text:
Talk:Derbyshire

Chatsworth House
Mention should be made of Chatsworth house, and its role in films such as Pride and Prejudice. SheffGruff 18:39, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Question
225,074 ha? What's ha? -- Zoe

 * Hectares, I think. Renata 23:19 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * Certainly not clear, at least to this unknowledgeable American. -- Zoe

 * One hectare is 2.471 acres, one acre is 0.405 hectares.Renata 23:33 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * I know what a hectare is, but it isn't clear that a ha is a hectare. -- Zoe

 * See Hectare for the symbol. I've linked to the OofM page -- Tarquin 10:10 Jan 4, 2003 (UTC)

William Jauderell buried here?
In the hope that some natives of Derbyshire watch this page, would any of you know (or be able to check) whether William Jauderell is indeed buried underneath the Taxal Church, or if it is only his son Roger whose grave is marked by a 5' plaque on the sanctuary floor? Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject) 07:03, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

POV?
"...some of England's most attractive scenery." Sounds a little biased to me. Jfing e  r s  88  19:53, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Yeah, I'd agree to nix or reword it Sherurcij (talk) (Terrorist Wikiproject) 20:07, 18 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I don't think this is POV - a large part of the county is within a National Park (so must have very attractive scenery). The Peak District area of the county is also highly popular with tourists who visit the area for it's attractive scenery. Paul the Archivist 16:47, 29 April 2006 (UTC)

Bordering counties
I noticed that Warwickshire was shown on the list of bordering counties. I have removed Warwickshire, because there is not actually a border between it and Derbyshire. There is a gap of a few miles. Ted Ted 17:58, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Being Bold
Not impressed by this page .. I have boldly deleted the list of settlements ... it was as interesting as a tel. directory and goes against Wiki policy (<30% list). The list of places of interest might be of some use if heavily editted to remove stuff like Foremark Resovoir (I pick on this one as its "mine"). Hope I haven't offended but this county deserves a better article. I understand there is a move to create a Derbyshire wikiproject ... we need one Victuallers 12:03, 17 May 2007 (UTC)

The list of "places of interest" is now a template. It can be obtained from a link at the end of the article. Victuallers 14:07, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

List of football teams
I'm trying to make this page a little more presentable and i don't know what to do with the list of football teams. A lot of work has gone into it and it is useful i'm just not sure the main derbyshire page is right for it. I was going to start a new page and just transfer it across, maybe to something like List of football clubs in Derbyshire. However there is no precedent. Anyway i'll check back and if nothing has been proposed soonish i'll remove the list and put it into prose.  Dom ' mc ' cas  17:25, 9 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Great. Looks much better now.  - Shrivenzale (talk) 18:43, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

Trivia Section
Since someone tagged the trivia section with a 'discouraged' marker, I've now eliminated it. Some of the contents I've integrated into the article with citation tags where appropriate (Overseal's claim to be centre of Britain in particular needs support, as would the similar claims made occasionally by just about every other Derbyshire settlement - although most of them settle for England). I've also removed some of the more trivial details (such as what shows and films were filmed in Derbyshire).

Also (and I've not made this alteration yet as I'm conscious that I'm biased as a result of my total lack of interest in football), do we really need 21 football teams listed? After all, just about every town in the UK has a local team, but only a relative few are really of national, much less global, significance. I don't wish to offend members and supporters of the smaller teams, but I think this does make the football section disproportionately large in comparision to the other sections of the article (and in comparison to other sports), and Derbyshire isn't just about football. Can we at least limit it to the more prominent teams such as Derby and Chesterfield? - Shrivenzale (talk) 14:04, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Well done for deleting it and even better for moving best bits into main section. re overseal - it was reported as the population centre only

I agree about the Derbyshire football teams, but at present we do not have anything better... Eventually this section could become List of football teams in Derbyshire maybe ... oh just read comment above. Nevermind the precedent! You can just do it! but nice to discuss with prime author first as its good stuff if you are an amateur derbyshire football fan Victuallers (talk) 16:30, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

Link to Template:Derbyshire Places of interest
Is it normal to have a link to a template from an article? Wouldn't it be more conventional to include the template itself at the bottom of the page with and  (especially if the template contents can be minimised by default)? Dave.Dunford (talk) 14:28, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I think its that was cos of the way the article developed. At one time there was a red inked list actually in the article. Do change it Dave.... Victuallers (talk) 17:00, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Done. Sorry about the huge delay. Dave.Dunford (talk) 15:46, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

Derbyshire school system - Selection by average house price?
"The Derbyshire school system is comprehensive with no selective schools. There is selection by average house price in some areas." Is there really selection by average house price - are there any newspaper articles about this? (I'm staying in Derbyshire this weekend, I will ask the locals.) Wikimsd (talk) 08:26, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

Marple Bridge
Marple Bridge was not transferred to the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport in Greater Manchester. The civil parishes of Mellor and Ludworth were transferred to Marple Urban District in Cheshire in 1936. They subsequently passed to the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport under the 1974 reorganisation of local government. Marple Bridge was part of Ludworth. Skinsmoke (talk) 03:40, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Centre of Britain
"Derbyshire can make some claims to be at the centre of Britain: a farm near Coton in the Elms has been identified as the furthest from the sea, whilst Rodsley and Overseal were the centres of population during the twentieth century." I can see what it's getting at, but there's two problems with this.

Firstly, it's not clear. There's no obvious connection between the two clauses, and what does "the centres of population" mean, anyway? Following the link to the reference, it's an archived version of a parish website, and no longer exists on the current version. It cites an article in the Daily Mail from 2002 that apparently refers to work by an academic (Daniel Dorling) at the University of Leeds. From what I can work out, he said that Appleby Parva is the median point of the British population. That's not at all clear from the sentence given (and doesn't match the claim above, though I don't have Dorling's original claim to hand).

Secondly, the explanation doesn't really match the claim. There's a substantial difference between the median population point of Britain, or even the furthest point from the sea, and the most obvious meaning of "centre of Britain", which is geographical. Derbyshire's vaguely in the middle of England, but with Scotland in the mix that point shifts a long way north. The precise point will depend on what you include as "Britain" (Northern Ireland? The Channel Islands?).

I think the sentence is misleading, and I'm not sure it's especially useful anyway. I'm tempted just to remove it. Any thoughts? -- Shimmin Beg (talk) 21:08, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

 * This comes up in other articles and a number of places claim to be the "centre of Britain" - there is no definite and agreed method of measuring the centre of Britain, so it's best to remove it unless it is particularly celebrated as being so; the claims about Rodsley and Overseal appear to be unsourcable, at least, I couldn't see anything to support the claim from a brief check on the web. AFAIK it's nonsense. Jamesinderbyshire (talk) 21:32, 2 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I did find an OS / BBC reference to clarify the "centre of Britain" story - it's not quite that, but the place that is "farthest from the sea" - added to the article. Jamesinderbyshire (talk) 00:13, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

As it currently reads, the way which this claim is phrased is still somewhat confusing, and in fact in my view doesn't actually make sense. The claim in question is in the first paragraph of the introduction, and reads: "In 2003 the Ordnance Survey placed Church Flatts farm, approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) north, at Coton in the Elms, Derbyshire, as the furthest point from the sea in Great Britain." Unless it is made clear what it is 35 km north of, then this sentence is not very helpful. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 21:43, 25 August 2011 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Derbyshire
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Derbyshire's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "OS": From Sheffield:  From Coton in the Elms: Ordnance Survey - MapZone

Reference named "BBC": From Tom Stoppard: BBC John Tusa Interview (Audio 43 mins). From Richard Arkwright:  From Coton in the Elms: BBC report centre of England From Longdendale: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/323866.stm BBC News | Sci/Tech | Peak viewing for ghouls

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 00:54, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

Infobox

 * moved from User talk:MRSC

Have you looked at what data went? I suspect you are just guessing that the 3K of missing data is now in the template. Im not going to have an edit war, but you are deleting stuff, then being told that you are deleting stuff ... you revert that information without looking. Please ...... look. Don't reply to this or do anything please until you have looked at what you are deleting Victuallers (talk) 15:11, 12 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Have you looked and compared the versions? MRSC (talk) 15:15, 12 January 2014 (UTC)
 * Ummm that is what I am asking you to do. I have already looked at this. What do those numbers do? Victuallers (talk) 15:26, 12 January 2014 (UTC)

Two points for others more informed than me to deal with: 1) As at 2014 the Executive at Derbyshire County Council is Labour-controlled. Where in the info box is the line for editing this? (it still states Conservative) 2) Using CartesianArea in MapInfo GIS as the method to measure the area of the ceremonial county boundary of Derbyshire, the OS Map boundary data I have access to (within DerbyshireCC) shows me that the area of the county is not 2,625sq km, but 2,628.74 sq km. I wouldn't want to change this without citing a source, but thought I'd point this out for others to ponder and deal with.Parkywiki (talk) 22:06, 26 September 2014 (UTC) It may be worth adding that a Cartesian Area measurement of the historic 19th century boundary of Derbyshire (used by HCWatson as vice-county and digitised recently by the National Biodiversity Network gives a figure of 2633.42 sq km. I can upload an image I have created showing the quite significant differences in these two different definitions of 'Derbyshire' if others think this would be of use to have on Wikimedia. Parkywiki (talk) 22:47, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

Later
Having added a few more basic facts about the county to the introductory paragraph, my question is whether people think these would best be placed in an Info box, or be used as the start of a new section on Physical Geography? Parkywiki (talk) 19:54, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Infoboxes are (supposed to be) reserved solely for essential information on a subject, not just a list of everything statistically related to it. What you say could be more suited to an article specifically about the geography of Derbyshire. And I think that the additions are fine in the lead section as they are significant and important enough but aren't very substantial, enough to need their own section.  Rcsprinter123    (collogue)  @ 23:35, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Lead paragraphs should summarise the information in the main text, and shouldn't introduce material not found in the body of the article. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 00:13, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
 * I'd rather think practically and IAR.  Rcsprinter123    (interview)  @ 00:20, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
 * That's a general statement but it doesn't shed very much light here. Do you mean that you believe it isn't practical to have the lead summarise the main text? "Ignore all rules" sounds appealing until everyone adopts it as a mantra and the arguments thus become endless.... PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 00:56, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that guidance - I was concerned I was putting in a few too many key geographic facts here, and the reference to Church Flatts Farm now takes on a more trivial nature. So I'd prefer to see new sections on Geography/Geology and Natural History, and I've long felt this omission is a major weakness of this page, so I guess some of these facts could be relevant there. On the subject of Infoboxes, I still can't see how to change Conservative to Labour in the Executive bit of the Infobox which I questioned last September. Can someone do that for me, please? Tnx.Parkywiki (talk) 01:43, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Although I grew up in the county, I haven't looked at or studied this article very much, and I'm surprised now to find that it doesn't currently have a geography section. I support creating one, which should also include information on geology and climate. See Dorset and Somerset, which are county articles with featured article status, for some guidance on article structure (I notice that they both split geography into human - settlements etc. - and physical, although a logical alternative could be to combine these within a general geography section). Also see WikiProject UK geography/How to write about settlements for general guidance - although Derbyshire isn't a settlement, the organisational principles are similar. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 07:20, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
 * OK - I've started to flesh one out on my own Userpage, covering Geology, Landscapes, Ecology, Botany, Zoology. For the moment it's all off the top of my head, so I won't add anything until it's fully checked and referenced - but feel free to steer me if you think this is the right or wrong way to go. I know my Derbyshire natural history very well - but not always the best way to do things in terms of Wikipedia! Parkywiki (talk) 15:29, 17 August 2015 (UTC)
 * The best way to add info is to always build it from sources/references. I don't advise writing off the top of your head and then trying to add references - it can be very hard to find references to support pre-written info. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 17:39, 19 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for making the split in the section - I'd pondered whether or not to do that. You're spot on about the folly of writing, then adding references later. In this instance I've spent my whole professional life interpreting Derbyshire geology and wildlife, so I was happy to put the draft together in my own user space and then add the key refs before dropping it into the main page, but that can be a hard task when you then can't trace a published reference to something you know to be factually correct. I hope I've included enough now following my initial draft for it to be a helpful addition, and that it'll encourage other elements to be added.Parkywiki (talk) 20:35, 19 August 2015 (UTC)

Proposal to rename Derby article
There is currently a proposal mooted to rename the Derby article, and for there no longer to be a primary topic of this name (as far as I can tell). The proposal is: To view this proposal or to express opinions based on naming policy see the article's Discussion page. This discussion may be closed after 15th July. Parkywiki (talk) 10:38, 9 July 2016 (UTC)
 * Derby → Derby, England
 * Derby (disambiguation) → Derby

KML file
Can someone please explain what a KML file is and why it is deemed necessary to remove the coordinates in order to install it? The coordinates link was easy to use and was prominently placed within the infobox, whereas the KML link is right at the bottom of the page and doesn't seem to work anyway - I certainly couldn't get it to display anything that made any sense. PaleCloudedWhite (talk) 21:14, 14 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Had a look myself, Bing does not work, with an error box:

"The file content is either corrupted or does not contain supported data types.

Details: unable to parse due to 1. <Placemark/> Derbyshire County Council: too large, the maximum size is limited to 10K."
 * Google's no better displaying a tiny box map top-left with blue layers. --  AxG /  ✉  / 10 years of editing  22:15, 14 October 2016 (UTC)
 * It overlays the county boundary on a map, but isn't displaying on Bing because the file size is too large. The Google one is just broken like that sometimes. It is necessary to remove the coordinates from the top of the page to have the links, but they could go back in the infobox. They are used a lot on articles about linear routes like roads, railways and canals, but I thought I'd try with a county. Unfortunately, it seems to be too big.  Rcsprinter123    (talk)  10:29, 15 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Derbyshire. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080228065832/http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/research/projects/eastmidsfw/pdfs/26deras.pdf to http://www.le.ac.uk/ar/research/projects/eastmidsfw/pdfs/26deras.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20141012011358/http://www.nwcfl.com/clubhistory.php?id=12 to http://www.nwcfl.com/clubhistory.php?id=12

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History
The 17th-century plague should be included in the history section. Kdammers (talk) 05:24, 30 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Derbyshire


text:
Food coloring

Food coloring, color additive or colorant is any dye, pigment, or substance that imparts color when it is added to food or beverages. Colorants can be supplied as liquids, powders, gels, or pastes. Food coloring is commonly used in commercial products and in domestic cooking.

Food colorants are also used in various non-food applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, home craft projects, and medical devices. Colorings may be natural, such as with carotenoids and anthocyanins extracted from plants or cochineal from insects, or may be synthesized, such as tartrazine yellow.

In the manufacturing of foods, beverages and cosmetics, the safety of colorants is under constant scientific review and certification by national regulatory agencies, such as the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and by international reviewers, such as the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

Purpose of food coloring
People associate certain colors with certain flavors, and the color of food can influence the perceived flavor in anything from candy to wine. Sometimes, the aim is to simulate a color that is perceived by the consumer as natural, such as adding red coloring to glacé cherries (which would otherwise be beige), but sometimes it is for effect, like the green ketchup that Heinz launched in 2000. Color additives are used in foods for many reasons including:
 * To make food more attractive, appealing, appetizing, and informative
 * Offseting color loss over time due to exposure to light, air, temperature extremes, moisture and storage conditions
 * Correcting natural variations in color
 * Enhancing colors that occur naturally
 * Providing color to colorless and "fun" foods
 * Allowing products to be identified at sight, like candy flavors or medicine dosages

History
The addition of colorants to foods is thought to have occurred in Egyptian cities as early as 1500 BC, when candy makers added natural extracts and wine to improve the products' appearance. During the Middle Ages, the economy in the European countries was based on agriculture, and the peasants were accustomed to producing their own food locally or trading within the village communities. Under feudalism, aesthetic aspects were not considered, at least not by the vast majority of the generally very poor population. This situation changed with urbanization at the beginning of the Modern Age, when trade emerged—especially the import of precious spices and colors. One of the first food laws, created in Augsburg, Germany, in 1531, concerned spices or colorants and required saffron counterfeiters to be burned to death.

Natural colorants
Carotenoids (E160, E161, E164), chlorophyllin (E140, E141), anthocyanins (E163), and betanin (E162) comprise four main categories of plant pigments grown to color food products. Other colorants or specialized derivatives of these core groups include:
 * Annatto (E160b), a reddish-orange dye made from the seed of the achiote
 * Caramel coloring (E150a-d), made from caramelized sugar
 * Carmine (E120), a red dye derived from the cochineal insect, Dactylopius coccus
 * Elderberry juice (E163)
 * Lycopene (E160d)
 * Paprika (E160c)
 * Turmeric/curcumin (E100)

Blue colors are rare. The pigment genipin, present in the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides, can be treated with amino acids to produce the blue pigment gardenia blue, which is approved for use in Japan, but not the EU or the US.

To ensure reproducibility, the colored components of these substances are often provided in highly purified form. For stability and convenience, they can be formulated in suitable carrier materials (solid and liquids). Hexane, acetone, and other solvents break down cell walls in the fruit and vegetables and allow for maximum extraction of the coloring. Traces of these may still remain in the finished colorant, but they do not need to be declared on the product label. These solvents are known as carry-over ingredients.

History
With the onset of the industrial revolution, people became dependent on foods produced by others. These new urban dwellers demanded food at low cost. Analytical chemistry was still primitive and regulations few. The adulteration of foods flourished. Heavy metal and other inorganic element-containing compounds turned out to be cheap and suitable to "restore" the color of watered-down milk and other foodstuffs, some more lurid examples being:
 * Red lead (Pb3O4) and vermillion (HgS) were routinely used to color cheese and confectionery.
 * Copper arsenite (CuHAsO3) was used to recolor used tea leaves for resale. It also caused two deaths when used to color a dessert in 1860.

Sellers at the time offered more than 80 artificial coloring agents, some invented for dyeing textiles, not foods. "Thus, with potted meat, fish and sauces taken at breakfast he would consume more or less Armenian bole, red lead, or even bisulphuret of mercury [vermillion, HgS]. At dinner with his curry or cayenne he would run the chance of a second dose of lead or mercury; with pickles, bottled fruit and vegetables he would be nearly sure to have copper administrated to him; and while he partook of bon-bons at dessert, there was no telling of the number of poisonous pigments he might consume. Again his tea if mixed or green, he would certainly not escape without the administration of a little Prussian blue..." Many color additives had never been tested for toxicity or other adverse effects. Historical records show that injuries, even deaths, resulted from tainted colorants. In 1851, about 200 people were poisoned in England, 17 of them fatally, directly as a result of eating adulterated lozenges. In 1856, mauveine, the first synthetic color, was developed by Sir William Henry Perkin and by the turn of the century, unmonitored color additives had spread through Europe and the United States in all sorts of popular foods, including ketchup, mustard, jellies, and wine. Originally, these were dubbed 'coal-tar' colors because the starting materials were obtained from bituminous coal.

Synthetic dyes are often less costly and technically superior to natural dyes.

History: 19th and 20th centuries
Concerns over food safety led to numerous regulations throughout the world. German food regulations released in 1882 stipulated the exclusion of dangerous "minerals" such as arsenic, copper, chromium, lead, mercury, and zinc, which were frequently used as ingredients in colorants. In contrast to today's regulatory guidelines, these first laws followed the principle of a negative listing (substances not allowed for use); they were already driven by the main principles of today's food regulations all over the world, since all of these regulations follow the same goal: the protection of consumers from toxic substances and from fraud. In the United States, the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 reduced the permitted list of synthetic colors from 700 down to seven. The seven dyes initially approved were Ponceau 3R (FD&C Red No. 1), amaranth (FD&C Red No. 2), erythrosine (FD&C Red No. 3), indigotine (FD&C Blue No. 2), light green SF (FD&C Green No. 2), naphthol yellow 1 (FD&C Yellow No. 1), and orange 1 (FD&C Orange No. 1). Even with updated food laws, adulteration continued for many years.

In the 20th century, improved chemical analysis and testing led to the replacement of the negative lists by positive listings. Positive lists consist of substances allowed to be used for the production and the improvement of foods. Most prevailing legislations are based on positive listing. Positive listing implies that substances meant for human consumption have been tested for their safety, and that they have to meet specified purity criteria prior to their approval by the corresponding authorities. In 1962, the first EU directive (62/2645/EEC) approved 36 colorants, of which 20 were naturally derived and 16 were synthetic. This directive did not list which food products the colorants could or could not be used in. At that time, each member state could designate where certain colors could and could not be used. In Germany, for example, quinoline yellow was allowed in puddings and desserts, but tartrazine was not. The reverse was true in France. This was updated in 1989 with 89/107/EEC, which concerned food additives authorized for use in foodstuffs.

Status as of 2024
Naturally-derived colors, most of which have been used traditionally for centuries, are exempt from certification by a number of regulatory bodies throughout the world, such as the FDA. Included in the exempt category are colors or pigments from vegetables, minerals, or animals, such as annatto extract (yellow), beets (purple), beta-carotene (yellow to orange), and grape skin extract (purple).

Synthetic food colorings are manufactured to provide deeper and more uniform color or hues, and are typically less expensive, but require closer scientific scrutiny for safety and are certified for use in food manufacturing in the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union.

National regulations
A comparison of food color regulations in the EU and the US was published in 2017.

Canada
Canada has published food and drug regulations covering food colorants.

Food in Canada cannot be sold with more than:

 * 100 ppm of fast green FCF or brilliant blue FCF. or any combination

 * 300 ppm of allura red, amaranth, erythrosine, indigotine, sunset yellow FCF or tartrazine and Fast Green FCF or brilliant blue FCF combined
 * 150 ppm of ponceau SX dye.

European Union
In the European Union, E numbers are used for all additives, both synthetic and natural, that are approved in food applications. E numbers beginning with 1, such as E100 (turmeric) or E161b (lutein), are allocated to colorants. The safety of food colors and other food additives in the EU is evaluated by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Color Directive 94/36/EC, enacted by the European Commission in 1994, outlines permitted natural and artificial colors with their approved applications and limits in different foodstuffs. This is binding on all member countries of the EU; any changes have to be implemented into national laws by a specified deadline. In non-EU member states, food additives are regulated by national authorities, which usually, but not always, try to harmonize with EU regulations. Most other countries have their own regulations and list of food colors which can be used in various applications, including maximum daily intake limits.

Permitted synthetic colorants in the EU include E numbers 102–143 which cover the range of artificial colors. The EU maintains a list of currently allowed additives. Some artificial dyes approved for food use in the EU include:

 * E104: Quinoline yellow
 * E122: Carmoisine
 * E124: Ponceau 4R
 * E131: Patent blue V
 * E142: Green S

The three synthetic colors Orange B, Citrus Red No. 2 and FD&C Green No. 3 are permitted in the US but not the EU, as is the natural toasted partially defatted cooked cottonseed flour.

India
The Food Safety and Standard Act, 2006 in India generally permits eight artificial colorings in food:

United States

The FDA permitted colors are classified as subject to certification or exempt from certification in Code of Federal Regulations – Title 21 Part 73 & 74, both of which are subject to rigorous safety standards prior to their approval and listing for use in foods.

In the United States, FD&C numbers (which indicate that the FDA has approved the colorant for use in foods, drugs and cosmetics) are given to approved synthetic food dyes that do not exist in nature.

Permitted synthetic colorants include the following seven artificial colorings (the most common in bold). The lakes of these colorings are also permitted except the lake of Red No. 3.
 * FD&C Blue No. 1 – Brilliant blue FCF, E133 (blue shade)
 * FD&C Blue No. 2 – Indigotine, E132 (indigo shade)
 * FD&C Green No. 3 – Fast green FCF, E143 (turquoise shade)
 * FD&C Red No. 3 – Erythrosine, E127 (pink shade, commonly used in glacé cherries)
 * FD&C Red No. 40 – Allura red AC, E129 (red shade)
 * FD&C Yellow No. 5 – Tartrazine, E102 (yellow shade)
 * FD&C Yellow No. 6 – Sunset yellow FCF, E110 (orange shade)

Two dyes are allowed by the FDA for limited applications:

 * Citrus red 2 (orange shade) – allowed only to color orange peels.
 * Orange B (red shade) – allowed only for use in hot dog and sausage casings (not produced after 1978, but not delisted)

(Orange B, Citrus Red No. 2 and FD&C Green No. 3 are not permitted in the EU. )

Many dyes have been delisted for a variety of reasons, ranging from poor coloring properties to regulatory restrictions. Some of these delisted food colorants are:

 * FD&C Red No. 2 – Amaranth, E123
 * FD&C Red No. 4 – Scarlet GN, E125
 * FD&C Red No. 32 was used to color Florida oranges.
 * FD&C Orange Number 1 was one of the first water-soluble dyes to be commercialized, and one of seven original food dyes allowed under the Pure Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906.
 * FD&C Orange No. 2 was used to color Florida oranges.
 * FD&C Yellow No. 1, 2, 3, and 4
 * FD&C Violet No. 1

Global harmonization
Since the beginning of the 1960s, the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives has promoted the development of international standards for food additives, not only by its toxicological assessments, which are continuously published by the World Health Organization in a "Technical Report Series", but furthermore by elaborating appropriate purity criteria, which are laid down in the two volumes of the "Compendium of Food Additive Specifications" and their supplements. These specifications are not legally binding but very often serve as a guiding principle, especially in countries where no scientific expert committees have been established.

To further regulate the use of these evaluated additives, in 1962 the WHO and FAO created an international commission, the Codex Alimentarius, which is composed of authorities, food industry associations and consumer groups from all over the world. Within the Codex organization, the Codex Committee for Food Additives and Contaminants is responsible for working out recommendations for the application of food additives: the General Standard for Food Additives. In the light of the World Trade Organizations General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the Codex Standard, although not legally binding, influences food color regulations all over the world.

Safety evaluation
A 2023 update by the FDA on food colorants required safety assurances by manufacturers and restrictions on the types of foods in which colorants are used, their maximum amounts and labeling, batch certification, and the amount needed to attain the desired food coloring. Scientific consensus regards that food color additives are safe under the restrictions for use, and that most children have no adverse effects when consuming foods with color ingredients; some individual studies, however, indicate that certain children may have allergic sensitivities to colorants. In October 2023, the state of California banned the colorant, Red 3, in food products starting in 2027.

In the 20th century, widespread public belief that artificial food coloring causes ADHD-like hyperactivity in children originated from Benjamin Feingold, a pediatric allergist from California, who proposed in 1973 that salicylates, artificial colors, and artificial flavors cause hyperactivity in children. However, there is no clinical evidence to support broad claims that food coloring causes food intolerance and ADHD-like behavior in children. It is possible that certain food colorings may act as a trigger in those who are genetically predisposed, but the evidence is weak.

Despite concerns expressed in 2011 that food colorings may cause ADHD-like behavior in children, the collective evidence does not support this assertion. The UK Food Standards Agency examined the effects of tartrazine, allura red, ponceau 4R, quinoline yellow, sunset yellow and carmoisine on children. These colorants are found in beverages. The study found "a possible link between the consumption of these artificial colours and a sodium benzoate preservative and increased hyperactivity" in the children; the advisory committee to the FSA that evaluated the study also determined that because of study limitations, the results could not be extrapolated to the general population, and further testing was recommended. After continuous review as of 2024, the FSA stated that the above artificial food colors may induce hyperactivity in some children. Food and drink products containing any of the six designated colors must warn consumers on the package labels, stating May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children.

The European regulatory community, with an emphasis on the precautionary principle, required labeling and temporarily reduced the acceptable daily intake for the food colorings; the UK FSA called for voluntary withdrawal of the colorings by food manufacturers. However, in 2009, the European Food Safety Authority re-evaluated the data at hand and determined that "the available scientific evidence does not substantiate a link between the color additives and behavioral effects" for any of the dyes.

An ongoing assessment by EFSA over the years 2016-24 stated that only colors assessed as safe were approved for manufacturing in the European Union.

Titanium dioxide
In 2016, EFSA updated its safety assessment of titanium dioxide (E 171), concluding that it can no longer be considered safe as a food additive. As of 2024, the FDA was evaluating a petition to exclude titanium dioxide from use in foods, beverages or cosmetics in the United States.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Food coloring


text:
Talk:Design pattern

First wiki
From the article: (sidenote: Wiki software originated in the design pattern community: the PortlandPatternRepository is the first wiki)

Daniel MacKay writes: I've just added pages for pattern language and crosslinked all the relevant pages I could find, including Wikiwiki

Incomplete approach
I think that the design pattern (main) article is incomplete. In my view design patterns are a generic approach to every problem, not something that can be categorized in the architecture or the computer science fields. An article that is generic and maybe in the style of the Pattern one I think is required to be created

moreover we should add a reference (maybe article) about the design patterns that are used in Human Computer Interaction. link welie.com has plenty info on the subject.

--yanis 15:16, 13 January 2006 (UTC)

Restructuring Proposal
I would suggest the following.
 * Assemble all cross-domain information in the article Pattern language, with an overview of different domains. This article also needs a collection of publications and conferences that mark the history of design patterns.
 * Finally there might be a redirect from Design pattern to Pattern language. Any attempt to separate these two articles will result in high overlap and redundancy. Alternatively, the main article could be called "Design pattern", but then it would also need to explain pattern languages. I prefer to have "Pattern language" be the big one.
 * Domain-specific articles "Design Patterns in Architecture", "Design Patterns in HCI", "Design Patterns in software engineering" etc. The idea of a pattern is basically the same in all disciplines, there is just a lot of material that justifies domain-specific articles. I dissuade the use of brackets like "Design Patterns (computer science)", as these suggest that patterns mean something different depending on the discipline.
 * If there is only few information about a special domain, it will be enough to handle that in the main article Pattern language.
 * Single articles for relevant books by Alexander, A Pattern Language or Gamma et al, Design Patterns (book).
 * The disambiguation page Design pattern should be kept until a common agreement is found that it is no longer needed. Until then, it should list all related articles (no matter how incomplete their approach), which will hopefully make the work easier.
 * EDIT: Just keep it, it's quite useful to have this overview page --Lhead 17:46, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Good luck --Lhead 19:59, 27 March 2007 (UTC) (update Lhead 22:52, 29 March 2007 (UTC))
 * It seems like the patterns for software engineering are those best represented in wikipedia yet, even with single articles for individual patterns... congrats :)

 * Ok. The article Pattern Language was getting weighed down with info about individual patterns.  I took most of it out and put it here, leaving just enough behind so that Pattern language still makes sense.  I removed some of the content that was so specific to Alexandre that it read like copy off of his dust jacket.  If anyone feels that that material is indispensable, I suggest putting it in the article for the appropriate book.  I realize that this explanation of a pattern is extremely simplistic: I was attempting to capture what is common in patterns across domains, while still giving the nod to Alexandre since he is so influential, even outside his own field.  I think it "balances the forces" between the desire for accuracy and the desire for intelligibility.  Comments welcome.  Wordie (talk) 22:57, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

I respectfully disagree with the idea that the pattern language and design pattern  article be one and the same (through redirect). There is much work to be done here but the two terms are distinctly different despite the fact that one can hardly exist without the other. For the design pattern article I think it could use more work in the way of describing what an individual pattern is. This could be achieved by example patterns, example of a pattern template, example of pattern brainstorming, workshop etc... In other word the focused "what, how, why" of individual patterns. All the while referencing at times (conceptually binding) to the Pattern Language article. The Pattern language article could then raise the level of conversation to the what, hows and whys of developing and entire collection of design patterns (really the ultimate goal) such as discussions around composition and organization of design patterns (hierarchy, ontology, etc.) and cross relating Pattern Languages of different domains. Also discussion of how pattern languages are developed, published and so on. I do not claim to be an expert but I am willing to help. --Maxelrod (talk) 15:20, 28 January 2009 (UTC)

Additional Domains
Some suggestions for additional domain areas: Cn469 14:15, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Requirements patterns, see Mastering the Requirements Process, Robertson and Robertson, Addison Wesley 2006
 * Analysis Patterns, see for example http://www.martinfowler.com/articles.html#id2251585 and Analysis Patterns - Reusable Object Models, Martin Fowler, Addison Wesley 1996
 * I noticed these in google, but didn't have time to study. I think it's a good idea, if you have the time and material. Maybe add it to the "Pattern Language" article, or create individual ones? Both would make sense. --Lhead 17:46, 23 May 2007 (UTC)

Additional References
Martin Fowler's books on patterns (there are several).

Stub ??
Why has this page been marked as a stub?? It is meant as a disambiguation page, so there is nothing wrong with it being short! Maybe the page needs improvement (not sure), but wouldn't something like "restructuring" fit better? -- Lhead 20:37, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Insert non-formatted text here

This should be split
Into an article and dab page, currently it is a combination of the two IvoShandor (talk) 13:05, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Systems which use Design pattern
Drupal In drupal, Design pattern is used in many features. Drupal uses these desgin patterns 1.Singleton eg 2.Decorator 3.Observer 4.Bridge 5.Chain of Responsibility pattern 6.Command khinelay 07:10, 13 November 2010 (UTC) khinelay 13:45, 13 November 2010 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Khinelay (talk • contribs)

Merge pages "Design pattern" and "Software design pattern"
As is, this page mostly talk about software design pattern: why not merge the two pages? Unless anyone disagrees, I would like to merge the two...

Triskell (talk) 11:22, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose  Design patterns, and the literature about them, has a substantial history before software. Andy Dingley (talk) 12:08, 7 November 2013 (UTC)

 * Could you point us to some references to the history of design patterns, besides Christopher Alexander's book? In his books, Alexander talks about "architectural patterns" in the sense of buildings' architecture, not "design patterns". When "design patterns" are mentioned, they are in the sense of "designing the architecture of a building". My proposal comes from these reasons and from Section "Domain-specific articles", which reads strange because "Design pattern" do not exist per se, rather we have "software design patterns", "software architectural patterns", and so on, as well as "architecture architectural design patterns" and "architecture design patterns". Triskell (talk) 12:41, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * So apart from the obvious book for a topic, which is so evidently notable that we have an article on the source itself, how many others are you going to claim don't meet your own standards? The Buschmann, Henney & Schmidt paper is already linked, a particularly useful source as it describes the still broader view of pattern languages from the time context of their application to software – but these are authors from a software background, so you can ignore them. Papanek and Edward Tufte have written about the principles of these re-used design archetypes, but they didn't use the same text string "design patterns". We know that WP runs on verifiability-by-string-matching rather than knowledge or comprehension, so that's them out the way too.
 * To be honest, I'm tired of pointless sophistry from editors who know nothing about a subject but have already decided what their answer already is. No doubt your thousands of edits at AfD, NFCC or wherever the bee lives in your particular bonnet likes to pontificate, are all impeccably backed up with almighty policy, which counts for so much more than subject knowledge. Good luck with it, my time is worth more than wasting it on such projects. Andy Dingley (talk) 16:16, 7 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you for pointing me towards the books by Papanek, I didn't know them. I had read some books by Buschman et al. and Tufte a while ago, I'll go refresh my memory! But I can't really believe that WP wants "verifiability-by-string-matching rather than knowledge or comprehension" because that seems like such a ridiculous thing to do... Triskell (talk) 01:03, 8 November 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:Design pattern


text:
Talk:Food coloring

Untitled
I added some information on how food coloring is mainly used for aesthetic purposes and how there are negative health affects embedded in food coloring ToriTori Hivner (talk) 21:18, 24 November 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 27 August 2019 and 18 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): JordanmManson.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 21:35, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Older discussion
Annie, is this your own work? -- Zoe

 * The facts are gathered from various sources, but all of the sources are non-copyrighted as well. The prose is mine. I know a lot about food coloring because I'm one of the minority that's allergic to it. (You HAVE to learn a lot.) I'm also going to add an article about Dr. Feingold in the near future, as he's a pioneer in the field. Annie

 * Thanks for the reply. It was just so well-written instead of just stubbish, I wanted to be sure.  :-)  -- Zoe

 * I had some time last night... I realized that if I'm going to be writing articles, I need to do it offline, when I'm not constantly surrounded by Instant Messenger windows. Annie

 * One reason I don't use IM. :-)  Be warned that sometimes editors use special characters (especially quotes and apostrophes) that show up weird in Wiki.  Once you copy your text over, go back to the article and make sure your special characters look good.  Just from experience.  :-)  -- Zoe

What is "FD&C Red No. 3" and "Yellow No. 5"? Is it some US-specific classification thing, or is it something more international I just don't know about? Either way, it should be explained here. (If you say "Yellow No. 5" to me, I don't know what it means, but I know E102 is tartrazine) --Camembert

 * FD&C relates to the US Federal Food, Drugs, & Cosmetics Act: dyes assigned FD&C numbers have been approved for Food, Drug & Cosmetics; D&C dyes have been approved only for Drug & Cosmetics. Mind-numbing detail available at . A hopefully helpful table available at which matches some US-centric FD&C numbers with some Eurocentric E numbers (and chemical names). Tartrazine, E102, FD&C Yellow #5 are, as you imply, identical. -- Someone else 00:50 Jan 17, 2003 (UTC)

The following was added to the article:

External link
Daniel C. Boyer has made a drawing using food coloring that appears on the Surrealism.co.uk website.

I've removed it. I've scrawled with food colouring as well (I've also made oil paintings, but wouldn't link them from oil paint), but I don't think a link like this is at all appropriate - if it was Picasso, or Miro, or Klee or somebody, then fair enough, but it's not. A sentence such as "some artists have used food colouring as a means of creating pictures" would be OK, though. --Camembert

 * *rolls eyes* I'm upset that Boyer really thinks he can get away with this kind of thing. Martin 22:23 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I used cinnamon tea one time to stain a canvas before painting. [goes off to add it and link it, self is very important, yesssssssssss]  Koyaanis Qatsi 22:27 25 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Coal tar
The sentence that refers to tartrazine as a coal tar derivative: Does that refer to any aromatic hydrocarbon? If so, which of the synthetic food dyes are not coal tar derivatives? If none, we should note that.--Slashme 09:37, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * All the synthetic food dyes are coal tar derivatives. --javad 19:21, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

Do you have a reference for that? I'm happy to believe that they are all based on petrochemical products, but I would have thought that most are derived from the products of crude oil refining these days. --Slashme 08:29, 12 December 2005 (UTC)

i will try to get some ref. on why they are called coal tar derivative. But want to clarify one thing - though they are called coal tar derivatives - they are not derived from the products of crude oil refining - they are synthetic chemicals mostly known as Acid dyes. --javad 17:48, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Style
I added a list of references to this article, before I understood how broken references are in wikipedia. Apparently the Harvard style (YUK!) is preferred. Anyway, the references are in the (sensible) numbered format here, so anyone who wants to change anything will have to edit the whole article.

Feingold reference
In the article, reference is made to the work of Dr. Feingold. Then it is debunked. This is not the place to discuss the controversy over Feingold or his work; it is treated in detail in the 16-page article on it at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feingold_diet. Anyhow, the studies mentioned here in an effort to derogate this diet are awfully awfully old, so it is simply silly to keep them as the only studies referred to. I figured it would be in better taste to send people to the bigger article if they want to learn more, see the controversy, or whatever. Shulae 05:52, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

problem with an external link
I tried to go to the page at the last of the external links:

 * The effect of blue food color on human waste

but nothing happened. The page was not found. Can someone fix it? It certainly sounds interesting -- I know of some studies that found blue colons, but that was in people who were dead.Shulae 03:05, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Azo compound
Azo compounds should be mentioned in this article. Badagnani 02:03, 18 March 2007 (UTC)

Feces Fact
The "Interesting Side Effect" references FD&C Blue No.5, but that doesn't appear in the list of artificial colors. Is this a typo?

Removing some disputed "facts"
From the article:
 * The FDA receives compensation for every pound of food dye it certifies (not inspects), which some may see as a conflict of interest in regard to the safety of these dyes..

Regarding the first: The FDA is authorized to certify coloring "only upon payment of such fees, which shall be specified in such regulations, as may be necessary to provide, maintain, and equip an adequate service for such purposes." (21 USC 379e(e)) But I have not been able to verify that anyone has seen this as "a conflict of interest in regard to the safety of these dyes." Remember that "some may see" would be considered weasel words.

 * The American food industry uses 3000 tons of food color per year.

I was actually able to find two sources for this: One in a book on prostate health and another in an article about pet birds. Unfortunately, neither of these sources tell me how they came by this information, and in context it seems unrealiable to me.

So I am deleting both of these statements. — MSchmahl… 14:00, 12 June 2007 (UTC) ,

I'm not sure where to put this, but I dispute the 'original research?' in this statement:

food coloring is also used in a variety of non-food applications, for example in home craft projects and educational settings.[original research?]

Someone needs to fix this, because that's just a joke, there are thousands of sites that use food coloring for crafts:

look at playdough, bubble recipes, goo recipes here: http://www.makeplaydough.com/back_to_school_craft_ideas-16857.php

playdough: http://jas.familyfun.go.com/crafts?page=CraftDisplay&craftid=12077&campaign-NLC-NL_Wkdr&link=Section2Link2 Corn Starch Clay: http://familyfun.go.com/arts-and-crafts/buildmodel/feature/famf199605_ff56clay/famf199605_ff56clay5.html

Coffee Filter butterflies...: http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/6580/vbs.html

I think somebody's just being lazy here. Unfortunately, 'wiki' is not easy for me... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.79.244.67 (talk) 21:03, 8 January 2009 (UTC)

hair dye
Food coloring (unsweetened Hershey's Cocoa and Kool-Aid) can be used to color hair or in the case of cocoa, enhance brown hair like tomato juice is used to enhance red hair. I came here to find out what causes hair to change color when food coloring is applied. Laura (talk) 01:48, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

FDA Warning Label Rejection
I would have found it useful to read a reference to the following article:http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/740082?sssdmh=dm1.677195&src=nldne which states that the FDA Food Advisory Committee voted to reject a request that foods containing artificial colouring have a warning label indicating "artificial food dyes may affect the behavior of some hyperactive children".

I'd add this reference, but as I am new at this, perhaps best to leave it to the more skilled. Mark (talk) 14:28, 2 April 2011 (UTC)

Neutrality
I don't know enough about the subject area to fix it, but the "purpose" section of this article reads like PR copy. --Roman à clef (talk) 04:52, 4 April 2012 (UTC)

In my opinion, if you look back on previous versions of the "purpose" section (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_coloring&oldid=469414095#Purpose_of_food_coloring), the current version is far better. I do not see how government releases can influence the neutrality on a subject. I am open to fixing this section if need be. (Skoot13 (talk) 15:11, 4 April 2012 (UTC))

What other point of view would you like to see? It seems pretty straightforward: Those are the reasons the industry adds food colorings to processed foods. It is a statement of factual information, not of opinion. I'm going to assume this was fixed months ago, in April, and I'll be removing the tag in a few days if no one responds. Rgambord (talk) 21:50, 15 July 2012 (UTC)

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FCF
The FCF page says it means ‘For Coloring Food’ and directs me here, but here there's no explanation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.61.180.106 (talk) 15:39, 29 October 2021 (UTC)

History of food colour
Hhh 1.38.141.31 (talk) 18:41, 6 March 2024 (UTC)

California ...
is one state in one country. A big state and a big country, but still...--Smokefoot (talk) 01:21, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Food coloring


text:
Talk:Diarrhea

Additional sources
http://www.gatesfoundation.org/global-health/Documents/enteric-and-diarrheal-diseases-strategy.pdf

Di sans the “a” actually means “two” or “double” and I always read the word diarrhea as “double”-flow.
Like di-a-rrhea. Iike the “a” connected the two words!! I don’t know if im right or if you’re right because they both TECHNICALLY make sense, but I think that “double-flow” makes a lot more sense than “through-flow.” I dunno, just this humble boy’s opinion! 😉😀

And if you go to the merriam webster medical dictionary you’ll see that “Di” does, in fact, mean “two” or “double.” Jkeller0009 (talk) 12:44, 7 September 2020 (UTC)

The terminology section states dia means through2600:8801:FB13:6B00:F970:45A2:3B7F:D343 (talk) 07:34, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

Terminology versus etymology as a section heading?
I noticed that the section at the end that was called "etymology" is now called "terminology". I like that but should we make that a general change for all disease-type articles? Note that in the manual of style it says "etymology", see here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Medicine-related_articles#Etymology Also, I suggest to move terminology up to be part of the section on definition. It looks a bit arbitrary where it currently is at the very end. EMsmile (talk) 07:31, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

I see "Definition" on the top of the page which can mean that WP is not a dictionary and the word is what it says. Also I think that terminology can be consolidated into the Definition area or it's out of place in the article, it's long yes but can be consolidated into smaller paragraphs and other descriptions. JasonHockeyGuy (talk) 23:58, 27 July 2021 (UTC)

Description of AWD
I saw your edit. I often post descriptions about Somalia to Wikipedia. The main sources of information I use are news sites. The word AWD sometimes appears in Somali news without explanation. (For example, reliefweb, WHO.) One can look up that AWD is an abbreviation for acute watery diarrhoea, but this meaning is not clear to those without medical knowledge. The difference between acute diarrhea and acute watery diarrhoea may not be important information for doctors, but for those who are interested in healthcare in poor countries, it is important to note the meaning of AWD in Diarrhea's article. It doesn't have to be exactly as I described, but could you please allow me to include information about AWD in this article?--Freetrashbox (talk) 12:26, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
 * OK. I suppose the use of this term is important. I have restored the definition of AWD and a WHO source that includes cholera.Jrfw51 (talk) 13:10, 2 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Thank you!--Freetrashbox (talk) 20:05, 2 May 2022 (UTC)

Some thoughts on further improvements
I have some improvement suggestions but don't have time to make them myself in the near future:
 * Just wondering if the lead image could be different, maybe less "medical"/sciency/microscopic?
 * The sentences that include figures (epidemiology) should be updated.
 * Recheck the section on sanitation; perhaps link better with the WASH#Health_aspects section (I've added a link to it now). EMsmile (talk) 10:59, 18 May 2022 (UTC)

 * the picture should be removed and not replaced with anything 68.8.117.213 (talk) 20:11, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 5 July 2024
2403:4800:251F:1D24:CD26:D383:29B2:40B9 (talk) 05:20, 5 July 2024 (UTC)diarrhoea is diarrhoea
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.   [[User:CanonNi ]]  (talk • contribs) 05:30, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Diarrhea


text:
Talk:Norovirus

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 18 August 2020 and 4 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): AlveoliRavioli. Peer reviewers: GreatDane15, A3C7.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:23, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

In Prevention section, there is no information about preparation of food?
Boiling for some minutes probably destroyes the Norovirus. But is buying freeze-dried food safe? For example freeze-dried tomatoes insteas of fresh tomatoes.

--ee1518 (talk) 12:23, 7 March 2020 (UTC)

Molecular Details and Immune Response
I think it would be beneficial to explore the molecular mechanisms of infection in greater detail, specifically the types of receptors necessary for entry and what happens during an immune response to the virus within the host. I think this article also needs to explore the severity of Norovirus infection in nations where clean drinking water is limited. Here are a list of sources that I think could contribute to this new information. Something that could be investigated could be genetic predisposition to infection -- are there certain areas of the world where polymorphisms for cell receptors are more likely to prevent Norovirus infection?

CDC reports for common outbreak settings

specifics on the molecular mechanisms for attachment and entry into host cells.

Explores immune response to human Norovirus based on murine models of the disease. Claims that Norovirus can not be grown in cell culture, which is why they use a mouse model.

Looking at genetic polymorphisms for cell receptors for many viral infections, of which Norovirus is one of them.

AlveoliRavioli (talk) 22:18, 11 September 2020 (UTC)

Removed
The following content was removed as it was based on a primary source:

Serotypes, strains and isolates include:
 * Norwalk virus
 * Hawaii virus
 * Snow Mountain virus
 * Mexico virus
 * Desert Shield virus
 * Southampton virus
 * Lordsdale virus
 * Wilkinson virus

I don't know whether any of these viruses are considered strains of norovirus or not. JFW | T@lk  11:41, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Tracking
Since there was no definite test, but the doctor thought this virus, how do I track my outbreak back to a source. I have narrowed it down to I think fresh blueberries. 74.192.66.51 (talk) 12:47, 14 January 2022 (UTC)
 * There is a test: Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Graham Beards (talk) 12:53, 14 January 2022 (UTC)

Research directions
This WP:PAYWALLED source:

is available for free from Wiley (publisher) to editors who are eligible for The Wikipedia Library. To get access:

 * 1) Login with your Wikipedia account at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/.
 * 2) Under "My Collections", almost at the end of the page, find the box for Wiley.  Click on the blue "Access collection" button.
 * 3) That will take you to the Wiley search page.  Put the title of the chapter into the main search box.
 * 4) Click on the matching result, and then download the PDF.

I hope this is useful to you. WhatamIdoing (talk) 20:54, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks Graham Beards (talk) 05:38, 2 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norovirus


text:
Jan Swammerdam

Jan or Johannes Swammerdam (February 12, 1637 – February 17, 1680) was a Dutch biologist and microscopist. His work on insects demonstrated that the various phases during the life of an insect—egg, larva, pupa, and adult—are different forms of the same animal. As part of his anatomical research, he carried out experiments on muscle contraction. In 1658, he was the first to observe and describe red blood cells. He was one of the first people to use the microscope in dissections, and his techniques remained useful for hundreds of years.

Education

Johannes Swammerdam was baptized on 15 February 1637 in the Oude Kerk Amsterdam. His father Jan (or Johannes) Jacobsz (-1678) was an apothecary and an amateur collector of minerals, coins, fossils, and insects from around the world. In 1632 he married Baartje Jans (-1660) in Weesp. The couple lived across the Montelbaanstoren, near the harbour, the headquarter and the warehouses of the Dutch West India Company where an uncle worked. Some of their children were buried in the Walloon church, likewise Jan himself (who never married) and his father.

As a youngster, Swammerdam had helped his father to take care of his curiosity collection. Despite his father's wish that he should study theology Swammerdam started to study medicine in 1661 at the University of Leiden. He studied under the guidance of Johannes van Horne and Franciscus Sylvius. Among his fellow students were Frederik Ruysch, Reinier de Graaf, Ole Borch, Theodor Kerckring, Steven Blankaart, Burchard de Volder, Ehrenfried Walther von Tschirnhaus and Niels Stensen. While studying medicine Swammerdam started his own collection of insects.

In 1663 Swammerdam moved to France to continue his studies. It seems together with Steno. He studied for one year at the Protestant University of Saumur, under the guidance of Tanaquil Faber. Subsequently, he studied in Paris at the scientific academy of Melchisédech Thévenot. 1665 he returned to the Dutch Republic and joined a group of physicians who performed dissections and published their findings. Between 1666 and 1667 Swammerdam concluded his study of medicine at the University of Leiden; he received his doctorate in medicine in 1667 under van Horne for his dissertation on the mechanism of respiration, published under the title De respiratione usuque pulmonum.

Together with van Horne, he researched the anatomy of the uterus. The result of this research was published under the title Miraculum naturae sive uteri muliebris fabrica in 1672. Swammerdam accused Reinier de Graaf of taking credit of discoveries he and Van Horne had made earlier regarding the importance of the ovary and its eggs. He used waxen injection techniques and a single-lens microscope made by Johannes Hudde.

Research into insects
While studying medicine Swammerdam had started to dissect insects and after qualifying as a doctor, he focused on them. His father pressured him to earn a living, but Swammerdam persevered and in late 1669 published Historia insectorum generalis ofte Algemeene verhandeling van de bloedeloose dierkens (The General History of Insects, or General Treatise on little Bloodless Animals). The treatise summarised his study of insects he had collected in France and around Amsterdam. He countered the prevailing Aristotelian notion that insects were imperfect animals that lacked internal anatomy. Following the publication his father withdrew all financial support. As a result, Swammerdam was forced, at least occasionally, to practice medicine in order to finance his own research. He obtained leave at Amsterdam to dissect the bodies of those who died in the hospital.

At university Swammerdam engaged deeply in the religious and philosophical ideas of his time. He categorically opposed the ideas behind spontaneous generation, which held that God had created some creatures, but not insects. Swammerdam argued that this would blasphemously imply that parts of the universe were excluded from God's will. In his scientific study, Swammerdam tried to prove that God's creation happened time after time, and that it was uniform and stable. Swammerdam was much influenced by René Descartes, whose natural philosophy had been widely adopted by Dutch intellectuals. In Discours de la Methode Descartes had argued that nature was orderly and obeyed fixed laws, thus nature could be explained rationally.

Swammerdam was convinced that the creation, or generation, of all creatures obeyed the same laws. Having studied the reproductive organs of men and women at university he set out to study the generation of insects. He had devoted himself to studying insects after discovering that the bee was indeed a queen bee. Swammerdam knew this because he had found eggs inside the creature. But he did not publish this finding. Swammerdam corresponded with Matthew Slade and Paolo Boccone and was visited by Willem Piso, Nicolaas Tulp and Nicolaas Witsen. He showed Cosimo III de' Medici, accompanied by Thévenot, another revolutionary discovery. Inside a caterpillar the limbs and wings of the butterfly could be seen (now called the imaginal discs).

When Swammerdam published The General History of Insects, or General Treatise on little Bloodless Animals later that year he not only did away with the idea that insects lacked internal anatomy but also attacked the Christian notion that insects originated from spontaneous generation and that their life cycle was a metamorphosis. Swammerdam maintained that all insects originated from eggs and their limbs grew and developed slowly. Thus there was no distinction between insects and so-called higher animals. Swammerdam declared war on "vulgar errors" and the symbolic interpretation of insects was, in his mind, incompatible with the power of God, the almighty architect. Swammerdam, therefore, dispelled the seventeenth-century notion of metamorphosis —the idea that different life stages of an insect (e.g. caterpillar and butterfly) represent different individuals or a sudden change from one type of animal to another.

Spirituality
Swammerdam suffered a crisis of conscience; his father repudiated the study of insects. Having believed that his scientific research was a tribute to the Creator, he started to fear that he may be worshipping the idol of curiosities. In 1673 Swammerdam briefly fell under the influence of the Flemish mystic Antoinette Bourignon. His 1675 treatise on the mayfly, entitled Ephemeri vita, included devout poetry and documented his religious experiences. Swammerdam found comfort in the arms of Bourignon's sect in Nordstrand, Germany. Swammerdam traveled to Copenhagen to visit the mother of Nicolaus Steno, but was back in Amsterdam in early 1676. In a letter to Henry Oldenburg, he explained "I was never at any time busier than in these days, and the chief of all architects has blessed my endeavors".

Bybel der natuure
His religious crisis only interrupted his scientific research briefly and until his premature death aged 43, he worked on what was to become his main work. It remained unpublished when he died in 1680 and was published as Bybel der natuure posthumously in 1737 by the Leiden University professor Herman Boerhaave. Convinced that all insects were worth studying, Swammerdam had compiled an epic treatise on as many insects as he could, using the microscope and dissection. Inspired by Marcello Malpighi, in De Bombyce Swammerdam described the anatomy of silkworms, mayflies, ants, stag beetles, cheese mites, bees and many other insects. His scientific observations were infused by the his belief in God, the almighty creator. Swammerdam's praise of the louse went on to become a classic:

"Herewith I offer you the Omnipotent Finger of God in the anatomy of a louse: wherein you will find miracle heaped on miracle and see the wisdom of God clearly manifested in a minute point."

Research on bees

Since ancient times it had been asserted that the queen bee was male, and ruled the hive. In 1586 Luis Mendez de Torres had first published the finding that the hive was ruled by a female, but Torres had maintained that she produced all other bees in the colony through a "seed". In 1609 Charles Butler had recorded the sex of drones as male, but he wrongly believed that they mated with worker bees. In Biblia naturae the first visual proof was published that his contemporaries had mistakenly identified the queen bee as male. Swammerdam also provided evidence that the queen bee is the sole mother of the colony.

Swammerdam had engaged in five intense years of beekeeping. He had found that drones were masculine, and had no stinger. Swammerdam identified the worker bees as "natural eunuchs" because he was unable to detect ovaries in them, but described them as nearer to the nature of the female. Swammerdam had produced a drawing of the queen bee's reproductive organs, as observed through the microscope. The drawing Swammerdam produced of the internal anatomy of the queen bee was only published in 1737. His drawing of the honeycomb geometry was first published in Biblia naturae, but had been referenced by Giacomo Filippo Maraldi in his 1712 book. Details of Swammerdam's research on bees had already been published elsewhere because he had shared his findings with other scientists in correspondence. Among others, Swammerdam's research had been referenced by Nicolas Malebranche in 1688.

Research on muscles
In Biblia naturae Swammerdam's research on muscles was published. Swammerdam played a key role in the debunking of the balloonist theory, the idea that 'moving spirits' are responsible for muscle contractions. The idea, supported by the Greek physician Galen, held that nerves were hollow and the movement of spirits through them propelled muscle motion. René Descartes furthered the idea by basing it on a model of hydraulics, suggesting that the spirits were analogous to fluids or gasses and calling them 'animal spirits'. In the model, which Descartes used to explain reflexes, the spirits would flow from the ventricles of the brain, through the nerves, and to the muscles to animate the latter. According to this hypothesis, muscles would grow larger when they contract because of the animal spirits flowing into them. To test this idea, Swammerdam placed severed frog thigh muscle in an airtight syringe with a small amount of water in the tip. He could thus determine whether there was a change in the volume of the muscle when it contracted by observing a change in the level of the water (image at right). When Swammerdam caused the muscle to contract by irritating the nerve, the water level did not rise but rather was lowered by a minute amount; this showed that no air or fluid could be flowing into the muscle. The idea that nerve stimulation led to the movement had important implications for neuroscience by putting forward the idea that behavior is based on stimuli.

Swammerdam's research had been referenced before its publication by Nicolas Steno, who had visited Swammerdam in Amsterdam. Swammerdam's research concluded after Steno had published the second edition of Elements of Myology in 1669, which is referenced in Biblia naturae. A letter from Steno to Malpighi from 1675 suggests that Swammerdam's findings on muscle contraction had caused his crisis of consciousness. Steno sent Malpighi the drawings Swammerdam had done of the experiments, saying "when he had written a treatise on this matter he destroyed it and he has only preserved these figures. He is seeking God, but not yet in the Church of God."

Legacy

Together with his father he collected 6,000 objects in 27 drawer cabinets. Swammerdam's Historia insectorum generalis was widely known and applauded before he died. Two years after his death in 1680 it was translated into French and in 1685 it was translated into Latin. John Ray, author of the 1705 Historia insectorum, praised Swammerdam' methods, they were "the best of all". Though Swammerdam's work on insects and anatomy was significant, many current histories remember him as much for his methods and skill with microscopes as for his discoveries. He developed new techniques for examining, preserving, and dissecting specimens, including wax injection to make viewing blood vessels easier. A method he invented for the preparation of hollow human organs was later much employed in anatomy. He had corresponded with contemporaries across Europe and his friends Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Nicolas Malebranche used his microscopic research to substantiate their own natural and moral philosophy. But Swammerdam has also been credited with heralding the natural theology of the 18th century, were God's grand design was detected in the mechanics of the Solar System, the seasons, snowflakes and the anatomy of the human eye. An English translation of his entomological works by T. Floyd was published in 1758.

No authentic portrait of Jan Swammerdam is extant nowadays. The portrait shown in the header is derived from the painting The Anatomy Lesson of Dr Tulp by Rembrandt and represents the leading Amsterdam physician Hartman Hartmanzoon (1591–1659).

title: Jan Swammerdam


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Magdeburg hemispheres

The Magdeburg hemispheres are a pair of large copper hemispheres with mating rims that were used in a famous 1654 experiment to demonstrate the power of atmospheric pressure. When the rims were sealed with grease and the air was pumped out, the sphere contained a vacuum and could not be pulled apart by teams of horses. Once the valve was opened, air rushed in and the hemispheres were easily separated. The Magdeburg hemispheres were invented by German scientist and mayor of Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke, to demonstrate the air pump that he had invented and the concept of atmospheric pressure.

Speculation varied about the contents of the sphere. Many thought it was simply empty, while others argued the vacuum contained air or some finer aerial substance drawn from the mercury. Sound did not transmit through the sphere, indicating that sound needed a medium in order to be heard, while light did not.

The first artificial vacuum had been produced a few years earlier by Evangelista Torricelli and inspired Guericke to design the world's first vacuum pump, which consisted of a piston and cylinder with one-way flap valves. The hemispheres became popular in physics lectures as an illustration of the strength of air pressure, and are still used in education. The original hemispheres are on display in the Deutsches Museum in Munich.

Aside from its scientific importance, the experiment served to prove the recovery of the city of Magdeburg, which only two decades earlier had undergone the Sack of Magdeburg - considered the worst atrocity of the Thirty Years' War - when 20,000 of its inhabitants were massacred, and only 4,000 remained at the end of the war in 1648. Von Guericke was concerned with both aspects of the experiment, in his double capacity as a leading scientist and as the mayor who worked tirelessly to restore the city's wealth.

Overview

The Magdeburg hemispheres, around 50 cm (20 inches) in diameter,   were designed to demonstrate the vacuum pump that Guericke had invented. One of them had a tube connection to attach the pump, with a valve to close it off. When the air was sucked out from inside the hemispheres, and the valve was closed, the hose from the pump could be detached, and they were held firmly together by the air pressure of the surrounding atmosphere.

The force holding the hemispheres together was equal to the area bounded by the joint between the hemispheres, a circle with a diameter of 50 cm, multiplied by the difference in air pressure between the inside and the outside. It is unclear how strong a vacuum Guericke's pump was able to achieve, but if it was able to evacuate all of the air from the inside, the hemispheres would have been held together with a force of around 20 kN, equivalent to lifting a car or small elephant; a dramatic demonstration of the pressure of the atmosphere.

Demonstrations

Guericke's demonstration was performed on 8 May 1654 in front of the Imperial Diet, and the Emperor Ferdinand III in Regensburg. Thirty horses, in two teams of fifteen, could not separate the hemispheres until the valve was opened to equalize the air pressure. In 1656 he repeated the demonstration with sixteen horses (two teams of eight) in his hometown of Magdeburg, where he was mayor. He also took the two spheres, hung the two hemispheres with a support, and removed the air from within. He then strapped weights to the spheres, but the spheres would not budge. Gaspar Schott was the first to describe the experiment in print in his Mechanica Hydraulico-Pneumatica (1657). In 1663 (or, according to some sources, in 1661) the same demonstration was given in Berlin before Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg with twenty-four horses.

The experiment became a popular way to illustrate the principles of air pressure, and many smaller copies of the hemispheres were made, and are used to this day in science classes. Reenactments of von Guericke's experiment of 1654 are performed in locations around the world by the Otto von Guericke Society. On 18 March 2000, a demonstration using sixteen horses was conducted in Great Torrington by Barometer World.

The experiment has been commemorated on at least two German stamps.

After learning about Guericke's pump through Schott's book, Robert Boyle worked with Robert Hooke to design and build an improved air pump. From this, through various experiments, they formulated what is called Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a body of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Much later the ideal gas law was formulated in 1834.

title: Magdeburg hemispheres


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Hydrography

Hydrography is the branch of applied sciences which deals with the measurement and description of the physical features of oceans, seas, coastal areas, lakes and rivers, as well as with the prediction of their change over time, for the primary purpose of safety of navigation and in support of all other marine activities, including economic development, security and defense, scientific research, and environmental protection.

History
The origins of hydrography lay in the making of charts to aid navigation, by individual mariners as they navigated into new waters. These were usually the private property, even closely held secrets, of individuals who used them for commercial or military advantage. As transoceanic trade and exploration increased, hydrographic surveys started to be carried out as an exercise in their own right, and the commissioning of surveys was increasingly done by governments and special hydrographic offices. National organizations, particularly navies, realized that the collection, systematization and distribution of this knowledge gave it great organizational and military advantages. Thus were born dedicated national hydrographic organizations for the collection, organization, publication and distribution of hydrography incorporated into charts and sailing directions.

Prior to the establishment of the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office, Royal Navy captains were responsible for the provision of their own charts. In practice this meant that ships often sailed with inadequate information for safe navigation, and that when new areas were surveyed, the data rarely reached all those who needed it. The Admiralty appointed Alexander Dalrymple as Hydrographer in 1795, with a remit to gather and distribute charts to HM Ships. Within a year existing charts from the previous two centuries had been collated, and the first catalogue published. The first chart produced under the direction of the Admiralty, was a chart of Quiberon Bay in Brittany, and it appeared in 1800.

Under Captain Thomas Hurd the department received its first professional guidelines, and the first catalogues were published and made available to the public and to other nations as well. In 1829, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort, as Hydrographer, developed the eponymous Scale, and introduced the first official tide tables in 1833 and the first "Notices to Mariners" in 1834. The Hydrographic Office underwent steady expansion throughout the 19th century; by 1855, the Chart Catalogue listed 1,981 charts giving a definitive coverage over the entire world, and produced over 130,000 charts annually, of which about half were sold.

The word hydrography comes from the Ancient Greek ὕδωρ (hydor), "water" and γράφω (graphō), "to write".

Overview
Large-scale hydrography is usually undertaken by national or international organizations which sponsor data collection through precise surveys and publish charts and descriptive material for navigational purposes. The science of oceanography is, in part, an outgrowth of classical hydrography. In many respects the data are interchangeable, but marine hydrographic data will be particularly directed toward marine navigation and safety of that navigation. Marine resource exploration and exploitation is a significant application of hydrography, principally focused on the search for hydrocarbons.

Hydrographical measurements include the tidal, current and wave information of physical oceanography. They include bottom measurements, with particular emphasis on those marine geographical features that pose a hazard to navigation such as rocks, shoals, reefs and other features that obstruct ship passage. Bottom measurements also include collection of the nature of the bottom as it pertains to effective anchoring. Unlike oceanography, hydrography will include shore features, natural and manmade, that aid in navigation. Therefore, a hydrographic survey may include the accurate positions and representations of hills, mountains and even lights and towers that will aid in fixing a ship's position, as well as the physical aspects of the sea and seabed.

Hydrography, mostly for reasons of safety, adopted a number of conventions that have affected its portrayal of the data on nautical charts. For example, hydrographic charts are designed to portray what is safe for navigation, and therefore will usually tend to maintain least depths and occasionally de-emphasize the actual submarine topography that would be portrayed on bathymetric charts. The former are the mariner's tools to avoid accident. The latter are best representations of the actual seabed, as in a topographic map, for scientific and other purposes. Trends in hydrographic practice since c. 2003–2005 have led to a narrowing of this difference, with many more hydrographic offices maintaining "best observed" databases, and then making navigationally "safe" products as required. This has been coupled with a preference for multi-use surveys, so that the same data collected for nautical charting purposes can also be used for bathymetric portrayal.

Even though, in places, hydrographic survey data may be collected in sufficient detail to portray bottom topography in some areas, hydrographic charts only show depth information relevant for safe navigation and should not be considered as a product that accurately portrays the actual shape of the bottom. The soundings selected from the raw source depth data for placement on the nautical chart are selected for safe navigation and are biased to show predominantly the shallowest depths that relate to safe navigation. For instance, if there is a deep area that can not be reached because it is surrounded by shallow water, the deep area may not be shown. The color filled areas that show different ranges of shallow water are not the equivalent of contours on a topographic map since they are often drawn seaward of the actual shallowest depth portrayed. A bathymetric chart does show marine topology accurately. Details covering the above limitations can be found in Part 1 of Bowditch's American Practical Navigator. Another concept that affects safe navigation is the sparsity of detailed depth data from high resolution sonar systems. In more remote areas, the only available depth information has been collected with lead lines. This collection method drops a weighted line to the bottom at intervals and records the depth, often from a rowboat or sail boat. There is no data between soundings or between sounding lines to guarantee that there is not a hazard such as a wreck or a coral head waiting there to ruin a sailor's day. Often, the navigation of the collecting boat does not match today's GPS navigational accuracies. The hydrographic chart will use the best data available and will caveat its nature in a caution note or in the legend of the chart.

A hydrographic survey is quite different from a bathymetric survey in some important respects, particularly in a bias toward least depths due to the safety requirements of the former and geomorphologic descriptive requirements of the latter. Historically, this could include echosoundings being conducted under settings biased toward least depths, but in modern practice hydrographic surveys typically attempt to best measure the depths observed, with the adjustments for navigational safety being applied after the fact.

Hydrography of streams will include information on the stream bed, flows, water quality and surrounding land. Basin or interior hydrography pays special attention to rivers and potable water although if collected data is not for ship navigational uses, and is intended for scientific usage, it is more commonly called hydrometry or hydrology.

Hydrography of rivers and streams is also an integral part of water management. Most reservoirs in the United States use dedicated stream gauging and rating tables to determine inflows into the reservoir and outflows to irrigation districts, water municipalities and other users of captured water. River/stream hydrographers use handheld and bank mounted devices, to capture a sectional flow rate of moving water through a section and or current.

Equipment
Uncrewed Surface Vessels (USVs) and are commonly used for hydrographic surveys - they are often equipped with some sort of sonar. Single-beam echosounders, multibeam echosounders, and side scan sonars are all frequently used in hydrographic applications. The knowledge gained from these surveys aid in disaster planning, port and harbor maintenance, and various other coastal planning activities.

Organizations
Hydrographic services in most countries are carried out by specialised hydrographic offices. The international coordination of hydrographic efforts lies with the International Hydrographic Organization.

The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office is one of the oldest, supplying a wide range of charts covering the globe to other countries, allied military organisations and the public.

In the United States, the hydrographic charting function has been carried out since 1807 by the Office of Coast Survey of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

title: Hydrography


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Terrella

A terrella is a small magnetised model ball representing the Earth, that is thought to have been invented by the English physician William Gilbert while investigating magnetism, and further developed 300 years later by the Norwegian scientist and explorer Kristian Birkeland, while investigating the aurora.

Terrellas have been used until the late 20th century to attempt to simulate the Earth's magnetosphere, but have now been replaced by computer simulations.

William Gilbert's terrella
William Gilbert, the royal physician to Queen Elizabeth I, devoted much of his time, energy and resources to the study of the Earth's magnetism. It had been known for centuries that a freely suspended compass needle pointed north. Earlier investigators (including Christopher Columbus) found that direction deviated somewhat from true north, and Robert Norman showed the force on the needle was not horizontal but slanted into the Earth.

William Gilbert's explanation was that the Earth itself was a giant magnet, and he demonstrated this by creating a scale model of the magnetic Earth, a "terrella", a sphere formed out of a lodestone. Passing a small compass over the terrella, Gilbert demonstrated that a horizontal compass would point towards the magnetic pole, while a dip needle, balanced on a horizontal axis perpendicular to the magnetic one, indicated the proper "magnetic inclination" between the magnetic force and the horizontal direction. Gilbert later reported his findings in De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure, published in 1600.

Kristian Birkeland's terrella
Kristian Birkeland was a Norwegian physicist who, around 1895, tried to explain why the lights of the polar aurora appeared only in regions centered at the magnetic poles.

He simulated the effect by directing cathode rays (later identified as electrons) at a terrella in a vacuum tank, and found they indeed produced a glow in regions around the poles of the terrella. Because of residual gas in the chamber, the glow also outlined the path of the particles. Neither he nor his associate Carl Størmer (who calculated such paths) could understand why the actual aurora avoided the area directly above the poles themselves. Birkeland believed the electrons came from the Sun, since large auroral outbursts were associated with sunspot activity.

Birkeland constructed several terrellas. One large terrella experiment was reconstructed in Tromsø, Norway.

Other terrellas
The German Baron Carl Reichenbach (1788–1869) also experimented with a terrella. He used an electromagnet, placed within a large hollow iron sphere, and this was examined in the darkroom under varying degrees of electrification.

Brunberg and Dattner in Sweden, around 1950, used a terrella to simulate trajectories of particles in the Earth's field. Podgorny in the Soviet Union, around 1972, built terrellas at which a flow of plasma was directed, simulating the solar wind. Hafiz-Ur Rahman at the University of California, Riverside conducted more realistic experiments around 1990. All such experiments are difficult to interpret, and are never able to scale all the parameters needed to properly simulate the Earth's magnetosphere, which is why such experiments have now been completely replaced by computer simulations.

Recently the terrella experiments have been further developed by a team of physicists at the Institute of Planetology and Astrophysics in Grenoble, France to create the "planeterrella" which uses two magnetised spheres which can be manipulated to recreate several different auroral phenomena.

title: Terrella


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Talk:Elias Disney

Qualification
This article contains a lot of oddly specific information (such as multiple addresses), uses the word "probably" twice which is a little odd for factual information, and has a lot of anecdotal information that isn't notable (such as the "Character" section and that he never drank alcohol). Louie Mantia 19:14, 11 December 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Louiemantia (talk • contribs)

Is there any need for this article? Just being Walt Disney's father hardly qualifies someone for addition to the Wikipedia. -- Zoe

Elias is the father of both Walt and Roy Disney and the only reason for the short article is a connection to both of them.Roy was important in his own right and his son is currently vice-president of the company.Mentioning that in Walt's article would be out of subject.Walt's parenthood is also a matter of debate because there is a rural legend that gives his natural parents as Spanish instead of Irish.-User Dimadick

The article contains factually verifiable information and may be interesting to people who want to know about Walt Disney's background. Keep it. But we may want to have the Disney family tree on a single page eventually. It's getting silly when we have pages for every distant relative. But having these pages become redirects to the family tree article would be OK. --Eloquence

 * Sorry, I disagree. You can have articles about both Walt and Roy without going through the whole family tree.  -- Zoe

 * Yes, but the family tree is factually verifiable encyclopedia-type information that may be interesting to some people. While I don't think everyone in such a tree "deserves" their own encyclopedia article, there should not be a problem with having genealogical information in the articles themselves. --EloquenceI coldn't belive it!

 * So when does it all stop? Why stop with his grandparents?  Why not include all of them back to Adam?  This person is of no importance in his own right.  His name and any other of Walt's ancestors' names can be listed in Walt's article, and we don't need this separate article.  -- Zoe

 * "Of no importance" is a subjective statement. In my opinion, Wikipedia should not really make such judgments, and it would in fact be perfectly OK to have an article about you or me -- if it contained factually verifiable information. This should be the key criterion: Can someone else who comes across the article verify and possibly improve it (with reasonable effort)? I am sure there are plenty of Disney biographies which include the information about Elias. Since we have more than just his name here, I think it's OK to have the info in a separate article. Who might be interested in this? Just one example: For many different reasons, it is interesting to create psychological profiles of celebrities, and to do so, you need information about their family background. This article provides such information. --Eloquence

 * Cool. Where is your article about yourself?  I'll take this to the mailing list for resolution.  -- Zoe

 * Although I'm mentioned in a few conference descriptions, I don't think that these short bios qualify as sufficiently factually verifiable information. BTW, Isis already has an article about herself, and so does Sheldon Rampton, another Wikipedian. --Eloquence

 * And Walt is a descendant of George Burroughs, executed for witchcraft at Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, and therefore of Edward I, through his mother, Flora Call, not thru his Disney daddy. :) -- Someone else 02:38 Jan 4, 2003 (UTC)

Clearly Walt Disney was highly influenced by his upbringing. This results in the work he produces and may help to explain his late life creations such as Epcot Center. Knowing the background to his father helps students/researchers to gain a better understanding of what may have motivated him.

And if you don't like - don't visit the page. There's a large number of pages that I may find irrelivent - but they are liked and wanted by others - get over it!

 * Note the French Wikipedia has Kepple Disney (Walt's grandfather) - an attempt to create a corresponding English Kepple Disney entry from that was promptly stomped on recently. Perhaps it didn't meet WP:BIO, but Elias Disney should be defensible as bio background for Walt Disney. Dl2000 00:42, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

Her Irish parents must of had roots in england, Disney is an English surname of anglo-Norman origin, and Richardson is one of the most English surnames going, old English for son of Richard.109.154.17.141 (talk) 11:34, 25 October 2010 (UTC) WE miss him so much!It is so hard without him!--74.199.113.217 (talk) 15:39, 26 November 2011 (UTC)

Date and town of marriage
According to this article, Elias Disney married Flora Call on January 1, 1888, in Acron, Florida. However, according to the Lake County, Florida article, they married in Kismet, Florida on December 27, 1887. Which is correct? -- azumanga (talk) 03:53, 19 December 2007 (UTC)

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User:Amol

Amol Sarva has added a couple of things to Wikipedia as of 3 Jan 2003, to the entries on Noam Chomsky and Morrissey. My Contributions to the WikiPedia.

More about Amol Sarva is available at Amol's homepage.

He also created the page on Amol Sarva for the Sarva surname

title: User:Amol