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Kenyon College

Kenyon College is a private liberal arts college in Gambier, Ohio, United States. It was founded in 1824 by Episcopal Bishop Philander Chase. It is the oldest private institution of higher education in the state of Ohio and enrolls approximately 1,800 undergraduate students. Students choose from over 50 majors, minors, and concentrations, including self-designed majors.

The college is located on a hill overlooking the Kokosing River and neighbors Mount Vernon, Ohio. Its 1000 acre campus is set in rural surroundings that host seven ecosystems. There are more than 120 student clubs and organizations. Kenyon athletes are called Owls and compete in the NCAA Division III North Coast Athletic Conference. Kenyon College is accredited by the Higher Learning Commission.

Founding

After becoming the first Episcopal Bishop of Ohio in 1818, Philander Chase found a severe lack of trained clergy on the Ohio frontier. He sailed to England and solicited donations from George Kenyon, Lord Gambier, and the writer and philanthropist Hannah More. The college was incorporated in December, 1824. Dissatisfied with the original location of the college in Worthington, Chase purchased 8000 acres of land in Knox County (with the Mount Vernon lawyer Henry Curtis), and reached what he would name Gambier Hill on July 24, 1825.

The Kenyon Review

Kenyon's English department gained national recognition with the arrival of the poet and critic John Crowe Ransom in 1937 as professor of poetry and first editor of The Kenyon Review, a literary journal. During his 21-year tenure, Ransom published work by writers Allen Tate, Robert Penn Warren, William Empson, Mark Van Doren, Kenneth Burke, and Delmore Schwartz, as well as younger writers Flannery O'Connor, Robert Lowell, and Peter Taylor, among others. It was an influential literary magazine during the 1940s and 1950s.

The Kenyon Review hosts a two-week summer writing workshop on campus for high-school students. The Review sponsors an annual summer writers workshop for adults. The Kenyon Review also operates the KR Associates Program, allowing Kenyon students to gain experience in literary editing, publishing, and programming. Student associates work with Kenyon Review staff in manuscript evaluation, publicity and marketing, and event planning, among other creative and editorial projects.

Academics
Kenyon is a four-year liberal arts college. There are 18 academic departments, 14 interdisciplinary programs, and more than 50 majors, minors, and concentrations. Kenyon requires students to take classes in each of the four academic divisions: fine arts, humanities, natural sciences, and social sciences. In addition, students must study a foreign language. Its most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were: English, Economics, Psychology, Political Science, and Biology. The academic year follows a schedule of two four-course semesters, as well as research opportunities in the natural sciences, humanities, social sciences, and fine arts during the summer.

Kenyon's faculty includes over 200 full-time professors, with 99% of faculty holding a Ph.D. or other terminal degree in their field. All courses are taught by professors, with a student-to-faculty-ratio of 10:1.

Kenyon claims to offer more than 190 study abroad programs in 50 different countries. There is a program at the University of Exeter and one in Rome.

Kenyon's Center for the Study of American Democracy (CSAD), established in 2007, organizes conferences and seminars with the goal of promoting nonpartisan civic and political discourse. Students can join the Center as Associates, serving as student advisors, organizing events, and encouraging greater participation on campus in the center's programs. CSAD was funded through a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.

The Gund Gallery, a 31,000 sqft visual arts center and exhibition space, was opened in 2011. It hosts lectures, public programming, and exhibitions from traveling shows and its permanent collection.

Admissions

Admission to Kenyon is considered "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report.

For the class of 2022 (enrolling fall 2018), Kenyon received 6,152 applications, accepted 2,204 (35.8%), and enrolled 539. For enrolled first-year students the middle 50% range of SAT scores was 640–730 for critical reading and 640–740 for math, while the ACT composite range was 29–33; the average GPA was 3.94.

Rankings
In 2006, Newsweek selected Kenyon College as one of twenty-five "New Ivies" on the basis of admissions statistics as well as interviews with administrators, students, faculty members, and alumni. Additionally, it was also listed in Greene's list of Hidden Ivies in 2000. Time's 2018–2019 "Best Colleges in America" report ranked Kenyon as the 214th best college in the country.

In the 2023 U.S. News & World Report rankings, Kenyon was tied for the No. 39 liberal arts college in the United States. In the 2022 Forbes rankings, Kenyon was ranked 40th among liberal-arts colleges and 176th among 650 colleges and universities in the United States. In 2022, CollegeSimply ranked Kenyon as the 2nd best institution of higher education in Ohio and the 61st best college or university overall.

Previously, Kenyon gained national recognition for LGBTQ inclusion. It was ranked as one of the best campuses for LGBTQ students in the country in both 2020 and 2021. It did not retain this ranking in 2022.

Although Kenyon is often ranked favorably, some methods that rank colleges based on their calculated return on investment (ROI) have been critical of Kenyon's value. The 2018 Payscale College ROI Report ranked Kenyon as the 983rd best value college in the country.

Athletics
Kenyon's sports teams, which compete in the North Coast Athletic Conference (NCAC), were referred to as the Lords and Ladies until 2022 when a new nickname, the Owls, was adopted. At various points in the past, the teams were also known as the Mauve, the Purple, the Purple and White, the Hilltoppers, and simply as Kenyon.

The men's swim team, in NCAA Division III, claims to have won, from 1980 through 2010, a record 31 consecutive NCAA national championships as well as consecutive titles between 2012 and 2015 for a total of 34 program titles. The women's swim team has won 24 non-consecutive titles of their own since 1984, the most recent being in 2022.

In 2006, Kenyon opened the Kenyon Athletic Center (KAC), a 263,000 sqft building. Field hockey, football and men's lacrosse are played at McBride Field which has a seating capacity of 1,762.

In 2019, Kenyon was one of the first National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)-member colleges to participate in the organization's LGBTQ OneTeam Program, which launched in fall 2019.

Traditions

Kenyon is Ohio's oldest private college with some traditions dating back almost 200 years. All incoming students are expected to take the Matriculation Oath and sign a Matriculation Book that dates back over a century.

Another tradition is the "First-Year Sing." Each year, entering first-years gather on the steps of Rosse Hall to sing Kenyon songs before they are officially part of the Kenyon community. On the day before Commencement, seniors gather on the steps of Rosse Hall to sing the same songs again.

Kenyon students avoid stepping on the college seal in the entrance hall of Peirce Dining Hall. Tradition holds that if someone steps on the seal, they will not graduate from the college.

The Church of the Holy Spirit, one of Kenyon's oldest structures, features a 10-bell set of chimes which ring the traditional Westminster Quarters. The bells, installed in 1879, are rung manually in the belltower each Friday by a campus group known as the Kenyon Pealers.

Whenever a new president begins their time at the college, candles are lit in every window of Old Kenyon, as a sign of welcome. Additionally, a bell hangs in the steeple of Old Kenyon and is only rung when a new president is inaugurated, as well as having been rung when the United States is no longer engaged in war and when the Kenyon football team wins a home game. Kenyon has had twenty-five presidents (including acting or interim appointments); former president S. Georgia Nugent was Kenyon's first female president, and former president Sean Decatur was Kenyon's first African-American president. The president's academic regalia is a purple gown with four velvet chevrons on each sleeve signifying the office of the president, a college seal medallion with the names of each Kenyon president on the chain links, and a purple beefeater cap. The purple beefeaters cap is also worn by college trustees at ceremonies.

The college's official song is "The Thrill." However, "Kokosing Farewell" is more often sung at ceremonies. "Kokosing Farewell," sung to the tune of the 1870 hymn "The Day Thou Gavest, Lord, Is Ending," is the traditional closing number for concerts of the Kenyon College Chamber Singers.

The college has maintained a tradition of formality at ceremonies. During the annual commencement ceremony, the conferring of degrees to the class and announcement of each individual student's degree of Bachelor of Arts is done entirely in Latin. Kenyon's diplomas are also written entirely in Latin.

Shield and seal
The first Kenyon seal was designed no later than 1842 and contained a book, a cross, a scroll, a telescope, and a scientific apparatus surrounded by the words "Sigillum Collegi Kenyonensis" and "Ohio Resp". Since the second and current seal was introduced, the first seal has rarely been used.

Kenyon's second and current shield is derived from the coat of arms of Lord Kenyon, one of the college's first and most prominent benefactors. The shield consists of a chevron, three crosses, a book inscribed with the college's motto (as well as the Kenyon family's motto) magnanimiter crucem sustine ("valiantly bear the cross"), resting upon a bishop's staff, representing the college's founder, Bishop Philander Chase. The shield has become a widely used symbol for the college. A version of the shield that replaces the book and staff with "Kenyon" in block letters while the chevron and crosses remain has become the symbol for the college's athletic teams.

In 2011, American clothier Ralph Lauren discontinued production of a necktie depicting the Kenyon shield after it was found they did not license the rights from the college.

The Bexley Seminary had its own shield until its dissociation from the college in 1968. While it contained the book, motto, and bishop's staff of the Kenyon shield, an eagle and ermine pattern blazoned the lower portion of the shield.

Sustainability
Kenyon College has undertaken a number of sustainability initiatives, including a recycling system upgrade, a biodiesel project, a computer lab conversion to double-sided printing, the distribution of green living guides, as well as the creation of a dining hall composting system that diverts 6,000 pounds of waste from the landfill per week. Additionally Kenyon's cafeteria is committed to serving local food and has become a leader among college cafeterias in the country. Students partnered with administrators and professors to complete a campus energy audit for the past three years, as well as a carbon footprint calculation. Kenyon Green Alumni was founded to connect graduates "with a professional interest in the environment." The college recently received a "C" grade on the 2010 College Sustainability Report Card, compiled by the Sustainable Endowments Institute.

The Kenyon Farm is a mixed crop-livestock operation providing produce to local markets and giving students the opportunity to gain practical skills and knowledge for small-scale farming operations.

Ivy, which once covered some buildings on the Kenyon campus, but damages stonework, has been eradicated.

Notable alumni

Notable alumni of Kenyon College include:
 * U.S. Supreme Court Justices David Davis (1832), Stanley Matthews (1840), and William Rehnquist (attended, 1946)
 * U.S. Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton (1834)
 * Abolitionist and women's rights activist John Celivergos Zachos (1840)
 * U.S. President Rutherford B. Hayes (1842)
 * Poet Robert Lowell (1940)
 * Writer Peter Taylor (1940)
 * Novelist William H. Gass (1947)
 * Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme (1948)
 * Actor Paul Newman (1949)
 * Comedian Jonathan Winters (attended, 1950)
 * Novelist E.L. Doctorow (1952)
 * Poet James Arlington Wright (1952)
 * Molecular biologist Harvey Lodish (1962)
 * Architect Graham Gund (1963)
 * Cartoonist Jim Borgman (1976)
 * Matthew Winkler (journalist) (1977)
 * Professor of Law Amos N. Guiora (1979)
 * Cartoonist Bill Watterson (1980)
 * Author Donovan Webster (1981)
 * Actor Allison Janney (1982)
 * U.S. Congressman Zack Space (1983)
 * Author Laura Hillenbrand (1989)
 * U.S. Ambassador to Ukraine Bridget A. Brink (1991)
 * Football coach Chris Creighton (1991)
 * Author Jenna Blum (1992)
 * Politician Leopoldo Lopez (1993)
 * Actor and filmmaker Josh Radnor (1996)
 * U.S. Congresswoman Lizzie Pannill Fletcher (1997)
 * Lawyer and climate activist Colette Pichon Battle (1997)
 * Basketball coach Shaka Smart (1999)
 * Author John Green (2000)
 * Author and filmmaker Ransom Riggs (2001)
 * Political strategist Sarah Longwell (2002)
 * Entrepreneur Juul James Monsees (2002)
 * U.S. National Security Council spokesperson Tommy Vietor (2002)
 * Astrophysicist and artist Nia Imara (2003)
 * Musician Nicholas Petricca (2009)
 * Musician Evan Stephens Hall (2011)
 * Musician Justin Roberts (1992)

title: Kenyon College


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UMkhonto weSizwe

uMkhonto weSizwe (abbreviated MK; English: Spear of the Nation) was the paramilitary wing of the African National Congress (ANC), founded by Nelson Mandela in the wake of the Sharpeville massacre. Its mission was to fight against the South African government.

After warning the South African government in June 1961 of its intent to resist further if the government did not take steps toward constitutional reform and increase political rights, uMkhonto weSizwe launched its first attacks against government installations on 16 December 1961. It was subsequently classified as a terrorist organisation by the South African government, and banned.

For a time it was headquartered in Rivonia, then rural but now an affluent suburb of Johannesburg. On 11 July 1963, 19 ANC and uMkhonto weSizwe leaders, including Arthur Goldreich and Walter Sisulu, were arrested at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia. The farm was privately owned by Arthur Goldreich and bought with South African Communist Party and ANC funds, as non-whites were unable to own a property in that area under the Group Areas Act. This was followed by the Rivonia Trial, in which 10 leaders of the ANC were tried for 221 militant acts designed to "foment violent revolution". Wilton Mkwayi, chief of uMkhonto weSizwe at the time, escaped during trial.

The organisation was formally disbanded in a ceremony at Orlando Stadium in Soweto, Gauteng, on 16 December 1993, although the armed struggle had been suspended earlier, during the negotiations to end apartheid.

Motivations for formation
According to Nelson Mandela, all of the founding members of the uMkhonto weSizwe, including himself, were also members of the ANC. In his "I Am Prepared to Die" speech, delivered at the conclusion of the Rivonia Trial, Mandela outlined the motivations that led to the formation of uMkhonto weSizwe: At the beginning of June 1961, after a long and anxious assessment of the South African situation, I, and some colleagues, came to the conclusion that as violence in this country was inevitable, it would be unrealistic and wrong for African leaders to continue preaching peace and non-violence at a time when the government met our peaceful demands with force.

This conclusion was not easily arrived at. It was only when all else had failed, when all channels of peaceful protest had been barred to us, that the decision was made to embark on violent forms of political struggle, and to form uMkhonto weSizwe. We did so not because we desired such a course, but solely because the government had left us with no other choice. In the Manifesto of uMkhonto published on 16 December 1961, which is exhibit AD, we said: "The time comes in the life of any nation when there remain only two choices – submit or fight. That time has now come to South Africa. We shall not submit and we have no choice but to hit back by all means in our power in defence of our people, our future, and our freedom."

Firstly, we believed that as a result of Government policy, violence by the African people had become inevitable, and that unless responsible leadership was given to canalise and control the feelings of our people, there would be outbreaks of terrorism which would produce an intensity of bitterness and hostility between the various races of this country which is not produced even by war. Secondly, we felt that without violence there would be no way open to the African people to succeed in their struggle against the principle of white supremacy. All lawful modes of expressing opposition to this principle had been closed by legislation, and we were placed in a position in which we had either to accept a permanent state of inferiority, or take over the Government. We chose to defy the law. We first broke the law in a way which avoided any recourse to violence; when this form was legislated against, and then the Government resorted to a show of force to crush opposition to its policies, only then did we decide to answer with violence.

The manifesto referred to by Mandela, adduced by the prosecution at his trial as Exhibit AD, included the statements: "Our men are armed and trained freedom fighters not 'terrorists'. We are fighting for democracy—majority rule—the right of the Africans to rule Africa. We are fighting for a South Africa in which there will be peace and harmony and equal rights for all people. We are not racialists, as the white oppressors are. The African National Congress has a message of freedom for all who live in our country." The aim was to act only against hard targets such as power pylons and avoid any injury or loss of life.

Organizational Command Structure (1961–1964)
In the six or so months between making the decision to form the organisation (June) and the first acts of sabotage (December), the MK high command set up regional commands in the main centres. The people chosen to be part of these commands were chosen either because they had the necessary technical or military skills or because they were members of the Congress Alliance organisations.

Central (Overall) Command

 * Nelson Mandela
 * Walter Sisulu
 * Joe Slovo
 * Raymond Mhlaba (from 1962)
 * Wilton Mkwayi (from 1963)

Johannesburg (later Transvaal) Command

 * Jack Hodgson
 * Ahmed Kathrada
 * Denis Goldberg
 * Arthur Goldreich

Natal Command

 * Curnick Ndlovu
 * Ronnie Kasrils (from 1963)

Western Cape Command

 * Looksmart Ngudle
 * Fred Carneson

Eastern Cape Command

 * Vuyisile Mini

Border Command

 * Washington Bongco

Explosives Command

 * Jack Hodgson
 * Harold Strachan (from 1962)

Ex-Officio Commanders

 * Lambert Moloi (from 1964)
 * Joe Modise (from 1964)
 * Tom Sebina (from 1964)

1960s–1970s
In June 1961, Mandela sent a letter to South African newspapers warning the government that a campaign of sabotage would be launched unless the government agreed to call for a national constitutional convention. Six months later, on 16 December 1961, Mandela led uMkhonto weSizwe in launching its campaign.

The first target sabotaged was an electrical substation. This was followed by many more acts of sabotage over a year and a half, including attacks on government posts, machines and power facilities, and crop burning. At the Rivonia Trial, the government accused them of committing 193 acts of sabotage in total.

Opinions in the ANC were divided on the viability of launching a military campaign. For this reason, MK did not publicly associate itself with the ANC at first. Its initial attacks were "characterised by their simplicity": reflecting the Africans' lack of military training, and the fact that although many whites had military training, most had not seen service since the Second World War. The state responded with laws that allowed detention without trial and an unlimited power to ban organisations, and also by establishing military and civilian intelligence organisations.

MK began planning a campaign called "Operation O Mayibuye", or "Operation Mayibuye", from Liliesleaf Farm. The South African Heritage Portal describes how they were able to meet there: "Goldreich and Harold Wolpe, a lawyer, used South African Communist Party funds to buy Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia in 1961 for use as a secret meeting place. The secret life of the revolutionaries at Liliesleaf had a very brief flowering – the key years were 1961 to mid-1963. Arthur Goldreich lived as the tenant of Liliesleaf with his then wife Hazel and his two sons, Nicholas and Paul. They were white, the 'right colour' to belong in Rivonia, so their presence did not attract attention; this was the perfect cover.... The farm outbuildings became home to various key ANC black members who posed as 'servants' of the white Goldreich family. Here the leaders of a hoped for revolution developed a plan for guerrilla warfare (Operation Mayibuye) with its own printing press and a secret radio transmitter."

In 1962, Mandela went to Algeria, Egypt, and Ghana to get international backing for the group.

In December 1962, Looksmart Ngudle and Denis Goldberg helped to organise a training camp held at Mamre, outside Cape Town, later recognised as the first MK training centre inside South Africa; however it had to be abandoned early due to Security Police interest.

A lack of familiarity with the necessities of covert military work, and the reliance on high-profile leaders like Nelson Mandela, contributed to the South African state's ability to capture the organisation's leadership at their Rivonia headquarters outside Johannesburg at the end of 1962. This effectively neutralised MK within South Africa for the next decade. However, the organisation had established itself—and its key relationship as a disciplined part of the ANC—and did not disappear.

The early 1970s were a low point for the ANC in many ways, including in the military sphere. Attempts to rebuild uMkhonto weSizwe inside South Africa resulted in many losses, although, as noted by the Military History Journal, some members, including Chris Hani, were able to remain undetected for a long period. Meanwhile, MK cadres had access to a growing range of military training opportunities in Algeria, Egypt and the Soviet Union and other communist-bloc countries.

The Soweto uprising of 1976 led to a large exodus of young black men and women. Anxious to strike back at the apartheid regime, they crossed the border to Rhodesia to seek military training. This enabled uMkhonto weSizwe to rebuild an army — one capable of attacking prestigious targets such as the refineries at Sasolburg.

On 24 February 1977, a bomb exploded at the Daveyton Police Station, causing only superficial damage. On 14 December, guerrillas attacked the Germiston police station. On 10 March 1978, a bomb exploded outside the offices of the Bantu Affairs building in Port Elizabeth, killing one civilian and wound three others. On 21 August 1978, B. Mayeza, personnel member of the Bureau of State Security was shot dead in Umlazi, Durban. On 9 December 1978, an explosive blast severely damaged the Soweto Community Council building.

In 14 January, seven members clashed with SAP (South African Police) near Zeerust, one member was captured, others escaped over Botswana border. On 23 January, an explosion damaged the railway near New Canada, Gauteng. The next day, a large quantity of explosives on the line were found and defused, between Fort Beaufort and King William's Town, Eastern Cape. In February, Sergeant Benjamin Letlako, a Police Special Branch member, is shot dead in Katlehong. On 15 April, an improvised device was discovered and defused on a railway line near Soweto. In 5 May, guerrillas opened fire in the Moroka Police Station, killing one and wounding three more policemen and three civilians. Next, an explosive device was found in a railway in Eastern Transvaal. On 15 November, members of MK attacked the Orlando SAP Station, leaving two officers dead and other two wounded. In the same day, the house of the Lt Magezi Ngobeni of SAP Special Branch was attacked with grenades, leaving five children wounded. In the next month, a railway near Alice, Eastern Cape was damaged by a blast.

First attacks in the decade
On 4 January, the Morebeng SAP Station was attacked by an explosive device, leaving one officer injured. Days later, members of the MK took 25 hostages in a bank in Pretoria, the next confrontation between security forces and MK members left five dead (three attackers), and approximately 20 wounded. In March, MK shot dead two officers in Bophutatswana.

In June 1980, MK members attacked the Booysens Police Station, leaving two officers wounded. In 2000, the Amnesty Committee of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) granted amnesty for the attack. In the night of 31 May – 1 June, MK members attacked two Sasol oil from coal plants, leaving important material damages.

There was a lull until 21 April 1981, when the MK attacked a substation in Durban with limpet mines. In this period, the attacks with explosives continued. On 29 October, a grenade attack was reported against the West Rand police station, Gauteng Province. The following day, the MK attacked the Consul of the House of Transkei with explosives, leaving only material damage. On 21 November MK members shot dead an officer in Chiawelo, Gauteng. On 29 October, a grenade attack was reported against the West Rand police station, Gauteng Province. The following day, the MK attacked the Consul of the House of Transkei with explosives, leaving only material damage. In this period, attacks with explosives continued.

On 27 May, the MK took credit for another attack in Durban, destroying a South African Defence Force recruitment building. In June of the same year, the MK took credit for the arson attack against the headquarters of the Federal Progressive Party, which caused material damage, the abandonment of a limpet mine in a fuel depot in Alberton as well as other sabotage of railways. On 21 July, an attack on an electrical plant in Pretoria was reported, with at least six explosions recorded in three facilities.

On 11 August, MK members attacked the Voortrekker military base in Pretoria with grenade launchers. On 1 November, MK members attacked a border post with Swaziland, occupied by the South African Defense Forces (SADF), which was destroyed by a rocket and grenade attack. Days later, attacks against substations in Pretoria are attributed, between 12 and 14 October.

On 7 January 1982, MK tried to attack the West Rand Board of Administration, Soweto. Explosive attacks on administrative offices followed in the following weeks. On 28 May, MK claimed responsibility for the attack on a fuel depot and power transformer, Hectorspruit, Mpumalanga Province. In June MK attacked railways in Durban, and detonated an explosive in the offices of the Presidential Council, leaving one civilian killed. In 28 June that MK attacked railways in Vryheid and Scheepersnek.

In 5 June, the MK bombs kill one person when the explosive blasts in a lift at the offices of the presidents Council in Cape Town. Weeks later, two bombs cause extensive damage to the railway depot, pump station, stores and vehicles in Scheepersnek. A triple blasts in the Drakensberg Administration offices in Pietermaritzburg.

In 8 November, an improvised device causes important damage at the Mobil fuel storage depot in Mkuze. Days later, MK militants uses RPG-7s to attack a rural police station and temporary South African Army garrison at Tonga.

1983: Church Street bombing
In 1983, the Church Street bomb was detonated in Pretoria near the Air Force headquarters, resulting in 19 deaths and 217 injuries.

1985: Amanzimtoti bombing
In the 1985 the Amanzimtoti bombing on the Natal South Coast, five civilians were killed and 40 were injured when uMkhonto weSizwe cadre Andrew Sibusiso Zondo detonated an explosive in a rubbish bin at a shopping centre shortly before Christmas. In a submission to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC), the ANC stated that Zondo's act, though "understandable" as a response to a recent South African Defence Force raid in Lesotho, was not in line with ANC policy. Zondo was executed in 1986.

1986: Durban beach-front bombing
In the 1986 Durban beach-front bombing, a bomb was detonated in a bar, killing three civilians and injuring 69. Robert McBride received the death penalty for this bombing, which became known as the "Magoo's Bar bombing". McBride received amnesty and became a senior police officer.

1987: Johannesburg bombings
In 1987, an explosion outside a Johannesburg court killed three police officers and injured a further 15; a court in Newcastle had been attacked in a similar way the previous year, injuring 24. Also in 1987, a bomb exploded at a military command centre in Johannesburg, killing one person and injuring 68 personnel.

Other bombings
The armed struggle continued with attacks on a series of soft targets, including a bank in Roodepoort in 1988, in which four civilians were killed and 18 injured. Also in 1988, a bomb outside a magistrate's court killed three. At the Ellis Park rugby stadium in Johannesburg, a car bomb killed two and injured 37 civilians. A multitude of bombs at restaurants and fast food outlets, including Wimpy Bars, and supermarkets occurred during the late 1980s, killing and wounding many people. Wimpy were specifically targeted because of their perceived rigid enforcement of many apartheid laws, including excluding non-whites from their restaurants.

1985–1987: Landmine campaign
From 1985 to 1987, there also was a campaign to place anti-tank mines on rural roads in what was then the Northern Transvaal. This tactic was abandoned due to the high rate of civilian casualties—especially among black labourers. The ANC estimated that there were 30 landmine explosions resulting in 23 deaths, while the government submitted a figure of 57 explosions resulting in 25 deaths.

Findings by the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that the use of torture by uMkhonto weSizwe was "routine", as were executions "without due process" at ANC detention camps. This was particularly true in the period of 1979–1989, although torture was not official ANC policy. It called the Durban bombing a "gross violation of human rights".

The TRC also noted in its report that although "ANC had, in the course of the conflict, contravened the Geneva Protocols and was responsible for the commission of gross human rights violations…of the three main parties to the [South African] conflict, only the ANC committed itself to observing the tenets of the Geneva Protocols and, in the main, conducting the armed struggle in accordance within the international humanitarian law".

Angola
In January 1969, the ANC declared its solidarity with the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) and pursued close military relations with that party, then involved in the Angolan War of Independence. Both movements were drawn into a practical and ideological friendship because of their shared links with the Soviet Union through the communist parties of their respective nations. At the First International Conference of Solidarity with the Fighting People of Southern Africa and the Portuguese Colonies, organised by the Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation and the World Peace Council, the MPLA and ANC entered into a formal military alliance together with the South West African People's Organisation (SWAPO), the Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU), and the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC). This became known as the Khartoum alliance.

The ANC-MPLA alliance assumed new significance in the mid-1970s with Angolan independence. After consolidating power with Cuban support, the MPLA granted MK permission to establish training facilities in Angola. The primary MK base in Angola was located at Novo Catengue, where intakes of up to 500 recruits were trained by Cuban military advisers. Between 1976 and 1979, over 1,000 MK guerrillas were trained at Novo Catengue. In recognition of Cuba's role in supervising the training programme, the third MK intake to muster out was named the "Moncada Detachment". There were also a number of smaller MK training camps established throughout Angola, namely at Quibaxe. Aside from Cuba, the Soviet Union also contributed some instructors at the request of Oliver Tambo; between 1976 and 1991, 200 Soviet military personnel served at various MK camps in Angola as training staff.

The ANC and MK presence in Angola re-ignited its alliance with SWAPO and its own armed wing, the People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN). PLAN and MK frequently shared facilities in Angola and coordinated the transportation of supplies and war materiel.

In 1984, there was a series of mutinies in MK's Angolan camps that were suppressed by the Mbokodo, the ANC's internal security service. During this time, the ANC detained and executed a number of MK dissidents suspected of subversion or disloyalty. In one case mutineers killed ANC members and after the mutiny was suppressed seven mutineers were executed (with further executions only halted after the personal intervention of Oliver Tambo).

MK's presence in Angola inevitably embroiled it in the Angolan Civil War. In August 1983, an MK battalion was deployed against the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) insurgents near Kibashe. In 1986, three battalions of newly trained MK recruits were deployed to guard FAPLA rear areas during Operation Alpha Centauri. MK also participated in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, fighting against a joint South African and UNITA expeditionary force during Operation Hooper and Operation Packer. At least 100 MK cadres were killed during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, making that engagement of enormous symbolic importance, as it was the largest single loss of life in MK's history. Furthermore, MK's prestige inside South Africa was greatly enhanced by its participation in a conventional battle, and apparent willingness to directly confront a South African military force.

Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
During the Rhodesian Bush War, MK was closely allied with the Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA), the armed wing of ZAPU. MK became interested in using ZIPRA's infiltration routes to smuggle supplies to its fighters in South Africa, and organised a joint expedition with the latter in August 1967. A combined MK-ZIPRA force was largely eliminated by the Rhodesian Security Forces during Operation Nickel, and the survivors driven back across the border into Botswana and Zambia. Historian Rocky Williams assesses that MK and ZIPRA "fought well under difficult conditions" and that although the incursion failed, the Rhodesian authorities were forced to rely on clandestine military assistance from South Africa to counter them.

Concerning MK's alliance with ZIPRA, Oliver Tambo stated: "We have had close political relations with ZAPU, and these developed into relations at the military level, until we were in a position to fight together. This close alliance is the first of its kind one can recall in the liberation movement. In no previous instance has there actually been fighting by freedom fighters drawn from different territories."

Equipment
MK received nearly all its military equipment from the Soviet Union, although other COMECON member states such as East Germany which were sympathetic to the ANC's cause also provided the movement with small quantities of materiel. The SACP was able to use its political contacts in the Soviet government to obtain these weapons, and was primarily responsible for MK's logistics from the beginning of the armed struggle. Soviet ordnance played a crucial role in the MK's sabotage campaign and in guerrilla engagements with the South African security forces. Military equipment was usually smuggled into South Africa from neighbouring states where the ANC was operating in exile. Once inside the country, they were cached in major urban centers where the ANC enjoyed a large political following. MK established enormous arms depots in Botswana, Mozambique, and Swaziland to facilitate these operations, and also had smaller quantities of weapons cached in Angola, Zambia, and Tanzania.

Soviet arms deliveries to MK, valued collectively at 36 million rubles, began in 1963 and ceased in 1990. Despite the cessation of Soviet military aid, MK had still amassed enough conventional weapons inside South Africa to mount an effective urban guerrilla campaign as needed by 1991. The movement's preexisting arsenal was deemed sufficient to continue operations against the South African state for the foreseeable future in the event that ongoing negotiations to dismantle the apartheid system failed. MK cadres were primarily armed with Soviet AK-47 assault rifles and SKS carbines. By the late 1980s, it was beginning to supplement both these weapon types with the slightly more modern AKM assault rifle firing the same 7.62×39mm cartridge. MK also received over 6,000 handguns of various types, primarily derivatives of the TT-33 pistol, from the Soviet Union, Hungary, North Korea, and Yugoslavia.

MK possessed some heavy weapons, namely 90 man-portable, single-tube Grad-P rocket launchers. The Soviet Union also supplied MK with over 40 9K32 Strela-2 surface-to-air missile launchers and 60 9M14 Malyutka anti-tank missile systems.

After MK was disbanded, the movement passed its logistical records to the newly integrated South African National Defence Force (SANDF) to ensure that the stored equipment was properly inventoried and disposed of.

In popular culture

 * In 1984, musician Prince Far I's album Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) was released (posthumously) in an act of solidarity with the uMkhonto weSizwe.
 * In 1987, a benefit hardcore compilation album Viva uMkhonto! was released on the Dutch label Konkurrel. It featured Scream, Challenger Crew, Morzelpronk, Social Unrest, The Ex, Depraved, Victims Family, B.G.K., Rhythm Pigs, Everything Falls Apart, Kafka Prosess, S.C.A.*, and 76% Uncertain.
 * Zimbabwean-born African-American author and filmmaker M. K. Asante Jr. embraced the initials M. K. after uMkhonto weSizwe.
 * Dave Matthews Band song "#36" is dedicated to Chris Hani, the assassinated chief of staff of the uMkhonto weSizwe and the leader of the South African Communist Party, and includes the refrain: "Hani, Hani, won't you dance with me?"

Notable members
In addition to co-founder Nelson Mandela, notable members include:

 * Tatamkhulu Afrika
 * Sipho Binda
 * Anton Fransch
 * Joe Gqabi
 * Denis Goldberg
 * Harry Gwala
 * Chris Hani
 * Samuel Hlongwane
 * Ronnie Kasrils
 * Moses Kotane
 * Tryphina Mboxela Jokweni
 * Lennox Lagu
 * Moses Mabhida
 * Ashley Kriel
 * Robert McBride
 * Mac Maharaj
 * Dikgope Madi
 * Solomon Mahlangu
 * Isaac Lesiba Maphotho
 * Rudzani Maphwanya
 * Jerry Masisi
 * Vusumuzi Masondo
 * Davidson Masuku
 * Lawrence Mbatha
 * Govan Mbeki
 * Thabo Mbeki
 * Duma Mdutyana
 * Raymond Mhlaba
 * Wilton Mkwayi
 * Joe Modise
 * Thandi Modise
 * Thabiso Mokhosi
 * Lambert Moloi
 * Alex Moumbaris
 * Fabian Msimang
 * Mavuso Msimang
 * Refiloe Johannes Mudimu
 * Phila Portia Ndwandwe
 * Godfrey Ngwenya
 * Wilson Nqose
 * Siphiwe Nyanda
 * Vejaynand Ramlakan
 * Tom Sebina
 * Aubrey Sedibe
 * Solly Shoke
 * Walter Sisulu
 * Joe Slovo
 * Marion Sparg
 * Oliver Tambo
 * Lindile Yam
 * Tony Yengeni
 * Andrew Zondo
 * Jacob Zuma

Number of deaths
South African police statistics indicate that, in the period 1976 to 1986, approximately 130 people were killed by guerrillas. Of these, about thirty were members of various security forces and one hundred were civilians. Of the civilians, 40 were white and 60 black. In turn, around 11+ ANC members were killed in cross-border raids by the SADF.

Awards
The following medals and awards, some with post-nominal titles, were retrospectively defined and awarded to members of MK:

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: UMkhonto weSizwe


text:
Rafael Limón

Rafael Limón Burgos, also known as Bazooka Limón (born 13 January 1954) is a Mexican former professional boxer who held the WBC super featherweight title twice between 1980 and 1982. He also challenged for the same title in 1979 and 1983.

Biography
Born on 13 January 1954, Limón did not know who his father was. He thought his father was a soldier who lived with his mother, woman who had three sons, including Rafael, and one daughter. The soldier had alcoholic problems and beat up Limon's mom. Limon's mother moved with her children to Mexico City when Limon was 4; and when he was 15, Limon came to meet his real father in a strange way: walking on the street one day, Limon was confronted by a man who tried snatching his purse. He punched the man and ran back home. The man then followed him and arrived at Limon's family's house a couple of minutes behind Limon, and then Limon's mother introduced them as biological father and son.

Later on, Limon, like the man who had been his father figure, joined the Mexican Army on February 14, 1972. Limon witnessed some friends boxing and was challenged by an on duty major to fight after he saw a friend get bloodied and found that funny. Limon found out he had talent for the sport and was sent to train with former professional boxer and noted trainer Kid Rapidez after three months learning to box while with the Army.

Boxing career
Limon is best known for his four-bout rivalry with Bobby Chacon. Their first fight took place on 7 December 1975, in Mexicali, Mexico, Limón defeating a heavily favoured Chacon in a ten-round unanimous decision (UD).

Negotiations took place in 1977–78 to pit Limón against WBA super featherweight champion, Samuel Serrano. However, the fight never took place.

Limón challenged WBC super featherweight champion Alexis Argüello in February 1979, suffering an eleventh-round knockout (KO). Following this he and Chacon met for the second time, an accidental clash of heads resulting in a seven-round technical draw (TD). The pair met for a third time on 21 March 1980, in Los Angeles, Chacon earning a 10-round split decision (SD).

In spite of this Limón found himself fighting later that year for the world title Arguello had vacated. Limón knocked out Venezuela's Idelphonso Bethelmy in the fifteenth round at Los Angeles to become the WBC super featherweight champion.

Limon made his first defense against England-based Ugandan Cornelius Boza-Edwards, losing a fifteen-round unanimous decision.

In 1982, Rolando Navarrete was the WBC super featherweight champion, having dethroned Boza-Edwards by fifth-round KO. Limón knocked Navarrete out in round twelve to become a two-time world champion.

After defending his title successfully against Chung Il Choi, Limón met Bobby Chacon for a fourth bout. Held on 11 December 1982 in Sacramento. It was their first meeting with a world championship at stake. Limón dropped Chacón in rounds three and ten, but Chacon turned the tables with only a few seconds left in round fifteen and knocked Limón down. Limón climbed the ropes to get to his feet to finish the fight, yet lost on the judges' cards in a close unanimous decision.

In 1983, Chacón refused to defend his world title against Héctor 'Macho' Camacho, so Limón traveled to Puerto Rico to meet Camacho. He was no match for Camacho, who defeated him in five rounds.

Limón went on boxing until 1992, losing to a number of future world champions and prominent boxers, including Julio César Chávez and Sharmba Mitchell, but never again challenged for a world title.

His record is 52-23-2 (39 KOs).

title: Rafael Limón


text:
Mk

MK or mk may refer to:

Fictional characters

 * Moon Knight, a Marvel Comics superhero
 * M.K., an Into the Badlands (TV series) character
 * Mary Katherine "M.K." Bomba, the protagonist in Epic (2013 film)

Video games

 * Makai Kingdom: Chronicles of the Sacred Tome, a tactical role-playing game
 * Mario Kart, a series of racing video games developed and published by Nintendo featuring characters from the Mario franchise
 * Mortal Kombat, a series of fighting video games developed and published by Midway Games, and later Warner Bros.

Other media

 * MK (channel), a defunct, South African, Afrikaans-language music television channel
 * Moskovskij Komsomolets, a Russian newspaper

In business and finance

 * Markup (business), a term for the difference between the cost of a good or service and its selling price
 * Mark (designation), a designation used to identify versions of a product or item, e.g. Mk. II
 * Finnish markka (symbol: Mk), defunct currency of Finland

Businesses and organizations

 * MK Airlines, a British cargo airline
 * MK Electric, an English manufacturer of electrical goods
 * MK Group, a Serbian holding company
 * Air Mauritius, a Mauritian passenger airline (IATA designation: )
 * Michael Kors (brand), American fashion brand
 * Mysore Kirloskar, an Indian manufacturer of lathes, part of the Kirloskar Group
 * Montreal Kosher, known as MK, a Canadian kosher certification agency
 * Morrison-Knudsen, an engineering and construction firm

Languages

 * Macedonian language (ISO 639 digram "mk")
 * Middle Korean (10th–16th centuries)

People

 * MK Nobilette, also Emkay, (born 1994), American singer
 * M. K. Asante (born 1982), American author, filmmaker and professor
 * MK (DJ) (Marc Kinchen), American house-music producer
 * Mark Knopfler (born 1949), English musician, co-founder of Dire Straits
 * Michael Kors (born 1959), American fashion designer

Places

 * MK postcode area, UK postal districts in the greater Milton Keynes and Bedford areas
 * North Macedonia (ISO country code MK)
 * .mk, the Internet country code top-level domain for North Macedonia
 * Magic Kingdom, a Walt Disney World theme park in Greater Orlando
 * Mong Kok, an area of Hong Kong
 * Milton Keynes, a city in southern England
 * Magic Kingdom, Sydney, a defunct theme park in Australia

In politics

 * Member of Knesset, the legislature of Israel
 * Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation), an armed wing of the African National Congress (the majority party in South Africa)
 * uMkhonto we Sizwe Party (Spear of the Nation), political party in South Africa that broke away from the ANC
 * Mebyon Kernow, a Cornish political party in the United Kingdom

In religion

 * Gospel of Mark, the second book of the New Testament in the Christian Bible
 * Missionary Kids, the children of missionary parents
 * Mk, a post-nominal title for a monk

In science, technology, and mathematics

 * Mark (designation), a designation used to identify versions of a product or item, e.g. Mk. II
 * mk (software), a make replacement in the Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Inferno operating systems
 * Mk reference point, an interface of the IP Multimedia Subsystem used to exchange messages between BGCFs in different networks
 * Morgan-Keenan (MK) spectral classification, a stellar classification system based on spectral lines
 * Megakelvin (MK), an SI unit of temperature
 * Midkine, a protein
 * Millikelvin (mK), an SI unit of temperature
 * Morse–Kelley set theory in the field of mathematics

In sport

 * FK Mandalskameratene, a Norwegian football club
 * Milton Keynes Dons F.C., a football team in Milton Keynes often shortened to MK Dons

Other uses

 * Machinery Technician, an enlisted rating in the United States Coast Guard
 * Chrysler MK platform (Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot)
 * Medical kit, a first aid kit

title: Mk


text:
Manuel Ancízar

Manuel Esteban Ancízar Basterra (25 December 1812 — 21 May 1882) was a Colombian lawyer, writer, and journalist. He founded a publishing house and a newspaper before joining the Chorographic Commission in 1850. He also served as the 4th Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Granadine Confederation, and as the first president of the National University of Colombia.

Personal life
Manuel Esteban was born on 25 December 1812 in Fontibon, Bogotá to José Francisco Ancízar y Zabaleta, Spaniard native of Navarre, and Juana Bernarda Basterra y Abaurrea, Spaniard native of Biscay. In 1819 his father, who had served as Corregidor of Zipaquirá under the Viceroy of New Granada, Juan José de Sámano y Uribarri; during the time of the Reconquista, was forced to flee the capital when the Spanish forces fell at the Battle of Boyacá and the victorious forces of General Simón Bolívar entered the capital. The family arrived in Cartagena de Indias, three of Manuel's siblings died in the arduous journey; in 1821 they had to flee again when this Spanish bastion fell to the forces of Admiral José Prudencio Padilla López. The Ancízar Basterra family landed this time in Cuba, a safe Spanish colony, where they remained under much impoverished circumstances as refugees; his mother and his only remaining sibling died few years after. In 1832 he graduated from the University of Saint Jerome in Civil Law, and two years later received his degree in Canon Law. On 4 July 1857 he married Agripina Samper Agudelo, sister of José María and Miguel Samper Agudelo, both writers and prominent politicians in Colombia; together they had five children: Roberto, Pablo, Inés, Jorge, and Manuel.

title: Manuel Ancízar


text:
Talk:Honeysuckle

Untitled
Well on most plant pages we typically show one photo only, and then link to others if there are others. At least that's how it was being done weeks ago; I'm not sure if that's how it's still being done. Also, I'm on broadband but I know most people aren't, so we should probably limit download sizes when possible. Koyaanis Qatsi

 * Take a look at Spanish moss to see how another page does it. What do you think?  Koyaanis Qatsi

 * Linking sounds alright to me; I just wouldn't like to see an image relegated to the orphanage after some fellow wikipedian went to the trouble to scan and upload it. Mkweise 05:07 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC)

 * Actually, I've deleted several of my own photos after someone uploaded a better one (this happened already at blueberry and sunflower), but I see your point. I'll link them instead.  Hey, Jimbo says hard drive space is cheap!  :-)  Koyaanis Qatsi

 * IMO there's a lot to be said for a good old-fashioned artists' rendering of a plant, animal or especially a person. It lends a refreshing human touch. Mkweise 06:24 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok, but I'm a human too and there are human decisions in how to take and present a picture--lens choice, angle of view, depth of field, distance to subject, lighting, etc. Koyaanis Qatsi, slightly miffed amateur photographer.  :-)

 * Didn't mean to discount the human input that goes into photography, but I still find there's something charmingly "retro" about hand drawings. (I feel the same way about acoustic instruments.) Mkweise 08:05 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC)

-- Lonicera

gardens
I think it should be mentioned that many species and cultivars are grown as ornamentals. The reason I didn't add it myself is that I'm wondering whether "most common" species means most common in gardens. If so, then ornamental value should probably be mentioned right before that sentence. —JerryFriedman 18:50, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

Pruning
Would it be appropriate to add a section on pruning the honeysuckle?

Toxic to dogs
It might be helpful to mention that honeysuckle is toxic to dogs and could kill them if ingested. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 207.178.234.98 (talk) 14:40, 8 May 2007 (UTC). yes its advised that the honeysuckle berries are not ingested by pets as it may lead to fatalities — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.94.150.28 (talk) 12:53, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

Growing
How to? Buy from garden store? Seed, cuttings, transplant, luck? jengod 19:57, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Is this for encyclopedic record or personal interest? I've seen decorative honeysuckles sold as plants in nurseries, but I believe in my state (FL) it's illegal to trade the Japanese kind because it's an incorrigible weed. I have scads of it in my backyard. Anyway, is this about adding something about growing the stuff to the article, because I'm sure if you looked up a major nursery catalogue it can be found, either for reference or personal value. Hmm, I wonder if a nursery catalogue is a proper reference for how plants are sold.... Garnet avi (talk) 08:57, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Edibility?
When I was little, there was a plant - either this or Gentiana Andrewsii  that we used to pluck the flowers and suck from the bottem... sweet - sweet enough to continue to do, but not become obsessive about (i.e. if something/ANYTHING came up that was better to do.. even an ephermeral idea... off we went... still they were sweet.) Not all were sweet - some were tasteless.. but the sweetness was worth continuing. Flowers were not eaten - sucked from the bottom - flower part tossed (mainly because after sucking the flavor was gone). To my knowledge this was 1) flowers consumed only by children 2) considered a weed in the flowerbeds of the adults 3) usually readily found on the edges of flower beds in our area (natural soil type was dense clay) 4) only bloomed toward end of summer (shoot - was about 25 yrs ago) 5) usually found same areas where you find flowering clover.. only closer to domesticated flowers (at least the ones that survive the weedwhacker)

We called them Bluebells, but looking at the pictures of bluebells today... nope... single flower, short plant. Much more like the Bottle Gentians but as a young lad... who didn't gave a hoot - it was a flower, blue, usually closed , sized (as defined) in a plant sized between clover and strawberry (closer to clover) and usually found where clover was.. but only flowering close to flowerbeds.. but amongst the clover outside the actual bed. When the flowers did unfold, they looked more like gentiana than when still closed..

No idea what the plant was (never paid much attention as I grew older), gardeners in this area considered it a weed... kids though it was a sweet treat in the july/aug period.. area is north central NJ. (Don't know if they still do it, but was same time frame you braved the bees to pick the wild ras/blackberries from those thickets (blueberry almost as hard.. just not as dangerous ;) [or same time of year])

 * I did this in elementary school living in Maryland. It was definitely Japanese Honeysuckle. You pull off the green back and push up on the flower tube and a drop of necter beads up. I've done it more recently, but it's not that much necter and the novelty's worn off. You can do this with clover, too, but that's even trickier. Garnet avi (talk) 09:02, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Hybrids
I notice that none of the hybrids made it into this article. Here, in Portland (Oregon, USA) the available sorts are: These are all climbers. I know the last two at first hand, and they have really long blooming seasons, unlike any of the species Honeysuckles of my acquaintance. I read somewhere a long time ago that Honeysuckles that have scented flowers are pollinated by bumblebees, but those having unscented (to humans, at least) are pollinated by flies. The usual practice in this Encyclopedia would have that the title of this article be Lonicera, not Honeysuckle. Some problems I also noted in other Lonicera-related articles.C.s.auaeginal (talk) 00:43, 23 February 2013 (UTC)c.s.auaeginal
 * Lonicera × brownii (12 feet, USDA Hardiness Zone 5),
 * L. × tellmannia (15 feet, Zone 5),
 * L. × heckrottii (15 feet, Zone 5) and
 * L. × americana (22 feet, Zone 6).

sweet perfume smell
Please add information about the well-known sweet perfume smell odor of honeysuckle. Some varieties have and some don't? Which species most have the familiar smell? -71.174.185.30 (talk) 03:06, 1 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Content and references added. Thanks. --Zefr (talk) 18:38, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

Other species
Removed this vague list from the article under species. Relevance? --Zefr (talk) 18:08, 1 June 2017 (UTC)

 * Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims (as L. bubalina L.f. )
 * Chiococca alba (L.) Hitchc. (as L. alba L. )
 * Spigelia marilandica (L.) L. (as L. marilandica L. )
 * Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Moench (as L. symphoricarpos L. )
 * Viburnum mongolicum (Pall.) Rehder (as L. mongolica Pall. )

redirect
For the sake of consistency with other botanical pages, there should be a genus page called Lonicera that could link to a Honeysuckle page if necessary, or redirect Honeysuckle to Lonicera. Redirecting the scientific name Lonicera to a common name is inconsistent with hundreds of other genus articles. 50.39.102.168 (talk) 01:29, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * This appears to already be done, according to Lonicera? - Adolphus79 (talk) 02:55, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Honeysuckle


text:
Arcadia (band)

Arcadia were a British pop group formed in 1985 by Simon Le Bon, Nick Rhodes, and Roger Taylor of Duran Duran as a side project during a break in the band's schedule. The project was active only during 1985 and 1986 and for just one album, So Red the Rose, which was certified Platinum in the United States and included the singles "Election Day", "Goodbye Is Forever", "The Flame", and "The Promise" (featuring David Gilmour and Sting). Drummer Roger Taylor appeared in only a few band photographs and one music video ("Election Day"), and stated he was to be involved only in the recording side of the project (he also had minor involvement in the Power Station, the other Duran Duran splinter group, formed by Duran Duran's Andy and John Taylor alongside Robert Palmer and Tony Thompson of Chic).

The name of the band reportedly was inspired by the Nicolas Poussin painting Et in Arcadia ego (also known as "The Arcadian Shepherds").

So Red the Rose (1985)
The group recorded just one album, the platinum-selling So Red the Rose. It peaked at No. 30 in the UK and No. 23 in the US, and featured the UK/US Top 10 single "Election Day", as well as the top 40 hits "The Promise" and "Goodbye Is Forever". It also contains the single "The Flame" and the promo-singles "Missing", "El Diablo" and "Keep Me in the Dark".

Simon Le Bon described So Red the Rose as "the most pretentious album ever made", while AllMusic called it "the best album Duran Duran never made". Musicians who contributed to the album included guitarists David Gilmour (Pink Floyd) and Carlos Alomar, pianist Herbie Hancock, Sting (who provided backing vocals on "The Promise"), Grace Jones (who provided the spoken-word intro/interlude on "The Flame" and "Election Day"), bass player Mark Egan of the Pat Metheny Group (whose distinctive fretless sound can be recognised in "The Promise", "El Diablo" and "Lady Ice"), Masami Tsuchiya and David Van Tieghem, a percussionist from New York.

A video collection was also released which featured music videos for the singles directed by Roger Christian, Marcelo Anciano, Russell Mulcahy and Dean Chamberlain. The band also recorded and released the stand-alone single "Say the Word" for the Playing for Keeps movie soundtrack, which was not included on So Red the Rose.

EMI re-released the album as a three-disc box set in April 2010. This remastering collected all permutations and remixes of tracks released by the band. The third disc comprised the video collection on DVD, but it does not include the video for "Say the Word".

Band changes
Arcadia continued the Duran Duran tradition of a slick image. For the Arcadia incarnation of their ever-changing band aesthetic, Le Bon, Rhodes and Roger Taylor donned an upmarket 'gothic' look of black tuxedos, vintage formal wear, and bow ties. The three also dyed their hair black, as seen when they performed (as Duran Duran, with Andy and John Taylor) at the 1985 Live Aid concert in Philadelphia. By the time the video for their single "The Flame" was made in early 1986 (in which John Taylor made a cameo), Rhodes had changed his hair colour to golden blond and Le Bon had returned to his regular highlighted hairstyle.

Other appearances
The group made a variety of promotional appearances on television, but never toured. When Duran Duran released their Notorious album and toured, "Election Day" was included as part of the set along with "Some Like It Hot" from the Power Station. Drummer Roger Taylor retired from the music business for 15 years after the release of the Arcadia album, but returned in 2001 to rejoin the most famous classic Duran Duran lineup.

Band members

 * Simon Le Bon – vocals (1985–1986)
 * Nick Rhodes – keyboards (1985–1986)
 * Roger Taylor – drums (1985)

Guest musicians

 * Carlos Alomar – guitar
 * Pierre Defaye – violin
 * Rafael De Jesus – percussion
 * Jean-Claude Dubois – harp
 * Mark Egan – bass on "The Promise", "El Diablo" and "Lady Ice"
 * David Gilmour – guitar on "The Promise" and "Missing"
 * Herbie Hancock – piano
 * Steve Jordan – percussion
 * Grace Jones – voice on "Election Day"
 * Andy Mackay – saxophone
 * Sting – vocals on "The Promise"
 * David Van Tieghem – percussion

title: Arcadia (band)


text:
User:PJT

British, born and raised in Liverpool, living in London for past 30 years. Supports Everton FC. Let's hear it for the UK (while it's still here!)

title: User:PJT


text:
Clemente Domínguez y Gómez

Pope Gregory XVII (Gregorius XVII; Gregorio XVII; born Clemente Domínguez y Gómez; 23 May 1946 – 21 March 2005), also known by the religious name Fernando María de la Santa Faz, was the 1st Pope of the Palmarian Catholic Church, who in this capacity, claimed to be the 263rd Pope of the Catholic Church from 6 August 1978 until his death on 21 March 2005. He was a visionary, seer and mystic, who, following the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Palmar, founded a religious order which claimed to build on from the work of the Discalced Carmelites, known as the Carmelites of the Holy Face.

Background
Clemente Domínguez y Gómez was born in Écija, province of Seville, Andalusia, on 23 April 1946, to Rafael Domínguez and Lucía Maria Gómez, Spanish Catholic parents and was raised with a traditional Catholic education. As a young man he worked several different jobs, including for the Compañía Sevillana de Electricidad, an electricity company in Seville and gained the nicknamed "la Voltio", before eventually becoming an accountant working in an insurance company. As a youth Clemente lived a somewhat libertine lifestyle, as a Palmarian source describes during his youth he had a "certain attachment to the world and its vanities, but with the most tender filial love towards the Virgin Mary."

Our Lady of Palmar
At 23 years old, he became closely associated with the Palmar de Troya movement, which had its origins in an alleged apparition of the Blessed Virgin Mary, under the title of Our Lady of Palmar, on 30 March 1968, in El Palmar de Troya, a village near Utrera in the Province of Seville. He claimed to have experienced visions of the Virgin Mary beginning on 30 September 1969. He claimed that the Virgin condemned heresy and progressivism, namely the reform of the Roman Catholic Church as a result of Vatican II. His followers claimed he possessed the stigmata on his hands. The Roman Catholic Church has cast doubt on the legitimacy of the alleged visions and apparitions.

Ordination by Catholic Archbishop Thục
In December 1975, Clemente Domínguez founded his own religious order, The Carmelites of the Holy Face, allegedly upon instructions from the Blessed Virgin Mary in an apparition.

Domínguez, who assumed the name Father Ferdinand,, was consecrated a bishop by Roman Catholic Archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục in January 1976. Archbishop Thục was subsequently excommunicated for his consecrations, which were deemed valid but illicit. Domínguez was also excommunicated latae sentientiae, Thục, the Archbishop who consecrated Gómez is believed to have reconciled to Rome before his death in 1984.

Claim to the Papacy
In May 1976, Domínguez lost his eyeballs in a car accident. He claimed further visions, including visions from Jesus, who purportedly told him: "You shall be the Peter to come, the pope who will consolidate the Faith and the Church in her integrity, who shall battle against heresy with great power, for legions of angels shall assist you...Great Pope Gregory, Glory of the Olives..." He also claimed that Christ had named him His sub-vicar, with the automatic right of succession to the papacy after Pope Paul VI. On August 6, 1978, Pope Paul died, and Domínguez claimed the papacy, proclaiming himself Pope Gregory XVII.

Domínguez claimed that he was visited by Christ, along with Saint Peter and Saint Paul, who told him:

"The reign of the Glory of the Olives has begun...a great day today, in which you are vested with the office of Pope, on this feast of the Transfiguration on Mount Tabor—Feastday of the Holy Face, of the Order of which you are the Founder and Father General. The great Pontificate of the Glory of the Olives begins: The Pope foretold by many mystics and in many prophecies; the Pope who unites in his veins the blood of Spain, the noble blood of Spain, with the true blood of France and with the blood of the chosen people, the Jewish people. There, the grandeur! He will not delay long before taking up the sword and fulfilling the mission of emperor and great monarch....It was also foretold in prophecies in past times how this pope would be elected: namely through the direct intervention of the Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul. There is no other way of opposing the official election in conclave in Rome from which the antipope will come....Only the simple and humble of heart will recognize the true Pope: Pope Gregory XVII."

On 15 August 1978, Pope Gregory XVII was crowned pope by four of his newly created college of cardinals in a coronation held in Seville, Spain. During his papacy, he purported to canonize General Francisco Franco and Christopher Columbus. According to his supporters, Pope Gregory XVII was destined to be the last pope and would be crucified and die in Jerusalem.

In the 1990s, Gregory XVII was accused of sexual impropriety with various priests and nuns. In 1997, he admitted to this and begged forgiveness.

He died on 21 March 2005, in El Palmar de Troya and was succeeded by Manuel Corral, who took the name Pope Peter II. Incidentally, the papacy of Gregory XVII closely overlapped that of Pope John Paul II. He died, aged only 58, a mere 11 days prior to the death of his "rival," John Paul II.

Domínguez was canonized as a saint by Corral on 24 March 2005, two days after his death. He has subsequently been referred to by adherents of the Palmarian Church as "Pope Saint Gregory XVII the Very Great". On 29 July 2005, Corral declared that Domínguez's soul did not spend time in purgatory, but ascended directly to heaven.

Papal documents

 * First Document (Tridentine Mass & Reception of Eucharist)
 * Second Document (Marian Dogmas)
 * Third Document (Josephine Dogmas)
 * Fourth Document (Concelebrations, Cassock, Latin, Heresies, Consecration of Immaculate Heart)
 * Fifth Document (Priesthood, Celibacy, Worker Priests)
 * Sixth Document (Marriage, Birth Control, Baptism, Education of Children)
 * Seventh Document (Catechesis, Creed, Confession or Penance, Norms for Guidance)
 * Eighth Document (Spiritual Life of Christian)
 * Ninth Document (Break with Rome)
 * Tenth Document (Canonisation of Padre Pio)
 * Eleventh Document (Decree on Sacred Place of Heroldsbach, Germany)

In film
In the 1986 Spanish comedy film Manuel y Clemente, Clemente is played by Ángel de Andrés López.

title: Clemente Domínguez y Gómez


text:
Talk:Lagrange inversion theorem

[Untitled]
What about this:

\left. g(z) = a + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{d^{n-1}}{(dw)^{n-1}} \left( \frac{(w-a)^n}{(f(w) - b)^n} \right) \right| _{w = a} {\frac{(z - b)^n}{n!}} $$

∞   dn-1  /  (w - a)n    \ |      (z - b)n g(z) = a +  ∑  -- | ---  | | n=1 (dw)n-1 \ (f(w) - b)n / |         n! | w=a

--Edmund 02:23 Feb 22, 2003 (UTC)

Yup, the TeX is correct now. AxelBoldt 20:45 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

Examples
I think the use of the "group" in binary tree example unnecessary complicates things. If I didn't know what this is all about I wouldn't have guessed what is meant here. Can someone rewrite this in plain language, like "removing the root splits a binary tree into two subtrees, so accounting for the missing root vertex we have..."

Also, while I am here - the example with enumeration of labeled trees giving Cayley's formula is much more interesting, I say. Mhym 23:14, 22 July 2006 (UTC)

Generalizations? How?
The article states that the theorem is readily generalized to functions of several variables, but I don't see how, not the least of which is because the dimensions of the domain need not be the same as the dimensions of the range (for example, a vector-valued function of a scalar would have what kind of series, or vice versa?).--Jasper Deng (talk) 06:03, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Proof of the theorem is not given
The proof of the theorem is not to be found anywhere. Not even in Lagrange's original paper. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:9:8180:1029:C5A7:2EC4:2CEB:1843 (talk) 18:19, 30 April 2014 (UTC)
 * You may check the link to the wiki article on formal power series, where a few lines elementary proof is given. --pm a 14:07, 3 May 2014 (UTC)

An addition that needs discussion (and a source)
A couple of weeks ago, made the following addition to the article, at the end of the section Lagrange_inversion_theorem: In fact, integration by parts doesn't work for:

n=0\rightarrow \frac{1}{2\pi i} \oint_{C} \frac{ \omega f'(\omega)}{ f(\omega) - f(a) } d\omega = \frac{1}{2\pi i} \oint_{f(C)} \frac{ f^{-1}(u)}{ u - f(a) } du= f^{-1}(f(a))=a $$ Fortunately, writing the integral as a residue in the last line fixes the problem. I've reverted this because of the odd formating and the apparent editorialization, without making any attempt to determine the validity. The whole derivation is (sadly) unsourced; does anyone have access to a handy reference that would allow a sourced derivation, rather than the apparent WP:OR we have here? --JBL (talk) 20:51, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Is the source really necessary? I think that as a mathematician you understand what I presented. Every tool I used is already on Wikipedia. Mathematical.Analysis (talk) 22:44, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, sources are really necessary for everything on Wikipedia, including mathematical proofs. This is for several fundamental reasons, including the policies WP:OR and WP:DUE.  --JBL (talk) 22:57, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * If I send a link from Instagram, will it be enough? (I'm afraid not?) Mathematical.Analysis (talk) 22:59, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I usually also try to find reliable sources (e.g. my correction to the article about Norlund Rice's integral), but here I only generalized something that a certain individual shared on Instagram. The problem is that this person also didn't provide any sources there, so I don't know if referring to the Instagram post would be ok. Mathematical.Analysis (talk) 23:05, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * No, of course "something someone shared on Instagram" is not a reliable source. Since you are quite explicit that the section is your own work, I've removed it in accordance with our policy WP:OR.  There are many high-quality sources in existence that discuss Lagrange inversion; you are more than welcome to add a section on its derivation based on one of them.  --JBL (talk) 23:29, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Exactly: "To demonstrate that you are not adding original research, you must be able to cite reliable, published sources that are directly related to the topic of the article and directly support the material being presented." I think that the derivation is based on elementary techniques and it is nothing new, which is consistent with what I quoted. Mathematical.Analysis (talk) 23:11, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Cauchy integral formula, geometric series, integration by parts, residue. This is what the derivation is based on after all. Mathematical.Analysis (talk) 23:13, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * "I think this is nothing new" is not a citation of a reliable, published source. (I mean, really.) --JBL (talk) 23:30, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll keep this knowledge to myself. I wanted to be nice by sharing my knowledge, but it's impossible because of selfish people like you. Continue deleting as you wish, you sad pseudo-mathematician. Mathematical.Analysis (talk) 23:32, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Sure, bot. It's best to ignore the beauty of mathematics and be an internet troll rather than have a normal conversation. Mathematical.Analysis (talk) 23:29, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

IMHO
The whole article should be rewritten, starting from eliminating awkward formulas like

f^{-1}(z) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty \frac{({z - f(a) })^{n}}{n!} \lim_{ \omega \to a} \frac{d^{n-1}}{d\omega ^{n-1}} \left(\frac{\omega  - a }{f(\omega) - f(a)}\right)^{n}, $$ that no mathematician would write. One should avoid keeping throughout these proofs, that are algebraic in nature, an analytic/topologic language (limits, path integration,..) here useless and misleading. The point is that, dealing with analytic functions (like, in fact, we do in all mathematics), whenever possible computations are made at a formal level, relying on suitable general representation theorems that allows to do so (here enters the topology, once and for all). Here we can map germs of meromorphic functions at 0, to their formal Laurent series, and perform all computations in that algebraic setting. pm a 15:42, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * The formula you've quoted here is in the (uncited) section Lagrange_inversion_theorem, which was added about six months ago by and is also the subject of the discussion section just above this one.  Are the points you're concerned about largely limited to that section?  If so, perhaps it should be removed.  --JBL (talk) 19:59, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * First of all, what does it mean that "no mathematician would write such a formula?" I think there's been a big misunderstanding. Secondly, I am not misleading anyone. The derivation uses elementary (almost trivial) techniques. Additionally, what I did is more useful than some draft proof that also contained gaps in the previous version of the article. Mathematical.Analysis (talk) 22:56, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

I agree with to the extent that I think the section should be rewritten without contour integration. As pma says, the theorem holds in a purely algebraic setting (in the ring of formal power series, where it is more general). Tito Omburo (talk) 18:05, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lagrange inversion theorem


text:
Talk:Okinawa Prefecture

Ethnic Groups Edit
For easy reading, under "Ethnic Groups", the "and" between reference notes 78 and 79 should be removed.Chantern15 (talk) 18:57, 24 August 2021 (UTC)Chantern15
 * If nobody has an objection, I will make this edit. Feel free to revert.Chantern15 (talk) 11:21, 25 August 2021 (UTC)Chantern15

Antiamerican slant of "history" section
More than 80% of the "history" section here is devoted to United-States-military-related controversies and anti-American Okinawan movements, and the treatment is rather unbalanced. There is no mention at all of Japanese assimilationist and colonial policies, in fact the only discussion of any tensions with Japan is a single sentence that is mainly about... U.S. military bases. The Ryukyu independence movement is depicted as primarily anti-American. A U.S. activist's blog about his visit to a particularly affected village is cited to support a claim about what Okinawans in general believe - and the site doesn't even contain the claim.

The History of the Ryukyu Islands article has a far more reasonable treatment and the "history" section here ought to give weight to topics in about the same proportion as it does. 70.51.105.125 (talk) 21:01, 5 October 2021 (UTC)

Gichin Funakoshi
That Gichin and his son GIGO be added to the list of famous Okinawan personalities. 68.148.188.22 (talk) 21:56, 13 February 2022 (UTC)

Ghost word
I removed the following fragment.
 * , Okinawan: ʔUchinā-chin

It has been edited many times, and, aka , is responsible for the latest state. --Nanshu (talk) 02:17, 4 May 2022 (UTC) Modified: 10:43, 4 May 2022 (UTC)
 * An abuse of citation. The Okinawa-go jiten (1963) has no such entry.
 * It indeed seems to be a ghost word. See Fiza Kiyoshi's Uchināguchi sanka (2006), for example. The language activist published an Okinawan-Japanese parallel text, where the Okinawan part was extensively annotated with ruby to indicate Okinawan pronunciations. He never gave a ruby to 沖縄県, indicating that he treated it as a loan word from Standard Japanese.
 * BTW, 県 is an interesting word. Standard Japanese /ke/ regularly corresponds to Shuri Okinawan /ki/, not /ci/. However, Shimabukuro Seibin listed an entry /ciɴcoo/ (県庁) as an obsolete term that was later replaced by /kiɴcoo/. This irregular correspondence can also be found in some other Sino-Japanese words. Hattori (2018:142-152)[1978] gave an extensive discussion. In short, this exception can be explained if we assume that the Sino-Japanese sound system was borrowed at an intermediate stage of Shuri Okinawan, where /ke/ and /ki/ remained distinct but were phonetically realized as [kᶤi] and [ⱪi], respectively.
 * Sorry, that was my fault. I got the word /cin/ from JLect, which I stopped using due to its unreliability. The Okinawa-go jiten citation was apparently added by Niomi13 in the middle of 2021. — Okonomiyaki39 (talk) 00:45, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Okinawa Prefecture