text:
Talk:Biological membrane

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): AidaGhorbani.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 15:46, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Cell membrane or Biological membranes entry?
I think this entry title is a sensible place to put all the generalities about biological membranes, but right now the cell membrane entry is a lot richer in generalities, which creates the problem that a person seeking to learn about membranes in general would learn more by going to the entry on cell membranes in particular, which he or she will be unlikely to think to do. Thing is, I like having all the generalities in the cell membrane entry (many of which I put there myself). I'm not sure it's justified, but I bet nearly all of the membrane in a cell either belongs to the cell membrane or is continuous with it (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum); so in that sense the cell membrane tops the hierarchy and seems a natural roof under which to shovel stuff. I don't know the best way out of this rut. Incidentally, after I had put a lot of description into the cell membrane entry, I went around and substituted that entry as a link in other biology entries that until then had linked to membrane, which at the time was brief and not specific to biological membranes.

 * A lot of generalities might apply equally well to, say, the cis-golgi, which is not connected to the cell membrane... I think your initial suggestion that generalities should go here in biological membrane. Graft

At first, I didn't see the purpose in having two separate entries for membranes, but I guess the cell membrane article is really just for the outer cellular membrane. Perhaps this page should be merged with lipid bilayer... I mean, aren't all so called biological membranes predominantly (phospho)lipid bilayers?

 * Biological membranes are much more complex than simple lipid bilayers, both in their composition and in the interaction with their environment. Perhaps lipid bilayer should be merged to this page. However, it would probably be most sensible to merge lipid bilayer, micelle and vesicle to "lipid bilayer" and leave this page (biological membrane) on its own. --Eleassar777 14:42, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

cell membrane evolution is an important concept yet nobody discusses it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.193.3.192 (talk) 16:46, 13 November 2009 (UTC)

Cholesterol?
Cholesterol is a vital component of the bilayer, with important effects on permeability to various substances and on the phase-transition temperature of the membrane (c.f. impurities causing depression of freezing point). It needs to be specifically mentioned in the opening paragraph because, chemically speaking, it is neither a phospholipid, nor a protein.

Its derivatives (steroid hormones) are similarly miscible in the bilayer but, being 'functional' rather than 'structural', perhaps these should not be mentioned here, to avoid confusion and leave that fact to the individual articles on each of these substances?

I will refrain from making an edit myself, as I don't have anything to cite, at the moment. EatYerGreens 23:33, 2 March 2007 (UTC)

poor article to article org
The header says this is not about cell membranes, but then includes the content. Will be fix to fix the heirarchy.TCO (Reviews needed) 15:01, 4 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Its poor for sure. The reason for the statement probably is, that as biological membrane you can imagine any physiological membranes in the bodies of human or animal or whatever, nevertheless in colloquial speech, if you say biological membrane, for huge community of people (cell biologists, most biologist in general) it would be the common property od cell membranes. Cell membrane should any type of membrane, however in reality in colloquial speech all the people will think of plasma membrane - so it means there already is mess in understanding of the concepts in expectedness of the names for the articles here... R e o + 15:20, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

 * That's what I thought was going on. You also have usage of the term where it is really more related to a film that is  not a selective barrier but a separation (like accoustic membrane on a drum or tympanic membrane in an ear).  I mean a steel drum does not have a selective barriar on the head of the drum!   Anyhow, I am going to mess with the artificial stuff for now.TCO (Reviews needed) 15:35, 4 January 2012 (UTC)

Proposed Changes OUTLINE

Biological Membrane

1.Hydrophobic Effect creating formation of bilayer (Add under existing function section) a.Reduces contact with water for hydrophobic ends b.Increases contact to water with polar heads. 2. Temperature-dependence of fluid-like properties of membrane (new section under "Function") a. Can become more solid-like under a certain temperature b. Characteristics that determine that temperature 3. Proteins (new section under "Function"       a. Peripheral proteins are associated with outer membrane (loose association, can easily become detached)        b. Integral proteins are associated with inner membrane (strong association, cannot easily become detached)    4. Asymmetry (new section under "Function")        a. Asymmetry between inside and outside of membrane AidaGhorbani (talk) 23:08, 3 November 2015 (UTC)
 * Belatedly, please note, the nomenclature being used above is not standard, and so potentially confuses. The hydrophobic effect statements lack thermodynamic reference, and so may obfuscate simple dipolar (like dissolves like) interactions with this thermodynamic driving force of membrane formation (see summaries by Ken Dill and others). As well, the protein associations described will completely confuse readers, in their use of the term inner and outer membrane, when it appears "leaflet" was intended. Moreover, even with that correction, the points are incorrect, because peripheral is generally defined by single leaflet association and limited penetration of the associated protein with the lipophilic interior of the one leaflet (and not by outer versus inner), while integral is likewise defined not by which leaflet, but by the same penetration/lipophilic association concepts. And as presented, the protein descriptions only begin to touch on the interesting and complex subject (missing how they come to be integral versus peripheral, how the history of the concepts derive from practical, functional (preparative) observations of what procedures separate proteins from membranes, etc. So, I would not proceed with this outline, as presented, and if it has been integrated, I would have an expert carefully review for the misstatements it might have engendered. (a retired scientist second generation in academic lineage to Singer-Nicholson) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:246:C700:9B0:48A6:82D4:5919:3B87 (talk) 16:42, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 09:42, 29 April 2016 (UTC)
 * While I do not disagree with the User's point regarding the content need, no high school SAT preparation should be based on Wikipedia content. Remember, we make no claim to reliability of content, and a person sitting for the SAT must rely entirely on reliable content to provide correct answers. Point the User to a better source than this, specifically in this case, but also generally. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:246:C700:9B0:48A6:82D4:5919:3B87 (talk) 16:26, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

Need for statements regarding dimensions
The article does not appear to state, at any point, and in any absolute or relative way, the scale or dimensions of the structures shown and discussed (and so misses the relevance of some of the structures to nanotechnology). At very least, the range of dimensions determined by neutron diffraction and inferred from crystallographic observations should be stated and referenced. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:246:C700:9B0:48A6:82D4:5919:3B87 (talk) 16:23, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Biological membrane


text:
Talk:Bush v. Gore

The per curiam ruling
This part of this article:

"The per curiam opinion also identified an inconsistency with the fact that the Florida statewide recount of rejected ballots was limited to undervotes. The opinion implied that a constitutionally valid recount would include not only Florida's undervotes, but also its overvotes. The per curiam expressed concern that the limited scope of Florida’s recount would mean that, unlike some undervotes found to be reclaimable, valid votes among the overvotes would not be reclaimed.[a] Furthermore, if a machine incorrectly reads an overvote as a valid vote for one of two marked candidates instead of rejecting it, Florida would wrongly count what should be an invalid vote.[b]"

–is a bit misleading since only counting the undervotes and overvotes won't result in identifying any ballots that were mistakenly counted by the voting machines (which SCOTUS has identified as a problem in the last sentence above). To identify any overvotes that are mistakenly counted by the voting machines, the ballots that are classified as legal votes also need to be manually recounted (on top of recounting the undervotes and overvotes). Law professor Nelson Lund said as much when he analyzed the Bush v. Gore ruling:

https://www.law.gmu.edu/assets/files/publications/working_papers/1061VeryStreamlinedIntroduction.pdf

"The initial recounts conducted in the Gore-selected counties covered all ballots, but the statewide recount ordered by the Florida court was limited to undervote ballots. Undervote ballots are analytically indistinguishable from overvote ballots. In both cases, the machine registers no vote, and in both cases a human observer might decide that the machine had erred. What’s more, some ballots that a human observer would interpret as an overvote (and thus treat as no vote) could have registered as a valid vote in the machine count. The Florida court’s restriction of the statewide recount to undervote ballots thus arbitrarily treated voters in the counties initially selected by Gore differently than voters in other counties."

Also this part of Lund's article:

"It should hardly be surprising that Gore asked for a recount that was biased in his favor. The Florida court sought to reduce this completely obvious bias by ordering a statewide manual recount. But why limit the statewide recount to undervote ballots? The only apparent reason was that these ballots resembled the 9,000 undervote ballots that Gore wanted to have recounted in Miami-Dade. But why exclude overvote ballots, either in Miami-Dade or elsewhere? Indeed, why exclude the ballots that machines had registered as valid votes, some of which may have proved to be invalid when subjected to human scrutiny? The partial statewide recount only reduced the one-sided geographic discrimination in the initial manual recount, without curing it."

While SCOTUS itself was arguably a bit unclear on this, the only possible way that invalid ballots among the valid votes could be identified would be for all of the valid votes to get manually recounted. I really don't see how exactly one can interpret this sentence any differently. Just like Florida's voting machines could have improperly rejected ballots, they could have also mistakenly accepted ballots, and SCOTUS identified the lack of a correction for both of these things as problems with Florida's manual recount. 68.4.99.100 (talk) 20:44, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Here's the relevant sentence from the per curiam opinion:
 * "In addition, the recounts in these three counties were not limited to so-called undervotes but extended to all of the ballots. The distinction has real consequences. A manual recount of all ballots identifies not only those ballots which show no vote but also those which contain more than one, the so-called overvotes. Neither category will be counted by the machine. This is not a trivial concern. At oral argument, respondents estimated there are as many as 110,000 overvotes statewide. As a result, the citizen whose ballot was not read by a machine because he failed to vote for a candidate in a way readable by a machine may still have his vote counted in a manual recount; on the other hand, the citizen who marks two candidates in a way discernable by the machine will not have the same opportunity to have his vote count, even if a manual examination of the ballot would reveal the requisite indicia of intent. Furthermore, the citizen who marks two candidates, only one of which is discernable by the machine, will have his vote counted even though it should have been read as an invalid ballot. The State Supreme Court’s inclusion of vote counts based on these variant standards exemplifies concerns with the remedial processes that were under way." 68.4.99.100 (talk) 20:49, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

7-2
I was kinda amazed that it's almost impossible to tell from the article that the first half of the main decision - that Florida's recount system was unacceptable - was 7-2, not a partisan vote. The words "7-2" don't appear in the article. MikeR613 (talk) 21:13, 17 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Bush v. Gore


text:
Proailurus

Proailurus is an extinct felid genus that lived in Europe and Asia approximately 25-30.8 million years ago in the Late Oligocene and Miocene. Fossils have been found in Mongolia, Germany, and Spain.

Etymology
The generic name Proailurus comes from the Greek πρό pro, meaning 'before', and αἴλουρος ailuros, meaning 'cat'. The specific name of P. bourbonnensis simply means "from the Bourbonnais".

Description
Proailurus lemanensis was a compact and small animal, just a little larger than the domestic cat, weighing about 20 lb (9 kg). It had a long tail, large eyes and sharp claws and teeth, with similar proportions to the modern viverrids. Its claws would have been retractable to some extent. Like the viverrids, Proailurus was at least partially arboreal.

Proailurus major is estimated to have been significantly larger, about 23 kg. The p4 tooth is stronger and the m1 is less elongated than in P. lemanensis.

Proailurus bourbonnensis was a smaller species, estimated to have been 7-10 kg. Of the teeth, the p1 is wholly missing, and the m1 was slightly less elongated and the m2 less reduced than in P. lemanensis.

Classification
The genus Proailurus was first described by Henri Filhol in 1879 for fossils found in the Saint-Gerand site in France. He named two species, Proailurus lemanensis, based on a mandible, and Proailurus julieni. However, P. julieni was later placed in the genus Stenogale.

In 1882, Filhol described a third species, Proailurus medius. In 1888, Schlosser made ''"P." medius the type species of the genus Haplogale''. Haplogale media's placement was later confirmed by Robert Hunt's 1998 studies of aeluroid skulls.

In 1999, Peigné carried out a systematic review of the genus, naming another two species, P. bourbonnensis and P. major, in the process. P. major was based on a single specimen, a left mandible from Quercy and Mainz, while P. bourbonnensis was based on a number of lower mandibles and teeth, as well as a left maxilla.

Distribution and species
Fossils of Proailurus lemanensis were first found in Saint-Gerand and later in Quercy. Robert Hunt, while measuring fragmentary fossils from Hasanda-Gol in Mongolia, placed a lower jaw fragment as Proailurus sp., but Peigne placed the fragment in nimravid genus Eofelis instead, which later authors supported, although at least one suggested the fragment could be assigned to Pseudaelurus cuspidatus instead.

P. major and P. bourbonnensis are both known from a single locality each: P. major from Saint-Gérand-le-Puy and P. bourbonnensis from Saint-Gérand-le-Puy, Weisbaden-Amoneburg, and Budenheim (where it is the only Proailurus species known from the Mainz Basin).

Several fossils believed to be Proailurus-grade material have been found in North America, including the Ginn Quarry cat, known from a complete skull, which has dentition similar to Proailurus lemanensis but with a slightly larger skull. Robert Hunt also noted several specimens that he believed belonged to Proailurus-grade felids, including a pair from the Sheep Creek site in Nebraska, one a lynx-sized felid, the other closer in size to a leopard; another individual from an East Cuyumungue locality, possibly the same species as the larger Sheep Creek specimen; and another specimen from Echo Quarry. However, the larger Sheep Creek specimen, the East Cuyumungue individual, and the Echo Quarry specimen were all described and assigned to the species Hyperailurictis validus in 2001, and the smaller Sheep Creek material to Pseudaelurus skinneri in 2003. The Ginn Quarry cat was described, but not assigned to any taxa, in 2019; though the authors did state that "it should not be dismissed as a 'proailurine-grade' felid" and suggested placing it in Hyperailurictis (despite being considerably older than any known Hyperailurictis) or a new genus.

Evolution
Proailurus is believed to have evolved from earlier ailuroid carnivorans such as Stenogale and Haplogale. It is a likely ancestor of Pseudaelurus, which lived 20-10 million years ago, and probably gave rise to the major felid lines, including the extinct machairodontines and the extant felines and pantherines, although the phylogeny of the cats is still not precisely known.

Proailurus is largely considered to be the first "true" cat and the ancestor of the entire cat family. Most studies support this, placing Proailurus as the basal member of the Felidae. One 2005 phylogeny placed it as a basal member of the Feliformia, but later studies do not support this.

title: Proailurus


text:
Pseudaelurus

Pseudaelurus is a prehistoric cat that lived in Europe, Asia and North America in the Miocene between approximately twenty and eight million years ago. It is considered to be a paraphyletic grade ancestral to living felines and pantherines as well as the extinct machairodonts (saber-tooths), and is a successor to Proailurus. It originated from Eurasia and was the first cat to reach North America, when it entered the continent at about 18.5 Ma ending a 'cat-gap' of 7 million years. The slender proportions of the animal, together with its short, viverrid-like legs, suggest that it may have been an agile climber of trees.

Species and distribution
Pseudaelurus quadridentatus weighed about 30 kg and was approximately the size of a cougar.

Pseudaelurus guangheensis from the middle Miocene of Gansu (China) and Pseudaelurus cuspidatus from the middle Miocene of Xinjiang (China) are reported.

Taxonomy and phylogeny
Traditionally, all the Pseudaelurus-grade species from Europe, Asia, and North America have been assigned to a single genus, even though the paraphyletic nature of the group has often been noted. Several authorities have split Pseudaelurus into separate genera or subgenera, including Hyperailurictis, Styriofelis, Miopanthera and Schizailurus. These different groups of Pseudaelurus-grade felids are often considered to have given rise to later felid lineages.

The genus Styriofelis was originally proposed in 1929 by Kretzoi for the species Pseudaelurus turnaeunsis. Kretzoi also proposed the genus Hyperailurictis for the North American species Pseudaelurus intrepidus, and Miopanthera for Ps. lorteti. In 1964, Beaumont elaborated on Kretzoi's proposal and split Pseudaelurus into three separate genera: Pseudaelurus for the European Ps. quadridentatus, Schizailurus for Ps. lorteti, and Hyperailurictis for Ps. intrepidus.

Taxonomic history
In 1843, the paleontologist H.M. de Blainville published a description of a felid cranium and lower jaw fragment from Sansan, France. He assigned these fossils to a new species, Felis quadridentata. The cranium was later reassigned to another species, but in 1850 the lower jaw fragment was assigned to a new genus by Paul Gervais as Pseudaelurus quadridentatus, due to having certain primitive features.

In 1858, Joseph Leidy described the species Felis intrepidus, from North America, and reassigned the species as Pseudaelurus intrepidus in 1869. After that discovery, another eight species of Pseudaelurus would be described in North America, but only five are still considered valid.

In 1872, Henri Filhol described the species Pseudaelurus edwardsi from France, but the species was reassigned to the nimravid genus Eofelis in 2000.

In 1882, a second species from Europe was described as Pseudaelurus turauensis, and a third species, Pseudaelurus lorteti, in 1899. The fourth European species, Pseudaelurus romieviensis, was described in 1934. In addition, the species Pseudaelurus transitorius was described in 1892, but most later authors considered it a synonym of P. turnaeunsis.

In 1914, fossils from Africa were described and assigned to the species Pseudaelurus africanus. However, the species was later reassigned, first to the genus Metailurus, and then finally to Afrosmilus.

In Asia, the first description of Pseudaelurus was in 1910, when a fragmentary fossil was assigned to Pseudaelurus chinjiensis; however, it was reassigned in 1915 to the new genus Sivaelurus. The next appearance of Pseudaelurus-grade felids in Asia wasn't until 1986, when a lower jaw fragment and some dental fragments were assigned to the species Pseudaelurus lorteti. In 1990, the species Pseudaelurus guangheensis was described. In 1998, a second Asian species, Pseudaelurus cuspidatus, was also described. Both of the Asian species are known only from fragmentary fossils.

In 1998, while measuring fragmentary fossils from the Hsanda-Gol locality in Mongolia, Robert Hunt referred a lower jaw fragment to Proailurus sp.; while this was reassigned to the nimravid genus Eofelis in 1999 instead, a 2004 review of felid material from other localities in Mongolia suggested that it could belong to Pseudaelurus cuspidatus instead, on basis of having similar features. However, the Hsanda-Gol specimen is dated back to the Oligocene, while Pseudaelurus cuspidatus is found solely in Miocene-aged localities. The same paper also described a pair of fragments (a lower jaw fragment and a metapodial) and attributed them to Pseudaelurus sp.

In 2010, a review of the Felidae as a whole suggested that Pseudaelurus be split into three genera: Hyperailurictis for the five North American species, Styriofelis for two of the European species (P. lorteti and P. turnaunensis), and Pseudaelurus sensu stricto for P. quadridentatus. The status of P. romieviensis, P. guangheensis, and P. cuspidatus was given as uncertain. In addition, Miopanthera and Schizailurus were recognized as junior synonyms of Styriofelis.

In 2012, a new species Styriofelis vallesiensis was described based on a specimen found in Spain. However, a review of the species in 2017 concluded that it was sufficiently different from other Styriofelis species as to require a separate genus. It was thus reassigned to the new genus Leptofelis as Leptofelis vallesiensis.

In 2017, a review of the species Felis pamiri, which was named based on a snout fragment from Turkey and dated to the late Miocene, concluded that Felis pamiri and Pseudaelurus lorteti were likely closely related to each other, and ancestral to the Panthera lineage. Both species were reassigned to the genus Miopanthera as Miopanthera lorteti and Miopanthera pamiri.

Phylogeny
The following cladogram is based on Piras et al. (2013) and illustrates the three more derived lineages that evolved from "Pseudaelurus" species.

title: Pseudaelurus


text:
Apache POI

Apache POI, a project run by the Apache Software Foundation, and previously a sub-project of the Jakarta Project, provides pure Java libraries for reading and writing files in Microsoft Office formats, such as Word, PowerPoint and Excel.

History and roadmap
The name was originally an acronym for "Poor Obfuscation Implementation", referring humorously to the fact that the file formats seemed to be deliberately obfuscated, but poorly, since they were successfully reverse-engineered. This explanation – and those of the similar names for the various sub-projects – were removed from the official web pages in order to better market the tools to businesses who would not consider such humor appropriate. The original authors (Andrew C. Oliver and Marc Johnson) also noted the existence of the Hawaiian poi dish, made of mashed taro root, which had similarly derogatory connotations.

Office Open XML support
POI supports the ISO/IEC 29500:2008 Office Open XML file formats since version 3.5. A significant contribution for OOXML support came from Sourcesense, an open source company which was commissioned by Microsoft to develop this contribution. This link spurred controversy, some POI contributors questioning POI OOXML patent protection regarding Microsoft's Open Specification Promise patent license.

Architecture
The Apache POI project contains the following subcomponents (meaning of acronyms is taken from old documentation):

 * POIFS (Poor Obfuscation Implementation File System ) – This component reads and writes Microsoft's OLE 2 Compound document format. Since all Microsoft Office files are OLE 2 files, this component is the basic building block of all the other POI elements. POIFS can therefore be used to read a wider variety of files, beyond those whose explicit decoders are already written in POI.
 * HSSF (Horrible SpreadSheet Format ) – reads and writes Microsoft Excel (XLS) format files. It can read files written by Excel 97 onwards; this file format is known as the BIFF 8 format. As the Excel file format is complex and contains a number of tricky characteristics, some of the more advanced features cannot be read.
 * XSSF (XML SpreadSheet Format) – reads and writes Office Open XML (XLSX) format files. Similar feature set to HSSF, but for Office Open XML files.
 * HPSF (Horrible Property Set Format ) – reads "Document Summary" information from Microsoft Office files. This is essentially the information that one can see by using the File|Properties menu item within an Office application.
 * HWPF (Horrible Word Processor Format ) – aims to read and write Microsoft Word 97 (DOC) format files. This component is in initial stages of development.
 * XWPF (XML Word Processor Format ) – similar feature set to HWPF, but for Office Open XML files.
 * HSLF (Horrible Slide Layout Format ) – a pure Java implementation for Microsoft PowerPoint files. This provides the ability to read, create and edit presentations (though some things are easier to do than others)
 * XSLF (Open Office XML Slideshow Format)
 * HDGF (Horrible DiaGram Format ) – an initial pure Java implementation for Microsoft Visio binary files. It provides an ability to read the low level contents of the files.
 * HPBF (Horrible PuBlisher Format) – a pure Java implementation for Microsoft Publisher files.
 * HSMF (Horrible Stupid Mail Format ) – a pure Java implementation for Microsoft Outlook MSG files.
 * DDF (Dreadful Drawing Format ) – a package for decoding the Microsoft Office Drawing format.
 * XDDF (XML Dreadful Drawing Format)

The HSSF component is the most advanced feature of the library. Other components (HPSF, HWPF, and HSLF) are usable, but less full-featured.

The POI library is also provided as a Ruby or ColdFusion extension.

There are modules for Big Data platforms (e.g. Apache Hive/Apache Flink/Apache Spark), which provide certain functionality of Apache POI, such as the processing of Excel files.

title: Apache POI


text:
Martinus Beijerinck

Martinus Willem Beijerinck (, 16 March 1851 – 1 January 1931) was a Dutch microbiologist and botanist who was one of the founders of virology and environmental microbiology. He is credited with the co-discovery of viruses (1898), which he called "contagium vivum fluidum".

Early life and education
Born in Amsterdam, Beijerinck studied at the Technical School of Delft, where he was awarded the degree of biology in 1872. He obtained his Doctor of Science degree from the University of Leiden in 1877.

At the time, Delft, then a Polytechnic, did not have the right to confer doctorates, so Leiden did this for them. He became a teacher in microbiology at the Agricultural School in Wageningen (now Wageningen University) and later at the Polytechnische Hogeschool Delft (Delft Polytechnic, currently Delft University of Technology) (from 1895). He established the Delft School of Microbiology. His studies of agricultural and industrial microbiology yielded fundamental discoveries in the field of biology. His achievements have been perhaps unfairly overshadowed by those of his contemporaries, Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur, because unlike them, Beijerinck never studied human disease.

In 1877, he wrote his first notable research paper, discussing plant galls. The paper later became the basis for his doctoral dissertation.

In 1885 he became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Scientific career
He is considered one of the founders of virology. In 1898, he published results on the filtration experiments demonstrating that tobacco mosaic disease is caused by an infectious agent smaller than a bacterium.

His results were in accordance with the similar observation made by Dmitri Ivanovsky in 1892. Like Ivanovsky before him and Adolf Mayer, predecessor at Wageningen, Beijerinck could not culture the filterable infectious agent; however, he concluded that the agent can replicate and multiply in living plants. He named the new pathogen virus to indicate its non-bacterial nature. Beijerinck asserted that the virus was somewhat liquid in nature, calling it "contagium vivum fluidum" (contagious living fluid). It was not until the first crystals of the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) obtained by Wendell Stanley in 1935, the first electron micrographs of TMV produced in 1939 and the first X-ray crystallographic analysis of TMV performed in 1941 proved that the virus was particulate.

Nitrogen fixation, the process by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted to ammonium ions and becomes available to plants, was also investigated by Beijerinck. Bacteria perform nitrogen fixation, dwelling inside root nodules of certain plants (legumes). In addition to having discovered a biochemical reaction vital to soil fertility and agriculture, Beijerinck revealed this archetypical example of symbiosis between plants and bacteria.

Beijerinck discovered the phenomenon of bacterial sulfate reduction, a form of anaerobic respiration. He learned bacteria could use sulfate as a terminal electron acceptor, instead of oxygen. This discovery has had an important impact on our current understanding of biogeochemical cycles. Spirillum desulfuricans, now known as Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, the first known sulfate-reducing bacterium, was isolated and described by Beijerinck.

Beijerinck invented the enrichment culture, a fundamental method of studying microbes from the environment. He is often incorrectly credited with framing the microbial ecology idea that "everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects", which was stated by Lourens Baas Becking.

Personal life
Beijerinck was a socially eccentric figure. He was verbally abusive to students, never married, and had few professional collaborations. He was also known for his ascetic lifestyle and his view of science and marriage being incompatible. His low popularity with his students and their parents periodically depressed him, as he very much loved spreading his enthusiasm for biology in the classroom. After his retirement at the Delft School of Microbiology in 1921, at age 70, he moved to Gorssel where he lived for the rest of his life, together with his two sisters.

Recognition
Beijerinckia (a genus of bacteria), Beijerinckiaceae (a family of Hyphomicrobiales), and Beijerinck crater are named after him.

The M.W. Beijerinck Virology Prize (M.W. Beijerinck Virologie Prijs) is awarded in his honor.

title: Martinus Beijerinck


text:
Machairodus

The Knife Tooth Cat (Machairodus) (from μαχαίρα, 'knife' and ὀδούς 'tooth') is a genus of large machairodont or  saber-toothed cat  that lived in Africa, Eurasia and North America during the late Miocene. It is the animal from which the subfamily Machairodontinae gets its name and has since become a wastebasket taxon over the years as many genera of sabertooth cat have been and are still occasionally lumped into it.

History of research
Machairodus was first named in 1832, by German Naturalist Johann Jakob Kaup. Though its remains had been known since 1824, it was believed by Georges Cuvier that the fossils had come from a species of bear, which he called Ursus cultridens (known today as Megantereon) based on composite sample of teeth from different countries, species and geologic ages, leading to what would become a long series of complications. Kaup however, recognized the teeth as those of felids and promptly reclassified the existing specimens as Machairodus, including M. cultridens in it. The name quickly gained acceptance and by the end of the 19th century, many species of felid or related feliform (such as nimravids) were lumped into the genus Machairodus, including but not limited to Sansanosmilus, Megantereon, Paramachairodus, Amphimachairodus, Nimravides, and Homotherium among others. This would eventually turn Machairodus into something of a wastebasket taxon, which would be rectified with the discoveries of more complete skeletons of other machairodonts.

 * Machairodus irtyschensis and Machairodus ischimicus were described in 1936.
 * Machairodus robinsoni was described in 1976. It was at one point referred to the genus Miomachairodus.
 * Machairodus laskarevi was described in 1978.
 * Machairodus alberdiae was first described in 1981, and extensively compared and retained as valid in 2019.
 * Machairodus kurteni was described in 1991. It was later referred to the genus Amphimachairodus.

Description
In general Machairodus was similar in size to a modern lion or tiger, at 2 m long and standing about 1 m at the shoulder.

M. aphanistus from the Mediterranean late Miocene is known to be rather tiger-like in size and skeletal proportions, with a mass of 100 kg to 240 kg. It was similar to the related Nimravides of North America. The skeleton also indicates that this species would have possessed good jumping abilities.

M. alberdiae was contemporary with M. aphanistus in Cerro de los Batallones fossil deposits and was smaller and more primitive in anatomical features and would not have exceeded 100 kg.

M. horribilis of China is one of largest known species in the genus, weighing around 405 kg. This is comparable in size to the much later Smilodon populator. Its skull, measuring upwards of 16 in in length, is one of the largest known skulls for any machairodont, with only a recently described S. populator skull rivaling it in size, with the latter cat outweighing M. horribilis at 960 lb.

The species M. lahayishupup of North America was also quite large; fossil humerus bones measuring 18 in attributed to the species suggest that this cat was far larger than a modern lion, which has a 13 in humerus. It is estimated to have weighed between 241 and 348 kg, with a mean weight of 277 kg; one particularly large specimen was estimated to weigh 410 kg. Until its discovery, no true species representative of the genus Machairodus had been described from North America, as they had been reassigned to other genera, such as Nimravides and Amphimachairodus. Its presence in North America suggests that either there was a widespread population of this genus of cat throughout Africa, Eurasia and North America or simultaneous instances of independent evolution in machairodonts on multiple continents during the Miocene.

Overall, the skull of Machairodus was noticeably narrow compared with the skulls of extant pantherine cats, and the orbits were relatively small. The canines were long, thin and flattened from side to side but broad from front to back like the blade of a knife, as in Homotherium. The front and back edges of the canines were serrated when they first grew, but these serrations were worn down in the first few years of the animal's life. However, a skull of M. horribilis was shown to be similar to extant pantherines in some cranial characters, suggesting new evidence for the diversity of killing bites even in the largest saber-toothed carnivorans, offering an additional mechanism for the mosaic evolution leading to functional and morphological diversity in sabertooth cats. Machairodus probably hunted as an ambush predator. Its legs were too short to sustain a long chase, so it most likely was a good jumper, and used its canines to cut open the throat of its prey. Its teeth were rooted to its mouth and were as delicate as those in some related genera, unlike most saber-toothed cats and nimravids of the time, which often had extremely long canines which hung out of their mouths. The fangs of Machairodus, however, were able to more easily fit in its mouth comfortably while being long and effective for hunting. Despite its great size, the largest example of Machairodus, M. horribilis was better equipped to hunt relatively smaller prey than Smilodon, as evidenced by its moderate jaw gape of 70 degrees, similar to the gape of a modern lion.

Classification
The fossil species assigned to the genus Machairodus were divided by Turner into two grades of evolutionary development, with M. aphanistus and the North American "Nimravides" catacopis representing the more primitive grade and M. coloradensis and M. giganteus representing the more derived grade. The characteristics of the more advanced grade include a relative elongation of the forearm and a shortening of the lumbar region of the spine to resemble that in living pantherine cats. Subsequently, the more derived forms were assigned a new genus, Amphimachairodus, which includes M. coloradensis, M. kurteni, M. kabir and M. giganteus. In addition, M. catacopsis was reclassified as N. catacopsis.

Paleobiology
Studies of Machairodus indicate that the cat relied predominantly on its neck muscles to make the killing bite applied to its victims. The cervical vertebrae show clear adaptations to making vertical motions in the neck and skull. There are also clear adaptations for precise movements, strength, and flexibility in the neck that show compatibility with the canine-shearing bite technique that machairodontine cats are believed to have performed. These adaptations are believed to have also been partial compensation in this primitive machairodont against the high percentage of canine breakages seen in the genus.

Paleoecology
Machairodus seemed to prefer open woodland habitat, as evidenced by finds at Cerro de los Batallones, which is of Vallesian age. As a top predator at Batallones, it would have hunted large herbivores of the time. Such herbivores would have included horses like Hipparion, the hornless rhinoceros Aceratherium, the giraffes Decennatherium and Birgerbohlinia, the deer Euprox and Lucentia, the antelopes Paleoreas, Tragoportax, Miotragocerus and Dorcatherium, the “gomphotherid” elephantoid Tetralophodon, the porcupine Hystrix, and the suid Microstonyx. Machairodus would have competed for such prey with the Amphicyonid Magericyon, fellow machairodonts Promegantereon and Paramachairodus, bears such as Agriotherium and Indarctos, and the small hyaenid Protictitherium. While Agriotherium and Magericyon would likely have been strongly competitive with Machairodus for food, Promegantereon, Paramachairodus and Protictitherium likely were less potential rivals. Evidence also exists indicating that Machairodus may have been prone to niche partitioning with Magericyon, possibly living in slightly different habitats, with the machairodont preferring more heavily vegetated habitats while the bear-dog hunted in the more open areas. Dietary preferences may also have played a role in the coexistence between these two large predators at Batallones.

Based on its jaw gape, the largest species, M. horribilis was probably a hunter of relatively slow-moving horses of the genus Hipparion. It would have also lived alongside the large pig Kubanochoerus. M. lahayishupup would have most likely preyed on the large animals that it lived alongside, which included rhinoceroses, and Hemiauchenia.

Pathology
Machairodus aphanistus fossils recovered from Batallones reveal a high percentage of tooth breakages, indicating that unlike later machairodonts, due to a lack of protruding incisors Machairodus often used its sabers to subdue prey in a manner similar to modern cats; this was a more risky strategy that virtually ensured that damage to their saber teeth often occurred.

title: Machairodus


text:
User:WmAnnis

William S. Annis
I am a professional computer geek (a Unix sysadmin to be precise) who has never recovered from majoring in Classical Chinese, and then Classics, during my college career. So, most of the Wikipedia articles I edit are related to dead language matters.

My main non-work hobby these days is classical Greek poetry, though I dabble in Bonsai.

title: User:WmAnnis


text:
Dinofelis

Dinofelis is an extinct genus of machairodontine (sabre-toothed cat), usually classified in the tribe Metailurini. It was widespread in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America from 5 million to about 1.2 million years ago (early Pliocene to early Pleistocene). Fossils very similar to Dinofelis from Lothagam range back to around 8 million years ago, in the Late Miocene.

Discovery and naming
The genus Dinofelis was originally named by Otto Zdansky in 1924 for the species Dinofelis abeli.

Further fossil species were named, including Felis diastemata and Meganthereon barlowi, which were later transferred to the genus Therailurus, which was in turn later considered a junior synonym of Dinofelis.

A comprehensive review of the genus was published in 2001 by paleontologists Lars Werdelin and Margaret E. Lewis, including mention of the then-unnamed Langebaanweg and Lothagam species, as well as naming a new species Dinofelis aronoki; the species epithet came from the phrase arono ki which, in the language of the people of eastern Turkana, means "it was terrible". The review also noted six different sets of remains that were referable to Dinofelis but were too fragmentary to assign to any one species.

Another unnamed (again due to fragmentary material) species was described in 2021 based on fossils from a Plio-Pleistocene site in Northern Africa.

In 2023 the Langebaanweg species was described as Dinofelis werdelini; the specific epithet honored Lars Werdelin. It assigned a holotype, paratype, and nine other specimens of fragmentary cranial material (some of which had previously been referred to other species) to the newly-named species.

Description
This genus varied in size, with a similar range of sizes to Panthera. In one study, the body mass of Dinofelis was estimated at 149 kg, though species with similar dimensions to large lynx or small pumas also existed.

The canine teeth of Dinofelis are longer and more flattened than those of modern cats but less than those of other saber-tooths. While the lower canines are robust, the cheek teeth are not as robust as those of most modern big cats.

Dinofelis werdelini was a medium-sized machairodontine, about the size of a large jaguar, with robust upper canines and relatively small cheek teeth.

Classification
The phylogenetic status of Dinofelis within Machairodontinae has been difficult to ascertain historically, and various positions within Felidae have been proposed for the genus. It has commonly been recovered as belonging to the tribe Metailurini, although one recent analysis contested the monophyly of Metailurini, placing Dinofelis as a sister taxon to Rhizosmilodon.

A number of species are currently accepted in the genus:
 * Dinofelis aronoki: It lived in the Villafranchian and Biharian stage in Kenya and Ethiopia. Recently split from D. barlowi, it is the largest known species of Dinofelis.
 * Dinofelis barlowi: It lived from the late Pliocene to the early Pleistocene. Geographically, found in Europe, North America and Asia but mainly in Africa. It was 70 cm high, probably the smallest species of Dinofelis.
 * Dinofelis cristata: Known from China, this species is especially convergent with the genus Panthera in its skull and particularly canine morphology, suggesting more pantherine-like hunting behaviour than other machairodonts. (Includes D. abeli.)
 * Dinofelis darti: It lived in South Africa during the Villafranchian stage.
 * Dinofelis diastemata: This species is known from the early Pliocene of Europe.
 * Dinofelis paleoonca: Its type locality is Meade's Quarry 11, which is in a Blancan terrestrial horizon in the Blanco Formation of Texas. It was recombined as Dinofelis palaeoonca by Kurten (1972), Hemmer (1973), Dalquest (1975), Kurten and Anderson (1980), Schultz (1990) and Werdelin and Lewis (2001).
 * Dinofelis petteri: Known from the Pliocene of East Africa
 * Dinofelis piveteaui: The latest known species of Dinofelis, lived in South Africa during the early Pleistocene. This species has the most pronounced sabertoothed adaptations of the genus.
 * Dinofelis werdelini: Known from Langebaanweg in Africa, from the Pliocene.

Additional fossils from Lothagam (specifically the Nawata Formation and the Apak Member of the Nachukui Formation) are considered to represent another, unnamed species; one smaller and more primitive than other known species.

A major review of Dinofelis by Werdelin et al. in 2001 produced a cladogram of its species:

The 2023 paper that named D. werdelini found it to be a sister to a clade formed by D. cristatus, D. petteri, D. piveteaui, and D. barlowi, but did not test it against the rest of the genus.

Dinofelis' position amongst the Metailurini per a 2018 phylogenetic analysis:

Paleobiology
Morphometric analysis of Dinofelis specimens from Olduvai Gorge suggests that the felid was best suited for mixed habitats rather than open grasslands or closed woodlands.

Analysis of carbon isotope ratios in specimens from Swartkrans indicates that Dinofelis preferentially hunted grazing animals. The main predators of hominids in the environment at that time were most likely leopards and fellow machairodont Megantereon, whose carbon isotope ratios showed more indication of preying on hominids.

Several sites from South Africa seem to show Dinofelis may have hunted and killed Australopithecus africanus, since the finds mingle fossilized remains of Dinofelis, hominids, and other large contemporary animals. In South Africa, Dinofelis remains have been found near Paranthropus fossil skulls, a few with precisely spaced canine holes in their crania, so it is possible Dinofelis preyed on robust hominids as well. This may been rare, however, as carbon isotope ratios contradict this.

It is thought that the gradual disappearance of its forest environment may have contributed to Dinofelis' extinction at the start of the ice age.

title: Dinofelis


text:
Talk:Barış Manço

=Comments=

crypto-jew?
tjere was a baseless statement (more like a gossip) in the article about that Barış Manço was a "dönme". Actually Manço was a Turkish nationalist and very proud of his Turkish heritage. So I erased that baseless statement. Isatay 09:59, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

 * You did good, I have no friggin' idea how those crypto-Jew conspiracy theories spread around Wikipedia. I have been trying to purge them out of many articles (even from the Ataturk-related articles!) for months. Any such weird conspiratorial claims will be removed - if there is a source in which a person has stated that he is a Jew/Christian/Chinese/Martian, please include them and state it, otherwise they will be removed, simple. At least "he was a Jew" is understandable, but I really cannot stand these weird "he was a crypto-Jew" stories: someone is either a Jew or he is not, there is no beating around the bush in the 21st century.. Baristarim 11:04, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

see also Sabbateans, Donmeh West And Sabbatai Zevi    --78.168.104.221 (talk) 16:59, 21 December 2013 (UTC)

Genç Osman
Barış Manço's version of Genç Osman is very popular how can we mention it in the article? Deliogul 13:57, 31 December 2006 (UTC) seni seviyorum barış manço

Full Name
His full Name is: 'Tosun Yusuf Mehmet Barış Manço'. Link:http://www.zaman.com.tr/haber.do?haberno=1212362&title=baris-manconun-gercek-adi-mehmetmis -- 188.98.64.231 (talk) 18:12, 9 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The name prefix added as Tosun Yusuf was legally removed when he was attending at the primary school. This information is supplied by his son Dogukan Hazar Manço.--Movietech 21:03, 17 December 2011 (UTC)

Links
24. It might be better to avoid linking to so many empy pages. Band members, depending on might not even make the grade ( fit the established criteria) for inclusion in an article by themselves. Criteria would include fame, notability, accomplishment. Please remember that this is a general compendium.

My own preference is that a good article about Turkish Genres be written and that the people already listed be given articles. If you have the interest and the knowledge, that might be a place to improve the encycopedia. Writing about what you know and then researching more is a good way to proceed. Two16

Fair use rationale for Image:Manco.jpg
Image:Manco.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:33, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Barış Manço. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111217222228/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-4624-26-turkiye-barisi-ariyor.html to http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-4624-26-turkiye-barisi-ariyor.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111125190912/http://www.barismanco.com.tr:80/ to http://www.barismanco.com.tr

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:22, 27 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Barış Manço. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20160201092914/https://www.cihan.com.tr/tr/baris-manco-lale-manco-dogukan-batikan-kanlica-mezarlik-anma-vapur-sefer-2000880.htm to https://www.cihan.com.tr/tr/baris-manco-lale-manco-dogukan-batikan-kanlica-mezarlik-anma-vapur-sefer-2000880.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.barismanco.com.tr/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:41, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 18:37, 6 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Baris Manco gitar.jpg

title: Talk:Barış Manço


text:
Roquefort

Roquefort is a sheep milk blue cheese from southern France. Though similar cheeses are produced elsewhere, EU law dictates that only those cheeses aged in the natural Combalou caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon may bear the name Roquefort, as it is a recognised geographical indication, and has a protected designation of origin.

The cheese is white, tangy, creamy and slightly moist, with veins of blue mold. It has a characteristic fragrance and flavor with a taste of butyric acid; the blue veins provide a sharp tang. It has no rind; the exterior is edible and slightly salty. A typical wheel of Roquefort weighs between 2.5 and 3 kg, and is about 10 cm thick. Each kilogram of finished cheese requires about 4.5 liters of milk to produce. In France, Roquefort is often called the "King of Cheeses" or the "Cheese of Kings", although those names are also used for other cheeses.

History
According to legend, Roquefort cheese was discovered when a youth, eating his lunch of bread and ewes' milk cheese, saw a beautiful girl in the distance. Abandoning his meal in a nearby cave, he ran to meet her. When he returned a few months later, the mold (Penicillium roqueforti) had transformed his plain cheese into Roquefort.

In 79 AD, Pliny the Elder praised the cheeses of Lozère and Gévaudan and reported their popularity in ancient Rome; in 1737, Jean Astruc suggested that this was a reference to an ancestor of Roquefort. The theory was widely taken up, and by the 1860s was being promoted by the Société des Caves. Others have dismissed the idea, on the grounds that Pliny does not clearly identify a blue cheese. There is no clear consensus on the meaning of Pliny's description—it has been variously interpreted as a reference to fromage frais, cheese pickled in grape-juice, and even fondue, as well as a reference to Roquefort.

By the middle ages, Roquefort had become a recognized cheese. On 4 June 1411, Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of the cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.

By 1820, Roquefort was producing 300 tonnes a year, a figure that steadily increased throughout the next century so that by 1914 it was 9,250.

In 1925, the cheese was the recipient of France's first Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée when regulations controlling its production and naming were first defined. In 1961, in a landmark ruling that removed imitation, the Tribunal de Grande Instance at Millau decreed that, although the method for the manufacture of the cheese could be followed across the south of France, only those cheeses whose ripening occurred in the natural caves of Mont Combalou in Roquefort-sur-Soulzon were permitted to bear the name Roquefort.

Production
The mold that gives Roquefort its distinctive character (Penicillium roqueforti) is found in the soil of the local caves. Traditionally, the cheesemakers extracted it by leaving bread in the caves for six to eight weeks until it was consumed by the mold. The interior of the bread was then dried to produce a powder. In modern times, the mold can be grown in a laboratory, which allows for greater consistency. The mold may either be added to the curd or introduced as an aerosol through holes poked in the rind.

Roquefort is made entirely from the milk of the Lacaune breed of sheep. Prior to the Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée (AOC) regulations of 1925, a small amount of cow's or goat's milk was sometimes added. Around 4.5 L of milk is required to make one kilogram of Roquefort.

The cheese is produced throughout the département of Aveyron and part of the nearby départements of Aude, Lozère, Gard, Hérault and Tarn.

, there are seven Roquefort producers. The largest-volume brand by far is Roquefort Société made by the Société des Caves de Roquefort (a subsidiary of Lactalis), which holds several caves and opens its facilities to tourists, and accounts for around 60% of all production. Roquefort Papillon is also a well-known brand. The five other producers, each holding only one cave, are Carles, Gabriel Coulet, Fromageries occitanes, Vernières and Le Vieux Berger.

Around three million cheeses were made in 2005 (18,830 tons) making it, after Comté, France's second-most-popular cheese.

Production of Roquefort cheese entails "4,500 people who herd special ewes on 2,100 farms producing milk ... in a carefully defined oval grazing area across the Larzac Plain and up and down nearby hills and valleys." Total production in 2008 of about 19,000 tons was reported. The proportion of Roquefort exported to the United States remained small, only 450 tons out of 3,700 in total exports. Spain, with purchases of 1,000 tons, was by far the largest foreign customer. In early 2009, Susan Schwab, the then-outgoing US Trade Representative, announced a 300% tariff on the cheese, apparently the highest level by far of any in the package of tariffs placed on dozens of European luxury goods in response to a European ban on hormone-treated US beef. The tariff was suspended several months later as the US and EU settled the dispute.

Consumption and other uses
The regional cuisine in and around Aveyron includes many Roquefort-based recipes for main-course meat sauces, savory tarts and quiches, pies, and fillings.

Penicillium roqueforti does not produce penicillin. However, due to the presence of other anti-inflammatory proteins, it was common in country districts for shepherds to apply this cheese to wounds to avoid gangrene.

AOC regulations
The Appellation d'origine contrôlée regulations that govern the production of Roquefort have been laid down over a number of decrees by the INAO. These include:
 * 1) All milk used must be delivered at least 20 days after lambing has taken place.
 * 2) The sheep must be on pasture, whenever possible, in an area that includes most of Aveyron and parts of neighboring departments. At least 75% of any grain or fodder fed must come from the area.
 * 3) The milk must be whole, raw (not heated above 34 °C), and unfiltered except to remove macroscopic particles.
 * 4) The addition of rennet must occur within 48 hours of milking.
 * 5) The Penicillium roqueforti used in the production must be produced in France from the natural caves of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon.
 * 6) The salting process must be performed using dry salt.
 * 7) The whole process of maturation, cutting, packaging and refrigeration of the cheese must take place in the commune of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon.

Glutamate content
Roquefort has a high content of free glutamate, 1,280 mg per 100 g of cheese.

Health benefits
According to a 2012 study, Roquefort contains anti-inflammatory compounds. A study from 2013 found that proteins from Roquefort cheese inhibit chlamydia propagation and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leukocyte migration.

title: Roquefort


text:
Talk:Pierre-Auguste Renoir

Comments
This page was another example of a half-hearted effort. I spent a long time fixing it up plus numerous others that were similarly not worth crap. I note someone changed my caption format, which I did accordinging to the most efficent and professional manner. It is time the Gods of Wikipedia adopt a proper Encyclopedia format instead of a massive paragraph full of stuff (and no, it DOES NOT HELP with a google search -- people come to QUALITY without without the need for gimmicks):

Name - dates (years only), occupation

PERIOD, NO MORE, NO LESS.

In the body put full dates and close anything done on a person or any living creature with a death date and, because no other encyclopedia does it and a lot of people want to know, (that's called marketing), make an effort to put in their burial place....DW

 * make a suggestion on the manual of style page. -- Tarquin 20:22 Jan 14, 2003 (UTC)

oppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppppp. Ortolan88

Are there more pictures of his works??? And perhaps it would be a good idea to put the paintings he painted of nude people in a different section, because some young kids are using this as a research page!!!!! Smokeberry (talk) 17:41, 13 January 2009 (UTC) Smokeberrry

 * The article offers an ample representation of his work, as well as references to books and external links that display many more. As for the nudes, Wikipedia policy prohibits censorship. Along with Rubens and Titian, Kenneth Clark cited Renoir as one of the three painters in Western art who could best paint skin. So, even though R's popularity has waned in recent decades, one hopes that his figures will always be appreciated. JNW (talk) 21:14, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

The article says that the Renoirs had 3 sons, but the article only lists two, Pierre Renoir and Jean Renoir. Who was the third? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.63.115.200 (talk) 01:13, 14 May 2014 (UTC) = I'm quite certain there was only two son. HawkSteven (talk) 12:49, 22 February 2015 (UTC)
 * The third son, Claude (1901-1969), is mentioned in the 2nd paragraph. Ewulp (talk) 12:55, 22 February 2015 (UTC)

Arrested as a spy?
The article formerly read, "During the Paris Commune in 1871, Pierre-Auguste Renoir was arrested as a government spy. His life was saved when he was recognized by one of the Commune leaders, whom Renoir had himself protected on another occasion."

I find only one reference on the web (in English) to anything like this.

http://www.2blowhards.com/archives/000637.html - discusses an incident when Renoir assisted agitator, Raoul Rigault, but doesn't discuss any subsequent event involving Rigault.

A google search for +Renoir +Rigault turns up some sites, mostly in French that I can't read.

One of them, http://www.coppoweb.com/merson/chroniques/fr.commune.php, translated by google reads, "Renoir , was painting on the edges of the Seine when communards took it for a spy of Of Versailles and undertook to throw it to water. It had its safety only to his friend Raoul Rigault, a young refugee whom it formerly had accomodated and hidden in the forest of Fontainebleau." Which sounds more like a vigilante type action than an arrest.

So, I've tweaked that sentence to read, "During the Paris Commune in 1871, while painting by the Seine River, a Commune group thought he was spying and they were about to throw him in the river when a Commune leader, Raoul Rigault, recognized Renoir as the man who protected him on an earlier occasion."

Please change it if you have a reference that tells the story differently. And, please, add the reference.But I am still wrong no matter how hard I try!!!

--sparkit 02:33, Apr 20, 2005 (UTC)

Bold textYES

It is a true story. You can read about it in the book "Renoir, My Father" by Jean Renoir. --Killaferra 16:03, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

 * My memory is that the incident is, indeed, included in Jean Renoir's book (which I read over 20 years ago!). I suspect some of the other stories (the affair with the teen-aged girl?) might also be from the same source. Cites are needed, and I will help if I can dig up a copy of this or other books which refer to these incidents. JNW 22:16, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Name of painting
I believe the name of the painting which is titled  On the Terrace, is actually called Two Sisters —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.13.90.80 (talk) 05:09, 7 December 2006 (UTC).

Critical interpretation
I've moved the reference to Renoir's painting as 'chocolate box' art to the footnotes. For one, it seemed slightly out of context, almost a non-sequitur. Also, I've deleted the 'derision' by Degas and Picasso because it is equally out of context, and a misleading characterization of their esteem for Renoir: the literature is clear that Degas was a friend and supporter of Renoir (When criticizing landscape painters, Degas was reminded that his friend Renoir worked plein-air, and he replied 'Renoir is different; he can do anything he likes'), and that Picasso admired and was influenced by his monumental figures, even drawing a well-known portrait of the older artist that in mood is anything but dismissive. In other words, the article which is cited is inconclusive at best.

Perhaps eventually an 'assessment' heading will be added, one that may include the popular but largely superficial interpretation of Renoir as merely 'pretty' (just as Degas is ignorantly viewed as the painter of ballerinas), as well as the profusely documented understanding that he was a whole lot more than a purveyor of candy, and transcended his beginnings as a decorative painter...though what we may take as a patronizing description would probably not have troubled him in the least. JNW 13:26, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

 * It's been added. JNW 17:32, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I am entirely happy for the note to be linked from the Assessment section which is a great idea. The Guardian is a notable source on artistic matters. I have reworded the contribution but if you are still not happy then the solution is to add counter sourced views, to reach an NPOV position. HTH. TerriersFan 18:17, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Sourcing
WP:CITE refers. This is a really nicely written article that in many ways is a credit to Wikipedia. The problem, though, is that there is not a single reference for the 'Biography' and 'Artworks' sections that form the bulk of the article. These sections contain many opinions and each need to be closely sourced. I am not suggesting immediate, drastic action rather that, progressively, we need to work through the sections sourcing or editing as appropriate. TerriersFan 18:59, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Agreed re: the sourcing--I have provided cites for most of my contributions, (some involve biographical facts so well documented that they don't need cites) but many more are in order. JNW 21:22, 10 March 2007 (UTC)

Fingers or penis?
I have a source (not one that I would vouch for), which claims that Jean Renoirs biography maintains that due to rheumatism, his father painted with his penis. It is of course possible that he used both strapped to fingers and strapped to penis in diferent stages. I would however inquire politely if the following is a bowdlerisation, whether it is merely incomplete in that it does not mention painting with his penis, or whether the source I have got it wrong somehow, possibly a bad translation of the biography or something like that?

Quote: "He developed progressive deformities in his hands and ankylosis of his right shoulder, requiring him to adapt his painting technique. In the advanced stages of his arthritis, he painted by having a brush strapped to his paralyzed fingers." -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. 09:51, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * A colorful image, but no. Supposedly Renoir was irritated by a visitor's unsubtle query as to how he could paint with such crippling arthritis, and responded that he painted with his prick. JNW 13:51, 10 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The quote came is originally sourced from his son's (Jean Renoir) biography of Renoir Snr. (Renoir, My Father, p 185) as responding "With my prick" to a question by a journalist about how he painted with arthritic hands. Rambo's Revenge (talk)  19:40, 17 October 2010 (UTC)

In "Lady Chatterley's Lover, by D.H. Lawrence, the gameskeeper, Mellors, mentioned that Renoir painted with his penis.65.185.168.236 (talk) 05:33, 29 December 2013 (UTC)

This is a very silly discussion. There’s several sources that discuss the lengths Renoir went to paint due to his arthritis, and at least one source documented the technology he used to do it later in life. Viriditas (talk) 01:15, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

Changing Picture "On the terrace"?
I suggest to choose a different file version of "On the terrace". Now, the File's name is "DosHermanas.jpg". It's obviously this one in Commons: The Second version is here:. (Both in the Category Art Institute of Chicago) I would prefer the second version. The colors are much brighter, i.e. the blue gown of the big girl and the blue eyes of the little girl. This matches reality better. (I've seen this painting a few days ago in an exhibition in Wuppertal). Perhaps we should delete the first version in Commons, too. Though I'm a newbie I'm not experienced with picture licenses and the technical handling of such a procedure, hence can't do it myself.--217.87.9.62 (talk) 22:26, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I've switched to the other image. Let's see if the community responds with jeers or hurrahs. JNW (talk) 22:56, 3 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Hurrah! Krazy19Karl (talk) 05:28, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Hurrah for me as well!--Abie the Fish Peddler (talk) 05:43, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Augusto Renoir
I was curios if Augusto Renoir is aka Pierre Augusto Renoir. And I have The Woman Sewing, but it is not on his list. Is this one of his earlier pieces? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.235.227.125 (talk) 20:11, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

Lead image
Hi. Please explain this change. Tomer T (talk) 01:08, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

 * Hello Tomer T. Yes, sorry, I should have explained as I made the change (EDIT: though I notice you did not give a reason for your edit either). I happened upon the Renoir article a few days ago and was pleasantly surprised to see a photo of the artist snapped during his first artistic peak, at a time around which he was painting Le Moulin de la Galette, during the Impressionist period, before the turn of the century, at a time when he was considered as a ground-breaking artist.

 * The image of Renoir you included (in place of the former) is similar to the ones found throughout the Internet, of a Renoir towards the end of his career, well beyond his prime as an artist, at a time when Impressionism had already been replaced as an avant-garde phenomenon first by Symbolism, then Neo-Impressionism, Divisionism, Fauvism, and even Proto-Cubism (c. 1910). If you would like to discuss the matter further, to reach some form of general consensus, feel free to post in the Talk section of the Renoir article. Coldcreation (talk) 07:36, 27 September 2013 (UTC)
 * -End of transfer
 * OK, I got your rationale, thanks for the answer. But I think the other image (File:Renoir, Pierre-Auguste, by Dornac, BNF Gallica.jpg) is better, because it has much better resolution, composition and quality. The inferior quality in File:PARenoir.jpg is quite disturbing for me. Maybe they can be both placed in the article, where the image from 1910 will be placed in the section "Later years". By the way, what do you think about File:Pierre-Auguste Renoir by Mélandri.png as a potential lead image? Tomer T (talk) 17:49, 27 September 2013 (UTC)

 * I've just uploaded an uncropped version of the photo in question. (I am currently searching for a higher resolution version). I also found and uploaded this photograph of Renoir: File:Auguste Renoir-photo-1900.jpg, not yet in the article. Coldcreation (talk) 07:48, 28 September 2013 (UTC)

Jeanne Samary?
No mention of ? Andy Dingley (talk) 14:46, 9 April 2016 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 03:00, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

What about the daughters?
Nice to know Renoir had three sons. But the paintings of the family also show at least two daughters: so what did they do in later life? And even if they did nothing particularly of note in the wider world, surely they deserve a mention? Seems like a fairly limited accounting of the descendants. Do we really need to perpetuate this sort of sexist view? Jest askin'.... Theonemacduff (talk) 18:01, 19 November 2018 (UTC)

Lucienne Bisson
I reverted the unsourced line describing Lucienne Bisson as Renoir's illegitimate daughter. The same information is in the Lucienne Bisson article, sourced only to a review in the NYT that mentions Bisson in passing: "There is also an oil painting, perhaps from the 1920's, of a Paris street by Lucienne Bisson, Renoir's illegitimate daughter, that nicely captures the heavy atmosphere of an overcast day in the city." If there's anything about Bisson in Renoir's biographies, I can't find it. I notice that the French article fr:Lucienne Bisson, which is better sourced, has a different genealogy and different birth and death dates. Ewulp (talk) 08:39, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Yes, I don't know how much this helps but when I wrote the article about his wife, his only wife, Aline Charigot I didn't come across a daughter. Had she been from before their marriage, as was their eldest son, I think I would have found mention. Had she been from a liaison, maybe not. Thincat (talk) 09:18, 24 September 2020 (UTC)

Criticism section
Within the last two decades, there’s been a lot of sources published that provide a more critical look into Renoir’s life, particularly into his relationships with his models, his secret relationship with his child born out of wedlock, his sexist views about female artists, his fiery anti-Semitism in the 1880s and position on the Dreyfus affair, and the more recent modern feminist objections to Renoir. Some of this is covered by Jean-Claude Gélineau, Elizabeth Melanson, Catherine Southwick, Sarah Tas, and Barbara Ehrlich White, but there’s so much material it would be nice to have some helpful hands. Viriditas (talk) 01:23, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I’m thinking that the section could be titled "modern critical appraisal" or something similar, indicating that most of the critical literature is recent due to archival research and study. In other words, the older literature (before 2000, let’s say) just doesn’t have this information available. The intent of this section isn’t to cut Renoir down or diminish his legacy or contribution, but rather to make it clear that modern research has uncovered a great deal about Renoir that wasn’t known before. Viriditas (talk) 08:17, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

 * On women

 * "I think of women who are writers, lawyers and politicians as monsters, mere freaks...the woman artist is just ridiculous." As cited by Rose, June (1998). Mistress of Montmartre: A Life of Suzanne Valadon. London: Richard Cohen Books. p. 60.  From a letter from Auguste Renoir to Philippe Burty, Paris, 8 May 1888.
 * "Sexism, too, was a cultural phenomenon throughout Renoir's lifetime. Most French men and women were patriarchal and treated women as second-class citizens." Barbara Erlich White, Renoir: An Intimate Biography. pp. 26-27.  White has been criticized by others for attempting to whitewash Renoir's record and defend allegations of sexism etc. against Renoir.

 * On education, religion, women, and Jews
 * "Renoir and Degas, on the other hand, were out-and-out reactionaries.  'Education', Renoir once remarked to Julie Manet…'is the downfall of the working classes’. Both artists believed in the panacea-like benefits of religion, although neither of them were actually practicing Christians; they also regarded the inferiority of women as axiomatic; and were blatantly anti-Semitic." (Denvir 1993, p. 11)

title: Talk:Pierre-Auguste Renoir


text:
Reaction

Reaction may refer to a process or to a response to an action, event, or exposure.

Physics and chemistry

 * Chemical reaction
 * Nuclear reaction
 * Reaction (physics), as defined by Newton's third law
 * Chain reaction (disambiguation)

Biology and medicine

 * Adverse drug reaction
 * Allergic reaction
 * Reflex, neural reaction
 * Hypersensitivity, immune reaction
 * Intolerance (disambiguation)
 * Light reaction (disambiguation)

Psychology

 * Emotional, reaction
 * Reactivity
 * Proactivity, opposite of reactive behaviour
 * Reactive attachment disorder

Politics and culture

 * Reactionary, a political tendency
 * Reaction video
 * Commentary (disambiguation)

Proper names and titles

 * Reaction (album), a 1986 album by American R&B singer Rebbie Jackson
 * "Reaction" (song), the title song from the Rebbie Jackson album
 * "Reaction", a single by Dead Letter Circus
 * Reactions, a 2018 album by The Mods
 * ReAction GUI, a GUI toolkit used on AmigaOS
 * Reaction.life, a political news and commentary website edited by Iain Martin
 * Reaction Records, a record label
 * TNA Reaction, a former documentary show of TNA Wrestling (now known as Impact Wrestling) behind the scenes
 * Reaction (The Spectacular Spider-Man), an episode of the American animated television series The Spectacular Spider-Man
 * The Reaction, a novel in the Animorphs series
 * Reactions (journal), a chemistry journal published by MDPI

title: Reaction


text:
Talk:Reaction

e "foo" you write a link to "foo", it's obvious that clicking it only reloads the page the user is currently reading .... issn't it? Feel free to edit the help pages where you think this information should go. -- Tarquin 20:24 Jan 14, 2003 (UTC) (sorry for griping. I love newbies, honest! Why, I ate three today ;-)

I had seen other pages that way, and assumed the behavior. I presumed it had *something* to do with search, quoting or consistancy (in Mozilla 1.x if you highlight text and say "view selected source" you can paste it into your blog for instance). Anyhow I will refain from doing this in the future. Thank you for correcting it. One day I will note it wherever it seems approriate, that day is not today. Reboot

==

title: Talk:Reaction


text:
Talk:List of file sharing softwares

24.42.43.3 go to the style guide and see if you can bring your writing into conformity with the format of an encyclopedia. Two16

title: Talk:List of file sharing softwares