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The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)

The Daily Telegraph, also nicknamed The Tele, is an Australian tabloid newspaper published by Nationwide News Pty Limited, a subsidiary of News Corp Australia, itself a subsidiary of News Corp. It is published Monday through Saturday and is available throughout Sydney, across most of regional and remote New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and South East Queensland.

A 2013 poll conducted by Essential Research found that the Telegraph was Australia's least-trusted major newspaper, with 49% of respondents citing "a lot of" or "some" trust in the paper. Amongst those ranked by Nielsen, the Telegraph website is the sixth most popular Australian news website with a unique monthly audience of 2,841,381 readers.

History
The Daily Telegraph was founded in 1879, by John Mooyart Lynch, a former printer, editor and journalist who had once worked on the Melbourne Daily Telegraph. Lynch had failed in an attempt to become a politician and was looking to start his own paper to reflect the opinion of the common working man. Lynch put together a large team of backers, including an old friend Watkin Wynne, who was unusual for being a very wealthy journalist, and Robert Sands, who ran the printing company John Sands. The first edition was published on 1 July 1879, costing only one penny. The first page of the first edition outlined Lynch's vision for his paper, saying: "We wish to make this journal a reliable exponent of public opinion, which we think is hardly represented in the existing press. "Without disparaging existing journals in Sydney, which we fully admit have many excellencies, we believe that they have missed the great objective of journalism to be in sympathy with and to report public opinion."

When sales of the Telegraph began to fall in 1882 the newspaper was taken over by Watkin Wynne. Wynne introduced shorter, punchier, stories and more sensationalism.

The Telegraph reported on various events and movements of the time. The paper was reported as being a strong advocate for Federation. In the first decade of the 20th century, the Telegraph had lost its lead in paper sales and was in a fierce circulation war with other Sydney dailies, particularly the Sydney Morning Herald.

Watkin Wynne remained in charge of the paper until his death in 1921. Under his successors, the paper underwent some major changes. In 1924, the paper began running news on the front page rather than just advertising. Still a broadsheet (large format paper), in 1927 declining circulation and financial troubles forced a switch to the smaller tabloid format. In 1929, it was taken over by wealthy tobacco manufacturer Sir Hugh Denison, the founder of the Sydney newspaper The Sun. In 1929, Denison formed Associated Newspapers Ltd (ANL) with S Bennett Ltd and media owner R. C. Packer. Denison later also acquired the Daily Guardian (which had been owned by Smith's Weekly) which he combined with the Telegraph News Pictorial to form the new Daily Telegraph. The paper returned to a broadsheet format in 1931. From 1936 until its sale to Rupert Murdoch's News Limited in 1972, the Telegraph was owned by Sir Frank Packer's Australian Consolidated Press. Packer sold the Daily Telegraph to Rupert Murdoch's company News Limited in 1972 for $15 million. In 1990, the Daily Telegraph merged with its afternoon stablemate, The Daily Mirror. The merged entity would resume the name of The Daily Telegraph in January 1996.

Breaches of media ethics in coverage of LGBTI people
In 2017, a report by LGBTI rights watchdog Rainbow Rights Watch, analysing more than 8 million published words, found that reporting in Australian press publications Daily Telegraph, Herald Sun, and The Australian were calculated to inflame fear, uncertainty, and confusion about transgender people and issues, and that the Australian Press Council was ineffectual at upholding long term balance and good media ethics.

On 9 June 2021, Sydney University researcher Dr Alexandra Garcia published a corpus linguistics analysis of reporting about LGBTI Australians by the Daily Telegraph and affiliated Newscorp mastheads, the Herald Sun and The Australian. Following an analysis of more than one million published words, Dr Garcia concluded that the Daily Telegraph and its associated publications covered transgender people and issues substantially more than any other organization and the coverage was overwhelmingly negative, with more than 90% of articles representing transgender Australians in a strongly negative light. The research found that the publication of Advisory Guidelines by the Australian Press Council had not improved the standard of reporting, with most reports and columns being characterized by fear-mongering, misrepresentation of medical science, divisive rhetoric, derogatory language, and suppression and under-representation of the voice of transgender people. One commentator suggested that reporting standards amounted to "outright bombardment of harassment" targeted at transgender Australians, with unethical reports also being exploited by extreme right-wing groups to mobilize hate against minorities.

Reporting on transgender woman accused of violence found to be prejudicial
On 7 January 2017 Evie Amati, a transgender woman, attacked customers of a 7-Eleven in Enmore, New South Wales, Sydney with an axe. Four days later, an article written by journalist Tim Blair was published on The Daily Telegraph's website. The article was headlined "Allegedly Axie Evie" and referred to Ms Amati as a "tranny" who had been "chopped herself" and as a "previous he [...] who used to be known as Karl.". The article established no relevance or public interest in the sensational and prominent references to the person's transgender status.

In September 2018, the NSW Civil and Administrative Tribunal considered whether the article constituted unlawful vilification through its "gratuitous references to", and "ridicule of" the woman's transgender status. The Tribunal found that the Daily Telegraph published the article with "apparent disregard for the injurious effect it might have on transgender people". The Tribunal also held that "it is evident that [the journalist] was seeking to make fun of Ms Amati and probably transgender people more generally", and that the "attempt at humour was in poor taste and completely devoid of empathy or sensitivity". The Tribunal also held that the article "contributes to the perpetration and perpetuation of demeaning negative stereotypes and a lack of acceptance of transgender people within the community". The Tribunal ultimately concluded that, whilst "close to the line", the article did not reach the threshold for vilification.

Lawyer Michael Bradley wrote an analysis of the case for political news website Crikey, arguing that the publication of such articles should not be unlawful, but instead that the Daily Telegraph should have sufficient social responsibility to cease publishing the author's "recklessly hurtful attempts at wit – because he did, and does, harm".

As of September 2018, the article has been removed from the website of the Daily Telegraph and replaced with a notice stating "This article is no longer available."

On 18 October 2019, after an investigation spanning 1,011 days, the Australian Press Council concluded that the article breached its Statement of General Principles.

Infographic stating youth homosexuality was a sickness found to be prejudicial
On 12 July 2017, the Daily Telegraph published an article headlined "Fat Chance Of Being Healthy" in print. The article was syndicated online under the headline "Junk food, alcohol and drugs are fueling health crisis in young adults". The article contained an infographic that canvassed social health concerns, such as alcohol usage, obesity, and drug dependency, for which "Young Aussies have only themselves to blame". The infographic included "same sex attraction" among the condemnable health problems it canvassed.

A number of LGBTI Australians complained that the article was prejudicial, saying that sexual orientation is neither a choice nor a medical problem, and such coverage contributes to prejudice, shame and suicide risk for young same-sex attracted people. The 'blameworthiness' implicit in the headline was alleged to perpetuate negative stereotypes about gay children. The article drew condemnation from the ABC's Media Watch, Sydney radio station 2 DAY FM, Pedestrian TV, and Junkee.

Chris Dore, the publication's Chief Editor, responded to the criticism from the Daily Telegraph social media accounts, saying the story had been "misinterpreted" and that it "in no way suggests, or intends to suggest, that same-sex relationships are unhealthy. There is no judgement expressed at all in the story other than diet."

The press regulator, the Australian Press Council, was asked to consider whether the article complied with its Statement of General Principles. The Council concluded its investigations five months later. It upheld the complaint, saying "the reference to ill health and blame in the headlines, with the statistic about same-sex attraction displayed among factors such as obesity and drug use, suggested same-sex attraction is unhealthy and blameworthy. As a result, the article caused substantial offence, distress, prejudice and risk to public health and safety, and there was no public interest justifying this."

The Daily Telegraph was further sanctioned by the Australian Press Council for failing to comply with the requirements around publication of adjudication findings. The Press Council required the publisher to republish the print component of the adjudication, as it was not fully compliant with its requirements in the first instance. The reprint was published on 24 January 2018. The Daily Telegraph claimed that "nothing sinister had occurred [in the non-compliance]", and blamed the misdemeanour on a production error.

Opinion Column containing pejorative term 'faggot'
On 2 May 2019, the Daily Telegraph published an article about a US case of a teacher who refused to use the appropriate pronouns for a transgender student. The article prominently incorporated a video with the word 'faggot' appearing twice, once in capitalised letters. The thumbnail for the video also prominently incorporated the word 'faggot'. On 17 September 2019, following an investigation spanning 16 months, the Australian Press Council found in Adjudication #1785 that "the word 'faggot' is most used as a pejorative term to describe gay men". The Council also found that the inclusion of the word could reasonably be read as "demeaning and mocking of gay men ... and others with diverse sexual orientation, gender identity, or sex characteristics".

Reporting about Australian Defence Force LGBTI Inclusion Guide found to be misleading
The Australian press regulator, the Australian Press Council, concluded on 13 May 2019 that an article published by the Daily Telegraph about an Australian Defence Force "LGBTI Diversity and Inclusion Guide" breached its General Principles because the report was inaccurate and misleading. The report's headline was found to have misled readers into believing that the Australian Defence Force had banned service members from using the terms "he" and "she" out of concern for the sensitivities of gender diverse service members.

Interview discussing transgender children that was found to be misleading
On 12 June 2019, the Australian Press Council concluded a 14-month investigation into an article and associated podcast published by the Daily Telegraph about transgender children. It concluded that the article breached its General Principles because factual claims about medical efficacy were likely to be misleading. The impugned material concerned an interview in April 2018 between columnist Miranda Devine and Ryan T. Anderson of the conservative American think-tank, The Heritage Foundation. The material substantially focused on medical care for transgender children and adolescents, and claimed that there exists "no evidence that these hormones are safe to be used on kids, no evidence of any reduction in self-harm or suicide".

Opinion column on transgender children found to be misleading
The Australian Press Council sanctioned a further article by columnist Miranda Devine about Australian transgender children, headlined "What madness can justify mutilating our children?" The piece referred to medical procedures for gender transition as "mutilation", "child surgical abuse" and a "monstrous assault on adolescents' developing bodies".

The Australian Press Council concluded in June 2019 that the article breached its Standards of Practice. It held that the claim of "no evidence that changing sex will reduce the incidence of self-harm or suicide or lessen the impact of other associated mental states" was misleading and expressed in such absolute terms as to be inaccurate.

The ABC's Media Watch criticised the publication for "lack of balance" and for putting religious and political motivations ahead of truth, balanced facts and the public interest in evidence-based medical care.

Gratuitous emphasis on LGBTI status
On 11 March 2020, the Daily Telegraph published an article by journalist Toby Vue about a NSW murder victim who was transgender. The article included prominent references to the victim's transgender status in the subheadline and in the body in of the article. The victim's transgender status was irrelevant to the killing. In response to a complaint, the Australian Press Council asked the publisher to comment on whether the references were gratuitous. The Daily Telegraph editorial team, led by Executive Editor Ben English and Managing Editor Greg Thomson, tried to argue that the woman's transgender status was relevant because it "was referred to in court proceedings". The Australian Press Council upheld the complaint on 7 June 2023, saying "The Council notes that the victim’s transgender status was only referred to in the sentencing judgment, which was published approximately 12 months after the article was published.... The Council notes that there was no evidence provided that stated or implied that, during the hearing of the matter, the victim’s transgender status was raised as a contributing factor to her manslaughter."

On 21 October 2020, the Daily Telegraph published a prominent front-page article about the parole of a convicted serial killer who had undergone a gender transition whilst in custody. The article employed the headlines "Killer's Sex Change Farce", "Fiend's Sex Op on You", and "Serial Killer Wants Medicare Gender Change" in the online version. The article reported the opinion that the provision of medical care to the offender "is disgusting". The offender's gender transition was not a contributing factor to the Court's decision to parole the individual and the article disclosed no public interest the sensational references to the person's personal medical diagnosis and treatment plan. On 28 July 2021, following a nine-month investigation, the Australian Press Council found that the report breached its media ethics standards of practice because "there was no public interest in diminishing the person's request for gender affirming surgery."

On 11 November 2020, the Daily Telegraph published an article about an adult movie performer from an inner Sydney suburb who was the subject of a noise complaint. The article prominently referred to the resident as gay. The article also referred to the suburb where the noise complaint was made as “Sydney’s gay heartland”. The article included a photograph of the LGBTI Pride flag, and a video from the 2020 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras. There appeared to be no good reason why the publisher singled the individual out for being gay. In November 2021, the Australian Press Council found that the person's sexuality was not a contributing factor in the noise complaints, and the prominent and gratuitous emphasis on the person's sexuality was a breach of the APC's media ethics General Principles.

Balance and Fairness in Reporting
On 11 July 2022, the press regulator, the Australian Press Council, found that the Daily Telegraph's coverage of sensitive issues relating to transgender women participating in sport lacked balance and fairness. The adjudication found that the publication sought and obtained quotes from two individuals critical of allowing transgender women to participate in sport, and the article contained further links to numerous other articles highly critical of transgender women participating in sport on equal terms to other athletes. The adjudication noted that the publisher did not seek to cover a range of perspectives and omitted balancing research and evidence that supports the inclusion of transgender women in sport. According, the Australian Press Council found that the Daily Telegraph breached General Principle #3 which requires publishers to provide "balance and fairness" in articles.

Coverage of climate change
In October 2013, Professor Wendy Bacon from the Australian Centre for Independent Journalism comprehensively studied coverage of climate change and climate science in the Australian press. A 97% consensus of qualified scientists agree that human-induced anthropological climate change is real. However, the study found that the Daily Telegraph is amongst Australia's 'most skeptical' media outlets about climate change, and also the most biased against carbon policy. The study found that Daily Telegraph's coverage of climate science contained almost zero coverage of peer-reviewed science. The study also found that the Daily Telegraph had "very low levels of features about climate change" with coverage of climate change being dominated by opinion writers promoting their own disbelieving attitudes towards climate change. The majority of commentary was written by columnists with no scientific credentials. A broader study of all News Corporation papers found that 45% of all articles "rejected or cast doubt" over climate change, while 65% of commentary "doubted or outright denied" the very existence of climate change.

In 2019, Susan Forde, Journalism Professor at Griffith University in Brisbane, stated that Newscorp publications such as the Daily Telegraph have historically been "very conservative about climate change. In January 2020, a Finance Manager within the company, Emily Townsend, sent a resignation message to all staff saying "I find it unconscionable to continue working for this company, knowing I am contributing to the spread of climate change denial and lies", describing the reporting in the Daily Telegraph as "irresponsible". Professor Forde added "For any journalist who is early on in their career, they'd have to ask themselves whether they really want to belong to an organisation which is not contributing in a positive fashion to the defining debate of our times. It will become harder for [the Daily Telegraph] to get good journalists to work for them, and this will change the culture."

Geoffrey Rush defamation
On 30 November 2017, the Daily Telegraph published a front-page article, headlined "King Leer", alleging that actor Geoffrey Rush had acted inappropriately towards an actress. during rehearsals for the Sydney Theatre Company's 2015–2016 production of King Lear. The article featured an image of Rush shirtless and in white makeup.

Rush denied the incidents, and said his career had been "irreparably damaged" by the newspaper's untrue reports. It subsequently came to light that the Daily Telegraph did not interview the female actor concerned and provided only a bare few hours for Rush to respond to the serious allegations. Rush filed proceedings on 8 December 2017 in the Federal Court of Australia for defamation against the publisher of the Daily Telegraph, saying the publisher "made false, pejorative and demeaning claims, splattering them with unrelenting bombast on its front pages".

The defamation claim was upheld on 11 April, on the grounds that the Telegraph failed to prove the truth of its allegations. Rush was awarded $850,000, with further damages for the actor's economic losses to be determined later. He said that the female actor was needlessly "dragged into the spotlight by the actions" of the Daily Telegraph. Despite the damaging judgement, the Telegraph stood behind the article's journalist, Jonathon Moran.

Failure to verify photograph of deceased man
On 3 April 2021, the Daily Telegraph published a prominent photograph of a deceased Australian man whom the publisher alleged had an "obsession" with pornography. The article also alleged that the man had fraudulently claimed a medical battle with cancer. The associated print article by journalist Danielle Gusmaroli carried the words "LIAR" and "DISGRACED" in capitalised case. It subsequently came to light that the paper had not correctly identified the person in the photograph and the facts concerned a different person altogether. The Australian Press Council found on 24 March 2022 that the publication of the article breached its General Principles, saying "...given the seriousness of the reported conduct of the individual named in the article, there was an obligation on the publication to ensure that the photo was in fact that of the person named in the article. Accordingly, the Council considers the publication did not take reasonable steps to verify the photograph, and to ensure that the factual information in the article was accurate. Accordingly, the Council finds that General Principle 1 was breached. The Council considers that given the seriousness of the mistake it would have been preferable for the publication to publish a prominent correction rather than a clarification... The Council considers that given the prominence of the photo and the seriousness of the reported past conduct of the individual named in the article and the failure to verify the accuracy of the photo, the publication failed to take reasonable steps to avoid substantial distress."

Tony Zoef defamation
On 22 August 2013, the Daily Telegraph published an article headlined "Tailor's alter ego as a gunrunner". The article referred to an individual who was known to Sutherland Shire locals as a "friendly tailor who spends his days altering their clothes". The article claimed that the individual was "alleged" by police to be "the mastermind behind a haul of military-grade weapons smuggled into Australia".

The article mistakenly attributed the alleged crimes to the wrong individual, who subsequently filed a complaint of defamation in the New South Wales District Court. In the first instance, the Court found that, despite the serious errors in the article, the publisher's defence based on a prior offer of amends should prevail.

On appeal, the Supreme Court of NSW upheld the complaint of defamation. It held that, "Taking into account the seriousness of the defamatory imputations and the significant hurt they caused the appellant, the damage to his business as a tailor, the unequal prominence the respondent afforded to the proposed correction and apology and their resultant inadequacy, the modest monetary component of the offer, and the likelihood of the proceedings being successful, the offer of amends was not reasonable." The Court awarded a sum of $150,000 to the complainant.

John Brogden allegations
The Telegraph was widely criticised for its coverage of former New South Wales Liberal leader John Brogden. After Brogden resigned in 2005, the newspaper ran a front-page headline, "Brogden's Sordid Past: Disgraced Liberal leader damned by secret shame file", detailing past allegations of misconduct by Brogden. The following day, Brogden attempted suicide at his electoral office.

Rodney Tiffen, an academic at the University of Sydney, described the newspaper's coverage as an example of "hyena journalism", judging Brogden's personal life to be off limits following his withdrawal from public life.

Editor David Penberthy claimed that his source was from inside the Liberal Party and that none of the events would have happened if no one leaked from inside the party.

Mount Druitt High School
On 8 January 1997, the Telegraph published the headline "The class we failed" concerning the Year 12 class at Mount Druitt High School in outer Western Sydney in which no student scored a Tertiary Entrance Rank (TER) above 50 (the maximum possible rank is 99.95). Although the article made clear that the newspaper believed that the state had failed the students, many accused the Telegraph of branding the students themselves as failures and showing a full year photo identifying students.

The story led to a renewed focus on the quality of public schools in Western Sydney and precipitated several reviews of schooling in the area. But for many, the headline highlighted problems with interpreting Higher School Certificate results and the accompanying TER.

The students successfully sued the newspaper in the Supreme Court for defamation. The Telegraph subsequently apologised and settled for damages out of court. The published apology stated: "In that story The Daily Telegraph suggested, among other things, that the students in the class of 1996 failed their HSC. This is wrong and The Daily Telegraph withdraws any such suggestion. The Daily Telegraph also withdraws any suggestion that those students acted without discipline or commitment in their HSC studies. The students in the HSC class of 1996 successfully completed their HSC and contrary to the suggestions in the original article many of those students performed very well scoring high marks in the HSC. The Daily Telegraph apologises to each student in the class of 1996 at Mt Druitt. It also apologises to their parents and friends for all the hurt, harm and suffering it has caused them."

Later, criticising defamation laws, News Limited CEO John Hartigan said:"The words in the story pointed to deep-seated problems within the education system, but a barrister convinced the jury that, regardless of the words before him, what we really meant to say was that the entire class was too stupid to pass the HSC."

Call centres in India
In October 2006, The Telegraph claimed in a front-page article that Australia and New Zealand Banking Group were using call centres in Bangalore, India. The paper even sent a journalist to Bangalore, Luke McIlveen, and a photographer to verify this claim. ANZ denied the claim, stating that they do not employ overseas call centre staff in India. Subsequently, ANZ pulled all of its advertising from News Limited, including Foxtel and News website, which amounted to $4–5 million, about 10% of ANZ's advertising budget.

In assuming blame, David Penberthy, editor-in-chief of News Limited, defended McIlveen.

Allegations of plagiarism
In 2002, former Telegraph journalist, Matt Sun, was accused of plagiarism by the TV program Media Watch. Editor at the time, Campbell Reid, responded by accusing Media Watch host of having a conflict of interest that "destroyed the credibility of any judgement he could pass on the ethics and standards of others in the media".

Press Council complaint regarding Greens article
In May 2011, The Telegraph published an article making an assertion about the Australian Greens which subsequently prompted a complaint to the Australian Press Council. The article asserted that the Greens had managed to "force" the Government to divert money from flood relief, to fund various Green programs. The Press Council upheld the complaint and stated that the assertion was inaccurate and remained uncorrected.

Press Council complaint regarding series of misleading NBN articles
In June and July 2011, The Telegraph published a series of articles about the National Broadband Network. These articles triggered a complaint to the Australian Press Council, alleging that they were factually incorrect, unbalanced and misleading. In December 2011, the Press Council upheld the complaints on all three articles, forcing the Telegraph to publish the adjudication. The Council also published the following statement in regards to the issue: "The Council expressed concern that within a short period of time three articles on the same theme contained inaccurate or misleading assertions. It considers that this sequence of errors should not have occurred and that they should have been corrected promptly and adequately when brought to the newspaper's attention."

Press Council complaint regarding asylum seeker article
In November 2011, The Telegraph published an article about asylum seekers with the front-page heading "OPEN THE FLOODGATES – Exclusive: Thousands of boat people to invade NSW". Another headline stated "Detainee Deluge for Sydney". This prompted a complaint to the Australian Press Council, which was upheld. The Press Council published the following statement (extract only):

"The Press Council has concluded that use of the word 'invade' was gravely inaccurate, unfair and offensive because of its clear connotations of forceful occupation. Accordingly, the complaint is upheld on this ground for what the Council regards as an especially serious breach of its principles. The Council has concluded that use of the words 'open the floodgates' and 'deluge' were inaccurate and unfair. Even the intake levels claimed in the article could not reasonably be described as having such an extreme impact on suburban Sydney, and nothing quoted from the briefing note asserted government fears of inability to cope."

Press Council complaint regarding series of Clover Moore articles
Throughout 2011, The Telegraph published 17 articles about Sydney Lord Mayor and MP Clover Moore. The articles prompted a complaint to the Australian Press Council. The complainant argued that the articles provided unbalanced coverage and that many of the headlines and phrases were opinion rather than fact. The Press Council upheld the complaint in part and published the following statement (extract only):

"The Council has concluded that the headlines mentioned above breached [the Council's] principles because they expressed the newspaper's opinions rather than being a summary of facts reported in the accompanying news story. The inclusion in a news story of words such as 'crazy council policies', 'junket' and 'diva-like list of demands' which were not attributed to any sources also failed to separate fact from opinion. Accordingly, the complaint is upheld on these grounds."

This adjudication marked the fourth complaint to have been upheld against The Daily Telegraph under the editorship of Paul Whittaker, since commencing the role in April 2011.

Photoshopping of Mike Carlton onto Boston bombing victim
Following the resignation of Fairfax commentator Mike Carlton, The Daily Telegraph published a 2-page spread attacking Carlton and competing newspaper the Sydney Morning Herald. The spread included a composited image of Boston Marathon bombing victim James Costello, with Mr Carlton's face and wearing an Arab headdress. The photoshopped image portrayed Carlton "escaping Gaza". The image manipulation drew widespread criticism on social media, and forced the editor to apologise, saying he was unaware of the origin of the image.

Counterparts
On Sundays, its counterpart is The Sunday Telegraph.

Its Melbourne counterparts are the Herald Sun and Sunday Herald Sun. In Brisbane, it is linked with The Courier-Mail and The Sunday Mail, in Adelaide, The Advertiser and Sunday Mail, in Hobart, The Mercury and The Sunday Tasmanian, in Darwin, The Northern Territory News and Sunday Territorian.

Political stance
The Daily Telegraph has traditionally been opposed to the Australian Labor Party, and is often a supporter of the Liberal Party of Australia. A 2013 front-page headline said of the second Rudd Government "Finally, you now have the chance to kick this mob out" and "Australia Needs Tony". The paper's high-profile columnists are predominantly conservative.

A Roy Morgan media credibility survey found that 40% of journalists viewed News Limited newspapers as Australia's most partisan media outlet, ahead of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation on 25%. The survey found that readers took a generally dim view of journalists. In response to the question "Which newspapers do you believe do not accurately and fairly report the news?", the Daily Telegraph came third (9%) behind the Herald Sun (11%) and "All of them" (16%).

At the 2007 Australian federal election The Daily Telegraph for only the second time endorsed the Australian Labor Party. At the 2010 Australian federal election the newspaper endorsed the Coalition and Tony Abbott. In the 2013 election, the Daily Telegraph ran 177 stories that were pro-Coalition and 11 stories that leaned the other way. During both the 2016 and 2019 Australian federal elections, the Daily Telegraph strongly endorsed prime ministers Malcolm Turnbull and Scott Morrison respectively, both of the Liberal Party, while attacking then-opposition leader Bill Shorten of the Australian Labor Party. The Labor party lost both elections.

Editors
The Telegraph is edited by Ben English. The previous editor was Christopher Dore. Dore's predecessors are Paul Whittaker, Gary Linnell, David Penberthy, Campbell Reid, David Banks, and Col Allan, who served as editor-in-chief at the Murdoch-owned New York Post from 2001 to 2016.

Circulation and readership
Readership data from Enhanced Media Metrics Australia October 2018 report shows that the Daily Telegraph has total monthly readership of 4,500,000 people via print and digital, compared to 7,429,000 people for its primary competitor, the Sydney Morning Herald.

The Daily Telegraph weekday print newspaper circulation fell from 310,724 in June 2013 to 221,641 in June 2017. Saturday newspaper circulation fell to 221,996 over the same period.

As of February 2019, third-party web analytics provider Alexa ranked The Daily Telegraph website as the 343rd most visited website in Australia (down from 90th in July 2015).

title: The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)


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Edward Hardwicke

Edward Cedric Hardwicke (7 August 1932 – 16 May 2011) was an English actor, who had a distinguished career on the stage and on-screen. He was best known for playing Captain Pat Grant in Colditz (1972–73), and Dr. Watson in Granada Television's Sherlock Holmes (1986–94).

Early life
Hardwicke was born in London, the son of actors Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Helena Pickard. He began his film career in Hollywood at the age of 10, in Victor Fleming's film A Guy Named Joe which starred Spencer Tracy. He returned to England, attended Stowe School, and fulfilled his national service as a pilot officer in the Royal Air Force. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) and trained as an actor.

Career
Hardwicke played at the Bristol Old Vic, the Oxford Playhouse and the Nottingham Playhouse before in 1964 joining Laurence Olivier's National Theatre. He performed regularly there for seven years. He appeared with Olivier in William Shakespeare's Othello and Ibsen's The Master Builder. He also appeared in Peter Shaffer's The Royal Hunt of the Sun (with Robert Stephens), Charley's Aunt, Tom Stoppard's Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead, Congreve's The Way of the World, Georges Feydeau's A Flea in Her Ear (directed by Jacques Charon of the Comédie Française), The Crucible, Luigi Pirandello's The Rules of the Game, Fyodor Dostoevsky's The Idiot and George Bernard Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession. He returned to the National in 1977 for a production of Feydeau's The Lady from Maxim's.

In 1973 he played Dr Astrov in Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya opposite Peter O'Toole at the Bristol Old Vic, and had an uncredited role as Charles Calthrop in the film The Day of the Jackal. In 1975 he appeared in Frederick Lonsdale's On Approval at the Haymarket Theatre, and in 1976 he played Sir Robert Chiltern in Oscar Wilde's An Ideal Husband at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, a production with which he toured Canada.

In 1993 he played the role of C. S Lewis's brother Warnie opposite Anthony Hopkins in Shadowlands, directed by Richard Attenborough.

In 1995 he appeared in Ian McKellen's updated film of Richard III. His father, Sir Cedric Hardwicke, had appeared in the Laurence Olivier 1955 film version.

In 2001 he played Arthur Winslow in The Winslow Boy at the Chichester Festival Theatre, a role played by his father in the 1948 film.

TV and Sherlock Holmes
Hardwicke had a small role in "The Greek Interpreter" episode of the 1968 series Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes featuring Peter Cushing as Sherlock Holmes.

Hardwicke played Judas Iscariot in the Dennis Potter TV play Son of Man (1969). He became familiar to television audiences in the 1970s drama series Colditz, in which he played Pat Grant, a character based on the real-life war hero Pat Reid. He then played Arthur in the sitcom My Old Man. In 1978 he appeared as Bellcourt in the last filmed episode of The Sweeney, "Hearts and Minds".

In 1990 he was a contestant on Cluedo, facing off against Nanette Newman.

David Burke suggested Hardwicke as his successor in the role of Doctor Watson in the Granada Television adaptations of the Sherlock Holmes stories in The Return of Sherlock Holmes series, alongside Jeremy Brett as Holmes. Hardwicke played the role for eight years from 1986 to 1994, his first episode being "The Empty House" and his last "The Cardboard Box". He portrayed a very calm and attentive Watson, somewhat intolerant of Holmes's more outlandish moods, and became permanently associated with it, also playing it on the West End stage with Brett in The Secret of Sherlock Holmes in 1989. That same year, he also directed Going On by Charles Dennis at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival. His other television appearances were numerous, and included Holocaust (1978), Oppenheimer (1980), Strangers and Brothers (1984), Lovejoy (1992), Dangerfield (1996), The Ruth Rendell Mysteries (1997), Heartbeat (1999), David Copperfield (2000), The Goodbye Plane (2003), Agatha Christie's Poirot (2004), Fanny Hill (2007), Holby City, Shameless (2010) as a World War II veteran, and Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em (1978).

Filmography

 * A Guy Named Joe (1943) as George - English Boy (film debut, uncredited)
 * Hell Below Zero (1954) as Ulvik
 * The Men of Sherwood Forest (1954) as Outlaw (uncredited)
 * Othello (1965) as Montano
 * A Flea in Her Ear (1968) as Pierre Chandebisse, Victor's Nephew
 * Journey into Darkness (1968, TV) as Frank Yarrow
 * Otley (1968) as Lambert
 * The Reckoning (1970) as Mitchell
 * The Day of the Jackal (1973) as Charles Calthrop (uncredited)
 * The Black Windmill (1974) as Mike McCarthy
 * Full Circle (1977) as Captain Paul Winter
 * The Odd Job (1978) as Inspector Black
 * Venom (1981) as Lord Dunning
 * Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend (1985) as Pierre Dubois
 * Titus Andronicus (1985, TV) as Marcus
 * Let Him Have It (1991) as Approved School Principal
 * Shadowlands (1993) as Warnie Lewis
 * Richard III (1995) as Lord Thomas Stanley
 * The Scarlet Letter (1995) as Gov. John Bellingham
 * Hollow Reed (1996) as High Court Judge
 * Elizabeth (1998) as Earl of Arundel
 * Parting Shots (1999) as Dr Joseph
 * Mary, Mother of Jesus (1999) as Zachariah
 * David Copperfield (2000) as Mr Wickfield
 * Enigma (2001) as Oliver Heaviside
 * The Gathering Storm (2002) as Mr Wood
 * The Goodbye Plane (2003) as Leonard
 * Love Actually (2003) as Sam's Grandfather
 * The Hollow (2004 TV Agatha Christie's Poirot) as Sir Henry Angkatell
 * Oliver Twist (2005) as Mr. Brownlow (final film)

Hardwicke also provided narration for several films. He voiced Major Swift in the Xbox 360 game Fable III.

Personal life
Hardwicke had two daughters, Kate and Emma, by his first marriage to Anne Iddon (died 2000), which ended in divorce. He was married to Prim Cotton from 1994 until his death.

Hardwicke lived in Chichester. On 16 May 2011, he died of cancer at a hospice in the city, with his remains handled at the Chichester Crematorium.

At the time of his death, Hardwicke was a member of the Illustrious Clients of Indianapolis.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Edward Hardwicke


text:
Gerd Müller

Gerhard "Gerd" Müller (3 November 1945 – 15 August 2021) was a German professional footballer. A prolific striker, especially in and around the six-yard box, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest goalscorers in the history of the sport. With success at club and international level, he is one of nine players to have won the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League and the Ballon d'Or.

At international level with West Germany, he scored 68 goals in 62 appearances, and at club level, in 15 years with Bayern Munich, in which he scored 365 goals in 427 Bundesliga matches, he became—and still is—record holder of that league. In 74 European club games he scored 65 goals. Averaging over a goal a game with West Germany, Müller was, as of 11 July 2021, 21st on the list of all time international goalscorers, despite having played fewer matches than every other player in the top 48. Among the top scorers, he has the third-highest goal-to-game ratio. He also had the highest ratio of 0.97 goals per game in the European Cup, scoring 34 goals in 35 matches.

Nicknamed "Bomber der Nation" ("the nation's Bomber") or simply "Der Bomber", Müller was named European Footballer of the Year in 1970. After a successful season at Bayern Munich, he scored ten goals at the 1970 FIFA World Cup for West Germany where he received the Golden Boot as top goalscorer, before winning the 1970 Ballon d'Or. In 1972, he won the UEFA European Championship and was the top goalscorer, scoring two goals in the final. Two years later, he scored 4 goals in the 1974 FIFA World Cup, including the winning goal in the final.

Müller held the all-time goal-scoring record in the World Cup with 14 goals for 32 years. In 1999, Müller was ranked ninth in the European Player of the Century election held by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics (IFFHS), and he was voted 13th in the IFFHS' World Player of the Century election. In 2004, Pelé named Müller in the FIFA 100 list of the world's greatest living players.

Bayern Munich
Born 3 November 1945, in Nördlingen, Germany, Müller began his football career at his hometown club TSV 1861 Nördlingen youth ranks in 1958. Aged 18, Müller joined Bayern Munich in 1964, where he teamed up with future stars Franz Beckenbauer and Sepp Maier. The club, which would go on to become the most successful German club in history, was then still in the Regionalliga Süd (Regional League South), which was one level below the Bundesliga at the time.

After one season, Bayern Munich advanced to the Bundesliga and started a long string of successes. With his club, Müller amassed titles during the 1960s and 1970s: he won the German Championship four times, the DFB-Pokal four times, the European Cup three consecutive years (the first West German team to win it; Müller scored in the 1974 final replay and the 1975 final), the Intercontinental Cup once, and the European Cup Winners' Cup once.

An opportunistic goal-scorer, Müller also became German top scorer seven times and European top scorer twice. Müller scored 365 goals in 427 Bundesliga matches for Bayern Munich, 53 goals over the second-most successful Bundesliga scorer, Robert Lewandowski. He held the single-season Bundesliga record with 40 goals in season 1971–72, a record that would be held until Lewandowski scored 41 goals during the 2020–21 season. Müller averaged a goal per game or better in seven of his 14 seasons. He scored 68 goals in 62 German international games. He held the record for most goals scored in a calendar year, striking 85 goals in 1972, until his total was surpassed 40 years later in 2012 by Lionel Messi. He also held the record for most club goals scored in all competitions in Europe, with 67 until being surpassed by Messi in 2012.

Fort Lauderdale Strikers
After his career in the Bundesliga, Müller went to the United States, where he joined the Fort Lauderdale Strikers (based in the Miami area) of the North American Soccer League (NASL) in 1979. He played three seasons with this team, scoring 38 goals, and reaching, but losing, the league final in 1980.

International career
Müller scored 68 goals in 62 games for West Germany. He was Germany's all-time leading scorer for almost 40 years until surpassed by Miroslav Klose in 2014, though Klose required over double the number of caps to do so, scoring his 69th goal in his 132nd appearance. Müller's international career started in 1966 and ended on 7 July 1974 with victory at the 1974 FIFA World Cup at his home stadium in Munich. He scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over Johan Cruyff's Netherlands in the final. His four goals in that tournament and his ten goals at the 1970 FIFA World Cup combined made him the all-time highest FIFA World Cup goalscorer at the time with 14 goals. His record stood until the 2006 tournament, coincidentally held in Germany, when it was broken by Brazilian striker Ronaldo, who also required more matches than Müller to achieve his tally. Müller also participated in the 1972 European Championship, becoming top scorer with four goals (including two in the final) and winning the Championship with the West German team.

Müller quit playing for West Germany after the 1974 FIFA World Cup triumph following an argument with the German Football Association (DFB) at the post-tournament celebration, when officials' wives were allowed to attend but players' wives were not.

Life after football
After Müller ended his career in 1981, he fell into a slump and suffered from alcoholism. However, his former companions at Bayern Munich convinced him to go through alcohol rehabilitation. When he emerged, they gave him a job as a coach at Bayern Munich II.

He held the position from 1992 until he retired in 2014 due to health problems. There is also a collection of apparel released by sporting giants Adidas under the Gerd Müller name. It is part of the Adidas originals series. In July 2008, the Rieser Sportpark, in Nördlingen, where Müller had begun his career, was renamed the Gerd-Müller-Stadion in his honour.

On 6 October 2015, it was announced that Müller was suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He died on 15 August 2021 in a nursing home in Wolfratshausen, aged 75.

Style of play
In his book, Brilliant Orange: The Neurotic Genius of Dutch Football, author David Winner writes, "Müller was short, squat, awkward-looking and not notably fast; he never fitted the conventional idea of a great footballer, but he had lethal acceleration over short distances, a remarkable aerial game, and uncanny goalscoring instincts. His short legs gave him a low center of gravity, so he could turn quickly and with perfect balance in spaces and at speeds that would cause other players to fall over. He also had a knack of scoring in unlikely situations."

Müller used extreme acceleration, agility, and deceptive changes of pace to get to loose balls first, and bypass defenders. His teammate Franz Beckenbauer has emphasized Müller's unusual speed: "His pace was incredible. In training I have played against him and I never had a chance."

A prolific goalscorer, Müller was also known for his movement, coordination, intelligence, and clinical finishing inside the penalty area. He had the ability to score goals from awkward positions with almost any part of his body, not only with his head or either foot.

Legacy
Müller is widely considered to be one of the greatest strikers and goalscorers in the history of football. He is seen as the greatest "goal poacher" in history,  with Gary Lineker calling him "the ultimate goal poacher". He is one of only two players, alongside Lionel Messi, to have won the FIFA World Cup, the UEFA Champions League, the Ballon d'Or and the European Golden Shoe. After his death in 2021, FC Bayern Munich president Herbert Hainer declared that Müller was "the greatest striker there's ever been", while Franz Beckenbauer stated that Müller was "the most important player in the history of Bayern Munich".

International
Müller scored 68 goals in 62 games for West Germany. His 14 goals in FIFA World Cup tournaments were a record between 1974 and 2006. This score was bettered in 2006 by Brazil's Ronaldo, and eight years later by German Miroslav Klose, who also broke Müller's record for goals for Germany. However, Müller managed to score eight hat-tricks in his international career.

Honours
Bayern Munich
 * Regionalliga Süd: 1964–65
 * Bundesliga: 1968–69, 1971–72, 1972–73, 1973–74
 * DFB-Pokal: 1965–66, 1966–67, 1968–69, 1970–71
 * European Cup: 1973–74, 1974–75, 1975–76
 * European Cup Winners' Cup: 1966–67
 * Intercontinental Cup: 1976

West Germany
 * FIFA World Cup: 1974
 * UEFA European Championship: 1972

Individual
 * Ballon d'Or: 1970; runner-up: 1972; third place: 1969, 1973
 * Footballer of the Year (Germany): 1967, 1969
 * Voted best Player 40 Years Bundesliga 1963–2003
 * kicker Bundesliga Team of the Season: 1968–69, 1969–70, 1971–72, 1972–73
 * Eric Batty's World XI: 1969, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1976, 1977, 1978
 * FUWO European Team of the Season: 1970, 1972
 * Sport Ideal European XI: 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974
 * Bundesliga Top Scorer (Kicker-Torjägerkanone): 1967, 1969, 1970, 1972, 1973, 1974, 1978
 * European Golden Shoe: 1969–70, 1971–72
 * FIFA World Cup Golden Boot: 1970

 * FIFA World Cup All-Star Team: 1970
 * FIFA Selects World XI: 1971, 1972, 1973
 * Worldwide Topscorer: 1970, 1972
 * UEFA European Championship Top Scorer: 1972
 * UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament: 1972
 * European Cup Top Scorer: 1973, 1974, 1975, 1977
 * Onze de Onze: 1976

 * FIFA Order of Merit: 1998
 * France Football's Football Player of the Century: 10th (1999)
 * World Soccer The Greatest Players of the 20th century: 15th (1999)
 * FIFA 100: 2004
 * Golden Foot: 2007, as football legend
 * Bravo Otto: Gold award: 1973, 1974; Silver award: 1975; Bronze award: 1972, 1976
 * IFFHS Legends
 * Bayern Munich All-time XI
 * IFFHS All-time Men's B Dream Team: 2021
 * IFFHS All-time Europe Men's Dream Team: 2021

title: Gerd Müller


text:
QuakeNet

QuakeNet is an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) network, and was one of the largest IRC networks. The network was founded in 1997 by Garfield (Henrik Rasmussen, Denmark) and Oli (Oli Gustafsson, Sweden) as a new home for their respective countries' Quake channels. At its peak on February 8, 2005, the network recorded 243,394 simultaneous connections. , there are 9 servers and about 12,000 users remaining.

About QuakeNet
Founded in 1997 as an IRC network for QuakeWorld players, QuakeNet saw huge growth over the coming years as it attracted many other gamers. As interest in IRC started to decline, QuakeNet's userbase followed suit.

Services
Channels often feature QuakeNet's requestable bespoke channel service 'Q'. Q is the main channel service and manages account authentication similar to nickname registration on servers with Nickserv; although there is no nickname protection service, instead operating on a first come first served basis. The other popular channel service seen in the larger channels is 'S'. S is SpamScan, a service used to detect spam from channels and warn or later punish the offending users. Since April 2014, D was also added as a channel service which collects various statistic metrics about a channel, such as word counts and popular phrases.

Additional services include O as an operserv reference bot to the server operators on QuakeNet, and R (RequestBot) which allows users to request both Q and S if their channel meets their requirements. There are many other backend services which help QuakeNet staff administer the network. QuakeNet also is the home to many other third-party bot-operated services that can be used for various purposes to assist channel operators to run their channels or provide light entertainment. Many of these channels can be found using the channel search facility on the QuakeNet website.

Webchat
QuakeNet has a webchat client which allows users to connect to the network without the use of a dedicated IRC client. The client software, called qwebirc, was created by the QuakeNet development team. It is often embedded into other websites and also used by other IRC networks.

title: QuakeNet


text: User:Slug

title: User:Slug


text:
Ray transfer matrix analysis

Ray transfer matrix analysis (also known as ABCD matrix analysis) is a mathematical form for performing ray tracing calculations in sufficiently simple problems which can be solved considering only paraxial rays. Each optical element (surface, interface, mirror, or beam travel) is described by a 2×2 ray transfer matrix which operates on a vector describing an incoming light ray to calculate the outgoing ray. Multiplication of the successive matrices thus yields a concise ray transfer matrix describing the entire optical system. The same mathematics is also used in accelerator physics to track particles through the magnet installations of a particle accelerator, see electron optics.

This technique, as described below, is derived using the paraxial approximation, which requires that all ray directions (directions normal to the wavefronts) are at small angles θ relative to the optical axis of the system, such that the approximation $$\sin \theta \approx \theta$$ remains valid. A small θ further implies that the transverse extent of the ray bundles (x and y) is small compared to the length of the optical system (thus "paraxial"). Since a decent imaging system where this is not the case for all rays must still focus the paraxial rays correctly, this matrix method will properly describe the positions of focal planes and magnifications, however aberrations still need to be evaluated using full ray-tracing techniques.

Matrix definition

The ray tracing technique is based on two reference planes, called the input and output planes, each perpendicular to the optical axis of the system. At any point along the optical train an optical axis is defined corresponding to a central ray; that central ray is propagated to define the optical axis further in the optical train which need not be in the same physical direction (such as when bent by a prism or mirror). The transverse directions x and y (below we only consider the x direction) are then defined to be orthogonal to the optical axes applying. A light ray enters a component crossing its input plane at a distance x1 from the optical axis, traveling in a direction that makes an angle θ1 with the optical axis. After propagation to the output plane that ray is found at a distance x2 from the optical axis and at an angle θ2 with respect to it. n1 and n2 are the indices of refraction of the media in the input and output plane, respectively.

The ABCD matrix representing a component or system relates the output ray to the input according to $$ \begin{bmatrix}x_2 \\ \theta_2\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x_1 \\ \theta_1\end{bmatrix}, $$ where the values of the 4 matrix elements are thus given by $$A = \left.\frac{x_2}{x_1} \right|_{\theta_1 = 0} \qquad B = \left.\frac{x_2}{\theta_1} \right|_{x_1 = 0},$$ and $$C = \left.\frac{\theta_2}{ x_1 } \right|_{\theta_1 = 0} \qquad D = \left.\frac{\theta_2}{\theta_1 } \right|_{x_1 = 0}.$$

This relates the ray vectors at the input and output planes by the ray transfer matrix (RTM) M, which represents the optical component or system present between the two reference planes. A thermodynamics argument based on the blackbody radiation can be used to show that the determinant of a RTM is the ratio of the indices of refraction: $$\det(\mathbf{M}) = AD - BC = \frac{n_1}{n_2}. $$

As a result, if the input and output planes are located within the same medium, or within two different media which happen to have identical indices of refraction, then the determinant of M is simply equal to 1.

A different convention for the ray vectors can be employed. Instead of using θ≈sin θ, the second element of the ray vector is n sin θ, which is proportional not to the ray angle per se but to the transverse component of the wave vector. This alters the ABCD matrices given in the table below where refraction at an interface is involved.

The use of transfer matrices in this manner parallels the 2×2 matrices describing electronic two-port networks, particularly various so-called ABCD matrices which can similarly be multiplied to solve for cascaded systems.

Some examples
x_2 & = & x_1 + d\theta_1 \\ \theta_2 & = & \theta_1 \end{matrix} $$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & d \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & d \\ -\frac{1}{f} & 1-\frac{d}{f} \end{bmatrix}. $$
 * For example, if there is free space between the two planes, the ray transfer matrix is given by: $$ \mathbf{S} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & d \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}, $$ where d is the separation distance (measured along the optical axis) between the two reference planes. The ray transfer equation thus becomes: $$ \begin{bmatrix} x_2 \\ \theta_2 \end{bmatrix} = \mathbf{S} \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ \theta_1\end{bmatrix} , $$ and this relates the parameters of the two rays as: $$ \begin{matrix}
 * Another simple example is that of a thin lens. Its RTM is given by: $$ \mathbf{L} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ -\frac{1}{f} & 1 \end{bmatrix}, $$ where f is the focal length of the lens. To describe combinations of optical components, ray transfer matrices may be multiplied together to obtain an overall RTM for the compound optical system. For the example of free space of length d followed by a lens of focal length f: $$\mathbf{L}\mathbf{S} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ -\frac{1}{f} & 1\end{bmatrix}

Note that, since the multiplication of matrices is non-commutative, this is not the same RTM as that for a lens followed by free space: $$ \mathbf{SL} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & d \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ -\frac{1}{f} & 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1-\frac{d}{f} & d \\ -\frac{1}{f} & 1 \end{bmatrix}. $$

Thus the matrices must be ordered appropriately, with the last matrix premultiplying the second last, and so on until the first matrix is premultiplied by the second. Other matrices can be constructed to represent interfaces with media of different refractive indices, reflection from mirrors, etc.

Eigenvalues
A ray transfer matrix can be regarded as a linear canonical transformation. According to the eigenvalues of the optical system, the system can be classified into several classes. Assume the ABCD matrix representing a system relates the output ray to the input according to $$ \begin{bmatrix}x_2 \\ \theta_2\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}x_1 \\ \theta_1\end{bmatrix} =\mathbf{T}\mathbf{v} .$$

We compute the eigenvalues of the matrix $$ \mathbf{T} $$ that satisfy eigenequation $$ [\boldsymbol{T}-\lambda I] \mathbf{v} = \begin{bmatrix} A-\lambda & B \\ C & D-\lambda \end{bmatrix} \mathbf{v} = 0 ,$$ by calculating the determinant $$ \begin{vmatrix} A-\lambda & B \\ C & D-\lambda \end{vmatrix} = \lambda^2 - (A+D) \lambda + 1 = 0 .$$

Let $$m = \frac{(A+D)}{2}$$, and we have eigenvalues $$\lambda_{1}, \lambda_{2}=m \pm \sqrt{m^{2}-1}$$.

According to the values of $$\lambda_{1}$$ and $$\lambda_{2}$$, there are several possible cases. For example:

 * 1) A pair of real eigenvalues: $$r$$ and $$r^{-1}$$, where $$r\neq1$$. This case represents a magnifier $$ \begin{bmatrix} r & 0 \\ 0 & r^{-1} \end{bmatrix} $$
 * 2) $$\lambda_{1}=\lambda_{2}=1$$ or $$\lambda_{1}=\lambda_{2}=-1$$. This case represents unity matrix (or with an additional coordinate reverter) $$ \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1\end{bmatrix} $$.
 * 3) $$\lambda_{1}, \lambda_{2}=\pm1$$. This case occurs if but not only if the system is either a unity operator, a section of free space, or a lens
 * 4) A pair of two unimodular, complex conjugated eigenvalues $$e^{i\theta}$$ and $$e^{-i\theta}$$. This case is similar to a separable Fractional Fourier Transform.

Relation between geometrical ray optics and wave optics
The theory of Linear canonical transformation implies the relation between ray transfer matrix (geometrical optics) and wave optics.

Common decomposition
There exist infinite ways to decompose a ray transfer matrix $$ \mathbf{T} = \begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix} $$ into a concatenation of multiple transfer matrices. For example in the special case when $$n_1 = n_2$$:

= \left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ D / B & 1 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{rr} B & 0 \\ 0 & 1 / B \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll} 0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ A / B & 1 \end{array}\right] $$. = \left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ C / A & 1 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{rr} A & 0 \\ 0 & A^{-1} \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & B / A \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}\right] $$ = \left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & A / C \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{lr} -C^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & -C \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll} 0 & 1 \\ -1 & 0 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & D / C \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}\right] $$ = \left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & B / D \\ 0 & 1 \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll} D^{-1} & 0 \\ 0 & D \end{array}\right]\left[\begin{array}{ll} 1 & 0 \\ C / D & 1 \end{array}\right] $$
 * 1) $$ \begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix}
 * 1) $$ \begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix}
 * 1) $$ \begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix}
 * 1) $$ \begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix}

Resonator stability
RTM analysis is particularly useful when modeling the behavior of light in optical resonators, such as those used in lasers. At its simplest, an optical resonator consists of two identical facing mirrors of 100% reflectivity and radius of curvature R, separated by some distance d. For the purposes of ray tracing, this is equivalent to a series of identical thin lenses of focal length f=R/2, each separated from the next by length d. This construction is known as a lens equivalent duct or lens equivalent waveguide. The RTM of each section of the waveguide is, as above, $$\mathbf{M} =\mathbf{L}\mathbf{S} = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & d \\ \frac{-1}{f} & 1-\frac{d}{f} \end{pmatrix} $$.

RTM analysis can now be used to determine the stability of the waveguide (and equivalently, the resonator). That is, it can be determined under what conditions light traveling down the waveguide will be periodically refocused and stay within the waveguide. To do so, we can find all the "eigenrays" of the system: the input ray vector at each of the mentioned sections of the waveguide times a real or complex factor λ is equal to the output one. This gives: $$ \mathbf{M} \begin{bmatrix}x_1 \\ \theta_1\end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix}x_2 \\ \theta_2\end{bmatrix} = \lambda \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ \theta_1 \end{bmatrix}. $$ which is an eigenvalue equation: $$ \left[ \mathbf{M} - \lambda\mathbf{I} \right] \begin{bmatrix}x_1 \\ \theta_1\end{bmatrix} = 0, $$ where I is the 2×2 identity matrix.

We proceed to calculate the eigenvalues of the transfer matrix: $$\det \left[ \mathbf{M} - \lambda\mathbf{I} \right] = 0, $$ leading to the characteristic equation $$ \lambda^2 - \operatorname{tr}(\mathbf{M}) \lambda + \det( \mathbf{M}) = 0, $$ where $$ \operatorname{tr} ( \mathbf{M} ) = A + D = 2 - \frac{d}{f} $$ is the trace of the RTM, and $$\det(\mathbf{M}) = AD - BC = 1 $$ is the determinant of the RTM. After one common substitution we have: $$ \lambda^2 - 2g \lambda + 1 = 0, $$ where $$ g \overset{\mathrm{def}}{{}={}} \frac{ \operatorname{tr}(\mathbf{M}) }{ 2 } = 1 - \frac{ d }{ 2 f } $$ is the stability parameter. The eigenvalues are the solutions of the characteristic equation. From the quadratic formula we find $$ \lambda_{\pm} =  g \pm \sqrt{g^2 - 1}. $$

Now, consider a ray after N passes through the system: $$ \begin{bmatrix}x_N \\ \theta_N \end{bmatrix} = \lambda^N \begin{bmatrix}x_1 \\ \theta_1\end{bmatrix}. $$

If the waveguide is stable, no ray should stray arbitrarily far from the main axis, that is, λN must not grow without limit. Suppose $$ g^2 > 1$$. Then both eigenvalues are real. Since $$ \lambda_+ \lambda_- = 1$$, one of them has to be bigger than 1 (in absolute value), which implies that the ray which corresponds to this eigenvector would not converge. Therefore, in a stable waveguide, $$ g^2 \leq 1$$, and the eigenvalues can be represented by complex numbers: $$ \lambda_{\pm} = g \pm i \sqrt{1 - g^2} = \cos(\phi) \pm i \sin(\phi) = e^{\pm i \phi}, $$ with the substitution $g = cos(ϕ)$.

For $$ g^2 < 1 $$ let $$ r_+ $$ and $$ r_- $$ be the eigenvectors with respect to the eigenvalues $$ \lambda_+ $$ and $$ \lambda_- $$ respectively, which span all the vector space because they are orthogonal, the latter due to $$\lambda_+ \neq \lambda_-$$. The input vector can therefore be written as $$ c_+ r_+ + c_- r_-, $$ for some constants $$ c_+ $$ and $$ c_- $$.

After N waveguide sectors, the output reads $$ \mathbf{M}^N (c_+ r_+ + c_- r_-) = \lambda_+^N c_+ r_+ + \lambda_-^N c_- r_- = e^{i N \phi} c_+ r_+ + e^{- i N \phi} c_- r_-, $$ which represents a periodic function.

Gaussian beams
The same matrices can also be used to calculate the evolution of Gaussian beams propagating through optical components described by the same transmission matrices. If we have a Gaussian beam of wavelength $$\lambda_0$$, radius of curvature R (positive for diverging, negative for converging), beam spot size w and refractive index n, it is possible to define a complex beam parameter q by: $$ \frac{1}{q} = \frac{1}{R} - \frac{i\lambda_0}{\pi n w^2}. $$

(R, w, and q are functions of position.) If the beam axis is in the z direction, with waist at $$z_0$$ and Rayleigh range $$z_R$$, this can be equivalently written as $$ q = (z - z_0) + i z_R .$$

This beam can be propagated through an optical system with a given ray transfer matrix by using the equation: $$ \begin{bmatrix} q_2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = k \begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix}q_1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}, $$ where k is a normalization constant chosen to keep the second component of the ray vector equal to 1. Using matrix multiplication, this equation expands as $$ q_2 = k (A q_1 + B)$$ and $$ 1  = k (C q_1 + D) $$

Dividing the first equation by the second eliminates the normalization constant: $$ q_2 =\frac{Aq_1+B}{Cq_1+D} ,$$

It is often convenient to express this last equation in reciprocal form: $$ \frac{ 1 }{ q_2 } = \frac{ C + D/q_1 }{ A + B/q_1 }. $$

Example: Free space
Consider a beam traveling a distance d through free space, the ray transfer matrix is $$\begin{bmatrix} A & B \\ C & D \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & d \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} .$$ and so $$q_2 = \frac{A q_1+B}{C q_1+D} = \frac{q_1+d}{1} = q_1+d$$ consistent with the expression above for ordinary Gaussian beam propagation, i.e. $$ q = (z-z_0) + i z_R$$. As the beam propagates, both the radius and waist change.

Example: Thin lens
Consider a beam traveling through a thin lens with focal length f. The ray transfer matrix is $$\begin{bmatrix}A&B\\C&D\end{bmatrix}=\begin{bmatrix}1&0\\-1/f&1\end{bmatrix}.$$ and so $$q_2 =\frac{Aq_1+B}{Cq_1+D} = \frac{q_1}{-\frac{q_1}{f}+1} $$ $$\frac{1}{q_2} = \frac{-\frac{q_1}{f} + 1}{q_1} = \frac{1}{q_1} - \frac{1}{f} .$$ Only the real part of 1/q is affected: the wavefront curvature 1/R is reduced by the power of the lens 1/f, while the lateral beam size w remains unchanged upon exiting the thin lens.

Higher rank matrices
Methods using transfer matrices of higher dimensionality, that is 3×3, 4×4, and 6×6, are also used in optical analysis. In particular, 4×4 propagation matrices are used in the design and analysis of prism sequences for pulse compression in femtosecond lasers.

title: Ray transfer matrix analysis


text:
Pediculosis

Pediculosis is an infestation of lice from the sub-order Anoplura, family Pediculidae. Accordingly, the infestation with head lice is named pediculosis capitis, while this with body lice, pediculosis corporis. Although pediculosis in humans may properly refer to lice infestation of any part of the body, the term is sometimes used loosely to refer to pediculosis capitis, the infestation of the human head with the specific head louse.

Classification
Pediculosis may be divided into the following types:

 * Pediculosis capitis (Head lice infestation)
 * Pediculosis corporis (Body louse infestation, also known as Pediculosis vestimenti, Vagabond's disease)
 * Pediculosis pubis (Pubic louse infestation, also known as phthiriasis)

Presentation
Head-lice infestation is most frequent on children aged 3–10 and their families. Approximately 3% of school children in the United States contract head lice. Females aged 3–12 years are most commonly infested. Those of African descent rarely experience infestation due to differences in hair texture.

Head lice are spread through direct head-to-head contact with an infested person. From each egg or "nit" may hatch one nymph that will grow and develop to the adult louse. Lice feed on blood once or more often each day by piercing the skin with their tiny needle-like mouthparts. While feeding they excrete saliva, which irritates the skin and causes itching. Lice cannot burrow into the skin.

Diagnosis
To diagnose infestation, the entire scalp should be combed thoroughly with a louse comb and the teeth of the comb should be examined for the presence of living lice after each time the comb passes through the hair. The use of a louse comb is the most effective way to detect living lice.

The most characteristic symptom of infestation is pruritus (itching) on the head that normally intensifies 3 to 4 weeks after the initial infestation. The bite reaction is very mild and it can be rarely seen between the hairs. Excessive scratching of the infested areas can cause sores, which may become infected.

Treatment
The number of diagnosed cases of human louse infestations (or pediculosis) has increased worldwide since the mid-1960s, reaching hundreds of millions annually. There is no product or method that assures 100% destruction of the eggs and hatched lice after a single treatment. However, there are a number of treatment methods that can be employed with varying degrees of success. These methods include chemical treatments, natural products, combs, shaving, hot air, silicone-based lotions, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Ethanol (ethyl alcohol, common alcohol) is toxic to arthropods including lice. It can be mixed with the everyday hair conditioner for a treatment.

Ethanol as an arthropod killing solution.

Pediculosis is commonly treated with permethrin lotion.

Epidemiology
About 14 million people, mainly children, are treated annually for head lice in the United States alone. Only a small proportion of those treated, however, may have objective evidence of an extant infestation. High levels of louse infestations have also been reported from all over the world including Denmark, Sweden, U.K., France and Australia. Normally head lice infest a new host only by close contact between individuals, making social contacts among children and parent child interactions more likely routes of infestation than shared combs, brushes, towels, clothing, beds or closets. Head-to-head contact is by far the most common route of lice transmission.

The United Kingdom's National Health Service, and many American health agencies, report that lice "prefer" clean hair, because it's easier to attach eggs and to cling to the strands.

Head lice (Pediculus humanus capitis) are not known to be vectors of diseases, unlike body lice (Pediculus humanus humanus), which are known vectors of epidemic or louse-borne typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii), trench fever (Rochalimaea quintana) and louse-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia recurrentis).

Body lice
This condition is caused by body louse (Pediculus humanus humanus, sometimes called Pediculus humanus corporis), a louse that infests humans and is adapted to lay eggs in clothing, rather than at the base of hairs, and is thus of recent evolutionary origin.

Other animals
Pediculosis is more common in cattle than any other type of domesticated animal. This is a significant problem, as it can cause weight loss of 55 to 75 pounds per animal. Some species of lice infesting cattle include the cattle biting louse (Bovicola bovis), the shortnosed cattle louse (Haematopinus eurysternus), the longnosed cattle louse (Linognathus vituli), and the little blue cattle louse (Solenopotes capillatus).

History
In the 15th century, topical mercury treatment was used to treat pediculosis.

title: Pediculosis


text:
Talk:White elephant

Copyright violation
Editwarring to insert copyright violations is a Bad Thing. Stop that now. bobrayner (talk) 19:52, 9 March 2013 (UTC)

Please have a look at Non-free contentClicklander (talk) 07:38, 10 March 2013 (UTC)
 * What do you mean? One of those sources describes itself as "Originally published in Air & Space/Smithsonian, October/November 1995. Copyright 1995, Smithsonian Institution. All rights reserved." It may be a reliable source, but we should not lift sentences from it verbatim. I've cut it, and cut the other example which is only sourced to an apparently WP:RS-failing blog. --McGeddon (talk) 18:47, 10 March 2013 (UTC)

 * From the link you provided

"Brief quotations of copyrighted text may be used to illustrate a point, establish context, or attribute a point of view or idea. Use of copyrighted text must be in compliance with Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria policy."

and from Non-free content

"Brief quotations of copyrighted text may be used to illustrate a point, establish context, or attribute a point of view or idea. In all cases, a citation is required. Copyrighted text that is used verbatim must be attributed with quotation marks or other standard notation, such as block quotes. Any alterations must be clearly marked, i.e. [brackets] for added text, an ellipsis (...) for removed text, and emphasis noted after the quotation as "(emphasis added)" or "(emphasis in the original)". Extensive quotation of copyrighted text is prohibited."

Wikipedia policy on quotation of copyrighted material does not differ from what generally applies in any other kind of published written document (books, newspapers, internet pages etc.). In our case it is just about an example within an article. It is not about the article itself. A brief quotation is enough to support the example. If anyone wants to rewrite the example in a different way you are free to do so, for me this brief quotation is more than enough.

Regarding the other example it is sourced to an article written by a sports commentator and published on a public media with author's name and date. I do not see why this is not a reliable source.Clicklander (talk) 07:23, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I didn't realise you'd added quotemarks, I see your point now that you've stated it. I've re-added the example and rewritten it to avoid direct quotation, as the quote itself isn't that remarkable. I've left the football stadium one out, though - the source only says that the stadium was "rarely full" and "a hindrance" to teams; it does not allege "very low attendances" or "inappropriate design".--McGeddon (talk) 11:23, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

Thank you very much for your contribution. That's exactly the way how the community should act in order to improve and enrich articles! Unfortunately some people around consider a contribution to find minor flaws within the articles and use them as a excuse to remove useful encyclopedic information entirely. That's not my way. As for the other example, "very low attendances" and "inappropriate design" can be retrieved form the corresponding wikipedia article itself: Stadio delle Alpi.Clicklander (talk) 13:20, 11 March 2013 (UTC)

Example sprawl
We should maybe exercise some editorial control rather than just digging up everything that has ever been called (even by only one source) a white elephant. Is there any obvious way to divide the examples into groups, and pick out the best examples of each type? --McGeddon (talk) 11:23, 11 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It is also necessary to confirm that the available citations invoke the 'white elephant' metaphor. I am not certain they all do. causa sui (talk) 23:43, 4 October 2013 (UTC)
 * I think a list of a few would not be bad, but (a) a simple wikilink with a reference to it being expressly described as a white elepahant is all we need, and (b) it needs to be something that is a "valuable but burdensome possession of which its owner cannot dispose and whose cost (particularly cost of upkeep) is out of proportion to its usefulness or worth" - and I don't think many of the current examples qualify. Snori (talk) 01:34, 11 August 2014 (UTC)

2015 redux
Broadly agree with all of the above. Absent any objections I intend to begin taking "ye olde wiki-axe" out and severly chopping this section in the near future. Beeblebrox (talk) 19:10, 31 January 2015 (UTC)
 * Kinda forgot about this, but it looks like nobody has any objections. I count nearly forty examples. I'd like to get that number down to ten or less, so I'm going to start chopping. If anyone objects to any specific items being removed please discuss them here. Beeblebrox (talk) 21:31, 21 April 2015 (UTC)
 * I've chopped numerous entries and trimmed and consolidated some related entries, but it could probably use a bit more trimming and reformatting. Beeblebrox (talk) 23:04, 21 April 2015 (UTC)

I have an objection regarding the Temple of Olympian Zeus (perhaps I have more, I haven't gone through all the deleted examples). This is one of the best White Elephant examples in human history and one of the most notorious of the ancient times.Clicklander (talk) 09:15, 15 May 2015 (UTC)
 * We had an extremely bloated example farm there, and the source used to support its inclusion in it was weak, appearing to be the personal web page of a single college professor. If you can locate better sourcing for it being a white elephant I could see it being re-introduced. Beeblebrox (talk) 17:04, 15 May 2015 (UTC)

A gigantic temple standing unfinished and unused for more than 600 years!!! Do you need more evidences to to see it as a white Elephant???Clicklander (talk) 07:25, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Per WP:OR and WP:SYNTH it actually doesn't matter what I think, or what you think qualifies as white elephant. All that matters is finding WP:RS that have already made that determination. As I said, if you can locate such a source I would be fine with re-including it. Beeblebrox (talk) 16:10, 20 May 2015 (UTC)

There was a source that made this determination and you ignored it as a week because it was written by a professor. The Temple of Olympian Zeus was standing as a white elephant from the 6th century BC to the 2nd century AD. At that time not only there were no newspapers and media to write about as they do today for the modern white elephants and you can find hundreds of sources for them, but also the term "White Elephant" didn't even exist in the 6th century BC. So who else do you expect to call such an old project as a White Elephant of the time, other than professors who study history? Do not expect to find such a source in today journalist's articles as you can't find it in the ancient writings of that time. From encyclopedic point of view I think this example is very significant and has a place in wikipedia's article not only because of the scale of the project and the very long time it stayed as white elephant (perhaps the longest ever), but also because it is a very unique example from a different age and differs a lot from all other examples in the list. I agree with your efforts to minimize the article and keep the most characteristic examples but based on this concept this example definitely has a place in. After all there are also examples in the list that do not include sources at all like Christ's Hospital railway station.Clicklander (talk) 11:23, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I think a good way to resolve this would be to ask at WP:RSN about that source. Beeblebrox (talk) 17:36, 22 May 2015 (UTC)

The question was placed but no sufficient explanation was given for not to include this reference and no much discussion was opened on that. The topic has now been archived. I think I will put back the example until some further discussion takes place. Clicklander (talk) 13:30, 5 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Of course, you are conveniently ignoring the fact that what feedback you did get indicated that the user saw it the same way I do and have just decided to push your preferred version back into the article regardless. Beeblebrox (talk) 15:38, 5 June 2015 (UTC)

1. The feedback I got was from only one single user. 2. This user had a different view from yours. His argument was not that the article was a single college professor's opinion as you said, but that the usage of "white elephant" was out of the article's definition. Nevertheless he was unable to support his argument. 3. After many days, no discussion on this made and there was no official response from Wikimedia Foundation. My question was finally archived so I guess the discussion is closed for the moment without having a clear answer. Therefore since there is no obvious problem with the reference I do not see why I shouldn't include it in the article, especially if it has to support such an obvious and significant example. I didn't ignore anything, but why should I get yours opinion as correct and not mine? We just see it from different perspective. If there are clear evidences that this source is problematic it's fine for me to leave it out, but isn't it more important to improve the article with useful information rather than arguing whose opinion is more correct?Clicklander (talk) 07:35, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't know why you would have expected an "official response from the Wikimedia Foundation" as this is not the sort of thing they ever get involved in. Consensus is our primary mode of decision making here. Unfortunately we don't really have enough particpation to say there is a consensus here, but it seems clear to me that it actually isn't fine with you if it is kept out despite what you say. I don't wish to edit war over it, but I do not see this as a mere difference of perspective, I see it as you using a single, very flimsy reference to support the inclusion of this item on the list, but I'm tired of arguing about it. This article was in bad shape, and my edits made it better. I don't want to see it turn back into a long rambling example farm with weak sourcing, but you are heading it back down that path. Beeblebrox (talk) 18:39, 8 June 2015 (UTC)

Since there was not enough participation as as you said and since as far as I know Wikipedia is not democracy DEM, I would expect some higher level contribution to resolve such a controversial issues. From my perspective, I am not 100% sure if this reference is good enough to be included in the article, but I am 100% convinced that this specific example adds value to the article and should stay.Clicklander (talk) 07:11, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

new(est) examples
The Elbphilharmonie in Hamburg, originally planned for 77 Mio., and now up to 789 Mio., but not yet finnished. --129.13.72.196 (talk) 00:07, 7 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Do you have a source, or preferably more than one, that explicitly calls it a "white elephant?" We already have more than enough examples, so I believe the standards for including any new ones should be fairly high. Beeblebrox (talk) 17:42, 7 September 2015 (UTC)

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Lede contradicts the body
I noticed the lede of the article says that the white elephant would be gifted to a courtier who had made themselves obnoxious, whereas the body of the article's explanation says that the gift indicated that they were held in high favour, despite the fact that the gift was inconvenient in terms of having to maintain it. I haven't looked through the sources as I only came to this article with curiosity at this term, but someone might want to check which one is accurate and correct the article. 86.20.248.127 (talk) 14:17, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

 * I agree with this observation and have removed the passage as contradictory and unreferenced. Mzilikazi1939 (talk) 17:24, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

Listcreep
Since 2013 editors have been discussing the intrusive list of examples which has now grown so irresponsibly long as to unbalance the article. This breaches Manual of Style guidelines, summed up at WP:LISTDD. The sure way to avoid the problem is to follow guidance and, instead of having a list that attracts creep, to summarise a few examples that cover types of white elephant projects in a single paragraph. Any future additions that add nothing new to the article can then be deleted. WP is supposed to be an encyclopaedia, not a dumping ground for news trivia. Mzilikazi1939 (talk) 17:59, 3 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:White elephant