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Subotica

Subotica (Суботица, ; Szabadka, Суботица, Subotița) is a city and the administrative center of the North Bačka District in the autonomous province of Vojvodina, Serbia. Formerly the largest city of Vojvodina region, contemporary Subotica is now the second largest city in the province, following the city of Novi Sad. According to the 2022 census, the city itself has a population of 94,228, and the population of metro area (the administrative area of the city) stands at 123,952 people.

Name
The name of the city has changed frequently over time. The earliest known written name of the city was Zabotka or Zabatka, which dates from 1391. It is the origin of the current Hungarian name for the city "Szabadka". According to Skok, Szabadka originated from sobotka, a Slavic diminutive of sobota, meaning "a place that had a market fair on Saturday" (like Szombathely or Nagyszombat), but its ending -ka was later replaced with -ica, another Slavic diminutive, by the Bunjevci. Other sources claim that the name "Szabadka" comes from the adjective szabad, which derived from the Slavic word for "free" – svobod, referring to the status of the colonists settled in this zone by the Habsburg after the Battle of Zenta.

The town was named in the 1740s after Maria Theresa of Austria, Archduchess of Austria. It was officially called Sent-Maria in 1743, but was renamed in 1779 as Maria-Theresiapolis. These two official names were also spelled in several different ways (most commonly the German Maria-Theresiopel or Theresiopel), and were used in different languages.

Architectural Richness
Subotica boasts a remarkable collection of Art Nouveau architecture, including iconic buildings like the Subotica Synagogue and the Reichel Palace, which are recognized as some of the finest examples of this architectural style in Europe.

Geography
It is located in the Pannonian Basin at 46.07° North, 19.68° East, at the altitude of 109m, about 10 km from the border with Hungary, and is the northernmost city in Serbia. Lake Palić is in the immediate vicinity of the city. Sand dunes area Subotička Peščara is located north of the city, along the Hungarian border.

Climate
Subotica has a warm-summer humid continental climate (Dfb) that is uncommon in Serbia except at higher elevations,

Prehistory and antiquity
In the Neolithic and Eneolithic periods, several important archaeological cultures flourished in this area, including the Starčevo culture, the Vinča culture, and the Tiszapolgár culture. Early Indo-European peoples settled in the territory of present-day Subotica in 3200 BC. During the Eneolithic period, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age, several Indo-European archaeological cultures included areas around Subotica - the Baden culture, the Vučedol culture, the Urnfield culture and some others. Before the Iazyge conquest in the 1st century BC, Indo-European peoples of Illyrian, Celtic and Dacian descent inhabited this area. In the 3rd century BC, this area was controlled by the Celtic Boii and Eravisci, while in the 1st century BC, it became part of the Dacian kingdom. From the 1st century BC, the area came under the control of the Sarmatian Iazyges, who were sometimes allies and sometimes enemies of the Romans. Iazyge rule lasted until the 4th century AD, after which the region came into the possession of various other peoples and states.

Early Middle Ages and Slavic settlement
In the Early Middle Ages various Indo-European and Turkic peoples and states ruled in the area of Subotica. These peoples included Huns, Gepids, Avars, Slavs and Bulgarians. Slavs settled today's Subotica in the 6th and 7th centuries, before some of them crossed the rivers Sava and Danube and settled in the Balkans.

The Slavic tribe living in the territory of present-day Subotica were the Obotrites, a subgroup of the Serbs. In the 9th century, after the fall of the Avar state, the first forms of Slavic statehood emerged in this area. The first Slavic states that ruled over this region included the Principality of Lower Pannonia (846-875), Great Moravia (833–c. 907) and the Bulgarian Empire.

Late-Middle Ages
Subotica probably first became a settlement of note when people poured into it from nearby villages destroyed during the Tatar invasions of 1241–42. When Zabadka/Zabatka was first recorded in 1391, it was a tiny town in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary. Later, the city belonged to the Hunyadis, one of the most influential aristocratic families in the whole of Central Europe.

King Matthias Corvinus of Hungary gave the town to one of his relatives, János Pongrác Dengelegi, who, fearing an invasion by the Ottoman Empire, fortified the castle of Subotica, erecting a fortress in 1470. Some decades later, after the Battle of Mohács in 1526, Subotica became part of the Ottoman Empire. The majority of the Hungarian population fled northward to Royal Hungary. Bálint Török, a local noble who had ruled over Subotica, also escaped from the city. During the military and political havoc following the defeat at Mohács, Subotica came under the control of Serbian mercenaries recruited in Banat. These soldiers were in the service of the Transylvanian general John I Zápolya, a later Hungarian king.

The leader of these mercenaries, Jovan Nenad, established in 1526–27 his rule in Bačka, northern Banat and a small part of Syrmia and created an independent entity, with Subotica as its administrative centre. At the peak of his power, Jovan Nenad proclaimed himself as Serbian tsar in Subotica. He named Radoslav Čelnik as the general commander of his army, while his treasurer and palatine was Subota Vrlić, a Serbian noble from Jagodina. When Bálint Török returned and recaptured Subotica from the Serbs, Jovan Nenad moved the administrative centre to Szeged.

Some months later, in the summer of 1527, Jovan Nenad was assassinated and his entity collapsed. However, after Jovan Nenad's death, Radoslav Čelnik led a part of the army to Ottoman Syrmia, where he briefly ruled as an Ottoman vassal.

Ottoman administration
The Ottoman Empire ruled the city from 1542 to 1686. At the end of this almost 150-year-long period, not much remained of the old town of Zabadka/Zabatka. As much of the population had fled, the Ottomans encouraged the settlement of the area by different colonists from the Balkans. The settlers were mostly Orthodox Serbs. They cultivated the extremely fertile land around Subotica. In 1570, the population of Subotica numbered 49 houses, and in 1590, 63 houses. In 1687, the region was settled by Catholic Dalmatas (called Bunjevci today). It was called Sobotka under Ottoman rule and was a kaza centre in Segedin sanjak at first in Budin Eyaleti until 1596, and after that in Eğri Eyaleti between 1596 and 1686.

Habsburg administration
In 1687, about 5,000 Bunjevci settled in Bačka (including Subotica). After the decisive battle against the Ottomans at Senta led by Prince Eugene of Savoy on 11 September 1697, Subotica became part of the military border zone Theiss-Mieresch established by the Habsburg monarchy. In the meantime the uprising of Francis II Rákóczi broke out, which is also known as the Kuruc War.

In the region of Subotica, Rákóczi joined battle against the Rac National Militia. Rác was a designation for the South Slavic people (mostly Serbs and Bunjevci) and they often were referred to as rácok in the Kingdom of Hungary. In a later period rácok came to mean, above all, Serbs of Orthodox religion.

The Serbian military families enjoyed several privileges thanks to their service for the Habsburg Monarchy. Subotica gradually, however, developed from being a mere garrison town to becoming a market town with its own civil charter in 1743. When this happened, many Serbs complained about the loss of their privileges. The majority left the town in protest and some of them founded a new settlement just outside 18th century Subotica in Aleksandrovo, while others emigrated to Russia. In New Serbia, a new Russian province established for them, those Serbs founded a new settlement and also named it Subotica. In 1775, a Jewish community in Subotica was established.

It was perhaps to emphasise the new civic serenity of Subotica that the pious name Saint Mary came to be used for it at this time. Some decades later, in 1779, Empress Maria Theresa of Austria advanced the town's status further by proclaiming it a Free Royal Town. The enthusiastic inhabitants of the city renamed Subotica once more as Maria-Theresiopolis.

This Free Royal Town status gave a great impetus to the development of the city. During the 19th century, its population doubled twice, attracting many people from all over the Habsburg monarchy. This led eventually to a considerable demographic change. In the first half of the 19th century, the Bunjevci had still been in the majority, but there was an increasing number of Hungarians and Jews settling in Subotica. This process was not stopped even by the outbreak of the Revolutions in the Habsburg monarchy (1848–49).

1848/1849 Revolutions
During the 1848-49 revolution, the proclaimed borders of autonomous Serbian Vojvodina included Subotica, but Serb troops could not establish control in the region. On 5 March 1849, at the locality named Kaponja (between Tavankut and Bajmok), there was a battle between the Serb and Hungarian armies, which was won by the Hungarians.

The first newspaper in the town was also published during the 1848/49 revolution—it was called Honunk állapota ("State of Our Homeland") and was published in Hungarian by Károly Bitterman's local printing company. Unlike most Serbs and Croats who confronted the Hungarians, part of the local Bunjevci people supported the Hungarian revolution.

In 1849, after the Hungarian revolution of 1848 was defeated by the Russian and Habsburg armies, the town was separated from the Kingdom of Hungary together with most of the Bačka region, and became part of a separate Habsburg province, called Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar. The administrative centre of this new province was Timișoara. The province existed until 1860. During the existence of the voivodeship, in 1853, Subotica acquired its impressive theatre.

Hungarian administration
After the establishment of the Dual-Monarchy in 1867, there followed what is often called the "golden age" of city development of Subotica. Many schools were opened after 1867 and in 1869 the railway connected the city to the world. In 1896 an electrical power plant was built, further enhancing the development of the city and the whole region. Subotica now adorned itself with its remarkable Central European, fin de siècle architecture. In 1902 a Jewish synagogue was built in the Art Nouveau style.

Between 1849 and 1860 it was part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar.

Yugoslavia and Serbia
Subotica had been part of Austria-Hungary until the end of World War I. In 1918, the city became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. As a result, Subotica became a border-town in Yugoslavia and did not, for a time, experience again the same dynamic prosperity it had enjoyed prior to World War I. However, during that time, Subotica was the third-largest city in Yugoslavia by population, following Belgrade and Zagreb.

In 1941, Yugoslavia was invaded and partitioned by the Axis Powers, and its northern parts, including Subotica, were annexed by Hungary. The annexation was not considered legitimate by the international community and the city was de jure still part of Yugoslavia. The Yugoslav government in exile received formal recognition of legitimacy as the representative of the country. On 11 April 1941, the Hungarian troops arrived in Subotica on the grounds that the majority of the people living in the city were ethnic Hungarians, which had been part of the Kingdom of Hungary for over 600 years. During World War II, the city lost approximately 7,000 of its citizens, mostly Serbs, Hungarians and Jews. Before the war about 6,000 Jews had lived in Subotica; many of these were deported from the city during the Holocaust, mostly to Auschwitz. In April 1944, under German administration, a ghetto was set up. In addition, many communists were executed during Axis rule. In 1944, the Axis forces left the city, and Subotica became part of the new Yugoslavia. During the 1944–45 period, about 8,000 citizens (mainly Hungarians) were killed by Partisans while re-taking the city as a retribution for supporting Axis Hungary.

In the post-war period, Subotica has gradually been modernised. During the Yugoslav and Kosovo wars of the 1990s, a considerable number of Serb refugees came to the city from Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo, while many ethnic Hungarians and Croats, as well as some local Serbs, left the region.

Cityscape
Unique in Serbia, Subotica and adjacent Palić have the most buildings built in the Hungarian Secession style, a distinct variant of Art Nouveau. The Hungarian Secession style was operational between the 1890s and World War I. Its designs combined art nouveau vegetal ornaments and symbolic figures with traditional Hungarian motifs. It found its architectural expression in Subotica in the works of Marcell Komor, Dezső Jakab and Ferenc Raichle.

The City Hall (built in 1908–1910) and the Synagogue (1902) are of especially outstanding beauty. These were built by the same architects, Marcell Komor and Dezső Jakab. Another exceptional example of art nouveau architecture is the actual Raichle Palace, which was built in 1904 by Ferenc J. Raichle.

Church buildings include the Cathedral of St. Theresa of Avila dating from 1797, the Franciscan friary dating from 1723, the Eastern Orthodox churches also from the 18th century, and the Hungarian Art Nouveau Subotica Synagogue from the early 20th century that reopened after a major renovation in 2018.

The historic National Theatre in Subotica, which was built in 1854 as the first monumental public building in Subotica, was demolished in 2007, although it was declared a historic monument under state protection in 1983, and in 1991 it was added to the National Register as a monument of an extraordinary cultural value. It is currently in the midst of renovation and is scheduled to open in 2017.

Neighborhoods
The following are the neighborhoods of Subotica:
 * Aleksandrovo (Sándor)
 * Bajnat (Bajnát)
 * Centar (Központ)
 * Dudova Šuma (Radijalac) (Sétaerdő)
 * Gat (Gát)
 * Graničar (Határőr)
 * Ker (Kér)
 * Kertvaroš (Kertváros)
 * Makova Sedmica (Makkhetes)
 * Mali Bajmok (Kisbajmok)
 * Mali Radanovac (Kisradanovác)
 * Novi Grad (Újváros)
 * Novo Naselje (Újtelep)
 * Prozivka (Prozivka)
 * Srpski Šor (Szerb sor)
 * Teslino Naselje
 * Veliki Radanovac (Nagyradanovác)
 * Zorka (Zorka)
 * Željezničko Naselje (Vasutastelep)

Suburbs and villages
The administrative area of Subotica comprises Subotica proper, the town of Palić (Palics) and 17 villages. The villages are:
 * Bački Vinogradi (Bácsszőlős)
 * Bačko Dušanovo (Zentaörs)
 * Bajmok (Bajmok)
 * Bikovo (Békova)
 * Čantavir (Csantavér)
 * Donji Tavankut (Alsótavankút)
 * Đurđin (Györgyén)
 * Gornji Tavankut (Felsőtavankút)
 * Hajdukovo (Hajdújárás)
 * Kelebija (Alsókelebia)
 * Ljutovo (Mérges)
 * Mala Bosna (Kisbosznia)
 * Mišićevo (Hadikörs)
 * Novi Žednik (Újnagyfény)
 * Stari Žednik (Nagyfény)
 * Šupljak (Ludas)
 * Višnjevac (Meggyes)

Demographics

According to the 2022 census results, the city administrative area of Subotica had 123952 inhabitants.

Ethnic composition
Places with either an absolute or relative Hungarian ethnic majority are: Palić (Hungarian: Palicsfürdő), Hajdukovo (Hungarian: Hajdújárás), Bački Vinogradi (Hungarian: Bácsszőlős), Šupljak (Hungarian: Alsóludas), Čantavir (Hungarian: Csantavér), Bačko Dušanovo (Hungarian: Zentaörs), and Kelebija (Hungarian: Alsókelebia). Places with an absolute or relative Serb ethnic majority are: Subotica, Bajmok, Višnjevac, Novi Žednik, and Mišićevo. Places with a relative ethnic majority Croat are: Mala Bosna, Đurđin, Donji Tavankut, Gornji Tavankut, Bikovo, Stari Žednik. Ljutovo has a relative Bunjevac ethnic majority.

The ethnic composition of the municipality 2022:

Languages
Languages spoken in Subotica administrative area:
 * Serbian = 59.575
 * Hungarian = 36.149
 * Bunjevac = 3.005
 * Croatian = 3.937
 * Others

Serbian is the most employed language in daily life, but Hungarian is also used by over one third of the population in their daily conversations. Both languages are also widely employed in commercial and official signage.

Religion

Religion in the Subotica administrative area as of the 2022 census:
 * Roman Catholic = 59.748
 * Orthodox = 37.647
 * Muslim = 3.238
 * Protestant = 1.609
 * Judaism = 54

Subotica is the centre of the Roman Catholic diocese of the Bačka region. The Subotica area has the highest concentration of Catholics in Serbia. 57% of the city's population are Catholic. There are eight Catholic parish churches, a Franciscan spiritual centre (the city has communities of both Franciscan friars and Franciscan nuns), a female Dominican community, and two congregations of Augustinian religious sisters. The diocese of Subotica has the only Catholic secondary school in Serbia (Paulinum).

When the nuns' orphanage and children's home in Blato, Korčula (present-day Croatia) had exhausted the food and funds needed for helping poor and hungry children, Marija Petković (later known as Blessed Mary of Jesus Crucified Petković), went to Bačka, whose apostolic seat is Subotica, to solicit help for orphans and widows. Bishop Ljudevit Lajčo Budanović asked Petković to found monasteries of her Order in Subotica and neighbourhood, so the locals could benefit spiritually from the instruction of the nuns of her Order. She learned that Bačka had many poor and abandoned children. In 1923, she opened Kolijevka, a children's home in Subotica. The home still exists but is no longer run by nuns.

Among other Christian communities, the members of the Serbian Orthodox Church are the most numerous. There are two Orthodox church buildings in the city. Orthodox Christians in Subotica belong to the Eparchy of Bačka of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Subotica has two Protestant churches as well, Lutheran and Calvinist. The Jewish community of Subotica is the third largest in Serbia, after those in Belgrade and Novi Sad. About 1000 (of the 6,000 pre-WWII Jews of Subotica) survived the Holocaust. According to the 2011 census, fewer than 90 Jews remained in Subotica as of 2011.

Politics

Results of 2020 local elections in Subotica municipality:
 * For Our Children: 43.4%
 * Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians: 30.6%
 * Subotica Citizens Movement: 6.4%
 * Socialist Party of Serbia: 5.5%
 * United for a Democratic Subotica: 5.36%
 * Bunjevci Citizens of Serbia: 3.2%

The original coat of arms and current medium coat of arms have an outlining Latin inscription of Civitatis Maria Theresiopolis, Sigillum Liberæque Et Regiæ, translated as Seal of the Free and Royal City of Maria Theresiopolis.
 * Coat of arms

Economy
The area around Subotica is mainly farmland but the city itself is an important industrial and transportation centre in Serbia. Due to the surrounding farmlands Subotica has famous food producer industries in the country, including such brands as the confectionery factory "Pionir", "Fidelinka" the cereal manufacturer, "Mlekara Subotica" a milk producer and "Simex" producer of strong alcohol drinks.

There are a number of old socialistic industries that survived the transition period in Serbia. The biggest one is the chemical fertilizer factory "Azotara" and the rail wagon factory "Bratstvo". Currently the biggest export industry in town is the "Siemens Subotica" wind generators factory and it is the biggest brownfield investment so far. The other big companies in Subotica are: Fornetti, ATB Sever and Masterplast. More recent companies to come to Subotica include Dunkermotoren and NORMA Group. Tourism is important. In the past few years, Palić has been famous for the Palić Film Festival. Subotica is a festival city, hosting more than 17 festivals over the year.

As of September 2017, Subotica has one of 14 free economic zones established in Serbia.

In 2020 construction of a new aqua park with ten pools and wellness and spa sections was underway in Palić.

The following table gives a preview of total number of registered people employed in legal entities per their core activity (as of 2018):

Universities

 * Teacher Training Faculty in the Hungarian Language of the University of Novi Sad

Tutoring of teachers in Subotica dates back to the late 18th century. After the establishment of Austria-Hungary, the second state-financed teacher training faculty of Hungary was founded in Subotica, second to Buda only. Modern history of teacher training in Subotica started in 2006, when the Sombor Teacher Training Faculty's curriculums in the Hungarian language seceded from the faculty and became independent as the 14th faculty of the University of Novi Sad. As of 2022, the faculty offers bachelor's degrees in kindergarten teaching, elementary school teaching, disciplinatory teaching and communications, and master's degrees in kindergarten teaching and elementary school teaching.

Secondary schools

 * Polytechnic school, Surveying and Construction, Typography, Forestry and Wood Processing
 * Teachers' College, founded in 1689, the oldest college in the country and region
 * "Svetozar Marković" grammar school
 * "Dezső Kosztolányi" Philological grammar school
 * "MEŠC" Electro-mechanical school, recently renamed to "Tehnička Škola - Subotica" (en. "Technical School")
 * "Bosa Milićević" School of Economics
 * "Lazar Nešić" School of Chemistry
 * "Medicinska Škola" Medical School

4 953 students studied in the city in the year 2020/21 in the secondary education. 1 626 students chose Hungarian speaking classes (32.8%), 209 students chose Croatian classes while 3 118 students studied in Serbian language.

Historical schools (1920 to 1941)

 * Subotica Law School

Sport
Subotica has one major football stadium, the Subotica City Stadium, indoor arena and indoor swimming pool. The local football team is Spartak and plays in the Serbian SuperLiga, the country's primary football competition.

Media
Newspapers and magazines published in Subotica:
 * Magyar Szó, daily newspaper in Hungarian, founded 1944, published in Subotica since 2006.
 * Subotičke novine, main weekly newspaper in Serbian.
 * Bunjevačke novine, in Bunjevac.
 * Hrvatska riječ, in Croatian.
 * Zvonik, in Croatian

Infrastructure
A1 motorway connects the city with Novi Sad and Belgrade to the south and, across the border with Hungary, with Szeged to the north. It runs alongside the Budapest–Belgrade railway, which connects it to major European cities. As of November 2022, the line is out of order without replacement as both the Serbian and the Hungarian part of the line is currently being reconstructed. Subotica also has branch line railway connections to Sombor, Senta (with passenger service), and Szeged through Horgoš (under reconstruction with limited freight service, passenger service planned to commence in late 2023), while the former branch line to Baja through Csikéria was dismantled in the 1960s but parts of the derelict tracks are still visible in the city's northwestern outskirts.

The city used to have a tram system, the Subotica tram system, but it was discontinued in 1974. The Subotica tram, put into operation in 1897, ran on electricity from the start. While neighbouring cities' trams at this date were often still horse-drawn, this gave the Subotica system an advantage over other municipalities including Belgrade, Novi Sad, Zagreb, and Szeged. Its existence was important for the citizens of Subotica, as well as tourists who came to visit. Subotica has since developed a bus system, operated by JP Subotica Trans, who operates eleven city lines, eight suburban lines, and thirteen interurban lines, as well as a single international line to Szeged. Per year the buses travel some 4.7 million kilometres, and carry about ten million people.

The city is served by Subotica Airport; its runway is too short for airliners, limiting usage to mostly recreational aviation. Southwest of the city there is a 218.5 metres tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting. It is the tallest of its kind in Serbia and one of the tallest in the region.

Notable citizens

 * Branimir Aleksić (born 1990), football player and member of the Serbia national football team
 * Sava Babić (1934–2012), writer, translator, and university professor
 * Géza Csáth (1887–1919), Hungarian writer, musician, music critic, psychiatrist, and physician
 * Gyula Cseszneky (born 1914), Hungarian, poet, voivode
 * Sreten Damjanović (born 1946), wrestler
 * Marko Dmitrović (born 1992), goalkeeper for the Serbia national football team and Spanish football club Eibar
 * Oliver Dulić (born 1975), politician
 * Vlatko Dulić (1943–2015), actor
 * Sanja Malagurski (born 1990), volleyball player
 * Yehuda Elkana (born 1934), Israeli philosopher of science
 * Nikola Kalinić (born 1991), Serbian basketball player, silver medalist at the Olympics and the FIBA World Cup
 * Zoran Kalinić (born 1958), table tennis champion
 * Danilo Kiš (1935–1989), writer
 * Juci Komlós (1919–2011), Hungarian actress
 * Dezső Kosztolányi (1885–1936), Hungarian poet and prose-writer
 * Zoran Kuntić (born 1967), Serbian retired professional footballer
 * Félix Lajkó (born 1974), world music violinist and composer
 * Péter Lékó (born 1979), Hungary's number one chess player
 * Szilveszter Lévai (born 1945), Hungarian composer
 * Aleksandar Lifka (1880–1952), central-European cinematographer
 * Bela Lugosi (1882–1956), actor
 * Boris Malagurski (born 1988), Serbian Canadian film director, producer, and TV host
 * Refik Memišević (1956–2004), wrestling champion
 * Đula Mešter (born 1972), volleyball player and Olympic champion
 * Jovan Mikić (1914–1944), leader of the Partisans in Subotica, and a national hero who was killed in 1944
 * Tihomir Ognjanov (1927–2006), Serbian footballer for the Yugoslavia national football team
 * Momir Petković (born 1953), wrestling champion
 * Bojana Radulović (born 1973), handball player
 * Mirna Radulović (born 1992), Serbian singer who represented Serbia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 as part of Moje 3
 * Eva Ras (born 1941), actress, painter, and writer
 * Magdolna Rúzsa (born 1985), Hungarian pop singer
 * Ivan Sarić (1876–1966), aviation pioneer and cyclist
 * Tibor Sekelj (Tibor Székely) (1912–1988), explorer, esperantist, writer
 * John Simon (1925–2019), American theatre critic
 * Davor Štefanek (born 1985), Serbian wrestler and Olympic champion
 * György Sztantics (1878–1918), racewalking champion at the Intercalated Games
 * Itzchak Tarkay (1935–2012), Israeli artist
 * Đorđe Tutorić (born 1983), Serbian professional football player
 * Aleksa Orlović (born 2005), Serbian programmer
 * Ivan Šmidt (born 2005),
 * Ajs Nigrutin (born 1977), Serbian rapper.

International cooperation

 * Subotica is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the EU Intercultural cities programme.

Twin towns – sister cities
Subotica is twinned with:
 * 🇧🇾 Brest, Belarus
 * 🇸🇰 Dunajská Streda, Slovakia
 * 🇭🇺 Kiskunhalas, Hungary
 * 🇵🇱 Łomża, Poland
 * 🇷🇴 Odorheiu Secuiesc, Romania
 * 🇨🇿 Olomouc, Czech Republic
 * Osijek, Croatia
 * 🇭🇺 Szeged, Hungary

title: Subotica


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Murad V

Murad V (مراد خامس; V. Murad; 21 September 1840 – 29 August 1904) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 30 May to 31 August 1876. The son of Abdulmejid I, he supported the conversion of the government to a constitutional monarchy. His uncle Abdulaziz had succeeded Abdulmejid to the throne and had attempted to name his own son as heir to the throne, which spurred Murad to participate in Abdulaziz's overthrow. But his own frail physical and mental health made his reign unstable, and Murad V was deposed in favor of his half-brother Abdul Hamid II after only 93 days.

Early life
Murad V was born as Şehzade Mehmed Murad on 21 September 1840 in the Çırağan Palace in Constantinople. His father was Sultan Abdulmejid I, son of Sultan Mahmud II and Bezmiâlem Sultan. His mother was Şevkefza Sultan, an ethnic Georgian.

In September 1847, aged seven, he was ceremoniously circumcised together with his younger half-brother, Şehzade Abdul Hamid.

Murad was educated in the palace. His tutors included Toprik Süleyman Efendi, who taught him the Quran, Ferrik Efendi, who taught him Ottoman Turkish language, Sheikh Hafız Efendi, who taught him Hadith (the traditions of Muhammad), Monsieur Gardet, who taught him French, and Callisto Guatelli and Italian Lombardi, who taught him to play piano.

Crown prince
After Abdulaziz ascended the throne after the death of Sultan Abdulmejid in 1861, Murad became the heir to the throne. He spent most of his time at his farmhouse in Kurbağalıdere which Abdulaziz had allocated to him. His family used to spend their winters in the crown prince's apartments located in the Dolmabahçe Palace and the Nisbetiye Mansion.

He participated in the visits of Abdulaziz to Egypt in 1863 and to Europe in 1867. While he was appreciated by the European rulers for his kindness, his uncle, who was uncomfortable with this, had planned to send him back to Istanbul. Napoleon III and Queen Victoria showed greater interest in Murad than in Abdulaziz. Moreover, special invitations and excursions were organized for the crown prince.

He frequently communicated with the New Ottomans, who wanted a constitutional regime. Şinasi, whom he met frequently, exchanged ideas with Namık Kemal and Ziya Pasha on constitutionalism, democracy and freedom. Through Ziya Pasha and his private physician Kapoleon Efendi, he also communicated with Midhat Pasha, the leading statesman of the Tanzimat era and leader of the Young Ottomans, which was dissatisfied with Sultan Abdulaziz's rule.

Murad was the first member of the Ottoman dynasty to become a member of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Turkey. On 20 October 1872, Murad was secretly inducted into the lodge, sponsored by his chamberlain Seyyid Bey. Murad rose through the ranks in the lodge. At one point he proposed establishing an independent Ottoman lodge to be named Envar-ı Şarkiye, "Eastern Lights", with its ritual conducted in Turkish, but the plan was never realized.

Succession question
Sultan Abdulaziz tried to change the succession system in favor of his own son Şehzade Yusuf Izzeddin. For this purpose Abdulaziz set out to mollify different pressure groups and have his son gain popularity among them. During the 1867 visit to Europe, rumors spread that contrary to the rules of protocol Abdulaziz arranged Izzeddin's reception in Paris and London before the official heir, Prince Murad. When the conservative Mahmud Nedim Pasha became the grand vizier in September 1871, he lent his support to Abdulaziz's plans. To further legitimize his plans, Abdulaziz tactically supported a change to primogeniture in the Muhammad Ali dynasty of Egypt. By granting primogeniture to Isma'il Pasha in 1866, Abdulaziz was clearly seeking to create a positive climate of opinion about a change in favour of his own son.

Accession
As a result, Murad cooperated with the constitutionalist circles and took part in the deposition of Abdulaziz. On the night of 29–30 May 1876, the committee led by the Midhat Pasha and the Minister of War, Hüseyin Avni Pasha, deposed Abdulaziz and raised Murad to the throne.

Though Murad acceded to the throne, he was not able to retain it. He struggled to appear normal in his new role, so at odds with his previously quiet life of dabbling in music. His weak nerves, combined with alcoholism, led to a mental breakdown. His deposed uncle's death, only days after Murad's accession, stunned him, and, along with the distress over the abruptness with which he was brought to the throne as well as the demands put upon him as ruler, led to anxious thoughts that the world would interpret his uncle's death as something he had ordered.

Illness and deposition
Murad began to manifest bizarre behavior that preceded his complete collapse. The government leaders called in the Viennese specialist in psychiatric disorders, Max Leidesdorf, who concluded that Murad could make a complete recovery with three months' treatment in a clinic, which the other Ottoman leaders were unwilling to attempt. A mentally competent prince on the throne formed an essential component of their plans to implement reforms with due legitimacy. Murad's younger brother and heir to the throne, Abdul Hamid, however, appeared both physically and mentally healthy, and supported their plans to introduce parliamentary government to the Empire.

Securing a sanction by Şeyhülislam of Murad's dethronement, as well as Abdul Hamid's promise to proclaim a constitution, Midhat Pasha and the Ottoman government deposed Murad on 31 August 1876, on the grounds of mental illness, his reign lasted for 93 days. His younger half-brother ascended to the throne and was crowned Sultan Abdul Hamid II. Murad was confined to the Çırağan Palace, not being permitted to leave the palace grounds on Abdul Hamid's orders.

Confinement
In confinement, Murad's consort Gevherriz Hanım worked with Nakşifend Kalfa, the hazinedar Dilberengiz, the eunuch Hüseyin Ağa, and Hüsnü Bey (who had been Second Secretary of Murad) to allow for a British physician to meet with Murad to ascertain Murad's mental fitness. When the physician arrived, Gevherriz served as translator. It is not clear how true this story is, and it is possible the physician was sent by freemasons rather than by the British.

In 1877, some nine months into confinement, Murad regained his mental faculties. The first two years of his confinement in Çırağan witnessed three attempts by supporters to free him and restore him to the throne, but all three resulted only in Abdul Hamid's tightening the cordon that isolated Çırağan Palace from the city around it.

Ali Suavi incident
On 20 May 1878, an attempt was made to liberate Murad from the Çırağan Palace and restore him to the throne. Murad's brothers, Şehzade Ahmed Kemaleddin and Şehzade Selim Süleyman, and sisters, Fatma Sultan and Seniha Sultan, and her husband Mahmud Celaleddin Pasha were involved in the plot. They all wanted to see Murad regain the throne. During the incident, Ali Suavi, a radical political opponent of Abdul Hamid's authoritarian regime, stormed the palace with a band of armed refugees from the recent Russo-Turkish War. The Ottoman battleship Mesudiye was anchored offshore the palace to take Murad and announce his accession. But he did not reach the ship, and Ali Suavi's men were unable to overcome the Beşiktaş police prefect Hacı Hasan Pasha's fierce resistance. The plot failed, and Ali Suavi and most of his men were killed. In the aftermath, security at the Çırağan Palace was tightened.

Life in confinement
His mental faculties restored, Murad lived out a far more benign existence than that attributed to him by the Western press. Reports through the years claimed that he languished in prison, or escaped and was hiding, or lectured his brother on the Armenian troubles.

After his mother's death in 1889, Murad focused all his love and attention on his children. Selaheddin became his companion in grief, and the two of them passed long hours together reminiscing and speculating about the future. For a time, they took an interest in the Mesnevi, taking great pleasure in reciting verses from it.

Death and legacy
At length, suffering from diabetes, Murad died at the Çırağan Palace on 29 August 1904. While his senior consort Mevhibe Kadın and his son Selahaddin reported that Murad was willing to be buried in the mausoleum of Yahya Efendi, Abdul Hamid did not approve of it. The next day, Murad's funeral was carried out without announcement and ceremony. His body was washed and shrouded in the Topkapı Palace and then taken to the Hidayet Mosque in Bahçekapı. After the funeral procession, he was buried next to his mother, Şevkefza, in the New Mosque, Istanbul.

An important primary source about his life comes from the memoirs of one of his consorts, Filizten Hanım, written in the 1930s.

Personality
Murad learned both French and Arabic. He ordered and read books and magazines from France and was influenced by French culture. He played the piano and composed Western-style music. He was a liberal.

Honours

 * Order of the Medjidie, Jeweled, 23 February 1867

Family
Murad V's family is known to have spent nearly 30 years confined to Çırağan Palace, from Murad's deposition in June 1876 to his death in August 1904.

Consorts
Murad V had nine consorts:
 * Elaru Mevhibe Kadın (6 August 1835 - 21 February 1936). BaşKadin. Georgiana, she grew up among the daughters of Sultan Abdülmejid I, Murad's father. She had no known children. After Murad's death she settled in Şişli and at the English occupation of Istanbul she retired to private life, never leaving home and taking care of her garden until her death.
 * Reftarıdil Kadın (1838 - 3 March 1936). Second Kadın. Circassian of the Hatko family. She gave the sultan a son.
 * Şayan Kadın (4 January 1853 - 15 March 1945). Third Kadın. She was born Princess Safiye Zan in Anapa. She gave the sultan a daughter.
 * Meyliservet Kadın (21 October 1859 - 9 December 1891). Fourth Kadın. Before marrying Murad, she was in the service of his half-sister Refia Sultan. She gave the sultan a daughter. She died before Murad and therefore she never left Çırağan Palace.
 * Resan Hanım (28 March 1860 - 31 March 1910). BaşIkbal. Georgiana, she was born as Ayşe Hanim in Artivin. Before marrying Murad she was in the service of his half-sister Seniha Sultan. She gave the sultan two daughters.
 * Gevherriz Hanım (1863–1940). Second Ikbal, called also Cevherriz Hanım. Circassian, born in Sochi. Before she became a consort she was a Kalfa (girl servant) She had no known children. After Murad's death she remarried, but the marriage was very sad.
 * Nevdürr Hanım (1861–1927). Third Ikbal. Born in Batumi. She had no known children. After Murad's death she was denied a salary and she lived with her stepdaughter Hatice Sultan, and when Hatice was exileted in 1924 she fell into total poverty.
 * Remzşinas Hanım (1864 - after 1934). Fourth Ikbal. Circassian. She had no known children.
 * Filizten Hanım (1862–1945). Fifth Ikbal. She had no known children.

Sons
Murad V had three sons:
 * Şehzade Mehmed Selaheddin (5 August 1861 - 29 April 1915) - with Reftadiril Kadın. The eldest child and the only surviving son, he was born when Murad was still Şehzade. He had seven consorts, eight sons and eight daughters.
 * Şehzade Süleyman (1866–1866) - unknown motherhood.
 * Şehzade Seyfeddin (1872–1872) - unknown motherhood.

Daughters
Murad V had four daughters:
 * Hatice Sultan (5 April 1870 - 13 March 1938) - with Şayan Kadın. Born when Murad was Şehzade. She was married twice and had two sons and two daughters.
 * Fehime Sultan (2 July 1875 - 15 September 1929) - with Meyliservet Kadın. She married twice, with no children.
 * Fatma Sultan (19 June 1879 - 20 November 1932) - with Resan Hanım. She married once and had four sons and a daughter.
 * Aliye Sultan (24 August 1880 - 17 September 1903) - with Resan Hanım. Her untimely death, together with the scandal involving Hatice Sultan the next year, definitively undermined Murad's health, and he died in mid-1904.

In popular culture and literature

 * In the 2011 TV series Kirli Oyunlar, Murad V is portrayed by Turkish actor Sezgin Erdemir.
 * In the 2012, on May 3, world premiere for the ballet "Murad V" took place in Ankara Opera House. The biographical libretto focuses on the psychology of Murad V and uses some of the works composed by himself.
 * In the 2012 movie The Sultan's Women, Murad V is portrayed by Turkish actor Serhat Kaplan.
 * In the 2015 TV series Filinta, Murad V is portrayed by Turkish actor Uğur Uludağ.
 * In the 2017 TV series Payitaht: Abdülhamid, Murad V is portrayed by Turkish actor Nevzat Yılmaz.
 * Murad is a character in Ayşe Osmanoğlu's historical novel The Gilded Cage on the Bosphorus (2020).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Murad V


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August Neander

Johann August Wilhelm Neander (17 January 1789 – 14 July 1850) was a German theologian and church historian.

Biography
Neander was born in Göttingen as David Mendel. His father, Emmanuel Mendel, was said to have been a Jewish peddler. While very young, his parents separated and he moved with his mother to Hamburg. After completing grammar school (Johanneum), he enrolled in a gymnasium where he discovered Plato. Some of his fellow students included Wilhelm Neumann, writer Karl August Varnhagen von Ense, and poet Adelbert von Chamisso.

Conversion from Judaism to Christianity
Neander's conversion from Judaism to Christianity was the largest change in his life and had a heavy impact upon both himself and his writing. Neander, along with his brothers and sisters, followed later by their mother, eventually left the synagogue and embraced Christianity. In his own personal conversion, Neander was influenced by the Apostle John, due to the similarity in the sentiment of John's writings to those of Plato.

Neander's conversion has been likened to the conversion of Saint Paul of Tarsus, due to the impact that his new faith had on his person, his work, his relationship with his students, and his attitude toward church history.

He was baptized on 25 February 1806 at the age of 17 and adopted the name of Neander, or "new man" on becoming a Protestant Christian.

Studies
Neander studied divinity at the University of Halle under Friedrich Schleiermacher. Before the end of his first year year, the events of the War of the Fourth Coalition forced Neander to move to Göttingen where he continued his studies, specialising in Plato and Plutarch, and studying theology under GJ Planck. At this point Neander decided that the original investigation of Christian history would form the great work of his life.

After university, he returned to Hamburg and passed his examination for the Christian ministry. However, after eighteen months, he decided on an academic career at Heidelberg where two vacancies had occurred in the theological faculty of the university. He became a teacher of theology in 1811 and became a professor the following year.

Writings
At this time, Neander published his first monograph, Über den Kaiser Julianus und sein Zeitalter. The following year he was called to University of Berlin, where he was appointed Professor of Theology. His pupils included Edmond de Pressensé.

He published a second monograph, Der Heilige Bernhard und sein Zeitalter in 1813, and a third Gnosticism in 1818 (Genetische Entwickelung der vornehmsten gnostischen Systeme). A more extended monograph followed in 1822, Der Heilige Johannes Chrysostomus und die Kirche besonders des Orients in dessen Zeitalter, with one on Tertullian in 1824 (Antignostikus). In 1824 he also cofounded the Berlin Missionary Society with Ludwig Friedrich Leopold von Gerlach, August von Bethmann-Hollweg and others in Berlin.

Neander began his work on Christian history in 1824 and published the first volume of Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche in 1825. The other volumes followed at intervals with the fifth in 1842, focusing on the period of Boniface VIII. A posthumous volume published in 1852, finished with the period of the Council of Basel.

While working on these volumes, Neander also published several other books including;

 * Geschichte der Pflanzung und Leitung der christlichen Kirche durch die Apostel (1832)
 * Das Leben Jesu Christi, in seinem geschichilichen Zusammenhang und seiner geschichtlichen Entwickelung (1837) (after Das Leben Jesu of David Strauss).
 * Denkwürdigkeiten aus der Geschichte des Christentums (1823-1824, 2 vols., 1825, 3 vols., 1846)
 * Das Eine und Mannichfaltige des christlichen Lebens (1840)
 * Various papers on papers on Plotinus, Thomas Aquinas, Theobald Thamer, Blaise Pascal, John Henry Newman, Blanco White and Thomas Arnold, and other occasional pieces (Kleine Gelegenheitsschriften, 1829).

Several of his books went through multiple editions and were translated into English.

Death
Neander died in Berlin on 14 July 1850, worn out and nearly blind. He died whilst dictating a page of his General history.

His grave is preserved in the Protestant Friedhof I der Jerusalems - und Neuen Kirchengemeinde (Cemetery No. I of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church) in Berlin-Kreuzberg, south of Hallesches Tor.

After his death, a succession of volumes representing his various courses of lectures appeared (1856-1864), in addition to the Lectures on the History of Dogma (Theologische Vorlesungen), which were edited by J. L. Jacobi in 1857.

People
Shortly after Neander's birth, his mother Esther divorced her husband and moved the family to Hamburg where they experienced a great deal of poverty. However, Neander cherished this period in his life and described it in endearing terms as “men in all ages who…have been indebted to their pious mothers” for planting the seeds of faith in their hearts.

This period in Neander's life had a profound effect on both his personal faith and his attitude towards life in general. Neander was often described as ‘wide-hearted’, ‘truthful’, ‘sincere’, ‘free from all the stuff of vanity’, ‘affectionate’, ‘innocent and pure of heart’.

Neander felt indebted to his teacher and later his friend and colleague Schleiermacher. "“To exhibit the history of the church of Christ, as a living witness of the divine power of Christianity; as a school of Christian experience; a voice, a sounding through the ages, of instruction, of doctrine, and of reproof, for all who are disposed to listen.”"

Church history
Neander's principal work was the General History of the Christian Religion and Church (Allgemeine Geschichte der christlichen Religion und Kirche). Each volume contrasted an era of ecclesiastical history with the church in Neander's own time.

His guiding principle in dealing both with history and with the contemporary condition of the church was "that Christianity has room for the various tendencies of human nature, and aims at permeating and glorifying them all; that according to the divine plan these various tendencies are to occur successively and simultaneously and to counterbalance each other, so that the freedom and variety of the development of the spiritual life ought not to be forced into a single dogmatic form" (Otto Pfleiderer).

title: August Neander


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Philip Schaff

Philip Schaff (January 1, 1819 – October 20, 1893) was a Swiss-born, German-educated Protestant theologian and ecclesiastical historian, who spent most of his adult life living and teaching in the United States.

Life and career
Schaff was born in Chur, Switzerland, and educated at the gymnasium of Stuttgart. His father died when he was young and he was sent to an orphanage.

At the universities of Tübingen, Halle and Berlin, he was successively influenced by Ferdinand Christian Baur and Schmid, by Friedrich August Tholuck and Julius Müller, by David Strauss and, above all, Johann August Wilhelm Neander. At Berlin in 1841 he took the degree of Bachelor of Divinity and passed examinations for a professorship. He then traveled through Italy and Sicily as tutor to Baron Krischer. In 1842, he was Privatdozent in the University of Berlin, where he lectured on exegesis and ecclesiastical history. In 1843, he was called to become Professor of Church History and Biblical Literature in the German Reformed Theological Seminary of Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, then the only seminary of that church in America. During his time there, he spoke positively of some medieval Catholics and of the Oxford Movement and he was accused of heresy; a church council exonerated him.

On his journey Schaff stayed in England and met Edward Pusey and other Tractarians. His inaugural address on The Principle of Protestantism, delivered in German at Reading, Pennsylvania, in 1844, and published in German with an English translation by John Williamson Nevin was a pioneer work in English in the field of symbolics (that is, the authoritative ecclesiastical formulations of religious doctrines in creeds or confessions). This address and the "Mercersburg theology" which he taught seemed too pro-Catholic to some, and he was charged with heresy. But, at the synod at York in 1845, he was unanimously acquitted.

Schaff's broad views strongly influenced the German Reformed Church, through his teaching at Mercersburg, through his championship of English in German Reformed churches and schools in America, through his hymnal (1859), through his labours as chairman of the committee which prepared a new liturgy, and by his edition (1863) of the Heidelberg Catechism. So much so that when the German Reformed Church, in a desire to begin producing more and better published material for the denomination published Samuel Miller's work entitled A Treatise on Mercersburg Theology: Mercersburg and Modern Theology Compared in 1866. Schaff's History of the Apostolic Church (in German, 1851; in English, 1853) and his History of the Christian Church (7 vols., 1858–1890), opened a new period in American study of ecclesiastical history.

In 1854, Schaff visited Europe, representing the American German churches at the ecclesiastical diet at Frankfurt am Main and at the Swiss pastoral conference at Basel. He lectured in Germany on America, and received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Berlin.

In consequence of the ravages of the American Civil War the theological seminary at Mercersburg was closed for a while and so in 1863 Schaff became secretary of the Sabbath Committee (which opposed the "continental Sunday") in New York City, and held the position till 1870. In 1865 he founded the first German Sunday School in Stuttgart. In 1862–1867 he lectured on ecclesiastical history at Andover Theological Seminary.

Schaff was a member of the Leipzig Historical Society, the Netherland Historical Society, and other historical and literary societies in Europe and America. He was one of the founders, and honorary secretary, of the American branch of the Evangelical Alliance, and was sent to Europe in 1869, 1872, and 1873 to arrange for the general conference of the Alliance, which, after two postponements on account of the Franco-Prussian War, was held in New York in October 1873. Schaff was also, in 1871, one of the Alliance delegates to the emperor of Russia to plead for the religious liberty of his subjects in the Baltic provinces.

Schaff became a professor at Union Theological Seminary, New York City in 1870 holding first the chair of theological encyclopedia and Christian symbolism till 1873, of Hebrew and the cognate languages till 1874, of sacred literature till 1887, and finally of church history, until his death.

He died October 20, 1893, following a stroke. He is buried in Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.

Writings
Schaff served as president of the committee that translated the American Standard Version of the Bible, though he died before it was published in 1901.

Schaff's History of the Christian Church resembled Neander's work, though less biographical, and was pictorial rather than philosophical. He also wrote biographies, catechisms and hymnals for children, manuals of religious verse, lectures and essays on Dante, etc. He translated Johann Jakob Herzog's Real-Encyklopädie für protestantische Theologie und Kirche (Encyclopedia in Real Terms of Protestant Theology and Church) into English.

Working with the Evangelical Alliance and the Chicago (1893) World's Parliament of Religions, and in Germany, through the monthly Kirchenfreund, Schaff strove earnestly to promote Christian unity and union. It was his hope that the Pope (then Leo XIII) would abandon the doctrine of infallibility and undertake the reunion of Christianity. He recognized that he was a "mediator between German and Anglo-American theology and Christianity."

Schaff was commissioned to supervise the first series of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers. He was later joined by Henry Wace.

David Schaff
Schaff's son, David Schley Schaff, was a Presbyterian clergyman and professor of church history. David wrote his father's biography in 1897.

Legacy
Schaff was married to Mary Schley and they had seven children.

Schaff also wrote several hymns.

The Philip Schaff Prize is an award given by the American Society of Church History, which he founded in 1888, for works presenting original research on the history of Christianity.

Works

 * The Principle of Protestantism (1845)
 * What is Church History? (1846)
 * History of the Apostolic Church (in German, 1851; in English, 1853) 1874 English ed.
 * The Life and Labors of St. Augustine (1854)
 * Germany: Its Universities, Theology and Religion (1857)
 * History of the Christian Church (8 vols.) (1858-1890)
 * Slavery and the Bible (1861)
 * The Creeds of Christendom, with a History and Critical Notes (3 vols., 1877), vol. I, vol. II, vol. III
 * Through Bible Lands: Notes of Travel in Egypt, the Desert and Palestine (New York: American Tract Society, 1878)
 * A Library of Religious Poetry. A collection of The Best Religious Poems of all Ages and Tongues (with Arthur Gilman) (London: 1881)
 * The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge. Schaff edited the European Herzog encyclopedia for an American audience; this is a revision of that work. vol. IX
 * Philip Schaff's Letter book, private correspondence from June 2, 1868 to August 26, 1881.
 * Early Church Fathers, a 38-volume translation in 3 parts, covering the Apostolic Fathers through Afphrahat.
 * Dictionary of the Bible (1887)

title: Philip Schaff


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Talk:Index of economics articles

Untitled
It would be extremely useful to be able to look at the links to and from all these articles as a group, to see where economics is referenced elsewhere in the wikipedia, and perhaps improve the links to be to more exact concepts, or more introductory ones, as appropriate.

Also, it would be even more useful just to look at the redirects and vocabulary of the articles as a whole, so that an economic glossary could be assembled.

That would help to put together a list of one-liner definitions, such as list of Islamic terms in Arabic is doing. That can't happen if we aren't sure which concepts are basic, and part of a defining vocabulary.
 * Yes, a short non-controversal definition one-liner for each would be valuable as this is a very difficult list to comprehend, and includes terms from many different theories, it being quite unclear how some of them really relate.

Removed from page as I'm not sure it's relevant:
 * It intersects necessarily with the list of ethics articles, as many economists accept that a theory of economics is also a theory of ethics, i.e. that economic values reflect to a large degree moral and social values. Religion also offers economic guidance, e.g. on usury, charity and zakat (one of the list of Islamic terms in Arabic, meaning "alms").

 * In general these moral and ethical arguments are contained in other lists, and should be minimized here unless they are in context of an economic mechanism or market system. Idiosyncratic views of individual economists should also be confined to the their biographies or articles on specific works - of economics, not say sociology.  A complete biography of Karl Marx for instance would include both, and politics too, but his economic terms of art, e.g. means of production, surplus value are included in the list as below, as they were and are widely employed by other economists.

Should we remove accounting, accounting reform, and growth accounting from this list? I vote : Yes, remove them.

 * No, all three are clearly economics topics, even if there is much complexity underneath them. Accounting must reflect some theory of what is owned and ownable, what is an asset, depreciation, which is mostly derived from economics.

 * If economics underlies and influences accounting as you rightly claim, then put a link to economics in the accounting page, not a link in the economics page to accounting. Economics also influences sports decisions, but that is no reason to include a link to sports on this page. If the criteria you use to determine what goes on this page is "the linked subject must be influenced by economics", you would have a long list indeed. My point stands.user:mydogategodshat

 * So does mine. The relationship is two-way:  without accounting there are no numbers for economics to work from, so fundamental accounting distinctions are prior to economics. EofT

 * So you are no longer just arguing that economics influences accounting by providing it with theories of ownership.You are now arguing that it both influences accounting and is influenced by it. That is an improvement, but the list is still far too long. It would include things like voting patterns and legal decisions. Do you want to try a third arguement? user:mydogategodshat

 * Accounting reform changes those rules to better reflect new economics. Growth accounting likewise directly reflects a theory of economics and 'what is economic growth'. How can you pretend these are somehow part of some external neutral profession, that makes its own decisions about these matters? EofT

 * Nobody is claiming that accounting operates independently of economic concepts, principles, or practices. Obviously, many accounting concepts (particularly in management accounting) are borrowed from economic production theory. This has no bearing on whether accounting is a subset of economics and as such should be included as a subtopic of economics. My point still stands.user:mydogategodshat

As for list of ethics topics, I don't think that belongs here either. I agree that there are ethical considerations to business and economic decisions, like there are to all aspects of life. But does that mean we should include links to list of ethics topics in all articles. If we include the ethics link, we will have to include links to hundred of somewhat related topics like law, government, ect.user:mydogategodshat

 * The list of business ethics topics wih its new long name helps to simplify both this and the ethics topics list. Personally, I think that list of ethics topics, list of ecology topics, list of economics topics, and list of environment topics is the correct clustering, as it's foolish to imagine solving a problem in any of these areas without solving one in the others, if it's of big enough scale.  Politics, finance, business, live in constraints imposed by an ecosystem, whether we like or not, whether we have to wait around to be forced to admit that or not (by declining ecosystems etc.) EofT

 * Nonsense. Ethics are the explicit, contract-like relationships between peers in a culture.

 * You are redefining ethics for your own purposes. Ethics is the principles or standards of human conducts, and the study of such principles. It is about good and bad behaviour. Not only is it not limited to contractual behaviour, it isn't even limited to interactions between people. Torturing a dog is unethical behaviour and it has nothing to do with contracts or even other people.user:mydogategodshat

 * Read ethics. And social contract.  It's not "limited" but it does "include".  And, torturing a dog is evil, and requires little or no study.  In fact, to study it would be unethical, as that would mean letting it go on.  The basis of ethics is paradox.  EofT

 * Buyer and seller relationships are a subset of these. These are necessarily reflected in economics

 * Buyer and seller relationships are examples of types of human interactions, interactions that have ethical aspects to them. Virtualy all human interactions, not just economic ones, have ethical aspects to them. The ethical underpinnings of human behaviour are reflected in all the social sciences, including: in economics because of its role in the distribution of scarce resources, in political science because of its role in allocating power, in law because of its role in codifying ethical constucts, in criminology because of its role in rewarding ethical behaviour and discouraging unethical behaviour, in psychology because of its role in defining, understanding, and treating unethical behaviour ect. . . .user:mydogategodshat

 * "The ethical underpinnings of human behaviour are reflected in all the social sciences..." well I would like to believe that is true. I like it so much I'm going to put that text in ethics.

 * - read Amartya Sen or any other recent Swedish Bank Prize in Economic Sciences winner. Economic decisions can be considered ethical decisions directly - see moral purchasing or ethical investing.  Economics must pay very special attention to the theory of ethics it embeds within it.  Must more so than business, or law, or other fields that do not lead directly to equations regarding ethical decisions.  Economics does. EofT

 * When I did my business degree, there were three ethics related courses, dealing with topics that range from bribery to price discrimination, to churning, to false advertising, to unethical labour practices, to retail price maintenence, to environmental issues, to collusion, to grey marketing, to patent and copyright enfringement, to tort law, to accounting accountability. When I did my economics degree, the only EXPLICIT reference to ethics was in some theoretical aspects of welfare economics and environmental economics (like Pareto effeciency, or The index of sustainable economic development for example).

 * These are three of the four hottest issues in the field of economics, the fourth being probably behavioral finance. That's evidence for my view. EofT

 * If by "hot issues", you mean controversial, politically charged, subjective, and without a concensus on their true value, you are right. But it is non sequitur to claim that that supports your view.user:mydogategodshat

 * No one doubts that depleted ecosystems have very low efficiency for any human purpose. And, no one doubts that ultimately humans are welfare bums on the planet, doing little for it, but taking much from it.  And, the sustainable development issues are key to averting conflict over economic relations, so, I think there is no dispute on the importance of those.  I think the explicit reference to ethics in those cases was foolish, ethical behaviour on those issues is a matter of preventing long term disaster exposure, like ethical investing, which provides natural immunization against the worst outcomes.  EofT

 * I agree that there is "a theory of ethics imbeded" in economics, and it is important for economists to understand the presuppositions of their field. I took a course in Marxist economics just so that I was exposed to an alternative view, a view that challenges many of the assumptions of mainstream economics. The economics we have today would be very different if Adam Smith would have used the works of Hegel as an ethical substructure rather than using the works of his moral philosophy professor Francis Hutcheson. I would be interested in seeing some Wikipedian articles on this subject if anyone wants to write them. user:mydogategodshat

 * That probably belongs in political economy. Also there is no problem with cross-listing every single ethics article relevant to economics. EofT

The links to lists of finance, management, marketing, and accounting have a place on the page because they are CLOSELY related.

 * Ethics is just as closely related, and it is sociopathic to beleve that marketing is more related to economics than ethics, or for that matter, ecology. EofT

 * Do you realize that you just called me a sociopath because I feel that the four business related topics (management, finance, economics, and marketing)are closer related to each other than economics is to a branch of philosphy? Forgetting about the truth or falsehood of my beliefs for a moment, ask yourself what that says about you as a person.

 * sociopath-ic implies use of persuasion regardless of ethical consequence. I am quite comfortable with describing any behavior (not person necessarily) that way if it raises marketing/persuasion above ethics/bodies/ecosystems.

 * You seem to have a habit of putting words in peoples' mouths. Nobody is claiming economics (or law or any other social science is above ethics). That is not what is at issue.user:mydogategodshat

 * Ethicis is also not a "branch of philosophy" but a consequence of Creation, to most people on this planet.

 * If you were to examine the universities of the world you would find that in almost all cases ethics is tought by faculty from philosophy departments. As for your beliefs about Creation and the teleological system of ethics that this implies, you are free to hold these beliefs, they are not unreasonable, but don't try to make economics a subset of them in an encyclopedia used by others that do not have these beliefs.user:mydogategodshat

 * Ethics is taught by theologians in many universities. And more people subscribe to those concepts of ethics than to those of philosophy.  If your belief is that economics is prior to ethics, then revisit "sociopathic".  EofT

 * It is not clear what you mean by "prior". Do you mean logically prior, chronologicly prior, teleologically prior, or are you just say it is more important. . . ? user:mydogategodshat

 * I meant "logically prior" but it could also be teleologically. You said it well above with your sentence about ethics as basis of social sciences. EofT

 * No offense intended, but, your ethics education is probably incomplete if you do not think ethics is a "business related topic" EofT

 * When a person resorts to ad hominem arguments, it is usually an indication that they do not have any substantive arguements to offer. I hope this is not the case here, because if it is, I have wasted a lot of time responding to them. user:mydogategodshat

 * I could easily point out those who share your view, e.g. Jeffrey Skilling, who got high marks as a Harvard MBA. Is that "substantive"? EofT

 * Now you have resorted to the fallacy of arguement from authority. If you can't come up with a substantive arguement, I am not going to respond to your comments any more. user:mydogategodshat

 * Pardon the offense. A bad example is not the same as an argument from authority.  It simply proves that someone can have a state of the art education in business, have explicit and lousy ethics (Skilling wrote papers saying ethics was always and only the government's problem and got high marks on them), and that his methods in real life lead to disaster and tragedy for a lot of people.  No matter how much fun they have in the short run. EofT

What do you think?

OK,growth accounting and accounting reform have significant economic content. As for the accounting article, I assume that was included because financial accounting techniques underlie the macroeconomic system of national accounts. I think that is a bit of a stretch. - - user:mydogategodshat

 * Hardly. The UN system of national accounts has a profound impact on the viability of theories of economics in practice.  Read Marilyn Waring or John Kenneth Galbraith.  Or anything whatever on uneconomic growth. EofT

See http:List for a discussion of these lists.

Improvement drive
A related topic, Grameen Bank, has been nominated on This week's improvement drive. Contribute your expertise and vote for Grameen Bank on This week's improvement drive!--Fenice 06:47, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

comprehensive tax
what is this? is it the opposite of progressive tax? i cant find comprhensive tax on wiki. i've also noticed that your list does not include Progressive tax. --Jaysscholar 07:23, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Micro policy analysis
surprisingly this doesnt even exist —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rickibal (talk • contribs) 17:27, 17 December 2007 (UTC)

Wikipedia talk:Verifiability
There's a discussion on what the reference requirements for lists like this one. The Transhumanist (talk) 01:28, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

Index creation
I'm putting together a new WikiProject and I saw that some projects have a consolidated Index of articles (a useful thing) but I could not find a tool or a template to do that very basic job. I have a doubt here: please do not tell me that Wikipedia would be crazy enough to create and maintain those indexes by hand because I won't believe you... --Alainr345 (talk) 21:48, 27 September 2009 (UTC)

Requested move
move them Anthony Appleyard (talk) 14:23, 17 February 2010 (UTC) Index of statistics articles → List of statistics articles — Most lists are called "List of -". There are probably other pages that start with "Index of -". This is to standardize articles and naming. 174.3.98.236 (talk) 11:41, 9 February 2010 (UTC)
 * Index of conservation articles → List of conservation articles
 * Index of international trade articles → List of international trade articles
 * Index of economics articles → List of economics articles

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Index of economics articles which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 11:45, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Index of conservation articles which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 11:45, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Index of statistics articles which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 11:45, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Index of international trade articles which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 11:46, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Index of economics articles


text:
Prostaglandin analogue

Prostaglandin analogues are a class of drugs that bind to a prostaglandin receptor.

Wider use of prostaglandin analogues is limited by unwanted side effects and their abortive potential.

Uses
Prostaglandin analogues such as misoprostol are used in treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers. Misoprostol and other prostaglandin analogues protect the lining of the gastrointestinal tract from harmful stomach acid and are especially indicated for the elderly on continuous doses of NSAIDs.

In the field of ophthalmology, drugs of this class are used to lower intraocular pressure (IOP) in people with glaucoma. Up until the late 1970s prostaglandins were thought to raise IOP, but a paper published in 1977 showed that prostaglandin F2α lowered it, and subsequent studies found that this was due to increasing the outflow of aqueous humor, mainly by relaxing the ciliary muscle, and possibly also due to changes in extracellular matrix and to widening of spaces within the trabecular meshwork. This work led to the development of prodrugs of PGF2α, including latanoprost, an isopropyl analogue of PGF2α, approved by the FDA in 1996, bimatoprost and travoprost, both approved in 2001, and tafluprost, approved in 2012. However, there are notable side effects associated with usage, including increased eyelash growth, pigmentation of the iris, and darkening of the skin around the eye.

title: Prostaglandin analogue


text:
Leonhard Hutter

Leonhard Hutter (also Hütter, Latinized as Hutterus; 19 January 1563 – 23 October 1616) was a German Lutheran theologian.

Life
He was born at Nellingen near Ulm. From 1581 he studied at the universities of Strasbourg, Leipzig, Heidelberg and Jena. In 1594 he began to give theological lectures at Jena, and in 1596 accepted a call as professor of theology at Wittenberg, where he died twenty years later.

Works
Hutter was a stern champion of Lutheran orthodoxy, as set down in the confessions and embodied in his own Compendium locorum theologicorum (1610; reprinted 1863), being so faithful to his master as to win the title of "Luther redonatus."

In reply to Rudolf Hospinian's Concordia discors (1607), he wrote a work, rich in historical material but one-sided in its argument, Concordia concors (1614), defending the formula of Concord, which he regarded as inspired. His Irenicum vere christianum is directed against David Pareus (1548–1622), professor primarius at Heidelberg, who in Irenicum sive de unione et synodo Evangelicorum (1614) had pleaded for a reconciliation of Lutheranism and Calvinism; his Calvinista aulico-politicus (1610) was written against the "damnable Calvinism" which was becoming prevalent in Holstein and Brandenburg. Another work, based on the Formula of Concord, was entitled Loci communes theologici.

title: Leonhard Hutter