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University of the Philippines Diliman

The University of the Philippines Diliman (UPD; Unibersidad ng Pilipinas Diliman), also referred to as UP Diliman or simply University of the Philippines (UP), is a public, coeducational, research university located in Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. It was established on February 12, 1949, as the flagship campus and seat of administration of the University of the Philippines System, the premier and national university of the Philippines.

As a member of the University of the Philippines System, it is the fourth oldest and is the largest constituent campus in terms of the number of degree-granting academic units, student population, faculty, and library resources. There are 27 degree-granting units on campus, accounting for 27,536 students of which, 16,699 are undergraduates. UP Diliman had a complement of 1,592 regular faculty in 2022, of whom 508 have doctoral degrees.

In addition to the units in the main campus, UP Diliman has extension programs in Angeles City, Pampanga (the Clark Freeport Zone area) and Olongapo, Zambales, as well as a marine laboratory in Bolinao, Pangasinan under the Marine Science Institute, and an annex campus at Bonifacio Global City, Taguig. UP Diliman offers academic programs in 247 major fields. There are 70 programs at the undergraduate level, 109 at the master's level and 68 at the doctoral level.

The UP Diliman campus is also the site of the country's National Science Complex. Notable research units of UP Diliman centered at the National Science Complex include the Marine Science Institute (MSI), the National Institute of Geological Sciences (NIGS), the National Institute of Physics (NIP), the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology–Diliman (NIMBB-Diliman), and the National Institute for Science and Mathematics Education Development (NISMED), which are all pioneers of scientific research and development in the Philippines. The Sentro ng Wikang Filipino, devoted to research on the intellectualization of the Filipino language, is also located in the campus.

A nationally important university, UP Diliman's alumni include a Nobel Peace Prize laureate, Philippine presidents, chief justices of the Philippine Supreme Court, Philippine National Scientists, and Philippine National Artists, the most of any university. Taken as a single university distinct from other UP System campuses, UP Diliman is considered as one of the top 3 institutions of higher learning in the country, based on the reports published by the CWUR University Rankings and the U.S. News & World Report.

History

While the present campus of UP Diliman was opened in 1949, it traces its institutional history from the different humanities, liberal arts, and engineering departments that were originally based in what is now the University of the Philippines Manila. The population of students at the University of the Philippines continued to rise in succeeding years, reaching 7,849 in 1928 from the initial 67 when the university was established in 1908. The need became apparent for UP to create more buildings and academic units, which would have been hampered by its small location in the heart of Manila. In 1939, the Board of Regents acquired a 493-hectare land in the Diliman District of the newly established Quezon City. The campus was carved out from the reform of the Hacienda Diliman of the Tuason Family. Construction began on the area in the same year. The development of the area was then stalled by World War II, with invading Japanese troops occupying some of the buildings built. By 1942, the university was forced to close down some of its colleges, with only the Colleges of Medicine, Engineering, and Pharmacy maintaining their operations.

When the war ended in 1945, the buildings intended to be the homes of the College of Law and the College of Liberal Arts were left with extensive damages. The university administration led by UP President Bienvenido Gonzales sought a grant worth P13 million from the US-Philippines War Damage Commission to restore the damaged facilities and to construct new ones so that the transfer of the university from Manila to Diliman could be pushed through. Through a symbolic ceremony of transferring the Oblation from Manila to Diliman, the whole university's administration was relocated to the new campus. New buildings were constructed in response to the creation of more academic degrees.

Organization of the newly established institutes and the reformulation of programs followed with the establishment of programs such as the General Education Program, a delegated roster of core courses required to be taken by all students at the undergraduate level. Under the presidency of UP President Vicente Sinco, a University College was made to address the need for a much-organized college structure. The College of Arts and Sciences was created to offer major subjects in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities.

By the end of Carlos P. Romulo's term as UP President in 1968, UP had also become not only an institution of education but also a center of research, a veritable think tank, while many of its faculty served as advisers and consultants in the national government. Romulo's administration was marked by the establishment of the Population Institute, the Law Center and the Applied Geodesy and Photogrammetry Training Center in 1964, the Institute of Mass Communication (now College of Mass Communication), the College of Business Administration (now UP Virata School of Business), and the Institute of Planning in 1965, the UP Computer Center, the Institute for Small-Scale Industries in 1966, the Institute of Social Work and Community Development in 1967 and the Asian Center in 1968.

UP Diliman became the bastion of activism in the 1960s and 1970s, with various tumultuous events eventually contributing to the declaration of Martial Law in 1972. In this period, UP Diliman became a center of dissent towards the Marcos' administration. The year 1971 marked an important event in the Philippine history when the entire Diliman campus was declared the Diliman Commune, and became free from government control. Students and faculty members took over the campus in response to increasing military presence and the increase of oil prices. The students established full control of the campus for a month, barricading the streets with chairs and tables.

The university sustained its priorities of pushing for advancement in education despite the political unrest during the 1970s. Under the leadership of UP President Salvador P. Lopez, UP Diliman was given part of the P150 million grant from the national budget to improve infrastructure. It funded the construction of the buildings for the College of Business Administration, Zoology, the Institute of Small-Scale Industries, the Transport Training Center, and the Coral Laboratory of the Marine Sciences Institute.

The Management Review Committee (MRC) was created by UP President Edgardo Angara in the 1980s to evaluate and recommend measures for the university's improvement. The report made by the MRC led to the decision of the Board of Regents to further decentralize the UP administration, declaring UP Diliman an autonomous unit and the system's flagship university on March 23, 1983. This also furthered the reorganization of some major units of the university, with the College of Arts and Sciences being split into three colleges: the College of Science, the College of Arts and Letters and the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy. UP Diliman was formally established as a constituent university on April 23, 1985, at the 976th Meeting of the U.P. Board of Regents.

By the turn of the new millennium, UP Diliman led other universities with the installation of a fiber-optic network linking the different colleges on the campus. The Diliman Network, or DilNet, became the university's access point to the internet. Recently and with the help of the Quezon City government, the University of the Philippines entered into contracts with various entities to maximize the use of several leasable land assets in the UP Diliman campus. One example of which is the U.P.-Ayala Land TechnoHub.

A fire on campus killed 8 people and destroyed 80 homes on May 2, 2022.

Campus
U.P. Diliman has a total land area of 493 ha. Much of this property is utilized by the university in the form of infrastructure and research facilities, while the remaining area is forested, reserved for development and residential use, or unoccupied.

The main campus, the science and technology parks located on the eastern and western sides of the university, and the residential (Area 2) and Barangay U.P. Campus communities stretching from the western side to the northern tip of the university comprise the areas most actively used by U.P.D.

Infrastructure development has been ongoing on campus in the last three years as part of two major programs: the National Science Complex (NSC) and the Engineering Research and Development Technology (ERDT) Consortium.

In a bid to boost initiatives in the sciences and technology, former Philippine President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo established the NSC through Executive Order 583 on December 8, 2006, to be administered and operated by the College of Science. Some ₱2 billion was allocated to the program to increase research and technological capacity in the country. Of that amount, ₱1.7 billion was earmarked for the construction of the NSC; in particular, the completion of the buildings for the National Institute of Physics and the Institute of Mathematics. It also funded the construction of buildings for the Institute of Chemistry, the Institute of Biology, the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, the Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, and the College of Science Administration buildings.

The ERDT, on the other hand, is a 10-year program that seeks, among others, to attain “a critical mass of MS and Ph.D. graduates in engineering; upgrade the qualifications of practicing engineers; provide accessible graduate education; upgrade engineering colleges, and develop a culture of research & development.”

The ERDT is implemented by a consortium of seven universities in the country offering Masters and Doctoral degrees in the various engineering fields. As part of the program, funds have enabled the construction of the following buildings for the units under the U.P.D. College of Engineering, namely: Chemical Engineering, Electrical, and Electronics Engineering Institute, Institute of Civil Engineering; Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Industrial Engineer/Mechanical Engineering, and Energy and Environmental Engineering.

The Oblation and Academic Oval

The U.P. Diliman campus is connected to Commonwealth Avenue via University Avenue. It stretches 800 m where traffic enters the campus or proceeds towards C.P. Garcia St., which connects Commonwealth Avenue to Katipunan Avenue. At the end of University Avenue, the Oblation Plaza of the Diliman campus faces the road. Behind it, the facade of Quezon Hall can be seen.

The Oblation statue (Pahinungod/Oblasyon) is the most iconic figure of the U.P. System. The statue was originally created by National Artist Guillermo E. Tolentino in 1935 in a collective effort by the students of the U.P. System. During the 40th anniversary of the University of the Philippines in 1949, the Oblation was transferred to Diliman in Quezon City from their original site along Padre Faura St. in Manila as a symbol of transfer of administrative seat. The Oblation was originally naked and made of concrete and stands 3.5 m in height. For morality and censorship purposes, U.P. President Jorge Bocobo suggested to put a fig leaf to cover the genitals. In 1950, the Board of Regents ordered the statue to be cast in true bronze. Tolentino made a trip to Italy to personally supervise the casting of his old masterpiece into bronze. The bronze statue, unveiled on November 29, 1958, is now housed at Gonzalez Hall where the University Library is also located.

Several replicas of Tolentino's Oblation statue were created during the creation of new U.P. campuses, some were made by the National Artist Napoleon Abueva. U.P. Diliman's Oblation statue located in the Oblation Plaza is also a concrete-made replica of Tolentino's.

The main and largest road in the university is the Academic Oval, informally known as "Acad Oval". This road is composed of two joining avenues, the Roxas and Osmeña Avenues. Having a total circumference of about 2.2 km, the oval connects the rest of the colleges of the university from the main University Avenue. The avenue derives its name from several colleges located around it, namely the College of Mass Communication, College of Music, College of Engineering, College of Law, School of Economics, College of Business Administration, College of Education, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy and School of Library and Information Studies. The oval also covers Quezon Hall, the U.P. Theater, National Engineering Center, Student Activity Center/Vinzons Hall, Center for International Studies and Jorge B. Vargas Museum. Additionally, the Academic Oval is planted with over 500 acacia and fire trees.

The Alumni Walk was launched in U.P.’s centennial year in 2008. A project of the UPD administration under then-Chancellor Sergio S. Cao, the project sought to transform the inner sidewalk of the Academic Oval into a tile-paved footpath with commemorative slabs bearing UPD alumni-donors’ names, and whose donations went to the UPD Faculty Development Fund. In March 2008, however, the Academic Oval was turned into one-way in order to lessen traffic volume entering the university. According to then vice chancellor for community affairs Cynthia Grace Gregorio, the policy also promotes lessening air pollution by creating biking lanes on the inner side of the circle.

Quezon Hall

Quezon Hall is the seat of administration of both the UP System and UPD, was designed by Juan Nakpil, who has conferred the first National Artist for Architecture title in 1973. He was one of eight children of the Philippine Revolution veterans Julio Nakpil and Gregoria de Jesús (who married the former after the death of her first husband Andrés Bonifacio).

It is the front-most building of the university from University Avenue. It houses many of the administrative offices for the entire university. It is situated behind the Oblation statue as a gateway or entrance position, with four columns supporting the main hall itself. The building is classified as eclectic architecture. Eclectic Architecture can be described as using the elements of different historical styles and multiple theories in a single structure. It is a combination of a variety of influences.

Quezon Hall was among the buildings constructed at the Diliman campus in the early 1950s, following the university's exodus from Padre Faura to Diliman in 1949. An imposing colonial structure at the end of University Avenue, it was completed in 1950.

A marker from the National Historical Institute (NHI) is located on its front lawn along with the oblation statue.

Carillon and bell tower

The only carillon in the Philippines and in Southeast Asia that is manually played by a clavier or a wooden keyboard, the U.P. Carillon tower is about 130 feet tall. The U.P. Carillon was originally constructed in 1940 by National Artist Juan Nakpil, Conservatory of Music director Ramon Tapales and UP President Bienvenido Gonzales with an initial idea of building a concrete structure that may tower the grounds of the university. Several years later, on August 1, 1952, the tower was finished and dedicated as the U.P. Carillon. Forty-eight bells with four octaves were installed by the Dutch carillonneur Adrian Antonisse, with the efforts laid by the U.P. Alumni Association. These bells were forged by Van Bergen Co. in Netherlands and the largest of them weighs five tons, where the total cost of construction summed up to ₱200,000.

Apart from playing the U.P.'s anthem UP Naming Mahal (U.P. Beloved), the carillon tuned many music such as the Magtanim ay Di Biro (Planting Rice, a Filipino folk song) and The Beatles sounds. One of the most important tunings of the carillon was when it played the socialist anthem The Internationale at the 1971 Diliman Commune. During this time, U.P. students declared the university as a republic and as a separate entity from the Philippines.

Due to age and rust, the carillon ceased to play in 1981. In 1988, the last symphonies of U.P. Naming Mahal and Push On U.P.! (U.P. Diliman's athletic cheer) from the tower was played during the December's Lantern Parade. Since then, the carillon was never tuned. But as late as 2001, students said that they could hear the rhymes of London Bridge Is Falling Down and Sing a Song of Six Pence, despite the carillion being closed to prevent further mishap.

In 2005, through the collective efforts of the U.P. Alumni Association and various private donors, the U.P. Carillon Restoration Project of the U.P. Centennial Commission launched a fund-raising program to collect ₱20 million to restore the carillon, as a projection of using the tower again in the coming 100th year of the University of the Philippines. After two years, the Project was able to collect ₱14 million which will be used to clean up and repair the tower itself and to replace the bells.

In 2007, the carillon was formally reintroduced to the public after two years of restoration. The original 48 bells were put into archives and were replaced by 36 bells bought from Dutch company Petit & Fritsen for ₱12 million, for which the construction engineers were provided by the Royal Bell Philippines. According to project engineer Matthew Bergers, each bell was made from 80% bronze and 20% an admixture of zinc, magnesium and phosphorus. The largest of these bells weighs 635 kg and the smallest 14 kg. The original wood claviers were replaced by heavy-duty oakwood; all bells are designed to hold refurbished steel pipes. Another project engineer, Eduardo Otacan, said that the new bells will have a three-octave range, and can be programmed using computers attached to the clavier.

At the same time, a small amphitheater named Carillon Plaza was constructed at the base of the tower. After about two decades of silence, the U.P. Carillon was heard again during the Lantern Parade of 2007.

Sunken Garden

The Gen. Antonio Luna Parade Grounds, or commonly known as the Sunken Garden, is a 5 ha natural depression found on the eastern side of the campus and at the end of the Academic Oval circle. Sunken Garden is enclosed by the UP Diliman Main Library, College of Social Sciences and Philosophy's Department of Psychology, College of Education, Student Activity Center/Vinzons Hall, College of Business Administration, School of Economics and College of Law. The Grounds was originally a property of the UP Reserved Officers' Training Corps when the campus was founded in 1949.

Gen. Antonio Luna Parade Grounds acquired its name Sunken Garden due to its basin-shaped low-level formation that has the deepest point of 65 meters above sea level (contrary to the university's height that is over hundreds of meters above sea level). The Sunken Garden is the venue of the annual U.P. Fair as well as for sports tournaments, including football, frisbee and volleyball. Sometimes, the Department of Military Science and Tactics hold training in the area.

According to local lore, the Sunken Garden sinks by about two inches every year. Though this has not been verified in any study, some have posited reasons for the sinking: one is that it is because of underground trenches over the campus' sewer system that connects to the Marikina Fault Line, an active geologic structure that runs across the east of Metro Manila. Another theory is that the depression was due to the emptying of former streams in the Sunken Garden that were prominent in the 1950s. These streams formerly run from Katipunan Avenue, going to the garden itself and leaves the campus for Commonwealth Avenue.

UP Promenade

Inaugurated in 2018, the UP Promenade is a 120-meter walkway equipped with internet and Wi-Fi capable facilities available for the use of every student and faculty member of the Diliman campus. Fronting Gonzales Hall (Main Library), it is a 7.5-meter-wide (extending to 16 meters, more or less, at certain portions)-by-120-meter-broad walkway with alcoves, plazas and benches. It is a legacy project donated by Upsilon Sigma Phi as part of an external learning center within the campus. In the middle of UP Promenade is called the “Freedom Plaza".

Administration
U.P. Diliman is the fourth oldest and is the largest, in terms of student population, of all the seven major campuses of the University of the Philippines. The University of the Philippines is governed by the Board of Regents' 11 members, of whom five are ex officio, three are student, faculty, and staff representatives, and three are appointed by the President of the Philippines. Each campus of the University of the Philippines is headed by a chancellor. The first chancellor of U.P. Diliman was Senator Edgardo J. Angara, whose office was created on April 26, 1982. The chancellor is assisted by five vice chancellors — for academic affairs, administration, community affairs, research & development, and student affairs. The current chancellor is Edgardo Carlo Vistan II, who was appointed by the Board of Regents into position during its meeting in April 2023.

Apart from heading the university, the chancellor also holds administrative duties that represent the Board of Regents at the campus level. The chancellor also serves as chairperson of the university council, an internal coordinating body composed of the chancellor himself, the university registrar who serves as secretary, and the professorial faculty. The vice chancellor for academic affairs, on the other hand, assists the chancellor in coordinating curricular, instructional, library, and other programs of the university. The vice chancellor for administration assists the chancellor in the administrative management of the campus. The vice-chancellor for community affairs assists the chancellor in promoting relationships within the university and in dealing with local government and safety issues, while the vice chancellor for research & development assists the chancellor in formulating guidelines and criteria for the university's research and development endeavors. Finally, the vice chancellor for student affairs assists the chancellor in promoting wellness and discipline among students in areas such as health, food services, and scholarship management.

Colleges and Institutes
The academic arms of the university are called colleges, institutes, or schools. A number of colleges and schools offer a variety of undergraduate, graduate, and diploma programs, while some offer programs only within a specific field. Most institutes offer no degrees whatsoever, but provide research facilities for academic development.

Each college or school is headed by a dean, who is appointed by the U.P. Board of Regents upon the recommendation of the chancellor and the president of the university. The dean acts as the head of the faculty of his college and assumes administrative duties assigned by the Board. The dean has a tenure of three years, which may be extended for up to two terms upon reappointment. The associate dean, on the other hand, assists the dean in the administration of the unit. The tenure of the associate dean is determined by the Board of Regents upon the recommendation of the chancellor and the dean.

Some of U.P. Diliman's academic arms assume the title of "Institute" (such as the Asian Institute of Tourism, and the Institute of Islamic Studies) and function as their own units, with their own departments. Some institutes are within colleges (such as the Institute of Civil Engineering within the College of Engineering). Some of U.P. Diliman's academic arms also assume the title of "School" (such as the School of Economics), which might function independently and have their own departments or which may operate as a unit within a particular college.

U.P. Diliman's institutes are headed by institute directors, who assume the duties assigned by the chancellor. Each director has a tenure of three years, which may be extended for up to two terms upon the reappointment of the chancellor. A director cannot be an academic head of any department or division under his institute. Each college or school is composed of clusters of institutes or departments.

The university's departments are headed by department chairs, who assume the duties assigned by the dean and the chancellor. Each chair is appointed by the chancellor, as recommended by the dean or institute director, and has a tenure of three years, which may be extended for up to two terms upon reappointment.

Some units of the university are known as National Institutes, such as the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. The status of being an institute is determined by the Board of Regents, but recognition as a national institute is governed by Philippine legislation. The head of a national institute, also the director, is not appointed by the chancellor but by the president of the university.

U.P. Diliman is composed of 26 colleges, schools, and institutes. Officially, these are called degree-granting units. The oldest of these colleges is the College of Fine Arts, established in 1908 and originally located in Manila. On the other hand, the first college to operate on the Diliman campus is the College of Music (then Conservatory of Music) in 1949.

Grading System and Academic Calendar
Academic performance is rated from 1.00 being excellent to 5.00 as failed. Grades from 1.00 to 3.00 are separated by increments of 0.25, while 3.00 is followed immediately by 4.00 and then 5.00. Some professors use 0.50 as increments instead, and some colleges, particularly the College of Engineering do not give 4.00 grades. A grade of four (4.00) is a conditional grade and a student needs to remove the grade of 4.00 during a prescribed period (usually determined by the college where he/she is enrolled) or else it will become 5.00 once the period has lapsed. A conditional grade can only be removed by a removal exam; if the student passes the exam, he/she will obtain a grade of 3.00; otherwise, it is 5.00. An alternative for 4.00 is the rating of "INC", which means incomplete, and is given to students who have unfinished requirements for a particular subject. If a student drops the subject before the "subject dropping period" his/her record for that subject will be replaced by "DRP".

Students who attain a grade point average of 1.20 or better, 1.45 to 1.20, and 1.75 to 1.45 are awarded upon graduation as summa cum laude, magna cum laude and cum laude respectively. Up until 2014, graduation occurred every April and October, with commencement exercises being held only in April. The shift in the academic calendar moved graduation dates to June and December, with commencement exercises being done only during the month of June. U.P. Diliman had an average of 3,190 undergraduates, 627 MS graduates, and 73 Ph.D. students graduating every year. The most number of honor graduates came from the College of Social Sciences and Philosophy, followed by the College of Business Administration, College of Engineering, College of Mass Communication and College of Architecture.

The academic year is divided into two semesters, each having at least 16 weeks, excluding the registration period. The first semester starts in August and ends in December, followed by the Christmas holidays. The second semester starts in January, with a semestral break during the Holy Week. There is a short mid-year term from June to July.

Rankings and Accreditation
The consulting organization and publisher of global academic rankings Center for World University Rankings (CWUR) ranks U.P. Diliman as third among all Philippine universities and 1,758th worldwide.

As of 2018, U.P. Diliman has the most Centers of Excellence of all higher education institutions in the Philippines. The accreditation "Center of Excellence" is awarded by the Philippines' Commission on Higher Education (CHED) to "department[s] within higher education institution[s], which continuously demonstrate excellent performance in the areas of instruction, research and publication, extension and linkages and institutional qualifications." As part of the University of the Philippines System, U.P. Diliman is also considered as an SUC and the only national university of the Philippines. The nature of the University of the Philippines puts it in a position where it does not need any accreditation by any other local body.

UP Diliman's website led the 2024 Webometrics Ranking of World Universities in the Philippines published by the Cybermetrics Lab. It ranked first among the nation's 363 universities, with the UP System placing third and University of the Philippines Manila in seventh place.

300 students enrolled in elective subjects, as UP Diliman opened on March 1, 2024 Celebrity Studies: Taylor Swift in Focus - its impact on the relationships between the public, media, class, politics, gender, race, and success.

Culture, sports and traditions
The Diliman community is sometimes referred to as the Diliman Republic and a "microcosm of the Philippines". It is the only university in Metro Manila that has its own jeepney transportation system due to its sheer size. The university also has a congressional franchise to operate two radio stations (AM and FM) as well as a television station. Currently, the university operates DZUP 1602, a community AM radio station, and University of the Philippines Internet Television, also known as TVUP. The campus encompasses a number of residential areas and many students claim a sense of solidarity with the residents of these immediate communities. On the other hand, The Philippine Collegian is the official student publication of the university, and one of only three tertiary-level campus publications in the Philippines released weekly.

UP Fighting Maroons
The UP Fighting Maroons is the name of the collegiate varsity teams of the University of the Philippines Diliman,which play in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP), the premiere sports league in the country. The collegiate women's varsity teams are also sometimes called the Lady Maroons. The University of the Philippines Integrated School is the affiliate juniors division high school. They play as the Junior Maroons, formerly the Preps.

U.P. Diliman represents the U.P. System in the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) and participates in all events. The Fighting Maroons have perennially placed in the top three in the overall points race of the UAAP. One of the most popular athletic teams in the program is the U.P. Pep Squad, a heavyweight in the annual UAAP Cheerdance Competition.

Two of the most-awaited events inside the campus are the Lantern Parade, held in the last week before the Christmas break, and the U.P. Fair, held every February. During the Lantern Parade, the individual colleges as well as groups within U.P.D. create Christmas lanterns and floats and parade around the Academic Oval, culminating in a lengthy program held in front of the Amphitheater capped off by a massive fireworks display. In recent years the event has become so popular even outside of UP that media outlets and major Manila television networks regularly send crews to broadcast the event live.

The U.P. Fair, organized by the UP Diliman University Student Council, is a week-long event held at the Sunken Garden that features evening music concerts, booths, and amusement park rides. Typically falling during the third week of February, students and youth even from outside the U.P. System flock to the nightly concerts.

Centennial Celebration

On January 8, 2008, the University of the Philippines System, with 7 constituent universities and 12 campuses offering 258 undergraduate and 438 graduate programs, began its centennial celebration at the Diliman campus. The university has produced 7 of 17 presidents, 12 chief justices of the Supreme Court, 34 of 35 national scientists and 36 of 57 national artists, and an estimated 250,000 alumni (15,000 doctors, 8,000 lawyers and 23,000 teachers). Of the senators serving in the 2010–2013 term, 14 were from UP.

Fernando Javier, 100, of Baguio, eldest living U.P. alumnus (Civil Engineering from the University of the Philippines Manila, 1933), began the 100-torch relay at the U.P. academic oval in Diliman, Quezon City. The 99th torchbearer was Michael Reuben Dumlao, youngest, a 6th-grader from the University of the Philippines Integrated School in U.P. Diliman. Then-U.P. president Emerlinda R. Roman, also its first woman president, ignited the centennial cauldron in front of the U.P. Oblation plaza.

The cauldron featured three pillars — representing the university's core values of Excellence, Leadership and Service — and seven flowers representing the constituent universities: U.P. Manila, U.P. Diliman (together with U.P. Pampanga, its extension campus), U.P. Los Baños, U.P. Baguio, U.P. Visayas, U.P. Mindanao, and U.P. Open University.

The centennial celebration came with a massive fund-raising campaign for the U.P. System, and generous donations from alumni came pouring in. One of the largest was the GT-Toyota Asian Cultural (ACC) Center, a gleaming 100-million-peso, one-hectare complex envisioned to be a major hub of campus activity as well as the main site of the Asian Center's different collaborations.

UPAA 2008 Centennial Yearbook
The University of the Philippines Alumni Association announced its launching of a special three-volume U.P.A.A. 2008 Centennial Yearbook on June 21, 2008, at the U.P.A.A. Grand Alumni-Faculty Homecoming and Reunion at the Araneta Coliseum, Cubao, Quezon City. The theme was “U.P. Alumni: Excellence, Leadership, and Service in the Next 100 Years,” with the three cover designs showing the works of national artists Napoleon Abueva, Abdul Imao, and Benedicto Cabrera. Chief Justice Reynato Puno was the yearbook's most distinguished alumnus awardee (among 47 other awardees).

Notable alumni
The University of the Philippines Diliman has numerous notable alumni and faculty. UP graduated many leading figures in the country. In the country's political history, UP has produced former Philippine presidents, José P. Laurel and Ferdinand E. Marcos; statesmen Benigno Aquino Jr.; Arturo Tolentino, Gerardo Roxas, and Doy Laurel; prominent jurists such as former chief justices Querube Makalintal, Enrique Fernando; incumbent Senators Francis Pangilinan and Richard J. Gordon; and incumbent Congressmen Martin Romualdez, Roman Romulo, and Jesus Crispin Remulla. In business, UP graduated billionaire and Araneta patriarch Jorge L. Araneta.

Student organizations
The fraternities and sororities in UP Diliman are UP Delta Lambda Sigma sorority (which produced Senator Pia Cayetano), UP Portia sorority (which produced UP Law dean Fides Cordero-Tan and Chief Justices Maria Lourdes Sereno and Teresita de Castro), Alpha Phi Beta fraternity (which produced Chief Justice Reynato Puno and Governor Francis Escudero), and Sigma Rho fraternity (which produced Justice Antonio Carpio, Presidential Spokesperson Salvador Panelo, and Sonny Angara), Alpha Sigma fraternity (which produced UP Law dean and sitting Judge of the International Criminal Court Raul Pangalangan), Alpha Sigma Nu sorority, Alpha Phi Omega (which produced COMELEC Chair Haydee Yorac and Vice President Jejomar Binay), Pi Sigma fraternity (which produced Bases Conversion and Development Authority CEO Arnel Casanova), UP Vanguard fraternity (which produced Atty. Philip Sigfrid Fortun, the founding partner of the law firm Fortun, Narvasa and Salazar), Upsilon Sigma Phi (which produced President Ferdinand Marcos, President Jose P. Laurel, Vice President Doy Laurel, Vice President Arturo Tolentino, Senate President Gil Puyat, Senator Ninoy Aquino, Senator Richard Gordon, Senator Francis Pangilinan, Senator Joker Arroyo, Senator Gerardo Roxas, Senator Sotero Laurel, Senator Domocao Alonto, Senator Mamintal A.J. Tamano, Senator Estanislao Fernandez, Senator Juan Liwag, Chief Justice Querube Makalintal, Chief Justice Enrique Fernando, ten Associate Justices, ABS-CBN Vice President Jake Almeda Lopez, ABS founder (later part of a merger to form ABS-CBN) Antonio Quirino, and famous lawyer Estelito Mendoza), Pan Xenia fraternity (which produced Manny Villar), Beta Sigma, Tau Alpha, Scintilla Juris, and Tau Gamma Phi. Each of these groups can boast of prominent alumni of the college as among its members. To gain membership, candidates must undergo initiation rites to determine a candidate's emotional stability, physical endurance, and mental capacity.

title: University of the Philippines Diliman


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Philippine General Hospital

The Philippine General Hospital (also known as University of the Philippines–Philippine General Hospital or UP–Philippine General Hospital), simply referred to as UP–PGH or PGH, is a tertiary state-owned hospital administered and operated by the University of the Philippines Manila. It is designated as the National University Hospital, and the national government referral center. It stands within a 10 ha site located at the UP Manila Campus in Ermita, Manila. PGH has 1,100 beds and 400 private beds, and has an estimated of 4,000 employees to serve more than 600,000 patients every year.

The PGH, being the largest training hospital in the country, is the laboratory hospital of health science students enrolled in the University of the Philippines. This includes students of medicine, nursing, physical therapy, pharmacy, occupational therapy, dentistry, and speech pathology.

There are 16 clinical departments under the Philippine General Hospital — Family and Community Medicine, Anesthesiology, Internal Medicine, Surgery, Neurosciences, Pediatrics, Otorhinolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics, Rehabilitation Medicine, Psychiatry, Radiology, Pathology, Emergency Medicine, Obstetrics & Gynecology, and Dermatology—all of which offer residency and fellowship training. It also offers various training for paramedical specialties such as nursing, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech pathology, radiation technology, nutrition, hospital dentistry, medical technology and EMT training.

History

In 1907, The Philippine Commission passed Act No. 1688 which appropriated the sum of about ₱780,000.00 for the construction of the Philippine General Hospital in Manila. The cornerstone of the hospital was laid on February 28, 1908. The bids for the construction of the buildings were opened on July 27 and the contract was awarded to the lowest bidder, H. Thurber of the Manila Construction Company. The structural works for the central administration building, a surgical pavilion with two operating rooms, a building for dispensary and out-clinic, five ward pavilions of sixty beds each, a nurses’ home, a kitchen, an ambulance stable and morgue were completed on November 30, 1909.

In 1910, the Philippine General Hospital opened its door to the public on September 1 with three hundred thirty beds and was eventually linked to the Philippine Medical School.

PGH remained open during World War II, where its wards overflowed with victims of the conflict. It treated Filipino, Japanese soldiers and American internees alike, even if the hospital supplies are almost depleted.

In 1981, Architect J. Ramos undertook the master planning of the PGH renovation project. PGH celebrated its centennial in 2007, one hundred years since the US government passed a law establishing it.

During the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines, PGH was selected as one of the COVID-19 referral centers in the country. The hospital provided 130 beds for COVID-19 patients, while continuing to serve other people with other ailments. PGH officially accepted COVID-19 referrals from other hospitals starting March 30, 2020.

On March 13, 2024, a blaze hit the ground floor of the audio-visual room of the Department of Medicine from 3:08 p.m.-4:30 p.m. having affected Wards 1, 2, 3, and 4. “Code Triage” in its emergency room was raised with damage of P1.4 million.

Architecture

The Philippine General Hospital Administration Building is situated along Taft Avenue in Manila. It was built by architect Tomas Mapua in Neoclassical style that follows the Daniel Burnham plan for Manila. This plan included Manila Hotel, Army and Navy Club and the Philippine General Hospital. These were executed by his successor, Parsons included who was a city planner in the Philippines during the early period American colonization in the country. His works were a clear translation of Neoclassicism into a new hybrid of colonial tropical architecture.

In 2014, the Pediatric Oncology Isolation Ward was constructed by Sta. Elena Construction and Development through the generosity of its president and CEO, Alice Eduardo. The ward was dedicated to children with cancer, particularly from poor households that could not afford the costs of an isolation ward. A dormitory was also built to house the children's caregivers or relatives while they were admitted to PGH. In 2020, Alice Eduardo contributed to the restoration and modernization of Bahay Silungan. This is a heritage building that served as the Nurses' Home, which was first occupied in 1911. The home has 18 bedrooms, terraces, and verandas. The restoration was decided amid the COVID-19 pandemic so that the doctors, nurses, and transient patients would have a temporary home. Today, Bahay Silungan accommodates up to 66 nurses and 14 transient patients.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Philippine General Hospital


text:
Charles-Denis Bourbaki

Charles Denis Sauter Bourbaki (22 April 1816, Pau – 22 September 1897, Bayonne) was a French general.

Career
Bourbaki was born at Pau in extreme southwestern France, the son of Greek colonel Constantin Denis Bourbaki, who died in the Greek War of Independence in 1827. He was educated at the Prytanée National Militaire, entered École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr, and in 1836 joined the Zouaves (light infantry), becoming lieutenant of the Foreign Legion in 1838 and aide-de-camp to King Louis Philippe.

Early commands
It was in the African expedition that Bourbaki first came to the front. In 1842 he was captain in the Zouaves; 1847, colonel of the Turcos; in 1850, lieutenant-colonel of the 1st Zouaves; 1851, colonel; 1854, brigadier-general. In the Crimean War he commanded a portion of the Algerian troops; and at the Alma, Inkerman and Sevastopol Bourbaki's name became famous.

In 1857 he was made general of division, commanding in 1859 at Lyon. His success in the war in Italy was second only to that of MacMahon, and in 1862 he was proposed as a candidate for the vacant Greek throne, but declined the proffered honour.

Imperial Guard
In 1870 the Emperor Napoleon III entrusted Bourbaki with the command of the Imperial Guard, and he played an important part in the fighting round Metz. His conduct at the Battle of Gravelotte in August 1870 was questioned because, while the Prussians were exhausted from the fighting, and the French were poised to mount a counter-attack, Bourbaki refused to commit the reserves of the French Imperial Guard to the battle because he considered it a defeat.

A curious incident of the siege of Metz, during the Franco-Prussian War, is connected with Bourbaki's name. A certain Edmond Régnier, a French businessman with no political background or connections, appeared at Hastings the 21 September to seek an interview with the refugee empress Eugénie, and failing to obtain this he managed to get from the young Prince Imperial a signed photograph with a message to the emperor Napoleon. This he used, by means of a safe-conduct from Bismarck, as credentials to Marshal Bazaine, to whom he presented himself at Metz, telling him on the empress's alleged authority that peace was about to be signed and that either Marshal Canrobert or General Bourbaki was to go to Hastings for the purpose.

Bourbaki at once went to England, with Prussian connivance, as though he had an official mission, only to discover from the empress at Hastings that a trick had been played on him. As soon as he could manage he returned to France but was refused re-entrance into Metz on a technicality, because his Prussian-provided passport was outdated by a few days.

Armée de l'Est
Bourbaki offered his services to Léon Gambetta, a lawyer and republican politician who had proclaimed the Third French Republic in September 1870. Bourbaki was given the command of the Northern Army, but was recalled on 10 November and transferred to the Army of the Loire. In command of the hastily trained and ill-equipped Army of the East, Bourbaki made the attempt to raise the siege of Belfort, which, after an initial victory in the Battle of Villersexel ended in the defeat of the French in the three-day battle of the Lisaine.

Other German forces under Prussian Field Marshal Edwin Freiherr von Manteuffel now closed upon Bourbaki, and he was eventually driven over the Swiss frontier with a remnant of his forces. His troops were in desperate condition, owing to lack of food; and out of 150,000 men under him when he started, only 87,000 men with 12,000 horses escaped into Switzerland. They crossed the western border of Switzerland at Les Verrières, Sainte-Croix, Vallorbe and in the Vallée de Joux at the beginning of February 1871. They were disarmed and detained for six weeks before being repatriated in March. This episode is memorialized in the Bourbaki Panorama, a large panoramic painting now in Lucerne, Switzerland.

Rather than submit to the humiliation of a probable surrender, Bourbaki had delegated his functions to General Justin Clinchant on 26 January 1871, and tried to commit suicide that night. He fired a pistol at his forehead, but the bullet somehow "flattened as if against a cast-iron plate" and his life was saved. General Clinchant carried Bourbaki into Switzerland, where he recovered sufficiently to return to France.

In July 1871, he again took the command at Lyon where he subsequently became military governor.

Later service
In 1881, owing to his political opinions, he was placed on the retired list. In 1885 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the French Senate.

title: Charles-Denis Bourbaki


text:
Justin Clinchant

Justin Clinchant (24 December 1820, Thiaucourt-Regniéville – 20 March 1881) was a French Army general of the 19th century.

Biography
Clinchant entered the army from St Cyr in 1841.

From 1847 to 1852 Clinchant was employed in the Algerian campaigns, and in 1854 and 1855 in the Crimea. At the assault on the Malakoff (8 September 1855) he greatly distinguished himself at the head of a battalion. During the 1859 campaign he won promotion to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, and as a colonel he served in the French intervention in Mexico. He was made general of brigade in 1866.

At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Clinchant led a brigade of the Army of the Rhine. His troops were amongst those shut up in Metz, and he passed into captivity, but soon escaped. The Government of National Defense made him general of division and put him at the head of the 20th corps of the Army of the East. He was under Bourbaki during the campaign of the Jura, and after Bourbaki attempted to commit suicide he succeeded to the command (23 January 1871). He was intercepted by the German Army under Von Manteuffel in an attempt at retreat, and thus driven with 84,000 men over the Swiss frontier at Pontarlier.

In 1871 Clinchant commanded the Fifth Army Corps of the Army of Versailles operating against the Commune. In 1879, he was appointed military governor of Paris. He held that position when he died in 1881.

title: Justin Clinchant


text:
Talk:Adrenaline/Archive 1

Misc
Adrenaline is, to my knowledge, NOT a tradename but rather another form of the chemical name (in fact it´s just the same as epinephrine, only in Latin instead of Greek). Kosebamse 14:16 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

Adrenaline isn't, but Adrenalin is, and it,incorrectly, also redirects here. Kashami 19:20, 7 June 2006 (UTC)

How shocking! You scientists are renaming Adrenaline? I've never heard of Epinephrine. How do you pronounce it? (maybe someone should add that)

I can't really imagine all of us extreme sports people going

"Woah! That was awesome. What an ephinephrine rush!" Nojer2 16:46 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)
 * Don't use it then? This is like suggesting to computer scientists to stop saying "computer" and change all the instances of the word with "rig".
 * What a terrible counter-argument. Computer is a normal word that people have heard of.

I remove the following phrase:
 * but this trend seems to be coming to an end as the international community (especially Europe) pushes towards using non-propriety naming conventions (Adrenaline has been used a trade name).

It's correct that "Europe" (in this case rather West-Europe) pushes for non-propriety names, but that is no reason for the wordings about "this trend" "coming to an end".

-- Johan Magnus 03:26 19 May 2003 (UTC)

I´ve rewritten much of the article, and, among others, removed this:
 * In Europe "epinephrine" is perceived as an Americanization of the British-approved name, "adrenaline."

I don´t think this helps understand what adrenaline/epinephrine is and does.
 * to lower intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of glaucoma and to treat acute chloroquine poisoning.

I wonder whether epinephrine can really lower intraocular pressure (dilating the pupils generally doesn´t help to that purpose); and the chloroquine reference is not too interesting in a general encyclopedic article. Some more stuff that I´ve left out would, I think, really belong to an article stress reaction or sympathetic nervous system. Unfortunately, the latter is currently just a redirect to Autonomic nervous system and that article itself needs much work to become more readable and useful. Kosebamse 13:55 19 May 2003 (UTC)

Very good! Also the polemics has been removed step by step, as it looks from the history. Maybe it would be of some interest, though, to keep some kind of reference to US-usage versus British/European usage. There aren't supposed to be synonyms in English on such basic things, are there? ;-) (It's another thing that the French can't use American terms all the time, that is selfevident, all the world understand that, but the English... ;-))) -- Ruhrjung 21:15 20 May 2003 (UTC)

 * Of course it might be of interest to know how and why American and British English differ in this respect, but those questions do not, IMO, belong into an article about a hormone/drug. It should be noted that many drugs (at least in the EU) are sold under generic names (sometimes slightly modified) rather than trade names. Therefore, it would be not that unusual to see epinephrine/adrenaline being sold as "Adrenaline" or "Adrenaline-Foobar". Kosebamse 06:29 21 May 2003 (UTC)

Allergy patients undergoing immunotherapy can get an epinephrine rinse before their allergan extract is administered. I wonder where this comes from and what it is supposed to mean. Epinephrine does not act as a specific antagonist in anaphylaxis, rather it is used as a symptomatic treatment against anaphylactic symptoms. Furthermore, the extreme and possibly lethal side effects of epinephrine make it highly unlikely that it could be used for such prophylactic purposes. Kosebamse 20:48 31 May 2003 (UTC)

to Kosebamse, adrenaline is not a trade mark, but Adrenalin is

Adrenaline vs. Epinephrine
There are various national bodies for standardizing the nonproprietary names for drugs. In the UK, they use British Approved Names (BAN), in the U.S. they use U.S. Approved Names (USAN) etc... The World Health Organization designates International Nonproprietary Names. In most cases, all these groups agree, this is an exception. Although I haven't been able to find a full list of INNs, this document reliably indicates that epinephrine is the INN for adrenaline (which is BAN). I think we should go with INNs for all applicable cases (with redirects of course). Matt 04:25, 26 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * I too must say everyone says adrenaline, no one says Epinephrine etc. blabla. --Abdull 8 July 2005 18:05 (UTC)

 * While adrenaline is the common term everywhere that I know of, doctors always say Epinephrine in the US; also Norepinephrine rather than Noradrenaline. Also, the term epi-pen has fallen into common usage; I was aware of it when I was in grade school, long before I knew what "epi" actually was. 209.163.100.30 07:02, 31 July 2005 (UTC)

 * When I hear "adrenaline" in the U.S., it usually refers to that produced in the body naturally. When I hear "Epinephrine," it usually refers to the same substance introduced artificially, or injected.--SpacemanAfrica 19:18, 29 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I am in professional school for Pharmacy and we use exclusively Epinephrine and Norepinephrine but we all know that adrenaline and noradrenaline are just different terms for the same thing. I believe there was a case of legality due to the term Adrenaline which caused the US Pharmaceopeia to adopt Epinephrine, but according to etymology they both derive the same term from different sources.

Epi-nephr-ine Ad-renal-ine Above/On-Kidney-Amine

It should however be noted that when referring to the receptors for this class of mimetics we always use the term "adrenergics". As a personal note I have found that people who use the term adrenaline either don't know what they are talking about or were not taught in the US.

Etherealmuse 16:06, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

I don't know about this whole thing...I live in the US, and this article is the only place I've ever seen the substance referred to as Epinephrine, everyone and everything (including medical magazines) refers to it as Adrenaline.--CB319 18:40, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Adrenalin comes from the ADRENAL glad- (not the Epinephrin Gland) and acts on Adrenoreceptors- (not epino receptors) can't we just call it adrenalin??? Since it is a medicat term really, it should use the latin derivation; ad-renal as opposed to the greek route.

Please consider my pleas and change it :)

If you understand what it is and its actions...then move on...get over the conflict you have on what to call it, many drugs have many names and multiple effects on the system, just understand what it does(how it works), how much you are to give and its actions/side-effects...call it what you want...as long as you understand it. --Paramedic

I agree on that we should try to use INN as far as possible, and I also think that adrenaline has a sort of a 'vulgar' feel to it and thus it should eb used here, the only place where I've seen adrenaline is in non-scientific publications and crappy swedeish books for stupid teenagers. Ferrelas 19:55, 20 October 2006 (UTC)Ferrelas

Use in anaesthesiology?
It seems like more could be said about the physiological effects of epinephrine, but I was reading various issues of an anaesthesiology journal once and much mention was made of epinephrine as a resuscitative and/or post-operative aid. Also, if I recall correctly, the concentrations of epinephrine involved were very small, so maybe a note on its power (signal cascading?) could also be added. I'd put this stuff in myself but it's not my field. I'll try to look it up again if no one else responds though. Jeeves 15:53, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC)

I take issue with this:

 * Whilst epinephrine is the current International Non-Proprietary Name (INN) and United States Approved Name (USAN), it is widely known as adrenaline in the rest of the world (outside the United States) which followed the British Approved Name (BAN) as listed in the British Pharmacopoeia.

I am an American and I'd never heard of "epinephrine" before I read this.

"rebound bronchospasm"
Shouldn't the article mention somewhere that "epinephrine" is sold over the counter for bronchspasm relief as Primatene Mist?

Also, at least according to what I just on a couple of health sites, a standard recommendation is to "Avoid the use of over-the-counter inhalants. Most of these contain epinephrine, which is effective for only a short time and may cause rebound bronchospasm."

Also, it appears that the availability of this over the counter is somewhat controversial, as it encourages folks to self-medicate who should probably be seeking treatment instead.

This might be worth mentioning.

Headline text
What about that thing when people do amazing feats because they are so pumped up with Adrenaline (or epinephrine? Sorry i'm not following the argument about it's proper name) But there was a case in my newspaper recently (British) of a young girl (teens or early 20s) who was in a car crash which broke her back, then she got out and lifted a car to save her friend.

Mistake in info?
Adrenaline or Epinephrine, as far as I know, is NOT a neurotransmitter, nor is it realease by neurones. it is a hormone released by the adrenal gland (thus its name) and it is relase into the blood stream, not a synaptic cleft.

I think the author may have confused it with Noradrenaline (which IS a neurotransmitter released by neurones).

 * Epinephrine is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter. Such duality is common.
 * Epinephrine, together with dopamine and norepinephrine, for the group of neurotransmitters called catecholamines.
 * As for production, one mechanism is based on the transportation of tyrosine to catecholamine-secreting neurons. where a series of reactions convert it to dopamine, to norepinephrine and finally to epinephrine.
 * In summary: both norepinephrine and epinephrine are neurotransmitters.Peak 01:50, 12 November 2005 (UTC)

Agreed--Epinephrine is NOT a neurotransmitter. This misconception is due to the fact that it acts very quickly, like neurotransmitters are known to do. However, the hormone is released from the adrenal medulla and acts, like other peptide hormones, to signal second messenger systesm in the cell.

History?
Most scientific articles on wikipedia tend to feature a history of the article in question, including discovery, and assorted uses since then.

I would much apreciate it if anyone with this information would update the article.

Epinephrine (hormone vs. neurotransmitter)
What is the difference between the way that epinephrine works as a hormone and a neurotransmitter?

Neurotransmitters work over very short distances in synaptic spaces (the "gaps" between nerves) Norepinephrin forexample is of the sympathetic nervous system.

Epenephrin on the other hand is more stable and will be carried in the blood. When it reaches the heart it will change the rate of BPM and will also cause dilation of arteries feeding muscles.

Epinephrine in ophthalmology
In ophthalmology epinephrine has two usages: 1.- As a midriatic in cataract surgery that are little or not responsive to topical tropicamide. 2.- As a glaucoma therapy.

Should the article mention them?

grammar needs help
The grammar in the beginning of this article is horrible!
 * Are you referring to but, in later years, counterevidence is shown from the experiment note that Kaminaka leaves that the Takamine team is the discoverer of first adrenaline.  ? I can't figure out what on earth it's trying to say. --moof 18:16, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Looks like "Kaminaka leaves a note saying that the Takamine team was the first discoverer of adrenaline."
 * I just noticed at the end of the article "..one of the only..". sounds like it should be "one of the few"

adrenocrome
--Ddhix 2002 03:51, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

i recently read a book (Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas) about a drug/chemical called adrenocrome and looked it up on google with some information relating to it. would someone who knows about this please confirm it's existence. it's supposed to be related to adrenaline/epinephrine

 * http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/adrenochrome.txt This file may help you.--Ddhix 2002 03:51, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Or you could check out adrenochrome. Deli nk 20:07, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

what about the effects of epinephrine on people's performance?
I came here looking to learn more about the hormone's effect on muscle performance, pain tolerance, reaction time, etc. I've heard stories of it granting incredible strength, even allowing children to lift cars off of loved ones being crushed to death. Is there any truth in this? Can anyone find more info on this stuff? The Taped Crusader 06:22, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

That's what I've come here for, as well, to see how much is truth and how much fiction. While I know perfectly well it does that, the only thing I can get out of anyone is that it invokes a 'fight-or-flight' response. Not very helpful. Can we see some examples and explanations and listing of its practical effects?--24.90.172.131 18:38, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Error in pregnancy category
The american pregnancy category for this drug is category C http://www.allerex.ca/product.htm

If someone can edit this (I"m not much for this kind of thing) that would be great.

rush
someone should talk about adrenaline rushes on the article. how they start, their cause, etc.

Rename
No one use epinephrine outside the US. Adrenaline is the more common term. The Google test proves it. --Jerry Crimson Mann 14:44, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree that this page should reside at Adrenaline, though not because of the Google test. Even among Americans, adrenaline is the commoner term.
 * All American scientists know what adrenaline is. Many (most?) scientists abroad are unfamiliar with epinephrine, knowing it only as adrenaline.
 * Nearly all American laypeople know what adrenaline is. Few have ever heard of epinephrine.
 * A side-effect of using adrenaline (and noradrenaline) is that it will eliminate any confusion surrounding the use of the term adrenergic when describing receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine.
 * Cheers, David Iberri (talk) 19:53, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Who cares? All we need is a redirect from one to the other. Doesn't bother me which one, I'm well aware that adrenaline's INN is epinephrine, as are most 'foreign' scientists and medics (although I balk at norepinephrine). But what is with the proposed move to adrenalin? --Coroebus 22:01, 14 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Strong disagree - Epinephrine is the International Nonproprietary Name specified by the World Health Organization and should be the title according to Naming conventions (chemistry). Whilst I agree adrenaline frequently used and very much beloved BAN by us Brits, the INN should remain as for other drugs. If it makes you Americans any happier, it is one of the few name changes where, as the article indicates, the USAN forced international name to change to US way. The (unjustified) moan of UK doctors upon the announcement of switch from BAN to INN was this was purely our Department of Health bowing to European Union over WHO appeasement to the Yanks for which adrenaline/epinephrine would be cited as example (along with frusemide to furosemide) - in fact of course INN a truely worldwide feature and often not in line with USAN either (eg paracetamol) :-) David Ruben Talk 01:11, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Adrenaline vs. Epinephrine
How is it called in Canada, the U.K. and Australia? If they, as the article suggests, call it "Adrenaline" then the main name used should be "Adrenaline" rather than "Epinephrine", or this article would be guilty of US-centrism. This is an English encyclopedia, not one for a specific country. --A Sunshade Lust 19:00, 9 July 2006 (UTC) Uh, I just read the talk page - oops! --A Sunshade Lust 19:01, 9 July 2006 (UTC)

I don't know about this whole thing...I live in the US, and this article is the only place I've ever seen the substance referred to as Epinephrine, everyone and everything (including medical magazines) refers to it as Adrenaline.--CB319 18:40, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

 * UK moved several years ago to adopt WHO INNs. As such correct term worldwide and in UK is Epinepherine. Given though importance of thi drug, it is permitted to also use term Adrenaline. Article correctly, as far as UK usage goes, is epinepharine (not adrenaline). In general discussion though one talks about "adrenaline rush", "adrenaline junkies" (i.e. extreme sports fans), "adrenal gland" etc. David Ruben Talk 19:26, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

I haven't got references to support this right now, but from what I understand the term adrenalin has been around for a long time, biochemists discovered a chemical signalling molecule and called it epinephrine (etymology probably has something to do with above(epi) kidney(nephros)(suprarenal... adrenal... ), scientific texts will often refer to epinephrine or adrenalin(e) depending on the author, but it was probably after epinepherine was discovered that its action was associated with what we call 'adrenalin', and has both names commonly associated with it. -- S.T

vasoconstrictor vs vasodialator
Epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor. However, in the "Pharmacology" section it says: Epinephrine also activates β-adrenergic receptors of the liver and muscle cells, thereby activating the adenylate cyclase signaling pathway, which will in turn increase glycogenolysis. Specifically, β2 receptors exist on many blood vessels. Activation of the adenylate cyclase pathway on this tissue causes inhibition of myosin light chain kinase which, in turn, relaxes the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel walls to bring about vasodilation.

This is either wrong or just confusing. Can someone edit the text to clear up why epinephrine is a vasoconstrictor and yet the pathway it activates causes relaxation of smooth muscle cells of the blood vessel walls to bring about vasodilation?

 * Adrenaline is both a vasoconstrictor and vasodilator depending on receptor subtype and thus second messenger system. --Coroebus 18:34, 15 July 2006 (UTC)

Contradiction
In the section "Pharmacology" Someone wrote in "This is wrong..." and gave another explaination. I'm not sure which is right or how to fix this. Maybe a biochemist can sort it out. 74.60.29.249 04:59, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Adrenaline/Archive 1


text:
Big Rip

In physical cosmology, the Big Rip is a hypothetical cosmological model concerning the ultimate fate of the universe, in which the matter of the universe, from stars and galaxies to atoms and subatomic particles, and even spacetime itself, is progressively torn apart by the expansion of the universe at a certain time in the future, until distances between particles will infinitely increase. According to the standard model of cosmology, the scale factor of the universe is accelerating, and, in the future era of cosmological constant dominance, will increase exponentially. However, this expansion is similar for every moment of time (hence the exponential law – the expansion of a local volume is the same number of times over the same time interval), and is characterized by an unchanging, small Hubble constant, effectively ignored by any bound material structures. By contrast, in the Big Rip scenario the Hubble constant increases to infinity in a finite time.

The possibility of sudden rip singularity occurs only for hypothetical matter (phantom energy) with implausible physical properties.

Overview
The truth of the hypothesis relies on the type of dark energy present in our universe. The type that could prove this hypothesis is a constantly increasing form of dark energy, known as phantom energy. If the dark energy in the universe increases without limit, it could overcome all forces that hold the universe together. The key value is the equation of state parameter w, the ratio between the dark energy pressure and its energy density. If −1 < w < 0, the expansion of the universe tends to accelerate, but the dark energy tends to dissipate over time, and the Big Rip does not happen. Phantom energy has w < −1, which means that its density increases as the universe expands.

A universe dominated by phantom energy is an accelerating universe, expanding at an ever-increasing rate. However, this implies that the size of the observable universe and the cosmological event horizon is continually shrinking – the distance at which objects can influence an observer becomes ever closer, and the distance over which interactions can propagate becomes ever shorter. When the size of the horizon becomes smaller than any particular structure, no interaction by any of the fundamental forces can occur between the most remote parts of the structure, and the structure is "ripped apart". The progression of time itself will stop. The model implies that after a finite time there will be a final singularity, called the "Big Rip", in which the observable universe eventually reaches zero size and all distances diverge to infinite values.

The authors of this hypothesis, led by Robert R. Caldwell of Dartmouth College, calculate the time from the present to the Big Rip to be

where w is defined above, H0 is Hubble's constant and Ωm is the present value of the density of all the matter in the universe.

Observations of galaxy cluster speeds by the Chandra X-ray Observatory seem to suggest the value of w is between approximately −0.907 and −1.075, meaning the Big Rip cannot be definitively ruled out. Based on the above equation, if the observation determines that the value of w is less than −1, but greater than or equal to −1.075, the Big Rip would occur approximately 152 billion years into the future at the earliest.

Authors' example
In their paper, the authors consider a hypothetical example with w = −1.5, H0 = 70 km/s/Mpc, and Ωm = 0.3, in which case the Big Rip would happen approximately 22 billion years from the present. In this scenario, galaxies would first be separated from each other about 200 million years before the Big Rip. About 60 million years before the Big Rip, galaxies would begin to disintegrate as gravity becomes too weak to hold them together. Planetary systems like the Solar System would become gravitationally unbound about three months before the Big Rip, and planets would fly off into the rapidly expanding universe. In the last minutes, stars and planets would be torn apart, and the now-dispersed atoms would be destroyed about 10−19 seconds before the end (the atoms will first be ionized as electrons fly off, followed by the dissociation of the atomic nuclei). At the time the Big Rip occurs, even spacetime itself would be ripped apart and the scale factor would be infinity. Other universes and things made of universes would also be ripped apart and it would be infinite.

Observed universe
Evidence indicates w to be very close to −1 in our universe, which makes w the dominating term in the equation. The closer that w is to −1, the closer the denominator is to zero and the further the Big Rip is in the future. If w were exactly equal to −1, the Big Rip could not happen, regardless of the values of H0 or Ωm.

According to the latest cosmological data available, the uncertainties are still too large to discriminate among the three cases w < −1, w = −1, and w > −1.

Moreover, it is nearly impossible to measure w to be exactly at −1 due to statistical fluctuations. This means that the measured value of w can be arbitrarily close to −1 but not exactly at −1 hence the earliest possible date of the Big Rip can be pushed back further with more accurate measurements but the Big Rip is very difficult to completely rule out.

title: Big Rip


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Gustav Stresemann

Gustav Ernst Stresemann (10 May 1878 – 3 October 1929) was a German statesman who served as chancellor of Germany from August to November 1923, and as foreign minister from 1923 to 1929. His most notable achievement was the reconciliation between Germany and France, for which he and French Prime Minister Aristide Briand received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926. During a period of political instability and fragile, short-lived governments, Stresemann was the most influential politician in most of the Weimar Republic's existence.

Stresemann attended the University of Berlin and Leipzig University, where he studied political economy, history and international law and developed his vision of liberalism and nationalism, a combination of views that would define his political career. After obtaining his doctorate, Stresemann worked in trade associations before entering politics. In 1907, he was elected to the Reichstag as a deputy for the National Liberal Party. He lost his seat in 1912 but was reelected two years later. During the First World War, he was a vocal advocate for German militarism and expansionism. Exempted from war service due to poor health, he gradually became the National Liberals' de facto leader, before formally taking over the party in 1917. Germany's defeat and the fall of the Hohenzollern monarchy came as a significant shock to Stresemann, forcing him to gradually reassess his previous positions. He founded the German People's Party (DVP) and, despite his own monarchist beliefs, came to grudgingly accept Weimar democracy and became open to working with the centre and the left.

In August 1923, Stresemann was named chancellor and foreign minister of a grand coalition government. During his brief chancellorship, he abandoned the policy of passive resistance against the French-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, and introduced the Rentenmark in a (relatively successful) attempt to tame hyperinflation in the country. In November, Stresemann's reshuffled government collapsed after the Social Democratics withdrew from the coalition. He resigned as chancellor following a vote of no confidence, but remained as foreign minister in the new government led by Wilhelm Marx. His first major diplomatic success was the 1924 Dawes Plan, which reduced Germany's overall reparations commitment. It was followed by the Locarno Treaties in 1925, which confirmed Germany's postwar western borders, guaranteed peace with France, and provided for Germany's admission to the League of Nations a year later. Stresemann also moved to improve relations with the Soviet Union through the 1926 Treaty of Berlin. In 1928, he oversaw Germany's participation in the Kellogg–Briand Pact, in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve international conflicts.

Amid failing health, Stresemann successfully negotiated the Young Plan which sought to further reduce German reparations payments. He died in October 1929 after a series of strokes at the age of 51.

Early years
Stresemann was born on 10 May 1878 in 66 Köpenicker Straße in Southeast Berlin, the youngest of seven children. His father worked as a beer bottler and distributor, and also ran a small bar out of the family home, as well as renting rooms for extra money. The family was lower middle class, but relatively well-off for the neighbourhood, and had sufficient funds to provide Gustav with a high-quality education. Stresemann was an excellent student, particularly excelling in German literature and poetry. At the age of 16, he joined the Andreas Gymnasium to study. His parents brought him up to have an interest in books — he was especially passionate about history, with his teacher, Mr. Wolff, commenting that he had an "almost sickly taste in history." He took an interest in Napoleon and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, whom he later wrote about in his work 1924: Goethe und Napoleon: ein Vortrag. His mother, Mathilde, died in 1895. From December 1895, he wrote "Berlin letters" for the Dresdener Volks-Zeitung, often talking about politics and targeting Prussian conservatives. In an essay written when he left school, he noted that he would have enjoyed becoming a teacher, but he would only have been qualified to teach languages or the natural sciences, which were not his primary areas of interest. Due to this, he enrolled in university.

In April 1897, Stresemann enrolled at the University of Berlin, where he was convinced by a businessman to study political economy instead of literature. During his university years, Stresemann also became active in the Burschenschaften movement of student fraternities, and became editor, in April 1898, of the Allgemeine Deutsche Universitäts-Zeitung, a newspaper run by Konrad Kuster, a leader in the liberal portion of the Burschenschaften. His editorials for the paper were often political, and dismissed most of the contemporary political parties as broken in one way or another. In these early writings, he set out views that combined liberalism with strident nationalism, a combination that would dominate his views for the rest of his life. In 1898, Stresemann left the University of Berlin, transferring to the University of Leipzig so that he could pursue a doctorate. In Leipzig, he stayed in the Gottschedstrasse. He studied history and international Law, and took literature courses. Influenced by Martin Kriele, he also took courses in economics. In March 1899, he stopped being an editor for the Allgemeine Deutsche Universitäts-Zeitung. He completed his studies in January 1901, submitting a thesis on the bottled beer industry in Berlin, which received a relatively high grade, but was a subject of mockery from colleagues. Stresemann's doctoral supervisor was the economist Karl Bücher.

In 1902, Stresemann founded the Saxon Manufacturers' Association. In 1903 he married Käte Kleefeld (1883–1970), daughter of a wealthy Jewish Berlin businessman, and the sister of Kurt von Kleefeld, the last person in Germany to be ennobled (in 1918). At that time he was also a member of Friedrich Naumann's National-Social Association. In 1906 he was elected to the Dresden town council. Though he had initially worked in trade associations, Stresemann soon became a leader of the National Liberal Party in Saxony. In 1907, he was elected to the Reichstag, where he soon became a close associate of party chairman Ernst Bassermann. However, his support of expanded social welfare programs did not sit well with some of the party's more conservative members, and he lost his post in the party's executive committee in 1912. Later that year he lost both his Reichstag and town council seats. He returned to business and founded the German-American Economic Association. In 1914 he returned to the Reichstag. He was exempted from war service due to poor health. With Bassermann kept away from the Reichstag by either illness or military service, Stresemann soon became the National Liberals' de facto leader. After Bassermann's death in 1917, Stresemann succeeded him as the party leader.

World War I
The evolution of his political ideas appears somewhat erratic. Initially, in the German Empire, Stresemann was associated with the left wing of the National Liberals. He initially believed in the maintenance of a balance of power between the British Empire, the United States, and Germany, whom he believed would be the world's economic superpowers in the future. Yet he also supported the Anglo-German naval arms race, believing that the expansion of the Imperial German Navy was necessary to protect German international trade.

During World War I, he gradually moved to the right, expressing his support of the Hohenzollern monarchy and Germany's expansionist goals. He believed that Germany would need to annex the Low Countries, Eastern Europe, parts of north-east France, and the French protectorate in Morocco in order to economically compete with the United States in the future. He was a vocal proponent of unrestricted submarine warfare. However, he still favoured an expansion of the social welfare programme, and also supported an end to the restrictive Prussian three-class franchise. In 1916, he visited Constantinople and learned about the Ottoman Empire's Armenian genocide, writing in his diary: "Armenian reduction 1–11⁄2 million." Stresemann recommended the recall of the German ambassador, Paul Wolff Metternich, accusing him of being too sympathetic to Armenians.

The collapse of the German Empire after its defeat in World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919 drove Stresemann into a mental and physical breakdown, which shocked him into totally abandoning his earlier militarism and annexationism. When the Allied powers' peace terms became known, including a crushing burden of paying reparations for the war, Constantin Fehrenbach denounced them and claimed "the will to break the chains of slavery would be implanted" into a generation of Germans. Stresemann said of this speech: "He was inspired in that hour by God to say what was felt by the German people. His words, spoken under Fichte's portrait, the final words of which merged into Deutschland, Deutschland über alles, made it an unforgettably solemn hour. There was in that sense a kind of uplifting grandeur. The impression left on all was tremendous".

After the war, Stresemann briefly joined the German Democratic Party, formed from a merger of the Progressives with the left wing of the National Liberals. However, he was quickly expelled for his association with the right wing. He then gathered the main body of the old National Liberal Party—including most of its centre and right factions—into the German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei, DVP), with himself as chairman. Most of its support came from middle class and upper class Protestants. The DVP platform promoted Christian family values, secular education, lower tariffs, opposition to welfare spending and agrarian subsidies and hostility to "Marxism" (that is, the Communists, and also the Social Democrats).

The DVP was initially seen, along with the German National People's Party, as part of the "national opposition" to the Weimar Republic, particularly for its grudging acceptance of democracy and its ambivalent attitude towards the Freikorps and the Kapp Putsch in 1920. Beginning in 1919, Stresemann emphasized that Germany should try to regain its great-power status by leveraging the continued global economic influence and creditworthiness of its multinational corporations, pursuing peaceful economic expansion, and establishing friendly relations with the United States. By late 1920, Stresemann gradually moved to cooperation with the parties of the left and centre — possibly in reaction to political murders like that of Walther Rathenau. However, he remained a monarchist at heart.

Chancellor 1923
On 13 August 1923, Stresemann was appointed chancellor and foreign minister of a grand coalition government in the so-called year of crises (1923). In social policy, a new system of binding arbitration was introduced in October 1923 in which an outside arbitrator had the final say in industrial disputes.

On 26 September 1923, Stresemann announced the end to the passive resistance against the Occupation of the Ruhr by the French and Belgians, in tandem with an Article 48 (of the Weimar Constitution) state of emergency proclamation by President Friedrich Ebert that lasted until February 1924. In October 1923, when the Communist Party of Germany entered the Social Democratic-led governments of Saxony and Thuringia with hidden revolutionary intentions, Stresemann used a Reichsexekution to send troops into the two states to remove the Communists from the governments. By this time, Stresemann was convinced that accepting the republic and reaching an understanding with the Allies on the reparations issue was the only way for Germany to gain the breathing room it needed to rebuild its battered economy. He also wished to recover the Allied-occupied Rhineland, as he wrote to Wilhelm, the former German Crown Prince on 23 July 1923: "The most important objective of German politics is the liberation of German territory from French and Belgian occupation. First, we must remove the strangler from our throat".

Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic reached its peak in November 1923. Since Germany was unable to pay the idled workers in the occupied Ruhr any other way, more and more money was printed, which finally led to hyperinflation. Stresemann introduced a new currency, the Rentenmark, to end hyperinflation. He also persuaded the French to pull back from the Ruhr in return for a promise that reparations payments would resume. That was part of his larger strategy of "fulfillment". Although he, like nearly every other German politician, cursed the Treaty of Versailles as a Diktat, he had come to believe that Germany would never win relief from its terms unless it made a good-faith effort to fulfill them. To his mind, this would convince the Allies that the reparations bill was truly beyond Germany's capacity. The effort paid off; the Allies began to take a look at reforming the reparations scheme.

In early November 1923, partly because of the reaction to the overthrowing of the SPD/KPD governments in Saxony and Thuringia, the Social Democrats withdrew from his reshuffled government and, after a motion of confidence, he was voted down on 23 November 1923, after which Stresemann and his cabinet resigned.

Foreign minister 1923–1929
Stresemann remained as foreign minister in the government of his successor, Wilhelm Marx from the Centre Party. He remained foreign minister for the rest of his life in eight successive governments ranging from the centre-right to the centre-left. As foreign minister, Stresemann had numerous achievements. His first notable achievement was the Dawes Plan of 1924, which reduced Germany's overall reparations commitment and reorganized the Reichsbank. With President Friedrich Ebert, he secured the appointment of Hjalmar Schacht as the new president of the Reichsbank. Schacht implemented the Dawes Plan and managed the successful effort to end Weimar hyperinflation, despite his reservations about Germany's growing foreign debt under Stresemann's economic policies. The successful negotiation of the Dawes Plan provided hope for Streseman's foreign policy strategy emphasizing Germany's remaining economic soft power, since the co-author of the plan, Owen D. Young, was the chairman of General Electric and a major trading partner with the German firm AEG.

After Sir Austen Chamberlain became British Foreign Secretary, Stresemann sought a British guarantee of Germany's post-war border with France and Belgium, as a prospective Anglo-American guarantee had become moot due to the United States' failure to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. Stresemann later wrote: "Chamberlain had never been our friend. His first act was to attempt to restore the old Entente through a three-power alliance of England, France and Belgium, directed against Germany. German diplomacy faced a catastrophic situation".

Stresemann conceived the idea that Germany would guarantee her western borders and pledge never to invade Belgium and France again, along with a guarantee from Britain that they would come to Germany's aid if attacked by France. Germany was in no position at the time to attack, as Stresemann wrote to the Crown Prince: "The renunciation of a military conflict with France has only a theoretical significance, in so far as there is no possibility of a war with France". Stresemann negotiated the Locarno Treaties with Britain, France, Italy, and Belgium. On the third day of negotiations, Stresemann explained Germany's demands to the French Foreign Secretary, Aristide Briand. As Stresemann recorded, Briand "almost fell off his sofa, when he heard my explanations". Stresemann said that Germany alone should not make sacrifices for peace; European countries should cede colonies to Germany; the disarmament control commission should leave Germany; the Anglo-French occupation of the Rhineland should be ended; and Britain and France should disarm as Germany had done. The Treaties were signed in October 1925 at Locarno. Germany officially recognized the post-World War I western border for the first time, was guaranteed peace with France, and was promised admission to the League of Nations and evacuation of the last Allied occupation troops from the Rhineland.

Stresemann was not willing to conclude a similar treaty with the Second Polish Republic: "There will be no Locarno of the east" he said in 1925. However, in 1925 he did sign arbitration agreements with both Poland and the First Czechoslovak Republic to ensure that any future conflict would be settled by impartial arbitration, rather than by the use of force. By 1929 his policy was “detente with Poland,” and strengthening good economic relationships.

After this reconciliation with the Versailles powers, Stresemann moved to improve relations with the Soviet Union. He said to Nikolay Krestinsky in June 1925, as recorded in his diary: "I had said I would not come to conclude a treaty with Russia so long as our political situation in the other direction was not cleared up, as I wanted to answer the question whether we had a treaty with Russia in the negative". The Treaty of Berlin signed in April 1926 reaffirmed and strengthened the Treaty of Rapallo signed in 1922. In September 1926, Germany was admitted to the League of Nations as permanent member of the Security Council. This was a sign that Germany was quickly becoming a normal state, and assured the Soviet Union of Germany's sincerity in the Treaty of Berlin. Stresemann was co-winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926 for these achievements. Gustav Stresemann's success owed much to his friendly personal character and his willingness to be pragmatic. He was close personal friends with many influential foreigners. The most noted was Briand, with whom he shared the Peace Prize.

Stresemann wrote to the Crown Prince: "All the questions which to-day preoccupy the German people can be transformed into as many vexations for the Entente by a skilful orator before the League of Nations". As Germany now had a veto on League resolutions, she could gain concessions from other countries on modifications on the Polish border or Anschluss with Austria, as other countries needed her vote. Germany could now act as "the spokesman of the whole German cultural community" and thereby provoke the German minorities in Czechoslovakia and Poland.

Germany signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact in August 1928. It renounced the use of violence to resolve international conflicts. Although Stresemann did not propose the pact, Germany's adherence convinced many people that Weimar Germany was a Germany that could be reasoned with. This new insight was instrumental in the Young Plan of February 1929, which led to more reductions in German reparations payment.

Stresemann was not, however, in any sense pro-French. His main preoccupation was to free Germany from the burden of reparations payments to France, imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. His strategy for this was to forge close economic ties with the United States. The U.S. was Germany's main source of capital and raw materials, and one of Germany's largest export markets for manufactured goods. Germany's economic recovery was thus in the interests of the U.S., and gave the U.S. an incentive to help Germany resolve the reparations burden. The Dawes and Young plans were the result of this strategy. New York bankers loaned large sums to Germany, which used the dollars to pay reparations to France and Britain, which in turn paid their war loans they owed to Washington. Stresemann also hoped to use the United States' new financial involvement in the German economy to incentivize the nation's financial and political institutions to support reform of reparations. This paid off in 1928 when Federal Reserve Chairman Benjamin Strong supported the development of the Young Plan. Stresemann had a close relationship with Herbert Hoover, who was Secretary of Commerce in 1921-28 and President from 1929. This strategy worked remarkably well until it was derailed by the Great Depression after Stresemann's death.

During his period in the foreign ministry, Stresemann came more and more to accept the Republic, which he had at first rejected. By the mid-1920s, having contributed much to a (temporary) consolidation of the feeble democratic order, Stresemann was regarded as a Vernunftrepublikaner (republican by reason), someone who accepted the republic as the least of all evils but was in his heart still loyal to the monarchy. The conservative opposition criticized him for his supporting the republic and fulfilling too willingly the demands of the Western powers. Along with Matthias Erzberger and others, he was attacked as a Erfüllungspolitiker ("fulfillment politician"). Indeed, some of the more conservative members of his own People's Party never really trusted him.

In 1925, when he first proposed an agreement with France, he made it clear that in doing so he intended to "gain a free hand to secure a peaceful change of the borders in the East and [...] concentrate on a later incorporation of German territories in the East". In the same year, while Poland was in a state of political and economic crisis, Stresemann began a trade war against the country. Stresemann hoped for an escalation of the Polish crisis, which would enable Germany to regain territories ceded to Poland after World War I, and he wanted Germany to gain a larger market for its products there. So Stresemann refused to engage in any international cooperation that would have "prematurely" restabilized the Polish economy. In response to a British proposal, Stresemann wrote to the German ambassador in London: "[A] final and lasting recapitalization of Poland must be delayed until the country is ripe for a settlement of the border according to our wishes and until our own position is sufficiently strong". According to Stresemann's letter, there should be no settlement "until [Poland's] economic and financial distress has reached an extreme stage and reduced the entire Polish body politic to a state of powerlessness". Stresemann hoped to annex Polish territories in Greater Poland, take over whole eastern Upper Silesia and parts of Central Silesia and the entire so called Polish Corridor. Besides waging economic war on Poland, Streseman funded extensive propaganda efforts and plotted to collaborate with the Soviet Union against Polish statehood.

According to historian Gordon Craig:"No German statesman since Bismarck's time had demonstrated, as brilliantly as he was to do, the ability to sense danger and to avoid it by seizing and retaining the initiative, the gift of maintaining perspective and a sense of relative values in the midst of a changing diplomatic situation, and the talent for being more stubborn than his partners in negotiation and for refusing to allow their importunities to force him to accept second-best solutions."

Health decline and death
In 1928, Stresemann's poor health worsened after the mainstream national conservative parties lost seats to the SPD in the 1928 German federal election. He successfully negotiated a Grand Coalition government led by Chancellor Hermann Müller in which he remained Foreign Secretary, but was weakened in doing so.

Stresemann's Atlanticist foreign policy also began to show fractures after the Young Plan failed to reduce reparations annuities as far as hoped and refused to establish a linkage between Allied war debts to the United States and German reparations payments. He seemed to win a victory when his friend Hoover won the 1928 United States presidential election, but Hoover's administration enacted a protectionist trade policy to assist U.S. agriculture and signed the Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act. The new trade barriers lessened U.S. credit to Germany.

Discontent with the Young Plan led to the growth of far-right movements rejecting liberal democracy such as the Nazi Party, with Stresemann weakening himself further by keeping the right wing of the DVP under control. Stresemann responded to worsening trans-Atlantic relations by pursuing negotiations for closer relations with the United Kingdom and France, and in 1929 spoke positively of the idea of European integration to form a united political and economic counterweight against the United States. He died of a series of strokes on 3 October 1929 at the age of 51, before he could make any further diplomatic progress towards this idea. His death came just hours after convincing the Reichstag to accept the Young Plan. His gravesite is situated in the Luisenstadt Cemetery at Südstern in Berlin Kreuzberg, and includes work by the German sculptor Hugo Lederer.

Stresemann and his wife Käte had two sons, Wolfgang, who later became intendant of the Berliner Philharmoniker, and Joachim Stresemann.

Stresemann was a freemason initiated in the masonic lodge Frederick the Great (in German, Friedrich der Große) in Berlin in 1923. His masonic membership was generally known to his contemporaries and he was criticized by German nationalists as a "lodge politician".

Fashion
Stresemann popularized the style of substituting a short dark lounge-suit jacket for a morning coat but otherwise wearing morning dress for men's day wear. The look became so identified with Stresemann that such outfits are often called "Stresemanns."

Historiography

 * Enssle, Manfred J. "Stresemann's Diplomacy Fifty Years after Locarno: Some Recent Perspectives." Historical Journal 20.4 (1977): 937-948 online.
 * Gatzke, Hans W. "Gustav Stresemann: A Bibliographical Article." Journal of Modern History 36#1 (1964): 1-13. in JSTOR
 * Grathwol, Robert. "Stresemann revisited." European Studies Review 7.3 (1977): 341-352.
 * Grathwol, Robert. “Gustav Stresemann: Reflections on His Foreign Policy.” Journal of Modern History, 45#1 (1973), pp. 52–70. online

In German

 * Becker, Hartmuth: Gustav Stresemann: Reden und Schriften. Politik – Geschichte – Literatur, 1897–1926. Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-428-12139-7.
 * Birkelund, John P.: Gustav Stresemann. Patriot und Staatsmann. Eine Biographie. Europa-Verlag, Hamburg 2003, ISBN 3-203-75511-4.
 * Braun, Bernd: Die Reichskanzler der Weimarer Republik. Zwölf Lebensläufe in Bildern. Düsseldorf 2011, ISBN 978-3-7700-5308-7, p. 270–303.
 * Kolb, Eberhard: Stresemann, Gustav. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 25, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-428-11206-7, S. 545–547 (Digitalisat (PDF; 3,7 MB)).
 * Kolb, Eberhard: Stresemann, Gustav. In: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). Band 25, Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-428-11206-7, S. 545–547 (Digitalisat (PDF; 3,7 MB)).

title: Gustav Stresemann