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Talk:Chrysler Building

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FALCONS
Why doesn't the word FALCON show up even once on this page? Not even on the discussion? It's one of the most unique features of the whole thing! I'll upload a picture if y'all want. Here: There are seven or eight of them jutting off the top. REGULAR-NORMAL (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 05:05, 2 March 2009 (UTC).

You can see them from the bottom here. http://wbal.com/blogs/wykoff/uploaded_images/NYC-Chrysler-Building-712943.jpg

REGULAR-NORMAL (talk) 03:24, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

 * You obviously don't know a dime about proposing of a specific -and- concise subject in mind in an article's Talk Page, rather than just saying "Falcons" simply expecting someone to know what your mind is thinking. Now that you have intelligently defined what they are, they're not falcons, they're Eagles that adorned the machine age and parts of the Chrysler Automobiles in the 30s.

 * And having said that, I hope that you're not suffering from a bad cataract; it's stated clearly black and white under the Architecture section and as defined:

 * "The distinctive ornamentation of the building based on features that were then being used on Chrysler automobiles.... corners of the 61st floor are graced with eagles, replicas of the 1929 Chrysler hood ornaments;[29]"

 * Read carefully and possibly out loud next time in any article before you start proposing something that is already been there in which I wrote in the article since Jan 4th 2007.

 * In contrast these are ornamental appearances in the architecture of the Chrysler Building and as also defined elsewhere in the article. There are a total 8 steel constructed replicated eagles graced around it.

 * Someformofhuman Speak now!  09:19, 7 March 2009 (UTC)

They're obviously falcons. Get out your audubon. Haha thank Jesus the one true God that wikipedia is still the place for obnoxious condescending geeks who go around highlighting the word "I" like they did something useful. REGULAR-NORMAL (talk) 03:48, 11 March 2009 (UTC)

Surrounding Pictures
I added a third picture to the history section to allow people to view the Chrysler building and its surroundings. Most pictures are just of the building itself and others can't really see what is next to it. Hope this is ok! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Mmigliari (talk • contribs) 12:13, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

Attention
I am thrilled to see all the attention that the Chrysler Building receives. My great grandfather, Ralph Squire, was the Structural Steel engineer on the bldg. My father used to tell stories about going to the site with his father (the 'son') to test each piece of strutural steel before it was used in the construction. The architect, Van Allen, was my grandfather's cousin. Nancy Squire-Robinson

 * It's truly a fantastic building. If you ever find some old pictures of the early days of the building, its construction, or the builders, it'd be great if you could upload them and share them with the world!  --Quasipalm 19:55, 4 January 2006 (UTC)

Tenants
Does anyone know what companies are tenants in the building? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.181.143.66 (talk) 16:05, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Various unciteable sources claim the building is mostly, if not totally vacant but for a few tenants.--KJRehberg (talk) 04:45, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Security
Does anyone know if you can still walk into the lobby and have a look around? When I was there in June 2001, you could, but I imagine security has been tightened somewhat since then --Robert Merkel 12:32 Jan 12, 2003 (UTC)

Photo
Would anyone like to improve this photo? I have a lovely full colour photo of the building lit up at dusk. - Montréalais

 * Yes! Please give us a better photo of this wonderful building (about the only piece of New York that I'd steal and put in Melbourne if I could;) --Robert Merkel 08:36 Jan 16, 2003 (UTC)

A great infobox
Someone wrote this infobox in HTML. I've removed it because it doesn't quite fit anymore with the addition of the template-based standard skyscraper infoboxes, but I felt guilty so I moved it here in case it's ever useful to someone.

Chrysler Building

lobby
You can in fact walk into the lobby during working hours on the weekdays. There are tours of the building during OpenhouseNYC each year (http://www.ohny.org/ohny_website/start.html).

/bpm

Merge from The Chrysler Building ?
Someone has just posted a long article at The Chrysler Building. It seems like a paper that was written for a class or something. FreplySpang (talk) 05:47, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Disambig "Gallery"
I'm trying to disambiguate for the term "gallery," and this article was on the list. Unfortunatley, none of the links on the dab page seem to match what's needed here, as I assume the top floor used to be a viewing gallery, not an Art gallery. Any ideas of what to do would be appreciated. AlexDitto 22:12, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

tallest brick building?
I thought the Chrysler Building is made out of steel and metal, not brick. Even it is was made out of brick, the ESB will still tower over it. Can someone fix this?

- yeah, it definitely has a steel frame... 212.64.98.189 22:48, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

I have deleted the statement "Chrysler Building is still the tallest brick building in the world." as erroneous and misleading (and absurd), implying that the brick is load-bearing. While the CB has bricks, the vertical load bearing system is steeel frame, not brick. Since the CB has some wood also (say, the in the window transoms), is it also the world's tallest wood bldg? I believe the world's tallest masonry load-bearing bldg is the Monadnock in Chicago (16 stories?).

I does have brick which can be seen up near the Eagles in closeup photos, but the ESB is ALSO brick and in the late 60's on the 86th floor observatory was a glass display case with a brick inside it. It said the architect ordered 10 million brick, and this one brick was what was left over. This is also confirmed;

The Empire State Building is composed of 60000 tons of steel, 200000 cubic feet of Indiana limestone and granite, 10 million bricks, www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/wonder/structure/empire_state.html

There's also;

in addition to the steel frame, construction materials included 62,000 cubic yards of concrete; 200,000 cubic feet of Indiana limestone and granite, which comprised most of the exterior

http://www.constructioncompany.com/historic-construction-projects/empire-state-building/

And last but not least, proof that the ESB contains almost 300% more bricks;

At one point 3000 construction workers were working on the tower simultaneously. - 	20,961 tons of structural steel, 391,881 rivets, and 3,826,000 bricks were used to assemble the (Chrysler) building.

http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=114867

"The Chrysler Building was the first structure in the world to surpass the 1,000 foot (305 m) threshold." ; Didn't want to change the page flat out, but this is conflicting with Eiffel Tower page, define structure, the Eiffel Tower (1889) is all together 1,070. Chrysler building was the first building but not structure.. just lobbying for accuracy.

Actually, when the chrysler building passed the Eiffel Tower, The tower wasn't over 1000 feet tall yet. The Eiffel Tower is currently 1063 Feet tall, but this is due to a 79 communications antenna which was added in 1957. So when the Chrysler surpassed the Eiffel in 1930, It was the first man-made structure of any sort to exceed 1000 feet in height. Please see the introduction and Events sections of the Eiffel Tower Article for these references.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiffel_Tower —Preceding unsigned comment added by JWut89LA (talk • contribs) 16:56, 20 December 2007 (UTC)

38 or 58 m spire?
This page says the secretly assembled spire was 38 m: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40_Wall_Street The Chrysler Building page itself says: 58.4 m. Now, which is it? Or is the 58.4 m including some length which isn't visable from the outside?

"Despite not being the second tallest tower in New York..."
The above was added to the article today, but... according to Wikipedia's list of the world's tallest buildings, the Chrysler Building is the second tallest tower in New York... ? HMishkoff 00:26, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

I have removed the erroneous statement that the Chrysler Building is not the second tallest tower in NY. 68.175.106.173 07:48, 9 December 2006 (UTC)Anon

Gut the Popular Culture section?
All of it seems mostly trivia and not in itself notable. Unless someone responds, I'll be bold and edit

I say, cut out anything which is not definately about the CB. that would exclude 'looks like' and 'inspired by' and 'in the background'IceDragon64 21:47, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I've noticed that people always excuse their disemboweling of articles by saying "I'll be bold."

 * And the word is spelled "definitely", not "definately". -- Davidkevin (talk) 08:31, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Someformofhuman says:
 * "It is also mentioned that it has appeared in every medium. Hence, we do not have to mention in detail.)

Yep, it says that, all right: I should know, as I wrote that text.  In your ignorance, you're quoting my own words to me as justification for damaging the article. Disemboweling the section makes the article less interesting, less involving, less encyclopedic. Saying "People can see it in some places" and no more is dry and boring. Giving select examples brings the reader into the subject, gives her or him something with which to identify, and makes it a better article. One of the best ways to improve Wikipedia is not to be a Bureaucrat, deleting information, but a Writer, adding information. -- Davidkevin (talk) 12:29, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Well I don't know how is it that you found me ignorant of the edits and managed to "quote your own words". (No really, I really have no idea you were thinking that way. Neither was I thinking that way either), I have no time for such guessing games; not that I mean to offend you in anyway, but I don't usually attack or hit anyone so far - that isn't my style in Wikipedia - and I'll never do such a thing for my first try either. Life has better meaning than doing debates.

 * Anyway, well is not that I do not acknowledge your edits but I would like to know how is it and in what way adding the building's portrayal in games, and etc makes such a good encyclopedic revelance to the article? I did what I can do nominate this article to GA status. Most of these Pop culture sections are mainly unsourced fan-based speculations and cannot be on Wikipedia - GA nominators are quite particular about this. Also, the section already explained that the Chrysler Building has expressed in various mediums already, so I feel there's non-a-need to add specific appearences of the building. And what about yourself? Not that I have pointy iron fingers or offending you in anyway, I didn't even see you doing any constructive and knowledgable edits to the article like what I just did. Did you? You know in my point of view, you were just reverting my clean up edits and nothing else.

 * My policy is this; No source, no add, simple as that. In this case, the Pop Culture section doesn't cite sources. As I read through the entire section, I see nothing but fan-based trivia like content. Wikipedia isn't a fun station - It's a place of learning and true facts.

 * Well I'm definately not going to argue with you or challenge our perceptives, I have better student material things to do right now.

 * I wish you good will and a great Christmas Season.

 * Someformofhuman Talk now! | My Contribs 16:19, 23 December 2007 (UTC)

Chrysler Corp
Does anyone know how long the Chrysler Corporation was actually housed in the building? heresthecasey | talk  23:52, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

 * No Chrysler inteneded to move his headquarters to the building but never did, it maintained small offices there for awhile though, but it was really only a monument to Chrysler and never functioned as a headquarters or important office space for Chrysler —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.26.93.181 (talk) 15:30, 10 July 2008 (UTC)

Interior
What struck me most when I saw the CB was the lobby interior. As I recall it has striking huge dark panels of labradorite on the walls. Could someone upload a photo of this? IceDragon64 21:50, 23 July 2007 (UTC)

Yes please. I recall seeing a documentary TV programme about this beautiful building and I understand it is absolutely stunning inside. I've never been to New York but I consider from the photos and documentary that I have seen that the Chrysler building is my favourite building in the world. It's just amazing. It would be terrific to see photos of the excellent interior if someone has the means to obtain and post them.

I would additionally be interested to know if someone in NY would advise, is it still possible to visit and tour the building ? Aethandor (talk) 23:36, 21 June 2008 (UTC)

The Building
There is a modern model of the Chrysler Building from New York in Chicago. Does anyone know what the name of that is?

GA review
Hello, I will be the GA reviewer for this article. If there are any questions whatsoever do not be hesitant to ask them. Any questions can be left on this talkpage or on my user talkspace. Regards, Daimanta (talk) 01:09, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

Source http://wirednewyork.com/forum/archive/index.php/t-3656.html is a forum posting. How can this be contrued as a reliable source? Daimanta (talk) 12:14, 24 December 2007 (UTC) Done.

Source http://select.nytimes.com/glogin?URI=http://select.nytimes.com/search/restricted/article&OQ=_rQ3D1Q26resQ3DF70B13FC3C550C728CDDA00894DD404482&OP=4c7583a3Q2F(9KQ3C(vP_KWQ5Bl(Q60_Q3FWQ27Q27vO(W7Q60jPsKQ277Q5E_KQ60_KQ5B(W7_PQ60aK,Q27WJ!j_la is a source where you need clearance for. Since I don't have that clearance the authors of this article are responsible for that source. If it's possible to use an open equivalent of this source it would be appreciated but I don't hold it against the nomination if this isn't the case. Regards, Daimanta (talk) 12:20, 24 December 2007 (UTC) ?

"When the ground breaking occurred on 19 September 1928, there was an intense competition in New York City to build the world's tallest skyscraper." This ought to be sourced. Daimanta (talk) 12:27, 24 December 2007 (UTC) Done.

Also, it is best if the entire inforbox has one source. I have seen some technical ones for this page, so it's probably pretty easy to take the best one from them. Regards, Daimanta (talk) 12:32, 24 December 2007 (UTC) Done.

 * Gee I was thinking of those too you know... I knew something was amiss... I do not know who added those sources, but forums aren't allowed as sources. And yeah, I will manage to find some new and reliable sources. Thanks for the headsup nevertheless! I'll edit them tomorrow... It's 12am here :)

 * Someformofhuman Speak now!  16:00, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Hey I've managed to add sources. However for that NYTimes source, I'm not too canny sure about that... I don't really know much about those stakeholders and business dealings though. However for that infobox, I can't use a wikimarkup to add a source or modify the box. Therefore at the end of the table I added a: |Source:Emporis.com, SkyscaperPage.com]]|}} markup. Let me know if everything's fine.

 * Someformofhuman Speak now!  11:17, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

"As an iconic part of the New York City skyline, the Chrysler Building has been depicted countlessly in almost every medium - film, photography, video games, art, advertising, music, literature, and even fashion, as its use quickly establishes without doubt the location in which the depicted events are occurring."

This is a bit vague. Can somebody clarify this? Maybe giving an example where this building features prominently? Regards, Daimanta (talk) 11:40, 26 December 2007 (UTC) Done.

Also, it's probably a smart idea to move the gallery section down. It breaks up the article and I don't think that's the idea of a gallery section. Daimanta (talk) 11:41, 26 December 2007 (UTC) Done.

 * Agreed. I will give a few cultural depictions and (good) examples of the Chrysler Building depicted in literature, famous films and certain games. I will base on the format of Sears Tower instead of the usual point form. If you look through the history of this article, there were alot of pop culural depictions of the Chrysler Building in films and games, but those were unsourced and very fan-based speculations - and some of them very minor and uncyclopedic. So I removed all of them or IPs will keep pouring with alot of unsourced info unnecessarily. This time round, all cultural depictions will be sourced and throughly fact checked by me.

 * As for the gallery, I don't know who placed it there, but alright; I'll move it to the bottom - Seems to be better at the bottom! Done.

 * Someformofhuman Speak now!  12:43, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

I feel that the interior lacks a deal of attention. Can this be brought forward a little bit more? Regards, Daimanta (talk) 11:36, 27 December 2007 (UTC) Researching...

It seems like I'm the only one doing all the editing... What happened to everyone else? Looks like its only just you and me :) Anyway, I borrowed some books from the library. See if I can find any source of the interior spaces and architectural features.

Someformofhuman Speak now!  17:10, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Daimanta allowed for other input on the GA Nom page... so here's some thoughts. It seems as though the 'Design Beginnings' ought to be in with the architecture, as that would seem to mate well with the explanation of included Art Deco elements seen in the 'Architecture' section. The uses of the upper floors seems like it should either go after the (now) third para of Architecture, which expands on the Art Deco via lighting and shape explanation, or better, go above, into the history section, as it actually seems more relevant to the building's ingteractions with the city, and with changing technology. The Architecture section ought to focus on the design elements, not the later uses, which the history section otherwise does nicely. So essentially, a paragraph to subsection trade, I suppose. ThuranX (talk) 07:06, 28 December 2007 (UTC) Done.

You know, great minds think alike. :) Thanks for the headsup, I was thinking of shifting sections too. I do not know who wrote the Architecture section, but it sure needs clean up. I've done alot for the History, so yes, I'll see what I can do to incorporate the sections over as you have mentioned. I'll put it under the history section if there's anything that has got to do with the timeline of the building. Finally, I got the help I need, I can't be doing all the editing work! :)

Someformofhuman Speak now!  07:51, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Those books I got from the library aren't helping as much; they only expresses the writer's POV of Chrysler (it also shows he/she doesn't have a dime clue about the building), states no particular source and nothing else, and vast talking nothing but about NY politics... :( Anyway, I've managed to break up the Architecture section... Perhaps my great work was the crown ornamentation. If I have more sources, I will add the interior section later. Also, the only thing I need to further cite is the broadcasting section.

 * Someformofhuman Speak now!  17:56, 31 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Excellent work. If you cite the broadcast section it will be surely of GA quality. If that's done I will promote it. Regards, Daimanta (talk) 18:59, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Finally! Some recognition! Do I get some kind of reward? Joking... :)
 * Someformofhuman Speak now!  04:47, 1 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Lol, just make the finishing touch and you will have my gratitude. ;)

Just tell me when you're done and you have helped creating another GA page. Regards, Daimanta (talk) 17:50, 1 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright now, it's a long and hard breaking labour to clean up the article... Now go give it a GA status! :)
 * Someformofhuman Speak now!  14:52, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Ok, the article has been promoted to GA status. I would like to thank the authors of this article and the people who fulfilled my requests for making this a good article. Regards, Daimanta (talk) 18:47, 4 January 2008 (UTC)

Let's see... I think it's just me doing the editing? haha :) Someformofhuman  Speak now!  01:00, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

temporary use of a user space template
Hi, I am demonstrating a template upgrade suggestion, please see Template_talk:Infobox_Skyscraper for further details. I shall take this down after the demo is finished. Thanks. -J JMesserly (talk) 18:46, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Cloverfield and thoughts
Wasn't the building knocked over in the Cloverfield movie? And for what it's worth, in the continuity of Marvel Comics, the entire building has gained sentience and mobillity. It's been convinced to keep a low profile. (World War Hulk: Aftersmash: Damage Control #2-3) Lots42 (talk) 04:45, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

Well, I dont know about Cloverfield, but it was definitely destroyed in Godzilla (1998). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.211.43.2 (talk) 20:29, 5 February 2012 (UTC)

Infobox problems
The "embed" boolean of the NRHP infobox is apparently not compatible with the skyscraper infobox. I've therefore removed the NRHP box from being inline with the skyscraper box and placed it separately below. This change also required moving the architecture detail image from right to left. I'm new to editing so if anyone else has a better solution to the infobox bug, please feel free to improve... Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Nhwebforge (talk • contribs) 21:22, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Lighting
The triangular inserts in the crown were in fact not used for many years until they were turned on again in the 1980s. (I distinctly remember their novelty.) At the time, it was said that the lights had been turned off during WWII, but that the switch had been forgotten and only recently been relocated.

I was unable to turn up anything on Google, but I wonder if someone else has a good reference for this. 192.91.173.36 (talk) 03:07, 1 May 2010 (UTC)

Reference problems
http://ecow.engr.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/getbig/cee/340/davidcamac/studentsbu/chryslerbuilding.ppt which supports no fewer than 11 statements in the article, is now a dead link. From the looks of the URL, it must have been a student's Powerpoint presentation for a class. I have no intention of logging on to fix it, but one of this article's regular caretakers really ought to. 192.91.173.36 (talk) 03:09, 1 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It can still be accessed using wikiwix : http://wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http://ecow.engr.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/getbig/cee/340/davidcamac/studentsbu/chryslerbuilding.ppt&title=Chrysler%20Building.ppt. Freewol (talk) 11:43, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Bathroom rumor
I've read elsewhere online that there is a rumor that the highest point in the Chrysler Building is a bathroom. I'm not sure there's any truth to it, but is the rumor itself worthy of inclusion, simply to dispel it should people come looking? Esprix (talk) 17:14, 3 May 2012 (UTC)

InterMedia?
I'm not sure InterMedia's one floor even warrants mention under "Tenants", but certainly not under "Property". And by the way "Property seems like an odd name for that section ... although I can't think of one that seems right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.173.89.93 (talk) 20:17, 27 July 2012 (UTC)

First man-made structure to stand taller than 1,000 feet (305 m)?
I reverted an IP who had challenged this statement here, but not so sure he wasn't right after digging into it more.

The Eiffel Tower's height at the time of the Chrysler Building's completion is the first key thing to determine. According to this source Eiffel Tower's height in 1930 was 312.27 m / 1,025 ft to "to of flag", but only 984 ft to "roof".

So do we measure to the top of antennas, or more to the point(punny) in this case, to the top of flags when considering records like this? If so, the article and my revert are wrong. -- Racer X11 Talk to me Stalk me  15:40, 7 July 2013 (UTC)

Edit Request 4/13/14

 * Could a seprate page be created to contain the uses of the Chrysler Building in its appearences in tv shows, movies, books, video games, and whatever else? I'll give some examples below. --24.147.1.197 (talk) 21:55, 13 April 2014 (UTC)Jacob Chesley

 * For example, the building appears in GTA 4 as the Zirconium Building in Liberty City.

 * The spire appears in bad reviewed video game Turning Point: Fall of Liberty lying in the street after the Nazi German air raid on New York City.

 * The building is destroyed in the year 2308 during an alien invasion on Futurama and the spire can be seen lying underground in the ruins of Old New York.

 * Its blown up by aliens in Independence Day.

--24.147.1.197 (talk) 21:55, 13 April 2014 (UTC)Jacob Chesley
 * A megatsumani in the 1998 film Deep Impact hits the Chrysler Building but survives.

public gallery for observation?
The architecture section's crown subsection has this: When the building first opened, it contained a public viewing gallery on the 71st floor, which was closed to the public in 1945.

There is no other mention about it. But someone wrote in the talk page section "lobby" this text: ''You can in fact walk into the lobby during working hours on the weekdays. There are tours of the building during OpenhouseNYC each year.'' What would "tours of the building" mean here?

Also, there is a picture with a view out from one of the 'triangular windows' from 2006. So, at least someone has been able to go there. 82.141.126.28 (talk) 10:12, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

In popular culture section
In keeping with the article's status as a Good Article, I removed the unsourced "In popular culture" section temporarily. Epicgenius (talk) 00:57, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Absolutely agree with Epicgenius's actions above, although we are likely to have further problems with offensive, unregistered IP editor. Regards, David J Johnson (talk) 08:07, 18 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I removed another such edit by User:2403:7900:ade1:a1de:250:56ff:fea6:3b1f; this time, they provided a source, albeit an unreliable one. Epicgenius (talk) 12:23, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

 * Agree with your action. "Edits" by the IP users add nothing to the article, which is about a iconic building and not a adjunct to science fiction fantasy. Regards, David J Johnson (talk) 12:28, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140709013602/http://ecow.engr.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/getbig/cee/340/davidcamac/studentsbu/chryslerbuilding.ppt to http://ecow.engr.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/getbig/cee/340/davidcamac/studentsbu/chryslerbuilding.ppt
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090925002354/http://www.skyscraperpicture.com:80/chryslerbuilding.htm to http://www.skyscraperpicture.com/chryslerbuilding.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150504170201/http://www.nypost.com/seven/06112008/business/chrysler_bldg__on_the_block_115016.html to http://www.nypost.com/seven/06112008/business/chrysler_bldg__on_the_block_115016.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121025172006/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aACZuFPo8cf8&refer=home to http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aACZuFPo8cf8&refer=home
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 * I've checked the urls. Substituted some. And the ppt presentation I have decided to remove it. Doblecaña (talk) 11:06, 15 February 2016 (UTC)

Mural
I've uploaded images of the mural located in the ceilings of the lobby. They were taken by a friend that was in NYC and visited the CB. They can be found here. Feel free to add them in the article. Triplecaña (talk) 16:27, 24 March 2016 (UTC)

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Proposal/Edit Request 12/18/2017
Does anyone think the the popular culture section could be relocated to a new article? I mean, if an article describing the Chrysler Building's appearances in pop culture was created, there would be more room to add the buildings appearances in films, TV shows, video games, books, ect. After all, the pop culture section that is already on the article can't hold too much information without making the article look ridiculously too long and messy.

The Statue of Liberty, the Empire State Building, the World Trade Center, and Coney Island have all gotten the treatment of having popular culture articles, so why can't the Chrysler Building have a popular culture article as well?

If an article about the Chrysler Building's appearances in popular culture does get created, I'll be happily obliged to help out with the article. --JCC the Alternate Historian (talk) 15:45, 18 December 2017 (UTC)

 * The section doesn't seem that large, I would also think that "appearances in pop culture" would be mostly non-notable trivia anyway. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 20:21, 24 December 2017 (UTC)

source
recent news/info: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-12-18/new-york-city-s-office-workers-are-gone-landlords-are-sounding-the-alarm?srnd=premium&sref=CIpmV6x8 — Mainly 16:40, 18 December 2020 (UTC)

Groundbreaking date
This source, which was recently removed after being deprecated at WP:RSN, claims that the building's groundbreaking took place on September 19, 1928. I doubt that the source is correct, for several reasons:
 * When searching for "Reynolds Building" (the building's original name), "Reynolds" "building", or even "Lexington" "Forty-second" "building", no contemporary sources record the building's groundbreaking as having occurred on that date. Nor did they report the news the day afterward. This is extremely unusual for a building of the Chrysler's stature, given the fact that it was already slated to be the world's tallest building at the time. It is even more unusual since there is plenty of news coverage about such matters as the building's secretly-constructed spire and its opening, as well as such matters as when exactly the Chrysler overtook the Woolworth Building to become the world's tallest.
 * There are several books that talk about the Chrysler Building's architecture and construction at length, as well as a landmark designation report that describes not only its history and architecture in great detail. These do not mention a September 19, 1928, groundbreaking date (or rather, any groundbreaking date at all).
 * Most Google results for this date either quote Wikipedia or are Wikipedia mirrors. One of the few not-suspicious-looking search results is this Gothamist page. While Gothamist is usually a reliable source for local news, this particular page relies heavily on Wikipedia and links to several WP pages, so I don't think it can be used as a source for this claim.
 * The only book that does mention the groundbreaking date is a book about architecture in Dubai. I would expect that such pertinent info about a NYC building would be mentioned in a book about NYC architecture.

Thus, I've removed the claim that the building broke ground on September 19, 1928. – Epicgenius (talk) 22:12, 20 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Chrysler Building


text:
Criminal justice

Criminal justice is the delivery of justice to those who have been accused of committing crimes. The criminal justice system is a series of government agencies and institutions. Goals include the rehabilitation of offenders, preventing other crimes, and moral support for victims. The primary institutions of the criminal justice system are the police, prosecution and defense lawyers, the courts and the prisons system.

Definition
The criminal justice system consists of three main parts:
 * 1) Law enforcement agencies, usually the police
 * 2) Courts and accompanying prosecution and defence lawyers
 * 3) Agencies for detaining and supervising offenders, such as prisons and probation agencies.

In the criminal justice system, these distinct agencies operate together as the principal means of maintaining the rule of law within society.

Law enforcement
The first contact a defendant has with the criminal justice system is usually with the police (or law enforcement) who investigates the suspected wrongdoing and makes an arrest, but if the suspect is dangerous to the whole nation, a national level law enforcement agency is called in. When warranted, law enforcement agencies or police officers are empowered to use force and other forms of legal coercion and means to effect public and social order. The term is most commonly associated with police departments of a state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. The word comes from the Latin politia ("civil administration"), which itself derives from the πόλις for ("city"). The first police force comparable to the present-day police was established in 1667 under King Louis XIV in France, although modern police usually trace their origins to the 1800 establishment of the Thames River Police in London, the Glasgow Police, and the Napoleonic police of Paris.

Police are primarily concerned with keeping the peace and enforcing criminal law based on their particular mission and jurisdiction. Formed in 1908, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began as an entity which could investigate and enforce specific federal laws as an investigative and "law enforcement agency" in the United States; this, however, has constituted only a small portion of overall policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different contexts, but the predominant ones are concerned with order maintenance and the provision of services. During modern times, such endeavors contribute toward fulfilling a shared mission among law enforcement organizations with respect to the traditional policing mission of deterring crime and maintaining societal order.

Courts
The courts serve as the venue where disputes are settled and justice is then administered. With regard to criminal justice, there are a number of critical people in any court setting. These critical people are referred to as the courtroom work group and include both professional and non professional individuals. These include the judge, prosecutor, and the defense attorney. The judge, or magistrate, is a person, elected or appointed, who is knowledgeable in the law, and whose function is to objectively administer the legal proceedings and offer a final decision to dispose of a case.

In the U.S. and in a growing number of nations, guilt or innocence (although in the U.S. a jury can never find a defendant "innocent" but rather "not guilty") is decided through the adversarial system. In this system, two parties will both offer their version of events and argue their case before the court (sometimes before a judge or panel of judges, sometimes before a jury). The case should be decided in favor of the party who offers the most sound and compelling arguments based on the law as applied to the facts of the case.

The prosecutor, or district attorney, is a lawyer who brings charges against a person, persons or corporate entity. It is the prosecutor's duty to explain to the court what crime was committed and to detail what evidence has been found which incriminates the accused. The prosecutor should not be confused with a plaintiff or plaintiff's counsel. Although both serve the function of bringing a complaint before the court, the prosecutor is a servant of the state who makes accusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings, while the plaintiff is the complaining party in civil proceedings.

A defense attorney counsels the accused on the a legal process, likely outcomes for the accused and suggests strategies. The accused, not the lawyer, has the right to make final decisions regarding a number of fundamental points, including whether to testify, and to accept a plea offer or demand a jury trial in appropriate cases. It is the defense attorney's duty to represent the interests of the client, raise procedural and evidentiary issues, and hold the prosecution to its burden of proving guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Defense counsel may challenge evidence presented by the prosecution or present exculpatory evidence and argue on behalf of their client. At trial, the defense attorney may attempt to offer a rebuttal to the prosecutor's accusations.

In the U.S., accused people are entitled to a government-paid defense attorney if the individual is in jeopardy of losing life and/or liberty. Those who cannot afford a private attorney may be provided one by the state. Historically, however, the right to a defense attorney has not always been universal. For example, in Tudor England criminals accused of treason were not permitted to offer arguments in their defense. In many jurisdictions, there is no right to an appointed attorney, if the accused is not in jeopardy of losing his or her liberty.

The final determination of guilt or innocence is typically made by a third party, who is supposed to be disinterested. This function may be performed by a judge, a panel of judges, or a jury panel composed of unbiased citizens. This process varies depending on the laws of the specific jurisdiction. In some places the panel (be it judges or a jury) is required to issue a unanimous decision, while in others only a majority vote is required. In America, this process depends on the state, level of court, and even agreements between the prosecuting and defending parties. Some nations do not use juries at all, or rely on theological or military authorities to issue verdicts.

Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt, a shorter process may be employed and a judgment may be rendered more quickly. Some nations, such as America, allow plea bargaining in which the accused pleads guilty, nolo contendere or not guilty, and may accept a diversion program or reduced punishment, where the prosecution's case is weak or in exchange for the cooperation of the accused against other people. This reduced sentence is sometimes a reward for sparing the state the expense of a formal trial. Many nations do not permit the use of plea bargaining, believing that it coerces innocent people to plead guilty in an attempt to avoid a harsh punishment. The courts nowadays are seeking alternative measures as opposed to throwing someone into prison right away.

The entire trial process, whatever the country, is fraught with problems and subject to criticism. Bias and discrimination form an ever-present threat to an objective decision. Any prejudice on the part of the lawyers, the judge, or jury members threatens to destroy the court's credibility. Some people argue that the often Byzantine rules governing courtroom conduct and processes restrict a layman's ability to participate, essentially reducing the legal process to a battle between the lawyers. In this case, the criticism is that the decision is based less on sound justice and more on the lawyer's eloquence and charisma. This is a particular problem when the lawyer performs in a substandard manner. The jury process is another area of frequent criticism, as there are few mechanisms to guard against poor judgment or incompetence on the part of the layman jurors. Judges themselves are very subject to bias subject to things as ordinary as the length of time since their last break.

Manipulations of the court system by defense and prosecution attorneys, law enforcement as well as the defendants have occurred and there have been cases where justice was denied.

Corrections and rehabilitation

Offenders are then turned over to the correctional authorities, from the court system after the accused has been found guilty. Like all other aspects of criminal justice, the administration of punishment has taken many different forms throughout history. Early on, when civilizations lacked the resources necessary to construct and maintain prisons, exile and execution were the primary forms of punishment. Historically shame punishments and exile have also been used as forms of censure.

The most publicly visible form of punishment in the modern era is the prison. Prisons may serve as detention centers for prisoners after trial. For containment of the accused, jails are used. Early prisons were used primarily to sequester criminals and little thought was given to living conditions within their walls. In America, the Quaker movement is commonly credited with establishing the idea that prisons should be used to reform criminals. This can be seen as a critical moment in the debate regarding the purpose of punishment. Punishment (in the form of prison time) may serve a variety of purposes. First, and most obviously, the incarceration of criminals removes them from the general population and inhibits their ability to perpetrate further crimes. A new goal of prison punishments is to offer criminals a chance to be rehabilitated. Many modern prisons offer schooling or job training to prisoners as a chance to learn a vocation and thereby earn a legitimate living when they are returned to society. Religious institutions also have a presence in many prisons, with the goal of teaching ethics and instilling a sense of morality in the prisoners. If a prisoner is released before his time is served, he is released as a parole. This means that they are released, but the restrictions are greater than that of someone on probation.

There are numerous other forms of punishment which are commonly used in conjunction with or in place of prison terms. Monetary fines are one of the oldest forms of punishment still used today. These fines may be paid to the state or to the victims as a form of reparation. Probation and house arrest are also sanctions which seek to limit a person's mobility and his or her opportunities to commit crimes without actually placing them in a prison setting. Furthermore, many jurisdictions may require some form of public or community service as a form of reparations for lesser offenses. In Corrections, the department ensures court-ordered, pre-sentence chemical dependency assessments, related Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative specific examinations and treatment will occur for offenders sentenced to Drug Offender Sentencing Alternative in compliance with RCW 9.94A.660.

Execution or capital punishment is still used around the world. Its use is one of the most heavily debated aspects of the criminal justice system. Some societies are willing to use executions as a form of political control, or for relatively minor misdeeds. Other societies reserve execution for only the most sinister and brutal offenses. Others still have discontinued the practice entirely, accepting the use of execution to be excessively cruel and/or irreversible in case of an erroneous conviction.

Academic discipline
The functional study of criminal justice is at times distinct from criminology, which involves the study of crime as a social phenomenon, causes of crime, criminal behavior, and other aspects of crime; although in most cases today, criminal justice as a field of study is used as a synonym for criminology and the sociology of law. It emerged as an academic discipline in the 1920s, beginning with Berkeley police chief August Vollmer who established a criminal justice program at the University of California, Berkeley in 1916. Vollmer's work was carried on by his student, O.W. Wilson, who led efforts to professionalize policing and reduce corruption. Other programs were established in the United States at Indiana University, Michigan State University, San Jose State University, and the University of Washington. As of 1950, criminal justice students were estimated to number less than 1,000. Until the 1960s, the primary focus of criminal justice in the United States was on policing and police science.

Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, crime rates soared and social issues took center stage in the public eye. A number of new laws and studies focused federal resources on researching new approaches to crime control. The Warren Court (the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren), issued a series of rulings which redefined citizen's rights and substantially altered the powers and responsibilities of police and the courts. The Civil Rights Era offered significant legal and ethical challenges to the status quo.

In the late 1960s, with the establishment of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) and associated policy changes that resulted with the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968. The LEAA provided grants for criminology research, focusing on social aspects of crime. By the 1970s, there were 729 academic programs in criminology and criminal justice in the United States. Largely thanks to the Law Enforcement Education Program, criminal justice students numbered over 100,000 by 1975. Over time, scholars of criminal justice began to include criminology, sociology, and psychology, among others, to provide a more comprehensive view of the criminal justice system and the root causes of crime. Criminal justice studies now combine the practical and technical policing skills with a study of social deviance as a whole.

Criminal justice degrees are offered at both the two-year community college and four-year university level. Community college criminal justice programs include the Associate of Arts (AA), Associate of Science (AS), and the Associate of Applied Science (AAS) degrees. Criminal justice degree programs at four-year institutions typically include coursework in statistics, methods of research, criminal justice, policing, U.S. court systems, criminal courts, corrections, community corrections, criminal procedure, criminal law, victimology, juvenile justice, and a variety of special topics. A number of universities offer, bachelor's, academic minors, graduate certificates, master's, and doctoral degrees in Criminal Justice; Criminology, Law and Society; Administration of Justice; or a specially designated Bachelor of Criminal Justice degree.

Theories of criminal justice
Theories of criminal justice include utilitarian justice, retributive justice, restorative justice. They can work through deterrence, rehabilitation or incapacitation.

History
The modern criminal justice system has evolved since ancient times, with new forms of punishment, added rights for offenders and victims, and policing reforms. These developments have reflected changing customs, political ideals, and economic conditions. In ancient times through the Middle Ages, exile was a common form of punishment. During the Middle Ages, payment to the victim (or the victim's family), known as wergild, was another common punishment, including for violent crimes. For those who could not afford to buy their way out of punishment, harsh penalties included various forms of corporal punishment. These included mutilation, branding, and flogging, as well as execution.

Though a prison, Le Stinche, existed as early as the 14th century in Florence, incarceration was not widely used until the 19th century. Correctional reform in the United States was first initiated by William Penn, towards the end of the 17th century. For a time, Pennsylvania's criminal code was revised to forbid torture and other forms of cruel punishment, with jails and prisons replacing corporal punishment. These reforms were reverted, upon Penn's death in 1718. Under pressure from a group of Quakers, these reforms were revived in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 18th century, and led to a marked drop in Pennsylvania's crime rate. Patrick Colquhoun, Henry Fielding and others led significant reforms during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

The development of a modern criminal justice system was contemporary to the formation of the concept of a nation-state, later defined by German sociologist Max Weber as establishing a "monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force", which was exercised in the criminal justice case by the police.

Modern police
The first modern police force is commonly said to be the Metropolitan Police in London, established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel. Based on the Peelian principles, it promoted the preventive role of police as a deterrent to urban crime and disorder. In the United States, police departments were first established in Boston in 1838, and New York City in 1844. Early on, police were not respected by the community, as corruption was rampant.

In the 1920s, led by Berkeley, California, police chief, August Vollmer and O.W. Wilson, police began to professionalize, adopt new technologies, and place emphasis on training and professional qualifications of new hires. Despite such reforms, police agencies were led by highly autocratic leaders, and there remained a lack of respect between police and the community. Following urban unrest in the 1960s, police placed more emphasis on community relations, enacted reforms such as increased diversity in hiring, and many police agencies adopted community policing strategies.

In the 1990s, CompStat was developed by the New York Police Department as an information-based system for tracking and mapping crime patterns and trends, and holding police accountable for dealing with crime problems. CompStat has since been replicated in police departments across the United States and around the world, with problem-oriented policing, intelligence-led policing, and other information-led policing strategies also adopted.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Criminal justice


text:
Charles E. Silberman

Charles Eliot Silberman (January 31, 1925 – February 5, 2011) was an American journalist and author.

Silberman was born in Des Moines, Iowa. After service in the Pacific during World War II, he gained a B.A. in Economics from Columbia University in 1946 and also undertook graduate studies at Columbia. Subsequently, he taught at Columbia and City College of New York before joining Fortune magazine in 1953 where he remained until the early 1970s.

He was the author of Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice (1978), a study of crime and the American criminal justice system.

Silberman used econometric methods to measure the effectiveness in terms of criminal deterrence of two factors: the degree of punishment; and the probability of apprehension. A simple "expected loss" model would predict that deterrent effect would depend only on the result of multiplying the penalty by the probability of it occurring. Silberman concluded that contrary to this model, the likelihood of punishment had a greater effect in most situations. Silberman also stated, "Crime does more than expose the weakness in social relationships; it undermines the social order itself, by destroying the assumptions on which it is based."

Silberman's book Crisis in the Classroom: The Remaking of American Education is regarded as one of the leading investigations into and critiques of the performance of the American educational system and has been praised for its scope and insight.

He was also the author of Crisis in Black and White and A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today.

Silberman died on February 5, 2011, in Sarasota, Florida, aged 86. He had four sons and seven grandchildren.

Awards

 * 1966 Gerald Loeb Award for Magazines for "Technology and the Labor Market"

title: Charles E. Silberman


text:
Jim Hunt

James Baxter Hunt Jr. (born May 16, 1937) is an American politician and retired attorney who was the 69th and 71st governor of North Carolina (1977–1985, and 1993–2001). He is the longest-serving governor in the state's history.

Hunt is tied with former Ohio governor Jim Rhodes for the sixth-longest gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U.S. history at 0 days.

Early life
Hunt was born on May 16, 1937, in Greensboro, North Carolina to James Baxter Hunt, a soil conservationist, and Elsie Brame Hunt, a schoolteacher. When he was a child, the family moved to a farm outside of Wilson, North Carolina. He was raised in the Free Will Baptist Church but later converted to Presbyterianism.

He is a graduate of North Carolina State College, now known as North Carolina State University, with a B.S. in agricultural education and a M.S. in agricultural economics. During his undergraduate career, Hunt was involved in Student Government. He was the second student to serve two terms as Student Body President of NC State. His master's thesis was about economic analysis of different tobacco production techniques. In 1964, he received a J.D. from the University of North Carolina School of Law. He went on to serve as the president of the Young Democratic Clubs of North Carolina, now known as the Young Democrats of North Carolina.

Political career
From 1964 to 1966, Hunt was a Ford Foundation economic advisor in Nepal. After working on several state and national campaigns for Democratic candidates and attending several Democratic conventions as a delegate, in addition to his work with the North Carolina Young Democratic Clubs, in 1972 he ran successfully for lieutenant governor. He was sworn in on January 5, 1973. With the election of James Holshouser as governor in 1972—the first Republican to win the office in decades—the Democratic majority in the General Assembly was compelled to raise the stature of the office of the lieutenant governor. It raised the job's salary from $5,000 to $30,000 per year, increased the office operating budget, and expanded its staff from two to five.

Hunt was first sworn in as Governor of North Carolina on January 8, 1977. He is the only Governor of North Carolina to have been elected to four terms. He was first elected governor in 1976 over Republican David Flaherty and was re-elected in 1980, defeating I. Beverly Lake. Hunt supported a constitutional change during his first term that allowed him to be the first North Carolina governor to run for a second consecutive term.

Hunt Commission
In 1981 Hunt chaired the Hunt Commission, named after himself, which established superdelegates in the Democratic National Convention.

U.S. Senate run
In 1984 he lost a bitterly contested race for the Senate seat held by Jesse Helms, and left elective politics for several years. He returned in 1992 and defeated Republican lieutenant governor and Hardee's executive Jim Gardner to win the governorship. Hunt was re-elected by a large margin over future US Congressman Robin Hayes in 1996. He left office in January 2001, and was replaced by fellow Democrat, Attorney General Mike Easley.

Actions and political views
In the 1970s Governor Hunt was a supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment and, with his wife Carolyn, he urged its approval by the state legislature (which failed to ratify it by two votes) and appointed Betty Ray McCain as his chief lobbyist for the amendment. Hunt was an early proponent of teaching standards and early childhood education, gaining national recognition for the Smart Start program for pre-kindergarteners. In his book, First in America: An Education Governor Challenges North Carolina, Hunt says that under testing and accountability measures he put into place test scores went up. He says 56% of students were proficient in 1994 compared with 70% in the year 2000. He says without testing students slip through the cracks and face a "limited future" (p. 55). In 2000 he was mentioned as a possible Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States or Education Secretary for Al Gore had Gore been successful in the 2000 presidential race. 2004 Democratic nominee Sen. John Kerry was likewise considering Hunt for Secretary of Education had he won, and he was considered a candidate to be Barack Obama's Secretary of Education.

Hunt served on the Carnegie Task Force, which created the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards and more recently on the Spellings Commission on the Future of Higher Education.

As governor, Hunt was involved in a variety of efforts to promote technology and technology-based economic development, including the establishment of the North Carolina Biotechnology Center, and the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics. He was also very successful at recruiting business to his state.

Hunt was key actor in the trial of the Wilmington Ten. By the late 1970s, their case had gained international attention and was viewed as an embarrassment to the US and North Carolina in particular. CBS had broadcast a 60 Minute piece about the case that suggested that the evidence against the ten had been fabricated. In January 1978, following the higher courts' refusal to dismiss these charges, Hunt decided to reduce their sentencing of 20–25 years to 13–17 years rather than pardon and free them. Many black North Carolinian politicians at the time disapproved of Hunt's decision but the general mentality at the time was that "right now blacks have nowhere else to turn" so there was no organized opposition movement. Howard Nathaniel Lee, however, refused to resign from his appointed role as cabinet secretary, as a form of protest against Hunt.

Hunt was criticized for allowing Darryl Hunt (no relation known) to remain in prison for twenty years after the wrongfully convicted Winston-Salem man was exonerated by exculpatory DNA evidence which pointed to another perpetrator. Darryl Hunt was pardoned by the succeeding governor, Mike Easley. During his terms in office Hunt oversaw 13 executions (two during his first period in office, 11 during his second), including the first post-Furman execution of a female (Velma Barfield) and the first post-Furman execution in North Carolina (James W. Hutchins).

Hunt was a proponent of North Carolina's tobacco industry, even after the negative health effects of tobacco use became clear. When Reagan Administration Surgeon General Dr. C. Everett Koop accused the tobacco industry of directing advertising at children and threatening human lives, Hunt called for his impeachment.

Retirement
Hunt founded and is chair emeritus of the Institute for Emerging Issues at N.C. State University in Raleigh. In 2001 Hunt founded the James B. Hunt Jr. Institute for Educational Leadership & Policy Foundation, Inc., commonly known as The Hunt Institute. The organization's mission is to secure America's future through quality education, and is dedicated to empowering governors, policymakers, and other educational leaders in the development and implementation of comprehensive strategies for the transformation of public education.

1976 gubernatorial election
Hunt won a first term, defeating David Flaherty 64.99% to 33.90%.

1980 gubernatorial election
Hunt won a second term, defeating I. Beverly Lake Jr. 61.88% to 37.43%.

1984 senatorial election
Hunt lost a Senate race to incumbent Jesse Helms, who won 51.7%	to 47.8%. This is the only statewide election Hunt ever lost.

1992 gubernatorial election
Hunt won a non-consecutive third term, defeating Lieutenant Governor Jim Gardner 52.72% to 43.23%.

1996 gubernatorial election
Hunt won a fourth term, defeating Robert C. Hayes 55.98% to 42.75%.

Legacy

 * The following are named for Governor Hunt:
 * James B. Hunt, Jr. Institute for Educational Leadership & Policy Foundation, Inc.
 * James B. Hunt Jr. Library at North Carolina State University Centennial Campus
 * James B. Hunt High School in Wilson County, North Carolina
 * James B. Hunt Jr. Residence Hall at North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics
 * James B. Hunt Horse Complex at the North Carolina State Fairgrounds is used year-round for horse shows and other agricultural exhibitions.
 * The M/V Gov. James B. Hunt Jr. is the primary ferry on the Currituck Sound route, making daily runs between Currituck and Knotts Island, operated by the North Carolina Department of Transportation Ferry Division
 * Hunt Hall (dormitory) at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte
 * An authorized biography of Hunt, authored by former press secretary Gary Pearce, was released in the fall of 2010.

title: Jim Hunt


text:
Theodore Hall

Theodore Alvin Hall (October 20, 1925 – November 1, 1999) was an American physicist and an atomic spy for the Soviet Union, who, during his work on United States efforts to develop the first and second atomic bombs during World War II (the Manhattan Project), gave a detailed description of the "Fat Man" plutonium bomb, and of several processes for purifying plutonium, to Soviet intelligence.

His brother, Edward N. Hall, was a rocket scientist who led the U.S. Air Force's program to develop an intercontinental ballistic missile, personally designing the Minuteman missile and convincing the Pentagon and President Eisenhower to adopt it as a key part of the nation's strategic nuclear triad.

Early life
Theodore Alvin Holtzberg was born in Far Rockaway, New York City to a devout Jewish couple, Barnett Holtzberg and Rose Moskowitz. His father was a furrier who had emigrated to America to escape antisemitic pogroms in the Russian Empire. His mother was a second-generation Russian Jew who died while Theodore was a teenager and a student at Harvard University. The Great Depression hurt Barnett's business significantly; when it was no longer able to support the household, the family moved to Washington Heights in Upper Manhattan.

Even at a young age, Theodore showed an impressive aptitude for mathematics and science, mostly being tutored by his elder brother Edward, who was 11 years his senior. After skipping three grades at Public School 173 in Washington Heights, in the fall of 1937, Hall entered the Townsend Harris High School for gifted boys. He attended the 1939 New York World's Fair and was deeply impressed by the Soviet pavilion and a copy of the Mayakovskaya Metro station. After graduation from high school, he was accepted into Queens College at the age of 14 in 1940, and transferred to Harvard University in 1942 as junior physics major, where he graduated at the age of 18 in 1944.

In the fall of 1936, despite the protests of their parents, Edward, his brother, legally changed both his and Theodore's last name to Hall in an effort to avoid antisemitic hiring practices he was experiencing that were prevalent at the time.

Manhattan Project

At the age of 18, on the recommendation of Prof. John Van Vleck, Hall was hired as the youngest physicist to be recruited to work on the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos. At Los Alamos, after first helping to determine the critical mass of uranium used for "Little Boy", Hall was assigned to conduct experiments on and tests of the implosion system ("Fat Man"). He was eventually, while still a teen, put in charge of a team working on that difficult task.

Hall later claimed that as it became clear in the summer of 1944 that Germany was losing the war and would not ever manage to develop an atomic bomb, he became concerned about the consequences of an American monopoly on atomic weapons once the war ended. He was especially worried about the possibility of the emergence of a fascist government in the United States, should it have such a nuclear monopoly and want to keep it that way. He was not alone. It was widely known inside the confines of Los Alamos, that Lieutenant General Leslie Groves, director of the Manhattan Project, had revealed to a group of top physicists there at a dinner that the real target of the US atom bomb was the Soviet Union, a shocking statement that led one top physicist, Josef Rotblat, to resign from the Project, and others like Niels Bohr and Leo Szilard to vainly petition first Roosevelt, and later Truman to halt it, not use it on people in Japan, or to inform the Soviets about it.

On the pretext of returning to his home in New York City for his 19th birthday in October 1944, Ted Hall visited the headquarters of Amtorg, the Soviet Union trading company located in a loft building on 24th Street in Midtown Manhattan. There an American worker for Amtorg gave him the name and address of Sergey Kurnakov, a military writer for Soviet Russia Today and Russky Golos—the same contact that was also recommended to his Harvard friend, roommate and eventually initial spy courier Saville Sax, by the head of a Soviet Cultural center in New York, Artkino. Unaware initially that Kurnakov was an NKVD agent, Hall handed him a report on the scientists who worked at Los Alamos, the conditions at Los Alamos, and the basic science behind the bomb. Saville Sax subsequently delivered the same report to the Soviet Consulate, which he visited under the guise of inquiring about relatives still in the Soviet Union. The two eventually met with Anatoly Yatskov, the New York station chief operating under the cover of being a Consular clerk, who two weeks later transmitted the information about both young men to NKVD headquarters in Moscow using a one-time pad cipher. After officially becoming an informant for the Soviet Union, Hall was given the code-name MLAD, a Slavic root meaning "young", and Sax, who was almost a year older than Hall, was given the code-name STAR, a Slavic root meaning "old".

Kurnakov reported in November 1944: "Rather tall, slender, brown-haired, pale and a bit pimply-faced, dressed carelessly, boots appear not cleaned for a long time, slipped socks. His hair is parted and often falls on his forehead. His English is highly cultured and rich. He answers quickly and very fluently, especially to scientific questions. Eyes are set closely together; evidently, neurasthenic. Perhaps because of premature mental development, he is witty and somewhat sarcastic but without a shadow of undue familiarity and cynicism. His main trait — a highly sensitive brain and quick responsiveness. In conversation, he is sharp and flexible as a sword ... He comes from a Jewish family, though doesn't look like a Jew. His father is a furrier; his mother is dead ... He is not in the army because, until now, young physicists in government jobs at a military installation were not being drafted. Now, he is to be drafted but has no doubts that he will be kept at the same place, only dressed in a military uniform and with a correspondingly lower salary."

Unbeknownst to Hall, Klaus Fuchs, a Los Alamos colleague, and others still unidentified, were also spying for the Soviet Union; none seems to have known of the others. Sax acted as Hall's courier until spring of 1945 when, because he was returning to full-time student status at Harvard, he was replaced by Lona Cohen. Igor Kurchatov, a scientist and the head of the Soviet atomic bomb effort, probably used information provided by Klaus Fuchs to confirm corresponding information provided earlier by Hall. Despite other scientists giving information to the Soviet Union, Hall was the only known scientist to give details on the design of an atomic bomb until recent revelations of the role of Oscar Seborer.

Career after Los Alamos
In June 1946, Hall's security clearance was revoked by the US Army, not over suspicions of being a Soviet asset but because of discovery of a letter he had received from his British sister-in-law, his brother Edward's wife Edith, who inquired jokingly of him: "I hear you're working on something that goes up with a big bang! Can you send us one of them for Guy Fawkes Day?" as well as left-wing publications he had been receiving at Los Alamos over the prior year that overworked censors had apparently overlooked at the time. Furloughed out of the military with an honorable discharge and a citation from President Truman for the achievements of the Army's Special Engineering Detachment at Los Alamos, Hall headed that fall for the University of Chicago, where he finished out his master's and doctoral degrees in physics, met his wife, and started a family. After graduating he became a biophysicist.

In Chicago, as a graduate student research assistant he pioneered important techniques in X-ray microanalysis. In 1952, he left the University of Chicago's Institute for Radiobiology and Biophysics to take a research position in biophysics at Memorial Sloan-Kettering in New York City. In 1962, he became unsatisfied with his equipment and the techniques available to him. He then moved to Vernon Ellis Cosslett's electron microscopy research laboratory at Cambridge University in England. At Cambridge he created the Hall Method of continuum normalization, developed for the specific purpose of analyzing thin sections of biological tissue. He remained working at Cambridge until he retired at the age of 59 in 1984.

Hall later became active in obtaining signatures for the Stockholm Peace Pledge.

Death

On November 1, 1999, Theodore Hall died at the age of 74, in Cambridge, England. He was survied by his wife and three daughters. Although he had suffered from Parkinson's disease, he ultimately succumbed to renal cancer, likely acquired as a result of the experimental work he was doing with plutonium in his year working on the "Gadget" used for the Trinity test.

FBI investigation
The US Army's Signal Intelligence Service Venona project, decrypted some Soviet messages and in January 1950 uncovered one cable identifying Hall and Sax by name as Soviet spies (albeit misspelled as Teodor Kholl and Savil Sachs), but until the document's public release along with many other pages of Soviet wartime spy cables in July 1995, nearly all of the espionage regarding the Los Alamos nuclear weapons program was attributed to Klaus Fuchs. Hall was questioned by the FBI in March 1951 but was not charged. The FBI and Justice Department claimed this was because their only evidence was the Venona document and that the US did not want to let the Soviets know they had broken their elaborate and supposedly "unbreakable" code. Alan H. Belmont, the number-three man in the FBI, claims he decided at that time that information coming out of the Venona project would be inadmissible in court as hearsay evidence, so its value in the case was not worth compromising the program.

However, journalist Dave Lindorff, writing in The Nation on January 4, 2022, obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, Hall's FBI file in 2021. This 130-page file included communications between FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover to the head of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations, Gen. Joseph F. Carroll, showing that Carroll had effectively blocked Hoover's intended pursuit of Hall and Sax, fearing that Hall's arrest would have, in the political climate of the McCarthy Era, forced the Air Force to furlough and lose their top missile expert, Edward Hall. Carroll, a former top aide to Hoover before he became the first head of the USAF OSI, ultimately allowed Hoover's agents to question Ed Hall on June 12, 1951 (with an OSI officer monitoring the interview), but restricting the questioning to matters involving Edward himself, not his brother Ted. Within several weeks of that session, the Air Force, which had conducted and completed its own investigation into Edward Hall's loyalty (having their own investigators question him four times), promoted him to Lt. Colonel, and later Colonel, and elevated him from assistant director to director of its missile development program. The promotions were a clear slap in the face of Hoover. Ed Hall went on to complete the development of the Minuteman missile program, and then retired. In 1999 the Air Force honored him seven years before his death, by adding him to the Air Force Aerospace Hall of Fame.

Lindorff co-produced the 2022 documentary film A Compassionate Spy based on Hall's life and spying. In 2023, Lindorff wrote the book Spy for No Country: The Story of Ted Hall, the Teenage Atomic Spy Who May Have Saved the World.

Statements in 1990s

The Venona project became public knowledge in July 1995.

In a written statement published in 1997, Hall came very close to admitting that the Soviet spy cable identifying him as a Soviet asset was accurate, although obliquely, saying that in the immediate postwar years, he felt strongly that "an American monopoly" on nuclear weapons "was dangerous and should be avoided":

"To help prevent that monopoly I contemplated a brief encounter with a Soviet agent, just to inform them of the existence of the A-bomb project. I anticipated a very limited contact. With any luck, it might easily have turned out that way, but it was not to be."

A year before his death, he gave a more direct confession in an interview for the TV-series Cold War on CNN in 1998, saying:

"I decided to give atomic secrets to the Russians because it seemed to me that it was important that there should be no monopoly, which could turn one nation into a menace and turn it loose on the world as ... Nazi Germany developed. There seemed to be only one answer to what one should do. The right thing to do was to act to break the American monopoly."

title: Theodore Hall