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Sex position

A sex position is a positioning of the bodies that people use to engage in sexual intercourse or other sexual activities. Sexual acts are generally described by the positions the participants adopt in order to perform those acts. Though sexual intercourse generally involves penetration of the body of one person by another, sex positions commonly involve non-penetrative sexual activities.

Three broad and overlapping categories of sexual activity are commonly practiced: vaginal sex, anal sex, and oral sex (mouth-on-genital or mouth-on-anus). Sex acts may also be part of a fourth category, manual sex, which is stimulating the genitals or anus by using fingers or hands. Some acts may include stimulation by a device (sex toy), such as a dildo or vibrator. There are numerous sex positions that participants may adopt in any of these types of sex acts, and some authors have argued that the number of sex positions is essentially limitless.

History

Sex manuals typically present a guide to sex positions. They have a long history. In the Greco-Roman era, a sex manual was written by Philaenis of Samos, possibly a hetaira (courtesan) of the Hellenistic period (3rd–1st century BC). The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana, believed to have been written in the 1st to 6th centuries, has a notorious reputation as a sex manual. Different sex positions result in differences in the depth and angle of sexual penetration. Alfred Kinsey categorized six primary positions, The earliest known European medieval text dedicated to sexual positions is the Speculum al foderi, (The Mirror of Coitus) a 15th-century Catalan text discovered in the 1970s.

Exclusively penetrative
These positions involve the insertion of a phallic object(s) (such as a penis, strap-on dildo, plug, or other nonporous object(s)) into a vagina, anus or mouth.

Penetrating partner on top with front entry
The most used sex position is the missionary position. In this position, the participants face each other. The receiving partner lies on their back with legs apart, while the penetrating partner lies on top. This position and the following variations may be used for vaginal or anal intercourse.

 * The penetrating partner stands in front of the receiving partner, whose legs dangle over the edge of a bed or some other platform like a table.
 * With the receiving partner's legs lifted towards the ceiling and resting against the penetrating partner, this is sometimes called the butterfly position. This can also be done as a kneeling position.
 * The receiving partner lies on their back. The penetrating partner stands and lifts the receiving partner's pelvis for penetration. A variant is for the receiving partner to rest their legs on the penetrating partner's shoulders.
 * The receiving partner lies on their back, legs pulled up straight and knees near to the head. The penetrating partner holds the receiving partner's legs and penetrates from above.
 * Similarly to the previous position, but the receiving partner's legs need not be straight and the penetrating partner wraps their arms around the receiving partner to push the legs as close as possible to the chest. Called the stopperage in Burton's translation of The Perfumed Garden.
 * The coital alignment technique, a position where a woman is vaginally penetrated by a man, and the penetrating partner moves upward along the woman's body until the penis is pointing down, the dorsal side of the penis now rubbing against the clitoris.
 * The receiving partner crosses their feet behind their head (or at least puts their feet next to their ears), while lying on their back. The penetrating partner then holds the receiving partner tightly around each instep or ankle and lies on the receiving partner full-length. A variation is to have the receiving partner cross their ankles on their stomach, knees to shoulders, and then have the penetrating partner lie on the receiving partner's crossed ankles with their full weight. Called the Viennese oyster by The Joy of Sex.

Penetrating from behind

Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal or anal penetration. Variants include:
 * The receiving partner is on all fours with their torso horizontal and the penetrating partner inserts either their penis or sex toy into either the vagina or anus from behind.
 * The receiving partner's torso is angled downwards and the penetrating partner raises their own hips above those of the receiving partner for maximum penetration.
 * The penetrating partner places their feet on each side of the receiving partner while keeping their knees bent and effectively raising up as high as possible while maintaining penetration. The penetrating partner's hands usually have to be placed on the receiving partner's back to keep from falling forward.
 * The receiving partner kneels upright while the penetrating partner gently pulls the receiving partner's arms backwards at the wrists towards them.

In the spoons position both partners lie on their side, facing the same direction. Variants of this technique include the following:
 * The receiving partner lies on their side. The penetrating partner kneels and penetrates from behind. Alternatively, the penetrating partner can stand if the receiving partner is on a raised surface.
 * The receiving partner lies facing down in prone position, possibly with their legs spread. The penetrating partner lies on top of them. The placement of a pillow beneath the receiving partner's hips can help increase stimulation in this position.
 * The receiving partner lies face down, knees together. The penetrating partner lies on top with spread legs.
 * The receiving partner lies on their side with their uppermost leg forward. The penetrating partner kneels astride the receiver's lowermost leg.

Receiving partner on top

Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal or anal penetration. When the receiving partner is a woman, these positions are sometimes called the woman on top, or cowgirl positions.

A feature of these positions is that the penetrating partner lies on their back with the receiving partner on top:
 * The receiving partner can kneel while straddling the penetrating partner, with the participants facing each other.
 * Alternatively, the receiving partner can face away from the penetrating partner. This position is sometimes called the reverse cowgirl position.
 * The receiving partner can arch back with hands on the ground.
 * The receiving partner can squat (instead of kneel) facing the penetrating partner.
 * The receiving partner can bring forward their knees against the ground.
 * The penetrating partner lies with their upper back on a low table, couch, chair or edge of bed, keeping their feet flat on the floor and back parallel to floor. The receiving partner straddles them, also keeping their feet on the floor. Receiving partner can assume any of various positions.
 * The lateral coital position was recommended by Masters and Johnson, and was preferred by three quarters of their heterosexual study participants after having tried it. The position involves the male on his back, with the female rolled slightly to the side so that her pelvis is atop his, but her weight is beside his. This position can also be used for anal penetration, and is not limited to heterosexual partners.

Sitting and kneeling
Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal or anal penetration.
 * The penetrating partner sits on an area surface, legs outstretched. The receiving partner sits on top and wraps their legs around the penetrating partner. Called pounding on the spot in the Burton translation of The Perfumed Garden. If the penetrating partner sits cross-legged, it is called the lotus position or lotus flower. The position can be combined with fondling of erogenous zones.
 * The penetrating partner sits in a chair. The receiving partner straddles penetrating partner and sits, facing the penetrating partner, feet on floor. This is sometimes called a lap dance, which is somewhat erroneous as a lap dance typically does not involve penetration. The receiving partner may also sit in reverse, with their back to the penetrating partner.
 * The penetrating partner sits on a couch or in a chair that has armrests. The receiving partner sits in the penetrating partner's lap, perpendicular to penetrating partner, with their back against the armrest.
 * The penetrating partner kneels while the receiving partner lies on their back, ankles on each side of penetrating partner's shoulders.

Standing

Most of these positions can be used for either vaginal or anal penetration. In the basic standing position, both partners stand facing each other. The following variations are possible:
 * In the basic standing position, both partners stand facing each other and engage in vaginal sex. In order to match heights, the shorter partner can, for instance, stand on a stair or wear high heels. It may be easier to maintain solid thrusts if the woman has her back to a wall. With such a support, the Kama Sutra calls this position the Suspended Congress. This position is most often used in upright places, such as a wall in a bedroom or a shower.
 * The penetrating partner stands, and the receiving partner wraps their arms around his neck, and their legs around his waist, thereby exposing either the vagina or anus to the man's penis. This position is made easier with the use of a solid object behind the receiver, as above. To assume this position, it can be easier to start with the receiving partner laying on their back on the edge of a bed; the penetrating partner puts his elbows under their knees, enters them, and then lifts them as he rises to a standing position. In Japan, this is colloquially called the Ekiben position, after a specific bento lunch box sold at train stations.
 * Alternatively, the receiving partner can face away from the penetrating partner which allows for anal sex. This position is varied by having the receiving partner assume different semi-standing positions. For instance, they may bend at the waist, resting their hands or elbows on a table.

Anal sex positions

These positions involve anal penetration:
 * Doggy style penetration maximizes the depth of penetration, but can pose the risk of pushing against the sigmoid colon. If the receiving partner is male, this increases the chances of stimulating the prostate. The penetrating partner controls the thrusting rhythm. A variation is the leapfrog position, in which the receiving partner angles their torso downward. The receiving partner may also lie flat and face down, with the penetrating partner straddling their thighs.
 * In the missionary positions, to achieve optimal alignment, the receiving partner's legs should be in the air with the knees drawn towards their chest. Some sort of support (such as a pillow) under the receiving partner's hips can also be useful. The penetrating partner positions themselves between the receiving partner's legs. The penetrating partner controls the thrusting rhythm. This position is often cited as good for beginners, because it allows them to relax more fully than is usual in the doggy style position.
 * The spoons position allows the receiving partner to control initial penetration and the depth, speed and force of subsequent thrusting.
 * The receiving partner on top positions allow the receiving partner more control over the depth, rhythm and speed of penetration. More specifically, the receiving partner can slowly push their anus down on the penetrating partner, allowing time for their muscles to relax.

Less common positions
These positions are more innovative, and perhaps not as widely known or practiced as the ones listed above.

 * The receiving partner lies on their back with knees up and legs apart. The penetrating partner lies on their side perpendicular to the receiver, with the penetrating partner's hips under the arch formed by receiver's legs. This position is sometimes called the T-square.

 * The receiving partner's legs are together turning to one side while looking up towards the penetrator, who has spread legs and is kneeling straight behind the other's hips. The penetrator's hands are on the other's hips. This position can be called the modified T-square.
 * The Seventh Posture of Burton's translation of The Perfumed Garden is an unusual position not described in other classical sex manuals. The receiving partner lies on their side. The penetrating partner faces the receiver, straddling the receiver's lower leg, and lifts the receiver's upper leg on either side of the body onto the crook of penetrating partner's elbow or onto the shoulder. While some references describe this position as being "for acrobats and not to be taken seriously", others have found it very comfortable, especially during pregnancy.
 * The piledriver is a difficult position sometimes seen in porn videos. It is described in many ways by different sources. In a heterosexual context, the woman lies on her back, then raises her hips as high as possible, so that her partner, standing, can enter her vaginally or anally. The position places considerable strain on the woman's neck, so firm cushions should be used to support her.
 * The receiver lies face down legs spread on the edge of the bed and parallel to the floor, while the penetrator stands behind, holding both legs.
 * The rusty bike pump is similar to a piledriver where penetration is achieved from above at a downward angle with the receiving partner bottom side up.

Others

 * The receiving partner is on the bottom. The penetrating partner lies on top perpendicularly to them.
 * The penetrating partner lies on their back, legs spread. The receiving partner is on their back on top of the penetrator, legs spread, facing the opposite direction.
 * The penetrator and the receiver lie on their backs, heads pointed away from one another. Each places one leg on the other's shoulder (as a brace) and the other leg out somewhat to the side.
 * The receiving partner lies on their back with the penetrating partner lying perpendicular. The receiving partner bends the knee closest to the penetrating partner's head enough so that there is room for the penetrating partner's waist to fit beneath it, while the penetrating partner's legs straddle the receiving partner's other leg. The in-and-out thrusting action will move more along a side-to-side rather than top-to-bottom axis. This position allows for breast stimulation during sex, for partners to maintain eye contact if they wish, and for a good view of both partners as they reach orgasm.
 * The penetrating partner sits on edge of a bed or chair with feet spread wide on floor. The receiving partner lies on their back on the floor and drapes their legs and thighs over the legs of the penetrating partner. The penetrating partner holds the knees of the receiving partner and controls thrusts.

Using furniture or special apparatus
Most sex acts are typically performed on a bed or other simple platform. As the range of supports available increases, so does the range of positions that are possible. Ordinary furniture can be used for this purpose. Also, various forms of erotic furniture and other apparatus such as fisting slings and trapezes have been used to facilitate even more exotic sexual positions.

Positions to promote or prevent conception
Pregnancy is a potential result of any form of sexual activity where sperm comes in contact with the vagina; this is typically during vaginal sex, but pregnancy can result from anal sex, digital sex (fingering), oral sex, or by another body part, if sperm is transferred from one area to the vagina between a fertile female and a fertile male. Men and women are typically fertile during puberty. Though certain sexual positions are believed to produce more favorable results than others, none of these are effective means of contraception.

Positions during pregnancy
The goal is to prevent excessive pressure on the belly and to restrict penetration as required by the particular partners. Some of the positions below are popular positions for sex during pregnancy.

 * Woman on top: takes the pressure off of the woman's abdomen and allows her to control the depth and frequency of thrusting.
 * Woman on back: like the missionary, but with less pressure on abdomen or uterus. The woman lies on her back and raises her knees up towards her chest. The partner kneels between her legs and enters from the front. A pillow is placed under her bottom for added comfort.
 * Sideways: also keeps pressure off of her abdomen while supporting her uterus at the same time.
 * Spooning: very popular positions to use during the late stages of pregnancy; allowing only shallow penetration and relieves the pressure on the abdomen.
 * Sitting: she mounts the sitting partner, relieving her abdomen of pressure.
 * From behind: allowing her to support abdomen and breasts.

Oral sex positions
Oral sex is genital stimulation by the mouth. It may be penetrative or non-penetrative, and may take place before, during, as, or following intercourse. It may also be performed simultaneously (for example, when one partner performs cunnilingus, while the other partner performs fellatio), or only one partner may perform upon the other; this creates a multitude of variations.

Fellatio
Fellatio is oral sex performed on the penis. Possible positions include:
 * Sitting
 * The receiver lies on their back while the partner kneels between the receiver's legs.
 * The receiver lies on their back while the partner lies off to the side of their legs.
 * The receiver sits in a chair, the partner kneels in front of them between their legs.
 * Standing
 * The receiver stands while the partner either kneels in front of them or sits (in a chair or on the edge of a bed, etc.) and bends forward.
 * The receiver stands while the partner, also standing, bends forward at the waist.
 * The receiver stands or crouches at the edge of the bed, facing the bed. The active partner lies on the bed with their head hanging over the edge of the bed backward. The receiver inserts their penis into the partner's mouth, usually to achieve deep throat penetration.
 * Lying
 * While the active partner lies on their back, the receiver assumes the missionary position but adjusted forward.
 * The active partner (with breasts) lies on their back, and the receiver inserts their penis between the breasts, and into the mouth.

Cunnilingus
Cunnilingus is oral sex performed on the vulva. Possible positions include:
 * The receiver lies on her back as in the missionary position. The active partner lies on their front between their legs.
 * The active partner sits. The receiver stands facing away and bends at the hips.
 * The active partner sits. The receiver stands or squats facing towards partner and may arch their back, to create further stimulation.
 * The active partner lies on their back while the receiver kneels with their legs at their sides and their vulva on their mouth. In other words, the receiver sits on the partner's face.
 * The receiver rests on all fours as in the doggy style position. The partner lies on their back with their head under their vulva. Their feet may commonly extend off the bed and rest on the floor.
 * The receiver stands, possibly bracing themself against a wall. The active partner kneels in front of them.
 * The receiver sits on the bed with their legs open, the active partner kneels in front of them.
 * The receiver is upside-down (standing on hands, held by partner, or using support, such as bondage or furniture), with the active partner standing or kneeling (depending on elevation) in front or behind. Such a position may be difficult to achieve, or maintain for extended time periods, but the rush of blood to the brain can alter stimulation's effect.
 * The receiver stands on hands, resting each leg on either side of the active partner's head, with the active partner standing or kneeling facing them. Depending on which way up the receiver is facing, different stimulation and levels of comfort may be available.

Sixty-nine

Simultaneous oral sex between two people is called 69. They can lie side-by-side, lie one on top of the other, or stand with one partner holding the other upside down.

Anilingus

Anilingus is oral sex performed on the anus. Positions for anilingus are often variants on those for genital-oral sex. Possible positions include:
 * The passive partner is on all fours in the doggy position with the active partner behind.
 * The passive partner is on their back in the missionary position with their legs up.
 * The passive partner on top in the 69 position.
 * The rusty trombone, in which a male stands while the active partner performs both anilingus from behind, generally from a kneeling position, and also manually stimulates the standing partner's penis, thus somewhat resembling someone playing the trombone.

Other positions

 * Fingering of the vulva, vagina or anus.
 * Fisting: inserting the entire hand into the vagina or rectum.

Non-penetrative

Non-penetrative sex or frottage generally refers to a sexual activity that excludes penetration, and often includes rubbing one's genitals on one's sexual partner. This may include the partner's genitals or buttocks, and can involve different sex positions. As part of foreplay or to avoid penetrative sex, people engage in a variety of non-penetrative sexual behavior, which may or may not lead to orgasm.

 * Dry humping: frottage while clothed. This act is common, although not essential, in the dance style known as "grinding".
 * Handjob: manual stimulation of a partner's penis.
 * Fingering: manual stimulation of a partner's vulva.
 * Footjob: using the feet to stimulate the genitals.
 * Mammary intercourse: using the breasts together to stimulate the penis through the cleavage.
 * Axillary intercourse: with the penis in the armpit. Commonly known as "bagpiping".
 * Orgasm control: By self or by a partner managing the physical stimulation and sensation connected with the emotional and physiologic excitement levels. Through the practice of masturbation, an individual can learn to develop control of their own body's orgasmic response and timing. In partnered stimulation, either partner can control their own orgasmic response and timing. With mutual agreement, either partner can similarly learn to control or enhance their partner's orgasmic response and timing. Partnered stimulation orgasm techniques referred to as expanded orgasm, extended orgasm or orgasm control can be learned and practiced for either partner to refine their control of the orgasmic response of the other. Partners mutually choose which is in control or in response to the other.

The slang term humping may refer to masturbation—thrusting one's genitals against the surface of non-sexual objects, clothed or unclothed; or it may refer to penetrative sex.

Genital-genital rubbing
Genital-genital rubbing (often termed GG rubbing by primatologists to describe the ubiquitous behavior among female bonobos ) is the sexual act of mutually rubbing genitals; it is commonly grouped with frottage, as well as other terms, such as non-penetrative sex or outercourse:
 * Intercrural sex or interfemoral sex: the penis is placed between the partner's thighs, perhaps rubbing the vulva, scrotum or perineum.
 * Frot: two males mutually rubbing penises together.
 * Tribadism: two females mutually rubbing vulvae together.
 * Docking: inserting the glans penis into the foreskin of another penis.

Group sex

People may participate in group sex. While group sex does not imply that all participants must be in sexual contact with all others simultaneously, some positions are only possible with three or more people.

As with the positions listed above, more group sex positions become practical if erotic furniture is used.

Threesomes
When three people have sex with each other, it is called a threesome. Possible ways of having all partners in sexual contact with each include some of the following:
 * One person performs oral sex on one partner while they engage in receptive anal or vaginal intercourse with the other partner. Sometimes called a spit roast.
 * The 369 position is where two people engage in oral sex in the 69 position while a third person positions himself to penetrate one of the others; usually a man engaging in sex doggie-style with the woman on top in the 69 position.
 * A man has vaginal or anal sex with one partner, while himself being anally penetrated by another (possibly with a strap-on dildo).
 * Two participants engage in cowgirl position, a third straddles man's face allowing him to go down on them. Generally called a double cowgirl.
 * Three partners lie or stand in parallel, with one between the other two. Sometimes called a sandwich. This term may specifically refer to the double penetration of a woman, with one penis in her anus, and the other in her vagina or of a male, with two penises in his anus.
 * Two participants have vaginal/anal sex with each other, and one/both perform oral sex on a third.
 * Three people perform oral/vaginal/anal sex on one another simultaneously, commonly called a daisy chain.
 * The slang term lucky Pierre is sometimes used in reference to the person playing the middle role in a threesome, being anally penetrated while engaging in penetrative anal or vaginal sex.

Foursomes

 * A 469 is a four-person sexual position where two individuals engage in 69 oral sex while a third and a fourth person both position themselves on each end to penetrate the two engaged in simultaneous oral sex; similar to a 369, with the addition of a fourth person.

With many participants
These positions can be expanded to accommodate any number of participants:
 * A group of males masturbating is called a circle jerk.
 * Sexual intercourse involving multiple women in which one man is the central focus is known as reverse gangbang.
 * A group of males masturbating and ejaculating on one person's face is known as bukkake.
 * A group of men, women, or both, each performing oral sex upon each other, in a circular arrangement, is a daisy chain.
 * When one woman or man is given the serial or parallel attention of many, often involving a queue (pulling a train), it is often termed a gang bang.

Multiple penetration
A person may be sexually penetrated multiple times simultaneously. Penetration may involve use of fingers, toes, sex toys, or penises. Scenes of multiple penetration are common in pornography.

If one person is penetrated by two objects, it is generically called double penetration (DP). Double penetration of the vagina, anus, or mouth can involve:
 * Simultaneous penetration of the anus by two penises or other objects. This is commonly called double anal penetration (DAP).
 * Simultaneous penetration of the vagina by two penises or other objects. This is commonly called double vaginal penetration (DVP) or double stuffing.
 * Simultaneous penetration of the vagina and anus. The shocker accomplishes this using several fingers of one hand.
 * Simultaneous penetration of the mouth and either the vagina or anus. If the penetrating objects are penises, this is sometimes called the spit roast, the Chinese finger trap, or the Eiffel tower.

Cultural differences and preferences
Sexual practices vary between cultures. Latin American couples that recorded their sexual activities do not practice the missionary position as much as couples from United States reported. The duration of sexual intercourse seems to be similar amongst European and Latin American couples.

Historical

 * Kama Sutra
 * The Perfumed Garden

Modern

 * (235 pages)
 * (272 pages)
 * (101 pages—design criteria for assistive furniture, with sections on accommodation of disabled persons.)
 * (96 pages)
 * (376 pages)
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title: Sex position


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Talk:Sex position

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impreove performance of this page it is so laggy Moho84 (talk) 21:43, 31 October 2023 (UTC)

 * I advise you not to jerk off to this page. Geanard (talk) 04:02, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Sex position


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Bunker buster

A bunker buster is a type of munition that is designed to penetrate hardened targets or targets buried deep underground, such as military bunkers.

Germany
Röchling shells were bunker-busting artillery shells, developed by the German engineer August Coenders, based on the theory of increasing sectional density to improve penetration. They were tested in 1942 and 1943 against the Belgian Fort d'Aubin-Neufchâteau.

Germany
In World War II the Luftwaffe developed a series of unguided rocket-propelled armor-piercing bombs for use against shipping and fortifications.

United Kingdom

In World War II, the British designer Barnes Wallis, already famous for inventing the bouncing bomb, designed two bombs that would become the conceptual predecessors of modern bunker busters: the five tonne Tallboy and the ten tonne Grand Slam. These were "Earthquake" bombs—a concept he had first proposed in 1939. The designs were very aerodynamic, allowing them to exceed the speed of sound as they fell from 22,000 ft (6,700 m). The tails were designed with offset fins causing the bombs to spin as they fell. Using the same principle as a spinning top, this enabled them to resist being deflected, thereby improving accuracy. They had casings of high grade steel, much stronger than the typical World War II bomb so that they would survive hitting a hardened surface, or penetrate deep into the ground.

Though these bombs might be thought of as "bunker busters" today, in fact the original "earthquake" theory was more complex and subtle than simply penetrating a hardened surface. The earthquake bombs were designed not to strike a target directly, but to impact beside it, penetrate under it, and create a 'camouflet', or large buried cavern, at the same time as delivering a shock wave through the target's foundations. The target then collapses into the hole, no matter how hardened it may be. The bombs had strong casings because they needed to travel through rock rather than reinforced concrete, though they could perform equally well against hardened surfaces. In an attack on the Valentin U-Boat pens at Farge, two Grand Slams went through the 15 ft (4.5 m) reinforced concrete hardening—equalling or exceeding the best current penetration specifications.

The British Disney bomb (officially "4500 lb Concrete Piercing/Rocket Assisted bomb") was a World War II device designed to be used against U-boat pens and other super-hardened targets. Devised by Captain Edward Terrell RNVR of the Admiralty's Directorate of Miscellaneous Weapons Development, it had a streamlined hardened case and weighed about 4500 lb including the rocket assembly. The actual explosive content was about 500 lb.

For accuracy, the bombs had to be dropped precisely from a pre-determined height (usually 20000 ft). They would free-fall for around 30 seconds until, at 5000 ft, the rockets were ignited, causing the tail section to be expelled. The rocket burn lasted for three seconds and added 300 ft/s to the bomb's speed, giving a final impact speed of 1450 ft/s, approximately Mach 1.29. Post-war tests demonstrated that the bombs were able to penetrate a 14 ft thick concrete roof, with the predicted (but untested) ability to penetrate 16 ft of concrete.

United States
Post war, the US added a form of remote guidance to the Tallboy to create the Tarzon, a 12,000-pound bomb (5,443 kg) deployed in the Korean War against an underground command center near Kanggye.

Modern
During Operation Desert Storm (1991), there was a need for a deep penetration bomb similar to the British weapons of World War II, but none of the NATO air forces had such a weapon. As a stop-gap, some were developed over a period of 28 days, using old 8 inch (203 mm) artillery barrels as casings. These bombs weighed over two tons but carried only 647 lb of high explosive. They were laser-guided and were designated "Guided Bomb Unit-28 (GBU-28)". It was proven effective for the intended role.

An example of a Russian bunker buster is the KAB-1500L-Pr. It is delivered with the Su-24M and the Su-34 aircraft. It is stated to be able to penetrate 10–20 m of earth or 2 m of reinforced concrete. The bomb weighs 1500 kg, with 1100 kg being the high explosive penetrating warhead. It is laser guided and has a reported strike accuracy of 7 m CEP.

The US has a series of custom made bombs such as the Paveway series of laser-guided bombs to penetrate hardened or deeply buried structures : More recently, the US has developed the 30,000-pound GBU-57.

Turkey is another country known to be developing bunker busters, such as the SARB-83 and NEB-84.

Fuzing
The traditional fuze is the same as a classic armor-piercing bomb: a combination of timer and a sturdy dynamic propeller on the rear of the bomb. The fuze is armed when the bomb is released, and detonates when the propeller stops turning and the timer has expired.

Modern bunker busters may use a traditional fuze, but some also include a microphone and microcontroller. The microphone listens, and the microcontroller counts the number of floors until the bomb breaks through the desired numbers of floors. Northrop Grumman is working on the Hard Target Void Sensing Fuze (HTVSF) ,an electronic, cockpit programmable, fuze capable of destroying deeply buried and targets. It provides multiple delay arming and detonation times, as well as a void-sensing capability, which allows for precision activation of the fuze for 2000 and 5000 lb weapons to explode when they reach an open space in a deeply buried bunker.

Missiles
The extra speed provided by a rocket motor enables greater penetration of a missile-mounted bunker buster warhead. To reach maximum penetration (impact depth), the warhead may consist of a high-density projectile only. Such a warhead carries more energy than a warhead with chemical explosives (kinetic energy of a projectile at hypervelocity).

Nuclear
The nuclear bunker buster is the nuclear weapon version of the bunker buster. The non-nuclear component of the weapon is designed to greatly enhance the penetration into soil, rock, or concrete to deliver a nuclear warhead to a target. These weapons would be used to destroy hardened, underground military bunkers deeply buried. In theory, the amount of radioactive nuclear fallout would be reduced from that of a standard, air-burst nuclear detonation because they would have relatively low explosive yield. However, because such weapons necessarily come into contact with large amounts of earth-based debris, they may, under certain circumstances, still generate significant fallout. Warhead yield and weapon design have changed periodically throughout the history of the design of such weapons. An underground explosion releases a larger fraction of its energy into the ground, compared to an explosion at or above the surface which releases most of its energy into the atmosphere.

title: Bunker buster


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Agfa-Gevaert

Agfa-Gevaert N.V. (Agfa) is a Belgian-German multinational corporation that develops, manufactures, and distributes analogue and digital imaging products, software, and systems.

The company began as a dye manufacturer in 1867. In 1925, the company merged with several other German chemical companies to become chemicals giant IG Farben. IG Farben would go on to play major role in the economy of Nazi Germany. It extensively employed forced and slave labor during the Nazi period, and produced the notorious Zyklon B chemical used in The Holocaust. IG Farben was disestablished by the Allies in 1945. AGFA was reconstituted (as a subsidiary of Bayer) from the remnants of IG Farben in 1952.

Agfa film and film cameras were once prominent consumer products. However, in 2004, the consumer imaging division was sold to a company founded via management buyout. AgfaPhoto GmbH, as the new company was called, filed for bankruptcy after just one year, and its brands are now licensed to other companies by AgfaPhoto Holding GmbH, a holding firm. Today Agfa-Gevaert's commerce is 100% business-to-business.

Timeline

 * 1867 The company Aktiengesellschaft für Anilinfabrikation (Corporation for Aniline Production) was founded in Rummelsburg (now in the Lichtenberg borough of Berlin) as a manufacturer of dyes and stains. It became a public limited company in 1873. The founders were Paul Mendelssohn Bartholdy (son of composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy) and Carl Alexander von Martius.
 * 1894 The company L. Gevaert & Cie was founded in Antwerp, Belgium, arising from the workshop for the manufacture of photographic paper belonging to Lieven Gevaert.
 * 1897 Appearance of the Agfa trade mark.
 * 1898 Introduction of X-ray plates and film products.
 * 1903 Production of first cinematographic film.
 * 1925 As part of the consolidation of the German chemical industry, Agfa became part of IG Farben. The photographic activities are combined with those of Bayer, including a camera factory in Munich.
 * 1928 Acquired Ansco, an American photographic manufacturer, whose products were sold under the Agfa-Ansco brand name.
 * 1936 Agfacolor Neu a pioneering color film for amateurs and professionals.
 * 1940 Agfacolor negative-positive color material is used for the first time for a feature film Frauen sind doch bessere Diplomaten (Women make the best Diplomats) by the German UFA film studios.
 * 1941 American assets of Agfa were seized by the U.S. during World War II as enemy property and became General Aniline and Film Corp., whose photographic products reverted to the Ansco brand name.
 * 1942 Introduction of intensifying screen products.
 * 1939-1945 Agfa used forced laborers in large numbers, including concentration camp prisoners in the Munich subcamp (Agfa Kamerawerke) of the Dachau concentration camp and in the Dutch transit camp Kamp Westerbork. Forced laborers were also used for Agfa AG in the "Agfa camp" subcamp of the Munich-Stadelheim juvenile prison between 1943 and 1945. Parts of the Agfa company management were indicted after the war in the I.G. Farben trial before an American military tribunal.
 * 1945 When the Allies broke up IG Farben to reduce the size of German chemical industry, Agfa reappeared as an individual business. An Agfa plant located in what was to become East Germany became the foundation of ORWO.
 * 1952 Re-establishment of Agfa AG as a wholly owned subsidiary of Bayer in Leverkusen.
 * 1964 Merger of Agfa AG and Gevaert Photo-Producten N.V. with Bayer AG and Gevaert each holding a 50% interest in the new operating company.
 * 1970 Introduction of Agfacontour Professional Sheet Film.
 * 1972 Introduction of mammography film / screen products.
 * 1981 Bayer buys out Gevaert and becomes 100% owner.
 * 1988 Acquisition of Compugraphic Corporation (prepress systems).
 * 1990
 * Sale of magnetic tape business.
 * Introduction of Computed Radiography (CR) products.
 * 1994 Introduction of PACS products.
 * 1996 Acquisition of Hoechst's printing plate and proofing business.
 * 1997 Sale of the company's film recorder division to German CCG Digital Image Technology.
 * 1998
 * Acquisition of DuPont's offset printing and graphic arts film business.
 * Sale of the company's Copier Systems business to Lanier Worldwide Inc.
 * Acquisition of CEA AB (X-ray film products).
 * Acquisition of Monotype Typography Inc.
 * 1999
 * Acquisition of Sterling Diagnostic Imaging (X-ray film and equipment).
 * Separation of Agfa from Bayer. Initial public offering of Agfa-Gevaert shares on June 1.  Agfa listed on Brussels and Frankfurt stock exchanges.
 * 2000
 * Acquisition of Krautkramer, a producer of ultrasonic systems for non-destructive testing.
 * Acquisition of Quadrat, a Ghent-based European producer of radiology information systems.
 * 2001
 * Acquisition of Autologic, an American producer of systems for prepress automation.
 * Acquisition of Talk Technology, a producer of medical voice recognition systems.
 * Acquisition of the German company Seifert and the American company Pantak, producers of industrial X-ray equipment for non-destructive testing applications.
 * Acquisition of a minority interest in MediVision, a developer and manufacturer of digital imaging systems for ophthalmology.
 * Agfa stopped its desktop scanners and digital camera business in September 2001. Agfa does not provide any further support.
 * 2002
 * Acquisition of Mitra Imaging Inc., a developer of medical imaging and information systems for healthcare.
 * Bayer sells its remaining 30% stake in Agfa.
 * 2003
 * Opening of new printing plate factory in Wuxi, China.
 * Sale of non-destructive testing business to General Electric.
 * 2004
 * Acquisition of Dotrix, a Belgian producer of digital colour printing systems for industrial applications.
 * Acquisition of Lastra, an Italian manufacturer of plates, chemicals and equipment for the offset printing industry.
 * Sale of the consumer imaging division to a company founded via management buy out, named AgfaPhoto, and held by an investment company. After one year, AgfaPhoto files for bankruptcy.
 * Acquisition of ProImage, an Israeli developer of browser-based digital workflow solutions for the newspaper and printing industries.
 * Acquisition of Symphonie On Line, a French information technology company and developer of EPR (electronic patient record) systems.
 * Sale of Agfa Monotype Corporation, a provider of fonts and font-related software technology, to Boston-based private equity investor TA Associates.
 * 2005
 * Acquisition of GWI, a German developer of healthcare information systems for medical records, nursing, business management, and facility administration.
 * Acquisition of Heartlab, Inc., a U.S. developer of cardiology image and information management systems.
 * Acquisition of Med2Rad an Italian developer of radiology information systems.
 * Introduction of industrial inkjet products.
 * 2009
 * Acquisition of Insight Agents, a European developer and producer of contrast media.
 * Acquisition of Gandi Innovations, a producer of large-format inkjet systems.
 * 2010
 * Agfa Graphics and Shenzhen Brothers create the Agfa Graphics Asia joint venture to reinforce their position in the Greater China and ASEAN region.
 * Acquisition of the Harold M. Pitman Company a US supplier of products and systems for the graphic industry.
 * 2011 Acquisition of WPD, a Brazilian supplier of healthcare IT systems.

Company structure
Agfa is headquartered in Mortsel, Belgium, with sales organisations in 40 countries. In countries where Agfa does not have its own sales organisation, the market is served by a network of agents and representatives. At the end of 2011, the company had 11,728 employees (full-time equivalent permanent) worldwide. Agfa has manufacturing plants around the world. The largest production and research centres are based in Belgium, the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Italy and China. Net sales for 2011 totalled 3,023 million euros.

Since January 1, 2019, two new entities emerged within the Agfa-Gevaert Group: Agfa HealthCare (ITCo) and Agfa (MainCo). Agfa HealthCare groups all IT-related activities of the former Agfa HealthCare business group. The newer Agfa includes the activities of the former Agfa Graphics and Agfa Specialty Products business groups, as well as the Imaging activities of the former Agfa HealthCare business group.

Agfa Healthcare
Agfa Healthcare is a developer of medical imaging information systems, with main offices in Mortsel (Belgium), Ghent (Belgium), Waterloo (Ontario Canada), Shanghai (China) and Vienna (Austria).

Agfa division business groups
The activities of the Agfa division have been subdivided into three groups: Offset Solutions (the prepress business of the former Agfa Graphics business group), Digital Print & Chemicals (the inkjet business of the former Agfa Graphics business group and the activities of the former Agfa Specialty Products business group) and Radiology Solutions (the imaging activities of the former Agfa HealthCare business group).

Products
In 2004, Agfa-Gevaert withdrew from the consumer market, including photographic film, cameras and other photographic equipment.

Because Agfa-Gevaert still produce photographic films for the aerial photography market, it is still possible to buy fresh, Agfa-produced photographic films for use in consumer cameras. They are sold by the Lomography Society and Rollei and are branded accordingly. This is because those companies purchase the aerial photography film from Agfa-Gevaert, and then cut and package it into consumer photographic formats.

As of 2012, such products carry a small Agfa logo discreetly on their packaging, but are not sold as Agfa branded products.

By contrast, Agfaphoto branded photographic films are not made by Agfa-Gevaert at all, originally having been made by the now closed Ferrania plant in Italy. Agfaphoto films are now produced by Fujifilm in Japan for Lupus Imaging Media.

Agfa cameras

Agfa produced a range of cameras which included:
 * Ambiflex
 * Silette series
 * Clipper
 * Billy
 * Record
 * Iso series
 * Isolette
 * Isola series
 * Click
 * Clack
 * Optima series, e.g. Optima 1A
 * Optima Sensor series, e.g. Optima 1535 Sensor and Optima Flash Sensor
 * Selectronic S series
 * Agfamatic series
 * Agfamatic Pocket series
 * Agfa Mini
 * matching accessories, such as flashguns

SLR

 * Agfa Flexilette
 * Selectronic series (rebranded products of Chinon)

Agfa slide projectors
Including, roughly in chronological order:
 * Agfa Opticus 100
 * Agfa Agfacolor 50 automatic
 * Agfa Diamator series, like models H, m, 1500

Agfa consumer and professional films
Black & White films:
 * Agfa PD16
 * Agfapan 25, 100 and 400
 * Agfapan APX 25, 100 and 400 (revivals of 100 and 400 emulsion were announced by Adox)
 * Isopan ISS (Super Special)
 * Isopan F (Fine Grain)
 * Isopan Ultra
 * Isopan Record
 * Agfa Vario-XL (C-41 process chromogenic film)
 * Dia-Direct (reversal film)
 * Scala (reversal film)
 * Agfacontour Professional film

Colour reversal (slide) films:
 * Agfacolor Neu
 * Agfachrome CT 18 and CT 21
 * Agfachrome series
 * Agfachrome R 100 S
 * Agfachrome 50 S and 50 L Professional
 * Agfachrome RS and RS Plus Professional series
 * Agfachrome RSX and RSX II Professional series
 * Agfachrome CT, CTx and CT Precisa series (excluding New Agfaphoto CT Precisa 100)

Colour negative films:
 * Agfacolor CN14, CN17, CN17M, CN17 Special, CNS and CNS2
 * Agfacolor series
 * Agfacolor XR series
 * Agfacolor XRG series
 * Agfacolor XRS Professional series
 * Agfacolor Optima, Optima II and New Optima Professional series
 * Agfacolor Portrait 160 Professional
 * Agfacolor Ultra 50 Professional and Ultra 100
 * Agfacolor Vista series (excluding New Agfaphoto Vista 200)

While Agfa has retired from the photography branch, and the Agfaphoto brand was sold to a reseller named Lupus Imaging, the surviving Belgian industrial branch of Agfa continues to produce, among other things, B/W, colour negative and colour reversal materials for aerial photography. Some of these are cut to the usual 135 and 120 formats by Maco and distributed under the brand name Rollei. Specifically, these re-branded Agfa materials include Rollei Retro 80S, 200S and 400S, Digibase CN200 and CR200.

Scanners
Agfa produced many image scanners in the Arcus, DuoScan, SnapScan, StudioScan and StudioStar ranges. While they have all been discontinued and up-to-date drivers for them are not available from Agfa, Vuescan software supports many Agfa scanners on current computer operating systems.

Agfa darkroom equipment

 * Agfa Varioscop enlargers
 * Agfa Variomat print easels for automatic exposure
 * Darkroom safety lights
 * Agfa Rondinax and Rondix daylight developing tanks

Agfa papers
Agfa photographic papers were of very high quality; lines included:
 * Brovira
 * Portriga Rapid
 * Lupex

The production of material identical to the last generation of fibre-based and resin-coated photographic Agfa Multigrade papers has been resumed by Adox.

title: Agfa-Gevaert