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Vancouver International Airport

Vancouver International Airport is an international airport located on Sea Island in Richmond, British Columbia, serving the city of Vancouver and the Lower Mainland region. It is located 12 km from Downtown Vancouver. YVR is the second busiest airport in Canada by passenger traffic (24.9 million), behind Toronto Pearson International Airport in Ontario. As a trans-Pacific hub, the airport has more direct flights to China than any other airport in North America or Europe. It is a hub for Air Canada and WestJet. Vancouver International Airport is one of eight Canadian airports that have US Border Pre-clearance facilities. It is also one of the few major international airports to have a terminal for scheduled float planes.

The airport has won several notable international best airport awards. It won the SkyTrax Best North American Airport award in 2007 and 2010 through 2022, for a record of 12 consecutive years. The airport also made the top 10 list of airports in the world for the first time in 2012, rated at 9th (2012), 8th (2013), and 9th (2014) overall. It is the only North American airport included in the top 10 for 2013 and 2014. YVR also retains the distinction of Best Canadian Airport in the regional results.

Vancouver International airport is managed by Vancouver Airport Authority, a non-profit organization.

YVR covers a total expanse of about 1,340 hectares (3,311 acres) of airport property.

History
In 1929, the City of Vancouver purchased land located on Sea Island to be used for aviation purposes, replacing the original grass airstrip at Minoru Park on Lulu Island. During World War II, the airport and its original terminal, now the South Terminal, were leased to the federal government and operated by the Department of National Defence and the Department of Transport as RCAF Station Sea Island. The airport was used for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. The crews and their families were housed in a new town-site on the island, named Burkeville, after Boeing president Stanley Burke. Funds from the lease were used to purchase additional land for new hangars and a production plant for Boeing Aircraft of Canada (now Boeing Canada).

The present main terminal was completed in 1968 and has since been expanded to include separate domestic and international terminals. A north runway was completed in 1996.

A United States border pre-clearance facility was created in the 1970s, and as of 2024 has the largest operating hours of any US pre-clearance facility, operating from 4:30 AM to midnight the next day.

In 2011, the airport announced that it would enact a program aiming to encourage airlines to start more flights between Vancouver and Asia. As of 2022, the program has succeeded in many of its goals.

The airport has often been described as a major trans-Pacific hub due to its location in the Pacific Northwest and destinations in the Americas, Asia, and Australia, which help facilitate connecting flights. In 2019, Craig Richmond, then President and CEO of the Vancouver Airport Authority, said that the recent growth of Seattle–Tacoma International Airport in the United States could challenge Vancouver's status as a trans-Pacific hub, although Seattle–Tacoma is already the larger airport.

Terminals
Vancouver International Airport has two terminals: the Main Terminal and the South Terminal. The main terminal contains domestic and international concourses. Free internet access is available in all sections of the airport. Throughout the airport, there is trilingual English, French, and Chinese signage. The South Terminal, along with the adjacent floatplane docks, is referred to by airport management as "Airport South.".

Domestic Concourse
The Domestic section of the terminal was constructed in 1968 by the Vancouver-based firm Thompson, Berwick and Pratt and was given a top-to-bottom renovation in 2005 by Vancouver architect Kasian Kennedy. The Domestic area consists of three piers (A-C).

Pier A
Pier A consists of 6 gates: A6 through A10 and A12. These gates are ground loading ramps used by WestJet Encore.

Pier B
Pier B consists of 15 gates: gates B13 through B27. Gates B14 to B17 can receive international and US arrivals. Gate B23 to B25 are ground loading ramps. Pier B is the hub for domestic flights for WestJet, and additionally serves domestic flights by Air North, Air Transat, Flair Airlines and Porter Airlines.

Pier C
Pier C consists of 24 gates: C29 through C52. This is the hub for Air Canada and Air Canada Express domestic flights. Gates C48 to C52 are swing gates, which can be used for international departures (designated as D48 to D52) as well as international and US arrivals.

International & U.S. Concourse
The International concourse was designed by Vancouver-based Architectura, now Stantec, with Kansas City–based HNTB Corporation (1994–1996). It was expanded to the west between 2017 and 2021 to allow for more gates and more remote stand operations. YVR is one of eight Canadian airports with United States border preclearance facilities, which are situated in this section of the terminal. All international concourse gates can accept flights arriving from international and U.S. origins; passengers are directed onto overhead walkways which lead to the Canada Border Services Agency screening area.

Pier D (International Pier)
Pier D consists of 31 gates: D48 to D78, of which 7 (D56, D57, D59, D60, D61, D63, and D65) are bus gates for remote stands. All international-bound flights, excluding those to the United States, depart from D gates. All gates can handle wide-body aircraft; 11 gates are fitted with 2 jet bridges, and four of these gates can handle the Airbus A380, a service of which was seasonally operated to Vancouver by British Airways until September 26, 2022. Gates D48 to D52 are swing gates which can be used for domestic departures (designated C48 to C52), and gates D71 through D78 are swing gates which can be used for United States border preclearance flights (designated E71 through E78).

A SkyTeam airport lounge operated by Global Lounge Network is located near gate D53 and the Air Canada Maple Leaf Lounge is at Gate D52.

Pier E (U.S. Pier)
Preclearance was added to the airport in the 1970s.

Pier E is the US border preclearance area and consists of 25 gates: E71 to E88 and E90 to E96. Gates E71 to E78 are swing gates which can be used switched to international departures (as gates D71 to D78) as needed. Gate E84 is a bus gate for remote stands. Gates E90-E96 are located in a smaller satellite building connected via a ground-level walkway. Gate E95 accesses ground-loading stands 95A and 95B.

Flights from an international origin continuing on to the US after a stopover in Vancouver (none of which currently operate) do not use the preclearance facility and must use D gates.

Airport South
The Airport South complex includes the South Terminal, the Floatplane Facility, and other adjacent operations.

South Terminal
The South Terminal, a portion of the original pre-1968 terminal which is still in use, also houses the corporate headquarters and main base of Pacific Coastal Airlines and Harbour Air.

The South Terminal serves regional airlines which fly mostly within British Columbia, such as Pacific Coastal Airlines and Central Mountain Air, in addition to chartered flights. A nearby building serves as the YVR terminal for Helijet.

Floatplane facility
The Vancouver International Water Airport is located on Inglis Drive, a short distance from the South Terminal. This facility allows floatplanes to land and dock on the South Arm of the Fraser River. The facility is served by all floatplane operators other than Harbour Air, which maintains a separate dock and terminal at the Flying Beaver Bar and Grill nearby.

Passenger

 * Notes

Air China's flight from Vancouver to Beijing–Capital has a technical stop in Shenyang. However, Air China does not sell tickets solely from Vancouver to Shenyang.

Statistics
Vancouver International has seen a steady increase in passenger volumes from 2010 to 2019. Between 2020 and 2021, patronage dropped significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The airport has seen a steady recovery of passengers, however; the patronage in 2022 was about 72% of the patronage in 2019.

Rapid transit (SkyTrain)
The airport has a station on the SkyTrain network called YVR–Airport, the terminus of the Sea Island branch of the Canada Line. The airport authority contributed $300 million towards construction as part of the Canada Line's funding. A pedestrian footbridge ($117 million, completed in 2007) links the international terminal with the domestic terminal and serves as the arrival and departure area for users of the Canada Line. The Canada Line itself opened in August 2009 as the third line of Vancouver's rapid transit network, in advance of the 2010 Winter Olympics which took place the following February. It was the only airport rail link service of any kind in Canada until the opening of Toronto's Union Pearson Express in 2015.

Bus
When Canada Line service is interrupted, such as overnight or other service disruptions, the N10 night bus operated by Coast Mountain Bus Company (under contract to TransLink) connects the airport's international and domestic terminals to Richmond and downtown Vancouver. The airport's south terminal is served by the 412 bus, which connects to the Canada Line at Bridgeport Station. Between 2001 and the Canada Line's opening in 2009, regular bus service was provided by TransLink route 424.

Coach to Whistler, Squamish, and Victoria
YVR Skylynx is an official partner of YVR Vancouver Airport.

YVR Skylynx buses to Whistler run directly from YVR Vancouver Airport and Vancouver City Centre to Squamish, Creekside Village, and Whistler using up to 16 services a day. YVR Skylynx also operates daily services to Victoria from YVR Vancouver Airport via BC Ferries Tsawwassen to Swartz Bay route.

Expansion
In preparation for the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games, YVR completed a $1.4-billion multi-year capital development plan, which included a four-gate expansion to the International Terminal Wing, completed in June 2007. Two of the four new gates are conventional wide-bodied gates and two can accommodate the Airbus A380. The international terminal addition includes interior design elements intended to represent British Columbia, including a stream in a pathway and fish and jellyfish tanks.

A five-gate expansion was completed in 2009 for Domestic Terminal's C-Pier. Food and retail expansions were also completed for the C Pier at this time. The train that links downtown Vancouver, YVR, and central Richmond opened in August 2009.

Vancouver International Airport Authority has developed a 2017–2037 Master Plan, named Flight Plan 2037 which includes 75 projects at a projected cost of $5.6 billion. The plan allows for the airport to serve 35 million passengers by 2037. The plan is calling for the expansion of facilities around the existing large terminal. New piers and gates are to be added, as well as a second parking garage and taxiways. It is also planned to improve vehicle access. Eight gates were added to the international terminal in the first phase which was completed in February 2021. Final approval of the plan by the Ministry of Transport is needed.

Architecture
YVR's interior has a uniquely British Columbian theme, featuring an extensive collection of Pacific Northwest Coast Native art, and blues and greens to reflect the colours of the land, sea, and sky. This theme was designed by Vancouver-based firm Architectura. The airport uses a great deal of carpet and vast expanses of glass to let in large amounts of natural light. One of the most noticeable places for an arriving passenger is the international arrivals hall, a large area where customs and immigration procedures are completed. Arriving passengers come down escalators leading to a platform across a large waterfall.

In 2020, the expansion of International Pier D was completed with a glassed-in island forest with access to the outdoors and an immersive digital experience that explores the rugged British Columbia Coast.

Art
The YVR aboriginal art collection includes wooden sculptures and totem poles. Bill Reid's sculpture in bronze, "The Spirit of Haida Gwaii, The Jade Canoe", is displayed in the international departures area. This is the second of two castings of this sculpture; the first casting, "The Spirit of Haida Gwaii, The Black Canoe", is now displayed outside the Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C. The Pacific Passage area includes artwork by Stan Wamiss and Connie Watts. The Institute for Stained Glass in Canada has documented the stained glass at Vancouver International Airport.

Accessibility
Since 1992, Vancouver Airport Authority has been working with an independent accessibility consultant to eliminate the physical barriers in the built environment and is "committed to providing fully accessible terminal facilities for people of all backgrounds and capabilities".

In 2004, the airport received the Rick Hansen Accessibility Award, which recognizes "facilities and communities that improve the quality of life for people with mobility limitations".

Designated short-term parking spaces and curb-side ramps are available on each level of the terminal building for vehicles displaying a valid SPARC permit. Accessible counters with toe clearance for wheelchair users are also available at the check-in, customer care, and retail area in Vancouver Airport. Bathrooms have also been designed to be wheelchair-accessible with doorless and no-touch entry features, lowered sinks, and hands-free bathroom dispensers. Grab bars and emergency call buttons are also present in all wheelchair-accessible toilet stalls.

Low resistance carpeting and other materials such as laminate flooring have been utilized throughout the airport to make it easier for people using wheelchairs and walkers to move throughout the airport. Elevators are large and allow for easy turning in a wheelchair and special wheelchairs designed to fit down aircraft aisles are utilized to assist with boarding and de-planing. Wheelchair lifts have been installed at aircraft gates.

"Visual pagers" are dedicated video monitors that are located throughout the airport and convey important information to travelers who have hearing impairments.

Various types of flooring are utilized throughout the terminal and function as a textured guide to assist travelers in identifying their location within the airport. In areas with tile, patterns in the tile help to identify exits. Tactile maps are also available at customer service counters throughout the airport, and braille and tactile lettering are used throughout the airport to indicate building features such as washrooms.

Green Coat Ambassadors
Vancouver Airport Authority was one of the first airports in North America to institute a volunteer program in 1989. Volunteers in a green vest/jacket are deployed around the airport to provide information, customer service and be the 'eyes and ears' for the various partners in the airport community between the hours of 6am to 10pm every day. Volunteers are given basic training in airport operations and undertake many of the similar trainings mandated to airport employees. Each volunteer is required to obtain a Transportation Security Clearance and Restricted Area Identification Card to access the restricted and sterile areas of the terminal.

Sustainability programs

YVR Sustainability is an operations department at Vancouver International Airport that is concerned with airport green initiatives. It focuses on green initiatives to reduce the environmental impact of the airport's operations. YVR's sustainability is also known for its green art linked to the environment and community and its indoor nature displays.

YVR's Vancouver Airport Services created an energy reduction committee in 1999 to create new energy-reducing initiatives, including improved efficiency of baggage conveyor belts to shut down conveyors when no bags are present; installing carbon dioxide sensors to adjust HVAC systems to the number of people in an area; and regulating electrical power for flight information display monitors when no flights are scheduled. In 2005, the committee installed LED lighting on several taxiways and more efficient, brighter lights on Levels 2 and 3 of the car parking structure, upgrades to the chilled water distribution system, and replacement of all Airport Authority computer equipment with newer, more efficient models." The building and lighting system are designed to utilize as much daylight as possible so that it is the primary lighting source. The Committee claims to have saved more than 24 gigawatt hours of electricity and $5.5 million since the team's creation.

In 2015, the airport set a goal for 50% of the ground support equipment to run on electric power by the year 2020. This goal was achieved early, as by late 2019, 53% of these machines operated on electric power. The airport installed 50 charging stations to support this operation. The airport also has a comprehensive fleet management plan, to ensure that ground support equipment operators maintain and electrify the fleet of the right size. They also have eight battery electric apron buses to support the operation of aircraft on remote stands separate from the terminal building.

The solar-powered hot water systems were installed in the airport's Domestic and International terminals in 2003. The 100 solar panels were placed on the roof of the YVR building and will heat more than 800 gallons of water each hour. This has resulted in approximately $110,000 and 8569 gigajoules saved each year. The project was partly funded by BC Hydro working with the Vancouver International Airport Authority to reduce energy consumption and costs at YVR. YVR also uses nightly energy set backs, carbon dioxide sensors, and improved scheduling and system tune-ups since 2001 which has led to a decrease of 25 per cent in natural gas usage.

YVR has 100 hybrid and natural gas-operated taxis hired to pick up and drop off passengers. The Airport Authority created a program in 2004 that gave incentive for alternative fuel taxis and was successful by improving the average fleet fuel economy by 47% by 2009. YVR has 450 recycling containers evenly distributed and located around its terminals, divided for recycling plastic and paper. The containers themselves are made from recycled aluminum, steel and plastic and help recycle over 1,250,000 kg of material each year.

In June 2009, YVR had a green wall installed by the Canada Line YVR–Airport Station and can best be viewed from the International Departures terminal on Level 3 and from the International Arrivals terminal on Level 2. This is the first Canadian airport with a living green wall and the largest in North America. The green wall measures "18-metres high and 12 -metres wide and is home to 28,249 individual plants on 2,173 panels and houses a built-in irrigation and feeding system." The plants it consists of are Euonymus japonicus microphyllus, Euonymus japonicus albovariegatus microphyllus, Polypodium glycyrrhiza, and Ophiopogon japonicus nanus. Benefits of a green wall on the building include improving air quality, reducing noise pollution (the green wall is located near the Sky Train), cooling the area down and saving on energy costs, and decreases carbon dioxide emissions in the environment. YVR includes other environmental indoor installations such as its indoor garden, aquarium, and a freshwater creek. The 30,000 gallon salt water aquarium at YVR is home to about 850 samples of British Columbia marine life. There is also a 750 gallon jellyfish tank and a 60-metre long fresh water creek located nearby.

The YVR Fuel project plans to build an underground pipeline and upgrade an airport fuel terminal near the Fraser River. In 2014, the YVR Fuel Project was granted approval with 64 conditions. An information bulletin posted by the Ministry of Environment of British Columbia announced that the project is "not expected to result in any significant adverse effects, based on the mitigation measures and conditions of the Environmental Assessment Certificate." Nonetheless, the YVR Airport Fuel Facilities will have to carry out the project in accordance to the conditions made by the Environmental Assessment Office. Key conditions deal with spill and fire prevention, preparedness and response, cleaning, inspection, dealing with pollution liabilities, environmental remediation, and compensating for Aboriginal loss under the Fisheries Act. Marine pilots will have to be specially trained for the river's environment, tankers double-hulled, pre-screened and each boat will have to have two tugs. The reason for the YVR fuel upgrade is because the Fuel Facilities Corp. states the current fuel-delivery system is not sustainable and too dependent on an older pipeline coming from Burnaby, British Columbia and shipments from Washington state. With its own fuel, YVR will have more room and independence to welcome new flights and airlines.

The Vancouver International Airport Security submitted a 2009-2013 Noise Management Plan to the Canadian Ministry of Transport in August 2013 which was reviewed and approved. This Management Plan included initiatives to help with noise complaints that YVR Security had received. A total of 16 initiatives were identified and are outlined in the Noise Management Plan. The plan is flexible and allows room for new community issues that may arise within the five-year program. The plan's main goal is to balance the needs of having 24-hour airport services while minimizing noise disturbances associated with aircraft services for those living nearby.

Operation Yellow Ribbon
Following the September 11 attacks, the airspace over the United States was shut down. Aircraft over the North Atlantic and Pacific bound for the United States were therefore diverted to Canadian airports. Vancouver International Airport accommodated 34 of these flights (3rd highest after Halifax and Gander) amounting to a total of 8,500 passengers.

The airport won the 2001 Airport Management Award from the B.C. Aviation Council and was cited for overcoming many challenges in a professional and compassionate way.

Emergency Services
Vancouver International Airport Emergency Services Team is the primary fire services at the airport. The airport fire station has 4 tenders that are owned by the Vancouver Airport Authority. Richmond Fire has additional resources when required from Richmond Fire Hall #4 (Sea Island) at 3900 Russ Baker Way, as well as the Canadian Coast Guard.

Policing at the airport is provided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Richmond detachment. Airport emergency health services are provided by the British Columbia Ambulance Service, with Station 270 providing a dedicated bike squad for rapid EMS response to passengers and staff. In addition, BCAS air ambulance Station 280 is located near the YVR South Terminal, providing air ambulance service with two Sikorsky S-76 helicopters, two Beechcraft Super King Air turboprop aircraft, and one Cessna Citation Bravo jet.

Accidents and incidents

 * On February 7, 1968, a Canadian Pacific Airlines Boeing 707 overran a runway and hit two buildings, vehicles, and parked aircraft while landing in heavy fog, killing one crew member and one person on the ground.
 * On March 1, 1970, Vickers Viscount CF-THY of Air Canada collided in mid-air with an Ercoupe 415 CF-SHN on approach to Vancouver International Airport. The Ercoupe pilot was killed.
 * On June 23, 1985, two pieces of unauthorized luggage containing bombs were checked in at the airport and loaded onto Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 60 to Toronto and Canadian Pacific Airlines Flight 3 to Tokyo respectively. Upon exploding, the former killed all 329 on board Air India Flight 182, and the latter, intended for Air India Flight 301, exploded at Tokyo Narita International Airport, killing two baggage handlers.
 * On August 19, 1995, Douglas C-47B (DC-3) C-GZOF of Air North crashed during an emergency return to the airport, killing one of the three crew. The aircraft was on a ferry flight to Prince Rupert Airport when the starboard propeller went into overspeed and the decision was made to return to Vancouver International.
 * On October 19, 1995, a Canadian Airlines McDonnell Douglas DC-10 aborted takeoff on runway 26 (now 26L) two seconds after the V1 call. The aircraft ended up in the soft ground west of the end of runway, causing the failure of the nose gear. All 243 passengers and 14 crew escaped with no more than minor injuries.
 * During the September 11 attacks, an Air China Boeing 747 from Beijing to San Francisco, was escorted by two U.S. F-15s onto the airport's north runway during Operation Yellow Ribbon, apparently following a communication problem.
 * On October 14, 2007, a Polish immigrant, Robert Dziekanski, died after being shot with a taser by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police at the airport. Dziekański, who did not speak English, became agitated after waiting approximately 10 hours at the arrivals hall because he could not find his mother. While police were attempting to take Dziekanski into custody he was tased by officers and subsequently died. The subsequent Braidwood Inquiry began in May 2008. In June 2010, the judge found that the use of the taser was not justified. The RCMP issued an apology to Dziekanski's mother. The commission also found that tasers have the capability to injure or kill by causing heart irregularities, especially where the individual is medically or emotionally compromised.
 * On October 19, 2007, at approximately 4:10pm, a Piper Seneca bound for Pitt Meadows Airport took off from YVR and crashed into a nearby apartment building in Richmond. The pilot was the sole occupant of the plane. He was killed in the crash. Two others were injured, both of whom were in the apartment building at the time.
 * On September 18, 2008, in the afternoon, an Air Canada Airbus A340 collided with an Air Canada Jazz Dash 8 aircraft. The Jazz flight was taxiing on the runway when it collided. The Air Canada flight was bound for Hong Kong. Both aircraft received damage but there were no injuries or fatalities.
 * On July 9, 2009, at approximately 10:08pm, a Piper Navajo airplane originating from Victoria crashed into an industrial area in Richmond, British Columbia. The two pilots were killed. It was owned and operated by Canadian Air Charters and was carrying units of blood for Canadian Blood Services at the time. Officials say that wake turbulence was the main cause of the crash. Fatigue, along with diminished depth perception in darkness, was also a factor.
 * On October 27, 2011, a Northern Thunderbird Air Beechcraft King Air 100 attempted to land on the south runway but missed by about 900 m, hitting a lamppost and a car, then crashing on the nearby intersection on Russ Baker Way and Gilbert Road at the west end of the Dinsmore Bridge. There were seven passengers and two crew members on board; only the pilot was confirmed dead at 9:00pm that evening, while the others survived with various injuries. Two on the ground were also injured. On November 16, 2011, the co-pilot of the flight died in hospital.
 * On May 9, 2021, a 28-year-old man was fatally shot outside the international terminal. The Integrated Homicide Investigation Team said the shooting was targeted and linked to ongoing Lower Mainland gang conflict in Metro Vancouver. Richmond RCMP pursued a suspect vehicle from the terminal to Lulu Island, where the suspects reportedly shot at police. The vehicle was later found burned-out in Surrey.

title: Vancouver International Airport


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Talk:Marlon Brando

German Ancestry
"The name Brando comes from ancestors named Brandau, who immigrated from the Palatinate (Bavaria) generations before." (German Wikipedia) https://web.archive.org/web/20071018231253/http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=cwebber&id=I527 https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Brandau-91 https://ethnicelebs.com/marlon-brando 2A02:8109:1040:29C0:143D:F9AA:988A:6D32 (talk) 19:05, 16 August 2023 (UTC)

2122?
I was wonder that's why people still making fun of Marlon Brando's page for vandalize, I like his movies as well. 2001:FB1:30:BC8B:FC24:4D94:2F58:39C5 (talk) 08:23, 13 May 2024 (UTC)

 * The people still vandalize of Marlon Brando's page from the chaos of that. 2001:FB1:30:BC8B:1096:49F9:712E:57B5 (talk) 13:49, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 May 2024
More sources for the article. 64.189.18.34 (talk) 07:00, 27 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 13:30, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Marlon Brando


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People's Party (United States)

The People's Party, also known as the Populist Party or simply the Populists, was an agrarian populist political party in the United States in the late 19th century. The Populist Party emerged in the early 1890s as an important force in the Southern and Western United States, but collapsed after it nominated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 United States presidential election. A rump faction of the party continued to operate into the first decade of the 20th century, but never matched the popularity of the party in the early 1890s.

The Populist Party's roots lay in the Farmers' Alliance, an agrarian movement that promoted economic action during the Gilded Age, as well as the Greenback Party, an earlier third party that had advocated fiat money. The success of Farmers' Alliance candidates in the 1890 elections, along with the conservatism of both major parties, encouraged Farmers' Alliance leaders to establish a full-fledged third party before the 1892 elections. The Ocala Demands laid out the Populist platform: collective bargaining, federal regulation of railroad rates, an expansionary monetary policy, and a Sub-Treasury Plan that required the establishment of federally controlled warehouses to aid farmers. Other Populist-endorsed measures included bimetallism, a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, a shorter workweek, and the establishment of a postal savings system. These measures were collectively designed to curb the influence of monopolistic corporate and financial interests and empower small businesses, farmers and laborers.

In the 1892 presidential election, the Populist ticket of James B. Weaver and James G. Field won 8.5% of the popular vote and carried four Western states, becoming the first third party since the end of the American Civil War to win electoral votes. Despite the support of labor organizers like Eugene V. Debs and Terence V. Powderly, the party largely failed to win the vote of urban laborers in the Midwest and the Northeast. Over the next four years, the party continued to run state and federal candidates, building up powerful organizations in several Southern and Western states. Before the 1896 presidential election, the Populists became increasingly polarized between "fusionists," who wanted to nominate a joint presidential ticket with the Democratic Party, and "mid-roaders," like Mary Elizabeth Lease, who favored the continuation of the Populists as an independent third party. After the 1896 Democratic National Convention nominated William Jennings Bryan, a prominent bimetallist, the Populists also nominated Bryan but rejected the Democratic vice-presidential nominee in favor of party leader Thomas E. Watson. In the 1896 election, Bryan swept the South and West but lost to Republican William McKinley by a decisive margin.

After the 1896 presidential election, the Populist Party suffered a nationwide collapse. The party nominated presidential candidates in the three presidential elections after 1896, but none came close to matching Weaver's performance in 1892. Former Populists became inactive or joined other parties. Other than Debs and Bryan, few politicians associated with the Populists retained national prominence.

Historians see the Populists as a reaction to the power of corporate interests in the Gilded Age, but they debate the degree to which the Populists were anti-modern and nativist. Scholars also continue to debate the magnitude of influence the Populists exerted on later organizations and movements, such as the progressives of the early 20th century. Most of the Progressives, such as Theodore Roosevelt, Robert La Follette, and Woodrow Wilson, were bitter enemies of the Populists. In American political rhetoric, "populist" was originally associated with the Populist Party and related to left-wing movements, but beginning in the 1950s it began to take on a more generic meaning, describing any anti-establishment movement regardless of its position on the left–right political spectrum.

Third party antecedents

Ideologically, the Populist Party originated in the debate over monetary policy in the aftermath of the American Civil War. In order to fund that war, the U.S. government had left the gold standard by issuing fiat paper currency known as Greenbacks. After the war, the Eastern financial establishment strongly favored a return to the gold standard for both ideological reasons (they believed that money must be backed by gold which, they argued, had intrinsic value) and economic gain (a return to the gold standard would make their government bonds more valuable). Successive presidential administrations favored "hard money" policies that retired the greenbacks, thereby shrinking the amount of currency in circulation. Financial interests also won passage of the Coinage Act of 1873, which barred the coinage of silver, thereby ending a policy of bimetallism. The deflation caused by these policies affected farmers especially strongly, since deflation made it more difficult to pay debts and led to lower prices for agricultural products.

Angered by these developments, some farmers and other groups began calling for the government to permanently adopt fiat currency. These advocates of "soft money" were influenced by economist Edward Kellogg and Alexander Campbell, both of whom advocated for fiat money issued by a central bank. Despite fierce partisan rivalries, the two major parties were both closely allied with business interests and supported largely similar economic policies, including the gold standard. The Democratic Party's 1868 platform endorsed the continued use of greenbacks, but the party embraced hard money policies after the 1868 election.

Though soft money forces were able to win some support in the West, launching a third party proved difficult in the rest of the country. The United States was deeply polarized by the sectional politics of the post-Civil War era; most Northerners remained firmly attached to the Republican Party, while most Southerners identified with the Democratic Party. In the 1870s advocates of soft money formed the Greenback Party, which called for the continued use of paper money as well as the restoration of bimetallism. Greenback nominee James B. Weaver won over three percent of the vote in the 1880 presidential election, but the Greenback Party was unable to build a durable base of support, and it collapsed in the 1880s. Many former Greenback Party supporters joined the Union Labor Party, but it also failed to win widespread support.

Farmer's Alliance

A group of farmers formed the Farmers' Alliance in Lampasas, Texas in 1877, and the organization quickly spread to surrounding counties. The Farmers' Alliance promoted collective economic action by farmers in order to cope with the crop-lien system, which left economic power in the hands of a mercantile elite that furnished goods on credit. The movement became increasingly popular throughout Texas in the mid-1880s, and membership in the organization grew from 10,000 in 1884 to 50,000 at the end of 1885. At the same time, the Farmer's Alliance became increasingly politicized, with members attacking the "money trust" as the source and beneficiary of both the crop lien system and deflation. In the hopes of cementing an alliance with labor groups, the Farmer's Alliance supported the Knights of Labor in the Great Southwest railroad strike of 1886. That same year, a Farmer's Alliance convention issued the Cleburne Demands, a series of resolutions that called for, among other things, collective bargaining, federal regulation of railroad rates, an expansionary monetary policy, and a national banking system administered by the federal government.

President Grover Cleveland's veto of a Texas seed bill in early 1887 outraged many farmers, encouraging the growth of a northern Farmer's Alliance in states like Kansas and Nebraska. That same year, a prolonged drought began in the West, contributing to the bankruptcy of many farmers. In 1887, the Farmer's Alliance merged with the Louisiana Farmers Union and expanded into the South and the Great Plains. In 1889, Charles Macune launched the National Economist, which became the national paper of the Farmer's Alliance.

Macune and other Farmer's Alliance leaders helped organize a December 1889 convention in St. Louis; the convention met with the goal of forming a confederation of the major farm and labor organizations. Though a full merger was not achieved, the Farmer's Alliance and the Knights of Labor jointly endorsed the St. Louis Platform, which included many of the long-standing demands of the Farmer's Alliance. The Platform added a call for Macune's "Sub-Treasury Plan," under which the federal government would establish warehouses in agricultural counties; farmers would be allowed to store their crops in these warehouses and borrow up to 80 percent of the value of their crops. The movement began to expand into the Northeast and the Great Lakes region, while Macune led the establishment of the National Reform Press Association, a network of newspapers sympathetic to the Farmer's Alliance.

Formation
The Farmer's Alliance had initially sought to work within the two-party system, but by 1891 many party leaders had become convinced of the need for a third party that could challenge the conservatism of both major parties. In the 1890 elections, Farmer's Alliance-backed candidates won dozens of races for the U.S. House of Representatives and gained majorities in several state legislatures. Many of these individuals were elected in coalition with Democrats; in Nebraska, the Farmer's Alliance forged an alliance with newly elected Congressman William Jennings Bryan, while in Tennessee, local Farmer's Alliance leader John P. Buchanan was elected governor on the Democratic ticket. As most leading Democrats refused to endorse the Sub-Treasury, many leaders of the Farmer's Alliance remained dissatisfied with both major parties.

In December 1890, a Farmer's Alliance convention re-stated the organization's platform with the Ocala Demands; Farmer's Alliance leaders also agreed to hold another convention in early 1892 to discuss the possibility of establishing a third party if Democrats failed to adopt their policy goals. Among those who favored the establishment of a third party were Farmer's Alliance president Leonidas L. Polk, Georgia newspaper editor Thomas E. Watson, and former Congressman Ignatius L. Donnelly of Minnesota.

The February 1892 Farmer's Alliance convention was attended by supporters of Edward Bellamy and Henry George, as well as current and former members of the Greenback Party, Prohibition Party, Anti-Monopoly Party, Labor Reform Party, Union Labor Party, United Labor Party, Workingmen Party, and dozens of other minor parties. Delivering the final speech of the convention, Ignatius L. Donnelly, stated, "We meet in the midst of a nation brought to the verge of moral, political, and material ruin. ... We seek to restore the government of the republic to the hands of the 'plain people' with whom it originated. Our doors are open to all points of the compass. ... The interests of rural and urban labor are the same; their enemies are identical." Following Donnelly's speech, delegates agreed to establish the People's Party and hold a presidential nominating convention on July 4 in Omaha, Nebraska. Journalists covering the fledgling party began referring to it as the "Populist Party," and that term quickly became widely popular.

1892 election

The initial front-runner for the Populist Party's presidential nomination was Leonidas Polk, who had served as the chairman of the convention in St. Louis, but he died of an illness weeks before the Populist convention. The party instead turned to former Union General and 1880 Greenback presidential nominee James B. Weaver of Iowa, nominating him on a ticket with former Confederate army officer James G. Field of Virginia. The convention agreed to a party platform known as the Omaha Platform, which proposed the implementation of the Sub-Treasury and other longtime Farmer's Alliance goals. The platform also called for a graduated income tax, direct election of Senators, a shorter workweek, restrictions on immigration to the United States, and public ownership of railroads and communication lines.

The Populists appealed most strongly to voters in the South, the Great Plains, and the Rocky Mountains. In the Rocky Mountains, Populist voters were motivated by support for free silver (bimetallism), opposition to the power of railroads, and clashes with large landowners over water rights. In the South and the Great Plains, Populists had a broad appeal among farmers, but relatively little support in cities and towns. Businessmen and, to a lesser extent, skilled craftsmen were appalled by the perceived radicalism of Populist proposals. Even in rural areas, many voters resisted casting aside their long-standing partisan allegiances. Turner concludes that Populism appealed most strongly to economically distressed farmers who were isolated from urban centers. Linda Slaughter, a prominent women's rights advocate from the Dakota Territory, also participated in the convention, making her the first American woman to vote for a presidential candidate at a national convention.

One of the Populist Party's central goals was to create a coalition between farmers in the South and West and urban laborers in the Midwest and Northeast. In the latter regions, the Populists received the support of union officials like Knights of Labor leader Terrence Powderly and railroad organizer Eugene V. Debs, as well as author Edward Bellamy's Nationalist Clubs. But the Populists lacked compelling campaign planks that appealed specifically to urban laborers, and were largely unable to mobilize support in urban areas. Corporate leaders had largely been successful in preventing labor from organizing politically and economically, and union membership did not rival that of the Farmer's Alliance. Some unions, including the fledgling American Federation of Labor, refused to endorse any political party. Populists were also largely unable to win the support of farmers in the Northeast and the more developed parts of the Midwest.

In the 1892 presidential election, Democratic nominee Grover Cleveland, a strong supporter of the gold standard, defeated incumbent Republican President Benjamin Harrison. Weaver won over one million votes, carried Colorado, Kansas, Idaho, and Nevada, and received electoral votes from Oregon and North Dakota. He was the first third-party candidate since the Civil War to win electoral votes, while Field was the first Southern candidate to win electoral votes since the 1872 election. The Populists performed strongly in the West, but many party leaders were disappointed by the results in parts of the South and the entire Great Lakes Region. Weaver failed to win more than 5% of the vote in any state east of the Mississippi River and north of the Mason–Dixon line.

Between presidential elections, 1893–1895
Shortly after Cleveland took office, the country fell into a deep recession known as the Panic of 1893. In response, Cleveland and his Democratic allies repealed the Sherman Silver Purchase Act and passed the Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act, which provided for a minor reduction in tariff rates. The Populists denounced the Cleveland administration's continued adherence to the gold standard, and they angrily attacked the administration's decision to purchase gold from a syndicate led by J. P. Morgan. Millions fell into unemployment and poverty, and groups like Coxey's Army organized protest marches in Washington, D.C. Party membership grew in several states; historian Lawrence Goodwyn estimates that in the mid-1890s the party had "a following of anywhere from 25 to 45 percent of the electorate in twenty-odd states." Partly due to the growing popularity of the Populist movement, the Democratic Congress included a provision to re-implement a federal income tax in the 1894 Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act.

The Populists faced challenges from both the established major parties and the "Silverites," who generally disregarded the Omaha Platform in favor of bimetallism. These Silverites, who formed groups like the Silver Party and the Silver Republican Party, became particularly strong in Western mining states like Nevada and Colorado. In Colorado, Populists elected Davis Hanson Waite as governor, but the party divided over the Waite's refusal to break the Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894. Silverites were also strong in Nebraska, where Democratic Congressman William Jennings Bryan continued to enjoy the support of many Nebraska Populists. A coalition of Democrats and Populists elected Populist William V. Allen to the Senate.

The 1894 elections were a massive defeat for the Democratic Party throughout the country, and a mixed result for the Populists. Populists performed poorly in the West and Midwest, where Republicans dominated, but won elections in Alabama and other states. In the aftermath, some party leaders, particularly those outside the South, became convinced of the need to fuse with Democrats and adopt bimetallism as the party's key issue. Party chairman Herman Taubeneck declared that the party should abandon the Omaha Platform and "unite the reform forces of the nation" behind bimetallism. Meanwhile, leading Democrats increasingly distanced themselves from Cleveland's gold standard policies in the aftermath of their performance in the 1894 elections.

The Populists became increasingly polarized between moderate "fusionists" like Taubeneck and radical "mid-roaders" (named for their desire to take a middle road between Democrats and Republicans) like Tom Watson. Fusionists believed the perceived radicalism of the Omaha Platform limited the party's appeal, whereas a platform based on free silver would resonate with a wide array of groups. The mid-roaders believed that free silver did not represent serious economic reform, and continued to call for government ownership of railroads, major changes to the financial system, and resistance to the influence of large corporations. One Texas Populist wrote that free silver would "leave undisturbed all the conditions which give rise to the undue concentration of wealth. The so-called silver party may prove a veritable Trojan Horse if we are not careful." In an attempt to get the party to repudiate the Omaha Platform in favor of free silver, Taubeneck called a party convention in December 1894. Rather than repudiating the Omaha Platform, the convention expanded it to include a call for the municipal ownership of public utilities.

Populist-Republican fusion in North Carolina
In 1894–1896 the Populist wave of agrarian unrest swept through the cotton and tobacco regions of the South. The most dramatic impact was in North Carolina, where the poor white farmers who comprised the Populist party formed a working coalition with the Republican Party, then largely controlled by blacks in the low country, and poor whites in the mountain districts. They took control of the state legislature in both 1894 and 1896, and the governorship in 1896. Restrictive rules on voting were repealed. In 1895 the legislature rewarded its black allies with patronage, naming 300 black magistrates in eastern districts, as well as deputy sheriffs and city policemen. They also received some federal patronage from the coalition congressman, and state patronage from the governor.

Women and African Americans
Due to the prevailing racist attitudes of the late 19th century, any political alliance of Southern blacks and Southern whites was difficult to construct, but shared economic concerns allowed some transracial coalition building. After 1886, black farmers started organizing local agricultural groups along the lines the Farmer's Alliance advocated, and in 1888 the national Colored Alliance was established.

Some southern Populists, including Watson, openly spoke of the need for poor blacks and poor whites to set aside their racial differences in the name of shared economic interests. The Populists followed the Prohibition Party in actively including women in their affairs. But regardless of these appeals, racism did not evade the People's Party. Prominent Populist Party leaders such as Marion Butler at least partially demonstrated a dedication to the cause of white supremacy, and there appears to have been some support for this viewpoint in the party's rank-and-file membership. After 1900 Watson himself became an outspoken white supremacist.

Conspiratorial tendencies
Historians continue to debate the degree to which the Populists were bigoted against foreigners and Jews. Members of the anti-Catholic American Protective Association were influential in California's Populist Party organization, and some Populists embraced the anti-Semitic conspiracy theory that the Rothschild family sought to control the United States. Historian Hasia Diner says:

 * Some Populists believed that Jews made up a class of international financiers whose policies had ruined small family farms, they asserted, owned the banks and promoted the gold standard, the chief sources of their impoverishment. Agrarian radicalism posited the city as antithetical to American values, asserting that Jews were the essence of urban corruption.

Presidential election of 1896

In the lead-up to the 1896 presidential election, mid-roaders, fusionists, and free silver Democrats all maneuvered to put their favored candidates in the best position to win. Mid-roaders sought to ensure that the Populists would hold their national convention before that of the Democratic Party, thereby ensuring that they could not be accused of dividing "reform" forces. Defying those hopes, Taubeneck arranged for the 1896 Populist National Convention to take place one week after the 1896 Democratic National Convention. Mid-roaders mobilized to defeat the fusionists; the Southern Mercury urged readers to nominate convention delegates who would "support the Omaha Platform in its entirety." As most of the party's high-ranking officeholders were fusionists, the mid-roaders faced difficulty in uniting around a candidate.

The 1896 Republican National Convention nominated William McKinley, a long-time Republican leader who was best known for leading the passage of 1890 McKinley Tariff. McKinley initially sought to downplay the gold standard in favor of campaigning on higher tariff rates, but he agreed to fully endorse the gold standard at the insistence of Republican donors and party leaders. Meeting later in the year, the 1896 Democratic National Convention nominated William Jennings Bryan for president after Bryan's Cross of Gold speech galvanized the party behind free silver. For vice president, the party nominated conservative shipping magnate Arthur Sewall.

When the Populist convention met, fusionists proposed that the Populists nominate the Democratic ticket, while mid-roaders organized to defeat fusionist efforts. As Sewall was objectionable to many within the party, the mid-roaders successfully moved a motion to nominate the vice president first. Despite a telegram from Bryan indicating that he would not accept the Populist nomination if the party did not also nominate Sewall, the convention chose Tom Watson as the party's vice presidential nominee. The convention also reaffirmed the major planks of the 1892 platform and added support for initiatives and referendums. When the convention's presidential ballot began, it was still unclear whether Bryan would be nominated for president and whether Bryan would accept the nomination if offered. Mid-roaders put forward their own candidate, obscure newspaper editor S. F. Norton, but Norton was unable to win the support of many delegates. After a long and contentious series of roll call votes, Bryan won the Populist presidential nomination, taking 1042 votes to Norton's 321 votes.

Despite his earlier proclamation, Bryan accepted the Populist nomination. Facing a massive financial and organizational disadvantage, Bryan embarked on a campaign that took him across the country. He largely ignored major cities and the Northeast, instead focusing on the Midwest, which he hoped to win in conjunction with the Great Plains, the Far West, and the South. Watson, ostensibly Bryan's running mate, campaigned on a platform of "Straight Populism" and frequently attacked Sewall as an agent for "the banks and railroads." He delivered several speeches in Texas and the Midwest before returning to his home in Georgia for the remainder of the election.

Ultimately, McKinley won a decisive majority of the electoral vote and became the first presidential candidate to win a majority of the popular vote since the 1876 presidential election. Bryan swept the old Populist strongholds in the West and South, and added the silverite states in the West, but did poorly in the industrial heartland. His strength was largely based on the traditional Democratic vote, but he lost many German Catholics and members of the middle class. Historians believe his defeat was partly attributable to the tactics Bryan used; he had aggressively "run" for president, while traditional candidates would use "front porch campaigns." The united opposition of nearly all business leaders and most religious leaders also hurt his candidacy, as did his poor showing among Catholic groups who were alienated by Bryan's emphasis on Protestant moral values.

Collapse

The Populist movement never recovered from the failure of 1896, and national fusion with the Democrats proved disastrous to the party. In the Midwest, the Populist Party essentially merged into the Democratic Party before the end of the 1890s. In the South, the National Alliance with the Democrats sapped the Populists' ability to remain independent. Tennessee's Populist Party was demoralized by a diminishing membership, and puzzled and split by the dilemma of whether to fight the state-level enemy (the Democrats) or the national foe (the Republicans and Wall Street). By 1900 the People's Party of Tennessee was a shadow of what it once was. A similar pattern repeated throughout the South, where the Populist Party had previously sought alliances with the Republican Party against the dominant state Democrats, including in Watson's Georgia.

In North Carolina, the state Democratic Party orchestrated a propaganda campaign in newspapers across the state, and created a brutal and violent white supremacy election campaign to defeat the North Carolina Populists and GOP, the Fusionist revolt in North Carolina collapsed in 1898, and white Democrats returned to power. The gravity of the crisis was underscored by a major race riot in Wilmington in 1898, two days after the election. Knowing they had just retaken control of the state legislature, the Democrats were confident they could not be overcome. They attacked and overcame the Fusionists; mobs roamed the black neighborhoods, shooting, killing, burning buildings, and making a special target of the black newspaper. There were no further insurgencies in any Southern states involving a successful black coalition at the state level. By 1900, the gains of the populist-Republican coalition were reversed, and the Democrats ushered in disfranchisement: practically all blacks lost their vote, and the Populist-Republican alliance fell apart.

In 1900, many Populist voters supported Bryan again (though Marion Butler's home county of Sampson swung heavily to Republican McKinley in a backlash against the state Democratic party), but the weakened party nominated a separate ticket of Wharton Barker and Ignatius L. Donnelly, and disbanded afterward. The prosperity of the first decade of the 1900s helped ensure that the party continued to fade away. Populist activists retired from politics, joined a major party, or followed Debs into the Socialist Party.

In 1904, the party was reorganized, and Watson was its nominee for president in 1904 and 1908, after which the party disbanded again.

In A Preface to Politics, published in 1913, Walter Lippmann wrote, "As I write, a convention of the Populist Party has just taken place. Eight delegates attended the meeting, which was held in a parlor." This may record the last gasp of the party organization.

Legacy
According to Gene Clanton's study of Kansas, populism and progressivism had a few similarities but different bases of support. Both opposed trusts. Populism emerged earlier and came out of the farm community. It was radically egalitarian in favor. It was weak in the towns and cities except in labor unions. Progressivism, on the other hand, was a later movement. It emerged after the 1890s from the urban business and professional communities. Most of its activists had opposed populism. It was elitist, and emphasized education and expertise. Its goals were to enhance efficiency, reduce waste, and enlarge the opportunities for upward social mobility. However, some former Populists changed their emphasis after 1900 and supported progressive reforms.

Debate by historians
Since the 1890s historians have vigorously debated the nature of Populism. Some historians see the populists as forward-looking liberal reformers, others as reactionaries trying to recapture an idyllic and utopian past. For some, they were radicals out to restructure American life, and for others, they were economically hard-pressed agrarians seeking government relief. Much recent scholarship emphasizes Populism's debt to early American republicanism. Clanton (1991) stresses that Populism was "the last significant expression of an old radical tradition that derived from Enlightenment sources that had been filtered through a political tradition that bore the distinct imprint of Jeffersonian, Jacksonian, and Lincolnian democracy." This tradition emphasized human rights over the cash nexus of the Gilded Age's dominant ideology.

Frederick Jackson Turner and a succession of western historians depicted the Populists as responding to the closure of the frontier. Turner wrote:

 * The Farmers' Alliance and the Populist demand for government ownership of the railroad is a phase of the same effort of the pioneer farmer, on his latest frontier. The proposals have taken increasing proportions in each region of Western Advance. Taken as a whole, Populism is a manifestation of the old pioneer ideals of the native American, with the added element of increasing readiness to utilize the national government to effect its ends.

The most influential Turner student of Populism was John D. Hicks, who emphasized economic pragmatism over ideals, presenting Populism as interest group politics, with have-nots demanding their fair share of America's wealth which was being leeched off by nonproductive speculators. Hicks emphasized the drought that ruined so many Kansas farmers, but also pointed to financial manipulations, deflation in prices caused by the gold standard, high interest rates, mortgage foreclosures, and high railroad rates. Corruption accounted for such outrages and Populists presented popular control of government as the solution, a point that later students of republicanism emphasized. In the 1930s, C. Vann Woodward stressed the southern base, seeing the possibility of a black-and-white coalition of poor against the overbearing rich.

In the 1950s, scholars such as Richard Hofstadter portrayed the Populist movement as an irrational response of backward-looking farmers to the challenges of modernity. Though Hofstadter wrote that the Populists were the "first modern political movement of practical importance in the United States to insist that the federal government had some responsibility for the common weal", he criticized the movement as anti-Semitic, conspiracy-minded, nativist, and grievance-based. According to Hofstadter, the antithesis of anti-modern Populism was the modernizing nature of Progressivism. Hofstadter noted that leading progressives like Theodore Roosevelt, Robert La Follette Sr., George Norris and Woodrow Wilson were vehement enemies of Populism, though Bryan cooperated with them and accepted the Populist nomination in 1896. Reichley (1992) sees the Populist Party primarily as a reaction to the decline of the political hegemony of white Protestant farmers; the share of farmers in the workforce had fallen from about 70% in the early 1830s to about 33% in the 1890s. Reichley argues that, while the Populist Party was founded in reaction to economic hardship, by the mid-1890s it was "reacting not simply against the money power but against the whole world of cities and alien customs and loose living they felt was challenging the agrarian way of life."

Goodwyn (1976) and Postel (2007) reject the notion that the Populists were traditionalistic and anti-modern. Rather, they argue, the Populists aggressively sought self-consciously progressive goals. Goodwyn criticizes Hofstadter's reliance on secondary sources to characterize the Populists, working instead with material generated by the Populists themselves. Goodwyn determines that the farmers' cooperatives gave rise to a Populist culture, and their efforts to free farmers from lien merchants revealed to them the political structure of the economy, which propelled them into politics. The Populists sought diffusion of scientific and technical knowledge, formed highly centralized organizations, launched large-scale incorporated businesses, and pressed for an array of state-centered reforms. Hundreds of thousands of women committed to Populism, seeking a more modern life, education, and employment in schools and offices. A large section of the labor movement looked to Populism for answers, forging a political coalition with farmers that gave impetus to the regulatory state. Progress, however, was also menacing and inhumane, Postel notes. White Populists embraced social-Darwinist notions of racial improvement, Chinese exclusion and separate-but-equal.

Influence on later movements
Populist voters remained active in the electorate long after 1896, but historians continue to debate which party, if any, absorbed the largest share of them. In a case study of California Populists, historian Michael Magliari found that Populist voters influenced reform movements in California's Democratic Party and Socialist Party, but had a smaller impact on California's Republican Party. In 1990, historian William F. Holmes wrote, "an earlier generation of historians viewed Populism as the initiator of twentieth-century liberalism as manifested in Progressivism, but over the past two decades we have learned that fundamental differences separated the two movements." Most of the leading progressives (except Bryan) fiercely opposed Populism. Theodore Roosevelt, Norris, La Follette, William Allen White and Wilson all strongly opposed Populism. It is debated whether any Populist ideas made their way into the Democratic Party during the New Deal era. The New Deal farm programs were designed by experts (like Henry A. Wallace) who had nothing to do with Populism. Michael Kazin's The Populist Persuasion (1995) argues that Populism reflected a rhetorical style that manifested itself in spokesmen like Father Charles Coughlin in the 1930s and Governor George Wallace in the 1960s. In ''Where Did the Party Go? William Jennings Bryan, Hubert Humphrey, and the Jeffersonian Legacy (2006) and Politics on a Human Scale: The American Tradition of Decentralism'' (2013), Jeff Taylor argues that William Jennings Bryan's liberalism was different from the New Deal liberalism of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Long after the dissolution of the Populist Party, other third parties, including a People's Party founded in 1971, and a separate People's Party founded in 2017 and a Populist Party founded in 1984, took on similar names. These parties were not directly related to the Populist Party.

Populism as a generic term
In the United States, the term "populist" originally referred to the Populist Party and related left-wing movements of the late 19th century that wanted to curtail the power of the corporate and financial establishment. Later the term "populist" began to apply to any anti-establishment movement. The original generic definition of the term, which has held consistently since the emergence of its post-Populist Party genericness, describes a populist as "a believer in the rights, wisdom, or virtues of the common people." In the 21st century, the term once again began to be used. Politicians as diverse as independent left-wing Senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont and Republican President Donald Trump have been labeled populists.

Governors

 * Colorado: Davis Hanson Waite, 1893–1895
 * Idaho: Frank Steunenberg, 1897–1901 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
 * Kansas: Lorenzo D. Lewelling, 1893–1895
 * Kansas: John W. Leedy, 1897–1899
 * Nebraska: Silas A. Holcomb, 1895–1899 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
 * Nebraska: William A. Poynter, 1899–1901 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
 * North Carolina: Daniel Lindsay Russell, 1897–1901 (coalition of Republicans and Populists)
 * Oregon: Sylvester Pennoyer, 1887–1895 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
 * North Dakota: Eli C.D. Shortridge 1893–1895 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)
 * South Dakota: Andrew E. Lee, 1897–1901
 * Tennessee: John P. Buchanan, 1891–1893
 * Washington: John Rogers, 1897–1901 (fusion of Democrats and Populists)

Members of Congress
Approximately forty-five members of the party served in the U.S. Congress between 1891 and 1902. These included six United States Senators:

 * William A. Peffer and William A. Harris from Kansas
 * Marion Butler of North Carolina
 * James H. Kyle from South Dakota
 * Henry Heitfeld of Idaho
 * William V. Allen from Nebraska

The following were Populist members of the U.S. House of Representatives:

52nd United States Congress

 * Thomas E. Watson, Georgia's 10th congressional district
 * Benjamin Hutchinson Clover, Kansas's 3rd congressional district
 * John Grant Otis, Kansas's 4th congressional district
 * John Davis, Kansas's 5th congressional district
 * William Baker, Kansas's 6th congressional district
 * Jerry Simpson, Kansas's 7th congressional district
 * Kittel Halvorson, Minnesota's 5th congressional district
 * William A. McKeighan, Nebraska's 2nd congressional district
 * Omer Madison Kem, Nebraska's 3rd congressional district

53rd United States Congress

 * Haldor Boen, Minnesota's 7th congressional district
 * Marion Cannon, California's 6th congressional district
 * Lafayette Pence, Colorado's 1st congressional district
 * John Calhoun Bell, Colorado's 2nd congressional district
 * Thomas Jefferson Hudson, Kansas's 3rd congressional district
 * John Davis, Kansas' 5th congressional district
 * William Baker, Kansas' 6th congressional district
 * Jerry Simpson, Kansas' 7th congressional district
 * William A. Harris, Kansas Member-at-large
 * William A. McKeighan, Nebraska's 5th congressional district
 * Omer Madison Kem, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
 * Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district

54th United States Congress

 * Albert Taylor Goodwyn, Alabama's 5th congressional district
 * Milford W. Howard, Alabama's 7th congressional district
 * William Baker, Kansas' 6th congressional district
 * Omer Madison Kem, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
 * Harry Skinner, North Carolina's 1st congressional district
 * William F. Strowd, North Carolina's 4th congressional district
 * Charles H. Martin (1848–1931), North Carolina's 6th congressional district
 * Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district

55th United States Congress

 * Albert Taylor Goodwyn, Alabama's 5th congressional district
 * Charles A. Barlow, California's 6th congressional district
 * Curtis H. Castle, California's 7th congressional district
 * James Gunn, Idaho's 1st congressional district
 * Mason Summers Peters, Kansas's 2nd congressional district
 * Edwin Reed Ridgely, Kansas's 3rd congressional district
 * William Davis Vincent, Kansas's 5th congressional district
 * Nelson B. McCormick, Kansas's 6th congressional district
 * Jerry Simpson, Kansas's 7th congressional district
 * Jeremiah Dunham Botkin, Kansas Member-at-large
 * Samuel Maxwell, Nebraska's 3rd congressional district
 * William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district
 * Roderick Dhu Sutherland, Nebraska's 5th congressional district
 * William Laury Greene, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
 * Harry Skinner, North Carolina's 1st congressional district
 * John E. Fowler, North Carolina's 3rd congressional district
 * William F. Strowd, North Carolina's 4th congressional district
 * Charles H. Martin, North Carolina's 5th congressional district
 * Alonzo C. Shuford, North Carolina's 7th congressional district
 * John Edward Kelley, South Dakota's 1st congressional district
 * Freeman T. Knowles, South Dakota's 2nd congressional district

56th United States Congress

 * William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district
 * Roderick Dhu Sutherland, Nebraska's 5th congressional district
 * William Laury Greene, Nebraska's 6th congressional district
 * John W. Atwater, North Carolina's 4th congressional district

57th United States Congress

 * Thomas L. Glenn, Idaho's 1st congressional district
 * Caldwell Edwards, Montana's 1st congressional district
 * William Ledyard Stark, Nebraska's 4th congressional district
 * William Neville, Nebraska's 6th congressional district

Contemporary accounts

title: People's Party (United States)


text:
List of San Francisco Bay Area writers

This is a list of San Francisco Bay Area writers, notable writers who have lived in, or written about, the San Francisco Bay Area.

A

 * Chester Aaron (May 9, 1923 – August 30, 2019), An American Ghost
 * Scott Adams (June 8, 1957 – ), Dilbert
 * Kim Addonizio (July 31, 1954 – ), My Dreams Out in the Street
 * Laura Albert (November 2, 1965 – ), The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things
 * David M. Alexander (1945 – ), My Real Name Is Lisa
 * Isabel Allende (August 2, 1942 – ), The House of the Spirits
 * Dorothy Allison (April 11, 1949 – ), Bastard out of Carolina
 * Charlie Jane Anders, Six Months, Three Days
 * Brent Anderson (June 15, 1955 – ), Astro City series
 * Robert Mailer Anderson, Boonville, The Adventures of Teddy Ballgame, Windows on the World
 * Sarah Andrews, An Eye For Gold
 * Maya Angelou (April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014), I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings
 * Tamim Ansary (November 4, 1948 – ), West of Kabul, East of New York

B

 * Natalie Baszile, Queen Sugar
 * Peter S. Beagle (April 20, 1939 – ), The Last Unicorn
 * John Bear (1938 – ), Bears' Guide to Earning Degrees by Distance Learning
 * Dodie Bellamy, Pink Steam
 * Hester A. Benedict (1838-1921), president, Pacific Coast Women's Press Association
 * Ambrose Bierce (1842-1914?)
 * Terry Bisson (February 12, 1942 - January 10, 2024), "They're Made Out of Meat"
 * Vance Bourjaily (September 17, 1922 – August 31, 2010), Brill Among the Ruins
 * Steven R. Boyett, Elegy Beach
 * Kate Braverman (February 5, 1949 – October 12, 2019), "Squandering the Blue"
 * Gray Brechin (September 2, 1947 – ), "Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin"
 * Genea Brice Poet laureate of Vallejo, California
 * Luther Burbank (March 7, 1849 – April 11, 1926), How Plants are Trained to Work for Man

C

 * Patrick Califia (1954 – ), Speaking Sex to Power
 * Ethan Canin (July 19, 1960 – ), For Kings and Planets
 * Gail Carriger (May 4, 1976 – ), Soulless
 * Michael Chabon (May 24, 1963 – ), The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay
 * Meg Waite Clayton (January 1, 1959 – ), The Last Train to London, The Race for Paris, The Wednesday Sisters
 * Andy Couturier (June 3, 1964 – ), The Abundance of Less
 * Belo Cipriani (June 21, 1980 – ), Blind: A Memoir
 * Ann Weiser Cornell (1949 – ), The Power of Focusing

D
James Dalessandro, author/screenwriter of "1906:A Novel", "Bohemian Heart", and "Citizen Jane."
 * Avram Davidson (April 23, 1923 – May 8, 1993), The Scarlet Fig
 * Kyra Davis, Sex, Murder and a Double Latte
 * Tiffanie DeBartolo (November 27, 1970 – ), How To Kill a Rock Star, Dream for an Insomniac
 * Alonzo Delano (July 2, 1806 – September 8, 1874), On the Trail to the California Gold Rush
 * Diane di Prima (August 6, 1934 – October 25, 2020), Loba
 * N. A. Diaman (November 1, 1936 – November 8, 2020), Castro Street Memories
 * Philip K. Dick (December 16, 1928 – March 2, 1982), Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?
 * Greg Downs (November 22, 1971 – ), Spit Baths
 * Richard Dry (September 4, 1967 -- ), Leaving
 * Howard Dully (November 30, 1948 – ), My Lobotomy
 * Robert Duncan (January 7, 1919 – February 3, 1988), The Opening of the Field, Bending the Bow

E

 * Dossie Easton (February 26, 1944 – ), The Ethical Slut
 * Dave Eggers (March 12, 1970 – ), A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius, You Shall Know Our Velocity
 * Duane Elgin (1943 – ), Voluntary Simplicity
 * Stephen Elliott (December 3, 1971 – ), Happy Baby

F

 * Lawrence Ferlinghetti (March 24, 1919 – February 22, 2021), A Coney Island of the Mind
 * Timothy Ferris (August 29, 1944 – ), The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report
 * Karen Joy Fowler (February 7, 1950 – ), The Jane Austen Book Club
 * Soma Mei Sheng Frazier
 * Robert Frost (March 26, 1874 – January 29, 1963), "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening"

G

 * Michelle Gagnon (July 4, 1971 – ), Don't Turn Around
 * Cristina Garcia, Dreaming in Cuban; The Aguero Sisters; King of Cuba
 * Erle Stanley Gardner (July 17, 1889 – March 11, 1970), Perry Mason novels
 * Eric Garris (December 1953 – )
 * Allen Ginsberg (June 3, 1926 – April 5, 1997), "Howl"
 * Robert Gluck (February 2, 1947 –), Jack the Modernist, Margery Kempe
 * Herbert Gold (March 9, 1924 – November 19, 2023), Birth of a Hero
 * Lisa Goldstein (November 21, 1953 – ), The Red Magician
 * Daphne Gottlieb (1968 – ), Final Girl
 * Judy Grahn (July 28, 1940 – ), A Woman Is Talking to Death
 * Andrew Sean Greer (November 21, 1970 – ), Less
 * Susan Griffin (January 26, 1943), Woman and Nature: the Roaring Inside Her

H

 * Katie Hafner (1957 –), A Romance on Three Legs
 * Dashiell Hammett (1894 – 1961)
 * Daniel Handler (February 28, 1970 – ), A Series of Unfortunate Events
 * Jean Hegland (1956 – ), Into the Forest
 * John L. Hennessy (1953 – ), Computer Organization and Design
 * Dorothy J. Heydt A Point of Honor
 * Jack Hirschman (1933 – 2021)
 * Jane Hirshfield (February 24, 1953 –), The Ink Dark Moon
 * Adam Hochschild (1942 – ), King Leopold's Ghost
 * Khaled Hosseini (March 4, 1965 – ), The Kite Runner
 * Daedalus Howell (July 19, 1972 – ), The Late Projectionist

J

 * Shirley Jackson (1916 – 1965)

K

 * Richard Kadrey (1957 – ), From Myst to Riven
 * Alan Kaufman, Jew Boy
 * Jack Kerouac (March 12, 1922 – October 21, 1969), On the Road
 * Laleh Khadivi, The Walking; The Age of Orphans
 * Derek Kirk Kim (1974 – ), Same Difference and Other Stories
 * Carla King (1958 – ), American Borders, Stories from Elsewhere
 * Laurie R. King (September 19, 1952 – ), The Beekeeper's Apprentice
 * Maxine Hong Kingston (October 27, 1940 – ), The Woman Warrior
 * Ellen Klages (1954 – ), "Basement Magic"

L

 * Howard Lachtman (July 8, 1941 — ), American academic, literary critic, editor and author
 * Anne Lamott (April 10, 1954 – ), Hard Laughter
 * D.L. Lang Poet laureate of Vallejo, California
 * Michael Lederer (July 9, 1956 – ), Cadaqués
 * Ursula K. Le Guin (October 21, 1929 – January 22, 2018), The Dispossessed
 * Gus Lee (1946 – )
 * Fritz Reuter Leiber, Jr. (1910 – 1992)
 * Daniel Levitin (1957 – ), This Is Your Brain On Music, The Organized Mind
 * Michael Lewis (October 15, 1960 – ), Liar's Poker
 * Jack London (January 12, 1876 – November 22, 1916), "To Build a Fire"
 * Ki Longfellow (December 9, 1944 – ), "The Secret Magdalene"

M

 * Nick Mamatas (February 20, 1972 – ), Move Under Ground
 * Micheline Aharonian Marcom (1968 – ), Three Apples Fell from Heaven
 * Anthony Marra, A Constellation of Vital Phenomena
 * Armistead Maupin (May 13, 1944 – ), Tales of the City
 * Terry McMillan (October 18, 1951 –), Waiting to Exhale
 * Cathleen Miller (February 13, 1956 –), Champion of Choice
 * Joaquin Miller (September 8, 1837 – February 17, 1913), "Columbus"
 * Christopher Moore (January 1, 1957 – ), Bloodsucking Fiends
 * John Muir (1838 – 1914)

N

 * Annalee Newitz (1969 – ), White Trash: Race and Class in America
 * Janis Cooke Newman (1955 – ), Mary: Mrs. A. Lincoln
 * Wendy Newman (1967 – ), 121 First Dates: How to Succeed at Online Dating, Fall in Love, and Live Happily Ever After (Really!)
 * Beth Nguyen, Stealing Buddha's Dinner; Short Girls; Pioneer Girl
 * Katia Noyes, Crashing America

O

 * Carol Anne O'Marie (1933 – 2009)
 * Tommy Orange (January 19, 1982 –), There There

P

 * Charlotte Painter (1926 – ), The Fortunes of Laurie Breaux
 * Stephan Pastis (January 16, 1968 – ), Pearls Before Swine
 * Diana Paxson (February 20, 1943 – ), Mistress of the Jewels
 * Howard Pease (September 6, 1894 – April 14, 1974), The Tod Moran Mysteries
 * Aimee Phan, We Should Never Meet; The Reeducation of Cherry Truong
 * Michael Pollan (February 6, 1955 – ), The Omnivore's Dilemma
 * Tim Pratt (December 12, 1976 – ), The Strange Adventures of Rangergirl

Q

 * Carol Queen (1958 – ), Real Live Nude Girl
 * Lisa Quinn, $500 Room Makeovers

R

 * Justin Raimondo (November 18, 1951 – June 27, 2019), Reclaiming the American Right
 * Ruth Reichl (January 16, 1948 – ), Tender at the Bone
 * Mark Rein-Hagen, Vampire: The Masquerade
 * Kathryn Reiss (December 4, 1957 – ), Time Windows
 * Barbara Jane Reyes (1971 – ), Poeta en San Francisco
 * Rudy Rucker (March 22, 1946 – ), Software

S

 * William Saroyan (1908 – 1981)
 * Kate Schatz (September 19, 1978 – ), Rad American Women A-Z
 * Ariel Schrag (December 29, 1979 – ), Awkward
 * Charles M. Schulz (November 26, 1922 – February 12, 2000), Peanuts
 * Kemble Scott (1962 – ), SoMa
 * Mary Ann Shaffer (December 13, 1934 – February 16, 2008), The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society
 * Dave Smeds (1955 – ), The Sorcery Within
 * Jane Smiley (September 26, 1949 – ), A Thousand Acres
 * Jeremy Adam Smith, The Daddy Shift
 * Gary Snyder (1930 – )
 * Jeremy Snyder Poet laureate of Vallejo, California
 * Rebecca Solnit (1961 – ), River of Shadows
 * Starhawk (June 17, 1951 – ), The Spiral Dance
 * Joseph Staten, Halo: Contact Harvest
 * Danielle Steel (August 14, 1947 – )
 * Melissa Stein, Rough Honey, Terrible Blooms
 * George Sterling (1869 – 1926)
 * George R. Stewart (May 31, 1895 – August 22, 1980), Pickett's Charge
 * Lisa Gluskin Stonestreet (born 1968), The Greenhouse
 * Emelie Tracy Y. Swett (1863 – 1892), Californian Illustrated Magazine
 * Rachel Swirsky (April 14, 1982 – ), "The Lady Who Plucked Red Flowers Beneath the Queen’s Window"
 * Mattilda Bernstein Sycamore, That's Revolting!

T

 * Amy Tan (February 19, 1952 – ), The Joy Luck Club
 * Michelle Tea (1971 – ), Rose of No Man's Land
 * Daniel Terdiman (May 31, 1974 – ), The Entrepreneur's Guide to Second Life
 * Walter Tevis (1928 – 1994)
 * Robert Alfred Theobald (1884 – 1957), The Final Secret of Pearl Harbor
 * Adrian Tomine, Optic Nerve
 * Gail Tsukiyama, The Samurai's Garden
 * Mark Twain (1835 – April 21, 1910), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer

V

 * Abraham Verghese (1955 – ), My Own Country

W

 * Ayelet Waldman (December 11, 1964 – ), Love and Other Impossible Pursuits
 * Alice Walker (February 9, 1944 – ), The Color Purple
 * Vivian Walsh, Olive, the Other Reindeer
 * Alice Waters (April 28, 1944 – ), The Art of Simple Food
 * Jacob Weisman (February 23, 1965 – ), Death and the Elephant
 * Herman Whitaker (1867 – 1919), The Mystery of the Barranca
 * Sean Wilsey (1970 – ), Oh the Glory of It All
 * Yvor Winters (October 17, 1900 – January 25, 1968), "The Testament of a Stone"
 * Emma Wolf (1865 – 1932), A Prodigal in Love
 * Naomi Wolf (1962 – )
 * Tobias Wolff (June 19, 1945 – ), This Boy's Life
 * Russ Woody, The Wheel of Nuldoid

Y

 * Laurence Yep (1948 – )

Z

 * Daisy Zamora (June 20, 1950 – ), En limpio se escribe la vida
 * Helen Zia (1952 – )

title: List of San Francisco Bay Area writers


text:
Buster Crabbe

Clarence Linden "Buster" Crabbe II (February 7, 1908 – April 23, 1983) was an American two-time Olympic swimmer and film and television actor. He won the 1932 Olympic gold medal for 400-meter freestyle swimming event, which launched his career on the silver screen and later television. He starred in a variety of popular feature films and movie serials released between 1933 and the 1950s, portraying the top three syndicated comic-strip heroes of the 1930s: Tarzan, Flash Gordon, and Buck Rogers.

Early life
Crabbe was born in 1908 to Edward Clinton Simmons Crabbe, a real estate broker, and Lucy Agnes (née McNamara) Crabbe, in Oakland, California. He had a brother, Edward Clinton Simmons Crabbe Jr. (1909–1972). Crabbe grew up in Hawaii and graduated from Punahou School in Honolulu. He then attended the University of Southern California, where he was the school's first All-American swimmer (1931) and a 1931 NCAA freestyle titlist. He also became a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity before graduating from USC in 1931.

Olympic Games

Crabbe competed in two Olympic Games as a swimmer. At the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam, he won the bronze medal for the 1,500 meters freestyle, and at the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, he won the gold medal for the 400 meters freestyle when he beat Jean Taris of France by a tenth of a second.

Hollywood
He is credited in some films as "Larry Crabbe" or "Larry (Buster) Crabbe". His role in the Tarzan serial Tarzan the Fearless (1933) began a career in which Crabbe starred in more than a hundred films. In King of the Jungle (1933), Jungle Man (1941), and the serial King of the Congo (1952), he played typical "jungle man" roles. He starred in several popular films at this time, including The Sweetheart of Sigma Chi (1933), alongside Betty Grable, Search for Beauty (1934), and Daughter of Shanghai (1937) credited as Larry Crabbe.

In 1936, he was selected over several stars to play Flash Gordon in the first, very successful Universal Pictures Flash Gordon serial, which was followed by two sequels released in 1938 and 1940. The series was later edited and shown extensively on American television during the 1950s and 1960s, then fully restored for home video release. He also starred as Buck Rogers for Universal, playing the role with dark hair, unlike his blonde hair for Flash Gordon. In 1939 Crabbe reunited with Grable for a lead role in the mainstream comedy Million Dollar Legs.

Crabbe starred at the Billy Rose's Aquacade at the New York World's Fair during its second year (1940), replacing fellow Olympic swimmer and Tarzan actor Johnny Weissmuller.

During World War II, Crabbe was put under contract by Producers Releasing Corporation for lead roles from 1942 to 1946. He portrayed a Western folk-hero version of Billy the Kid in 13 films, and Billy Carson in 23, along with Al St. John as his sidekick. As a 34-year-old married man, Crabbe had a draft deferment, but made Army training films for the field artillery at Ft. Sill, Oklahoma, along with St. John. Crabbe also played some jungle roles for the studio.

Following the war, Crabbe appeared opposite Weissmuller as a rival in two jungle films, Swamp Fire (1946) and Captive Girl (1950). For his final multi-chapter movie serial, Crabbe returned to the jungle playing the role of Thun'da in King of the Congo (1952).

Television
Crabbe was frequently featured in archival footage in the children's television program, The Gabby Hayes Show. Prior to his playing "Captain Gallant", Crabbe had hosted the local New York City-based children's film wraparound television series, The Buster Crabbe Show. It was set against the backdrop of a ranch foreman's bunk house and featured Crabbe engaging his viewers with games, stories, craftmaking, hobbies, informational segments, and interviews with guest performers and personalities. This was in-between the reruns of old movie serials, westerns, and comedies. The Buster Crabbe Show was seen weekday evenings on WOR-TV (Channel 9) in New York City from Monday, March 12, 1951, to Friday, October 3, 1952. The series name was changed to Buster's Buddies! and returned to the NYC airways on WJZ-TV (Channel 7) (now WABC) on Monday, September 21, 1953. The WJZ TV version of the series included a studio audience of kids, becoming more of a kids' variety show. Despite the addition of the studio audience and Crabbe's personality, Buster's Buddies! was not a hit, and it was canceled on Friday, March 26, 1954.

On September 28, 1952, Sports Final with Buster Crabbe debuted on WNBT-TV in New York City. Crabbe gave updates sports news from 11:15 to 11:20 p.m. Eastern Time on Sundays.

Crabbe starred in the syndicated television series, Captain Gallant of the Foreign Legion (1955 to 1957) as Captain Michael Gallant; the adventure series aired on NBC. His real-life son, Cullen Crabbe, appeared in the series as the character "Cuffy Sanders".

Crabbe made regular television appearances, including an episode of the 1979 series Buck Rogers in the 25th Century, in which he played a retired fighter pilot named "Brigadier Gordon", in honor of Flash Gordon. When Rogers (Gil Gerard) praises his flying, Gordon replies "I've been doing that sort of thing since before you were born", not realizing Buck was actually born over 500 years earlier. (Indeed, Crabbe first played Buck Rogers in 1939, six years before Gerard's birth.) Rogers responds "You think so?" to which Gordon replies "Young man, I know so!"

He was also in a TV spot for Continental Airlines, where Crabbe spies himself in an old Flash Gordon short being shown on board: "I think I know that guy. He used to be my idol."

Later years
Crabbe's Hollywood career waned somewhat in the 1950s and 1960s, and he became a stockbroker and businessman during this period. According to David Ragan's Movie Stars of the '30s, Crabbe owned a Southern California swimming pool-building company in later years. In the mid-1950s, Crabbe purchased the Adirondack campus of the Adirondack-Florida School, which advertised itself as a swim camp, called Camp Meenahga, for boys aged eight to fourteen, with most of the campers coming from Montreal. He was also the aquatics director at the Concord Resort Hotel in New York State's Catskill Mountains.

During this period, Buster joined the swimming pool company Cascade Industries in Edison, New Jersey. In his capacity as Vice President of Sales, promoter, and spokesman for Cascade, "the world's first 'package pool' company", he attended shopping mall openings and fairgrounds, combining the promotion of his swim camps and Cascade's vinyl liner for in-ground swimming pools. A pool line was named after him, and swimming pools were sold by "Buster Crabbe Dealers" throughout the eastern seaboard and southern states from 1952 until 1990.

Though he followed other pursuits, he never stopped acting. But his career in the 1950s, and later, was limited to low-budget films, including westerns such as Gunfighters of Abilene (1960) co-starring Barton MacLane, Arizona Raiders (1965) co-starring Audie Murphy, and The Bounty Killer (1965) co-starring Dan Duryea and Rod Cameron. Crabbe appeared as the father of a young swimmer in the comedy Swim Team (1979), and as a sheriff in the low-budget horror film Alien Dead (1980), followed by The Comeback Trail (1982), one year before his death. Crabbe also appeared in television commercials for Hormel Chili, Icy Hot, and the Magic Mold Bodyshirt, an upper body male girdle of sorts, which purportedly helped in weight loss. Through Icy Hot, he was actively involved in arthritis education. Despite his numerous film and television appearances, he is best remembered today as one of the original cinema action heroes of the 1930s and 1940s.

In the 1950s, two published comic book series were named after him. Eastern Color published 12 issues of Buster Crabbe Comics from 1951 to 1953, followed by Lev Gleason's four issues of The Amazing Adventures of Buster Crabbe in 1954.

In 1965, he was inducted into the International Swimming Hall of Fame. During his senior swimming career, Crabbe set 16 world and 35 national records. He continued swimming through his sixties and in 1971 set a world record in his age group.

Personal life
In 1933, he married Adah Virginia Held (1912–2004) and gave himself a year to make it as an actor. If he did not find employment as an actor in that period, he planned to start law school at the University of Southern California.

Crabbe and his wife had two daughters, Caren Lynn ("Sande") and Susan, and a son, Cullen. In 1957, Sande died of anorexia nervosa aged 20.

He is the maternal grandfather of the college football coach Nick Holt.

Death
In 1983, at age 75, Crabbe died of a heart attack at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona. He is interred at Green Acres Memorial Park in Scottsdale.

title: Buster Crabbe


text:
Talk:James Baldwin

Semi-protected edit request on 2 February 2024
This entire biography is a shameful whitewashing of Mr. Baldwin's legacy. "The Fire Next Time" and "No Name In the Street," among others, are not even mentioned in the main body of text. WTAF?

As I do not have access, I am asking that somebody with access as well as knowledge of and respect for Mr. Baldwin rewrite this entire biography. For reference, there are countless, publicly available sources with which one can correct this travesty. Thank you. 104.231.224.140 (talk) 04:35, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Both of those pieces are mentioned in the main body of the article, in the 1960 and the 1970s and 1980s sections. Not sure what you're complaining about Cannolis (talk) 04:43, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Merge proposal: James Baldwin in France to here
Article that is basically about James Baldwin's work in Paris. Merge seems like the right choice here. TLA (talk) 20:50, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

 * No, it’s not just about what Baldwin did in Paris. It covers his reasons for expatriating, his other travels, his time in Saint Paul de Vence, his itinerant career and how expatriation related to his writing and artistic method. Critics have recognized the importance of this aspect of his life on his work, as you can see in the references sections. The secondary sources you ask for on this topic are already referenced in the article — out of the 23 references, 15 are secondary sources dealing specifically with Baldwin’s expatriation.
 * I would have included this material on expatriation in the main article on James Baldwin, but that article is already very long and densely packed (but it does not deal in detail at length with the issue of expatriation in Baldwin’s oeuvre). I have added a ‘main article’ link in the ‘James Baldwin in France’ article linking to the article ’James Baldwin’.Dr Dobeaucoup (talk) 06:59, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I support the proposal to merge. These two subjects are necessarily intertwined, so bringing them together seems to be the logical thing to do. Go4thProsper (talk) 02:00, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Hello Go4thProsper, Don’t you think the Baldwin in France article (already quite long at over 1800 words) would overload the ‘Baldwin’ article, which is massive at over 11,000 words? Thus, the combined article would be around 12,500 words. That puts it nearly in the zone where WP guidance on Article Length ( see WP:LENGTH) states that such an article ‘almost certainly should be divided or trimmed’. The current ‘Baldwin’ article’s length is already in the zone, described in WP:LENGTH as ‘probably should be divided or trimmed’. That is the reason I wrote a separate article to begin with.Dr Dobeaucoup (talk) 08:53, 23 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I don't think merging them would be the best idea for the ease of the reader. Aspen008 (talk) 00:07, 30 April 2024 (UTC)

Support The subarticle only got 436 views last month; I don't think this is particularly helpful as James_Baldwin is already quite substantive so not all 1800 words would have to be merged and it's duplicative. Reywas92Talk 18:06, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

 * Wow! I See there’s quite a few Hoosiers participating in this discussion (you and Go4thProsper). Quite a coincidence! I myself am a transplanted Buckeye from right on the state line. It’s a huge editing job you are asking for. You imply that it’s a small amount of work. I’ve looked at it and I disagree. It’s huge. Also, the 436 views per month is quite a few — that’s 15 per day, not bad at all. Most of the articles I work on get fewer than that. I would also note that quite a lot of work has gone into this article from other contributors and it has been rated a B-class article. Do you really want to undo all that? Bad idea in my view. Dr Dobeaucoup (talk) 19:20, 27 May 2024 (UTC)

Baldwin in Istanbul
How did you manage to avoid any mention of Baldwin's time in Istanbul. He lived most of the sixties in Istanbul. 109.37.154.105 (talk) 09:07, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Thé article talks about his Istanbul stays at some length in the section ‘World traveler and “transatlantic commuter”’. My information is that he did several lengthy stays, but only lasting a few months each. For example the first stay, where he completed Another Country lasted only 2-3 months. I will check out your assertion that he was essentially resident in Istanbul for 10 years and make any necessary changes to the article. Dr Dobeaucoup (talk) 11:11, 17 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Ok, 109.37.157.105.
 * I made some changes in response to your comment. Dr Dobeaucoup (talk) 17:18, 17 February 2024 (UTC)

not so.
Idk what is meant by use of the term “expatriation” in this context. Even if Ownership of property in a foreign land equates to expat status these days - my vote is still no.

Curious times indeed to make such a proposal to a prolific, extraordinary, wonderful, radiant beacon of light, The James Baldwin…An indigenous person of colour birthed into an inglorious nation we call “America.”

The intentions underlying this proposal are truly questionable and suspect.

I suspect such noble and pious proposals are currently not being made for others similarly situated - nor have such proposals previously been applied consistently across other cohorts.

Another twisted attempt to rewrite histories and legacies to create crafty, projected narratives of a people of whom you are ignorant and/or have a vested interest in trying to erode and dominate. Touché.

This proposal adds no meaningful value - as quantified by your own internal data metics. Hyperbole. 4aMMijj0 (talk) 04:26, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Hello 4aMMijjo,
 * I agree with your analysis of Baldwin as a ‘radiant beam of light’. I think that my comment above might not have been clear — I made the changes concerning his stay in Istanbul to the related article ‘James Baldwin in France ‘ under the section on ‘World traveler and transatlantic commuter’. Dr Dobeaucoup (talk) 06:46, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Baldwin