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User talk:Ezra Wax

Snipped old stuff.

Yiddish
Hi Ezra, I agree with your recent edit on Judaism. I hope it will withstand the test of edit wars :-)... I'm not sure, however, why you insist of primarily using Yiddish idiom. I would actually use the English definition in the article text, and give the relevant Yiddish word in brackets, rather than the other way round... This would improve the flow of the text. Recently, some very nice Jewish articles have appeared. I have written biographies of Rav Dessler and the Aruch ha-Shulchan. Someone wrote Lifnei iver, which survived VfD. I'm gauging the interest for a WikiProject on Judaism. Some potential participators are you and User:RK, User:IZAK, User:Frikle and User:Fintor. JFW | T@lk  09:09, 4 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I think it will survive. I haven't yet determined where to draw the line between using English and Yiddish terms. I think staying in Wikipedia is the best course. My view of Wikipedia is that it will be the second internet. As such there wouldn't be much of a point in writing articles anywhere else.

Ezra, you've obviously not heard of WikiProjects yet. Please check that link and consider whether it might be wise to start such a thing for Judaism articles. JFW | T@lk  13:41, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Sorry. I misunderstood you. I suppose a place to discuss such issues as language, sephardic or ashkenazic pronunciation, would be helpful. As well, it would be good to be able to structure the different subjects of Judaism as well. Such as the lists of Rabbis, Books, Laws, etc. There is also the issue of deciding the general format of the coverage of Judaism. For example, sorting it by Frum, non- frum, or the way it is currently. There is also the issue of the strong anti-orthodoxy of some of the people, that would have to be worked around.

 * If you start up the project, I imagine that I will participate to some extent. I am not sure that I currently have the energy to hash out all the issues though. In any case, point me to the project once you have put up a general outline. --Ezra Wax 01:42, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I'm personally quite involved in the medical Wikiproject, so I can't imagine myself taking the initiative. Indeed, a lot of articles need structuring, and some sensitive material edited - especially anti-orthodox criticism.

I'm not sure what to think of your edits on Jewish views of homosexuality. I think the old version was quite good, and the "apolegetic tone" you sought to eliminate was actually helpful. There was no way you could read into it that Judaism condones homosexual acts! Also, you eliminated the link to the basis for the issur on lesbianism, which I had carefully researched :-( JFW | T@lk  15:43, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Hey Ezra, what do you think about Beth din? I wrote it up today. Please make lots of additions! JFW | T@lk  19:31, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I made an addition to make you happy. :) As for your note, I wasn't happy with my original editing of the article, which I felt was too conciliatory. I see lots of stuff was put back, but it wasn't me that put it back, so it doesn't bother me as much.

 * User:RK introduced a lot of material on the attempts at reform within orthodoxy. I slashed out a direct quote which was just inflammatory without adding to the topic, and pointed out that "Ultra-Orthodoxy" frowns on the tolerance towards homosexual acts. There is probably going to be some debate on the talk page.
 * As for Beth din, thanks for the additions. I was looking for more matters that fall under a Beth Din's jurisdiction, but at the moment only mikvah comes to mind.
 * My heartfelt congratulations on starting the Judaism WikiProject. I will certainly be participating from the sidelines and join in the pitched battles that will follow inevitably :-(. I'll try and invite some more trusted participants. JFW | T@lk  13:56, 8 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Re; Hebrew language vs. "Canaanite languages"
Hi, please see:

Request for assistance in a conflict between users regarding Canaanite and Hebrew linguistics articles

Your interest and input would be appreciated. Thank you. IZAK 10:36, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Update: the above discussion was moved to Talk:Hebrew languages. Your input would be appreciated. Thank you. IZAK 06:45, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I certainly agree with you, but I think you are already saying what I would say, so there isn't much point in my weighing in. If it comes to a vote I'm with you. --Ezra Wax 22:48, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

LOAF protocol
Ezra, the "LOAF protocol" is a spoof. See the LOAF Wiki for details; all of the "implementations" of LOAF in various languages are null programs. -- The Anome 18:37, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * If you won't tell anyone, I won't either. --Ezra Wax 02:01, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Re: Wikipedia:WikiProject Hebrew languages
Wikipedia:WikiProject Hebrew languages Please join WikiProject Hebrew languages Your input will be crucial. IZAK 08:25, 10 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Vote
See Votes for deletion/Occupation of Palestine

Vote: Wikipedia:Votes for deletion/Violence against Israelis
See Votes for deletion/Violence against Israelis. Thank you. IZAK 09:24, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Need for support
See Requests for comment/IZAK. Thank you. IZAK 02:54, 6 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Article Licensing
Hi, I've started a drive to get users to multi-license all of their contributions that they've made to either (1) all U.S. state, county, and city articles or (2) all articles, using the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike (CC-by-sa) v1.0 and v2.0 Licenses or into the public domain if they prefer. The CC-by-sa license is a true free documentation license that is similar to Wikipedia's license, the GFDL, but it allows other projects, such as WikiTravel, to use our articles. Since you are among the top 2000 Wikipedians by edits, I was wondering if you would be willing to multi-license all of your contributions or at minimum those on the geographic articles. Over 90% of people asked have agreed. For More Information:
 * Multi-Licensing FAQ - Lots of questions answered
 * Multi-Licensing Guide
 * Free the Rambot Articles Project

To allow us to track those users who muli-license their contributions, many users copy and paste the " " template into their user page, but there are other options at Template messages/User namespace. The following examples could also copied and pasted into your user page:

 * Option 1
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

OR
 * Option 2
 * I agree to multi-license all my contributions to any U.S. state, county, or city article as described below:

Or if you wanted to place your work into the public domain, you could replace " " with "  ". If you only prefer using the GFDL, I would like to know that too. Please let me know what you think at my talk page. It's important to know either way so no one keeps asking. -- Ram-Man (comment| talk)

Meforshim and rabbis
Hi, please see discussion at Talk:Meforshim, and see RK's recent edits about Rabbi at thanks. IZAK 08:00, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

BC/AD versus BCE/CE
There's a discussion and a vote on this topic going on at Talk:Jesus; I thought you might be interested. Jayjg (talk) 18:55, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

Category:Hebrew Bible verses
Hello Ezra: See the verses in Category:Hebrew Bible verses with the two samples so far: Genesis 1:1, and Genesis 1:2. Is this the way the Torah verses should be "presented"? (Compare with the verses in Category:New Testament verses.) At what point should the classical teachings of famous meforshim be inserted, and in what way and how much? The time to decide on this is now, because at this stage the "project" is still being "formed" by User:Neutrality alone. Thank you. IZAK 03:03, 26 May 2005 (UTC)

 * It doesn't bother me too much, because it isn't worse than other articles that touch on Jewish topics.

WP:WNBI & WP:Israel

 * Hi Ezra, consider youself invited to both. Spread the word.  ←Humus sapiens←Talk 09:38, 29 May 2005 (UTC)

Votes for deletion/WikiProject Addressing Anti-Jewish Bias
Thought you might be interested. Jayjg (talk) 22:40, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Fossil fuel for reciprocating piston engines equipped with spark plugs
I have nominated the above page that you created on WP:VFD, to avoid taking the decision to delete the page immediately as patent nonsense.

However, I should also note that I agree with the assesment that the page was created in response to various naming disputes at gasoline. I realise that you haven't contributed to that discussion there directly, but should also draw your attention to 'Don't disrupt Wikipedia to illustrate a point'. -- Solipsist 15:27, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Well, you're almost right. I saw some people had wikified a link to this article, and I thought it would be cute to actually make the article. --Ezra Wax 21:05, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. There's been a bit of trouble with that page today, but plenty worse things have happened. It looks like the VfD will go through unopposed and help tidy things up. User:Carnildo's comments also helps to explain the background. -- Solipsist 23:23, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

Could you please elaborate...
Please elaborate on the yeshiva culture within the yeshivish article, as you seem to be an early added to it.

Tzadik
Please see the page that I made for Tzadik and my comments to the talk page of chabad regarding ther merging of the section "Relationship between God, the Rebbe and his followers" into Tzadik. Thanks. --PinchasC | £€åV€ m€ å m€§§åg€  04:21, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

RFC on Orthodox Judaism
Ezra - I see you've made significant contributions to the Orthodox Judaism page. I've made some significant changes to the introdutory paragraphs. Could you look them over and tell me what you think? Thanks.

Scorpiuss 07:51, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * It looks good to me. And I'm sure it is a vast improvement to what was there before. --Ezra Wax 05:43, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

WikiProject Deletion sorting/Judaism
Dear Ezra Wax! I have created WikiProject Deletion sorting/Judaism. Please put it on your watchlist, and please add relevant AfD's as you find them. Cheers. - CrazyRussian talk/email 19:50, 25 June 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:WikiProject Orthodox Judaism
Hi Ezra Wax: Thought you would be interested in the latest adventure that has started at Wikipedia:WikiProject Orthodox Judaism (perhaps you may want to join) and the discussions at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Orthodox Judaism. Shabbat Shalom. IZAK 12:59, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

re: Evolution
I am crossposting these replies from the article's talkpage prior to archiving both sections. Please don't restore or repost non-productive material, this will be considered disruption to make a point. Thank you. Doc Tropics Message in a bottle 20:36, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

''*Your comments were not censored. They were archived because they were non-productive. This page is to be used for improving the article, not educating editors who lack familiarity with fundamental concepts in science. This is not intended as a personal attack, but as a basic statement of position. If and when you have constructive comments to make about this article, please feel free to post here again. Until then, this too will be archived. Doc Tropics Message in a bottle 20:20, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Ezra Wax, your basic arguments show a deep confusion both about the philosophy of science and science in general. Your posts seem to miss the major point: there is a fundamental difference between evolution/gravity (fact) and theory of evolution/theory of gravity (theory).  This was my major point in my original post and you seem to have missed in entirely.  (Please keep in mind that I use the terms fact and theory as they are used in science and not how they are used in general language).  I beg you not to drum to the tune of the age old fallacious creationist idea that evolution is just a theory.  I try not to judge people by just one sentence, but anytime somebody utters that sentence I know for a fact that they know nothing about science and evolution.--Roland Deschain 20:25, 21 November 2006 (UTC)''

Welcome to Wikipedia. We invite everyone to contribute constructively to our encyclopedia. Take a look at the welcome page if you would like to learn more about contributing. However, unconstructive edits are considered vandalism. If you continue in this manner you may be blocked from editing without further warning. Please stop, and consider improving rather than damaging the work of others. Thank you. Sneaky vandalism is not acceptable. dave souza, talk 20:53, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

Definitions

 * Let's take a look at these terms:
 * science: a powerful way to find out things
 * scientific method: the procedure scientists use in science
 * fact: data (or datum), observation, experimental result
 * theory: explanation developed to explain the data
 * proof: Does not exist in science, only mathematics
 * truth: does not belong in science, only mathematics, except for a scientific fact (see above)

Controversial statements presented as fact
Why are statements that are controversial being presented as fact? --Ezra Wax 19:19, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * This is about the scientific theory. It is not controversial that the theory of evolution is the accepted scientific theory. It is not about if the theory is true or not. No theories are true. An accepted theory just fits the data that exist at that time and is accepted by the consensus of scientists.

 * It's always seemed to me that most editors to this page feel that due to the lack of controversy among scientists concerning evolution, that it should not be presented in any form which questions any part of evolutionary theory. Homestarmy 19:22, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Because they are scientific facts. Evolution is as much a fact as gravity and the Theory of Evolution is as established as the Theory of Gravity. You might want to read up on a recent discussion here: #1, #2, and #3. Homestarmy, I hope you can see the huge logical fallacy in your rather backwards statement.--Roland Deschain 19:23, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The statements you question are not controversial in scientific fields, and this is a science article. There is no need to insert weasle words into factual representaions of current Theory. Thanks for trying to help, and for bringing your concerns to the talkpage, but the article is just fine as it stands. --Doc Tropics Message in a bottle 19:28, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I didn't notice this conversation had been moved here, ah well. I think it should be extremely obvious by now to everyone who's payed attention to the evolution talk page that whenever any creationist comes to the page to say something, they are never talking about the "factual" kind of evolution, namely, the kind we observe all the time with bacteria and whatnot gaining drug resistances and all that. I personally do not know of a single creationist or creationist organization who's primary emphasis is on trying to disprove things like TB mutating or whatnot. The objections I have seen on the evolution talk page are, as far as I can remember, always primarily about the idea that humanity and all other organisms evolved from a primodorial soup of sorts. I have seen you and other editors immedietly respond "No, it is a FACT!" plenty of times to creationists, and so far, I don't think any of you have show much concern for the heart of basically the beginning of every creationist argument that ever comes to the evolution talk page. The arguments have never been about the "factual" kind of evolution primarily, and whether most editors refuse to acknowladge the distinction Creationism has created between macroevolution and microevolution or not, the arguments creationists so far have made on the evolution talk page pretty much never concern the "facts" of evolution concerning the mutations we can and have seen in modern times. So really, if you think i'm backwards at this point, I don't care at all, the arguments creationists have brought up have never focused on the evolution we see almost every day, and probably never will. So really, there wasn't much point in immedietly responding to Ezra or any other Creationist the entire time that "evolution" is a fact, no wonder everyone is so frustrated when you aren't even arguing against the actual concerns Creationists often bring up.... unsigned by Homestarmy, 05:08, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Well as you have said yourself, people get tired of answering the same thing over and over and over by someone who obviously has no understanding of the arguments that have been tried for the last 150 years. It does not take a rocket scientist to realize that the several hundred thousand scientists who believe in evolution, all with PhDs etc, cannot all be stupid or insane or in some sort of secret conspiracy to hide the truth and cover up the holes in evolution. This is just a bit much to swallow. When you realize that, then you have to ask yourself, what am I missing? You think that these same dumb arguments that are written by creationists in paperback books have not surfaced before in the last 150 years? Everyonen reads the same paperback books or websites, and then uses the same arguments. How many people have I heard say "A theory isn't a fact" or "You can't prove that theory is true"? Thousands. And all of them have no clue what they are talking about. And they all think they have stumped a scientist, when they are just repeating the same old tired nonsense because they do not understand the topic they are arguing about.--Filll 08:18, 22 November 2006 (UTC)
 * It's not that I don't understand that y'all are getting tired, I mean I see it every time lately whenever a creationist comes to say something, (and what's worse, sometimes I even know that one of their arguments is wrong : it's just now Ezra barely said anything at all this time on his/her first comment, and everyone immedietly jumped to conclusions about his/her argument that are pretty much never true for any creationist i've ever seen come to the evolution talk page. Homestarmy 15:48, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Why should the claim that it is an established scientific fact matter? It is a question of truth,

 * No it is not a question of truth.

and science just attempts to tell you what the truth is if you assume that nothing supernatural happened.

 * Do you have something against a discipline that does not have the supernatural in it? There are plenty of other areas that are full of gods and magic and witches and goblins and soothsayers and so on. We need at least some areas that do not admit the supernatural. You are free to have the supernatural in any religion you want or in many other areas. It does not belong in science. Sorry.

That is an assumption made by science, but it is nothing more than an assumption.

 * Yes science assumes no supernatural. That is science. Deal with it.

The law of gravity is no longer accepted scientific consensus.

 * Who says so? Do you even know what the law of gravity is?

It has been replaced by Einstein, and it is well known that Einstein's theory will eventually be replaced as well.

 *  You are completely confused. There are successive theories of gravity, each one replaced by one that matches the data better. First Aristotlean gravity was replaced by Galilean gravity which we replaced by Newtonian gravity which was replaced by Einsteinian gravity which will be replaced by another theory. So what? That is what we do in science. That is a strength.

Although it is normal in scientific literature to treat hypothesis as facts, it remains a hypothesis.

 * You are again completely confused. A hypothesis is never treated as a fact. These are completely different concepts. A hypothesis is an educated guess for how something in nature works. A fact is something measured, it is a piece of data, it is the result of an experiment. A fact has error bars and other statistical information associated with it.

Evolution cannot be proven because you will never be able to get enough evidence to prove it conclusively.

 * Nothing in science is ever proven. There is no proof in science. If you want proof, go to mathematics or logic. It does not exist in science. A theory, such as evolution, attempts to explain the evidence that exists. If it is successful in explaining the existing evidence, it becomes an accepted theory.

It thus remains a theory even if there were no alternatives to it. --Ezra Wax 19:46, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * It was always a theory, and it always will be a theory, like the theory of gravity, the theory of plate tectonics, the theory of quantum mechanics, the theory of solitary waves, and so on. And your point is? And of course there are alternatives to it. There always have been and there always will be. But at the moment, the Darwinian theory of evolution is the overwhelmingly dominant accepted theory (by more than 99.95% of all scientists), and this article is about the dominant accepted theory, not competing theories, not old theories, not previous theories, not about supernatural and not about religion. So...you have a problem with that?

My comments on this page were just censored
I am going to vehemently protest the censorship I was just subjected to.

 * When you put nonsense that people have heard 1000s of times before in and try to get into fights, people will not be too open to it. What do you expect? They are trying to do real work.

How dare you delete what I have written before it was addressed?

 * It was addressed and dismissed. You just won't accept it.

So what if you are afraid of "Trolls".

 * You know what happens to trolls here? They get banned. Because they waste time.

This is an open subject and it is flagrantly biased, and instead of addressing serious problems with the article, you are summarily censoring criticism of it.

 * Of course it is biased. It is about this theory, not about other theories or religions. They are avoiding being pulled off into off topic nonsensical discussions. So now your complaints have been addressed. And you see that you used the words proof and science and truth and fact completely incorrectly. And cast yourself in a poor light. So please try to educate yourself a bit before you irritate people further.--Filll 23:35, 21 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Just to add a little bit more background for this for you Ezra, i've been watching the Evolution article for many months, and unfortunently, most creationists i've seen say something do repeat the same arguments most of the time, and the editors who watch the page are starting to get annoyed, because to them, everything Creationists have has already been dismissed by more "reliable" sources. (And that makes some sense, Creationist type reaserchers are, ah...a bit outnumbered by Evolutionist ones) I've seen plenty of these creationists try everything they can to convince other editors, but unfortunently, they will not accept creationist sources or popular creationist arguments on anything. To make it worse, i've seen many Creationists become somewhat upset and angry, and end up quitting or getting banned because somebody gets them blocked for disruption or something. Wikipedia isn't just about evolution and its related articles, I would highly recommend you try to diversify articles you involve yourself with and not get worked up over the Evolution article solely for very long, and if you want to argue against evolution, try to take unique approaches against it and think real hard so that nobody can accuse you of recycling anything. (I tried it myself many months ago, went for a more philosophical angle concerning Science, but alas, nothing :/ ) And i'm not just saying this because i'm on the same side as the most frequent editors of the Evolution article, because i'm not, look at my user page :) . Homestarmy 01:28, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

 * The discussion is about to be archived. Please be advised that if you make any further attempt to disrupt the article or its talkpage with nonsense, I will file a report at WP:ANI. As several other editors have mentioned, disrupting wikipedia to make a point is grounds for blocking or banning. I urge you to reconsider your behaviour and...just move on. --Doc Tropics Message in a bottle 04:57, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

New WikiProject Creation
There already are two inactive projects which deal with the subject, WikiProject on evolution and creation, and WikiProject on creation and evolution. I think that you might be better served in trying to reactivate one or the other, or maybe both, as both projects have a slightly more substantial project page, and also already have existing members. Also, the title you have chosen for your new project is not one which makes it extremely clear what the scope of the project is, a problem neither of the older inactive projects have. You might be able to contact the existing members of the existing projects and try to get one or both of them active again, which would probably be easier and more likely to succeed in the long run. Badbilltucker 14:36, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Bruchim Haba'im
Hi Ezra: I noticed that you made some edits again recently, so it means you've been around lately. Good to see you back. My only complaint is that you are not around too often and I miss your presence and editing. Hope you can contribute a lot. Best wishes and Hatzlachah Rabbah. Sincerely, IZAK 14:47, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Something to consider
Some people are looking for evidence in science to "prove" or support their beliefs. I am sure you are aware of some in creation science or intelligent design who are. Some are like me. We know that there is no physical evidence for certain beliefs, we just choose to have them, by faith. We don't worry about the physical evidence, which might not exist. If we are wrong, so what? Evolution of course has been altered in significant ways since Darwin proposed it. There are even Lamarckian ideas being introduced into it in some ways. I would not expect it to stay the same for the next 500 years, or even next 50 years. The theory is going to be forced to incorporate new evidence. It might eventually be superceded or replaced of course. All scientific theories are on the potential chopping block. But in the meantime, many parts of evolution are extremely well established. And also, the theory of evolution appears to have incredible powers of prediction, or at least it is believed to have them. And since it is useful, or it is felt to be useful, it is widely accepted and prominent. I compiled the list of ideas because I feel that a lot of effort is being "wasted" in trying to find holes in evolution by religious people. Some want to support their faith, some want proof of their faith, some want to prove the bible is "right", or some other holy book, some have decided that evolution is satanic somehow, etc. However, creationists are unlikely to find holes or problems with evolution after 150 years of intense effort. Much more well-trained scientists are frantically looking for holes themselves, since if one can find evidence of something that evolution can not explain, they will make their careers. It is not blindly accepted. It is tested and studied over and over and over by an army of scientists. It is extremely well-established. However, if a person wants to look at an area which is far more fecund with possibilities for investigating evidence of a creator, then there are many of them. Off the top of my head, I made a short list (see my homepage). These are all mysterious areas, and not well understood at all, and areas in which even scientists and atheists of various stripes will seriously contemplate the existence of a creator or what might be viewed by some as "supernatural" influences (although it might not be called "supernatural" of course). The only drawback is that to study these is very very difficult. It is also exciting, because the science in these areas is far more intricate and compelling than something as deadly dull as random mutations feeding into natural selection (sorry I am not a biologist). I would be glad to discuss them with you further.--ReasonIsBest 16:57, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Your contact info
Hi Ezra: Hope you and yours are all well! You have not enabled your Wikipedia Email feature in your "tool box" on the left hand side of your user page. Sometimes editors overlook that when it's a useful way of staying in touch with other editors. Best wishes. Have a Good Shabbos, IZAK 14:46, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the nice sentiments. Hopefully I'll be able to do accomplish something here. --Ezra Wax 15:30, 23 November 2006 (UTC)

Archived discussion from Doc's page

 * If you look at the Religion articles, you will see that that is more or less done, however much I don't like it. I believe that there is a way to modify the article so that it will be acceptable to everybody. The way the article currently stands, it intends to provoke outrage. In any case, in a fair debate that goes through the issues, both sides get to voice their opinions and see what the results are. You are basically arguing about the sanctity of science. You are taking it as a given and not open to debate. That is the exact criticism scientists have against religion. Besides, once you see the arguments presented from both sides without any unnecessary flaming, you might modify your position. --Ezra Wax 05:12, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * How does the article provoke outrage? It is about a theory. Its goal is to state the theory as clearly and succinctly as possible. The goal is not to debate the theory. That can be done elsewhere. We are not arguing the sanctity of science. We are stating matter of factly what the science is. Of course we take the science as a given. That is what the article is about. It is not about a debate. There are many other places where you can debate this. I have nothing against people in religion believing in the supernatural, as long as they do not feel the need to shove it on everyone else and everywhere else in society. It is live and let live. So you do no your thing in religion and we will do ours in science. Simple enough? I am not debating science. I am not forcing you to denounce religion and become an agnostic or an atheist. You are asking me to do the opposite however. Double standards will not get you very far with me I am afraid. Creationists are free to present their arguments anywhere they like, as long as it is not in science classrooms or science articles. They can put them on creationist blogs and in creationist websites and there is even a Creationist Wiki. Feel free to put your arguments there. Believe me, I have seen 99.99% of them already, so do not get your hopes up. I have read many many books and listened to many many lectures and I am a lot older than you so I do not think you can tell me anything new. But thanks anyway.--Filll 05:51, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * How much older than me are you? --Ezra Wax 05:55, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Hard to say exactly. I would guess you are a college student or maybe in your mid-20s at most. So I would say quite a bit. I have 2 bachelors 3 masters and a phd, and I have been out quite a while, so do the math.--Filll 06:03, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

I want to point out something that I noticed while searching for sources. There is some disagreement between Gould and creationists about whether the evolution of man is a fact. Gould considers the evidence for evolution so strong that it has the same status as any other fact. However, creationists don't consider the evidence strong at all, and therefore don't consider it anything more than a theory.--Ezra Wax 05:12, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Claiming that there has to be evidence published in a scientific journal that supports the claims of creationists is a straw man argument. Creationists claim that any journal that publishes anything that can lend support to the creationist argument is immediately condemned and any scientist who authors such an article is blacklisted. That has to be addressed.--Ezra Wax 05:12, 24 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Speaking as a scientist, I have never heard of such a thing. There are of course nonsense journals that creationists have created for their own purposes. But when more than 99 % of all scientists support evolution and every major scientific society supports evolution, it should be no surprise that every major scientific journal supports evolution as well. If a creationist article met the scientific standards, I think there is no question that it would be published. But what I have seen out of creationists is so far from science as to be worthless. To start with, supernatural claims immediately relegate the material outside the realm of science for example. And how are the scientists blacklisted? Who is blacklisted? Gish might be viewed a bit strangely, because he has long since abandoned scientific principles and reasoning. I do not think he is blacklisted. He just no longer does science.--Filll 05:18, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I would also note that I do not know who you are looking at to see that there is any dispute about the evolution of man in evolution circles. It is as well established as the evolution of any other species, as near as I can tell, but I would defer to the evolutionary biologists again. And again, as I have told you already over and over: The evolution of man or any other species is a theory when it happened a long time ago. It is an inference based on the data that we have ("facts" or evidence or observations if you prefer). Evolution of fruitflies or bacteria or amoebae or something else that breeds quickly is a fact because we can see it and know it happened. The data of evolution are "facts". The theory of evolution is just that; a theory, or an explanation constructed to fit the facts. It just happens to be the overwhelmingly accepted theory in science. And there is zero doubt about that. Just like the theory that the earth is billions of years old. There is a huge amount of data that supports that, but you might have some other theory that throws out all that data. But the scientificially dominant theory is that the earth is billions of years old. To say otherwise would mean having to explain tree ring data and ice core data and magnetic stripe data and benthic sediment data and radioactive decay data and on and on and on. Huge volumes of evidence would have to be explained away to accept something else. And your statement about how creationists dont consider it strong at all, and just consider it a theory, demonstrates to me that after I have explained it to you over and over and over and it is on the FAQ which you read and on your homepage, you still have no idea what a theory is. Please try to educate yourself a bit or you will end up talking around and around in circles and annoying everyone.--Filll 05:38, 24 November 2006 (UTC)

Response to NOTICE and OBJECTIONS to WikiProject Religion vs. Judaism
Hi Ezra Wax: It is very important that you see the points and the response from User:Badbilltucker about his aims at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Judaism ASAP. Have a Happy Chanukah! IZAK 15:57, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

xposted
I'm xposting this to your talk page as a courtesey regarding your WikiProject_Creation.

I'm not sure that the purpose of WikiProjects is to provide a rallying point for what you consider to be necessary edits. I think a Wikiproject on Creationism in general (or Religious Creationism) would be great and I would love to participate in one.--SpookyAction 11:46, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Natan Slifkin
I see you are also interested in Natan Slifkin. Please review these articles, because I have run up against an intransigent editor:

 * Jewish reactions to intelligent design
 * Jewish opposition to evolution

Perhaps you could also review the changes the same editor has made to Natan Slifkin. He does not come from the Jewish perspective, and he seems to be following me around and looking for ways to harass me. --Metzenberg 05:01, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Friedman
At the request of User:Redaktor I moved Yisroel Friedman back. Only after I'd done the move did I realise that you'd moved it only hours before. While I agree that English names should be used if people were actually known by that name, this Rebbe was rarely referred to as Israel. Let me know if you object. JFW | T@lk  12:25, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with your move. I was attempting to do the same move, but because of an existing article, I couldn't. --Ezra Wax 23:12, 26 March 2007 (UTC)

Yacht Club
I was wondering all along if the reference to Sailing Clubs would be classified as advertising. I have no problem with the removal. Aloha27 (talk) 02:40, 5 March 2008 (UTC)

Hello! Rabbi or Mr. . I am relativelly new in the Wikipedia, but I see that the Zionists made themselves very comfortable here, and are attacking everyone that believes different then them. I have created the Yishuv haYashan article, which is something important historically speaking. I see they are trying to remove any information about the Haredim who didn't participate in the Zionist movement. Furthermore the whole history of the Yishuv haYashan Kollelim was ignored but instead an article about Halukka in a negative spotlight. They are trying to persuade that all those who did for our brothers in Eretz Yisroel were Zionists. I would suggest that we incorporate in a WikiProject:Yishuv haYashan or WikiProject:Torah Judaism in order to clearify the facts.

HagiMalachi (talk) 16:33, 16 June 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Judaism Newsletter
This newsletter was automatically delivered by ShepBot because you are a member of the WikiProject. If you would like to opt out of future mailings, please remove your name from this list. Delivered by §hepBot  ( Disable )  on 04:26, 4 July 2008 (UTC)

Ulteo
As you noted an article on Ulteo had previously been deleted per consensus at Articles for deletion/Ulteo (2nd nomination). The version discussed there at least had some citations. While your draft was different and according to you stated why Ulteo is notable, it had no external sources at all, so it doesn't address the notability problem in the sense of WP:N, so it qualified for speedy deletion per WP:CSD. Possible way forward: Userfy (with all history) for you or other interested parties, improve focussing on reliable sources and then evaluate. --Tikiwont (talk) 12:07, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Can we at least retrieve the deleted document from the ether? At least then we can collaborate, and find some good reliable external sources. -= Gigglesworth (talk) 19:55, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
 * With respect to your question regarding my reasoning on my talk page above should already clarify, but let me first expand. The main reasoning here is that of the AfD that concluded not to have an article on Ulteo. I have no real opinion whether that consensus decision is right or wrong, but merely evaluated whether it is still valid with respect to the new version raise and came to the conclusion that it does. Second, i already offered userfication, that is retrieving it together with the previous one and put it into e.g. User:Gigglesworth/Ulteo. It doesn't really matter which user, but it should best be one willing to actually follow-up and since you asked I'll put it there. Please note athte history contains completely different versions. --Tikiwont (talk) 08:10, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you Tikiwont. -= Gigglesworth (talk) 17:36, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Evolution as theory and fact
I hope you don't mind me speedy-closing the AfD on this article. You nominated it for deletion because it was PoV. While I agree with your reasoning, keep in mind that PoV per se is not a reason to delete, but rather a reason to clean up, except in extreme cases where the article is hopeless. I don't think the article is hopeless, so I would recommend placing POV on the article instead, as a means of informing other editors that it needs work. Thank you. Ten Pound Hammer and his otters • (Broken clamshells• Otter chirps • HELP!) 18:51, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Judaism Newsletter
This newsletter was automatically delivered because you are a member of one or more Judaism related WikiProjects. If you would like to opt out of future mailings, please remove your name from this list.

 * Newsletter delivery by xenobot  02:33, 3 August 2008 (UTC)

The Judaism Newsletter
This newsletter was automatically delivered because you are a member of one or more Judaism related WikiProjects. If you would like to opt out of future mailings, please remove your name from this list. As always, please direct all questions, comments, requests, barnstars, offers of help, and angry all-caps anti-semitic rants to my talk page. Thanks, and have a great month. L'Aquatique [ approves | this | message  ] 20:31, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Newsletter delivery by xenobot  21:13, 31 August 2008 (UTC)

Deletion review
Please do not waste others' time by starting a deletion review on articles that were deleted via the Proposed Deletion method. These can simply be restored by request, as it is stated at WP:PROD (which was linked from the deletion reason so you should have read it). Thanks. Rjd0060 (talk) 15:47, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Just review PROD, where it says "First, ask the deleting administrator. If they choose not to restore it, then make a request at deletion review.". I'm just saying that the page could have been restored upon simple request and that there was no reason to open a Deletion Review.  Just a handy tip if you find yourself in the same situation again in the future ;-). - Rjd0060 (talk) 17:36, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Aktion T4 and euthanasia
May be you are interested in the recent "discussion" about modifications recently made on the section Aktion T4 and euthanasia of the  that article  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.25.66.51 (talk) 22:20, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

Kiryat Itri
While the location of this neighborhood appears to be clear, I cannot find it labeled on any map, and in fact the place is an industrial zone. As the creator of the article, can you provide details about the neighborhood today? -- Ynhockey (Talk) 13:12, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Ezra Wax! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 2 of the articles that you created  are  Unreferenced Biographies of Living Persons. Please note that all biographies of living persons must be sourced. If you were to add reliable, secondary sources to these articles, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the articles are adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the list:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 19:37, 2 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Dov Schwartzman -
 * 2) Yaakov Eliezer Schwartzman -

Yerucham Olshin
Hi, take a look at and if you can add sources to the Rabbi Yerucham Olshin article that has been prodded. Thanks, IZAK (talk) 08:31, 8 January 2010 (UTC)

Nomination of Ed Howdershelt for deletion
A discussion has begun about whether the article Ed Howdershelt, which you created or to which you contributed, should be deleted. While contributions are welcome, an article may be deleted if it is inconsistent with Wikipedia policies and guidelines for inclusion, explained in the deletion policy.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Ed Howdershelt until a consensus is reached, and you are welcome to contribute to the discussion.

You may edit the article during the discussion, including to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion template from the top of the article. Evil saltine (talk) 01:38, 25 September 2010 (UTC)

R' N.W. Dessler
You've done wonderful work on Rabbi E. E. Dessler. Perhaps you have info to add to R' Noach Dessler (his son)? Joe407 (talk) 08:52, 26 January 2011 (UTC)

Jewish topics
Hey, please write to me fivetrees@yahoo.com Thanks! fivetrees (talk) 05:04, 30 December 2012 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Simcha Wasserman

The article Simcha Wasserman has been proposed for deletion  because of the following concern:
 * No evidence of notability, fails WP:GNG

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, content or articles may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the article to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Darkness Shines (talk) 21:22, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Nomination for deletion of Template:JewishNews
Template:JewishNews has been nominated for deletion. You are invited to comment on the discussion at the template's entry on the Templates for discussion page. Bgwhite (talk) 23:56, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * This page has now been userfied to User:Ezra Wax/Jewish news. I changed the invocation on your userpage accordingly. Martijn Hoekstra (talk) 13:10, 1 March 2015 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:51, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Sonatype Nexus

A tag has been placed on Sonatype Nexus requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Robert McClenon (talk) 22:32, 26 July 2017 (UTC)

July 2017
Please do not remove speedy deletion notices from pages you have created yourself, as you did with Sonatype Nexus. If you believe the page should not be deleted, you may contest the deletion by clicking on the button that says: Contest this speedy deletion, which appears inside the speedy deletion notice. This will allow you to make your case on the talk page. Administrators will consider your reasoning before deciding what to do with the article. Thank you. Robert McClenon (talk) 01:46, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Sonatype Nexus

A tag has been placed on Sonatype Nexus requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A7 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the article appears to be about web content, but it does not credibly indicate how or why the subject is important or significant: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such articles may be deleted at any time. Please read more about what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be removed without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the. Robert McClenon (talk) 01:46, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

Nomination of Sonatype Nexus for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Sonatype Nexus is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Sonatype Nexus until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Robert McClenon (talk) 03:10, 27 July 2017 (UTC)

Your access to AWB may be temporarily removed
Hello Ezra Wax! This message is to inform you that due to editing inactivity, your access to AutoWikiBrowser may be temporarily removed. If you do not resume editing within the next week, your username will be removed from the CheckPage. This is purely for routine maintenance and is not indicative of wrongdoing on your part. You may regain access at any time by simply requesting it at WP:PERM/AWB. Thank you! — MusikBot II  talk  17:08, 29 November 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ezra Wax


text:
Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider

Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider (18 January 1750 – 12 January 1822) was a German classicist and naturalist.

Biography
Schneider was born at Collm in Saxony. In 1774, on the recommendation of Christian Gottlob Heine, he became secretary to the famous Strasbourg scholar Richard François Brunck, and in 1811, became professor of ancient languages and eloquence at Breslau (chief librarian, 1816) where he died in 1822.

Works
Of his numerous works the most important was his Kritisches griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch (1797–1798), the first independent work of the kind since Stephanus's Thesaurus, and the basis of F. Passow's and all succeeding Greek lexicons (including, therefore, the contemporary standard A Greek-English Lexicon). A special improvement was the introduction of words and expressions connected with natural history and science.

In 1801, he corrected and expanded re-published Marcus Elieser Bloch's Systema Ichthyologiae iconibus cx illustratum, a famous catalog of fishes with beautiful illustrations that is cited (as Bloch and Schneider, 1801) as the taxonomy authority for many species of fish.

The scientific writings of ancient authors especially attracted him. He published editions of Aelian, De natura animalium; Nicander, Alexipharmaca and Theriaca; the Scriptores rei rusticae; Aristotle, Historia animalium and Politica; Epicurus, Physica and Meteorologica; Theophrastus's Historia plantarum, Eclogae physicae; Oppian, Halieutica and Cynegetica; the complete works of Xenophon and Vitruvius; the Argonautica of the so-called Orpheus (for which Ruhnken nicknamed him "Orpheomastix"); an essay on the life and writings of Pindar and a collection of his fragments. His Eclogae physicae is a selection of extracts of various length from Greek and Latin writers on scientific subjects, containing the original text and commentary, with essays on natural history and science in ancient times.

Legacy
Schneider is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of lizard, Eumeces schneiderii.

Works

 * Handwörterbuch der griechischen Sprache. Vogel, Leipzig 1828.
 * Griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Hahn, Leipzig 1819.
 * Kritisches griechisch-deutsches Wörterbuch. Frommann, Jena, Leipzig 1805/06.
 * Eclogae physicae, ex scriptoribus praecipue Graecis excerptae. Frommann, Jena, Leipzig 1800.
 * Historiae amphibiorum naturalis et literariae. Frommann, Jena 1799–1801.
 * Kritisches griechisch-deutsches Handwörterbuch. Frommann, Jena, Züllichau 1797.
 * Amphibiorum physiologiae specimen. Apitz, Frankfurt (Oder) 1790–97.
 * Ad reliqua librorum Friderici II. et Alberti Magni capita commentarii ... Müller, Leipzig 1789.
 * Zweyter Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten. Müller, Leipzig 1789.
 * Erster Beytrag zur Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten. Müller, Leipzig 1787.
 * Sammlung vermischter Abhandlungen zur Aufklärung der Zoologie und der Handlungsgeschichte. Unger, Berlin 1784.
 * Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Schildkröten. Müller, Leipzig 1783.
 * Ichthyologiae veterum specimina. Winter, Frankfurt (Oder) 1780.
 * Synonymia piscium Graeca et Latina emendata, aucta atque illustrata 1789
 * Anmerkungen über den Anakreon. Crusius, Leipzig 1770.
 * Neues Magazin für Liebenhaber der Entomologie. Strasland 1791, 1792, 1793, 1794.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider


text:
User talk:Jketola

Jketola says, "Such is the nature of ephemera."

Good article reassessment for Mongolian language
Mongolian language has been nominated for a good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. ~~ AirshipJungleman29 (talk) 01:08, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jketola


text:
User:Cybercavalier

Wandering on wikipedia for few weeks and decides to get an account. So far I haven't any idea on what area I should concentrate my contributions. Will do some bits of editing here and there.

zh:user:cybercavalier

title: User:Cybercavalier


text:
Cassander

Cassander (Κάσσανδρος; c. 355 BC – 297 BC) was king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 305 BC until 297 BC, and de facto ruler of southern Greece from 317 BC until his death.

A son of Antipater and a contemporary of Alexander the Great, Cassander was one of the Diadochi who warred over Alexander's empire following the latter's death in 323 BC. Cassander later seized power by having Alexander's son and heir Alexander IV murdered. While governing Macedonia from 317 BC until 297 BC, Cassander focused on strengthening the northern borders and economic development, while founding or restoring several cities (including Thessalonica, Cassandreia, and Thebes); however, his ruthlessness in dealing with political enemies complicates assessments of his rule.

Early history
In his youth, Cassander was taught by the philosopher Aristotle at the Lyceum in Macedonia. He was educated alongside Alexander the Great in a group that included Hephaestion, Ptolemy and Lysimachus. His family were distant collateral relatives to the Argead dynasty.

Cassander is first recorded as arriving at Alexander the Great's court in Babylon in 323 BC, where he had been sent by his father, Antipater, most likely to help uphold Antipater's regency in Macedon, although a later contemporary who was hostile to the Antipatrids suggested that Cassander had journeyed to the court to poison the King. Cassander left Alexander's court either shortly before or after the king's death in June of 323 BC, playing no part in the immediate power struggles over the empire. Cassander returned to Macedonia and assisted his father's governance, he was later assigned by Antipater to Antigonus as his chiliarch from 321 to 320, probably to monitor the latter's activities.

Rule of Macedon
As Antipater grew close to death in 319 BC, he transferred the regency of Macedon not to Cassander, but to Polyperchon, possibly so as not to alarm the other Diadochi through an apparent move towards dynastic ambition, but perhaps also because of Cassander's own ambitions. Cassander rejected his father's decision, and immediately went to seek the support of Antigonus, Ptolemy and Lysimachus as his allies. Waging war on Polyperchon, Cassander destroyed his fleet, put Athens under the control of Demetrius of Phaleron, and declared himself Regent in 317 BC. After Olympias’ successful move against Philip III later in the year, Cassander besieged her in Pydna. When the city fell in the spring of 316, Olympias was killed, and Cassander had Alexander IV and Roxana confined at Amphipolis.

That year, Cassander associated himself with the Argead dynasty by marrying Alexander's half-sister, Thessalonike, and overseeing the burial of Phillip III and Eurydice in the royal cemetery at Aegae; he further cemented his authority by founding Thessalonica, Cassandreia, and rebuilding Thebes. From 314 to 310, Cassander campaigned to the west and north, for a time extending Macedonian power as far as Apollonia and Epidamus, but was driven out by local rulers like Glaucius; his rule in Macedonia remained firm as he resettled defeated enemies in the tradition of Phillip II and fostered trade in the regions around his new cities. Cassander had Alexander IV and Roxana secretly poisoned in either 310 BC or the following year.

By 309 BC, Polyperchon had begun to claim that Heracles was the true heir to the Macedonian inheritance, at which point Cassander bribed Polyperchon to kill the boy, promising him an alliance and the return of his Macedonian estates. After this, Cassander's position in Greece and Macedonia was reasonably secure, and he proclaimed himself king in 305 BC. Diodorus Siculus relates that Cassander, Ptolemy, and Lysimachus declared their kingships in response to the assumption of royal title by Antigonus, following his victory over Ptolemy at Salamis in 306.

In 307–304 BC he fought the so-called Four–Years' War against Athens. In 304 BC, his rival Antigonus Monophthalmus sent his son Demetrius Poliorcetes to aid Athens against Cassander. Demetrius succeeded in driving Cassander from central Greece and created a Hellenic League, the League of Corinth, against him. In the winter of 303–302 BC, Cassander opened negotiations with Antigonus with a view to establish peace, but Antigonus refused. At this Cassander turned to Lysimachus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus and convinced them to reform the coalition of 314–311 against Antigonus. In early 302 BC, Cassander sent one of his generals, Prepelaus, with an army from Macedon to join Lysimachus in an invasion of Antigonus's territory in Asia-Minor. Cassander himself marched with the main Macedonian field army into Thessaly to stop Demetrius from advancing into Macedon. Demetrius invaded Thessaly with a numerically superior force, Cassander stopped his advance by refusing to give battle and fortifying his positions. Lysimachus and Prepalaus had been very successful in Asia-Minor and Seleucus was marching with an army to join them. In the spring of 302 BC, Antigonus marched with an army from Syria into Asia-Minor to confront his enemies; he confronted Lysimachus and drove him from Phrygia. Antigonus realizing that the war would probably have to be decided in a major battle in Asia-Minor recalled Demetrius from Thessaly. With Demetrius gone Cassander sent part of his army with his brother, Pleistarchus, to join Prepalaus, Lysimachus and Seleucus in Asia-Minor. In 301 BC, the combined armies of Lysimachus, Seleucus, Prepalaus and Pleistarchus faced the combined armies of Antigonus and Demetrius at Ipsus. After the Battle of Ipsus in which Antigonus was killed, Cassander was undisputed in his control of Macedon; however, he had little time to savour the fact, dying of dropsy in 297 BC.

Cassander's dynasty did not live much beyond his death, with his son Philip dying of natural causes, and his other sons Alexander and Antipater becoming involved in a destructive dynastic struggle along with their mother. When Alexander was ousted as joint king by his brother, Demetrius I took up Alexander's appeal for aid and ousted Antipater, killed Alexander V and established the Antigonid dynasty. The remaining Antipatrids, such as Antipater II Etesias, were unable to re-establish the Antipatrids on the throne.

Legacy
Cassander stood out amongst the Diadochi in his hostility to Alexander's memory. Arrian later reported that he could not pass a statue of Alexander without feeling faint. Cassander has been perceived to be ambitious and unscrupulous, and even members of his own family were estranged from him. However, historians like John D. Grainger argue this characterization owes much to stories spread by his rivals.

Cassander was responsible for the deaths of more Argeads than other Diadochi, (Alexander IV, Roxana, and Alexander's supposed illegitimate son Heracles, as well as allowing Olympias to be killed by a Macedonian assembly), he was not the only one willing to kill Alexander's relatives: Polyperchon and Antigonus were just as willing to do the same when it benefitted them. From numismatic evidence, Evan Pitt argues that Cassander's actions until 311 BC were motivated more by self-preservation and maintenance of his own power rather than royal ambition and rivalry to Alexander the Great. Cassander's decision to restore Thebes, which had been destroyed by Alexander, was perceived at the time to be a snub to the deceased king, though it also had the realpolitik effect of providing a power base for Cassander in Boeotia. Like the other Diodochoi, Cassander participated in the appropriation of regal iconography which linked him to Alexander the Great. Other Diadochi depicted themselves and Alexander on their coins in profile with varying attributes, such as elephant-hide headdresses or horns; Cassander followed Alexander's own precedent and had himself or the dead king wearing a lion-skin cloak stamped on one side of his coins. These royal iconographies established by Alexander and continued by his immediate successors set patterns for royal coinage which were influential and enduring across the Mediterranean and West Asia. Also of lasting significance was Cassander's refoundation of Therma into Thessalonica, naming the city after his wife. Cassander also founded Cassandreia upon the ruins of Potidaea, as well as the city of Antipatreia in the Aspros Valley.

title: Cassander


text:
Mods and rockers

Mods and rockers were two conflicting British youth subcultures of the late 1950s to mid 1960s. Media coverage of the two groups fighting in 1964 sparked a moral panic about British youth, and they became widely perceived as violent, unruly troublemakers.

The rocker subculture was centred on motorcycling. Rockers generally wore protective clothing such as black leather jackets and motorcycle boots or brothel creepers. The style was influenced by Marlon Brando in the 1953 film The Wild One. The common rocker hairstyle was a pompadour, while their music genre of choice was 1950s rock and roll and R&B, played by artists including Eddie Cochran, Gene Vincent, and Bo Diddley, as well as British rock and roll musicians such as Billy Fury and Johnny Kidd.

The mod subculture was centred on fashion and music, and many mods wore parkas and rode scooters. Mods wore suits and other cleancut outfits, and listened to music genres such as modern jazz, soul, Motown, ska and British blues-rooted bands like the Yardbirds, the Small Faces, and later the Who and The Jam. The Who wrote a portrait of the cultures with their 1973 album and movie score Quadrophenia.

Physical conflicts
BBC News stories from May 1964 stated that mods and rockers were jailed after riots in seaside resort towns in Southern England, such as Margate in Kent, Brighton in Sussex, and Clacton in Essex.

Conflicts took place at Clacton and Hastings during the Easter weekend of 1964. A second round took place on the south coast of England over the Whitsun weekend (18 and 19 May 1964), especially at Brighton, where fights occurred over two days and moved along the coast to Hastings and back; hence the "Second Battle of Hastings" tag. A small number of rockers were isolated on Brighton beach where they – despite being protected by police – were overwhelmed and assaulted by mods. Eventually calm was restored and a judge levied heavy fines, describing those arrested as "sawdust Caesars."

Newspapers described the mod and rocker clashes as being of "disastrous proportions", and labelled mods and rockers as "vermin" and "louts". Newspaper editorials fanned the flames of hysteria, such as a Birmingham Post editorial in May 1964, which warned that mods and rockers were "internal enemies" in the UK who would "bring about disintegration of a nation's character". The magazine Police Review argued that the mods and rockers' purported lack of respect for law and order could cause violence to "surge and flame like a forest fire".

As a result of this media coverage, two British Members of Parliament travelled to the seaside areas to survey the damage, and MP Harold Gurden called for a resolution for intensified measures to control hooliganism. One of the prosecutors in the trial of some of the Clacton brawlers argued that mods and rockers were youths with no serious views, who lacked respect for law and order.

There were occasional incidents thereafter. In 1980, during the mod revival, the punk rock band The Exploited recorded the song "Fuck the Mods" on their EP Army Life, whose back cover stated "To all the Edinburgh punks and skins – keep on mod-bashing!!" The band performed in Finsbury Park, London in 1981 on the same night that The Jam were playing nearby, and there was fighting after the gigs between the mods who had watched The Jam and the rockers who had watched The Exploited.

Academic debunking
The sociologist Stanley Cohen was led by his retrospective study of the mods and rockers conflict to develop the term "moral panic". In his 1972 study Folk Devils and Moral Panics, he examined media coverage of the mod and rocker riots in the 1960s. He concedes that mods and rockers had some fights in the mid-1960s, but argues that they were no different from the evening brawls that occurred between youths throughout the 1950s and early 1960s at seaside resorts and after football games. He argues that the UK media turned the mod subculture into a symbol of delinquent and deviant status.

Cohen argues that as media hysteria about knife-wielding mods increased, the image of a fur-collared anorak and scooter would "stimulate hostile and punitive reactions". He says the media used possibly faked interviews with supposed rockers such as "Mick the Wild One". The media also tried to exploit accidents that were unrelated to mod-rocker violence, such as an accidental drowning of a youth, which resulted in the headline "Mod Dead in Sea".

Eventually, when the media ran out of real fights to report, they would publish deceptive headlines, such as using a subheading "Violence", even when the article reported that there was no violence at all. Newspaper writers also began to associate mods and rockers with various social issues, such as teen pregnancy, contraceptives, amphetamines, and violence.

Media
The 2010 remake of the 1948 film Brighton Rock is set in the era of mods and rockers, with Bank Holiday tribal clashes on Brighton promenades and beaches.

The 1979 film Quadrophenia starring Phil Daniels as Jimmy, Leslie Ash as Steph and Sting the lead singer of the English band Police as Ace Face, is set against the background of the 1964 Brighton clash with the incident featuring prominently.

title: Mods and rockers


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Philip III of Macedon

Philip III Arrhidaeus (Φίλιππος Ἀρριδαῖος; c. 357 BC – 317 BC) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 323 until his execution in 317 BC. He was a son of King Philip II of Macedon by Philinna of Larissa, and thus an elder half-brother of Alexander the Great. Named Arrhidaeus at birth, he assumed the name Philip when he ascended to the throne.

As Arrhidaeus grew older it became apparent that he had mild learning difficulties. Plutarch was of the view that he became disabled by means of an attempt on his life by Philip II's wife, Queen Olympias, who wanted to eliminate a possible rival to her son, Alexander, through the employment of pharmaka (drugs/spells); however, most modern authorities doubt the truth of this claim.

Alexander was fond of Arrhidaeus and took him on his campaigns, both to protect his life and to prevent his use as a pawn in any prospective challenge for the throne. After Alexander's death in Babylon in 323 BC, the Macedonian army in Asia proclaimed Arrhidaeus as king; however, he served merely as a figurehead and as the pawn of a series of powerful generals.

Biography
Even though Arrhidaeus and Alexander were about the same age, Arrhidaeus appears never to have been a danger as an alternative choice for Alexander's succession to Philip II. Nevertheless, when the Persian satrap of Caria, Pixodarus, proposed his daughter in marriage to Alexander, the king declined, offering his son Arrhidaeus as husband instead, and Alexander thought it prudent to block the dynastic union (which might have produced a possible future heir to Philip's domain before Alexander himself did), resulting in considerable irritation on the part of his father (337 BC).

Arrhidaeus' whereabouts during the reign of his brother Alexander are unclear from the extant sources; what is certain is that no civil or military command was given to him in those thirteen years (336–323 BC).

Succession
Arrhidaeus was in Babylon at the time of Alexander's death on 10 June 323 BC. A succession crisis ensued. Arrhidaeus was the most obvious candidate, but he was mentally disabled and thus unfit to rule. A conflict then arose between Perdiccas, leader of the cavalry, and Meleager, who commanded the phalanx: the first wanted to wait to see if Roxana, Alexander's pregnant wife, would deliver a son  while Meleager objected that Arrhidaeus should be chosen king. A compromise was engineered in which Arrhidaeus would become king with the name of Philip III, and would be joined by Roxana's yet-unborn child as co-sovereign should that child prove to be a male. This eventuality did indeed arise and resulted in Roxana's son, Alexander, becoming with his uncle Phillip co-sovereign on the throne of Macedon. It was immediately decided that Philip Arrhidaeus would reign, but not rule: this was to be the prerogative of the new regent, Perdiccas.

When news arrived in Macedonia that Arrhidaeus had been chosen as king, Cynane, a daughter of Philip II, developed a plan to travel to Asia and offer the new king her daughter Eurydice for his wife. This move was an obvious affront to the regent, whom Cynane had completely bypassed, and to prevent the marriage, Perdiccas sent his brother, Alcetas, to kill Cynane. The reaction among the troops generated by this murder was such that the regent had to give up his opposition to the proposed match and accept the marriage. From that moment on, Philip Arrhidaeus was to be under the sway of his bride, a proud and determined woman bent on substantiating her husband's power.

Regents
Eurydice's chance to increase her husband's power came when the first war of the Diadochi sealed the fate of Perdiccas, making a new settlement necessary. An agreement was made at Triparadisus in Syria in 321 BC. Eurydice moved deftly enough to achieve the removal of the first two designated regents, Peithon and Arrhidaeus (a namesake of her husband), but was powerless to block the aspirations of Antipater, whose position proved too powerful, and the latter was made the new regent; Philip Arrhidaeus and Eurydice were forced to follow Antipater back to Macedonia.

The regent died of natural causes the following year, nominating as his successor not his son Cassander, but his friend and lieutenant, Polyperchon. Cassander's refusal to accept his father's decision sparked the Second War of the Diadochi, in which Eurydice saw once again a chance to free Philip from the control of the regent.

An opportunity presented itself in 317 BC when Cassander expelled Polyperchon from Macedonia. Eurydice immediately allied herself with Cassander and persuaded her husband to nominate him as the new regent. Cassander reciprocated by leaving her in full control of the country when he left to campaign in Greece.

Death
That same year (317 BC), Polyperchon and Olympias allied with her cousin, Aeacides, king of Epirus, and invaded Macedonia. The Macedonian troops refused to fight Olympias, the mother of Alexander. Philip and Eurydice had no choice but to escape, only to be captured at Amphipolis and thrown into prison.

It soon became clear that Philip was too dangerous to be left alive, as Olympias' many enemies saw him as a useful tool against her. She had him executed, while his wife was forced to commit suicide.

Tomb

In 1977, excavations near Vergina in northern Greece led to the unearthing of three Macedonian tombs. Tomb II is a two-chambered royal tomb richly decorated with grave goods such as silver vessels, bronze weaponry and bath equipment, and a gold-and-ivory shield. The outer chamber of the tomb contained a golden box with the bones of a woman in her twenties, and the inner chamber contained a gold box with a golden crown and the bones of a man in his forties.

Professor Manolis Andronikos, the chief archaeologist at the site, along with a number of other archaeologists, decided that Tomb II contained the remains of Philip II and his final wife Cleopatra Eurydice due to the rich decoration of the tomb, the age of the skeletal remains, the damage on the male skeleton's right eye socket, and his thigh bone that had suffered trauma. Philip lost his right eye in battle and had been wounded in one leg. However, as the right eye socket was almost entirely missing, the damage could not be specified, and the wound was to the wrong leg. Athenian pottery found in the tomb dates between the last quarter of the fourth century to the early third century BC, while Philip II died in 336 BC. Architectural evidence regarding the vaulted roof and its similarity to Lycian tombs points to a later date, after Alexander the Great's invasion of Asia.

Due to forensic studies in 2015, it is now believed that Philip II was buried in Tomb I. As such, others have proposed Tomb II to contain the remains of Philip Arrhidaeus and his wife Eurydice, due to the time of their death in 317 BC and that Arrhidaeus was known to have received honors at burial.

In Tomb II, greaves that many archaeologists had argued belong to Philip II could also belong to Eurydice or Alexander the Great, according to Antonios Bartsiokas. Bartsiokas, one of the lead authors in the 2015 study identifying Philip as the occupant of Tomb I, explained that Eurydice was a warrior who fought in many battles and could have required greaves. It is also possible that some of Alexander the Great's armor could have been buried at the tomb, as Arrhideaus wore Alexander's garments when he ascended to the throne in 323 BC, although he did not fight in battles himself. A hand-hammered iron helmet found in Tomb II matches Plutarch's description of Alexander's helmet.

Arrhidaeus in fiction
He appears as one of the main characters in the novel Funeral Games by Mary Renault. In Renault's version, the villainous Cassander slows down his advance on Macedonia to give Olympias enough time to kill Arrhidaeus and Eurydice.

Arrhidaeus is also a main character in Annabel Lyon's novel The Golden Mean. In it, the young Arrhidaeus is tutored by Aristotle while he also mentors his younger half-brother, the future Alexander the Great. Alexander, who is initially disgusted with his brother's inferior intellect, learns to love him before he sets out to conquer the world.

In the Japanese fiction manga Historie, he was shown as an intellectually disabled young child, who became happy when Eumenes made him a toy chariot and became sad when Alexander the Great destroyed his toy. Eumenes later replaced it with a new one, telling him to bury the chariot.

Arrhideaus is also portrayed in the Indian historical drama series Porus.

Phillip is a prominent character in the Eric Flint novel The Alexander Inheritance and its sequel The Macedonian Hazard. Phillip is portrayed as having an affectionate relationship with Eurydice that is marred by his inability to stand being touched. The appearance of a cruise ship of time travelers a few months after Alexander's death changes history, and prevents Phillip and Eurydice's deaths, although they spend a time as prisoners of Antigonus I Monophthalamus. He is portrayed as having a spectrum disorder, but a photographic memory and a talent for mental arithmetic. His condition improves after sessions from a therapist among the time travelers, along with medical marijuana and other drugs, and fathers a child with Eurydice in the second book.

title: Philip III of Macedon