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List of dams and reservoirs in the United States

The following is a partial list of dams and reservoirs in the United States. There are an estimated 84,000 dams in the United States, impounding 600000 mi of river or about 17% of rivers in the nation.

Colorado

 * Aurora Reservoir
 * Barker Dam – Barker Reservoir
 * Blue Mesa Dam – Blue Mesa Reservoir
 * Chatfield Reservoir
 * Cherry Creek Reservoir
 * Dillon Reservoir
 * Electra Lake
 * Elkhead Reservoir
 * Englewood Dam
 * Green Mountain Reservoir
 * Gross Dam – Gross Reservoir
 * Horsetooth Dam – Horsetooth Reservoir, built as part of the Colorado-Big Thompson project
 * John Martin Reservoir
 * McNulty Reservoir Dam
 * McPhee Dam – McPhee Reservoir
 * Morrow Point Dam – Morrow Point Reservoir
 * Mount Elbert Forebay Dam
 * Navajo Reservoir
 * Olympus Dam in Estes Park, Colorado, built as part of the Colorado-Big Thompson project
 * Quincy Reservoir, in Aurora
 * Ralston Dam
 * Ridgway Dam – Ridgway Reservoir, built as part of the Dallas Creek Project
 * Silver Jack Dam – Silver Jack Reservoir, part of the Bostwick Park Project
 * Trinidad Dam
 * Vallecito Reservoir
 * Williams Fork Reservoir
 * Wolford Mountain Reservoir

Connecticut

 * Beseck Lake Dam
 * Candlewood Lake
 * Leesville Dam – Salmon River
 * Mansfield Hollow Dam – Mansfield Hollow Lake
 * Saville Dam – Barkhamsted Reservoir
 * Stevenson Dam – Lake Zoar, on the Housatonic River
 * West Thompson Dam – Quinebaug River

Georgia

 * Allatoona Dam – Lake Allatoona
 * Bartlett's Ferry Dam – Lake Harding
 * Blue Ridge Dam – Blue Ridge Reservoir; on the Toccoa River; finished in 1930; acquired by the TVA in 1939
 * Buford Dam – Lake Lanier
 * Carters Dam – Carter's Lake
 * Chatuge Dam – Chatuge Reservoir; on the Hiwassee River; finished in 1942 by the TVA
 * Lake Delano
 * Lake Dorene
 * Clark Hill Dam (J. Strom Thurmond Dam) – Lake Strom Thurmond, also in South Carolina
 * Goat Rock Dam – Goat Rock Lake
 * Hartwell Dam – Lake Hartwell, also in South Carolina
 * Hickory Log Creek Dam – Hickory Log Creek Reservoir (under construction until Oct 2007)
 * Jim Woodruff Dam – Lake Seminole; on Apalachicola River; built by USACE
 * Kelly Barnes Dam – Toccoa Falls, failed in 1977 killing 39 people
 * Lake Blackshear Dam – Lake Blackshear
 * Morgan Falls Dam – Bull Sluice Lake
 * Nottely Dam – Nottely Reservoir; on the Nottely River; finished in 1942 by the TVA
 * Oliver Dam – Lake Oliver
 * Richard B. Russell Dam – Richard B. Russell Lake, also in South Carolina
 * Sinclair Dam – Lake Sinclair
 * Wallace Dam – Lake Oconee
 * Walter F. George Lake – on the Chattahoochee River; built by USACE
 * West Point Dam – West Point Lake

Illinois

 * Fordham Dam
 * Kaskaskia Lock and Dam
 * Lake Holiday Dam, Lake Holiday
 * Chain of Rocks Lock
 * McHenry Dam
 * Melvin Price Locks and Dam, Alton

Louisiana

 * Bailey's Dam
 * Sibley Lake Dam
 * Toledo Bend Reservoir

Massachusetts

 * Ashley Reservoir – (Artificial)
 * Assawompset Pond Dam – Nemasket River
 * Ballardvale Dam – Shawsheen River
 * Barre Falls Dam – Ware River
 * Barstows Pond Dam – Cotley River
 * Birch Hill Dam – Millers River
 * Buffumville Dam – Little River
 * Cleveland Pond Dam – Beaver Brook
 * Conant Brook Dam – Conant Brook
 * Crescent Dam - Westfield River
 * Dam 1 above Harodite factory – concrete and granite blocks – Three Mile River
 * Dam 2 above Harodite factory – concrete – Three Mile River
 * Dam at 60 Winnetuxet Road – Winnetuxet River
 * Dam at Draka Factory – Three Mile River
 * Dam at Furnace Street – Stump Brook
 * Dam at Robbins Pond/Bog Reservoir Connection – Stump Brook
 * Dam at Route 106 – Satucket River
 * East Brimfield Dam – Quinebaug River
 * Fall Brook Route 28 Dam – Fall Brook
 * First Unnamed Dam – Segreganset River
 * Forge Pond Dam – Assonet River
 * Forge Pond Dam – Meadow Brook
 * Framingham Reservoir No. 1 Dam and Gatehouse
 * Framingham Reservoir No. 2 Dam and Gatehouse
 * Framingham Reservoir No. 3 Dam and Gatehouse
 * Great Quittacas Pond Dam – Nemasket River
 * Great Stone Dam – Merrimack River
 * Happy Hollow Farm Dam – Fall Brook
 * High Street Dam – Town River
 * Hodges Village Dam – French River
 * Holyoke Dam – Connecticut River
 * Hunts Pond Dam (Mill Street Dam) – Beaver Brook
 * Indian River Power Supply dam - Westfield River
 * Johnson Pond Dam – Forge River
 * Hewitt Pond Dam – Forge River
 * King's Pond Dam – Pine Swamp Brook
 * Knightville Dam – North Branch Westfield River
 * Lake Rico Dam – Furnace Brook
 * Littleville Dam – Middle Branch, Westfield River
 * Monument Dam – Assonet River
 * Morey's Bridge Dam – Mill River
 * Muddy Cove Brook (Obstruction 1) – gate under railroad tracks just below Route 138 – Muddy Cove Brook
 * Muddy Cove Brook (Obstruction 2) – dam on Zeneca Inc. Property – Muddy Cove Brook
 * Muddy Cove Pond Dam – Muddy Cove Brook
 * Mystic Dam – Upper Mystic Lake
 * Oliver Mills Dam – Nemasket River
 * Orchard Street Dam – Dam Lot Brook
 * Outlet for Bleachery Reservoir (Eastern) – Rattlesnake Brook
 * Outlet for Bleachery Reservoir (Western) – Rattlesnake Brook
 * Plymouth Street Dam – Taunton River
 * Richmond Pond Dam – Richmond Pond
 * Segreganset River Dam – Segreganset River
 * Stump Brook Dam – Stump Brook
 * Swansea Dam – Swansea, Massachusetts
 * Taunton State Hospital Dam – Mill River
 * Tisdale Dam – Assonet River
 * Tracy Pond Dam – Forge River
 * Tully Dam – Millers River
 * Turners Falls Dam – Connecticut River
 * Unnamed dam above Berkley Street – Tributary above Berkley Street in Taunton (MA)
 * Unnamed dam at Raynham Department of Parks & Recreation Office – Forge River
 * Wachusett Dam – Wachusett Reservoir
 * War Memorial Park Dam – Town River
 * Wareham Street Dam – Nemasket River
 * West Brittania Dam – Mill River
 * West Hill Dam – West River
 * West Springfield Dam - Westfield River
 * Westville Dam – Quinebaug River
 * Whittenton Street Dam – Mill River (removed)
 * Willow Avenue Dam – Meadow Brook
 * Winnetuxet Road Dam – Winnetuxet River
 * Winsor Dam – Quabbin Reservoir
 * Woronoco Dam - Westfield River
 * Wrights Complex Lower Dam – concrete and cut stone masonry – Quaboag River

Mississippi

 * Aberdeen Lock and Dam – Aberdeen Lake
 * Jamie Whitten Lock and Dam
 * John C. Stennis Lock and Dam – Columbus Lake
 * Okatibbee Dam
 * Ross Barnett Reservoir and Spillway
 * Grenada Lake

Missouri

 * Amarugia Lake
 * Atkinson Lake
 * Bean Lake
 * Big Lake
 * Bilby Ranch Lake
 * Binder Lake
 * Blind Pony Lake
 * Blue Springs Lake
 * Bull Shoals Lake (extends into Arkansas)
 * Bushwacker Lake
 * Cameron City Lakes
 * Che-Ru Lake
 * Clearwater Lake
 * Cooley Lake
 * Cottontail Lake
 * Fellows Lake
 * Flight Lake
 * Forest Lake
 * Halls Lake
 * Henry Sever Lake
 * Hunnewell Lake
 * Indian Creek Lake
 * Kendzora Lake
 * Lake Girardeau
 * Lake of the Ozarks
 * Lake Paho
 * Lake Springfield
 * Lake Taneycomo
 * Little Compton Lake
 * Little Dixie Lake
 * Little Prairie Community Lake
 * Longview Lake
 * Lower Taum Sauk Lake
 * Manito Lake
 * Maple Leaf Lake
 * Mark Twain Lake
 * McDaniel Lake
 * Miller Community Lake
 * Montrose Lake
 * Nodaway County Lake
 * Norfork Lake (extends into Arkansas)
 * Perry County Community Lake
 * Pomme de Terre Lake
 * Pony Express Lake
 * Ray County Community Lake
 * Rocky Fork Lake
 * Sears Community Lake
 * Shawnee Mac Lakes
 * Sims Valley Community Lake
 * Smithville Lake
 * Stockton Lake
 * Table Rock Lake (extends into Arkansas)
 * Thomas Hill Lake
 * Tri-City Lake
 * Truman Reservoir (largest lake in Missouri)
 * Upper Big Lake
 * Vandalia Lake
 * Wappapello Lake
 * Weatherby Lake
 * Williams Creek Lake

New Mexico

 * Abiquiu Lake
 * Bluewater Lake
 * Cochiti Dam
 * Conchas Lake
 * Elephant Butte Dike
 * El Vado Lake
 * Galisteo Dam
 * Heron Lake
 * Jemez Canyon Dam
 * Navajo Lake
 * Santa Rosa Dam
 * Two Rivers Dam
 * Ute Dam

North Carolina

 * Lake Adger - Green River (North Carolina); completed in 1925
 * Apalachia Dam – Apalachia Reservoir; on the Hiwassee River; finished in 1943 by the TVA
 * Lake Blue Devil – Duke Power
 * Cheoah Dam – built in 1919 and owned by Alcoa
 * Cowans Ford Dam and Lake Norman – Duke Power
 * Falls Lake – USACE
 * Fontana Dam – Fontana Lake; on the Little Tennessee River; finished in 1944 by the TVA
 * Gaston Dam – Lake Gaston; on the Roanoke River; built by the Virginia Electric Power Company (VEPCO)
 * High Rock Lake – on the Yadkin River; built in 1927 by USACE and operated today by Alcoa
 * Hiwassee Dam – Hiwassee Reservoir; on the Hiwassee River; finished in 1940 by the TVA
 * B. Everett Jordan Lake – on the Haw River; built by USACE
 * Little River Reservoir – finished in 1987
 * Lake Louise – built in 1927
 * Lake Lure – Duke Power
 * Lake Michie – finished in 1926, on the Flat River
 * Mountain Island Dam and Mountain Island Lake – Duke Power
 * Randleman Lake Dam, completed in 2003
 * Rocky Mount Mills Dam - built in the early 1800s at a rocky outcrop for which the city is named; designed to accommodate the needs of the cotton mill
 * Santeetlah Dam – built in 1928 and owned by Alcoa
 * Tar River Reservoir - Owned by the City of Rocky Mount and used for the city's water supply
 * Tuxedo Dam - Lake Summit on the Green River (North Carolina); completed in 1920

Ohio

 * Acton Lake
 * Alum Creek Lake
 * Atwood Lake
 * Beach City Lake
 * Bolivar Dam
 * Caesar Creek Lake
 * Charles Mill Lake
 * Choctaw Lake
 * Clarence J. Brown Reservoir
 * Clearfork Reservoir
 * Clendening Lake
 * Comet Lake
 * Comet Lake Dam
 * Cowan Lake
 * Deer Creek Lake
 * Delaware Dam
 * Dillon Lake
 * Dover Dam
 * Englewood Dam
 * Germantown Dam
 * Grand Lake St. Marys – Reservoir for the now defunct Miami and Erie Canal
 * Griggs Dam
 * Hannibal Locks and Dam
 * Hoover Dam
 * Huffman Dam
 * LaDue Reservoir
 * Lake Glacier Dam
 * Lake Milton
 * Leesville Lake
 * Liggett Lake
 * Liggett Lake Dam
 * Lockington Dam
 * Madison Lake
 * Madison Lake Dam
 * Michael J. Kirwan Reservoir
 * Mohawk Dam
 * Mohicanville Dam
 * North Branch of Kokosing River Lake
 * O'Shaughnessy Dam
 * Paint Creek Lake
 * Piedmont Lake
 * Pleasant Hill Lake
 * Providence Dam
 * Salt Fork Reservoir
 * Senecaville Lake
 * Tappan Lake
 * Taylorsville Dam
 * Tom Jenkins Dam
 * William Harsha Lake
 * Wills Creek Lake

Oklahoma

 * Altus City Reservoir
 * Lake Altus-Lugert
 * American Horse Lake
 * Lake of the Arbuckles
 * Arcadia Lake
 * Ardmore City Lake
 * Atoka Lake
 * Bellcow Lake
 * Birch Lake
 * Lake Bixhoma
 * Black Kettle Lake
 * Bluestem Lake
 * Boomer Lake
 * Broken Bow Lake
 * Brushy Creek Reservoir
 * Lake Burtschi
 * Canton Lake
 * Carl Albert Lake
 * Carl Blackwell Lake
 * Lake Carl Etling
 * Lake Carlton
 * Carter Lake
 * Cedar Lake
 * Chandler Lake
 * Lake Checotah
 * Lake Chickasha
 * Chouteau Lock and Dam
 * Claremore Lake
 * Clayton Lake
 * Clear Creek Lake
 * Cleveland City Lake
 * Clinton Lake
 * Coalgate City Lake
 * Comanche Lake
 * Copan Lake
 * Cordell Reservoir
 * Crowder Lake
 * Cushing Municipal Lake
 * Lake Dahlgren
 * Dripping Springs Lake
 * Lake Durant
 * Lake Ellsworth
 * Lake El Reno
 * Lake Eucha
 * Foss Reservoir
 * Fort Cobb Reservoir
 * Fort Gibson Lake
 * Fort Supply Lake
 * Fuqua Lake
 * Greenleaf Lake
 * Grand Lake O' the Cherokees
 * Great Salt Plains Lake
 * Guthrie Lake
 * Heyburn Lake
 * Lake Hudson (formerly named Markham Ferry Reservoir)
 * Hulah Lake
 * Lake Jean Neustadt
 * Lake Jed Johnson
 * Keystone Lake
 * Konawa Reservoir
 * Lake Lawtonka
 * Liberty Lake
 * Lloyd Church Lake
 * McGee Creek Reservoir
 * Nanih Waiyah Lake
 * Lake McMurtry
 * Mountain Lake
 * Lake Murray
 * Oklahoma Lake
 * Okmulgee Lake
 * Lake Overholser
 * Ozzie Cobb Lake
 * Pine Creek Lake
 * Pauls Valley Lake
 * Lake R.C. Longmire
 * Raymond Gary Lake
 * Rock Creek Reservoir
 * Shawnee Twin Lakes
 * Skiatook Lake
 * Sooner Lake
 * Lake Spavinaw
 * Sportsman Lake
 * Lake Stanley Draper
 * Tom Steed Reservoir
 * Lake Talequah
 * Lake Thunderbird
 * Waurika Lake
 * Lake Wayne Wallace
 * W.D. Mayo Lock and Dam
 * Webbers Falls Reservoir
 * Wes Watkins Reservoir
 * Wewoka Lake
 * Lake Wister
 * Lake W. R. Holway
 * Lake Yahola

Oregon

 * Antelope Reservoir – Jack Creek, a tributary of Jordan Creek (Owyhee River tributary)
 * Applegate Lake – Applegate River
 * Blue River Reservoir – Blue River, a tributary of the McKenzie River
 * Brownlee Dam – Snake River
 * Bull Run Lake and Reservoirs 1 and 2 – Bull Run River
 * Chickahominy Reservoir – Chickahominy Creek, a tributary of Silver Creek
 * Cooper Creek Reservoir – Cooper Creek, an Umpqua River tributary
 * Cottage Grove Lake – Coast Fork Willamette River
 * Cougar Reservoir and Cougar Dam – South Fork McKenzie River
 * Crane Prairie Reservoir – Deschutes River
 * Detroit Lake and Detroit Dam – North Santiam River
 * Dexter Reservoir and Dexter Dam – Middle Fork Willamette River
 * Devils Lake – D River
 * Dorena Reservoir - Row River
 * Emigrant Lake – Emigrant Creek, a tributary of Bear Creek (Rogue River)
 * Fern Ridge Reservoir – Long Tom River
 * Foster Reservoir and Foster Dam – South Santiam River
 * Gatehouse, Portland City Reservoir No. 2
 * Green Peter Reservoir and Green Peter Dam– Middle Santiam River
 * Hells Canyon Reservoir and Hells Canyon Dam – Snake River
 * Henry Hagg Lake and Scoggins Dam – Scoggins Creek, a tributary of the Tualatin River
 * Hills Creek Reservoir & Hills Creek Dam – Middle Fork Willamette River
 * John C. Boyle Dam – Klamath River
 * Lake Billy Chinook & Round Butte Dam – Crooked, Deschutes, and Metolius rivers
 * Lake Bonneville & Bonneville Dam – Columbia River
 * Lake Celilo & The Dalles Dam – Columbia River
 * Lake Umatilla & John Day Dam – Columbia River
 * Lake Wallula & McNary Dam – Columbia River
 * Lookout Point Lake – Middle Fork Willamette River
 * Lost Creek Lake & William L. Jess Dam – Rogue River
 * McGuire Reservoir – Nestucca River
 * McNulty Reservoir (Malheur County, Oregon)
 * North Fork Reservoir – Clackamas River
 * Owyhee Reservoir – Owyhee River
 * Oxbow Dam – Snake River
 * Pelton Dam – Deschutes River
 * Phillips Lake – Powder River
 * Prineville Reservoir & Bowman Dam a.k.a. Prineville Dam – Crooked River
 * Silverton Reservoir – Silver Creek
 * Thief Valley Reservoir – Powder River
 * Upper McNulty Reservoir
 * Warm Springs Reservoir – Malheur River
 * Wickiup Reservoir – Deschutes River

South Carolina

 * Conestee Mill Dam – Conestee Lake
 * Hartwell Dam – Lake Hartwell, also in the U.S. state of Georgia
 * Clark Hill Dam (J. Strom Thurmond Dam) – Lake Strom Thurmond, also in the U.S. state of Georgia
 * Jocassee Dam – Lake Jocassee
 * Keowee Dam
 * Monticello Reservoir – Jenkinsville, South Carolina
 * Pinopolis Dam – Lake Moultrie
 * Richard B. Russell Dam – Richard B. Russell Lake, also in the U.S. state of Georgia
 * Saluda Dam – Lake Murray

Tennessee

 * Boone Dam — Boone Lake; on the South Fork Holston River; finished in 1952 by the TVA
 * Burgess Falls Dam; on the Falling Water River; built by City of Cookeville for electric generation after the flood of 1928 destroyed a previous earthen dam
 * Calderwood Dam; on the Little Tennessee River; built in 1930 and owned by Alcoa
 * Cedar Dam — Cedar Reservoir; on Haley Creek, tributary of the Beech River; finished in 1963 by the TVA
 * Center Hill Dam — Center Hill Lake; on the Caney Fork; finished in 1948 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers
 * Cheatham Dam — Cheatham Lake; on the Cumberland River; finished in 1952 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers
 * Cherokee Dam — Cherokee Lake; on the Holston River; finished in 1941 by the TVA
 * Chickamauga Dam — Chickamauga Lake; on the Tennessee River; built 1940 by the TVA
 * Chilhowee Dam; on the Little Tennessee River; built in 1957 and owned by Alcoa
 * Cordell Hull Dam — Cordell Hull Lake; on the Cumberland River; finished in 1973 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers
 * Dale Hollow Dam — Dale Hollow Reservoir on the Obey River completed in 1943 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers
 * Dogwood Dam — Dogwood Reservoir; on Big Creek, tributary of the Beech River; finished in 1965 by the TVA
 * Douglas Dam — Douglas Lake; on the French Broad River; finished in 1943 by the TVA
 * Elk River Dam — Woods Reservoir; on the Elk River; finished in 1952 by the Corps of Engineers, to provide cooling water for the U.S. Air Force's Arnold Engineering Development Center
 * Fall Creek Falls Dam — Fall Creek Falls Reservoir; on Falls Creek; finished in 1970 by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation
 * Fort Loudoun Dam — Fort Loudoun Lake; on the Tennessee River; finished in 1943 by the TVA
 * Fort Patrick Henry Dam — Fort Patrick Henry Lake; on the South Fork Holston River; finished in 1953 by the TVA
 * Great Falls Dam — Great Falls Reservoir; on the Caney Fork; finished in 1916 by the Tennessee Electric Power Co.; acquired by the TVA in 1939
 * Hales Bar Dam; on the Tennessee River, TVA dam mostly demolished in 1968, replaced by Nickajack Dam
 * Herb Parsons Dam — Herb Parsons Lake; on Mary's Creek
 * J. Percy Priest Dam — Percy Priest Lake; on the Stones River; finished in 1968 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers
 * Lost Creek Dam; flood control dam with no permanent reservoir; on Lost Creek, tributary of the Beech River; finished in 1963 by the TVA
 * Melton Hill Dam — Melton Hill Lake; on the Clinch River; finished in 1963 by the TVA
 * Nickajack Dam — Nickajack Lake; on the Tennessee River; finished in 1967 by the TVA
 * Nolichucky Dam — Davy Crockett Lake; on the Nolichucky River; finished in 1913 by the Tennessee Eastern Electric Co.; acquired by the TVA in 1945; taken out of service in 1972
 * Normandy Dam — Normandy Reservoir; on the Duck River; finished in 1976 by the TVA
 * Norris Dam — Norris Lake; on the Clinch River; finished in 1936 by the TVA
 * Ocoee Dam No. 1 — Parksville Reservoir; on the Ocoee River; finished in 1911 by the Eastern Tennessee Power Co.; acquired by the TVA in 1939
 * Ocoee Dam No. 2 — Ocoee Reservoir No. 2; on the Ocoee River; finished in 1913 by the Eastern Tennessee Power Co.; acquired by the TVA in 1939
 * Ocoee Dam No. 3 — Ocoee Reservoir No. 3; on the Ocoee River; finished in 1942 by the TVA
 * Old Hickory Lock and Dam — Old Hickory Lake; on the Cumberland River; finished in 1957 by the United States Army Corps of Engineers
 * Pickwick Landing Dam — Pickwick Lake; on the Tennessee River; finished in 1938 by the TVA
 * Pin Oak Dam — Pin Oak Reservoir; on Browns Creek, tributary of the Beech River; finished in 1964 by the TVA
 * Pine Dam — Pine Reservoir; on Piney Creek, tributary of the Beech River; finished in 1964 by the TVA
 * Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant — Raccoon Mountain Reservoir; on McNabb Branch but discharges into the Tennessee River; finished in 1978 by the TVA
 * Radnor Dam — Radnor Lake; on Otter Creek; built by the Louisville and Nashville Railroad Company in 1914, for watering steam locomotives and supplying water for shipped livestock
 * Redbud Dam — Redbud Reservoir; on Dry Creek, tributary of the Beech River; finished in 1965 by the TVA
 * South Holston Dam — South Holston Lake; on the South Fork Holston River; finished in 1950 by the TVA
 * Sycamore Dam — Sycamore Reservoir; on Dry Branch, tributary of the Beech River; finished in 1965 by the TVA
 * Tellico Dam — Tellico Lake; on the Little Tennessee River; finished in 1979 by the TVA
 * Tims Ford Dam — Tims Ford Lake; on the Elk River; finished in 1970 by the TVA
 * Watauga Dam — Watauga Lake; on the Watauga River; finished in 1948 by the TVA
 * Watts Bar Dam — Watts Bar Lake; on the Tennessee River; finished in 1942 by the TVA
 * Walterhill Dam — Walterhill Floodplain State Natural Area; on Stones River; finished in early 1900s.
 * Wilbur Dam — Wilbur Lake (tennessee); on the Watauga River; finished in 1912 by the Watauga Power Co.; acquired by the TVA in 1945
 * New Shoal Creek Dam; on Shoal Creek (Sycamore River), (Lawrence County, Lawrenceburg, Tennessee)

Virginia

 * Beaver Creek Dam – flood control dam with no permanent reservoir; on Beaver Creek; finished in 1965 by the TVA
 * Bosher's Dam (also called Bosher Dam) – on the James River; first built in 1823
 * Clear Creek Dam and Clear Creek Reservoir – on Clear Creek; finished in 1965 by the TVA
 * Claytor Dam (hydroelectric) – on the New River; home of Claytor Lake State Park; between Dublin and Radford
 * John H. Kerr Dam and John H. Kerr Lake – on the Roanoke River; built by USACE; reservoir covers parts of Virginia/North Carolina border
 * Lake of The Woods Dam – near Fredericksburg
 * Lake of the Woods Dam Number Two – near Fredericksburg
 * Leesville Dam – on the Roanoke River; operated by Appalachian Power as part of the Smith Mountain pumped storage project
 * Little River Dam (hydroelectric) – on the Little River; owned by the city of Radford
 * Martinsville Dam – on the Smith River
 * Martinsville Fish Dam – NRHP landmark on the Smith River
 * Niagara Dam (hydroelectric) – on the Roanoke River near Vinton, Virginia; built in 1904
 * Philpott Lake – near Roanoke
 * Smith Mountain Dam (hydroelectric) and Smith Mountain Lake – on the Roanoke River; operated by Appalachian Power (American Electric Power)
 * Walker's Dam – on the Chickahominy River; forms Chickahominy Lake; operated by Newport News Waterworks

Washington

 * Blue Gulch Reservoir Dam
 * Bonneville Dam – Lake Bonneville (between Washington and Oregon)
 * Boundary Dam – Pend Oreille River
 * Box Canyon Dam – Pend Oreille River
 * Casad Dam – Union River
 * Chief Joseph Dam – Rufus Woods Lake
 * Culmback Dam – Spada Lake, Jackson Hydro Project
 * Dry Falls Dam – Banks Lake
 * Diablo Dam and Diablo Lake – Skagit River, Seattle City Light
 * Gorge Dam – Skagit River, Seattle City Light
 * Grand Coulee Dam, largest hydroelectricity plant in the U.S. – Franklin D. Roosevelt Lake
 * Howard A. Hanson Dam – Green River, Howard A. Hanson Reservoir
 * Ice Harbor Lock and Dam, Lake Sacajawea, lower Snake River
 * John Day Dam – Lake Umatilla (between Washington and Oregon)
 * Lake Lawrence Dam – Lake Lawrence
 * Little Goose Lock and Dam, Lake Bryan, lower Snake River
 * Lower Granite Lock and Dam, Lower Granite Lake, lower Snake River
 * Lower Monumental Lock and Dam, Lake Herbert G. West, lower Snake River
 * Masonry Dam, Chester Morse Lake, Cedar River
 * McNary Dam – Lake Wallula (between Washington and Oregon)
 * Merwin Dam – Lake Merwin
 * Mossyrock Dam – Riffe Lake
 * Priest Rapids Dam – Priest Rapids Lake
 * Rock Island Dam – Rock Island Pool
 * Rocky Reach Dam – Lake Entiat
 * Ross Dam and Ross Lake – Skagit River, Seattle City Light
 * Roza Dam – Yakima River
 * Swift Dam – Swift Reservoir
 * The Dalles Dam – Lake Celilo (between Washington and Oregon)
 * Tieton Dam – Rimrock Lake
 * Wanapum Dam – Lake Wanapum
 * Wells Dam – Lake Pateros
 * Wynoochee Dam – Lake Wynoochee
 * Yale Dam – Yale Lake

District of Columbia

 * Dalecarlia Reservoir
 * Georgetown Reservoir
 * McMillan Reservoir


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Joseph Hall (bishop)

Joseph Hall (1 July 1574 – 8 September 1656) was an English bishop, satirist and moralist. His contemporaries knew him as a devotional writer, and a high-profile controversialist of the early 1640s. In church politics, he tended in fact to a middle way.

Thomas Fuller wrote: "He was commonly called our English Seneca, for the purenesse, plainnesse, and fulnesse of his style. Not unhappy at Controversies, more happy at Comments, very good in his Characters, better in his Sermons, best of all in his Meditations."

Hall's relationship to the stoicism of the classical age, exemplified by Seneca the Younger, is still debated, with the importance of neo-stoicism and the influence of the Flemish philosopher Justus Lipsius to his work being contested, in contrast to Christian morality.

Early life
Joseph Hall was born at Bristow Park, Ashby-de-la-Zouch, on 1 July 1574. His father John Hall was employed under Henry Hastings, 3rd Earl of Huntingdon, president of the north, and was his deputy at Ashby. His mother was Winifred Bambridge, a strict puritan, whom her son compared to St. Monica.

Hall attended Ashby Grammar School. When he was 15, Mr. Pelset, lecturer at Leicester, a divine of puritan views, offered to take him "under indentures" and educate him for the ministry. Just before this arrangement was completed, it came to the knowledge of Nathaniel Gilby, son of Anthony Gilby and a fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, who was a friend of the family. Gilby induced Hall's father to send his son to Emmanuel College in 1589. The expense of his education at the university was partly borne by his uncle, Edmund Sleigh. He was elected scholar and afterwards fellow of Emmanuel College (1595), graduating B.A. in 1592 and M.A. in 1596 (B.D. 1603 and D.D. 1612). Fuller, nearly a contemporary, says that Hall "passed all his degrees with great applause". He obtained a high reputation in the university for scholarship, and read the public rhetoric lecture in the schools for two years with much credit.

Priesthood
Having taken holy orders, Hall was offered the mastership of Blundell's School, Tiverton, but he refused it in favour of the living of Hawstead, Suffolk, to which he was presented (1601) by Sir Robert Drury. The appointment was not wholly satisfactory: in his parish Hall had an opponent in a Mr Lilly, whom he describes as a "witty and bold atheist", he had to find money to make his house habitable, and he felt that his patron Sir Robert underpaid him. Nevertheless, in 1603, he married Elizabeth Wynniff of Brettenham, Suffolk (see "Family" below).

In 1605, Hall travelled abroad for the first time when he accompanied Sir Edmund Bacon on an embassy to Spa, with the special aim, he says, of acquainting himself with the state and practice of the Roman Catholic Church. At Brussels, he disputed at the Jesuit college on the authenticity of modern miracles, until his patron at length asked him to stop.

Hall's devotional writings had attracted the notice of Henry, Prince of Wales, who made him one of his chaplains (1608). Hall preached officially on the tenth anniversary of King James's accession in 1613, with an assessment in An Holy Panegyrick of the Church of England flattering to the king.

In 1612, Edward Denny gave Hall the curacy of Waltham Holy Cross, Essex, and, in the same year, he received the degree of D.D. Later he received the prebend of Willenhall in St Peter's, the collegiate church of Wolverhampton, and, in 1616, he accompanied James Hay, Lord Doncaster to France, where he was sent to congratulate Louis XIII on his marriage, but Hall was compelled by illness to return. In his absence, the king nominated him Dean of Worcester, and, in 1617, he accompanied James to Scotland, where he defended the Five Articles of Perth, five points of ceremonial which the king desired to impose upon the Scots.

In the next year Hall was chosen as one of the English deputies at the Synod of Dort. However he fell ill, and was replaced by Thomas Goad. At the time (1621–1622) when Marco Antonio de Dominis announced his intention to return to Rome, after a stay in England, Hall wrote to try to dissuade him, without success. In a long-unpublished reply (printed 1666) De Dominis justified himself in a comprehensive statement of his mission against schism and its limited results, hampered by Dort and a lack of freedom under James I.

Career at Exeter and Norwich
In a sermon Columba Noæ of February 1624 (1623 Old Style) to Convocation, Hall gave a list or personal panorama of leading theologians of the Church of England. In the same year he also refused the see of Gloucester: at the time English delegates to Dort were receiving preferment, since King James approved of the outcome. Hall was then involved as a mediator, taking an active part in the Arminian and Calvinist controversy in the English church, and trying to get other clergy to accept Dort. In 1627, he became Bishop of Exeter.

In spite of his Calvinistic opinions, Hall maintained that to acknowledge the errors which had arisen in the Catholic Church did not necessarily imply disbelief in her catholicity, and that the Church of England having repudiated these errors should not deny the claims of the Roman Catholic Church on that account. This view commended itself to Charles I and his episcopal advisers; even if Hall, with John Davenant and Thomas Morton, was considered a likely die-hard by Richard Montagu if it ever came to reunification with the Catholic Church. At the same time, Archbishop Laud sent spies into Hall's diocese to report on the Calvinistic tendencies of the bishop and his lenience to the Puritan and low church clergy. Hall gradually took up an anti-Laudian, but also anti-Presbyterian position, while remaining a Protestant eirenicist in co-operation with John Dury and concerned with continental Europe.

In 1641 Hall was translated to the See of Norwich, and in the same year sat on the Lords' Committee on religion. On 30 December, he was, with other bishops, brought before the bar of the House of Lords to answer a charge of high treason of which the Commons had voted them guilty. They were finally convicted of an offence against the Statute of Praemunire, and condemned to forfeit their estates, receiving a small maintenance from the parliament. They were immured in the Tower of London from New Year to Whitsuntide, when they were released on finding bail.

Retirement
On his release, Hall proceeded to his new diocese at Norwich, the revenues of which he seems for a time to have received, but in 1643, when the property of the "malignants" was sequestrated, Hall was mentioned by name. He was deprived of his See by Parliament on 9 October 1646, as episcopacy was abolished for the duration of the Commonwealth and the Protectorate. Mrs Hall had difficulty in securing a fifth of the maintenance (£400) assigned to the bishop by the parliament; they were eventually ejected from the palace, and the cathedral was dismantled. Hall describes its desecration in Hard Measure:

"Lord, what work was here! what clattering of glasses and beating down of walls! what tearing up of monuments! what pulling down of seats! what wrestling down of irons and brass from the windows and walls..."

Hall described the triumphal procession of the Puritan iconoclasts as they carried vestments, service books and singing books to be burned in the nearby market place, while soldiers lounged in the despoiled cathedral drinking and smoking their pipes.

Hall retired to the hamlet of Heigham, now a suburb of Norwich, where he spent his last thirteen years preaching and writing until "he was first forbidden by man, and at last disabled by God". In 1655 Gibson Lucas, the former presbyterian Commissioner and Justice of the Peace in Suffolk, regretted his previous rejection of episcopal polity. He was one of 63 priests Hall ordained in contravention of the 9 October 1646 Ordinance for the abolishing of Archbishops and Bishops. However Hall regarded Lucas as a "notable precedent for the rest of our learned, & religious Gentry to follow".

He bore his many troubles and the additional burden of much bodily suffering with sweetness and patience, dying on 8 September 1656. In his old age, Hall was attended upon by the doctor Thomas Browne, who wrote of him:

"A person of singular humility, patience and piety: his own works are the best monument, and character of himself, which was also very lively drawn in his excellent funeral sermon preached by my learned and faithful friend Mr. John Whitefoot, Rector of Heigham."

Hall was buried at St Bartholomew, Heigham, but the church was bombed in 1942, and in 1975 his remains were moved to the cathedral cloisters. The location of the re-burial was then 'forgotten' only to be re-discovered in 2012 by David Berwick using photographs of the ceremony taken for the Eastern Daily Press.

Works
Hall contributed to several distinct literary areas: satirical verse as a young man; polemical writing, particularly in defending episcopacy; and devotional writings, including contemplations carrying a political slant. He was influenced by Lipsian neostoicism. The anonymous Mundus alter et idem is a satirical utopian fantasy, not denied by him in strong terms at any point.

Satire and poetry
During his residence at Cambridge, Hall wrote his Virgidemiarum (1597), satires in English written after Latin models. The claim he put forward in the prologue to be the earliest English satirist: "I first adventure, follow me who list And be the second English satirist."offended John Marston, who attacked him in satires published in 1598. In the declining years of the reign of Elizabeth I there was much satirical literature, and it was felt to be an attack on established institutions. John Whitgift, the archbishop of Canterbury, ordered that Hall's satires, along with works of Thomas Nashe, John Marston, Christopher Marlowe, Sir John Davies and others should be burnt, on the ground of licentiousness; but shortly afterwards Hall's book was ordered to be "staied at the press," which may be interpreted as reprieved.

Virgidemiarum was followed by an amended edition in 1598, and in the same year by ''Virgidemiarum. The three last bookes. Of byting Satyres'' (reprinted 1599). Not in fact the earliest English satirist, Hall wrote in smooth heroic couplets. In the first book of his satires (Poeticall), he attacks the writers whose verses were devoted to licentious subjects, the bombast of Tamburlaine and tragedies built on similar lines, the laments of the ghosts of the Mirror for Magistrates, the metrical eccentricities of Gabriel Harvey and Richard Stanyhurst, the extravagances of the sonneteers, and the sacred poets (Southwell is aimed at in "Now good St Peter weeps pure Helicon, And both the Mary's make a music moan"). In Book II Satire 6 occurs a description of the trencher-chaplain, who is tutor and hanger-on in a country manor. Among his other satirical portraits is that of the famished gallant, the guest of "Duke Humfray." Book VI consists of one long satire on vices and follies dealt with in the earlier books.

Hall's earliest published verse appeared in a collection of elegies on the death of William Whitaker, to which he contributed the only English poem (1596). A line in Marston's Pigmalion's Image (1598) indicates that Hall wrote pastoral poems, but none of these have survived, although his poem 'A Defiance to Envy' has some pastoral elements. He also wrote:

 * The King's Prophecie; or Weeping Joy (1603), a gratulatory poem on the accession of James I
 * Epistles, both the first and second volumes of which appeared in 1608 and a third in 1611
 * Characters of Virtues and Vices (1608), versified by Nahum Tate (1691)
 * Solomon's Divine Arts (1609)

Hall gave up verse satires and lighter forms of literature when he was ordained a minister in the Church of England.

Mundus alter et idem
Hall is credited with writing the dystopian novel Mundus alter et idem sive Terra Australis antehac semper incognita; Longis itineribus peregrini Academici nuperrime illustrata (1605? and 1607), a satirical description of London, with some criticism of the Roman Catholic Church.

Controversy
Hall's initial work of religious controversy was against Protestant separatists. In 1608 he had written a letter of remonstrance to John Robinson and John Smyth. Robinson, who had been a beneficed clergyman near Yarmouth, had replied in An Answer to a Censorious Epistle; and Hall published (1610) A Common Apology against the Brownists, a lengthy treatise answering Robinson paragraph by paragraph. It set a style, tight but rich using animadversion, for Hall's theological writings. Hall criticised Robinson, the future pastor of the Mayflower congregation, alongside Richard Bernard and John Murton.

In Hall's Via media, The Way of Peace (1619), he did his best to persuade the two parties (Calvinist and Arminian) to accept a compromise. His later defence of the English Church, and episcopacy as Biblical, entitled Episcopacy by Divine Right (1640), was twice revised at Laud's dictation.

This was followed by An Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament (1640 and 1641), an eloquent and forceful defence of Hall's order, which produced a retort from the syndicate of Puritan divines, who wrote under the name of Smectymnuus. This was followed by a long controversy to which John Milton contributed five pamphlets, virulently attacking Hall and his early satires.

Other controversial writings by Hall include:

 * The Olde Religion: A treatise, wherein is laid downe the true state of the difference betwixt the Reformed and the Romane Church; and the blame of this schisme is cast upon the true Authors (1628)
 * Columba Noae olivam adferens, a sermon preached at St Paul's in 1623
 * A Short Answer to the Vindication of Smectymnuus (1641)
 * A Modest Confutation of (Milton's) Animadversions (1642).

Devotional
Hall's devotional works include:

 * Holy Observations Lib. I (1607)
 * Some few of David's Psalmes Metaphrased (1609)
 * Three Centuries of Meditations and Vowes, Divine and Morall (1606, 1607, 1609), edited by Charles Sayle
 * The Arte of Divine Meditation (1607)
 * Contemplations on the Historical Passages of the Old and New Testaments (1614)
 * Heaven upon Earth, or of True Peace and Tranquillitie of Mind (1606), reprinted with some of his letters in John Wesley's Christian Library, vol. iv. (1819)
 * Occasional Meditations (1630), edited by his son Robert Hall
 * Henochisme; or a Treatise showing how to walk with God (1639), translated from Bishop Hall's Latin by Moses Wall
 * The Devout Soul; or Rules of Heavenly Devotion (1644), often since reprinted
 * The Balm of Gilead (1646, 1752)
 * Christ Mysticall; or the blessed union of Christ and his Members (1647), of which General Gordon was a student (reprinted from Gordon's copy, 1893)
 * Susurrium cum Deo (1659)
 * The Great Mysterie of Godliness (1650)
 * Resolutions and Decisions of Divers Practicall cases of Conscience (1649, 1650, 1654).

Autobiographical
Hall's autobiographical tracts are Observations of some Specialities of Divine Providence in the Life of Joseph Hall, Bishop of Norwich, Written with his own hand, and his Hard Measure, reprinted in Christopher Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical Biography.

Editions
In 1615 Hall published A Recollection of such treatises as have been published (1615, 1617, 1621); in 1625 appeared his Works (reprinted 1627, 1628, 1634, 1662).

The first complete Works appeared in 1808, edited by Josiah Pratt. Other editions are by Peter Hall (1837) and by Philip Wynter (1863). See also Bishop Hall, his Life and Times (1826), by Rev. John Jones; Life of Joseph Hall, by Rev. George Lewis (1886); Alexander Balloch Grosart, The Complete Poems of Joseph Hall with introductions, etc. (1879); Satires, etc. (Early English Poets, ed. Samuel Weller Singer, 1824). Many of Hall's works were translated into French, and some into Dutch, and there have been numerous selections from his devotional works.

Family
In 1603, Hall married Elizabeth (died 27 August 1652), daughter of George Winiffe of Brettenham, Suffolk. They had six sons and two daughters. The eldest son, Robert, D.D. (1605–1667), became Canon of Exeter in 1629, and Archdeacon of Cornwall in 1633. Joseph, the second son (1607–1669), was registrar of Exeter Cathedral. George, the third son (1612–1668), became bishop of Chester. Samuel, the fourth son (1616–1674), was sub-dean of Exeter. It is claimed that his son Richard Hall (1635–1688), emigrated to America in 1670, and patented a large tract of land on each side of the Susquehanna River, about a mile above the mouth of the Ocheraro, just within the limits of Maryland.

Authorities
In 1826 John Jones published Bishop Hall, His Life and Times. A recent biography of Joseph Hall is Bishop Joseph Hall: 1574–1656: A biographical and critical study by Frank Livingstone Huntley, D.S.Brewer Ltd, Cambridge, 1979.

Criticism of his satires is to be found in Thomas Warton's History of English Poetry, vol. iv. pp. 363–409 (ed. Hazlitt, 1871), where a comparison is instituted between Marston and Hall.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joseph Hall (bishop)


text:
Talk:Andrew Carnegie

Early Life
Changed a sentenced that said slavery was referred to as "the peculiar institution" as a euphemism from its apologists. It was actually a neutral term, and "peculiar" was used in the sense that it was only common in one particular region of the United States, namely the South.

--Michael Hollinger-- I could find no external corroboration for a 5 yr. old Andrew Carnegie killing Piedmont Morgan. Could someone cite a reference for that?

Stained Glass Illustration in this article
Wiki Commons lists the attached stained illustration as being in honor of Andrew Mellon.  I doesn't look much like it belongs with either of them, from what I can see. I can't locate any other source, but thought you should know.

Not American
Andrew was born and raised in Scotland to Scottish parents and only move to America when he was 13-14, he’s not Scottish-American just Scottish. 77.197.126.86 (talk) 05:56, 6 July 2023 (UTC)

 * @77.197.126.86 nope Matteow101 (talk) 14:44, 15 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 October 2023
Change introduction: "Andrew Carnegie was an American...." to:

"Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish..."

He was not American, he was Scottish.

This must be changed to correct this most basic fact as to his nationality. Jimbobajob (talk) 16:43, 10 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. (bojo)  (they/them)  (talk)  16:45, 10 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Reliable source being the very same Wikipedia page, where it states : Place of birth Dunfermline, Scotland.
 * https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie Jimbobajob (talk) 16:50, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 October 2023
Change factually incorrect nationality in first lines of the entry.

"Andrew Carnegie was an American..."

To

"Andrew Carnegie was a Scottish...."

He was Scottish, born in Scotland to Scottish parents.

Sources: Wikipedia (stated place of birth)

Carnegie.org: https://www.carnegie.org/interactives/foundersstory/#!/ Jimbobajob (talk) 10:23, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Per MOS:NATIONALITY we use the nation a person was affiliated with when they were notable Cannolis (talk) 10:27, 11 October 2023 (UTC)
 * That is a most backwards and unconventional manner in which to describe a person's nationality. Carnegie himself identified as a Scotsman, since he was 'a Scotsman'. An individual's nationality does not change by dint of geographical location or indeed wheresoever they forged a career. To claim otherwise is thoroughly disingenuous.
 * Sadly, this must be some sort of modern American thinking, which is at odds with the rest of the English speaking world. Jimbobajob (talk) 12:51, 13 October 2023 (UTC)
 * If you object to the policy, you should raise the issue on the policy's talk page. For this specific case, you should also provide reliable sources that claim Carnegie identified himself as a Scotsman. Liu1126 (talk) 16:11, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

David Nasaw Citations
For the David Nasaw citations, there are pages that go up to the thousands, but "Andrew Carnegie" by David Nasaw only has around 900 page. I think clarification on these citations would be helpful! Probscheatin (talk) 21:20, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 1 December 2023
Change: American to Scottish 46.64.82.210 (talk) 15:11, 1 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Per MOS:NATIONALITY, we should use the country he was resident in when he became notable. Liu1126 (talk) 16:12, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Andrew Carnegie


text:
Strike fighter

In current military parlance, a strike fighter is a multirole combat aircraft designed to operate both as an attack aircraft and as an air superiority fighter. As a category, it is distinct from fighter-bombers, and is closely related to the concept of interdictor aircraft, although it puts more emphasis on aerial combat capabilities.

Examples of notable contemporary strike fighters are the American McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle, Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet and Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II, the Russian Sukhoi Su-34, and the Chinese Shenyang J-16.

History
Beginning in the 1940s, the term "strike fighter" was occasionally used in navies to refer to fighter aircraft capable of performing air-to-surface strikes, such as the Westland Wyvern, Blackburn Firebrand and Blackburn Firecrest.

The term "light weight tactical strike fighter (LWTSF)" was used to describe the aircraft to meet the December 1953 NATO specification NBMR-1. Amongst the designs submitted to the competition were the Aerfer Sagittario 2, Breguet Br.1001 Taon, Dassault Étendard VI, Fiat G.91 and Sud-Est Baroudeur. The term entered normal use in the United States Navy by the end of the 1970s, becoming the official description of the new McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet. In 1983, the U.S. Navy even renamed each existing Fighter Attack Squadron to Strike Fighter Squadron to emphasize the air-to-surface mission (as the "Fighter Attack" designation was confused with the "Fighter" designation, which flew pure air-to-air missions).

This name quickly spread to non-maritime use. When the F-15E Strike Eagle came into service, it was originally called a "dual role fighter", but it instead quickly became known as a "strike fighter".

Joint Strike Fighter
In 1995, the U.S. military's Joint Advanced Strike Technology program changed its name to the Joint Strike Fighter program. The project consequently resulted in the development of the F-35 Lightning II family of fifth generation multirole fighters to perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability.

Modern strike fighters

 * 🇺🇸 Boeing F-15EX Eagle II
 * 🇺🇸 McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle
 * 🇺🇸 Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
 * 🇺🇸 Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II
 * 🇷🇺 Sukhoi Su-30
 * 🇷🇺 Sukhoi Su-34
 * 🇨🇳 Shenyang J-16
 * 🇹🇷 TAI TF-X Kaan

title: Strike fighter


text:
Norovirus

Norovirus, also known as Norwalk virus and sometimes referred to as the winter vomiting disease, is the most common cause of gastroenteritis. Infection is characterized by non-bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and stomach pain. Fever or headaches may also occur. Symptoms usually develop 12 to 48 hours after being exposed, and recovery typically occurs within one to three days. Complications are uncommon, but may include dehydration, especially in the young, the old, and those with other health problems.

The virus is usually spread by the fecal–oral route. This may be through contaminated food or water or person-to-person contact. It may also spread via contaminated surfaces or through air from the vomit of an infected person. Risk factors include unsanitary food preparation and sharing close quarters. Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms. Confirmatory testing is not usually available but may be performed by public health agencies during outbreaks.

Prevention involves proper hand washing and disinfection of contaminated surfaces. There is no vaccine or specific treatment for norovirus. Management involves supportive care such as drinking sufficient fluids or intravenous fluids. Oral rehydration solutions are the preferred fluids to drink, although other drinks without caffeine or alcohol can help. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers are not effective against the norovirus, according to the NHS information page on the subject; this is due to norovirus being a non-enveloped virus.

Norovirus results in about 685 million cases of disease and 200,000 deaths globally a year. It is common both in the developed and developing world. Those under the age of five are most often affected, and in this group it results in about 50,000 deaths in the developing world. Norovirus infections occur more commonly during winter months. It often occurs in outbreaks, especially among those living in close quarters. In the United States, it is the cause of about half of all foodborne disease outbreaks. The virus is named after the city of Norwalk, Ohio, US, where an outbreak occurred in 1968.

Signs and symptoms
Norovirus infection is characterized by nausea, vomiting, watery diarrhea, abdominal pain, and in some cases, loss of taste. A person usually develops symptoms of gastroenteritis 12 to 48 hours after being exposed to norovirus. General lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headaches, and low-grade fevers may occur. The disease is usually self-limiting, and severe illness is rare. Although having norovirus can be unpleasant, it is not usually dangerous, and most who contract it make a full recovery within two to three days.

Norovirus can establish a long-term infection in people who are immunocompromised, such as those with common variable immunodeficiency or with a suppressed immune system after organ transplantation. These infections can be with or without symptoms. In severe cases, persistent infections can lead to norovirus‐associated enteropathy, intestinal villous atrophy, and malabsorption.

Transmission
Noroviruses are transmitted directly from person to person (62–84% of all reported outbreaks) and indirectly via contaminated water and food. They are extremely contagious, and fewer than twenty virus particles can cause an infection (some research suggests as few as five). Transmission can be aerosolized when those stricken with the illness vomit or by a toilet flush when vomit or diarrhea is present; infection can follow eating food or breathing air near an episode of vomiting, even if cleaned up. The viruses continue to be shed after symptoms have subsided, and shedding can still be detected many weeks after infection.

Vomiting, in particular, transmits infection effectively and appears to allow airborne transmission. In one incident, a person who vomited spread the infection across a restaurant, suggesting that many unexplained cases of food poisoning may have their source in vomit. In December 1998, 126 people were dining at six tables; one person vomited onto the floor. Staff quickly cleaned up, and people continued eating. Three days later others started falling ill; 52 people reported a range of symptoms, from fever and nausea to vomiting and diarrhea. The cause was not immediately identified. Researchers plotted the seating arrangement: more than 90% of the people at the same table as the sick person later reported becoming ill. There was a direct correlation between the risk of infection of people at other tables and how close they were to the sick person. More than 70% of the diners at an adjacent table fell ill; at a table on the other side of the restaurant, the infection rate was still 25%. The outbreak was attributed to a Norwalk-like virus (norovirus). Other cases of transmission by vomit were later identified.

In one outbreak at an international scout jamboree in the Netherlands, each person with gastroenteritis infected an average of 14 people before increased hygiene measures were put in place. Even after these new measures were enacted, an ill person still infected an average of 2.1 other people. A US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) study of 11 outbreaks in New York State lists the suspected mode of transmission as person-to-person in seven outbreaks, foodborne in two, waterborne in one, and one unknown. The source of waterborne outbreaks may include water from municipal supplies, wells, recreational lakes, swimming pools, and ice machines.

Shellfish and salad ingredients are the foods most often implicated in norovirus outbreaks. Ingestion of shellfish that has not been sufficiently heated –under 75 C –poses a high risk for norovirus infection. Foods other than shellfish may be contaminated by infected food handlers. Many norovirus outbreaks have been traced to food that was handled by only one infected person.

Between March and August 2017, in Quebec, Canada, there was an outbreak of norovirus that sickened more than 700 people. According to an investigation by Canada's CFIA Food Control Agency, the culprit was frozen raspberries imported from Harbin Gaotai Food Co Ltd, a Chinese supplier, and then Canadian authorities issued a recall on raspberries products from Harbin Gaotai.

According to the CDC, there was a surge in norovirus cases on thirteen cruise ships in 2023, which marks the highest number of outbreaks since 2012.

Classification
Noroviruses (NoV) are a genetically diverse group of single-stranded positive-sense RNA, non-enveloped viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae. According to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, the genus Norovirus has one species, which is called Norwalk virus.

Noroviruses can genetically be classified into at least seven different genogroups (GI, GII, GIII, GIV, GV, GVI, and GVII), which can be further divided into other genetic clusters or genotypes.

Noroviruses commonly isolated in cases of acute gastroenteritis belong to two genogroups: genogroup I (GI) includes Norwalk virus, Desert Shield virus, and Southampton virus; and II (GII), which includes Bristol virus, Lordsdale virus, Toronto virus, Mexico virus, Hawaii virus and Snow Mountain virus.

Most noroviruses that infect humans belong to genogroups GI and GII. Noroviruses from genogroup II, genotype 4 (abbreviated as GII.4) account for the majority of adult outbreaks of gastroenteritis and often sweep across the globe.

Recent examples include US95/96-US strain, associated with global outbreaks in the mid- to late-1990s; Farmington Hills virus associated with outbreaks in Europe and the United States in 2002 and in 2004; and Hunter virus which was associated with outbreaks in Europe, Japan, and Australasia. In 2006, there was another large increase in NoV infection around the globe. Reports have shown a link between the expression of human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and the susceptibility to norovirus infection. Studies have suggested the capsid of noroviruses may have evolved from selective pressure of human HBGAs. HBGAs are not, however, the receptor or facilitator of norovirus infection. In fact, co-factors such as bile salts may facilitate the infection, making it more intense when introduced during or after the initial infection of the host tissue. Bile salts are produced by the liver in response to eating fatty foods, and they help with the absorption of consumed lipids. It is not yet clear as to at what specific point in the Norovirus replication cycle bile salts facilitate infection: penetration, uncoating, or maintaining capsid stability.

The protein MDA-5 may be the primary immune sensor that detects the presence of noroviruses in the body. Some people have common variations of the MDA-5 gene that could make them more susceptible to norovirus infection.

Structure

Viruses in Norovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral geometries. Capsid diameters vary widely, from 23 to 40 nm in diameter. The larger capsids (38–40 nm) exhibit T=3 symmetry and are composed of 180 VP1 proteins. Small capsids (23 nm) show T=1 symmetry, and are composed of 60 VP1 proteins. The virus particles demonstrate an amorphous surface structure when visualized using electron microscopy.

Genome
Noroviruses contain a linear, non-segmented, positive-sense RNA genome of approximately 7.5 kilobases, encoding a large polyprotein which is cleaved into six smaller non-structural proteins (NS1/2 to NS7) by the viral 3C-like protease (NS6), a major structural protein (VP1) of about 58~60 kDa and a minor capsid protein (VP2).

The most variable region of the viral capsid is the P2 domain, which contains antigen-presenting sites and carbohydrate-receptor binding regions.

Evolution
Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 last shared a common ancestor in AD 867. The group 2 and group 4 viruses last shared a common ancestor in approximately AD 1443 (95% highest posterior density AD 1336–1542). Several estimates of the evolution rate have been made varying from 8.98 × 10−3 to 2.03 × 10−3 substitutions per site per year.

The estimated mutation rate (1.21 to 1.41 substitutions per site per year) in this virus is high even compared with other RNA viruses.

In addition, a recombination hotspot exists at the ORF1-ORF2 (VP1) junction.

Replication cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Positive-stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of replication. Translation takes place by leaky scanning and RNA termination-reinitiation. Humans and other mammals serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are fecal-oral and contamination.

Pathophysiology
When a person becomes infected with norovirus, the virus replicates within the small intestine. The principal symptom is acute gastroenteritis, characterized by nausea, forceful vomiting, watery diarrhea, and abdominal pain, that develops between 12 and 48 hours after exposure, and lasts for 24–72 hours. Sometimes there is loss of taste, general lethargy, weakness, muscle aches, headache, cough, and/or low-grade fever. The disease is usually self-limiting.

Severe illness is rare; although people are frequently treated at the emergency ward, they are rarely admitted to the hospital. The number of deaths from norovirus in the United States is estimated to be around 570–800 each year, with most of these occurring in the very young, the elderly, and persons with weakened immune systems. Symptoms may become life-threatening in these groups if dehydration or electrolyte imbalance is ignored or left untreated.

Diagnosis
Specific diagnosis of norovirus is routinely made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays or quantitative PCR assays, which give results within a few hours. These assays are very sensitive and can detect as few as 10 virus particles. Tests such as ELISA that use antibodies against a mixture of norovirus strains are available commercially, but lack specificity and sensitivity.

Prevention
After infection, immunity to the same strain of the virus – the genotype – protects against reinfection for between six months to two years. This immunity does not fully protect against infection with the other diverse genotypes of the virus.

In Canada, norovirus is a notifiable disease. In both the US and the UK it is not notifiable.

Hand washing and disinfectants
Hand washing with soap and water is an effective method for reducing the transmission of norovirus pathogens. Alcohol rubs (≥62% isopropyl alcohol) may be used as an adjunct, but are less effective than hand-washing, as norovirus lacks a lipid viral envelope. Surfaces where norovirus particles may be present can be sanitised with a solution of 1.5% to 7.5% of household bleach in water, or other disinfectants effective against norovirus.

Health care facilities
In healthcare environments, the prevention of nosocomial infections involves routine and terminal cleaning. Nonflammable alcohol vapor in CO2 systems is used in health care environments where medical electronics would be adversely affected by aerosolized chlorine or other caustic compounds.

In 2011, the CDC published a clinical practice guideline addressing strategies for the prevention and control of norovirus gastroenteritis outbreaks in healthcare settings. Based on a systematic review of published scientific studies, the guideline presents 51 specific evidence-based recommendations, which were organized into 12 categories: 1) patient cohorting and isolation precautions, 2) hand hygiene, 3) patient transfer and ward closure, 4) food handlers in healthcare, 5) diagnostics, 6) personal protective equipment, 7) environmental cleaning, 8) staff leave and policy, 9) visitors, 10) education, 11) active case-finding, and 12) communication and notification. The guideline also identifies eight high-priority recommendations and suggests several areas in need of future research.

Vaccine trials
LigoCyte announced in 2007 that it was working on a vaccine and had started phase 1 trials. The company has since been taken over by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company. , a bivalent (NoV GI.1/GII.4) intramuscular vaccine had completed phase 1 trials. In 2020 the phase 2b trials were finished. The vaccine relies on using a virus-like particle that is made of the norovirus capsid proteins in order to mimic the external structure of the virus. Since there is no RNA in this particle, it is incapable of reproducing and cannot cause an infection.

Persistence
The norovirus can survive for long periods outside a human host depending on the surface and temperature conditions: it can survive for weeks on hard and soft surfaces, and it can survive for months, maybe even years in contaminated still water. A 2006 study found the virus remained on surfaces used for food preparation seven days after contamination.

Detection in food
Routine protocols to detect norovirus in clams and oysters by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction are being employed by governmental laboratories such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the US.

Treatment
There is no specific medicine to treat people with norovirus illness. Norovirus infection cannot be treated with antibiotics because it is a virus. Treatments aim to avoid complications by measures such as the management of dehydration caused by fluid loss in vomiting and diarrhea, and to mitigate symptoms using antiemetics and antidiarrheals.

Epidemiology

Norovirus causes about 18% of all cases of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. It is relatively common in developed countries and in low-mortality developing countries (20% and 19% respectively) compared to high-mortality developing countries (14%). Proportionately it causes more illness in people in the community or in hospital outpatients (24% and 20% respectively) as compared with hospital inpatients (17%) in whom other causes are more common.

Age and emergence of new norovirus strains do not appear to affect the proportion of gastroenteritis attributable to norovirus.

Norovirus is a common cause of epidemics of gastroenteritis on cruise ships. The CDC, through its Vessel Sanitation Program, records and investigates outbreaks of gastrointestinal illness – mostly caused by norovirus – on cruise ships with both a US and foreign itinerary; there were 12 in 2015, and 10 from 1 January to 9  May 2016. An outbreak may affect over 25% of passengers, and a smaller proportion of crew members.

Human genetics
Epidemiological studies have shown that individuals with different ABO(H) (histo-blood group) phenotypes are infected with NoV strains in a genotype-specific manner. GII.4 includes global epidemic strains and binds to more histo-blood group antigens than other genogroups. FUT2 fucosyltransferase transfers a fucose sugar to the end of the ABO(H) precursor in gastrointestinal cells and saliva glands. The ABH-antigen produced is thought to act as a receptor for human norovirus: A non-functional fucosyltransferase FUT2 provides high protection from the most common norovirus strain, GII.4.

Homozygous carriers of any nonsense mutation in the FUT2 gene are called non-secretors, as no ABH-antigen is produced. Approximately 20% of Caucasians are non-secretors due to G428A and C571T nonsense mutations in FUT2 and therefore have strong – although not absolute – protection from the norovirus GII.4. Non-secretors can still produce ABH antigens in erythrocytes, as the precursor is formed by FUT1. Some norovirus genotypes (GI.3) can infect non-secretors.

History
The norovirus was originally named the "Norwalk agent" after Norwalk, Ohio, in the United States, where an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred among children at Bronson Elementary School in November 1968. In 1972, electron microscopy on stored human stool samples identified a virus, which was given the name "Norwalk virus". Numerous outbreaks with similar symptoms have been reported since. The cloning and sequencing of the Norwalk virus genome showed that these viruses have a genomic organization consistent with viruses belonging to the family Caliciviridae. The name "norovirus" (Norovirus for the genus) was approved by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in 2002. In 2011, however, a press release and a newsletter was published by ICTV, which strongly encouraged the media, national health authorities, and the scientific community to use the virus name Norwalk virus, rather than the genus name Norovirus when referring to outbreaks of the disease. This was also a public response by ICTV to the request from an individual in Japan to rename the Norovirus genus because of the possibility of negative associations for people in Japan and elsewhere who have the family name "Noro". Before this position of ICTV was made public, ICTV consulted widely with members of the Caliciviridae Study Group and carefully discussed the case.

In addition to "Norwalk agent" and "Norwalk virus", the virus has also been called "Norwalk-like virus", "small, round-structured viruses" (SRSVs), Spencer flu, and "Snow Mountain virus". Common names of the illness caused by noroviruses still in use include "Roskilde illness", "winter vomiting disease", "winter vomiting bug", "viral gastroenteritis", and "acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis".

title: Norovirus


text:
Talk:Christopher Cross (album)

Untitled
This chunk removed from article as it seems to be about CC the person, not CC the album. It is also badly phrased and I can't work out what it is saying anyway. -- SGBailey 22:18 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

" Christopher Cross He was touring with, Eric Johnson during Seven Worlds tour and he toured with Christopher Cross during the tour of his first solo record, Self-Titled and toured with eachother. "Sailing" climbed up to the top-40 charts of 1980."

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title: Talk:Christopher Cross (album)


text:
Jean de La Bruyère

Jean de La Bruyère (,, ; 16 August 1645 – 11 May 1696) was a French philosopher and moralist, who was noted for his satire.

Early years
Jean de La Bruyère was born in Paris, in today's Essonne département, in 1645. His family was middle class, and his reference to a certain "Geoffroy de La Bruyère", a crusader, is only a satirical illustration of a method of self-ennoblement then common in France, as in some other countries. As such, he signed his surname as Delabruyère in one word, as evidence of this disdain.

La Bruyère could trace his family back on his father's side at least as far as his great-grandfather, who along with his grandfather had been dedicated members of the Catholic League. His great-grandfather had been exiled from France when Henry IV came to the throne and Catholics fell into disfavor.

La Bruyère's father also had been active in the league under the Duke of Guise in 1584. His father was controller general of finance to the Hôtel de Ville, and despite the turmoil in the country, was able to pay for La Bruyère's education and to leave him a considerable sum as an inheritance.

He was educated by the Oratorians and at the University of Orléans. He was called to the bar, and in 1673 bought a post in the revenue department at Caen, which gave him status and an income. His predecessor in the post was a relation of Jacques Benigne Bossuet, and it is thought that the transaction of the change was the cause of La Bruyère's introduction to the great orator, Bossuet, who, from the date of his own preceptorship of the Dauphin, was a kind of agent-general for tutorships in the royal family, and, in 1684, who introduced La Bruyère to the household of Louis, Prince of Condé (1621–1686).

La Bruyère became tutor to the prince's grandson, Louis, as well as to the prince's child-bride, Mlle de Nantes, a natural child of Louis XIV. The rest of his life was passed in the household of the Prince or else at court, and he seems to have profited by the inclination that the entire Condé family had for the society of men of letters.

Very little is known of the events of this part—or, indeed, of any part—of his life. The impression derived from the few notices of him is of a silent, observant, but somewhat awkward man, resembling in manners Joseph Addison.

His critical book, Caractères appeared in 1688. It garnered numerous enemies, but despite that, most notations about him are favorable—notably that of Saint-Simon, an acute judge and one bitterly prejudiced against commoners generally. A curious passage in a letter by Boileau to Racine exists, however, in which the writer regrets that "nature has not made La Bruyère as agreeable as he would like to be."

Literary activity
When La Bruyère's Caractères appeared in 1688, Nicolas de Malézieu predicted at once, that it would bring "bien des lecteurs et bien des ennemis" (many readers and many enemies). That proved to be true.

Foremost among the critics were Thomas Corneille, Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle, and Isaac de Benserade, who were clearly critical of the book. They were joined by innumerable others, men and women of letters as well as of society, who are identifiable by manuscript "keys" compiled by the scribblers of the day.

The friendship of Bossuet and protection of the Condés sufficiently defended the author, however, and he continued to insert fresh portraits of his contemporaries in each new edition of his book, especially in the fourth edition (1689). Those whom he had attacked were powerful in the Académie française, however, and numerous defeats awaited La Bruyère before he could make his way into becoming a member among their ranks.

He was defeated three times in 1691, and on one memorable occasion, he had but seven votes, five of which were those of Bossuet, Boileau, Racine, Paul Pellisson, and Bussy-Rabutin.

It was not until 1693 that he was elected, and even then, an epigram, which, considering his admitted insignificance in conversation, was not of the worst, haeret lateri:

 * "Quand La Bruyère se présente
 * Pourquoi faut il crier haro?
 * Pour faire un nombre de quarante
 * Ne falloit il pas un zéro?"

His unpopularity was, however, chiefly confined to the subjects of his sarcastic portraiture and to the hack writers of the time, of whom he was wont to speak with a disdain only surpassed by that of Alexander Pope. His description of the Mercure galant as "immédiatement au dessous de rien" (immediately below nothing) is the best-remembered specimen of these unwise attacks; and would, of itself, account for the enmity of the editors, Fontenelle and the younger Corneille.

La Bruyère's discourse of admission at the academy, one of the best of its kind, was, like his admission itself, severely criticized, especially by the partisans of the "Moderns" in the "Ancient and Modern" quarrel.

La Bruyère died very suddenly, and not long after his admission to the academy. He is said to have been struck dumb in a gathering of his friends, and, being carried home to the Hôtel de Condé, to have expired of apoplexy a day or two afterward. It is not surprising that, considering contemporary panic about poisoning, the bitter personal enmities that he had excited, and the peculiar circumstances of his death, suspicions of foul play should have been entertained, but there was apparently no foundation for them.

The Caractères, a translation of Theophrastus, and a few letters mostly addressed to the prince de Condé, complete the list of his literary work, with the addition of one curious, and much-disputed, posthumous treatise.

Two years after his death, a certain Dialogues sur le Quiétisme appeared, alleged to have been found among his papers, incomplete, and to have been completed by its editor. As these dialogues are far inferior in literary merit to La Bruyère's other works, their genuineness has been denied. A straightforward and circumstantial account of their appearance was given by the editor, the Abbé du Pin, however. He was a man of acknowledged probity and he knew of the intimacy of La Bruyère with Bossuet, whose views in his contest with Fénelon these dialogues are designed to further, at so short a time after the alleged author's death, and without a single protest on the part of his friends and representatives, all of which seems to have been decisive in the acceptance of authorship.

The Caractères
Although it is permissible to doubt whether the value of the Caractères has not been somewhat exaggerated by traditional French criticism, they deserve a high place.

The plan of the book is thoroughly original, if that term may be accorded to a novel, and skillful combination of elements exists in it. The treatise of Theophrastus may have furnished the concept, but it gave little more. With the ethical generalizations and social Dutch paintings accompanying his original, La Bruyère combined the peculiarities of the Montaigne Essais, of the Pensées, and Maximes of which Pascal and La Rochefoucauld are the masters respectively, and lastly of that peculiar seventeenth-century product, the "portrait" or elaborate literary picture of the personal and mental characteristics of an individual. The result was quite unlike anything that had been seen previously, and, it has not been exactly reproduced since, although the essay of Addison and Steele resembles it very closely, especially in the introduction of fancy portraits.

La Bruyère's privileged position at Chantilly provided him with a unique vantage point from which he could witness the hypocrisy and corruption of the court of Louis XIV. As a Christian moralist, he aimed at reforming people's manners and ways by publishing records of his observations of aristocratic foibles and follies, which earned him many enemies at the court.

In the titles of his work, and in its extreme desultoriness, La Bruyère reminds the reader of Montaigne, but he aimed too much at sententiousness to attempt even the apparent continuity of the great essayist. The short paragraphs of which his chapters consist are made up of maxims proper, of criticisms literary and ethical, and above all, of the celebrated sketches of individuals baptized with names taken from the plays and romances of the time.

These last are the greatest feature of the work and that which gave it its immediate, if not its enduring, popularity. They are wonderfully piquant, extraordinarily lifelike in a certain sense, and must have given great pleasure or (more frequently) exquisite pain to the apparent subjects, who in many cases were unmistakable and most recognizable.

title: Jean de La Bruyère


text:
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text:
Roger de Rabutin, comte de Bussy

Roger de Rabutin, comte de Bussy (13 April 1618 – 9 April 1693), commonly known as Bussy-Rabutin, was a French memoirist. He was the cousin and frequent correspondent of Madame de Sévigné.

Born at Epiry, near Autun, he represented a family of distinction in Burgundy, and his father, Léonor de Rabutin, was lieutenant general of the province of Nivernais.

Roger was the third son, but by the death of his elder brothers became the representative of the family. He studied first at the Jesuit school in Autun, and then at the College de Clermont. He left to enter the army when he was only sixteen and fought in several campaigns, succeeding his father in the office of mestre de camp. He participated in the 1634 siege of La Mothe-en-Bassigny in Lorraine under the direction of maréchal de La Force. He himself tells us that his two ambitions were to become "honnête homme" and to distinguish himself in arms, but luck was against him. In 1641 he was sent to the Bastille by Richelieu for some months as a punishment for neglect of his duties in his pursuit of gallantry.

In 1643 he married a cousin, Gabrielle de Toulongeon, and for a short time he left the army. But in 1645 he succeeded to his father's position in the Nivernais, and served under Condé in Catalonia. His wife died in 1646, and he became more notorious than ever through an attempt to abduct Madame de Miramion, a rich widow. This affair was settled with some difficulty by a considerable payment on Bussy's part, and he afterwards married Louise de Rouville.

When Condé joined the party of the Fronde Bussy joined him, but a fancied slight on the part of the prince finally decided him for the royal side. He fought with some distinction both in the civil war and on foreign service and, buying the commission of mestre de camp in 1655, he went on to serve under Turenne in Flanders. He served there in several campaigns and distinguished himself at the Battle of the Dunes (1658) and elsewhere; but he did not get on well with his general, and his quarrelsome disposition, his overweening vanity and his habit of composing libellous chansons made him eventually the enemy of most persons of position both in the army and at court.

In the year 1659 he fell into disgrace for having taken part in an orgy at Roissy near Paris during Holy Week, which caused great scandal. Bussy was ordered to retire to his estates at Château de Bussy-Rabutin, and beguiled his enforced leisure by composing his famous Histoire amoureuse des Gaules (written in 1660) for the amusement of his sick mistress, Madame de Montglas. This book, a series of portraits and accounts of the intrigues of the chief ladies of the court, witty enough, but still more ill-natured, circulated freely in manuscript and had numerous spurious sequels. Although Bussy denied the charges, blaming Madame de la Baume (Catherine de Bonne, comtesse de Tallard, died 1692), a former intimate of his, it was said that he had not spared the reputations of members of the royal family, including Madame and the Queen Mother. In a letter of apology and explanation to the king Bussy claimed that a false friend who had asked to borrow it briefly (Madame de la Baume) had copied it and altered it without his knowledge. The king, angry at the report, was momentarily appeased when Bussy showed him the original manuscript to disprove the scandal, but a closed-door meeting (most likely with Madame de la Baume) sealed Bussy's fate.

He was sent to the Bastille on 17 April 1665, where he remained for more than a year, and he was only liberated on condition of retiring to his estates, where he lived in exile for 27 years. Bussy felt the disgrace keenly, but the enforced close of his military career was still more bitter. In 1682 he was allowed to revisit the court, but the coldness of his reception there made his provincial exile seem preferable and he returned to Burgundy, where he died.

He had been elected to the Académie française in 1665, and held his chair there until his death in 1693.

The Histoire amoureuse des Gaules is adapted from Petronius in its most striking passages, and its attractions include its famously critical portraits of Madame de Sévigné and the Prince de Condé and its unique style. His Mémoires, published after his death, are likewise lively and characteristic and have all the charm of a historical romance of the adventurous type. His voluminous correspondence yields to few collections of the kind in variety and interest, except to that of Madame de Sévigné, who is indeed represented in it to a great extent, and whose letters first appeared in it. The literary and historical student, therefore, owes Bussy some thanks.

Bussy wrote other things, of which the most important, his Genealogy of the Rabutin Family, remained in manuscript till 1867, while his Considerations sur la guerre was first published in Dresden in 1746. He also wrote a series of biographies for the use of his children, in which his own life serves a moral purpose.

title: Roger de Rabutin, comte de Bussy


text:
Airbus A319

The Airbus A319 is a member of the Airbus A320 family of short- to medium-range, narrow-body, commercial passenger twin-engine jet airliners manufactured by Airbus. The A319 carries 124 to 156 passengers and has a maximum range of 3700 nmi. Final assembly of the aircraft takes place in Hamburg, Germany and Tianjin, China.

The A319 is a shortened-fuselage variant of the Airbus A320 and entered service in April 1996 with Swissair, around two years after the stretched Airbus A321 and eight years after the original A320. The aircraft shares a common type rating with all other Airbus A320 family variants, allowing existing A320 family pilots to fly the aircraft without the need for further training.

In December 2010, Airbus announced a new generation of the A320 family, the A320neo (new engine option). The similarly shortened fuselage A319neo variant offers new, more efficient engines, combined with airframe improvements and the addition of winglets, named "sharklets" by Airbus. The aircraft promises fuel savings of up to 15%. The A319neo sales are much lower than other A320neo variants, with around 1% of orders by June 2020.

, a total of 1,501 Airbus A319 aircraft have been delivered, of which 1,359 are in service. In addition, another 47 airliners are on firm order (comprising 2 A319ceo and 45 A319neo). American Airlines is the largest operator with 133 A319ceo in its fleet.

Background
The first member of the A320 family was the A320 which was launched in March 1984 and first flew on 22 February 1987. The family was extended to include the stretched A321 (first delivered 1994), the shortened A319 (1996), and the further shortened A318 (2003). The A320 family pioneered the use of digital fly-by-wire flight control systems, as well as side stick controls, in commercial aircraft. The A319 was developed at the request of Steven Udvar-Hazy, the former president and CEO of ILFC according to The New York Times.

Origins and design
The A319 design is a shortened fuselage, minimum change derivative of the A320 with its origins in the 130- to 140-seat SA1, part of the Single-Aisle studies. The SA1 was shelved as the consortium concentrated on its bigger siblings. After healthy sales of the A320/A321, Airbus re-focused on what was then known as the A320M-7, meaning A320 minus seven fuselage frames. It would provide direct competition for the 737-300/-700. The shrink was achieved through the removal of four fuselage frames fore and three aft the wing, cutting the overall length by 3.73 m. Consequently, the number of overwing exits was reduced from four to two. High-density A319s, such as 156-seat aircraft used by EasyJet, retain four overwing exits. The bulk-cargo door was replaced by an aft container door, which can take in reduced height LD3-45 containers. Minor software changes were made to accommodate the different handling characteristics; otherwise the aircraft is largely unchanged. Power is provided by the CFM56-5A or V2500-A5, derated to 98 kN, with option for 105 kN thrust.

With virtually the same fuel capacity as the A320-200 and fewer passengers, the range with 124 passengers in a two-class configuration extends to 6,650 km, or 6,850 km with the "Sharklets". The A319's wingspan is wider than the aircraft's overall length.

Production and testing
Airbus began offering the new model from 22 May 1992, and the A319's first customer was ILFC, who signed for six aircraft. Anticipating further orders by Swissair and Alitalia, Airbus launched the $275 million (€250 million) programme on 10 June 1993. On 23 March 1995, the first A319 underwent final assembly at Airbus's German plant in Hamburg, where the A321s are also assembled. It was rolled out on 24 August 1995, with the maiden flight the following day. The certification programme took 350 airborne hours involving two aircraft; certification for the CFM56-5B6/2-equipped variant was granted in April 1996, and the qualification for the V2524-A5 started the following month.

Delivery of the first A319, to Swissair, took place on 25 April 1996, entering service by month's end. In January 1997, an A319 broke a record during a delivery flight by flying 3588 nmi on the great circle route to Winnipeg, Manitoba from Hamburg, in 9 hours 5 minutes. The A319 has proved popular with low-cost airlines such as EasyJet, with 172 delivered.

A total of 1,484 of the A319ceo (current engine option) model have been delivered.

A319CJ
The A319CJ (rebranded ACJ319 "Elegance") is the corporate jet version of the A319. It incorporates removable extra fuel tanks (up to six additional Center Tanks) which are installed in the cargo compartment, and an increased service ceiling of 12500 m. Range with eight passengers' payload and auxiliary fuel tanks (ACTs) is up to 6000 nmi. Upon resale, the aircraft can be reconfigured as a standard A319 by removing its extra tanks and corporate cabin outfit, thus maximising its resale value. It was formerly also known as the ACJ, or Airbus Corporate Jet, while starting with 2014 it has the marketing designation ACJ319.

The aircraft seats up to 39 passengers, but may be outfitted by the customers into any configuration. Tyrolean Jet Service Nfg. GmbH & CO KG, MJET and Reliance Industries are among its users. The A319CJ competes with other ultralarge-cabin corporate jets such as the Boeing 737-700-based Boeing Business Jet (BBJ) and Embraer Lineage 1000, as well as with large-cabin and ultralong-range Gulfstream G650, Gulfstream G550 and Bombardier's Global 6000. It is powered by the same engine types as the A320. The A319CJ was used by the Escadron de Transport, d'Entraînement et de Calibration which is in charge of transportation for France's officials and also by the Flugbereitschaft of the German Air Force for transportation of Germany's officials. An ACJ serves as a presidential or official aircraft of Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary (Hungarian Air Force 604, 605), Italy, Malaysia, Slovakia, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine, and Venezuela.

Starting from 2014, a modularized cabin version of the ACJ319, known as "Elegance", is also available. It is said to be able to lower cost and ease reconfiguration.

A319LR
The A319LR is the longer-range version of the A319. The typical range of the A319LR is increased up to 4,500 nautical miles (8,300 km) compared to the standard A319. Qatar Airways was the launch customer, receiving two A319-100LRs, PrivatAir received two A319LRs in 2003, and Eurofly acquired two in 2005.

A319neo
The A319neo is the shortest variant of the Airbus A320neo family of airliners developed since December 2010 by Airbus, with the suffix "neo" meaning "new engine option". It is the last step of the A320 Enhanced (A320E) modernisation programme, which was started in 2006. The A319neo replaces the original A319, which is now referred to as A319ceo, for "current engine option".

In addition to the new engines, the modernisation programme also included such improvements as: aerodynamic refinements, large curved winglets (sharklets), weight savings, a new aircraft cabin with larger hand luggage spaces, and an improved air purification system. Customers will have a choice of either the CFM International LEAP-1A or the Pratt & Whitney PW1100G engines.

These improvements in combination are predicted to result in 15% lower fuel consumption per aircraft, 8% lower operating costs, reduced noise production, and a reduction of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions by at least 10% compared to the A320 series, as well as an increase in range of approximately 500 nmi.

The A319neo is the least popular variant of the Airbus A320neo family, with total orders for only 61 aircraft placed as of 30 September 2023, compared with 4,234 for the A320neo and 5,422 for the A321neo.

A319 MPA
The Airbus A319 MPA (Maritime Patrol Aircraft) is a military derivative of the Airbus A319. Development was announced in 2018 by Airbus Defence and Space to compete against the Boeing P-8 Poseidon, which is a derivative aircraft of the Boeing 737 manufactured in the United States.

A319 OH
The new observation platform A319 OH which means "Offener Himmel" (meaning " Open Sky" ) is equipped with electro-optical sensors, an EO-S/digital camera and an infrared sensor (IR-S). It is based on an A319CJ from Lufthansa Technik.

This aircraft is designed for the German Air Force which uses it to perform surveillance missions as part of the Treaty on Open Skies. Twenty missions are planned every year by the German Air Force, and it is offered for lease by to other countries who want to conduct such mission without the appropriate equipment.

Operators
As of March 2024, 1,359 Airbus A319 aircraft (1342 ceo+17 neo) were in service with 90 operators, with American Airlines and EasyJet operating the largest A319 fleets of 133 and 96 aircraft respectively. The A319 is the most popular variant of the Airbus A320 family to be operated by governments and as executive and private jets, with 84 aircraft in operation in these capacities as of 2024.

Orders and deliveries
Data .

Accidents and incidents
As of May 2022, there have been 23 aviation accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A319, including five hull-loss accidents. No fatal accidents have been recorded involving the aircraft type.

title: Airbus A319