text:
Talk:Castile and León

Untitled
Castile-Leon the largest sub-national political division in Europe? Surely there are larger ones in Russia?
 * As of 2009-09-08 the claim read "largest in European Union" which would exclude Russia. Nevertheless, there are statoids in Sweden and Finland which are larger; therefore I have removed the claim. Illexsquid (talk) 21:42, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

I am surprised that no one noticed that the table showing the autnomous communities is entering the table of Castile-Leon, pretty much destroying it. Since the first table doesn't have much connection to the topic, I have proceeded to remove it. Portcult 18:45, 23 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Move article
Unless there is tradition in english for calling this region Castile-Leon, the article should be named Castile and Leon resembling the original Spanish official name. 80.58.9.237 22:29, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I've always heard it as Castile-Leon. - Montréalais 08:16, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Almost all the incoming links are to Castile-Leon, and only a handful to Castile and Leon, which seems to suggest the hyphenated form is common enough in the English language. On the other hand, a Google search is inconclusive. I think some more examples of English usage would be useful. sjorford →•← 17:35, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. violet/riga (t) 18:32, 21 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Well the actual laws talk about Castilla y León (Castile and León in English). The official name is Castille and León

Galician and Lionese are not official in this Autonomy. This languages are almost dissapeared although several people spoke it in rural places of Leon province.

About gentilice "castellano y leonés" it's not an official gentilice. In fact, the "Estatuto" of Castille and León talks always about "the citiziens of Castilla y León" never about "castillians and leoneses"

And about the capitality of Valladolid, Castilla and León have not an official capital city although is Valladolid de facto.

Official languages
"Astur-leonés, Castiella y Llión, and in Galician language Castela e León" -- Do these languages have official standing in the autonomous community? If not, we could go on for some time listing the name in all languages spoken by a sizeable minority in the autonomous community. - Montréalais 08:16, 29 Apr 2004 (UTC)

About Treviño
In Treviño, on Burgos province, Basque language is not spoken anyplace. falafel — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.2.247.116 (talk) 22:26, 18 October 2012 (UTC)

Capital
An anonymous party wrote that Castile-Leon has no official capital. Is this true? Explanation please? - Montréalais

It´s absolutely false, the official capital of Castile and Leon, since the creation of this autonomous community is Valladolid. I´ve not heard anything about another capital.

Absoluty false?? Have you read the statut of autonomy???? Please, read the statut of autonomy of Castile and Leon. Doesn't exist an official capital, only it's recognize a distribution of institutions. Valladolid: Government and Parliament; Burgos: Superior Court of Justice; León/Llión: Ombudsman

Hi!

I'm a citizens of Castile and León, also I'm studing Castile and León law. This region haven't got any capital. The Statut of Autonomy says that "a regional law will choose a capital for Castile and León", but for different issues this law was not write. Valladolid is the city where it is the building of Gobermenet and Parliament, Burgos the Superior Court of Justice, León the Ombudsman and in Zamora the Court of Auditors and Accounting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.243.236.10 (talk) 19:40, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

I forgot sign the last commentary --Lokifuris (talk) 19:42, 26 November 2012 (UTC)

Llión en Llionés
I think the issue of displaying the alternate names of Castiella-Llión is in order, such is the leonese name of their own country whether or not has "official" recognition. Entries for spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla has it, in both arabic and berber, "unoffical" languages but widely spoken. I think is encyclopedic refers to a local language name and is insulting and discriminative not to.

castilla y Leon has not an official capital, please change the information or at least say that pucela is only the unofficial captal in the practise —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.1.40.75 (talk) 12:50, 12 October 2007 (UTC)

Demonym
Has anyone ever heard of a demonym in English? I don't think one really exists, beyond "Castilian" or "Leonese" (both inaccurate). Google gets just over 100 results for "Castilian-Leonese", which is the best for any possibility I could think of. The currently listed direct translation from Spanish is not correct. Ak13 20:27, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

It's impossible to be castilian-leonese. Castile is a territory and León another one. Persons are castilians or are leoneses but not castilian-leonese. In the last reform of the Statut of Autonomy, the gentilician castilian-leonese was eliminated. It doesn't recognize today.

Castile-Leon vs. Castile and Leon
I'm from Castile, and in Spanish official name is Castilla y León.

You can look Google: Castile-Leon: 64.200 entries Castile and Leon: 155.000 entries

I believe that he is suggesting that this page be moved to "Castile and Leon," in which case I second that motion. The direct translation of Castilla y Leon is Castile and Leon. Plus, if google returns more hits on the latter that is probably the better location. -Diabolic 23:27, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

I think the title is not correct. The Spanish name is Castilla y León, and the translation is Castile and Lion; but it has no sense to write half of the title in Spanish and the other one in English. From my point of view, the right title should be Castilla y León —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.226.30.60 (talk) 16:48, 17 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Agreed, the half English, half Spanish name is nonsense. Jezhotwells (talk) 03:16, 11 August 2010 (UTC)

communication
"The main airports of the neighbouring regions of Asturias and Madrid (Barajas) are close as well, if not yet with a direct communication through public transportation."

What, exacly, qualifies as direct communication through public transport? I Took a taxi from Barajas to the Chamartín train station, and from there rode directly into Valladolid, the Capital of Castilla y León. Does there have to be a train station IN the airport? -Diabolic 23:25, 20 April 2006 (UTC)

Large revert
I would just like to mention here that I reverted about 8 edits by 136.244.51.218 as copyright violations from here and various pages such as this one from [www.turismocastillayleon.com], so there is no confusion about whether my revert may have been accidental. —M e ts501 talk 02:02, 9 May 2006 (UTC)

You picky people
Hi just to say, that it seems you are really bloody picky bunch of people. Why you don't respect the local spelling and just call it Castilla y León, and their peoples Castellanos and Leoneses? i can't see the need to translate proper nouns to any language, apart from that of wanting to be above - Please, Respect. Cheers. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.241.4.121 (talk • contribs)
 * So what do you call Chinese people in Spanish? yes, they certainly should not be called "chino" anymore....don't you agree??? Every language has a way to call things, countries and people from places. I think this issue has been dealt with so many times here in Wiki... so it has nothing to do with respect. **anon**
 * Because this is the English Wiki, and we require English names, etc., as primary (with native names following in brackets, when appropriate.)50.111.5.54 (talk) 23:08, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

Incorrect link
The link named "regional High Court" directs to the Cortes Generales with which it has got nothing to do whatsoever. I don't know if the correct page exists; if not, I suggest the link be removed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.49.252.104 (talk) 20:10, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

Statistics, citation, etc.
I've been bringing over masses of material from es-wiki, which I'm sure is a net improvement to the article, but the material is, in some cases, problematic. I've been doing my best to organize the material better than in the es-wiki (where, for example, one paragraph about demographics might be smack in the middle of the history section), to eliminate special pleading, to provide some context where I expect English-speaking readers will need it, etc.

However, there are at least two (related) problems I cannot readily solve:
 * 1) The material is woefully undercited throughout.
 * 2) The statistics are a hodgepodge (or, if you prefer, una olla podrida), with a maze of numbers from different dates, few of them clearly sourced, no way to know which numbers for parallel matters are comparable, etc.

In particular, the article effectively argues with itself as to whether the region's population is increasing or decreasing in the last decade or two. It is clear that the natural rate of increase is slightly negative due to an excess of deaths over births, but it is not clear whether immigration to the capitals and other major cities is outweighing emigration from the countryside and smaller towns, nor (if it is) whether it is outweighing it by enough to offset the negative natural rate of increase.

There is a lot of work someone could do here, but I hope that at least I am putting in the bones of a much better article than was here before.

I'm not done yet: as of this time there is still a lot more material to bring over. - Jmabel | Talk 20:11, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

 * OK, I'm now pretty much finished. I probably won't be watching the article closely; if someone wants to ask me anything about the material I added, please hit my user talk page. - 03:27, 2 December 2009 (UTC)

Link to Peta Jhensen
Es una gran puta de cojones con grandes tetas

Gonzaka (talk) 20:31, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

I think it's absurd to make such a comment. People could want to know about the football (soccer) player, no? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.251.103.18 (talk) 21:47, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Silver Way - Castile and Leon
The road called in English "Silver Way" is called "Ruta de la Plata" in Spanish not "Via de la Plata". I live about 1KM away.∼∼∼∼ — Preceding unsigned comment added by Richard.jamieson (talk • contribs) 19:47, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

A discussion with an unofficial coat of arms again
A user (a IP code) tried to change again the arms shown at article for an unofficial coat of arms designed by the Spanish Wikipedia group of heraldry. There was a disscusion about this months ago, this design is unofficial and not accepted in Engish Wikipedia as preferred or more acurate design like the Spanish Wikipedia, there users accepted the group designs as preferred and more correct. I told IP user war editions are banned and put this Dispute resolution in the message.

He told that it is an heraldic design. But there is a problem at the Castile and Leon goverment website only the logo has an official design, there are heralid version but no standarized, so only the logo design is officially correct:

The user asked for an heraldic design I put a version (obviously unofficial too) more used in English Wikipedia heraldic galleries and articles, the question was discussed as I told. If this user or other people won't agree again the objective solution would be the logotipe (the only emblem with a official design proved). --Heralder (talk) 23:22, 31 December 2013 (UTC)

 * I've done a careful reading of  and the Regional self-goverment Act L.O. 14/2007, Art. 6.  in both cases have a description of tinctures but no colors especifications (at the first link an official design is shown, a drawing and a photograph of a tapestry, the design is the same but colors change) so, according these sources only these files are totally correct (both descriptions and design)

--Heralder (talk) 01:12, 2 January 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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article needs clean-up
I've corrected a few grammar errors, and tagged the history section as being largely unreferenced. I appreciate the editors of (probable) Hispanic origin that have contributed to the article, but there are several instances of unintelligible English here and there. I'm going to do a little more work here, but the SME's need to step in and give this one a thorough going-over. Thanks.50.111.5.54 (talk) 23:06, 16 April 2020 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of "Template:Largest cities of Castile and León"
Template:Largest cities of Castile and León has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the entry on the Templates for discussion page. --Triggerhippie4 (talk) 09:38, 6 December 2021 (UTC)

Duero/Douro river
Hi all. Is there a reason why the river Duero is constantly called Douro throughout the article? If we're talking about a Spanish region surely we should employ the river's Spanish name as well, rather than the Portuguese version.

I took the liberty of editing the references that were not parts of links, for fear of messing those up.

Thanks for your attention. 2.155.23.138 (talk) 17:38, 16 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Douro seems to be the usual name in English. --Jotamar (talk) 23:17, 24 January 2023 (UTC)
 * In addition of being the Portuguese-language name, Douro seems to be also the traditional English-language name for the river. However, use of the name Duero in a Spanish context (presumably when dealing with circumstances pertaining locations on the Spanish part of the river course) is not unheard of in recent English-language sources. If in order to apply certain flexibility, a new consensus needs to be reached (does it?), I suggest to start getting some feedback in the talk page of the article Duero. The first step is to bold the name Duero in the opening statement of the article Duero (I think I am going to do that myself).--Asqueladd (talk) 12:37, 28 January 2023 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:47, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Castile and León Product Exports (2020).svg

Basque in Treviño
So it may be that some Basque speakers have moved to Treviño from elsewhere but it doesn't actually say in the source that that is the source of all the Basque speakers in Teviño, reading that into it is OR/interpretation. In addition, while access to education locally seems limited in Treviño, bilingual Spanish/Basque education models are on offer (see and the local government has a Basque service  so the situation is clearly not the same as Basque speakers moving to Madrid. Akerbeltz (talk) 12:26, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It indeed does look like original research. But anyways, what's the point on all this? We are talking about your regular Spanish rural place of tiny (<2,000) and aging autochthonous population. Bluntly speaking, if it were not for exogenous reasons, there would be little to no kids to speak of (or be educated). Here there is a mention about the presence of a Basque-language school in the enclave owing its existence to couples from Vitoria moving (and commuting from) there . Here the very same Basque vice-minister of Language Policy (Mrs. Lourdes Auzmendi) acknowledges that the increasing number of Basque-speakers in Treviño is due "in large part" to migration. p.6 so the situation is clearly not the same as Basque speakers moving to Madrid Perhaps not, but what's exactly the point you are trying to make here.--Asqueladd (talk) 14:12, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * It's not OR since the same document in the ref I provided (which I think is the same in the previous ref, only in Spanish instead of Basque) clearly says that there is a connection between Basques settling in the enclave and the rate of Basque speakers increasing (not just the number but also the rate), plus my wording doesn't say or imply that all the speakers were born in the Basque Country. --Jotamar (talk) 15:36, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

 * The point is that given the complicated history of Treviño (historically part of the Basque province of Álava), it's not unreasonable to mention Basque speakers in the Languages section. But I got reverted and accused of falling prey to nationalist propaganda. I'm very well aware that in the south of Álava (including Treviño) there were no more native local Basque speakers left and that any speakers will either have moved there OR are locals who acquired Basque as adults or via the education system. But if they live there, there is no good reason not to mention them, especially if Bulgarian speakers warrant a mention... Akerbeltz (talk) 16:13, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yet this is an article about Castile and León and not about the enclave of Treviño. And what's about Bulgarian? There are presumably more Bulgarian speakers in Castile and León than Basque speakers, with a national community in Castile and León over tenfold the population of Treviño . The source mentions those three (Bulgarian, Romanian, and Arabic) as examples of important immigrant languages . I get that that does not matter to you, as the case you seem to be making is that Basque is not an immigrant language in that tiny 2,000 inhabitants minuscule fraction of the region.--Asqueladd (talk) 16:50, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * You're not explaining why my last edition is OR. --Jotamar (talk) 16:53, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

Last time I looked, Treviño is formally part of Castile and León, so the population (and thus the languages) of Treviño are those of Castile and León. It's like an article about the UK mentioning Scottish Gaelic... It's OR because you cannot derive from the source that ALL the speakers of Basque in Treviño have recently moved there. Akerbeltz (talk) 17:22, 25 May 2024 (UTC)
 * The idea that I am getting from Akerbeltz (and correct me if I am wrong but I consider that the user conveys a sizeable part of their rationale here through ellisions ("especially if Bulgarian speakers warrant a mention...") and unexplained statements ("the situation is clearly not the same as Basque speakers moving to Madrid") is that Basque should warrant a mention over the likes of Bulgarian in the language section not because of what sources state vis-à-vis the size of language communities in Castile and León, but because the history of that small fraction of the territory (Treviño) is complicated and because Basque is not necessarily an immigrant language there but an autochtonous one. The former is at best a special pleading and the latter is moot, with some sources suggesting that the increasing number of Basque speakers is connected to immigration. I don't have much of an settled opinion other than Treviño is not that important from a demographic standpoint in the context of the whole region covered by the article, so caution about any intrinsic notability of data pertaining that territory might apply. Basque has also been taught in the considerably bigger Miranda de Ebro, by the way.--Asqueladd (talk) 17:25, 25 May 2024 (UTC)

I was expecting further input in this discussion, and then I forgot about it. The text as it stands now is unacceptable, it gives the general reader a completely wrong idea. In addition, not even a proposal for an alternative wording has been offered. Even though the question about Basque language in Treviño is of a very low relevance for anyone who is not a Basque nationalist, I don't think deleting the text is the best option, since it will be reinstated sooner or later, the conquest of Treviño seems to be among the top priorities of Basque nationalism right now. Since the text for such minute information can't be very long, I'll write a note instead. --Jotamar (talk) 19:38, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Castile and León


text:
Talk:Sloop

More material needed. For instance:

Control lines Stays Masthead vz 4/5 etc

Also, the History section must be verified and supplemented.

-- Egil 07:58 Feb 11, 2003 (UTC)

The Bluenose was a fishing schooner. What's it doing here? -- Ed Milne Oct 19, 2003

I cleaned up the section on Jamaican Sloops. The rambling and grammar was pretty bad, so I tried to make it more cohesive, linear and encyclopedic (it sounded somewhat juvenile, or translated from a foreign language). None of the other sections seemed quite so egregious, but I'm sure the whole article could use an overhaul. The Cap'n (talk) 19:48, 17 February 2011 (UTC)

Too difficult to understand
This may be OK for sailors, but not for lay people. The opening sentences are baffling. Readers cannot be expected to click on so many links to find definitions of the terms -- it would be an almost never-ending story. It needs to be understandable in itself, with the links available for more detailed information. Please could someone in the know fix this? APW (talk) 15:07, 27 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Pawebster's points taken, I will endeavor to address them. That having been said, I must acknowledge that this, as it stands now on the 4th of September, 2009, is one of the hands-down best-written articles I've yet seen on Wikipedia. To whomever is the original author, my hat is off to you. rowley (talk) 18:00, 4 September 2009 (UTC)

Modern?
I'm having trouble with the concept of calling a sloop "modern" when it dates back hundreds of years. In general modern is associated with the latest and greatest and there are many experiments going on in completely different sail designs. I'm trying to think of anything else we call modern that is this this old.Pbmaise (talk) 06:21, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

The meaning of words evolve. I am not yet 50 years old, and I believe that the meaning of sloop has changed in my lifetime. When I was learning to sail in the early '70s, I was taught that the difference between a sloop and a cutter was the placement of the single mast. A cutter was a single masted sailboat where the distance between the bow and the mast was more than 40% of the overall length. By this definition, at least 3 of the 8 modern fiberglass sailboats that I have owned (including a Cal 25, a Ranger 26, and a Santa Cruz 27) were cutters. However, in modern terminology all of these boats would be considered sloops since none of them carry more than one headsail. I believe the design feature that now differentiates a cutter from a sloop is an inner forestay on which a second headsail is carried. On further reflection, I believe that the definition of "cutter" that was taught to me in the early '70s was already obsolete.

I would propose changing the headings to reflect a modern definition, an early 20th century definition (the 40% rule), and a historical definition. The early 20th century definition solves the problem of the friendship sloop.

As for the historical definition, I would point out that it had more to do with the size of the vessel than the sailing rig. If the historical novels of Patrick O'Brien are accurate, a small, square rigged, two-masted or 3-masted warship would sometimes be properly called a sloop. O'Brien even made the point that the difference between a sloop of war and some other ship of war (such as perhaps a frigate) depended not only on the vessel itself but sometimes on the rank of her commander. This would best be covered under a separate article for "sloop of war". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Steverlou (talk • contribs) 07:44, 12 December 2011 (UTC)
 * All good points. A historian (which I am not) would, I believe, consider "modern" to be anything from the renaissance to present day, whilst what was "modern" in 2011 may already be out of date in 2019! Best avoid the vexatious word altogether and as Steverlou suggests be specific: e.g. "early 20th century" or even "by 1980 [add cite] a sloop was defined strictly by number of headsails". See also my comment on Sloops vs Cutters below.  D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 13:46, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

Sloops vs Cutters
"Ultimately, the position of the mast is the most important factor in determining whether a ship is classified as a sloop." I disagree. The distinction is solely a matter of the number of headsails; and the mast position is simply a function of that fact. For example, some catamaran sloops have a huge genoa foresail and a tiny mainsail, while others have a more conventional small jib; and the mast is moved forward or aft in consequence. Arrivisto (talk) 00:06, 6 September 2012 (UTC)
 * Like Steverlou (above) I was taught that a cutter is defined by mast position; that in turn determines the number of headsails that may conveniently be carried. Clearly, local usage varies, and the terminology is evolving. Here on Vaancouver Island an acquaintance owns a cutter-rigged sloop. To further muddy the waters, the body of the article describes a particular sloop with multiple headsails; presumably, such a vessel is a sloop either by its mast position or by mere convention. D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 14:02, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

 * A further thought occurs to me: We define a yawl, ketch and schooner by the number & position of masts. Why would a sloop be different? There are many pictures online of classic Bermuda sloops with 2 or more headsails. --D Anthony Patriarche (talk) 00:50, 27 February 2019 (UTC)

Clarification and Citation Needed
Please clarify: "In the USA a sloop may have one, two or three head-sails forward of the mast—the term cutter not generally being used for sailboats. In the rest of the English speaking world, a sloop has only one head-sail and if a vessel has two or more head-sails, she is termed a 'cutter' and its mast may be set further aft than on a sloop." Also, a citation is needed that references the cultural differences in the naming of these vessels. PriestAB (talk) 17:59, 28 March 2013 (UTC)

Sidestay?
“A sloop has a simple system of mast stays—a forestay, backstay, and sidestays.” I need to be careful here because I am no authority on nautical terms but I haven't come across the term "sidestay" before. It is clear what is meant. Is it the standard in some particular region? I have looked up the term in a number of dictionaries and such as “en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms#S” and I can't find a single example of it. I have changed it to the standard “shroud”. PeterColdridge (talk) 22:25, 2 November 2015 (UTC) If you google sidestay several retails mention adjusters for "sidestays". I prefer shroud but sidestay is not wrong.

Modern Naval Definition
This section claims a sloop is intermediate between a corvette and a frigate. However the use of the sloop designation by the Royal Navy in the 20th Century occurred during a period when the corvette and frigate definitions were out of use, and in fact corvette and frigate were specifically reintroduced to cover vessels that didn't clearly fit the sloop designations - first the whaler derived Flower Class Corvettes (WWII), then the River class Frigates (initially Fast Corvettes). So corvette and frigate can be defined from sloop, but not vice-versa. Ultimately the RN's 1945 Sloop requirement was retitled the 1945 Frigate (see Friedman's British Destroyers and Frigates), so the claim that Frigates are larger is problematical. A better definition might link to the definitions of auxiliary vessels in the various interwar naval treaties - no more than 4 guns of less than 6", speed of no greater than 20 knots, drawing a distinction between the RN's use of the classification for Ocean and Coastal Escorts and Minesweepers, while France and Portugal, for instance, used the same provision for colonial patrol vessels under the Aviso name. And of course using 'Modern Naval Definition' as the title for a section describing a classification that went out of use in the 1950s is problematical.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Sloop


text:
Academy Honorary Award

The Academy Honorary Award – instituted in 1950 for the 23rd Academy Awards (previously called the Special Award, which was first presented at the 1st Academy Awards in 1929) – is given annually by the Board of Governors of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Since 2009, it has been presented at the separate annual Governors Awards rather than at the regular Academy Awards ceremony. The Honorary Award celebrates motion picture achievements that are not covered by existing Academy Awards, although prior winners of competitive Academy Awards are not excluded from receiving the award.

Unless otherwise specified, Honorary Award recipients receive the same gold Oscar statuettes received by winners of the competitive Academy Awards. Unlike the Special Achievement Award instituted in 1972, those on whom the Academy confers its Honorary Award do not have to meet "the Academy's eligibility year and deadline requirements".

Like the Special Achievement Award, the Special Award and Honorary Award have been used to reward significant achievements of the year that did not fit in existing categories, subsequently leading the Academy to establish several new categories, and to honor exceptional career achievements, contributions to the motion picture industry, and service to the Academy.

Recipients
Years for which the Special Award and Honorary Award recipients received their awards and the annual Academy Awards ceremonies at which they received them provided within parentheses throughout (as pertinent) follow this information for recipients listed in the Official Academy Award Database and Web-based official AMPAS documents.

Bob Hope was honored on four separate occasions.

title: Academy Honorary Award


text:
Talk:Names of China

Aksai Chin
Aksai Chin (a Hindi name) is a region that India claims over China as a part of India. Given that the Hindi name for China is Chin, doesn't the name Aksai Chin actually give the game away because even in Hindi the region is named as a part of China? 81.129.180.47 (talk) 00:40, 27 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Chinatowns are named after China. Does that mean all Chinatowns are part of China? --Voidvector (talk) 22:17, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

Ming era views of Zhongguo
http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/bitstream/1808/13656/1/Dardess%20Mongols.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by Rajmaan (talk) 14:04, 26 July 2014

Sinica listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Sinica. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 18:50, 16 July 2019 (UTC)

"Chin" didn't always refer to China in other language
I want to point out historically "Chin" didn't always refer to China in other languages, even though its etymology was clearly from "Qin" even at the time. See the article about the Urdu poem Tarana-e-Milli. --Voidvector (talk) 22:19, 10 January 2020 (UTC)

Tibet
Why doesn't Tibet link to anything? There is a Tibetan Autonomous Region Wiki that it could redirect to. 2601:1C2:F00:940:947:8332:7469:6BD8 (talk) 15:03, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

Characters not properly rendered
Some characters (found here would it be possible to add a notification about text rendering? I am not familiar with how to do this, so would anyone be able to fix this issue? 165.161.20.33 (talk) 15:49, 12 April 2022 (UTC)

Etymologies for sign languages
I added a section regarding sign language names for China, and pointed out that Hong Kong & Taiwan SL have unrelated signs—can anyone point out where those come from? Also, a handful of languages have other unrelated signs—what about those? I suspect the Polish and Turkish ones (see Spread the Sign) indicate a Mandarin’s long mustache…? שונרא (talk) 14:29, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

Removing exhaustive translations
Since WP:Wikipedia is not a dictionary, I will be removing the exhaustive lists of translations for each name. They are fun, but ultimately not helpful for the vast majority of readers. Let me know if you have any concerns. Remsense 诉  03:31, 13 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Names of China


text:
Sorani

Sorani Kurdish (کرمانجیی خواروو, Kurmancîy Xwarû),  also known as Central Kurdish, is a Kurdish dialect   or a language  spoken in Iraq, mainly in Iraqi Kurdistan, as well as the provinces of Kurdistan, Kermanshah, and West Azerbaijan in western Iran. Sorani is one of the two official languages of Iraq, along with Arabic, and is in administrative documents simply referred to as "Kurdish".

The term Sorani, named after the Soran Emirate, is used especially to refer to a written, standardized form of Central Kurdish written in the Sorani alphabet developed from the Arabic alphabet in the 1920s by Sa'ed Sidqi Kaban and Taufiq Wahby.

History
Tracing back the historical changes of Sorani is difficult. No predecessors of Kurdish are yet known from Old and Middle Iranian times. The extant Kurdish texts may be traced back to no earlier than the 16th century CE. Sorani originates from the Silêmanî region.

1700s–1918
The oldest written literature in Sorani is reported to have been Mehdîname (the book of Mahdi) from 1762 by Mulla Muhammed ibn ul Haj. Sorani thus only emerged as a written language after the decline of the Gorani vernacular, the Ardalan state and the rise of Baban around Silêmanî. During the Baban era, Sorani emerged as an important literary vernacular and many poets such as Nalî wrote in Sorani despite being proficient in Arabic and Persian. Nalî mentioned that he wrote in Sorani knowing his poetry might not receive the same dissemination as it might have done in the more prestigious Arabic or Persian. Contemporaries of Nalî like Salim and Mustefa Bêgî Kurdî also wrote in Sorani and their writings would become the foundation for the standard variety of Sorani. When the Baban dynasty was overthrown in 1850, the golden era of Sorani ended and poets including Nalî left the Silêmanî region. Hacî Qadirî Koyî continued the tradition of writing in Sorani and lamented the lack of promotion of Sorani among the Kurdish clergy and called those who did not do so 'bastards'. Beside Koyi, Riza Talebanî also promoted Sorani as a literary language.

Prior to the 20th century, only three non-poetic Sorani works are known to exist being Mewlûdname by Şêx Husên Qazî (1793-1871), a glossary of Arabic-Kurdish by Ehmedî from 1795 and a translation of the introduction to Gulistan by Saadi Shirazi.

The language of these works heavily relied on Arabic and Persian, which prevented Sorani from enjoying further progress besides being a literary language. Only after World War I did this change.

Besides poetry and the few other texts mentioned above, linguistic works on Sorani also existed. Leonard Chodźko wrote a sketch of the Silêmanî variety of Sorani in 1857; de Morgan wrote his "Etudea linguistiques: Dialectee Kurdea " in 1904, in which he compared eleven varieties of Kurdish to each other and with Persian and Sanskrit. Later, in 1903, Ely Bannister Soane published a learner textbook and vocabulary list on Sorani for British personnel in Kurdistan, while Oskar Mann wrote Die Mundart der Mukri Kurden containing a grammar sketch of the Sorani variety of Mukriyan in 1906. Lastly, Ludvig Olsen Fossum published a grammar book in 1919 based on the Sorani variety spoken around Mahabad.

1918–1930s
After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, much of the Sorani-speaking region came under British rule in present-day Iraq. Sorani subsequently became the language for prose, media, and journalism, and a distinct alphabet was created for the vernacular. Sorani also gained a kurdified vocabulary by the 1950s. The British began publishing periodicals in the language to mobilize Kurds, since the Sorani-speaking contingent of Iraq was more urbanized, better educated, and more inclined towards Kurdish nationalism than the Kurmanji-speaking population around Duhok. Such nationalism was promoted to prevent any Turkish takeover of Kirkuk and Mosul. To this end, the first government press in Sorani was established in Sulaymaniyah in 1920, which propelled Sorani into becoming a language of media, education, and administration. The government press had by 1923 published six books, 118 issues of the weekly publication Pêşkewtin (Progress), fourteen issues of Bangî Kurdistan (The Call of Kurdistan), and sixteen issues of Rojî Kurdistan (The Day of Kurdistan). The period also saw the publication of Sorani works for schools, and courts began using the language as well. In 1923, Taufiq Wahby was instructed to produce school books in Sorani by the Iraqi government, and his modified orthography for the language would be implemented as the official Sorani script in school textbooks two decades later. His orthography included purging the Arabic letters (ث/ذ/ص/ض/ط/ظ) and creating the new letters (پ/ژ/چ/گ/ڤ/ڕ/ڵ/وو//ێ). Wahby also supported switching to the Latin alphabet, but this idea was not accepted by the literary society or the state.

In the 1930s, the League of Nations urged Iraq to draft a law guaranteeing the use of the Kurdish language. The authorities reluctantly agreed, but the British knew the law would not be implemented once they left Iraq. This pushed the British to implement the law themselves in May 1931, which made Kurdish an official language in the governorates of Sulaymaniyah, Kirkuk, and Erbil. Kurds were, however, dissatisfied, since Kurdish was only allowed to be used in elementary schools and Iraq had fully arabized the education and administration systems in Kirkuk and Mosul. In subsequent years, linguistic rights for Kurds were either ignored or reluctantly implemented.

The development of Sorani was slow in Iran and faced many challenges. The earliest use of the language was during the Simko Shikak revolt of 1918 to 1922, which saw the use of Sorani side by side with Kurmanji as official languages in the area controlled by the rebels. After the defeat of the revolt, formal use of Sorani ceased until 1946. During the rule of Reza Shah from 1925 to 1941, Iran was extremely centralist and Persian was dominant to the detriment of other languages. A decree issued by the government in 1935 suppressed Kurdish and marked its end as a written language. Only a dozen handwritten poetic manuscripts in Sorani exist from this period, including works by Hassan Saifulquzzat, Said Kamil Imani, and Khalamin Barzanji.

1940s–1950s
By the 1940s, the Silêmanî variant of Sorani had become the standard variant of Sorani and even Kurds in Iran accepted this. The 1940s also saw the use of Sorani in radio broadcasting which elevated its prestige but also the urgency in proficiency since it was linked to current events.

Iraq

The 1940s experienced an intermittent suppression of Kurdish but Sorani still succeeded in becoming considerably standardized by the end of the period. By the time the 14 July Revolution took place in 1958, Sorani had incorporated the norms of a standard language which had given it legitimacy. During the new Iraqi Republic from 1958 to 1968, the number of journals in Sorani increased fast and a Kurdish department was established at the University of Baghdad and moreover a Directorate General of Kurdish Studies was established to answer the growing Kurdish demands for mother tongue education.

In 1960, the first Sorani-Arabic dictionary was published.

Iran

After the ousting of Reza Shah in 1941 and the Anglo-Soviet occupation of Iran, nationalist movements among Kurds gained strength and Sorani became the formal language again, especially in Mukriyan where the Komeley Jiyanewey Kurd (KJK) used it as their official language. Sorani was also introduced in schools, administration and in mosques. Kurds in Iraq aided with this, for example by exporting school books to Iran. Language planning was also in the works but rudimentary. When the Republic of Mahabad fell, formal use of Sorani also ceased in Iran, however the new Pahlavi state under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi would become more tolerant than that of Reza Shah. Researcher Hassanpour argues that the reason for this was the vulnerability of the new central government which had to approach the Kurds more relaxed. For this, some developments did take place including the publication of periodicals in Sorani but also state-sponsored radio broadcasting and teaching Kurdish at the University of Tehran.

In the 1950s, the Iranian authorities began restricting and controlling the tolerance towards Kurdish which continued towards the Iranian Revolution in 1979. No positive rights were given and any written use was controlled. However, the restrictions had to be loosen since Kurds in Iran were receiving radio broadcasting from Iraq and Soviet Armenia. Iran thus allowed for limited radio broadcasting in Mahabad, Sanandaj and Kermanshah which legitimized and popularized Sorani further.

1960s–1980s
Iraq

The Kurdish Scientific Academy was established in Baghdad in 1968 which devoted a significant part of their job to develop neologisms, grammar books, writing style guide-lines, a modified orthography and research in linguistics subjects. The Kurdistan Democratic Party and its media also used Sorani as their official language despite its leader Mustefa Barzanî being a Kurmanji-speaker. Despite the deterioration of relations between the Kurds and Iraq in the 1970s, the state still sponsored the implementation of Sorani as language in secondary schools. However, this ended by 1978 when the Iraqi authorities embarked on an Arabization to quell Kurdish nationalism. On this, Hassanpour wrote in 1992 that:

"Language-related aspects of Arabization include, among other things, the Arabization of Kurdish schools in the Autonomous region; the dissolution of the Kurdish Academy in 1978 and the formation of a ‘Kurdish corporation’ within the Iraqi Scientific Academy (the policy was to replace ‘Kurdish’ by ‘Iraqi’ in the name of organizations, institutions and unions); the removal of Sulaymanya University from Sulaymaniya, main center of Kurdish nationalism, to Arbil and partial Arabization of its faculty and curriculum; and the Arabization of Kurdish geographical names."Sorani continued as the main language in elementary and secondary schools in Iraqi Kurdistan. In the 1980s, the state sponsored publications in Sorani despite warring with the Kurds.

Iran

In the 1960s, schooling in Kurdish or teaching Kurdish was unthinkable, even in private. However, the University of Tehran began offering two courses in Kurdish even though one had to refrain from discussing Kurdish and had to call it a 'dialect'. The policy of the Pahlavi state in regard to Kurdish was like that of safety valve where rights were restricted when the state felt threatened. After the Iranian Revolution in 1979, the new Iranian constitution was ambiguous towards Kurdish but the new regime discouraged the use of Sorani both in private and in public. Limited media in Sorani was allowed in the subsequent years. The policy of safety valve continued throughout the 1980s.

1990s
Iraq

Kurdistan Region Parliament passed a provisional constitution in 1992 making Kurdish the official language of Kurdistan Region. 'Kurdish' would refer to Sorani which also became the language of instruction in Kurmanji– and Gorani–speaking areas until these linguistic communities demanded education in Kurmanji and Gorani, respectively. Sorani ceased as language of instruction in these areas in the mid-2000s. In 1997, the Kurdistan Sciency Academy was established in Erbil with the goal of creating a unitary language in the autonomous region.

Iran

More leniency was given towards Kurdish, especially Sorani Kurdish in the 1990s, but use of Sorani in administration and education was still not allowed. The debate on mother tongue education entered the public sphere in the 2000s.

2000s–2010s
World Wide Web has had a significant impact on Sorani as thousands of Sorani-speakers have gotten free access to literature. It also became easier to listen to radio and watch television. The Internet moreover fostered the use of Sorani in Iran and the diaspora, where the language had no official status.

Orthography remains a challenge for Sorani. In Iraq, Sorani orthography is moving towards being based on a single morpheme while Sorani-speakers in Iran make longer words. An example is the word to review which can be spelled both pêdaçûnewe and pê da çûnewe.

Arabic and Persian words continue to be purged from written Sorani and are getting replaced by neologisms. Conversely, Sorani is borrowing words from the English language.

Iraq

After the fall of Saddam Hussein in 2003, Iraq declared Sorani Kurdish as the official language of the country beside Arabic. The first section of Article 4 secures this. In 2006, Duhok began using Kurmanji as their official language as a way of resisting Sorani. Fearing the loss of hegemony, 53 academics, writers and poets pushed the Kurdish Parliament to declare Sorani as the official language of the autonomous region. This attempt failed multiple times and Kurmanji remains the official Kurdish language in Duhok. In the 2010s, criticism arose due to the quality of the Sorani school textbooks, media texts and signage. In 2011, two journalism professors from Salahaddin University criticized the state of Sorani in Kurdistan Region which could affect its use among the people. They also expressed dismay over the method of the Parliament in using the language, since the institution wrote their bills and laws in Arabic and then translated to Sorani.

Iran

More flexibility was shown to Kurdish in the mid-2000s by the reformists, likely to win the Kurdish vote. Kurds used the opportunity and began publishing more in Sorani, set up private language learning courses and also advocated for the implementation of Article 15 of the Constitution which would allow the use of regional languages. The use of Sorani in Iran has since then been revitalized by Kurdish book publishers like Mang. Nonetheless, the use of Sorani in the public school system is not supported by Iranian nationalists and conservatives who believe it could damage the unity of the nation-state.

Writing system
Sorani is mostly written with a modified version of the Arabic alphabet. The Latin-based Hawar Alphabet is also used increasingly, and there have been discussions about its adoption.

In the Sorani writing system almost all vowels are always written as separate letters. This is in contrast to the original Arabic writing system and most other writing systems developed from it, in which certain vowels (usually "short" vowels) are shown by diacritics above and under the letters, and usually omitted.

The other major point of departure of the Sorani writing system from other Arabic-based systems is that the Arabic letters that represent sounds that are non-existent in Sorani are usually (but not always) replaced by letters that better represent their Kurdish pronunciation.

Media and education
Iraq is the only country in which a Kurdish language has enjoyed official or semi-official rights during the last few decades. Kurdish media outlets in Iraq mushroomed during the 1990s, spurred by the semi-autonomous status the region has enjoyed since the uprising against the Saddam regime in 1991. The use of Kurdish in media and education is prevalent in Iraqi Kurdistan. Seven of the top 10 TV stations viewed by Iraqi Kurds are Kurdish-language stations, and the use of Arabic in Kurdistan schools has decreased to the extent that the number of Iraqi Kurds who speak Arabic fluently has dropped significantly over the past decades.

Some Kurdish media in Iraq seem to be aiming for constructing a cross-border Kurdish identity. The Kurdish-language satellite channel Kurdistan TV (KTV), owned by the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), for example, employs techniques that expose audiences to more than one Kurdish variety in the same show or program. It has been suggested that continuous exposure to different Kurdish varieties on KTV and other satellite television stations might make Kurdish varieties increasingly mutually intelligible.

In Iran, state-sponsored regional TV stations air programs in both Kurdish and Persian. Kurdish press are legally allowed in Iran, but there have been many reports of a policy of banning Kurdish newspapers and arresting Kurdish activists.

Phonology
Sorani has 9 phonemic vowels and 26 to 28 phonemic consonants (depending on whether the pharyngeal sounds /ħ/ and /ʕ/ are counted or not).

Vowels
The following table contains the vowels of Sorani. Vowels in parentheses are not phonemic, but have been included in the table below because of their ubiquity in the language. Letters in the Sorani alphabet take various forms depending on where they occur in the word. Forms given below are letters in isolation.

Some vowel alternations and notes
The vowel [æ] is sometimes pronounced as [ə] (the sound found in the first syllable of the English word "above"). This sound change takes place when [æ] directly precedes [w] or when it is followed by the sound [j] (like English "y") in the same syllable. If it, instead, precedes [j] in a context where [j] is a part of another syllable it is pronounced [ɛ] (as in English "bet").

The vowels [o] and [e], both of which have slight off-glides in English, do not possess these off-glides in Sorani.

Consonants
Letters in the Sorani alphabet take various forms depending on where they occur in the word. Forms given below are letters in isolation.

An important allophonic variation concerns the two velar sounds /k/ and /g/. Similar to certain other languages of the region (e.g. Turkish and Persian), these consonants are strongly palatalized before the close and mid front vowels (/i/ and /e/) in Central Kurdish.

Syllable
Sorani allows both complex onsets (e.g. spî: "white", kwêr: "blind") and complex codas (e.g. ferş: "carpet"). However, the two members of the clusters are arranged in such a way that, in all cases, the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) is preserved. In many loanwords, an epenthetic vowel is inserted to resyllabify the word, omitting syllables that have codas that violate SSP. Originally mono-syllabic words such as /hazm/ ("digestion") and /zabt/ ("record") therefore become /hɛ.zɪm/ and /zɛ.bɪt/ respectively.

Primary stress always falls on the last syllable in nouns, but in verbs its position differs depending on tense and aspect. Some have suggested the existence of an alternating pattern of secondary stress in syllables in Sorani words.

Absolute state
A noun in the absolute state occurs without any suffix, as it would occur in a vocabulary list or dictionary entry. Absolute state nouns receive a generic interpretation, as in "qawe reş e." ("Coffee is black.") and "befr spî ye." ("Snow is white").

Indefinite state
Indefinite nouns receive an interpretation like English nouns preceded by a, an, some, or any.

Several modifiers may only modify nouns in the indefinite state. This list of modifiers includes: Nouns in the indefinite state take the following endings: A few examples are given below showing how nouns are made indefinite:
 * çend [ʧɛnd] "a few"
 * hemû [hɛmu] "every"
 * çî [ʧi] "what"
 * her [hɛɾ] "each"
 * ... i zor [ɪ zoɾ] "many"
 * پیاو piyaw 'man' > پیاوێک piyawêk 'a man'
 * نامه name 'letter' > نامه‌یه‌ک nameyek 'a letter'
 * پیاو piyaw 'man' > پیاوان piyawan '(some) men'
 * ده‌رگا derga 'door' > ده‌رگایان dergayan '(some) doors'

Definite state
Definite nouns receive an interpretation like English nouns preceded by the.

Nouns in the definite state take the following endings: When a noun stem ending with [i] is combined with the definite state suffix the result is pronounced [ekɛ] ( i + eke → ekɛ)

Verbs
Like many other Iranian languages, verbs have a present stem and a past stem in Sorani. The present simple tense, for example, is composed of the aspect marker "de" ("e" in Sulaymaniyah dialect) followed by the present stem followed by a suffixed personal ending. This is shown in the example below with the verb نووسین / nûsîn ("to write"), the present stem of which is نووس / nûs. Note that the personal endings are identical for the second person plural (Plural "you") and third person plural ("they").

Similarly, the simple past verb is created using the past stem of the verb. The following example shows the conjugation of the intransitive verb هاتن hatin ("to come") in the simple past tense. The past stem of "hatin" is "hat". Sorani is claimed by some to have split ergativity, with an ergative-absolutive arrangement in the past tense for transitive verbs. Others, however, have cast doubt on this claim, noting that the Sorani Kurdish past may be different in important ways from a typical ergative-absolutive arrangement. In any case, the transitive past tense in Sorani is special in that the agent affix looks like the possessive pronouns and usually precedes the verb stem (similar to how accusative pronouns in other tenses). In the following example, the transitive verb نووسین / nûsîn ("to write") is conjugated in the past tense, with the object "name" ("letter"). The past stem of the verb is "nûsî". Note in the example above that the clitics attaching to the objects are otherwise interpreted as possessive pronouns. The combination "name-m" therefore is translated as "my letter" in isolation, "name-t" as "your letter", and so on.

The agent affix is a clitic that must attach to a preceding word/morpheme. If the verb phrase has words other than the verb itself (as in the above example), it attaches to first word in the verb phrase. If no such pre-verbal matter exists, it attaches to the first morpheme of the verb. In the progressive past, for example, where the aspect marker "de" precedes the verb stem, the clitic attaches to "de".

title: Sorani


text:
Mid-Atlantic (United States)

The Mid-Atlantic is a region of the United States located in the overlap between the Northeastern and Southeastern states of the United States. Its exact definition differs upon source, but the region typically includes Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia with other sources including or excluding other states or areas in the Northeast and Southeast. The region has its origin in the Middle Colonies of the 18th century, its states being among the Thirteen Colonies of pre-revolutionary British America. As of the 2020 census, the region had a population of 60,783,913, representing slightly over 18% of the nation's population.

The Mid-Atlantic region played an instrumental and historic role in the nation's founding and the development of the nation. Each of the seven states were members of the Thirteen Colonies that sent delegates to the Second Continental Congress, which assembled in Philadelphia and unanimously adopted the Declaration of Independence, and formalized the Continental Army under George Washington's command during the American Revolutionary War. Following independence, the states again gathered in Philadelphia at the Constitutional Convention, in 1788, where they ratified the United States Constitution, which remains the oldest and longest-standing written and codified national constitution in force in the world.

The Mid-Atlantic region was settled during the colonial era between the early 17th century and the conclusion of the American Revolutionary War in 1783 by European Americans of primarily Dutch, German, Swedish, English, and other Western European ethnicities. Religious pluralism and freedoms existed in the original Thirteen Colonies and were particularly prevalent in Province of Pennsylvania and the geographic region that ultimately broke from Pennsylvania to form the Delaware Colony. Among the 13 colonies, the Province of Maryland was the only colony with a substantial Catholic population.

Following the American Revolutionary War, the Mid-Atlantic region hosted each of the historic capitals of the United States. The nation's capital was constructed in Washington, D.C. in the late 18th century, and relocated there from Philadelphia in 1800.

In the early part of the 19th century, New York and Pennsylvania overtook Virginia as the nation's two most populous states, and the Mid-Atlantic region overtook New England as the most important trading and industrial center in the nation. During this period, large numbers of German, Irish, Italian, Jewish, Polish, and other immigrants arrived in the region's coastal cities, including Baltimore, Newark, New York City, Philadelphia, and interior cities such as Pittsburgh, and Rochester, Albany, and Buffalo, with their skyscrapers and subways, which emerged as icons of modernity and American economic and cultural power in the 20th century.

In the late 19th century, the region played a vital and historic role in the development of American culture, commerce, trade, and industry sectors. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner labeled it "the typically American."

The Northeast Corridor and Interstate 95 in the region link an almost contiguous urban sprawl, which includes large and small cities and their respective suburbs and forms the Northeast megalopolis, one of the world's most important concentrations of finance, media, communications, education, medicine, and technology. The Mid-Atlantic is a relatively affluent region of the nation; nearly half of the nation's 100 highest-income counties based on median household income are located in the Mid-Atlantic, and 33 of the nation's top 100 counties based on per capita income are in the region. Most of the Mid-Atlantic states rank among the 15 highest-income states in the nation by both median household income and per capita income.

The region is home to eight of the top 25 ranked universities in the nation: Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, Columbia University and NYU in New York City, Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia according to U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking.

Composition
Definitions of the geographic components of the Mid-Atlantic region differ slightly among sources. Generally speaking, the region is inclusive of the states and federal district of Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia, with some additional sources including or excluding other areas in parts of the Northeast region and the South Atlantic states, for practical reasons.

The United States Census Bureau defines the Mid-Atlantic as a sub-region of the Northeast and only includes New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. The Bureau of Labor Statistics excludes New York; the Environmental Protection Agency excludes New York and New Jersey; and the U.S. Department of Transportation - United States Maritime Administration includes North Carolina. In 2004, the United States Geological Survey within the context of Ground-Water Vulnerability to Nitrate Contamination, defined the region as including Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., and parts of New Jersey, New York, and North Carolina.

West Virginia and Virginia are atypical of this region in a few ways. These states both primarily lie within the Southern American dialect region, and the major religious tradition is largely Evangelical Christian, with 30% in Virginia and 39% in West Virginia identifying as evangelicals. Although a few of West Virginia's eastern panhandle counties are considered part of the Washington metropolitan area, the major portion of the state is rural and there are no major or even large cities.

History
Shipping and trade have been important to the Mid-Atlantic economy since the beginning of the colonial era. The explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano was the first European to see the region in 1524. Henry Hudson later extensively explored that region in 1611 and claimed it for the Dutch, who then created a fur-trading post in Albany in 1614. Jamestown, Virginia was the first permanent English colony in North America, it was established seven years earlier in 1607.

From early colonial times, the Mid-Atlantic region was settled by a wider range of European people than in New England or the South. The Dutch New Netherland settlement along the Hudson River in New York City and New Jersey, and for a time, New Sweden along the Delaware River in Delaware, divided the two great bulwarks of English settlement from each other. The original English settlements in the region notably provided refuge to religious minorities, Maryland to Roman Catholics and Pennsylvania to Quakers and Anabaptist Pennsylvania Dutch. In time, all these settlements fell under English colonial control, but the region continued to be a magnet for people of diverse nationalities.

The area that came to be known as the Middle Colonies served as a strategic bridge between the North and South. The New York and New Jersey campaign during the American Revolutionary War saw more battles than any other theater of the conflict. Philadelphia, midway between the northern and southern colonies, was home to the Continental Congress, the convention of delegates who organized the American Revolution. Philadelphia also was the birthplace of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the United States Constitution in 1787, while the United States Bill of Rights was drafted and ratified and the first Supreme Court of the United States sat for the first time, in the first capital under the Constitution of New York.

While early settlers were mostly farmers, traders, and fishermen, the Mid-Atlantic states provided the young United States with heavy industry and served as the "melting pot" of new immigrants from Europe. Cities grew along major ports, shipping routes, and waterways, including New York City and Newark on opposite sides of the Hudson River, Philadelphia on the Delaware River, Allentown on the Lehigh River, and Baltimore on the Chesapeake Bay.

State capitals and federal district
Note: The Mid-Atlantic region is also home to the nation's capital, Washington, D.C.

In presidential elections

 * Bold denotes election winner.

Sports
The Mid-Atlantic is home to 33 professional sports franchises in the five major leagues and the two most prominent women's professional leagues:

Notable golf tournaments in the Mid-Atlantic include the Barclays, Quicken Loans National and Atlantic City LPGA Classic.

Two high-level professional tennis tournaments are held in the region. The US Open, held in New York, is one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments, whereas the Washington Open is part of the ATP Tour 500 series and WTA 250 series.

Notable motorsports tracks include Watkins Glen International, Dover Motor Speedway and Pocono Raceway, which have hosted Formula One, IndyCar, NASCAR, World Sportscar Championship and IMSA races. Also, the Englishtown and Reading drag strips such have hosted NHRA national events. Pimlico Race Course at Baltimore and Belmont Park at New York host the Preakness Stakes and Belmont Stakes horse races, which are part of the Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing.

Economy
With a GDP nominal of over $5.2 trillion, the Mid-Atlantic economy would be third-largest in the world if calculated separately, only behind the remaining United States and China and nearly $1 trillion larger than next place Japan. This economic prosperity is buoyed by a significant financial services and banking sector, healthcare and chemicals industry, and telecommunications and entertainment conglomerates.

According to the Global Financial Centres Index, the Mid-Atlantic region is home to the leading financial center in the world (New York) at #1, with Washington also present at #15.

Notable companies (over $100 billion market cap) headquartered in the region include:

title: Mid-Atlantic (United States)


text:
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Safavid dynasty

The Safavid dynasty was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736. Their rule is often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history, as well as one of the gunpowder empires. The Safavid Shāh Ismā'īl I established the Twelver denomination of Shīʿa Islam as the official religion of the Persian Empire, marking one of the most important turning points in the history of Islam. The Safavid dynasty had its origin in the Safavid order of Sufism, which was established in the city of Ardabil in the Iranian Azerbaijan region. It was an Iranian dynasty of Kurdish origin, but during their rule they intermarried with Turkoman, Georgian, Circassian, and Pontic Greek dignitaries, nevertheless, for practical purposes, they were Turkish-speaking and Turkified. From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region, thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran.

The Safavids ruled from 1501 to 1722 (experiencing a brief restoration from 1729 to 1736 and 1750 to 1773) and, at their height, controlled all of what is now Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Armenia, eastern Georgia, parts of the North Caucasus including Russia, Iraq, Kuwait, and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Turkey, Syria, Pakistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Despite their demise in 1736, the legacy that they left behind was the revival of Iran as an economic stronghold between East and West, the establishment of an efficient state and bureaucracy based upon "checks and balances", their architectural innovations, and patronage for fine arts. The Safavids have also left their mark down to the present era by establishing Twelver Shīʿīsm as the state religion of Iran, as well as spreading Shīʿa Islam in major parts of the Middle East, Central Asia, Caucasus, Anatolia, the Persian Gulf, and Mesopotamia.

Genealogy and identity
The Safavid Kings themselves claimed to be sayyids, In the pre-Safavid written work Safvat as-Safa (oldest manuscripts from 1485 and 1491), the origin of the Safavids is tracted to Piruz Shah Zarin Kolah who is called a Kurd from Sanjan, while in the post-Safavid manuscripts, this portion has been excised and Piruz Shah Zarin Kollah is made a descendant of the Imams. R Savory, "Ebn Bazzaz" in Encyclopædia Iranica). In the Silsilat an-nasab-i Safawiya (composed during the reign of Shah Suleiman, 1667–94), by Hussayn ibn Abdal Zahedi, the ancestry of the Safavid was purported to be tracing back to Hijaz and the first Shiʻi Imam as follows: Shaykh Safi al-din Abul Fatah Eshaq ibn (son of) Shaykh Amin al-Din Jabrail ibn Qutb al-din ibn Salih ibn Muhammad al-Hafez ibn Awad ibn Firuz Shah Zarin Kulah ibn Majd ibn Sharafshah ibn Muhammad ibn Hasan ibn Seyyed Muhammad ibn Ibrahim ibn Seyyed Ja'afar ibn Seyyed Muhammad ibn Seyyed Isma'il ibn Seyyed Muhammad ibn Seyyed Ahmad 'Arabi ibn Seyyed Qasim ibn Seyyed Abul Qasim Hamzah ibn Musa al-Kazim ibn Ja'far As-Sadiq ibn Muhammad al-Baqir ibn Imam Zayn ul-'Abedin ibn Hussein ibn Ali ibn Abi Taleb Alayha as-Salam. There are differences between this and the oldest manuscript of Safwat as-Safa. Seyyeds have been added from Piruz Shah Zarin Kulah up to the first Shiʻi Imam and the nisba "Al-Kurdi" has been excised. The title/name "Abu Bakr" (also the name of the first Caliph and highly regarded by Sunnis) is deleted from Qutb ad-Din's name. ُSource: Husayn ibn Abdāl Zāhedī, 17th cent. Silsilat al-nasab-i Safavīyah, nasabnāmah-'i pādishāhān bā ʻuzmat-i Safavī, ta'līf-i Shaykh Husayn pisar-i Shaykh Abdāl Pīrzādah Zāhedī dar 'ahd-i Shāh-i Sulaymnān-i Safavī. Berlīn, Chāpkhānah-'i Īrānshahr, 1343 (1924), 116 pp. Original Persian: شیخ صفی الدین ابو الفتح اسحق ابن شیخ امین الدین جبرائیل بن قطب الدین ابن صالح ابن محمد الحافظ ابن عوض ابن فیروزشاه زرین کلاه ابن محمد ابن شرفشاه ابن محمد ابن حسن ابن سید محمد ابن ابراهیم ابن سید جعفر بن سید محمد ابن سید اسمعیل بن سید محمد بن سید احمد اعرابی بن سید قاسم بن سید ابو القاسم حمزه بن موسی الکاظم ابن جعفر الصادق ابن محمد الباقر ابن امام زین العابدین بن حسین ابن علی ابن ابی طالب علیه السلام. family descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, although many scholars have cast doubt on this claim. There seems now to be a consensus among scholars that the Safavid family hailed from Iranian Kurdistan, and later moved to Iranian Azerbaijan, finally settling in the 11th century CE at Ardabil. Traditional pre-1501 Safavid manuscripts trace the lineage of the Safavids to the Kurdish dignitary, Firuz-Shah Zarrin-Kolah.

According to historians, including Vladimir Minorsky and Roger Savory, the Safavids were Turkish speakers of Iranian origin:

"From the evidence available at the present time, it is certain that the Safavid family was of indigenous Iranian stock, and not of Turkish ancestry as it is sometimes claimed. It is probable that the family originated in Persian Kurdistan, and later moved to Azerbaijan, where they adopted the Azari form of Turkish spoken there, and eventually settled in the small town of Ardabil sometimes during the eleventh century."

By the time of the establishment of the Safavid empire, the members of the family were Turkicized and Turkish-speaking, and some of the Shahs composed poems in their then-native Turkish language. Concurrently, the Shahs themselves also supported Persian literature, poetry and art projects including the grand Shahnameh of Shah Tahmasp, while members of the family and some Shahs composed Persian poetry as well.

The authority of the Safavids was religiously based, and their claim to legitimacy was founded on being direct male descendants of Ali, the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, and regarded by the Shiʻa as the first Imam.

Furthermore, the dynasty was from the very start thoroughly intermarried with both Pontic Greek as well as Georgian lines. In addition, from the official establishment of the dynasty in 1501, the dynasty would continue to have many intermarriages with both Circassian as well as again Georgian dignitaries, especially with the accession of Tahmasp I.

Safavid Shahs of Iran

 * Ismail I 1501–1524
 * Tahmasp I 1524–1576
 * Ismail II 1576–1578
 * Mohammad Khodabanda 1578–1587
 * Abbas I 1587–1629
 * Safi 1629–1642
 * Abbas II 1642–1666
 * Suleiman I 1666–1694
 * Soltan Hoseyn 1694–1722
 * Tahmasp II 1722–1732
 * Abbas III 1732–1736

Culture
The Safavid family was a literate family from its early origin. There are extant Tati and Persian poetry from Shaykh Safi ad-din Ardabili as well as extant Persian poetry from Shaykh Sadr ad-din. Most of the extant poetry of Shah Ismail I is in Azerbaijani pen-name of Khatai. Sam Mirza, the son of Shah Ismail as well as some later authors assert that Ismail composed poems both in Turkish and Persian but only a few specimens of his Persian verse have survived. A collection of his poems in Azeri were published as a Divan. Shah Tahmasp who has composed poetry in Persian was also a painter, while Shah Abbas II was known as a poet, writing Azerbaijani verses. Sam Mirza, the son of Ismail I was himself a poet and composed his poetry in Persian. He also compiled an anthology of contemporary poetry.

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Talk:Opuntia/Archive 1

While nothing on this page is wrong except the staement that there are only twelve plants known as "prickly pear", it is oddly skewed toward the American east, which is in no way the exemplary home of the thing under discussion. It would be like describing "Elephant" as a genus of small mammals once common on Mediterranean islands now mostly extinct but with two remaining species elsewhere in the world. ;')

I believe that since "prickly pear" is a common name and worse yet an inexact term, the plants in question should be addressed in in article on the genus Opuntia.

Prickly pear is a vernacular name for a species in the Opuntia genus. As such it is known in the USA as a "pricly pear". So in my opinion it should be the other way round: prickly pear referring to Opuntia. and Opuntia being the meat of the subject. GerardM 19:22, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)~

 * In general the rule is to use common names wherever possible, but Opuntia does include chollas and so forth that are not "X prickly pear", so yes, in this case it makes sense to put things under the generic name. Stan 21:08, 31 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * One problem with the rule is that they are often different names for the same species are used. Not only that, the same common name is sometimes used for different species or a bunch of species. Technically it is not a BIG problem you just refer to an other page... GerardM 07:41, 1 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * Amen, check out sardine or mackerel for some fish disentanglement I did a while back. Conversely, in several areas, especially birds, there have been recent efforts to settle on a set of English names that are as precise as the Latin ones. So we want to use an English name for the type if we have one that's sufficiently precise, and fall back to Latin otherwise. If you haven't seen it, WikiProject Tree of Life and Naming conventions (fauna) plus the associated talk pages have extensive argu^Wdiscussion :-) about all the fine points. Stan 08:50, 1 Jan 2004 (UTC)

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Amesbury Archer

The Amesbury Archer is an early Bronze Age (Bell Beaker) man whose grave was discovered during excavations at the site of a new housing development in Amesbury near Stonehenge. The grave was uncovered in May 2002. The man was middle aged when he died, estimated between 35 and 45, and is believed to date from about 2300 BC. He is nicknamed "the Archer" because of the many arrowheads buried with him. The grave contained more artefacts than any other early British Bronze Age burial, including the earliest known gold objects ever found in England. It was the first evidence of a very high status and wealth expressed in a burial from that time. Previously, Bronze Age society had been assumed not to have been particularly hierarchical.

The calibrated radiocarbon dates for his grave, and dating of Stonehenge, suggest the sarsens and trilithons at Stonehenge may have been raised by the time he was born, although a new bluestone circle may have been raised around the time of his birth.

Burial
The Archer's grave yielded the greatest number of artefacts ever found in a British burial from the Early Bronze Age. Among those discovered were: five funerary pots of the type associated with the Beaker culture; three tiny copper knives; sixteen barbed flint arrowheads; a kit of flint-knapping and metalworking tools, including cushion stones that functioned as a kind of portable anvil, which suggests he was a coppersmith; and some boar tusks. A piece of iron pyrite, which sparks when struck by flint to start a fire, had been well used with grooves worn along its sides. On his forearm was a black stone wrist-guard. A similar red wrist-guard was by his knees. With the second wrist-guard was a shale belt ring and a pair of gold hair ornaments, the oldest gold objects known from England.

The anatomy of the Archer has been well documented, with several unusual features including os acromiale whereby the acromion at the tip of the scapula was not fused as is usual, spina bifida occulta ('hidden' spina bifida) and a missing left patella. Research using oxygen isotope analysis in the Archer's tooth enamel has suggested that he originated from an alpine region of central Europe. An eroded hole in his jaw showed that he had had an abscess, and his missing left kneecap suggests that he had an injury that left him with a painful lingering bone infection.

His skeleton is now on display at the Salisbury Museum in Salisbury.

Second burial
A male skeleton found interred nearby is believed to be that of a younger man related to the Archer, as they shared a rare hereditary anomaly, calcaneonavicular coalition, fusing of the calcaneus and of the navicular tarsal (foot bones). This younger man, sometimes called the Archer's Companion, appears to have been raised in a more local climate. The Archer was estimated to be about forty at the time of his death, while his companion was in his early twenties. The graves were discovered a short distance from the Boscombe Bowmen, whose bones were excavated the following year.

Importance of the burials
The Archer was quickly dubbed the King of Stonehenge in the British press due to the proximity of the famous monument and some even suggested that he could have been involved in its construction. However, such speculations have been rejected by archaeologists.

His is just one high-profile burial that dates from around the time of the stones' erection, but given the lavish nature of the grave his mourners clearly considered him important enough to be buried near to (if not in the immediate area of) Stonehenge. Tim Darvill regards the skeleton as possibly that of a pilgrim visiting Stonehenge to draw on the 'healing properties' of the bluestones.

His grave is of particular importance because of its connections with Continental Europe and early copper smelting technology. He is believed to be one of the earliest gold metalworkers in Britain, and he provides an example of a person bringing Bell Beaker culture and its pottery directly from continental Europe.

DNA analysis
The DNA of the Archer's skeleton was difficult to analyse at first and had to be omitted from a 2018 study of 226 Bell Beaker burials from across Europe, although DNA from the nearby 'Companion' was included in the study. Later, a successful sample was taken from the Archer and analysed. It appears that both the Archer and the Companion in the male line (Y-chromosome) had Steppe ancestry, the Archer being classified as R1b1a1b1a1a (haplogroup R-L151) and the Companion as R1b1a1b1a1a2c1 (haplogroup R-L21). The two men were not related in the 1st or 2nd degree, although a more distant relationship, such as great-grandfather / great-grandson, is possible. A further finding was that the Archer had a greater amount of Early European Farmer ancestry (c. 45%) than the Companion (c. 33%).

It had already been shown from strontium and oxygen isotope analysis of the Archer's 2nd premolar and 3rd molar teeth (which mineralise at different ages) that the Archer spent his childhood in Central Europe, probably in the Western Alps. By contrast the Companion appears to have been born in Wessex, but spent part of his childhood in Europe, perhaps in the same region of the Western Alps.

Language
Although the Archer may have spoken an Indo-European language, it does not follow that he spoke an early form of Irish or Welsh. The authors of a 2021 study of large-scale migration into Britain favour the view that Celtic languages were introduced by a much later influx of people from continental Europe which occurred in the Late Bronze Age between 1000 and 875 BC.

In popular culture
The character of Arthmael in Mark Patton's novel Undreamed Shores is based on the Archer.

title: Amesbury Archer