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Harrison Bergeron

"Harrison Bergeron" is a satirical dystopian science-fiction short story by American writer  Kurt Vonnegut, first published in October 1961. Originally published in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, the story was republished in the author's Welcome to the Monkey House collection in 1968.

Plot
In the year 2081, the Constitution dictates that all Americans are fully equal and not allowed to be smarter, better-looking, or more physically able than anyone else. The Handicapper General's agents enforce the equality laws, forcing citizens to wear "handicaps": masks for those who are too beautiful, earpiece radios for the intelligent that broadcast loud noises meant to disrupt thoughts, and heavy weights for the strong or athletic.

George and Hazel Bergeron have a 14-year old son named Harrison. He takes after his father, who is highly intelligent and physically strong. The government removes Harrison from his home. His parents are barely aware because of Hazel's low intelligence and George's mandated handicaps.

George and Hazel watch a ballet on TV. Some dancers are weighed down to counteract their gracefulness and masked to hide their attractiveness. George's thoughts are continually interrupted by the different noises emitted by his handicap radio. Hazel urges George to lie down and rest his "handicap bag", 47 lb of weights locked around his neck. She suggests taking a few of the weights out of the bag, but George resists because it is against the law.

On TV, a reporter struggles to read a bulletin and hands it to the ballerina wearing the most grotesque mask and heaviest weights. She begins reading in her natural, beautiful voice before switching to a more unpleasant one. Harrison's escape from prison is announced, and a full-body photograph of him is shown. He is 7 ft tall and burdened by 300 lb of handicaps.

George recognizes his son for a moment, before having the thought eliminated by his radio. Harrison storms the TV studio in an attempt to overthrow the government. He declares himself emperor and rips off both his own handicaps and those of the ballerina who previously read the news bulletin, who elects to be his empress when given the option.

Diana Moon Glampers, the Handicapper General, enters the studio and kills Harrison and the Empress with two shotgun blasts. She threatens the musicians at gunpoint to put on their handicaps again. The TV goes dark. George, who left to get a beer and has returned, asks Hazel why she is crying, to which she replies that something sad happened on television that she cannot remember.

Characters

 * Harrison Bergeron is the fourteen-year-old son of George Bergeron and Hazel Bergeron, who is 7 ft tall, a genius, and an extraordinarily handsome, athletic, strong, and brave person.
 * George Bergeron is Harrison's father and Hazel's husband. A very smart and sensitive character, he is handicapped artificially by the government.
 * Hazel Bergeron is Harrison's mother and George's wife. Hazel has what is described as perfectly average intelligence, which means that she cannot think deeply about anything.
 * The Ballerina, a beautiful dancer who was burdened with an especially ugly mask and excessive weights, as she is the fairest, most beautiful and most graceful of the dancers.
 * Diana Moon Glampers is the Handicapper General. Vonnegut re-used the name for a character in God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater.

Adaptations
The story has been adapted for the screen at least four times.

 * PBS adapted several stories, including "Harrison Bergeron", in Between Time and Timbuktu (1972), with Avind Haerum in the title role.
 * In 1995, Showtime produced a full-length made-for-television adaptation entitled Harrison Bergeron, starring Sean Astin as the title character and Christopher Plummer as John Klaxon. The adaptation diverged from the plot considerably, featuring Harrison being recruited by the National Administration Center, a secret cabal of geniuses within the government who ensure that the handicapped America functions. Working for the television division, Harrison becomes dissatisfied with the status quo and attempts to start another American revolution by taking over the nation's television broadcasting. He broadcasts old unhandicapped movies and music, while encouraging people to remove the brain-handicapping "bands" on their heads.
 * In 2006, a short film also entitled Harrison Bergeron was released.
 * In 2009, another short film called 2081 was based on the original story and starred Armie Hammer as Harrison Bergeron. Joe Crowe, managing editor of the online magazine Revolution Science Fiction, described the movie as "stirring and dramatic" and said it "gets right to the point, and nails the adaptation in about 25 minutes."
 * In 2024, an acoustic adaptation of Harrison Bergeron was produced for radio and streaming audiences by audio producer and documentarian, Greg Barron. It was published on sounddawg.net, strictly adhering to the original story text to create a new storytelling experience tailored to audio media.

Cultural references
In 2005, the story was quoted by attorneys in a brief before the Kansas Supreme Court. Vonnegut was quoted as saying that while he did not mind the story being used in the suit, he disagreed with the lawyers' interpretation of it. U.S. Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia quoted the story in PGA Tour, Inc. v. Martin. A 2013 academic paper criticizing the new hyperandrogenism policies of the International Association of Athletics Federations and the International Olympic Committee was entitled "The Harrison Bergeron Olympics" and several non-academics had similar criticisms.

title: Harrison Bergeron


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Minamoto no Sanetomo

Minamoto no Sanetomo (源 実朝) was the third shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate. He was the second son of the Kamakura shogunate founder, Minamoto no Yoritomo. His mother was Hōjō Masako and his older brother was the second Kamakura shogun Minamoto no Yoriie.

His childhood name was Senman (千万). He was the last head of the Minamoto clan of Japan. His Dharma name was Daijijiden seini'i goshoko jingi (大慈寺殿正二位丞相公神儀).

He was an accomplished waka poet.

Early life

After the death of Yoritomo in 1199, Sanetomo's grandfather Hōjō Tokimasa usurped the political and military power of the Shogunate, relegating the position and title of Sei-i Taishōgun, or shōgun, to a figurehead. Through hereditary succession, Sanetomo's older brother Yoriie became Sei-i Taishōgun in 1202, only to be stripped of the title a year later and put under house arrest for plotting against the Hōjō clan. This was presumably to keep the shōgun a child and thus needing a regent (shikken) to make decisions in his place. Shortly thereafter in 1203, Sanetomo became head of the Minamoto clan and was appointed Sei-i Taishōgun.

A year later, Yoriie was assassinated by the Hōjō. Sanetomo was never more than a puppet for his mother Hōjō Masako, who used him as a pawn in her war with her father Tokimasa; Tokimasa tried to depose his grandson a number of times, beginning in 1205, causing Sanetomo to fear for his life thereafter.

Waka poet
Sanetomo, understanding his own powerlessness and not wanting to meet the same fate as his brother, put his time and energy into writing waka poetry and gaining posts within the powerless but honorary imperial court. Sanetomo was a talented poet, writing over 700 poems between the age 17 and 22 while he was tutored by Fujiwara no Teika. He published his private waka collection Kinkai Wakashū, even having one of his tanka included in the anthology Ogura Hyakunin Isshu ("100 Poems by 100 Poets"), a collection of Japanese poems of the Heian and early Kamakura periods. Sanetomo reached the third highest post of the imperial court, Udaijin (Minister of the Right or "vice-premier") in 1218.

Eventually, Sanetomo lapsed into inactivity and despair, plagued by fear of assassination and tormented by his chronic alcoholism (an addiction which Priest Eisai once tried to break by replacing alcohol with tea).

Death

Under heavy snow on the evening of February 13, 1219 (Jōkyū 1, 27th day of the 1st month), Sanetomo was coming down from the Senior Shrine at Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū after participating in a ceremony celebrating his nomination to Udaijin. His nephew, Kugyō, came out from beside the stone stairway of the shrine and assassinated him. For his act, he was himself beheaded a few hours later, thus bringing the Seiwa Genji line of the Minamoto clan and their rule in Kamakura to a sudden end.

Minamoto no Sanetomo was succeeded by Kujō Yoritsune as fourth shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate.

Family

 * Father: Minamoto no Yoritomo
 * Mother: Hōjō Masako

Eras of Sanetomo's bakufu
The years in which Sanetomo was shogun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.
 * Kennin (1201–1204)
 * Genkyū (1204–1206)
 * Ken'ei (1206–1207)
 * Jōgen (Kamakura period) (1207–1211)
 * Kenryaku (1211–1213)
 * Kenpō (1213–1219)
 * Jōkyū (1219–1222)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Minamoto no Sanetomo


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Black panther (disambiguation)

A black panther is a colour variant of any Panthera, particularly of the leopard and the jaguar.

Black panther, Black Panther or Black Panthers may also refer to:

Original U.S. organisations

 * Black Panther Party (1966–1982), a Black Power political organisation
 * Lowndes County Freedom Organization 1965–1970, also Black Panther party, a political party in Alabama

Others

 * British Black Panthers (1968 –1973), a black power organisation in the United Kingdom inspired by the Black Panther Party
 * Black Panthers (Israel) (1971–1990s), a former Israeli protest movement
 * Australian Black Panther Party (1972–?), founded by Aboriginal Australian activists Sam Watson and Denis Walker in Queensland
 * New Black Panther Party (founded 1989), an American black nationalist organisation in Dallas, Texas, not affiliated with the original
 * Revolutionary Black Panther Party (founded 1991; claims continuity with the BPP), American organisation
 * New Afrikan Black Panther Party (founded 2005), an American Marxist–Leninist–Maoist organisation largely based in Red Onion State Prison in Wise County, Virginia

In Marvel Comics and Marvel Entertainment

 * Black Panther (character), a comic-book superhero
 * Black Panther (TV series), 2010

Marvel Cinematic Universe

 * One of the films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe's Black Panther series:
 * Black Panther (film), 2018
 * Black Panther: Wakanda Forever, 2022
 * One of the characters who have held the mantle of the Black Panther in the Marvel Cinematic Universe:
 * T'Challa (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
 * Shuri (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
 * T'Chaka (Marvel Cinematic Universe)
 * N'Jadaka (Marvel Cinematic Universe) (aka Killmonger)
 * Black Panther suit (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Other films

 * The Black Panther (1921 film), a silent German film
 * The Black Panther (1977 film), a British crime film about Donald Neilson
 * Black Panthers (film), a 1968 short documentary film
 * The Black Panthers: Vanguard of the Revolution, a 2015 film

Video games

 * Black Panther (video game), 1987
 * Kurohyō: Ryū ga Gotoku Shinshō, translated as "Black Panther: Like a Dragon New Chapter"
 * Kurohyō 2: Ryū ga Gotoku Ashura-hen, the sequel to the above game

Other media

 * Black Panther (band), a Chinese rock band
 * The Black Panther (newspaper), official newspaper of the Black Panther Party

Heraldry

 * Black panther (symbol), a heraldic emblem of Carantania, Carinthia and Slovenia

Military

 * 8th Tactical Fighter Squadron (JASDF), Japan, nicknamed "Black Panthers"
 * 1st Scout Ranger Regiment, formerly nicknamed "Black Panthers"
 * K2 Black Panther, a South Korean main battle tank
 * Royal Thai Army Expeditionary Division, known as "Black Panthers" in the Vietnam War
 * 761st Tank Battalion (United States) (1942–1955), nicknamed "Black Panthers"
 * 66th Infantry Division (United States), nicknamed "Black Panther Division"
 * INAS 303, Indian Naval Air Squadron, nicknamed "The Black Panthers"
 * No. 37 Squadron IAF, Indian Air Force squadron nicknamed "Black Panthers"
 * No. 16 Squadron PAF, Pakistan Air Force squadron nicknamed "Black Panthers"
 * Second VA-35 (U.S. Navy), nicknamed "Black Panthers"
 * 35th Fighter Squadron, formerly nicknamed "Black panthers"
 * 501st Bombardment Squadron, nicknamed "Black Panthers"
 * VMA-236, nicknamed "Black Panthers"
 * 13th Special Mission Brigade (South Korea), nicknamed "Black Panther"

People

 * Black Panther (wrestler), the ring name of a Mexican wrestler of unrevealed identity
 * Donald Neilson (1936–2011), alias the Black Panther, a British armed robber and murderer
 * Eusébio (Eusébio da Silva Ferreira, 1942–2014), or the Black Panther, a Portuguese footballer
 * Fritz Joubert Duquesne (1877–1956), a South African Boer spy known as Black Panther

title: Black panther (disambiguation)


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Daugavpils

Daugavpils (see also other names) is a state city in southeastern Latvia, located on the banks of the Daugava River, from which the city derives its name. The parts of the city to the north of the river belong to the historical Latvian region of Latgale, and those to the south lie in Selonia. It is the second-largest city in the country after the capital Riga, which is located some 230 km northwest and is the ninth most populous city in the Baltic states.

Daugavpils is located relatively close to Belarus and Lithuania (distances of 33 km and 25 km, respectively), and some 120 km from the Latvian border with Russia. Daugavpils is a major railway junction and industrial centre, and was an historically important garrison city lying approximately midway between Riga and Minsk, and between Warsaw and Saint Petersburg.

Daugavpils, then called Dyneburg, was the capital of Polish Livonia while in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Following the first partition of Poland in 1772, the city became part of the Russian Empire. Since the Second World War, it has maintained an overwhelmingly Russian-speaking population, with Latvians and Poles being significant minorities. Historically, German and Yiddish were additional prominent native languages.

Names
In the Latvian language, the current name Daugavpils references Daugava and the Latvian word pils (meaning "castle" - cognate with Lithuanian pilis, with Greek polis and with Old Prussian pils ).

Historically, several names in various languages have identified Daugavpils. Some are still in use today.

 * Даўґаўпілс (Daŭgaŭpils); historically Дзвінск (Dzvinsk), Дынабурґ (Dynaburg)
 * Dünaburg
 * Düünaburg, Väinalinn
 * Väinänlinna
 * Dunebourg, Dimmebourg
 * Daugpiļs,
 * Daugpilis
 * Dźwińsk, Dyneburg
 * Даугавпилс; historically: Невгин (Nevgin), Динабург (Dinaburg), Борисоглебск (Borisoglebsk), Двинск (Dvinsk)
 * דענענבורג (Denenburg), דינאַבורג (Dinaburg), דווינסק (Dvinsk)

Chronology of name changes

 * Dünaburg (1275–1656)
 * Borisoglebov (1656–1667)
 * Dünaburg (1667–1893)
 * Dvinsk (1893–1920)
 * Daugavpils (since 1920)

History
The town's history began in 1275 when the Livonian Order, led by Ernst von Ratzeburg, built Dünaburg Castle 20 km up the Daugava river from where Daugavpils is now situated. In 1561 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and, subsequently, of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569 (see Duchy of Livonia). In 1621 Daugavpils became the capital of the newly formed Inflanty Voivodeship, which existed until the First Partition of Poland (1772). In 1577 the Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible captured and destroyed Dünaburg castle.

That same year, a new castle and a town were built 20 km downriver, by the Polish King Stephen Báthory. In 1582 Daugavpils was granted Magdeburg town rights. In 1654, Russia invaded Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, seizing much of the eastern lands. Russian troops besieged Daugavpils in April and May 1655, but did not capture the city; it was only taken by Swedish troops on July 11, 1655, who invaded Poland at that time. When the Russo-Swedish war started, the Russians captured Daugavpils on 10 August 1656, renamed the town Borisoglebov and controlled the region for 11 years, between 1656 and 1667. Russia returned the area of Latgale to Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth following the Treaty of Andrusovo (1667). Called Dyneburg, the city became the capital of the Inflanty Voivodeship, also known as the Duchy of Livonia, and the starostwo of Dyneburg. It was a place of local sejmik's gatherings. Roman Catholic Bishop of Inflanty, who was always residing outside of diocese, moved his seat to Dyneburg at the end of 17th century. At the end of the 18th century, 540 people lived in the city itself, but counting the population of the suburbs the number was 1,373.

It became part of the Russian Empire after the First Partition of Poland in 1772. It was the uyezd administrative center as part of the Pskov Governorate (1772-1776), Polotsk (1776-1796), Belarusian (1796-1802), and finally Vitebsk (1802-1917), first as Dinaburg, then Dvinsk later during Russian rule.

From 1784 onwards, the city had a large and active Jewish population, among them a number of prominent figures. According to the Russian census of 1897, out of a total population of 69,700, Jews numbered 32,400 (ca. 44% percent). The construction of the Daugavpils fortress began in 1810 and was completed in 1878. The new centre of the city was built southeast of the fortress in the 19th century according to the project endorsed in St. Petersburg in 1826. The city was located on the Saint Petersburg-Warsaw railway line, to which it was connected in 1860.

As part of the Russian Empire, the city was called Dvinsk from 1893 to 1920. The newly independent Latvian state renamed it Daugavpils in 1920. Latvians, Poles and Soviet troops fought the Battle of Daugavpils in the area from 1919 to 1920. Daugavpils and the whole of Latvia was under Soviet rule between 1940–41 and 1944–1991. Nazi Brandenburgers led the German attack against the town in 1941, speaking Russian and wearing Soviet uniforms, and Germany occupied it between 1941 and 1944. The Nazis established the Daugavpils Ghetto where the town's Jews were forced to live. Most were murdered. During the Cold War the Lociki air-base operated 12 km northeast of Daugavpils itself. In the late Soviet era, there was a proposal to build a hydroelectric power station on the Daugava river that was successfully opposed by the nascent environmental movement in Latvia.

On 16 April 2010 an assassin shot vice-mayor Grigorijs Ņemcovs in the center of the city. He died almost immediately and the crime remains unsolved.

Jewish history
Prior to 1941, Daugavpils, called Dvinsk by its Jewish inhabitants, was home to the most prominent Jewish community in eastern Latvia. The city was already a Jewish center as early as the 1780s and by the time of the 1897 census, they numbered 32,400 (44% of the overall population of the city). The Jews of the town were very prosperous and ran 32 factories and there were 4000 artisans among them. By 1911 they had increased to 50,000. However, tens of thousands of Jews migrated away from Daugavpils; in the last census taken prior to the Second World War, in 1935, the Jewish population of Daugavpils numbered only 11,106 (24.6% of the overall population of the city).

The city not only boasted a large Jewish population but a rich religious culture including 40 synagogues. The city was home to two of the most prominent rabbis of their time: Joseph Rosen (1858–1936), known as the Rogatchover Gaon (genius from Rahachow), was famed for his commentaries on the works of Maimonides and on the Talmud. Famed for his acidic wit and penetrating genius, he led the towns Hasidic Jews. His 'competitor', the leader of the local Misnagdim (non-Hasidic Jews) was the Rabbi Meir Simcha of Dvinsk (1843–1926). Rabbi Meir Simcha was also renowned for his work on Maimonides (Or Somayach) as well as Bible commentary Meshech Chochma. In one famous comment he predicted that since some Jews had assimilated and viewed Berlin as their 'Jerusalem' they would suffer persecution originating in Berlin.

Sarah Azariahu was born here in 1873. She was a leading figure in establishing equal rights for women in pre-state Israel. Another famous Jewish resident, moving in a very different direction, was the abstract expressionist painter Mark Rothko. Born in Daugavpils in 1903 he immigrated at the age of 10 to the United States where he painted over 800 paintings in his unique style.

Rothko and many of his fellow Jews would have taken the train from Daugavpils to Libau, travelling westwards from Radviliškis on the Libau-Romny Railway, and would have crossed the seas by one of the steamships departing for New York via a regular service established in 1906 by the Russian American Line.

Jewish Daugavpils, a 16,000 strong community, already greatly diminished by emigration, came to an end following the Nazi German invasion on 26 June 1941. Falsely claiming that the Jews had conspired to set fire to the town and that they were assisting the Soviet army, the Germans and their Latvian collaborators carried out large executions on 28–29 June. During July the Jews were enslaved and forced to cut down timber. On 7–11 July Einsatzkommando 1b under Erich Ehrlinger executed many of the remaining Jews. Later in July the 14,000 remaining Jews were forced into a Ghetto along with those from nearby towns. By the end of August an additional 7000 Jews had died at the hands of the Nazis and the local Latvian collaborators. The largest execution took place in November 1941 and was followed by plagues that decimated the few survivors. Only about 1500 Jews remained in the city. These were murdered on 1 May 1942. When the town was liberated in 1944 only 100 survivors remained of a community of 16,000. For more on the Holocaust in Daugavpils see Daugavpils Ghetto.

Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Daugavpils features a humid continental climate (Dfb), with warm summers and cold winters.

Demographics
the city had a population of 78,850.

Historically, Daugavpils has been known to be a multicultural city and according to the census carried out in 1935, the demographic image of the city was completely different: totaling 45 160 inhabitants, Latvians made 33.57%, followed by Jewish people making 24.59%, then Polish people equaling 18.15%, Russians 17.84%, and Belarussians 2.56%.

In Daugavpils 85% of the voters supported the proposal to make Russian the second state language in the 2012 referendum.

Back in 1930 Daugavpils was one of the most ethnically diverse cities in Europe, with no ethnic group making up more than 30% of the total:

Religion

Church Hill (Baznīcu kalns) is a city landmark. Very prominently, all of the main denominations practiced in Latvia: Lutheran, Catholic, Orthodox and Old Believer are represented.

Places of worship in the city:

 * Martin Luther Cathedral
 * Ss. Boris and Gleb Cathedral
 * St. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral
 * St. Alexander Nevsky Church
 * Immaculate Conception Catholic Church
 * St. Peter-in-Chains Catholic Church
 * Heart of Jesus Catholic Church
 * Grīva Catholic Church
 * First Old Believers’ House of Prayer
 * Vecforštate Old Believers' House of Prayer
 * Daugavpils Synagogue - restored 2003-2006

Before the Second World War, there were more than 40 synagogues in the city.

Art, architecture, and culture

Daugavpils is an important cultural centre in eastern Latvia. There are 22 primary and secondary schools, four vocational schools, and the Saules College of Art. More than 1,000 teachers and engineers graduate from the University of Daugavpils (formerly Daugavpils Pedagogical University) and the local branch of Riga Technical University annually. There is also a Polish gymnasium (academic secondary school) on Varšavas iela (Warsaw Street).

Historical centre
The historical centre of Daugavpils city is an architectural heritage of national importance (the construction work was carried out in the 19th century according to the project endorsed in St Petersburg in 1826). The historical centre is the greatest attraction of the city and one of the most successful examples of balancing the aspects of ancient and modern times. Daugavpils is one of the few cities in Latvia which can pride itself on a unified ensemble of both classic and eclectic styles. The cultural heritage of architectural, artistic, industrial, and historical monuments combined with the picturesque surroundings create the essence of Daugavpils’ image and endow it with a special charm.

In 2020, the municipality allocated 70,000 euros for the restoration of eight historical buildings, including Art Nouveau and red brick buildings.

There are also several architectural, historical, and cultural monuments in Daugavpils. The most prominent are:

 * Daugavpils fortress - built in the years 1810-1878, after the decree of Tsar Alexander I of Russia. In April 2013 the Mark Rothko Art centre was opened in the fortress. Formerly, the fortress hosted also the Baroque Daugavpils Jesuit Church, but it was destroyed in 1944 and the ruins were demolished in 1950s.
 * St. Peter-in-Chains Catholic Church - the oldest preserved church in the city, built in 1845-1848 and rebuilt in 1924-1934.
 * Alexander Nevsky Cathedral - Orthodox church built in 1999-2003 in place of the old Orthodox cathedral, which was built in 1856-1864 and destroyed in 1969.
 * Daugavpils Synagogue - built in 1850
 * Church Hill (Baznīci kalnas) - place where the churches of four christian denominations are located next to each other: Immaculate Conception Catholic Church, Martin Luther Cathedral, Ss. Boris and Gleb Cathedral and First Old Believers’ House of Prayer.
 * Daugavpils Theatre - built in 1937-1938 by Verners Vitands and restored in 2007.
 * Socialist realist buildings of the Daugavpils railway station and the University of Daugavpils
 * Daugavpils Regional Studies and Art Museum

Red brick buildings
Daugavpils is exceptionally rich in red brick buildings. This style was developed by many outstanding architects. In Daugavpils, this variety of eclecticism is most widely represented in the buildings designed by Wilhelm Neumann, an architect of German origin who was the chief architect of the city from 1878 to 1895. Bright examples of brick architecture are the buildings at 1/3 Saules Street and at 8 Muzeja Street. The shape-forming techniques typical of eclecticism that were applied in the façades of these buildings even many decades later make one appreciate and admire the striking accuracy of detail.

Transport
Daugavpils satiksme AS oversees the city's bus and tram networks.

The city's railway station is the terminus of the Riga–Daugavpils Railway.

A former Soviet Air Force base is located at Lociki 12 km northeast of downtown Daugavpils with the potential to be redeveloped as a civilian or military/civilian airport, although no plans have come to fruition   Griva Airfield is located 4 km NW of Daugavpils, next to the river. It's movements mainly involve parachute jumping and paragliding.

Government
The head of the city government is the mayor of Daugavpils or, literally, 'Council Chairman' (domes priekšsēdētājs). The incumbent since January 2019 is Andrejs Elksniņš from Harmony, albeit coalition talks are still ongoing. It is his second term in office, after his initial term was ended after the coalition broke apart in September 2017 less than a month following the 2017 municipal elections and he was succeeded by of the Latvian Green Party (elected on the "Our Party" electoral list). "Our Party" governed in coalition with the Latgale Party of the previous mayor Jānis Lāčplēsis. Eigims was previously mayor from 2001–2003 as leader of the Light of Latgale party and briefly in 2009 as a member of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party.

The Council consists of 15 members who are elected every four years. The most recent election was in 2017.

Economy
Significant industrial employers include the Daugavpils Locomotive Repair Plant (Daugavpils Lokomotīvju Remonta Rūpnīca), the Ditton Driving Chain Factory (Ditton pievadķēžu rūpnīca), Latvijas Maiznieks bread factory and the Ziegler GmbH machine works.

During the Soviet era, the city was well industrialised with a number of prominent large manufacturing units. However, nowadays only a few of those have remained still working. The city council is trying to attract new investments and thus created a number of free industrial zones around the whole city that might be interesting due to the strategically efficient geographical position of the city close to the Russian, Belarusian and Lithuanian borders.

Sports

The Speedway Grand Prix of Latvia is currently held at the Latvijas Spīdveja Centrs with America's triple World Champion Greg Hancock being the most successful rider in Latvia winning the GP in 2009, 2009 and 2013. Lokomotiv Daugavpils is a Motorcycle speedway team which successfully competes in the Polish league system.

The football club BFC Daugavpils play at Celtnieks Stadium in Daugavpils. They play in the Latvian Higher League. In the past there was Dinaburg FC which played at the former Daugava Stadium.

FBC Latgale represent the city in floorball. There is also a hockey team called HK Dinaburga, which currently plays in the Latvian Hockey Higher League.

In 2008 the construction of the Daugavpils Multifunctional Sports Complex was started and was completed in October 2009.

Notable residents

 * Andris Ambainis (born 1975), Latvian computer scientist
 * Konstantīns Calko (born 1994), Latvian racing driver
 * Aleksandrs Cauņa (born 1988), Latvian footballer
 * Teresa Czerwińska (born 1974), Polish economist, Minister of Finance of Poland (2018–2019)
 * Leonid Dobychin (1894–1936), Russian writer
 * Movsas Feigins (Movša Feigins, 1908–1950), Latvian chess master
 * Grzegorz Fitelberg (1879–1953), Polish composer and conductor
 * Isser Harel (born Isser Halperin) (c. 1912–2003), Israeli spymaster
 * Kastuś (Kanstancin) Jezavitaŭ (1893–1946), political and military leader within the Belarusian independence movement
 * Gotthard Kettler (1517–1587), last Master of the Livonian Order and the first Duke of Courland and Semigallia
 * Abraham Isaac Kook (1864–1935), rabbi, thinker, diplomat, mediator, scholar
 * Pinchas HaKohen Lintup (1851–1924), rabbi and Kabbalist
 * Solomon Mikhoels (1890–1948), Soviet Jewish actor and director
 * Viktoria Modesta (born 1988), Latvian-born British singer-songwriter, performance artist, and model
 * Grigorijs Ņemcovs (1948–2010), Latvian journalist, businessman and politician
 * Nicolai Poliakoff OBE (1900–1974), creator of Coco the Clown
 * Władysław Raginis (1908–1939), Polish officer
 * Rogatchover Gaon (1858–1936), rabbi
 * Mark Rothko (1903–1970), American abstract expressionist painter
 * Isaak Illich Rubin (1886–1931), Jewish political economist and socialist activist
 * Artjoms Rudņevs (born 1988), Latvian footballer
 * Uļjana Semjonova (born 1952), basketball player
 * Meir Simcha of Dvinsk (1843–1926), rabbi
 * Isaac Nachman Steinberg (1888–1957), writer, politician, co-founder of the Freeland League
 * Władysław Studnicki (1867–1953), Polish politician and publicist
 * Stanisław Swianiewicz (1899–1997), Polish economist and historian
 * Deniss Vasiļjevs (born 1999), Latvian figure skater
 * Vitas (born 1979), Russian singer, songwriter, composer, actor and fashion designer

Twin towns – sister cities
Daugavpils is twinned with:

 * 🇦🇲 Alaverdi, Armenia
 * 🇧🇾 Babruysk, Belarus
 * Batumi, Georgia
 * 🇷🇺 Central Administrative Okrug (Moscow), Russia
 * 🇮🇹 Ferrara, Italy
 * 🇨🇳 Harbin, China
 * 🇺🇦 Kharkiv, Ukraine
 * 🇧🇾 Lida, Belarus
 * 🇩🇪 Magdeburg, Germany
 * 🇸🇪 Motala, Sweden
 * 🇷🇺 Naro-Fominsk, Russia
 * 🇱🇹 Panevėžys, Lithuania
 * 🇷🇺 Pskov, Russia
 * 🇵🇱 Radom, Poland
 * 🇮🇱 Ramla, Israel
 * 🇷🇺 Saint Petersburg, Russia
 * 🇦🇲 Vagharshapat, Armenia
 * 🇧🇾 Vitebsk, Belarus

Significant depictions in popular culture

 * Dunaburg (Daugavpils) is one of the starting towns of the State of the Teutonic Order in the turn-based strategy game Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms.

title: Daugavpils


text:
Modesty Blaise

Modesty Blaise is a British comic strip featuring a fictional character of the same name, created by author Peter O'Donnell and illustrator Jim Holdaway in 1963. The strip follows Modesty Blaise, an exceptional young woman with many talents and a criminal past, and her trusty sidekick Willie Garvin. It was adapted into films in 1966, 1982, and 2003, and from 1965 onwards, 11 novels and two short-story collections were written.

Fictional character biography
In 1945, a nameless girl escapes from a displaced person (DP) camp in Kalyros, Greece. She remembers nothing from her short past and wanders through post-World War II Mediterranean, the Middle East, and regions of North Africa, where she learns to survive the hard way. She befriends Lob, another wandering refugee, who is a Jewish Hungarian scholar from Budapest. He gives her an education and a first name: Modesty. Sometime later, Modesty chooses her last name, Blaise, after Merlin's tutor from the Arthurian legends. When Lob dies is unclear, other than it being prior to her going to Tangier. "The Xanadu Talisman" mentions that Modesty has left Lob at a village to recover from a wound; she goes alone to sell a car tyre. In 1953, she takes control of a criminal gang in Tangier from Henri Louche and expands it into an international organization called the Network.

During the years that she runs the Network, she meets Willie Garvin. Despite his desperate lifestyle, she sees his potential and offers him a job. Inspired by her belief in him, he pulls through as her right-hand man in the Network and becomes Modesty's most trusted friend. Theirs is a strictly platonic relationship, based on mutual respect and shared interests. He always calls her "Princess", a form of address only he is allowed to use. Other members of the Network call Modesty "Mam'selle" (as in the French term "Mademoiselle" or "Miss"). Though their relationship has no sexual element, Modesty's various lovers invariably treat Willie with frustrated envy, as he is the only man who remains vital to her life, while lovers come and go. By the same token, some of Willie's girlfriends are initially jealous of Modesty, but later come to understand how the dynamic between them works (as in the case of Lady Janet).

She obtains British nationality by marrying for convenience and divorcing an Englishman in Beirut; the husband (James Turner) dies a year later of alcoholism. Having made a point of not dealing in secrets belonging to H.M. government, when she feels she has made enough money, she retires and moves to England and Willie Garvin follows suit. Bored by their new lives among the idle rich, they accept a request for assistance from Sir Gerald Tarrant, a high-ranking official of the British Secret Service. This is where the story really begins, although it is treated differently in the first comic strip and the first book. Modesty's fortune is estimated at £500,000 as of 1963 (over £8.84 million in 2020). She lives in a penthouse in London overlooking Hyde Park, and also owns a villa in Tangier and a cottage two miles from Benildon, Wiltshire. She is 5 feet 6 inches (168 cm) tall and weighs 120 lb (54 kg) as revealed in La Machine.

Many of her adventures are based on capers in which Willie Garvin and she become involved as a result of their association with Tarrant. However, they may also help perfect strangers or fight various eccentric villains in exotic locations of their own volition if the cause fits their values; "ghosts" from their Network past also emerge to haunt them from time to time. Although Modesty and Willie do not hesitate to kill if necessary, they avoid deadly force whenever possible, often relying upon their extraordinary physical combat and weapons skills. There are many occasions in the comic strip and novels where the two decide ahead of time - with the final say up to Modesty - whether to use deadly force ("for keeps") or less-lethal methods ("for sleeps") depending on the level of the perceived threat.

In Willie and Modesty's fights, great emphasis is placed on unarmed combat and unusual weapons. Modesty's weapon of choice is a kongo or yawara stick (which she often disguises either tied up in her hair or as a detachable clasp on her handbag), and as for firearms she begins by preferring the Colt .32 revolver and Mab Brevete .32 ACP auto pistol, although in later books, she switches to carrying a Star PD .45 auto pistol. Willie's preferred weapon is the throwing knife, of which he usually carries two. Many other strange weapons (such as the quarterstaff, épée, blowgun, and sling) and unexpected fighting techniques are also featured.

In keeping with the "floating timeline" spirit of other long-running comic strip and literary characters, Modesty and Willie generally do not age over the decades, with Modesty always being depicted as being in her late 20s and Willie eight years older. The only exceptions to this rule occur in the comic strip origin story, "In the Beginning"; the 1996 short-story collection Cobra Trap, the final Modesty Blaise book, which contains five stories that take place where Modesty's age moves from 20 to 52 (approximately); and the 2003 film My Name Is Modesty, which is a prequel depicting Modesty in her late teens.

Comic strip
Having conceived the idea after a chance meeting with a girl during his wartime service in the Middle East, O'Donnell elected to work with Jim Holdaway, with whom he had worked on the strip Romeo Brown, after a trial period of collaboration with Frank Hampson, creator of Dan Dare, left O'Donnell dissatisfied. Modesty Blaise debuted in the London Evening Standard on 13 May 1963. The strip was syndicated among a large number of newspapers ranging from the Johannesburg Star to the Detroit Free Press, the Bombay Samachar, The Telegraph (Calcutta, India), The Star (Malaysia), The West Australian (Perth), The Evening Citizen (Glasgow, Scotland) and the Birmingham Evening Mail (Birmingham, England).

After Jim Holdaway's sudden death in 1970, the art of the strip was provided by Spanish artist Enrique Badía Romero. Eight years later, Romero quit to make time for his own comics projects, and after short attempts by John Burns and Patrick Wright, Neville Colvin drew the strip until 1986. Then Romero returned to the job and continued until the end of the strip.

The strip's circulation in the United States was erratic, in part because of the occasional nude scenes, which were much less acceptable in the US than elsewhere, resulting in a censored version of the strip being circulated. (Modesty occasionally used a tactic that she called the "Nailer," in which she appeared topless, distracting the bad guys long enough to give Willie or herself a chance to incapacitate them.) An example of this censorship appears in the introduction to the 2007 Titan Books reprint volume Death Trap, which illustrated two segments of the story arc, "The Junk Men" that were censored by the Detroit Free Press when it published the strip in 1977; in both cases a screen was drawn over scantily clad images of Willie and Modesty. Reportedly, O'Donnell did not approve of the changes, although they were made by the artist, Romero.

The final Modesty Blaise strip ran in the Evening Standard on 11 April 2001. Some of the newspapers that carried the series, feeling that it had become a tradition for their readers, began running it again from the beginning. O'Donnell, to give Romero some additional work, gave the artist permission to adapt one of his short stories ("The Dark Angels") as a comic that was published in the Scandinavian anthology magazine Agent X9 in 2002, later being reprinted in the US in a special issue of Comics Revue.

From 1 December 2008, the Evening Standard, which had stopped including comic strips for some time, republished La Machine, using the original artwork. Following a change of ownership of the paper, they did not continue with subsequent stories.

Strip numbering
The ordinary strips are consecutive numbered from 1 to 10183. Outside this numbering are the two newspaper stories "In the Beginning" and "The Killing Ground" and the two comic-book stories "Modesty Blaise" and "The Dark Angels".

Outside the ordinary numbering is also a quantity of A-strips. An A-strip has the same number as the previous strip, but followed by an A. They were used on days when not all the newspapers running Modesty Blaise were published. An A-strip is not vital for the continuity of the story and is often just supplementing the previous strip.

The first A-strip was 194A and was published during Christmas 1963 in Scottish newspapers.

Since December 1974, The Evening Standard has not been published on Saturdays. So, since then, and the story "Cry Wolf", a sixth of the strips have been A-strips and have not had their premiere in The Evening Standard.

A single strip is numbered with an X suffix, strip number 3641X, and is similar to the A-strips.

Reprints and comic book adaptations
Many reprint editions of the comic strip have appeared over the years, of varying quality. Most reprint the earliest strips, with strips from the 1980s and 1990s being the least often reprinted.

In Sweden the strip has been in continuous distribution since 1971 in a monthly comic adventure magazine called Agent X9 (previously, Modesty had her own comic magazine Agent Modesty Blaise in Sweden from 1967 to 1970). Many of O'Donnell's stories premiered here (translated into Swedish), and the magazine continues to run a Modesty Blaise story every month, from the archives. When the daily strip was discontinued, artist Romero was given permission by O'Donnell to do a final Modesty Blaise story directly for Agent X9 magazine. The two-parter was published in 2002 and based on an unused script by O'Donnell entitled The Dark Angels, which O'Donnell had previously adapted for the short story collection Cobra Trap. Romero also contributed original painted covers for the Agent X9 magazine for many years.

In India Modesty has acquired a huge fan base and the stories have been published in various magazines starting in 1971. Modesty was featured in Kalki Magazine (1971), Kumudam Magazine (1972), Muthu Comics (1975), Lion Comics (1984 to date), Rani Comics (1990–2002) & Comic World (1998) in the Tamil language. They were also published in English in Spectrum Comics (1985–1986). Though other magazines stopped/ceased publishing Modesty Blaise, Lion Comics continues to publish her stories regularly. Considering the medium, certain images from the stories were edited to make them suitable for child readers.

One of the earliest reprints in book form occurred in 1978 when Star Books—an imprint of WH Allen Limited—published two paperback-sized compilations of the Holdaway-era stories: 1) "In the Beginning", "The Black Pearl", and "The Vikings", and 2) "La Machine" and "The Long Lever". These reprints suffered from poor reproduction that rendered many panels illegible.

Between 1981 and 1986, Ken Pierce Books Inc. of the United States, in conjunction with Eclipse Comics, published eight volumes of comic book-sized reprints dubbed the First American Edition series. The first four books featured Holdaway-illustrated stories from the 1960s, while the last four featured strips from the early 1980s as illustrated by Neville Colvin. These books also suffered from reproduction problems that resulted in many panels being reprinted too light, making them difficult to read.

In 1994, DC Comics released a graphic novel adaptation of Modesty Blaise (the novel), with art by Dan Spiegle and Dick Giordano (ISBN 1-56389-178-6).

Manuscript Press published two volumes of late-1980s Romero strips in 2003 (Live Bait and Lady in the Dark); it also published all of the stories not reprinted elsewhere in serialised form in its magazine publications Comics Revue and Modesty Blaise Quarterly, the former of which, as noted above, also published The Dark Angels for the first (and, to date, only) time in English. Comics Revue is continuing to reprint Modesty Blaise strips as of 2015, although a planned reprint of The Dark Angels in autumn 2014 was cancelled just before publication when the copyright holders withdrew permission.

The American magazine Comics Revue also continues to reprint the strip, and remains to date the only publisher to have released an English-language version of The Dark Angels.

Titan Books old series, 1985–1990
Between 1984 and 1990, Titan Books of England published eight volumes of reprints of strips featuring art by Holdaway and Romero, covering the period 1963 to 1974. All of the covers were drawn by John M. Burns.

Titan Books new series, 2004–2017
Beginning in March 2004, Titan launched a new series of reprint volumes. These new versions use larger images and reportedly come from better source material than the editions published between 1984 and 1990.

As well as an introduction to each story by Peter O'Donnell (books 1 to 16), Lawrence Blackmore (books 17 to 24), Simon Ward (book 25), Rick Norwood (book 26), Rebecca Chance (book 28), and Daphne Alexander and Kate McAll (book 30), most books include articles about the series. The individual story introductions are absent from books 27 and 29.

In October 2017, Titan completed its reprints of the entire newspaper strip run with the final stories from Romero's second tenure. It is not yet known if the company has the rights to reprint "The Dark Angels", a graphic novel-length story that was published in a European magazine after the retirement of the original strip, or the 1994 graphic novel adaptation of the first Modesty Blaise novel published by DC Comics.

Story list
There were 99 storylines produced for the Modesty Blaise comic strip and all its printed forms over almost forty years, and every story was written solely by Peter O'Donnell. The strips and comic books were drawn by Jim Holdaway (JH), Enrique Badia Romero (ER), John M. Burns (JB), Patrick Wright (PW), Neville Colvin (NC), Dan Spiegle (DS) and Dick Giordano (DG).

Sources: A (Comics Revue Annual), C (Comics Revue), CM (Comic Media Vol 2, No. 2), CS (Comics Revue Special), F# (First American Edition Series, Ken Pierce), LB (Live Bait, Manuscript Press), LD (Lady in the Dark, Manuscript Press), MB (Comics Revue Presents Modesty Blaise), S# (Star Books paperback reprints, 1978), OT# (Titan Books, old series (1984–90)), T# (Titan Books, new series (2004–2017)).

The special stories

 * 1) Numbered SP1 or more commonly 8a. An introduction to the history of Modesty Blaise.
 * 2) Numbered SP2 or more commonly 14a. Produced to Scottish newspapers after an industrial dispute in England.
 * 3) Numbered SP3 or more commonly not numbered. A graphic novel from DC Comics based on the first novel with Modesty Blaise.
 * 4) Numbered SP4 or more commonly 96. A comic book version of the short story in Cobra Trap. Originally published in the Swedish magazine Agent X9 #7–8, 2002.

Differences between comic strip and books
Although the books generally reflect the characters previously established in the comic strip, there are a number of detail differences. One example of this is how Modesty is initially recruited to work for Sir Gerald Tarrant – although the strip story La Machine (1963) and the book story Modesty Blaise (1965) have similarities, and in both Tarrant achieves his aim by putting her under an obligation, in the strip story this relates to the validity of her marriage (and therefore her right to British nationality and residence) while in the book he provides her with information that enables her to rescue Willie Garvin and save his life. The name of her husband is given in the strip, with the marriage taking place in 1960 and him dying in 1961; in the novel he is unnamed and the marriage took place in 1962. The novels also include a more overt fantasy element than the strip, with characters demonstrating clairvoyant abilities in several novels (including Willie's trademark ability to predict trouble when he feels his ears prickling, a trait also demonstrated in the comic), and a later story referencing the afterlife.

There are also cases where characters first appear in the books and then subsequently appear in the comic strip – Steve Collier first appears in I, Lucifer (1967) and his future wife Dinah in A Taste for Death (1969) but they do not appear in the strip until Lady in the Dark (1989).

Modesty Blaise Quarterly
Comics Revue presents Modesty Blaise was a small press magazine sized comic book published by Manuscript Press which reprinted Modesty Blaise comic strip stories by O'Donnell and illustrated by the artists Jim Holdaway (JH), Enrique Badia Romero (ER), John M. Burns (JB), Patrick Wright (PW), Neville Colvin (NC). It published 25 issues between 1995 and 2000. With issue 23, all the MB stories had been reprinted in either Comics Revue presents Modesty Blaise or Comics Revue, so the contents of the last two issues was decided by reader vote. Issue 24 carried "The Galley Slaves" and 25 reprinted "Butch Cassidy Rides Again".

Films
After the initial popularity of the comic strip British Lion Films announced a Modesty Blaise film to be written by Sidney Gilliat that was never made.

A film titled Modesty Blaise, loosely based on the comic strip, was filmed in 1966 as a comedy thriller. It was directed by Joseph Losey and starred Monica Vitti as Modesty, Terence Stamp as Willie Garvin, and Dirk Bogarde as Gabriel. Peter O'Donnell wrote the first draft of the screenplay for the film, but the script was heavily revised by others before shooting began, and the finished film bore very little resemblance to O'Donnell's vision in tone, theme, or characterisation. For example, a romance is established between Willie and Modesty, even though the comic strip firmly established only a platonic relationship between them. The film also incorporated several musical numbers. One sequence of the film establishes that the Modesty Blaise comic strip exists within the fictional universe of the film and is based upon the exploits of Vitti's character, who is seen dressing up as the illustrated version of herself. The film was unsuccessful.

In 1982, a one-hour pilot was made for a proposed Modesty Blaise television series, starring Ann Turkel as Modesty Blaise and Lewis Van Bergen as Willie Garvin. The film aired on the ABC Network to positive reviews, but no series resulted. This was a slightly more serious version of the stories than the campy 1966 comedy version. In this pilot the setting is moved from London to Hollywood, and both Willie and Tarrant are portrayed as Americans; Modesty's nationality is left unrevealed but Turkel also plays her with an American accent.

In 2003, a direct-to-video film titled My Name Is Modesty was released under the "Quentin Tarantino Presents..." banner. The film was directed by Scott Spiegel and starred English actress Alexandra Staden as Modesty Blaise (to date the only British actress to play the role on screen). Although promoted as the first of a series, no others were made. One immediately noticeable difference between the film and the source material is that it is a prequel to Modesty's established backstory as a crime boss; as such, the character of Willie Garvin is omitted.

Quentin Tarantino has been interested in directing a Modesty Blaise film for many years, and at one point Neil Gaiman wrote a script treatment based upon O'Donnell's novel, I, Lucifer. So far, nothing has come of these plans. Tarantino "sponsored" the release of My Name Is Modesty by allowing it to be released under the label "Quentin Tarantino presents ..." In the Tarantino film Pulp Fiction, Vincent Vega is seen reading a copy of Modesty Blaise. Nicole Kidman has also gone on record as being interested in making a Modesty Blaise film, and Jennifer Lopez was reported to be pitching for the part in 2003.

Novels and short story collections
O'Donnell was invited to write a novelization of the 1966 film. The novel, released a year before the film itself and based on his original screenplay for the movie, fared considerably better than the film. During the following decades he would write a total of eleven Modesty Blaise novels and two collections of short stories. Several of the short stories either adapt comic strip stories, or would later be adapted into comic strip stories themselves. Characters cross over between the two media. Except for Pieces of Modesty, initially published as a Pan Books paperback, the books were originally issued in hardback (by Souvenir Press) and have subsequently gone through numerous paperback editions, with Pan the primary paperback publisher in the U.K. until the late 1970s.

O'Donnell's final book, Cobra Trap, is a short story collection. Intended by O'Donnell to be his literary finale, the final story depicts the deaths of Modesty and Willie (with an implied afterlife). O'Donnell, however, would continue to write the comic strip for several more years, and chose to end it on a more optimistic note, though the comic strip's finale does not contradict the prose version.

Beginning in the early 2000s (decade), Souvenir Press began a series of paperback reprints of the Modesty Blaise book series, using the first edition hardback covers, and originally concluding with a reprint of Cobra Trap in 2006. Souvenir subsequently gained the rights to the short story collection Pieces of Modesty and issued their reprint of that book in March 2010, with a new cover design based on the original hardback cover from the first Modesty novel, at which point all the Blaise books fell under the same UK publisher for the first time.

In 2008, Penguin Books of India reprinted the full series.

The 2012 Charles Stross book The Apocalypse Codex is, according to the author, a tribute to Modesty Blaise.

Audio formats
Last Day in Limbo was adapted as a BBC World Service six-part radio drama in 1978 with Barbara Kellerman as Modesty, James Bolam as Willie and Richard Vernon as Tarrant.

I Had a Date with Lady Janet (the short story from Pieces of Modesty) was published as an audio tape reading by Pickwick Talking Books in the early 1980s, featuring John Thaw as Willie (the story, uniquely to the canon, is a first-person tale told from Willie Garvin's point of view).

BBC Radio 4 has broadcast adaptations of three of the books in their "15 Minute Drama" slot, each in five fifteen-minute episodes, adapted by Stef Penney and produced/directed by Kate McAll, starring Daphne Alexander as Modesty, with music by Will Gregory, arranged by Ian Gardiner.

A Taste for Death was originally broadcast from 17 to 21 December 2012, featuring Carl Prekopp as Willie and Alun Armstrong as Tarrant, with Sam Dale (Simon Delicata), Geoffrey Streatfeild (Steve Collier), Samantha Dakin (Dinah Pilgrim), Alex Fearns (McWhirter), Jeff Mash (Skeet Lowery) and Nigel Anthony (Sir Howard Presteign).

Modesty Blaise was originally broadcast from 16 to 20 June 2014, featuring Neil Maskell as Willie and Alun Armstrong as Tarrant, with Ewan Bailey (Gabriel), Alex Fearns (McWhirter), Matthew Gravelle, John Hollingworth and Hannah Pakeman.

The Silver Mistress was originally broadcast from 13 to 17 February 2017, featuring Paul Bazely as Willie and Ian McNeice as Tarrant, with Clare Grogan (Clare), Ewan Bailey (Sexton/Colonel Jim), Sara Markland (Lady Janet/Angel) and John Ramm (Quinn).

References to Modesty Blaise in other popular culture

 * The theme song "Modesty (Modesty Blaise Theme)" from the Losey movie was sung by David and Jonathan, with music composed by John Dankworth and lyrics by Benny Green. This appeared on the soundtrack album issued by 20th Century Fox (S 4182) and also as a single on the Fontana label. The album was released on CD by Harkit (HRKCD 8003) in 2001.
 * The theme song appeared in instrumental form as a mambo by Latin jazz composer and vibist Cal Tjader and collaborator Eddie Palmieri on their 1966 album El Sonido Nuevo (The New Sound).
 * Rock group Sparks wrote and recorded a song intended as the theme tune for the aborted TV series. Using an amended title "Modesty Plays" to avoid trademark infringement, it was released originally in 1982 as a France-only single and subsequently in a new version on their 1986 album Music That You Can Dance To. Singer Russell Mael admits that he is actually singing "Blaise" not "Plays".
 * Closterkeller, a Polish Gothic band, recorded the song "Modesty Blaise" on their 1992 album Blue, based on the Modesty Blaise character.
 * The concept of the 1992 album Modesty by the Yugoslav pop rock band Bel Tempo was inspired by the Modesty Blaise character.
 * Montt Mardié from Sweden opens his 2005 debut album Drama with a song entitled "Modesty Blaise".
 * British group the Direct Hits released their 4-track EP The Modesty Blaise Sessions on The Forbidden Label in 1986. The first track, "Modesty Blaise", alludes to the character, especially in her comic-strip form.
 * In the Quentin Tarantino film Pulp Fiction, hit-man Vincent Vega is twice seen reading the first US printing of the Modesty Blaise novel while seated on the toilet.
 * A thinly disguised pair - Persephone Hazard (code-named "Bashful Incendiary") and her companion Johnny McTavish - are in some of Charlie Stross' Laundry series books. She is a witch, he calls her Duchess, they work as external assets of an occult department of the British secret services.

Controversy
On 29 June 2020 strip no. 2548 drew controversy from readers of The West Australian newspaper for its dialogue, in which the villain in the story used offensive language to refer to Indigenous Australians. Strip no. 2548 and the associated story "The Stone Age Caper", has a villain who makes racist statements. The story had previously been published by the newspaper in 2009. At that time, the only complaint about the story was that in one panel Modesty is shown topless. On 30 June 2020 the newspaper made a decision that, after 48 years, it would cease publishing Modesty Blaise.

title: Modesty Blaise


text:
Lucia Rijker

Lucia Frederica Rijker (born December 6, 1967) is a Dutch  professional boxer, kickboxer, and actress.

Rijker was sometimes dubbed by the press "The Most Dangerous Woman in the World".

Early career
Rijker was born in Amsterdam to a Surinamese father and a Dutch mother. She speaks four languages and is a Buddhist, dedicating time daily to meditation and chanting.

Rijker started her martial arts career at the early age of six, when she began training in judo. A year later, she was part of the Dutch National Softball Team. At fourteen, after picking up fencing a year earlier, Lucia became the Netherlands Junior Champion of that sport. When she was fifteen she began kickboxing and knocked out the reigning American kickboxing champion, Lily Rodriguez. Rijker eventually amassed a 36-0 (25 KO) record as a kickboxer, and won four different world titles. Her only defeat in a kickboxing ring was in an exhibition match at Sporthallen Zuid in Amsterdam in October 1994, when she fought male Muay Thai fighter Somchai Jaidee, who knocked her out in the second round.

Career change
After winning her first 14 fights, but failing to secure a match with Christy Martin, Rijker stepped away from boxing in 1999 to pursue a career in Hollywood. She appeared as Billie 'The Blue Bear' Osterman in 2004's Oscar-winning, female boxer-based film Million Dollar Baby and was featured in the documentary film Shadow Boxers. She played a minor role in Rollerball and had a brief cameo in the season 2 finale of The L Word as Dana's trainer. She returned to The L Word in Season 5 as Dusty, Helena's cellmate in prison. Rijker played a Romulan communications officer in the film Star Trek.

Return to the ring
She returned to the ring in February 2002, and later beat Jane Couch (20-4 going in; 25-6 as of December 2004) by decision (eight rounds) on June 21, 2003 for her 16th win. Win number 17 was a ten-round decision over "Sun shine” Fettkether on May 20, 2004.

Rijker and Christy Martin were scheduled to fight on July 30, 2005 at the Mandalay Bay in Las Vegas. Major U.S. promoter Bob Arum (Top Rank Boxing's head) had made their match the main event of a card (with otherwise male boxing matches) called "Million Dollar Lady". Each woman was guaranteed $250,000 (U.S.), with the winner receiving an extra $750,000; however, on July 20, it was announced that she had ruptured an Achilles tendon while training for the fight; recovery time was estimated to be 4–7 months. The match was ultimately cancelled.

In 2006, Rijker stated that although not retired as a professional boxer, she would only consider one more fight - a bout with Laila Ali.

Boxing records
As of February 2007, she was undefeated in the ring; her boxing record is 17-0 (14 K.O.'s).

Rijker has been on the cover of numerous magazines including Inside Kung Fu. As a professional boxer, she has won the WIBF Welterweight Title, and has beaten name fighters such as Marcela Acuña (5th-round K.O.; Acuña was 0-1 going into the fight, and retired with a record of 42-6-1), and Deborah "Sunshine" Fettkether (10th-round decision; Fettkether was 8-4-3 going in).

Current activities
For several years, Rijker has been training under the world-famous boxing coach Freddie Roach. In 2012, she was hired as a striking coach to former UFC Champion Ronda Rousey.

She remains busy giving lectures and seminars to athletes and people from all walks of life to perform their best, while she maintais her top physical form and a strict diet.

Rijker once again gained media attention in June 2013, when she worked in the corner of female boxing challenger Diana Prazak in her WBC super featherweight title bout against local champion Frida Wallberg in Stockholm, Sweden. Prazak knocked Wallberg down twice in the eighth round prompting the referee to stop the fight. After a brief check by the ringside doctor, Wallberg started to collapse in her corner. Rijker immediately realized the seriousness of the situation and called the doctor back to the ring while she and Prazak assisted Wallberg. Wallberg had to be carried from the ring on a stretcher to hospital and underwent surgery with a cerebral hemorrhage. This event sparked controversy about the level of the provided medical attention and reignited debates about banning boxing in Sweden.

In 2014, Rijker was part of the inaugural class of the International Women's Boxing Hall of Fame in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

In 2019, Rijker became one of the first three women boxers (and the first Dutch woman boxer) elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame; 2019 was the first year that women were on the ballot.

In 2017, Rijker hosted the Dutch adaptation of Jamie's Dream School; as well as in 2018, 2019 and 2020.

Kickboxing

 * 1988–1989 — IWBA Women's Boxing World Champion
 * 1985–1994 — WKA Women's Division World Champion
 * 1989–1994 — ISKA Women's Division World Champion

Boxing

 * 1997 - WIBF Super Lightweight World Champion
 * 1998 - WIBO Junior Welterweight World Champion
 * 1997–1998 — European WIBF Boxing Champion

Kickboxing record
! style=background:white colspan=9 |Full contact title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |IMTF world lightweight title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |World kickboxing title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |World full contact title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |European title. ! style=background:white colspan=9 |Retains the ISKA World Super Lightweight (−62.3 kg/137 lb) Full Contact Championship.
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1994-04-30 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Sandra Moore || K-1 Grand Prix '94 || Tokyo, Japan || Decision (unanimous) || 5 || 3:00 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1993-12-19 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Yoriko Okamoto || K-2 Grand Prix '93 || Tokyo, Japan || TKO (right low kick) || 2 || 0:38 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1993-09-04 || Win ||align=left|🇯🇵 Kyoko Kamikaze || K-1 Illusion || Tokyo, Japan || TKO || 2 || 0:44 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1992-05-17 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Michele Aboro || || Hamburg, Germany || TKO || || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1992-00-00 || Win ||align=left|🇨🇦 Kathy Petereit || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || TKO || 1 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1991-10-06 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Sandra Moore || || || Decision || 5 || 3:00 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1991-07-03 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Sanchez || || Netherlands || Decision || || ||
 * 1992-00-00 || Win ||align=left|🇨🇦 Kathy Petereit || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || TKO || 1 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1991-10-06 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Sandra Moore || || || Decision || 5 || 3:00 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1991-07-03 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Sanchez || || Netherlands || Decision || || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1991-07-03 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Sanchez || || Netherlands || Decision || || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1991-06-00 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Michele Aboro || || Oldham, England || TKO || 1 || ||
 * 1991-06-00 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Michele Aboro || || Oldham, England || TKO || 1 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1990-11-18 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Maxine Adams || || || KO || 1 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1989-10-08 || Win ||align=left|🇩🇪 Paola Zarbo || ||Amsterdam, Netherlands || KO || 1 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1988-10-00 || Win ||align=left| Ruth O'Hara || || Japan || || || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1988-02-14 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Daniëlle Roccard || || Arnhem, Netherlands || TKO || 1 || 0:15 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1987-11-08 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Valérie Hénin || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || TKO || 4 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1988-02-14 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Daniëlle Roccard || || Arnhem, Netherlands || TKO || 1 || 0:15 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1987-11-08 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Valérie Hénin || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || TKO || 4 || ||
 * 1987-11-08 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Valérie Hénin || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || TKO || 4 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 0000-00-00 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Bonnie Canino || || || Decision || 7 || 2:00 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1987-04-26 || Win ||align=left|🏴 Anne Holmes || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || TKO || 1 || 0:30 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1985-10-06 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Cheryl Wheeler || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || Decision (unanimous) || 7 || 2:00 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1985-10-06 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Cheryl Wheeler || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || Decision (unanimous) || 7 || 2:00 ||
 * 1985-10-06 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Cheryl Wheeler || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || Decision (unanimous) || 7 || 2:00 ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1985-05-26 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Nancy Vesula || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || TKO || 2 || ||
 * 1985-05-26 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Nancy Vesula || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || TKO || 2 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1985-03-04 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Ermelinda Fernandez || || Clermont-Ferrand, France || KO || 2 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1984-01-15 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Lilly Rodriuez || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || KO (low kick) || 1 || 0:30 || 6-0-1
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1984-01-15 || Win ||align=left|🇺🇸 Lilly Rodriuez || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || KO (low kick) || 1 || 0:30 || 6-0-1
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1983-09-04 || Win ||align=left|🇪🇸 Linda Lladossa || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || Decision (unanimous) || || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1983-06-00 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Catherine Zanzouri || || Paris, France || KO || 3 || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1983-00-00 || Win ||align=left|🇫🇷 Nancy Joseph || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || TKO (doctor stoppage) || 1 || ||
 * - bgcolor="#c5d2ea"
 * 1983-06-29 || Draw ||align=left|🇪🇸 Linda Lladossa || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || Draw || || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1982-11-04 || Win ||align=left| Sandra Oostendorp || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || || || ||
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * 1983-06-29 || Draw ||align=left|🇪🇸 Linda Lladossa || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || Draw || || ||
 * - bgcolor="CCFFCC"
 * 1982-11-04 || Win ||align=left| Sandra Oostendorp || || Amsterdam, Netherlands || || || ||
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:

 * - style="background:#fbb;"
 * 1994-10-15 ||Loss ||align=left|🇹🇭 Somchai Jaidee ||||Amsterdam, Netherlands ||KO|| 2 || || 0–1
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:
 * colspan=9 | Legend:

title: Lucia Rijker


text:
Talk:Wintel

Visual Wintel
http://wintel.us/images/wintel.jpg is a wintel inside logo, marked as an (R) registered trademark of wintel.us.

Would be a representative image to make this article visual ...

Deserves at least a See Also link, I guess. Already is fifth hit of http://images.google.com/images?q=wintel

-- Pelavarre (talk) 15:38, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

Old discussion
Really, is it WIntel, this is, W(indows) + INTEL ??

Wow! This is one of the worst pages I have ever seen here! Mav, you chopped out a lot of dross, but why did you leave the balance in? (And, damn it, I have other things I want to do tonight.) Tannin

 * I just got rid of the worst of it - hopefully somebody can salvage what is left and turn it into an article. --mav

 * Wilco. It ain't going to be a good one, but I'm on the case. Someone else can come along and add a little beauty to my bare bones a little later. Tannin

''Moved this here, mistakes & all, in case it's not already covered in a computer history entry somewhere. Tannin''

In the 19th century, a company emerged called International Business-Machines (IBM). IBM gave all of the new industry which have grown to large to manage themselves a solution -- business-automation. IBM specialized in ways of automating record-keeping, management, accounting, et cetera. By the early 20th century, a saying emerged:

 * "Noone ever got fired for buying IBM."

In the mid-1940s, a company called Remington-Rand (makers of electric shavers) started making computers. Since companies use computers for business-automation, IBM entered the computer-business, in the later 1940s, after Remington-Rand. Since none ever get fired for buying IBM, by the early 1950s, IBM made more computers than all other companies combined.

In the 1970s, the first personal computer, the Altaire came to be. The first successful computer --  indeed, one of the most successful computers of all time  --  the Apple II. IBM wanted in on the market. In the late 1970s, IBM started development on its personal computer.

Tannin - The current figure is 90%, not 95%. Macs make up 5% and Linux/other make up the rest. --mav

 * Mav, I've gone back to 95% because (taking the Mac as 5%) and taking the broader definition used in the text, all other personal computers are Intel architecture and thus WinTel. Linux counts if we use a narrow definition (as does AMD & etc.), and that would give us a (very rough) 66% or, as in the text, "two-thirds". Sun servers and the like don't count because they ain't desktops or personal computers. Amigas and the like have such a tiny market share that we need not count them.)

 * My wild guess of two thirds is: AMD & assorted minor CPU vendors: ~ 25 to 30%. Throw in 'nix and assorted minor operating systems, and "two-thirds" sounds about right. -- Tannin

 * You lost me... Linux on Intel in LinTel, Mac is Mac and then there is Linux/Unix on many other chips (not to mention niche OSes). All that together is about 10% of the personal computer market. --mav

 * Tel remembers telecommunication to me User:Mac

Sorry Mav. I'll go a little more step by step. First, a "desktop computer" is your common or garden everyday variety (even though most of them are mini-towers and don't sit on desks!). It's either a PC or a Mac. No other competitors remain, unless we count really weird stuff. (Are they still making the Acorn Archimedies?) Industrial-strength machines don't count (Sun & HP servers, dedicated CAD workstations, S/400s & etc): they are either servers or workstations, not desktops or PCs. Now, to WinTel:
 * You make a distinction between Mac and PC, but Macs ARE PCs (personal computers). Just my 2c worth. --LK

 * 1) Narrow definition: Wintel = Windows & Intel. Windows ~90% market share, Intel ~70 to 75% market share: round figures, call it 2/3rds.
 * 2) Broad definition: WinTel = anything that uses an industry standard X86 architecture, which is defined by Microsoft and Intel and detailed below. Everything uses an X86 architecture except the Mac: hence my 95%.

Industry standard X86 architecture = Intel, AMD, or Cyrix/VIA CPU, standardised methods of inerconnecting components (typically PCI, AGP, ATA or SCSI hard drives, USB, RS-232 serial ports, Centronics printer port, 168-pin SDRAM & the like), usually standard form factor, standard PSU specs, heavily regulated BIOS features, SVGA monitor specs, all that stuff.

It is heavily regulated by standards bodies that (in reality) do exactly what Intel and/or Microsoft tell them to do, except once in a very long while when Intel do something really stupid (such as the RDRAM fiasco, which led to the entire industry saying "to hell with this, we are going with DDR" and Intel, very reluctantly, giving the RDRAM dream away). I was going to cite an example where Microsoft did something really stupid and the industry united to say "to hell with you, Bill, we are doing it this way - but I can't think of one right now.

This regulation of the industry is the real meaning of "WinTel" This is why your Linux box and my OS/2 machines have to go through all sorts of software hoops that would otherwise not be needed. (Consider software modems and GDI printers.) This is why our keyboards have useless little windows keys on them, why the power supply in your Athlon has a surplus 5V connector dangling from it. And so on.

PS: Is the RDRAM fiasco covered on Wikipedia? It sure ought to be. Rivetting stuff: all those ... um ... shall we say optimistic royalty claims and ... er ... innovative patent methods, the Intel $1 share option contract, an incredible $500 share price, then fraud trials, shares dropping to around $4 per ... it's got the lot. And it's all on the public record and all citable. I better check. Or better not - I wean to finish my CAC Boomerang aicraft entry. Tannin

 * OIC - BTW how did you know I am a Linux user with an Athlon box? You're freaking me out! ;-) -mav

 * Linux user: that was easy - you posted a screen shot of the front page some time ago. Athlon box: logic - (a) On average Athlons (bar certain specialised uses) offer around 10% to 20% better out-of-the-box performance per dollar of cost. (b) You are an intelligent man and ... er ... a maveric. (c) For you, an Athlon seemed like a safe bet. Tannin

 * Drat! I have become too predictable. :) --mav

---

I've hardly ever seen this written as "WinTel": it's almost always "Wintel". Can we make the change? The Anome 14:16 Feb 28, 2003 (UTC)

 * I thought it looked funny. Sometimes I'm a bit slow on the uptake. Consider it done, Mr A. -- Tannin

History
Slight correction: BSD was finnished in 1993, Linux 0.01 in 1991, and Minix for a long time before. User_Talk:Watsonladd

Todo

 * to do: write stuff about Microsoft/Intel cooperation, and recent tensions between them

I removed the above from the article since that sort of thing is for talk pages. Graue 04:52, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Macintosh with PowerPC
Doesn't look like staying for long now ... the alternatives to Wintel will be only Lintel and Mactel. The alternative to Intel is AMD, but as for x86 in general, it looks like we've attained CPU architecture monoculture. The invisible hand guiding the computer industry, as it were. No-one's taking a risc^Hk anymore. --Shlomital 13:22, 2005 Jun 11 (UTC)

palmtop
"with Palm Computing being the market leader in palmtops" This is no longer a case. Pocket PCs dominate palmtop market now.

Most successful computer of all time?

 * ... It was called the IBM PC and it became the most successful single computer of all time.

Wasn't that the Commodore 64? Here's what that article says:
 * The Commodore 64 is the best-selling single personal computer model of all time.

Is success being measured by something other than sales? If yes, it would be best to clarify; if not, then which of the two statements is right? --Fibonacci 08:07, 29 April 2007 (UTC)

Arm no longer made by Intel?
This text is about 2 years premature. Intel is still fabbing ARM processors and probably will for about 2 years or more as the business is transitioned to Marvell. Some of the higher end ones with PCI buss and memory controlers built in (like Verde) are still being sold under the Intel name. I'm going to strike the text. 12.159.72.39 09:54, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Wintelism
Hi, a search for the word "Wintelism" brought me here.

There is a reference for this:

Borrus, Michael [2000] “The Resurgence of US Electronics: Asian Production Networks and the Rise of Wintelism,” in Michael Borrus, Dieter Ernst and Stephan Haggard eds., International Production Networks in Asia: Rivalry or Riches? London and New York: Routledge: 57-79.

Just so the word is registered here.

Pgazknyau (talk) 07:13, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

"Wintelism and the Changing terms of Global Competition: Prototype of the Future?" by Michael Borrus & John Zysman, Working Paper 96B, February 1997. Or "Globalization with borders: the rise of Wintelism as the future of global competition" by Michael Borrus & John Zysman, Industry & Innovation, 4(2): 141-166, 1997. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.59.77.253 (talk) 16:22, 24 March 2014 (UTC)

WAMDEE?!
Seriously, what the duck? I removed the ridiculous "wamdee" part, I won't budge about it and if you disagree with me just google for it and you'll hopefully be enlightened. 84.216.46.248 (talk) 21:28, 4 August 2008 (UTC)

Link to article about Vista and Office 2007
Your arguing was wrong - see my edit summary. And please do not remove the link again, the article has too few sources and any external info (in this case through an externa link) is valuable. Thank you!--Kozuch (talk) 13:20, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I missed the first reference to Wintel as I skimmed the article, but it's not about "Wintel" as a term for IBM PC derivative computers running Windows, but for code bloat in Office and Vista. If you want to use it as a source inline it so that we can see what it is being used as a reference for.
 * Keep in mind that if we are simply going to link articles mentioning Wintel we can get quite a few more:
 * http://news.cnet.com/8301-10787_3-10141326-60.html
 * http://blogs.zdnet.com/Murphy/?p=1180
 * http://www.eetimes.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=206503988
 * http://www.windowsvistaweblog.com/2008/06/27/wintel-what/
 * http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/947/1009947/2007-time-for-the-wintel-end-game
 * But we don't link these as they only use the word. They (and your) article can be used as sources but are not 'on topic' enough for an external link.
 * --Anss123 (talk) 14:05, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
 * I am against removal as the link is the only article and not blog post mentioning Wintel I could find.--Kozuch (talk) 11:58, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Look at WP:EL and Citing_sources. I'm the only other editor that has objected to your link (and if another would support your position I'd back away), but the link you found is not a general reference nor a topic for further research on Wintel. It does discuss Office and Windows, and it does mention Wintel, but besides the last point there are other - better - articles we could link if we wanted to steer readers towards that.--Anss123 (talk) 12:17, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Deletion?
how has this article not been nominated for deletion? the very concept hardly encyclopedic. it seems to be okay up until "....is portmanteau of Windows and Intel", and then it is just total trash. all this info is found on articles like IBM, Personal computer, Intel, ect. id like to do a cleanup, but im afraid my definition of a cleanup would be to erase everything after "....is portmanteau of Windows and Intel". if that were done, this article wouldnt have enough info to hold Notability as an article. and then that leads me to question why the article exists in the first place. i tagged the article for Importance. i dont have the time right now to maintain an argument over this, but if someone wants to clean up this article, IMO it should lose everything after to the introduction line, and then something needs to be added to give reason why this "Wintel" concept is Notable. but in my opinion it isnt notable and should be deleted. Impreziv (talk) 08:59, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

I would like to add my support to the deletion of this article, it is utter trash. 165.228.241.246 (talk) 01:26, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

This article is still terrible. I've never edited anything on Wikipedia before but after reading this I felt obliged. Firstly, almost the entire article has no sources/citation. Secondly, the author seems to be presenting us with a history that said author barely seems to understand, along with, like someone already said, not really understanding how the market works or why things turned out the way they did. Instead of something accurate and informative, the author has presented a dumbed down and mostly vague history seriously lacking in context and facts. It should really be deleted. The whole article needs to be scrapped/rewritten if it's to meet Wikipedia standards, IMO at least. As is it's pointless and most of the history/context is at best vague and at worst inaccurate. I'd really just hate to think that this article is where someone interested but not well versed on the subject ends up. It's just a lousy article and doesn't belong on Wikipedia. 208.107.110.14 (talk) 15:58, 12 December 2014 (UTC)

Biased, but INCREDIBLY accurate
I like how the author has done everything possible short of breaking into the designers house at night and shitting on his face to show his hatred of the IBM PC architecture. If any other company released that thing it would have bombed so hard it've left a smoking crater in the ground. Seriously, It was obsoleted about four years before it was even released. 170kb disks? no sound? text only display? monochrome? sign me up. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.42.205.93 (talk) 00:44, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Fanboys
123456789101112131415 That's 15 places where you can check real life use of "wintel" to describe a monopoly. Or get almost half a million results in Google. AC 201.253.132.192 (talk) 22:36, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

Incredibly awful article
This is an incredibly awful article. It reads like a high school essay and is almost completely devoid of citations. It's also severely biased, and the author appears to lack any appreciation of how markets actually work, or why 'Wintel', including its core components Microsoft Windows and the Intel x86, were so much more successful than any of the alternatives.

One obvious example (amongst many) that stands out is the discussion of why OS/2 failed. IBM and Microsoft made a huge effort to promote OS/2 in the early days, but it was simply too big and too slow for typical PCs in the late 80s and early 90s. It was superior to MS-DOS and MS Windows in an abstract technical sense, but in terms of meeting market requirements it was overwhelmingly inferior.

OS/2 couldn't even run on a lot of PCs and was much slower than MS-DOS or MS-DOS/Windows on those it did run on. It had poor hardware support had virtually no software library of its own, so was mostly used to multi-task MS-DOS software, which Windows (by version 3.0) could do more effectively. Windows was less robust, but much more compatible (both in terms of hardware and software) and much less resource intensive.

Apart from the high price and inferiority of OS/2 in terms of meeting market demands, IBM had no understanding of the way the PC industry worked. Whilst Microsoft gave away SDKs for free to encourage the development of a software library for its systems, and put huge resources into promoting and supporting developmers, IBM insisted on charging for the OS/2 SDK and driving away third-party developers.

In the late 80s and early 90s, Windows was a far better match for market requirements than OS/2. This is also why Windows NT was not initially successful, despite being technically superior to both Windows and OS/2, but Windows 95 was. They key difference is that Microsoft realised they had to get Windows 95 developers to write to the same API as their flagship OS (Windows NT), so that when the hardware caught up, users could move to the new OS without losing their software library. I can't find a citation at the moment, but I've read that the central reason Microsoft and IBM split on OS/2 was that Microsoft wanted to add a 32-bit Windows API to OS/2, to migrate the Windows developer ecosystem to OS/2, and IBM refused to go along with the idea.

The idea that Windows became a standard instead of OS/2 because of a 'soft marketing voice' is absurd. OS/2 failed for much the same reason that the PS/2 failed, namely that IBM thought it could still run the show, charge whatever it wanted and everyone else would just blindly follow. Microsoft and IBM parted ways on OS/2 because Microsoft realised the product (which both companies had invested heavily in) was a failure, and not the other way round. If Microsoft hadn't hedged by developing Windows, someone else would have created a similar product, and OS/2 would almost certainly still have failed.

Shalineth (talk) 08:07, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

Wintel era
I don’t know if this would characterize original research, but couldn’t we define what is called “Wintel era” a period which began with the market introduction of Windows 95 in 1995 and ended with the Apple–Intel transition in 2006?--MaGioZal (talk) 06:19, 12 August 2010 (UTC)

 * ~94% of all desktops in the world now have Microsoft's Windows NT OSes AND Intel's x86 CPUs inside. This is the factual 'Wintel' sign. How the hell that microscopic by significance transition of just 1 niche manufacturer, could define the 'end' of this era. This is just ridiculous. Such an 'era' with such a definition only exist in the heads of the iToys factory fans.

77.52.154.62 (talk) 04:47, 22 June 2013 (UTC) samss.exe

title: Talk:Wintel


text:
Hot dark matter

Hot dark matter (HDM) is a theoretical form of dark matter which consists of particles that travel with ultrarelativistic velocities.

Dark matter is a form of matter that neither emits nor absorbs light. Within physics, this behavior is characterized by dark matter not interacting with electromagnetic radiation, hence making it dark and rendering it undetectable via conventional instruments in physics. Data from galaxy rotation curves indicate that approximately 80% of the mass of a galaxy cannot be seen, forcing researchers to innovate ways that indirectly detect it through dark matter's effects on gravitational fluctuations. As we shall see below, it is useful to differentiate dark matter into "hot" (HDM) and "cold" (CDM) types–some even suggesting a middle-ground of "warm" dark matter (WDM). The terminology refers to the mass of the dark matter particles (which dictates the speed at which they travel): HDM travels faster than CDM because the HDM particles are theorized to be of lower mass.

Role in galaxy formation
In terms of its application, the distribution of hot dark matter could also help explain how clusters and superclusters of galaxies formed after the Big Bang. Theorists claim that there exist two classes of dark matter: 1) those that "congregate around individual members of a cluster of visible galaxies" and 2) those that encompass "the clusters as a whole." Because cold dark matter possesses a lower velocity, it could be the source of "smaller, galaxy-sized lumps," as shown in the image. Hot dark matter, then, should correspond to the formation of larger mass aggregates that surround whole galaxy clusters. However, data from the cosmic microwave background radiation, as measured by the COBE satellite, is highly uniform, and such high-velocity hot dark matter particles cannot form clumps as small as galaxies beginning from such a smooth initial state, highlighting a discrepancy in what dark matter theory and the actual data are saying. Theoretically, in order to explain relatively small-scale structures in the observable Universe, it is necessary to invoke cold dark matter or WDM. In other words, hot dark matter being the sole substance in explaining cosmic galaxy formation is no longer viable, placing hot dark matter under the larger umbrella of mixed dark matter (MDM) theory.

Neutrinos
An example of a hot dark matter particle is the neutrino. Neutrinos have very small masses, and do not take part in two of the four fundamental forces, the electromagnetic interaction and the strong interaction. They interact by the weak interaction, and most probably gravity, but due to the feeble strength of these forces, they are difficult to detect. A number of projects, such as the Super-Kamiokande neutrino observatory, in Gifu, Japan are currently studying these neutrinos.

title: Hot dark matter


text:
HDM

HDM may refer to:

 * Haagsche Delftsche Mixed, a Dutch field hockey club based in Den Haag
 * Haddenham & Thame Parkway railway station, in England
 * Hamadan Airport in Iran
 * Harvard Dictionary of Music
 * Haus des Meeres, an aquarium in Vienna, Austria
 * H. D. Moore, American computer security researcher
 * HDM Furniture Industries, including furniture companies Henredon, Drexel Heritage and Maitland-Smith
 * Herzog & de Meuron (HdM), a Swiss architectural firm
 * High Standard HDM, a semiautomatic pistol
 * His Dark Materials, a trilogy of novels by Philip Pullman
 * Hockey Day Minnesota
 * Holistic Data Management
 * Hot dark matter, a form of dark matter
 * House dust mite
 * Hoy de monterrey (Cuban cigar brand)
 * Hard Dynamic Monsters (CS:GO Team)
 * Health Data Movers (a company providing healthcare IT services)

title: HDM


text:
CDM

CDM may refer to:

Arts and media

 * Celebrity Deathmatch, a TV series
 * CD maxi, a music release format

Organizations

 * College of Dental Medicine, US dental schools
 * DePaul University College of Computing and Digital Media, in Chicago, Illinois, US
 * Corona del Mar High School, a high school in Newport Beach, California, US

Computing

 * Combining Diacritical Marks, for keyboards
 * Common Diagnostic Model, an information technology standard of the Distributed Management Task Force
 * Conceptual data model, in database design
 * Content Decryption Module, used in digital rights management
 * Customer data management, software and behaviors for businesses to handle customer data
 * Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation, a program of the Department of Homeland Security; see Federal Systems Integration and Management Center

Other uses in science and technology

 * Cash deposit machine, in banks
 * Clean Development Mechanism, a mechanism in the Kyoto Protocol for reducing emissions
 * Ceramic metal-halide lamp, a light source
 * Charged-device model, used in electrostatic discharge testing
 * Clinical data management, in medical research
 * Code division multiplexing, in radio communications
 * Cold dark matter, a theory in physics
 * Combustion detection module, in Saab automobiles
 * Congenital dermal melanocytosis, a benign birthmark

Other uses

 * Charge description master, a comprehensive price list of items billable to patients in a US hospital
 * Chidambaram railway station, Cuddalore, Tamil Nadu, India (Indian Railways station code CDM)
 * Construction (Design and Management)
 * Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007, UK construction regulations
 * Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, UK construction regulations
 * Corona del Mar, Newport Beach, a beach and community in California, US

 * Clergy Discipline Measure 2003, a legal measure in the Church of England
 * Central defensive midfielder, a position in association football
 * Christian electronic dance music, also known as CDM

title: CDM