text:
Griswold v. Connecticut

Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479 (1965), was a landmark decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court ruled that the Constitution of the United States protects the liberty of married couples to use contraceptives without government restriction. The case involved a Connecticut "Little Comstock Act" that prohibited any person from using "any drug, medicinal article or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception". The court held that the statute was unconstitutional, and that its effect was "to deny disadvantaged citizens ... access to medical assistance and up-to-date information in respect to proper methods of birth control." By a vote of 7–2, the Supreme Court invalidated the law on the grounds that it violated the "right to marital privacy", establishing the basis for the right to privacy with respect to intimate practices. This and other cases view the right to privacy as "protected from governmental intrusion".

Although the U.S. Bill of Rights does not explicitly mention "privacy", Justice William O. Douglas wrote for the majority, "Would we allow the police to search the sacred precincts of marital bedrooms for telltale signs of the use of contraceptives? The very idea is repulsive to the notions of privacy surrounding the marriage relationship." Justice Arthur Goldberg wrote a concurring opinion in which he used the Ninth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in support of the ruling. Justice John Marshall Harlan II wrote a concurring opinion arguing that privacy is protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, while Justice Byron White argued that Connecticut's law failed the rational basis standard.

Background
Griswold v. Connecticut originated as a prosecution under the Connecticut Comstock Act of 1873. The law made it illegal to use "any drug, medicinal article, or instrument for the purpose of preventing conception...". Violators could be "... fined not less than fifty dollars or imprisoned not less than sixty days nor more than one year or be both fined and imprisoned".

In the late 19th and early 20th century, physicians in the United States largely avoided the publication of any material related to birth control, even when they often recommended or at least gave advice regarding it to their married patients. Then in 1914, Margaret Sanger openly challenged the public consensus against contraception. She influenced the Connecticut Birth Control League (CBCL) and helped to develop the eventual concept of the Planned Parenthood clinics.

The first Planned Parenthood clinic in Connecticut opened in 1935 in Hartford. It provided services to women who had no access to a gynecologist, including information about artificial contraception and other methods to plan the growth of their families. Several clinics were opened in Connecticut over the following years, including the Waterbury clinic that led to the legal dispute. In 1939, this clinic was compelled to enforce the 1879 anti-contraception law. This caught the attention of the CBCL leaders, who remarked on the importance of birth control for cases in which the lives of the patients depended upon it.

During the 1940s, two cases arose from the provision of contraception by the Waterbury clinic, leading to legal challenges to the constitutionality of the Comstock law, but these failed on technical grounds. In Tileston v. Ullman (1943), a doctor and mother challenged the law on the grounds that a ban on contraception could, in certain sexual situations, threaten the lives and well-being of patients. The U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the appeal on the grounds that the plaintiff lacked standing to sue on behalf of his patients. Yale School of Medicine gynecologist C. Lee Buxton and his patients brought a second challenge to the law in Poe v. Ullman (1961). The Supreme Court again dismissed the appeal, on the grounds that the case was not ripe: the plaintiffs had not been charged or threatened with prosecution, so there was no actual controversy for the Court to resolve.

The polemic around Poe led to the appeal in Griswold v. Connecticut, primarily based on the dissent of Justice John Marshall Harlan II in Poe, one of the most cited dissents in Supreme Court history.

"(T)he full scope of the liberty guaranteed by the Due Process Clause cannot be found in or limited by the precise terms of the specific guarantees elsewhere provided in the Constitution. This 'liberty' is not a series of isolated points pricked out in terms of the taking of property; the freedom of speech, press, and religion; the right to keep and bear arms in the United States; the freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures; and so on. It is a rational continuum which, broadly speaking, includes a freedom from all substantial arbitrary impositions and purposeless restraints."

He argued, foremost, that the Supreme Court should have heard the case rather than dismissing it. Thereafter, he indicated his support for a broad interpretation of the due process clause. On the basis of this interpretation, Harlan concluded that the Connecticut statute violated the Constitution.

After Poe was handed down in June 1961, the Planned Parenthood League of Connecticut (PPLC) decided to challenge the law again. Estelle Griswold served on the PPLC as executive director from 1954 to 1965. Struggling through legal battles against birth control restrictions in Connecticut, Griswold and PPLC made an initial effort to financially support women who wanted contraceptives to bus to cities in New York and Rhode Island. Griswold and Dr. Buxton (PPLC medical volunteer), opened a birth control clinic in New Haven, Connecticut, "thus directly challeng[ing] the state law". The clinic opened on November 1, 1961, and that same day received its first ten patients and dozens of appointment requests from married women who wanted birth control advice and prescriptions. Less than two days after the fact, police officers arrived, to which Griswold explained in detail both the operations of the clinic and openly admitted to breaking state law. A week later, the detectives arrived with arrest warrants. Griswold and Buxton were arrested, tried in a one-day bench trial, found guilty, and fined $100 each. The conviction was upheld by the Appellate Division of the Circuit Court, and by the Connecticut Supreme Court.

Supreme Court decision
On June 7, 1965, the Supreme Court issued a 7–2 decision in favor of Griswold that struck down Connecticut's state law against contraceptives.

Opinion of the Court
Seven justices formed the majority and joined an opinion written by justice William O. Douglas. The Court held that the U.S. Constitution protects "marital privacy" as a fundamental constitutional right, but it struggled to identify a particular source for the right in the Constitution's text. The Court rejected the Due Process Clause of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution as the source of the marital privacy right, because at the time the Court still formally rejected the doctrine of substantive due process due to its association with the 1905 decision Lochner v. New York.

Instead of trying to justify the right to marital privacy under substantive due process, the Court said that the marital privacy right was implied by the specific provisions of the Bill of Rights, such as those in the First, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Amendments. It referenced earlier cases where the Court had found personal liberties that were constitutionally protected despite not being specifically enumerated in the Constitution, such as the constitutional right to parental control over childrearing found in the early 20th century cases Meyer v. Nebraska (1923) and Pierce v. Society of Sisters (1925). The Court viewed marital privacy right's implicit nature to be similar, and in a now well-known line Douglas used the metaphor of shined light and its shadows to describe it. "The foregoing cases suggest that specific guarantees in the Bill of Rights have penumbras, formed by emanations from those guarantees that help give them life and substance. Various guarantees create zones of privacy. ... We have had many controversies over these penumbral rights of 'privacy and repose.' These cases bear witness that the right of privacy which presses for recognition here is a legitimate one." Reasoning that the provisions of the Bill of Rights created "emanations" of protection that created "penumbras" within which rights could still be covered even if not explicitly enumerated in the Constitution, Douglas wrote that the right to marital privacy fell within this protection. The Court concluded that Connecticut's Comstock Law violated this right to privacy, and therefore was unconstitutional. Douglas reasoned that the right to marital privacy was "older than the Bill of Rights", and ended the opinion with an impassioned appeal to the sanctity of marriage in the Anglo-American culture and common law tradition. "Would we allow the police to search the sacred precincts of marital bedrooms for telltale signs of the use of contraceptives? The very idea is repulsive to the notions of privacy surrounding the marriage relationship. We deal with a right of privacy older than the Bill of Rights — older than our political parties, older than our school system. Marriage is a coming together for better or for worse, hopefully enduring, and intimate to the degree of being sacred. It is an association that promotes a way of life, not causes; a harmony in living, not political faiths; a bilateral loyalty, not commercial or social projects. Yet it is an association for as noble a purpose as any involved in our prior decisions."

Concurrences
Justice Arthur Goldberg concurred with the Court and wrote a separate opinion to emphasize his view that the Ninth Amendment—which states that if the Constitution enumerates certain rights but does not enumerate others it does not mean that the other rights do not exist—was sufficient authority on its own to support the Court's finding of a fundamental constitutional right to marital privacy. Justice John Marshall Harlan II also concurred with the Court, and wrote a concurring opinion arguing that the right to privacy should be protected under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Byron White concurred only in the judgment, and wrote an opinion describing how he thought Connecticut's law failed rational basis scrutiny, saying: "I wholly fail to see how the ban on the use of contraceptives by married couples in any way reinforces the State's ban on illicit sexual relationships."

Dissents
Justices Hugo Black and Potter Stewart dissented from the Court's decision. Both justices' dissents argued that because the U.S. Constitution does not expressly mention privacy in any of its provisions, the Court had no basis to strike down Connecticut's Comstock Law. Black's dissent concluded: "I get nowhere in this case by talk about a constitutional 'right of privacy' as an emanation from one or more constitutional provisions. I like my privacy as well as the next one, but I am nevertheless compelled to admit that government has a right to invade it unless prohibited by some specific constitutional provision."

Precedent for later cases
Later decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court extended the principles of Griswold beyond its particular facts.

Right to birth control for unmarried couples, 1972
Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972) extended Griswold's holding to unmarried couples. The argument in Eisenstadt was that it was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to deny unmarried couples the right to use contraception when married couples did have that right (under Griswold). Writing for the majority, Justice Brennan wrote that Massachusetts could not enforce the law against married couples because of Griswold v. Connecticut, so the law worked "irrational discrimination" if not extended to unmarried couples as well.

Right to abortion for any woman, 1973
The reasoning and language of both Griswold and Eisenstadt were cited in the concurring opinion by Associate Justice Potter Stewart in support of Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973). The decision in Roe struck down a Texas law that criminalized aiding a woman in getting an abortion. The Court ruled that this law was a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Abortion became legalized for any woman for any reason, up through the first trimester, with possible restrictions for maternal health in the second trimester (the midpoint of which is the approximate time of fetal viability). In the third trimester of pregnancy, abortion is potentially illegal with exception for the mother's health, which the court defined broadly in Doe v. Bolton. On June 24, 2022, Dobbs v. Jackson overturned Roe, reversing the application of the Due Process Clause in the case of abortion and returning its regulation to state control under the Tenth Amendment.

Right to contraception for juveniles at least 14 years of age, 1977
In Carey v. Population Services International (1977) the U.S. Supreme Court held that it was unconstitutional to prohibit anyone other than a licensed pharmacist to distribute nonprescription contraceptives to persons 16 years of age or over, to prohibit the distribution of nonprescription contraceptives by any adult to minors under 16 years of age, and to prohibit anyone, including licensed pharmacists, to advertise or display contraceptives. The Court also held that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution does not allow a state to intrude on an individual's decisions on matters of procreation which is protected as privacy rights.

Right to privacy in private sexual activity, 2003
Lawrence v. Texas (2003) struck down a Texas sodomy law that prohibited certain forms of intimate sexual contact between members of the same sex. Without stating a standard of review in the majority opinion, the court overruled Bowers v. Hardwick (1986), declaring that the "Texas statute furthers no legitimate state interest which can justify its intrusion into the personal and private life of the individual." Justice O'Connor, who wrote a concurring opinion, framed it as an issue of rational basis review. Justice Kennedy's majority opinion, based on the liberty interest protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, stated that the Texas anti-sodomy statute touched "upon the most private human conduct, sexual behavior, and in the most private of places, the home", and attempted to "control a personal relationship that ... is within the liberty of persons to choose without being punished". Thus, the Court held that adults are entitled to participate in private, consensual sexual conduct. While the opinion in Lawrence was framed in terms of the right to liberty, Kennedy described the "right to privacy" found in Griswold as the "most pertinent beginning point" in the evolution of the concepts embodied in Lawrence.

Right to same-sex marriage, 2015
Griswold was also cited in a chain of cases that led the Supreme Court to legalize same-sex marriage in another landmark case, Obergefell v. Hodges.

Right to abortion overturned, 2022
On June 24, 2022, the majority opinion in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization written by Justice Samuel Alito limited the right to privacy to exclude the right to an abortion. In Justice Clarence Thomas' concurrence, he argued, "In future cases, we should reconsider all of this Court's substantive due process precedents, including Griswold, Lawrence, and Obergefell, ... Because any substantive due process decision is 'demonstrably erroneous' ... we have a duty to 'correct the error' established in those precedents," referring to decisions on contraception, sodomy, and same-sex marriage as future cases for the Supreme Court to reverse. Broadly, Associate Justice Thomas does not believe in substantive due process and has referred to it as 'legal fiction'. In regards to unenumerated rights, the majority opinion also said, "The abortion right is also critically different from any other right that this Court has held to fall within the Fourteenth Amendment's protection of 'liberty'."

The dissenting opinion criticized the majority for overturning precedents dating back to Griswold, and argued, "And no one should be confident that this majority is done with its work. The right Roe and Casey recognized does not stand alone. To the contrary, the Court has linked it for decades to other settled freedoms involving bodily integrity, familial relationships, and procreation. Most obviously, the right to terminate a pregnancy arose straight out of the right to purchase and use contraception. In turn, those rights led, more recently, to rights of same-sex intimacy and marriage. They are all part of the same constitutional fabric, protecting autonomous decisionmaking over the most personal of life decisions ... So one of two things must be true. Either the majority does not really believe in its own reasoning. Or if it does, all rights that have no history stretching back to the mid-19th century are insecure. Either the mass of the majority's opinion is hypocrisy, or additional constitutional rights are under threat. It is one or the other."

title: Griswold v. Connecticut


text:
Talk:Finsbury Park

Madstock Wrong Link
The madstock referred to here is the Madness reunion concert, also named Madstock! I dont know how to change it but can someone do it please. -Robin —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.83.121.172 (talk) 22:47, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Separating the Park Page from the Local Area Page
Most of the major london open spaces have their own page. It avoids confusion. I propse separating the Park entry from the local area entry. Any comments? hjuk 17:53, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Following some comments on Talk London page and no commenst here - executed today hjuk 10:33, 16 June 2007 (UTC)

Shaping Things up a Bit
A quick spring clean - will try and come back and do a bit more soon. hjuk 19:10, 17 June 2007 (UTC)

Terrorist Mosque in Finsbury Park
Page 39 of Walter Laqueur's "The Last Days of Europe" reports that there is a mosque in Finsbury Park that has a reputation for a large amount of terrorist recruitment. Can someone more familiar with this integrate it into the article? - MSTCrow 01:19, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * As per disambig note at the top of the article, this is an article about the park NOT the urban area in which the mosque is located. For the article on the urban area go to Finsbury Park, London hjuk 06:04, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Discussion transferred to Talk:Finsbury Park, London. See note in Talk:Finsbury Park, London.hjuk 06:19, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Homosexual Pickup Point
About ten years ago this park was rather famed for being a place were men would prowl for and in and indulge in homosexual activities often in the park itself. I think that this would mostly happen in the early hours of the night. Maybe we should have a section in this article that covers this or perhaps an internal/external link if this is still the case. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.216.138.246 (talk) 21:13, 10 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't believe it is still the case. The Park had a much higher level of criminal activity then, its undergone quite a change, with considerably more effort being made by the park police and money being spent. Francis Davey 08:22, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

Detailing of Music Events
Given the low importance of music events in the park, it seems rather odd that the section on music now takes up half of this article. I suggest that this is edited down to include a few highlights but not to include an exhaustive list, or create a separate page - or are there any other suggestions? HughJLF (talk) 15:35, 5 February 2018 (UTC)

Disambiguation
The original top hat entry disambiguated Finsbury Park (the park) from Finsbury park (the neighbourhood). Since then other dismabiguations have been added. I propose that since Wikipedia Policy suggests that Finsbury Circus and Finsbury Square do not need to be disambiguated they are removed. HughJLF (talk) 16:50, 5 February 2018 (UTC)
 * I've just seen this. Can I ask where policy says that the Circus and Square do not need disambiguation? Carbon Caryatid (talk) 20:08, 29 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I looked at Disambiguation. It seems to make it clear that disambiguation should not be used for partial title matches. That's what we have with both the disambiguations I removed. What do you think? (There are quite a few pages that start with the term Finsbury - see Special:PrefixIndex/Finsbury). HughJLF (talk)
 * The prefix index is helpful, thank you. I think you are correct for disambiguation pages, but the item under discussion is a hatnote. I looked at Hatnote, which offers templates yielding "Not to be confused with X". Its relevant guidance, under Terms that can cause confusion with another topic, is "Distinguish or a related template can be used when there can be confusion with a similar term. [...] These hatnotes should only be used when the ambiguity exists for a portion of the readership that is sufficient to warrant a hatnote." I can see that there is no danger of confusion between the Finsbury in Australia and the subject of this article, but I think there is wide potential for confusion between Finsbury (in central London) and Finsbury Park and Finsbury Park, London, given that the latter two are often abbreviated to "Finsbury". I also think that a reader looking for information about "that big outdoor space called Finsbury" might well end up at Finsbury Square or Finsbury Circus, and we should head them in the right direction as quickly as possible. I'd prefer those places to be mentioned in the hatnote, but if not, then certainly in the lead. (Once again, apologies for not having seen this discussion earlier.) Carbon Caryatid (talk) 17:15, 30 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I can't see that the principle stated for the use of disambiguation on a disambiguation page pages should be any different to the one applied for disambiguation in a hat note. With regards to the guidance you link to, it also says the those templates are "typically used when readers have misspelled their desired title". Differentiating between Finsbury Park (the park) and Finsbury Park (the neighbourhood) is very much required because its clarifying the use of the exact same term for different entities.
 * My view is that attempting to sponfeed people damages clarity and flow for the vast majority who don't need it. Having said that, this isn't a clear-cut case and we could go round in circles forever. How about following the style used on the Finsbury Circus article and using 'not be be confused'. I think, however, that compared with the Finsbury Circus example, the lead section on the Finsbury Park article is too long to append anything there. So what say we update the hatnote to read
 * How does that sound?
 * HughJLF (talk) 18:28, 30 March 2018 (UTC)
 * That is a good suggestion, but I'll go one better. What about:
 * Carbon Caryatid (talk) 22:57, 30 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Mimes spitting on hand and extending it to Carbon Caryatid. Grand. Sorted. I've gone ahead and made that edit. HughJLF (talk) 23:07, 30 March 2018 (UTC)
 * This discussion exemplifies the best in Wikipedia editing, thank you. Carbon Caryatid (talk) 09:00, 2 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Note that there is a discussion at Talk:Finsbury Park, London.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 10:35, 10 September 2018 (UTC)

missing from facilities
missing from facilities is table tennis, volleyball courts and outdoor gyms (2) 80.229.0.166 (talk) 19:40, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Finsbury Park


text:
The Extended Phenotype

The Extended Phenotype is a 1982 book by the evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, in which the author introduced a biological concept of the same name. The book’s main idea is that phenotype should not be limited to biological processes such as protein biosynthesis or tissue growth, but extended to include all effects that a gene has on its environment, inside or outside the body of the individual organism.

Dawkins considers The Extended Phenotype to be a sequel to The Selfish Gene (1976) aimed at professional biologists, and as his principal contribution to evolutionary theory.

Genes as the unit of selection in evolution
The central thesis of The Extended Phenotype, and of its predecessor by the same author, The Selfish Gene, is that individual organisms are not the true units of natural selection. Instead, the gene — or the ‘active, germ-line replicator’ — is the unit upon which the forces of evolutionary selection and adaptation act. It is genes that succeed or fail in evolution, meaning that they either succeed or fail in replicating themselves across multiple generations.

These replicators are not subject to natural selection directly, but indirectly through their “phenotypical effects.” These effects are all the effects that the gene (or replicator) has on the world at large, not just in the body of the organism in which it is contained. In taking as its starting point the gene as the unit of selection, The Extended Phenotype is a direct extension of Dawkins’ first book, The Selfish Gene.

Genes synthesise only proteins
Dawkins argues that the only thing that genes control directly is the synthesis of proteins; restricting the idea of the phenotype to apply only to the phenotypic expression of an organism's genes in its own body is an arbitrary limitation that ignores the effect a gene may have on an organism's environment through that organism's behaviour.

Genes may affect more than the organism's body
Dawkins proposes there are three forms of extended phenotype. The first is the capacity of animals to modify their environment using architectural constructions, for  which Dawkins provides as examples caddis houses and beaver dams.

The second form is manipulation of other organisms: morphology of a living organism, and possibly of that organism's behaviour, may influence not just the fitness of the organism itself, but that of other living organisms as well. One example of this is parasite manipulation. This refers to the capacity, found in some parasite-host interactions, for the parasite to modify the behaviour of the host in a way that enhances the parasite's own fitness. One well-known example of this second type of extended phenotype is the suicidal drowning of crickets infected by hairworm, a behaviour that is essential to the parasite's reproductive cycle. Another example is seen in female mosquitoes carrying malaria parasites. The mosquitoes infected with the parasites whose preferred hosts are humans have been shown in a field experiment to be significantly more attracted to human breath and odours than uninfected mosquitoes when the parasites are at a point in their life cycle where they can infect a human target. The third form of extended phenotype is action at a distance of the parasite on its host. A common example is the manipulation of host behaviour by cuckoo chicks, which elicit intensive feeding by the host birds. Here the cuckoo does not interact directly with the host (which could be meadow pipits, dunnocks or reed warblers). The relevant adaptation lies in the cuckoo producing eggs and chicks that resemble sufficiently those of the host species so that they are not immediately ejected from the nest. These behavioural modifications are not physically associated with individuals of the host species but influence the expression of its behavioural phenotype.

Dawkins summarizes these ideas in what he terms the Central Theorem of the Extended Phenotype:

Taking these three things together, we arrive at our own ‘central theorem’ of the extended phenotype: An animal's behaviour tends to maximize the survival of the genes "for" that behaviour, whether or not those genes happen to be in the body of the particular animal performing it.

Gene-centred view of life
In developing this argument, Dawkins aims to strengthen the case for a gene-centric  view of the evolution of life forms, to the point where it is recognized that the organism itself needs to be explained. This is the challenge which he takes up in the final chapter entitled “Rediscovering the Organism.” The concept of extended phenotype has been generalized in an organism-centered view of evolution with the concept of niche construction, in the case where natural selection pressures can be modified by the organisms during the evolutionary process.

Reception
A technical review of The Extended Phenotype in the Quarterly Review of Biology states that, it is an “interesting and thought provoking book, once one gets to the last five chapters.” In the reviewer’s opinion, the book poses interesting questions, such as « What is the survival value of packaging life into discrete units called ‘organisms’ even though the units of selection appear to be individual ‘replicators’? » The reviewer states that no “satisfactory answer is given” to this question in the book, though Dawkins suggests that replicators that “interact favorably to create ‘vehicles’ (organisms) may be at an advantage over those that do not (Chapter 14).” The reviewer takes issue with the first nine chapters as being essentially a defense of Dawkin’s first book, The Selfish Gene.

Another review in American Scientist praises the book for convincingly promoting the idea of replication as being central to the evolutionary process. However, in the reviewer’s opinion, “its main theme - that the gene is the only unit of selection - results from incorrectly interpreting the constraints on organismal adaptation and from too narrow an interpretation of replication, a process of more general relevance than the author is willing to allow.”

Uses and limitations
The concept of extended phenotype has provided a useful frame for subsequent scientific work. For example, research into the relationship between “the bacterial flora of the gut and their mammalian hosts" which, "has become a hot topic of late." makes use of this concept.

Subsequent proponents expand the theory and posit that many organisms within an ecosystem can alter the selective pressures on all of them by modifying their environment in various ways. Dawkins himself asserted, "Extended phenotypes are worthy of the name only if they are candidate adaptations for the benefit of alleles responsible for variations in them". As an illustration, one might ask: could an architect's buildings be considered part of his or her extended phenotype, much as a beaver's dam is part of its extended phenotype? The answer is clearly no: in humans, an “architect's specific alleles are neither more nor less likely to be selected based on the design of his or her latest building.”

title: The Extended Phenotype


text:
Talk:Leg theory

Untitled
This page tells us:
 * (Fast Leg Theory) turned out to be extremely dangerous, and most Australian players sustained injuries from being hit by the ball. Wicket-keeper Bert Oldfield's skull was fractured by a ball hitting his head, almost precipitating a riot by the Australian crowd.

The Bodyline page, however, asserts that:
 * at the time (of Oldfield's injury) England was not using the Bodyline tactics

which seems to contradict this page. Is anyone able to clarify? TSP 09:36, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * When Oldfield was hit, England were not using a Bodyline field (concentrated fielders behind square leg), but clearly the ball was pitched short and fast enough to collect Oldfield on the head. It was in the greater context of the entire series that Oldfield's injury is significant to the history of Bodyline. -dmmaus 23:13, 9 May 2005 (UTC)
 * It was not really Larwood's fault that Oldfield got hit. It was an ordinary bouncer. Oldfield was slow on the hook and got a top edge onto his head. Oldfield himself later admitted that 'it was all my fault'. - Tintin1107 01:47, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Agree with this complaint. The fast leg theory section reads as a polemic, with no citations to suggest a consensus of expert opinion to support the view given here; it stands in stark opposition to the main bodyline article.Ché (talk) 16:57, 27 May 2013 (UTC)

2023 Ashes

Were not Australia and England using the short ball as a tactic. As above, this appears to have been written from an Australian perspective. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:630:E4:4220:8D59:DE7F:9C0D:76B9 (talk) 10:31, 10 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I'm sure there are probably better examples over the last ~90 years since the Bodyline series than a game that finished a month ago now (or had just finished at the time of the original insertion) with a lot of complaining on both sides about short bowling, and a better source to cite about it than the final scorecard which makes no mention of it. Mrpsb (talk) 18:04, 31 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leg theory


text:
Glaze

Glaze or glazing may refer to:

 * Glaze (metallurgy), a layer of compacted sintered oxide formed on some metals
 * Glaze (cooking technique), a coating of a glossy, often sweet, mixture applied to food
 * Glaze (ice), a layer of ice caused by freezing rain
 * Glaze (painting technique), a layer of paint, thinned with a medium, so as to become somewhat transparent
 * Glaze (surname)
 * Glazing (window), a transparent part of a wall
 * Ceramic glaze, a vitreous coating to a ceramic material whose primary purposes are decoration or protection
 * Glazed (album), a 1993 album by the Canadian rock band Mystery Machine

title: Glaze


text:
Talk:The White Goddess

Graves and the Goddess
Why has no one cited any of the articles from the book, Graves and the Goddess: Essays on Robert Graves The White Goddess, ed. by Ian Firla and Grevel Lindop? This article seems rather slanted and biased without their academic contributions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.39.20.64 (talk) 23:12, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:The White Goddess


text:
Bobcat Company

Bobcat Company is an American-based manufacturer of farm and construction equipment. Its American headquarters is in West Fargo, North Dakota, formerly in Gwinner, North Dakota. Its European headquarters moved in 2017 from Waterloo, Belgium, to Dobříš, Czech Republic (where Bobcat operates one of its European manufacturing plants). It was a subsidiary of the Ingersoll Rand Company from 1995 until July 2007, when it was sold for US$4.9 billion to Doosan Infracore.

The company sells skid steer loaders, compact excavators, side-by-sides, compact tractors, and other small hydraulic equipment under the Bobcat brand name. It is one of the few major manufacturing companies operating in North Dakota.

History
In the 1950s, Louis and Cyril Keller operated Keller Welding and Repair near Rothsay, Minnesota. In 1956, Eddie Velo, a turkey farmer in the area, described to the Kellers a need for a machine small enough to maneuver inside a pole barn and light enough to operate on its upper level. The brothers developed a small, three-wheeled design with a belt-driven transmission, and delivered it to Velo on February 4, 1957. Velo gave the Kellers full access to his operations, and after the Kellers learned of drawbacks with the belt-driven transmission, they developed and patented a more robust clutch-based transmission system in 1958. The new transmission became the basis of the Melroe M60 loader.

The Kellers' uncle, an equipment dealer for the Melroe Manufacturing Company based in Gwinner, North Dakota, suggested that Melroe market the machines, resulting in Melroe inviting the Kellers to exhibit at the 1958 Minnesota State Fair. Melroe introduced the four-wheeled M400 model "Skid-Steer Loader" in 1960, and began using "Bobcat" as a trade name for such products in 1962 on the 440-model loader. Les Melroe and advertising agent Lynn Bickett settled on the "Bobcat" name while exchanging name ideas during a drive between Minneapolis and Gwinner. Bickett and Sylvan Melroe developed the "tough, quick, and agile" slogan used in advertising the early loaders.

In 1969, Melroe Manufacturing Company was purchased by Clark Equipment Company which was then purchased by Ingersoll-Rand in 1995. In 2007, Ingersoll-Rand sold Clark Equipment Company to the Doosan Group of South Korea, along with the rest of its construction equipment group for US$4.9 billion. The Clark Equipment Company now does business as Bobcat Company. Bobcat Company owns worldwide trademark registrations for its "Bobcat" name.

On January 1, 2018, Doosan Infracore and Doosan Bobcat were separated into independent companies, ending a seven-year relationship. In July 2021, Doosan Infracore was acquired by Hyundai Heavy Industries, which paid approximately $722.45 million for a 30% controlling stake in the company. Doosan Infracore will become a subsidiary of the newly created Hyundai Genuine group. However, Bobcat remained a part of Doosan Group, as its majority shareholder has changed to Doosan Heavy Industries on July 1, 2021, before the sale of Doosan Infracore.

title: Bobcat Company


text:
Luaka Bop

Luaka Bop is a New York–based record label founded by musician David Byrne, former lead singer and guitarist for the art rock–new wave band Talking Heads. What began with Byrne making cassettes of his favorite Tropicália tracks for his friends became a full-fledged record label in 1988 after Byrne received a solo artist deal from Warner Bros.

Since then, Luaka Bop has developed into a label known for bringing eclectic music to new audiences. Though initially affiliated with Warner Bros, Luaka Bop has been wholly independent since 2006. Often categorized as a “world music” label, Luaka Bop considers its own music to be mostly contemporary pop.

Luaka Bop has released full-length albums, EPs, and singles from artists such as Alice Coltrane, William Onyeabor, and Floating Points, as well as compilations covering a wide range of musical movements and styles. The label’s maiden release eventually became the seven-album Brazil Classics series, which surveys genres from samba to Tropicália, as well as individual artists. This was the first of a number of region- or genre-specific compilation series released by Luaka Bop.

Luaka Bop’s releases have frequently been well received by critics,     with both compilations and releases of individual artists regularly featuring in best-of-year lists. The label has been highlighted for its “singular ability to (re)discover, celebrate, and legitimize the otherwise low-profile work of some of the world’s more eccentric musical figures.”

Name and logo
Byrne took the phrase "Luaka Bop" from the inner packaging of a specialty tea which is sold in England. Luaka is the name of a tea importer. Their "Broken Orange Pekoe" is packaged in a silver foil block; when the sleeve is removed, it reveals a white label that reads "Luaka BOP". Byrne found the phrase to be “strange, but musical”, a combination he liked.

The Luaka Bop logo design was conceived by David Byrne and illustrated by Tibor Kalman. According to Byrne:

"The logo, whose use is granted through an agreement that is subject to certain conditions, is a rather obscure Masonic symbol linked at various times to the Trinity of the Illuminati and to the Egyptian Knights of Templar. … The eye of the Luaka Bop logo is the eye of Vilaç Trismegistes, the Balkan alchemist who gave his eyes to his work, and who was the first to uncover the secrets of the Egyptian Knights."

Musical philosophy
While often described as a “world music” label, Luaka Bop has no explicit musical focus. Asked about the original concept for the label, Byrne says “the initial concept was no concept”, going on to say “I’ve never had an artistic plan with this label—there are no guidelines as far as what we’re going to do or what kind of music it might be”.

In fact, the label has often tried to avoid the “world music” moniker and the changed perceptions that come with it. On Luaka Bop’s website, Byrne details this tension through the example of Zap Mama, who debuted on Luaka Bop as part of the Adventures in Afropea series:

"Overall, we think of the music we work with as contemporary pop music, and we try to present it as such. While something like Zap Mama’s first record could be, and sometimes was, perceived as an ‘ethnic’ record, we did our damnedest to alter that perception. The CD covers go a long way, in my opinion, to creating this attitude. We don’t do covers that look like folkloric records or like academic records of obscure material of interest only to musicologists and a few weird fringe types… we work with the designers to come up with a graphic statement that says ‘this music is as relevant to your life and is as contemporary as Prodigy, Fiona Apple, or Cornershop.’ … So gradually, although Zap Mama might have initially been thought of as an ‘ethnic-folkloric’ ensemble, they are now thought of just as a cool group."

Tibor Kalman designed the first two Brazil Classics albums, and several other designers from Kalman's M&Co. design firm have provided the label with distinctive album art.

Brazil Classics
The Brazil Classics series began with Luaka Bop’s first-ever release, and has garnered both critical acclaim and commercial success. The series has grown to consist of the following records:

 * Brazil Classics 1: Beleza Tropical (1989)
 * Brazil Classics 2: O Samba (1989)
 * Brazil Classics 3: Forro etc.: Music of the Brazilian Northeast (1991)
 * Brazil Classics 4: The Best of Tom Zé (1990)
 * Brazil Classics 5: The Return of Tom Zé: The Hips of Tradition (1992)
 * Brazil Classics 6: Beleza Tropical 2: Novo! Mais! Melhor! (1998)
 * Brazil Classics 7: In Pernambuco: New Sounds of the Brazilian Northeast (2008)

Luaka Bop has also released music by Brazilian artists outside of the Brazil Classics series, such as Tim Maia, Os Mutantes and Moreno Veloso.

Cuba Classics

 * Cuba Classics 1: The Best of Silvio Rodriguez (1991)
 * Cuba Classics 2: Dancing with the Enemy (1991)
 * ¡Cuba Classics 3: Diablo al Infierno! (1992)

Asia Classics

 * Asia Classics 1: The South Indian Film Music of Vijaya Anand: Dance Raja Dance (1992)
 * Asia Classics 2: The Best of Shoukichi Kina: Peppermint Tea House (1994)

Adventures in Afropea
The Adventures in Afropea series signaled a slight shift, as the music here is grouped by a broad stylistic criterion (a fusion of African and European influences) as opposed to a purely geographic one.

 * Adventures in Afropea 1: Zap Mama (1993)
 * Adventures in Afropea 2: The Best of Djur Djura: Voice of Silence (1993)
 * Adventures in Afropea 3: Telling Stories to the Sea (1995)

Afro-Peruvian Classics
The Afro-Peruvian Classics series continued the label’s shift towards more stylistically specific compilation albums, focusing on a single subgroup of Peruvian music.

 * Afro-Peruvian Classics 1: The Soul of Black Peru (1995)

While the series still has only one entry, that record saw Luaka Bop begin its work with Susana Baca, who has since released six albums with the label.

World Psychedelic Classics
The World Psychedelic Classics series was the first from Luaka Bop to have no geographic aspect to it. The five entries in the series span decades and continents.

 * World Psychedelic Classics 1: Everything Is Possible: The Best of Os Mutantes (1999)
 * World Psychedelic Classics 2: California Soul: Inspiration Information (2001) (rework and reissue of Shuggie Otis’ 1974 album)
 * World Psychedelic Classics 3: Love’s a Real Thing: The Funky Fuzzy Sounds of West Africa (2004)
 * World Psychedelic Classics 4: Nobody Can Live Forever: The Existential Soul of Tim Maia (2012)
 * World Psychedelic Classics 5: Who Is William Onyeabor? (2013)

World Psychedelic Classics 3 helped “inspire an industrious coterie of crate diggers and lead to an explosion of ‘70s funk from Nigeria and Ghana”, with other labels crediting it with influencing the look and sound of their later releases. It also featured the song “Better Change Your Mind” by William Onyeabor, which eventually led to the release of World Psychedelic Classics 5: Who Is William Onyeabor?

The popularity of Onyeabor’s music in these compilations led to an eventual Luaka Bop reissue of Onyeabor’s entire discography and the formation of the Atomic Bomb! Band, a “supergroup” dedicated to performing his music live. This was the first time Onyeabor’s music was played live, as he never performed himself.

World Spirituality Classics

 * World Spirituality Classics 1: The Ecstatic Music of Alice Coltrane Turiyasangitananda (2017)
 * World Spirituality Classics 2: The Time for Peace Is Now: Gospel Music About Us (2019)
 * World Spirituality Classics 3: The Muslim Highlife of Alhaji Waziri Oshomah (2022)

Artists
Notable artists who have had individual releases on the label include:

 * The +2s
 * Alice Coltrane
 * AR Kane
 * Bloque
 * Bremer/McCoy
 * Bright Moments
 * Clinton
 * Cornershop
 * David Byrne
 * Delicate Steve
 * Djur Djura
 * Domenico Lancellotti
 * Doug Hream Blunt
 * Floating Points
 * Geggy Tah
 * Janka Nabay and the Bubu Gang
 * Javelin
 * Jim White
 * John Panduranga Henderson
 * Kassin
 * King Changó
 * Kings Go Forth
 * Los Amigos Invisibles
 * Los de Abajo
 * Márcio Local
 * Mimi Goese
 * Moreno Veloso
 * Nouvelle Vague
 * Os Mutantes
 * Paulo Bragança
 * Pharoah Sanders
 * Preacherman
 * Shoukichi Kina
 * Shuggie Otis
 * Si*Sé
 * Silvio Rodríguez
 * Susana Baca
 * The Terror Pigeon Dance Revolt!
 * Tim Maia
 * Tom Zé
 * Vijaya Anand
 * Waldemar Bastos
 * William Onyeabor
 * Yoñlu
 * Zap Mama

title: Luaka Bop


text:
Talk:Poem

Comments
What is the Wikipedian convention (if there is one) on formatting peom titles: italics? --Sam
 * That should be at Manual of style. If it's in keeping with MLA and Chicago Manual of Style convention, they go in quotations unless they're epic poems, e.g. The Waste Land and Odyssey.  Koyaanis Qatsi

Is there any reason not to redirect this to poetry? --Camembert

 * Anyway, I couldn't think of any reason, so I've redirected it. --Camembert

title: Talk:Poem


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Skid-steer loader

A skid loader, skid-steer loader, SSL, or skidsteer is any of a class of compact heavy equipment with lift arms that can attach to a wide variety of buckets and other labor-saving tools or attachments.

The wheels typically have no separate steering mechanism and hold a fixed straight alignment on the body of the machine. Turning is accomplished by differential steering, in which the left and right wheel pairs are operated at different speeds, and the machine turns by skidding or dragging its fixed-orientation wheels across the ground. Skid-steer loaders are capable of zero-radius turning, by driving one set of wheels forward while simultaneously driving the opposite set of wheels in reverse. This "zero-turn" capability (the machine can turn around within its own length) makes them extremely maneuverable and valuable for applications that require a compact, powerful and agile loader or tool carrier in confined-space work areas.

Like other front loaders, they can push material from one location to another, carry material in the bucket, load material into a truck or trailer and perform a variety of digging and grading operations.

History
The first three-wheeled, front-end loader was invented by brothers Cyril and Louis Keller in Rothsay, Minnesota, in 1957. The Kellers built the loader to help a farmer, Eddie Velo, mechanize the process of cleaning turkey manure from his barn. The light and compact machine, with its rear caster wheel, was able to turn around within its own length while performing the same tasks as a conventional front-end loader, hence its name.

The Melroe brothers, of Melroe Manufacturing Company in Gwinner, North Dakota, purchased the rights to the Keller loader in 1958 and hired the Kellers to continue refining their invention. As a result of this partnership, the M-200 Melroe self-propelled loader was introduced at the end of 1958. It featured two independent front-drive wheels and a rear caster wheel, a 12.9 hp engine and a 750 lb lift capacity. Two years later they replaced the caster wheel with a rear axle and introduced the M-400, the first four-wheel, true skid-steer loader. The M-440 was powered by a 15.5 hp engine and had an 1100 lb rated operating capacity. Skid-steer development continued into the mid-1960s with the M600 loader. Melroe adopted the well-known Bobcat trademark in 1962.

By the late 1960s, competing heavy equipment manufacturers were selling machines of this form factor.

Operation
Skid-steer loaders are typically four-wheeled or tracked vehicles with the front and back wheels on each side mechanically linked together to turn at the same speed, and where the left-side drive wheels can be driven independently of the right-side drive wheels. This is accomplished by having two separate and independent transmissions; one for the left side wheels and one for the right side wheels. Earliest versions of skid steer loaders used forward and reverse clutch drives. Virtually all modern skid steers designed and built since the mid-1970s use two separate hydrostatic transmissions (one for the left side and one for the right side).

The differential steering, zero-turn capabilities and lack of visibility often exacerbated by carrying loads with these machines means that their safe operation requires the operator have a good field of vision, good hand eye coordination, manual dexterity and the ability to remember and perform multiple actions at once. Before allowing anyone, including adults, to operate a skid steer, they should be assessed on their ability to safely operate the machine and trained in its safe operation. In the US, it is illegal for youth under age 18 employed in non-agricultural jobs to operate a skid steer. For youth hired to work in agriculture, it is recommended they be at least 16 years old and have an adult assess their abilities using the Agricultural Youth Work Guidelines   before being allowed to operate a skid steer.

Another thing to consider are beacon lights and reverse signal alarms that offer a warning to co-workers about the skid steer’s movements. These alarms are not always standard equipment on all farm or landscape skid steer machines, depending on factors like the age of the machine. Use and continued maintenance of these alarms greatly reduce the risk of incidents involving running over and/or pinning co-workers between the machine and an obstacle. Construction sites and their business contract requirements often call for landscapers to have operational skid steer reverse signal alarms and beacon lights.

The extremely rigid frame and strong wheel bearings prevent the torsional forces caused by this dragging motion from damaging the machine. As with tracked treads, the high ground friction produced by skid steers can rip up soft or fragile road surfaces. They can be converted to low ground friction by using specially designed wheels such as the Mecanum wheel.

Skid-steer loaders are sometimes equipped with tracks instead of the wheels, and such a vehicle is known as a compact track loader.

Skid steer loaders, both wheel and track models, operate most efficiently when they are imbalanced – either the front wheels or the back wheels are more heavily loaded. When equipped with an empty bucket, skid steer loaders are all heavier in the rear and the rear wheels pivot in place while the front wheels slide around. When a bucket is fully loaded, the weight distribution reverses and the front wheels become significantly heavier than the rear wheels. When making a zero-turn while loaded, the front wheels pivot and the rear wheels slide.

Imbalanced operation reduces the amount of power required to turn the machine and minimizes tire wear. Skilled operators always try to keep the machine more heavily loaded on either the front or the rear of the machine. When the weight distribution is 50/50 (or close to it) neither the front set of wheels nor the rear set of wheels wants to pivot or slide and the machine starts to "buck" due to high friction, evenly divided between front and rear axles. Tire wear increases significantly in this condition.

Unlike in a conventional front loader, the lift arms in these machines are alongside the driver with the pivot points behind the driver's shoulders. Because of the operator's proximity to moving booms, early skid loaders were not as safe as conventional front loaders, particularly due to the lack of a rollover protection structure. Modern skid loaders have cabs, open or fully enclosed which can serve as rollover protective structures (ROPS) and falling object protective structures (FOPS). The ROPS, FOPS, side screens and operator restraints make up the “zone of protection” in a skid steer, and are designed to reduce the possibility of operator injury or death. The FOPS shields the operator's cab from falling debris, and the ROPS shields the operator in the case of an overturn. The side screens prevent the operator from becoming wedged between the lift arms and the skid steer frame as well as from being struck by protrusions (such as limbs). The operator is secured in the operator seat when the seat belt or seat-bar restraint is utilized, keeping them within the zone of protection. Safety features and safe operation are important because skid steer loaders are hazardous when safety practices are not observed. Rollover incidents and being crushed by moving parts are the most common causes of serious injuries and death associated with skid steer loaders.

Attachments
The conventional bucket of many skid loaders can be replaced with a variety of specialized buckets or attachments, many powered by the loader's hydraulic system. The list of attachments available is virtually endless. Some examples include Dura Graders, backhoe, hydraulic breaker, pallet forks, angle broom, sweeper, auger, mower, snow blower, stump grinder, tree spade, trencher, dumping hopper, pavement miller, ripper, tillers, grapple, tilt, roller, snow blade, wheel saw, cement mixer, and wood chipper machine.

Some models of skid steer now also have an automatic attachment changer mechanism. This allows a driver to change between a variety of terrain handling, shaping, and leveling tools without having to leave the machine, by using a hydraulic control mechanism to latch onto the attachments. Traditionally hydraulic supply lines to powered attachments may be routed so that the couplings are located near the cab, and the driver does not need to leave the machine to connect or disconnect those supply lines. Recently, manufacturers have also created automatic hydraulic connection systems that allow changing attachments without having to manually disconnect/connect hydraulic lines

Radial lift
The original skid-steer loader arms were designed using a hinge near the top of the loader frame towers at the rear of the machine. When the loader arms were raised the mechanism would pivot the loader arm up into the air in an arc that would swing up over the top of the operator. This is known as a radial lift loader. This design is simple to manufacture and lower cost. Radial lift loaders start with the bucket close to the machine when the arms are fully down and start moving up and forward away from the machine as the arms are raised. This provides greater forward reach at mid-point in the lift for dumping at around four to five feet, but less stability at the middle of their lift arc (because the bucket is so much further forward). As the loader arms continue to raise past mid-height the bucket begins to move back closer to the machine and becomes more stable at full lift height, but also has far less forward reach at full height.

Radial lift machines are lower cost and tend to be preferred for users who do a lot of work at lower height of lift arms, such as digging and spreading materials at low heights. Radial lift designs have very good lift capacity/stability when the loader arms are all the way down and become less stable (lower lift capacity) as the arms reach mid-point and the bucket is furthest forward. Static stability increases as the arms continue to rise, but raised loads are inherently less stable and safe for all machine types. One downside of radial lift design is that when fully-raised the bucket is back closer to the machine, so it has relatively poor reach when trying to load trucks or hoppers or spreaders. In addition, the bucket is almost over the operator's head and spillage over the back of the bucket can end up on top of the machine or in the operator's lap. Another downside of radial lift machines is that the large frame towers to which the loader arms are attached tend to restrict an operator's visibility to the rear and back corners of the machine. The radial arm is still the most common design and preferred by many users, but almost all manufacturers that started with radial lift designs began also producing "vertical lift" designs as well.

Vertical lift
"Vertical lift" designs use additional links and hinges on the loader arm, with the main pivot points towards the center or front of the machine. This allows the loader arm to have greater operating height and reach while retaining a compact design. There are no truly "vertical lift" designs in production. All loaders use multiple links (that all move in radial arcs) which aim to straighten the lift path of the bucket as it is raised. This allows close to vertical movement at points of the lift range, to keep the bucket forward of the operator's cab, allowing safe dumping into tall containers or vehicles. Some designs have more arc in the lowest part of the lift arc while other designs have more arc near the top of the lift arc.

One downside of vertical lift designs is somewhat higher cost and complexity of manufacturing. Some vertical lift designs may also have reduced rear or side visibility when the arms are down low, but superior visibility as the arms are raised (especially if the design does not require a large rear frame tower). Most Vertical lift machines provide more constant stability as the arms are raised from fully-lowered to fully-raised position since the bucket (load) has a similar distance from the machine from bottom to top of the lift path. As a side benefit to constant stability, most vertical lift machines have larger bucket capacities and longer, flatter low-profile buckets that can carry more material per cycle and tend to provide smoother excavating and grading than short-lip buckets. Vertical lift designs have grown rapidly in popularity in the past thirty years and now make up a significant proportion of new skid loader sales.

Loader arm safety precautions
When controls are activated, the loader or lift arm attachments can move and crush individuals who are within the range of the machinery. To prevent injuries, it is strongly advisable for operators to not start or operate controls from outside of the cab. When in the operator’s seat, the operator should always fasten the seatbelt and lower the safety bar to stay securely in the cab and avoid being crushed. Operators should also ensure that any helpers or bystanders are clear of the machine before starting it.

Applications
A skid-steer loader can sometimes be used in place of a large excavator by digging a hole from the inside. This is especially true for digging swimming pools in a back yard where a large excavator cannot fit. The skid loader first digs a ramp leading to the edge of the desired excavation. It then uses the ramp to carry material out of the hole. The skid loader reshapes the ramp making it steeper and longer as the excavation deepens. This method is also useful for digging under a structure where overhead clearance does not allow for the boom of a large excavator, such as digging a basement under an existing house. Several companies make backhoe attachments for skid-steers. These are more effective for digging in a small area than the method above and can work in the same environments.

Other applications may consist of transporting raw material around a job site, either in buckets or using pallet forks. Rough terrain forklifts have very poor maneuverability; and smaller "material handling" forklifts have good maneuverability but poor traction. Skid steer loaders have very good maneuverability and traction but typically lower lift capacity than forklifts.

Skid steer loaders excel at snow removal, especially in smaller parking lots where maneuverability around existing cars, light poles, and curbs is an issue with larger snow plows. Skid steers also have the ability to actually remove the snow rather than just plowing it and pushing snow into a pile.

Manufacturers

 * Bobcat
 * Case
 * Caterpillar
 * CNH Industrial N.V.
 * Dingo Australia
 * Gehl Company
 * Hyundai
 * JCB
 * John Deere
 * Komatsu
 * KOBELCO Construction Machinery Co. Ltd
 * Kubota
 * LiuGong
 * Manitou Group
 * New Holland
 * Sany Group Co. Ltd
 * Takeuchi
 * Toro
 * Toyota Industries
 * Volvo
 * Wacker Neuson
 * Yanmar

title: Skid-steer loader


text:
Hornbeam

Hornbeams are hardwood trees in the plant genus Carpinus in the family Betulaceae. The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

Common names
The common English name hornbeam derives from the hardness of the woods (likened to horn) and the Old English beam, "tree" (cognate with Dutch ‘’Boom’’ and German Baum).

The American hornbeam is also occasionally known as blue-beech, ironwood, or musclewood, the first from the resemblance of the bark to that of the American beech Fagus grandifolia, the other two from the hardness of the wood and the muscled appearance of the trunk and limbs.

The botanical name for the genus, Carpinus, is the original Latin name for the European species, although some etymologists derive it from the Celtic for a yoke.

Description

Hornbeams are small, slow-growing, understory trees with a natural, rounded form growing 4.5-9 m tall and wide; the exemplar species—the European hornbeam—reaches a maximum height of 32 m.

Leaves are deciduous, dark-green, alternate and simple with a coarsely-serrated margin, varying from 3 to 10 cm in length. In autumn, leaves turn various shades of yellow, orange and red. Hornbeam saplings, stressed trees, and the lower branches of mature trees may exhibit marcescence—where leaves wither with autumn but abscission (leafdrop) is delayed until spring.

The smooth, gray trunk and larger branches of a mature tree exhibit a distinctive muscle-like fluting.

As with other members of the birch family, hornbeam flowers are wind-pollinated pendulous catkins, produced in spring. Male and female flowers are on separate catkins, but on the same tree (monoecious). Female flowers give way to distinctive clusters of winged seeds that somewhat resemble the hops-like seeds of ironwood.

The fruit is a small nut about 3–6 mm long, held in a leafy bract; the bract may be either trilobed or simple oval, and is slightly asymmetrical. The asymmetry of the seedwing makes it spin as it falls, improving wind dispersal. The shape of the wing is important in the identification of different hornbeam species. Typically, 10–30 seeds are on each seed catkin.

Taxonomy
Formerly some taxonomists segregated them with the genera Corylus (hazels) and Ostrya (hop-hornbeams) in a separate family, Corylaceae. However, modern botanists place Carpinus in the subfamily Coryloideae of the family Betulaceae. Species of Carpinus are often grouped into two subgenera Carpinus subgenus Carpinus and Carpinus subgenus  Distegicarpus.

However, phylogentic analysis has shown that Ostrya likely evolved from a Carpinus ancestor somewhere in C. subg.  Distegicarpus making Carpinus paraphyletic. The fossil record of the genus extends back to the Early Eocene, Ypresian of northwestern North America, with the species Carpinus perryae described from fossil fruits found in the Klondike Mountain Formation of Republic, Washington.

Species
Accepted species:

 * Carpinus betulus L. – European hornbeam - Europe to Western Asia; naturalized in North America.
 * Carpinus caroliniana Walter – American hornbeam - Eastern North America
 * Carpinus chuniana Hu – Guangdong, Guizhou, Hubei
 * Carpinus cordata Blume – Sawa hornbeam - Primorye, China, Korea, Japan
 * Carpinus dayongiana K.W.Liu & Q.Z.Lin – Hunan
 * Carpinus eximia Nakai – Korea
 * Carpinus faginea Lindl. – Nepal, Himalayas of northern India
 * Carpinus fangiana Hu – Sichuan, Guangxi
 * Carpinus hebestroma Yamam. – Taiwan
 * Carpinus henryana (H.J.P.Winkl.) H.J.P.Winkl. – southern China
 * Carpinus japonica Blume – Japanese hornbeam - Japan
 * Carpinus kawakamii Hayata – Taiwan, southeastern China
 * Carpinus kweichowensis Hu – Guizhou, Yunnan
 * Carpinus langaoensis Z. Qiang Lu & J. Quan Liu – Shaanxi, China
 * Carpinus laxiflora (Siebold & Zucc.) Blume – Aka-shide hornbeam - Japan, Korea
 * Carpinus lipoensis Y.K.Li – Guizhou
 * Carpinus londoniana H.J.P.Winkl. – southern China, northern Indochina
 * Carpinus luochengensis J.Y.Liang – Guangxi
 * Carpinus mengshanensis S.B.Liang & F.Z.Zhao – Shandong
 * Carpinus microphylla Z.C.Chen ex Y.S.Wang & J.P.Huang – Guangxi
 * Carpinus mollicoma Hu – Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan
 * Carpinus monbeigiana Hand.-Mazz. – Tibet, Yunnan
 * Carpinus omeiensis Hu & W.P.Fang – Sichuan, Guizhou
 * Carpinus orientalis Mill. – Oriental hornbeam - Hungary, Balkans, Italy, Crimea, Turkey, Iran, Caucasus
 * Carpinus paohsingensis W.Y.Hsia – China
 * †Carpinus perryae Pigg, Manchester, & Wehr, 2003 - Ypresian, Klondike Mountain Formation
 * Carpinus polyneura Franch. – southern China
 * Carpinus pubescens Burkill – China, Vietnam
 * Carpinus purpurinervis Hu – Guizhou, Guangxi
 * Carpinus putoensis W.C.Cheng – Putuo hornbeam - Zhejiang
 * Carpinus rankanensis Hayata – Taiwan
 * Carpinus rupestris A.Camus – Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou
 * Carpinus shensiensis Hu – Gansu, Shaanxi
 * Carpinus shimenensis C.J.Qi – Hunan
 * †Carpinus tengshongensis W.C.Cheng – Pliocene Yunnan Province
 * Carpinus tropicalis (Donn.Sm.) Lundell – Mexico, Central America
 * Carpinus tsaiana Hu – Yunnan, Guizhou
 * Carpinus tschonoskii Maxim. – Chonowski's hornbeam - China, Korea, Japan
 * Carpinus turczaninovii Hance – Korean hornbeam, - China, Korea, Japan
 * Carpinus viminea Wall. ex Lindl. – China, Korea, Himalayas, northern Indochina

Distribution and habitat
The 30–40 species occur across much of the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, with the greatest number of species in east Asia, particularly China. Only two species occur in Europe, only one in eastern North America, and one in Mesoamerica. Carpinus betulus can be found in Europe, Turkey and Ukraine.

Ecology
Hornbeams are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including autumnal moth, common emerald, feathered thorn, walnut sphinx, Svensson's copper underwing, and winter moth (recorded on European hornbeam) as well as the Coleophora case-bearers C. currucipennella and C. ostryae.

Uses
Hornbeams yield a very hard timber, giving rise to the name "ironwood". Dried heartwood billets are nearly white and are suitable for decorative use. For general carpentry, hornbeam is rarely used, partly due to the difficulty of working it.

The wood is used to construct carving boards, tool handles, handplane soles, coach wheels, piano actions, shoe lasts, and other products where a very tough, hard wood is required.

The wood can also be used as gear pegs in simple machines, including traditional windmills. It is sometimes coppiced to provide hardwood poles. It is also used in parquet flooring and for making chess pieces.

title: Hornbeam


text:
Memphis blues

The Memphis blues is a style of blues music created from the 1910s to the 1930s by musicians in the Memphis area, such as Frank Stokes, Sleepy John Estes, Furry Lewis and Memphis Minnie. The style was popular in vaudeville and medicine shows and was associated with Beale Street, the main entertainment area in Memphis.

W. C. Handy, the "Father of the Blues", published the song "The Memphis Blues" in 1909 and this was the first blues to be written down. In lyrics, the phrase has been used to describe a depressed mood.

History
In addition to guitar-based blues, jug bands, such as Gus Cannon's Jug Stompers and the Memphis Jug Band, were extremely popular practitioners of Memphis blues. The jug band style emphasized the danceable, syncopated rhythms of early jazz and a range of other folk styles. It was played on simple, sometimes homemade, instruments such as harmonicas, violins, mandolins, banjos, and guitars, backed by washboards, kazoo, guimbarde and jugs blown to supply the bass.

After World War II, as African Americans left the Mississippi Delta and other impoverished areas of the South for urban areas, many musicians gravitated to the blues scene in Memphis, changing the classic Memphis blues sound. Musicians such as Howlin' Wolf, Willie Nix, Ike Turner, and B. B. King performed on Beale Street and in West Memphis and recorded some of the classic electric blues, rhythm-and-blues and rock-and-roll records for labels such as Sam Phillips's Sun Records. Sun recorded Howlin' Wolf (before he moved to Chicago), Willie Nix, Ike Turner, B. B. King and others. Electric Memphis blues featured "explosive, distorted electric guitar work, thunderous drumming, and fierce, declamatory vocals." Musicians associated with Sun Records included Joe Hill Louis, Willie Johnson and Pat Hare.

title: Memphis blues


text:
Thuja

Thuja is a genus of coniferous tree or shrub in the Cupressaceae (cypress family). There are five species in the genus, two native to North America and three native to eastern Asia. The genus is monophyletic and sister to Thujopsis. Members are commonly known as arborvitaes (from the Latin term for 'tree of life'), thujas or cedars.

Description
Thuja are evergreen trees growing from 10 to 200 ft tall, with stringy-textured reddish-brown bark. The shoots are flat, with side shoots only in a single plane. The leaves are scale-like and 1 to 10 mm long, except young seedlings in their first year, which have needle-like leaves. The scale leaves are arranged in alternating decussate pairs in four rows along the twigs. The male cones are small, inconspicuous, and are located at the tips of the twigs. The female cones start out similarly inconspicuous, but grow to about 1 to 2 cm long at maturity when 6–8 months old; they have 6-12 overlapping, thin, leathery scales, each scale bearing 1–2 small seeds with a pair of narrow lateral wings.

The five species in the genus Thuja are small to large evergreen trees with flattened branchlets. The leaves are arranged in flattened fan shaped groupings with resin-glands, and oppositely grouped in 4 ranks. The mature leaves are different from younger leaves, with those on larger branchlets having sharp, erect, free apices. The leaves on flattened lateral branchlets are crowded into appressed groups and scale-like and the lateral pairs are keeled. With the exception of T. plicata, the lateral leaves are shorter than the facial leaves (Li et al. 2005). The solitary flowers are produced terminally. Pollen cones with 2-6 pairs of 2-4 pollen sacked sporophylls. Seed cones are ellipsoid, typically 9 to 14 mm long, and mature and open the first year. The thin woody cone scales number from 4-6 pairs and are persistent and overlapping, with an oblong shape, they are also basifixed. The central 2-3 pairs of cone scales are fertile. The seed cones produce 1 to 3 seeds per scale, the seeds are lenticular in shape and equally 2 winged. Seedlings produce 2 cotyledons.

A hybrid between T. standishi and T. plicata has been named as the cultivar Thuja 'Green Giant'.

Another very distinct and only distantly related species, formerly treated as Thuja orientalis, is now treated in a genus of its own, as Platycladus orientalis. The closest relatives of Thuja are Thujopsis dolabrata, distinct in its thicker foliage and stouter cones, and Tetraclinis articulata (Ancient Greek θυία or θύα, formerly classed in the genus and after which Thuja is named), distinct in its quadrangular foliage (not flattened) and cones with four thick, woody scales.

The genus Thuja, like many other forms of conifers, is represented by ancestral forms in Cretaceous rocks of northern Europe, and with the advance of time is found to migrate from northerly to more southerly regions, until during the Pliocene period, when it disappeared from Europe. Thuja is also known in the Miocene beds of the Dakotas.

Species
The five extant species are:

Species formerly placed in Thuja include: and many more
 * Austrocedrus chilensis (D.Don) Pic.Serm. & Bizzarri (as T. chilensis D.Don )
 * Callitris rhomboidea R.Br. ex Rich. (as T. australis Poir. )
 * Cupressus nootkatensis D.Don (as T. excelsa Bong. )
 * Dacrycarpus imbricatus (Blume) de Laub (as T. javanica Burm.f. )
 * Glyptostrobus pensilis (Staunton ex D.Don) K.Koch (as T. pensilis Staunton ex D.Don )
 * Libocedrus plumosa (D.Don) Sarg. (as T. doniana Hook. )
 * Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco (as T. orientalis L. )
 * Tamarix aphylla (L.) H.Karst. (as T. aphylla L. )
 * Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast. (as T. articulata Vahl )
 * Thujopsis dolabrata (Thunb. ex L.f.) Siebold & Zucc. (as T. dolabrata Thunb. ex L.f. )
 * Widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) Powrie (as T. cupressoides L. )

The extant species Thuja sutchuenensis was believed to be extinct until 1999, when a small population was discovered in southeast China.

Ecology
Thuja species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including autumnal moth, the engrailed and juniper pug. The foliage is also readily eaten by deer, and where deer population density is high, can adversely affect the growth of young trees and the establishment of seedlings.

Distribution
The genus Thuja has current populations in both North America and East Asia. T. plicata has wide distribution in the Pacific Northwest from Northern California to Alaska, reaching East into Idaho and central British Columbia. T. occidentalis has populations in the Northeastern United States, reaching north into Ontario and Quebec, with some distribution as far south as Tennessee.

T. standishii has populations in mountainous regions of Honshu and Shikoku islands in Japan, with no recorded population in the north of the country. T. koraiensis is native to both North and South Korea and has a small population in the Northern Chinese province of Jilin. The newly rediscovered species T. sutchuenensis has extremely limited distribution in the mountains of Chengkou county in southeastern China.

Evolution and paleobiogeography
Current research suggests that Thuja originated in the Americas and migrated to East Asia via the Bering land bridge in the Miocene. Fossil records show that Thuja was significantly more widely distributed during the late Cretaceous and early Tertiary than we see today. The oldest known Thuja fossil is of T. polaris (an extinct species) from the Paleocene of Ellesmere Island in present-day Nunavut, Canada.

Other hypotheses of Thuja origin involved an East Asian origin, with the genus migrating twice; once east into North-western America and then west to the North-eastern America, but since no reliable fossil records of Thuja exist in either Western Asia or Europe, the possibility can be eliminated.

Systematics
Thuja is a monophyletic genus that sits within the order Pinales in the Cupressaceae. Thuja is in the Cupressoid clade and is sister to the genus Thujopsis. The sister relationship between Thuja and Thujopsis is supported with 100% bootstrap support and 1.0 posterior probability.

Within the genus the taxonomy is in flux, but most recent research based on molecular analysis of plastomes in the genus Thuja showed evidence for a new grouping, with two sister clades: T. standishii and T. koraiensis together and T. occidentalis and T. sutchuenensis together, with T. plicata sister to T. occidentails and T. sutchuenensis. This newest grouping is hypothesized to be the result of reticulate evolution and hybridization within the genus.

Uses of thuja
They are widely grown as ornamental trees, and extensively used for hedges. A number of cultivars are grown and used in landscapes. Homeowners will sometimes plant them as privacy trees. The cultivar 'Green Giant' is popular as a very vigorous hedging plant, growing up to 80 cm/year when young.

The wood is light, soft and aromatic. It can be easily split and resists decay. The wood has been used for many applications from making chests that repel moths to shingles. Thuja poles are also often used to make fence posts and rails. The wood of Thuja plicata is commonly used for guitar sound boards. Its combination of light weight and resistance to decay has also led to T. plicata being widely used for the construction of bee hives.

T. plicata is an important tree to the First Nations people of the Pacific Northwest and is sometimes called "Canoe Tree" because of its use as a material for Native American canoes.

Oil of Thuja contains the terpene thujone which has been studied for its GABA receptor antagonizing effects, with potentially lethal properties. Cedarwood oil and cedar leaf oil, which are derived from Thuja occidentalis, have different properties and uses.

The natives of Canada used the scaled leaves of Thuja occidentalis to make a tea that has been shown to contain 50 mg of vitamin C per 100 grams; this helped prevent and treat scurvy.

In the 19th century, Thuja was commonly used as an externally applied tincture or ointment for the treatment of warts, ringworm and thrush, and a local injection of the tincture was used for treating venereal warts.

A 2017 trial showed that its extract effectively killed both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

As with many Cupressaceae, Thuja can induce allergic reactions, including skin, eye and breathing problems.

title: Thuja


text:
Foreign relations of Samoa

The Samoan Government is generally conservative and pro-Western, with a strong interest in regional political and economic issues. Samoa participated in a first round of negotiations with its Pacific Island neighbors for a regional trade agreement in August 2000. In January 2009, Samoa opened embassies in the Republic of Korea, China and Japan.

Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Samoa maintains diplomatic relations with:

Samoa and the Commonwealth of Nations
Western Samoa joined the Commonwealth of Nations in 1970.

Regional integration
Samoan Prime Minister Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi has pushed through a variety of legislation to increase links between Samoa and the Pacific regional powers of Australia and New Zealand. Under his leadership the country switched to driving on the left, decided to shift westwards across the international date line and adopted daylight saving time, and proposed the introduction of a common Pacific currency.

In late 2011, Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi initiated a meeting of Polynesian leaders which led, in November, to the formal launching of the Polynesian Leaders Group, a regional grouping intended to cooperate on a variety of issues including culture and language, education, responses to climate change, and trade and investment. The Group was in part a response to the Melanesian Spearhead Group.

title: Foreign relations of Samoa


text:
Talk:Lost Dogs

Untitled
We need to keep racist point of views out of Wikipedia. Good job at reversing the racist stupidity.

AntonioMartin

"This article does not cite any references or sources?"

Sources for what exactly? Can the person who put the tag on give an example of something in this article that needs a source or a reference? Audiori (talk) 06:32, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree. I don't see anything in this article that is even questionable. What needs sourceS? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.66.143.175 (talk) 19:23, 7 November 2008 (UTC)

Everything needs sources. Doesn't matter if you guys know it's a fact, but everyone else has no idea if this is actually a band, or if those are correct album names, or if the yare still active, and so on. Only things that are universal truths (e.g, sky is blue) don't need sources. Please read up on WP:V, WP:CITE, WP:RS, and WP:OR. 124.186.135.244 (talk) 06:01, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

 * So what you're saying is... every single line needs a source? "The band released such and such album in this year" and that needs a source link? Thats crazy. Thats also not true of any article on Wikipedia. Should we go through every article and put a "needs reference or source" tag on every sentence? Audiori (talk) 02:51, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Checking your link.. it says
 * "All material in Wikipedia articles must be attributable to a reliable published source to show that it is not original research, 'but in practice not everything need actually be attributed. This policy requires that anything challenged or likely to be challenged, including all quotations, be attributed to a reliable source' in the form of an inline citation, and that the source directly support the material in question."
 * So not everything needs a source.. just anything that is challenged or likely to be challenged. So the question is, what is being challenged in this article? Audiori (talk) 02:53, 30 April 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lost Dogs


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User talk:Finsj

Joseph Finsterwald, Boston MA

My primary interests are economics, policy, and computer science. I'm currently working for Boston Properties where I manage a small team of software developers. In my previous life I was an economics teacher.

Image tag
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

 * Image:EINF.gif
 * Image:EUnit.gif
 * Image:EZero.gif

I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status?

You can use   if you wish to release your own work under the GNU Free Documentation License,    if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,    if you claim fair use of someone else's work, and so on. Click here for a list of the various tags.

If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the image from, and I'll tag it for you. Thanks so much. Denni ☯ 03:47, 2004 Dec 16 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Unverified images
Hi! Thanks for uploading the following image:

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I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GNU Free Documentation License,  if you wish to release your own work to the public domain,  if you claim fair use, etc.) If you don't know what any of this means, just let me know at my talk page where you got the images and I'll tag them for you. Thanks so much. Peter O. (Talk, automation script) 06:44, Dec 25, 2004 (UTC)

P.S. You can help tag other images at User:Yann/Untagged_Images. Thanks again.

Adding external links to your own articles
Hi! I hope you enjoy adding Wikipedia. You have recently added external links to your essays to a number of WP articles. Please make sure you understand WP:EL, the policy on external links, and in particular that Wikipedia is not a web directory.

As WP:EL is quite clear on the point that linking to your own work is "normally to be avoided", I'll take them out for now. If you feel strongly that an external link should go back in, please consider suggesting so on the article's talk page, and reaching consensus on it.

Thanks, and happy editing RandomP 16:07, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

Sockpuppetry case
You have been accused of sockpuppetry. Please refer to Suspected sock puppets/Finsj for evidence. Please make sure you make yourself familiar with notes for the suspect before editing the evidence page. RandomP 15:23, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for File:Fabian von Schlabrendorff.jpg
Thanks for uploading or contributing to File:Fabian von Schlabrendorff.jpg. I notice the file page specifies that the file is being used under fair use but there is not a suitable explanation or rationale as to why each specific use in Wikipedia constitutes fair use. Please go to the file description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale.

If you have uploaded other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on those pages too. You can find a list of 'file' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "File" from the dropdown box. Note that any non-free media lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. Skier Dude ( talk  03:13, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

title: User talk:Finsj


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Investment policy

Within public finance, an investment policy is any government regulation or law that encourages or discourages foreign investment in the local economy, e.g. currency exchange limits.

Explanation
As globalization integrates the economies of neighboring and of trading states, they are typically forced to trade off such rules as part of a common tax, tariff and trade regime, e.g. as defined by a free trade pact. Investment policy favoring local investors over global ones is typically discouraged in such pacts, and the idea of a separate investment policy rapidly becomes a fiction or fantasy, as real decisions reflect the real need for nations to compete for investment, even from their own local investors.

A strong and centralized system of the new global rules, made by many in the anti-globalization movement, is that guarantees are often available to foreign investors that are not available to local small investors, and that capital flight is encouraged by such free trade pacts.

Policy drivers
Investment policy in many nations is tied to immigration policy, either due to a desire to prevent human capital flight by forcing investors to keep local assets in local investments, or by a desire to attract immigrants by offering passports in a safe haven nation, e.g. Canada, in exchange for a substantial investment in a business that will create jobs there. A frequent criticism of such joint immigration-investment policy is that they encourage organized crime by providing incentive for money-laundering and safe places for "bosses" to move to when the heat rises in their home country.

title: Investment policy