text:
Talk:Little's law

Early discussion
the corresponding article on h2g2 (by u129960) is mine. I have the relevant rights. Martin

Is there somthing usefull to retrieve from this article: JDC Little? Looxix 20:42 May 5, 2003 (UTC)

I removed the weird purple box as it looked inconsistent with other pages and I didn't want to start a precedent where everyone starts adding odd HTML to pages in order to produce features that don't add anything to the article. Angela 02:13, Sep 22, 2003 (UTC) (in an anti-html mood).

What is an "OAP" (referred to in this entry)?

OAP stands for Old Age Pensioner Tango

After seeing the query written into this article (not just on the talk page) I searched on Google and found that in Britain the term is frequently used to refer to old people. Not just pensioners, even if that's the etymology. What I saw on Google did not suggest what the letters stand for, and I remained ignorant until I saw Tango's answer above. OAP is regional dialect, not standard English. Michael Hardy 23:27, 8 Oct 2003 (UTC)

All "old people" in england are pensioners, because everyone over 60/65 is entitled to a state pension (some will correct me if i'm wrong), so it the meaning is the same whatever way you look at it. OAP is used across England (and the rest of the UK to the best of my knowledge), so doesn't that make it standard english? (standard english being that which is spoken in england, or so i thought). -- Tango

 * No -- over the last few centuries English has become international. Many regional variations exist and England, like all other places where English is spoken, has usages that are only local (in some cases used throughout all of Britain and Ireland but not elsewhere, for example, and in some cases used only in the southern part of one county or the like) or ephemeral.  England has imported lots of usages from France that have replaced more traditional English usages that remain standard in America ("6 September" instead of the traditional "September 6th", and lots of others) so that current American usage and Samuel Johnson's 18th-century usage may coincide where 21st-century British usage has been Frenchified or otherwise changed (e.g., the British no longer often use "gotten" as the past participle of "got"; Americans still do).  I would say it would have to be more international and less ephemeral than "OAP" before I would call it "standard English".  Michael Hardy 22:16, 11 Oct 2003 (UTC)

The claim about the counter and Little's law not applying in the previous version of this article was simply untrue. There is no requirement for arrivals to be independent in Little's Theorem. I have added a section which formalises things a bit and puts in the requirements for Little's Theorem to hold. I have removed incorrect claims about independent arrivals. --Richard Clegg 15:59, 15 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Given this, and that there have been no complaints about accuracy posted here in at least two years (going by the timestamp of your comment), is there any need to keep the dispute box on the article? Ubernostrum 08:29, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

"The only requirement is that the system is stable -- it can't be in some transition state such as just starting up or just shutting down." This is false, no? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * No, because in the transition state assumptions about stable rates of arrival and/or time in the system don't hold. At startup, for example, when the system is empty, the rate of arrival may be much higher than in stable operation, as the system fills to capacity. Or, at shutdown, the time spent in the system may be much lower than in stable operation because the system must clear itself out prior to shutting down. Ubernostrum 07:42, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Additionally, at shutdown, the rate of arrival will drop to zero since, at some point, the system must stop accepting new clients. Ubernostrum 08:27, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Yes, I agree with you on these two points, so maybe I should be more clear. From the sentence I quoted, the implication seems to be that stability and not being in a transition state are equivalent. Trivially I can have a system with a higher rate of input than output, not be in a transition state, yet the queue would be unstable. Perhaps all that is needed is a rewording to remove the implied equivalence of the two parts of the sentence.

 * Perhaps the problem is with differing senses of the word "stable"; if you feel that the current wording may cause confusion, fix it ;) Ubernostrum 08:46, 5 July 2007 (UTC)

The article states that the only requirement of the system is that it operates on a FCFS basis. AFAICT this is completely wrong. The only requirement is the stationary property of the system. Wppds 13:51, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * After looking further into it I think the theorem holds for all work-conserving dequeuing disciplines. Or it least it holds for this more general property. If nobody objects I will change it to state this in the abstract. Wppds 17:50, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I full agree with Wppds's statement. BusaJD 14:12, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I completely agree, the original publication states (discussion section, page 5): "The results are remarkably free of specific assumptions about arrival and service distributions, independence of interarrival times, number of channels, queue discipline, etc. A requirement is made for strict stationarity (although this is probably not the weakest requirement possible), but the steady state in most current queuing models would appear to be strictly stationary. Similarly, in cases of practical interest, the arrival process is likely to be metrically transitive." 128.105.181.38 (talk) 19:48, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

From the article:

 * Let α(t) be the arrival rate to some system in the interval [0, t]. Let β(t) be the number of departures from the same system in the interval [0, t].  Both α(t) and β(t) are integer valued increasing functions by their definition.

I don't see how this is true. If α(t) is really the arrival rate, then how is it an increasing function? I see the definition being α(t) = p / t, where p is the number of things that have entered the queue. This is not gauranteed to be increasing. I can think of a few trivial counterexamples if someone needs proof. 157.130.62.194 (talk) 14:37, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

 * The arrival rate can, and is often assumed as, an exponential function. An exponential function, say, f(x)=e^x, is a valid example of an increasing function. Lucky boi (talk) 02:16, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Alright, by this I must have defined α(t) incorrectly. Using the definition above, we take example of people arriving in a store.  Let's assume that it's black friday and the store is open for 8 hours and there are 100 people waiting outside for their new Wii's.  In the first hour, 100 people arrive in the store, buy the Wiis and the store sells out.  On news of this, no new people enter the store.  Then α(1) = 100 people/hour, and α(8) = 100/8 = 14.5 people/hour.  This is not increasing.  Now if we take &alpha(t) to be the gross amount of people that visited, I can see how it is a non-decreasing function.  It would appear to me to usually be linear though, I'd love to see the justification for exponential though.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.189.106.194 (talk) 07:39, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Mathematical Formalization

We should take this section out. It isn't correct, as I illustrated above, and it's a gross simplification of the real proof. If someone wants the proof, they can find it. It is neither general enough to express in English, nor well defined enough to really be saying anything. I'll look at this tomorrow and decide weather it's worth cleaning up or deleting completely.12.189.106.194 (talk) 08:29, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

74.244.85.252 (talk) 07:25, 13 February 2008 (UTC)I made some simple edits (stressing long-term). This is how I explain it to students when I am teaching queueing theory.

Blocking system
Currently the article says that lambda is equal to the long term arrival rate to the system. However in a blocking system (that is a system with a finite queue), that definition can be rather misleading since Little's Law is really counting the long term effective (non blocked) arrival rate of the system, $$\lambda_{eff}$$, where $$\lambda_{eff} = \lambda$$ is the special case when the system has an infinite queue or infinite amount of consumers. EDIT: The reason I haven't fixed this myself is because the article seems to use a different notation than what we use here in Sweden ($$N=\lambda_{eff} \cdot T$$) so I'm afraid that I will screw up some well spread, well defined (American?) definition of the law. --213.113.125.251 (talk) 16:44, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

Also, after reading some more of the article, I think that the short example given isn't really accurate either seeing how a shop is very much a blocking system. In case there would be a too great of an arrival rate compared to the consuming rate, customers would eventually be blocked from entering, and thus the system can by definition never be unstable which the article claims. Ironically, a shop is actually a rather good example of describing the difference between the arrival rate and the effective arrival rate. In this case the immediate arrival rate may stay the same throughout the lifetime of the system, but if the shop is full, then the immediate effective arrival rate will be 0 since all arriving customers will be rejected by the system. --213.113.125.251 (talk) 16:59, 22 May 2011 (UTC)

Horrible
This article is terrible. It was written by folks completely oblivious to Erlang (unit), even though this is supposedly a proof of the Erlang formula. The article labors on and on about how seemingly out of thin air the realm of queueing theory sprang from Little in 1961, when everyone who does this type of work uses Erlang B and Erlang C formulae. I am hoping people who have contributed to this will see my recent edits about Erlang and see this comment and this article can be salvaged. But as it is, it merely couches the Erlnag formula within an article about Little's proof and makes no sense. I like to saw logs! (talk) 22:07, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Can you provide references for the links between Little's law and Erlang's work? Little's original paper doesn't reference any of Erlang's papers and I can't find the link proposed in any textbooks. Thanks, Gareth Jones (talk) 12:34, 2 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I still can't find any references for this claim. Little wrote an article to celebrate the paper's 50th anniversary which doesn't make any mention of Erlang either. I've now removed the text about Erlang. If you can find references discussing the links please do add them to the article. Gareth Jones (talk) 11:54, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Well, to show that I was right 4 years ago, I might as well offer this sort of proof which Gareth Jones could not find: Dr. Neil Gunther takes a swipe at Little's Law versus Erlang. Here is another source which leads off with "‘Little’s Law’ is a restatement of Erlang’s work."

In other words this article is a disgrace to Mr. Erlang and his prior work. Schools don't teach Erlang? That's not his fault! Little was only proving what had been known for 50 years, not publishing a new law made out of whole cloth. Perhaps Dr. Neil Gunther can help rewrite this article. He's the kind of expert I was hoping for in 2012 when I put a request at the top of the article. Just because Mr. Little cannot attribute his work to its source means nothing. While I am in no way saying that Little's formulation and work was the same as Erlang's, it is blatantly obvious (with or without explicit admissions from Little) that Little expanded upon Erlang's ideas. I would propose that the expansion was incremental and useful. The terms and data types are slightly different. But going back to the source, Erlang, we can see a novel and fundamental queuing theory that had no precedent.

To not mention Erlang, either in Little's works, or in discussions about Little's works, is terrible. And when the glaring error is pointed out, and you disregard it due to an inability to "find any references for this claim," is willful neglect. It just doesn't make sense not to point out the similarities in the article. I like to saw logs! (talk) 09:59, 22 July 2016 (UTC)

This statement is in error
This statement doesn't make sense:

"When exploring Little’s law and learning to trust it, be aware of the common mistakes of using arrivals (work arriving) when throughput (work completed) is called for and not keeping the units of measurements the same.[14]"

Little's law holds for a stationary system. For a stationary system, the arrival and completion rates must be the same. I'm going to remove this sentence.

Ma-Ma-Max Headroom (talk) 02:40, 23 December 2018 (UTC)

i agree this article is horrible
did little or any of his students or paper readers ever posit that perhaps, if the formula is generally applicable, it doesn't offer any insights? like if you can use it to analyze "any" situation ... it's not offering you "any" insight? this formula is beyond stupid and it is entirely validated by its assumptions that the underlying system has probability distributions that are static. like yea. so? you change the layout of your store, now you can't compare little's formulas anymore. keep your store the same? oh you need a bigger store now? wow i needed a formula for that? so insane. if the underlying distributions change they will change the scalability (by extension, throughput).

having skimmed the erlang wikipedia, i agree with the horrible note above.

title: Talk:Little's law


text:
User:F vdd

Hi There.

I'm Frederik, 28 year old Belgian living in London.

I just joined the WikipediA crew and hope to achieve the following here:
 * add to the Gent/Koksijde/Oostduinkerke/Belgium pages.
 * talk about 'schrimp fishing by horse' (incl. some pictures)
 * check out what IT topics are in the wikipedia

I am quite familiar with the Wiki principle (though not this implementations' syntax).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:F vdd


text:
User talk:F vdd

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and ask your question there. Again, welcome! andy 21:00, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * How to edit a page
 * Help pages
 * Tutorial
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:F vdd


text:
Alexandre Colonna-Walewski

Alexandre Florian Joseph, Count Colonna-Walewski (Aleksander Florian Józef Colonna-Walewski; 4 May 1810 – 27 September 1868), was a Polish and French politician and diplomat, the unacknowledged son of French emperor Napoleon I.

He is best known for his position as foreign minister of France under his cousin Napoleon III and for his diplomatic efforts presiding over the Congress of Paris, which created peace in the Crimean War and laid the base for modern international law of the sea with the Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law.

Early years
Walewski was born at Walewice, near Warsaw, in Poland to Countess Marie Walewska and her husband Athanasius, Count Walewski. He was rumoured to be the unacknowledged son of Napoleon I, although Athanasius legally acknowledged him as his own son. In 2013, published scholarship comparing DNA haplotype evidence taken from Emperor Napoleon, from his brother King Jérôme Bonaparte's descendant Charles, Prince Napoléon and from Colonna-Walewski's descendant indicated Alexandre's membership in the genetic male-line of the imperial House of Bonaparte.

Aged fourteen, Walewski refused to join the Imperial Russian army and fled to London, thence to Paris where the French government refused Tsar Alexander I's demands for his extradition to Russia.

Upon the accession of Louis-Philippe d'Orléans to the French throne in 1830, Walewski was dispatched to Poland, later the same year being entrusted by the leaders of the Polish November Uprising of 1830 as a diplomatic envoy to the Court of St James's. After the Fall of Warsaw, he took out letters of French naturalization and joined the French army, being in action in Algeria as a captain in the Chasseurs d'Afrique of the French Foreign Legion. In 1837 he resigned his commission to begin writing plays and working as a journalist for the press. He is said to have collaborated with the elder Dumas on Mademoiselle de Belle-Isle and a comedy of his, L'Ecole du monde, was produced at the Theâtre Français in 1840.

Diplomatic career
Later that year the prime minister of France Thiers, also a man of letters, became patron to one of Walewski's papers, Le Messager des Chambres, before sending him on a mission to Egypt. Under Guizot's government Walewski was posted to Buenos Aires to liaise with the British ambassador, John Cradock, 1st Baron Howden. Prince Louis Napoleon's accession to power in France as Napoleon III furthered his career with postings as envoy extraordinary to Florence and the Kingdom of Naples before London (1851–55), where he was charged with announcing the coup d'état to the prime minister, Lord Palmerston. In 1855, Walewski succeeded Drouyn de Lhuys as Minister of Foreign Affairs and he acted as President of, and French plenipotentiary at, the Congress of Paris the following year, leading to peace in the Crimean War and to the Paris Declaration Respecting Maritime Law. The latter treaty did contain an important novelty in international law, creating the possibility for nations that were not involved in the establishment of the agreement, to become a party by acceding the Declaration afterwards. As foreign minister, Walewski advocated a de-escalating strategy towards Russia, known as entente, opposing his emperor's strategy in Italy which led to war with Austria in 1859. After leaving the Foreign Ministry in 1860 he became France's Minister of State, an office which he held until 1863. He served as senator from 1855 to 1865, before being appointed to the Corps Législatif in 1865 and as president of the Chamber of Deputies by the Emperor, who returned him to the Senate after a revolt against his authority two years later.

Walewski was made a duke in 1866, was elected a member of the Académie des beaux-arts, appointed Grand Cross of the Légion d'honneur and made a Knight of Malta, also receiving the Gold Cross of Virtuti Militari.

Alexandre Walewski died of a stroke at Strasbourg on 27 September 1868 and is buried at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.

Descendants
He married on 1 December 1831 Lady Catherine Montagu (7 October 1808 – 30 April 1834), daughter of George, 6th Earl of Sandwich by his wife Lady Louisa Lowry-Corry. Following her death, he married secondly, on 4 June 1846 in Florence, Maria Anna, daughter of the Papal Count Zanobi di Ricci by his wife Princess Isabella Poniatowski. He also fathered a son by the actress Rachel Felix in 1844.

He had seven children, two from his first marriage, four from his second marriage, and one with a woman he wasn't married to.
 * By Lady Catherine Montagu, daughter of 6th Earl of Sandwich (both died young):
 * Louise-Marie Colonna-Walewska.
 * Comte Georges-Edouard-Auguste Colonna-Walewski.
 * By Maria Anna di Ricci (1823–1912):
 * Isabel Colonna-Walewski (12 May 1847, Buenos Aires – c. 3 July 1847, Buenos Aires; it is believed that she is buried in La Recoleta Cemetery).
 * Comte Charles Walewski (4 June 1848, Florence – 2 October 1916, Villers-Cotterêts), married Félice Douay (1860–1952); no children.
 * Elise Colonna-Walewski (15 December 1849, Florence – 14 March 1927, Paris) married Félix, Comte de Bourqueney (1847–1912); leaving issue.
 * Eugénie Colonna-Walewski (30 March 1856, Paris – 22 December 1884, Arcachon), married Comte Frédéric Mathéus (1846–1929); leaving issue.
 * By Rachel Felix (1821–1858):
 * Comte Alexandre-Antoine Colonna-Walewski (3 November 1844, Marly-le-Roi – 20 August 1898, Turin), recognized 1844 and adopted by Walewski in 1860; has numerous surviving descendants.

Honours

 * 🇵🇱 Poland: Knight of the Golden Cross of the Order of Virtuti Militari (3 March 1831)
 * Sovereign Order of Malta: Knight of the Cross of Honor and Devotion of the Knights of Malta
 * 🇫🇷 France: Grand Ribbon of the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honor
 * 🇫🇷 France: Grand Officer of the Imperial Order of the Legion of Honor
 * 🇫🇷 France: Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honor
 * 🇩🇰 Denmark: Great Ribbon of the Order of the Danebrog
 * Kingdom of the Two Sicilies: Grand Ribbon of the Order of Saint Januarius
 * Kingdom of Sardinia: Grand Ribbon of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
 * Grand Duchy of Tuscany: Grand Ribbon of the Order of St. Joseph
 * Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Ribbon of the Order of Vila Viçosa
 * Ottoman Empire: Grand Ribbon of the Order of the Medjids
 * Kingdom of Greece: Great Ribbon of the Order of the Savior
 * Kingdom of Bavaria: Grand Ribbon of the Order of St. Hubert
 * Austria-Hungary: Grand Ribbon of the Order of St. Stefan
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden: Great Ribbon of the Order of the Seraphim
 * 🇳🇱 Netherlands: Grand Ribbon of the Order of the Netherlands Lion
 * Baden: Great Ribbon of the Order of Fidelity
 * 🇧🇪 Belgium: Grand Ribbon of the Order of Leopold
 * Prussia: Great Ribbon of the Order of the Black Eagle
 * Russian Empire: Grand Ribbon of the Order of St. Anna

Works

 * Un mot sur la question d'Afrique, Paris 1837
 * L'Alliance Anglaise, Paris 1838
 * L'École du Monde, ou la Coquette sans le savoir (comedy), Paris 1840

title: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski


text:
Talk:Martin van Creveld

bomb European capitals
Is the only "source" for this the rense.com article? Because rense is, by wiki's own word, a conspiracy, hoax, and Holocaust denial propagating site run by a crank. This should be removed, unless a reliable source for this allegation can be found, in which case it should be replaced. Y.

Sorry, I know Martin van Creveld. I am credited in one of his books. The link that was given is a complete misrepresentation of his views. I replaced it with another link. Danny 21:29 Feb 18, 2003 (UTC)

I was also concerned about the source of that new Martin Van Creveld article on the IAP site "quoting" him saying "we could destroy all European capitals". Im not as certain about its validity as you are. "Does "more reliable" sources, however, mean sanitized sources? And wouldnt the act of sanitizing news sources be propagandist? -PackardGoose

ps. I hadnt noticed that you commented here. Ill have to take your word about that article - it does seem like a highly irresponsible position to take. -PackardGoose

The quote in the history doesn't make much sense either. He said they could hit most European capitals, even Rome -- isn't Rome one of the closest capitals to Israel? If Rome is the furthest extent, then they probably couldn't hit much outside of the Balkans and Hungary and Romania -- hardly most. Tuf-Kat

Actually, van Crefeld is quite an outspoken advocate of the peace camp in Israel. Like I said, I worked with him on a project about ten years ago and I've followed his career to some degree. He is not an advocate of "transfer" or any ridiculous plan to bomb Europe. In fact, I never ever heard anyone advocate that, and I've followed the Israeli extreme right quite extensively. Danny

Well, I'm glad someone's on top of this, because we cant simply blot out a potentially valid newsourse like the IAP on the basis of a few mis-stated reports. Who doesnt omplex get it completely wrong on a regular basis.. The site didnt bother to host that article itself anyway... suspicious. Be well done 'Vert

Thanks for all your work, I got to this article because of the "Bomb European Capitals" quote, and to my surprise it's clarified in this talk page Marty4286 21:03, 3 September 2006 (UTC)

 * I am not sure what is being said in the source, I think it is being taken out of context at the least. At any rate it is it not a primary source? I think it should be deleted unless an other source can be found.KAM 23:14, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I have been looking, but cannot find a primary source for this quote. Many online sites refer to "an interview published in Jerusalem", without specifying a source. Some sources credit the interview to Ferry Biedermann, and claim that it was published in "the prominent Dutch magazine Elsevier" on 31 January 2003. As far as I know, Elsevier is a publisher, not a magazine; and I can find no trace of this interview on their website. Without a primary source, it is difficult to know whether the interview ever actually took place, let alone whether this is an accurate and in-context extract; it certainly seems at variance with van Creveld's expressed views elsewhere.

 * I should add, though this is obviously not an acceptable source, that an Israeli friend of mine reports that a mutual friend spoke to van Creveld, who denied ever giving such an interview. I will see if I can clarify this. Meanwhile, although I do not propose at present to remove the section, I may do so in the future if I establish that it is indeed false or misleading. If someone can find a reliable primary source, that should be substituted for the current secondary one. RolandR 18:06, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Last year, it seems, nobody has been able to trace the original source. I have experienced the same difficulties as reported by RolandR. I have found numerous websites with translations of the interview (reportedly from Dutch), in English and in German, most of them referring (without date or holding data) to Elsevier and the interviewer: Ferry Biedermann. I can tell you that Elsevier is not only a (former) publisher, but also a wellknown Dutch weekly magazine (decent right wing; Martin van Creveld could very well have been interviewed by the magazine, as being a provocative and anti-utopian mind) that is up till now being published every week by Reed Elsevier. Ferry Biedermann has contributed to the magazine in 2002 and 2003, that much is certain. Because the publisher has not digitalized the back issues of the magazine and I could not find content tables either, I have posted the question to the magazine's helpdesk and will let you know the answer. Theobald Tiger (talk) 12:27, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Elsevier's helpdesk has sent me a copy (pdf-scan of the original pages) of the interview. The interview appeared in Elsevier 2002, no. 17, p.52-53 (27 April 2002). The interviewer is Ferry Biedermann. The English translation is correct. The context is a piece of speculation on the part of Van Creveld. The subject is the Intifadah and the Israeli response as a blind alley and the possibility that Ariel Sharon aims at a more radical approach. To adstruct his case Van Creveld hints at the power of the Israeli army (2nd or 3d in the world), the determination of Sharon (he never acts impromptu and he has always a plan) and the justified determination of Israel to survive at all cost. Theobald Tiger (talk) 09:34, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

Issue closed. Theobald Tiger (talk) 15:00, 6 December 2008 (UTC)

Iran would be crazy
Not sure the quote about Iran and Nuclear Weapons is useful information. John Pilger's quote is different than the one in the International Herald Tribune, but he provides no reference. Stephanwehner

book reference
Where's a reference to The Rise and Decline of the State ?
 * In the new published works section. - BT 18:00, 30 September 2006 (UTC)

Removal of section due to BLP concerns
I removed the following section of material:

"Controversial Statements and Views As a teacher at Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Van Creveld became also known and widely criticized for his controversial views on women. In 2000, for instance, he stated that the majority of women do not learn anything in class; they only sit and warm up the chair. Between 2000 and 2006 he taught several research seminars with controversial titles, such as 'The History of the Privileged Sex' (that is, of women). In the core of his misogynistic philosophy stands a notion that in the modern society women abuse their privileges against men. The men, on the other hand, are badly underprivileged and deprived of their basic rights. He also believes that women tend to be one of the main causes of all wars in history. The controversy was resolved in 2007, when a group of female students, former and present, filed a petition against Van Creveld, to be submitted to the university authorities. As a result, Van Creveld was deprived of his tenure and forced to retire. His overall attitude toward women is expressed and summarized in his Men, women and war (2001)."

because it was not supported by references. I don't know one way or the other whether the material is true or not, but my understanding of the BLP guidelines is that material such as this needs to be firmly supported by citation. I'm going to leave a note on the talk page of the IP editor who posted it to inform them of this edit. Ed Fitzgerald (unfutz)  (talk / cont)  23:04, 29 March 2008 (UTC)

 * An attempt was made to re-post this material, with citations in Hebrew, and then with an English translation of the title of the citation only, but I removed them -- citations need to be in English. I've done my own search on Google, using various search terms, and have found nothing that corroborates this material.  The same is true of the site for the English language version of Haaretz - nothing at all.  Same for the website of Hebrew University, not even a press release on this subject.  Indeed, HU lists MVC as an active member of the faculty, which rather contradicts the assertion that he was forced to retire.  I've contacted Professor Van Creveld for his thoughts on the material. Ed Fitzgerald (unfutz)  (talk / cont)  03:51, 30 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Profesor van Creveld has responded to my inquiry: "Finally, is true that I am now retired, but not for the reasons indicated. Nobody deprived me of my tenure. After 36 years, I simply felt that preferred to devote myself entirely to research, as I am doing right now." Ed Fitzgerald (unfutz)  (talk / cont)  08:14, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Hi,
 * Not to restart a dead discussion, just to elucidate where the rumours may have originated:
 * http://www.dialoginternational.com/dialog_international/2011/11/martin-van-creveld-and-academic-freedom-in-germany.html
 * "Actually the military historian Martin van Creveld was supposed to spend three months conducting research and lecturing at the University's Interdisciplinary Research Center for History and Culture (/at U of Trier; my add. T /). But now the university has dismissed the scholar - under pressure from the students /.../"
 * T 88.89.219.147 (talk) 17:56, 9 March 2016 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Tag & Assess 2008
Article reassessed and graded as start class. --dashiellx (talk) 17:27, 5 June 2008 (UTC)

Regarding The Transformation of War
It is no longer on the Chief of Staff of the US Army's reading list. Recommed deletion of the sentence that states it is the only book by a foreigner on the list. However, he does have another book on logistics on the list. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.196.198.111 (talk) 01:55, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

 * Done. Ed Fitzgerald (unfutz)  (talk / cont)  03:08, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

German entry in list with published works
Is there a good reason for the German entry in the list with published works? As far as I am aware Kampfkraft is a translation of Fighting Power and as such it is the only translation - among many in several languages - included in the list. Theobald Tiger (talk) 13:23, 28 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Kampfkraft : militärische Organisation und militärische Leistung, 1939-1945, Freiburg : Verlag Rombach, 1989, ISBN 3-7930-0189-X
 * If so, why not go ahead and remove it? Ed Fitzgerald t / c 08:25, 29 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Done. (Feeling uneasy in a foreign Wikipedia domain I needed some encouragement. Thank you for that!) Theobald Tiger (talk) 09:05, 29 November 2008 (UTC)

The only non-American on officers reading list?
The only non-American on officers reading list? The CSA reading list also features Sun Tsu and Von Clausewitz, which are not Americans. User:81.165.16.155 14:44, 11 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The remark is correct. Sun-Tsu and Clausewitz added. Theobald Tiger (talk) 17:55, 16 July 2009 (UTC)

Van Creveld remark re: defense of Israel
In a September 2003 interview in Elsevier (Dutch weekly) on Israel and the dangers it faces from Iran, the Palestinians and world opinion van Creveld stated: "We possess several hundred atomic warheads and rockets and can launch them at targets in all directions, perhaps even at Rome. Most European capitals are targets for our air force…. We have the capability to take the world down with us. And I can assure you that that will happen before Israel goes under.[4]" 4.41.149|78.14.41.149]] (talk) 16:39, 22 March 2010 (UTC) change for readability -DePiep (talk) 01:19, 2 October 2010 (UTC)

 * This is not true, please read this http://www.richardsilverstein.com/tikun_olam/2010/03/12/martin-van-creveld-victim-of-intellectual-fraud/ —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.14.41.149 (talk) 16:39, 22 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I have a PDF scan of the original interview which contains the contended quotation. The interview appeared in Elsevier 2002, no. 17, p.52-53 (27 April 2002). The interviewer is Ferry Biedermann. The English translation of the quote (the interview was published in Dutch) is correct. The context of the quote is given above (under the heading bomb European capitals). I am prepared to send a copy of the PDF scans upon request. Theobald Tiger (talk) 07:56, 3 October 2010 (UTC)
 * Can you just upload them somewhere or post a link to where we can get them? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.217.44.6 (talk) 05:00, 4 November 2011 (UTC)
 * No, since the interview was published under copyright restrictions, I am not allowed to do so. If you want to have a copy of the interview (in Dutch) you have to send me an email. If you create an account, you'll find a link on my (empty) Userpage. Theobald Tiger (talk) 08:36, 7 November 2011 (UTC)

"Arabist"
An editor wants to remove the description of "Arabist" from Jason Pack in this article. Since a "chemist" studies chemistry, a "physicist" studies physics, an "Arabist" studies the Arab world. Why would this editor want this description removed? BMK (talk) 04:38, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * BMK, the second definition of "Arabist" is highly political, the second definition is someone who is seen or viewed as pro-Arab or biased towards Arabs; that's why I removed it. In the US discourse, "Arabist" is usually employed negatively to refer to someone who is biased towards Arabs; it is often used on people who haven't studied the Arabic language or culture. Here's one source, another one.George Al-Shami (talk) 04:46, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * It's the second definition, not the primary one -- but if you have a word for "someone who studies the Arab world" which you think is less politicized than "Arabist", then replace "Arabist: with it. If you don't, then leave it in, because it tells us something about the man's field of study. BMK (talk) 04:51, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Ok, here's an article on this. The first paragraph sums it up succinctly; "Arabists are not like other area specialists, at least not in the popular imagination. If one refers to an Africanist or a Latin Americanist, the image evoked is that of someone who has specialized in the history, languages and cultures of these regions and who has spent some time there. No pejorative connotations would automatically come to mind. With Arabists, however, there is a more sinister implication: anyone who has taken the time to master Arabic, or who has lived for long in the Arab world, must be anti-Israeli, struck by the disease of "clientitis," a bit romantic. Like the old China hands in the 1950s, they are widely viewed with suspicion.".George Al-Shami (talk)
 * Sorry, but this is just another example of the Euphemism treadmill. "Orientalist" fell into disfavor with Edward Said, now "Arabist" is being deep-sixed by those with an axe to grind.  (Here on Wikipedia, we call them "POV editors".)  If you have no replacement, then "Arabist" it is. BMK (talk) 05:07, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * I will look for a neutral (NPOV) one as I am familiarize myself more with the person in question's work. BMK, it's very sad that you continue to assume bad faith in other people's edits that are not your own. As I said before, in US discourse the "Arabist" term is employed in a pejorative sense. Objecting to a highly politicized term that does not comply with Wikipedia's NPOV guideline, does not make an editor a POV pusher.George Al-Shami (talk) 05:17, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Think of it this way, if the term weren't pejorative, then the scholars themselves would employ it readily to describe themselves, but that's rarely the case. In his own Oxford page he talks about his "research" and in other outlets they refer to him as a "Mid-East researcher".George Al-Shami (talk) 05:28, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Please spare me your bullshit about how "very sad" I am, it carries no weight coming from you. Just find a politically-correct adjective that's acceptable to you to replace "Arabist" and replace it -- or not. BMK (talk) 05:54, 19 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Again! with this abrasive and unproductive language, this is shocking coming from a seasoned editor; I have never encountered this type of language from an experienced editor, nor from an ip editor for that matter. Please reread what I said; I said that it's sad that you are quick to assume bad faith in other people's edits, I never said that you were sad. I'm sorry we can discuss, but this type of language is unacceptable. George Al-Shami (talk) 01:09, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
 * If I take a look at his personal webpage on the website of the University of Cambridge and his Libya Analysis-webpage and his Al Jazeera-webpage, Pack is both a historian of the Middle-East, and a writer about the history and the current affairs of the Middle-East, with emphasis on Libya. To call him an Arabist could better be avoided, as an Arabist is a specialist in the Arab language/literature/written culture in the first place, and an ideological position in the Arab-Jewish conflict in the second place. Theobald Tiger (talk) 08:09, 20 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your input.George Al-Shami (talk) 20:18, 21 March 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Martin van Creveld. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20071023033631/http://upi.com/International_Intelligence/Analysis/2007/05/21/commentary_islamic_deja_vu/2407/ to http://www.upi.com/International_Intelligence/Analysis/2007/05/21/commentary_islamic_deja_vu/2407/

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 11:41, 4 June 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Martin van Creveld. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20130126195211/http://www.jewishtimes-sj.com/news/2011-02-04/Columns/Israel_Needs_the_West_Bank_to_be_Secure.html to http://www.jewishtimes-sj.com/news/2011-02-04/Columns/Israel_Needs_the_West_Bank_to_be_Secure.html
 * Added archive https://archive.is/20131121112245/http://beta.project-syndicate.org/online-commentary/hands-on-syria--hands-off-iran to http://beta.project-syndicate.org/online-commentary/hands-on-syria--hands-off-iran

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 20:46, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Martin van Creveld


text:
Eurovision Song Contest 1995

The Eurovision Song Contest 1995 was the 40th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 13 May 1995 at the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), and presented by Mary Kennedy, the contest was held in Ireland following the country's victory at the with the song "Rock 'n' Roll Kids" by Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan. It was the third consecutive contest to be held in Ireland – the first and only time in the history of the event that a country has hosted three editions in a row – and the second consecutive edition to be held in the Point Theatre in Dublin.

Twenty-three countries participated in the contest;, , , the , , , and were relegated as the lowest-scoring countries in the previous edition, getting replaced by , , , , and , returning after being relegated following the.

The winner was with the song "Nocturne", composed by Rolf Løvland, written by Petter Skavlan and performed by Secret Garden. ,, , and Denmark rounded out the top five, with Spain achieving their best result since. and also achieved their best results so far, placing sixth and seventh respectively, while  finished in last place for the fourth time.

Location
The 1995 contest took place in Dublin, Ireland, following the country's victory at the with the song "Rock 'n' Roll Kids", performed by Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan. It was the sixth time that Ireland had hosted the contest, having previously staged the event in, , , and , with all previous events held in Dublin except the 1993 contest which was held in Millstreet. Ireland thus became the first, and only country to have hosted three successive contests.

The selected venue was the Point Theatre, a concert and events venue located amongst the Dublin Docklands which had originally been built as a train depot to serve the nearby port. Opened as a music venue in 1988, it was closed for redevelopment and expansion in 2008 and is now known as the 3Arena. Having previously hosted the 1994 contest, Dublin became the first city to host two consecutive Eurovision Song Contests, with the Point Theatre also serving as the host venue for the second year in a row.

Alternative venues in Galway and Limerick were considered by RTÉ, however Dublin was chosen to stage the contest again as it was judged to have been the more cost-effective location. A proposal by the British broadcaster BBC to host the contest, either by themselves or as a joint production hosted in Belfast, the capital city of Northern Ireland, were also rejected by RTÉ as the Irish broadcaster chose to produce the contest on its own. However, RTÉ did request a rule change to relieve them of the responsibility of producing the contest again should Ireland produce a fourth consecutive winner, which was accepted by the EBU.

Participating countries
Twenty-three countries were permitted to participate in the contest, which was to comprise the sixteen highest-scoring countries in the 1994 contest and returning countries that had been relegated and prevented from participating in the previous year's event. The total line-up was reduced from the twenty-five countries which participated in the 1994 contest to ensure that the event would not last longer than three hours. Of the seven countries which did not participate in 1994,, , , and  returned to the contest, while  and  declined the invitation, which resulted in  and , which were originally relegated, being allowed back into the line-up. ,, , the , , and , as the lowest-scoring countries from the previous year's event, were thus ultimately relegated and were required to miss this event. Switzerland did not participate in the contest for the first time, leaving as the sole country to have participated in every edition of the contest to that point.

The contest featured two representatives who had previously performed in the contest. Turkey's Arzu Ece had previously represented her country at the as a member of the group Pan, and Cyprus's Alexandros Panayi had provided backing vocals for two previous Cypriot entries, for Fanny Polymeri and Yiannis Savvidakis in 1989 and Elena Patroklou in. Additionally, several artists who had previously participated in the event as main vocalists returned as backing vocalists at this year's event: 's Stefán Hilmarsson and Eyjólfur Kristjánsson returned to the contest as backing singers for the Icelandic entrant Bo Halldórsson, with Stefán having previously represented Iceland in the as a member of Beathoven and both Stefán and Eyjólfur having represented Iceland as a duo in 1991;  Gary Lux, who had previously represented  three times, as a member of the group Westend in  and as a solo artist in  and, supported Stella Jones at this year's event; and José María Guzmán, who represented  at the  as part of the group Cadillac, was among Anabel Conde's backing singers.

Production and format
The Eurovision Song Contest 1995 was produced by the Irish public broadcaster Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ). John McHugh served as executive producer, John Comiskey served as director, Alan Farquharson served as designer, and Noel Kelehan served as musical director, leading the RTÉ Concert Orchestra. A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor. RTÉ was reported to have spent IR£2.3 million on staging the contest, with the Northern Ireland Tourist Board and the National Lottery among the contest's sponsors. Through the partnership with the National Lottery, around 1,000 places in the audience were filled by members of the public who had won tickets by playing scratchcards.

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented. A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest. Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.

Following the confirmation of the twenty-three competing countries, the draw to determine the running order was held on 9 December 1994.

The results of the 1995 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in : each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry. The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, between men and women, and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.

Rehearsals in the contest venue for the competing acts began on 8 May 1995. Each country had two technical rehearsals in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals took place on 8 and 9 May, with each country allowed 40 minutes total on stage, with an opportunity to review recordings with producers and to consult on suggested changes afterwards, followed by a 20 minute press conference. Each country's second rehearsals took place on 10 and 11 May, with 30 minutes total on stage. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 12 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 13 May. An audience was present for the second dress rehearsal in the evening of 12 May, with this rehearsal also recorded for use as a production stand-by in case of problems during the live contest. The competing delegations were additionally invited to a welcome reception during the week in the build-up to the event, organised by Irish Ferries and hosted at the Royal Hospital Kilmainham on the evening of 8 May.

Contest overview
The contest took place on 13 May 1995 at 20:00 (IST) and lasted 2 hours and 51 minutes. The show was presented by the Irish journalist and television presenter Mary Kennedy. Kennedy had previously served as the stand-by presenter at the, understudying for Doireann Ní Bhriain.

To celebrate the contest's fortieth anniversary, the show opened with a four-minute sequence, directed by Pat Cowap, containing clips and performances from previous contests; Cowap had previously served as director of the 1994 contest. The contest's interval act, entitled "Lumen", was an original piece composed by Mícheál Ó Súilleabháin and which combined Gregorian chant and sean-nós singing with contemporary music. Among the performers of "Lumen" were Súilleabháin on piano, Scottish percussionist Evelyn Glennie, Irish singers Brian Kennedy and Nóirín Ní Riain, members of the Irish folk band Clannad, the Benedictine monks of Glenstal Abbey, and the RTÉ Concert Orchestra conducted by Proinnsías Ó Duinn. Kennedy would go on to perform at Eurovision again as a contestant, representing Ireland in the. The trophy awarded to the winners was designed by Kevin O'Dwyer, and was presented by the previous year's winning artists Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan.

The winner was represented by the song "Nocturne", composed by Rolf Løvland, written by Petter Skavlan and performed by Secret Garden. This was Norway's second contest win, following the victory by Bobbysocks! ten years previously at the with "La det swinge", which was also written by Rolf Løvland;  Løvland thus became one of four individuals to have won the contest more than once as an artist or songwriter up to that point in time, alongside Willy van Hemert, Yves Dessca and Johnny Logan. The group Secret Garden consisted principally of Norwegian composer and pianist Løvland and Irish violinist Fionnuala Sherry and was formed after the pair had met at the 1994 contest, where Sherry was a member of the RTÉ Concert Orchestra and Løvland was in attendance as composer of. For their performance during the contest they were joined by instrumentalists Hans Fredrik Jacobsen and Åsa Jinder and singer Gunnhild Tvinnereim. "Nocturne" was a largely instrumental piece featuring only 24 words in total, with brief vocals only at the start and end of the song performed by Tvinnereim. The traditional winner's reprise performance featured English lyrics, also written by Skavlan, comprising 30 words in total.

Spain achieved its best result since by finishing as the contest's runner-up,  and  gained their highest placements to date by finishing in sixth and seventh place respectively, while conversely Germany finished in last place for the fourth time. The 1995 contest was the last edition of the contest where the top three songs were all performed in a language other than English until the.

Spokespersons
Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. As had been the case in the, the spokespersons were connected via satellite and appeared in vision during the broadcast. Spokespersons at the 1995 contest are listed below.

 * 1)  – Jan Chojnacki
 * 2)  – Eileen Dunne
 * 3)  – Carmen Nebel
 * 4)  – Diana Grković-Foretić
 * 5)  – Sverre Christophersen
 * 6)  – Marina Danielian
 * 7)  – Áslaug Dóra Eyjólfsdóttir
 * 8)  – Tilia Herold
 * 9)  – Belén Fernández de Henestrosa
 * 10)  – Ömer Önder
 * 11)  – Daniela Trbović
 * 12)  – Thierry Beccaro
 * 13)  – Katalin Bogyay
 * 14)  – Marie-Françoise Renson
 * 15)  – Colin Berry
 * 16)  – Serenella Andrade
 * 17)  – Andreas Iakovidis
 * 18)  – Björn Hedman
 * 19)  – Bent Henius
 * 20)  – Miša Molk
 * 21)  – Daniel Pe'er
 * 22)  – Stephanie Farrugia
 * 23)  – Fotini Giannoulatou

Detailed voting results
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries. The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

12 points
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Norway received the maximum score of 12 points from six of the voting countries, with Croatia and Sweden each receiving three sets of 12 points, Denmark, Malta, Spain and the United Kingdom receiving two sets each, and Cyprus, Greece and Israel each receiving one maximum score.

Broadcasts
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

title: Eurovision Song Contest 1995


text:
Eurovision Song Contest 1994

The Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was the 39th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 30 April 1994 at the Point Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), and presented by Cynthia Ní Mhurchú and Gerry Ryan, the contest was held in Ireland following the country's victory at the with the song "In Your Eyes" by Niamh Kavanagh. It was the first time that any country had hosted two successive editions of the contest, following the previous year's contest held in Millstreet.

Twenty-five countries participated in the contest, which for the first time featured a relegation system to reduce the number of interested participating countries. Seven new countries participated in the event, with entries from, , , , , and  featuring for the first time. However,, , , , and  were unable to compete due to the new relegation rules as the lowest-scoring countries at the previous event, whereas  decided against participating by choice.

For the third time in a row, won the contest with the song "Rock 'n' Roll Kids", written by Brendan Graham and performed by Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan. Never before had a country won three times in a row in the history of the contest; at the same time, it was also a record sixth win, cementing Ireland as the country with the most wins in Eurovision history up till that point. Poland,, Hungary and rounded out the top five positions, with Poland achieving the most successful result for a début entry in the contest's history.

The 1994 contest also featured the first appearance of Riverdance. Originally a seven-minute performance of traditional Irish and modern music, choral singing and Irish dancing featured as part of the contest's interval act, it was subsequently developed into a full stage show which has since become a worldwide phenomenon and catapulted the careers of its lead dancers Jean Butler and Michael Flatley.

Location
The 1994 contest took place in Dublin, Ireland, following the country's victory at the with the song "In Your Eyes", performed by Niamh Kavanagh. It was the fifth time that Ireland had hosted the contest, following the, and  events also held in Dublin, and the previous year's event held in Millstreet. Ireland thus became the first country to host two successive contests.

The selected venue was the Point Theatre, a concert and events venue located among the Dublin Docklands and originally built as a train depot and warehouse to serve the nearby port. Opened as a music venue in 1988, it was closed for redevelopment and expansion in 2008 and is now known as the 3Arena. At the time of the contest, the arena could seat around 3,200 audience members.

Participating countries
Twenty-five countries were permitted to participate in the contest. As the number of countries interested in participating in the contest grew, and following the use of a qualifying round in the previous year's event, a relegation system was introduced to the contest for the first time, which would prevent the lowest-scoring countries from the previous year's event from participating in the subsequent contest. In the summer of 1993 the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) confirmed that the seven lowest-scoring countries in the 1993 event would be barred from entering the 1994 contest, to make way for seven countries which would participate for the first time. As a result,, , , , , , and were unable to enter the contest, and in the contest's largest single expansion of new participating countries since the first edition in , , , , , , , and  made their début appearances. Estonia, Hungary, Romania and Slovakia had all previously participated in the 1993 qualifying round Kvalifikacija za Millstreet. Belgium thus failed to participate in the contest for the first time, leaving and  as the only countries to have competed in every edition of the contest so far. Later in 1993 's broadcaster RAI subsequently announced that it would not participate in the event, leading to Cyprus being readmitted as the relegated country with the best result at the 1993 contest.

Four performers who had competed in previous editions of contests featured among the participating artists at this year's event: Marie Bergman, representing with Roger Pontare, had been a member of the group Family Four that had represented the country in the  and ; Cyprus's Evridiki made a second appearance in the contest, following her entry at the ; Sigga returned to the contest for  for a third time, having previously competed as part of Stjórnin in  and Heart 2 Heart in 1992; and Elisabeth Andreasson, competing in this event with Jan Werner Danielsen for, also participated for the third time, having been a member of the group Chips, which represented Sweden in , and Bobbysocks!, which had represented Norway and were the winners of the. A number of artists which had previously competed in the contest also returned as backing performers: Rhonda Heath, who was a member of the group Silver Convention that had represented Germany in the, performed as a backing singer for the German entry MeKaDo; and Eyjólfur Kristjánsson, who represented Iceland at the alongside Stefán Hilmarsson, returned as a backing singer for Sigga. Additionally, having supported 's William Mangion as backing performers in the previous year's event, Moira Stafrace and Christopher Scicluna returned to the Eurovision stage as the country's entrants at this year's contest.

Production and format
The Eurovision Song Contest 1994 was produced by the Irish public broadcaster Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ). Moya Doherty served as executive producer, Patrick Cowap served as director, Paula Farrell served as designer, and Noel Kelehan served as musical director, leading the RTÉ Concert Orchestra. A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented. A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest. Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks; however, any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.

Following the confirmation of the twenty-five competing countries, the draw to determine the running order was held on 16 November 1993 at the Point Theatre and was conducted by Niamh Kavanagh and Fionnuala Sweeney.

The results of the 1994 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in : each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry. The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, between men and women, and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.

With the Point Theatre situated on the banks of the River Liffey, rivers were an integral part of the overall creative vision for the show and were a key theme of the opening and interval acts as well as the stage design. Paula Farrell's design, which was four times the size of the stage constructed for the Millstreet contest, provided a scene of a futuristic Dublin at night, featuring representations of skyscrapers which incorporated video screens and lighting effects and underfloor lighting representing the Liffey and Dublin Bay. On either side of the stage podium-lined platforms were used by the presenters in-between songs and during the voting segment.

Rehearsals at the contest venue began on 25 April 1994. Each participating delegation took part in two technical rehearsals in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. In each country's first rehearsal, held on 25 and 26 April, the delegations were provided with a 15-minute stage-call to prepare the stage and to brief the orchestra, followed by a 25-minute rehearsal. This was then followed by an opportunity to review footage of the rehearsal on video screens and to conduct a 20-minute press conference. The second rehearsals on 27 and 28 April consisted of a 10-minute stage-call and a 20 minute rehearsal. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two in the afternoon and evening of 29 April and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 30 April, with an audience present at the evening rehearsal on 29 April. The competing delegations were additionally invited to a welcome reception during the week of the event, held on the evening of 25 April in the Dining Hall of Trinity College Dublin.

During the final dress rehearsal on 30 April, the Polish entrant Edyta Górniak performed the second half of her song "To nie ja!" in English. As this rehearsal was also heard by the juries this constituted a break of the contest rules. Although discussions were held on whether to sanction or disqualify the country, Poland was ultimately allowed to compete.

Contest overview
The contest took place on 30 April 1994 at 20:00 (IST) and lasted 3 hours and 3 minutes. The show was presented by the Irish journalist and television presenter Cynthia Ní Mhurchú and the Irish radio and television presenter Gerry Ryan. Ní Mhurchú and Ryan had been considered as hosts for the 1993 event before the eventual choice of Fionnuala Sweeney.

The contest was opened with a segment by the Galway-based arts and theatre company Macnas, featuring a mixture of pre-recorded and live footage of a replica Viking longship on the river Liffey, and dancers, flag-bearers and performers in caricature masks of notable Irish personalities in various locations in central Dublin and in the Point Theatre. The interval act, "Riverdance", was a seven-minute composition by the Irish composer Bill Whelan, and took inspiration from "Timedance", the interval act from the also held in Dublin. "Riverdance" featured a mix of traditional Irish and modern music by the RTÉ Concert Orchestra, choral singing from the Celtic ensemble Anúna, and Irish dancing led by the Irish-American dancers Jean Butler and Michael Flatley. The trophy awarded to the winners, entitled "Wavelength", was designed by the Irish sculptor Grace Weir of the Temple Bar Gallery, and was presented by the previous year's winning artist Niamh Kavanagh.

The winner was represented by the song "Rock 'n' Roll Kids", written by Brendan Graham and performed by Paul Harrington and Charlie McGettigan. This marked Ireland's sixth contest win – a new contest record – and also gave the country its third win in a row – the first time a country had won three successive contests. "Rock 'n' Roll Kids" became the highest scoring winner in Eurovision history to date with 226 points, and was the first song to receive over 200 points. It was also the first time that a song had won without using the orchestra. Harrington and McGettigan additionally became the oldest winning performers and the first winning male duo. First-time participating countries Poland, Hungary and Russia all finished in the top ten, placing second, fourth and ninth respectively, while conversely the four other débuting countries all placed within the bottom seven entries, with Lithuania scoring nul points with its first ever entry. Poland achieved the most successful début performance of any country in the contest's history at the time, and its second-place finish in this event remains the country's best ever Eurovision placing.

Spokespersons
Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. For the first time, the spokespersons were connected to the venue via satellite rather than through telephone lines, allowing them to appear in vision during the broadcast. Spokespersons at the 1994 contest are listed below.

 * 1)  – Marianne Anderberg
 * 2)  – Solveig Herlin
 * 3)  – Eileen Dunne
 * 4)  – Anna Partelidou
 * 5)  – Sigríður Arnardóttir
 * 6)  – Colin Berry
 * 7)  – Helga Vlahović
 * 8)  – Isabel Bahia
 * 9)  – Sandra Studer
 * 10)  – Urve Tiidus
 * 11)  – Cristina Țopescu
 * 12)  – John Demanuele
 * 13)  – Joop van Os
 * 14)  – Carmen Nebel
 * 15)  – Juraj Čurný
 * 16)  – Gitana Lapinskaitė
 * 17)  – Sverre Christophersen
 * 18)  – Diana Grković-Foretić
 * 19)  – Fotini Giannoulatou
 * 20)  – Tilia Herold
 * 21)  – María Ángeles Balañac
 * 22)  – Iván Bradányi
 * 23)  – Irina Klenskaya
 * 24)  – Jan Chojnacki
 * 25)  – Laurent Romejko

Detailed voting results
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries. The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

12 points
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Ireland received the maximum score of 12 points from eight of the voting countries, with Poland receiving five sets of 12 points, Hungary receiving four sets, Germany two sets, and Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Portugal and Slovakia each receiving one maximum score.

Broadcasts
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

Legacy
Although the winning song had modest success, peaking in the Irish Singles Chart at number 2 and also entering the Dutch and Flemish charts following the contest, it was largely overshadowed by the contest's interval act. The music to "Riverdance" was subsequently released as a single shortly after the contest and shot straight to number 1 on the Irish charts where it remained for 18 weeks. "Riverdance" remains the second best selling single in Ireland ever, behind Elton John's "Something About the Way You Look Tonight"/"Candle in the Wind 1997". An invite was subsequently given to feature the original seven-minute performance at the Royal Variety Performance in November 1994 at the Dominion Theatre in London in the presence of Prince Charles. At the same time preparations were underway to develop the seven-minute performance into a stage show, preparations led by Moya Doherty, who had been the executive producer of Eurovision 1994, and her husband John McColgan. Opening in February 1995 at the Point Theatre and featuring original lead dancers Michael Flatley and Jean Butler, the full length show ran for an initial run of five weeks, with tickets selling out within three days of going on sale, followed by another sold-out run at the Hammersmith Apollo in London and in March 1996 its first performance in the United States, at the Radio City Music Hall in New York City. It is estimated that Riverdance has now been seen live by over 27.5 million people at performances worldwide, and that over 10 million home videos of Riverdance performances have been sold.

The relegation system introduced to the contest in this edition continued to be used in various forms for the next ten years and allowed even more new countries to join the event, with, and  competing for the first time in ,  and  respectively. However, as the contest continued to develop, and as even more countries began to express an interest in competing, the relegation system proved unable to meet the needs required to allow for an equitable solution for all countries. Ultimately this led to the introduction of a semi-final to the contest format in, allowing all interested countries to participate once again, which was eventually expanded to two semi-finals from.

title: Eurovision Song Contest 1994


text:
Eric Lenneberg

Eric Heinz Lenneberg (19 September 1921 – 31 May 1975) was a linguist and neurologist who pioneered ideas on language acquisition and cognitive psychology, particularly in terms of the concept of innateness.

Life and career
He was born in Düsseldorf, Germany. Ethnically Jewish, he left Nazi Germany because of rising Nazi persecution. He initially fled to Brazil with his family and then to the United States where he attended the University of Chicago and Harvard University. A professor of psychology and neurobiology, he taught at the Harvard Medical School, the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor and Cornell University and Medical School.

Lenneberg's 1964 paper "The Capacity of Language Acquisition," originally published in 1960, sets forth seminal arguments about the human-specific biological capacity for language, which were then being developed in his research and discussions with George A. Miller, Noam Chomsky, and others at Harvard and MIT, and popularized by Steven Pinker in his book, The Language Instinct. He presents four arguments for biological innateness of psychological capacities, parallel to arguments in biology for the innateness of physical traits:

 * Universal appearance of a trait at a single time across a species. "Species typical" traits.
 * Universal appearance across time for a group. Not just an artifact of cultural history. Again, "species typical" diagnostic feature.
 * No learning of the trait is possible.
 * Individual development of a trait rigidly follows a given schedule regardless of the particular experience of the organism.

In his publication Biological Foundations of Language he advanced the hypothesis of a critical period for language development; a topic which remains controversial and the subject of debate. Lenneberg's biological approach to language was related to developments such as the motor theory of speech perception developed by Alvin Liberman and colleagues at Haskins Laboratories and also provided historical antecedents to issues now emerging in embodied philosophy and embodied cognition.

Lenneberg reargued extensively against the psychological implications of the work of Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf, specifically in regards to the idea that language influences thought. Lenneberg's argument against this notion was that 'linguistic and non-linguistic events must be separately observed and described before they can be correlated.'

Affiliations
Lenneberg was quite involved in the scientific community, as he was a member of Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, the Linguistic Society of America, the American Psychological Association, the Society for Research in Child Development, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Education
He attended primary school in Düsseldorf, Germany until 1933, when he moved to Brazil. In 1949, he received a B.A. from the University of Chicago. Lenneberg then went on to earn a Ph.D. in Psychology and Linguistics from Harvard in 1956.

title: Eric Lenneberg


text:
Race to the bottom

Race to the bottom is a socio-economic phrase to describe either government deregulation of the business environment or reduction in corporate tax rates, in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions. While this phenomenon can happen between countries as a result of globalization and free trade, it also can occur within individual countries between their sub-jurisdictions (states, localities, cities). It may occur when competition increases between geographic areas over a particular sector of trade and production. The effect and intent of these actions is to lower labor rates, cost of business, or other factors (pensions, environmental protection and other externalities) over which governments can exert control.

This deregulation lowers the cost of production for businesses. Countries/localities with higher labor, environmental standards, or taxes can lose business to countries/localities with less regulation, which in turn makes them want to lower regulations in order to keep firms' production in their jurisdiction, hence driving the race to the lowest regulatory standards.

History and usage
The concept of a regulatory "race to the bottom" emerged in the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s, when there was charter competition among states to attract corporations to base in their jurisdiction. Some, such as Justice Louis Brandeis, described the concept as the "race to the bottom" and others, as the "race to efficiency".

In the late 19th century, joint-stock company control was being liberalised in Europe, where countries were engaged in competitive liberal legislation to allow local companies to compete. This liberalization reached Spain in 1869, Germany in 1870, Belgium in 1873, and Italy in 1883.

In 1890, New Jersey enacted a liberal corporation charter, which charged low fees for company registration and lower franchise taxes than other states. Delaware attempted to copy the law to attract companies to its own state. This competition ended when Governor Woodrow Wilson tightened New Jersey's laws through a series of seven statutes.

In academic literature, the phenomenon of regulatory competition reducing standards overall was argued for by A.A. Berle and G.C. Means in The Modern Corporation and Private Property (1932). The concept received formal recognition by the US Supreme Court in a decision of Justice Louis Brandeis in the 1933 case Ligget Co. v. Lee (288 U.S. 517, 558–559).

Brandeis's "race to the bottom" metaphor was updated in 1974 by William Cary, in an article in the Yale Law Journal, "Federalism and Corporate Law: Reflections Upon Delaware," in which Cary argued for the imposition of national standards for corporate governance.

Sanford F. Schram explained in 2000 that the term "race to the bottom":

...has for some time served as an important metaphor to illustrate that the United States federal system—and every federal system for that matter—is vulnerable to interstate competition. The "race to the bottom" implies that the states compete with each other as each tries to underbid the others in lowering taxes, spending, regulation...so as to make itself more attractive to outside financial interests or unattractive to unwanted outsiders. It can be opposed to the alternative metaphor of "Laboratories of Democracy". The laboratory metaphor implies a more sanguine federalism in which [states] use their authority and discretion to develop innovative and creative solutions to common problems which can be then adopted by other states.

The term has been used to describe a similar type of competition between corporations. In 2003, in response to reports that British supermarkets had cut the price of bananas, and by implication had squeezed revenues of banana-growing developing nations, Alistair Smith, international co-coordinator of Banana Link, said "The British supermarkets are leading a race to the bottom. Jobs are being lost and producers are having to pay less attention to social and environmental agreements."

Another example is the cruise industry, with corporations headquartered in wealthy developed nations but which registers its ships in countries with minimal environmental or labor laws, and no corporate taxes.

The term has also been used in the context of a trend for some European states to seize refugees' assets.

The race to the bottom theory has raised questions about standardizing labor and environmental regulations across nations. There is a debate about if a race to the bottom is actually bad or even possible, and if corporations or nation states should play a bigger role in the regulatory process.

International Political Economy scholar Daniel Drezner (of Tufts University) has described the "race to the bottom" as a myth. He argues that the thesis incorrectly assumes that states exclusively responds to the preferences of capital (and not to other constituents, such as voters), state regulations are sufficiently costly for producers that they would be willing to re-locate elsewhere, and no state has an economy large enough to give it a bargaining power advantage over global capital. A 2022 study found no evidence that global trade competition led to a race to the bottom in labor standards.

A 2001 study by Geoffrey Garrett found that increases were associated with higher government spending, but that the rate of increase in government spending was slower in the countries with the highest increases in trade. Garrett found that increases in capital mobility had no significant impact on government spending. His 1998 book argues against the notion that globalization has undermined national autonomy. He also argues in the book that "macroeconomic outcomes in the era of global markets have been as good or better in strong left-labour regimes ('social democratic corporatism') as in other industrial countries."

Torben Iversen and David Soskice have argued that social protection and markets go hand-in-hand, as the former resolves market failures. Iversen and Soskice similarly see democracy and capitalism as mutually supportive. Gøsta Esping-Andersen argues against convergence by pointing to presence of a variety of welfare state arrangements in capitalist states. Scholars such as Paul Pierson, Neil Fligstein and Robert Gilpin have argued that it is not globalization per se that has undermined the welfare state, but rather purposeful actions by conservative governments and interest groups that back them. Historical institutionalist scholarship by Pierson and Jacob Hacker has emphasized that once welfare states have been established, it is extremely difficult for governments to roll them back, although not impossible. Nita Rudra has found evidence of a race-to-the-bottom in developing countries, but not in developed countries; she argues that this is due to the elevated bargaining power of labor in developed countries.

Studies covering earlier periods by David Cameron, Dani Rodrik and Peter Katzenstein have found that greater trade openness has been associated with increases in government social spending.

Layna Mosley has argued that increases in capital mobility have not let to convergence, except on a few narrow issues that investors care about. In adjudicating default risk, inflation risk and currency risk, investors use a large number of macroeconomic indicators, which means that investors are unlikely to pressure governments to converge on policies. However, Jonathan Kirshner argues that the hyper mobility of capital has led to considerably monetary policy convergence.

Hegemonic stability theorists, such as Stephen Krasner, Robert Gilpin, and Charles Kindleberger argued that globalization did not reduce state power. To the contrary, they argued that trade levels would decline if the state power of the hegemon declined.

Taxation
On 1 July 2021, when 130 countries backed an OECD plan to set a global minimum corporate tax rate, U.S. Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen called it a "historic day." She said, "For decades, the United States has participated in a self-defeating international tax competition, lowering our corporate tax rates only to watch other nations lower theirs in response... The result was a global race to the bottom: Who could lower their corporate rate further and faster?"

Environmental policy
The race to the bottom has been a tactic widely used among states within the United States of America. The race to the bottom in environmental policy involves both scaling back policies already in place and passing new policies that encourage less environmentally friendly behavior. Some states use this as an economic development strategy, especially in times of financial hardship. For example, in Wisconsin, Governor Scott Walker decreased state environmental staff's capacity in order to accelerate the approval time for a proposed development. Pursuing a race to the bottom philosophy in environmental politics allows states to foster economic growth, but has great consequences for the environment of that state. Conversely, some states have begun to pursue a race to the top strategy, which stresses innovative environmental policies at the state level, with the hopes that these policies will later be adopted by other states. When a state pursues either a race to the bottom or a race to the top strategy, it speaks to its overall environmental agenda.

Races to the bottom pose a threat to the environment globally. Thomas Oatley raises the example of toxic waste regulations. It is expensive to treat chemical waste, so corporations wanting to keep production costs low, may move to countries which do not require them to treat their waste before dumping it. A more concrete example is the hydroelectric dam industry in South America. Gerlak notes that country and community desire for foreign investment in hydroelectric dams has created a race to the bottom in environmental regulations. All dam proposals go through an Environmental Impact Assessment no matter which country or countries it will be implemented in. Each country has a different way of conducting these assessments and different standards the dams must meet for approval. The lack of standard Environmental Impact Assessment standards has caused countries to streamline their Environmental Impact Assessment processes in places like Brazil. In some cases, countries require the assessment only after a dam proposal has already been approved. Other countries allow private developers from foreign firms or foreign nations, such as China to submit the Environmental Impact Assessment, which has the potential to omit certain environmental concerns in order to receive project approval and casts doubt on the legitimacy of the Environmental Impact Assessment process. If Environmental Impact Assessments are not done right there is a risk of dams causing severe social and environmental harm. Environmental Impact Assessments are not the only form of government regulation and dams in South America are just one example of a global trend in deregulation by states in order to bring in more foreign direct investment.

title: Race to the bottom


text:
Talk:Race to the bottom

academic view
This article seems overly academic, and more focused on price competition per se. The aspect that is NOT discussed (in a skim read at least) is the related loss in QUALITY, where products get streamlined to cut costs.

Example I just ran into: mens web belts, where there is no longer a leather strip with punched holes to mate up with the fastener. They all now assume you'll poke the fastener tongue (right word?) thru the belt itself. I can't find anybody selling the earlier version, which is the quality I want.

Which brings to mind an associated aspect: the stores (physical and online) all carry the same bottom level crap, there seems to be little quality differentiation (brand names for extra $ but little variation in actual product).

2601:14C:4080:45E0:192C:A0F5:499:1910 (talk) 11:55, 4 November 2021 (UTC) Peter Welcher

title: Talk:Race to the bottom