilst any speaks That fought with us upon St. Crispin's Day.

Superiority of the fighting man
The fundamental idea of "gentry", symbolised in this grant of coat-armour, had come to be that of the essential superiority of the fighting man, and, as Selden points out (page 707), the fiction was usually maintained in the granting of arms "to an ennobled person though of the long Robe wherein he hath little use of them as they mean a shield." At the last, the wearing of a sword on all occasions was the outward and visible sign of a gentleman; the custom survives in the sword worn with court dress.

A suggestion that a gentleman must have a coat of arms was vigorously advanced by certain 19th and 20th century heraldists, notably Arthur Charles Fox-Davies in England and Thomas Innes of Learney in Scotland. The suggestion is discredited by an examination, in England, of the records of the High Court of Chivalry and, in Scotland, by a judgment of the Court of Session (per Lord Mackay in Maclean of Ardgour v. Maclean [1941] SC 613 at 650). The significance of a right to a coat of arms was that it was definitive proof of the status of gentleman, but it recognised rather than conferred such a status, and the status could be and frequently was accepted without a right to a coat of arms.

Confucianism
In East Asia, the characteristics of a gentleman are based upon the principles of Confucianism, wherein the term Jūnzǐ (君子) denotes and identifies the "son of a ruler", a "prince", a "noble man"; and the ideals that conceptually define "gentleman", "proper man", and a "perfect man". Conceptually, Jūnzǐ included an hereditary elitism, which obliged the gentleman to act ethically, to:

 * morally cultivate himself;
 * participate in the correct performance of ritual;
 * show filial piety and loyalty to whom due; and
 * cultivate humanity.

The opposite of the Jūnzǐ is the Xiǎorén (小人), "petty person" and "small person". As in English, in the Chinese usage the word small, can denote and connote a person who is "mean", "petty in mind and heart", and "narrowly self-interested", greedy, materialistic, and personally superficial.

Southern United States
The Southern gentleman of the Antebellum South was expected to protect the honor and property of both himself and his family members, acting as a chivalric ideal of the white planter class supposedly descended from the knights and Cavaliers of the Medieval and colonial eras.

Robert E. Lee's definition speaks only to conduct. The forbearing use of power does not only form a touchstone, but the manner in which an individual enjoys certain advantages over others is a test of a true gentleman.

The power which the strong have over the weak, the employer over the employed, the educated over the unlettered, the experienced over the confiding, even the clever over the silly—the forbearing or inoffensive use of all this power or authority, or a total abstinence from it when the case admits it, will show the gentleman in a plain light.

The gentleman does not needlessly and unnecessarily remind an offender of a wrong he may have committed against him. He can not only forgive, he can forget; and he strives for that nobleness of self and mildness of character which impart sufficient strength to let the past be but the past. A true man of honor feels humbled himself when he cannot help humbling others. As quoted by

Lee's conception is one of the better known expositions in favor of the Southern culture of honor.

Landed gentry
That a distinct order of landed gentry existed in England very early has, indeed, been often assumed and is supported by weighty authorities. Thus, the late Professor Freeman (in Encyclopædia Britannica xvii. page 540 b, 9th edition) said: "Early in the 11th century the order of 'gentlemen' as a separate class seems to be forming as something new. By the time of the conquest of England the distinction seems to have been fully established." Stubbs (Const. Hist., ed. 1878, iii. 544, 548) takes the same view. Sir George Sitwell, however, has suggested that this opinion is based on a wrong conception of the conditions of medieval society and that it is wholly opposed to the documentary evidence.

The most basic class distinctions in the Middle Ages were between the nobiles, i.e., the tenants in chivalry, such as earls, barons, knights, esquires, the free ignobiles such as the citizens and burgesses, and franklins, and the unfree peasantry including villeins and serfs. Even as late as 1400, the word gentleman still only had the descriptive sense of generosus and could not be used as denoting the title of a class. Yet after 1413, we find it increasingly so used, and the list of landowners in 1431, printed in Feudal Aids, contains, besides knights, esquires, yeomen and husbandmen (i.e. householders), a fair number who are classed as "gentilman".

George Sitwell
Sir George Sitwell gave a lucid, instructive and occasionally amusing explanation of this development. The immediate cause was the statute 1 Hen. 5. c. 5. of 1413, which laid down that in all original writs of action, personal appeals and indictments, in which process of outlawry lies, the "estate degree or mystery" of the defendant must be stated, as well as his present or former domicile. At this time, the Black Death (1349) had put the traditional social organization out of gear. Before that, the younger sons of the nobles had received their share of the farm stock, bought or hired land, and settled down as agriculturists in their native villages. Under the new conditions, this became increasingly impossible, and they were forced to seek their fortunes abroad in the French wars, or at home as hangers-on of the great nobles. These men, under the old system, had no definite status; but they were generosi, men of birth, and, being now forced to describe themselves, they disdained to be classed with franklins (now sinking in the social scale), still more with yeomen or husbandmen; they chose, therefore, to be described as "gentlemen".

On the character of these earliest gentlemen the records throw a lurid light. Sir George Sitwell (p. 76), describes a man typical of his class, one who had served among the men-at-arms of Lord John Talbot at the Battle of Agincourt:

the premier gentleman of England, as the matter now stands, is "Robert Ercleswyke of Stafford, gentilman"...

Fortunately—for the gentle reader will no doubt be anxious to follow in his footsteps—some particulars of his life may be gleaned from the public records. He was charged at the Staffordshire Assizes with housebreaking, wounding with intent to kill, and procuring the murder of one Thomas Page, who was cut to pieces while on his knees begging for his life.

If any earlier claimant to the title of gentleman be discovered, Sir George Sitwell predicted that it will be within the same year (1414) and in connection with some similar disreputable proceedings.

From these unpromising beginnings, the separate order of gentlemen evolved very slowly. The first gentleman commemorated on an existing monument was John Daundelyon of Margate (died circa 1445); the first gentleman to enter the House of Commons, hitherto composed mainly of "valets", was William Weston, "gentylman"; but even in the latter half of the 15th century, the order was not clearly established. As to the connection of gentilesse with the official grant or recognition of coat-armour, that is a profitable fiction invented and upheld by the heralds; for coat-armour was the badge assumed by gentlemen to distinguish them in battle, and many gentlemen of long descent never had occasion to assume it and never did.

Further decline of standards
This fiction, however, had its effect, and by the 16th century, as has been already pointed out, the official view had become clearly established that gentlemen constituted a distinct social order and that the badge of this distinction was the heralds' recognition of the right to bear arms. However, some undoubtedly "gentle" families of long descent never obtained official rights to bear a coat of arms, the family of Strickland being an example, which caused some consternation when Lord Strickland applied to join the Order of Malta in 1926 and could prove no right to a coat of arms, although his direct male ancestor had carried the English royal banner of St. George at the Battle of Agincourt.

The younger sons of noble families became apprentices in the cities, and there grew up a new aristocracy of trade. Merchants are still "citizens" to William Harrison; but he adds "they often change estate with gentlemen, as gentlemen do with them, by a mutual conversion of the one into the other."

A line between classes
A frontier line between classes so indefinite could not be maintained in some societies such as England, where there was never a "nobiliary prefix" to stamp a person as a gentleman, as opposed to France or Germany. The process was hastened, moreover, by the corruption of the Heralds' College and by the ease with which coats of arms could be assumed without a shadow of claim, which tended to bring the science of heraldry into contempt.

The prefix "de" attached to some English names is in no sense "nobiliary". In Latin documents de was the equivalent of the English "of", as de la for "at" (so de la Pole for "Atte Poole"; compare such names as "Attwood" or "Attwater"). In English this "of" disappeared during the 15th century: for example the grandson of Johannes de Stoke (John of Stoke) in a 14th-century document becomes "John Stoke". In modern times, under the influence of romanticism, the prefix "de" has been in some cases "revived" under a misconception, e.g. "de Trafford", "de Hoghton". Very rarely it is correctly retained as derived from a foreign place-name, e.g. "de Grey". The situation varies somewhat in Scotland, where the territorial designation still exists and its use is regulated by law.

With the growth of trade and the Industrial Revolution from 1700 to 1900, the term widened to include men of the urban professional classes: lawyers, doctors and even merchants. By 1841, the rules of the new gentlemen's club at Ootacamund was to include: "...gentlemen of the Mercantile or other professions, moving in the ordinary circle of Indian society".

Formal court titles
At several monarchs' courts, various functions bear titles containing such rank designations as gentleman (suggesting it is to be filled by a member of the lower nobility, or a commoner who will be ennobled, while the highest posts are often reserved for the higher nobility). In English, the terms for the English/Scottish/British court (equivalents may include Lady for women, Page for young men) include:
 * Gentleman at Arms
 * Gentleman-in-waiting
 * Gentleman of the bedchamber
 * Gentleman of the Chapel Royal
 * Gentleman-usher

In France, gentilhomme
 * ... rendered as "gentleman-in-ordinary"
 * ... as gentleman of the bed-chamber

In Spain, e.g., Gentilhombre de la casa del príncipe, "gentleman of the house[hold] of the prince"

Such positions can occur in the household of a non-member of a ruling family, such as a prince of the church:
 * Gentiluomo of the Archbishop of Westminster

Modern usage
The word gentleman as an index of rank had already become of doubtful value before the great political and social changes of the 19th century gave to it a wider and essentially higher significance. The change is well illustrated in the definitions given in the successive editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica. In the 5th edition (1815), "a gentleman is one, who without any title, bears a coat of arms, or whose ancestors have been freemen." In the 7th edition (1845) it still implies a definite social status: "All above the rank of yeomen." In the 8th edition (1856), this is still its "most extended sense"; "in a more limited sense" it is defined in the same words as those quoted above from the 5th edition; but the writer adds, "By courtesy this title is generally accorded to all persons above the rank of common tradesmen when their manners are indicative of a certain amount of refinement and intelligence."

The Reform Act 1832 did its work; the middle classes came into their own, and the word gentleman came in common use to signify not a distinction of blood, but a distinction of position, education and manners. By this usage, the test is no longer good birth or the right to bear arms, but the capacity to mingle on equal terms in good society.

In its best use, moreover, gentleman involves a certain superior standard of conduct, due, to quote the 8th edition once more, to "that self-respect and intellectual refinement which manifest themselves in unrestrained yet delicate manners." The word gentle, originally implying a certain social status, had very early come to be associated with the standard of manners expected from that status. Thus, by a sort of punning process, the "gentleman" becomes a "gentle-man".

In another sense, being a gentleman means treating others, especially women, in a respectful manner and not taking advantage or pushing others into doing things they do not wish to do. The exception, of course, is to push someone into something they need to do for their own good, such as a visit to the hospital, or pursuing a dream they have suppressed.

In some cases, its meaning becomes twisted through misguided efforts to avoid offending anyone; a news report of a riot may refer to a "gentleman" trying to smash a window with a dustbin in order to loot a store. Similar use (notably between quotation marks or in an appropriate tone) may also be deliberate irony.

Another relatively recent usage of gentleman is as a prefix to another term to imply that a man has sufficient wealth and free time to pursue an area of interest without depending on it for his livelihood. Examples include gentleman scientist, gentleman farmer, gentleman architect, and gentleman pirate. A very specific incarnation and possible origin of this practise existed until 1962 in cricket, where a man playing the game was a "gentleman cricketer" if he did not get a salary for taking part in the game. By tradition, such gentlemen were from the British gentry or aristocracy - as opposed to players, who were not. In the same way in horse racing a gentleman rider is an amateur jockey, racing horses in specific flat and hurdle races.

The term gentleman is used in the United States' Uniform Code of Military Justice in a provision referring to "conduct befitting an officer and a gentleman."

The use of the term gentleman is a central concept in many books of American Literature: Adrift in New York, by Horatio Alger; "Fraternity: A Romance of Inspiration, by Anonymous, with a tipped in Letter from J.P. Morgan (1836); Gone with the Wind, by Margaret Mitchell (1936). It relates to education and manners, a certain code of conduct regarding women that has been incorporated in the U.S. into various civil rights laws and anti-sexual-harassment laws that define a code of conduct to be followed by law in the workplace. Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind states "You're no gentleman" on occasions when a lack of manners and respect toward her causes her to feel insulted.

"Ladies and gentlemen" is a common salutation used in formal speeches and other public addresses, sometimes followed by "boys and girls".

title: Gentleman