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Sunglasses

Sunglasses or sun glasses (informally called shades or sunnies; more names below) are a form of protective eyewear designed primarily to prevent bright sunlight and high-energy visible light from damaging or discomforting the eyes. They can sometimes also function as a visual aid, as variously termed spectacles or glasses exist, featuring lenses that are colored, polarized or darkened. In the early 20th century, they were also known as sun cheaters (cheaters then being an American slang term for glasses).

Since the 1930s, sunglasses have been a popular fashion accessory, especially on the beach.

The American Optometric Association recommends wearing sunglasses that block ultraviolet radiation (UV) whenever a person is in the sunlight to protect the eyes from UV and blue light, which can cause several serious eye problems. Their usage is mandatory immediately after some surgical procedures, such as LASIK, and recommended for a certain time period in dusty areas, when leaving the house and in front of a TV screen or computer monitor after LASEK. It is important to note that dark glasses that do not block UV radiation can be more damaging to the eyes than not wearing eye protection at all, because they tend to open the pupil and allow more UV rays into the eye.

First precursors
Since the 13th century and until the spread of contemporary UV-shielding spectacles against snowblindness, Inuit made and wore snow goggles of flattened walrus or caribou ivory with narrow slits to look through to block almost all of the harmful reflected rays of the sun. In many different forms and with many different materials, the indigenous peoples of North America and northern Asia crafted highly efficient equipment to protect their eyes against the damaging effects of strong sunlight in icy circumstances.

Other precursors
Pliny the Elder claimed that the Roman emperor Nero liked to watch gladiator fights using cut emeralds. These, however, appear to have worked rather like mirrors.

The first sunglasses, made from flat panes of smoky quartz called Ai Tai, meaning "dark clouds," which offered no corrective powers but did protect the eyes from glare, were used in China in the 12th century or possibly earlier. Documents describe the use of such crystal sunglasses by judges in ancient Chinese courts to conceal their facial expressions while questioning witnesses.

In 1459, Nuno Fernandes made a request for a pair of spectacles to protect the eyes while horseriding in the snow against the glare coming from the snow, though no description of any actual spectacles is given.

King Louis XIV's court watched the 1706 solar eclipse through a telescope with a smoky glass filter attached.

By the 18th century, tinted, mirror-like framed Murano glasses had been used as so-called "gondola glasses" (vetri da gondola and also da dama) by Venetian women and children, to shield their eyes from the glare from the water in the canals. The Doge and other well-off Venetians, such as possibly Goldoni, sported, in the late 18th century, so-called "goldoni glasses," tinted pairs of spectacles with pieces of cloth as sun guards on the sides of the glasses.

James Ayscough began experimenting with tinted lenses in spectacles around 1752. These were not "sunglasses" as that term is now used; Ayscough believed that blue- or green-tinted glass could correct for specific vision impairments. Protection from the sun's rays was not a concern for him.

One of the earliest surviving depictions of a person wearing sunglasses is one from 1772 of the scientist Antoine Lavoisier, who worked with amplified sunlight. By the 19th century, tinted spectacles were worn by railway travelers.

Popularly, it is claimed that yellow/amber and brown-tinted glasses had been used to alleviate symptoms of syphilis in the 19th and early 20th centuries, because sensitivity to light was one of the symptoms of the disease, although no sources have been found that state prescription of such.

From the late 19th century, short references of sunglasses have been found in reports, such as one from 1866 by Walter Alden, who wrote of soldiers using, during the American Civil War (1861-1865), "shell spectacles" ("verres de cocquille") to protect against sunlight on long marches, or by the British T. Longmore reporting in The Optical Manual (1885) of soldiers in Egypt being equipped with tinted glass "eye protectors." By 1895, sunglasses were mentioned in advertisements, such as in The Sioux City Journal.

Modern developments
Jean-Marie-Théodore Fieuzal (1836-1888) was the first to argue for UV protection with (yellow) shaded glasses, and by 1899, Rodenstock GmbH produced possibly the first sunglasses intended for shielding eyes from UV light and not just glare.

In 1913, Crookes lenses were introduced, made from glass containing cerium, which completely blocked ultraviolet light. In the early 1920s, the use of sunglasses started to become more widespread, especially among movie stars. Inexpensive mass-produced sunglasses made from celluloid were first produced by Sam Foster in 1929. Foster found a ready market on the beaches of Atlantic City, New Jersey where he began selling sunglasses under the name Foster Grant from a Woolworth on the Boardwalk. By 1938, Life magazine wrote of how sunglasses were a "new fad for wear on city streets ... a favorite affectation of thousands of women all over the U.S." It stated that 20 million sunglasses were sold in the United States in 1937 but estimated that only about 25% of American wearers needed them to protect their eyes. At the same time, sunglasses started to be used as aids for pilots and even produced for the gaining aviation sector, eventually adding to sunglasses as cultural icons and to their popularity. Polarized sunglasses first became available in 1936 when Edwin H. Land began experimenting with making lenses with his patented Polaroid filter. In 1947, the Armorlite Company began producing lenses with CR-39 resin.

At present, Xiamen, China is the world's largest producer of sunglasses with its port exporting 120 million pairs each year.

Visual clarity and comfort
Sunglasses can improve visual comfort and visual clarity by protecting the eye from glare.

The lenses of polarized sunglasses reduce glare reflected at some angles off shiny non-metallic surfaces, such as water. They allow wearers to see into water when only surface glare would otherwise be seen, and eliminate glare from a road surface when driving into the sun.

Protection
Sunglasses offer protection against excessive exposure to light, including its visible and invisible components.

The most widespread protection is against ultraviolet radiation, which can cause short-term and long-term ocular problems such as photokeratitis (snow blindness), cataracts, pterygium, and various forms of eye cancer. Medical experts advise the public on the importance of wearing sunglasses to protect the eyes from UV; for adequate protection, experts recommend sunglasses that reflect or filter out 99% or more of UVA and UVB light, with wavelengths up to 400 nm. Sunglasses that meet this requirement are often labeled as "UV400". This is slightly more protection than the widely used standard of the European Union (see below), which requires that 95% of the radiation up to only 380 nm must be reflected or filtered out.Siegfried Hünig, in consultation with Albert J. Augustin (Oct. 2007). Sehschaden im Alter vorbeugen und mildern. Informationen und Empfehlungen zur altersbedingten Makuladegeneration und zum grauen Star. [Preventing and Alleviating Vision Damage at Higher Age. Information and Recommendations for Age-Related Macular Degeneration]. Manuscript hosted on the website of Klinikum Karlsruhe (retrieved 21 September 2009) [http://www-organik.chemie.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/08020000/user_upload/makula/optimiert_teil2.pdf Siegfried Hünig (2008). Optimierter Lichtschutz der Augen. Eine dringende Aufgabe und ihre Lösung. Teil 1: Beschaffenheit des Lichts, innere und äußere Abwehrmechanismen. [Optimized protection from light-inflicted eye damage. A pressing problem and a simple solution ] ]. Zeitschrift für praktische Augenheilkunde, 29, pp. 111-116. [http://www-organik.chemie.uni-wuerzburg.de/fileadmin/08020000/user_upload/makula/optimiert_teil2.pdf Siegfried Hünig (2008). Optimierter Lichtschutz der Augen. Teil 2: Sehprozess als Risikofaktor, Lichtschutz durch Brillen [Optimized protection from light-inflicted eye damage. A pressing problem and a simple solution ] ]. Zeitschrift für praktische Augenheilkunde, 29, pp. 197-205. Sunglasses are not sufficient to protect the eyes against permanent harm from looking directly at the Sun, even during a solar eclipse. Special eyewear known as solar viewers are required for direct viewing of the sun. This type of eyewear can filter out UV radiation harmful to the eyes.

More recently, high-energy visible light (HEV) has been implicated as a cause of age-related macular degeneration; before, debates had already existed as to whether "blue blocking" or amber tinted lenses may have a protective effect. Some manufacturers already design glasses to block blue light; the insurance company Suva, which covers most Swiss employees, asked eye experts around Charlotte Remé (ETH Zürich) to develop norms for blue blocking, leading to a recommended minimum of 95% of the blue light. Sunglasses are especially important for children, as their ocular lenses are thought to transmit far more HEV light than adults (lenses "yellow" with age).

There has been some speculation that sunglasses actually promote skin cancer. This is due to the eyes being tricked into producing less melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the body.

Assessing protection
The only way to assess the protection of sunglasses is to have the lenses measured, either by the manufacturer or by a properly equipped optician. Several standards for sunglasses (see below) allow a general classification of the UV protection (but not the blue light protection), and manufacturers often indicate simply that the sunglasses meet the requirements of a specific standard rather than publish the exact figures.

The only "visible" quality test for sunglasses is their fit. The lenses should fit close enough to the face that only very little "stray light" can reach the eye from their sides, or from above or below, but not so close that the eyelashes smear the lenses. To protect against "stray light" from the sides, the lenses should fit close enough to the temples and/or merge into broad temple arms or leather blinders.

It is not possible to "see" the protection that sunglasses offer. Dark lenses do not automatically filter out more harmful UV radiation and blue light than light lenses. Inadequate dark lenses are even more harmful than inadequate light lenses (or wearing no sunglasses at all) because they provoke the pupil to open wider. As a result, more unfiltered radiation enters the eye. Depending on the manufacturing technology, sufficiently protective lenses can block much or little light, resulting in dark or light lenses. The lens color is not a guarantee either. Lenses of various colors can offer sufficient (or insufficient) UV protection. Regarding blue light, the color gives at least a first indication: Blue blocking lenses are commonly yellow or brown, whereas blue or gray lenses cannot offer the necessary blue light protection. However, not every yellow or brown lens blocks sufficient blue light. In rare cases, lenses can filter out too much blue light (i.e., 100%), which affects color vision and can be dangerous in traffic when colored signals are not properly recognized.

High prices cannot guarantee sufficient protection as no correlation between high prices and increased UV protection has been demonstrated. A 1995 study reported that "Expensive brands and polarizing sunglasses do not guarantee optimal UVA protection." The Australian Competition & Consumer Commission has also reported that "[c]onsumers cannot rely on price as an indicator of quality". One survey even found that a $6.95 pair of generic glasses offered slightly better protection than expensive Salvatore Ferragamo shades.

Further functions

While non-tinted glasses are very rarely worn without the practical purpose of correcting eyesight or protecting one's eyes, sunglasses have become popular for several further reasons, and are sometimes worn even indoors or at night.

Sunglasses can be worn to hide one's eyes. They can make eye contact impossible, which can be intimidating to those not wearing sunglasses; the avoided eye contact can also demonstrate the wearer's detachment, which is considered desirable (or "cool") in some circles. Eye contact can be avoided even more effectively by using mirrored sunglasses. Sunglasses can also be used to hide emotions; this can range from hiding blinking to hiding weeping and its resulting red eyes. In all cases, hiding one's eyes has implications for nonverbal communication; this is useful in poker, and many professional poker players wear heavily tinted glasses indoors while playing, so that it is more difficult for opponents to read tells which involve eye movement and thus gain an advantage.

Fashion trends can be another reason for wearing sunglasses, particularly designer sunglasses from high-end fashion brands. Sunglasses of particular shapes may be in vogue as a fashion accessory. The relevance of sunglasses within the fashion industry has included prominent fashion editors' reviews of annual trends in sunglasses as well as runway fashion shows featuring sunglasses as a primary or secondary component of a look. Fashion trends can also draw on the "cool" image of sunglasses and association with a particular lifestyle, especially the close connection between sunglasses and beach life. In some cases, this connection serves as the core concept behind an entire brand.

People may also wear sunglasses to hide an abnormal appearance of their eyes. This can be true for people with severe visual impairment, such as the blind, who may wear sunglasses to avoid making others uncomfortable. The assumption is that it may be more comfortable for another person not to see the hidden eyes rather than see abnormal eyes or eyes which seem to look in the wrong direction. People may also wear sunglasses to hide dilated or contracted pupils, bloodshot eyes due to drug use, chronic dark circles or crow's feet, recent physical abuse (such as a black eye), exophthalmos (bulging eyes), a cataract, or eyes which jerk uncontrollably (nystagmus).

Lawbreakers have been known to wear sunglasses during or after committing a crime as an aid to hiding their identities.

Standards
The international standard for sunglasses is ISO 12312. It is divided into three parts, the first of them, about "Sunglasses for general use", was first published in 2013 and then with a new edition in 2022. The second, about "Filters for direct observation of the sun", was published in 2015 and the third "Sunglasses for running, cycling and similar active lifestyles" in 2022.

Australia
Australia introduced the world's first national standards for sunglasses in 1971. They were updated and expanded in 1990 to AS 1067.1-1990 Sunglasses and fashion spectacles (incl. Part 1 Safety Requirements and Part 2 Performance Requirements), and replaced in 2003 by AS/NZS 1067:2003 Sunglasses and fashion spectacles. This aligned the Australian standard to the European standard opening the European market to Australian-made sunglasses. The Australian Standard AS-NZS 1067 defines standards for sunglasses with respect both to UVA (wavelengths between 315 nm and 400 nm) and UVB transmittance. The five ratings for transmittance (filter) under this standard are based on the amount of absorbed light, 0 to 4, with "0" providing some protection from UV radiation and sunglare, and "4" indicating a high level of protection, but not to be worn when driving.

Europe
The European standard EN 1836:2005 has four transmittance ratings: "0" for insufficient UV protection, "2" for sufficient UHV protection, "6" for good UHV protection and "7" for "full" UHVV protection, meaning that no more than 5% of the 380 nm rays are transmitted. Products which fulfill the standard receive a CE mark. There is no European rating for transmittance protection for radiation of up to 400 nm ("UV400"), as required in other countries (incl. the United States) and recommended by experts. The current European standard, EN 1836:2005, was preceded by the older standards EN 166:1995 (Personal eye protection – Specifications), EN167: 1995 (Personal eye protection – Optical test methods), and EN168: 1995 (Personal eye protection – Non-optical test methods), which in 2002 were republished as a revised standard under the name of EN 1836:1997 (which included two amendments). In addition to filtering, the standard also lists requirements for minimum robustness, labeling, materials (non-toxic for skin contact and not combustible) and lack of protrusions (to avoid harm when wearing them). Categories for the European standard, which are required to be marked on the frame:
 * Category 0 – 80%-100% transmission – for fashion, indoor use, or cloudy days
 * Category 1 – 43%-80% transmission – low sun exposure
 * Category 2 – 18%-43% transmission – medium sun exposure
 * Category 3 – 8%-18% transmission – strong brightness, light reflected of water or snow
 * Category 4 – 3%-8% transmission – intense sunshine for high mountains, glaciers; not for use when driving or on the road.

United States
Sunglasses sold in the United States are regulated by the Food and Drug Administration and are required to conform to safety standards. The U.S. standard is ANSI Z80.3-2001, which includes three transmittance categories. According to this standard, the lens should have a UVB (280 to 315 nm) transmittance of no more than one per cent and a UVA (315 to 380 nm) transmittance of no more than 0.3 times the visual light transmittance. The ANSI Z87.1-2003 standard includes requirements for basic impact and high impact protection. In the basic impact test, a 1 in (2.54 cm) steel ball is dropped on the lens from a height of 50 in (127 cm). In the high velocity test, a 1/4 in (6.35 mm) steel ball is shot at the lens at 150 ft/s (45.72 m/s). To pass both tests, no part of the lens may touch the eye.

Land vehicle driving
When driving a vehicle, particularly at high speed, dazzling glare caused by a low Sun, or by lights reflecting off snow, puddles, other vehicles, or even the front of the vehicle, can be lethal. Sunglasses can protect against glare when driving. Two criteria must be met: vision must be clear, and the glasses must let sufficient light get to the eyes for the driving conditions. General-purpose sunglasses may be too dark, or otherwise unsuitable for driving.

The Automobile Association and the Federation of Manufacturing Opticians have produced guidance for selection of sunglasses for driving. Variable tint or photochromic lenses increase their optical density when exposed to UV light, reverting to their clear state when the UV brightness decreases. Car windscreens filter out UV light, slowing and limiting the reaction of the lenses and making them unsuitable for driving as they could become too dark or too light for the conditions. Some manufacturers produce special photochromic lenses that adapt to the varying light conditions when driving.

Lenses of fixed tint are graded according to the optical density of the tint; in the UK sunglasses must be labelled and show the filter category number. Lenses with light transmission less than 75% are unsuitable for night driving, and lenses with light transmission less than 8% (category 4) are unsuitable for driving at any time; they should by UK law be labelled 'Not suitable for driving and road use'. Yellow tinted lenses are also not recommended for night use. Due to the light levels within the car, filter category 2 lenses which transmit between 18% and 43% of light are recommended for daytime driving. Polarised lenses normally have a fixed tint, and can reduce reflected glare more than non-polarised lenses of the same density, particularly on wet roads.

Graduated lenses, with the bottom part lighter than the top, can make it easier to see the controls within the car. All sunglasses should be marked as meeting the standard for the region where sold. An anti-reflection coating is recommended, and a hard coating to protect the lenses from scratches. Sunglasses with deep side arms can block side, or peripheral, vision and are not recommended for driving.

Even though some of these glasses are proven good enough for driving at night, it is strongly recommended not to do so, due to the changes in a wide variety of light intensities, especially while using yellow tinted protection glasses. The main purpose of these glasses are to protect the wearer from dust and smog particles entering into the eyes while driving at high speeds.

Aircraft piloting
Many of the criteria for sunglasses worn when piloting an aircraft are similar to those for land vehicles. Protection against UV radiation is more important, as its intensity increases with altitude. Polarised glasses are undesirable as aircraft windscreens are often polarised, intentionally or unintentionally, showing Moiré patterns on looking through the windscreen; and some LCDs used by instruments emit polarised light, and can dim or disappear when the pilot turns to look at them.

Sports
Like corrective glasses, sunglasses have to meet special requirements when worn for sports. They need shatterproof and impact-resistant lenses; a strap or other fixing is typically used to keep glasses in place during sporting activities, and they have a nose cushion.

For water sports, so-called water sunglasses (also: surf goggles or water eyewear) are specially adapted for use in turbulent water, such as the surf or whitewater. In addition to the features for sports glasses, water sunglasses can have increased buoyancy to stop them from sinking should they come off, and they can have a vent or other method to eliminate fogging.

Mountain climbing or traveling across glaciers or snowfields requires above-average eye protection, because sunlight (including ultraviolet radiation) is more intense in higher altitudes, and snow and ice reflect additional light. Popular glasses for this use are a type called glacier glasses or glacier goggles. They typically have very dark round lenses and leather blinders at the sides, which protect the eyes by blocking the Sun's rays around the edges of the lenses.

Special shaded visors were once allowed in American football; Jim McMahon, quarterback for the Chicago Bears and San Diego Chargers, famously used a sun visor during his professional football career due to a childhood eye injury and almost always wears dark sunglasses when not wearing a football helmet. Darkened visors now require a doctor's prescription at most levels of the game, mainly because concussion protocol requires officials to look a player in the eye, something made difficult by tinted visors.

Space
Special protection is required for space travel because the sunlight is far more intense and harmful than on Earth, where it is always filtered through the atmosphere. Sun protection is needed against much higher UV radiation and even against harmful infrared radiation, both within and outside the spacecraft. Within the spacecraft, astronauts wear sunglasses with darker lenses and a thin protective gold coating. During space walks, the visor of the astronauts' helmets, which also has a thin gold coating for extra protection, functions as strong sunglasses. The frames of sunglasses and corrective glasses used in space must meet special requirements. They must be flexible and durable, and must fit firmly in zero-gravity. Reliable fit is particularly important when wearing corrective glasses underneath tight helmets and in space suits: once inside the spacesuit, slipped glasses cannot be touched to push them back into place, sometimes for up to ten hours. Frames and glasses must be designed so that small pieces of the glasses such as screws and glass particles cannot become dislodged, then float and be inhaled. 90% of astronauts wear glasses in space, even if they do not require corrective glasses on Earth, because zero-gravity and pressure changes temporarily affect their vision.

The first sunglasses used in a Moon landing were the original pilot sunglasses produced by American Optical. In 1969 they were used aboard the Eagle, the Lunar Module of Apollo 11, the first crewed mission to land on the Moon. NASA research primarily by scientists James B. Stephens and Charles G. Miller at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) resulted in special lenses that protected against the light in space and during laser and welding work. The lenses used colored dyes and small particles of zinc oxide, which absorbs ultraviolet light and is also used in sunscreen lotions. The research was later broadened to further terrestrial applications, e.g., deserts, mountains, and fluorescent-lighted offices, and the technology was commercially marketed by a U.S. company. Since 2002 NASA uses the frame of the designer model Titan Minimal Art of the Austrian company Silhouette, combined with specially dark lenses developed jointly by the company and "the" NASA optometrist Keith Manuel. The frame is very light at 1.8 grams, and does not have screws or hinges that could detach.

Lens
The color of the lens can vary depending on style, fashion, and purpose, but for general use, red, grey, green, or brown are recommended to avoid or minimize color distortion, which could affect safety when, for instance, driving a car or a school bus. With the introduction of office computing, ergonomists may recommend mildly tinted glasses for use by display operators, in order to increase contrast.
 * Gray and green lenses are considered neutral because they maintain true colors.
 * Brown lenses cause some color distortion, but also increase contrast.
 * Turquoise lenses are good for medium and high light conditions, because they are good at enhancing contrast, but do not cause significant color distortion.
 * Yellow is "optimum for object definition, but creates a harsh visible light"; amber "allegedly makes distant objects appear more distinct, especially in snow or haze. These lenses are popular with skiers, hunters, boaters and pilots".
 * Blue or purple lenses are popular with shooters as they increase the contrast of orange targets against green foliage or grass backdrops.

While some blue blocking sunglasses (see above) are produced as regular sunglasses for exposure to bright sunlight, others—especially for macular degeneration patients—do not block light or other colors in order to function well in regular daylight and even dim sunlight. The latter allow the passage of enough light so normal evening activities can continue, while blocking the light that prevents production of the hormone melatonin. Blue-blocking tinted glasses, i.e. amber or yellow, are sometimes recommended to treat insomnia; they are worn in artificial lighting after dark, to reestablish the circadian rhythm and treat delayed sleep phase disorder.

Some models have polarized lenses, made of Polaroid polarized plastic sheeting, to reduce glare caused by light reflected from non-metallic surfaces such as water (see Brewster's angle for how this works) as well as by polarized diffuse sky radiation (skylight). This can be especially useful to see beneath the surface of the water when fishing.

A mirrored coating can be applied to the lens. This mirrored coating deflects some of the light when it hits the lens so that it is not transmitted through the lens, making it useful in bright conditions; however, it does not necessarily reflect UV radiation as well. Mirrored coatings can be made any color by the manufacturer for styling and fashion purposes. The color of the mirrored surface is irrelevant to the color of the lens. For example, a gray lens can have a blue mirror coating, and a brown lens can have a silver coating. Sunglasses of this type are sometimes called mirrorshades. A mirror coating does not get hot in sunlight and it prevents scattering of rays in the lens bulk.

Sunglass lenses are made of either glass, plastic, or SR-91. Plastic lenses are typically made from acrylic, polycarbonate, CR-39 or polyurethane. Glass lenses have the best optical clarity and scratch resistance, but are heavier than plastic lenses. They can also shatter or break on impact. Plastic lenses are lighter and shatter-resistant, but are more prone to scratching. Polycarbonate plastic lenses are the lightest, and are also almost shatterproof, making them good for impact protection. CR-39 is the most common plastic lens, due to low weight, high scratch resistance, and low transparency for ultraviolet and infrared radiation. SR-91 is a proprietary material that was introduced by Kaenon Polarized in 2001. Kaenon's lens formulation was the first non-polycarbonate material to pass the high-mass impact ANSI Z.87.1 testing. Additionally, it was the first to combine this passing score with the highest marks for lens clarity. Jerry Garcia's sunglasses had a polykrypton-C type of lens which was 'cutting edge' in 1995.

Any of the above features, color, polarization, gradation, mirroring, and materials, can be combined into the lens for a pair of sunglasses. Gradient glasses are darker at the top of the lens where the sky is viewed and transparent at the bottom. Corrective lenses or glasses can be manufactured with either tinting or darkened to serve as sunglasses. An alternative is to use the corrective glasses with a secondary lenses such as oversize sunglasses that fit over the regular glasses, clip-on lens that are placed in front of the glasses, and flip-up glasses which feature a dark lens that can be flipped up when not in use (see below). Photochromic lenses gradually darken when exposed to ultraviolet light.

Frames
Frames are generally made of plastic, nylon, a metal or a metal alloy. Nylon frames are usually used in sports because they are lightweight and flexible. They are able to bend slightly and return to their original shape instead of breaking when pressure is applied to them. This flex can also help the glasses grip better on the wearer's face. Metal frames are usually more rigid than nylon frames, thus they can be more easily damaged when the wearer participates in sport activities, but this is not to say that they cannot be used for such activities. Because metal frames are more rigid, some models have spring loaded hinges to help them grip the wearer's face better. The end of the resting hook and the bridge over the nose can be textured or have rubber or plastic material to improve hold. The ends of the resting hook are usually curved so that they wrap around the ear; however, some models have straight resting hooks. Oakley, for example, has straight resting hooks on all their glasses, preferring to call them "earstems".

In recent years, manufacturers have started to use various types of woods to make frames for sunglasses. Materials such as bamboo, ebony, rosewood, pear wood, walnut and zebrawood, are used making them non-toxic and nearly allergy free. The construction of a wooden frame involves laser-cutting from planks of wood. Already cut and ground to a uniform size, a buffing wheel is used to sand and buff every piece separately before they are assembled. The laser-cutouts of wood are then glued together by hand (mostly), layer on layer, to produce wooden frames. Some brands have experimented with recycled wood from objects like skateboards, whiskey barrels and baseball bats. Shwood, for example have experimented with these materials, they have even used recycled newspaper to manufacture frames.

Their final look can vary according to the color, type and finishing. With wooden sunglasses, various shades of brown, beige, burgundy or black are most common. Wooden sunglasses come in various designs and shapes. However, these sunglasses are usually more expensive than the conventional plastic, acetate or metal frames and require more care. They have been famously worn by the likes of Beyoncé, Snoop Dogg and Machine Gun Kelly.

Frames can be made to hold the lenses in several different ways. There are three common styles: full frame, half frame, and frameless. Full frame glasses have the frame go all around the lenses. Half frames go around only half the lens; typically the frames attach to the top of the lenses and on the side near the top. Frameless glasses have no frame around the lenses and the ear stems are attached directly to the lenses. There are two styles of frameless glasses: those that have a piece of frame material connecting the two lenses, and those that are a single lens with ear stems on each side.

Some sports-optimized sunglasses have interchangeable lens options. Lenses can be easily removed and swapped for a different lens, usually of a different color. The purpose is to allow the wearer to easily change lenses when light conditions or activities change. The reasons are that the cost of a set of lenses is less than the cost of a separate pair of glasses, and carrying extra lenses is less bulky than carrying multiple pairs of glasses. It also allows easy replacement of a set of lenses if they are damaged. The most common type of sunglasses with interchangeable lenses has a single lens or shield that covers both eyes. Styles that use two lenses also exist, but are less common.

Nose bridge
Nose bridges provide support between the lens and the face. They also prevent pressure marks caused by the weight of the lens or frame on the cheeks. People with large noses may need a low nose bridge on their sunglasses. People with medium noses may need a low or medium nose bridge. People with small noses may need sunglasses with high nose bridges to allow clearance.

Fashion (alphabetically)
The following types are not all mutually exclusive; glasses may be in Aviator style with mirrored lenses, for example.

Aviator
Aviator sunglasses feature oversize teardrop-shaped lenses and a thin metal frame with double or triple bridges. The design was introduced in 1936 by Bausch & Lomb for issue to U.S. military aviators. As a fashion statement, aviator sunglasses are often made in mirrored, colored, and wrap-around styles.

The model first gained popularity in the 1940s when Douglas MacArthur was seen sporting a pair at the Pacific Theatre. However, it was in the late 1960s when the frames became widely used with the rise of the hippie counterculture, which preferred large metallic sunglasses. The brand became an icon of the 1970s, worn by Paul McCartney and Freddie Mercury among others, and was also used as prescription eyeglasses. Aviators' association with disco culture led to a decline in their popularity by 1980. The model saw more limited use throughout the 1980s and 1990s, aided by a 1982 product placement deal, featured most notably in Top Gun and Cobra, with both films causing a 40% rise in 1986. Aviators became popular again around 2000, as the hippie movement experienced a brief revival, and was prominently featured in the MTV show Jackass.

Browline
Based on the eyeglass design of the same name, browline glasses have hard plastic or horn-rimmed arms and upper portions joined to a wire lower frame. A traditional, conservative style based on mid-20th century design, browlines were adapted into sunglasses form in the 1980s and rapidly became one of the most popular styles; it has ebbed and sprung in popularity in the decades that have followed.

Oversized
Oversized sunglasses, which were fashionable in the 1980s, are now often used for humorous purposes. They usually come in bright colors with colored lenses and can be purchased cheaply.

The singer Elton John sometimes wore oversized sunglasses on stage in the mid-1970s as part of his Captain Fantastic act.

Since the late 2000s, moderately oversized sunglasses have become a fashion trend. There are many variations, such as the "Onassis", discussed below, and Dior white sunglasses.

Onassis glasses or "Jackie O's" are very large sunglasses worn by women. This style of sunglasses is said to mimic the kind most famously worn by Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis in the 1960s. The glasses continue to be popular with women, and celebrities may use them, ostensibly to hide from paparazzi.

Oversized sunglasses, because of their larger frames and lenses, are useful for individuals who are trying to minimize the apparent size or arch of their nose. Oversized sunglasses also offer more protection from sunburn due to the larger areas of skin they cover, although sunblock should still be used.

Shutter shades
Shutter shades were invented in the late 1940s, became a fad in the early 1980s and have experienced a revival in the early-to-mid 2010s. Instead of tinted lenses, they decrease sun exposure by means of a set of parallel, horizontal shutters (like a small window shutter). Analogous to Inuit goggles (see above), the principle is not to filter light, but to decrease the amount of sun rays falling into the wearer's eyes. To provide UV protection, shutter shades sometimes use lenses in addition to the shutters; if not, they provide very insufficient protection against ultraviolet radiation and blue light.

Teashades
"Teashades" (sometimes also called "John Lennon glasses", "Round Metal", or, occasionally, "Granny Glasses") were a type of psychedelic art wire-rim sunglasses that were often worn, usually for purely aesthetic reasons, by members of the 1960s counterculture. Pop icons such as Mick Jagger, Roger Daltrey, John Lennon, Jerry Garcia, Boy George, Liam Gallagher, Suggs, Ozzy Osbourne, Duckie (Jon Cryer) in Pretty in Pink and Jodie Foster's character in the film Taxi Driver all wore teashades. The original teashade design was made up of medium-sized, perfectly round lenses, supported by pads on the bridge of the nose and a thin wire frame. When teashades became popular in the late 1960s, they were often elaborated: Lenses were elaborately colored, mirrored, and produced in excessively large sizes, and with the wire earpieces exaggerated. A uniquely colored or darkened glass lens was usually preferred. Modern versions tend to have plastic lenses, as do many other sunglasses. Teashades are hard to find in shops today; however, they can still be found at many costume Web sites and in some countries.

The term has now fallen into disuse, although references can still be found in literature of the time. "Teashades" was also used to describe glasses worn to hide the effects of recreational drugs such as marijuana (conjunctival injection) or heroin (pupillary constriction) or just bloodshot eyes.

Wayfarer
The Ray-Ban Wayfarer is a (mostly) plastic-framed design for sunglasses produced by the Ray-Ban company. Introduced in 1952, the trapezoidal lenses are wider at the top than the bottom (inspired by the Browline eyeglasses popular at the time), and were famously worn by James Dean, Roy Orbison, Elvis Presley, Bob Marley, The Beatles and other actors and singers. The original frames were black; frames in many different colors were later introduced. There is often a silver piece on the corners as well. Since the early 1980s, makers have also developed variants of the model, most notably the Clubmaster model, introduced in 1982, essentially Browlines made of plastic.

These were mostly popular in the late 1950s and during the 1960s (being linked to the rock-and-roll/blues and Mod cultures), before plastic glasses were displaced by metallic rims popular among the counter-culture. In the late 1970s, the rise of New wave music, New Romanticism and the popularity of The Blues Brothers aside from 50s and 1960s nostalgia and the anti-disco backlash later on brought the model out of near-retirement, becoming the most sold model between 1980 and 1999 aided by a lucrative 1982 product placement deal, which put it on many movies and TV shows such as The Breakfast Club and Moonlighting. 1980s nostalgia and the influence of the hipster subculture and the television series Mad Men boosted Wayfarers once again after a slump in the 1990s and 2000s, also aided by a 2000 redesign (New Wayfarer), surpassing Aviators since 2012.

Wrap-around
Wrap-arounds are a style of sunglasses characterized by being strongly curved, to wrap around the face. They may have a single curved semi-circular lens that covers both eyes and much of the same area of the face covered by protective goggles, usually with a minimal plastic frame and single piece of plastic serving as a nosepiece. Glasses described as wraparound may alternatively have two lenses, but again with a strongly curved frame.

These were first made in the 1960s as variants of the Aviator model, used by Yoko Ono and Clint Eastwood in the Dirty Harry films. The modern variant surged in the mid-1980s, heavily based on the then-popular Wayfarer, but adapting it to a more futuristic look. As a backlash against 80s fashion occurred in the 1990s, wraparounds became one of the favorite frames of the decade.

Clip-on
Clip-on glasses are a form of tinted glasses that can be clipped on to eyeglasses for protection from the sun. An alternative are flip-up glasses.

Gradient lenses
Gradient lenses go from a darker shade at the top to a lighter one at the bottom, so there will be more protection from sunlight the higher one looks through the lens, but the lower one looks through the lens, the less protection is offered. An advantage is that one can wear them indoors without fear of tripping over something and also allowing the user to see. Wearing sunglasses to nightclubs has become common in recent times, where the gradient lens comes in handy. Gradient lenses may also be advantageous for activities such as flying airplanes and driving automobiles, as they allow the operator a clear view of the instrument panel, low in his line of sight and usually hidden in shadow, while still reducing glare from the view out the windscreen. The Independent (London), has also referred to these style of sunglasses as the Murphy Lens.

Double gradient lenses are dark at the top, light in the middle and dark at the bottom.

Gradients should not be confused with bifocals and progressive lenses.

Flip-up
Flip-up sunglasses add the benefits of sunglasses to corrective eyeglasses, allowing the wearer to flip up the tinted lenses for indoor use. Alternatives include: clip-on glasses, and wrap around sunglasses that fit over the eyeglasses.

Mirrored
Mirrored lenses have a metallic, partially reflective coating on the outer surface combined with a tinted glass lens. Mirrored lenses of different colors can expand the range of fashion styles.

Other names
There are various words referring to eyepieces with darkened lenses:

 * Shades is a term used in North America.
 * Glares is a term popular in India if the glass is dark.
 * Glints is a term for glasses originating from the "glint" that is noticeable when somebody wearing glasses moves their head.
 * Sun spectacles is a term used by some opticians.
 * Spekkies is a term used predominantly in southern Australia.
 * Sun specs (also sunspecs) is the shortened form of sun spectacles.
 * Sunglass a monocle version.
 * Sun-shades can also refer to the sun-shading eyepiece-type, although the term is not exclusive to these. Also in use is the derivative abbreviation, "shades".
 * Dark glasses (also preceded by pair of) — generic term in common usage.
 * Sunnies is used in Australian, South African, UK and New Zealand slang.
 * Smoked spectacles usually refers to the darkened eyepieces worn by blind people.
 * Solar shields Usually refers to models of sunglasses with large lenses.
 * Stunna shades: Used as a slang term in the hyphy movement, usually referring to sunglasses with oversized lenses.
 * Glecks is Scottish slang for glasses or sunglasses.
 * Cooling glasses is a term used in Southern India (predominantly Kerala) and the Middle East for sunglasses.

Producers
Most brands are produced by two producers:
 * Luxottica Group (revenue €9 billion (2018))
 * Safilo Group (revenue €1 billion (2018))

While other niche players are:

 * Kaenon Polarized
 * Maui Jim
 * Serengeti
 * ic! berlin
 * Randolph Engineering, Inc.
 * William Painter

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sunglasses


text:
User:ArnoLagrange

French and Esperanto native speaker. I am an editor of the French and Esperanto Wikipedia. I also understand German, English, Spanish, Italian and a few other languages.
 * Home page (in French and Esperanto)
 * /Tibor Sekelj

ar:مستخدم:ArnoLagrange br:Implijer:ArnoLagrange cs:Wikipedista:ArnoLagrange da:Bruger:ArnoLagrange de:Benutzer:ArnoLagrange es:Usuario:ArnoLagrange eo:Vikipediisto:ArnoLagrange fr:Utilisateur:ArnoLagrange hi:सदस्य:ArnoLagrange it:Utente:ArnoLagrange nl:Gebruiker:ArnoLagrange ja:利用者:ArnoLagrange no:Bruker:ArnoLagrange pl:Wikipedysta:ArnoLagrange pt:Usuário:ArnoLagrange sl:Uporabnik:ArnoLagrange sv:Användare:ArnoLagrange vo:Geban:ArnoLagrange

title: User:ArnoLagrange


text:
Talk:911 (emergency telephone number)

Egypt also uses 911
I live in Egypt, and calling 911 would do the emergency call as well as 112 Soviera0 (talk) 12:55, 1 April 2022 (UTC)

 * Is this on a mobile phone? GSM and successor (UMTS, LTE, etc.) mobile networks are set up to accept 112 or 911 anywhere in the world. See section 7.1 of ITU recommendation E.161.1. Justinbb (talk) 17:38, 9 January 2023 (UTC)

911
This is not a close run thing. The use of 911 is so prominent that we really should just move the page to 911, be damned because this is not at all the  name and we're giving it  importance pretending it is. Similarly, it is by far the most common meaning of "911" among most native English speakers and most Wikipedians. The disambig page shouldn't be parked at the main real estate.

If we keep it here at 9-1-1 only for the natural dab, we should make that clear within the article and still use 911 consistently in the running text outside of the intro sentence and Name section. — Llywelyn II   20:28, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

Others have repeatedly made the same point in the archives above, apparently. — Llywelyn II   22:01, 20 April 2022 (UTC)

UK emergency number
In the UK the emergency number map is 999, not 112. The map needs to be corrected. 163.120.111.178 (talk) 22:38, 19 June 2023 (UTC)

 * 112 works quite well in the UK. — kashmīrī  TALK  12:09, 21 January 2024 (UTC)

 * It might work, but it's not the number that is popularly used. That has been 999 since 1937, and the fact that 112 has be added "on top" doesn't change that. Nick Cooper (talk) 21:10, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

Requested move 21 January 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. By numbers this is 5-3 4-4 in support of the move. Most opposers cite WP:NATURAL; however, I note that NATURAL says Using an alternative name that the subject is also commonly called in English reliable sources, albeit not as commonly as the preferred-but-ambiguous title, is sometimes preferred. (emphasis mine) Why exactly natural disambiguation should be preferred for this article is not discussed, which weakens the "oppose" opinions. (closed by non-admin page mover) feminist🇭🇰🇺🇦 (talk) 15:05, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

Edit: Awesome Aasim should be "oppose" regarding the proposed new title, so numerically this should be 4-4. However, the difference in the strength of arguments still stands; the "oppose" arguments are generally weaker than the "support" arguments. I therefore still find consensus to move based on reasons based in policy, sources, and common sense. feminist🇭🇰🇺🇦 (talk) 02:54, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

9-1-1 → 911 (emergency telephone number) – The current spelling "9-1-1" is hardly ever used and is therefore a suboptimal search term / page title for Wikipedia. I'm proposing to rename the article to 911 (emergency telephone number) that would also bring about consistency with nearly all other articles about emergency numbers:

— kashmīrī  TALK  12:19, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note that there is also 9-1-1 (Philippines) so the proposed title would be incomplete disambiguation.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:51, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Right, that would make the title 911 (North American emergency telephone number), and is that really an improvement? See WP:BROKE. 162 etc. (talk) 17:55, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * 911 (North American emergency telephone number) and 911 (Philippines) makes sense.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:57, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * That's not what is being proposed.
 * Please note that the present article is not about the US number alone – vide its lead section. Even though much information focuses on the US, ultimately the article should include the entire NANP zone and other countries where 911 is used, similar to 112 (emergency telephone number). In such a case, the Philippine article might be proposed to be merged here.
 * But for now, let's try to get the name correct. — kashmīrī  TALK  18:02, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The Philippine merger proposal already happened, and the consensus was not to merge.
 * As far as this requested move, oppose. 162 etc. (talk) 18:32, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Any reasons for opposing? — kashmīrī  TALK  19:36, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This seems like a textbook case of WP:NATURAL, where an alternative, even if not as common, serves as the better title. I'll note that "9-1-1" is hardly ever used", as claimed in the nomination, is an exaggeration; a look at the article's sources shows a mix of "911" and "9-1-1", with Canadian sources almost always using the latter. 162 etc. (talk) 19:47, 21 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support "911" or "9-1-1". Oppose having the disambiguation in the title. 911 is so prominent and associated with emergencies in the United States and the world that I think this would be the primary title for this number. The second title that "911" is probably associated with would be 9/11 (maybe). But 911 the year is not the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Awesome Aasim 20:23, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * and the world? To me, 911 (number), a universally recognised subject, would be the primary topic in the world. Most of the world has never heard of nor will possibly ever hear of that number's use in NANP countries. — kashmīrī  TALK  20:09, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I can say a few of the other numbers listed (999, 112, 000, maybe 119) are just as much of a primary topic as 911. Especially 000 because it is unlikely someone is typing that looking for information on (0, 0, 0) or even chess castling (castling is denoted as o-o or o-o-o, not 0-0 or 0-0-0). 999 was popularized by British television, 112 because 112 is used as a GSM standard. Awesome Aasim 14:34, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:21, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose We prefer natural disambiguation to parenthetical disambiguation, especially partial parenthetical disambiguation. * Pppery * it has begun... 19:02, 23 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose as WP:NATURALDIS is preferred. cookie monster   755  03:06, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Comment. How on earth is putting hyphens between the digits any form of natural disambiguation? How does anyone look at that and think, oh right, that's an emergency number, as opposed to 911? -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:40, 24 January 2024 (UTC)
 * A N.A. telephone number could be formatted as XXX-XXX-XXXX so it wouldn't be all that strange to see 9-1-1 written in the same format. cookie monster   755  01:16, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * And in particular AD 911 and 911 (number) are not normally written with punctuation and September 11 attacks is usually abbreviated 9/11 instead and this is the primary topic over all of the other disambiguation items. * Pppery * it has begun... 01:43, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Maybe, but dashes between individual digits are not normal. It's no disambiguation at all. -- Necrothesp (talk) 09:48, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Weak support. Could be made more concise, e.g. "911 (emergency)" would probably be sufficient.  Walrasiad (talk) 12:51, 25 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Support, for CONSISTENCY of the set. —SmokeyJoe (talk) 10:15, 26 January 2024 (UTC)
 * If consistency is what we're looking for, then this proposed title isn't it. See Category:N11 codes. 162 etc. (talk) 05:01, 29 January 2024 (UTC)

162 etc., I didn't see your reply. On looking, I think that N11 codes are less important than Emergency telephone numbers. By a long way. --SmokeyJoe (talk) 10:35, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Besides, all the other articles on N11 codes use a hyphenated spelling that's not attested by nearly any source listed there. That spelling seems like a poor attempt to disambiguate, in violation e.g. of COMMONNAME. In my view, they should all be moved to "XXX (telephone number)". — kashmīrī  TALK  15:48, 31 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:911 (emergency telephone number)


text:
Nebelung

The Nebelung is a pedigree breed of domestic cat. Nebelungs have long bodies, wide-set green eyes, long and dense fur, and mild dispositions. The cat is related to the Russian Blue, but with longer, silkier hair, and is in fact sometimes called the Long-haired Russian Blue.

Origin
The American foundation of this cat breed was laid by the cats Siegfried (1984) and Brunhilde (1985). Cora Cobb, the owner of Siegfried and Brunhilde, was very impressed by the beauty of her blue-grey cats. Siegfried and Brunhilde looked like a Russian Blue but with a semi-long coat. To find out if it was possible to start a new breed with these cats, Cora got in touch with the geneticist of the American Cat Association. This geneticist, Solveig Pfleuger, said that the breed was best defined as semi-long haired Russian Blue. Supported by Pfleuger, Cobb wrote the breeding standard according to the Russian Blue, but with a difference: its coat length.

Russian Blue breeders from The International Cat Association (TICA), however, objected to this, and the breed standard was thus revised to describe a unique breed, resembling blue-grey cats that had been imported from Russia in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

TICA was the first association to recognize the Nebelung and provides the breed standard. The goal of the Nebelung breeding program is to produce a blue cat with the same type as those early Russian imports and to combine this type with a thick shimmering coat of medium length. The body and tail are long, the ears large in proportion to the head, and the eyes range in color from yellowish green to green. Size is medium and the body well-muscled. The coat is medium long on the body and longer on the tail, with lighter colored guard hairs. The overall appearance is long, sturdy and well muscled. The name Nebelung is derived from the German translation for "creature of the mist" (see Nibelung).

The Nebelung around the globe
The Nebelung is a rather new breed, with breeders in America, Canada, Russia, and Europe. In addition to TICA, the Nebelung is recognized by the American Cat Fanciers Association (ACFA), the World Cat Federation (WCF), Livre Officiel des Origines Félines (LOOF), Governing Council of the Cat Fancy (GCCF), and independent cat associations in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Germany. The breed's availability is still rather limited.

Physical characteristics
Nebelung cats are characterized by a long, graceful neck and body, long legs, long or medium coat, and long tail. Slightly oval eyes are a vivid green color, or sometimes a yellow-green. Large, pointed ears sit atop a modified wedge-shaped head that is more pointed than rounded. The overall appearance is of a long, sturdy, well-muscled cat. The soft double coat feels fine and silky; it is gray in color and is tipped with silver. Males and, to a lesser extent, females have a ruff around the neck. The fur on the tail is longer than that on the body. Tufts of fur are found behind the ears and in between the toes, and the hind legs sport pantaloons. The adult coat reaches its full development when the cat is approximately two years old. The life span of a Nebelung is 16+ years. A Nebelung weighs between 3.5 kg (7.11 lbs) for females and 6.5 kg (14.5 lbs) for sterilized males.

Behavioral characteristics

Nebelung cats are lively, playful, affectionate, good-natured, and intelligent. The cat's mild-mannered state and personality may not always reflect the relatively high level of intelligence often found in the breed. In spite of the fact that it is an active cat, it can live very well indoors. Nebelungs prefer their own families and often keep a distance from strangers. They tend to bond with a select few humans and stay loving and devoted throughout their lives. It is, however, a cat that gladly accepts company of its people or of another cat. Nebelungs are very good communicators and will remind their owners of problems. This happens often since Nebelungs can be very picky about things such as litter cleanliness and food type.

Many owners of Nebelung cats say that they can act more like dogs at times, being extremely loyal to their owner and family. At times a Nebelung may choose or bond with a specific person within a family group more so than others. They will still enjoy the company of others within the social group but will tend to spend most of their time with said chosen person. They are also known for being easily leash trained with use of a proper harness. It enjoys sitting in a lap and being petted, and will follow its favorite person devotedly from room to room. The breed is also very playful and is known to learn to fetch and retrieve toys when thrown. This is a cat that likes routine, and may require a little time to adjust to changes in the household. Early socialization can help it become more adaptable.

In popular culture
The Nebelung was featured on the Animal Planet show Cats 101.

The Nebelung is one of the animals which can be given as a Patronus in answer to the user's personality test on Pottermore.

title: Nebelung


text:
Talk:Shortstop

What is a shortstop?
What is a shortstop? Please do not assume US culture. -- Tarquin 10:58 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

What is the derivation of the term shortstop? Pinolevalley (talk) 04:26, 28 March 2011 (UTC) this is wrong — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:306:C5A9:2450:7DD7:95E0:5780:CAC7 (talk) 01:25, 29 September 2015 (UTC)

Photo Subject?
This article has a nice photo of a Major League shortstop in action. But who is it?--feitclub 01:35, May 7, 2005 (UTC)

 * I've added Anderson Machado, Cincinnati Reds to the photo's description page, but since he is quite an obscure player, I don't think it would add much to this article.

 * Rdikeman 19:47, May 8, 2005 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Shortstop
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Shortstop's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "SABR": From Joe Tinker:  From Doc Adams:

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 14:10, 5 December 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 18:08, 5 June 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shortstop


text:
Dr. Dobb's Journal

Dr. Dobb's Journal (often shortened to Dr. Dobb's or DDJ) was a monthly magazine published in the United States by UBM Technology Group, part of UBM. It covered topics aimed at computer programmers. When launched in 1976, DDJ was the first regular periodical focused on microcomputer software, rather than hardware. In its last years of publication, it was distributed as a PDF monthly, although the principal delivery of Dr. Dobb's content was through the magazine's website. Publication ceased at the end of 2014, with the archived website continuing to be available online.

History
Bob Albrecht edited an eccentric newspaper about computer games programmed in BASIC with the same name as the tiny nonprofit educational corporation that he had founded, People's Computer Company (PCC). Dennis Allison was a longtime computer consultant on the San Francisco Peninsula and sometime instructor at Stanford University. The Dobbs title was based on a mashup of the first letters of their names: Dennis and Bob.

First issues
In the first three quarterly issues of the PCC newspaper published in 1975, Albrecht had published articles written by Allison, describing how to design and implement a stripped-down version of an interpreter for the BASIC language, with limited features to be easier to implement. He called it Tiny BASIC. At the end of the final part, Allison asked computer hobbyists who implemented it to send their implementations to PCC, and they would circulate copies of any implementations to anyone who sent a self-addressed stamped envelope. Allison said, Let us stand on each others' shoulders; not each others' toes.

The journal was originally intended to be a three-issue xerographed publication. Titled dr. dobb's journal of Tiny BASIC Calisthenics & Orthodontia (with the subtitle Running Light Without Overbyte) it was created to distribute the implementations of Tiny BASIC. The original title was created by Eric Bakalinsky, who did occasional paste-up work for PCC. Dobb's was a contraction of Dennis and Bob. It was at a time when computer memory was very expensive, so compact coding was important. Microcomputer hobbyists needed to avoid using too many bytes of memory.

After the first photocopies were mailed to those who had sent stamped addressed envelopes, PCC was flooded with requests that the publication become an ongoing periodical devoted to general microcomputer software.

PCC agreed, and hired Jim Warren as its first editor. He immediately changed the title to Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia prior to publishing the first issue in January 1976. The title refers to "jumping through hoops" (calisthenics) and "pulling teeth" (orthodontia).

Early years
Jim Warren was DDJ's editor for about a year and a half. While he went on to make a splash with his series of West Coast Computer Faires, subsequent DDJ editors like Marlin Ouverson, Hank Harrison, Michael Swaine and Jonathan Erickson appear to have focused on the journalistic and social aspects of the young but growing microcomputer industry. Eventually PCC, the non-profit corporation, sold DDJ to a commercial publisher.

The newsletter's content was originally pure enthusiast material. Initial interest circled around the Tiny BASIC interpreter, but Warren broadened that to include a variety of other programming topics, as well as a strong consumer bias, especially needed in the chaotic early days of microcomputing. All of the content came from volunteer contributors, with Steve Wozniak as one of the better known of them. Other contributors included Jef Raskin, later credited as a leader in the Macintosh development; Hal Hardenberg, the originator of DTACK Grounded an early newsletter for Motorola 68000 based software and hardware; and Gary Kildall, who had created CP/M, the first disk operating system for microcomputers which was not married to proprietary hardware.

Computer program source code published during the early years include:
 * Tiny BASIC interpreter
 * Palo Alto Tiny BASIC by Li-Chen Wang
 * Small-C compiler by Ron Cain
 * Music programs

There were also projects for computer speech synthesis and computer music systems. The March 1985 issue "10(3)" printed Richard Stallman's "GNU Manifesto" a call for participation in the then-new free software movement.

Discontinuation of printed edition
In later years, the magazine received contributions from developers all over the world working in application development and embedded systems across most programming languages and platforms. The magazine's focus became more professional. Columnists included Michael Swaine, Allen Holub and Verity Stob, the pseudonymous British programmer.

The title was later shortened to Dr. Dobb's Journal, then changed to Dr. Dobb's Journal of Software Tools as it became more popular. The magazine later reverted to Dr. Dobb's Journal with the selling line, "The World of Software Development", with the abbreviation DDJ also used for the corresponding website. In January 2009 Jonathan Erickson, the editor-in-chief, announced the magazine would cease monthly print publication, become a section of InformationWeek called Dr Dobb's Report, a website and monthly digital PDF edition.

Later history
The primary Dr. Dobb's content streams at the end were the Dr. Dobb's website, Dr. Dobb's Journal (the monthly PDF magazine, which had different content from the website) and a weekly newsletter, Dr. Dobb's Update. In addition, Dr. Dobb's continued to run the Jolt Awards and, since 1995, the Dr. Dobb's Excellence in Programming Award. Regular bloggers include Scott Ambler, Walter Bright, Andrew Koenig, and Al Williams. Adrian Bridgwater edited the news section beginning in 2010.

End
On December 16, 2014, an article by editor-in-chief Andrew Binstock announced that Dr. Dobb's would cease publication of new articles at the end of 2014. Archived articles are still available online. While no longer distributed, Dr. Dobb's is widely considered an important and influential source for the history of the personal computer industry.

title: Dr. Dobb's Journal


text:
Talk:Holsteiner horse

Wikipedia is not a list of links to external sites.

I did not mean to spam, just wanted to provide a link for further information. I'm already working on an article about Holsteiner. Ahab 11:13 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

 * Ahab, try to write at least a two-sentence stub containing some actual information as your placeholder. That's the preferred method around here.--Robert Merkel

 * Thanks for Your advice and patience. Tried my best with a placeholder. -- Ahab

title: Talk:Holsteiner horse


text:
Cataclysmic variable star

In astronomy, cataclysmic variable stars (CVs) are stars which irregularly increase in brightness by a large factor, then drop back down to a quiescent state. They were initially called novae, since ones with an outburst brightness visible to the naked eye and an invisible quiescent brightness appeared as new stars in the sky.

Cataclysmic variable stars are binary stars that consist of two components; a white dwarf primary, and a mass transferring secondary. The stars are so close to each other that the gravity of the white dwarf distorts the secondary, and the white dwarf accretes matter from the companion. Therefore, the secondary is often referred to as the donor star, and it is usually less massive than the primary. The infalling matter, which is usually rich in hydrogen, forms in most cases an accretion disk around the white dwarf. Strong UV and X-ray emission is often detected from the accretion disc, powered by the loss of gravitational potential energy from the infalling material. The shortest currently observed orbit in a hydrogen-rich system is 51 minutes in ZTF J1813+4251.

Material at the inner edge of disc falls onto the surface of the white dwarf primary. A classical nova outburst occurs when the density and temperature at the bottom of the accumulated hydrogen layer rise high enough to ignite runaway hydrogen fusion reactions, which rapidly convert the hydrogen layer to helium. If the accretion process continues long enough to bring the white dwarf close to the Chandrasekhar limit, the increasing interior density may ignite runaway carbon fusion and trigger a Type Ia supernova explosion, which would completely destroy the white dwarf.

The accretion disc may be prone to an instability leading to dwarf nova outbursts, when the outer portion of the disc changes from a cool, dull mode to a hotter, brighter mode for a time, before reverting to the cool mode. Dwarf novae can recur on a timescale of days to decades.

Classification
Cataclysmic variables are subdivided into several smaller groups, often named after a bright prototype star characteristic of the class. In some cases the magnetic field of the white dwarf is strong enough to disrupt the inner accretion disk or even prevent disk formation altogether. Magnetic systems often show strong and variable polarization in their optical light, and are therefore sometimes called polars; these often exhibit small-amplitude brightness fluctuations at what is presumed to be the white dwarf's period of rotation.

There are over 1600 known CV systems. The catalog was frozen as of 1 February 2006 though more are discovered each year.

Discovery
Cataclysmic variables are among the classes of astronomical objects most commonly found by amateurs, since a cataclysmic variable in its outburst phase is bright enough to be detectable with very modest instruments, and the only celestial objects easily confused with them are bright asteroids whose movement from night to night is clear.

Verifying that an object is a cataclysmic variable is also fairly straightforward: they are usually quite blue objects, they exhibit rapid and strong variability, and they tend to have peculiar emission lines. They emit in the ultraviolet and X-ray ranges; they are expected also to emit gamma rays, from annihilation of positrons from proton-rich nuclei produced in the fusion explosion, but this has not yet been detected.

Around six galactic novae (i.e. in our own galaxy) are discovered each year, whilst models based on observations in other galaxies suggest that the rate of occurrence ought to be between 20 and 50; this discrepancy is due partly to obscuration by interstellar dust, and partly to a lack of observers in the southern hemisphere and to the difficulties of observing while the Sun is up and at full moon.

Superhumps
Some cataclysmic variables experience periodic brightenings caused by deformations of the accretion disk when its rotation is in resonance with the orbital period of the binary.

title: Cataclysmic variable star


text:
De Gaulle (film)

De Gaulle is a 2020 French biographical historical drama film written and directed by Gabriel Le Bomin, starring Lambert Wilson and Isabelle Carré as Charles and Yvonne de Gaulle.

Plot
Paris, June 1940. The country is facing military and political collapse as the Battle of France rages. A married couple, Charles de Gaulle and his wife Yvonne, are trying to cope with the situation at hand. When de Gaulle goes to war as a brigadier general in the battle against the invading German army, his wife Yvonne remains at home and takes care of their three children: Anne, Philippe and little Elisabeth.

As the Germans activate Fall Rot, Paul Reynaud appoints de Gaulle as Defence Minister, under the command of Deputy Prime Minister Philippe Pétain whose body was responsible for collaboration with the British. While attending a cabinet meeting, de Gaulle is not met kindly by Pétain, General Maxime Weygand and Geoffroy Chodron de Courcel, who all feel that de Gaulle is not fit for office.

Following his visit to Weygand, who was aiming for a truce between French and the Germans, de Gaulle decides to fly to Britain to meet the British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to discuss the evacuation of the French army to French North Africa. It's only after that trip that Reynaud, Pétain, and Weygand change their view about de Gaulle. During the same month, de Gaulle attends a couple of Anglo-French Supreme War Council meetings where he meets Churchill and General Edward Spears on 11 June, and two days later meets the Earl of Halifax.

Following the successful meetings, de Gaulle offers his resignation, but the Interior Minister Georges Mandel urges him to stay. An escape from French North Africa with Edward Spears and Jean Laurent makes the German government suspicious and an arrest warrant is issued in de Gaulle's name. De Gaulle ends up landing in Britain and goes directly to Churchill, who suggests he should work for BBC Radio on 17 June. The next day, de Gaulle issues an appeal to the French people not to be demoralized and to continue fighting against the German aggressors.

It was during this time that Yvonne and her children left Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, as German forces continue to advance throughout France. By 25 June 1940, de Gaulle becomes the leader of the Free French and eventually becomes the President of the Republic.

Reception
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on  critics, with an average rating of.

Sandra Hall of The Sydney Morning Herald wrote "Wilson makes a very plausible de Gaulle. He has the height, the slimness and the posture and once he has the uniform on, it's easy to overlook the fact that he's much too handsome for the part".

Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter called the film "A bland piece of hero worship".

title: De Gaulle (film)


text:
User:Blimpguy

Dan Nachbar

Former computer scientist. Current experimental airship designer.

My current project is a personal blimp.

If you are curious about experimental airships and balloons in general, you can check out another site that I work on: XLTA.org

Not much here except a pointer to my sandbox

title: User:Blimpguy


text:
Airyanem Vaejah

Airyanem Vaejah (𐬀𐬫𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬥𐬆𐬨 𐬬𐬀𐬉𐬘𐬀𐬵 Airyanəm Vaēǰah; ; ;, 'Expanse of the Arya') is considered in Zoroastrianism to be the homeland of the early Iranians and the place where Zarathustra received the religion from Ahura Mazda. The Avesta also names it as the first of the "sixteen perfect lands" that Ahura Mazda created for the Iranians.

Based on these descriptions, modern scholarship initially focused on Airyanem Vaejah in an attempt to determine the homeland of the Iranians or Indo-Iranians in general. Among these early attempts, the region of Khwarezm emerged as a likely locale. More recent scholarship, however, no longer agrees as to where Airyanem Vaejah might have been located or to what extent it is a mythological rather than a specific historical place.

Etymology and related words
The Avestan Airyanəm Vaējah and the Middle Persian Ērān-wēz are compound terms, where the first part is the adjective of Arya. This term also appears in Vedic Sanskrit as the self designation of the people of the Vedas. Within the context of Iran, however, this term simply means Iranian. However, the exact meaning of the second part vaējah or wēz is uncertain. Friedrich Carl Andreas derives it from a hypothetical Old Iranian *vyacah which he connects to Vedic Sanskrit vyacas "territory, region". On the other hand, Émile Benveniste connects it to the Avestan term vaig (brandish, throw (a weapon)) which would be cognate to Vedic Sanskrit vega (vehement movement, irruption, flow) and, therefore, would give vaējah the meaning of "extent" or "expanse". It may also be related to Vedic Sanskrit vej/vij (to move with a quick darting motion, speed, heave (said of waves)), suggesting the region of a fast-flowing river.

Zoroastrian tradition knows at least two other terms that associate the Iranian people with a geographical region. The first is found in the Avesta specifically in the Mihr Yasht. Vers Yt. 10.13 describes how Mithra reaches Mount Hara and overlooks the Airyoshayana (, 'Iranian lands'). This term is usually interpreted to refer to the entire land inhabited by Iranians which would make it an umbrella term for the Iranian regions mentioned in the following verse Yt. 10.14. However, Gherardo Gnoli notes the ambiguity of the text, such that Airyoshayana, like Airyanem Vaejah, may only refer to a specific country, one that occupies a prominent place among the Iranian countries from verses Yt. 10.13-14. The second term is the Middle Persian Ērān-shahr (𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭𐭱𐭲𐭥𐭩) and Ērān (𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭). This word is the origin of the modern Persian term Iran. However, a possible Old Iranian origin *aryānām xšaθra- has not been established and the term may be an innovation of the Sassanians.

In the Avesta
The earliest mentions of Airyanem Vaejah are found in the Avesta, in particular in the Vendidad and several of the Yashts. In the Yashts, Airyanem Vaejah is most prominently named in the Aban Yasht as the place where both Ahura Mazda and Zarathustra sacrifice to Anahita:

"Unto her did the Maker Ahura Mazda offer up a sacrifice in the Airyanem Vaejah, by the good river Daitya; with the Haoma and meat, with the Baresman, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the speech, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words.

...

Unto her did the holy Zarathushtra offer up a sacrifice in the Airyanem Vaejah, by the good river Daitya; with the Haoma and meat, with the Baresman, with the wisdom of the tongue, with the holy spells, with the speech, with the deeds, with the libations, and with the rightly-spoken words."

The other verses in which Airyanem Vaejah occurs in the Yashts follow the same structure, differing only in the deity to whom the sacrifice is offered. While in Yt. 5.104, Zarathustra is sacrificing to Anahita, this is changed to Drvaspa in the Drvasp Yasht (Yt. 9.25), and to Ashi in the Ard Yasht (Yt. 17.45). In the Vendidad, however, Airyanem Vaejah appears as the first of the sixteen best lands and countries that Ahura Mazda had created for the Zoroastrian community:

"I have made every land dear (to its people), even though it had no charms whatever in it: had I not made every land dear (to its people), even though it had no charms whatever in it, then the whole living world would have invaded the Airyanem Vaejah.

The first of the good lands and countries which I, Ahura Mazda, created, was the Airyanem Vaejah, by the good river Daitya. Thereupon came Angra Mainyu, who is all death, and he counter-created the serpent in the river and winter, a work of the Deavas.

There are ten winter months there, two summer months; and those are cold for the waters, cold for the earth, cold for the trees. Winter falls there, with the worst of all plagues."

This connection between Airyanem Vaejah and winter is further described in Vd. 2.20-23. In these verses, Ahura Mazda is meeting there with Yima and instructs him to build a shelter for the winter that Angra Mainyu would soon unleash upon the material world. The harsh description of Airyanem Vaejah in Vd. 1.3, however, seems to conflict with the positive assessment given in Vd. 1.1. This has led some to speculate that the third verse is a later insertion, while others think that it could be a fragment of an originally longer description, and the text in Vd. 1.3 refers only to the upper headwaters of the river Daitya.

In Zoroastrian tradition
In middle Iranian sources, Airyanem Vaejah appears as Eranwez. The Bundahishn describes how Eranwez was the place where the first cattle was created (Bd. 13.4) and where Zarathustra first received the religion from Ahura Mazda (Bd. 35.54). The Bundahishn furthermore states that Eranwez is located near Adarbaygan (Bd. 29.12) and that it is connected by the river Daitya to a country called Gobadestan (Bd. 11A.7). The identity of Gobadestan is not known, but its name has been interpreted as a distortion of Sugdestan. Likewise, the river Daitya is often identified in the literature with the Oxus. This apparent conflict between a western and an eastern localization in Greater Iran has been explained as a westward shift in geographic place names that may have taken place parallel to the rise of political power in the western regions, in particular Media and Persis.

Modern scholarship

When investigating the historical reality behind Airyanem Vaejah, modern scholarship is faced with the fact that many references appear in a clearly mythical context, while others may point to a specific historical location. Airyanem Vaejah has, therefore, been compared to Mount Hara, a mountain that both appears in Zoroastrian mythology and has been variously identified with real geographical locations. Modern scholarship is thus trying to distinguish between these mythical and historical elements in the Zoroastrian sources and to find out how the early Iranians conceived of their world in each respective context.

Since the Bundahishn (29.12) specifically places Airyanem Vaejah near Adarbaygan, it is clear that during Sassanian times Iranians believed it to be located in Western Iran. Some early modern scholars tended to accept this localisation, assuming that it also reflected the understanding of Iranians at the much earlier time of the Avesta, i.e., the time when the earliest sources were produced. However, this notion has been criticised due to the observation that all place names in the Avesta that can be reliably identified with modern places are found in the eastern and northeastern part of Greater Iran. As a result, more recent scholarship mostly favours an eastern localisation of Airyanem Vaejah.

One hypothesis that has attracted considerable interest identifies Airyanem Vaejah with Khwarezm. It was proposed early on by Wilhelm Geiger and Josef Markwart and a number of arguments have been voiced in its favor over the years. First, Airyanem Vaejah is described as having long and cold winters and Khwarezm is among the coldest regions of Greater Iran. Next, Airyanem Vaejah is described as the original homeland of the Iranians and Khwarezm has been proposed as an early center of Iranian civilization. This point has been widely discussed within the search for "the traditional homeland" or "the ancient homeland" of the Iranians, perpetuating interpretations of the Airyanem Vaejah as Urheimat des Awestavolkes, Urland of the Indo-Iranians or the Wiege aller iranischen Arier. Another argument builds on a comparison between the list of Iranian countries in the Vendidad (Vd. 1.1.-1.19) and the Mihr Yasht (Yt. 10.13-14). As Christensen has argued, the place occupied by Khwarezm in the Mihr Yasht seems to be occupied by Airyanem Vaejah in the Vendidad. Taken together, these reasons have made the Khwarezm hypothesis very popular and scholars like Mary Boyce, Nasser Takmil Homayoun, and Elton L. Daniel have endorsed it more recently.

However, this hypothesis has also seen a number of criticisms and counter proposals. For instance, Vogelsang has noted that the notion of Khwarezm as an important center of early Iranian civilization is not substantiated by recent evidence and places Airyanem Vaejah in the general region of Transoxiania. Frantz Grenet has interpreted the cold of Airyanem Vaejah as referring to a mountainious rather than a northern region and places it in the upper course of the Oxus river at the pre-Pamirian highlands. According to Michael Witzel, however, Airyanem Vaejah lies at the center of the 16 lands mentioned in the Vendidad - an area now in the central Afghan highlands (around Bamyan Province). He also concludes that the idea of finding the "Aryan homeland" in the Avesta should be abandoned and one should rather focus on how both the earlier (Yasht 32.2) and later Avestan texts themselves regarded their own territory. Finally, some scholars like Skjaervo have concluded that the localization of Airyanem Vaejah is insolveable.

title: Airyanem Vaejah


text:
User talk:Blimpguy

hi there. I've done a rough merge from Digirible to Airship. I've rewritten the opening paraphraph to give an overview & explain variations in terminology, but the needs attention from someone familiar with the field. cheers, -- Tarquin 11:55 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

Another note about Airship: "... were flown in the 1800's..." needs to be changed to either 1800s, the decade, or 19th century, the century. -- Tarquin 13:55 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for the input. Will do. Blimpguy -- Fri Jan 24 14:16:32 UTC 2003

---

BTW, you can sign with (just your name + link to your user page) and ~ (adds the date). -- Tarquin

--

You'll find full reference for Wiki markup on How to edit a page -- there's a link to that below every edit bok, to the right of the "Show preview" button. There is also a suite of FAQ pages which (hopefully) cover eberything. there's also the village pump for anything that's not covered in the FAQs. -- Tarquin 17:40 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

Blimpguy, do your interests extend to the Zepplin raids of WW1? I'm working on strategic bombing at present, and starting in the middle with the tween wars theorists, but there should be mention of the earliest strategic bombing campaign also. Slip on over and write it up, or if military history is not your thing, just let me know and I'll do it myself (after refreshing my memory - I'm getting rusty and I always try to get my mind around too many subjects at the same time). Cheers Tannin 07:18 Jan 25, 2003 (UTC)

-- Hi Blimpguy,

I see you are an experimental airship designer. I admire you for it. My enthusiasm for lighter than air was greatly increased by reading John McPhee's book, The Deltoid Pumpkin Seed over 20 years ago. It has a lot of history. As I remember, he describes a hot air balloon passenger system that operated for a while in NJ in the 19th century. I know people keep trying to use lighter than air transport. Someone I know was involved a few years ago in a serious, but now cancelled, attempt to develop a fast cargo vessel. Good luck. AJim 21:40, 2 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hello Blimpguy- that page is coming to together well! Just as a pointer, its one of the few wikipedia policys not to jump to doing reverts. Also, language like 'Im sorry to say but...' as a phrasing to XX information is common way of nesting a viewpoint to have it sound more objective while simultaneously reducing the risk exposure of stating that viewpoint. I happen to agree the version you mentioned earlier there needed toned down, though I don't apreciate those methods. As a separate matter, and, as Im sure you noticed- wikipedia needs a lot of work in early aviation. Anyway I came across this Charles F. Ritchel with no article, apperently he did some work on early airships and thought you might be interested/know of him etc. Well thats all, look forward to reading any of your work on blimps. Good luck! Greyengine5 20:21, 3 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Greetings Greyengine5 -- I think there is a misunderstanding. I was very careful not to revert your edits. Morven did it without my knowledge or consent. As for "I'm sorry" -- I wasn't trying to be clever -- but to express genuine sorrow. In the past, every time the page approached neutrality, somebody came through and rewrote it in a very biased way. I was concerned we were headed down the same path.

This time, I think you, I and Jorge Stolfi are very much in agreement on where the article should go and I too am very pleased with the progress.

Re Charles Ritchel -- I don't recall hearing of him. I will keep my eyes open though. Regards Blimpguy 16:56, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Sorry if misunderstood there- glad the page has moving away from that as I was not involved with earlier. I can understand why that would be the case though. I will, of course, be watching for any more attempts to engrandize what dumont did, as this is sort of thing is standard fare for early aviation. I tablized the the airplane info to. If you have link with more info that can be added as well that would be nice addtion to (weight, flight distance?, etc). Greyengine5 23:08, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

The information needs to be gleaned from numerous sources. It will be a while before I can add more. I need to get some "real" work done before I can do much more Wikipedia work. Blimpguy 23:24, 6 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Hello Blimpguy, a question about Image:Graf zeppelin.jpg you uploaded some time ago: could you possibly provide some source and licence information? I really like the photo and would be eager to use it in the German Wikipedia, but as consensus there is against "fair use" I can do so only if it is in the public domain or the like. --J.Rohrer 22:47, 6 May 2004 (UTC)

Sorry to say that while I'm sure I checked the copyright status, I stupidly didn't record it - or where I got it from. I'll keep an eye out for it or another comparable one where I can document the copyright. Blimpguy 17:19, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

---

I'm OK on paragraph from blimp to airship article move. I'm glad somebody is interested in it and organizing the articles. It strikes my imagination. Launch pad into outerspace, castle in the sky etc.. --Jondel 00:14, 17 Jun 2004 (UTC)

Using templates
Hi Blimpguy - I just noticed the way you added the stub information to Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst. That's not the standard way templates work - the whole reason for templates is so that you can just type in a couple of words, rather than copying all the formatting. Have a look at how I changed the US-geo-stub you had to a slightly more specific US-northeast-geo-stub here to see how they're normally used. Grutness...  wha?  5 July 2005 13:25 (UTC)
 * Hmm... you're right - there should be something about templates in the Tutorial pages, but I can't see it there anywhere. In any case, all you need is to use double curly-brackets around each suide of the template name, and that will link it. As far as the different stub categories are concerned, there are a huge number of them, and you were pretty accurate... the full list can be found at WikiProject Stub sorting/Stub types. Grutness...  wha?  5 July 2005 14:02 (UTC)

Airship terminology.
Hi Blimpguy.

I am currently translating from English to French a story in which a lot of terminology about airships is used. So I encounter much trouble (my native language is French, and my background is not technical).

I am currently looking for information about airship vocabulary. Visual information, such as annotated charts with the different parts of the aircraft, would be very useful to me (so I could compare it with French sources). Thus I would be very pleased if you could help me to find such a resource (online or on good old paper).

Thank you by advance. --Eutrot 02:34, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Image Tagging Image:Graf zeppelin.jpg
Thanks for uploading Image:Graf zeppelin.jpg. I notice the 'image' page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you have not created this media yourself then you need to argue that we have the right to use the media on Wikipedia (see copyright tagging below). If you have not created the media yourself then you should also specify where you found it, i.e., in most cases link to the website where you got it, and the terms of use for content from that page.

If the media also doesn't have a copyright tag then you must also add one. If you created/took the picture, audio, or video then you can use GFDL-self to release it under the GFDL. If you believe the media qualifies as fair use, please read fair use, and then use a tag such as or one of the other tags listed at Image copyright tags. See Image copyright tags for the full list of copyright tags that you can use.

If you have uploaded other media, please check that you have specified their source and copyright tagged them, too. You can find a list of 'image' pages you have edited by clicking on the "my contributions" link (it is located at the very top of any Wikipedia page when you are logged in), and then selecting "Image" from the dropdown box. Note that any unsourced and untagged images will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. Matt 20:45, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Dear Blimpguy, i saw your request on de:benutzer:Stahlkocher diskussion page. btw.: The picture was not tagged by Stahlkocher, but by Thuresson. However, german copyright law is VERY tricky, because it is now mixed up with european law. If the picture your dealing with was published prior 1959 in germany first the copyright will expire 25 years after publication, regarding to the expired KUG. If you did not know the year of puplication, or the photo is published after 1959, it is the best to deal with photos like art, which means public domain 70 years after death of the artist. The Graf zeppelin.jpg, most likely, is a scanned postcard published at around 1930, which means it is in public domain since 1955. But i will not swear.... -- Stahlkocher 16:43, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

Hindenburg
Hello.

Please don't do cut-and-paste page moves, it cuts off the page history. -- Curps 00:33, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

If you want to do a move, use the "move" functionality, don't cut-and-paste. -- Curps 00:36, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

thin layer of metal
Hi,

It looks like you added the phrase "lined with a thin layer of metal" to the sentence that begins "The first hot air balloons were basically cloth bags" in the history section on hot air balloons. That sounds like it would be very heavy. Is it a typo? Do you have a reference? AndrewDressel 20:04, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

More Hindenburg
Blimpguy,

I am the chief architect of the Union Army Balloon Corps. We've talked before. I went by the LZ 129 Hindenburg article and discovered that it has received a TOP rating in importance yet stands as a B rated article. The article, long and good as it looks, lacks citation. Q: Do you think the article is good, or is it flawed, or does it lack something? Is there anyone among you blimpies who could offer assistance to the article, like good referenced citations, so that it could stand up to a GA, A, or FA rating? Could you suggest biographical materials to use to verify and cite the many remarks in the article? I hate to see such a TOP rated article stagnate as a B article.--Magi Media 04:39, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Weight vs Mass
Ha! That's been there for months. Good catch! -AndrewDressel 22:27, 9 March 2007 (UTC)

USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)
Hi Blimpguy, I just added a couple of pictures for the USS Los Angeles (ZR-3) that I scanned. I'm new to Wiki so I just wanted to check with you about how I updated the page where you had previously added an image. I created a gallery since there isn't much text to wrap around the pictures. Bill faulk 07:58, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Downwash

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title: User talk:Blimpguy


text:
Seyfert's Sextet

Seyfert's Sextet is a group of galaxies about 190 million light-years away in the constellation Serpens. The group appears to contain six members, but one of the galaxies, NGC 6027d, is a background object (700 million light years behind the group) and another "galaxy," NGC 6027e, is actually a part of the tail from galaxy NGC 6027. The gravitational interaction among these galaxies should continue for hundreds of millions of years. Ultimately, the galaxies will merge to form a single giant elliptical galaxy.

Discovery
The group was discovered by Carl Keenan Seyfert using photographic plates made at the Barnard Observatory of Vanderbilt University. When these results were first published in 1951, this group was the most compact group ever identified.

title: Seyfert's Sextet