text:
Talk:Bodyline

Misc
It's just so cool when stuff like this shows up. It should probably be titled Leg theory in cricket, though, so that I know it's about cricket, and can avoid it, rather than being curious, reading it, and then saying silly stuff in talk.

OK, I am too lazy to look this up and cite references, but even I know that "leg theory" != "bodyline". Leg theory had been around for ages before the bodyline series, and was a relatively harmless thing, which never became controversial. Bodyline was leg theory on uppers. Leg theory was a dubiously effective way to get batsmen out, bodyline was a frighteningly effective way to knock them out. Both used leg side fields and focussed on delivering the ball accordingly, but that aside, they were utterly different. A leg theory field was well spread, a bodyline field in close. Leg theory bowling could be at any pace and any length, where bodyline was all about short-pitched fast bowling intended to injure the batsman, or else force him to defend himself in such a way that he got out. Tannin

Bodyline was more than leg theory. it was a deliberate attempt to injure australian players, becuase the english were embarrassed at being so bad at a game they invented. it was cheating. 60.229.13.82 20:31, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

I think you're right, IIRC. Though the original name for bodyline was "fast leg theory". It was definitely an inspiration. Wanna clean this page up? --Robert Merkel

OK. I was planning to do another heavy theoretical sociology thing tonight, but it's too hot to do hard stuff. There seem to be two possibilities: (a) go through and completely rewrite it from the start, or (b) cross out "leg theory" and write in "bodyline" several times, leaving a reasonable (if stubbish) article on bodyline (which can be moved over to that title - it's vastly more famous than "leg theory"). Option (b) is much better, I think.

Leg theory could then become a seperate article which is actually about leg theory, but it's probably better to just describe leg theory as a paragraph in the bodyline article, I doubt that there is enough meat in the subject to merit an entire entry all to itself.

Now, a procedural question: what's the best way to do this? I can just cut & paste, but it would be better to delete bodyline first (it's just a redirect with no history or talk) and then rename this one to bodyline, wouldn't it? Tannin

Still need (a) to include a background para on leg theory, and (b) an explanation of the way that the English use of the the term "fast leg theory" to describe what was, in fact, bodyline led to much misunderstanding - notably the way that the authorities at home in England (in those pre-television days) thought that the Australians were, for some incomprehensible reason, complaining about a perfectly ordinary tactic that had been around for years and issued statements accordingly, which were then interpreted by the Australians as blandly supporting manifestly unfair and dangerous play. Hence the huge controversy. But probably not tonight. If anyone else wants to jump in and do this, be my guest. Tannin 13:44 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)

picture
whats with the hapy faces in the picture? is it vandalism?Bawolff 00:24, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Smiley face picture disapeared. Bawolff 00:28, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Questions
A good article. But shouldn't some mention be made of the fact that bodyline was used as a tactic in series other than the Eng/Aus one? I think (?) it was used in a tour to India (where similar problems arose) and Wiki itself says that the WI used it against Eng in '33. Leg theory.

Also, what evidence is there that Larwood was 'vilified' in the UK? I daresay he was, but an example of the vilification would be nice (such as the example of the defacing the statue to illustrate Australian ill-feeling) Monk Bretton 00:37, 7 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Yes; excellent article - but on the origins ... I remember a BBC docu-drama (late 80s?) about Jardine and the the bodyline series. Included a scene where Jardine defended himself to the Australian press by pointing out that he had been at the receiving end of such bowling in English County cricket well before the tour and he hadn't whined. But I can't offer a real source. --Cje 20:57, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I don't think Larwood was "vilified" in the UK. The English loved the success of the tour and defended themselves against Australian whinging, although there was unease in the 1933 season as Bodyline was seen in England. Jardine himself was a good player of Bodyline, who made his only Test century when facing it (I think I added this to the article itself). And it is true to say that leg theory had been around before the Bodyline Tests - the difference was that it was bowled much faster and with much greater effect in the Bodyline Tests than it ever had been before. Nor was Jardine universally hated (although many did take a dislike to him). He was determined to act as a Gentleman (according to his own understanding of the term), and his behaviour reflects this: for example, he stood aside as captain rather than let the MCC depose him (or risk selecting him to captain against Australia again). He had a stand named after him at the Oval, where he captained Surrey - the stand was demolished last year to make way for the new OCS stand, so he now only has a block of seats named after him (many other Surrey greats have similarly been honoured), jguk 21:09, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

Woodfull's famous quote
The sources I've read seem to disagree on the exact words of the quote. Some have it the way it is in the article, but in the documentary I watched Woodfull's son quotes his father as saying: ''"There are two teams out there, and only one is playing cricket. The other is making no attempt to do so". ''I'm not sure if there have been any previous discussion on this subject, but should this be mentioned in the article? Raven4x4x 04:43, July 20, 2005 (UTC)

 * As with any other quotation that was not taped at the time, various versions of it abound (and almost certainly the most polished versions are just that - polished). The exact words are unknown, but the gist most certainly isn't. Since this is true of all quotations before the broadcast era (and particularly those not pre-scripted), it's not worth mentioning this fact here, jguk 21:13, 23 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I would disagree. IMHO, we have to make clear it's an unrecorded quote and it's not clear exactly what he said. We don't have have to explain this in detail, just make it clear it's not an exact quote. Perhaps just say Woodfull is reputed to have said or something like that Nil Einne 18:09, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Question about picture
According to the caption in the picture at the top, it's Fingleton who is ducking the bouncer. Does anyone have any source for that? I ask because the same picture is in Charles Williams' "Bradman", and there it's claimed to be Woodfull ducking a delivery by Larwood in the Fourth Test.

 * The batsman is captioned as Fingleton in this photo in Bodyline Autopsy. I can get a page reference when I get home... -dmmaus 06:27, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Oops! You know what, it is indeed Woodfull according to the caption on page 277. That's my fault, I'm afraid. I'll fix it. -dmmaus 08:47, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

My changes
I've made several changes, largely with info from the Douglas Jardine article. While none of this is source and I don't really know much about the controvery myself it doesn't really conflict with any info here so I'm assuming it's true. While I know we tend to dislike repeating too much info, IMHO what I added and changed was too important to leave out from this article. Specifically, it appears the Oldfield incident wasn't the direct result of bodyline as it wasn't being used at the time AND it appears even Oldfield admitted it was his fault. (Indeed if you look at the Oldfield picture it doesn't look like they were using bodyline because the catchers/slips are not in the right positions). I've tried to make this clear and fixed the captions as well which appeared to suggest it was the because of the delivery. Potentially Oldfield, intimidated and/or injured by bodyline wasn't batting in his usual style and so it may have indirectly caused the incident however this is a different issue (you can mention it if you want but IMHO it isn't necessary). Also, I think we need to mention that Jardine maintains it was not the intention to injure (this of course doesn't mean it wasn't dangerous) and that he evidently sent sympathies to Oldfield via various channels (according to the Jardine article). I did change the sympathies bit because Oldfield's injury wasn't directly caused by bodyline (as discussed earlier) but the way it was structured suggested it was. Nil Einne 18:28, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Lardwood issue
I think the Lardwood issue above needs clarification especially given this is FA. Was he really vilified in England after the tournament? Jardine doesn't appear to have been. The Larwood article doesn't say he moved to Australia because he was vilified or that he was vilified either. Nil Einne 18:57, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Top importance
I added this to top-importance. As stated in my comment, given the wide reaching ramifications and that it was rated the most significant event in cricket's history in 2004, it would seem a far assessment to me but this is my first importance assessment and my cricketing knowledge is fairly limited so if anyone feels it should be only high you're welcome to change it (I assume it would be at least high) Nil Einne 18:57, 19 October 2006 (UTC)

Citations needed??
Oh for crying out loud... there is a plague of people going through Wikipedia adding "citation needed" tags to every bloody sentence that doesn't have a cite. There are references listed at the bottom of the article - that's where all this stuff comes from! Do we really need to go through and replace all those flaming idiotic "citation needed" tags with an explicit cite to the same book, 50 times in the one article?? I started doing that, but realised it would look stupid and petty, and be vandalising Wikipedia to get my point across. So I decided to ask here for someone with a cooler head to resolve this in a more sensible manner. For the record, every one of those "citations needed"s is in Frith's Bodyline Autopsy. -dmmaus 22:53, 30 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Is the Hugh Buggy info mentioned in Autopsy ? Fingleton in "Cricket Crisis" attributes it to Jack Worrall. I guess Cricket Crisis should be somewhat outdated by now, but for something as confusing as this, we should mention a better source than 334notout.com. Tintin (talk) 07:36, 3 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Never mind, I've only just discovered the Featured Article delisting and the reasons for it. I'll add citations for everything I can when I get home from work tonight. And yes, Hugh Buggy is in Autopsy. -dmmaus 22:21, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

I've gone through and added a lot of references. Unfortunately I can't find specific cites for these two statements:
 * In retrospect, this event is seen by many as the first step in breaking down the class distinction in English cricket. Douglas Jardine always defended his tactics and in the book he wrote about the tour, In Quest of the Ashes, described allegations that the England bowlers directed their attack with the intention of causing physical harm as stupid and patently untruthful.

I wrote these into the article originally, and I wouldn't have done it without a reference, so I'm sure they are in Bodyline Autopsy somewhere. However that book has a poor index and after an hour of flipping pages I need a break. If someone else can find them, please add them, and then we should be able to get this relisted as a Featured Article. -dmmaus 08:29, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The second sentence has a reference in it, namely In Quest of the Ashes. I have a copy of that, so I can look up some page references for it. If we have to lose the first sentence, which is an opinion that I am not sure is widely held, then so be it. jguk 13:03, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Cool, I was hoping someone had Jardine's book. And yeah, if we need to lose the other sentence, it's not a huge loss. I think the important thing is to get this relisted as Featured. -dmmaus 22:07, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * FWIW< I would agree with losing the first sentence, as at the least it's a very debatable point. You could argue that in his ruthlessness Jardine was more like a professional captain than a typical amateur. JH 09:05, 5 December 2006 (UTC)

Fielders behind square leg
I added this link as the reference for it, and then noticed that the article says that the law was changed after "about 25 years", ie. c.1960. Acscricket.com has the 1952 and 1970 revisions (2nd and 4th editions) at http://acscricket.com/Articles/2/2352.html but no 3rd edition. Does anyone know whether the law was changed in the 3rd edition itself ? Tintin (talk) 06:22, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

 * In the County Championship an Experimental Rule was introduced in 1957 that limited leg-side fielders to five, with at most two behind the popping crease. By 1963, and possibly earlier, this seems to have extended to all matches, in the form of Experuimental Note 3 to Law 44. The timing makes me think that it may have had more to do with the difficulties Laker's leg-trap posed for Australia in 1956 than to Bodyline. JH 18:14, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * John, can you please change the current reference with that of the earliest Wisden that mentions it. Tintin (talk) 19:18, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

locations
We need to add the locations of the English tour 1932–33. =Nichalp  «Talk»=  14:57, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

Featured Article
We seem to have all the necessary citations in now. When/how can this be reinstated as a FA? --Dweller 12:39, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, I did propose reinstating the FARC, but that seems to have fallen on deaf ears. Renominate at FAC? -- ALoan (Talk) 18:41, 6 December 2006 (UTC)

Nominating Bodyline for FA status once more
I have renominated Bodyline. I had to fiddle with the links somewhat because of its former FA status. I hope I've not screwed anything up. --Dweller 09:55, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Larwood and Voce in Australia
Should we not add that Larwood later emigrated to Australia, and that Larwood and Voce were both given a warm reception when they came onto the field during the centenary Test in 1977?

Another interesting titbit is that when Bradman was top dog at the ACB he once showed a film to a group of people to give an illustration of a fast bowler who chucks. It was only on reversing the film that the audience realised he was playing a clip of Larwood! (History of Australian Cricket is a reference for this one:) )jguk 19:10, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Original nom restored
I restored the original nom in the templates at the top of the talk page - the diffs/history may confuse future editors, but with the move and redirect eliminating the former nom, I'm not sure how else to fix it: Featured article candidates/Bodyline/archive1 - at least the templates above now link to all of the pieces. Sandy (Talk) 20:12, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Dissenting bowler
I'm sure I read in The Cricketer some years ago that one of Jardine's bowlers refused to bowl "Bodyline". Anyone know who that was? It would be a useful addition to the article. --Dweller 20:23, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * The bowler was Gubby Allen. See Crinfo and also Gubby Allen. As an amateur, he was in a better position to refuse to bowl Bodyline than the professionals were, as he wouldn't be risking his livelihood if defying his captain impacted adversely on his cricket career. (Though Larwood, for one, seems greatly to have admired Jardine and to have had no reservations about Bodyline.) JH 20:35, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Might be worth adding to the article, though we should only do so when we have a citation for it, given we're up for FA renomination right now. -dmmaus 22:35, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Won't the Cricinfo link that I gave do? Surely Cricinfo is regarded as a reliable source? If not, I can probably find a book that mentions it. JH 09:41, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd agree that Cricinfo is a reliable source. Is this a "Trivia" type piece, to sit at the bottom, or is that deemed unworthy styling for a FA? --Dweller 10:55, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've found a reference in Bodyline Autopsy and added it in the main flow of the article. It works there better than as an afterthought "trivia" item. -dmmaus 11:16, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Nice. Good collaborative work - that's what WP is all about. Thanks. Good too (to avoid POV) to show a contemporary dissenting English voice. --Dweller 11:20, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I've edited out the word "lone" before "voice of dissent", as the Nawab of Pataudi was also a dissenter, though since he was not a bowler his dissent was less significant. I had vaguely recalled this, and his Wiki article confirms it. JH 18:19, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

A bit more on dissenting players. I had a look in EW Swanton's Sort of a Cricket Person, and found this: ''Though this was not known at home until they returned, the majority of the side, while maintaioning a united front in public, also deplored Bodyline in private. In addition to Warner and Allen, Bob Wyatt, the vice-captain, also opposed it. So did Walter Hammond and Les Ames, for instance, among the professionals, and the remaining amateurs, Freddie Brown and the Nawab of Pataudi...'' I could add the gist of this to the article, with the reference, if this was thought a good idea. JH 09:29, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, I'd say add that. It's a very interesting point and I think it adds something of substance to the article. -dmmaus 22:22, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I put in something, including Swanton's mention of Bob Wyatt as one of the dissenting players. However I see that earlier in the section we say: The English players first tried their tactic in a first-class tour match against an Australian XI in Melbourne on 18-22 November, a game in which Jardine rested and gave the captaincy duties to his deputy Bob Wyatt. It seems improbable that Wyatt would have employed Bodyline if he was opposed to it, which suggests that either (a) Swanton was wrong or (b) Bodyline was not in fact used in that game or (c) Wyatt was not the captain. Can anyone throw any light on this? JH 22:09, 12 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Bodyline Autopsy definitely says Wyatt was captain and Bodyline was used. A quote from Wyatt:
 * In that match we did for part of the time operate the leg theory; although not in so concentrated a form as it was used later. We noticed Bradman was decidedly uncomfortable when he played this type of bowling from Larwood... Afterwards I told Jardine what had happened. - Some of it was Cricket, Frank Browne (Murray, 1965).
 * Two other options: (d) Wyatt opposed Bodyline, but was subservient to Jardine who ordered him to use it in the match in which Wyatt captained, (e) Wyatt changed his opinion from support to opposition as the tour progressed. I don't have time to trawl the book to find out more right now. -dmmaus 08:33, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, the possibility of (e) had subsequently occurred to me, and is perhaps the most likely explanation. JH 09:56, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

I'd like to commend JH and dmmaus for some really excellent detail-focussed work on this important angle. --Dweller 10:06, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. I've enjoyed it. JH 18:12, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

New paragraph on the early history
What do people think about the paragraph that has just been added by someone. It doesn't quote its source, and it seems wrong to me. Constantine and Martindale (who made some use of Boidyline on the WI tour of England in 1933) came after Gregory and Macdonald, not before them. Also Gregory and Macdonald made more use of the bouncer than earlier fast bowlers had done, but I've never before seen it suggested that they bowled leg theory. (Their captain, Armstrong, I believe bowled it on occasion to slow down the scoring, but he wasn't a fast bowler.) JH 10:10, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Seems dodgy to me. I'm going to remove it to here pending references to back it up.
 * It is interesting to note that leg-theory bowling originated in the West Indies shortly before the Great War. It was taken to Australia by fast bowlers Constantine and Martindale with a West Indies touring team. It was then brought to England by the Australians in the persons of the fast-bowling pair Gregory and MacDonald.
 * It's not good adding unsubstantiated material to a featured article! -dmmaus 22:07, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The page of Freddie Calthorpe states:
 * "He captained England in his only four Test matches: on the first ever Test tour of the West Indies in 1929–30, which was drawn 1–1. This tour was played simultaneously to another England Test tour to New Zealand, where England were captained by Harold Gilligan. During the tour, in a speech he gave in Barbados, he condemned the bowling tactic, later known as bodyline, which had been used by the West Indian fast bowler Learie Constantine."
 * Citations are given as:
 * 4. "Freddie Calthorpe". Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2021.
 * 6. Pelham Warner, "Obituary", The Cricketer, Spring Annual 1936, p. 50.
 * 7. Freddie Calthorpe passes away at the age of 43". cricketcountry.com. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
 * https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Calthorpe
 * Hope that helps! 90.254.102.245 (talk) 12:13, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

Thanks
This is a really great article, thoroughly enjoyed reading it. Well done everyone!! ROxBo 17:50, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

DVD Cover Image
I have a question about the fairuse rationale for the DVD cover image used in this article. The image's pages clearly says that to qualify as fair use, it must be used "to illustrate the DVD in question." That is certainly not the case here. I know we've been getting blasted for fair use violations on the Cricket World Cup article the last few days, but I think this is a clear problem. Any thoughts?-- Eva  b  d  14:31, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Importance rating
I see that the importance rating has just been reduced from Top to Mid. That seems too low to me. I can't see how it could possibly be any lower than High. But given that Bodyline was almost certainly the most notorious of all cricket controversies, and that the British and Australian governments got sucked in, with fears being expressed that Australia might even secede from the Empire, then I think it should revert to Top. JH (talk page) 19:29, 6 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Agree this should be Top importance for WP:Cricket. As noted further above, Bodyline was voted as the most significant event in cricket history by a panel of cricket experts in 2004. The most significant event in the entire history of a sport surely has to rate as Top importance. -dmmaus 21:39, 6 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Actually, after reviewing the WP:Cricket Importance assessment criteria, it seems that Bodyline can be rated no higher than "mid" importance under those criteria. So, as illogical as this seems, it is correct under the current assessment rules. -dmmaus 23:10, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

Departure date
For what it's worth, the 75th anniversary of the start of the tour is coming up. I notice that the article states that the English team "left for Australia in October 1932", whereas the Daily Telegraph's story today puts the date at September 17 ("It was on September 17, 1932 that the Orient line steamship, the SS Orontes, left Tilbury bound for Australia, with the English side on board". I expect that the Telegraph is dead wrong, although it is possible that both statements are correct, but the reference provided for Wikipedia's fact requires a registration. Also, it would be great if the matches in the tour could be dated. -Ashley Pomeroy 12:15, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * CricketArchive has the first match on the tour beginning on 21st October. Given the length of time that the sea voyage to Australia would have taken, I suspect that the Telegraph is correct. JH (talk page) 18:09, 14 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I've found a reference to the departure date in a book by John Arlott, which agrees with the Telegraph. JH (talk page) 10:12, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

February 2008 citation needed
Someone really needs to help out and cite that line. No featured article should have such a tag for an extended period of time. My limited knowledge of the sport indicates that the statement is true, but we need someone with access to real rules to verify properly. -- trlkly 07:22, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I've now addressed this. Hopefully people will be happy with what I've done. The important distinction made in Law 42 is between an occasional use of a short-pitched ball, which is legal, and persistent use, which is not. JH (talk page) 08:48, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

"the first rumblings of World War II beginning"
Isn't that a bit of a stretch? Hitler hadn't even become German Chancellor (30 Jan 33) by the time of Bodyline (Nov 32). Jmorrison230582 (talk) 11:59, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I wouldnt say its a stretch, id say its a plainly rediculous (and very wrong) thing to write. Appears to be sourced to David Frith's book, which would imply Frith was searching for something more dramatic than potential trade drama to frame the issue with. Because it is sourced I am hesitant to delete it out of hand (just read the article and very nearly did before coming here to see if it was on talk...) but unless someone replies here sometime in the next couple of weeks, that rubbish is history. Jaimaster (talk) 06:11, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Even if true, it doesn't seem awfully relevant, so I'd remove it. JH (talk page) 10:14, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Orphaned references in Bodyline
I check pages listed in Category:Pages with incorrect ref formatting to try to fix reference errors. One of the things I do is look for content for orphaned references in wikilinked articles. I have found content for some of Bodyline's orphans, the problem is that I found more than one version. I can't determine which (if any) is correct for this article, so I am asking for a sentient editor to look it over and copy the correct ref content into this article.

Reference named "testlist": From Stan McCabe:  From Ian Chappell:  From Bill Woodfull:  From Jack Fingleton:  From Bill Brown (cricketer):

Reference named "pollard": From Jack Fingleton:  From Stan McCabe: </li> <li>From Bill Woodfull: </li> </ul>

Reference named "az":<ul> <li>From Bill Brown (cricketer): Cashman, p. 67.</li> <li>From Stan McCabe: </li> <li>From Jack Fingleton: Cashman, pp. 92–93.</li> <li>From Bill Woodfull: </li> </ul>

I apologize if any of the above are effectively identical; I am just a simple computer program, so I can't determine whether minor differences are significant or not. AnomieBOT ⚡ 04:33, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Injuries
A statement is made in the introduction that

‘Although several batsmen were hit during the series, as would be expected, no one was hit while a leg theory field was set’ I have two queries

1. I have often heard this said, but is it true? I accept that the two pieces of film of injuries happening – to Woodfull and Oldfied were not the result of bodyline, but are there really no other instances of a blow being taken by a batsman, perhaps not on film? It seems hard to believe, especially as the article itself quotes a specific further instance:

 * "Bradman countered Bodyline by moving toward the leg side, away from the line of the ball, and cutting it into the vacant off side field. Whilst this was dubious in terms of batting technique,it seemed the best way to cope with the barrage, and Bradman averaged 56.57 in the series (an excellent average for most, but well short of his career average of 99.94), while being struck above the waist by the ball only once"

2. Notwithstanding this point, I believe it to be an  undisputed fact that no major injuries were caused by bodyline. Why then is this fact not reflected in the article? E.g.

so despite the fractured skull you really want to leave this as no serious injury? the tone of this article at least to me sounds like an English apologist for "Leg Theory" rather than the accepted Bodyline — Preceding unsigned comment added by Iowastate (talk • contribs) 19:41, 26 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Why are there two photos of Oldfield’s non-bodyline injury?

 * The article says ‘The English team continued to bowl Bodyline in the remaining two Tests, but slower pitches meant the Australians, although frequently bruised, sustained no further serious injuries. ‘ Bodyline caused no injuries so the expression ‘further injuries’ is inappropriate. Also, who were the individuals who were brused? Again, this contradicts the intoduction.

 * The article also says "[Woodfull] flatly refused to employ retaliatory tactics and did not publicly complain even though he and his men were repeatedly hit"

Overall, I fear the tone of the article is at risk of perpetuating a myth that Australians were being battered to death by brutal colonial masters. An alternative narrative is that the Australian public were whipped up into a frenzy of moral disapproval over an innovative tactical ploy which the Australian team found difficult to counter.

--John Price (talk) 10:01, 11 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the truth lies somewhere between those two extremes. What seems to have done more than anything to cause Australian condemnation was that Jardine switched to a Bodyline field immediately after Woodfull was hit. With only a few newsreel snippets and press reports to go on (and there were only two English reporters plus the PA covering the tour IIRC), the English cricket-loving public at first was inclined to dismiss the Australian complaints, but opinion tended to change after West Indies used it against England the following summer and people got a better idea of what it involved. IIRC the editor of Wisden at the time was particularly condemnatory. JH (talk page) 09:54, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

Accusations of cowardice?
"Some English players felt that Bradman was a coward who was afraid to stand his ground against intimidatory bowling, citing instances in 1930 when he shuffled about, contrary to orthodox batting technique." Not too sure about this. Which English players? Where did they say this? Possibly Jardine and Larwood, but anyone else? Also, I'm not aware of any examples of his shuffling about in 1930 except where he backed away at the Oval on a rain affected pitch where Larwood, Tate and Hammond made the ball kick. His unorthodox technique was limited to the Bodyline series and the beginning of the 1934 series. David Frith gives a few other instances of Bradman struggling against extreme pace (e.g. Sandy Bell, Eddie Gilbert; Jack Fingleton not too complimentary) but not sure that any players commented on this. There may also have been comments after Bodyline, but not by too many players: again, mainly Larwood and Jardine. No other English players said anything too inflammatory in public and most seem to have been silently opposed. If there are no objections, I will alter the article to take out the above quote. I've already added the instances of Bradman finding pace tricky in describing the development of the Bodyline plan.--Sarastro1 (talk) 23:16, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Well the Haigh and Frith p 70 says that Bradman hopped, at least at The Oval, and cites a private letter that Gubby sent home to his dad in 32/33 when he called Bradman a "little coward". the article does not say that they explicitly called him a coward  YellowMonkey  ( bananabucket! ) 07:08, 19 January 2010 (UTC)

Did Constantine use Bodyline in 1929-30?
An interesting article here suggesting that Learie Constantine might have been the first truly fast bowler to use Bodyline in Tests, back in 1929-30. JH (talk page) 18:10, 3 August 2010 (UTC)

Sentence Tampering?
"Australia lost heavily by ten wickets in the First Test at Sydney, when the bowling spearhead of Bodyline, Harold Larwood, took ten wickets" This sentence does not read well- it looks as though something has been edited out without re-casting the rest. I am going to look at the source and then rewite it.Tigerboy1966 (talk) 13:19, 20 December 2010 (UTC)
 * No, I've re-read it and think that the sentence does make sense after all. Tigerboy1966 (talk) 23:20, 17 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed. JH (talk page) 10:03, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Additions from Trove
I have reverted the additions from earlier today which use http://trove.nla.gov.au/ to add some newspaper reports and letters. While these are good sources and the information is true, I think that the sourcing currently in the article is better than that from a contemporary newspaper (for example, Frith frequently cites newspaper articles by cricketers from the time) and the information added is already in the article elsewhere. Similarly, I think the addition of "which was criticised when introduced to English county cricket in 1932" to the first sentence puts far too much weight on its use in county cricket. This should be only a minor aspect of the article. --Sarastro1 (talk) 12:42, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

What happened about the proposed film in 2006?
Does anyone know why it was not made? Is there any chance it will be made? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.7.203.25 (talk) 16:14, 17 January 2013 (UTC)

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"Bodyline" or "bodyline"
Please visit Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Cricket --Dweller (talk) Become old fashioned! 10:42, 22 August 2017 (UTC)

TFA reruns
Dweller has suggested we throw this article into the pile of potential TFA reruns (currently being developed at User:Dank/Sandbox/2). Any objections? Any cleanup needed? I see there are 3 dead or dubious links - Dank (push to talk) 13:55, 7 September 2017 (UTC)
 * This does need a little clean up. It's basically good, but just needs to be tidied in places, such as the long strings of references. Also if there are any cricket people watching, does it make sense for us to actually have at the beginning something that says what bodyline was? A definition appears in the lead, but not then until the "In Australia" section. I'm also a little dubious about the Jardine section. YellowMonkey added this many years ago, but the more I think about it, the less I'm convinced that this belongs in the Bodyline article. Sarastro1 (talk) 21:53, 13 September 2017 (UTC)
 * Pinging Sarastro1. Talk page watchers: Dweller is taking a break from Wikipedia. I want to honor his request, and I agree that the first day of The Ashes is a good time to run this. Unless I hear otherwise, I'll assume it will be in good enough shape to run it. - Dank (push to talk) 15:36, 21 September 2017 (UTC)
 * it should be, and I hope to get that clean-up done in the next week. Sarastro1 (talk) 22:32, 21 September 2017 (UTC)

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Flag burning in the mini series
I'm not going to make this change in the article because it's not sourced, but I believe the flag burning did not take place at the Sydney Cricket Ground. It took place at the Adelaide Oval in the immediate aftermath of the felling on Bert Oldfield during the third test. Sydney's two tests were the first and the fifth. 2001:8003:5901:B400:75D7:E522:DA67:A4FD (talk) 11:00, 13 May 2019 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Unreviewed featured articles/2020/2004–2009
This article was checked as part of the Unreviewed featured articles/2020/2004–2009. The article is well maintained, fully referenced, appears to have been copyedited for a rerun of TFA and there are no outstanding talk page issues. Logged as satisfactory. Desertarun (talk) 10:36, 26 January 2023 (UTC)

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Mood (psychology)

In psychology, a mood is an affective state. In contrast to emotions or feelings, moods are less specific, less intense and less likely to be provoked or instantiated by a particular stimulus or event. Moods are typically described as having either a positive or negative valence. In other words, people usually talk about being in a good mood or a bad mood. There are many different factors that influence mood, and these can lead to positive or negative effects on mood.

Mood also differs from temperament or personality traits which are even longer-lasting. Nevertheless, personality traits such as optimism and neuroticism predispose certain types of moods. Long-term disturbances of mood such as clinical depression and bipolar disorder are considered mood disorders. Mood is an internal, subjective state, but it often can be inferred from posture and other behaviors. "We can be sent into a mood by an unexpected event, from the happiness of seeing an old friend to the anger of discovering betrayal by a partner. We may also fall into a mood."

Etymology
Etymologically, the word mood derives from the Old English mōd which denoted military courage, but could also refer to a person's humor, temper, or disposition at a particular time. The cognate Gothic mōds translates both θυμός "mood, spiritedness" and ὀργή "anger".

The English word "mood" which means emotional condition or state of mind was originally derived from the Proto-Germanic root "moda-".

Positive mood
Positive mood can be caused by many different aspects of life, as well as have certain effects on people as a whole. Good mood is usually considered a state without an identified cause; people cannot pinpoint exactly why they are in a good mood. People seem to experience a positive mood when they have a clean slate, have had a good night sleep, and feel no sense of stress in their life.

There have been many studies done on the effect of positive emotion on the cognitive mind and there is speculation that positive mood can affect our minds in good or bad ways. Generally, positive mood has been found to enhance creative problem solving and flexible yet careful thinking. Some studies have stated that positive moods let people think creatively, freely, and be more imaginative. Positive mood can also help individuals in situations in which heavy thinking and brainstorming are involved. In one experiment, individuals who were induced with a positive mood enhanced performance on the Remote Associates Task (RAT), a cognitive task that requires creative problem solving. Moreover, the study also suggests that being in a positive mood broadens or expands the breadth of attentional selection such that information that may be useful to the task at hand becomes more accessible for use. Consequently, greater accessibility of relevant information facilitates successful problem solving. Positive mood also facilitates resistance to temptations, especially with regard to unhealthy food choices. Interpersonal relationships have also been shown to have an effect on maintaining a positive mood. Social activities correlate with positive mood as well indicating that social interactions with people may increase an individual's positive mood. Therefore, people that are isolated from society or in the out-group may have a more negative mood than individuals that have a strong social circle.

Positive mood has also been proven to show negative effects on cognition as well. According to the article "Positive mood is associated with implicit use of distraction", "There is also evidence that individuals in positive moods show disrupted performance, at least when distracting information is present". The article states that other things in their peripheral views can easily distract people who are in good moods; an example of this would be if you were trying to study in the library (considering you are in a positive mood) you see people constantly walking around or making small noises. The study is basically stating that it would be harder for positive moods to focus on the task at hand. In particular, happy people may be more sensitive to the hedonic consequences of message processing than sad people. Thus, positive moods are predicted to lead to decreased processing only when thinking about the message is mood threatening. In comparison, if message processing allows a person to maintain or enhance a pleasant state then positive moods need not lead to lower levels of message scrutiny than negative moods. It is assumed that initial information regarding the source either confirms or disconfirms mood-congruent expectations. Specifically, a positive mood may lead to more positive expectations concerning source trustworthiness or likability than a negative mood. As a consequence, people in a positive mood should be more surprised when they encounter an untrustworthy or dislikable source rather than a trustworthy or likable source.

Negative mood
Like positive moods, negative moods have important implications for human mental and physical wellbeing. Moods are basic psychological states that can occur as a reaction to an event or can surface for no apparent external cause. Since there is no intentional object that causes the negative mood, it has no specific start and stop date. It can last for hours, days, weeks, or longer. Negative moods can manipulate how individuals interpret and translate the world around them, and can also direct their behavior.

Negative moods can affect an individual's judgment and perception of objects and events. In a study done by Niedenthal and Setterland (1994), research showed that individuals are tuned to perceive things that are congruent with their current mood. Negative moods, mostly low-intense, can control how humans perceive emotion-congruent objects and events. For example, Niedenthal and Setterland used music to induce positive and negative moods. Sad music was used as a stimulus to induce negative moods, and participants labeled other things as negative. This proves that people's current moods tend to affect their judgments and perceptions. These negative moods may lead to problems in social relationships. For example, one maladaptive negative mood regulation is an overactive strategy in which individuals over dramatize their negative feelings in order to provoke support and feedback from others and to guarantee their availability. A second type of maladaptive negative mood regulation is a disabling strategy in which individuals suppress their negative feelings and distance themselves from others in order to avoid frustrations and anxiety caused by others' unavailability.

Negative moods have been connected with depression, anxiety, aggression, poor self-esteem, physiological stress and decrease in sexual arousal. In some individuals, there is evidence that depressed or anxious mood may increase sexual interest or arousal. In general, men were more likely than women to report increased sexual drive during negative mood states. Negative moods are labeled as nonconstructive because it can affect a person's ability to process information; making them focus solely on the sender of a message, while people in positive moods will pay more attention to both the sender and the context of a message. This can lead to problems in social relationships with others.

Negative moods, such as anxiety, often lead individuals to misinterpret physical symptoms. According to Jerry Suls, a professor at the University of Iowa, people who are depressed and anxious tend to be in rumination. However, although an individual's affective states can influence the somatic changes, these individuals are not hypochondriacs.

Although negative moods are generally characterized as bad, not all negative moods are necessarily damaging. The Negative State Relief Model states that human beings have an innate drive to reduce negative moods. People can reduce their negative moods by engaging in any mood-elevating behavior (called Mood repair strategies), such as helping behavior, as it is paired with positive value such as smiles and thank you. Thus negative mood increases helpfulness because helping others can reduce one's own bad feelings.

Lack of sleep
Sleep has a complex, and as yet not fully elucidated, relationship with mood. Most commonly if a person is sleep deprived he/she will become more irritable, angry, more prone to stress, and less energized throughout the day. "Studies have shown that even partial sleep deprivation has a significant effect on mood. University of Pennsylvania researchers found that subjects who were limited to only 4.5 hours of sleep a night for one week reported feeling more stressed, angry, sad, and mentally exhausted. When the subjects resumed normal sleep, they reported a dramatic improvement in mood." Generally, evening oriented people, as compared to morning ones, show decreased energy and pleasantness and heightened tension.

However, in a subset of cases sleep deprivation can, paradoxically, lead to increased energy and alertness and enhanced mood. This effect is most marked in persons with an eveningness type (so called night-owls) and people suffering from depression. For this reason it has sometimes been used as a treatment for major depressive disorder.

Environment
Nature can also have a positive effect on mood. Studies have shown that exposure to natural environments increases positive affect and decreases negative affect, meaning that one's mood is often better when in a nature setting. An example of this is how direct exposure to sunlight has been proven to improve mood and has been used to treat symptoms of depression. Further, walking outdoors as opposed to walking indoors made individuals much happier, which additionally illustrates that nature has a positive effect on our mood. While nature often improves our mood, it can worsen it as well. There is a common mood disorder called Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) that often occurs during the winter months when there is less daylight and it is colder outside. SAD is characterized by depressed mood, increased appetite, and increased sleep. This displays how an individual's mood can be negatively affected by nature as well. Studies have also shown that depending on the season, temperature can regulate mood.

Nutrition
Traditional dietary patterns characterized by vegetables, fruit, meat, fish, and whole grains, as opposed to a western pattern diet characterized by processed foods, refined grains, sugary products, and beer were associated with lower odds for major depression or dysthymia (mood disorder) and for anxiety disorders in women. Red meat is found to be protective against mood and anxiety disorders. Fruits and vegetables are associated with positive mood, independent of demographic or lifestyle factors. Research indicates that alcohol and energy drinks are associated with mood changes.

Facial expression
Research studies indicate that voluntary facial expressions, such as smiling, can produce effects on the body that are similar to those that result from the actual emotion, such as happiness. Paul Ekman and his colleagues studied facial expressions of emotions and linked specific emotions to the movement of corresponding facial muscles. Each basic emotion is associated with a distinctive facial expression, due to feedback from the expression that contributes to the emotional feeling. Ekman found that these expressions of emotion are universal and recognizable across widely divergent cultures.

Hormones
Hormones, which change with age, can also determine what type of mood someone is and how well they are able to regulate their moods.

Mood disorders
Depression, chronic stress, bipolar disorder, etc. are considered mood disorders. It has been suggested that such disorders result from chemical imbalances in the brain's neurotransmitters, however some research challenges this hypothesis.

Social mood
The idea of social mood as a "collectively shared state of mind" (Nofsinger 2005; Olson 2006) is attributed to Robert Prechter and his socionomics. The notion is used primarily in the field of economics (investments).

In sociology, philosophy, and psychology, crowd behavior is the formation of a common mood directed toward an object of attention.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Mood (psychology)


text:
Mountain Meadows Massacre

The Mountain Meadows Massacre (September 7–11, 1857) was a series of attacks during the Utah War that resulted in the mass murder of at least 120 members of the Baker–Fancher emigrant wagon train. The massacre occurred in the southern Utah Territory at Mountain Meadows, and was perpetrated by settlers from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) involved with the Utah Territorial Militia (officially called the Nauvoo Legion) who recruited and were aided by some Southern Paiute Native Americans. The wagon train, made up mostly of families from Arkansas, was bound for California, traveling on the Old Spanish Trail that passed through the Territory.

After arriving in Salt Lake City, the Baker–Fancher party made their way south along the Mormon Road, eventually stopping to rest at Mountain Meadows. As the party was traveling west there were rumors about the party's behavior towards Mormon settlers and war hysteria towards outsiders was rampant as a result of a military expedition dispatched by President Buchanan, and Territorial Governor Brigham Young's declaration of martial law in response. While the emigrants were camped at the meadow, local militia leaders, including Isaac C. Haight and John D. Lee, made plans to attack the wagon train. The leaders of the militia, wanting to give the impression of tribal hostilities, persuaded Southern Paiutes to join with a larger party of militiamen disguised as Native Americans in an attack. During the militia's first assault on the wagon train, the emigrants fought back, and a five-day siege ensued. Eventually, fear spread among the militia's leaders that some emigrants had caught sight of the white men, likely discerning the actual identity of a majority of the attackers. As a result, militia commander William H. Dame ordered his forces to kill the emigrants. By this time, the emigrants were running low on water and provisions, and allowed some members of the militia – who approached under a white flag – to enter their camp. The militia members assured the emigrants they were protected, and after handing over their weapons, the emigrants were escorted away from their defensive position. After walking a distance from the camp, the militiamen, with the help of auxiliary forces hiding nearby, attacked the emigrants. The perpetrators killed all the adults and older children in the group, in the end sparing only seventeen young children under the age of seven.

Following the massacre, the perpetrators buried some of the remains but ultimately left most of the bodies exposed to wild animals and the climate. Local families took in the surviving children, with many of the victims' possessions and remaining livestock being auctioned off. Investigations, which were interrupted by the American Civil War, resulted in nine indictments in 1874. Of the men who were indicted, only John D. Lee was tried in a court of law. After two trials in the Utah Territory, Lee was convicted by a jury, sentenced to death, and executed by firing squad on March 23, 1877.

Historians attribute the massacre to a combination of factors, including war hysteria about a possible invasion of Mormon territory and Mormon teachings against outsiders, which were part of the Mormon Reformation period. Scholars debate whether senior leadership in Mormonism, including Brigham Young, directly instigated the massacre or if responsibility for it lay only with the local leaders in southern Utah.

Baker–Fancher party
In early 1857, the Baker–Fancher party was formed from several groups mainly from Marion, Crawford, Carroll, and Johnson counties in northwestern Arkansas. They assembled into a wagon train at Beller's Stand, south of Harrison, to emigrate to southern California. The group was initially referred to as both the Baker train and the Perkins train, but later referred to as the Baker–Fancher train (or party). It was named after "Colonel" Alexander Fancher who, having already made the journey to California twice before, had become its main leader. By contemporary standards the Baker–Fancher party was prosperous, carefully organized, and well-equipped for the journey. They were joined along the way by families and individuals from other states, including Missouri. The group was relatively wealthy, and planned to restock its supplies in Salt Lake City, as did most wagon trains at the time.

Interactions with Mormon settlers
At the time of the Fanchers' arrival, the Utah Territory was organized as a theocratic democracy under the leadership of Brigham Young, who had established colonies along the California Trail and the Old Spanish Trail. President James Buchanan had recently issued an order to send troops to Utah which led to rumors being spread in the territory about its motives. Young issued various orders that urged the local population to prepare for the arrival of the troops. Eventually Young issued a declaration of martial law.

The Baker–Fancher party was refused stocks in Salt Lake City and chose to leave there and take the Old Spanish Trail, which passed through southern Utah. In August 1857, the Mormon apostle George A. Smith traveled throughout the southern part of the territory instructing the settlers to stockpile grain. While on his return trip to Salt Lake City, Smith camped near the Baker–Fancher party on August 25, 1857, at Corn Creek. They had traveled the 165 mi south from Salt Lake City, and Jacob Hamblin suggested that the wagon train continue on the trail and rest their cattle at Mountain Meadows, which had good pasture and was adjacent to his homestead.

While most witnesses said that the Fanchers were in general a peaceful party whose members behaved well along the trail, rumors spread about their supposed misdeeds. U.S. Army Brevet Major James Henry Carleton led the first federal investigation of the murders, published in 1859. He recorded Hamblin's account that the train was alleged to have poisoned a spring near Corn Creek; this resulted in the deaths of 18 head of cattle and two or three people who ate the contaminated meat. Carleton interviewed the father of a child who allegedly died from this poisoned spring, and accepted the sincerity of the grieving father. But, he also included a statement from an investigator who did not believe the Fancher party was capable of poisoning the spring, given its size. Carleton invited readers to consider a potential explanation for the rumors of misdeeds, noting the general atmosphere of distrust among Mormons for strangers at the time, and that some locals appeared jealous of the Fancher party's wealth.

Conspiracy and siege
The Baker–Fancher party left Corn Creek and continued the 125 mi to Mountain Meadows, passing Parowan and Cedar City, southern Utah communities led respectively by Stake Presidents William H. Dame and Isaac C. Haight. Haight and Dame were, in addition, the senior regional military leaders of the Nauvoo Legion. As the Baker–Fancher party approached, several meetings were held in Cedar City and nearby Parowan by the local Latter Day Saint (LDS) leaders pondering how to implement Young's declaration of martial law. On the afternoon of Sunday, September 6, 1857, Haight held his weekly Stake High Council meeting after church services and brought up the issue of what to do with the emigrants. The plan for a Native American massacre was discussed, but not all the Council members agreed it was the right approach. The Council resolved to take no action until Haight sent a rider, James Haslam, out the next day to carry an express to Salt Lake City (a six-day round trip on horseback) for Brigham Young's advice, as Utah did not yet have a telegraph system. Following the council, Isaac C. Haight decided to send a messenger south to John D. Lee. What Haight told Lee remains a mystery, but considering the timing it may have had something to do with Council's decision to wait for advice from Brigham Young.

The dispirited Baker–Fancher party found water and fresh grazing for its livestock after reaching grassy, mountain-ringed Mountain Meadows, a widely known stopover on the old Spanish Trail, in early September. They anticipated several days of rest and recuperation there before the next 40 mi would take them out of Utah. On September 7, the party was attacked by Nauvoo Legion militiamen dressed as Native Americans and some Native American Paiutes. The Baker–Fancher party defended itself by encircling and lowering their wagons, wheels chained together, along with digging shallow trenches and throwing dirt both below and into the wagons, which made a strong barrier. Seven emigrants were killed during the opening attack and buried somewhere within the wagon encirclement. Sixteen more were wounded. The attack continued for five days, during which the besieged families had little or no access to freshwater or game food and their ammunition was depleted. Meanwhile, organization among the local Mormon leadership reportedly broke down. Eventually, fear spread among the militia's leaders that some emigrants had caught sight of white men, and had probably discerned the identity of their attackers. This resulted in an order to kill all the emigrants, with the exception of small children.

Killings and aftermath of the massacre
On Friday, September 11, 1857, two militiamen approached the Baker–Fancher party wagons with a white flag and were soon followed by Indian Agent and militia officer John D. Lee. Lee told the battle-weary emigrants that he had negotiated a truce with the Paiutes. Under Mormon protection, the wagon-train members would be escorted safely back to Cedar City, 36 mi away, in exchange for turning all of their livestock and supplies over to the Native Americans. Accepting this offer, the emigrants were led out of their fortification, with the adult men being separated from the women and children. The men were paired with a militia escort and when the signal was given, the militiamen turned and shot the male members of the Baker–Fancher party standing by their side. The women and children were then ambushed and killed by more militia that were hiding in nearby bushes and ravines. Members of the militia were sworn to secrecy. A plan was set to blame the massacre on the Native Americans.

The militia did not kill small children who were deemed too young to relate what had happened. Nancy Huff, one of the seventeen survivors and just over four years old at the time of the massacre, recalled in an 1875 statement that an eighteenth survivor was killed directly in front of the other children. "At the close of the massacre there was eighteen children still alive, one girl, some ten or twelve years old, they said was too big and could tell, so they killed her, leaving seventeen." The survivors were taken in by local Mormon families. Seventeen of the children were later reclaimed by the U.S. Army and returned to relatives in Arkansas. The treatment of these children while they were held by the Mormons is uncertain, but Captain James Lynch's statement in May 1859 said the surviving children were "in a most wretched condition, half starved, half naked, filthy, infested with vermin, and their eyes diseased from the cruel neglect to which had been exposed." Lynch's July 1859 affidavit added that they when they first saw the children they had "little or no clothing" and were "covered with filth and dirt".

Leonard J. Arrington, founder of the Mormon History Association, reports that Brigham Young received the rider, James Haslam, at his office on the same day. When he learned what was contemplated by the militia leaders in Parowan and Cedar City, he sent back a letter stating the Baker–Fancher party was not to be meddled with, and should be allowed to go in peace (although he acknowledged the Native Americans would likely "do as they pleased"). Young's letter arrived two days too late, on September 13, 1857.

The livestock and personal property of the Baker–Fancher party, including women's jewelry, clothing and bedstuffs were distributed or auctioned off to Mormons. Some of the surviving children saw clothing and jewelry that had belonged to their dead mothers and sisters subsequently being worn by Mormon women and the journalist J.H. Beadle said that jewelry taken from Mountain Meadows was seen in Salt Lake City.

Investigations and prosecutions
An early investigation was conducted by Brigham Young, who interviewed John D. Lee on September 29, 1857. In 1858, Young sent a report to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs stating that the massacre was the work of Native Americans. The Utah War delayed any investigation by the U.S. federal government until 1859, when Jacob Forney and U.S. Army Brevet Major James Henry Carleton conducted investigations. In Carleton's investigation, at Mountain Meadows he found women's hair tangled in sage brush and the bones of children still in their mothers' arms. Carleton later said it was "a sight which can never be forgotten." After gathering up the skulls and bones of those who had died, Carleton's troops buried them and erected a cairn and cross.

Carleton interviewed a few local Mormon settlers and Paiute Native American chiefs and concluded that there was Mormon involvement in the massacre. He issued a report in May 1859, addressed to the U.S. Assistant Adjutant-General, setting forth his findings. Jacob Forney, Superintendent of Indian Affairs for Utah, also conducted an investigation that included visiting the region in the summer of 1859. Forney retrieved many of the surviving children of massacre victims who had been housed with Mormon families and gathered them up for transportation to their relatives in Arkansas. He concluded that the Paiutes did not act alone and the massacre would not have occurred without the white settlers, while Carleton's report to the U.S. Congress called the mass killings a "heinous crime", blaming both local and senior church leaders for the massacre.

In March 1859, Judge John Cradlebaugh, a federal judge brought into the territory after the Utah War, convened a grand jury in Provo concerning the massacre, but the jury declined any indictments. Nevertheless, Cradlebaugh conducted a tour of the Mountain Meadows area with a military escort. He attempted to arrest John D. Lee, Isaac Haight, and John Higbee, who fled before they could be found. Cradlebaugh publicly charged Brigham Young as an instigator to the massacre and therefore an "accessory before the fact". Possibly as a protective measure against the mistrusted federal court system, Mormon territorial probate court judge Elias Smith arrested Young under a territorial warrant, perhaps hoping to divert any trial of Young into a friendly Mormon territorial court. Apparently because no federal charges ensued, Young was released. Further investigations were cut short by the American Civil War in 1861, but proceeded in 1871 when prosecutors obtained the affidavit of militia member Philip Klingensmith. Klingensmith had been a bishop and blacksmith from Cedar City; by the 1870s, however, he had left the church and moved to Nevada.

Lee was arrested on November 7, 1874. Dame, Philip Klingensmith, Ellott Willden, and George Adair Jr. were indicted and arrested while warrants to pursue the arrests of four others who had gone into hiding (Haight, Higbee, William C. Stewart, and Samuel Jukes) were being obtained. Klingensmith escaped prosecution by agreeing to testify. Brigham Young removed some participants including Haight and Lee from the LDS Church in 1870. The U.S. posted bounties of $5000 ($ in present-day funds) each for the capture of Haight, Higbee, Stewart, and Klingensmith.

Lee's first trial began on July 23, 1875, in Beaver, before a jury of eight Mormons and four non-Mormons. One of Lee's defense attorneys was Enos D. Hoge, a former territorial supreme court justice. The trial led to a hung jury on August 5, 1875. Lee's second trial began September 13, 1876, before an all-Mormon jury. The prosecution called Daniel Wells, Laban Morrill, Joel White, Samuel Knight, Samuel McMurdy, Nephi Johnson, and Jacob Hamblin. Lee also stipulated, against advice of counsel, that the prosecution be allowed to re-use the depositions of Young and Smith from the previous trial. Lee called no witnesses in his defense, and was convicted.

Lee was entitled under Utah Territorial statute to choose the method of his execution from three possible options: hanging, firing squad, or decapitation. At sentencing, Lee chose to be executed by firing squad. In his final words before his sentence was carried out at Mountain Meadows on March 23, 1877, Lee said that he was a scapegoat for others involved. Brigham Young stated that Lee's fate was just, but it was not a sufficient blood atonement, given the enormity of the crime.

Media coverage about the event

Initial published reports of the incident date back at least to October 1857 in the Los Angeles Star. A notable report on the incident was made in 1859 by Carleton, who had been tasked by the U.S. Army to investigate the incident and bury the still exposed corpses at Mountain Meadows. The first period of intense nationwide publicity about the massacre began around 1872 after investigators obtained Klingensmith's confession. In 1868 C. V. Waite published "An Authentic History Of Brigham Young" which described the events. In 1872, Mark Twain commented on the massacre through the lens of contemporary American public opinion in an appendix to his semi-autobiographical travel book Roughing It. In 1873, the massacre was given a full chapter in T. B. H. Stenhouse's Mormon history The Rocky Mountain Saints. The massacre itself also received international attention, with various international and national newspapers also covering John D. Lee's 1874 and 1877 trials as well as his execution in 1877.

The massacre has been treated extensively by several historical works, beginning with Lee's own Confession in 1877, expressing his opinion that George A. Smith was sent to southern Utah by Brigham Young to direct the massacre.

In 1910, the massacre was the subject of a short book by Josiah F. Gibbs, who also attributed responsibility for the massacre to Young and Smith. The first detailed and comprehensive work using modern historical methods was The Mountain Meadows Massacre in 1950 by Juanita Brooks, a Mormon scholar who lived near the area in southern Utah. Brooks found no evidence of direct involvement by Brigham Young, but charged him with obstructing the investigation and provoking the attack through his rhetoric.

Initially, the LDS Church denied any involvement by Mormons, and was relatively silent on the issue. In 1872, it excommunicated some of the participants for their role in the massacre. Since then, the LDS Church has condemned the massacre and acknowledged involvement by local Mormon leaders. In September 2007, the LDS Church published an article marking 150 years since the tragedy occurred, containing its first official apology about the massacre.

In modern times, the murders have been called an act of domestic terrorism  in many works of literature.

Varying perspectives of the massacre
As described by Richard E. Turley Jr., Ronald W. Walker, and Glen M. Leonard, historians from different backgrounds have taken different approaches to describe the massacre and those involved:
 * Portrayal of the perpetrators (white Mormon settlers) as fundamentally good and the Baker-Fancher party as evil people who committed outrageous acts of anti-Mormon instigation prior to the massacre;
 * The polar opposite view, that the perpetrators were evil and that the emigrants were innocent;
 * Both the perpetrators and victims of the massacre were complicated, and that many different coinciding circumstances led the Mormon settlers to commit an atrocity against travelers who, regardless of the authenticity of any unfounded claims of anti-Mormon behavior, did not deserve the punishment of death.

Prior to 1985, many textbooks available in Utah Public Schools blamed the Paiute people as primarily responsible for the massacre, or placed equal blame on the Paiute and Mormon settlers (if they mentioned the massacre at all).

Theories explaining the massacre
Historians have ascribed the massacre to a number of factors, including strident Mormon teachings in the years prior to the massacre, war hysteria, and alleged involvement of Brigham Young.

Strident Mormon teachings
For the decade prior to the Baker–Fancher party's arrival there, Utah Territory existed as a theodemocracy led by Brigham Young. During the mid-1850s, Young instituted a Mormon Reformation, intending to "lay the axe at the root of the tree of sin and iniquity". In January 1856, Young said "the government of God, as administered here" may to some seem "despotic" because "...judgment is dealt out against the transgression of the law of God."

In addition, during the preceding decades, the religion had undergone a period of intense persecution in the American Midwest. In particular, they were officially expelled from, and an Extermination Order was issued by Governor Boggs, the state of Missouri during the 1838 Mormon War, during which prominent Mormon apostle David W. Patten was killed in battle. After Mormons moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, the religion's founder Joseph Smith and his brother Hyrum Smith were killed in 1844. Following these events, faithful Mormons migrated west hoping to escape persecution. However, in May 1857, just months before the Mountain Meadows massacre, apostle Parley P. Pratt was shot dead in Arkansas by Hector McLean, the estranged husband of Eleanor McLean Pratt, one of Pratt's plural wives. Parley Pratt and Eleanor entered a Celestial marriage (under the theocratic law of the Utah Territory), but Hector had refused Eleanor a divorce. "When she left San Francisco she left Hector, and later she was to state in a court of law that she had left him as a wife the night he drove her from their home. Whatever the legal situation, she thought of herself as an unmarried woman."

Mormon leaders immediately proclaimed Pratt as another martyr, with Brigham Young stating, "Nothing has happened so hard to reconcile my mind to since the death of Joseph." Many Mormons held the people of Arkansas collectively responsible. "It was in accordance with Mormon policy to hold every Arkansan accountable for Pratt's death, just as every Missourian was hated because of the expulsion of the church from that state."

Mormon leaders were teaching that the Second Coming of Jesus was imminent – "...there are those now living upon the earth who will live to see the consummation" and "...we now bear witness that his coming is near at hand". Based on a somewhat ambiguous statement by Joseph Smith, some Mormons believed that Jesus would return in 1891 and that God would soon exact punishment against the United States for persecuting Mormons and martyring Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith, Patten and Pratt. In their Endowment ceremony, faithful early Latter-day Saints took an oath to pray that God would take vengeance against the murderers. As a result of this oath, several Mormon apostles and other leaders considered it their religious duty to kill the prophets' murderers if they ever came across them. The sermons, blessings, and private counsel by Mormon leaders just before the Mountain Meadows massacre can be understood as encouraging private individuals to execute God's judgment against the wicked.

In Cedar City, the teachings of church leaders were particularly strident. Mormons in Cedar City were taught that members should ignore dead bodies and go about their business. Col. William H. Dame, the ranking officer in southern Utah who ordered the Mountain Meadows massacre, received a patriarchal blessing in 1854 that he would "be called to act at the head of a portion of thy Brethren and of the Lamanites (Native Americans) in the redemption of Zion and the avenging of the blood of the prophets upon them that dwell on the earth". In June 1857, Philip Klingensmith, another participant, was similarly blessed that he would participate in "avenging the blood of Brother Joseph".

Thus, historians argue that southern Utah Mormons would have been particularly affected by an unsubstantiated rumor that the Baker–Fancher wagon train had been joined by a group of eleven miners and plainsmen who called themselves "Missouri Wildcats", some of whom reportedly taunted, vandalized and "caused trouble" for Mormons and Native Americans along the route (by some accounts claiming that they had the gun that "shot the guts out of Old Joe Smith"). They were also affected by the report to Brigham Young that the Baker–Fancher party was from Arkansas where Pratt was murdered. It was rumored that Pratt's wife recognized some of the Mountain Meadows party as being in the gang that shot and stabbed Pratt.

War hysteria

The Mountain Meadows massacre was caused in part by events relating to the Utah War, an 1857 deployment toward the Utah Territory of the United States Army, whose arrival was peaceful. In the summer of 1857, however, the Mormons expected an all-out invasion of apocalyptic significance. From July to September 1857, Mormon leaders and their followers prepared for a siege that could have ended up similar to the seven-year Bleeding Kansas problem occurring at the time. Mormons were required to stockpile grain, and were enjoined against selling grain to emigrants for use as cattle feed. As far-off Mormon colonies retreated, Parowan and Cedar City became isolated and vulnerable outposts. Brigham Young sought to enlist the help of Native American tribes in fighting the "Americans", encouraging them to steal cattle from emigrant trains, and to join Mormons in fighting the approaching army.

Scholars have asserted that George A. Smith's tour of southern Utah influenced the decision to attack and destroy the Fancher–Baker emigrant train near Mountain Meadows, Utah. He met with many of the eventual participants in the massacre, including W. H. Dame, Isaac Haight, John D. Lee and Chief Jackson, leader of a band of Paiutes. He noted that the militia was organized and ready to fight and that some of them were eager to "fight and take vengeance for the cruelties that had been inflicted upon us in the States." Among Smith's party were a number of Paiute Native American chiefs from the Mountain Meadows area. When Smith returned to Salt Lake, Brigham Young met with these leaders on September 1, 1857, and encouraged them to fight against the Americans in the anticipated clash with the U.S. Army. They were also offered all of the livestock then on the road to California, which included that belonging to the Baker–Fancher party. The Native American chiefs were reluctant, and at least one objected they had previously been told not to steal, and declined the offer.

Brigham Young
There is a consensus among historians that Brigham Young played a role in provoking the massacre, at least unwittingly, and in concealing its evidence after the fact. However, they debate whether Young knew about the planned massacre ahead of time and whether he initially condoned it before later taking a strong public stand against it. Young's use of inflammatory and violent language in response to the Federal expedition added to the tense atmosphere at the time of the attack. Following the massacre, Young stated in public forums that God had taken vengeance on the Baker–Fancher party. It is unclear whether Young held this view because he believed that this specific group posed an actual threat to colonists or because he believed that the group was directly responsible for past crimes against Mormons. However, in Young's only known correspondence prior to the massacre, he told the Church leaders in Cedar City:

"In regard to emigration trains passing through our settlements, we must not interfere with them until they are first notified to keep away. You must not meddle with them. The Indians we expect will do as they please but you should try and preserve good feelings with them. There are no other trains going south that I know of[.] [I]f those who are there will leave let them go in peace."

According to historian MacKinnon, "After the [Utah] war, U.S. President James Buchanan implied that face-to-face communications with Brigham Young might have averted the conflict, and Young argued that a north-south telegraph line in Utah could have prevented the Mountain Meadows massacre." MacKinnon suggests that hostilities could have been avoided if Young had traveled east to Washington D.C. to resolve governmental problems instead of taking a five-week trip north on the eve of the Utah War for church-related reasons.

A modern forensic assessment of a key affidavit, purportedly given by William Edwards in 1924, has complicated the debate on complicity of senior Mormon leadership in the Mountain Meadows massacre. Analysis indicates that Edwards's signature may have been traced and that the typeset belonged to a typewriter manufactured in the 1950s. The Utah State Historical Society, which maintains the document in its archives, acknowledges a possible connection to Mark Hofmann, a convicted forger and extortionist, via go-between Lyn Jacobs who provided the society with the document.

Remembrances
The first monument for the victims was built two years after the massacre, by Major Carleton and the U.S. Army. This monument was a simple cairn built over the gravesite of 34 victims, and was topped by a large cedar cross. The monument was found destroyed and the structure was replaced by the U.S. Army in 1864. By some reports, the monument was destroyed in 1861, when Young brought an entourage to Mountain Meadows. Wilford Woodruff, who later became President of the Church, said that upon reading the inscription on the cross, which read, "Vengeance is mine, thus saith the Lord. I shall repay", Young responded, "it should be vengeance is mine and I have taken a little." In 1932, residents of the surrounding area constructed a memorial wall around the remnants of the monument.

Starting in 1988, the Mountain Meadows Association, composed of descendants of both the Baker–Fancher party victims and the Mormon participants, designed a new monument in the meadows; this monument was completed in 1990 and is maintained by the Utah State Division of Parks and Recreation. In 1999, the LDS Church replaced the U.S. Army's cairn and the 1932 memorial wall with a second monument, which it now maintains. In August 1999, when the LDS Church's construction of the 1999 monument had started, the remains of at least 28 massacre victims were dug up by a backhoe. The forensic evidence showed that the remains of the males had been shot by firearms at close range and that the remains of the women and children showed evidence of blunt force trauma.

In 1955, to memorialize the victims of the massacre, a monument was installed in the town square of Harrison, Arkansas. On one side of this monument is a map and short summary of the massacre, while the opposite side contains a list of the victims. In 2005, a replica of the U.S. Army's original 1859 cairn was built in the community of Carrollton, Arkansas, the former county seat of Carroll County, Arkansas. it is maintained by the Mountain Meadows Monument Foundation.

In 2007, the 150th anniversary of the massacre was remembered by a ceremony held in the meadows. Approximately 400 people, including many descendants of those slain at Mountain Meadows and Elder Henry B. Eyring of the LDS Church's Quorum of the Twelve Apostles attended this ceremony.

In 2011, the site was designated as a National Historic Landmark after joint efforts by descendants of those killed and the LDS Church.

In 2014, archaeologist Everett Bassett discovered two rock piles he believes mark additional graves. The locations of the possible graves are on private land and not at any of the monument sites owned by the LDS Church. The Mountain Meadows Monument Foundation has expressed their desire that the sites are conserved and given national monument status. Other descendant groups have been more hesitant in accepting the sites as legitimate grave markers.

Media detailing the massacre

 * Vengeance Is Mine: The Mountain Meadows Massacre and Its Aftermath, by Richard E. Turley, Barbara Jones Brown, (2023)
 * Massacre at Mountain Meadows, by Ronald W. Walker, Richard E. Turley, Glen M. Leonard (2008)
 * House of Mourning: A Biocultural History of the Mountain Meadows Massacre, by Shannon A. Novak (2008)
 * Burying The Past: Legacy of The Mountain Meadows Massacre, a documentary film by Brian Patrick (2004)
 * American Massacre: The Tragedy At Mountain Meadows, September 1857, by Sally Denton (2003)
 * Blood of the Prophets: Brigham Young and the Massacre at Mountain Meadows, by Will Bagley (2002)
 * The Mountain Meadows Massacre, by Juanita Brooks (1950)

Works of historical fiction

 * Redeye, novel by Clyde Edgerton (1995) – A novel about a fictional bounty hunter, Cobb Pittman, who with his catch dog, Redeye, tracks down Mormons responsible for the Mountain Meadows Massacre.
 * Red Water, novel by Judith Freeman (2002) – A novel about how the wives of John D. Lee have to come to terms with their husband's actions
 * September Dawn film by Christopher Cain (2007) – The film is a fictional love story between real characters who were involved in the massacre
 * Variation West, novel by Ardyth Kennelly (2014) – A novel of four generations of a family in Utah, beginning with two fictional daughters of John D. Lee, with the Mountain Meadows massacre as backdrop.
 * The Star Rover, novel by Jack London (1915) – Protagonist Darrell Standing is reincarnated as Jesse Fancher

title: Mountain Meadows Massacre


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Synchrotron radiation

Synchrotron radiation (also known as magnetobremsstrahlung radiation) is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when relativistic charged particles are subject to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity ($a ⊥ v$). It is produced artificially in some types of particle accelerators or naturally by fast electrons moving through magnetic fields. The radiation produced in this way has a characteristic polarization, and the frequencies generated can range over a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Synchrotron radiation is similar to bremsstrahlung radiation, which is emitted by a charged particle when the acceleration is parallel to the direction of motion. The general term for radiation emitted by particles in a magnetic field is gyromagnetic radiation, for which synchrotron radiation is the ultra-relativistic special case. Radiation emitted by charged particles moving non-relativistically in a magnetic field is called cyclotron emission. For particles in the mildly relativistic range (≈85% of the speed of light), the emission is termed gyro-synchrotron radiation.

In astrophysics, synchrotron emission occurs, for instance, due to ultra-relativistic motion of a charged particle around a black hole. When the source follows a circular geodesic around the black hole, the synchrotron radiation occurs for orbits close to the photosphere where the motion is in the ultra-relativistic regime.

History
Synchrotron radiation was first observed by technician Floyd Haber, on April 24, 1947, at the 70 MeV electron synchrotron of the General Electric research laboratory in Schenectady, New York. While this was not the first synchrotron built, it was the first with a transparent vacuum tube, allowing the radiation to be directly observed.

As recounted by Herbert Pollock:

"On April 24, Langmuir and I were running the machine and as usual were trying to push the electron gun and its associated pulse transformer to the limit. Some intermittent sparking had occurred and we asked the technician to observe with a mirror around the protective concrete wall. He immediately signaled to turn off the synchrotron as 'he saw an arc in the tube'. The vacuum was still excellent, so Langmuir and I came to the end of the wall and observed. At first we thought it might be due to Cherenkov radiation, but it soon became clearer that we were seeing Ivanenko and Pomeranchuk radiation."

Description
A direct consequence of Maxwell's equations is that accelerated charged particles always emit electromagnetic radiation. Synchrotron radiation is the special case of charged particles moving at relativistic speed undergoing acceleration perpendicular to their direction of motion, typically in a magnetic field. In such a field, the force due to the field is always perpendicular to both the direction of motion and to the direction of field, as shown by the Lorentz force law.

The power carried by the radiation is found (in SI units) by the relativistic Larmor formula:

$$P_\gamma = \frac{q^2}{6 \pi \varepsilon_0 c^3} a^2 \gamma^4 = \frac{q^2 c}{6 \pi \varepsilon_0} \frac{\beta^4 \gamma^4}{\rho^2} ,$$ where
 * $$\varepsilon_0$$ is the vacuum permittivity,
 * $$q$$ is the particle charge,
 * $$a$$ is the magnitude of the acceleration,
 * $$c$$ is the speed of light,
 * $$\gamma$$ is the Lorentz factor,
 * $$\beta = v/c$$,
 * $$\rho$$ is the radius of curvature of the particle trajectory.

The force on the emitting electron is given by the Abraham–Lorentz–Dirac force.

When the radiation is emitted by a particle moving in a plane, the radiation is linearly polarized when observed in that plane, and circularly polarized when observed at a small angle. Considering quantum mechanics, however, this radiation is emitted in discrete packets of photons and has significant effects in accelerators called quantum excitation. For a given acceleration, the average energy of emitted photons is proportional to $$\gamma^3$$ and the emission rate to $$\gamma$$.

From accelerators
Circular accelerators will always produce gyromagnetic radiation as the particles are deflected in the magnetic field. However, the quantity and properties of the radiation are highly dependent on the nature of the acceleration taking place. For example, due to the difference in mass, the factor of $$\gamma^4$$ in the formula for the emitted power means that electrons radiate energy at approximately 1013 times the rate of protons.

Energy loss from synchrotron radiation in circular accelerators was originally considered a nuisance, as additional energy must be supplied to the beam in order to offset the losses. However, beginning in the 1980s, circular electron accelerators known as light sources have been constructed to deliberately produce intense beams of synchrotron radiation for research.

In astronomy
Synchrotron radiation is also generated by astronomical objects, typically where relativistic electrons spiral (and hence change velocity) through magnetic fields. Two of its characteristics include power-law energy spectra and polarization. It is considered to be one of the most powerful tools in the study of extra-solar magnetic fields wherever relativistic charged particles are present. Most known cosmic radio sources emit synchrotron radiation. It is often used to estimate the strength of large cosmic magnetic fields as well as analyze the contents of the interstellar and intergalactic media.

History of detection
This type of radiation was first detected in a jet emitted by Messier 87 in 1956 by Geoffrey R. Burbidge, who saw it as confirmation of a prediction by Iosif S. Shklovsky in 1953. However, it had been predicted earlier (1950) by Hannes Alfvén and Nicolai Herlofson. Solar flares accelerate particles that emit in this way, as suggested by R. Giovanelli in 1948 and described by J.H. Piddington in 1952.

T. K. Breus noted that questions of priority on the history of astrophysical synchrotron radiation are complicated, writing: "In particular, the Russian physicist V.L. Ginzburg broke his relationships with I.S. Shklovsky and did not speak with him for 18 years. In the West, Thomas Gold and Sir Fred Hoyle were in dispute with H. Alfven and N. Herlofson, while K.O. Kiepenheuer and G. Hutchinson were ignored by them."

From supermassive black holes
It has been suggested that supermassive black holes produce synchrotron radiation in "jets", generated by the gravitational acceleration of ions in their polar magnetic fields. The nearest such observed jet is from the core of the galaxy Messier 87. This jet is interesting for producing the illusion of superluminal motion as observed from the frame of Earth. This phenomenon is caused because the jets are traveling very near the speed of light and at a very small angle towards the observer. Because at every point of their path the high-velocity jets are emitting light, the light they emit does not approach the observer much more quickly than the jet itself. Light emitted over hundreds of years of travel thus arrives at the observer over a much smaller time period, giving the illusion of faster than light travel, despite the fact that there is actually no violation of special relativity.

Pulsar wind nebulae
A class of astronomical sources where synchrotron emission is important is pulsar wind nebulae, also known as plerions, of which the Crab nebula and its associated pulsar are archetypal. Pulsed emission gamma-ray radiation from the Crab has recently been observed up to ≥25 GeV, probably due to synchrotron emission by electrons trapped in the strong magnetic field around the pulsar. Polarization in the Crab nebula at energies from 0.1 to 1.0 MeV, illustrates this typical property of synchrotron radiation.

Interstellar and intergalactic media
Much of what is known about the magnetic environment of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium is derived from observations of synchrotron radiation. Cosmic ray electrons moving through the medium interact with relativistic plasma and emit synchrotron radiation which is detected on Earth. The properties of the radiation allow astronomers to make inferences about the magnetic field strength and orientation in these regions. However, accurate calculations of field strength cannot be made without knowing the relativistic electron density.

In supernovae
When a star explodes in a supernova, the fastest ejecta move at semi-relativistic speeds approximately 10% the speed of light. This blast wave gyrates electrons in ambient magnetic fields and generates synchrotron emission, revealing the radius of the blast wave at the location of the emission. Synchrotron emission can also reveal the strength of the magnetic field at the front of the shock wave, as well as the circumstellar density it encounters, but strongly depends on the choice of energy partition between the magnetic field, proton kinetic energy, and electron kinetic energy. Radio synchrotron emission has allowed astronomers to shed light on mass loss and stellar winds that occur just prior to stellar death.

title: Synchrotron radiation


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Mustard

Mustard may refer to:

Food and plants

 * Mustard (condiment), a paste or sauce made from mustard seeds used as a condiment
 * Mustard plant, one of several plants, having seeds that are used for the condiment
 * Mustard seed, seeds of the mustard plant used in cooking
 * Mustard greens (Brassica juncea), edible leaves from a variety of mustard plant
 * Mustard oil
 * Mustard family, or Brassicaceae, a family of plants
 * Mustard tree, or Salvadora persica
 * Mustard stick, the fresh fruit of the betel vine
 * Tomalley, sometimes called the "mustard" of a crab or lobster

Science and technology

 * Mustard (color), a shade of yellow, similar to the color of the condiment
 * BAC Mustard (Multi-Unit Space Transport and Recovery Device), an experimental British spacecraft
 * Mustard gas or sulfur mustard, a chemical weapon
 * Nitrogen mustard, chemotherapy agents derived from mustard gas

Other uses

 * Mustard (name), including a list of people with the name
 * Mustard (record producer), American music producer
 * Mustard (album), by Roy Wood
 * Colonel Mustard, a Cluedo character
 * Mustard (My Hero Academia), a character in the manga series My Hero Academia
 * Tomislav Tomašević, the popular nickname of the Zagreb city mayor

title: Mustard