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Akita (city)

Akita (秋田市) is the capital city of Akita Prefecture, Japan, and has been designated a core city since 1 April 1997. , the city has an estimated population of 300,502 persons in 136,628 households and a population density of 332 persons per km². The total area of the city is 906.07 sqkm.

History
The area of present-day Akita was part of ancient Dewa Province, and has been inhabited for thousands of years. The Jizōden ruins within the city limits are a major archaeological site with artifacts from the Japanese Paleolithic period through the Jōmon and Yayoi periods. During the Nara period, the imperial court established Akita Castle in 733 AD to bring the local Emishi tribes under its control. The area was ruled by a succession of local samurai clans in the Sengoku period, before coming under the control of the Satake clan of Kubota Domain during the Edo period. Under the Tokugawa shogunate, a castle town developed around Kubota Castle.

Meiji and Taishō Eras
With the start of the Meiji period, Kubota Domain was abolished, and its castle town divided into the towns of Akita and Kubota. Akita Prefecture was established in 1871, and Shima Yoshitake was named the first governor. Ancient Akita District was divided into Kitaakita and Minamiakita Districts in 1878. Most of Akita town burned down in a great fire on 30 April 1886.

With the establishment of the modern municipalities system on 1 April 1889, the city of Akita was officially established, including former Kubota and Akita towns. The port area was separated into Tsuchizaki-Minato Town, which became part of Minamiakita District. The first city hall was located inside the former Minamiakita District office. In September 1898, the Imperial Japanese Army's 17th Infantry Regiment was based in Akita. The first public library was opened in 1898, electrification of Tsuchizaki began in 1901, and Akita Station was opened in 1902, as well as running water and telephone services in 1907.

The Taishō period brought further development to Akita with Nippon Oil Corporation developing the nearby Kurokawa Oil Fields in 1914, and a branch of the Bank of Japan opening in Akita in 1917.

Shōwa Era
In 1935, Nippon Kogyo (the forerunner of Jomo) began development of the nearby Yabase Oil Fields. Akita Bank was established in 1941.

War devastated the city on 14 August 1945. During the Tsuchizaki air raid, over 250 people were killed when 134 USAAF B-29 Superfortress, attacked the city from midnight to the early dawn. A Nippon Oil oil refinery in the Tsuchizaki area was targeted.

During the post-war period, the 16th National Sports Festival of Japan was held in Akita in 1961. During the tsunami following the 1983 Sea of Japan earthquake, three Akita residents were killed.

Heisei Era

On 1 April 1997, Akita was designated as a core city with increased autonomy. The Akita Shinkansen began operations the same year. In August 2001, the World Games were held in Akita, with the opening ceremony held in the Yabase Track and Field Stadium. In 2004, the city celebrated its 400th anniversary and its beginnings as Kubota Castle town.

On 11 January 2005, the towns of Kawabe and Yūwa (both from Kawabe District) were merged into Akita. Kawabe District was dissolved as a result of this merger. The location of Akita City Hall did not change, and former Kawabe and Yūwa Town Halls are used as civic centers. The 62nd National Sports Festival of Japan was held in Akita in 2007.

Geography
The city of Akita is located in the coastal plains of central Akita Prefecture, bordered by the Sea of Japan to the west. The Omono River runs through the center of the city.

Neighboring municipalities

 * Akita Prefecture
 * Kitaakita
 * Katagami
 * Yurihonjō
 * Daisen
 * Senboku
 * Minamiakita District: Gojōme, Ikawa
 * Kitaakita District: Kamikoani

Demography
Censuses have been conducted in Akita since as early as 1873. Per Japanese census data since 1950, the population of Akita peaked in around the year 2000 and has been in decline since then.

Climate
Akita belongs to a climatic transition zone humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) and is the most populous city having absolute northern extremity of this climate zone within Japan, bordering very closely with the humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) zone, comparable to New York City, USA. Akita is characterized with cold, very snowy, winters, and hot, humid summers. Monthly averages range from 0.1 C in January to 24.9 C in August. Due to its location near the Sea of Japan coast, it receives heavy snowfall, with just above 377 cm per season, with accumulation occurring mostly from December to March. Precipitation is well-distributed and significant throughout the year, but is greater in the latter half. Over two thirds of all days see some precipitation, either rain or snow.

Government
Akita has a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city assembly with 39 members. The city contributes 12 members to the Akita Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the city is part of Akita District 1 of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Akita remains heavily dependent on agriculture (particularly rice cultivation), forestry and mineral extraction. Akita contains one of the most important oil fields in Japan. Oil refining, woodworking, metalworking, and the production of silk textiles are the main industries. Akita is also home to two regional banks that serve Akita prefecture and the greater Tōhoku region: Akita Bank and Hokuto Bank.

The Akita Thermal Power Station is located in the city.

Universities

 * Akita University
 * Akita Prefectural University
 * Akita International University
 * North Asia University
 * Seirei Women's Junior College
 * Japanese Red Cross Akita College of Nursing
 * Akita University of Art
 * Akita Nutrition Junior College
 * Misono Gakuen Junior College
 * Open University of Japan Akita learning center

Primary and secondary education
Akita has 44 city and one national elementary schools, 22 city, one prefectural, one national and one private middle schools, and one combined city middle/high school. There are eight prefectural, one city and seven private high schools, as well as four prefectural and one national special education school.

High schools

 * Akita High School

Airports

 * Akita Airport

Railway
East Japan Railway Company - Ōu Main Line East Japan Railway Company - Uetsu Main Line East Japan Railway Company - Oga Line
 * JR East – Akita Shinkansen
 * Akita
 * Ōbarino - Wada - Yotsugoya - Akita - Tsuchizaki - Kami-Iijima - Oiwake
 * Shimohama - Katsurane - Araya - Ugo-Ushijima - Akita
 * Oiwake
 * Akita Rinkai Railway Company (freight)

Highway

 * JP Expressway E7.svg

Bus

 * Akita Chūō Kōtsū

Seaports

 * Port of Akita

Mass media

 * Akita Asahi Broadcasting
 * Akita Broadcasting System
 * Akita Community Broadcasting
 * Akita Television
 * Cable Networks Akita
 * FM Tsubakidai

Local attractions

 * Site of Kubota Castle (Senshu Park)
 * Site of Akita Castle (Takashimizu Park), National Historic Site
 * Minato Castle (Tsuchizaki Gaiku Park, Shinmeisha)
 * Jizōden ruins, National Historic Site
 * Akita Prefectural Museum
 * Akita Senshū Museum of Art
 * Akita Museum of Art
 * Akita Omoriyama Zoo
 * Akita Port Tower Selion
 * CNA Arena Akita
 * Sakigake Yabase Baseball Stadium
 * Akita Prefectural Baseball Stadium
 * Akita Yabase Athletic Field
 * Akita Prefectural Gymnasium
 * Akita Prefectural Central Park
 * Akita Prefectural General Pool
 * Akita Prefectural Budokan
 * Akita Peace Pagoda
 * Koshiō Shrine

Akita Kanto Festival
This representative summer festival began 350 years ago, with similar to tanabata festivals held elsewhere in Japan. During this festival, participants balance 15 meter poles with 230 lanterns on their chins; the main event is held during the evening and night hours, between the 3rd and 6 August each year.

During the festival, Kanto stunt events are held in Senshu Park during daylight hours involving many amateur participants. This event was first held in 1931 and every subsequent year, except between 1935 and 1946 and in 1953 and 1965. Overseas exhibitions of the festival were performed in Hamburg, Germany, in 1988, Honolulu, Hawaii, in 2002, London, UK, in 2004, and as an opening event at the 2001 World Games.

Narayama Kamakura Festival
In the Narayama Otamachi district of central Akita each February 12–15 a Shinto festival honoring both Suijin and Kamakura Daimyojin is held inside a shrine made from walls of snow. A rice bale is set afire at the end of this festival.

Tsuchizaki Minato Festival
Each neighbourhood in Tsuchizaki Minato contributes a float decorated with giant figures from 20 to 21 July. In 1997 it was designated an Important Intangible Folk Cultural Property.

Marian apparitions
Our Lady of Akita is the title of Marian apparitions reported in 1973 by Sister Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa in Yuzawadai, Soegawa, Akita City. The apparitions were approved by the Holy See in 1988. The 1988 approval was issued by Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, who later became Pope Benedict XVI.

International sister / friendship cities

 * - Lanzhou, Gansu, China, since August 5, 1982
 * 🇩🇪 - Passau, Lower Bavaria, Germany, since 8 April 1984
 * 🇵🇭 - Malabon, Philippines,  since 15 July 1987
 * 🇺🇸 - Kenai, Alaska, United States of America
 * 🇺🇸 - St. Cloud, Minnesota, United States of America (with Yūwa, Akita, which merged into Akita, Akita), since 1993
 * 🇷🇺 - Vladivostok, Primorsky Krai, Russia, since 29 June 1992
 * 🇨🇳 - Nanning, Guangxi, China, since 22 November 2021

Domestic sister cities

 * Hitachiōta, Ibaraki Prefecture
 * Daigo, Kuji District Ibaraki

Notable people

 * Masamichi Amano, composer
 * Michio Ashikaga, professional soccer player
 * Yukiko Ebata, professional women's volleyball player
 * Hiroki Endo, manga artist
 * Yukio Endō, Olympic gymnast
 * Hiroyuki Enoki, professional boxer
 * Shirō Fukai, composer
 * Takunosuke Funakawa, footballer
 * Masanori Ishikawa, professional baseball player
 * Taka Kato, adult movie actor
 * Yudai Koga (K), member of Japanese boy-group &Team
 * Chūji Machida, politician, cabinet minister
 * Hiroya Matsumoto, actor
 * Hiroko Nagasaki, Olympic swimmer
 * Emiko Okuyama, politician
 * Akira Ota, Olympic wrestler
 * Junko Sakurada, singer
 * Nozomi Sasaki, model, actress
 * Takenori Sato, professional mixed martial artist
 * Tadashi Settsu, professional baseball player
 * Kohei Shimoda, professional soccer player
 * Taro Shoji, singer
 * Tensho Sugimoto, basketball player
 * Kenji Suzuki (footballer)
 * Mitsuhisa Taguchi, professional soccer player
 * Kenta Tateyama, professional basketball player
 * Go Togashi, footballer for Blaublitz Akita
 * Setsurō Wakamatsu, movie director
 * Ren Yamamoto (footballer, born 1999)
 * Koharu Yonemoto, professional badminton player
 * Yu Takahashi, singer-songwriter

Sports

 * Basketball: Akita Northern Happinets, Prestige International Aranmare Akita
 * Football: Blaublitz Akita, Saruta Kōgyō S.C., Akita FC Cambiare
 * Rugby union: Akita Northern Bullets

title: Akita (city)


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Oil imperialism theories

Oil imperialism theories assert that direct and indirect control of world petroleum reserves is a root factor in current international politics.

Control of oil
While economists and historians agree that access to and control of the access of others to important resources has throughout history been a factor in warfare and in diplomacy, oil imperialism theorists generally tend to assert that control of petroleum reserves has played an overriding role in international politics since World War I. In recent years, oil resources were certainly important considerations behind the Gulf War, the 2003 invasion of Iraq, and the Libyan Crisis. Some theories hold that access to oil defined 20th-century empires and was the key to the ascendance of the United States as the world's sole superpower, and explained how a transitioning country like Russia was able to obtain rapid GDP growth for a time (see Economy of the Soviet Union).

Criticism
Critics of oil imperialism theories suggest that because the United States has historically been one of the leading oil producers in the world, the United States would be unlikely to predicate its foreign policy on the acquisition of oil with such an undue focus. They point out that, relative to its consumption rate, oil is not an expensive commodity in the market.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Oil imperialism theories


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Francis Brett Young

Francis Brett Young (29 June 1884 – 28 March 1954) was an English novelist, poet, playwright, composer, doctor and soldier.

Life
Francis Brett Young was born in Halesowen, Worcestershire. He received his early education at Iona, a private school in Sutton Coldfield. His father, Thomas Brett Young, was a doctor and his mother also came from a medical family, so it was natural that he go to the school for the sons of doctors, Epsom College. He was there when, at fourteen, he suffered the death of his beloved mother. He later went on to train at the University of Birmingham to become a qualified physician. He met his future wife, Jessie Hankinson, while he was lodging at Edgbaston in Birmingham and she was training at Anstey College of Physical Education, then housed in nearby The Leasowes (the former home of William Shenstone, the author he most admired).

He started medical practice on the steamship SS Kintuck, on a long voyage to the Far East. He returned with the money to purchase his own medical practice at Cleveland House, Brixham, Devon, in 1907. Established in his first secure job, he was able to be secretly married to Hankinson in December 1908. She was also a singer and he accompanied her, as well as composing two sets of songs for her, published in 1912 and 1913.

His first attempt at a novel, Undergrowth, was a collaboration with his younger brother, Eric. Eric subsequently forged a writing career of his own which, while less successful, produced novels such as The Murder at Fleet and The Dancing Beggars.

During the First World War he saw service in German East Africa in the Royal Army Medical Corps (he was a medical officer of the 2nd Rhodesia Regiment), but was invalided out in 1918, and no longer able to practise medicine. His own account of these wartime events is given in his book Marching on Tanga; passages censored from that book were later covertly used in his novel Jim Redlake.

Unable to work as a doctor, he decided to devote himself to his writing, and in 1919 he began the first of his Mercian novels. From 1920, the couple went to live in Capri until 1929 but also travelled widely, including trips to South Africa, the United States and summers in the Lake District of England. They returned to live in England, initially as neighbours of fellow novelist Hugh Walpole in the Lake District. Here they lived in Esthwaite Lodge, a country house, still standing, south of Hawkshead on the west side of Esthwaite Water. Then, from 1932, they settled at the dilapidated Craycombe House, Fladbury, Worcestershire, which he was able to buy and slowly renovate due to his continuing success as a writer. His income also enabled him to spend the winters in Capri, which was vital due to his poor health. This changed as Italy became fascist and war approached, and in 1937 he purchased Talland House between Looe and Polperro as an alternative winter retreat. When war came in 1939, Craycombe House was requisitioned by the Red Cross and turned into a convalescent home for the armed services.

In 1944, near to the war's end, he published his epic poem The Island, recounting in verse the whole history of Britain from the Bronze Age to the Battle of Britain. The entire first edition of 23,500 sold out immediately, even in wartime conditions, and was then reprinted.

The winters and wartime privations in England had taken their toll on his poor health. In October 1944, having seen The Island through to publication, he had a serious heart attack. At the end of the Second World War he moved to Montagu in the Klein Karoo, South Africa. The climate suited him, and he was even able to complete the writing of a non-fiction guide book for the South African Tourist Board.

Death
He died in Cape Town on 28 March 1954, aged 69. He was cremated and his ashes were returned to England, and are buried in Worcester Cathedral.

Work
Like many authors he used the places and occupations he knew as the backdrops for his work. There is much description of the sea, war and medical practice set in places as far apart as the West Midlands and West Country of England and South Africa.

His first published novel Deep Sea (1914) has Brixham as a background while Portrait of Clare (1927) is set in the West Midlands, as are several of his works from this period. The Iron Age (1916) is set partly in Ludlow, Shropshire.

Mercian novels
The central project of Francis Brett Young's career was a series of linked novels set in a loosely fictionalised version of the English West Midlands and Welsh Borders. The Mercian novels were originally inspired by the construction of Birmingham Corporation's Elan Valley Reservoirs from 1893 to 1904, and the country traversed by their associated aqueduct.

The Black Diamond (1921) tells the story of a labourer working on the aqueduct in the region around Knighton, while The House Under the Water (1932) deals at length with the construction of the reservoirs themselves. The series expanded into a wide-ranging study of Midlands society from the 1890s through to the outbreak of the Second World War. Although linked by recurring characters, each of the Mercian novels can be read as an independent work. They range in style from the atmospheric psychological horror of Cold Harbour (1924; praised by H. P. Lovecraft) to the romantic family saga of Portrait of Clare (1927), which won that year's James Tait Black Memorial Prize.

Like Thomas Hardy's Wessex novels, the Mercian novels are unified by their setting—a semi-fictionalised realisation of an actual geographical region. While some actual place-names appear unchanged (e.g., Kidderminster, Ludlow, Malvern, Shrewsbury, Worcester), most locations appear under a fictional name (Birmingham = North Bromwich, Halesowen = Halesby; Dudley = Dulston; River Elan = River Garon). Other locations appear to be fictional conflations of various real-world places; e.g., the Black Country town of Wednesford; resembling in many respects the actual town of Wednesbury but located by the author in the Stour Valley (and seemingly unrelated to Hednesford, near Cannock), and the hamlet of Cold Harbour; modelled on Wassell Grove near Hagley but described by him as overlooking the Black Country.

Main works

 * Undergrowth (with Eric Brett Young) (1913)
 * Deep Sea (1914)
 * The Dark Tower (1915)
 * The Iron Age (1916)
 * Marching on Tanga (With General Smuts in East Africa) (1917), war memoir
 * The Crescent Moon (1918)
 * The Young Physician (1919)
 * Poems, 1916-1918 (1919)
 * The Tragic Bride (1920)
 * The Black Diamond (1921)
 * The Red Knight (1921) Collins, London
 * Pilgrim's Rest (1922)
 * Cold Harbour (1924)
 * Woodsmoke (1924)
 * Sea Horses (1925)
 * Portrait of Clare (1927)
 * The Key of Life (1928)
 * My Brother Jonathan (1928)
 * Black Roses (1929)
 * Jim Redlake (1930)
 * Mr. and Mrs. Pennington (1931)
 * The House Under the Water (1932)
 * This Little World (1934)
 * White Ladies (1935)
 * Far Forest (1936)
 * Portrait of a Village (1937)
 * They Seek a Country (1937)
 * Dr. Bradley Remembers (1938)
 * The City of Gold (1939)
 * Mr. Lucton's Freedom (1940)
 * A Man About the House (1942), play and film both 1947
 * The Island (1944) (written in epic verse)
 * In South Africa (1952)
 * Wistanslow (1956 - published posthumously)

Archives
Archives of Francis Brett Young are held at the Cadbury Research Library, University of Birmingham. The archive collection includes a large number of letters, many of which are from prominent figures of the twentieth century, as well as typescript copies of his poems.

Film and television adaptations
Several of his books were adapted for film and television, including My Brother Jonathan (1948) starring Michael Denison, Dulcie Gray and James Robertson Justice; and Portrait of Clare (1950) starring Margaret Johnston, Richard Todd and Robin Bailey. Both films used Aston Rowant railway station in Oxfordshire as a filming location.

In 1985 My Brother Jonathan was adapted into a British television series starring Daniel Day-Lewis and Barbara Kellerman.

title: Francis Brett Young


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Chicoutimi

Chicoutimi is the most populous borough (arrondissement) of the city of Saguenay in Quebec, Canada.

It is situated at the confluence of the Saguenay and Chicoutimi rivers. During the 20th century, it became the main administrative and commercial centre of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region. In 2002 it merged into the new city of Saguenay and forms the heart of the 5th-largest urban area of the province of Quebec. At the 2021 census, its population was 69,004.

History
What was ultimately to become the centre of the borough of Chicoutimi was first settled by French colonists in 1676 as a trading post in the fur trade. At that time, the Saguenay and the Chicoutimi rivers had been used as waterways by the Montagnais tribes for centuries. The name Chicoutimi derives from the. After the British seized Lower Canada, the Chicoutimi trading post continued to operate only until 1782, as the fur trade had moved further west of the Great Lakes.

The city of Chicoutimi was officially incorporated in 1845 as a municipality by Peter McLeod, a Métis timber contractor who built a sawmill there in 1842. The town was designated in 1855 as the seat of Chicoutimi County and the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Chicoutimi in 1878.

The arrival of the Canadian National Railway in 1893 stimulated the growth of Chicoutimi's pulp and paper industries, particularly mechanical pulp production. The railway also built Chicoutimi station, which served the city until 1988. The Chicoutimi Pulp Co. was founded in 1896 backed by French-Canadian investors. The Chicoutimi Pulp Mill became the biggest producer of mechanical pulp in Canada by 1910.

Since the Great Depression, the city has become an administrative and commercial centre. New centres of education and culture were established: in 1967, the Conservatoire de musique de Saguenay; and in 1969, the Université du Québec à Chicoutimi. The city also played host to the Quebec Summer Games in 1972.

In the municipal amalgamations of 1976, Chicoutimi annexed the neighbouring towns of Chicoutimi-Nord and Rivière-du-Moulin. In a much larger round of Municipal reorganization in Quebec in 2002, the cities of Chicoutimi, Jonquière, La Baie, Lac-Kénogami, Laterrière, Shipshaw and part of Tremblay merged to form the new city of Saguenay. Chicoutimi became a borough of Saguenay.

During the summer of 1996, a record rainfall in the region caused major flooding in the downtown, as well as outlying areas. Dams were overrun, many bridges were destroyed throughout the region. The total cost of the disaster was recorded as 1.5 billion Canadian dollars. The flood also killed seven people.

Chicoutimi's sister city is Camrose, Alberta.

Geography and cityscape
Chicoutimi is located in Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region on the western end of the Saguenay Fjord; most of the borough, including the downtown section, is on the south shore of the Saguenay River. It is the geographical centre of the city of Saguenay; the Jonquière and La Baie boroughs adjoin on the west and east sides. Chicoutimi is about 200 km north of Quebec City and 126 km northwest upriver from Tadoussac, at the confluence of the St. Lawrence River. The former cities of Chicoutimi borough are Chicoutimi, Laterrière, Canton-Tremblay, Chicoutimi-Nord and Rivière-du-Moulin. They have maintained their names as wards in the amalgamated city.

The landscape of Chicoutimi consists of hills, valleys and plains, with the terrain becoming steeper near the Saguenay River. Its two major physical features are the Saguenay Graben, a rift valley of the Laurentian Highlands in which the city spreads, and the Saguenay Fjord, the glacier-carved steep shores of the Saguenay River. Mount Valin at 3,215 ft is the tallest mountain of the region, and overlooks Chicoutimi 30 km north-east. The Chicoutimi, Du Moulin and Valin rivers all empty in the Saguenay river in Chicoutimi.

Sports
The city has been home to the QMJHL's Chicoutimi Saguenéens since 1973. They play at the Centre Georges-Vézina.

Cycles Devinci started here in 1987.

Professional hockey players from Chicoutimi

 * Luc Dufour
 * Johnny Gagnon
 * Leo Gaudreault
 * Sylvain Locas
 * John Smrke
 * Georges Vezina

Law and government
Residents of Chicoutimi are represented by three tiers of government. The first are the city councillors elected from single-member districts and the mayor elected at-large for the city of Saguenay. At the provincial tier, two elected members serve in the National Assembly of Quebec for the provincial ridings of Chicoutimi and Dubuc. The federal representation consists of a members of parliament serving in the Parliament of Canada for the federal riding of Chicoutimi—Le Fjord.

Twin towns – sister cities
Chicoutimi is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Angoulême, France

Notable people

 * Marilyn Bergeron
 * Johnny Gagnon
 * John Kricfalusi
 * Kevin Lambert, writer
 * René Simard
 * Charles Sirois
 * Georges Vézina
 * Arthur Villeneuve
 * Élisabeth Vonarburg, author
 * Jeanick Fournier, singer and winner of Canada's Got Talent (season 2)

title: Chicoutimi


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Rollerball

Rollerball may refer to:
 * Rollerball pen, a type of ballpoint pen and ink
 * Roller ball (pointing device), a trackball-device invented by Ralph Benjamin
 * Rollerball (1975 film), a science fiction film based on the short story "Rollerball Murder"
 * Rollerball (2002 film), a remake of the 1975 film
 * Rollerball (video game), a 1988 pinball-themed video game for the NES
 * Rollerball (band), an Australian band
 * Rollerball (chess variant), a chess variant by Jean-Louis Cazaux, inspired by the film
 * "Rollerball", a song by Scottish band Mogwai from the 1998 EP No Education = No Future (Fuck the Curfew)
 * Rollerball, a brand of inline skates that have ball-shaped wheels.
 * Mark Rocco, an English retired professional wrestler who competed under the ring name "Rollerball"

title: Rollerball


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The Vicar of Bray

The Vicar of Bray is a satirical description of an individual fundamentally changing his principles to remain in ecclesiastical office as external requirements change around him. The religious upheavals in England from 1533 to 1559 (and then from 1633 to 1715) made it impossible for any devout clergyman to comply with all the successive requirements of the established church. The original figure was the vicar Simon Aleyn, although clerics who faced vicissitudes resulted in revised versions of the story. A satirical 18th-century song, "The Vicar of Bray", recounts the career of a vicar of Bray, Berkshire, towards the end of this period and his contortions of principle in order to retain his ecclesiastic office despite the changes through the course of several monarchs from Charles II to George I. A comic opera covers a later period in 18th-century history, while a film set in Bray, County Wicklow, in Ireland, covers Charles I, the English Civil War, the Commonwealth of England, The Protectorate, and restoration of Charles II.

The Vicar of Bray "personif(ies) the archetypically Anglican knack for tasteful ambiguity that precludes the vulgar dialectic of yes or no. "So, is it both/and or either/or, your Grace?" "Well, surely we must say it's both, mustn't we?" It's a talent developed to an art form in the Anglican tradition."

Historical basis
The parish alluded to in most versions of the song is Bray, Berkshire, which at the time was almost wholly rural and agrarian. An early textual source for the legend of a long-standing, resilient and pliable incumbent of the parish of Bray was provided by Thomas Fuller (d. 1661) in his Worthies of England. Fuller's account of the story runs as follows:

"The vivacious vicar [of Bray] living under King Henry VIII, King Edward VI, Queen Mary, and Queen Elizabeth, was first a Papist, then a Protestant, then a Papist, then a Protestant again. He had seen some martyrs burnt (two miles off) at Windsor and found this fire too hot for his tender temper.

This vicar, being taxed [attacked] by one for being a turncoat and an inconstant changeling, said, "Not so, for I always kept my principle, which is this – to live and die the Vicar of Bray.""

- Worthies of England

However, according to the facts of who held the benefice, the vicar alluded to by Fuller seems actually to have been two or more separate incumbents. Simon Symonds was vicar of Bray in 1522-51 during the reigns of Henry VIII and Edward VI. Simon Aleyn was vicar in 1557–1565 under Mary and Elizabeth.

It seems that Bray's Tudor clerics set a precedent, and the commonest version of the song today is based on events in the Stuart period. The incumbent during that period was Francis Carswell, vicar for 42 years, from 1667, who died in Bray in 1709. He was among very few clerics in England to minister to parishioners throughout such a long and fraught historical period, including the years after The Restoration and the Glorious Revolution.

Several other clerics inspired variants of the tradition and song, according to their location and date. They include:
 * Andrew Perne (1519–89), sometime Dean of Ely whose initials were variously said to stand for "A Papist", "A Protestant" and "A Puritan", subject to the prevailing wind
 * Thomas Barlow (1607–1691), Bishop of Lincoln
 * Timothy Bray (1480–1539), Abbot of Heath, Derbyshire
 * Edmund Waller (1606–1687), poet and politician.

The song
In the song "The Vicar of Bray", the eponymous vicar was the clergyman of St Michael's Church, Bray. The most familiar version of the lyrics recount his adaptability (some would say amorality) over half a century, from the reigns of Charles II to George I. Over this period, he embraced whichever form of liturgy, Protestant or Catholic, was favoured by the monarch of the day in order to retain his position as vicar of Bray.

Comic opera
The Vicar of Bray is an 1882 comic opera by Sydney Grundy and Edward Solomon. The opera is based on the character described in the 18th-century song, as well as on The History of Sandford and Merton, a series of 18th century moral tales.

1937 film version
A film version of the tale was released in 1937 starring Stanley Holloway as the vicar. In the film, the vicar (of Bray, County Wicklow, in Ireland) is given a more positive character and events are placed at a slightly earlier period, during the English Civil War. He successfully protects his parishioners by adopting a diplomatic approach during the turbulent events and secures forgiveness for moderate rebels from the restored Charles II.

Cultural impact
The Tower of Bray is also referred to in the song Parlour Songs in the Stephen Sondheim musical Sweeney Todd, although the song has been removed from more recent performances of that musical.

George Orwell wrote an essay called A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray.

A scientific hypothesis is named after the Vicar of Bray that attempts to explain why sexual reproduction might be favoured over asexual reproduction.

Vicar of Bray is the name of the last-known surviving Whitehaven wooden-built ship. It was launched on 22 April 1841 by Robert Hardy.

title: The Vicar of Bray


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HMS Warspite

Seven ships of the Royal Navy have been named Warspite. The origins of the name are unclear, although it is probably from the word spight – an Elizabethan-era spelling variation of both spite and speight – in part embodying contempt for the Navy's enemies, but which was also the common name for the green woodpecker, suggesting the 'Warspight' would poke holes in enemy ships' (wooden) hulls. Until 1919 a woodpecker was used as the ships' crest; the official badge was a cannon, although the woodpecker continued to be used on the ships' tompions or gun muzzle plugs. Warspite carries the most battle honours of any ship in the Royal Navy, with the sixth Warspite being awarded fifteen of them.

 * ENGLISH SHIP Warspite was a 29-gun galleon, originally known as Warspight. She was launched in 1596 and sold in 1649.
 * HMS Warspite (1666) was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line launched in 1666. She was renamed HMS Edinburgh (1721) in 1721, rebuilt three times and broken up in 1771.
 * HMS Warspite (1758) was a 74-gun third rate launched in 1758. She was on harbour service from 1778, was renamed HMS Arundel in 1800 and was broken up in 1801.
 * HMS Warspite (1807) was a 76-gun third rate launched in 1807, razeed in 1840 and paid off in 1846. Lent to The Marine Society in 1862, she became a training ship until destroyed by fire in 1876.
 * HMS Warspite (1884) was an Imperieuse-class cruiser first-class armoured cruiser launched in 1884 and scrapped in 1905.
 * HMS Warspite (03) was a Queen Elizabeth-class battleship launched in 1913. She served in the First World War and in numerous operations in the Second World War, earning the most battle honours of any Royal Navy ship. She ran aground on her way to be broken up in 1947 and was scrapped in 1950.
 * HMS Warspite (S103) was a Valiant-class submarine nuclear-powered submarine launched in 1965 and decommissioned in 1991. She is currently awaiting disposal.
 * HMS Warspite is the third planned Dreadnought-class submarine ballistic missile submarine.

Battle honours

 * Cadiz 1596
 * Orfordness 1666
 * Sole Bay 1672
 * Schooneveld 1673
 * Texel 1673
 * Barfleur 1692
 * Velez Malaga 1705
 * Marbella 1705
 * Lagos 1759
 * Quiberon 1759
 * Jutland 1916
 * Atlantic 1939
 * Narvik 1940
 * Norway 1940
 * Calabria 1940
 * Mediterranean 1940–43
 * Malta Convoys 1941
 * Matapan 1941
 * Crete 1941
 * Sicily 1943
 * Salerno 1943
 * English Channel 1944
 * Normandy 1944
 * Biscay 1944
 * Walcheren 1944

title: HMS Warspite


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Housing Corporation

The Housing Corporation was the non-departmental public body that funded new affordable housing and regulated housing associations in England. It was established by the Housing Act 1964. On 1 December 2008, its functions were transferred to two new organisations, the Homes and Communities Agency and the Tenant Services Authority. The Corporation was formally dissolved on 1 April 2009.

The last Chairman of the Housing Corporation was Peter Dixon, and his deputy was Shaukat Moledina.

Successor bodies
On 17 January 2007, Ruth Kelly announced proposals to bring together the investment functions of the Housing Corporation, English Partnerships and parts of the Department for Communities and Local Government to form a new unified housing and regeneration agency.

In the following months, Professor Martin Cave, Director of the Centre for Management under Regulation at University of Warwick, led the most comprehensive review of English housing regulation for 30 years. Reporting in June, the Cave Review recommended that a new regulatory agency be set up, separating the regulation and investment responsibilities of the Housing Corporation.

On 15 October 2007, Yvette Cooper announced that the Government accepted the recommendation of the Cave Review to transfer the Corporation's regulatory powers to an independent body. Initially this was to be named the Office for Tenants and Social Landlords, but its name was subsequently changed to the Tenant Services Authority. The new investment body was initially announced as "Communities England", later renamed as the Homes and Communities Agency.

The legislative framework for both new bodies is contained in the Housing and Regeneration Act 2008, which gained royal assent on 22 July 2008. They became operational on 1 December 2008.

Energy efficiency
As the Corporation required the housing associations it funded to achieve EcoHomes standards, the Housing Corporation was indirectly responsible for building the greatest number of environmentally friendly homes in the UK. Eco-performance standards are to be raised further for grants provided in 2008–2010, when compliance exceeding Level 3 of the new Code for Sustainable Homes will be required.

title: Housing Corporation


text:
Circumlocution

Circumlocution (also called circumduction, circumvolution, periphrasis, kenning, or ambage) is the use of an unnecessarily large number of words to express an idea. It is sometimes necessary in communication (for example, to work around lexical gaps that might otherwise lead to untranslatability), but it can also be undesirable (when an uncommon or easily misunderstood figure of speech is used). It can also come in the form of roundabout speech wherein many words are used to describe something that already has a common and concise term (for example, saying "a tool used for cutting things such as paper and hair" instead of "scissors"). Most dictionaries use circumlocution to define words. Circumlocution is often used by people with aphasia and people learning a new language, where simple terms can be paraphrased to aid learning or communication (for example, paraphrasing the word "grandfather" as "the father of one's father"). Among other usages, circumlocution can be used to construct euphemisms, innuendos, and equivocations.

Language acquisition
Circumlocution is often used by beginner and intermediate second language speakers to convey the meaning of a word they don't know in their target language. Relative clauses are often used for circumlocution in English. For example,"[Firefighters] are the people who you call when your house is on fire. A [spider] is an arachnid that catches other insects in its web."Synonyms and simile are two other common circumlocution strategies. A pomegranate could be described using these techniques as follows:"It's a kind of fruit, it's red and it has lots and lots of little seeds in it."

Euphemisms
Euphemistic language often uses circumlocution to avoid saying words that are taboo or considered offensive. For example, "Holy mother of Jesus!" is a circumlocution of "Mary!", but "heck", while still euphemistic, is not a circumlocution of "hell".

Euphemistic circumlocution is also used to avoid saying "unlucky words"—words which are taboo for reasons connected with superstition: for example, calling the devil "Old Nick", calling Macbeth "the Scottish Play" or saying "baker's dozen" instead of thirteen.

Innuendo
Innuendo refers to something suggested but not explicitly stated.

Equivocation
Equivocation is the use of ambiguous language to avoid telling the truth or forming commitments.

title: Circumlocution


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Elizabeth de Clare

Elizabeth de Clare, 11th Lady of Clare (16 September 1295 – 4 November 1360) was the heiress to the lordships of Clare, Suffolk, in England and Usk in Wales. She was the youngest of the three daughters of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford and Joan of Acre, and sister of Gilbert de Clare, who later succeeded as the 7th Earl. She is often referred to as Elizabeth de Burgh, due to her first marriage to John de Burgh. Her two successive husbands were Theobald II de Verdun (of the Butler-de Verdun family) and Roger d'Amory.

Marriages
Elizabeth de Clare married three times and had three children; one by each husband. Her father had been one of England's wealthiest and most powerful nobles, and her mother was a daughter of King Edward I of England. When Elizabeth's only brother Gilbert, 7th Earl of Hertford was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 aged only 23 and leaving no surviving issue, his property, estimated to be worth £6,000/year, was equally divided between his three full sisters, Elizabeth, Eleanor and Margaret. This made Elizabeth one of the greatest heiresses in England. Her maternal uncle, King Edward II, recalled her to England so he could select a husband for her. She left Ireland for good in 1316, leaving behind her young son, William.

First marriage
She accompanied her brother Gilbert to Ireland for their double wedding to two siblings: the son and daughter of the Earl of Ulster. Elizabeth married John de Burgh on 30 September 1308. He was the heir to the Earl of Ulster, and Elizabeth could expect to be a countess in due course. She gave birth to their only child, a son, in 1312; he would become William Donn de Burgh, 3rd Earl of Ulster. Only a year later, her husband John was unexpectedly killed in a minor skirmish. A widow, Elizabeth remained in Ireland until the death of her brother, Gilbert, at the Battle of Bannockburn compelled her immediate return to England in July 1314.

Second marriage
Edward II placed her in Bristol Castle, but his plans to marry her to one of his supporters were dashed in February 1316, when Elizabeth was abducted from Bristol by Theobald II de Verdun, the former Justiciar of Ireland. He and Elizabeth had been engaged before she was called back to England. She was Lady Verdun for only six months when Theobald died on 27 July 1316, at Alton, Staffordshire, from typhoid. He left behind three daughters from a prior marriage and Elizabeth, who was pregnant. She fled to Amesbury Priory, where she stayed under the protection of her aunt Mary de Burgh, who was a nun there, and where Theobald's posthumous daughter, Isabel de Verdun (named for the Queen), was born on 21 March 1317.

Third marriage
Just a few weeks later after Isabel's birth, Edward II married Elizabeth to Sir Roger D'Amory, Lord D'Amory, Baron of Amory in Ireland. D'Amory had been a knight in her brother's service who rose to prominence as a favourite of Edward II. Now married to him, Elizabeth was caught up in the political upheavals of her uncle's reign. She gave birth to another daughter, Elizabeth, in May 1318. Roger was reckless and violent, and made a deadly enemy of his brother-in-law, Hugh Despenser the younger. D'Amory switched sides, joining the Marcher Lords led by Roger Mortimer and Thomas, Earl of Lancaster in the rebellion known as the Despenser War. He died of his wounds at Tutbury Castle, Staffordshire after 16 March 1322, having been captured by the royalist forces at the Battle of Boroughbridge where the rebels were soundly defeated. Elizabeth was captured at Usk Castle and imprisoned at Barking Abbey with her children by the victorious faction.

Loss and recovery of property
Elizabeth's brother-in-law, Hugh Despenser the younger, lord of Glamorgan, became a particular favourite of King Edward II. With the support of the king he began to take over the adjacent lordships in south Wales, with the aim to consolidate a huge landholding by fair means or foul. He concentrated on the lordships held by his sisters-in law and their husbands: Margaret and Hugh D'Audley (lordship of Gwynllwg or Newport), and Elizabeth and Roger Damory (lordship of Usk). Faced with this threat, the Marcher lords of south Wales, led by Damory, rose up against Despenser in May 1321 capturing his castles at Caerphilly and Cardiff. Their success contributed to the king's banishment of Hugh and his father on 14 August that year. This success was only short-lived as the king recalled the Despensers in October 1321 and launched a counter-offensive against the Marcher lords and their allies. Elizabeth was taken prisoner at Usk Castle in January 1322, and imprisoned in Barking Abbey, London, with her husband dying two months later. Elizabeth was forced by the king to exchange her lordship of Usk with Despenser's less-valuable lordship of Gower.

The rebellion of Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer, saw King Edward II and Hugh Despenser flee to south Wales in October 1326. By this date Elizabeth seems to have been back in residence at Usk Castle, and she regained this lordship after Despenser's execution. She held a very elaborate Christmas feast that year in Usk Castle, perhaps partly in celebration of her adversary's death, for which the long list of food and drink survives (see the National Archives PRO E101/91/14). She also undertook building works at Usk and nearby Llangibby Castles, where she would entertain her friends, Marie de St Pol, countess of Pembroke, first amongst these. She stayed at Usk from October 1348 until April 1350, perhaps to escape the Black Death.

Later life
After Damory's death, Elizabeth de Clare never remarried and styled herself the 'Lady of Clare' after her principal estate in Suffolk. She also had a residence at Anglesey Abbey, Cambridgeshire, Great Bardfield, Essex, and in 1352 she built a London house in the precinct of the Franciscan convent of Minoresses, Aldgate. A good idea of her lifestyle in the last 25 years of her life can be taken from the extensive survival of her household and other records. These threw light on the activities of and provision of food and drink for the household (numbering up to 100 people) of one of the richest and most influential women of the fourteenth century. Amongst the records are the work of her personal goldsmith in 1333, and she also lists her alms giving and the patronage towards her favourite religious houses, the priories at Clare, Anglesey, and Walsingham, and Denny Abbey. Her most important and long-lasting foundation was Clare College, Cambridge. This began when she was asked to support University Hall, founded by Richard de Badew, in 1326. When Richard handed over his rights as patron to Elizabeth in 1346, she made further grants and it became known as Clare Hall.

Death
Elizabeth de Burgh died on 4 November 1360 and was buried at the convent of the Minoresses following a funeral costing £200. Her tomb has not survived but must have been elaborate. Her will with its extensive bequests is published along with her household records. Elizabeth de Clare's eldest daughter, Isabel de Verdun married Henry de Ferrers, 2nd Lord Ferrers of Groby, and her younger daughter, Elizabeth d'Amory, married John Bardolf, 3rd Lord Bardolf of Wormegay, Knight Banneret (1314–1363). Her son William, 3rd Earl of Ulster married Maud of Lancaster, by whom he had a daughter, Elizabeth de Burgh, 4th Countess of Ulster. Elizabeth became the future wife of Edward III's second son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence. William had been murdered in Ireland in 1333, 27 years before her own death on 4 November 1360.

title: Elizabeth de Clare


text:
1907 Isle of Man TT

The 1907 Isle of Man TT races were the inaugural International Tourist Trophy for motor-cycles held on the Isle of Man. The event was held on Tuesday 28 May 1907 over the St John's Short Course consisting of a Single Cylinder and a Twin-Cylinder class. The race was ten laps of the 15 mile 1,430 yards course, a total race distance of 158 miles 220 yards (226.071 km).

At 10am on the Tuesday 28 May 1907, 25 riders started in pairs in a time-trial format for the road-legal touring motorcycles with exhaust silencers, saddles, pedals and mud-guards. On lap 1, Jack Marshall riding a Triumph suffered a fall and Frank Applebee Junior a puncture to his 5 hp Rex machine. By lap 2, Stanley Webb riding a 5 hp Triumph had to stop at St. Johns to adjust a drive-belt and retired on lap 3 with an engine exhaust-valve problem. At the compulsory 10‑minute replenishment stop, Oliver Godfrey had to retire when his 5 hp Rex motorcycle caught fire.

The Single Cylinder class race was won by Charles R. Collier riding a Matchless in 4 hours, 8 minutes and 8 seconds at an average race speed of 38.21 mph. His brother Harry Collier, also riding a Matchless, had problems with an engine seizure on lap 2 and eventually retired on lap 9.

The Twin-Cylinder class and overall race was initially led by Rem Fowler riding a Norton. On lap 1, Fowler completed the course in 23 minutes and 19 seconds, in second place was Billy Wells in a time of 23 minutes and 21 seconds and Charlie Collier in the single-cylinder class with a time of 23 minutes and 45 seconds. The overall lead fell away as Fowler suffered a number of problems with drive-belts and spark-plugs, and on lap 7 crashed at nearly 60 mph due to a burst tyre at the "Devils Elbow" on the Kirk Michael to Peel section of the course. Fowler nearly gave up, but was told by a spectator that he led the twin-cylinder class by 30 minutes from Billy Wells and went on to win at an average race speed of 36.22 mph and set the fastest lap of the race at 42.91 mph.

1907 International Auto-Cycle Tourist Trophy
Tuesday 28 May 1907 – 10 laps (158 miles 220 yards) St. John's Short Course.

title: 1907 Isle of Man TT


text:
EQ

EQ may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

 * Evangelical Quarterly, religious journal
 * EverQuest, a fantasy-themed role-playing game first released in 1999

Businesses

 * eQ Bank, a Finnish bank
 * EQ Bank, a direct banking brand of Canadian lender Equitable Bank
 * Equiniti, a British outsourcing business focused on financial and administration services.
 * Embarq (NYSE stock symbol EQ), a local exchange carrier in the United States

Chemistry

 * Electrochemical equivalent
 * Equivalent, unit of amount of substance
 * Boldenone undecylenate (Equpoise), an anabolic–androgenic steroid

Computer science

 * Equality (relational operator), used in computer programming for an equality operator
 * Equalization (audio), in audio processing

Earth science

 * Earthquake
 * Equator, in geography

Mathematics

 * Equation, in mathematics
 * Equivalent (chemistry), a measurement unit used in chemistry

Neuroscience

 * Encephalization quotient, a value for the brain to body mass ratio
 * Emotional quotient, a capacity to recognize and use emotional information
 * Empathy quotient, a psychological self-report measure of empathy

Automobiles

 * Chery eQ, a 2014–present Chinese electric city car
 * Mercedes-EQ, a family of German electric vehicles
 * TAME, an airline based in Quito, Ecuador, IATA airline designator EQ

Education

 * Education Queensland, part of the Department of Education (Queensland)

Religion and mysticism

 * English Qaballa, a system of numerology

Sport

 * Equestrianism, a term pertaining to horses or their riders

title: EQ


text:
David H. Bailey (mathematician)

David Harold Bailey (born 14 August 1948) is a mathematician and computer scientist. He received his B.S. in mathematics from Brigham Young University in 1972 and his Ph.D. in mathematics from Stanford University in 1976. He worked for 14 years as a computer scientist at NASA Ames Research Center, and then from 1998 to 2013 as a Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He is now retired from the Berkeley Lab.

Bailey is perhaps best known as a co-author (with Peter Borwein and Simon Plouffe) of a 1997 paper that presented a new formula for π (pi), which had been discovered by Plouffe in 1995. This Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula permits one to calculate binary or hexadecimal digits of pi beginning at an arbitrary position, by means of a simple algorithm. Subsequently, Bailey and Richard Crandall showed that the existence of this and similar formulas has implications for the long-standing question of "normality" —whether and why the digits of certain mathematical constants (including pi) appear "random" in a particular sense.

Bailey was a long-time collaborator with Jonathan Borwein (Peter's brother). They co-authored five books and over 80 technical papers on experimental mathematics.

Bailey also does research in numerical analysis and parallel computing. He has published studies on the fast Fourier transform (FFT), high-precision arithmetic, and the PSLQ algorithm (used for integer relation detection). He is a co-author of the NAS Benchmarks, which are used to assess and analyze the performance of parallel scientific computers. A "4-step" method of calculating the FFT is widely known as Bailey's FFT algorithm (Bailey himself credits it to W. M. Gentleman and G. Sande ).

He has also published articles in the area of mathematical finance, including a 2014 paper "Pseudo-mathematics and financial charlatanism," which emphasizes the dangers of statistical overfitting and other abuses of mathematics in the financial field.

In 1993, Bailey received the Sidney Fernbach award from the IEEE Computer Society, as well as the Chauvenet Prize and the Hasse Prize from the Mathematical Association of America. In 2008 he was a co-recipient of the Gordon Bell Prize from the Association for Computing Machinery. In 2017 he was a co-recipient of the Levi L. Conant Prize from the American Mathematical Society.

Bailey is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He has positioned himself as an advocate of the teaching of science and that accepting the conclusions of modern science is not incompatible with a religious view.

Selected works

 * with Peter B. Borwein and Simon Plouffe:
 * with Michał Misiurewicz:
 * with Jonathan Borwein, Marcos Lopez de Prado and Qiji Jim Zhu:
 * with Jonathan Borwein: Mathematics by experiment: Plausible reasoning in the 21st century, A. K. Peters 2004, 2008 (with accompanying CD Experiments in Mathematics, 2006)
 * with Jonathan Borwein, Neil Calkin, Roland Girgensohn, D. Russell Luke, Victor Moll: Experimental mathematics in action, A. K. Peters 2007
 * with Jonathan Borwein, Roland Girgensohn: Experimentation in mathematics: Computational paths to discovery, A. K. Peters 2004
 * with Robert F. Lucas, Samuel Williams (eds.): Performance tuning of scientific applications. Chapman & Hall/CRC Computational Science Series, CRC Press 2010, ISBN 9781439815694.
 * with Robert F. Lucas, Samuel Williams (eds.): Performance tuning of scientific applications. Chapman & Hall/CRC Computational Science Series, CRC Press 2010, ISBN 9781439815694.

title: David H. Bailey (mathematician)


text:
Fifi D'Orsay

Fifi D'Orsay (born Marie-Rose Angelina Yvonne Lussier; April 16, 1904 – December 2, 1983) was a Canadian-American actress and singer.

Early life
Fifi D'Orsay was born Marie-Rose Angelina Yvonne Lussier in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to a father who was a postal clerk. The D'Orsays were a large family, with Fifi having 11 siblings. She was educated at the Academy of the Sacred Heart in Montreal before graduating and finding work as a secretary.

Biography
As a young stenographer, she wished to become an actress, and moved to New York City. Once there she found work with the Greenwich Village Follies, after an audition in which she sang "Yes! We Have No Bananas" in French. When asked where she was from, she told the director she was from Paris, France, and that she had worked in the Folies Bergère. The impressed director hired her, billing her as "Mademoiselle Fifi".

While working in the Follies, she became involved with Ed Gallagher, a veteran actor who was half of the successful Broadway comedy team of Gallagher and Shean. Gallagher and D'Orsay put together a vaudeville act, and he coached her in the art of show business. After touring in vaudeville, she headed to Hollywood and adopted the surname "D'Orsay" (after a favorite perfume). Soon after she began working in films, often cast as the "naughty French girl" from "gay Paris".

She became a U.S. citizen in 1936, just as her career as a film star came to a sharp halt when she walked out on her contract at Fox Studios and was blacklisted.

While never becoming a major top-billing name, she found steady work, and appeared with such stalwarts as Bing Crosby and Buster Crabbe. For years she worked in both film and vaudeville; pacing her appearances in film with continued performances in vaudeville. When age put an end to the glamour roles, she took jobs in television; including 2 appearances each on ABC's Adventures in Paradise (as a mother superior in the episode "Castaways"), and the CBS legal drama Perry Mason (in the episodes "The Case of the Grumbling Grandfather" and "The Case of the Bountiful Beauty")—as well appearing in the CBS sitcom Pete and Gladys. She was a contestant on Groucho Marx's You Bet Your Life (February 23, 1956), and at the age of 67 she bookended her career with a return to the Broadway stage in the Tony Award-winning musical, Follies.

Personal life
D'Orsay married twice. Her first husband was Earl Hill (also billed as "Maury Hill" & "Morgan Hill"), the son of a Chicago manufacturer. She divorced Hill in 1939 and married Peter LaRicos in 1947, a restaurateur and agent.

D'Orsay died from cancer, aged 79, on December 2, 1983, at the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles. She was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

Legacy
D'Orsay was credited as the girl who made the phrase "Ooh La La" widely known.

Partial filmography

 * They Had to See Paris (1929) - Fifi
 * Hot for Paris (1929) - Fifi Dupre
 * On the Level (1930) - Miimi
 * Women Everywhere (1930) - Lili La Fleur
 * Those Three French Girls (1930) - Charmaine
 * Mr. Lemon of Orange (1931) - Julie La Rue
 * The Stolen Jools (1931, Short) - Fifi D'Orsay
 * Women of All Nations (1931) - Fifi (uncredited)
 * Young as You Feel (1931) - Fleurette
 * The Girl from Calgary (1932) - Fifi Follette
 * They Just Had to Get Married (1932) - Marie
 * The Life of Jimmy Dolan (1933) - Budgie
 * Going Hollywood (1933) - Lili Yvonne
 * Wonder Bar (1934) - Mitzi
 * The Merry Widow (1934) - Marcelle
 * Three Legionnaires (1937) - Olga
 * Submarine Base (1943) - Maria Styx
 * Nabonga (1944) - Marie
 * Delinquent Daughters (1944) - Mimi
 * Dixie Jamboree (1945) - Yvette
 * The Gangster (1947) - Mrs. Ostroleng
 * Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (1962) - French Prisoner (uncredited)
 * Wild and Wonderful (1964) - Simone
 * What a Way to Go! (1964) - Baroness
 * The Art of Love (1965) - Fanny
 * Assignment to Kill (1968) - Mrs. Hennie

title: Fifi D'Orsay


text:
Talk:History of Panama

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sokeefe19. Peer reviewers: Jmpfer04, Rchamberlin20.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 23:33, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Post
Biased in favour of U.S., particularly with respect to invasion (the word is not mentioned). Rewrite for more NPOV? --Daniel C. Boyer
 * ALMOST EVERY history page in Wikipedia is rediculously partisan in favour of US empire, apart from those that have undergone radical change from their original versions. Then again this not surprising when you consider that they are all based on articles writen by the CIA! I don't know whose bright idea this was, but it makes the writing of a pages about the history and politics of any given country an uphill struggle in removing the propaganda, misdirection and outright lies on every CIA written page AW

 * I can't tell you what much I agree with you. --Daniel C. Boyer 14:40 17 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Wikipedia biased in favor of the "U.S. Empire," that's rich. I'd have to say the opposite.

And I gotta say it's funny how Noriega's a bad, dictatorial guy when he's giving us some support in the Contra War, but when we kick his ass out it's just another eeeevil CIA plot (chronicled in the CIA's pages of lies) Trey Stone 09:09, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I must disagree: the piece comes off as very anti-U.S. Not a word is said about the economic benefits that the U.S. relationship brought to the country: Nicaragua was a serious alternative for an Atlantic-Pacific canal.  Financed and engineered by the United States, the canal is a permanent source of income for this country.  At the end of a 99-year lease the U.S. turned over the canal and associated canal zone - complete with an airport, paved roads, power plants, medical facilities, houses, office buildings, and various other improvements worth many millions of U.S. dollars (an expense for which the United States requested no compensation) - and the only benefit the U.S. still gets from the relationship is that its government ships cross the canal at half price. Durova 18:55, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

There should be significantly more citations in the article. The first footnote citation on the whole page is in the Royal Audiencia of Panama section and it's citing another wikipedia article on the Act of Union. Sokeefe19 (talk) 22:54, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

Along the lines of some of the other comments here, I would also say that at least some of the article is biased in favor of the US. This is particularly evident in the section on the Panama Canal where the foreign perspectives of the US and France is given clear priority while a Panamanian POV is neglected. Sokeefe19 (talk) 23:07, 2 February 2017 (UTC)

 * I'm going to try editing this article to bring it up in terms of quality and hopefully take off that years old "in need of a rewrite" pin. Here are some of the sources I'm thinking about using. Anyone have any thoughts on them?

 * "A Two-Year Siege of the Noriega Regime." The New York Times. May 09, 1989. Accessed February 21, 2017. http://www.nytimes.com/1989/05/10/world/a-two-year-siege-of-the-noriega-regime.html

 * "Bidlack Treaty (Treaty of New Granada, 1846)." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. . Encyclopedia.com. (February 21, 2017). http://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/bidlack-treaty-treaty-new-granada-1846

 * "Gran Colombia." Encyclopædia Britannica. March 20, 2012. Accessed February 21, 2017. https://www.britannica.com/place/Gran-Colombia

 * Harding, Robert C. The history of Panama. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2006.

 * "The Panama Canal and the Torrijos-Carter Treaties." History.state.gov. Accessed February 21, 2017. https://history.state.gov/milestones/1977-1980/panama-canal

 * I will have to find that New York Times article in another database.

 * Sokeefe19 (talk) 00:00, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

These are some good ideas for improving the sources used for this article. Katherine.Holt (talk) 02:35, 27 February 2017 (UTC)
 * A few more ideas: The April 2016 issue of the journal Environmental History focuses on the Panama Canal. Katherine.Holt (talk) 20:44, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

Torrijos
I find it very interesting that the word "death" is used instead of "murder" or "assassination" to describe the end of Torrijos. RanDomino

interesting, but you have to agree "muerto es muerto" is correct

Rebuilding Democracy?
No mention that Endara took office in a US military base. ALl the information provided seems to be put into the article to justify US invasion of Panama.

 * You are probably right that "Rebuilding Democracy"…≠←§ sounds a bit too triumphalistic. Maybe a more neutral title for that section would be "Institutions after Noriega" or "Political processes after Noriega". The fact that Endara took office in a US military base should be mentioned although that in itself does not invalidate the fact that he would (according to most accounts) have been the winner in the election earlier that year. Please edit the article to make it more neutral, but with facts that you can support with references.--CSTAR 03:14, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

Post 1500s
The title of this section should be more descriptive; e.g., "The Spanish Colonial Period" (Caps used for consistency). J. Peterka 23:34, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Done! J. Peterka 19:06, 3 November 2006 (UTC)

Blacks before Colombus
What about Lopez de Gomara and Peter Martyr d'Anghiera accounts of the presence of Negroes in the area?
 * The Spaniards found negro slaves in this province.[4] They only live in a region one day's march from Quarequa, and they are fierce and cruel. It is thought that negro pirates of Ethiopia established themselves after the wreck of their ships in these mountains. The natives of Quarequa carry on incessant war with these negroes. Massacre or slavery is the alternate fortune of the two peoples.
 * [Note 4: This mysterious fact has been asserted by too many authors to be refused credence. The author's explanation of the existence of these Africans in America is possibly the correct one.]

from The Eight Decades of Peter Martyr D'Anghera translated by MacNutt, Francis Augustus.

This might be related to Chihab Al-Umari's mention of Abubakari II's journey, even though it is rather speculative. --moyogo 04:18, 8 December 2006 (UTC)

Rewriting
I rewrote this section (Colonial Period) and will be redoing the next (Independence) soon. I also included some reference and bibliographical material. Should soon read better and shorter. I’ll need help with links and special notations featured in Wikipedia. I’m looking forward be getting some help from the editors on these details. --castelauro 05:57, 31 August 2007 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Castelauro (talk • contribs) 05:44, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Boobs of commerce
Is anyone editing this page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.172.128.69 (talk) 17:36, 10 December 2009 (UTC)

Two historical issues
There are many issues regarding the history of Panama which are worthy of further discussion. Take the confusion in the use of the terms independence and separation for example, or the use of the term Gran Colombia. Both relate to usage. But while there is a more common awareness of the first locally, the debate over the term Gran Colombia is a more specialized and scholarly issue and has clear repercussions beyond Panama’s borders.

Independence refers to the continent wide process of emancipation from colonial rule, which lasted over a century throughout the continent. And separation refers to the actions by which two nations terminate a state of union as determined by one’s or both’s national interests. The discussions of these terms don´t usually escalate to the debate level.

On the other hand, a debate over the use of Gran Colombia exists, but mainly among historians, with a growing number making the argument of lack of historical precision and pointing to the term turning out to be a source of confusion. Never the less, the growing use of the name Gran Colombia is a fact, however unfortunate.

In my view of the use of Gran Colombia is that the issue must be treated as a methodology problem and therefore addressed in forums like this. If we wish to be consistent with scientific methodology in historical narrative, how can we call a national entity something other than what it was called during its time, regardless of how popular and convenient this practice may be for some? My experience is that when confronted with the arguments, many historians admit to the impropriety of the term as well as to the need to explain the complexities and negative consequences inherent in its usage. I´m also aware that this practice originated among Colombian historians and spread internationally. castelauro 18:21, 4 March 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Castelauro (talk • contribs)
 * Thanks for the note you left in my talk. I just want to clarify that I used the term Gran Colombia because as that article explains, this is nowadays the most common name used for the old Colombia, and the avoid confusion among the readers with the today's Republic of Colombia. You provide very good reasons for not doing so, and I am not an expert on history. I would suggest that based on WP:Reliable sources you expand the content in the corresponding section of the Gran Colombia article to make such clarification clearer, and also you might create a redirect to Gran Colombia, naming the redirect article something like Republic of Colombia (1819 to 1831) to avoid confusion with the name of today's Colombia.--Mariordo (talk) 23:51, 5 March 2011 (UTC)

Future Plans
As I stated above, I plan on finding good sources to use as citations in order to improve this article. I do not plan on producing a total overhaul of the entire thing, rather just improve what is already there by trying to put it in a more Panamanian perspective (which is proving difficult) and just citing more of the information. Most of my work will fall into the second half of the article: everything from the Panama Canal section to present day. In those sections I plan on editing and adding information where necessary and definitely adding citations. Sokeefe19 (talk) 23:46, 7 March 2017 (UTC)
 * How would your changes fit with the material published in the History of the Panama Canal article? More specifically, what additions do you believe are necessary to improve the article's coverage of more recent history? Katherine.Holt (talk) 20:30, 23 March 2017 (UTC)

Peer Review
I thought you did a really nice job. You brought in many good sources in order to provide more information on the History of the Panama Canal. I would edit a few sentences in order to make them more clear. However, overall you did a really nice job. Jmpfer04 (talk) 15:50, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

 * Do you think the new "Reaction to the Hay--Bunau-Varilla Treaty" section is necessary? I added it to provide more Panamanian perspective but I'm not sure it's necessary or does a good job on that front. Sokeefe19 (talk) 16:15, 29 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:History of Panama


text:
Florence La Badie

Florence La Badie (born Florence Russ; April 27, 1888 – October 13, 1917) was an American-Canadian actress in the early days of the silent film era. She was a major star between 1911 and 1917. Her career was at its height when she died at age 29 from injuries sustained in an automobile accident.

Early life
Florence La Badie was born Florence Russ on April 27, 1888, the second child of Horace Blancard and Marie Lynch (Chester) Russ in New York City. After the death of her father in 1890 and her mother's inability to provide sufficient care, Florence, at age three, was adopted by Joseph E. and Amanda J. La Badie of Montreal, Canada. She was given their surname.

Florence's adoptive father, Joseph E. La Badie, was a prominent attorney in Montreal. His wife, former Amanda Victor, is said to have been born in Europe, possibly Paris. Florence's adoptive uncle, Oddiehon LaBadie, maintained an estate in nearby St. Lambert. Florence was educated in New York City schools and at the Convent of Notre Dame in Montreal.

Actress
Florence La Badie moved to New York after school and became one of the most important and popular actresses of the early motion picture era. Starting in 1909, she appeared in 30 films for Biograph, and 166 silent films from 1911 through 1917 for the Thanhouser studio in New Rochelle, New York.

A daredevil at heart, she was known as "Fearless Flo" for taking risks and performing many of her own stunts. She was a frequent subject for articles and letters in fan and trade magazines, and over a period of years, she was the most publicized and beloved of all Thanhouser players.

Career success
Having completed her studies, she was offered work as a fashion model in New York City. Once there, in early 1908 she obtained a small part in a stage play. Following this, she signed to tour with a road company for the next two years and appeared on stage in various places in the eastern part of the United States. During this period she met a fellow Canadian, the young actress Mary Pickford, who suggested she "try pictures". In 1909 Pickford invited La Badie to watch the making of a motion picture at the Biograph studio in Manhattan. Given an impromptu bit part, La Badie was invited back to Biograph's studios to participate in another film later that year. She would go on to make several films under the renowned D. W. Griffith, with her first credited film being in the 1909 film The Politician's Love Story, starring Mack Sennett and Kathlyn Williams.

In 1911, La Badie's career took a leap forward when she was hired by Edwin Thanhouser of the Thanhouser Film Corporation in New Rochelle, New York. With her sophistication and beauty, Florence La Badie soon became Thanhouser's most prominent actress, appearing in dozens of films over the next two years. Her most remembered films of that period were The Tempest (1911); Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1912), a film adaptation of the Robert Louis Stevenson story; and the first film of Shakespeare's Cymbeline (1914). Her most well-known work was in the 1914-1915 serial, The Million Dollar Mystery. In 1915, she was featured in the magazine Reel Life, which described her as "the beautiful and talented Florence La Badie, of the Thanhouser Studios, considered one of the foremost of American screen players". Over a course of six years, La Badie's career had taken her to top-billing as a film actress.

World War I
When World War I broke out in Europe in 1914, Canada immediately joined the war as an ally of the United Kingdom. Several of La Badie's young male friends and relatives from Montreal were quickly shipped overseas. She had many movie fans in Canada and, according to one New York newspaper, in 1915 a young soldier fighting in the trenches at the Front in Northern France wrote to her, sending dozens of photographs that graphically depicted the horrors of the war.

Deeply affected, La Badie became a vigorous advocate for peace, traveling the United States with a stereopticon slide show of the soldier's photographs, warning about the terrible dangers of going to war.

Personal life
For a time, La Badie was engaged to a Cadillac salesman named Val Hush but they broke up. She later became involved with Daniel Carson Goodman, a writer who worked on the scenario for Thanhouser's serial Zudora.

Death
In August 1917, La Badie was at the height of her motion picture success. She had appeared in 185 films since 1909, 32 fewer than Mary Pickford's 217 films during the same period. Her film The Woman in White had just been released in July 1917.

Her most recent two films, The Man Without a Country, a film adaptation of Edward Everett Hale's The Man Without a Country, and War and the Woman, were scheduled to be released, both on September 9, 1917.

Although the Thanhouser Corporation had been struggling since the 1914 death of Charles J. Hite in an automobile accident, La Badie's career was thriving and had been their saving grace. Less than a month earlier, she had announced that she was leaving Thanhouser. She said that several other film corporations were willing to pick her up on contract immediately.

On August 28, 1917, while driving near Ossining, New York, in the company of her fiancé, Daniel Carson Goodman, La Badie found her brakes failed and the vehicle plunged down a hill, overturning at the bottom. She was thrown from the vehicle and suffered serious injuries, including a compound fracture of the pelvis, while Goodman escaped with only a broken leg. Hospitalized, she clung to life for more than six weeks and seemed to be improving, but suddenly died on October 13, from sepsis.

La Badie was the first major female film star to die while her career was at its peak, and the movie-going public mourned her death. After a large funeral, she was interred in an unmarked grave in the Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn, New York. In a deposition in a legal proceeding days before La Badie's death, Marie C. Russ swore in a deposition to have been her biological mother. Obituary notices stated La Badie was survived by her mother, Amanda La Badie, with no mention of her having been adopted. The property of the pilot's estate was divided between Mr. and Mrs. Joseph La Badie.

In 2014, Ned Thanhouser, the grandson of Edwin Thanhouser, raised money for a headstone for La Badie, which was installed on April 27 of that year, on what would have been her 126th birthday.

Selected filmography

 * David Copperfield (1911)
 * The Indian Brothers (1911)
 * Bobby, The Coward (1911)
 * The Thief and the Girl (1911)
 * Fighting Blood (1911)
 * Her Sacrifice (1911)
 * The Primal Call (1911)
 * Enoch Arden (1911)
 * Dave's Love Affair (1911)
 * The Manicure Lady (1911)
 * The New Dress (1911)
 * How She Triumphed (1911)
 * A Knight of the Road (1911)
 * Madame Rex (1911)
 * Paradise Lost (1911)
 * The Broken Cross (1911)
 * The Spanish Gypsy (1911)
 * The Diamond Star (1911)
 * The Two Paths (1910)
 * After the Ball (1910)
 * The Troublesome Baby (1910)
 * A Gold Necklace (1910)
 * Serious Sixteen (1910)
 * Taming a Husband (1909)
 * Through the Breakers (1909)
 * In the Window Recess (1909)
 * Getting Even (1909
 * Comata, the Sioux (1909)
 * The Seventh Day (1909)
 * A Strange Meeting (1909)
 * The Salvation Army Lass (1909),
 * The Politician's Love Story (1909).
 * Florence's Thanhouser Filmography'

 * 1911
 * The Smuggler (7-25-1911)
 * Swords and Hearts (8-28-1911)
 * The Buddhist Priestess (9-12-1911)
 * In the Chorus (9-15-1911)
 * The Satyr and the Lady (10-20-1911)
 * Little Em'ly and David Copperfield (10-24-1911)
 * The Last of the Mohicans (11-10-1911)
 * A Mother's Faith (11-17-1911)
 * The Baseball Bug (11-24-1911)
 * Beneath the Veil (12-1-1911)
 * Cinderella (12-22-1911)

 * 1912

 * Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1-16-1912)
 * Her Ladyship's Page (1-23-1912)
 * East Lynne (1-26-1912)
 * As It Was in the Beginning (1-30-1912)
 * The Trouble Maker (2-6-1912)
 * The Silent Witness (2-13-1912)
 * The Guilty Baby (2-27-1912)
 * The Arab's Bride (3-1-1912)
 * Extravagance (3-5-1912)
 * Flying to Fortune (3-12-1912)
 * My Baby's Voice (3-29-1912)
 * The Girl of the Grove (4-5-1912)
 * A Love of Long Ago (4-9-1912)
 * Rejuvenation (4-23-1912)
 * The Saleslady (5-7-1912)
 * Jilted (5-14-1912)''
 * Jess, Part 1 - A Sister's Sacrifice'' (5-21-1912)
 * The Ring of a Spanish Grandee (5-24-1912)
 * Jess, Part 2 -Through the Boer Lines (5-28-1912)
 * Jess, Part 3 - Jess, the Avenger (5-28-1912)
 * Whom God Hath Joined (5-31-1912)
 * Dottie's New Doll (6-4-1912)
 * Called Back (6-21-1912)
 * In Blossom Time (6-25-1912)
 * Ma and Dad (7-5-1912)
 * Under Two Flags (7-7-1912)
 * The Portrait of Lady Anne (7-23-1912)
 * The Merchant of Venice (7-26-1912)
 * Big Sister (8-11-1912)
 * The Wrecked Taxi (8-16-1912)
 * Lucile, Parts 1 and 2 (8-27-1912)
 * Lucile, Part 3 (8-30-1912)
 * The Voice of Conscience (9-3-1912)
 * A Star Reborn (9-10-1912)
 * Undine (9-24-1912)
 * Miss Robinson Crusoe (10-8-1912)
 * When Mercy Tempers Justice (10-15-1912)
 * Mary's Goat (10-27-1912)
 * Petticoat Camp (11-3-1912)
 * Through the Flames (11-8-1912)
 * A Noise Like a Fortune (11-10-1912)
 * The County's Prize Baby (11-12-1912)
 * Aurora Floyd (12-10-1912)
 * The Race (12-20-1912)
 * The Star of Bethlehem (12-24-1912)

 * 1913

 * A Poor Relation (1-3-1913)
 * The Evidence of the Film (1-10-1913)
 * Some Fools There Were (2-14-1913)
 * The Pretty Girl in Lower Five (2-18-1913)
 * The Two Sisters (2-21-1913)
 * The Way to a Man's Heart (3-2-1913)
 * An Honest Young Man (3-9-1913)
 * Won at the Rodeo (3-21-1913)
 * Her Gallant Knights (3-23-1913)
 * Cymbeline (3-28-1913)
 * Retribution (4-18-1913)
 * Rosie's Revenge (4-27-1913)
 * Her Sister's Secret (5-6-1913)
 * The Other Girl (5-9-1913)
 * Marble Heart (5-13-1913)
 * In Their Hour of Need (5-23-1913)
 * The Snare of Fate (6-17-1913)
 * Tannhäuser (7-15-1913)
 * In the Nick of Time (8-1-1913)
 * Oh! Such a Beautiful Ocean (8-10-1913)
 * The Lie That Failed (8-15-1913)
 * An Unromantic Maiden (8-24-1913)
 * The Ward of the King (8-26-1913)
 * The Message to Headquarters (9-12-1913)
 * When the Worm Turned (9-21-1913)
 * Life's Pathway (9-30-1913)
 * Louie, the Life Saver (10-7-1913)
 * A Deep Sea Liar (10-12-1913)
 * A Peaceful Victory (10-17-1913)
 * Beauty in the Seashell (10-19-1913)
 * The Mystery of the Haunted Hotel (10-21-1913)
 * A Twentieth Century Farmer (10-31-1913)
 * The Water Cure (11-2-1913)
 * The Junior Partner (11-4-1913)
 * Little Brother (11-7-1913)
 * The Blight of Wealth (11-25-1913)
 * Curfew Shall Not Ring Tonight (11-28-1913)
 * A Beauty Parlor Graduate (12-9-1913)
 * The Head Waiter (12-28-1913)

 * 1914

 * Their Golden Wedding (1-2-1914)
 * Adrift in a Great City (1-13-1914)
 * Turkey Trot Town (1-18-1914)
 * The Elevator Man (1-25-1914)
 * Twins and a Stepmother (2-3-1914)
 * The Success of Selfishness (2-6-1914)
 * A Leak in the Foreign Office (2-17-1914)
 * Cardinal Richelieu's Ward (3-1-1914)
 * The Cat's Paw (3-17-1914)
 * A Debut in the Secret Service (4-7-1914)
 * A Mohammedan Conspiracy (5-12-1914)
 * The Somnambulist (5-17-1914)
 * Out of the Shadows (6-2-1914)
 * Under False Colors (12-22-1914)
 * The Fall of Khartoum (12-31-1914)

 * 1914-1915 Serial: The Million Dollar Mystery (23 episodes)

 * 1915

 * Graft vs. Love (1-19-1915)
 * The Finger Prints of Fate (1-26-1915)
 * The Smuggled Diamond (2-9-1915)
 * The Adventure of Florence (2-23-1915)
 * The Final Reckoning (3-9-1915)
 * The Duel in the Dark (3-23-1915)
 * The Cycle of Hatred (4-6-1915)
 * Bianca Forgets (4-27-1915)
 * Monsieur Nikola Dupree(5-4-1915)
 * God's Witness (5-20-1915)
 * A Freight Car Honeymoon (6-6-1915)
 * The Six-Cent Loaf (6-8-1915)
 * The Country Girl (6-15-1915)
 * Crossed Wires (6-29-1915)
 * When the Fleet Sailed (8-3-1915)
 * M. Lecoq (8-26-1915)
 * Reincarnation (8-31-1915)
 * A Disciple of Nietzsche (9-25-1915)
 * The Price of Her Silence (9-30-1915)
 * Mr. Meeson's Will (11-6-1915)
 * All Aboard (11-28-1915)
 * Her Confession (12-12-1915)

 * 1916

 * The Five Faults of Flo (1-20-1916)
 * What Doris Did (3-1-1916)
 * Master Shakespeare, Strolling Player (4-20-1916)
 * The Fugitive (8-13-1916)
 * The Fear of Poverty (9-10-1916)
 * Saint, Devil and Woman (9-25-1916),
 * The Pillory (10-8-1916)
 * Divorce and the Daughter (12-3-1916)

 * 1917

 * Her Life and His (2-18-1917)
 * When Love Was Blind (4-15-1917)
 * The Woman in White (7-1-1917),
 * War and the Woman (9-9-1917)
 * The Man Without a Country (Jewel 9–9–1917)

title: Florence La Badie


text:
Johannes Müller

Johannes Müller, Johann Müller or Hans Müller is the name of:

 * Johannes Müller von Königsberg (1436–1476), known as Regiomontanus, German mathematician and astronomer
 * Johannes von Müller (1752–1809), Swiss historian
 * Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858), German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist
 * Johannes Theodor Müller (1873–1953), German-Australian sculptor
 * Johannes Müller Argoviensis (1828–1896), Swiss botanist
 * Johannes Müller (theologian) (1864–1949)
 * Johannes Müller (politician) (1880–1964), German politician and mayor of Marburg
 * Johannes Müller (archaeologist) (born 1960), German archaeologist

title: Johannes Müller


text:
Marie Prevost

Marie Prevost (born Mary Bickford Dunn; November 8, 1896 – January 21, 1937) was a Canadian-born film actress. During her 20-year career, she made 121 silent and sound films.

Prevost began her career during the silent film era. She was discovered by Mack Sennett who signed her to contract and made her one of his "Bathing Beauties" in the late 1910s. Prevost appeared in dozens of Sennett's short comedy films before moving on to feature-length films for Universal. In 1922, she signed with Warner Bros. where her career flourished as a leading lady. She was a favorite of director Ernst Lubitsch who cast her in three of his comedy films: The Marriage Circle (1924), Three Women (1924) and Kiss Me Again (1925).

After being let go by Warner Bros in early 1926, Prevost's career began to decline and she was relegated to secondary roles. She was also beset with personal problems, including the death of her mother in 1926 and the breakdown of her marriage to actor Kenneth Harlan in 1927, which fueled her depression. She began to abuse alcohol and binge eat, resulting in a weight gain that made it difficult for her to secure acting jobs. By 1935, Prevost was only able to secure bit parts in films. She made her last onscreen appearance in 1936.

After years of drinking, Prevost died of acute alcoholism at the age of 40 in January 1937. Prevost's estate was valued at $300 since she had squandered most of her earnings. Her death prompted the Hollywood community to create the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital.

Early life
Prevost was born in Sarnia, Ontario, to Hughina Marion (née Bickford) and Arthur "Teddy" Dunn. Her father worked as a railway conductor. When she was an infant, Teddy Dunn was killed when gas seeped into the St. Clair Tunnel. Hughina later married Frank Prevost and the family moved to Denver. In 1900, Hughina gave birth to another daughter, Marjorie, called Peg. Marie's stepfather, who worked as a miner and surveyor, frequently moved the family around the country following up on various get-rich-quick schemes. After living in Ogden, Utah; Reno, Nevada; and Fresno, California, the family finally settled in Los Angeles. Hughina and Frank Prevost later divorced. Frank Prevost died in September 1933 and bequeathed Marie $1.

While living in Los Angeles, Prevost attended Manual Arts High School. By 1915, Prevost landed a job as a secretary at a law firm which represented the Keystone Film Company. While running an office errand at the Keystone Studios, Prevost was asked to appear in a bit part for the film His Father's Footsteps. Mack Sennett, Keystone's owner, was impressed by Prevost's performance and sent word that he wanted to see Prevost in his office. Prevost later recalled the day to Motion Picture World magazine: "I asked for Mr. Sennett and was ushered in right away. He looked very stern as I walked into his office. I was ready to cry. Suddenly, he smiled. 'I want your signature today. Sign right here.' I suddenly realized the paper he pushed in front of me was a contract. I was to be one of his Sennett Bathing Beauties. Best of all I was to be paid $15 a week. I signed without reading a word. Fifteen dollars was a lot of money."

As her career was beginning to rise, Prevost married socialite Henry Charles "Sonny" Gerke in June 1918. The couple soon separated, and Prevost kept news of the marriage a secret.

Early years

Initially cast in minor comedic roles as the sexy, innocent young girl, she worked in numerous films for Sennett's studio. In 1919, Sennett cast Prevost in her first lead role in Yankee Doodle in Berlin. The film was a hit and helped to solidify Prevost's career. She scored another success in the 1920 romantic film Love, Honor, and Behave, opposite George O'Hara, another newcomer and Sennett protégé. By 1921, Prevost wanted to move to another studio, later stating that she left Keystone because Sennett was only interested in making money and was unconcerned with creativity. Director King Baggot helped secure her a contract with Universal for $1,000 per week. Prevost was released from her contract with Keystone, and she signed with Universal in 1921.

At Universal, Irving Thalberg took an interest in Prevost and became determined to make her a star. Thalberg ensured that she received a great deal of publicity and staged numerous events which put her in the public spotlight. After announcing that he had selected two films in which Prevost would star, The Moonlight Follies (1921) and Kissed (1922), Thalberg sent Prevost to Coney Island where she burned her bathing suit to symbolize the end of her bathing beauty days.

Stardom
While at Universal, Prevost still was relegated to light comedies. After her contract expired, Jack L. Warner signed her to a two-year contract at $1,500 per week at Warner Bros. in 1922. During this time, Prevost was dating actor Kenneth Harlan. Jack Warner also had signed Harlan to a contract and cast the couple in the lead roles in F. Scott Fitzgerald's The Beautiful and Damned. To publicize the film, Warner announced that the couple would marry on the film's set. The publicity stunt worked, and thousands of fans sent gifts and letters to the couple. In August 1923, Sonny Gerke, Prevost's first husband filed for divorce. The Los Angeles Mirror got wind that Prevost still was married and ran a story with the headline "Marie Prevost Will Be a Bigamist if She Marries Kenneth Harlan". Warner was livid over the negative publicity and Prevost's failure to disclose her first marriage despite the fact that the publicity stunt was his idea.

In spite of the bad publicity, Prevost's performance in The Beautiful and Damned brought good reviews. Director Ernst Lubitsch chose her for a major role opposite Adolphe Menjou in 1924's The Marriage Circle. Of her performance as the beautiful seductress, Lubitsch said that she was one of the few actresses in Hollywood who knew how to underplay comedy to achieve the maximum effect. This performance, praised by The New York Times, resulted in Lubitsch casting her in Three Women in 1924 and in Kiss Me Again the following year.

In early 1926, Warner Bros. decided to not renew Prevost and Harlan's contracts (the two quietly married in 1924 after Prevost's divorce was finalized). Shortly after she was dismissed by Warner Bros., Prevost's mother Hughina died in an automobile accident in Lordsburg, New Mexico, on February 5, 1926. Hughina had been traveling to Palm Beach, Florida, with actress Vera Steadman and Hollywood studio owner Al Christie when their vehicle overturned. Hughina was crushed by the vehicle and died at the scene. Steadman and Christie sustained serious injuries, but survived.

Actress Phyllis Haver, who had been friends with Prevost since her bathing beauty days, later stated in an interview that she believed the loss of Prevost's and Harlan's contracts with Warner Bros. caused problems in the marriage and was one of the causes of Prevost's alcoholism.

Decline
Devastated by the loss of her only remaining parent, Prevost began drinking heavily and developed an addiction to alcohol. Prevost tried to get past her personal torment by burying herself in her work, starring in numerous roles as the temptingly beautiful seductress who in the end was always the honorable heroine. Adding to her depression was the end of her marriage to Kenneth Harlan – the two separated in 1927.

After seeing Prevost in The Beautiful and Damned, Howard Hughes cast her as the lead in The Racket (1928). Hughes and Prevost later had a brief affair. After the affair ended, Prevost was heartbroken which furthered her depression. Her role in The Racket proved to be Prevost's last leading role.

Prevost's depression caused her to binge on food resulting in significant weight gain. Her career continued but she was relegated to secondary roles. In 1929, Cecil B. DeMille offered her a co-starring role in his final silent film The Godless Girl, starring Lina Basquette. In her 1990 autobiography, Basquette recalled that Prevost was not outwardly bitter about losing her leading lady status, stating "Aw, hell, that's the way it is." Prevost received generally good reviews for her role in the film. The following year, she signed a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

While at MGM, Prevost worked steadily but was offered only secondary parts. In 1930, she appeared in Paid, starring Joan Crawford. While Prevost's role was secondary, she garnered good reviews. In 1931, she played Academy Award winner Helen Hayes' loyal friend in The Sin of Madelon Claudet. In 1932, she was one of the three leads in the film Three Wise Girls, starring Jean Harlow. By 1934, she had no work at all, and her financial situation deteriorated dramatically. The downward spiral became aggravated when her weight problems forced her into repeated crash dieting to keep whatever bit part a movie studio offered. Prevost made her last on screen appearance in a bit part as a waitress in Ten Laps to Go (1936).

Personal life
Prevost was married twice with both marriages ending in divorce. Her first marriage was to socialite Henry Charles "Sonny" Gerke in June 1918. The marriage was not known to the public until Gerke filed for divorce in August 1923 citing desertion. Gerke claimed that the marriage was kept a secret because Prevost feared it would damage her budding acting career. News of the marriage was revealed shortly after Jack L. Warner devised a publicity stunt in which he claimed that Prevost and her The Beautiful and Damned co-star Kenneth Harlan would marry on the film's set in real life. To avoid negative publicity, Prevost did not fight the divorce. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Prevost admitted that she and Gerke married on a whim and had separated shortly after marrying. She also stated that she and Gerke had remained friendly and dated on occasion. Gerke's divorce petition was granted in October 1923.

In October 1924, Prevost married actor Kenneth Harlan. The two starred in several films together, including The Beautiful and the Damned and Bobbed Hair. Prevost and Harlan separated in May 1927, and Prevost filed for divorce. Later that year, she was granted an interlocutory divorce. However, the couple reconciled in June 1928. The reconciliation proved to be brief and their divorce was finalized in January 1929.

Death
Prevost died on January 21, 1937, at the age of 40, evidently from the combination of acute alcoholism and malnutrition stemming from anorexia nervosa. Her body was not discovered until January 23 after neighbors complained about her dog's incessant barking. A houseboy found her body after entering her room. Police found several empty liquor bottles in the room along with a promissory note to Joan Crawford for $110.

Her funeral (which was paid for by Joan Crawford) at the Hollywood Memorial Cemetery was attended by Crawford, Clark Gable, Wallace Beery, Douglas Fairbanks Jr., Mack Sennett, and Barbara Stanwyck. Prevost's sister had her remains cremated and combined them with those of their mother, who had died in 1926.

In February 1937, it was discovered that Prevost's estate was valued at $300. Prevost's fate as well as that of others prompted the Hollywood community to create the Motion Picture & Television Country House and Hospital to provide medical care for employees of the television and motion picture industry.

On February 8, 1960, Prevost was honored for her contribution to the motion picture industry with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6211 Hollywood Boulevard.

In popular culture

 * Prevost's death was featured in the book Hollywood Babylon by Kenneth Anger. In the book, Anger claims Prevost's dog consumed her remains over the ensuing days to survive. However, Anger's claims that Prevost's dog made "mincemeat out of his mistress" are false. While Prevost's pet dachshund Maxie did bite her legs in an effort to wake her, the dog did not attempt to eat her body.
 * Nick Lowe's song "Marie Provost" (sic) from the 1978 album Jesus of Cool details her life and Anger's account of her death. The song includes the lyric in the chorus "She was a winner/that became the doggie's dinner". The song references the date July 29, which is now known amongst Lowe's fans as 'Marie Prevost Day'.
 * In 2019, novelist Laini Giles released Bathing Beauty, a novel that details her life.

title: Marie Prevost