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Duckman

Duckman: Private Dick/Family Man, commonly known simply as Duckman, is an American animated sitcom created and developed by Everett Peck, based on characters he created in his 1990 one-shot comic book published by Dark Horse Comics. Duckman aired on the USA Network from March 5, 1994, through September 6, 1997, for 4 seasons and 70 episodes. It follows Eric Tiberius Duckman (voiced by Jason Alexander), a private detective who lives with his family.

After airing in syndication, the series gained a cult following. Spin-off media include volume DVDs released from 2008 to 2009, a comic book collection released by Topps between 1994 and 1996, a Complete Series DVD set released in 2018, and a video game entitled Duckman: The Graphic Adventures of a Private Dick for Microsoft Windows. The series was listed among IGN's "Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows" in 2009 and received three nominations at the Primetime Emmy Awards.

Plot
In a universe where humans and anthropomorphic animals coexist, the series centers on Eric Tiberius Duckman (voiced by Jason Alexander), a widowed, lewd, self-hating, egocentric anthropomorphic duck who lives with his family in Los Angeles (as mentioned in the episode "Bev Takes a Holiday") and works as a private detective. The tagline of the show, seen in the opening credits, is "Private Dick/Family Man".

Main characters include Cornfed (voiced by Gregg Berger), a pig who is Duckman's Joe Friday–esque business partner and best friend; Ajax (voiced by Dweezil Zappa), Duckman's eldest, slow-witted teenage son; Charles (voiced by Dana Hill and later Pat Musick) and Mambo (voiced by E. G. Daily), Duckman's genius conjoined twins whose heads share a body; Bernice (voiced by Nancy Travis), the identical twin of Duckman's presumed-dead wife Beatrice, a fanatical fitness buff who hates Duckman with a passion; and Grandma-ma (voiced by Travis), Duckman's comatose, immensely flatulent mother-in-law.

Recurring characters include Agnes Delrooney (voiced by Brian Doyle-Murray), Grandma-ma's doppelgänger who kidnaps her and poses as her until near the end of the final season; Fluffy and Uranus (voiced by Musick), Duckman's two obsessively politically correct Care Bear–esque teddy-bear office assistants; George Herbert Walker "King" Chicken (voiced by Tim Curry), a supervillain who schemes to ruin Duckman's life as retribution for ruining his high school tenure; Beverly (voiced by Travis), Beatrice and Bernice's long-lost sister; and Gecko (voiced by Frank Welker), Duckman's pet dog (which he had stolen).

In the final episode, four couples (Dr. Stein/Dana Reynard, Duckman/Honey, King Chicken/Bernice, Cornfed/Beverly) get married – the last three in a joint ceremony. The kids, Fluffy and Uranus, and a number of characters from previous episodes are in attendance. As the ceremonies draw to a close, Beatrice (Duckman's supposedly deceased wife) appears and shocks the entire crowd. When Duckman asks how she can still be alive, Beatrice indicates Cornfed always knew. Cornfed says, "I can explain." The show then ends with "To be continued...?" superimposed on the screen. In regards to this cliffhanger, Duckman writer Michael Markowitz offered the following shortly after the series came to an end: "We never formally planned Part II... and I'll never tell what I personally had in mind. I'm hoping to leave it to my heirs, for the inevitable day when Duckman is revived by future generations." On August 13, 2015, Markowitz posted on his Twitter page in response to a question from a fan about the cliffhanger, "Was then (& now) an #XFiles fan (bride in ep was Dana Reynard, a Mulder-Scully hint) so involved gov't coverup of aliens".

Production
The series consists of 70 episodes that aired on Saturday nights from 1994 to 1997 on the USA Network. It later reran on Comedy Central from 2000 to 2006. In Spain, it aired on Canal+ in the 90s and on Cartoon Network alongside The Critic through a nightly block aimed at adults around 2000-2001, with dubbing made in that country. In the United Kingdom, it aired on Sky 1 and BBC Two, and in Canada, it is a former program on MTV2 and Teletoon. The initial showrunners were Peck, Reno and Osborn, and the show was produced in association with Paramount Network Television. Klasky Csupo animated and produced the show; around the same time, they were also producing Aaahh!!! Real Monsters on Nickelodeon. In later years, the show running duties went to David Misch and Michael Markowitz. Creator and executive producer Everett Peck was with the show for its entire run. Producer Gene Laufenberg was with the show for most of its run. Scott Wilk and Todd Yvega created original music for the series, including the theme. The first season also featured music from Frank Zappa's published catalog (Zappa died several months prior to this series' premiere).

Comic books
Between 1994 and 1996 various comic books were published by Topps based on the TV series. These were largely written and drawn by others, including Jay Lynch, Scott Shaw! and Craig Yoe. Topps also reprinted Peck's original 1990 Duckman comic.

Home media
In January 2008, TVShowsOnDVD.com reported that Duckman would be coming to region 1 DVD. Details followed in May, when it was announced that the first release in the series would be the first two seasons, 22 combined episodes on three discs, on September 16, 2008. The final two seasons, 48 episodes, were released on a seven-disc set on January 6, 2009. Both DVD sets were released by CBS DVD/Paramount Home Entertainment.

With the DVD releases, many episodes were edited to remove copyrighted music because of royalty issues, and as a result they differ somewhat from the aired TV episodes though Everett Peck was involved in the process of the DVD releases and he felt the most important music was preserved.

The Complete Series DVD was released on February 6, 2018.

Video game
In May 1997, a point-and-click adventure computer game, Duckman: The Graphic Adventures of a Private Dick, was released for Microsoft Windows. In it, Duckman has become a famous detective, and a television series based on him is about to debut, but someone is pushing Duckman out of his own life and replacing him with a bigger, better, heroic Duckman. The player's goal is to help Duckman get rid of the impostor and reclaim his rightful place. A PlayStation port was planned for a release in the first quarter of 1997 but it was cancelled.

Reception
The show was critically acclaimed. In January 2009, IGN listed Duckman as the 48th best in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows.

Episodes "T.V. or Not to Be", "Noir Gang", and "Haunted Society Plumbers" were nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program in 1994, 1996, and 1997, respectively.

title: Duckman


text:
User:Alsvid

I exist.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Alsvid


title: User:Williamv1138


text:
List of national galleries

The following is an incomplete list of national galleries:

Africa

 * Iziko South African National Gallery, Cape Town, South Africa
 * National Art Gallery of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia

The Americas

 * Galería Nacional, San Juan, Puerto Rico
 * Musée national des beaux-arts du Québec, Quebec City, Canada
 * National Art Gallery of The Bahamas, Nassau, Bahamas
 * National Gallery of Canada (Musée des beaux-arts du Canada), Ottawa, Canada
 * National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, U.S.
 * National Art Gallery (Caracas) Caracas, Venezuela
 * National Gallery of Jamaica Kingston, Jamaica
 * Museu Nacional de Belas Artes Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Asia

 * National Art Gallery (Bangladesh), Dhaka, Bangladesh
 * National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi, India
 * National Gallery of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
 * Jordan National Gallery of Fine Arts, Amman, Jordan
 * National Visual Arts Gallery (Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 * National Art Gallery, Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
 * National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila), also known as National Art Gallery, Philippines
 * National Gallery Singapore, Singapore
 * National Gallery of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand

Italy

 * Galleria Nazionale (Parma)
 * Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome
 * Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna, Rome
 * Galleria Nazionale delle Marche, Urbino
 * Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria, Perugia
 * Pinacoteca Nazionale di Bologna
 * Pinacoteca Nazionale in Ferrara
 * Pinacoteca Nazionale (Siena)

United Kingdom

 * National Gallery, London
 * Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh
 * National Museum Cardiff (formerly the National Museum and Gallery of Wales), Cardiff
 * National Gallery, British Art (and other variants thereon), a former name of Tate Britain, London

Other European countries

 * National Art Gallery of Albania (Galeria Kombëtare e Arteve), Tirana, Albania
 * National Gallery of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
 * National Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
 * National Art Gallery (Bulgaria) (Национална художествена галерия), Sofia, Bulgaria
 * Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
 * National Gallery in Prague (Národní galerie v Praze), Czech Republic
 * Statens Museum for Kunst, Copenhagen, Denmark
 * Finnish National Gallery (Suomen Kansallisgalleria / Finlands Nationalgalleri), Helsinki, Finland
 * Ateneum art museum, and
 * Kiasma, the museum of contemporary art
 * Sinebrychoff Art Museum
 * National Gallery (Berlin), Germany, two of whose components are:
 * Alte Nationalgalerie (Old National Gallery), Berlin
 * Neue Nationalgalerie (New National Gallery), Berlin
 * National Gallery (Athens), Greece (alternatively, the National Art Gallery and Alexandros Soutzos Museum)
 * National Museum of Contemporary Art, Athens, Greece
 * Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest, Hungary
 * National Gallery of Iceland (Listasafn Íslands), Reykjavik, Iceland
 * National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
 * Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Liechtenstein
 * National Gallery of Art (Vilnius), Lithuania
 * National Museum of Art, Architecture and Design (Nasjonalmuseet for kunst, arkitektur og design), Oslo, Norway
 * National Museum of Art of Romania, Bucharest, Romania
 * National Museum of Contemporary Art (Romania), Bucharest, Romania
 * Slovak National Gallery (Slovenská Národná Galéria), Bratislava, Slovakia
 * National Gallery of Slovenia (Narodna Galerija), Ljubljana, Slovenia
 * Nationalmuseum, Stockholm, Sweden
 * Zachęta National Gallery of Art, Warsaw, Poland

Oceania

 * National Gallery of Australia, Canberra, Australia
 * National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
 * National Art Gallery of New South Wales (now known as Art Gallery of New South Wales)
 * National Art Gallery of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand (now defunct)

title: List of national galleries


text: Talk:List of national galleries

title: Talk:List of national galleries


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Hissène Habré

Hissène Habré (Arabic: حسين حبري Ḥusaīn Ḥabrī, Chadian Arabic: ; ; 13 August 1942 – 24 August 2021), also spelled Hissen Habré, was a Chadian politician and convicted war criminal who served as the 5th president of Chad from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990.

A Muslim from northern Chad, Habré joined FROLINAT rebels in the first Chadian Civil War against the southern-dominated Chadian government. Due to a rift with fellow rebel commander Goukouni Oueddei, Habré and his Armed Forces of the North rebel army briefly defected to Felix Malloum's government against Oueddei before turning against Malloum, who resigned in 1979. Habré was then given the position of Minister of Defense under Chad's new transitional coalition government, with Oueddei as President. Their alliance quickly collapsed, and Habré's forces overthrew Oueddei in 1982.

Having become the country's new president, Habré created a one-party dictatorship ruled by his National Union for Independence and Revolution notorious for widespread human rights abuses. He was brought to power with the support of France and the United States, who provided training, arms, and financing throughout his rule due to his opposition to Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi. He led the country during the Libyan-Chadian conflict, culminating in victory during the Toyota War from 1986 to 1987 with French support. He was overthrown three years later in the 1990 Chadian coup d'état by Idriss Déby and fled into exile in Senegal.

In May 2016, Habré was found guilty by an international tribunal in Senegal of human-rights abuses, including rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people, and sentenced to life in prison. He was the first former head of state to be convicted for human rights abuses in the court of another nation. He died on 24 August 2021, after testing positive for COVID-19.

Early life
Habré was born in 1942 in Faya-Largeau, northern Chad, then a colony of France, into a family of shepherds. He was a member of the Anakaza branch of the Daza Gourane ethnic group, which is itself a branch of the Toubou ethnic group. After primary schooling, he obtained a post in the French colonial administration, where he impressed his superiors and gained a scholarship to study in France at the Institute of Higher International Studies in Paris. He completed a university degree in political science in Paris, and returned to Chad in 1971. He also obtained several other degrees and earned his Doctorate from the Institute. After a further brief period of government service as a deputy prefect, he visited Tripoli and joined the National Liberation Front of Chad (FROLINAT) where he became a commander in the Second Liberation Army of FROLINAT along with Goukouni Oueddei. After Abba Siddick assumed the leadership of FROLINAT, the Second Liberation Army, first under Oueddei's command and then under Habré's, split from FROLINAT and became the Command Council of the Armed Forces of the North (CCFAN). In 1976 Oueddei and Habré quarreled and Habré split his newly named Armed Forces of the North (Forces Armées du Nord or FAN) from Goukouni's followers who adopted the name of People's Armed Forces (Forces Armées Populaires or FAP).

Habré first came to international attention when a group under his command attacked the town of Bardaï in Tibesti, on 21 April 1974, and took three Europeans hostage, with the intention of ransoming them for money and arms. The captives were a German physician, Christoph Staewen (whose wife Elfriede was killed in the attack), and two French citizens, Françoise Claustre, an archeologist, and Marc Combe, a development worker. Staewen was released on 11 June 1974 after significant payments by West German officials. Combe escaped in 1975, but despite the intervention of the French Government, Claustre (whose husband was a senior French government official) was not released until 1 February 1977. Habré split with Oueddei, partly over this hostage-taking incident (which became known as the "Claustre affair" in France).

Rise to power
In August 1978 Habré was given the posts of Prime Minister of Chad and Vice President of Chad as part of an alliance with Gen. Félix Malloum. However, the power-sharing alliance did not last long. In February 1979 Habré's forces and the national army under Malloum fought in N'Djamena. The fighting effectively left Chad without a national government. Several attempts were made by other nations to resolve the crisis, resulting in a new national government in November 1979 in which Habré was appointed Minister of Defense. However, fighting resumed within a matter of weeks. In December 1980 Habré was driven into exile in Sudan. In 1982 he resumed his fight against the Chadian government. FAN won control of N'Djamena in June and appointed Habré as head of state.

Rule
Habré seized power in Chad and ruled from 1982 until he was deposed in 1990 by Idriss Déby. Habré's one-party régime, like many others before his, was characterized by widespread human rights abuses and atrocities. He denied killing and torturing tens of thousands of his opponents, although in 2012 the United Nations' International Court of Justice (ICJ) ordered Senegal to put him on trial or extradite him to face justice overseas.

Following his rise to power Habré created a secret police force known as the Documentation and Security Directorate (DDS), under which his opponents were tortured and executed. Some methods of torture commonly used by the DDS included burning the body of the detainee with incandescent objects, spraying gas into their eyes, ears and nose, forced swallowing of water, and forcing the mouths of detainees around the exhaust pipes of running automobiles. Habré's government also periodically engaged in ethnic cleansing against groups such as the Sara, Hadjerai and the Zaghawa, killing and arresting group members en masse when it was perceived that their leaders posed a threat to the regime.

Habré fled, with $11 million of public money, to Senegal after being overthrown in 1990. He was placed under house arrest in 2005 until his arrest in 2013. He was accused of war crimes and torture during his eight years in power in Chad, where rights groups say that some 40,000 people were killed under his rule. Human Rights Watch claims that 1,200 were killed and 12,000 were tortured, and a domestic Chadian commission of inquiry claims that as many as 40,000 were killed and that more than 200,000 were subjected to torture. Human Rights Watch later dubbed Habré "Africa's Pinochet."

War with Libya
Libya invaded Chad in July 1980, occupying and annexing the Aozou Strip. The United States and France responded by aiding Chad in an attempt to contain Libya's regional ambitions under Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi.

In 1980, the unity government signed a treaty of friendship and cooperation with Libya. The treaty allowed the Chadian government to call on Libya for assistance if Chad's independence or internal security was threatened. The Libyan army was soon assisting the government forces, under Goukouni, and ousted FAN from much of northern Chad, including N'Djamena on 15 December. Libyan troops withdrew in November 1981. Without their support, Goukouni's government troops were weakened and Habré capitalized on this and his FAN militia entered N'Djamena on 7 June 1982. In 1983, Libyan troops returned to Chad and remained in the country, supporting Goukouni's militia, until 1988.

Despite this victory, Habré's government was weak, and strongly opposed by members of the Zaghawa ethnic group. A rebel offensive in November 1990, which was led by Idriss Déby, a Zaghawa former army commander who had participated in a plot against Habré in 1989 and subsequently fled to Sudan, defeated Habré's forces. The French chose not to assist Habré on this occasion, allowing him to be ousted; it is possible that they actively aided Déby. Explanation and speculation regarding the reasons for France's abandonment of Habré include the adoption of a policy of non-interference in intra-Chadian conflicts, dissatisfaction with Habré's unwillingness to move towards multiparty democracy, and favoritism by Habré towards U.S. rather than French companies with regard to oil development. Habré fled to Cameroon, and the rebels entered N'Djamena on 2 December 1990; Habré subsequently went into exile in Senegal.

Support of the U.S. and France
The United States and France supported Habré, seeing him as a bulwark against the Gaddafi government in neighboring Libya. Under President Ronald Reagan, the United States gave covert CIA paramilitary support to help Habré take power and remained one of Habré's strongest allies throughout his rule, providing his regime with massive amounts of military aid. The United States also used a clandestine base in Chad to train captured Libyan soldiers whom it was organizing into an anti-Qaddafi force.

"The CIA was so deeply involved in bringing Habré to power I can't conceive they didn't know what was going on," said Donald Norland, U.S. ambassador to Chad from 1979 to 1981. "But there was no debate on the policy and virtually no discussion of the wisdom of doing what we did."

Documents obtained by Human Rights Watch show that the United States provided Habré's DDS with training, intelligence, arms, and other support despite knowledge of its atrocities. Records discovered in the DDS' meticulous archives describe training programs by U.S. instructors for DDS agents and officials, including a course in the United States that was attended by some of the DDS' most feared torturers. According to the Chadian Truth Commission, the United States also provided the DDS with monthly infusions of monetary aid and financed a regional network of intelligence networks code-named "Mosaic" that Chad used to pursue suspected opponents of Habré's regime even after they fled the country.

In the summer of 1983, when Libya invaded northern Chad and threatened to topple Habré, France sent paratroops with air support, while the Reagan administration provided two AWACS electronic surveillance planes to coordinate air cover. By 1987 Gaddafi's forces had retreated.

"Habré was a remarkably able man with a brilliant sense of how to play the outside world," a former senior U.S. official said. "He was also a bloodthirsty tyrant and torturer. It is fair to say we knew who and what he was and chose to turn a blind eye."

Allegations of crimes against humanity
Human rights groups hold Habré responsible for the killing of thousands of people, but the exact number is unknown. Killings included massacres against ethnic groups in the south (1984), against the Hadjerai (1987), and against the Zaghawa (1989). Human Rights Watch charged him with having authorized tens of thousands of political murders and physical torture. Habré had been called "the African Pinochet," in reference to former Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet. Habre would personally sign death warrants and oversee torture sessions, and was accused of personally participating in torture and rape. According to some leading experts, the tribunal that judges him constituted an "internationalized tribunal", even if it is the most 'national' within this category".

The government of Idriss Déby established a Commission of Inquiry into the Crimes and Misappropriations Committed by Ex-President Habré, His Accomplices and/or Accessories in 1990, which reported that 40,000 people had been killed, but did not follow up on its recommendations.

Initial trial attempts
Between 1993 and 2003, Belgium had universal jurisdiction legislation (the Belgian War Crimes Law) allowing the most serious violations of human rights to be tried in national as well as international courts, without any direct connection to the country of the alleged perpetrator, the victims or where the crimes took place. Despite the repeal of the legislation, investigations against Habré went ahead and in September 2005 he was indicted for crimes against humanity, torture, war crimes, and other human rights violations. Senegal, where Habré had been in exile for 17 years, had Habré under nominal house arrest in Dakar.

On 17 March 2006, the European Parliament demanded that Senegal turn over Habré to Belgium to be tried. Senegal did not comply, and it at first refused extradition demands from the African Union which arose after Belgium asked to try Habré. The Chadian Association for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights expressed its approval of the decision. If he had been turned over, he would have become the first former dictator to be extradited by a third-party country to stand trial for human rights abuses. In 2007, Senegal set up its own special war-crimes court to try Habré under pressure from the African Union. On 8 April 2008, the National Assembly of Senegal voted to amend the nation's constitution to clear the way for Habré to be prosecuted in Senegal; Ibrahima Gueye was appointed trial coordinator in May 2008. A joint session of the National Assembly and the Senate voted in July 2008 to approve a bill empowering Senegalese courts to try people for crimes committed in other countries and for crimes that were committed more than ten years beforehand; this made it constitutionally possible to try Habré. Senegalese Minister of Justice Madicke Niang appointed four investigative judges on this occasion.

A 2007 movie by director Klaartje Quirijns, The Dictator Hunter, tells the story of the activists Souleymane Guengueng and Reed Brody who led the efforts to bring Habré to trial.

Trial in Chad
On 15 August 2008, a Chadian court sentenced Habré to death in absentia for war crimes and crimes against humanity in connection with allegations that he had worked with rebels inside Chad to oust Déby. François Serres, a lawyer for Habré, criticized this trial on 22 August for unfairness and secrecy. According to Serres, the accusation on which the trial was based was previously unknown and Habré had not received any notification of the trial. 14 victims filed new complaints with a Senegalese prosecutor on 16 September, accusing Habré of crimes against humanity and torture.

Trial in Senegal
The Senegalese government added an amendment in 2008, which would allow Habré to be tried in court. Senegal later changed their position, however, requesting 27 million euros in funding from the international community before going through with the trial. This prompted Belgium to pressure the International Court of Justice (ICJ) to force Senegal to either extradite Habré to Belgium or to proceed with the trial. The ICJ declined to force extradition, finding that prosecution is an international obligation the violation of which is a wrongful act engaging the responsibility of the State, while extradition is an option offered to the State. Senegal was found to have failed international obligations by 1.) failing to make immediately a preliminary inquiry into the fact relating to the alleged crimes; and 2.) failing to submit the case to its competent authorities for prosecution (obligations according to UN Convention on Torture and Other Cruel, inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984) that Senegal had bound itself to). The ICJ rejected Senegal Defenses of insufficient funds and opposition by domestic law, instead unanimously ordering Senegal to submit the case to authorities for prosecution or extradite him without delay.

In November 2010, the court of justice of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) ruled that Senegal could not hold trial in the matter through local court only, and asked for the creation of a special tribunal on the matter of Habré's prosecution. In April 2011, after initial reticence, Senegal agreed to the creation of an ad hoc tribunal in collaboration with the African Union, the Chadian state and with international funding.

Senegal changed their position again however, walking out during discussions on establishing the court on 30 May 2011 without explanation. The African union commission on Habré, in preparation for their next summit on 30 June, published a report which urged pressing Senegal to extradite Habré to Belgium.

On 8 July 2011, Senegal officials announced that Habré would be extradited to Chad on 11 July, but this was subsequently halted. In July 2012, the ICJ ruled that Senegal must start Habré's trial "without delay". Amnesty International called on Senegal to abide by the ICJ's ruling, calling it "a victory for victims that's long overdue". A trial by the International Criminal Court (ICC) was ruled out, because the crimes took place before the ICC was fully established in 2002, and its jurisdiction is limited to events that took place after that date.

In December 2012, the Parliament of Senegal passed a law allowing for the creation of an international tribunal in Senegal to try Habre. The judges of the tribunal would be appointed by the African Union, and come from elsewhere in Africa.

On 30 June 2013, Habré was arrested in Senegal by the Senegalese police. Chadian President Idriss Déby said of his arrest that it was a step towards "an Africa free of all evil, an Africa stripped of all dictatorships." Senegal's court, set up with the African Union, charged him with crimes against humanity and torture. That year he was also sentenced to death in absentia for crimes against humanity by a Chadian court. The Tribunal that judged Hissène Habré in Sénégal is said to have a huge range of specificities.

On 20 July 2015 the trial started. Waiting for the trial to open, Habré shouted: "Down with imperialists. [The trial] is a farce by rotten Senegalese politicians. African traitors. Valet of America". After that Habré was taken out of the courtroom and the trial began without him. On 21 July 2015 Habré's trial was postponed to 7 September 2015, after his lawyers refused to participate in court.

Conviction by the Special Tribunal in Senegal
On 30 May 2016, the Extraordinary African Chambers found Habré guilty of rape, sexual slavery, and ordering the killing of 40,000 people during his tenure as Chadian president and sentenced him to life in prison in the Prison du Cap Manuel in Senegal. The verdict marked the first time an African Union-backed court convicted a former ruler for human-rights abuses and the first time that the courts of one country have prosecuted the former ruler of another country for crimes against humanity. In May 2017, Judge Ougadeye Wafi upheld Habre's life sentence and all convictions against him, except rape. The court emphasized this was a procedural matter, as the facts the victim offered during her testimony came too late in the proceedings to be included within charges of mass sexual violence committed by his security agents, the convictions for which were upheld. On 7 April 2020, a judge in Senegal granted Habre two months' leave from prison, as the jail is being used to hold new detainees in COVID-19 quarantine. After finishing his home freedom he returned to prison on 7 June.

Death
Habré died in Senegal on 24 August 2021, a week after his 79th birthday, after being hospitalized in Dakar's main hospital with COVID-19. He had fallen ill while in jail a week earlier. In a statement, Habré's wife, Fatimé Raymonne Habré, confirmed that he had COVID-19. He is buried in Yoff Muslim cemetery.

title: Hissène Habré


text:
User talk:Alsvid

Biscuits.

Hello!
I saw you wrote a question about "not sure if I add the User tags manually". The easiest thing to do is to type four tildes, like this: ~  This will add your username and the time of your post. Hope that helps! -- Antaeus Feldspar 23:59, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Ta! Alsvid 12:40, 12 April 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Alsvid


text:
Lee Perry

Lee Perry may refer to:
 * Lee Perry (politician) (born 1966), American politician in Utah
 * Lee Perry (voice actor) (born 1959), Australian voice actor
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry (1936–2021), Jamaican musician
 * Lee Tom Perry (born 1951), American businessman and educator

title: Lee Perry


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Charles McCarron

Charles Russell McCarron (1891 – January 27, 1919) was a United States Tin Pan Alley and vaudeville composer and lyricist.

He was born in Janesville, Wisconsin. His father John H. McCarron was a veteran vaudeville actor and manager. He moved to New York in 1912.

Some of his best known songs include I Am Glad I Can Make You Cry and When the Sun Goes Down in Dixie. McCarron also wrote WWI songs, including "Your Lips Are No Man's Land But Mine", "Our Country's in It Now! (We've Got to Win It Now)", and "The Russians Were Rushin', The Yanks Started Yankin'. He collaborated with other composers including Albert Von Tilzer, Carey Morgan, and Chris Smith.

He composed for many vaudeville acts, including Bessie Clayton, Corinne Tilton, Harry Cooper, Mabel McCain, Nevins and Gordon, and Jimmie and Minnie Allen. His biggest productions were for Lucille Cavanagh's "kaleidoscope of dance, color and song" vaudeville program that toured for several years (Dave Stamper would provide the music for later versions), for Evelyn Nesbit's return to vaudeville "A Roseland Fantasy" in 1917.

He died of pneumonia at his home in New York on January 27, 1919 at age 27. He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery.

Selected works

 * Blues My Naughty Sweetie Gives to Me (1919 song with Carey Morgan and Arthur N. Swanstone [aka "Arthur Swanstrom"])
 * Down in Honky Tonky Town (1916 w. Charles McCarron m. Chris Smith)
 * Dry Your Tears (part of Cavanagh's "kaleidoscope" vaudeville program in 1917)
 * Eve Wasn't Modest 'Till She Ate That Apple
 * Fido Is A Hot Dog Now
 * Five Flights of Musical Comedy, vaudeville act for Betty Bond performed on the Orpheum circuit.
 * A Holland Halloween, vaudeville act for Nevins and Gordon
 * I Am Glad I Can Make You Cry
 * Keep Cool, The Country's Saving Fuel
 * Mamie's Little Pickaniny
 * My Daddy In A Uniform
 * "Oh Helen!" (a comedy stuttering song), composed with Carey Morgan
 * Our Country's in It Now! (We've Got to Win It Now), 1918 song
 * Out of the City of Six Million People, Why Do You Pick On Me? (with Nat Vincent)
 * The Proposal, part of Cavanagh's vaudeville kaleidoscope program in 1917.
 * The Russians Were Rushin', The Yanks Started Yankin' with lyrics by with Carey Morgan
 * Songalogue, a vaudeville revue for Harry Cooper, 1919
 * Sweeties, a vaudeville revue for Mabel McCain, 1919
 * Wait And See (You'll Want Me Back), with Carey Morgan.
 * When the Lusitania Went Down (1915 with Nathaniel Vincent)
 * When the Sun Goes Down in Dixie
 * When Old Bill Bailey Plays the Ukulele (1915 with Nathaniel Vincent)
 * Yacki, Hacki, Wacki, Woo
 * Your Lips Are No Man's Land But Mind

title: Charles McCarron


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Lee "Scratch" Perry

Lee "Scratch" Perry (born Rainford Hugh Perry; 20 March 1936 – 29 August 2021 ) was a Jamaican record producer, composer and singer noted for his innovative studio techniques and production style. Perry was a pioneer in the 1970s development of dub music with his early adoption of remixing and studio effects to create new instrumental or vocal versions of existing reggae tracks. He worked with and produced for a wide variety of artists, including Bob Marley and the Wailers, Junior Murvin, The Congos, Max Romeo, Adrian Sherwood, Beastie Boys, Ari Up, The Clash, The Orb, and many others.

Early life
Rainford Hugh Perry was born on 20 March 1936 in Kendal, Jamaica, in the parish of Hanover, the third child of Ina Davis and Henry Perry. His mother had strong African traditions originating from her Yoruba ancestry that she passed on to her son. His parents were both laborers, but his father later became a professional dancer.

Lee left school at age 15 and lived in Hanover where he did not have much regard for working, and preferred to play dominoes and live according to his own desires. He eventually wound up in Clarendon where he got into the dance and music scene and earned the nickname "The Neat Little Thing". Lee later moved to Kingston after experiencing a mystical connection to stones ("When the stones clash, I hear like the thunder clash... and I hear words... These words send me to Kingston. Kingston means King's Stone, the Son of the King... the stone that I was throwing in Negril send me to King Stone for my graduation.") where he apprenticed at Studio One.

Early work
Perry's musical career began in the late 1950s as a record seller for Clement Coxsone Dodd's sound system. As his sometimes turbulent relationship with Dodd developed, he found himself performing a variety of important tasks at Dodd's Studio One hit factory, going on to record nearly thirty songs for the label. Disagreements between the pair due to personality and financial conflicts led him to leave the studio and seek new musical outlets. He soon found a new home at Joe Gibbs's Amalgamated Records.

Working with Gibbs, Perry continued his recording career but, once again, financial problems caused conflict. Perry broke ranks with Gibbs and formed his own label, Upsetter Records, in 1968. His first major single "People Funny Boy", which was an insult directed at Gibbs, sold well with 60,000 copies sold in Jamaica alone. It is notable for its innovative use of a sample (a crying baby) as well as a fast, chugging beat that would soon become identifiable as "reggae". Similarly his acrimonious 1967 single as Lee "King" Perry, "Run for Cover", was likewise aimed at Sir Coxsone.

From 1968 until 1972, he worked with his studio band the Upsetters. During the 1970s, Perry released numerous recordings on a variety of record labels that he controlled, and many of his songs were popular in both Jamaica and the United Kingdom, where his instrumental "The Return of Django" was a top five hit in 1969. He soon became known for his innovative production techniques as well as his eccentric character.

In 1970, Perry produced and released the Wailers track "Mr. Brown" (1970) with its unusual use of studio effects and eerie opening highlighting his unique approach to production.

The Black Ark
In 1973, Perry built a studio in his back yard, the Black Ark, to have more control over his productions and continued to produce notable musicians such as Bob Marley and the Wailers, Junior Byles, Junior Murvin, the Heptones, the Congos, and Max Romeo. He also started the Black Ark label, on which many of the productions from the studio appeared. With his own studio at his disposal, Perry's productions became more lavish, as the energetic producer was able to spend as much time as he wanted on the music he produced. Virtually everything Perry recorded in The Black Ark was done using basic recording equipment; through sonic sleight-of-hand, Perry made it sound unique. Paul Douglas mentions: "'Scratch had a particular sound and everybody was fascinated by his sound. He had this way of putting things together; it was just his sound and it influenced a lot of people. I’ve even gone to the Black Ark with Eric Gale for that Negril album; I remember myself and Val Douglas, we laid some tracks there, Eric Gale overdubbed stuff on there, but I honestly don't remember what happened to it.'"

Perry remained behind the mixing desk for many years, producing songs and albums that stand out as a high point in reggae history.

By 1978, stress and unwanted outside influences began to take their toll: both Perry and the Black Ark quickly fell into a state of disrepair. Eventually, the studio burned to the ground. Perry has constantly insisted that he burned the Black Ark himself in a fit of rage.

After the Black Ark (1980s and 1990s)
After the demise of the Black Ark in the early 1980s, Perry spent time in England and the United States, performing live and making erratic records with a variety of collaborators. His career took a new path in 1984 when he met Mark Downie (Marcus Upbeat) with whom he worked on the 1986 album Battle of Armagideon for Trojan. It was not until the late 1980s, when he began working with British producers Adrian Sherwood and Neil Fraser (who is better known as Mad Professor), that Perry's career began to get back on solid ground again. Perry also attributed a later resurgence of his creative muse to his deciding to quit drinking alcohol and smoking cannabis. In his earlier days, the act of producing for Perry was a frenzied and ritualistic one where he stated that "he blew smoke into the microphone so that the weed would get into the song." Perry stated in an interview that he wanted to see if "it was the smoke making the music or Lee Perry making the music. I found out it was me and that I don't need to smoke."

In 1998, Perry reached a wider global audience as vocalist on the track "Dr. Lee, PhD" from the Beastie Boys' album Hello Nasty.

Later career
In 2003, Perry won a Grammy for Best Reggae Album with the album Jamaican E.T. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Perry number 100 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time. He teamed up with a group of Swiss musicians and performed under the name Lee Perry and the White Belly Rats, and toured the United States in 2006 and 2007 using the New York City-based group Dub Is a Weapon as his backing band.

After meeting Andrew W.K. at SXSW in 2006, Perry invited him to co-produce his album Repentance. The album, released on 19 August 2008 through Narnack Records, featured several guest artists including Moby, Ari Up, producer Don Fleming, drummer Brian Chippendale, and bassist Josh Werner.

In 2007, Perry's song "Enter the Dragon" was sampled on the track "Carrots" by Panda Bear of Animal Collective. As well, Perry was selected by Animal Collective in 2011 to perform at All Tomorrow's Parties, which the band curated in May 2011. That same year, he recorded Rise Again with bassist and producer Bill Laswell; the album featured contributions from Tunde Adebimpe, Sly Dunbar, and Bernie Worrell, and was released on Laswell's M.O.D. Technologies label.

In 2008, Perry reunited with Adrian Sherwood on The Mighty Upsetter. Between 2007 and 2010, Perry recorded three albums with British producer Steve Marshall who he met at Pyramid Arts Development in Hackney. The albums featured performances by Keith Richards and George Clinton. Two of these albums, End of an American Dream (2008) and Revelation (2010), received Grammy nominations in the category Best Reggae Album. In 2009, Perry collaborated with Dubblestandart on their Return from Planet Dub double album, revisiting some of his material from the 1970s and 1980s, as well as collaborating on new material with Dubblestandart, some of which also included Ari Up of the Slits. In 2008, leading up to this release, Perry's first foray into the dubstep genre was released on 12" vinyl, a collaboration with Dubblestandart and New York City's Subatomic Sound System called "Iron Devil". That record was followed by several more reggae-oriented dubstep collaborations with Dubblestandart and Subatomic Sound System on digital and vinyl, first Blackboard Jungle volumes 1 and 2 (2009), featuring dancehall vocalist Jahdan Blakkamoore, then Chrome Optimism (2010), which also featured American filmmaker David Lynch. Following that, in 2010, Perry and Ari Up of the Slits collaborated on a limited-edition Subatomic Sound System 7" called "Hello, Hell Is Very Low", a rootical dubstep release that would turn out to be one of Ari Up's last recordings and the final release during her lifetime.

In 2010, Perry had his first ever solo art exhibition at Dem Passwords art gallery in Los Angeles, California. The show, titled "Secret Education", featured works on canvas, paper, and a video installation.

In 2011, The Upsetter, a documentary film about Perry, narrated by Benicio Del Toro, was released worldwide in theaters after its premiere at the 2008 SXSW Film Festival. The film was directed and produced by American film makers Ethan Higbee and Adam Bhala Lough, and opened in Los Angeles in March 2011. It continued to screen worldwide into 2012, with the DVD, iTunes, and Video on Demand following soon thereafter.

In 2012, Perry teamed with the Orb to produce The Orbserver in the Star House, which was recorded in Berlin over a period of several months. The album earned critical acclaim, and featured the single "Golden Clouds", named after the historic property located near Perry's hometown in Jamaica. The recording sessions were filmed by Volker Schaner and were part of the documentary Lee Scratch Perry's Vision of Paradise.

In August 2012, it was announced that Perry would receive Jamaica's sixth highest honour, the Order of Distinction, Commander class.

In 2013, Perry performed at the first Dub Champions Festival in Vienna, a sold-out performance, backed by Dubblestandart with Adrian Sherwood handling the dub mix. Perry also performed at the first two Dub Champions Festivals in New York City in 2011 and 2012, backed by Subatomic Sound System. Perry performed at the 2013 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in Indio, California.

Perry is featured as the DJ on the dub and reggae radio station "The Blue Ark" in Grand Theft Auto V. The station includes a number of dubs by Perry and the Upsetters including "Disco Devil" and "Grumblin' Dub".

In October 2013, it was announced that Perry will be awarded a Gold Musgrave Medal later that month by the Institute of Jamaica.

Perry recorded an album with Daniel Boyle in London, released in May 2014 as Lee "Scratch" Perry – Back on the Controls. The album received a Grammy nomination later that year.

Perry remixed the "Thor's Stone" single by UK producer Forest Swords in November 2013. In 2015, the documentary Lee Scratch Perry's Vision of Paradise had a worldwide release in cinemas as well as on DVD and VOD after premiering at the East End Film Festival in London. The film gives an insight into the spiritual world of Perry, after director Volker Schaner spent more than 15 years filming with the Upsetters, witnessing the building of Perry's "Secret Laboratory" in Switzerland from the beginning until its destruction by fire in 2015. Shot in Switzerland, Jamaica, London, and Berlin, the movie also shows scenes from Aksum and Lalibela, Ethiopia to provide necessary background information. Over the years, Schaner collected over 100 hours of unique scenes and they both still continue the work, planning to release a sequel.

In 2015, Perry worked together with Belgium-based band Pura Vida and released The Super Ape Strikes Again, which was mixed at The Last Ark Studio in Belgium using a combination of vintage gear and modern recording techniques.

In September 2015, Perry and Subatomic Sound System launched a 40th anniversary tour for Perry's 1976 album Super Ape. The tour began as part of Dub Champions Festival and continued over the next two years with more than 50 dates in North America and some isolated dates in Europe. Nearly every show was sold out on the 2015 and 2016 tours. It culminated with the release of the Super Ape Returns to Conquer album in September 2017 which debuted at number 2 on iTunes US reggae chart behind Bob Marley's remastered Legend album, and on number 3 on the Billboard reggae chart. Larry McDonald performed as part of the band and on the recorded album. A Kickstarter campaign was organized in 2015 by Emch of Subatomic Sound System to raise funds to build a custom 15-foot-tall gorilla similar to the one on the original album cover art. The Kickstarter campaign reached its goal and the gorilla appeared on stage during 2015 and 2016 tour dates.

In October 2018, Perry and Subatomic Sound System launched a 45th anniversary tour for the 1973 album Blackboard Jungle Dub, produced by Perry. The tour began in North America and tour posters includes the tag line "World's 1st dub album, Live for the first time". Rolling Stone published a preview of the tour.

2019 saw the release of The Revelation of Lee "Scratch" Perry, a film about the making of his 2010 album Revelation, directed by Steve Marshall for State of Emergency. The film features intimate behind the scenes footage of Perry at work in his home studio in the Swiss Alps and an in depth interview with him.

In April 2019, hip hop producer Mr. Green announced that he would be doing a record made out of Perry's famous audio stems. In July 2019, Perry announced that the record is entitled Super Ape vs. 緑: Open Door and that it would release through Tuff Kong Records on 19 August 2019. The record combined over 20 different genres of music. Hypebeast said it was "Perry's best work in years" and that it "pushes boundaries of various genres. The record reached the Top 10 on the iTunes reggae chart and the Top 100 on the Billboard reggae chart.

A couple of weeks prior to his death, Perry released his last song, "No Bloody Friends". The song was a collaboration with Ral Ston, and it was released on 13 August 2021.

Perry's final album was with New Age Doom, titled Lee "Scratch" Perry's Guide to the Universe (2021). Perry's final dub production was for Sly & Robbie vs. Roots Radics, The Dub Battle (2021). The song was "The Gates of Dub" with Max Romeo and The Roots Radics band produced by Hernan "Don Camel" Sforzini.

Personal life
Perry resided in Switzerland with his wife Mireille and their two children. He had four other children by the names of Cleopatra Perry, Marsha Perry, Omar Perry, and Marvin (Sean) Perry in various parts of the world. In 2015, his new studio in Switzerland, the "Secret Laboratory", was damaged by a fire that also destroyed his stage costumes and unreleased recordings.

Death
Perry died on 29 August 2021 at the Noel Holmes hospital in Lucea, Jamaica, from an unspecified illness, aged 85.

Albums

 * The Upsetters – The Upsetter (1969)
 * The Upsetters – Return of Django (1969)
 * The Upsetters – Clint Eastwood (1970)
 * The Upsetters – Many Moods of the Upsetters (1970)
 * The Upsetters – Scratch the Upsetter Again (1970)
 * The Upsetters – Eastwood Rides Again (1970)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Africa's Blood (1972)
 * The Upsetters – Scratch the Upsetter – Cloak and Dagger (1973)
 * The Upsetters – Rhythm Shower (1973)
 * The Upsetters – 14 Dub Blackboard Jungle (1973)
 * The Upsetters – Double Seven (1974)
 * King Tubby Meets the Upsetter – At the Grass Roots of Dub (1974)
 * The Upsetters – Musical Bones (1975)
 * The Upsetters – Return of Wax (1975)
 * The Mighty Upsetter – Kung Fu Meets the Dragon (1975)
 * Lee Perry & The Upsetters – Revolution Dub (1975)
 * The Upsetters – Super Ape (1976)
 * Lee Perry – Roast Fish Collie Weed & Corn Bread (1978)
 * The Upsetters – Return of the Super Ape (1978)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – The Return of Pipecock Jackxon (1980)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Black Ark In Dub (1981)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & The Majestics – Mystic Miracle Star (1982)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – History, Mystery & Prophesy (1984)
 * Lee 'Scratch' Perry and The Upsetters – Battle of Armagideon (Millionaire Liquidator) (1986)
 * Lee 'Scratch' Perry + Dub Syndicate – Time Boom X De Devil Dead (1987)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Satan Kicked the Bucket (1988)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry with Mad Professor – Mystic Warrior (1989)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry with Mad Professor – Mystic Warrior Dub (1989)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Message from Yard (1990)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – From the Secret Laboratory (1990)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry Meets Bullwackie – Satan's Dub (1990)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Spiritual Healing (1990)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Lord God Muzik (1991)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – The Upsetter and the Beat (1992)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Mad Professor – Black Ark Experryments (1995)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Experryments at the Grass Roots of Dub (1995)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry featuring Mad Professor/Douggie Digital/Juggler – Super Ape Inna Jungle (1996)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Who Put the Voodoo Pon Reggae (1996)
 * Mad Professor & Lee " Scratch" Perry – Dub Take the Voodoo Out of Reggae (1996)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Technomajikal (1997)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Dub Fire (1998)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Fire in Dub (1998)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – On the Wire (2000)
 * Mad Professor & Lee "Scratch" Perry – Techno Party (2000)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Niney the Observer – Station Underground Report (2001)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Jamaican E.T. (2002)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Alien Starman (2003)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry and the Whitebellyrats – Panic in Babylon (2004)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – End of an American Dream (2007)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – The Mighty Upsetter (2008)
 * Lee "$cratch" Perry – Repentance (2008)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Scratch Came Scratch Saw Scratch Conquered (2008)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Adrian Sherwood – Dub Setter (2009)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – The Unfinished Master Piece (2010)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Revelation (2010)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Bill Laswell – Rise Again (2011)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Master Piece (2012)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & ERM – Humanicity (2012)
 * The Orb feat. Lee "Scratch" Perry – The Orbserver in the Star House (2012)
 * The Orb feat. Lee "Scratch" Perry – More Tales from the Orbservatory (2013)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Back on the Controls (2014)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Pura Vida – The Super Ape Strikes Again (2015)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Must Be Free (2016)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Science, Magic, Logic (2017)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Subatomic Sound System – Super Ape Returns to Conquer (2017)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – The Black Album (2018)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Alien Dub Massive (2019)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Woodie Taylor – Big Ben Rock (2019)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Rainford (2019)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Mr. Green – Super Ape vs. 緑: Open Door (2019)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Life of Plants (2019)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Heavy Rain (2019)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Live in Brighton (2020)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Lee Scratch Perry Presents The Full Experience (2020)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry and Spacewave – Dubz of the Root (2021)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Ral Ston – Friends (2021)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & Ral Ston & Scientist – Scratch & Scientist Meet Ral Ston To Conquer The Evil Duppies (2021)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry & New Age Doom – Lee "Scratch" Perry's Guide to the Universe (2021)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – Heaven (2023)
 * Lee "Scratch" Perry – King Perry (2024)

Compilation albums

 * DIP Presents the Upsetter (1975)
 * Scratch on the Wire (1979)
 * The Upsetter Collection (1981)
 * Megaton Dub (1983)
 * Arkology (1997)
 * Ape-ology (2007)
 * King Scratch Musical (2022)

Note: Perry has had numerous compilations come out under his name, with many being illegitimate. This list tries to round up a few more "essential" compilations.

Appearances

 * Co-wrote "Police and Thieves" with Junior Murvin. It was later covered by The Clash on their 1977 debut album, some versions of which include their Perry-produced single "Complete Control".
 * "The Only Alternative" on the compilation Roots of Innovation – 15 And X Years On-U Sound (1994) by Dub Syndicate on On-U Sound label.
 * "Dr. Lee, PhD" on the album Hello Nasty (1998) by Beastie Boys
 * Appears on two tracks on the album Whaa! (2005) by Zuco 103
 * Starred in a series of Guinness advertisements (2008)
 * Appears on two tracks on the album Nairobi meets Mad Professor: Wu Wei (2009) by Argentinian dub band Nairobi
 * Appears on the single Golden Clouds (2012) by The Orb
 * Appears on the album Aquarium in Dub (2020) by Aquarium and Levsha-Patsan (Левша-пацан)
 * Frayed Moon Magic Man & Man in The Baloon Feat. Lee Scratch Perry
 * Appears on the album Sly & Robbie vs Roots Radics - The Final Battle (2019) by Sly & Robbie and Roots Radics produced by Hernan "Don Camel" Sforzini
 * Appears on the album Sly & Robbie vs Roots Radics - The Dub Battle (2021) by Sly & Robbie and Roots Radics produced by Hernan "Don Camel" Sforzini

Films

 * Lee Perry: Return of the Super Ape (BA BA ZEE) – Rick Elgood and Don Letts (UK)
 * Lee Scratch Perry's Vision of Paradise (2015) – directed by Volker Schaner, produced by Daniela Schmid
 * Scratch in Deutschland (1992) (10 minutes)
 * Ich sende aus dem All (1995) (30 minutes), directed by Peter Braatz
 * The Upsetter (90 minutes) (2011), directed by Ethan Higbee and Adam Bhala Lough narrated by Benicio del Toro
 * Tracks: Lee Perry (2005) (Arte) (France)

Videos

 * Jesus Perry Live – directed by InYourFaceTV (2013)
 * Golden Clouds – directed by Volker Schaner, collaboration with The Orb (2012)
 * Lee Scratch Perry: The Unlimited Destruction, 2002, US
 * Lee Scratch Perry: In Concert – The Ultimate Alien, 2003, US
 * Lee Scratch Perry with Mad Professor, 2004, US
 * Roots Rock Reggae – Inside the Jamaican Music Scene, 1977, directed by Jeremy Marre
 * Carrying the Swing – directed by Howard Johnson (1998)
 * Reggae: The Story of Jamaican Music (Part 2 – Rebel Music), 2002, Mike Connolly
 * Rock & Roll – Punk (10-part series) (US) (1995) (episode 9 only), a.k.a. Dancing in the Street: A Rock and Roll History (episode 8 only) (UK)
 * Tribute to Sister D – The Forum, London, 1995 (One Drop – Crazy Baldheads – Roastfish and Cornbread)
 * Portraits of Jamaican Music – directed by Pierre Marc Simonin (2003)
 * Jools in Jamaica – directed by Geoff Wonfor, presenter Jools Holland
 * Full Moon, plant a tree – directed by Juan Manuel Sicuso
 * The Gates of dub – directed by Juan Manuel Sicuso

title: Lee "Scratch" Perry


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Chris Smith (composer)

Christopher M. Smith (October 12, 1879 – October 4, 1949) was an American composer and popular vaudeville performer.

Biography
Smith was born in Charleston, South Carolina. He started traveling with medicine shows when he was young and joined Vaudeville, where he performed with Elmer Bowman and Jimmy Durante. He also wrote music for Bert Williams. Smith died in New York City on October 4, 1949.

Selected works
Smith composed many songs, including the following:

 * "Good Morning Carrie", lyrics by Cecil Mack (pseudonym of Richard Cecil McPherson), music by Smith & Euday L. Bowman; Windsor Music Co. (1901);
 * "Mandy, You and Me!" Smith and James H. Burris (né James Henry Burris; 1876–1923) (w&m); Attucks Publishing Company (©1905);
 * "Honky Tonky Monkey Rag" Words and Music by Chris Smith, 1911
 * "Junk Man Rag", lyrics by Smith & Ferdinand E. Mierisch, music by Charles Luckyth Roberts ("Luckey"); Jos. W. Stern & Co. (1913);
 * "Fifteen Cents", Words and Music by Chris Smith, 1913
 * "Ballin' the Jack", lyrics by Jim Burris (né James Henry Burris; 1876–1923), music by Smith; Jos. W. Stern & Co. (1913);
 * "Never Let the Same Bee Sting You Twice", Cecil Mack (pseudonym of Richard Cecil McPherson), music by Smith; Broadway Music Corporation (1916);
 * "Down in Honky Tonk Town", music & lyrics by Smith & Charles R. McCarron (1891–1919); Broadway Music Corporation (1918);
 * "I've Got My Habits On", lyrics by Smith & Bob Schafer, music by Jimmie Durante; Goodman & Rose, Inc. (1921); †
 * "At the Honky-Tonk Steppers' Ball", lyrics & music by Smith & Jimmie Durante; Goodman & Rose, Inc. (1921); †
 * "The Camel Walk", lyrics by Cecil Mack & Bob Schafer; music by Smith & James Tim Brymn; Broadway Music Corporation (1925);

Note
 * † – Goodman & Rose, Inc., was a New York music publishing firm founded by Frank Goodman and Justus Rose

title: Chris Smith (composer)


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The B-52s

The B-52s, originally presented as the B-52's (with an apostrophe; used until 2008), are an American new wave band formed in Athens, Georgia, in 1976. The original lineup consisted of Fred Schneider (vocals, percussion), Kate Pierson (vocals, keyboards, synth bass), Cindy Wilson (vocals, percussion), Ricky Wilson (guitar), and Keith Strickland (drums, guitar, keyboards). Ricky Wilson died of AIDS-related illness in 1985, and Strickland switched from drums to lead guitar. The band has also added various members for albums and live performances.

The B-52s have had many hits, including "Rock Lobster", "Planet Claire", "Party Out of Bounds", "Private Idaho", "Whammy Kiss", "Summer of Love", "Wig", "Love Shack", "Roam" and "(Meet) The Flintstones". They have been nominated for three Grammy Awards: twice for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group in 1990 and 1991, and for Best Alternative Music Album in 1992. In April 2022, the group announced they were retiring from touring. A 2023 Las Vegas residency was announced in November 2022.

The group evoked a "thrift shop aesthetic", in Bernard Gendron's words, by drawing from 1950s and 1960s pop sources, trash culture, and rock and roll. Schneider, Pierson, and Wilson sometimes use call-and-response-style vocals (Schneider's often humorous Sprechgesang contrasting with Wilson's and Pierson's melodic harmonies), and their guitar- and keyboard-driven instrumentation is their trademark sound, which was also set apart from their contemporaries by the unusual guitar tunings Ricky Wilson used on their earlier albums.

1976–1979: Formation and early years
They formed as "the B-52's" in 1976 when Cindy Wilson, Ricky Wilson (her elder brother), Pierson, Strickland, and cowbell player, poet, and lead vocalist Schneider held an impromptu jam session after sharing a flaming volcano drink at a Chinese restaurant in Athens, Georgia. When they first jammed, Strickland played guitar and Ricky Wilson played congas. They later played their first concert (with Wilson on guitar) in 1977 at a Valentine's Day party for their friends.

The name "B-52's" comes from a particular beehive hairdo resembling the nose cone of the aircraft, which Pierson and Cindy Wilson wore in performances during the band's first decade. Other names the band considered were the Tina-Trons and Fellini's Children. Strickland suggested the name after a dream he had of a band performing in a hotel lounge. In the dream, he heard someone whisper in his ear that the band's name was "the B-52's".

The band's quirky take on the new wave sound of its era was a combination of dance and surf music set apart from their contemporaries by thrift-store chic and the unusual guitar tunings Ricky Wilson used.

The band's first single, "Rock Lobster", recorded for DB Records in 1978, was an underground success, selling over 2,000 copies, that led to gigs at CBGB and Max's Kansas City. Both this version of "Rock Lobster" and its B-side, "52 Girls", are different recordings from those that appear on the band's 1979 debut album, and the early version of "52 Girls" is in a different key.

The re-recorded version of "Rock Lobster" was also released as a single and in the UK and Germany was backed with an instrumental version of "Running Around", a non-album track at the time. (A vocal re-recording of this appears on the band's second album, 1980's Wild Planet.) The buzz the record created in the UK meant their first show in London at the Electric Ballroom was packed and attended by UK pop stars, including Sandie Shaw, Green Gartside from Scritti Politti, and Joe Jackson. In Canada, released on the Warner Bros. label, the single went from cult hit to No. 1 on the RPM-compiled national chart on May 24, 1980. John Lennon credits the song with returning him to writing music.

1979–1982: The B-52's, Wild Planet, and Mesopotamia
In 1979, the B-52s signed contracts as they flew over to Compass Point Studios in Nassau, Bahamas, to record their debut studio album, with Island founder Chris Blackwell producing. The band was surprised by Blackwell's recording methods; he wanted to keep the sound as close as possible to its live sound, so he used almost no overdubs or additional effects.

Released on July 6, 1979, The B-52's contained re-recorded versions of "Rock Lobster" and "52 Girls", six originals recorded solely for the album, and a cover of the Petula Clark hit "Downtown". The album was a major success, especially in Australia, where it reached No. 3 on the charts alongside its three singles: "Planet Claire", "Rock Lobster", and "Dance This Mess Around". In the U.S., the single "Rock Lobster" reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart, while the album was certified platinum by the RIAA. In 1980, John Lennon called the B-52s his favorite band and specifically cited "Rock Lobster" as an inspiration for his Double Fantasy.

In April 1980, the B-52s returned to Compass Point Studios to record their next album. Several of the songs on the new album had been concert staples since 1978; the band consciously did not record them for its first album since it already had too many tracks and wanted a strong second album, knowing that its live performances would make fans look forward to it. Rhett Davies co-produced the album, which had a more polished production sound than the debut.

Released on August 27, 1980, Wild Planet was well received by critics; many fans consider it the band's best album. It reached No. 18 on the Billboard 200 chart in 1980 and was certified gold; "Private Idaho" became the band's second Hot 100 entry. The B-52s performed on Saturday Night Live on January 26, 1980, and at the Heatwave festival (promoted as the "New Wave Woodstock") in Toronto, Canada, in August 1980. The band also appeared in the Paul Simon film One Trick Pony. In July 1981, Party Mix! was released, a six-song collection containing songs from the first two albums remixed and sequenced to form two long tracks, one on each side.

In 1981, the band collaborated with Talking Heads' David Byrne to produce a third full-length studio album. Reportedly due to differences with Byrne over the album's musical direction, recording sessions for the album were aborted, prompting the band to release Mesopotamia in 1982 as an EP. (In 1991, Party Mix! and Mesopotamia, the latter of which had been remixed, were combined and released together on a single compact disc.) Also in 1982, the band appeared at the inaugural US Festival, performing on the first day.

1982–1987: Whammy!, Bouncing off the Satellites, and death of Ricky Wilson
In December 1982, the band began recording their third album, Whammy!. According to Pierson, Strickland no longer wanted to play the drums, so the band switched to drum machines for this album, with Strickland and Ricky Wilson playing all the music on the album, and the rest of the band providing vocals only. Having originally played guitars, organ, bass guitar and synthesizers, Pierson switched to a mainly vocal role in the studio, but remained behind the keyboards on tour. The band also began experimenting heavily with synthesizers during this period.

Released on April 27, 1983, Whammy! reached No. 29 on the Billboard 200 chart. "Legal Tender" reached the Billboard Hot 100 chart, as well as the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Singles chart alongside "Whammy Kiss" and "Song for a Future Generation". For the Whammy! tour, some tracks featured Strickland on the drums while others used a backing track so Strickland could come forward and play other parts. This also freed up the vocalists (now sometimes not playing instruments) to perform some simple choreography. Copyright issues with Yoko Ono led to the cover song "Don't Worry" being removed from the album and replaced by "Moon 83"—a rearranged version of "There's a Moon in the Sky (Called the Moon)" from their debut album—on future pressings of Whammy!.

Before the work on the next album the band took a one-year break during which Fred Schneider released his debut solo album Fred Schneider and the Shake Society.

In January 1985, the B-52s performed in Brazil at Rock in Rio, for their largest crowd ever. Later during the year, the band struggled to write new material for their next album. The band members all lived together in the same house and felt that collaboration was not working, so they decided to try to write songs separately and began recording in July 1985, again using drum machines and synthesizers extensively. During the recording, guitarist Wilson had been suffering from AIDS, though none of the other band members were aware of his illness except for Strickland, as Wilson "did not want anyone to worry about him or fuss about him." Wilson died from his illness on October 12, 1985, at the age of 32.

When the band returned to the studio, Strickland had learned how to play the guitar in Wilson's unique style and switched permanently to the new instrument, leaving session players to complete the rhythm section. The results were released on September 8, 1986, as Bouncing off the Satellites, a mixture of solo efforts and group efforts. Because of Wilson's death, the band did not tour to promote the album. A music video was made for "Girl from Ipanema Goes to Greenland" and the band appeared on some UK television programs but then took a two-year hiatus. Keith Strickland moved to Woodstock, New York, while Pierson and Schneider stayed in New York City. In 1987, the band released a public service announcement in the style of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album cover on behalf of amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research.

1988–1992: Comeback, Cosmic Thing, and Good Stuff
Strickland had been composing in 1988. After he played some of his new music for the other band members, they all agreed to try writing together again, with Pierson, Wilson and Schneider contributing the lyrics and melodies. In 1989, the band released Cosmic Thing, their mainstream breakthrough, on Reprise Records worldwide. The single "Channel Z" from the new album became an alternative and college radio hit, hitting No. 1 on the U.S. Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart, receiving significant airplay on MTV's modern rock show 120 Minutes. They then embarked on the Cosmic Tour.

The next single, "Love Shack", with its party vibe and colorful music video, became their first top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100, ultimately reaching No. 3 in November 1989. That peak was matched in March 1990 when their follow-up single, "Roam", also reached No. 3. In Australia, the country that had most embraced the band a decade earlier, "Love Shack" remained at No. 1 for eight weeks.

A fourth single, "Deadbeat Club", which reminisced about the band's early days in Athens and whose video was shot on location and featured a cameo by fellow Athens artist R.E.M.'s Michael Stipe, reached No. 30. Cosmic Thing climbed into the U.S. top five and earned multi-platinum certification. The album also had international success, reaching No. 1 in both Australia and New Zealand and No. 8 in the UK. The group had a successful world tour to support the record and appeared on the cover of Rolling Stone in March 1990. In 1990, the B-52s were nominated for four MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year. They won two awards: Best Group Video and Best Art Direction.

Pierson sang on Iggy Pop's song "Candy", which gave him a top 40 hit. In 1991, Schneider's 1984 solo record, Fred Schneider and the Shake Society, was repackaged and re-released, resulting in his first Hot 100 single when "Monster" climbed to No. 85. Also that year, Pierson again guest-starred on a popular track, R.E.M.'s "Shiny Happy People", which reached No. 10 in September. Pierson also appeared on two other songs from R.E.M.'s chart-topping album Out of Time: "Near Wild Heaven" and "Me in Honey", as well as the outtake "Fretless".

In late 1990, Cindy Wilson took time off from the band, with Julee Cruise filling in for her on tour. The B-52s released Good Stuff in 1992 as a trio—the only album release on which Cindy Wilson was not present—and the title track reached No. 28 in August of that year. The album made it to No. 16 in the U.S. It is also the group's most overtly political album, though they had been activists and fundraisers for environmental, AIDS and animal rights causes for many years.

1993–2007: Soundtrack appearances, 25th anniversary and touring
The band had their next chart entry in 1994 when, as the BC-52's, they appeared in The Flintstones live-action movie and sang the title song. When released as a single, it reached No. 33 in the U.S. and No. 3 in the UK. In 1994, Pierson and Schneider also sang on the theme song for the Nickelodeon series Rocko's Modern Life, from the second season onward. In the 1990s, former Duran Duran drummer Sterling Campbell joined the band, but left in 2000 to tour with David Bowie and was replaced that year by Zack Alford, who had recorded and toured with the band during the Cosmic Thing era. Pierson and Cindy Wilson recorded a cover of the McFadden & Whitehead song "Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now" for the 1996 film The Associate, starring Whoopi Goldberg; Wilson rejoined the B-52s the same year.

A career retrospective, Time Capsule: Songs for a Future Generation, appeared in 1998, along with two remixed maxi-singles: "Summer of Love '98" and "Hallucinating Pluto". A major tour (with co-headliners the Pretenders) to promote the collection took place. "Debbie", another single from the album (a tribute to Blondie's Debbie Harry), placed No. 35 on Billboard 's Hot Modern Rock Tracks. In 1999, they recorded a parody of "Love Shack" called "Glove Slap" for an episode of The Simpsons. In 2000, they co-headlined another major tour with the Go-Go's and recorded the song "The Chosen One" for the movie Pokémon: The Movie 2000.

In 2002, a more extensive anthology, Nude on the Moon: The B-52's Anthology, was released, and in February of that year the band held a series of concerts celebrating their 25th anniversary. The Irving Plaza show in New York City featured Yoko Ono, as well as Tina Weymouth and Chris Frantz of Talking Heads, as guests, with Chicks on Speed as the opener. Coinciding with the band's 25th anniversary was the publication of The B-52's Universe: The Essential Guide to the World's Greatest Party Band, the first and only officially authorized biography of the band. The book was nominated for a Lambda Lit Award and was a Minnesota Book Awards finalist. The B-52s recorded the song "Orange You Glad it's Summer" for a Target commercial that aired in spring/summer 2002. Target also used the Cosmic Thing song "Junebug" in a TV spot five years later. In late 2002, the critically panned cartoon pilot "The Groovenians" featured a theme song performed by the band.

In late 2004, the band opened for Cher on a few dates of her Farewell Tour. In March 2006, they opened for the Rolling Stones at a benefit for the Robin Hood Foundation. They had three remix EPs released by Planet Clique: Whammy! in 2005, Mesopotamia in 2006, and Wild Planet in 2007. During this time span, they appeared on many television shows, including The L Word, V.I.P., The Rosie O'Donnell Show, The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, the Late Show with David Letterman, The Arsenio Hall Show, Saturday Night Live, Live with Regis and Kelly, The Today Show, Good Morning America, as well as numerous times on VH1.

2008–2021: Funplex and continued touring
Prior to 2008, the band used an apostrophe in their name, rendering it as "The B-52's". In 2008, the band dropped the apostrophe to become "The B-52s". Asked about the change, Pierson said "It was not grammatically correct. It's not like a possessive. It just seemed superfluous."

Funplex, the band's first original album in 16 years (since 1992's Good Stuff), was released on March 25, 2008, by Astralwerks. Talking about the record's sound, Strickland noted, "It's loud, sexy rock and roll with the beat turned up to hot pink." The album was produced by Steve Osborne, who was asked to work on the album based on his work with New Order on the album Get Ready.

The album debuted at No. 11 on the Billboard charts in the U.S., immediately making it the second-highest charting B-52s album ever. The band toured in support of the album and made appearances on talk shows, including The Tonight Show and The Ellen DeGeneres Show, and performed on The Today Show on Memorial Day 2008. They also participated in the True Colors Tour 2008 with Cyndi Lauper and embarked on a European tour in July.

The first single from the album was "Funplex", which was released digitally on January 29 to the iTunes Store in the U.S. The second single lifted from the album was "Juliet of the Spirits". Schneider said in an interview that the album just broke even and could be the B-52s' last new studio album, though he later retracted that statement. The B-52s performed their hit track "Love Shack" with Sugarland at the 2009 CMT Music Awards.

On February 18, 2011, the B-52s played a show at the Classic Center in their hometown of Athens, Georgia, four days after the 34th anniversary of their first-ever show on February 14, 1977. The concert was filmed and recorded for With the Wild Crowd! Live in Athens, GA, released in October 2011.

The group continued to perform live, with a touring band that featured musicians Sterling Campbell (drums), Paul Gordon (keyboards, guitar) and Tracy Wormworth (bass), and performances included the closing show for the 2011 edition of the Montreal Jazz Festival, as well as being the house band during the 2012 TV Land Awards. At the end of 2012, Strickland announced he would no longer tour with the B-52s, though he would continue as a member of the band. Without Strickland, the B-52s continued to tour across the world with groups including The Go-Go's, Tears for Fears, The English Beat, The Psychedelic Furs, Simple Minds, Boy George and Culture Club, and Thompson Twins' Tom Bailey. Aside from touring, the group covered the Squidbillies theme song during Season 10 of the Adult Swim series and appeared as guests in the sketch comedy show Portlandia.

In 2019, the group announced a tour to begin in May in the United States, which took them to Europe and back to the U.S. On September 30, 2019, it was reported that the band would be featured in the upcoming Archie Comics' comic book Archie Meets the B-52s, released in February 2020.

2022–present: Final tour and Vegas residency
In April 2022, the group announced that they would embark on a final farewell tour, with KC and the Sunshine Band, lasting from August 22 to November 11, 2022. The final dates of the concert were postponed until January 2023, due to illness. The B-52s performed the final concert on their tour at the Classic Center in their hometown of Athens, Georgia on January 10, 2023.

Following the end of the farewell tour, the B-52s embarked on residencies at The Venetian Las Vegas in Paradise, Nevada. The first residency concerts took place in May, August and September 2023, with further dates scheduled for April 2024.

On May 15, 2024, the City of Athens, Georgia, announced that their Federal Prospects Hockey League team team would be named the Rock Lobsters, honoring the band and their hit song. The decision came after an online poll where the Rock Lobsters won by a wide margin. The band responded on social media, stating "we are truly honored to have our hometown hockey team named the Rock Lobsters. As the song declares, 'Let’s rock!’".

Members
Current members
 * Fred Schneider – vocals, percussion (1976–present)
 * Kate Pierson – vocals, percussion, keyboards, bass (1976–present)
 * Keith Strickland – guitars, bass, drums, keyboards, programming, backing vocals (1976–present; not touring since 2013)
 * Cindy Wilson – vocals, percussion (1976–1990, 1996–present)

Former members
 * Ricky Wilson – guitars, bass, keyboards, backing vocals (1976–1985; died 1985)

Current touring members
 * Tracy Wormworth – bass (1992–present)
 * Sterling Campbell – drums (1992–2002, 2007–present)
 * Greg Suran – guitars (2013–present)
 * Ken Maiuri – keyboards, guitars (2016–present)

Former touring members
 * Pat Irwin – keyboards, guitars (1989–2007)
 * Zack Alford – drums (1989–1992, 2000–2007)
 * Sara Lee – bass (1989–1992, 1998–2002)
 * Julee Cruise – vocals (1992–1994; died 2022)
 * Paul Gordon – keyboards, guitars (2007–2016; died 2016)

Discography
Studio albums
 * The B-52's (1979)
 * Wild Planet (1980)
 * Whammy! (1983)
 * Bouncing Off the Satellites (1986)
 * Cosmic Thing (1989)
 * Good Stuff (1992)
 * Funplex (2008)

title: The B-52s