text:
Talk:Economy of New Zealand

Re-write?
This page needs to be rewritten from scratch: this article was originally created by the CIA for the CIA World Factbook, and unsurprisingly, is, to be blunt, flatly untruthful. New Zealand's incomes were at highest-in-the-world levels several decades ago, and have declined by the better part of %20 over the last two decades.

 * Yes, 203.109.254.58, you are absolutely right. It reads like a Thatcherite propaganda press release. Is there a New Zealander with the approriate skill set in the house? (By the way, why don't you create yourself a user account? You are doing lots of good stuff around here, you might as well sign in as yourself.) Tannin 19:49 Jan 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi. I think "203.109.254.58" is actually my ISP's proxy-server IP, meaning anyone using my ISP becomes attributed to either that IP or one of several others. 4/5ths of what's under user-contributions for that address is other people's work, I know I don't know a thing about belly dancing :)
 * It would be difficult to find someone to write an article about New Zealand's economy, as the 'facts' to each individual depend on their political views, as NZ was an economic test-case etc etc.

 * I heartily agree. This is quite a "value-free" neoliberal summary of NZ's economic performance, and the 1984-1993 period really needs to be highlighted as distinct and highly important to the economy of NZ as a whole. Perhaps we need to have a sub-page from this linking to the 1984-1993 reforms specifically? I wrote an essay outlining the neoliberal, Keynesian, and Marxist interpretations of the 1945-1973 'Golden Weather' and the declining prospects post-1973, but it's 3000 words long and is perhaps not really Wikipedia-friendly. ...Right, I've put it here, kindof: WikiBooks: New Zealand Economics. Could someone please peruse it, comment, correct, and critique it, and perhaps summarise and link through from here? I would, but I'm still learning how to use Wiki (this is my first page :) ). kabl00ey 15:16:12, 2005-09-01 (UTC)

 * It's very difficult to balance this without a "What-if" machine. NZ's incomes may have been high back then, but that's not to suggest that without the reforms, they would have simply stayed that way. Rather we could have ended up with a scenario where no reforms meant NZ ended up slipping much further down. It may not have, so unless we can get some solid evidence either way about the effects of the reforms the article should take a middle of the road approach. It seems more widely accepted that at least some of the reforms were necessary, but the more controversial ones should be given with multiple interpretations. Nichlemn 08:07, 4 October 2005 (UTC)

 * See further comments on a proposed re-write at the bottom of this page.

Reformed to a free market economy
It's widely believed regardless of politics, that NZ was radically reformed to a free market economy it a very very short period of time and there were teething problems with this. There have been several academic articles citing NZ in this regard.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.109.254.40 (talk • contribs) 13 February 2004
 * Could you cite any??  Taifarious1 04:05, 17 March 2009 (UTC)
 * A starting point would be the references in Rogernomics.- gadfium 07:42, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

GDP
New Zealand's PPP GDP is now at US$92bn not US$78bn. Article needs updating.

 * The article definitely needs a rewrite/update. I'm not an expert at all (just a high school student looking up some last minute information for exams!) but even I can see that.

 * "New Zealand has a very small current account deficit of 8-9% of GDP."
 * "The large current account deficit, which stood at more than 6.5% of GDP in 2000, has been a constant source of concern for New Zealand policymakers and has now hit 9% to date as of March 2006."

 * Is it large or small? And what is it now?

 * I might work on it after I finish exams, but if someone else knows more about this, it'd be great if they could step in... Simulato (talk) 08:01, 25 November 2007 (UTC)
 * I've asked the editor who recently changed this part of the article to reply to your question, and in the meantime restored the article to its previous state for consistency.- gadfium 08:49, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

Hmm... I used small because for a deficit, 8-9% is small (as we are already assuming its going to be negative anyways). But compared to other industrial nations e.g. Britain and Japan it is quite bad. And after reading my amendments again, it is wrong to word it like I did so, in the context it was given. But also, it would be better to compare it with public debt, as this will also be relevant for readers. The public debt is only 21.2% of GDP (CIA 2006 est.). It would be nice if this remark is mentioned next to it. --Waqas1987 (talk) 12:38, 25 November 2007 (UTC)
 * added some more context information. Ingolfson (talk) 10:34, 6 December 2007 (UTC)

Gross external debt - the article has two values, NZ$86.342 billion (30.5% of GDP) (Feb 2018), which looks right and matches the source, and NZ$156.181 billion (53% of GDP) (December 2018), which looks very wrong and I can't confirm this number in the source. 114.134.4.11 (talk) 03:19, 8 October 2019 (UTC)

"Impressive Growth in the 21st Century" isn't part of "Economic Reforms of the 1980s"
There were major economic reforms between 1984 and 1991. But the major reforms started in 1985 and were mostly done by 1991 when the Employment Contracts Act came in.

This article lumps New Zealand's impressive economic growth from 1999-2007 in as the second paragraph of the section on the reforms that took place 1984-1991. Even if you think there's a causal link (and we could argue about that), they are not part of the same thing! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 222.154.239.116 (talk) 02:04, August 30, 2007 (UTC)

 * Can you provide any sources regarding your assertions? New Zealand, to my knowledge, and along with Hong Kong and Singapore is a free market success story. You shouldn't only look at income but income relative to prices so as to determine the true standard of living. Considering inflation was high prior to the reforms, it would make sense wages would correspondingly be higher.

 * I agree with those who say this article reeks of POV issues. Since the 90's the New Zealand economy has been completely hollowed out.  Only a shell now remains of New Zealand's former prosperity.  Although not mentioned much, New Zealand has been completely devastated by the economic crisis.  WjtWeston (talk) 00:06, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

 * The "growth" 1990-2007 was actually the upside of an economic bubble. WjtWeston (talk) 00:09, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Inequality
Can anyone tell me the level of income inequality in New Zealand compared to other developed nations, including the United States? 216.174.165.54 20:31, 13 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Look at List of countries by income equality.- gadfium 01:02, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Poverty
Although NZ doesn't have an official poverty line (only a few countries don't), much work has been done to quantify relative poverty (starting from Kelsey), and the past year countless articles and initiatives surrounding child poverty. Adding in a timelime of poverty index for the past 30 years would IMO add greatly to the credibility of this article. Are any of the academic research groups ready to release their findings? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 125.237.198.23 (talk) 23:37, 1 July 2013 (UTC)

Dependent Economies
Shouldn't there be some mention of the economies of other nations that are heavily dependent on New Zealand, particularly Pacific Island Nations like Tonga, Niue, Samoa, Tokelau, Solomon Islands etc. for trade and development aid and what-not, because from what I've seen this article focuses mainly on the foreign trade that NZ relies on.  Taifarious1 01:09, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Short answer: Yes, there should. Feel free! Ingolfson (talk) 07:32, 16 March 2009 (UTC)

From "New Zealand" article
I trimmed the following referenced sentences from the New Zealand article. They could slot in here, or be returned there if deemed important enough. AIR corn (talk) 06:17, 22 January 2011 (UTC)

 * In 2010, New Zealand's economy ranked as the fourth freest in the world according the Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom.

 * Ongoing economic challenges for New Zealand include a current account deficit of 2.9% of GDP, slow development of non-commodity exports and tepid growth of labour productivity.

 * New Zealand has a relatively laissez-faire capitalist economy according to the Fraser Institute think tank.

 * The country was ranked 1st in education and 5th in overall prosperity in the 2010 Legatum Institute prosperity index.

Will take India off of list
Will take India off of NZ main trading partner in first sentence. India doesn't appear anywhere near the list by volume - 2005:

Australia China Germany Indonesia Italy Japan South Korea Malaysia Singapore Taiwan Thailand UK United States

Source http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_New_Zealand — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.225.28.6 (talk) 03:48, 3 September 2011 (UTC)

Irrelevant information.
There is a significant amount of irrelevant information on this page which I feel is not relevant to the topic. What evidence is their that the economic reforms cause the increase in suicide rates? As far as I can tell there is only a pure correlation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.252.243.121 (talk) 00:58, 23 September 2012 (UTC)
 * The material you have removed is as follows:
 * Between 1984 and 1999 New Zealand's economy and social capital faced a steady decline: the youth suicide rate grew sharply into one of the highest in the developed world; the proliferation of food banks increased dramatically; marked increases in violent and other crime were observed;
 * There is little in the way of hard evidence for the economy causing many things. Correlation is usually sufficient. If you don't think that suicide figures are relevant, why did you leave health care in the article? (I note that you removed it on the first occasion, but you also removed such indicators as unemployment, foreign debt and credit rating with that edit.) Surely the increase in food banks is pretty closely connected to the economy, but you took that out.- gadfium 01:53, 23 September 2012 (UTC)
 * There is little in the way of hard evidence for the economy causing many things. Correlation is usually sufficient. If you don't think that suicide figures are relevant, why did you leave health care in the article? (I note that you removed it on the first occasion, but you also removed such indicators as unemployment, foreign debt and credit rating with that edit.) Surely the increase in food banks is pretty closely connected to the economy, but you took that out.- gadfium 01:53, 23 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I have reverted 27.252.243.121's last edit and restored the paragraph deleted. This paragraph had reliable sources. 'Proof of causation' is not a criteria used on Wikipedia. If there is a concern over lack of NPOV, whole sale use of the delete key is not the answer. I suggest you could have either tagged the section as needing clarification or being POV. Or you could have provided alternative view points, or have reworded the paragraph to achieve NPOV. Mrfebruary (talk) 01:32, 24 September 2012 (UTC)

Data from 22 years ago?
This is weird:

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
 * Lowest 10%: 0.3% (1991)
 * Highest 10%: 29.8% (1991)

Tony  (talk)  08:43, 2 August 2013 (UTC)

GDP make-up
The stats for GDP make-up are flat-out wrong, and uncited. Judging by the claim that agriculture is 4.7% of GDP, my guess is the initial editor misread this report and mistook a 4.7% *increase* in agriculture's contribution to GDP as agriculture contributing 4.7% to GDP.

In the absence of better stats, I've removed the section entirely; someone who can find correct figures is welcome to add it in. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Behemoth01 (talk • contribs) 09:21, 20 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Not far wrong. Updated 2014 sector stats with citation. Tymentyne (talk) 21:18, 25 October 2014 (UTC)

Largest trading partners
The claim that China is New Zealand's "largest trading partner" in 2013 is uncited and appears to be incorrect according to Statistics New Zealand. --LJ Holden 03:38, 3 December 2014 (UTC)

Profile section
I'm slowly working my way through the article - there's a lot of stuff that is repeated, especially the "Profile" section which is largely a repeat of the History section. Unless anyone objects I will integrate what is currently in the Profile section with the History section. --LJ Holden 10:35, 8 December 2014 (UTC)

Inequality information repeat
There is a lot of information being repeated on this article, making it lengthy. A recent edit expanded one of the sub-sections on New Zealand's economic history to add articles relating to inequality, which has its own section. I don't think its helpful to repeat this information in multiple places -as I've found a lot of the references are being doubled (in one case tripled) up, making the article even longer. --LJ Holden 02:10, 16 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Also, there's the Social class in New Zealand article where this material could go. --LJ Holden 08:56, 16 December 2014 (UTC)

The inequality section is in need of a rewrite - it is very biased, and comments like "Then in 1991, benefits were also cut back substantially as part of the 'reforms' and those on welfare have been struggling ever since." lack references and are obviously influenced by the authors beliefs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 101.98.210.4 (talk) 02:36, 8 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok, so how do we fix it then? --LJ Holden 02:53, 8 January 2015 (UTC)

Complete revamp required to keep on topic

 * Reading this article came across as a quite politically motivated article including a lot of hyperbole and rhetoric. Introduces several (mainly social) one-sided issues supposedly supported by certain studies. I am proposing removing or severely editing large amounts of this article so it includes only indisputable facts and that are actually directly related to the Economy of New Zealand. The history is OK and seems factual on the most part. There is nothing on sectors but heaps on trading partners. There is nothing on currency. There are effectively two overviews. Many of the 'other indicators' have little direct relevance. So much detail on certain political/social items and so little detail on actual economic measures. I will refrain from making wholesale changes for a couple of months to allow comments 219.89.221.108 (talk) 10:26, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Happy to take contributions. I've tried to get this article back on topic as much as possible, and keep the statistics up to date as possible. --LJ Holden 22:47, 19 May 2015 (UTC)

 * I agree with original poster (219.89.221.108). People have clearly put a lot of work into this page, but it seems more political rhetoric than fact. Perhaps another country's page as a base (e.g. the UK page) and the equivalent statistics located for NZ? Please do make the wholesale changes that you proposed. Some of the parts that jump out are:

 * "However, the generally positive outlook includes some challenges. New Zealand income levels, which used to be above those of many other countries in Western Europe prior to the crisis of the 1970s, have dropped in relative terms and never recovered. As a result, the number of New Zealanders living in poverty has grown and income inequality has increased dramatically." - no citation. --KwikWikiKiwi (talk) 21:50, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * "New Zealand's tax structure also contributes to the growing gap between the rich and poor. In the 2010 New Zealand budget, personal tax rates were cut with the top personal tax rate reduced from 38% to 33%[22] The cuts gave New Zealand the second-lowest personal tax burden in the OECD. Only Mexico's citizens had a higher percentage-wise "take home" proportion of their salaries.[23] The cuts in income tax were estimated to have reduced revenue by $2.46 billion.[24] To compensate, GST was raised from 12.5% to 15%.[25] This also has a negative impact on the poor. Treasury figures show that top income earners in New Zealand pay between 6% and 8% of their income on GST. Those at the bottom end, earning less than $356 a week, spend between 11% and 14% on GST. Based on these figures, the New Zealand Herald predicted that putting GST up to 15% would increase living costs for the poor more than twice as much as for the rich.[26]" This whole section is unbalanced. It discusses the reduction in tax from 38% to 33%, when this starting point is arbitrary - it could have talked about the increase from 33% to 38%. It would be better to just talk about the level. The section appears to assume that low taxes are a negative thing, when it is at least arguable that this is preferable in the absence of cuts to public services. Neither view belongs in an impartial encyclopedia. The fact that the change in income tax to GST negatively affected the poor, without discussing the changes to Working for Families etc that were specifically designed to keep the changes neutral is a little disingenuous. My recollection is that the changes came out of recommendations of a tax working group that recommended the changes to improve the economy by moving towards more efficient taxes that were harder to avoid - rather than a policy decision aimed at redistribution of wealth. That isn't how the passage comes across. --KwikWikiKiwi (talk) 21:50, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * "New Zealand is the highest-ranked (i.e. least corrupt) country on the Transparency International corruption perceptions index (CPI) of 2011.[27] Adam Feeley, former chief executive of the Serious Fraud Office has stated that fraud is widespread in New Zealand and there are fundamental misconceptions about New Zealand's ranking as one of the world's least corrupt countries.[28] International auditors, PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC), agree. In 2011 PwC conducted a survey on Global Economic Crime which found that 50% of New Zealand organisations (both public and private) had experienced an economic crime in the previous 12 months. This gave New Zealand the 4th highest level of fraud out of the 78 countries surveyed.[29] In 2014 a Serious Fraud Office report showed Accident Compensation Corporation estimated that $500 million is being "misappropriated by exaggerated injuries and medical providers inventing 'phantom' clients" each year - but less than 1% of this is actually detected. The report also canvassed $8 billion of spending by district health boards and estimated 3% of this was being lost to fraud.[30]" Fraud is not the same thing as corruption. The corruption sub page that it links to is in my view more inappropriate than this page --KwikWikiKiwi (talk) 21:50, 3 June 2015 (UTC). The high Transparency International ranking is only slightly relevant, in that NZ's lack of corruption is widely seen as a source of economic competitive advantage (see http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/economies/#economy=NZL). Fraud does not, in my view, belong on a page about the economy. Note that the UK page does not contain a section on corruption and I would propose deleting this section. --KwikWikiKiwi (talk) 21:50, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * "As a result, more and more people are being pushed out of the property market. Those on low incomes are hardest hit, affecting many Maori and Pacific Islanders. New Zealand's relatively high mortgage rates are exacerbating the problem[41] even making it difficult for young people with steady jobs to buy their first home.[42] According to a submission made to the Housing Affordability Inquiry,[43] escalating house prices are also impacting on many middle income groups, especially those with large families.[44] Mortgage adviser Bruce Patten said the trend was 'disturbing' and added to the gap between the 'haves and have-nots'.[45]" Opinion. What place does the view of some mortgage adviser have in an encyclopedia? --KwikWikiKiwi (talk) 21:50, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * "Whether purchases are made by New Zealanders or foreigners, it is generally those who are already well off that are buying the bulk of properties on the market. This has had a dramatic effect on home ownership rates by Kiwis, now at its lowest level since 1951. Even as recently as 1991, 76% of New Zealand homes were occupied by their owners. By 2013, this was down to 63%, indicating that more and more people are having to rent.[37] Raewyn Cox, chief executive of the Federation of Family Budgeting, says: "High prices and high interest rates (have) sentenced a rising number of New Zealanders to be lifetime tenants" where they are "stuck in expensive rental situations, heading towards retirement."[41]" Opinion. I'm also not sure that a Housing Affordability section makes sense in an economy page. --KwikWikiKiwi (talk) 21:50, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The whole "Growing Inequality" section should be removed. Compare it to the Poverty section of the UK page, which just lists the statistics and points out that "The United Kingdom is a developed country with social welfare infrastructure, thus discussions surrounding poverty tend to be of relative poverty rather than absolute poverty." --KwikWikiKiwi (talk) 21:50, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I agree. The section is largely politically biased and misleading e.g. the statement "marked increases in violent and other crime were observed;" has a cite to a paper that actually shows overall crime decreased from 1992 to 2000. Cadae (talk) 10:27, 1 July 2015 (UTC)

 * I think the Superannuation section should be removed. I don't see its relevance to an economy page. --KwikWikiKiwi (talk) 21:50, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I stopped reviewing at this point. Perhaps sites like these could help with more neutral facts: http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/economies/#economy=NZL and http://www.treasury.govt.nz/economy/overview/2015/nzefo-15.pdf
 * Hi, thanks for adding this, but please remember to sign your comments. I think the points made above are valid, I think the uncited claims should be the first to go, unless they can be cited. I suggested adding the tags to them first so that other editors may add citations as required. I found though that in a number of cases citations had been made that did not actually verify the statements in the article, so we do need to check the citations. Also, a number of news media articles are cited where academic publications should be used, and the language reflects this. --LJ Holden 21:22, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I signed in the beginning of the block, but have now done each point. --KwikWikiKiwi (talk) 21:50, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks also from me for raising this KwikWikiKiwi. I've stripped the 'corruption' section back - this appears to have been POV pushing by the now-blocked (and defacto banned) editor Offender9000. I suspect that some of the other material you note above was also from him. Nick-D (talk) 09:00, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

 * I updated the corruption index to the 2015 version under corruption as the ranking had changed - the reference also shows the old value too as it is just an updated link to the same reference (Transparency International). Ps2jak2 (talk) 01:40, 14 February 2016 (UTC)

External link to tariff data
Hello everyone, I am working for the International Trade Centre (ITC), a UN/WTO agency that aims to promote sustainable economic development through trade promotion. I would like to propose the addition of an external link (http://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=554&source=1|ITC) that leads directly to our online database of customs tariffs applied by New Zealand. Visitors can easily look up market access information for New Zealand by selecting the product and partner of their interest. I would like you to consider this link under the WP:ELYES #3 prescriptions. Moreover, the reliability and the pertinence of this link can be supported by the following facts 1) ITC is part of the United Nations, and aims to share trade and market access data on by country and product as a global public good 2) No registration is required to access this information 3) Market access data (Tariffs and non-tariff measures) are regularly updated

Thank you, Divoc (talk) 11:24, 23 December 2015 (UTC)
 * I see the site is already linked to at tariff and about a dozen related articles. It is also linked to by several dozen "Economy of " articles, added by yourself. I think adding links to this site to articles on the economies of individual countries appears to be overkill.- gadfium 00:08, 24 December 2015 (UTC)

Thank you for your response gadfium. Even if I consider market access information as an essential part and relevant for economies of individual countries, I can see your point and won't add the proposed link. Best, Divoc (talk) 09:18, 11 January 2016 (UTC)

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Unemployment
Under the Unemployment section, it says ″there is he official number of people unemployed in 1959 was only 21. A year later it was 22.″ This is unclear - is it that the total number of unemployed people in New ZEaland rose by one? Or is this a percentage? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.57.203.226 (talk) 04:05, 20 March 2019 (UTC)
 * These are supposed to be numbers not percentages, but the reference given for the figures does not contain unemployment numbers for these years, and although New Zealand had very low unemployment in that era, sources I could find in a quick online search suggest they were not as low as our article states. For example, the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand gives 1,656 unemployed in July 1959, and the 1959 New Zealand Yearbook says "The numbers of applications for unemployment benefits dealt with during the years ended 31 March 1957 and 1958 were 949 and 1,415 respectively", with lower numbers actually granted benefits. Clearly there is something seriously amiss in the figures this article is presenting. On the other hand, there is "At one point in the 1950s there was a joke that the Prime Minister knew the name of every unemployed person in New Zealand."- gadfium 08:12, 20 March 2019 (UTC)

Political bias
The phrase: “The results of the experiment never materialized” is inconsistent with the following: “ Between 2000 and 2007, the New Zealand economy expanded by an average of 3.5% a year driven primarily by private consumption and the buoyant housing market. During this period, inflation averaged only 2.6% a year, within the Reserve Bank's target range of 1% to 3%“. Market oriented reforms are never immediate in it’s implementation and outcomes. Russia started to grown after 8 years of it’s limited reforms. The market is a chain, it doesn’t takes one day or two to turn the country more productive, efficient, entrepreneurial, and solid/capitalized. So the assumption that the results promised by the proposers of the reforms never materialized is a biased conclusion based in opinion. The article clearly shows an anti capitalistic stance, some of the sources chosen are biased and I’m not sure the article is entirely covered with credible sources. Cheers from Brazil.

US$ or NZ$
Are the infobox figures US$ or NZ$? Please specify on the page.  Nixinova   T   C   23:56, 17 October 2021 (UTC)
 * Done - they're IMF figures in USD so have added that. --LJ Holden 02:39, 18 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Economy of New Zealand


text:
Dorsal

Dorsal (from Latin dorsum ‘back’) may refer to:

 * Dorsal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location referring to the back or upper side of an organism or parts of an organism
 * Dorsal, positioned on top of an aircraft's fuselage
 * Dorsal consonant, a consonant articulated with the back of the tongue
 * Dorsal fin, the fin located on the back of a fish or aircraft
 * Dorsal transcription factor, a maternally synthesized transcription factor

Dorsale Dorsale Dorsale

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dorsal


text:
Posterior

Posterior may refer to:
 * Posterior (anatomy), the end of an organism opposite to its head
 * Buttocks, as a euphemism
 * Posterior horn (disambiguation)
 * Posterior probability, the conditional probability that is assigned when the relevant evidence is taken into account
 * Posterior tense, a relative future tense

title: Posterior


text:
Lateral

Lateral is a geometric term of location which may also refer to:

Healthcare

 * Lateral, an anatomical term of location
 * Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, an intrinsic muscle of the larynx
 * Lateral release (surgery), a surgical procedure to release tight capsular structures

Other uses

 * Lateral, a digital journal and production of the Cultural Studies Association
 * Lateral, a podcast by English YouTuber and web developer Tom Scott
 * Lateral canal, a canal built along the same right-of-way as an existing stream
 * Lateral consonant, a consonant in which the airstream proceeds along one or both of the sides of the tongue
 * Lateral mark, a sea mark used in maritime pilotage to indicate the edge of a channel
 * Lateral modes, an aspect of dynamic stability and control in the field of aircraft flight dynamics
 * Lateral pass, a non-advancing move in gridiron football
 * Lateral release (phonetics), the release of a plosive consonant into a lateral consonant
 * Lateral support (disambiguation)
 * Lateral thinking, a manner of solving problems using an indirect and creative approach

title: Lateral


text:
On Stage (Rainbow album)

On Stage is a double live album originally released by the British hard rock band Rainbow in 1977. It was recorded live over several German and Japanese dates in late 1976 during the Rising world tour. The album was released first in the US on 7 July 1977, before being released a week later on 15 July in the UK.

Recording
The recording features the customary introduction to a Rainbow show – the classic quote from The Wizard of Oz, "Toto: I have a feeling we're not in Kansas anymore. We must be over the rainbow!" with the last word repeated as an echo, then the actual band plays a musical phrase from the song "Over the Rainbow" before breaking into "Kill the King".

A few of the tracks were edited by producer Martin Birch. Mistreated has the guitar/vocal duel removed, the "Lazy" introduction to "Man on the Silver Mountain", the drum solo has been omitted from "Still I'm Sad", and the running order was changed to more easily fit four sides of vinyl.

Recording Sources:

Introduction/Kill The King

Nuremberg 28 September 1976 (first 1:03)

Munich 29 September 1976 (remainder of the song)

Man On The Silver Mountain

Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Afternoon Show)

Blues

Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Evening Show)

Starstruck

Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Evening Show)

Man On The Silver Mountain (Reprise)

Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Afternoon Show)

Catch The Rainbow

Osaka 9 December 1976

Mistreated

Cologne 25 September 1976

Sixteenth Century Greensleeves

Tokyo 16 December 1976 (Evening Show)

Still I'm Sad

Nuremberg 28 September 1976

Release and reception
Geoff Ginsberg of AllMusic writes: "On Stage is full of great songs and playing, but somehow it lacks some of the excitement that existed at those early Ritchie Blackmore concerts. The production is just kind of flat. That doesn't change the fact that there is some great stuff to be found here and nowhere else, such as the side-long version of "Mistreated," from Deep Purple's Burn."

The song "Kill the King" appeared on this album before it was recorded for a studio album. A studio version appears on the follow-up release, 1978's Long Live Rock 'n' Roll.

The single "Kill the King", with "Man on the Silver Mountain" and "Mistreated" as double B-sides, was released in the UK in September 1977. This was Rainbow's debut in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at No. 44. After the commercial success of "Since You Been Gone", "All Night Long" and "I Surrender", "Kill the King" was re-released in 1981 this time climbing to No. 41. Songwriter and lead singer Ronnie James Dio claimed that the violent imagery in the song is actually about a chess game.

A more representative example of a Rainbow concert of the time was the 1991 release Live in Germany 1976, which featured unedited concert performances and includes both tour staple "Stargazer" and the usual encore "Do You Close Your Eyes".

The deluxe edition was released on 13 November 2012 in Europe. The second disc was originally planned to contain tracks from the concert hall at the "Orix Theater" (formerly Osaka Kōsei Nenkin Kaikan) in Osaka, Japan (9 December 1976). Instead the second disc contains tracks from the final Rainbow gig in Tokyo, Japan at the "Nippon Budokan Hall" on 16 December 1976.

Personnel

 * Rainbow
 * Ritchie Blackmore – guitar
 * Ronnie James Dio – vocals
 * Tony Carey – keyboards, Orchestron
 * Jimmy Bain – bass
 * Cozy Powell – drums

Charts

 * Album

 * Singles

title: On Stage (Rainbow album)


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User:Juvenni~enwiki

A chilean who was born in 1982.Likes a bit of everything

title: User:Juvenni~enwiki


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Long Live Rock 'n' Roll

Long Live Rock 'n' Roll is the third studio album by the British heavy metal band Rainbow, released on 14 April 1978 and the last to feature original lead vocalist Ronnie James Dio.

Background
Recording of the album commenced in April 1977 at a studio in Château d'Hérouville, France, featuring Ritchie Blackmore, Ronnie James Dio and Cozy Powell. Keyboards were initially played on a session basis by former Rainbow member Tony Carey, while bass parts were started by Mark Clarke. Clarke was soon dismissed, however, and the bass parts were recorded by Blackmore himself. By July 1977 seven tracks that ended on the album were in demo form. Recording was suspended while the band recruited Bob Daisley and David Stone and thereafter commenced extensive touring of Europe in the summer and autumn of 1977. A return to the Château d'Hérouville studio in December saw the band finish the album and also yielded a final track, "Gates of Babylon".

Although Daisley and Stone are listed on the album credits for their contributions, they joined the band partway through the recording sessions and only appear on three and four songs, respectively. Stone wrote parts of "Gates of Babylon", the middle 8 section during the guitar solo. He was paid for the work, but not credited on the album.

Artwork
The original vinyl release was in a gatefold-sleeve cover illustrated by Debbie Hall, with a lyric-sheet insert. The crowd picture is actually from a Rush concert, with the wording on the banner the fans were holding replaced by the Rainbow album title and the visible Rush T-shirts airbrushed to black.

Original copies of the single "L.A. Connection" were issued on red vinyl and featured the previous studio album's cover picture on the B-side's label.

Release and reception
Geoff Ginsberg of AllMusic wrote that Long Live Rock 'n' Roll "would turn out to be the last great album Rainbow would ever make, although they did enjoy a great deal of chart success in the post-Dio era."

The album, among other Rainbow releases, is often cited as a strong influence on formation of the power metal genre, especially on its fantasy-themed lyrics and aesthetics.

Reissues

 * Long Live Rock 'n' Roll was remastered on CD for the US market in April 1999, with the European version following later. The US version had a matte booklet/insert, which matched the original vinyl sleeve for all markets, whereas the European issue was the standard glossy type.
 * Long Live Rock 'n' Roll Story, an album and a book about the making of the LP was released in June 2009 in the "Rock Landmarks" series. The inlay story was written by Jerry Bloom, author of Black Knight, a Ritchie Blackmore's biography.
 * On 12 April 2012 a picture disc album version of Long Live Rock 'n' Roll was released in the US as part of Record Store Day 2012.
 * A deluxe edition version was released on 13 November in Europe, featuring rough mixes of the album tracks from July 1977 except "Gates of Babylon," which was written later.

Track listing
All songs written by Ritchie Blackmore and Ronnie James Dio except where noted. All lyrics by Dio.

 * Track 3 - Many vinyl copies label the song's length as 3:35.

2012 Deluxe Edition
Disc one contains the original album with no bonus tracks.

 * Track 7 - "Rainbow Eyes" is an early version. Tracks 10–14 are prerecorded with live vocal by Dio.

Personnel
Credits taken from album liner notes.
 * Rainbow
 * Ritchie Blackmore – guitar, bass on tracks 1–3, 6 (also bass on rough mix tracks 1–6, 2012 Deluxe Edition)
 * Ronnie James Dio – vocals
 * Cozy Powell – drums
 * Bob Daisley – bass on tracks 4, 5, and 7
 * David Stone – keyboards on tracks 4, 5, and 6, piano outro on track 3
 * Tony Carey – keyboards on tracks 1, 2, and 8

"'Rainbow Eyes' String Quartet":
 * Additional musicians
 * Rainer Pietsch - scoring and conducting on "Gates of Babylon" and "Rainbow Eyes"
 * Bavarian String Ensemble - strings on "Gates of Babylon"
 * Rudi Risavy – flute on "Rainbow Eyes"
 * Max Hecker – recorder on "Rainbow Eyes"
 * Ferenc Kiss - first violin, concert master
 * Nico Nicolic – second violin
 * Ottmar Machan – viola
 * Karl Heinz Feit – cello

 * Production
 * Martin Birch – producer and engineer
 * Max Hecker – classical instruments recording engineer
 * Bruce Payne – direction
 * Recorded at The Strawberry Studio at Château d'Hérouville, France, May–July and December 1977

Singles
These two singles were also re-released in the UK in July 1981. "Long Live Rock 'n' Roll" was also used for many years as a jingle by the British radio DJ Alan Freeman.
 * 1978 – "Long Live Rock 'n' Roll / Sensitive to Light"
 * 1978 – "L.A. Connection / Lady of the Lake"

Charts

 * Album

 * Singles

title: Long Live Rock 'n' Roll


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Drury Lane

Drury Lane is a street on the eastern boundary of the Covent Garden area of London, running between Aldwych and High Holborn. The northern part is in the borough of Camden and the southern part in the City of Westminster. Drury Lane is part of London's West End Theatreland.

Notable landmarks

The street originated as an early medieval lane referred to in Latin as the Via de Aldwych, which probably connected St. Giles Leper Hospital with the fields of Aldwych Close, owned by the hospital but traditionally said to have been granted to the Danes as part of a peace treaty with King Alfred the Great in Saxon times. It acquired its name from the Suffolk barrister Sir Robert Drury, who built a mansion called Drury House on the lane around 1500. After the death in 1615 of his great-great-grandson, another Robert Drury, the property passed out of the family. It became the London house of the Earl of Craven, then a public house under the sign of his reputed mistress, the Queen of Bohemia. Subsequently, the gardens and courtyards of the house were built over with rows of small houses. The remains of the house itself, which had been progressively demolished, were finally cleared in 1809. By this time, Drury Lane had become one of the worst slums in London, dominated by prostitution and gin palaces. The area was eventually cleared to make way for the developments of Kingsway and Aldwych.

The Muffin Man resided on Drury Lane, according to the famous nursery rhyme.

The term "Drury Lane" is often used to refer to the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, which has in different incarnations been located in the street since the 17th century, even though today the main entrance is on Catherine Street. Also in Drury Lane is the Gillian Lynne Theatre. 173 Drury Lane was the location of the first J Sainsbury store. The store was opened in 1869 and the company is now one of the UK's largest supermarket chains.

title: Drury Lane


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Amazon river dolphin

The Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis), also known as the boto, bufeo or pink river dolphin, is a species of toothed whale endemic to South America and is classified in the family Iniidae. Three subspecies are currently recognized: I. g. geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin), I. g. boliviensis (Bolivian river dolphin) and I. g. humboldtiana (Orinoco river dolphin) while position of Araguaian river dolphin (I. araguaiaensis) within the clade is still unclear. The three subspecies are distributed in the Amazon basin, the upper Madeira River in Bolivia, and the Orinoco basin, respectively.

The Amazon river dolphin is the largest species of river dolphin, with adult males reaching 185 kg in weight, and 2.5 m in length. Adults acquire a pink color, more prominent in males, giving it its nickname "pink river dolphin". Sexual dimorphism is very evident, with males measuring 16% longer and weighing 55% more than females. Like other toothed whales, they have a melon, an organ that is used for bio sonar. The dorsal fin, although short in height, is regarded as long, and the pectoral fins are also large. The fin size, unfused vertebrae, and its relative size allow for improved manoeuvrability when navigating flooded forests and capturing prey.

They have one of the widest ranging diets among toothed whales, and feed on up to 53 different species of fish, such as croakers, catfish, tetras and piranhas. They also consume other animals such as river turtles, aquatic frogs, and freshwater crabs.

In 2018, this species was ranked by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as endangered, with a declining population. Threats include incidental catch in fishing lines, direct hunting for use as fish bait or predator control, damming, and pollution; as with many species, habitat loss and continued human development is becoming a greater threat.

It is the only species of river dolphin kept in captivity, mainly in Venezuela and Europe. It is difficult to train and a high mortality rate is seen among captive individuals.

Taxonomy
The species Inia geoffrensis was described by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1817. Originally, the Amazon river dolphin belonged to the superfamily Platanistoidea, which constituted all river dolphins, making them a paraphyletic group. Today, however, the Amazon river dolphin has been reclassified into the superfamily Inioidea. There is no consensus on when and how their ancestral species penetrated the Amazon basin; they may have done so during the Miocene from the Pacific Ocean, before the formation of the Andes, or from the Atlantic Ocean.

There is ongoing debate about the classification of species and subspecies. The IUCN and Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy recognize two subspecies: I. g. geoffrensis (Amazon river dolphin) and I. g. boliviensis (Bolivian river dolphin). A third proposed subspecies, I. g. humboldtiana (Orinoco river dolphin), was first described in 1977. Molecular analysis suggests that the Orinoco dolphins are derived from the Amazon population and are not genetically distinct. Comparative morphological research also indicates that I. g. humboldtiana is not distinguishable from I. g. geoffrensis. However, Cañizales (2020) found that I. g. humboldtiana skulls were morphologically distinct and recommended that it be elevated to species status.

In 1994, it was proposed that I. g. boliviensis was a different species based on skull morphology. In 2002, following the analysis of mitochondrial DNA specimens from the Orinoco basin, the Putumayo River (tributary of the Amazon) and the Tijamuchy and Ipurupuru rivers, geneticists proposed that genus Inia be divided into at least two evolutionary lineages: one restricted to the river basins of Bolivia and the other widely distributed in the Orinoco and Amazon. A recent study, with more comprehensive sampling of the Madeira system, including above and below the Teotonio Rapids (which were thought to obstruct gene flow), found that the Inia above the rapids did not possess unique mtDNA. As such the species level distinction once held is not supported by current results. Therefore, the Bolivian river dolphin is currently recognized as a subspecies. In addition, a 2014 study identifies a third species in the Araguaia-Tocantins basin, but this designation is not recognized by any international organization and the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy suggests this analysis is not persuasive.

Subspecies
Inia geoffrensis geoffrensis inhabits most of the Amazon River, including rivers Tocantins, Araguaia, low Xingu and Tapajos, the Madeira to the rapids of Porto Velho, and rivers Purus, Yurua, Ica, Caqueta, Branco, and the Rio Negro through the channel of Casiquiare to San Fernando de Atabapo in the Orinoco river, including its tributary: the Guaviare.

Inia geoffrensis boliviensis has populations in the upper reaches of the Madeira River, upstream of the rapids of Teotonio, in Bolivia. It is confined to the Mamore River and its main tributary, the Iténez.

Inia geoffrensis humboldtiana are located in the Orinoco River basin, including the Apure and Meta rivers. This subspecies is restricted, at least during the dry season, to the waterfalls of Rio Negro rapids in the Orinoco between Puerto Samariapo and Puerto Ayacucho, and the Casiquiare canal. This subspecies is not recognized by the Committee on Taxonomy of the Society for Marine Mammalogy, or the IUCN.

Description
The Amazon river dolphin is the largest river dolphin. Adult males reach a maximum length and weight of 2.55 m (average 2.32 m) and 185 kg (average 154 kg), while females reach a length and weight of 2.15 m (mean 2 m) and 150 kg (average 100 kg). It has very evident sexual dimorphism, with males measuring and weighing between 16% and 55% more than females, making it unique among river dolphins, where females are generally larger than males.

The texture of the body is robust and strong but flexible. Unlike in oceanic dolphins, the cervical vertebrae are not fused, allowing the head to turn 90 degrees. The flukes are broad and triangular, and the dorsal fin, which is keel-shaped, is short in height but very long, extending from the middle of the body to the caudal region. The pectoral fins are large and paddle-shaped. The length of its fins allows the animal to perform a circular movement, allowing for exceptional maneuverability to swim through the flooded forest but decreasing its speed.

The body color varies with age. Newborns and the young have a dark grey tint, which in adolescence transforms into light grey, and in adults turns pink as a result of repeated abrasion of the skin surface. Males tend to be pinker than females due to more frequent trauma from intra-species aggression. The color of adults varies between solid and mottled pink and in some adults the dorsal surface is darker. It is believed that the difference in color depends on the temperature, water transparency, and geographical location. There was one albino on record, kept in an aquarium in Germany. The skull of the species is slightly asymmetrical compared to the other toothed whales. It has a long, thin snout, with 25 to 28 pairs of long and slender teeth to each side of both jaws. Dentition is heterodont, meaning that the teeth differ in shape and length, with differing functions for both grabbing and crushing prey. Anterior teeth are conical and later have ridges on the inside of the crown. Despite small eyes, the species seems to have good eyesight in and out of the water. It has a melon on the head, the shape of which can be modified by muscular control when used for biosonar. Breathing takes place every 30 to 110 seconds.

Longevity
Life expectancy of the Amazon river dolphin in the wild is unknown, but in captivity, the longevity of healthy individuals has been recorded at between 10 and 30 years. However, a 1986 study of the average longevity of this species in captivity in the United States is only 33 months. An individual named Baby at the Duisburg Zoo, Germany, lived at least 46 years, spending 45 years, 9 months at the zoo.

Behavior
The Amazon river dolphin are commonly seen singly or in twos, but may also occur in pods that rarely contain more than eight individuals. Pods as large as 37 individuals have been seen in the Amazon, but the average is three. In the Orinoco, the largest observed groups number 30, but the average is just above five. During prey time, as many as 35 pink dolphins work together to obtain their prey. Typically, social bonds occur between mother and child, but may also been seen in heterogeneous groups or bachelor groups. The largest congregations are seen in areas with abundant food, and at the mouths of rivers. There is significant segregation during the rainy season, with males occupying the river channels, while females and their offspring are located in flooded areas. However, in the dry season, there is no such separation. Due to the high level of prey fish, larger group-sizes are seen in large sections that are directly influenced by whitewater (such as main rivers and lakes, especially during low water season) than in smaller sections influenced by blackwater (such as channels and smaller tributaries). In their freshwater habitat they are apex predators and gatherings depend more on food sources and habitat availability than in oceanic dolphins where protection from larger predators is necessary.

Captive studies have shown that the Amazon river dolphin is less shy than the bottlenose dolphin, but also less sociable. It is very curious and has a remarkable lack of fear of foreign objects. However, dolphins in captivity may not show the same behavior that they do in their natural environment, where they have been reported to hold the oars of the fishermen, rub against the boat, pluck underwater plants, and play with sticks, logs, clay, turtles, snakes, and fish.

They are slow swimmers; they commonly travel at speeds of 1.5 to 3.2 kph but have been recorded to swim at speeds up to 14 to 22 kph. When they surface, the tips of the snout, melon and dorsal fins appear simultaneously, the tail rarely showing before diving. They can also shake their fins, and pull their tail fin and head above the water to observe the environment. They occasionally jump out of the water, sometimes as high as a meter (3.14 ft). They are harder to train than most other species of dolphin.

Courtship
Adult males have been observed carrying objects in their mouths such as branches or other floating vegetation, or balls of hardened clay. The males appear to carry these objects as a socio-sexual display which is part of their mating system. The behavior is "triggered by an unusually large number of adult males and/or adult females in a group, or perhaps it attracts such into the group. A plausible explanation of the results is that object-carrying is aimed at females and is stimulated by the number of females in the group, while aggression is aimed at other adult males and is stimulated by object-carrying in the group." Before determining that the species had an evident sexual dimorphism, it was postulated that the river dolphins were monogamous. Later, it was shown that males were larger than females and are documented wielding an aggressive sexual behavior in the wild and in captivity. Males often have a significant degree of damage in the dorsal, caudal, and pectoral fins, as well as the blowhole, due to bites and abrasions. They also commonly have numerous secondary teeth-raking scars. This suggests fierce competition for access to females, with a polygynous mating system, though polyandry and promiscuity cannot be excluded.

In captivity, courtship and mating foreplay have been documented. The male takes the initiative by nibbling the fins of the female, but reacts aggressively if the female is not receptive. A high frequency of copulations in a couple was observed; they used three different positions: contacting the womb at right angles, lying head to head, or head to tail.

Reproduction
Breeding is seasonal, and births occur between May and June. The period of birthing coincides with the flood season, and this may provide an advantage because the females and their offspring remain in flooded areas longer than males. As the water level begins to decrease, the density of food sources in flooded areas increases due to loss of space, providing enough energy for infants to meet the high demands required for growth. Gestation is estimated to be around eleven months and captive births take 4 to 5 hours. At birth, calves are 80 cm long and in captivity have registered a growth of 0.21 m per year. Lactation takes about a year. The interval between births is estimated between 15 and 36 months, and the young dolphins are thought to become independent within two to three years.

The relatively long duration of breastfeeding and parenting suggests a high level of parental care. Most couples observed in their natural environment consist of a female and her calf. This suggests that long periods of parental care contribute to learning and development of the young.

Diet
The diet of the Amazon river dolphin is the most diverse of the toothed whales. It consists of at least 53 different species of fish, grouped in 19 families. The prey size is between 5 and 80 cm, with an average of 20 cm. The most frequently consumed fish belong to the families Sciaenidae (croakers), Cichlidae (cichlids), Characidae (characins and tetras), and Serrasalmidae (pacus, piranhas and silver dollars). The dolphin's dentition allows it to access shells of river turtles (such as Podocnemis sextuberculata) and freshwater crabs (such as Poppiana argentiniana). The diet is more diverse during the wet season, when fish are spread in flooded areas outside riverbeds, thus becoming more difficult to catch. The diet becomes more selective during the dry season when prey density is greater.

Usually, these dolphins are active and feeding throughout the day and night. However, they are predominantly crepuscular. They consume about 5.5% of their body weight per day. They sometimes take advantage of the disturbances made by boats to catch disoriented prey. Sometimes, they associate with the distantly related tucuxi (Sotalia fluviatilis), and giant otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) to hunt in a coordinated manner, by gathering and attacking fish stocks at the same time. Apparently, there is little competition for food between these species, as each prefers different prey. It has also been observed that captive dolphins share food.

Echolocation
Amazonian rivers are often very murky, and the Amazon river dolphin is therefore likely to depend much more on its sense of echolocation than vision when navigating and finding prey. However, echolocation in shallow waters and flooded forests may result in many echoes to keep track of. For each click produced a multitude of echoes are likely to return to the echolocating animal almost on top of each other which makes object discrimination difficult. This may be why the Amazon river dolphin produces less powerful clicks compared to other similar sized toothed whales. By sending out clicks of lower amplitude only nearby objects will cast back detectable echoes, and hence fewer echoes need to be sorted out, but the cost is a reduced biosonar range. Toothed whales generally do not produce a new echolocation click until all relevant echoes from the previous click have been received, so if detectable echoes are only reflected back from nearby objects, the echoes will quickly return, and the Amazon river dolphin is then able to click at a high rate. This in turn allow these animals to have a high acoustic update rate on their surroundings which may aid prey tracking when echolocating in shallow rivers and flooded forests with plenty of hiding places for the prey. While preying in murky water, they emit series of clicking noises, 30 to 80 per second, which they use by listening to the bouncing sonar which bounces off their prey.

Communication
Like other dolphins, river dolphins use whistling tones to communicate. The issuance of these sounds is related to the time they return to the surface before diving, suggesting a link to food. Acoustic analysis revealed that the vocalisations are different in structure from the typical whistles of other species of dolphins.

Distribution and population
Amazon river dolphins are the most widespread river dolphins. They are present in six countries in South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela, in an area covering about 7000000 sqkm. The boundaries are set by waterfalls, such as the Xingu and Tapajós rivers in Brazil, as well as very shallow water. A series of rapids and waterfalls in the Madeira River have isolated one population, recognized as the subspecies I. g. boliviensis, in the southern part of the Amazon basin in Bolivia.

They are also distributed in the basin of the Orinoco River, except the Caroni River and the upper Caura River in Venezuela. The only connection between the Orinoco and the Amazon is through the Casiquiare canal. The distribution of dolphins in the rivers and surrounding areas depends on the time of year; in the dry season they are located in the river beds, but in the rainy season, when the rivers overflow, they disperse to the flooded areas, both the forests and the plains.

Studies to estimate the population are difficult to analyze due to the difference in the methodology used. In a study conducted in the stretch of the Amazon called Solimões River, with a length of 1200 km between the cities of Manaus and Tabatinga, a total of 332 individuals was sighted ± 55 per inspection. Density was estimated at 0.08–0.33 animals per square kilometer in the main channels, and 0.49 to 0.93 animals per square kilometer in the branches. In another study, on a stretch of 120 km at the confluence of Colombia, Brazil and Peru, 345 individuals with a density of 4.8 per square km in the tributaries around the islands. 2.7 and 2.0 were observed along the banks. Additionally, another study was conducted in the Amazon at the height of the mouth of the Caqueta River for six days. As a result of the studies conducted, it was found that the density is higher in the riverbanks, 3.7 per km, decreasing towards the center of the river. In studies conducted during the rainy season, the density observed in the flood plain was 18 animals per square km, while on the banks of rivers and lakes ranged from 1.8 to 5.8 individuals per square km. These observations suggest that the Amazon river dolphin is found in higher density than any other cetacean.

Habitat and migration
The Amazon river dolphin is located in most of the area's aquatic habitats, including; river basins, major courses of rivers, canals, river tributaries, lakes, and at the ends of rapids and waterfalls. Cyclical changes in the water levels of rivers take place throughout the year. During the dry season, dolphins occupy the main river channels, and during the rainy season, they can move easily to smaller tributaries, to the forest, and to floodplains.

Males and females appear to have selective habitat preferences, with the males returning to the main river channels when water levels are still high, while the females and their offspring remain in the flooded areas as long as possible; probably because it decreases the risk of aggression by males toward the young and predation by other species.

In the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve, Peru, photo-identification is used to recognize individuals based on pigmentation patterns, scars and abnormalities in the beak. 72 individuals were recognized, of which 25 were again observed between 1991 and 2000. The intervals between sightings ranged from one day to 7.5 years. The maximum range of motion was 220 km, with an average of 60.8 km. The longest distance in one day was 120 km, with an average of 14.5 km. In a previous study conducted at the center of the Amazon River, a dolphin was observed that moved only a few dozen kilometers from the dry season and wet season. However, three of the reviewed 160 animals were observed over 100 km from where they were first registered. Research in 2011 concluded that photo-identification by skilled operatives using high-quality digital equipment could be a useful tool in monitoring population size, movements and social patterns.

In captivity
The Amazon river dolphin has historically been kept in dolphinariums. Today, only one exists in captivity, at Zoologico de Quistochoca in Peru. Several hundred were captured between the 1950s and 1970s, and were distributed in dolphinariums throughout the US, Europe, and Japan. Around 100 went to US dolphinariums, and of that, only 20 survived; the last died at the Pittsburgh Zoo in 2002.

Threats
The region of the Amazon in Brazil has an extension of 5000000 km2 containing diverse fundamental ecosystems. One of these ecosystems is a floodplain, or a várzea forest, and is home to a large number of fish species which are an essential resource for human consumption. The várzea is also a major source of income through excessive local commercialized fishing. Várzea consists of muddy river waters containing a vast number and diversity of nutrient rich species. The abundance of distinct fish species lures the Amazon River dolphin into the várzea areas of high water occurrences during the seasonal flooding.

In addition to attracting predators such as the Amazon river dolphin, these high-water occurrences are an ideal location to draw in the local fisheries. Human fishing activities directly compete with the dolphins for the same fish species, the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and the pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus), resulting in deliberate or unintentional catches of the Amazon river dolphin. The local fishermen overfish and when the Amazon River dolphins remove the commercial catch from the nets and lines, it causes damages to the equipment and the capture, as well as generating ill will from the local fishermen. The negative reactions of the local fishermen are also attributed to the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources prohibition on killing the Amazon river dolphin, yet not compensating the fishermen for the damage done to their equipment and catch.

During the process of catching the commercialized fish, the Amazon river dolphins get caught in the nets and exhaust themselves until they die, or the local fishermen deliberately kill the entangled dolphins. The carcasses are discarded, consumed, or used as bait to attract a scavenger catfish, the piracatinga (Calophysus macropterus). The use of the Amazon river dolphin carcass as bait for the piracatinga dates back to 2000. Increasing demand for the piracatinga has created a market for distribution of the Amazon river dolphin carcasses to be used as bait throughout these regions.

Of the 15 dolphin carcasses found in the Japurá River in 2010–2011 surveys, 73% of the dolphins were killed for bait, disposed of, or abandoned in entangled gillnets. The data do not fully represent the actual overall number of deaths of the Amazon river dolphins, whether accidental or intentional, because a variety of factors make it extremely complicated to record and medically examine all the carcasses. Scavenger species feed upon the carcasses, and the complexity of the river currents make it nearly impossible to locate all of the dead animals. More importantly, the local fishermen do not report these deaths out of fear that a legal course of action will be taken against them, as the Amazon river dolphin and other cetaceans are protected under a Brazilian federal law prohibiting any takes, harassments, and kills of the species.

The Amazon river is also threatened by the dumping of mercury into its waters from industrial mining, along with other harsh chemicals. Just like deforestation and burning, mercury in the water of the Amazon river is very dangerous for the fauna of the river. In 2019, F. Mosquera-Guerra at al, published a study that showed the presence of mercury in the Amazon river dolphins. They analyzed the dolphin's muscle tissue of different taxa of the Amazon basin and found high concentrations of mercury in the Tapajos River (Brazil) from an adult male of I. g. geoffrensis (pink dolphin).

In September 2023, 154 Amazon river dolphins died in Brazil's Lake Tefé following record-high water temperatures of 40 C and reduced water levels during a drought. While there are ongoing studies by the Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development to determine the cause of the deaths, the leading hypothesis is that the elevated temperature caused algae in the lake to release a toxin that attacks the central nervous system.

Conservation
In 2008, the International Whaling Commission (IWC) expressed concern for captured botos for use as bait in the Central Amazon, which is an emerging problem that has spread on a large scale. The species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Fauna and Flora (CITES), and Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, because it has an unfavorable conservation status or would benefit significantly from international co-operation organized by tailored agreements.

According to a previous assessment by the Scientific Committee of the International Whaling Commission in 2000, the population of botos appears great and there is little or no evidence of population decline in numbers and range. However, increased human intervention on their habitat is expected to, in the future, be the most likely cause of the decline of its range and population. A series of recommendations were issued to ensure proper follow-up to the species, among which is the implementation and publication of studies on the structure of populations, making a record of the distribution of the species, information about potential threats as the magnitude of fishing operations and location of pipelines.

In September 2012, Bolivian President Evo Morales enacted a law to protect the dolphin and declared it a national treasure.

In 2018, the species was listed on the Red list of endangered species.

Increasing pollution and gradual destruction of the Amazon rainforest add to the vulnerability of the species. The biggest threats are deforestation and other human activities that contribute to disrupt and alter their environment. Another source of concern is the difficulty in keeping these animals alive in captivity, due to intra-species aggression and low longevity. Captive breeding is not considered a conservation option for this species.

The Global Declaration for River Dolphins seeks to reverse the decline of river dolphin populations throughout the world. As of early 2024, 11 of the 14 countries that have river dolphins have signed the declaration.

In mythology
In traditional Amazon River folklore, at night, an Amazon river dolphin becomes a handsome young man who seduces girls, impregnates them, and then returns to the river in the morning to become a dolphin again. Similarly, the female becomes a beautiful, well-dressed, wealthy-looking young woman. She goes to the house of a married man, places him under a spell to keep him quiet, and takes him to a thatched hut and visits him every year on the same night she seduced him. On the 7th night of visiting, she changes the man into a baby – female or male, and soon transfers it into his own wife's womb. The mythology is said to be the cycle of a baby. This dolphin shapeshifter is called an encantado. The myth has been suggested to have arisen partly because dolphin genitalia bear a resemblance to those of humans. Others believe the myth served (and still serves) as a way of hiding the incestuous relations which are quite common in some small, isolated communities along the river. In the area, tales relate it is bad luck to kill a dolphin. Legend also states that if a person makes eye contact with an Amazon river dolphin, they will have lifelong nightmares. According to the pink Amazon river dolphin myth, it is said that this creature takes form of a human and seduces men and women to the Underworld of Encante. This underworld place is said to be 'Atlantis-like Paradise', yet no one has come back from it alive. Myths say that whoever kills the amazon dolphin will have bad luck, but it's worse for whoever eats it. Local legends also state that the dolphin is the guardian of the Amazonian manatee, and that if one should wish to find a manatee, one must first make peace with the dolphin.

Associated with these legends is the use of various fetishes, such as dried eyeballs and genitalia. These may or may not be accompanied by the intervention of a shaman. A recent study has shown, despite the claim of the seller and the belief of the buyers, none of these fetishes is derived from the boto. They are derived from Sotalia guianensis, are most likely harvested along the coast and the Amazon River delta, and then are traded up the Amazon River. In inland cities far from the coast, many, if not most, of the fetishes are derived from domestic animals such as sheep and pigs.

title: Amazon river dolphin


text:
Talk:Station wagon

Mention MG ZT?
Is it worth mentioning the MG ZT as holding the speed record for an estate of 225.6mph? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MG_ZT

American Wagons
"The Ford Focus wagon, Daimler-Chrysler's Dodge Magnum, General Motor's Chevrolet Malibu Maxx, and the Mazda Mazda6 are the only station wagons produced by U.S. based automobile manufacturers in the 2005 model year." - There are some others I can think of that are not in this sentence - Ford Freestyle wagon and Pontiac Vibe and maybe Chevrolet Aveo? This brings up another question - what exactly is the difference between a "hatchback" and a "small station wagon" (in the case of the Aveo and the Vibe)? And I'm not sure if Mazda is considered to be "US-based", even though they are owned by Ford. For these reasons, I've deleted this sentence for now. Scottmso 04:46, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * For the record, the Mazda6 wagon is built in the United States in the same plant as the Ford Mustang. Can't get more American than that! :)
 * The Ford Taurus wagon was also still produced in 2005. The Aveo is made in Korea but Chevy is a "U.S. based automobile manufacturer" so I don't know if you'd want to include it or not. Probably not. The statement as worded was open to confusion.75.33.75.2 12:15, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

Declining popularity
I think it's important to label the one title "Declining Popularity in North America". Over here in Europe, wagons are sold about as often as sedans, maybe they even sell better. So pardon me, but I'll change the heading again for that reason. Dan3k5 21:02, 14 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Sedan car?
Thank you whoever added UK usage. But UK readers don't know what a "sedan car" is :( -- Tarquin 19:47 Jan 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * I know, I know.... But I paled at the thought of a sentence that goes something like: "A station wagon (US, Australian and South African usage) or estate car (UK and European usage) is an ordinary sedan (UK and Australian usage) or saloon (UK usage) with an extended cargo area instead of the trunk (US usage) or boot (UK and Australian usage), and is similar to a utility or ute (Australian usage) or pickup truck (US usage) or some other term I don't know (UK usage) except that ..." And we haven't even got down to the para where the article discusses SUV's yet.

 * (sob) Tannin 20:03 Jan 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * Just to add to the confusion: while in Australia I learned that a panel van is a kind of station wagon, but without the extended side windows to the back. some have rear windows, others don't. I don't know the UK, US, SA, ... terms (if they exist). D.D. 20:16 Jan 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * Not quite: it's taller than a station wagon and only has two doors. Tradesmen use them all the time (plumbers and electricians and so on) because they have lots of room but drive like a car. They all have rear windows, many, perhaps most, have side windows. There was a huge craze for panel vans in the '70s and '80s, because they were fairly cheap to buy, could be specified to have a factory fitted 5 litre V8, and you could then spend thousands and thousands of dollars getting a lurid air-brished paint job and an enormous sound system, put your surfboards on the roof rack and take it to the beach, where you could hang out trying to pick up girls and then get sand all through that black crush-pile velvet lining you had spent months fitting to the inside of the van. The people who did this to their panel vans are now the 40ish parents of the coming generation. Scary, isn't it. Tannin 20:33 Jan 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * Indeed, but thanks for the exact information :-) D.D. 20:36 Jan 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * This is admittedly some slippery terminology, and may vary from market to market. In US terms, at least, I think there's more than one vehicle under discussion here.

 * It sounds to me like Tannin is talking about a cargo van, which indeed was often customized as described. These bodies were just boxes, and although they sometimes had windows in the rear sides, usually didn't.  The Ford Econoline would be an example.  They came along in the 60s and are still around--much larger than the later minivans, though.

 * Before that, there were some pickups built with similar bodies, called panel trucks. They had the conventional pickup hood, but a van-like body, completely enclosed, behind that--think a Chevy Suburban with no windows in the rear.   Here's a picture of a '58 Ford.

 * At the same time, 40s to 50s, several manufacturers offered versions of their standard car-based station wagons, but with sheet metal instead of windows on the rear sides. I think this might have been what D.D.'s Australian friends were talking about.  These were usually called panel delivery models in the US.  They died out once vans came along, but were revived again in the 70s by Chevrolet and Ford, who both offered panel delivery models of their subcompact wagons.  Here, from the very late 70s, is a picture of the Ford Pinto version.

 * Hope this helps more than it hurts. RivGuySC 23:42, 22 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * Remember that 2 door station wagon based models with solid metal sheeting over the rear windows that were used by small businesses, delivery services, etc. are called "Sedan Delivery" vehicles. Save for the Pinto (which was more homage to custom vans), these pretty much went the way of the Dodo in the early 1960s. user: stude62 talk:stude62 23:01, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

A pretty radical overhaul
I performed a pretty radical overhaul on this article today. I hope I haven't stepped on too many toes. I included information on the "woody" wagon and clarified some sales trends based upon information from the Standard Catalogue of Cars (1945-1965) and Standard Catalogue of Cars (1966-1990). user: stude62 user talk:stude62 22:53, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Some good info. That picture of the Mercury Communter is outstanding--best one I've ever seen of that very rare model. RivGuySC 17:16, 22 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Avant?
I've hard the term avant used to mean station wagon, but I don't know enough about there term, who uses it for example, to add it to there article.

 * It is the name Audi apply to their estate/station wagon models. AFAIK, "Avant" is not used in reference to estate cars in general, and no other manufacturer uses it. See Car body style. SamH|Talk 11:08, 29 Jan 2005 (UTC)

On the bottom of this German page there are lots and lots of different names for wagons. http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kombinationskraftwagen

 * Just so it's noted here... several manufacturers have taken to inventing their own terms. Fiat sometimes use "Weekend" and Alfa (and others?) "Sportwagon". Volkswagen tried something particularly odd with the Polo when the main variant ("main" in some markets) was the estate, but not named as such, and the hatchback was the "Coupé" and the saloon the "Classic" (again, not in all markets). We might want to make mention of these quirks somewhere in the article, but very clearly as manufacturer's own terms, not general ones. (But see the discussion below about general terms.) – Kieran T  (' talk ') 13:11, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

Overhaul 3-30-2006
I attempted to do an overhaul today on the station wagon article. While reading it in its porevious state, it simple had no logical flow, or continuity to it. In addition to reoranizing it, I also beefed up the history of the vehicle, added more images and shifted other ones around. I also replaced the leading image of the Saab wagon with an image of a 1972 Ford Country Squire for two simple reasons - production of the Country Squire far out paced the Saab, and that the Country Squire is an icon station wagon. Stude62 15:31, 31 March 2006 (UTC)

European Name
Where in Europe are station wagons called "Shooting Break?" First, the UK and Ireland are the only two English speaking countires in Europe; thus the there cannot be one English term that is used all across Eruope. In Germany we obviously do not call a station wagon a Shooting Break but a Kombi, especially since only the ladder term is German! Second, it already states that in the UK the vehicle is called Estate Wagon. I have therefore removed the term "Shooting Break," as it is an imaginary word. Regards,  Signature brendel  05:28, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Actually, the term is used in Belgium, Nethlands and portions of Northern France, according to my sources, especially when applied to Woody wagons. I've found it in numerous periodicals from the 1930s and 1940s, and it is used in Donald Narus' Crestline book "Great American Woodies and Wagons"; Also Patrick Van der Strict (Belgium), European Woody expert also uses the term as well, which is common in Belgium and the Netherlands.  Evidently the European "Shooting Break" refers to a woody/woodie that uses a wood body aft of the sedan front doors (which remain steel). So I have reinstated the term. Stude62 13:44, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * The French word for station wagon is "break." As I understand it (and feel free to correct me), "shooting break" is chiefly a British term, and refers to a special type of station wagon: it has two doors, is often derived from a sports car and made by a custom coachbuilder, and is intended for hunters (hence "shooting"), giving them a posh car that can store their hunting gear. I guess calling it a "break" classes it up. adamrice 14:21, 5 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm changing shooting break based on my above definition, in the absence of commentary to the otherwise. adamrice 16:28, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've just added a bit about the French use of "break" in the same way the UK uses "estate". It's always a bit of a nightmare trying to "internationalise" an article which clearly started life from a U.S. point of view (no offence aimed at that view.) But hopefully my slight tweaks to the mention of MPVs and "shooting brakes" will help and not be controversial. I think the point about breaks is interesting but as it was, it implied that it was a common term — it's really not, in the UK, and I'd be surprised if many people under the age of 40 would know the term unless they're classic car enthusiasts. Interesting to read about its popularity in Belgium & The Netherlands though. A Benelux paragraph in the main article, perhaps, anyone? – Kieran T  ( talk  01:22, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Just a note on spelling. Kieran T uses what seems to me to be the current usual English spelling "brake", whereas the French spell it "break". The OED says a 19th century meaning of "break" is a large carriage-frame with no body, used for "breaking" in young horses. A later 19th century meaning, presumably derived from this, was "a large wagonette". The use of "shooting break" seems a logical extension. (One website says shooting break derives from the vehicle carrying the picnic for a "break" from the shooting! I think this looks unlikely since the word already meant wagon.) However, although the French have kept the original (English) word, the British have modified it to "brake". I can't find any evidence as to why this would be but my guess is that it might have been a result of confusion with the railway term "brake car", which was based on "brake" meaning to slow a vehicle. Adrian Robson 09:02, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * For whatever its worth, both "shooting break" and "shooting brake" have plenty of Google hits, but the latter outnumbers the former, 222,000 to 46,000. Although "break" ties the word back to its origins more closely, in this case, I'm inclined to go with popular usage, though I would stick in "'shooting brake' (or less commonly 'shooting break')" on first reference. adamrice 15:07, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It might also be worth a link to its horse-drawn predecessor at Brake (carriage) which helps to explain where the name came from. Adrian Robson 15:23, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

The UK, US, and Australian names being in the article makes sense to me, but the French and German ones don't---of course they use a different name, because they're different languages! A station wagon is called an οικογενειακό αυτοκίνητο in Greek (lit. "family automobile"); should we add that too? I'd propose removing the non-English names therefore, since this isn't a translating dictionary. --Delirium 18:16, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm going to restore these on the reasoning that they are names used in the English-speaking world (at least in the UK) and so are of relevance and use; for example, Citroën estates are often called Breaks, and this info could be of use to people unclear as to what that means. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 18:25, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * If that's true, it should be reworded, to something like "occasional UK usage", to make clear that it's usage in English, rather than merely French as it currently says. And I've never heard of "kombi" being used in English; some quick searching doesn't turn up a single German car manufacturer who uses the term in English-language material. --Delirium 20:32, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * ...reworded version offered up. – Kieran T  (' talk ') 13:05, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * It was clearer before in that it stated "English usage", "French usage", "German usage", etc. There's nothing that says English speakers don't sometimes use the French term, German term, etc. 75.33.81.8 13:13, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I agree, but was trying to take Delirium's points on board. I strongly dislike the new version you've just put in place, because it implies that shooting brake is in current usage... see the discussion above about that (and the content of the article.) I think we're not quite there yet with this intro. Since the discussion is on-going, I should chip in that a quick search on Wikipedia itself reveals at least two vehicles described in English as Kombis; the Volkswagen Type 2 being the obvious one. Okay, it's not an estate as we'd recognise today, but it predates the term "MPV". Other 1970s VWs, specifically their small estates, were also known as Kombis. I'm sure of that because we had one, but I don't have a reference for you (yet). A very much more estate-like model clearly described as a Kombi is the Lloyd which is included as a picture in the present article! Note that we don't need the manufacturer to have used the term, just the public. If manufacturer's usage was the test, then we'd have to include "Weekend" and "Avant" as well (see topic further above). – Kieran T  (' talk ') 13:45, 6 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I was only going by the Wikipedia entry for Shooting brake which states "today the term may be used to refer to any estate car". Clearly we have contradictory articles here. Interesting that BMW, a German company, is using the term "shooting brake" often lately, first with the Z3 M "Coupe" and now the new 3 series. I'm not sure if would be more accurate to call it a two-door hatchback or wagon.
 * It flows logically to go from "estate" to "shooting brake" to "break" to "kombi" which is why I added "shooting brake" to the article. I can't see adding "break" without even mentioning "shooting brake", despite the minor spelling variation of "break".
 * I dislike the new version you've put in place
 * Correction: That wasn't you KieranT. You had written "some models" in an earlier edit and someone else had later edited the article to read "a few models".
 * where it says "A few models are called a break" "or kombi" over "sometimes called a break" "or kombi" because it tends to make it sound like there are differences in a few specific models that require one to call it a break or kombi rather than saying sometimes people just prefer to use that term. I had added "break (from the French usage)" and "kombi (from the German usage)" in response to Delirium's point with the thought that this is an English speaking dictionary and English speakers are using those words that they have taken from the French and German usage, not trying to say they are using those words in France and Germany in their native language. I'm not listing the Greek word for wagon, Italian word for wagon or Polish word for wagon either on that point since it's not generally used in the English language. ;)
 * I've not heard the word "break" in use myself but as I said I include it due to it's connection to "shooting brake". And I have read "kombi" or "combi" on English language websites. But perhaps it was just a mistranslation from another language? Maybe even an Asian automaker? Saab uses the term SportCombi in North America. VW calls their Bus/Minivan/MPV a Kombi in South America.
 * The intro would be better if all the various "from the -fill-in-the-blank- usage" statements were in the same format. Either all in parenthesis or none instead of a mixture of both.
 * 75.33.75.2 12:07, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Then again, maybe not. I'm not sure what change would be best. I don't really like the look of "(American and Australian usage)" and then "in British usage". It makes it seem like the article is mainly about American and Australian usage with British as an aside. That would work if there was a separate article called estate car but there is not.
 * 75.33.75.2 12:53, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * I've edited it to eliminate the parenthesis, among other changes.
 * 75.33.75.2 13:54, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Looking good. There's a comma (or something similar) missing towards the end, when it gets a bit breathless going from French to German, but overall much tider. Cheers :) – Kieran T  (' talk ') 13:57, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes, perhaps the French and German terms should be two sentences instead of one. 75.33.75.2 16:26, 8 January 2007 (UTC)
 * ... And I did make that change.
 * I see New Zealand usage has been added. I wondered about that but couldn't add it myself. 75.33.86.4 12:19, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

Popularity in Aus, NZ and SA
Not sure about this statement:

 * Indeed, the absence of a station wagon in a model range is considered detrimental to its success by manufacturers in Australasia.

It's true that the wagon is the mainstay of the Ford Falcon and Holden Commodore ranges, but Mitsubishi and Toyota no longer offer large wagons. Smaller wagons are much rarer in Australia, if not New Zealand, than they are in Europe. The Mondeo was the only medium-sized wagon offered by Ford Australia since it dropped the Cortina, and that was axed before the sedan and hatchback. In fact, Holden's VE Commodore wagon won't be released until next year (if at all) and there are even question marks about a wagon version of the next Falcon. Quiensabe 23:48, 27 July 2006 (UTC)

Station Wagon vs. Wagon
In America, the terms "station wagon" and "wagon" are used interchangeably. It's not that "station wagon" is more "formal". "Station wagon" is the older term and the newer shortened form is simply "wagon". Today "wagon" is used more often. And has been since the 1980's. 75.33.81.8 13:15, 6 January 2007 (UTC)

After thinking about it I take it back if "formal" name was being used in the same way as "full name". That would be true. Calling a Station Wagon "Wagon" is like calling Johnathon "John". It's better as it is listed in the article now to just state "station wagon or simply wagon" since it's obvious that it's simply a shortened form of the name so no explanation is needed. Same with the line "estate car or just estate in British usage". The reason people say "wagon" over "station wagon" is "wagon" reminds one more of a modern sport wagon rather than a lumbering old "station wagon". But even "wagon" is now often avoided instead being replaced by the term "5-door". 75.33.75.2 11:03, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * We must be careful not to start doing what's known on Wikipedia as "original research". If there's a verifiable fact about what people call these things, then a reference should be provided. Some things are common sense, of course, and we don't need to reference every single word we use. But stating the reason people use one word over another would only be acceptable in the article if there had been a number of studies or surveys into that. One's own experience, no matter how considerable, is not enough. The same applies to the use of the term "5-door". If it's becoming more common, which publications say so? 62.30.176.215 16:47, 8 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Yes but you see that is why I put it on the discussion page where it belongs and not in the actual article. This is what the talk page is for. Good pointing it out in case somebody decides to include that information in the article. There's sure to be plenty of references and citations if one wants to seek them out. And information on the "5-door" nomenclature should be found quite easily. 75.33.86.4 12:12, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Mazda Protege5 and Kia Spectra5 are two examples of cars being called "5-doors" rather than "wagons".

 * Here's a few interesting links I found:

 * As for the reason that is exactly what I was talking about when I said "It's better as it is listed in the article now to just state "station wagon or simply wagon"" and leave out the possible reasons and explanations and speculations. It seemed that the word "formal" was a "reason" of sorts. Now I wonder if it was meant to be "former"? In any case, the present article contains none of this.

 * Also, as you say a reference may need to be cited but not necessarily a number of them.

 * :) 75.33.86.4 12:12, 12 January 2007 (UTC)

On the term "station sedan"
This was the term used by Holden from the introduction of the body style with the FE model in 1956 up to I think the HD, HR, or HK in the mid to late 1960s. Neither Ford Australia or any other company I know of in Australia used this term. American-based companies in Australia used "staion wagon" and British-based companies used "estate" in the beginning. Now only "station wagon" or just "wagon" is used. I'll try to do some better checking when I get back to Australia.

I did not know "station sedan" was used by any American companies until I did some Google searches. The easiest to find is the Packard Station Sedan, produced between 1948 and 1950. — Hippietrail 19:50, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Shaggin' Waggin'
This is a legitimate term used by many. Google will prove it, but there are far too many hits to list.

"Suburban"
The terms "Suburban" & "Suburban Carryall" began in the early 1920s, per Old Burb Club -- The History of the Suburban. "Suburban" was generic enuf that New York State, in (at least) the mid-1950s, assigned license plates bearing the word, to station wagons (perhaps taxing them differently?). The article already acknowledges the term, but makes it sound more marginal that i think is justified. Perhaps the article i cite above should be further mined. --Jerzy•t 11:26, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

Until I came here, I had never heard the term "suburban" used as a generic term for "station wagon", only the Chevy Suburban model, which is IMHO opinion more a van than a station wagon. Perhaps this is a regional thing, as certainly the ads from the 1920s in the site you have above make use of the term "suburban". But in Southern California during the 50s and 60s (rather the heyday of the SW as a family vehicle) it was only known as a station wagon, or wagon for short. "Woodie" of course was used by surfers for that particular version of SW.Wschart (talk) 20:09, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

Tailgates
Some pictures of the various styles of tailgates would be a good addition, especially the 'doorgates' GM and Ford used. Some of GM's doorgates were poorly designed, when used as a door they only opened about 45 degrees and when opened as a tailgate they didn't go down fully flat and level with the cargo floor. IIRC, all of Ford's doorgates opened 90 degrees in both modes. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bizzybody (talk • contribs) 22:15, 14 August 2008 (UTC)

"Ford's full-size wagons for 1966 introduced a system marketed as "Magic Doorgate" — a conventional tailgate with retracting rear glass, where the tailgate could either fold down or pivot open on a side hinge — with the rear window retracted in either case. " -- statement isn't quite true. Can pivot open with glass up or down; can pivot down with glass retracted. marketed as "three way tailgate" Feldercarb (talk) 21:15, 14 March 2011 (UTC)

The age of train travel
"The first station wagons were a product of the age of train travel." That sounds as if that age was over; why am I then travelling by train all the time? --84.115.129.76 (talk) 12:45, 13 November 2008 (UTC)

Station Wagons vs CAFE
In "Declining popularity", I removed this editorial bit because it really doesn't make any sense. Station wagons are no worse for CAFE scores than the sedans they are based on. Furthermore, wagons such as the Chevy Celebrity and Ford Taurus sold in great numbers well into the CAFE era. 71.134.255.232 (talk) 11:05, 21 February 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Station wagon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110929150833/http://autos.yahoo.com/articles/autos_content_landing_pages/1736/the-death-of-the-station-wagon/ to http://autos.yahoo.com/articles/autos_content_landing_pages/1736/the-death-of-the-station-wagon/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090830073626/http://www.edmunds.com:80/insideline/do/News/articleId=152306 to http://www.edmunds.com/insideline/do/News/articleId=152306

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 07:26, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

Negative connotations
In the US, "station wagon" has negative connotations just like "minivan". It implies someone has a bunch of children. 24.51.217.35 (talk) 11:45, 13 September 2017 (UTC)

Early european models
How about all those french 'commerciale' cars of 1920s & 1930s like Citoën Traction, Peugeot 401, 402, 202, Renault Vivaquarte and many other, also Lancia Ardea Promiscuetta? Dieſelmaus (talk) 14:42, 1 December 2017 (UTC)

Rename to Wagon (automobile)
Hi. Could we please have a discussion about the name for this article before it gets moved? Personally I think "station wagon" is better suited, but I will keep an open mind to your reasoning. Cheers, 1292simon (talk) 21:40, 17 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Station wagon