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Upper Palatinate

The Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz,, Obapfoiz, Owerpfolz) is an administrative district in the east of Bavaria, Germany. It consists of seven districts and 226 municipalities, including three cities.

Geography
The Upper Palatinate is a landscape with low mountains and numerous ponds and lakes in its lowland regions. By contrast with other regions of Germany it is more rural in character and more sparsely settled. It borders (clockwise from the north) on Upper Franconia, the Czech Republic, Lower Bavaria, Upper Bavaria and Middle Franconia.

Notable regions are:
 * Stiftland, former estate and territorial lordship of Waldsassen Abbey with the market town of Konnersreuth, Fockenfeld Abbey, the town of Waldsassen and about 150 other villages.
 * Upper Palatine Forest with deep valleys and many castles
 * Upper Palatine Lake District with the Steinberger See
 * Upper Palatine Jura, part of the Franconian Jura
 * Steinwald including the Teichelberg and Pechbrunn
 * Waldnaab/Wondreb Depression
 * Bavarian Forest, together with the Bohemian Forest a large-scale protected area. A rock outcrop west of the summit cross of the Großer Arber is 1,439.6 m, the highest point in Upper Palatinate.
 * Kunisch Mountains
 * Naab valley
 * Vils valley
 * Danube valley, western part of the Gäuboden
 * Lower Bavarian Hills south of the Danube

History
At the beginning of the High Middle Ages the region now known as the Upper Palatinate was part of the Bavarian March of the Nordgau. The region took its current name no earlier than the early 14th century.

From the mid-13th century, much of the region was controlled by the Wittelsbach dynasty and until 1329 was ruled by the Wittelsbach Elector Palatine as part of the larger County Palatine of the Rhine (Pfalzgrafschaft bei Rhein). By the 1329 Treaty of Pavia, the Wittelsbach territories were divided between two branches of the dynasty. The territory around the Rhine river in the west became known as the Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfalz) or Lower Palatinate, and is today usually known simply as the Palatinate (Pfalz); it is from this territory that the modern German state of Rhineland-Palatinate derives its name. By contrast, the territory to the east centred on Amberg became known as the Upper Palatinate (Oberpfalz), upper and lower in this case referring to the elevation of the territories (compare Low and High German, Upper and Lower Lusatia, Upper and Lower Lorraine, Low Countries, Lower Saxony).

Cadet branches of the Wittelsbach dynasty also ruled over smaller territories in Neuburg and Sulzbach. As a result of the Elector Palatine Frederick V's abortive claim to the Bohemian throne in 1619–1620, the Upper Palatinate, along with the rest of his lands, were declared forfeit to the Emperor and, along with the Electoral title, given to the Duke of Bavaria. Although the Lower Palatinate was restored to Frederick's son by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Upper Palatinate remained under the Elector of Bavaria, and has remained a part of Bavaria ever since. The smaller territories of Neuburg and Sulzbach came to Bavaria in 1777 when Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine inherited the Bavarian lands of his Wittelsbach cousin Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria. The city of Regensburg, an Imperial Free City, was not joined with the rest of the region until the end of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and the end of the short-lived Principality of Regensburg under Carl von Dalberg, which existed from 1803 to 1810.

After the founding of the Kingdom of Bavaria, the state was totally reorganised and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative districts (Regierungsbezirke; singular Regierungsbezirk) called Kreise (literally "Circles", singular: Kreis). They were created in the fashion of the French departments, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers. In the following years, due to territorial changes (e.g. the loss of Tyrol, the addition of the Palatinate), the number of Kreise in the kingdom was reduced to 8. One of these was the Regenkreis (Regen District). In 1837, king Ludwig I of Bavaria renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes of the area. This also involved some border changes or territorial swaps. Thus, the district name of Regenkreis was changed to Upper Palatinate.

Districts
Landkreise (districts):
 * Amberg-Sulzbach
 * Cham
 * Neumarkt
 * Neustadt an der Waldnaab
 * Regensburg
 * Schwandorf
 * Tirschenreuth

Kreisfreie Städte (district-free towns):
 * Amberg
 * Regensburg
 * Weiden in der Oberpfalz

Population
Historical Population of Upper Palatinate:
 * 1900:  553,841
 * 1910:  600,284
 * 1939:  694,742
 * 1950:  906,822
 * 1961:  898,580
 * 1970:  963,833
 * 1987:  969,868
 * 2002: 1,088,929
 * 2005: 1,089,543
 * 2006: 1,087,939
 * 2008: 1,085,216
 * 2010: 1,081,206
 * 2015: 1,092,339
 * 2019: 1,112,102

Economy
The gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was €47.3 billion in 2018, accounting for 1.4% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was €39,200 or 130% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 103% of the EU average.

Main sights
Major tourist attractions include the former ducal residences Regensburg with the Walhalla nearby and Amberg, the city of Weiden and Waldsassen Abbey including the Kappl Trinity church nearby. Scenic attractions include the river Danube and the Upper Palatine Forest. A sight is also the town of Neumarkt and the pilgrim church of Maria Hilf in Freystadt nearby.

title: Upper Palatinate


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Tasker Oddie

Tasker Lowndes Oddie (October 20, 1870 – February 17, 1950) was an American attorney and politician who served as the 12th Governor of Nevada and a United States Senator. He was a member of the Republican Party.

A native of Brooklyn, New York, Oddie was educated in Brooklyn, then lived and worked for several years in Nebraska and East Orange, New Jersey. After graduating from New York University School of Law in 1895 and practicing law in New York City, in 1898 he moved to Nevada. He worked in Nevada as the attorney and business agent for wealthy businessman Anson Phelps Stokes, and became active in silver and gold mining. Oddie's mining investments made him wealthy, and he expanded his holdings to include ownership takes in farms, railroads, banks, and cattle ranches.

A Republican, Oddie served as school superintendent and district attorney of Nye County from 1901 to 1903, and was a member of the state senate from 1905 to 1909. Oddie was elected governor in 1910, and served from 1911 to 1915. After running unsuccessfully for governor in 1914 and 1918, in 1920 he won election to the U.S. Senate. He was reelected in 1926, and served from 1921 to 1933. Oddie was defeated for reelection in 1932, and for election to the senate in 1938.

In retirement, Oddie spent winters in San Francisco and summers in Nevada. He died in San Francisco on February 17, 1950, and was buried at Lone Mountain Cemetery in Carson City, Nevada.

Early life
Tasker Oddie was born in Brooklyn, New York on October 20, 1870, the son of Henry Meigs Oddie and Ellen Gibson (Prout) Oddie. He attended the public schools of Brooklyn until he was 16, when ill health caused him to travel to Nebraska. He remained there until 1894, and worked for several years as a cowboy. Upon returning east, he settled in East Orange, New Jersey, where he became active in the real estate business. He later became a clerk for a New York City wholesale importing firm, followed by work as the assistant manager of the estate of Isaac Newton Phelps, who had died in 1888, and John Bond Trevor, who had died in 1890.

While managing the Trevor estate, Oddie attended New York University School of Law at night, and graduated with an LL.B. in 1895. He was admitted to the bar the same year, and practiced in New York until 1898, when he moved to Nevada. While living in New Jersey, Oddie also served for three years as a member of the state's militia's Essex Troop of cavalry. He volunteered for the Spanish–American War, but the troop was not called up, and he resigned when he moved to Nevada.

Oddie relocated to Nevada become the attorney and business agent for wealthy businessman Anson Phelps Stokes. He managed Stokes' real estate, banking, railroad, and mining operations for several years, in addition to becoming active in mining in his own right. As the business partner of Jim Butler, the founder of Tonopah, Nevada, and Wilson Brougher, owner of Carson City's Brougher Mansion, Oddie became wealthy as the developer and manager of gold and silver mines, railroads, cattle ranches, and farms.

Continued career
A Republican, Oddie was the Nye County School Superintendent and District Attorney from 1901 to 1903. He was a member of the Nevada State Senate from 1905 to 1909.

In 1910, Oddie was the successful Republican nominee for governor, and he served from 1911 to 1915. As a Progressive Republican, Oddie advocated for worker's compensation, mine safety, and an eight hour workday. In addition, women received the right to vote in local elections, and the state's first laws regulating motor vehicles were enacted. On March 17, 1911, he signed the city charter for Las Vegas, the first incorporated city in the state.

Because he was not married during his governorship, Oddie's mother Ellen and his sisters acted as official hostesses. Oddie was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1914 and returned to his business interests. He ran for governor unsuccessfully in 1918.

During World War I, Oddie was chairman of Nevada's transportation committee, war industries board, and council of national defense. His continued business interests included serving as president of the Tonopah City Mining Company and the Nye County Bank. In addition, he was an executive or manager of the Tonopah Belmont Development Company, Tonopah City Mining Company, Tonopah Fraction Mining Company, and Gold Hill Mining Company.

U.S. Senator
In 1920, Oddie staged a political comeback by winning election to the U.S. Senate. He was reelected in 1926, and served from March 4, 1921, to March 3, 1933. During his senate career, Oddie was chairman of the Committee On Mines and Mining (68th through 71st Congresses), and the Committee On Post Offices and Post Roads (72nd Congress).

Oddie clashed in the senate with Hiram Johnson of California over the location of the proposed San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge. San Francisco area businessmen, in conjunction with Johnson, argued in favor of a location that Oddie believed would disadvantage the United States Navy by destroying anchorages for warships. Subsequent negotiations resulted in the selection of a site that protected the navy's interests.

Oddie was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1932, and for election in 1938. After leaving the senate, he resumed his business interests, including serving as president of the Gold Mining Association of America and the Nevada Mine Owners' Association.

Later life, death, and legacy
In his later years, Oddie and his wife spent winters in San Francisco and summers in Nevada. Oddie was a member of the American Institute of Mining Engineers and American Cattle Breeders Association. He belonged to the Alta Club of Salt Lake City and the Bohemian Club of San Francisco. Oddie was a Mason, and attained the 32nd degree of the Scottish Rite. He was a member of the Knights Templar, the Elks, and the Episcopal Church.

Oddie died in San Francisco on February 17, 1950. He was interred at Lone Mountain Cemetery, Carson City, Nevada.

Mount Oddie near Tonopah is named after Oddie, as is Oddie Boulevard in Reno and Sparks. Oddie's Tonopah home, the Uri B. Curtis House–Tasker L. Oddie House, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

Family
In December 1903, Oddie married Claire Gardner MacDonald; they divorced in November 1904. In November 1916, he married Daisy Rendall MacKeigan, and they were married until his death. Oddie had no children with either wife.

Oddie was a descendant of several prominent American families; Henry Meigs was his great-grandfather, and Henry Meigs Jr. was his grand-uncle. Other direct ancestors and extended family included Benjamin Stoddert, Benjamin Tasker Sr., and Christopher Lowndes.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tasker Oddie


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Talk:Group 15 element

Why "Pnictogens" - where does the word come from? -tarquin

As its the name sometimes given to this group, this page shold be move back to pnictogen or at least Nitrogen Group. -fonzy

I think this page should be moved to Group 15 element. Does anyone object? --Smack 00:51, 25 Oct 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Group 15 element


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1921 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1921.

Events

 * January 1 – The publishing firm Jonathan Cape is founded in Bloomsbury, London, by Herbert Jonathan Cape and Wren Howard.
 * February – Margaret Caroline Anderson and Jane Heap, publishers of The Little Review, are convicted of obscenity in a New York court for publishing the "Nausicaa" episode of James Joyce's Ulysses.
 * March – Jorge Luis Borges returns to his native Buenos Aires in Argentina after a period living with his family in Europe.
 * April 20 – The Hungarian Ferenc Molnár's play Liliom is first produced on Broadway in English.
 * May 9 – The première of Luigi Pirandello's Six Characters in Search of an Author (Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore) at the Teatro Valle in Rome divides the audience.
 * May – A production of Pericles, Prince of Tyre directed by Robert Atkins at The Old Vic, London, restores the unexpurgated text for the first time since Shakespeare's day.
 * June 6 – The première of Tristan Tzara's parodic The Gas Heart (Le Cœur à gaz) takes place at a Dada Salon at the Galerie Montaigne in Paris. It provokes audience derision.
 * June 10 – D. H. Lawrence's novel Women in Love is first published commercially by Martin Secker in London.
 * September 5 – The Cervantes Theatre (Buenos Aires) opens with a production of Lope de Vega's La dama boba (The Foolish Lady, 1613).
 * September 26 – The Maddermarket Theatre in Norwich, England, an old chapel, is turned into an English Renaissance theatre for period drama by an amateur repertory company directed by Walter Nugent Monck. It opens with As You Like It.
 * December 9 – John William Gott becomes the last person in England imprisoned for blasphemous libel.
 * December 31 – Mexican poet Manuel Maples Arce distributes the first Stridentist manifesto, Comprimido estridentista, in the broadsheet Actual No. 1 in Mexico City.

Fiction

 * Elizabeth von Arnim - Vera
 * Ryūnosuke Akutagawa – "Autumn Mountain" (秋山, Akiyama)
 * Edgar Rice Burroughs – Tarzan the Terrible
 * Karel Čapek – Trapné povídky (Embarrassing Stories, translated as Money and other stories)
 * Mary Cholmondeley – The Romance of His Life
 * Walter de la Mare – Memoirs of a Midget
 * Ethel M. Dell - The Obstacle Race
 * Mary Frances Dowdall – Three Loving Ladies
 * Edna Ferber - The Girls
 * Fran Saleški Finžgar – Pod svobodnim soncem (Under the free sun)
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald – The Beautiful and Damned (serialized in Metropolitan Magazine (New York))
 * Mikkjel Fønhus – Troll-Elgen
 * John Galsworthy – To Let (last book of The Forsyte Saga)
 * H. Rider Haggard – She and Allan
 * A. P. Herbert – The House by the River
 * Georgette Heyer – The Black Moth
 * E. M. Hull – The Shadow of the East
 * A. S. M. Hutchinson – If Winter Comes
 * Aldous Huxley – Crome Yellow
 * Frigyes Karinthy – Capillaria
 * Sheila Kaye-Smith – Joanna Godden
 * Gaston Leroux – The Crime of Rouletabille
 * Marie Belloc Lowndes – What Timmy Did
 * Denis Mackail – Romance to the Rescue
 * Compton Mackenzie – Rich Relatives
 * René Maran – Batouala
 * L. M. Montgomery – Rilla of Ingleside
 * George Moore – Heloise and Abelard
 * Paul Morand – Tender Shoots (Tendres stocks, short stories)
 * E. Phillips Oppenheim – Jacob's Ladder
 * Baroness Orczy
 * Castles in the Air (short stories)
 * The First Sir Percy
 * Alejandro Pérez Lugín – Currito of the Cross (Currito de la Cruz)
 * Gene Stratton Porter – Her Father's Daughter
 * Marcel Proust
 * The Guermantes Way (Le Côté de Guermantes II, second part of vol. 3 of In Search of Lost Time)
 * Sodom and Gomorrah (Sodome et Gomorrhe I, first part of vol. 4 of In Search of Lost Time)
 * Sukumar Ray – HaJaBaRaLa
 * Iñigo Ed. Regalado – May Pagsinta'y Walang Puso
 * Dorothy Richardson - Deadlock
 * Berta Ruck - Sweet Stranger
 * Rafael Sabatini – Scaramouche
 * Naoya Shiga – A Dark Night's Passing (暗夜行路, An'ya Kōro; serialized 1921–37)
 * May Sinclair - Mr. Waddington of Wyck
 * Annie M. Smithson - Carmen Cavanagh
 * Booth Tarkington – Alice Adams
 * Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy – The Road to Calvary (publication begins)
 * Sigrid Undset – Husfrue (The Wife or The Mistress of Husaby, second part of Kristin Lavransdatter)
 * Edgar Wallace
 * The Book of All Power
 * The Law of the Four Just Men
 * Eugene Walter – The Byzantine Riddle and other stories
 * Arthur Weigall – Burning Sands
 * Virginia Woolf – Monday or Tuesday
 * Elinor Wylie – Nets to Catch the Wind
 * Francis Brett Young
 * The Black Diamond
 * The Red Knight
 * Yevgeny Zamyatin – We (Мы; completed)

Children and young people

 * Dorita Fairlie Bruce – The Senior Prefect (later entitled Dimsie Goes to School)
 * Eleanor Farjeon – Martin Pippin in the Apple Orchard
 * Charles Boardman Hawes – The Great Quest
 * Hendrik Willem van Loon – The Story of Mankind (non-fiction)
 * Else Ury – Nesthäkchen Flies From the Nest

Drama

 * Hjalmar Bergman – Farmor och vår Herre (Grandmother and Our Lord, translated as Thy Rod and Thy Staff)
 * Dorothy Brandon – Araminta Arrives
 * Karel Čapek – R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (performed)
 * Karel and Josef Čapek – Pictures from the Insects' Life (Ze života hmyzu, published)
 * Clemence Dane – A Bill of Divorcement
 * Brandon Fleming – The Eleventh Commandment
 * Gerald du Maurier – Bulldog Drummond (with H.C. McNeile)
 * Susan Glaspell – Inheritors (written) and The Verge (performed)
 * Ian Hay – A Safety Match
 * A. de Herz – Mărgeluș (Tiny Bead)
 * Avery Hopwood – The Demi-Virgin
 * René Morax – Le Roi David
 * Roland Pertwee – Out to Win
 * Luigi Pirandello – Six Characters in Search of an Author
 * Sophie Treadwell - Rights
 * Tristan Tzara – The Gas Heart
 * Edgar Wallace – M'Lady
 * Raden Adipati Aria Muharam Wiranatakusumah – Lutung Kasarung
 * Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz – The Water Hen (Kurka Wodna)

Poetry

 * Robert Frost – Mountain Interval (second print)
 * Langston Hughes – "The Negro Speaks of Rivers", in The Crisis
 * Amy Lowell - Legends
 * Katherine Tynan - The Handsome Brandons
 * William Carlos Williams – Sour Grapes
 * William Butler Yeats – Michael Robartes and the Dancer

Non-fiction

 * Adolphe Appia – L'Œuvre d'art vivant (The Living Work of Art)
 * Charles Bean (ed.) – Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, vol. 1
 * Joseph Chaikov – Skulptur (first Yiddish-language work on the subject)
 * Grace King– Creole Families of New Orleans
 * Frank H. Knight – Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit
 * D. H. Lawrence
 * Sea and Sardinia
 * (as Lawrence H. Davison) – Movements in European History
 * North-West Frontier Province – Administration Report of the North-west Frontier Province for 1922-23
 * Edward Sapir – Language: an introduction to the study of speech
 * Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk – Further Essays on Capital and Interest
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein – Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
 * Zitkala-Sa – American Indian Stories

Births

 * January 5 – Friedrich Dürrenmatt, Swiss writer (died 1990)
 * January 19 – Patricia Highsmith, American crime writer (died 1995)
 * January 21 – Charles Eric Maine, English science fiction writer (died 1981)
 * February 4 – Betty Friedan, American feminist author (died 2006)
 * February 5 – Marion Eames, Welsh novelist writing mainly in Welsh (died 2007)
 * February 15 – Radha Krishna Choudhary, Indian historian and writer (died 1985)
 * March 1 – Richard Wilbur, American poet and translator (died 2017)
 * March 3 – Paul Guimard, French novelist (died 2004)
 * March 24 – Wilson Harris, Guyanese-born poet, novelist and essayist (died 2018)
 * April 21 – Angela Bianchini, Italian fiction writer and literary critic (died 2018)
 * May 20 – Wolfgang Borchert, German author and playwright (died 1947)
 * May 23
 * James Blish, American science fiction author (died 1975)
 * Ray Lawler, Australian dramatist
 * May 29
 * Mona Van Duyn, American poet (died 2004)
 * Henry Scholberg, American bibliographer (died 2012)
 * June 11 – Michael Meyer, English translator and biographer (died 2000)
 * June 12 – Christopher Derrick, English author, critic, and academic (died 2007)
 * June 14 – John Bradburne, English poet and missionary (killed 1979)
 * August 11 – Alex Haley, American writer (died 1992)
 * August 17 – Elinor Lyon, British children's writer (died 2008)
 * August 18 – Frédéric Jacques Temple, French poet and writer (died 2020)
 * September 12 – Stanisław Lem, Polish science fiction novelist, philosopher, satirist and physician (died 2006)
 * September 15 – Richard Gordon, English author (died 2017)
 * September 16 – Mohamed Talbi, Tunisian historian (died 2017)
 * September 26 – Cyprian Ekwensi, Nigerian writer (died 2007)
 * October 2 – Edmund Crispin (Robert Bruce Montgomery), English crime writer (died 1978)
 * October 9 – Tadeusz Różewicz, Polish poet, dramatist and writer (died 2014)
 * October 17 – George Mackay Brown, Scottish poet (died 1996)
 * November 6 – James Jones, American novelist (died 1977)
 * November 22 – Brian Cleeve, Irish author (died 2003)
 * December 20 – Israil Bercovici, Romanian dramatist and historian (died 1988)

Deaths

 * February 6 – Abba Goold Woolson, American author and poet (born 1838)
 * February 17 – Rosetta Luce Gilchrist, American physician, author (born 1850)
 * February 24 – John Habberton, American critic (born 1842)
 * March 22 – E. W. Hornung, English author (born 1866)
 * April 6 – Maximilian Berlitz, German-born American textbook writer and language school proprietor (born 1852)
 * May 5 – Alfred Hermann Fried, Austrian publicist (born 1864)
 * May 12 – Emilia Pardo Bazán, Spanish novelist (born 1851)
 * May 13 – Jean Aicard, French writer (born 1848)
 * June – N. D. Popescu-Popnedea, Romanian novelist, folklorist, archivist and almanac compiler (born 1843)
 * June 5 – Georges Feydeau, French playwright (born 1862)
 * June 18 – Eduardo Acevedo Díaz, Uruguayan writer (born 1851)
 * June 20 – Mary Lynde Craig, American writer, teacher, attorney, activist (born 1834)
 * June 26 – Alfred Percy Sinnett, English Theosophist author (born 1840)
 * July 4 – Antoni Grabowski, Polish Esperantist (born 1857)
 * July 7 – Luca Caragiale, Romanian poet, novelist and translator (pneumonia, born 1893)
 * August 1 – Helen Vickroy Austin, American journalist and horticulturist (born 1829)
 * August 7 – Alexander Blok, Russian poet (born 1880)
 * August 8 – Juhani Aho, Finnish author and journalist (born 1861)
 * August 19 – Georges Darien, French anarchist writer (born 1862)
 * August 25 – Nikolay Gumilev, Russian poet (executed, born 1886)
 * September 3 - Maria I. Johnston, American author, journalist, editor and lecturer (born 1835)
 * September 22 - Ivan Vazov, Bulgarian poet, novelist and playwright (born 1850)
 * September 26 – Matei Donici, Bessarabian Romanian poet and professional soldier (born 1847)
 * October 1 – Lillian Rozell Messenger, American poet (born 1843)
 * October 10 – Otto von Gierke, German historian (born 1841)
 * November 1 – Sarah Dyer Hobart, American author of poetry, prose, and songs (born 1845/46)
 * November 8 – Pavol Országh Hviezdoslav, Slovak poet, dramatist and translator (born 1849)
 * November 14 – Christabel Rose Coleridge, English novelist and editor (born 1843)
 * December 28 – Hester A. Benedict, American poet (born 1838)
 * date unknown
 * Emma Churchman Hewitt, American author and journalist (born 1850)
 * Della Campbell MacLeod, American author and journalist (born ca. 1884)

Awards

 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Walter de la Mare, Memoirs of a Midget
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Lytton Strachey, Queen Victoria
 * Nobel Prize in Literature: Anatole France
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Zona Gale, Miss Lulu Bett
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: no award given
 * Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: Edith Wharton, The Age of Innocence

title: 1921 in literature


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1900 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1900.

Events

 * March 5 – New York performances of the play Sapho curbed for immorality.
 * March 15 – Sarah Bernhardt stars in premiere of Edmond Rostand's l'Aiglon.
 * May
 * Rainer Maria Rilke makes his second visit to Russia with Lou Andreas-Salomé and her husband.
 * The first film to feature the detective character Sherlock Holmes, Sherlock Holmes Baffled, is released by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company.
 * May 17 – L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz is published in Chicago, the first of Baum's books chronicling the fictional Land of Oz for children.
 * June 24 – The Hanlin Academy in Peking, housing "the oldest and richest library in the world", catches fire and is destroyed during the Boxer Rebellion.
 * June 25 – The Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu discovers the Dunhuang manuscripts in the Library Cave or Cave for Preserving Scriptures, No. 17 of the Mogao Caves in north-west China, where they have been sealed since the early 11th century.
 * July 1 – The Net Book Agreement comes into force in the U.K: publishers will supply booksellers only on condition that they do not retail the supplied books at a discounted rate.
 * October 15 – Mark Twain ends an absence from the United States of some nine years when he returns to New York aboard the Atlantic Transport Line steamship Minnehaha.
 * November 1 – Ermete Novelli opens the "Casa di Goldoni", a new theatre in imitation of the Comédie Française, at Rome.
 * November 19 – August Strindberg's To Damascus (Till Damaskus, first two parts) receives its première at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm with August Palme and Harriet Bosse, Strindberg's future wife, in the leading rôles.
 * unknown dates
 * In Austrian-Hungarian Bosnia, Osman Nuri Hadžić issues Behar, the first Bosnian Muslim literary journal, promoting liberal Islam within the Islamic revival movement.
 * The first film of Hamlet is an adaptation of the duel scene, with the French actress Sarah Bernhardt playing the title rôle.

Fiction

 * Pío Baroja – The House of Aizgorri (La casa de Aizgorri, first in trilogy The Basque Country (La Tierra Vasca)
 * Mary Elizabeth Braddon – The Infidel
 * Ernest Bramah – The Wallet of Kai Lung
 * Gelett Burgess – Goops, and How to Be Them (1st in the Goops series)
 * Colette – Claudine at School (Claudine à l'école)
 * Joseph Conrad – Lord Jim
 * Marie Corelli – The Master Christian
 * Louis Couperus
 * Langs lijnen van geleidelijkheid
 * De stille kracht (The Hidden Force)
 * Stephen Crane – Whilomville Stories
 * Gabriele D'Annunzio – The Flame of Life (Il Fuoco)
 * Theodore Dreiser – Sister Carrie
 * Mary E. Wilkins Freeman – The Heart's Highway
 * Robert Grant – Unleavened Bread
 * Thomas Anstey Guthrie – The Brass Bottle
 * Maurice Hewlett – The Life and Death of Richard Yea-and-Nay
 * Jerome K. Jerome – Three Men on the Bummel
 * Dmitry Merezhkovsky – The Romance of Leonardo da Vinci (Russian: Воскресшие боги. Леонардо да Винчи, literally Resurrected Gods: Leonardo da Vinci)
 * Octave Mirbeau – The Diary of a Chambermaid (Le Journal d'une femme de chambre)
 * F. D. J. Pangemanann – Tjerita Si Tjonat
 * Bradford C. Peck – The World a Department Store
 * I. L. Peretz – "Oyb Nisht Nokh Hekher" (If Not Higher; short story)
 * Henryk Sienkiewicz – The Teutonic Knights (Krzyżacy)
 * Flora Annie Steel
 * The Hosts of the Lord
 * Voices in the Night
 * Booth Tarkington – Monsieur Beaucaire
 * Frederik van Eeden – Van de koele meren des doods (From the Cool Lakes of Death)
 * Jules Verne
 * The Will of an Eccentric
 * The Castaways of the Flag
 * Mary Augusta Ward – Eleanor
 * H. G. Wells – Love and Mr Lewisham

Children and young people

 * L. Frank Baum
 * A New Wonderland
 * The Wonderful Wizard of Oz
 * Harriet Theresa Comstock – Molly, the Drummer Boy
 * Andrew Lang – The Grey Fairy Book
 * Emilio Salgari – The Tigers of Mompracem (Le Tigri di Mompracem)

Drama

 * David Belasco – Madame Butterfly
 * José Echegaray – El loco Dios (The Madman Divine)
 * Clyde Fitch – Captain Jinks of the Horse Marines
 * Herman Heijermans – Op Hoop van Zegen
 * James Herne – Sag Harbor
 * Haralamb Lecca – Quarta. Jucătoriĭ de cărțĭ
 * George Moore – The Bending of the Bough: a comedy in five acts
 * George Bernard Shaw – Captain Brassbound's Conversion
 * Arthur Schnitzler – La Ronde (German: Reigen; privately printed)
 * August Strindberg
 * The Dance of Death (Dödsdansen)
 * Easter (Påsk)
 * To Damascus (Till Damaskus) opens in Sweden
 * Hermann Sudermann – Fires of St. John

Musicals

 * Owen Hall, Leslie Stuart - Florodora

Poetry

 * Oxford Book of English Verse 1250–1900 (edited by Arthur Quiller-Couch)
 * G. K. Chesterton – The Wild Knight and Other Poems
 * Sir Walter Scott, Bart. (posthumously edited by Andrew Lang) – The Poems and Ballads
 * Ismail Hossain Shiraji – Anal Prabaha

Non-fiction

 * William "Cocktail" Boothby – The World's Drinks And How To Mix Them
 * Mirza Muhammad Yusuf Ali – Nur al-Iman
 * Winston Churchill
 * Ian Hamilton's March
 * London to Ladysmith via Pretoria
 * Arthur Conan Doyle – The Great Boer War
 * Nicolae Iorga
 * Opinions sincères (Sincere Opinions)
 * Opinions pérnicieuses d'un mauvais patriote (Pernicious Opinions of a Poor Patriot)
 * Gertrude Jekyll – Home and Garden
 * Andrew Lang
 * A History of Scotland, vol. 1
 * Prince Charles Edward
 * Guide Michelin (1st issue)
 * Joaquim Nabuco – My Formation (Minha formação)
 * The Nuttall Encyclopaedia (editor James Wood)
 * José Enrique Rodó - Ariel
 * Samuel Marinus Zwemer – Arabia: The Cradle of Islam

Births

 * January – Elisabeth Inglis-Jones, Welsh novelist and biographer (died 1994)
 * January 9
 * Emmanuel D'Astier, French journalist (died 1969)
 * Eve Garnett, English children's writer and illustrator (died 1991)
 * January 11 – Borden Chase, American writer (died 1971)
 * January 15 – William Heinesen, Faroese writer (died 1991)
 * January 21 – Jack Hilton, English writer (died 1983)
 * January 31 – Clare Hoskyns-Abrahall, English biographer and children's writer (died 1990)
 * February 4 – Jacques Prévert, French poet (died 1977)
 * February 19 – Giorgos Seferis, Greek poet (died 1971)
 * February 22 – Seán Ó Faoláin, Irish short story writer (died 1991)
 * March 7 – Benn Levy, English playwright and politician (died 1973)
 * March 15 – Gilberto Freyre, Brazilian author (died 1987)
 * April 19 – Richard Hughes, English novelist (died 1976)
 * April 20 – Constantin S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor, Romanian anthropologist, ethnographer and children's writer (died 1968)
 * April 22 – Vyvyan Adams (Watchman), English writer and politician (died 1951)
 * April 24 – Elizabeth Goudge, English novelist and children's author (died 1984)
 * April 26 – Roberto Arlt, Argentine novelist, playwright and journalist (died 1942)
 * April 28 – Antonieta Rivas Mercado, Mexican feminist writer and patron of the arts (died 1931)
 * May 1 – Ignazio Silone, Italian author and politician (died 1978)
 * May 6 – Garrett Mattingly, American historian (died 1962)
 * May 24 – Eduardo De Filippo, Italian author (died 1984)
 * May 28 – Nan Chauncy, English-born Australian children's writer (died 1970)
 * June 7 – Jan Engelman, Dutch writer (died 1972)
 * June 11 – Leopoldo Marechal, Argentine writer (died 1970)
 * June 19 – Ștefan Voitec, Romanian politician and journalist (died 1984)
 * June 25 – Gerald Drayson Adams, English screenwriter (died 1988)
 * June 29 – Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French novelist (died 1944)
 * July 2 – Tyrone Guthrie, English theatrical director (died 1971)
 * July 18 – Nathalie Sarraute, Russian-born Francophone lawyer and writer (died 1999)
 * July 24 – Zelda Fitzgerald, American author (died 1948)
 * August 10 – Charles Shaw, Australian writer (died 1955)
 * September 7 – Taylor Caldwell, Anglo-American novelist (died 1985)
 * September 9 – James Hilton, English novelist (died 1954)
 * October 3 – Thomas Wolfe, American novelist (died 1938)
 * October 16 – Edward Ardizzone, English children's writer and illustrator (died 1979)
 * October 30 – Xia Yan (夏衍), Chinese playwright and screenwriter (died 1995)
 * November 8 – Margaret Mitchell, American novelist (died 1949)
 * November 19 – Anna Seghers, German writer (died 1983)
 * December 8 – Ants Oras, Estonian writer (died 1982)
 * December 16 – V. S. Pritchett, English short story writer (died 1997)
 * unknown date – Saira Elizabeth Luiza Shah, Scottish writer (d. 1960)

Deaths

 * January 4 – Stanisław Mieroszewski, Polish-born politician, historian and writer (born 1827)
 * January 11 – James Martineau, English religious philosopher (born 1805)
 * January 19 – William Larminie, Irish poet and folklorist (born 1849)
 * January 20
 * R. D. Blackmore, English novelist (born 1825)
 * John Ruskin, English art critic, social thinker, artist and poet (born 1819)
 * January 25 – Frederick H. Chapin, American author and explorer (born 1852)
 * February 6 – Elijah Benamozegh, Italian spiritual writer and rabbi (born 1822)
 * February 14 – Giovanni Canestrini, Italian scientist, essayist and translator (born 1835)
 * February 18 – Eugenio Beltrami, Italian mathematician and theorist (born 1835)
 * February 23 – Ernest Dowson, English poet and novelist (born 1867)
 * March 11 – Joseph Louis François Bertrand, French mathematics writer (born 1822)
 * March 30 – David Léon Cahun, French Orientalist and writer (born 1841)
 * April 5 – Maria Louise Eve, American author (born 1842)
 * April 12 – James Richard Cocke, American author and hypnotherapist (born 1863)
 * April 21 – Charles Beecher, American composer, minister and writer (born 1815)
 * April 23 – Charles Isaac Elton, English historian, politician and writer (born 1839)
 * April 27 – Francišak Bahuševič, Belarusian poet, writer and lawyer (born 1840)
 * April 30 – George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, Scottish politician and writer (born 1823)
 * May 4 – Hugo Badalić, Croatian writer and scholar (born 1851)
 * May 20 – André Léo, French novelist and journalist (born 1824)
 * May 28 – Sir George Grove, English writer and lexicographer on music (born 1820)
 * June 2 – Clarence Cook, American author and art critic (born 1828)
 * June 3 – Mary Kingsley, English travel writer and explorer (born 1862)
 * June 4 – Edwards Amasa Park, American theologian, pastor and writer (born 1808)
 * June 5 – Stephen Crane, American writer, journalist and poet (born 1871)
 * June 12 – Lucretia Peabody Hale, American journalist and author (born 1820)
 * June 19 – Salvador Camacho, Colombian economist, politician and writer (born 1827)
 * July 3 – Fernand Brouez, Belgian editor and founder of La Société Nouvelle (born 1861)
 * July 6 – Gustav Jacob Born, German medical author and histologist (born 1851)
 * July 22 – Lucius E. Chittenden, American writer and politician (born 1824)
 * July 29 – Henry Spencer Ashbee, English writer and bibliographer (born 1834)
 * August 2 – Sydney Robert Bellingham, Irish-Canadian journalist and politician (born 1808)
 * August 16 – José Maria de Eça de Queiroz, Portuguese novelist (born 1845)
 * August 25 – Friedrich Nietzsche, German philosopher and philologist (born 1844)
 * August 28 – Henry Sidgwick, English philosopher (born 1838)
 * September 18 – Anne Beale, Welsh novelist and poet (born 1816)
 * September 29 – Samuel Fenton Cary, American author and prohibitionist (born 1814)
 * October 13 – Louis Adolphe Cochery, French journalist and politician (born 1819)
 * October 20
 * Naim Frashëri, Albanian poet (born 1846)
 * Charles Dudley Warner, American writer (born 1829)
 * October 27 – James Henry Bowker, South African naturalist (born 1822)
 * November 12 – F. Burge Griswold, American poet and short story writer (born 1826)
 * November 12 – Thomas Arnold the Younger, English literary scholar (born 1823)
 * November 16 – Isidore Barthe, French-Canadian journalist and translator (born 1834)
 * November 27 – David Carnegie, Australian travel writer (born 1871)
 * November 30 – Oscar Wilde, Irish poet, dramatist and short story writer (born 1854)
 * December 15 – Charles Cotesworth Beaman, American lawyer and author (born 1840)
 * December 30 – Henry Ames Blood, American poet, dramatist and historian (born 1836)
 * December 31 – Oscar Alin, Swedish historian, politician and author (born 1846)
 * unknown date – Berdakh, Uzbek poet (born 1827)

title: 1900 in literature


text:
1922 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1922.

Under modern copyright law of the United States, all works published before January 1, 1923, with a proper copyright notice entered the public domain in the United States no later than 75 years from the date of the copyright. Hence books published in 1922 or earlier entered the public domain in the United States in 1998.

Events
This is a significant year for high modernism in literature.
 * January – Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's modernist short story "In a Grove" (藪の中, Yabu no naka) is published in the Japanese magazine Shinchō.
 * January 24 – Façade – An Entertainment, poems by Edith Sitwell recited over an instrumental accompaniment by William Walton, are first performed, privately in London.
 * January 27 – Franz Kafka begins intensive work on his novel The Castle (Das Schloss) at the mountain resort of Spindlermühle, ceasing around early September in mid-sentence.
 * February 2
 * In a "savage creative storm" of less than three weeks beginning today at Château de Muzot in Switzerland, Rainer Maria Rilke writes his Sonnets to Orpheus (Die Sonette an Orpheus) and completes his Duino Elegies (Duineser Elegien).
 * The modernist novel Ulysses by James Joyce is published complete in book form by Sylvia Beach's Shakespeare and Company in Paris (on 2/2/22, Joyce's 40th birthday), with a further edition in Paris for the Egoist Press, London, on October 12 (much of it seized by the United States Customs Service). The U.K. customs will also seize copies entering the country.
 * February 5 – DeWitt and Lila Wallace publish the first issue of Reader's Digest in the United States.
 * February–September – D. H. and Frieda Lawrence migrate from Europe to the United States, visiting Australia on the way, where he completes writing his novel Kangaroo.
 * March 3 – F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Beautiful and Damned is published in book form by Charles Scribner's Sons in New York; on December 10 a silent film version is released.
 * c. March 8 – The Czech playwrights Karel and Josef Čapek's play Pictures from the Insects' Life (Ze života hmyzu, also known as The Insect Play, published 1921) is first performed at the National Theatre Brno. It is also first performed this year in English translation, in the United States.
 * April – Marcel Proust's Sodome et Gomorrhe II (part of the novel sequence À la Recherche du temps perdu) is published in Paris.
 * May 18 – Marcel Proust, James Joyce, Sergei Diaghilev, Igor Stravinsky, Pablo Picasso, Erik Satie and Clive Bell, hosted by English art patron and novelist Sydney Schiff, dine in Paris at the Hotel Majestic: their one joint meeting.
 * May 27 – F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" is published in The Smart Set magazine.
 * June
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz" appears in Collier's magazine.
 * Over one night at his home in Shaftsbury, Vermont, Robert Frost completes the poem "New Hampshire" and at sunrise writes "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening".
 * July – Having issued a 2nd edition of António Botto's poetry collection Canções through his Lisbon publishing house Olisipo, Fernando Pessoa publishes a magazine article praising Botto's courage and sincerity in shamelessly singing homosexual love as a true aesthete, sparking controversy over literatura de Sodoma.
 * August – T. E. Lawrence is recruited into the British Royal Air Force as Ordinary Aircraftman 352087 John Hume Ross by Flying Officer W. E. Johns in London. Lawrence later writes The Mint about his experiences.
 * Summer – F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby (1925) is set on Long Island at this time, partly inspired by Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald's life from October 9 at Great Neck, New York, with the novelist Ring Lardner, newspaper editor Herbert Bayard Swope and (probably) bootlegger Max Gerlach as friends and neighbors.
 * September
 * Marcel Proust's sequence À la Recherche du temps perdu begins to appear in English in a translation by C. K. Scott Moncrieff of Swann's Way, as the first volume of Remembrance of Things Past. This occurs two months before the author's death.
 * T. S. Eliot and E. M. Forster stay in the country with Virginia Woolf and discuss Joyce's Ulysses.
 * September 14 – Sinclair Lewis's satirical novel Babbitt is published by Harcourt, Brace & Company.
 * September 22
 * Bengali writer Kazi Nazrul Islam publishes the poem "Anandamoyeer Agamane" (The Advent of the Delightful Mother) in support of the Indian independence movement, in the Puja issue of his new biweekly Dhumketu. For this he is arrested in the Bengal Presidency and imprisoned on a charge of sedition for much of the following year. He goes on a hunger strike and composes many poems while in prison. His poem "Bidrohi" (বিদ্রোহী, The Rebel, December 1921) appears in his first anthology, Agnibeena.
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald's short story collection Tales of the Jazz Age is published by Charles Scribner's Sons in New York.
 * September 29 – Drums in the Night (Trommeln in der Nacht), at the Munich Kammerspiele, becomes the first play by Bertolt Brecht to be staged.
 * October 15 – T. S. Eliot founds The Criterion magazine, with the first appearance of his poem The Waste Land. This will be first fully published in book form by Boni & Liveright in New York in December.
 * October 26 – Jacob's Room by Virginia Woolf is published by the Hogarth Press of Richmond upon Thames with a jacket design by the author's sister Vanessa Bell. Also this summer, Woolf writes the short story "Mrs Dalloway in Bond Street" (published July 1923), the groundwork of the novel Mrs Dalloway (1925).
 * November – Uri Zvi Greenberg flees to Berlin after the second issue of the Yiddish literary journal Albatros, which he edits, is seized. The Warsaw authorities accuse him of blasphemy for iconoclastic depictions of Jesus, notably his prose poem "Royte epl fun veybeymer" (Red Apples from the Trees of Pain).
 * December – A valise containing all Ernest Hemingway's manuscripts of the past year's writing is stolen at Paris-Gare de Lyon.
 * December 6 – W. B. Yeats becomes a nominated member of Seanad Éireann in the Irish Free State.
 * December 10 – The National Library of Albania is inaugurated in Tirana.
 * December 20 – Jean Cocteau's Antigone appears at the reopened Théâtre de l'Atelier in the Montmartre district of Paris, with sets by Pablo Picasso, music by Arthur Honegger and costumes by Gabrielle Chanel. Génica Athanasiou plays the title rôle, with Charles Dullin as Créon and Antonin Artaud as Tiresias. There are Dadaist protests.
 * unknown date – The first Newbery Medal for authors of distinguished children's books is awarded by the American Library Association to Hendrik Willem van Loon for The Story of Mankind (1921).

Fiction

 * Ruby M. Ayres – The Street Below
 * Pío Baroja – La lucha por la vida (The Struggle for Life, trilogy, 1922–1924)
 * Andrei Bely – Petersburg (Berlin version)
 * Arnold Bennett – Lilian
 * E. F. Benson – Miss Mapp
 * Stella Benson – The Poor Man
 * Ernest Bramah – Kai Lung's Golden Hours
 * Victor Bridges – Greensea Island
 * Mary Grant Bruce
 * The Cousin From Town
 * Stone Axe of Burkamuka
 * Edgar Rice Burroughs – At the Earth's Core
 * Karel Čapek
 * The Absolute at Large (Továrna na absolutno)
 * Krakatit
 * Willa Cather – One of Ours
 * Agatha Christie – The Secret Adversary
 * J. Storer Clouston – The Lunatic at Large Again
 * Colette – La Maison de Claudine
 * Freeman Wills Crofts – The Pit-Prop Syndicate
 * Aleister Crowley – Diary of a Drug Fiend
 * Grazia Deledda – Il Dio dei venti (The God of the Winds)
 * Ethel M. Dell
 * The Knight Errant
 * Charles Rex
 * Roger Martin du Gard – The Thibaults. Pt 1: The Grey Notebook (Les Thibault. 1re partie: Le Cahier Gris)
 * E. R. Eddison – The Worm Ouroboros
 * Edna Ferber – Gigolo
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald
 * The Beautiful and Damned
 * Tales of the Jazz Age
 * Mikkjel Fønhus – Under Polarlyset
 * Gilbert Frankau – The Love Story of Aliette Brunton
 * David Garnett – Lady into Fox
 * William Gerhardie – Futility
 * Ellen Glasgow – One Man In His Time
 * Elinor Glyn – Man and Maid
 * Sarah Grand – Variety
 * Jiří Haussmann – Velkovýroba ctnosti
 * Hermann Hesse – Siddhartha
 * Robert Hichens – December Love
 * A.S.M. Hutchinson – This Freedom
 * Aldous Huxley – Mortal Coils
 * Vsevolod Ivanov
 * "Armoured Train 14–69" (short story)
 * Colored Winds
 * Mary Johnston – 1492
 * James Joyce – Ulysses
 * Franz Xaver Kappus – The Red Rider
 * Faik Konica – Një ambasadë e zulluve në Paris
 * D. H. Lawrence
 * Aaron's Rod
 * England, My England and Other Stories
 * Sinclair Lewis – Babbitt
 * Marie Belloc Lowndes – Why They Married
 * Lu Xun – The True Story of Ah Q (serial publication completed)
 * Katherine Mansfield – The Garden Party and other stories
 * René Maran – Le Visage Calme
 * Victor Margueritte – La Garçonne (English translation The Bachelor Girl, 1923)
 * A. A. Milne – The Red House Mystery
 * Paul Morand – Open All Night
 * E. Phillips Oppenheim
 * The Evil Shepherd
 * The Great Prince Shan
 * Baroness Orczy
 * The Triumph of the Scarlet Pimpernel
 * Nicolette: A Tale of Old Provence
 * Boris Pilnyak – The Naked Year
 * Marcel Proust – Sodome et Gomorrhe II (volume 4 part 2 of À la Recherche du temps perdu)
 * Ernest Raymond – Tell England
 * Liviu Rebreanu – Forest of the Hanged (Pădurea spânzuraților)
 * Marah Roesli – Sitti Nurbaya
 * Berta Ruck – The Subconscious Courtship
 * Rafael Sabatini – Captain Blood
 * May Sinclair – Life and Death of Harriett Frean
 * Annie M. P. Smithson – The Walk of a Queen
 * Booth Tarkington – Gentle Julia
 * Sigrid Undset – Korset ("The Cross", third and final part of Kristin Lavransdatter)
 * Urmuz – Bizarre Pages (first samples; written c. 1908)
 * Carl Van Vechten – Peter Whiffle
 * Elizabeth von Arnim – The Enchanted April
 * Edgar Wallace
 * The Angel of Terror
 * The Crimson Circle
 * The Flying Fifty-Five
 * Mr. Justice Maxell
 * The Valley of Ghosts
 * Mary Webb – Seven for a Secret
 * Stanley J. Weyman – Ovington's Bank
 * P. G. Wodehouse – The Girl on the Boat
 * Virginia Woolf – Jacob's Room
 * Francis Brett Young – Pilgrim's Rest
 * Stefan Zweig
 * Amok
 * The Eyes of My Brother, Forever (Die Augen des ewigen Bruders)
 * Fantastic Night (Phantastische Nacht)
 * Letter from an Unknown Woman (Brief einer Unbekannten)
 * Moonbeam Alley (Die Mondscheingasse)

Children and young people

 * Frances Hodgson Burnett – Robin
 * Richmal Crompton
 * Just William (first in the Just William series of 39 books)
 * More William
 * Dorothy Canfield Fisher – Rough-Hewn
 * Hugh Lofting – The Voyages of Doctor Dolittle
 * Hendrik Willem van Loon – The Story of Mankind (non-fiction)
 * E. Nesbit – The Lark
 * Beatrix Potter – Cecily Parsley's Nursery Rhymes
 * Carl Sandburg – Rootabaga Stories
 * Walter Scott Story – Skinny Harrison Adventure
 * Margery Williams – The Velveteen Rabbit or How Toys Become Real

Drama

 * Imtiaz Ali Taj – Anarkali
 * Arnolt Bronnen – Parricide (Vatermord)
 * Karel Čapek – The Makropulos Affair (Věc Makropulos)
 * Jean Cocteau – Antigone
 * J. B. Fagan (adaptation) – Treasure Island
 * Arthur Goodrich – So This Is London
 * Ian Hay – The Happy Ending
 * Hugo von Hofmannsthal – The Great World Theatre (Das Salzburger große Welttheater)
 * Lauw Giok Lan – Pendidikan jang Kliroe
 * Eugene O'Neill – The Hairy Ape
 * Ouyang Yuqian (欧阳予倩) – After Returning Home (回家以后)
 * Luigi Pirandello
 * Henry IV (Enrico IV)
 * Clothing the Naked (Vestire gli ignudi)
 * The Imbecile (L'imbecille)
 * Percy Bysshe Shelley – The Cenci (first public performance in England)
 * Carl Sternheim – The Fossil (Das Fossil)
 * Tian Han (田漢)
 * A Night in the Coffee Shop (Kafeidian Yi Ye)
 * Before Lunch (Wufan Zhiqian))
 * Ernst Toller – The Machine-Wreckers (Die Maschinenstürmer)
 * Ben Travers – The Dippers
 * Arthur Valentine – Tons of Money
 * John Willard – The Cat and the Canary

Poetry

 * Mário de Andrade – Paulicéia Desvairada (Hallucinated City)
 * Manuel Maples Arce – Andamios interiores (Poemas radiograficos)
 * Edmund Blunden – The Shepherd, and Other Poems of Peace and War
 * A. E. Coppard – Hips and Haws
 * T. S. Eliot – The Waste Land
 * Thomas Hardy – Late Lyrics and Earlier, with Many Other Verses
 * A. E. Housman – Last Poems
 * Claude McKay – Harlem Shadows
 * Isaac Rosenberg (killed 1918) – Poems
 * Sacheverell Sitwell – The Hundred and One Harlequins, and Other Poems
 * Birger Sjöberg – Fridas Bok
 * César Vallejo – Trilce
 * Mohammad Yamin – Tanah Air

Non-fiction

 * E. E. Cummings – The Enormous Room
 * Albert Einstein – The Meaning of Relativity: Four Lectures Delivered at Princeton University, May 1921
 * Leonora Eyles – The Woman in the Little House
 * Benjamin Fondane – Imagini și cărți din Franța
 * James George Frazer – The Golden Bough
 * Magema Magwaza Fuze (died 1922) – Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakona (The Black People and Whence They Came)
 * Frank Harris – My Life and Loves (publication begins)
 * Agnes Jekyll – Kitchen Essays
 * T. E. Lawrence – Seven Pillars of Wisdom (private edition)
 * Walter Lippmann – Public Opinion
 * James O. McKinsey – Budgetary Control
 * Bronisław Malinowski – Argonauts of the Western Pacific
 * W. Somerset Maugham – On a Chinese Screen
 * Hans Prinzhorn – Artistry of the Mentally Ill
 * Radu Rosetti – Amintiri
 * G. M. Trevelyan – British History in the Nineteenth Century, 1782–1901
 * Hendrik Willem van Loon – The Story of Mankind
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein – Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus

Births

 * January 1 – Idris Jamma', Sudanese poet (died 1980)
 * January 10 – Terence Kilmartin, Irish journalist and translator (died 1991)
 * January 22 – Howard Moss, American poet, playwright, and critic (died 1987)
 * January 23 – Vernon Scannell, British poet (died 2007)
 * February 6 – Denis Norden, English comedy writer (died 2018)
 * February 18 – Helen Gurley Brown, American editor and publisher (died 2012)
 * March 7 – Sara Woods, British crime fiction writer (died 1985)
 * March 12 – Jack Kerouac, American author of On the Road (died 1969)
 * March 27 – Dick King-Smith, English children's author (died 2011)
 * April 2 – Zenia Larsson, Polish-Swedish writer and sculptor of Jewish descent (died 2007)
 * April 4 – Máire Mhac an tSaoi, Irish poet and scholar (died 2021)
 * April 13 – John Braine, English novelist (died 1986)
 * April 16
 * Kingsley Amis, English novelist (died 1995)
 * Samuel Youd (John Christopher), English science fiction novelist (died 2012)
 * April 22 – Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Cuban novelist (died 2005)
 * April 28 – Alistair MacLean, Scottish novelist (died 1987)
 * May 6 – Alan Ross, Indian-born English poet and editor (died 2001)
 * May 8 – Mary Q. Steele, American naturalist and author (died 1992)
 * May 27 – Sidney Keyes, English poet (died 1943)
 * May 30 – Hal Clement, American science fiction writer (died 2003)
 * June 2 – Božena Mačingová, Slovak writer, author of books for children and young adults (died 2017)
 * June 11 – Erving Goffman, Canadian sociologist (died 1982)
 * June 29 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslav poet (died 1991)
 * June 30 – Mollie Hunter, Scottish novelist and children's writer (died 2012)
 * July 12 – Michael Ventris, English translator (died 1956)
 * July 15 – Cathal Ó Sándair, Irish language novelist (died 1996)
 * July 17 – Donald Davie, English poet (died 1995)
 * July 19 – George McGovern, American author and politician (died 2012)
 * August 9 – Philip Larkin, English poet (died 1985)
 * August 18 – Alain Robbe-Grillet, French novelist (died 2008)
 * September 12 – Jackson Mac Low, American poet (died 2004)
 * October 3 – Raffaele La Capria, Italian novelist and screenwriter (died 2022)
 * October 21 – Peter Demetz, Czech-born American scholar of German literature (died 2024)
 * November 11 – Kurt Vonnegut, American novelist (died 2007)
 * November 16 – José Saramago, Portuguese writer (died 2010)
 * November 29 – Michael Howard, English historian, author and academic (died 2019)
 * November 26 – Charles M. Schulz, American cartoonist (died 2000)
 * December 11 – Grace Paley, American writer (died 2007)
 * December 28 – Stan Lee, American comic-book writer and editor (died 2018)
 * December 29 – William Gaddis, American novelist (died 1998)
 * December 30 – Jane Langton, American author and illustrator (died 2018)
 * December – Lu Yongfu, Chinese translator

Deaths

 * January 3 – Berthold Delbrück, German linguist (born 1842)
 * January 12 – Thomas Gibson Bowles, English founder of The Lady and Vanity Fair (born 1881)
 * January 27
 * Nellie Bly, American journalist (born 1864)
 * Giovanni Verga, Italian author (born 1840)
 * February 3
 * Sarah Newcomb Merrick, Canadian-born American writer, teacher, and physician (born 1844)
 * John Butler Yeats, Irish artist and poet (born 1839)
 * February 21 – Nellie Blessing Eyster, American journalist, writer, and reformer (born 1836)
 * February 25 – Emma Southwick Brinton, American army nurse and foreign correspondent (born 1834)
 * March 20 – Lizzie P. Evans-Hansell, American novelist and short-story writer (born 1836)
 * June 12 – Wolfgang Kapp, Prussian journalist (born 1858)
 * June 28 – Velimir Khlebnikov, Russian writer (born 1885)
 * July 4 – Laura Rosamond White, American author, poet, editor (born 1844)
 * July 8 – Mori Ōgai (森鷗外), Japanese novelist and poet (born 1862)
 * July 26 – Ehrman Syme Nadal, American author (born 1843)
 * August 14
 * Barbara Galpin, American journalist (born 1855)
 * Alfred Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe, British newspaper proprietor (born 1865)
 * August 25 – Edward George Honey, Australian journalist (born 1885)
 * August 29 – Georges Sorel, French philosopher (born 1847)
 * September 2 – Henry Lawson, Australian poet (born 1867)
 * September 4 – George R. Sims, English writer (born 1847)
 * September 10 – Wilfrid Scawen Blunt, English poet and radical (born 1840)
 * October 13 – Elizabeth Williams Champney, American author (born 1850)
 * October 22 – Lyman Abbott, American theologian (born 1835)
 * October 30 – Géza Gárdonyi, Hungarian historical novelist (born 1863)
 * November 1 – Lima Barreto, Brazilian novelist and journalist (born 1881)
 * November 18 – Marcel Proust, French author (born 1871)
 * November 24 – Erskine Childers, Irish historian and novelist (born 1870)
 * November 27 – Alice Meynell, English poet (born 1847)
 * December 13 – Hannes Hafstein, Icelandic poet and prime minister (born 1861)
 * December 19 – Clementina Black, English novelist and political writer (born 1853)
 * unknown date – Mary Anna Needell (Mrs. J. H. Needell), English novelist (born 1830)

Awards

 * Hawthornden Prize for poetry: Edmund Blunden
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: David Garnett, Lady into Fox
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Percy Lubbock, Earlham
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Hendrik Willem van Loon, The Story of Mankind
 * Nobel Prize in Literature: Jacinto Benavente
 * Prix Goncourt: Henri Béraud, Le Martyre de l'obèse
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Eugene O'Neill, Anna Christie
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Edwin Arlington Robinson, Collected Poems
 * Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: Booth Tarkington, Alice Adams

title: 1922 in literature


text:
1899 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1899.

Events

 * January 21 – The French actress Sarah Bernhardt, having taken over management of the Paris theatre she renames the Théâtre Sarah-Bernhardt, opens it in the title rôle of Victorien Sardou's La Tosca. On May 20 she premières an adaptation of Shakespeare's Hamlet, with herself in the title rôle.
 * March 20 – W. H. Davies, "tramp-poet", loses his foot trying to jump on a freight train at Renfrew, Ontario.
 * April – Karl Kraus establishes the radical periodical Die Fackel (The Torch) in Vienna.
 * April–June – Rainer Maria Rilke, still an art student at the time, travels to Moscow to meet Leo Tolstoy.
 * May–December – The only work of fiction by the British politician Winston Churchill, Savrola: A Tale of the Revolution in Laurania, is serialised in Macmillan's Magazine.
 * May – Jack London's first published work, the short story "A Thousand Deaths", appears in The Black Cat; its acceptance convinces London that he can make a living from literature.
 * May 8 – The Irish Literary Theatre, founded by W. B. Yeats, Augusta, Lady Gregory, George Moore and Edward Martyn, puts on its first production in Dublin, a version of Yeats' verse drama The Countess Cathleen.
 * June 20 – The English writer Edward Thomas, an Oxford undergraduate at this time, marries Helen Noble at Fulham register office.
 * July 31 – Arthur Machen's wife Amy dies after a long illness, an event that has a devastating effect on him.
 * September 1 – The National Theatre in Norway opens with pieces by Holberg and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson's 1862 trilogy Sigurd Slembe.
 * September – The British Mutoscope and Biograph Company's King John (a very short silent film starring Herbert Beerbohm Tree) becomes the first known film based on a Shakespeare play.
 * November – The oldest surviving Japanese film, Momijigari, is shot by Tsunekichi Shibata in Tokyo. It records the kabuki actors Onoe Kikugorō V and Ichikawa Danjūrō IX performing a scene from the play Momijigari.
 * November 6 – William Gillette's play Sherlock Holmes, based (with authorisation) on the writings of Arthur Conan Doyle, opens in New York City with himself in the title rôle.
 * November 7 (October 26 Old Style) – Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya, a reworking of his The Wood Demon (1889), receives its Russian metropolitan première at the Moscow Art Theatre, with Konstantin Stanislavski directing and playing the rôle of Astrov, and Olga Knipper as Yeléna.
 * November 18 – Leo Tolstoy completes his last novel, Resurrection («Воскресение», Voskreseniye), published serially in Niva.
 * December 12 – Herbert Putnam is appointed Librarian of Congress in the United States, where he will introduce in practice the Library of Congress Classification (LCC) scheme.
 * December – The imprisoned William Sydney Porter's pseudonym O. Henry first appears over the short story "Whistling Dick's Christmas Stocking" in this month's McClure's Magazine.
 * unknown dates
 * Curtis Brown (literary agents) is established in London by the American Albert Curtis Brown.
 * Edgar Rice Burroughs begins a brief spell working in his father's battery business.
 * Simon Pokagon's O-gi-maw-kwe Mit-I-gwa-ki (Queen of the Woods) is published, the first novel both by and about Native Americans in the United States.
 * Lin Shu's first translation into Chinese from a Western text, The Lady of the Camellias, is published as 巴黎茶花女遺事.
 * The first series of the Arden Shakespeare under the general editorship of W. J. Craig begins publication by Methuen in London with an edition of Hamlet edited by Edward Dowden.
 * The Bulgarian language is officially codified.

Fiction

 * H. G. Wells – "The Sleeper Awakes"
 * Edith Wharton – "The Greater Inclination"
 * Anna Adolph – Arqtiq
 * Victor Anestin – În anul 4000 sau O călătorie la Venus (In the year 4000, or A trip to Venus)
 * Machado de Assis – Dom Casmurro
 * René Bazin – La terre qui meurt
 * René Boylesve – Demoiselle Cloque
 * Mary Elizabeth Braddon – His Darling Sin
 * Rhoda Broughton – The Game and the Candle
 * Charles Waddell Chesnutt – The Conjure Woman
 * Mary Cholmondeley – Red Pottage
 * Kate Chopin – The Awakening
 * J. Storer Clouston – The Lunatic at Large
 * Ralph Connor – The Sky Pilot
 * Joseph Conrad – serializations in Blackwood's Magazine
 * Heart of Darkness (February–April)
 * Lord Jim (October 1899–November 1900)
 * Stephen Crane – The Monster and Other Stories
 * Cora Linn Daniels – The Bronze Buddha: A Mystery
 * Margaret Deland – Old Chester Tales
 * Maxim Gorky – Foma Gordyeeff
 * G. A. Henty – The Golden Canon
 * Robert Hichens – The Slave
 * E. W. Hornung – The Amateur Cracksman
 * Henry James – The Awkward Age
 * Selma Lagerlöf – The Tale of a Manor (En herrgårdssägen)
 * Octave Mirbeau – The Torture Garden
 * A. E. W. Mason – Man and His Kingdom
 * Arthur Morrison – To London Town
 * Frank Norris
 * Blix
 * McTeague
 * George Paston – A Writer of Books
 * Władysław Reymont – The Promised Land (Ziemia Obiecana; book publication)
 * Somerville and Ross – Some Experiences of an Irish R.M. (stories, first volume in the series The Irish R.M.)
 * Leo Tolstoy – Resurrection
 * Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano – Morsamor
 * Émile Zola – Fécondité (Fruitfulness)

Children and young people

 * Helen Bannerman – Little Black Sambo
 * L. Frank Baum – Father Goose: His Book
 * Tom Bevan – The Thane of the Dean: A Tale of the Time of the Conqueror
 * Géza Gárdonyi – Eclipse of the Crescent Moon (Egri csillagok i. e. Stars of Eger)
 * E. Nesbit – The Story of the Treasure Seekers (first in the Bastable series)
 * Ethel Pedley – Dot and the Kangaroo
 * Josephine Pollard
 * Bible Stories for Children
 * History of The Old Testament in Words of One Syllable
 * History of The New Testament in Words of One Syllable
 * Edward Stratemeyer as Arthur M. Winfield
 * The Rover Boys at School
 * The Rover Boys on the Ocean
 * The Rover Boys in the Jungle (first three in the Rover Boys series of 30 books)

Drama

 * Anton Chekhov –"Uncle Vanya"
 * Arnold Denham (probably with others) – The Kelly Gang
 * Georges Feydeau – La Dame de chez Maxim
 * Clyde Fitch – Barbara Frietchie
 * Henrik Ibsen – When We Dead Awaken
 * Leon Kobrin – Minna or, The Ruined Family from Downtown
 * Mulshankar Mulani – Ajabkumari
 * Arthur Wing Pinero – The Gay Lord Quex
 * Stanisław Wyspiański
 * Klątwa (The Curse)
 * Meleager
 * Protesilas i Leodamia
 * William Young (adaptation) – Ben-Hur

Poetry

 * W. B. Yeats – The Wind Amongst the Reeds

Non-fiction

 * Qasim Amin – The Liberation of Women (Tahrir al- mar'a)
 * Edward Bernstein – Evolutionary Socialism
 * Eliza Brightwen – Rambles with Nature Students
 * Houston Stewart Chamberlain – The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century (Die Grundlagen des neunzehnten Jahrhunderts)
 * Auguste Choisy – Histoire de l'architecture
 * Percy Dearmer – The Parson's Handbook
 * John Dewey – The School and Society
 * Emilia, Lady Dilke – French Painters of the Eighteenth Century (first of four volumes)
 * W.E.B. DuBois - The Philadelphia Negro
 * Sigmund Freud – The Interpretation of Dreams (Die Traumdeutung) (dated 1900)
 * Edward Bruce Hamley (died 1893) – National Defence
 * Elbert Hubbard – A Message to Garcia
 * Gertrude Jekyll – Wood and Garden
 * Arthur Symons – The Symbolist Movement in Literature (first collected edition)
 * Thorstein Veblen – The Theory of the Leisure Class

Births

 * January 17 – Nevil Shute (Nevil Shute Norway), English novelist (died 1960)
 * February 3 – Lao She, Chinese author (died 1966)
 * February 23 – Erich Kästner, German children's author (died 1974)
 * March 8 – Eric Linklater, Welsh-born Scottish novelist and travel writer (died 1974)
 * March 19 – Aksel Sandemose, Danish novelist (died 1965)
 * March 25 – Jacques Audiberti, French playwright (died 1965)
 * April 22 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian-born novelist (died 1977)
 * May 8 – Friedrich Hayek, Austrian-born social scientist (died 1992)
 * May 18 – D. Gwenallt Jones, Welsh poet (died 1968)
 * May 24
 * Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bengali poet (died 1976)
 * Henri Michaux, Belgian-born poet, writer and painter (died 1984)
 * June 7 – Elizabeth Bowen, Irish-born English novelist and short-story writer (died 1973)
 * June 11 – Yasunari Kawabata, Japanese novelist, short-story writer and Nobel laureate in Literature (died 1972)
 * June 18 – Eugène Vinaver, Russian-born English literary scholar (died 1979)
 * July 1 – James Lennox Kerr (Peter Dawlish, Gavin Douglas), Scottish novelist and children's writer (died 1963)
 * July 8 – G. B. Edwards, Guernsey-born writer (died 1976)
 * July 11 – E. B. White, American children's writer and writer on style (died 1985)
 * July 21
 * Hart Crane, American poet (suicide 1932)
 * Ernest Hemingway, American novelist (suicide 1961)
 * August 9
 * Laurence Meynell (Valerie Baxter, A. Stephen Tring), English novelist and children's writer (died 1989)
 * P. L. Travers (Helen Lyndon Goff), Australian children's writer (died 1996)
 * August 24
 * Jorge Luis Borges, Argentinian writer (died 1986)
 * Gaylord DuBois, American author and poet (died 1993)
 * August 27 – C. S. Forester, Egyptian-born English adventure novelist (died 1966)
 * September 30 – Hendrik Marsman, Dutch poet (died 1940)
 * October 19 - Miguel Ángel Asturias, (died 1974)
 * November 10 – Kate Seredy, Hungarian-born American children's writer and illustrator (died 1975)
 * November 17 – Roger Vitrac, French surrealist playwright and poet (died 1952)
 * December 9 – Jean de Brunhoff, French children's author and illustrator (died 1937)
 * December 16
 * Harold Walter Bailey, English linguistics scholar (died 1996)
 * Noël Coward, English playwright (died 1973)
 * December 18 – Peter Wessel Zapffe, Norwegian philosopher (died 1990)

Deaths

 * February 10 – Archibald Lampman, Canadian poet (born 1861)
 * March 16 – Alexander Balloch Grosart, Scottish literary editor (born 1827)
 * May 1 – Ludwig Büchner, German philosopher (born 1824)
 * May 16 – Francisque Sarcey, French journalist and theater critic (born 1827)
 * June 7 – Augustin Daly, American dramatist and theater manager (born 1838)
 * June 30 – E. D. E. N. Southworth, American novelist (born 1819)
 * July 18 – Horatio Alger, Jr., American novelist and children's author (born 1832)
 * August 27 – Vendela Hebbe, Swedish journalist and novelist (born 1808)
 * August 29 – Catharine Parr Traill, English-born Canadian author (born 1802)
 * October 22 – Ella H. Brockway Avann, American educator and writer (born 1853)
 * October 25 – Grant Allen, Canadian science writer and novelist (born 1848)
 * October 27 – Florence Marryat, English novelist and entertainer (born 1833)
 * November 2 – Anna Swanwick, English feminist writer (born 1813)
 * November 13 – Arthur Giry, French historian (born 1848)
 * December 17 – Bernard Quaritch, German-born English bibliographer and bookseller (born 1819)
 * December 18 – Bonifaciu Florescu, Romanian polygraph (ventricular hypertrophy, born 1848)
 * December 22 – Dwight L. Moody, American preacher and publisher (born 1837)

Awards

 * Chancellor's Gold Medal – Arthur Cecil Pigou
 * Newdigate Prize – Harold Edgeworth Butler

title: 1899 in literature


text:
1898 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1898.

Events

 * January 13 – Émile Zola's open letter to Félix Faure, President of France, on the Dreyfus affair, J'Accuse…!, is published on the front page of the Paris daily newspaper L'Aurore. On February 23, Zola is convicted of criminal libel in connection with J'Accuse…!. Following dismissal of his appeal he flees to London (arriving on July 19) to escape imprisonment. In August he begins writing his novel Fécondité in the suburbs.
 * February 5–June 18 – M. P. Shiel's "Yellow Peril" novel The Empress of the Earth, written around contemporary events in China, appears in the Pearson weekly Short Stories (London) and in book form in July as The Yellow Danger; it is frequently reprinted.
 * February 25 – Première of Frank Wedekind's Earth Spirit (Erdgeist), first of his Lulu plays, in Leipzig, in a production by Carl Heine, with Wedekind himself in the role of Dr. Schön.
 * March 25 – O. Henry is imprisoned in Ohio Penitentiary, Columbus, for embezzlement.
 * May 28 – Max Beerbohm succeeds George Bernard Shaw as theater critic of The Saturday Review (London); Shaw introduces him as "The Incomparable Max".
 * June – First appearance of E. W. Hornung's fictional gentleman thief A. J. Raffles in the story "The Ides of March" in Cassell's Magazine (London).
 * December 2 – Moscow Art Theatre's first season opens with a double bill of Emilia Matthai's Greta's Happiness and Carlo Goldoni's The Mistress of the Inn. The successful and influential Moscow Art Theatre production of The Seagull by Chekhov (its Moscow première), would open on 29 December 1898.
 * unknown dates
 * Peadar Ua Laoghaire's story Séadna begins serialisation in Ireland as the first Irish language novel (published in book form 1904).
 * Gerald Duckworth establishes the publishers Gerald Duckworth and Company in London. Henry James's novella In the Cage is among their first year's output.
 * English designer C. R. Ashbee begins book production at the Essex House Press.
 * Joseph Wright's English Dialect Dictionary begins publication.
 * The "Generation of '98" writers and thinkers are active in Spain.
 * The term "Young Poland" is coined after a manifesto by Artur Górski, published in the Kraków newspaper Życie ("Life"), to signify the period of modernism in the Polish arts.
 * Guild of Women-Binders established in London.

Fiction

 * Txomin Agirre – Aunamendiko Lorea
 * Nephi Anderson – Added Upon
 * Leonid Andreyev – "Bargamot and Garaska" (Баргамот и Гараська, short story)
 * Elizabeth von Arnim – Elizabeth and Her German Garden
 * F. W. Bain – A Digit of the Moon
 * L. Frank Baum – By the Candelabra's Glare
 * Arnold Bennett – A Man from the North
 * Vicente Blasco Ibáñez – The Shack (La barraca)
 * Mary Elizabeth Braddon – Rough Justice
 * N. D. Cocea – Poet-Poetă
 * Ralph Connor – Black Rock
 * Joseph Conrad – Tales of Unrest
 * Alexander Craig – Ionia
 * Stephen Crane
 * The Monster and Other Stories
 * The Open Boat and Other Tales
 * Stephanus Jacobus du Toit – Die Koningin van Skeba
 * Paul Laurence Dunbar
 * Folks From Dixie (short stories)
 * The Uncalled
 * Finley Peter Dunne – Mr. Dooley in Peace and in War
 * Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler – Concerning Isabel Carnaby
 * John Fox, Jr. – The Kentuckians
 * Ángel Ganivet – Los trabajos del infatigable creador Pío Cid
 * Maurice Hewlett – Forest Lovers
 * Anthony Hope – Rupert of Hentzau
 * Joris-Karl Huysmans – La Cathédrale
 * Henry James – The Turn of the Screw (novella in The Two Magics)
 * Olha Kobylianska – Valse melancolique
 * Jerome K. Jerome – The Second Thoughts of an Idle Fellow
 * John Luther Long – "Madame Butterfly"
 * Pierre Louÿs – The Woman and the Puppet (La Femme et le pantin)
 * Charles Major – When Knighthood Was in Flower
 * George Moore – Evelyn Innes
 * E. Phillips Oppenheim – Mysterious Mr. Sabin
 * Władysław Reymont – The Promised Land (Ziemia Obiecana; serialization completed)
 * Morgan Robertson – Futility, or the Wreck of the Titan
 * Emilio Salgari – The Black Corsair (Il corsaro nero)
 * Garrett P. Serviss – Edison's Conquest of Mars (serialization)
 * Italo Svevo – Senilità (As a Man Grows Older)
 * Mary Augusta Ward – Helbeck of Bannisdale
 * Theodore Watts-Dunton – Aylwin
 * H. G. Wells – The War of the Worlds (book publication)
 * Edward Noyes Westcott – David Harum
 * Owen Wister – Lin McLean
 * Charlotte Mary Yonge – The Armourer's Prentices
 * Émile Zola – Paris

Children and young people

 * J. Meade Falkner – Moonfleet
 * Kenneth Grahame – Dream Days (dated 1899)
 * K. Langloh Parker – More Australian Legendary Tales
 * Emilio Salgari – Il Corsaro Nero (The Black Corsair – first in the Black Corsair series of five books)
 * Ernest Thompson Seton – Wild Animals I Have Known
 * Jules Verne – The Mighty Orinoco (Le Superbe Orénoque)

Drama

 * Gabriele D'Annunzio
 * Città Morta
 * La Gioconda
 * Sogno di un Pomeriggio d' Autunno
 * R. C. Carton – Lord and Lady Algy
 * José Echegaray – La duda (The Calum)
 * Clyde Fitch – Nathan Hale
 * Jacob Gordin – Mirele Efros
 * John Oliver Hobbes (Pearl Craigie) – The Ambassador
 * Arthur Wing Pinero – Trelawny of the 'Wells'
 * Quintero brothers – El buena sombra
 * George Bernard Shaw – Arms and the Man
 * Iosif Vulcan – Soare cu ploaie (Sunshower)

Poetry

 * Thomas Hardy – Wessex Poems and Other Verses
 * Oscar Wilde (originally as "C.3.3") – The Ballad of Reading Gaol

Non-fiction

 * Catherine Isabella Dodd – Introduction to the Herbartian Principles of Teaching
 * Ebenezer Howard – To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform
 * Fred T. Jane – Jane's All the World's Fighting Ships
 * Sidney Lee – A Life of William Shakespeare
 * Liliʻuokalani – Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen
 * Thérèse of Lisieux (died 1897) – The Story of a Soul (L'Histoire d'une âme)
 * Samuel Liddell MacGregor Mathers – The Book of Sacred Magic of Abra-Melin the Mage
 * A. E. Waite – The Book of Black Magic and of Pacts

Births

 * February 6 – Melvin B. Tolson, African-American modernist poet (died 1966)
 * February 10 – Bertolt Brecht, German playwright and poet (died 1956)
 * February 14 – Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, Argentine writer, journalist, essayist and poet (died 1959)
 * March 12 – Tian Han, Chinese dramatist (died 1968)
 * April 3 – Digby George Gerahty, English novelist (died 1981)
 * April 8 – Maurice Bowra, English poet and humorist (died 1971)
 * April 28 – William Soutar, Scottish poet and diarist (died 1943)
 * May 18 – Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, Turkish poet, author, and playwright (died 1973)
 * May 19 – Julius Evola, Italian esotericist, journalist and philosopher (died 1974)
 * May 23 – Scott O'Dell, American children's author (died 1989)
 * June 9 – Curzio Malaparte, Italian novelist, playwright, and journalist (died 1957)
 * July 8 – Alec Waugh, English novelist (died 1981)
 * July 22
 * Stephen Vincent Benét, American poet and short-story writer (died 1943)
 * Erich Maria Remarque, German novelist (died 1970)
 * August 23 – George Papashvily, Georgian-American sculptor and author (died 1978)
 * August 28 – Malcolm Cowley, American novelist, poet, literary critic and journalist (died 1989)
 * September 1 – Friedrich Georg Jünger, German writer (died 1977)
 * September 9 – Beverley Nichols, British writer and playwright (died 1983)
 * September 13 – Arthur J. Burks, American writer (died 1974)
 * September 15 – J. Slauerhoff, Dutch poet and novelist (died 1936)
 * September 16 – H. A. Rey, German-born American children's writer and illustrator (died 1977)
 * October 9 – Tawfiq al-Hakim, Egyptian novelist and dramatist (died 1987)
 * October 17 – Simon Vestdijk, Dutch writer (died 1971)
 * November 9 – Owen Barfield, British philosopher, author and poet (died 1997)
 * November 14 – Benjamin Fondane, Romanian-born French poet, playwright and critic (died 1944)
 * November 29 – C. S. Lewis, English novelist and children's writer (died 1963)
 * December 27 – W. C. Sellar, English humorous writer (died 1951)

Deaths

 * January 14 – Lewis Carroll (Charles L. Dodgson), English scholar and children's writer (born 1832)
 * January 18 – Henry Liddell, English lexicographer of Greek (born 1811)
 * March 6 – Felice Cavallotti, Italian poet, playwright and politician (born 1842)
 * March 12 – Zachris Topelius, Swedish-language Finnish novelist (born 1818)
 * March 24 – George Thomas Stokes, Irish church historian (born 1843)
 * March 25 – James Payn, English novelist (born 1830)
 * March 31 – Eleanor Marx, English political writer and translator (born 1855)
 * April 13 – Aurilla Furber, American author, editor, and activist (born 1847)
 * May 22 – Edward Bellamy, American novelist (born 1850)
 * June 18 – Alexandru Papadopol-Calimah, Moldavian and Romanian historian, memoirist, and journalist (born 1833)
 * July 14 – Eliza Lynn Linton, English novelist and journalist (born 1822)
 * July 20 – Jean Ingelow, English poet and novelist (born 1820)
 * August 7 – Georg Ebers, German novelist and Egyptologist (born 1837)
 * August 17 – Sir William Fraser, 4th Baronet, English politician, author and book collector (born 1826)
 * September 9 – Stéphane Mallarmé, French Symbolist poet (born 1842)
 * September 20 – Theodor Fontane, German novelist and poet (born 1819)
 * September 29 – William Kingsford, English-born Canadian historian (born 1819)
 * November 29 – Ángel Ganivet, Spanish writer (born 1865; suicide by drowning)
 * December 10 – William Black, Scottish novelist (born 1841)

Awards

 * Newdigate prize – John Buchan

title: 1898 in literature


text:
1897 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1897.

Events

 * January–March – Oscar Wilde, imprisoned in Reading Gaol in England, writes a letter to his lover, Lord Alfred Douglas, De Profundis.
 * January 2 – Newspapers in London erroneously report the death of Mark Twain. It is believed the rumors began when Twain's cousin had become ill. Twain makes his famous statement, "The report of my death was an exaggeration."
 * April–December – H. G. Wells' science fiction novel The War of the Worlds is serialized in Pearson's Magazine (London).
 * April 13 – The Grand Guignol is opened in Paris by Oscar Méténier.
 * May 19 – Oscar Wilde is released early this morning from Pentonville Prison in London, to which he has been transferred from Reading via Twyford the previous night. This afternoon he visits Hatchards bookshop briefly before catching an evening train to Newhaven, on his way to exile on the continent under the pseudonym "Sebastian Melmoth".
 * May 26
 * The theatrical manager Bram Stoker's contemporary Gothic horror novel Dracula is published in London by Constable with a late change of title from The Un-Dead. It will influence vampire literature for the following century. On May 18 he had staged a reading of a dramatised version for copyright purposes before an audience of two at the Lyceum Theatre, London.
 * The original manuscript of William Bradford's history, Of Plymouth Plantation, is returned to the Governor of Massachusetts by the Bishop of London after being taken during the American Revolutionary War.
 * June 22 – Moscow Art Theatre is formed by Constantin Stanislavski and Vladimir Nemirovich-Danchenko.
 * July 2 – The Yorkshire Dialect Society is founded, the oldest such society in England.
 * July 25 – The writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush, where he will write his first successful stories.
 * October – The first issue of Albina, a Romanian literary and agriculturalist magazine aimed at a peasant readership, is published in Bucharest by Ioan Kalinderu, George Coșbuc and Petre Dulfu.
 * November 1 – The Library of Congress Building in Washington, D.C., is opened.
 * December 28 – Edmond Rostand's play Cyrano de Bergerac opens at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris with the theater's director, Coquelin aîné, in the title role. The applause lasts for more than an hour.
 * December 30 – The comedy The White Horse Inn (Im weißen Rößl), by Oscar Blumenthal and Gustav Kadelburg, opens in Berlin. Decades later it will be turned into a successful musical play.
 * unknown dates
 * Hall Caine's novel The Christian: a story is published and becomes the first in Britain to sell a million copies. The author also writes a dramatization.
 * Anna Katharine Green's That Affair Next Door introduces the first female fictional detective character in a novel, Amelia Butterworth, an inquisitive New York society spinster.
 * Benito Pérez Galdós is elected to the Real Academia Española.
 * The publisher Doubleday is founded as the Doubleday & McClure Company by Frank Nelson Doubleday in partnership with magazine publisher Samuel McClure in New York City.
 * The publisher Commercial Press is founded as the first modern publishing organisation in China, by 26-year-old Xia Ruifang and three friends in Shanghai.

Fiction

 * John Kendrick Bangs – The Pursuit of the House-Boat
 * Léon Bloy – The Woman Who Was Poor (La Femme pauvre)
 * Hall Caine – The Christian
 * Kate Chopin
 * A Night in Acadie (short stories)
 * "A Pair of Silk Stockings" (published in Vogue, September)
 * Joseph Conrad – The Nigger of the 'Narcissus'
 * Miguel de Unamuno – Paz en la guerra (Peace in War)
 * Mary E. Wilkins Freeman – Jerome
 * John Galsworthy (as John Sinjohn) – From the Four Winds (short stories)
 * George Gissing – The Whirlpool
 * Ellen Glasgow – The Descendant
 * Sarah Grand – The Beth Book
 * Thomas Hardy – The Well-Beloved (book publication)
 * Victor Ido – Don Juan
 * Henry James
 * The Spoils of Poynton
 * What Maisie Knew
 * Fred T. Jane – To Venus in Five Seconds
 * Hans E. Kinck – Den nye kapellanen
 * Camille Lemonnier – L'Homme en amour
 * Pierre Loti – Ramuntcho
 * Richard Marsh – The Beetle
 * W. Somerset Maugham – Liza of Lambeth
 * Silas Weir Mitchell – Hugh Wynne, Free Quaker
 * Arthur Morrison – The Dorrington Deed Box
 * Bolesław Prus – Pharaoh (Faraon; book publication)
 * Władysław Reymont – The Promised Land (Ziemia Obiecana; serialization begins)
 * Amanda McKittrick Ros – Irene Iddesleigh
 * Robert Louis Stevenson (completed posthumously by Arthur Quiller-Couch) – St. Ives
 * Bram Stoker – Dracula
 * August Strindberg – Inferno
 * Jules Verne – An Antarctic Mystery (Le Sphinx des glaces)
 * Ethel Lilian Voynich – The Gadfly
 * Lew Wallace – The Wooing of Malkatoon
 * H. G. Wells – The Invisible Man
 * Anonymous – Flossie, a Venus of Fifteen

Children and young people

 * L. Frank Baum – Mother Goose in Prose
 * Elsa Beskow – Sagan om den lilla, lilla gumman (Tale of the Little Little Old Woman)
 * Ellen Thorneycroft Fowler – The Professor's Children
 * Rudyard Kipling
 * Captains Courageous
 * The Third Jungle Book
 * E. Nesbit – The Children's Shakespeare

Drama

 * Gabriele D'Annunzio – Il Sogno di un mattino di primavera
 * Octave Mirbeau – Les Mauvais bergers (The Bad Shepherds)
 * Edmond Rostand – Cyrano de Bergerac
 * Arthur Schnitzler – La Ronde (Reigen; first performed 1921)

Poetry

 * Þorsteinn Erlingsson – Þyrnar (Thorns)
 * See also 1897 in poetry

Non-fiction

 * Adolphe Appia – Musique et mise en scéne (Music and Staging)
 * Annie Besant – The Ancient Wisdom
 * Alice Diehl – Musical Memories
 * Émile Durkheim – Le Suicide
 * Gustav Jaeger (translated by H. G. Schlichter) – Problems of Nature: Researches and Discoveries
 * Stéphane Mallarmé – Divagations
 * Nouveau Larousse illustré
 * Ralph Waldo Trine – In Tune With The Infinite: Fullness of Peace, Power and Plenty
 * Edith Wharton and Ogden Codman – The Decoration of Houses

Births

 * January 8 – Dennis Wheatley, English thriller writer (died 1977)
 * January 11 – Bernard DeVoto, American historian (died 1955)
 * January 14 – Wasif Jawhariyyeh, Palestinian Arab diarist, poet and composer (died 1972)
 * January 19 – Natacha Rambova (Winifred Shaughnessy), American dramatist (died 1966)
 * January 27 – Iris Tree, English poet (died 1968)
 * February 1 – Denise Robins, English romantic novelist (died 1985)
 * March 8 – Josep Pla, Catalan journalist and writer (died 1981)
 * March 17 – Barbu Solacolu, Romanian poet, translator and economist (died 1976)
 * March 23 – Béla Hamvas, Hungarian philosopher (died 1968)
 * May 11 – Carola Oman, English historical novelist, biographer and children's writer (died 1978)
 * June 20 – Elisabeth Hauptmann, German writer (died 1973)
 * July 1 – Edward Tennant, English poet (killed in action 1916)
 * July 14 – Myroslav Irchan, Ukrainian storywriter and playwright (shot with many other Ukrainian intellectuals at Sandarmokh 1937)
 * July 15 – R. J. Yeatman, English humorous author (died 1968)
 * July 25 – Basil Willey, English academic literary critic (died 1978)
 * August 11
 * Enid Blyton – English children's author (died 1968)
 * Louise Bogan – American poet (died 1970)
 * September 10 – Georges Bataille, French philosopher, essayist and novelist (died 1962)
 * September 25 – William Faulkner, American novelist (died 1962)
 * September 26 – Michael Joseph, English publisher (died 1958)
 * October 3 – James Hanley, English novelist and dramatist of Irish descent (died 1985)
 * October 4 – Jirō Osaragi (大佛 次郎, Haruhiku Nojiri), Japanese novelist (died 1973)
 * October 17 – Ștefana Velisar Teodoreanu, Romanian novelist, memoirist and poet (died 1995)
 * October 21 – Alexander Lernet-Holenia, Austrian poet, dramatist and fiction writer (died 1976)
 * October 22 – Marjorie Flack, American children's author (died 1958)
 * November 1 – Naomi Mitchison, Scottish novelist and poet (died 1999)
 * November 5 – Hilda Vīka, Latvian poet and novelist (died 1963)
 * November 7 – Herman J. Mankiewicz, American screenwriter (died 1953)
 * November 8 – Dorothy Day, American journalist (died 1980)
 * November 15 – Sacheverell Sitwell, English writer and art critic (died 1988)
 * November 28 – Marcus Goodrich, American screenwriter and novelist (died 1991)
 * December 3 – Kate O'Brien, Irish novelist and dramatist (died 1974)
 * October 23 – Arab Shamilov, Kurdish novelist (died 1978)
 * December 8 – Josephine Bell, English novelist (died 1987)
 * December 26 – Willy Corsari (Wilhelmina Schmidt), Dutch author of detective fiction (died 1998)

Deaths

 * January 24 – Margaret Wolfe Hungerford, Irish novelist (born 1855)
 * February 4 – Walter Gregor, Scottish folklorist, linguist and pastor (born 1825)
 * March 2 – Guillermo Prieto, Mexican novelist, short-story writer and poet (born 1818)
 * March 6 – E. Cobham Brewer, English lexicographer (born 1810)
 * March 7 – Harriet Jacobs, African-American writer (born 1813)
 * March 11 – Henry Drummond, Scottish evangelist and natural historian (born 1851)
 * April 26 – Manonmaniam Sundaram Pillai, Indian scholar and dramatist (born 1855)
 * May 4 – Isabella Banks, English poet and novelist (born 1821)
 * May 12
 * Minna Canth, Finnish writer and social activist (b. 1844)
 * Mary Alice Fonda, American music critic (b. 1837)
 * June 25 – Margaret Oliphant, Scottish novelist (born 1828)
 * July 6 – Henri Meilhac, French dramatist and opera librettist (born 1831)
 * July 20 – Jean Ingelow, English novelist and poet (born 1820)
 * July 28 – Étienne Vacherot, French philosophical writer (born 1809)
 * August 2 – Adam Asnyk, Polish poet and dramatist (born 1838)
 * August 5 – James Hammond Trumbull, American philologist (born 1821)
 * August 8 – Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss historian (born 1818)
 * August 25 – Léon Gautier, French historian (born 1832)
 * September 9
 * Richard Holt Hutton, English critic and journalist (born 1826)
 * Ferenc Pulszky, Hungarian political writer (born 1814)
 * October 23 – Jessie Catherine Couvreur, Australian novelist (born 1848)
 * October 24 – Francis Turner Palgrave, English anthologist (born 1824)
 * October 27 – Gheorghe Chițu, Romanian classical scholar, publisher and journalist (born 1828)
 * November 15 – Lucinda Barbour Helm, American author, editor, and activist (born 1839)
 * November 29 – James Legge, Scottish sinologist, missionary and translator (born 1815)
 * December 17 – Alphonse Daudet, French novelist (born 1840)

Awards

 * Stanhope Essay Prize – John Buchan

title: 1897 in literature


text:
Burbot

The burbot (Lota lota), also known as bubbot, mariah, loche, cusk, freshwater cod, freshwater ling, freshwater cusk, the lawyer, coney-fish, lingcod, or eelpout, is a species of coldwater ray-finned fish native to the subarctic regions of the Northern hemisphere. It is the only member of the genus Lota, and is the only freshwater species of the order Gadiformes. The species is closely related to marine fish such as the common ling and cusk, all of which belong to the family Lotidae (rocklings).

Etymology
The name burbot comes from the Latin word barba, meaning beard, referring to its single chin whisker, or barbel. Its generic and specific names, Lota lota, comes from the old French lotte fish, which is also named "barbot" in Old French.

Description
With an appearance like a cross between a catfish and an eel, the burbot has a serpent-like body, but is easily distinguished by a single barbel on the chin. The body is elongated and laterally compressed, with a flattened head and single, tube-like projection for each nostril. The mouth is wide, with both upper and lower jaws having many small teeth. Burbot have two soft dorsal fins, with the first being low and short, and the second being much longer. The anal fin is low and almost as long as the dorsal fin. The caudal fin is rounded, the pectoral fins are fan-shaped, and pelvic fins are narrow with an elongated second fin ray. Having such small fins relative to body size indicates a benthic lifestyle with low swimming endurance, unable to withstand strong currents.

Geographic distribution
Burbot have circumpolar distribution above 40° N. Populations are continuous from France across Europe and Asia to the Bering Strait. In North America, burbot range from the Seward Peninsula in Alaska to New Brunswick along the Atlantic Coast. Burbot are most common in streams and lakes of North America and Europe. They are fairly common in Lake Erie, but are also found in the other Great Lakes. An anadromous population also lives in the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea. Recent genetic analysis suggests the geographic pattern of burbot may indicate multiple species or subspecies, making this single taxon somewhat misleading.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the burbot is possibly extinct. The last recorded capture was a specimen weighing 0.48 kg, in July 1970, by Stephen Mackinder, from the Cut-off Channel or the Great Ouse Relief Channel, at Denver, Norfolk. In October 1970, it was described in the Guinness Book of Records as the "rarest British fish" which was "almost extinct", so it had been "agreed that no record for this species should be published, at least until 1974, in the interests of conservation". The burbot may still survive in the UK. The counties of Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Yorkshire (particularly the River Derwent or Yorkshire Ouse) seem to be the strongest candidates for areas in which the species might yet survive. Plans to reintroduce this freshwater member of the cod family back into British waters are under investigation.

Habitat
Burbot live in large, cold rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, primarily preferring freshwater habitats, but able to thrive in brackish environments for spawning. For some time of the year, the burbot lives under ice, and it requires frigid temperatures to breed. During the summer, they are typically found in the colder water below the thermocline. In Lake Superior, burbot can live at depths below 300 m. As benthic fish, they tolerate an array of substrate types, including mud, sand, rubble, boulder, silt, and gravel, for feeding. Adults construct extensive burrows in the substrate for shelter during the day. Burbot are active crepuscular hunters. Burbot populations are adfluvial during the winter, and they migrate to near-shore reefs and shoals to spawn, preferring spawning grounds of sand or gravel.

Life history
Burbot reach sexual maturity at between four and seven years of age. Spawning season typically occurs between December and March, often under ice at extremely low temperatures ranging between 1 and 4 °C. During a relatively short season lasting from two to three weeks, burbot spawn multiple times, but not every year.

As broadcast spawners, burbot do not have an explicit nesting site, but rather release eggs and sperm into the water column to drift and settle. When spawning, many male burbot gather around one or two females, forming a spawning ball. Writhing in the open water, males and females simultaneously release sperm and eggs. Depending on water temperatures, the incubation period of the eggs lasts from 30 to 128 days. Fertilized eggs then drift until they settle into cracks and voids in the substrate.

Depending on body size, female burbot fecundity ranges from 63,000 to 3,478,000 eggs for each clutch. Rate of growth, longevity, and age of sexual maturity of burbot are strongly correlated with water temperature; large, older individuals produce more eggs than small, younger individuals. Eggs are round with a large oil globule, about 1 mm in diameter and have an optimal incubation range between 1 and 7 C.

Newly hatched burbot larvae are pelagic, passively drifting in the open water. Habitats near 4 °C are optimal for burbot and they prefer water temperatures of 12 °C and lower. By night, juveniles are active, taking shelter during the day under rocks and other debris. Growing rapidly in their first year, burbot reach between 11 and 12 cm in total length by late fall. During their second year of life, burbot on average grow another 10 cm.

Burbot transition from pelagic habitats to benthic environments as they reach adulthood, around five years old. Average length of burbot by maturity is about 40 cm, with slight sexual dimorphism. Maximum lengths range between 30 and 120 cm, and weights range from 1.0 to 12 kg.

Diet and predators
At the larval stage, month-old burbot begin exogenous feeding, consuming food through the mouth and digesting in the intestines. Burbot at the larval stage and into the juvenile stage feed on invertebrates based on size. Under 1 cm, burbot eat copepods and cladocerans, and above 1-2 cm, zooplankton and amphipods. As adults, they are primarily piscivores, preying on lamprey, whitefish, grayling, young northern pike, suckers, stickleback, trout, and perch. At times, burbot also eat insects and other macroinvertebrates, and have been known to eat frogs, snakes, and birds. Having such a wide diet is also correlated to their tendency to bite lures, making them very easy to catch. Burbot are preyed upon by northern pike, muskellunge, and some lamprey species.

Commercial significance
A book written in 1590 in England notes that burbot were so common that they were used to feed hogs.

The burbot is edible. In Finland, its roe and liver are highly regarded as delicacies, as is the fish itself. An annual spearfishing tournament is held near Roblin, Manitoba. One of the highlights of the tournament is the fish fry, where the day's catch is served deep-fried. When cooked, burbot meat tastes very similar to American lobster, leading to the burbot's nickname of "poor man's lobster".

In the 1920s, Minnesota druggist Theodore "Ted" H. Rowell and his father, Joseph Rowell, a commercial fisherman on Lake of the Woods, were using the burbot as feed for the foxes on Joe's blue fox farm. They discovered the burbot contained something that improved the quality of the foxes' furs; this was confirmed by the fur buyers, who commented that these furs were superior to other furs they were seeing. Ted Rowell felt it was something in the burbot, so he extracted some oil and sent it away to be assayed. The result of the assay was that the liver of the burbot has three to four times the potency in vitamin D, and four to 10 times in vitamin A, than "good grades" of cod-liver oil. Their vitamin content varies from lake to lake, where their diets may have some variation. Additionally, liver makes up about 10% of the fish's total body weight, and its liver is six times the size of those of freshwater fish of comparable size. The oil is lower in viscosity, and more rapidly digested and assimilated than most other fish-liver oils. Rowell went on to found the Burbot Liver Products Company, which later became Rowell Laboratories, Inc.

Angling
The IGFA recognizes the world-record burbot as caught on Lake Diefenbaker, Saskatchewan, Canada, by Sean Konrad on 27 March 2010. The fish weighed 25 lb.

The burbot is a tenacious predator, which sometimes attacks other fish of almost the same size, and as such, can be a nuisance fish in waters where it is not native. Recent discoveries of burbot in the Green River at Flaming Gorge Reservoir in Utah have concerned wildlife biologists, who fear the burbot could decimate the sport-fish population in what is recognized as one of the world's top brown trout fisheries, because it often feeds on the eggs of other fish in the lake, such as sockeye salmon. The Utah Division of Fish and Game has instituted a "no release" "catch and kill" regulation for the burbot in Utah waterways. However, the regulations have been found to be largely unenforceable.

The town of Walker, Minnesota, holds an International Eelpout Festival every winter on Leech Lake. The festival received national attention on 4 March 2011, when a correspondent from The Tonight Show with Jay Leno did a segment on the event.

Conservation status
Burbot populations are difficult to study, due to their deep habitats and reproduction under ice. Although burbot global distribution is widespread and abundant, many populations have been threatened or extirpated. Ichthyologists and taxonomists are strongly advising to look into the old taxonomical due to new genetic insights there are two species of burbot: the European burbot (Lota lota) and the North-American burbot (Lota maculosa). As the burbot lacks popularity in commercial fishing, many regions do not even consider management plans. Pollution and habitat change, such as river damming, appear to be the primary causes for riverine burbot population declines, while pollution and the adverse effects of invasive species have the greatest influence on lacustrine populations. Management of burbot is on low priority, being nonexistent in some regions.

The Kootenai tribe of Idaho and their partners engaged conservation efforts to the burbot populations.

title: Burbot