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Lefty Grove

Robert Moses "Lefty" Grove (March 6, 1900 – May 22, 1975) was an American professional baseball pitcher. After having success in the minor leagues during the early 1920s, Grove became a star in Major League Baseball with the American League's Philadelphia Athletics and Boston Red Sox. One of the greatest pitchers in history, Grove led the American League in wins in four separate seasons, in strikeouts seven years in a row, and had the league's lowest earned run average a record nine times. Over the course of the three years from 1929 to 1931, he twice won the pitcher's Triple Crown, leading the league in wins, strikeouts, and ERA, while amassing a 79–15 record and leading the Athletics to three straight AL championships. Overall, Grove won 300 games in his 17-year MLB career. He was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1947.

Early life
Grove was born in Lonaconing, Maryland, one of eight children of John Robert Grove (1865–1957) and Emma Catherine Beeman (1872–1959). His father and brothers mined coal.

Grove was a sandlot star in the Baltimore area during the 1910s. He did not play organized baseball until he was 19 years old. Grove purportedly gained the ability to throw hard by hurling rocks. In 1920, he made his professional debut with the Martinsburg Mountaineers of the class-D Blue Ridge League, where he appeared in six games. In 59 innings pitched, Grove gave up just 30 hits, and he had an earned run average (ERA) of 1.68. His performance attracted the attention of Jack Dunn, Sr. (1872–1928), the manager/owner of the minor league Baltimore Orioles, who also discovered Babe Ruth. Dunn acquired Grove's services by giving Martinsburg enough cash to replace their center field wall.

Baltimore Orioles (minor league)
Grove joined the Baltimore Orioles in 1920, while they were playing a half-century in the minor leagues of first the old Eastern League (1903–1914) and then after 1916, in the reorganized International League of AAA ball. Grove broke into the team's pitching rotation at midseason and had a 12–2 record the rest of the way. The Orioles were in the middle of winning six straight IL titles from 1919 to 1925. Over the next four seasons, Grove posted marks of 25–10, 18–8, 27–10 and 26–6, leading the International League in strikeouts each season.

Grove remained in the minor leagues through 1924, as owner Jack Dunn refused several offers from the majors to acquire him. At the time, the Orioles were an independent operation with no major league affiliation and the International League had declared its players not subject to a major league draft. Since the reserve clause in all contracts was honored throughout organized baseball, this meant that Grove had no way to reach the majors until the Orioles became willing to trade or sell his contract. Knowing he had such a talented pitcher in Grove, Dunn kept his contract until 1925, when he finally agreed to sell Grove's rights to Connie Mack (1862–1956) and his Philadelphia Athletics in the American League for $100,600 (equivalent to $ million in ), the highest amount ever paid for a player at the time.

Philadelphia Athletics
Grove battled injuries as a major league rookie and posted a 10–12 mark (which would prove his only losing record in 17 major league seasons). He led the league in strikeouts but posted a high 4.75 ERA. Grove then settled down in 1926 and won the first of a record nine earned run average (ERA) titles with a mark of 2.51. In 1927, Grove won 20 games for the first time, and a year later he tied George Pipgras for the AL lead in wins with 24.

The Athletics won the AL pennant in three successive seasons from 1929 to 1931, as well as consecutive World Series championships in 1929 and 1930. During the Athletics' championship run, Grove led the way as the league's top pitcher, posting records of 20–6, 28–5 and 31–4. In 1931, Grove led the league in wins, ERA (2.06), strikeouts (175), winning percentage, complete games, and shutouts. His 2.06 ERA was 2.32 runs below the league average. He was also chosen as league MVP in 1931, making him one of only a handful of pitchers to achieve this honor. His MVP award is the only one not enshrined in the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York, instead being housed at the George's Creek Library in Lonaconing, Maryland.

During the 1931 season, Grove tied Smokey Joe Wood's and Walter Johnson's AL record with 16 straight wins. He was attempting to win his 17th straight decision when a rookie outfielder filling in for Al Simmons, who had the day off, committed an error that led to the only run of the game. Grove stated, "After that game I went in and tore the clubhouse up. Wrecked the place. Tore those stall lockers off the wall, giving Al Simmons hell all the while." He followed the loss with eight straight wins.

The Athletics contended for the next two seasons, but finished second to the New York Yankees in 1932 and third behind the Washington Senators and Yankees in 1933. In 1933, Grove became the first player in Major League Baseball history to strike out five times in a nine-inning game. On December 12, 1933, team owner Connie Mack traded Grove, along with Max Bishop and Rube Walberg, to the Boston Red Sox for Bob Kline, Rabbit Warstler and $125,000.

Boston Red Sox
Grove was unable to contribute substantially during his first year in Boston, an arm injury holding him to an 8–8 record. In 1935, however, Grove returned to form with a 20–12 record and a league-leading 2.70 ERA. In the 1936 season, he had a 2.81 ERA (winning his seventh ERA title) while recording a 17–12 record and 130 strikeouts. Grove won his eighth ERA title a year later, while having a 17–9 record along with 153 strikeouts. He pitched 262 innings for the season; this was his 11th and final season where he pitched over 200 innings. Grove continued to post outstanding records, including 14–4 in 1938 and 15–4 in 1939, as well as leading the AL in ERA four times between 1935 and 1939. He had a 7–6 record in 1940 while recording a 3.99 ERA with 62 strikeouts in 153.1 innings. In Grove's last season, he won and lost seven games, winning his 300th game on July 25 (giving up six runs on 12 hits, but winning 10–6), before losing his last three major league games, ending his career on September 28, pitching just one inning in the second game of a doubleheader.

Personal life
Grove married his childhood sweetheart, Ethel Gardner, in 1921. They had two children, Robert and Doris. The couple would later divorce after Grove had an affair with another woman.

Grove was elected to the town council in his native Lonaconing in the 1950s and also served as the town's police chief. During offseasons and after retiring, Grove operated a bowling alley in Lonaconing. Grove befriended a sandlot baseball team whose games he passed on the way home from MLB games, purchasing new jerseys and equipment for the team. He often donated equipment to local youth baseball players in his retirement.

Legacy
Grove retired in 1941 with a career record of 300–141. His .680 lifetime winning percentage is eighth all-time; however, none of the seven men ahead of him won more than 236 games. His lifetime ERA of 3.06, when normalized to overall league ERA and adjusted for the parks in which Grove played during his career, is fifth all-time among pitchers with at least 1,000 innings pitched (behind Mariano Rivera, Clayton Kershaw, Jim Devlin, and Pedro Martínez) at 48 percent better than average.

As a hitter, Grove posted a .148 batting average (202-for-1,369) with 119 runs, 15 home runs, 121 RBI and 105 bases on balls. From 1929 through 1932, Grove had 56 RBI. Defensively, he recorded a .954 fielding percentage.

Grove was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1947. He died in Norwalk, Ohio, of a heart attack while watching a televised baseball game at his daughter-in-law's home on May 22, 1975. Grove was interred in Section 9, Lot 94, of the Frostburg Memorial Park Cemetery in Frostburg, Maryland.

In 1969, Grove was voted the left-handed starting pitcher for Major League Baseball's 100th anniversary team. In 1999, Grove was ranked number 23 on The Sporting News list of Baseball's Greatest Players. He ranked second, behind only Warren Spahn, among left-handed pitchers. That year, he was elected to the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. In the 2001 book The New Bill James Historical Baseball Abstract, Bill James ranked Grove as the 19th best baseball player of all time and the second-best MLB pitcher of all time. According to baseball historian Frank Russo, Grove is usually thought to be the best left-handed pitcher in the history of the American League. Russo also writes, "Normalized for league average and adjusted for home park, his 3.06 ERA is quite simply the best in baseball history."

At Game #4 of the 1972 World Series in Oakland, Grove threw out the ceremonial first pitch.

Memorial Park
The objective of the Lefty Grove Memorial Committee is to preserve the memory of Grove. The Lefty Grove Memorial committee is based in Grove's hometown of Lonaconing, Maryland. The memorial was completed and opened to the public on June 22, 2019.

title: Lefty Grove


text:
Archimedes Palimpsest

The Archimedes Palimpsest is a parchment codex palimpsest, originally a Byzantine Greek copy of a compilation of Archimedes and other authors. It contains two works of Archimedes that were thought to have been lost (the Ostomachion and the Method of Mechanical Theorems) and the only surviving original Greek edition of his work On Floating Bodies. The first version of the compilation is believed to have been produced by Isidore of Miletus, the architect of the geometrically complex Hagia Sophia cathedral in Constantinople, sometime around AD 530. The copy found in the palimpsest was created from this original, also in Constantinople, during the Macedonian Renaissance (c. AD 950), a time when mathematics in the capital was being revived by the former Greek Orthodox bishop of Thessaloniki Leo the Geometer, a cousin of the Patriarch.

Following the sack of Constantinople by Western crusaders in 1204, the manuscript was taken to an isolated Greek monastery in Palestine, possibly to protect it from occupying crusaders, who often equated Greek script with heresy against their Latin church and either burned or looted many such texts (including two additional copies of Archimedes writing, at least). The complex manuscript was not appreciated at this remote monastery and was soon overwritten (1229) with a religious text. In 1899, nine hundred years after it was written, the manuscript was still in the possession of the Greek church, and back in Istanbul, where it was catalogued by the Greek scholar Papadopoulos-Kerameus, attracting the attention of Johan Heiberg. Heiberg visited the church library and was allowed to make detailed photographs in 1906. Most of the original text was still visible, and Heiberg published it in 1915. In 1922 the manuscript went missing in the midst of the evacuation of the Greek Orthodox library in Istanbul, during a tumultuous period following World War I. A Western businessman concealed the book for over 70 years, and at some point forged pictures were painted on top of some of the text to increase resale value. Unable to sell the book privately, in 1998 the businessman's daughter risked a public auction in New York contested by the Greek church; the U.S. court ruled for the auction, and the manuscript was purchased by an anonymous buyer (rumored to be Jeff Bezos). The texts under the forged pictures, as well as previously unreadable texts, were revealed by analyzing images produced by ultraviolet, infrared, visible and raking light, and X-ray.

All images and transcriptions are now freely available on the web at the Archimedes Digital Palimpsest under the Creative Commons License CC BY.

Early
Archimedes lived in the 3rd century BC and wrote his proofs as letters in Doric Greek addressed to contemporaries, including scholars at the Great Library of Alexandria. These letters were first compiled into a comprehensive text by Isidorus of Miletus, the architect of the Hagia Sophia patriarchal church, sometime around AD 530 in the then Byzantine Greek capital city of Constantinople.

A copy of Isidorus' edition of Archimedes was made around AD 950 by an anonymous scribe, again in the Byzantine Empire, in a period during which the study of Archimedes flourished in Constantinople in a school founded by the mathematician, engineer, and former Greek Orthodox archbishop of Thessaloniki, Leo the Geometer, a cousin to the patriarch.

This medieval Byzantine manuscript then traveled from Constantinople to Jerusalem, likely sometime after the Crusader sack of Byzantine Constantinople in 1204. There, in 1229, the Archimedes codex was unbound, scraped and washed, along with at least six other partial parchment manuscripts, including one with works of Hypereides. Their leaves were folded in half, rebound and reused for a Christian liturgical text of 177 later numbered leaves, of which 174 are extant (each older folded leaf became two leaves of the liturgical book). The palimpsest remained near Jerusalem through at least the 16th century at the isolated Greek Orthodox monastery of Mar Saba. At some point before 1840 the palimpsest was brought back by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem to its library (the Metochion of the Holy Sepulcher) in Constantinople.

Modern
The Biblical scholar Constantin von Tischendorf visited Constantinople in the 1840s, and, intrigued by the Greek mathematics visible on the palimpsest he found in a Greek Orthodox library, removed a leaf of it (which is now in the Cambridge University Library). In 1899 the Greek scholar Papadopoulos-Kerameus produced a catalog of the library's manuscripts and included a transcription of several lines of the partially visible underlying text. Upon seeing these lines Johan Heiberg, the world's authority on Archimedes, realized that the work was by Archimedes. When Heiberg studied the palimpsest in Constantinople in 1906, he confirmed that the palimpsest included works by Archimedes thought to have been lost. Heiberg was permitted by the Greek Orthodox Church to take careful photographs of the palimpsest's pages, and from these he produced transcriptions, published between 1910 and 1915 in a complete works of Archimedes. Shortly thereafter Archimedes' Greek text was translated into English by T. L. Heath. Before that it was not widely known among mathematicians, physicists or historians.

The manuscript was still in the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem's library (the Metochion of the Holy Sepulchre) in Constantinople in 1920. Shortly thereafter, during a turbulent period for the Greek community in Turkey that saw a Turkish victory in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22) along with the Greek genocide and the forced population exchange between Greece and Turkey, the palimpsest disappeared from the Greek church's library in Istanbul.

Sometime between 1923 and 1930 the palimpsest was acquired by Marie Louis Sirieix, a "businessman and traveler to the Orient who lived in Paris." Though Sirieix claimed to have bought the manuscript from a monk, who would not in any case have had the authority to sell it, Sirieix had no receipt or documentation for a sale of the valuable manuscript. Stored secretly for years by Sirieix in his cellar, the palimpsest suffered damage from water and mold. In addition, after its disappearance from the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate's library, a forger added copies of medieval evangelical portraits in gold leaf onto four pages in the book in order to increase its sales value, further damaging the text. These forged gold leaf portraits nearly obliterated the text underneath them, and x-ray fluorescence imaging at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center would later be required to reveal it.

Sirieix died in 1956, and in 1970 his daughter began attempting quietly to sell the valuable manuscript. Unable to sell it privately, in 1998 she finally turned to Christie's to sell it in a public auction, risking an ownership dispute. The ownership of the palimpsest was immediately contested in federal court in New York in the case of the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem v. Christie's, Inc. The Greek church contended that the palimpsest had been stolen from its library in Constantinople in the 1920s during a period of extreme persecution. Judge Kimba Wood decided in favor of Christie's Auction House on laches grounds, and the palimpsest was bought for $2 million by an anonymous American buyer. The lawyer who represented the anonymous buyer stated that the buyer was "a private American" who worked in "the high-tech industry", but was not Bill Gates.

Imaging and digitization

At the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, the palimpsest was the subject of an extensive imaging study from 1999 to 2008, and conservation (as it had suffered considerably from mold while in Sirieix's cellar). This was directed by Dr. Will Noel, curator of manuscripts at the Walters Art Museum, and managed by Michael B. Toth of R.B. Toth Associates, with Dr. Abigail Quandt performing the conservation of the manuscript.

The target audiences for the digitisation are Greek scholars, math historians, people building applications, libraries, archives, and scientists interested in the production of the images.

A team of imaging scientists including Dr. Roger L. Easton, Jr. from the Rochester Institute of Technology, Dr. William A. Christens-Barry from Equipoise Imaging, and Dr. Keith Knox (then with Boeing LTS, now retired from the USAF Research Laboratory) used computer processing of digital images from various spectral bands, including ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths to reveal most of the underlying text, including of Archimedes. After imaging and digitally processing the entire palimpsest in three spectral bands prior to 2006, in 2007 they reimaged the entire palimpsest in 12 spectral bands, plus raking light: UV: 365 nanometers; Visible Light: 445, 470, 505, 530, 570, 617, and 625 nm; Infrared: 700, 735, and 870 nm; and Raking Light: 910 and 470 nm. The team digitally processed these images to reveal more of the underlying text with pseudocolor. They also digitized the original Heiberg images. Dr. Reviel Netz of Stanford University and Nigel Wilson have produced a diplomatic transcription of the text, filling in gaps in Heiberg's account with these images.

Sometime after 1938, a forger placed four Byzantine-style religious images in the manuscript in an effort to increase its sales value. It appeared that these had rendered the underlying text forever illegible. However, in May 2005, highly focused X-rays produced at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in Menlo Park, California, were used by Drs. Uwe Bergmann and Bob Morton to begin deciphering the parts of the 174-page text that had not yet been revealed. The production of X-ray fluorescence was described by Keith Hodgson, director of SSRL:"Synchrotron light is created when electrons traveling near the speed of light take a curved path around a storage ring—emitting electromagnetic light in X-ray through infrared wavelengths. The resulting light beam has characteristics that make it ideal for revealing the intricate architecture and utility of many kinds of matter—in this case, the previously hidden work of one of the founding fathers of all science."

In April 2007, it was announced that a new text had been found in the palimpsest, a commentary on Aristotle's Categories running to some 9 000 words. Most of this text was recovered in early 2009 by applying principal component analysis to the three color bands (red, green, and blue) of fluorescent light generated by ultraviolet illumination. Dr. Will Noel said in an interview: "You start thinking striking one palimpsest is gold, and striking two is utterly astonishing. But then something even more extraordinary happened."

This referred to the previous discovery of a text by Hypereides, an Athenian politician from the fourth century BC, which has also been found within the palimpsest. It is from his speech Against Diondas, and was published in 2008 in the academic journal Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, vol. 165, becoming the first new text from the palimpsest to be published in a scholarly journal.

The transcriptions of the book were digitally encoded using the Text Encoding Initiative guidelines, and metadata for the images and transcriptions included identification and cataloging information based on Dublin Core Metadata Elements. The metadata and data were managed by Doug Emery of Emery IT.

On October 29, 2008 (the tenth anniversary of the purchase of the palimpsest at auction), all data, including images and transcriptions, were hosted on the Digital Palimpsest Web Page for free use under a Creative Commons License, and processed images of the palimpsest in original page order were posted as a Google Book. In 2011, it was the subject of the Walters Art Museum exhibit "Lost and Found: The Secrets of Archimedes". In 2015, in an experiment into the preservation of digital data, Swiss scientists encoded text from the Archimedes Palimpsest into DNA. Thanks to its deciphering, some mathematicians suggest it is possible that Archimedes may have invented integration.

Works contained within

 * On the Equilibrium of Planes
 * On Spirals
 * Measurement of a Circle
 * On the Sphere and Cylinder
 * On Floating Bodies
 * The Method of Mechanical Theorems
 * Ostomachion
 * Speeches by the 4th-century BC politician Hypereides
 * A commentary on Aristotle's Categories by Porphyry (or by Alexander of Aphrodisias)
 * Other works

Source:

The Method of Mechanical Theorems
The palimpsest contains the only known copy of The Method of Mechanical Theorems.

In his other works, Archimedes often proves the equality of two areas or volumes with Eudoxus' method of exhaustion, an ancient Greek counterpart of the modern method of limits. Since the Greeks were aware that some numbers were irrational, their notion of a real number was a quantity Q approximated by two sequences, one providing an upper bound and the other a lower bound. If one finds two sequences U and L, and U is always bigger than Q, and L always smaller than Q, and if the two sequences eventually came closer together than any prespecified amount, then Q is found, or exhausted, by U and L.

Archimedes used exhaustion to prove his theorems. This involved approximating the figure whose area he wanted to compute into sections of known area, which provide upper and lower bounds for the area of the figure. He then proved that the two bounds become equal when the subdivision becomes arbitrarily fine. These proofs, still considered to be rigorous and correct, used geometry with rare brilliance. Later writers often criticized Archimedes for not explaining how he arrived at his results in the first place. This explanation is contained in The Method.

The method that Archimedes describes was based upon his investigations of physics, on the center of mass and the law of the lever. He compared the area or volume of a figure of which he knew the total mass and center of mass with the area or volume of another figure he did not know anything about. He viewed plane figures as made out of infinitely many lines as in the later method of indivisibles, and balanced each line, or slice, of one figure against a corresponding slice of the second figure on a lever. The essential point is that the two figures are oriented differently so that the corresponding slices are at different distances from the fulcrum, and the condition that the slices balance is not the same as the condition that the figures are equal.

Once he shows that each slice of one figure balances each slice of the other figure, he concludes that the two figures balance each other. But the center of mass of one figure is known, and the total mass can be placed at this center and it still balances. The second figure has an unknown mass, but the position of its center of mass might be restricted to lie at a certain distance from the fulcrum by a geometrical argument, by symmetry. The condition that the two figures balance now allows him to calculate the total mass of the other figure. He considered this method as a useful heuristic but always made sure to prove the results he found using exhaustion, since the method did not provide upper and lower bounds.

Using this method, Archimedes was able to solve several problems now treated by integral calculus, which was given its modern form in the seventeenth century by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz. Among those problems were that of calculating the center of gravity of a solid hemisphere, the center of gravity of a frustum of a circular paraboloid, and the area of a region bounded by a parabola and one of its secant lines. (For explicit details, see Archimedes' use of infinitesimals.)

When rigorously proving theorems involving volume, Archimedes used a form of Cavalieri's principle, that two volume with equal-area cross-sections are equal; the same principle forms the basis of Riemann sums. In On the Sphere and Cylinder, he gives upper and lower bounds for the surface area of a sphere by cutting the sphere into sections of equal width. He then bounds the area of each section by the area of an inscribed and circumscribed cone, which he proves have a larger and smaller area correspondingly.

But there are two essential differences between Archimedes' method and 19th-century methods:
 * 1) Archimedes did not know about differentiation, so he could not calculate any integrals other than those that came from center-of-mass considerations, by symmetry. While he had a notion of linearity, to find the volume of a sphere he had to balance two figures at the same time; he never determined how to change variables or integrate by parts.
 * 2) When calculating approximating sums, he imposed the further constraint that the sums provide rigorous upper and lower bounds. This was required because the Greeks lacked algebraic methods that could establish that error terms in an approximation are small.

A problem solved exclusively in the Method is the calculation of the volume of a cylindrical wedge, a result that reappears as theorem XVII (schema XIX) of Kepler's Stereometria.

Some pages of the Method remained unused by the author of the palimpsest and thus they are still lost. Between them, an announced result concerned the volume of the intersection of two cylinders, a figure that Apostol and Mnatsakanian have renamed n = 4 Archimedean globe (and the half of it, n = 4 Archimedean dome), whose volume relates to the n-polygonal pyramid.

Stomachion

In Heiberg's time, much attention was paid to Archimedes' brilliant use of indivisibles to solve problems about areas, volumes, and centers of gravity. Less attention was given to the Ostomachion, a problem treated in the palimpsest that appears to deal with a children's puzzle. Reviel Netz of Stanford University has argued that Archimedes discussed the number of ways to solve the puzzle, that is, to put the pieces back into their box. No pieces have been identified as such; the rules for placement, such as whether pieces are allowed to be turned over, are not known; and there is doubt about the board.

The board illustrated here, as also by Netz, is one proposed by Heinrich Suter in translating an unpointed Arabic text in which twice and equals are easily confused; Suter makes at least a typographical error at the crucial point, equating the lengths of a side and diagonal, in which case the board cannot be a rectangle. But, as the diagonals of a square intersect at right angles, the presence of right triangles makes the first proposition of Archimedes' Ostomachion immediate. Rather, the first proposition sets up a board consisting of two squares side by side (as in Tangram). A reconciliation of the Suter board with this Codex board was published by Richard Dixon Oldham, FRS, in Nature in March, 1926, sparking an Ostomachion craze that year.

Modern combinatorics reveals that the number of ways to place the pieces of the Suter board to reform their square, allowing them to be turned over, is 17,152; the number is considerably smaller – 64 – if pieces are not allowed to be turned over. The sharpness of some angles in the Suter board makes fabrication difficult, while play could be awkward if pieces with sharp points are turned over. For the Codex board (again as with Tangram) there are three ways to pack the pieces: as two unit squares side by side; as two unit squares one on top of the other; and as a single square of side the square root of two. But the key to these packings is forming isosceles right triangles, just as Socrates gets the slave boy to consider in Plato's Meno – Socrates was arguing for knowledge by recollection, and here pattern recognition and memory seem more pertinent than a count of solutions. The Codex board can be found as an extension of Socrates' argument in a seven-by-seven-square grid, suggesting an iterative construction of the side-diameter numbers that give rational approximations to the square root of two.

The fragmentary state of the palimpsest leaves much in doubt. But it would certainly add to the mystery had Archimedes used the Suter board in preference to the Codex board. However, if Netz is right, this may have been the most sophisticated work in the field of combinatorics in Greek antiquity. Either Archimedes used the Suter board, the pieces of which were allowed to be turned over, or the statistics of the Suter board are irrelevant.

Additional sources

 * Reviel Netz and William Noel. The Archimedes Codex, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007
 * The Nova Program outlined
 * The Nova Program teacher's version
 * The Method: English translation (Heiberg's 1909 transcription)
 * Did Isaac Barrow read it?
 * Will Noel: Restoring The Archimedes Palimpsest (YouTube), Ignite (O'Reilly), August 2009
 * The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem v. Christies’s Inc., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13257 (S.D. N.Y. 1999) (via Archive.org)
 * The Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem v. Christies’s Inc., 1999 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 13257 (S.D. N.Y. 1999) (via Archive.org)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Archimedes Palimpsest


text:
Talk:Downloading conciousness

the article on 'downloading conciousness' was deleted and the link redirected to whole-body transplant. As there are many more means of downloading conciousness proposed than growing a new organic human bodies, and the discourse is different, there is absolutely no excuse for equating the two activities. An advocate of downloading into robot bodies, for instance, would object to saying that his research goal is morally equivalent to growing a new human body for an old human brain to live in. The interaction between the two goals is complex, and it is quite possible to discuss say the technical issues of one without discussing the technical issues of the other. The articles should reference each other but not be the same article.

 * I agree, but I can't find any old text to restore in the article history. Nor does it appear in the deleted-articles list, or in the history of whole-body transplants. Where did it go? Bryan

 * don't know where things go when the name is redirected - it seems like a form of censorship, since as you noticed the original text is hard to restore. The article as it now stands contains all the important ideas and links, although it could probably benefit from some advocate of this line of research listing all the wonderful things we can expect from this technology.  As it stands, the article seems to be critical of the proposal.

title: Talk:Downloading conciousness


text:
Talk:Teleological argument

Voltaire photo
Hi, can someone move the Voltaire photo to Voltaire's paragraph pls? Thanks FatalSubjectivities (talk) 14:07, 12 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Done.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 21:18, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

Rephrase needed
for example, every two hydrogen atoms are ordered to form a compound with one oxygen atom. No, they're not: two atoms can bind to each other to form H2, two pairs of atoms can bond with two carbon atoms to form ethane, etc. I don't know exactly what this sentence is saying, so I don't want to change it myself. 2001:BB6:4734:5658:5D1D:3796:2525:6D9B (talk) 15:11, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * I've changed it, since nobody else did. 2001:BB6:4734:5658:D21:6744:8DBD:A8B3 (talk) 11:07, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

Does anyone else think this whole article misses the point?
Upon cursory review of this article, it appears the teleological argument is being lumped in with the watchmaker analogy and intelligent design. The teleological argument deals with unintelligent objects or beings acting toward a certain end unthinkingly. But it seems like it is being confused with the idea that God intervened at times to change something or with the argument from complexity. I think this article misses the entire point, but I would like public comment before I go editing all willy-nilly. Kringga  talk  16:48, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Over its history this article (and others related to it) have sometimes been difficult to edit because of the high political priority many Wikipedians give to making sure that Wikipedia makes all the definitions line up with the way they are recently used in specific American culture war debates which were hot when Wikipedia was young. That may be having an effect on whatever it is which is concerning you. But here are some questions:
 * Do you have a good source for the idea that the teleological argument is specifically about unintelligent objects or beings acting toward a certain end unthinkingly? I can see how it might be argued, but I don't think I've ever seen the unintelligent aspect being emphasized and I am not sure why we would need to do that. For most readers it might become very confusing, without really changing the meaning?
 * It is also not so clear how this would make it different from the watchmaker argument and "intelligent design" in the broad old sense? Can you explain the distinction(s) you are making?
 * It does sound right to me that this article should not imply that the teleological argument is "the idea that God intervened at times to change something". (I guess that is a reference to Intelligent Design in those specific recent culture wars debates?) But does this article imply that definition? Can you explain where?
 * What are you seeing in the article which confuses it with "argument from complexity"? Are you sure this is worth changing?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 19:58, 4 August 2022 (UTC)
 * ID movement and teleological-argument theistic apologetics are not synonymous but they overlap FatalSubjectivities (talk) 14:40, 18 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree the article (starting with the first line) conflates an argument using teleology (the end) with one based on complexity or design which is deontology (the means) and not teleology. The article also narrows it as if such arguments are always about the existence of God.
 * But I’m also thinking such confusion of the means with the ends is so common as to be the norm, and that the existence of God association is so far the greatest WP:WEIGHT of coverage that arguments which actually use teleology would not get much space here. Perhaps it would better suit to have See Also links to such areas, e.g. Teleological behaviorism,  Teleological ethics, Teleological language in biology, and Teleological interpretation (law).  It might be nice to have an explanation for the abstract inductive vs deductive approach, but the WEIGHT just isn’t there.
 * Cheers Markbassett (talk) 21:33, 6 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Whatever we do it will need to be based on a balancing of the different approaches found in reliable sources, and we also have to keep in mind that there is a quite different article called "Intelligent design" which focuses on the specific story of a version of this argument which we know from recent culture war debates. Currently this article is covering all the older variants. It is not really clear from your remarks what types of changes you would like to see, and how you would source them, but I take it you want the differences to be more clear. I have not looked at it for a while but I believe one problem is that reliable sources tend to use these terms in different ways. Currently the discussions of different approaches is split up chronologically, looking at specific proponents etc.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 17:27, 7 February 2023 (UTC)

 * User:Andrew Lancaster my comment said the only option I could see was adding some See Also to more technically correct uses of the term. Mistakenly saying teleology is design or that natural theology is it are so common as to be the WEIGHT here.  It does not matter that academically the teleological argument is literally a phrase meaning talk about the end result.  It does not matter that teleology is nothing about design nor about complexity.  It does not matter that natural theology has many parts and only one is Aquinas use of a teleological argument as one of his proofs for the existence of God.   It does not matter if Socrates use of it was about an unintelligent acorn.  The association by many repetitions, however technically mistaken it may be for philosophy, is so dominant that I cannot see changing the body of this article and we just accept it does not match academic works.  (e.g. here or here or others.)  Cheers Markbassett (talk) 18:45, 23 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I understand that like me you aren't making any big proposals at the moment, but I was wondering if I could tease a more detailed explanation out of you of what your comments really mean in detail. Maybe it is relevant to other articles in the long term. I realize that Aquinas distinguished several different arguments but some of them seem to be equivalent. (Or that is a frequent reading.) Interesting that you cite Sedley. I've also tended to see him as a good source here. Can you point to a line or passage which explains your point?--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 22:35, 23 February 2023 (UTC)
 * User:Andrew Lancaster I had no particular line in mind. In general, my point is that the literal meaning of “teleological argument” is just an argument based on teleology, and I offered some candidates of such for See Also links that are not about proving God exists.  The most famous teleological argument is the Quinta Via of Aquinas in Five Ways (Aquinas), which is about proving God exist and became known as “the” teleological argument, perhaps confused as if that’s the only one.  As said at Five Ways (Aquinas) even that one has nothing to do with design or complexity.    Hopefully this helps.  Cheers  Markbassett (talk) 07:16, 25 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Just my thoughts. No response necessary unless you think I am totally misunderstanding. Design means "intention" in these discussions, or in other words it means there is not only intelligence but also that the intelligences has ends (teloi). Complexity comes into the discussion because when complexity is observed which is not just a random mess, but something which looks organized and systematic, this supposedly implies that intelligence with ends. So no matter what we think of them, it is hard to handle these arguments separately because they are so commonly linked in such ways.--Andrew Lancaster (talk) 08:50, 25 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Mmm, think design or intelligence may or may not be present in individual cases of teleological arguments, but to be clear these are not the teleology part and a teleological argument may exist with one or both or neither. The acorn or other Teleological language in biology has no intelligence nor design, but looks at a final end (telos) anyway.  The Teleological behaviorism and Teleological ethics has an intelligence looking at that final ends (result), but without a specific design of a mechanism.  And of course one can have a design or intent without complexity.  I don’t think these are inherently linked, but that since they are commonly confused and mistakenly said to be the same that the article cannot ignore that de facto they are taken as synonyms.  cheers Cheers Markbassett (talk) 05:59, 26 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Teleological argument


text:
University of Ljubljana

The University of Ljubljana (Univerza v Ljubljani,, Universitas Labacensis), abbreviated UL, is the oldest and largest university in Slovenia. It has approximately 38,000 enrolled students. The university has 23 faculties and three art academies with approximately 4,000 teaching and research staff, assisted by approximately 2,000 technical and administrative staff. The University of Ljubljana offers programs in the humanities, sciences, and technology, as well as in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary science.

The university was founded in the centre of Ljubljana, where the central university building and the majority of its faculties are located. Since then, newer buildings have been constructed in the suburbs of the city.

Beginnings
Although certain academies (notably of philosophy and theology) were established as Jesuit higher education in what is now Slovenia as early as the seventeenth century, the first university was founded in 1810 under the Écoles centrales of the French imperial administration of the Illyrian provinces. The chancellor of the university in Ljubljana during the French period was Joseph Walland (a.k.a. Jožef Balant, 1763–1834), born in Upper Carniola. That university was disbanded in 1813, when Austria regained territorial control and reestablished the Imperial Royal Lyceum of Ljubljana as a higher-education institution.

Quest for a national university
During the second half of the 19th century, several political claims for the establishment of a Slovene-language university in Ljubljana were made. They gained momentum in the fin de siècle era, when a considerable number of renowned Slovene academians worked throughout Central Europe, while ever more numerous Slovenian students were enrolled in foreign-language universities of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, particularly in the Austrian and Czech lands. Notable examples are the Charles University in Prague and the University of Olomouc, the latter of which Slovene philosopher Franc Samuel Karpe became the chancellor of in 1781. In the 1890s, a unified board for the establishment of a Slovenian university was founded, with Ivan Hribar, Henrik Tuma, and Aleš Ušeničnik as its main leaders. In 1898, the Carniolan regional parliament established a scholarship for all students who were planning a habilitation under the condition that they would accept a post at Ljubljana University when founded. In this way, a list of suitable members of faculty started to emerge.

Nevertheless, unfavorable political circumstances prevented the establishment of the university until the fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. With the establishment of the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia) in 1918, the founding of the university became possible. On November 23, 1918, the first meeting of the Founding Board of Ljubljana University was called, presided over by Mihajlo Rostohar, professor of psychology at the Charles University in Prague. Together with Danilo Majaron, Rostohar convinced the central government of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in Belgrade to pass a bill formally establishing the university. The bill was passed on July 2, 1919; in late August, the first professors were appointed, and on September 18, the full professors established the University Council, thus starting the normal functioning of the institution. The first lectures started on December 3 of the same year.

First decades
In 1919, the university comprised five faculties: law, philosophy, technology, theology and medicine. The seat of the university was in the central Congress Square of Ljubljana in a building that had served as the State Mansion of Carniola from 1902 to 1918. The building was first designed in 1902 by Jan Vladimír Hráský, and was later remodelled by a Czech architect from Vienna, Josip Hudetz.

In the mid-1920s, the university was renamed the "King Alexander University in Ljubljana" (Universitas Alexandrina Labacensis) and continued to grow despite financial troubles and constant pressure from Yugoslav governments’ centralist policies. In 1941, Jože Plečnik's National and University Library was completed, as one of the major infrastructure projects of the university in the interwar period.

After the invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, the university continued to function under the Italian and Nazi German occupation, despite numerous problems and interference in its autonomous operation. Several professors were arrested or deported to Nazi concentration camps and large numbers of students joined either the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People or the Slovenian Home Guard.

1945 and later
Following the end of the Second World War, the first and only foreigner elected to hold the office of chancellor was the Czech professor Alois Král, who had lectured at Faculty of Technical Sciences since 1920 and also held the position of dean thereof four times. After the establishment of Communist Yugoslavia in 1945, the university was again put under political pressure: numerous professors were dismissed, some were arrested and tried, and the theological faculty was excluded from the university. Some of the most brilliant students emigrated. Nevertheless, the university maintained its educational role and regained a limited degree of autonomy from the mid-1950s onward. It suffered a serious setback in autonomy from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, when some professors were again dismissed by the authorities. In 1979 it was renamed "Edvard Kardelj University in Ljubljana" after the Communist leader. In 1990, with the fall of Yugoslavia, it was regiven its original name.

Faculties and academies
, the university has 23 faculties and three academies, situated throughout urban Ljubljana:
 * Academy of Theatre, Radio, Film and Television
 * Academy of Fine Arts and Design
 * Academy of Music
 * Faculty of Administration
 * Faculty of Architecture
 * Faculty of Arts
 * Biotechnical Faculty
 * Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
 * Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy
 * Faculty of Computer and Information Science
 * Faculty of Economics
 * Faculty of Education
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transport
 * Faculty of Mathematics and Physics
 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering
 * Faculty of Pharmacy
 * Faculty of Social Sciences
 * Faculty of Social work
 * Faculty of Sport
 * Faculty of Theology
 * Veterinary Faculty
 * Faculty of Health Sciences

The university was initially located in the centre of Ljubljana where the central university building and the majority of its faculties are located. Later on, some new, modern buildings and a small scale campus were constructed in other parts of the city (Bežigrad, Vič, Brdo).

Libraries
The University of Ljubljana has two university libraries. The National and University Library of Slovenia is the national library of Slovenia and the university library of the University of Ljubljana. It contains about 1,307,000 books and numerous text, visual and multimedia resources.

Another university library is the Central Technological Library, which is also the national library and information hub of natural sciences and technology. There are over 30 libraries at individual faculties, departments, and institutes of the University of Ljubljana. The largest among them are the Central Humanist Library in the field of humanities, the Central Economic Library in the field of economics, the Central Medical Library in the field of medical sciences, and the Libraries of the Biotechnical Faculty in the field of biology and biotechnology.

Gallery
The university operates an art gallery, open since 18 June 2012.

Academics
The University of Ljubljana practices research in science and the arts, such as the humanities, social sciences, linguistics, arts, medicine, natural sciences and technology.

The University of Ljubljana used to house the permanent seat of the International Association for Political Science Students (IAPSS), an international academic group consisting of 10,000 political science graduate and undergraduate students worldwide from 2004 to 2013. In March 2013 the Permanent Seat was relocated to Nijmegen (Netherlands).

The University of Ljubljana was ranked 601-650 in QS World University Rankings 2023.

Prominent faculty and alumni
Slavoj Žižek is a Slovenian psychoanalytic philosopher, cultural critic, and Hegelian Marxist. He attended Ljubljana and attained a Master of Arts in philosophy in 1975, and is a senior researcher at the Institute for Sociology and Philosophy at the University of Ljubljana.

title: University of Ljubljana


text:
Talk:Complex analysis

Applied math
It seems to me that many schools each complex analysis in the applied math department. I notice that the article does mention applied math, but only down the list. Is it possible to include the reason why it is in AMa? Gah4 (talk) 06:42, 3 March 2021 (UTC)
 * Does it work if we explain it based on Hermann Weyl's achievements? Perhaps it is also useful for several complex variables. I'm not ready to write it.--SilverMatsu (talk) 02:11, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * It seems that there are classes that are more for theoretical math, and those more for engineers. I was thing about something like ACM95 at Caltech, which is required for most (or all) engineering degrees. I believe other schools have a similar course, often part of the AMa department. Gah4 (talk) 07:35, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for reply. I think complex analysis is related to AMa because it is related to vector analysis and harmonic functions, but I'm not ready to write it. And you can edit this article directly. Previously it was B-Class, but now it is C-Class. Therefore, there is nothing wrong with reorganizing the section.--SilverMatsu (talk) 08:56, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * "Applied math" has at least four different meanings that are related but distinct. It may be the name of some courses or some university departements. This is not relevant for an encyclopedy, except for being mentioned in Applied mathematics. "Applied math" may refer to mathematics that are used outside mathematics. It appears that almost all parts of mathematics are implied (most items listed in APM95 do not belong to complex analysis), and this is why many of our articles have a section on applications, generally near to the end of the article. "Applied math" may refer to mathematics that are drived by applications. Finally "applied math" is often used as an alternate name for numerical analysis.
 * Yes. Well, it probably could apply to all mathematics used in sciences such as physics, and most engineering. For traditional reasons, it often doesn't. The AMa departments in schools that I know do things like computational fluid dynamics. Mostly numerical, so pure math people aren't so interested. I suspect, yes, it is sometimes used for numerical analysis but more often used for the less theoretical cases. And yes it is used for names of courses taught by people in the named department. So, yes, connected but distinct. Gah4 (talk) 09:39, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * The applied complex analysis, such as Laplace transforms used for EE filters, and contour integrals for a variety of computations, including inverse Laplace transforms. Also, some definite integrals that are hard to do other ways. Gah4 (talk) 09:39, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * In view of this, it would be useful to add a section "Applications" near to the end of the article, but this requires an editor with the needed competences and/or a reliable source on this. I do not see anything else to do. D.Lazard (talk) 09:21, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I am not sure I am quite good enough to do it, but I will think about ones that I can add. Gah4 (talk) 09:39, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I am considering to explain the relevance to Applied math by extending the exposition for Cauchy–Riemann conditions, mentioning the harmonic function, and then the Laplace equation, but I am not ready for reference and details. Next, we need to consider whether a holomorphic function actually exists, but for the open Riemann surface there is an Behnke–Stein theorem.--SilverMatsu (talk) 13:20, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * In view of this, it would be useful to add a section "Applications" near to the end of the article, but this requires an editor with the needed competences and/or a reliable source on this. I do not see anything else to do. D.Lazard (talk) 09:21, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I am not sure I am quite good enough to do it, but I will think about ones that I can add. Gah4 (talk) 09:39, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I am considering to explain the relevance to Applied math by extending the exposition for Cauchy–Riemann conditions, mentioning the harmonic function, and then the Laplace equation, but I am not ready for reference and details. Next, we need to consider whether a holomorphic function actually exists, but for the open Riemann surface there is an Behnke–Stein theorem.--SilverMatsu (talk) 13:20, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I am not sure I am quite good enough to do it, but I will think about ones that I can add. Gah4 (talk) 09:39, 24 June 2021 (UTC)
 * I am considering to explain the relevance to Applied math by extending the exposition for Cauchy–Riemann conditions, mentioning the harmonic function, and then the Laplace equation, but I am not ready for reference and details. Next, we need to consider whether a holomorphic function actually exists, but for the open Riemann surface there is an Behnke–Stein theorem.--SilverMatsu (talk) 13:20, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

 * i happened to stumble upon this interesting exchange and i agree with the above: an applications section would definitely be handy. i also concur with D. Lazard that it would also require some proficiency in the area. it would not be fun, and would probably require tying the material from a few numerical analysis textbooks with the appropriate source for the "pure" variant. * dibbs out. maybe i'll lift someone else's edits and try to make it better. one suggestion i have is to motivate the section using the discussion of ordinary differential equations, particularly in terms of complex roots, move to fourier's (inferior) transform before discussing laplace. we have to start with DEs in my opinion. it will make everything easier. i never saw the use of complex analysis (being a huge fan of real analysis) until i started looking at the theory of differential equations. then i grew an appreciation for complex theory that is only starting to blossom, ten years after getting a reasonably-good grasp on real analysis theory. good chat here lads. "198.53.108.48 (talk) 19:04, 24 June 2021 (UTC)

I found reference. Is it appropriate for this case?--SilverMatsu (talk) 15:29, 26 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes that sounds about like I meant. Gah4 (talk) 01:21, 27 June 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes that sounds about like I meant. Gah4 (talk) 01:21, 27 June 2021 (UTC)

Reorganize the section
Suggest to reorganize the section. First, I'm thinking of merging the holomorphic functions and complex functions sections. Next, I'm thinking of putting a section about the complex numbers (complex algebra) and the properties of the complex plane. I'm still thinking about the arrange of the sections, so I haven't thought about the details of the contents of the sections yet. --SilverMatsu (talk) 05:29, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

 * It would be good to provide a compressed summary of at least the main sections of an introductory complex analysis textbook, at least briefly describing the major ideas and results (the current "major results" section is much too compressed, and should be split into pieces). It might start with a quick explanation of complex numbers (describe how they add and multiply, and the negation, reciprocal, and complex conjugate), then talk about holomorphic functions, harmonic functions, power series, Laurent series, zeros and poles, line integrals and the residue theorem, analytic continuation, conformal mapping and the Riemann mapping theorem, elliptic functions, Riemann surfaces, uniformization, Fourier analysis, maybe the Riemann zeta function, .... It’s okay if some material is duplicated from other articles and it’s also okay if details and proofs are omitted and descriptions are more expository than formal/technical. It would be great to include as many figures as possible, because top-level articles like this are likely to have many nonspecialist readers. Disclaimer: I am not a mathematician. –jacobolus (t) 16:36, 20 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your reply. Now that we've started creating the list, please make update and additions. I agree that we need to add a figures. Thanks to for creating the figures.--SilverMatsu (talk) 03:15, 21 October 2021 (UTC)

section list (draft)

 * History
 * Holomorphic functions
 * Cauchy–Riemann conditions
 * Cauchy's integral formula
 * Analytic functions (Power series (Laurent series))
 * Meromorphic function
 * Properties of singularity and residue (Especially isolated singularity)
 * Harmonic function and subharmonic function
 * Analytic continuation and Riemann surface
 * Conformal mapping and the Riemann mapping
 * Application
 * Analytic number theory

Difference between "Series" and "Sum of a series"
An user (User:Jacobolus) reverted my edit concerning the difference between a series (of functions) and the sum of such a series. In my understanding, these are not synonyms. See also this page for instance : https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/math/MAT2400/v11/RealAnalCh3.pdf : "We shall be particularly interested in how general functions can be written as sums of series of simple functions such as power functions and trigonometric functions. " --L'âne onyme (talk) 16:46, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
 * A series or a sequence refers to a mathematical object related to a sequence of terms (numbers or functions), or a sequence of partial sums : "In modern terminology, any (ordered) infinite sequence {\displaystyle (a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},\ldots )}{\displaystyle (a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},\ldots )} of terms (that is, numbers, functions, or anything that can be added) defines a series, which is the operation of adding the ai one after the other."
 * On the other hand, the sum of a series (or, correspondingly, the limit of a sequence) refers to a number (or a function), namely the limit of the sequence of partial sums : "In this case, the limit is called the sum of the series."

Besides, I think the article on Taylor series that you quoted was also incorrect, so I corrected it. --L'âne onyme (talk) 17:01, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
 * You may be thinking about a formal power series. But a complex-differentiable function necessarily has a converging Taylor series. The common usage is for the words "series" or "Taylor series" to mean the sum of terms; saying "sum of the Taylor series" seems unnecessary. Maybe someone who is a professional complex analyst can chime in. –jacobolus (t) 17:37, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Yes, they do have (normally) converging Taylor series (in closed sets inside the open disk of convergence) but I don't see how that pertains to the subject. The sum of a series is still not synonymous with the series. If it is a common usage to use one word as a synonym for the other (which I am not aware of), it is still better to distinguish between them in Wikipedia for the sake of clarity. L'âne onyme (talk) 17:49, 27 October 2021 (UTC)
 * This is not “use one word as a synonym for another”, but rather “the same word has different definitions depending on context”, and there is no requirement to pedantically force the use of your preferred definition across Wikipedia. –jacobolus (t) 01:43, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * When people write down the “Taylor series” e.g. $\sum_{n=0}^\infty f^{(n)}(0) x^{n} / n!,$ that name and expression both typically refer to the sum. That is what the $\sum$  means. At least, in my understanding. Maybe you can do a survey of introductory complex analysis textbooks and figure out what proportion of them insist consistently on this distinction. –jacobolus (t) 01:47, 28 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Whilst I agree that the definition might be clear from the context, it is certainly not "pedantic" to write that "a function is the sum of its Taylor series" (and by the way, please remember to remain polite). To say that a function is equal to a series is not only mathematically incorrect (a series being a mathematical object related to a sequence), which would be acceptable if it were to avoid pedantry, but it is also a very bizarre formulation. As for your suggestion to do a survey, I've already offered a link above, and here are some more :
 * The term "sum" is consistently used, see p.10 "the sum is continuous on each such interval" ; "A function that is the sum of a power series...", p. 12 "It turns out that the sum is also continuous at the endpoint"...
 * p.122 "its sum is a continuous function"
 * p.2 "the function f is called the sum or the point-wise sum of the series"
 * p.81"the function f is the sum of the series"
 * p.5 "Then the series [...] is pointwise convergent on (−1, 1) with sum" ; "the sum of the series is discontinuous" ; p.6 "The sum function s(x) of the series" ; p.16 "the sum function"...
 * Now it's over to you to give me an example of a work that uses the term "series" as a synecdoche for sum. --L'âne onyme (talk) 00:21, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I just skimmed through 4 complex analysis textbooks by fastidious authors. 2 of them never explicitly talk of the “sum” of a series (only partial sums which converge to some function), 1 of them occasionally uses the formulation “sum of a series”, and 1 consistently uses the language “sum of the series” (Wegert’s Visual Complex Functions, which takes it to the extreme of e.g. Any function f : D → C which is analytic in a ring domain can be uniquely represented as (the sum of) a Laurent series”), it seems they generally make statements along the lines of “f is representable by a power series Σ...”, “f has a power series expansion Σ...”, “f can be expanded in a series Σ...”, or “the series Σ... converges to f”. You may be right that the language “a differentiable function of a complex variable is equal to its Taylor series” is a bit sloppy. –jacobolus (t) 07:07, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * On the other hand, Google scholar finds 143 papers which use the exact phrase “equal to its taylor series” (and also finds 25 papers with the exact phrase “equal to the sum of its taylor series”). For example Boaz (1989) "When Is a C∞ Function Analytic?" The Mathematical Intelligencer 11(4). “Is such a function real-analytic (equal to its Taylor series), or might it have a singularity of the second kind?”. –jacobolus (t) 07:42, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Ok, I guess you have convinced me. --L'âne onyme (talk) 09:16, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
 * I think you also convinced me that we could reword to be more precise. Most careful complex analysis textbooks seem to be fairly consistent in using "series" to mean formal power series (introductory calculus textbooks tend to be a bit less careful/formal). Skimming more sources it seems that this "sum of a series" language is one relatively common approach to distinguishing a formal power series from its interpretation as a function; I had not payed attention before, but I can see how people who have read a few books which use that language consistently would get used to it and come to expect it. Instead of “equal to” some phrasing like “can be represented as” might be more precise. I wonder if some conventions should be picked for use in series (mathematics), power series, Taylor series, Laurent series, etc., and throughout math wikipedia, to avoid ambiguity. –jacobolus (t) 17:36, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Regarding equal. see Identity theorem.--SilverMatsu (talk) 09:38, 3 November 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Complex analysis


text:
University of Maribor

The University of Maribor (Univerza v Mariboru) is Slovenia's second-largest university, established in 1975 in Maribor, Slovenia. It currently has 17 faculties.

History
The university's roots reach back to 1859 when a theological seminary was established with the encouragement of Maribor bishop and patriot Anton Martin Slomšek. More faculties were established during the late 1950s and early 1960s; the faculties of economics, business, and technology in 1959, agronomy and law in 1960, and pedagogy in 1961. The university's opening ceremony occurred on 19 September 1975. The 1970s was a decade of exponential rise in the number of higher education institutions in the former Yugoslavia when alongside Maribor universities in Osijek, Rijeka, Split, Mostar, Podgorica, Bitola, Banja Luka, Kragujevac and Tuzla all opened their doors.

Rectors of the University of Maribor were Dali Džonlagić, Alojz Križman, Ludvik Toplak, Ivan Rozman and Igor Tičar. In late 2017 and early 2018, Jan Žan Oplotnik was acting rector for almost one year. In 2018 Zdravko Kačič was elected rector.

Reputation
The university has entered the top 1% of institutions in physics and, of the nine institutions entering the top 1% in this field, the University of Maribor did so with the highest number of citations, according to an analysis of data from Essential Science Indicators from Thomson Reuters.

The University of Maribor has cooperated in European Framework Programmes since 1998 and the number of international research projects is increasing each year. According to "Ranking Web of World Universities", the University of Maribor is in the top 15 of "Top Central and Eastern Europe Universities". It currently (2010) holds the 534th position (of 12,000) of the world universities ranking, which ranks it among the top 5% of universities in the world.

Organization
The university is divided into 17 faculties:

 * Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences
 * Faculty of Arts
 * Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
 * Faculty of Civil Engineering, Transportation Engineering and Architecture
 * Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security (in Ljubljana)
 * Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
 * Faculty of Economics and Business
 * Faculty of Education
 * Faculty of Energy Technology
 * Faculty of Law
 * Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 * Faculty of Medicine
 * Faculty of Health Sciences
 * Faculty of Organizational Sciences (in Kranj)
 * Faculty of Logistics (in Krško and Celje)
 * Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
 * Faculty of Tourism (in Brežice)

The university also comprises several associated facilities, including the Maribor University Library, students' dormitories, the Computing Center, the Leon Štukelj Sporting Center, and Postgraduate and Visiting Faculty Home.

Distinguished faculty

 * Matjaž Perc, physics
 * Oto Luthar, history
 * Mylan Engel, philosophy
 * Darijan Božič, music
 * Zinka Zorko, linguistics
 * Majda Pajnkihar, nursing

Notable alumni

 * Brigita Brezovac, IFBB professional bodybuilder
 * Darko Horvat, politician, Minister of Economy of Croatia
 * Feri Horvat, politician
 * Drago Jančar, author
 * Blaž Medvešek, swimming champion
 * Ljudmila Novak, politician
 * Mária Pozsonec, politician
 * Jurij Toplak, lawyer and elections expert

title: University of Maribor


text:
Groundhog

The groundhog (Marmota monax), also known as the woodchuck, is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels known as marmots. The groundhog is a lowland creature of North America; it is found through much of the Eastern United States, across Canada and into Alaska. It was first scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.

The groundhog is also referred to as a chuck, wood-shock, groundpig, whistlepig, whistler, thickwood badger, Canada marmot, monax, moonack, weenusk, red monk, land beaver, and, among French Canadians in eastern Canada, siffleux. The name "thickwood badger" was given in the Northwest to distinguish the animal from the prairie badger. Monax (Móonack) is an Algonquian name of the woodchuck, which means "digger" (cf. Lenape monachgeu). Young groundhogs may be called chucklings.

The groundhog, being a lowland animal, is exceptional among marmots. Other marmots, such as the yellow-bellied and hoary marmots, live in rocky and mountainous areas. Groundhogs play an important role maintaining healthy soil in woodlands and plains. The groundhog is considered a crucial habitat engineer. Groundhogs are considered the most solitary of the marmot species. They live in aggregations, and their social organization also varies across populations. Groundhogs do not form stable, long-term pair-bonds, and during mating season male-female interactions are limited to copulation. In Ohio, adult males and females associate with each other throughout the year and often from year to year. Groundhogs are an extremely intelligent animal, forming complex social networks, able to understand social behavior, form kinship with their young, understand and communicate threats through whistling, and work cooperatively to solve tasks such as burrowing.

Etymology
The etymology of the name woodchuck is unrelated to wood or chucking. It stems from an Algonquian (possibly Narragansett) name for the animal, wuchak. The similarity between the words has led to the popular tongue-twister:

 * How much wood would a woodchuck chuck
 * if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
 * A woodchuck would chuck all the wood he could
 * if a woodchuck could chuck wood!

Description
The groundhog is by far the largest sciurid in its geographical range, excepting British Columbia where its range may ab that of its somewhat larger cousin, the hoary marmot. Adults may measure from 41.8 to 68.5 cm in total length, including a tail of 9.5 to 18.7 cm. Weights of adult groundhogs typically fall between 2 and 6.3 kg.

Male groundhogs average slightly larger than females and, like all marmots, they are considerably heavier during autumn (when engaged in autumn hyperphagia) than when emerging from hibernation in spring. Adult males average year-around weight 3.83 kg, with spring to fall average weights of 3.1 to 5.07 kg while females average 3.53 kg, with spring to fall averages of 3.08 to 4.8 kg. Seasonal weight changes indicate circannual deposition and use of fat. Groundhogs attain progressively higher weights each year for the first two or three years, after which weight plateaus.

Groundhogs have four incisor teeth, which grow 1.5 mm per week. Constant usage wears them down again by about that much each week. Unlike the incisors of many other rodents, the incisors of groundhogs are white to ivory-white. Groundhogs are well-adapted for digging, with powerful, short legs and broad, long claws. The groundhog's tail is shorter than that of other sciurids—only about one-fourth of body length.

Distribution and habitat
The groundhog prefers open country and the edges of woodland, and is rarely far from a burrow entrance. Marmota monax has a wide geographic range. It can typically be found in small woodlots, low-elevation forests, fields and pastures, and hedgerows. It constructs dens in well-drained soil, and most have summer and winter dens. Human activity has increased food access and abundance, allowing M. monax to thrive.

Behavior
W.J. Schoonmaker reports that groundhogs may hide when they see, smell, or hear an observer. Marmot researcher Ken Armitage states that the social biology of the groundhog is poorly studied. Despite their heavy-bodied appearance, groundhogs are accomplished swimmers and occasionally climb trees when escaping predators or when they want to survey their surroundings. They prefer to retreat to their burrows when threatened; if the burrow is invaded, the groundhog tenaciously defends itself with its two large incisors and front claws. Groundhogs are generally agonistic and territorial among their own species and may skirmish to establish dominance. Outside their burrow, individuals are alert when not actively feeding. It is common to see one or more nearly motionless individuals standing erect on their hind feet watching for danger. When alarmed, they use a high-pitched whistle to warn the rest of the colony, hence the name "whistle-pig". Groundhogs may squeal when fighting, seriously injured, or caught by a predator. Other sounds groundhogs may make include low barks and a sound produced by grinding their teeth. David P. Barash wrote that he witnessed only two occasions of upright play-fighting among woodchucks and that the upright posture of play-fighting involves sustained physical contact between individuals and may require a degree of social tolerance virtually unknown in M. monax. He said it was possible to conclude, alternatively, that upright play-fighting is part of the woodchuck's behavioral repertory but rarely shown because of physical spacing and/or low social tolerance.

Diet
Mostly herbivorous, groundhogs eat primarily wild grasses and other vegetation, including berries, bark, leaves, and agricultural crops, when available. In early spring, dandelion and coltsfoot are important groundhog food items. Some additional foods include sheep sorrel, timothy-grass, buttercup, persicaria, agrimony, red and black raspberries, mulberries, buckwheat, plantain, wild lettuce, all varieties of clover, and alfalfa. Groundhogs also occasionally eat small animals, such as grubs, grasshoppers, snails, and even bird eggs and baby birds, but are not as omnivorous as many other Sciuridae.

An adult groundhog can eat more than a pound of vegetation daily. In early June, woodchucks' metabolism slows, and while their food intake decreases, their weight increases by as much as 100% as they produce fat deposits to sustain them during hibernation and late winter. Instead of storing food, groundhogs stuff themselves to survive the winter without eating. Thought not to drink water, groundhogs are reported to obtain needed liquids from the juices of food-plants, aided by their sprinkling with rain or dew.

Burrows
Groundhogs are excellent burrowers, using burrows for sleeping, rearing young, and hibernating. W. J. Schoonmaker excavated 11 dens, finding that the volume of earth removed from these averaged 6 cuft per den. The longest burrow measured 24 ft plus two short side galleries. The volume of soil taken from this den was 8 USbu, weighing 640 lb. The average weight of the earth taken from all eleven dens was 384 lb. Though groundhogs are the most solitary of the marmots, several individuals may occupy the same burrow. Groundhog burrows usually have two to five entrances, providing groundhogs their primary means of escape from predators. Burrows can pose a serious threat to agricultural and residential development by damaging farm machinery and even undermining building foundations. In a June 7 2009 Humane Society of the United States article, "How to Humanely Chuck a Woodchuck Out of Your Yard", John Griffin, director of Humane Wildlife Services, stated you would have to have a lot of woodchucks working over a lot of years to create tunnel systems that would pose any risk to a structure.

The burrow is used for safety, retreat in bad weather, hibernating, sleeping, love nest, and nursery. In addition to the nest, there is an excrement chamber. The hibernation or nest chamber is lined with dead leaves and dried grasses. The nest chamber may be about twenty inches to three feet (20 - 36 in) below ground surface. It is about 16 in wide and 14 in high. There are typically two burrow openings or holes. One is the main entrance, the other a spy hole. Description of the length of the burrow often includes side galleries. Excluding side galleries, Schoonmaker reports the longest was 24 ft, and the average length of eleven dens was 14 ft. W. H. Fisher investigated nine burrows, finding the deepest point 49 in down. The longest, including side galleries, was 47ft 11.5in. Numbers of burrows per individual groundhog decrease with urbanization.

Bachman mentioned that when the young groundhogs are a few months old, they prepare for separation, digging a number of holes in the area of their early home. Some of these holes were only a few feet deep and never occupied but the numerous burrows gave the impression that groundhogs live in communities.

Hibernation
Groundhogs are one of the few species that enter into true hibernation, and often build a separate "winter burrow" for this purpose. This burrow is usually in a wooded or brushy area and is dug below the frost line and remains at a stable temperature well above freezing during the winter months. In most areas, groundhogs hibernate from October to March or April, but in more temperate areas, they may hibernate as little as three months. Groundhogs hibernate longer in northern latitudes than southern latitudes. To survive the winter, they are at their maximum weight shortly before entering hibernation. When the groundhog enters hibernation, there is a drop in body temperature to as low as 35 °F, heart rate falls to 4–10 beats per minute and breathing rate falls to one breath every six minutes. During hibernation, they experience periods of torpor and arousal. Hibernating woodchucks lose as much as half their body weight by February. They emerge from hibernation with some remaining body fat to live on until the warmer spring weather produces abundant plant materials for food. Males emerge from hibernation before females. Groundhogs are mostly diurnal, and are often active early in the morning or late afternoon.

Reproduction
Usually groundhogs breed in their second year, but a small proportion may breed in their first. The breeding season extends from early March to mid- or late April, after hibernation. Woodchucks are polygynous but only alpine and woodchuck marmot females have been shown to mate with multiple males. A mated pair remains in the same den throughout the 31- to 32-day gestation period. As birth of the young approaches in April or May, the male leaves the den. One litter is produced annually. Female woodchucks give birth to one to nine offspring, with most litters ranging between 3 and 5 pups. Groundhog mothers introduce their young to the wild once their fur is grown in and they can see. At this time, if at all, the father groundhog comes back to the family. By the end of August, the family breaks up; or at least, the larger number scatter, to burrow on their own.

Health and mortality
In the wild, groundhogs can live up to six years with two or three being average. In captivity, groundhogs reportedly live up to 14 years. Human development, which often produces openings juxtaposed with second growth trees that are incidentally also favored by groundhogs, often ensures that groundhogs in well-developed areas are nearly free of predators, beyond humans (through various forms of pest control or roadkills) or mid-to-large sized dogs.

Occasionally, woodchucks may suffer from parasitism and a woodchuck may die from infestation or from bacteria transmitted by vectors. In areas of intensive agriculture and the dairying regions of the state of Wisconsin, particularly in its southern parts, the woodchuck by 1950 had been almost extirpated. Jackson (1961) suggested that exaggerated reports of damage done by the woodchuck led to excessive culling, substantially reducing its numbers in the state.

In some areas woodchucks are important game animals and are killed regularly for sport, food, or fur. In Kentucky, an estimated 267,500 M. monax were taken annually from 1964 to 1971. Woodchucks had protected status in the state of Wisconsin until 2017. Woodchuck numbers appear to have decreased in Illinois.

Natural predators
Wild predators of adult groundhogs in most of eastern North America include coyotes, badgers, bobcats, and foxes (largely only red fox). Many of these predators are successful stealth stalkers so can catch groundhogs by surprise before the large rodents can escape to their burrows; badgers likely hunt them by digging them out from their burrows. Coyotes in particular are sizable enough to overpower any groundhog, with the latter being the third most significant prey species per a statewide study in Pennsylvania.

Large predators such as gray wolf and eastern cougar are likely extirpated in the east, but still may hunt groundhogs on occasion in Canada. Golden eagles can also prey on adult groundhogs, but seldom occur in the same range or in the same habitats as this marmot. Likewise, great horned owls can reportedly, per Bent (1938), prey upon groundhogs, but this owl rarely does so, especially given the temporal differences in their behaviors.

Young groundhogs (usually those less than a couple months in age) may also be taken by an American mink, perhaps other smallish mustelids, cats, timber rattlesnakes, and hawks. Red-tailed hawks can take groundhogs at least of up to the size of yearling juveniles, and northern goshawks can take them up to perhaps weak emergent-adult groundhogs in the Spring.

Beyond their large size, groundhogs have several successful anti-predator behaviors, usually retreating to the safety of their burrow which most predators will not attempt to enter, but also being ready to fight off with their sharp claws and large incisors any who press the attack. They can also scale trees to escape a threat.

Relationship with humans
Both their diet and their habit of burrowing make groundhogs serious nuisance animals around farms and gardens. They will eat many commonly grown vegetables. Extensive burrowing can undermine foundations.

Very often, the dens of groundhogs provide homes for other animals, including skunks, red foxes, and cottontail rabbits. Foxes and skunks feed upon field mice, grasshoppers, beetles, and other creatures that destroy farm crops. In aiding these animals, the groundhog indirectly helps the farmer. In addition to providing homes for itself and other animals, the groundhog aids in soil improvement by bringing subsoil to the surface. The groundhog is also a valuable game animal and is considered a difficult sport when hunted in a fair manner. In some parts of the U.S., they have been eaten.

A report in 1883 by the New Hampshire Legislative Woodchuck Committee describes the groundhog's objectionable character:

"The woodchuck, despite its deformities both of mind and body, possesses some of the amenities of a higher civilization. It cleans its face after the manner of the squirrels, and licks its fur after the manner of a cat. Your committee is too wise, however, to be deceived by this purely superficial observation of better habits. Contemporaneous with the ark, the woodchuck has not made any material progress in social science, and it is now too late to reform the wayward sinner. The average age of the woodchuck is too long to please your committee.... The woodchuck is not only a nuisance, but also a bore. It burrows beneath the soil, and then chuckles to see a mowing machine, man and all, slump into one of these holes and disappear...."

The committee concludes that "a small bounty will prove of incalculable good; at all events, even as an experiment, it is certainly worth trying; therefore your committee would respectfully recommend that the accompanying bill be passed."

Groundhogs may be raised in captivity, but their aggressive nature can pose problems. Doug Schwartz, a zookeeper and groundhog trainer at the Staten Island Zoo, has been quoted as saying "They're known for their aggression, so you're starting from a hard place. His natural impulse is to kill 'em all and let God sort 'em out. You have to work to produce the sweet and cuddly." Groundhogs cared for in wildlife rehabilitation that survive but cannot be returned to the wild may remain with their caregivers and become educational ambassadors.

In the United States and Canada, the yearly February 2 Groundhog Day celebration has given the groundhog recognition and popularity. The most popularly known of these groundhogs are Punxsutawney Phil, Wiarton Willie, Shubenacadie Sam, Jimmy the Groundhog, Dunkirk Dave, and Staten Island Chuck kept as part of Groundhog Day festivities in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania; Wiarton, Ontario; Sun Prairie, Wisconsin; Dunkirk, New York; and Staten Island respectively. The 1993 comedy film Groundhog Day references several events related to Groundhog Day, and portrays both Punxsutawney Phil himself, and the annual Groundhog Day ceremony. Famous Southern groundhogs include General Beauregard Lee, based at Dauset Trails Nature Center outside Atlanta, Georgia.

Groundhogs are used in medical research on hepatitis B-induced liver cancer. A percentage of the woodchuck population is infected with the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV), similar to human hepatitis B virus. Humans do not receive hepatitis from woodchucks with WHV, but the virus and its effects on the liver make the woodchuck the best available animal for the study of viral hepatitis in humans. The only other animal model for hepatitis B virus studies is the chimpanzee, an endangered species. Woodchucks are also used in biomedical research investigating metabolic function, obesity, energy balance, the endocrine system, reproduction, neurology, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and neoplastic disease. Researching the hibernation patterns of groundhogs may lead to benefits for humans, including lowering of the heart rate in complicated surgical procedures.

Groundhog burrows have revealed at least two archaeological sites, the Ufferman Site in the U.S. state of Ohio and Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania. Archaeologists have never excavated the Ufferman Site, but the activities of local groundhogs have revealed numerous artifacts. They favor the loose soil of the esker at the site lies, and their burrow digging has brought many objects to the surface: human and animal bones, pottery, and bits of stone. Woodchuck remains were found in the Indian mounds at Aztalan, Jefferson County, Wisconsin.

Robert Frost's poem "A Drumlin Woodchuck" uses the imagery of a groundhog dug into a small ridge as a metaphor for his emotional reticence.

title: Groundhog


text:
Stan Stokes

Stan Stokes is an American painter known for his aviation art. His work hangs in three presidential libraries.

Since the mid-1980s NASA has commissioned Stokes to paint 15 works ranging from the Space Shuttles to the SR-71 Blackbird. Stokes has also painted numerous works for Burt Rutan. Stokes's works hang in the Air Force art collection, the United States Air Force Academy, The Pentagon, the San Diego Air & Space Museum, the Palm Springs Air Museum, the National Museum of Naval Aviation, and the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum.

His work encompasses portraits, landscapes, aviation and space, ships, cars and his new collection of cat-related fine art paintings. Stokes's art has been published in numerous books and periodicals. Stokes is working on a book honoring the Tuskegee Airmen.

Presidential library works
Stokes's 12-foot-by-120-foot mural of the "History of the Flying White House" is on permanent display in the new Air Force One Pavilion of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library. In addition, Stokes's painting of the USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) is hanging in the library's Legacy Room.

The George Bush Presidential Library in College Station, Texas, has two paintings by Stokes on permanent display. Both are of the USS George H.W. Bush (CVN-77), our nation's next aircraft carrier.

The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library houses two of his works, the first of which depicts the future aircraft carrier the USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78). The second painting is of the USS Monterey (CVL-26), the carrier on which young Ford served with distinction in World War II.

Selected list of works

 * 1934 American Classics
 * Gotcha
 * Off to the Turkey Shoot
 * Sirens of Death
 * Slashed by a Sabre
 * Top Cover

Awards

 * 1975: 1st place, Benedictine Art Awards
 * 1985: 1st place, National Air and Space Museum's "Golden Age of Flight" art competition
 * 2000: R.G. Smith Award, National Museum of Naval Aviation

title: Stan Stokes


text:
Midway (1964 game)

Midway is a board wargame published by Avalon Hill in 1964 that simulates the Battle of Midway during World War II.

Background
Six months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japan looked to extend its defensive perimeter by attacking and occupying the U.S. base on Midway Atoll. To do this, the Japanese navy sent a strong fleet of four aircraft carriers, two battleships and a variety of smaller craft, hoping to lure the American fleet into a trap. Unbeknownst to the Japanese, cryptographers had broken their fleet code and knew about the attack. Both forces sent aircraft to scout for the enemy fleet's position, but it was American airplanes that found the Japanese fleet first. In a series of devastating torpedo and dive bomb attacks, American airplanes sunk all four aircraft carriers and a heavy cruiser, suffering a loss of one aircraft carrier themselves. It was a pivotal battle in the Pacific war, causing losses Japan would not be able to replace, and giving momentum and confidence to the Americans.

Description
Midway is a board wargame for 2 players (or more than 2 players divided into teams) that simulates the battle at the individual ship and squadron level.

Initiative in the game rests on the shoulders of the Japanese player, who must successfully invade the island of Midway with the heavy cruiser Atago within the time frame of the game. The American player seeks to prevent the Japanese player from successfully invading Midway. Both players also score points toward victory by sinking their opponent's ships.

Components
The game box includes:
 * 22" x 34" mounted battle map
 * 22" x 34" mounted search map and divider screen, set up so that neither player can see their opponent's side.
 * 120 counters representing individual ships and squadrons of planes. Each ship has two counters, a $1/2$-inch counter to fit the squares of the search board and a larger one for the rectangular grid of the battle board. The $1/2$-inch airplane counters represent three types of aircraft: dive bombers, torpedo bombers, and fighters.
 * 24-page rulebook
 * pad of hit record sheets

Gameplay
The game starts at 0500 on June 4, 1942, and ends at 1700 on June 6, after 34 turns. Each turn represents 2 hours of game time. The two boards used are the search board and the battle board. The bulk of the game takes place on the search board with battles being resolved on the battle board. The search board consists of two identical boards separated by a divider allowing the players to see their own fleet's location and movements, while the opponent's operations remain hidden. The search board is divided into large square areas which are each further divided into nine smaller square zones. The battle board consists of long rectangular spaces to fit the large ship counters provided for the battle phases of the game.

The game has two distinct segments, Search and Battle.

Search
In the search segment, players send out search planes (these are abstract planes and not represented by any counters) to search areas of the sea for the enemy fleet. If the areas searched contain enemy ships, the ships' owner must inform his opponent of the exact zone within the area and types of ships found there.

After the search has been conducted, players can now send out combat squadrons to attack enemy ships. For each zone in which ships and enemy planes are present, a battle is conducted on the battle board.

After all battles are resolved, the squadrons return to their carriers to undergo a turn of refitting.

Battle
When planes locate and attack an enemy fleet, the air-sea battle is resolved on the battle board. The owner of the ships first places his ships on the battle board as desired within rule-driven requirements for spacing between ships. The attacker then places his planes around the ships to indicate which squadrons are attacking which ships. Dive bombers must be placed on top of the ship being attacked, and torpedo bombers must be placed in the space either to port or starboard of the ship being attacked.

The defender then indicates which ships will direct their fire against which squadrons(known as "screening"). Each ship may screen against any squadron within a two space range and is not limited to screening against squadrons attacking itself. Then through comparison of various factors printed on the counters, and the roll of the die, hits are recorded, and losses are taken against the ships and attacking squadrons.

After one round of battle the ships and planes are removed from the board, and additional battles in other zones are resolved as required.

Victory conditions
The player with the most victory points is the winner.
 * The American player receives a varying number of victory points for sinking each Japanese ship, and 1 victory point for every turn after 0500 June 5 that the Japanese player does not occupy Midway Island.
 * The Japanese player receives a varying number of victory points for sinking each American ship, and 15 points for occupying Midway Island before the end of the game.

Publication history
For a battle where much depended on searching for the opponent, game designers Lindsley Schutz and Larry Pinsky designed Midway with a double-blind hidden movement and search system. They used as a technical consultant C. Wade McCluskey, U.S. Navy Rear Admiral (Ret.), who had been air group commander on the USS Enterprise during the Battle of Midway, and had been credited by Admiral Nimitz with playing a pivotal role in the battle. The game was published by Avalon Hill in 1964. Eight years later, when company director Tom Shaw was looking to eliminate a game from Avalon Hill's line-up, only an intervention by Don Greenwood saved Midway. (The axe fell on 1914 instead.) Midway remained part of Avalon Hill's line of games through the 1980s.

In 1980, Avalon Hill released Midway Campaign, a videogame for various home computer platforms that was based to some extent on the board game. The videogame was a finalist for the Charles S. Roberts Award for "Best Computer Game of 1980".

In 1991, a revised "Smithsonian" edition of the board game was released to coincide with the 50th anniversary of the Attack on Pearl Harbor.

Reception
In Issue 8 of Games & Puzzles, Don Turnbull noted "What little surface action there is can best be summed up in the word 'imprecise'. Which is a polite way of saying unsatisfactory from the naval point of view." Turnbull concluded, "For players who like a reasonably simple naval/air game, Midway is quite a good buy, but don't expect too much from it."

In his 1977 book The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming, Nicholas Palmer felt that the game, already 12 years old at the time he was writing, was "still played by people interested in the context." He noted, "The game is often tense and exciting, although realism is limited and the Japanese have a definite edge in the usual game (this an be corrected by varying search capacities.)

Bill Thompson, writing for the Wargame Academy, felt the game's "greatest strength is its simplicity and is ideal for introducing wargaming to new players." Thompson didn't feel that the 1991 Smithsonian edition was an improvement, saying, "Despite up to date graphics, standardized rulebook format and inclusion of much historical material as a modern introductory game, [the 1991 edition] seems more complex and not an actual improvement over the original."

In The Guide to Simulations/Games for Education and Training, Martin Campion noted, "This is a very realistic game except perhaps for the excessively large number of casualties suffered by attacking aircraft." In terms of using the game as an educational aid, Campion wrote, "In a classroom situation, the awkward search board rules could be replaced by the activities of an umpire."

Other reviews and commentary

 * Battleplan #3, #6 & #7
 * Boardgamer #3
 * Fire & Movement #12, #65 & #67
 * Strategy & Tactics #29, #38 & #65
 * The Wargamer Vol 1 #9 & Vol 1 #12
 * Casus Belli #14 (April 1983)
 * 1982 Games 100 in Games

title: Midway (1964 game)


text:
Talk:Message to the Free Nations of the World

The current consensus seems to be that including primary sources on the Wikipedia is not a good idea, as the free editing that is so useful in other contexts is a very bad thing for them. Discuss the article here, and put links to the actual content elsewhere. See:Don't include copies of primary sources --Robert Merkel 02:05 Jan 10, 2003 (UTC)

sorry. It is one of a number of txts passed by dail eireann. I've had a number of emails asking me to put it on, as people were curious about it. should i remove it or leave it? JTD 02:10 Jan 10, 2003 (UTC)

It should probably be moved to Project Sourceberg. --Camembert

I'd welcome a short article on what this message was intended to achieve, or what its context was. DJ Clayworth 19:28, 30 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I've moved the actual text to Wikisource. Angela. 00:36, Mar 24, 2004 (UTC)

Obvious POV
The use of "sadly" makes this article blatantly guilty of POV...! 86.138.137.123 17:24, 11 September 2006 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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