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Hellblazer

John Constantine, Hellblazer is an American contemporary horror comic-book series published by DC Comics since January 1988, and subsequently by its Vertigo imprint since March 1993, when the imprint was introduced. Its central character is the streetwise English sorcerer and con man John Constantine, who was created by Alan Moore and Stephen R. Bissette, and first appeared as a supporting character in Swamp Thing (vol. 2) #37 (June 1985), during that creative team's run on that title. Hellblazer had been published continuously since January 1988, and was Vertigo's longest-running title, the only remaining publication from the imprint's launch. In 2013, the series concluded with issue 300, and was replaced by Constantine, which returned the character to the mainstream DC Universe. The original series was revived in November 2019 for twelve issues as part of The Sandman Universe line of comics, under the DC Black Label brand. Well known for its extremely pessimistic tone and social/political commentary, the series has spawned a film adaptation, television show, novels, and multiple spin-offs and crossovers.

The series was the longest-running and one of the most successful titles of DC's Vertigo imprint, and was the stepping stone for many British writers. Notable writers who have contributed to the series include Jamie Delano, Garth Ennis, Eddie Campbell, Paul Jenkins, Warren Ellis, Grant Morrison, Neil Gaiman, Brian Azzarello, Mike Carey, Denise Mina, Andy Diggle, and Peter Milligan. Hellblazer was one of the first modern occult detective fiction works and heavily influenced the genre to come.

Production history
After favorable reader reaction to John Constantine's appearances in the comic-book series Swamp Thing, where he had been introduced by writer Alan Moore, the character was given his own comic-book series in 1988. The series was intended to bear the title Hellraiser, but this title was revised before publication due to the contemporaneous release of Clive Barker's unrelated film of the same name. Initial writer Jamie Delano was, in his own words, "fairly ambivalent" about the change of title.

The initial creative team was writer Jamie Delano and artist John Ridgway, with Dave McKean supplying distinctive painted and collage covers. Delano introduced a political aspect to the character, about which he stated: "...generally I was interested in commenting on 1980s Britain. That was where I was living, it was shit, and I wanted to tell everybody." The book, originally published as a regular DC Comics title, became a Vertigo title with the imprint's launch in March 1993 (issue #63 of the series). In October 2011, it was announced that this would join DC titles in being published digitally on the same day as its physical release, starting in January 2012.

Creative personnel
Many writers had lengthy runs on the series, such as Garth Ennis and Mike Carey, who respectively had the second- and third-longest runs on the book (only behind Peter Milligan). Other writers who wrote for the series include Paul Jenkins, Warren Ellis, Brian Azzarello, Neil Gaiman, Grant Morrison, Denise Mina, and Andy Diggle.

Numerous artists worked on the series, as well, such as John Ridgway (the original series artist), Simon Bisley, Mark Buckingham, Richard Corben, Steve Dillon, Marcelo Frusin, Jock, David Lloyd, Leonardo Manco, and Sean Phillips. Cover artists included Dave McKean (who designed the first run of the series' covers), Tim Bradstreet (who designed the most), Glenn Fabry, Kent Williams, David Lloyd, and Sean Phillips.

Setting and protagonist
Hellblazer was set in a contemporary world, albeit a world of magic and supernatural conflict behind the scenes. Although the official setting of the series was the DC Universe, well-known DC characters were rarely seen or mentioned. However, some DC Comics characters – most notably the fringe supernatural characters such as Zatanna, the Phantom Stranger, Shade, the Changing Man, Dream of the Endless, and the Swamp Thing – made appearances.

John Constantine, the main character of Hellblazer, was portrayed as a kind of confidence man and occult detective who did morally questionable things, arguably for the greater good. He usually triumphed through guile, deceit, and misdirection, but often made more enemies in the process than he defeated. Indeed, it was a common theme in the book that Constantine was unable to effect any lasting change or enjoy unequivocal victories. While sometimes striving for the good of mankind, Constantine was often manipulative and a dangerous person to have as a friend, as the lives and souls of those around him became perilously involved in his misadventures. He took pains to protect himself from direct attacks, but his friends and relatives were often endangered in order to strike at him. The spirits of deceased friends haunted him, individually or as an entourage of ghosts.

Constantine made appearances in other comic-book titles, such as Crisis on Infinite Earths, Infinite Crisis, Green Arrow, Green Lantern, The Sandman, Lucifer, and Shade, the Changing Man. He was a recurring supporting character in both Swamp Thing and The Books of Magic throughout their numerous incarnations. Some attempts to use the character in other superhero or family-friendly comics were altered due to editorial mandate, such as "Gregori Eilovotich Rasputin" in Firestorm and Captain Atom (who refers to Constantine as "an impertinent bumbler in England"). Grant Morrison created "Willoughby Kipling" for Doom Patrol after being refused Constantine by DC, changing his appearance to that of Richard E. Grant in Withnail and I, following which Phil Foglio was forced to create "Ambroise Bierce" in Stanley and His Monster, having been refused both Constantine and Willoughby Kipling.

John Constantine was reintroduced into the DC Universe in 2011, initially in the Brightest Day crossover event title Search for the Swamp Thing, and in the ongoing The New 52 title Justice League Dark.

Jamie Delano (#1–24, #28–40, #84, #250)

Having previously worked on D.R. & Quinch for 2000 AD, a title made popular by John Constantine's creator Alan Moore, Delano was selected to start the character's first run in his own comic by then editor Karen Berger in 1988. Delano's run was characterised by his political satire, taking on late-1980s and -90s tropes such as with city financiers being literal demons, and Constantine meeting with Freemasons from the Houses of Parliament. He also had environmentalist issues crop up, especially in "The Fear Machine" (issues #15–22), where John fell in with a travelling community of environmental activists. Indeed, editor Karen Berger noted on Delano's departure the irony that his final issue was handed in the week that Thatcher was forced out of office.

Five main storylines were in the run. The first, collected as "Original Sins", deals with John travelling to America to exorcise a demon, Mnemoth, and investigate a strange cult known as Damnation's Army, crossing paths with a demon called Nergal (from whom he gains demon blood), and having to be responsible for killing an old friend, Gary Lester, and betraying another friend, called Zed, in the process. The following four issues, "The Devil You Know" finally explain John's failure to save a young girl, Astra, from a demon in Newcastle, an event that left him near insane and incarcerated in an asylum known as Ravenscar, and still haunted him to the comic's end. He eventually discovers that the demon responsible for this was Nergal, and uses a technological scheme to trap him, and lead him back to hell. It also contains a crossover with Swamp Thing, where Constantine loses his body while the Swamp Thing uses it to procreate.

This was followed by a lengthy nine-issue story arc, "The Fear Machine", revolving around a masonic plot to collect people's fears, to raise a dormant god known as Juntakillokian, and his efforts to prevent this with the help of environmentalists, including Mercury, a young psychic girl, and Marj, her mother, with whom he becomes romantically involved. The penultimate major run of Delano's tenure was "The Family Man", which differed from the main body of the series thus far in that Constantine's nemesis is not supernatural (beyond an opening metafictional encounter with a fictional fence), but a former policeman turned serial killer. John's ethical quandary as to whether murder is ever acceptable, and his coping with the murder of his father, Thomas, frames this story. During this run on the title, Grant Morrison (issues #25 & 26) and Neil Gaiman (issue #27) both filled in during a three-month break, with Morrison's story dealing with nuclear fear, and Neil Gaiman's being a ghost story about homelessness.

Delano's run ended with "The Golden Child", where John is reunited with Marj and Mercury, who help him discover that he murdered his more perfect twin in the womb, culminating in an extended story, in which what would have occurred had the other twin survived in his place is revealed. During his run, there was also a stand-alone issue, Hellblazer Annual #1, exploring Constantine's ancestry, and featuring the video to John's punk band, Mucous Membrane's song "Venus of the Hardsell".

Jamie Delano returned to the title on several occasions. Between the Garth Ennis and Paul Jenkins runs on Hellblazer, he finally told the story of why John's best friend Chas 'owes' him (issue #84), and he returned again for one of the five Christmas stories in issue #250. He also wrote the miniseries The Horrorist in 1995, and Bad Blood in 2000, both featuring John Constantine. A more substantial return was made in 2010 for a hardcover graphic novel Hellblazer: Pandemonium with artist Jock to commemorate the 25th anniversary of John Constantine's first appearance in Swamp Thing.

Garth Ennis (#41–50, #52–83, #129–133)

Irish writer Garth Ennis then took over the title in 1991, again from 2000 AD, where he had been working on Judge Dredd. He proceeded to write the second-longest run for any writer on the title. His take on the title was more personal than Jamie Delano's, with John's relationships coming to the fore. It also had a strong religious theme, with John's dealings with the First of the Fallen, and some storylines, such as the relationship between an angel, Tali, and a succubus demon, Ellie, would go on to be used again as a major plot device in Preacher, one of his most popular works. He also references the music of The Pogues and the poetry of Brendan Behan, both of these being relevant to Ennis' Irish heritage.

His run started with "Dangerous Habits" (41–46), which was the basis for the 2005 film Constantine, and dealt with John Constantine contracting lung cancer, and the desperate deal he makes with the First of the Fallen, and various other lords of Hell, to save himself. In the course of trying to save himself, he visits Ireland, and later becomes reacquainted with Kit Ryan, an old friend of Irish origin. The following few issues follow the early stages of his relationship with Kit, a plot to install a demon on the British throne in the plotline "Royal Blood", and in the extended issue #50, his first meeting with the King of the Vampires. One minor story in this arc (issue #51) was written by guest writer John Smith.

The next major arc, "Fear and Loathing" (issues 62–67), covers a high point of John's personal life, with his relationship with Kit going well, and a 40th birthday party where his friends Ellie, Zatanna, and the Swamp Thing attend, and use their various abilities to create a large quantity of Bushmills whiskey and marijuana. The story then takes him to his lowest point, through his dealings with the National Front, their threats towards Kit, and her leaving him to return to Ireland. Following this, John is defeated, and lives homeless on the streets, drinking to forget his life. This remains the case until the King of the Vampires hunts him out, and is poisoned by his demon blood, leaving him out in the sun at dawn, killing him. Following his recovery, the storyline "Damnation's Flame" (Issues #72–77) follows a trip to the US, where Constantine is put into an alternative America by his old adversary Papa Midnite, a Vodun shaman. He is accompanied by the spirit of JFK, who has to hold his brain in place from his infamous wound. He eventually learns how to escape, shortly before running into the First of the Fallen, in the guise of Abraham Lincoln. There then follows a small break where he meets the spirit of a dead friend in Dublin, offering some closure to his recent problems. Ennis' run ends with "Rake at the Gates of Hell", a story which finally brings together the racism storyline, with riots in Mile End, echoing the real-life Brixton and Broadwater Farm riots in London, the revenge attempt of the First of the Fallen, started in "Dangerous Habits", and the end of John's relationship with Kit Ryan. John's eventual Pyrrhic victory leaves this run with closure, and a relatively clean slate for a new writer to take over.

Ennis briefly returned to the title in 1998 with "Son of Man", filling the gaps between Paul Jenkins's and Warren Ellis's runs on the title. This more irreverent story is about the consequences of Constantine resurrecting the dead son of an East London gangster, using the spirit of a demon. He also had two specials published during his run on the title, the Hellblazer Special and Heartland, which follows Kit Ryan's return to Ireland.

Paul Jenkins (#89–128)
Following issue #84 by Jamie Delano and a brief interlude by From Hell artist Eddie Campbell (issues #85-88), the series' direction was taken over by Paul Jenkins in 1995. He had been the former editor of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and other Mirage Studios lines. He had pitched to several comic houses, having tired of editing, and eventually managed to gain stewardship of Hellblazer, the first largely untested writer to achieve this. Jenkins' run is more traditionally English in its themes, with Albion, Arthurian legend, and old English battles all featuring, and even an appearance by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and a speculative explanation of the writing of Kubla Khan, and what the interruption of the 'man from Porlock' may have been. He also returns to Jamie Delano's coverage of anarchist lifestyles, and the effects of the Criminal Justice Act of 1994, a controversial law which restricted the ability of the public to throw raves and large demonstrations.

Major storylines in this run include "Critical Mass", where Constantine is forced to use magic to purge his darker side into another human body, to avoid being damned to Hell as part of a trade to save the possessed son of a friend, thus creating the antagonistic character, Demon Constantine, with the assistance of Aleister Crowley. The landmark hundredth issue gave more detail on John Constantine's father, and the abusive relationship that they had shared. However, it is unclear as to whether this is happening in reality, or in his mind as John convalesces in a coma. "Last Man Standing" reveals that his friend Rich is the current descendant of King Arthur, and Merlin's attempt to discover God's secret, an act which would destroy England, using John's few remaining friends as bait.

The 10th-anniversary issue breaks from the usual format, in breaking the fourth wall, and addressing readers as if they are in a pub with Constantine for a monthly get-together to hear his stories. Over the course of the issue, most of the characters from Constantine's history appear, along with Death of the Endless from Sandman. Also, appearances are made by writers and artists, including series creator Alan Moore, Garth Ennis, and Jenkins himself. Jenkins' run then draws to a close with two storylines, "Up the Down Staircase" and "How to Play With Fire", which relate the First of the Fallen's new plan, to essentially let mankind ruin itself through television and consumerism, and Ellie's plot to leave Constantine friendless and alone. John eventually saves himself, through a literal deus ex machina, in a campfire conversation with God. However, at that time Rich and his family finally sever their friendship with John, and the latter ends the run alone.

Warren Ellis (#134–143)
Warren Ellis took over the title in 1999, after his work on Transmetropolitan which had moved to the Vertigo imprint, following the closure of Helix Comics. He was meant to become a full-time writer for several years, as Delano, Ennis and Jenkins before him, but left the title early after DC refused to publish the story "Shoot", about high school shootings, following the Columbine High School massacre, despite the fact it had been written and submitted prior to the event. The story was finally published in 2010.

His brief run began with "Haunted", a London-based story in which John investigates the brutal murder of a former girlfriend, Isabel by an Aleister Crowley style magician, Josh Wright. The story introduces, or reintroduces many characters who became an important part of the Hellblazer universe, including Inspector Watford (originally from Jamie Delano's run on the title), aging magician Clarice, and Map, a powerful magician who works on tube renovations in his part as custodian of London. The remainder of Ellis' brief tenure was taken up with single issue stories, collected as "Setting Sun".

Brian Azzarello (#146–174)
Following a brief interlude by Croatian writer Darko Macan, the series was then taken over by Brian Azzarello, once again hired on the strength of his own series for Vertigo, 100 Bullets. Azzarello's run is one large meta-story, that follows John Constantine on a trip across America, starting with his incarceration in prison, then variously uncovering a pornography ring, catching a serial killer, taking on a Neo Nazi group before finally dealing with the architect of his incarceration, Stanley W. Manor, a thinly-veiled pastiche of Batman. Brian Azzarello did return for one of the five stories in issue #250. This arc attracted minor controversy for its depiction of Constantine in a same-sex relationship.

Mike Carey (#175–215, #229)
Following Azzarello's run, writer Mike Carey took over the title, following his Eisner award-winning title Lucifer, set in the Sandman universe. Carey's run attempted to return John Constantine to his roots, with the title largely set back in London, and featuring many characters from former runs on the title. Mike Carey also has the honour of being the first Liverpudlian to write the Liverpudlian character. His was the second longest run by any single author on the title up to that time, second only to Garth Ennis, until Peter Milligan's run.

The start of his run introduces Angie Spatchcock, a fellow magician, and reintroduces his niece, Gemma Constantine, who has also fallen into magic use, to her uncle's consternation. After ridding his sister's house of an evil spirit, and finding out Gemma has gone missing, John returns to London, to find his old colleagues and enemies are all taking sides in the hunt for a mythical item, known as the Red Sepulchre. John eventually locates the item, and finds Gemma, freeing her from his old enemy Josh Wright. Following several forewarnings, Constantine then travels the world to set up a plan for a forthcoming tragedy, which will occur when "Three doors are opened", involving Swamp Thing and the Garden of Eden amongst others.

John's preparations have no effect, however, as he is tricked into killing the guardian that had been preventing the tragedy, freeing a beast which can control the collective unconsciousness of mankind. John Constantine cuts his own wrists, in order to free himself from consciousness, and plays a confidence trick on the beast, allowing his friends time to use the collective consciousness to rebuild the guardian that had kept the beast trapped. However, in this process, Swamp Thing has his human soul removed, setting up the fourth run of the comic, relaunched shortly afterward. In the process John loses his memory, setting up the events leading up to the 200th issue. Leading up to the landmark issue, John has little control over events, and is led along by a psychic serial killer, who threatens to kill Chas and his family, and a demon, Rosacarnis, who offers his memories back, at the cost of 24 hours in her service. John eventually gives into this offer, and the 200th issue shows how Rosacarnis manipulates his reality, making him raise three children with her, in the guise of Kit Ryan, from Garth Ennis's time on the title, Zed, from Jamie Delano's, and Angie, from the current run, with three different artists, Steve Dillon, Marcelo Frusin and Leonardo Manco each drawing one story, as the past, present and future of the title.

Carey's final run followed the attempts of John's three new children attempting to kill all of his family and friends, culminating in the death of his sister, Cheryl, at the hands of her possessed husband. John then travels into Hell to try to rescue her soul, with the assistance of Rosacarnis's father, Nergal. The plan ultimately fails, and John returns broken, and intending to renounce magic.

Mike Carey returned to the title for a single issue between Denise Mina and Andy Diggle's runs on the title, and also wrote the well-received Hellblazer graphic novel All His Engines about a strange illness sweeping the globe.

Denise Mina (#216–228)
Denise Mina had not written for comics when she took over the title in 2006, but had three acclaimed crime novels to her name, the Garnethill trilogy, the first of which won the CWA award for best debut crime novel. Her run on the title took John to Scotland, to attempt to stop a plot to make everybody empathise with each other. However, John fails to stop this, and, overwhelmed by the grief and horror they're forced to empathically share, suicides abound through the people of Glasgow. With help from Gemma Constantine, Angie Spatchcock and Chas Chandler, a plan to reverse the problem is made, as tension builds among the soldiers now surrounding the city. The soldiers keenly listen to a World Cup match between England and Portugal on the radio. When England loses the match, it seems all is lost, but the expected psychic riot fails to materialize. The soldiers are Scottish, so England's loss is celebrated, saving the day, and proving there's no source of joy like Schadenfreude.

Andy Diggle (#230–244, #247–249)
Andy Diggle, having previously written the Hellblazer special, Lady Constantine, and Vertigo titles The Losers and Swamp Thing, took over the title in 2007, another former writer for 2000 AD to have done this. He left the title in 2009 after accepting an exclusive contract with Marvel.

The run starts by introducing two main antagonists, an aging politician, who is using a strange portal to enter other people's minds and commit crimes, and Mako, a cannibalistic mage who devours other magicians in order to obtain their power. Constantine's attempt to play them off one another only succeeds in making them join forces in a further plot. Constantine then traps them both with considerable ease, and questions how this has been so easy. It then becomes apparent that he has been manipulated by the 'Golden Child', his twin who did not survive childbirth, and has been manipulating events for the whole of the series, including his battle with cancer and many other events. He declines his twin's offer to merge souls, suspicious that his twin has been weakening his will in past years to make him accept this offer, choosing instead to take control of his own destiny.

Peter Milligan (#250–300)
Peter Milligan, a veteran of the Vertigo line, having written both Shade, The Changing Man and Animal Man at the publisher's inception (and another former 2000 AD writer), then took over, starting with a short story in the landmark 250th issue, and taking over full-time following this. His run implemented several major changes, including John Constantine's wedding and the loss of his thumb.

In a rare change, Milligan's run on the title starts with John living in domestic bliss with a nurse, Phoebe. Over the course of the first storyline, several new characters are introduced, including Epiphany Greaves, the alchemist daughter of a notorious London gangster, and Julian, a Babylonian demon. Over the course of the run, John dealt with a demon taking revenge on people involved in the Liverpool dockers' strike gone insane and sought help from Shade, The Changing Man, after chopping off his own thumb, seen Phoebe die at the hands of Julian, and traveled to India to try to find a way of saving her. Following this, he realised that he was in love with Epiphany, and married her in the 275th issue. However, the events of this wedding turned Constantine's niece Gemma against him, due to the Demon Constantine sexually assaulting her in the restroom. The strain of this traumatic incident turned her against John, and she enlisted the help of a coven of witches to kill him, which later came to a head when John was forced to fight off a brutal Demon summoned by them using John's iconic trenchcoat to target him.

Afterwards, John's coat (which Gemma sold on eBay) began to manipulate its various new owners into murder, suicide, or other horrific acts until coming into the hands of a man from the U.S., who tried to kill John and Epiphany. During the time the coat was missing, John's magical abilities had begun to go out of control. John eventually resolves this, and he was re-united with his coat. Since this, Gemma and John have a very shaky relationship with one another, and she began a sexual relationship with Epiphany's crime-boss father Terry in order to "punish" John. When he confronted her about this relationship though, she told him that she would not stop unless he was able to retrieve her mother's soul from Hell. John agreed. In order to get his sister to leave Hell, John agreed to track down her son, his adopted nephew, in Ireland.

On October 8, 2012, the series was announced as ending with issue 300, following which a new title, Constantine, started at the main imprint of DC comics. By 2013, Constantine was contacted by the Three Fates, who tell him that he will finally meet his end in five days. Having lived a good and adventurous life, he happily accepts his fate rather than trying to fight it like he always does. When the last day came, Constantine was ambushed and shot in his own home right in front of a horrified Epiphany. After he died, Epiphany and Finn had an affair as a way to comfort each other. John's ghost saw them having sex in a graveyard and seemed to give his blessing, making the fates decide that John wasn't going to try to come back to life. Then, of course, he did. He contacted Epiphany and asked her to help resurrect him by making him cigarettes from his ashes, which, after he smoked them, made him corporeal again. Thinking to disappear and live happily ever after with Epiphany, they moved to a tiny house in Ireland, courtesy of Finn, that was totally off the grid and far removed from any apparent trouble, the last place anyone would think to look for John. That didn't last long, though, as John realized he can never run from his past.

So John left Epiphany in Ireland and returned to England to confront Gemma. He stole the last dart holding the concoction that killed his demon twin, but ultimately gave it back to Gemma and told her either she could kill him, and live her life without him, but be consumed with guilt for killing him or she could let him disappear from her life forever, without any guilt for murdering him. Gemma shot the dart at him, but John disappeared. The final panel of Hellblazer reveals John, looking shocked and much older than we'd previously seen him, standing in a bar appropriately called "A Long Journey's End" surrounded by people, in front of a shelf full of bottles with the names of the comic's staff over the years.

Other writers
Guest writers were Grant Morrison (#25–26), Neil Gaiman (#27), John Smith (#51), Eddie Campbell (#85–88), Darko Macan (#144–145), and Jason Aaron (#245–246).

Justice League Dark, Constantine and DC Rebirth
In 2011, it was announced that a younger John Constantine would feature in Justice League Dark, one of the new titles launched as part of September 2011's DC Universe reboot. He was to be part of a team including Shade, The Changing Man, Deadman and Madame Xanadu, known as Justice League Dark. As part of the DC universe reboot in September 2011, Peter Milligan started the title which featured an alternate version of John Constantine as a prominent part of the team. Milligan wrote eight issues of Justice League Dark, with writer Jeff Lemire taking over on issue nine.

On November 8, 2012, DC announced that Hellblazer would be cancelled following its 300th issue, and would be replaced by Constantine written by Jeff Lemire and Ray Fawkes for issues #1-3 and Ray Fawkes alone for issues #4-23, and drawn by Renato Guedes starring the younger New 52 John Constantine, rather than the version from Hellblazer, depicted as being in his late 50s. The Constantine series ended its run with its 23rd issue in May 2015. Nonetheless, the character would again star in another solo series entitled Constantine: The Hellblazer, co-written by Ming Doyle and James Tynion IV with art by Riley Rossmo, released on June 10, 2015. Writer Ming Doyle expressed excitement in her chance to write Constantine, stating that the reason of putting the term Hellblazer back to the character's title was to "take Constantine back to what he was at the start." On July 20, 2016, a new comic book entitled The Hellblazer: Rebirth was released as part of DC Rebirth, a major relaunch in an effort to return famous DC stories from before the New 52 into the reboot. The plot concerns John Constantine finally returning to London after being cursed by a demon that forced him to leave the city. Former Hellblazer characters such as Chas Chandler and Mercury made appearances in the series, and the comic was written by Simon Oliver who previously wrote the spin-off series Hellblazer Presents: Chas - The Knowledge.

Relaunch (2019)
In July 2019, DC announced that Hellblazer would be relaunched as part of The Sandman Universe line of comics. The relaunched series, written by Simon Spurrier and illustrated by Aaron Campbell, begins after the events of the 1990 miniseries The Books of Magic. Hellblazer began with a one-shot on Halloween 2019, before becoming a regular series in November. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the series ended after 12 issues. However, during New York Comic Con 2023, it was revealed that the series would getting a revival miniseries called John Constantine, Hellblazer: Dead in America, with Spurrier and Campbell returning and publication set to begin in January 2024.

Themes and style
Hellblazer was first published during the early days of the Modern Age of Comics, and so its themes were as dark, edgy, and politically and morally complex as its contemporaries. The comic mixed supernatural and real life horror, akin to contemporary gothic, with noire, surrealism and occult detective fiction elements. Unlike other comic books, it is also unique as it follows real time in its span of 20 years, with its protagonist John Constantine aging in every publication. Because of this, writers of the series often place their era's culture and social commentary in their run. When Jamie Delano first wrote the series in the late 1980s and early 1990s, his issues were heavily inspired by the era such as punk rock and the British economy. Delano would be the first to put his political views in the series, such as his negative views of Thatcher's regime and by 2005 includes the War on Terror. This made John Constantine different from other comic book characters at that time, in that he fights the political and social injustice of Great Britain.

When Garth Ennis took over writing, he included his trademark representation of racism and religious fanaticism, as well his depictions of the Falklands War. The most controversial writer, Brian Azzarello, tackled issues such as neo-Nazism, prison rape and homosexuality. During Warren Ellis' run, he included American school shootings in a one-shot issue which led to a major controversy. In his run, Peter Milligan managed to put punk ideology in the series, with the protagonist trying to reacquire his former punk self, while also characterizing the Conservative government as a demon infestation with the punk subculture fighting against this supposed subversion and abuse. As such, much of Hellblazer's horror often comes in the crisis and controversies of its time. Being set in the UK, many famous British personalities have appeared or made cameos such as Sid Vicious, Margaret Thatcher, Aleister Crowley and Alan Moore.

As stated by Warren Ellis, Hellblazer's major themes were cynicism, nihilism and "sudden violence", with the protagonist often narrating the story in dark proses with occasional breaking of the fourth wall. In many story arcs every victory Constantine makes has a negative side effect and often leads to tragedy. His friends, family, and others would be sacrificed or be caught in the crossfire, many of them are dead or have left him. John tries his best to make something good in his life, but most of it leading to failure.

Reception
Over the two decades that it had been published, Hellblazer had normally been quite well received. While not attaining the sales of 'mainstream' comics, it had sustained healthy figures, consistently being one of the top selling Vertigo titles, and was sustained by healthy sales of trade paperbacks. Hillary Goldstein of IGN described it as, "Sometimes surreal, often provocative and almost always entertaining, the adventures of the Hellblazer are among the best Vertigo has to offer." Well-known comic book writer Warren Ellis also praised the series as his favorite, calling it as "among the very best horror works of the 1990s." Andre Borges from DNA India listed it in the "15 Must Read Graphic Novels", describing it as "one of the first of its kind", and that its "writing and art work have been praised throughout its run." Robert Tutton of Paste listed the series at #4 in its "13 Terrifying Modern Horror Comics", stating that "Constantine’s most frightening encounters have hewn close enough to that kernel of truth to remind readers that real life can be as terrifying as any succubus or demon spawn."

Jamie Delano's original run on the title is looked on fondly, with journalist Helen Braithwaite stating, "His take on the character of John Constantine has never been equalled. Delano's Original Sins graphic novel should be in every comic book fan's collection." She added that, "His writing evokes an incredible sense of dread and terror in a reader." IGN listed the title as one of the 25 Best Vertigo Books, calling John Constantine as "one of Vertigo's best characters."

Garth Ennis' run is also much loved, particularly Dangerous Habits, which was voted the best Garth Ennis story on Comic Book Resources, ahead of his work on Preacher, The Boys and The Punisher. In the same article Brian Cronin describes John's one time love, Kit Ryan, as one of the series' most memorable characters. The popularity of Ennis and Dillon's run on Hellblazer is also credited for Vertigo agreeing to publish their seminal series Preacher. Empire called Dangerous Habits storyline as "rightly one of the most celebrated in comic book history." Glenn Fabry who was the cover artist during Ennis' run, won an Eisner Award for "Best Cover Artist" in 1995.

The creator of the protagonist, Alan Moore, praised Jamie Delano's portrayal of the character, commenting "[Delano] demonstrates brilliantly that English horror didn't vanish with the fog and gas lit cobblestones at the end of the Victorian era." Moore also liked Brian Azzarello's run on the series, commenting that Azzarello and Corben captured the character "down, cold and to the life."

The character received positive critical reception while starring in the series. Empire ranked Constantine third in their 50 Greatest Comic Characters of All Time, while IGN ranked him #29 in their Top 100 Comic Book Heroes, and the character ranked #10 in Wizard Magazine's Top 200 Comic Book Characters of All Time.

Legacy
The comic book's initial cancellation, and the introduction of the character to DC led to many negative feedback and reception. I, Vampire writer Joshua Hale Fialkov expressed sadness he would never get to write "the 'real' John Constantine", noted crime author and former Hellblazer writer Ian Rankin stated that Constantine was the only comic book character he ever wanted to write for, and Alan Moore's daughter, Leah Moore expressing doubt that Constantine could replace Hellblazer, among others. As a result, DC co-publisher Dan Didio issued a statement defending this decision, stating that, "Hellblazer's had a long and incredibly successful run and that's a tip of the hat to all the great creators that have worked on the book over the years. The new Constantine series will return him back to his roots in the DCU and hopefully be the start of another incredible run." Comic Alliance described Hellblazer's cancellation as marking "the end of an era for Vertigo" while adding it to be "one of a handful of comics from the late eighties that helped comic books and their readers grow up."

Hellblazer boosted the popularity and image of the occult detective fiction genre and shaped it to its modern form. Many modern examples of the genre such as Hellboy, Supernatural, Grimm, The Originals, and The Dresden Files have been influenced by it, and many imitators of both the series and its character flourished such as Criminal Macabre, Gravel, Planetary, and others. Its elements and style have been used countless of times in other works and many analogues of the cynical John Constantine have appeared.

Film
The first filmed adaptation of Hellblazer is one of the scenes in the documentary feature film The Mindscape of Alan Moore, which was shot in early 2002. The dramatization consists of the John Constantine character wandering through London and, in the film ending, experiencing a mystical epiphany of sorts.

In 2005, Constantine was released, a feature film that did not use the same title as the comic book, in order to avoid confusion with the Hellraiser horror franchise. The only links to the character of John Constantine were the name and a plotline loosely based on the "Dangerous Habits" story arc (Hellblazer #41–46). DC Comics announced a sequel to the 2005 Constantine film was in the works, with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura linked to the project. He stated: "I'd love to do it... We want to do a hard, R-rated version of it. We're going to scale back the size of the movie to try and persuade the studio to go ahead and make a tough version of it." In late 2012, director Guillermo del Toro discussed the notion of creating a film that would star John Constantine alongside other DC/Vertigo characters such as Zatanna, Swamp Thing, and more.

Constantine appears in the animated films Justice League Dark and Justice League Dark: Apokolips War, with Matt Ryan reprising his role from the Arrowverse.

Television
In January 2014 it was announced that David Goyer and Daniel Cerone were developing a TV series based on Hellblazer to air on NBC. Neil Marshall directed the pilot episode. The series follows Constantine in defending humanity against dark forces from beyond. On February, 21 it was announced that Welsh actor Matt Ryan was cast as the titular Constantine. The show ran for 13 episodes in Fall 2014, and on May 8, 2015, NBC cancelled Constantine midway through its first season.

Ryan reprised his role as John Constantine in the fourth season of The CW's Arrow and in multiple episodes of the third season of Legends of Tomorrow. In March 2018 it was announced Ryan's Constantine would join the cast as a series regular for the fourth season. An animated series featuring Ryan as the voice of John Constantine, Constantine: City of Demons, was announced in January 2017 and was released to The CW's streaming platform in March 2018. The series was developed by Warner Bros. Animation and Blue Ribbon Content, with Greg Berlanti, Schechter and David S. Goyer (one of the creators of the live-action series) serving as executive producers, and Butch Lukic served as producer. J. M. DeMatteis wrote the series, and it was directed by Doug Murphy. Warner Bros Animation and Blue Ribbon Content Vice President Peter Girardi said the series aimed to be "darker" than the live-action series, and closer to the Hellblazer comics published by Vertigo.

Constantine appears in Justice League Action, voiced by Damian O'Hare

Others
THQ released a video game tie-in of the film Constantine. The song "Stranger in the Mirror" by Ookla the Mok is written from Constantine's point of view, including a lyrical reference to 'the Newcastle incident'. The song "Venus of the Hardsell", which first appeared in Hellblazer Annual #1 and written by Jamie Delano, was adapted by the rock group Spiderlegs.

Fantasy fiction author John Shirley is credited in writing three Hellblazer novels, including the novelisation of the Constantine film. The novel Hellblazer: War Lord features Constantine talking about "another John Constantine in an alternate universe, [who] has black hair and lives most of his life in Los Angeles" whilst giving a brief summary of the film's plot.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hellblazer


text:
Granada plc

Granada plc (previously called Granada Ltd, Granada Group plc, and Granada Media plc) was a British conglomerate best known as the parent from 1954 to 2004 of the Manchester-based Granada Television.

The company agreed a corporate takeover of Carlton Communications in 2004 and Granada plc subsequently became ITV plc on 2 February 2004. It was once a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.

Media business
Granada has its origins in Sidney Bernstein's Granada Theatres Ltd, a cinema company founded in Dover in 1930. The company was incorporated as Granada Ltd in 1934, with Granada Theatres Ltd turned into a subsidiary. Granada has been listed on the London Stock Exchange in one form or another since 1935. It was awarded the North of England ITV franchise in 1954, broadcasting as Granada Television. The company also established a chain of television rental shops from 1959 onwards, expanding in 1968 by purchasing Robinson Rentals for £8 million from David Robinson.

Granada entered the publishing business in the 1960s: it bought Mayflower Books from their founding U.S. publisher, Dell Publishing, and Panther Books (including Paladin Books, founded 1966 by Sonny Mehta ) by 1968, which imprints continued to be run separately editorially, and added Rupert Hart-Davis and MacGibbon and Kee which it combined to form Hart-Davis, MacGibbon in 1972. Eventually the various publishing companies were combined as Granada Publishing. William Collins, Sons acquired Granada Publishing in 1983, renaming it Grafton Books after the editorial offices' address.

During the 1980s, Granada became involved in the British Satellite Broadcasting satellite television company. This went on air in March 1990, but merged with Sky Television in November 1990 to form British Sky Broadcasting (BSkyB), in which Granada had a minority shareholding for some time. In 1991, Granada Theatres Ltd was sold to Bass. In 1994, Granada acquired London Weekend Television. Two years later, Granada, LWT and a British consortium of cable channels formed Granada Media Group plc, which a year later acquired Yorkshire-Tyne Tees Television plc. In 1997, Granada expanded onto the North American market by launching Granada Entertainment USA.

In March 1998, Granada announced their plans to launch a home video unit, eventually signing a five-year deal with Video Collection International to launch Granada Video in September.

Granada also bid together with Carlton Communications and BSkyB for one of the UK digital terrestrial television licences. They won the licence, though BSkyB was excluded from the company, ONdigital, on competition grounds. It went on air in 1998, was rebranded to ITV Digital in 2001, then entered voluntary liquidation before closing in 2002.

In 2000, Granada purchased United News & Media's television interests, namely Meridian Broadcasting and Anglia Television; Granada was forced to sell the HTV broadcasting business (to Carlton) for competition reasons, though it held onto HTV's network production business. It also acquired Border Television in 2001, from Capital Radio plc.

Red Arrow (later Granada) TV Rental
Until 2000, there was a widespread high street chain called Granada TV Rental in the UK, Canada and in the US. The UK headquarters were originally in Manchester. The company started life as Red Arrow TV Rental, using a red version of Granada's north-pointing arrow as its logo. This was a home entertainment equipment rental chain, similar to Radio Rentals and Rediffusion. The mainstay of the business from the late 1950s, and through the 1960s and 70s, was television set rental; during this period television receivers were expensive to purchase and were often unreliable.

In 1978 the company expanded its operations into the domestic videocassette recorder (VCR) rental market. This new household item was also a high-cost purchase: for example, a JVC HR-3300 VHS recorder cost £680 in 1978,. In the 1980s, the rental of satellite TV reception equipment became another opportunity for the company to supplement its declining income.

As electronic product prices fell and their reliability improved, consumer behaviour changed from renting to buying electrical goods. This drift away from rental eventually resulted in the decline of this chain and others. Granada purchased Telefusion (a Blackpool-based rental company) and DVR. It went on to merge with Robinson Rentals, moving the Granada base from Sharston Road, Manchester, to the Robinson building on Ampthill Road, Bedford. The two main players at this time were Granada TV Rental (GTVR) and Radio Rentals. Both were experiencing a decline in business and in 2000 they merged to form Boxclever.

Red Arrow was one of a number of experimental companies launched by Sidney and Alex Bernstein's Granada Group and was, apart from Granada Cinemas and Granada Television, by far the most successful. Others included Green Arrow – artificial plant and flower leasing to companies – and Black Arrow – office furniture and equipment leasing. This company was disposed of and has no connection with any other venture of a similar name.

Catering business
Aside from media, Granada's other main strength was in the catering business. It opened its first motorway service area in 1964, and established a chain of service areas across the British motorway network. Granada was the first British service station operator to move away from fancy dining and instead offer a basic but quicker service. Soon, all the other operators took on this idea. Granada's hospitality arm was at its strongest in the 1990s under Gerry Robinson's chairmanship of the group. At one time the company owned and operated 75% of the motorway service areas. It expanded into other areas of catering, including most notably the acquisition in 1996 of Forte Group. This included rival operator Welcome Break (later sold due to regulations), roadside chains Little Chef and Happy Eater, and Forte's hotels (including Travelodge and Le Méridien).

In July 2000 Granada merged with Compass Group plc to form Granada Compass plc, as part of a strategy to separate Granada's media and catering interests. The demerger took place in early 2001, with the media business becoming Granada Ltd. The motorway service stations were soon rebranded as Moto.

Other ventures

 * In the 1960s, when bingo was at its most popular, Granada turned some of their cinema chains into bingo halls. This business was sold to Bass in 1991 and was rebranded as Gala Bingo.
 * From the late 1980s to the late 1990s, Granada operated three theme parks:
 * Camelot was purchased by Granada in 1986 along with Park Hall Leisure. The park near Charnock Richard, Lancashire, had a medieval theme and featured a jousting arena. It was sold by Granada in 1998 and closed in 2012.
 * The American Adventure was opened by Granada in 1987 in Ilkeston, Derbyshire. The site had been sold by Derbyshire County Council after a failed theme park called Britannia Park closed 10 weeks after opening. The park was successful for several years and was known for having the tallest log flume in the United Kingdom. Granada sold the park in 1997 after its business started to decline; it eventually closed at the end of 2006.
 * The Granada Studios Tour was opened in 1988. It was a Granada Television themed park that featured sets, props and techniques used by the company. In 1997 the park gained Skytrak Total, the world's first flying roller coaster. The park closed to the public in 1999 and fully in 2001, during the company's difficulties with ITV Digital.
 * From 1988, Granada opened and operated a chain of bowling alleys under the name GX Superbowl. In 1995, the chain was sold to Allied Leisure.
 * Granada purchased the Madison chain of nightclubs from Taz Leisure Group in 1989.
 * In 1983, Granada Microcomputer Services were set up to supply computer hardware to businesses. These services were originally marketed as shops but later became "business centres". This business was sold in 1987.
 * Granada expanded into book publishing in 1961, but sold the business in 1983. They also owned publishers Leckie and Leckie.

Merger with Carlton
In 2002 speculation began to centre on when, not if, Carlton and Granada would merge. In 2003 a merger was agreed between the two companies, with Granada shareholders owning two-thirds of the new company. That the new company was in effect a takeover by Granada of Carlton was admitted in the first annual report of the new company, ITV plc, which treated the company as effectively a continuation of Granada plc (with the Carlton merger regarded as an acquisition) for accounting purposes.

The Granada name continues on as the official name of the North West ITV region and its on air regional news programme Granada Reports and was used to brand productions of ITV plc companies on channels other than ITV branded channels in the United Kingdom until it was replaced by the ITV Studios brand in 2009.

Operations
At the time of the merger with Carlton Communications, Granada was mainly involved in the television business. It owned seven ITV companies – Granada Television, London Weekend Television, Yorkshire Television, Tyne Tees Television, Meridian Broadcasting, Anglia Television and Border Television. It also owned the ITV Digital Channels Ltd pay-TV business, which at the time offered two channels, Men and Motors and Granada Plus. ITV plc has since taken full control of GSB and closed down archive channel Plus in favour of ITV3. Granada also owned 50% shares in ITV2 and the ITV News Channel, and a 20% share of Independent Television News. It also owned 45% of TV3, Ireland.

Charles Allen was chief executive of Granada until 2 February 2004, when he became chief executive of the newly created ITV plc, a post he retained until 1 October 2006.

title: Granada plc


text:
Euston

Euston may refer to:

Places

 * Euston, New South Wales, Australia
 * Euston, Suffolk, England
 * Euston Road, London
 * Euston Square, London
 * Euston, London

Stations in London

 * Euston bus station
 * Euston railway station
 * Euston tube station
 * Euston Square tube station

title: Euston


text:
Talk:Euston

Euston, London
There should be an article on the London district often known as Euston, encompassing the area around Euston station. I'm not sure of the origin of the name - it may be a back-formation from the station, cf. Waterloo and Farringdon - and it's hard to give precise boundaries other than Euston Road and Eversholt Street, but the area certainly exists and is distinct from Camden Town, Somers Town and Bloomsbury. I don't know of any other name for this area. Lfh (talk) 18:10, 18 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I've created a new page Euston, London which redirects to Euston Road in the absence of an existing article. I've also added a hatnote to the Euston Road article explaining the redirect and linking to Euston railway station and Euston (disambiguation) (ie back to this disambiguation page). Some day, the redirect could be replaced by an standalone article about the locality. — Richardguk (talk) 03:49, 19 February 2010 (UTC)

Origin of name
Does anyone know just what the origin of the name is? Timrollpickering 19:44, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Euston


text:
The Greens (Israel)

The Greens (הַיְּרוּקִים) is a minor political party in Israel that emphasizes environment protection and quality of life. It was founded and formerly headed by Pe'er Visner. Although the party was never represented in the Knesset, it holds seats in many municipalities across Israel.

History
The Greens were established in 1997. In the 1999 Knesset elections the party received 0.4% of the vote, failing to win a seat. They received the same share of the vote in the 2003 elections.

In the 2006 elections, the party received 47,595 votes (1.52%). However, it was not enough to pass the 2% threshold, and they were ultimately the largest party not to obtain seats in the Knesset (Balad, with 72,066 votes, was the smallest party to obtain seats). Had the electoral threshold not been raised from 1.5% in 2003, they would have won seats.

Substantial gains in the 2008 municipal elections saw the Greens win over 50 seats across 22 municipalities. In Haifa, where former Green candidate Yona Yahav was re-elected for a second mayoral term, the Greens won four seats, while in Tel Aviv, where Green Party chair Pe'er Visner was deputy mayor, the Greens won three seats.

The Greens campaigned intensively for the 2009 Knesset elections. Some polls by a number of national newspapers had predicted that the party could win around 2–3 seats, putting Greens in the Knesset for the first time. However, a rival green party, the Green Movement was established in 2008, running in alliance with Meimad. The Greens received only 0.4% of the vote, again failing to pass the electoral threshold, whilst the Green Movement and Meimad received 0.8% of the vote.

In the 2013 elections the party's vote share dropped to 0.2%, and again to 0.07% in the 2015 elections.

title: The Greens (Israel)


text:
Kronecker delta

In mathematics, the Kronecker delta (named after Leopold Kronecker) is a function of two variables, usually just non-negative integers. The function is 1 if the variables are equal, and 0 otherwise: $$\delta_{ij} = \begin{cases} 0 &\text{if } i \neq j,  \\ 1 &\text{if } i=j. \end{cases}$$ or with use of Iverson brackets: $$\delta_{ij} = [i=j]\,$$ For example, $$\delta_{12} = 0$$ because $$1 \ne 2$$, whereas $$\delta_{33} = 1$$ because $$3 = 3$$.

The Kronecker delta appears naturally in many areas of mathematics, physics, engineering and computer science, as a means of compactly expressing its definition above.

In linear algebra, the $$n\times n$$ identity matrix $$\mathbf{I}$$ has entries equal to the Kronecker delta: $$ I_{ij} = \delta_{ij} $$ where $$i$$ and $$j$$ take the values $$1,2,\cdots,n$$, and the inner product of vectors can be written as $$ \mathbf{a}\cdot\mathbf{b} = \sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{i}\delta_{ij}b_{j} = \sum_{i=1}^n a_{i} b_{i}.$$ Here the Euclidean vectors are defined as $n$-tuples: $$ \mathbf{a} = (a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n)$$ and $$ \mathbf{b}= (b_1, b_2, ..., b_n) $$ and the last step is obtained by using the values of the Kronecker delta to reduce the summation over $$j$$.

It is common for $i$ and $j$ to be restricted to a set of the form $(1, 2, ..., n)$ or $(0, 1, ..., n − 1)$, but the Kronecker delta can be defined on an arbitrary set.

Properties
The following equations are satisfied: $$\begin{align} \sum_{j} \delta_{ij} a_j &= a_i,\\ \sum_{i} a_i \delta_{ij} &= a_j,\\ \sum_{k} \delta_{ik}\delta_{kj} &= \delta_{ij}. \end{align}$$ Therefore, the matrix $δ$ can be considered as an identity matrix.

Another useful representation is the following form: $$\delta_{nm} = \lim_{N\to\infty}\frac{1}{N} \sum_{k = 1}^N e^{2 \pi i \frac{k}{N}(n-m)}$$ This can be derived using the formula for the geometric series.

Alternative notation
Using the Iverson bracket: $$\delta_{ij} = [i=j ].$$

Often, a single-argument notation $$\delta_i$$ is used, which is equivalent to setting $$j=0$$: $$\delta_{i} = \delta_{i0} = \begin{cases} 0, & \text{if } i \neq 0 \\ 1, & \text{if } i = 0 \end{cases}$$

In linear algebra, it can be thought of as a tensor, and is written $$\delta_j^i$$. Sometimes the Kronecker delta is called the substitution tensor.

Digital signal processing

In the study of digital signal processing (DSP), the unit sample function $$\delta[n]$$ represents a special case of a 2-dimensional Kronecker delta function $$\delta_{ij}$$ where the Kronecker indices include the number zero, and where one of the indices is zero. In this case: $$\delta[n] \equiv \delta_{n0} \equiv \delta_{0n}\text{where} -\infty<n<\infty$$

Or more generally where: $$\delta[n-k] \equiv \delta[k-n] \equiv \delta_{nk} \equiv \delta_{kn}\text{where} -\infty<n<\infty, -\infty<k<\infty$$

However, this is only a special case. In tensor calculus, it is more common to number basis vectors in a particular dimension starting with index 1, rather than index 0. In this case, the relation $$\delta[n] \equiv \delta_{n0} \equiv \delta_{0n}$$ does not exist, and in fact, the Kronecker delta function and the unit sample function are different functions that overlap in the specific case where the indices include the number 0, the number of indices is 2, and one of the indices has the value of zero.

While the discrete unit sample function and the Kronecker delta function use the same letter, they differ in the following ways. For the discrete unit sample function, it is more conventional to place a single integer index in square braces; in contrast the Kronecker delta can have any number of indexes. Further, the purpose of the discrete unit sample function is different from the Kronecker delta function. In DSP, the discrete unit sample function is typically used as an input function to a discrete system for discovering the system function of the system which will be produced as an output of the system. In contrast, the typical purpose of the Kronecker delta function is for filtering terms from an Einstein summation convention.

The discrete unit sample function is more simply defined as: $$\delta[n] = \begin{cases} 1 & n = 0 \\ 0 & n \text{ is another integer}\end{cases}$$

In addition, the Dirac delta function is often confused for both the Kronecker delta function and the unit sample function. The Dirac delta is defined as: $$\begin{cases} \int_{-\varepsilon}^{+\varepsilon}\delta(t)dt = 1 & \forall \varepsilon > 0 \\ \delta(t) = 0 & \forall t \neq 0\end{cases}$$

Unlike the Kronecker delta function $$\delta_{ij}$$ and the unit sample function $$\delta[n]$$, the Dirac delta function $$\delta(t)$$ does not have an integer index, it has a single continuous non-integer value $t$.

To confuse matters more, the unit impulse function is sometimes used to refer to either the Dirac delta function $$\delta(t)$$, or the unit sample function $$\delta[n]$$.

Notable properties
The Kronecker delta has the so-called sifting property that for $$j\in\mathbb{Z}$$: $$\sum_{i=-\infty}^\infty a_i \delta_{ij} = a_j.$$ and if the integers are viewed as a measure space, endowed with the counting measure, then this property coincides with the defining property of the Dirac delta function $$\int_{-\infty}^\infty \delta(x-y)f(x)\, dx=f(y),$$ and in fact Dirac's delta was named after the Kronecker delta because of this analogous property. In signal processing it is usually the context (discrete or continuous time) that distinguishes the Kronecker and Dirac "functions". And by convention, $$\delta(t)$$ generally indicates continuous time (Dirac), whereas arguments like $$i$$, $$j$$, $$k$$, $$l$$, $$m$$, and $$n$$ are usually reserved for discrete time (Kronecker). Another common practice is to represent discrete sequences with square brackets; thus: $$\delta[n]$$. The Kronecker delta is not the result of directly sampling the Dirac delta function.

The Kronecker delta forms the multiplicative identity element of an incidence algebra.

Relationship to the Dirac delta function
In probability theory and statistics, the Kronecker delta and Dirac delta function can both be used to represent a discrete distribution. If the support of a distribution consists of points $$\mathbf{x} = \{x_1,\cdots,x_n\}$$, with corresponding probabilities $$p_1,\cdots,p_n$$, then the probability mass function $$p(x)$$ of the distribution over $$\mathbf{x}$$ can be written, using the Kronecker delta, as $$p(x) = \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \delta_{x x_i}.$$

Equivalently, the probability density function $$f(x)$$ of the distribution can be written using the Dirac delta function as $$f(x) = \sum_{i=1}^n p_i \delta(x-x_i).$$

Under certain conditions, the Kronecker delta can arise from sampling a Dirac delta function. For example, if a Dirac delta impulse occurs exactly at a sampling point and is ideally lowpass-filtered (with cutoff at the critical frequency) per the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem, the resulting discrete-time signal will be a Kronecker delta function.

Generalizations
If it is considered as a type $$(1,1)$$ tensor, the Kronecker tensor can be written $$\delta^i_j$$ with a covariant index $$j$$ and contravariant index $$i$$: $$\delta^{i}_{j} = \begin{cases} 0 & (i \ne j), \\ 1 & (i = j). \end{cases}$$

This tensor represents:
 * The identity mapping (or identity matrix), considered as a linear mapping $$V\to V$$ or $$V^*\to V^*$$
 * The trace or tensor contraction, considered as a mapping $$V^* \otimes V\to K$$
 * The map $$K\to V^*\otimes V$$, representing scalar multiplication as a sum of outer products.

The  or multi-index Kronecker delta of order $$2p$$ is a type $$(p,p)$$ tensor that is completely antisymmetric in its $$p$$ upper indices, and also in its $$p$$ lower indices.

Two definitions that differ by a factor of $$p!$$ are in use. Below, the version is presented has nonzero components scaled to be $$\pm 1$$. The second version has nonzero components that are $$\pm 1/p!$$, with consequent changes scaling factors in formulae, such as the scaling factors of $$1/p!$$ in  below disappearing.

Definitions of the generalized Kronecker delta
In terms of the indices, the generalized Kronecker delta is defined as: $$\delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p }_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} = \begin{cases} \phantom-1 & \quad \text{if } \nu_1 \dots \nu_p \text{ are distinct integers and are an even permutation of } \mu_1 \dots \mu_p \\ -1 & \quad \text{if } \nu_1 \dots \nu_p \text{ are distinct integers and are an odd permutation of } \mu_1 \dots \mu_p \\ \phantom-0 & \quad \text{in all other cases}. \end{cases}$$

Let $$\mathrm{S}_p$$ be the symmetric group of degree $$p$$, then: $$\delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} = \sum_{\sigma \in \mathrm{S}_p} \sgn(\sigma)\, \delta^{\mu_1}_{\nu_{\sigma(1)}}\cdots\delta^{\mu_p}_{\nu_{\sigma(p)}} = \sum_{\sigma \in \mathrm{S}_p} \sgn(\sigma)\, \delta^{\mu_{\sigma(1)}}_{\nu_1}\cdots\delta^{\mu_{\sigma(p)}}_{\nu_p}. $$

Using anti-symmetrization: $$\delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} = p! \delta^{\mu_1}_{[ \nu_1} \dots \delta^{\mu_p}_{\nu_p ]} = p! \delta^{[ \mu_1}_{\nu_1} \dots \delta^{\mu_p ]}_{\nu_p}.$$

In terms of a $$p\times p$$ determinant: $$\delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p }_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} = \begin{vmatrix} \delta^{\mu_1}_{\nu_1} & \cdots & \delta^{\mu_1}_{\nu_p} \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \delta^{\mu_p}_{\nu_1} & \cdots & \delta^{\mu_p}_{\nu_p} \end{vmatrix}.$$

Using the Laplace expansion (Laplace's formula) of determinant, it may be defined recursively: $$\begin{align} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} &= \sum_{k=1}^p (-1)^{p+k} \delta^{\mu_p}_{\nu_k} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_{k} \dots \check\mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \check\nu_k \dots \nu_p} \\ &= \delta^{\mu_p}_{\nu_p} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_{p - 1}}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_{p-1}} - \sum_{k=1}^{p-1} \delta^{\mu_p}_{\nu_k} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_{k-1}\, \mu_k\, \mu_{k+1} \dots \mu_{p-1}}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_{k-1}\, \nu_p\, \nu_{k+1} \dots \nu_{p-1}}, \end{align}$$ where the caron, $$\check{}$$, indicates an index that is omitted from the sequence.

When $$p=n$$ (the dimension of the vector space), in terms of the Levi-Civita symbol: $$\delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_n}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_n} = \varepsilon^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_n}\varepsilon_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_n}\,.$$ More generally, for $$m=n-p$$, using the Einstein summation convention: $$\delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} = \tfrac{1}{m!} \varepsilon^{\kappa_1 \dots \kappa_m \mu_1 \dots \mu_p}\varepsilon_{\kappa_1 \dots \kappa_m \nu_1 \dots \nu_p}\,.$$

Contractions of the generalized Kronecker delta
Kronecker Delta contractions depend on the dimension of the space. For example, $$\delta^{\nu_1}_{\mu_1} \delta^{\mu_1 \mu_2}_{\nu_1 \nu_2} = (d-1) \delta^{\mu_2}_{\nu_2} ,$$ where $d$ is the dimension of the space. From this relation the full contracted delta is obtained as $$\delta^{\nu_1 \nu_2}_{\mu_1 \mu_2} \delta^{\mu_1 \mu_2}_{\nu_1 \nu_2} = 2d(d-1) .$$ The generalization of the preceding formulas is $$\delta^{\nu_1 \dots \nu_n}_{\mu_1 \dots \mu_n} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} = n! \frac{(d-p+n)!}{(d-p)!} \delta^{\mu_{n+1} \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_{n+1} \dots \nu_p} .$$

Properties of the generalized Kronecker delta
The generalized Kronecker delta may be used for anti-symmetrization: $$\begin{align} \frac{1}{p!} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} a^{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} &= a^{[ \mu_1 \dots \mu_p ]}, \\ \frac{1}{p!} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} a_{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p} &= a_{[ \nu_1 \dots \nu_p ]}. \end{align}$$

From the above equations and the properties of anti-symmetric tensors, we can derive the properties of the generalized Kronecker delta: $$\begin{align} \frac{1}{p!} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} a^{[ \nu_1 \dots \nu_p ]} &= a^{[ \mu_1 \dots \mu_p ]}, \\ \frac{1}{p!} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} a_{[ \mu_1 \dots \mu_p ]} &= a_{[ \nu_1 \dots \nu_p ]}, \\ \frac{1}{p!} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} \delta^{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p}_{\kappa_1 \dots \kappa_p} &= \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\kappa_1 \dots \kappa_p} , \end{align}$$ which are the generalized version of formulae written in . The last formula is equivalent to the Cauchy–Binet formula.

Reducing the order via summation of the indices may be expressed by the identity $$ \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_s \, \mu_{s+1} \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_s \, \mu_{s+1} \dots \mu_p} = \frac{(n-s)!}{(n-p)!} \delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_s}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_s}.$$

Using both the summation rule for the case $$p=n$$ and the relation with the Levi-Civita symbol, the summation rule of the Levi-Civita symbol is derived: $$\delta^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p}_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p} = \frac{1}{(n-p)!}\varepsilon^{\mu_1 \dots \mu_p \, \kappa_{p+1} \dots \kappa_n}\varepsilon_{\nu_1 \dots \nu_p \, \kappa_{p+1} \dots \kappa_n}.$$ The 4D version of the last relation appears in Penrose's spinor approach to general relativity that he later generalized, while he was developing Aitken's diagrams, to become part of the technique of Penrose graphical notation. Also, this relation is extensively used in S-duality theories, especially when written in the language of differential forms and Hodge duals.

Integral representations
For any integer $$n$$, using a standard residue calculation we can write an integral representation for the Kronecker delta as the integral below, where the contour of the integral goes counterclockwise around zero. This representation is also equivalent to a definite integral by a rotation in the complex plane. $$ \delta_{x,n} = \frac1{2\pi i} \oint_{|z|=1} z^{x-n-1} \,dz=\frac1{2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} e^{i(x-n)\varphi} \,d\varphi$$

The Kronecker comb
The Kronecker comb function with period $$N$$ is defined (using DSP notation) as: $$\Delta_N[n]=\sum_{k=-\infty}^\infty \delta[n-kN],$$ where $$N$$ and $$n$$ are integers. The Kronecker comb thus consists of an infinite series of unit impulses $N$ units apart, and includes the unit impulse at zero. It may be considered to be the discrete analog of the Dirac comb.

Kronecker integral
The Kronecker delta is also called degree of mapping of one surface into another. Suppose a mapping takes place from surface $S_{uvw}$ to $S_{xyz}$ that are boundaries of regions, $R_{uvw}$ and $R_{xyz}$ which is simply connected with one-to-one correspondence. In this framework, if $s$ and $t$ are parameters for $S_{uvw}$, and $S_{uvw}$ to $S_{uvw}$ are each oriented by the outer normal $δ = 1$: $$ u=u(s,t), \quad v=v(s,t), \quad w=w(s,t), $$ while the normal has the direction of $$(u_{s} \mathbf{i} +v_{s} \mathbf{j} + w_{s} \mathbf{k}) \times (u_{t}\mathbf{i} +v_{t}\mathbf{j} +w_{t}\mathbf{k}).$$

Let $p = 0$, $δμ ν = δμ ν$, $p = 1$ be defined and smooth in a domain containing $S_{uvw}$, and let these equations define the mapping of $S_{uvw}$ onto $S_{xyz}$. Then the degree $δ$ of mapping is $n$ times the solid angle of the image $S$ of $S_{uvw}$ with respect to the interior point of $S_{xyz}$, $x = x(u, v, w)$. If $y = y(u, v, w)$ is the origin of the region, $R_{xyz}$, then the degree, $δ$ is given by the integral: $$\delta=\frac{1}{4\pi}\iint_{R_{st}}\left(x^2+y^2+z^2\right)^{-\frac32} \begin{vmatrix} x & y & z \\ \frac{\partial x}{\partial s} & \frac{\partial y}{\partial s} & \frac{\partial z}{\partial s} \\ \frac{\partial x}{\partial t} & \frac{\partial y}{\partial t} & \frac{\partial z}{\partial t} \end{vmatrix} \, ds \, dt.$$

title: Kronecker delta


text:
Talk:Severn crossing

Why is it "The so-called Second Severn Crossing"?? :) Nevilley 23:29 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)
 * I didn't write the article (I put the two pics on yesterday) but I agree with you. The bridge (sadly) does have the unromantic title of Second Severn Crossing! I live about 15 miles from it in Bristol. I was surprised when no special name was given to it, Queen Elizabeth Bridge had been expected.
 * I think the writer had been trying to say that SSC is its only name.

62.31.92.238 09:53 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry, when I wrote the above message I was not logged in. I am Arpingstone 09:56 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

Yep, understood, thanks. I wondered if perhaps the original author was trying to point out that it might be viewed as a silly name because there are loads of Severn crossings elsewhere, and that this is more the Second (Gurt Big!) Severn Crossing, or something. However, my speculating about someone else's intentions has little to do with the price of fish, so I shall shut up now. Nice pics!!! Nevilley 17:41 Feb 15, 2003 (UTC)

"The Anglo-Welsh poet, Harri Webb, wrote these lines: Two lands at last connected Across the waters wide, And all the tolls collected On the Welsh side. ...a joke which was often repeated. The toll is indeed collected on the English side, and only on vehicles travelling from England to Wales. This arrangement eliminates the need for a set of toll booths for each direction of travel."'' In the poem part, an anon has put Welsh in place of English. Is this a valid correction or is it vandalism? Adrian Pingstone 17:06, 11 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * This (in frames here) and this say that "English" is correct. I couldn't find any sources to support "Welsh", which doesn't even scan. Reverted.--rbrwr

Date for the second crossing?
When was the second bridge built? --jmd 10:41, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

 * As stated in the article, it opened in 1996. Construction started in April 1992 --rbrwr± 17:24, 25 August 2005 (UTC)

Slightly confusing article
The article seemed to confuse the Severn Bridge and first Severn crossing. Surely "First Severn Crossing" should be taken to mean the whole link, including the Wye Bridge, whereas the Severn Bridge is just the suspension bridge element of this? The article used "Severn Bridge" to mean the whole link in one place, and "Severn Crossing" to mean just the suspension bridge in another place.

I've more or less fixed that now.

We should think about how this article relates to the Severn Bridge article. There is some duplicated information, and some things in here might be better in the other article. Perhaps a solution would be to include the information about the Wye Bridge and the viaducts in the Severn Bridge article, and make this an article about the Second Severn crossing? I don't see the need for a separate article on the two crossings together (the need for a second link can be discussed in the SSC article).

I've never heard the term "First Severn Crossing" before, and it certainly wasn't known as that before the second crossing was built (obviously – but it wasn't called the "Severn Crossing" either).  J Rawle  (Talk) 11:34, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

Extractions
The details about the crossings have been extracted to Severn Bridge and Second Severn Crossing. This page may itself be refactored into those two. See Talk:Severn Bridge for discussion. — Hex    (❝ ?!  ❞)   02:59, 10 September 2006 (UTC)

Image
I've removed the image by User:Yummifruitbat (talk • contribs) again. This article already has too many images IMHO. I thought of removing one or two more when the articles were reorganised last week. I thought this page should be quite minimal, just short of a disambiguation page, with most of the content under Severn Bridge and Second Severn Crossing. The image is on Second Severn Crossing which is fine. Also, the way it was formatted meant it overlapped one of the other images in my browser (it may have looked OK with a particular font/window size, but not for other people). The image should be added to relevant categories in Wikimedia Commons, then we can put a box at the end of the articles which people can click to see a gallery of photos.  J Rawle  (Talk) 00:58, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

Additionally, while it is true that it is high res, it is not more detailed, since most of the details are silhouetted out and blend into the dark or silhouetted background. It doesn't provide anything significant that existing images do not. Additionally, Yummifruitbat should Assume good faith before going around accusing people of making ignorant edits and of not looking carefully at the full size image. And, probably because of distortion from the stitching, or perhaps just because it's difficult to make out the details, it doesn't even show the shape of the bridge like the other photo does. Certainly it would make a great addition to a gallery on the bridge on commons, and don't especially object to it being on the Second Severn Crossing page. But the little it adds to this page is outweighed by the fact that it's a short article that doesn't have room for too many pictures. Joe D (t) 01:12, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * (edit conflict) It IS more detailed, if viewed on a properly calibrated monitor (see the top of WP:FPC), despite being silhouetted. The only loss through its being silhouetted is the colour of the concrete and algal growth. There is no distortion from the stitching, the difference in apparent shape is due to the location from which the photo was taken - further north than the other photo and looking slightly to the south so that the curvature is not apparent.

 * Assuming good faith would have been to consider whether reverting my changes altogether was necessary, and then not leaving a dismissive edit summary while replacing the typo and the misleading part of the text which I'd fixed.

 * As to whether the image adds anything that others don't, how about

 * 1) visible traffic to give some impression of scale
 * 2) the fact that there are lit markers to warn aircraft of the height of the towers
 * 3) some detail (any at all, really) of the cable structure

 * --Yummifruitbat 01:35, 15 September 2006 (UTC)

 * FWIW, I personally think Yummifruitbat's image is better. It would round off the article well as a large (750px) pano at the bottom. --Fir0002 21:32, 17 September 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Severn crossing


text:
Philosemitism

Philosemitism, also called Judeophilia, is "defense, love, or admiration of Jews and Judaism". Such attitudes can be found in Western cultures across the centuries. The term originated in the nineteenth century by self-described German antisemites to describe their non-Jewish opponents. American-Jewish historian Daniel Cohen of the Vienna Wiesenthal Institute for Holocaust Studies has asserted that philosemitism "can indeed easily recycle antisemitic themes, recreate Jewish otherness, or strategically compensate for Holocaust guilt."

Etymology
The controversial term "philosemitism" arose as a pejorative in Germany to describe the positive prejudice towards Jews; in other words, a philosemite is a "Jew-lover" or "Jew-friend".

Concept
The concept of philosemitism is not new, and it was arguably avowed by such thinkers as the 19th-century philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, who described himself as an "anti-anti-Semite."

Philosemitism is an expression of the larger phenomenon of allophilia, admiration for foreign cultures as embodied in the more widely known Anglophilia and Francophilia. The rise of philosemitism has also prompted some to reconsider Jewish history, and they argue that while antisemitism must be acknowledged, it is wrong to reduce the history of the Jewish people to one merely of suffering (as has been fostered by well-meaning gentile philosemites).

Religious philosemitism
Christian philosemitism which has been associated with Dispensational theology and Puritanism promotes a positive view of the Jewish people for religious reasons (in contrast to Christian antisemitism). Christian philosemitism generally arises from a premillennial and an Israel-centered understanding of biblical prophecy, causing the belief that God still sees the Jews as his chosen people.

Germany
Iris Dekel writes that in twenty-first-century Germany, philosemitism "is performed in three interconnected social domains: institutional, where state institutions declare their commitment to protecting Jews as a religious minority; group, where the contingent relations between love for the Jews and exclusionary statements about them appears, mostly in casting Jews as both strange and unknown and embraced; and individual, where individuals exhibit positive sentiments toward Jews as an ideal collective".

Poland
While Jews had lived in Poland since before his reign, king Casimir III the Great allowed them to settle in Poland in great numbers and protected them as people of the king. About 70 percent of the world's European Jews, or Ashkenazi, can trace their ancestry to Poland due to Casimir's reforms. Casimir's legendary Jewish mistress Esterka remains unconfirmed by direct historical evidence, but belief in her and her legacy is widespread and prolific. South of the Old Town of Kraków king Casimir established the independent royal city of Kazimierz, which for many centuries was a place where ethnic Polish and Jewish cultures coexisted and intermingled.

Czechoslovakia
The case of the myths created around the supposed special relationship between Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the founding father of Czechoslovakia, and influential Jews from the U.S. or elsewhere, myths created by Masaryk and adopted in amended forms by Czechoslovak Jews, let cultural historian Martin Wein quote Zygmunt Bauman's and Artur Sandauer's concept of an "allosemitic" worldview, in which, in Wein's words, "antisemitism and philosemitism overlap and share stereotypes, producing exaggerated disregard or admiration for Jews or Judaism." In this sense, Wein quotes Masaryk's statements about a decisive Jewish influence over the press, and him mentioning Jews and freemasons in the same breath, when it came to lobbies he allegedly managed to win over.

United States
Mark Twain's essay Concerning the Jews has been described as philosemitic. Israeli scholar Bennet Kravitz states that one could just as easily hate Jews for the reasons Twain gives for admiring them. In fact, Twain's essay was cited by Nazi sympathizers in the 1930s. Kravitz concludes, "The flawed logic of 'Concerning the Jews' and all philo-Semitism leads to the anti-Semitic beliefs that the latter seeks to deflate". Philosemitic ideas have also been promoted by some American Evangelicals due to the influence of Dispensationalism.

Brazil
A current of Jewish studies in Brazil has dedicated itself to studying the extent to which far-right politician Jair Bolsonaro's professed philo-Semitism reproduces traces of anti-Semitism. This perspective, based on a study of the speeches of Bolsonaro and his mentor, the writer Olavo de Carvalho, suggests that the proclaimed sympathy of far-right sectors for the State of Israel and the Jews, often presented without distinction, reverberates anti-Semitic tropes in two ways. Firstly, by portraying Jews as a wealthy and powerful group. In this context, Jews are often depicted as pillars of capitalism, and therefore inherently hostile to the left. The second and most significant expression of antisemitism in the far right's sympathy for Judaism would be inspired by authors such as Rabbi Marvin Stuart Antelman, and reaffirms conspiracy theories presenting left-wing Jews as a group seeking world domination, but which would ultimately undermine the Jewish nation itself. In this context, researchers demonstrate how the philo-Semitism of the Brazilian extreme right has been employed to divide the Jewish community. The designation of true Jews is thus reserved for those who espouse conservative or reactionary policies, while left-wing Jews are regarded as apostates or traitors.

In Asia
Very few Jews live in East Asian countries, but Jews are viewed in an especially positive light in some of them, partly owing to their shared wartime experiences during the Second World War. Examples include South Korea, Japan, and China. In general, Jews are stereotyped with characteristics that in South Korean culture are considered positive: intelligence, business-savviness and commitment to family values and responsibility, while in the Western world, the first of the two aforementioned stereotypes more often have the negatively interpreted equivalents of guile and greed. In South Korean primary schools the Talmud is mandatory reading. According to Mary J. Ainslie, philosemitism in China is "part of a civilizationist narrative designed to position China as globally central and superior".

title: Philosemitism


text:
Eve 6

Eve 6, stylized as EVE 6 or EVƎ 6, is an American rock band formed in 1995 in Southern California, best known for their hit singles "Inside Out" and "Here's to the Night". They disbanded in 2004, returned for numerous tours in 2007 with a new lineup, and finally reunited with all three original members in early 2011. They signed to Fearless Records in the spring of that year, and released their fourth album Speak in Code, containing the singles "Victoria" and "Curtain," in April 2012. In 2021, they released a new EP, Grim Value, and in 2022, they released a full-length album on Velocity Records titled Hyper Relevisation.

Formation (1995–2004)
The band originally consisted of Max Collins (bass, lead vocals), Jon Siebels (guitar, backing vocals), and Nick Meyers (drums). The band formed in 1995 in La Crescenta, California first as Yakoo, then Eleventeen; the name Eve 6 was only adopted later. Their first gig was at Eagle's Coffee Pub in North Hollywood, Los Angeles. Eleventeen had secured a recording contract with RCA while the band's members were still in high school and being managed by Jake Knight. After recording the unreleased Eleventeen EP, Meyers left the band, and was replaced by Tony Fagenson.

The band's final name is a reference to The X-Files. Fagenson, a fan of the show, suggested the name after seeing an episode titled "Eve," which included a character who went by the name of "Eve 6."

The band issued the self-titled Eve 6 in 1998, attaining platinum success with hit singles "Inside Out" and "Leech," the former capturing the No. 1 spot on the Modern Rock charts, spending several weeks on the top ten list on MTV's Total Request Live, and crossing over successfully to pop/Top 40 radio. The album also includes "Tongue Tied" which was used as a soundtrack for the racing game Test Drive 6. More widespread recognition came with gold-selling sophomore effort Horrorscope (2000), which spawned "Promise," "On the Roof Again," and the Top 40 hit "Here's to the Night."

The band made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, The Late Show with David Letterman, Jimmy Kimmel Live!, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and TRL with Carson Daly, with their videos in constant rotation on MTV, most notably "Here's To The Night" which sat near the top of MTV's TRL countdown for much of the summer of 2001. The band then released the more experimental It's All in Your Head in 2003, featuring top 10 Modern Rock hit "Think Twice," but parted ways with RCA thereafter. Their rapid rise to prominence at an early age had led to mental and physical exhaustion, and in 2004 Eve 6 announced an indefinite hiatus.

"There were parts which were fucking incredible, and amazing and awesome, and there were aspects that were terrifying and freaky that you don't know how to handle. I feel like we did some growing up in public," says Collins. "I needed to stop drinking. In order to do that, the wheels had to come off. I don't think I could have done it if the band was still going."

Breakup (2004–2007)
Relatively poor sales of It's All in Your Head resulted in Eve 6's release from their contract with RCA. Announcing their breakup, Eve 6 played their final show together on July 15, 2004, under the Gateway Arch in St. Louis. Collins had a short-lived project called Brotherhood of Lost Dogs, before Collins and Fagenson reunited to form a new band called The Sugi Tap. They recorded some demos and played shows throughout the California region during 2006. Collins and Fagenson also began writing and producing for other artists, including Puddle of Mudd's "We Don't Have to Look Back Now". "It was an inspiring time, going down different musical avenues together and trying things we wouldn't have in Eve 6," reflects Fagenson. "Ironically, when we did reform Eve 6 a couple years later, those experiments allowed us to progress the sound of the band more freely than if we had been in the band the whole time."

Reunion (2007–2012)
On October 1, 2007, after performing for over a year as The Sugi Tap, it was leaked that a newly reunited Eve 6 including Collins, Fagenson, and new guitarist Matt Bair would be going on tour. The Sugi Tap, as a result, was put on indefinite hiatus.

Collins and Fagenson played extensively as Eve 6 starting in 2008, with Bair temporarily replacing Siebels who was occupied with his project Monsters Are Waiting. The band spent the next three years touring, writing, and reconnecting with fans before signing with Fearless Records in 2011. A month within inking the deal, Collins and Fagenson finally convinced Siebels to return to the band. "After going down some different paths it hit me that there was this thing out there that people wanted and wanted to hear," explains Siebels. "It just clicked and made sense to me. After such a long break I was so happy to be playing with these guys again." Fagenson continues, "The way [Siebels] hits the strings and puts that muscle into the chords is very distinctive to our band, and that was a welcome piece of the sound that we had missed. Songs that had been kicking around for a couple years got new life with his playing put into them."

Eve 6 then re-enlisted Don Gilmore (Linkin Park, Dashboard Confessional, Good Charlotte)—who produced the first two Eve 6 albums—to helm the sessions for Speak in Code. The album contains a mix of compositions that began as far back as the side project, as well as recent works written in the months leading up to the recording process. "We were really taking a 'best of everything' sort of approach, almost like a band's first album, in which there's a lot of material to choose from," Fagenson notes. "About half the songs were standouts from what Max and I had been working on and demoing over the years, and the other half were newer ideas that came with the inspiration of Jon's return and all that was happening to us at the time. We have a unique process, where each song is sort of its own animal. Don was crucial in helping us tighten everything up, and inspiring Max to dig really deep lyrically and get to some root emotion down there." Collins explains, "Neil Finn [of Crowded House] once said, 'A great producer is someone whom you admire musically and otherwise, who you feel compelled to show up and show off for.' I feel like Don is that figure for me and the band."

Speak in Code (2012–2020)
Eve 6 released Speak in Code on April 24, 2012, their fourth full-length release. It contains the singles "Victoria" and "Curtain", the former receiving substantial airplay on the Modern Rock format in 2012. Music videos were made for both singles and were released on digital outlets such as Vevo and Music Choice. The band toured throughout much of 2012 in support of Speak in Code, including stints with The All-American Rejects and Everclear, and a headlining tour throughout the U.S. The song "Lost & Found" was released as an advance single three months prior to the album's release.

"Overall I'm really proud of it, and I think we're doing right by our fans, who've waited a long time for us to make another record. I think we're giving them something they'll enjoy," says singer/bassist Max Collins. "Once we got in the studio there was a lot of energy. There aren't any filler moments; each song has its purpose. This is the strongest collection of songs we've ever had on one record."

"In some of the songs frustration is a theme. I was sort of looking at difficult personal relationships with a humorous spin in some places, and with more earnestness in others," explains Collins. "The title Speak in Code is a lyric from 'Curtain,' and there was something kind of evocative about it. In that song, I'm referring to being newly sober and just feeling like an open nerve, feeling freaked out, having people and life being sort of overwhelming. It's almost like people are speaking a language you don't understand."

The band announced that they would release Eve 6 on vinyl on December 9.

On April 7, 2018, drummer Tony Fagenson announced his departure from the group. The band then announced new drummer Ben Hilzinger, formerly of Beautiful Ben and the Unmistakable Stems, on Instagram. He is also the drummer of Fitness, which features Max Collins, as well as Kenny Carkeet (formerly of AWOLNATION).

Grim Value and Hyper Relevisation (2021–present)
On February 4, 2021, the band released a music video for their new song "Black Nova," the announcement came with a release of their new EP titled "Grim Value" and release date of June 25, 2021, through Velocity Records. The band released "You Were Right" a collaboration with Bass Drum of Death on February 19, 2021. In April, the band streamed a live concert that debuted the new song called "Can We Combine", releasing a music video for that song the next day. Another music video for the new EP was released in August for the song "I Wanna Bite Your Face." A cover and music video of Operation Ivy's "Sound System" featured a collaboration by Eve 6 and We Are The Union was premiered on October 7 at Riot Fest. "Good For You (Better Version)" was posted on Facebook by the band on October 23. The new single "Androgyne Friend" premiered on December 5, and in an interview with Spin Magazine, Collins shared that they would release a new song "on the eve of the 6th of every month, leading up to the release of the rock trio’s self-produced fifth studio album, Hyper Relevisation [Velocity Records], late next year." The latest single "Get You" was released on January 5, 2022.

In early February 2022, Eve 6 joined in Neil Young's protest of streaming service Spotify. Collins told Fortune, “We're grateful that Neil Young was able to cause this critical mass and get all of this attention on Spotify. That’s making our boycott effort possible ... It's making people more receptive to our message, but at the same time it obscures the more interesting and devastating story, which is Spotify’s predatory business practices.” In protest of various Spotify business decisions, including the amount of money paid to artists per stream, the band changed their Spotify banner image in February 2022 to read "DELETE SPOTIFY" on a bright green background. In continuing their protest of Spotify, the band tweeted that their new song, "Revolushow", a protest song, was "available on Tidal and literally everywhere except Spotify and Amazon".

On February 9, they announced the Extreme Wealth Tour with We Are the Union, Field Medic, and comedian Jake Flores.

On August 10 the band announced their fifth album, Hyper Relevisation, would be released on September 23, 2022. In addition to the announcement, the album cover, the 10-song track-list and the song "Mr. Darkside" was also released. Pre-orders for the album were made available through the band's label.

Beginning in 2023, the band set up a Patreon account to release their new music, cover songs and essays.

Twitter account
In December 2020, multiple media outlets took note of the fact that Max Collins had become a prolific poster to Eve 6's official Twitter account, which was "quickly becoming a trove of internet comedy," including queries to various public figures asking if they "like the heart in a blender song,"   "choice tidbits ... about his fellow washed stars," and "generic observations about wallet chains, weight gain, and merch with palm trees on it, as well as a running bit about not knowing the difference between Vertical Horizon, Dishwalla, Matchbox 20, et al." Loudwire crowned Collins the "new king of Twitter" and "the anti-Trapt of Twitter," the latter contrasting Collins' celebrated social media posts with those of Trapt lead singer Chris Taylor Brown.

Band members
Current members
 * Max Collins – lead vocals, bass (1995–2004, 2007–present)
 * Jon Siebels – guitar, backing vocals (1995–2004, 2011–present)
 * Ben Hilzinger – drums, percussion (2018–present)

Touring musicians
 * Gabe Witcher – bass, backing vocals (2000–2001)
 * JJ Bannasch – bass, backing vocals (2003–2004)

Former members
 * Nick Meyers – drums, percussion (1995–1996)
 * Tony Fagenson – drums, percussion, backing vocals, keyboards, programming (1996–2004, 2007–2018)
 * Matt Bair – guitar, backing vocals (2007–2011)

Timeline

Discography

 * Eve 6 (1998)
 * Horrorscope (2000)
 * It's All in Your Head (2003)
 * Speak in Code (2012)
 * Hyper Relevisation (2022)

title: Eve 6