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FC Porto

Futebol Clube do Porto, MHIH, OM, commonly known as FC Porto, is a Portuguese professional sports club based in Porto. It is best known for the professional football team playing in the Primeira Liga, the top flight of Portuguese football.

Founded on 28 September 1893, Porto is one of the "Big Three" (Portuguese: Os Três Grandes) teams in Portugal – together with Lisbon-based rivals Benfica and Sporting CP, that have appeared in every season of the Primeira Liga since its establishment in 1934. They are nicknamed dragões (Dragons), for the mythical creature atop the club's crest, and Azuis e brancos (Blue-and-whites), for the shirt colours. Those colours are in stripes with blue shorts. The club supporters are called portistas. Since 2003, Porto have played their home matches at the Estádio do Dragão, which replaced the previous 51-year-old ground, the Estádio das Antas. Porto are the second most decorated team in Portuguese football, with 85 major trophies. Domestically, these comprise 30 Portuguese league titles (five of which won consecutively between 1994–95 and 1998–99, a Portuguese football record), 20 Taça de Portugal, 4 Campeonato de Portugal, 1 Taça da Liga and a record 23 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira. Porto is one of two teams to have won the league title without defeats, in the 2010–11 and 2012–13 seasons. In the former, Porto achieved the largest-ever difference of points between champion and runner-up in a three-points-per-win system (21 points), on their way to a second quadruple. In international competitions, Porto is the most decorated Portuguese team, with seven trophies. They won the European Cup/UEFA Champions League in 1987 and 2004, the UEFA Cup/Europa League in 2003 and 2011, the UEFA Super Cup in 1987, and the Intercontinental Cup in 1987 and 2004. In addition, they were runners-up in the 1983–84 European Cup Winners' Cup, plus the 2003, 2004 and 2011 editions of the UEFA Super Cup. Porto is the only Portuguese club to have won the UEFA Cup/Europa League, the UEFA Super Cup, the Intercontinental Cup, and to have achieved a continental treble of domestic league, domestic cup and European titles (2002–03 and 2010–11). Porto have the third-most appearances in the UEFA Champions League group stage (23), behind Barcelona and Real Madrid (24). In UEFA, Porto ranks 9th in the all-time club ranking and also ranked 20th in the club coefficient rankings at the end of the 2022–23 season.

Early years (1893–1921)
The club was founded on 28 September 1893 as Foot-Ball Club do Porto by António Nicolau de Almeida, a local port wine merchant and avid sportsman, who became fascinated with football during his trips to England. Porto played its first matches with other Portuguese clubs, including one against Lisbon's Foot-Ball Club Lisbonense on 2 March 1894. This match had the patronage of King Carlos I and Queen Amélie of Orléans, who travelled to Porto to witness the event and present a trophy to the winners.

Almeida's enthusiasm and involvement with the club waned due to family pressure, and by the turn of the century, Porto had entered a period of inactivity. In 1906, José Monteiro da Costa returned to Porto after finishing his studies in England. Like Almeida, thirteen years before, he was also captivated by the English game, and together with some associates, decided to reintroduce the practice of football in the city, outside of the British circles. On 2 August 1906, Porto was revived and Monteiro da Costa appointed its president. Although football was the driving force, the club also promoted other sports, including gymnastics, weightlifting and wrestling, athletics and swimming. Shortly after, Porto rented its first ground and recruited a French coach named Adolphe Cassaigne, who would stay in the club until 1925.

On 15 December 1907, Porto played its first match against a foreign team, hosting Spain's Real Fortuna. In the following month, Porto returned the visit and played its first match abroad. Four years later, the club won the inaugural staging of the Taça José Monteiro da Costa, securing its first-ever major title. In 1912, Porto joined efforts with Leixões to establish the Porto Football Association, which began organising the regional championship in the following year. Porto finished the first season as runners-up, behind local rivals Boavista, but in the following season the club won its first championship. By the end of the 1920–21 season, Porto had been regional champions six times in seven years, and outright winners of the Taça José Monteiro da Costa, after claiming a third consecutive victory in 1916.

First national titles and drought years (1921–1977)
The 1921–22 season was marked by the creation of the first nationwide football competition – the Campeonato de Portugal. Organised by the national federation, this knockout tournament gathered the winners of the regional championships to determine the Portuguese champion. After clinching its fourth consecutive regional title, Porto defeated Sporting CP in the inaugural edition and became the first national champions. While a dominant regional force, the club faced stronger opposition in the national championship, winning it only three more times in a span of sixteen years (1925, 1932 and 1937). In 1933–34, Porto was denied participation in the Campeonato de Portugal by its football association for refusing to release players for a match between the Porto and Lisbon regional teams.

In the following season, a second nationwide competition named "Campeonato da Primeira Liga" (English: Premier League Championship), or simply Primeira Liga, was provisionally established by the national federation to increase the number of matches per season and improve the competitiveness of Portuguese football. As the regional champion, Porto qualified for the first edition of the new round-robin competition, winning it with 10 victories in 14 matches. Due to the success of its format, the Primeira Liga was made an official championship competition for the 1938–39 season – its name changed to "Campeonato Nacional da Primeira Divisão" (English: First Division National Championship) or simply Primeira Divisão – and replaced the Campeonato de Portugal, which in turn was converted into the Taça de Portugal, the main domestic cup competition. Porto won the inaugural edition of the new league championship and successfully defended the title in the next season, despite almost failing to take part. The club failed to secure a third consecutive title, and after nearly missing again a place in the Primeira Divisão in 1941–42, it would only return to a top-three finish in the 1946–47 season. In 1948, Porto defeated English champions Arsenal 3–2 in a friendly match. To commemorate this victory, the associates offered the club a massive trophy made of 250 kg of silver and wood – the Arsenal Cup.

Having endured a 16-year title drought period, Porto returned to winning ways by taking the 1955–56 Primeira Divisão on head-to-head advantage over runners-up Benfica. Later that season, Porto beat Torreense to win its first Taça de Portugal and achieved its first double. As the Portuguese league winner, Porto made its debut in European competitions by qualifying for the 1956–57 European Cup. The club's first participation was short-lived, ending in the preliminary round with two defeats against Spanish champions Athletic Bilbao. A year later, Porto lifted its second Taça de Portugal by beating Benfica 1–0 in the final. In 1958, Béla Guttmann took charge as coach of Porto and helped them overhaul a five-point lead enjoyed by Benfica to win the Portuguese League title in 1959. The two clubs met in the season's final, but this time Benfica took the trophy and denied a second double for Porto that had won the 1958–59 Primeira Divisão three months before.

Shortly after, the club entered another lacklustre period of its history, the highest point of which was a victory in the 1968 Taça de Portugal final. During this time, Porto had its worst-ever league classification, a ninth place in 1969–70, while its best league record in that period consisted of six runner-up finishes (four consecutive between 1961–62 and 1964–65). In European competitions, the club participated for the first time in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (and its successor, the UEFA Cup) and in the Cup Winners' Cup, without getting past the third round. One of the club's most tragic moments occurred on 16 December 1973, when during a league match against Vitória de Setúbal, the 26-year-old captain Pavão fell unconscious on the pitch and died later at the hospital. The following month, Porto presented Peruvian international Teófilo Cubillas, who became one of the club's most successful players, scoring 65 goals in 108 games.

International affirmation (1977–1988)
The return of José Maria Pedroto – a former Porto player and head coach in the late 1960s – in the 1976–77 season started a new chapter in the club's history. Responsible for the previous cup triumph in 1968, Pedroto guided Porto to its fourth title in the competition. In the following season, he put an end to Porto's league title drought, winning the championship 19 years after having played in the team that took the last title. Internationally, Porto reached the quarter-finals of the 1977–78 Cup Winners' Cup, beating Manchester United along the way, but suffered its heaviest defeat (6–1) against AEK Athens in the subsequent season's European Cup. A poor run of performances in the latter part of the season – resulting in the loss of the league and cup titles – sparked a conflict between the technical staff and president Américo de Sá, which ended with the resignation of Pedroto and his replacement by Hermann Stessl. In December 1981, Porto overcame Benfica to win the inaugural staging of the Portuguese Super Cup, the Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira.

Pedroto returned in April 1982 by the hand of the club's newly elected president Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa, who had resigned as director of football, two years before, in solidarity with the coach. The previous month, Porto fell again in the Cup Winners' Cup quarter-finals against one of the eventual finalists, but needed only two years to finally reach the competition's final. On 16 May 1984, Porto played its first major European final in Basel's St. Jakob Stadium, losing 2–1 to Michel Platini's Juventus. Already without Pedroto, who stepped down due to illness, Porto won that season's Taça and Supertaça but lost the championship to Benfica. Under the steering of Pedroto's apprentice, Artur Jorge, the following season brought the Primeira Divisão title back to the club and crowned homegrown striker Fernando Gomes as Europe's top goalscorer for the second time, after first taking the award in 1983.

Porto retained the league title in 1986, securing an entry to the 1986–87 European Cup. In the first game, the club recorded its biggest win in European competitions: 9–0 against Maltese side Rabat Ajax. Vítkovice of Czechoslovakia, Brøndby of Denmark, and Dynamo Kyiv of the Soviet Union were successively eliminated as Porto advanced to its first European Cup final, against Bayern Munich. Trailing the Germans 1–0 until the 79th minute, Porto scored twice in two minutes – the first goal through a famous backheel from former Algerian international Rabah Madjer, who assisted Juary for the second – to secure a surprising win and the European Cup title. The following season, under new coach Tomislav Ivic, the club completed a treble of international trophies by beating Ajax for the 1987 European Super Cup and Uruguay's Peñarol for the 1987 Intercontinental Cup. The 1987–88 season was one of the most successful for the club, who also won the Taça de Portugal and an expanded 20-team Primeira Divisão with a record number of goals scored (88) and distance in points to the runners-up (15).

Tri, Tetra, Penta (1988–2001)
In contrast to the previous season, Porto failed to win a trophy in 1988–89, with many of its players struck down with injuries, such as Madjer and Gomes. Fifteen years after his first-team debut, Gomes made his last season for Porto, where he became the all-time top goalscorer with 352 goals in 455 matches. The club brought back Artur Jorge, who recovered the Primeira Divisão title in the following season and added the Taça and Supertaça trophies in 1991. His successor, Brazilian Carlos Alberto Silva, won back-to-back league titles in two seasons and qualified Porto for the first UEFA Champions League.

Midway through the 1993–94 season, Porto hired former England manager Bobby Robson, who had been sacked by Sporting CP. The club closed the gap to league winners Benfica, reached the 1993–94 UEFA Champions League semi-finals, and ended the season with a victory over Sporting CP in the Taça de Portugal final. In Robson's first full season, Porto claimed the 1994–95 Primeira Divisão title with a win at Sporting CP's ground and played Benfica four times to secure both the 1993 and 1994 stagings of the Supertaça. The beginning of the season had been clouded by the death of 26-year-old midfielder Rui Filipe, who had scored the club's first league goal. Robson's increasing health problems barred him from leading Porto in the first months of the 1995–96 season, but he returned in time to revalidate the league title. Striker Domingos Paciência became the club's top goalscorer for the second consecutive time and won that season's Bola de Prata, the last win by a Portuguese player.

To fill the void left by the departure of Robson for Barcelona, Porto hired former club captain and Portugal national team manager António Oliveira. Under his command, Porto made history by winning a third consecutive league title (the Tri) for the first time, leaving the runners-up at a distance of 13 points. The club's eighth Supertaça win over Benfica was achieved with a solid performance at the Estádio da Luz that resulted in a 5–0 scoreline. The arrival of Brazilian players Artur and Mário Jardel proved highly productive in the 1996–97 UEFA Champions League, as their goals helped Porto beat Milan in Italy and win its group without defeats. In addition, Jardel would win the first of four consecutive Bola de Prata awards while at Porto. In Oliveira's second and last season at the club, Porto won the Primeira Divisão for the fourth straight season (the Tetra), matching Sporting CP's achievement in the early 1950s, and secured its third double after beating Braga in the 1998 Taça de Portugal Final.

For the 1998–99 season, Porto tasked Portuguese coach Fernando Santos with winning the club's fifth successive Primeira Divisão title (the Penta) – a Portuguese football record. He accomplished this feat, becoming thereafter known as the "Penta engineer" (a pun to his academic degree), and saw Jardel's 36 goals win him the European Golden Shoe. Porto lost the chance to win its sixth straight league title, after finishing four points behind 1999–2000 Primeira Liga champions Sporting, but overcame them to lift its tenth Taça de Portugal trophy. Despite winning the Portuguese cup for the second time in two years, continued failure to retake the league title led to the resignation of Santos at the end of the 2000–01 season.

Mourinho's golden years (2001–2004)
The appointment of former club player and assistant coach Octávio Machado to head Porto back to the league title appeared to pay off as the team began the season with a Supertaça win against the 2000–01 Primeira Liga winners, Boavista. However, this would be the only major achievement in a lacklustre season that would culminate with a third place in the league classification – the lowest in 20 years. The elimination from the 2001–02 Taça de Portugal, four days after losing away for the Primeira Liga, precipitated the sacking of Machado after 36 matches in charge.

Two days later, Porto signed União de Leiria's coach, José Mourinho, who had previously worked for the club alongside Robson. In his presentation, Mourinho promptly showcased his personality by stating unequivocally that the club would win next season's league title. He kept true to his promise and delivered one of the club's most successful seasons. Fielding the likes of Deco, Ricardo Carvalho, Maniche, and less known players hired from other Portuguese clubs, such as Paulo Ferreira, Pedro Emanuel, Nuno Valente and Derlei, Porto won the 2002–03 Primeira Liga with relative comfort, finishing 11 points ahead of second-placed Benfica. The club also won the UEFA Cup, defeating Celtic in a dramatic extra-time final, to win its second major European title. Mourinho then secured an unprecedented treble for Porto by winning the Taça de Portugal final against his previous club.

The 2003–04 season began with another 1–0 win over União de Leiria, which gave the club its 13th Supertaça. Weeks later, Porto failed to repeat this success in the 2003 UEFA Super Cup, losing 1–0 to Milan. The departure of striker Hélder Postiga was compensated by the signing of South Africa's Benni McCarthy, whose 20 league goals helped Porto in its league title defense and crowned him the competition's top scorer.

Porto entered the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League directly into the group stage. Porto finished second in its group, losing only once to Real Madrid, and advanced to the round-of-16 where they met Manchester United. After narrowly winning at home (2–1), Porto was on the verge of elimination, being behind by 1–0 till the last minute of official playtime at the second leg at Old Trafford. However, Porto scored the equalizer in the 90th minute of the second leg to draw 1–1 and to advance to the quarter-finals with a 3–2 aggregate win. The team then overcame Lyon and Deportivo La Coruña to reach the Champions League final. Porto defeated Monaco 3–0 to lift the club's second European Champion Clubs' Cup. A 2–1 loss to Benfica in the Taça de Portugal final, held 10 days before, prevented another treble-winning season.

Life after Mourinho (2004–2010)
The successful European performances of Mourinho's Porto enhanced the reputations of the coach and players like Carvalho, Ferreira and Deco, all of whom left the club in the aftermath of the Champions League victory. The following season was an atypical one, as the club had three coaches: Luigi Delneri, Víctor Fernández and José Couceiro. Under Férnandez, Porto won the 2004 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira and the 2004 Intercontinental Cup, but lost the 2004 UEFA Super Cup to Valencia and was eliminated prematurely in the 2004–05 Taça de Portugal. Recording only 17 wins in 34 matches, Porto lost the Primeira Liga title to Benfica by three points. During this period, Porto was directly involved in the corruption scandal Apito Dourado.

In 2005–06, Dutch coach Co Adriaanse was picked to reorganise the team and return the club to the top of Portuguese football. His tactical discipline and the contribution of new signings Lucho González and Lisandro López led the club to not only retake the Primeira Liga title but also secure its fifth domestic double, after beating holders Vitória de Setúbal in the Taça de Portugal final. Adriaanse's domestic success did not transfer to the Champions League, as Porto finished in the bottom of its group.

The club began the 2006–07 season with a new coach, Jesualdo Ferreira, signed from neighbours Boavista. Before Ferreira assumed his role, Porto won the season-opening Supertaça, with former club player Rui Barros acting as interim coach. An experienced head coach, Ferreira had never achieved major club level success, but in his first season in Porto he became national champion for the first time. The 2006–07 Primeira Liga title was only secured in a frantic final day, as Porto finished one point above Sporting and two above Benfica. The following season, the club achieved the Tri for the second time in its history – with López clinching the top goalscorer award – but lost the Taça and Supertaça finals to Sporting CP. In May 2008, as result of Apito Dourado, a legal investigation on match fixing in Portuguese football, Porto was fined €150,000 and punished with the loss of six points, while Pinto da Costa was suspended for two years. Porto did not appeal the decision.

Having claimed a sixth league and cup double in the 2008–09 season, Porto was on course to emulate the Penta of the late 1990s, but the series was broken by Benfica in the following season. Although Ferreira won his first Supertaça and defended the Taça de Portugal title, the team's failure to claim a fifth consecutive league – finishing third, outside the Champions League-qualifying places – and a 3–0 defeat against Benfica in the final of the Taça da Liga contributed to his resignation at the end of the season. A home win against Benfica prevented the rivals from celebrating the league title at the Estádio do Dragão. Under Ferreira's steering, Porto always qualified for the Champions League knockout stage, reaching the quarter-finals in 2008–09, where it was eliminated by holders Manchester United.

Villas-Boas, Pereira and subsequent years (2010–2017)
The arrival of Mourinho's former assistant André Villas-Boas, in the spring of 2010, set the stage for a highly successful 2010–11 season, which began with a 2–0 victory over Benfica for the Supertaça. Spearheaded by João Moutinho, Silvestre Varela, Falcao and Hulk (the Bola de Prata winner), Porto performed strongly in the Primeira Liga and assured its 25th title with five matches to play, after beating Benfica in its stadium. In addition, the club broke a number of records: biggest distance between champions and runners-up (21 points), the most consecutive league wins (16), and the highest percentage of points in a 30-game season (93.33%), dropping only six points and finishing the league without defeats, for the first time in its history. Eight years after the 2003 triumph, Porto returned to the UEFA Cup (renamed UEFA Europa League) and reached the final in Dublin's Aviva Stadium. In an all-Portuguese affair, Porto beat Braga with a goal from the competition's top goalscorer Falcao and lifted the trophy for the second time, as Villas-Boas became the youngest UEFA competition-winning coach. Four days later, Porto won its third consecutive Taça de Portugal with a convincing 6–2 scoreline, securing their fourth trophy of the season.

As Villas-Boas left for Chelsea, Porto recruited the services of his assistant, Vítor Pereira. For the third straight year, the club began the season with another Supertaça title, which was followed by a 2–0 loss to Barcelona for the 2011 UEFA Super Cup. Although lacking the goalscoring prolificacy of Falcao (sold to Atlético Madrid), Porto was able to revalidate the Primeira Liga title, but was eliminated prematurely from the Taça and Champions League competitions. Transferred to the Europa League, Porto failed to defend its title after being knocked out by Manchester City. In the following season, the club went a stage further in both domestic cup competitions and in the Champions League, where it fell to Málaga in the last-16 round. In the 2012–13 Primeira Liga, Porto reduced the distance to leaders Benfica to two points, before hosting them in the penultimate matchday. In a dramatic turn of events, Porto won with a goal in stoppage time and moved to the top of the league table. An away victory in the last game confirmed the Tri and Porto's 27th league title – the second without defeats.

Porto entered the 2013–14 season with a new head coach – Paulo Fonseca, signed from 2012 to 2013 Primeira Liga third-placed Paços de Ferreira – but continued the trend of the previous four seasons by winning the Supertaça. This title would be the highlight of the season, as the club underperformed in every other competition it was involved. In the league, Porto led with five points over its pursuers, but a series of compromising results pushed the club down to third place, resulting in the sacking of Fonseca. Failing to overcome the Champions League group stage, Porto reached the Europa League quarter-finals, where they lost 4–1 to the eventual winners Sevilla. In the following weeks, two semi-final losses against Benfica closed the doors to the finals of the Taça de Portugal and Taça da Liga, the latter at home on penalties.

Porto started the 2014–15 season with their biggest budget ever, hiring Spanish head coach Julen Lopetegui. Despite the signing of many new players, they failed to win any silverware, contributing to the biggest hiatus during Pinto da Costa's presidency. They also equalized, in terms of goals conceded, their biggest defeat in European competitions (6–1 against AEK Athens) and suffered their biggest defeat in the UEFA Champions League (6–1 against Bayern Munich, after the 5–0 loss against Arsenal in 2010). Porto continued their losing trend in the 2015–16 season, making it the second consecutive trophyless season, with the contribution of José Peseiro, who had replaced Julen Lopetegui in January 2016. After the season was over, Peseiro was replaced by Nuno Espírito Santo.

Conceição era (2017–present)
In the 2017–18 season, after almost five years without winning any trophy, Porto won their 28th league title with the contribution of coach Sérgio Conceição, a former player of the club. The following year, in the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League, Porto managed to reach the quarter-finals of the competition, but were defeated by 6–1 on aggregate against the eventual winners Liverpool.

In the 2019–20 season, Porto managed to recapture the league title, winning it for the 29th time and added for the first time in eleven years the Portuguese cup along with it. However, despite their national success, FC Porto did not reach the group phase of the Champions League and did poorly in their Europa League campaign.

In the 2020–21 UEFA Champions League round of 16, Porto won on away goals rule (4–4 on aggregate) against Juventus, to reach the quarter-finals. The season would, however, end with only one national trophy, the Supertaça.

After having lost the national title to Sporting in the previous season, Porto's 2021–22 season saw them reach various successes at domestic level: with Conceição at the helm for the 5th season in a row, the team recaptured the Primeira Liga, achieving a record 91 points. During the season, the Dragons also set a new record for longest unbeaten run in the league, with 58 matches, a sequence that had been started during the first half of the 2020–21 edition. One week after the league's conclusion, they added the domestic cup, thus securing the second double in Conceição's reign.

On January 28, 2023, still under Conceição, and on their fifth try, Porto won their first ever Taça da Liga title, defeating Sporting CP in the final, thus winning every national trophy available.

On December 17, 2023, the team qualified (along with Benfica) to the 2025 FIFA Club World Cup for the first time, as they were the highest-ranked Portuguese club in the UEFA 4-year ranking.

Crest and kit
The club's first crest was created in 1910 and consisted of an old blue football with white seams bearing the club name's initials in white. On 26 October 1922, the crest was changed to its present-day appearance after the club approved a design by Augusto Baptista Ferreira (nicknamed "Simplício"), a graphical artist and one of the club's players. In his proposal, the city's coat of arms – consisting at the time of a quartered shield (first and fourth quadrants: national arms; second and third quadrants: image of Our Lady holding baby Jesus and flanked by two towers holding above a banner with the Latin words "Civitas Virginis") surrounded by the collar of the Order of the Tower and Sword and topped by a crown supporting a green dragon with a red banner inscribed with "Invicta" (Undefeated [city]) – was added on top of the old crest, pushing the white letters down.

In 1906, the club's first official team wore kits with a variety of colors and patterns, which included white shirts with red collars or vertical blue stripes, and even red shirts. This indefinition in the equipment was only solved in 1909, when through the initiative of Monteiro da Costa, Porto stipulated in its first statutes that the players had to use "a shirt with blue vertical stripes, black shorts, and personal footwear" as the club's uniform, at every training and match. Some argued that the kit should have included the city colours, green and white. Monteiro da Costa, however, defended the blue-and-white combination because he believed the colors "should be those of the country's flag, and not of the city's flag", hoping that the club would "not only defend the good name of the city, but also that of Portugal, in sporting feuds against foreigners."

In 1975, Adidas became the first sports apparel manufacturers to provide kits for the club. Eight years later, Porto became the first Portuguese team to have a shirt sponsor, after signing a deal with Revigrés worth 10 million escudos per year. This deal lasted for 20 years, with successive renovations, after which the national communications corporation Portugal Telecom (PT) became the new shirt sponsors. Still, Revigrés remain as one of the club's main and longest-serving collaborators.

Home stadiums
The club's first ground was the Campo da Rainha (Queen's Field), inaugurated in 1906 with an exhibition game against Boavista. The site was located near the residence of Monteiro da Costa and was the property of the city's horticultural society. Aided by his father, a horticultor by profession, Monteiro da Costa rented a portion (30 by 50 meters) of uncultivated terrain to create the first dedicated football pitch in the country. Later that year, the society's vivaria were transferred to another location, allowing Porto to increase the pitch area to match the sport's official dimensions. The ground had capacity for 600 people, including a VIP tribune, and possessed a changing room equipped with showers and sinks, a bar and a gym. The first match between Porto and a foreign team took place at the Campo da Raínha, on 15 December 1907, when the hosts played Spanish side Real Fortuna.

By 1911, the Campo da Raínha was becoming too small for the rapidly growing attendances. After being notified about the sale of the ground for construction of a factory, the club searched for a new ground and rented a terrain near the Constituição street for an annual fee of 350$00. The Campo da Constituição (Constitution Field) was opened in January 1913 with a match against Oporto Cricket and Lawn Tennis Club and hosted Porto's home matches for the regional championship. Eventually, the larger capacity of this ground also became insufficient for the ever-increasing crowds attending the games, particularly against high-profile opponents. On several occasions, between the 1920s and 1940s, Porto played host to matches at the Campo do Ameal (Ameal Field) or the Estádio do Lima (Lima Stadium), home of local rivals Sport Progresso and Académico, respectively. It was in the latter ground that the club achieved their most important victory at the time, as they beat English champions Arsenal 3–2 in a friendly match on 7 May 1948.

In 1933, Porto approved a plan to build a new stadium to accommodate and meet the demands of larger attendances, but the project only moved forward with the purchase of 48000 sqm of land in the eastern side of the city in 1947. Designed by Portuguese architects Oldemiro Carneiro and Aires de Sá, the construction of the Estádio do Futebol Clube do Porto – better known as Estádio das Antas (Antas Stadium) for the neighbourhood where it was built – began in January 1950, one month after the first stone was symbolically laid. Two years later, on 28 May 1952, the stadium was inaugurated with a ceremony, featuring the presence of the President of the Republic Francisco Craveiro Lopes, and a match against Benfica, which Porto lost 2–8. The stadium's initial layout had an open east sector (Marathon Door), which was closed in 1976 with the construction of a two-tier stand that raised the capacity to 70,000. In 1986, works to lower the pitch and build an additional tier in the place of the athletics and cycling track were concluded, setting the capacity to a new maximum of 95,000. As stadium safety regulations became stricter during the following decade, the placing of individual seats brought the capacity of the Estádio das Antas down to 55,000 by 1997.

The awarding of the UEFA Euro 2004 hosting rights to Portugal in 1999 was the perfect opportunity for Porto to move into a more modern, functional and comfortable stadium, in line with the demands of high-level international football. The club decided to build an entirely new ground and chose a site located a few hundreds of meters southeast of the Estádio das Antas. The project was commissioned to Portuguese architect Manuel Salgado, and construction took two years to complete at a cost of €98 million. Baptised Estádio do Dragão (Dragon Stadium) by president Pinto da Costa, for the mythological creature placed atop the club's crest, it was officially inaugurated on 16 November 2003 with a match against Barcelona. Porto won 2–0 in front of a record 52,000 spectators, which also witnessed the professional debut of Lionel Messi. In June 2004, the venue hosted the opening ceremony and match of the UEFA Euro 2004, and four other tournament matches. The highest attendance in an official match was registered on 21 April 2004, when 50,818 people saw Porto draw Deportivo La Coruña without goals, for the first leg of the 2003–04 UEFA Champions League semi-finals. For safety reasons, its current capacity is limited to 50,431.

Museum
On 28 September 2013 The FC Porto Museum was inaugurated, on occasion of the club's 120th anniversary. The museum includes an auditorium, a club store, a coffeehouse, and spaces for educational services and temporary exhibitions.

Rivalries
Porto's biggest rivalries are with the other Big Three members and regular league title contenders, Benfica and Sporting CP. They stem from the historical, political, economical and cultural clash between the cities of Porto and Lisbon, where the other two clubs are based. These rivalries became more intense in the past decades, particularly since Pinto da Costa assumed Porto's presidency in 1982 and adopted a regionalistic and confrontational speech towards Lisbon. In the following years, the club began establishing its dominance in Portuguese football, at the expense of Benfica and Sporting, who had been the traditional powers since the 1940s.

To Porto, the rivalry with Benfica is the strongest and most passionate, and it opposes the most representative football emblems from each city as well as the current most titled Portuguese clubs. The first match between Porto and Benfica – traditionally referred to as O Clássico (The Classic) – took place on 28 April 1912, and ended with a 2–8 win for Benfica; Porto's first victory (3–2) came only in 1920. As of the end of the 2014–15 season, the clubs have faced each other in 232 competitive matches, which have resulted in 89 wins for Porto, 86 for Benfica and 57 draws.

The first meeting between Porto and Sporting CP occurred on 30 November 1919, during a friendly tournament organised by Porto. Their first official encounter was in the first leg of the final of the inaugural Campeonato de Portugal in 1922, which Porto won 2–1 en route to its first national title. Since then, the clubs have met in 221 official matches, with 80 wins for Porto, 78 for Sporting CP and 63 draws. Despite the rivalry, both clubs formed an alliance against Benfica in 2017.

The club also has a strong rivalry with city rivals Boavista,  sometimes called O Dérbi da Invicta.

Records and statistics
Former defender João Pinto holds the record for most matches played in all competitions (587) and in the Primeira Liga (408), while former goalkeeper Vítor Baía has the most appearances in international competitions (99). Baía is also the most titled player, having won 25 trophies during his career in Porto. Portuguese striker Fernando Gomes is the all-time club goalscorer in all competitions (352), having also scored the most league goals (288). In European competitions, Porto's record goalscorer is Radamel Falcao, with 22 goals.

José Maria Pedroto is the longest-serving coach, having taken charge of the team for 327 matches in nine seasons, while Jesualdo Ferreira became the first Portuguese coach to win three consecutive league titles (2006–2009). André Villas-Boas's victorious campaign in the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League made him the youngest coach ever to win a European competition.

The 2010–11 season was particularly strong in record achievements. Porto played the most matches (58) and secured the most wins (49) and highest winning percentage (84.4%). For the league, it had the most consecutive wins (16) and suffered the fewest defeats (none). In Europe, the club won the most matches (14 in 17) and scored the most goals (44) en route to the UEFA Europa League title – one of a record-matching four.

In April 2022, Porto set a national record of 58 matches without defeats in the Primeira Liga after losing 1–0 to Braga for the first time since the end of October 2020. The team also matched the same unbeaten league run (58) as AC Milan and Olympiacos achieved in their respective domestic leagues.

Recent seasons
Below are listed the club's performances in the past ten seasons:

 * Last updated: 26 May 2024
 * 3R = Third Round; 4R = Fourth Round; GS = Group stage; QF = Quarter-finals; PO = Play-off Round; R16 = Round of 16; R32 = Round of 32; R64 = Round of 64; RU = Runners-up; SF = Semi-finals; W = Winners

Honours
As of 26 May 2024, Porto have 85 major trophies in senior football. Domestically, they have won 30 Portuguese league titles, 20 Taça de Portugal, 1 Taça da Liga, 4 Campeonato de Portugal (a record shared with Sporting CP), and a record 23 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira. Porto is the most decorated Portuguese team in international competitions, having won two European Cup/UEFA Champions League, two UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League, one UEFA Super Cup and two Intercontinental Cup trophies. In addition, it is the only Portuguese team to have won either the UEFA Cup/UEFA Europa League, the UEFA Super Cup or the Intercontinental Cup.

Porto have achieved four titles in a single season on two occasions: in 1987–88 (UEFA Super Cup, Intercontinental Cup, Primeira Liga and Taça de Portugal) and in 2010–11 (Supertaça, Primeira Liga, UEFA Europa League and Taça de Portugal). The latter also included the club's second continental treble, after the one achieved in 2002–03 (Primeira Liga, Taça de Portugal and UEFA Cup). The club also reached the Cup Winners' Cup final in 1983–84 (losing to Juventus) and made three more appearances in the UEFA Super Cup (2003, 2004 and 2011).

Domestic

 * Primeira Liga
 * Winners (30): 1934–35, 1938–39, 1939–40, 1955–56, 1958–59, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1984–85, 1985–86, 1987–88, 1989–90, 1991–92, 1992–93, 1994–95, 1995–96, 1996–97, 1997–98, 1998–99, 2002–03, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2021–22

 * Taça de Portugal
 * Winners (20): 1955–56, 1957–58, 1967–68, 1976–77, 1983–84, 1987–88, 1990–91, 1993–94, 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2019–20, 2021–22, 2022–23, 2023–24

 * Taça da Liga
 * Winners (1): 2022–23

 * Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira
 * Winners (23) – record: 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2018, 2020, 2022

 * Campeonato de Portugal
 * Winners (4) – shared record: 1921–22, 1924–25, 1931–32, 1936–37

Continental

 * European Cup / UEFA Champions League
 * Winners (2): 1986–87, 2003–04

 * UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League
 * Winners (2): 2002–03, 2010–11

 * UEFA Super Cup
 * Winners (1): 1987

International

 * Intercontinental Cup
 * Winners (2): 1987, 2004

Technical staff
{| class=wikitable !Position !Staff
 * Head coach || Vítor Bruno
 * Assistant coaches || Nuno Piloto  Vítor Gouveia
 * Goalkeeper coaches || Diogo Almeida  Luís Miguel Ferreira
 * Physiologist and fitness coach || Óscar Tojo
 * Analysts || Carlos Pintado  André Rafael Cardoso  José Carlos Monteiro
 * Goalkeeper coaches || Diogo Almeida  Luís Miguel Ferreira
 * Physiologist and fitness coach || Óscar Tojo
 * Analysts || Carlos Pintado  André Rafael Cardoso  José Carlos Monteiro
 * Analysts || Carlos Pintado  André Rafael Cardoso  José Carlos Monteiro
 * Analysts || Carlos Pintado  André Rafael Cardoso  José Carlos Monteiro

Management
{| class=wikitable !Position !Staff João Borges Tiago Madureira Francisco Araújo José Andrade
 * President
 * André Villas-Boas
 * Vice-presidents
 * Rui Pedroto
 * Vice-presidents
 * Rui Pedroto

 * President of the General Assembly Board
 * António Tavares
 * President of the Fiscal and Disciplinary Council
 * Angelino Ferreira
 * Sporting Director
 * Andoni Zubizarreta
 * Director of Professional Football
 * Jorge Costa
 * Director of Youth Football
 * José Tavares
 * Director of Women's Football
 * José Manuel Ferreira
 * Director of Scouting
 * TBA
 * Director of Performance
 * Pedro Silva
 * José Manuel Ferreira
 * Director of Scouting
 * TBA
 * Director of Performance
 * Pedro Silva
 * Director of Performance
 * Pedro Silva

Organisation
After going public in 1997, Porto created several satellite companies:
 * FC Porto – youth football, basketball, handball, roller hockey, athletics, club's magazine, etc.
 * FC Porto – Futebol SAD (professional football company); SAD stands for Sociedade Anónima Desportiva
 * Porto Estádio (stadium management)
 * Porto Multimédia (official site and multimedia products)
 * Porto Comercial (merchandising)
 * Porto Seguro (insurance)

The FCPorto SAD is listed in the Euronext Lisbon stock exchange.

Media
Porto Canal is a television channel owned and operated by Porto, which broadcasts generalist, regional, and club-related content through cable, satellite and IPTV. The channel's programming includes live transmission of the home matches of the reserve and youth football teams, as well as of the senior basketball, handball and roller hockey teams. Founded in 2006, the channel began a managing partnership with Porto in 2011, and on 17 July 2015 was fully purchased and integrated into the club.

The club also issues Dragões, an official monthly magazine that publishes articles and interviews of the teams, players and other club-related content and a daily newsletter called Dragões Diário.

Other sports
Active sections
 * Basketball pictogram.svg Basketball (men)
 * Cue sports pictogram.svg Billiards
 * Boxing pictogram.svg Boxing
 * Cycling (road) pictogram.svg Cycling
 * Handball pictogram.svg Handball (men)
 * Roller hockey pictogram.svg Roller hockey (men)
 * Swimming pictogram.svg Swimming
 * Volleyball (indoor) pictogram.svg Volleyball (women)
 * Adapted sports:
 * Basketball pictogram.svg Basketball
 * Boccia pictogram (Paralympics).svg Boccia
 * Football 5-a-side pictogram (Paralympics).svg Futsal
 * Football 7-a-side pictogram (Paralympics).svg Football (7-a-side)
 * Goalball pictogram (Paralympics).svg Goalball
 * Swimming pictogram (Paralympics).svg Swimming
 * Table tennis pictogram (Paralympics).svg Table tennis

Discontinued sections
 * Artistic roller skating pictogram.svg Artistic skating
 * Athletics pictogram.svg Athletics
 * Beach soccer pictogram.svg Beach soccer
 * Superleague Formula logo.svg Car racing
 * Chess (game) pictogram.svg Chess
 * Handball pictogram.svg Handball (11-a-side)
 * Field hockey pictogram.svg Field hockey
 * Gymnastics (aerobic) pictogram.svg Gymnastics
 * Karate pictogram.svg Karate
 * Rugby union pictogram.svg Rugby
 * Shooting pictogram.svg Shooting
 * Angling pictogram.svg Sport fishing
 * Table tennis pictogram.svg Table tennis
 * Tennis pictogram.svg Tennis
 * Water polo pictogram.svg Water polo
 * Weightlifting pictogram.svg Weightlifting

title: FC Porto


text:
Lamanites

In the Book of Mormon, the Lamanites  are one of the four peoples (along with the Jaredites, the Mulekites, and the Nephites) described as having settled in the ancient Americas in the Book of Mormon. The Lamanites also play a role in the prophecies and revelations of the Doctrine and Covenants, another sacred text in the Latter Day Saint movement.

In the Book of Mormon's narrative, the Lamanites begin as wicked rivals to the more righteous Nephites, but when the Nephite civilization became decadent, it lost divine favor and was destroyed by the Lamanites. Latter Day Saints have historically associated Lamanites with present-day Native American cultures.

Book of Mormon narrative
According to the Book of Mormon, the family of Lehi, described as a wealthy Hebrew prophet, the family of Ishmael, and Zoram traveled from the Middle East to the Americas by boat in around 600 BC. In his dying blessings to his children, Lehi assigns tribes to his descendants, usually named after the son whose family made up the tribe: Nephites, Jacobites, Josephites, Zoramites, Lamanites, Lemuelites, and Ishmaelites after Nephi, Joseph, Zoram, Laman, and Lemuel. Lehi's son Sam is included in the Nephites, his sons-in-law are presumably included together in the Ishmaelites, and Zoram was not Lehi's son, but his family travelled with Lehi's family. In 2 Nephi 5, the narrative divides the people into Nephites and Lamanites; in his book The Testimony of Two Nations, Michael Austin interprets these as categories of convenience for the sake of the narrative, similar to how the twelve tribes of Israel are divided into the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah in the Old Testament.

After the two groups separated from each other, the rebellious Lamanites were cursed and "cut off from the presence of the Lord." They received a "skin of blackness" so they would "not be enticing" to the Nephites. Centuries later, the narrative in the Book of Alma still describes the skin of the Lamanites as "dark."

The Book of Mormon describes the animosity that the Lamanite people held toward the Nephites. The Lamanites believed that they were "driven out of the land of Jerusalem because of the iniquities of their fathers" and were wronged by Nephi and so swore vengeance against his descendants. The Lamanites taught their children to have "eternal hatred" towards the Nephites, and "that they should murder them, and that they should rob and plunder them, and do all they could to destroy them."

After the two groups warred for centuries, the narrative states that Jesus Christ appeared to the more righteous Nephites and the Lamanites, who, by then, had converted in large numbers to righteousness before God. Soon after his visit, the Lamanites and Nephites merged into one nation and co-existed for two centuries in peace. The Book of Mormon further recounts, "There were no robbers, nor murderers, neither were there Lamanites, nor any manner of -ites; but they were in one, the children of Christ, and heirs to the kingdom of God."

However, 84 years after the coming of Christ, "a small part of the people who had revolted from the church" started calling themselves Lamanites again. Those who remained were again identified as Nephites, but both groups were reported to have fallen into apostasy. The reestablished Lamanites and Nephites were largely distinguished by ideological choices rather than by previous ethnic distinctions. The Book of Mormon recounts a series of large battles over two centuries, ending with the extermination of the Nephites by the Lamanites.

Doctrine and Covenants
The Doctrine and Covenants is composed of writings that adherents in the Latter Day Saint movement believe to be revelations from God. It is considered scripture in the sacred text of the Latter Day Saint movement and says that God called Oliver Cowdery (D&C 28:8) and later Peter Whitmer and Parley P. Pratt (D&C 32:1–2) to teach the gospel to the Lamanites. Cowdery is given the power to build up God's church among them (D&C 30:6). The men believed that God was referring to the Native Americans and began teaching among the Lenape.

Proposed modern descendants

Historically, Mormons have identified the Lamanites as the primary ancestors of the North American Native Americans.

Teachings in the 1800s
Early Mormons expected large numbers of Native American converts, who would teach gentiles how to interpret scripture, according to a revelation given to Joseph Smith in May 1829. In the Book of Mormon, Jesus told people in the New World that conversion would precede the millennium, and members interpreted this promise as one referring to Lamanites, and by extension, Native Americans. These Native American converts would work alongside other members as partners in building Zion. After the failure of early missions to Indigenous peoples, Smith focused on building Zion without the cooperation of "Lamanite" people. The concept began to expand to include all Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Teachings in the 1900s
Twentieth century teachings connecting modern Native Americans and Lamanites reached their height under the presidency of Spencer W. Kimball (1973 –1985), then declined, but did not disappear. For example, in 1967, then apostle (later church president) Kimball stated that Native Americans were descendants of Middle Eastern settlers who traveled over the ocean, and were "not Orientals" of East Asian origin, further quoting a previous First Presidency proclamation which said God, "has revealed the origin and the records of the aboriginal tribes of America, and their future destiny.-And we know it." During the time many Polynesian people converted, the concept expanded to include them as well. The scriptural account of Hagoth was used to justify the connection. Kimball definitively stated in 1971, "The term Lamanite includes all Indians and Indian mixtures, such as the Polynesians ...." and, "the Lamanites number about sixty million; they are in all of the states of America from Tierra del Fuego all the way up to Point Barrows, and they are in nearly all the islands of the sea from Hawaii south to southern New Zealand." The 1981 edition of the Book of Mormon said Lamanites "are the principal ancestors of the American Indians".

Teachings in the 2000s
The existence of a Lamanite population has received no support in mainstream science or archaeology. Genetic studies indicate that the Indigenous Americans are related to the present populations in Mongolia, Siberia, and the vicinity, and Polynesians to those in Southeast Asia.

In the twenty-first century, LDS Church outlets have stated that "[n]othing in the Book of Mormon precludes migration into the Americas by peoples of Asiatic origin". The 1981 edition introduction to the Book of Mormon was changed in 2006 from stating Lamanites "are the principal ancestors of" to "are among the ancestors of the American Indians."

Apologetics seeking to maintain relatively orthodox understandings of the Book of Mormon's depiction of Lamanites while recognizing the findings of modern genetic studies—some of which were publicized by the LDS Church at the turn of the twenty-first century—argued that DNA findings invalidated not the existence of Book of Mormon peoples per se but the presumption that they were a hemispheric society. This has involved supposing that Nephites and Lamanites dwelled in only part of the Americas while genetically identified ancestors of Indigenous peoples occupied the rest.

Impact on views on race

In the Book of Mormon, Lamanites are described as having received a "skin of blackness" to distinguish them from the Nephites. The "change" in skin color is often mentioned in conjunction with God's curse on the descendants of Laman for their wickedness and corruption: "And he had caused the cursing to come upon [the Lamanites], yea, even a sore cursing, because of their iniquity. For behold, they had hardened their hearts against him, and they had become like unto a flint; wherefore, as they were white, and exceedingly fair and delightsome, that they might not be enticing unto my people the Lord God did cause a skin of blackness to come upon them." On the other hand, the Book of Mormon teaches that skin color is not a bar to salvation and that God: "denieth none that come unto him, black and white, bond and free, male and female; and he remembereth the heathen; and all are alike unto God, both Jew and Gentile."

The non-canonical 1981 footnote text of the Book of Mormon closely linked the concept of "skin of blackness" with that of "scales of darkness falling from their eyes," which suggests that the LDS Church has now interpreted both cases as being examples of figurative language.

Several Book of Mormon passages have been interpreted by some Latter Day Saints as indicating that Lamanites would revert to a lighter skin tone upon accepting the gospel. For example, at a 1960 LDS Church General Conference, apostle Spencer W. Kimball suggested that the skin of Latter-day Saint Native American was gradually turning lighter:

"I saw a striking contrast in the progress of the Indian people today. ... The day of the Lamanites is nigh. For years they have been growing delightsome, and they are now becoming white and delightsome, as they were promised. In this picture of the twenty Lamanite missionaries, fifteen of the twenty were as light as Anglos, five were darker but equally delightsome. The children in the home placement program in Utah are often lighter than their brothers and sisters in the hogans on the reservation. At one meeting, a father and mother and their sixteen-year-old daughter we represent, the little member girl – sixteen – sitting between the dark father and mother, and it was evident she was several shades lighter than her parents – on the same reservation, in the same hogan, subject to the same sun and wind and weather. ... These young members of the Church are changing to whiteness and to delightsomeness. One white elder jokingly said that he and his companion were donating blood regularly to the hospital in the hope that the process might be accelerated."

That view was buoyed by passages such as 2 Nephi 30:6, which in early editions of the Book of Mormon, read: "[T]heir scales of darkness shall begin to fall from their eyes; and many generations shall not pass away among them, save they shall be a white and a delightsome people." In 1840, with the third edition of the Book of Mormon, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, Joseph Smith, whose adherents believe translated the writings of ancient prophets to become the Book of Mormon, changed the wording to "a pure and a delightsome people," consistent with contemporary interpretation of the term "white" as used in scripture. However, all future LDS Church printings of the Book of Mormon until 1981 continued from the second edition, saying the Lamanites would become "a white and delightsome people."

Eventually in the Book of Mormon narrative, the labels "Nephite" and "Lamanite" became terms of political convenience, and membership was both varied and fluid and not based on skin color. Within the first 200 years of the Nephites' 1,000 year chronology, the prophet Jacob stated that any who were enemies of his people were called Lamanites and that any who were friends were called Nephites: "But I, Jacob, shall not hereafter distinguish them by these names, but I shall call them Lamanites that seek to destroy the people of Nephi, and those who are friendly to Nephi I shall call Nephites, or the people of Nephi, according to the reigns of the kings."

Anti-Lamanite narrator bias
Book of Mormon scholars have used various lenses to interpret how race is portrayed in the Book of Mormon, particularly in relation to the Lamanites. Throughout the book, Nephite narrators describe the Lamanites as a "wild", "ferocious", and "bloodthirsty people" who "loved murder". As Grant Hardy, Jared Hickman, Elizabeth Fenton, and Terryl Givens explain, the Book of Mormon's first-person narration means its content is couched in "limited, human perspectives". The Nephite narrators of the Book of Mormon had the power to "characterize their antagonists [the Lamanites] as they wished", Armand Mauss writes. Deidre Green, a professor of Mormon studies, suggests that the prophet Jacob condemns the Nephites' racist attitudes towards the Lamanite people and "clarifies that righteousness is manifest through right intentions and actions, not physical appearance." Michael Austin argues that Jacob's warning to the Nephite people concerning their prejudice against the Lamanites is one of the book's attempts to combat the "anti-Lamanite" biases presented by the individual narrators. Austin further supports Max Perry Mueller's assertion that the narrative of the Book of Mormon does not support anti-Lamanite prejudices, using the story of Samuel the Lamanite as an example of criticism in the book's narrative of Nephite tendencies to "link skin color to righteousness".

Book of Mormon chapter summaries
In December 2010, the LDS Church made changes to the non-canonical chapter summaries and to some of the footnotes in its online version of the Book of Mormon. In Second Nephi 5, the original wording was the following: "Because of their unbelief, the Lamanites are cursed, receive a skin of blackness, and become a scourge unto the Nephites." The phrase "skin of blackness" and the passage was changed to "Because of their unbelief, the Lamanites are cut off from the presence of the Lord, are cursed, and become a scourge unto the Nephites." The second change appears in the summary of Mormon 5. Formerly, it included the phrase that "the Lamanites shall be a dark, filthy, and loathsome people." The new version deleted the phrase "dark, loathsome, and filthy" and now reads "the Lamanites will be scattered, and the Spirit will cease to strive with them."

The changes are seen by some critics to be another step in the evolution of the text of the Book of Mormon to delete racist language from it. Others, such as Marvin Perkins, see the changes as better conforming the chapter headers and footnotes to the meaning of the text in light of the LDS Church's 1978 Revelation on Priesthood. In an interview, a former Brigham Young University graduate student suggested that the changes were made for "clarity, a change in emphasis and to stick closer to the scriptural language".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lamanites


text:
Organic reaction

Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions are used in the construction of new organic molecules. The production of many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, fabrics depend on organic reactions.

The oldest organic reactions are combustion of organic fuels and saponification of fats to make soap. Modern organic chemistry starts with the Wöhler synthesis in 1828. In the history of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry awards have been given for the invention of specific organic reactions such as the Grignard reaction in 1912, the Diels–Alder reaction in 1950, the Wittig reaction in 1979 and olefin metathesis in 2005.

Classifications
Organic chemistry has a strong tradition of naming a specific reaction to its inventor or inventors and a long list of so-called named reactions exists, conservatively estimated at 1000. A very old named reaction is the Claisen rearrangement (1912) and a recent named reaction is the Bingel reaction (1993). When the named reaction is difficult to pronounce or very long as in the Corey–House–Posner–Whitesides reaction it helps to use the abbreviation as in the CBS reduction. The number of reactions hinting at the actual process taking place is much smaller, for example the ene reaction or aldol reaction.

Another approach to organic reactions is by type of organic reagent, many of them inorganic, required in a specific transformation. The major types are oxidizing agents such as osmium tetroxide, reducing agents such as lithium aluminium hydride, bases such as lithium diisopropylamide and acids such as sulfuric acid.

Finally, reactions are also classified by mechanistic class. Commonly these classes are (1) polar, (2) radical, and (3) pericyclic. Polar reactions are characterized by the movement of electron pairs from a well-defined source (a nucleophilic bond or lone pair) to a well-defined sink (an electrophilic center with a low-lying antibonding orbital). Participating atoms undergo changes in charge, both in the formal sense as well as in terms of the actual electron density. The vast majority of organic reactions fall under this category. Radical reactions are characterized by species with unpaired electrons (radicals) and the movement of single electrons. Radical reactions are further divided into chain and nonchain processes. Finally, pericyclic reactions involve the redistribution of chemical bonds along a cyclic transition state. Although electron pairs are formally involved, they move around in a cycle without a true source or sink. These reactions require the continuous overlap of participating orbitals and are governed by orbital symmetry considerations. Of course, some chemical processes may involve steps from two (or even all three) of these categories, so this classification scheme is not necessarily straightforward or clear in all cases. Beyond these classes, transition-metal mediated reactions are often considered to form a fourth category of reactions, although this category encompasses a broad range of elementary organometallic processes, many of which have little in common and very specific.

Fundamentals
Factors governing organic reactions are essentially the same as that of any chemical reaction. Factors specific to organic reactions are those that determine the stability of reactants and products such as conjugation, hyperconjugation and aromaticity and the presence and stability of reactive intermediates such as free radicals, carbocations and carbanions.

An organic compound may consist of many isomers. Selectivity in terms of regioselectivity, diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity is therefore an important criterion for many organic reactions. The stereochemistry of pericyclic reactions is governed by the Woodward–Hoffmann rules and that of many elimination reactions by Zaitsev's rule.

Organic reactions are important in the production of pharmaceuticals. In a 2006 review, it was estimated that 20% of chemical conversions involved alkylations on nitrogen and oxygen atoms, another 20% involved placement and removal of protective groups, 11% involved formation of new carbon–carbon bond and 10% involved functional group interconversions.

By mechanism
There is no limit to the number of possible organic reactions and mechanisms. However, certain general patterns are observed that can be used to describe many common or useful reactions. Each reaction has a stepwise reaction mechanism that explains how it happens, although this detailed description of steps is not always clear from a list of reactants alone. Organic reactions can be organized into several basic types. Some reactions fit into more than one category. For example, some substitution reactions follow an addition-elimination pathway. This overview isn't intended to include every single organic reaction. Rather, it is intended to cover the basic reactions.

In condensation reactions a small molecule, usually water, is split off when two reactants combine in a chemical reaction. The opposite reaction, when water is consumed in a reaction, is called hydrolysis. Many polymerization reactions are derived from organic reactions. They are divided into addition polymerizations and step-growth polymerizations.

In general the stepwise progression of reaction mechanisms can be represented using arrow pushing techniques in which curved arrows are used to track the movement of electrons as starting materials transition to intermediates and products.

By functional groups
Organic reactions can be categorized based on the type of functional group involved in the reaction as a reactant and the functional group that is formed as a result of this reaction. For example, in the Fries rearrangement the reactant is an ester and the reaction product an alcohol.

An overview of functional groups with their preparation and reactivity is presented below:

Other classification
In heterocyclic chemistry, organic reactions are classified by the type of heterocycle formed with respect to ring-size and type of heteroatom. See for instance the chemistry of indoles. Reactions are also categorized by the change in the carbon framework. Examples are ring expansion and ring contraction, homologation reactions, polymerization reactions, insertion reactions, ring-opening reactions and ring-closing reactions.

Organic reactions can also be classified by the type of bond to carbon with respect to the element involved. More reactions are found in organosilicon chemistry, organosulfur chemistry, organophosphorus chemistry and organofluorine chemistry. With the introduction of carbon-metal bonds the field crosses over to organometallic chemistry.

title: Organic reaction


text:
User:Schee~enwiki

http://schee.info

title: User:Schee~enwiki


text:
Talk:Maurice Gibb

Death
''Some media reports (heard in Wellingon, New Zealand) indicated that he suffered the heart attack while under observation for the pain resulting from the blockage, and that the surgery then necessarily took place during the post heart attack shock. Is this correct?''

An intestinal blockage means toxins have no where to go and stay in the body. Those toxins caused the myocardial infarction. Barry stopped being vocal about Maurice's death after it came to light that it was the family doctor of many years who fumbled the ball by not being proactive in Maurice's care. He should have acted quicker. Maurice was not as healthy as one may believe. Sure he ate salads and used the treadmill, but no amount of diet and exercise can erase years of poly-substance abuse. The damage one does to one's body in his 20's comes back to visit with a vengeance in a decade or two. The sequence of events was not hard for Barry to follow. His ire disappeared from the media because a law suit would have hurt the Gibb family doctor, a dear, old friend. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.191.5.178 (talk) 05:54, 17 June 2013 (UTC)

This article says Maurice died from cardiac arrest. The Wikipedia Bee Gees article says he died of a heart attack. A heart attack and cardiac arrest are not the same. Bunkyray5 (talk) 03:48, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

Isle of Man
According to the article Isle of Man, that island is not part of the United Kingdom. S. That's right. If you go to their govt website at http://www.gov.im/ and select "Background", it's about the first thing you see! I've removed UK from the article. Nevilley 11:30 Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)

Trouble with police of other brothers before 1958?
In 1958 when they moved to Australia, Barry was 12 and Robin and Maurice were 9 - is it accurate that Robin and Barry had been in trouble with the police in England at such young ages? I couldn't find any citation other than those picking up the Wiki reference. Tvoz 01:11, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

JoeBrennan 02:21, 13 May 2007 (UTC) Ages still 11 and 8 at the time of the move, and yes, true. See the Ultimate Biography by Bilyeu, Cook, Mon Hughes ("with" me and Mark Crohan). However Maurice was identified as the least involved.

Where did the Gibb family live in Australia?
The Bee Gees article says Redcliffe but Maurice's article says Cribb Island. Or was it both? Doesn't bother me particularly but am asking as a wiki quality issue.--Grinning Idiot 13:34, 18 April 2007 (UTC)

 * JoeBrennan They lived at many addresses in Australia, including Cribb Island.

Anecdote regarding MG's "stabilising influence"
The article contains this: His reputation as a mild-mannered stabilising influence continued into later life. When the Bee Gees walked out of their interview with British chat show host Clive Anderson, Maurice was last to leave, with the words "Well I'd love to, but I don't do impressions." [citation needed] More than a citation is needed; I have no idea what this text means.

When did the Bee Gees walk out of their interview (I know: in "later life")? Why did they do it? Were they angry? Insulted? Was the interview merely finished? What happened? (I know that "walked out on" is a British-type expression meaning "went out with" or "dated" to us USians, so is this just some misunderstanding of "walk out of" on my part?)

And why did Maurice say "Well I'd love to, but I don't do impressions?" Sounds like an answer. What was the question? To what was he replying?

Finally, how does this anecdote illustrate Maurice's stabilising influence? Especially if he was walking out in anger.

Thanks to anybody who can clarify this bit. - John Hosking 83.77.168.179 07:55, 9 January 2007 (UTC)

 * As I understand it, the brothers took offence at something said by Clive during the interview, and walked out of the studio in mid-broadcast. Clive apologized and urged them to stay, to which Maurice replied with the comment about 'doing impressions' (ie. of his absent brothers.) Drutt 15:08, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

 * here is the video. Drutt 12:45, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

JoeBrennan 02:21, 13 May 2007 (UTC) This paragraph is two revisions run together, and I was the second one working here. As the Clive Anderson show (1997) fades into memory it needs no mention at all on this page. It illustrates more about Barry than it does about Maurice. I will remove it.

"Man in the Middle"
JoeBrennan 02:21, 13 May 2007 (UTC) I removed a statement that Barry and Robin recorded "Man in the Middle" in his honor. In fact Maurice recorded that song without Barry and Robin for the last Bee Gees album.

204.156.112.31 (talk) 21:05, 18 December 2007 (UTC)== Discrepancies in reports on the cause of his death -  moved from user talk:RationalLady ==

June 2, 2007---Maurice Gibb/personal info---deleted the reference to cardiac arrest, because other people editing don't understand that the complications of the twisted intestine *included* cardiac arrest, but he did not die when the arrest occurred. The cardiac arrest occurred two days before his actual death, before surgery occurred. —Preceding unsigned comment added by RationalLady (talk • contribs)

August 17, 2007---Maurice Gibb/personal info---Please do not edit the cause of death on this man. He did NOT have a heart attack---he suffered cardiac arrest (stoppage of the heart) BEFORE he had surgery on the twisted intestine. He lived for two days after that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by RationalLady (talk • contribs)

August 18, 2007---Maurice Gibb/personal info---Edited this again to remove inaccurate references. The Scotsman articles are inaccurate. As stated, he did not suffer a heart attack, but cardiac arrest, which did NOT cause his death. Also, the "family" did not settle....only Yvonne Gibb. His brothers did not want to settle. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by RationalLady (talk • contribs).</small

 * This discussion more appropriately belongs on Talk:Maurice Gibb where other editors will be looking, not on your talk page (I didn't know to look here the last time you mentioned the talk page which is why I said nothing was on talk). The language I used to describe what led to his death was taken from several news articles, and referenced as such.  Your assertion above was not referenced, and appears to be your own opinion - if not, please provide references in the article.  I will clarify what I wrote, based on the news reports I have that are contemporaneous with his death, and updated by a report a year later, and I plan to reinstate  it.  If you have references that contradict what I have, perhaps you should add that other reports gave other causes, say what they are,  and reference that.  Just saying that the Scotsman articles are inaccurate doesn't really satisfy - how do you know that  your opinion is more correct?  Sources, please - there's no reason we can't have a short summary of the discrepancies in reporting the cause of his death included, but they have to be referenced. Tvoz | talk 04:16, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

Whether it belonged in my talk or Maurice's page, the matter has recently become irrelevant due to edits changing it to simply "due to complications of a twisted intestine", which is fine and true. For the record, my sources are the Gibb family. RationalLady (talk) 23:10, 16 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Those I am sure are accurate, but by Wikipedia standards would not be considered "reliable sources" (see WP:RS - the required standard here, for better or worse,  is not truth, but verifiability.  So  you or I might know that something is correct from our own personal observation or experience or by something someone close to a situation told us, but none of that qualifies on Wikipedia as a reliable source.  Tvoz | talk 04:07, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

So, in order to keep Wikipedia "accurate", it's better to use articles that can be "sourced", with totally false information, instead of information that is absolutely accurate? I guess that speaks highly for Wikipedia's accuracy and standards. In other words, this place becomes useless when inaccurate, sourced information is better than accurate information that doesn't have the weight of the New York Times behind it. Ridiculous. 204.156.112.31 (talk) 21:05, 18 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I know thia can be annoying when you KNOW something is true - I've had the problem myself many times - but without a source it can't put it in and it can be infuriating. But I can see where Wikipedia is coming from - I can quite easily come along and write any amount of rubbish in an article and then declare it to be fact because I claim to know the person in question. So yes, statements do need to have sources that can be checked.--Tuzapicabit (talk) 00:42, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

Flagcruft
As per WP:FLAG, specifically here, it is recommended that flag icons not be used with birth and death dates, because they imply nationality which may or may not be accurate. Please read the links I'm providing, and leave off the flags - they really don't add anything other than potential confusion. Thanks. Tvoz | talk 06:42, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Siblings
You are missing one sibling, I remember from fan magazines in the 70's there was also another sister younger than Andy. She was called "Beri" and I think her name was Bernice, but I'm not sure. Anyone else know?Aggiebean (talk) 23:00, 22 June 2009 (UTC)
 * She is actually not a sibling but the firstborn of older sister Lesley. Bernice was raised by her grandparents and Andy did refer to her as his sister as they grew up together. Ferdinandhudson (talk) 19:20, 23 June 2009 (UTC)

Freeman of the Borough of Douglas
"On 10th July 2009, Maurice was posthumously made a Freeman of the Borough of Douglas. The award, was also bestowed on Robin and Barry, therefore confirming the freedom of the town of their birth to all three brothers."

What does the highlighted part mean? I'm not too familiar with this Freeman title, and googling I couldn't find an explanation for that last phrase. Crusoe704 (talk) 04:39, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 16 January 2014
In the opening paragraph, please change the content from:

Although his brothers Barry Gibb and Robin Gibb were the band's primary lead vocalists, most of their album included at least one to two Gibb composition, including "Lay It on Me", "Country Woman" and "On Time". The Bee Gees were one of the successful rock/pop groups ever.

to

Although his brothers Barry Gibb and Robin Gibb were the band's primary lead vocalists, most of the group's albums included at least one to two Maurice Gibb composition, including "Lay It on Me," "Country Woman" and "On Time." The Bee Gees were one of the most successful rock/pop groups ever.

Cpastrick (talk) 01:13, 16 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Looks like someone already had made part of the change, I cleaned up the wording a little more. Technical 13 (talk) 00:29, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Some copyediting requested
Hello.

Could someone please refine the category "Cancer deaths in the United States" to "Cancer deaths in Florida"?

Per Basic copyediting, bullet point 1, a comma is also missing after "Isle of Man" in the first sentence of section "1949–57: Early years", and after "Miami Beach, Florida" in the first sentence of section "Death".

There are also five occurrences of wrong date format (which is dmy for the article), namely "January 12, 2003", "May 22, 1971", "January 16, 2003", "January 15, 2003", and "October 3, 1970", that need to be fixed.

Thanks.

HandsomeFella (talk) 14:22, 2 May 2015 (UTC)

 * ✅ Huon (talk) 19:46, 3 May 2015 (UTC)

Maurice's death due to twisted intestine and sepsis not cardiac arrest
There is an error in this Wikipedia page regarding the cause of Maurice Gibb's death. In the section about his Death, it states he:

"died of a cardiac arrest, while waiting to undergo surgery."

The claims that he died of cardiac arrest and that it happened while waiting to undergo surgery are both wrong according to the actual reference that is used to support this claim in the Maurice Gibb wikipedia article:

http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/16/gibb.autopsy/index.html?eref=sitesearch

The reference above states that he had the surgery AFTER the cardiac arrest event and states that he died because of a twisted intestine condition. Nowhere in this reference does it state that he died of cardiac arrest, only that it occurred and it's not known how it affected his prognosis. It also does not state he died while awaiting surgery and instead states he had surgery.

Additionally, Robin Gibb's wikipedia page described Maurice's death as due to complications of a twisted intestine.

CNN and Billboard magazine, among others, which reference the actual autopsy report and the doctor involved, also state his death was due to a twisted intestine... an ischemic enteropathy. The New York Times stated his death was due to "complications of a twisted intestine".

http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/72650/autopsy-shows-gibb-had-twisted-intestine

http://www.cnn.com/2003/SHOWBIZ/Music/01/16/gibb.autopsy/index.html?eref=sitesearch

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/21/arts/music/robin-gibb-62-member-of-the-bee-gees-dies-at-62.html

Also, according to a very recent episode of the Cable TV show "Autopsy: the last hours of Maurice Gibb" (on Channel Reelz), Maurice's death was explained in great detail to be due to sepsis which happened as a result of a congenital intestinal twist that on autopsy was found to have affected much of his lower intestine... more than what was removed during surgery a couple of days before his death. His condition actually improved after the surgery but then worsened until it was found he had little brain activity. According to the Autopsy show, specifically, this condition caused blood and oxygen to be cut off from the intestines which caused degradation of the intestinal walls leading to sepsis leading to organ death. This may have also been behind the earlier cardiac arrest event. This is what I understood from the show. His brother Robin was later found to have the same condition.

http://www.reelz.com/trailer-clips/81402/maurice-gibb/

Anyway, I am going to correct the information here in this Wikipedia page about Maurice Gibb's death, which is obviously wrong since he went into surgery AFTER the cardiac arrest event was dealt with and his death was due to a congenital twisted intestine condition (volvulus) according to most sources some linked above and the Autopsy show.

Tapsies (talk) 17:45, 10 April 2016 (UTC)

Protected edit request on 28 May 2015
Please replace the current version with parameters with a blank. All information can be received from Wikidata. This is the task of KasparBot who isn't allowed to edit this page. Thank you,

T.seppelt (talk) 21:33, 28 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done -- Red rose64 (talk) 22:12, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

Link doesn't work
The external link 'Who Do You Think You Are? - Gibb Family History on YouTube' doesn't work. There are a view Youtube-movies with that title, about Robin, by the way... Urgert (talk) 20:52, 10 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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