text:
Hornindal

Hornindal is a former municipality in the old Sogn og Fjordane county, Norway. It existed from 1867 until 1965 and then again from 1977 until 2020. It was located in the traditional district of Nordfjord. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Grodås. The municipality was located at the eastern end of the lake Hornindalsvatnet, the deepest lake in Northern Europe. The rest of the lake lies inside neighboring Eid Municipality.

The European route E39 highway runs through Hornindal Municipality as it makes its route along the western coast of Norway. The Kviven Tunnel was completed in 2012 as part of the new E39 route connecting Hornindal to Volda Municipality in Møre og Romsdal county to the north. The tunnel was constructed to avoid the ferry crossing over the Voldsfjorden and it shortened the distance from Hornindal to Volda significantly.

At the time of its dissolution in 2020, the 192 km2 municipality is the 334th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Hornindal is the 381st most-populous municipality in Norway, with a population of 1,175. The municipality's population density is 6.6 PD/km2 and its population has decreased by 3% over the last decade.

General information
Since ancient times, Hornindal was a sub-parish (sokn) of Eid prestegjeld (see formannskapsdistrikt law). In 1865, Hornindal became a parish of its own and then two years later, on 1 January 1867, Hornindal was established as a separate municipality. At this time, Hornindal had a population of 1,612.

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1965, the municipality of Hornindal was dissolved and it was divided between the neighboring municipalities of Eid and Stryn. Navelsaker and Holmøyvik and all of Hornindal west of there (population: 310) was transferred to Eid, and the 1,184 residents to the east of those areas went to Stryn. This, however, was not long-lasting. On 1 January 1977, the area of the old municipality of Hornindal was separated from Stryn and recreated as a separate municipality once again. The portions of Hornindal that were moved to Eid in 1964 remained there. The new Hornindal municipality had a population of 1,202.

On 1 January 2019, the Maurset area in southern Hornindal (population: 19) was transferred from Hornindal to the neighboring municipality of Stryn.

On 1 January 2020, Hornindal (in Sogn og Fjordane county) merged with the neighboring Volda Municipality and joined Møre og Romsdal county.

Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the local Hornindalen valley since that is the location of the municipality. The first element of the name comes from the old Horne farm (Hornyn) since the first Hornindal Church was built there. The name is likely a combination of two old words. The first part is which means "horn", likely referring to the shape of a mountain behind the farm. The last part is which means "meadow" or "pasture". The last element of the name is which means "valley" or "dale". Thus, the name means the "valley of Horne". Historically, the name of the municipality was spelled Hornindalen. On 3 November 1917, a royal resolution changed the spelling of the name of the municipality to Hornindal, removing the definite form ending -en.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 7 August 1987 and it was in use until 1 January 2020 when the municipality was dissolved. The official blazon is "Azure, three scythe blades fesswise in pale argent" (På blå grunn tre sølv ljåblad, 1-1-1). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a set of three horizontal scythe blades stacked one over the other. Each scythe blade has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. Historically, farming and blacksmithing were vital industries in Hornindal. At one point, there were as many as 200 blacksmiths in the area. There was also a rich tradition of making handmade scythes and this was honored by its placement on the coat of arms. The arms were designed by Petter Eide. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.

Churches
The Church of Norway had one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Hornindal. It is part of the Nordfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.

Government
While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment, social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor was indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality was under the jurisdiction of the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Hornindal was made up of 17 representatives that were elected to four-year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Mayors
The mayors (ordførar) of Hornindal:

 * 1867–1885: Knut Kirkhorn
 * 1885-1887: Rasmus Rognnes
 * 1888-1902: Amund Tomasgard
 * 1902-1913: Ola R. Svor
 * 1914-1916: Anton Johnson
 * 1917-1919: Ola R. Svor
 * 1920-1922: Lars N. Gausemel
 * 1923-1925: Paul K. Kirkhorn
 * 1926-1928: Lars N. Gausemel
 * 1929-1940: Jakob Gausemel
 * 1940-1942: Ivar Melheim
 * 1942-1945: Oliver Fagerheim (NS)
 * 1945-1955: Ivar Melheim
 * 1956-1964: Kåre Maurset
 * (1965-1976: Merged with Stryn Municipality)
 * 1977-1977: Kåre Maurset (LL)
 * 1978-1981: Paul O. Tomasgard (Sp)
 * 1982-1983: Rasmus Otterdal (H)
 * 1984-1987: Atle Tomasgard (V)
 * 1988-1991: Jon Indredavik (Ap)
 * 1993-1999: Ola Are Ytrehorn (Sp)
 * 1999-2009: Bjørn Lødemel (H)
 * 2009-2011: Edvin Haugen (H)
 * 2011-2015: Anne-Britt Øen Nygård (Sp)
 * 2015-2019: Stig Olav Lødemel (H)

Location
Hornindal is located on the northern border of Sogn og Fjordane county. Hornindal is bordered to the west by the municipality of Eid, to the south by Stryn, to the east by Stranda (in Møre og Romsdal county), and to the north by Ørsta and Volda (both in Møre og Romsdal county).

Mountains

 * Hornindalsrokken mountain (1495 m)
 * Gulkoppen mountain (1304 m)
 * Middagsfjellet (903 m)

Hornindalsvatnet
The Hornindalsvatnet lake is the deepest lake in Europe at 514 m deep. None of the glacier streams run out into the lake and this has resulted in one of Europe's clearest lakes.

Anders Svor Museum
Anders Svor was born in 1864 on the Svor Farm in Hornindal. At the age of 21 he left for Denmark where he enrolled at the Copenhagen Academy of Art. He later participated in many art exhibitions in Kristiania, Copenhagen, Paris, and Chicago. The Anders Svor Museum was opened in 1953 and features 450 of his works. His art is characterised by simple, clean lines, and deep authenticity.

Notable people

 * Anders Fannemel (born 1991), a ski jumper
 * Frode Grodås (born 1964), a footballer
 * Bjørn Lødemel (born 1958), a politician
 * Brita Lund (1886–1966), an artist
 * Anders Svor (1864–1929), a sculptor

title: Hornindal


text:
Gloppen

Gloppen is a municipality in the county of Vestland, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Nordfjord. Gloppen is generally subdivided into three areas: Hyen in the west, Gloppen in the center, and Breim in the east.

Each of the areas have their own main service centres. Sandane, the administrative centre of the municipality, is the largest with about 2,500 inhabitants. Sandane, Vereide, and Sørstranda are centered on the Gloppefjorden in Gloppen in the central part of the municipality. The villages of Byrkjelo, Re, Kandal, and Egge are centered on the lake Breimsvatnet in the Breim area in the east. The villages of Straume, Eimhjellen, and Solheim are located around the Hyefjorden in Hyen in the west. The whole municipality sits on the southern side of the large Nordfjorden.

The European route E39 highway runs through the municipality before crossing the Nordfjorden on a car ferry. The Sandane Airport, Anda is located along the E39 highway, just north of Vereide.

The 1031 km2 municipality is the 112th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Gloppen is the 162nd most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,892. The municipality's population density is 6.1 PD/km2 and its population has increased by 3.8% over the previous 10-year period.

General information
Gloppen was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The original municipality was identical to the Gloppen parish (prestegjeld) including the sub-parishes (sokn) of Gimmestad, Breim, and Vereide. On 1 January 1886, the sub-parish of Breim (population: 1,823) was separated from Gloppen to form its own municipality. This left Gloppen with 2,970 residents.

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipality of Breim (population: 1,731) was merged back into the municipality of Gloppen. After the merger, the population of Gloppen was 5,702. On 1 January 1965, the Hoplandsgrenda area (population: 42) of Gloppen municipality (on the northern shore of the Nordfjorden) was transferred to neighboring Stryn Municipality. On 1 January 1992, the Lote area of Gloppen (also on the north side of the Nordfjorden) was transferred to Eid Municipality. This left all of Gloppen located south of the Nordfjorden.

On 1 January 2020, the municipality became part of the newly created Vestland county after Sogn og Fjordane and Hordaland counties were merged.

Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the local Gloppefjorden (Gloppi) since it is one of the central geographical features of the municipality. The name is probably derived from the word which means "narrow opening" or "mountain gorge".

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 19 December 1986. The official blazon is "Azure, a horse passant argent" (På blå grunn ein gåande sølv hest). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a fjord horse. The horse has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The design depicts the Norwegian fjord horse which is a relatively small, but very strong, horse breed from the mountainous regions of Western Norway. The arms were designed by Petter Eide. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.

Churches
The Church of Norway has four parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Gloppen. It is part of the Nordfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.

Government
Gloppen Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Gloppen is made up of 27 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Mayors
The mayor (ordførar) of a municipality in Norway is a representative of the majority party of the municipal council who is elected to lead the council. The mayors of Gloppen:

 * 1838–1838: Christoffer Nielsen Scherdahlen
 * 1839–1844: Rasmus Rolfsen Arnet
 * 1844–1845: Gabriel R. Aasebø
 * 1846–1847: Rasmus L. Gaasemyr
 * 1848–1851: Jørgen Meier Heffermehl
 * 1852–1855: Rasmus L. Gaasemyr
 * 1856–1865: Jørgen Meyer Heffermehl
 * 1866–1869: Abraham V. Heffermehl
 * 1870–1883: Ole Josefson Hestenes
 * 1884–1886: Jakob J. Myklebust (V)
 * 1886–1893: Ole Josefson Hestenes
 * 1894–1902: Johan C. Bugge
 * 1903–1913: Jakob J. Lothe
 * 1914–1919: Jon A. Vereide
 * 1919–1922: Elias Faleide (V)
 * 1923–1928: Jon A. Vereide
 * 1928–1941: Elias Faleide (V)
 * 1942–1945: Martin R. Andenes (NS)
 * 1945–1947: Elias Faleide (V)
 * 1947–1956: Alf Gloppestad
 * 1956–1962: John Austrheim (Sp)
 * 1962–1964: Elias Eimhjellen
 * 1965–1967: Johnny Bakke (V)
 * 1968-1975: Ola M. Hestenes (Sp)
 * 1976-1988: Olav Moritsgård (Sp)
 * 1988-1999: Nils R. Sandal (Sp)
 * 1999-2015: Anders Ryssdal (Sp)
 * 2015-2023: Leidulf Gloppestad (Sp)
 * 2023-present: Arnar Kvernevik (Ap)

Geography
The municipality is located southern shores of the Nordfjorden. To the north is Stad Municipality, to the east is Stryn Municipality, to the south is Sunnfjord Municipality, and to the west is Kinn Municipality and Bremanger Municipality. There are two fjords that branch off the main fjord into Gloppen: Hyefjorden and Gloppefjorden.

Gloppen has a natural landscape with virtually unspoiled nature ranging from sea level up to high-alpine mountains of some 1800 m height. Snønipa is the highest mountain in the municipality and is located at the Myklebustbreen glacier. The lakes Breimsvatn and Emhjellevatnet are, respectively, the first and second largest lakes in Gloppen. There are also some large glaciers such as Ålfotbreen, Gjegnalundsbreen, and Myklebustbreen. The river Gloppeelva runs from the lake Breimsvatnet to the Gloppefjorden.

Climate
Gloppen has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb in the Köppen climate classification), also known as a marine west coast climate. The wettest season is autumn and winter, with December as the wettest month. The driest season is April - August. The driest month May gets about a third of the average precipitation in December. The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C) in spring is 27 April and average date for first freeze in autumn is 15 October giving a frost-free season of 170 days (1981-2010 average). In January 1987, Sandane recorded a low of -19.5 °C), and June 2020 recorded a high of 31.2 °C). In October 2005, Sandane recorded 24 °C), which was new October record for Vestland province. The Sandane weather station started recording in June 1957. There is also a weather station at Sandane Airport, showing similar temperatures. Up on the Ålfotbreen glacier, partly in the municipality, precipitation is estimated to be around 6000 mm annually.

Economy
The dominant trades and industries in Gloppen are agriculture and farming. The municipal centre Sandane is also home to a college of secondary education and a branch of Sogn og Fjordane University College which specialized in music therapy (this school closed in 2005). The Firda Upper Secondary School is located in Sandane.

Karnilshaugen
Gloppen is the site of Karnils tumulus burial mound (Karnilshaugen) from the Old Norse word haugr meaning mound or barrow. Karnilshaugen or Tinghaugen på Hauge is located on the Hauge farm west of Sandane. Karnilshaugen is probably one of the ten largest mounds in Nordfjord. The burial mound was built on top of Tinghaug, the site of a Thing (assembly). Tinghaug was a place of public gathering, for cultural events and religious actions.

Notable people

 * Knut Gjengedal (1900 in Gloppen – 1973), a schoolteacher, novelist, short story writer, and children's writer.
 * John Austrheim (1912 in Gloppen – 1995), a farmer, politician, and mayor of Gloppen from 1955-1962
 * Ola M. Hestenes (1919 in Gloppen – 2008), a politician and mayor of Gloppen from 1968-1976
 * Nils R. Sandal (born 1950 in Breim), a politician and mayor of Gloppen from 1987–1999
 * Sigrid Moldestad (born 1972 in Breim), a folk singer, musician, fiddler, and instrumentalist
 * Anne-Pia Nygård (born 1977 in Sandane), a writer

Sport

 * Kjell Ove Hauge (born 1969 in Gloppen), a retired Norwegian shot putter and discus thrower
 * Odd-Bjørn Hjelmeset (born 1971 in Nordfjordeid), a former cross-country skier, bronze medallist in the 2002 Winter Olympics, and team silver medallist at the 2010 Winter Olympics
 * Rune Bolseth (born 1980 in Gloppen), a retired Norwegian footballer with 430 club caps
 * Trude Raad (born 1990 in Breim), a deaf Norwegian track and field athlete

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Gloppen


text:
Stryn

Stryn is a municipality in the county of Vestland, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Nordfjord. The administrative center of the municipality is the village of Stryn. The municipality is located along the innermost part of the Nordfjorden. Some of the main villages in Stryn include Loen, Innvik, Utvik, Randabygda, Olden, and Flo.

Farming, forestry, fruit growing, animal breeding for furs, small manufacturing industries, tourism, and the service trades provide the main occupations. The wide river Stryneelva enters the village of Stryn from the east after meandering through the fertile Stryn Valley, from the large lake Oppstrynsvatn. The Jostedalsbreen National Park Centre is situated on the shore of this lake. At the east end of the lake, the road enters the narrower Hjelledalen and shortly zigzags up some 300 m to Ospeli and the entrance of the first of the three tunnels of the mountain highway (Riksvei 15) leading to Geiranger and Grotli.

Stryn is known for its all year glacier skiing at Stryn Sommerski. It is also the home of the footballer-brothers Tore André Flo, Jarle Flo and Jostein Flo, who grew up in the village of Stryn, as well as their footballing-cousin Håvard Flo who is from the village of Flo.

The 1382 km2 municipality is the 67th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Stryn is the 140th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 7,244. The municipality's population density is 5.5 PD/km2 and its population has increased by 2% over the previous 10-year period.

General information
Innvik was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). The original municipality was identical to the Innvik parish (prestegjeld) with the sub-parishes (sokn) of Oppstryn, Nedstryn, Loen, Olden, Innvik, and Utvik. In 1843, the sub-parishes of Loen, Oppstryn, and Nedstryn were separated from the municipality of Innvik and became a separate municipality named Stryn. The population of Stryn at this time was 2,401. On 10 January 1922, the area of Raksgrenda was transferred from Innvik to Stryn. The population in this area was 120 at that time.

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1965, a merger took place combining the following areas into a new Stryn municipality: Initially, this new municipality of Stryn had a population of 7,211.
 * the municipality of Innvik (population: 3,003)
 * the municipality of Stryn (population: 2,982)
 * the parts of Hornindal Municipality located east of the villages of Navelsaker and Holmøyvik (population: 1,184)
 * the Hoplandsgrenda area in the municipality of Gloppen (population: 42)

On 1 January 1977, the parts of the old Hornindal Municipality that were merged with Stryn in 1965 were transferred back to the newly re-constituted Hornindal municipality. The population of Stryn was reduced by 1,202 in this transaction.

On 1 January 2019, the Maurset area in the southern part of the neighboring municipality of Hornindal (population: 19) was transferred from Hornindal to Stryn.

On 1 January 2020, the municipality became part of the newly created Vestland county after Sogn og Fjordane and Hordaland counties were merged.

Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is likely named after the local river Stryneelva (Strjónar). The name is derived from the word strjónn which means "(strong) stream".

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 11 December 1987. The official blazon is "Vert, a linden branch Or in bend sinister with four leaves" (På grønn grunn ein venstre skråstilt gull lindekvist med fire blad). This means the arms have a green field (background) and the charge is a linden (tilia) branch with four leaves. The charge has a tincture of Or which means it is commonly colored yellow, but if it is made out of metal, then gold is used. The linden was chosen to represent the vast deciduous forests in the region, the branch represents the main fjord through the municipality, and the four leaves were chosen to represent the four main village areas along the fjord. The arms were designed by Heidi Heggdal. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.

Churches
The Church of Norway has eight parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Stryn. It is part of the Nordfjord prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Bjørgvin.

Government
Stryn Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Sogn og Fjordane District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Stryn is made up of 25 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Mayors
The mayor (ordførar) of a municipality in Norway is a representative of the majority party of the municipal council who is elected to lead the council. The mayors of Stryn:

 * 1843–1844: Arent Uchermann
 * 1845–1845: Ole Vik
 * 1846–1847: Harald Kolbeinsson Gutdal
 * 1848–1851: Peter L. Brandt
 * 1853–1855: Peter L. Brandt
 * 1857–1859: G. A. Heiberg
 * 1860–1863: Jon Nilsson Seime
 * 1864–1890: Arne Olsson Tonning
 * 1890–1910: Sigmund Kolbeinsen Aarnes
 * 1913–1928: Rasmus Larsson Skåre
 * 1928–1928: Per Nedreberg
 * 1929–1937: Per Lunde
 * 1938–1940: Per Nedreberg
 * 1941–1945: Nils Bergem
 * 1945–1945: Per Nedreberg
 * 1946–1952: Jon Øvre-Flo
 * 1952–1959: Rasmus Langeset
 * 1960–1964: Audun Næss
 * 1965–1971: Knut Mork
 * 1972–1975: Mathias Hilde
 * 1976–1976: Paul Svarstad (H)
 * 1977–1983: Leiv Blakset (Sp)
 * 1984–1987: Oddvin Drageset (Sp)
 * 1988–1991: Inger Hoff (H)
 * 1992-1999: Oddvin Drageset (Sp)
 * 1999-2011: Nils Petter Støyva (Ap)
 * 2011-2019: Sven Flo (H)
 * 2019-present: Per Kjøllesdal (Sp)

Location
Stryn is located on the northern border of Vestland county. To the north, Stryn is bordered by the municicaplities of Volda and Stranda (in Møre og Romsdal county), to the east is Skjåk (in Innlandet county), to the southeast is Luster, to the southwest is Sunnfjord, and to the west is Gloppen and Stad.

Nature
Stryn is known for its scenery, glaciers and the mountains running into the mirroring fjords and lakes. The glacier Briksdalsbreen lies in the Oldedalen valley. The Stryn area also has a number of other valley glaciers including Tindefjellbreen, Tystigsbreen, and Myklebustbreen. Most of the valley glaciers in Stryn are originating from the great Jostedal glacier (Jostedalsbreen) between the Nordfjord and Sogn areas.

Ramnefjellsfossen, the third highest free-falling waterfall in the world, is located in the municipality. Stryn also has the largest linden forest in Northern Europe. The largest lakes are Oppstrynsvatn, Lovatnet, and Oldevatnet. The mountains Skåla, Lodalskåpa, and Høgstre Breakulen are all located in Stryn.

Jostedal Glacier National Park
The Jostedalsbreen National Park has an area of approximately 1310 km2. Flora and fauna area is situated between the fjord and glacier. The museum Jostedalsbreen nasjonalparksenter is located in Oppstryn.

Briksdal glacier
Visitors from all over the world come to see the Briksdalsbreen glacier outlet, which is situated amid waterfalls and high peaks. Briksdal glacier is a part of the Jostedal glacier ice field, which is the largest glacier on the European mainland. The highest point of the glacier lies at 1950 m above sea level and in some places it measures 400 m in depth. It is located at the end of the Oldedalen valley.

Lodalen–Kjenndalen
On two occasions, large rockslides from Ramnefjellet hit the lake below. The resulting flood wave wiped out the settlements of Nesdal and Bødal, killing 135 people.

Wildlife
There are many bird species in this area including the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus), and the white-backed woodpecker (Dendrocopus leucotos). Some of the larger mammals that live in this region are red deer (Cervus elaphus), wolverines (Gulo gulo), and lynxes (Lynx lynx).

National Tourist Route
The Gamle Strynefjellsvegen is a National Tourist Route (Fylkesvei 258). It goes from Grotli (Skjåk municipality in Innlandet county) to Videseter, where a waterfall is, and on to the village of Stryn (Vestland county).

Stryn Center
The village of Stryn, a busy and developing small village at the tip of the most northernly of the three short branches at the inner end of Nordfjorden, is the local government and shopping centre for a large community and the junction of roads which connect inner Nordfjord with the rest of Norway.

Oldedalen Valley
The southernmost of the three short branches at the inner end of Nordfjorden terminates at the village of Olden from which a lovely valley, Oldedalen, goes due south for about 20 km between slopes rising sharply to more than 1700 m to the edge of the Jostedals glacier.

Olden has two churches. The Old Olden Church in the village, was built in 1759 on the site of a Stave church dating from around 1300. Its pews, doors, and jambs are made from timbers of the Stave church. The "new" Olden Church, a short distance along the valley, was built in 1934 so that the old church could be preserved.

Loen and Lodalen Valley
The Loen Skylift is located in Loen, and Hotel Alexandra is a popular tourist retreat. Loen Valley (Lodalen) is a popular attraction, and Kjenndal Glacier is located at the end of the valley (branch of the Jostedal Glacier). Much of the upper Loen valley was devastated from two rockfall slides (one in 1905 and one in 1936) that created huge waves that swept with them most of the houses and vegetation. A total of 135 people were killed in these two incidents.

Innvik and Utvik
On the southern shore of the Nordfjorden, between Hildaneset and Utvikfjellet, lie the villages of Innvik and Utvik, in the area known as Vikane. The main road (Rv 60) skirts the fjord past Innvik and ascends from Utvik to Utvikfjellet mountain. At Hildaneset, beside the main road, there is a sculpture of Mr. Singer. Mr Singer financed the building of the road.

Skiing
Stryn Sommerski is one of Norway's best known skiing facilities. It offers excellent skiing conditions in the summer, with lifts and tracks for all types of skiing, including Cross-country skiing, Alpine skiing, Telemark skiing, and snowboarding.

Notable people

 * Alf Torp (1853 in Stryn – 1916), a Norwegian philologist and author
 * Jacob Aaland (1865 in Randabygda – 1950), a teacher, local historian, and government scholar
 * Thoralf Klouman (1890 in Innvik – 1940), a Norwegian satirical illustrator and actor
 * Johannes Andenæs (1912 in Innvik – 2003), a distinguished Norwegian jurist and academic
 * Inge Fænn (born 1945 in Markane), a Norwegian editor, journalist and author

Sport

 * Per Knut Aaland (born 1954 in Randabygda), a retired cross-country skier and team silver medallist at the 1980 Winter Olympics
 * brothers Kjell Rune Flo (born 1961), Jostein Flo (born 1964), Jarle Flo (born 1970), Tore André Flo (born 1973) and cousins Håvard Flo (born 1970), Per-Egil Flo (born 1989) and nephew Ulrik Flo (born 1988), footballers from Flo and Stryn
 * Mats Solheim (born 1987 in Loen), a Norwegian footballer with over 320 club caps
 * Johannes Thingnes Bø (born 1993 in Stryn), a biathlete, gold medallist, and twice team silver medallist at the 2018 Winter Olympics

title: Stryn


text:
King Biscuit Flower Hour

The King Biscuit Flower Hour was an American syndicated radio show presented by the D.I.R. Radio Network that featured concert performances by various rock music recording artists.

History
The program was broadcast on Sunday nights from 1973 until 1993. Following the end of original programming, the program continued, featuring material from previously broadcast shows, until 2005. During its prime, the program was carried by more than 300 radio stations throughout the United States. The show's name was derived from the influential blues radio show King Biscuit Time, which was sponsored by the King Biscuit Flour Co., combined with the hippie phrase "flower power". The first show was broadcast on February 18, 1973, and featured Blood, Sweat & Tears, the Mahavishnu Orchestra, and Bruce Springsteen. The long-time host of the show until the mid-1990s was Bill Minkin, whose voice has been described as "the perfect blend of hipster enthusiasm and stoner casualness."

The concerts were usually recorded with a mobile recording truck, then mixed and edited for broadcast on the show within a few weeks. In the 1970s, the show was sent to participating radio stations on reel-to-reel tape. Some shows were recorded and mixed in both stereo and quadraphonic. In 1980, D.I.R. began using the LP format, producing the show on a three-sided, two-record set. The first show on compact disc was a live retrospective of the Rolling Stones broadcast on September 27, 1987. By 2000, King Biscuit was using CD-R media to distribute the show. These tapes, records or compact discs were accompanied by a cue sheet which gave the disc jockey a written guideline of the content and length of each segment of the program.

Although closely associated with classic rock in its later years, the King Biscuit Flower Hour dedicated much air time to new and emerging artists, including new wave and modern rock artists in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

Archives
In 1982, a three-alarm fire damaged the Manhattan office tower that housed D.I.R. Broadcasting. Reportedly, many of the King Biscuit Flower Hour recordings were lost in the fire.

In 2006, the remaining King Biscuit tape archives were acquired by Wolfgang's Vault which began streaming concerts online and has made some available for download.

King Biscuit Flower Hour Records
After founder Bob Meyrowitz sold his interest to new ownership, King Biscuit Flower Hour Records was formed in 1992 with the intention of releasing live albums from the archives. Licensing issues prevented the release of the most popular artists featured on the program, although dozens of recordings did see commercial release.

title: King Biscuit Flower Hour


text:
William Draper Lewis

William Draper Lewis (1867–1949) was the first full-time dean of the University of Pennsylvania Law School (1896–1914), and the founding director (1923–1947) of the American Law Institute.

Personal life and education
William Draper Lewis was reported by the Pennsylvania Law Review as being a devout Episcopalian born to Quaker parents, Henry and Fannie Hannah Wilson Lewis, in Philadelphia, in 1867. Lewis was the great-grandson of Simeon Draper, and a descendant of James Draper, an early settler of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He also descended from Puritan pioneer George Lewes (1600–1663), an early settler at Plymouth Colony; the clothier-turned-farmer was also, in 1648 and 1650, an early surveyor of highways and, in 1651, was appointed constable of the town of Barnstable.

Lewis attended Germantown Academy, graduating in 1885, earned a B.S. from Haverford College in 1888, then, in 1892, received an LLB. and PhD in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania.

He was the first cousin of Francis Draper Lewis, co-founder of Morgan, Lewis & Bockius. In 1892, Lewis married Caroline Mary Cope, with whom he had four children, Henry, Alfreda Cope, Anna, and William Draper Jr.

University of Pennsylvania Law School
In 1896, Lewis, though only 29, was the perfect candidate for the first full-time dean of the university's Law School. His law practice had all but disappeared under what was to become a lifelong obsession: the cataloging of American law. Only four years out of law school, he had committed himself to an overwhelming smorgasbord of editorial projects, the major ones in conjunction with friend, business associate and later U.S. Senator George Wharton Pepper. Notably, the two men served as editors of the University of Pennsylvania Law Review, published at the time under the name American Law Register and Review.

Lewis saw a national role for the Law School, one that would fill the role of the fading apprenticeship system for young lawyers. Development of a core of full-time faculty sat at the top of Lewis's agenda, but he gave equal attention to curriculum, admissions and graduation standards, and facilities – in particular the library. A pragmatist and a humanist, he established the tradition at Penn Law of the dean as first among equals.

Lewis treated his colleagues and friends with enormous good humor and tolerance. He was, perhaps more than anyone before or since at the Law School, a grand master of consensus. He was also continually concerned with student welfare; a goodly part of each faculty meeting was given over to the discussion of student "petitions" for relief of one kind or another.

He cared about, stewed over, and poked into every conceivable aspect of the school. He arranged stays for sick students at sanitariums. He even toured the guts of his grand new building (opened in 1900) to understand and correct malfunctions of the heating and ventilation system.

A compulsive communicator, Lewis dictated letters a dozen at a time and served as recording secretary for faculty meetings. His mailings to prospective students and their parents could run to three or four typed pages, intermixing his philosophy of education with practical concerns directed to the inquirer's situation.

Well-loved by students, Lewis was universally referred to as "Uncle Billy" and considered somewhat eccentric; at a 1934 dinner in Lewis' honor, Pepper toasted "one of the most lovable and whimsical personalities which any of us have met in a lifetime. ... [W]e reserve the right to rejoice in his split infinitives, his mixed metaphors and the strange beings with which his imagination peopled the cases discussed in his classroom."

Lewis could be quite deliberately funny, which could invite criticism. To the secretary of the university, he wrote, in 1900: "I have received your formal apology for your very grave mistake concerning the University Council. What it was all about I have not the slightest idea, but evidently if anything was wrong, the letter before me makes everything right."

He was also a manager of the 1907-founded Comparative Law Bureau of the American Bar Association, whose Annual Bulletin was the first comparative law journal in the U.S.

Political career
During the later years of his deanship, Lewis's attention was highly diverted by the politics of the Progressive Republican movement. Advisor and confidant to Theodore Roosevelt; Lewis chaired the platform committee for Roosevelt's failed run for president on the Bull Moose ticket in 1912. In his most politically impassioned (or naïve) maneuver, Lewis ran for Pennsylvania governor in 1914 on a straight Progressive platform, a dalliance which forced his resignation from the deanship but took him no closer to the governor's mansion. He remained on the Law School faculty until 1924.

American Law Institute
At the 1920 and 1921 meetings of the Association of American Law Schools, Lewis urged the creation of an "institute of law" to elucidate the progress of the common law. In 1923, the American Law Institute became a reality. "Founding father" Lewis became its first director, shaping its agenda of preparing "restatements" of the "law, as it had developed under the divergent decisions of the American courts," being, according to Judge Augustus N. Hand, "largely his own conception and it is no exaggeration to say that it was principally his faith and zeal that finally resulted in enlisting Senator Elihu Root, George W. Wickersham, James Byrne[s] and many other distinguished lawyers, as well as numerous judges and teachers of the law, in the enterprise and in obtaining the financial support for it of the Carnegie Corporation," presidential advisor Root, a Nobel Peace Laureate, was also a close advisor to Andrew Carnegie. Lewis served the institute until June 1947, two years before his death.

Though the ALI's restatements met with complaints that they undermined the fluidity of the common law and echoed the codification of European civil law, it is fair to say Lewis's work as director rank him as the single most influential figure in the pragmatic development of 20th-Century American Law.

Author
Lewis was a prolific writer and editor, perhaps epitomized by his having edited all eight Volumes of Great American Lawyers.

During the year following Roosevelt's death; Dr. Lewis authored The Life of Theodore Roosevelt, a biography reviewed in 1920 as "notable for its calm judicious survey of Roosevelt's public life and, particularly, of the rise, growth, and decline of the Progressive party. A remarkably sympathetic introduction is supplied by ex-President Taft."

Death
He died on September 2, 1949.

title: William Draper Lewis


text: File:Grateful Dead - American Beauty.jpg


text:
Emir

Emir (أمير ʾamīr, also transliterated as amir, is a word of Arabic origin that can refer to a male monarch, aristocrat, holder of high-ranking military or political office, or other person possessing actual or ceremonial authority. The title has a long history of use in the Arab World, East Africa, West Africa, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. In the modern era, when used as a formal monarchical title, it is roughly synonymous with "prince", applicable both to a son of a hereditary monarch, and to a reigning monarch of a sovereign principality, namely an emirate. The feminine form is emira (أميرة ʾamīrah), with the same meaning as "princess".

Prior to its use as a monarchical title, the term "emir" was historically used to denote a "commander", "general", or "leader" (for example, Amir al-Mu'min). In contemporary usage, "emir" is also sometimes used as either an honorary or formal title for the head of an Islamic, or Arab (regardless of religion) organisation or movement.

Qatar and Kuwait are the only independent countries which retain the title "emir" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is Bahrain, whose monarch changed his title from emir to king in 2002.

Origins
Amir, meaning "lord" or "commander-in-chief", is derived from the Arabic root a-m-r, "command". Originally simply meaning "commander", it came to be used as a title of leaders, governors, or rulers of smaller states. In modern Arabic the word is analogous to the title "Prince". The word entered English in 1593, from the French émir. It was one of the titles or names of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

Princely, ministerial and noble titles

 * The monarchs of Qatar and Kuwait are currently titled emir.
 * All members of the House of Saud have the title of emir (prince).
 * The caliphs first used the title Amir al-Muminin or "Commander of the Faithful", stressing their leadership over the Islamic empire, especially over the militia. The title has been assumed by various other Muslim rulers, including sultans and emirs. For Shia Muslims, they still give this title to the Caliph Ali as Amir al-Muminin.
 * The Abbasid (in theory still universal) Caliph Al-Radi created the post of Amir al-Umara ("Amir of the Amirs") for Ibn Raik; the title was used in various Islamic monarchies; see below for military use. In Iraq, the direct descendants of previous Emirs from the largest tribes who ruled the kingdoms before modern statehood, use the title of Sheikh or Prince as the progeny of royalty.
 * Formerly in Lebanon, the ruling emir formally used the style al-Amir al-Hakim, specifying it was still the ruler's title. The title was held by Druze and Christians as well.
 * The word emir is also used less formally for leaders in certain contexts. For example, the leader of a group of pilgrims to Mecca is called an emir hadji, a title sometimes used by ruling princes (as a mark of Muslim piety) which is sometimes awarded in their name. Where an adjectival form is necessary, "emiral" suffices.
 * Amirzade, the son (hence the Persian patronymic suffix -zade) of a prince, hence the Persian princely title mirza.
 * The traditional rulers of the predominantly Muslim northern regions of Nigeria are known as emirs, while the titular sovereign of their now defunct empire is formally styled as the Sultan of Sokoto, Amir-al-Muminin (or Sarkin Musulmi in the Hausa language).
 * The temporal leader of the Yazidi people is known as an emir or prince.
 * Afghanistan under the government of the Taliban is officially an emirate, with the leader of the Taliban bearing the title Amir al-Mu'minin.
 * Amīr al-Baḥr (أمير البحر, "commander of the sea"), a position in the Fatimid navy, is frequently mistaken as the etymological origin of the English admiral, the French amiral, and similar terms in other European languages. The titles actually derive solely from Medieval Latin forms of emir itself, originally in reference to the "amirs al-umara" of Norman Sicily.

Military ranks and titles
From the start, emir has been a military title. In the 9th century the term was used to denote a ruler of a state i.e. Italy's Emirate of Sicily.

In certain decimally-organized Muslim armies, Amir was an officer rank. For example, in Mughal India, the Amirs commanded 1000 horsemen (divided into ten units, each under a sipah salar), ten of them under one malik. In the imperial army of Qajar Persia:
 * Amir-i-Nuyan
 * Amir Panj, "Commander of 5,000"
 * Amir-i-Tuman, "Commander of 10,000"

The following posts referred to "amir" under medieval Muslim states include:
 * Amir al-umara, "Amir of Amirs" (cfr. supra) or 'Commander of Commanders'
 * Amir al-hajj, "Commander of the Hajj [caravan]"
 * Amir al-ʿarab, "Commander of the Arabs [Bedouin tribes]"

In the former Kingdom of Afghanistan, Amir-i-Kabir was a title meaning "great prince" or "great commander".

Muhammad Amin Bughra, Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra, and Abdullah Bughra declared themselves emirs of the First East Turkestan Republic.

Other uses

 * Amir is a masculine name in the Persian language and a prefix name for many masculine names such as Amir Ali, Amir Abbas.
 * Amir-i-Iel designates the head of an Il (tribe) in imperial Persia.
 * The masculine Amir and feminine Amira are Arabic-language names common among both Arabs regardless of religion and Muslims regardless of ethnicity, much as Latin Rex and Regina ("king" and "queen", respectively) are common in the Western world. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, the female name Emira, often interpreted as "princess", is a derivative of the male name Emir.
 * The masculine Amir and feminine Amira are Hebrew-language names that are relatively common in Israel. In Hebrew the word can also mean "bundle of grain" or "treetop" depending on the spelling.

title: Emir


text:
Hemne

Hemne is a former municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1838 until its dissolution in 2020 when it was incorporated into Heim Municipality. It was part of the Fosen region. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Kyrksæterøra. Other villages included Heim, Hellandsjøen, Holla, and Vinjeøra. The European route E39 highway runs through the southern part of Hemne.

At the time of its dissolution in 2020, the 670 km2 municipality is the 169th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Hemne is the 225th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 4,225. The municipality's population density is 6.7 PD/km2 and its population has decreased by 0.2% over the last decade.

General information
Hemne was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1911, the northern district of Heim (population: 1,533) was separated from Hemne to form a municipality of its own. This left Hemne with 3,425 residents. On 1 July 1924, Hemne was further divided with the eastern district of Snillfjord (population: 776) and the southern district of Vinje (population: 716) were separated from Hemne to form separate municipalities. After the division, Hemne had 2,030 residents remaining.

During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the neighboring municipalities of Vinje (population: 576) and the parts of Heim west of the Hemnfjorden (population: 711), were merged into Hemne. On 1 January 2008, the Fossdalen farm (population: 4) was transferred from the neighboring municipality of Rindal (in Møre og Romsdal county) to Hemne (in Sør-Trøndelag county).

On 1 January 2018, the municipality of Hemne switched from the old Sør-Trøndelag county to the new Trøndelag county.

On 1 January 2020, the municipality of Hemne merged with the Ytre Snillfjord area in the neighboring municipality of Snillfjord and the neighboring municipality of Halsa to form the new municipality of Heim (resurrecting an old name for the area).

Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the Hemnfjorden (Hefn) since flowed through the area. The name is derived from the word which means "port" or "haven" (referring to the good port of Hemnskjel). Historically, the name of the municipality was spelled Hevne. On 3 November 1917, a royal resolution changed the spelling of the name of the municipality to Hemne.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 14 June 1991 and it was in use until 1 January 2020 when the municipality was dissolved. The official blazon is "Gules, five hazelnuts in annulo stems to center conjoined Or" (I rødt fem gull hasselnøtter forent i rosett). This means the arms have a red field (background) and the charge is five hazelnuts in a circular arrangement with their stems connected in the centre. The hazelnet design has a tincture of Or which means it is commonly colored yellow, but if it is made out of metal, then gold is used. The design symbolizes the relatively large hazel forests in the municipality, which was historically important to the local economy. The arms were designed by Einar H. Skjervold.

Churches
The Church of Norway had three parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Hemne. It is part of the Orkdal prosti (Deanery) within the Diocese of Nidaros.

Government
While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elected a mayor. The municipality fell under the Trøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Hemne is made up of 23 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Mayors
The mayors of Hemne:

 * 1838-1838: Johan Sophus Lossius
 * 1838–1839: Lars Pedersen Strand
 * 1840–1843: Christian Sophonias Kiøbing Borch
 * 1844–1855: Lars Arntsen Lian
 * 1856–1863: Lars Pedersen Moe
 * 1864–1871: Mogens Marcus Wessel
 * 1872–1877: Kristoffer Johnsen Øye
 * 1878–1881: John Larsen Moe (H)
 * 1882–1885: Lars Ingebrigtsen Sinnes
 * 1886–1889: John Johnsen Vaagan (V)
 * 1890-1890: Georg Severin Schjelderup (H)
 * 1890–1901: John Larsen Moe (H)
 * 1902–1907: Peder Larsen Moe (H)
 * 1908–1922: Lars Johnsen Moe (V)
 * 1923–1924: Haakon Myrholt (V)
 * 1924–1934: Ingvald Tøndel (Bp)
 * 1935–1945: Steinar Alstad (Bp/NS)
 * 1946–1947: Håkon Fagervoll (Ap)
 * 1948–1955: John Johnsen Moe (Bp)
 * 1956–1959: Ole Kjønsvik (Ap)
 * 1960–1963: Severin Witsø (Sp)
 * 1964–1975: Ole Kjønsvik (Ap)
 * 1976–1987: Gunnar Bjørkøy (Sp)
 * 1988–2003: Johan Stølan (Ap)
 * 2003–2007: Gunnar Hynne (Sp)
 * 2007–2015: Ståle Vaag (Ap)
 * 2015–2019: Odd Jarle Svanem (Sp)

Geography
Hemne was bordered on the east by the municipalities of Snillfjord and Orkdal, on the south by Rindal (in Trøndelag county) and Surnadal (in Møre og Romsdal county), and in the west by Aure and Halsa (both in Møre og Romsdal county). To the north, across the waters of the Trondheimsleia lies the municipality of Hitra.

The Hemnfjorden forms the border between Hemne and Snillfjord. The Vinjefjorden is located in the southwestern side of the municipality and the lake Vasslivatnet lies in the southeast. In the south near Vinjeøra, there are several hiking trails to mountain lodges such as Sollia.

The Grønkjølen Nature Reserve lies in the extreme south of the municipality.

Notable people

 * Arne Heimsjø (1915–1989), Norwegian military officer

title: Hemne


text:
Snillfjord

Snillfjord is a former municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The municipality existed from 1924 until its dissolution in 2020 when it was split between the municipalities of Hitra, Heim, and Orkland. It was part of the Fosen region. The administrative centre of the municipality was the village of Krokstadøra. Other villages in Snillfjord included Ytre Snillfjord, Hemnskjela, Selnes and Vutudal.

At the time of its dissolution in 2020, the 508 km2 municipality was the 209th largest by area out of the 422 municipalities in Norway. Snillfjord was the 394th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 987. The municipality's population density was 2 PD/km2 and its population had decreased by 3.4% over the last decade.

General information
The municipality of Snillfjord was established on 1 July 1924 when it was separated from the large municipality of Hemne. The initial population was 776. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the eastern part of the old municipality of Heim (population: 724) and the western part of the neighboring municipality of Agdenes (population: 196) were merged with Snillfjord (population: 681) to form a new, larger municipality of Snillfjord. On 1 January 1995, the Midtun area of Agdenes municipality (population: 21) was transferred to Snillfjord. A road to the area had recently been built, but it connected to Snillfjord and not Agdenes, so it was decided to switch to the other municipality due to the newly opened road connection.

On 1 January 2018, the municipality switched from the old Sør-Trøndelag county to the new Trøndelag county.

On 1 January 2020, the municipality of Snillfjord was dissolved and its lands were split between its three neighboring municipalities. The northwestern portion of Snillfjord joined the municipality of Hitra, the southwestern Vennastranda area joined the new municipality of Heim, and the rest joined the new municipality of Orkland.

Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the Snillfjorden since it was a central geographic feature of the municipality. The first element is probably an old name of the Snilldalselva river. The river name is derived from which comes from the word  which means "fast" (related to German schnell). The last element is which means "the fjord". Historically, the name of the municipality was spelled Snilfjord. On 19 August 1938, a royal resolution changed the spelling of the name of the municipality to Snillfjord.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 31 August 1990 and it was in use until 1 January 2020 when the municipality was dissolved. The official blazon is "Vert, a pitchfork argent" (I grønt et sølv greip). This means the arms have a green field (background) and the charge is a pitchfork. The pitchfork has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. This design was chosen to symbolize the importance of agriculture in the municipality. The arms were designed by Einar H. Skjervold. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.

Churches
The Church of Norway had one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Snillfjord. It is part of the Orkdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros.

Government
While it existed, this municipality was responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. During its existence, this municipality was governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elected a mayor. The municipality fell under the Trøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Snillfjord is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the final municipal council was as follows:

Mayors
The mayors of Snillfjord:

 * 1924–1928: Haakon Myrholt (V)
 * 1929–1931: Knut Snildal (Bp)
 * 1932–1934: Sigurd Aune (Bp)
 * 1935–1940: Arne O. Heggvik (V)
 * 1941-1941: Anders Krogstad (NS)
 * 1941–1942: Per P. Ven (NS)
 * 1942–1945: Sigurd Aune (NS)
 * 1945–1955: Arne O. Heggvik (V)
 * 1956–1959: Einar Selnes (KrF)
 * 1960–1967: John Snildal (Ap)
 * 1968–1979: Jon Selnes (Sp)
 * 1980–1983: Einar Berg (Sp)
 * 1984–1995: Kåre Berdal (Ap)
 * 1995–2000: Nils Gunnar Vuttudal (Sp)
 * 2000–2007: Anders Krokstad (Sp)
 * 2007–2011: John Lernes (H)
 * 2011–2013: John Geir Stølan (Sp)
 * 2013–2015: Anders Krokstad (Sp)
 * 2015–2019: John Lernes (Ap)

Geography
The municipality of Snillfjord was located south of the Trondheimsleia and east of the Hemnfjorden. The Åstfjorden and Snillfjorden flowed east from the Hemnfjorden into the municipality. The lake Våvatnet was located on the border with Orkdal in the southeast. The island of Hemnskjela lies in the Trondheimsleia in the north, and it is the southern entrance to the Hitra Tunnel.

The 508 km2 municipality of Snillfjord was surrounded by four municipalities. The municipality of Hemne lies to the southwest, Hitra is to the northwest, Agdenes to the northeast, and Orkdal to the southeast.

title: Snillfjord


text:
Hitra

Hitra is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The municipality covers the island of Hitra and hundreds of smaller islands, islets, and skerries. It is part of the Fosen region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Fillan. Other villages include Andersskogan, Ansnes, Forsnes, Hestvika, Knarrlagsund, Kvenvær, Melandsjøen, Nordbotn, Sandstad, and Ulvan.

The 756 km2 municipality is the 149th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Hitra is the 178th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,281. The municipality's population density is 7.4 PD/km2 and its population has increased by 14.8% over the previous 10-year period.

Hitra is famous in Norway for its large and dense population of red deer (as symbolised in its coat of arms — see image right). Hitra is a member of the International Island Games Association.

General information
The prestegjeld of Hitra was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt law). On 1 January 1877, the northern island district of Frøya (population: 3,949) was separated from Hitra to form a municipality of its own. On 1 January 1886, the southern and eastern parts of Hitra were separated into a new municipality of Fillan. This left Hitra with 2,241 residents. Then on 1 January 1913, the western part of Hitra was separated to form the new municipality of Kvenvær. This left Hitra with 1,439 residents. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipalities of Hitra, Kvenvær, Fillan, and Sandstad were merged to form a new, larger Hitra municipality. Prior to the merger, Hitra had 1,344 residents.

On 1 January 2018, the municipality switched from the old Sør-Trøndelag county to the new Trøndelag county.

On 1 January 2020, the island of Hemnskjela and the northwestern corner of the mainland municipality of Snillfjord was merged into Hitra.

Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the island of Hitra (Hitr). The name is probably derived from a word meaning "split" or "cleft" (referring to the many inlets of the island). Historically, the name of the municipality was spelled Hitteren. On 3 November 1917, a royal resolution changed the spelling of the name of the municipality to Hitra.

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 7 August 1987. The official blazon is "Azure, a stag's head couped argent" (I blått et sølv hjortehode). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is the head of a stag. The stag's head has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The blue color in the field symbolizes the importance of the sea for the island municipality. The design of the stag's head symbolizes that Hitra is home to one of Northern Europe's largest populations of red deer. The arms were based on an idea by Ketil Gylland from Fillan and drawn by the designer Einar Skjervold from Trondheim.

Churches
The Church of Norway has two parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Hitra. It is part of the Orkdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros.

Government
Hitra Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Trøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Hitra is made up of 25 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Mayors
The mayors (ordfører) of Hitra (incomplete list):

 * 1920–1922: Fredrik H. Strøm (Bp)
 * 1923–1925: Morten Lossius (V)
 * 1926–1931: Fredrik H. Strøm (Bp)
 * 1932–1934: Johan Olaus Asmundvaag (H)
 * 1935–1940: Ludvig Smaage (V)
 * 1941–1942: Morten Lossius (V)
 * 1942–1945: Sigbjørn Årnes (NS)
 * 1945-1945: Ludvig Smaage (V)
 * 1946–1947: Sten Hamnes (Ap)
 * 1948–1955: Ludvig Smaage (V)
 * 1956–1959: Peder Roksvåg (Ap)
 * 1960–1963: Jakob Storvik (LL)
 * 1964–1967: Arne Schanche Nilsen (Sp)
 * 1968–1971: Isak Hegerberg (H)
 * 1972–1975: Arne Schanche Nilsen (Sp)
 * 1976–1981: Isak Hegerberg (H)
 * 1982–1983: Bergljot Stokkan (Sp)
 * 1984–1987: Helge Jektvik (Ap)
 * 1988–1999: Egil Hestnes (H)
 * 1999–2003: Sigmund Jessen (Ap)
 * 2003–2007: Egil Hestnes (H)
 * 2007–2023: Ole Haugen (Ap)
 * 2023-present: John Lernes (Ap)

Geography
Hitra is the seventh largest island of mainland Norway. It is bordered by the municipality of Frøya to the north and the mainland municipalities of Hemne and Snillfjord to the south. It lies between the Trondheimsleia strait and the Frøyfjorden. The 345 m tall Mørkdalstuva is the highest point on the island.

Other than the large island of Hitra, there are many other islands in the municipality, notably Fjellværsøya, Ulvøya, Dolmøya, Helgbustadøya, and Bispøyan. The Børøyholmen Lighthouse and Terningen Lighthouse are located in the Trondheimsleia in the southeast part of Hitra municipality.

Transportation
The company Kystekspressen runs westamaran services from Trondheim and Kristiansund. The 5610 m long undersea tunnel called the Hitratunnelen connects the island of Hitra to the mainland to the south and the 5305 m long Frøya Tunnel connects Hitra to the neighboring island of Frøya to the north.

Energy
There is a wind farm in the central part of the island, Hitra Wind Farm, founded in 2004, which has 24 wind turbines which produce a total of 55 MW.

Notable people

 * Simon Michelet (1863–1942), a Norwegian theologian, teacher, and academic who was brought up in Hitra
 * John Aalmo (1902–1981), a Norwegian politician and Mayor of Sandstad from 1934 to 1957 (except 1946–1947)
 * Martin Skaaren (1905 in Hitra – 1999), a Norwegian politician and Mayor of Kvenvær municipality from 1945 to 1961
 * Kjerstin Øvrelid (1929 in Hitra – 1989), a Norwegian painter of flowers and the sea and skerries
 * Knut Børø (born 1948 in Hitra), a retired 5,000- and 10,000-metre runner who competed in the 1972 and 1976 Summer Olympics
 * Rita Ottervik (born 1966 in Hitra), a Norwegian politician and Mayor of Trondheim from 2003-2023
 * Anders Jektvik (born 1982 in Hitra), a Norwegian musician, singer, songwriter, and guitarist
 * Margaret Berger (born 1985), a Norwegian singer, songwriter, music director, and DJ who was brought up in Hitra

title: Hitra


text:
Sheikh

Sheikh (, شَيْخ , commonly , plural: شُيُوخ, shuyūkh ) is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder".

It commonly designates a tribal chief or a Muslim scholar. A royal family member of the United Arab Emirates also has this title, since the ruler of each emirate is also the sheikh of their tribe.

It is also used as an honorary title by people claiming to be descended (either patrilineally or matrilineally) from Hasan ibn Ali or Husayn ibn Ali, grandsons of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

In some countries, it is given as a surname to those of great knowledge in religious affairs, by a prestigious religious leader from a chain of Sufi scholars.

The word is mentioned in the Qur'an in three places: verse 72 of Hud, 78 of Yusuf, and 23 of al-Qasas.

Etymology and meaning
The word in Arabic stems from a triliteral root connected with aging: ش-ي-خ, shīn-yā'-khā'. The title carries the meaning leader, elder, or noble, especially in the Arabian Peninsula within the Tribes of Arabia, where Shaikh became a traditional title of a Bedouin tribal leader in recent centuries. Due to the cultural impact of Arab civilization, and especially through the spread of Islam, the word has gained currency as a religious term or general honorific in many other parts of the world as well, notably in Muslim cultures in Africa and Asia.

Sufi term
In Sufism (tasawwuf), the word shaikh is used to represent a spiritual guide who initiates a particular order (tariqa) which leads to Muhammad, although many saints have this title added before their names out of respect from their followers. A couple of prominent examples are Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, who initiated the Qadiriyya order, and Sheikh Ahmad al-Tijani, who initiated the Tijaniyyah Sufi order.

Arabian Peninsula
In the Arabian Peninsula, the title is used for chiefs of tribes. This also includes royalty in most of Eastern Arabia, where the royal families were traditionally considered tribal chiefs. For example, it is used by the UAE Al-Nahyan dynasty and Al Maktoum dynasty, who are considered the chiefs of the Bani Yas tribe, and by Kuwait's Al Sabah dynasty and Bahrain's Al Khalifa dynasty of the Bani Utbah tribal confederation. The term is used by almost every male and female (Sheikha) member of the royal houses of the UAE, Bahrain, Qatar, and Kuwait. The title is not used by members of Al Saud of Saudi Arabia, where the title "Prince" (أمير) is used instead.

The title is also used to refer to religious leaders for both Sunni and Shia Muslims. For example, the Saudi Arabian family Al ash-Sheikh (literally House of the Sheikh) is named after the religious leader and eponymous founder of Wahhabism, Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.

Lebanon
In Mount Lebanon, the title had the same princely and royal connotation as in the Arabian peninsula until the Ottoman invasion in 1516, since it represented an indigenous autonomous "sui iuris" ruler or tribal chief. Examples of some ancient families that hold the title of "sui iuris" sheikh is the Al-Chemor family, ruling since 1211 CE in Koura and Zgharta until 1747 CE and the Boudib family (descendants of the Hashemite family) who were Ehdenian rulers of Jebbeh since 1471 CE until 1759 CE. The descendants of this sovereign family now live in Miziara, Mexico and Nigeria. Even the Abu Harmoush family heads, which ruled the Chouf region until the Battle of Ain Dara in 1711 CE, were "sui iuris" sheikhs. After the Ottoman rule and the implementation of the Iltizam system, the title gained a noble instead of royal connotation, since it was bestowed by a higher authority; in this case the Ottoman appointed Emir, who was nothing more than a mültezim or tax collector for the empire. Some very influential Maronite families, who had the title bestowed upon them, are (in chronological order): the El Hachem of Akoura (descendants of the Hashemite family, since 1523), the El-Khazen (since 1545), the Hubaysh of Kisrawan and the Douaihy of Zgharta. Other families who are nowadays addressed or known as "sheikhs" were not traditionally rulers of provinces, but instead they were high-ranking officials at the service of the Emir at that time.

Maghreb
In the Maghreb, during the Almohad dynasty, the caliph was also counseled by a body of sheikhs. They represented all the different tribes under their rules, including Arabs, (Bedouins), Andalusians and Berbers and were also responsible for mobilizing their kinsmen in the event of war.

Horn of Africa
In the Muslim parts of the Horn of Africa, "shaikh" is often used as a noble title. In Somali society, it is reserved as an honorific for senior Muslim leaders and clerics (wadaad), and is often abbreviated to "Sh". Famous local sheikhs include Ishaaq bin Ahmed, an early Muslim scholar and Islamic preacher, Abdirahman bin Isma'il al-Jabarti, an early Muslim leader in Somaliland; Abadir Umar Ar-Rida, the patron saint of Harar; Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti, Sheikh of the riwaq in Cairo who recorded the Napoleonic invasion of Egypt; Abd Al-Rahman bin Ahmad al-Zayla'i, scholar who played a crucial role in the spread of the Qadiriyyah movement in Somalia and East Africa; Sheikh Sufi, 19th century scholar, poet, reformist and astrologist; Abdallah al-Qutbi, polemicist, theologian and philosopher best known for his five-part Al-Majmu'at al-mubaraka ("The Blessed Collection"); and Muhammad Al-Sumaalee, teacher in the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca who influenced many of the prominent Islamic scholars of today.

South Asia
In the cosmopolitan hub of the South Asian sub-continent, it is not just an ethnic title but also often an occupational title attributed to Muslim trading families. After the advent of Islam in South Asia, many Hindu clans from different castes converted to Islam and adopted the title. In the Punjab region, Ismaili Pirs gave some converts, as well as Muslims who emigrated from Central Asia, especially after the barbaric Mongol conquests, the hereditary title of Ismaili Shaikhs.

Southeast Asia
In Indonesia and other parts of Southeast Asia, sheikhs are respected by local Muslims. In Indonesia, the term is usually spelled "syech", and this is usually attributed to elderly ulama. Higher knowledgeable people of Islamic studies in Indonesia are usually referred to as "ustad" or "kyai".

Iran
From the perspective of Iran, the word or title of sheikh possesses diverse meanings, among individuals who are aged and wise, it has been an honorific title used for elders and learned scholars, such as: Sheikh al-Rayees Abu Ali Sina, Sheikh Mufid, Sheikh Morteza Ansari. In the past, Islamic scholars who were the Muhammad's descendants, were called Sayyid/Seyyed instead of sheikh.

For women
Historically, female scholars in Islam were referred to as shaykhah (Arabic: شيخة) (alt. shaykhat). Notable shaykha include the 10th-century Shaykhah Fakhr-un-Nisa Shuhdah and 18th-century scholar Al-Shaykha Fatima al-Fudayliyya. In 1957, Indonesian education activist Rahmah el Yunusiyah was awarded the title of syeikah by the faculty of Al-Azhar University, the first time the university had granted the title to a woman.

A daughter, wife or mother of a sheikh is also called a shaykhah. Currently, the term shaykhah is commonly used for women of ruling families in the Arab states of the Arabian Peninsula.

title: Sheikh


text:
Frøya, Trøndelag

Frøya is the westernmost municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is part of the Fosen region and consists of the island of Frøya, which lies north of the island of Hitra, as well several thousand other small islands surrounding the island of Frøya. The village of Sistranda is the administrative center of Frøya. Other villages include Hammarvika, Titran, Sula, and Mausund. The main island of Frøya is connected to the neighboring island of Hitra (and ultimately the mainland of Norway) by the Frøya Tunnel, which goes under the Frøyfjorden.

The 241 km2 municipality is the 291st largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Frøya is the 174th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 5,391. The municipality's population density is 23.4 PD/km2, and its population has increased by 19.6% over the previous 10-year period.

General information
The parish of Frøya was established as a municipality on 1 January 1877 when it was separated from Hitra Municipality. Its initial population was 3,949. On 1 January 1906, it was split into two municipalities: Nord-Frøya Municipality in the north and Sør-Frøya Municipality in the south. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1964, the municipalities of Nord-Frøya and Sør-Frøya were merged back together again, forming a new Frøya Municipality. On 1 January 2018, the municipality switched from the old Sør-Trøndelag county to the new Trøndelag county.

Name
The name of the island and municipality come from Norse mythology. Although Frøya is a variant of the name of the Norse goddess Freyja, the Old Norse form of the name of the island was Frøy or Frey (the ending -a in the modern form is actually the feminine definite article – so the meaning of Frøya is 'the Frøy'). Therefore, the name of the island probably has the same root as the name of the Norse god Freyr, brother to Freyja. The names originally were titles: "lord" or "lady". The oldest meaning of the common word was "(the one) in front; the foremost, the leading" and here in the sense "the island in front of Hitra". Until 1906 the island and municipality name was spelled Frøien (-en is the masculine definite article in Norwegian).

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 13 March 1987. The official blazon is "Azure, three fishhooks argent in bend" (I blått tre sølv angler i skrå rekke). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a series of three fish hooks lined up diagonally. The fish hooks have a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The fish hooks mimic Stone Age hooks made of bone that are meant to symbolize the importance of fishing and trapping by the people of Frøya. The arms were designed by Einar H. Skjervold based on an idea by S. Hogstad from Kolsås.

Churches
The Church of Norway has one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Frøya. It is part of the Orkdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros.

Government
Frøya Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Trøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Frøya is made up of 23 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Mayors
The mayors (ordfører) of Frøya:

(1905-1964: Municipality doesn't exist)
 * 1877–1885: Lars M. Eggen (H)
 * 1886–1887: Martin Sivertsen (V)
 * 1888–1889: Ivar Meland (V)
 * 1890–1893: Martin Sivertsen (V)
 * 1894–1897: Anton J. Leirvik (V)
 * 1898-1898: Martin Sivertsen (V)
 * 1899–1901: Kristian Sletvold (V)
 * 1902–1905: Martin Sivertsen (V)
 * 1964–1967: Johan Rabben (H)
 * 1968–1971: Georg Larsen (V)
 * 1972–1975: Oskar Steinvik (Ap)
 * 1975-1975: Asbjørn Waagø (Ap)
 * 1976–1979: Jan Iversen (KrF)
 * 1979-1987: Sigbjørn Larsen (KrF)
 * 1987-2003: Jan Otto Fredagsvik (Ap)
 * 2003-2007: Arvid Hammernes (V)
 * 2007-2011: Hans Stølan (Ap)
 * 2011-2019: Berit Flåmo (Ap)
 * 2019–present: Kristin Furunes Strømskag (H)

Geography
The municipality of Frøya has many small fishing communities on the large island of Frøya and many small islands in the ocean such as Mausundvær, Bogøyvær, and Sula, with Mausund being the largest of these with a population of approximately 270. Other small islands such as Froan and Halten, Trøndelag lay to the northeast of the island of Frøya. Many of these islands are home to lighthouses such as Halten Lighthouse, Finnvær Lighthouse, Vingleia Lighthouse, Sula Lighthouse, and Sletringen Lighthouse.

The main island of Frøya is fairly open and has no natural forests–mostly covered with marshes and heather. The largest villages on the island are Sistranda in the east and Titran in the west. Frøya is a member of the International Island Games Association. The highest point above sea level is the 76 m tall Besselvassheia, and the second highest point is the 74 m tall Bremnestua.

Climate
Frøya has a temperate oceanic climate (Cfb) with a year amplitude of only 11.2 C-change from the coldest to the warmest month. November and December are the wettest months, while April – July are the driest part of the year. The record high is from July 2014, and the record low is from February 2010. The average date for the last overnight freeze (below 0 °C) in spring is 4 April and average date for first freeze in autumn is 20 November (1981-2010 average) giving an average frost-free season of 229 days.

Notable people

 * John A. Widtsoe (1872 in Frøya – 1952), a Norwegian American, LDS churchman, author, scientist, and academic
 * Paul Martin Dahlø (1885 in Frøya – 1967), a Norwegian fisherman and politician who was Mayor of Frøya before and after World War II
 * Alf Tande-Petersen (born 1950), a Norwegian TV personality, journalist, writer, and businessperson; brought up in Frøya
 * Gustav Magnar Witzøe (born 1993 in Frøya), a billionaire and shareholder of salmon fish farming company SalMar ASA

title: Frøya, Trøndelag


text:
Ambleside

Ambleside is a town and former civil parish (now in the parish of Lakes) in the Westmorland and Furness district of Cumbria, England. Within the boundaries of the historic county of Westmorland and located in the Lake District National Park, the town sits at the head of Windermere, England's largest natural lake. In 2020 it had an estimated population of 2,596.

Local government services
Ambleside is within the unitary authority Westmorland and Furness, and is also part of the Lakes civil parish. Ambleside was formerly a township, in 1866 Ambleside became a civil parish in its own right until it was abolished on 1 April 1974 to form Lakes. In 1961 the parish had a population of 2562.

From 1894 to 1935, Ambleside formed its own urban district.

Tourist amenities
"Steamers" are the throwback name for the ferries (diesel-propelled) which run most days to Bowness-on-Windermere and Lakeside offering fine views of the lake and the mountains – see Waterhead locality below.

Ambleside is a base for hiking, mountaineering and mountain biking. It has several hotels, guest houses, restaurants and shops. Specialist shops sell equipment, guides and give recommendations to walkers, backpackers and climbers. Ambleside is a popular starting point for the Fairfield horseshoe, a hillwalking ridge hike.

A concentration of ten pubs or bars within a quarter-mile radius reflects how the local hospitality market serves residents, tourists, visitors and the student population associated with the University of Cumbria.

History
The town's name is derived from the Old Norse "Á-mel-sǽtr" which literally translates as "river – sandbank – summer pasture". To the south of Ambleside is the Roman fort of Galava, dating from AD 79.

In 1650 the town was granted a charter to hold a market. In the reign of James II, another charter was granted for the town to collect tolls. The town's Market Place became the commercial centre for agriculture and the wool trade. The old packhorse trail between Ambleside and Grasmere was the main route between the two towns before the new turnpike road was completed in 1770. Smithy Brow at the end of the trail was where pack ponies were re-shod after their journey. With the coming of the turnpikes, the packhorse trains were superseded by horse-drawn stagecoaches, which regularly travelled between Keswick and Kendal via Ambleside.

The Samling Hotel was built in the 1780s, then called the "Dove Nest".

Ambleside & District Golf Club founded in 1903 ended in the late 1950s; Windermere Golf Club is a few miles along the lake's east side.

The Armitt Library and Museum opened in 1912 in memory of Sophia and Mary Louisa Armitt is notable as a resource for history. Its main resident collection overviews Lake District artists and writers with display panels, photographs and copies of their key works, and some originals of minor works.

Bridge House
Bridge House was built over Stock Ghyll more than 300 years ago, probably as a summer house and apple store for Ambleside Hall. It was purchased by local people in 1926 and given to the National Trust. Listed Grade I, the building is now used as an information centre for the National Trust, and is part of the Trust's Windermere and Troutbeck property.

The building was depicted by the Victorian landscapist Lewis Pinhorn Wood (1848–1918) in his late 19th century work The Cobbler's Shop on the Bridge.

St Mary's Church
A shared Church of England and Methodist church. Before the 17th century the dead of Ambleside were buried at St Martin's Church, Bowness-on-Windermere, Ambleside then gained the right to its own registers and had a chapel dedicated to St Anne. This was too small to accommodate the enlarged Anglican congregations as tourism boomed from the Kendal and Windermere Railway opened in 1847. St Mary's Church was built in the 1850s to a design by George Gilbert Scott in the Gothic Revival style. Notable features include: Early 20th century Vicar, Henry Adamson Thompson, is depicted on the right of the mural. His body and that of his only son, Henry Lionel Francess Thompson – killed in World War II – share the same part of the churchyard.
 * the stone spire, an unusual feature in Westmorland churches,
 * the mural depicting rushbearing (a ceremony which is held on the first Saturday in July). The mural was created during World War II when the Royal College of Art was based in Ambleside.

Other burials include Annie, Sophia and Mary Louisa Armitt.

Mater Amabilis church
The town's many decades-old Catholic Church in a traditional design is a consolidation of two churches; until 2013 nearby Grasmere held services, whose reverend, Kevan Dorgan of Windermere was translated to the consolidated parish. His predecessor, who retired, was David Duanne.

University of Cumbria
The Ambleside campus of the University of Cumbria, formerly St. Martin's College and Charlotte Mason College, is at the northern end of the town; courses held at the campus include Conservation, Forestry, and Outdoor Studies.

On 1 December 2009, it was announced that the Ambleside campus would be 'mothballed' at the end of July 2010, and would no longer take new undergraduate students. The closure was in the face of fierce opposition from the Ambleside students, the townspeople, and support pledged from Tim Farron, MP for the campus and its students.

In July 2011, the university announced a plan to reopen the campus and increase student numbers at the Ambleside campus beginning in 2014. In September 2014, the newly refurbished campus was reopened.

Exploration youth group
Brathay Exploration Group, a youth charity, mainly meets at associated Clappersgate.

Waterhead locality
Ambleside Pier at Waterhead, about one mile south of the town centre, is a boarding point for Windermere Lake Cruises on Windermere. Services run year-round connecting to Bowness-on-Windermere and Lakeside. Between March and October, a second service operates to the Brockhole Lake District Visitor Centre and Wray Castle.

Waterhead has hotels, cafés, boat hire establishments and the YHA youth hostel. It is mostly green buffered from the town, including by copses of mature trees.

Media
Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Border. Television signals are received from one of the two local relay TV transmitters (Windermere and Hawkshead ).

Local radio stations are BBC Radio Cumbria 104.2 FM, Heart North West on 102.3 FM, Smooth Lake District on 100.8 FM, and Lake District Radio that broadcast online from its studios in Kendal.

The town is served by the local newspapers, The Westmorland Gazette and North West Evening Mail.

Notable residents
William Wordsworth worked in Ambleside, as Distributor of Stamps for Westmorland, from 1813, while living at Rydal Mount in the nearby village of Rydal. This government position induced Shelley to write a sonnet of mild reprimand, To Wordsworth, but it gave an income other than poetry. In 1842, he became the Poet Laureate and resigned his office.

In 1846 Harriet Martineau moved into her new house, “The Knoll,” where she lived until her death in 1876. "Something of a Victorian superstar," she was a professional woman, international correspondent, ran a micro-farm on her property and formed and worked for a Property Association which helped working families in the neighborhood build their own homes. Her winter lectures packed the Methodist Church beside her home.

The author Mairin Mitchell (1895–1986) was born at Ambleside, the daughter of Dr Thomas Houghton Mitchell, a local GP.

Artist Kurt Schwitters was resident for $2 1/2$ years until his death in January 1948. Under legislation to lower the risk of well-covered sympathiser spies he was interned in the Isle of Man for 14 months of World War II after fleeing Nazi Germany to Norway which was invaded in 1940; his release to London was secured with A. Dorner of Rhode Island School of Design's attestation and sponsorship.

Locomotive manufacturer Edward Bury (died 1858) and his wife Priscilla Susan.

The poet Dorothy Gurney wrote the words to the popular wedding hymn "O Perfect Love" at Pullwyke near Ambleside.

Eponyms in fiction and music

 * The Ambleside Alibi (part of series Lake District Mysteries), by Rebecca Tope, Allison & Busby
 * Album CSI:Ambleside, by Birkenhead-based band Half Man Half Biscuit.

Mountain rescue
The town maintains the Langdale & Ambleside MRT, one of the busiest volunteer mountain rescue teams nationally.

Transport
Bus services from Ambleside are operated predominantly by Stagecoach Cumbria. Key routes are:
 * 505 to Coniston and Windermere, with occasional connections to Kendal
 * 516 to Dungeon Ghyll and Kendal
 * 555 to Keswick, Kendal and Lancaster
 * 599 open top service, which is branded as Lakesider, to Grasmere and Bowness-on-Windermere, with occasional connections to Kendal.
 * X8 to Keswick, Preston and Chorley.

The nearest National Rail station is at Windermere, which provides services to Oxenholme and Manchester Airport.

Climate
Ambleside features an oceanic climate, but being within the Lake District it does experience higher annual rainfall than the average for the North-West of England. Parts of the town have been flooded on numerous occasions, with the River Rothay breaking its banks during Storm Desmond in December 2015.

title: Ambleside


text:
Rouergue

Rouergue is a former province of France, corresponding roughly with the modern department of Aveyron. Its historical capital is Rodez. It is bounded on the north by Auvergne, on the south and southwest by Languedoc, on the east by Gévaudan and on the west by Quercy.

During the Middle Ages Rouergue changed hands a number of times; its rulers included England (due to the Treaty of Brétigny in 1360), Armagnac and Languedoc.

Rouergue became a department in 1790, and was renamed Aveyron after the principal river flowing through it. Upon creation of the department of Tarn-et-Garonne in 1808, the canton of Saint-Antonin-Noble-Val was detached from the western extremity of Aveyron and transferred to the new department.

The province of Rouergue had a land area of 9007 km2. At the 1999 census there were 269,774 inhabitants on the territory of the province of Rouergue, for a density of only 30 km2. The largest urban areas are Rodez, with 38,458 inhabitants in 1999; Millau, with 22,840 inhabitants in 1999; Decazeville, with 17,044 inhabitants in 1999; and Villefranche-de-Rouergue, with 12,561 inhabitants in 1999.

title: Rouergue


text:
Tannery (disambiguation)

A tannery is a facility where the tanning process is applied to hide to produce leather.

Tannery may also refer to:

Countries

 * Tannery Road, a road in the Bangalore Cantonment, India
 * The Tannery, Ontario, a community in the town of Mississippi Mills
 * Tannery, West Virginia, an unincorporated community, United States of America
 * Tannery Brook, a tributary of the Mohawk River in North Western, New York, United States of America
 * Tannery River, a river in North Attleboro and Attleboro, Massachusetts, United States of America
 * The Tannery (Bethlehem, Pennsylvania), a historic building in Pennsylvania, United States of America
 * Tannery Falls, Michigan, United States of America

People

 * Jules Tannery (1848–1910), French mathematician
 * Paul Tannery (1843–1904), French mathematician and historian of mathematics

Other uses

 * The Tannery, a 2009 crime novel by Sherrie Hewson
 * The Tannery (New Zealand), a boutique mall in Christchurch developed post the 2011 earthquake

title: Tannery (disambiguation)