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Mazandaran province

Mazandaran Province is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Sari. Located along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea and in the adjacent Central Alborz mountain range, the province is in the central-northern part of the country. Mazandaran, founded in 1937, covers an area of 23,842 km2.

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province had a population of 2,893,087 in 783,169 households. The following census in 2011 counted 3,073,943 people in 931,007 households. At the most recent census in 2016, the population had risen to 3,283,582 in 1,084,798 households. Mazandaran is one of the most densely populated provinces in Iran.

The province has diverse natural resources, notably large reservoirs of oil and natural gas. The diverse natural habitats of the province include plains, prairies, forests and rainforest stretching from the sandy beaches of the Caspian Sea to the rugged and snowcapped Alborz sierra, including Mount Damavand, one of the highest peaks and volcanoes in Asia.

Mazandaran is a major producer of farmed fish, and aquaculture provides an important economic addition to traditional dominance of agriculture. Another important contributor to the economy is the tourism industry, as people from all of Iran enjoy visiting the area. Mazandaran is also a fast-growing centre for biotechnology.

Etymology
Literally "the gate or the valley of the giants" from مازن (mâzan) + در (dar) + ـان (ân), from Avesta (𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬌𐬀). The name has been used in to refer to a land inhabited by divs or (daevas) and sorcerers and is difficult to conquer.

In Mazandaran, there are places named Div Asiyab, Div Cheshmeh, Div Kela, Div Hamam, etc.

History
Human habitation in the area dates back at least 75,000 years. Recent excavations in Gohar Tape in Rostamkola provide proof that the area has been urbanized for more than 5,000 years, and the area is considered one of the most important historical sites of Iran. It has played an important role in cultural and urban development of the region. Mazandaran is one of the oldest areas without a significant nomadic heritage, thus culturally sedentary.

Indigenous peoples of the region include the ethnic Mazanderanis, who speak an Iranian language which most closely resembles Gilaki and Sangiseri language, but also has phono-typical similarities to several Caucasian languages, reflecting the history of the region and its peoples.

In the early 20th century, Reza Shah connected northern Elbourz to the southern slopes by constructing seven new roads and railways, the provinces of Mazandaran and Gilan became known as Shomal by all Iranians (meaning "the North" in Persian). Mazandaran is a Caspian province in the north of Iran. Located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, it is bordered clockwise by Russia (across the sea), Golestan, Semnan, Tehran, Alborz, Qazvin, and Gilan Provinces. Sari is the largest city and the capital of Mazandaran province.

Mazandaran Province was made part of the Region 1 upon the division of the provinces into five regions solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.

Pre-Islamic history
Before the arrival of the Iranian-speakers to Iran, native people of this area were subsistence hunters and cattle herders. Archaeological studies in caves belt and Hutu man in Behshahr in the Mazandaran date to ca. 9500 BCE. The Amard were a tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea, including current day Amol. Tapuri were a tribe in the Medes south of the Caspian Sea mentioned by Ptolemy and Arrian. Ctesias refers to the land of Tapuri between the two lands of Cadusii and Hyrcania. The territory known as Mazandaran has changed hands among various dynasties from early in its history. There are several fortresses remaining from the Parthian Empire and Sasanian Empire, and many older cemeteries scattered throughout the province. During this era, Mazandaran was part of Hyrcania, which was one of the important provinces.

In 662 CE, ten years after the death of Yazdegerd III, the last Sasanian emperor, a large Muslim army under the command of Hassan ibn Ali invaded Tabarestan.

With the advent of the Sasanian Empire, the King of Mazandaran (Tabaristan and Padashkhwargar) was Gushnasp, whose ancestors had reigned in the area (under the Parthian empire) since the time of Alexander the Great. In 529–536, Mazandaran was ruled by the Sasanian prince Kawus, son of Kawadh. Anushirawan, the Sasanian king, defeated Zarmihr, who claimed his ancestry from the legendary blacksmith Kaveh. This dynasty ruled the area till 645 AD, when Gil Gilanshah (a descendant of the Sasanian king Jamasp and a grandson of Piruz) joined Mazandaran to Gilan.

In 651 the Sasanid Empire fell, and all of the Sasanid domains gradually came under Arab control, except for the Caspian region of Iran (among which Tabaristan).

Islamic history
Tabaristan maintained an existence independent of the Umayyad Caliphate which supplanted the Sasanian Empire in the early seventh century, with independent Zoroastrian houses like the Bavand and Karen fighting an effective guerilla warfare against the Ummayads. A short-lived Alid Shiite state collapsed before the subsequent take-over by the Ziyarid princes. During the post-Islamic period the local dynasties fell into three classes: local families of pre-Islamic origin; the ʿAlid sayyid; and local families of secondary importance. The Karinids claimed descent from Karin, brother of Zarmihr who was the pre-Islamic ruler under the Sasanians. Their last representative Mazyar was put to death in 839.

In the 9th-11th century AD, there were repetitively military raids undertaken by the Rus' between 864 and 1041 on the Caspian Sea shores of Iran, Azerbaijan, and Dagestan as part of the Caspian expeditions of the Rus'. Initially, the Rus' appeared in Serkland in the 9th century traveling as merchants along the Volga trade route, selling furs, honey, and slaves. The first small-scale raids took place in the late 9th and early 10th century. The Rus' undertook the first large-scale expedition in 913; having arrived on 500 ships, they pillaged the westernmost parts of Gorgan as well as Mazandaran and Gilan, taking slaves and goods. The Bavandids, who claimed descent from Kawus, provided three dynasties. The first dynasty (665–1007) was overthrown on the conquest of Tabaristan by the Ziyarid Kabus b. Wushmgir. The second dynasty reigned from 1073 to 1210, when Mazandaran was conquered by 'Ala al-Din Muhammad Khwarzamshah. The third ruled from 1237 to 1349 as vassals of the Mongols. The last representative of the Bavandids was killed by Afrasiyab Chulawi.

The Paduspanids claimed descent from the Dabuyids of the north. They came to prominence around 660 and during the rule of the ʿAlids were their vassals. Later, they were vassals of the Buyids and Bavandids, who deposed them in 1190. The dynasty, restored in 1209–10, survived until the time of Timur; the branch, claiming descent from Kawus the son of Kayumarth reigned until 1567 and the other, that of Iskandar the son of Kayumarth, until 1574.

In the Safavid era (1501–1736) Mazandaran was settled by very large numbers of Georgians, Circassians, Armenians, and other Peoples of the Caucasus, whose descendants still live or linger across Mazandaran. Towns, villages and neighbourhoods in Mazandaran still bear the name "Gorji" (i.e., Georgian) in them, although most of the large amounts of Georgians, Armenians, and Circassians are already assimilated into the mainstream Mazandaranis. The history of Georgian settlement is described by Iskandar Beg Munshi, the author of the 17th century Tarikh-e Alam-Ara-ye Abbasi, and both the Circassian and Georgian settlements by Pietro Della Valle, among other authors.

Tabaristan remained independent until 1596, when Shah Abbas I, Mazandarani on his mother's side, incorporated Mazandaran into his Safavid empire, forcing many Armenians Circassians, Georgians, to settle in Mazandaran. Pietro della Valle (1586–1652), who visited a town near Firuzkuh in Mazandaran, noted that Mazandarani women never wore the veil and didn't hesitate to talk to foreigners. He also noted the extremely large amount of Circassians and Georgians in the region, and that he had never encountered people with as much civility as the Mazandaranis."Today, Persia proper, Fars, Mazanderan on the Caspian Sea and many other lands of this empire are all full of Georgian and Circassian inhabitants. Most of them remain Christian to this day, but in a very crude manner, since they have neither priest nor minister to tend them."

Post-Safavid period
After the Safavid period, the Qajars began to campaign south from Mazandaran with Agha Mohammad Khan who already incorporated Mazandaran into his empire in 1782. On 21 March 1782, Agha Mohammad Shah proclaimed Sari as his imperial capital. Mazandaran was the site of local wars in those years, which led to the transfer of the capital from Sari to Tehran by Fath Ali Shah. In Modern era at Mazandaran make new house and bridge in Amol and Sari. In along the beach and in the forest built Villa and modern settlements.

Before the reign of Nader Shah, the province was briefly occupied by the Russian army in the aftermath of the Russo-Persian War (1722–23) and returned to Persia in 1735. Following the outcomes of the Russo-Persian War (1804–13) and the Russo-Persian War (1826–28) northern Iran, especially Mazandaran and Gilan, as well as, to a certain extent, Tehran, fell under a growing Russian sphere of influence.

In the 19th century, during the reign of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar, the verdant region of Mazandaran was paid due attention as a recreational area.

The top provincial official referred to the existence of three international airports and three major sea ports in the province and the visit of millions of Iranian and foreign tourists to Mazandaran, including health tourists.

Geography

Mazandaran is located on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. It is bordered clockwise by Golestan, Semnan and Tehran provinces. This province also borders Qazvin and Gilan to the west.

Mazandaran Province is geographically divided into two parts: the coastal plains, and the mountainous areas. The Alborz Mountain Range surrounds the coastal strip and the plains abutting the Caspian Sea like a huge wall. Due to the prevailing sea breeze and local winds of the southern and eastern coasts of the Caspian Sea, sandy hills are formed, causing the appearance of a low natural barrier between the sea and plain. There is often snowfall in the Alborz regions, which run parallel to the Caspian Sea's southern coast, dividing the province into many isolated valleys. The province enjoys a moderate, subtropical climate with an average temperature of 25 °C in summer and about 8 °C in winter. Although snow may fall heavily in the mountains in winter, it rarely falls at sea level.

Ecoregions: The total wood production from these forests is estimated at 269022 m3. Golestan National Park and Shastkolateh forest watershed are located in Golestan Province and Mazandaran Province (the total area of the Hyrcanian forest is estimated at 965000 ha. From these forests, 487195 ha are used commercially, 184000 ha are protected and the rest are regarded as forest lands or over-used forests. The total of the forest woods used in this province is estimated at 770551 m3. The Kojoor, Dohezar and Sehezar forest watersheds are located in Mazandaran Province. The Elburz Range forest steppe ecoregion is an arid, mountainous 1,000-kilometer arc south of the Caspian Sea, stretching across northern Iran from the Azerbaijan border to near the Turkmenistan border. It covers 63300 km2 and encompasses the southern and eastern slopes of the Alborz Mountains as well as their summits. The Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests ecoregion, with its lush green mountainsides and plains that receive moisture from the Caspian Sea, forms this ecoregion's northern border. The vast Central Persian desert basin ecoregion forms its southern border. The Alborz range is composed of a granite core overlain with sedimentary rock including limestones, shales, sandstones, and tuffs. Metamorphic rocks such as schists, marbles, and amphibolite are also widely found. The climate is arid with annual precipitation varying from 150 mm to 500 mm, falling mostly as winter snow.
 * Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests
 * Elburz Range forest steppe

Environment
The now extinct Caspian tiger and the Caspian horse are two of the animals of Mazandaran province.

The 1971 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat was held in Mazandaran in the city of Ramsar.

Unlike the rest of Iran, Mazandaran is watered by numerous rivers, or mountain torrents, all running from the mountains to the sea. The German traveller Samuel Gottlieb Gmelin, who visited this country in 1771, says that in the space of eight miles, on the road from Resht to Amot, 250 of such streams are to be seen, many of them being so exceedingly broad and deep, that the passage across is sometimes impracticable for weeks together.

Climate
Mazandaran Province naturally comes under the influence of the geographical latitude, the Alborz mountain range, elevation from sea level, distance from the sea, and the southern barren areas of Turkmenistan, local and regional air currents, and versatile vegetation cover. These conditions result in the climatic division of the province into three types:   Moderate Caspian climate with hot, humid summers and mild, humid winters. This climate is found in the western and central plains of the province between the Caspian sea and the foothills the Alborz mountains. Rainfall is significant in this climate zone and is highest in autumn. the annual accumulation decreases from west to east. Frost occasionally occurs during winters. moderate mountainous climate generally in the altitude between 1500 to 3000 m meters and is characterized by a decrease in both precipitation and monthly temperatures. winters are long, cold and freezing and summers are mild and short.   Cold mountainous climate with long freezing winters with long periods of frost and short cool summers. There is often snowfall during most of the seasons in the latter region, which continues till mid-summer. The climate is mainly found at an altitude above 3000 m, such as the top of Mount Damavand and Alam-Kuh, where the conditions are suitable for mountain glacier

Administrative divisions

The population history and structural changes of Mazandaran Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

Cities
According to the 2016 census, 1,897,238 people (over 57% of the population of Mazandaran Province) live in the following cities:

Most populous cities
The following sorted table, lists the most populous cities in Mazandaran.

Demographics
The population of the province has been steadily growing during the last 50 years. The following table shows the approximate province population, excluding the Golestan province, which has separated as an independent province in 1998.

The population is overwhelmingly Mazandarani, with a minority of Gilaks, Azerbaijanis, Kurds, Georgians, Armenians, Circassians, Turkmen and others.

Mazandarani people have a background in Tabari ethnicity and speak Mazandarni. Their origin goes back to Tapuri people. So their land was called Tapuria, the land of Tapuris. Tapuris were made to migrate to the south coast of the Caspian Sea during the Achaemenid dynasty.

The native people of Sari, Amol, Qaem Shahr, Babol, Nowshahr, Chalus, and Tonekabon are Mazandarani people and speak the Mazandarani language.

The eastern Gīlakī dialect is spoken in the entire valley of the Čālūs river, though Kurdish tribes were established in the yeylāq of Kojūr and Kalārdašt in the Qajar period. Today Kurds in Mazandaran are mostly known as Khajevand Kurds and form majority of the cities of Kelardasht, Abbasabad, Nowshahr, Chalus and Kajur. Other Kurdish tribes in Mazandaran Province are Modanlu (In Sari), Jahanbeiglou (In Sari), Abdolmaleki (In Behshahr), Jalalvand (In Ramsar) and Amarlu (In Tonekabon).

The Mazandarani inhabit the majority of the province. The closely related Gilak form the largest minority and are concentrated in Ramsar, Tonekabon.

In recent years the region has seen an influx of Iranians from other regions of Iran, many of them attracted by its nature and seaside.

Language
Mazanderani or Tabari is a Northwestern Iranian language. Various Mazandarani dialects exist which are spoken in Mazandaran province and the neighboring Golestan province such as Mazanderani, and Gorgani and possibly Qadikolahi (Ghadikolahi) and Palani. Today, Mazandaranis also use Persian (Western Persian). The educated can communicate and read Persian well.

Mazandarani people have a background in Tabari ethnicity and speak Mazandarni. Their origin goes back to Tapuri people. So their land was called Tapuria, the land of Tapuris. Tapuris were made to migrate to the south coast of the Caspian Sea during the Achaemenid dynasty.

The native people of Sari, Qaem Shahr, Babol, Amol, Nowshahr, Chalus, and Tonekabon are Mazandarani people and speak the Mazandarani language.

The people residing in Chalus speak Mazanderani language. The dialect of Kalarestaqi is spoken in the west of Chalus and the dialect of Kojuri in the east.

The people residing in Nowshahr speak the Kojuri-dialect of Mazanderani language.

The closely related Gilaks form the largest minority in Mazandaran. They speak the Gilaki language and are concentrated in Ramsar, and Tonekabon. The native people in Ramsar are Gilaks although there are also Mazandarani people living there. They speak the Gilaki language although the style they speak has been influenced by the Mazandarani language, making it slightly different from the Gilaki spoken in Gilan.

The eastern Gīlakī dialect is spoken in the entire valley of the Čālūs river (Bazin and Bromberger, p. 13), though some Kurdish tribes were established in the yeylāq of Kojūr and Kalārdašt in the Qajar period (Planhol, p. 38).

A dialect of Azeri is spoken in the town of Galoogah.

Governence
Mazandaran has 9 electoral fields and a total of 12 seats in the Islamic Consultative Assembly.

Train
The Mazandaran train station is the city's first modern rail station and it dates from the Pahlavi dynasty.

Roads
Mazandaran is connected to Tehran by Haraz road (Amol-Rudehen), Kandovan road (Chalus-Karaj), and Firoozkooh road (Savadkuh).

Airports
Dasht-e Naz Airport, serving the capital Sari, Noshahr Airport, and Ramsar International Airport are the domestic airports that connect the province to the other parts of the country.

Railway
Mazandaran is served by the North Railway Dept. of the Iranian Railways. The department connects the province to Tehran to the south and Gorgan to the east. The cities of Sari, Qaemshahr, and Pol-e Sefid are major stations of the department. The Trans-Iranian Railway was a major railway building project started in 1927 and completed in 1938, under the direction of the Iranian monarch, Reza Shah, and entirely with indigenous capital. It links the capital Tehran with the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea.

In literature
In the Persian epic, Shahnameh, Mazandaran is mentioned in two different sections. The first mention is implicit, when Fereydun sets its capital in a city called Tamishe near Amol:

بیاراست گیتی بسان بهشت.................... به جای گیا سرو گلبن بکشت

از آمل گذر سوی تمیشه کرد .............. نشست اندر آن نامور بیشه کرد

And when Manuchehr is returning to Fereydun's capital, Tamisheh in Mazandaran (known as Tabarestan), after his victory over Salm and Tur.

In the second section, a region called Mazandaran is mentioned in the Kai Kavoos era; it is an area which is mostly inhabited by Div (demons). The legendary Iranian Shah Kaykavoos, as well as the Iranian hero Rostam, each take turn to go to Mazandaran in order to battle the demons.

In a verse from Shahnameh, Zal tells Kai Kavoos: "I heard troubling news that the king is planning to go to Mazandaran".

However, this Mazandaran is not considered identical to the modern province of Mazandaran, and is instead a land to the west of Iran. The current province was simply considered a part of Tabaristan; the name Mazandaran is a later development, perhaps based upon local terminology.

In Gaston Leroux's The Phantom of the Opera, one of the characters was formerly the daroga (chief of police) of Mazanderan.

Nowruz
The Tabarian New Year, or Neowrez, occurs in the pintek days of the Tabarian Calendar. In the Mazandarani language of Iran in the Mazanderani calendar, the year is divided into 12 thirty-day months and one pentad of days, often beginning on March 21. Neowrez Khani is one of the strongest and most popular traditions of the Mazanderani people.

Ceremonies and events
Tirgan is a mid summer Iranian festival, celebrated annually on Tir 13 (July 3, 4, or 5). It is performed by splashing water, dancing, reciting poetry, and serving traditional foods such as spinach soup and shole-zard. The custom of tying rainbow-colored bands on wrists, which are worn for ten days and then thrown into a stream, is also a way to rejoice for children. Other famous events like, Varf chal, traditional ceremony with almost 800 years old as one of the unique rituals of Mazandaran associated with water was held in the village of Ab Ask and Lochu Wrestling game in different time.

Music and dance
Music in this region relates to the lifestyle of the inhabitants, and the melodies revolve around issues such as the forests, cultivation or farming activities and herding. The most famous dance of this area is the Shomali dance, not forgetting the stick dance that the men perform. Popular music in the province, known as the Taleb and Zohre, Amiri Khani and Katuli.

Tourism
Over 15 million Iranian and some 400,000 foreign tourists visit the province annually. More than 800 registered historical and cultural sites, 338 kilometers of shorelines, mineral springs in jungles and mountains, waterfalls, and caves are among the major tourism attractions in the Mazandaran province. Mazandaran has been picked as the tourism capital of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) members states in 2022. Mazandaran has 65 hotels, 51 motels, 91 apartment hotels, 293 eco-lodge complexes, 4,939 guest houses, 8 recreational complexes, 123 beach facilities, and 12 camping sites, with a total capacity of 1,246,177 people per night.

Historical and natural tourist attractions

 * Mount Damavand
 * Abbas Abad Garden, Behshahr
 * Mausoleum of Mir Bozorg
 * Kandolus
 * largan
 * Tomb of Haydar Amuli
 * Safi Abad Palace
 * Ramsar Palace
 * Malek Bahman Castle
 * Lajim Tower, Savadkuh
 * Miankaleh peninsula
 * Veresk Bridge
 * Castle Poolad Baladeh
 * Davazdah Cheshmeh Bridge
 * Moalagh Bridge, Amol
 * Shapour Bridge, Juybar
 * Bathroom Vaziri, Sari
 * Tomb Darvish Fakhruddin Babol
 * History Museum Amol
 * Museum of Babol
 * Larijan Hot Spring
 * Shah Neshin Castle
 * Lake Valasht
 * Gerdkooh ancient hill
 * Gohar Tapeh
 * Lar Dam
 * Alam-Kuh
 * Lar National Park
 * Badab-e Surt
 * Tomb of Imamzadeh Abbas
 * Kandolus Museum Nowshahr
 * Fire Temple of Amol
 * Farahabad Complex
 * Safi Abad Palace
 * Bagh Shah, Behshahr
 * Imamzadeh Ebrahim Amol
 * Imamzadeh Ebrahim Babolsar
 * Imamzadeh Yahya Sari
 * Imamzadeh Qasem Babol
 * See Sangan Jungle
 * Alendan lake
 * Watch Tower Babol
 * Abpari Waterfall
 * Cave Zangian Qaemshahr
 * Alimastan Village
 * Cheshmeh Kileh Bridge, Tonekabon
 * Shahrak-e Namak Abrud
 * Huto and Kamarband Caves
 * Cemetery Sefid Chah
 * Cheshmeh Kileh Bridge Tonekabon
 * Resket Tower
 * Shapur Place, Babol
 * Waterfall Tircan
 * Nassereddin Shah relief
 * Jameh Mosque of Amol
 * Jameh Mosque of Sari
 * Elburz Range forest steppe
 * Bridge Felezi of Babolsar
 * Imam Hassan Askari Mosque
 * Chai Khoran Palace, Chalus
 * Lake Miansheh
 * Forest Park Nur
 * Clock tower Sari
 * Haraz River
 * Gerdkooh ancient hill
 * Mount Takht-e Suleyman
 * Waterfall Sangeno
 * Heshtel Towers
 * Amoloo Mineral Water Spring
 * Harijan Village Chalus
 * Tamishan Palace Noor
 * Div Sefid Cave
 * Cemetery Ispe Chah
 * Alasht Village
 * Cemetery Ispe Chah
 * Zangian Cave
 * Cheshmeh Imarat Behshar
 * Mohammad Hassan Khan Bridge, Babol
 * Haft Abshar Waterfall, Babol
 * Hill Qlaya Ghale Kety
 * Bathroom Vaziri, Sari
 * House Kalbadi, Sari
 * House Manouchehri, Amol
 * Palace of Shapur
 * Temple Kowsan
 * Cave rostam Kola
 * Garden Chehelsotoon
 * Mansion Municipal Tonekabon
 * Kangelo Castle, Savadkuh
 * Tower Shervin Bavand
 * Church sourkh Abad
 * Watchtower of Babol
 * Tomb Shah baloo zahid Amuli
 * Heshtel Tower
 * Mosque Jameh of Babol
 * Mosque Mohadesin
 * Tomb of Ibn-e Shahr Ashoob
 * Imamzadeh Sayyid Ali kia Sultan
 * Tomb of Seyed Mohammad Zarrin Nava
 * Herijan Waterfall
 * Deryouk Waterfall
 * Espe-o Waterfall
 * Kiasar Waterfall
 * Takieh Taker
 * Tower Shervin Bavand
 * Lake Sahon
 * Mohaddesin Mosque of Babol
 * Tomb Soltan Mohammad-e Taher
 * Tomb of Ibn Shahrashub
 * Forest Park Chaldareh
 * Forest Park Shahid Zare
 * Forest Park Mirza Kuchik Khan Haraz
 * Forst Park Kashpel
 * Javarem Forest park
 * Tamishan Palace
 * Div Sefid Cave
 * Marko Summit
 * Forst Park Dalkhani
 * Do hezar Village
 * Abe ask Village
 * Shahrak-e Darya Kenar
 * Lavij Village
 * Sheikh Musa Village
 * Forest Sange no, Neka
 * Amoloo mineral water Springs
 * Ramsar mineral water Springs
 * Pahlavi Hotel Qaem Shahr
 * Band-e Borideh River
 * Bazaar of Amol
 * Ramsar Palace
 * Ramsar Parsian Hotel
 * Clock Tower of Sari
 * Waterfall Sangeno
 * Cellar Kafer Keli
 * Imamzadeh Hashem Amol
 * Shahandasht Waterfall
 * Shoormast Lake, Savadkuh
 * Figure King Haraz
 * Kelardasht
 * Ramedani Historical House, Sari
 * Estakhr-e-Posht Lake
 * Paband National Park
 * Mal Khast Village
 * Kiasar National Park
 * Heyrat Village
 * Sarandoon and Balandoon

Notable people
People from and/or active in Mazandaran Province or its historical region include:

Authors

 * Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (838-923), was a Tabari world historian and theologian (the most famous and widely influential person called al-Tabari).
 * Espahbod Sa'ad ad-Din Varavini who wrote the book called Marzuban-nama, and also a Divan of poetry in the Ṭabarí dialect, known as the Níkí-nama.
 * Ibn Isfandiyar, historian, author of a history of Tabaristan (Tarikh-i Tabaristan).
 * Mírzá Asadu’llah Fádil Mázandarání (1880–1957), Iranian Bahá'í scholar.
 * Musa ibn Khalil Mazandarani, 19th century Mazandarani scribe and scholar.
 * Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi
 * Manouchehr Sotoudeh
 * Parviz Natel-Khanlari
 * Ali Yachkaschi

Poetry

 * Nima Youshij
 * Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
 * Mohammad Zohari
 * Amir Pazevari
 * Taleb Amoli
 * Mina Assadi
 * Seyed Karim Amiri Firuzkuhi
 * Fereydoun Rahnema
 * Mohsen Emadi

Music

 * Gholam Hossein Banan
 * Benyamin Bahadori
 * Abdolhossein Mokhtabad
 * Delkash
 * Bijan Mortazavi
 * Mohammad Donyavi
 * Afshin
 * Benyamin Bahadori
 * Farhang Sharif
 * Parisa
 * Simin Ghanem
 * Majid Akhshabi
 * Mehdi Rajabian
 * Shervin Hajipour

Architecture

 * Omar Tiberiades (Abû Hafs 'Umar ibn al-Farrukhân al-Tabarî Amoli) (d.c. 815), Persian astrologer and architect.
 * Abolhassan Sadighi

Cinema

 * Shahab Hosseini
 * Davoud Rashidi
 * Khosrow Sinai
 * Kambiz Dirbaz
 * Ladan Mostofi
 * Mostafa Zamani
 * Mohammad Ali Sadjadi
 * Anahita Hemmati
 * Roya Nonahali
 * Irene Zazians
 * Reza Allamehzadeh
 * Abbas Amiri Moghaddam
 * Saba Kamali
 * Mohammad Hossein Mahdavian
 * Ardalan Shoja Kaveh
 * Parinaz Izadyar
 * Maryam Kavyani
 * Leyli Rashidi
 * Amrolah Saberi
 * Hossein Gil
 * Zinat Pirzadeh
 * Hossein Rajabian

Portraiture

 * Mokarrameh Ghanbari
 * Kourosh Sotoodeh
 * Towhidi Tabari
 * Abolhassan Sadighi
 * Ahmad Esfandiari

Scholars

 * Sadegh Hedayat
 * Mohammad Taqi Danesh Pajouh
 * Ahmad Ghahreman
 * Ali Yachkaschi
 * Esfandiar Esfandiari
 * Rahimberdi Annamoradnejad

History

 * Arash
 * Maziar
 * Mardavij

Science

 * Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari His stature was eclipsed by his more famous pupil, Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi.
 * Abul Hasan al-Tabari, a 10th-century Iranian physician.
 * Abu'l Tayyeb Tabari was jurisconsult, judge (qāżī), and professor of legal sciences; he was regarded by his contemporaries as one of the leading Shafeʿites of 5th/11th century Baghdad.
 * Ali Yachkaschi
 * Moslem Bahadori
 * Iraj Malekpour
 * Alireza Mashaghi
 * Pooran Farrokhzad
 * Shahrokh Meskoob
 * Al-Tabarani

Philosophy

 * Fakhr al-Din al-Razi Theologian and philosopher.
 * Farhad Rachidi

Physicians and astrologers

 * Muhammad ibn Mahmud Amuli
 * Abū Sahl al-Qūhī
 * Al-Nagawri
 * Sahl ibn Bishr
 * Muhammad ibn Ayyub Tabari
 * Yahya ibn Abi Mansur
 * Al-Nagawri
 * Tunakabuni
 * Al-Natili
 * Haseb-i Tabari

Athletics

 * Abdollah Movahed
 * Imam-Ali Habibi
 * Behdad Salimi
 * Ghasem Rezaei
 * Hassan Rangraz
 * Reza Yazdani
 * Hassan Yazdani
 * Reza Soukhteh-Saraei
 * Askari Mohammadian
 * Mehdi Taghavi
 * Komeil Ghasemi
 * Morad Mohammadi
 * Ahmad Mohammadi
 * Mehdi Hajizadeh
 * Masoud Esmaeilpour
 * Ezzatollah Akbari
 * Ali Asghar Bazri
 * Bashir Babajanzadeh
 * Kamran Ghasempour
 * Mohammad Reza Khalatbari
 * Farhad Majidi
 * Rahman Rezaei
 * Mehrdad Oladi
 * Mohsen Bengar
 * Peiman Hosseini
 * Rahman Ahmadi
 * Hossein Tavakkoli
 * Hanif Omranzadeh
 * Hadi Norouzi
 * Adel Gholami
 * Alireza Firouzja
 * Mojtaba Mirzajanpour
 * Sheys Rezaei
 * Morteza Pouraliganji
 * Mojtaba Abedini
 * Sohrab Entezari
 * Farshid Talebi
 * Mousa Nabipour
 * Shahab Gordan
 * Noshad Alamiyan
 * Sousan Hajipour
 * Mahmoud Fekri
 * Peyman Hosseini
 * Ramin Rezaeian
 * Bahador Molaei
 * Maysam Baou
 * Omid Ebrahimi
 * Morteza Mehrzad
 * Shoja Khalilzadeh
 * Omid Alishah
 * Hamed Kavianpour
 * Abbas Hajkenari
 * Kianoush Rahmati
 * Ebrahim Taghipour
 * Mohsen Yousefi
 * Javad Asghari Moghaddam
 * Manouchehr Boroumand
 * Jasem Delavari
 * Behnam Ehsanpour
 * Mehrdad Pooladi
 * Majid Torkan
 * Mohsen Karimi
 * Hamed Kavianpour
 * Farzan Ashourzadeh
 * Ahmad Mohammadi
 * Ali Alipour
 * Javad Manafi
 * Nima Alamian
 * Mohammad Reza Barari
 * Ramezan Kheder
 * Abbas Dabbaghi
 * Reza Simkhah
 * Hassan Rahnavardi
 * Babak Nourzad
 * Ali Asghar Bazri
 * Sousan Hajipour
 * Anoushiravan Nourian
 * Farshid Talebi
 * Allahyar Sayyadmanesh
 * Ahmad Mohammadi
 * Mohsen Karimi

Royalty

 * Reza Shah Pahlavi He was the Shah of Iran (Persia) from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941.
 * Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
 * Dowlatshah
 * Khayr al-Nisa Begum
 * Khurshid of Tabaristan
 * Abbas the Great Shah

Military

 * Ali Akbar Shiroodi
 * Abbas Mirza
 * Ahmad Keshvari
 * Manouchehr Khosrodad
 * Al-Mu'ayyad Ahmad
 * Sardar Rafie Yanehsari
 * Mohammad Rouyanian
 * Iskandar-i Shaykhi
 * Hossein Khalatbari
 * Bahram Aryana
 * Ahmad Keshvari
 * Massoud Monfared Niyaki
 * Jahangir IV
 * Abdollah Khajeh Nuri

Politics

 * Ali Larijani
 * Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni
 * Manuchehr Mottaki
 * Ehsan Tabari
 * Majid Rahnema
 * Hossein Ghods-Nakhai
 * Noureddin Kianouri
 * Ali-Akbar Davar
 * Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei
 * Reza Salehi Amiri
 * Hamid Reza Chitgar
 * Sadeq Larijani
 * Mohammad-Javad Larijani
 * Bagher Larijani
 * Ali Akbar Nategh-Nouri
 * Mirza Aqa Khan Nuri
 * Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat
 * Ahmad Tavakoli
 * Davoud Hermidas-Bavand
 * Sam Dastyari
 * Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat
 * Hossein Rajabian
 * Ali Kordan
 * Ahmad Moshir al-Saltaneh
 * Elaheh Koulaei
 * Abdul Karim Hashemi Nejad
 * Reza Sheykholeslam
 * Shamseddin Hosseini
 * Hassan Ghashghavi
 * Mirza Shafi Mazandarani
 * Sheikh Khalifa Mazandarani
 * Gholam Hossein Sadighi
 * Mirza Hassan Khan Esfandiary
 * Davoud Hermidas-Bavand
 * Haji Washington
 * Hossein Dadgar
 * Mirza Hassan Khan Esfandiary
 * Ali Gholi Khan Mokhber-ol Doleh
 * Musa Nuri Esfandiari
 * Ali Khan Kamal-Hedayat
 * Zeinolabedin Rahnama
 * Morteza Gholi Khan Hedayat
 * Mehdi Qoli Hedayat
 * Abdol-samad Mirza Ezz ed-Dowleh Saloor
 * Mehdi Qoli Hedayat
 * Hossein Shah-Hosseini
 * Fazel Larijani
 * Musa Nuri Esfandiari
 * Javad Saeed
 * Farhad Dejpasand
 * Anoushiravan Mohseni Bandpei
 * Kamal Hedayat
 * Abdol Amir Rashidi Haeri

Christianity

 * Hossein Fallah Noshirvani

Islamic scholars

 * Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli
 * Abdollah Javadi-Amoli
 * Mirza Hashem Amoli
 * Abd al-Qahir al-Jurjani
 * Muhammad Taqi Amoli
 * Haydar Amuli
 * Ibn Furak
 * Ali Asghar Mazandarani
 * Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi
 * Mohammad Taghi Falsafi
 * Ibn Shahr Ashub
 * Shaykh Tabarsi
 * Imad al-Din al-Tabari
 * Rustam al-Tabari
 * Abul-Abbas Qassab Amoli
 * Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari
 * Mulla Ali Kani
 * Mohaddes Nouri
 * Mirza Muhammad Taqi Noori Tabarsi
 * Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari
 * Mohammad Salih al-Mazandarani
 * Ibn al-Sheikh
 * Molla Mohammad Saleh Mazandarani

Other religions

 * Baháʼu'lláh- The founder of the Baháʼí Faith was born and grew up in Nur, Mazandaran
 * Mírzá ʻAbbás Núrí - father of Baháʼu'lláh
 * ʻAbdu'l-Bahá - son of Baháʼu'lláh
 * Daniel al-Kumisi
 * Quddús
 * Subh-i-Azal

Master

 * Kourosh Mansory
 * Gholam-Ali Soleimani
 * Farshid Moussavi
 * Maria Khorsand
 * Behdad Esfahbod
 * Hossein Fallah Noshirvani

Medical

 * Moslem Bahadori

Cuisine
The cuisine of the province is very rich in seafood due to its location by the Caspian Sea, and rice is present in virtually every meal. Mazandarani cuisine is diverse between regions; the cuisine of coastal regions is different from mountainous regions, as people in the Alborz usually use the indigenous herbs and coastal people use the dishes of fish and Caspian Mazandaran rice with vegetables.

Economy
The province is one of the 5 wealthiest in Iran. Oil wealth has stimulated industries in food processing, cement, textiles, cotton, and fishing (caviar). Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists close to 630 sites of historical and cultural significance, many of which are tourist attractions. Rice, grain, fruits, cotton, tea, tobacco, sugarcane, Flower, Mineral water, caviar, Dairy product, Meat industry and silk are produced in the lowland strip along the Caspian shore. Oil wealth has stimulated industries in food processing, cement, textiles, cotton, and fishing (caviar). Mazandaran, with 230,000 hectares of paddies, produces about one million tonnes of rice a year, or 42 percent of the country's total. Over 70 kinds of agricultural produce are grown in Mazandaran that meets 40% of domestic demand for rice and 50% of citrus fruits. The province is also the sole domestic supplier of kiwi. Mazandaran has 3,500 industrial and production units. Mazandaran is home to 460,000 hectares of farmland producing around 6 million tons of agro products annually. Over 10% of value-added in Iran's agriculture sector is generated in Mazandaran province.

The textile industry included 212 large and small industrial units operating in the province in 1995. These include the Mazandaran's nassaji company, based in Qaemshahr, the Chitsazi factory of Behshahr, the Gooni bafi of Mahmudabad, and the Chukha factory of Sari. Some of these industrial units are no longer active because of issues happened after being transferred to the private sector in 1990s and 2000s.

Export
Germany, Russia, Iraq, France Turkey, Kazakhstan, India, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, Belarus, Italy, Bahrain, Pakistan, Switzerland Ukraine, United States, Spain, Netherlands and Central Asian countries were Mazandaran's main export destinations during the period. The province in 2017 exported close to $800 million worth of goods. In the previous year totally about 800 million dollars of non-oil goods produced in Mazandaran were exported, half of which were exported from customs outside the province. In 2017 year main exports from the province consisted of dairy products (57%), food products (12%), industrial commodities (10%), pipes and profiles (8%) and cement (7%).

Station
Mazandaran is also a fast-growing centre for tourist, innovation, biotechnology and civil engineering.

Gas and oil
From 1951 to 1978, and particularly after the formation of National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), the first exploration well was spudded. Up to 1970, 16 wells had been drilled near mud volcanoes. All these wells produced only natural gas and technical studies showed that continuation of these operations would be uneconomical. 10 thousand tons export oil and Uncertain amount of gas exported to Asian countries from Mazandaran.

Statistics

 * 9th rank industrial units Iran
 * 5th rank general industry Iran
 * 4th rank tooling machines Iran
 * 2nd rank coal Iran
 * 1st rank livestock and agricultural products Iran
 * 1st rank granite Iran
 * 1st rank fluorine Iran
 * 1st rank flowers and ornamental plants Iran
 * 1st rank citrus exports Iran
 * 1st rank food products exports Iran

Colleges and universities
Main universities of Mazandaran:
 * University of Mazandaran, Babolsar
 * Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari
 * Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol
 * Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol
 * Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari
 * Shomal University, Amol
 * Allameh Mohaddes Nouri University, Nur
 * Imam Khomeini Naval University, Nowshahr
 * University of Science and Technology of Mazandaran, Behshahr
 * Iran University of Science and Technology, Nur

Sports
With 7 gold, 4 silver and 4 bronze medals, Mazandaran has won 19% of Iran's medals in the Olympics, which is the largest share among Iran's medals in the Olympics. For the past several years Mazandaran has generated a consistent stream of Wrestling. Football and volleyball are two other popular sports that have a lot of players in the Premier League and the national team. Weightlifting, Taekwondo, table tennis, boxing, kickboxing, kung fu, karate, rally car are other successful sports in the province. Kalleh Mazandaran VC, Shamoushak Noshahr F.C. and F.C. Nassaji Mazandaran are three famous teams in the province. Kalleh have twice won the Iranian Volleyball Super League Championship and once the AVC Championship.

Athletes in Olympics
List of Mazandaran athletes who won medals in the Olympics:

Sister provinces

 * 🇷🇺 Astrakhan
 * 🇮🇹 Marche
 * Dar es Salaam
 * 🇰🇬 Issyk-Kul
 * Mekong Delta

title: Mazandaran province


text:
Talk:Ilkley

Suggestion for slight changes including the addition of an events section
I've recently added a reference to the upcoming Ilkley Beer Festival which is being organised by Ilkley Round Table. I have placed the item after the reference to the Literature Festival which seemed a logical place.

It begs question of whether there ought to be an Events subsection to the Culture and Attractions section. This would probably necessitate some slight reorganisation of certain event information already listed. For example highlighting the Literature Festival which currently is somewhat lost - after all it is the third most important event of it kind in the UK now.

Other major events that spring to mind include; The Ilkley Carnival, The Ilkley Summer Festival, The Complementary Medicine Festival, The Lions Charity Bonfire, Ilkley Playhouse productions, not to mention The Upstagers. This list is not exhaustive and I would invite other contributors to add to it.

Whilst proposing this change might I also suggest reorganisation of page generally. For instance, shouldn’t Education have it own section, rather than be included in the Culture section?

Having had a look at Leeds, it does seem better structured. Pdriver 11:44, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes to all of that. Be bold, but thanks for consulting. --Tagishsimon (talk) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Tagishsimon (talk • contribs) 11:55, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Suggest having a look at WP:UKCITIES which gives layout for UK settlement articles. Keith D 12:21, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

Question
What the 'ecky thump is a Hydro? Also is it really necessary to point out that Ilkley doesn't lie in the middle of Ilkley Moor? I mean how many places do? Bagpuss

A Hydrotherapy spa is where people go to get various treatments involving cold water to make them better. The Ben Rhydding Hydro Spa was built in Wheatley (Now known as Ben Rhydding, because the hydro spa paid for the station to be built and chose that name or something). The old gate posts can still be seen. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.47.215.123 (talk) 18:27, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Notable residents
The Notable residents list seems a little long!! Who are all these minor celebs? Can we remove this section it makes ilkley look like it is a hang-out for z-list celebs!! the previous unsigned comment by IP 82.47.148.3 on 21:25, 23 May 2006

 * Well I would personally consider that if the person has not got their own page then they have not passed the test of Notability so need not be included. Similarly while Gomez are notable the fact that they recorded an album in Ilkley is not mentioned on their page & therefore is probably not notable. Conversley perhaps Ilkley does attract minor celebrities after a quiet life? If the section gets too big then it could get split into a page of it's own but I don't think its got that far yet.MGSpiller 22:44, 23 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Other individual entries are suspect, such as Richard Whitely, who lived in the next town along, Burley in Wharfedale. Apparantly he has some (unspecified) "connection" with the town. --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * Where has this list gone? Notable residents include Alan Titchmarsh, Richard Whiteley and Clive Hornby, all of which where either from Ilkley or lived there for a significant amount of time. andylaw31 14:26, 7 February 2009

 * It got separated out as List of people from Ilkley, and linked from "See also". It would be common practice to have a short "Notable people from Ilkley" section with a list to this fuller list, as that way it shows up in the Table of Contents where readers expect to see it.  Also needs Charles Darwin added - temporary resident, very notable this year, and commemorated in a garden on the edge of the Moor. PamD (talk) 18:51, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

 * As Pam says it was moved out, one reason for this is none of the entries in the list were referenced as to their connection to Ilkley. A short prose section giving the most notable people would be in order, if it is referenced correctly. The sub-article could then be referenced using the main template to make it more visible to users as is done in other articles. Keith D (talk) 22:25, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

When is something in Ilkley and when is it not?
How strict do we want to be? Example: Westville House School has just been added. This school is actually in the Washburn ward of Harrogate Local Authority. Can it really be said, therefore, to be an Ilkley school? Yes, it's near Ilkley, but then so is Addingham, etc. Of course, if we go down the strict route we'll have to remove other stuff (most probably Ghyll Royd school, some Notable residents, etc). What are your thoughts? --Richardob 17:31, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd go for a strict definition, since we can afford to have articles on 'dingham, &c. Even Washburn. Wherever that is. Anything, in short, to remove Richard Whitely (ex resident of Burley Woodhead) from the notables list. Methinks the bounds of Ilkley might be Ilkley, Ben Rhydding & Middleton. The only counter-indication is the geographical scope of Ilkley Parish (assuming there is such a thing). To where does that extend? --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * I noticed you weren't keen on Richard Whitely being listed as an Ilkley notable. But the fact is, he lived in the Parish of Ilkley. He lived in Burley Woodhead, part of the Rombalds ward, the north part of which was in Ilkley Civil Parish before 2006. Last year, Burley and Menston formed their own parishes which meant the boundary of Ilkley CP was reduced to the Ilkley ward. But that's why obituaries like this one say he's from Ilkley. That's why many Burley-in-Wharfedale, Burley Woodhead, and Menston residents give their addresses as, for example, 99 Wonderful Road, Menston, Ilkley. The Ilkley page documents Ilkley as town and as civil parish. I've recently clarified the situation on the page. I'm happy to clarify which part of the parish Mr Whitely was from. Thoughts? --Richardob 00:17, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * On Whitely, I'd be more convinced if he appeared on a Burley in Wharfedale page, since I associate Burley Woodhead with BiW more than with Ilkley. And in my universe a Menston person should feature on the Menston page. It's somewhat a principle of subsidiarity ... Ilkley may have been his parish, but there are pages to describe the parish's subdivisions (Ben Rhydding, Menston, Burley) and content, again in my universe, should be pushed down to the lowest level. High Royds (sp) should not appear as an Ilkley hospital. (I guess that's closed too by now?). In sum, I concede the pre-2006 parish argument but counter with the subsidiarity argument. (And for the avoidance of doubt, am I right in thinking that the northern part of the Rombalds Ward which fell inside the Ilkley parish boundary was BiW & Menston ... what comprised the rest of the ward. (I think we might be able to tighten up the paragraph defining the parish - I come away from it with a nagging doubt that I understand it fully.)) Ah. But you've pointed me to maps now. I'll go look. --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * Thanks for your comments on subsidiarity. Unfortunately I'm not sure it's quite that simple. Relationships between subsidaries are, in my opinion, much more complicated. Let me demonstrate my point with an example. The very existence of the Ben Rhydding page suggests a certain nobility, that BR has a fairy important and distinctive history of its own that ought to be documented on its own terms (on a separate page). I'm all for this. Ben Rhydding can be seen as a village in its own right, emerging from the hamlet of Wheatley, taking its newer name from the hydro, etc, etc. It seems to me that if we exercised the sort of subsidiarity that you are arguing for we would, at once, remove as much to do with BR from the Ilkley page as possible (apart from bare facts, that it falls in the civil parish, etc). But Ilkley and BR, as I'm sure you'll agree, has a much more complicated relationship than that, which is why the Ilkley page documents stuff to do with BR and why I'm also not about to remove the BR schools and churches from the Ilkley page. To not talk of BR on the Ilkley page and to not talk of Ilkley on the BR page would be to lose a sense of perspective or context. It is on a similar basis that Mr Whitely is included. He had a relationship with Ilkley. Yes, there's the technical point that he lived in Ilkley Parish, there's also the point that he was known as an Ilkley man (as many newspaper articles testify). He himself said he lived on Ilkley moor (not the same as Ilkley, but again, a testiment to an Ilkley relationship). From a personal perspective, I lost count of the number of times I saw Whitely in the supermarket doing his weekly shop and the number of times he was involved with Ilkley activities, like the opening of the bandstand (see Ilkley Gazette). Whilst I think we're both now advocating strictness, surely this is another example of where to employ the strictest of subsidiarity would be to lose a sense of perspective. Peace, brother. --Richardob 02:21, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yup, you speak sooth. I'm content to leave him in the list. --Tagishsimon (talk)

 * I forgot to respond to your point on Middleton. What do you mean by the "bounds of Ilkley" including Middleton? What relationship do Ilkley and Middleton have that Ilkley and Addingham don't? Middleton isn't in the parish (until like Burley Woodhead pre-2006. By the way, this page has a small map showing the boundary of Ilkley CP in 2001. And this one shows the boundary of Middleton CP. I've only just learnt that it's got one!). What I will say is this: Middleton is an absolutely tiny hamlet. 99% of Westville House pupils will probably come from Ilkley, Addingham, Burley, etc, so you could still list WH on the basis of this relationship. I still think the strict approach is tidier. I found it very interesting that you added Ghyll Royd (in Burley) after your comments on Mr Whitely. :-) --Richardob 00:52, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes, totally guilty as charged on the Ghyll Royd issue. And I accept that Middleton is not in the parish, but it feels like part of Ilkley, non? (Actually, non. I'm probably mistaking Curly Hill for Middleton, having looked at the CP maps). The parish boundary was all but invisible to me when I scribbled my last note. That said, I have nothing particular I want to say about Middleton in the Ilkley article, so I'm happy to withdraw that from my examples of "in the bounds of Ilkley". I'd be more tempted to relax the rules for schools, since they're more likely (in my imagination) to be used by people who want to know what schools service the town, rather than which are strictly in the town; so would put a qualifier of BW or Middleton. (That said, I have no ready explanation for stopping at those two schools and not adding St. Mary's Menston or Bradford Grammar.) But I'm neither fussed nor very convinced by my own argument ... hapy to go strict with schools. --Tagishsimon (talk)

The Swastika Stone, a rock carving believed to be 3-4,000 years old
http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=en&safe=active&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-GB%3Aofficial&hs=wWN&q=swastika+stone+ilkley+iron+age&btnG=Search&meta= suggests that it may be iron age.

http://www.stone-circles.org.uk/stone/swastikastone.htm isn't sure. We could do with an archaeologist giving some probabilities on the age. -- Chris Q 14:03, 24 January 2007 (UTC)

Quick review
Nice work on the article in recent weeks in getting it ready for a GA review, much appreciated. A few points that could possibly help it along. Keith D (talk) 18:05, 11 June 2009 (UTC)
 * A good representative static image in the infobox would be useful. Could try this one.
 * In the lead the population figure needs clarifying, state that it is the 2001 census figure.
 * Distances & heights in the Geography section could do with converting with Convert template.
 * The Geography & Governance sections needs some references.

 * Importantly, there's at least one [citation needed] tag that needs resolving, and some stubby sections such as economy, demography, and transport need expanding. There is a lot more that could be added to those sections (take a look at some of WP:UKGEO's Good and Featured Articles for ideas). Nev1 (talk) 18:16, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

 * The inclusion of lists in the Schools and Places of worship sections may also cause problems with reviewers.--Harkey (talk) 07:17, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

 * List has now been removed for Places of worship and converted to prose. --Richardob (talk) 19:12, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Good work so far.WP:UKTOWNS has some more pointers.--Harkey (talk) 20:45, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Duplication
Thanks to those who have added to the article since I nominated it for GA status. However, I'm concerned that quite a bit of what has been added to the Economy section is duplicating what already exists in the Culture and attractions section (such as the stuff about Bettys and shopping). Whilst the Economy section needs to be expanded, it needs new verifiable material and I am keen to remove the "offending" items asap unless there is reason not to. I hope this won't cause offence. --Richardob (talk) 21:04, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Fine. I was just keen to emphasise that these activities are part of the economy. There are several hotels as well as B&B, holiday cottages, etc which generate income for the town.--Harkey (talk) 06:59, 12 June 2009 (UTC)

 * I can add some statistics on employment rates and industry of employment (see Sale, Greater Manchester) if it helps. Nev1 (talk) 21:14, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Excellent! Please do. I've been wanting something just like that. :-) --Richardob (talk) 21:34, 11 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry it's taken a while, but I've finally got round to adding some stats to the economy section. Do they read ok? Nev1 (talk) 19:39, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

 * Nice one, Nev. :-) They're excellent and really do a good job at developing the Economy section. Thanks. --Richardob (talk) 20:03, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

Photos of the stone circles
Request, please. Llywelyn2000 (talk) 02:48, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Unsure exactly what you are after here, are you just asking for a photo for yourself or for one to be added to this page? If the latter it may be best to go on the Ilkley Moor page. Nevertheless there are 2 photos that can be used on the Geograph project here. Keith D (talk) 11:15, 7 August 2009 (UTC)

Sports section
The sports section was becoming very list-like, with people just adding in any sports teams without references. I've tidied it up abit (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilkley&action=historysubmit&diff=354997076&oldid=354838203) but it still needs a bit of work. Jorgesca (talk) 18:57, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Might it be worth moving the lido part from culture to the sports section and expanding it to mention the other facilities there, then just mention it is a tourist attraction in culture/attractions? Jorgesca (talk) 18:59, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

 * There's a debate to be had about whether we're better off having bullet-point lists or prose of the sort you've made a start on. It's not clear to me that either is a better option. But I'm happy that you've made a move to improve the section, and I've noodled around in it just now. I think a concern for me is whether the Nordic Walking School has any place in the list ... I guess that's because it is commercial rather than a club or a public facility, hence for me smelling of spam, but my view may be a little extreme. Meanwhile I've started to make reference to the public facilities. --Tagishsimon (talk) 19:45, 9 April 2010 (UTC)

Hi, I added an update to sports for Ilkley Town AFC with links to club and the their league system. Hope that’s OK Neil1904 (talk) 06:45, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

Bradford Olicana = Ilkley Rugby Football Club?
Is Bradford Olicana rugby club mentioned in the 1900 Home Nations Championship article, the same club as Ilkley Rugby Football Club? Best Regards. DynamoDegsy (talk) 12:31, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Is there something stopping you reading the article yourself to locate the answer to your question? Richard Harvey (talk) 15:26, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

 * A slightly odd response as neither the 1900 Home Nations Championship nor Ilkley articles have anything about the history of Ilkley Rugby Football Club. DynamoDegsy (talk) 18:42, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

 * According to http://www.ilkleyrfc.co.uk/PDFs/History%20-%20web%20site.pdf the club was sometimes referred to as Ilkley Olicana in the pre-1900 period. There's no mention of their playing in the 1900 Home Nations Championship. So the jury must be out, sadly. --Tagishsimon (talk) 19:04, 1 November 2011 (UTC)

Thank you Tagishsimon for the link to the The History of Ilkley Rugby Football Union Club PDF. Although there isn't any mention of Bradford Olicana in the PDF, there is mention of Ilkley Olicana and Olicana Rugby Club, with Olicana thought to be the Roman fort Ilkley is built upon, it is likley that Bradford Olicana was an Ilkley rugby club, but whether they are direct descendents of Ilkley Rugby Football Club is still uncertain. Some research into the rugby footballer Arthur Cockerham (possibly born January→March 1876 in Bradford district) may offer more light. Best Regards. DynamoDegsy (talk) 08:52, 2 November 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 7 one external links on Ilkley. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080705022113/http://www.ilkley.org:80/parishcouncil/about.htm to http://www.ilkley.org/parishcouncil/about.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20081227235715/http://www.ilkley.org:80/govment/ukmp.htm to http://www.ilkley.org/govment/ukmp.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110604051600/http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6098719&c=ilkley&d=14&e=15&g=379186&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1244561983063&enc=1&dsFamilyId=276 to http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=6098719&c=ilkley&d=14&e=15&g=379186&i=1001x1003x1004&o=1&m=0&r=1&s=1244561983063&enc=1&dsFamilyId=276
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Governance
I made some minor changes to add some headings. Also added a Ward map and link to CBMDC Profile. I was planning to identify a reference for each section and move the previous/historic section to the bottom of Governance. Thoughts? Neil1904 (talk) 06:53, 2 August 2020 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ilkley


text:
Psychological testing

Psychological testing refers to the administration of psychological tests. Psychological tests are administered or scored by trained evaluators. A person's responses are evaluated according to carefully prescribed guidelines. Scores are thought to reflect individual or group differences in the construct the test purports to measure. The science behind psychological testing is psychometrics.

Psychological tests
According to Anastasi and Urbina, psychological tests involve observations made on a "carefully chosen sample [emphasis authors] of an individual's behavior." A psychological test is often designed to measure unobserved constructs, also known as latent variables. Psychological tests can include a series of tasks, problems to solve, and characteristics (e.g., behaviors, symptoms) the presence of which the respondent affirms/denies to varying degrees. Psychological tests can include questionnaires and interviews. Questionnaire- and interview-based scales typically differ from psychoeducational tests, which ask for a respondent's maximum performance. Questionnaire- and interview-based scales, by contrast, ask for the respondent's typical behavior. Symptom and attitude tests are more often called scales. A useful psychological test/scale must be both valid, i.e., show evidence that the test or scale measures what it is purported to measure, ) and reliable, i.e., show evidence of consistency across items and raters and over time, etc.

It is important that people who are equal on the measured construct (e.g., mathematics ability, depression) have an approximately equal probability of answering a test item accurately or acknowledging the presence of a symptom. An example of an item on a mathematics test that might be used in the United Kingdom but not the United States could be the following: "In a football match two players get a red card; how many players are left on the pitch?" This item requires knowledge of football (soccer) to be answered correctly, not just mathematical ability. Thus, group membership can influence the probability of correctly answering items, as encapsulated in the concept of differential item functioning. Often tests are constructed for a specific population and the nature of that population should be taken into account when administering tests outside that population. A test should be invariant between relevant subgroups (e.g., demographic groups) within a larger population. For example, for a test to be used in the United Kingdom, the test and its items should have approximately the same meaning for British males and females. That invariance does not necessarily apply to similar groups in another population, such as males and females in the United States or between populations, for example, the populations of the UK and the US. In test construction, it is important to establish invariance at least for the subgroups of the population of interest.

Psychological assessment is similar to psychological testing but usually involves a more comprehensive assessment of the individual. According to the American Psychological Association, psychological assessment involves the collection and integration of data for the purpose of evaluating an individual’s "behavior, abilities, and other characteristics." Each assessment is a process that involves integrating information from multiple sources, such as personality inventories, ability tests, symptom scales, interest inventories, and attitude scales, as well as information from personal interviews. Collateral information can also be collected from occupational records or medical histories; information can also be obtained from parents, spouses, teachers, friends, or past therapists or physicians. One or more psychological tests are sources of information used within the process of assessment. Many psychologists conduct assessments when providing services. Psychological assessment is a complex, detailed, in-depth process. Examples of assessments include providing a diagnosis, identifying a learning disability in schoolchildren, determining if a defendant is  mentally competent,  and selecting job applicants.

History
The first large-scale tests may have been part of the imperial examination system in China. The tests, an early form of psychological testing, assessed candidates based on their proficiency in topics such as civil law and fiscal policies. Early tests of intelligence were made for entertainment rather than analysis. Modern mental testing began in France in the 19th century. It contributed to identifying individuals with intellectual disabilities for the purpose of humanely providing them with an alternative form of education.

Englishman Francis Galton coined the terms psychometrics and eugenics. He developed a method for measuring intelligence based on nonverbal sensory-motor tests. The test was initially popular but was abandoned. In 1905 French psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon published the Échelle métrique de l'Intelligence (Metric Scale of Intelligence), known in English-speaking countries as the Binet–Simon test. The test focused heavily on verbal ability. Binet and Simon intended that the test be used to aid in identifying schoolchildren who were intellectually challenged, which in turn would pave the way for providing the children with professional help. The Binet-Simon test became the foundation for the later-developed Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales.

The origins of personality testing date back to the 18th and 19th centuries, when phrenology was the basis for assessing personality characteristics. Phrenology, a pseudoscience, involved assessing personality by way of skull measurement. Early pseudoscientific techniques eventually gave way to empirical methods. One of the earliest modern personality tests was the Woodworth Personal Data Sheet, a self-report inventory developed during World War I to be used by the United States Army for the purpose of screening potential soldiers for mental health problems and identifying victims of shell shock (the instrument was completed too late to be used for the purposes it was designed for). The Woodworth Inventory, however, became the forerunner of many later personality tests and scales.

Principles
The development of a psychological test requires careful research. Some of the elements of test development involve the following:
 * Standardization - All procedures and steps must be conducted with consistency from one testing site/testing occasion to another. Examiner subjectivity is minimized (see objectivity next). Major standardized tests are normed on large try-out samples in order to understand what constitutes high, low, and intermediate scores.
 * Objectivity - Scoring such that subjective judgments and biases are minimized; scores are obtained in a similar manner for every test taker (see below).
 * Discrimination - Scores on a test should discriminate members of extreme groups; for example, each subscale of the original MMPI distinguished hospitalized patients suffering from mental illness and members of a well comparison group.
 * Test Norms - Part of the standardization of large-scale tests (see above). Norms help psychologists learn about individual differences. For example, a normed personality scale can help psychologists understand how some people are high in negative affectivity (NA) and others are low or intermediate in NA. With many psychoeducational tests, test norms allow educators and psychologists obtain an age- or grade-referenced percentile rank, for example, in reading achievement.
 * Reliability - Refers to test or scale consistency. It is important that individuals score about the same if they take a test and an alternate form of the test or if they take the same test twice, within a short time window. Reliability also refers to response consistency from test item to test item.
 * Validity - Refers to evidence that demonstrates that a test or scale measures what it is purported to measure.

Sample of behavior
The term sample of behavior refers to an individual's performance on tasks that have usually been prescribed beforehand. For example, a spelling test for middle school students cannot include all the words in the vocabularies of middle schoolers because there are thousands of words in their lexicon; a middle school spelling test must include only a sample of words in their vocabulary. The samples of behavior must be reasonably representative of the behavior in question. The samples of behavior that make up a paper-and-pencil test, the most common type of psychological test, are written into the test items. Total performance on the items produces a test score. A score on a well-constructed test is believed to reflect a psychological construct such as achievement in a school subject like vocabulary or mathematics knowledge, cognitive ability, dimensions of personality such as introversion/extraversion, etc. Differences in test scores are thought to reflect individual differences in the construct the test is purported to measure.

Types
There are several broad categories of psychological tests:

Achievement tests
Achievement tests assess an individual's knowledge in a subject domain. Some academic achievement tests are designed to be administered by a trained evaluator. By contrast, group achievement tests are often administered by a teacher. A score on an achievement test is believed to reflect the individual's knowledge of a subject area.

There are generally two types of achievement tests, norm-referenced and criterion-referenced tests. Most achievement tests are norm-referenced. The individual's responses are scored according to standardized protocols and the results can be compared to the results of a norming group. Norm-referenced tests can be used to underline individual differences, that is to say, to compare each test-taker to every other test-taker. By contrast, the purpose of criterion referenced achievement tests is ascertain whether the test-taker mastered a predetermined body of knowledge rather than to compare the test-taker to everyone else who took the test. These types of tests are often a component of a mastery-based classroom.

The Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement is an example of an individually administered achievement test for students.

Aptitude tests
Psychological tests have been designed to measure abilities, both specific (e.g., clerical skill like the Minnesota Clerical Test) and general abilities (e.g., traditional IQ tests such as the Stanford-Binet or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale). A widely used, but brief, aptitude test used in business is the Wonderlic Test. Aptitude tests have been used in assessing specific abilities or the general ability of potential new employees (the Wonderlic was once used by the NFL). Aptitude tests have also been used for career guidance.

Evidence suggests that aptitude tests like IQ tests are sensitive to past learning and are not pure measures of untutored ability. The SAT, which used to be called the Scholastic Aptitude Test, had its named changed because performance on the test is sensitive to training.

Attitude scales
An attitude scale assesses an individual's disposition regarding an event (e.g., a Supreme Court decision), person (e.g., a governor), concept (e.g., wearing face masks during a pandemic), organization (e.g., the Boy Scouts), or object (e.g., nuclear weapons) on a unidimensional favorable-unfavorable attitude continuum. Attitude scales are used in marketing to determine individuals' preferences for brands. Historically social psychologists have developed attitude scales to assess individuals' attitudes toward the United Nations and race relations. Typically Likert scales are used in attitude research. Historically, the Thurstone scale was used prior to the development of the Likert scale. The Likert scale has largely supplanted the Thurstone scale.

Biographical Information Blank
The Biographical Information Blanks or BIB is a paper-and-pencil form that includes items that ask about detailed personal and work history. It is used to aid in the hiring of employees by matching the backgrounds of individuals to requirements of the job.

Clinical tests
The purpose of clinical tests is to assess the presence of symptoms of psychopathology. Examples of clinical assessments include the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-IV, Child Behavior Checklist, Symptom Checklist 90 and the Beck Depression Inventory.

Many large-scale clinical tests are normed. For example, scores on the MMPI are rescaled such that 50 is the middlemost score on the MMPI Depression scale and 60 is a score that places the individual one standard deviation above the mean for depressive symptoms; 40 represents a symptom level that is one standard deviation below the mean.

Criterion-referenced
A criterion-referenced test is an achievement test in a specific knowledge domain. An individual's performance on the test is compared to a criterion. Test-takers are not compared to each other. A passing score, i.e., the criterion performance, is established by the teacher or an educational institution. Criterion-referenced tests are part and parcel of mastery based education.

Direct observation
Psychological assessment can involve the observation of people as they engage in activities. This type of assessment is usually conducted with families in a laboratory or at home. Sometimes the observation can involve children in a classroom or the schoolyard. The purpose may be clinical, such as to establish a pre-intervention baseline of a child's hyperactive or aggressive classroom behaviors or to observe the nature of parent-child interaction in order to understand a relational disorder. Time sampling methods are also part of direct observational research. The reliability of observers in direct observational research can be evaluated using Cohen's kappa. The Parent-Child Interaction Assessment-II (PCIA) is an example of a direct observation procedure that is used with school-age children and parents. The parents and children are video recorded playing at a make-believe zoo. The Parent-Child Early Relational Assessment is used to study parents and young children and involves a feeding and a puzzle task. The MacArthur Story Stem Battery (MSSB) is used to elicit narratives from children. The Dyadic Parent-Child Interaction Coding System-II tracks the extent to which children follow the commands of parents and vice versa and is well suited to the study of children with Oppositional Defiant Disorders and their parents.

Interest inventories
Psychological tests include interest inventories. These tests are used primarily for career counseling. Interest inventories include items that ask about the preferred activities and interests of people seeking career counseling. The rationale is that if the individual's activities and interests are similar to the modal pattern of activities and interests of people who are successful in a given occupation, then the chances are high that the individual would find satisfaction in that occupation. A widely used instrument is the Strong Interest Inventory, which is used in career assessment, career counseling, and educational guidance.

Neuropsychological tests
Neuropsychological tests are designed to assess behaviors that are linked to brain structure and function. An examiner, following strict pre-set procedures, administers the test to a single person in a quiet room largely free of distractions. An example of a widely-used neuropsychological test is the Stroop test.

Norm-referenced tests
Items on norm-referenced tests have been tried out on a norming group and scores on the test can be classified as high, medium, or low and the gradations in between. These tests allow for the study of individual differences. Scores on norm-referenced achievement tests are associated with percentile ranks vis-á-vis other individuals who are the test-taker's age or grade.

Personality tests
Personality tests assess constructs that are thought to be the constituents of personality. Examples of personality constructs include traits in the Big Five, such as introversion-extroversion and conscientiousness. Personality constructs are thought to be dimensional. Personality measures are used in research and in the selection of employees. They include self-report and observer-report scales. Examples of norm-referenced personality tests include the NEO-PI, the 16PF Questionnaire, the Occupational Personality Questionnaires, and the Five-Factor Personality Inventory.

The International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) scales assess the same traits that the NEO and other personality scales assess. All IPIP scales and items are in the public domain and, therefore, are available free of charge.

Projective tests
Projective testing originated in the first half of the 1900s. The idea animating projective tests is that the examinee is thought to project hidden aspects of his or her personality, including unconscious content, onto the ambiguous stimuli presented in the test. Examples of projective tests include Rorschach test, Thematic apperception test, and the Draw-A-Person test. Available evidence, however, suggests that projective tests have limited validity.

Psychological symptom scales

 * Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), there is a fee to use the BDI.
 * Beck Hopelessness Scale, there is a fee to use the scale.
 * Bortner Type A Scale
 * Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)
 * Children's Depression Inventory (CDI & CDI-2)
 * Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS)
 * General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)
 * Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7)
 * Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) Unlike most other psychological symptom scales listed in this section, clinicians use this scale to help evaluate the mental health of people, usually under treatment, who have been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder; it is not used with the general population samples.
 * Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) Unlike most other psychological symptom symptom scales listed in this section, clinicians use this scale to help evaluate the mental health of people, usually under treatment, who have been diagnosed with a depressive disorder; it is not used with the general population samples.
 * Harburg Anger-In/Anger-Out Scale
 * Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL)
 * Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
 * Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) Assesses Type A/B behavior
 * Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6 and K10, 6- and 10-item symptom scales)
 * Midtown Study Screening Instrument
 * Multidimensional Anger Inventory (MAI)
 * Occupational Depression Inventory
 * Perceived Stress Scale
 * Patient Health Questionnaire–nine-item depression scale (PHQ-9)
 * Penn State Worry Questionnaire
 * Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS)
 * Profile of Mood States (POMS)
 * Psychiatric Epidemiology Research Interview (PERI)
 * Psychosomatic Complaints Scale
 * Psychotic Symptoms Subscale
 * PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5)
 * Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale Although first designed for adolescents, the scale has been extensively used with adults.
 * UCLA Loneliness Scale
 * Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale
 * Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale

Public safety employment tests
Vocations within the public safety field (e.g., fire service, law enforcement, corrections, emergency medical services) are often required to take industrial or organizational psychological tests for initial employment and promotion. The National Firefighter Selection Inventory, the National Criminal Justice Officer Selection Inventory, and the Integrity Inventory are prominent examples of these tests.

Sources of psychological tests
Thousands of psychological tests have been developed. Some were produced by commercial testing companies that charge for their use. Others have been developed by researchers, and can be found in the academic research literature. Tests to assess specific psychological constructs can be found by conducting a database search. Some databases are open access, for example, Google Scholar (although many tests found in the Google Scholar database are not free of charge). Other databases are proprietary, for example, PsycINFO, but are available through university libraries and many public libraries (e.g., the Brooklyn Public Library and the New York Public Library).

There are online archives available that contain tests on various topics.

 * APA PsycTests. Requires subscription
 * Mental Measurements Yearbook - a non-profit that provides independent reviews of thousands of distinct psychological tests.
 * Assessment Psychology Online has links to dozens of tests for clinical assessment.
 * International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) contains items to assess more than 100 personality traits including Five Factor Model.
 * Organization of Work: Measurement Tools for Research and Practice. NIOSH site devoted to Occupational Health and Safety

Test security
Many psychological and psychoeducational tests are not available to the public. Test publishers put restrictions on who has access to the test. Psychology licensing boards also restrict access to the tests used in licensing psychologists. Test publishers hold that both copyright and professional ethics require them to protect the tests. Publishers sell tests only to people who have proved their educational and professional qualifications. Purchasers are legally bound not to give test answers or the tests themselves to members of the public unless permitted by the publisher.

The International Test Commission (ITC), an international association of national psychological societies and test publishers, publishes the International Guidelines for Test Use, which prescribes measures to take to "protect the integrity" of the tests by not publicly describing test techniques and by not "coaching individuals" so that they "might unfairly influence their test performance."

title: Psychological testing


text:
Parni

The Parni (Πάρνοι, Parnoi), Aparni (Ἄπαρνοι, Aparnoi) or Parnians were an East Iranian people who lived around the Ochus  (Ὧχος Okhos) (Tejen) River, southeast of the Caspian Sea. It is believed that their original homeland may have been what is now southern Russia, from where they emigrated with other Scythian tribes. The Parni were one of the three tribes of the Dahae confederacy.

In the middle of the 3rd century BCE, the Parni invaded Parthia, "drove away the Greek satraps, who had then only just acquired independence, and founded a new dynasty", that of the Arsacids.

Historical identity and location
There is no unambiguous evidence of the Parni in native Iranian language sources,cf. and all references to these people come from Greek and Latin accounts. In these accounts, which are not necessarily contemporaneous, it is difficult to unambiguously identify references to the Parni due to inconsistency of Greek/Latin naming and transliteration, and/or the similarity to names of other tribes such as the Sparni or Apartani and the Eparnoi or Asparioi. It may also be that the Parni are related to one or more of these other tribes, and that "their original homeland may have been southern Russia from where they emigrated with other Scythian tribes."

The location of the Parni Dahae immediately south-east of the Caspian Sea was derived from by Strabo's Geographica (Book 11, 1st century BCE). The ethnonym of the Dahae was the root of the later placename Dahestan or Dihistan – a region straddling the present regions of Turkmenistan and Iran. So little is known of the Dahae, including the Parni, that – in the words of A. D. H. Bivar – even the location and name of their capital city "if indeed they possessed one" is unknown. A later archaeological site in the region, known as Dehistan/Mishrian, is located in the Balkan Region of Turkmenistan.

Language
The language of the Parni is not directly attested but is assumed to be one of the eastern substrates of the subsequently recorded Parthian language, which the Parni eventually adopted. To the "incoming Parni may be ascribed a form of speech showing a strong east Iranian element, resulting from their proximity on the steppe to east Iranian Sakas." Through the influence of the Parthians in Armenia, traces of the Parni language survive as "loan-words in Armenian."

The language of the Parni "was described by Justin as 'midway between Scythian and Median [and] contained features of both'" (41.1.10). Justin's late (3rd century) opinion is "no doubt slightly exaggerated," and is in any case of questionable veracity given the ambiguity of names.

Rise to prominence
In 247 BCE, Andragoras, the Seleucid governor (satrap) of Parthia ("roughly western Khurasan") proclaimed independence from the Seleucids, when—following the death of Antiochus II—Ptolemy III seized control of the Seleucid capital at Antioch, and "so left the future of the Seleucid dynasty for a moment in question."

Meanwhile, "a man called Arsaces, of Scythian or Bactrian origin, [was] elected leader of the Parni tribes." Following the secession of Parthia from the Seleucid Empire and the resultant loss of Seleucid military support, Andragoras had difficulty in maintaining his borders, and about 238 BCE—under the command of "Arsaces and his brother Tiridates"—the Parni invaded Parthia and seized control of Astabene (Astawa), the northern region of that territory, the administrative capital of which was Kabuchan (Kuchan in the vulgate).

A short while later, the Parni seized the rest of Parthia from Andragoras, killing him in the process. Although an initial punitive expedition by the Seleucids under Seleucus II was not successful, the Seleucids under Antiochus III recaptured Arsacid-controlled territory following the Battle of Mount Labus in 209 BCE from Arsaces' (or Tiridates') successor, Arsaces II. Arsaces II sued for peace and accepted vassal status, and it was not until Arsaces II's grandson (or grand-nephew) Phraates I, that the Arsacids/Parni would again begin to assert their independence.

For the historiographers upon whose documentation the reconstruction of early Arsacid history depends, the Parni had by then become indistinguishable from the Parthians.

Legacy
The seizure of Astabene in 238 BCE nominally marks the beginning of the Arsacid era, which is named after Arsaces, and the name adopted by all Parthian kings. The Arsacid dynasts laid claim to descent from Artaxerxes II. Beginning from Astabene and Parthia (which would subsequently be extended southwards to include much of present-day Sistan), the Arsacids gradually subjugated many of the neighboring kingdoms, most of which were thereafter controlled as vassalries. Beginning with the successful revolt - in 224 CE - of an erstwhile vassal of Stakhr named Ardashir (in Greek again "Arsaces"/"Artaxerxes"), the Arsacid/Parthian hegemony began to yield to a Sassanid/Persian one.

The name "Parni" reappears in Sassanid-era documents to identify one of the seven Parthian feudal families allied with the Sassanid court. However, this family is not attested from Arsacid times, and the claim to the "Parni" name is (like four of the six other families) "in all probability not in accordance with reality." "It may be that [...] members of them made up their own genealogies in order to emphasize the antiquity of their families."

It has been suggested that the Parnau Hills (Paran Koh) bear the name of the Parni.

title: Parni


text:
Joseph Warton

Joseph Warton (April 1722 – 23 February 1800) was an English clergyman, academic, and literary critic.

Early life and education
Warton was born in Dunsfold, Surrey, England. His family later moved to Hampshire, where his father, the Reverend Thomas Warton, became vicar of Basingstoke. A few years later in Basingstoke, Joseph's sister Jane, also a writer, and his younger brother, Thomas Warton, were born. Their father later became a professor at the University of Oxford.

Joseph was educated at Winchester College and at Oriel College, Oxford.

Career
In 1748, Warton followed his father into the church, becoming curate of Winslade. In 1754, he was instituted as rector at The Church of All Saints, Tunworth. In his early days Joseph wrote poetry, of which the most notable piece is The Enthusiast (1744), an early precursor of Romanticism.

In 1755, he returned to his old school to teach, and from 1766 to 1793 was its headmaster, presiding over a period of bad discipline and idleness, provoking three mutinies by the boys. His career as a critic was always more illustrious, and he produced editions of classical poets such as Virgil as well as English poets including John Dryden.

Like his brother, Warton was a friend of Samuel Johnson, and was part of the literary coterie centered around publisher Robert Dodsley.

A monument to Joseph Warton by the neoclassical sculptor John Flaxman is in Winchester Cathedral.

Works

 * The Enthusiast, or The Lover of Nature (1744)
 * Odes on Various Subjects (1746)
 * Essay on the Genius and Writings of Pope (volume 1: 1756; volume 2: 1782)

title: Joseph Warton