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Canary Wharf

Canary Wharf is an area of London, England, located near the Isle of Dogs in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets. Canary Wharf is defined by the Greater London Authority as being part of London's central business district, alongside Central London. Alongside the City of London, it constitutes one of the main financial centres in the United Kingdom and the world, containing many high-rise buildings including the third-tallest in the UK, One Canada Square, which opened on 26 August 1991.

Developed on the site of the former West India Docks in East London, Canary Wharf contains around 16000000 sqft of office and retail space. It has many open areas and gardens, including Canada Square, Cabot Square, Westferry Circus, Jubilee Park, and Crossrail Place Roof Garden. Together with Heron Quays and Wood Wharf, it forms the Canary Wharf Estate, around 97 acre in area.

History
Canary Wharf is located on the West India Docks on the Isle of Dogs.

West India Dock Company
From 1802 to the late 1980s, what would become the Canary Wharf Estate was a part of the Isle of Dogs (Millwall), Limehouse, and Poplar and was one of the busiest docks in the world. West India Docks was primarily developed by Robert Milligan (c. 1746–1809) who set up the West India Dock Company.

Port of London Authority
The Port of London Authority was established in 1909 and took control of West India Dock. The enterprise of Sir Alfred Lewis Jones, a Welsh shipping magnate who was a prominent figure in the Canary Islands, Spain, led to a constant stream of ships arriving into London's South Quay Dock and the naming of Canary Wharf, after the ships' origin. It was named after No. 32 berth of the West Wood Quay of the Import Dock. This was built in 1936 for Fruit Lines Ltd, a subsidiary of Fred Olsen Lines for the Mediterranean and Canary Islands fruit trade. It is located on the Isle of Dogs, the quay and warehouse were given the name Canary Wharf.

London Docklands Development Corporation
After the 1960s, when cargo became containerised, port industry began to decline, leading to all the docks being closed by 1980. After the docks closed in 1980, the British Government adopted policies to stimulate redevelopment of the area, including the creation of the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) in 1981 and the granting of Urban Enterprise Zone status to the Isle of Dogs in 1982.

The Canary Wharf of today began when Michael von Clemm, former chairman of Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB), came up with the idea to convert Canary Wharf into a back office. Further discussions with G Ware Travelstead led to proposals for a new business district and included the LDDC developing an inexpensive light metro scheme, the Docklands Light Railway, to make use of a large amount of redundant railway infrastructure and to improve access.

The project was sold to the Canadian company Olympia & York and construction began in 1988, master-planned by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill with Yorke Rosenberg Mardall as their UK advisors, and subsequently by Koetter Kim. The first buildings were completed in 1991, including One Canada Square, which became the UK's tallest building at the time and a symbol of the regeneration of Docklands. By the time it opened, the London commercial property market had collapsed, and Olympia and York Canary Wharf Limited filed for bankruptcy in May 1992.

Initially, the City of London saw Canary Wharf as an existential threat. It modified its planning laws to expand the provision of new offices in the City of London, for example, creating offices above railway stations (Blackfriars) and roads (Alban Gate). The resulting oversupply of office space contributed to the failure of the Canary Wharf project.

Canary Wharf Group
In October 1995, an international consortium that included investors such as Alwaleed, bought control for $1.2 billion. Paul Reichmann, of Olympia & York, was named chairman, and Canary Wharf went public in 1999. The new company was called Canary Wharf Limited, and later became Canary Wharf Group.

In 1997, some residents living on the Isle of Dogs launched a lawsuit against Canary Wharf Ltd for private nuisance because the tower interfered with TV signals. The residents lost the case.

Recovery in the property market generally, coupled with continuing demand for large floorplate Grade A office space, slowly improved the level of interest. A critical event in the recovery was the much-delayed start of work on the Jubilee Line Extension, which the government wanted ready for the Millennium celebrations.

In March 2004, Canary Wharf Group plc. was taken over by a consortium of investors, backed by its largest shareholder Glick Family Investments and led by Morgan Stanley using a vehicle named Songbird Estates plc.

Tallest buildings

In addition to being a leading global financial district in the United Kingdom, Canary Wharf is famous for a cluster of the tallest modern commercial complexes and residential high-rise buildings. Building from scratch in early 1990s, the district is home to the first tallest iconic skyscraper, One Canada Square, in the United Kingdom. In 20 years, Canary Wharf's new rapid grown skyscraper cluster has dramatically transformed the skyline of London with modern architectures.

 * As of 2023, Canary Wharf has five out of the top 10 tallest buildings in the United Kingdom.
 * One Canada Square (235 m) and Landmark Pinnacle (233 m) are the third and fourth tallest buildings in the United Kingdom. The seventh to ninth tallest buildings in the United Kingdom are: Newfoundland (220 m), South Quay Plaza (215 m), and One Park Drive (205 m).
 * The 75-storey Landmark Pinnacle is the tallest residential tower in the United Kingdom and the whole of western Europe.
 * Newfoundland is the tallest build-to-rent building in the United Kingdom.
 * Novotel London Canary Wharf is the tallest all-hotel building in the United Kingdom, and the tallest Novotel in the world.
 * One Canada Square, at 235 m, achieved a 21-year record of the tallest building in the United Kingdom from 1991 to 2012. With its distinctive pyramid pinnacle, the building is recognised as a London landmark, and has been featured in many films and television shows.

This table lists completed buildings in Canary Wharf that are at least 100 m tall.

Listed buildings

As at 12 February 2023, there are 16 listed buildings in Canary Wharf of which 2 are Grade I and 14 in Grade II.

 * Grade I Listed Buildings

 * Quay Walls, Copings and Buttresses to Import Dock and Export Dock: The original West India Docks consists of three docks. The Import Dock, the earliest, was opened in 1800–02, and followed to south by the Export Dock of 1803–06.
 * Warehouses and General Offices at Western End of North Quay: originally a range of nine warehouses was built 1800–04 at the western end of North Quay, West India Dock Road. Only two warehouses survived the bombing raid in World War II.

These docks with Nos 1 and 2 warehouses are now the only surviving examples of the first intensive period of London Docklands construction: 1800–10.

Most of the Grade II Listed buildings in Canary Wharf sit to the north-west of West India Dock North, and are located within the West India Dock Conservation Area. In addition to architectural values, "these buildings and structures are of significance due to their association with the development of the docks and the community that grew up around them".
 * Grade II Listed Buildings

Corporations and agencies
Canary Wharf contains around 16000000 sqft of office and retail space, of which around 7900000 sqft (about 49%) is owned by Canary Wharf Group. Around 105,000 people work in Canary Wharf, and it is home to the world or European headquarters of numerous major banks, professional services firms, and media organisations, including Barclays, Citigroup, Clifford Chance, Credit Suisse, Ernst & Young, Fitch Ratings, HSBC, Infosys, JPMorgan Chase, KPMG, MetLife, Moody's, Morgan Stanley, Royal Bank of Canada, Deutsche Bank, S&P Global, Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom, State Street, The Economist Group and Thomson Reuters. Until 2018, Canary Wharf also hosted two European Union agencies, European Medicines Agency and European Banking Authority, that moved to Amsterdam and Paris respectively due to Brexit.

Leisure

 * Marina

West India Quays and Poplar Dock are two marinas that are used as moorings for barges and private leisure river craft and is owned by the Canal & River Trust.

 * Library

A local public library, called Idea Store Canary Wharf, is in Churchill Place shopping mall and run by Tower Hamlets Council which opened on Thursday 16 March 2006 as part of the Idea Store project and is the borough fourth Idea Store.

Canary Wharf hosts two multiplexes (cinemas), one on West India Quay run by Cineworld. and another at Crossrail Place called Everyman Cinema.
 * Cinema

Squares and public areas
Canada Square is one of the central squares at Canary Wharf. It is a large open space with grass, except during the winter when it is converted into an ice rink. The square is named after Canada, because the original developers of modern Canary Wharf, Olympia & York, wanted to reflect their heritage. Underneath the square is Canada Place shopping mall.
 * Canada Square

Westferry Circus is on the west side of Canary Wharf. It is a garden at ground level, and below is a roundabout allowing traffic to flow through. The garden is enclosed by bespoke hand-crafted ornamental railings and entrance gates by artist Giuseppe Lund. The area has a long history, dating back to 1812, when the Poplar and Greenwich Roads Company operated a horse ferry between Greenwich and the Isle of Dogs. It operated on the West Ferry and East Ferry Roads, which the names survived. Westferry Circus was chosen as the name for the roundabout and park by virtue of its proximity to Westferry Road.
 * Westferry Circus

Cabot Square is one of the biggest squares at Canary Wharf, with a large fountain at the centre. The inner perimeter has additional fountains covered by trees. The square has large circular glass ventilation holes to allow gases to escape from the underground car park. The square is named after John Cabot and his son Sebastian, who were Italian explorers who settled in England in 1484.
 * Cabot Square

Churchill Place is an area on the east side of Canary Wharf. It is named after Winston Churchill.
 * Churchill Place

A small square on the west side of Canary Wharf named after Christopher Columbus. The first phase of Canary Wharf was completed in 1992, 500 years after Columbus arrived in America.
 * Columbus Courtyard

A passageway south of Cabot Square. Named after Richard Chancellor who sailed with Sir John Willoughby from Greenwich on their voyage through the White Sea to Moscow.
 * Chancellor Passage

Small area north of Cabot Square. Leads to North Dock footbridge towards Port East. Named after British architect Christopher Wren.
 * Wren Landing

Located at the east end of Jubilee Park, Montgomery Square is an outdoor location for socialising. Events include street food markets, beach volleyball tournaments, padel tennis competition, and minigolf.
 * Montgomery Square

Parks and green spaces
Canary Wharf Group is enthusiastic about adding more green spaces and gardens to the dense urban environment. A total of 20 acres of landscaped parks, gardens and verdant squares complete with 1,000 trees, 4,000 shrubs and 70,000 seasonal plants are added each year. Visitors are welcome to explore these parks and green spaces, which are ideal places for relaxation, social gatherings, performances, viewing outdoor public art, as well as hosting outdoor events and festivities.

Jubilee Park is a 10,000m² roof garden located above Jubilee Place, a shopping mall, and Canary Wharf Jubilee Station, an underground railway station. The park, opened in 2002 and was named in honour of the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II. Jubilee Park is located in the financial district of Canary Wharf. The park's central feature is a raised serpentine water channel with rough stone walls. The curvilinear design of the water channel is intended to contrast to the scale and straightness of the surrounding buildings. In 2023, Jubilee Park won the Green Flag Award, recognising Jubilee Park as one of the United Kingdom's best parks
 * Jubilee Park

A 4,160 sqm roof garden, one of London's largest, houses on the top of seven-storey Crossrail Place structure, which contains the Elizabeth line Canary Wharf station. Opened to public in 2015, it lies almost exactly on the Meridian line splitting eastern and western hemispheres. The plants originating from the eastern hemisphere are planted to the East of the Meridian line in the garden, with those from the Western hemisphere on the opposite side. The design and development of Crossrail Place Roof Garden was honored by winning numerous prestigious international and United Kingdom awards. Selected notable awards include: "Best Urban Regeneration Project" at 2016 MIPIM awards in France, the first prize for the best "Innovative Design of a Contemporary Garden" at the 2017 European Garden Awards in Berlin, and a Highly Commended accolade at the 2016 Landscape Institute Awards in the category 'Design for a Small-Scale Development'.
 * Crossrail Place Roof Garden

A newly opened garden, located at the strand of Wood Wharf, features a boardwalk for waterside wandering. The garden also offers family-friendly picnic spots and outdoor fitness equipment on the green lawn, where visitors can relax, view outdoor public art, and watch the water. Just around the corner, it has access to a new garden square, Harbord Square Park.
 * Harbour Quay Garden

Harbord Square Park, the newest garden square in Wood Wharf, continues the great London tradition of garden squares. It is open 24/7 and offers green space available for mindfulness activities and to support nearby residents' general wellbeing.
 * Harbord Square Park

Shopping malls
Canary Wharf shopping centre, ranked as one of the best in London, has five interconnected shopping malls: Canada Place, Cabot Place, Jubilee Place, Crossrail Place, and Churchill Place. The malls provide over 102,193 sqm of retail space, more than 310 shops from beauty, fashion, lifestyle, luxurious brands, health, and homeware, as well as 70 cafés, bars, and restaurants, eight grocery stores, five health clubs and a cinema. There are also numerous bars, restaurants, and food halls at street level, alongside plenty of outdoor seating enabling visitors to see the stunning wharf and riverside views.

Local government elections
Every four years, residents of Canary Wharf ward elect two councillors to represent them on Tower Hamlets Council.

† Andrew Wood was elected for the Conservative Party in 2018, but resigned to sit as an Independent in 2020.

Transport
Canary Wharf is served by London-wide, regional, national and international transport connections.

Rail
Canary Wharf is in London fare zone 2, and several stations can be found throughout the estate.
 * The Docklands Light Railway (DLR) calls at Canary Wharf, Heron Quays and West India Quay stations. The line opened in 1987.
 * DLR trains link Canary Wharf northbound to Bank in the City of London, via Shadwell. Northbound trains also travel to Stratford via Poplar and Bow Church. Southbound trains terminate south of the River Thames in Lewisham, calling at Greenwich en route.
 * London Underground Jubilee line services call at Canary Wharf station. Eastbound trains travel to Stratford via North Greenwich, Canning Town and West Ham. Westbound trains link Canary Wharf to the West End and key London interchanges including London Bridge, Waterloo and Baker Street. Trains towards Central London eventually terminate in North West London.
 * The Elizabeth line (constructed by the Crossrail project) calls at Canary Wharf station. The line provides the area with a frequent, direct connection to the City of London and the West End. Westbound trains serve Central London and key interchanges at Liverpool Street and Paddington. Elizabeth line trains also serve Heathrow Airport and Reading, Berkshire to the west. Eastbound services terminate at Abbey Wood.

Stations in Canary Wharf only offer direct connections to London and Berkshire destinations. Regional and national National Rail connections can be found elsewhere in London, including at Liverpool Street, Lewisham, London Bridge, Stratford, Stratford International and Waterloo.

Road
Major roads near Canary Wharf include:

 * A12 - begins in nearby Blackwall and carries traffic northeast towards Stratford, the M11 (for Stansted Airport ), and destinations in Essex and East Anglia.
 * A13 (East India Dock Road) - westbound to Limehouse and the City of London (Aldgate); eastbound towards Barking, the M25 and Southend.
 * A102 (Blackwall Tunnel) - begins in nearby Blackwall and carries traffic southbound to Greenwich, the A2 and the A20 for destinations in Kent.
 * A1020 (Lower Lea Crossing) - carries traffic eastbound to London City Airport.
 * A1203 (Limehouse Link) - carries traffic eastbound to Shadwell and the City of London (Tower Hill).
 * A1205 (Burdett Road) - carries traffic northbound to Mile End and Hackney.
 * A1206 (Westferry Circus/Prestons Road) - loops around the western, southern and eastern edges of the Isle of Dogs. Links to the A1261.
 * A1261 (Aspen Way) - westbound to the A13 for Limehouse and the city; eastbound to the A1020 for City Airport and the A13 towards Barking.

Air pollution
Transport for London (TfL) and the London Borough of Tower Hamlets monitor the air quality around Canary Wharf.

In 2017, an automatic monitoring station in Blackwall found that local air quality failed to meet UK National Air Quality Objectives, recording an annual average Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) concentration of 56 μg/m3 (micrograms per cubic metre). The National Objective is set by the government at 40 μg/m3.

Alternative stations nearer Canary Wharf recorded cleaner air. Monitors at the Limehouse Link/Westferry Road junction and on Prestons Road recorded a 2017 annual average NO2 concentration of 40 μg/m3, which Tower Hamlets argue fails to meet the UK National Objective.

Buses
London Buses routes 135, 277, D3, D7, D8, N277 and N550 call at bus stops near Canary Wharf. Bus 135 links Canary Wharf directly to Liverpool Street in the City of London, and bus D8 to Stratford.

Riverboat
Several Riverboat services call at Canary Wharf Pier, including:

 * RB1 - eastbound to North Greenwich and Woolwich Arsenal Pier; westbound to Tower, London Bridge City, Bankside, Blackfriars, Embankment, the London Eye and Westminster.
 * RB1X - eastbound to North Greenwich and Royal Wharf Pier; westbound to Tower, London Bridge City, Bankside, Embankment, the London Eye and Westminster (limited service to Battersea Power Station).
 * RB4 - the Canary Wharf – Rotherhithe Ferry crosses the Thames to Nelson Dock.
 * RB6 - limited eastbound service towards Putney.

Tower, London Bridge City and Blackfriars are in the City of London. Oyster Cards are valid for travel on TfL-coordinated riverboat services.

Airports
London City Airport is 3 mi from Canary Wharf. Over 4.8 million passengers passed through City Airport in 2018. The airport serves domestic and international destinations, including New York.

London City Airport is on the DLR. Passengers from Canary Wharf can change trains at Poplar for services to the Airport.

Cycling
The Canary Wharf Group, London Borough of Tower Hamlets and Transport for London (TfL) provide cycling infrastructure in and around Canary Wharf. Several leisure and commuter routes pass through or near the estate, including:

 * National Cycle Route 1 (NCR 1) - a leisure cycle route from Dover, Kent to Shetland, Scotland. The route is indirect, running through London on low-traffic paths. In North London, the route runs from the Greenwich Foot Tunnel to Enfield Lock via Canary Wharf, Mile End and Tottenham. The route runs to the west of Canary Wharf, parallel to the River Thames.
 * EuroVelo 2 ("The Capitals Route") - an international leisure cycle route from Moscow, Russia to Galway, Ireland. In North London, EV2 follows the route of NCR 1.
 * National Cycle Route 13 (NCR 13) - a leisure cycle route from the City to Fakenham, Norfolk. The route is indirect, running through East London on low-traffic paths. The route leaves London near Rainham.
 * Cycle Superhighway 3 (CS3) - a commuter cycle route from Barking to West London. The route runs east–west through nearby Poplar on low-traffic or residential streets. The route is signposted and unbroken.
 * East of Poplar, the route to Barking predominantly runs on traffic-free cycle track.
 * West of Limehouse, the route runs on low-traffic or traffic-free paths to Shadwell. The route is signposted and unbroken. After Shadwell, the route becomes a traffic-free cycle track which provides Canary Wharf with a direct link to Tower Hill, Blackfriars, Westminster, Buckingham Palace, Hyde Park Corner and Lancaster Gate.
 * Cycleway from Hackney to the Isle of Dogs - proposed cycle link which would link Canary Wharf directly to Mile End on traffic-free cycle track.
 * Limehouse Cut towpath - shared-use path from nearby Limehouse to Stratford. The route is traffic-free.
 * Regent's Canal towpath - shared-use path from nearby Limehouse to Angel. The route is traffic-free and passes through Mile End, Haggerston, and Islington.

Museums and archives
Opened in a Grade I listed Georgian warehouse by Queen Elizabeth II in June 2003, the Museum of London Docklands is one of the main attractions in the area. It is dedicated to the history of London's river, port, and people from Roman settlement to the present day. The museum offers a range of activities for children and families, including interactive displays and immersive activities.

Pokémon Go
Canary Wharf has been reported since 2017 as part of the Pokémon Go augmented reality game to being the home for the most wanted Pokémon gyms in London including Canary Wharf DLR station and Montgomery Square.

Canary Wharf Group published an official Pokémon map for PokéStops and Pokémon Gyms, the managing director for retail Camille Waxer said in 2016 that Pokémon Go has serious potential to attract new audiences to the area, particularly food and drink outlets are seeing an increase in footfall.

Winter Lights Festival
Incepted in 2014, the Canary Wharf Winter Lights Festival turns on January of the year. Public are free to visit a range of outdoor light art and interactive installations created by artists from around the world. The festival has awarded the Best Creative Lighting Event award by the [d]arc awards in 2017 and 2019. The 2023 Canary Wharf Winter Lights Festival is described as the largest light art festival in London.

WaterAid Dragon Boat Race
It is an annual fundraising event organized by WaterAid, an international charity, in collaboration with the Canary Wharf Group. The funds raised through this event are used to combat the escalating water crisis that leaves people globally unable to access clean water and without a basic toilet. The Dragon Boat Race, based on a Chinese tradition dating back over 2,000 years, takes place in South Dock of Canary Wharf on summer, and is open to corporate teams of between 11 and 17 participants. In 2022, 15 teams participated the race, and the event raised £26,000. With 19 teams taking place in the 2023 race, the raised funds was increased to £31,744.

Festival14
Hosted by the Canary Wharf Group, the festival was a four-day event from 21 to 24 July 2022. It hosted over 60 live acts including music, theatre, dance, poetry, comedy, family funs and children's activities throughout the estate. The majority of acts were free to attend, and the event transformed the estate's numerous parks, plazas, and open spaces as they hosted a line-up of artists and performers from across the world. The second year of Festival14 is extended to a five day event from Wednesday 26th to Sunday 30 July 2023.

Open water swimming
Canary Wharf has partnered with Love Open Water to launch its first outdoor swimming since summer 2022. The venue, located in the 220-year-old Middle Dock, offers 600 sqm of open water swimming.

Outdoor public art
The Canary Wharf Art Trail is the largest outdoor public art collection in London. People are free to visit more than 100 pieces of stand-alone sculptures, integrated architectural works, and outdoor art exhibiting outside buildings around the Canary Wharf area. Two printed maps are regularly updated by the Canary Wharf Group for visitors to discover and identify artworks permanently on display all over the estate.

 * Canary Wharf Art Map: over 100 pieces of artworks, with a brief description, are numbered sequentially as to their exhibition locations at Canary Wharf.
 * Children's Art Trail: a smaller trail of 12 sculptures and artworks for children.

The Canary Wharf website provides information about Raise Your Art Rate, an ongoing event that allows visitors to explore the outdoor public art collection while exercising. The event offers 1, 3, and 5 km walking, jogging or running routes that traverse the artworks. The routes are tailored to showcase the over 100 artworks on display throughout the estate. The event is free and open to all visitors.

Media
The East London Advertiser (formerly The Docklands & East London Advertiser) is a local newspaper printing weekly and also online.

Wharf life is a fortnightly publication of 15,000 copies for Canary Wharf, Docklands and east London. An E-edition is also available.

title: Canary Wharf


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One Canada Square

One Canada Square is a skyscraper in Canary Wharf, London. It is the third tallest building in the United Kingdom at 770 ft above ground level, and contains 50 storeys. It achieved the title of the tallest building in the UK upon completion in 1991 and held the title for 21 years until the completion of The Shard (310m) in 2012.

One Canada Square was designed by César Pelli with Adamson Associates and Frederick Gibberd Coombes. The building is clad with stainless steel. One of the predominant features of the building is the pyramid roof, which contains a flashing aircraft warning light, a rare feature for buildings in the United Kingdom. The distinctive pyramid pinnacle is 800 ft above sea level.

One Canada Square is primarily used for offices, though there are some retail units on the lower ground floor. There is no observation floor. It is a prestigious location for offices and as of October 2017 was completely let. The building is recognised as a London landmark, and it has gained much attention through film, television, and other media as one of the tallest buildings in the United Kingdom.

Original plans
The original plans for a business district on Canary Wharf came from G Ware Travelstead. He proposed three 260 m (850 ft) towers. Travelstead was unable to fund the project, so the plans were sold to Olympia & York in 1987. Olympia & York grouped all three towers into an area known as Docklands Square, and the main tower was designated DS7 during planning. Docklands Square was later renamed Winston Square before finally being renamed as Canada Square.

Architects/design
The architects chosen to design One Canada Square were César Pelli & Associates, Adamson Associates, and Frederick Gibberd Coombes & Partners. They designed the tower with a similar shape to 200 Vesey Street (formerly Three World Financial Center), New York City, which was also developed by Olympia & York and designed by Argentine architect César Pelli. The shape was also made reminiscent of "Big Ben". Olympia & York wanted to clad One Canada Square in stone, just like Peli's World Financial Center towers constructed in 1986, but the architects first wanted to use aluminium for its low density, before insisting on steel to reflect Britain's heritage as an industrial nation. The final steel clad chosen was Patten Hyclad Cambric-finish stainless-steel.

Commenting on the reason for choosing steel for the clad: "'We studied the cladding material carefully and chose stainless steel with a linen finish because it seemed to fit the atmosphere of London.'"
 * —César Pelli, architect (2016)

One Canada Square was originally designed to be 864 ft high at 55 storeys, but that penetrated the permitted projection height of the flight obstruction area of the airport approach district to London City Airport, but this was extended to a height of 30 ft above kerb level in consideration of the fact that One Canada Square was on the external zone of the airport approach. To comply with air traffic safety regulations, the architects took five floors off the tower. The final height of 824 ft was permitted, otherwise, the developers would have had to dismantle what was necessary to fit the height restriction. After losing five floors, Olympia & York insisted the other floors had to make up the lost floor space by increasing mass to the remaining floor space which created a tower that was not as slim as Pelli desired. Pelli and the other architects proposed alternatives, such as building more floors below ground and creating an extension of the tower into Docklands Square, which were similar ideas based upon previous Olympia & York buildings, though the ideas were rejected as it did not fit the basis of prime office space.

The design of the tower received a fair share of criticism. According to César Pelli, the most damaging criticism came from Prince Charles, who said on national television, "I personally would go mad if I had to work in a place like that". Other criticisms came from former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, who said that the building was "not quite stunning".

Construction
Construction on the tower began in 1988. Construction was given to Sir Robert McAlpine & Sons in association with EllisDon of Toronto, but they were slow at building the tower, partly due to building workers going on strike in the summer of 1989, so Lehrer McGovern took over. Lehrer McGovern contracted out most of the work to Balfour Beatty because the Canary Wharf Tower was a difficult building to build. In total, about 27,500 metric tonnes of British steel and 500,000 bolts were used during construction. Construction also involved building a huge cofferdam to seal construction from water. It also involved driving 222 piles into the ground at 23 metres deep. Also, a 4-metre thick concrete raft was sunk into the dock to act as anchor.

By June 1990, the tower had overtaken Tower 42 (previously known as the NatWest Tower), becoming the tallest building in the United Kingdom.

On 8 November 1990, the tower was topped out when the top piece of the pyramid roof was put in place by crane.

The celebration was attended by many famous architects, recognised engineers and political leaders. Amongst them were César Pelli, Brian Mulroney, Peter Rice, Man-Chung Tang, and Margaret Thatcher. Paul Reichmann, the owner of Olympia & York gave credit to Pelli for his building design as "this inauguration symbolises the spirit with which buildings can be achieved". Margaret Thatcher told the distinguished audience that the tower can become a "national recognised landmark".

Opening
In August 1991, One Canada Square was completed and open for business. His Royal Highness The Duke of Edinburgh officially opened One Canada Square on the morning of 26 August 1991, and unveiled a commemorative plaque at the entrance to the building. Hundreds of construction workers attended the opening ceremony. The Duke of Edinburgh addressed some 800 invited guests, many of whom had been involved in the project. He spoke of the "large, airy space and clean, efficient office layout", as he declared the building ready for business. The attendees heard a specially-commissioned piece of music performed by a 30-strong choir. Paul Reichmann, Chairman of Olympia & York said: "'The Canary Wharf Tower marks the start of a new beginning for Canary Wharf, for London, and for the United Kingdom. It is by any standard a triumph of ambition, commitment and collaboration. It will breathe life into Canary Wharf, allowing us to continue our transformation of the rest of the wharf, and will put Canary Wharf at the leading edge of real estate.'"
 * —Paul Reichmann, Chairman, Olympia & York (1991)

Post-completion
The majority of the tower was empty after opening because most tenants had not moved in yet and there was a global recession. To brighten up the tower, lights and lasers were installed during the Christmas celebrations of 1991.

Park Pavilion
In 2009, the building was extended with Park Pavilion, a two-story glass structure built on the east side of the building, designed by César Pelli and Koetter Kim. The extension replaced the stainless steel columns, car parking spaces and road leading to Canada Square. The extension was made to create more retail space at street level, where five tenants were chosen to occupy the space: four restaurants and Lloyds Bank. The extension's roof terrace is open to diners and contains a green roof having sedum moss.

Building name
The name given to the building by the developers is 'One Canada Square', but it is often incorrectly called 'Canary Wharf Tower' or simply 'Canary Wharf'.

Building height
The Civil Aviation Authority shows the building at 235 m above ground level, or 245.8 m above sea level.

Pyramid roof
The pyramid roof is an important feature of the building, enclosing a maintenance plant and housing facilities for water supply and window washing, and an aircraft warning beacon. The pyramid itself is 40 metres high and 30 metres square at the base. It is made from stainless steel and is held together by 100,000 nuts and bolts, with a weight of over 100 tons. A louvre access door opens to allow a shining beacon to identify the building to passing aircraft.

The pyramid is metal louvres that are self-cleaning with rainwater.

Architect César Pelli commented on his pyramid design: "'The pyramidal form makes a three-dimensional building of what would otherwise be just folded planes. It also strengthens the Axis Mundi, the vertical line that goes through skyscrapers and connects Heaven with Earth. This connection has been recognised in many cultures for several centuries now.'"
 * —César Pelli, architect (2016)

Water
Water is pumped up to the pyramid roof, and is continuously replenished. A common sound that is heard inside the pyramid roof is water being moved around. The water is used for general water requirements, such as toilets, etc. The tower consumes an average of 200000 impgal of water per day.

Window washing machines
The building maintenance units for washing the building windows are stored on the roof. There are two BMUs on the roof, both of these machines for cleaning the windows are supported by rails that run around the outside of the pyramid roof and that are bolted down into the maintenance floor itself.

Aircraft warning lights
The aircraft warning light is at the very top of the pyramid. Access is via a ladder with a warning sign stating that unauthorised entry will lead to dismissal. The tower uses an omni-directional light usual for marking hazards. It has a very long life and requires little maintenance. Light intensity achieved is well in excess of the required 2,000 candelas. It uses low power consumption and the unit can be flashing or steady.

Electrical equipment
There is electrical equipment that regulates the power to the rest of the building on the mezzanine floor. Some of the electrical generators on the mezzanine floor are powered by micro-hydro water turbines, sourced by water pumped up to the roof.

Roof material
The steel comprises a galvanised steel core, with a multi-layered protective coating and granular finish for better performance characteristics. The tile is in three satin finishes and a high-gloss silver and can be transported in situ in a building's roof.

Cleaning the roof
The pyramid itself is cleaned by special maintenance personnel who abseil from the light beacon opening at the very top of the roof. Not only do they have to deal with the height, as well as the winds that interfere with their ropes, but they also need to inspect the steel roof.

Pyramid roof lights
The pyramid roof lights up in the evenings and can be seen 20 mi away. It is a permanent lighting of the One Canada Square pyramid using a thousand electronically controlled fluorescent tubes capable of sequence programming for special occasions and festive seasons. The 4000 lights are highly energy efficient, and have an annual running cost of £23,360, rather than £116,800 if traditional incandescent bulbs had been used.

Lightning conductors
One Canada Square uses a traditional roof circuit for its lightning protection system. The roof holds 5 lightning conductor rods. This rooftop network of conductors contain multiple conductive copper paths from the roof to the ground. The steel cladding does not form part of the lightning protection system, as it was considered too dangerous.

HVAC
At the peak cooling times, the HVAC (climate control) system requires cooling equivalent to that provided by 2,000 t of melting ice in one day. The building has a condensate collection system, which uses the hot and humid outside air, combined with the cooling requirements of the building and results in a significant amount of condensation of moisture from the air. The condensed water is collected and drained into a holding tank located in the basement car park.

Windows
One Canada Square has 3,960 windows and was one of the first buildings to incorporate metallicised windows and other advanced window technologies, to assist with the building's energy efficiency plans. The tower uses super-insulated windows at triple-pane glazing (with a high solar heat-gain coefficient), low-emissivity (low-e) coatings to prevent heat loss in winter months, UV coatings, scratch resistant outer layers, sealed argon / krypton gas filled inter-pane voids, 'warm edge' insulating glass spacers, air-seals and specially developed thermally designed window frames. The windows were manufactured with high R-values [low U-values, 0.90 W/(m2.K)] for the time, thereby the thermal resistance is one of the highest rated in the world for the entire window including the frame.

External lighting
The tower uses low energy consumption external lighting through intelligent lighting controls systems. This computer controlled system generates the visually interesting lighting displays on the exterior of the building. The uplighters that are usually seen on the exterior of the building are inductive fluorescent lamps that can be colour rendered and dimmed. The floodlights use compact fluorescent lamps used to provide controlled lighting at the base of the tower. The lighting control system has photocells that will automatically switch on the display when it is dark.

The tower also has a synchronised building exterior decorative light and laser multimedia display. The technology was developed by Australian firm Laservision and cost approximately £2 million.

Fire system
In the event of a fire, One Canada Square is not fully evacuated. The floor that has the fire and all other floors above are evacuated. The air conditioning is set to work in reverse to extract smoke and fresh air is blown into the fire escape staircases to increase air pressure and therefore slow the entry of smoke into these areas. The sprinkler system will not operate unless there is sufficient heat acting on any sprinkler head (which are independent of each other and do not operate in unison).

The only time when One Canada Square was fully evacuated was on 30 October 2001, during a test drill in response to the 11 September 2001 attacks. The test drill was unsuccessful as tenants were notified beforehand, hence evacuation was much quicker than expected by Canary Wharf Security.

Procedure for fire alarm
When the fire alarm activates on a floor, audio instructions tailored to each floor of the building sound. All floors will receive an evacuation message, with a controlled evacuation message replayed to each floor in order of priority. On floors below the source of the alarm a stand-by notification is given. Digital signage throughout the building displays alert messages followed by instructions tailored to each floor of the building. On certain floors, the instructions ask employees to leave the floor. Exit signs flash. The access control system unlocks doors as necessary. Fire dampers open. Throughout the building, cameras turn on and look for problems that intelligent video software applications have been programmed to detect. Within 2 minutes, the access control system sends a memo to the Security Director itemising how many people have left the affected floor and how many remain.

Tuned mass damper
One Canada Square has a steel pendulum that serves as a tuned mass damper. The pendulum sways to offset movements in the building caused by strong gusts of wind. The building can sway 33.02 cm in the strongest winds.

Lobby
The lobby is 36 ft high, clad in 90000 sqft Italian Rosso Levanto and Verde Imperial Guatemalan marbles imported from Italy, Guatemala and Turkey.

The marble clad under steel ceilings gives the impression of: "'Rather than entering a corporate reception, you feel as if you're entering a hushed antespace of timeless power.'"
 * —Herbert Wright, Johnny Tucker, Journalist [architecture] (2016)

Security screens
In February 2017, security in the lobby was extended to include security screens to prevent unauthorised entry to the lifts. This was a follow-up to YouTuber Night Scape gaining unauthorised entry from the lobby to the roof.

Lifts
The tower has thirty two lifts for tenants to use, where 8 lifts serve roughly ten floors of the building. All tenant passenger lifts serve the ground floor and the following groups of floors – floors 5–17, floors 18–28, floors 28–39 and floors 39–50 (note that level 5 is the first office floor and there is no level 13). In addition there are 2 firemen's lifts which serve all floors in the building. These have colour designations with blue being in the northeast core of the building and green being in the southwest. From the building's initial construction until late 2009 there were 2 large freight lifts at which point another was added. This lift was built inside a vacant lift shaft and has the designation GL37 (GL for goods lift and 37 as it is the 37th lift in the building). The tower uses 'Gearless Traction Elevators' by Otis. These lifts were installed in 1990 (aside from GL37 – 2009) using a gearless traction machine. They have woven steel cables called hoisting ropes that are attached to the top of the lift cabin and wrapped around the drive sheave in special grooves. The other ends of the cables are attached to a counterweight that moves up and down in the hoistway on its own guiderails. It takes 40 seconds by lift from lobby to top floor (The Canary Wharf website has not been updated to include the new goods lift GL37).

Observation floor
There is currently no public observation floor. However, there was an exception from 12 October 1992 to 15 December 1992, when bankruptcy administrators for Olympia & York Canary Wharf Limited opened the 50th floor to the public, to maintain interest in Canary Wharf. The scheme was stopped on 15 December 1992 when the IRA attempted to bomb the tower (see Terrorism section).

Environmental rating
The international BREEAM standard has awarded One Canada Square for best practice in sustainable design and environmental performance for buildings. To achieve the rating, the building had to meet or exceed a challenging score of 85% against strict criteria, and included environmental innovations such as the use of 80% recycled aggregate within the concrete used, and the recycling of waste heat to cool and warm the building. Aggregates used in the office build were from predominantly recycled sources, part of a strategy to integrate sustainable products and materials throughout the site, delivering both affordable and sustainable environmentally friendly features to the building.

One Canada Square energy performance has improved by decreasing 30% from 2007 to 2016 by initiatives such as installing LEDs and upgrading HVAC and water services.

General figures

 * 28000 sqft average floor size
 * 4,388 internal steps
 * 130,000 deliveries to the loading bay each year
 * 9,975 people working in the tower

Public access
The ground floor, foyer area and basement levels of One Canada Square are open to the general public, having an underground retail area and a transport interchange from Canary Wharf tube and Docklands Light Railway stations. Access from the basement also links to Canada Square shopping mall. The floors above the lobby are not open to the public, as they contain offices.

Permanent art works
There are many art works on display in the lobby. This includes the stained glass and the roundel in the foyer were designed by Charles Rennie, and are an original design. The design represents Canary Wharf, Water and Boats, illustrating the signs of London Docklands. The slate used here and in various places around the foyer on site is made from the Welsh slate shelving used in the repositories of the original Banana Warehouse at Canary Wharf.

The staircases in the four corners of the lobby leading down to the basement floor were originally embellished with a four-piece commissioned sculpture, The 20th Century–Thames by Keith Milow. Around 2014, one of the tondi was removed to make room for a restaurant. The other three remain in situ.

Other art works on display included Sergio Germariello's Guerrieri (Warriors) 2013, which is displayed in the lobby. The work is an aluminium laser cut out that has been painted.

Blade of Venus 1985, by William Turnbull, is on display, part of a series of bronzes that originated in the shape of Japanese swords and Chinese chopping knives.

Lawson Oyekan's Trail With Light (LIP) Series 1998, are terracotta vessels on permanent display. The concept is that it is supposed to reflect emotional experience and look as if they have been exploded and put back together again.

Temporary art works
The lobby is also used for temporary art displays. In 2017, the artist Richard Rome showed several of his bronze and steel sculptures here. This was followed by an exhibition of bronze sculptures by Auguste Rodin.

Canary Wharf Winter Lights usually are on display during January.

During 16 April - 1 June 2018, the lobby hosted a photography exhibition known as AOP50 (Association of Photographers 50 years celebration). Large photographs were on display by famous photographers. Notable works included:
 * Jullian Edelstein, Nelson Mandela, 1997
 * Duffy, Jean Shrimpton, 1963
 * Spencer Rowell, L'Enfant, 1986
 * Tessa Traeger, Chemistry of Light, No 22 and 23, 2012
 * Max Forsythe, Hong Kong, c.1995
 * Paul Wakefield, Abraham Lake, 2011
 * Anderson & low, NDST Sky #27, 2001
 * Nadasv Kander, Silver Salt Lake Utah, 1997

Ground Floor Restaurant
The ground floor lobby has a restaurant and bar, the current tenant is Shutters.

Current office tenants
The current office tenants according to Canary Wharf Group plc as at 30 June 2022:

 * Adamson Associates
 * Article 25
 * BBVA (Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria)
 * Bellway Homes
 * Brookfield
 * Canary Wharf Group plc
 * Currencies Direct
 * Daihatsu
 * Datatonic
 * Doctors of the World
 * Doyle Clayton
 * Equilend
 * eToro
 * Euler Hermes
 * FIA
 * Fisher Investments
 * Genomics
 * Hamro plc
 * International Grains Council
 * International Hydropower Association
 * International Sugar Organization
 * Level39
 * Medical Defence Union
 * Metlife Investments Ltd
 * Moody's
 * The Office Group
 * Pinnacle Wealth Management
 * Pirean
 * Rational FX | Xendpay
 * Reach plc
 * Regus | Spaces
 * Rittal
 * RSVP Media Response
 * St James's Place Wealth Management
 * Tramontana Asset Management
 * UCL School of Management
 * Unimoni
 * Valero
 * INRFX

Notable previous office tenants

 * Bear Stearns
 * KPMG
 * Maersk
 * Telegraph Media Group

Ownership
The ownership of One Canada Square has changed since it was constructed. The table below shows who have previously owned One Canada Square, and also who are the current owners.

Any use of a holding company has been excluded from this list, as it is easier to trace the true owner.

Maintenance
Canary Wharf Management Ltd are responsible for the maintenance of the building. There are about 130 in-house and contract staff who maintain, manage, secure and clean the building. There are normally ten maintenance personnel on-site during working hours and three at night to attend to routine repairs and adjustments to the internal environment. Critical spare parts for the electricity, gas and water systems are kept within the building.

Light usage
One Canada Square has been 'named and shamed' for being the top building to leave the lights on unnecessarily. The research carried out by the BBC's Inside Out programme found that on midnight Sunday, One Canada Square left more lights on than any other building in London.

However, Canary Wharf Group said that some tenants have staff working around the clock, and 100% of the energy comes from renewable resources.

Charity abseil events
One Canada Square regularly holds charity abseiling events during weekends. Various charities are given permission to use the building for their abseil challenges to raise money. Participants abseil down from the pyramid roof to street level. Abseilers normally use only 2 ropes and have to put up with windy conditions at 800 feet, whilst enjoying the views of London as they abseil down the steel cladding.

The first abseil was on 21 July 2001, when a team of Royal Marines, and members of various companies including a team led by David Levy from HSBC, and this team, raised in excess of £45,000 for 5 different children's charities. The event earned a World Record and was covered by BBC Record Breakers.

Titles
One Canada Square achieved the title of tallest skyscraper in the UK in August 1991 upon building completion (as of CTBUH guidelines), or June 1990 (during construction when it overtook Nat West Tower). It held the record until 2012 when The Shard was completed. It became the third tallest building in the United Kingdom in 2019 upon completion of 22 Bishopsgate.

One Canada Square never achieved the title as tallest skyscraper in the European Union because in accordance to the CTBUH method, a building has to be completed before its receives its title, with Messeturm in Frankfurt being completed in 1990.

Terrorism
On 15 November 1992, the Provisional Irish Republican Army attempted to place a large improvised explosive device near the tower. The IRA had already worked out that to cause maximum damage, the bomb had to be placed under the Docklands Light Railway bridge to disrupt infrastructure near the Canary Wharf Tower for a devastating effect. The bomb was in a van which was driven to the designated place. As the bombers were about to make their escape, security guards approached the van because it was parked illegally on double yellow lines. Two men got out of the vehicle and one pointed a revolver at one of the security guards. The gun failed to fire. The terrorists were then pursued as far as the boundary of the wharf, but they escaped. Armed police were on the scene within minutes and the army bomb squad discovered that the vehicle contained a bomb. The detonator failed to ignite the main charge, and the bomb did not go off, so there was no bomb damage to Canary Wharf. The wharf was sealed off for a couple of days whilst an intensive search took place for further devices. A few days later, the IRA described it as 'sheer ill luck' as the bomb failed to detonate. There was criticism that the intelligence services did not know about this massive bomb travelling through London. As a result of this attempted bombing, the observation floor was closed (see Public access section) and security was dramatically increased at Canary Wharf.

On 9 February 1996, the Provisional IRA successfully detonated a large bomb at South Quay, south of Canary Wharf (outside Canary Wharf), which killed two people and devastated several buildings. This explosion is commonly, but erroneously, referred to as the "Canary Wharf bomb".

The towers at Canary Wharf were evacuated as a precaution following the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and The Pentagon in the United States.

There have been many news articles in recent years stating that the towers at Canary Wharf have been a target for terrorism. However, some of these plots have been denied by the government. One plot was confirmed on 4 April 2008, when a terror cell appeared at Woolwich Crown Court accused of targeting Canary Wharf. The men denied the charges, but were found guilty for planning attacks on the Canary Wharf skyscrapers.

Television interference
As the Canary Wharf Tower is the first skyscraper to be clad in stainless steel with metallised windows, this may have caused analog television reception interference for local people living in the area. In the case Patricia Hunter and others v. Canary Wharf Ltd.[1997], the House of Lords concluded there is no legal right to receive good television reception. Patricia Hunter and others lost the case because of a variety of reasons that included:

 * the BBC built a new relay station so there was no long-term television interference
 * it was interference with a purely recreational facility, as opposed to interference with the health or physical comfort or well-being of the plaintiffs
 * nothing was emitted from the defendants' land

In Spring 2001, the BBC received some television interference complaints from residents in the Poplar area (north of Canary Wharf). A possible cause for the interference are the other Canary Wharf towers being built. Their advice was to get digital television, satellite or cable.

Cinema
One Canada Square has been featured in several films.
 * In the high-profile film The World Is Not Enough, James Bond sails past One Canada Square.
 * In the 2003 spy comedy film Johnny English, One Canada Square had another identical building next to it, where one of the One Canada Square buildings was a hospital and the other was the headquarters of villain Pascal Sauvage.
 * In the 2004 action-thriller film The Bourne Supremacy One Canada Square was used by the Central Intelligence Agency as its London listening station.
 * In the 2007 post-apocalyptic science fiction horror film 28 Weeks Later, the tower and the surrounding Docklands area are one of the main settings for the film.
 * In the 2007 fantasy film Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Harry Potter and some members of the Order of the Phoenix pass next to One Canada Square as they head to Grimmauld Place on their broomsticks.

Other films featuring the Canary Wharf Tower can be read from a publication called Canary Wharf And Isle of Dogs Movie Map.

Television
One Canada Square has appeared many times on British television.
 * It has appeared in the television series Doctor Who (in the episodes Army of Ghosts and Doomsday), as the location of the Torchwood Institute, under the name "Torchwood Tower". In the episodes, a hall on the top floor contains a hole to a parallel universe that the tower was specifically built to reach.
 * It has appeared in the series The Tomorrow People, as the headquarters for Sam Rees.
 * The tower also made multiple appearances on the television show The Apprentice.
 * The popular BBC soap EastEnders.
 * It was also shown as the headquarters of the fictional 'Olympic Deliverance Commission' in the BBC comedy Twenty Twelve, a mockumentary based on the organising committee of the London 2012 Olympic Games. LOCOG, the real-life organising committee of the Games, was in fact based in nearby buildings One Churchill Place, 10 Upper Bank Street and 25 Canada Square.

During the 1990s, One Canada Square was home to the television station L!VE TV, which broadcast live from the tower.

Literature

 * A near future sequence in the novel Freezeframes by Katharine Kerr, shows One Canada Square as a free college and youth drop-in centre. It is nicknamed "Major's Last Erection", referring to John Major.
 * One Canada Square previously appeared in the Virgin Missing Adventures novel Millennial Rites in which the top floor was the headquarters of a yuppie who inadvertently turned London into a "dark fantasy" kingdom in which he was a powerful sorcerer, with the tower as his citadel
 * The Past Doctor Adventures novel The Time Travellers, in which it was the headquarters of the British Army in an alternate timeline.
 * One Canada Square also features prominently in an early issue of the Grant Morrison comic series The Invisibles, in which Dane MacGowan is encouraged to jump from the top by his mentor, Tom O'Bedlam, as an initiation rite that will allow him to see beyond reality and join The Invisibles.

Video games

 * One Canada Square is featured in Sim City 3000 as a placeable landmark.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: One Canada Square


text:
1904 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1904.

Events

 * January
 * Mark Twain begins dictating his Autobiography.
 * The first issue of Süddeutsche Monatshefte is published in Munich by Paul Nikolaus Cossmann.
 * January 17 – Anton Chekhov's last play, The Cherry Orchard («Вишнëвый сад», Vishnevyi sad), opens at the Moscow Art Theatre directed by Constantin Stanislavski.
 * February 25 – J. M. Synge's tragedy Riders to the Sea is first performed at Molesworth Hall, Dublin, by the Irish National Theatre Society.
 * March 1 – Sophie Radford de Meissner's translation of Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy's 1863 historical drama Ivan the Terrible is first played at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway, New York City, by Richard Mansfield.
 * April 24 – A Lithuanian press ban in the Russian Empire is lifted. Petras Vileišis installs a printing press in his Vileišis Palace in Vilnius.
 * April 25 – Herbert Beerbohm Tree establishes what will become the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, at His Majesty's Theatre in the London's Haymarket.
 * May 10 – Virginia Woolf suffers a mental breakdown after the death on February 22 of her father, Sir Leslie Stephen.
 * June 16 – The original "Bloomsday", the day James Joyce first walks out with his future wife Nora Barnacle (a chambermaid he first met on June 10), to the Dublin suburb of Ringsend. He sets the action of his novel Ulysses (1922) on this date.
 * June 28 – Chekhov, suffering from tuberculosis at Badenweiler, writes to his sister Masha saying his health is improving. He dies just over two weeks later.
 * September – Mark Twain buys a home at 21 Fifth Avenue, New York City.
 * November 1
 * George Bernard Shaw's comedy about Ireland, John Bull's Other Island, opens at the Royal Court Theatre, London, under the management of Harley Granville-Barker after W. B. Yeats rejects it for Dublin's Abbey Theatre.
 * The Stephen family have moved to a home at 46 Gordon Square, Bloomsbury, London, where Virginia Woolf joins them about November 8. Here the Bloomsbury Group will form.
 * November – Hall Caine's novel The Prodigal Son is published by Heinemann in London and opens in a dramatic adaptation at the Grand Theatre, Douglas, Isle of Man.
 * December – The only known surviving copy of the first quarto edition of Shakespeare's play Titus Andronicus (published in London, 1594) is discovered in Sweden.
 * December 21 – The first of Virginia Woolf's published writings, "Haworth, November 1904", an account of a visit to the Brontë family home, appears anonymously in a women's supplement to a clerical journal, The Guardian. (A book review written later has appeared in the same journal a week earlier.)
 * December 24 – The Coliseum Theatre in London opens.
 * December 27
 * The Irish National Theatre Society (Abbey Theatre) opens to the public in Dublin. The bill consists of three one-act plays: On Baile's Strand and Cathleen Ní Houlihan by Yeats (the latter with Máire Nic Shiubhlaigh in the title rôle), and Spreading the News by Lady Gregory.
 * J. M. Barrie's play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up premières at the Duke of York's Theatre in London with Nina Boucicault in the title rôle and Gerald du Maurier as Captain Hook and Mr Darling; du Maurier is the uncle of the Llewellyn Davies boys, who inspired the story.
 * unknown dates
 * Probably early this year, Kenneth Grahame begins telling the bedtime stories to his son that are the origin of The Wind in the Willows.
 * Alexander Blok's poetry cycle Stikhi o prekrasnoi Dame (Verses to the Beautiful Lady), written to his new wife, ushers in the Silver Age of Russian Poetry.
 * Seven-year-old Wasif Jawhariyyeh begins keeping diaries, later acclaimed as masterpieces of modern Arabic and Jerusalem literature.
 * The Marquis de Sade's The 120 Days of Sodom (Les 120 journées de Sodome), written in 1785, is first published, by the Berlin sexologist Dr. Iwan Bloch (as Dr. Eugen Dühren).
 * Translations of Leo Tolstoy's War and Peace into English by Constance Garnett and by Leo Wiener are published.

Fiction

 * Hall Caine – The Prodigal Son
 * G. K. Chesterton – The Napoleon of Notting Hill
 * Joseph Conrad – Nostromo
 * Machado de Assis – Esaú e Jacó
 * Grazia Deledda – Cenere (Ash, first book publication)
 * Alexandre Dumas translated by Alfred Richard Allinson – The Wolf Leader
 * Claude Farrère – Fumée d'opium (Black Opium)
 * Ludwig Ganghofer – Storms in May
 * John Galsworthy – The Island Pharisees
 * Frederic Harrison – Theophano, The Crusade of the Tenth Century
 * O. Henry – Cabbages and Kings
 * Robert Herrick – The Common Lot
 * Hermann Hesse – Peter Camenzind
 * William Henry Hudson – Green Mansions
 * Robert Smythe Hichens
 * The Garden of Allah
 * The Woman with the Fan
 * Henry James – The Golden Bowl
 * M. R. James – Ghost Stories of an Antiquary
 * Mary Johnston – Sir Mortimer
 * James Joyce – "The Sisters"
 * Jack London – The Sea-Wolf
 * Arthur Morrison – The Green Eye of Goona
 * I. L. Peretz – "The Magician" (דער קונצענמאכער, "Der Kuntsenmakher" – short story)
 * Vincas Pietaris – Algimantas (first prose novel written in the Lithuanian language)
 * Luigi Pirandello – The Late Mattia Pascal (Il Fu Mattia Pascal)
 * Władysław Reymont – Chłopi (The Peasants; publication commences)
 * Frederick Rolfe – Hadrian the Seventh
 * Romain Rolland – Jean-Christophe (vol. 1)
 * Rafael Sabatini – The Tavern Knight
 * Saki – Reginald
 * May Sinclair – The Divine Fire
 * Katherine Thurston – John Chilcote, M.P.
 * Mark Twain – A Dog's Tale
 * Jules Verne
 * A Drama in Livonia
 * Master of the World
 * H. G. Wells – The Food of the Gods
 * Owen Wister
 * A Journey In Search of Christmas
 * Philosophy 4
 * Stefan Żeromski – Ashes (Popioły)

Children and young people

 * L. Frank Baum – The Marvelous Land of Oz
 * Laura Lee Hope (pseudonym) – The Bobbsey Twins (first of a series of 72)
 * Selma Lagerlöf – The Treasure (Herr Arnes penningar)
 * E. Nesbit – The Phoenix and the Carpet
 * Beatrix Potter
 * The Tale of Benjamin Bunny
 * The Tale of Two Bad Mice
 * Leo Tolstoy – Classic Tales and Fables for Children
 * P. G. Wodehouse (prose), John W. Houghton (verse) and Philip Dadd (illustrations) – William Tell Told Again

Drama

 * J. M. Barrie – Peter Pan
 * Hall Caine – The Prodigal Son
 * Anton Chekhov – The Cherry Orchard
 * Gabriele D'Annunzio – The Daughter of Iorio
 * Octave Mirbeau – Farces and Moralities
 * Erich Mühsam – The Con Men
 * George Bernard Shaw – John Bull's Other Island
 * Tsubouchi Shōyō (坪内 逍遥)
 * Kiri Hitoha (A Paulownia Leaf; performed)
 * Shinkyoku Urashima (The New Urashima)
 * J. M. Synge – Riders to the Sea
 * Edgar Wallace – An African Millionaire
 * Frank Wedekind – Pandora's Box
 * Nik Welter – Die Söhne des Öslings
 * Stanisław Wyspiański – November Night (Noc listopadowa)

Poetry

 * Zinaida Gippius – «Собрание стихов. 1889–1903» (Collected Poems, 1889–1903)
 * Giovanni Pascoli
 * Primi poemetti
 * Primi conviviali
 * Marie Dauguet
 * Les Paroles du vent
 * Par l'Amour

Non-fiction

 * A. C. Bradley – Shakespearean Tragedy
 * Ernst Haeckel – Kunstformen der Natur
 * Philip Henslowe (died 1616), edited by Walter W. Greg – Henslowe's Diary (publication begins)
 * Thomas Nashe (died c.1601), edited by R. B. McKerrow – The Works of Thomas Nashe (publication begins)
 * Okakura Kakuzo (岡倉 覚三) – The Awakening of Japan
 * Thorstein Veblen – The Theory of Business Enterprise

Births

 * January 14 – Robert Speaight, English actor, biographer and essayist (died 1976)
 * January 22 – Arkady Gaidar, Russian children's writer (died 1941)
 * January 23 – Louis Zukofsky, American modernist poet (died 1978)
 * February 1 – S. J. Perelman, American humorist and author (died 1979)
 * February 4 – MacKinlay Kantor, American historian (died 1977)
 * February 19 – Maurice O'Sullivan (Muiris Ó Súilleabháin), Irish memoirist (drowned 1950)
 * March 2 – Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel), American children's writer (died 1991)
 * March 26 – Joseph Campbell, American author and expert on mythology (died 1987)
 * April 4 – Soeman Hs, Indonesian (East Indies) novelist and short story writer (died 1999)
 * April 27 – Cecil Day-Lewis, Anglo-Irish poet (died 1972)
 * May 6 – Harry Martinson, Swedish author and Nobel laureate (died 1978)
 * May 20
 * Margery Allingham, English writer of detective fiction (died 1966)
 * Alexander Skutch, American scientific writer and naturalist (died 2004)
 * May 22 – Anne de Vries, Dutch novelist (died 1964)
 * June 16 – Eileen Colwell, English children's librarian (died 2002)
 * July 13 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet and Nobel laureate (died 1973)
 * July 21 – Ion Biberi, Romanian social scientist, novelist, and essayist (died 1990)
 * August 4 – Witold Gombrowicz, Polish playwright and novelist (died 1969)
 * August 10 – Dorothy B. Hughes, American crime writer and critic (died 1993)
 * August 24 – Gwyn Williams, Welsh writer and poet (died 1990)
 * September – Abdulla Goran, Kurdish poet (died 1962)
 * September 27 – John Gwilym Jones, Welsh dramatist and writer (died 1988)
 * October 2 – Graham Greene, English novelist and journalist (died 1991)
 * October 12 – Ding Ling (丁玲), born Jiang Bingzhi, Chinese fiction writer (died 1986)
 * November 25 – Ba Jin (巴金), born Li Yaotang, Chinese novelist (died 2005)
 * November 28 – Nancy Mitford, English novelist and biographer (died 1973)
 * December 13 – Glen Byam Shaw, English theatrical director (died 1986)
 * December 21 – Johannes Edfelt, Swedish poet, translator and critic (died 1997)
 * December 26 – Alejo Carpentier, Swiss-born Cuban novelist (died 1980)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Larin Paraske, Finnish folk poet (born 1833)
 * January 20 – Hermann Eduard von Holst, German historian of the United States (born 1841)
 * February 3 – Olive E. Dana, American author (born 1859)
 * February 8 – Alfred Ainger, English biographer and critic (born 1837)
 * February 22 – Sir Leslie Stephen, English essayist and critic (born 1832)
 * March 2 – Mary C. Billings, American writer, evangelist, missionary (born 1824)
 * April 16 – Samuel Smiles, British reformer and writer, advocate of self-help (born 1812)
 * May 5 – Mór Jókai, Hungarian dramatist and novelist (born 1825)
 * June 5 – Olivia Langdon Clemens, American editor (born 1845)
 * July 3 – Theodor Herzl, Austro-Hungarian journalist (cardiac sclerosis, born 1860)
 * July 6 – Abai Qunanbaiuly, Kazakh poet, philosopher and cultural reformer (born 1845)
 * July 14 – Anton Chekhov, Russian playwright and short story writer (tuberculosis, born 1860)
 * August 22 – Kate Chopin (Kate O'Flaherty), American novelist and short story writer (brain hemorrhage, born 1850)
 * September 26 – Lafcadio Hearn (Koizumi Yakumo, 小泉 八雲), Greek-born writer in English on Japan (heart failure, born 1850)
 * October 11:
 * Mary Tenney Gray, American editorial writer (born 1833)
 * Trumbull Stickney, American classicist and poet (brain tumor, born 1874)
 * October 17
 * Dumitru Theodor Neculuță, Romanian poet (heart failure, born 1859)
 * Ștefan Petică, Romanian Symbolist poet and writer (tuberculosis, born 1877)
 * October 21 – Euphemia Vale Blake, British-born American author and critic (born 1817)
 * October 23 – Emilia, Lady Dilke, English art historian (born 1840)
 * November 19 – Hans von Hopfen, German poet and novelist (born 1835)

Awards

 * Newdigate Prize: George Bell, "Delphi"
 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Frédéric Mistral, José Echegaray y Eizaguirre
 * First Prix Femina: Myriam Harry for La Conquête de Jérusalem

title: 1904 in literature


text:
Talk:Freeganism

External links for sites with no inline reference
Following the guidance of WP:EL I have moved the more obvious sites with no inline reference here and removed the template:too many links, if you want some of these back into the page please make them relevant or reference them in the main text: —Ashley VH (talk) 19:05, 14 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Live4Free, A holistic approach to eating, living, traveling, etc.,
 * College and Beyond - Dumpster Diving for Fun and Profit Guide to supporting your freegan or low-impact lifestyle
 * Scavenge UK
 * Freegan Kitchen, a cooking video blog
 * How to Drop Out - 2004 article by Ran Prieur
 * Free-lunch foragers
 * Skip Dipping in Australia
 * "Freegans forage for food in bins," Reuters article
 * The Global Free Economy Project
 * Freeganism: Ethical Eating?
 * Interview with Adam Weissman about freeganism - small World Podcast 2006
 * Freecyclegreat site for giving/getting free stuff
 * "Freegan" Dumpster Diving Reveals America's Colossal Waste of Food – Nicole Bergot, Newsday, September 29 2004, URL accessed February 24 2006
 * Rubbish meals a gourmet treat for freegan diners – Richard Luscombe, The Scotsman, November 25 2005, URL accessed February 24 2006
 * FreeShit Project - Maps Mash-up of dumpsters and free community resources

Supermarket tree tryouts-eating
At supermarkets, free tryouts of some snacks and foods are also available. This too can be consumed freely (for shoppers; yet yo do not actually "need" to buy anything offcourse). Perhaps it can be listed in the article; or in the list of subsitstence techniques in Wikipedia.

KVDP (talk) 14:26, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

 * This wouldn't be considered freeganism at all. The products you are consuming would not otherwise be wasted. You are just not paying for them; you're exploiting someone else who is. Richard001 (talk) 02:04, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

What is freeganism?
When I was on a camp last week I brought my own food (everyone else paid about $80), but ended up eating mostly what would have been thrown away (including several sausages). I would consider this 'freeganism', but the lead of this article seems to restrict it to the narrow sense of 'eating out of supermarket dumpsters as a political statement'. I'm primarily concerned with avoiding waste (hence my eating of meat despite being largely vegan), not making any massive political statement. I also generally refrain from eating out of dumpsters, so as to avoid consuming bleach or rat feces etc. Would eating things that would otherwise go to waste not be considered a better definition of freeganism then? If not, what would it be called? Richard001 (talk) 02:01, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I've never seen rats or rat droppings in or around the bins I frequent. And the supermarket doesn't throw bleach on everything. Rarely there'll be some chemicals on the contents, but that's only because the pack had a crack or leak, or tear in it, and they just threw away the whole bottle, and however it landed, that's how it ended up. Luckily most stuff can be rinsed/washed, and comes up well. Recently, I had to remove golden syrup off heaps of things. Not fun!DaveDodgy (talk) 16:56, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

Dear Richard, you are "largely vegan", you understand how abhorrent waste is, and you are humble enough not to want to make any "massive political statements"; why worry about about a definition? live well! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thamus (talk • contribs) 23:54, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

In the UK, food safety laws dictate that certain foods like meat MUST be essentially destroyed before disposal in order to stop people eating them. This is why some supermarkets throw bleach over it before placing it in the 'trash'. Throwawayaccount42 (talk) 04:39, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Terms such as "Largely vegan," "would have been thrown away," and "free sample," defeat the greater message Freeganism is pursuing. They dilute the impact of food which is actually prepared for consumption, then discarded with the intent of unnecessarily depriving any human of its nutritional benefit. It is the impact of the message, moreso than the fact discarded food is being consumed, which is more critical. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.242.138.173 (talk) 16:20, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

Older than the 1990s
We were doing this in the 1970s, but the article states it started in the 1990s. Perhaps because we didn't call it 'freeganism' the confusion arises. Alpheus (talk) 08:04, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

I agree, there is evidence that this practice predates the 1990s, perhaps as early as 1906. I would go further and suggest that we merge this article into Hobo.--24.159.241.81 (talk) 03:34, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I also suggest merging it with Hobo. bladez (talk) 10:37, 24 July 2008 (UTC)

Whoops! This is me.--Pink-thunderbolt (talk) 03:38, 19 June 2008 (UTC)

Back in 1995 I met a belgium couple who owned an eco-agro-tourism farm in Portugal. They told me about their freegan practice while in Belgium, some 12 years back (around 1983) but they never used the word freegan. Saludos, Thamus (talk) 22:39, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

It might have a longer history - wasn't the life of Henry David Thoreau something that contained touches of this? ACEOREVIVED (talk) 21:27, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

It obviously has been going on for many many many years in the homeless/hobo communities, I think freeganism is distinguished by the fact it is more often done by choice rather than necessity. The people I know who live this lifestyle are more lower-middle class to middle class, rather than the underclass who NEED to do this to survive. In this regard some people consider it an unfair practise as it may take away food from those who truly need it. Throwawayaccount42 (talk) 04:37, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Freeganism is part of the modern anarchy movement, which has shifted its focus away from governments and toward the de facto rule of multinational corporations. While hobos, Diggers and others may have had similar practices in the past, Freeganism's political message makes it distinct from similar practices. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.242.138.173 (talk) 16:22, 29 March 2014 (UTC)
 * I think it has nothing to do with plant-based diets, science of human health and longevity, search for wisdom and discernment in life, veganism, vegetarianism, whole foods, spiritual wholeness, or the sanctity of life. However, humans and others need foods as part of their physical survival (Maslow's hierarchy of needs), and what we have here, IMO, is a description (with a list of it rationales and inconsistencies) rather than a prescription.  Other social phenomena have similar fuzziness and 'brand degradation' when seemingly 'seen on their own terms' (where they are unable to adhere to any description other than 'go get'). MaynardClark (talk) 12:19, 24 July 2020 (UTC)

So what I understand is:
Basically, these people eat what others produce but did not consume? So basically, in a society where everyone eats from the dumpster this would not been possible. It actually builds on top of the consumer-lifestyle. So it is an consumer of the consumer-lifestyle. Pretty ironic, but I might just be clueless. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.147.137.77 (talk) 19:39, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Truly so. For indeed, Prophecy has it that when the Last of Consumer-Society's Producers has turned Freegan, it is then, that We shall turn and consume one another, and thus rid us of the last chains of our Carbon Footprint. For so it has been written in the Sacred Freegan Scriptures That Unfortunately Had To Be Recycled Into Our Humanure Toilet Blessed Be Its Odour. 94.212.55.210 (talk) 16:09, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

 * Not exactly "truly so." Freeganism is an expression of modern anarchist thought. Both the ethical basis of the practice and its shock value, and the impact of the political message are more critical than the practice itself, from an anarchist point of view. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.242.138.173 (talk) 16:24, 29 March 2014 (UTC)

In war, you fight your adversary and still take what advantage you can of him. Yet, if I understand it correctely, freegan action aims primarily at an awakening of conscience, more than immediate reform of society. Also, they take their reality and their environment such as they are. something lyke "this is where I was born and this is the state I find it in, it was done before me and I was not consulted, but this is where I have to live. So, how can I do it best without participating in it, if I am against it?" freeganism is one answer.Thamus (talk) 23:12, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Its like saying if everyone went on welfare there would be no welfare because there would be nobody to pay for it. While if freeganism avoids putting food in land fill sites (where presumably rats would eat it anyway) then it may be a good thing but to claim an ideological thrust is a bit weak but if that is what they do we should record it here all the same. perhaps we should emntion that it occurs in most of the 3rd world (people scouring rubbish tips). Thanks, SqueakBox 20:40, 7 August 2008 (UTC)

 * In Sydney, Australia, and probably many other places, you're "not allowed" to take anything out of the rubbish tip/recycling centre! DAMN THEM!! They reckon it's a safety risk, or whatever. Plus, they weigh your vehicle on the weighbridge (going in, and coming out), so they can sorta tell. They should let ya take what ever ya wanna take, like the good ol' days!DaveDodgy (talk) 17:10, 24 November 2008 (UTC)

How many Freegans are out there?
This would not only add to the article but it is also an issue of notability, I think --91.11.100.37 (talk) 16:42, 20 October 2008 (UTC)

Also, where are they (please note the question refers only to freegans, not to people who scavenge for food in the third world out of necessity. Freegans do it out of ideological choice. Where are they, and how many in each country) Thamus (talk) 05:45, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

Living off other's consumerism
I'm not sure I understand. I see pictures of people in urban settings pulling fruit out of dumpsters. But a banana in NYC is only there because somebody paid for it's transportation from the orchard to the city. This movement seems entirely dependent on the consumerism of others to bring food into urban areas. If somebody hadn't paid for that banana to be brought to NYC, it'd still be in Ecuador. JeramieHicks (talk) 23:47, 18 December 2008 (UTC)

Clearly you DON'T understand, but that is understandable. It is an easy blunder to take these people for lazy oportunists. Yet, if you read closely, it is said that they have global social and political concerns. Such high moral standards aren't easy to grasp. Also, if you bother to inquire, you will find among these people many that have attended prestigious universities and would be able, or have for some time lived in relative luxury, but decided to change their lifestyle, out of those global concerns. One very clear example in history is given by the life of Francis of Assissi (St. Francis for the catholic church).Thamus (talk) 22:56, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

 * Way to completely sidestep the point he's trying to make - the whole idea of freeganism requires consumerism to exist. So while you can rant and rave about consumerist behaviour all day long, you lifestyle requires it to exist. I mean even this very website relies on advertising and other people's charity to exist... much like freegans. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 160.79.132.254 (talk) 11:06, 10 June 2011 (UTC)

I see it more as a political style compromise. Their final aim may be the destruction of the consumerist capitalist system, but until that day comes (lol, same day pigs fly maybe?) they will compromise by at least trying to make the current system more efficient. Throwawayaccount42 (talk) 04:43, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Why in an article about Freeganism, in the section on composting toilet, is there someones arbatrary opinion of how much it would "cost" in dollars to make a composting toilet? What does that add to the discussion? Is it implied that freegans will use money if something is cheep enough? The point of the article is to explain a group of people who attempt to live without money, right? Why then would we measure their efforts in terms of how much it would cost if they did use money? Why not state the amount of time it takes to make a composting toilet? The cost of the toilet is completely subjective anyway, the price could be highly variable depending on your circumstance, to me that is a POV issue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.168.181.9 (talk) 18:28, 18 February 2012 (UTC)

A-class? Really?
This is hardly A-class material. The sections cite few sources and are long and rambling, when they don't need to be, there's excessive information about Weaver street, the sawdust toilet section provides a bunch of HOWTO info, and some of the citations are broken/badly formatted. B-class at best, probably C-class due to lots of irrelevant material. KellenT 09:50, 29 May 2009 (UTC) 1 BILLION people squat worldwide? 1/6th of the entire worlds population? I find this likely to be a typo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Anareon (talk • contribs) 00:42, 16 May 2010 (UTC)

The ratings of WikiProject Sociology and WikiProjectEnvironmentalism now put it at B class. Vorbee (talk) 17:00, 29 August 2017 (UTC)

Anti-laissez-faire bias
"As such it ignores the need for state regulation in capitalist society."

Need? There are plenty of laissez-faire capitalist supporters that would argue vehemently that there is zero need for state regulation in a capitalist society. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.116.188.164 (talk) 02:43, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Reliance on the Freegan.info website
The freegan.info website is a project run by the political organization "Wetlands Activism Collective". Naturally the website has an associated political and geographical (i.e. USA) bias and may not represent "Freeganism" in its generally used sense internationally. The article assumes that all people living a Freegan lifestyle must be motivated for the same reasons as the Freegans contributing to freegan.info. This makes for an inappropriately biased definition. Is there a consensus on how to balance this natural bias?—Ash (talk) 07:06, 29 November 2009 (UTC)

 * Finding other sources is the only way. KellenT 15:59, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

safety
The thing that concerns me is the safety of the food Freegans eat. There is little or no mention of food safety issues in the article. It occurs to me that safety is or at least should be a primary concern among Freegans.

When someone buys food from a store the buyer feels a level of assurance that the food is fit to eat. Its in the store's best interest to provide safe food for obvious reasons and there are goverment agencies such as the FDA in the US, and state departments of health governing health codes in restaurants, that enforce policies and guidelines intended to prevent unsafe food from reaching consumers. Sure there are cases where these barriers fail, but they are statistically rare. And sure many people criticise the FDA on a number of fronts but this is a separate issue.

When a Freegan takes food from a waste container there is also a level of assurance, quite opposite, that the food is NOT fit to eat. Or more accurately, that a person, namely the previous owner of the food, determined that for whatever reason the food is no longer suitable for consumption. It may not have rat feces on it. It may not have a dangerous chemical on it. You don't know why that person decided to throw it away. And of course that's the point. You don't know why. It could be anything. If I spilled a chemical on some food or dropped it on dog feces, I wouldn't write some kind of do-not-eat warning to Freegans on it before I throw it away. Nor would the vast majority of the people on this planet ever consider doing this. (admittedly only NOW, if the food was truely dangerous, would I consider taking this or a similar more practical step only because I thought about it, and am now aware only recently, that Freegans exist) When people throw food away they do it with a confident assumption that no one will attempt to eat it, EVER, once it is in the trash. There is no more responsibility felt or required. Whether a Freegan agrees with this or not is irrelevant. It is a cold hard fact that a Freegan should consider. It is afterall the Freegan's life and well being at risk here. Not the life of the person who thows the food away. I am sure that the likelihood of a truely dangerous or poisonous food reaching a Freegan is fairly slim, but the analogy of Russian roulette comes to mind.

I am aware that Freegans generally take certain precautions such as frequenting trusted sources, inspection of food and proper preparations of the food to reduce the risks. I am curious if there are any statistics showing the rates of food related illnesses and deaths among Freegans compared to general populations. Could these and other safety related issues be included in the article?

While many people may consider eating from trash unacceptable and irresponsible behaivor in most modern cultures, I have no moral issue with this practice and I understand the reasons why Freegans do it. It is well intentioned and quite noble. I am interested only in how Freegans view and handle the apparently obvious safety risks and if safety should be a topic in this article.Racerx11 (talk) 17:31, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

I seem to recall a video made a few years back about how to "properly" eat food from a dumpster. Basically a survival guide for--well ,I do't think the term "freegan" was used then, but a sort of guide for your urban dumpster-diver, I guess. There's an art to picking the choicest trash--nothing spoiled, wilted, or moldy. Rush Limbaugh mentioned the video back in the day and showed excerpts on his TV show. --The_Iconoclast (talk) 15:53, 11 November 2013 (UTC)

Mark Boyle
In the United Kingdom in December 2009, quite a big story was on how a freegan called Mark Boyle had lived for a year without either earning or spending any money. Does any one want to start an article on him, or at least, to add some information about him to this website? I expect he will get quite a few Google hits. ACEOREVIVED (talk) 21:26, 14 November 2010 (UTC)

No, he is just a homeless person. 58.174.169.54 (talk) 06:19, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Laws effecting freeganism
Should some mention be made of laws that can effect this? An example in the UK would be the theft by finding law. Here are a couple of sources for a case of a woman arrested and taken to court over her liberation of food that would have gone to waste.

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8315980/Woman-accused-of-theft-after-taking-Tesco-rubbish.html

http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/feb/15/bins-freegans-leftover-food?INTCMP=ILCNETTXT3487

Throwawayaccount42 (talk) 04:33, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

thedailyomnivore.net
Hi, I operate the thedailyomnivore.net, a wikipedia blog. You have me listed as a reference. I paraphrase and amalgamate wikipedia articles. Therefore, it would be circular to reference me in wikipedia. I'm going to delete the reference. Thanks. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.188.65.89 (talk) 00:35, 29 May 2013 (UTC)

Incoherent paragraph.
'Not all people who identify as freegan are vegan. There are some, because of a confusion with dumpster diver, that consume animal products only if those animal products would otherwise be wasted. "Vegans are people who avoid products from animal sources or products tested on animals in an effort to avoid harming animals. Freegans take this a step further".[16]' This makes no sense. The sentence, 'Freegans take this a step further,' is a lead-in to another idea (i.e. as the sentence appears in the source). Dumpster diving doesn't take veganism "a step further", at least not in any obvious sense. The souce explains what is meant by "further". It has no meaning by itself.
 * Agreed. Also, from the lied, "not all dumpster divers are vegan, but the ideology of veganism is inherent in freeganism" is self-contradictory. I will consider a rewrite from my account as time permits unless someone takes issue. 76.111.244.85 (talk) 11:32, 15 April 2014 (UTC)

Point-of-view Tag
Some examples of non-neutral/undeveloped content:

"Freegan group organizers are frequently harassed by law enforcement." "...society views garbage as something “dirty” and overlook it as an area to get a wholesome meal." "Mass advertising is constantly encouraging customers to get the latest and greatest products, always upgrading."

Legality & Sanitation section does not detail anything about whether or not eating food from garbage is unsafe. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.117.98.13 (talk) 22:39, 16 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't see that these are POV issues at all, and I've removed the tag as there has been no discussion in almost a year. --Sammy1339 (talk) 15:56, 4 April 2015 (UTC)

Should this article be B-rated?
How did this article get rated B-class, anyways? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.117.98.13 (talk) 22:39, 16 July 2014 (UTC)
 * To find out, you could go back through this article's history--https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freeganism&action=history and ping the editor(s) who did the Class assessment.
 * You could down assess this article. I suggest you review Assessmen first.
 * — Lentower (talk) 23:00, 10 March 2015 (UTC)
 * — Lentower (talk) 23:00, 10 March 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Freeganism