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Western Washington University

Western Washington University (WWU or Western) is a public university in Bellingham, Washington. The northernmost university in the contiguous United States, WWU was founded in 1893 as the state-funded New Whatcom Normal School, succeeding a private school of teaching for women founded in 1886. The university adopted its present name in 1977.

WWU offers a variety of bachelor's and master's degrees, as well as limited doctorates. , there were 14,747 students, 13,801 of whom were undergraduate students, and 664 full time faculty. Its athletic teams are known as the Vikings, which compete in Division II of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.

The main campus is located on 215 acres in Bellingham with a branch campus marine center in Anacortes. The university is accredited by the Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities. Additional accreditation is held by individual colleges.

History

Western was established as the Northwest Normal School, a teachers' school predominantly for women although men also enrolled, by Phoebe Judson in Lynden, Washington, in 1886. Eventually the school moved to Bellingham (then "New Whatcom"), and through the efforts of William R. Moultray and George Judson (Phoebe's son). Governor John McGraw signed legislation establishing the New Whatcom Normal School on February 24, 1893. In November 1895, construction began on a permanent school building, now known as Old Main, the current administration building. Designed by prominent Seattle architects Warren Skillings & James Corner, it was completed by early 1897 but could not be opened to students until funds could be secured to install heating, lighting, and to do general grounds maintenance, which were not included in the original contract. The first official class entered in 1899, composed of 88 students.

The institution that is now Western Washington University underwent several name changes. In 1901, the school's name was changed to State Normal School at Whatcom to reflect New Whatcom's name change. In 1904, the name was changed to Washington State Normal School at Bellingham when the townships of Whatcom and Fairhaven joined, and again in 1937, to Western Washington College of Education when it became a four-year college. Twenty-four years later it became Western Washington State College and finally, in 1977, the institution gained university status and changed to its present name.

The 1960s was a period of especially rapid growth for Western, as its enrollment increased from 3,000 students to over 10,000 during the decade. Also during this time, the Fairhaven College of Interdisciplinary Studies was founded (1967), with non-traditional education methods that would serve as a model for Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington. Two years later, the College of the Environment, the nation's first dedicated environmental science college, was founded, continuing Western's trend toward "cluster" colleges. That same year, on a spring afternoon, students gained headlines by blocking Interstate 5 to protest the Vietnam War. Also in 1969, the College of Ethnic Studies was established; however, after being met with significant resistance, it was dismantled in 1975.

Since this period, the College of Arts and Sciences was founded (1973) and divided into the College of Humanities & Social Sciences and the College of Science & Engineering (2003); the College of Fine and Performing Arts was formed from several art departments (1975); and the College of Business and Economics was established (1976).

Today, WWU has a student body that currently consists of over 16,000 students. The university is the third largest in Washington after Washington State University and the University of Washington.

Campus

WWU is located in Bellingham, a city of about 95,000 people, overlooking Bellingham Bay and many of the San Juan Islands. The university is 90 mi north of Seattle, 55 mi south of Vancouver, British Columbia, and an hour's drive from 10778 ft Mount Baker. The university is located close to Interstate 5.

The campus is 215 acre, including the 38 acre Sehome Hill Arboretum, operated jointly with the City of Bellingham. Campus facilities include an electronic music studio, an air pollution lab, a motor vehicle research lab, a marine research lab, a wind tunnel, and two electron microscopes. Western's Vehicle Research Institute has led Automobile Magazine to describe Western as "very possibly the best school in the country for total car design." Western also has off-campus facilities at Shannon Point Marine Center in Anacortes, Washington; Lakewood, a 15 acre student-university facility at nearby Lake Whatcom; and Whatcom County property used for environmental and aquatic analyses.

Public sculpture collection

WWU's prized collection of outdoor and indoor public art sculptures is a major presence on its campus. The collection, funded by the Washington State Arts Commission, the National Endowment for the Arts, and private donations, includes 36 works: Founded in 1960, the collection includes large-scale works by James FitzGerald, Isamu Noguchi, Robert Morris, Mark di Suvero, Anthony Caro, Nancy Holt, Beverly Pepper, Richard Serra, Donald Judd and Bruce Nauman, among others.

Academic organization
Western offers multiple bachelor's degrees, as well as the degrees of Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Education, Master in Teaching, Master of Business Administration, Master of Professional Accounting, Master of Fine Arts, Master of Music, Clinical Doctorate in Audiology, and Doctor of Education. The university is also authorized to award honorary degrees. The university is composed of the following colleges:

Accreditation
The university is accredited by the following:

 * Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities
 * National Association of Schools of Music
 * National Recreation and Park Association
 * American Speech and Hearing Association
 * National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education
 * Computing Sciences Accreditation Board
 * Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology
 * American Chemical Society
 * Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business
 * Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs
 * Planning Accreditation Board

Honors
The undergraduate honors program offers merit scholarships worth up to $5,000. These scholarships are awarded to successful applicants to the honors program. No separate application is necessary. High-achieving freshmen from colleges in other western states can enroll at Western at a reduced tuition level that is equivalent to a $30,000 four-year scholarship.

Rankings
In 2022-23, U.S. News ranked Western as the top public master's granting university in the Pacific Northwest, while placing 14th overall in the West (both public and private). Western was one of only two public schools ranked among the top 25 Master's-Granting Universities (West) category. The universities found in this ranking are schools that lack doctoral programs but still retain master's programs. The institution has a 93% acceptance rate.

Western Washington University ranked first among the top medium-sized colleges and universities with alumni serving as Peace Corps volunteers in 2013 and 2014.

Notable degree programs

 * The Philosophical Gourmet Report mentions Western as having one of the nation's best philosophy departments among colleges and universities that offer only a B.A. in the discipline. Western was among only seven public universities so honored.
 * The Center for Canadian American Studies at Western Washington University is one of only two U.S. Department of Education–designated National Resource Centers for the study of Canada in the United States.

College of Business and Economics

 * Center for Economics and Business Research
 * Center for Economic & Financial Education
 * Center for Excellence in Management Education
 * Center for International Business
 * Small Business Development Center
 * Center for Operations Research and Management Sciences
 * Small Business Development Center
 * Manufacturing Supply Chain Management

College of Humanities and Social Sciences

 * Border Policy Research Institute
 * Center for Cross-Cultural Research
 * Center for Pacific Northwest Studies
 * Center for Performance Excellence
 * Critical Junctures Institute
 * Demographics Research Laboratory
 * Institute for Literary Sciences
 * Karen W. Morse Institute of Leadership

College of Science and Engineering

 * Advanced Material Science and Engineering Center
 * Internet Studies Center
 * Vehicle Research Institute

College of the Environment

 * Institute for Watershed Studies
 * The Spatial Institute
 * Institute of Environmental Toxicology
 * The Resilience Institute

Multi-College

 * Center for Instructional Innovation and Assessment
 * Shannon Point Marine Center
 * BRAIN Behavioral Neuroscience program
 * Institute for Energy Studies
 * Center for Continuing Education and Rehabilitation (with University of Washington)
 * Center for Education Data and Research (with University of Washington)

Athletics
WWU is an official member of NCAA Division II, having joined in September 1998. In 2011–12, approximately 350 students are participating in 15 varsity sports at Western, six for men and nine for women. In 2010–11, WWU placed seventh among 310 NCAA Division II schools in the Sports Director's Cup national all-sports standings, the second-highest finish in school history. The Vikings were sixth in 2009–2010 and tenth in 2008–2009. WWU has had eight straight Top 50 finishes and been among the Top 100 in each of its first 13 seasons as an NCAA II member.

In 2010–11, Western won its third straight and seventh overall Great Northwest Athletic Conference All-Sports championship, taking league titles in volleyball, men's golf and women's golf, and the regular-season crown in women's basketball. The Vikings, who won the Northwest Collegiate Rowing Conference championship, placed second in men's and women's cross country, men's and women's outdoor track, men's indoor track and softball.

The Vikings have won an NAIA national championship in softball (1998) and NCAA Division II national championships in women's rowing (2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2017), men's basketball (2012) and women's soccer (2016). WWU athletes have also won individual national championships in track and field.

Varsity sports
The Vikings field varsity teams for men and women in cross country, soccer, golf, basketball, and track & field. Women's teams compete in volleyball, softball, and rowing. Between 1903 and 2008 WWU fielded a football team but folded it in hopes of saving money to keep other WWU teams competitive.

Club sports
In addition to its varsity sports programs, WWU also has a number of student-run club sports teams:
 * Baseball
 * Rowing (Men's)
 * Climbing
 * Cycling
 * Equestrian
 * Fencing
 * Figure Skating
 * Golf
 * Hockey
 * Judo
 * Lacrosse (Men's and Women's)
 * Rugby (Men's and Women's)
 * Sailing
 * Swimming
 * Tennis
 * Ultimate (Men's and Women's)
 * Volleyball (Men's and Women's)
 * Wakeboarding
 * Water Polo (Men's and Women's)
 * Water Skiing
 * Wrestling

Students
A total of 16,121 students were in attendance at Western Washington University in the 2018–19 academic year. 92 percent of students are under 25 years of age, and 84 percent are from Washington State.

Many students at Western Washington University participate in organized student government. The Associated Students of Western Washington University (ASWWU) is "an organization designed and run by Western students, the Associated Students (AS) seeks to ensure a fulfilling college and academic experience for all university students through the many services, facilities and programs it offers." Within ASWWU, there are five main areas of focus: clubs, activities, programs, facilities & services, and governance.

The AS aims to provide "funding, space and services" to students "uniting around common interests." The AS staff assist student development of clubs and provide advising, "continuity, referral and record keeping" throughout the entire process. Currently there are over two hundred student clubs in the following categories: Arts and Music, Cultural, Political, Special Interest, Gaming, Social Issues, Departmental, Limited Membership, Service, Religious, and Recreational.

In the 2021–22 school year, the music department has a new course for music education majors called K-12 Classroom Accompanying Pedagogy (MUS 262.) A new course in Music and Sustainability (MUS 397E) is available to all Western students.

The History Department offers HIST 390 which is a special topics class with in-depth readings of primary and secondary sources. In Spring of 2023, a HIST 390 on Indigenous History of North America was offered. The class covers the formation of the Iroquois confederacy, Mississippian chiefdoms, the Illinois people, Caddo people, and more.

Students who desire to set up a table in Red Square to promote their club need to sign up for a space through the university. A blue board at the West side of Red Square has general university policy on freedom of speech and also guidelines for using chalk on the bricks.

There is a livestream of Red Square filmed from the top of Bond Hall.

KUGS radio station accepts albums from students to air. KUGS also has a large library of vinyl records that can be listened to in the studio.

Media
There are multiple news outlets associated with the university.

Student publications
Student-run publications at WWU include:

 * The Front (formerly The Western Front) is Western's official student newspaper covering city-wide and greater county-wide news. It operates independently of the university itself, though articles are written, edited, and published by students of the university. The Front was awarded as the "Best All-Around Non-Daily Student Newspaper" by the Society of Professional Journalists' Region 10 in 2017. The newspaper's first edition as the Western Front was published on October 10, 1967.
 * Klipsun Magazine is a quarterly student magazine. Each issue of the magazine has a specific theme, and the periodical as a whole is intended to be an example of multimedia journalism.
 * Occam's Razor, as well as Jeopardy, are formatted as academic journals, and aim to publish academic research done by Western undergraduates.
 * The Planet is published as part of the university's environmental studies program. The magazine promotes environmental awareness.
 * Window: The Magazine of Western Washington University (often referred to as Window Magazine), a magazine published two to three times a year by the university. It won multiple silver and bronze Council for Advancement and Support of Education Circle of Excellence awards in 2019.

The Student Publications Office of the university publishes the Front, Klipsun, Occam's Razor, and the Planet, as well as Jeopardy. The Associated Students of Western Washington University also operates media services, including Wavelength, a weekly online and printed alternative news source.

Official publications
An official source of news is WWU News (formerly Western Today), a source for official campus news operated by the Office of University Communications.

Police
The Western Washington University Police Department (abbreviated WWUPD) are a university police force at the university. The police chief of the department is Katryne "Katy" Potts, who was sworn into the position in January 2023. The department also has a staff of "Green Coats" under their public safety branch, who offer "safety escorts on campus, event security staffing and building access services for current students."

Notable faculty

 * James Bertolino, English
 * Jeff Carroll, Psychology
 * Catherine T. Montgomery, Education
 * Suzanne Paola, English
 * Richard Purtill, Philosophy (emeritus)
 * Ada Swineford, Geologist
 * Edward Vajda, Modern & Classical Languages
 * Christopher Wise, English

Notable alumni

 * Robert Angel, creator of Pictionary
 * Richard Barlow, intelligence analyst
 * Carrie Brownstein, member of the band Sleater-Kinney, star and co-creator of comedy television series Portlandia.
 * Ryan Couture (2004), professional Mixed Martial Artist formerly competing in the UFC, and son of former UFC Heavyweight Champion Randy Couture
 * Sarah Crouch, long-distance runner
 * Mike Duncan (2002), podcaster and author best known for The History of Rome and Revolutions
 * Darril Fosty (1992), author and documentarian
 * Ben Gibbard (1998), lead vocalist and guitarist of Death Cab for Cutie and The Postal Service
 * TJ Martin, Oscar winner of Best Feature Documentary for Undefeated, 2012
 * Douglas Massey (1974), sociologist working as a professor at Princeton University and an adjunct professor at the University of Pennsylvania
 * Harrison Mills and Clayton Knight (2012), creators of electronic dance duo ODESZA
 * Heather Purser, Seattle LGBT rights activist and Native American advocate
 * Hiro Yamamoto, founding member and bassist of the rock band Soundgarden
 * Ijeoma Oluo, author and writer
 * William Dietrich, author and journalist
 * Julie Larson-Green, former CXO of Office Experience Organization at Microsoft
 * Agnes Martin, abstract painter known for her minimalist style
 * Ralph Munro, former Secretary of State of Washington
 * Elizabeth Peratrovich, civil rights activist who worked for equality on behalf of Alaska Natives
 * Jesse Moore, White House Associate Director of Public Engagement and Speechwriter to President Barack Obama
 * Bob Robertson, voice of Washington State University Cougar Athletics for over 50 years
 * Heidi Grant Murphy, a Canadian-American operatic soprano
 * Erin Wall, a Canadian-American operatic soprano
 * John Michael Greer, author and druid
 * Michael Farris, CEO of Alliance Defending Freedom, an anti-LGBTQ hate group as designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center
 * Kelli Linville, former Mayor of Bellingham and Member of the Washington House of Representatives
 * Ben Dragavon, former American soccer player who is currently an assistant coach for Seattle Reign FC
 * Larry Springer, Member of the Washington House of Representatives
 * Matt Overton, long snapper for the Los Angeles Chargers of the National Football League
 * Daulton Hommes, former professional basketball player for the New Orleans Pelicans of the National Basketball Association
 * Tori Black, adult film actress

title: Western Washington University


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Elisabeth Bergner

Elisabeth Bergner (22 August 1897 – 12 May 1986) was an Austrian-British actress. Primarily a stage actress, her career flourished in Berlin and Paris before she moved to London to work in films. Her signature role was Gemma Jones in Escape Me Never, a play written for her by Margaret Kennedy. She played Gemma, first in London and then in the Broadway debut, and in a film version for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. In 1943, Bergner returned to Broadway in the play The Two Mrs. Carrolls, for which she won the Distinguished Performance Medal from the Drama League.

Life and career
She was born Ella vel Ettel Bergner in Drohobych, Austro-Hungarian Empire (present-day Ukraine) to Sara (née Wagner) and Emil ( Schmelke Juda) Bergner, a merchant. She grew up in a secular Jewish home. The Hebrew she heard in her childhood was associated with Yom Kippur and Pesach, and on her visits to Israel, she apologized for not knowing the language.

She first acted on stage at age 14, and appeared in Innsbruck a year later. In Vienna at age 16, she toured Austrian and German provinces with a Shakespearean company. She worked as an artist's model, posing for sculptor Wilhelm Lehmbruck, who fell in love with her. She eventually moved to Munich and later Berlin.

In 1923, she made her film debut in Der Evangelimann. With the rise of Nazism, Bergner moved to London with director Paul Czinner, and they married in 1933. Her stage work in London included The Boy David (1936) by J.M. Barrie, his last play, which he wrote especially for her, and Escape Me Never by Margaret Kennedy. Catherine the Great was banned in Germany because of the government's racial policies, according to Time on 26 March 1934. She was naturalised as a British subject in 1938.

She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress for the film version of Escape Me Never (1935). She repeated her stage role of Rosalind, opposite Laurence Olivier's Orlando, in the 1936 film As You Like It, the first sound film version of Shakespeare's play, and the first sound film of any Shakespeare play filmed in England. Bergner had previously played the role on the German stage, and several critics found that her accent got in the way of their enjoyment of the film, which was not a success. She returned intermittently to the stage, for instance in the title role of John Webster's The Duchess of Malfi in 1946.

Bergner temporarily returned to Germany in 1954, where she acted in movies and on the stage; the Berlin district of Steglitz named a city park after her. In 1973, she starred in Der Fußgänger (English title: The Pedestrian), which was nominated for an Academy Award and which won the Golden Globe for Best Foreign-Language Foreign Film of 1974. In 1980, Austria awarded her the Cross of Merit for Science and Art, and, in 1982, she won the Eleonora Duse Prize Asolo.

Death
She later moved to London, where she died, aged 88, from cancer. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium on 15 May 1986, where she is commemorated with an oval memorial tablet in the West Cloister.

All About Eve
According to The New York Times obituary for writer Mary Orr, Bergner told Orr about an experience that provided her with the inspiration for the short story that gave birth to the character of Eve Harrington. "The Wisdom of Eve" appeared in Cosmopolitan in 1946. The play based on that story was the basis for Joseph L. Mankiewicz's All About Eve. The episode occurred when Bergner was performing in the play The Two Mrs. Carrolls. Bergner took pity on a "waif-like" young woman who stood outside the theater for days on end. She gave her a job as her secretary, and the young actress tried to  "take over" Bergner's life.

Literary references
The character of Dora Martin in the novel Mephisto by Klaus Mann reportedly is based on her.

Partial filmography

 * The Evangelist (1924) - Magdalena
 * Husbands or Lovers (1924) - Nju
 * The Fiddler of Florence (1926) - Renée
 * Liebe (1927) - Herzogin von Langeais
 * Doña Juana (1928) - Doña Juana
 * Fräulein Else (1929) - Else Thalhof
 * Ariane (1931) - Ariane Kusnetzowa
 * Dreaming Lips (1932) - Gaby
 * The Rise of Catherine the Great (1934) - Catherine
 * Escape Me Never (1935) - Gemma Jones
 * As You Like It (1936) - Rosalind
 * Dreaming Lips (1937) - Gaby Lawrence
 * Stolen Life (1939) - Sylvina Lawrence / Martina Lawrence
 * 49th Parallel (1941) - Anna (replaced by Glynis Johns) (scenes deleted)
 * Paris Calling (1941) - Marianne Jannetier
 * The Happy Years of the Thorwalds (1962) - Frau Thorwald
 * Cry of the Banshee (1970) - Oona
 * Strogoff (1970) - Marfa Strogoff
 * The Pedestrian (1973) - Frau Lilienthal
 * The Pentecost Outing (1978) - Margarete Johannsen
 * High Society Limited (1982) - Else

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Elisabeth Bergner


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Escape Me Never (play)

Escape Me Never is a 1934 play written by Margaret Kennedy based upon her 1930 novel The Fool of the Family.

Set in pre World War I Europe, it tells the story of two brothers (Caryl and Sebastian Durbok) who are composers, share a flat, and are both in love with two women—an heiress and a young innocent.

The original West End run of the play at the Apollo Theatre starred Elisabeth Bergner for whom the play was written. Bergner, in her Broadway debut, starred also in the play's 1935 production at the Shubert Theatre.

Adaptations
The play was adapted into a British film in 1935 starring Bergner and directed by Paul Czinner, and into an American film in 1947 starring Ida Lupino, directed by Peter Godfrey.

title: Escape Me Never (play)


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Private Worlds

Private Worlds is a 1935 American drama film which tells the story of the staff and patients at a mental hospital and the chief of the hospital, who has problems dealing with a female psychiatrist. The film stars Claudette Colbert, Charles Boyer, Joel McCrea, Joan Bennett, and Helen Vinson.

The movie was written by Phyllis Bottome, Gregory La Cava, and Lynn Starling and was directed by La Cava. Cinematographer Leon Shamroy used early zoom lenses to create special effects for the film.

Claudette Colbert was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the film.

The film is based on the 1934 novel of the same title by British writer Phyllis Bottome, who has had several of her works transferred to film, such as The Mortal Storm (MGM, 1940).

Plot
The film tells of problems in the lives of doctors and patients. A female doctor (Colbert) probes the twisted minds of her patients in a mental institution. The very caring psychiatrist and her colleague face discrimination by a conservative new supervisor.

Cast

 * Claudette Colbert as Dr. Jane Everest
 * Charles Boyer as Dr. Charles Monet
 * Joan Bennett as Sally MacGregor
 * Helen Vinson as Claire Monet
 * Joel McCrea as Dr. Alex MacGregor
 * Jean Rouverol as Carrie Flint
 * Esther Dale as Matron
 * Guinn 'Big Boy' Williams as Jerry
 * Dora Clement as Bertha Hirst
 * Sam Godfrey as Tom Hirst
 * Samuel S. Hinds as Dr. Arnold
 * Theodore von Eltz as Dr. Harding
 * Stanley Andrews as Dr. Barnes

Reception
The film had a loss of $10,458.

title: Private Worlds


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Saturday-morning cartoon

"Saturday-morning cartoon" is a colloquial term for the original animated series and live-action programming that was typically scheduled on Saturday and Sunday mornings in the United States on the "Big Three" television networks. The genre's popularity had a broad peak from the mid-1960s through the mid-2000s; over time it declined, in the face of changing cultural norms, increased competition from formats available at all times, and heavier media regulations. In the final two decades of the genre's existence, Saturday-morning and Sunday-morning cartoons were primarily created and aired to meet regulations on children's television programming in the United States, or E/I. Minor television networks, in addition to the non-commercial PBS in some markets, continue to air animated programming on Saturday and Sunday while partially meeting those mandates.

In the United States, the generally accepted times for these and other children's programmes to air on Saturday mornings were from 8:00 a.m. to approximately 1:00 p.m. Eastern Time Zone. Until the late 1970s, American networks also had a schedule of children's programming on Sunday mornings, though most programmes at this time were repeats of Saturday-morning shows that were already out of production. In some markets, some shows were pre-empted in favor of syndicated or other types of local programming.

History
Beginning in the early 1960s, the Saturday-morning timeslot would feature a great deal of series appropriate for children, although most of these were reruns of both animated series originally broadcast in prime time and adventure series made in the 1950s, as well as telecasts of older cartoons made for movie theaters. From 1966 onwards, however, the slot would be dominated by superhero cartoon series, influenced by the success of Space Ghost. These were heavily criticised by parents for their violence, and by 1972 most had been removed from the slot following pressure from the lobbying group Action for Children's Television (ACT), founded by Peggy Charren.

With the 1970s came a wave of animated versions of popular live-action prime time series, mainly with the voices of the original casts, as well as imitations of the highly successful Scooby-Doo combining teen characters and talking animals with light-weight mystery stories.

By 1982, under President Ronald Reagan, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) had loosened programming and advertising regulations, leading to the era of "half-hour toy commercials", starting with He-Man and the Masters of the Universe and continuing with such successes as The Transformers. These were heavily criticised by ACT, but were able to continue into the late 1980s.

As well, several more lighthearted series appeared, popularised by Hanna-Barbera’s The Smurfs and Jim Henson’s Muppet Babies. These included series based on popular video games, including Saturday Supercade.

Watchgroup backlash
Parents' lobbying groups such as Action for Children's Television began in the late 1960s. They voiced concerns about the presentation of commercialism, violence, anti-social attitudes and stereotypes in Saturday-morning cartoons, specifically the superhero cartoons of the mid-1960s which were cancelled by the late 1960s due to the groups’ protests. By the 1970s, these groups exercised enough influence, especially with the U.S. Congress and the Federal Communications Commission, that the television networks felt compelled to impose more stringent content rules for the animation houses. By 1978, the Federal Trade Commission was openly considering a ban on all advertising during television programming targeting preschoolers, and severe restrictions on other children's program advertising, both of which would have effectively killed off the format; the commission ultimately dropped the proposal.

The networks were encouraged to create educational spots that endeavored to use animation and/or live-action for enriching content, including the Schoolhouse Rock! series on ABC which became a fondly-remembered television classic.

Decline
From 1992, the "Big Three" traditional major networks and their affiliates began replacing their Saturday-morning animated programming with weekend editions of their morning magazines. and live-action teen-oriented series. Multiple factors contributed to the change, among them the introduction of people meters that children found difficult to operate in the mid-1980s, an increasingly competitive market fueled by the multi-channel transition, a boom in first-run syndicated content and the introduction of home video and video games, increasing restrictions on advertising and educational content mandates, and broader cultural changes stemming from an increase in no-fault divorces and the end of the post-World War II baby boom. Attempting to pair the newscasts with the remaining cartoons was largely unsuccessful because the two program formats drew widely different audiences that did not lend themselves to leading in and out of each other, leading to viewership oddities (such as NBC's children's block having an average viewership age of over 40 years old); by the late 2010s, all of the major American networks had shifted to live-action documentary programming, ostensibly targeted at teenagers to meet the educational mandates but less likely to cause a clash with the newscasts. This documentary programming also benefited from having less restrictive rules for advertising compared to programming targeted to children.

Saturday-morning and Sunday-morning cartoons were largely discontinued in Canada by 2002. In the United States, The CW continued to air non-E/I cartoons as late as 2014; among the "Big Three" traditional major networks, the final non-E/I cartoon to date (Kim Possible) was last aired in 2006.

title: Saturday-morning cartoon


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User:Talion~enwiki

Recent work: Sealab 2021 Arena Football League Use of Weapons

title: User:Talion~enwiki


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Miriam Hopkins

Ellen Miriam Hopkins (October 18, 1902 – October 9, 1972) was an American actress known for her versatility. She signed with Paramount Pictures in 1930.

She portrayed a pickpocket in Ernst Lubitsch's romantic comedy Trouble in Paradise, a bar singer Ivy in Rouben Mamoulian's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, and the titular character in the controversial drama The Story of Temple Drake. She received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for the 1935 film Becky Sharp, becoming the first performer nominated for a color picture. She was nominated for a Golden Globe for The Heiress. She co-starred with Joel McCrea in five films.

Her long-running feud with actress Bette Davis was publicized for effect. Hopkins later became a pioneer of TV drama. She was considered a distinguished hostess in Hollywood and moved in intellectual and creative circles.

Early life
Hopkins was born in Savannah, Georgia, to Homer Hopkins and Ellen Cutler. Her early childhood home was located at 321 Whitaker St (since demolished). She was raised in Bainbridge, near the Alabama border. She had an older sister, Ruby (1900–1990). Her maternal great-grandfather, the fourth mayor of Bainbridge, had helped establish St. John's Episcopal Church in the city. Hopkins sang in the choir as a girl.

In 1909, she briefly lived in Mexico with her family. After her parents separated, Hopkins moved as a teen with her mother to Syracuse, New York, to be near her paternal uncle, Thomas Cramer Hopkins, head of the geology department at Syracuse University.

Hopkins attended Goddard Seminary in Plainfield, Vermont (later renamed Goddard College), and Syracuse University in New York State.

Career

At age 20, Hopkins became a chorus girl in New York City; she also acted regularly on the stage throughout the 1920s, including in the 1926 stage adaptation of Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy. In 1930, she starred on Broadway in the play Ritzy by Sidney Toler. She starred on Broadway in the lead of Jezebel, a 1933 play by Owen Davis. When it was adapted as a 1938 film of the same name, Hopkins was bitterly disappointed that Bette Davis was chosen for the role she had played on stage. This began a feud between them, which the motion picture studios publicized.

In 1930, Hopkins signed with Paramount Pictures and made her official film debut in Fast and Loose. Her first great success was in the 1931 horror drama film Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, where she portrayed Ivy Pearson, a prostitute who becomes entangled with Jekyll and Hyde. She received rave reviews, including one from Mordaunt Hall of the New York Times, saying she portrayed Ivy "splendidly".

Her career ascended swiftly. In 1932, she made her breakthrough in Ernst Lubitsch's Trouble in Paradise, where she proved her charm and wit as a beautiful and jealous pickpocket. During the pre-code Hollywood of the early 1930s, she appeared in The Smiling Lieutenant, The Story of Temple Drake, and Design for Living, all of which were box-office successes and critically acclaimed. Design for Living ranked as one of the top ten highest-grossing films of 1933.

Hopkins' early films were considered sexually risqué; produced in the years before the Motion Picture Production Code was rigorously enforced, they featured issues that would be prohibited after 1934. For instance, The Story of Temple Drake depicted a rape scene, and Design for Living featured a ménage à trois with Fredric March and Gary Cooper. Her successes continued during the remainder of the decade with the romantic comedy The Richest Girl in the World (1934); the historical drama Becky Sharp (1935), for which she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress; Barbary Coast (1935); These Three (1936) (the first of four films with the director William Wyler); and The Old Maid (1939).

Hopkins was one of the early actresses approached to play the role of Ellie Andrews in It Happened One Night (1934). She rejected the part, and Claudette Colbert was cast. Hopkins auditioned for the role of Scarlett O'Hara in Gone with the Wind; she was the only candidate to be a native Georgian, but the part went to British actress Vivien Leigh.

Hopkins had well-publicized fights with Bette Davis. Hopkins and Davis co-starred in The Old Maid (1939) and Old Acquaintance (1943). In this period, she believed that Davis was having an affair with her husband Anatole Litvak. Davis resented her jealousy and said that she had enjoyed shaking Hopkins in a scene in Old Acquaintance after Hopkins's character makes unfounded allegations against Davis's. Press photos featured the two divas in a boxing ring, gloves up, with the director Vincent Sherman between them like a referee. In later interviews, Davis described Hopkins as a "terribly good actress", but also "terribly jealous".

After Old Acquaintance, Hopkins did not work in films again until The Heiress (1949), where she played the lead character's aunt. In Mitchell Leisen's 1951 comedy The Mating Season, she gave a comic performance as the mother of Gene Tierney's character. She also acted in The Children's Hour (1961), a remake of her film These Three (1936). In the remake, she played the aunt to Shirley MacLaine, who took Hopkins' original role. Her last film roles included Robert Redford's mother in The Chase (1966) and as an ageing former Hollywood star in the horror film Savage Intruder (1970).

Hopkins was a television pioneer. She performed in teleplays from the late 1940s through the late 1960s, in such programs as The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre (1949), Pulitzer Prize Playhouse (1951), Lux Video Theatre (1951–1955), and in episodes of The Investigators (1961) and The Outer Limits (1964), and even in an episode of The Flying Nun ("Bertrille and the Silent Flicks") in 1969.

She has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: one for film at 1709 Vine Street and one for television at 1716 Vine Street.

Personal life
Hopkins married four times. Her first marriage was to actor Brandon Peters, second to aviator and screenwriter Austin Parker, third to the director Anatole Litvak, and fourth to war correspondent Raymond B. Brock. In 1932, she adopted a son, Michael T. Hopkins (March 29, 1932 – October 5, 2010), who had a career in the U.S. Air Force.

She was known for hosting elegant parties. John O'Hara, a frequent guest, noted that

"most of her guests were chosen from the world of the intellect ... Miriam knew them all, had read their work, had listened to their music, had bought their paintings. They were not there because a secretary had given her a list of highbrows."

She was a staunch Democrat who strongly supported the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Death
Hopkins died in New York City from a heart attack on October 9, 1972. She is buried in Oak City Cemetery in Bainbridge, Georgia.

title: Miriam Hopkins


text:
Becky Sharp (film)

Becky Sharp is a 1935 American Technicolor historical drama film directed by Rouben Mamoulian and starring Miriam Hopkins who was nominated for the Best Actress Oscar. Other supporting cast were William Faversham, Frances Dee, Cedric Hardwicke, Billie Burke, Alison Skipworth, Nigel Bruce, and Alan Mowbray.

The film is based on the 1899 play of the same name by Langdon Mitchell, which in turn was based on William Makepeace Thackeray's 1848 novel Vanity Fair. The play was made famous in the late 1890s by actress Minnie Maddern Fiske. The screenplay was written by Francis Edward Faragoh. The film was considered a landmark in cinema as the first feature film to use the newly developed three-strip Technicolor production throughout, opening the way for a growing number of color films to be made in Britain and the United States in the years leading up to World War II. In 2019, the film was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the United States National Film Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

The film recounts the tale of a lower-class girl who insinuates herself into an upper-class family, only to see her life and the lives of those around her destroyed.

Plot
Becky Sharp (Miriam Hopkins), a socially ambitious young lady, manages to survive during the background years of Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo. Becky gradually climbs the British social ladder, overcoming poverty and class distinctions, through her best friend Amelia Sedley (Frances Dee), praising any rich man who will listen.

In her efforts to advance herself, she manages to connect with a number of gentlemen: the Marquis of Steyne (Cedric Hardwicke), Joseph Sedley (Nigel Bruce), Rawdon Crawley (Alan Mowbray), and George Osborne (G. P. Huntley Jr), the husband of Amelia.

She rises to the top of British society but becomes the scourge of the social circle, offending influential ladies such as Lady Bareacres (Billie Burke).

Sharp falls into the humiliation of singing for her meals in a beer hall, but she never stays down for long. At the end, she cons her last man and finally lands Amelia's brother, Joseph.

Cast

 * Miriam Hopkins as Becky Sharp
 * Frances Dee as Amelia Sedley
 * Cedric Hardwicke as Marquis of Steyne
 * Billie Burke as Lady Bareacres
 * Alison Skipworth as Miss Crawley
 * Nigel Bruce as Joseph Sedley
 * Alan Mowbray as Rawdon Crawley
 * G. P. Huntley Jr. as George Osborne
 * William Stack as Pitt Crawley
 * George Hassell as Sir Pitt Crawley
 * William Faversham as Duke of Wellington
 * Charles Richman as General Tufto
 * Doris Lloyd as Duchess of Richmond
 * Colin Tapley as William Dobbin
 * Leonard Mudie as Tarquin
 * May Beatty as Briggs
 * Charles Coleman as Bowles
 * Bunny Beatty as Lady Blanche
 * Finis Barton as Miss Flowery
 * Olaf Hytten as The Prince Regent
 * Pauline Garon as Fifine
 * James 'Hambone' Robinson as Sedley's page
 * Elspeth Dudgeon as Miss Pinkerton
 * Tempe Pigott as The Charwoman
 * Ottola Nesmith as Lady Jane Crawley
 * Creighton Hale as British Officer (uncredited)

Production

John Hay "Jock" Whitney and Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney formed Pioneer Pictures specifically to produce color films, and signed a contract to release Pioneer films through RKO Radio Pictures.

After producing La Cucaracha, Becky Sharp, and Dancing Pirate (1936), the Whitneys and David O. Selznick formed Selznick International Pictures. Two Selznick International films, A Star Is Born and Nothing Sacred (both 1937), were produced by Selznick, copyrighted by Pioneer Pictures, and released through United Artists rather than RKO. The film went public domain in 1963 after the copyright lapsed and was not renewed.

Lowell Sherman, the original director, had fallen ill while working on Night Life of the Gods before starting Becky Sharp, but had continued to work on the project; he died of double pneumonia four weeks into production.

Future First Lady Pat Nixon, who was a sometimes movie extra while attending college at USC, had a single spoken line in the film, but it did not make the final edit.

After Sherman's death, Rouben Mamoulian was brought in to finish the film. Mamoulian did not use any of the footage shot by Sherman, deciding instead to reshoot the entire film.

Color development
Becky Sharp was the first feature film to use the three-strip Technicolor process, which created a separate film register for each of the three primary colors, for the entirety of the film.

Earlier live action films to use the new Technicolor process for part of the film include the final musical number in the feature The Cat and the Fiddle released by MGM in February 1934, and in short sequences filmed for other movies made during 1934, including The House of Rothschild (Twentieth Century Pictures/United Artists) with George Arliss and Kid Millions (Samuel Goldwyn/United Artists) with Eddie Cantor. Warner Brothers released two Leon Errol shorts, Service with a Smile (July 28, 1934) and Good Morning, Eve! (September 22, 1934), and RKO Pictures released the short La Cucaracha (August 31, 1934).

Reception
Writing for The Spectator, Graham Greene raved that "colour is everything here" and characterizing its use in the film as "a triumph". Although Greene complained that the Technicolor "plays havoc with the women's faces", leveled criticism at Hopkins for her "indecisive acting", and noted that he had found the film's climax in Bath to be "absurd" and "silly", he described these minor complaints as "ungrateful" and his overall impression was that the film gave "delight to the eye".

Awards and honors
Wins
 * Venice Film Festival: Best Color Film, Rouben Mamoulian, 1935

Nominations
 * Academy Awards: Best Actress in a Leading Role, Miriam Hopkins, 1935
 * Venice Film Festival: Mussolini Cup, Rouben Mamoulian, 1935

Preservation status
For many years, the original three-color Technicolor version of the film was not available for viewing, though a 16 millimeter version was available. This version had been printed (poorly) on two-color Cinecolor stock which did not accurately reproduce the colors of the original film. The smaller film gauge also resulted in a grainier, inferior image.

In the 1980s, the UCLA Film and Television Archive restored the film, under the supervision of archivist Robert Gitt. Rouben Mamoulian appeared at the premiere of the restored print at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences theatre in Beverly Hills.

title: Becky Sharp (film)


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Talk:Moby

Breaking apart "Recent albums and documentary"
The most recent category in his Career section is "2016-present: Recent albums and documentary". I think that this is too broad, and would propose to split this up into two parts:

 * 1) 2016-2020: Unknown category
 * 2) 2020-present: Ambient albums, documentary and revisiting old songs

Where 2016-2020 covers These Systems Are Failing (2016), More Fast Songs About the Apocalypse (2017), Everything Was Beautiful, and Nothing Hurt (2018), Long Ambients 2 (2019) and All Visible Objects (2020). This is quite a list of albums, and I'm not sure how to group this.

The second category contains Live Ambients - Improvised Recordings Vol. 1 (2020), the documentary Moby Doc (2021), Reprise (2021), Ambient 23 (2023) and Resound NYC (2023). I thought that these could be grouped quite well thematically: there are 2 ambient albums, a documentary and 2 albums that revisit old songs, Reprise and Resound NYC.

I have really only done minor edits on Wikipedia, I would appreciate it if somebody could give their thoughts on this change. Ossyrial (talk) 19:31, 18 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Moby


text:
The Dark Angel (1935 film)

The Dark Angel is a 1935 film that tells the story of three childhood friends, Kitty (Merle Oberon), Alan (Fredric March), and Gerald (Herbert Marshall) who come of age in England during the First World War. The script was written by Lillian Hellman and Mordaunt Shairp, adapted from the play by Guy Bolton. It was directed by Sidney Franklin, produced by Samuel Goldwyn, and released by United Artists. A silent film version of the same play, also produced by Goldwyn, was released in 1925 and is now a lost film.

The Dark Angel won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction, and was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role (Merle Oberon) and Best Sound, Recording (Thomas T. Moulton). A mixed race woman who passed as white, Oberon became both the first Māori actress, and the first of Asian ancestry, to be nominated for Best Actress.

Plot
Kitty Vane, Alan Trent, and Gerald Shannon have been inseparable friends since childhood. Both Alan and Gerald are in love with Kitty, who in turn has been infatuated with Alan her entire life.

Gerald and Alan are drafted into World War I. They return home for ten days, during which time Alan proposes to Kitty and she joyously accepts. Despite his own love for Kitty, Gerald gives the couple his blessing. However, the newly engaged couple's happiness is cut short when Gerald and Alan are ordered back to the front the very next day. Kitty and Alan search for somebody to marry them, but there is not enough time. They decide they do not need to marry officially, and agree to spend the night together before Alan must return to the war.

Alan and Kitty book a room in an inn. Kitty's cousin Lawrence sees Alan taking champagne and flowers up the room and works out that Alan has a woman there, unaware that it is Kitty. The next day, Lawrence teases Alan about the previous night. Gerald misunderstands and believes Alan has cheated on Kitty. When Gerald confronts him, Alan does not reveal that he spent the evening with Kitty. Even though they are engaged, it would ruin her reputation.

Gerald, furious for Kitty's sake, refuses to grant Alan leave so he can return home and marry her properly. Instead, Gerald inadvertently pressures Alan to join him on a dangerous mission. Alan nobly volunteers.

Months later, Gerald returns home to Kitty. They both mourn Alan's death, believing that he was killed in an explosion. Together, they work out Gerald's misunderstanding and conclude that they are both, in a way, to be blamed for Alan's death. Consumed with grief, they grow closer and develop feelings for one another.

Meanwhile, we see that Alan did not die. He lost his eyesight and was cared for in a German hospital, adopting the name “Roger Crane” so that his family could not locate him. Sir George Barton, a physician who specializes in helping blind patients, not only by healing them but also by helping them adjust to their new lives, finds a photograph of Alan, Kitty and Gerald and realises that Alan has changed his name to escape his past. Sir George discharges "Roger", assigning a specially trained orderly to him.

Alan plans to return to Kitty, but changes his mind at the last minute, believing that people will pity her and that she will only care for him out of duty. He leaves town and stays in an inn. He becomes friendly with the innkeeper's children, Betty, Joe and Ginger. Inspired by his friendship with them, he begins to write a series of successful children's books, and is eventually able to move into his own home, with a private secretary.

Sir George visits Alan, who is still living as "Roger", and sees in the paper a photograph of Kitty and Gerald with the announcement that they are to be married. Recognising them as the couple from Alan's photograph and realising that Alan is still in love with Kitty, Sir George contacts them. Gerald at first does not recognise the name Roger Crane, but works out who he really is. Gerald and Kitty go to visit Alan, who attempts to conceal his blindness from them. At first, they do not realise he cannot see, and Kitty believes that Alan has distanced himself from her and no longer loves her. Wishing to part as friends, she holds her hand out to him, but he cannot see it. She believes that he has rejected her and leaves, but Gerald realizes the truth and encourages her to go back into the house. Hearing footsteps, Alan believes that his secretary is in the room and begins talking to her. Kitty realizes that Alan is blind. She does not care and hurries over to him. They finally profess their love for each other. Gerald leaves them to their reunion.

Cast

 * Fredric March as Alan Trent
 * Merle Oberon as Kitty Vane
 * Herbert Marshall as Gerald Shannon
 * Janet Beecher as Mrs. Shannon
 * John Halliday as Sir George Barton
 * Henrietta Crosman as Granny Vane
 * Frieda Inescort as Ann West
 * Claud Allister as Lawrence Bidley
 * Cora Sue Collins as Kitty as a Child
 * Fay Chaldecott as Betty Gallop
 * George P. Breakston as Joe Gallop
 * Douglas Walton as Roulston
 * Claude King as Sir Mordaunt
 * Lawrence Grant as Mr. Tanner (uncredited)
 * Olaf Hytten as Mills (uncredited)
 * Murdock MacQuarrie as Waiter (uncredited)
 * David Torrence as Mr. Shannon (uncredited)

Reception
It was the 12th most popular film at the British box office in 1935–1936.

In the September 6, 1935 issue of The New York Times, Andre Sennwald declared the film to be “… a happy adventure in sentimental romance…(The) highly literate screen adaptation of Guy Bolton's play, (skirts) all the more obvious opportunities for tear-jerking and overemphasis, and (tells) the story with feeling and admirable good taste… if you know your cameramen at all, you quickly guess that the superb clarity of the photography is the work of Gregg Toland. If you are thoughtful enough to bring along a spare handkerchief, you will find (this) an engaging sentimental journey into martial romance….It is sad and sweet and brave and very sacrificial. the reunion of the blind man and his two friends… is the high point…Awaiting his visitors, the blind man plans to conceal his affliction from them by memorizing every detail in the room and arranging an elaborate stage business for receiving them. He almost gets away with his deception, but betrays himself in one unexpected detail. It is a high-powered dramatic situation and the film manages it beautifully and effectively. Both Mr. March and Mr. Marshall contribute their best performances in months, and Miss Oberon …plays with skill and feeling. … Sidney Franklin, director of that earlier sentimental masterpiece "Smilin' Through," enshrouds the photoplay in the peculiarly warm emotional haze which he manages so well. It promises to be one of the popular pictures of the season.”

In the November 1, 1935, issue of Maclean's, Ann Ross observed: “If his picture doesn’t have you sobbing before it is over it isn’t the fault of the producers and director. They don’t go at it, to be sure, in the savage spirit of We’re-going-to-make-you-cry-and-like-it. On the contrary, the whole thing is managed with the greatest tact and modesty, as though everyone concerned, while determined to wring as many tears as possible, was a little ashamed to be caught doing it... The point most likely to break you down is where the hero is discovered by his former sweetheart and pretends that he still has his sight—a trying moment which is handled with great considerateness by Miss Oberon and Mr. March. It’s all reasonably interesting, agony though it is from start to finish; rather as an operation might be interesting when conducted in nice surroundings under circumstances as merciful and competent as possible.”

At the 8th Academy Awards, Richard Day won Best Art Direction. Merle Oberon was nominated for Best Actress, and Thomas T. Moulton was nominated for Best Sound Recording.

Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 94% from 49 reviews with the consensus: "Led by a trio of powerful performances, The Dark Angel offers a well-crafted love story set against the backdrop of World War I."

Proposed remake
In 1962, Ross Hunter announced that he would remake the film from a script by John Lee Mahin, with Rock Hudson in the lead. The action would be relocated to Japan in the post-Korean-War period. Hunter says he paid $100,000 for the rights and only used the last ten minutes of the film. The film was never made.

title: The Dark Angel (1935 film)


text:
Talk:Saturday-morning cartoon

Untitled Comments
I began to clean up this article because of spelling mistakes and some wikification needs, but it's so POV as to be not worth fixing. If we're going to keep it, it really needs to be rewritten. -- Zoe

 * There is a link for children's television show. Perhaps the information here can be integrated into that article?  -- Two Halves

 * I just took a crack at it. If you like it, maybe we can make this page a redirect. -lee 06:07, 30 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I like the idea of having an article on Saturday morning cartoons; I vote for coming up with a rewrite, not merging. This is in serious need of an overhaul, though - the "Criticisms" section in particular is so intensely POV it's laughable.  Ideally someone who knowsmore about animation than I do needs to have a go at it; if nobody else does, though, I'll see what I can come up with. 207.142.131.243 11:39, 9 Jul 2005 (CST)

 * I am an animator (making TV commercials), and I don't think it's so bad... The term "Saturday morning cartoon" is well established (it is also a slightly derogative term) so it really deserves an entry of its own. The section "Criticism" is indeed POV, but isn't all criticism POV by definition? --Janke | Talk 23:07:54, 2005-09-04 (UTC)

I'm adding a network schedule list but it's going to take awhile. -- Mikintosh

America
They have Saturday morning cartoons in other countries too. I dont know why the article says it refers to cartoons in America. A rewrite would need to solve this problem. Kierenj 10:09, 16 August 2006 (UTC)

I just want to know why nobody added the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles!

 * Yes, although this article did help to clear up some confusion I had about the apparent dissaperance of Saturday morning cartoons in North America (Canada presumably being due to similar factors as the U.S) I would still like too know more about the history and current status of this in other countries. For example I remember CITV-TV in Edmonton used to have a great line up prior to Global buying it.  A-Channel also had a great lineup prior to its downfall and purchase by CHUM Limited.  CTV also had some programming, which today is limited to OWL/TV and The Littlest Hobo.  The spooky thing is CBC Television seems to be the only option, and in fact appears to have expanded its Saturday morning programming. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Klingoncowboy4 (talk • contribs) 19:17, 3 March 2007 (UTC).

 * I was just about to say this, how the heck does Saturday Morning Cartoon refer to just America? Here in the UK, the BBC and CiTV have been having the Saturday morning cartoon war for years. It was a question of whether you watched SMTV or Live and Kicking. This artical seriously needs a massive rewrite.194.81.189.20 (talk) 11:49, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

The article is discussing the specific phenomenon of the large blocks of animation that used to be aired on the American networks on Saturday mornings and became a significant cultural factor in their own right. The British Saturday morning output was historically different - magazine format shows that combined a few cartoons with lots of live features in a studio such as phone-ins, games, comedy, competitions, live music, live action fiction and so forth. Both SMTV Live and Live & Kicking were later examples of these. Timrollpickering (talk) 10:02, 6 August 2013 (UTC)

Three hours?
Is the three hour requirement of educational children's programming per day or per week? Probably should be stated in the article. --Drmike 20:06, 26 August 2007 (UTC)

Yes Drmike, there is a 3 hour education requirement for that network/ block that that are airing. panicpack121 18:56, 26 March, 2010 (UTC)

To Drmike : It's 3 hours per week, on average. If there's a week where sports or other programming means you can only air 2 hours of E/I one week, you can air 4 the next week to make up the difference. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.252.24.166 (talk) 16:26, 7 July 2012 (UTC)

QUBO
Why was the info about QUBO not brought over here when the two pages were merged? There was a ton of info on QUBO, the VeggieTales controversy and the current lineup. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.16.43.129 (talk) 15:22, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

Yeah, and why are the NBC Kids shows (all but one) being ignored as "cartoons" on Saturday mornings?

75.162.179.246 (talk) — Preceding undated comment added 05:18, 13 October 2014 (UTC)

 * @98.16.43.129 I don't know a lot about Qubo, but maybe they are doing this as the info (the majority of it) is irrelevant or unknown. HasbroSaban (talk) 02:20, 19 February 2022 (UTC)

Central Time?
The introduction says that central time is an hour earlier than eastern time. Central time is an hour later. I didn't edit because I wasn't sure if I am simply misunderstanding the paragraph. If I am misunderstanding, perhaps it needs to be clarified. Jcsavestheday (talk) 05:29, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * I think this is referring to the TV schedules - eastern and central get the same signal so the time on the home clock in central is an hour earlier than in eastern. Timrollpickering (talk) 17:50, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

Canceled, out of production or both (lede sentence)
Final sentence of lede: Since the refs for this sentence date back at least 8 years (the other is 13 years old) I am a bit confused: how can a canceled show still be in production? If it is no longer in production is it not canceled? One does not equal the other? 71.234.215.133 (talk) 07:39, 18 August 2010 (UTC)
 * ...though most programs at this time were repeats of Saturday morning shows that were already cancelled, out of production or both.

Decline section a mess
There are twenty-one reasons listed for the decline of Saturday morning cartoons with only three meaningful citations. To the casual observer -- me -- it gives the impression that 1) we have no idea why they stopped, 2) there are so many reasons that no reason is meaningful on its own, or 3) lots of different editors have lots of different pop culture grudges. It seems like that section should be narrowed down to known reasons or removed, if there are no real known reasons. Right now, it feels like guesswork, at best. 71.191.76.194 (talk) 15:25, 7 December 2013 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was not moved. --BDD (talk) 19:11, 21 May 2014 (UTC)

Saturday-morning cartoon → Saturday morning cartoon – The dash doesn't belong between "Saturday" and "morning". --Relisted. Armbrust The Homunculus 19:13, 14 May 2014 (UTC) AdamDeanHall (talk) 18:16, 4 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Comment (leaning toward oppose): I don't see anything wrong with the hyphen. It seems appropriate to form a compound modifier, per WP:HYPHEN. —BarrelProof (talk) 23:21, 14 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Incidentally, as a remark to the nominator, that's a hyphen, not a dash. —BarrelProof (talk) 16:18, 15 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Slight oppose - makes sense to me. A dash would be wrong. Red Slash 02:20, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose per MOS:HYPHEN #3. The nonhyphenated "Saturday morning cartoon" redirects here, so there doesn't appear to be a problem. Deor (talk) 13:12, 15 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Correct writing. Coreyemotela (talk) 20:32, 15 May 2014 (UTC).
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The Saturday morning cartoons started in late 1960.
Please watch the YouTube video and that will explain why the Saturday morning cartoons had been around for five and a half decades. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiGDxuNL0Bg AdamDeanHall (talk) 23:49, 19 March 2016 (UTC)

Video is unavailable anymore as I am looking at it, probably due to deletion of channel. :( Timbo303 (talk) 02:58, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

Light TV
With regards to Light TV I looked up the tv schedule for it on the TitanTV website, and the WPWR-TV station 50.3 has the shows listed currently in the schedule which is definitely going to be the schedule they are using however the station isn't actually operating yet. That's where I found that they are airing the cartoons 1 hour before it should be aired which matches the eastern time zone. Also currently for some weird reason, 50.3 has the escape affiliate from 60.3, this is due to the fact channel 60 uses the frequency 50 and channel 50 uses the frequency of 51 so it is somehow picking it up instead as there's no official affiliate on 50.3 until Light TV which is coming up. That only works on some tvs for some reason, but luckily it will be fixed when Light TV starts airs in Chicago. Another thing mentioning is due to that problem, the tv guide has the text in Spanish but in reality is an English station because of the fact channel 60 and channel 50 are mixed up if channel 60 has a subchannel slot that channel 50 doesn't. That should be fixed making the info I put in there more reliable. If there's another affiliate doing the same thing as Chicago, please feel free to add it in since it would take forever to do each one. It is already accurate to say this is a Saturday morning cartoon block but with E/I cartoons. Also, WPWR-TV currently has the CW affiliate which is owned by Fox which is why the nonsense in the scheduling of the cartoons happened for this affiliate only, which I kind of don't mind at all since it gives the children 1 extra hour of playing and they are able to wake up early. If you are wondering, I am from Chicago which is why I know about this. Something also to mention is I can't list that specific website as the cite your sources thing since it varies from person to person but is still considered a source if you look up tv guide for specific areas using zip codes for those areas so there's some help there if you are wondering. Timbo303 (talk) 02:55, 12 January 2017 (UTC)

Animation companies that survived the decline
The paragraph starts with this sentence: Animation companies survived by shifting their resources: adult-oriented cartoons. This is misleading and contradicts a previous edit which included the loss of many animation companies as part of the reason for the decline. Hanna Barbera, Filmation, Ruby-Spears, DIC, Sunbow, and others who were known for prolific output during the 70s and 80s and partially into the 90s. Animation was expensive and they relied on advertisers dollars for their funds. These came mostly from toy and breakfast cereal companies. Once the sanctions against youth-targeted advertising were established, they lost their major means of funding. They either folded completely or got merged into bigger corporations where they became little more than assets. Note how many times the Filmation properties have switched owners since they went out of buisness.

The companies that started producing adult-oriented animation (and have been since the 90s) are products of the new generation of companies. Cartoon Network Studios is one of these. Another is Warner Brothers Animation which got a total makeover so that it could father the DCAU. It might as well be a completely different company from the one that produced Looney Tunes. Shows like Family Guy, King of the Hill, and other adult animated shows were created by specific producers for specific Network (Fox in this case) and used overseas animation companies, which is where the majority of animation for American shows is done today. Mr. ATOZ (talk) 20:12, 12 March 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mr. ATOZ (talk • contribs) 20:09, 12 March 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saturday-morning cartoon