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Anti-English sentiment

Anti-English sentiment, also known as Anglophobia (from Latin Anglus "English" and Greek φόβος, phobos, "fear"), refers to opposition, dislike, fear, hatred, oppression, persecution, and discrimination of English people and/or England. It can be observed in various contexts within the United Kingdom and in countries outside of it. In the UK, Benjamin Disraeli and George Orwell highlighted anti-English sentiments among Welsh, Irish, and Scottish nationalisms. In Scotland, Anglophobia is influenced by Scottish identity. Football matches and tournaments often see manifestations of anti-English sentiment, including assaults and attacks on English individuals. In Wales, historical factors such as English language imposition and cultural suppression have contributed to anti-English sentiment. In Northern Ireland, anti-English sentiment, arising from complex historical and political dynamics, was exemplified in the IRA's targeting of England during the Troubles.

Outside the UK, anti-English sentiment exists in countries like Australia, New Zealand, France, Ireland, Russia, India, the United States, and Argentina. In Australia and New Zealand, stereotypes of English immigrants as complainers have fueled such sentiment. France has historical conflicts with England, like the Hundred Years' War, contributing to animosity. In Ireland and, to a lesser extent, the United States, anti-English sentiment is rooted in Irish nationalism and hostility towards the Anglo-Irish community. Russia has seen waves of Anglophobia due to historical events and suspicions of British meddling. Argentina's anti-British sentiment is linked to the Falklands War and perceptions of British imperialism.

Generally, the term is sometimes used more loosely as a synonym for anti-British sentiment. Its opposite is Anglophilia.

Within the United Kingdom
British statesman and Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli said that the proud English were sprung from "a horde of Baltic pirates who were never heard of in the greater annals of the world." In his essay "Notes on Nationalism", written in May 1945 and published in the first issue of the intellectual magazine Polemic (October 1945), George Orwell wrote that "Welsh, Irish and Scottish nationalism have points of difference but are alike in their anti-English orientation".

Scotland
A 2005 study by Hussain and Millar of the Department of Politics at the University of Glasgow examined the prevalence of Anglophobia in relation to Islamophobia in Scotland. One finding of the report suggested that national "phobias" have common roots independent of the nations they are directed towards. The study states that

"Scottish identity comes close to rivalling low levels of education as an influence towards Anglophobia. Beyond that, having an English friend reduces Anglophobia by about as much as having a Muslim friend reduces Islamophobia. And lack of knowledge about Islam probably indicates a broader rejection of the 'other', for it has as much impact on Anglophobia as on Islamophobia."

The study goes on to say (of the English living in Scotland): "Few of the English (only 16 per cent) see the conflict between Scots and English as even 'fairly serious'." Hussain and Millar's study found that Anglophobia was slightly less prevalent than Islamophobia but that, unlike Islamophobia, Anglophobia correlated with a strong sense of Scottish identity.

In 1999, an inspector and race relations officer with Lothian and Borders Police said that a correlation had been noticed between the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and anti-English incidents. Hussain and Millar's research suggested that Anglophobia had fallen slightly since the introduction of devolution.

In 2009, a woman originally from England was assaulted in an allegedly anti-English racially motivated attack. Similar cases have been connected with football matches and tournaments, particularly international tournaments where the English and Scottish football teams often compete with each other. A spate of anti-English attacks occurred in 2006 during the FIFA World Cup. In one incident a 7-year-old boy wearing an England shirt was punched in the head in an Edinburgh park.

In 1998, 19 year-old apprentice mechanic Mark Ayton was punched to the ground and kicked to death by three youths. The father of the victim explicitly cited Ayton's English accent as a contributing factor in the attack. Court proceedings recorded the fact that the attackers were singing 'Flower of Scotland' which includes the lines 'And sent them homeward, Tae think again'; an allusion about ridding Scotland of the English, immediately prior to the attack. The attackers served less than a year in prison for the killing.

In 2017, former Scottish Journalist of the Year Kevin McKenna penned an article in The National labelling English people living in Scotland as 'colonising wankers'.

In 2020, groups of Scottish nationalists picketed the English border, airports and railway stations sporting hazmat suits and dogs intent on stopping English people from crossing the England-Scotland border. The Scottish Secretary Alistair Jack accused Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon of having incited the incident by inaccurately using Covid statistics to stoke anti-English sentiment

Wales
The Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542, also known as the "Acts of Union", passed by the Parliament of England, annexed Wales to the Kingdom of England and replaced the Welsh language and Welsh law with the English language and English law. Section 20 of the 1535 Act made English the only language of the law courts and stated that those who used Welsh would not be appointed to any public office in Wales. The Welsh language was supplanted in many public spheres with the use of the Welsh Not in some schools. The Not, the use of which was never government policy, was later described as a symbol of English cultural oppression.

Since the Glyndŵr Rising of the early 15th century, Welsh nationalism has been primarily non-violent. The Welsh militant group Meibion Glyndŵr (Sons of [Owain] Glyndŵr) were responsible for arson attacks on English-owned second homes in Wales from 1979 to 1994, motivated by cultural anti-English sentiment. Meibion Glyndŵr also attempted arson against several estate agents in Wales and England and against the offices of the Conservative Party in London.

In 2000, the Chairman of Swansea Bay Race Equality Council said that "Devolution has brought a definite increase in anti-English behaviour" citing three women who believed that they were being discriminated against in their careers because they could not speak Welsh. In 2001 Dafydd Elis-Thomas, a former leader of Plaid Cymru, said that there was an anti-English strand to Welsh nationalism.

On 21 April 2023, it was reported that Plaid Cymru councillor, Terry Davies had been suspended for a rant of discriminatory xenophobia. Davies referred to two colleagues as "outsiders" after telling them that "Wales is for Welsh people."

On 11 January 2024, It was reported that a note which was sent to an address in Aberystwyth Ceredigion, with racial slurs about English people from Birmingham. The note which called for Brummies to 'go back home to Brummyland'. It also called the West Midlands accent 'vomit-inducing', and urged the occupant to 'take a few thousand, other people back with them'. The note which Dyfed-Powys Police are treating as a hate crime, read: 'Iorwerth Ave was once a nice, quiet, pleasant residential area until a load of [people] from the Midlands hit', and 'Low-life like you should be forced to live in fenced in sites, preferably back where you came from.'

Northern Ireland
During the Troubles, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) mainly attacked targets in Northern Ireland and England, not Scotland or Wales, although the IRA planted a bomb at Sullom Voe Terminal in Shetland during a visit by the Queen in May 1981. The ancestry of most people in the Loyalist and Unionist communities is Scottish rather than English. In the Protestant community, the English are identified with British politicians and are sometimes resented for their perceived abandonment of loyalist communities.

Outside the United Kingdom
In his 1859 essay A Few Words on Non-Intervention, John Stuart Mill notes that England "finds itself, in respect of its foreign policy, held up to obloquy as the type of egoism and selfishness; as a nation which thinks of nothing but of out-witting and out-generalling its neighbours" and urges his fellow countrymen against "the mania of professing to act from meaner motives than those by which we are really actuated".

Australia and New Zealand
"Pommy" or "Pom" (probably derived from rhyming slang - pomegranate for immigrant) is a common Australasian and South African slang word for the English, often combined with "whing[e]ing" (complaining) to make the expression "whingeing Pom" – an English immigrant who stereotypically complains about everything. Although the term is sometimes applied to British immigrants generally, it is usually applied specifically to the English, by both Australians and New Zealanders. From the 19th century, there were feelings among established Australians that many immigrants from England were poorly skilled, unwanted by their home country and unappreciative of the benefits of their new country.

In recent years, complaints about two newspaper articles blaming English tourists for littering a local beach and calling the English "Filthy Poms" in the headlines and "Poms fill the summer of our discontent", were accepted as complaints and settled through conciliation by the Australian Human Rights Commission when the newspapers published apologies. Letters and articles which referred to English people as "Poms" or "Pommies" did not meet the threshold for racial hatred. In 2007 a complaint to Australia's Advertising Standards Bureau about a television commercial using the term "Pom" was upheld and the commercial was withdrawn.

France
After the Norman Conquest of 1066, Anglo-Norman French replaced Old English as the official language of England. In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Plantagenet kings of England lost most of their possessions in France, began to consider England to be their primary domain and turned to the English language. King Edward I, when issuing writs for summoning parliament in 1295, claimed that the King of France planned to invade England and extinguish the English language, "a truly detestable plan which may God avert". In 1346, Edward III exhibited in Parliament a forged ordinance, in which Philip VI of France would have called for the destruction of the English nation and country. The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) between England and France changed societies on both sides of the Channel.

The English and French were engaged in numerous wars in the following centuries. England's conflict with Scotland provided France with an opportunity to destabilise England and there was a firm friendship (known as the Auld Alliance) between France and Scotland from the late-thirteenth century to the mid-sixteenth century. The alliance eventually foundered because of growing Protestantism in Scotland. Opposition to Protestantism became a major feature of later French Anglophobia (and conversely, fear of Catholicism was a hallmark of Francophobia). Antipathy and intermittent hostilities between France and Britain, as distinct from England, continued during later centuries.

Ireland
There is a long tradition of Anglophobia within Irish nationalism. Much of this was grounded in the hostility felt by the largely Catholic Irish for the Anglo-Irish people, which was mainly Anglican. In Ireland before the Great Famine, anti-English hostility was deep-seated and was manifested in increased anti-English hostility organised by United Irishmen. In post-famine Ireland, anti-English hostility was adopted into the philosophy and foundation of the Irish nationalist movement. At the turn of the 20th century, the Celtic Revival movement associated the search for a cultural and national identity with an increasing anti-colonial and anti-English sentiment. Anti-English themes manifested in national organisations seen as promoting native Irish values, with the emergence of groups like Sinn Féin. One popular nationalist slogan was "England's difficulty is Ireland's opportunity" and the well-known anti-World-War-I song "Who is Ireland's Enemy?" used past events to conclude that it was England, and furthermore that Irish people ought to "pay those devils back".

The Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) was founded in 1884 as a counter-measure against the Anglo-Irish Athletic Association, which promoted and supervised British sports such as English football in Ireland. The GAA was founded in the anti-English ideas of Thomas Croke, Archbishop of Cashel and Emly. From 1886 to 1971 the GAA focused national pride into distinctly non-English activities. Members were forbidden to belong to organisations that played "English" games and the organisation countered the Anglicisation in Irish society. With the development in Ireland of Irish games and the arts, the Celtic revivalists and nationalists identified characteristics of what they defined as the "Irish Race". A nationalistic identity developed, as the opposite of the Anglo-Saxons and untainted by the Anglo-Irish. A sense of national identity and Irish distinctiveness as well as an anti-English assertiveness was reinforced to Catholics by teachers in hedge schools.

A feeling of anti-English sentiment intensified within Irish nationalism during the Boer Wars, leading to xenophobia underlined by Anglophobia. Two units of Irish commandos fought with the Boer against British forces during the Second Boer War (1899–1902). J. Donnolly, a member of the brigade, wrote to the editor of the Irish News in 1901:

"It was not for the love of the Boer we were fighting; it was for the hatred of the English. (J. Donnolly letter to the Irish News, 1901)"

The pro-Boer movement gained widespread support in Ireland, and over 20,000 supporters demonstrated in Dublin in 1899 where Irish nationalism, anti-English and pro-Boer attitudes were one and the same. There was a pro-Boer movement in England as well but the English pro-Boer movement was not based on anti-English sentiments. These opposing views and animosity led the English and Irish pro-Boer groups to maintain a distance from one another. Despite this, far more Irishmen joined various Irish Regiments of the British Army during this time, more so than pro-Boer commandos.

The W. B. Yeats play The Countess Cathleen, written in 1892, has anti-English overtones comparing the English gentry to demons who come for Irish souls. Films set during the Irish War of Independence, such as The Informer (1935) and the Plough and the Stars (1936), were criticised by the BBFC for the director John Ford's anti-English content and in recent years, Michael Collins and The Wind That Shakes the Barley (despite being a joint British-Irish production) have led to accusations of Anglophobia in the British press. In 2006, Antony Booth, the father-in-law of Tony Blair, claimed he was the victim of anti-English vandalism and discrimination while living in County Cavan, Ireland, with his wife. In August 2008 an English pipe fitter based in Dublin was awarded €20,000 for the racial abuse and discrimination he received at his workplace.

In 2011, tensions and anti-English or anti-British feelings flared in relation to the proposed visit of Queen Elizabeth II, the first British monarch to visit Ireland in 100 years. The invitation by the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, and the Irish government, was hailed by the Irish press as a historic visit but was criticised by Sinn Féin President Gerry Adams. An anti-Queen demonstration was held at the GPO Dublin by a small group of Irish Republicans on 26 February 2011, and a mock trial and decapitation of an effigy of Queen Elizabeth II were carried out by socialist republican group Éirígí. Other protests included one Dublin publican (the father of Celtic player Anthony Stokes) hanging a banner declaring "the Queen will never be welcome in this country".

In 2018, the Irish author and journalist Megan Nolan wrote an opinion piece for The New York Times that detailed how she had come to hate England and English people.

Russia
Despite having formed an alliance between the two nations since Tsarist rule, due to the Great Game, a wave of widespread Anglophobia took hold in Russia, with the fear of English meddling and intervention. During the Russo-Japanese War, there was a sentiment in Russia that England was behind Japan's militarism against Russia in the Far East, leading to a strained relationship between Britain and Russia. The UK and Russia were allies in World War I until the Bolshevik Revolution of 1918, and the capitalistic West became a target for the new Communist International ("Comintern."). In 1924, these tensions were briefly cooled when the Labour government of Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald formally recognized the Soviet Union and established diplomatic relations between the two countries. The two were allies again starting in 1941. During the Cold War, Britain firmly sided with the West against the Soviet Union and the relationship between the two continues to remain dubious even today. Before 2018 FIFA World Cup, there had been controversies regarding Anglophobia in Russia.

United States
In the early years of the Republic, Anglophobia was particularly associated with the Jeffersonian Republicans in the 1790s, who warned that close ties with Great Britain were especially dangerous because that nation was an enemy of American Republicanism. By contrast, the opposing Federalist party warned that the Jeffersonians were too sympathetic to the radicalism of the French Revolution. The Origins of the War of 1812 involved claimed violations against American neutrality by the United Kingdom during the Napoleonic Wars. The Treaty of Ghent, ratified in 1815 and ending the War of 1812, established peaceful relations for the two countries that has lasted more than two centuries, though this was stressed at times in the years following the treaty by events such as the Trent Affair of 1861 and the Fenian Raids in 1866–1871.

In the final days of the 1888 presidential campaign, a Republican operative claiming to be a British immigrant in America named Charles F. Murchison tricked the British ambassador Lord Sackville-West into indicating Britain's support for the Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland. The deliberatly fabricated act forced Sackville-west to return to Britain.

The Great Rapprochement was the convergence of social and political objectives between the United Kingdom and the United States from 1895 until World War I began in 1914. The most notable sign of improving relations during the Great Rapprochement was Britain's actions during the Spanish–American War (started 1898). Initially Britain supported the Spanish Empire and its colonial rule over Cuba, since the perceived threat of American occupation and a territorial acquisition of Cuba by the United States might harm British trade and commercial interests within its own imperial possessions in the West Indies. However, after the United States made genuine assurances that it would grant Cuba's independence (which eventually occurred in 1902 under the terms dictated in the Platt Amendment), the British abandoned this policy and ultimately sided with the United States, unlike most other European powers who supported Spain. In return the US government supported Britain during the Boer War, although many Americans favoured the Boers.

In 2002, academic John Moser said that, although Anglophobia is now "almost completely absent" from American society, this was not always the case. He stated that "there were strains of Anglophobia present in virtually every populist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries," with the Populist Party, for example, "referring to England as a 'monster' that had 'seized upon the fresh energy of America and is steadily fixing its fangs into our social life.'"

Reasons suggested for the faltering of Anglophobia included the impact of the Second World War, and reduced political support for Irish nationalist movements compared with that in earlier periods. Moser also said:

"In an age when the wealthiest and most influential Americans tended to be associated with things British—the vast majority were of Anglo-Saxon descent, wore English-tailored suits, drove British-made automobiles, and even spoke with affected British accents—it was quite natural for Great Britain to fall within the sights of disaffected populists. In more recent years, however, this has changed. When one thinks of wealth and influence in contemporary America, particularly when one considers those who have made their fortunes in the past thirty years, English culture does not immediately spring to mind."

The film industry is widely perceived to give a British nationality to a disproportionate number of villains.

Anglophobia in the Irish-American community
The Irish-American community in the United States has historically shown antipathy towards Britain for its role in controlling Ireland. The large Irish Catholic element provided a major base for demands for Irish independence, and occasioned anti-British rhetoric, especially at election time. Anglophobia thus has been a defining feature of the Irish-American experience. Bolstered by their support of Irish nationalism, Irish-American communities have been staunchly anti-English since the 1850s, and this sentiment is fostered within the Irish-American identity. Irish immigrants arrived poor and within a generation or two prospered. Many subscribed cash from their weekly wage to keep up the anti-English agitation. Anglophobia was a common theme in Democratic Party politics. Irish-American newspapers, like the pro-Catholic Truth Teller which was founded in 1825 by an anti-English priest, were influential in the identity of the community.

Anti-English feelings among Irish-Americans spread to American culture through Irish-American performers in popular blackface minstrel shows. These imparted both elements of the Irish-American performers' own national bias, and the popular stereotypical image that the English people were bourgeois, aloof, or upper class. Sentiments quickly turned into direct and violent action when in the 1860s the Fenian Brotherhood Society invaded Canada to provoke a United States-British war in hope it would lead to Irish independence. Violence is said to have included direct action by Fenian sympathisers, with the assassination of Thomas D'Arcy McGee, himself an Irish Canadian and Irish nationalist who was against the invasion, although he was very critical of the Orange Order, and it has long been suspected they were his true killers. Goldwin Smith, professor at Cornell University, wrote in the North American Review that "hatred of England" was used as a tool to win the Irish-American vote. A similar observation was made in 1900 by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay, who criticised the Prairie Populist and his own Democratic party's political pandering to attract the support of the Irish diaspora:

"State conventions put on an anti-English plank in their platforms to curry favor with the Irish (whom they want to keep) and the Germans whom they want to seduce. It is too disgusting to have to deal with such sordid lies."

Well into the early 20th century anti-English sentiment was increasing with famine memorials in the Irish-American communities, which "served as a wellspring for their obsessive and often corrosive antipathy," as noted in the British Parliament in 1915:

"There is no part of the world where anti-English influences worked so powerfully than in the United States. Almost every Irishman there is the son or grandson of an evicted tenant – evicted in all the horrors of the black 40s. And most of them have heard stories of them from their mother's knee."

Some newspapers, including the San Francisco Leader and the New York Irish World, first published in 1823, were renowned for their anti-English articles. The Irish World blamed the mainland United Kingdom for the depopulation and desolate state of Ireland's industries. One newspaper, the Gaelic American, called a student performance of the British national anthem by some girls of Irish heritage from a convent school an act of disloyalty, where they were taught to reverence the traditions of the hereditary enemy of their race and religion.

A commemorative stamp by philanthropist Andrew Carnegie on a century of peace between America and Great Britain was criticised by the Irish-American press. In recent years American political commentators, such as Pat Buchanan, have highlighted the anti-English stance of the Irish Diaspora in the United States of America.

Argentina
In 1982 the two countries fought a small short conflict in the Falklands War, decisively won by the UK. Relations have become friendly since then.

Anglophobia in Argentina has been studied by the historian Ema Cibotti in "Dear Enemies. From Beresford to Maradona, the true story of relations between the English and Argentines". In its prologue, entitled "Against the English it is better", the social historian states

"The anti-British sentiment is perhaps one of the most widespread and rooted in our idiosyncrasy, to the point that it has become flesh in football, our most popular sport. “Against the English it is better”, and “He who does not jump is English”, are slogans shouted by millions. Each success of the blue and white team is usually a reason for collective joy, but a victory against the English is much more; it vibrates the national spirit, no matter how dejected it may be at the time. The playing field becomes the stage where society claims the almost two hundred years of usurpation of the Malvinas Islands."

That feeling has not been constant or unanimous. Characters such as Manuel Belgrano, who had faced the English invasions of Buenos Aires in 1806 and 1807 or Mariano Moreno, among the independence leaders, supported policies similar to those of the British and the dispute over the Falkland Islands did not sour relations. The 1929 crisis and the coup that overthrew Hipólito Yrigoyen in 1930, with the fall in export prices, will be the determining factors in the appearance of an Anglophobic sentiment linked to the rejection of neo-colonialism or British imperialism. This is what the Spanish pedagogue Lorenzo Luzuriaga observed upon arriving in Argentina in 1940, who in a letter to Américo Castro analysed the different attitudes towards the outbreak of the World War

"People here are very confused. On the one hand, there is economic Anglophobia about alleged British imperialism and exploitation; on the other, the Russophile extremists who have raised the banner of neutrality and indifference to the conflict; on the other, the Francophiles (Victoria Ocampo's group) who do not know what to do with the defection from France, and finally a small Anglophile minority, ready to help in the fight by all means."

Philosopher Mario Bunge, in an interview granted to Jorge Fontevecchia on May 4, 2008, collected in Reportajes 2, alluded to the spread of Anglophobic sentiment in the years of the conflict, explainable "because many of the companies had been owned by the English" and attributed to this feeling the approach to Nazism of Carlos Astrada, introducer of existentialist philosophy in Argentina. But it will be with the Falklands War in 1982 when Anglophobic sentiment spread to a good part of society.

India
Anglophobia in India refers to the historical and contemporary resentment and distrust towards British influence and authority, rooted in the colonial legacy of British rule. This sentiment emerged during the British Raj, when the British East India Company and later the British Crown exerted oppressive control over India, exploiting its resources and people. The imposition of British culture, language, and education, along with economic policies that favoured British interests at the expense of Indian welfare, fuelled a sense of injustice and subjugation among Indians. Key events such as the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of 1919, and the economic hardships imposed by British policies during events like the Bengal Famine of 1943 intensified this animosity. Post-independence, Anglophobia has persisted in various forms, often manifesting as resistance to Western cultural dominance and the lingering impact of colonial attitudes in modern Indian society. This historical context has fostered a complex relationship with the English language and British cultural elements, where they are both integrated into Indian society and simultaneously viewed with suspicion or disdain by some. The legacy of colonial exploitation has left a deep imprint on India’s collective memory, contributing to a continued wariness of British influence in both political and cultural spheres.

France

 * Acomb, Frances Dorothy. Anglophobia in France, 1763–1789: an essay in the history of constitutionalism and nationalism (Duke University Press, 1950)
 * Bell, Philip J. France and Britain, 1900–1940. Entente and Estrangement (Longman, 1996)
 * Berthon, Simon. Allies at War: The Bitter Rivalry among Churchill, Roosevelt, and de Gaulle (2001). 356 pp.
 * Black, Jeremy. Natural and Necessary Enemies: Anglo-French Relations in the Eighteenth Century (1986)
 * Brunschwig, Henri. Anglophobia and French African Policy (Yale University Press, 1971).
 * Gibson, Robert. The Best of Enemies: Anglo-French Relations Since the Norman Conquest (2nd ed. 2011) major scholarly study excerpt and text search
 * Horne, Alistair, Friend or Foe: An Anglo-Saxon History of France (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2005).
 * Johnson, Douglas, et al.  Britain and France: Ten Centuries (1980) table of contents
 * Newman, Gerald. "Anti-French Propaganda and British Liberal Nationalism in the Early Nineteenth Century: Suggestions Toward a General Interpretation." Victorian Studies (1975): 385–418. in JSTOR
 * Otte, T. G. "From "War-in-Sight" to Nearly War: Anglo–French Relations in the Age of High Imperialism, 1875–1898." Diplomacy and Statecraft (2006) 17#4 pp: 693–714.
 * Pickles, Dorothy. The Uneasy Entente. French Foreign Policy and Franco-British Misunderstandings (1966)
 * Schmidt, H. D. "The Idea and Slogan of 'Perfidious Albion'" Journal of the History of Ideas (1953) pp: 604–616. in JSTOR; on French distrust of "Albion" (i.e. England)
 * Tombs, R. P. and I. Tombs, That Sweet Enemy: Britain and France, the History of a Love-Hate Relationship (Pimlico, 2007)

Germany

 * Frederick, Suzanne Y. "The Anglo-German Rivalry, 1890–1914," pp. 306–336 in William R. Thompson, ed. Great power rivalries (1999) online
 * Geppert, Dominik, and Robert Gerwarth, eds. Wilhelmine Germany and Edwardian Britain: Essays on Cultural Affinity (2009)
 * Görtemaker, Manfred. Britain and Germany in the Twentieth Century (2005)
 * Hoerber, Thomas. "Prevail or perish: Anglo-German naval competition at the beginning of the twentieth century," European Security (2011) 20#1, pp. 65–79.
 * Kennedy, Paul M. "Idealists and realists: British views of Germany, 1864–1939," Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 25 (1975) pp: 137–56; compares the views of idealists (pro-German) and realists (anti-German)
 * Kennedy, Paul. The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism 1860–1914 (London, 1980) excerpt and text search; influential synthesis
 * Major, Patrick. "Britain and Germany: A Love-Hate Relationship?" German History, October 2008, Vol. 26 Issue 4, pp. 457–468.
 * Milton, Richard. Best of Enemies: Britain and Germany: 100 Years of Truth and Lies (2004), popular history covers 1845–1945 focusing on public opinion and propaganda; 368pp excerpt and text search
 * Ramsden, John. Don’t Mention the War: The British and the Germans since 1890 (London, 2006).
 * Rüger, Jan. "Revisiting the Anglo-German Antagonism," Journal of Modern History (2011) 83#3, pp. 579–617 in JSTOR
 * Scully, Richard. British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism, and Ambivalence, 1860–1914 (Palgrave Macmillan, 2012) 375pp

United States

 * Cook, James G. Anglophobia: An Analysis of Anti-British Prejudice in the United States (1919) online
 * Crapol, Edward P. America for Americans: Economic Nationalism and Anglophobia in the Late Nineteenth Century (Greenwood, 1973)
 * Frost, Jennifer. "Dissent and Consent in the" Good War": Hedda Hopper, Hollywood Gossip, and World War II Isolationism." Film History: An International Journal 22#2 (2010): 170–181.
 * Ellis, Sylvia. Historical Dictionary of Anglo-American Relations (2009) and text search
 * Foreman, Amanda. A World on Fire: Britain’s Crucial Role in the American Civil War (Random House, 2011), 958 pp.
 * Geoffrey Wheatcroft, "How the British Nearly Supported the Confederacy," New York Times Sunday Book Review June 30, 2011 online
 * Gleason, Mark C. From Associates to Antagonists: The United States, Great Britain, the First World War, and the Origins of War Plan Red, 1914–1919 (PhD. Dissertation University of North Texas, 2012); Online; "War Plan Red" was the American Army's plan for war against Great Britain.
 * Haynes, Sam W. Unfinished Revolution: The Early American Republic in a British World (2010)
 * Louis, William Roger; Imperialism at Bay: The United States and the Decolonization of the British Empire, 1941–1945 (1978)
 * Moser, John E. Twisting the Lion's Tail: American Anglophobia between the World Wars (New York University Press, 1999)
 * Perkins, Bradford. Prologue to war: England and the United States, 1805–1812  (1961) full text online
 * Peskin, Lawrence A. "Conspiratorial Anglophobia and the War of 1812." Journal of American History 98#3 (2011): 647–669. online
 * Tuffnell, Stephen. ""Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed": Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture." American Nineteenth Century History 12#1 (2011): 77–99.

Anglophobic publications

 * Gelli, Frank Julian. The Dark Side of England, (London, 2014, )

title: Anti-English sentiment


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Pyrophobia

Pyrophobia is a fear of fire, which can be considered irrational if beyond what is considered normal. This phobia is ancient and primordial, perhaps since humanity's discovery of fire. Usually pertaining to humans' comprehensible reaction to fire itself, the fear of fire by other animals cannot be considered pyrophobic, as they are thought not to understand its purpose beyond general danger.

Signs and symptoms
When witnessing fire or smoke (even if the fire poses no threat, such as a candle), suspecting a fire is nearby, or (in some cases) visualizing fires, pyrophobes exhibit typical psychological and physiological symptoms of fear and panic: acute stress, fast heartbeat, shortness of breath, tightness in chest, sweating, nausea, shaking or trembling, dry mouth, needing to go to the bathroom, dizziness and/or fainting. A pyrophobe may also attempt to avoid or flee from fires, and avoid situations where fire may be present (such as a barbecue or a campfire). The severity of pyrophobia can range from inconvenient to disturbing a person's daily functioning.

Causes
The most common cause of pyrophobia is that fire poses a potential threat to life safety (which is identical in animals). However, people who are intensely pyrophobic cannot even get close to or tolerate even a small controlled fire, such as fireplace, bonfire or lit candle. In many cases a bad childhood experience with fire may have triggered the condition.

Treatment
Exposure therapy is the most common way to treat pyrophobia. This method involves showing patients fires in order of increasing size, from a lit cigarette up to a stove or grill flame.

Another method of treatment is talk therapy, in which a patient tells a therapist about the cause of this fear. This can calm the patient to make them less afraid of controlled fire.

People can relieve pyrophobia by interacting with other pyrophobes to share their experiences that caused fear. Alternatively, pyrophobia can be treated using hypnosis.

Medication can also be used to treat pyrophobic people, although since it has side effects, the method is not highly recommended.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pyrophobia


text:
Index of religion-related articles

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1644 Baptist Confession of Faith - 1689 Baptist Confession of Faith

A
Abatur  - Abel  - Abolitionism  - Abolitionism in the United States  - Abraham  - Abrahamic religion  - Accommodation  - Acolyte  - Acts of Pilate  - Acts of Thomas  - Adam  - Adam Kadmon  - Adam kasia  - Adam pagria  - Adam and Eve  - Aeon  - Agnosticism  - Agnostic Theism  - Ahmadiyya  - Ahn Shi Il  - Aion  - Akhenaton  - Alawites  - Alexandrian Rite  - All Saints  - Alleged textual evidence for Jesus  - Alpha course  - Altar  - Altar boy  - Altar rails  - Altar server  - Amazing Grace  - Ambarvalia  - Amish  - Amitābha  - Anabaptist  - Anathema  - Anatta  - Ancestor-worship  - Ancient of Days  - Angel  - Angels of the zodiac  - Anglican Communion  - Anglican continuing churches  - Anglican views of homosexuality  - Anglicanism  - Anglo-Catholicism  - Animism  - Anointing  - Anointing of the Sick  - Antediluvian  - Anthropology of religion  - Anthropomorphism  - Anti-Arab  - Anti-Defamation League  - Anti-Modernist oath  - Anti-Semitism  - Anti-Zionism  - Antichrist  - Apatheism - Apocrypha  - Apocatastasis  - Apostles  - Apostles' Creed  - Apostolic Pardon  - Apostolic See  - Apostolic succession  - Marian apparition  - Ara Pacis  - Arab anti-semitism  - Aram, son of Shem  - Aranyaka  - Arathi  - Archbishop  - Archon  - Ardhanarishvara  - Arguments against the existence of God  - Arguments for the existence of God  - Arianism  - Arminianism  - Arul Nool  - Arzhang  - Ásatrú  - Ascension of Jesus Christ  - Ascetic  - Ash Wednesday  - Asherah  - Ashkenazi  - Asmodai  - Assumption of Mary  - Astrology  - Aten  - Athanasian Creed  - Atharvaveda  - Atheism  - Atonement  - Augur  - Augustinians  - Auspice  - Autocephaly  - Avatar  - Awards - Ayyavazhi  - Ayyavazhi mythology  - Azazel  - Aztec mythology

B
Baal teshuva  - Baal  - Báb  - Bábism  - Babylonian calendar  - Backward message  - Baháʼí calendar  - Baháʼí Faith  - Bahá'u'lláh  - Bakkah  - Balaam  - Balam (demon)  - Balarama  - Balor  - Baptism  - Baptism for the dead  - Baptism of the Holy Spirit  - Immersion baptism  - Baptistery  - Bar mitzvah and Bat mitzvah  - Beatific vision  - Beast  - Beelzebub  - Robert Bellarmine  - Benedictine  - Bhagavata Purana  - Bhakti  - Bhakti movement  - Bible  - The Bible and history  - Bible translations  - Biblical canon  - Biblical inerrancy  - Jesus in the Christian Bible  - Biblical maximalism  - Biblical poetry  - Biblical Sabbath  - Binding of Isaac  - Bioethics  - Bishops' Bible  - Bishop  - Black Madonna  - Blessed Sacrament  - Blessed Virgin Mary  - Blood libel  - B'nai Noach  - Bodhisattva  - Bodhi  - Bogomilism  - Book of Enoch  - The Book of Giants  - Book of John  - Book of Mormon  - Book of Mysteries  - Books of the Bible  - Born again  - Brahma  - Brahman  - Brahmana  - Brahmin  - Brahma Kumaris  - Brethren of the Common Life  - Breviary  - Brit milah  - Buddha-nature  - Buddhism  - Business ethics

C
Thomas Cajetan  - Canadian Unitarian Council  - Calendar of saints  - Calendar  - Calvinism  - Cambridge Declaration  - Candomblé  - Canon (priest)  - Canon law  - Canons of Dort  - Cantor (church)  - Cardinal (Catholicism)  - Carmelites  - Carmen Saliare  - Catechism  - Catechism of the Catholic Church  - Catharism  - Cathedral  - Cathedral architecture  - Catholic Apostolic Church  - Catholic Church  - Catholic Church against war on Iraq  - Catholic Communion  - Catholic King  - Catholic ministers  - Sacraments (Catholic Church)  - Catholicism  - Celibacy  - Chalcedonian Creed  - Charismatic  - Chayot  - Cherub  - Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy  - Child sacrifice  - Chinese house church  - Chosen people  - Chrismation  - Christian anti-Semitism  - Christian anarchism  - Christian eschatology  - Christian fundamentalism  - Christian–Jewish reconciliation  - Christian Identity  - Christian mythology  - Christian Peacemaker Teams  - Christian Science  - Christian theological controversy  - Christian tradition  - Christianity  - Christmas  - Christmas Eve  - Christology  - Church  - Church of England  - Church militant and church triumphant  - Church planting  - Circumcision  - Civil religion  - Clergy  - Clerical celibacy  - Closed communion  - College of Cardinals  - College of Pontiffs  - Communion  - Communion of Saints  - Comparative religion  - Christianity and Judaism  - Comparing Eastern and Western religious traditions  - Concordat  - Conditional baptism  - Confession (religion)  - Confirmation (sacrament)  - Confucianism  - Congregation of Christian Brothers  - Congregationalism  - Congregationalist church  - Congregationalist polity  - Consecration  - Conservative Judaism  - Continuous revelation  - Conversational intolerance  - Cosmology  - Counter-Reformation  - A Course In Miracles  - Covenant (religion)  - Covenanter  - Covenant theology  - Creationism  - Creed  - Criticism of religion  - Crucifixion  - Crusade  - Crypto-Judaism  - Crypto-Christianity  - Cult  - Cult (religion)  - Curse

D
Dabru Emet  - Dajjal  - Day of the Vow  - Deacon  - Dead Sea scrolls  - Death worship  - Deism  - Deity  - Demigod  - Demiurge  - Demonology  - Demon  - Deuterocanonical books  - Deuteronomy  - Devaki  - Devil  - Devil's Advocate  - Dharma  - Dhimmi  - Dies Irae  - Diocese  - Discordianism  - Dispensationalism  - Divination  - Divine grace  - Divine healing  - Divine Liturgy  - Divine providence  - Divine simplicity  - Doctor of the Church  - Doctrine Doctrine - Doctrine and Covenants  - Documentary hypothesis  - Dogmatic definition  - Dogma  - Dominican Order  - Dominion Theology  - Dominus Iesus  - Douai Bible  - Drabsha  - Druidry  - Druze  - Dualism in cosmology  - Durga

E
Early Christianity  - Early Muslim philosophy  - Earth religion  - East–West Schism  - Easter  - Eastern Christianity  - Eastern Orthodox Church  - Eastern Orthodox Church organization  - Eastern Orthodoxy  - Eastern Catholic Churches  - Ecclesia (sociology of religion)  - Ecclesial communities contrasted  - Ecclesiology  - Eckankar  - Economics of religion  - Economy (Eastern Orthodoxy)  - Ecumenical  - Ecumenical council  - Ecumenism  - Mary Baker Eddy  - Jonathan Edwards (theology)  - Egyptian mythology  - El (deity)  - El Shaddai  - Elcesaites  - Elohim  - Emanationism  - Emergency baptism  - Emerging Church  - The Enlightenment  - Enoch  - Enos  - Epiclesis  - Epiphany  - Episcopacy  - Episcopalian  - Episcopal Church in the United States of America  - Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East  - Episcopal Church of Scotland  - Episcopal see  - Eritrean Orthodox Church  - Esbat  - Eschatology  - Esoteric cosmology  - Essenes  - Eternal Marriage  - Eternity Eternity - Ethics  - Ethnic religion  - Eucharist  - Evangelicalism  - Evolution  - Ex cathedra  - Excommunication  - Book of Exodus  - Exorcism  - Expository preaching  - Extra Ecclesiam Nulla Salus

F
Father of Greatness  - Faith  - Fall  - Fallen angel  - Free Christians (Britain)  - Feast of the Lemures  - Fetishism  - Fideism  - Filioque clause  - First Vatican Council  - Five Pillars of Islam  - Five solas  - Fleur de lys  - Flirty Fishing  - Flying Spaghetti Monster  - Folk religion  - Forgiveness  - Fratres Arvales  - Free Church of Scotland  - Free will  - Full communion  - Full Gospel  - Fundamental Epistle  - Fundamentalism  - Funeral

G
Gabriel  - Ganesha  - Ganzibra  - Gautama Buddha  - Genesis  - Geneva Bible  - Genie  - Gersonides  - Ginza Rabba  - Glossolalia  - Gnosticism  - God  - God and gender  - Names of God  - Goddess worship  - Goddess  - Godhead (Christianity)  - Gog  - The Golden Bough  - Gospel of John  - Gospel of Luke  - Gospel of Mani  - Gospel of Mark  - Gospel of Matthew  - Gospel of Thomas  - Grace  - Great Apostasy  - Great Bible  - Greek mythology  - Greek Orthodox Church  - Greek religion  - Gregorian calendar  - Gregorian chant  - Guru

H
Hagiography  - Hail Mary  - Haitian Vodou  - Halakha  - Hanuman  - Haran Gawaita  - Haredi Judaism  - Harihara  - Harran  - Harrowing of Hell  - Haruspex  - Hasidim  - Hasidism  - Hayyi Rabbi  - Heaven  - Hebrew Bible  - Hebrew calendar  - Hebrew  - Hell  - Hellenic polytheism  - Hellenistic religion  - Henotheism  - Herem (censure)  - Herem (priestly gift)  - Herem (war or property)  - Heresy  - Hermeticism  - Hermoea  - Heterodoxy  - High Sabbaths  - Hinduism  - Hiram Abiff  - Historical episcopate  - History of ancient Israel and Judah  - History of Christianity  - History of the English Bible  - History of Unfulfilled Prophecy by Christians  - History of Islam  - Holidays  - Holocaust theology  - Holocaust  - Holy card  - Holy Day of Obligation  - Holy Inquisition  - Holy Living and Holy Dying  - Holy Orders  - Holy Prepuce  - Holy See  - Holy Spirit  - Holy Synod  - Holy water  - Homeric hymns  - Homosexuality and morality  - Homosexuality  - House church  - Human sacrifice  - Humanism  - Hymn  - Hyper-Calvinism

I
Icon  - Iconoclasm  - Iconography  - Iconostasis  - Idolatry  - Ifá  - Iguvine Tables  - Imam  - Impiety  - Imperial cult  - Incarnation  - Indulgence  - Infidel  - Inquisition  - Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools  - Integral theory (Ken Wilber)  - Intelligent design  - Intercommunion  - Involution (esoterism)  - Irreligion  - Irresistible grace  - Isaac  - Isaiah  - Ishta-Deva  - Ishmael  - Ishvara  - Islam  - Islam and anti-Semitism  - Islam and Judaism  - Islamic calendar  - Islamic view of Jesus  - Islamism  - Isma'ilism  - Israel

J
Jacob  - Jainism  - James the Just  - Jehovah's Witnesses  - Jehovah's Witnesses and the Holocaust  - Jerusalem  - Jesus as Christ and Messiah  - Jesus  - Jew  - Jewish eschatology  - Jewish fundamentalism  - Jewish history timeline  - Jewish holidays  - Jewish principles of faith  - Jewish services  - Jewish Theological Seminary of America  - Jewish views on marriage  - Jewish views on religious pluralism  - Jews for Jesus  - Jihad  - John the Baptist  - Jordan River  - Jubilee (Biblical)  - Jubilee (Christian)  - Judaism  - Jumu'ah  - Justification (theology)

K
Kabbalah  - Kairos  - Kairos retreat  - Kali  - Karaite Judaism  - Karma  - Kartikeya  - Kashrut  - Kenosis  - King James Version of the Bible  - King-James-Only Movement  - Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)  - Klila  - Kohen  - Kollel  - Korban  - Krishna  - Krishnaism  - Krun

L
Laity  - Lakshmi  - Last Judgment  - Latin Church  - Latin liturgical rites  - Latria  - Latrocinium  - Latter Rain Movement  - Laufa  - Lay presidency  - Lay Reader  - Lector  - Legalism (theology)  - Leviathan  - Leviticus  - Liberal Judaism (disambiguation)  - Light Upon Light  - Lilith  - Limited atonement  - Liturgical colours  - Liturgical hymn  - Liturgical Year  - Liturgy  - Louisiana Voodoo  - Luciferianism  - Lucifer  - Lupercalia  - Lutheran Church

M
Magic (paranormal)  - Magic (religion)  - Magnificat  - Magus  - Mahabharata  - Mahayana  - Maimonides  - Major orders  - Manda d-Hayyi  - Mandaeans  - Mandaeism  - Mandi  - Mani  - Manichaeism  - Marcionism  - Mariamman  - Marian apparitions  - Maronite  - Marriage  - Mary, the mother of Jesus  - Mary Magdalene  - Masbuta  - Masiqta  - Masoretic text  - Masorti  - Mass (liturgy)  - Mass (music)  - Massacre of the Innocents  - Matarta  - Cotton Mather  - Increase Mather  - Meditation  - Meforshim  - Megachurch  - Mephistopheles  - Merkabah  - Messiah  - Messianic Judaism  - Methodism  - Methods of divination  - Metrical psalter  - Metropolitan bishop  - Michael (archangel)  - Midrash  - Mikvah  - Millennialism  - Millerites  - Minor orders  - Minority religion  - Miracle  - Miriai  - Miriam  - Mishnah  - Mithraism  - Mitzvah  - Modern Orthodox Judaism  - Moloch  - Monad  - Monastery  - Monasticism  - Monism  - Monk  - Monophysitism  - Monotheism  - Moral community  - Moravian Church  - Moriah  - Mormonism  - Edgardo Mortara  - Moses  - Mosque  - Mount Sinai  - Mourning  - Muhammad  - Multisensory worship  - Mun (religion)  - Mussar Movement  - Mysticism  - Myths and legends surrounding the Papacy

N
Nanda  - Nasheed  - Natural theology  - Nazarenes  - Neo-druidism  - Neopaganism - Neoplatonism - Neoplatonism Christian - Nestorianism  - New Age  - New moon  - New Testament  - Nicene Creed  - Nirvana (concept)  - Nirvana (Jainism)  - Noah  - Nontheistic religions  - Nontrinitarianism  - Norse mythology  - Numinous  - Number of the Beast (numerology)

O
Oahspe  - Occult  - Old English Bible translations  - Old Testament  - Omen  - Omnipotence  - Omniscience  - One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church  - Opus Dei  - Order of the Solar Temple  - Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses  - Oriental Orthodoxy  - Original sin  - Orthodoxy  - Orthodox Baháʼí Faith  - Orthodox Christian Mission Center  - Orthodox Judaism

P
Paganism  - Pali canon  - Pali  - Panentheism  - Pange Lingua  - Pantheism  - Papal abdication  - Papal bull  - Papal coronation  - Papal election  - Papal infallibility  - Papal States  - Papal tiara  - Paradise  - Parentalia  - Paraclete  - Parousia  - Particular church  - Parvati  - Parwanaya  - Passover  - Patriarch  - Patron god  - Patron saint  - Paul of Tarsus  - Paulicianism  - Pauline Christianity  - Peace  - Pearl of Great Price  - Pelagianism  - Pentateuch  - Pentecostalism  - People of the Book  - Permanent deacon  - Perpetual virginity of Mary  - Persecution of Christians  - Persian religions  - Peter  - Pharisee  - Philistine  - Philosophy of religion  - Phronema  - Pietism  - Pilgrim's Progress  - Pilgrimage  - Pleroma  - Plural Marriage (Mormonism)  - Political religion  - Polytheism  - Polytheistic reconstructionism  - Pontiff  - Pontifex Maximus  - Pope  - Port-Royal  - Posek  - Pow-wow (folk magic)  - Practices of Jehovah's Witnesses  - Pradyumna  - Pragmateia  - Prakrit  - Praxis (Orthodox)  - Prayer  - Prayer for the dead  - Prayer wheel - Predestination - Pre-existence  - Presbyterian  - Presbyterian Church  - Presbytery (sacred architecture)  - Prevenient grace  - Priesthood (Mormonism)  - Priesthood of all believers  - Priest  - Primacy of the Roman Pontiff  - Primate (bishop)  - Prince of Darkness  - Probabilism  - The problem of evil  - The problem of Hell  - Process theology  - Projects working for peace among Israelis and Arabs  - Prophet  - Prophets of Islam  - Protestantism  - Protestant Reformation  - Proto-Indo-European religion  - Psalm  - Psalms of Asaph  - Psalms of Thomas  - Pseudoscience  - Psilanthropism  - Ptahil  - Purgatory  - Purim  - Puritan  - Purusha  - Pythagoreanism

Q
Qibla - Qolasta  - Quietism (Christian philosophy)  - Qur'an

R
Rabbi  - Rabbinical Assembly  - Rabbinic literature  - Radha  - Raëlism  - Raja Yoga  - Rama  - Ramadan  - Raphael (angel)  - Rasta  - Rastafari movement  - Rationalism  - Rebbe  - Rebirth  - Reconstructionist Judaism  - Red Sea  - Reform Judaism  - Reincarnation  - Religion  - Religion and abortion  - Religion and homosexuality  - Religion in Ancient Rome  - Religion in Canada  - Religion in Germany  - Religion in India  - Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia  - Religion in the United States  -

Religious aspects of marriage  - Religious conversion  - Religious cosmology  - Religious denomination  - Religious ecstasy  - Religious Humanism  - Religious intolerance  - Religious persecution  - Religious pluralism  - Religious studies  - Repentance  - Requiem  - Responsa  - Restorationism (Christian primitivism)  - Restoration (Mormonism)  - Resurrection  - Resurrection of Jesus  - Revelation  - Reverence  - Rhema  - RHEMA Bible Training Center  - Righteousness  - Rigveda  - Rishama  - Ritual purification  - Ritual washing in Judaism  - Role of women in Judaism  - Roman Catholic Church sex abuse allegations  - Romanian Orthodox Church  - Roman mythology  - Romans road  - Rosh Hashanah  - Ruha

S
Sabbath economics  - Sabbath in Christianity  - Sabbath in seventh-day churches  - Sabbath mode  - Sabbath School  - Sabellianism  - Sabians  - Sacrament  - Sacramental bread  - Sacramental character  - Sacramental index  - Sacred (comparative religion)  - Sacred Heart  - Sacred king  - Sacred language  - Sacred text  - Sacred Tradition  - Sacrifice  - Sadducee  - Samhita  - Saraswati  - Sai Baba  - Saint  - Saints, calendar of  - Salvation  - Samael  - Samaritanism  - Samaritans  - Samba  - Samaveda  - Sanctification   - Sanskrit   - Sarah   - Satanism   - Satan   - Sathya Sai Baba   - Saturday   - Saturnalia   - Scapegoat   - Scientology Talk:Scientology - Scofield Reference Bible   - Seal of the Prophets   - Second Coming   - Second Great Awakening   - Second Vatican Council   - Secondary conversion   - Sect   - Secular humanism   - Seder   - Sede vacante   - Sedevacantism  - Seir  - Sephardic Judaism  - Sephardi  - Septuagint  - Seraph  - Sermon on the Mount  - Sermon  - Seth  - Seven-day week  - Shabbat  - Shabbat (Talmud)  - Shabbaton  - Shabbos goy  - Shabuhragan  - Shaivism  - Shakti  - Shaktism  - Shamanism  - Shappatum  - Sharia  - Shavuot  - Shem  - Shiite  - Shinto  - Shirk (idolatry)  - Shishlam  - Shiva  - Shmita  - Shofar  - Shrine  - Shrines to the Virgin Mary  - Shunning  - Siddur  - Sikhism  - Sikhs  - Sign of the cross  - Signs and Wonders  - Simony  - Sin  - Sira  - Sita  - Skepticism  - Sky Father  - Slain in the Spirit  - Smarta tradition  - Smith, Joseph, Jr.  - Socinianism  - Sodom and Gomorrah  - Sol Invictus  - Solar Deity  - Sophia  - Soul sleep  - Spirit  - Spiritism  - Spiritual (music)  - Spiritual possession  - Spiritualism (movement)  - Spirituality  - State religion  - Stations of the Cross  - Subhadra  - Suburbicarian diocese  - Succubus  - Sufi  - Suitheism  - Sukkot  - Sumerian religion  - Sunnah  - Sunni  - Supernatural  - Supersessionism  - Superstition  - Supreme Pontiff  - Surat Shabd Yoga  - Sutra  - Svayam Bhagavan  - Sydney Anglicans  - Syllabus of Errors  - Synagogue  - Syncretism

T
Tabernacle  - Taga  - Tathagatagarbha doctrine  - Tallit  - Talmud  - Tanakh  - Taoism  - Tarmida  - Tawhid  - Tefillin  - Temple in Jerusalem  - Temple (Latter Day Saints)  - Temple  - Temple menorah  - Ten Commandments  - The Ten Gurus of Sikhism  - Territorial Spirits  - Tetragrammaton  - Thai lunar calendar  - Thealogy  - Theism  - Theodicy  - Theology  - Theoria  - Theosis  - Theosophy (Boehmian)  - Theosophy (Blavatskian)  - Theravada  - Third Wave of the Holy Spirit  - Thirty-Nine Articles  - Three-Chapter Controversy  - Three Wise Men  - Tibetan Buddhism  - Tipitaka  - Torah study  - Torah  - Tosefta  - Total depravity  - Totemism  - Toward the Light  - Tract (liturgy)  - Transcendentalism  - Transfiguration  - Transubstantiation  - Translation (religion)  - Treasure of Life  - Trimurti  - Trinitarian formula  - Trinitarianism  - Trinity  - Tripitaka  - Tutelary

U
Umbanda  - Unitarianism  - Unitarian Universalism  - Unitarian Universalist Association  - United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism  - Universalism  - Universi Dominici gregis  - Upanishad  - Uposatha  - Ur  - The Urantia Book  - Uriel  - Uthra  - Utopianism

V
Vaishnavism  - Vajrayana  - Valentinianism  - The Varieties of Religious Experience  - Vajrayana  - Vasudeva  - Vatican Hill  - Vatican II  - Vegetarianism and religion - Veneration  - Vespers  - Vetus Latina  - Vibhuti  - Vindhyavasini  - Vineyard Movement  - Viruses of the Mind  - Vishnu  - Vow of celibacy  - Vulgate

W
Wahhabi  - Week  - Charles Wesley  - John Wesley  - West African Vodun  - Western Orthodoxy  - Western Schism  - Western Wall  - Westminster Confession of Faith  - Westminster Larger Catechism  - Westminster Shorter Catechism  - Wheel of the Year  - Ellen G. White  - The White Goddess  - Whore of Babylon  - Wicca  - Roger Williams  - John Wimber  - Witches' Sabbath  - Witch of Endor  - Women  - Word of Knowledge  - World of Darkness  - World of Light  - Worship  - Worship dance  - Wudu

X
Xmas

Y
Yajurveda  - Yahweh  - Yarsanism  - Yashoda  - Yazdânism  - Yazidis  - Yazidism  - Yeshiva University  - Yeshiva  - Yeshu  - Yeshua (name)  - Yom Kippur  - Yoruba mythology  - Brigham Young  - Yushamin

Z
Zen  - Zionism  - Zohar  - Zoroaster  - Zoroastrianism  - Zurvanism

Lists

 * 613 commandments
 * List of Ayyavazhi-related articles
 * List of Ayyavazhi organisations
 * List of Bible stories
 * List of Biblical names
 * List of Buddhist topics
 * List of Cathedrals
 * List of Catholic priests
 * List of Christian denominations
 * List of Christian Universalists
 * List of deities
 * List of Di Indigetes
 * List of founders of religious traditions
 * List of Greek mythological characters
 * List of Hinduism-related articles
 * List of hymnals
 * List of Islamic terms in Arabic
 * List of Jain topics
 * List of Jains
 * List of Jain temples
 * List of Jesus-related articles
 * List of Messianic Jewish organizations
 * List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England
 * List of articles about Mormonism
 * List of Muslims
 * List of names for the Biblical nameless
 * List of Patriarchs of Antioch
 * List of Patriarchs of Constantinople
 * List of people by belief
 * List of popes
 * List of religions and spiritual traditions
 * List of religious organizations
 * List of saints
 * List of spirituality-related topics
 * List of sutras
 * List of theological demons
 * List of Unitarians, Universalists, and Unitarian Universalists
 * List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches
 * Buddhist terms and concepts
 * Depiction of Jesus
 * Ninety-nine names of Allah
 * Unitarian martyrs

title: Index of religion-related articles


text:
Battle of the Falkland Islands

The Battle of the Falkland Islands was a First World War naval action between the British Royal Navy and Imperial German Navy on 8 December 1914 in the South Atlantic. The British, after their defeat at the Battle of Coronel on 1 November, sent a large force to track down and destroy the German cruiser squadron. The battle is commemorated every year on 8 December in the Falkland Islands as a public holiday.

Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee commanding the German squadron of two armoured cruisers, SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau, the light cruisers SMS Nürnberg (1906), SMS Dresden (1907) and SMS Leipzig (1905), and the collier s SS Baden, SS Santa Isabel, and SS Seydlitz attempted to raid the British supply base at Stanley in the Falkland Islands. The British squadron consisting of the battlecruisers HMS Invincible (1907) and HMS Inflexible (1907), the armoured cruisers HMS Carnarvon, HMS Cornwall (1902) and HMS Kent (1901), the armed merchant cruiser HMS Macedonia and the light cruisers HMS Bristol (1910) and HMS Glasgow (1909) had arrived in the port the day before.

Visibility was at its maximum, the sea was placid with a gentle breeze, and the day was bright and sunny. The vanguard cruisers of the German squadron were detected early. By nine o'clock that morning, the British battlecruisers and cruisers were in hot pursuit of the German vessels. All except Dresden and Seydlitz were hunted down and sunk.

Background
The British battlecruisers each mounted eight 12 in guns, whereas Spee's best ships (Scharnhorst and Gneisenau) were equipped with eight 210 mm pieces. Additionally, the battlecruisers could make 25.5 knots against Spee's 22.5 knots; thus, the British battlecruisers not only significantly outgunned their opponents, but could outrun them too. The obsolete pre-dreadnought battleship HMS Canopus (1897) had been grounded at Stanley to act as a makeshift defence battery for the area.

Spee's squadron

At the outbreak of hostilities, the German East Asia Squadron commanded by Spee was outclassed and outgunned by the Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy. Spee and the High Command did not believe Germany's Asian possessions could be defended and doubted the squadron could even survive in that theatre. Spee wanted to get his ships home and began by heading southeast across the Pacific, although he was pessimistic about their chances.

Spee's fleet won the Battle of Coronel off the coast of Coronel, Chile, on 1 November 1914, where his ships sank the cruisers HMS Good Hope (1901) (Admiral Cradock's flagship) and HMS Monmouth (1901). After the battle, on 3 November, Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Nürnberg entered Valparaíso harbour and were welcomed as heroes by the German population. Von Spee declined to join in the celebrations; when presented with a bouquet of flowers, he refused them, commenting that "these will do nicely for my grave". As required under international law for belligerent ships in neutral countries, the ships left within 24 hours, moving to Mas Afuera, 400 mi off the Chilean coast. There they received news of the loss of the cruiser SMS Emden (1906), which had previously detached from the squadron and had been raiding in the Indian Ocean. They also learnt of the fall of the German colony at Qingdao in China, which had been their home port. On 15 November, the squadron moved to Bahia San Quintin on the Chilean coast, where a ceremony was held to award 300 Iron Crosses, second class, to crew members, and an Iron Cross first class to Admiral Spee.

Spee's officers counseled a return to Germany. The squadron had used half its ammunition at Coronel; the supply could not be replenished, and it was difficult even to obtain coal. Intelligence reports suggested that the British ships HMS Defence (1907), Cornwall and Carnarvon were stationed in the River Plate, and that there had been no British warships at Stanley when recently visited by a steamer. Spee had been concerned about reports of a British battleship, Canopus, but its location was unknown. On 26 November, the squadron set sail for Cape Horn, which they reached on 1 December, then anchored at Picton Island, where they stayed for three days distributing coal from a captured British collier, the Drummuir, and hunting. On 6 December, the British vessel was scuttled and its crew transferred to the auxiliary Seydlitz. The same day Spee proposed to raid the Falkland Islands before setting course for Germany. The raid was unnecessary because the squadron now had as much coal as it could carry. Most of Spee's captains opposed the raid, but he nevertheless decided to proceed.

British preparations
On 30 October, retired Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Fisher was reappointed First Sea Lord to replace Admiral Prince Louis of Battenberg, who had been forced to resign because of public outcry against a perceived German prince running the British navy, though Louis had been British and in the Royal Navy since the age of 14. On 3 November, Fisher was advised that Spee had been sighted off Valparaíso and acted to reinforce Cradock by ordering Defence, already sent to patrol the eastern coast of South America, to reinforce his squadron. On 4 November, news of the defeat at Coronel arrived. The blow to British naval prestige was palpable, and the British public was rather shocked. As a result, the battlecruisers Invincible and Inflexible were ordered to leave the Grand Fleet and sail to Plymouth for overhaul and preparation for service abroad. The Chief of Staff at the Admiralty was Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee. Fisher had a long-standing disagreement with Sturdee, who had been one of those calling for his earlier dismissal as First Sea Lord in 1911, so he took the opportunity to appoint Sturdee Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic and Pacific, to command the new squadron from Invincible.

On 11 November, Invincible and Inflexible left Devonport, although repairs to Invincible were incomplete and she sailed with workmen still aboard. Despite the urgency of the situation and their maximum speed of around 25 knots, the ships were forced to cruise at 10 knots to conserve coal in order to complete the long journey south across the Atlantic. The two ships were also heavily loaded with supplies. Although secrecy of the mission was considered important so as to surprise Spee, Lieutenant Hirst from Glasgow heard locals discussing the forthcoming arrival of the ships while ashore at Cape Verde on 17 November; however the news did not reach Spee. Sturdee arrived at the Abrolhos Rocks on 26 November, where Rear-Admiral Archibald Peile Stoddart awaited him with the remainder of the squadron.

Sturdee announced his intention to depart for the Falkland Islands on 29 November. From there, the fast light cruisers Glasgow and Bristol would patrol seeking Spee, summoning reinforcements if they found him. Captain John Luce of Glasgow, who had been at the Battle of Coronel, objected that there was no need to wait so long and persuaded Sturdee to depart a day early. The squadron was delayed during the journey for 12 hours when a cable towing targets for practice-firing became wrapped around one of Invincible's propellers, but the ships arrived on the morning of 7 December. The two light cruisers moored in the inner part of Stanley Harbour, while the larger ships remained in the deeper outer harbour of Port William. Divers set about removing the offending cable from Invincible; Cornwall's boiler fires were extinguished to make repairs, and Bristol had one of her engines dismantled. The famous ship SS Great Britain—reduced to a coal bunker—supplied coal to Invincible and Inflexible. The armed merchant cruiser Macedonia was ordered to patrol the harbour, while Kent maintained steam in her boilers, ready to replace Macedonia the next day, 8 December; Spee's fleet arrived in the morning of the same day.

An unlikely source of intelligence on the movement of the German ships was from Mrs Muriel Felton, wife of the manager of a sheep station at Fitzroy, and her maids Christina Goss and Marian Macleod. They were alone when Felton received a telephone call from Port Stanley advising that German ships were approaching the islands. The maids took turns riding to the top of a nearby hill to record the movements of the ships, which Felton relayed to Port Stanley by telephone. Her reports allowed Bristol and Macedonia to take up the best positions to intercept. The Admiralty later presented the women with silver plates and Felton received an OBE for her actions.

Opening moves
Spee's cruisers—Gneisenau and Nürnberg—approached Stanley first. At the time, most of British fleet was coaling, but under short notice to steam. Some believe that had Spee pressed the attack, Sturdee's ships would have been easy targets, although this is a subject of conjecture as two ships were under steam acting as guardships and the battleship Canopus was also present. The Germans were surprised by gunfire from an unexpected source - the Canopus, which had been grounded as a guardship and was behind a hill. This was enough to check the Germans' advance. The sight of the distinctive tripod masts of the British battlecruisers confirmed that they were facing a better-equipped enemy. HMS Kent was already making her way out of the harbor and had been ordered to pursue Spee's ships.

Made aware of the German ships, Sturdee had ordered the crews to breakfast, knowing that Canopus had bought them time while steam was raised.

To Spee, with his crew battle-weary and his ships outgunned, the outcome seemed inevitable. Realizing his danger too late, and having lost any chance to attack the British ships while they were at anchor, Spee and his squadron dashed for the open sea. The British left port around 10:00. Spee was ahead by 15 mi, with the German ships in line abreast heading southeast, but there was plenty of daylight left for the faster battlecruisers to catch up.

Contact

It was 13:00 when the British battlecruisers opened fire, but it took them half an hour to get the range of SMS Leipzig. Realising that he could not outrun the British ships, Spee decided to engage them with his armoured cruisers alone, to give the light cruisers a chance to escape. He turned to fight just after 13:20. The German armoured cruisers had the advantage of a freshening north-west breeze, which caused the funnel smoke of the British ships to obscure their target practically throughout the action. Gneisenau's second-in-command Hans Pochhammer indicated that there was a long respite for the Germans during the early stages of the battle, as the British attempted unsuccessfully to force Admiral Spee away from his advantageous position.

Despite initial success by Scharnhorst and Gneisenau in striking Invincible, the British capital ships suffered little damage. Spee then turned to escape, but the battlecruisers came within extreme firing range 40 minutes later.

HMS Invincible and HMS Inflexible engaged Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, while Sturdee detached his cruisers to chase SMS Leipzig and SMS Nürnberg.

HMS Invincible and HMS Inflexible turned to fire broadsides at the armoured cruisers and Spee responded by trying to close the range. His flagship SMS Scharnhorst took extensive damage with funnels flattened, fires and a list. The list became worse at 16:04, and she sank by 16:17, taking von Spee and the entire crew with her. SMS Gneisenau continued to fire and evade until 17:15, by which time her ammunition had been exhausted, and she sank at 18:02. During her death throes, Admiral Sturdee continued to engage SMS Gneisenau with his two battlecruisers and the cruiser HMS Carnarvon, rather than detaching one of the battlecruisers to hunt down the escaping Dresden. One hundred and ninety of SMS Gneisenau's crew were rescued from the water. Both of the British battlecruisers had received about 40 hits between them from the German ships, with one crewman killed and four injured.

Meanwhile, SMS Nürnberg and SMS Leipzig had run from the British cruisers. SMS Nürnberg was running at full speed but in need of maintenance, while the crew of the pursuing HMS Kent were pushing her boilers and engines to the limit. SMS Nürnberg finally turned for battle at 17:30. HMS Kent had the advantage in shell weight and armour. SMS Nürnberg suffered two boiler explosions around 18:30, giving the advantage in speed and manoeuvrability to HMS Kent. The German ship then rolled over and sank at 19:27 after a long chase. The cruisers HMS Glasgow and HMS Cornwall had chased down SMS Leipzig; HMS Glasgow closed to finish SMS Leipzig, which had run out of ammunition but was still flying her battle ensign. SMS Leipzig fired two flares, so HMS Glasgow ceased fire. At 21:23, more than 80 mi southeast of the Falklands, she also rolled over and sank, leaving only 18 survivors.

During the course of the main battles, Sturdee had despatched Captain Fanshawe on HMS Bristol, together with HMS Macedonia, to destroy the colliers. Baden and Santa Isabel were chased, stopped, and (after removing the crews) sunk by HMS Bristol and HMS Macedonia at 19:00. Seydlitz had taken a separate course and escaped.

Outcome

Casualties and damage were extremely disproportionate; the British suffered only very lightly. Admiral Spee and his two sons were among the German dead. Two hundred and fifteen Germans became prisoners on the British ships. Most were from the Gneisenau, with nine from Nürnberg and 18 from Leipzig. Scharnhorst was lost with all hands. One of Gneisenau's officers who lived had been the sole survivor on three different guns on the battered cruiser. He was pulled from the water saying he was a first cousin of the British commander (Stoddart).

Of the known German force of eight ships, two escaped: the auxiliary Seydlitz and the light cruiser Dresden, which remained at large for a further three months before she was cornered by a British squadron (Kent, Glasgow and Orama) off the Juan Fernández Islands on 14 March 1915. After a short battle, Dresden's captain evacuated his ship and scuttled her by detonating the main ammunition magazine.

As a consequence of the battle, the East Asia Squadron, Germany's only permanent overseas naval formation, effectively ceased to exist. Commerce raiding on the high seas by regular warships of the Kaiserliche Marine was brought to an end. However, Germany put several armed merchant vessels into service as commerce raiders until the end of the war (for example, see Felix von Luckner).

British intelligence during the battle
After the battle, German naval experts were baffled at why Admiral Spee attacked the base and how the two squadrons could have met so coincidentally in so many thousand miles of open waters. Kaiser William II's handwritten note on the official report of the battle reads: "It remains a mystery what made Spee attack the Falkland Islands. See 'Mahan's Naval Strategy'."

It was generally believed Spee was misled by the German admiralty into attacking the Falklands, a Royal Naval fuelling base, after receiving intelligence from the German wireless station at Valparaiso which reported the port free of Royal Navy warships. Despite the objection of three of his ships' captains, Spee proceeded to attack.

However, in 1925 a German naval officer and senior Kriegsmarine spy, Franz von Rintelen, interviewed Admiral William Reginald Hall, Director of the Admiralty's Naval Intelligence Division (NID), and was informed that Spee's squadron had been lured towards the British battlecruisers by means of a fake signal sent in a German naval code broken by British cryptographers and sent on a purloined German telegraph form. (Similarly, on 14 March 1915, SMS Dresden (1907) was intercepted by British ships while taking on coal at sea in a location identified by NID codebreakers.)

Scharnhorst wreck
The wreck of Scharnhorst was discovered on 4 December 2019, approximately 98 nmi southeast of Stanley at a depth of 1610 m.

title: Battle of the Falkland Islands


text:
HMS Good Hope (1901)

HMS Good Hope was one of four Drake-class armoured cruisers built for the Royal Navy around 1900; she was originally named Africa, but was renamed before she was launched. She became flagship of the 1st Cruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet in 1906, and was the flagship of the 2nd Cruiser Squadron in 1908. She was reduced to reserve in 1913, but was recommissioned in mid-1914.

When war was declared in August 1914, Good Hope was ordered to reinforce the 4th Cruiser Squadron and became the flagship of Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock. Cradock moved the available ships of his squadron later that month to the coast of South America to search for German commerce raiders.

He was then ordered further south to the Strait of Magellan to block any attempt of the German East Asia Squadron to penetrate into the South Atlantic. He found the German squadron on 1 November off the coast of Chile. The German squadron outnumbered Cradock's force and were individually more powerful; they sank Cradock's two armoured cruisers in the Battle of Coronel, both, including Good Hope, being lost with all hands.

Design and description
Good Hope was designed to displace 14150 LT. The ship had an overall length of 553 ft, a beam of 71 ft and a deep draught of 26 ft. She was powered by two 4-cylinder triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, which produced a total of 30000 ihp and gave a maximum speed of 23 kn. The engines were powered by 43 Belleville boilers. She carried a maximum of 2500 LT of coal and her complement consisted of 900 officers and ratings.

Her main armament consisted of two breech-loading (BL) 9.2 in Mk X guns in single gun turrets, one each fore and aft of the superstructure. Her secondary armament of sixteen BL 6-inch Mk VII guns was arranged in casemates amidships. Eight of these were mounted on the main deck and were only usable in calm weather. A dozen quick-firing (QF) 12-pounder 12 cwt guns were fitted for defence against torpedo boats. Two additional 12-pounder 8 cwt guns could be dismounted for service ashore. Good Hope also carried three 3-pounder Hotchkiss guns and two submerged 17.72 in torpedo tubes.

The ship's waterline armour belt had a maximum thickness of 6 in and was closed off by 5 in transverse bulkheads. The armour of the gun turrets and their barbettes was 6 inches thick while the casemate armour was 5 inches thick. The protective deck armour ranged in thickness from 1 - 2.5 in and the conning tower was protected by 12 in of armour.

Service
Good Hope, named after the British colony on the Cape of Good Hope, was laid down on 11 September 1899 with the name of Africa by Fairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering at their Govan shipyard. She was renamed Good Hope on 2 October and launched on 21 February 1901, when she was formally named by Mrs. (Ethel) Elgar, wife of Francis Elgar, manager of the shipbuilding company. She arrived in Portsmouth to be completed and armed in late December 1901. Captain Charles Edward Madden was appointed in command for her first commission on 8 November 1902.

She was to be commissioned as flagship of Rear-Admiral Wilmot Fawkes as he succeeded as commander of the Cruiser Squadron in the Home Fleet, but was ordered first to convey Joseph Chamberlain, Secretary of State for the Colonies, to South Africa in late 1902. Fawkes hoisted his flag on 23 November, and the ship left Portsmouth with Chamberlain and his wife on board two days later. During the outward voyage, the Good Hope docked at Port Said, Suez, Aden, Mombasa, and Zanzibar, before landing Chamberlain at Durban in late December. After staying through Christmas at Port Elizabeth, she visited Simon's Town before returning home along the West Coast of Africa. Leaving Cape Town on 22 January 1903, she docked several places and returned in February, then joined her sister ship HMS Drake cruising with the Mediterranean squadron until May 1903.

In 1906 she became the flagship of the 1st Cruiser Squadron, Atlantic Fleet and was the flagship of the 2nd Cruiser Squadron when she visited South Africa two years later. Good Hope was placed in reserve in 1913.

Good Hope was re-commissioned in mid-1914 with a crew composed mainly of naval reservists and was briefly assigned to the 6th Cruiser Squadron in August, before being transferring the 4th Cruiser Squadron. She rendezvoused at the old Royal Naval Dockyard (which had closed in 1905 and transferred to the Dominion government to become Her Majesty's Canadian Dockyard) in the former Imperial fortress of Halifax, Nova Scotia (which had replaced the Bermuda-based squadron of the North America and West Indies Station in 1907), with HMS Suffolk, the flagship of Rear-Admiral Sir Christopher Cradock. Cradock transferred his flag to Good Hope because she was faster than his previous flagship. In Halifax, the crew of Good Hope was joined by four young Canadian midshipmen to assist Cradock with his command. They would become the first Royal Canadian Navy casualties of the First World War.

Cradock's command was despatched to the coast of South America later that month at his own suggestion to better hunt for the German ships preying upon British merchant ships. Good Hope was coaled at the Royal Naval Dockyard in the North Atlantic Imperial fortress colony of Bermuda (by Bermuda Militia Artillery gunners assisting with coaling). On the way south, Good Hope's crew was strengthened by the recruitment of 26 stokers in the West Indies, probably in St. Lucia. His ships were generally unsuccessful in this and he moved his squadron further south in late September to search for the East Asia Squadron, under the command of Vice Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee, in the vicinity of Cape Horn and the Strait of Magellan in accordance to his orders from the Admiralty.

At the end of September, Cradock made his first fruitless search of the Tierra del Fuego area and later detached three of his ships to search up the Chilean coast, reaching Valparaíso on 15 October, while Good Hope returned to Port Stanley, in the Falkland Islands, to recoal and to reestablish communications with the Admiralty. He received word on 7 October that Spee's ships were definitely bound for the Cape Horn region and waited for the elderly predreadnought battleship HMS Canopus (1897) to reinforce his squadron. She was in poor mechanical condition when she arrived at Port Stanley and required time to make repairs. Good Hope sailed on 22 October without her, going around Cape Horn, while Canopus and three colliers departed the following day, taking the shorter route through the Strait of Magellan.

Battle of Coronel

Good Hope rendezvoused with the rest of the squadron at Vallenar Roads in the remote Chonos Archipelago of Chile on 27 October to recoal. They departed two days later, just as Canopus arrived, Cradock ordering the battleship to follow as soon as possible. He sent the light cruiser HMS Glasgow (1909) to scout ahead and to enter Coronel, Chile, to pick up any messages from the Admiralty and acquire intelligence regarding German activities. The cruiser began to pick up German radio signals from the light cruiser SMS Leipzig (1905) on the afternoon of 29 October, and delayed entering Coronel for two days with Cradock's permission to avoid being trapped by the fast German ships. A German supply ship was already there and radioed Spee that Glasgow had entered the harbour around twilight. The cruiser departed on the morning of 1 November, but Spee had already made plans to catch her when informed of her presence the previous evening.

Glasgow departed Coronel at 09:15 after having picked up the squadron's mail and rendezvoused with the rest of the squadron four hours later. Cradock ordered his ships to form line abreast with an interval of 15 nmi between ships to maximise visibility at 13:50, and steered north at a speed of 10 kn. At 16:17 Leipzig spotted Glasgow, the easternmost British ship, to its west and she spotted Leipzig's funnel smoke three minutes later. At 17:10 Cradock ordered his ships to head for Glasgow, the closest ship to the Germans. Once gathered together, he formed them into line astern, with Good Hope in the lead, steering southeasterly at 16 kn at 18:18. As the sixteen 21 cm guns aboard the armoured cruisers Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau were only matched by the two 9.2-inch guns on his flagship, he needed to close the range to bring his more numerous 6-inch guns to bear. The Force 7 winds and high seas, however, prevented the use of half of those guns as they were too close to the water. He also wanted to use the setting sun to his advantage so that its light would blind the German gunners. Spee was well aware of the British advantages and refused to allow Cradock to close the range. His ships were faster than the British, slowed by the 16-knot maximum speed of the armed merchant cruiser HMS Otranto, and he opened up the range to 18000 yd until conditions changed to suit him. The sun set at 18:50, which silhouetted the British ships against the light sky while the German ships became indistinguishable from the shoreline behind them.

Spee immediately turned to close and signalled his ships to open fire at 19:04 when the range closed to 12300 yd. Spee's flagship, Scharnhorst, engaged Good Hope while Gneisenau fired at Monmouth. Cradock's flagship was hit on the Scharnhorst's third salvo, when shells knocked out her forward 9.2-inch turret and set her forecastle on fire. Cradock, knowing his only chance was to close the range, continued to do so despite the battering that Spee's ships inflicted. By 19:23 the range was almost half of that when the battle began and the British ships bore onwards. Spee tried to open the range, fearing a torpedo attack, but the British were only 5500 yd away at 19:35. Seven minutes later, Good Hope charged directly at the German ships, although they dodged out of her way. Spee ordered his armoured cruisers to concentrate their fire on the British flagship and she soon drifted to a halt with her topsides all aflame. At 19:50 her forward magazine exploded, severing the bow from the rest of the ship, and she later sank in the darkness. Spee estimated that his flagship had made 35 hits on Good Hope, suffering only two hits in return that did no significant damage and failed even to wound one crewman. Good Hope was sunk with all hands, a total of 926 officers and ratings. Four of the midshipmen aboard the ship were the first casualties of the newly formed Royal Canadian Navy.

Notable commanding officers

 * Charles Douglas Carpendale, 1911–1912

title: HMS Good Hope (1901)


text:
Sieg (river)

The Sieg is a river in North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is a right tributary of the Rhine.

The river is named after the Sicambri. It is 155 km in length.

The source is located in the Rothaargebirge mountains. From here the river runs southwestwards to the city of Siegen and the hills of Siegerland, both named after the river. Further west the Sieg valley forms the boundary of the Bergisches Land (northern) and Westerwald (southern). The river finally runs through a protected area east of the city of Bonn.

After passing the cities of Hennef and Siegburg, the river flows into the Rhine at the Naturschutzgebiet Siegaue, a protected area immediately to the northeast of the city of Bonn, near Niederkassel/Mondorf (Niederkassel).

Sieg Spring

The Sieg Spring (Siegquelle), the source of the Sieg, is at an elevation of 603 m, near the village of Großenbach (Bad Laasphe), North Rhine-Westphalia. The location was restored in 2013.

Tributaries
The main tributaries of the Sieg are, from source to mouth:
 * Ferndorfbach (right)
 * Weiß (left)
 * Asdorf (right)
 * Heller (left)
 * Wisser Bach (right)
 * Nister (left)
 * Bröl (right)
 * Wahnbach (right)
 * Pleisbach (left)
 * Agger (right)

title: Sieg (river)