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Dead Man Walking (book)

Dead Man Walking (1993) is a work of non-fiction by Sister Helen Prejean, a Roman Catholic nun and one of the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Medaille based in New Orleans. Arising from her work as a spiritual adviser to two convicted murderers on death row, the book is set largely at the Louisiana State Penitentiary (Angola) in West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana. It examines moral issues related to the men's acknowledgement of their crimes and to the state's use of the death penalty.

Background
Prejean has become a leading advocate for the abolition of capital punishment in the United States. Her campaign was initiated following her correspondence and visits that she maintained with two convicted murderers. She began this ministry in 1982. The first man was Elmo Patrick Sonnier, who was sentenced to death for the murder of a teenage couple. She visited Sonnier in prison and agreed to be his spiritual adviser in the months leading up to his execution in the electric chair. The second was Robert Lee Willie for whom she also served as spiritual adviser.

Prejean gained insight into the minds of the convicted murderers, the process involved in executions, and the effects on the prison guards and other personnel. She became convinced that the state's use of the death penalty was morally wrong and began speaking out against capital punishment. At the same time, she founded Survive, an organization devoted to providing counseling to the families of victims of violence.

Name
The title of the book comes from a once-traditional phrase in American prisons to designate men who had been sentenced to death. They were held on what was known as death row and were deprived of most social contact and barred from work or participation in prison programs. Prior to the 1960s, when guards would lead a condemned man down the prison hallway, they would call out, "Dead man walking! Dead man walking here!" The origin of the phrase is unknown. It may have been to warn other staff or prisoners to let them know that they should be on their guard since a death row prisoner has nothing to lose and could be violent. It may also have been a kind of honorific declamation, to let other prisoners know that they should move out of the way, death row prisoners being seen as an elite within the prison system. Alternatively, the call may have been a stigma attached to the condemned man, to remind others within earshot not to touch him to avoid catching his bad luck. In any case, its symbolism is clear: the condemned prisoner, in the eyes of the law, was dead already.

Film
In 1995, a film based on the book was made, starring Susan Sarandon and Sean Penn.

Opera
The book was adapted as an opera of the same name, composed by Jake Heggie with a libretto by playwright Terrence McNally. It premiered at the San Francisco Opera in October 2000. The international premiere of the opera was in August 2003, in Adelaide. It has been produced in several other cities, including by the Union Avenue Opera in St. Louis, Missouri. In November 2019, Lyric Opera of Chicago presented their premiere of the opera. It premiered at the Metropolitan Opera in September 2023.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dead Man Walking (book)


text:
Jetboat

A jetboat is a boat propelled by a jet of water ejected from the back of the craft. Unlike a powerboat or motorboat that uses an external propeller in the water below or behind the boat, a jetboat draws the water from under the boat through an intake and into a pump-jet inside the boat, before expelling it through a nozzle at the stern.

The modern jetboat was developed by New Zealand engineer Sir William Hamilton in the mid-1950s. His goal was a boat to run up the fast-flowing rivers of New Zealand that were too shallow for propellers.

Previous attempts at waterjet propulsion had very short lifetimes, generally due to the inefficient design of the units and the fact that they offered few advantages over conventional propellers. Unlike these previous waterjet developments, such as Campini's and the Hanley Hydrojet, Hamilton had a specific need for a propulsion system to operate in very shallow water, and the waterjet proved to be the ideal solution. The popularity of the jet unit and jetboat increased rapidly. It was found the waterjet was better than propellers for a wide range of vessel types, and waterjets are now used widely for many high-speed vessels including passenger ferries, rescue craft, patrol boats and offshore supply vessels.

Jetboats are highly manoeuvrable, and many can be reversed from full speed and brought to a stop within little more than their own length, in a manoeuvre known as a "crash stop". The well known Hamilton turn or "jet spin" is a high-speed manoeuvre where the boat's engine throttle is cut, the steering is turned sharply and the throttle opened again, causing the boat to spin quickly around with a large spray of water.

There is no engineering limit to the size of jetboats, though whether they are useful depends on the type of application. Classic prop-drives are generally more efficient and economical at low speeds, up to about 20 kn, but as boat speed increases, the extra hull resistance generated by struts, rudders, shafts and so on means waterjets are more efficient up to 50 kn. For very large propellers turning at slow speeds, such as in tugboats, the equivalent size waterjet would be too big to be practical. The vast majority of waterjet units are therefore installed in high-speed vessels and in situations where shallow draught, maneuverability, and load flexibility are the main concerns.

The biggest jet-driven vessels are found in military use and the high-speed passenger and car ferry industry. South Africa's Valour-class frigate s (approximately 120 m long) and the 127 m long United States Littoral Combat Ship are among the biggest jet-propelled vessels. Even these vessels are capable of performing "crash stops".

Function

A conventional screw propeller works within the body of water below a boat hull, effectively "screwing" through the water to drive a vessel forward by generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the propeller blades and by accelerating a mass of water rearward. By contrast, a waterjet unit delivers a high-pressure "push" from the stern of a vessel by accelerating a volume of water as it passes through a specialised pump mounted above the waterline inside the boat hull. Both methods yield thrust due to Newton's third law— every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

In a jetboat, the waterjet draws water from beneath the hull, where it passes through a series of impellers and stators – known as stages – which increase the velocity of the waterflow. Most modern jets are single-stage, while older waterjets may have as many as three stages. The tail section of the waterjet unit extends out through the transom of the hull, above the waterline. This jetstream exits the unit through a small nozzle at high velocity to push the boat forward. Steering is accomplished by moving this nozzle to either side, or less commonly, by small gates on either side that deflect the jetstream. Because the jetboat relies on the flow of water through the nozzle for control, it is not possible to steer a conventional jetboat without the engine running.

Unlike conventional propeller systems where the rotation of the propeller is reversed to provide astern movement, a waterjet will continue to pump normally while a deflector is lowered into the jetstream after it leaves the outlet nozzle. This deflector redirects thrust forces forward to provide reverse thrust. Most highly developed reverse deflectors redirect the jetstream down and to each side to prevent recirculation of the water through the jet again, which may cause aeration problems, or increase reverse thrust. Steering is still available with the reverse deflector lowered so the vessel will have full maneuverability. With the deflector lowered about halfway into the jetstream, forward and reverse thrust are equal so the boat maintains a fixed position, but steering is still available to allow the vessel to turn on the spot – something which is impossible with a conventional single propeller.

Unlike hydrofoils, which use underwater wings or struts to lift the vessel clear of the water, standard jetboats use a conventional planing hull to ride across the water surface, with only the rear portion of the hull displacing any water. With the majority of the hull clear of the water, there is reduced drag, greatly enhancing speed and maneuverability, so jetboats are normally operated at planing speed. At slower speeds with less water pumping through the jet unit, the jetboat will lose some steering control and maneuverability and will quickly slow down as the hull comes off its planing state and hull resistance is increased. However, loss of steering control at low speeds can be overcome by lowering the reverse deflector slightly and increasing throttle – so an operator may increase thrust and thus control without increasing boat speed itself. A conventional river-going jetboat will have a shallow-angled (but not flat-bottomed) hull to improve its high-speed cornering control and stability, while also allowing it to traverse very shallow water. At speed, jetboats can be safely operated in less than 7.5 cm (3 inches) of water.

One of the most significant breakthroughs, in the development of the waterjet, was to change the design so it expelled the jetstream above the water line, contrary to many people's intuition. Hamilton discovered early on that this greatly improved performance, compared to expelling below the waterline, while also providing a "clean" hull bottom (i.e. nothing protruding below the hull line) to allow the boat to skim through very shallow water. It makes no difference to the amount of thrust generated whether the outlet is above or below the waterline, but having it above the waterline reduces hull resistance and draught. Hamilton's first waterjet design had the outlet below the hull and actually in front of the inlet. This probably meant that disturbed water was entering the jet unit and reducing its performance, and the main reason why the change to above the waterline made such a difference.

Applications

Applications for jetboats include most activities where conventional propellers are also used, but in particular passenger ferry services, coastguard and police patrol, navy and military, adventure tourism (which is becoming increasingly popular around the globe), pilot boat operations, surf rescue, farming, fishing, exploration, pleasure boating, and other water activities where motor boats are used. Jetboats can also be raced for sport, both on rivers (World Champion Jet Boat Marathon held in Mexico, Canada, USA and New Zealand ) and on specially designed racecourses known as sprint tracks. Recently there has been increasing use of jetboats in the form of rigid-hulled inflatable boats and as luxury yacht tenders. Many jetboats are small enough to be carried on a trailer and towed by car.

As jetboats have no external rotating parts they are safer for swimmers and marine life, though they can be struck by the hull. The safety benefit itself can sometimes be reason enough to use this type of propulsion.

In 1977, Sir Edmund Hillary led a jetboat expedition, titled "Ocean to Sky", from the mouth of the Ganges River to its source. One of the jetboats was sunk by a friend of Hillary.

Drawbacks
The fuel efficiency and performance of a jetboat can be affected by anything that disrupts the smooth flow of water through the jet unit. For example, a plastic bag sucked onto the jet unit's intake grill can have quite an adverse effect.

Another disadvantage of jetboats appears to be that they are more sensitive to engine/jet unit mismatch, compared with the problem of engine/propeller mismatch in propeller-driven craft. If the jet-propulsion unit is not well-matched to the engine performance, inefficient fuel consumption and poor performance can result.

title: Jetboat


text:
Geoffrey Rush

Geoffrey Roy Rush (born 6 July 1951) is an Australian actor. Known for often playing eccentric roles on both stage and screen, he has received numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award and a Tony Award, making him the only Australian to achieve the Triple Crown of Acting, in addition to three BAFTA Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. Rush is the founding president of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year.

Rush began his professional acting career with the Queensland Theatre Company in 1971. He studied for two years at the L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq starting in 1975. Rush starred in international productions of Waiting for Godot, The Winter's Tale and The Importance of Being Earnest. He made his Broadway debut in the absurdist comedy Exit the King in 2009, where he received a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performance. He received a nomination for Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actor in a Play for Diary of a Madman in 2011.

He gained prominence for his role in Shine (1996), for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor. His other Oscar-nominated roles were for Shakespeare in Love (1998), Quills (2000), and The King's Speech (2010). Rush gained mainstream popularity for his role as Captain Hector Barbossa in the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise (2003–2017). His other notable films include in Elizabeth (1998), Les Misérables (1998), Frida (2002), Finding Nemo (2003), Intolerable Cruelty (2003), Munich (2005), Elizabeth: The Golden Age (2007) and The Book Thief (2013).

Rush is also known for his performances in television receiving Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie nominations for his portrayals of comedian Peter Sellers in the HBO film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (2004), and scientist Albert Einstein in National Geographic anthology series Genius (2017), winning for the former.

Early life and education
Rush was born on 6 July 1951 in Toowoomba, Queensland, the son of Merle (Bischof), a department store sales assistant, and Roy Baden Rush, an accountant for the Royal Australian Air Force. His father was of English, Irish, and Scottish ancestry, and his mother was of German descent. He has an older sister. His parents divorced when he was five, and his mother subsequently took him to live with her parents in suburban Brisbane. Before he began his acting career, Rush attended Everton Park State High School, and graduated from the University of Queensland with a bachelor's degree in Arts. While at university, he was talent-spotted by Queensland Theatre Company (QTC) in Brisbane. Rush began his career with QTC in 1971, appearing in 17 productions.

In 1975, Rush went to Paris for two years and studied mime, movement and theatre at L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq, before returning to resume his stage career with QTC. In 1979, he shared an apartment with actor Mel Gibson for four months while they co-starred in a stage production of Waiting for Godot.

1979–1995: Rise to prominence
Rush made his theatre debut in the QTC's production of Wrong Side of the Moon. He worked with the QTC for four years, appearing in roles ranging across classical plays and pantomime, from Juno and the Paycock to Hamlet on Ice. Following these, Rush left for Paris where he studied further. Rush made his film debut in the Australian film Hoodwink in 1981. His next film was Gillian Armstrong's Starstruck, the following year. Rush's acting credits include William Shakespeare's plays The Winter's Tale (with the State Theatre Company of South Australia in 1987 at The Playhouse in Adelaide) and Troilus and Cressida (at the Old Museum Building in 1989). He also appeared in an ongoing production of Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest as John Worthing (Ernest) (in which his wife, Jane Menelaus, appeared as Gwendolen).

In the 1990s Rush appeared in small roles on television dramas, including a role as a dentist in a 1993 episode of the British television series Lovejoy. Rush also continued his work in theatre. In 1994, Rush played Horatio in a production of Hamlet alongside Richard Roxburgh, Jacqueline McKenzie and David Wenham in the Company B production at the Belvoir St Theatre in Sydney.

1996–2002: Breakthrough and acclaim
Rush made his film breakthrough with his performance in 1996 with Shine, for which he won the Academy Award for Best Actor. Rush had once learned the piano up until aged fourteen but took up piano lessons again thirty years later for the role in order not to require a hand double. That same year, James L. Brooks flew him to Los Angeles to audition for the part of Simon Bishop in As Good as It Gets and offered him the role, but Rush declined it (it went to Greg Kinnear). In September 1998, Rush played the title role in the Beaumarchais play The Marriage of Figaro for the QTC. This was the opening production of the Optus Playhouse at the Queensland Performing Arts Centre at South Bank in Brisbane. A pun on Rush's name (and the circumstances) was used in the opening prologue of the play with the comment that the "Optus Playhouse was opening with a Rush".

In 1998, he appeared in three major costume dramas. He played Javert opposite Liam Neeson as Jean Valjean in Les Misérables. The film directed by Bille August was an adaptation of the Victor Hugo novel of the same name. Uma Thurman and Claire Danes also acted in the film. He also portrayed Sir Francis Walsingham alongside fellow Australian Cate Blanchett as Queen Elizabeth I in the historical drama Elizabeth. He received a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role nomination for his performance. Finally Rush portrayed Philip Henslowe in the romantic comedy-drama Shakespeare in Love acting opposite Joseph Fiennes, Gwyneth Paltrow, Colin Firth, Tom Wilkinson, and Judi Dench. For his performance he received nominations for Best Supporting Actor from the Academy Awards, British Academy Film Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 1999, Rush took the lead role as Steven Price in the horror film House on Haunted Hill, and played the villain in the superhero comedy film Mystery Men.

In 2000, Rush starred in Philip Kaufman's Quills where he played the Marquis de Sade alongside Kate Winslet, Joaquin Phoenix and Michael Caine. The film was written by Tony Award winning playwright Doug Wright who adapted the film's screenplay from his play. Rush received widespread critical acclaim for his performance with Rolling Stone critic Peter Travers' describing his performance as "volcanic", and "scandalously good". For his performance in the film he received his third Oscar nomination this time for Best Actor. Rush's career continued at a fast pace, with nine films released from 2001 to 2003. In 2002, Rush played Leon Trotsky to Salma Hayek's Frida Kahlo in Julie Taymor's Frida. In the reaction to the #MeToo Movement, Hayek wrote an opinion piece in The New York Times detailing the harassment Harvey Weinstein perpetrated against her. In the article she wrote about her determination to make the movie and praised Rush as a collaborator and for agreeing to act in the film.

2003–present: Established actor
Rush appeared in several films released in 2003. He played Superintendent Francis Hare in Ned Kelly with Heath Ledger, Orlando Bloom and Naomi Watts. He voiced Nigel the brown pelican in the Disney/Pixar animated film Finding Nemo. Late in the year, he appeared in the Coen Brothers romantic comedy, Intolerable Cruelty alongside George Clooney and Catherine Zeta-Jones. Rush starred in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, released in summer 2003, as Captain Hector Barbossa. The film was a massive financial success earning $654.3 million. Rush would continue to reprise the role in its sequels, Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007), On Stranger Tides (2011) and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017). In addition, Rush reprised his character's voice for the enhancements at the Pirates of the Caribbean attractions at the Disneyland and Magic Kingdom theme parks, which involved an audio-animatronic with Rush's likeness being installed (including one at Tokyo Disneyland).

Rush played actor Peter Sellers in the HBO television film The Life and Death of Peter Sellers. For this performance, he won various awards including the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or Movie, Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film, and Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie. In 2005, he appeared in Steven Spielberg's Munich as Ephraim, a Mossad agent. The film is an account of Operation Wrath of God, the Israeli government's secret retaliation against the Palestine Liberation Organization after the Munich massacre at the 1972 Summer Olympics. It was a critical and financial success earning five Academy Award nominations including for Best Picture. In 2017, the film was named the 16th "Best Film of the 21st Century So Far" by The New York Times. In 2006, Rush hosted the Australian Film Institute Awards for the Nine Network. He was the master of ceremonies again at the 2007 AFI Awards.

Rush has appeared on stage for the Brisbane Arts Theatre and in many other theatre venues. He has also worked as a theatre director. In 2007, he starred as King Berenger in a production of Eugène Ionesco's Exit the King at the Malthouse Theatre in Melbourne and Company B in Sydney, directed by Neil Armfield. For this performance, he received a Helpmann Award nomination for best male actor in a play. In the beginning of 2009, Rush appeared in a series of special edition postage stamps featuring some of Australia's internationally recognised actors. He, Cate Blanchett, Russell Crowe, and Nicole Kidman each appear twice in the series. Rush's image is taken from Shine. He also appeared in the musical film Bran Nue Dae as Father Benedictus alongside Rocky McKenzie, Ernie Dingo, Jessica Mauboy, Missy Higgins, Deborah Mailman, Dan Sultan, and Magda Szubanski.

In 2009, Rush made his Broadway debut in a re-staging of Exit the King under Malthouse Theatre's touring moniker Malthouse Melbourne and Company B Belvoir. This re-staging featured a new American cast including Susan Sarandon. The show opened on 26 March 2009 at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre. Rush won the Outer Critics Circle Award, Theatre World Award, Drama Desk Award, the Distinguished Performance Award from the Drama League Award and the 2009 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play. In 2010, Rush returned to the stage, playing Man in Chair in The Drowsy Chaperone on its Australian tour. That same year he also voiced Ezylryb/Lyze of Kiel in Legend of the Guardians and played speech and language therapist Lionel Logue in Tom Hooper's historical drama The King's Speech concerning King George VI, played by Colin Firth, and his speech impediment. The film focuses on their unlikely friendship as they work together after Edward VIII played by Guy Pearce abdicates the throne. The new king relies on Logue to help him make his first wartime radio broadcast upon Britain's declaration of war on Germany in 1939. The film also starred Helena Bonham Carter as Queen Elizabeth, and Jennifer Ehle as Myrtle Logue. The film was a financial success earning $424 million at the box office. Rush's performance was praised by critics and earned him a British Academy Film Award win and nominations for the Academy Awards and Golden Globe Awards for Best Supporting Actor.

Rush returned as Captain Hector Barbossa in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, starring Johnny Depp, in 2011. Rush is also preparing for a film version of The Drowsy Chaperone, an award-winning stage musical. In addition, he voiced the alien Tomar-Re in the film adaptation of the Green Lantern comic book series. In 2011 Rush portrayed Sir Basil Hunter in the Fred Schepisi directed adaptation of Australian Nobel laureate Patrick White's novel, The Eye of the Storm. In 2011, Rush played the lead in a theatrical adaptation of Nikolai Gogol's short story The Diary of a Madman at the Brooklyn Academy of Music. He won for this role the Helpmann Award and was nominated for the Drama Desk Award. From November 2011, Rush played the role of Lady Bracknell in the Melbourne Theatre Company production of The Importance of Being Earnest. Other actors from the 1988 production include Jane Menelaus, this time as Miss Prism, and Bob Hornery, who had played Canon Chasuble, as the two butlers. In 2011, Rush made a cameo in a commercial, The Potato Peeler, for the Melbourne International Film Festival (MIFF), playing a Polish farmer. He spoke his lines in Polish for the part. In August 2011, Rush was appointed the foundation president of the newly formed Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts. He resigned from the post in December 2017 after Sydney Theatre Company announced they had received an accusation of inappropriate behaviour against him.

In 2013, Rush appeared alongside Jim Sturgess in The Best Offer and also appeared in the film version of the best-selling novel The Book Thief. Dennis Harvey of Variety Magazine praised his performance writing, that "Rush generously provides the movie's primary warmth and humor". In 2017, Rush starred in Stanley Tucci's film Final Portrait alongside Armie Hammer. The film had its world premiere at the Berlin International Film Festival. The film received positive reviews from critics earning a 73% from Rotten Tomatoes with the consensus reading, "Final Portrait finds writer-director Stanley Tucci patiently telling a quietly absorbing story, brought to life by a talented ensemble led by Geoffrey Rush and Armie Hammer. That same year, Rush starred as Albert Einstein in the first season of National Geographic's limited anthology series Genius. The series was executive produced by Ron Howard and also starred Emily Watson. Rush won widespread acclaim earning a Primetime Emmy Award nomination as well as Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award nominations. In 2018, upon winning the Screen Actors Guild Award as Winston Churchill for Darkest Hour, Gary Oldman praised Rush as a "giant of acting" along with Robert De Niro, Morgan Freeman, Richard Jenkins, and Denzel Washington. In 2018, Rush played the character of adult Michael Kingley in Storm Boy alongside Finn Little, Jai Courtney, Trevor Jamieson, Morgan Davies, and Erik Thomson. It was released on 17 January 2019.

Theatre
As actor

 As director

Awards and honours
Rush has won what is known as the Triple Crown of Acting, meaning an Academy Award, Tony Award and Emmy Award, which represent film, theatre and television respectively. Over his career he has also received three British Academy Film Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, and four Screen Actors Guild Awards. Rush received his Oscar for his performance in Shine (1996). He has received three other nominations for his roles in Shakespeare in Love (1998), Quills (2000), and The King's Speech (2010). For his work in television he received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Actor in a Limited Series or Television Movie for his performance as Peter Sellers in The Life and Death of Peter Sellers (2003). Rush received his Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his performance in the French absurdist comedy Exit the King (2009).

Rush is the founding president of the Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts and was named the 2012 Australian of the Year. In 2014 he was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) Australia's highest civilian honour, for eminent service to the arts as a theatre performer, motion picture actor and film producer, as a role model and mentor for aspiring artists, and through support for, and promotion of, the Australian arts industry.

Rush has received various honours over his career including the Sidney Myer Performing Arts Awards in 1994. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Letters by the University of Queensland, in Australia in 1998. In 2001 he was awarded the Australian Centenary Medal in the Queen's New Year's Honours List for his services to the arts. In 2003 he received the Hollywood Film Festival for Supporting Actor of the Year. In 2003 he received the Australian Film Institute Award for Global Achievement Award. The following year he received Brisbane International Film Festival's Chauvel Award. In 2009 he received Australian Film Institute Longford Life Achievement Award and was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for his role as an "Influential Artist". In 2011 he was honored with Santa Barbara International Film Festival's Montecito Award.

In 2022, he received the Award for Outstanding Artistic Contribution to World Cinema at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival.

Marriage and family
Since 1988, Rush has been married to actress Jane Menelaus, with whom he has a daughter and a son. Rush lives in Melbourne, and spent several years in Castlemaine, Victoria.

Legal issues
On 30 November 2017, the Sydney tabloid newspaper The Daily Telegraph published a front-page article alleging that Rush engaged in "inappropriate behaviour" onstage with a co-star during the Sydney Theatre Company's 2015 production of King Lear. The story contained no corroboration for the allegations, though the STC divulged to the Telegraph that they had received a complaint about alleged sexual harassment by Rush. Eryn Jean Norvill, who had starred as Cordelia alongside Rush, alleged that the actor had touched her inappropriately without her consent.

The Telegraph's story was picked up by various newspapers in Australia but not by the Melbourne Herald Sun because of concerns that the Telegraph was "running with a yarn which is highly libellous". Rush denied the allegations and, on 8 December 2017, announced that he had filed a defamation suit with the Federal Court of Australia, charging that the Telegraph "made false, pejorative and demeaning claims, splattering them with unrelenting bombast on its front pages". In an affidavit, Rush stated that as a result of the allegations, he had been suffering from anxiety, insomnia and loss of appetite, and felt that "his worth to the theatre and film industry is now irreparably damaged".

The trial was concluded on 9 November 2018. On 11 April 2019, the judge ruled in favour of Rush, awarding him $850,000. In his written statement defending his ruling, Justice Michael Wigney said that none of Norvill's claims were proven, due to her evidence being "not credible or reliable and contradicted by other members of the cast", and that Rush's evidence was overwhelming. He also criticised the Telegraph for "recklessly irresponsible pieces of sensationalist journalism of the very worst kind". A month later, the Telegraph was ordered to pay Rush an extended judgement of $2.87 million. The Telegraph motioned to appeal but the judgement was upheld.

 Further allegations

On 16 December 2018, The New York Times published an interview with Australian actress Yael Stone, who accused Rush of sexual misconduct during the production of a theatre adaptation of Diary of a Madman in 2010 and 2011. Among the allegations Stone made in interviews to the Times and ABC were incidents where Rush angled a hand mirror over a shower cubicle to observe her naked, sent her flirty text messages and danced naked in front of her in her dressing room.

Rush responded in a statement to the Times through his attorneys, saying that Stone's allegations were "incorrect and in some instances have been taken completely out of context. However, clearly Yael has been upset on occasion by the spirited enthusiasm I generally bring to my work. I sincerely and deeply regret if I have caused her any distress. This, most certainly, has never been my intention."

title: Geoffrey Rush


text:
Talk:Dead Man Walking (book)

Electrocution or Injection
Elmo Patrick Sonnier the real person died on a electric chair. Having never read the non-fiction book, I'm confused if he was electrocuted or as written in this wiki article, "died by lethal injection". In Tim Robbin's film adaptation the amalgam character of Matthew Poncelet died by lethal injection. So now I'm confused how did he die in the story? Electrocution like in real-life or lethal injection like in the movie. Please make the correct amendments. by Concerned Reader

Hm, no, I think "autobiographical account of the incident" was better--Prejean glosses over most of her life and focuses on her ministry on Death Row and why she thinks the death penalty is wrong. Koyaanis Qatsi

I would like to request a chapter that precisely depicts the story...Spoiler Warnings of course.

Separation into different articles
It's certainly a good idea to a create separate film article. An opera one already exists and I'll make chages to reflect that.

Vivaverdi 14:42, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

that is undoubtly the thing to do well I m aggree with you. the title should be dead man walking film. thanks salim swati —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.135.45.117 (talk • contribs) 02:46, 2 July, 2006 (UTC)

Agreed. A separate film article is required.

Wrong name
Sister Helen Prejean visited Elmo Patrick Sonnier in prison, not Matthew Poncelet! I'm fixing this, okay? --Angeldeb82 00:18, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Robert Lee Willie
Prehaps it's because only one amalgam character is featured in the Tim Robbins film adaption, but Prejean actually describes her involvement as spiritual advisor with two death row inmates. The first half of the book focuses on Elmo Patrick Sonnier. The second on Robert Lee Willie. But the latter isn't mentioned at all in the article. So, I'm mentioning him. ~Skulking

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title: Talk:Dead Man Walking (book)


text:
Helen Prejean

Helen Prejean (born April 21, 1939) is a Catholic religious sister and a leading American advocate for the abolition of the death penalty.

She is known for her best-selling book, Dead Man Walking (1993), based on her experiences with two convicts on death row for whom she served as spiritual adviser before their executions. In her book, she explored the effects of the death penalty on everyone involved. The book was adapted as a 1995 film of the same name, starring Susan Sarandon and Sean Penn. It was also adapted as an opera by Jake Heggie and Terrence McNally, first produced in 2000 by the San Francisco Opera.

Prejean served as the National Chairperson of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty from 1993 to 1995. She helped establish The Moratorium Campaign, seeking an end to executions and conducting education on the death penalty. Prejean also founded the groups SURVIVE to help families of victims of murder and related crimes.

Early life and education
Helen Prejean was born in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, the daughter of Augusta Mae (née Bourg; 1911–1993), a nurse, and Louis Sebastian Prejean (1893–1974), a lawyer. She joined the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Medaille in 1957.

In 1962, she received a Bachelor of Arts in English and Education from St. Mary's Dominican College, New Orleans, Louisiana. In 1973, she earned a Master of Arts in religious education from Saint Paul University, a Pontifical university federated with the University of Ottawa. She has been the Religious Education Director at St. Frances Cabrini Parish in New Orleans, the Formation Director for the Sisters of Saint Joseph of Medaille, and has taught junior and senior high school.

Death row ministry
Her efforts began in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 1981. In 1982 an acquaintance asked her to correspond with convicted murderer Elmo Patrick Sonnier, held on death row in the Louisiana State Penitentiary, known as Angola. Sonnier had been sentenced to death by electrocution. She visited Sonnier in prison and agreed to be his spiritual adviser in the months leading up to his execution. The experience gave Prejean greater insight into the process involved in executions, for the convict, families, and others in the prison, and she began speaking out against capital punishment. At the same time, she founded Survive, an organization devoted to counseling the families of victims of violence.

Prejean has since ministered to other inmates on death row and witnessed several more executions. She served as National Chairperson of the National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty from 1993 to 1995.

Dead Man Walking
She published Dead Man Walking (1993), an account of her relationship with Sonnier and other inmates on death row, and the factors related to her growing opposition to the death penalty. The book was adapted for a 1995 feature film of the same name; she was portrayed by Susan Sarandon.

Her book also was adapted as an opera of the same name, first produced by the San Francisco Opera in 2000. The libretto is by Terrence McNally and the music composed by Jake Heggie. It has also been adapted as a play of the same name, which was first produced in autumn 2003.

For her book, she drew from her experiences with Sonnier and with the convict Robert Lee Willie. He had been sentenced to death after being convicted of kidnapping and murder in two attacks in May 1980. Prejean also explored the effects that conducting the death penalty has on attorneys, prison guards, other prison officials, and the families of both convicted murderers and their victims. Since then Prejean has worked with other men sentenced to death.

In December 2010, Prejean donated all of her archival papers to DePaul University.

Campaigns, book, and awards
In 1996, she was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, the oldest and most prestigious award for American Catholics.

In 1999, Prejean formed Moratorium 2000, a petition drive that eventually grew into a national education campaign, The Moratorium Campaign, seeking to declare a moratorium to executions. It was initially staffed by Robert Jones, Theresa Meisz, and Jené O'Keefe. The organization Witness to Innocence, composed of death row survivors who were exonerated after being convicted for crimes they did not commit, was started under The Moratorium Campaign.

Prejean wrote a second book, The Death of Innocents: An Eyewitness Account of Wrongful Executions (2004). She tells of two men, Dobie Gillis Williams and Joseph O'Dell, whom she accompanied to their executions. She believes that both men were innocent of the crimes for which they were convicted. The book also examines the recent history of death penalty decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States and the record of George W. Bush as Governor of Texas.

In 1998, Prejean was given the Pacem in Terris Award, named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls on all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in terris is Latin for "Peace on Earth."

Prejean now bases her work at the Ministry Against the Death Penalty in New Orleans. She gives talks about the issues across the United States and around the world. She and her sister Mary Ann Antrobus have also been deeply involved at a center in Nicaragua called Friends of Batahola.

In 2019 she wrote a memoir titled River of Fire: My Spiritual Journey. In it she talks about her spiritual journey leading her to engage in social justice work.

Awards and recognition
Prejean has given commencement addresses to more than 50 colleges and universities around the world.

 * 2019: Blessed are the Peacemakers Award from Catholic Theological Union
 * 2016: Cardinal Joseph Bernardin Award from the Catholic Common Ground Initiative, housed at Catholic Theological Union
 * 2013: Robert M. Holstein "Faith Doing Justice" Award from the Ignatian Solidarity Network
 * 2006: Christopher Award
 * 2002: NUI Galway Honorary Doctorate (LLD)
 * 1998: World Pacem in Terris Award
 * 1996: Pax Christi USA Pope Paul VI Teacher of Peace Award
 * 1996: Laetare Medal

title: Helen Prejean


text:
Talk:Jetboat

Planing
Jetboats Plane, just like a car can water-plane on a wet road when the brakes are applied suddenly. A hydrofoil is a lifting surface/shape in the water that raises the vessel in a similar manner to an aircraft wing. A boat that "planes" rides on the surface of the water because of the force required to displace the water under the boat.kiwiinapanic 05:30 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)

Cameron, fair enough. I thought that's what you trying to describe, but I was doing more copyediting than anything else. Revert at your own discretion Two Halves

Your criticism has improved the article - I think.kiwiinapanic 05:53 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I just want the best Wikipedia we can have. --Two Halves

Manufacturers section
The Manufacturers section currently appears to be an advertisement for JetPac. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

Reversed?
"Jet boats are highly maneuverable and can often be reversed and brought to a stop within its own length from full speed in a maneuver known as a Hamilton turn."

I assume that "reversed" means not that the jet is reversed or the boat, but that the boat is rotated 180°, bring it to a stop or reversing the direction it was traveling in. -- Soupisgoodfood 13:25, 5 February 2006 (UTC)

No real Info
This article lacks any real true details on the marine jet. I suspect this article has been written by a person who does not know much about jet boats, or perhaps own a propeller driven boat.

125.239.223.5 12:14, 27 April 2007 (UTC)Sel Whats the comparison to an hydro foil got to do with a jet boat???? All fast boats plane, it is because they can go faster on top of the water than in it. The jet boat happens to enjoy this advantage as well! There are jet boats specifically designed not to plane, the advantage from a fully protected propeller and a safer boat is reason enough to use a jet. Jets are more efficient at planing speeds, but so are propeller boats.

125.239.223.5 12:14, 27 April 2007 (UTC)Sel Many commercial vessels, such as ferries from 10 to 50 metres, use jet propulsion, because they are more economical to run. It is about time the phrase 'jets are not as efficient as propellers' is put to rest - just look around at any harbour in the world, there will be a number of jet vessels working.

125.239.223.5 12:14, 27 April 2007 (UTC)Sel Hamilton never said he 'invented the jet' - rather he improved it. This was mainly by lifting the nozzle clear of the water, but also because he used an axial design pump improving efficiency. In fact the idea of lifting the nozzle clear of the water was not his idea, it was given to him by an engineering student visiting him. The student, after watching a prototype jet boat performing, mentioned that it was very difficult to control a fire hose, Hamilton did the rest.

125.239.223.5 12:14, 27 April 2007 (UTC)Sel Multiple impellor stages to accelerate the water is not strictly correct. Most commercial jets are single stage, that is they have only one impellor, the water is accelerated further by the slightly tappering design of the housing and nozzle. While speed of the water exciting the jet provides thrust,there are jets that move higher volumes of water for thrust, in fact it is a careful interaction of volume and speed of the water entering and exiting the jet that provides efficient thrust.

125.239.223.5 12:14, 27 April 2007 (UTC)Sel The straightening of the exiting water, i.e. removing the rotation that the impellor imparts to the water, is an advantage that the jet enjoys over the propeller. The torque reaction of a single screw vessel has to be taken into account whereas a single jet has no such issue.

While some boats, usually from 5 to 8 metres use v8 petrol engines for power, they are certainly not the most common motor. I would say the 2 or 3 cylinder two stroke motors in the jet skis are more common, but for the 5 metre range of trailer boats many very succesful jet boats use v6 motors. Generally from 8 metres and above the diesel is king.

A good rule of thumb for a high performance jet boat, 100 hp per ton is the power to weight ratio to aim for. Anything below 70hp per ton is sluggish - this also applies to any other form of propulsion. 125.239.223.5 12:14, 27 April 2007 (UTC)Sel Jet boats are often regarded as not as efficient as a propeller driven boat. This argument is flawed in many aspects, as there are numerous types of jet boats as there are propeller boats, each vessel having a particular design and performance envelope. It is therefore best to compare apples with apples. Jet boat design is more involved than just dropping a motor into a hull, it is important that the hull, motor, and jet unit are correctly chosen for the task at hand. A propeller boat is probably more tolerate of a mismatch in these areas. Over the years many jet boats have been poorly designed often by backyard builders, but sometimes by boat builders themselves. It is often theses vessels which have attracted the attention for comparison purposes. A correctly design jet boat can out perform an equivalent propellor vessel in most areas including economy, and I have never experienced any sloppy handling at slow speeds, at worse a jet will experience less economy at slower speeds.

Other Jet boat advantages: Long life: a well maintained jet unit can easily outlast the motor driving it. Maintenance: Many areas of the jet unit requires less maintenance that it's equivilent propeller vessel. A jet unit is less demanding on the motor. Though this can be dependant on the operator, but an engine in a jet boat in cruise mode will experience a steady load, no matter what the sea conditions are, whereas a propeller vessel will experience a varying load as it pushes through different sea states.

Drawbacks section
The drawbacks section contains the following text: "In my experience, a jet boat will normally use about half the fuel that a boat of the same size does which is propelled by an outboard motor at the same speed." Does anybody know of a source that can be cited instead of this original research?173.48.160.10 (talk) 03:48, 1 April 2011 (UTC)

HANLEY HYDROJET
The article briefly acknowledges the "Hanley Hydrojet". There is, however, regrettably no further Wiki citation.

The "Hydrojet" was patented by (James) Keenan Hanley, who commercialised various related successful innovations, starting from about 1930 well into the late -1950s. His first patented jet boat was the "Edward T Rose" fireboat design #2,276,193. Hanley Engineering Services in Prospect, Marion County, Ohio used a 30-foot steel hull designed by Sparkman & Stevens [sic - Stephens ?], with four centrifugal pumps each driven by a Chrysler engine, to propel as well as impel water through its fire-fighting monitors. During 1942-43, Hanley's delivered 103 such craft to the US Coast Guard. These were used succesfully in shallow water.

In 1948 a slightly larger Fire Float was constructed in Ohio (and then shipped from New York, to the Fremantle Harbour Trust) for use at the main Port of Western Australia, close to the State's capital Perth.

All of the preceeding summary facts are derived from the book "Without a Prop" by David S. Yetman, Dog Ear Publishing 2010, ISBN 978-160844-475-5. The book extensively discusses the modern progression from Keenan Hanley Hydrojet designs; most particularly those from the mid-1950s, in Bill (later Sir William) Hamilton's use of axial turbines for his internationally-succesful New Zealand jet boat developments.

From my personal late-1950s knowledge, the Fremantle Fire Float was only propelled rather slowly up the Harbour by its Hydrojets. Moreover, its on-station manoeuvrability became limited once the harbour sea-water was diverted primarily into its fire-fighting monitors. The WA Museum records that this Hanley Fire Float remained in service on Fremantle Harbour until about 1961. 180.200.140.215 (talk) 08:18, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jetboat


text:
Talk:Maria Theresa

Maria Theresa's reign ended in 1765?
I noticed that Maria Theresa's end date as HRE Empress is October 1765, with her husband's death. However, didn't she co-rule with her son, Joseph, during this time, and therefore she reigned in the HRE until 1780, when she died and Joseph became sole HRE ruler? Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 21:32, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * I believe that she was, as a formality, only HRE empress because her husband was emperor, and not in her own right - it wasn’t hereditary and only a man could be elected. Strictly she was just a consort. So when her husband died, her son was elected emperor and she was technically merely the emperor’s mother. The co-ruler status, whether with her husband or son, was of the Austrian/Habsburg dominions, which is distinct from the HRE - and that, of course, is where her political authority actually lay. So, technically the end date as HRE empress is 1765, but her actual political status continued because she was co-ruler of the Habsburg lands. DeCausa (talk) 21:48, 18 May 2021 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks for the confirmation. Yourlocallordandsavior (talk) 23:34, 18 May 2021 (UTC)

Image change
Someone keeps changing the long standing image of the article as opposed to a state portrait. I will make sure to change it back to the long standing and more well known one in case this keeps happening. Whoever is doing this needs to stop. Dancingtudorqueen (talk) 23:17, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

Slow edit war on the infobox pic
, this seems to have been going on for a while. I don’t have much of a view either way although *I think* the painting by Meytens is the status quo. So consensus is required to change it. Would you both sort it out here please rather than through reverting and edit summaries?. DeCausa (talk) 07:56, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree with the Meytens one - it’s been the long standing image. Dancingtudorqueen (talk) 13:12, 22 October 2021 (UTC)
 * But do you have any other reason why it’s better? Just because it’s the longstanding image isn’t really a reason to keep it. DeCausa (talk) 15:18, 22 October 2021 (UTC)

It’s also the image most frequently used in her biographies and portrayals of her - Gryffindor is using a low quality image with a ridiculously long caption. Dancingtudorqueen (talk) 02:33, 23 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree. And Gryffindor continues to try to insert their preferred image with no adequate explanation. DeCausa (talk) 23:20, 27 December 2021 (UTC)

You cannot remove referenced information without proper cause WP:REMOVAL. None of which you are giving so far. The image you keep on inserting has less importance than the full state portrait that is in the center of Schönbrunn Palace and which has referenced information on its status WP:REFB. See also articles like Louis XIV, George III, George IV, etc. which show full state portraits. Gryffindor (talk) 10:21, 28 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Gryffendor, the Meytens panting is the stable WP:EDITCONSENSUS supported pic that has been there for years. Since August you have been attempting to replace it with the new pic via, to date, 10 reverts. Each of your reverts has been reverted by 5 different editors restoring the Meytens painting -you’re not following WP:BRD and are edit-warring. Per WP:ONUS you need consensus to change it to the image you want - but you don’t have it. Please stop edit warring and respond to the points made. DeCausa (talk) 10:31, 28 December 2021 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:08, 21 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Arms of the Count of Luxembourg.svg

"Mary II of Hungary" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_II_of_Hungary&redirect=no Mary II of Hungary] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Celia Homeford (talk) 09:25, 25 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Maria Theresa


text:
Ralph Fiennes

Ralph Nathaniel Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes (born 22 December 1962) is an English actor, film producer, and director. He graduated from RADA (Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) in 1985. A Shakespeare interpreter, Fiennes excelled onstage at the Royal National Theatre before having further success at the Royal Shakespeare Company. Widely regarded as one of Britain's most well-known and popular actors, he has received various accolades, including a BAFTA Award and a Tony Award, as well as nominations for two Academy Awards and an Emmy Award.

He made his film debut playing Heathcliff in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1992). His portrayal of Nazi war criminal Amon Göth in the Steven Spielberg drama Schindler's List (1993) earned him nominations for the Academy Award and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor, and garnered him the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. His performance as Count Almásy in The English Patient (1996) garnered him a second Academy Award nomination, this time for Best Actor, as well as BAFTA and Golden Globe nominations.

Fiennes has appeared in a number of other notable films, including Quiz Show (1994), The End of the Affair (1999), Maid in Manhattan (2002), The Constant Gardener (2005), In Bruges (2008), The Duchess (2008), The Reader (2008), The Hurt Locker (2009), Clash of the Titans (2010), Great Expectations (2012), The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014), A Bigger Splash (2015), Hail, Caesar! (2016), The King's Man (2021), and The Menu (2022). He lent his voice to the films The Prince of Egypt (1998), Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005), Kubo and the Two Strings (2016), and The Lego Batman Movie (2017). Fiennes starred in the Harry Potter film series (2005–2011) as the main antagonist Lord Voldemort. In the James Bond series he has played Gareth Mallory / M, the head of MI6, in Skyfall (2012), Spectre (2015) and No Time to Die (2021).

In 2011, Fiennes made his directorial debut with his film adaptation of Shakespeare's tragedy Coriolanus, in which he also played the titular character. He followed this with The Invisible Woman (2013) where he portrayed Charles Dickens. In 1995, he won a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for playing Prince Hamlet in the Broadway revival of Hamlet. Since 1999, Fiennes has served as an ambassador for UNICEF UK. Fiennes is also an Honorary Associate of London Film School. For his work in front of the camera, in 2019 he received the Stanislavsky Award.

Early life
Fiennes was born in Ipswich, England, on 22 December 1962. He is the eldest child of Mark Fiennes (1933–2004), a farmer and photographer, and Jennifer Lash (1938–1993), a writer. He is the grandson of Maurice Fiennes, great-grandson of Alberic Arthur Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, and great-great-grandson of Frederick Benjamin Twisleton-Wykeham-Fiennes, 16th Baron Saye and Sele. His surname is of Norman origin.

He is the eldest of six children. His siblings are actor Joseph Fiennes; Martha Fiennes, a director (in her film Onegin, he played the title role); Magnus Fiennes, a composer; Sophie Fiennes, a filmmaker; and Jacob Fiennes, a conservationist. His foster brother, Michael Emery, is an archaeologist. His nephew, Hero Fiennes Tiffin, played Tom Riddle, young Lord Voldemort, in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.

The Fiennes family moved to Ireland in 1973, living in County Cork and County Kilkenny for some years. Fiennes was educated at St Kieran's College for one year, followed by Newtown School, a Quaker independent school in County Waterford. They moved to Salisbury in England, where Fiennes finished his schooling at Bishop Wordsworth's School. He went on to pursue painting at Chelsea College of Arts before deciding that acting was his true passion.

Early work
Fiennes trained at RADA (the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art) in London between 1983 and 1985. He began his career at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, and also at the National Theatre before achieving prominence at the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC). Fiennes first worked on screen in 1990 when he starred as T. E. Lawrence in the British television film A Dangerous Man: Lawrence After Arabia, before he made his film debut in 1992 as Heathcliff in Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights opposite Juliette Binoche.

1990s
1993 was his "breakout year". He had a major role in Peter Greenaway's film The Baby of Mâcon with Julia Ormond, which provoked controversy and was poorly received. Later that year, he became known internationally for portraying the brutal Nazi concentration camp commandant Amon Göth in Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List. For his performance in the film, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and won the BAFTA Award for Best Supporting Actor. His portrayal of Göth also saw him listed at number 15 on the AFI's list of the top 50 film villains. Fiennes gained weight to represent Göth, but shed it afterwards. Fiennes later stated that playing the role had a profoundly disturbing effect on him. In a subsequent interview, Fiennes recalled:

"Evil is cumulative. It happens. People believe that they've got to do a job, they've got to take on an ideology, that they've got a life to lead; they've got to survive, a job to do, it's every day inch by inch, little compromises, little ways of telling yourself this is how you should lead your life and suddenly then these things can happen. I mean, I could make a judgment myself privately, this is a terrible, evil, horrific man. But the job was to portray the man, the human being. There's a sort of banality, that everydayness, that I think was important. And it was in the screenplay. In fact, one of the first scenes with Oskar Schindler, with Liam Neeson, was a scene where I'm saying, 'You don't understand how hard it is, I have to order so many-so many meters of barbed wire and so many fencing posts and I have to get so many people from A to B.' And, you know, he's sort of letting off steam about the difficulties of the job."In 1994, he portrayed the American academic Charles Van Doren in Quiz Show. In 1996, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for the epic World War II romantic drama The English Patient, in which he starred with Kristin Scott-Thomas. Fiennes's film work has encompassed a variety of genres, including thrillers (Spider, Strange Days), an animated Biblical epic (The Prince of Egypt), camp nostalgia (The Avengers), romantic comedy (Maid in Manhattan), and historical drama (Sunshine).

In 1999, Fiennes had the title role in Onegin, a film which he also helped produce. His sister Martha Fiennes directed, and brother Magnus composed the score. Fiennes portrayed Francis Dolarhyde in the 2002 film, Red Dragon, a prequel to The Silence of the Lambs and Hannibal. Fiennes's performance as a sympathetic serial killer with a romantic relationship with a blind girl, played by Emily Watson, was praised, with film critic David Sterritt writing, "Ralph Fiennes is scarily good as [Hannibal Lecter's] fellow lunatic."

2000s
Fiennes voiced Jesus in The Miracle Maker, a stop-motion animated film depicting the life of Jesus, released in 2000.

In 2005, Fiennes starred in Fernando Meirelles's The Constant Gardener acting alongside Rachel Weisz. The film is set in Kenya. It was filmed in part with the actual residents of the slums of Kibera and Loiyangalani. The film received critical acclaim in particular for Fiennes and Weisz's performances. He received a British Academy Film Award nomination for Best Actor in a Leading Role. The situation affected the cast and crew to such an extent that they set up the Constant Gardener Trust to provide basic education for children of these villages. Fiennes is a patron of the charity. Fiennes is also a patron of the Shakespeare Schools Festival, a charity that enables school children across the UK to perform Shakespeare in professional theatres.

That same year, Fiennes voiced Lord Victor Quartermaine in the 2005 stop-motion animated comedy Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit. The role saw him play a cruel upper class bounder who courts Lady Tottington (Helena Bonham Carter) and despises Wallace and Gromit.

Fiennes gained worldwide prominence for his portrayal as Lord Voldemort, the antagonist in the Harry Potter franchise. His first appearance was in the 2005 fantasy film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. He returned to the role for three other films in the series: Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (2007) and both Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010) and Part 2 (2011). In an interview with Empire magazine, Fiennes said his portrayal of Voldemort was an "instinctive, visceral, physical thing".

In 2006, Fiennes returned to the stage in Faith Healer alongside Ian McDiarmid. The revival premiered at the Gate Theatre in Dublin before transferring to the Broadway stage at the Booth Theatre. For his performances, Fiennes received a Tony Award nomination for Best Actor in a Play. In 2008, he worked with frequent collaborator director Jonathan Kent, playing the title role in Oedipus the King by Sophocles, at the National Theatre in London.

In 2008, he played the Duke of Devonshire in the film The Duchess opposite Keira Knightley; he also played the protagonist in The Reader, adapted from the novel of the same name alongside Kate Winslet. That same year he also appeared in Martin McDonagh's black comedy crime thriller In Bruges starring Colin Farrell and Brendan Gleeson. In February 2009, Fiennes was the special guest of the Belgrade's Film Festival FEST. He filmed his version of Shakespeare's Coriolanus (in his directorial debut) in the Serbian capital of Belgrade. Fiennes reunited with Kathryn Bigelow for her Iraq War film The Hurt Locker, released in 2009, appearing as an English Private Military Contractor. They had previously worked together on Strange Days (1995).

2010s
In April 2010, he played Hades in Clash of the Titans, a remake of the 1981 film of the same name. In 2012, he starred in the twenty-third James Bond film, Skyfall, directed by Sam Mendes. He replaced Dame Judi Dench as M in subsequent Bond films. In 2013, Fiennes was both the director and the leading actor (in the role of Charles Dickens) in the well-received film The Invisible Woman.

Though he is not commonly noted as a comic actor, in 2014, Fiennes made an impression with his farcical turn as concierge Monsieur Gustave in Wes Anderson's comedy-drama The Grand Budapest Hotel. Fiennes used his time as a young porter at London's Brown's Hotel to help construct the character. A film critic stated, "In the end it's Fiennes who makes the biggest impression. His stylised, rapid-fire delivery, dry wit and cheerful profanity keep the film bubbling along." For his performance, Fiennes was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor. Film magazine Empire ranked Fiennes's portrayal of Gustave as the 17th Greatest Movie Character of All Time.

In 2015, Fiennes starred in Luca Guadagnino's thriller A Bigger Splash alongside Dakota Johnson and Tilda Swinton. In 2016, Fiennes appeared in the Coen brothers ensemble comedy film Hail, Caesar! which is set in 1950s Hollywood. Fiennes plays the fictional Laurence Laurentz, an acclaimed European film director in the movie. That same year, he lent his voice in the stop-motion animated film Kubo and the Two Strings where he played Raiden the Moon King, Kubo's grandfather. In 2017, he voiced the British butler Alfred Pennyworth in The Lego Batman Movie and reprised the role in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part (2019). In 2018, he directed and starred in The White Crow, a biographical drama film about the Russian ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev. Fiennes speaks some Russian, which enabled him to play Alexander Pushkin in the film. He received the Special Achievement Award for Outstanding Artistic Contribution at the Tokyo International Film Festival for directing the film The White Crow. In 2019, Fiennes played the MI6 agent Norman Darbyshire in Taghi Amirani's feature documentary Coup 53. Darbyshire, who died in 1993, was the co-author of 1953's Operation Ajax, a joint MI6-CIA military coup that overthrew democracy in Iran.

2020s
In 2020, Fiennes voiced a tiger in the family fantasy adventure film Dolittle starring Robert Downey Jr. In the same year, he appeared in the monologue play Beat the Devil by David Hare at the Bridge Theatre in London, and then in the 2021 film version of the play. Also in 2021, he starred in the British drama film The Dig playing the Suffolk archaeologist Basil Brown alongside Carey Mulligan and Lily James. The film received positive reviews with critics praising his performance. The Guardian critic Mark Kermode described Fiennes portrayal as having an "admirable eloquence". Later in 2021, Fiennes starred in Matthew Vaughn's period spy film The King's Man and Cary Joji Fukunaga's James Bond film No Time to Die.

In 2021, Fiennes returned to the stage in David Hare's latest play Straight Line Crazy at the Bridge Theatre in London. In the play, Fiennes portrays New York's legendary urban planner Robert Moses. His performance has received rave reviews with Variety declaring, "Fiennes is all boldly convincing, controlled threat, his monomania teetering on the edge of malevolence". In The Guardian's five star rave review, critic Mark Lawson described Fiennes' performance as "enthralling" and an "acting triumph". It was announced that the production would make its New York stage debut, Off-Broadway at The Shed running from October to December in 2022.

In 2022, Fiennes starred as chef Julian Slowik in the Mark Mylod-directed comedy horror The Menu. For his performance he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy. Also in 2022 Fiennes collaborated with his sister, the filmmaker Sophie Fiennes, translating to the screen his production and performance of T. S. Eliot's poem, Four Quartets. The original on-stage performance was described as "a magnificent theatrical experience" and "a poignant one-man show about a world under threat." In Sophie Fiennes' film "the lens and the screen bring a new, even more intimate, perspective".

In 2023, Fiennes reunited with the director Wes Anderson in the short film The Wonderful Story of Henry Sugar (2023), an adaptation of a short story by Roald Dahl (with Fiennes playing Dahl / The Policeman), and appeared alongside Benedict Cumberbatch, Dev Patel and Ben Kingsley. Fiennes starred on stage as Macbeth in late 2023 as part of Simon Godwin's touring production in the UK. The play, which also starred Indira Varma as Lady Macbeth, was a success, beginning at Liverpool’s The Depot in November, before moving on to Edinburgh, London, and Washington, DC.

Personal life
Fiennes met English actress Alex Kingston while they were both students at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. After dating for ten years, they married in 1993 and divorced in 1997 following his affair with Francesca Annis. Annis and Fiennes announced their separation on 7 February 2006, after 11 years together, in a parting described as "acrimonious", following rumours that he had an affair with the Romanian singer Cornelia Crisan.

In 2007, Fiennes was embroiled in scandal after having sex with a Qantas flight attendant on a flight from Darwin to Mumbai. After initial denials, it was established that they had sex in the plane's lavatory, and the flight attendant's employment was terminated by Qantas. The incident was referenced in the Australian sketch TV show Comedy Inc.

On 7 September 2017, Fiennes was granted Serbian citizenship, signed by Serbian Prime Minister Ana Brnabić.

Advocacy and political views
Fiennes is a UNICEF UK ambassador and has undertaken work in India, Kyrgyzstan, Uganda, and Romania. Fiennes is also a member of the Canadian charity Artists Against Racism.

Fiennes opposed the UK leaving the European Union (Brexit). Following the EU membership referendum in 2016, Fiennes stated, "I'm strongly a remainer. I think that our connection with Europe, faulty as it may be in its current state...it seems to me that the point of the EU was to take down barriers of interactive trade, culture, talk dynamic between cultures, nations."

In a March 2021 interview with The Daily Telegraph, Fiennes offered empathy for J. K. Rowling following a backlash against her comments on transgender people, arguing "I can't understand the vitriol directed at her. I can understand the heat of an argument, but I find this age of accusation and the need to condemn irrational. I find the level of hatred that people express about views that differ from theirs, and the violence of language towards others, disturbing."

title: Ralph Fiennes


text:
Sling Blade

Sling Blade is a 1996 American drama film written, directed by and starring Billy Bob Thornton. Set in Arkansas, it is the story of intellectually challenged Karl Childers and the friendship he develops with a boy and his mother. Karl was released from a psychiatric hospital where he had grown up due to having killed his mother and her lover when he was 12 years old. It also stars Dwight Yoakam, J. T. Walsh, John Ritter, Lucas Black, Natalie Canerday, James Hampton, and Robert Duvall.

The film was adapted by Thornton from his previous one-man show Swine Before Pearls, from which he also developed a screenplay for the 1994 short film Some Folks Call It a Sling Blade, directed by George Hickenlooper. Sling Blade became a sleeper hit, launching Thornton into stardom. Thornton won the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay, and he was also nominated for Best Actor. The music for the soundtrack was provided by French Canadian artist/producer Daniel Lanois.

Sling Blade was filmed in 24 days, on location in Benton, Arkansas, produced by David L. Bushell and Brandon Rosser.

Plot
Karl Childers is a developmentally disabled Arkansas man whose parents physically and mentally abused him when he was young. He has been in the custody of the state mental hospital since the age of 12 after murdering his mother and her teenage lover, who was also his tormentor, with a sling blade. Karl believed his mother was being raped and killed the teen in her defense. When he realized his mother was a willing participant in the affair, Karl killed her as well.

Karl spends his days staring out a window at an open field and rubbing his hands together. As a passive person, he is often forced by serial rapist Charles to listen to stories of his criminal history as a convicted sexual predator. The state determines that Karl is no longer dangerous and releases him. Karl wants to stay and pleads to, but is told that he has to leave. He goes back to his hometown, where he finds work as a small engine mechanic.

Karl befriends 12-year-old Frank Wheatley and shares details of his past, including the killings. Frank introduces Karl to his mother, Linda, and her gay best friend and boss, Vaughan. Vaughan is concerned about Karl's history, but Linda asks him to move into her garage, angering her abusive and alcoholic boyfriend, Doyle. Vaughan tells Karl that he fears Doyle could hurt or kill Linda and Frank one day as he knows personally what a destructive force in a family is.

Karl becomes a role model to Frank, who misses his deceased father and despises Doyle. As they grow closer, Karl tells Frank that he is haunted by an incident that happened when he was six or eight years old. His parents performed an abortion of his unwanted baby brother and made him dispose of the body. Karl found the baby was still moving and buried him alive. Karl later visits his sickly father and tries to reconcile, but is rejected. He scolds his father for his past cruelty to him and to his brother and says that he thought many times about killing him, but no longer sees the need.

During Doyle's latest drunken outburst, where he refuses to leave Linda's house, Frank fights back. Linda later reconciles with Doyle, who announces that he is moving in with them. He tells Karl that he is no longer welcome. When Frank protests, Doyle grabs him, but Karl intervenes and warns him never to touch Frank again. Doyle asserts that Frank will now obey him and orders Karl to leave.

Realizing that an unhappy childhood or worse awaits Frank, Karl persuades him and Linda to spend the night at Vaughan's house. Karl asks Vaughan to promise to look after Frank and Linda. Later that evening, he returns to the Wheatley home carrying a sharpened lawn mower blade, and finds Doyle drunk and alone in the living room. Karl kills Doyle, calls 9-1-1, and then eats biscuits with mustard, a childhood favorite, while waiting for the police.

Karl is returned to the state hospital, but is now more assertive. Charles tells him more stories about his sex crimes and then questions him about his relationship with Frank. This angers Karl, who tells Charles to never speak to him again. As Charles walks away, Karl turns towards him and then resumes looking out of the window toward the open field.

Cast

 * Billy Bob Thornton as Karl Childers
 * Dwight Yoakam as Doyle Hargraves
 * J. T. Walsh as Charles Bushman
 * John Ritter as Vaughan Cunningham
 * Lucas Black as Frank Wheatley
 * Natalie Canerday as Linda Wheatley
 * James Hampton as Jerry Woolridge
 * Robert Duvall as Frank Childers
 * Jim Jarmusch as Deke, the Frostee Cream employee
 * Rick Dial as Bill Cox
 * Vic Chesnutt as Terence
 * Brent Briscoe as Scooter Hodges
 * Mickey Jones as Johnson
 * Col. Bruce Hampton as Morris

Production
Thornton conceived the character of Karl while working on the film The Man Who Broke 1,000 Chains. He developed the idea into a monologue, which became a one man show to fund the film. He expanded the monologue into a short film, Some Folks Call it a Sling Blade, directed by George Hickenlooper and starring Thornton, Molly Ringwald, and J.T. Walsh.

The film was made with a production budget of $1 million financed by The Shooting Gallery, and was sold to Miramax for $10 million, which at the time was a record price for an independent film.

Release
The film grossed $24,444,121 in the United States against a $1 million production budget. It grossed a further $9.7 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $34 million.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 97% based on reviews from 58 critics with an average rating of 8.40/10. The site's consensus states "You will see what's coming, but the masterful performances, especially Thornton's, will leave you riveted." On Metacritic it has a score of 84% based on reviews from 26 critics.

The Washington Post called it a "masterpiece of Southern storytelling". Kevin Thomas wrote in the Los Angeles Times that the film is "a mesmerizing parable of good and evil and a splendid example of Southern storytelling at its most poetic and imaginative". The New York Times critic Janet Maslin praised the performances but said that "it drifts gradually toward climactic events that seem convenient and contrived".

title: Sling Blade


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Talk:Finite set

Cofinite
So now we have:
 * "Ia-finite. Each subset of S is either finite or cofinite or both.",

whereas before there was:
 * "Ia-finite. S is not equal to the union of two disjoint sets neither of which is I-finite."

There are some problems with this. The whole idea is to define finiteness in 8 ways which do not use the traditional definition of ω as a yardstick to measure sets using equipollences or bijections. Now a simple low-level set-theoretic definition has been replaced with the concept "finite" which invokes existence of bijections to and from ω, and cofinite, which most readers know even less well than "finite", and presumably they came to the finite set page to discover what finite means, and now Ia-finite is being defined in terms of finite and cofinite. That really does defeat the core purpose of the 8 definitions, which is to provide simple self-contained logical predicates using the equality and element-of relations to define finite set concepts of various kinds.

Of course, the definition of Ia-finite in terms of finite and cofinite is simpler when you know and understand ω, the axiom of infinity, recursion, and so forth. But that is defining low-level concepts in terms of high-level concepts. I think that Ia-finite should be defined in terms of I-finite. --Alan U. Kennington (talk) 07:40, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

 * I thought about saying "Each subset of S is either I-finite or co-I-finite or both.". But I thought that would sacrifice some of the benefit of a simpler statement. And the line just above says that I-finite "is also equivalent to the normal definition of finiteness". That is, finite = I-finite. This is also stated in the section on Necessary and sufficient conditions for finiteness. JRSpriggs (talk) 09:42, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

Yes, however, Zorn's lemma is equivalent to the axiom of choice, but we don't say that they are the same thing. In fact, I-finite and finite are only equivalent in full ZF. I think they are probably not so equivalent without the axiom of infinity. How do you measure sets against finite ordinal numbers if the set of finite ordinal numbers does not exist.

But the real issue is not what is equivalent to what. The real issue is what is the definition. A definition is a particular logical expression, which may or may not be equivalent to other definitions under particular ranges of circumstances. The whole point of having Kuratowski's definition, Tarski's definition and the old-style numerical definition of finiteness is that the methods of proving equivalence are themselves interesting methods. I don't know how to express it any better than this. There was a move at a point in history to find definitions for finiteness that did not involve bijections to/from the finite ordinals. Dedekind's and Tarski's and Kuratowski's definitions arose from that effort. Substituting the old numerical definition for the pure set-theoretic definitions would defeat the whole spirit of the endeavour.

What I have done several minutes ago is to simply remove the double-negatives so that it read better. Otherwise it is the same as the original, since the equivalence of not-not-P to P is a purely logical matter. --Alan U. Kennington (talk) 09:52, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Yes, I think that the double negative was a big problem. I am glad you fixed it.
 * I appreciate your desire to avoid referring (indirectly) to natural numbers. However, I have shown elsewhere that the natural numbers can be defined as a proper class, if necessary.
 * Some people are familiar with the filter of cofinite subsets or the ideal of finite subsets. I wanted to suggest that the powerset of S is merely the union of that filter and that ideal in this case. JRSpriggs (talk) 10:46, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Even if the natural numbers do not form a set (i.e. ω does not exist), one can still talk about the natural numbers because there is a predicate which separates them from other sets (see Axiom of infinity). If NatNum is that predicate, then
 * $$ \forall M ( \forall r \in M \forall s \in r ( s \in M ) \Rightarrow \forall n \in M ( n \in \omega \Leftrightarrow M \models\operatorname{ NatNum } ( n ) ) ) $$
 * can be proven in V using ZF, even though the transitive model M may only obey the axiom of extensionality and the axiom of induction (which includes the axiom of regularity). JRSpriggs (talk) 07:03, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Ignoring any models, it is well known, and stated and proved in numerous mathematical logic textbooks (and in my own book too), that there is a relatively simple closed formula for the finite ordinals, and that this does not require the axiom of infinity. However, that's missing the point. The point is that many authors over many decades sought definitions of finite sets which did not require comparison via bijections to the set ω, whether that class is specified by a set-theoretic predicate or via an axiom of infinity. The purpose of this was to get a "non-comparative" definition of finiteness, not a definition which defines it in terms of equal cardinality to a finite ordinal number.

In other words, the issue is not the length of the logical predicate which defines finite sets, nor whether an axiom of infinity is required a-priori. The issue is whether one can plug any set into a simple set-theoretic predicate which does not make comparisons to the set ω. Examples of such non-comparative definitions were given by Sierpinski, Dedekind, Kuratowski, Tarski and numerous others. They certainly knew how to define the class of finite ordinals using a set-theoretic predicate, but they were looking something which did not involve von-Neumann-style ordinals at all. (Nor any other kind of ordinal number representation.) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alan U. Kennington (talk • contribs) 07:21, 15 August 2014 (UTC)

Subsets of finite sets
The concepts of finiteness should be compatible with the notion of cardinality in two ways: (1) any set which can be mapped bijectively onto a ?-finite should also be ?-finite; and (2) any subset of a ?-finite set should also be ?-finite. There does not seem to be any problem with the first condition. But it is not clear to me that the second condition is met by: V-finite, VI-finite, or VII-finite. Can you show that it is?

There is a generalization of Ia-finite which might be of interest. Imagine forming the disjoint union of three Ia-finite sets. Then one can show that any partition of that union into four parts would result in at least one of the parts being I-finite. This could be generalized as follows This should lie between Ia-finite and II-finite. JRSpriggs (talk) 10:19, 17 August 2014 (UTC)
 * S is Ib-finite iff there exists a I-finite set A such that for any function f from S to A there would be an element a∈A such that { x∈S | f (x) = a } is I-finite.

It sounds like you've been doing some original research on this. I think that original research is a good idea, but I understand that in wikipedia, we are supposed to fairly represent the consensus of the literature. As I said above, what I added comes from "the standard literature in peer-reviewed books and journals, like by Tarski, Mostowski, Lindenbaum, Howard, Rubin, Jech, Moore and many others." If you have some improvements on their publications, you probably should get them peer-reviewed in a journal first before adding them to wikipedia. The 8 different finiteness concept definitions are as I have seen them in all of those esteemed, peer-reviewed authors. I should mention also that I do much original research of my own, and I have many ideas that are opposite to what appears in wikipedia, and which I am certain are opposite to your own beliefs. However, I do not add them to wikipedia because of the original research policy. (My ideas will appear in my own book, where they belong.) If you disagree with some of the finiteness definitions, I think you need to provide peer-reviewed references, which I have done with the 8 finiteness concepts. --Alan U. Kennington (talk) 10:29, 17 August 2014 (UTC)

 * So you are writing a book. Will it be your first book? Who will be the publisher? What topics will you cover? Is it related to getting a degree? JRSpriggs (talk) 04:00, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

I shouldn't exploit wikipedia talk-pages to advertise my own book, although it's free at the moment in draft form (currently 1322 pages), and probably always will be free in electronic form. I'll just say something which could possibly be of some interest to readers of this talk-page though. My first book has four parts: I. Foundations. II. Algebra. III. Analysis/topology. IV. Differentiable manifolds (i.e. geometry). The biggest part is on foundations (logic, set theory, numbers). (I'm thinking of self-publishing this part as a separate book.) My motivation for this part arose from the discovery that very large numbers of core concepts in differential geometry rest very heavily on controversial foundational issues, like the axiom of choice. (At least I claim that there are still controversial issues in the foundations after 130 years of research by some of the best minds in mathematics.) Therefore I have read and written a lot about these issues in a book that is supposedly primarily focused on the definitions of differential geometry. (It's strongly focused on definitions as opposed to theorems.)

The reason why this potentially could have some relevance in this forum is that the foundational issues are not purely academic. Virtually all of mathematical analysis rests very heavily upon foundational assumptions, like the assumption that Dedekind-finite sets are finite, or rather that infinite sets always contain an infinite sequence of distinct elements. I am trying to reconstruct differential geometry and the underlying analysis/topology/measure-integration theory without the axiom of choice. This may seem quixotic and foolhardy. But that's what I'm doing. (E.g. linear algebra looks very different in AC, and most functional analysis textbooks would contain only 10 pages if they did not assume AC.) I've said too much already. If you look up my name plus "differential geometry" in a search engine, something will show up. It has nothing to do with a course that I'm studying or teaching. It's a personal crusade! I only mentioned it because I wanted to emphasize that although I disagree strongly with a lot of what I read in the wikipedia logic and set theory pages, I just have to hold my tongue (or keyboard) because this is not a forum for original research. (I can't even add my personal researches regarding the Tawny frogmouth, even though I know that that page has factual errors.) Thanks for asking.... --Alan U. Kennington (talk) 04:59, 18 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Ah, I see you have a link to your book on your user page User:Alan U. Kennington. I should have looked there first. JRSpriggs (talk) 06:13, 18 August 2014 (UTC)
 * I was going to ask whether my comments on finite sets would be considered reliable, per WP:SPS, as I am a recognized expert on the axiom of choice and its negation, and I do have a couple of peer-reviewed papers on Dedekind finite (IV-finite) "cardinals" . Alan does not appear to be.  In any case, the following characterization of Ia-, Ib-, and II- finite may be of interest.
 * A set S is Ia-finite if any partition of S into I-infinite sets has at most 1 element.
 * A set S is Ib-finite if any partition of S into I-infinite sets is I-finite, and bounded.
 * A set S is Ic-finite if any partition of S into I-infinite sets is I-finite.
 * A set S is II-finite if no partition of S has an I-infinite linearly-ordered subset [without a largest element]. (I believe I can show that any I-infinite linearly-ordered set has a I-infinite linearly-ordered partition without largest element, which is sufficient to remove the bracketed text.
 * A set S is III-finite if no partition of S [into IV-infinite sets] is IV-infinite.
 * I consider Ic more interesting than Ib, but it's not obvious that Ic-finite implies II-finite. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 08:39, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

 * To Arthur: Regarding your note, why would not $$ F (x) = \{ y \vert y \in X \land y \approx x \} $$ work, since F:X→P(X) ? JRSpriggs (talk) 09:53, 20 August 2014 (UTC)
 * You're right. I was confusing ZFU with NBGU (or KMU).  What I meant to say is that there isn't a "class function" F (in NBGU) (or property φ in ZFU where $$(\forall x)(\exists!y)\varphi(x,y,p_1,p_2,\ldots,p_n)$$, and we make the convention that $$\varphi(x,F(x),p_1,p_2,\ldots,p_n)$$) such that $$(\forall x,y)(x \approx y \leftrightarrow F(x)=F(y)).$$  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 14:12, 20 August 2014 (UTC)

Other types of finiteness with respect to ω
In the section "Other types of finiteness", it gives different definitions of "finiteness" for ZF without choice. It specifically mentions that all these defintions are pure set-theoretic definitions that don't explicitly involve ordinals. But in ZF without choice, it is still possible to construct ω. Thus we can actually get two new definitions of finiteness:
 * S is A-finite iff there exists an injection from S to ω but no bijection from S to ω. (i.e. the |S|<|ω| definition)
 * S is B-finite iff there does not exist an injection from ω to S. (i.e. the ¬|S|≥|ω| definition)

I'm just wondering where these definitions fit on the list of the "other types of finiteness". Are they equivalent to any of the definitions there? If not, where do they each fit in the hierarchy? --AndreRD (talk) 09:41, 18 June 2019 (UTC)

 * See Talk:Finite set above.
 * I-finite at Finite set is the same as Tarski's definition (see #6 at Finite set). Your A-finite is the same as finite (see #1). So I-finite and A-finite are equivalent.
 * Your B-finite is the same as Dedekind finite which is IV-finite. JRSpriggs (talk) 05:11, 19 June 2019 (UTC)

Problems with the claims about Kuratowski finite
It seems to me that the there are several problems with the claims made about Kuratowski-finite. First, the notion of an object having "all properties" of such-and-such a kind is not generally expressible in ZF set theory, in light of Tarski's theorem on the non-definability of truth. That is, the definition of Kuratowski finite seems explicitly to use a truth predicate, which is not available in ZF. But secondly, since it refers to provability, the notion would seem to trivialize in a model of ZF + ¬Con(ZF), since everything is thought to be provable in such a model. In such a model, there can be no finite sets at all, not even the empty set or singletons. JoelDavid (talk) 18:27, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

ਕੁਲਵਿੰਦਰ ਕੌਰ 30026kly
Jk 223.187.107.135 (talk) 15:51, 26 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finite set


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Talk:List of heads of state of North Korea

Untitled
It might make sense to add a list of the post-1972 chairmen of the presidium of the SPA, with a footnote explaining that the post-1972 SPA presidium chairmen are not presidents of the republic, but are nevertheless commonly referred to as "presidents" of the SPA (just as were their predecessors). Mike1981 22:34, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Is it entirely necessary to have a page that only links to another wiki page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.33.108.187 (talk • contribs) 20 October 2008

UN listing
According to UN protocol and liaison service, Kim-Jong Un |is listed as head of state. So, what is reliable?DustBGD89-3 (talk) 10:04, 28 July 2015 (UTC)
 * Yes. Kim Jong-Un is the head of state of North Korea. --Sugyoin (talk) 03:23, 10 July 2019 (UTC)

"Photorealistic" illustration is biased
There are plenty of actual photos of Kim Jong-Un, which, unlike the illustration, portray him as much larger and do not make him look serious and statesman-like. He looks like how he looks, and idealized portraits are not acceptable when readily authentic photos of the man exist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.72.74.25 (talk) 05:52, 17 April 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 11:52, 5 December 2019 (UTC)
 * Kim Jong-un IKS 2018.jpg