text:
Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport

Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport (Aeropuerto Internacional Ernesto Cortissoz) is an international airport serving the area of Barranquilla, the capital city of the Atlántico department in Colombia. The airport is located in the suburban municipality of Soledad. It owes its name to one of the pioneers of Colombian aviation, Ernesto Cortissoz.

The airport serves as a focus city for Avianca, the flag carrier of Colombia. It is capable of accepting widebody aircraft such as the Boeing 747, Boeing 767, and Airbus A350. It is the most important airport in terms of infrastructure in the northern part of the country and the first in terms of cargo movements.

Description
The airport is located in the municipality of Soledad, 12 km from the center of Barranquilla. It is capable of receiving widebody aircraft such as the Boeing 747, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, and Airbus A350. In fact, it was once the largest airport in Colombia. Currently, the airport is fifth in number of passengers and cargo in the country. The airport has two terminals: the domestic terminal, with gates 6-13, and international, with gates 1-5 and 5A. In July 2007, the Aeronautica Civil gave the airport "open skies" designation, meaning that any airline in the world could fly to Barranquilla on any route with any frequency. This action was taken largely to promote tourism as Barranquilla is a key access point to the Caribbean.

History
At the dawn of commercial aviation in Colombia, airport construction was delegated to airlines wishing to serve that particular city. Thus, the construction of major airports in Colombia mainly fell to SCADTA, among these being Soledad International Airport.

Soledad Airport soon became the main center of operations and maintenance of SCADTA for their domestic operations. International services were operated by Pan American Airways, which maintained scheduled DC-3 service, later supplemented by Boeing 307 Stratoliners, to Panama City, Kingston, and Miami. In 1946, international service at Soledad Airport resumed with Avianca DC-4s, first to Miami and later to Kingston and New York.

British South American Airways also began operating to Barranquilla 1946, using Lancastrians to provide a once-weekly flight to London via Bermuda. The service took 26 hours and was referred to as "The Lightning Route to Europe". Also that year, a number of special flights with DC-4 aircraft were operated from Barranquilla to Miami and New York under contract with the airline Transocean Airlines. KLM (Department of the West Indies) began operating in Barranquilla with DC-4 aircraft, giving passengers the opportunity to connect with scheduled flights to Curaçao, Netherlands Antilles, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Venezuela and Trinidad. In the early fifties LANSA inaugurated a service from Barranquilla to Havana, but never won permission to fly to Miami. However, in the sixties, TAXADER established a service to Miami, but only for a few months.

Soledad Airport soon established itself as the premier international airport in Colombia and the first hub in the country. In the mid-50s, Avianca built one of the most important aviation maintenance shops in Latin America at the airport, two large hangars that were built to house several aircraft at once. There were workshops for propellers, hydraulics, tools, electro-mechanical systems, and metal rolling. The maintenance facility also included a painting workshop, a warehouse of spare parts, and a technical school. The workshop was certified by the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) of the United States for the repair and overhaul of all types of domestic and foreign aircraft.

Also, in the early 1950s, a unique system was built for loading and unloading passengers and cargo from DC-4s that drastically reduced the time required by a claimed 50%. With this system, the DC-4 taxied to where it was in a certain spot and then electric carts on rails that were flush with the runway surface moved the aircraft sideways to the unloading gangways.

With the opening of the El Dorado International Airport in Bogotá in December 1959, Soledad was relegated to secondary importance in the country. It was only upon the delivery of the first Boeing 727 to Avianca in 1966 that the runway was extended. However, in order to appropriately handle modern jet airliners, and the resulting increase in passenger traffic, there became a need to build a new international airport with a more modern terminal, more stands, and larger runways and taxiways. There was hope that this project would put Barranquilla back on the map as an airport served by major international carriers.

Finally, on the afternoon of April 7, 1981, Julio Cesar Turbay, president of the Republic, and Alvaro Uribe Velez, Chief of the Aeronáutica Civil dedicated Barranquilla's new international airport Ernesto Cortissoz. The new terminal, with an area of 35,000 square meters, along with its new control tower, apron, taxiways, and runway (now 3,000 meters long by 45m wide), were built north of the old Soledad Airport. The design was by architect Aníbal González Moreno-Ripoll and the new terminal was built by the firm Paredes, Fuentes, y Vasquez Ltda. The new terminal had seven domestic gates and four international gates each with its own waiting area. The premises of the former terminal building became the cargo area.

Formerly, the company Caribbean Airports S. A. "ACSA" was the operator of airport concession. ACSA was incorporated in the month of December 1996 and its main activity is the administration and economic exploitation of Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport. This status was granted by the State through the renewable concession contract, number 001-CON-97, concluded with the Special Administrative Unit of Civil Aeronautics for a term of 15 years. Under this contract, ACSA assumed operations on March 1, 1997. According to the contract award, administration and economic exploitation include the provision of all airport services, maintenance, and management of the terminal, runway, ramp, airport facilities, visual aids for approach and access roads. Aeronáutica Civil reserved management and responsibility for control and monitoring functions of en-route air traffic and the proper functioning of air navigation aids, including approach, communications, and other equipment intended and necessary for the proper air traffic control.

Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport is named after one of the most important Colombian aviation pioneers. Ernesto Cortissoz Alvarez-Correa was an entrepreneur, born in Barranquilla, which along with four Colombians and three Germans founded SCADTA in December 1919. On June 8, 1924, while traveling in the Junkers F.13 "Tolima" together with other executives of the company, he died as a result of one of the first plane crashes in the country.

Field
The runway is made of asphalt and has a length of 3,000 m (9,842 ft) and a width of 45 m (148 ft). The approaches to both ends of the runway are categorized for instrument flight operations in precision category I.

The airport has a taxiway parallel to the runway in order to reach both ends. The three turn-offs near the center of the runway connect with the taxiway and the ramp; they are 22.5 m wide and are made of concrete.

Ramps
The airport has three ramps for parking aircraft, they are for use by commercial passenger aircraft, cargo aircraft and military aircraft. The ramp for commercial passenger aircraft is located opposite the passenger terminal building and has 16 parking spaces. The Cargo ramp is located north of the passenger terminal, near the head of runway 23.

Passenger terminal
The airport terminal is currently undergoing renovations. Renovations were to be complete somewhere around the first quarter of 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it has been moved. The airport has one passenger terminal building to handle all of the airport's commercial traffic. There are 36 check posts, a series of shops, including a Duty-free shop, and passenger cafes and restaurants. There are two restricted areas for passengers, depending on the destination of the flight (domestic or international). On the side for domestic flights are located the gates 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13, each with a waiting area for passengers. For access to aircraft, four gates (6, 7, 8, and 9) have boarding bridges, each with two degrees of freedom, while aircraft at gates 10, 11, 12, and 13 are accessed by walking onto the ramp.

In the international area are gates 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, each with a waiting area for passengers. Aircraft are accessed via jet bridges at all gates except for gate 1. The bridges at gates 2, 3, 4, and 5 have three degrees of freedom. Passengers claim their luggage in a room used for that purpose on the first level, it has two conveyor belts. International passengers receive their luggage in this same room after passing through the immigration area. After leaving the terminal building you can access the public area which houses the offices of rental car companies and the taxi waiting area.

Cargo terminal
The cargo terminal is the former passenger terminal building, located northeast of the passenger terminal and with an area of 9,000 m2. The loading dock can accommodate up to two aircraft simultaneously. Current use of the cargo terminal does not exceed 30% capacity.

Incidents

 * On March 17, 1995, an Intercontinental DC-9 was destroyed by fire while it was parked in the apron, no one was on the plane.
 * On November 19, 2006, a DC-10 operated by Cielos Airlines overran the runway while landing in bad weather, All 6 crew were injured.
 * On November 21, 2006, Avianca Flight 9522, which was outbound from Bogotá, also overran the runway. All 135 people survived.
 * On August 23, 2008, Aires Flight 0051 was outbound from Curaçao overran the runway because a problem with a landing gear. All 25 people survived.

title: Ernesto Cortissoz International Airport


text:
Talk:Governor-General of New Zealand

Links to articles for title holders
I'm not sure whether all the names deserve links or how the links for titled people should read. There is scope for confusion for those who are hereditary peers, such as the Earl of Liverpool, which title belonged to a succession of people.

 * My feeling is that it's best just to link the ones that either have a biographical entry already, or are likely to have one in the reasonably near future. If someone else wants to come along and write a bio for anyone not linked, it's easy enough to add the link later on. There is a page somewhere here that sets out policy on naming conventions, but as I recall, it boils down to use the most common non-ambiguous name for the actual link (which will become the article title) but in the text use whatever name is most appropriate in the context. For example, it might be best to say "Elizabeth Windsor" in one context, and "Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, Defender of the Faith, By grace of God Queen of ...." in another, but both should link to Queen Elizabeth II. (Which was a bad example - it [used to lead] to a disambiguation page [till I changed it -- Someone else] . No matter.) Nice work on the list, by the way: it's good to see someone take the trouble to write out the formal titles in full - for this sort of thing I think it's more appropriate to give people their full titles. Tannin

 * We should probably add the New Zealand Honours System to the mix at some point, as the latter Governors-General have New Zealand honours. http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/honours/index.html should do in the meantime for the curious. – Jonathan Ah Kit

 * I've now done this. --Polonius 08:44, 10 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Last Briton or first Kiwi?
Why is Sir Arthur Porritt listed as the last Governor-General form Britain when he was a native born Kiwi? Doesn't that make him the first Gov-Gen from NZ?

 * Um, because I recalled being taught in school when Sir Dennis Blundell succeded him that he was the first NZ GG. Whereas he was actually the first to have lived in NZ for most of his life and been a resident when he was appointed. Sir Arthur Porritt still "came out from Britain" to be GG because he had lived there for more than 30 years.

I'll correct the article. dramatic 02:59, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Pity Freyberg having lived here since age 2 doesn't count :-)

List of viceroys
I've been doing some work on the list of viceroys, to match the appearance of the list at the article Governor-General of India—see here for the result. I think this results in a list less cluttered by titles etc which belong imho on the individual articles for each governor. I've ensured that the info on the stages of development of nz are not lost, though I think this info does not belong in the list but elsewhere.

I'd like to hear some input before any changes are made to the article. These are just my own thoughts, feel free to kick and bash the list (or me) around :D

DiamondVertex 07:01, 22 September 2005 (UTC)

Official Secretary
"The office of Official Secretary is currently vacant" - Has a person been employed yet? That text has been there since January, and the link given says "Sorry, we have no vacancies at present." Brian | (Talk) 23:52, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

 * See Talk:Official Secretary to the Governor-General of New Zealand for further discussion. 202.89.158.211 00:08, 4 August 2006 (UTC)

Link request
I've added an external link from this article to a site which I manage in my capacity as web editor for the New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage (the site is www.nzhistory.net.nz).

The link is to the first of a series of substantial features on the history of role of the Governor-General in New Zealand and is written by the author of an official history to be published shortly.

I hope this is considered appropriate for Wikipedia's purposes, please let me know if I've done something wrong (I'm just a newbie here)!

thanks Jamie Mackay 10:40, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm okay with it --Lholden 00:41, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

rewrite
I have just redone the article, I am going to move the list of GG to another page, however I need to finish the table first :) should be done later tonight nzt. Brian | (Talk) 01:52, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

Niue, Tokelau etc
I'm not knowledgeable in these topics, but why is there no mention of Niue and Tokelau, which this GG is responsible for? This isn't exclusively a (metropolitan) NZ institution. 202.89.150.160 21:38, 8 December 2006 (UTC)
 * See Realm of New Zealand. --Lholden 05:07, 10 December 2006 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:NZ Govt-Gen and Queen.jpg
The image Image:NZ Govt-Gen and Queen.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --00:47, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Cartwright's extension
The article states, For instance, Dame Silvia Cartwright would have been in office for five years on 4 April 2006, but her appointment as Governor-General was extended by the Queen on the advice of Prime Minister Helen Clark, who deemed that "that the selection and appointment process [should] not coincide with the pre-election period".

The link is dead, and it is not clear exactly what election this is talking about. There was no general election in 2006, so is this referring to local elections? -Rrius (talk) 06:07, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I've updated the link. I think Clark was referring to the 2005 election. Interestingly, the new Gov-Gen was announced in April 2006. --Lholden (talk) 07:14, 8 October 2009 (UTC)

Earl of Wessex
In 2004 National MP Richard Worth, an avowed monarchist, questioned whether the Government had considered that the Earl of Wessex be the next Governor-General.

 * I don't quite understand what this sentence is trying to say. The construction "had considered that he be" is unknown to me.
 * The NZ Government cannot simply cause someone to be the Governor-General by "considering them to be" such. There's a process, including the Queen's formal approval, particularly if it's her own son being recommended.  He himself might also have something to say about it.  --   Jack of Oz   [your turn]  01:51, 10 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Yes, the sentence construction is awful. I've changed the sentence for accuracy (it was actually a Parliamentary question Worth asked). --LJ Holden 04:00, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Political role merge with Constitutional role
These two sub-sections should be merged. At the moment, there's a lot of repeated material in the two sections. It's pretty much impossible to explain the GG's political role without discussing its constitutional role, and vice versa. --LJ Holden 00:05, 13 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Any comment? --LJ Holden 04:43, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Go for it.  Schwede 66  06:13, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
 * Done. I removed some extraneous statements (e.g. it's obvious New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy from the introduction). --LJ Holden 06:29, 17 April 2011 (UTC)
 * looks good lewis Brian | (Talk) 10:03, 18 April 2011 (UTC)

Admiral
Does the Governor-General hold the rank of admiral? This sources seems to indicate that he does:

http://www.nzdf.mil.nz/news/media-releases/2011/20110119---ass8npop.htm

That being the case, does the Governor-General also hold the rank of general and air chief marshal? Greenshed (talk) 21:32, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

 * The media release states the GG holds the position of admiral as CnC of the Defence Forces. It sounds like it's an ex officio title. You'll probably need to contact Government House to qualify the use of the term. --LJ Holden 23:21, 9 May 2011 (UTC)

Governor-General's car
The article has a photo of an XJ8 Jaguar as the Governor-General's limo, whereas it seems that it was sold last year: http://gg.govt.nz/content/jaguar-sale and replaced by a BMW - can someone update this or delete the photo? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nznewsguy (talk • contribs) 19:35, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Governor of Ross Dependency
It seems like a trivial aspect of the job, but it seems to be at least as important as the "Admiral" concern above. That the title of "Governor of Ross Dependency" comes with being GG should be mentioned somewhere (at least once) in the article. 118.90.39.49 (talk) 10:59, 10 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Dame Patsy Reddy taking office
Every article I've seen points to Reddy taking office on the 28th - additionally since the 14th is almost over in New Zealand and it's not in the news anywhere, it's safe to say that it isn't today. Am editing to correct this. MrSeabody (talk) 04:52, 14 September 2016 (UTC)

Cost section
I'm wondering why the cost section remains. From what I can see it is really centred on a silly little political dispute/game between the Republican Movement and the Monarchists, one trying to inflate the cost of the Governor-General role and the other trying to play it down, as Parliament considered the Governor-General Act in 2009/10. Time to delete? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nznewsguy (talk • contribs) 02:17, 11 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Viceregal representative
Following this revision, I think the opening sentence needs discussing. Descriptions of the office as 'viceregal representative' are difficult to come by, if only because sources rarely define the office in simple descriptive terms and instead delve immediately into the history and outline the contemporary role of the office. However, government and government-approved sources repeatedly use 'viceregal' (or 'vice-regal') to describe the ceremonial functions of the office and the amenities of the governor-general. This official source contains a reference to "the vice-regal office" and descriptions of officeholders as "vice-regal representative"! It certainly would be inappropriate to use the standalone term 'viceroy'; however I believe that "representative of the monarch of New Zealand" needs qualifying with either 'viceregal' or, alternatively, 'personal' (i.e. personal representative) in order to define the special nature of the role. --Hazhk (talk) 00:38, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I've no objections to adding viceregal. Would recommend it be added to all 15 Commonwealth realm governors-general articles. GoodDay (talk) 00:45, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree that it would be preferable to have the description added to all governor-general articles (after all, most of the text in this article is replicated in the set). Use of 'viceregal' on one article is not contingent on repetition in every single comparable article, however. The omission from Governor-General of Australia does not actually contradict this article (i.e. doesn't say the GG of Australia isn't a viceregal representative ;). --Hazhk (talk) 00:56, 23 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm quite certain, if you were to add viceregal to the intro at Governor-General of Australia, there'd be at least 'one' Australian editor who'd immediately revert it. GoodDay (talk) 02:45, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

 * Interesting discussion. My thoughts (which are presented off the cuff, so apologies if anyone teases out any legal/constitutional inconsistencies) are:
 * 1) 'Vice-regal' is appropriate here because it's an adjective pertaining to a representative exercising the same functions as the appointer. A Commonwealth governor-general/governor is such a position: all governors-general act in loco regis in toto, i.e. that within their territories they are effectively the monarch for as long as the monarch is not there and/or not interacting with that territory. Cf. one of Her Majesty's ambassadors - they are empowered to exercise but one aspect of the Sovereign's prerogatives, and are not acting in a viceregal capacity, but as envoys. When members of the Royal Family stand in for the Queen at official functions the effect is the same. The word is also desirable because it exists in one facet of the lexicon precisely to cover these sorts of relationships.
 * 2) 'Viceroy' should be avoided. Whilst (strictly non-capitalised) one could defend its use as being the noun equivalent of the generic adjective used in 1) above, I don't think it's helpful here because (inter alia): a) Viceroy tends to be a specific named title - Viceroy of New Spain, and indeed Viceroy of India in our common British Imperial heritage; so it is potentially misleading; b) I can't think of a single example where one would wish to use 'viceroy' in place of 'governor-general', where one cannot get around the point simply by using the adjective form.
 * 3) We should strongly avoid use of the phrase 'personal representative' because it is constitutionally misleading. Constitutionally (certainly in Britain, but I would imagine across the realms) where the Queen is acting in a 'personal' capacity it means as an individual. For example the Queen owns Balmoral personally; it isn't owned by the British state, so George VI had to buy that castle off the Duke of Windsor following the latter's abdication because, being owned personally as opposed to through the Crown, it did not pass automatically on abdication. A comparative example would be the Queen's (English - sorry don't have a Kiwi example) lawyer: as an individual she is represented by Farrer & Co, a private firm. As the monarch she is represented by the Attorney General for England & Wales (inter alios). The G-G is thus not a personal representative, but a crown representative, in this case for the Crown in Right of New Zealand.
 * 4) It probably should be used across the realms, though I am only familiar with the constitutions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and The Bahamas. The rest I only know vicariously through the shared heritage. Query if others might be similarly cautious based on that lack of specificity. The G-G of Australia is certainly viceregal and I think that would be both accurate and an improvement on that page, but I personally would rather not fight my Aussie constitutional cousins on the point! Not sure they'd take kindly to a Pommy (even an Ultonian one) fighting the good fight on this! --Lucius Winslow 22:49, 10 April 2019 (BST)

Recent edits
Thanks, for your edits, including something I'd not noticed for a while on this article, the statement that the Queen is "shared" amongst the Commonwealth realms. This wording is confusing as it implies the Queen is (a) physically shared between the realms (clearly not the case) and (b) monetarily shared. The new wording makes much more sense, i.e. that the Queen is concurrently Queen of the UK, NZ, Canada etc. Secondly, there is a statement that the Queen resides in the UK because it is her "oldest and most populous realm." This again is confusing and not accurate. The Queen resides in the UK because HM is first and foremost the UK's head of state, with historical ties there, and is paid for by British taxpayers. To my mind the wording should be dropped all together, there's no reason to qualify why the Queen lives in the UK. --LJ Holden 20:16, 10 April 2019 (UTC)

Hi. Will do the practical bit first, then the fun esoteric bit. Conceptually, I think we should have context as to why Her Majesty lives in Britain and not New Zealand because, whilst ninety-nine percent of persons reading the page will know the reason instinctively, the encyclopaedic principle is to have: i) a very low presumption of knowledge on the part of the reader; and ii) (where practicable) standalone knowledge on subjects, even in the hyperlinked Wiki paradigm. Exampling these principles, a [Korean] casual reader may be unfamiliar with Kiwi history, such that they may not even have been aware of the sixteen-realm personal union or the context as to why the main residency is in Great Britain - as a matter of policy I don't think we should presume this, since every presumption of knowledge undermines the ability to impart knowledge. So the simple parenthesised explanation as to Britain being the motherland serves to satisfy limb i) by adding the knowledge, and forms a good Wiki balance between whole pages, and links to other pages - the hypothetical Korean now knows where to go (various British pages) to get the context behind this page's statement. So I think 'as her oldest...' should stay. I'll concede we should get rid of 'most populous' since this stems from my (admittedly academically-minded) view that acquiescence of the domicile is in part due to the UK being the biggest. However: "citation required" - mea culpa.  I've made this change now since that bit is now resolved.

Now, the fun bit! I did think 'shared' was a very odd word to use. I think it was just slightly loose grammar, and I also accept your two examples. But my primary thinking was actually constitutional: the historical context allows for further contextualisation/differentiation on this. During the British Empire the monarch was indeed shared, because:

- there was no separate responsible government or legal designation (e.g. Newfoundland in 1867); and/or

- it was clear that even where there were separate aspects of the Crown (e.g. the Crown in Right of Canada post Confederation), the British Crown was the superior form; and/or

- as a matter of constitutional law and theory jurists and theorists held that the Crown was indivisible across its various incarnations. However recent jurisprudence (e.g. Ex parte Quark (2005) [UKHL]) has moved away from that view, which represents a change from 'shared' (axiomatically if it is indivisible) to 'concurrent'.

These changes thus move the British and New Zealand monarchies (inter alia) from shared to parallel. Indeed prior to 1900 it's not really constitutionally accurate to speak of the British and New Zealand 'monarchies' - there was only the British monarchy. But I'd need to do more research on this to tease out the granular detail.

In support of the above I could elaborate at length on the Statutes of Westminster, Kiwi constitutional acts, Parliamentary Sovereignty (and whether actually in law it is still a shared Crown - my personal legal view is that in British law it is still a shared Crown courtesy of Parliamentary Sovereignty, but in Kiwi law it isn't because Kiwi jurists accept the Kiwi Parliament's legislation in this area as qausi-synonymous in policy to America's declaration of independence, and thus wouldn't enforce any UK Act purporting to seize back control of NZ).

As a complete aside - thank you for discussing this, rather than hitting the 'revert' button automatically, as some more passive aggressive Wikipedians are fond of doing. --Lucius Winslow 22:20, 10 April 2019 (BST)

 * Thanks, I'm likewise frustrated by major changes being made without discussion, it's an unfortunate and natural consequence of "anyone can edit".
 * My suggestion for the opening paragraph is:
 * "The Governor-General of New Zealand (Te Kāwana Tianara o Aotearoa) is the  viceregal representative of the monarch of New Zealand, currently Queen Elizabeth II. As the Queen is concurrently the monarch of fifteen other Commonwealth realms, and resides in the United Kingdom (as her principal residence), she, on the advice of her Prime Minister of New Zealand, appoints a governor-general to carry out her constitutional and ceremonial duties within the Realm of New Zealand, and often overseas."
 * Going back to the hypothetical Korean, thinking laterally it makes more sense to emphasise that the Queen lives in the United Kingdom as her principal residence, especially in the context of why the office of Governor-General exists. I'm only aware of the Queen taking up residence in Canada once, but never in New Zealand (or Australia as far as I'm aware).
 * In terms of the contact with the Queen, I'm not sure why that's relevant to the lede, and to my mind it's a minor point anyway. --LJ Holden 02:45, 11 April 2019 (UTC)
 * This proposal looks good. --Hazhk (talk) 08:25, 13 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Implemented proposed changes. Any other minor tweaks can be carried out with little hassle. --Hazhk (talk) 16:21, 13 April 2019 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Governor-General of New Zealand


text:
Talk:Stuckism

Ambiguity
"The Stuckists formed as an alternative to the Young British Artists (also known as "Brit Art") being patronised by Charles Saatchi."

The above is ambiguous: Which group was being patronised by Charles Saatchi?

S.

 * The YBAs. --Camembert

Defastenism
An anon has added the following para on defastenism The Defastenists are close to creating an unstoppable remodernist art scene RECALLING THE EXCITEMENT OF DADA AND FUTURISM BUT IN THE HERE AND NOW in Dublin, Paris, Berlin, Galway,Drogheda and New York. Bored with the diadactic and pessimistic art of postmodernism: The Defastenists make art inspired by their desires, fetises, obsessions and eccentricities. Founded in Dublin by artists Gary Farrelly and Alex Reilly, personel include: David Mc Dermott, Oisin Byrne, Padraic Moore, Sofie Iremongre, Liam Ryan, Donna Marie O'Donovan, Karim Mezianne and Seannan Oliver Manfred Kerr www.defastenism.4t.com which has now been reverted.

I was tempted to revert it myself, if only for the heavy handed publicity prose. I've seen other users add discussions on self agrandising art movements before. However in this case it might be a genuine art movement associated with stuckism. In particular I found a reference on stuckism news from last May. I don't know how authorative stuckism.com is, but I got a sense that it wasn't a simple revert. In any case the paragraph needs clean-up and probably an article of its own with a link from Stuckism. -- Solipsist 15:57, 19 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Yes, I should have copied the above to the talk page when reverting it: my mistake (the fact that it had been written over the top of something else didn't exactly make me very sympathetic towards it, if you see what I mean). Defastenism is actually already mentioned in the article, though admittedly the sentence in question ("Defastenism constitutes a sister movement to stuckism but is more interested in the exploration of the arist's fascinations than in the modernist revival") doesn't seem particularly meaningful. If somebody wants to write something neutral and informative about them, I won't have any complaints. As far as I can gather, however, they're quite a small group and haven't yet attracted much interest, so, without wanting to belittle their activities in any way, I won't be too concerned myself if that sentence is all we have for the time being. --Camembert

The Stuckists art group (founded 1999) inaugurated in 2000 a period termed Remodernism (for art, culture and society) so that Stuckist ideas could be applied to a wider context than painting. The Stuckists declared themselves the first Remodernist art group. The Defastenists appeared in 2004 and declared themselves also a Remodernist group, as indeed anyone can. There is no official link apart from that with Stuckism, although there have been collaborations with Stuckists, particularly with Jesse Richards of New Haven Stuckists (who has also founded Remodernist Film and Photography).

I am the general editor of www.stuckism.com and if anything is going to be definitive about Stuckism, then I guess this site is, as it launched the group in the first place and continues to co-ordinate what has become an international movement (of independent but linked Stuckist groups).

Feel free to email me on stuckism@yahoo.co.uk for any clarifications required.

Charles Thomson Co-founder, The Stuckists

Deleted edits about neomodernism
This appears to be another self-authored art movement. I can find one reference to neomodern group in relation to stuckism, but it is a self-authored comment in a discussion group.

We will need references to independent 3rd party publications before we can accept it as verifiable. -- Solipsist 21:33, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Deleted unverifiable fact
No back-up evidence can be found to support gina bold's membership of stuckism. In light of this, her inclusion in "ex-stuckists" is inaccurate. Seriously 11:50, 29 March 2006 (UTC) Gina Bold's first solo show was 'Born to be Bold in 2007 at the Arlington Gallery. Wiki have made a false statement to include her name as an ex stuckist and to say that her first solo show was in the stuckist gallery. Gina Bold was never a Stuckist, she knew Thomson but that doesn't make her a Stuckist. see www.ginabold.com

Merge tag on Stuckism Wales
I have put the information from Stuckism Wales into the Stuckism article here, as per merge tag, so it is currently effectively redundant, unless there is enough information to make an article like Stuckism in Australia. Tyrenius 10:48, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

Internationalism
The article suggests that the movement has reached a global scale. If so, I don't think it should say it's a "British art movement" but instead an "art movement founded in Britain". If I'm wrong about the global aspect, then the wording of the article should be changed to reflects the movement's more limited scope. Theshibboleth 09:00, 28 April 2006 (UTC)
 * You're right on this, according to the Stuckism website list of groups. It is certainly proclaimed as "international". Tyrenius 12:50, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

Founding members of the Stuckists
The numbers seem to vary from 10-13. I think we need to establish a number which can be used consistently. Tyrenius 13:08, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Pittsburgh Weekly
There is/was no Pittsburgh Weekly. The secondary document used in this article as a citation is inaccurate. --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  ) 06:20, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * From a google search the correct title appears to be "In Pittsburgh Weekly", an "alternative" paper which ceased operations in 2001, when it was bought by City Paper. Tyrenius 12:11, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * But that's not what the source says. We probably should not be using this PR document as a source for this. --Chris Griswold (  ☎  ☓  ) 21:23, 23 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Talk continued on Talk:Stuckism in America as it is more important there. Tyrenius 05:43, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Times
footnote #4 doesn't link to the article, somebody fix it. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 141.154.236.69 (talk • contribs).

 * Fixed. Tyrenius 22:36, 8 April 2007 (UTC)

Gina Bold
repeated claims by Thomson that Gina Bold's first solo show was held at the stuckist gallery are false. Gina Bold's first solo show was at the Arlington gallery in Camden Town. Read the truth at www.ginabold.com —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.56.100.222 (talk) 22:33, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

Tehran Stuckists
I think we should move this page to "Stuckism International". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.146.216.34 (talk) 20:56, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It's not a term that occurs very often. "Stuckism" or "Stuckists" is usual.  Ty  21:38, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * You are the man in charge but anyway the right name for the art movement is "Stuckism International" because it's name is "Stuckism International"--217.146.216.34 (talk) 00:40, 14 November 2008 (UTC)Hamed Dehnavi

No one's in charge of wikipedia articles, but we do have to follow the policies such as WP:NPOV, which demands that we verify information from reliable sources. The introduction page on stuckism.com uses the term "Stuckism" throughout, not "Stuckism International", which seems to be the name applied to the gallery. The movement is called "Stuckism" in the reference work, "Amy Dempsey (2002), ed. Styles, Schools and Movements, p. 295, Thames & Hudson". The logo contains the word "international", but it's not used normally, so appears to be descriptive, not part of the name. "Stuckism" is the most widely used term and should be used per Naming_conventions.  Ty  02:28, 14 November 2008 (UTC)
 * So maybe we can add "International" in the first line. For example "Stuckism is an international art movement founded in 1999 by...", and because Stuckism is against Jingoism we shouldn't seperate UK from other countries, beacause Stuckism in UK is a part of Stuckism International anyway and UK is a part of the whole world, they started the movement but that doesn't mean they have to be seperated from other countries. In "group shows" UK shows has been seperated from other international shows, this is Jingoism.--217.146.216.34 (talk) 19:50, 14 November 2008 (UTC)Hamed Dehnavi

This is not an article by Stuckism on wikipedia: it is a wikipedia article about Stuckism, and is therefore organised according to wikipedia requirements. This means that we derive content from secondary sources, which may or may not agree with Stuckism sources, though these can also be included to state the movement's stance. Most of the activities have occurred in the UK, where it started, so it makes sense that these should be given the greatest weight and examined separately. However, Wikipedia is international, so it's not right to separate "UK shows" from "International shows", and I've retitled the latter as "Other". There are more UK shows listed than all the others put together. I've put in "international art movement" with a reference.  Ty  04:30, 15 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Thanks--217.146.216.34 (talk) 07:34, 15 November 2008 (UTC) Hamed Dehnavi
 * Any input to add content (preferably referenced properly)/improve the article is welcome. You can edit the article directly, or if you're not sure whether something accords with wikipedia policy and prefer to discuss it first, feel free to post here or on my user talk ("discussion") page.  Ty  07:51, 15 November 2008 (UTC)

Introduction to Stuckism article
Dear Ty, hi it's me again! I was looking at your wonderful Stuckist page here just now for the first time. In the opening introduction to this page, you include the comment: "reporting Saatchi to the Office of Fair Trading to complain about his power in the art world". This statement comes across as if Thomson and the Stuckists were actually successful in this complaint, but they were unsuccessful. Their complaint was proved to be unfounded and was not upheld. Therefore, it concerns me that the way it has been written with only half the full story in the overview of this wiki page, that it is misleading and could be misinterpreted by a potential reader, to show they were actually successful in their complaint. It could be interpreted as a WP:PEACOCK in the sense that the introduction is giving a positive spin on an event, and therefore it will "promote the subject of the article without imparting real information". I look forward to working with you to make sure the true story is properly represented in this page. Best wishes, your wiki friend,  Madeofstars  14:00, 16 December 2008 (GMT)

 * I'm not sure why you are addressing your remarks to me, not what you mean by the opening comment. I trust you are not implying WP:OWN. If that's what you mean, then you had better back it up. Otherwise, I've already pointed out your previous inappropriate personal comments, so I suggest you stop making them. You obviously have different standards to me. I certainly wouldn't call the article wonderful: it needs a lot more work on it. I've changed the lead per your suggestion, but in future, do it yourself. You've also completely misunderstood WP:PEACOCK. Read the rest of that page.  Ty  17:16, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Oh no I'm not suggesting you own this page, not at all. I just saw you'd made edits here, and thought it best to discuss this change here first before changing it, as from previous experience it can be a good idea to discuss changes first. I'm thrilled with your change, thanks for making that introduction clearer for readers, now the full story is properly represented. I'll read Peacock again, but what I was meaning is that, by the omission of the fact that OFT complaint was not successful, it may have appeared that the Stuckists were using that statement as a positive to reflect back on them. Anyway, it's all better now! Thank you for your help.  Madeofstars  17:56, 17 December 2008 (GMT)
 * Well, I'm pleased about that, as I wouldn't want you to think that you couldn't edit pages. I concur that prior talk can be an excellent way to proceed with edits, and is a lot more sensible than serial reversions, which end up with blocks for WP:3RR. WP:BRD can be a good procedure. WP:PEACOCK is using generalised words like "important", "famous" etc, as opposed to stating the facts which should speak for themselves.  Such words can be used if referenced.  There's another term on wiki for the point you're making (I think), but I can't recall it offhand. I did put that sentence in the lead, but not with any intent to mislead: the outcome is stated in the article and I believe I added it there.  Ty  18:14, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Charles Thomson
I reverted your edits to that article, as it was the same material as on Stella Vine and it's not in a satisfactory state as yet. It needs more work and there's no point doing two articles at the same time. Also it may need to be adapted to fit the different subject. Let's get one right first.  Ty  18:26, 18 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Ditto Stuckism.  Ty  18:36, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Out of interest, if Wikipedia is a democracy, then surely you don't have ownership over those two pages? As you told me the other day? So I should be allowed to edit as I please. I was going to add in some phrases to help them fit in, but you have removed them before I had the chance. I also don't even think they were that out of context when you consider the opening paragraph of Thomson's page contained the comment he was briefly married to Stella Vine, but the remainder of the article has no information. The sections I added are fully referenced, showing both sides of the debate and all very clear as fact. I look forward to speaking with you.  Madeofstars  18:43, 18 December 2008 (GMT)

I moved the above conversation thread, to allow other editors to be aware of this, which shows I have been stopped from making edits to this page and also that of Charles Thomson's. I am still awaiting a response from Ty regarding why this is, and whether he claims ownership to this page.  Madeofstars  18:51, 18 December 2008 (GMT)

 * I will take the above comments and the edit summary "I have been prevented from editing this page" as a misunderstanding on your part through lack of experience. Please refrain from pejorative edit summaries with no basis in fact. You have a habit of jumping to conclusions. You have not been prevented from editing. You have done so. So have I. Your edit was to insert material. My edit was to remove it. We are now discussing. A perfect example of WP:BRD. The material was copied across from Stella Vine. For one thing it's a violation of GFDL as  it's not stated to be copied from that article, so there is no credit to the work of other authors who may have contributed to it. However, worse than that, it has bias and inaccuracies and needs more work on it. In that state, there is no point in it being in three articles and having to do every edit to the passage in triplicate. Does that not make sense? I suggested getting it right in one article, namely Stella Vine, first.  Ty  19:11, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Figurative painting in opposition to conceptual art?
Why is figurative painting placed in opposition to conceptual art? Wouldn't the Stuckists have simply favored painting -- both figurative and abstract, over more conceptual artworks? I don't think abstract painting is generally considered conceptual. Instead of "figurative painting," shouldn't this article simply say "painting?" I see the same situation at the Stuckism in America article. Bus stop (talk) 01:53, 6 January 2009 (UTC)
 * The ref says "figurative painting" and so does the Stuckist web site (home page), as well as other pages. It doesn't mention "abstract painting", and there's nothing relevant on "abstract". So, failing sources, any other definition would be WP:OR.  Ty  02:52, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, I stand corrected. And after looking at examples of Stuckist painting, I see it is all figurative. Thanks. Bus stop (talk) 02:57, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

 * The Stuckist Manifesto states: "Stuckists champion process over cleverness, realism over abstraction, content over void, humor over wittiness and painting over smugness." That to me reads as Painting over Conceptual Art, and within that:  Realistic Painting over Abstract Painting.  Cleverness is attached to conceptual art in the manifesto: "If it is the conceptualist's wish to always be clever, then it's the Stuckist's duty to always be wrong."  The word figurative does not appear in the Stuckist Manifesto. Air (talk) 20:43, 1 March 2012 (UTC)

 * It's ironic, because none of them can actually paint worth a fart. If it weren't for Marcel Duchamp and his hated legacy, none of these idiots would've lasted past the first month in art college. "Realism", somebody put up a Stuckist painting that's actually realistic. It's post-modernism that made being a talentless blagger like Damien Hurst the most important thing in art. Perhaps it finds it's apotheosis, the ultimate in endless "irony", in Stuckism. They claim to be anti-post-modern while being completely post-modern, they'd be helpless, and be given no precious attention, without the art establishment being in the state it's in. Where'd they be in 1895 with their paintings a 10-year-old could've done?

 * 92.40.249.251 (talk) 20:55, 16 July 2017 (UTC)

The Introduction paragraph
"The Stuckists formed as an alternative to the Charles Saatchi-patronised Young British Artists (also known as Brit Art or YBAs)." Why this comes in the first paragraph? this is just not true, Stuckism is not an alternative to YBA. Though YBA is mentioned in their manifesto, but being against something doesn't mean it is an alternative to that or it wants to be an alternative to it. I mean Stuckism has many more important statements and ideas about painting and art. And this sentence is not good as an introduction for stuckism in the first paragraph.Lapskingwiki (talk) 15:35, 12 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I've changed it. It's not referenced. You can make changes yourself: see WP:B and WP:BRD, preferably referenced. See WP:REFB. Or, if you prefer, post on talk pages first to get other input.  Ty  00:43, 13 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Though now the meaning of the sentece is true, but still I don't know why it's written in the first paragraph, because this gives a great importance to the issue. Stuckism has more holistic and important philosophies like it's the first Remodernist art group and it's also Anti-Anti-Art, but none of them is mentioned in the introduction. Since my english is not that good I need help for editing the senteces. PS: To Ty, if you remember we had a little discussion about internationalization of Stuckism which was very good.--lapsking 14:26, 14 October 2009 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lapskingwiki (talk • contribs)
 * If you post any suggested changes on this page, I or another editor will check over them for you. Or you can write them in the article and they can be checked. References are needed for information not already in the main text (and preferably put in the lead - first section - even if already in the main text). See WP:LEAD for construction of the first section. It should contain an overview of the important points in the main text. There could be a lot of improvement to this article. It is a good idea to use secondary sources such as the Tate, and published sources such as the National Museums Liverpool book, The Stuckists Punk Victorian, which has an extract online, but Stuckist sources, e.g. stuckism.com can also be used to represent their position.  Ty  00:54, 15 October 2009 (UTC)

GA comment
The International movement section needs better organization, preferably using prose more. The use of third-level headers with multiple bold text make it very, very difficult on some browsers to tell the difference between them. It's also highly unprofessional and inappropriate to have major subheadings containing only a single sentence, as is the case with the Africa, Canada, Iran (actually 2 short sentences), and New Zealand subsections.

The Group shows section is also mostly just a bulleted list with no real description, and it's very unprofessional to have so many images inserted at what appears to be random places throughout the list. The section also appears to suffer from the same subsection issues as before, to a lesser extent. I see several countries listed with just a single bullet point -- again, highly unprofessional. You should also have some sort of delimiting mark (such as an endash) between the year and the description for each item (a space doesn't cut it). If the section is best presented as a list, it would be better to move it to the end of the article (right before 'see also'), not in the middle (the idea is to keep the prose-based sections at or near the top). Remember, we're working on an encyclopedia here, not a random collection of lists,...

Your article will also FAIL GA with some many external links. Review WP:EL and trim the section to just the essential links and keep the linkspam to a minimum. WTF? (talk) 14:57, 23 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Thanks, it's Done. lapsking (talk) 22:54, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

redlinked names
There are a significant number of artists named in the article that have no corresponding article. I have already removed Frank Christopher Schroeder on the basis that the name seems to have been added by the artist himself (see ), and I can't find any obvious sources to justify inclusion (which would mean meeting WP:ARTIST criteria). I intend to remove any others not supported by third-party reliable sources when I have the time, and ask that anyone watching this page ensures that the article isn't used for self-promotional purposes, and instead conforms to Wikipedia policy - we aren't here to provide a directory, or an exhaustive list of every self-proclaimed Stuckist artist. AndyTheGrump (talk) 16:00, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20150208191555/http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/spooners/spoonfed-arts-team-8139/charles-saatchi-painting-gets-stuckists-shut-down-3643/ to http://www.spoonfed.co.uk/spooners/spoonfed-arts-team-8139/charles-saatchi-painting-gets-stuckists-shut-down-3643/
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20120716203906/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/stuckists/international/godfreyblow.asp to http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/exhibitions/stuckists/international/godfreyblow.asp

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Stuckism is the correct title, not Stuckism International
See the Stuckism web site at http://stuckism.com/world.html where the text reads:

''A note on "Stuckism International". This does not exist as an entity, despite more protestations from Hamed Dehnavi. Just "Stuckism" exists. Stuckism is based on a philosophy manifested practically. The epithet "International" is merely descriptive, not part of any formal title. Anybody who thinks it is must have delusions of grandeur. In fact it was added tongue-in-cheek, but some people don't have much of a sense of humour. It is, to labour the point, just saying that Stuckism is international - which, the perceptive viewer will by now have realised, is a tautology. '' — Preceding unsigned comment added by Revisionismism (talk • contribs) 21:45, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

The name needs to be changed in the 3 boxes at the bottom of the main page:

Remodernism [show] v t e Art movements [show] v t e Criticism of postmodernism — Preceding unsigned comment added by Revisionismism (talk • contribs) 21:51, 1 May 2016 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Stuckism


text:
John Marshall (archaeologist)

Sir John Hubert Marshall (19 March 1876, Chester, England – 17 August 1958, Guildford, England) was an English archaeologist who was Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of India from 1902 to 1928. He oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, two of the main cities that comprise the Indus Valley Civilisation.

Personal history and career
Marshall was at school at Dulwich College before King's College, Cambridge, where in 1898 he won the Porson Prize. He then trained in archaeology at Knossos under Sir Arthur Evans, who was rediscovering the Bronze Age Minoan civilization. Under the sponsorship of the British School in Athens, where he attended from 1898 to 1901, he participated in excavations.

In 1902, the new viceroy of India, Lord Curzon, appointed Marshall as Director-General of Archaeology within the British Indian administration. Marshall modernised the approach to archaeology on that continent, introducing a programme of cataloguing and conservation of ancient monuments and artifacts.

Marshall began the practice of allowing Indians to train as archaeologists and supervise excavation. Most of his students were Indian, and so, Marshall gained a reputation for being very sympathetic to Indian nationalism. Marshall agreed with Indian civic leaders and protesters who wanted more self-government, or even independence for India. Marshall was highly admired by Indians during the time he worked in India. In 1913, he began the excavations at Taxila, which lasted for 21 years. In 1918, he laid the foundation stone for the Taxila Museum, which today hosts many artifacts and one of Marshall's few portraits. He then moved on to other sites, including the Buddhist centres of Sanchi and Sarnath.

His work provided evidence of the antiquity of Indian civilisation, particularly that of the Indus Valley civilization and the Mauryan age (Ashoka's Age). In 1920, Marshall initiated at dig at Harappa with Daya Ram Sahni as director. Mohenjodaro was discovered by R. D. Banerji in 1921, and in 1922, work began there.

After his appointment, Marshall engaged in constant resource disputes with the Indian government because he felt that the Archaeological Survey of India needed to be revived and that Indian archaeology needed to be overhauled. By using the big finds in 1923 to gain more funding, he avoided a large budget decrease in 1922–1923 that would have endangered excavations at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.

The results of these efforts, which revealed an ancient culture with its own writing system, were published in the Illustrated London News on 20 September 1924. Scholars linked the artifacts with the ancient civilisation of Sumer in Mesopotamia. Subsequent excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to be sophisticated planned cities with plumbing and baths. But Marshall ignored the stratigraphy of the site, and excavated along regular horizontal lines. This mixed up the artifacts from different stratigraphic layers, causing much valuable information about the context of his findings to be lost forever. This mistake was corrected by Mortimer (R. E. M.) Wheeler, who recognised that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy of the mound rather than dig mechanically along uniform horizontal lines. Also a military precision was brought to archeology by Wheeler.

Marshall also led excavations at the prehistoric Sohr Damb mound near Nal in Baluchistan; a small representative collection of pottery vessels from the site is now in the British Museum.

Death
Marshall retired from his post in 1934 and then departed India. He died on 17 August 1958, at his home in Guildford, Surrey, some 28 miles southwest of London.

Honours
Marshall was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in June 1910 and knighted in January 1914. He was awarded an honorary degree, Doctor of Philosophy, by Calcutta University in 1921. He was elected as a Fellow of the British Academy in 1936.

Publications
Source:

 * Indian Archaeological Policy, 1915: Being a resolution issued by the Governor General in Council on the 22nd October 1915.
 * Excavations at Taxila: The Stupas and monasteries at Jauliāãn.
 * Conservation Manual: A Handbook for the Use of Archaeological Officers and Others Entrusted with the Care of Ancient Monuments.
 * Mohenjo-daro and the Indus civilization: Being an official account of archæological excavations at Mohenjo-daro carried out by the government of India between the years 1922 and 1927 . London, 1931. (Volume I: Text, Chapters I—XIX and Plates I—XIV ; Volume II: Text, Chapters XX — XXXII, Appendices and Index ; Volume III: Plates XV—CLXIV)
 * Taxila: An Illustrated Account of Archaeological Excavations Carried Out at Taxila Under the Orders of the Government of India between the Years 1913 and 1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951.
 * The Buddhist Art of Gandhara: the Story of the Early School, Its Birth, Growth and Decline.

title: John Marshall (archaeologist)


text:
Vienna New Year's Concert

The Vienna New Year's Concert (Neujahrskonzert der Wiener Philharmoniker) is an annual concert of classical music performed by the Vienna Philharmonic on the morning of New Year's Day in Vienna, Austria. The concert occurs at the Musikverein at 11:15. The orchestra performs the same concert programme on 30 December, 31 December, and 1 January but only the last concert is regularly broadcast on radio and television.

Music and setting
The concert programmes always include pieces from the Strauss family—Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss. On occasion, music principally of other Austrian composers, including Joseph Hellmesberger Jr., Joseph Lanner, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Otto Nicolai (the Vienna Philharmonic's founder), Emil von Reznicek, Franz Schubert, Carl Zeller, Carl Millöcker, Franz von Suppé, and Carl Michael Ziehrer has featured in the programmes. In 2009, music by Joseph Haydn was played for the first time, where the 4th movement of his "Farewell" Symphony marked the 200th anniversary of his death. Other European composers such as Hans Christian Lumbye, Jacques Offenbach, Émile Waldteufel, Richard Strauss, Verdi, Wagner, and Tchaikovsky have been featured in recent programmes.

The announced programme contains approximately 14 to 20 compositions, and also three encores. The announced programme includes waltzes, polkas, mazurkas, and marches. Of the encores, the unannounced first encore is often a fast polka. The second is Johann Strauss II's waltz "The Blue Danube", whose introduction is interrupted by light applause of recognition and a New Year's greeting in German (originally added by Willi Boskovsky) from the conductor and orchestra to the audience. The origin of this tradition stems from the New Year's Concert of 1954, when the audience interrupted three pieces by enthusiastically applauding and cheering. The final encore is Johann Strauss I's Radetzky March, during which the audience claps along under the conductor's direction. This did not start until 1958. In this last piece, tradition also calls for the conductor to start the orchestra as soon as they step onto the stage, before reaching the podium. The complete duration of the event is around two and a half hours.

The concerts have been held in the "Goldener Saal" (Golden Hall) of the Musikverein since 1939. The television broadcast is augmented by ballet performances in selected pieces during the second part of the programme. The dancers come from the Vienna State Ballet and dance at different famous places in Austria, e. g. Schönbrunn Palace, Schloss Esterházy, the Vienna State Opera or the Wiener Musikverein itself. In 2013, the costumes were designed by Vivienne Westwood. From 1980 until 2013, the flowers that decorated the hall were a gift from the city of Sanremo, Liguria, Italy. In 2014, the orchestra itself provided the flowers. Since 2014, the flowers have been arranged by the Wiener Stadtgärten. New attire by designers Vivienne Westwood and Andreas Kronthaler debuted in 2017.

History
There has been a tradition of concerts on New Year's Day in Vienna since 1838, but not with music of the Strauss family. From 1928 to 1933, there were six New Year's concerts in the Musikverein, conducted by Johann Strauss III. These concerts were broadcast by the RAVAG. In 1939, Clemens Krauss, with the support of Vienna Gauleiter Baldur von Schirach, devised a New Year's concert which the orchestra dedicated to Kriegswinterhilfswerk ('Winter War Relief'), to improve morale at the front lines. After World War II, this concert survived, as the Nazi origins were largely forgotten, until more recently.

The concert was first performed in 1939, and conducted by Clemens Krauss. For the first and only time, the concert was not given on New Year's Day, but instead on 31 December of that year. It was called then a special, or 'extraordinary' concert (Außerordentliches Konzert). Johann Strauss II was the only composer performed, in a modest program:
 * "Morgenblätter", Op. 279, waltz
 * "Annen-Polka", Op. 117
 * Csárdás, from the opera Ritter Pázmán
 * "Kaiser-Walzer", Op. 437
 * "Leichtes Blut", Polka schnell, Op. 319
 * "Egyptischer Marsch", Op. 335
 * "G'schichten aus dem Wienerwald", Walzer, Op. 325
 * "Pizzicato-Polka"
 * "Perpetuum mobile", ein musikalischer Scherz, Op. 257
 * Overture to the operetta Die Fledermaus

Encores
There were no encores in 1939, and sources indicate that encores were not instituted until 1945. Clemens Krauss almost always included "Perpetuum mobile" either on the concert or as an encore. The waltz The Blue Danube was not performed until 1945, and then as an encore. The Radetzky March was first performed in 1946, as an encore. Until 1958, these last two pieces were often but not always given as encores. Since that year, their position as twin encores has become inviolable tradition, with two exceptions: One unannounced encore, a gallop or polka schnell, is always placed before the Blue Danube, and after the final announced work on the printed concert programme. It has also been a scherz.
 * In 1967, Willi Boskovsky made the Blue Danube part of his concert program to commemorate the work's centenary; its encore position was occupied by Johann Strauss II's Unter Donner und Blitz, polka schnell, Op. 324. Additionally, an actor impersonating the composer of the work appeared during the concert.
 * In 2005, Lorin Maazel and the orchestra concluded the program with the Blue Danube, omitting the Radetzky March as a mark of respect to the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

Conductors
Boskovsky, concertmaster of the orchestra from 1939 until 1970, directed the Vienna New Year's concerts from 1955 to 1979. In 1980, Lorin Maazel became the first non-Austrian conductor of the concert. The orchestra subsequently changed practice, to choose a different conductor every year. The first such choice was Herbert von Karajan, for the 1987 concert.

 * Clemens Krauss: 1939, 1941–1945, 1948–1954
 * Josef Krips: 1946–1947
 * Willi Boskovsky: 1955–1979
 * Lorin Maazel: 1980–1986, 1994, 1996, 1999, 2005
 * Herbert von Karajan: 1987
 * Claudio Abbado: 1988, 1991
 * Carlos Kleiber: 1989, 1992
 * Zubin Mehta: 1990, 1995, 1998, 2007, 2015
 * Riccardo Muti: 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2018, 2021, 2025 (scheduled)
 * Nikolaus Harnoncourt: 2001, 2003
 * Seiji Ozawa: 2002
 * Mariss Jansons: 2006, 2012, 2016
 * Georges Prêtre: 2008, 2010
 * Daniel Barenboim: 2009, 2014, 2022
 * Franz Welser-Möst: 2011, 2013, 2023
 * Gustavo Dudamel: 2017
 * Christian Thielemann: 2019, 2024
 * Andris Nelsons: 2020

Audience and broadcast
The concert is popular throughout Europe, and more recently around the world. The demand for tickets is so high that people have to pre-register one year in advance in order to participate in the drawing of tickets for the following year. Some seats are pre-registered by certain Austrian families and are passed down from generation to generation.

The event is televised by the Austrian national broadcasting service ORF – from 1989 to 1993, 1997 to 2009, and again in 2011 under the direction of Brian Large – and relayed via the European Broadcasting Union's Eurovision network to most major broadcasting organizations in Europe. On 1 January 2013, for example, the concert was shown on Één and La Une in Belgium, ZDF in Germany, France 2 in France, BBC Two in the United Kingdom, Rai 2 in Italy (on some hours delay), RSI La 1 in Switzerland, La 1 in Spain, ČT2 in the Czech Republic, RTP1 in Portugal, and TVP2 in Poland, among many other channels. The concert was again televised by ORF on 1 January 2015 and 1 January 2016. Estimated audience numbers are ~50 million, in 73 countries in 2012, 93 countries in 2017 and 95 countries in 2018. Past television presenters have included Ernst Grissemann, who presented the concert for 25 years, and Barbara Rett, from 2008 to 2022. The current ORF TV presenter for the concert is Teresa Vogl, beginning with the 2023 concert.

Outside Europe, the concert is also shown on PBS in the United States (beginning in 1985, as part of the performing arts anthology Great Performances, in abridged form), CCTV in China since 1987 (being telecast live since 1989, except in 1990) while also being broadcast live by CNR in China since 2013, NHK in Japan since 1973, MetroTV in Indonesia, KBS in South Korea, and SBS in Australia (until 2018, on delay). Since 2006, the concert has also been broadcast to viewers in several African countries (Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe). In Latin America the concert is shown in Chile by La Red, and in Guatemala, Ecuador and Bolivia. Indonesia's MetroTV broadcasts the concert although it is delayed by four to five days. The concert was broadcast for the first time in Mongolia, Mozambique, Sri Lanka and Trinidad and Tobago in 2010.

In 2021, the Vienna New Year's Concert took place without an audience, for the first time in the concert's history, because of public-health restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2022 concert with Daniel Barenboim featured a live audience limited to 1,000 patrons, and the ORF radio transmission on Ö1 featured Eva Teimel as presenter, the first female radio presenter for ORF in the history of the concert. The 2023 concert featured the Vienna Girls Choir (Wiener Chormädchen) in its first-ever appearance in the concert, the first female choir ever to participate in the concert.

Commercial recordings
A commercial recording has been made for every concert from 1987, the more recent being released within a matter of days of the event.

Decca Records made the first of the live commercial recordings in 1975. The 1979 digital recording was the label's first digital LP release, marking Boskovsky's last appearance. The recordings made with Maazel in 1980, 1981, 1982 and 1983 did not specify the year on the album cover (opting instead for the titles, New Year's in Vienna, New Year's Concert, Prosit Neujahr! and Wiener Bonbons respectively). The 1983 concert also marked the first simultaneous CD release (all the earlier concerts would follow as CD reissues). The Karajan recording was similarly undated on the cover, being entitled Neujahrskonzert in Wien. Only with the first Abbado concert in 1988 was the year specified, which has been the case on each release thereafter.

Other New Year's concerts in Vienna
The Vienna Hofburg Orchestra's traditional New Year's Eve Concert takes place on 31 December in the halls of the Hofburg Palace. The program features waltz and operetta melodies by Johann Strauss, Emmerich Kálmán, Franz Lehár and opera arias by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.

title: Vienna New Year's Concert