text:
List of statistics articles

0–9

 * 1.96
 * 2SLS (two-stage least squares) – redirects to instrumental variable
 * 3SLS – see three-stage least squares
 * 68–95–99.7 rule
 * 100-year flood

A

 * A priori probability
 * Abductive reasoning
 * Absolute deviation
 * Absolute risk reduction
 * Absorbing Markov chain
 * ABX test
 * Accelerated failure time model
 * Acceptable quality limit
 * Acceptance sampling
 * Accidental sampling
 * Accuracy and precision
 * Accuracy paradox
 * Acquiescence bias
 * Actuarial science
 * Adapted process
 * Adaptive estimator
 * Additive Markov chain
 * Additive model
 * Additive smoothing
 * Additive white Gaussian noise
 * Adjusted Rand index – see Rand index (subsection)
 * ADMB – software
 * Admissible decision rule
 * Age adjustment
 * Age-standardized mortality rate
 * Age stratification
 * Aggregate data
 * Aggregate pattern
 * Akaike information criterion
 * Algebra of random variables
 * Algebraic statistics
 * Algorithmic inference
 * Algorithms for calculating variance
 * All models are wrong
 * All-pairs testing
 * Allan variance
 * Alignments of random points
 * Almost surely
 * Alpha beta filter
 * Alternative hypothesis
 * Analyse-it – software
 * Analysis of categorical data
 * Analysis of covariance
 * Analysis of molecular variance
 * Analysis of rhythmic variance
 * Analysis of variance
 * Analytic and enumerative statistical studies
 * Ancestral graph
 * Anchor test
 * Ancillary statistic
 * ANCOVA – redirects to Analysis of covariance
 * Anderson–Darling test
 * ANOVA
 * ANOVA on ranks
 * ANOVA–simultaneous component analysis
 * Anomaly detection
 * Anomaly time series
 * Anscombe transform
 * Anscombe's quartet
 * Antecedent variable
 * Antithetic variates
 * Approximate Bayesian computation
 * Approximate entropy
 * Arcsine distribution
 * Area chart
 * Area compatibility factor
 * ARGUS distribution
 * Arithmetic mean
 * Armitage–Doll multistage model of carcinogenesis
 * Arrival theorem
 * Artificial neural network
 * Ascertainment bias
 * ASReml – software
 * Association (statistics)
 * Association mapping
 * Association scheme
 * Assumed mean
 * Astrostatistics
 * Asymptotic distribution
 * Asymptotic equipartition property (information theory)
 * Asymptotic normality – redirects to Asymptotic distribution
 * Asymptotic relative efficiency – redirects to Efficiency (statistics)
 * Asymptotic theory (statistics)
 * Atkinson index
 * Attack rate
 * Augmented Dickey–Fuller test
 * Aumann's agreement theorem
 * Autocorrelation
 * Autocorrelation plot – redirects to Correlogram
 * Autocovariance
 * Autoregressive conditional duration
 * Autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity
 * Autoregressive fractionally integrated moving average
 * Autoregressive integrated moving average
 * Autoregressive model
 * Autoregressive–moving-average model
 * Auxiliary particle filter
 * Average
 * Average treatment effect
 * Averaged one-dependence estimators
 * Azuma's inequality

B

 * BA model – model for a random network
 * Backfitting algorithm
 * Balance equation
 * Balanced incomplete block design – redirects to Block design
 * Balanced repeated replication
 * Balding–Nichols model
 * Banburismus – related to Bayesian networks
 * Bangdiwala's B
 * Bapat–Beg theorem
 * Bar chart
 * Barabási–Albert model
 * Barber–Johnson diagram
 * Barnard's test
 * Barnardisation
 * Barnes interpolation
 * Bartlett's method
 * Bartlett's test
 * Bartlett's theorem
 * Base rate
 * Baseball statistics
 * Basu's theorem
 * Bates distribution
 * Baum–Welch algorithm
 * Bayes classifier
 * Bayes error rate
 * Bayes estimator
 * Bayes factor
 * Bayes linear statistics
 * Bayes' rule
 * Bayes' theorem
 * Evidence under Bayes theorem
 * Bayesian – disambiguation
 * Bayesian average
 * Bayesian brain
 * Bayesian econometrics
 * Bayesian experimental design
 * Bayesian game
 * Bayesian inference
 * Bayesian inference in marketing
 * Bayesian inference in phylogeny
 * Bayesian inference using Gibbs sampling
 * Bayesian information criterion
 * Bayesian linear regression
 * Bayesian model comparison – see Bayes factor
 * Bayesian multivariate linear regression
 * Bayesian network
 * Bayesian probability
 * Bayesian search theory
 * Bayesian spam filtering
 * Bayesian statistics
 * Bayesian tool for methylation analysis
 * Bayesian vector autoregression
 * BCMP network – queueing theory
 * Bean machine
 * Behrens–Fisher distribution
 * Behrens–Fisher problem
 * Belief propagation
 * Belt transect
 * Benford's law
 * Benini distribution
 * Bennett's inequality
 * Berkson error model
 * Berkson's paradox
 * Berlin procedure
 * Bernoulli distribution
 * Bernoulli process
 * Bernoulli sampling
 * Bernoulli scheme
 * Bernoulli trial
 * Bernstein inequalities (probability theory)
 * Bernstein–von Mises theorem
 * Berry–Esseen theorem
 * Bertrand's ballot theorem
 * Bertrand's box paradox
 * Bessel process
 * Bessel's correction
 * Best linear unbiased prediction
 * Beta (finance)
 * Beta-binomial distribution
 * Beta-binomial model
 * Beta distribution
 * Beta function – for incomplete beta function
 * Beta negative binomial distribution
 * Beta prime distribution
 * Beta rectangular distribution
 * Beverton–Holt model
 * Bhatia–Davis inequality
 * Bhattacharya coefficient – redirects to Bhattacharyya distance
 * Bias (statistics)
 * Bias of an estimator
 * Biased random walk (biochemistry)
 * Biased sample – see Sampling bias
 * Biclustering
 * Big O in probability notation
 * Bienaymé–Chebyshev inequality
 * Bills of Mortality
 * Bimodal distribution
 * Binary classification
 * Bingham distribution
 * Binomial distribution
 * Binomial proportion confidence interval
 * Binomial regression
 * Binomial test
 * Bioinformatics
 * Biometrics (statistics) – redirects to Biostatistics
 * Biostatistics
 * Biplot
 * Birnbaum–Saunders distribution
 * Birth–death process
 * Bispectrum
 * Bivariate analysis
 * Bivariate von Mises distribution
 * Black–Scholes
 * Bland–Altman plot
 * Blind deconvolution
 * Blind experiment
 * Block design
 * Blocking (statistics)
 * BMDP – software
 * Bochner's theorem
 * Bonferroni correction
 * Bonferroni inequalities – redirects to Boole's inequality
 * Boole's inequality
 * Boolean analysis
 * Bootstrap aggregating
 * Bootstrap error-adjusted single-sample technique
 * Bootstrapping (statistics)
 * Bootstrapping populations
 * Borel–Cantelli lemma
 * Bose–Mesner algebra
 * Box–Behnken design
 * Box–Cox distribution
 * Box–Cox transformation – redirects to Power transform
 * Box–Jenkins
 * Box–Muller transform
 * Box–Pierce test
 * Box plot
 * Branching process
 * Bregman divergence
 * Breusch–Godfrey test
 * Breusch–Pagan statistic – redirects to Breusch–Pagan test
 * Breusch–Pagan test
 * Brown–Forsythe test
 * Brownian bridge
 * Brownian excursion
 * Brownian motion
 * Brownian tree
 * Bruck–Ryser–Chowla theorem
 * Burke's theorem
 * Burr distribution
 * Business statistics
 * Bühlmann model
 * Buzen's algorithm
 * BV4.1 (software)

C

 * c-chart
 * Càdlàg
 * Calculating demand forecast accuracy
 * Calculus of predispositions
 * Calibrated probability assessment
 * Calibration (probability) – subjective probability, redirects to Calibrated probability assessment
 * Calibration (statistics) – the statistical calibration problem
 * Cancer cluster
 * Candlestick chart
 * Canonical analysis
 * Canonical correlation
 * Canopy clustering algorithm
 * Cantor distribution
 * Carpet plot
 * Cartogram
 * Case-control – redirects to Case-control study
 * Case-control study
 * Catastro of Ensenada – a census of part of Spain
 * Categorical data
 * Categorical distribution
 * Categorical variable
 * Cauchy distribution
 * Cauchy–Schwarz inequality
 * Causal Markov condition
 * CDF-based nonparametric confidence interval
 * Ceiling effect (statistics)
 * Cellular noise
 * Censored regression model
 * Censoring (clinical trials)
 * Censoring (statistics)
 * Centering matrix
 * Centerpoint (geometry) – to which Tukey median redirects
 * Central composite design
 * Central limit theorem
 * Central limit theorem (illustration) – redirects to Illustration of the central limit theorem
 * Central limit theorem for directional statistics
 * Lyapunov's central limit theorem
 * Martingale central limit theorem
 * Central moment
 * Central tendency
 * Census
 * Cepstrum
 * CHAID – CHi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector
 * Chain rule for Kolmogorov complexity
 * Challenge–dechallenge–rechallenge
 * Champernowne distribution
 * Change detection
 * Change detection (GIS)
 * Chapman–Kolmogorov equation
 * Chapman–Robbins bound
 * Characteristic function (probability theory)
 * Chauvenet's criterion
 * Chebyshev center
 * Chebyshev's inequality
 * Checking if a coin is biased – redirects to Checking whether a coin is fair
 * Checking whether a coin is fair
 * Cheeger bound
 * Chemometrics
 * Chernoff bound – a special case of Chernoff's inequality
 * Chernoff face
 * Chernoff's distribution
 * Chernoff's inequality
 * Chi distribution
 * Chi-squared distribution
 * Chi-squared test
 * Chinese restaurant process
 * Choropleth map
 * Chow test
 * Chronux software
 * Circular analysis
 * Circular distribution
 * Circular error probable
 * Circular statistics – redirects to Directional statistics
 * Circular uniform distribution
 * Civic statistics
 * Clark–Ocone theorem
 * Class membership probabilities
 * Classic data sets
 * Classical definition of probability
 * Classical test theory – psychometrics
 * Classification rule
 * Classifier (mathematics)
 * Climate ensemble
 * Climograph
 * Clinical significance
 * Clinical study design
 * Clinical trial
 * Clinical utility of diagnostic tests
 * Cliodynamics
 * Closed testing procedure
 * Cluster analysis
 * Cluster randomised controlled trial
 * Cluster sampling
 * Cluster-weighted modeling
 * Clustering high-dimensional data
 * CMA-ES (Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy)
 * Coalescent theory
 * Cochran's C test
 * Cochran's Q test
 * Cochran's theorem
 * Cochran–Armitage test for trend
 * Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel statistics
 * Cochrane–Orcutt estimation
 * Coding (social sciences)
 * Coefficient of coherence – redirects to Coherence (statistics)
 * Coefficient of determination
 * Coefficient of dispersion
 * Coefficient of variation
 * Cognitive pretesting
 * Cohen's class distribution function – a time-frequency distribution function
 * Cohen's kappa
 * Coherence (signal processing)
 * Coherence (statistics)
 * Cohort (statistics)
 * Cohort effect
 * Cohort study
 * Cointegration
 * Collectively exhaustive events
 * Collider (epidemiology)
 * Combinatorial data analysis
 * Combinatorial design
 * Combinatorial meta-analysis
 * Common-method variance
 * Common mode failure
 * Common cause and special cause (statistics)
 * Comonotonicity
 * Comparing means
 * Comparison of general and generalized linear models
 * Comparison of statistical packages
 * Comparisonwise error rate
 * Complementary event
 * Complete-linkage clustering
 * Complete spatial randomness
 * Completely randomized design
 * Completeness (statistics)
 * Compositional data
 * Composite bar chart
 * Compound Poisson distribution
 * Compound Poisson process
 * Compound probability distribution
 * Computational formula for the variance
 * Computational learning theory
 * Computational statistics
 * Computer experiment
 * Computer-assisted survey information collection
 * Concomitant (statistics)
 * Concordance correlation coefficient
 * Concordant pair
 * Concrete illustration of the central limit theorem
 * Concurrent validity
 * Conditional change model
 * Conditional distribution – see Conditional probability distribution
 * Conditional dependence
 * Conditional expectation
 * Conditional independence
 * Conditional probability
 * Conditional probability distribution
 * Conditional random field
 * Conditional variance
 * Conditionality principle
 * Confidence band – redirects to Confidence and prediction bands
 * Confidence distribution
 * Confidence interval
 * Confidence region
 * Configural frequency analysis
 * Confirmation bias
 * Confirmatory factor analysis
 * Confounding
 * Confounding factor
 * Confusion of the inverse
 * Congruence coefficient
 * Conjoint analysis
 * Conjoint analysis (in healthcare)
 * Conjoint analysis (in marketing)
 * Conjugate prior
 * Consensus-based assessment
 * Consensus clustering
 * Consensus forecast
 * Conservatism (belief revision)
 * Consistency (statistics)
 * Consistent estimator
 * Constant elasticity of substitution
 * Constant false alarm rate
 * Constraint (information theory)
 * Consumption distribution
 * Contact process (mathematics)
 * Content validity
 * Contiguity (probability theory)
 * Contingency table
 * Continuity correction
 * Continuous distribution – see Continuous probability distribution
 * Continuous mapping theorem
 * Continuous probability distribution
 * Continuous stochastic process
 * Continuous-time Markov process
 * Continuous-time stochastic process
 * Contrast (statistics)
 * Control chart
 * Control event rate
 * Control limits
 * Control variate
 * Controlling for a variable
 * Convergence of measures
 * Convergence of random variables
 * Convex hull
 * Convolution of probability distributions
 * Convolution random number generator
 * Conway–Maxwell–Poisson distribution
 * Cook's distance
 * Cophenetic correlation
 * Copula (statistics)
 * Cornish–Fisher expansion
 * Correct sampling
 * Correction for attenuation
 * Correlation
 * Correlation and dependence
 * Correlation does not imply causation
 * Correlation clustering
 * Correlation function
 * Correlation function (astronomy)
 * Correlation function (quantum field theory)
 * Correlation function (statistical mechanics)
 * Correlation inequality
 * Correlation ratio
 * Correlogram
 * Correspondence analysis
 * Cosmic variance
 * Cost-of-living index
 * Count data
 * Counternull
 * Counting process
 * Covariance
 * Covariance and correlation
 * Covariance intersection
 * Covariance matrix
 * Covariance function
 * Covariate
 * Cover's theorem
 * Coverage probability
 * Cox process
 * Cox's theorem
 * Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model
 * Cramér–Rao bound
 * Cramér–von Mises criterion
 * Cramér's decomposition theorem
 * Cramér's theorem (large deviations)
 * Cramér's V
 * Craps principle
 * Credal set
 * Credible interval
 * Cricket statistics
 * Crime statistics
 * Critical region – redirects to Statistical hypothesis testing
 * Cromwell's rule
 * Cronbach's α
 * Cross-correlation
 * Cross-covariance
 * Cross-entropy method
 * Cross-sectional data
 * Cross-sectional regression
 * Cross-sectional study
 * Cross-spectrum
 * Cross tabulation
 * Cross-validation (statistics)
 * Crossover study
 * Crystal Ball function – a probability distribution
 * Cumulant
 * Cumulant generating function – redirects to cumulant
 * Cumulative accuracy profile
 * Cumulative distribution function
 * Cumulative frequency analysis
 * Cumulative incidence
 * Cunningham function
 * CURE data clustering algorithm
 * Curve fitting
 * CUSUM
 * Cuzick–Edwards test
 * Cyclostationary process

D

 * d-separation
 * D/M/1 queue
 * D'Agostino's K-squared test
 * Dagum distribution
 * DAP – open source software
 * Data analysis
 * Data assimilation
 * Data binning
 * Data classification (business intelligence)
 * Data cleansing
 * Data clustering
 * Data collection
 * Data Desk – software
 * Data dredging
 * Data fusion
 * Data generating process
 * Data mining
 * Data reduction
 * Data point
 * Data quality assurance
 * Data set
 * Data-snooping bias
 * Data stream clustering
 * Data transformation (statistics)
 * Data visualization
 * DataDetective – software
 * Dataplot – software
 * Davies–Bouldin index
 * Davis distribution
 * De Finetti's game
 * De Finetti's theorem
 * DeFries–Fulker regression
 * de Moivre's law
 * De Moivre–Laplace theorem
 * Decision boundary
 * Decision theory
 * Decomposition of time series
 * Degenerate distribution
 * Degrees of freedom (statistics)
 * Delaporte distribution
 * Delphi method
 * Delta method
 * Demand forecasting
 * Deming regression
 * Demographics
 * Demography
 * Demographic statistics
 * Dendrogram
 * Density estimation
 * Dependent and independent variables
 * Descriptive research
 * Descriptive statistics
 * Design effect
 * Design matrix
 * Design of experiments
 * The Design of Experiments (book by Fisher)
 * Detailed balance
 * Detection theory
 * Determining the number of clusters in a data set
 * Detrended correspondence analysis
 * Detrended fluctuation analysis
 * Deviance (statistics)
 * Deviance information criterion
 * Deviation (statistics)
 * Deviation analysis (disambiguation)
 * DFFITS – a regression diagnostic
 * Diagnostic odds ratio
 * Dickey–Fuller test
 * Difference in differences
 * Differential entropy
 * Diffusion process
 * Diffusion-limited aggregation
 * Dimension reduction
 * Dilution assay
 * Direct relationship
 * Directional statistics
 * Dirichlet distribution
 * Dirichlet-multinomial distribution
 * Dirichlet process
 * Disattenuation
 * Discrepancy function
 * Discrete choice
 * Discrete choice analysis
 * Discrete distribution – redirects to section of Probability distribution
 * Discrete frequency domain
 * Discrete phase-type distribution
 * Discrete probability distribution – redirects to section of Probability distribution
 * Discrete time
 * Discretization of continuous features
 * Discriminant function analysis
 * Discriminative model
 * Disorder problem
 * Distance correlation
 * Distance sampling
 * Distributed lag
 * Distribution fitting
 * Divergence (statistics)
 * Diversity index
 * Divisia index
 * Divisia monetary aggregates index
 * Dixon's Q test
 * Dominating decision rule
 * Donsker's theorem
 * Doob decomposition theorem
 * Doob martingale
 * Doob's martingale convergence theorems
 * Doob's martingale inequality
 * Doob–Meyer decomposition theorem
 * Doomsday argument
 * Dot plot (bioinformatics)
 * Dot plot (statistics)
 * Double counting (fallacy)
 * Double descent
 * Double exponential distribution (disambiguation)
 * Double mass analysis
 * Doubly stochastic model
 * Drift rate – redirects to Stochastic drift
 * Dudley's theorem
 * Dummy variable (statistics)
 * Duncan's new multiple range test
 * Dunn index
 * Dunnett's test
 * Durbin test
 * Durbin–Watson statistic
 * Dutch book
 * Dvoretzky–Kiefer–Wolfowitz inequality
 * Dyadic distribution
 * Dynamic Bayesian network
 * Dynamic factor
 * Dynamic topic model

E

 * E-statistic
 * Earth mover's distance
 * Eaton's inequality
 * Ecological correlation
 * Ecological fallacy
 * Ecological regression
 * Ecological study
 * Econometrics
 * Econometric model
 * Econometric software – redirects to Comparison of statistical packages
 * Economic data
 * Economic epidemiology
 * Economic statistics
 * Eddy covariance
 * Edgeworth series
 * Effect size
 * Efficiency (statistics)
 * Efficient estimator
 * Ehrenfest model
 * Elastic map
 * Elliptical distribution
 * Ellsberg paradox
 * Elston–Stewart algorithm
 * EMG distribution
 * Empirical
 * Empirical Bayes method
 * Empirical distribution function
 * Empirical likelihood
 * Empirical measure
 * Empirical orthogonal functions
 * Empirical probability
 * Empirical process
 * Empirical statistical laws
 * Endogeneity (econometrics)
 * End point of clinical trials
 * Energy distance
 * Energy statistics (disambiguation)
 * Encyclopedia of Statistical Sciences (book)
 * Engineering statistics
 * Engineering tolerance
 * Engset calculation
 * Ensemble forecasting
 * Ensemble Kalman filter
 * Entropy (information theory)
 * Entropy estimation
 * Entropy power inequality
 * Environmental statistics
 * Epi Info – software
 * Epidata – software
 * Epidemic model
 * Epidemiological methods
 * Epilogism
 * Epitome (image processing)
 * Epps effect
 * Equating – test equating
 * Equipossible
 * Equiprobable
 * Erdős–Rényi model
 * Erlang distribution
 * Ergodic theory
 * Ergodicity
 * Error bar
 * Error correction model
 * Error function
 * Errors and residuals in statistics
 * Errors-in-variables models
 * An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances
 * Estimating equations
 * Estimation theory
 * Estimation of covariance matrices
 * Estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques
 * Estimator
 * Etemadi's inequality
 * Ethical problems using children in clinical trials
 * Event (probability theory)
 * Event study
 * Evidence lower bound
 * Evidence under Bayes theorem
 * Evolutionary data mining
 * Ewens's sampling formula
 * EWMA chart
 * Exact statistics
 * Exact test
 * Examples of Markov chains
 * Excess risk
 * Exchange paradox
 * Exchangeable random variables
 * Expander walk sampling
 * Expectation–maximization algorithm
 * Expectation propagation
 * Expected mean squares
 * Expected utility hypothesis
 * Expected value
 * Expected value of sample information
 * Experiment
 * Experimental design diagram
 * Experimental event rate
 * Experimental uncertainty analysis
 * Experimenter's bias
 * Experimentwise error rate
 * Explained sum of squares
 * Explained variation
 * Explanatory variable
 * Exploratory data analysis
 * Exploratory factor analysis
 * Exponential dispersion model
 * Exponential distribution
 * Exponential family
 * Exponential-logarithmic distribution
 * Exponential power distribution – redirects to Generalized normal distribution
 * Exponential random numbers – redirect to subsection of Exponential distribution
 * Exponential smoothing
 * Exponentially modified Gaussian distribution
 * Exponentiated Weibull distribution
 * Exposure variable
 * Extended Kalman filter
 * Extended negative binomial distribution
 * Extensions of Fisher's method
 * External validity
 * Extrapolation domain analysis
 * Extreme value theory
 * Extremum estimator

F

 * F-distribution
 * F-divergence
 * F-statistics – population genetics
 * F-test
 * F-test of equality of variances
 * F1 score
 * Facet theory
 * Factor analysis
 * Factor regression model
 * Factor graph
 * Factorial code
 * Factorial experiment
 * Factorial moment
 * Factorial moment generating function
 * Failure rate
 * Fair coin
 * Falconer's formula
 * False discovery rate
 * False nearest neighbor algorithm
 * False negative
 * False positive
 * False positive rate
 * False positive paradox
 * Family-wise error rate
 * Fan chart (time series)
 * Fano factor
 * Fast Fourier transform
 * Fast Kalman filter
 * FastICA – fast independent component analysis
 * Fat-tailed distribution
 * Feasible generalized least squares
 * Feature extraction
 * Feller process
 * Feller's coin-tossing constants
 * Feller-continuous process
 * Felsenstein's tree-pruning algorithm – statistical genetics
 * Fides (reliability)
 * Fiducial inference
 * Field experiment
 * Fieller's theorem
 * File drawer problem
 * Filtering problem (stochastic processes)
 * Financial econometrics
 * Financial models with long-tailed distributions and volatility clustering
 * Finite-dimensional distribution
 * First-hitting-time model
 * First-in-man study
 * Fishburn–Shepp inequality
 * Fisher consistency
 * Fisher information
 * Fisher information metric
 * Fisher kernel
 * Fisher transformation
 * Fisher's exact test
 * Fisher's inequality
 * Fisher's linear discriminator
 * Fisher's method
 * Fisher's noncentral hypergeometric distribution
 * Fisher's z-distribution
 * Fisher–Tippett distribution – redirects to Generalized extreme value distribution
 * Fisher–Tippett–Gnedenko theorem
 * Five-number summary
 * Fixed effects estimator and Fixed effects estimation –  redirect to Fixed effects model
 * Fixed-effect Poisson model
 * FLAME clustering
 * Fleiss' kappa
 * Fleming–Viot process
 * Flood risk assessment
 * Floor effect
 * Focused information criterion
 * Fokker–Planck equation
 * Folded normal distribution
 * Forecast bias
 * Forecast error
 * Forecast skill
 * Forecasting
 * Forest plot
 * Fork-join queue
 * Formation matrix
 * Forward measure
 * Foster's theorem
 * Foundations of statistics
 * Founders of statistics
 * Fourier analysis
 * Fowlkes–Mallows index
 * Fraction of variance unexplained
 * Fractional Brownian motion
 * Fractional factorial design
 * Fréchet distribution
 * Fréchet mean
 * Free statistical software
 * Freedman's paradox
 * Freedman–Diaconis rule
 * Freidlin–Wentzell theorem
 * Frequency (statistics)
 * Frequency distribution
 * Frequency domain
 * Frequency probability
 * Frequentist inference
 * Friedman test
 * Friendship paradox
 * Frisch–Waugh–Lovell theorem
 * Fully crossed design
 * Function approximation
 * Functional boxplot
 * Functional data analysis
 * Funnel plot
 * Fuzzy logic
 * Fuzzy measure theory
 * FWL theorem – relating regression and projection

G

 * G/G/1 queue
 * G-network
 * G-test
 * Galbraith plot
 * Gallagher Index
 * Galton–Watson process
 * Galton's problem
 * Gambler's fallacy
 * Gambler's ruin
 * Gambling and information theory
 * Game of chance
 * Gamma distribution
 * Gamma test (statistics)
 * Gamma process
 * Gamma variate
 * GAUSS (software)
 * Gauss's inequality
 * Gauss–Kuzmin distribution
 * Gauss–Markov process
 * Gauss–Markov theorem
 * Gauss–Newton algorithm
 * Gaussian function
 * Gaussian isoperimetric inequality
 * Gaussian measure
 * Gaussian noise
 * Gaussian process
 * Gaussian process emulator
 * Gaussian q-distribution
 * Geary's C
 * GEH statistic – a statistic comparing modelled and observed counts
 * General linear model
 * Generalizability theory
 * Generalized additive model
 * Generalized additive model for location, scale and shape
 * Generalized beta distribution
 * Generalized canonical correlation
 * Generalized chi-squared distribution
 * Generalized Dirichlet distribution
 * Generalized entropy index
 * Generalized estimating equation
 * Generalized expected utility
 * Generalized extreme value distribution
 * Generalized gamma distribution
 * Generalized Gaussian distribution
 * Generalised hyperbolic distribution
 * Generalized inverse Gaussian distribution
 * Generalized least squares
 * Generalized linear array model
 * Generalized linear mixed model
 * Generalized linear model
 * Generalized logistic distribution
 * Generalized method of moments
 * Generalized multidimensional scaling
 * Generalized multivariate log-gamma distribution
 * Generalized normal distribution
 * Generalized p-value
 * Generalized Pareto distribution
 * Generalized Procrustes analysis
 * Generalized randomized block design
 * Generalized Tobit
 * Generalized Wiener process
 * Generative model
 * Genetic epidemiology
 * GenStat – software
 * Geo-imputation
 * Geodemographic segmentation
 * Geometric Brownian motion
 * Geometric data analysis
 * Geometric distribution
 * Geometric median
 * Geometric standard deviation
 * Geometric stable distribution
 * Geospatial predictive modeling
 * Geostatistics
 * German tank problem
 * Gerschenkron effect
 * Gibbs sampling
 * Gillespie algorithm
 * Gini coefficient
 * Girsanov theorem
 * Gittins index
 * GLIM (software) – software
 * Glivenko–Cantelli theorem
 * GLUE (uncertainty assessment)
 * Goldfeld–Quandt test
 * Gompertz distribution
 * Gompertz function
 * Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality
 * Good–Turing frequency estimation
 * Goodhart's law
 * Goodman and Kruskal's gamma
 * Goodman and Kruskal's lambda
 * Goodness of fit
 * Gordon–Newell network
 * Gordon–Newell theorem
 * Graeco-Latin square
 * Grand mean
 * Granger causality
 * Graph cuts in computer vision – a potential application of Bayesian analysis
 * Graphical model
 * Graphical models for protein structure
 * GraphPad InStat – software
 * GraphPad Prism – software
 * Gravity model of trade
 * Greenwood statistic
 * Gretl
 * Group family
 * Group method of data handling
 * Group size measures
 * Grouped data
 * Grubbs's test for outliers
 * Guess value
 * Guesstimate
 * Gumbel distribution
 * Guttman scale
 * Gy's sampling theory

H

 * h-index
 * Hájek–Le Cam convolution theorem
 * Half circle distribution
 * Half-logistic distribution
 * Half-normal distribution
 * Halton sequence
 * Hamburger moment problem
 * Hannan–Quinn information criterion
 * Harris chain
 * Hardy–Weinberg principle – statistical genetics
 * Hartley's test
 * Hat matrix
 * Hammersley–Clifford theorem
 * Hausdorff moment problem
 * Hausman specification test – redirects to Hausman test
 * Haybittle–Peto boundary
 * Hazard function – redirects to Failure rate
 * Hazard ratio
 * Heaps' law
 * Health care analytics
 * Heart rate variability
 * Heavy-tailed distribution
 * Heckman correction
 * Hedonic regression
 * Hellin's law
 * Hellinger distance
 * Helmert–Wolf blocking
 * Herdan's law
 * Herfindahl index
 * Heston model
 * Heteroscedasticity
 * Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors
 * Heteroskedasticity – see Heteroscedasticity
 * Hidden Markov model
 * Hidden Markov random field
 * Hidden semi-Markov model
 * Hierarchical Bayes model
 * Hierarchical clustering
 * Hierarchical hidden Markov model
 * Hierarchical linear modeling
 * High-dimensional statistics
 * Higher-order factor analysis
 * Higher-order statistics
 * Hirschman uncertainty
 * Histogram
 * Historiometry
 * History of randomness
 * History of statistics
 * Hitting time
 * Hodges' estimator
 * Hodges–Lehmann estimator
 * Hoeffding's independence test
 * Hoeffding's lemma
 * Hoeffding's inequality
 * Holm–Bonferroni method
 * Holtsmark distribution
 * Homogeneity (statistics)
 * Homogenization (climate)
 * Homoscedasticity
 * Hoover index (a.k.a. Robin Hood index)
 * Horvitz–Thompson estimator
 * Hosmer–Lemeshow test
 * Hotelling's T-squared distribution
 * How to Lie with Statistics (book)
 * Howland will forgery trial
 * Hubbert curve
 * Huber–White standard error – see Heteroscedasticity-consistent standard errors
 * Huber loss function
 * Human subject research
 * Hurst exponent
 * Hyper-exponential distribution
 * Hyper-Graeco-Latin square design
 * Hyperbolic distribution
 * Hyperbolic secant distribution
 * Hypergeometric distribution
 * Hyperparameter
 * Hyperprior
 * Hypoexponential distribution

I

 * Idealised population
 * Idempotent matrix
 * Identifiability
 * Ignorability
 * Illustration of the central limit theorem
 * Image denoising
 * Importance sampling
 * Imprecise probability
 * Impulse response
 * Imputation (statistics)
 * Incidence (epidemiology)
 * Increasing process
 * Indecomposable distribution
 * Independence of irrelevant alternatives
 * Independent component analysis
 * Independent and identically distributed random variables
 * Index (economics)
 * Index number
 * Index of coincidence
 * Index of dispersion
 * Index of dissimilarity
 * Indicators of spatial association
 * Indirect least squares
 * Inductive inference
 * An inequality on location and scale parameters – see Chebyshev's inequality
 * Inference
 * Inferential statistics – redirects to Statistical inference
 * Infinite divisibility (probability)
 * Infinite monkey theorem
 * Influence diagram
 * Info-gap decision theory
 * Information bottleneck method
 * Information geometry
 * Information gain ratio
 * Information ratio – finance
 * Information source (mathematics)
 * Information theory
 * Inherent bias
 * Inherent zero
 * Injury prevention – application
 * Innovation (signal processing)
 * Innovations vector
 * Institutional review board
 * Instrumental variable
 * Integrated nested Laplace approximations
 * Intention to treat analysis
 * Interaction (statistics)
 * Interaction variable – see Interaction (statistics)
 * Interclass correlation
 * Interdecile range
 * Interim analysis
 * Internal consistency
 * Internal validity
 * Interquartile mean
 * Interquartile range
 * Inter-rater reliability
 * Interval estimation
 * Intervening variable
 * Intra-rater reliability
 * Intraclass correlation
 * Invariant estimator
 * Invariant extended Kalman filter
 * Inverse distance weighting
 * Inverse distribution
 * Inverse Gaussian distribution
 * Inverse matrix gamma distribution
 * Inverse Mills ratio
 * Inverse probability
 * Inverse probability weighting
 * Inverse relationship
 * Inverse-chi-squared distribution
 * Inverse-gamma distribution
 * Inverse transform sampling
 * Inverse-variance weighting
 * Inverse-Wishart distribution
 * Iris flower data set
 * Irwin–Hall distribution
 * Isomap
 * Isotonic regression
 * Isserlis' theorem
 * Item response theory
 * Item-total correlation
 * Item tree analysis
 * Iterative proportional fitting
 * Iteratively reweighted least squares
 * Itô calculus
 * Itô isometry
 * Itô's lemma

J

 * Jaccard index
 * Jackknife (statistics) – redirects to Resampling (statistics)
 * Jackson network
 * Jackson's theorem (queueing theory)
 * Jadad scale
 * James–Stein estimator
 * Jarque–Bera test
 * Jeffreys prior
 * Jensen's inequality
 * Jensen–Shannon divergence
 * JMulTi – software
 * Johansen test
 * Johnson SU distribution
 * Joint probability distribution
 * Jonckheere's trend test
 * JMP (statistical software)
 * Jump process
 * Jump-diffusion model
 * Junction tree algorithm

K

 * K-distribution
 * K-means algorithm – redirects to k-means clustering
 * K-means++
 * K-medians clustering
 * K-medoids
 * K-statistic
 * Kalman filter
 * Kaplan–Meier estimator
 * Kappa coefficient
 * Kappa statistic
 * Karhunen–Loève theorem
 * Kendall tau distance
 * Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient
 * Kendall's notation
 * Kendall's W – Kendall's coefficient of concordance
 * Kent distribution
 * Kernel density estimation
 * Kernel Fisher discriminant analysis
 * Kernel methods
 * Kernel principal component analysis
 * Kernel regression
 * Kernel smoother
 * Kernel (statistics)
 * Khmaladze transformation (probability theory)
 * Killed process
 * Khintchine inequality
 * Kingman's formula
 * Kirkwood approximation
 * Kish grid
 * Kitchen sink regression
 * Klecka's tau
 * Knightian uncertainty
 * Kolmogorov backward equation
 * Kolmogorov continuity theorem
 * Kolmogorov extension theorem
 * Kolmogorov's criterion
 * Kolmogorov's generalized criterion
 * Kolmogorov's inequality
 * Kolmogorov's zero–one law
 * Kolmogorov–Smirnov test
 * KPSS test
 * Kriging
 * Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance
 * Kuder–Richardson Formula 20
 * Kuiper's test
 * Kullback's inequality
 * Kullback–Leibler divergence
 * Kumaraswamy distribution
 * Kurtosis
 * Kushner equation

L

 * L-estimator
 * L-moment
 * Labour Force Survey
 * Lack-of-fit sum of squares
 * Lady tasting tea
 * Lag operator
 * Lag windowing
 * Lambda distribution – disambiguation
 * Landau distribution
 * Lander–Green algorithm
 * Language model
 * Laplace distribution
 * Laplace principle (large deviations theory)
 * LaplacesDemon – software
 * Large deviations theory
 * Large deviations of Gaussian random functions
 * LARS – see least-angle regression
 * Latent variable, latent variable model
 * Latent class model
 * Latent Dirichlet allocation
 * Latent growth modeling
 * Latent semantic analysis
 * Latin rectangle
 * Latin square
 * Latin hypercube sampling
 * Law (stochastic processes)
 * Law of averages
 * Law of comparative judgment
 * Law of large numbers
 * Law of the iterated logarithm
 * Law of the unconscious statistician
 * Law of total covariance
 * Law of total cumulance
 * Law of total expectation
 * Law of total probability
 * Law of total variance
 * Law of truly large numbers
 * Layered hidden Markov model
 * Le Cam's theorem
 * Lead time bias
 * Least absolute deviations
 * Least-angle regression
 * Least squares
 * Least-squares spectral analysis
 * Least squares support vector machine
 * Least trimmed squares
 * Learning theory (statistics)
 * Leftover hash-lemma
 * Lehmann–Scheffé theorem
 * Length time bias
 * Levene's test
 * Level of analysis
 * Level of measurement
 * Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm
 * Leverage (statistics)
 * Levey–Jennings chart – redirects to Laboratory quality control
 * Lévy's convergence theorem
 * Lévy's continuity theorem
 * Lévy arcsine law
 * Lévy distribution
 * Lévy flight
 * Lévy process
 * Lewontin's Fallacy
 * Lexis diagram
 * Lexis ratio
 * Lies, damned lies, and statistics
 * Life expectancy
 * Life table
 * Lift (data mining)
 * Likelihood function
 * Likelihood principle
 * Likelihood-ratio test
 * Likelihood ratios in diagnostic testing
 * Likert scale
 * Lilliefors test
 * Limited dependent variable
 * Limiting density of discrete points
 * Lincoln index
 * Lindeberg's condition
 * Lindley equation
 * Lindley's paradox
 * Line chart
 * Line-intercept sampling
 * Linear classifier
 * Linear discriminant analysis
 * Linear least squares
 * Linear model
 * Linear prediction
 * Linear probability model
 * Linear regression
 * Linguistic demography
 * Linnik distribution – redirects to Geometric stable distribution
 * LISREL – proprietary statistical software package
 * List of basic statistics topics – redirects to Outline of statistics
 * List of convolutions of probability distributions
 * List of graphical methods
 * List of information graphics software
 * List of probability topics
 * List of random number generators
 * List of scientific journals in statistics
 * List of statistical packages
 * List of statisticians
 * Listwise deletion
 * Little's law
 * Littlewood's law
 * Ljung–Box test
 * Local convex hull
 * Local independence
 * Local martingale
 * Local regression
 * Location estimation – redirects to Location parameter
 * Location estimation in sensor networks
 * Location parameter
 * Location test
 * Location-scale family
 * Local asymptotic normality
 * Locality (statistics)
 * Loess curve – redirects to Local regression
 * Log-Cauchy distribution
 * Log-Laplace distribution
 * Log-normal distribution
 * Log-linear analysis
 * Log-linear model
 * Log-linear modeling – redirects to Poisson regression
 * Log-log plot
 * Log-logistic distribution
 * Logarithmic distribution
 * Logarithmic mean
 * Logistic distribution
 * Logistic function
 * Logistic regression
 * Logit
 * Logit analysis in marketing
 * Logit-normal distribution
 * Log-normal distribution
 * Logrank test
 * Lomax distribution
 * Long-range dependency
 * Long Tail
 * Long-tail traffic
 * Longitudinal study
 * Longstaff–Schwartz model
 * Lorenz curve
 * Loss function
 * Lot quality assurance sampling
 * Lotka's law
 * Low birth weight paradox
 * Lucia de Berk – prob/stats related court case
 * Lukacs's proportion-sum independence theorem
 * Lumpability
 * Lusser's law
 * Lyapunov's central limit theorem

M

 * M/D/1 queue
 * M/G/1 queue
 * M/M/1 queue
 * M/M/c queue
 * M-estimator
 * Redescending M-estimator
 * M-separation
 * Mabinogion sheep problem
 * Machine learning
 * Mahalanobis distance
 * Main effect
 * Mallows's Cp
 * MANCOVA
 * Manhattan plot
 * Mann–Whitney U
 * MANOVA
 * Mantel test
 * MAP estimator – redirects to Maximum a posteriori estimation
 * Marchenko–Pastur distribution
 * Marcinkiewicz–Zygmund inequality
 * Marcum Q-function
 * Margin of error
 * Marginal conditional stochastic dominance
 * Marginal distribution
 * Marginal likelihood
 * Marginal model
 * Marginal variable – redirects to Marginal distribution
 * Mark and recapture
 * Markov additive process
 * Markov blanket
 * Markov chain
 * Markov chain geostatistics
 * Markov chain mixing time
 * Markov chain Monte Carlo
 * Markov decision process
 * Markov information source
 * Markov kernel
 * Markov logic network
 * Markov model
 * Markov network
 * Markov process
 * Markov property
 * Markov random field
 * Markov renewal process
 * Markov's inequality
 * Markovian arrival processes
 * Marsaglia polar method
 * Martingale (probability theory)
 * Martingale difference sequence
 * Martingale representation theorem
 * Master equation
 * Matched filter
 * Matching pursuit
 * Matching (statistics)
 * Matérn covariance function
 * Mathematica – software
 * Mathematical biology
 * Mathematical modelling in epidemiology
 * Mathematical modelling of infectious disease
 * Mathematical statistics
 * Matthews correlation coefficient
 * Matrix gamma distribution
 * Matrix normal distribution
 * Matrix population models
 * Matrix t-distribution
 * Mauchly's sphericity test
 * Maximal ergodic theorem
 * Maximal information coefficient
 * Maximum a posteriori estimation
 * Maximum entropy classifier – redirects to Logistic regression
 * Maximum-entropy Markov model
 * Maximum entropy method – redirects to Principle of maximum entropy
 * Maximum entropy probability distribution
 * Maximum entropy spectral estimation
 * Maximum likelihood
 * Maximum likelihood sequence estimation
 * Maximum parsimony
 * Maximum spacing estimation
 * Maxwell speed distribution
 * Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution
 * Maxwell's theorem
 * Mazziotta–Pareto index
 * MCAR (missing completely at random)
 * McCullagh's parametrization of the Cauchy distributions
 * McDiarmid's inequality
 * McDonald–Kreitman test – statistical genetics
 * McKay's approximation for the coefficient of variation
 * McNemar's test
 * Meadow's law
 * Mean
 * Mean – see also expected value
 * Mean absolute error
 * Mean absolute percentage error
 * Mean absolute scaled error
 * Mean and predicted response
 * Mean deviation (disambiguation)
 * Mean difference
 * Mean integrated squared error
 * Mean of circular quantities
 * Mean percentage error
 * Mean preserving spread
 * Mean reciprocal rank
 * Mean signed difference
 * Mean square quantization error
 * Mean square weighted deviation
 * Mean squared error
 * Mean squared prediction error
 * Mean time between failures
 * Mean-reverting process – redirects to Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
 * Mean value analysis
 * Measurement, level of – see level of measurement.
 * Measurement invariance
 * MedCalc – software
 * Median
 * Median absolute deviation
 * Median polish
 * Median test
 * Mediation (statistics)
 * Medical statistics
 * Medoid
 * Memorylessness
 * Mendelian randomization
 * Meta-analysis
 * Meta-regression
 * Metalog distribution
 * Method of moments (statistics)
 * Method of simulated moments
 * Method of support
 * Metropolis–Hastings algorithm
 * Mexican paradox
 * Microdata (statistics)
 * Midhinge
 * Mid-range
 * MinHash
 * Minimax
 * Minimax estimator
 * Minimisation (clinical trials)
 * Minimum chi-square estimation
 * Minimum distance estimation
 * Minimum mean square error
 * Minimum-variance unbiased estimator
 * Minimum viable population
 * Minitab
 * MINQUE – minimum norm quadratic unbiased estimation
 * Misleading graph
 * Missing completely at random
 * Missing data
 * Missing values – see Missing data
 * Mittag–Leffler distribution
 * Mixed logit
 * Misconceptions about the normal distribution
 * Misuse of statistics
 * Mixed data sampling
 * Mixed-design analysis of variance
 * Mixed model
 * Mixing (mathematics)
 * Mixture distribution
 * Mixture model
 * Mixture (probability)
 * MLwiN
 * Mode (statistics)
 * Model output statistics
 * Model selection
 * Model specification
 * Moderator variable – redirects to Moderation (statistics)
 * Modifiable areal unit problem
 * Moffat distribution
 * Moment (mathematics)
 * Moment-generating function
 * Moments, method of – see method of moments (statistics)
 * Moment problem
 * Monotone likelihood ratio
 * Monte Carlo integration
 * Monte Carlo method
 * Monte Carlo method for photon transport
 * Monte Carlo methods for option pricing
 * Monte Carlo methods in finance
 * Monte Carlo molecular modeling
 * Moral graph
 * Moran process
 * Moran's I
 * Morisita's overlap index
 * Morris method
 * Mortality rate
 * Most probable number
 * Moving average
 * Moving-average model
 * Moving average representation – redirects to Wold's theorem
 * Moving least squares
 * Multi-armed bandit
 * Multi-vari chart
 * Multiclass classification
 * Multiclass LDA (linear discriminant analysis) – redirects to Linear discriminant analysis
 * Multicollinearity
 * Multidimensional analysis
 * Multidimensional Chebyshev's inequality
 * Multidimensional panel data
 * Multidimensional scaling
 * Multifactor design of experiments software
 * Multifactor dimensionality reduction
 * Multilevel model
 * Multilinear principal component analysis
 * Multinomial distribution
 * Multinomial logistic regression
 * Multinomial logit – see Multinomial logistic regression
 * Multinomial probit
 * Multinomial test
 * Multiple baseline design
 * Multiple comparisons
 * Multiple correlation
 * Multiple correspondence analysis
 * Multiple discriminant analysis
 * Multiple-indicator kriging
 * Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey
 * Multiple of the median
 * Multiple testing correction – redirects to Multiple comparisons
 * Multiple-try Metropolis
 * Multiresolution analysis
 * Multiscale decision making
 * Multiscale geometric analysis
 * Multistage testing
 * Multitaper
 * Multitrait-multimethod matrix
 * Multivariate adaptive regression splines
 * Multivariate analysis
 * Multivariate analysis of variance
 * Multivariate distribution – see Joint probability distribution
 * Multivariate kernel density estimation
 * Multivariate normal distribution
 * Multivariate Pareto distribution
 * Multivariate Pólya distribution
 * Multivariate probit – redirects to Multivariate probit model
 * Multivariate random variable
 * Multivariate stable distribution
 * Multivariate statistics
 * Multivariate Student distribution – redirects to Multivariate t-distribution
 * Multivariate t-distribution

N

 * n = 1 fallacy
 * N of 1 trial
 * Naive Bayes classifier
 * Nakagami distribution
 * National and international statistical services
 * Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient
 * National Health Interview Survey
 * Natural experiment
 * Natural exponential family
 * Natural process variation
 * NCSS (statistical software)
 * Nearest-neighbor chain algorithm
 * Negative binomial distribution
 * Negative multinomial distribution
 * Negative predictive value
 * Negative relationship
 * Negentropy
 * Neighbourhood components analysis
 * Neighbor joining
 * Nelson rules
 * Nelson–Aalen estimator
 * Nemenyi test
 * Nested case-control study
 * Nested sampling algorithm
 * Network probability matrix
 * Neutral vector
 * Newcastle–Ottawa scale
 * Newey–West estimator
 * Newman–Keuls method
 * Neyer d-optimal test
 * Neyman construction
 * Neyman–Pearson lemma
 * Nicholson–Bailey model
 * Nominal category
 * Noncentral beta distribution
 * Noncentral chi distribution
 * Noncentral chi-squared distribution
 * Noncentral F-distribution
 * Noncentral hypergeometric distributions
 * Noncentral t-distribution
 * Noncentrality parameter
 * Nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model
 * Nonlinear dimensionality reduction
 * Non-linear iterative partial least squares
 * Nonlinear regression
 * Non-homogeneous Poisson process
 * Non-linear least squares
 * Non-negative matrix factorization
 * Nonparametric skew
 * Non-parametric statistics
 * Non-response bias
 * Non-sampling error
 * Nonparametric regression
 * Nonprobability sampling
 * Normal curve equivalent
 * Normal distribution
 * Normal probability plot – see also rankit
 * Normal score – see also rankit and Z score
 * Normal variance-mean mixture
 * Normal-exponential-gamma distribution
 * Normal-gamma distribution
 * Normal-inverse Gaussian distribution
 * Normal-scaled inverse gamma distribution
 * Normality test
 * Normalization (statistics)
 * Notation in probability and statistics
 * Novikov's condition
 * np-chart
 * Null distribution
 * Null hypothesis
 * Null result
 * Nuisance parameter
 * Nuisance variable
 * Numerical data
 * Numerical methods for linear least squares
 * Numerical parameter – redirects to statistical parameter
 * Numerical smoothing and differentiation
 * Nuremberg Code

O

 * Observable variable
 * Observational equivalence
 * Observational error
 * Observational study
 * Observed information
 * Occupancy frequency distribution
 * Odds
 * Odds algorithm
 * Odds ratio
 * Official statistics
 * Ogden tables
 * Ogive (statistics)
 * Omitted-variable bias
 * Omnibus test
 * One- and two-tailed tests
 * One-class classification
 * One-factor-at-a-time method
 * One-tailed test – redirects to One- and two-tailed tests
 * One-way analysis of variance
 * Online NMF Online Non-negative Matrix Factorisation
 * Open-label trial
 * OpenEpi – software
 * OpenBUGS – software
 * Operational confound
 * Operational sex ratio
 * Operations research
 * Opinion poll
 * Optimal decision
 * Optimal design
 * Optimal discriminant analysis
 * Optimal matching
 * Optimal stopping
 * Optimality criterion
 * Optimistic knowledge gradient
 * Optional stopping theorem
 * Order of a kernel
 * Order of integration
 * Order statistic
 * Ordered logit
 * Ordered probit
 * Ordered subset expectation maximization
 * Ordinal regression
 * Ordinary least squares
 * Ordination (statistics)
 * Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
 * Orthogonal array testing
 * Orthogonality
 * Orthogonality principle
 * Outlier
 * Outliers in statistics – redirects to Robust statistics (section)
 * Outliers ratio
 * Outline of probability
 * Outline of regression analysis
 * Outline of statistics
 * Overdispersion
 * Overfitting
 * Owen's T function
 * OxMetrics – software

P

 * p-chart
 * p-rep
 * P-value
 * P–P plot
 * Page's trend test
 * Paid survey
 * Paired comparison analysis
 * Paired difference test
 * Pairwise comparison
 * Pairwise independence
 * Panel analysis
 * Panel data
 * Panjer recursion – a class of discrete compound distributions
 * Paley–Zygmund inequality
 * Parabolic fractal distribution
 * PARAFAC (parallel factor analysis)
 * Parallel coordinates – graphical display of data
 * Parallel factor analysis – redirects to PARAFAC
 * Paradigm (experimental)
 * Parameter identification problem
 * Parameter space
 * Parametric family
 * Parametric model
 * Parametric statistics
 * Pareto analysis
 * Pareto chart
 * Pareto distribution
 * Pareto index
 * Pareto interpolation
 * Pareto principle
 * Park test
 * Partial autocorrelation – redirects to Partial autocorrelation function
 * Partial autocorrelation function
 * Partial correlation
 * Partial least squares
 * Partial least squares regression
 * Partial leverage
 * Partial regression plot
 * Partial residual plot
 * Particle filter
 * Partition of sums of squares
 * Parzen window
 * Path analysis (statistics)
 * Path coefficient
 * Path space (disambiguation)
 * Pattern recognition
 * Pearson's chi-squared test (one of various chi-squared tests)
 * Pearson distribution
 * Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient
 * Pedometric mapping
 * People v. Collins (prob/stats related court case)
 * Per capita
 * Per-comparison error rate
 * Per-protocol analysis
 * Percentile
 * Percentile rank
 * Periodic variation – redirects to Seasonality
 * Periodogram
 * Peirce's criterion
 * Pensim2 – an econometric model
 * Percentage point
 * Permutation test – redirects to Resampling (statistics)
 * Pharmaceutical statistics
 * Phase dispersion minimization
 * Phase-type distribution
 * Phi coefficient
 * Phillips–Perron test
 * Philosophy of probability
 * Philosophy of statistics
 * Pickands–Balkema–de Haan theorem
 * Pie chart
 * Piecewise-deterministic Markov process
 * Pignistic probability
 * Pinsker's inequality
 * Pitman closeness criterion
 * Pitman–Koopman–Darmois theorem
 * Pitman–Yor process
 * Pivotal quantity
 * Placebo-controlled study
 * Plackett–Burman design
 * Plate notation
 * Plot (graphics)
 * Pocock boundary
 * Poincaré plot
 * Point-biserial correlation coefficient
 * Point estimation
 * Point pattern analysis
 * Point process
 * Poisson binomial distribution
 * Poisson distribution
 * Poisson hidden Markov model
 * Poisson limit theorem
 * Poisson process
 * Poisson regression
 * Poisson random numbers – redirects to section of Poisson distribution
 * Poisson sampling
 * Polar distribution – see Circular distribution
 * Policy capturing
 * Political forecasting
 * Pollaczek–Khinchine formula
 * Pollyanna Creep
 * Polykay
 * Poly-Weibull distribution
 * Polychoric correlation
 * Polynomial and rational function modeling
 * Polynomial chaos
 * Polynomial regression
 * Polytree (Bayesian networks)
 * Pooled standard deviation – redirects to Pooled variance
 * Pooling design
 * Popoviciu's inequality on variances
 * Population
 * Population dynamics
 * Population ecology – application
 * Population modeling
 * Population process
 * Population pyramid
 * Population statistics
 * Population variance
 * Population viability analysis
 * Portmanteau test
 * Positive predictive value
 * Post-hoc analysis
 * Posterior predictive distribution
 * Posterior probability
 * Power law
 * Power transform
 * Prais–Winsten estimation
 * Pre- and post-test probability
 * Precision (statistics)
 * Precision and recall
 * Prediction interval
 * Predictive analytics
 * Predictive inference
 * Predictive informatics
 * Predictive intake modelling
 * Predictive modelling
 * Predictive validity
 * Preference regression (in marketing)
 * Preferential attachment process – see Preferential attachment
 * PRESS statistic
 * Prevalence
 * Principal component analysis
 * Multilinear principal-component analysis
 * Principal component regression
 * Principal geodesic analysis
 * Principal stratification
 * Principle of indifference
 * Principle of marginality
 * Principle of maximum entropy
 * Prior knowledge for pattern recognition
 * Prior probability
 * Prior probability distribution – redirects to Prior probability
 * Probabilistic causation
 * Probabilistic design
 * Probabilistic forecasting
 * Probabilistic latent semantic analysis
 * Probabilistic metric space
 * Probabilistic proposition
 * Probabilistic relational model
 * Probability
 * Probability bounds analysis
 * Probability box
 * Probability density function
 * Probability distribution
 * Probability distribution function (disambiguation)
 * Probability integral transform
 * Probability interpretations
 * Probability mass function
 * Probability matching
 * Probability metric
 * Probability of error
 * Probability of precipitation
 * Probability plot
 * Probability plot correlation coefficient – redirects to Q–Q plot
 * Probability plot correlation coefficient plot
 * Probability space
 * Probability theory
 * Probability-generating function
 * Probable error
 * Probit
 * Probit model
 * Procedural confound
 * Process control
 * Process Window Index
 * Procrustes analysis
 * Proebsting's paradox
 * Product distribution
 * Product form solution
 * Profile likelihood – redirects to Likelihood function
 * Progressively measurable process
 * Prognostics
 * Projection pursuit
 * Projection pursuit regression
 * Proof of Stein's example
 * Propagation of uncertainty
 * Propensity probability
 * Propensity score
 * Propensity score matching
 * Proper linear model
 * Proportional hazards models
 * Proportional reduction in loss
 * Prosecutor's fallacy
 * Proxy (statistics)
 * Psephology
 * Pseudo-determinant
 * Pseudo-random number sampling
 * Pseudocount
 * Pseudolikelihood
 * Pseudomedian
 * Pseudoreplication
 * PSPP (free software)
 * Psychological statistics
 * Psychometrics
 * Pythagorean expectation

Q

 * Q test
 * Q-exponential distribution
 * Q-function
 * Q-Gaussian distribution
 * Q–Q plot
 * Q-statistic (disambiguation)
 * Quadrat
 * Quadrant count ratio
 * Quadratic classifier
 * Quadratic form (statistics)
 * Quadratic variation
 * Qualitative comparative analysis
 * Qualitative data
 * Qualitative variation
 * Quality control
 * Quantile
 * Quantile function
 * Quantile normalization
 * Quantile regression
 * Quantile-parameterized distribution
 * Quantitative marketing research
 * Quantitative psychological research
 * Quantitative research
 * Quartile
 * Quartile coefficient of dispersion
 * Quasi-birth–death process
 * Quasi-experiment
 * Quasi-experimental design – see Design of quasi-experiments
 * Quasi-likelihood
 * Quasi-maximum likelihood
 * Quasireversibility
 * Quasi-variance
 * Questionnaire
 * Queueing model
 * Queueing theory
 * Queuing delay
 * Queuing theory in teletraffic engineering
 * Quota sampling

R

 * R programming language – see R (programming language)
 * R v Adams (prob/stats related court case)
 * Radar chart
 * Rademacher distribution
 * Radial basis function network
 * Raikov's theorem
 * Raised cosine distribution
 * Ramaswami's formula
 * Ramsey RESET test – the Ramsey Regression Equation Specification Error Test
 * Rand index
 * Random assignment
 * Random compact set
 * Random data – see randomness
 * Random effects estimation – see Random effects model
 * Random effects model
 * Random element
 * Random field
 * Random function
 * Random graph
 * Random matrix
 * Random measure
 * Random multinomial logit
 * Random naive Bayes
 * Random permutation statistics
 * Random regular graph
 * Random sample
 * Random sampling
 * Random sequence
 * Random variable
 * Random variate
 * Random walk
 * Random walk hypothesis
 * Randomization
 * Randomized block design
 * Randomized controlled trial
 * Randomized decision rule
 * Randomized experiment
 * Randomized response
 * Randomness
 * Randomness tests
 * Range (statistics)
 * Rank abundance curve
 * Rank correlation mainly links to two following
 * Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
 * Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient
 * Rank product
 * Rank-size distribution
 * Ranking
 * Rankit
 * Ranklet
 * RANSAC
 * Rao–Blackwell theorem
 * Rao-Blackwellisation – see Rao–Blackwell theorem
 * Rasch model
 * Polytomous Rasch model
 * Rasch model estimation
 * Ratio distribution
 * Ratio estimator
 * Rational quadratic covariance function
 * Rayleigh distribution
 * Rayleigh mixture distribution
 * Raw score
 * Realization (probability)
 * Recall bias
 * Receiver operating characteristic
 * Reciprocal distribution
 * Rectified Gaussian distribution
 * Recurrence period density entropy
 * Recurrence plot
 * Recurrence quantification analysis
 * Recursive Bayesian estimation
 * Recursive least squares
 * Recursive partitioning
 * Reduced form
 * Reference class problem
 * Reflected Brownian motion
 * Regenerative process
 * Regression analysis – see also linear regression
 * Regression Analysis of Time Series – proprietary software
 * Regression control chart
 * Regression diagnostic
 * Regression dilution
 * Regression discontinuity design
 * Regression estimation
 * Regression fallacy
 * Regression-kriging
 * Regression model validation
 * Regression toward the mean
 * Regret (decision theory)
 * Reification (statistics)
 * Rejection sampling
 * Relationships among probability distributions
 * Relative change and difference
 * Relative efficiency – redirects to Efficiency (statistics)
 * Relative index of inequality
 * Relative likelihood
 * Relative risk
 * Relative risk reduction
 * Relative standard deviation
 * Relative standard error – redirects to Relative standard deviation
 * Relative variance – redirects to Relative standard deviation
 * Relative survival
 * Relativistic Breit–Wigner distribution
 * Relevance vector machine
 * Reliability (statistics)
 * Reliability block diagram
 * Reliability engineering
 * Reliability theory
 * Reliability theory of aging and longevity
 * Rencontres numbers – a discrete distribution
 * Renewal theory
 * Repeatability
 * Repeated measures design
 * Replication (statistics)
 * Representation validity
 * Reproducibility
 * Resampling (statistics)
 * Rescaled range
 * Resentful demoralization – experimental design
 * Residual. See errors and residuals in statistics.
 * Residual sum of squares
 * Response bias
 * Response rate (survey)
 * Response surface methodology
 * Response variable
 * Restricted maximum likelihood
 * Restricted randomization
 * Reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo
 * Reversible dynamics
 * Rind et al. controversy – interpretations of paper involving meta-analysis
 * Rice distribution
 * Richardson–Lucy deconvolution
 * Ridge regression – redirects to Tikhonov regularization
 * Ridit scoring
 * Risk adjusted mortality rate
 * Risk factor
 * Risk function
 * Risk perception
 * Risk theory
 * Risk–benefit analysis
 * Robbins lemma
 * Robust Bayesian analysis
 * Robust confidence intervals
 * Robust measures of scale
 * Robust regression
 * Robust statistics
 * Root mean square
 * Root-mean-square deviation
 * Root mean square deviation (bioinformatics)
 * Root mean square fluctuation
 * Ross's conjecture
 * Rossmo's formula
 * Rothamsted Experimental Station
 * Round robin test
 * Rubin causal model
 * Ruin theory
 * Rule of succession
 * Rule of three (medicine)
 * Run chart
 * RV coefficient

S

 * S (programming language)
 * S-PLUS
 * Safety in numbers
 * Sally Clark (prob/stats related court case)
 * Sammon projection
 * Sample mean and covariance – redirects to Sample mean and sample covariance
 * Sample mean and sample covariance
 * Sample maximum and minimum
 * Sample size determination
 * Sample space
 * Sample (statistics)
 * Sample-continuous process
 * Sampling (statistics)
 * Simple random sampling
 * Snowball sampling
 * Systematic sampling
 * Stratified sampling
 * Cluster sampling
 * distance sampling
 * Multistage sampling
 * Nonprobability sampling
 * Slice sampling
 * Sampling bias
 * Sampling design
 * Sampling distribution
 * Sampling error
 * Sampling fraction
 * Sampling frame
 * Sampling probability
 * Sampling risk
 * Samuelson's inequality
 * Sargan test
 * SAS (software)
 * SAS language
 * SAS System – see SAS (software)
 * Savitzky–Golay smoothing filter
 * Sazonov's theorem
 * Saturated array
 * Scale analysis (statistics)
 * Scale parameter
 * Scaled-inverse-chi-squared distribution
 * Scaling pattern of occupancy
 * Scatter matrix
 * Scatter plot
 * Scatterplot smoothing
 * Scheffé's method
 * Scheirer–Ray–Hare test
 * Schilder's theorem
 * Schramm–Loewner evolution
 * Schuette–Nesbitt formula
 * Schwarz criterion
 * Score (statistics)
 * Score test
 * Scoring algorithm
 * Scoring rule
 * SCORUS
 * Scott's Pi
 * SDMX – a standard for exchanging statistical data
 * Seasonal adjustment
 * Seasonality
 * Seasonal subseries plot
 * Seasonal variation
 * Seasonally adjusted annual rate
 * Second moment method
 * Secretary problem
 * Secular variation
 * Seed-based d mapping
 * Seemingly unrelated regressions
 * Seismic to simulation
 * Selection bias
 * Selective recruitment
 * Self-organizing map
 * Self-selection bias
 * Self-similar process
 * Segmented regression
 * Seismic inversion
 * Self-similarity matrix
 * Semantic mapping (statistics)
 * Semantic relatedness
 * Semantic similarity
 * Semi-Markov process
 * Semi-log graph
 * Semidefinite embedding
 * Semimartingale
 * Semiparametric model
 * Semiparametric regression
 * Semivariance
 * Sensitivity (tests)
 * Sensitivity analysis
 * Sensitivity and specificity
 * Sensitivity index
 * Separation test
 * Sequential analysis
 * Sequential estimation
 * Sequential Monte Carlo methods – redirects to Particle filter
 * Sequential probability ratio test
 * Serial dependence
 * Seriation (archaeology)
 * SETAR (model) – a time series model
 * Sethi model
 * Seven-number summary
 * Sexual dimorphism measures
 * Shannon–Hartley theorem
 * Shape of the distribution
 * Shape parameter
 * Shapiro–Wilk test
 * Sharpe ratio
 * SHAZAM (software)
 * Shewhart individuals control chart
 * Shifted Gompertz distribution
 * Shifted log-logistic distribution
 * Shifting baseline
 * Shrinkage (statistics)
 * Shrinkage estimator
 * Sichel distribution
 * Siegel–Tukey test
 * Sieve estimator
 * Sigma-algebra
 * SigmaStat – software
 * Sign test
 * Signal-to-noise ratio
 * Signal-to-noise statistic
 * Significance analysis of microarrays
 * Silhouette (clustering)
 * Simfit – software
 * Similarity matrix
 * Simon model
 * Simple linear regression
 * Simple moving average crossover
 * Simple random sample
 * Simpson's paradox
 * Simulated annealing
 * Simultaneous equation methods (econometrics)
 * Simultaneous equations model
 * Single equation methods (econometrics)
 * Single-linkage clustering
 * Singular distribution
 * Singular spectrum analysis
 * Sinusoidal model
 * Sinkov statistic
 * Size (statistics)
 * Skellam distribution
 * Skew normal distribution
 * Skewness
 * Skorokhod's representation theorem
 * Slash distribution
 * Slice sampling
 * Sliced inverse regression
 * Slutsky's theorem
 * Small area estimation
 * Smearing retransformation
 * Smoothing
 * Smoothing spline
 * Smoothness (probability theory)
 * Snowball sampling
 * Sobel test
 * Social network change detection
 * Social statistics
 * SOFA Statistics – software
 * Soliton distribution – redirects to Luby transform code
 * Somers' D
 * Sørensen similarity index
 * Spaghetti plot
 * Sparse binary polynomial hashing
 * Sparse PCA – sparse principal components analysis
 * Sparsity-of-effects principle
 * Spatial analysis
 * Spatial dependence
 * Spatial descriptive statistics
 * Spatial distribution
 * Spatial econometrics
 * Spatial statistics – redirects to Spatial analysis
 * Spatial variability
 * Spearman's rank correlation coefficient
 * Spearman–Brown prediction formula
 * Species discovery curve
 * Specification (regression) – redirects to Statistical model specification
 * Specificity (tests)
 * Spectral clustering – (cluster analysis)
 * Spectral density
 * Spectral density estimation
 * Spectrum bias
 * Spectrum continuation analysis
 * Speed prior
 * Spherical design
 * Split normal distribution
 * SPRT – redirects to Sequential probability ratio test
 * SPSS – software
 * SPSS Clementine – software (data mining)
 * Spurious relationship
 * Square root biased sampling
 * Squared deviations
 * St. Petersburg paradox
 * Stability (probability)
 * Stable distribution
 * Stable and tempered stable distributions with volatility clustering – financial applications
 * Standard deviation
 * Standard error
 * Standard normal deviate
 * Standard normal table
 * Standard probability space
 * Standard score
 * Standardized coefficient
 * Standardized moment
 * Standardised mortality rate
 * Standardized mortality ratio
 * Standardized rate
 * Stanine
 * STAR model – a time series model
 * Star plot – redirects to Radar chart
 * Stata
 * State space representation
 * Statgraphics – software
 * Static analysis
 * Stationary distribution
 * Stationary ergodic process
 * Stationary process
 * Stationary sequence
 * Stationary subspace analysis
 * Statistic
 * STATISTICA – software
 * Statistical arbitrage
 * Statistical assembly
 * Statistical assumption
 * Statistical benchmarking
 * Statistical classification
 * Statistical conclusion validity
 * Statistical consultant
 * Statistical deviance – see deviance (statistics)
 * Statistical dispersion
 * Statistical distance
 * Statistical efficiency
 * Statistical epidemiology
 * Statistical estimation – redirects to Estimation theory
 * Statistical finance
 * Statistical genetics – redirects to population genetics
 * Statistical geography
 * Statistical graphics
 * Statistical hypothesis testing
 * Statistical independence
 * Statistical inference
 * Statistical interference
 * Statistical Lab – software
 * Statistical learning theory
 * Statistical literacy
 * Statistical model
 * Statistical model specification
 * Statistical model validation
 * Statistical noise
 * Statistical package
 * Statistical parameter
 * Statistical parametric mapping
 * Statistical parsing
 * Statistical population
 * Statistical power
 * Statistical probability
 * Statistical process control
 * Statistical proof
 * Statistical randomness
 * Statistical range – see range (statistics)
 * Statistical regularity
 * Statistical relational learning
 * Statistical sample
 * Statistical semantics
 * Statistical shape analysis
 * Statistical signal processing
 * Statistical significance
 * Statistical survey
 * Statistical syllogism
 * Statistical theory
 * Statistical unit
 * Statisticians' and engineers' cross-reference of statistical terms
 * Statistics
 * Statistics education
 * Statistics Online Computational Resource – training materials
 * StatPlus
 * StatXact – software
 * Stein's example
 * Proof of Stein's example
 * Stein's lemma
 * Stein's unbiased risk estimate
 * Steiner system
 * Stemplot – see Stem-and-leaf display
 * Step detection
 * Stepwise regression
 * Stieltjes moment problem
 * Stimulus-response model
 * Stochastic
 * Stochastic approximation
 * Stochastic calculus
 * Stochastic convergence
 * Stochastic differential equation
 * Stochastic dominance
 * Stochastic drift
 * Stochastic equicontinuity
 * Stochastic gradient descent
 * Stochastic grammar
 * Stochastic investment model
 * Stochastic kernel estimation
 * Stochastic matrix
 * Stochastic modelling (insurance)
 * Stochastic optimization
 * Stochastic ordering
 * Stochastic process
 * Stochastic rounding
 * Stochastic simulation
 * Stopped process
 * Stopping time
 * Stratified sampling
 * Stratonovich integral
 * Streamgraph
 * Stress majorization
 * Strong law of small numbers
 * Strong prior
 * Structural break
 * Structural equation modeling
 * Structural estimation
 * Structured data analysis (statistics)
 * Studentized range
 * Studentized residual
 * Student's t-distribution
 * Student's t-statistic
 * Student's t-test
 * Student's t-test for Gaussian scale mixture distributions – see Location testing for Gaussian scale mixture distributions
 * Studentization
 * Study design
 * Study heterogeneity
 * Subcontrary mean – redirects to Harmonic mean
 * Subgroup analysis
 * Subindependence
 * Substitution model
 * SUDAAN – software
 * Sufficiency (statistics) – see Sufficient statistic
 * Sufficient dimension reduction
 * Sufficient statistic
 * Sum of normally distributed random variables
 * Sum of squares (disambiguation) – general disambiguation
 * Sum of squares (statistics) – see Partition of sums of squares
 * Summary statistic
 * Support curve
 * Support vector machine
 * Surrogate model
 * Survey data collection
 * Survey sampling
 * Survey methodology
 * Survival analysis
 * Survival rate
 * Survival function
 * Survivorship bias
 * Symmetric design
 * Symmetric mean absolute percentage error
 * SYSTAT – software
 * System dynamics
 * System identification
 * Systematic error (also see bias (statistics) and errors and residuals in statistics)
 * Systematic review

T

 * t-distribution – see Student's t-distribution (includes table)
 * T distribution (disambiguation)
 * t-statistic
 * Tag cloud – graphical display of info
 * Taguchi loss function
 * Taguchi methods
 * Tajima's D
 * Taleb distribution
 * Tampering (quality control)
 * Taylor expansions for the moments of functions of random variables
 * Taylor's law – empirical variance-mean relations
 * Telegraph process
 * Test for structural change
 * Test–retest reliability
 * Test score
 * Test set
 * Test statistic
 * Testimator
 * Testing hypotheses suggested by the data
 * Text analytics
 * The Long Tail – possibly seminal magazine article
 * The Unscrambler – software
 * Theil index
 * Theil–Sen estimator
 * Theory of conjoint measurement
 * Therapeutic effect
 * Thompson sampling
 * Three-point estimation
 * Three-stage least squares
 * Threshold model
 * Thurstone scale
 * Thurstonian model
 * Time–frequency analysis
 * Time–frequency representation
 * Time reversibility
 * Time series
 * Time-series regression
 * Time use survey
 * Time-varying covariate
 * Timeline of probability and statistics
 * TinkerPlots – proprietary software for schools
 * Tobit model
 * Tolerance interval
 * Top-coded
 * Topic model (statistical natural language processing)
 * Topological data analysis
 * Tornqvist index
 * Total correlation
 * Total least squares
 * Total sum of squares
 * Total survey error
 * Total variation distance – a statistical distance measure
 * TPL Tables – software
 * Tracy–Widom distribution
 * Traffic equations
 * Training set
 * Transect
 * Transferable belief model
 * Transiogram
 * Transition rate matrix
 * Treatment and control groups
 * Trend analysis
 * Trend estimation
 * Trend-stationary process
 * Treynor ratio
 * Triangular distribution
 * Trimean
 * Trimmed estimator
 * Trispectrum
 * True experiment
 * True variance
 * Truncated distribution
 * Truncated mean
 * Truncated normal distribution
 * Truncated regression model
 * Truncation (statistics)
 * Tsallis distribution
 * Tsallis statistics
 * Tschuprow's T
 * Tucker decomposition
 * Tukey's range test – multiple comparisons
 * Tukey's test of additivity – interaction in two-way anova
 * Tukey–Duckworth test
 * Tukey–Kramer method
 * Tukey lambda distribution
 * Tweedie distribution
 * Twisting properties
 * Two stage least squares – redirects to Instrumental variable
 * Two-tailed test
 * Two-way analysis of variance
 * Type I and type II errors
 * Type-1 Gumbel distribution
 * Type-2 Gumbel distribution
 * Tyranny of averages

U

 * u-chart
 * U-quadratic distribution
 * U-statistic
 * U test
 * Umbrella sampling
 * Unbiased estimator – see bias (statistics)
 * Unbiased estimation of standard deviation
 * Uncertainty
 * Uncertainty coefficient
 * Uncertainty quantification
 * Uncomfortable science
 * Uncorrelated
 * Underdispersion – redirects to Overdispersion
 * Underfitting – redirects to Overfitting
 * Underprivileged area score
 * Unevenly spaced time series
 * Unexplained variation – see Explained variation
 * Uniform distribution (continuous)
 * Uniform distribution (discrete)
 * Uniformly most powerful test
 * Unimodal distribution – redirects to Unimodal function (has some stats context)
 * Unimodality
 * Unit (statistics)
 * Unit of observation
 * Unit root
 * Unit root test
 * Unit-weighted regression
 * Unitized risk
 * Univariate
 * Univariate analysis
 * Univariate distribution
 * Unmatched count
 * Unseen species problem
 * Unsolved problems in statistics
 * Upper and lower probabilities
 * Upside potential ratio – finance
 * Urn problem
 * Ursell function
 * Utility maximization problem
 * Utilization distribution

V

 * Validity (statistics)
 * Van der Waerden test
 * Van Houtum distribution
 * Vapnik–Chervonenkis theory
 * Varadhan's lemma
 * Variable
 * Variable kernel density estimation
 * Variable-order Bayesian network
 * Variable-order Markov model
 * Variable rules analysis
 * Variance
 * Variance decomposition of forecast errors
 * Variance gamma process
 * Variance inflation factor
 * Variance-gamma distribution
 * Variance reduction
 * Variance-stabilizing transformation
 * Variance-to-mean ratio
 * Variation ratio
 * Variational Bayesian methods
 * Variational message passing
 * Variogram
 * Varimax rotation
 * Vasicek model
 * VC dimension
 * VC theory
 * Vector autoregression
 * VEGAS algorithm
 * Violin plot
 * ViSta – Software, see ViSta, The Visual Statistics system
 * Voigt profile
 * Volatility (finance)
 * Volcano plot (statistics)
 * Von Mises distribution
 * Von Mises–Fisher distribution
 * V-optimal histograms
 * V-statistic
 * Vuong's closeness test
 * Vysochanskiï–Petunin inequality

W

 * Wait list control group
 * Wald distribution – redirects to Inverse Gaussian distribution
 * Wald test
 * Wald–Wolfowitz runs test
 * Wallenius' noncentral hypergeometric distribution
 * Wang and Landau algorithm
 * Ward's method
 * Watterson estimator
 * Watts and Strogatz model
 * Weibull chart – redirects to Weibull distribution
 * Weibull distribution
 * Weibull modulus
 * Weight function
 * Weighted median
 * Weighted covariance matrix – redirects to Sample mean and sample covariance
 * Weighted mean
 * Weighted sample – redirects to Sample mean and sample covariance
 * Welch's method – spectral density estimation
 * Welch's t test
 * Welch–Satterthwaite equation
 * Well-behaved statistic
 * Wick product
 * Wilks' lambda distribution
 * Wilks' theorem – redirects to section of Likelihood-ratio test
 * Winsorized mean
 * Whipple's index
 * White test
 * White noise
 * Wide and narrow data
 * Wiener deconvolution
 * Wiener filter
 * Wiener process
 * Wigner quasi-probability distribution
 * Wigner semicircle distribution
 * Wike's law of low odd primes
 * Wilcoxon signed-rank test
 * Will Rogers phenomenon
 * WinBUGS – software
 * Window function
 * Winpepi – software
 * Winsorising
 * Wishart distribution
 * Wold's theorem
 * Wombling
 * Working–Hotelling procedure
 * World Programming System – software
 * Wrapped Cauchy distribution
 * Wrapped distribution
 * Wrapped exponential distribution
 * Wrapped normal distribution
 * Wrapped Lévy distribution
 * Writer invariant

X

 * X-12-ARIMA
 * $\bar x$ chart
 * $\bar x$ and R chart
 * $\bar x$ and s chart
 * XLispStat – software
 * XploRe – software

Y

 * Yamartino method
 * Yates analysis
 * Yates's correction for continuity
 * Youden's J statistic
 * Yule–Simon distribution

Z

 * z-score
 * z-factor
 * z statistic
 * Z-test
 * Z-transform
 * Zakai equation
 * Zelen's design
 * Zero degrees of freedom
 * Zero–one law (disambiguation)
 * Zeta distribution
 * Ziggurat algorithm
 * Zipf–Mandelbrot law – a discrete distribution
 * Zipf's law

title: List of statistics articles


text:
Thumbscrew (torture)

The thumbscrew is a torture instrument which was first used in early modern Europe. It is a simple vise, sometimes with protruding studs on the interior surfaces. The crushing bars were sometimes lined with sharp metal points to puncture the nails. While the most common design operated upon a single thumb or big toe, variants could accommodate both big toes, all five fingers of one hand, or all ten toes.

Other terminology
The thumbscrew was also referred to as thumbkin or thumbikin (1675–1685), "kin" being a diminutive suffix of nouns. An alternate spelling was thumbikens. The terms pillywinks and pilnie-winks were also in use.

Historians James Cochrane and John McCrone wrote in 1833,

"Thus we read, that in 1596, the son and daughter of Aleson Balfour, who was accused of witchcraft were tortured before her to make her confess her crime in the manner following: Her son was put in the buits where he suffered fifty seven strokes; and her daughter about seven years old, was put in the pilniewinks. In the same case, mention was made, besides pilniewinks, pinniewinks or pilliwinks, of caspitanos or caspicaws, and of tosots, as instruments of torture. Lord Royston in his manuscript notes upon Mackenzie's criminal law conjectures that these may have been only other names for the buits and thumbikens; thus much seems certain, that in those times there was some torturing device applied to the fingers which bore the name of pilniewinks; but it will immediately appear, that the most authentic accounts assign the introduction and use of the instrument known by the name of thumbikens to a much later period."

History
Cochrane and McCrone argue that the thumbscrew entered Britain later than the invasion of the Spanish Armada in the 16th century:

"'It has been very generally asserted,' says Dr. Jamieson, 'that part of the cargo of the invincible Armada was a large assortment of thumbikens, which it was meant should be employed as powerful arguments for convincing the heretics.' The country of the inquisition was certainly a fit quarter from whence to derive so congenial an instrument; but other accounts, as we have said, and these apparently unquestionable, assign it a later introduction... In the torturing of [William] Spence, Lord Fountainhall mentions the origin of the thumbikens, stating that this instrument 'was a new invention used among the colliers upon transgressors, and discovered by Generals Dalyell and Drummond, they having seen them used in Muscovy.' The account which Bishop Burnet gives of the torturing of Spence confirms the then recent use of the thumbikens. ... This point we think is put beyond all doubt by the following act of the privy council in 1684, quoted in Wodrow's invaluable history: 'Whereas there is now a new invention and engine called the thumbikens ... the Lords of His Majesty's Council do therefore ordain, that when any person shall be put to the torture, that the boots and the thumbikens both be applied to them...'"

In 1612 the Baroque painter Orazio Gentileschi accused his colleague, Agostino Tassi, of raping his daughter, the painter Artemisia Gentileschi. During the five-month long trial, Artemisia was cross-examined under thumb-screw torture.

As late as the mid-18th century, the ex-slave Olaudah Equiano, in his autobiography The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, documented the use of thumbscrews to torture slaves. During this period (mid-18th century), Thomas Clarkson carried thumbscrews with him to further his cause for the abolition of the slave trade and later emancipation of slaves in the British Empire. He hoped to, and did, inspire empathy with the display of this and other torture devices used on slaves. They were used on slave ships, as witnessed and described by Equiano and Ottobah Cugoano.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thumbscrew (torture)


text:
Battle of Alexandria (1801)

The Battle of Alexandria, or Battle of Canope, was fought on 21 March 1801 between the army of Napoleon's French First Republic under General Jacques-François Menou and the British expeditionary corps under Sir Ralph Abercromby. The battle took place near the ruins of Nicopolis, on the narrow spit of land between the sea and Lake Abukir, along which the British troops had advanced towards Alexandria after the actions of Abukir on 8 March and Mandora on 13 March. The fighting was part of the French campaign in Egypt and Syria against the Ottoman Empire, which began in 1798.

Prelude
Following Lanusse's reverse at Mandora, Menou finally arrived from Cairo to take direct command of French forces, and determined to attack on 21 March. François Lanusse would lead on the left with the brigades of Valentin and Silly, supported by the infantry Divisions of Antoine-Guillaume Rampon in the centre and Jean Reynier on the right.

The British position on the night of 20 March extended across the isthmus, the right wing resting upon the ruins of Nicopolis and the sea, the left on the lake of Abukir and the Alexandria canal. The line faced generally south-west towards the city, the reserve division under Major-General Sir John Moore on the right, the Foot Guards brigade under George Ludlow in the centre, and three other brigades on the left under Eyre Coote, John Cradock and Earl Cavan. In the second line were two infantry brigades and the cavalry (dismounted).

Battle
Abercromby anticipated a night attack, so on 21 March, the British slept in position under arms. At 3:30 a.m. the French attacked and drove in the British outposts. Moving forward rapidly with great gallantry from the left, Lanusse launched the attack with Valentin's brigade in column along the seashore, and to their right Silly's brigade against the British entrenchments around the Roman ruins. The brunt of the attack fell upon Moore's command, and in particular upon the 28th (North Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot. The British repulsed this first assault, during which both Silly and Lanusse were hit. "General Lanusse saw that General Valentin had left the seashore, and was within the re-entering angle of the redoubt and the Roman camp, where the cross fire of the enemy held him back. General Lanusse marched to this spot, encouraged the men, and made them advance. The worthy general was hit in the thigh by a ball from a gun-boat; four grenadiers tried to carry him off, but a second ball killed two of these brave fellows".

Soon Rampon's command in the centre was engaged, and despite disorientation in the dark, penetrated between the front and rear wing of the 42nd Regiment of Foot. A confused fight ensued in the ruins, in which the French troops were all either killed or captured with the 42nd taking their colour. Other British regiments engaged were the 23rd Regiment of Foot, 40th (the 2nd Somersetshire) Regiment of Foot and 58th (Rutlandshire) Regiment of Foot, together with Stuart's Minorca Regiment.

During this time, Menou had devolved command to his subordinates, and was seen gesticulating wildly at the rear "more as if he were a spectator than the commander in chief". However he now ordered his reserve cavalry forward in an unsupported charge. The commander, Cézar Antoine Roize remonstrated in vain, the Republican cavalry nevertheless were able to penetrate as far as the British camp and Abercromby's headquarters, inflicting severe losses on the 42nd Foot before a combination of dug fortifications and musketry ended this effort.

"Turning to his brave men, General Roize said, 'Friends, they are sending us to glory and death! March!' The charge was terrible... Brave General Roize, seeing his first line driven back, advanced with the second, made a desperate charge, and penetrated to the camp of the second English line, sabring and overthrowing all in his road. The terrified English threw themselves on their faces on the ground; others fled to their tents; but this obstacle stopped the terrible rush of our cavalry and caused our ruin. The English had dug wolf-pits in their camp, and strewn caltrops about, plentifully. The horses fell into these pits, or were entangled amongst the cords and tent pegs. The brave and unfortunate General Roize, finding there was no chance of escaping from such a position, dismounted, fought like a lion, and was killed, as were also his men"

The front and rear ranks of the 28th Foot were simultaneously engaged to both their front and rear, the soldiers receiving the order "Front rank stay as you are, rear rank about turn". In commemoration the regiment later adopted a second cap badge, the 'Back Number,' worn at the back of their head-dress. During the attack of Roize's second line Sir Ralph Abercromby was briefly captured by French dragoons, but quickly rescued by a highlander of the 42nd. About this time he received a bullet wound to the thigh which would eventually prove fatal, though he remained on the field and in command to the end. Rampon's renewed infantry attack on the centre was repulsed by the Guards brigade, supported by Coote's brigade, and the left wing maintained its position with ease, but the French cavalry for the second time came to close quarters with the reserve.

About half-past eight the combat began to wane, and the last shots were fired at ten. Most of the attacks had been pressed home on the British right, the History of the Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment praises the regiments of the reserve, saying that "the determined attack would have been successful against almost any other troops." Technically, the details of the action show that, while not markedly better in a melee than the war-seasoned French, the British infantry had in its volleys a power that no other troops then existing possessed, and it was these volleys that decided the day even more than the individual stubbornness of the men.

The 42nd, twice charged by cavalry, had but 13 men wounded by the sabre. Part of the French losses were caused by the gunboats which lay close inshore and cannonaded the left flank of the French columns, and by a heavy naval gun which was placed in battery near the position of 28 March.

Aftermath
The armies engaged on this day both numbered approximately 14,000 men. Losses for the British were, 10 officers and 233 men killed, 60 officers and 1,193 men wounded and 3 officers and 29 men missing. Amongst the senior officers the dead included Abercromby (who succumbed to his wound on 28 March), Lt Col David Ogilvy of the 44th Foot and Lt Col Dutens of the Minorca regt. Moore, Oakes and the Adjudant General John Hope were wounded. The French suffered 1,000 dead, 600 wounded and 200 prisoners, though Fortescue considers up to 4,000 overall. Amongst the French casualties were three generals killed (Lanusse, Roize and brigade commander Baudot in Reynier's Division) and several other senior officers wounded. Additionally the flag of the 21st Light demi-brigade and one Austrian cannon were lost.

John Hely-Hutchinson replaced Abercromby in command of British forces, which then advanced upon Alexandria to lay siege to it. The French garrison surrendered on 2 September 1801.

Reynier heavily criticised Menou in his mémoires on his return to France - Bonaparte ordered the mémoires suppressed in 1802 for this reason (and possibly others). In their defence, Menou, Rampon and Lagrange however all blamed Reynier, Damas and Lanusse for the defeat.

title: Battle of Alexandria (1801)