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Power pop

Power pop (also typeset as powerpop) is a subgenre of rock music and a form of pop rock based on the early music of bands such as the Who, the Beatles, the Beach Boys, and the Byrds. It typically incorporates melodic hooks, vocal harmonies, an energetic performance, and cheerful-sounding music underpinned by a sense of yearning, longing, despair, or self-empowerment. The sound is primarily rooted in pop and rock traditions of the early-to-mid 1960s, although some artists have occasionally drawn from later styles such as punk, new wave, glam rock, pub rock, college rock, and neo-psychedelia.

Originating in the 1960s, power pop developed mainly among American musicians who came of age during the British Invasion. Many of these young musicians wished to retain the "teenage innocence" of pop and rebelled against newer forms of rock music that were thought to be pretentious and inaccessible. The term was coined in 1967 by the Who guitarist and songwriter Pete Townshend to describe his band's style of music. However, power pop became more widely identified with later acts of the 1970s who sought to revive Beatles-style pop.

Early 1970s releases by Badfinger, the Raspberries, and Todd Rundgren are sometimes credited with solidifying the power pop sound into a recognizable genre. Power pop reached its commercial peak during the rise of punk and new wave in the late 1970s, with Cheap Trick, the Knack, the Romantics, Nick Lowe, Dave Edmunds, and Dwight Twilley among those enjoying the most success. After a popular and critical backlash to the genre's biggest hit, "My Sharona" (the Knack, 1979), record companies generally stopped signing power pop groups, and most of the 1970s bands broke up in the early 1980s.

Over subsequent decades, power pop continued with modest commercial success while also remaining a frequent object of derision among some critics and musicians. The 1990s saw a new wave of alternative bands that were drawn to 1960s artists because of the 1980s music they had influenced. Although not as successful as their predecessors, Jellyfish, the Posies, Redd Kross, Teenage Fanclub, and Material Issue were critical and cult favorites. In the mid-1990s, an offshoot genre that combined power pop-style harmonies with uptempo punk rock, dubbed "pop-punk", reached mainstream popularity.

Characteristics
Power pop is a more aggressive form of pop rock that is based on catchy, melodic hooks and energetic moods. AllMusic describes the style as "a cross between the crunching hard rock of the Who and the sweet melodicism of the Beatles and the Beach Boys, with the ringing guitars of the Byrds thrown in for good measure". Virtually every artist of the genre has been a rock band consisting of white male musicians who engaged with the song forms, vocal arrangements, chord progressions, rhythm patterns, instrumentation, or overall sound associated with groups of the mid-1960s British Invasion era.

An essential feature of power pop is that its cheerful sounding arrangements are supported by a sense of "yearning", "longing", or "despair" similar to formative works such as "Wouldn't It Be Nice" (the Beach Boys, 1966) and "Pictures of Lily" (the Who, 1967). This might be achieved with an unexpected harmonic change or lyrics that refer to "tonight", "tomorrow night", "Saturday night", and so on. Power pop was also noted for its lack of irony and its reverence to classic pop craft. Its reconfiguration of 1960s tropes, music journalist Paul Lester argued, could make it one of the first postmodern music genres.

Scope and recognition
The Who's Pete Townshend coined the term in a May 1967 interview promoting their latest single "Pictures of Lily". He said: "Power pop is what we play—what the Small Faces used to play, and the kind of pop the Beach Boys played in the days of 'Fun, Fun, Fun' which I preferred." Despite other bands following in the power pop continuum since then, the term was not popularized until the rise of new wave music in the late 1970s. Greg Shaw, editor of Bomp! magazine, was the most prominent in the slew of music critics that wrote about power pop (then written as "powerpop"). This mirrored similar developments with the term "punk rock" from earlier in the decade. In light of this, Theo Cateforis, author of Are We Not New Wave? (2011), wrote that "the recognition and formulation" of power pop as a genre "was by no means organic."

There is significant debate among fans over what should be classed as power pop. Shaw took credit for codifying the genre in 1978, describing it as a hybrid style of pop and punk. He later wrote that "much to my chagrin, the term was snapped up by legions of limp, second-rate bands hoping the majors would see them as a safe alternative to punk." Music journalist John M. Borack also stated in his 2007 book Shake Some Action – The Ultimate Guide to Power Pop that the label is often applied to varied groups and artists with "blissful indifference", noting its use in connection with Britney Spears, Green Day, the Bay City Rollers and Def Leppard.

Power pop has struggled with its critical reception and is sometimes viewed as a shallow style of music associated with teenage audiences. The perception was exacerbated by record labels in the early 1980s who used the term for marketing post-punk styles. Music critic Ken Sharp summarized that power pop is "the Rodney Dangerfield of rock 'n' roll.[...] the direct updating of the most revered artists—the Who, the Beach Boys, the Beatles—yet it gets no respect." In 1996, singer-songwriter Tommy Keene commented that any association to the term since the 1980s is to be "compared to a lot of bands that didn't sell records, it's like a disease. If you're labeled that, you're history." Musician Steve Albini said: "I cannot bring myself to use the term 'power pop.' Catchy, mock-descriptive terms are for dilettantes and journalists. I guess you could say I think this music is for pussies and should be stopped." Ken Stringfellow of the Posies concurred that "There’s a kind of aesthetic to power pop to be light on purpose. I wanted something with more gravitas."

1960s: Origins and precursors
Power pop originated in the late 1960s as young music fans began to rebel against the emerging pretensions of rock music. During this period, a schism developed between "serious" artists who rejected pop and "crassly commercial" pop acts who embraced their teenybopper audience. Greg Shaw credited the Who as the starting point for power pop, whereas Carl Caferelli (writing in Borack's book) said that "the story really begins circa 1964, with the commercial ascension of the Beatles in America." Caferelli also recognized the Beatles as the embodiment of the "pop band" ideal. According to The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll, British Invasion bands, particularly the Merseybeat sound first popularised by the Beatles and its "jangly guitars, pleasant melodies, immaculate vocal harmonies, and a general air of teenage innocence", were a key influence on 1970s power-pop bands such as the Raspberries, Big Star, the Knack and XTC.

When Pete Townshend coined the term, he suggested that songs like "I Can't Explain" (1965) and "Substitute" (1966) were more accessible than the changing, more experimental directions other groups such as the Beatles were taking. However, the term did not become widely identified with the Who, and it would take a few years before the genre's stylistic elements coalesced into a more recognizable form. The A.V. Club Noel Murray said that "once the sound became more viable and widely imitated, it was easier to trace the roots of the genre back to rockabilly, doo-wop, girl groups, and the early records of the Beatles, the Byrds, the Beach Boys, the Kinks, and the Who." Robert Hilburn traced the genre "chiefly from the way the Beatles and the Beach Boys mixed rock character and pure Top 40 instincts in such records as the latter's 'California Girls'." Borack noted, "It's also quite easy to draw a not-so-crooked line from garage rock to power pop."

Townshend himself was heavily influenced by the guitar work of Beach Boy Carl Wilson, while the Who's debut single "I Can't Explain" was indebted to the Kinks' "You Really Got Me" (1964). Roy Shuker identified the leading American power pop acts of the time as the Byrds, Tommy James and the Shondells, and Paul Revere and the Raiders. Also significant to power pop in the 1960s were the Dave Clark Five, the Creation, the Easybeats, the Move, and the Nazz.

1970s: Emergence

In the 1970s, the rock scene fragmented into many new styles. Artists drifted away from the influence of early Beatles songs, and those who cited the Beatles or the Who as influences were in the minority. In Paul Lester's description, "powerpop is really a 70s invention. It's about young musicians missing the 60s but taking its sound in new directions.[...] not just an alternative to prog and the hippy troubadours, but a cousin to glam." Novelist Michael Chabon believed that the genre did not truly come into its own until the emergence of "second generation" power pop acts in the early 1970s. Lester added that it was "essentially an American response to the British Invasion, made by Anglophiles a couple of years too young to have been in bands the first time round."

For many fans of power pop, according to Caferelli, the "bloated and sterile" aspect of 1970s rock was indicative of the void left by the Beatles' breakup in 1970. During the early to middle part of the decade, only a few acts continued the tradition of Beatles-style pop. Some were younger glam/glitter bands, while others were 60s holdovers" that refused to update their sound. One of the most prominent groups in the latter category was Badfinger, the first artists signed to the Beatles' Apple Records. Although they had international top 10 chart success with "Come and Get It" (1969), "No Matter What" (1970), and "Day After Day" (1971), they were criticized in the music press as Beatles imitators. Caferelli describes them as "one of the earliest—and finest purveyors" of power pop. Conversely, AllMusic states that while Badfinger were among the groups that established the genre's sound, the Raspberries were the only power pop band of the era to have hit singles. Noel Murray wrote that Badfinger had "some key songs" that were power pop "before the genre really existed".

1972, according to Magnet Andrew Earles, was "year zero" for power pop. Developments from that year included the emergence of Big Star and the Raspberries, the release of Todd Rundgren's Something/Anything?, and the recording of the Flamin' Groovies' "Shake Some Action"; additionally, many garage bands had stopped emulating the Rolling Stones. Chabon additionally credited the Raspberries, Badfinger, Big Star, and Rundgren's "Couldn't I Just Tell You" and "I Saw the Light" with "inventing" the genre. On a television performance from 1978, Rundgren introduced "Couldn't I Just Tell You" as a part of "the latest musical trend, power pop." Lester called the studio recording of the song a "masterclass in compression" and said that Rundgren "staked his claim to powerpop immortality [and] set the whole ball rolling".

Earles identified the Raspberries as the only American band that had hit singles. Murray recognized the Raspberries as the most representative power pop band and described their 1972 US top 10 "Go All the Way" as "practically a template for everything the genre could be, from the heavy arena-rock hook to the cooing, teenybopper-friendly verses and chorus." Caferelli described the follow-up "I Wanna Be with You" (1972) as "perhaps the definitive power pop single". However, like Badfinger, the Raspberries were derided as "Beatles clones". Singer Eric Carmen remembered that there "were a lot of people in 1972 who were not ready for any band that even remotely resembled the Beatles." Raspberries dissolved in 1975 as Carmen pursued a solo career.

1970s–1980s: Commercial peak and decline

A recognizable movement of power pop bands following in the tradition of the Raspberries started emerging in the late 1970s, with groups such as Cheap Trick, the Jam, the Romantics, Shoes, and the Flamin' Groovies, who were seen as 1960s revivalist bands. Much of these newer bands were influenced by late 1960s AM radio, which fell into a rapid decline due to the popularity of the AOR and progressive rock FM radio format. By 1977, there was a renewed interest in the music and culture of the 1960s, with examples such as the Beatlemania musical and the growing mod revival. AABA forms and double backbeats also made their return after many years of disuse in popular music.

Spurred on by the emergence of punk rock and new wave, power pop enjoyed a prolific and commercially successful period from the late 1970s into the early 1980s. Throughout the two decades, the genre existed parallel to and occasionally drew from developments such as glam rock, pub rock, punk, new wave, college rock, and neo-psychedelia. AllMusic states that these new groups were "swept along with the new wave because their brief, catchy songs fit into the post-punk aesthetic." Most bands rejected the irreverence, cynicism, and irony that characterized new wave, believing that pop music was an art that reached its apex in the mid-1960s, sometimes referred to as the "poptopia". This in turn led many critics to dismiss power pop as derivative work.

Ultimately, the groups with the best-selling records were Cheap Trick, the Knack, the Romantics, and Dwight Twilley, whereas Shoes, the Records, the Nerves, and 20/20 only drew cult followings. Writing for Time in 1978, Jay Cocks cited Nick Lowe and Dave Edmunds as "the most accomplished purveyors of power pop", which he described as "the well-groomed stepbrother of punk rock". Edmunds was quoted: "Before the New Wave[...] There was no chance for the little guy who buys a guitar and starts a band. What we're doing is kids' music, really, just four-four time and good songs." Cheap Trick became the most successful act in the genre's history thanks to the band's constant touring schedule and stage theatrics. According to Andrew Earles, the group's "astonishing acceptance in Japan (documented on 1979's At Budokan) and hits 'Surrender' and 'I Want You To Want Me,' the Trick took power pop to an arena level and attained a degree of success that the genre had never seen, nor would ever see again."

The biggest chart hit by a power pop band was the Knack's debut single, "My Sharona", which topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart for six weeks in August–September 1979. However, the song's ubiquitous radio presence that summer spawned a popular and critical backlash against the band, which in turn led to a backlash against the power pop genre in general. Once the Knack failed to maintain their commercial momentum, record companies generally stopped signing power pop groups. Most bands of the 1970s milieu broke up in the early 1980s.

1980s–1990s: Alternative rock

In the 1980s and 1990s, power pop continued as a commercially modest genre with artists such as Redd Kross and the Spongetones. The later records of XTC also became a touchstone for bands such as Jellyfish and the Apples in Stereo, while Big Star developed an avid cult following among members of later bands like R.E.M. and the Replacements who expressed esteem for the group's work. Many bands who were primarily influenced by Big Star blended power pop with the ethos and sounds of alternative rock. AllMusic cited Teenage Fanclub, Material Issue, and the Posies as "critical and cult favorites".

In 1991, the Los Angeles Times Chris Willman identified Jellyfish, the Posies, and Redd Kross as the leaders of a "new wave of rambunctious Power Pop bands that recall the days when moptops were geniuses, songs were around three minutes long and a great hook--a catchy melodic phrase that "hooks" the listener—was godhead." Members of Jellyfish and Posies said that they were drawn to 1960s artists because of the 1980s music they influenced. At the time, it was uncertain whether the movement could have mainstream success. Karen Glauber, editor of Hits magazine, said that "The popular conception is that these bands are 'retro,' or not post-modern enough because they're not grunge and because the Posies are from Seattle and don't sound like Mudhoney."

Velvet Crush's Ric Menck credited Nirvana with ultimately making it "possible for people like Matthew [Sweet] and the Posies and Material Issue and, to some extent, us to get college radio play." As power pop "gained the attention of hip circles", many older bands reformed to record new material that was released on independent labels. Chicago label The Numero Group issued a compilation album called Yellow Pills: Prefill, featuring overlooked pop tracks from 1979–1982. For the rest of decade, AllMusic writes, "this group of independent, grass-roots power-pop bands gained a small but dedicated cult following in the United States."

1990s–2010s: Continued interest
Power pop has had varying levels of success since the 1990s. In 1994, Green Day and Weezer popularized pop-punk, an alternative rock variant genre that fuses power pop harmonies with uptempo punk moods. According to Louder Than War Sam Lambeth, power pop has "ebbed and flowed" while remaining an object of critical derision. Despite this, he cites Fountains of Wayne with inspiring "yet another new era for the format" during the late 1990s, "one they'd perfect with the magnetic Welcome Interstate Managers (2003)." He writes that as of 2017, "you can still hear some of power pop's core traits in bands such as Best Coast, Sløtface, Diet Cig and Dude York."

In 1998, International Pop Overthrow (IPO)—named after the album of the same name by Material Issue—began holding a yearly festival for power pop bands. Originally taking place in Los Angeles, the festival expanded to several locations over the years, including Canada and Liverpool, England (the latter event included performances at the Cavern Club). Paul Collins of the Beat and the Nerves hosted the Power Pop-A-Licious music festival in 2011 and 2013, featuring a mixture of classic and rising bands with an emphasis on power pop, punk rock, garage and roots rock. The concerts were held at Asbury Lanes in Asbury Park, New Jersey, and the Cake Shop in New York City. Paul Collins and his group the Beat headlined the two-day events.

Suggested listening

 * DIY: Come Out and Play - American Power Pop I (1975-78) (Rhino Records, compilation CD, 1993)
 * DIY: Shake It Up! - American Power Pop II (1978-80) (Rhino Records, compilation CD, 1993)
 * Girls Go Power Pop (Big Beat Records, compilation CD, 2020)
 * Harmony in My Head: UK Power Pop & New Wave (Cherry Red, 3XCD compilation, 2018)
 * Poptopia! Power Pop Classics of the '70s (Rhino Records, compilation CD, 1997)
 * Poptopia! Power Pop Classics of the '80s (Rhino Records, compilation CD, 1997)
 * Poptopia! Power Pop Classics of the '90s (Rhino Records, compilation CD, 1997)
 * Power Pop Anthems (Virgin, 2XCD compilation, 2002)

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1929 in television

The year 1929 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1929.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1929 in television


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Leland Stanford

Amasa Leland Stanford (March 9, 1824 – June 21, 1893) was an American attorney, industrialist, philanthropist, and Republican Party politician from California. He served as the 8th Governor of California from 1862 to 1863 and represented the state in the United States Senate from 1885 until his death in 1893. He and his wife Jane founded Stanford University, named after their late son.

Stanford was a successful merchant and wholesaler who migrated to California during the Gold Rush and built a business empire. He was an influential executive of the Central Pacific Railroad and later the Southern Pacific railroads from 1861 to 1890, giving him tremendous power in the Western United States and leaving a lasting impact on California. He also played a significant role as a shareholder and executive in the early history of Pacific Life and Wells Fargo. He was the first Republican Governor of California. Stanford is widely considered a robber baron.

Early life and career
Leland Stanford was born in 1824 in what was then Watervliet, New York (now the Town of Colonie). He was one of eight children of Josiah and Elizabeth Phillips Stanford. Among his siblings were New York State Senator Charles Stanford (1819–1885) and Australian businessman and spiritualist Thomas Welton Stanford (1832–1918). His immigrant ancestor, Thomas Stanford, settled in Charlestown, Massachusetts, in the 17th century. Later ancestors settled in the eastern Mohawk Valley of central New York about 1720.

Stanford's father was a farmer of some means. Stanford was raised on family farms in the Lisha Kill and Roessleville (after 1836) areas of Watervliet. The family home in Roessleville was called Elm Grove. The Elm Grove home was razed in the 1940s. Stanford attended the common school until 1836 and was tutored at home until 1839. He attended Clinton Liberal Institute, in Clinton, New York, and studied law at Cazenovia Seminary in Cazenovia, New York, in 1841 to 1845. In 1845, he entered the law office of Wheaton, Doolittle, and Hadley in Albany.

After being admitted to the bar in 1848, Stanford moved with many other settlers to Port Washington, Wisconsin, where he began a law practice with Wesley Pierce. His father presented him with a law library said to be the finest north of Milwaukee. In 1850, Stanford was nominated by the Whig Party as Washington County, Wisconsin district attorney.

Businesses
In 1852, having lost his law library and other property to a fire, Stanford followed his five brothers to California during the California Gold Rush. His wife, Jane, returned temporarily to Albany and her family. He went into business with his brothers and became the keeper of a general store for miners at Michigan City, California, later the name changed to Michigan Bluff in Placer County; later he had a wholesale house. He served as a justice of the peace and helped organize the Sacramento Library Association, which later became the Sacramento Public Library. In 1855, he returned to Albany to join his wife, but found the pace too slow after the excitement of developing California.

Central Pacific and Southern Pacific railroads
In 1856, he and Jane moved to Sacramento, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits on a large scale. He was one of the four merchants known popularly as "The Big Four" (or among themselves as "the Associates"), who were the key investors in Chief Engineer Theodore Dehone Judah's plan for the Central Pacific Railroad. The five of them incorporated it on June 28, 1861, and Stanford was elected as its president. The other three associates were Charles Crocker, Mark Hopkins, and Collis P. Huntington. The Central Pacific's first locomotive, named Gov. Stanford in his honor, is preserved on static display at the California State Railroad Museum, in Sacramento.

Stanford ran unsuccessfully for governor of California in 1859. He was nominated again in 1861 and won the election. Due to the Great Flood of 1862, he had to row to his inauguration in a rowboat. He served one term, then limited to two years.

While the Central Pacific was under construction, Stanford and his associates in 1868 acquired control of the Southern Pacific Railroad. Stanford was elected president of the Southern Pacific, a post he held until 1890 (except for a brief period in 1869–1870 when Tevis was acting president) when he was ousted by Collis Huntington.

As head of the railroad company that built the western portion of the "First Transcontinental Railroad" from Sacramento eastward over the Sierra Nevada mountains in California to Nevada and Utah, Stanford presided at the ceremonial driving of "Last Spike" in Promontory, Utah on May 10, 1869. The grade of the CPRR met that of the Union Pacific Railroad, which had been built westward from its eastern terminus at Council Bluffs, Iowa/Omaha, Nebraska. He was even given the honor of driving the final spike.

Stanford moved with his family from Sacramento to San Francisco in 1874, where he assumed presidency of the Occidental and Oriental Steamship Company, the steamship line to Japan and China associated with the Central Pacific.

The Southern Pacific Company was organized in 1884 as a holding company for the Central Pacific-Southern Pacific system. Stanford was president of the Southern Pacific Company from 1885 until 1890 when he was forced out of that post (as well as the presidency of the Southern Pacific Railroad) by Collis Huntington, the company's ranking vice president and the corporate directorate. That was thought to be retaliation for Stanford's election to the US Senate in 1885 over Huntington's friend, Aaron A. Sargent.

Stanford was elected chairman of the Southern Pacific Railroad's executive committee in 1890, and he held this post and the presidency of the Central Pacific Railroad until his death.

Other interests
In May 1868, he joined Lloyd Tevis, Darius Ogden Mills, H.D. Bacon, Hopkins, and Crocker in forming the Pacific Union Express Company. It merged in 1870 with Wells Fargo and Company. Stanford was a director of Wells Fargo and Company from 1870 to January 1884. After a brief retirement from the board, he served again from February 1884 to his death in June 1893. Also in May 1868, he started the Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company (now Pacific Life) and served as its first president from 1868 to 1876.

He owned two wineries, the Leland Stanford Winery in Alameda County founded in 1869, and run and later inherited by his brother Josiah, and the 55000 acre Great Vina Ranch in Tehama County, containing what was then the largest vineyard in the world at 3575 acre and given to Stanford University.

Stanford was also interested in horses and owned the Gridley tract of 17800 acre in Butte County. In Santa Clara County, he founded his Palo Alto Stock Farm. He bred Standardbred horses to be raced as trotters, including his chief sire, Electioneer (sired by Hambletonian) and his winning offspring: Arion, Sunol, Palo Alto, and Chimes (out of Stanford's best known dam Beautiful Bells ); and Thoroughbreds for flat racing. In 1872, Stanford commissioned the photographer Eadweard Muybridge to undertake scientific studies of the gaits of horses at a trot and gallop at the Agricultural Park race track in Sacramento. Images of the horses' feet were captured there, later moving to his Palo Alto Stock Farm. He wanted to determine if the horses ever had all four feet off the ground at the same time. The result was the proto-film Sallie Gardner at a Gallop (1878). As the Palo Alto breeding farm was later developed into the Stanford University, the university was nicknamed "The Farm."

Politics
Stanford was politically active and became a leading member of the Republican Party. In 1856, he met with other Whig politicians in Sacramento on April 30 to organize the California Republican Party at its first state convention. He was chosen as a delegate to the Republican Party convention that selected US presidential electors in both 1856 and 1860. Stanford was defeated in his 1857 bid for California state treasurer, and his 1859 bid for the office of governor of California. In 1860, he was named a delegate to the Republican National Convention in Chicago, but did not attend. He was elected governor in a second campaign in 1861.

Governor of California
He was the eighth Governor of California, serving from January 1862 to December 1863, and the first Republican governor. Due to the Great Flood of 1862, the governor was said to have needed to row in a boat to his own inauguration. A large, slow-speaking man who always read from a prepared text, he impressed his listeners as being more sincere than a glib, extemporaneous speaker.

During his gubernatorial tenure, he cut the state's debt in half and advocated for the conservation of forests. He also oversaw the establishment of California's first state normal school in San Jose, later to become San Jose State University. Following Stanford's governorship, the term of office changed from two years to four years, in line with legislation passed during his time in office.

Native Americans
The ongoing eradication of the Native Americans living in California continued under his administration. He did sign into law an act reversing part of the 1850 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians that allowed the enslavement of Native Americans. However, he also continued the prosecution of the Bald Hills War in Northern California.

Chinese immigrants
The gold strike in California had brought a large influx of newcomers into the territory, including Chinese immigrants, who faced persecution. Anti-Chinese sentiment became a political issue over time. In a message to the legislature in January 1862, Governor Stanford said:

"To my mind it is clear, that the settlement among us of an inferior race is to be discouraged by every legitimate means. Asia, with her numberless millions, sends to our shores the dregs of her population. Large numbers of this class are already here; and, unless we do something early to check their immigration, the question, which of the two tides of immigration, meeting upon the shores of the Pacific, shall be turned back, will be forced upon our consideration, when far more difficult than now of disposal. There can be no doubt but that the presence among us of numbers of degraded and distinct people must exercise a deleterious influence upon the superior race, and to a certain extent, repel desirable immigration."

Stanford was initially acclaimed for such statements, but lost support when it was revealed that his Central Pacific Railroad was also importing Chinese workers to construct the railroad.

United States Senator
Later, he served in the United States Senate from 1885 until his death in 1893. He served for four years as chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Public Buildings and Grounds and on the Naval Committee. He was president and director of the Central Pacific Railroad the entire time he sat in the Senate. He authored several Senate bills that advanced ideas advocated by the People's Party: a bill to foster the creation of worker-owned cooperatives, and a bill to allow the issuance of currency backed by land value instead of only the gold standard. Neither bill made it out of committee. In Washington, DC, he had a residence on Farragut Square near the home of Baron Karl von Struve, Russian minister to the US.

Stanford University
With his wife Jane, Stanford founded Leland Stanford Junior University as a memorial for their only child, Leland Stanford Jr., who died as a teenager of typhoid fever in Florence, Italy, in 1884 while on a trip to Europe. The university was established by the Endowment Act of the California Assembly and Senate of March 9, 1885, and the Grant of Endowment from Leland and Jane Stanford signed at the first meeting of the board of trustees on November 14, 1885.

The Stanfords donated approximately 40 million United States Dollars (equivalent to $0 today) to develop the university, which held its opening exercises on October 1, 1891, and was intended for agricultural studies. Its first student, admitted to Encina Hall that day, was Herbert Hoover, who went on to become the 31st US president. The wealth of the Stanford family during the late 19th century is estimated at $50 million (equivalent to $0 today).

Stanford had ideas of Stanford University employee ownership for more than thirty years before giving them expression in his plans for the university, proposals as a Senator, and in interviews with the news media.

Personal life and death
On September 30, 1850, Stanford married Jane Elizabeth Lathrop in Albany, New York. She was the daughter of Dyer Lathrop, a merchant of that city, and Jane Anne (Shields) Lathrop. The couple did not have any children for years, until their only child, a son, Leland DeWitt Stanford, was born in 1868 when his father was forty-four.

Stanford was an active Freemason from 1850 to 1855, joining the Prometheus Lodge No. 17 in Port Washington, Wisconsin. After moving west, he became a member of the Michigan City Lodge No. 47 in Michigan Bluff, California. He was also a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows in California. The Stanfords retained ownership of their mansion in Sacramento, where their only son was born in 1868. Now the Leland Stanford Mansion State Historic Park, the house museum is also used for California state social occasions. The Stanfords' home in San Francisco's Nob Hill district was destroyed in the 1906 San Francisco earthquake; the site is now occupied by the Stanford Court Hotel. The Stanford residence at the Palo Alto Stock Farm became a convalescent home for children in 1919 (the forerunner of the Lucille Packard Children's Hospital) and was torn down in 1965.

Long-suffering from locomotor ataxia, Leland Stanford died of heart failure at home in Palo Alto, California, on June 21, 1893. He was buried in the family mausoleum on the Stanford campus. Jane Stanford died in 1905 after being poisoned with strychnine.

Legacy and honors
In 1862, California volunteer troops re-building a military post at the confluence of the San Pedro River and Aravaipa Creek in Arizona Territory named the post Fort Stanford after the governor. However, the post later reverted to its former name, Fort Breckenridge, and in 1866 became Camp Grant. In 2008, Stanford was inducted into The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts, California Hall of Fame. A relative, Tom Stanford, accepted the honors on his behalf.

The Stanford Memorial Church on the university campus is dedicated to his memory. Mount Stanford, located in California's Sierra Nevada, is named in his honor. Central Pacific locomotives named for Stanford were:

 * Gov. Stanford, a 4-4-0 locomotive built in 1863 by the Norris Locomotive Works in Philadelphia and brought to San Francisco by sailing vessel. This engine is preserved at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento
 * El Gobernador, a 4-10-0 locomotive built in the Central Pacific shops in Sacramento in 1884. Found to be disappointing in its performance as a freight hauler, it was scrapped in July 1894.

In fiction
Leland Stanford and Stanford University, fictionalized as Grover Linden and Linden University respectively, feature in Michael Nava, Lay Your Sleeping Head (2016), a mystery novel, the plot of which revolves in part around the fate of the Linden, i.e., Stanford, fortune.

title: Leland Stanford


text:
Talk:The Spanish Inquisition (Monty Python)

Appearances
Would it be possible to assemble a list of apperances of this sketch and references to it in the various Monty Python Performances? --Hpeikemo 21:18, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * The sketch first appeared in episode 15 of the Monty Pythons Flying Circus (Second show, Season Two)

Mel Brooks inspiration?
"This sketch may have been an inspiration for "the Inquisition" portion of the movie History of the World Part I." I kind of find this dubious. No connection with the "nobody expects" part, just a skit, and the Inquisition; very thin similarity. Anybody else agree? Given Brooks' Judeocentricity and the Inquisition's relative prominence in the history of European Jewry, I would guess that's where it came from. Gzuckier 15:29, 2 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree, this statement is sketchy. Ed Sanville 21:40, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

The Mel Brooks sketch was actually a very clever parody of the way in which the Inquisition impinged upon personal matters of conscience ("making my privates public") and a pretext for seizing Jewish wealth (the slot machine sequence). It also contained clever commentary on the repressed sexuality in Roman Catholic doctrine (the "Esther Williams" style spectacle in which nuns who strip off their habits to reveal swimsuits and dive into a swimming pool). He underscores this with a final comment on the failure to destroy Judaism, when the nuns come out of the water as branches of a Jewish "Menorah" with top-hats adorned with sparklers. This is Mel Brooks' way of saying that the water of enforced baptism was unable to extinguish the fire of the Jewish spirit. All in all, this was a highly sophisticated commentary on the history of the Catholic Church. David Kessler 19:19, 11 March 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 94.169.180.52 (talk)

Nobody or No Body?
Just wondering....Should it be "No body expects the spanish inquisition" or "Nobody expects the...." I dunno. It just looks a little wrong to me. 199.224.81.132 15:03, 18 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Should be "nobody". Bodies don't expect anything, people do. Rissa (talk) 07:03, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

nominate removing the cleanup tag
... it's not looking all that bad, anymore... imho. riana 17:58, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Seconded Galexander 15:40, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Thirded - Needs a longer intro though. Hamish (Talk) 21:48, 14 July 2006 (UTC)
 * High time to remove the cleanup tag. Billlion 22:54, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Looks like everyones in agreement then, tags removed - Hamish (Talk) 23:04, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Um, whaa?
"In some social groups, any time anyone says "I didn't expect...", a standard response is "Nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition!".

This is a bizzare addition for an online encyclopedia, if there ever was one. "In some social groups"? Far too vague to be of any use or meaning. 87.243.69.184 00:55, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

 * "Um, whaa?" nixed mentioning one use of the Spanish Inquisition phrase amongst those who know it. How about the fact that people on Usenet and blogs frequently come up with their own SI variant, "Nobody expects..." whoever they are going to talk about, complete with alternate missions and weaponry.  How would you mention that sort of cultural reference in a Wikipedia entry?  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vector Potential (talk • contribs) 19:52, 10 July 2007

Userbox
If you like this sketch please consider adding the userbox to your userpage. Hamish (Talk) 20:13, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Template:user Inquisition

So how do you say "nobody expects the Spanish Inquisition" in Spanish?
"¡Nadie cuenta con la inquisición española!" ? -- 我♥中國 07:07, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

¡Nadie se espera a la Inquisición española!--85.55.193.125 (talk) 12:17, 17 July 2011 (UTC)

Unsorted talk
Is it possible to make a video or audio sample like for the Beatles albums without copyright problems ? Ericd

 * So long as it's relatively short, my understanding is that it shouldn't be a problem as it would fall under fair use. I think audio would be preferable to video though, just for reasons of size. --Camembert

 * 10 or 15 second video in small picture format are not that big but which format could be used ?

I think audio is better. Ericd

 * I like the sample. :-) --Mrwojo

 * Thanks ;-) --Ericd

I think somebody on the mailing list a while ago mentioned that there was no obvious candidate format for video clips, and I really don't know what would be best to use. But I agree that audio is better in this case anyway. --Camembert

 * Xvid with ogg sound might become a good solution ?
 * http://www.xvid.org/
 * Ericd

 * What the heck does one use to play an .ogg file? And why can't we upload .mp3 clips?  Rogue 9 19:15, 7 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Winamp. Check your version, if it doesn't have the in_vorbis.dll plugin, download it from the web.

Which Batman comic did this appear in? Was it before or after the Monty Python sketch? Important questions that need to be addressed here. Ed Sanville 15:36, 2 March 2006 (UTC)

Mac OS X?
The audiotest.au file is wrongly attributed to Mac OS X. That file is part of the Python language distribution, and as such, is available in any OS which ships Python.
 * Indeed, I just tried on my gentoo and /usr/lib/python2.4/test/audiotest.au is the same recording as on my mac os x computer. --83.181.55.156 (talk) 10:22, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:The Spanish Inquisition.ogg
Image:The Spanish Inquisition.ogg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot (talk) 02:16, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

Date of this sketch
Would it be appropriate to include the date of this sketch in the article somewhere? I had to go to Monty Python just to get an idea of the general time in which this was broadcast, and I still only have a rough idea, not the precise year. WDavis1911 (talk) 21:22, 29 April 2008 (UTC)

Twitter
Should we include the Cardinal_Fang Twitter bot? It seems relevant to tying this into furthering the relevancy of this sketch in pop culture.

Lkpotts (talk) 02:50, 10 September 2009 (UTC)

Chemist sketch
In the Chemist sketch isn't Police Constable Pan Am played by Graham Chapman? 24.20.181.177 (talk) 18:55, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Minor correction to first para of Synopsis
"one of the cross beams has gone out askew on the treadle" - this is not only incorrect, it also makes no sense. You don't go "out askew".

Ignoring phonetic Yorkshire dialect, the correct phrase should be "one of the cross beams has gone out of skew on the treadle".

Oh, alright, what is actually said, phonetically, is "one of t' cross beams has gone out of skew on t' treadle" ;-)

Regards,

86.160.171.172 (talk) 22:14, 11 May 2017 (UTC) Rædwulf (non-member)

Poetic justice
The Inquisition finally getting a taste of their own medicine. SpinningSpark 13:59, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

Saying about expecting a spanish inquisition?
Within the sketch, why do the characters even bring up the Spanish Inquisition? Is/was this a common saying? I've been looking for references. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cartossin (talk • contribs) 17:40, 10 April 2022 (UTC)

Know Your Meme
Respectfully, Know Your Meme is not a reliable source. It should be removed whenever possible. Nobody expects the UnexpectedSmoreInquisition (talk)! 12:41, 10 October 2023 (UTC)

Its not satire
They are just repeating a phrase without context. They are just making a meme without any depth 79.116.106.245 (talk) 14:32, 20 November 2023 (UTC)


text:
1928 in television

The year 1928 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1928.

Deaths

 * December 19 - J. Hartley Manners, 58, author of the first TV drama The Queen's Messenger

title: 1928 in television


text:
1927 in television

The year 1927 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1927.

title: 1927 in television


text:
Dieppe, New Brunswick

Dieppe is a city in the Canadian maritime province of New Brunswick. Statistics Canada counted the population at 28,114 in 2021, making it the fourth-largest city in the province. On 1 January 2023, Dieppe annexed parts of two neighbouring local service districts; revised census figures have not been released.

Dieppe's history and identity goes back to the eighteenth century. Formerly known as Leger's Corner, it was incorporated as a town in 1952 under the Dieppe name, and designated as a city in 2003. The Dieppe name was adopted by the citizens of the area in 1946 to commemorate the Second World War's Operation Jubilee, the Dieppe Raid of 1942. It is officially a francophone city; with 63.8% of the population mother tongue French,  24% English,  3% French and English,  8% other. A majority of the population reports being bilingual, speaking both French and English. Residents generally speak French with a regional accent (colloquially called "Chiac") which is unique to southeastern New Brunswick. A large majority of Dieppe's population were in favour of the by-law regulating the use of external commercial signs in both official languages, which is a first for the province of New Brunswick. Dieppe is the largest predominantly francophone city in Canada outside Québec; while there are other municipalities with greater total numbers of francophones, they constitute a minority of the population in those cities. Dieppe was one of the co-hosts of the first Congrès Mondial Acadien (Acadian World Congress) which was held in the Moncton region in 1994, and again in 2019.

Dieppe is part of the census metropolitan area of Moncton, which is New Brunswick's most populous city, with a metropolitan population of 144,810 according to Statistics Canada in 2016.

Name
In 1910, the area known as French Village became known as Leger's Corner which, in turn, became the Village of Dieppe in 1946 to commemorate the Canadian soldiers killed during the landing of Allied troops on Normandy beaches in Dieppe, France, on August 19, 1942. On January 1, 1952, the Village of Dieppe became the Town of Dieppe. On January 1, 2003, the municipality was designated as the City of Dieppe.

Provincial electoral districts
Members of the 58th New Brunswick Legislative Assembly (2014), the governing house of the province of New Brunswick.
 * Dieppe - Vacant
 * Shediac Bay-Dieppe - Robert Gauvin

Federal electoral districts
Members of the 42nd Parliament of Canada (2015). A section of southeast Dieppe is in the Beauséjour riding.
 * Moncton—Riverview—Dieppe - Ginette Petitpas Taylor
 * Beauséjour - Dominic LeBlanc

Geography
Dieppe is located on the Petitcodiac River. It forms the southeastern part of the Greater Moncton Area, which, in addition to the city of Moncton, includes the town of Riverview, Moncton Parish, Memramcook, Coverdale, and Salisbury.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Dieppe had a population of $28,114$ living in $11,570$ of its $11,993$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $25,384$. With a land area of 77.02 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

History
Acadians from the Petitcoudiac and Shepody (French: Chipoudy) regions were the first pioneers to settle in the area and founded Sylvabreau in 1730, followed by the Melanson family at Ruisseau-des-Renards (Fox Creek) in 1746 and the LeBlanc and Boudreau families at Chartersville in 1776. Prior to the arrival of Acadian settlers, the southern part of the province was inhabited by the Algonquin people.

Sylvabreau/Battle of the Petitcodiac
The Battle of the Petitcodiac was fought on September 2, 1755, during the British expulsion of the Acadians, after the capture of Fort Beauséjour. The Massachusetts-British force was soundly defeated by troops from Boishébert, Acadian militia, and First Nations' warriors. At the mouth of the Nacadie Creek (Hall's) settlements such as le Coude (The Bend), Sylvabreau and the surrounding hamlets were destroyed. Even after these raids, Acadians returned to these villages and the numbers grew as the deportation from peninsular Nova Scotia continued, followed by the deportation from present-day Prince Edward Island and Cape Breton. Victory for the British occurred three years later (1758) during the Petitcodiac River Campaign (fr:La bataille du Cran) which resulted in the deportation of the Acadians that lived along the Petitcodiac River or had taken refuge there from earlier deportation operations.

From municipality to town to city
Dieppe was known as Upper Village after the Expulsion and was settled by the Surette, Maillet, and Thibodeau families, while Chartersville was called Leblanc's Village and also included members of the Boudreau's clan. Prior to 1800, Pierre Bourgeois had established himself on the (Ruisseau des Renards) Fox Creek salt marsh. Agriculture, forestry and some fishing sustained these Acadian families up until the mid-1800s, when shipbuilding and railways created employment opportunities for Acadians around the Moncton area. After a bridge was completed in 1867 at the mouth of Hall's Creek (Nacadie during the French settlement at Le Coude), a road was constructed that link the incorporated Town of Moncton's Westmorland Road (Main Street) to the (French Village) Dieppe area. This road went through farmland that had belong to the Leger family and intersected the old road (Acadie Avenue) that had taken travellers up and around Hall's Creek to the community of Lewisville to get to Moncton. By 1900, the little area around the intersection became known as Léger's Corner, and with the increasing traffic from the bridge, merchants became attracted to the corner and soon set up shops and services around the intersection. Prior to the First World War, a small residential development was erected, and the community continue to grow until the Second World War. Then a population explosion occurred. Léger's Corner received the largest influx of military personnel in southeastern New Brunswick. Ten thousand airmen (due to the airport) and their support staff arrived overnight in 1940, and soon temporary warehouses and housing were erected. When Léger's Corner became incorporated as a municipal village in 1946, the community was renamed Dieppe, after a port in France on the English Channel, to honour the 913 Canadian servicemen who took part in the Dieppe Raid, the bloody landing by Allied soldiers, on August 19, 1942, during the Second World War. Then, part of Lakeburn was annexed in 1946 and Dieppe-East in 1948. A referendum (262 for, 232 against) marginally favoured the village to incorporate as the Town of Dieppe in 1952. At that time, Dieppe had over 3,000 inhabitants within its boundaries. Growth continued unabated throughout the 1950s and 1960s as Dieppe annexed the villages of Saint-Anselme and Chartersville and the local service districts of Dover-Fox Creek (Upper Dover), the parish of Dorchester (part), and the parish of Moncton (part), the latter in 1973. With its rural expansion came a growth in population exceeding 8,500 in the 1981 census. During the 1980s and early 1990s, the Town of Dieppe, like the rest of the region, went through an economic downfall which limited its growth in population. By 2001, the Greater Moncton area and Dieppe's economy flourished and with it came a population increment of nearly 15,000 in 2001 to over 23,000 in 2011. To preserve its heritage, culture and identity as a community in Southern New Brunswick, Dieppe opted to incorporate itself as a city on January 1, 2003. At that time it became New Brunswick's eighth incorporated city.

Maps of Dieppe from the 1960s show Champlain Street below Acadie Avenue as Main Street and above the intersection as Airport Road.

Neighbourhoods
Dieppe's geographic area is a direct union of Acadian parishes and villages such as:

 * Léger's Corner (French Village) - The downtown area has both retail and entertainment venues. Located near the City Hall are businesses, professionals, banking institutions, office buildings, restaurants, a public square, a cultural centre and a farmers market. The Dieppe Public Library, which is part of the New Brunswick Public Library System, has very modern facilities in the municipal building. The retail sector is predominantly located on Paul and Champlain Streets.
 * Chartersville (Leblanc Village) (1776) Congregation Tiferes Israel Cemetery has been a landmark in Chartersville since 1930. A small Protestant cemetery located on an adjacent lot contains only a few tombstones, several of which bear the names of members of the Charters family, descendants of Chartersville founder John Charters. The Charters gave their name to the former village of Chartersville. Also, it is the home of the Our lady of Calvary Cemetery (Cimetere Notre Dame du Calvaire).
 * Dieppe Boulevard sector - Located in the northeast area of Dieppe is a fast-growing commercial, business and residential area. This north-south connector stretches from Route 15 through the Dieppe Industrial Park, the Uptown area, the Fox Creek Golf community and several residential areas before ending at Melanson Road. It is less than a kilometre away from Greater Moncton International Airport.
 * Fox Creek/Dover (1746) - Up until the early 1980s, a local merchant, Mother's Own Bakery (Fox Creek), which subsequently was purchased by the former Ben's Bakery, housed its production and retail store in this district. Dover Road school was the educational institution for the region prior to the modernization of the NB School Act. In the early 20th century, a religious sacramental - a Cross and 1755 Bicentennial Grotto - was erected at the intersection of Dover Road and Amirault Street.
 * Lakeburn - a neighbourhood directly south of Greater Moncton International Airport with a population of 371, and almost entirely residential. It contains the Boys and Girls Club of Dieppe and a small Corner Store.
 * Painsec North
 * Saint-Anselme (1820) - former village and the site of the Roman Catholic Church (Saint-Anselm). The original wooden church that replaced the chapel was erected in the early 19th century. The current stone structure was built in the early 1900s.

Provincial public school systems
The following is a list of public schools in the city:

CCNB - Dieppe

 * Le Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick-Campus de Dieppe is a francophone post-secondary higher education institution. CCNB-Dieppe opened to the public in 1987. Its English-language counterpart, NBCC Moncton campus, situated on Mountain Road in Moncton, is the largest of the NBCC system. The province has two autonomous English and French community college corporations established under the 2010 New Brunswick Community Colleges Act.

Parks and recreation
The community has some thirty-five parks and green spaces: one city park, fourteen green spaces and twenty neighbourhood parks, as well as green islands and a growing number of trails and bicycle paths.

Festivals

 * Dieppe Kite International—Kite flyers from several countries come to Dover Park in Dieppe. The first Dieppe Kite International took place in 2001 with the objective to offer an event that was original and of international calibre.
 * Dieppe Friendship Carnival—The annual friendship winter carnival started in the 1970s and features sleigh rides, skating on the pond, fiddle music, community breakfasts, canteen and more.

Sports facilities

 * Dieppe Aquatic and Sports Centre—Located at 111 Aquatique Street, Dieppe Aquatic and Sports Centre is a recreational facility, with three pools; a 25-meter six-lane pool for laps and various activities; a two-lane recreational pool for swimming and aquafitness sessions; and a second recreational pool with a slope from 0 to 1.4 m equipped with water games, waterslides, a sitting and water jet area and a pirate ship for children.
 * Arthur-J-LeBlanc Centre—The Arthur-J-LeBlanc Centre is a 595-seat multi-purpose arena.

Attractions
The city of Dieppe is a participant in the province of New Brunswick's local historic places program, funded by the government of Canada through the historic places initiative.

Monuments

 * Honoré Melanson Village—Once known as the community district of Fox Creek, this site was established by Paul Honoré Melanson and his wife Marie-Josephe Breau in 1748. This couple resisted the 1755 Deportation and sought exile in Louisiana in 1764. The site commemorated with a plaque is located at the intersection of Marguerite, Amirault, and Fox Creek streets.
 * Odyssée—This monument, located at "Le coude" on the Petitcodiac river, tells the story of Acadian resistance on the banks of the river, after deportation orders were issued. Joseph Broussard and his friends used Guerrilla warfare tactics to avoid deportation.
 * Veterans Cenotaph—The Veterans’ Monument was erected by the Dieppe Military Veterans Association in 1981. It is located at 333 Acadie Avenue. The veterans wanted a memorial erected in honour of the soldiers who sacrificed their lives on the beaches of Dieppe, France, and elsewhere during all of the wars in which Canada and its allies took part. In 2000, a granite base was installed in honour of World War I, World War II and Korean War, as well as the contribution of peacekeepers. A base bearing the words "Nous nous souviendrons / Lest we forget" with a poppy on each side was added at the back of the monument.

Prominent buildings

 * Saint Anselme Church is a Romanesque Revival Catholic church located at 1014 Amirault Street in the Saint-Anselme sector of Dieppe. Built at the turn of the 20th century, this rectangular cut-stone structure has a gable roof and two square towers on the front façade. Saint-Anselme Church is designated a Local Historic Place for its religious role and for its architecture. It illustrates the Acadians’ respect for religious and spiritual matters. The church replaced one that had been built in 1839. Originally, a chapel built in 1812, located west of the current Chapelle Street, was used for worship until 1839. Construction work on Saint-Anselme Church began in 1898. The blessing of the church took place on October 11, 1904.
 * Saint Teresa of the Infant Jesus Church is a large stone and concrete structure with a bell tower and Gothic windows. This modern interpretation of Gothic Revival religious architecture is located at the corner of Sainte-Thérèse Street and Acadie Avenue in Dieppe. The church highlights the importance of the Catholic Church in the community life of Leger Corner. In 1930, this parish broke away from the parish of Saint-Anselme and built its first church, made of wood. That building was converted into a community centre in 1950 when this new stone church was opened to the public. Sainte-Thérèse Church is recognized for its architecture. This place of worship was built by contractor Abbey Landry of Memramcook from 1949 to 1950. This building exhibits a modern interpretation of traditional Gothic Revival religious architecture. In its Gothic windows, magnificent stained-glass panels illustrate the life of patron Saint Theresa of the Child Jesus, a Carmelite nun who died at Lisieux, France in 1897, at the age of 24.
 * Joseph-Doiron House is located at 1150 Amirault Street. Built in 1847, the Joseph-Doiron House was once the meeting and celebration place for the Village of St-Anselme. Its basement also served as a school. Joseph Doiron was a literate notary who had been educated in Memramcook by Father Louis Brodeur.

Shopping

 * Champlain Place—The largest single-building shopping centre in Atlantic Canada by floor space (also the largest single-story mall east of Montreal) opened in 1974 and currently has over 150 stores and services with five anchor tenants. An expansion to the mall was added in 1986 with the anchor store Sobeys. In addition, a major interior and exterior renovation of the mall was completed in November 2008. The original anchor store Sears was established in 1969.
 * Bass Pro Complex—The Complex includes a Cineplex Theatre, Chapters Bookstore and a Bass Pro Shop. The shopping complex is adjacent to Champlain Place and it is owned and operated by Cadillac Fairview.

Media

 * L'Étoile Dieppe - Édition Dieppe, provides news and information to the francophone population of New Brunswick's Dieppe area. L'Étoile - Édition Dieppe is published every Thursday and it is owned by Brunswick News.

Greater Moncton International Airport
The Greater Moncton International Airport was officially opened in 2002 by Queen Elizabeth II. It is 6 km from downtown Dieppe and 10 km from Moncton. Moncton Flight College, the largest private flight school in Canada, is at the airport. MFC has trained over 16,000 pilots from around the world since 1929.

Public transit
Codiac Transpo is the city of Moncton, Dieppe and town of Riverview's public transit system. Within Codiac transpo 47 bus fleet, three services Dieppe's main arteries and subdivisions seven days a week; in addition to its numerous fleet of Codiac Buses at the Champlain Place terminal. Services to the inner city has been offered since 1984. Services are provided seven days a week with late evening routes and modified weekend hours.

Roads and bridges

 * Fox Creek Bridge — Inaugurated in 1982, the current bridge replaced the low-rise structure which was built in 1924. Some facts regarding the Fox Creek bridge from the June 8, 1982, edition of L'Evangeline newspaper. The present site of the Fox Creek bridge holds historical facts which dates back to the 1800s. A geographical map of the region made by the English forces shows families with the Amirault surnames living in the area. Later, Acadians built earthen dykes (aboiteau) at Pointe des renards to prevent flooding, which also served as "bridges" for both banks of the river. In 1924, a low-rise bridge was constructed that flooded every two to three years.
 * Hall's Creek Bridge — The first Hall's Creek bridge in Moncton was built in 1867, which link the city with Leger's Corner via the Westmorland Road (Main Street). The current structure at the Wheeler Boulevard intersection opened in 1982.
 * In the archives at the McCord Museum of Canadian History in Montreal, there is a postcard with the inscription of "Fox Creek Bridge". This postcard was mailed from Montreal, Quebec, on 23 September 1913 to a Miss Breau at 28 rue Victoria Street Moncton. A closer look seemingly reveals it to be the Halls Creek Bridge. It is unknown when the picture was taken; however, a small portion of downtown Moncton of the time is visible on the postcard.

Both bridges are on Route 106, which follows the original provincial Route 2 from Quebec to Nova Scotia. Through the late 1950s and 1960s, a number of bypasses and realignments, mostly two-lane, were built to improve Route 2 with federal Trans-Canada Highway funds. The first, built in the 1950s, was around Moncton. The old road became Route 2A, but it was renumbered Route 6 in 1965 and 106 in 1984 during a reclassification of provincial highways. It is still signed as Route 6 at the corner of Cameron St. and Main St. (the current Route 106) in downtown Moncton. At Moncton, Route 106 runs through Main Street and passes Hall's Creek bridge up to the intersection in centre-ville Dieppe connecting Amirault Street, which leaves the city to the southeast en route to Memramcook. The aforementioned route had a significant impact for the future community of Dieppe has it linked southeast New Brunswick to Nova Scotia prior to the completion of the new Trans-Canada Highway. In addition, it attracted new residents to cultivate the land and build dwellings throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.

Sister cities

 * Dieppe, Normandy, France
 * Carencro, Louisiana, United States

title: Dieppe, New Brunswick


text:
1926 in television

The year 1926 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1926.

title: 1926 in television


text:
1925 in television

The year 1925 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1925.

title: 1925 in television


text:
Shiitake

The shiitake ( Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed around the globe.

Taxonomy
The fungus was first described scientifically as Agaricus edodes by Miles Joseph Berkeley in 1877. It was placed in the genus Lentinula by David Pegler in 1976. The fungus has acquired an extensive synonymy in its taxonomic history:
 * Agaricus edodes Berk. (1878)
 * Armillaria edodes (Berk.) Sacc. (1887)
 * Mastoleucomychelloes edodes (Berk.) Kuntze (1891)
 * Cortinellus edodes (Berk.) S.Ito & S.Imai (1938)
 * Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer (1941)
 * Collybia shiitake J.Schröt. (1886)
 * Lepiota shiitake (J.Schröt.) Nobuj. Tanaka (1889)
 * Cortinellus shiitake (J.Schröt.) Henn. (1899)
 * Tricholoma shiitake (J.Schröt.) Lloyd (1918)
 * Lentinus shiitake (J.Schröt.) Singer (1936)
 * Lentinus tonkinensis Pat. (1890)
 * Lentinus mellianus Lohwag (1918)

The mushroom's Japanese name shiitake (椎茸) is a compound word composed of shii (椎), for the tree Castanopsis cuspidata that provides the dead logs on which it is typically cultivated, and take (茸). The specific epithet edodes is the Latin word for "edible".

It is also commonly called "sawtooth oak mushroom", "black forest mushroom", "black mushroom", "golden oak mushroom", or "oakwood mushroom".

Distribution and habitat
Shiitake grow in groups on the decaying wood of deciduous trees, particularly shii and other chinquapins, chestnut, oak, maple, beech, sweetgum, poplar, hornbeam, ironwood, and mulberry. Its natural distribution includes warm and moist climates in Southeast Asia.

Cultivation
The earliest written record of shiitake cultivation is seen in the Records of Longquan County (龍泉縣志) compiled by He Zhan (何澹) in 1209 during the Song dynasty in China. The 185-word description of shiitake cultivation from that literature was later cross-referenced many times and eventually adapted in a book by a Japanese horticulturist Satō Chūryō (佐藤中陵) in 1796, the first book on shiitake cultivation in Japan. The Japanese cultivated the mushroom by cutting shii trees with axes and placing the logs by trees that were already growing shiitake or contained shiitake spores. Before 1982, the Japan Islands' variety of these mushrooms could only be grown in traditional locations using ancient methods. A 1982 report on the budding and growth of the Japanese variety revealed opportunities for commercial cultivation in the United States.

Shiitake are widely cultivated worldwide, contributing about 25% of the total yearly production of mushrooms. Commercially, shiitake mushrooms are typically grown in conditions similar to their natural environment on either artificial substrate or hardwood logs, such as oak.

Toxicity
Rarely, consumption of raw or slightly cooked shiitake mushrooms may cause an allergic reaction called "shiitake dermatitis", including an erythematous, micro-papular, streaky pruriginous rash that occurs all over the body including face and scalp, appearing about 24 hours after consumption, possibly worsening by sun exposure and disappearing after 3 to 21 days. This effect – presumably caused by the polysaccharide, lentinan – is more common in East Asia, but may be growing in occurrence in Europe as shiitake consumption increases. Thorough cooking may eliminate the allergenicity.

Uses
Fresh and dried shiitake have many uses in East Asian cuisine. In Japan, they are served in miso soup, used as the basis for a kind of vegetarian dashi, and as an ingredient in many steamed and simmered dishes. In Chinese cuisine, they are often sautéed in vegetarian dishes such as Buddha's delight.

One type of high-grade shiitake is called donko (冬子) in Japanese and dōnggū (冬菇) in Chinese, literally "winter mushroom". Another high-grade mushroom is called huāgū (花菇) in Chinese, literally "flower mushroom", which has a flower-like cracking pattern on the mushroom's upper surface. Both of these are produced at lower temperatures.

Nutrition
In a 100 g reference serving, raw shiitake mushrooms provide 141 kJ of food energy and are 90% water, 7% carbohydrates, 2% protein and less than 1% fat. Raw shiitake mushrooms contain moderate levels of some dietary minerals.

Like all mushrooms, shiitakes produce vitamin D2 upon exposure of their internal ergosterol to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays from sunlight or broadband UVB fluorescent tubes.

title: Shiitake


text:
Talk:Yeast

Yeast doesn't grow as a strict anaerobe.
Though yeast doesn't require oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor, it is required as a growth cofactor/nutrient for the production of sterols and unsaturated fatty acids (see PMID: 13192151 and PMID: 13034889). Thus, yeast will not grow in strictly anaerobic (no oxygen) conditions without supplementation of these compounds. So, I think the following is wrong: "Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration (obligate aerobes) or are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods of energy production (facultative anaerobes)" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.124.189.39 (talk) 22:53, 12 February 2013 (UTC)

Note from same user - the above is true for laboratory strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I don't know about other yeasts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.124.189.39 (talk) 17:45, 15 February 2013 (UTC)

What is Yeast Respiration?
What is Yeast Respiration? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.78.16.137 (talk) 22:48, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

 SilkTork  ✔Tea time  21:30, 8 April 2013 (UTC)

Fleischmann's Yeast
Does anyone have any citations/sources that support the claim that Fleischmann yeast raises twice as fast? None are given in the article and given the specific nature of the claim, it would seem there is high potential that it is in fact hyperbole and/or marketing.

I do not edit under an account and tend to refrain from editing outside of grammatical/mechanical errors, so could someone watching this article look in to the section I am referring to? 211.31.42.104 (talk) 16:10, 1 September 2013 (UTC)

Pasteur effect
In this article, the Pasteur effect is described as the increase in yeast cell growth but decrease in alcoholic fermentation as oxygen is bubbled through a yeast broth.

However, an article cited as Reference 11 (Phillips T. "Planets in a bottle: more about yeast". Science@NASA. Retrieved 15 January 2012.) in the previous sentence says:

"The great medical microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, played a central role in proving this conversion to ethanol required living organisms, rather than a chemical catalyst. Pasteur showed that by bubbling oxygen into the yeast broth, the cells could be made to stop growing, but ferment vigorously--an observation later called the Pasteur Effect. "

I think Phillips has it completely backwards and this conspicuous error now erodes any faith I might otherwise have had in the rest of the Phillips article. I suggest deleting it from the reference list altogether.

Shroomdocny130.102.158.18 (talk) 04:03, 30 October 2013 (UTC)

fermentation preferred130.102.158.21 (talk) 01:21, 20 January 2014 (UTC)
"In breadmaking, the yeast initially respires aerobically, producing carbon dioxide and water. When the oxygen is depleted, fermentation begins"

My understanding is that this is incorrect as S. cerevisiae prefers to ferment and will switch to aerobic respiration of the fermentation products once the glucose becomes depleted. 130.102.158.21 (talk) 01:21, 20 January 2014 (UTC)

Sentence not too clear
In the section on pathogenic yeasts, the following is included:

 * "They are the species primarily responsible for cryptococcosis, a fungal disease that occurs in about one million HIV/AIDS patients, causing over 600,000 deaths annually."

The cited reference makes it clear that the deaths are among those with HIV infections, but the sentence does not. From initial reading, I was unsure whether the 600,000 were only the HIV patients or were total in society. After all, it does not state that the condition is exclusive to HIV patients. A simple modification to clarify might be good (I can't edit). Perhaps:

"They are the species primarily responsible for cryptococcosis. This fungal disease occurs in about one million HIV/AIDS patients and is fatal in over 600,000 cases annually."

Perhaps someone can suggest something better. 99.245.230.104 (talk) 20:26, 27 March 2014 (UTC)

a chapter could be added on the use of yeast in the production of fermented milk products
Could a knowledgeable contributor please add a section on the use of yeast in the production of fermented milk products? NikosZ (talk) 10:11, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Numbers don't add up
"... with 1,500 species currently described (estimated to be 1% of all fungal species)"

This seems to imply that there are 150,000 species of fungi in total, whereas the Fungus article says estimated 1.5 million to 5 million species. It may be that the total number of yeast species greatly exceeds the number of described ones, and that the 1% figure is supposed to be applied to the former, but this is not made clear. 81.157.10.242 (talk) 14:50, 18 November 2014 (UTC)
 * Fixed, thanks for the note. Sasata (talk) 15:34, 18 November 2014 (UTC)

Removal of biosynthesis?
Hi User:Sasata, why are you so keen on removing the bit about biosynthesis? This is just one example, you can add many more if you want. I don't think it's right to not mention at least once that yeast are used to produce quite a few things aside. Sakimonk  talk  22:13, 16 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Much of what was already discussed on the morphine talk page applies here. If you could provide examples of well-established uses of yeast being used as biosynthetic factories, that would be much better than an example that has only been performed in a single research lab. Sasata (talk) 22:40, 16 August 2015 (UTC)

 * You moved insulin production down under "scientific reseach". That is just completely wrong - biosynthesis is a real industrial production tool, not "research". Thue (talk) 16:48, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

 * There's a good source here e.g.: "20% [of biopharmaceuticals] are being produced by S. cerevisiae". To be fair though, the opiate information is probably not worthy of inclusion in this article at the moment. SmartSE (talk) 17:32, 20 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Added, thanks Smartse. Sasata (talk) 17:43, 20 August 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Ale vs Lager
The section on beer yeasts seems confused. Paragraph 1 differentiates S. cerevisiae from S. pastorianus (formerly known as S. carlsbergensis). The second paragraph reverses this: "Decades ago, taxonomists reclassified S. carlsbergensis (uvarum) as a member of S. cerevisiae, noting that the only distinct difference between the two is metabolic". The pages Saccharomyces pastorianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae appear to treat them as different species. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 16:28, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

Reference Formatting
Hello! There have been some recent changes to the references that I must say I don't understand. I came to this article yesterday due to its inclusion in CS1 maint: Multiple names in authors list. The purpose of the category is to flag articles which have citations with parameter |author= followed by multiple author names. This interferes with collection of COinS metadata on the article (which allows the references section to be easily understood by other programs). To remedy this, I changed all instances of |author=xxx,xxx,xx.... to |author1=xxx |author2=xxx... This was reverted by User:Sasata and changed to |authors=xxx, xxx, xxx... This version also doesn't allow for metadata collection. I assumed (based on other discussions on User:Sasata's talk page) that their problem was with inconsistent reference formatting (which I had introduced). So I changed the references to a consistent style which would also allow for metadata collection. That way everyone is a winner. Apparently, I assumed incorrectly (that's what happens when you assume of course) because User:Sasata again reverted my changes to return to format |authors=xx,xxx,xx... So, my point: the benefit of |author1=xxx |author2=xxx... is that we can collect metadata and the references section can be easily understood by other programs. Is there any benefit to |authors=xxx,xxx,xxx...? If there is, please communicate clearly what that is. Currently, I don't understand the insistence on the old way. Also, I'd welcome other opinions on why some ways would be better than others. Thanks! Ajpolino (talk) 01:43, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

A second question: a recent edit removed several accessdates from sources. Is there a reasoning behind this? My understanding was that the accessdate was useful to have in case the URL goes dead. Then we know what archive date we should look for. Is there a reason for the accessdates to be removed? Thanks for the help! Ajpolino (talk) 01:45, 30 May 2016 (UTC)

Grammatical error in lead
The lead currently says

The yeast lineage originated hundreds of million years ago. The correct phrase is:

The yeast lineage originated hundreds of millions of years ago.

Could an editor please fix this? 86.154.102.132 (talk) 08:12, 1 September 2016 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 13 October 2016
please enter after the paragraph

96.248.74.216 (talk) 00:09, 13 October 2016 (UTC)
 * Enter what, exactly? Stickee (talk) 01:20, 13 October 2016 (UTC)

Speculation vs fact
Can we please separate out the evolutionary speculation from the scientific facts? Thanks 144.121.22.134 (talk) 19:58, 14 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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Sensible properties?

 * physical, chemical, and sensible properties of a food

Perhaps use more common English. Jidanni (talk) 13:02, 4 November 2018 (UTC)

Redundant phrasing
The phrasing of "as pseudohyphae or false hyphae" is redundant. Geezus42 (talk) 13:15, 12 March 2019 (UTC)

Attribution
Text and references copied from Yeast to Candida blankii. See former article's history for a list of contributors. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 11:44, 25 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Text and references copied from Candida blankii to Yeast. See former article's history for a list of contributors.  7&6=thirteen (☎) 15:55, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 15 June 2019
In the first paragraph about yeast as a nutritional supplement it says.

"... (contrary to some claims, it contains little or no vitamin B12[60] )"

Citation 60 does not work, therefore it should be removed. LLifeform (talk) 00:40, 15 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I replaced the link with an archived version. Saucy[talk – contribs] 04:26, 15 June 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 October 2019
Add to last section entitled "symbiosis": The scarabeid beetle associated yeast,Spathaspora passalidarum represents another example of symbiosis. This is one of the few species of yeast that is able to efficiently ferment xylose, aiding in the digestion of plant cells walls in the beetle's digestive tract. Dzmokry (talk) 16:36, 9 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. — KuyaBriBri Talk 18:28, 9 October 2019 (UTC)

This source added by in the wrong place. Moved here by Martin of Sheffield (talk) 07:48, 15 October 2019 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done comrade waddie96 ★ (talk) 17:57, 28 October 2019 (UTC)

Sentence structure issue.
In the initial discussion of "kahm yeast" there is need for the word "is" before "usually". Just temporarily lop out the material between the 1st & 3rd commas of the sentence and what I mean should quickly be very clear.

Sorry. Unable to make this tiny tweak myself because of semi-protection.

Also, I've already learned a bunch about yeast. Thanks folks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.193.160.62 (talk) 05:29, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

✅ – I've broken the sentence since it already had both parentheses and parenthetical commas. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 13:13, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

S. carlsbergensis

 * "Decades ago,[vague] taxonomists reclassified S. carlsbergensis (uvarum) as a member of S. cerevisiae,..."*. Really?  Saccharomyces pastorianus says *"This situation was rectified using DNA-DNA reallocation techniques in 1985 when Vaughan-Martini and Kurtzman returned the species name to S. pastorianus under the type strain CBS 1538 and relegated the two former species assigned by Hansen in 1908, S. carlsbergensis CBS 1513 and S. monacensis CBS 1503,[16] to the status of synonyms."* 2A00:23C7:7B18:9600:FD73:17C:3DBC:35EE (talk) 10:42, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

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Semi-protected edit request on 2 January 2022
Second sentence in the lede: "Yeast evolved from multicellular ancestors" - Reference 5 given (Yong E - 16 January 2012) is a long article about selecting yeast lines whose cells stick together after division. Beside that faultive separation after division is still a long way from multicellularity, the statement "Yeast evolved from multicellular ancestors" is mentioned in passing as a fact without references or justification. I could find a few places giving this claim as a vague hypotese of a minority but I could not find any funded reference explaining how yeast could evolve from which multicellular organisms, so this claim is higly disputable and I would take it off until some more solid reference is presented. I suggest to change the whole sentence from "Yeasts are unicellular organisms that evolved from multicellular ancestors,[5] with some species having the ability to ... " to "Some species have the ability to ... " Greetings 2003:F5:6F02:7E00:C161:70BC:9A0B:D7E0 (talk) 19:09, 2 January 2022 (UTC) Marco PB 2003:F5:6F02:7E00:C161:70BC:9A0B:D7E0 (talk) 19:09, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

It's an article by Ed Yong and the quote is from the author of the paper, so I'd be careful questioning it. There's also

 * budding and fission yeasts, as members of distinct monophyletic clades, are likely to be independently derived from a multicellular ancestor from this paper

 * This has a specific quote S. cerevisiae and S. pombe underwent independent evolutionary transitions to unicellularity from a multicellular common ancestor.

 * Yeast evolution likely accompanied genome reduction in a much more complex multicellular ancestor from this paper.

I'm closing this as Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: but since I'm not particularly qualified in this field, feel free to reopen if you have concerns. --Hemantha (talk) 08:35, 3 January 2022 (UTC)

Science
Yeast with two features 103.148.23.227 (talk) 01:51, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

Error in YEAST article
The sentence citing source (5)("Yeasts are unicellular organisms that evolved from multicellular ancestors"), has incorrectly stated the premise of the article which stated the exact opposite, that single cell yeast can turn into multiple cell organisms, NOT the other way around as the sentence in the article states. The movement is from single cell to multiple cell, not visa versa. GenoGoodBoy (talk) 13:19, 3 September 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 7 March 2023
yeast is in bread. 103.176.216.15 (talk) 04:02, 7 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. -Lemonaka  13:37, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Kahm Yeast - suggest removal of reference, or at least clarification of it.
Kahm yeast is a commonly used term in food fermentation groups, so outright removal may not be warranted, however what is commonly referred to as "kahm yeast", the weird thready, wavy, alien looking covering on the surface of a fermentation, is actually a pellicle (something sadly Wikipedia doesn't have a page for specifically, instead referring to a SCOBY which is again entirely different). A pellicle is a type of biofilm created by both yeast and bacteria, possibly both at the same time, and can include the microbes themselves, but the bulk of the matter is not made of microbes directly. It would be good to help clear up the confusion on this page. Gremlyn1 (talk) 19:07, 29 March 2023 (UTC)

Multicellular origin of yeast
"Yeasts are unicellular organisms that evolved from multicellular ancestors,[5]" The claim that single celled yeast evolved from multicellular ancestors is based on a misunderstanding of the source. The article shows single celled yeast can evolve into a simple multicellular form. It says nothing about the evolutionary history of yeast. James xx45933 (talk) 14:17, 20 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Yeast