text:
Talk:Television broadcasting in Australia

The table
What do the things in the parentheses mean? Originally I think they listed the owners of the stations. Now it looks like people have just added any old thing they want about the stations, like alternate names, locations etc. These parantheses need some coherent cleanup. - Randwicked Alex B 01:56, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I second that matturn 02:19, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

A couple of Gripes I lived in the Illawarrra area for years and Yes you are free to pick up Sydney TV Stations using a VHF antenna from Wollongong, Shellharbour to Kiama. Illawarra people have a direct line of sight to the transmitters by pointing it towards Botany Bay you are able to receive Sydney Channels, look at the ABC Sydney coverage map and you see coverage spilling over escarpment to the illawarra. The local channels may anger us Illawarra citizens pre 2005 where station logos, NON Digital TV content and plain crapiness made us install new Antennas to watch Sydney's TV.

I reckon there should be another Row in the table that distinguishes the Gold Coast QLD and NSW as having 8 Commercial Stations or even 13 if you live in the southern areas of Gold coast inc: 7 QLD, Prime GC, NBN GC, 9 QLD, Ten QLD, SX 10 GC, ABC QLD, SBS QLD, Prime NSW +1hr, NBN NSW +1hr, SX Ten NSW +1hr, ABC NSW and SBS NSW +1hr. This would highlight where Gold coast sits in comparison to other regions when it comes to TV.

Update tag
I notice the update tag - anyone have any idea what it is that needs to be updated? If not, I'll remove it. -- Chuq 10:44, 3 April 2006 (UTC)

The update was needed because Ten Mildura was listed as a future event, even though it began in January 2006. I've removed it and, because there doesn't seem to be any other dated material, I'll remove the tag. ZanderSchubert 05:33, 12 July 2006 (UTC) (jeez, it's taken a while...!)

Coverage maps
Do people want to offer any suggestions to the style of these maps before I complete them for all broadcasters/networks and add them to individual pages?

And yes, I know I have misspelled affiliate a couple of times - I'll fix it in the next version! I think I may change the "monopoly broadcaster" colour to black. I don't know the best way to mark joint ventures either - maybe just treat the JV company as a seperate company. -- Chuq 05:38, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

The "aggregated" and "non-aggregated" labels are moot given the current situation. If anything there are three groups, "one owner", "two owner" and "three owner". All regional markets are moving towards having three commercial affiliates, some of the old non-aggregated markets are already there. matturn 12:52, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

I'm not sure about using "Satellite" to describe the regional WA area. A majority of population in regional WA recieve GWN and WIN WA from terrestrial transmission, not satellite. The sattelite transmission serves only to provide for people who live in small, isolated communities. Perhaps a better way to organise the key in the large map is as Matturn suggested, with "two station" and "three station". (I veer away from the term "Owner" because there are markets where two commercial stations are present, but both are owned by the same company.) Tntnnbltn 13:57, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

I realise the "number of owners" doesn't equal the "number of channels" in some markets. I agree that differentiation by number of commercial channels is a good idea, and in hindsite better than my suggestion. Dividing by number of owners however matches the map's current focus on ownership. I also second your comment about the "satelite" markets. They should be grouped with the other two station (or owner) markets. Also part of Tassie is in the Central and Eastern Remote zone IIRC. matturn 06:50, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I have now created an SVG version of the map Image:Australia television market regions.svg. Stickeylabel 13:05, 11 July 2007 (UTC)

Channel number list
Should we have a list of what channels are used in a location? For example,

Brisbane
Brisbane digital channels

 or maybe

Digital
--RobBrisbane 01:55, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Probably not, it would get obscenely long. The channels are different in just about every town in the country. - ҉ Randwicked ҉ 11:38, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

What about having a separate page for tv channels in Queensland, or Brisbane? Or start with it on the main page, and split it off into states once it gets too big? How else can someone find out what analog / digital channels are available in an area, and what channels they use? --RobBrisbane 08:26, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Probably a link to the relevant document on the ACMA site would be best than a huge table of numbers on here. -- Chuq 12:29, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Have you seen the way the US is done? We could do that for Oz.matturn 12:33, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Not really. It works difference from there to here. Each Channel Nine affiliate (including NBN, WIN, Southern Cross, etc.) will show almost exactly the same programming, bar time differences, local programming, sport or or factors, while a majority of time on American networks is free, so that, excluding primetime, each NBC affiliate is free to syndicate any show they can get at any time. In short, in America, each station is different, but here, the differences are not as major to warrant separate articles for each, say, WIN broadcaster. (At least, that’s what I feel, looking at the American TV pages.) ZanderSchubert 04:43, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

Numbers for networks?
Could someone explain why the national commercial broadcast networks in Australia are numbered 7, 9 and 10? Does the Seven Network appear on VHF Channel 7 in every market? -- Mwalcoff 02:43, 3 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Only the capital cities, but those hold the majority of Australia's population. They amalgamated with the stations on the same frequencies when networking came along. I guess this was for user convenience, as a few channels had to switch (like TVQ in Brisbane, which went from 0 to 10). - ҉ Randwicked ҉ 03:13, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
 * TVQ shifting had little to do with networking - The network was known as the 0/10 Network at the time. It moved because channel 0 is subject to interference, and a station on the nearby Darling Downs was forced to move frequency because it was seen as less important. Now the case of 7 and 10 in Adelaide swapping networks, that was due to networking... matturn 12:32, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Another answer is "Yes", with minor exceptions. The 7, 9 and 10 networks only operate in the capital cities, though affiliate networks operate in other areas. There are some infill repeaters on other frequencies in the capitals though, and some affiliate networks use very similar names (like "Seven Queensland") matturn 12:32, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

name change
i think the name of the article should be changed to something like "list of australian television networks and channels".it seems contradictory for the name to be List of Australian television channels when it also lists networks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)
 * I think Television in Australia would be more suitable, as it a lot more than a list now. (Television in Australia currently redirects to this article). -- Chuq 11:18, 22 August 2006 (UTC)

I think that the current name "Australian Television Broadcasting" isn't really a fair description of the page. As someone unnamed suggested - its basically a list of services its just that it includes both networks and stations (although technically I would suggest they are almost all networks) - Anyhow apart from a bit of a history blurb at the start it doesn't really describe much About the business and technicalities of television broadcasting. There are plenty of more aspects to Television Broadcasting. It could do well with something about the techical standards employed in Australia (a little unique I undestand), its a bit vague about the changes in focus at SBS and doesn't mention anything about comparative growth rates of Pay TV (low by international standards). The regulatory regime, why there aren't more FTA broadcasters in metro areas, 'the fourth channel', what the heck is happening with Digital TV (HDTV, Multichanneling) etc. Are these some issues that should be covered here? - Am I playing the devil's advocate? Abeorch 00:18, 16 July 2007 (UTC)
 * That's a good point - I'll have a think about the best way to go about adding some of those in (Pay and Digital are two that could do with expansion). timgraham 01:15, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

Yeah .. I think the universal service obligation needs to be covered as well. I'm happy to help out. Abeorch 15:39, 28 July 2007 (UTC)

Someone please explain aggregation to this Yank
Okay, the aggregation disambig page doesn't help me a lot. I know that "aggregation" was used in Australia in terms of the regions each station is allowed to broadcast in, but it still doesn't make sense to me. Is it similar to the "markets" we have in the US - for example, the Chicago market, or the Boston market? -Daniel Blanchette 20:25, 7 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Basically there used to be heaps of regional markets, each with a single broadcaster. The government, in an effort to increase support from regional voters, implemented aggregation. It basically meant merging license areas into big ones, and instead of an independant broadcaster in each market there would be three broadcasters (each affiliated to a metropolitan network). Now on the east coast there are only a bunch of license areas (Queensland, Northern NSW, Soutern NSW and Victoria are the main ones). A better link to find out more about regional television would be Regional television in Australia. It includes a section about aggregation. Tntnnbltn 06:10, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * To put it more succinctly, Australia had small commercial TV markets in rural areas in the 1980's. Each was a monopoly. By the mid-1990's most of these markets were merged into larger markets with three commercial licences (or two in Tasmania), while a few were left monopolies. This merging was called "aggregation". Since then, more mergers and new licences have changed things. The terms "aggregated" and "non-aggregated" markets have only historical value, despite what certain Wikipedia articles may suggest. matturn 12:25, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Good Article Review
Congratulations, I have reviewed the article, and have decided that it meets the criteria to be considered a good article. From here, I would suggest that the article needs filling out with greater detail, and continue work on improving the prose. Supaluminal 09:16, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Thanks for reviewing the article. I have listed the article at Good articles under the appropriate section and I have updated the GA Number accordingly. Thanks. Stickeylabel 09:41, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Nine not available in Melbourne??
According to the table in the article, Nine is not available in Melbourne or regional Victoria...  what the?! Someone fix this please. Davez621 15:41, 2 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Fixed. timgraham 01:37, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Selfish Deletion of Necessary External Links
It has come to my attention that www.televisionau.com has been deleted by host.virtualreality.pk. This latter site is obviously a front for Pakistani terrorists.

Therefore, I request that host.virtualreality.pk be permanently deleted, as soon as possible.149.175.37.214 (talk) 22:35, 18 July 2008 (UTC)

I call on all responsible Internet users to seek out host.virtualreality.pk/ for immediate deletion.198.236.192.210 (talk) 19:14, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

PAL Analogue broadcasts / digital switch-over
The table in PAL says PAL broadcasting ceased in December 2013. Can this article be updated to confirm this or state where analogue broadcasting (apart from amateur TV) is still used? John a s (talk) 12:22, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

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Rename request
I would like to rename this article to Television services in Australia. The current name implied that this article was about television in general, including what was being broadcast, and I was going to complain about having two articles that were seemingly redundant. After reading this article though, I thought a new name would be better, so to make it clearer to readers that this article is about who provides television, and how it gets to the viewer. MicedVolvo 03:47, 23 November 2021 (UTC)


text:
Wife

A wife (: wives) is a woman in a marital relationship. A woman who has separated from her partner continues to be a wife until their marriage is legally dissolved with a divorce judgment. On the death of her partner, a wife is referred to as a widow. The rights and obligations of a wife to her partner and her status in the community and law vary between cultures and have varied over time.

Etymology
The word is of Germanic origin from the Proto-Germanic word wībam, which translates into "woman". In Middle English, it had the form wif, and in Old English wīf, "woman or wife". It is related to Modern German Weib (woman, female), Danish viv (wife, usually poetic), and Dutch wijf (woman, generally pejorative, cf. bitch). The original meaning of the phrase "wife" as simply "woman", unconnected with marriage or a husband/wife, is preserved in words such as "midwife", "goodwife", "fishwife" and "spaewife".

Changes after marriages
After marriage, it is generally expected in many cultures that a woman will take her husband's surname, though this is not universal. A married woman may indicate her marital status in a number of ways: in Western culture, a married woman would commonly wear a wedding ring, but in other cultures, other markers of marital status may be used. A married woman is commonly given the title "Mrs", but some married women prefer to be referred to as "Ms", a title which is also used by preference or when the marital status of a woman is unknown.

Related terminology
A woman on her wedding day is usually described as a bride. Occasionally, this naming is considered appropriate after the wedding ceremony or the honeymoon, though she is typically called a wife within the marriage. If she is marrying a man, her partner is known as the bridegroom during the wedding and within the marriage is called her husband.

In the older customs, which are still followed by the Roman Catholic ritual, the word bride actually means fiancée, and applies up to the exchange of matrimonial consent (the actual marriage act). From that point, even while the rest of the very ceremony is ongoing, the woman is a wife and no longer considered as a bride. Hence, the bridal couple is no longer referred to as such, but instead as the newlywed couple or "newlyweds".

Unlike mother, a term that puts a woman into the context of her children, "Wife" refers to the institutionalized relation to the other spouse. In some societies, especially historically, a concubine was a woman who was in an ongoing, usually matrimonially oriented relationship with a man who could not be married to her, often due to a difference in social status.

The term wife is most commonly applied to a woman in a union sanctioned by law (including religious law), but not to a woman in an informal cohabitation relationship, which may be known as a girlfriend, partner, cohabitant, significant other, concubine, mistress, etc. However, a woman in a so-called common law marriage may describe herself as a common law wife, de facto wife, or simply a wife. Those seeking to advance gender neutrality may refer to both marriage partners as "spouses". In response to this naming change, many countries and societies are rewording their statute law by replacing "wife" and "husband" with "spouse". A former wife whose spouse is deceased is a widow.

Termination of the status of a wife
The status of a wife may be terminated by divorce, annulment, or the death of a spouse. In the case of divorce, terminology such as a former wife, former-wife or ex-wife is often used. In regard to annulment, such terms are not strictly accurate. This is because annulment, unlike divorce, is usually retroactive, meaning that an annulled marriage is considered to be invalid from the beginning as though it had never taken place. In the case of the death of the other spouse, the term used is widow. The social status of such women varies by culture. In some places, they may be subject to potentially harmful practices, such as widow inheritance or levirate marriage, or social stigmatization. In some cultures, the termination of the status of wife makes life itself meaningless. In the case of those cultures that practice sati, a funeral ritual within some Asian communities, a recently widowed woman intentionally commits suicide by fire, typically upon the husband's funeral pyre.

Legal rights of the wife
The legal rights of a wife have been subject to debate since the 19th century in many jurisdictions. The subject was in particular addressed by John Stuart Mill in The Subjection of Women (1869). Historically, many societies have given sets of rights and obligations to husbands that differ vastly from the sets of rights and obligations given to wives. In particular, the control of marital property, inheritance rights, and the right to dictate the activities of children of the marriage, have typically been given to male marital partners. However, this practice was curtailed to a great deal in many countries in the twentieth century, and more modern statutes tend to define the rights and duties of a spouse without reference to gender. Among the last European countries to establish full gender equality in marriage were Switzerland, Greece, Spain, and France in the 1980s. In various marriage laws around the world, however, the husband continues to have authority. For instance, the Civil Code of Iran states in Article 1105: "In relations between husband and wife; the position of the head of the family is the exclusive right of the husband".

Exchanges of goods or money
In some parts of the world, traditional payments or exchanges are typically made, including:

 * the bride or her family bring her husband a dowry,
 * the husband or his family pay a bride price to the bride's family,
 * both payments are exchanged between the families,
 * or the husband pays the wife a dower.

The purpose of the dowry varies by culture and has varied historically. In some cultures, it was paid not only to support the establishment of a new family, but also served as a condition that if the husband committed grave offenses upon his wife, the dowry had to be returned to the wife or her family. Due to this condition, the dowry was often made inalienable by the husband during the marriage. Today, dowries continue to be expected in parts of South Asia such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, and conflicts related to their payment sometimes result in violence, such as dowry deaths and bride burning.

Changing of name upon marriage
In some cultures, particularly in the Anglophone West, wives often change their surnames to that of the husband upon getting married. For some, this is a controversial practice, due to its tie to the historical doctrine of coverture and to the historically subordinated roles of wives. Others argue that today this is merely a harmless tradition that should be accepted as a free choice. Some jurisdictions consider this practice as discriminatory and contrary to women's rights, and have restricted or banned it; for example, since 1983, when Greece adopted a new marriage law which guaranteed gender equality between the spouses, women in Greece are required to keep their birth names for their whole life.

Childbearing
Traditionally, and still in many cultures, the role of a wife was closely tied to that of a mother, by a strong expectation that a wife ought to bear children, while conversely, an unmarried woman should not have a child out of wedlock. These views have changed in many parts of the world. Children born outside marriage have become more common in many countries.

Although some wives in particular in Western countries choose not to have children, such a choice is not accepted in some parts of the world. In northern Ghana, for example, the payment of bride price signifies a woman's requirement to bear children, and women using birth control are at risk of threats and coercion. In addition, some religions are interpreted as requiring children in marriage; for instance, Pope Francis said in 2015 that choosing not to have children was "selfish".

Antiquity
Many traditions like a dower, dowry and bride price have long traditions in antiquity. The exchange of any item or value goes back to the oldest sources, and the wedding ring likewise was always used as a symbol for keeping faith to a person.

Historical status
In ancient Rome, The Emperor Augustus introduced marriage legislation, the Lex Papia Poppaea, which rewarded marriage and childbearing. The legislation also imposed penalties on young persons who failed to marry and on those who committed adultery. Therefore, marriage and childbearing was made law between the ages of twenty-five and sixty for men, and twenty and fifty for women. Women who were Vestal Virgins, were selected between the ages of 6 and 10 to serve as priestesses in the temple of goddess Vesta in the Roman Forum for 30 years after which time they could marry. Noble women were known to marry as young as 12 years of age, whereas women in the lower classes were more likely to marry slightly further into their teenage years. Ancient Roman law required brides to be at least 12 years old, a standard adopted by Roman Catholic canon law. In ancient Roman law, first marriages to brides aged 12–25 required the consent of the bride and her father, but by the late antique period Roman law permitted women over 25 to marry without parental consent. The father had the right and duty to seek a good and useful match for his children, and might arrange a child's betrothal long before he or she came of age. To further the interests of their birth families, daughters of the elite would marry into respectable families. If a daughter could prove the proposed husband to be of bad character, she could legitimately refuse the match. The age of lawful consent to a marriage was 12 for maidens and 14 for youths. In late antiquity, Most Roman women seem to have married in their late teens to early twenties, but noble women married younger than those of the lower classes, and an aristocratic maiden was expected to be virgin until her first marriage. In late antiquity, under Roman law, daughters inherited equally from their parents if no will was produced. In addition, Roman law recognized wives' property as legally separate from husbands's property, as did some legal systems in parts of Europe and colonial Latin America.

Christian cultures claim to be guided by the New Testament in regard to their view on the position of a wife in society as well as her marriage. The New Testament condemns divorce for both men and women (1 Cor 7:10–11) and assumes monogamy on the part of the husband: the wife is to have her "own" husband, and the husband is to have his "own" wife (1 Cor 7:2). In the medieval period, this was understood to mean that a wife should not share a husband with other wives. As a result, divorce was relatively uncommon in the pre-modern West, particularly in the medieval and early modern period, and husbands in the Roman, later medieval and early modern period did not publicly take more than one wife.

In pre-modern times, it was unusual to marry for love alone, although it became an ideal in literature by the early modern period. In the 12th century, the Roman Catholic Church drastically changed legal standards for marital consent by allowing daughters over 12 and sons over 14 to marry without their parents' approval, even if their marriage was made clandestinely. Parish studies have confirmed that late medieval women did sometimes marry against their parents' approval. The Roman Catholic Church's policy of considering clandestine marriages and marriages made without parental consent to be valid was controversial, and in the 16th century both the French monarchy and the Lutheran church sought to end these practices, with limited success.

The New Testament made no pronouncements about wives' property rights, which in practice were influenced more by secular laws than religion. Most influential in the pre-modern West was the civil law, except in English-speaking countries where English common law emerged in the High Middle Ages. In addition, local customary law influenced wives' property rights; as a result, wives' property rights in the pre-modern West varied widely from region to region. Because wives' property rights and daughters' inheritance rights varied widely from region to region due to differing legal systems, the amount of property a wife might own varied greatly. Under the English common law system, which dates to the later medieval period, daughters and younger sons were usually excluded from landed property if no will was produced. Under English common law, there was a system where a wife with a living husband ("feme couvert") could own little property in her own name. Unable to easily support herself, marriage was very important to most women's economic status. This problem has been dealt with extensively in literature, where the most important reason for women's limited power was the denial of equal education and equal property rights for females. The situation was assessed by the English conservative moralist Sir William Blackstone: "The husband and wife are one, and the husband is the one." Married women's property rights in the English-speaking world improved with the Married Women's Property Act 1882 and similar legal changes, which allowed wives with living husbands to own property in their own names. Until late in the 20th century, women could in some regions or times sue a man for wreath money when he took her virginity without taking her as his wife.

If a woman did not want to marry, another option was entering a convent as a nun. to become a "bride of Christ", a state in which her chastity and economic survival would be protected. Both a wife and a nun wore Christian headcovering, which proclaimed their state of protection by the rights of marriage. Much more significant than the option of becoming a nun, was the option of non-religious spinsterhood in the West. An unmarried woman, a feme sole, had the right to own property and make contracts in her own name. As first demonstrated quantitatively by John Hajnal, in the 19th and early 20th centuries the percentage of non-clerical Western women who never married was typically as high as 10–15%, a prevalence of female celibacy never yet documented for any other major traditional civilization. In addition, early modern Western women married at quite high ages (typically mid to late 20s) relative to other major traditional cultures. The high age at first marriage for Western women has been shown by many parish reconstruction studies to be a traditional Western marriage pattern that dates back at least as early as the mid-16th century.

Contemporary status
In the 20th century, the role of the wife in Western marriage changed in two major ways; the first was the breakthrough from an "institution to companionate marriage"; for the first time since the Middle Ages, wives became distinct legal entities, and were allowed their own property and allowed to sue. Until then, partners were a single legal entity, but only a husband was allowed to exercise this right, called coverture. The second change was the drastic alteration of middle and upper-class family life, when in the 1960s these wives began to work outside their home, and with the social acceptance of divorces the single-parent family, and stepfamily or "blended family" as a more "individualized marriage".

Today, some women may wear a wedding ring in order to show her status as a wife.

In Western countries today, married women usually have an education, a profession and they (or their husbands) can take time off from their work in a legally procured system of ante-natal care, statutory maternity leave, and they may get maternity pay or a maternity allowance. The status of marriage, as opposed to unmarried pregnant women, allows the spouse to be responsible for the child, and to speak on behalf of their wife; a partner is also responsible for the wife's child in states where they are automatically assumed to be the biological legal parent. Vice versa, a wife has more legal authority in some cases when she speaks on behalf of a spouse than she would have if they were not married, e.g. when her spouse is in a coma after an accident, a wife may have the right of advocacy. If they divorce, she also might receive—or pay—alimony (see Law and divorce around the world).

Women's income affects the dynamics of heterosexual love relationships
The effect of women's income on heterosexual relationships’ dynamics depends on several factors. If the couple has strong traditional values, the income of women will affect men's gender identity and affect their well-being. If they have strong liberal values, the income of a woman will make the woman the provider of the house and put the man in a more domestic role. However, in most cases, a couple will a mutually dependent relationship, where the woman's income is needed, but at the same time women have to do the majority of the housework.

At the beginning of the 1970s the traditional dynamic was that women performed domestic labor and that men worked for income due to the economic pressures in place. Eventually, second wave feminism challenged this dynamic. Starting in the 1980s, correlations between higher income of women and higher rates of divorce began decreasing.

The economic independence theory establishes that if one side of the couple provides more than 60% of the total income of the couple, there is a dependence effect. Therefore, in recent decades women have had a major increase in their economic independence. At the same time, women have had to wrestle with other economic decisions, such as the postponement of motherhood.

Hinduism
In Indo-Aryan languages, a wife is known as Patni, which means a woman who shares everything in this world with her husband and he does the same, including their identity. Decisions are ideally made in mutual consent. A wife usually takes care of anything inside her household, including the family's health, the children's education, a parent's needs.

The majority of Hindu marriages in rural and traditional India are arranged marriages. Once they find a suitable family (family of same caste, culture and financial status), the boy and the girl see and talk to each other to decide the outcome. In recent times however the western culture has had significant influence and the new generations are more open to the idea of marrying for love.

Indian law has recognized rape, sexual, emotional or verbal abuse of a woman by her husband as crimes. In Hinduism, a wife is known as a Patni or Ardhangini (similar to "the better half") meaning a part of the husband or his family. In Hinduism, a woman or man can get married, but only have one husband or wife respectively.

In India, women may wear vermilion powder on their foreheads, an ornament called Mangalsutra (मंगलसूत्र) which is a form of necklace, or rings on their toes (which are not worn by single women) to show their status as married women.

Buddhism and Chinese folk religions
China's family laws were changed by the Communist revolution; and in 1950, the People's Republic of China enacted a comprehensive marriage law including provisions giving the spouses equal rights with regard to ownership and management of marital property.

Japan
In Japan, before enactment of the Meiji Civil Code of 1898, all of the woman's property such as land or money passed to her husband except for personal clothing and a mirror stand. See Women in Japan, Law of Japan

Wife in Christianity
Christian marriage as based on biblical teachings and conditions, is to be between one woman and one man, that God Himself joined them and that no human is to separate them, according to Christ's words (Matthew 19:4-6). The New Testament states that an unmarried Christian woman is to be celibate or is to become the Christian wife of one husband to avoid sexual immorality and for his sexual passion (1 Cor 7:1-2 & 8–9). The New Testament permits divorce of a Christian wife by a Christian husband only if she has committed adultery (Matthew 5:32). The New Testament allows a Christian widow to (re)marry a man she chooses (1 Cor 7:39) but forbids a divorced Christian woman to remarry because she would be committing adultery if she did (Matthew 5:32). As such she is to remain unmarried and celibate or be reconciled with her husband (1 Cor 7:1-2 & 8-9 and 1 Cor 7:10-11). A Christian wife can divorce a non-Christian husband if he wants a divorce (1 Cor 7:12-16). Christian husbands are to love their Christian wives as Christ loved the Church (Ephesians 5:25) and as he loves himself (Ephesians 5:33). The Christian wife is to respect her husband (Ephesians 5:33). Christian husbands are to not be harsh with their Christian wives (Colossians 3:19) and to treat them as a delicate vessel and with honor (1 Peter 3:7).

Wife in Islam
Women in Islam have a range of rights and obligations (see main article Rights and obligations of spouses in Islam). Marriage takes place on the basis of a marriage contract. The arranged marriage is relatively common in traditionalist families, whether in Muslim countries or as first or second-generation immigrants elsewhere.

Women in general are supposed to wear specific clothes, as stated by the hadith, like the hijab, which may take different styles depending on the culture of the country, where traditions may seep in. The husband must pay a mahr to the bride.

Traditionally, the wife in Islam is seen as a protected, chaste person that manages the household and the family. She has the ever-important role of raising the children and bringing up the next generation of Muslims. In Islam, it is highly recommended that the wife remains at home although they are fully able to own property or work. The husband is obligated to spend on the wife for all of her needs while she is not obligated to spend even if she is wealthy. Muhammad is said to have commanded all Muslim men to treat their wives well. There is a hadith by Al-Tirmidhi, in which Muhammad is said to have stated "The believers who show the most perfect faith are those who have the best character and the best of you are those who are best to their wives."

Traditionally, Muslim married women are not distinguished from unmarried women by an outward symbol (such as a wedding ring). However, women's wedding rings have recently been adopted in the past thirty years from Western culture.

Rabbinic Judaism
Women in Judaism have a range of rights and obligations ( see main article Jewish views on marriage). Marriage takes place on the basis of a Jewish marriage contract, called a Ketubah. There is a blur of arranged marriages and love marriages in traditional families.

Married women, in traditional families, wear specific clothes, like the tichel.

Hebrew Bible
Once, a man called Shechem, a Hivite, offered a dowry to get an Israelite wife, but was rejected, since he was not an Israelite himself. Genesis 34

In ancient times there were Israelite women who were Judge, Queen regnant, Queen regent, Queen mother, Queen consort, and Prophetess: Deborah was the wife of an Israelite man whose name was Lapidoth, which means "torches." Deborah was a Judge and a Prophetess. Esther was the Jewish wife of a Persian King named Ahasuerus. Esther was Queen consort to the King of Persia and at the same time she was Queen regnant of the Jewish people in Persia and their Prophetess. Bathsheba was the Queen consort of King-Prophet David and then the Queen mother of King-Prophet Solomon. He rose from his throne when she entered and bowed to her and ordered that a throne be brought and he had her sit at his right hand, which is in stark contrast to when she was Queen consort and bowed to King-Prophet David when she entered. Prophet Jeremiah portrays a Queen mother as sharing in her son's rule over the kingdom in Jeremiah 13:18-20. The wife of Prophet Isaiah was a Prophetess. Isaiah 8:3

Expectation of fidelity and violence related to adultery

There is a widely held expectation, which has existed for most of recorded history and in most cultures, that a wife is not to have sexual relations with anyone other than her legal husband. A breach of this expectation of fidelity is commonly referred to as adultery or extramarital sex. Historically, adultery has been considered to be a serious offense, sometimes a crime, and a sin. Even if that is not so, it may still have legal consequences, particularly as a ground for a divorce. Adultery may be a factor to consider in a property settlement, it may affect the status of children, the custody of children; moreover, adultery can result in social ostracism in some parts of the world. In addition, affinity rules of Catholicism, of Judaism and of Islam prohibit an ex-wife or widow from engaging in sexual relations with and from marrying a number of relatives of the former husband.

In parts of the world, adultery may result in violent acts, such as honor killings or stoning. Some jurisdictions, especially those that apply Sharia law, allow for such acts to take place legally.

As of September 2010, stoning is a legal punishment in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Iran, Yemen, the United Arab Emirates, and some states in Nigeria as punishment for zina al-mohsena ("adultery of married persons").

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wife


text:
Talk:Bull riding

Untitled
Shouldn't there be something in this article about what makes the bull jump? Ortolan88

Flank straps and "why bull riding?"
The article should include at least a mention of the flank strap pulled at the time the chute is opened (as mentioned above.)

I understand that the events of the rodeo are contests based on the skills required in the various daily functions of the cowboy. When in the pursuit of his daily functions does a cowboy ride a wild bull? Cowboys are usually horsemen who manage the process of raising, managing, and transporting cattle. To the best of my knowledge, cowboys don't ride cows. This event in particular stands out a one specifically developed to show the courage and tenacity of the rider at the expense of the animal in question. I'd appreciate hearing any opinions on either side of this issue discussed here. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 69.1.18.14 (talk • contribs) 21:12, June 13, 2004.

In my mind, a cowboy does not have to only be skilled with horses. Bull riding is a sport that takes courage and skill, and if you haven't noticed, bulls are usually not the ones hurt!!!!

In my opinion, you sound like a supporter of PETA         I am also a supporter of PETA as in people eating tasty animals.

 * Um, dude, the comment was made in 2004. We've fixed this stuff a long time ago. Also, WP asks that we assume good faith and not have random attacks on other people.   (I think I'd better create an archive for this page).  Montanabw (talk) 01:49, 30 October 2011 (UTC)

why they jump
There is really no outside reason as to why rodeo bulls jump. It is either in their personality or it is not. Yes, the flank strap does provide some irritation, but that's all. It is not tied to any extrimities. It is tied above the hips. Some rodeos will allow the use of a cattle prod to get the bulls moving if they don't start by themselves. But all of that is just addition to the natural kick of the bull. There are bulls that are tested and don't jump or kick. They don't get used in professional rodeo. Some practice rodeos may use them for people who are just starting, but nothing more. They jump because the rope tied in front of their legs

Bulls buck because they are bred that way. If you look into the genetics of these athletes, the breeder's take the ones that do perform, and use them to breed offspring that perform the same. It is a well thought out process and there is a system in place to track and monitor these animals. That system is the ABBI and NBBA. The flank strap alone does not cause the animal to buck. If the animal does not have it in its blood, it is not going to perform no matter what you put on its flank.

how big is adult bull? in feet(lenght) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 205.209.239.152 (talk) 02:22, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

Bucking vs. spinning
I'm very ignorant when it comes to the nuts and bolts of how a bull rider and bull are scored, but from the events that I've watched, it seems to me that, in general, riders who successfully ride bulls that do a lot of spinning around and not very much hard bucking get scored higher than riders that successfully ride bulls that have a lot of bucks and kicks and not much consistent spinning. The rider that won the event that ran on the night of 7/5 on Vs. is a prime example of what I'm getting at. Is there a reason for this? Willbyr (talk | contribs) 04:10, 6 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Spinning is a lot harder to stay on than bucking, basically. Combining the two is the toughest, sometimes you see a roll of the hindquarters sideways, they call that "sunfishing," also very difficult.  Straightforward bucking isn't nearly as hard to stay with, it's just a faster version of a leaping gait.  Not that any of it is easy on a bull!   Montanabw (talk) 05:35, 9 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Interesting...I'll keep that in mind next time I watch a riding event. Thanks!  Willbyr (talk | contribs) 12:42, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * It's all the laws of physics, my friend! (grin)   Montanabw (talk) 04:00, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

what is the highest bull riding score ever given, when was it given? what divison of the rodo circuit ? and who was the rider? what year was this ride in? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.113.212.40 (talk) 18:33, 3 November 2009 (UTC)

Globalize
This article is too narrow for the title - an article on bull iding should cover all traditions of bull riding sports such as Latin American Jaripeo and historical old world bull riding sports. Or it should be moved to a more fitting title - e.g. American bull riding.·Maunus· ƛ · 02:16, 28 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Then there needs to be articles titled jaripeo and such. We've "been there, done that" on various rodeo articles. I have no problem with doing articles about similar events in other nations, but we've had this debate before at other articles -- rodeo, cowboy, etc. (There was a vicious debate over this at rodeo, which resulted in the uncovering and banning of a major sockpuppet and the restoration of several content forks back into the original article.)  "Bull riding" is a term of art referencing a particular sport.  If there are other things called (in their own nation) "bull riding" (or literally translated as such), then we can do a disambiguation page or a cross-link, or something.  In the meantime, there is no need to add "American" to this title (particularly as there is a similar form in Australia) in absence that there actually IS something out there to disambiguate.  I think the Australian editors should add Aussie rules to this article, and the PRCA and NIRA rules should go in too, as it is a little focused on just PBR, but it's not a globalization issue, exactly.  I'd be glad to see what else is out there, but title clutter for its own sake is just a waste of time.   Montanabw (talk) 21:28, 28 December 2010 (UTC)
 * It may be the case that Americans consider to have a patent on the term "bull riding" but this is not just an American encyclopedia. There are other kinds of bull riding that are also referred to with that same term as well and the article needs to reflect that, or somehow direct the reader to where he can find general information about all kinds of bull riding. It needs the globalize tag untill this issue has been solved - Don't just remove the tag because you don't think it is an issue - that is not how we work here. ·Maunus· ƛ · 00:40, 29 December 2010 (UTC)

 * First, your current edit was a helpful improvement on the article, so thank you. (And thank you for not reverting over a tag.  I am grateful you chose to help fix the issues you had concerns over)  But I've fought -- and won-- this "globalization" non-issue on multiple other cowboy and rodeo articles over the past several years and have no interest in fighting it again.  I'm all for accuracy.  I'm not for content forking.  (We had this with rodeo versus charreada for example.  Two different, yet related things, two different articles)  So if you really think "bull riding" as a term is US-Centric, I will ask for some serious proof: please name ONE other sport actually called "bull riding." Point out articles on "old world bull riding sports" Then we can discuss.  I realize that in a case such as football, where two different sports have the same name in English (referencing "soccer" and "gridiron") there is an argument. But  I don't see a parallel situation here.  Montanabw (talk) 05:58, 30 December 2010 (UTC)
 * The question of mentioning another sport called Bull riding misses the point - the point is whether the phrase "Bull riding" is also commonly used by lay readers to refer to non-American bull riding. I think it does - I came to this article because I was looking for general information about the history and international cultural practices that involved of riding bulls. This is the kind of issue where there is a technical usage that is specific and a lay usage that is more broad - in these cases we need to be helpful to the readers and steer them towards the topics they might be looking for. If "Bull riding" does indeed most commonly refer to the american tradition - I suspect you are right that it does - then we need to guide readers to the locations where they can find information about other usages - e.g. by a hatnote, by a disambiguatiopn page if such a thing is neccesarry, or by including links to the relvant articles in the text of the article (like we do with Jaripeo and Charreada now). I think the current solution works, all though additional links might become necessary if we get an article about the world history of bull riding games. I appreciate your brushup on the stuff I wrote.·Maunus· ƛ · 18:31, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

 * I agree that we have a stable solution for now, the additional history was a good addition, I appreciate your finding the material. I know that people do occasionally ride oxen as work animals, but they are usually steers -- castrated.  Riding bulls for the sake of riding may actually not be something where much will be found -- The Minoans did a sort of acrobatic thing, leaping over the horns, using the body of the animal sort of like a gymnast's pommel horse or something. The Spaniards were wise enough to realize that bullfighting to prove machismo might actually be safer than trying to ride them, it took the zany people of north America (Hispanic and Anglo) to cook up something as death-defyingly, Dawrin-award-self-nominating as actually getting on top of one on purpose and trying to stay there. (LOL)  But if you do find something else that was original and not derivative, feel free to note it here and maybe add more stuff.   Montanabw (talk) 22:33, 30 December 2010 (UTC)

Adding content
The following content was proposed for this article, and much of it is probably suitable if we can add sources and do some copyediting:  Montanabw (talk)  05:36, 6 November 2015 (UTC) ---

The proper care and treatment of bucking bulls is very important in being able to maintain the health, care, quality and performance of the bucking athlete. Areas that have been researched are: beneficial and healthy ways in treating the bulls, the safety of the bulls, and rules and regulations that are required to maintain the quality treatment for the bucking bulls, also chiropractic care and treatment is also readily available to help the bulls compete and exceed their top performance. These are many things that involve the care and treatment of these bucking animals. the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), every bulls needs to receive about 20 pounds of alfalfa hay, as well as a high performance mix blend feed, which is a high protein and in which it helps to keep their endurance up. The high performance mix blend feeds contain many of vitamins and minerals to keep the bulls healthy.

Reverts
Please don't put things that are linked in the article into the see also section. It's supposed to be used for things that don't fit in with the text, but are related. White Arabian Filly Neigh 21:11, 3 September 2016 (UTC)

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Is the article sexist?
Sections of this article suggest very strongly that only males ride bulls. Is this true? DrChrissy (talk) 23:18, 17 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Probably 99% or more of bull riders are men. I've only ever heard of one woman bull rider; they're out there, but they're very rare. I don't think there's a rule against women riding bulls, but very few do outside of women-specific rodeos. White Arabian Filly  Neigh 23:34, 17 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Do you think we need to edit the article to reflect this? You mention there are women specific rodeos - do women regularly ride bulls at these events? DrChrissy (talk) 23:40, 17 December 2016 (UTC)
 * We have to meet WP:RS to add material on women bull riders. There are a few all-women rodeos and a small number of women who might ride open competition, but indeed, the number is small.  I'd say we need to dig.  In the old days women were not allowed to compete against men, I'd have to see what the modern PRCA rules are, but I think WAF is correct.  Let's d a bit of digging, perhaps?  Montanabw (talk) 06:55, 18 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I'm not thinking of adding a section on women riders, but of course that could be added. I noticed the article has several sentences such as "After he secures a good grip on the rope, the rider nods to signal he is ready." (my emphasis) which could easily be changed to "After they secure a good grip on the rope, the rider nods to signal they are ready." It's more of a neutrality thing.
 * I also think we might need to be a bit more global. I have looked at the Professional Bull Riders Association Australia  membership rules and as far as I can see, there is not even a section to state whether the applicant is male or female. see also . DrChrissy (talk) 16:30, 18 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Yes, global is good, as long as we state that it originated in America! 😀 I don't know the actual PRCA or PBR rules, but I'm thinking women can ride bulls, it's just that very few do. I know there's a rodeo association called Women's Professional Rodeo Association (or something close) but whether they offer bull riding I don't know. White Arabian Filly  Neigh 22:15, 18 December 2016 (UTC)

Hi, these articles should help you. Yes, a woman has competed in the PRCA, Maggie Parker. And supposedly two who competed in lesser PBR events. I have her picture in Pinterest. Check these articles: http://billingsgazette.com/news/local/the-heart-to-overcome-professional-bull-rider-recovering-from-broken/article_5159c06f-e24f-5015-90f4-695734e2950f.html and https://bullridingmarketing.wordpress.com/2014/03/26/bullsisters/ Enjoy! Dawnleelynn (talk) 23:21, 18 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks for this. I think there is good evidence with RS that there are female bull riders, albeit they are almost as rare as hen's teeth.  The question is, should we change the content in the article to be more gender neutral?  Is there a reason to keep it male oriented? DrChrissy (talk) 23:48, 18 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I think that where we can be gender-neutral by going to a plural ("bull riders use their..."), I'd quietly try to do so. I think that to say "he or she" constantly in this article will draw the attention of people who would make drama.  While I personally like using gender-neutral language as much as possible, here we have both a sport with a very high male-to-female ratio, and a field of endeavor with a lot of "macho" on top of it, so we need to tread with some care.   Montanabw (talk) 06:42, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Changes done. DrChrissy (talk) 19:13, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
 * There wasn't that much to change, it looks like. Most of the referrals were to "the rider." Looks good to me but we'll see what the other two say. I noticed a wikilink that needed added while I read through, so I did that. Good stuff. In the future as the sport grows, we could see more women... the PBR is one of the fastest 10 growing sports in the country. :) Dawnleelynn (talk) 19:37, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I agree there were very few changes - I was rather surprised. With hindsight, I should probably have been bold and simply made the changes rather than creating this thread. DrChrissy (talk) 20:18, 20 December 2016 (UTC)

DrChrissy, where are my manners? I'm Dawn and I've just been an editor for about 3 months now. montanabw has taken me under her wing to mentor me for a bit, which so very kind of her. And her colleague White Arabian Filly has also been an invaluable aid as well. I can see you and montanabw know each other. That says a lot about you right there. My area of focus here is bull riding, I especially love the bulls and I use many means to add to my old school and modern knowledge about them. What do you focus in? I can always use new friends here, I'm so new. :) Dawnleelynn (talk) 20:29, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Hi Dawn and welcome to wikipedia. Yes I know Montanabw very well on here.  We might not always see eye-to-eye on everything (life would be so boring if we all did!) but we do get on very well.  I also know WAF quite well since they joined relatively recently.  I mainly write on animals, animal behaviour and animal welfare.  In real life, I am an animal welfare scientist, so I try extremely hard to make sure any edits on animal welfare are backed up with robust scientific evidence. DrChrissy (talk) 20:47, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks DrChrissy! That is so cool, what you do, really. I have been trying to help animal issues on social media for the last years. And I know the difference between animal welfare and animal rights. I am just working toward welfare, for my part. No extremism here. I have learned some about how the bulls are really treated in bull riding but not everyone agrees. And you can only verify or prove so much through the Internet anyway. But the stock contractors are opening up their operations to let people see the bulls more because of animal activism and I don't think that hurts anything. Hehe, I watched the 2016 PBR World Champion bull Bruiser get a spa treatment in a video a couple months ago. He loved it, you could see him arching his back and raising his head up and down. I bet you know about Temple Grandin too. I saw the movie. Oh well, no need to talk your ear off. Merry Christmas! Dawnleelynn (talk) 21:06, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Not sure if I offended you with last message or worried you. I'm not going to be doing any animal welfare editing now or in the future. I see you have had some harassment on your talk page. I will never be one of them. My last message was the extent of my conversation on it. All I will be doing is bull riding and maybe some other rodeo editing. And sure, maybe a stray other topic now and then. Sorry to see you get so much harassment... that's not right. Dawnleelynn (talk) 00:40, 21 December 2016 (UTC)
 * You did not cause me any offence or worry whatsoever - don't give it a second thought. One of the principles here on WP is that editors do not "own" articles. They may act as stewards.  You, and all other editors, are free to edit animal welfare pages according to our principles and guidelines whenever they wish.  Regarding the above, I have met Temple Grandin several times at conferences around the world.  I have not seen the film, so I do not know how accurately it portrays her, but in real life she has some very interesting ideas and a large amount of flamboyance to go with it.
 * OK. We are both being a bit naughty here.  This article talk page should be used for discussions about what goes in the article.  The chit-chat we have been having should really be on your talk page or mine.  With your permission, I will hat our discussion - that means placing it in a collapsible box to make it easier for other editors to navigate. DrChrissy (talk) 19:14, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

Glad to hear all is well. You are right, of course, this does not belong on the article talk page. Of course you may hat our discussion. Thank you! Dawnleelynn (talk) 22:02, 21 December 2016 (UTC)

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Welfare
I've restored a section removed a while back about animal welfare. The removal comment said that it "wasn't a concern", which is clearly untrue, unless we're saying no care is taken about the animals' wellbeing? The section itself isn't great, it needs cites, but it belongs in the article. It was ridiculous that the article had a section about the riders' gloves, and nothing about the bull. Escape Orbit (Talk) 07:39, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bull riding