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Culture of Japan

The culture of Japan has changed greatly over the millennia, from the country's prehistoric Jōmon period, to its contemporary modern culture, which absorbs influences from Asia and other regions of the world.

Since the Jomon period, ancestral groups like the Yayoi and Kofun, who arrived to Japan from Korea and China, respectively, have shaped Japanese culture. Rice cultivation and centralized leadership were introduced by these groups, shaping Japanese culture. Chinese dynasties, particularly the Tang dynasty, have influenced Japanese culture throughout history. After 220 years of isolation, the Meiji era opened Japan to Western influences, enriching and diversifying Japanese culture. Popular culture shows how much contemporary Japanese culture influences the world.

History
There are two competing hypotheses that try to explain the lineage of the Japanese people.

The first hypothesis proposes a dual-structure model, in which Japanese populations are descendants of the indigenous Jōmon people and later arrivals of people from the East Eurasian continent, known as the Yayoi people. Japan's indigenous culture originates primarily from the Yayoi people who settled in Japan between 1000 BCE and 300 CE. Yayoi culture spread to the main island of Honshu, mixing with the native Jōmon culture. Modern Japanese have an estimated 80% Yayoi and 20% Jōmon ancestry.

The second hypothesis proposes a tripartite model of genomic origin. This hypothesis proposes that contemporary Japanese people are from three distinct ancestral groups: Jōmon, Yayoi and Kofun, with 13%, 16% and 71% of genetic ancestry, respectively. During the Kofun period, it is said that migrant groups from China came to Japan and settled on the island, bringing with them various cultural advances and centralized leadership. The migrants who came to Japan during the Kofun period appear to have had ancestry that mainly resembles the ancestry of the Han Chinese population of China. The Jomon people were hunter-gathers; the Yayoi people introduced rice cultivation; and the Kofun migrants introduced imperial state formation.

Japanese culture was influenced from ancient times to the Middle Ages primarily by multiple Chinese dynasties, with substantial derivation from the Tang dynasty, and to a lesser extent by other Asian countries. For example, one of the scripts for writing in the Japanese language is Chinese characters (kanji), but Japanese has no genetic relationship with Chinese. Since the Meiji era, Japan has been primarily influenced by western countries.

The inhabitants of Japan experienced a long period of relative isolation from the outside world for over 220 years during the Tokugawa shogunate until the arrival of the "Black Ships" and the Meiji era.

Today, the culture of Japan stands as one of the most influential cultures around the world, mainly because of the global reach of its popular culture. In 2023, U.S. News & World Report ranked Japan's cultural influence as the highest in Asia and 4th worldwide.

Language
Japanese is the national and primary language of Japan. The language is a lexically distinct pitch-accent system. Early Japanese is known primarily by its state in the 8th century when the three major works of Old Japanese were compiled. The earliest attestation of the Japanese language was found in a Chinese document from 256 CE. However, the Japanese language has no genetic relationship with Chinese, nor any clear affiliation with any other language. While there are a number of theories about the origins of Japanese, the strongest arguments for affiliation are with Korean on the basis of similar syntax. More controversially, it has also been paired with Altaic languages due to a similar number of systems and verb forms. While Japanese is the only official language of Japan, other languages such as Ainu and Ryukyuan are spoken on the Japanese islands.

Written Japanese uses a combination of three scripts: Chinese characters pronounced as "kanji" (漢字) in Japanese, hiragana, and katakana. Japan had no writing system prior to adopting kanji from China in 751 CE, and like Chinese, kanji are used extensively in Japanese as logograms. Presently, there is a notable number of kanji in modern Japanese with a different meaning from the corresponding character used in modern Chinese. Modern Japanese also features far fewer simplified Chinese characters in comparison to modern Chinese as Japanese typically uses fewer kanji, mainly for nouns, adjective stems, and verb stems. Both hiragana and katakana are phonetic syllabaries derived from the Chinese of the 5th century. Hiragana and katakana were developed from simplified kanji; hiragana emerged somewhere around the 9th century and were mainly used by women for informal language while katakana was mainly used by men in formal language. By the 10th century, both systems were used commonly by everyone.

Japanese vocabulary consists of 49% words of Chinese origin, 33% words of Japanese origin, and 18% loanwords from other languages, including European languages, words of mixed origin, and the made-in-Japan pseudo-English known as wasei-eigo. The Latin alphabet is often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names, logos, advertising, and when inputting Japanese into a computer. The Hindu–Arabic numerals are often used for numbers and can be read in either Japanese or English, but traditional Sino–Japanese numerals are also common. The influence of Japanese culture in the Western world over the past few centuries has led to many of its terms, such as origami, tsunami, karaoke, and pop cultural terms like shonen and shōjo being incorporated into the English language. Words like these have also been added to the Oxford English Dictionary.

Religion

Shinto and Buddhism are the primary religions of Japan. According to the annual statistical research on religion in 2018 by the Government of Japan's Agency for Culture Affairs, 66.7 percent of the population practices Buddhism, 69.0 percent practices Shintoism, 7.7 percent other religions. According to the annual statistical research on religion in 2018 by the Government of Japan's Agency for Culture Affairs, about two million or around 1.5% of Japan's population are Christians. Other religions include Islam (70,000) and Judaism (2,000), which are largely immigrant communities with some ethnic Japanese practitioners.

Shinto
Shinto is an ethnic religion focusing on ceremonies and rituals. In Shinto, followers believe that – Shinto deities or spirits – are present throughout nature, including rocks, trees, and mountains. Humans can also be considered to possess a. One of the goals of Shinto is to maintain or strengthen the connection between humans, nature, and. The religion developed in Japan prior to the 6th century CE, after which point followers built shrines to worship.

Buddhism
Buddhism developed in India around the 6th and 4th centuries BCE and eventually spread through the Sinosphere and South East Asia. It arrived in Japan during the 6th century CE, where it was initially unpopular. Most Japanese people were unable to understand the difficult philosophical messages present in Buddhism; however, an appreciation for the religion's art is believed to have led to Buddhism later growing in popularity.

Buddhism is concerned with the cycle of rebirth and karma. In Buddhism, a person's status in society is considered unimportant, instead their good or bad deeds are valued, as every person eventually becomes ill, ages, dies, and is eventually reincarnated into a new life, a cycle known as ; the suffering people experience during life is considered to be one way for people to ensure a better future, with the ultimate goal of Buddhism being to escape the cycle of death and rebirth by attaining true insight.

Christianity
Christianity was introduced in the 16th century. When the religion was banned during the 17th century, a group of hidden Christians blended Christian theology with Shinto and Buddhist practices. Hidden Christian Sites in the Nagasaki Region have become World Heritage Sites, and the unique style of Christian art is now recognized.

Despite being a minority religion in Japan, Christian chapel marriage ceremonies are a popular wedding style in Japan.

Islam
A minority of Japanese are Muslims. Cultural differences and a predominantly non-Muslim society present unique challenges for Japan's Muslim community, mostly immigrants from Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Iran.

Muslims are scattered in Japan. Mosques and halal food are scarce due to their dispersion. Family-linked long-term residents are assimilating into Japanese society despite language and cultural barriers. Analysts say the small Muslim community and cultural differences between Islam and Japan reduce future conflicts. Syncretic Sufi Islam may increase Japan's Muslim population.

National character
The Japanese "national character" has been written about under the term, literally meaning 'theories/discussions about the Japanese people' and referring to texts on matters that are normally the concerns of sociology, psychology, history, linguistics, and philosophy, but emphasizing the authors' assumptions or perceptions of Japanese exceptionalism; these are predominantly written in Japan by Japanese people, though examples have also been written by foreign residents, journalists and even scholars.

Literature

Early works of Japanese literature were heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and Chinese literature, often written in Classical Chinese. Eventually, Japanese literature developed into a separate style in its own right as Japanese writers began writing their own works about Japan. The Tale of Genji, written by Murasaki Shikibu during the Heian period, is known worldwide as a unique Japanese literature. Since Japan reopened its ports to Western trading and diplomacy in the 19th century, Western and Eastern literature have strongly affected each other and continue to do so.

Visual arts

Japanese calligraphy, rendered using flowing, brush-drawn strokes, is considered to be a traditional art form, as well as a means of conveying written information. Typical calligraphic works can consist of phrases, poems, stories, or even characters represented by themselves; the style and format of the calligraphy can mimic the subject matter through aspects such as the texture of the writing and the speed of the brush strokes. Several different styles of Japanese calligraphy exist, with considerable effort put into the outcome; in some cases, it can take over one hundred attempts to produce the desired result of a single character. This form of calligraphy is known as shodō (書道), literally meaning 'the way of writing or calligraphy', or more commonly, shūji (習字), 'learning how to write characters'. Commonly confused with calligraphy is the art form of sumi-e (墨絵), literally meaning 'ink painting', which is the art of painting a scene or object using diluted black ink.

Painting has been an art in Japan for a very long time: the brush is a traditional writing and painting tool, and the extension of that to its use as an artist's tool was probably natural. Japanese painters are often categorized by what they painted, as most of them constrained themselves solely to subjects such as animals, landscapes, or figures. Chinese papermaking was introduced to Japan around the 7th century. Later, was developed from it. Native Japanese painting techniques are still in use today, as well as techniques adopted from continental Asia and from the West. Schools of painting such as the Kano school of the 16th century became known for their bold brush strokes and contrast between light and dark, especially after Oda Nobunaga and Tokugawa Ieyasu began to use this style. Famous Japanese painters include Kanō Sanraku, Maruyama Ōkyo, and Tani Bunchō.

Ukiyo-e, literally means 'pictures of the floating world', is a genre of woodblock prints that exemplifies the characteristics of pre-Meiji Japanese art. Because these prints could be mass-produced, they were available to a wide cross-section of the Japanese populace – those not wealthy enough to afford original paintings – during their heyday, from the 17th to 20th century.

Japanese lacquerware and ceramics have historically gained international fame, and lacquerware has been actively exported since the Muromachi period and ceramics since the Edo period. Japanese crafts became known in Europe after Nanban trade.

is the Japanese art of flower arrangement. It has gained widespread international fame for its focus on harmony, color use, rhythm, and elegantly simple design. It is an art centered greatly on expressing the seasons and is meant to act as a symbol to something greater than the flower itself.

Traditional clothing
The kimono is the national garment of Japan, having developed from Chinese court clothing in the Nara period following the exchange of diplomatic envoys between the two countries at that time. The word kimono translates literally as 'thing to wear on the shoulders'; however, this term developed some time around the Edo period, before which most kimono-like garments were referred to as the (short sleeve), with longer-sleeved garments being known as  (swinging sleeve).

The earliest versions of the kimono were heavily influenced by traditional Chinese clothing, known today as (kanfuku (漢服) in Japanese). This influence was spread through Japanese envoy missions to China, resulting in extensive Chinese cultural adoption by Japan as early as the 5th century CE. It was during the 8th century, however, that Chinese fashions came fully into style, and following the cancellation of the 20th mission to Tang dynasty China, these fashions developed independently, with the overlapping, V-shaped collar becoming women's fashion and the precursor to the modern kimono.

Kimono, alongside all other items of traditional Japanese clothing, are known collectively as, meaning 'Japanese clothing', as opposed to , Western-style clothing. Kimono come in a variety of colors, styles, and sizes. Men mainly wear darker or more muted colors, while women tend to wear brighter colors and pastels, and, especially for younger women, often with complicated abstract or floral patterns.

In previous decades, married women wore short sleeved kimono, whereas unmarried women wore long sleeved kimono to both formal and informal occasions; however, the rise in both the average age of marriage and the numbers of women never marrying in Japan has led to the divide between sleeve length becoming one more of age, with most women in their early twenties wearing long sleeved kimono only to formal occasions, and most women past their early twenties wearing short sleeved kimono to formal events, regardless of marriage status. Other developments include the abandoning of layered kimono and the standardisation of the length of short sleeved women's kimono to a range of roughly 49–52 cm in length, both developments driven by fabric shortages in WWII.

The coat is another form of traditional clothing. A (commonly Anglicised as "happy") coat is a straight sleeved coat typically decorated with a family crest and/or kanji along the collar. In previous centuries, -style coats known as or simply  were commonly worn by firefighters; the coats would be constructed from several layers of heavy cotton stitched together, and would be soaked in water to provide protection from fire.

Alongside traditional clothing, Japan also has distinct footwear;, ankle-length split-toed socks, are commonly worn with the kimono, and are designed to be worn with traditional shoes such as geta and zōri. Geta are thonged sandals mounted on wooden blocks extending from the base of the shoe to the floor, and are worn by men and women with kimono or ; zōri are flat-based or sloping sandals made of a number of different materials, and are considered to be more formal than geta.

Fashion trends and consumer apathy have hurt the Japanese kimono industry. Kimono sales and traditional tailors suffered after WWII due to Western fashion. Innovative and diverse kimono makers have revived the declining industry. Internationally, the industry has tried casual styles. Cultural appropriation is hard. The Boston Museum of Fine Arts' "Kimono Wednesdays" led to cultural appropriation debates. Asian-American protesters cited Orientalism, racism, and cultural appropriation. Protests sparked global cultural debate and appropriation. The protests lacked Japanese and Japanese-American representation, say critics. Scholars say Edward Said's "Orientalism" may not always apply (O'Dwyer, 2015).

Cultural appropriation could harm kimono exhibitions. War can hinder cultural exchange and Japanese fashion abroad. Japanese mainstream media and cultural commentators rarely mention it. Cultural appropriation may lead to kimono experimentation, say Japanese commentators. Cultural appropriation and Japanese fashion remain hot topics. Globally, the industry must balance cultural integrity and innovation (O'Dwyer, 2015).

Installation arts
Japanese architecture was originally heavily influenced by Chinese architecture and later developed many unique aspects indigenous to Japan. Examples of traditional architecture are seen at temples, Shinto shrines, and castles in Kyoto and Nara. Some of these buildings are constructed with traditional gardens, which are influenced by Zen ideas. Some modern architects, such as Yoshio Taniguchi and Tadao Ando are known for their amalgamation of Japanese traditional and Western architectural influences.

Traditional Japanese garden architecture is considered to hold the same importance as traditional building architecture, and both are influenced by similar historical and religious backgrounds. A primary design principle of a traditional garden is the creation of the landscape based on, or at least greatly influenced by, the style of three-dimensional monochrome ink landscape painting known as  or ; as such, garden landscaping is elevated to the status of an artform in Japan.

Traditional Japanese sculptures mainly focused on Buddhist images, such as Tathagata, Bodhisattva, and Myō-ō. The oldest sculpture in Japan is a wooden statue of Amitābha at the Zenkō-ji temple. In the Nara period, Buddhist statues were made by the national government to boost its prestige. These examples are seen in present-day Nara and Kyoto, most notably a colossal bronze statue of the Buddha Vairocana in the Tōdai-ji temple.

Wood has traditionally been used as the chief material in Japan, along with traditional Japanese architecture. Statues are often lacquered, gilded, or brightly painted, although there are commonly few traces of this on the surface. Bronze and other metals are generally not used. Other materials, such as stone and pottery, have had extremely important roles in traditional sculpture.

Music

The music of Japan includes a wide array of styles both distinctly traditional and modern. Traditional Japanese music is quite different from Western Music and is based on the intervals of human breathing rather than mathematical timing; traditional music also typically slides between notes, a feature also not commonly found in Western music. The word for music in Japanese is ongaku (音楽), combining the kanji on (音, "sound") with the kanji gaku (楽, "enjoyment"). Major aesthetic concepts are jo-ha-kyū and ma. Jo-ha-kyū (序破急) roughly translates to "beginning, break, rapid", it essentially means that all actions or efforts should begin slowly, speed up, and then end swiftly. Ma literally means a space or interval between two points (in space or time). In music, it refers to rhythm. In nagauta (長唄, literally "long song") (played on the shamisen and used in kabuki theater), uki-ma implies a slight lengthening of the first of a pair of beats, while tsume-ma implies the reverse). It is this meaning of timing that is seen as a unique aesthetic to explain otherwise inexplicable aspects of Japanese performing arts. Japanese music stresses sound quality and prizes the richness and complexity of each instrument's sound spectrum. Noise is also used in a highly formalized manner to imitate "nature" and the expressive energy and artistic potential of noise are accepted and incorporated.

History of Traditional Music
Traditional Japanese music finds its first major historic periods in the Nara (710–794) and Heian (794–1185) periods. The two most common kinds of music during this time were the music of the court (Gagaku) and the music of Buddhist rituals (shōmyō). The music of the Nara period can be classified as belonging to the first international period in Japanese music history. The court music was all of Chinese, Korean, or Indian origin and was played primarily by foreign musicians in its original style. Gagaku classical music has been performed at the Imperial court since the Heian period. At the same time, Buddhist ritual music exerted some influence on the native vocal style. While poetry anthologies indicate that folk music had continued its steady pace, the historical records and relics show us music that was primarily instrumental and often connected with dance. By the time of the Kamakura period, most traces of the international character of Japanese music had disappeared. Court music in general was declining, while there was a steady growth of more theatrical arts. The indigenous folk ritual music of flute and drums here encountered the aristocratic aesthetic of poetry and literary tales. Japan's indigenous musical culture can still be found in much of folk music and the music of Shinto festivals in local communities.

Traditional Instruments
Several traditional instruments were adopted and assimilated into Japanese culture from various sources. They were further experimented with and developed by Japan. One of the imported end-blown bamboo flutes from China developed into the shakuhachi, which became the ritual instrument of the Fuke sect of Zen monks. By the middle of the eighteenth century, in secular performances, the shamisen lute and koto, invented in China and brought to Japan during the Nara Period, 13-string zither as used for genteel entertainment and professionally controlled by blind musicians who had the rights to heike narrative. The shamisen, modified from the Chinese sanxian introduced via the Ryukyu Islands in the late sixteenth century, came into its own in the theatrical contexts of bunraku puppet drama and kabuki drama.

Modern Music
Japan is the second largest music market in the world behind the United States, and is the largest in Asia, with most of the market dominated by Japanese artists. Local music often appears at karaoke venues on lease from record labels.

Western music has been adopted and adapted to the Japanese context and has often in the process become Japanized (domesticated) and different from its model. Hybrid music has resulted, such as enka, J-pop, and ‘contemporary Japanese music’ (gendai hōgaku) or ‘new Japanese music’ (shin-hōgaku). Famous enka singers include Hibari Misora, Saburo Kitajima, Ikuzo Yoshi, and Haruo Minami. One notable contemporary influence on Japanese musical music came from Ainu music and the so-called nationalist composer Ifukube Akiraa (b. 1914 in Hokkaido) who brought the tonkori zither onto the World Music scene.

In the late 20th century Japanese music rose in popularity with Aidoru (Japanese Idols) with popular audition shows such as the Suta¯tanjo¯(A Star Is Born). Japanese music further evolved in the jazz, pop, R&B, and Rock music genres and continues into today. Popular artists of the 20th-21st centuries include Yoko Ono, Suzuka Nakamoto, Koji Tamaki, Hideto Takarai, Takahiro Moriuchi, Kenshi Yonezu, and Haruomi Hosono. Popular groups of the same eras include The Oral Cigarettes, Yoasobi, Bump of Chicken, King Gnu, Mrs. Green Apple, Fishmans, and Perfume.

Performing arts
The four traditional theatres from Japan are noh (or ),, kabuki, and. Noh had its origins in the union of the, with music and dance made by Kan'ami and Zeami Motokiyo. Among the characteristic aspects of it are the masks, costumes, and the stylized gestures, sometimes accompanied by a fan that can represent other objects. The Noh programs are presented in alternation with the ones of, traditionally in numbers of five, but currently in groups of three.

The, of a humorous character, had an older origin, in 8th century entertainment brought from China, developing itself in. In, masks are rarely used and even if the plays can be associated with the ones of noh, currently many are not.

Kabuki appears in the beginning of the Edo period from the representations and dances of Izumo no Okuni in Kyoto. Due to concerns over the number of actresses engaged in selling sex, the participation of women in the plays was forbidden by the government in 1629, and the feminine characters had passed to be represented only by men. Recent attempts to reintroduce actresses in kabuki had not been well accepted. Another characteristic of kabuki is the use of makeup for the actors in historical plays and the performance of  ballads.

Japanese puppet theater developed in the same period as kabuki, in both competition with and collaboration with its actors and authors. The origin of, however, is older, beginning in the Heian period. In 1914, the Takarazuka Revue was founded, a company solely composed by women who introduced the revue to Japan.

Sports and leisure

In the long feudal period governed by the samurai class, some methods that were used to train warriors were developed into well-ordered martial arts, in modern times referred to collectively as. Examples include, and sumo, all of which were established in the Edo period. After the rapid social change in the Meiji Restoration, some martial arts changed into modern sports, called. Judo was developed by Kanō Jigorō, who studied some sects of jujutsu. These sports are still widely practiced in present-day Japan and other countries.

Baseball, association football, and other popular western sports were imported to Japan in the Meiji period. These sports are commonly practiced in schools, along with traditional martial arts. Baseball, soccer, football, and ping pong are the most popular sports in Japan. Association football gained prominence in Japan after the J League (Japan Professional Football League) was established in 1991. Japan also co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with Korea. In addition, there are many semi-professional organizations, which are sponsored by private companies: for example, volleyball, basketball, rugby union, table tennis, and so on.

Cuisine

Through a long culinary past, the Japanese have developed sophisticated and refined cuisine. In more recent years, Japanese food has become fashionable and popular in the United States, Europe, and many other areas. Dishes such as sushi, tempura, noodles, and teriyaki are some of the foods that are commonly known. The Japanese diet consists principally of rice; fresh, lean seafood; and pickled or boiled vegetables. The Japanese diet is often believed to be related to the longevity of Japanese people.

Despite the traditional cuisine (和食 washoku) being very important and present, western cuisine (洋食 yōshoku) has influenced Japanese eating culture tremendously.

Popular culture
Japanese popular culture not only reflects the attitudes and concerns of the present day but also provides a link to the past. Popular films, television programs, manga, music, anime and video games all developed from older artistic and literary traditions, and many of their themes and styles of presentation can be traced to traditional art forms. Contemporary forms of popular culture, much like the traditional forms, provide not only entertainment but also an escape for the contemporary Japanese from the problems of an industrial world. Many anime and manga series are very popular around the world and continue to become popular, as well as Japanese video games, fashion, and game shows.

In the late 1980s, the family was the focus of leisure activities, such as excursions to parks or shopping districts. Although Japan is often thought of as a hard-working society with little time for leisure, the Japanese seek entertainment wherever they can. It is common to see Japanese commuters riding the train to work, enjoying their favorite manga, or listening through earphones to the latest in popular music. A wide variety of types of popular entertainment are available. There is a large selection of music, films, and the products of a huge manga and anime industry, among other forms of entertainment, from which to choose. Game centers, bowling alleys, and karaoke are popular hangout places for teens while older people may play or  in specialized parlors. Together, the publishing, film/video, music/audio, and game industries in Japan make up the growing Japanese content industry.

Cultural landscapes
There are 51 official cultural landscapes (文化的景観) in Japan. These landscapes evolved with the way of life and geocultural features of a region, and which are indispensable for understanding the lifestyle of the Japanese people.

The Three Views of Japan (日本三景) is the canonical list of Japan's three most celebrated scenic sights, attributed to 1643 scholar Hayashi Gahō. These are the pine-clad islands of Matsushima in Miyagi Prefecture, the pine-clad sandbar of Amanohashidate in Kyoto Prefecture, and Itsukushima Shrine in Hiroshima Prefecture. In 1915, the New Three Views of Japan were selected with a national election by the Jitsugyo no Nihon Sha (株式会社実業之日本社). In 2003, the Three Major Night Views of Japan were selected by the New Three Major Night Views of Japan and the 100 Night Views of Japan Club (新日本三大夜景・夜景100選事務局).

National symbols

The Japanese archipelago is located to the east of the Asian continent. Japan is regarded as the most eastern Asian country, because east of Japan is the vast Pacific Ocean. Minamitorishima is Japan's easternmost island. Thus Japan is the land where the sun rises before the Asian continent. The kanji that make up the name of Japan literally mean 'sun origin' (日本). It is pronounced as or  in Japanese, and is often referred to by the epithet "Land of the Rising Sun". The "sun-rise flag" (日章旗) is the national flag of Japan. It symbolizes the rising sun and corresponds with the name of Japan. The earliest accounts of the rising sun flag is in the 7th century CE. In 607, an official correspondence that began with "from the Emperor of the rising sun" was sent to Chinese Emperor Yang of Sui. Thus the central importance of the sun in Japanese culture is represented in the national flag and other cultural goods. Similarly, the Japan Self-Defense Forces have flags that symbolize the sun.

The Sun also plays an important role in Japanese mythology and religion as the emperor is said to be the direct descendant of the Sun goddess Amaterasu, the personification of Japan. She is seen as the goddess of the Sun and the universe in Shinto religion. The emperor is "the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people." Emperor Jimmu (神武天皇) is the national founder of Japan.

The national animals are the green pheasant, koi fish and the great purple emperor butterfly. The Imperial Seal of Japan is one of the national seals and a crest used by the Emperor of Japan and members of the Imperial Family. The cherry blossom (Prunus serrulata) & chrysanthemum morifolium are de facto national flowers of Japan. Japan's de facto national dish is sushi, Japanese curry and ramen. The de facto national liquor is.

Mount Fuji (富士山) is the national mountain of Japan. It is one of Japan's "Three Holy Mountains" (三霊山) along with Mount Tate and Mount Haku. It is also a Special Place of Scenic Beauty and one of Japan's Historic Sites. The summit is considered a sacred place since ancient times. As a national symbol of the country, Mount Fuji has been depicted in various art and media such as painting, woodblock prints (such as the Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji), poetry, music, theater, film, manga, anime and pottery.

title: Culture of Japan


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Tuscarora Trail

The Tuscarora Trail is a 252 mi hiking trail in the eastern United States, following the Appalachian Mountains through portions of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania. Its route is roughly parallel to, and to the west of, the Appalachian Trail.

History
The Tuscarora Trail was originally conceived as an alternate route for the Appalachian Trail, which had been built in the 1920s-30s. By the 1960s, and before it was protected as a National Scenic Trail, a number of segments of the Appalachian Trail were being encroached upon and sometimes closed by private and commercial landowners. To ensure the trail's continuity, the Appalachian Trail Conservancy began to consider alternate routes that could be used to bypass those threatened segments of the AT, with the goal of avoiding high-demand areas and maximizing public land usage.

The alternate route was originally built in the late 1960s as two separate trails: the 142-mile Big Blue Trail in Virginia and West Virginia, and the 110-mile Tuscarora Trail in Maryland and Pennsylvania, which were separated by an unofficial crossing of the Potomac River. By 1997, a crossing of the river via a road bridge had been approved, and the two trails were combined to form a continuous 252-mile route known as the Tuscarora Trail, because it largely traverses ridgetops above the Tuscarora Sandstone formation.

During the 1980s, several segments of the Tuscarora Trail in Pennsylvania had to be closed due to damage from gypsy moth infestations. After several years of rehabilitation, those segments were reopened. In the early 2000s, the Tuscarora Trail was named as a component of the Great Eastern Trail, which will extend for more than 2,000 miles from Florida to New York. A loop consisting of the Tuscarora Trail and the Appalachian Trail between their two junctions has been dubbed the Tuscalachian Loop, which is 435 miles in length.

Route
The southern terminus of the Tuscarora Trail is at a junction with the Appalachian Trail in Shenandoah National Park in Virginia, on top of Blue Ridge. Traveling northbound, the Tuscarora Trail diverges from the AT to the northwest and traverses Massanutten Mountain and Great North Mountain through Virginia for about its first 106 miles. North of the town of Siler, the trail passes into West Virginia and for about the next 37 miles crosses that state's Eastern Panhandle region. The trail crosses the Potomac River via the road bridge for US Route 522, and enters Maryland at Hancock.

The trail then shares its route with the C&O Canal Towpath for about eight miles, then heads north for about six additional miles in Maryland. It then crosses the Mason Dixon Line and spends the next 95 miles in Pennsylvania, traversing Tuscarora Mountain then Blue Mountain. The northern terminus of the Tuscarora Trail is at another junction with the Appalachian Trail, plus the Darlington Trail, on Blue Mountain about 10 miles north of Harrisburg.

For planning purposes, the Tuscarora Trail is divided into 22 sections, ranging from 6 to 18 miles in length, with section names displayed prominently in guidebooks and on some trail signs.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tuscarora Trail


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Talk:Igor Stravinsky

Personality and political stances
I recalled reading a few years ago on Wikipedia that Stravinsky had fascist sympathies. I returned today to reacquaint myself with that situation, only to find that the article no longer had any mention of it. It looks like most of the "Personality" section is gone, including the entire "Political stances" subsection. Why were these removed? I think knowing these things about a composer like Stravinsky humanizes him and puts him in historical context. I generally like to know what 20th-century public figures were doing and saying about the state of the world around World War Two. I might restore it if nobody objects. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.34.198.160 (talk) 21:20, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * You have quite a remarkable memory, as this section was apparently removed in 2011. I would object to its reinstatement, as the sourcing is comparatively poor in quality, and I don't think it's really borne out enough in the literature to be given this much representation in the present article. Remsense  诉  21:26, 13 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It was removed in 2023. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.34.198.160 (talk) 21:45, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Igor Stravinsky


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F. S. L. Lyons

Francis Stewart Leland Lyons (11 November 1923 – 21 September 1983) was an Irish historian and academic who served as the 40th Provost of Trinity College Dublin from 1974 to 1981.

Biography
Known as Le among his friends and family, Lyons was born in Derry, Northern Ireland, in 1923, where his father was a bank official. He was born into an Irish Protestant family of Presbyterian and Church of Ireland background. After his birth, his family soon moved to Boyle, County Roscommon, Ireland. He was educated at Dover College in Kent and later attended The High School, Dublin. At Trinity College Dublin, he was elected a Scholar in Modern History and Political Science in 1943.

He was a lecturer in history at the University of Hull and then at Trinity College Dublin. He became the founding Professor of Modern History at the University of Kent in 1964, serving also as Master of Eliot College from 1969 to 1972.

Lyons became Provost of Trinity College Dublin in 1974, but, relinquished the post in 1981 to concentrate on writing. He won the Heinemann Prize in 1978 for his work in Charles Stewart Parnell. He wrote Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890–1939 which won the Christopher Ewart-Biggs Memorial Prize and the Wolfson Literary Prize for History in 1979. Lyons was also awarded honorary doctorates by five universities, and had fellowships at the Royal Society of Literature and the British Academy. He was Visiting Professor at Princeton University.

His principal works include Ireland Since the Famine, the standard university textbook for Irish history from the mid-19th to late-20th century, which The Times called "the definitive work of modern Irish history" and a biography of Charles Stewart Parnell.

Lyons was critical of Cecil Woodham-Smith's much-acclaimed history of the Great Irish Famine and has generally been considered among the "revisionist" historians who reconsidered the role of the British state in events like the Famine.

Lyons married his wife Jennifer McAlister Lyons in 1954, and had two sons, one of whom, Nicholas, is a former Lord Mayor of London. Following a short illness, Lyons died in Dublin in 1983, just shy of his 60th birthday.

title: F. S. L. Lyons


text:
Talk:F. S. L. Lyons

Untitled
will fill in more info when I get it. JTD 03:37 Jan 9, 2003 (UTC)

Provost of TCD
The article states that Lyons relinquished the post of Provost of Trinity College Dublin in 1981 to concentrate on writing. I think the term for provost is currently set at seven years. If this were true in Lyons' time, it would appear likely that he stepped down at the end of his term rather than seeking re-election. To me, this would put a slightly different slant on his decision, if it were the case, but I can't find information on provosts' terms one way or the other.

Pertusaria (talk) 21:09, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

title: Talk:F. S. L. Lyons


text:
Gravel

Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel occurs naturally on Earth as a result of sedimentary and erosive geological processes; it is also produced in large quantities commercially as crushed stone.

Gravel is classified by particle size range and includes size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments. In the Udden-Wentworth scale gravel is categorized into granular gravel (2–4 mm) and pebble gravel (4–64 mm). ISO 14688 grades gravels as fine, medium, and coarse, with ranges 2–6.3 mm for fine and 20–63 mm for coarse. One cubic metre of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kg, or one cubic yard weighs about 3,000 lb.

Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Almost half of all gravel production is used as aggregate for concrete. Much of the rest is used for road construction, either in the road base or as the road surface (with or without asphalt or other binders.) Naturally occurring porous gravel deposits have a high hydraulic conductivity, making them important aquifers.

Definition and properties

Colloquially, the term gravel is often used to describe a mixture of different size pieces of stone mixed with sand and possibly some clay. The American construction industry distinguishes between gravel (a natural material) and crushed stone (produced artificially by mechanical crushing of rock.)

The technical definition of gravel varies by region and by area of application. Many geologists define gravel simply as loose rounded rock particles over 2 mm in diameter, without specifying an upper size limit. Gravel is sometimes distinguished from rubble, which is loose rock particles in the same size range but angular in shape. The Udden-Wentworth scale, widely used by geologists in the US, defines granular gravel as particles with a size from 2 to 4 mm and pebble gravel as particles with a size from 4 to 64 mm. This corresponds to all particles with sizes between coarse sand and cobbles.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Soil Science Society of America define gravel as particles from 2 to 80 mm in size, while the German scale (Atterburg) defines gravel as particles from 2 to 200 mm in size. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers defines gravel as particles under 3 in in size that are retained by a number 4 mesh, which has a mesh spacing of 4.76 mm. ISO 14688 for soil engineering grades gravels as fine, medium, and coarse with ranges 2 mm to 6.3 mm to 20 mm to 63 mm.

The bulk density of gravel varies from 1460 to 1920 kg/m3. Natural gravel has a high hydraulic conductivity, sometimes reaching above 1 cm/s.

Origin
Most gravel is derived from disintegration of bedrock as it weathers. Quartz is the most common mineral found in gravel, as it is hard, chemically inert, and lacks cleavage planes along which the rock easily splits. Most gravel particles consist of multiple mineral grains, since few rocks have mineral grains coarser than about 8 mm in size. Exceptions include quartz veins, pegmatites, deep intrusions, and high-grade metamorphic rock. The rock fragments are rapidly rounded as they are transported by rivers, often within a few tens of kilometers of their source outcrops.

Gravel is deposited as gravel blankets or bars in stream channels; in alluvial fans; in near-shore marine settings, where the gravel is supplied by streams or erosion along the coast;  and in the deltas of swift-flowing streams. The upper Mississippi embayment contains extensive chert gravels thought to have their origin less than 100 mi from the periphery of the embayment.

It has been suggested that wind-formed (aeolian) gravel "megaripples" in Argentina have counterparts on the planet Mars.

Production and uses

In most cases, gravel will be a mixture of various larger rocks, the most common of which would be basalt, limestone and sandstone. The variation created will largely be dictated by the styling intentions for each project, since limestone often displays a brighter finish, whereas sandstone provides a more rustic appearance.

Gravel is a major basic raw material in construction. Sand is not usually distinguished from gravel in official statistics, but crushed stone is treated as a separate category. In 2020, sand and gravel together made up 23% of all industrial mineral production in the U.S., with a total value of about $12.6 billion. Some 960 million tons of construction sand and gravel were produced. This greatly exceeds production of industrial sand and gravel (68 million tons), which is mostly sand rather than gravel.

It is estimated that almost half of construction sand and gravel is used as aggregate for concrete. Other important uses include in road construction, as road base or in blacktop; as construction fill; and in myriad minor uses.

Gravel is widely and plentifully distributed, mostly as river deposits, river flood plains, and glacial deposits, so that environmental considerations and quality dictate whether alternatives, such as crushed stone, are more economical. Crushed stone is already displacing natural gravel in the eastern United States, and recycled gravel is also becoming increasingly important.

Etymology
The word gravel comes from the Old French gravele or gravelle.

Types

Different varieties of gravel are distinguished by their composition, origin, and use cases. Types of gravel include:

 * Bank gravel: naturally deposited gravel intermixed with sand or clay found in and next to rivers and streams. Also known as "bank run" or "river run".
 * Bench gravel: a bed of gravel located on the side of a valley above the present stream bottom, indicating the former location of the stream bed when it was at a higher level. The term is most commonly used in Alaska and the Yukon Territory.
 * Crushed stone: rock crushed and graded by screens and then mixed to a blend of stones and fines. It is widely used as a surfacing for roads and driveways, sometimes with tar applied over it. Crushed stone may be made from granite, limestone, dolomite, and other rocks. Also known as "crusher run", DGA (dense grade aggregate) QP (quarry process), and shoulder stone. Crushed stone is distinguished from gravel by the U.S. Geological Survey.
 * Fine gravel: gravel consisting of particles with a diameter of 2 to 6.3 mm
 * Lag gravel: a surface accumulation of coarse gravel produced by the removal of finer particles.
 * Pay gravel: also known as "pay dirt"; a nickname for gravel with a high concentration of gold and other precious metals. The metals are recovered through gold panning.
 * Pea gravel: also known as "pea shingle" is clean gravel similar in size to garden peas. Used for concrete surfaces, walkways, driveways and as a substrate in home aquariums.
 * Piedmont gravel: a coarse gravel carried down from high places by mountain streams and deposited on relatively flat ground, where the water runs more slowly.
 * Plateau gravel: a layer of gravel on a plateau or other region above the height at which stream-terrace gravel is usually found.
 * Shingle: Coarse, loose, well-rounded, waterworn, specifically alluvial and beach, sediment that is largely composed of smooth and spheroidal or flattened pebbles, cobbles, and sometimes small boulders, generally measuring 20 to 200 mm in diameter.

Relationship to plant life
In locales where gravelly soil is predominant, plant life is generally more sparse. This is due to the inferior ability of gravels to retain moisture, as well as the corresponding paucity of mineral nutrients, since finer soils that contain such minerals are present in smaller amounts.

In the geologic record
Sediments containing over 30% gravel that become lithified into solid rock are termed conglomerate. Conglomerates are widely distributed in sedimentary rock of all ages, but usually as a minor component, making up less than 1% of all sedimentary rock. Alluvial fans likely contain the largest accumulations of gravel in the geologic record. These include conglomerates of the Triassic basins of eastern North America and the New Red Sandstone of south Devon.

title: Gravel


text:
Talk:Southern Expeditionary Army Group

Untitled
This text:
 * Following the elimination of American airsupport, the main force of the 14th Army was to land along Lingayen Gulf, while another force landed at Lamon Bay. These forces were then to attack Manila in a pincer attack. After this, the islands of Manila Bay were to be taken.

is almost identical to the text at http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-PI/USA-P-PI-4.html and complete phrases are lifted from it. The same is true of other material in this article and in the article on Military History of Japan, whch both seem to be a rehashing of the material ibiblio site. Can someone else give a look to see if this is a copyright violation. Danny

Certainly sounds like both articles are discussing the same thing.

When the major part of American air strength had been eliminated, the main force of the 14th Army was to land along Lingayen Gulf, north of Manila, while another force would land at Lamon Bay, southeast of the capital. These forces, with close air support, were to advance on Manila from the north and south. It was expected that the decisive engagement of the campaign would be fought around Manila. Once the capital was taken, the islands defending the entrance to Manila Bay were to be captured and Luzon occupied.

Vera Cruz

And with the same terminology, changed somewhat occasionally, thereby losing the more precise description of the original. Danny

Yep, 14th Army, Lamon Bay, Manila, Luzon, eliminate the air strength, land at Lingayen and Lamon, advance on Manila in a pincer attack, take the bay. Not sure how else one could write that... Vera Cruz

Where is there an inaccuracy? Vera Cruz

Keep changing. From what I see, it's all the military history articles you have recently. As for an inaccuracy, advance on does not equal attack, etc. Danny

How does advance on not equal attack? Vera Cruz

Look at the Israeli troops, whenever they advance on Ramallah. Danny

Right...they advance on and thus attack Ramallah. What's your point? Vera Cruz

Hey, Lir, this needs major rewrite to avoid copyright problems. -- Zoe

Word word word word, "advance on" is a bad term at the core, if you're going at something with guns and the intention of killing everybody defending it, you're attacking. MarcusAurelius

No, a siege is not an attack. A slight distinction, but a distinction nonetheless. Advancing on is posturing. Shooting at is attacking. Perhaps the Japanese intended to attack, but that's assuming motive for the action and should be proven. In Ramallah, in Intifada II, the Israeli tanks stopped immediately outside the city. Danny

Danny, thats your POV about how Israel is not attacking the Palestinians. If i drove tanks up to your city and laid seige to it, that's an attack. I think its beyond absurd to say that the Japanese weren't attacking Manila. And more importantly, how is it plagarism to state something that, from your viewpoint, doesn't even agree with your source? Vera Cruz

Danny man, a siege is most definitely an attack. A very effeminate and slower attack for sure, but attack nonethe less MarcusAurelius

Effeminate? -- Zoe

Plz display the text of this article which is identical to that at the source listed. Vera Cruz

Effeminate... not to sound (overly) mysoginistic, I just mean it's a method of attack severely lacking in testosterone (balls). Alas, the days of castles are gone. MarcusAurelius

For MA, no, they are related and similar but they are not identical. For instance, a few miles further south, the Israelis surrounded and held the Church of the Nativity under siege but did not attack. A siege of a castle is not a frontal assault. As I said before, a siege can often be even more cruel, but that is another story. For VC, I have shown that already, and I can do more but frankly I am too tired for your bullshit. Don't make assumptions about my opinions on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. You know nothing about them. As for plagiarizing, you took material and changed some of the wording, unknowingly changing some of the shades of meaning too. A good writer selects words carefully. Danny

If you believe the Japanese intended to not attack Manila, will you please show me where I missed this as I was plagarizing? Vera Cruz

 * That's not what I said. I said an advance is not an attack. Simple. The Germans advanced toward Moscow. They did not attack Moscow--they advanced toward Moscow. Would they have attacked Moscow? Sure. Did they?. No. And let' not try to avoid the main issue, which is that your articles are military history are dangerously close to plagiarism, even if they aren't. Danny

Danny, out of curiosity, how is Israel not "attacking" Palestine? Regardless of where they wish their borders were, they're leaving their established territory to kill Palestinians; sounds like attacking to me. And the relationship between siege and attack, it's a simple syllogism (sp?). All sieges are attacks but not all attacks are sieges. MarcusAurelius

 * Never did I say that Israel is not attacking Palestine. I said that in a particular instance, they did not attack Ramallah. And siege and attack is not just a simple syllogism. If America were to totally surround Iraq, poise its weapons at Iraq, and not let a single item of food or medicine in or let a single person out, causing the Iraqi government to surrender, they still did not attack Iraq. Danny

sounds like an attack to me. Vera Cruz

 * Except that it isn't, Lir. -- Zoe

french indochina
you missed it. the japanese attacked the vichy french colony in 1941, occupied it as a puppet state thehn overthrow the vichy french administration during the 1945 coup and established a colony named empire of vietnam. Paris By Night 16:27, 1 July 2007 (UTC)

Correct article-name should be "Southern Army"
Hi there, The correct translation of 南方軍 (Nanpo gun) is Southern Army and not Southern Expeditionary Army Group. This is also confirmed in the book Japanese Army in World War II, Conquest of the Pacific 1941–42, Osprey Publishing on page 13. If that's okay with everyone I'd like to move this article to its correct name. Thank you, --Chris.w.braun (talk) 15:57, 5 January 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Southern Expeditionary Army Group


text:
Talk:Ice hockey

What's this "group"?
Who defines it as a group? Please see my question at talk:Bandy.95.199.138.45 (talk) 17:06, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

 * That's a good question; do we group basketball, volleyball, roller derby, amateur wrestling and competitive bicycle racing because they're played on wooden floors?   Ravenswing     21:26, 2 February 2022 (UTC)
 * They seem to be a lot closer connected than that. From a brief look, it appears that all four sports are played by skaters who use a stick to knock an object into a goal.  They seem at least as closely related as the various codes of football (American football, association football, rugby, etc).  That said, we should find sources that consider these sports together, rather than abstracting the commonality on our own initiative. --Trovatore (talk) 00:58, 3 February 2022 (UTC)

Comparison with other winter sports requiring skates
This edit has been made four times by the same user without any attempt to discuss it (and an apparently related version yesterday). It has been undone by user:Lord Belbury and myself (yesterday's version was undone by user:Ravenswing. Restoring this contested edit is not a minor edit, and the edit summary "Behind other editors time wise, talk page is open for discussion." makes no sense. It's up to the editor attempting to add the contested material to open the discussion and justify the material. Meters (talk) 19:51, 8 February 2022 (UTC) re-signied so pings will work
 * My own two cents is this. User:CheckersBoard has, for some time now, been introducing a fair bit of fringe material into this and other hockey-related articles, in particular pushing the somewhat obscure sport of ringette (played by women in Canada, especially before it was acceptable for women to play ice hockey) both into this article and into the lead. Further, CheckersBoard has a long history of warnings for edit warring, copyright violations , poor or missing citations , unexplained content removal, original research , and article ownership .  This is a staggering record, and it is long past time to demand that he obtain consensus from other editors as a prerequisite to making further edits to this article.   Ravenswing      20:06, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

Hi. I apologize in advance because I have not really used the talk page option OFTEN, so I may not be using it as well as I could otherwise. This is about a problem regarding four winter sports which wiki covers: ice hockey, bandy, rinkball and ringette. Have been editing for a while, and while some things may have become obvious to me over the time I've been editing, I forgot that it may not be obvious to others.

I keep running into a number of problems with these four sports. They do have shared characteristics that are fundamental and make them distinct from other winter team sports, four of which most notably stick out, with the fact that they require ice skating skills being the most fundamental. However, as it turns out they also have overlapping histories in many ways *headdesk*, eg. equipment development, playing surfaces, and even some rules which influenced the develop of one of the related sports directly. So this turned out not to be as trivial as I first thought. But they are interesting.

I can't figure out where it's best to group/put them together. I thought there was an easy way to do this and that has not turned out to be the case. So, at first I was simply adding (what I thought was obvious at the time) information in short form on different articles to help link them together. Then I realized I needed references and did find some which were verifiable sources, which was somewhat helpful, but then I accidentally wound up expanding those parts to a length that simply wasn't reasonable and was too extensive. So I tried to go back, delete, simplify, etc. That apparently isn't working either. Next idea was, "maybe it needs it's own article". I'm not sure how well that would work either, it seems difficult and could be too big of a job, at least for me.

Then I started looking around wiki a bit more, if it were to be done, it might fit better under the "Winter sports" page somehow. Probably the easiest to do and organize, and a better approach due to the fact that you can create a subheading with 4 sections which include basic information about each of these four team ice skating sports and include a link to the sports main article.

But I can't imagine at this point being able to do it alone and I've hit a dead end. The only reason I would like to do it is to help spare wiki readers the torture I feel like I've been through just trying to find information of these organized sports in a nice, informative, easily accessible, and well organized place which allows people to add pertinent information and better sources. Not being able to find the info I was looking for is probably the biggest reason why I keep coming back to try and edit these articles in particular, so other people, hopefully, don't have to suffer (as much) as I have lol. Not that it's all torture of course, and it's not a job or required, but I wish I could do a better job so others can enjoy that trip. CheckersBoard (talk) 22:03, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

Ok wait, edit warring? "especially before it was acceptable for women to play ice hockey". First, and let me be clear, I don't appreciate nor deserve this vitriol.

WARNING: "especially before it was acceptable for women to play ice hockey": This is factually incorrect. Legitimate sources are provided within the article itself. Ravenswing is leasing with emotion and opinion, not fact. I sourced this. Obviously someone has been waiting to launch an attack. If any other editors are coming in to speak, I believe it's important that they use their best judgment when it comes to evaluating Ravenswings claims (unless they themselves have a similar angry agenda) which in themselves qualify as edit warring without justification. Especially with the aggressive and abusive tone involved. The only edit warring here right now is being brought by this individual who is on a war path. I have spoken to other editors and they don't approach other editors this way, and if it gets heated, it usually simmers down after talking.

So, please be aware that someone with an ulterior motive which has nothing to do with wiki is potentially involved. There is no need for this level of aggression, but clearly, someone is unhappy with information that upsets something they believe to be untrue, when it is not. I suggest Ravenswing do their own research on this one issue FIRST, which is obviously the basis for this attack, which I thought was supposed to be a discussion. I doubt anything I say at this point will satisfy this editor, but I wouldn't mind being wrong.

Out of curiosity Ravenswing, how old are you? CheckersBoard (talk) 22:15, 8 February 2022 (UTC)
 * How old am I? Let's start with "none of your damn business" and move on from that highly inappropriate question. Moving on, first off, it is scarcely "vitriol" to note that you've received many warnings from many editors for edit warring, poor citation practice, copyright violations, inserting original research into articles, and accusing editors who disagree with you of vandalism.  Perhaps you're unaware how startling that record is, but you also claimed ignorance of how talk pages worked, despite having participated on talk pages in the past. Claiming persecution now -- after reverting, and being reverted by, numerous editors -- is not very convincing. With that being said, I stand by my statements in the various edit summaries. You are claiming the existence of a "group" that's the product of your own synthesis and original research.  Your only citation for it is neologism from a source without proven reliability, and which defined a "group" which you carefully edited to include the sports you wanted to include, and leave out the ones you didn't.  You've pushed the addition of ringette into this article on numerous occasions, a quite obscure minor sport on which article you've made over two thousand edits totaling over two hundred thousand bytes, making that article overbloated to an epic degree. "I can't figure out where it's best to group/put them together." There's a simple answer: you don't. Wikipedia is not a first publisher of original thought.  If you'd like to write a book drawing parallels to sport played on ice skates, go for it.  This is just not the venue for you to do so.   Ravenswing      22:46, 8 February 2022 (UTC)

There's a reasonably lengthy section further down about women's hockey. If this material is appropriate—and I'm not expressing an opinion yea or nay on that issue—then I cannot see why it would not go in that area. There seems to be no reason to overburden the lead paragraphs with that level of detail; those paragraphs more appropriately provide a brief overview and introduction of the material that's going to be addressed in more detail further down. Arguably, placing extensive detail up front violates WP:UNDUE ("Undue weight can be given in several ways, including but not limited to the depth of detail, the quantity of text, prominence of placement, the juxtaposition of statements, and the use of imagery."). 1995hoo (talk) 14:51, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

 * Simply put, there is no "group" of four sports. They may share some characteristics, but that does not mean they are usually grouped together by sports writers or sport governing bodies. Ice hockey and bandy have a closer relationship to field hockey than to ringette, as far as I see it. 95.199.134.234 (talk) 17:39, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗗𝗜𝗦𝗖𝗨𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗣𝗨𝗥𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗡𝗟𝗬

𝗝𝘂𝘀𝘁 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝘃𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝘀 𝗧𝗟𝗗𝗥 𝘄𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗲𝘅𝘁 𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 (𝘁𝗼𝗼 𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗲):  Hi, 𝙣𝙤, 𝙄 𝙖𝙢 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙖𝙨𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 "𝙜𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜" 𝙩𝙤 𝙗𝙚 𝙖𝙙𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣. Turns out there are two types of talk pages on wiki, one for articles and one for personal, but when someone messages either, it doesn't show up in my notification box, only edits do. Please don't resort to pettiness. I appreciate the opportunity to have this discussion.

This is off topic a bit because of a recent edit war, but just 𝘄𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗲𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗽𝗲𝗼𝗽𝗹𝗲 𝘁𝗼 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲 𝗮 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗱𝘀 𝘂𝗽 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗸𝗲𝗲𝗽 𝘀𝗼𝗺𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗱 𝗮𝗯𝗼𝘂𝘁 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗰𝗮𝘀𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘆 𝗿𝘂𝗻 𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗹𝗲𝗺𝘀 𝗜 𝗵𝗮𝘃𝗲:  Be careful of 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗻𝗶𝘀𝗵 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗹𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝘀: 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗹 (𝗸𝗮𝘂𝗸𝗮𝗹𝗼𝗽𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗼) 𝗶𝘀 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗵𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘆, 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆, 𝗼𝗿 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗸 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆. 𝗜𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗮 𝘀𝗲𝗽𝗮𝗿𝗮𝘁𝗲 𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁. "Rinkball" in english also 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙤𝙧𝙧𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙡𝙮 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙨𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 (via Google) as "bowling", "basketball", "longball" or "distance long-ball". This is incorrect.

𝙄𝙛 𝙮𝙤𝙪 𝙨𝙚𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙙 "𝙆𝙖𝙪𝙠𝙖𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙤", 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙞𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙠𝙗𝙖𝙡𝙡, 𝙣𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙚𝙡𝙨𝙚.  The winter team sports of 𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗵𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘆, 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗹, 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗲, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆, are connected physically to some degree though they can't be effectively "grouped", at least not here. Regardless of which sport you're looking at, 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙮𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙤𝙣𝙡𝙮 𝙪𝙨𝙚 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙬𝙤 𝙩𝙮𝙥𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙨𝙠𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨:

- ice hockey skates (hockey and ringette, sometimes rinkball) - bandy skates (bandy, rink bandy, and mostly in rinkball)

Not sure about bandy and rinkball 𝗴𝗼𝗮𝗹𝗶𝗲𝘀, though hockey and ringette goalies do use the same type of goalie skate.  𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗹𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗵𝗮𝘀 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗴𝗼𝘃𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗯𝗼𝗱𝗶𝗲𝘀 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗳𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗼𝗿𝗴𝗮𝗻𝗶𝘇𝗲𝗱 𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘀, but no other country does as far as I can find (maybe Sweden does though I don't know the current status of rinkball there).

These four sports wouldn't be classified as 𝘄𝗶𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘀 if: a. they were individual sports or disciplines b. they didn't use ice and require special equipment for athletes to use in order to play on this type of playing surface (ice skates).  Without these two factors, they would just be ball hockey, street hockey or dek hockey, floorball, floor hockey with pucks/disks/balls, etc., gym hockey, inline hockey, rink hockey (quad)...you get the idea.  𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗦𝗘 𝗪𝗢𝗨𝗟𝗗 𝗡𝗢𝗧 𝗕𝗘 𝗪𝗜𝗡𝗧𝗘𝗥 𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗠 𝗦𝗣𝗢𝗥𝗧𝗦. Or they would be winter team sports like curling or ice stock (requires teams take turns, no ice skates of any kind, they use shoes)  Evidence for a relevant and interesting connection between these four shows up when learning about 𝙝𝙞𝙜𝙝 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚, 𝙬𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙢, 𝙢𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞-𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙨, especially 𝗪𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡 athletes in Finland, as I've been finding out.

If you start looking up elite female ice hockey players from Finland, it's not unusual to find that they have also played another one of these four sports, such as bandy and/or rinkball at some point (see wiki: "𝗥𝗶𝗶𝗸𝗮 𝗦𝗮𝗹𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲𝗻"). Some of these female Finnish athletes can and have also transferred/alternated between sports (See wikipedia: "𝗦𝘂𝘀𝗮𝗻𝗻𝗮 𝗧𝗮𝗽𝗮𝗻𝗶", played on both of Finland's national women's teams in both hockey and ringette. 𝘽𝙤𝙩𝙝 𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝙪𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙝𝙤𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙮 𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙠𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙝𝙤𝙘𝙠𝙚𝙮 𝙨𝙠𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨).

In addition, when it comes to North America, a number of Canadian women athletes have backgrounds in 𝗯𝗼𝘁𝗵 𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗵𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗲, while most American women athletes by comparison only have an ice hockey background. On top of that, it turns out the first Canadian 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻'𝘀 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗺 consisted almost entirely of elite amateur ringette players (𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗹𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘀𝗲𝗺𝗶-𝗽𝗿𝗼). Canada's 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗲𝗻'𝘀 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗺 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗵𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘆 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗲𝗿𝘀. Meanwhile, both the USA 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗲𝗻'𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝘄𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻'𝘀 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗺𝘀 𝗮𝗿𝗲 𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗿𝗲𝗹𝘆 𝗺𝗮𝗱𝗲 𝘂𝗽 𝗼𝗳 𝗵𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘆 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗲𝗿𝘀. In recent years, one of the coaches for Sweden's national ringette team was a well-medaled 𝘄𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻'𝘀 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗽𝗹𝗮𝘆𝗲𝗿 (not sure if they ever played ringette). Plus, the UK is sending a 𝗚𝗿𝗲𝗮𝘁 𝗕𝗿𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗶𝗻 𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝘄𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻'𝘀 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆 𝘁𝗲𝗮𝗺 to the Women's Bandy World Championships this year. Their head coach is a man who used to play 𝗺𝗲𝗻'𝘀 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗵𝗶𝗴𝗵𝗲𝘀𝘁 𝗹𝗲𝘃𝗲𝗹 𝗰𝗹𝘂𝗯𝘀 𝗶𝗻 𝗦𝘄𝗲𝗱𝗲𝗻 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗡𝗼𝗿𝘄𝗮𝘆. Since the British team's players who are UK born can ice skate but didn't grow up playing bandy, rinkball or ringette, 𝙜𝙪𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙢 𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙮 𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙛𝙧𝙤𝙢?  𝗜𝗳 𝘆𝗼𝘂 𝗼𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝗹𝗼𝗼𝗸 𝗮𝘁 𝗺𝗮𝗹𝗲 𝗮𝘁𝗵𝗹𝗲𝘁𝗲𝘀, I can see why you wouldn't make the connection, since this dynamic style of winter team sports participation occurs more often among the female population.  𝗕𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗼𝗺 𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 is, with the possible exception of the Sweden coaches, 𝙞𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙤𝙥 𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙝𝙖𝙙𝙣'𝙩 𝙙𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙨𝙠𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙨𝙠𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙨 𝙚𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙡𝙮, 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙮 𝙘𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙣𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙖𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙮 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙫𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙨𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙚 𝙨𝙠𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙤𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙘𝙚 𝙨𝙠𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙢 𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩. 𝘽𝙪𝙩 𝙨𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙡𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙮 𝙝𝙖𝙫𝙚. Some skills are transferable from one sport to another, while others not so much, but mastering ice skating skills is an unavoidable requirement if playing any of these winter team sports, transferring between them, or competing in more than one at the same time or at different points.  𝗔𝗻𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿 𝗻𝗼𝘁𝗲: 𝗠𝗘𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗪𝗢𝗠𝗘𝗡  There are 𝗽𝗿𝗼𝗳𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗹𝗲𝗮𝗴𝘂𝗲𝘀 for men's bandy and men's ice hockey (paid pros), while women only play ice hockey professionally. There's 𝘀𝗲𝗺𝗶-𝗽𝗿𝗼 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗲 in Finland, Canada and reportedly Sweden as well, 𝗻𝗼𝘁 𝘀𝘂𝗿𝗲 𝗶𝗳 𝘁𝗵𝗮𝘁'𝘀 𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗲 𝗳𝗼𝗿 𝘄𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻'𝘀 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆, and it doesn't appear there's anything for men or women in rinkball.  Amateur-wise, in top tier international competitions, 𝘄𝗼𝗺𝗲𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗵𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘆, 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆, 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗹 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗴𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗲 (𝟰 𝘀𝗽𝗼𝗿𝘁𝘀) while 𝗺𝗲𝗻 𝗼𝗻𝗹𝘆 𝗰𝗼𝗺𝗽𝗲𝘁𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗯𝗮𝗻𝗱𝘆, 𝗶𝗰𝗲 𝗵𝗼𝗰𝗸𝗲𝘆, 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗿𝗶𝗻𝗸𝗯𝗮𝗹𝗹 (𝟯).  𝙍𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙩𝙩𝙚 𝙞𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙤𝙣𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙚 𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙣 𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙢𝙚𝙣.  𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗥𝗘! 𝗡𝗢 𝗕𝗢𝗢𝗞! 𝗧𝗛𝗔𝗧'𝗦 𝗙𝗢𝗥 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘! 𝗔𝘃𝗼𝗶𝗱 𝗲𝗿𝗿𝗼𝗿𝘀 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗺𝗶𝘀𝘂𝗻𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀. I know no one ASKED, no one wanted it, but you won't find it anywhere else, (except for maybe USA Hockey). No page for this exists on wiki either, so can't give source material. Someone may need it eventually, who knows. So here it is.

This is about Wikipedia encyclopedia, it is not about which sports have the blessing of International Olympic Committee approval or which ones want it, that is not the criteria necessary for creating and developing articles about organized sport, it's merely one detail you can add to the article itself if it exists. 𝘼𝙣𝙙 𝙙𝙤𝙣'𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙩! 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙨𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙬𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙢 𝙨𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙨 𝘿𝙊𝙉'𝙏 𝙗𝙚𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙞𝙣 𝙖 𝙥𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙧 𝙜𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙣𝙮 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙙. CheckersBoard (talk) 02:36, 11 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Urk. Yes, that's a TDLR wall of text; you're right there.  That being said, I expect that editors working on -- and knowledgeable in -- bandy, ringette, rinkball, and the like can tend to their own knitting without those who don't and aren't.  Since this page is for discussion of the Ice hockey article, discussion of those other sports isn't relevant here.   Ravenswing      03:02, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

What's this "group"? is the name of this "talk". Therefore relevant. Sorry you can't figure this out. CheckersBoard (talk) 06:42, 11 February 2022 (UTC)
 * This was originally not part of the preceding thread. I started it as an independent thread specifically to discuss your repeated edits, for which you were eventually blocked.
 * WP:Bludgeoning us with a wall WP:NOTAFORUM text, and now incivility is not good way to come back from a block. Far from "not getting it," Ravenswing is completely correct. Your post is WP:NOTAFORUM. This is an article about ice hockey, not ringette, not bandy, and not rinkball. This talk page is to discuss content changes to this article. .Since you state "𝙣𝙤, 𝙄 𝙖𝙢 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙖𝙨𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙨 "𝙜𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙥𝙞𝙣𝙜" 𝙩𝙤 𝙗𝙚 𝙖𝙙𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣" then your whole post is off topic. Please WP:DROPTHESTICK. Meters (talk) 10:58, 11 February 2022 (UTC)
 * And please learn to indent your talk page posts. Meters (talk) 10:59, 11 February 2022 (UTC)

Fighting the overbloat
... and once again, the article's getting bloated with all manner of tangential stuff, and is approaching 150 kilobytes. Folks, the object isn't to write a scholarly book on ice hockey; there are plenty of those, many of them cited. It's to write a thorough encyclopedia entry. WP:UNDUE enjoins us to consider the quantity of the text, and leave out what the article doesn't need. I'll start wielding the scalpel -- again -- but no one should be adding stuff to the article just because there hasn't been anything added in a day or three.   Ravenswing     13:27, 20 February 2022 (UTC)

Removed bloated, useless, redundant section on women's hockey. Someone can start a separate article if they think it is worth it. The two minor differences between the men's and women's game, checking and equipment, doesn't warrant this much attention. Glad to be of help. CheckersBoard (talk) 22:22, 20 February 2022 (UTC)
 * Which you aren't being; you're being downright pointy, and your frequent disruption is getting into topic ban-country.   Ravenswing     04:22, 21 February 2022 (UTC)
 * If I’m not mistaken, the article history shows there used to be a short section on women's hockey that CheckersBoard expanded into something much longer via multiple strings of edits beginning last August. 1995hoo (talk) 12:45, 21 February 2022 (UTC)

Canadian Encyclopedia online may no longer be a valid source
It appears this entry dated June 25, 2020 in the Canadian Encyclopedia (online version) regarding the origin of ice hockey is already out of date, if not outright biased and wrong.  It might be best to avoid using it a source when dealing with ice hockey's origins until it is updated again:

"In 2008, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) officially declared that the first game of organized ice hockey was played in Montreal in 1875. Many also consider ice hockey’s first rules to have been published by the Montreal Gazette in 1877. However, research reveals that organized ice hockey/bandy games were first played on skates in England and that the earliest rules were also published in England. Canada made important contributions to the game from the 1870s on. By the early 20th century, "Canadian rules" had reshaped the sport."

"...and that the earliest rules were also published in England...", "made important contributions to the game", "...Canadian rules reshaped the sport..."? Wrong. Before ice hockey and bandy, a variety of related informal skating team games which preceded both sports were played in various parts of North America and Europe. The earliest rules for ice hockey were not published in England, those rules were the precursors to organized bandy which has its own codes/rules. Apparently somewhere in the 1920's bandy received the name it is known by now (when and by whom, I don't know) to eliminate confusion with ice hockey which had developed in North America. Bandy used a field of ice and a bandy ball, ice hockey used an ice rink and a puck, this is a big difference...even bandy goalnets are massive by comparison, it's a field sport on ice. "Canadian rules" did not "contribute" anything, Canadian rules did not "reshape the sport"...these developments marked the formal beginning of a new organized sport itself which is now ice hockey. Organized bandy is a separate sport still played today; in essence it "disappeared" from North America because it never formalized its codes there, that was the UK. So no, ice hockey didn't reshape or contribute squat, it's just a different sport. CheckersBoard (talk) 03:19, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

 * This page just seems desperate to redefine any early hockey as something other than Ice Hockey to clutch at the claim that Canadians invented it. The fact is the oldest Ice Hockey tournaments still running today started with English teams and English rules, its enough that Canada took it and ran with it and now it is quintessentially Canadian. There is no need to try and rewrite history. 82.6.32.114 (talk) 19:01, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Unsourced european origins
The whole history section claiming Ice Hockey had white european origins is largely unsourced and sloppy. It also did not inlude its black canadian origins. Can we get a discussion on this?

Pinging since they are on this page apparently. MayDay2099 (talk) 21:41, 30 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Certainly. What "black canadian" origins do you fancy existed, and what are your sources backing up the same?  Beyond that, far from being "largely unsourced," there are over FOUR DOZEN sources listed in the History section of the article.  Did you just not read it?  With that being said, erm ... the Colored Hockey League was founded decades after organized hockey play started in North America, and the degree to which it had little to no tangible effect on the progress of the sport comes from it having dropped so thoroughly into obscurity that most hockey historians had no idea it had ever existed.   Ravenswing      06:48, 31 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I don't "Fancy" having a level headed discussion with you Ravenswing.
 * All portions claiming european origins are unsourced and marked as citation needed. That is all. A source is needed or those areas or it should be removed, as this page is miles more important than a random video game page.
 * Colored hockey league is more sourced than the other stuff MayDay2099 (talk) 18:56, 31 May 2023 (UTC)
 * None of the sources you added on the Colored Hockey League claim that they invented the game of ice hockey. Ice hockey already existed when the league began. So the game did not originate with that league, lack of cited sources about its European origin notwithstanding. BilCat (talk) 19:55, 31 May 2023 (UTC)
 * That section is heavily sourced, which is what led me to question whether you'd actually read it. As far as the importance of this page goes, yes, those of us who've been editing and contributing to it for many years are aware. (For my part, I don't edit video game articles, and leave discussion of those to editors who care.)  I realize that you are very new to Wikipedia, but you should understand the necessity of obtaining a consensus for such changes, as well as conducting a civil discussion on your issues.   Ravenswing      01:06, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I can count 5 seperate "Citation needed" blurbs and many of them start and end in the areas claiming the sport to be of european medieval origin. This claim is ridiculously unsourced for a page of this importance and should not be there if you cannot source it.
 * Its recorded european occurances can be in the page and does not require the claim it is purely european origin for said occurances to be acceptable
 * If such a source exists, or is already there, I suggest you fix it yourself since you're going against my suggestion on those very grounds.
 * And opening this discussion in and of itself is an attempt to gather consensus for my suggested changes. I have no idea why your holding that over me like I am breaking any rules when I am following your rules. MayDay2099 (talk) 04:28, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Good grief: let me make this as simple as I can for you. Take a look at Ice_hockey.  You might notice that the various statements of precursors in that section have five different sources (if you exclude the 1527 Statute of Galway, which can be looked up independently).  You could then take a look at Ice_hockey.  Seven of the sources there refer to European origins.  You might also look at the two 17th century Dutch paintings to the right hand side, depicting hockey-like play.   Ravenswing      10:00, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
 * This doesn't rectify the many unsourced portions, which is the only issue I had. You are trying to turn this into something else.
 * Like I said, this discussion in and of itself is me gathering consensus. More people can come to talk if they please. If you cannot source the unsourced sections, and nobody else objects with a reason that either makes sense to me, or enough of the other folks here, I will either remove or heavily edit them to reflect what is sourced. MayDay2099 (talk) 19:00, 1 June 2023 (UTC)

Split history section into History of ice hokey
That section is quite long. I suggest we summarize it here, while copying the current text to a dedicated subarticle. Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 11:23, 30 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Support creation of a separate article for history. A number of other sports have separate articles for history (ex. History of basketball) or even history in a certain country (ex. History of football in Brazil). The suggested split would also help to address the bloat of this article. Spitzmauskc (talk) 20:51, 1 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ice hockey


text:
Public holidays in Australia

Public holidays in Australia refer to the holidays recognised in law in Australia. Although they are declared on a state and territory basis, they comprise a mixture of nationally celebrated days and holidays exclusive to the individual jurisdictions.

Public holidays function as non-working days, with workers generally receiving full paid leave independently of annual leave. Those working on public holidays receive additional penalty rates of pay. Where they fall on a weekend, public holidays are generally declared in lieu for the following Monday.

Statutory holidays in Australia are based on varying religious, cultural and civic observations. Christian celebrations, namely Christmas and Easter, are some of the most significant ones observed. A Labour Day is observed in each state and territory, although it is varied in date. There are two significant national days, Australia Day (26 January) and Anzac Day (25 April), which are nationwide public holidays.

When a public holiday occurs on a Friday or Monday, the three-day period is colloquially known as a "long weekend".

Nature of public holidays
Traditionally, Australians in employment (whether in the public or private sector) have had the right to take a public holiday off work with regular pay. In recent years this tradition has changed somewhat. For example, businesses that normally open on a public holiday may request employees to work on that day. Employers can deny employees a holiday only on reasonable business grounds.

From 2006, WorkChoices eliminated the entitlement to penalty rates in many workplaces; however since the implementation of the Fair Work Act 2009 and the modern awards in 2010, most public-holiday penalty rates have increased dramatically. employees generally receive pay at a penalty rate—usually 2.5 times (known as "double time and a half") the base rate of pay—when they work on a public holiday.

Besides designating days as public holidays, Australian authorities also designate some of these days as restricted trading days.

Public holidays are determined by a combination of:
 * statutes, with specific gazetting of public holidays
 * industrial awards and agreements

If a standard public holiday falls on a weekend, a substitute public holiday will sometimes be observed on the first non-weekend day (usually Monday) after the weekend, whether by virtue of the public holiday legislation or by ad hoc proclamation. Workers required to work on a public holiday or substituted public holiday will usually be entitled to remuneration at a holiday penalty rate.

All states have their own public holidays in addition to national public holidays, and in some states certain public holidays, such as Melbourne Cup Day, are in force in only part of a state.

Alcohol licences in several states prevent sale of alcohol on certain public holidays, such as Good Friday.

Public holidays

 * Legend :
 * B City of Brisbane only. The Royal National Agricultural (RNA) Show Day (Brisbane only) is held on the Wednesday during the RNA Show period. The RNA Show commences on the first Friday in August, unless the first Friday is prior to 5 August, then it commences on the second Friday of August. Other Queensland show holidays: Show holiday dates | Public, school and show holidays
 * C = Conditional: Public Service employees or where defined in Employment Agreement/Award

 * H = Hobart area only
 * NH = Not Hobart area
 * P Part day, from 7 pm to midnight (6 pm to midnight for QLD)
 * † Often substituted with the Geelong Cup for Geelong residents. For regional Victoria other local cup days are sometimes substituted.
 * * Depends on occupation, generally from 6 pm to midnight

Substitute holidays for holidays falling on a weekend
When a public holiday falls on a weekend, the following work day may be considered a public holiday depending on the state/territory and the holiday in question.

Holidays that always fall on a particular day of the week are not listed in this table. Prior to 2008, Victorian law only specified substitute holidays for New Year and Boxing Day, and only if they fell on a Sunday. From 2008, Victorian law specifies the substitute holidays in the table above.

Since Easter Monday can occur as late as 26 April it is possible for the Easter Monday holiday to coincide with Anzac Day, as occurred in 2011. State Acts do not give a provision to separate the days when this occurs, so no additional public holiday is given by law. However an extra day is usually proclaimed by the minister, so as to have a steady number of public holidays each year. In the year 2038, Anzac Day will coincide with Easter Sunday.

Australia Day
Nationally, Australia Day was originally celebrated on 30 July 1915.

Recorded celebrations of the 26 January date back to 1808 in Australia, and in 1818, Governor Lachlan Macquarie held the first official celebration of Australia Day. 26 January was chosen because it is the day of the establishment of the first British settlement at Port Jackson by Captain Arthur Phillip in 1788. It was made a public holiday in New South Wales in 1836, and Victoria adopted the day as a public holiday in 1931. The 26 January commenced to be recognised by all states and territories as Australia Day in 1935 (pre 150th Anniversary) and all States except SA observed it from the 1888 centenary.

Australia Day has been celebrated as a national public holiday on 26 January since 1994.

Since 1960, the winner of the Australian of the Year award is announced by the Prime Minister on the eve of Australia Day (25 Jan).

Labour Day
Labour Day commemorates the achievements of the Australian labour movement. The celebration of Labour Day has its origins in the eight-hour day movement, which advocated eight hours for work, eight hours for recreation, and eight hours for rest. On 21 April 1856 Stonemasons and building workers on building sites around Melbourne, Australia, stopped work and marched from the University of Melbourne to Parliament House to achieve an eight-hour day. Their direct action protest was a success, and they are noted as the first organised workers in the world to achieve an eight-hour day with no loss of pay, which subsequently inspired the celebration of Labour Day and May Day. In Tasmania the public holiday is called Eight Hours Day and in the Northern Territory it is called May Day.

The Labour Day public holiday varies considerably between the various states and territories. It is the first Monday in October in the Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales and South Australia. In Western Australia, it is the first Monday in March. In both Victoria and Tasmania, it is the second Monday in March. In the Northern Territory, and in Queensland it is the first Monday in May. More than 80 countries celebrate Labor Day. Labor Day is a long weekend.

Easter
The days of Easter vary each year depending on the day determined by the Western Christian calendar. Until 1994 Easter Tuesday was a Bank Holiday in Victoria (it retains this status partially in Tasmania). The day after Good Friday and before Easter Sunday is traditionally known as Holy Saturday. However, the states where that day is a public holiday use different terminology – it is officially gazetted as "Easter Saturday" in the ACT, New South Wales, the Northern Territory and South Australia,   as "the day after Good Friday" in Queensland, and as "Saturday before Easter Sunday" in Victoria.

ANZAC Day
ANZAC Day is a day on which the country remembers those citizens who fell fighting or who served the country in wars. ANZAC Day is commemorated on 25 April every year. The tradition began to remember the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) soldiers who landed at Gallipoli in Turkey during World War I.

ANZAC Day commemoration features marches by veterans and by solemn "Dawn Services", a tradition started in Albany, Western Australia on 25 April 1923 and now held at war memorials around the country, accompanied by thoughts of those lost at war to the ceremonial sounds of The Last Post on the bugle. The fourth stanza of Laurence Binyon's poem For the Fallen (known as the "Ode of Remembrance") is often recited.

King's Birthday
In all states and territories except Queensland and Western Australia, the King's Birthday is observed on the second Monday in June. Because Western Australia celebrates Western Australia Day (formerly Foundation Day) on the first Monday in June, the Governor of Western Australia proclaims the day on which the state will observe the King's Birthday, based on school terms and the Perth Royal Show. There is no firm rule to determine this date before it is proclaimed, though it is typically the last Monday of September or the first Monday of October: in 2011 the King's Birthday holiday in Western Australia was moved from Monday, 3 October 2011 to Friday, 28 October 2011 to coincide with the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), which was held in Perth. In parts of the Pilbara, it is celebrated on a different date from the rest of Western Australia, and it may even be celebrated on different dates in different parts of the Pilbara. In Queensland, it is celebrated on the 1st Monday in October.

The day has been celebrated since 1788, when Governor Arthur Phillip declared a holiday to mark the birthday of King George III. Until 1936 it was held on the actual birthday of the Monarch, but after the death of King George V, it was decided to keep the date at mid-year.

On that day the "King's Birthday honours list" is released naming new members of the Order of Australia and other Australian honours. This occurs on the date observed in the Eastern States, not the date observed in Western Australia.

The King's Birthday weekend and Empire Day, 24 May, were long the traditional times for public fireworks displays in Australia. Although they still occur, the tradition has recently been overshadowed by larger New Year's Eve fireworks, as the sale of fireworks to the public was banned by the states in the 1980s, and in the ACT as of 24 August 2009. In the Northern Territory fireworks remain available to the public on 1 July for the celebration of Territory Day.

Christmas Day
Christmas is observed on 25 December each year to commemorate the birth of Jesus. In Australia, it was introduced with British settlement in 1788 as the cultural norms were transferred to the new colonies.

Boxing Day
Boxing Day is on the day after Christmas, i.e. 26 December each year, except in South Australia where it is replaced by Proclamation Day.

Boxing Day is noted for the start of the post-Christmas sale season. The day has also become a significant sporting day. Melbourne hosts the Boxing Day Test match; the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race also starts on this day.

Other holidays

 * Every public holiday and Sunday is a bank holiday in South Australia.
 * Proclamation Day is in December in South Australia only.
 * Canberra Day is held on the 2nd Monday in March in the ACT. Prior to 2008, this holiday was celebrated on the 3rd Monday of March.
 * Melbourne Cup Day is held on the first Tuesday of November—the day of the Melbourne Cup. It was originally observed only in the Melbourne metropolitan area. From 2007 to 2009 in ACT, Melbourne Cup day was also a holiday called "Family and Community Day". The holiday continued from 2010 to 2017 but no longer coincided with Melbourne Cup day. In Victoria, the Public Holidays Act 1993 (Vic) was amended from 24 September 2008 and made the Melbourne Cup Day holiday applicable in all parts of the state (unless another day is observed in substitute). It also made the holiday applicable to employees covered by federal awards.
 * Recreation Day is the first Monday of November, and celebrated in Northern Tasmania where Regatta Day is not a holiday.
 * Regatta Day is the second Monday in February, and is celebrated in Southern Tasmania. Previously it was held on the second Tuesday in February.
 * Geelong Cup Day is held on the fourth Wednesday of October in the city of Geelong, Victoria
 * Queensland Day is celebrated on 6 June each year, but not with a public holiday.
 * Adelaide Cup Day is held on the second Monday in March in South Australia (held in May before 2006)
 * Western Australia Day in Western Australia on the first Monday in June.
 * Picnic Day in the Northern Territory in August, and also May Day
 * Tasmania has Easter Tuesday as a bank holiday (for bank and government employees only).
 * New South Wales has the first Monday in August as a bank holiday (for bank employees only).
 * Many cities and towns observe local public holidays for their local Agricultural Show. For example:
 * Darwin Show Day in Darwin area in late July
 * Royal Queensland Show Day in Brisbane area in August
 * Gold Coast Show in Gold Coast area in October
 * Territory Day celebrated in the Northern Territory on 1 July while not a designated public holiday, it remains the only Australian public celebration where the public may purchase fireworks for home detonation
 * "National Day of Mourning for Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II" was a "one off" national public holiday declared by the Prime Minister for 22 September 2022 to allow people to pay their respects for the death of Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning Australian monarch.

Queensland
The days are set in the Holidays Act 1983. Most public holidays include a second public holiday on a week-day if they happen to fall on Saturday or Sunday. In which case, both days are public holidays.

 * New Year's Day: 1 January, or if 1 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday.
 * Australia Day: 26 January, or if 26 January is a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday.
 * Good Friday: on the date it is publicly observed, always a Friday.
 * The day after Good Friday: Always a Saturday, one day after Good Friday.
 * Easter Monday: The next Monday after Good Friday.
 * Anzac Day: 25 April, or if 25 April is a Sunday, 26 April.
 * Labour Day ("May Day"): 1st Monday in May.
 * King's/Queen's Birthday: 1st Monday in October. (legislated as the "Birthday of the Sovereign")
 * Christmas Day: 25 December.
 * Boxing Day: 26 December.

If Christmas Day (25 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 27 December is also a public holiday. If Boxing day (26 December) is a Saturday or Sunday, then 28 December is also a public holiday.

Because of the variable days of Easter, Anzac day could fall on an Easter holiday. When Anzac day falls on a Saturday, there is no week day public holiday. In such situations it is generally expected that the minister will proclaim extra public holidays on week-days to ensure every year has the same number of public holidays on week-days.

The minister of the state may proclaim and adjustments or additions, such as the date of the Brisbane Ekka Show day holiday. This day has historically always been proclaimed for the second Wednesday in August, except if there are five Wednesdays in August, in which case it is the third Wednesday in August.

New South Wales
Public holidays generally follow the national pattern, but special cases are resolved by the State Government and advised by proclamation. Details of future holidays can be found on the NSW Industrial Relations website. Public holidays are regulated by the New South Wales Public Holidays Act 2010 No 115, which supersedes the Banks and Bank Holidays Act 1912 No 43.

The first Monday in August is a Bank Holiday, during which banks and financial institutions are closed.

Australian Capital Territory and Jervis Bay Territory
Most New South Wales public holidays are public holidays in the Australian Capital Territory, with the addition of Canberra Day and Reconciliation Day, which holiday falls on the Monday closest to 27 May.

South Australia
Public holidays in South Australia are set out in the Public Holidays Act 2023, while additional holidays may be proclaimed in all or part of the state by the Governor.

Victoria
Public holidays in Victoria are regulated by the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993.

Victorian employees fall under the Workchoices system either as coming within the Commonwealth constitutional power (called "constitutional corporation employees") or because of Victoria's referral of its legislative powers to the Commonwealth for particular workplace relations matters.

Employee entitlements to public holidays and additional pay depend on whether they are covered by a federal award or agreement.

Employees not covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays under the Victorian Public Holidays Act 1993. Also, all permanent employees not covered by a federal award or agreement who would normally work on a public holiday (or a substitute public holiday) are entitled to the holiday without loss of pay. Their employers are not required to provide additional payment if they work on a public holiday, but this does not exclude the possibility of employees and employers negotiating for additional pay.

Employees who are covered by a federal award or agreement are entitled to public holidays as provided by the relevant federal award or agreement and the Public Holidays Act 1993. Many federal awards and agreements also provide for additional penalty rates for work performed on a public holiday.

Restricted shop trading laws apply to Good Friday, Christmas Day and before 1 pm on Anzac Day. On these days only exempted businesses are permitted to open for trading. All public holidays and substitute public holidays are bank holidays.

In August 2015, the day before the AFL Grand Final, as well as Easter Sunday, were gazetted as Public Holidays within Victoria. This date of the holiday is as gazetted by the Victorian Government and cannot be accurately predicted. In 2019, the Victorian Parliament legislated the AFL Grand Final public holiday by amending the Public Holidays Act 1993 (Vic).

The Victorian public holidays are as follows:

* Melbourne Cup Day is observed in most of the state, but various cup days and show days in the state's west are locally substituted. See the list at Non-Metropolitan Public Holiday Dates (Victoria Online).

Melbourne Show Day used to be observed on the Thursday in the last full week of September as a half-day public holiday—later changing to full day—until 1994 (abolished by the state government). Easter Tuesday was observed as a Bank Holiday in Victoria until 1994 (also abolished by the state government).

Western Australia

 * *If a Public Holiday falls on a Saturday or Sunday, the following Monday is also observed as a Public Holiday
 * #The King's Birthday may be held on a different date in regional communities

Penalty rates
Penalty rates are the rates of pay which an employee is paid higher than their standard base rate for working at times or on days, such as public holidays, which are outside the normal working week. They were introduced in 1947 for workers working on the Sabbath, as most workers were Christian, while today, these rates of pay are set by the Fair Work Commission.

title: Public holidays in Australia