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Shugborough Hall

Shugborough Hall is a stately home near Great Haywood, Staffordshire, England.

The hall is situated on the edge of Cannock Chase, about 5.8 mi east of Stafford and 4.7 mi from Rugeley. The estate was owned by the Bishops of Lichfield until the dissolution of the monasteries, upon which it passed through several hands before being purchased in 1624 by William Anson, a local lawyer and ancestor of the Earls of Lichfield. The estate remained in the Anson family for three centuries. Following the death of the 4th Earl of Lichfield in 1960, the estate was allocated to the National Trust in lieu of death duties, and then immediately leased to Staffordshire County Council. Management of the estate was returned to the National Trust in 2016. It is open to the public and comprises the hall, museum, kitchen garden and a model farm.

History
The Shugborough estate was owned by the Bishops of Lichfield until the dissolution of the monasteries around 1540, and thereafter passed through several hands, until it was purchased in 1624 by William Anson (c.1580–1644), a lawyer, of Dunston, Staffordshire for £1,000. In 1693, William Anson's grandson, also called William (1656–1720), demolished the existing manor house and constructed a three-story building which still forms the central part of the hall.

William's elder son, Thomas Anson MP (1695-1773), would further extend the house in the 1740s, adding two pavilions flanking either side of the central block. It was Thomas's younger brother, however, who would fund these changes; Admiral George Anson, created Lord Anson in 1747 and First Lord of the Admiralty in 1751, amassed a great fortune during his naval career, and when he died without issue he left the majority to his elder brother. Thomas also died childless and the estate passed to his sister's son, George Adams, who adopted the surname Anson by royal licence.

In 1806, George's son Thomas (1767–1818) was created 1st Viscount Anson. His son, the 2nd viscount, would be created 1st Earl of Lichfield in the coronation honours of William IV. The Earl led an extravagant lifestyle and amassed several large debts, which, in 1842, forced him to sell the entire contents of the house in a two-week-long sale. While the 2nd earl did much to restore the house and contents to its former glory, by the time his son inherited the estate it was heavily mortgaged.

In 1831, Princess Alexandrina Victoria of Kent, the future Queen Victoria, then 13, visited Shugborough with her mother, the Duchess of Kent, as part of an extensive tour of the country. The young princess stayed with many local landowners at the time, including the Earl of Shrewsbury.

Passing from east to west through the southern part of the park is the Trent Valley Line, planned in 1845. The railway runs underground in the 777 yard Shugborough Tunnel and therefore has minimal visual impact. The tunnel entrances, which are listed grade II, are highly decorated, in particular the western approach which dates from 1847. The drive to the hall is carried over the tunnel by a bridge, about 380 yard north-west of the Lichfield Lodge, which also dates from 1847 and also listed at grade II. The double-track line is part of the West Coast Main Line, running north-west between Colwich Junction and Stafford.

Late 20th century and today
Following the death of the 4th earl in 1960, an agreement was reached whereby the estate would pass to the National Trust in lieu of death duties. The deal was finalised and the house opened to the public in 1966. The estate was immediately leased to Staffordshire County Council, who managed and maintained it on behalf of the National Trust, with Lord Lichfield retaining an apartment in the hall until his death in 2005, paying a nominal rent to the new owners. His successor, the 6th Earl, decided to relinquish the lease of the apartments, thus severing the family's direct links with the estate.

In 2016 Staffordshire County Council handed the estate back to the National Trust, with 49 years remaining on its lease. The move is expect to save the council £35 million, with the Trust intending to renew investment in the property.

The grounds and mansion house are open to the public. The attraction is marketed as "The Complete Working Historic Estate", which includes a working model farm museum dating from 1805 complete with a working watermill, kitchens, a dairy, a tea room, and rare breeds of farm animals. Originally restored in 1990, the estate's brewery is England's only log-fired brewery that still produces beer commercially. Previously used only on special occasions, the brewhouse has been a working exhibit since 2007, operated by Titanic Brewery.

Since 2011 the private apartments have housed an exhibition of the work of Patrick Lichfield. His cameras and lighting gear have been set up in a recreation of his studio, and there is a gallery of some of his most famous photographic subjects.

The state rooms
The state rooms at Shugborough Hall include The State Dining Room, The Red Drawing Room, The Library, The Saloon, The Verandah Room, The Anson Room and The State Bedroom. These contain some of the most opulent and highly decorated interiors in the hall.

The Verandah Room contains a 208-piece porcelain dinner service commissioned to commemorate Admiral Anson's circumnavigation of the globe in HMS Centurion. The dinner service was offered to Admiral Anson in gratitude for assisting in fighting the huge fires that were destroying the merchant district in Canton. (Story narrated by Shugborough guide October 2015). The State Bedroom overlooks the terrace and was occupied by Queen Victoria during her childhood visit.

Private apartments
The private apartments were the living quarters of 5th Earl and his family until 2010. The Boudoir, with its silver gilt wallpaper, is the only room in the hall with hand-painted ceilings with gold detailing. Other rooms include The Lilac and Yellow Bedrooms, The Sitting Room and the completely circular Breakfast Room.

Exterior
In about 1693, William Anson (1656–1720) demolished the old house and created a new mansion. The entrance front, then facing to the west, comprised a balustraded, three-storey, seven-bayed central block. In about 1748 his great-grandson Thomas Anson (1767–1818) commissioned architect Thomas Wright to remodel the house, which was extended with flanking two-storey, three-bayed pavilions linked to the central block by pedimented passages.

At the turn of the 19th century, the house was further altered and extended by architect Samuel Wyatt. The pavilions and passages were incorporated into the main building, and a new porticoed entrance front with ten Ionic pillars was created at the east. These pillars resemble carved stone but are hollow timber structures. This was done for Thomas Anson, the 1st Viscount Anson and his wife Anne Margaret Coke, daughter of Thomas Coke, the 1st Earl of Leicester, whom he married in 1794. The hall, as it is seen today, is built in a neo-classical style and encased in slate, sanded to resemble stone.

The park and follies
Like many landowners of his time, Thomas Anson (1695–1773) took a keen interest in the landscaping of his parkland. The land around Shugborough was largely flat, which ensured that trees, follies and water would play an important role in shaping the landscape. The grounds contain a number of follies, many of which, such as The Chinese House and two Chinese-style bridges, have a Chinese theme, in honour of Admiral George Anson. Admiral Anson, who had visited Canton, left a considerable sum of money to his brother Thomas Anson when he died, which was used to develop the hall and estate. The Chinese House and the red iron footbridge are both grade I listed.

In 1760, Classical architect James Stuart was employed to design a number of monuments. Stuart had visited Athens in the early 1750s, and Ancient Greek influences are obvious at Shugborough. Stuart designed for Anson a copy of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates and a grade I listed triumphal arch based on the Arch of Hadrian in Athens.

The Shepherd's Monument
The Shepherd's Monument is a stone and marble folly within the grounds of Shugborough hall, engraved with the inscriptions "O.U.O.S.V.A.V.V" and "D.M.". The monument has been internationally well-known since 1982, when the book The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail drew attention to the mysterious Shugborough inscription. Carved by Peter Scheemakers, theories have abounded, including some which suggest it may indicate the whereabouts of the Holy Grail.

title: Shugborough Hall


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Rhein-Erft-Kreis

The Rhein-Erft-Kreis (Rhing-Ärff-Kries) is a district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Neuss, district-free Cologne, Rhein-Sieg, Euskirchen, Düren.

History
The district in its current borders was created in 1975, when the previous districts Bergheim and Cologne were merged. On 1 November 2003 the district was renamed from Erftkreis to Rhein-Erft-Kreis.

Geography
The main river in the district is the Erft, which also gave it the name. The Erft flows through the foothills of the Eifel, on the left side of the Rhine river. The lake Bleibtreusee is located within the district.

Towns
• Bedburg

• Bergheim

• Brühl

• Elsdorf

• Erftstadt

• Frechen

• Hürth

• Kerpen

• Pulheim

• Wesseling

Coat of arms
The coat of arms shows the lion of Jülich in the left half, as most of the area belonged to the duchy of Jülich. The right side shows the Cologne cross, which stands for the former Cologne district. On top the Erft river is depicted; the Prussian Rhine Province had the same symbol in its coat of arms.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Rhein-Erft-Kreis


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Castle Ring

Castle Ring is an Iron Age hill fort, situated high up on the southern edge of Cannock Chase (The Chase), Staffordshire, England.

It is the highest point on The Chase with an elevation of 242 m. It is near the village of Cannock Wood, south of Rugeley and north of Burntwood, adjacent to the Heart of England Way. There are excellent views over The Chase, the Trent Valley and Staffordshire more generally.

The public are free to walk around it as there is a path.

History
Castle Ring is thought to have first been occupied 500BCE by an Ancient British (Celtic) tribe named the Cornovii. It was abandoned 43CE as a consequence of Romans occupying the area.

Apart from perimeter earthworks, little remains visible. Parts of the ground in the ring appear to have been ploughed, but there is no consensus as to whether this was carried out in prehistoric times, or in the medieval period, when a hunting lodge was also built in the ring. The remains of this lodge are still visible.

title: Castle Ring


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Talk:Adrienne Clarkson

NOTICES
PLEASE NOTE THAT THE FOOTNOTES ARE CURRENTLY SECTIONALIZED SO THAT THEY WILL NOT GET JUMBLED OUT OF ORDER. THEY WILL BE MELDED INTO THEIR PROPER SECTION WHEN THE PAGE IS IN BETTER SHAPE Dowew 04:12, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

Ms. Clarkson
Ms. Clarkson had an impact on me growing up in Canada. Her take 30 shows and later Fifth Estate were hard news, often going into social issues that Canadians found difficult to face such as spousal abuse, poverty, etc. Her interview with the Shah of Iran should be mentioned, she went in for issues such as torture and military expansion that the Shah had to provide answers for, however she went at it with great diplomacy.

P. Fitzgerald

Clarkson and 9/11

 * After 9/11 happened, she praised Operation Yellow Ribbon, saying that "communities across the country selflessly opened their homes and hearts to stranded air travellers." Chretien and U.S. Ambassador Paul Cellucci would also do the same thing. They also have never forgotten her standing with both of them on Parliament Hill during the memorial service to honour the victims on September 14, 2001, which over 100,000 attended--the largest single vigil ever seen in the nation's capital.

This bit of phrasing, talking about the (uncited, presumably speculative?) memories of Cretien and Cellucci seems inappropriate to an encyclopedia to me, being suitable rather for a glossy press release. And less glaringly, it seems odd to observe that J.C. and P.C. also praised Yellow Ribbon (in an article about A.C., as contrasted with an article about Yellow Ribbon or 9/11), since that seems to be understandable as baby-kissing writ large. So, I feel that the second two sentences could be cleaned up. In fact, it's possible that this paragraph is not useful, or has undue prominence: is her participation in post-9/11 foofooraw really the most significant event of the first 3 years of her term of office, as the article indirectly suggests? jholman 18:56, 18 May 2005 (UTC)

Satirical link
Satirical links are vandalism!? I replaced the satirical link to Clarkson the Terrible.com. There are 2 positive links and a basically glowing encyclopedia entry; plus the link is clearly marked as satirical. She's a head of State, for pete's sake, surely there's room for Clarkson critique on Wikipedia? Flickharrison
 * As far as I'm concerned satire doesn't "cut it." But it's not because it is denigrating to Ms. Clarkson.  I just think that links should be more factual in nature.  If somebody's assembled a collection of negative facts about Ms. Clarkson, it has every reason to be linked, but my sense is that a satirical article is not an appropriate place to link to from an encyclopedic article.  But I'll leave it in there, pending discussion here. - Cafemusique 17:00, 23 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Clarkson's Maiden Name Is Poy in English, Wu in Mandarin and Eng in Cantonese

An editor added that Clarkson is née Poy. But I think the editor confused Adrienne Clarkson with Vivienne Poy, another female Chinese-Canadian politician. Clarkson's maiden name is 伍, which is romanized as Wu or Woo (in Mandarin), or Ng or Eng (in Cantonese). Poy is an unlikely romanization. --Menchi 21:18 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * I see where the Poy editor may have gotten that idea from. I just read an article from the Taiwanese newspaper Central Daily News that says "Vivienne Poy and Adrienne Clarkson are in-laws. This is because Vivienne Poy's husband 伍衛權 (in pinyin: Wu1 Wei4-quan1; in Cantonese: Ng5 Wai6-kyun4) is Adrienne Clarkson's younger brother." Maybe Vivienne Poy remarried but didn't change her surname? --Menchi 21:57 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * The answer (found on a forum posting) is that the Poy family's surname was originally Wu/Eng (伍), but changed to Poy (character unknown) after they immigrated to Canada. -Menchi 22:05 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * The following was removed from the article twice without explanation by User:Timtonruben359:
 * (伍冰枝; pinyin: Wǔ Bīng zhī; Cantonese: Ng5 Benk1 zi1)
 * —Gabbe 18:20, Jun 20, 2004 (UTC)
 * Origin of "poy" as explained in this following link: http://www.coibs.com/newversion/chinese/CoibsItemCANews/20020206001.htm . For those who can't read Chinese in this article, it explained that the Ng (伍) surname became "Poy" when the family immigrated to Canada and the grandfather (伍培 Ng Pui) of Adrienne told immigrant official his name as "Ah Pui" and the official took it as the last name which then coined as Poy. However, in an english transcript of Senator Vivienne Poy's address to an australian university, Senator Poy spoke of her grandfather had already used the name Poy in Australia when he opened his store. But Poy was probably not used as a last name in that case. http://www.sen.parl.gc.ca/vpoy/english/Special_Interests/speeches/Nortel_Networks_July00.htm--Kvasir 08:47, 11 January 2006 (UTC)

Mandarin??
Is there any merit of listing the Mandarin pronunciation for any of the Poy family members? There is no evidence that the Poys, being originated from southern China (Hakka / Taishan to be precise) even used Mandarin. The Mandarin pronunciation also do not contribute to explain how "Ng" became "Poy" --Kvasir 08:51, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Her Excellency the Rt Hon.
Regarding Zocky's edit: 'rm "Her excellency, the right honourable". The article shouldn't start like that. Is there a way (and a need) to work this somehow back in?)' I would like to hear why you think the article should not start with her styles and titles.  They are something that a good encyclopedia should include, and in the first sentence is the most natural place to put it.  I think the only other way to include them is in a one-sentence paragraph: "Her official styles and titles are ...",  What about articles about famous miltary figures?  Should their military rank be omitted from the first paragraph?  "Her Excellency the Right Honourable" can be see as a civilian counterpart to military rank. -- Indefatigable 20:41, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Not really. This is not a rank, it's a form of address used for her office. Like "Her majesty". Should pages on monarchs start with "Her Majesty Elisabeth the second is..."? (not that I agree that pages on generals should start with "General Wesley Clark is...")

Zocky 22:26, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Why not start with "Her Excellency" or "Her Majesty"? What is the harm? It adds a fact to the article and causes no harm that I can see.--Indefatigable 00:37, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Good material for a Forms of address article. Salsa Shark 20:45, 12 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Anyways, Madame Clarkson is now only the Right Honourable, she no longer hold the title of Her Excellency. Ctjj.stevenson (talk) 22:36, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Clarkson
Where did the last name Clarkson come from? --Jiang | Talk 07:52, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * She didn't like her monosyllabic surname, so she made up a new one. (Kidding) It's from her first marriage. I'll work that into the article. --Menchi (Talk)ü| â 07:55, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

--- Criticising her for not marrying Chinese husbands seems a bit bizarre. Also, considering it was almost unheard of for women to keep their maiden names when she was first married it would be a bit much to have expected her to keep hers.
 * From Maiden name "Legally and commonly, Chinese and Korean women do not, as a tradition, discard their maiden names after marriage." I can understand them being offended, as in their culture, a chinese taking on their husband's surname would have been "unheard of".

The point about her last name is irrelevent. When she married Stephen Clarkson 40 years or so ago it was almost unheard of for women to keep their maiden names. To use this as a criticism of her for ignoring her Chinese heritage is silly. Formeruser-83 02:21, 13 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * The "maiden name" article is worded very badly. I shall edit it after this. I'm Chinese and what she did makes perfect sense. Since she married an English person, she just followed the English custom with her name. Her "English" surname wasn't even Chinese. Now in Chinese it would just sound weird to add an extra three sounds (Clarkson) to her name. Nothing to do with heritage, which in any case only applies to the Chinese name written in Chinese. 219.77.98.28 13:49, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

As for why she kept the name - she became a TV star in Canada in the 1960s while she was married to Clarkson. Becoming famous as "Adrienne Clarkson" it would have been unreasonable to expect her to change her name upon becoming divorced. Note she has not changed her name to Adrienne Saul since marrying John Ralston Saul.

Vancouver Protest
Is last month's protest really noteworthy enough to merit inclusion in an article about her. As it's listed, it seems to be dissatisfaction about her actions on a relatively unimportant trip. Rather trivial for an article about her, and probably wouldn't be noticed, I daresay, if it wasn't a current event at the time of insertion. Shouldn't this be removed? Cafemusique 22:15, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree. This incident will probably be long forgotten a month from now, and is likely too trivial to be included in an overview of her life and career, like this encyclopedia article.--Indefatigable 23:13, 3 Oct 2004 (UTC)

An article that dwells on the negatives
Although the article tries to represent various points of view, overall the article is negative, constantly citing "some monarchists". First of all, monarchists as a group are a minority; vocal monarchists are smaller again. Monarchists who spend most of their time attacking the Queen's representative end up defeating their own cause by undermining support for a monarchy. Let's face it, the UK monarchy has been in retreat since Charles I was beheaded. That said, it would be nice to say something positive about Madame Clarkson. I am old enough to remember every Canadian Governor General since 1952. Although most were dignified and worthy of the office, some stood out as distinguished and inspirational - Georges Vanier was a magnificent figure and person who commanded respect. Clarkson is hardly in his saintly category, but she commands respect for her intellect and love of Canada. Read her speeches, they are very good. There has NEVER been a time in Canadian history when the OFFICE of GG has not been criticized as a waste of money, but then there are people who seem to think that any government activity of any sort is a waste of money. So what! government goes on and changes itself as required. So, couldn't one of you get rid of the picayune criticisms and focus on Clarkson's dignitas and gravitas. She will be leaving office soon. Let's hope her successor is as committed to the promotion of Canadian culture in Canada and abroad, and not a political hack.--BrentS 15:33, 23 Jun 2005 (UTC)
 * I think BrentS has the right idea here, the article definitely has some NPOV problems. Currently almost half of the article is listing her bad press while in office. Though she's worthy of criticism, it should be toned-down. The article focuses too much on the public's opinion of what she did rather than what she did on its own. It might work better if the article first discusses what she did or did not accomplish as GG, then followed by the public criticism of her actions/inactions. --PullUpYourSocks 00:41, 4 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I think it should be noted that John Ralston Saul in his career has managed to piss off quit a number of prominant people, and that it is speculated that much of the critisisms against Clarkson, particularly in the first couple of years, were actually veiled attacks on him -- Dowew 21:16, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

[citation needed - I know you believe this is true, but please cite sources Mardiste (talk) 23:17, 27 April 2010 (UTC)]

Religion?
What was her religion? seems she needs it for her infobox, as with the others. -- Earl Andrew - talk
 * Only if her religion has some significance. Double Blue  (Talk) 04:11, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Not sure about her religion. We might as well put it in. I´ve emailed the GG´s office and asked, but it will take a while to get a response Homagetocatalonia
 * Thanks very much Homagetocatalonia. It may not have any signifigance, but if all other GG's have their religion in their infobox, we might as well add hers. -- Earl Andrew - talk 17:52, 5 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Her Excellency is an Anglican. Before her appointment she and John Ralston Saul were parishioners of St. Mary Magdalene, Toronto. Carruthers 17:22, 10 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I remember a while ago there was some controversy when she was seen taking communion in a Roman Catholic Church. Dowew 04:10, 7 September 2005 (UTC)

term of office
Does the end date of this office coincide with the start date of when the successor is taking office? I believe that Clarkson is not GG anymore on this day. Can someone shed some light on this? Intangible 13:59, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Correct; effective this date (27 September 2005), Adrienne Clarkson was succeeded by Michaëlle Jean as Governor General. E Pluribus Anthony 17:33, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think the question was whether Clarkson left office (a) at 23:59 September 26, (b) at the instant Jean was sworn in, or (c) sometime between these two points. I don't know the answer, but I suspect it's (b). Indefatigable 23:38, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * That would depend on the thingy the Queen signed that says she's the GG. I would think it's midnight, in many places monarch's even if not crowned, are assumed to be Queen or King until they are crowned if there is a death. --[[Image:Ottawa flag.png|20px]] Spinboy 23:49, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I think Adrienne Clarkson ceased to be Governor General the moment Michaelle Jean was sworn in. Yes, The Queen has issued a new commission appointing Madame Jean as Governor General, but note that there was a Deputy Governor General who presided over the ceremony.  Now, note the title, "Deputy Governor General" is the shortened version of "the Honourable the Deputy to the Governor General".  Now since Michaelle Jean was not Governor General until she was sworn in, who exactly was the Deputy to?  Thus, it makes sense that Adrienne Clarkson was Governor General until the moment Michaelle Jean became Governor General.  If she wasn't, then the Deputy should not have been 'Deputy Governor General' and instead should have been 'Administrator'. Eddo

 * At a press conference after her "swearing out" (for lack of a better word) on The 26th of Sept Clarkson said that she had "great respect for this office, which I happen to inhabit, until tomorrow". I would think that means that althought she was "sworn out" she was still the GG until Jean was sworn in.  After all, Canada needed a head of state - what would happen if war broke out and someone had to sign important legislation in that 24 hour period ?  Dowew 16:59, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * As indicated above, Clarkson's term is clear; it is also apparently continuous with Jean's (swearing in ceremony). I presume if there was something truly imminent, it would be dealt with appropriately (by and whomever was the current GG at the time of the emergency). E Pluribus Anthony 17:11, 11 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I just watched the swearing in ceremony online and from the sounds of it I think the Chief Justice of Canada was the acting GG during the interum period. Dowew 19:16, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

A Governor General serves "during pleasure"--that is to say until her appointment is revoked by Order-in-Council, or another person is installed. A Governor-General officially takes office on proclamation of her assumption of the Administration of the Government of Canada in the Canada Gazette, which generally occurs immediately following the installation ceremony in the Senate chamber.--198.103.254.251 23:17, 31 July 2007 (UTC)

Order of Canada
Is it safe to say that Clarkson was the first GG to have the Order of Canada prior to becoming the GG ? Dowew 23:45, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

links for future use
http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20050923/clarkson_memoir_050923?s_name=&no_ads=
 * installation of Clarkson - comments about her quicky marraige
 * info about her books
 * Toronto Star article from 1999 about her appointment
 * - Clarkson is an honorary patron of the Royal Canadian Institute
 * Clarkson says her first memory is of hiding in her Hong Kong basement during the invasion
 * Clarkson talks about her family and her move to Canada
 * http://www.monarchist.ca/cmn/installed.htm
 * Clarkson announced the Order of Merit of the Police Forces
 * Speech during the first presentation of the Order of Merit of Police Forces
 * Agent General post was left vacant for 2 years after clarkson left
 * page about cbc programs
 * honoary patron of collection Canada - has the iamge that was deleted
 * Anglican Journal

Fifth Estate Screencaps
These are some screencaps of Clarkson hosting The Fifth Estate I took with my digital camera Dowew 03:02, 19 November 2005 (UTC)

Image:Clarksoncap1.JPG| Image:Clarksoncap2.JPG| Image:Clarksoncap3.JPG| Image:Clarksoncap4.JPG| Image:Clarksoncap5.JPG| Image:Clarksoncap6.JPG| Image:Clarksoncap7.JPG| Image:Clarksoncap8.JPG|

 * I'm sorry but these screen caps make her look like a demonic cult leader or something. Is there any screencap with her interviewing someone? --Kvasir 08:00, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

photo gallery
I am moving the photo gallery in here for a while so that the main page is now slowed down and so that it doesn't violate wikipedia's policy about fair use photos

Image:PaulAnkaOrderofCanada.jpg|Presenting the Order of Canada Image:Denys ArcandtheorderofCanada2005crowncopyright.jpg|Presenting the Order of Canada Image:ClarksonandQueen2005.jpg|Clarkson & The Queen Image:ClarksonSaulRemembranceCC.jpg|Clarkson & Saul attend remembrance day ceremonies Image:ClarksonRemCC.jpg Image:ClarksonHutterites.jpg

I removed three images as they were only available for non-commercial use, according to.  howch e  ng   {chat} 18:45, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Autobiography
I had previous put that Clarkson will be the first GG to write an autobiography. It actually looks like Dowew 00:22, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Second thought the title What's past is prologue : the memoirs of the Right Honourable Vincent Massey, C.H. tends to suggest that its an autobiography
 * Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava wrote a book called Letters from High Latitutes but this apears to have been a book about his travels in Iceland rather than his time in Rideau Hall. Dowew 02:44, 21 November 2005 (UTC)
 * John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, who was also the writer of The 39 steps wrote his 1940 autobiography Memory hold the door]] while in Rideau Hall Dowew 03:05, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

Military
Is there a reason why this article and Michaëlle Jean are in Category:Military of Canada? Ziggurat 00:53, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Yes, the Governor-general is Commander in chief of Canada's military in much the same way that the U.S president is Commander in chief of the U.S. military -Dhodges 00:18, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Tree planting cancelled?
Where did that information come from? The link for the reference goes to gg.ca, and it indicates on that site that the planting did happen. I'm also pretty sure it happened, since I've seen the tree. Anyone who visits the gardens at Rideau Hall can have the tree pointed out to them. True, there is not yet a plaque up for the tree, but there are other dedicated trees at Rideau Hall without plaques as well (such as Hu Jintao).

Toi-San /Tai-Shan /Hoi-San
Does anyone know if Clarkson knows Hoi-San (Hoi-San) /Toi-San (Cantonese) /Tai-Shan (Mandarin) dialect of Chinese? 132.205.44.134 01:37, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

Request Clarification
"Clarkson's paternal grandfather. . .migrated to Australia and opened a general store in Chiltern, Victoria . . . His eldest son William was later sent back to Taishan and made his way to Hong Kong. There he married and worked with his father for the Canadian government." How could the son have worked with his father while in Hong Kong when his father was running a store in Australia? I didn't remove this as it is likely that the actual facts have simply been obscured by a grammatical error.JeanKorte 17:27, 11 February 2007 (UTC)
 * You are right, the facts might have been confounded over several edits by different people. The following simplified chinese sources all basically say the same thing regarding the circumstances under which the Poys immigrated to Canada. There was no mention of grandfather being in Hong Kong prior or during the War.

Sources:

 * The situation was that, according to the above sources, Adrienne's father was a staff of "加拿大商务局" (need the correct translation) and the family was able to repatriate with the other Canadian civil servants. Even then the family encountered difficulty to enter during to the Chinese Exclusion Act enforced at the time. The Department was eventually able to use the remaining quota in the prisoners of war exchange program to get the Poy family into Canada.

 * This source says Adrienne's father was working with the grandfather for the Canadian government. See above section for the discussion about the origin of the surname Poy. --Kvasir 08:35, 12 February 2007 (UTC)

Born Hong Kong flag
Am I right in thinking that the new Hong Kong flag is the wrong flag to use? Biofoundationsoflanguage 09:05, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I've changed it to the 1910-1959 Hong Kong flag. Biofoundationsoflanguage 17:03, 24 August 2007 (UTC)

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Titles
I removed mention of Clarkson's membership from her full title; I'm not sure that membership in the Privy Council is mentioned in one's title, nor, if it is, what the correct format is. I'd prefer to see a source or example of some kind, as the result may affect all articles on former Canadian governors general. --Miesianiacal (talk) 21:02, 28 March 2009 (UTC)

Her Canadian Forces Decoration
I am wondering whom placed the insignia of the Canadian Forces Decoration for Madame Clarkson's page. The reason being that, a) after 22 years of service within the Canadian Forces does a person receive the first bar, and b) the representation of the bars of the C.D. are rossettes, not a crowned shield of the Coat of Arms.

Lastly, Madame Clarkson received her C.D. as Governor General, in 1999. She would have to wait 22 years to get the first bar, I would assume, and therefore, should not receive it until 2021, and that is, if Madame Clarkson continues to have an honorary rank of the Canadian Forces. Ctjj.stevenson (talk) 22:34, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

I have corrected the rosettes, however, once again, seeing when Madame Clarkson received her Canadian Forces Decoration, she would not be elegible for the rosette until 2021. Ctjj.stevenson (talk) 20:24, 5 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You seem to be right about the rosette. As for whether or not she would wear one however, Clarkson was awarded the CD upon her installation as governor general, not after 12 years service in the forces; it would seem then that she would've been granted the clasp in 2009. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  23:09, 6 September 2010 (UTC)

Infobox
The infobox has stood as it is for some time. What is the purpose in changing it, keeping in mind that whatever alterations happen here will have to happen on 19 other articles? -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  00:06, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The mass of academic post-nomials have been in the article for quite some time but, as I referenced, Manual of Style (biographies) specifically states "Post-nominal letters, 'other than those denoting academic degrees, should be included". This very clearly shows that these fourteen shouldn't be included. A list near the bottom of the page with the Governors General awards and honours would be a much more appropriate place for degrees. Their inclusion may be longstanding, but just because nobody really challenged is when you unilaterally added them in does not give it automatic consensus.

 * I'm also downright confused as to why the prefix and suffixes aren't even linked. Why include them and not link them? Why have their colour changed to grey at all? Again, this was done unilaterally by you between 27 February 2009 and 23 March 2009 when nobody else edited the article.

 * The crest is something else that has no reason for staying in the infobox. Again added by you during the period of time when you were the sole editor. Initially a maple leaf before you decide a few weeks later to change it to the Governors General crest, then moved it from above the prefix to above the office title. I also placed in a hidden note that Manual of Style (icons), which states:

"Icons should not be added only because they look good, because aesthetics are in the eye of the beholder: one reader's harmless decoration may be another reader's distraction. Icons may be purely decorative in the technical sense that they convey no additional useful information and nothing happens when you click on them; but purely decorative icons should still have a useful purpose in providing navigational or layout cues outside of article prose. Avoid adding icons that provide neither additional useful information relevant to the article subject nor navigational or layout cues that aid the reader. Icons should serve an encyclopaedic purpose other than decoration."

 * Just because this is something followed on the pages of Canadian Governors General simply cannot stand up as an argument to keep what boils down to clutter when the convention to include them is isolated solely to these 27 people.

 * In light of all this, I see absolutely no reason to include academic post-nominals and the crest of the Governor General of Canada or to remove the links and change the colour of honorific prefixes/suffixes. Therequiembellishere (talk) 01:03, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The guideline states academic post-nominals should be "omitted from the lead" [emphasis mine]; the infobox is not the lead. The governor general's crest imparts information, especially on pages where an individual was governor general of more than one country. The honorific prefixes and suffixes are already linked in the article; linking them again in the infobox is entirely possible.
 * Everything else just amounts to an "I don't like it" argument. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  01:19, 28 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the late response! Right now, I feel as if neither one of us is going to be able to change the other's opinion and that we've both made our cases as best we can already. Therefore, I'm preparing an RfC to see if outside opinion will help solve the issue. Therequiembellishere (talk) 10:55, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Adrienne Clarkson
Miesianiacal and I have both laid our opinions on the current format for Canadian Governors-General and I feel that outside opinion would be helpful. Therequiembellishere (talk) 10:55, 2 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The current list of post-nominal letters in the infobox seems excessive to me. The infobox is meant to give quick-to-find, easy-to-digest access to the most important information about the person in summary form. In my opinion a comprehensive list of honourary post-nominals does not belong in an infobox, particularly when it is so long. There is no requirement that information in an infobox be comprehensive. The difficulty in visually parsing the list of post-nominals and its detrimental effect on the overall appearance of the infobox outweighs any possible worth in having this list here in my opinion. I suggest that the MoS guidance for the lead - excluding academic degrees from the list - would be the appropriate approach here too. Thparkth (talk) 16:56, 5 July 2010 (UTC)
 * What about the icon? In my opinion, it serves no further encyclopedic purpose other than decoration, which would fail this. Therequiembellishere (talk) 20:08, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry for the late reply. In my opinion, the icon is too small to usefully represent such a complex image. Thparkth (talk) 18:24, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Also, how would one go about discussing removing degrees from infoboxes overall? Therequiembellishere (talk) 20:10, 8 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Okay, I can admit that the academic post-nominals are a little much; especially for more recent governors general, who've served in this era of honorary degrees being handed out like flyers. But, I don't want to see them simply deleted. Where, then, can they go? The titles section shows full honours, not post-nominals; the honours section shows post-nominals, but in order of awarding, not according to the Oxford notes on style.
 * As for the icon: Again, it's a visual marker of the office of governor general; that's exactly what it was invented for. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  04:41, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The post-nominals can go in a list of honours in the article, there isn't any real need for them to be in Oxford style.
 * And the "visual marker" still does nothing. We know the subject is the Governor General because the infobox says they are so right there; the icon is overkill. That's why WP:FLAGS says that we don't put a country's flag next to their birth place in the infobox -- we've already stated "Canada" so why add the Canadian flag in? The same rule applies for the icon. Put it in Governor General of Canada, sure, but it has no place in the individuals' articles. Therequiembellishere (talk) 08:32, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I disagree on both counts. Having the post-nominals listed in proper order is a service to readers; that's precisely why I went to the trouble of finding out the right way to organise them and then arranging them in that fashion. I've already stated my reasoning for the icon; but I will add that Canada is not the main subject of this article (on Canada there is a flag in the infobox), Adrienne Clarkson is - warranting an image that identifies her - and her most important position she held was governor general. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  13:56, 10 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Looking at a number of other biographies, (Stephen Harper, Conrad Black, Barack Obama), I do not see any academic degrees at all and see no reason to include them here. TFD (talk) 16:58, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Putting aside the fact that we don't have to do anywhere what's done on other articles, are you proposing all the academic degrees be simply deleted? The post-nominals from the infobox and the list of degrees from the honours section? -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  17:02, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * There is no point in listing honorary degrees that would never be used in writing to Clarkson, except by the institutions involved. Also, can you provide a source that the Queen of Canada appoints the governor-general and we should avoid using the term "Queen Elizabeth" since articles should avoid using titles except in that person's article.  TFD (talk) 17:14, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * That didn't answer my question. Are you proposing that the academic post-nominals in the infobox and the list of degrees in the honours section be deleted? Or is it just what's shown in the infobox? -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  17:19, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Just in the infobox. That she was awarded the degrees should be in the honors section.  TFD (talk) 19:18, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

{o/d} Ah, I see. Well, as I already said, I'm okay with that so long as the degrees are given somewhere in the article in their proper order. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  19:21, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I've moved them. Is this acceptable? -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  03:17, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Travel Expense Controversy
There should be a section dedicated to her travel expense scandal.

http://www.ctv.ca/CTVNews/topstories/20040819/clarkson_travel_040819/

This came up in the news many times, especially her 40 person arctic farewell junket — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2.99.199.44 (talk) 20:49, 1 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The subject of the state visits to arctic nations undertaken by Clarkson at the direction of the prime minister and DFAIT two years before she left office is already covered in the article. It does not need its own section. -- Ħ   MIESIANIACAL  00:08, 2 February 2012 (UTC)

Canadian encyclopedia
The Canadian Encyclopedia has been changing its links. I fixed one, but there are several article about this subject, and I'm not sure which one was meant as the reference. Maybe someone who has been working on this article will check them over. —Anne Delong (talk) 20:09, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Adrienne Clarkson


text:
User:Tzuhou

Tzuhou has been more or less into computers since v.22bis was really nice and getting hit in the head with a log used to mean bleeding and/or unconciousness.

He is from Europe and he'd propably be happy to talk with you.

He started contributing to the Wikipedia on 19.2.2003.

So far he's touched:

 * Freeganism
 * Using Olanzapine (Someone axed this page very soon after I created it. I admit that the style was not right for an encyclopedia, but the essence of my writing holds true for all the people who I know to have experience in this area and it is important to know, so I'll edit the content and have it included some way.) Try Talk:Using Olanzapine for the old article.
 * I was looking for this page. It's totally gone now?  What was it about?  I noticed there's a tendency for negative stories about drugs to disappear.  I think that there are some trolls systematically removing all negative drug information.
 * Clozapine
 * Risperidone
 * European Article Numbering
 * Mind control
 * Love-Hate relationship
 * List of stock exchanges
 * List of stock market indices
 * Stock exchange
 * List of labor unions
 * List of employer associations

He is starting to feel addicted to wikipedia, which is in his nature because he likes most things that have GNU in them.

He recommends you check out the following:

 * In potentially controversial articles check the "flip-side" of the page i.e. the "Discuss this page"-link
 * Bad_jokes_and_other_deleted_nonsense for some good laughs.
 * New articles added to Wikipedia to keep you on the bleeding edge.

He is thinking about the following:

 * It could be arranged that one could select a word or a sequence of words in an article and paste it into a special search function to find out who inserted those words.
 * + Upside: Faster, more automated way to find interesting people to talk to or track for more interesting stuff
 * - Downside: Serious performace hogger. I'm aware that there is a struggle going on to keep Wikipedia usable despite of the growing traffic.

Repository

 * User:Tzuhou/Using Zyprexa

Scratchpad

title: User:Tzuhou


text:
Vivienne Poy

Vivienne Poy (née Lee; ; born May 15, 1941) is a Canadian businesswoman, author and philanthropist. She served as a member of the Senate of Canada from 1998 until her retirement in 2012.

Early life and education
On May 15, 1941, Poy was born in British Hong Kong. She is the daughter of Richard Charles Lee Ming-Chak and Esther Yiu Pik Wong (黃瑤璧; Cantonese: Wong Yiu-Pik, Pinyin: Huáng Yáobì). Poy's paternal grandfather was Hysan Lee, who was tied to the Hong Kong opium refinery business and also land development in the early 1900s.

In 1959, Poy was a student in Canada. She is a graduate of St. Paul's Co-educational College (in Hong Kong), McGill University, Seneca College and the University of Toronto.

Achievements
Poy was appointed by Prime Minister Jean Chretien to the Senate in 1998, becoming the first Canadian senator of Asian ancestry. For 14 years, Poy served as president of Vivienne Poy Mode, a fashion design company that she founded 1981. She was selected as Chancellor of the University of Toronto in December 2002 and served until 2006.

Asian Heritage Month
In 2001, the Senate of Canada adopted a motion put forth by Poy to designate the month of May as Asian Heritage Month in Canada and it was officially declared as such the following year.

Canada's National Anthem
Poy was an early proponent of changing the lyrics of Canada's National Anthem to more inclusive wording by changing the line "in all thy sons command" to "in all of us command. Her argument centered around the fact that the proposed wording was the original lyric after having been changed to "sons" during the First World War in order to encourage young men to enlist.  Poy put sponsored the change twice with sufficient votes but the action was halted each time due to prorogation of Parliament.

Famous Five Monument
Poy was an instrumental sponsor for the creation of a monument to The Famous Five.

Books and Publications
Poy has authored a number of non-fiction books including:.

 * Heroes & Gamblers: Tales of Survival and Good Fortune of the Poy Family -  Calyan Publishing Limited, Toronto, 2015.
 * Passage to Promise Land - McGill/Queen's University Press, Montreal & Kingston, London, Ithaca, 2013.
 * Profit, Victory, and Sharpness: the Lees of Hong Kong -  York Centre for Asian Research, York University, Hong Kong Institute of Education, 2006.
 * Citizenship and Immigration: the Chinese-Canadian Experience - The Nortel Networks' Canadian Studies Address No. 1 University of Wollongong Press and the Centre for Canadian-Australian Studies, Wollongong, Australia, 2002.
 * Building Bridges: the Life and Times of Richard Charles Lee Hong Kong 1905 - 1983 - Calyan Publishing Limited, Toronto, 1998.
 * A River Named Lee - Calyan Publishing Limited, Toronto, 1995.

Honours and awards

 * International Women's Day Award (1996)
 * Arbor Award for Outstanding Volunteer Service, University of Toronto (1997)
 * Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002)
 * Officer of the Order of St. John (2003)
 * Canada's Top 100 Most Powerful Women, Trailblazer category, Women's Executive Network (2003)
 * Eid-ul-Fitr Award, Association of Progressive Muslims of Canadas (2005)
 * Distinguished Alumni Award, Seneca College (2004)
 * Golden Mountain Achievement Award, Victoria, BC (2008)
 * Chinese Canadian Legends Association (2009)
 * Top 25 Canadian Immigrant Award Winner, Canadian Immigrant magazine (2010)
 * Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal (2012)
 * NAAAP100 Award, National Association of Asian American Professionals (2012)
 * Most Successful Women Award, Jessica Magazine (2013)
 * Lifetime Achievement Award, Association of Chinese Canadian Entrepreneurs (2014)
 * Heritage Award, Transformation Awards, Diversity Expo (2014)
 * G. Raymond Chang Award, University of the West Indies, (2016)

Personal
Poy's husband is Dr. Neville Poy, a retired plastic surgeon, and together they have 3 sons: Ashley, Carter and Justin to whom she donated a kidney in 2008. Poy's sister-in-law is Adrienne Clarkson, who served as Governor General of Canada from 1999 to 2005.

title: Vivienne Poy


text:
Tourism in Puerto Rico

Tourism in Puerto Rico attracts millions of visitors each year, with more than 5.1 million passengers arriving at the Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in 2022, a 6.5% increase from 2021, the main point of arrival into the island of Puerto Rico. With a $8.9 billion revenue in 2022 (a 39% increase over the previous high in 2019), tourism has been a very important source of revenue for Puerto Rico for a number of decades given its favorable warm climate, beach destinations and its diversity of natural wonders, cultural and historical sites, festivals, concerts and sporting events. As Puerto Rico is an unincorporated territory of the United States, U.S. citizens do not need a passport to enter Puerto Rico, and the ease of travel attracts many tourists from the mainland U.S. each year.

In 2017, Hurricane Maria caused severe damage to the island and its infrastructure. The damage was estimated at $100 billion. An April 2019 report indicated that by that time, only a few hotels were still closed, that life for tourists in and around the capital had, for the most part, returned to normal. By October 2019, nearly all of the popular amenities for tourists, in the major destinations such as San Juan, Ponce and Arecibo, were in operation on the island and tourism was rebounding. This was important for the economy, since tourism provides up 10% of Puerto Rico's GDP, according to Discover Puerto Rico. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, however, greatly affected this gradual recovery, and it was not until 2022 that tourism numbers would demonstrate a concrete recovery of the tourism industry in the island.

History
The inauguration of the Condado Vanderbilt Hotel on 16 October 1919 marked the beginning of upscale tourism in Puerto Rico. According to Dennis Merrill, author of Negotiating Cold War Paradise: U.S. Tourism, Economic Planning, and Cultural Modernity in Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico, the tourism industry in the Caribbean is viewed by its critics as causing host countries to practice economic subservience to the visitors of the islands. He highlights the U.S. attempt in the 1930s to make Puerto Rico an island destination for tourists to bring in a new source of revenue to the U.S. and help lift it out of economic depression. Travel guides and advertisements used at the time suggested that the people of Puerto Rico lived in poverty and wanted a chance to serve travelers from the United States.

The creation of the Caribe Hilton Hotel in San Juan in 1949 represented a partnership between the Puerto Rican government and private U.S businesses. American business viewed the creation of the hotel as a symbol of their power to create material progress. A majority of Puerto Rican citizens did not approve of the decision to build the hotel as they believed that the public funds would have better suited the island inhabitants if they were invested in improving education and social welfare. San Juan's fire chief of the time disapproved the local government's decision to degrade itself by buying tourists. Articles published by El Mundo in 1952 described American tourists as selfish people who did not care about the island and ones who will in the future convince the Puerto Rican people to serve them. In addition to beach holidays, gambling and casinos were some of the first tourist activities that were developed in the island. The gambling sector is also an important contributor to the tourism sector (employing 3,409 people, 2017 ), and it encompasses 20 casinos all attached to hotels and resorts acting as tourist destinations. It is mandatory, according to Puerto Rican law, that casinos must be attached to hotels and resorts, and must be located within "zones of historic or touristic interest" (Spanish: zonas históricas, antiguas o de interés turístico). Today there is a significant and growing Chinese presence in the Puerto Rico gambling sector, so far 10% of the casinos are owned by Chinese individuals or companies, and more are partially owned. The number of Chinese tourists is also on the rise: in 2019, contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP) for Puerto Rico was 6.9%. However, the exact contribution of the gambling sector within the tourism and travel sector is not measured separately by the government. In the 1950s, the focus of tourism shifted to cultural and natural heritage travel with the federal designation of the San Juan National Historic Site and the historic district of Old San Juan being restored by the Puerto Rican government in order to attract visitors interested in the colonial history of the island. The designation of La Fortaleza and San Juan National Historic Site in 1983 as the eleventh World Heritage Site under U.S. jurisdiction further helped cement San Juan as a national and international tourist destination. Ecotourism later grew with the establishment of visitor infrastructure in El Yunque National Forest, the only tropical rainforest in the National Forest Service system, and with the development of natural heritage tourist destinations in the form of state forests, recreational areas and parques nacionales, the Puerto Rican equivalent of state parks, between the 1950s and 1980s. Other tourist activities such as fishing also became popular in the second half of the 20th century with Puerto Rico being considered one of the best places in the world to catch Atlantic tarpon. The tourism industry experienced moderate levels of growth in 2014, driven primarily by the introduction of new cruise lines and airfare activity and the development of new hotels on the island. In 2016, Puerto Rico was featured as a popular destination for business meetings, incentives, conferencing, and exhibitions, due to its modern convention center and district overlooking the Port of San Juan. Between 2017 and 2020, however, the tourism industry in Puerto Rico was greatly affected by events such as Hurricane Maria in 2017, the 2019 and 2020 earthquakes, and the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Additionally, during the 2019 government shutdown, the San Juan National Historic Site closed its two colonial-era fortresses of Castillo San Felipe del Morro and Castillo San Cristóbal to visitors.

As of 2024, nonstop flights to Puerto Rico are available year-round from domestic airports such as Atlanta, Austin, Baltimore, Boston, Charlotte, Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, Detroit, Fort Lauderdale, Houston, Miami, Minneapolis/St. Paul, Nashville, New Orleans, New York, Newark, Orlando, Philadelphia, Tampa, Washington, D.C., and several international airports, including Bogotá, Cancún, Madrid, Medellín, Montreal, Panama City, Punta Cana, Santiago de los Caballeros, Santo Domingo and Toronto.

Role of corporations
Increasing land privatization in Puerto Rico takes place amid what scholars Yarimar Bonilla and Marisol LeBrón term “aftershocks of disaster,” where the island is mired in neocolonial debt and public infrastructures like airports and hospitals continue to be sold to the highest bidder. The passing of Act 20/22 in 2012 also allowed wealthy elites from the United States to treat Puerto Rico as a tax haven and become “stakeholders.” New arrivals–who do not include those born in Puerto Rico—who spend at least six months in the territory can be exempt from federal, local, capital gains, and passive income taxes until 2035, all of which contributes to the rise of “hyper-segregated elite foreign enclaves around the island.”

As Naomi Klein and Boniila demonstrate in their research, this “infrastructure of disposition and displacement” was deeply rooted even before Hurricane Maria in 2017. Hurricane Maria only worsened the ongoing land privatization, as one resident shared: “It feels like Hurricane Maria placed a ‘For Sale’ sign on the island.” More recently, in 2021, cryptocurrency companies like Pantera Capital and Redwood City Ventures have been moving their offices to Puerto Rico alongside 274 other corporations, LLCs, partnerships, and other entities approved under the Exports Services Act to avoid taxes. Mortgage investors, such as Goldman Sachs Group Inc., Perella Weinberg Partners, and TPG Capital have increasingly turned to Puerto Rico for cheap foreclosed properties as local residents are forced to leave. There is such significant demand that other companies, such as PRelocate, specialize in helping their clients relocate their businesses to the island.

Land Ownership Shifts and Tourism
The lack of proof of ownership of land and homes in Puerto Rico has served as an obstacle for people whose homes were destroyed by Hurricane Maria in 2017 to get repaired. According to the Puerto Rico Builders’ Association, in 2018, 45-55% of homes and commercial buildings have been constructed without building permits or following land use codes. It is estimated that 260,000 homes do not have deeds or titles. Much of these illegally built homes have been cited as examples of “rescuing land.” Many who lack the resources would thereby “rescue land” by building homes in vacant and unused land that is often owned by the state, and not homeowners. In addition, many homes lack historical documentation because of the practice of subdividing generationally owned land. As a result, much of the housing that has been made inhospitable by the Hurricane that devastated the island, cannot be fixed for residents through FEMA funding, leaving many in dire and unsafe conditions, or without proper housing at all.

Meanwhile, in July 2019 the Puerto Rican state planning board put forth new land use codes in an attempt to bring business to the island and alleviate the debt crisis. The plan, which was met with significant resistance, would potentially change areas that were zoned as natural resource areas, agricultural lands, and residential areas to allow new land uses. According to Puerto Rican farmer Carlos Pacheo, land used for agricultural areas allowing new uses, including industry, can negatively affect the growth of local agriculture in Puerto Rico and thus impact food security, which is a growing problem for Puerto Rico as the island has been relying on expensive importation of food. It is estimated that 99,000 cuerdas of land could lose protected status, making land once deemed as natural resources or residential areas, could fall into the ownership of corporations, especially tourist corporations.

Moreover, the Puerto Rican government has been incentivizing the growth of the tourism industry and investors from the United States, instead of addressing the lack of ownership of land and stable housing by regular citizens and long-time Puerto Rican residents. Act 74 specifically incentivizes investment in the tourism industry. Under the act, construction of new facilities or remodeling of old facilities for the use of tourism would grant land developers a 10-year tax exemption. Businesses providing tourist activity can be defined as timeshares, hotels, inns, guesthouses, entertainment facilities in ports that stimulate tourism, theme parks, golf courses associated with a hotel, and marinas for tourist purposes. It also includes businesses that administer or develop natural resources as a source of active and passive entertainment. In addition, Act 74 grants businesses excise, sales and use tax exemptions on imported articles to be used for tourism activity in Puerto Rico provided that there was a genuine effort to source the articles in Puerto Rico but there was no economic justification to do so. Moreover, businesses that provide tourist activity receive property tax exemption at the 90% rate, income tax exemption at the 90% rate if not located in Vieques or Culebra, income tax exemption at the 100% rate if located in Vieques or Culebra, and exemption from municipal construction tax, amongst other benefits for investors. There is thereby less public investment from the growth of private developments in the tourist industry.

Additionally, the 2012 Act 60 provides tax benefits for foreigners who relocate and buy property in Puerto Rico within 2 years of moving. 4,286 applications for these benefits have been approved since 2012. Puerto Rican residents do not qualify for these benefits, resulting in more and more land being owned by non-Puerto Ricans. According to the New York Times, many of these investors buy residential properties and turn them into short-term rentals, causing a housing shortage for local residents. In Rincon, a 2-bedroom apartment would list for $290,000 in 2017 on average but would now cost $420,000. This is as forty-three percent of Puerto Ricans live under the poverty level, meaning owning housing is increasingly accessible only to the wealthy, who, in many instances, are foreign investors.

British property investor, Keith St. Clair, who benefitted from tax-breaks that incentivize property ownership by tourist corporations, aims to: “ignite a much-needed renaissance that will increase tourism” in the Isla Verde section of Carolina, Puerto Rico.

In 2019, Donald Trump’s tax incentive plan resulted in 98% of Puerto Rico being deemed as an opportunity zone, which would incentivize land development by foreign investors in areas deemed as low-income based on the Census. Pedro Cardona, former vice president and a planner for the Puerto Rican Planning Board says that the instatement of opportunity zones would introduce a gentrification and elitization component to various areas in Puerto Rico, which can be tied to foreign investment in the Tourism industry.

Grassroots Movements and Protests
There are numerous ongoing grassroots movements and protests against land privatization in Puerto Rico, particularly against the expansion of many resorts and hotels onto public beaches.

Los Almendros Beach
In 2021, protests broke out in Rincón, when the Board of Directors of the luxury condominiums Sol y Playa began plans to develop a pool that would spill over onto the neighboring public beach, Los Almendros Beach. Environmentalists and locals protested the development, as it would have caused a significant disruption to the wildlife and ecosystem around the beach. Locals also noted that Sol y Playa had no right to build onto a public beach, and were concerned that it was the start of an attempt to privatize the beach to renters in condominiums.

Controversy erupted when large numbers of police began to remove and arrest the protestors, despite the beach being fully public. The heavy police presence confirmed for many native Puerto Ricans the hypocrisies of policing in the island; many protestors noted how police often dedicate resources when wealthy neighborhoods (like Sol y Playa) become disrupted, yet in the rest of the island, police presence is sparse. In total, around 534 police stood ground at the protest site.

The protest, however, was extremely effective; the governor’s planning board declared Sol y Playa’s construction project illegal on August 4, 2021. This ruling was seen as a potential turning point in the fight against the privatization of public land in Puerto Rico.

Playas P’al Pueblo
Playas P’al Pueblo is one organization fighting against the hotel chain Marriott in Puerto Rico. They were founded on March 13, 2005, with the intention of setting up a basecamp in the near the Courtyard Marriott in Isla Verde, to protest the Marriott’s proposed expansion in the area.

Since the founding of Playas P’al Pueblo, the organization has been litigating on behalf of environmental justice groups to stop the proposed expansion. They regard the Marriott’s expansion in Isla Verde, as well as similar resort and hotel expansion across Puerto Rico, as an attempt to privatize public land and exclude native Puerto Ricans from their own land.

Playas P’al Pueblo has also been involved in numerous coastal restoration projects, as well as environmental education projects in their base-camp. They have begun to plant trees around their base-camp in order to re-establish a coastabl habitat, as developers had nearly destroyed it. They have also hosted hundreds of students at their base camp to teach them about the ongoing resistance against the privatization of Puerto Rican land.

Playas P’al Pueblo’s efforts to rebuild the coastal habitat have led to locals calling the area Carolina Forest Coastal Reserve.

Competition
Cuba and Puerto Rico have perennially competed for the top tourist destination in the Caribbean. The tourism industry in Puerto Rico has greatly benefited from the poor relations between the United States and Cuba. In 2015, the U.S. reestablished diplomatic relations with Cuba and loosened the travel restrictions for Americans. This decision boosted Cuban tourism and caused the island nation to surpass Puerto Rico in total visitors, but in 2017, the U.S. government re-enforced travel restrictions to Cuba. Puerto Rico also competes with the Dominican Republic, Aruba, Jamaica and Florida for domestic American and international visitors. Tourists also flying to destinations in the Lesser Antilles, such as Barbados, Dominica, Saint Barthélemy, Saint Martin, Trinidad & Tobago, and the Virgin Islands often have connecting flights in Puerto Rico.

Marketing campaigns
The Puerto Rico Tourism Company spent $1 million in 2002, featuring celebrities, to advertise the tourism to Puerto Rico. In 2017, Despacito, a wildly popular song by famous Puerto Rican artists Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee caused a spike in tourism to Puerto Rico, especially to an area of San Juan called La Perla, which featured in the song's video.

On July 1, 2018, Puerto Rico's government passed a law to create a new tourism organization, Discover Puerto Rico. This was part of a larger plan to use tourism to revitalize the island after Hurricane Maria.

The new Discover Puerto Rico campaign started that month. An April 2019 report stated that the tourism team, "after hitting the one-year anniversary of the storm in September 2018", the organization began to shift towards more optimistic messaging. The Have We Met Yet? campaign was intended to highlight the island's culture and history, making it distinct, different than other Caribbean destinations. In 2019, Discover Puerto Rico planned to continue that campaign, including "streaming options for branded content".

The video series Discover Puerto Rico with Lin-Manuel starring actor, songwriter and lyricist Lin-Manuel Miranda, became available on all JetBlue aircraft on 1 October 1, 2019 and would continue until 30 January 2020.

Destinations
Tourist destinations vary around the island. The government of Puerto Rico and the Puerto Rico Tourism Company divided the island and its 78 municipalities into six tourism regions in order to better promote market and develop the entirety of the island outside of San Juan and to foment an inflow of domestic and international visitors into the different parts of the island.

Región Metro
Región Metro (Spanish for metropolitan region) roughly corresponds to the urban core of the San Juan metropolitan area, the largest metropolitan area in Puerto Rico and, with more than 2.2 million inhabitants according to the 2020 census, one of the most urbanized regions in the Caribbean. San Juan is the largest city in Puerto Rico, and it is home to some of the most visited tourist attractions in the island such as Old San Juan and the San Juan National Historic Site. The city of San Juan hosts numerous beaches such as El Condado and Ocean Park, museums such as the Museum of Art of Puerto Rico, world-class event venues such as El Choliseo, parks such as Luis Muñoz Rivera Park and the University of Puerto Rico Botanical Garden, and large malls such as Plaza Las Américas. Some of the other prominent tourist attractions of the region include the Bacardi Distillery, the Caparra Archaeological Site, the Caribbean Manatee Conservation Center, Isla de Cabras, Julio Enrique Monagas Park, Parque de las Ciencias, and the William Miranda Marín Botanical and Cultural Garden.

Porta Antillas (Región Este)
Porta Antillas, also known as Porta del Este and Región Este (Spanish for eastern region), corresponds to the Sierra de Luquillo, the eastern coast of Puerto Rico and the island municipalities of Culebra and Vieques (often referred to as the Spanish Virgin Islands), and it includes El Yunque National Forest, the most visited natural attraction in the island. Some of the other prominent tourist attractions of the region include the Humacao Nature Reserve, La Cordillera Reef Nature Reserve, Las Cabezas de San Juan with its historic lighthouse, the Malecón of Naguabo, Palmas del Mar, Piñones and its food kiosks, Punta Tuna Lighthouse, and Puerto Del Rey Marina.

Porta Atlántico (Región Norte)
Porta Atlántico, also known as Región Norte (Spanish for northern region), corresponds to the northern Atlantic coast of Puerto Rico located immediately west of San Juan. It is prominently marked by its karst topography, which is evident in the numerous mogotes, sinkholes, cave systems and dramatic limestone ocean cliffs. The largest city in the region is Arecibo, one of the oldest towns in Puerto Rico, famous for its lighthouse, the Arecibo Observatory, Cueva Ventana and Cueva del Indio. Another prominent landmark of the region is the Camuy River Caverns, one of the largest of its type in the world. Some of the most prominent tourist attractions in the region include the Cambalache State Forest, Dos Bocas Lake, Hacienda La Esperanza, La Plata Lake, Mar Bella Beach, and Mar Chiquita Beach.

Porta Caribe (Región Sur)
Porta Caribe, also known as Región Sur (Spanish for southern region), corresponds to the southern coast of Puerto Rico, and it includes the numerous islands and keys located along the Caribbean coast of the island such as Caja de Muertos. Ponce is the second largest city in Puerto Rico outside of the San Juan metropolitan area, and it is one of the most architecturally important cities in the island with a unique style called Ponce Creole having been born there at the end of the 19th century. Some of the other prominent tourist attractions of the region include Castillo Serrallés, Central Aguirre Historic District, the Coamo Hot Springs, Cruceta del Vigía, Hacienda Buena Vista, the historic downtown of Coamo with its historic church, Parque de Bombas, La Guancha, the Ponce Museum of Art, and the Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center.

Porta Cordillera (Región Central)
Porta Cordillera, also known as Región Central (Spanish for central region), corresponds to the mountainous municipalities that are located along the Cordillera Central (also known as the Central Mountain Range). Some of the most prominent tourist attractions in the region include the Caguana Indigenous Ceremonial Center, Guavate and its lechoneras, Guilarte State Forest, Los Tres Picachos State Forest, the Luis Muñoz Rivera birthplace and family mausoleum, the San Cristóbal Canyon, and Toro Negro State Forest which contains Cerro de Punta, the highest point in Puerto Rico. Many of the small historic towns of the region such as Adjuntas, Ciales, Jayuya and Utuado are also closely tied to the coffee industry of Puerto Rico. In addition to the natural and cultural sites of the region, the Aibonito Festival of Flowers is a notable event that draws many visitors to the region every year.

Porta del Sol (Región Oeste)
Porta del Sol, also known as Región Oeste (Spanish for western region), corresponds to the entirety of the western coast of Puerto Rico which is located along the Mona Passage, and it includes the uninhabited islands of Mona, Monito and Desecheo. Some of the most prominent tourist attractions in the region include Boquerón, the Cabo Rojo National Wildlife Refuge, Crash Boat Beach, Domes Beach, Guajataca Lake, Guajataca State Forest, Guánica State Forest, Hacienda Juanita, Jobos Beach, Joyuda, La Parguera, La Pocita de las Golondrinas Beach, Los Cayos de Caña Gorda, Los Morrillos de Cabo Rojo and its lighthouse, Maricao State Forest, Palacete Los Moreau, Pozo de Jacinto, Punta Borinquen, Punta Higuero Lighthouse, and the San Germán Historic District.

Cruise ship tourism
In spite of damage caused by previous hurricanes, particularly Maria in 2017, an April 2019 report stated that "1.7 million cruise ship passengers are expected to visit this fiscal year".

In late November 2019 however, reports indicated that 90 calls to San Juan by Royal Caribbean ships would be cancelled during 2020 and 2021. This step would mean 360,000 fewer visitors, with a loss to the island's economy of 44 million. As well, 30 ship departures from San Juan were being canceled. The rationale for this decision was discussed in a news report: "The reason for the cancellations is the privatization of the cruise docks in San Juan due to much-needed maintenance that is needed. Around $250 million investment is needed to make sure cruise ships can continue to dock there in the years to come. There is an urge for governor Wanda Vazquez to not go ahead with the privatization so this news is fluid."

Airports

 * Culebra Airport, Island of Culebra
 * Eugenio María de Hostos Airport, Mayagüez
 * Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport, San Juan
 * Humacao Airport, Humacao
 * Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport, San Juan
 * Mercedita Airport, Ponce
 * Rafael Hernández Airport, Aguadilla

The Antonio Rivera Rodríguez Airport on the island of Vieques serves visitors and locals to and from Vieques. It is a one-runway, primary commercial service airport.

title: Tourism in Puerto Rico


text:
SS X-1

X-1 (or SS X-1) was a United States Navy Midget Submarine designed under project SCB 65. Laid down on 8 June 1954, at Deer Park, Long Island, New York, by the Engine Division of Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation. Launched on 7 September 1955, at Oyster Bay, Long Island, by Jakobson Shipyard. Delivered to the Navy on 6 October at New London, Connecticut and placed in service on 7 October 1955 with Lieutenant Kevin Hanlon in command.

Service history
X-1 served in a research capacity in rigorous and extensive tests to assist the Navy to evaluate its ability to defend harbors against very small submarines. Further tests conducted with the X-1 helped to determine the offensive capabilities and limitations of this type of submersible.

X-1 was originally powered by a hydrogen peroxide/diesel engine and battery system, but an explosion of her hydrogen peroxide supply on 20 May 1957 resulted in the craft's modification to accept a diesel-electric drive. On 2 December 1957, X-1 was taken out of service and deactivated at Philadelphia.

Towed to Annapolis, Maryland, in December 1960, X-1 was reactivated and attached to Submarine Squadron 6 and based at the Small Craft Facility of the Severn River Command for experimental duties in Chesapeake Bay. In tests conducted under the auspices of the Naval Research Laboratory, X-1 performed for scientists who observed her operations from a platform suspended beneath the Bay Bridge, to learn more about the properties and actions of sea water.

Having been in active service through January 1973, X-1 was again taken out of service on 16 February 1973. On 26 April 1973, she was transferred to the Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Annapolis. On 9 July 1974, she was slated for use as a historical exhibit. She was later displayed on the grounds of the Naval Station complex, North Severn, near Annapolis. In 2001, X-1 was transferred to the Submarine Force Museum, in Groton, Connecticut, where she is on display before the main exhibit building.

Toy Version
The Lionel 3330 "Commando" submarine is based on the X-1's design. LIONEL TRAINS 3330

title: SS X-1


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East Frisian Low Saxon

East Frisian Low Saxon, East Frisian Low German, East Frisian Saxon, Frisio-Saxon or simply called East Frisian is a Northern Low Saxon dialect spoken in the East Frisian peninsula of northwestern Lower Saxony.

It is used quite frequently in everyday speech there. About half of the East Frisian population in the coastal region uses the language. A number of individuals, despite not being active speakers of East Frisian Low Saxon, are able to understand it to some extent. However, both active and passive language skills are in a state of decrease.

East Frisian Low Saxon is not to be confused with the East Frisian language; the latter, spoken by about 2,000 individuals in the Saterland region, is a Frisian language, not Low German.

There are several dialects in East Frisian Low Saxon. There are two main groups of dialects. The dialects in the east, called Harlinger Platt, are strongly influenced by Northern Low Saxon of Oldenburg. The western dialects are closer to the Low Saxon Language spoken in the Dutch province of Groningen, Gronings.

East Frisian Low Saxon differs from other Northern Low Saxon dialects in several aspects, which are often linked to Frisian heritage. The language originally spoken in East Frisia and Groningen was Frisian, so the current Low German dialects of East Frisia, as part of the dialects, build on a Frisian substrate which has led to a large amount of unique lexical, syntactic, and phonological items which differ from other Low Saxon variants. Some Old Frisian vocabulary is still in active speech today.

East Frisian features frequent use of diminutives, as in the Dutch language, e.g. kluntje ‘lump of rock sugar’. In many cases, diminutives of names, especially female ones, have become names of their own. For example: Antje (from Anna), Triintje (from Trina = Katharina) etc.

The dialects spoken in East Frisia are closely related to those spoken in the Dutch province of Groningen (Grunnegs, Grünnigs) and in Northern Drenthe (Noordenvelds). The biggest difference seems to be that of loanwords (from Dutch or German, resp.).

The standard greeting is Moin (moi in Gronings), used 24 hours a day.

Orthography
East Frisian Low Saxon has two orthographies which are well known. One is developed by the Ostfriesische Landschaft, which is based on the orthography by Johannes Sass. The Ostfriesische Landschaft uses this spelling for all of their projects, and to promote the dialect. It is considered to also be a cross di-dialect compromise writing, to provide materials in Low German for outside of the East Frisian Low Saxon dialect speaking area, and is recognized by the government of Lower Saxony.

However, a newer, more phonetic orthography was developed in 1975 by Holger Weigelt, since he expressed concerns that the grammatical structures and character of East Frisian Low Saxon would not be presented well under the Sass-based spelling. This orthography is used fully by the Jungfräiske Mäinskup, which promotes the dialect and provides learning materials in this spelling. The Incubator Wikipedia for East Frisian Low Saxon along with the examples of the dialect in this page are also in this spelling.

title: East Frisian Low Saxon