text:
1982 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1982.

Events

 * February 17 – Philip K. Dick ignores advice to go immediately to hospital. A fortnight later, after two strokes, he is pronounced brain-dead and disconnected from his life-support machine.
 * March 18 – A legal case brought on behalf of Mary Whitehouse against theater director Michael Bogdanov concerning alleged indecency in a performance of Howard Brenton's play The Romans in Britain at the National Theatre in London is dropped after the Attorney General intervenes.
 * June 25 – In Island Trees School District v. Pico, the Supreme Court of the United States concludes that "local school boards may not remove books from school library shelves simply because they dislike the ideas contained in those books and seek by their removal to 'prescribe what shall be orthodox in politics, nationalism, religion, or other matters of opinion.'"
 * September – Banned Books Week is instituted in the United States.
 * October 7 – After Sue Townsend's comic character Adrian Mole is introduced (as Nigel Mole, aged 13¼, living in the East Midlands of England) in a BBC Radio 4 play, the book The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾, is released; it sells 1.9 million copies in three years.
 * unknown dates
 * La Bicyclette bleue (The Blue Bicycle) by Régine Deforges is a runaway success and becomes one of France's all-time bestselling novels.
 * The Oxford Shakespeare, under the general editorship of Stanley Wells, begins publication.
 * Dorling Kindersley, formerly a book packager, begins publishing.

Fiction

 * Brian Aldiss – Helliconia Spring (First of the Helliconia trilogy)
 * Isabel Allende – The House of the Spirits (La casa de los espíritus)
 * Isaac Asimov – Foundation's Edge
 * Jean M. Auel – The Valley of Horses
 * Lynne Reid Banks – The Indian in the Cupboard
 * René Barjavel – La Tempête
 * Julian Barnes – Before She Met Me
 * Saul Bellow - The Dean's December
 * Michael Bishop – Blooded on Arachne
 * William Boyd – An Ice-Cream War
 * José Cardoso Pires – Balada da Praia dos Cães
 * Arthur C. Clarke – 2010: Odyssey Two
 * Bernard Cornwell – Sharpe's Company
 * L. Sprague de Camp – The Virgin of Zesh & The Tower of Zanid
 * L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter – Conan the Barbarian
 * August Derleth – The Solar Pons Omnibus
 * Marguerite Duras – The Malady of Death
 * Zee Edgell – Beka Lamb
 * Stanley Elkin – George Mills
 * Buchi Emecheta – Destination Biafra
 * Penelope Fitzgerald – At Freddie's
 * Ken Follett – The Man from St. Petersburg
 * John Fowles – Mantissa
 * Max Frisch – Bluebeard
 * John Gardner – For Special Services (James Bond novel)
 * Graham Greene – Monsignor Quixote
 * Robert A. Heinlein – Friday
 * L. Ron Hubbard – Battlefield Earth
 * Hammond Innes – The Black Tide
 * Kazuo Ishiguro – A Pale View of Hills
 * John Jakes – North and South
 * Thomas Keneally – Schindler's Ark
 * David Kesterton – The Darkling
 * Stephen King
 * Different Seasons
 * Pet Sematary
 * The Running Man
 * W. P. Kinsella – Shoeless Joe
 * Judith Krantz – Mistral's Daughter
 * Peter Kreeft – Between Heaven and Hell: A Dialog Somewhere Beyond Death with John F. Kennedy, C. S. Lewis, & Aldous Huxley
 * Derek Lambert – The Red Dove
 * Robert Ludlum – The Parsifal Mosaic
 * Colleen McCullough – An Indecent Obsession
 * Russell McCormmach – Night Thoughts of a Classical Physicist
 * Ngaio Marsh – Light Thickens
 * George R. R. Martin – Fevre Dream
 * James Merrill – The Changing Light at Sandover
 * James A. Michener – Space
 * Timothy Mo – Sour Sweet
 * Harry Mulisch – The Assault
 * Chris Mullin – A Very British Coup
 * Gerald Murnane – The Plains
 * Ellis Peters – The Virgin in the Ice
 * Sidney Sheldon – Master of the Game
 * Anne Tyler – Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant
 * Kurt Vonnegut – Deadeye Dick
 * John Wain – Young Shoulders
 * Alice Walker – The Color Purple
 * Connie Willis and Cynthia Felice – Water Witch
 * Gene Wolfe – The Citadel of the Autarch
 * Roger Zelazny
 * Eye of Cat
 * Dilvish, the Damned

Children and young people

 * Chris Van Allsburg – Ben's Dream
 * Gillian Cross – The Demon Headmaster (first in an eponymous series of six)
 * Roald Dahl – The BFG
 * Steve Jackson and Ian Livingstone – The Warlock of Firetop Mountain
 * Margaret Mahy – The Haunting
 * Michael Morpurgo – War Horse
 * Ruth Park – The Muddle-Headed Wombat Stays at Home
 * Bill Peet – The Luckiest One of All
 * Claude Roy (illustrated by Willi Glasauer) – The Cat who Talked in Spite of Himself (Le chat qui parlait malgré lui)
 * Viveca Sundvall – En ettas dagbok
 * Sue Townsend – The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾

Drama

 * Caryl Churchill – Top Girls
 * Andrea Dunbar – Rita, Sue and Bob Too
 * Peter Flannery – Our Friends in the North
 * Michael Frayn – Noises Off
 * Athol Fugard – "Master Harold"...and the Boys
 * Elfriede Jelinek – Clara S, musikalische Tragödie
 * Maryat Lee and the people of Hinton, West Virginia – A Double-Threaded Life: The Hinton Play
 * Doug Lucie – Hard Feelings
 * Stephen MacDonald – Not About Heroes
 * Frank McGuinness – The Factory Girls
 * Peter O'Donnell –  Mr. Fothergill's Murder
 * Tom Stoppard – The Real Thing
 * August Wilson – Ma Rainey's Black Bottom

Non-fiction

 * Irving Abella and Harold Troper – None is Too Many
 * Martin Amis – Invasion of the Space Invaders
 * Luc Brisson – Plato the Myth Maker
 * Beth Chatto – The Damp Garden
 * Mark Ellingham (editor) – The Rough Guide to Greece
 * Bruce Feirstein – Real Men Don't Eat Quiche
 * Eduardo Galeano – Memoria del fuego (Memory of Fire), vol. 1
 * Carol Gilligan – In a Different Voice
 * Sita Ram Goel – How I Became a Hindu
 * Rhys Isaac – The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790
 * Ryszard Kapuściński – Shah of Shahs (Szachinszach)
 * Gary Kinder – Victim: The Other Side of Murder
 * Audre Lorde – Zami: A New Spelling of My Name
 * Elaine Morgan – The Aquatic Ape
 * John Naisbitt – Megatrends
 * Fernando Pessoa (died 1935) – The Book of Disquiet (Livro do Desassossego: Composto por Bernardo Soares, ajudante de guarda-livros na cidade de Lisboa)
 * Tom Peters – In Search of Excellence
 * Erin Pizzey – Prone to Violence
 * Richard Rodriguez – Hunger of Memory: The Education of Richard Rodriguez (autobiography)
 * Richard Rorty – Consequences of Pragmatism
 * Jonathan Schell – The Fate of the Earth
 * Margaret Trudeau – Consequences
 * Rebecca West – 1900

Births

 * January 14
 * Joe Dunthorne, Welsh novelist and poet
 * Luke Wright, English poet
 * February 5 – Lauren Gunderson, American playwright
 * February 23 – Kateryna Mikhalitsyna, Ukrainian poet, children's writer, translator and editor
 * March 24 – Bryndís Björgvinsdóttir, Icelandic children's fiction writer
 * April 21 – Claybourne Elder, American actor, singer and writer
 * May 10 – Jeremy Gable, English-American playwright
 * June 29
 * Colin Jost, American actor, screenwriter and comedian
 * Ott Sepp, Estonian actor, singer, writer and television presenter
 * July 8 – James Graham, English playwright
 * July 16 – Angel David Revilla, Venezuelan journalist and writer

Deaths

 * January 16 – Ramón J. Sender, Spanish novelist (b. 1901)
 * February 5 – Ronald Welch (Ronald Oliver Felton) Welsh novelist and children's writer writing in English (born 1909)
 * February 11 – Albert Facey, Australian autobiographer (born 1894)
 * February 13 – Barbara Sleigh, English children's writer (born 1906)
 * February 18 – Dame Ngaio Marsh, New Zealand crime writer and theatre director (born 1895)
 * February 23 – Elisabeth Kyle, Scottish novelist (born 1901)
 * March 2 – Philip K. Dick, American writer (stroke; born 1928)
 * March 3 – Georges Perec, French novelist (lung cancer; born 1936)
 * March 6 – Ayn Rand, Russian-born American novelist, playwright and screenwriter (born 1905)
 * March 11 – Edmund Cooper, English writer and poet (born 1926)
 * March 25
 * Goodman Ace, American humorist (born 1899)
 * Hugo Huppert, Austrian poet, writer and translator (born 1902)
 * March 27
 * Harriet Adams, American novelist (born 1892)
 * Ted Lewis, English crime novelist (born 1940)
 * April 12 – Norman Denny, English writer and translator (born 1901)
 * May 10 – Peter Weiss, German writer and artist (born 1916)
 * May 30 – Doris Leslie, English novelist (born 1891)
 * June 6 – Kenneth Rexroth, American poet and critic (born 1905)
 * June 18
 * Djuna Barnes, American writer (born 1892)
 * John Cheever, American novelist and short story writer (born 1912)
 * June 30 – Malcolm Saville, English children's writer (born 1901)
 * July 3 – Engvald Bakkan, Norwegian novelist and children's writer (born 1897)
 * August 6 – S. K. Pottekkatt, Indian writer (born 1913)
 * September 14 – John Gardner, American novelist (motorcycle accident, born 1933)
 * October 7 – Alejandro Núñez Alonso, Spanish novelist (born 1905)
 * October 22 – Savitri Devi, French-born writer and philosopher (born 1905)
 * October 30 – Iryna Vilde, Ukrainian writer (born 1907)
 * November 5 – Theresa Hak Kyung Cha, Korean-American novelist (murdered; born 1951)
 * November 6 – Frank Swinnerton, English novelist (born 1884)
 * December 5 – Caryl Brahms, English critic, novelist and journalist (born 1901)
 * December 21 – Ants Oras, Estonian writer (born 1900)
 * December 24 – Louis Aragon, French poet and writer (born 1897)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize in Literature: Gabriel García Márquez

Australia

 * The Australian/Vogel Literary Award: Brian Castro, Birds of Passage; Nigel Krauth, Matilda, My Darling
 * Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry: Fay Zwicky, Kaddish and Other Poems
 * Miles Franklin Award: Rodney Hall, Just Relations

Canada

 * See 1982 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.

France

 * Prix Goncourt: Dominique Fernandez, Dans la main de l'Ange
 * Prix Médicis French: Jean-François Josselin, L'Enfer et Cie
 * Prix Médicis International: Umberto Eco, The Name of the Rose

Spain

 * Miguel de Cervantes Prize: Luis Rosales

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Margaret Mahy, The Haunting
 * Cholmondeley Award: Basil Bunting, Herbert Lomas, William Scammell
 * Eric Gregory Award: Steve Ellis, Jeremy Reed, Alison Brackenbury, Neil Astley, Chris O'Neill, Joseph Bristow, John Gibbens, James Lasdun
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Bruce Chatwin, On the Black Hill
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Richard Ellmann, James Joyce
 * Whitbread Best Book Award: Bruce Chatwin, On the Black Hill

United States

 * Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize: Lawrence Joseph, Shouting at No One
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Fiction, Bernard Malamud
 * Nebula Award for Best Novel: Michael Bishop, No Enemy But Time
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Nancy Willard, A Visit to William Blake's Inn
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Charles Fuller, A Soldier's Play
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: John Updike – Rabbit Is Rich
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Sylvia Plath: The Collected Poems

Elsewhere

 * Hugo Award for Best Novel: Downbelow Station by C. J. Cherryh
 * Premio Nadal: Fernando Arrabal, La torre herida por un rayo

title: 1982 in literature


text:
Talk:Indo-European ablaut

Is ablaut still productive?
Are there any languages, spoken today, that still use ablaut productively in any systematic way? I know that Germanic languages sometimes create analogical "ablaut" forms, like snuck from sneak, but this is hardly systematic and mostly haphazard. Rua (mew) 21:46, 21 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Readers of Wikipedia in English will mostly be familiar with the English language. Ablaut is still evident here in the principal parts of the strong verbs. Forms like "snuck" (past tense from sneak) and "smole" (past tense of smile) are still created for humorous purposes, since we all know that the weak past tenses (sneaked and smiled) are the normal forms.

 * We can see the process of ablaut at work in compound words, where removal of stress leads to a diphthong being replaced by a simple vowel: e.g. "repair" but "irreparable"; "maintain" but "maintenance." "ai" appears to lead to "a" in the first case, but "e" in the second, however as unstressed vowels they would usually sound the same.

 * However this is not an invariable rule in English: i.e. it is not "systematic." NRPanikker (talk) 18:09, 18 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Ablaut is not productive in any modern language. There are many examples of isolated forms that look like ablaut being produced by analogy (levelling), such as random Germanic weak verbs becoming strong (not only for humourous effect), though overwhelmingly the movement is in the other direction, with ablaut forms disappearing, such as Germanic strong verbs becoming weak. But analogy is quite a different process from gradation patterns being inherited from the Indo-European vowel system. --Doric Loon (talk) 03:11, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

Who invented the word "ablaut"?
The Online Etymology Dictionary claims the word is invented by J.P. Zweigel in 1568. Apparently the person in question was Johann Peter Zwengel; his 1568 book was this one. ''--- unsigned comment by on 17 November 2020.
 * Thank you, this is very helpful. I will work some of it into the article. --Doric Loon (talk) 17:08, 21 April 2022 (UTC)

Which Greek in the "πα-τέρ-α" example?
It's presumably one of the Ancient Greek variants, but some indication of the timeline and maybe dialect would be nice, eg, Mycenian, Attic, Koine. I don't see references that would indicate which, and the "Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text" doesn't narrow it down any. The Crab Who Played With The Sea (talk) 03:35, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi, for comparative linguistics, Greek almost always means the Classical Greek of Plato et al., unless otherwise stated. Mycenaean is older, but poorly attested, so that it is harder to make definite claims about many details. Koine is later and there would normally be no advantage in citing it. --Doric Loon (talk) 14:55, 21 April 2022 (UTC)
 * So, Attic? The Crab Who Played With The Sea (talk) 00:29, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 16 June 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. Retracted per existing longstanding consensus I wasn't aware of. Remsense 诉  17:17, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

Indo-European ablaut → Ablaut – It's the natural WP:COMMONNAME in English, being adequately specific and more concise. Remsense 诉  20:08, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Linguistics has been notified of this discussion. Remsense  诉  20:09, 16 June 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose. The term "ablaut" is widely used outside of IE studies to refer to similar kinds of vowel apophony; there's also "consonantal ablaut" and even "tonal ablaut". E.g., ablaut is a typological hallmark of Penutian languages and "ablaut" has become the default term to describe it. Starting with Edward Sapir's Takelma grammar (or maybe even earlier), there is a long tradition of using the term for non-IE languages, such as Athabaskan, Uto-Aztecan, Oto-Manguean, Nilotic, Austronesian languages and many others. –Austronesier (talk) 20:53, 16 June 2024 (UTC)
 * In that case, would it be reasonable to point Ablaut somewhere else? Remsense  诉  12:29, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * @Remsense No. We had this discussion at length many years ago, though not on this page. Ablaut in its narrowest and original technical sense refers to Indo-European ablaut. Using it loosely as a synonym for apophony, and using umlaut, gradation, mutation, alternation, and replacive morphology as further synonyms, is not really terribly helpful. Then you just have a glut of terms and no distinctions. I get why linguists in other branches, who have very different concerns, might feel comfortable conflating this, and that's OK, but it is good to keep the primary use clear. The compromise we reached was that the head of this article points to apophony, several times actually, to make it easy for anyone who lands here by accident to find the more general use. If you think that's not enough, you are welcome to create a hatnote. Doric Loon (talk) 17:15, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you for explaining this to me, as I wasn't there at the time. I briefly checked to see if the page was moved before, but apparently the tool I used didn't say. Remsense  诉  17:16, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I vaguely remember that originally this article was called "Ablaut", and was moved here for precisely the reasons Austronesier mentions. Doric Loon (talk) 11:00, 17 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Indo-European ablaut


text:
1981 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1981.

Events

 * May 31 – The burning of Jaffna Public Library in Sri Lanka is begun by a mob of police and government-sponsored paramilitaries. They destroy over 97,000 volumes in one of the worst examples of ethnic book burning in the modern era.
 * August – Sefer ve Sefel opens as an English used bookstore in Jerusalem.
 * unknown dates
 * John Gardner successfully revives the James Bond novel series originated by Ian Fleming with Licence Renewed (not counting a faux biography of Bond and a pair of film novelizations, the first original Bond novel since 1968's Colonel Sun). The revived Bond book series will run uninterrupted until 2002.
 * Colin MacCabe is denied tenure at the University of Cambridge, apparently because of a dispute within the English Faculty about the teaching of structuralism.
 * The PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction is given for the first time.

Fiction

 * Eric Ambler – The Care of Time
 * Kingsley Amis (ed.) – The Golden Age of Science Fiction
 * Martin Amis – Other People
 * V. C. Andrews – If There Be Thorns
 * Louis Auchincloss – The Cat and the King
 * René Barjavel – Une rose au paradis
 * Samuel Beckett – Ill Seen Ill Said
 * Thomas Berger – Reinhart's Women
 * Pierre Berton – Flames Across the Border
 * William Boyd – A Good Man in Africa
 * Pascal Bruckner – Evil Angels
 * William S. Burroughs – Cities of the Red Night
 * Robert Olen Butler – The Alleys of Eden
 * Peter Carey – Bliss
 * Raymond Carver – What We Talk About When We Talk About Love
 * David Case – The Third Grave
 * James Clavell – Noble House
 * Bernard Cornwell
 * Sharpe's Eagle
 * Sharpe's Gold
 * John Crowley – Little, Big
 * L. Sprague de Camp – The Hand of Zei
 * L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp – Footprints on Sand
 * Régine Deforges – La Bicyclette bleue (The Blue Bicycle)
 * Samuel R. Delany – Distant Star
 * Michel Déon – Where Are You Dying Tonight? (Un déjeuner de soleil)
 * Cynthia Freeman – No Time for Tears
 * Gabriel García Márquez – Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Crónica de una muerte anunciada)
 * John Gardner – Licence Renewed
 * Charles L. Grant – Tales from the Nightside
 * Alasdair Gray – Lanark
 * Jan Guillou – Ondskan
 * Thomas Harris – Red Dragon
 * Frank Herbert – God Emperor of Dune
 * Douglas Hill – Planet of the Warlord
 * Robert E. Howard and L. Sprague de Camp – The Flame Knife
 * John Irving – The Hotel New Hampshire
 * Rona Jaffe – Mazes and Monsters
 * Alan Judd – A Breed of Heroes
 * Ismail Kadare – The File on H (Dosja J)
 * Stephen King – Cujo
 * Dean Koontz (as Leigh Nichols) – The Eyes of Darkness
 * Chart Korbjitti – Khamphiphaksa (The Judgment)
 * Joe R. Lansdale – Act of Love
 * Stanisław Lem – Golem XIV
 * Colleen McCullough – An Indecent Obsession
 * Elliot S! Maggin – Miracle Monday
 * Naguib Mahfouz – Arabian Nights and Days (ليالي ألف ليلة)
 * Ian McEwan – The Comfort of Strangers
 * Toni Morrison – Tar Baby
 * Robert B. Parker
 * A Savage Place
 * Early Autumn
 * Ellis Peters
 * Saint Peter's Fair
 * The Leper of Saint Giles
 * Terry Pratchett – Strata
 * Bano Qudsia – Raja Gidh ("King Vulture")
 * Alain Robbe-Grillet – Djinn
 * Harold Robbins – Goodbye, Janette
 * Salman Rushdie – Midnight's Children
 * Lawrence Sanders – The Third Deadly Sin
 * Martin Cruz Smith – Gorky Park
 * Muriel Spark – Loitering with Intent
 * Botho Strauß – Couples, Passersby (Paare, Passanten) (stories)
 * Paul Theroux – The Mosquito Coast
 * D. M. Thomas – The White Hotel
 * John Updike – Rabbit Is Rich
 * Jack Vance – The Book of Dreams
 * Gore Vidal – Creation
 * Joseph Wambaugh – The Glitter Dome
 * Kit Williams – Masquerade
 * Gene Wolfe
 * The Claw of the Conciliator
 * The Sword of the Lictor
 * Roger Zelazny
 * The Changing Land
 * Madwand

Children and young people

 * Chris Van Allsburg – Jumanji
 * Hans Christian Andersen (with Jane S. Woodward and Michael Hague) – Michael Hague's Favourite Hans Christian Andersen Fairy Tales
 * Judy Blume – Tiger Eyes
 * Beverly Cleary – Ramona Quimby, Age 8
 * Eth Clifford – The Dastardly Murder of Dirty Pete
 * Roald Dahl – George's Marvellous Medicine
 * Rumer Godden – The Dragon of Og
 * Roger Hargreaves – Little Miss (first 13 books in the Little Miss series of 21)
 * Florence Parry Heide – Treehorn's Treasure
 * Harold Lamb (with George Barr and Alicia Austin) – Durandal
 * Michael de Larrabeiti – The Borribles Go for Broke
 * Janet Lunn – The Root Cellar
 * Patricia Lynch – The Turf-Cutter's Donkey
 * Michelle Magorian – Goodnight Mister Tom
 * C. L. Moore (with Alicia Austin) - Scarlet Dream
 * Uri Orlev – The Island on Bird Street (האי ברחוב הציפורים)
 * Ruth Park – The Muddle-Headed Wombat is Very Bad
 * Bill Peet – Encore for Eleanor
 * Alvin Schwartz – Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark
 * Maurice Sendak – Outside Over There
 * Jan Wahl – The Cucumber Princess
 * Robert Westall – The Scarecrows

Drama

 * Samuel Beckett – Rockaby
 * Edward Bond – Restoration
 * Tankred Dorst – Merlin oder das wüste Land
 * John Krizanc – Tamara
 * Larry Shue – The Nerd
 * Barney Simon – Woza Albert!
 * Botho Strauß – Kalldewey, Farce
 * Patrick Süskind – Der Kontrabaß
 * Peter Whelan – The Accrington Pals
 * Tennessee Williams – The Notebook of Trigorin

Poetry

 * L. Sprague de Camp – Heroes and Hobgoblins
 * Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi – Rang-o-Noor (The Colour and the Light)
 * Norman Nicholson – Sea to the West
 * Sylvia Plath (posthumous) – Collected Poems, edited by Ted Hughes
 * Kathleen Raine – Collected Poems, 1935–1980
 * Richard L. Tierney – Collected Poems

Non-fiction

 * Maya Angelou – The Heart of a Woman
 * Colin Robert Chase – The Dating of Beowulf
 * Mary Chesnut – Mary Chesnut's Civil War
 * Hugo Brandt Corstius – Opperlandse taal- & letterkunde
 * Daniel Dennett – Brainstorms: Philosophical Essays on Mind and Psychology
 * Nancy Dorian – Language Death: The Life Cycle of a Scottish Gaelic Dialect
 * Timothy Findley – Famous Last Words
 * Stephen Jay Gould – The Mismeasure of Man
 * Dumas Malone – The Sage of Monticello
 * V. S. Naipaul – Among the Believers: An Islamic Journey
 * Giovanni Pettinato – The Archives of Ebla: An Empire Inscribed in Clay
 * Anne Scott-James – The Cottage Garden
 * Viktor Suvorov – The Liberators

Births

 * Jan 4 – Sarah Crossan, Irish young-adult writer
 * April 7 – Lili Wilkinson, Australian young-adult writer
 * May 19 – Kiera Cass, American young-adult writer
 * May 20 – Ottessa Moshfegh, American novelist
 * June 10 – Juno Dawson, born James Dawson, English young-adult LGBT writer
 * July 10 – Karen Russell, American novelist
 * July 27 – Dan Jones, British historian and TV presenter
 * September 30 – Cecelia Ahern, Irish novelist
 * October 3 – Leïla Slimani, Franco-Moroccan novelist
 * October 12 – NoViolet Bulawayo (Elizabeth Zandile Tshele), Zimbabwe-born novelist
 * October 31 – Irina Denezhkina, Russian writer
 * December 11 – Hamish Blake, Australian comedian, actor and author
 * December 13 – Mathis Bailey, American-Canadian novelist and fiction writer
 * unknown dates
 * Amy Sackville, English novelist
 * Sunjeev Sahota, English novelist
 * Saud Alsanousi, Kuwaiti novelist
 * Olesya Mamchich, Ukrainian poet and children's writer

Deaths

 * January 5 – Lanza del Vasto, Italian-born philosopher, poet and activist (born 1901)
 * January 6 – A. J. Cronin, Scottish novelist (born 1896)
 * January 7 – John Pascal, American playwright, screenwriter, author and journalist (born 1932)
 * January 23 – Lobsang Rampa (Cyril Henry Hoskin), English author (born 1910)
 * February 3 – Normand Poirier, American newspaper editor, journalist and essayist (born 1928)
 * February 17 – David Garnett, English novelist (born 1892)
 * February 23 – Nan Shepherd, Scottish novelist and poet (born 1893)
 * March 7 – Bosley Crowther, American film critic (born 1905)
 * March 14 – Eleanor Perry, American screenwriter and author (born 1914)
 * March 20 – Pedro García Cabrera, Spanish poet (born 1905)
 * March 29 – Clive Sansom, English-born Tasmanian poet and playwright (born 1910)
 * March 31 – Enid Bagnold, English writer and playwright (born 1889)
 * April 1 – D. F. Jones, English science fiction writer (born 1918)
 * April 13 – Gwyn Thomas, Welsh novelist and broadcaster (born 1913)
 * April 23 – Josep Pla, Catalan Spanish journalist and writer (born 1897)
 * April 26 – Robert Garioch, Scottish poet (born 1909)
 * May 8 – Uri Zvi Grinberg, Israeli poet writing in Hebrew and Yiddish (born 1896)
 * May 9 – Nelson Algren, American novelist (born 1909)
 * May 18 – William Saroyan, American novelist and dramatist (born 1908)
 * May 23 – Rayner Heppenstall, English writer and poet (born 1911)
 * May 30 – Gwendolyn B. Bennett, African-American writer and artist (born 1902)
 * June 15 – Philip Toynbee, English novelist and journalist (born 1916)
 * June 17 – Zerna Sharp, American writer and educator (born 1889)
 * June 18 – Pamela Hansford Johnson, English poet, novelist, playwright, literary and social critic (born 1912)
 * August 15 – Carol Ryrie Brink, American author (born 1895)
 * September 3 – Alec Waugh, English novelist (born 1898)
 * September 7 – Christy Brown, Irish writer and painter (born 1932)
 * September 12 – Eugenio Montale, Italian poet (born 1896)
 * October 20 – Mary Coyle Chase, American playwright (born 1906)
 * October 25 – Cynthia Harnett, English children's writer (born 1893)
 * October 30 – Denys Rhodes, English novelist (born 1919)
 * November 6 – Digby George Gerahty, English novelist (born 1898)
 * November 30 – Charles Eric Maine, English science fiction writer (born 1921)
 * December 9 – C. P. Taylor, Scottish playwright (born 1929)
 * December 26 – Amber Reeves, New Zealand-born English scholar, feminist and novelist (born 1887)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Elias Canetti

Australia

 * The Australian/Vogel Literary Award: Chris Matthews, Al Jazzar; Tim Winton, An Open Swimmer
 * Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry: Alan Gould, Astral Sea
 * Miles Franklin Award: Peter Carey, Bliss

Canada

 * See 1981 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.

France

 * Prix Goncourt: Lucien Bodard, Anne Marie
 * Prix Médicis French: François-Olivier Rousseau, L'Enfant d'Édouard
 * Prix Médicis International: David Shahar, Le Jour de la comtesse

Spain

 * Miguel de Cervantes Prize: Octavio Paz

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: Salman Rushdie, Midnight's Children
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Robert Westall, The Scarecrows
 * Cholmondeley Award: Roy Fisher, Robert Garioch, Charles Boyle
 * Eric Gregory Award: Alan Jenkins, Simon Rae, Marion Lomax, Philip Gross, Kathleen Jamie, Mark Abley, Roger Crowley, Ian Gregson
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Salman Rushdie, Midnight's Children, and Paul Theroux, The Mosquito Coast
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Victoria Glendinning, Edith Sitwell: Unicorn Among Lions
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: D. J. Enright
 * Whitbread Best Book Award: William Boyd, A Good Man in Africa

United States

 * Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize: Kathy Calloway, Heart of the Garfish
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Belles Lettres: Malcolm Cowley
 * Dos Passos Prize: Gilbert Sorrentino
 * Nebula Award: Gene Wolfe, The Claw of the Conciliator
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Katherine Paterson, Jacob Have I Loved
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Beth Henley, Crimes of the Heart
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: John Kennedy Toole – A Confederacy of Dunces
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: James Schuyler: The Morning of the Poem

Elsewhere

 * Hugo Award for Best Novel: The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge
 * Premio Nadal: Carmen Gómez Ojea, Cantiga de aguero

title: 1981 in literature


text:
1980 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1980.

Events

 * March 6 – Marguerite Yourcenar becomes the first woman elected to the Académie française.
 * June 5
 * The Royal Shakespeare Company opens a production at the Aldwych Theatre, London, of The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby, adapted from Charles Dickens's novel by David Edgar.
 * Willy Russell's comedy Educating Rita opens in a Royal Shakespeare Company production with Julie Walters in the title rôle, at The Warehouse in London.
 * September – A production of Shakespeare's Macbeth with Peter O'Toole in the lead opens at the Old Vic Theatre, London. It is often seen one of the disasters in theatre history.
 * September 23 – The Field Day Theatre Company presents its first production, the première of Brian Friel's Translations, at the Guildhall, Derry, Northern Ireland.
 * November 27 – The English playwright Harold Pinter marries the biographer and novelist Lady Antonia Fraser after divorcing the actress Vivien Merchant.
 * December 8 – Mark David Chapman shoots John Lennon to death in New York City while carrying a copy of J. D. Salinger's 1951 novel The Catcher in the Rye, which he claims "is my statement."
 * unknown dates
 * Kane and Abel by Jeffrey Archer (published 1979), tops The New York Times Best Seller list.
 * Vasily Grossman's novel Life and Fate ("Жизнь и судьба", completed 1959) is published for the first time, in Switzerland.
 * The first Tibetan-language literature journal, Tibetan Literature and Art, is published by the Tibet Autonomous Region Writers Association (TARWA); it features short stories.
 * The novella "An Old Song", published anonymously in 1877 in the magazine London, is identified as Robert Louis Stevenson's first published work of fiction.

Fiction

 * Douglas Adams – The Restaurant at the End of the Universe
 * Warren Adler – The War of the Roses
 * Woody Allen – Side Effects
 * V. C. Andrews – Petals on the Wind
 * Jean M. Auel – The Clan of the Cave Bear
 * Thomas Berger – Neighbors
 * Anthony Burgess – Earthly Powers
 * Ramsey Campbell, editor – New Tales of the Cthulhu Mythos
 * Bruce Chatwin – The Viceroy of Ouidah
 * Mary Higgins Clark – The Cradle Will Fall
 * J. M. Coetzee – Waiting for the Barbarians
 * Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre -The Fifth Horseman
 * Pat Conroy – The Lords of Discipline
 * Basil Copper – Necropolis
 * L. Sprague de Camp
 * Conan and the Spider God
 * The Purple Pterodactyls
 * E. L. Doctorow – Loon Lake
 * Allan W. Eckert – Song of the Wild
 * Umberto Eco – The Name of the Rose (Il Nome della Rosa)
 * Ken Follett – The Key to Rebecca
 * Frederick Forsyth – The Devil's Alternative
 * Mary Jayne Gold – Crossroads Marseilles 1940
 * William Golding – Rites of Passage
 * Graham Greene – Dr. Fischer of Geneva
 * Douglas Hill
 * Day of the Starwind
 * Deathwing Over Veynaa
 * Robert E. Howard and L. Sprague de Camp – The Treasure of Tranicos
 * Hammond Innes – Solomon's Seal
 * P. D. James – Innocent Blood
 * Stephen King – Firestarter
 * Judith Krantz – Princess Daisy
 * Björn Kurtén – Dance of the Tiger
 * Manuel Mujica Láinez – El gran teatro
 * Derek Lambert – I, Said the Spy
 * John le Carré – Smiley's People
 * Madeleine L'Engle – A Ring of Endless Light
 * Robert Ludlum – The Bourne Identity
 * Ngaio Marsh – Photo Finish
 * James A. Michener – The Covenant
 * Cees Nooteboom – Rituals
 * Robert B. Parker – Looking for Rachel Wallace
 * Pepetela – Mayombe
 * Ellis Peters – Monk's Hood
 * Tom Phillips – A Humument: a treated Victorian novel (1st trade edition)
 * Belva Plain – Random Winds
 * Paulette Poujol-Oriol – Le Creuset (The Crucible)
 * Marin Preda – Cel mai iubit dintre pământeni (The Most Beloved of Earthlings)
 * Barbara Pym (died 1980) – Crampton Hodnet (written 1940)
 * Herman Raucher – There Should Have Been Castles
 * Mordecai Richler – Joshua Then and Now
 * Marilynne Robinson – Housekeeping
 * Sidney Sheldon – Rage of Angels
 * Julian Symons – Sweet Adelaide
 * Gay Talese – Thy Neighbor's Wife
 * Walter Tevis – Mockingbird
 * John Kennedy Toole (suicide 1969) – A Confederacy of Dunces
 * Gene Wolfe – The Shadow of the Torturer
 * Roger Zelazny
 * Changeling
 * The Last Defender of Camelot

Children and young people

 * Richard Adams
 * The Girl in a Swing
 * The Iron Wolf and Other Stories
 * Vivien Alcock – The Haunting of Cassie Palmer
 * Pamela Allen – Mr Archimedes' Bath
 * Lynne Reid Banks – The Indian in the Cupboard
 * Jill Barklem – Brambly Hedge series:
 * Spring Story
 * Summer Story
 * Autumn Story
 * Winter Story
 * Ruskin Bond – The Cherry Tree
 * Matt Christopher – Wild Pitch
 * Roald Dahl – The Twits
 * Thomas M. Disch – The Brave Little Toaster
 * Buchi Emecheta – Titch the Cat
 * Ruth Manning-Sanders – A Book of Spooks and Spectres
 * Thomas Meehan – Annie: An old-fashioned story
 * Robert Munsch – The Paper Bag Princess
 * Susan Musgrave
 * Gullband
 * Hag Head
 * Ruth Park – Playing Beatie Bow
 * Marjorie W. Sharmat – Gila Monsters Meet you at the Airport
 * Mary Stewart – A Walk in Wolf Wood
 * Eric Hill – Where's Spot?
 * Janet and Allan Ahlberg – Funnybones
 * Pam Adams – Mrs Honey's Hat

Drama

 * Howard Brenton – The Romans in Britain
 * Andrea Dunbar – The Arbor
 * David Edgar (adaptation) – The Life and Adventures of Nicholas Nickleby
 * Ronald Harwood – The Dresser
 * Ron Hutchinson – The Irish Play
 * Kenneth Ross – Breaker Morant
 * Willy Russell – Educating Rita
 * Sam Shepard – True West

Poetry

 * Valerio Magrelli – Ora serrata retinae
 * Oxford Book of Contemporary Verse

Non-fiction

 * Tony Benn – Arguments for Socialism
 * Pierre Berton – The Invasion of Canada
 * Maryanne Blacker and Pamela Clark – Australian Women's Weekly Children's Birthday Cake Book
 * David Bohm – Wholeness and the Implicate Order
 * L. Sprague de Camp – The Ragged Edge of Science
 * L. Sprague de Camp (as editor) – The Spell of Conan
 * Graham Chapman et al. – A Liar's Autobiography
 * Marilyn Ferguson – The Aquarian Conspiracy
 * Stanley Fish – Is There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities
 * Julien Gracq – Reading Writing
 * Graham Greene – Ways of Escape
 * Jerry Hopkins and Danny Sugerman – No One Here Gets Out Alive
 * Pauline Kael – When the Lights Go Down
 * János Kornai – Economics of Shortage (Hiány)
 * Paul H. Lewis – Paraguay Under Stroessner
 * Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers – Grimoire of Armadel translation from French (posthumous)
 * Michael Medved and Harry Medved – The Golden Turkey Awards
 * Tom O'Carroll – Paedophilia: The Radical Case
 * Carl Sagan – Cosmos
 * Anastasio Somoza Debayle and Jack Cox – Nicaragua Betrayed
 * D. I. Suchianu – Nestemate cinematografice (Cinematic Pearls)
 * Ram Swarup – The Word as Revelation: Names of Gods
 * Alvin Toffler – The Third Wave
 * Bertram Myron Gross – Friendly Fascism: The New Face of Power in America

Births

 * January 1 – Satya Vyas, Indian (Hindi language) writer
 * May 1 – Jacek Dehnel, Polish poet, writer and translator
 * May 10 – Cristina Nemerovschi, Romanian writer
 * May 27 – Majlinda Nana Rama, Albanian pedagogue, writer and researcher
 * June 5 – Nestan Kvinikadze, Georgian writer, scriptwriter and journalist
 * September 11 – Dawit Kebede, Ethiopian journalist and publisher
 * October 29 – Louie Jon Agustin Sanchez, Philippine poet, fiction writer, critic and journalist
 * November 23 – Ishmael Beah, Siera Leonean author and human rights activist

Deaths

 * January 3
 * Joy Adamson, Silesian-born conservationist and writer living in Kenya (murdered, born 1910)
 * George Sutherland Fraser, Scottish poet and critic (born 1915)
 * January 11 – Barbara Pym, English novelist (cancer, born 1913)
 * January 21 – Irene Rathbone, English novelist (born 1892)
 * February 25 – Caradog Prichard, Welsh poet and novelist in Welsh (born 1904)
 * March 12 – Eugeniu Ștefănescu-Est, Romanian poet, novelist and cartoonist (born 1881)
 * March 17 – P. M. Hubbard, English crime writer (born 1910)
 * March 25 – James Wright, American poet (born 1927)
 * March 26 – Roland Barthes, French literary theorist (born 1915)
 * March 27 – Idris Jamma', Sudanese poet (died 1980)
 * April 6 – John Collier, English-born American short story writer (born 1901)
 * April 15 – Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher, novelist and dramatist (born 1905)
 * April 24 – Alejo Carpentier, French Cuban novelist and writer (cancer, born 1904)
 * May 7 – Margaret Cole, English political writer, biographer and activist (born 1893)
 * May 16 – Marin Preda, Romanian novelist (asphyxiation, born 1922)
 * June 7
 * Salvator Gotta, Italian writer (born 1887)
 * Henry Miller, American novelist (born 1891)
 * June 20 – Amy Key Clarke, English mystical poet (born 1892)
 * June 27 – Carey McWilliams, American author, editor and lawyer (born 1905)
 * July 1 – C. P. Snow, English novelist and scientist (born 1905)
 * July 6 – Mart Raud, Estonian poet, playwright and writer (born 1903)
 * July 9 – Vinicius de Moraes, Brazilian poet and songwriter (born 1913)
 * July 17 – Traian Herseni, Romanian social scientist and journalist (born 1907)
 * July 23 – Olivia Manning, English novelist and poet (born 1908)
 * July 26 – Kenneth Tynan, English-born theater critic (pulmonary emphysema, born 1927)
 * August 8 – David Mercer, English dramatist (born 1928)
 * August 10 – Gareth Evans, British philosopher (lung cancer, born 1946)
 * September 18 – Katherine Anne Porter, American novelist and essayist (born 1890)
 * September 19 – Jacky Gillott, English novelist (suicide, born 1939)
 * October 26 – Sam Cree, Northern Irish playwright (born 1928)
 * November 9 – Patrick Campbell, Irish journalist and wit (born 1913)
 * December 2 – Romain Gary (Roman Kacew), French novelist (suicide, born 1914)
 * December 8 – John Lennon, English musician, songwriter and author (murdered, born 1940)
 * December 12 – Ben Travers, English playwright, screenwriter and novelist (born 1886)
 * December 14 – Nichita Smochină, Transnistrian Romanian ethnographer and journalist (born 1894)
 * December 21
 * Marc Connelly, American playwright (born 1890)
 * Nelson Rodrigues, Brazilian playwright, journalist and novelist (born 1912)
 * December 27 – Todhunter Ballard, American genre novelist (born 1903)
 * December 31 – Marshall McLuhan, Canadian philosopher (born 1911)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Czesław Miłosz

Australia

 * The Australian/Vogel Literary Award: Inaugural award to Archie Weller, The Day Of The Dog; the award is initially given to Paul Radley, who, in 1996, admits that his manuscript was actually written by his uncle.
 * Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry: David Campbell, Man in the Honeysuckle
 * Miles Franklin Award: Jessica Anderson, The Impersonators

Canada

 * See 1980 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.

France

 * Prix Goncourt: Yves Navarre, Le Jardin d'acclimatation
 * Prix Médicis French: Jean-Luc Benoziglio, Cabinet-portrait who refused the prize, thus it was given to Jean Lahougue's Comptine des Height
 * Prix Médicis International: Andre Brink, Une saison blanche et sèche

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: William Golding, Rites of Passage
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Peter Dickinson, City of Gold
 * Cholmondeley Award: George Barker, Terence Tiller, Roy Fuller
 * Eric Gregory Award: Robert Minhinnick, Michael Hulse, Blake Morrison, Medbh McGuckian
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: J. M. Coetzee, Waiting for the Barbarians
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Robert B. Martin, Tennyson: The Unquiet Heart
 * Whitbread Best Book Award: David Lodge, How Far Can You Go?

United States

 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Drama: Edward Albee
 * Caldecott Medal: Barbara Cooney, Ox-Cart Man
 * Dos Passos Prize: Graham Greene
 * Nebula Award: Gregory Benford, Timescape
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Joan Blos, A Gathering of Days: A New England Girl's Journal
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Lanford Wilson, Talley's Folly
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Norman Mailer, The Executioner's Song
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Donald Justice, Selected Poems

Elsewhere

 * Hugo Award for Best Novel: Arthur C. Clarke, The Fountains of Paradise
 * Premio Cervantes : Juan Carlos Onetti
 * Premio Nadal: Juan Ramón Zaragoza, Concerto grosso

title: 1980 in literature


text:
1979 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1979.

Events

 * May – The Merchant Ivory Productions film The Europeans is released. Its screenplay by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala draws on the 1878 Henry James novel of the same name.
 * October 25 – The London Review of Books is first issued, its founding editors being Karl Miller, Mary-Kay Wilmers and Susannah Clapp. For its first six months it appears as an insert to The New York Review of Books.
 * November – Dambudzo Marechera's The House of Hunger wins the Guardian Fiction Prize.
 * unknown dates
 * K. W. Jeter's novel Morlock Night pioneers full-length fiction in the genre he later calls steampunk.
 * August Wilson's Jitney is first produced; it becomes the eighth in his "Pittsburgh Cycle".

Fiction

 * Douglas Adams – The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 * V. C. Andrews – Flowers in the Attic
 * Jeffrey Archer – Kane and Abel
 * Barbara Taylor Bradford – A Woman of Substance
 * Octavia Butler – Kindred
 * Italo Calvino — If on a winter's night a traveler
 * Orson Scott Card – A Planet Called Treason
 * Angela Carter – The Bloody Chamber
 * Eileen Chang – Lust, Caution
 * Agatha Christie – Miss Marple's Final Cases and Two Other Stories
 * L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter – Conan the Liberator
 * Michael Ende – The Neverending Story (Die unendliche Geschichte)
 * José Pablo Feinmann – Últimos días de la víctima
 * Thomas Flanagan — Year of the French
 * Alan Dean Foster – Alien (movie novelization)
 * Carlo Fruttero and Franco Lucentini — A che punto è la notte
 * Brian Garfield – The Paladin
 * William Golding – Darkness Visible
 * William Goldman – Tinsel
 * Nadine Gordimer – Burger's Daughter
 * Arthur Hailey – Overload
 * Stratis Haviaras – When the Tree Sings
 * Douglas Hill – Galactic Warlord
 * Stephen King – The Dead Zone
 * Russell Kirk – The Princess of All Lands
 * Milan Kundera – The Book of Laughter and Forgetting (first published in French as Le Livre du rire et de l'oubli)
 * John le Carré – Smiley's People
 * Morgan Llywelyn – Lion of Ireland: The Legend of Brian Boru
 * Robert Ludlum – The Matarese Circle
 * Norman Mailer – The Executioner's Song
 * Cormac McCarthy – Suttree
 * Roger McDonald – 1915: a novel
 * Haruki Murakami – Hear the Wind Sing (風の歌を聴け, Kaze no uta o kike)
 * Ellis Peters – One Corpse Too Many
 * Jerry Pournelle – Janissaries
 * Satyajit Ray – Hatyapuri
 * Harold Robbins – Memories of Another Day
 * Philip Roth – The Ghost Writer
 * Scott Spencer – Endless Love
 * Mary Stewart – The Last Enchantment
 * Peter Straub – Ghost Story
 * William Styron – Sophie's Choice
 * Trevanian – Shibumi
 * Kaari Utrio – Rautalilja
 * Jack Vance – The Face
 * Kurt Vonnegut – Jailbird
 * Elizabeth Walter – In the Mist and Other Uncanny Encounters
 * William Wharton – Birdy
 * Kit Williams – Masquerade
 * Raymond Williams – The Fight for Manod
 * Robert Anton Wilson – Schrodinger's Cat
 * Tom Wolfe – The Right Stuff
 * Roger Zelazny – Roadmarks

Children and young people

 * Chris Van Allsburg – The Garden of Abdul Gasazi
 * Katharine Mary Briggs (with Anne Yvonne Gilbert) – Abbey Lubbers, Banshees, & Boggarts: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fairies
 * Raymond Briggs – Fungus the Bogeyman
 * Roald Dahl – The Twits
 * Colin Dann – The Animals of Farthing Wood
 * Peter Dickinson (with Wayne Anderson) – The Flight of Dragons
 * Elizabeth Laird – Rosy's Garden
 * Robie Macauley – A Secret History of Time to Come
 * Robert Munsch – Mud Puddle
 * Bill Peet – Cowardly Clyde
 * Daniel Pinkwater – Yobgorgle: Mystery Monster of Lake Ontario
 * Ellen Raskin – The Westing Game
 * Jane Severance (with Tea Schook) – When Megan Went Away
 * Barbara Sleigh – Carbonel and Calidor
 * Angela Sommer-Bodenburg – Der kleine Vampir
 * Rosemary Wells – Max & Ruby

Drama

 * Bahram Beyzai – Death of Yazdgerd (مرگ یزدگرد)
 * Caryl Churchill – Cloud Nine
 * David Fennario – Balconville
 * Richard Harris – Outside Edge
 * Elfriede Jelinek – Was geschah, nachdem Nora ihren Mann verlassen hatte; oder Stützen der Gesellschaften (What Occurred after Nora Left her Husband, or Supports of Society)
 * Heiner Müller – Hamletmachine (first performance)
 * Mark Medoff – Children of a Lesser God
 * Neil Oram – The Warp
 * Peter Shaffer – Amadeus
 * Sam Shepard – Buried Child
 * Martin Sherman – Bent
 * Tom Stoppard – Undiscovered Country

Poetry

 * Kingsley Amis – Collected Poems

Non-fiction

 * Alison Adburgham – Shopping in Style: London from the Restoration to Edwardian Elegance
 * David Attenborough – Life on Earth
 * Harold Walter Bailey – Dictionary of Khotan Saka
 * Ion Biberi – Lumea de azi (World of Today)
 * Jerome Bruner – On Knowing: Essays for the Left Hand
 * L. Sprague de Camp (editor) – The Blade of Conan
 * Elizabeth Eisenstein – The Printing Press as an Agent of Change
 * Peter Evans – The Music of Benjamin Britten
 * John Fowles – The Tree
 * Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar – The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination
 * Eloise Greenfield, Lessie Jones Little, Pattie Ridley Jones – Childtimes: A Three-Generation Memoir
 * Douglas Hofstadter – Gödel, Escher, Bach: An Eternal Golden Braid
 * Henry Kissinger – The White House Years
 * Leon Litwack – Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery
 * Jean-François Lyotard – The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (La Condition postmoderne: rapport sur le savoir)
 * Jessica Mitford – Poison Penmanship: the Gentle Art of Muckraking
 * Stephen Pile – The Book of Heroic Failures
 * Clark Ashton Smith – The Black Book of Clark Ashton Smith
 * Margaret Trudeau – Beyond Reason
 * Tom Wolfe – The Right Stuff

Births

 * February 4 – Ben Lerner, American poet, novelist and critic
 * February 10 – Johan Harstad, Norwegian novelist
 * February 27 - Alexander Gordon Smith, British children's and young-adult author
 * March 28 – Benjamin Percy, American short story writer
 * April 14 – Patrick Somerville, American novelist and short story writer
 * May 21 - James Clancy Phelan, American young-adult and thriller writer
 * June 28 – Florian Zeller, French novelist and dramatist
 * July 14 – Yukiko Motoya, Japanese fiction writer, playwright, theatre director and voice actress
 * unknown dates
 * D.D. Johnston, Scottish political novelist and university lecturer
 * Emily St. John Mandel, Canadian-born novelist

Deaths

 * January – Dilys Cadwaladr, Welsh-language poet (born 1902)
 * January 27 – Victoria Ocampo, Argentine publisher, writer and critic (born 1890)
 * February 9 – Allen Tate, American poet and essayist (born 1899)
 * February 25 – John L. Wasserman, American entertainment critic (car accident, born 1938)
 * February 27 – Sir George Clark, English historian (born 1890)
 * March 26 – Jean Stafford, American short story writer and novelist (heart failure; born 1915)
 * April 8 – Breece D'J Pancake, American short story writer (suicide, born 1952)
 * May 10 – J. B. Morton (Beachcomber), English humorous newspaper columnist (born 1893)
 * May 14 – Jean Rhys, Dominica-born English novelist (born 1890)
 * June 1 – Eric Partridge, New Zealand/British lexicographer (born 1894)
 * June 3 – Arno Schmidt, German novelist (born 1914)
 * June 7 – Forrest Carter, American genre novelist (heart failure, born 1925)
 * July 6 – Malcolm Hulke, English television writer (born 1924)
 * July 7 – Ahmad Qandil, Saudi Arabian poet (born 1911)
 * July 15 – Juana de Ibarbourou, Uruguayan poet (born 1892)
 * July 21 – Eugène Vinaver, Russian-born English literary scholar (born 1899)
 * July 23 – Joseph Kessel, French journalist and novelist (born 1898)
 * July 29 – Herbert Marcuse, German Jewish philosopher (born 1898)
 * August 8 – Nicholas Monsarrat, English novelist (born 1910)
 * August 16 – Jerzy Jurandot (Jerzy Glejgewicht), Polish poet and dramatist (born 1911)
 * August 20 – Christian Dotremont, Belgian painter and writer (born 1922)
 * August 22 – James T. Farrell, American novelist (born 1904)
 * September 5 – John Bradburne, English poet and missionary (killed by guerillas; born 1921)
 * September 6 – Guy Bolton, British playwright (born 1884)
 * September 25 – Zhou Libo (周立波), Chinese novelist and translator (born 1908)
 * October 6 – Elizabeth Bishop, American poet (born 1911)
 * October 17 – S. J. Perelman, American humorist (born 1904)
 * October 18 – Virgilio Piñera, Cuban poet and short-story writer (born 1912)
 * December 12 – Goronwy Rees, Welsh journalist and academic (born 1909)
 * December 19 – Donald Creighton, Canadian historian (born 1902)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Odysseus Elytis

Canada

 * See 1979 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.

France

 * Prix Goncourt: Antonine Maillet, Pélagie-la-Charrette
 * Prix Médicis French: Claude Durand, La Nuit zoologique
 * Prix Médicis International: Alejo Carpentier, La harpe et l'ombre

Spain

 * Miguel de Cervantes Prize: Jorge Luis Borges and Gerardo Diego

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: Penelope Fitzgerald, Offshore
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Peter Dickinson, Tulku
 * Cholmondeley Award:
 * Guardian Fiction Prize: Neil Jordan, Night in Tunisia and Dambudzo Marechera, The House of Hunger
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: William Golding, Darkness Visible
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Brian Finney, Christopher Isherwood: A Critical Biography

United States

 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Fiction :
 * Nebula Award: Vonda N. McIntyre, Dreamsnake
 * Hugo Award: Vonda N. McIntyre, Dreamsnake
 * Locus Award for Best Novel: Vonda N. McIntyre, Dreamsnake
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature:
 * Bancroft Prize: Christopher Thorne, Allies of a Kind: The United States, Britain, and the War Against Japan, 1941–1945
 * Bancroft Prize: Anthony F. C. Wallace, Rockdale: The Growth of An American Village in the Early Industrial Revolution
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Sam Shepard, Buried Child
 * Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography: Leonard Baker, Days of Sorrow and Pain: Leo Baeck and the Berlin Jews
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: John Cheever, The Stories of John Cheever
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Robert Penn Warren, Now and Then: Poems 1976–1978
 * Pulitzer Prize for History: Don E. Fehrenbacher, The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics
 * Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction: E. O. Wilson, On Human Nature

Elsewhere

 * Miles Franklin Award: David Ireland, A Woman of the Future
 * Premio Nadal: Carlos Rojas, El ingenioso hidalgo y poeta Federico García Lorca asciende a los infiernos
 * Viareggio Prize: Giorgio Manganelli, Centuria

title: 1979 in literature


text:
Talk:Online

Redirect
redirect Internet? -- Tarquin 21:50 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

 * Or perhaps redirect to On-line? -- Kaijan 09:19, 26 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * No, "online" and "on-line" are two completely different concepts.  I'll wait for comments here first, but I strongly want to revert the merging that just happened for online and on-line. Bevo 18:09, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe that there are a number of concepts that both "online" and "on-line" describe, but I believe that the two words are synonyms, and share the same meanings. If we are to have two articles, we should disambiguate them more clearly than by use of hyphens: eg, online and online (internet) or similar. Martin 18:53, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Eg, see the dictionary entry. Martin 20:36, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Online


text:
Fulcrum (newspaper)

The Fulcrum is the English language student newspaper at the University of Ottawa. The paper dates back to 1942 and co-exists on the bilingual campus with La Rotonde, the University of Ottawa's French newspaper. The two newspapers are not simply translated copies of the same material, rather, the two are completely separate—and sometimes rivalling—entities.

The newspaper covers news, arts and culture, and sports information relevant to University of Ottawa students and nearby community, and contains a feature article each week. It is published weekly during the school year and less regularly during exam and break periods.

The Fulcrum is a member of the Canadian University Press (CUP), and recently hosted NASH 70 (the 70th annual Canadian University Press National Conference) in January, 2008. At NASH 71, held in Saskatoon during January 2009, the Fulcrum officially became the sister paper of the Muse at Memorial University. At NASH 76, held in Edmonton during January 2014, the Fulcrum won the bid to host NASH 77, titled "ACCESS," in January, 2015.

The Fulcrum was awarded the Student Publication of the Year in 2019 at NASH 81 hosted by The Gauntlet Publications Society at the University of Calgary.

The Fulcrum debuts
In 1942, The University of Ottawa's English Debating Society published the inaugural edition of their newsletter, entitled The Fulcrum. The newsletter was supervised by Rev. Lorenzo Danis, OMI, and its first editor-in-chief was John Beahen. The premiere edition included as its mission statement the following: "The Fulcrum is dedicated entirely to the interests of our students of today and yesterday."

In its first year, The Fulcrum was funded almost entirely by alumni donations and published only 8 issues per year. Due to its conservative Catholic editorial policies, The Fulcrum was fairly non-controversial compared to its more outspoken counterpart, La Rotonde. The inclusion of advertising starting in its second year allowed the paper some slight financial freedom and The Fulcrum continued in this manner until 1946, when it came under the supervision of the English Students' Association and the SFUO. In 1947, The Fulcrum became a member of the Canadian University Press, a national cooperative linking student newspapers across Canada.

In the 50s and 60s
In 1951, the SFUO (suffering from serious financial problems) proposed that The Fulcrum and La Rotonde be combined into one publication and renamed The Ottawa. The proposal was rejected, but operations at the two papers were condensed into one workspace in the house the SFUO occupied at the time.

Throughout the 1950s, La Rotonde and the University of Ottawa administration had a combative relationship, inciting the Canadian University Press to label La Rotonde as "the most censored student newspaper in Canada" in 1956. The ill-will between the two groups reached a climax in 1958, when three editors from La Rotonde were expelled for an article criticizing Queen Elizabeth II. La Rotonde ceased publishing after this and was not re-formed again until January 1959. Despite the atmosphere on campus, The Fulcrum continued to publish during this time.

Both The Fulcrum and La Rotonde continued to publish unabated throughout most of the 1960s, with La Rotonde continuing with its outspoken approach, and The Fulcrum often playing the mediator and aiming criticism at both parties. However, this began to change in 1964, when the University of Ottawa administration censored an article in La Rotonde espousing the opinion that Queen Elizabeth II was not welcome in Quebec. The Fulcrum spoke out on the issue and in an editorial at the time stated that: "We feel that the administration should have given the publishers of La Rotonde a chance to act. The publishers (the Students' Union) are the ones who should have the right to confiscate an issue of a student newspaper, or any part thereof". Following from this, The Fulcrum became a more outspoken voice on campus.

In 1969, both publications were canceled and replaced with a bilingual monthly entitled Id, directed by Ian Green. The official reason for the cancellation of The Fulcrum and La Rotonde and the subsequent launch of Id was a lack of student interest in both newspapers; however, it was during this time that Canada was enveloped in the polarizing events of the October crisis, and many attribute the climate on campus and cancellation of the opposing-language newspapers to these events.

In the 70s, 80s, and 90s
In 1970, both newspapers were re-instated and continued to publish regularly as services of the Student Federation of the University of Ottawa (which incorporated in 1969). The next three decades were quieter and both newspapers were able to achieve a stability on campus, buoyed by the receipt of a guaranteed student levy voted on in a referendum by U of O students.

The relationship between the university administration and both newspapers gradually became more distant during this time, and (as the publisher of both papers) the SFUO began to step in to moderate and control content when the SFUO felt it was needed. However, the ability of the SFUO to pull any content they deemed questionable quickly lead to dissent on the part of both newspapers and questions of censorship arose. The SFUO stepped in several times during these decades to censor issues that were objectionable or could have been construed as libel, much to the chagrin of editors at both papers. Fueled by their lack of control over their publication and an increasing move towards autonomy in student newspapers across the country, editors at The Fulcrum began formulating plans to go "autonomous" as early as 1998, but many stalled attempts meant that they were not successful until many years later.

It was during this time that The Fulcrum moved to offices located between University of Ottawa's Thompson Residence and Morriset Library (later occupied by CHUO-FM, and now known as the Déjà Vu lounge). In 1989, The Fulcrum was relocated to the basement of 631 King Edward Ave. across from the main campus in a University of Ottawa building.

In the 21st century
In 1999, after several years of a rocky relationship with the Ottawa Gaming Club (who occupied the first floor of 631 King Edward Ave.) The Fulcrum was granted the first and second floor of the building as their new offices. It was also in 1999 that "The Fulcrum" began to make more use of digital technology, switching from more traditional layout techniques to computer layout, and switching over to digital photography, beginning with digital contributions by Steven Meece.

Beginning in the 2003–2004 school year, the paper began referring to itself as University of Ottawa's Fulcrum, rather than The Fulcrum, on the cover.

In the summer of 2004, recently elected editor-in-chief Mary Cummins and managing editor Marcus McCann once again looked into plans to become an autonomously incorporated organization. This push was spurred on by the SFUO attempting to pull the Summer 2004 issue of the Fulcrum for featuring a mug of beer and using the term "Frosh" (the SFUO had recently stopped using the term frosh in favour of welcome week and later 101 week due to negative connotations associated with the term). Aside from this, the separation was due to several reasons. The main reason being that the editorial board felt it was an inherent conflict of interest to be owned by the student government while attempting to write fair, unbiased, and often critical stories about them. The secondary reason was that as an autonomous corporation, the Fulcrum was able to directly control its own finances and spur further growth of the paper.

After discussing the situation with then-president of the SFUO Philippe Laliberté, plans were made to begin the process. In October 2004, a letters patent was granted to "The Fulcrum Publishing Society", the corporation that would take over the governance of the Fulcrum, and negotiations between the SFUO and the Fulcrum continued throughout the year. After approval by the SFUO's Board of Administration, ownership of the Fulcrum officially transferred to The Fulcrum Publishing Society on June 1, 2005.

The Fulcrum Publishing society was set up to be governed by a ten-member board of directors made up of students, community members, Fulcrum staff, U of O faculty, and Fulcrum alumni. Ultimate responsibility for the governance and management of the corporation was left with the board while the president, who acted as the business manager, made decisions on a day-to-day basis. To avoid a similar conflict of interest, provisions were put into the corporate bylaws prohibiting the board from interfering in editorial content unless faced with possible legal action.

After a turbulent first year, the Fulcrum settled into a financially stable position as an autonomous corporation.

Recent changes to the governance structures of the Corporation have led to slight changes, such as the Business (now General) Manager no longer being permitted to hold a seat on the Board, and the roles of the corporation's executives being clarified.

In 2014–15, the newspaper received a complete visual redesign including a new layout and logo.

National defence ad boycott
On March 19, 2008, the Fulcrum held its Annual General Meeting, normally a fairly subdued event. However, the 2008 AGM saw a group of students mobilize to try to create an ad boycott for the purpose of stopping recruitment ads for the Canadian Forces being run by the Department of National Defence, which those students found objectionable. The meeting was contentious, and the first vote, which came out against the boycott 73–69, was challenged and retaken. On the second vote, it passed by a vote of 93–85, binding the Fulcrum to cease accepting ads from the Department of National Defence as of May 1, 2008. Most of the Fulcrum's editorial board and staff members were against the boycott.

On February 6, 2009, the Fulcrum held its Annual General Meeting and the topic of boycott lists emerged again. A motion was presented to remove the advertising boycott list and it was passed unanimously by a vote of 38–0.

Transition to online
The Fulcrum transitioned to an online only news source for the 2019/2020 publication year. This completed the transition which saw the paper only publish one print paper a month for the 2018/2019 publication year.

University of Ottawa's 2020 debate on academic freedom
On October 2, 2020, the Fulcrum published an article detailing the use of a racial slur by a University of Ottawa professor in an online classroom. The article and student outrage on social media led to the university temporarily suspending the professor sparking a nationwide debate on academic freedom at Canadian universities.

Current board of directors

 * President: Keelan Buck (Contributor Rep)
 * Secretary: Chaymaa Nadi (Student Rep)
 * Chair: Emma Godmere (Fulcrum Alumni Rep)
 * Director: Mark Asfar (Continuity Rep)
 * Director: Avesta Alani (Community Rep)
 * Ex-officio: Simon Coakeley (Executive Director)
 * Ex-officio: Bridget Coady (Editor-in-Chief)

Presidents

 * 2023–Present: Keelan Buck
 * 2021–2023: Kalki Nagaratnam
 * 2019-2021: Justin Turcotte
 * 2016-2019: Raghad Sheikh-Khalil
 * 2015-2016: Mackenzie Gray
 * 2014-2015: Keeton Wilcock
 * 2013-2014: Kyle Hansford/Keeton Wilcock
 * 2012-2013: Mercedes Mueller
 * 2011-2012: Andrew Hawley
 * 2010-2011: Scott Bedard
 * 2009-2010: Nick Taylor-Vaisey
 * 2008-2009: Ross Prusakowski
 * 2006-2008: Rob Fishbook
 * 2005-2006: Mary Cummins

Executive Directors/General Managers

 * 2023-Present: Simon Coakeley
 * 2021–2023: Ludvica Boota
 * 2021: Justin Turcotte
 * 2020-2021: Dorian Ghosn
 * 2020: Rame Abdulkader
 * 2018-2020: Dorian Ghosn
 * 2016–2018: Lucas Ghosn
 * 2015-2016: Dayne Moyer
 * 2012-2015: Andrew Hawley
 * 2011-2012: Danielle Vicha
 * 2010-2011: David McClelland
 * 2009-2010: Frank Appleyard
 * 2008-2009: Ross Prusakowski
 * 2006-2008: Rob Fishbook
 * 2005-2006: Mary Cummins

Notable alumni

 * André Picard, Quebec Bureau Chief and health columnist for The Globe and Mail
 * Douglas Roche, OC, former Chairman of the United Nations Disarmament Committee, Senator and Member of Parliament
 * Kate Heartfield, author, former editorial pages editor for the Ottawa Citizen and professor of journalism at Carleton University
 * Jason Chiu, Visual Editor The New York Times

title: Fulcrum (newspaper)


text:
Humanistic education

Humanistic education (also called person-centered education) is an approach to education based on the work of humanistic psychologists, most notably Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. Rogers is regarded as the founder of humanistic psychology and devoted much of his efforts toward applying the results of his psychological research to person-centered teaching where empathy, caring about students, and genuineness on the part of the learning facilitator were found to be the key traits of the most effective teachers. He edited a series of books dealing with humanistic education in his "Studies of the Person Series," which included his book, Freedom to Learn and Learning to Feel - Feeling to Learn - Humanistic Education for the Whole Man, by Harold C. Lyon, Jr. In the 1970s the term "humanistic education" became less popular after conservative groups equated it with "Secular Humanism" and attacked the writings of Harold Lyon as being anti-Christian. That began a successful effort by Aspy, Lyon, Rogers, and others to re-label it "person-centered teaching", replacing the term "humanistic education." In a more general sense the term includes the work of other humanistic pedagogues, such as Rudolf Steiner,  and Maria Montessori. All of these approaches seek to engage the "whole person": the intellect, feeling life, social capacities, and artistic and practical skills are all important focuses for growth and development. Important objectives include developing children's self-esteem, their ability to set and achieve appropriate goals, and their development toward full autonomy.

History
Humanistic education has its roots in Renaissance philosophers who emphasised the study of the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy; these in turn built upon Classical models of education.

The growing Humanist-inspired emphasis on education in Scotland culminated with the passing of the Education Act 1496.

Choice and control
The humanistic approach places a great deal of emphasis on students' choice and control over the course of their education. Students are encouraged to make choices that range from day-to-day activities to periodically setting future life goals. This allows for students to focus on a specific subject of interest for any amount of time they choose, within reason. Humanistic teachers believe it is important for students to be motivated and engaged in the material they are learning, and this happens when the topic is something the students need and want to know.

Felt concerns
Humanistic education tends to focus on the felt concerns and interests of the students intertwining with the intellect. It is believed that the overall mood and feeling of the students can either hinder or foster the process of learning.

The whole person
Humanistic educators believe that both feelings and knowledge are important to the learning process. Unlike traditional educators, humanistic teachers do not separate the cognitive and affective domains. This aspect also relates to the curriculum in the sense that lessons and activities provide focus on various aspects of the student and not just rote memorization through note taking and lecturing.

Self evaluation
Humanistic educators believe that grades are irrelevant and that only self-evaluation is meaningful. Grading encourages students to work for a grade and not for intrinsic satisfaction. Humanistic educators disagree with routine testing because they teach students rote memorization as opposed to meaningful learning. They also believe testing doesn't provide sufficient educational feedback to the teacher.

Teacher as a facilitator
"The tutor or lecturer tends to be more supportive than critical, more understanding than judgmental, more genuine than playing a role." Their job is to foster an engaging environment for the students and ask inquiry-based questions that promote meaningful learning.

Field studies on humanistic education
David Aspy and Flora Roebuck performed a large field study, in 42 states and 7 countries, in the 1970s and 80s, funded by the National Institute of Mental Health over a 12-year period, focusing on what led to achievement, creativity, more student thinking and interactivity, less violence, and both teacher and student satisfaction. Their conclusions corroborated the earlier findings of Carl Rogers's that the more effective teachers were empathic, caring for or prizing their students, and were authentic or genuine in their classroom presence. In 2010 Jeffrey Cornelius-White and Adam Harbaugh published a large meta-analysis on Learner Centered Instruction including in their analysis of the higher quality studies on person-centered or humanistic education since 1948. In 2013, Rogers, Lyon, and Tausch published On Becoming an Effective Teacher -- Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon, which contained Rogers' unpublished work on teaching and documented the research results of four highly related, independent studies which comprise a collection of data to test a person-centered theory in the field of education.

In environment
The environment in a school which focuses their practice on humanistic education tends to have a very different setting than a traditional school. It consist of both indoor and outdoor environments with a majority of time being spent outdoors. The indoor setting may contain a few tables and chairs, bean bags for quiet reading and relaxation, book shelves, hide-aways, kitchens, much color and art posted on the walls. The outdoor environment is very engaging for students. You might find tree houses, outdoor kitchens, sand boxes, play sets, natural materials, sporting activities, etc. The wide range of activities are offered for students allowing for free choices of interest.

Related movements
A number of contemporary school movements incorporate humanistic perspectives within a larger, holistic context: these include the Waldorf, Montessori, Reggio Emilia, and Neohumanist schools. These originated independently of the humanistic psychology movement and at least some of them incorporate spiritual perspectives absent from the traditional humanistic approach.

title: Humanistic education


text:
Drest IX

Drest was king of the Picts, in modern Scotland, from about 834 until 837. He was the son of King Caustantín and succeeded his uncle, Óengus, to the throne.

The length of his reign is based on the various Pictish king lists, where he is associated with Talorgan son of Uuthoil. Some sources, such as John of Fordun, conflate the two kings as "Durstolorger", perhaps under the influence of the earlier "Dubthalorc".

It was once thought that Pictish kings in this period were also kings of Dál Riata, but this is no longer supported.

title: Drest IX


text:
Talk:Oderint dum metuant

Perhaps this ought to redirect to List of Latin phrases, which can then refer the reader to Caligula?

title: Talk:Oderint dum metuant


text:
Bohuslän

Bohuslän is a Swedish province in Götaland, on the northernmost part of the country's west coast. It is bordered by Dalsland to the northeast, Västergötland to the southeast, the Skagerrak arm of the North Sea to the west, and the county of Østfold, in Norway, to the north. In English it literally means Bohus County, although it shared counties with the city of Gothenburg prior to the 1998 county merger and thus was not an administrative unit in its own right.

Bohuslän is named after the medieval Norwegian castle of Bohus (Norwegian: Båhus). Under the name Båhuslen (Bohuslen in Danish), it was a Norwegian county from the Norwegian conquest of the region from the Geats and subsequent unification of the country in the 870s until the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, when the union of Denmark–Norway was forced to cede this county, as well as Skåneland (part of Denmark proper), to Sweden.

, the number of inhabitants was 299,087, giving a population density of 68 PD/sqkm.

Administration
The provinces of Sweden serve no administrative function. Instead, that function is served by the counties of Sweden. For centuries, the administrative county for Bohuslän was Gothenburg and Bohus County, and as its name implies it consisted of the entire Bohuslän province together with the city Gothenburg. In 1998, some Swedish counties were merged to reduce administration costs, and Gothenburg and Bohus County were therefore merged into the new, much larger Västra Götaland County.

Heraldry
Bohuslän was granted its arms at the time of the funeral for Charles X Gustav of Sweden in 1660. It was identical to the arms of the Town of Kungälv. In 1962 the higher claim of the town was established and a variation for the arms of the county was introduced. The coat of arms is surmounted by a ducal coronet. Blazon: 'Argent, a Castle embattled Gules with one embattled Tower of the same and two doors Or hinged Sable between a Sword point upwards and Lion rampant holding the Tower both Azure langued and armed Or."

Geography
The geography is distinguished by the rocky coast, bordering an archipelago: there are about 3,000 islands and 5,000 islets (skerries). These make up the northern part of the Gothenburg archipelago, Sweden's second largest after Stockholm archipelago. In old days, the seascape was renowned for its many reefs and sunken rocks which caused many shipwrecks. Two of the largest islands, Orust and Tjörn, constitute their own municipalities. Both islands have a distinctive culture and history. However, the rocky terrain cannot be said to be mountainous: the highest point is Björnepiken at 222 meters.

Sweden's only threshold fjord, Gullmarn or Gullmarsfjorden, is located near Lysekil. It is 25 km long and 1 to 3 km wide with a maximum depth of 118.5 m. The fjord is home to unique marine life.

Bohuslän's coastline was ranked 7th among the world's last great wilderness areas by CNN Travel.

Unlike other parts of Sweden, there are relatively few lakes or streams in Bohuslän: out of a total land area of 4,500 km2 only 177 km2 is freshwater. Although lakes are common, they tend to be small in size. The largest lakes are the northern and southern Bullaren lakes, with a combined area of about 40 km2.

Geology
Most of the coast is made up by Bohus granite formed in the aftermath of the Sveconorwegian orogeny. In detail these granites have been eroded as to contain abundant small rock basins, some of them filled with clay and silt of combined glacial and marine origin.

The coast of Bohuslän is a joint valley landscape. Studies of denudation chronology suggest Bohuslän lies at the westernmost reaches of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain; however, there is some uncerntainty on whether the hilltops are remnants of the peneplain. Rather than Sub-cambrian most of the province is made up of a relief unit known as the Sub-Mesozoic hilly peneplain.

Islands

 * Björkö
 * Bohus Malmön
 * Brattön
 * Dyngö
 * Dyrön
 * Fotö
 * Grötö
 * Gullholmen
 * Hamburgö
 * Hisingen (partly)
 * Härmanö
 * Hyppeln
 * Hållö
 * Hälsö
 * Hönö
 * Kalvsund
 * Koster
 * Klädesholmen
 * Källö-Knippla
 * Käringön
 * Malmön
 * Marstrand
 * Orust
 * Rörö
 * Resö
 * Stenungsön
 * Tjörn
 * Vinga
 * Åstol
 * Öckerö

Larger settlements
Bohuslän's chartered cities are:
 * Kungälv (approximately 1100)
 * Lysekil (1903)
 * Marstrand (approximately 1200)
 * Strömstad (1672)
 * Uddevalla (1498)

Their central areas are now non-administrative urban areas.

In addition there are several other notable settlements:

 * Andalen
 * Brastad
 * Björlanda
 * Bullaren
 * Fiskebäckskil
 * Fjällbacka
 * Grebbestad
 * Gothenburg (the north-western part of the city lies on Hisingen, and most of this island is in Bohuslän)
 * Hamburgsund
 * Henån
 * Herrestad
 * Hjuvik
 * Hunnebostrand
 * Kungshamn
 * Ljungskile
 * Munkedal
 * Rabbalshede
 * Rönnäng
 * Skärhamn
 * Smögen
 * Stenungsund
 * Stora Höga
 * Tanumshede
 * Torslanda
 * Öckerö

History
During the 2nd millennium BCE, the Nordic Bronze Age began (c. 1700–500 BCE), including rock art such as the examples found throughout Bohuslän. During the Migration Period (300–700 CE) and the Viking Age (700–1000 CE), the area was part of Viken, and was actually known as two entities: Rånrike in the north and Elfsyssel in the south. It has been claimed that King Harald Fairhair made it part of the unified Norway in about 872, but contemporary sources give rise to doubt that Harald actually ever held the Viken area properly. The earliest proof of Båhus lands being in Norway's hands is from the 11th century.

As long as Norway was a kingdom of its own, the province prospered, and Båhus castle was one of the key fortresses of the kingdom. When Norway was united with Denmark, the province began its decline in wealth; the area was frequently attacked by Swedish forces as part of the larger border skirmishes. The Norwegian fortress, Båhus, was built to protect this territory. Being a border zone towards the Swedish kingdom, and to a lesser extent against Danish lands in Halland, the Båhus region was disproportionately populated by soldier families.

Båhuslen belonged to Denmark-Norway until it was ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. The fortress of Carlsten was built in Marstrand during the 17th century. For a period, Marstrand was also a free port (porto Franco), with a free religious practice and, as such, home to the only synagogue in Sweden at the time. The commercial fishing of herring increased in the 18th century, and the province flourished during a major herring period around 1747–1809. Many small fishing communities grew up around the coast.

Before the large scale fishing of herring started, Bohuslän had a considerable forest cover. Timber was once the largest export product and main source of income in Bohuslän. But with the increased importance of fishing, more wood was needed as construction material for houses and boats, and as fuel for herring oil boilers (trankokerier). Deforestation during the 19th century gave rise to today's rugged, rocky landscape.

Culture
A version of the Götaland dialect of Swedish is spoken in Bohuslän. The province was a part of Norway until 1658 as mentioned above. Traces of Norwegian remain in the dialect. 'Bohuslän', literally means the 'Fief of Bohus', referring to Bohus Fortress and län.

The Nordic Bronze Age (c. 1700–500 BCE) produced rock art showing scenes from the daily life and religious rituals, such as the examples found in Bohuslän. The rock art at Tanum, possibly made earlier, c. 2,500 to 3,000 years ago, have been entered as a site in the UNESCO World heritage program. Rock carvings can be found scattered throughout Bohuslän. The carvings portray the life of an agricultural society with images of daily life, with human figures, religious rituals, ships, circular objects, soles, animals, and fertility figures (e.g. phalluses); and the creation of shallow bowls.

Hundreds
Hundreds of Sweden were sub-divisions of the Swedish provinces until the early 20th century. Bohuslän's hundreds were:

 * Bullaren Hundred
 * Inland Fräkne Hundred
 * Inland Northern Hundred
 * Inland Southern Hundred
 * Inland Torpe Hundred
 * Kville Hundred
 * Lane Hundred
 * Orust Eastern Hundred
 * Orust Western Hundred
 * Sotenäs Hundred
 * Stångenäs Hundred
 * Sörbygden Hundred
 * Tanum Hundred
 * Tjörn Hundred
 * Tunge Hundred
 * Vette Hundred
 * Hisingen Western Hundred

Sports
Despite the non-administrative status of Bohuslän, some historical functions still remain with football being administered by Bohusläns Fotbollförbund.

Notable people from Bohuslän
People from Bohuslän are known as bohusläningar.
 * Percy Barnevik, Uddevalla – businessman
 * Emilie Flygare-Carlén, Strömstad – author
 * Emma Jacobsson, Gothenburg – founder of Bohus Stickning
 * Per Jacobsson – managing director of the International Monetary Fund
 * Charles Magnus Lindgren, Dragsmark – Swedish-American shipping executive
 * Ture Malmgren, Uddevalla – journalist and politician
 * Karl Nordström, Tjörn – artist
 * Ernst Skarstedt, Kungälv – Swedish-American author, journalist and editor
 * Lisa Emelia Svensson – UN Ambassador for Oceans
 * Jon Nödtveidt, Strömstad – Singer and guitar player for the Extreme Metal band Dissection

title: Bohuslän


text:
Lorem ipsum

In publishing and graphic design, Lorem ipsum is a placeholder text commonly used to demonstrate the visual form of a document or a typeface without relying on meaningful content. Lorem ipsum may be used as a placeholder before the final copy is available. It is also used to temporarily replace text in a process called greeking, which allows designers to consider the form of a webpage or publication, without the meaning of the text influencing the design.

Lorem ipsum is typically a corrupted version of De finibus bonorum et malorum, a 1st-century BC text by the Roman statesman and philosopher Cicero, with words altered, added, and removed to make it nonsensical and improper Latin. The first two words themselves are a truncation of dolorem ipsum ("pain itself").

Versions of the Lorem ipsum text have been used in typesetting at least since the 1960s, when it was popularized by advertisements for Letraset transfer sheets. Lorem ipsum was introduced to the digital world in the mid-1980s, when Aldus employed it in graphic and word-processing templates for its desktop publishing program PageMaker. Other popular word processors, including Pages and Microsoft Word, have since adopted Lorem ipsum, as have many LaTeX packages, web content managers such as Joomla! and WordPress, and CSS libraries such as Semantic UI.

Example text
A common form of Lorem ipsum reads:

Source text
The Lorem ipsum text is derived from sections 1.10.32 and 1.10.33 of Cicero's De finibus bonorum et malorum. The physical source may have been the 1914 Loeb Classical Library edition of De finibus, where the Latin text, presented on the left-hand (even) pages, breaks off on page 34 with "Neque porro quisquam est qui do-" and continues on page 36 with "lorem ipsum...", suggesting that the galley type of that page was mixed up to make the dummy text seen today.

The discovery of the text's origin is attributed to Richard McClintock, a Latin scholar at Hampden–Sydney College. McClintock connected Lorem ipsum to Cicero's writing sometime before 1982 while searching for instances of the Latin word consectetur, which was rarely used in classical literature. McClintock first published his discovery in a 1994 letter to the editor of Before & After magazine, contesting the editor's earlier claim that Lorem ipsum held no meaning.

The relevant section of Cicero as printed in the source is reproduced below with fragments used in Lorem ipsum highlighted. Letters in brackets were added to Lorem ipsum and were not present in the source text:

"[32] Sed ut perspiciatis, unde omnis iste natus error sit voluptatem accusantium doloremque laudantium, totam rem aperiam eaque ipsa, quae ab illo inventore veritatis et quasi architecto beatae vitae dicta sunt, explicabo. Nemo enim ipsam voluptatem, quia voluptas sit, aspernatur aut odit aut fugit, sed quia consequuntur magni dolores eos, qui ratione voluptatem sequi nesciunt, neque porro quisquam est, qui do lorem ipsum, quia dolor sit amet consectetur adipisci[ng] v elit, sed quia non numquam [do] eius mod i tempor a inci[di]dunt, ut labore et dolore magna m aliqua m quaerat voluptatem. Ut enim ad minim a veniam, quis nostru m [d] exercitation em ullam co rporis suscipit labori o s am, nisi ut aliquid ex ea commod i consequat ur? [D] Q uis aute m vel eum i[r]ure reprehenderit, qui in ea voluptate velit esse, quam nihil molestiae c onsequatur, vel illum , qui dolore m eu m fugiat , quo voluptas nulla pariatur ?

[33] At vero eos et accusamus et iusto odio dignissimos ducimus, qui blanditiis praesentium voluptatum deleniti atque corrupti, quos dolores et quas molestias exceptur i sint, obcaecat i cupiditat e non pro v ident, similique sunt in culpa , qui officia deserunt mollit ia anim i, id est laborum et dolorum fuga. Et harum qui de m re r u[d] um facilis est e[r] t expedit a disti nctio. Nam liber o tempor e, cum soluta nobis est elige ndi optio, cumque nihil impedit, quo minus id, quod maxim e placeat facer e possim us, omnis volupt as assumenda est, omnis dolor repellend[a] us. Temporibus autem quibusdam et aut officiis debitis aut rerum necessitatibus saepe eveniet, ut et voluptates repudiandae sint et molestiae non recusandae. Itaque earum rerum hic tenetur a sapiente delectus, ut aut reiciendis voluptatibus maiores alias consequatur aut perferendis doloribus asperiores repellat."

What follows is H. Rackham's translation, as printed in the 1914 Loeb edition, with words at least partially represented in Lorem ipsum highlighted:

"[32] But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of reprobating pleasure and extolling pain arose. To do so, I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness. No one rejects, dislikes or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful. Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it? But who has any right to find fault with a man who chooses to enjoy a pleasure that has no annoying consequences, or one who avoids a pain that produces no resultant pleasure?

[33] On the other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they cannot foresee the pain and trouble that are bound to ensue; and equal blame belongs to those who fail in their duty through weakness of will, which is the same as saying through shrinking from toil and pain. These cases are perfectly simple and easy to distinguish. In a free hour, when our power of choice is untrammeled and when nothing prevents our being able to do what we like best, every pleasure is to be welcomed and every pain avoided. But in certain circumstances and owing to the claims of duty or the obligations of business it will frequently occur that pleasures have to be repudiated and annoyances accepted. The wise man therefore always holds in these matters to this principle of selection: he rejects pleasures to secure other greater pleasures, or else he endures pains to avoid worse pains."

title: Lorem ipsum