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Bump mapping

Bump mapping is a texture mapping technique in computer graphics for simulating bumps and wrinkles on the surface of an object. This is achieved by perturbing the surface normals of the object and using the perturbed normal during lighting calculations. The result is an apparently bumpy surface rather than a smooth surface, although the surface of the underlying object is not changed. Bump mapping was introduced by James Blinn in 1978.

Normal mapping is the most common variation of bump mapping used.

Principles
Bump mapping is a technique in computer graphics to make a rendered surface look more realistic by simulating small displacements of the surface. However, unlike displacement mapping, the surface geometry is not modified. Instead only the surface normal is modified as if the surface had been displaced. The modified surface normal is then used for lighting calculations (using, for example, the Phong reflection model) giving the appearance of detail instead of a smooth surface.

Bump mapping is much faster and consumes fewer resources for the same level of detail compared to displacement mapping because the geometry remains unchanged.

There are also extensions which modify other surface features in addition to increasing the sense of depth. Parallax mapping and horizon mapping are two such extensions.

The primary limitation with bump mapping is that it perturbs only the surface normals without changing the underlying surface itself. Silhouettes and shadows therefore remain unaffected, which is especially noticeable for larger simulated displacements. This limitation can be overcome by techniques including displacement mapping where bumps are applied to the surface or using an isosurface.

Methods
There are two primary methods to perform bump mapping. The first uses a height map for simulating the surface displacement yielding the modified normal. This is the method invented by Blinn and is usually what is referred to as bump mapping unless specified. The steps of this method are summarized as follows.

Before a lighting calculation is performed for each visible point (or pixel) on the object's surface:
 * 1) Look up the height in the heightmap that corresponds to the position on the surface.
 * 2) Calculate the surface normal of the heightmap, typically using the finite difference method.
 * 3) Combine the surface normal from step two with the true ("geometric") surface normal so that the combined normal points in a new direction.
 * 4) Calculate the interaction of the new "bumpy" surface with lights in the scene using, for example, the Phong reflection model.

The result is a surface that appears to have real depth. The algorithm also ensures that the surface appearance changes as lights in the scene are moved around.

The other method is to specify a normal map which contains the modified normal for each point on the surface directly. Since the normal is specified directly instead of derived from a height map this method usually leads to more predictable results. This makes it easier for artists to work with, making it the most common method of bump mapping today.

Realtime bump mapping techniques

Realtime 3D graphics programmers often use variations of the technique in order to simulate bump mapping at a lower computational cost.

One typical way was to use a fixed geometry, which allows one to use the heightmap surface normal almost directly. Combined with a precomputed lookup table for the lighting calculations, the method could be implemented with a very simple and fast loop, allowing for a full-screen effect. This method was a common visual effect when bump mapping was first introduced.

title: Bump mapping


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Alderney

Alderney (Aurigny ; Auregnais: Aoeur'gny) is the northernmost of the inhabited Channel Islands. It is part of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, a British Crown dependency. It is 3 mi long and 1+1/2 mi wide.

The island's area is 3 sqmi, making it the third-largest island of the Channel Islands, and the second largest in the Bailiwick. It is around 10 mi to the west of the cape of La Hague on the Cotentin Peninsula, Normandy, in France, 20 mi to the northeast of Guernsey and 60 mi from the south coast of Great Britain. It is the closest of the Channel Islands both to France and to the United Kingdom. It is separated from Cap de la Hague by the dangerous Alderney Race (Raz Blanchard).

As of March 2021, the island had a population of 2,141; natives are traditionally nicknamed vaques after the cows, or else lapins after the many rabbits seen in the island. Formally, they are known as Ridunians, from the Latin Riduna.

The only parish of Alderney is the parish of St Anne, which covers the whole island.

The main town, Saint Anne, historically known as La Ville ('The Town'), is often referred to as St Anne's by visitors and incomers, but rarely by locals (who, in normal conversation, still most frequently refer to the area centred on Victoria Street simply as Town). The town's "High Street", which formerly had a small handful of shops, is now almost entirely residential, forming a T-junction with Victoria Street at its highest point.

The town area features an imposing church and an unevenly cobbled main street: Victoria Street (Rue Grosnez, the English name being adopted on the visit of Queen Victoria in 1854). There is one school (providing both primary and secondary education), a post office, and hotels, as well as restaurants, banks and shops. Other settlements include Braye, Crabby, Longis, Mannez, La Banque, and Newtown.

History
Alderney shares its prehistory with the other islands in the Bailiwick of Guernsey, becoming an island in the Neolithic period as the waters of the Channel rose. Formerly rich in dolmens, like the other Channel Islands, Alderney with its heritage of megaliths has suffered through the large-scale military constructions of the 19th century and also by the Germans during the World War II occupation, who left the remains at Les Pourciaux unrecognisable as dolmens. A cist survives near Fort Tourgis, and Longis Common has remains of an Iron Age site. There are traces of Roman occupation including a fort, built in the late 300s, at °N, °W above the island's only natural harbour.

The etymology of the island's name is obscure. It is known in Latin as Riduna but as with the names of all the Channel Islands in the Roman period there is a degree of confusion. Riduna may be the original name of Tatihou, while Alderney is conjectured to be identified with Sarnia. Alderney/Aurigny is variously supposed to be a Germanic or Celtic name. It may be a corruption of Adreni or Alrene, which is probably derived from an Old Norse word meaning "island near the coast".

Alternatively, it may derive from three Norse elements: alda (swelling wave, roller), renna (strong current, race) and öy or -ey (island). Alderney may be mentioned in Paul the Deacon's Historia Langobardorum (I.6) as 'Evodia' in which he discussed a certain dangerous whirlpool. The name 'Evodia' may in turn originate from the seven 'Haemodae' of uncertain identification in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (IV 16 (30) or Pomponius Mela's Chronographia (III 6,54).

Along with the other Channel Islands, Alderney was annexed by the Duchy of Normandy in 933. In 1042, William the Bastard, Duke of Normandy (later William the Conqueror, King of the English) granted Alderney to the Abbey of Mont Saint-Michel. In 1057, the bishop of Coutances took back control of the island.

After 1204, when mainland Normandy was incorporated into the kingdom of France, Alderney remained loyal to the English monarch in his dignity of Duke of Normandy.

Henry VIII of England undertook fortification works, but these ceased in 1554. Essex Castle perpetuates the name of the Earl of Essex, who purchased the governorship of Alderney in 1591. Prior to the Earl's execution for treason in 1601, he leased the island to William Chamberlain, and Alderney remained in the hands of the Chamberlain family until 1643. From 1612, a Judge was appointed to assist the Governor's administration of Alderney, along with the Jurats. The function of the Judge was similar to that of the Bailiffs of Guernsey and Jersey, and continued until 1949.

During the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, Alderney was held by a Parliamentary garrison under Nicholas Ling, Lieutenant-Governor. Ling built Government House (now the Island Hall). The de Carterets of Jersey acquired the governorship, later passing it to Sir Edmund Andros of Guernsey, from whom the Guernsey family of Le Mesurier inherited it, thus establishing a hereditary line of governors that lasted until 1825.

Henry Le Mesurier prospered through privateering, and moved the harbour from Longis to Braye, building a jetty there in 1736. Warehouses and dwellings were built at Braye, and the export of cattle generated wealth for the economy. The Court House was built in 1770 and a school in 1790. A Methodist chapel was constructed in 1790, following John Wesley's visit in 1787. An Optical telegraph tower was constructed above La Foulère in 1811, enabling signals to be relayed visually to Le Mât in Sark and on to Guernsey – early warning of attack during the Napoleonic Wars was of strategic importance. With the end of those wars privateering was ended and smuggling suppressed, leading to economic difficulties.

The last of the hereditary Governors, John Le Mesurier, resigned his patent to the Crown in 1825, and since then authority has been exercised by the States of Alderney, as amended by the constitutional settlement of 1948.

Victorian era
The British Government decided to undertake massive fortifications in the 19th century and to create a strategic harbour to deter attacks from France. These fortifications were presciently described by William Ewart Gladstone as "a monument of human folly, useless to us ... but perhaps not absolutely useless to a possible enemy, with whom we may at some period have to deal and who may possibly be able to extract some profit in the way of shelter and accommodation from the ruins." An influx of English and Irish labourers, plus the sizeable British garrison stationed in the island, led to rapid Anglicisation. The harbour was never completed – the remaining breakwater (designed by James Walker) is one of the island's landmarks, and is longer than any breakwater in the UK.

Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visited Alderney on 9 August 1854. The Albert Memorial and the renaming of Rue Grosnez to Victoria Street commemorate this visit.

At the same time as the breakwater was being built in the 1850s, the island was fortified by a string of 13 forts, designed to protect the harbour of refuge. The accommodation quarters of several of the forts have been converted into apartments; two are now private homes; and one, Fort Clonque, at the end of a causeway that can be flooded at high tide, belongs to the Landmark Trust and can be rented for holidays. Scenes from the film Seagulls Over Sorrento were shot at Fort Clonque in 1953.

Some of the forts are now in varying stages of dereliction, the most ruined being Les Hommeaux Florains, perched on outlying rocks, its access causeway and bridge having been swept away long ago. Houmet Herbé resembles a Crusader castle with its squat round towers. Like many of the forts, it included such apparently anachronistic features as a drawbridge and machicolation, which were still common in military architecture of the period.

Second World War
In June 1940, almost the entire population of Alderney of 1,400 was evacuated to Britain. Most went on the official evacuation boats sent from mainland Britain. Some, however, decided to make their own way, mostly via Guernsey, but due to the impending occupation many found themselves unable to leave and were forced to stay on Guernsey for the duration of the war. Eighteen Alderney people elected not to leave with the general evacuation. However, boats from Guernsey came and collected some of them before the German Army arrived, on the basis that it was best for their personal safety. During the Second World War, the Channel Islands were the only part of the British Isles that was occupied by Germany, although other parts of the Empire were occupied by the Axis powers.

The Germans arrived to a nearly deserted island, and began to follow their orders to fortify Alderney as part of Hitler's Atlantic Wall. In January 1942, they built four camps in Alderney: two work camps, Lager Helgoland and Lager Borkum, and two concentration camps, Lager Sylt and Lager Norderney. The jail behind the main police station was used by the Nazis as a prison.

The camps were built by the Nazi Organisation Todt (OT) to house the labour used to build fortifications including bunkers, gun emplacements, tunnels, air-raid shelters and other concrete and field fortifications. Lager Norderney, containing Russian and Polish POWs, and the Lager Sylt camp holding Jewish slave labourers, were transferred to SS administration in March 1943 under the control of Hauptsturmführer Maximilian List. There are 397 graves in Alderney, which when added to the men who died in ships, takes the total to over 700 out of a total inmate population of 6,000 who died before the camps were closed and the remaining inmates transferred to France in 1944.

On the return to their island, Alderney evacuees had little or no knowledge of the crimes committed on their island during the occupation, because by December 1945, the first date civilians could return home, all the slave labourers had been sent away and the majority of the German troops left behind were not senior staff. Evidence, however, was all over the island, with concrete fortifications and graveyards for the prisoners kept there during the occupation.

The Royal Navy blockaded the islands from time to time, particularly following the liberation of Normandy in 1944. Intense negotiations resulted in some Red Cross humanitarian aid, but there was considerable hunger and privation during the five years of German occupation, particularly in the final months when the Germans themselves were close to starvation. The Germans surrendered Alderney on 16 May 1945, eight days after the Allies formally accepted the unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany and the end of World War II in Europe, and seven days after the liberation of Guernsey and Jersey. 2,332 German prisoners of war were removed from Alderney on 20 May 1945, leaving 500 Germans to undertake clearing up operations under British military supervision.

The people of Alderney could not start returning until December 1945 due to the huge cleanup operation needed simply to make the island safe for civilians. When the islanders returned home they were shocked to see the state of the island, with many houses completely derelict: the Germans had burned anything wooden, including front doors, for fuel. Archival and object evidence of the general evacuation in 1940 and the subsequent occupation of Alderney can be found in the Alderney Society Museum.

A series of tunnels also remain in place on Alderney, constructed by forced labour. These are in varying degrees of decay, being left open to the public and the elements.

Since 1945
For two years after the end of the war, Alderney was operated as a communal farm. Craftsmen were paid by their employers, while others were paid by the local government out of the profit from the sales of farm produce. Remaining profits were put aside to repay the British Government for repairing and rebuilding the island. The local people resented being unable to control their own land; this led to the United Kingdom Home Office setting up an enquiry that led to the "Government of Alderney Law 1948", which came into force on 1 January 1949. The law organised the construction and election of the States of Alderney and the justice system; and, for the first time in Alderney, the imposition of taxes. The legislature and judiciary were separated. The position of Judge, who had headed the island's government since the resignation of the last Governor in 1825, was abolished, and the Jurats were removed from their legislative function.

Because of the island's small population, it was believed that the island could not be self-sufficient in running the airport and the harbour, or providing services that would match those of the UK. Taxes were therefore collected into the general Bailiwick of Guernsey revenue funds at the same rate as in Guernsey, and administered by the States of Guernsey. Guernsey became responsible for providing many government functions and services.

The 20th century saw much change in Alderney, from the building of the airport in the late 1930s to the death of the last speakers of the island's Auregnais language, a dialect of the Norman language. The economy has gone from depending largely on agriculture to earning money from the tourism and finance industries. E-commerce has become increasingly important, and the island hosts the domain name registry for both Bailiwicks and dozens of gambling website operators. Alderney has a full regulatory authority in operation.

Politics
The States of Alderney (French: États d'Aurigny) is the legislature of the island; it sends two representatives to the States of Guernsey as well. The origin of the States is unknown, but it has operated from the Middle Ages.

The States of Alderney consists of the President, directly elected every four years, and ten States Members, half elected every two years for a four-year mandate. The whole island is a single constituency. William Tate was elected president in June 2019.

While Alderney enjoys full autonomy in law (except in matters of foreign affairs and defence, like the other Channel Islands and the Isle of Man), under the provisions of a formal agreement (known as "the 1948 Agreement") entered into between the Governments of Alderney and of Guernsey, certain matters have been delegated to Guernsey. These are known as 'the transferred services'.

Transferred services include policing, customs and excise, airport operations, health, education, social services, childcare and adoption. (The States of Alderney retains policy control of aviation to and from the island). In return for providing the transferred services Guernsey levies various taxes and duties on Alderney.

Immigration is the responsibility of the UK (UK law applies), with day-to-day operations carried out by the Guernsey Border Agency. In addition to the transferred services, both the UK and Guernsey may legislate on other matters with the consent of the States of Alderney.

Legal system
The Court of Alderney exercises unlimited original jurisdiction in civil matters and limited jurisdiction in criminal matters. The Court sits with a Chairman (the Judge of Alderney) and at least three of the six Jurats. Appeals are made to the Royal Court of Guernsey, which also exercises some original jurisdiction in criminal matters in Alderney, and thence to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

Taxation
For a number of taxation purposes, Alderney is treated as if it were part of Guernsey. Income Tax is administered by the Guernsey Revenue Service but there are some differences between Alderney and Guernsey Income Tax, specifically in the matter of the cap on Income Tax (which is set lower in Alderney than in Guernsey).

From 2016, Alderney took back control of Tax on Real Property (TRP). From 2021, Alderney will be responsible for setting the rate and collecting the Taxation on Real Property (TRP) with Occupier's Rates (OR) now being included within that bill. Alderney will also receive Motor Fuel Excise Duty and Document Duty on property conveyances.

Climate
Its climate is temperate, moderated by the sea, and summers are usually warmer than elsewhere in the British Isles.

Under the Köppen climate classification, Alderney has an oceanic climate, however it exhibits characteristics of a Warm-summer Mediterranean climate(Csb). Alderney has cool, wet winters and mild summers with moderate rainfall. February is the coldest month with an average high of 8 C (47 F), and a low of 4 C (40 F). July and August are the warmest months, with an average high of 19 C (66 F), and a low of 13-14 C (56-57 F). October is the wettest month with 107.2 mm of rain, and April is the driest month with 42.4 mm. Snow is very rare. Average Sunshine hours are around 1780 annually.

Geography and natural history

Alderney is similar to the other Channel Islands in having sheer cliffs broken by stretches of sandy beach and dunes. The highest point is on the central plateau of the island at 296 ft.

Alderney and its surrounding islets support a rich flora and fauna. Trees are rather scarce, as many were cut down in the 17th century to fuel the lighthouses on Alderney and the Casquets. Those trees that remain include cabbage trees (due to the mild climate – often miscalled "palms" but of the asparagus family), and there are some small woods dotted about the island. Puffins on Burhou and gannet on Les Étacs (popularly called Gannet Rock) just off Alderney are a favourite of many visitors to the island.

About a quarter of Alderney hedgehogs are of the "white" or "blonde" variety, which does not carry fleas. These are not albinos, but descent of rarely met blonde European hedgehogs, with a blonde pair released on the island in the 1960s. The island had its own breed of cattle, called the Alderney. The pure breed became extinct in 1944, but hybrids remain elsewhere, though no longer on Alderney. In August 2005, the west coast of Alderney and associated islands, including Burhou and Ortac, were designated as Ramsar wetlands of international importance. The Alderney Wildlife Trust helps to manage the two nature reserves, at Longis and Vau du Saou.

The island is surrounded by rocks, which have caused hundreds of wrecks. There are treacherous tidal streams on either side of the island: the Swinge between Alderney and Burhou, just outside the harbour, and Le Raz between the island and the Normandy mainland. The Corbet Rock lies in the Swinge.

The geology of Alderney is mostly granites from the Precambrian period.

Language
The language of the island is now English with a few minor variants, comprising a form of Channel Island English.

For centuries the island had its own dialect of the Norman language called Auregnais, now extinct. It was primarily a spoken language, with only a few known poems and written works using it.

French was once widely used on the island, and increasingly replaced Auregnais from the late 19th century onward, but it ceased to be an official language there in 1966. French declined partly because of the many English and Irish workers in the island from 1850 onwards, building fortifications and providing the garrison soldiers; English prevailed in part due to its use as the medium of education, but also because most of the population was evacuated to the United Kingdom during the Second World War.

However, there is a strong cultural legacy of both languages in the island: most of the local place-names are in French or Auregnais, as are many local surnames. The pronunciation of various local names is also dialectal, e.g. Dupont as "dip-oh" rather than in the traditional Parisian fashion, and Saye (the name of a beach on the island) as "soy". One or two French/Auregnais words are still in common use, e.g. vraic (seaweed fertiliser), as well as impôt, which is the word used for the island's landfill.

Sport
Island sports include golf, fishing and water sports, supported by clubs and associations. Alderney competes in the biennial Island Games. Athletes from Alderney have also competed at the Commonwealth Games as part of the Guernsey team. Every September, the Alderney Air Races attract a number of aircraft to compete in the deciding and final round for the European Air Racing championship, organised by the Royal Aero Club. This involves high-speed circuits round the airfield, lighthouse, Casquets and then back around. The Alderney football team plays in the annual Muratti Vase alongside teams from fellow Channel Islands, Guernsey and Jersey. Since the competition started in 1905, Alderney's sole championship victory was in 1920.

Pubs
Partly because of the tourist industry, but mainly to the Ridunians' own drinking culture (there is a common expression elsewhere in the Channel Islands that Alderney is composed of 'two thousand alcoholics, clinging to a rock' ), there are restaurants and public houses.

It was one of the last places in the British Isles to introduce a smoking ban in pubs, shops, restaurants and other indoor public places (Guernsey, Jersey, the UK, and the Isle of Man all having outlawed this already). The States of Alderney passed the anti-smoking legislation with the President's casting vote on 13 January 2010; the legislation came into force at 4am on 1 June 2010.

The island has an ageing population. Notable residents of Alderney include authors T. H. White (The Once and Future King) and Elisabeth Beresford (The Wombles), cricket commentator John Arlott, cricketer Sir Ian Botham, Beatles producer Sir George Martin, actress Dame Julie Andrews, and Olympic swimmer Duncan Goodhew.

Media
Local TV coverage is provided by BBC Channel Islands and ITV Channel Television. Television signals are received from the island's relay transmitter situated in the eastern part of Alderney.

The island is also served by both BBC Radio Guernsey on 99 FM and Island FM on 93.7 FM which both broadcast from St. Peter Port. Alderney has its own radio station, QUAY-FM, which broadcasts on 107.1 and online. Initially it only operated at seasonal highpoints such as the summer Alderney Week festival, but from 2015 it has broadcast 24 hours a day.

Alderney Week
Alderney Week is the island's annual summer festival, beginning the first Monday of August and lasting six days, it involves islanders and attracts visitors.

Miss Alderney
Miss Alderney is chosen during the Easter Holiday weekend each year at a public event held at the Island Hall. Application to the event is online, with the winner chosen by a panel of judges made up by non-residents and holidaymakers

Comedy Rocks
Comedy Rocks is an annual run of live stand up comedy gigs mid to late July and early August. The shows feature well known and established comedians from the UK comedy circuit and have so far featured BBC Radio 4's Marcus Brigstocke, Zoe Lyons and Celebrity Get Me Outta Here runner up Joel Dommett.

Alderney Annual Motor Sprint and Hill Climb
Every year in mid-September Alderney hosts a motorsport weekend that is organized by the Guernsey Kart and Motor Club. The event has been held for more than 20 years. The event attracts Guernsey drivers who come to Alderney with high powered cars, motorbikes, sidecars and karts.

Race vehicles are shipped to Alderney two days before the event. On the Friday, a sprint is held on the public roads of Fort Corbelets in the east of the island which are closed for the event. The following day a hill climb is held at Fort Tourgis in the west of the island and on a public road which is closed for the event. Spectators travel from Guernsey. Local Alderney people watch as the closed roads have vehicles racing at high speed where normally speed limits of 35 mph apply.

Alderney Performing Arts Festival
The annual Alderney Performing Arts Festival began in 2013, and features music, dance and theatre.

Alderney Literary Festival
The Alderney Literary Festival began in March 2015, with talks and events relating to historical fiction and non-fiction. It is organised by the Alderney Literary Trust.

Alderney Stones
In April 2011, sculptor Andy Goldsworthy completed a project called "Alderney Stones", commenced in 2008, in which 11 large dried-earth spheres were placed at different sites on the island. The intention is that each stone will gradually erode, at different speeds depending on the location, and in some cases revealing objects buried inside. Materials included clay, earth, chain, old work gloves, bricks, hawser, wheat, wire, blackberries, poppy seeds and tools. Goldsworthy has stated that he selected Alderney as "It seems to have a strong sense of layered past and a wide variety of locations in a small area."

Education
The sole school building is the St. Anne's School in Newtown. It serves ages 4–16.

Previously there was a school called Ormer House Preparatory School which closed in December 2013.

Transport
Alderney is served by Alderney Airport. There are several flights each day from Southampton and Guernsey, with links to many parts of the United Kingdom and Europe. Aurigny serves the island with Dornier 228s.

Boats sail regularly between the island and France, and to the other Channel Islands. Manche Iles Express operates a high-speed passenger ferry in summer to Diélette in the commune of Flamanville, Manche in France, and to St Peter Port, Guernsey. Two boats offer seasonal service to Guernsey. A 12-passenger boat operates services to Cherbourg Harbour, Sark and St Peter Port. Alderney is 72.5 mi from St Malo and 70.3 mi from Poole.

There are boat trips, water-taxi services and water and fuel access to visiting yacht crews. The busiest time is during the peak months of June, July and August as nearly 30,000 yacht crew members visit this harbour every year.

Because of the island's size, vehicular transport is often unnecessary, although taxis, cars and bicycles are used. The Alderney Railway is the only remaining railway in the Channel Islands giving a timetabled public service, with scheduled trains to the lighthouse during the summer and special occasions such as Easter and Christmas. There is an occasional bus service around the island.

Alderney allows people to ride motorbikes and mopeds without helmets and drive cars without seatbelts, but it is compulsory for those under 18 to wear helmets. The international vehicle registration code is GBA.

As in the rest of the Bailiwick of Guernsey, mopeds and motorbikes with an engine of 50cc or less can be driven from the age of 14 with a provisional licence.

Utilities
The Alderney Water Board is responsible for the supply of water on the island. Water is sourced from bore holes and streams and is treated and stored at Corblets Quarry and Battery Quarry.

Electricity was first supplied on Alderney in 1934 by Mr. M.P.D. Marshall. The supply concession was transferred to Alderney Light and Power Company in 1939, which came under the control of the States of Guernsey Electricity Department, before reverting to the States of Alderney in 1950. Supplies from a new power station operated by Alderney Electricity Limited started on 1 April 1952. Electricity is generated by fuel oil driven generators. There are 3 × 2,000 kW, 2 × 50 kW and 2 × 450 kW engine generators. , there are currently plans to develop tidal power and to construct a 220 kilometre France-Alderney-Britain cable link.

Fire and Ambulance Service
The Alderney Voluntary Fire Brigade has a crew of 12 volunteer firefighters, and operates one Iveco Daily light water tender with a 10.5m ladder, two Iveco water carriers each with a capacity of 4,500litres, one Ford Ranger rapid response unit and two trailer units. A new fire station was officially opened on 20 October 2004 by Lt.-General Sir John Foley, the Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey. The fire station is near Braye Harbour, has four appliance bays, a workshop, kit room, mess and a training room, and achieves an average response time of nine minutes. The Alderney Airport Fire and Rescue Service is sometimes called on to help with larger conflagrations.

In 2020, the Ambulance service merged into the Fire service to form the first combined fire and ambulance service in the British Isles outside of Dublin.

Until 2020, the St John Alderney Ambulance Service operated the ambulance service on the island, and was staffed by volunteers. It had served Alderney since 1952 and was registered as a private company. Patients are transferred to the Mignot Memorial Hospital in St Anne, and any having major complications are then transferred to Guernsey or Southampton by the Aurigny between 7am and 7pm on an emergency basis. Outside these hours or in the event of bad weather preventing an air evacuation the transfer is achieved with the aid of the RNLI lifeboat service. There was no paramedic service available on the island, but this has now changed

Police
Because of Alderney's low crime rate, day-to-day policing of Alderney is provided by a team of five locally based officers from the Guernsey Police, consisting of a sergeant in charge, two constables, and two special constables. They are regularly assisted by visiting constables from Guernsey The police station is in QEII Street.

Lifeboats
The Alderney lifeboat station was established in 1869, was closed in 1884, and was re-established in 1985 by the RNLI. The lifeboat station operates an all-weather Trent class lifeboat

Search and rescue
Search and rescue services are provided by Channel Islands Air Search, which uses a Britten-Norman Islander to search large areas of water using infrared cameras and a number of other technologies. Formed in 1980, it is staffed entirely by volunteers and is based in Guernsey. When a major search is underway, the French coastguard and the Royal Navy are often involved, co-ordinated by the Maritime Rescue Co-ordination Centre in Jobourg, France.

Coins and stamps

 * Alderney pound and coinage
 * List of postage stamps of Alderney
 * Postal orders of Alderney

In popular culture

 * In the 1976 film The Eagle Has Landed, Alderney is the location where the Nazis conduct an initial meeting to begin their plot to kidnap then Prime Minister Winston Churchill. The scenes in the film featuring Alderney were actually shot in Charlestown, Cornwall, England.
 * In the song "Alderney" on her 2013 album The Sea Cabinet, Gwyneth Herbert tells the story of the sudden evacuation of Alderney's inhabitants during the Second World War and the irrevocable changes introduced during the Nazi occupation of the island.
 * The Salvation Army composer Dean Goffin (1916–1984) from New Zealand composed a brass band march entitled Alderney.
 * The 2021 crime novel A Line To Kill by Anthony Horowitz takes place at a literary festival on Alderney.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Alderney


text:
Sophie's Choice (novel)

Sophie's Choice is a 1979 novel by American author William Styron. The author's last novel, it concerns the relationships among three people sharing a boarding house in Brooklyn: Stingo, a young aspiring writer from the South, Jewish scientist Nathan Landau, and his lover Sophie, a Polish-Catholic survivor of the German Nazi concentration camps, whom Stingo befriends.

Sophie's Choice won the US National Book Award for Fiction in 1980. The novel was the basis of a 1982 film of the same name. It was controversial for the way in which it framed Styron's personal views regarding the Holocaust.

Synopsis
Stingo, a novelist who is recalling the summer when he began his first novel, has been fired from his low-level reader's job at the publisher McGraw-Hill and has moved into a cheap boarding house in Brooklyn, where he hopes to devote some months to his writing. While he is working on his novel, he is drawn into the lives of the lovers Nathan Landau and Sophie Zawistowska, fellow boarders at the house, who are involved in an intense and difficult relationship. The beautiful Sophie is Polish and Catholic, and a survivor of the Holocaust and Nazi concentration camps, and Nathan is a Jewish-American and purportedly a genius. Although Nathan claims to be a Harvard graduate and a cellular biologist with a pharmaceutical company, it is revealed that this story is a fabrication. Almost no one—including Sophie and Stingo—knows that Nathan has paranoid schizophrenia and that he is abusing stimulants. He sometimes behaves quite normally and generously, but there are times when he becomes frighteningly jealous, violent, abusive, and delusional.

As the story progresses, Sophie tells Stingo of her past. She describes her violently anti-Semitic father, a law professor in Kraków; her unwillingness to help him spread his ideas; her arrest by the Nazis; and particularly, her brief stint as a stenographer-typist in the home of Rudolf Höss, the commander of Auschwitz, where she was interned. She specifically relates her attempts to seduce Höss in an effort to persuade him that her blond, blue-eyed, German-speaking son should be allowed to leave the camp and enter the Lebensborn program, in which he would be raised as a German child. She failed in this attempt, and ultimately, never learned of her son's fate. Only at the end of the book does the reader also learn what became of Sophie's daughter, Eva.

Eventually, Nathan's delusions lead him to believe that Stingo is having an affair with Sophie and he threatens to kill them both.

As Sophie and Stingo attempt to flee New York, Sophie reveals her deepest secret: On the night that she arrived at Auschwitz, a camp doctor made her choose which of her two children would die immediately by gassing and which would continue to live, albeit in the camp. Of her two children, Sophie chose to sacrifice her eight-year-old daughter, Eva, in a decision that has left her in mourning and filled with a guilt that Sophie cannot overcome. By now alcoholic and deeply depressed, Sophie is willing to self-destruct with Nathan, who already has tried to persuade her to die by suicide with him. Despite Stingo proposing marriage and a shared night that relieves Stingo of his virginity and fulfills many of his sexual fantasies, Sophie disappears, leaving only a note in which she says that she must return to Nathan.

Upon arriving back in Brooklyn, Stingo is devastated to discover that Sophie and Nathan have killed themselves by ingesting sodium cyanide.

Themes
Sylvie Mathé notes that Styron's "position" in the writing of this novel was made clear in his contemporary interviews and essays, in the latter case, in particular "Auschwitz", "Hell Reconsidered", and "A Wheel of Evil Come Full Circle", and quotes Alvin Rosenfeld's summary of Styron's position, where Rosenfeld states that: "(1) while [Styron] acknowledges Jewish suffering under the Nazis, he insists on seeing Auschwitz in general or universalistic terms, as a murderous thrust against 'mankind' or 'the entire human family'; (2) in line with the above, he sees his own role as 'correcting' the view that the Holocaust was directed solely or exclusively against the Jews by focusing attention on the many Christians, and particularly the Slavs, who also perished in the camps; (3) … Auschwitz was 'anti-Christian' as well as 'anti-Semitic', and hence assertions of Christian guilt are misplaced and perhaps even unnecessary; (4) since he rejects historical explanations of Christian anti-Semitism as causative, Styron is drawn to the view, set forth by Richard Rubenstein and others … that in its essential character Auschwitz was a capitalistic slave society as much as or even more than it was an extermination center; and (5) viewed against European examples of barbarism and slavery, epitomized by Auschwitz, the American South's treatment of the blacks looks pretty good and '… seems benevolent by comparison'."

Rosenfeld, summarizing, states, "The drift of these revisionist views, all of which culminate in Sophie's Choice, is to take the Holocaust out of Jewish and Christian history and place it within a generalized history of evil." Mathé reinforces Rosenfeld's conclusion with a quote from Styron himself, who stated in his "Hell Reconsidered" essay that "the titanic and sinister forces at work in history and in modern life… threaten all men, not only Jews." She goes on to note that Styron's choices to represent these ideas, and to incorporate them so clearly into the narrative of his novel, resulted in polemic and controversy that continued, at least into the early years of the new millennium.

Plot inspiration
Sophie's Choice is said to have been partly based on the author's time in Brooklyn, where he met a refugee from Poland, and he is said to have visited Auschwitz while researching the novel.

Alexandra Styron, the author's daughter, published the following account in The New Yorker in 2007: "Sophie had come to him in a dream, Daddy always said. Not much older than I am now, he had woken up in Connecticut and been unable to shake the image of a woman he once knew. She’d lived above him in Flatbush, in the boarding house he immortalized as Yetta Zimmerman’s Pink Palace. She was a Holocaust survivor, as evidenced by her wrist tattoo, Polish and beautiful, but more than that he didn’t know. Her boyfriend was American, but undistinguished. After the book came out, I used to answer the phone at home so my father wouldn’t have to. More than once, women with heavy accents explained the nature of their call in tearful and dramatic tones. “Daddy,” my notes would read, “a lady called. I can’t spell her name. She says she’s Sophie.” And a number somewhere in Michigan, or New Jersey."

A central element of the novel's plot, the personally catastrophic choice referred to in the title, is said to have been inspired by a story of a Romani woman who was ordered by the Nazis to select which of her children was to be murdered, which Styron attributes to Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in Jerusalem. However, Ira Nadel claims that the story is found in Arendt's The Origins of Totalitarianism. In that book, Arendt argues that those who ran the camps perpetrated an "attack on the moral person":"Totalitarian terror achieved its most terrible triumph when it succeeded in cutting the moral person off from the individualist escape and in making the decisions of conscience absolutely questionable and equivocal. (...) Who could solve the moral dilemma of the Greek mother, who was allowed by the Nazis to choose which of her three children should be killed?"

Arendt cites Albert Camus' Twice a Year (1947) for the story, without providing a pinpoint reference.

Awards and recognition
Sophie's Choice won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction in 1980. Much later, in 2002, Styron would receive the Auschwitz Jewish Center Foundation's Witness to Justice Award.

Critical reception
In his review of the novel in the New York Times, John Gardner takes it as an example of Southern Gothic, writing that:"[It] is a splendidly written, thrilling book, a philosophical novel on the most important subject of the 20th century. If it is not, for me, a hands-down literary masterpiece, the reason is that, in transferring the form of the Southern Gothic to this vastly larger subject, Styron has been unable to get rid of or even noticeably tone down those qualities—some superficial, some deep—in the Southern Gothic that have always made Yankees squirm."

At publication
Sophie's Choice generated significant controversy at time of its publication. Sylvie Mathé notes that Sophie's Choice, which she refers to as a "highly controversial novel", appeared in press in the year following the broadcast of the NBC miniseries Holocaust (1978), engendering a period in American culture where "a newly-raised consciousness of the Holocaust was becoming a forefront public issue." Mathé says: "Styron's ideological and narrative choices in his framing of a novel touching upon the 'limit events' of Auschwitz, considered by many to lie beyond the realm of the imagination… spurred a polemic… which, twenty-five years later, is far from having died down." (By "limit event" the author is referring to the nature of, and magnitude and violence of acts in, the Holocaust, characteristics of that "event" that challenged the civilizing tendencies of and the foundations of legitimacy for the moral and political fabric that defined its affected communities.Here, paraphrasing Simone Gigliotti, see following. The reference to a "limit event" (synonymous with "limit case" and "limit situation") is to a concept deriving at least from the early 1990s—Saul Friedländer, in introducing his Probing the Limits of Representation, quotes David Carroll, who refers to the Holocaust as "this limit case of knowledge and feeling". It is a concept that can be understood to mean an event or related circumstance or practice that is "of such magnitude and profound violence" that it "rupture[s]... otherwise normative foundations of legitimacy and... civilising tendencies that underlie... political and moral community" (the later, oft-cited formulation of Simone Gigliotti).
 * For Friedländer, see
 * For Carroll, see
 * For Gigliotti, see )

The controversy to which Mathé is specifically referring arises from a thematic analysis which—in apparent strong consensus (e.g., see Rosenfeld's 1979 work, "The Holocaust According to William Styron" )—has Styron, through the novel, his interviews, and essays: that is, it has him insisting on seeing Auschwitz in particular in more universal terms as "a murderous thrust against 'the entire human family.'" Styron further extends his argument, again with controversy:
 * acknowledging Jewish suffering under the Nazis, but attempting to reorient views of the Holocaust away from its being solely aimed against the Jews, toward its encompassing Slavic and other Christians (hence the Sophie character's nationality and Catholic heritage);
 * proposing that this more general view of the barbarism of Auschwitz (and in particular the fact that Slavic Christians were caught up in its program of forced labour and extermination) obviates the need for Christian guilt and sets aside historical arguments for Christian anti-Semitism as a causative agent in the Holocaust, and
 * suggesting that the camp's role in forced labour justified its comparison (e.g., in the writings of Rubenstein) with the American institution of slavery, even allowing the latter to be viewed more favourably.

Speaking of Styron's views as set forth in the novel and his nonfiction work, Rosenfeld refers to them as "revisionist views" that "culminate in Sophie's Choice" with an aim to "take the Holocaust out of Jewish and Christian history and place it within a generalized history of evil", and it is this specific revisionist thrust that is the substance of the novel's initial and persisting ability to engender controversy.

Other aspects of global controversy
Sophie's Choice was censored in the Soviet Union, and likewise banned in Communist Poland for "its unflinching portrait of Polish anti-Semitism".

Sophie's Choice was banned by the South African government in November 1979 for being a sexually explicit work. It has also been banned in some high schools in the United States. For instance, the book was pulled from the La Mirada High School Library in California by the Norwalk-La Mirada High School District in 2002 because of a parent's complaint about its sexual content. However, a year after students protested and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) sent a letter to the school district requesting that the district reverse its actions, students were again given access to the book in the school library.

Film
The novel was made into a film of the same name in the United States, in 1982. Written and directed by Alan J. Pakula, the film was nominated for Academy Awards for its screenplay, musical score, cinematography, and costume design, and Meryl Streep received the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance of the title role.

Opera
The British composer Nicholas Maw wrote an opera based on the novel, which was premiered at the Royal Opera House in London in 2002, and has also been performed in Washington, Berlin and Vienna.

Selected publication history

 * Styron, William (1979) Sophie's Choice, New York, NY: Random House, ISBN 0-394-46109-6 and ISBN 978-0-394-46109-0. Accessed 2 May 2023.
 * —. (1998) [1979] Sophie's Choice (Modern Library 100 Best Novels Series; reprint, revised), New York, NY: Modern Library, ISBN 0-679-60289-5. Accessed 2 May 2023.
 * —. (2004) [1979] Sophie's Choice (Vintage Classics; reprint), London, England: Vintage, ISBN 0-09-947044-6 and ISBN 978-0-09-947044-1. Accessed 2 May 2023.
 * —. (2010) [1979] Sophie's Choice (authorized e-book), New York, NY: Open Road Media, ISBN 1-936317-17-6 and ISBN 978-1-936317-17-2. Accessed 2 May 2023.

Styron's related works
The following of Styron's works have been collected, per Sylvie Mathé, as relevant to the author's philosophical framework with regard to his constructing the history and characters within his novel.
 * Styron, William (1974) "Auschwitz," In This Quiet Dust and Other Writings, 1993 [1982], pp. 336–339, New York, NY: Vintage.
 * —. (1978) "Hell Reconsidered," In This Quiet Dust and Other Writings, 1993 [1982], pp. 105–115, New York, NY: Vintage.

 * —. (1997) "A Wheel of Evil Come Full Circle: The Making of Sophie's Choice," The Sewanee Review (Summer), Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 395–400.
 * —. (1999) Afterword to Sophie's Choice, pp. 601–606, New York, NY: Modern Library.

title: Sophie's Choice (novel)


text:
1982 in film

The following is an overview of events in 1982 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths.

North America
The top ten 1982 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:

Outside North America
The highest-grossing 1982 films in countries outside of North America.

Worldwide gross revenue
The following table lists known worldwide gross revenue figures for several high-grossing films that originally released in 1982. Note that this list is incomplete and is therefore not representative of the highest-grossing films worldwide in 1982.

Events

 * January 1 - Terry Semel becomes president of Warner Bros.
 * March 5 - John Belushi dies after being injected with a mixture of heroin and cocaine at the Chateau Marmont hotel in Los Angeles, California.
 * June 11
 * E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is released; it became the highest-grossing film to date.
 * Michelle Pfeiffer appears in her first leading role, in Grease 2, the sequel to the top-grossing film of 1978.
 * June 22 – The Coca-Cola Company acquires Columbia Pictures for $750 million.
 * July 9 — Sci-fi movie Tron is the first feature film to use computer animation extensively.
 * July 23 — During production of Twilight Zone: The Movie, Vic Morrow and two child actors are accidentally killed during a helicopter scene, leading to reforms in filmmaking safety and child-labor laws.
 * October 22 – First Blood is released to widespread commercial and critical success, launching the Rambo franchise.
 * December 8 – Comedian Eddie Murphy makes his film debut in the hit 48 Hrs.
 * December 17 – Tootsie is released, becoming the highest-grossing comedy to date and Columbia Pictures's highest-grossing film at $177 million.
 * December 27 - Ned Tanen resigns as president of Universal Pictures. Robert Rehme becomes president of Universal's new Theatrical Motion Picture Group.
 * The THX Sound System is developed for movie theaters.

Awards
Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival):
 * Missing, directed by Costa-Gavras, United States
 * Yol (The Way), directed by Yılmaz Güney, Turkey

Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival):
 * The State of Things (Der Stand der Dinge), directed by Wim Wenders, W. Germany / Portugal / US

Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):
 * Die Sehnsucht der Veronika Voss (Veronika Voss), directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder, W. Germany

By country/region

 * List of American films of 1982
 * List of Argentine films of 1982
 * List of Australian films of 1982
 * List of Bangladeshi films of 1982
 * List of British films of 1982
 * List of Canadian films of 1982
 * List of French films of 1982
 * List of Hong Kong films of 1982
 * List of Indian films of 1982
 * List of Hindi films of 1982
 * List of Kannada films of 1982
 * List of Malayalam films of 1982
 * List of Marathi films of 1982
 * List of Tamil films of 1982
 * List of Telugu films of 1982
 * List of Japanese films of 1982
 * List of Mexican films of 1982
 * List of Pakistani films of 1982
 * List of South Korean films of 1982
 * List of Soviet films of 1982
 * List of Spanish films of 1982

By genre/medium

 * List of action films of 1982
 * List of animated feature films of 1982
 * List of avant-garde films of 1982
 * List of comedy films of 1982
 * List of drama films of 1982
 * List of horror films of 1982
 * List of science fiction films of 1982
 * List of thriller films of 1982
 * List of western films of 1982

Births

 * January 6
 * Misha Omar, Malaysian actress and singer
 * Eddie Redmayne, English actor
 * January 7 – Lauren Cohan, British-American actress
 * January 8 – Gaby Hoffmann, American actress
 * January 10
 * Josh Ryan Evans, American actor (d. 2002)
 * Misato Fukuen, Japanese voice actress
 * January 11
 * Blake Heron, American actor (d. 2017)
 * Son Ye-jin, South Korean actress
 * January 16 – Birgitte Hjort Sørensen, Danish actress
 * January 19
 * Tom Lorcan, English actor
 * Simone Missick, American actress
 * Jodie Sweetin, American actress
 * January 24 – Daveed Diggs, American actor, rapper, singer, songwriter, screenwriter, and film producer.
 * January 28 – Mirtel Pohla, Estonian actress
 * February 1 - Daisy Betts, Australian actress
 * February 3 – Bridget Regan, American actress
 * February 5 – Yū Kobayashi, Japanese voice actress
 * February 6 – Alice Eve, English actress
 * February 7 – Cory Doran, Canadian voice actor and director
 * February 8 – Danny Tamberelli, American actor
 * February 10 – Yoshimasa Hosoya, Japanese voice actor
 * February 11 – Natalie Dormer, English actress
 * February 12 – Carter Hayden, Canadian actor and voice actor
 * February 15 – Nesreen Tafesh, Syrian-Palestinian-Algerian actress and singer
 * February 22
 * Buğra Gülsoy, Turkish actor and director
 * Dichen Lachman, Australian actress and producer
 * February 23 – Adam Hann-Byrd, American actor and screenwriter
 * February 24 – Fala Chen, Hong Kong actress
 * March 1 – Kim Min-hee, South Korean actress
 * March 2 – Pilou Asbæk, Danish actor
 * March 3 – Jessica Biel, American actress
 * March 7 – Nora Danish, Malaysian actress
 * March 8 – Marjorie Estiano, Brazilian actress
 * March 10 – Thomas Middleditch, Canadian actor, voice actor, comedian and screenwriter
 * March 11
 * Thora Birch, American actress
 * Robbie Daymond, American voice actor
 * Mircea Monroe, American actress and model
 * March 12
 * Lili Bordán, Hungarian-American actress
 * Samm Levine, American comedian and actor
 * Luis Gerardo Méndez, Mexican actor and producer
 * March 14 – Kate Maberly, English actress, director, writer, producer and musician
 * March 15
 * Tom Budge, Australian actor
 * Patricia Summersett, Canadian actress
 * March 16 – Dian Sastrowardoyo, Indonesian actress
 * March 18 – Adam Pally, American actor, comedian, writer and producer
 * March 20
 * Nick Blood, English actor
 * Erica Luttrell, Canadian actress
 * March 21 - Santino Fontana, American actor and singer
 * March 22 – Constance Wu, American actress
 * March 23 - Nicolas Wright, Canadian actor and writer
 * March 24 – Kenichirou Ohashi, Japanese voice actor
 * March 25
 * Sean Faris, American actor and model
 * Rory Markham, American mixed martial artist and actor
 * Jenny Slate, American actress and comedian
 * March 26 - Joe Anderson, English actor and singer
 * March 28 - Flula Borg, German actor, musician, comedian, YouTube personality and DJ
 * March 31
 * Judi Shekoni, English actress
 * Brian Tyree Henry, American actor
 * Chloé Zhao, Chinese-American director
 * April 1
 * Sam Huntington, American actor
 * Taran Killam, American actor and comedian
 * April 3
 * Sofia Boutella, Algerian actress
 * Cobie Smulders, Canadian actress
 * April 4
 * Justin Cook, American voice actor
 * Kett Turton, American-born Canadian actor
 * April 5 – Hayley Atwell, English-American actress
 * April 6 – Miguel Ángel Silvestre, Spanish actor
 * April 9 – Jay Baruchel, Canadian actor-comedian
 * April 10 – Chyler Leigh, American actress
 * April 11 – Remy Ishak, Malaysian actor
 * April 15
 * Ester Dean, American singer and actress
 * Seth Rogen, Canadian actor-comedian
 * April 16 - Gina Carano, American actress
 * April 19
 * Marta Milans, Spanish-American actress
 * Cassandra Lee Morris, American voice actress
 * Ignacio Serricchio, Argentine-born American actor
 * Ali Wong, Vietnamese-Chinese-American stand-up comedian, actress and writer
 * Blitz the Ambassador, Ghanaian filmmaker, author, visual artist, rapper
 * April 22
 * Cassidy Freeman, American actress and musician
 * Noriko Shitaya, Japanese voice actress
 * April 24 – Kelly Clarkson, American singer, songwriter and actress
 * April 25 – Josh Kelly, American actor
 * April 26 – Cedric Sanders, American actor
 * April 28 – Harry Shum Jr., Costa Rican-American actor, singer and dancer
 * April 30 – Kirsten Dunst, American actress
 * May 1 – Jamie Dornan, Northern Irish actor
 * May 3 – Rebecca Hall, English-American actress
 * May 8 – Christina Cole, English actress
 * May 11
 * Jonathan Jackson, American actor
 * Cory Monteith, Canadian actor and musician (d. 2013)
 * May 14 – Anjelah Johnson, American actress and comedian
 * May 20 – Donald Reignoux, French voice actor
 * May 24 – Chaunté Wayans, American actress, comedian, writer and editor
 * May 25 – Fryda Wolff, American voice actress
 * May 28 – Alexa Davalos, American actress
 * May 29 – Anita Briem, Icelandic actress
 * May 31
 * Lee Majdoub, Canadian actor
 * Jonathan Tucker, American actor
 * June 2 – Jewel Staite, Canadian actress
 * June 4 – MC Jin, American rapper, actor and comedian of Chinese descent
 * June 5 – Yoo In-na, South Korean actress
 * June 8 – Josh Pence, American actor
 * June 16
 * Missy Peregrym, Canadian actress
 * Jodi Sta. Maria, Filipina actress
 * June 17 – Ursula Ratasepp, Estonian actress
 * June 19 – Gabriella Wright, English actress
 * June 21
 * Benjamin Walker, American actor
 * Jussie Smollett, American actor
 * June 22 – Mati Diop, French-Senegalese actress and director
 * June 24 – Laura Donnelly, Northern Irish actress
 * June 27
 * Polo Ravales, Filipino actor and model
 * Takeru Shibaki, Japanese actor
 * June 29
 * Matthew Mercer, American voice actor
 * Colin Jost, American actor and comedian
 * Ott Sepp, Estonian actor
 * June 30 – Lizzy Caplan, American actress
 * July 1 – Hilarie Burton, American actress
 * July 1 – Fedi Nuril, Indonesian actor
 * July 6 - Misty Upham, Native American actress (d. 2014)
 * July 8
 * Sophia Bush, American actress
 * Schuyler Fisk, American singer-songwriter and actress
 * July 9 – Toby Kebbell, English actor
 * July 13 - Aya Cash, American actress
 * July 18 – Priyanka Chopra, Indian actress
 * July 19
 * Jared Padalecki, American actor
 * Derek Wilson, American actor
 * July 23
 * Zanjoe Marudo, Filipino actor
 * Tom Mison, English actor
 * Paul Wesley, American actor
 * July 24
 * Elisabeth Moss, American actress
 * Anna Paquin, New Zealand actress
 * July 25 – Brad Renfro, American actor (d. 2008)
 * July 29 - Allison Mack, American actress
 * July 30
 * Nesrin Cavadzade, Turkish-Azerbaijani actress
 * Brandon Scott, American actor and producer
 * Martin Starr, American actor
 * Yvonne Strahovski, Australian actress
 * August 1 – Ai Tominaga, Japanese model and actress
 * August 6 – Romola Garai, English actress
 * August 7 – Abbie Cornish, Australian actress
 * August 10 – Devon Aoki, American actress and model
 * August 13 – Sebastian Stan, Romanian-American actor
 * August 16
 * Cam Gigandet, American actor
 * Todd Haberkorn, American voice actor
 * August 19
 * Erika Christensen, American actress
 * Melissa Fumero, American actress
 * August 20
 * Meghan Ory, Canadian actress
 * Jamil Walker Smith, American actor
 * August 21 – Akane Omae, Japanese voice actress
 * August 25 – Benjamin Diskin, American voice actor
 * August 26
 * Nazneen Contractor, Canadian actress
 * John Mulaney, American stand-up comedian, actor, writer and producer
 * August 28 – LeAnn Rimes, American singer-songwriter and actress
 * August 29 – Echo Kellum, American actor and comedian
 * September 1 – Zoe Lister-Jones, American actress and filmmaker
 * September 3 – Ayumi Fujimura, Japanese voice actress
 * September 4
 * Shaheizy Sam, Malaysian actor
 * Sarah Solemani, English actress and writer
 * September 7
 * David Dawson, English actor
 * Ryoko Shiraishi, Japanese voice actress
 * September 10 – Bret Iwan, American voice actor
 * September 13
 * Ben McKay, British actor
 * J. G. Quintel, American animator, television writer and voice actor
 * September 15 – Evan Goldberg, Canadian filmmaker and comedian
 * September 19 – Columbus Short, American actor and dancer
 * September 20
 * JJ Jia, Hong Kong actress
 * Hu Ge, Chinese actor
 * September 22
 * Katie Lowes, American actress
 * Billie Piper, English singer and actress
 * September 25 – Charlene Amoia, American actress
 * September 27 – Anna Camp, American actress and singer
 * September 28 – Ranbir Kapoor, Indian actor
 * September 29 – Stephen "tWitch" Boss, American dancer, choreographer, and actor (d. 2022)
 * September 30
 * Lacey Chabert, American actress
 * Kieran Culkin, American actor
 * October 1 – Olga Fonda, Russian-American actress
 * October 3 – Erik von Detten, former American actor
 * October 10 – Dan Stevens, British actor
 * October 13 – Jo Yoon-hee, South Korean actress and model
 * October 15
 * Imran Abbas, Pakistani actor and model
 * Jessica Rey, American actress
 * Lane Toran, American actor, voice actor, musician and songwriter
 * October 23 – Bradley Pierce, American actor
 * October 27
 * Patrick Fugit, American actor
 * Takashi Tsukamoto, Japanese actor and singer
 * October 28 – Matt Smith, English actor
 * October 29 – Chelan Simmons, Canadian actress and former professional model
 * October 30 – Clémence Poésy, French actress and model
 * October 31 – Justin Chatwin, Canadian actor
 * November 2 – Kyoko Fukada, Japanese actress and singer
 * November 4 – Travis Van Winkle, American actor
 * November 10 – Heather Matarazzo, American actress
 * November 11 – Fayssal Bazzi, Australian actor
 * November 12 – Anne Hathaway, American actress
 * November 15 – Yaya DaCosta, American actress
 * November 18
 * Akeno Watanabe, Japanese voice actress
 * Damon Wayans Jr., American actor, comedian and writer
 * November 21 – Ryan Carnes, American actor
 * November 22 – Fiona Glascott, Irish actress
 * November 24 – Joey Ansah, British actor, director and martial artist
 * November 25 – Natalia Cordova-Buckley, Mexican-American actress
 * November 28
 * Malcolm Goodwin, American actor
 * Alan Ritchson, American actor, filmmaker and singer
 * November 29
 * Gemma Chan, English actress
 * Lucas Black, American actor
 * Eddie Spears, Indigenous American actor
 * November 30 – Elisha Cuthbert, Canadian actress
 * December 1
 * Riz Ahmed, British actor and rapper
 * Jonny Cruz, American actor, scriptwriter, producer, filmmaker and musician
 * December 3
 * Jaycee Chan, American-born Hong Kong actor and singer
 * Dascha Polanco, Dominican-American actress
 * December 5 – Gabriel Luna, American actor and producer
 * December 7
 * Jack Huston, British actor
 * Jesse Johnson, American actor
 * December 8
 * Nicki Minaj, American rapper
 * Hannah Ware, English actress
 * December 12 – Ai Kato, Japanese actress
 * December 15
 * Charlie Cox, English actor
 * George O. Gore II, American actor
 * December 16 – Justin Mentell, American actor (d. 2010)
 * December 21 – Alexia Barlier, French actress
 * December 24
 * Robert Schwartzman, American actor, screenwriter, director, and musician
 * Tetsuya Kakihara, Japanese voice actor
 * December 28 – Beau Garrett, American actress and model
 * December 29 – Alison Brie, American actress
 * December 30 – Kristin Kreuk, Canadian actress

title: 1982 in film