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Nativity scene

In the Christian tradition, a nativity scene (also known as a manger scene, crib, crèche ( or ), or in Italian presepio or presepe, or Bethlehem) is the special exhibition, particularly during the Christmas season, of art objects representing the birth of Jesus. While the term "nativity scene" may be used of any representation of the very common subject of the Nativity of Jesus in art, it has a more specialized sense referring to seasonal displays, in particular sets of individual sculptural figures and props that are arranged for display.

Other characters from the nativity story, such as shepherds, sheep, and angels may be displayed near the manger in a barn (or cave) intended to accommodate farm animals, as described in the Gospel of Luke. A donkey and an ox are typically depicted in the scene, and the Magi and their camels, described in the Gospel of Matthew, are also included. Many also include a representation of the Star of Bethlehem. Several cultures add other characters and objects that may or may not be Biblical.

The first living nativity scene, attributed to Saint Francis of Assisi, occurred in 1223 in the Italian town of Greccio. Francis had been inspired by his visit to the Holy Land, where he had been shown Jesus's traditional birthplace.

Distinctive nativity scenes and traditions have been created around the world, and are displayed during the Christmas season in churches, homes, shopping malls, and other venues, and occasionally on public lands and in public buildings. Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy, and in the United States of America their inclusion on public lands or in public buildings has provoked court challenges.

Origins and early history

The tradition of the nativity scene comes from Italy. One of the earliest representation in art of the nativity was found in the early Christian Roman catacomb of Saint Valentine. It dates to about AD 380. Another, of similar date, is beneath the pulpit in Sant'Ambrogio, Milan.

The first seasonal nativity scene, which seems to have been a dramatic rather than sculptural rendition, is attributed to Saint Francis of Assisi. Francis' 1223 living nativity scene is commemorated on the calendars of the Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican liturgical calendars,  and its creation is described by Saint Bonaventure in his Life of Saint Francis of Assisi c. 1260.

Saint Francis' manger scene is said to have been enacted at Christmas 1223 in a cave near the Sanctuary of Greccio in the Central Italy town of Greccio. The very small chapel where it is said to have taken place survives. The painting over its altar, and others before 1400, by Giotto at the Assisi Lower Church, and by Antonio Vite in Pistoia, depict Saint Francis kneeling and placing a small baby into a chest-like manger. Giotto adds a miniature ox and ass.

A substantial set of stone figures by Arnolfo di Cambio, a leading sculptor of the day, was made for Santa Maria Maggiore in Rome around 1290. The surviving portion includes figures for the Holy Family, the Three Kings, and the ox and ass from the neck up.

The scene's popularity inspired much imitation throughout Christian countries, and in the early modern period sculpted cribs, often exported from Italy, were set up in many Christian churches and homes. These elaborate scenes reached their artistic apogee in the Papal State, in Emilia, in the Kingdom of Naples and in Genoa. In the tradition of the Moravian Church, nativity scenes have been the center of the Christmas putz, which is "built to tell the Good News of the coming of the Christ Child" and "is the Gospel in miniature from Isaiah’s prophecy and Mary’s annunciation to the visit of the wisemen and the flight into Egypt." For Moravian Christians, the nativity scene serves to celebrate "the story of the wonder of Christ’s birth so that the Son of God can be welcomed into the hearts of the home at the Christmas." By the end of the 19th century nativity scenes became widely popular in many Christian denominations, and many versions in various sizes and made of various materials, such as terracotta, paper, wood, wax, and ivory, were marketed, often with a backdrop setting of a stable.

Different traditions of nativity scenes emerged in different countries. Hand-painted santons are popular in Provence. In southern Germany, Austria and Trentino-Alto Adige, the wooden figurines are handcut. Colorful szopki are typical in Poland.

In the United States, the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City annually displays a Neapolitan Baroque nativity scene before a 20 ft blue spruce.

Static nativity scenes
Static nativity scenes depict Jesus, Mary, Joseph, farm animals, and sometimes other characters. While most home nativity scenes are packed away at Christmas or shortly thereafter, nativity scenes in churches usually remain on display until the feast of the Baptism of the Lord.

The nativity scene may not accurately reflect gospel events. With no basis in the gospels, for example, the shepherds, the Magi, and the ox and ass may be displayed together at the manger. The art form can be traced back to eighteenth-century Naples, Italy. Neapolitan nativity scenes do not represent Palestine at the time of Jesus but the life of the Naples of 1700, during the Bourbon period. Families competed with each other to produce the most elegant and elaborate scenes and so, next to the Child Jesus, to the Holy Family and the shepherds, were placed ladies and gentlemen of the nobility, representatives of the bourgeoisie of the time, vendors with their banks and miniatures of cheese, bread, sheep, pigs, ducks or geese, and typical figures of the time like Roma fortune tellers predicting the future, people playing cards, housewives doing shopping, dogs, cats and chickens.

Living nativity scenes

In southern Italy, living nativity scenes (presepe vivente) are extremely popular. They may be elaborate affairs, featuring not only the classic nativity scene but also a mock rural 19th-century village, complete with artisans in traditional costumes working at their trades. These attract many visitors and have been televised on RAI. In 2010, the old city of Matera in Basilicata hosted the world's largest living nativity scene of the time, which was performed in the historic center, Sassi.

Animals in nativity scenes

A donkey (or ass) and an ox typically appear in nativity scenes. Besides the necessity of animals for an operating manger, this is an allusion to the Book of Isaiah: "the ox knoweth his owner, and the ass his master's crib; but Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider" (Isaiah 1:3). The Gospels mention neither an ox and nor a donkey, however. Another source for the tradition might be the extracanonical text the Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew of the 7th century.

Australia

Christmas is celebrated by Australians in a number of ways. In Australia, it is summer season and is very hot during Christmas time.

During the Christmas time, locals and visitors visit places around their towns and suburbs to view the outdoor and indoor displays. All over the towns, the places are lit with colorful and modern spectacular lighting displays. The displays of nativity scenes with Aussie featured native animals like kangaroos and koalas are also evident.

In Melbourne, a traditional and authentic nativity Scene is on display at St. Elizabeth's Parish, Dandenong North. This annual Australian Nativity Scene creator and artist Wilson Fernandez has been building and creating the traditional nativity scenes since 2003 at St. Elizabeth's Parish.

To mark this special event, Most Reverend Denis Hart Archbishop of Melbourne celebrated the Vigil Mass and blessed the nativity scene on Saturday, 14 December 2013.

Australian Nativity Scene (ANS) gained popularity and recognition over the years and in December 2016, the Australian Channel 7 captured the news of this famous creativity.

Shalom World, the Catholic, commercial-free, 24/7, HD family entertainment channel, reached out to the world with a live telecast on Australian Nativity Scene on 24 December 2022. On 2 December 2023, Australian Nativity Scene marked its 20 years—a great moment for St Elizabeth’s Parish in Dandenong. To mark this occasion, Archbishop Peter A Comensoli celebrated the Vigil Mass on the first Sunday of Advent (Saturday 2 December). Here is an article to mark the celebration - ‘Back in time’: Australian Nativity Scene celebrates 20 years

Canada
Bethlehem Live is an all-volunteer living nativity produced by Gateway Christian Community Church in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The production includes a reconstruction of the ancient town of Bethlehem and seven individual vignettes. There is also an annual, highly publicized nativity scene at the St. Patrick's Basilica, Ottawa in Ottawa, Ontario.

Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, and the cultures represented in its predecessors i.e. Czechoslovakia and the lands of former Bohemia, have a long tradition regarding betlémy (literally "Bethlehems"), crèches. The tradition of home nativity scenes is often traced to the 1782 ban of church and institutional crèches by emperor Joseph II, officially responding to public disturbances and the resulting "loss of dignity" of such displays. As this followed the Edict of Toleration proclaimed the previous year, it reduced State support of the Catholic church in this multi-confessional land.

Třebechovice pod Orebem
The Museum of Nativity Scenes in Třebechovice pod Orebem has over 400 examples dated from the 18th until early 20th century, including the Probošt's mechanical Christmas crib, so called Třebechovice's Bethlehem. The issue of cost arose, and paper-cut crèches, "the crèche of the poor", became one major expression, as well as wood-carved ones, some of them complex and detailed. Many major Czech artists, sculptors and illustrators have as a significant part of their legacy the crèches that they created.

The following people are known for creating Czech paper crèches:
 * Mikoláš Aleš (1852–1913), painter famed for his murals of the National Theatre
 * Josef Wenig (1885–1939), illustrator, theatre decorator and playwright
 * Josef Lada (1887–1957), known for his work in The Good Soldier Švejk
 * Marie Fischerová-Kvěchová (1892–1984), illustrator of a large number of children books

Krýza's crèche
Tomáš Krýza (1838–1918) built in a period of over 60 years a nativity scene covering 60 m2 (length 17 m, size and height 2 m) which contains 1,398 figures of humans and animals, of which 133 are moveable. It is on display in southern Bohemian town Jindřichův Hradec. It figures as the largest mechanical nativity scene in the world in the Guinness Book of World Records.

Gingerbread crèches
Gingerbread nativity scenes and cribs in the church of St. Matthew in Šárka (Prague 6 Dejvice) have around 200 figures and houses, the tradition dates from since 1972; every year new ones are baked and after holidays eaten.

Italy

The Neapolitan nativity scene is a representation of the birth of Jesus traditionally set in Naples in the 18th century.

The Neapolitan crib art has remained unchanged for centuries, becoming part of the most consolidated and followed Christmas traditions of the city. Famous in Naples, in fact, is the well-known via dei presepi (via San Gregorio Armeno) which offers a showcase of all the local crafts concerning the nativity scene.

Moreover, there are numerous city and non-city museums (such as the museum of San Martino or the Royal Palace of Caserta) in which historical pieces or entire scenes set during the birth of Jesus are exhibited.

Philippines (Belén)
In the majority-Catholic Philippines, miniature, full-scale, or giant dioramas or tableaus of the nativity scene are known as Belén (from the Spanish name for Bethlehem). They were introduced by the Spanish since the 16th century. They are an iconic and ubiquitous Christmas symbol in the Philippines, on par with the parol (Christmas lanterns depicting the Star of Bethlehem) which are often incorporated into the scene as the source of illumination. Both the Belén and the parol were the traditional Christmas decorations in Filipino homes before Americans introduced the Christmas tree. Most churches in the Philippines also transform their altars into a Belén at Christmas. They are also found in schools (which also hold nativity plays), government buildings, commercial establishments, and in public spaces.

The city of Tarlac holds an annual competition of giant Belén in a festival known as "Belenismo sa Tarlac".

United States

Perhaps the best known nativity scene in America is the Neapolitan Baroque Crèche displayed annually in the Medieval Sculpture Hall of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Its backdrop is a 1763 choir screen from the Cathedral of Valladolid and a twenty-foot blue spruce decorated with a host of 18th-century angels. The nativity figures are placed at the tree's base. The crèche was the gift of Loretta Hines Howard in 1964, and the choir screen was the gift of The William Randolph Hearst Foundation in 1956. Both this presepio and the one displayed in Pittsburgh originated from the collection of Eugenio Catello.

A life-size nativity scene has been displayed annually at Temple Square in Salt Lake City, Utah for several decades as part of the large outdoor Christmas displays sponsored by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Each holiday season, from Light Up Night in November through Epiphany in January, the Pittsburgh Crèche is on display in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Pittsburgh Creche is the world's only authorized replica of the Vatican's Christmas crèche, on display in St. Peter's Square in Rome. Pittsburgh's Carnegie Museum of Art also displays a Neapolitan presepio. The presepio was handcrafted between 1700 and 1830, and re-creates the nativity within a panorama of 18th-century Italian village life. More than 100 human and angelic figures, along with animals, accessories, and architectural elements, cover 250 square feet and create a depiction of the nativity as seen through the eyes of Neapolitan artisans and collectors.

The Radio City Christmas Spectacular, an annual musical holiday stage show presented at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, features a Living Nativity segment with live animals.

In 2005, President of the United States of America, George W. Bush and his wife, First Lady of the United States, Laura Bush displayed an 18th-century Italian presepio. The presepio was donated to the White House in the last decades of the 20th century.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City and the Carnegie Museum of Art in Pittsburgh annually display Neapolitan Baroque nativity scenes which both originated from the collection of Eugenio Catello.

Associations and notable collections
The Universalis Foederatio Praesepistica, World association of Friends of Cribs was founded in 1952, counting today 20 national associations dedicated to this subject. The Central office is in Austria.

In the United States and Canada Friends of the Creche has over 200 members, with a major conference every two years. FotC maintains a list of permanent exhibits of nativity scenes in the United States and a list of permanent exhibits of nativity scenes in other parts of the world.

The Bavarian National Museum displays a notable collection of nativity scenes from the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries.

Every year in Lanciano, Abruzzo (Italy), a nativity scene exhibition (called in Italian "Riscopriamo il presepe") takes place at Auditorium Diocleziano, usually until 6 January. An average of one hundred nativity scenes are shown, coming from every region of Italy. There are also many nativity scenes made by local kindergarten, primary, secondary and high school. The event is organised by Associazione Amici di Lancianovecchia

Museums dedicated specifically to paper nativity scenes exist in Pečky (Czech Republic).

Europe
Nativity scenes have not escaped controversy. A life-sized scene in the United Kingdom featuring waxwork celebrities provoked outrage in 2004, and, in Spain, a city council forbade the exhibition of a traditional toilet humor character in a public nativity scene.

United States
Nativity scenes have been involved in controversies and lawsuits surrounding the principle of accommodationism.

In 1969, the American Civil Liberties Union did not want a nativity scene at The Ellipse. After the matter was resolved by the United States Court of Appeals, the nativity scene was not displayed in 1973.

In 1985, the United States Supreme Court ruled in ACLU v. Scarsdale, New York that nativity scenes on public lands were unconstitutional unless they also displayed non-religious symbols. This principle was further clarified in 1989, when Pittsburgh attorney Roslyn Litman argued, and the Supreme Court in County of Allegheny v. ACLU ruled, that a crèche placed on the grand staircase of the Allegheny County Courthouse in Pittsburgh, PA violated the Establishment Clause, because the "principal or primary effect" of the display was to advance religion.

In 2006, a lawsuit by the Alliance Defense Fund, a Christian legal organization in the United States, was brought against the state of Washington when it permitted a public display of a holiday tree and a menorah but not a nativity scene. Because of the lawsuit, the decision was made to permit a nativity scene to be displayed in the rotunda of the state Capitol, in Olympia, as long as other symbols of the season were included.

In 2013, Gov. Rick Perry signed into Texas law the Merry Christmas bill which would allow school districts in Texas to display nativity scenes.

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) claimed in 2014 that animals in living displays lacked proper care and suffered abuse. In the United States, nativity scenes on public lands and in public buildings have provoked court challenges, and the prankish theft of ceramic or plastic nativity figurines from outdoor displays has become commonplace.

Spain
There is a regional tradition in the Catalonia region where an additional figure is added to the nativity scene: the Caganer. It depicts a person defecating. In 2005, the Barcelona city council provoked a public outcry by commissioning a nativity scene which did not include a Caganer.

title: Nativity scene


text:
User:Lorax

Hello, I am [G. Edward Johnson] and have been on wikipedia since 2002. My first edit with this account was on March 22, 2002 to create the page for The Eyes of the Dragon by Stephen King. (I may have edited some pages anonymously before then, I just don't remember.) I have recently been adding photos to articles as well as short article descriptions.

Images

 * Photos I have added to wikipedia
 * Illustrations from A History of the United States
 * Videos I have added to wikipedia

 * Extended image syntax
 * Featured picture candidates

National Park links

 * WikiProject Protected Areas
 * Colors and table example
 * Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Protected Areas
 * National parks (United States)
 * NPS park list
 * IUCN list for the US

Who is this Edward Johnson?

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Lorax


text:
User talk:Lorax

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, nice work with uploading the out-of-copyright images. Cheers! --maveric149

Just wanted to drop by to say I really liked the article you wrote on Fort McHenry. - Hephaestos 07:30 17 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Hi, I like the pics you're adding for parks and such! But you're shortchanging the reader by burying the colorful and exciting picture way down in the article, and putting the dull and almost-all-white locator map at the top. The pic should be at the top of the article (in the top part of table box preferably), and the map / tabular data below it. Stan 22:28, 11 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Hi, could you add the US map to WikiProject Protected Areas I want to locate Yellowstone National Park in the table I added to the article and it would be good to have your template. Tiles 19:07, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Thanks. BTW I took Stan's advice and located the table below the first picture in Yellowstone National Park. It looks OK Tiles 05:36, 26 Oct 2003 (UTC)
 * ...But Minesweeper came along and improved the page by putting the table back at the top! That's wiki for you.  I will leave it as is, but you could have a look at my last edit and see what you think. Tiles 20:46, 26 Oct 2003 (UTC)

Zero-byte images
Hello; I just deleted two images you uploaded back in January and August 2003, because they were zero bytes. They were:
 * Image:John tyler.3.png, which had the caption From A History of the United States page 236 by Alma Holman Burton copyright 1899.
 * Image:Pigrace.256.jpg, which had the caption Picture I took and released under the GNU FDL.

It's quite possible you already re-uploaded them or know about the upload errors, but I thought I'd let you know just in case. --Delirium 09:57, Feb 17, 2004 (UTC)

Thanks for letting me know. There have been a couple of times where I have had errors on upload, it looks like these were some of them. Lorax

Enola Gay
Hi Lorax,

Just thought you would like to know that I have nominated your photograph of Image:Enola gay 20040710 170220 1.4.jpg for WP:FPC. -- Solipsist 19:27, 14 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for nominating it. It doesn't seem to be faring well there, but I am glad that someone likes it. Lorax 13:33, Oct 16, 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, sorry. With three 'opposes' already, I doubt the tide will turn before the fortnight is out. I thought User:Ludraman was a little optimistic in holding out for a photograph of the plane in the open air. I suppose there might be a historical shot somewhere, but even so... -- Solipsist 15:28, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

user:Ytu
The edit to Death Valley National Park made by Ytu was a revert to a much older version. Article fixed now and user has been blocked (all this user's edits have been checked and fixed if needed). --mav 10:03, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

a penny for your thoughts
I'm on my way to the LincolnMemorial to check out your photo of the penny but I'm sure it will be an improvement. Mine was an old worn out penny tossed onto my much maligned flat bed scanner and done that way. The point, one of the points, of wikipedia, is to keep making it better and better, and I suspect that with your new & improved penny picture this is what you've done. 16:42, 1 Mar 2005 (UTC)

krill eye gfdl

 * changed it to gfdl - did not know it Uwe Kils 23:52, Jun 15, 2005 (UTC)

Hemlock
Thank you for disambiguating the Hemlock (tree) link in the Shenandoah National Park article...I looked all over for it...but ran out of time and forgot it...thanks again.--MONGO 04:25, July 28, 2005 (UTC)

Boston Massacre gravestone picture
Hi - I have translated the article about the Boston Massacre to Norwegian, but as your picture of the gravestone is not on Wikipedia Commons it does not show up. Could you upload it to Commons? Ulflarsen 18:12, 5 March 2006 (UTC)

 * I have moved it to commons under the same name. Lorax 02:03, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

Image:James madison.jpg listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:James madison.jpg, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Fritz S. (Talk) 12:56, 14 September 2006 (UTC)

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If you think that this notice was placed here in error, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page that has been nominated for deletion (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on  explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would would render it more in conformance with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. BlueAzure (talk) 01:40, 29 May 2008 (UTC)

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Your pictures of Bethesda are great, will you tell me please what camera/lens is your favorite to get these great landscsapes?Ratherthanlater (talk) 19:56, 28 February 2009 (UTC)

File source problem with File:Eli_whitney_illustration.3.jpg
Thanks for uploading File:Eli_whitney_illustration.3.jpg. I noticed that the file's description page currently doesn't specify who created the content, so the copyright status is unclear. If you did not create this file yourself, you will need to specify the owner of the copyright. If you obtained it from a website, then a link to the website from which it was taken, together with a restatement of that website's terms of use of its content, is usually sufficient information. However, if the copyright holder is different from the website's publisher, their copyright should also be acknowledged.

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Source info has always been on that page, please look closer Lorax (talk) 23:24, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Can you please consider adding if it's a scan or was found online, then ? Sfan00 IMG (talk) 23:34, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Does it matter? it came from the book, you can verify that if you want. Two things you can be pretty sure of though, if it is from a book from the 1800's, it is a scan, they didn't have computers back then, second, if it is on wikipedia, it is online.  Lorax (talk) 23:43, 12 July 2009 (UTC)

VPC
— raeky  T  00:23, 2 August 2010 (UTC)

Random Smiley Award
For your contributions to Wikipedia and humanity in general, you are hereby granted the coveted Random Smiley Award. (Explanation and Disclaimer) ♠  TomasBat   02:44, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

Discussing National Capital Trolley Museum Edit
Hi Lorax. I'm Erik Ledbetter, Member of the Board of the National Capital Trolley Museum. I would like to ask whether you would consider reversing your edit to the NCTM entry, which changed my most recent edit "2003 Fire" back to the more general "Accidents and Fires". The reason I made the change from "Accidents and Fires" to "2003 Fire" was to focus the discussion on an event of national significance, and remove discussion of less important incidents that are among the viscissidues of being a 45 year old outdoor museum. If you compare our entry to other trolley museum and railway museum entries, none of the others that I have seen include a listing of decades-old accidents and incidents, even though all of us working in the field can remember many such at any of the operating railway museums. We do think it's important to discuss the 2003 fire, as that, (like the B&O Roundhouse museum collapse) was a recent event of national scale and significance. But we'd really like it if our entry could have the same level of detail as our peer institutions--including of course the disastrous fire of 2003--but not a uniquely far-reaching and specific listing of older accidents. I'd appreciate hearing your thoughts. Eledbetter (talk) 16:57, 12 September 2012 (UTC)

Congratulations!
Congratulations Lorax, your image Image:Bass harbor head light 20041002 123635 1.1504x1000.jpg was the Random Picture of the Day! It looked like this:

Presidentman talk · contribs (Talkback) 11:49, 9 February 2013 (UTC)

Photo usage
Hi, I'm working on an educational videogame with which I'm trying to build a bridge between animal awareness and Pokemon fans among others. It started out as something small but it's getting bigger and more professional. I saw one of your pictures: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giant_leopard_moth_20050612_173823_1.1300x1210.jpg

And I would like your permission to use it under that license with the following attribution: Lorax, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Lorax

Also, because I want to make sure there's no misunderstanding, you are the original photographer correct? It sometimes happens that another person simply takes a picture from somebody else and uploads it to wikipedia with a license to distribute. That is why I'm asking.

There is more information on the game here, including a short video that tells a little bit about the background: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/238178285/animalalbum

I also have a demo version of the game available so you can see for yourself in what way the pictures are presented: http://dromedarydreams.com/index/demo/0-8

Please let me know if I have your permission, if the picture is yours and if you want a different attribution.

With kind regards, Sjors Jansen (all.animalalbum@gmail.com) Garfunkel Jansen (talk) 10:44, 1 June 2014 (UTC)

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Mesaverde_cliffpalace
Dear Lorax , I am a Prof. in Architecture and I am currently redacting a book titled “History of Interior Design and Furniture” and it will be published in Turkish edition. I would like to use your image from https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_park_Mesa_Verde#/media/File:Mesaverde_cliffpalace_20030914.752.jpg. At the end of the book, the name of the beholder of the image is noted in ‘Picture Credits.’ Do you prefer us to use your nick name in Wikipedia, or we can use your proper name if you prefer. Best regards, Mustafa Demirkan mustafaemindemirkan@gmail.com Serhatakbak (talk) 13:47, 6 June 2017 (UTC)

commons:File:Street corner payphone pd.3.jpg
Hi. Can you tell a more exact location of the city or town in the U.S., where you photographed this payphone? A street/corner address would also be nice. - Mardus /talk 20:15, 14 July 2017 (UTC)

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I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

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you speak for the trees.

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Talk:Anne, Princess Royal

Peerage Titles
Does Princess Anne hold any peerage titles? J S Ayer (talk) 06:08, 8 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Obviously she does not. I apologize. J S Ayer (talk) 04:22, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

Military roles and titles
There's one passing mention of her often wearing military uniform, but the article is entirely devoid of information about her military roles and titles. Roger (Dodger67) (talk) 06:43, 6 May 2023 (UTC)
 * It was split off to List of titles and honours of Anne, Princess Royal in January. DrKay (talk) 08:03, 6 May 2023 (UTC)

RfC on Charles III
There is an RfC on Talk:Charles III which may relate to this article. Feel free to contribute. Estar8806 (talk) 03:06, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

New image for the Princess Royal
I just updated Princess Anne's image. No harm done. RicLightning (talk) 20:38, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anne, Princess Royal


text:
A Partridge Family Christmas Card

A Partridge Family Christmas Card is a Christmas album (and the fourth studio album) by the Partridge Family, released in November 1971. The album's case contains a reproduction of a Christmas card signed by the whole Partridge Family, the stars of a 1970s sitcom. The song "My Christmas Card to You" was original, but the remainder of the tracks were standards. Like most of the Partridge Family songs, the lead vocals are sung by David Cassidy, who played Keith Partridge in the show. The album also features one of the few Partridge Family recordings featuring Shirley Jones as the lead singer ("The Christmas Song").

A Partridge Family Christmas Card was the best-selling Christmas album in the United States during the Christmas season of 1971. It was the number 1 album on Billboard magazine's special Christmas Albums sales chart for all four weeks that the magazine published the chart that year.

The album was reissued in 1992 on CD and is also available as mp3 downloads.

Track listing
Only two tracks, "Winter Wonderland" and "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas", were featured on the TV show (in the second-season episode "Don't Bring Your Guns to Town, Santa")

Personnel

 * Dennis Budimir, Louie Shelton - guitar
 * Max Bennett - bass
 * Mike Melvoin - piano
 * Hal Blaine - drums
 * Jackie Ward, John Bahler, Ron Hicklin, Tom Bahler - background vocals
 * Wes Farrell - arrangement of rhythm tracks
 * John Bahler - arrangement of vocal background

Track list and credits verified from the album's liner notes.

Recording dates
August 25, 1971
 * "White Christmas"
 * "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town"

August 26, 1971
 * "Blue Christmas"
 * "Jingle Bells"
 * "Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree"
 * "Winter Wonderland"
 * "Frosty the Snowman"

August 28, 1971
 * "My Christmas Card to You"
 * "The Christmas Song"
 * "Sleigh Ride"
 * "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas"

See recording dates for this and other Partridge Family albums at The Partridge Family Recording Sessions

title: A Partridge Family Christmas Card


text:
Ambrose Burnside

Ambrose Everts Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American army officer and politician who became a senior Union general in the Civil War and three-time Governor of Rhode Island, as well as being a successful inventor and industrialist. He was responsible for some of the earliest victories in the Eastern theater, but was then promoted above his abilities, and is mainly remembered for two disastrous defeats, at Fredericksburg and the Battle of the Crater (Petersburg). Although an inquiry cleared him of blame in the latter case, he never regained credibility as an army commander.

Burnside was a modest and unassuming individual, mindful of his limitations, who had been propelled to high command against his will. He could be described as a genuinely unlucky man, both in battle and in business, where he was robbed of the rights to a successful cavalry firearm that had been his own invention. His spectacular growth of whiskers became known as "sideburns", deriving from the two parts of his surname.

Early life
Burnside was born in Liberty, Indiana, and was the fourth of nine children of Edghill and Pamela (or Pamilia) Brown Burnside, a family of Scottish, Scotch-Irish and English origins. His great-great-grandfather Robert Burnside (1725–1775) was born in Scotland and settled in the Province of South Carolina. His father was a native of South Carolina; he was a slave owner who freed his slaves when he relocated to Indiana. Ambrose attended Liberty Seminary as a young boy, but his education was interrupted when his mother died in 1841; he was apprenticed to a local tailor, eventually becoming a partner in the business.

As a young officer before the Civil War, Burnside was engaged to Charlotte "Lottie" Moon, who left him at the altar. When the minister asked if she took him as her husband, Moon is said to have shouted "No siree Bob!" before running out of the church. Moon is best known for her espionage for the Confederacy during the Civil War. Later, Burnside arrested Moon, her younger sister Virginia "Ginnie" Moon, and their mother. He kept them under house arrest for months but never charged them with espionage.

Early military career
He obtained an appointment to the United States Military Academy in 1843 through his father's political connections and his own interest in military affairs. During his early tenure at the academy, a clerical error was made listing his middle name as Everett, rather than Everts. He graduated in 1847, ranking 18th in a class of 47, and was commissioned a brevet second lieutenant in the 2nd U.S. Artillery. He traveled to Veracruz for the Mexican–American War, but he arrived after hostilities had ceased and performed mostly garrison duty around Mexico City.

At the close of the war, Lt. Burnside served two years on the western frontier under Captain Braxton Bragg in the 3rd U.S. Artillery, a light artillery unit that had been converted to cavalry duty, protecting the Western mail routes through Nevada to California. In August 1849, he was wounded by an arrow in his neck during a skirmish against Apaches in Las Vegas, New Mexico. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on December 12, 1851.

In 1852, he was assigned to Fort Adams, Newport, Rhode Island, and he married Mary Richmond Bishop of Providence, Rhode Island, on April 27 of that year. The marriage lasted until Mary's death in 1876, but was childless.

In October 1853, Burnside resigned his commission in the United States Army and was appointed commander of the Rhode Island state militia with the rank of major general. He held this position for two years.

After leaving the Regular Army, Burnside devoted his time and energy to the manufacture of a firearm that bears his name: the Burnside carbine. President Buchanan's Secretary of War John B. Floyd contracted the Burnside Arms Company to equip a large portion of the Army with his carbine, mostly cavalry and induced him to establish extensive factories for its manufacture. The Bristol Rifle Works were no sooner complete than another gunmaker allegedly bribed Floyd to break his $100,000 contract with Burnside.

Burnside ran as a Democrat for one of the Congressional seats in Rhode Island in 1858 and was defeated in a landslide. The burdens of the campaign and the destruction by fire of his factory contributed to his financial ruin, and he was forced to assign his firearm patents to others. He then went west in search of employment and became treasurer of the Illinois Central Railroad, where he worked for and became friendly with George B. McClellan, who later became one of his commanding officers. Burnside became familiar with corporate attorney Abraham Lincoln, future president of the United States, during this time period.

First Bull Run
At the outbreak of the Civil War, Burnside was a colonel in the Rhode Island Militia. He raised the 1st Rhode Island Volunteer Infantry Regiment, and was appointed its colonel on May 2, 1861. Two companies of this regiment were then armed with Burnside carbines.

Within a month, he ascended to brigade command in the Department of northeast Virginia. He commanded the brigade without distinction at the First Battle of Bull Run in July and took over division command temporarily for wounded Brig. Gen. David Hunter. His 90-day regiment was mustered out of service on August 2; he was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers on August 6 and was assigned to train provisional brigades in the Army of the Potomac.

North Carolina
Burnside commanded the Coast Division or North Carolina Expeditionary Force from September 1861 until July 1862, three brigades assembled in Annapolis, Maryland, which formed the nucleus for his future IX Corps. He conducted a successful amphibious campaign that closed more than 80% of the North Carolina sea coast to Confederate shipping for the remainder of the war. This included the Battle of Elizabeth City, fought on February 10, 1862, on the Pasquotank River near Elizabeth City, North Carolina.

The participants were vessels of the United States Navy's North Atlantic Blockading Squadron opposed by vessels of the Confederate Navy's Mosquito Fleet; the latter were supported by a shore-based battery of four guns at Cobb's Point (now called Cobb Point) near the southeastern border of the town. The battle was a part of the campaign in North Carolina that was led by Burnside and known as the Burnside Expedition. The result was a Union victory, with Elizabeth City and its nearby waters in their possession and the Confederate fleet captured, sunk, or dispersed.

Burnside was promoted to major general of volunteers on March 18, 1862, in recognition of his successes at the battles of Roanoke Island and New Bern, the first significant Union victories in the Eastern Theater. In July, his forces were transported north to Newport News, Virginia, and became the IX Corps of the Army of the Potomac.

Burnside was offered command of the Army of the Potomac following Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan's failure in the Peninsula Campaign. He refused this opportunity because of his loyalty to McClellan and the fact that he understood his own lack of military experience, and detached part of his corps in support of Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia in the Northern Virginia Campaign. He received telegrams at this time from Maj. Gen. Fitz John Porter which were extremely critical of Pope's abilities as a commander, and he forwarded on to his superiors in concurrence. This episode later played a significant role in Porter's court-martial, in which Burnside appeared as a witness.

Burnside again declined command following Pope's debacle at Second Bull Run.

Antietam
Burnside was given command of the Right Wing of the Army of the Potomac (the I Corps and his own IX Corps) at the start of the Maryland Campaign for the Battle of South Mountain, but McClellan separated the two corps at the Battle of Antietam, placing them on opposite ends of the Union battle line and returning Burnside to command of just the IX Corps. Burnside implicitly refused to give up his authority and acted as though the corps commander was first Maj. Gen. Jesse L. Reno (killed at South Mountain) and then Brig. Gen. Jacob D. Cox, funneling orders through them to the corps. This cumbersome arrangement contributed to his slowness in attacking and crossing what is now called Burnside's Bridge on the southern flank of the Union line.

Burnside did not perform an adequate reconnaissance of the area, and he did not take advantage of several easy fording sites out of range of the enemy; his troops were forced into repeated assaults across the narrow bridge, which was dominated by Confederate sharpshooters on the high ground. By noon, McClellan was losing patience. He sent a succession of couriers to motivate Burnside to move forward, ordering one aide, "Tell him if it costs 10,000 men he must go now." He further increased the pressure by sending his inspector general to confront Burnside, who reacted indignantly: "McClellan appears to think I am not trying my best to carry this bridge; you are the third or fourth one who has been to me this morning with similar orders." The IX Corps eventually broke through, but the delay allowed Maj. Gen. A. P. Hill's Confederate division to come up from Harpers Ferry and repulse the Union breakthrough. McClellan refused Burnside's requests for reinforcements, and the battle ended in a tactical stalemate.

Fredericksburg

After McClellan failed to pursue General Robert E. Lee's retreat from Antietam, Lincoln ordered McClellan's removal on November 5, 1862, and selected Burnside to replace him on November 7, 1862. Burnside reluctantly obeyed this order, the third such in his brief career, in part because the courier told him that, if he refused it, the command would go instead to Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, whom Burnside disliked. Burnside assumed charge of the Army of the Potomac in a change of command ceremony at the farm of Julia Claggett in New Baltimore, Virginia. McClellan visited troops to bid them farewell. Columbia Claggett, Julia Claggett's daughter-in-law, testified after the war that a "parade and transfer of the Army to Gen. Burnside took place on our farm in front of our house in a change of command ceremony at New Baltimore, Virginia on November 9, 1862."

President Abraham Lincoln pressured Burnside to take aggressive action and approved his plan on November 14 to capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia. This plan led to a humiliating and costly Union defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13. His advance upon Fredericksburg was rapid, but the attack was delayed when the engineers were slow to marshal pontoon bridges for crossing the Rappahannock River, as well as his own reluctance to deploy portions of his army across fording points. This allowed Gen. Lee to concentrate along Marye's Heights just west of town and easily repulse the Union attacks.

Assaults south of town were also mismanaged, which were supposed to be the main avenue of attack, and initial Union breakthroughs went unsupported. Burnside was upset by the failure of his plan and by the enormous casualties of his repeated, futile frontal assaults, and declared that he would personally lead an assault by the IX corps. His corps commanders talked him out of it, but relations were strained between the general and his subordinates. Accepting full blame, he offered to retire from the U.S. Army, but this was refused. Burnside's detractors labeled him the "Butcher of Fredericksburg".

In January 1863, Burnside launched a second offensive against Lee, but it bogged down in winter rains before anything was accomplished, and has derisively been called the Mud March. In its wake, he asked that several openly insubordinate officers be relieved of duty and court-martialed; he also offered to resign. Lincoln quickly accepted the latter option, and on January 26 replaced Burnside with Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, one of the officers who had conspired against him.

East Tennessee

Burnside offered to resign his commission altogether but Lincoln declined, stating that there could still be a place for him in the army. Thus, he was placed back at the head of the IX Corps and sent to command the Department of the Ohio, encompassing the states of Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, and Illinois. This was a quiet area with little activity, and the President reasoned that Burnside could not get himself into too much trouble there. However, antiwar sentiment was riding high in the Western states as they had traditionally carried on a great deal of commerce with the South, and there was little in the way of abolitionist sentiment there or a desire to fight for the purpose of ending slavery. Burnside was thoroughly disturbed by this trend and issued a series of orders forbidding "the expression of public sentiments against the war or the Administration" in his department; this finally climaxed with General Order No. 38, which declared that "any person found guilty of treason will be tried by a military tribunal and either imprisoned or banished to enemy lines".

On May 1, 1863, Ohio Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham, a prominent opponent of the war, held a large public rally in Mount Vernon, Ohio in which he denounced President Lincoln as a "tyrant" who sought to abolish the Constitution and set up a dictatorship. Burnside had dispatched several agents to the rally who took down notes and brought back their "evidence" to the general, who then declared that it was sufficient grounds to arrest Vallandigham for treason. A military court tried him and found him guilty of violating General Order No. 38, despite his protests that he was simply expressing his opinions in public. Vallandigham was sentenced to imprisonment for the duration of the war and was turned into a martyr by antiwar Democrats. Burnside next turned his attention to Illinois, where the Chicago Times newspaper had been printing antiwar editorials for months. The general dispatched a squadron of troops to the paper's offices and ordered them to cease printing.

Lincoln had not been asked or informed about either Vallandigham's arrest or the closure of the Chicago Times. He remembered the section of General Order No. 38 which declared that offenders would be banished to enemy lines and finally decided that it was a good idea so Vallandigham was freed from jail and sent to Confederate hands. Meanwhile, Lincoln ordered the Chicago Times to be reopened and announced that Burnside had exceeded his authority in both cases. The President then issued a warning that generals were not to arrest civilians or close down newspapers again without the White House's permission.

Burnside also dealt with Confederate raiders such as John Hunt Morgan.

In the Knoxville Campaign, Burnside advanced to Knoxville, Tennessee, first bypassing the Confederate-held Cumberland Gap and ultimately occupying Knoxville unopposed; he then sent troops back to the Cumberland Gap. Confederate commander Brig. Gen. John W. Frazer refused to surrender in the face of two Union brigades but Burnside arrived with a third, forcing the surrender of Frazer and 2,300 Confederates.

Union Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans was defeated at the Battle of Chickamauga, and Burnside was pursued by Lt. Gen. James Longstreet, against whose troops he had battled at Marye's Heights. Burnside skillfully outmaneuvered Longstreet at the Battle of Campbell's Station and was able to reach his entrenchments and safety in Knoxville, where he was briefly besieged until the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Fort Sanders outside the city. Tying down Longstreet's corps at Knoxville contributed to Gen. Braxton Bragg's defeat by Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant at Chattanooga. Troops under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman marched to Burnside's aid, but the siege had already been lifted; Longstreet withdrew, eventually returning to Virginia.

Overland Campaign
Burnside was ordered to take the IX Corps back to the Eastern Theater, where he built it up to a strength of over 21,000 in Annapolis, Maryland. The IX Corps fought in the Overland Campaign of May 1864 as an independent command, reporting initially to Grant; his corps was not assigned to the Army of the Potomac because Burnside outranked its commander Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, who had been a division commander under Burnside at Fredericksburg. This cumbersome arrangement was rectified on May 24 just before the Battle of North Anna, when Burnside agreed to waive his precedence of rank and was placed under Meade's direct command.

Burnside fought at the battles of Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House, where he did not perform in a distinguished manner, attacking piecemeal and appearing reluctant to commit his troops to the frontal assaults that characterized these battles. After North Anna and Cold Harbor, he took his place in the siege lines at Petersburg.

The Crater
As the two armies faced the stalemate of trench warfare at Petersburg in July 1864, Burnside agreed to a plan suggested by a regiment of former coal miners in his corps, the 48th Pennsylvania: to dig a mine under a fort named Elliot's Salient in the Confederate entrenchments and ignite explosives there to achieve a surprise breakthrough. The fort was destroyed on July 30 in what is known as the Battle of the Crater.

Because of interference from Meade, Burnside was ordered, only hours before the infantry attack, not to use his division of black troops, which had been specially trained for the assault: instead, he was forced to use untrained white troops. He could not decide which division to choose as a replacement, so he had his three subordinate commanders draw lots.

The division chosen by chance was that commanded by Brig. Gen. James H. Ledlie, who had failed to brief the men on what was expected of them, and was observed to be drinking liquor with Brig. Gen Edward Ferrero in a bombproof shelter well behind the lines during the battle, providing no leadership at all.

As a result, Ledlie's men entered the huge crater instead of going around it, became trapped, and were subjected to heavy fire from Confederates around the rim, resulting in high casualties.

As a result of the Crater fiasco, Burnside was relieved of command on August 14 and sent on "extended leave" by Grant. He was never recalled to duty for the remainder of the war. A court of inquiry later placed the blame for the defeat on Burnside, Ledlie and Ferrero. In December, Burnside met with President Lincoln and General Grant about his future. He was contemplating resignation, but Lincoln and Grant requested that he remain in the Army. At the end of the interview, Burnside wrote, "I was not informed of any duty upon which I am to be placed." He finally resigned his commission on April 15, 1865, after Lee's surrender at Appomattox.

The United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War later exonerated Burnside and placed the blame for the Union defeat at the Crater on General Meade for requiring the specially trained USCT (United States Colored Troops) men to be withdrawn.

Postbellum career
After his resignation, Burnside was employed in numerous railroad and industrial directorships, including the presidencies of the Cincinnati and Martinsville Railroad, the Indianapolis and Vincennes Railroad, the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad, and the Rhode Island Locomotive Works.

He was elected to three one-year terms as Governor of Rhode Island, serving from May 29, 1866, to May 25, 1869. He was nominated by the Republican Party to be their candidate for governor in March 1866, and Burnside was elected governor in a landslide on April 4, 1866. This began Burnside's political career as a Republican, as he had been a Democrat before the war.

Burnside was a Companion of the Massachusetts Commandery of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States, a military society of Union officers and their descendants, and served as the Junior Vice Commander of the Massachusetts Commandery in 1869. He was commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) veterans' association from 1871 to 1872, and also served as the Commander of the Department of Rhode Island of the GAR. At its inception in 1871, the National Rifle Association of America chose him as its first president.

During a visit to Europe in 1870, Burnside attempted to mediate between the French and the Germans in the Franco-Prussian War. He was registered at the offices of Drexel, Harjes & Co., Geneva, week ending November 5, 1870. Drexel Harjes was a major lender to the new French government after the war, helping it to repay its massive war reparations.

In 1876 Burnside was elected as commander of the New England Battalion of the Centennial Legion, the title of a collection of 13 militia units from the original 13 states, which participated in the parade in Philadelphia on July 4, 1876, to mark the centennial of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

In 1874 Burnside was elected by the Rhode Island Senate as a U.S. Senator from Rhode Island, was re-elected in 1880, and served until his death in 1881. Burnside continued his association with the Republican Party, playing a prominent role in military affairs as well as serving as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee in 1881.

Death and burial
Burnside died suddenly of "neuralgia of the heart" (Angina pectoris) on the morning of September 13, 1881, at his home in Bristol, Rhode Island, accompanied only by his doctor and family servants.

Burnside's body lay in state at City Hall until his funeral on September 16. A procession took his casket, in a hearse drawn by four black horses, to the First Congregational Church for services which were attended by many local dignitaries. Following the services, the procession made its way to Swan Point Cemetery for burial. Businesses and mills were closed for much of the day, and "thousands" of mourners from "all towns of the state and many places in Massachusetts and Connecticut" crowded the streets of Providence for the occasion.

Assessment and legacy
Personally, Burnside was always very popular, both in the army and in politics. He made friends easily, smiled a lot, and remembered everyone's name. His professional military reputation, however, was less positive, and he was known for being obstinate, unimaginative, and unsuited both intellectually and emotionally for high command. Grant stated that he was "unfitted" for the command of an army and that no one knew this better than Burnside himself. Knowing his capabilities, he twice refused command of the Army of the Potomac, accepting only the third time when the courier told him that otherwise the command would go to Joseph Hooker. Jeffry D. Wert described Burnside's relief after Fredericksburg in a passage that sums up his military career:

Bruce Catton summarized Burnside:

Sideburns
Burnside was noted for his unusual beard, joining strips of hair in front of his ears to his mustache but with the chin clean-shaven; the word burnsides was coined to describe this style. The syllables were later reversed to give sideburns.

Honors

 * In 1866, Allison Township in Lapeer County, Michigan, was renamed Burnside Township to honor Ambrose Burnside.
 * An equestrian statue designed by Launt Thompson, a New York sculptor, was dedicated in 1887 at Exchange Place in Providence, facing City Hall. In 1906, the statue was moved to City Hall Park, which was re-dedicated as Burnside Park.
 * Bristol, Rhode Island, has a small street named for Burnside.
 * The Burnside Memorial Hall in Bristol, Rhode Island, is a two-story Richardson Romanesque public building on Hope Street. It was dedicated in 1883 by President Chester A. Arthur and Governor Augustus O. Bourn. Originally, a statue of Burnside was intended to be the focus of the porch. The architect was Stephen C. Earle.
 * Burnside, Kentucky, in south-central Kentucky, is a small town south of Somerset named for the former site of Camp Burnside, near the former Cumberland River town of Point Isabelle.
 * New Burnside, Illinois, along the Cairo and Vincennes Railroad, was named after the former general for his role in founding the village through directorship of the new rail line.
 * Burnside Residence Hall at the University of Rhode Island in Kingston was opened in 1966.
 * Burnside, Wisconsin is named for the general.

Portrayals

 * Burnside was portrayed by Alex Hyde-White in Ronald F. Maxwell's 2003 film Gods and Generals, which includes the Battle of Fredericksburg.

title: Ambrose Burnside


text:
Duke of York

Duke of York is a title of nobility in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. Since the 15th century, it has, when granted, usually been given to the second son of English (later British) monarchs. The equivalent title in the Scottish peerage was Duke of Albany. However, King George II and King George III granted the titles Duke of York and Albany.

Initially granted in the 14th century in the Peerage of England, the title Duke of York has been created eight times. The title Duke of York and Albany has been created three times. These occurred during the 18th century, following the 1707 unification of the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland into a single, united realm. The double naming was done so that a territorial designation from each of the previously separate realms could be included.

The current Duke of York is Prince Andrew, the younger brother of King Charles III. The present Duke's marriage produced two daughters, and he has remained unmarried since his 1996 divorce. As long as Prince Andrew has no legitimate male heirs, the title Duke of York will again revert to the Crown upon his death.

History
In the Middle Ages, York was the main city of the North of England and the see of the Archbishop of York from AD 735. Yorkshire is England's largest shire in area.

York under its Viking name "Jorvik" was a petty kingdom in the Early Medieval period. In the interval between the fall of independent Jorvik under Eric Bloodaxe, last king of Jorvik (d. 954), and the first creation of the Dukedom of York, there were a few earls of York.

The title Duke of York was first created in the Peerage of England in 1385 for Edmund of Langley. His son Edward, who inherited the title, was killed at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. The title passed to Edward's nephew Richard, the son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (who had been executed for plotting against King Henry V). The younger Richard managed to obtain a restoration of the title, but when his eldest son, who inherited the title, became king in 1461 as Edward IV, the title merged into the Crown.

The title was next created for Richard of Shrewsbury, second son of King Edward IV. Richard was one of the Princes in the Tower, and, as he died without heirs, the title became extinct at his death.

The third creation was for Henry Tudor, second son of King Henry VII. When his elder brother Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, Henry became heir-apparent to the throne. When Henry ultimately became King Henry VIII in 1509, his titles merged into the crown.

The title was created for the fourth time for Charles Stuart, second son of James I. When his elder brother, Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, died in 1612, Charles became heir-apparent. He was created Prince of Wales in 1616 and eventually became Charles I in 1625 when the title again merged into the Crown.

The fifth creation was in favour of James Stuart, the second son of Charles I. New York, its capital Albany, and New York City, were named for this particular Duke of Albany and York. In 1664, Charles II of England granted American territory between the Delaware and Connecticut rivers to his younger brother James. Following its capture by the English the former Dutch territory of New Netherland and its principal port, New Amsterdam, were named the Province and City of New York in James's honour. After the founding, the Duke gave part of the colony to proprietors George Carteret and John Berkeley. Fort Orange, 150 mi north on the Hudson River, was renamed Albany after James's Scottish title. When his elder brother, King Charles II, died without heirs, James succeeded to the throne as King James II of England and King James VII of Scotland, and the title once again merged into the Crown.

During the 18th century the double dukedom of York and Albany was created a number of times in the Peerage of Great Britain. The title was first held by Duke Ernest Augustus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Bishop of Osnabrück, the youngest brother of King George I. He died without heirs, and the title reverted to the Crown. The second creation of the double dukedom was for Prince Edward, younger brother of King George III, who also died without heirs, having never married. Again, the title reverted to the Crown. The third and last creation of the double dukedom was for Prince Frederick Augustus, the second son of King George III. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the British Army for many years, and was the original "Grand old Duke of York" in the popular rhyme. He too died without legitimate heirs, leaving the title, once again, to revert to the Crown.

The sixth creation of the Dukedom of York (without being combined with Albany) was for Prince George, second son of the, then current, Prince of Wales, the future King Edward VII. He was created Duke of York following the death of his elder brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale. The title merged with the Crown when George succeeded his father as King George V.

The seventh creation was for Prince Albert, second son of King George V, and younger brother of the future King Edward VIII. Albert came unexpectedly to the throne when his brother abdicated, and took the name George VI, the Dukedom then merging into the Crown.

The title was created for the eighth time for Prince Andrew, second son of Queen Elizabeth II. As of 2022, the only legitimate offspring are his two daughters from his marriage to Sarah, Duchess of York. Thus, if he has no future (legitimate) sons, the title will again become extinct—reverting to the Crown—upon his death.

Aside from the first creation, every time the Dukedom of York has been created it has had only one occupant, that person either inheriting the throne or dying without male heirs.

Pretenders
In the late 15th Century, Perkin Warbeck unsuccessfully claimed the Crown by claiming the identity of Richard of Shrewsbury, 1st Duke of York.

In the early 18th century, the eldest son of the overthrown King James II & VII and thus Jacobite claimant to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, known to his opponents as the Old Pretender, granted the title "Duke of York" (in the Jacobite Peerage) to his own second son, Henry, using his purported authority as King James III & VIII. Henry later became a cardinal in the Catholic church and is thus known as the Cardinal Duke of York. Since James was not recognised as king by English law, the grant is also not recognised as a legitimate creation.

First creation, 1385–1461
1385–1402 also: Earl of Cambridge (1362) Kings Langley 4th surviving son of King Edward III and Philippa of Hainault 11 July 1372 - 23 December 1392 3 children
 * Edmund of Langley
 * Edmund of Langley 2C Duke of York.jpg
 * 5 June 1341
 * Isabella of Castile

Joan Holland c. 4 November 1393 no children 1 August 1402 Epworth, Lincolnshire aged 61

1402–1415 also: Duke of Aumale (1397–1399), Earl of Cambridge (1362–1414), Earl of Rutland (1390–1402), Earl of Cork (c. 1396) Norwich son of 1st Duke by his first wife Isabella of Castile no children Battle of Agincourt aged 42
 * Edward of Norwich
 * Edward of Norwich
 * Edward of Norwich Duke of York.jpg
 * 1373
 * Philippa de Mohun
 * 25 October 1415

1415–1460 also: Lord Protector of England, Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester, Duke of Cornwall (1460, see Act of Accord); Earl of Ulster (1264), Earl of March (1328), Earl of Cambridge (1414, restored 1426), feudal Lord of Clare (bt. 1066–1075), Baron Mortimer of Wigmore (1331) Nephew of 2nd Duke and son of Richard of Conisburgh, 3rd Earl of Cambridge (attainted and executed for treason in August 1415) and Anne de Mortimer; restored in blood 1437 13 children Wakefield aged 49
 * Richard of York
 * Richard of York
 * Richard of York Talbot Shrewsbury Book.jpeg
 * 21 September 1411
 * Cecily Neville
 * 30 December 1460

1460–1461 also: Earl of Ulster (1264), Earl of March (1328), Earl of Cambridge (1414), feudal Lord of Clare (bt. 1066–1075), Baron Mortimer of Wigmore (1331) Rouen son of 3rd Duke by his wife Cecily Neville 1 May 1464 10 children Westminster aged 40
 * Edward Plantagenet
 * Edward Plantagenet
 * EdwardIVofEngland-Yorkist.jpg
 * 28 April 1442
 * Elizabeth Woodville
 * 9 April 1483
 * Colspan=5|Edward Plantagenet seized the throne in 1461 as Edward IV and the title of duke merged in the crown.
 * }
 * }

Second creation, 1474
1474–1483 also: Duke of Norfolk (1477), Earl of Norfolk (1477), Earl of Nottingham (1476), possibly Earl of Warenne (1477) Shrewsbury Second son of King Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville 15 January 1478 no children
 * Richard of Shrewsbury
 * Richard of Shrewsbury.jpg
 * 17 August 1473
 * Anne de Mowbray
 * Disappeared in the Tower of London, with his older brother, the "Princes in the Tower".
 * Colspan=5|Richard disappeared without known issue and the title of duke became extinct.
 * }
 * }

Third creation, 1494
1494–1509 also: Prince of Wales (1504), Duke of Cornwall (1502) Greenwich Palace, London son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York 11 June 1509 – 23 May 1533 (annulment) 1 surviving daughter, others stillborn or briefly-lived
 * Henry Tudor
 * Henry Tudor
 * HenryVIII 1509.jpg
 * 28 June 1491
 * Catherine of Aragon

Anne Boleyn 25 January 1533 – 17 May 1536 (annulment) 1 daughter

Jane Seymour 30 May 1536 – 24 October 1537 1 son

Anne of Cleves 6 January 1540 – 9 July 1540 (annulment) no children

Catherine Howard 28 July 1540 – 23 November 1541 no children

Catherine Parr 12 July 1543 no children Whitehall Palace, London aged 55
 * 28 January 1547
 * Colspan=5|Henry succeeded as Henry VIII in 1509 upon his father's death and the title of duke merged with the crown.
 * }
 * }

Fourth creation, 1605
1605–1625 ''also: Duke of Albany (1600); Prince of Wales (1616), Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay (1612)'' Dunfermline Palace, Dunfermline son of James I and Anne of Denmark 13 June 1625 9 children Whitehall Palace, London aged 48
 * Charles Stuart
 * Charles Stuart
 * Charles I (1625).jpg
 * 19 November 1600
 * Henrietta Maria of France
 * 30 January 1649
 * Colspan=5|Charles succeeded as Charles I in 1625 upon his father's death and the title of duke merged with the crown.
 * }
 * }

Fifth creation, 1633/1644
James was styled Duke of York from birth and officially created as such in 1644.

1633/1644–1685 also: Duke of Albany (1660), Earl of Ulster (1659) St. James's Palace, London son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France 3 September 1660 8 children
 * James Stuart
 * James II & VII.jpg
 * 14 October 1633
 * Anne Hyde

Mary of Modena 21 November 1673 7 children Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Paris aged 67
 * 16 September 1701
 * Colspan=5|James succeeded as James II in 1685 upon his brother's death and the title of duke merged with the crown.
 * }
 * }

Jacobite creation, 1725
1725–1788 also: Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church (1747), Dean of the College of Cardinals (1803) Palazzo Muti Rome Papal States son of "James III and VIII" (Jacobite Pretender) and Maria Clementina Sobieska Frascati, Rome aged 82
 * Henry Benedict Stuart
 * [[File:Circle of Anton Raphael Mengs, Henry Benedict Maria Clement Stuart, Cardinal York (ca 1750) -002.jpg|100px|Cardinal Stuart]]
 * 6 March 1725
 * ____
 * 13 July 1807
 * Colspan=5|Henry succeeded his brother as Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland in 1788, calling himself "Henry IX", but was not recognized in Britain as a Duke, let alone as King.
 * }
 * }

Sixth creation, 1892
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 1892–1910 ''also: Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney (1892); Prince of Wales, Duke of Cornwall, and Duke of Rothesay (1901)'' Marlborough House son of Edward VII and Alexandra of Denmark 6 July 1893 6 children Sandringham House, Sandringham aged 70
 * George Frederick Ernest Albert
 * George V of the United Kingdom01.jpg
 * 3 June 1865
 * Mary of Teck
 * 20 January 1936
 * Colspan=5|George succeeded as George V in 1910 upon his father's death and the title of duke merged with the crown.
 * }
 * }

Seventh creation, 1920
House of Windsor 1920–1936 also: Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney (1920) Sandringham House, Sandringham son of George V and Mary of Teck 26 April 1923 2 daughters Sandringham House, Sandringham aged 56
 * Albert Frederick Arthur George
 * King George VI - NARA - 5730844.jpg
 * 14 December 1895
 * Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
 * 6 February 1952
 * Colspan=5|Albert succeeded as George VI in 1936 upon his brother's abdication and the title of duke merged with the crown. As Albert had no male issue, the title would have gone extinct in any case, even if he had not become king.
 * }
 * }

Eighth creation, 1986
son of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 23 July 1986 – 30 May 1996 (divorce) 2 daughters
 * Andrew Albert Christian Edward House of Windsor 1986 also: Earl of Inverness and Baron Killyleagh (1986)
 * Duke of York 2022 (cropped).jpg
 * 19 February 1960 Buckingham Palace
 * Sarah Ferguson
 * – now 64 years, 146 days old

 * colspan=5|Prince Andrew has no male heirs and all his titles will become extinct on his death.
 * colspan=5|Prince Andrew has no male heirs and all his titles will become extinct on his death.

 * }

Southern hemisphere

 * Cape York Peninsula, Australia
 * Duke of York Island, Antarctica
 * Duke of York Island, Papua New Guinea
 * Duke of York Islands, Papua New Guinea

Canada

 * Duke of York Archipelago, Canada
 * Duke of York Bay, Canada

Canada

 * York, Upper Canada, now Toronto, Ontario
 * York County, New Brunswick, Canada

United States

 * New York, a U.S. state
 * New York City, the largest city in the state of New York.

Schools

 * Duke of York's Royal Military School, Dover, Kent, United Kingdom
 * Duke of York School, Nairobi, Kenya, renamed Lenana School after Kenya attained independence in 1963.

Pubs

 * Duke of York, Bloomsbury
 * Duke of York Inn, Elton
 * The Duke of York, Fitzrovia
 * Duke of York, Ganwick Corner

Ships

 * HMS Duke of York (1763), a 4-gun cutter purchased in 1763 and sold in 1776
 * HMS Duke of York (17), a King George V-class battleship launched in 1940, and broken up in 1958
 * Hired armed cutter Duke of York
 * Hired armed lugger Duke of York
 * TSS Duke of York (1894)
 * TSS Duke of York (1935)

Railroad Equipment

 * Duke of York was one of the GWR 3031 Class locomotives that were built for and run on the Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1915.

Military Music
There is also military march titled Duke of York which is used as an inspection piece or slow march. It is in 4/4 time, D Major with a form of AABBCCDD. Gordon Ashman in 1991 maintains that the melody was composed in 1805, soon after the Duke of York became Colonel of the Grenadier Guards, and notes it is still in use today as a regimental slow-march. James Merryweather however, researched the melody and found it was composed by John Gamidge in 1789, to be played by the York Waits. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hU0PqAZLeew

title: Duke of York