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Lotus Cars

Lotus Group (also known as Lotus Cars, and doing business as Lotus NYO in China ) is a British multinational automotive manufacturer of luxury sports cars and electric vehicles.

Lotus Group is composed of three primary entities. Lotus Cars, a high-performance sports car company, is based in Hethel, Norfolk. Lotus Tech, an all-electric lifestyle vehicle company, headquartered in Wuhan, China, and operates regional facilities in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Germany. Additionally, Lotus Engineering, an engineering consultancy firm, is headquartered at the Lotus Advanced Technology Centre (LATC) located at the University of Warwick's Wellesbourne Campus.

Lotus was founded and owned for many years by Colin Chapman. After his death and a period of financial instability, it was bought by General Motors, then Romano Artioli and then DRB-HICOM through its subsidiary Proton, which owned Lotus from 1996 to 2017. Lotus is currently majority-owned by Chinese multinational Geely.

Lotus was previously involved in Formula One racing, via Team Lotus, winning the Formula One World Championship seven times. Notable Lotus cars include the Lotus Seven, the Elan, the Esprit and the Elise.

Early years
The company was formed in 1952 as Lotus Engineering Ltd. by engineers Colin Chapman and Colin Dare, both graduates of University College, London, but had earlier origins in 1948 when Chapman built his first racing car in a garage. The four letters in the middle of the logo represent Chapman's full name, Anthony Colin Bruce Chapman. When the logo was created, Chapman's original partners Michael and Nigel Allen were led to believe that the letters stood for Colin Chapman and the Allen Brothers.

The first factory was situated in old stables behind the Railway Hotel in Hornsey, North London. Team Lotus, which was split from Lotus Engineering in 1954, was active and competitive in Formula One racing from 1958 to 1994. The Lotus Group of Companies was formed in 1959. This was composed of Lotus Cars Limited and Lotus Components Limited, which focused on road cars and customer competition-car production, respectively. Lotus Components Limited became Lotus Racing Limited in 1971, but the newly renamed entity ceased operation that same year.

The company moved to a purpose-built factory at Cheshunt in 1959, and since 1966 it has occupied a modern factory and road test facility at Hethel, near Wymondham in Norfolk. The site is a former World War II airfield, RAF Hethel, and the test track uses sections of the old runway.

In its early days, Lotus sold cars aimed at private racers and trialists. Its early road cars could be bought as kits in order to save on purchase tax. The kit car era ended in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with the Lotus Elan Plus Two as the first Lotus road car not offered in kit form, and the Lotus Eclat and Lotus Elite of the mid-1970s were offered only in factory-built versions.

After the Lotus Elite of the 1950s, which featured a complete fibreglass monocoque fitted with built-in steel pickup points for mounting major components, Lotus found critical and sales success in the 1960s with the Lotus Elan. This two-seater was later developed to two-plus-two form (Elan +2S). Lotus was notable for its use of fibreglass bodies, backbone chassis and overhead camshaft engines, initially supplied by Coventry Climax but later replaced by Lotus-Ford units (Ford block, Lotus head and twin-cam valve gear). Lotus also worked with Ford on the Lotus Cortina, a successful sports saloon.

Another Lotus of the late 1960s and early 1970s was the two-seater Lotus Europa, initially intended only for the European market, which paired a backbone chassis and lightweight body with a mid-mounted Renault engine, later upgraded to the Lotus-Ford twin-cam unit as used in the Elan.

The Lotus Seven, originating in the 1950s as a simple, lightweight open two-seater. continued in production into the early 1970s. Lotus sold the rights to produce the Seven to Caterham, which has continued to produce the car since then.

By the mid-1970s, Lotus sought to move upmarket with the launch of the Elite and Eclat models, four-seaters aimed at prosperous buyers, with features such as optional air conditioning and automatic transmissions. The mid-engine line continued with the Lotus Esprit, which became one of the company's longest-lived and most iconic models. Lotus developed its own series of four-cylinder DOHC engines, the Lotus 900 series, and later a V8, and turbocharged versions of the engines appeared in the Esprit.

Variants of the 900-series engine were supplied for the Jensen Healey sports car and the Sunbeam Lotus "hot hatchback". In the 1980s, Lotus collaborated with Vauxhall Motors to produce the Lotus Carlton, the fastest roadgoing Vauxhall car.

Financial troubles, death of Chapman
By 1980, Group Lotus was in serious financial trouble. Production had dropped from 1,200 units per year to a mere 383. This situation resulted from the worldwide economic recession combined with the virtual collapse of sales in the American market and limited development of the model range.

In early 1982, Chapman forged an agreement with Toyota to exchange intellectual property and applied expertise. As a result, Lotus Engineering helped develop the Mk2 Toyota Supra, also known as the Toyota Celica XX. The partnership also allowed Lotus to launch the new Lotus Excel to replace the ageing Lotus Eclat. Using drivetrain and other components build by Toyota enabled Lotus to sell the Excel for £1,109 less than the outgoing Eclat.

Looking to reenter the North American market, Chapman was approached by young law professor and investment banking consultant Joe Bianco, who proposed a new and separate American sales company for Lotus. By creating an unprecedented tax-incentivised mechanism by which each investor received a personalised Lotus Turbo Esprit, the new American company, Lotus Performance Cars Inc. (LPCI), was able to provide fresh capital to Group Lotus in the United Kingdom. Former Ferrari North America general manager John Spiech was recruited to run LPCI, which imported the remarkable Giugiaro-designed Turbo Esprit for the first time. American sales began to quickly jump into six figures annually.

Chapman died of a heart attack on 16 December 1982 at the age of 54. At the time, both Chapman and Lotus were linked to the DeLorean Motor Company scandal regarding the use of UK Government subsidies for the production of the DMC DeLorean, for which Lotus had designed the chassis. Chasing large sums of money that had disappeared from the DeLorean company, Lotus was besieged by Inland Revenue inspectors, who imposed an £84 million legal "protective assessment" on the company. At the trial of Lotus accountant Fred Bushell, the judge insisted that had Chapman lived, he would have received a sentence "of at least 10 years."

With Group Lotus near bankruptcy in 1983, David Wickins, the founder of British Car Auctions, agreed to become the new company chairman through an introduction by his friend Mark Thatcher. Taking a combined 29% BCA/personal stake in Group Lotus, Wickins negotiated with Inland Revenue and recruited new investors: merchant bank Schroeder-Wagg (14%), Michael Ashcroft's Bermudian operating company Benor (14%) and Sir Anthony Bamford of JCB (12%). Wickins oversaw a complete turnaround in the company's fortunes, for which he was dubbed "the saviour of Lotus."

International ownership
Despite having employed designer Peter Stevens to revamp the range and design two new concept cars, by 1985 the British investors recognised that they lacked the capital to fund production and sought to find a buyer. In January 1986, Wickins oversaw the majority sale of the Group Lotus companies and 100% of North American–based LPCI to General Motors. After four months, Toyota sold GM its stake. By October 1986, GM had acquired a 91% stake in Group Lotus for £22.7 million, which allowed GM to legally force the company buyout.

On 27 August 1993, GM sold the company for £30 million, to A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A. of Luxembourg, a company controlled by Italian businessman Romano Artioli, who also owned Bugatti Automobili SpA. In 1996, a majority share in Lotus was sold to Malaysian car company Proton.

Lotus Cars was awarded the Queen's Award for Enterprise for contribution to international trade, one of 85 companies receiving the recognition in that category in 2002. Lotus cars wore the badge of the award for several years.

On 24 May 2017, Chinese multinational Geely announced that it was taking a 51% controlling stake in Lotus. The remaining 49% was acquired by Etika Automotive, a holding company of Proton's major shareholder Syed Mokhtar Albukhary.

In January 2021, Geely announced a joint venture with Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance and its Alpine division to develop a range of electric performance cars sharing some of their future platforms. In April 2021, Lotus announced plans to produce only electric cars by 2028 and increase production numbers from around 1,500 per annum to tens of thousands. Geely and Etika Automotive provided two billion pounds (US$2.8 billion) to fund the changes.

Lotus Technology, the electric-vehicle division of Lotus. which has a different ownership structure (30% by Etika and the rest by Geely and Nio Capital), was listed on Nasdaq through a SPAC acquisition. After the listing, 10.3% of shares will be held by the public.

Operations
Currently organised as Group Lotus Limited, the business is divided into Lotus Cars and Lotus Engineering.

In addition to manufacturing sportscars, the company also acts as an engineering consultancy, providing engineering development—particularly of suspensions—for other car manufacturers. Lotus's powertrain department is responsible for the design and development of the four-cylinder Ecotec engine found in many of GM's Vauxhall, Opel, Saab, Chevrolet and Saturn cars. The American Elise and Exige models used the 1.8L VVTL-i I4 from Toyota's late Celica GT-S and the Matrix XRS.

Michael Kimberley, who had been a guiding figure at Lotus in the 1970s, returned as acting chief executive officer in May 2006. He chaired the executive committee of Lotus Group International Limited (LGIL), established in February 2006 with Syed Zainal Abidin (managing director of Proton Holdings Berhad) and Badrul Feisal (non-executive director of Proton Holdings Berhad). LGIL is the holding company of Lotus Group Plc.

Kimberley retired as CEO on 17 July 2009, replaced on 1 October 2009 by former Ferrari executive Dany Bahar. Bahar intended to drive the brand into the expanding global luxury-goods sector and away from the company's traditional lightweight simplicity and pure driving-experience focus. Bahar was suspended on 25 May 2012 while an investigation into his conduct was undertaken. On 7 June 2012, Lotus announced the termination of Bahar and the appointment of Aslam Farikullah as the new chief operating officer. The ambitious plans for several new models were cancelled following Bahar's departure. Jean Marc Gales became CEO in 2014, and in 2017, he enabled the company to achieve its first profit in decades. Gales left the company in June 2018 for personal reasons and was replaced by Feng Qingfeng from Lotus Group's parent company, Geely.

October 2018 saw further senior personnel changes as Phil Popham was named CEO of Lotus Cars, with Qingfeng remaining in charge of Group Lotus.

In January 2021, Matt Windle was appointed managing director of Lotus Cars after Phil Popham resigned.

Formula One and motorsport
In its early days, the company encouraged its customers to race its cars, and it first entered Formula One through its sister company Team Lotus in 1958. A Lotus Formula One car driven by Stirling Moss won the marque's first Grand Prix in 1960 at Monaco. Moss drove a Lotus 18 entered by privateer Rob Walker. Major success came in 1963 with the Lotus 25, which, with Jim Clark driving, won Team Lotus its first F1 World Constructors' Championship. Clark was killed in April 1968 when the rear tyre of his Formula Two Lotus 48 failed while making a turn at a race in Hockenheim. His death was a severe blow to the team and to Formula One, as he had been the dominant driver of Lotus's early years. That year's championship was won by Clark's teammate Graham Hill.

Team Lotus is credited with making the mid-engine layout popular for IndyCars, developing the first monocoque Formula One chassis and integrating the engine and transaxle as chassis components. Team Lotus was among the pioneers in Formula One in adding wings and shaping the undersurface of the car to create downforce. It invented active suspension and was the first to move radiators to the sides of the car to improve aerodynamic performance.

Formula One Drivers' Championship winners for Lotus were Jim Clark in 1963 and 1965, Graham Hill in 1968, Jochen Rindt in 1970, Emerson Fittipaldi in 1972 and Mario Andretti in 1978. In 1973, Lotus won the constructors' championship only; the drivers' title went to Jackie Stewart of Tyrrell. Chapman saw Lotus beat Ferrari as the first marque to achieve 50 Grand Prix victories, even though Ferrari had won its first nine years sooner.

Until the late 1980s, Team Lotus continued to be a major player in Formula One. Ayrton Senna drove for the team from 1985 to 1987, winning twice in each year and achieving 17 pole positions.

Team Lotus established Classic Team Lotus in 1992, which continues to maintain Lotus F1 cars and run them in the FIA Historic Formula One Championship. It also preserves the Team Lotus archive and Works Collection of cars, under the management of Colin Chapman's son Clive.

Team Lotus's participation in Formula One ended after the 1994 season, when the team's cars were no longer competitive. Cars constructed by the team won a total of 79 Grand Prix races.

Former racing driver David Hunt (brother of F1 world champion James Hunt) purchased the name Team Lotus and licensed it to the Formula One team Pacific Racing, which was rebranded Pacific Team Lotus. The Pacific Team folded at the end of the 1995 season.

The Lotus name returned to Formula One for the 2010 season, when a new Malaysian team called Lotus Racing was awarded an entry. The new team used the Lotus name under licence from Group Lotus and was unrelated to the original Team Lotus. In September 2010 Group Lotus, with agreement from its parent company Proton, terminated the licence for future seasons as a result of what it called "flagrant and persistent breaches of the licence by the team." Lotus Racing then announced that it had acquired Team Lotus Ventures Ltd, the company led by David Hunt, and with it full ownership of the rights to the Team Lotus brand and heritage. The team confirmed that it would be known as Team Lotus from 2011 onward.

In December 2010, Group Lotus announced the creation of Lotus Renault GP, the successor to the Renault F1 team. This team contested the 2011 season having purchased a title sponsorship deal with the team, with the option to buy shares in the future. The team's car for that season, the R31, was badged as a Renault, while Team Lotus's car, the T128, was badged as a Lotus. In May 2011, the British High Court of Justice ruled that Team Lotus could continue to use the Team Lotus name, but Group Lotus had sole right to use the Lotus name. As a consequence, for Lotus Renault GP was rebranded as Lotus F1 Team and its entries were badged as Lotus cars, while Team Lotus was renamed Caterham F1 Team (after the sportscar manufacturer owned by team principal Tony Fernandes) and its cars were badged as Caterhams.

Group Lotus was also involved in several other categories of motorsport. It sponsored the KV team in the IndyCar Series and the ART team in the GP2 and GP3 Series in 2011 and 2012. After fielding underpowered and uncompetitive engines in the 2012 Indianapolis 500, in which drivers Jean Alesi and Simona de Silvestro were black-flagged after ten laps for failing to maintain a competitive pace, Lotus was released from its contract and did not participate in future seasons.

Current
Current Lotus models include:
 * Lotus Evija: The Lotus Evija is a limited production electric sports car; it is the first electric vehicle to be introduced and manufactured by the company. Codenamed "Type 130", production of the Evija will be limited to 130 units. Production is set to begin early-mid 2021 with delivery in early 2023. The Evija is powered by a 70 kWh battery pack developed in conjunction with Williams Advanced Engineering, with electric motors supplied by Integral Powertrain. The four individual motors are placed at the wheels and each is rated at 375 kW, for a combined total output of 1,500 kW (2,039 PS; 2,011 hp) and 1,704 Nm of torque. Lotus claims that the Evija will be able to accelerate from 0 to 100 km/h in under 3 seconds, from 0 to 300 km/h in 9.1 seconds, and achieve a limited top speed of 350 km/h (217 mph).
 * Lotus Emira: This model was unveiled in July 2021, and production began in March 2022. The Emira will be Lotus’ final vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine.
 * Lotus Eletre: The first electric SUV by Lotus, the Eletre is powered by a 112 kWh battery pack and an 800V high voltage system, achieving a maximum range of 600 km and 400 km of range after 20 minutes of charging. The 2024 model offers 603 horsepower for the base and S models, and 905 horsepower the R model and a top speed of 260 km/h. It is the first Lotus to offer features such as lidar. Delivery began on 29 March 2023 and was expected to launch in Europe in the summer or fall of 2023 and in the United States in 2024.
 * Lotus Emeya

Previous

 * Lotus Mark I (1948): Austin 7–based sports car
 * Lotus Mark II (1949–1950): Ford-powered trials car
 * Lotus Mark III (1951): 750 cc formula car
 * Lotus Mark IV (1952): Trials car
 * Lotus Mark V (1952): 750 cc formula car, never built
 * Lotus Mark VI (1953–1955): The first "production" racer, about 100 built
 * Lotus Seven (1957–1972): A minimalist open sports car designed to manoeuvre a racing circuit.
 * Lotus Mark VIII (1954): sports racer, MG 1.5 L
 * Lotus Mark IX (1955): sports racer, shorter and improved Eight
 * Lotus Mark X (1955): sports racer for larger displacement, Bristol/BMW 2 L
 * Lotus Eleven (1956–1957): small displacement sports racer (750 – 1500 cc)
 * Lotus 12 (1956–1957): Formula Two and Formula One racecar
 * Lotus 13: Designation not used
 * Lotus 14 (1957–1963): Lotus Elite, the first production street car
 * Lotus 15 (1958–1960): Sports racer, update of the Mk.X, Climax 1.5 – 2.5 L
 * Lotus 16 (1958–1959): F1/F2 car, "Miniature Vanwall"
 * Lotus 17 (1959): Lighter sports racer update of the 11 in response to Lola Mk.I
 * Lotus 18 (1960–1961): First mid-engined Lotus single seater—Formula Junior/F2/F1
 * Lotus 19 (1960–1962): Mid-engined larger displacement sports racer, "Monte Carlo"
 * Lotus 20 (1961): Formula Junior
 * Lotus 21 (1961): Formula One
 * Lotus 22 (1962–1965): Formula Junior/F3
 * Lotus 23 (1962–1966): Small displacement mid-engined sports racer
 * Lotus 24 (1962): Formula One
 * Lotus 25 (1962–1964): Formula One World Champion
 * Lotus 26 (1962–1971): Lotus Elan, production street sports car
 * Lotus 26R (1962–1966): Racing version of Elan
 * Lotus 27 (1963): Formula Junior
 * Lotus 28 (1963–1966): Lotus version of the Ford Cortina street/racer
 * Lotus 29 (1963): Indy car, Ford all-aluminium OHV small block V8
 * Lotus 30 (1964): Large displacement sports racer (Ford small block V8)
 * Lotus 31 (1964–1966): Formula Three space frame racer
 * Lotus 32 (1964–1965): Monocoque F2 and Tasman Cup racer
 * Lotus 33 (1964–1965): Formula One World Champion
 * Lotus 34 (1964): Indy car, DOHC Ford V8
 * Lotus 35 (1965): F2/F3/FB
 * Lotus 36 (1965–1968): Elan Fixed Head Coupe (Type 26 could be fitted with a removable hard top)
 * Lotus 38 (1965): Indy winning mid-engined car
 * Lotus 39 (1965–1966): Tasman Cup formula car
 * Lotus 40 (1965): Sports racer, a development of the 30
 * Lotus 41 (1965–1968): Formula Three, Formula Two, Formula B
 * Lotus 42 (1967): Indy car, Ford V8
 * Lotus 43 (1966): Formula One
 * Lotus 44 (1967): Formula Two
 * Lotus 45 (1966–1974): Convertible (Drop Head Coupe) Elan with permanent side window frames.
 * Lotus 46 (1966–1968): Original Renault-engined Europa
 * Lotus 47 (1966–1970): Racing version of Europa
 * Lotus 48 (1967): Formula Two
 * Lotus 49 (1967–1969): Formula One World Champion
 * Lotus 50 (1967–1974): Lotus Elan +2, four-seat production car
 * Lotus 51 (1967–1969): Formula Ford
 * Lotus 52 (1968): Prototype Europa Twin Cam
 * Lotus 53 (1968): Small displacement sports racer, never built
 * Lotus 54 (1968–1970): Series 2 'Europa' production car.
 * Lotus 55 (1968): F3
 * Lotus 56 (1968–1969): Indy turbine wedge
 * Lotus 56B (1971): F1 turbine wedge
 * Lotus 57 (1968): F2 design study
 * Lotus 58 (1968): F1 design study
 * Lotus 59 (1969–1970): F2/F3/Formula Ford
 * Lotus LX (1960): Lotus Elite built to win at Le Mans with a 2.0 L FPF engine.
 * Lotus 60 (1970–1973): Lotus Seven S4, Greatly modified version of the Seven
 * Lotus 61 (1969): Formula Ford, "the wedge"
 * Lotus 62 (1969): prototype Europa racer
 * Lotus 63 (1969): 4-wheel drive F1
 * Lotus 64 (1969): 4-wheel drive Indy car, did not compete
 * Lotus 65 (1969–1971): Federalized Europa S2
 * Lotus 66 (2024): track day car based on a 1969 Can-Am study
 * Lotus 67 (1970): Proposed Tasman Cup car, never built
 * Lotus 68 (1969): F5000 prototype
 * Lotus 69 (1970): F2/F3/Formula Ford
 * Lotus 70 (1970): F5000/Formula A
 * Lotus 71: Undisclosed design study
 * Lotus 72 (1970–1972): Formula One World Champion
 * Lotus 73 (1972–1973): F3
 * Lotus 74 - Texaco Star (1973): F2
 * Lotus 74 (1971–1975): Europa Twin Cam production car
 * Lotus 75 (1974–1982): Elite II, Luxury 4-seat GT
 * Lotus 76 (1974): F1, redundant designation
 * Lotus 76 (1975–1982): Éclat S1, fastback version of Elite II, redundant designation
 * Lotus 77 (1976): F1
 * Lotus 78 (1977–1978): F1 ground effects car
 * Lotus 79 (1975–1980) Lotus Esprit, street GT, redundant designation
 * Lotus 79 (1978–1979): Formula One World Champion, redundant designation
 * Lotus 80 (1979): F1
 * Lotus 81 (1979–1980): Sunbeam Talbot Lotus, redundant designation
 * Lotus 81 (1980–1981): F1, redundant designation
 * Lotus 82 (1982–1987): Turbo Esprit, street GT car
 * Lotus 83 (1980): Elite series 2
 * Lotus 84 (1980–1982): Éclat series 2
 * Lotus 85 (1980–1987): Esprit series 3
 * Lotus 86 (1980–1983): F1 dual chassis, never raced
 * Lotus 87 (1980–1982): F1
 * Lotus 88 (1981): F1 dual chassis car, banned
 * Lotus 89 (1982–1992): Lotus Excel GT, re-engineered Éclat
 * Lotus M90/X100: Toyota-based "new Elan", abandoned in favour of the Elan M100
 * Lotus 91 (1982): F1
 * Lotus 92 (1983): F1
 * Lotus 93T (1983): F1 Turbo
 * Lotus 94T (1983): F1 Turbo
 * Lotus 95T (1984): F1 Turbo
 * Lotus 96T (1984): Indy car project, abandoned
 * Lotus 97T (1985–1986): F1 Turbo
 * Lotus 98T (1986–1987): F1 Turbo
 * Lotus 99T (1987): F1 Turbo, last Lotus F1 winner
 * Lotus 100T (1988): F1 Turbo
 * Lotus Elan (Type M100) (1989–1995): Front-drive convertible Elan.
 * Lotus 101 (1989): F1
 * Lotus 102 (1990–1991): F1
 * Lotus 103 (1990): F1, not produced
 * Lotus 104 (1990–1992): Lotus Carlton/Omega, tuned version of the Opel/Vauxhall saloon.
 * Lotus 105 (1990): Racing X180R, IMSA Supercars Drivers Champ (Doc Bundy)
 * Lotus 106 (1991): X180R, roadgoing homologation special
 * Lotus 107 (1992–1994): F1
 * Lotus 108 (1992): a track only bike ridden by Chris Boardman to win a gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics, also known as the "LotusSport Pursuit Bicycle".
 * Lotus 109 (1994): F1, Last Lotus F1 car.
 * Lotus 110 : Road and TT bike. Often mistaken for the Lotus 108 but completely different bikes.
 * Lotus 111 (1996–2022): Lotus Elise
 * Lotus 112: Partial F1 design, reached as far as the monocoque buck
 * Lotus 113: Number not allocated
 * Lotus 114 (1996): Lotus Esprit GT1 race car
 * Lotus 115 (1997–1998): Lotus Elise GT1
 * Lotus 116: Opel Speedster/Vauxhall VX220, a collaboration with Opel
 * Lotus 117: Elise S2 with Rover engines
 * Lotus 118: Lotus M250, two-seat mid-range sports car concept unveiled in Autumn of 1999, project cancelled in 2001
 * Lotus 119 (2002): Soapbox Derby car made of carbon and aluminium, disc brakes, no engine, for Goodwood Festival of Speed
 * Lotus 120 (2004-2022): Elise S2 with Toyota engines
 * Lotus 121 (2000–2022): Exige S2
 * Lotus 121 (2006): Europa S
 * Lotus 122 (2007–2011): Lotus 2-Eleven, 0-door speedster
 * Lotus 123 (2010–2022): Lotus Evora
 * Lotus 124: Lotus Evora, race car
 * Lotus T125 (2010): Lotus Exos
 * Lotus T127 (2010): Team Lotus F1 car, made for 2010 season
 * Lotus T128 (Formula One car) (2011): Team Lotus F1 car, made for 2011 season
 * Lotus T128 (Le Mans Prototype) (2013): race car built for 24 Hours of LeMans
 * Lotus 129 (2016–2022): Lotus 3-Eleven, 0-door speedster

Announcements of future cars
At the 2010 Paris Motorshow, Lotus announced five new models to be introduced over the next five years: Their intention was to replace the Elise with an entirely different model, as well as to introduce two entirely new sports coupes, which would have been known as the Elite and the Elan, a new sports saloon, the Eterne, to rival the Aston Martin Rapide and Maserati Quattroporte, and a modern interpretation of the Esprit supercar.

It became apparent in July 2012 that the firm's financial difficulties had made this plan impossible to implement, and initially all but the Esprit project were cancelled. Subsequently, the Esprit project was also cancelled.

Lotus also showed an unnamed city car concept using its 1.2L range-extender engine. In 2011, Lotus revealed this as the Lotus Ethos, a plug-in hybrid car based on the EMAS concept from its parent company Proton, and likely to be primarily built by Proton in Malaysia. This car has also been cancelled.

Lotus CEO at the time Jean Marc Gales confirmed in 2017 that development of an SUV is currently under way, after the company was acquired by the Chinese automotive manufacturer, Geely.

In July 2019 Lotus revealed the Evija, a 1470 kW and 1700 Nm electric supercar.

In January 2021, Lotus teased that the Elise, Exige, and Evora will be discontinued and be replaced by the Type 131 which had yet to be released at the time of announcement. In July 2021, Lotus revealed that this new model will be called Emira.

In November 2021, Lotus teased the future introduction of the future Type 132 SUV.

In September 2023, Lotus announced the Lotus Emeya, the company's first electric GT car.

Lotus engines

 * Lotus-Ford Twin Cam
 * Lotus 900 series
 * Lotus 907
 * Lotus 910
 * Lotus 911
 * Lotus 912
 * Lotus 920
 * Lotus 918
 * Range Extender Engine. This all-aluminium, monoblock, 1200 cc, three-cylinder, 47 horsepower, four-stroke engine is specifically designed to directly drive an alternator for electricity generation for series-hybrid cars. The engine is small and light at 56 kg, having three cylinders and no detachable cylinder head. The cylinder head and engine block are all one casting to reduce size, weight and production costs. As the engine does not turn belt driven ancillaries such as alternator, power-steering pump or an air conditioning compressor, the block requires no strong points to accommodate such ancillaries, resulting in a simple and light block. The engine has a reduced parts count for lightness and cheaper production.
 * On 18 August 2011 Lotus developed an all new in-house designed V8 destined for the new era range of cars. At 170 kg and just 612 mm long, the unit is dry sump lubricated to save depth and will feature a 180° flat plane crank. The engine is being utilised as a stressed component, a technique pioneered by Colin Chapman in F1, specifically with the 1967 Type 49. It was expected to be used in the Le Mans LMP2 car in 2012. Expected performance is likely to be in excess of 590 PS and with a 9,200 rpm redline.
 * Lotus Omnivore, research engine and prototype.

Lotus Engineering
Lotus Engineering Limited is an offshoot of Lotus Cars, which provides engineering consultancy to third-party companies primarily in the automotive industry. As well as Hethel in the United Kingdom Lotus has engineering centres in Ann Arbor, USA, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and Shanghai, China. In 2000, Lotus Engineering, Inc. was established with an office in Ann Arbor, Michigan.

Engineering demonstrators

 * Lotus Eco Elise is an engineering demonstrator of its classic sports car that incorporates solar panels into a roof made from hemp, while also employing natural materials in the body and interior of the car.
 * Lotus Exige 265E Bio-fuel
 * Lotus Exige 270E Tri-fuel
 * Lotus Evora 414E Hybrid. Shown at the 2010 Geneva Motor show
 * Lotus Concept City Car. Shown at the 2010 Paris motor show.

APX and VVA
The APX (also known as the "Aluminium Performance Crossover") is an aluminium concept vehicle revealed at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show built on Lotus Engineering's Versatile Vehicle Architecture (VVA).

Whereas the VVA technology was to be used in the development of a new mid-engine sportscar for Lotus cars, the APX is, in fact, a high-performance 7-seat MPV with four-wheel drive and a front-mounted V6 engine from Lotus Engineering's Powertrain division. The engine was designed and developed to be available in a 2.2-litre naturally aspirated and 3.0-litre supercharged variations. An electric version was also shown in the 2007 NADA show.

Versatile Vehicle Architecture (VVA) is an effort by the Lotus car manufacturing company to reduce the investment needed for producing unique, niche-market cars by sharing a number of common components.

Cars produced using VVA:
 * Lotus APX

Projects undertaken by Lotus Engineering
Examples of work undertaken by Lotus Engineering include:

 * Lotus Talbot Sunbeam—Talbot's hot hatch rally car of the early 1980s
 * DMC DeLorean. Changes to the original concept led to considerable schedule pressures. The car was deemed to require almost complete re-engineering, which was turned over to engineer Colin Chapman, founder of Lotus. Lotus replaced most of the unproven material and manufacturing techniques with those then employed by Lotus in the Lotus Esprit
 * Vauxhall Lotus Carlton (also Opel Lotus Omega, internal name Lotus Type 104) – At the time (early 1990s) this was the fastest saloon car available, with a top speed of over 175 mph (280 km/h)
 * The 1991 Dodge Spirit R/T with a version of the 2.2 L K-car engine with a 16-valve DOHC head designed by Lotus with over 220 hp
 * Vauxhall VX220 (badged Opel Speedster outside of the UK) – Lotus produced and based the car upon the same aluminium chassis design as the Lotus Elise. Production of these models ended in 2005
 * Lotus styled and assisted with the engineering of the Tesla Roadster, an electric sports car based on the Elise, as well as licensing some technologies to Tesla Motors and constructing the Roadster at their plant in Hethel.
 * The Aston Martin DB9's chassis was developed with the help of Lotus Engineering
 * Lotus was responsible for most of the design, development, and testing, of the LT5 DOHC V8 powerplant for the Chevrolet Corvette C4 ZR-1
 * Lotus designed, developed and tested the GM Ecotec engine and its variants
 * Lotus was responsible for various aspects of the Sinclair C5 electric tricycle
 * Lotus was responsible for the suspension calibration of the Toyota MR2 Mk. I, the Toyota Supra Mk. II and Mk. III, the Isuzu Piazza, the Isuzu Impulse as well as newer Proton models
 * Lotus did engineering work on the PROTON Satria GTi model
 * Lotus was responsible for the development of the Campro engine together with Proton, as well as its variable valve timing system, the Cam Profile Switching (CPS). Currently available in the 1.6-litre and 1.3-litre variants, the Campro engine now powers most of Proton's newer models
 * Lotus has worked on the suspension of the Mahindra Scorpio to make it more stable at high speeds
 * Lotus produced the revised chassis of the Isuzu Piazza
 * Lotus has worked on the suspension and handling of the Volvo 480
 * The Dodge EV concept electric vehicle from Chrysler is based on a Lotus Europa S
 * Lotus has worked on the suspension and handling of the Nissan GT-R
 * Lotus rebuilt, modified, and tuned a Lada Riva on Top Gear season 1, episode 8.
 * The 2006 Volkswagen GX3 features a chassis developed by Lotus for VW
 * The 2009 Kia Soul features Lotus tuned suspension (UK only)
 * 2010: Limo-Green project with Jaguar Cars. Lotus provided the Range Extender engine for a prototype XJ series-hybrid car. The car returned 58 mpg (imperial) running off the range extender alone
 * Lotus partnered with Jaguar for developing chassis system and engine management of the Jaguar C-X75. The engine is a supercharged 1.6 turbo petrol engine rated at 507 PS coupled with a 177 PS.
 * Lotus has worked on handling and steering of the 2015 Hyundai Genesis.
 * The 2015 Spyker B6 Venator is powered by a Lotus-built engine originating from a Toyota-sourced block.
 * The Baojun 730, a Chinese minivan with Lotus-tuned suspension, built by a General Motors subsidiary.
 * HB.T, a track bicycle with a novel aerodynamic design; produced in collaboration with Hope Technology and British Cycling.

Lotus based cars

 * Detroit Electric SP.01, based on Elise chassis
 * Hennessey Venom GT, based on the Exige/Elise chassis
 * Infiniti Emerg-e concept car, based on Evora 414E
 * Melkus RS2000, based on Elise chassis
 * Rinspeed sQuba concept car, based on Elise chassis
 * Tesla Roadster, based on Elise chassis
 * Vauxhall VX220/Opel Speedster, based on the Elise

Evija

Lotus unveiled their first production electric hypercar called the Evija in July 2019, production would be limited to 130 units and is scheduled to begin in summer 2020 and is being delivered to customers in early 2023. The car was undergoing development under the codename Type 130. The Evija makes use of a 70 kWh battery pack developed in conjunction with Williams Advanced Engineering. There are 4 electric motors, one placed on each wheel supported by an Integral powertrain. The powertrain is rated at a total output of 2039 PS with 1704 Nm of torque. The Evija has a range of 346 km.

Other cars
The Tesla Roadster is based on the Elise chassis. On 11 July 2005, Tesla and Lotus entered an agreement about products and services based on the Lotus Elise, where Lotus provided advice on designing and developing a vehicle as well as producing partly assembled vehicles.

Lotus Engineering has established a group dedicated to hybrid and electric vehicles.

Lotus Engineering developed the Evora 414E as their first hybrid concept car. Featuring a total hybrid range of more than 300 miles.

Lotus joined Jaguar Cars, MIRA Ltd and Caparo on a luxury hybrid executive sedan project called "Limo-Green"—funded by the UK Government Technology Strategy Board. The vehicle will be a series plug-in hybrid.

title: Lotus Cars


text:
Vance Packard

Vance Oakley Packard (May 22, 1914 – December 12, 1996) was an American journalist and social critic. He was the author of several books, including The Hidden Persuaders and The Naked Society. He was a critic of consumerism.

Early life
Vance Packard was born on May 22, 1914, in Granville Summit, Pennsylvania, to Philip J. Packard and Mabel Case Packard. Between 1920 and 1932, he attended local public schools in State College, Pennsylvania, where his father managed a dairy farm owned by the Pennsylvania State College (later Penn State University). He identified himself as a "farm boy" throughout his life, although he moved to State College and in later life lived in affluent areas. In 1932, he entered Pennsylvania State University, where he earned a B.A. degree, majoring in English. He graduated in 1936, and worked briefly for the local newspaper, the Centre Daily Times. He earned his master's degree at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1937.

Career
Packard joined the Boston Daily Record as a staff reporter in 1937. He became a reporter for the Associated Press around 1940, and in 1942, joined the staff of The American Magazine as a section editor, later becoming a staff writer. That periodical closed in July, 1956, and Packard became a writer at Collier's. After its closing by the end of the year, he devoted his full attention to developing book-length projects of his own. Halfway into the next year, his The Hidden Persuaders was published to national attention, launching him into a career as a full-time social critic, lecturing and developing further books. He was a critic of consumerism, which he viewed as an attack on the traditional American way of life.

In July 2020, an academic description reported on the nature and rise of the "robot prosumer", derived from modern-day technology and related participatory culture, that, in turn, was substantially predicted earlier by science fiction writers, as well as Packard.

The Hidden Persuaders
In The Hidden Persuaders, first published in 1957, Packard explored advertisers' use of consumer motivational research and other psychological techniques, including depth psychology and subliminal tactics, to manipulate expectations and induce desire for products, particularly in the American postwar era. He identified eight "compelling needs" that advertisers promise products will fulfill (Emotional Security, Reassurance of worth, Ego gratification, Creative outlets, Love objects, Sense of power, Roots, Immortality).

According to Packard, these needs are so strong that people are compelled to buy products merely to satisfy those needs. The book also explores the manipulative techniques of promoting politicians to the electorate. Additionally, the book questions the morality of using these techniques.

While the book was a top-seller among middle-class audiences, it was widely criticised by marketing researchers and advertising executives as carrying a sensationalist tone and containing unsubstantiated assertions.

The Naked Society
In his 1964 book called The Naked Society, Packard criticized advertisers' unfettered use of private information to create marketing schemes. He compared a recent Great Society initiative by then-president Lyndon B. Johnson, the National Data Bank, to the use of information by advertisers and argued for increased data privacy measures to ensure that information did not find its way into the wrong hands. The essay led Congress to create the Special Subcommittee on the Invasion of Privacy and inspired privacy advocates such as Neil Gallagher and Sam Ervin to fight Johnson's flagrant disregard for consumer privacy.

Personal life and death
Packard was married to Virginia Matthews; they had two sons and a daughter. They resided in New Canaan, Connecticut and Martha's Vineyard. He died in 1996 at the Martha's Vineyard Hospital.

Publications

 * 1946 How to Pick a Mate – a guide co-authored with the head of the Penn State marriage counseling service
 * 1950 Animal IQ: The Human Side of Animals – a popular paperback on animal intelligence
 * 1957 The Hidden Persuaders – on the advertising industry – the first of a popular series of books on sociology topics (ISBN 0-671-53149-2)
 * 1959 The Status Seekers – describing American social stratification and behavior
 * 1960 The Waste Makers – criticizes planned obsolescence describing the impact of American productivity, especially on the national character
 * 1960 Oh, Happy, Happy, Happy – foreword by Vance Packard, with Charles Saxon
 * 1962 The Pyramid Climbers – describes the changing impact of American enterprise on managers, the structured lives of corporate executives and the conformity they need to advance in the hierarchy
 * 1964 The Naked Society – on the threats to privacy posed by new technologies such as computerized filing, modern surveillance techniques and methods for influencing human behavior
 * 1968 The Sexual Wilderness – on the sexual revolution of the 1960s and changes in male-female relationships
 * 1972 A Nation of Strangers – about the attrition of communal structure through frequent geographical transfers of corporate executives
 * 1977 The People Shapers – on the use of psychological & biological testing and experimentation to manipulate human behavior
 * 1983 Our Endangered Children – discusses growing up in a changing world, warning that American preoccupation with money, power, status, and sex ignored the needs of future generations
 * 1989 The Ultra Rich: How Much Is Too Much?  – examines the lives of thirty American multimillionaires and their extravagances

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vance Packard


text:
Old Friends from Young Years

Old Friends from Young Years is the debut studio album by American rock band Papa Roach, self-produced and released on February 4, 1997. This album, along with their other independent demos, were released on the band's now defunct indie label, Onion Hardcore, so named because onion farming is a staple of Papa Roach's hometown, Vacaville, California. The album was co-produced by bassist Tobin Esperance's father, who included an audio recording of Tobin as a child as a bonus track on the album.

Fan club edition
In 2005, Papa Roach re-released the album exclusively to new members to their fan club, P-Roach Riot!. The fan club edition had a new cover and included a sticker and an official membership card to the fan club. The first 2,000 copies were signed by all four members of the band. The tracks "Thanx" and "Happy Birthday" are excluded from the re-release. The track "Grrbrr" is not listed on the back cover, but the song is on the CD. There is a hidden track at the end of the album, the rock demo of "Tightrope", previously only available on the EP Let 'Em Know.}

Personnel

 * Jacoby Shaddix – lead vocals
 * Jerry Horton – guitar, backing vocals
 * Tobin Esperance – guitar
 * Will James - bass
 * Ryan Brown - drums
 * Dave Buckner – percussion

title: Old Friends from Young Years


text:
1996 in film

The year 1996 involved many significant films. The major releases this year included Scream, Independence Day, Fargo, Trainspotting, The Rock, The English Patient, Twister, Space Jam, Mission: Impossible, Mars Attacks!, Jerry Maguire and a film version of the musical Evita.

Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 1996 by worldwide gross are as follows:

Box office records

 * Independence Day became the highest-grossing film of Will Smith's career, up until it was surpassed by Aladdin (2019) which grossed $1.054 billion. However, adjusting for inflation, Independence Day in 2019 grossed $1.324 billion.
 * Rumble in the Bronx was released in North America, becoming Jackie Chan's first major box office hit in the region, with its US box office alone earning over 20 times its budget. It was Chan's biggest ever hit up until then.

Context
The theatrical year of 1996 achieved a $5.8 billion domestic gross milestone and saw a record twelve films earning over $100 million by the end of December, with Independence Day earning over $300 million. However, the film industry experienced a surplus of releases between 1995 and 1996 that resulted in several box office flops, studio bankruptcies and sales, and otherwise successful films struggling to turn in a profit. The average cost of producing and marketing film rose to $60 million, a 20% increase from the previous year, with a contributing factor being the record high-salaries for stars such as Sylvester Stallone, Tom Cruise, Arnold Schwarzenegger, Mel Gibson, Jim Carrey, Harrison Ford, Michael Douglas, Sharon Stone, Julia Roberts, and Demi Moore that became the subject of industry scrutiny following several high profile flops that were released in between 1995 and 1996. This resulted in studios having to cut their film slate by fifty percent to offset growing production and marketing costs and ensure more profits.

Events

 * July 10 – Nickelodeon releases its first feature film, Harriet the Spy, a spy-comedy-drama film based on the 1964 novel of the same name. It also launches the career of then-child actress Michelle Trachtenberg.
 * Mid-July – Production begins on Titanic.
 * September 20 – 75-year-old English actor Sir Dirk Bogarde has a severe stroke. He continued to need a wheelchair until his death in 1999.
 * December 20 - Scream is released to a surprised commercial success. Hailed as a influential landmark in the horror genre, it revitalized the declining slasher genre by satirizing the subgenre with characters that are well-versed in its clichés. Scream’s success lead to studios capitalizing especially on marketing horror films towards the teenage and young adult demographic.

Award ceremonies

 * 1st Empire Awards

By country/region

 * List of American films of 1996
 * List of Argentine films of 1996
 * List of Australian films of 1996
 * List of Bangladeshi films of 1996
 * List of British films of 1996
 * List of Canadian films of 1996
 * List of French films of 1996
 * List of Hong Kong films of 1996
 * List of Indian films of 1996
 * List of Hindi films of 1996
 * List of Kannada films of 1996
 * List of Malayalam films of 1996
 * List of Marathi films of 1996
 * List of Tamil films of 1996
 * List of Telugu films of 1996
 * List of Japanese films of 1996
 * List of Mexican films of 1996
 * List of Pakistani films of 1996
 * List of Russian films of 1996
 * List of South Korean films of 1996
 * List of Spanish films of 1996

By genre/medium

 * List of action films of 1996
 * List of animated feature films of 1996
 * List of avant-garde films of 1996
 * List of crime films of 1996
 * List of comedy films of 1996
 * List of drama films of 1996
 * List of horror films of 1996
 * List of science fiction films of 1996
 * List of thriller films of 1996
 * List of western films of 1996

Births

 * January 3 - Florence Pugh, English actress
 * January 4 - Emma Mackey, English-French actress
 * January 5 - Maxim Baldry, English actor
 * January 6 - Courtney Eaton, Australian actress
 * January 15 - Dove Cameron, American actress
 * January 21 - Jorge Lendeborg Jr., Dominican-American actor
 * January 25 - Tati Gabrielle, American actress
 * January 27 - Braeden Lemasters, American actor, musician and singer
 * January 29 - Bryn Apprill, American voice actress
 * January 31 - Joel Courtney, American actor
 * February 2 - Paul Mescal, Irish actor
 * February 7
 * David Castro, American actor
 * Jake Goldberg, American actor
 * February 9
 * Jimmy Bennett, American actor
 * Kelli Berglund, American actress
 * February 16
 * Alex Aiono, American actor
 * Nana Komatsu, Japanese actress
 * February 17 - Sasha Pieterse, American actress
 * February 21 - Sophie Turner, English actress
 * February 24 - Mana Kinjo, Japanese actress and model (d. 2020)
 * February 28 - Bobb'e J. Thompson, American actor
 * March 18
 * Madeline Carroll, American actress
 * Eva Noblezada, American actress and singer
 * March 21 - Han Ji-hyun, South Korean actress
 * March 22 - Jonathan Mason, English actor
 * March 26 - Harrison Houde, Canadian actor, producer, director, YouTuber and musician
 * March 31 - Liza Koshy, American media personality and actress
 * April 14
 * Abigail Breslin, American actress
 * Abby Quinn, American actress
 * April 16 - Anya Taylor-Joy, American-English actress
 * April 17 - Dee Dee Davis, American actress
 * April 23 - Charlie Rowe, English actor
 * April 27 - Tejan Koroma, American Football Player
 * April 28 - Tony Revolori, American actor
 * April 29 - Katherine Langford, Australian actress
 * May 6 - Dominic Scott Kay, American actor and singer
 * May 9
 * Noah Centineo, American actor
 * Mary Mouser, American actress
 * May 16 - Aleyse Shannon, American actress
 * May 17 - Ryan Ochoa, American actor, rapper, songwriter and producer
 * June 1 - Tom Holland, English actor
 * June 2 - Brittany O'Grady, American Actress
 * June 4 - Maria Bakalova, Bulgarian actress
 * June 13 - Kodi Smit-McPhee, Australian actor
 * June 15 - Aurora, Norwegian singer-songwriter
 * June 20 - Claudia Lee, American actress and singer
 * June 24 - Harris Dickinson, English actor
 * July 9 - Meg DeLacy, American actress and singer
 * July 11 - Alessia Cara, Canadian singer-songwriter and actress
 * July 16 - Nicky Jones, American actor
 * July 17 - Grace Caroline Currey, American actress
 * July 22 - Skyler Gisondo, American actor
 * July 23 - Rachel G. Fox, American actress
 * July 24 - Herizen Guardiola, American singer, songwriter, and actress
 * July 30 - Jacob Lofland, American actor
 * August 1 - Cymphonique Miller, American actress and singer
 * August 2 - Kansas Bowling, American actress, director, screenwriter and cinematographer
 * August 7 - Liam James, Canadian actor
 * August 10 - Jacob Latimore, American actor and singer
 * August 14 - Brianna Hildebrand, American actress
 * August 21 - Jamia Simone Nash, American actress
 * September 1 - Zendaya, American actress and singer
 * September 2 - Austin Abrams, American actor
 * September 3 - Joy, South Korean singer, actress and host
 * September 12 - Colin Ford, American actor
 * September 13 - Lili Reinhart, American actress
 * September 15 - Jake Cherry, American actor
 * September 16 - Ryusei Yokohama, Japanese actor
 * September 17 - Ella Purnell, English actress
 * September 19 - Connor Swindells, English actor and model
 * October 4 - Ella Balinska, English actress
 * October 5 - Mary Gibbs, American actress
 * October 9
 * Jacob Batalon, American actor
 * Samuel Honywood, English former teen actor
 * October 12 - Vitória Strada, Brazilian actress and model
 * October 18 - Nadji Jeter, American actor
 * October 19 - Chance Perdomo, British-American actor (d. 2024)
 * October 25 - Keean Johnson, American actor
 * October 27 - Samantha Logan, American actress
 * October 28
 * Jasmine Jessica Anthony, American actress
 * Laine MacNeil, Canadian actress
 * October 29 - C. J. Wallace, American actor
 * October 30 - Kennedy McMann, American actress
 * November 1 - Daniela Melchior, Portuguese actress
 * November 9 - Kevin Afghani, American voice actor
 * November 11 - Tye Sheridan, American actor
 * November 13 - Otto Farrant, English actor
 * November 14 - Mason Gooding, American actor
 * November 16 - Mackenyu, Japanese actor
 * November 18 - Josh Heuston, Australian actor
 * November 21 - Grace Van Patten, American actress
 * November 22 - Madison Davenport, American actress and singer
 * December 1 - Destry Spielberg, American director and actress
 * December 6 - Stefanie Scott, American actress
 * December 7 - Marisa Abela, English actress
 * December 8 - Teala Dunn, American actress
 * December 9 - Leah Lewis, American actress and singer
 * December 11
 * Jack Griffo, American actor
 * Hailee Steinfeld, American actress
 * December 12 - Lucas Hedges, American actor
 * December 21 - Kaitlyn Dever, American actress
 * December 27 - Jae Head, American actor
 * December 29 - Dylan Minnette, American actor
 * December 30 - Zack Baun, American Football Player

title: 1996 in film


text:
Talk:Colonization

Arab and Chinese colonialism
Although it is undisputed that Arabs and Chinese colonized territories in the course of establishing their empires, the article contains no mention of these historical events. Banderswipe (talk) 16:58, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Please supply sources and descriptions. DenverCoder9 (talk) 04:43, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

Lead on current colonies
The last paragraph of the lead seems tendentious to me. In particular the references to Bermuda and that there have been "countless" referenda. In some cases those referenda have been in favour of retaining a territory's dependent status and they have not been removed from the list. Places like the Falklands, Gibraltar or Bermuda should not be classified as colonies in the lead without some qualification.

I tag @Nsae Comp who last edited that paragraph and may have views on the matter. Jtrrs0 (talk) 15:57, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree, but I left it as it is because I am not knowledgeable in the particular decolonization histories. But I was close to replacing it with my addition about the UN list. Maybe by not naming them, but rather saying that there are more territories than on the UN list that are contested regarding their colonial status. Nsae Comp (talk) 20:10, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * I'll go ahead and remove Bermuda now. That should be relatively uncontroversial given all the sources there refer to Puerto Rico.
 * I'll leave it a couple days and, if nobody objects, I'll try my hand at a more even-handed write-up. Jtrrs0 (talk) 20:35, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

Opening sentence
The section on Classical period colonization describes ancient farm colonies displacing nomadic hunter-gatherers. The opening sentence of the article says, "... process of establishing control ... for the purpose of exploitation ..." Ancient "farmer-colonialists" displacing nomadic tribes is not the same as exploiting said nomadic tribes as farm labor. It follows that the definition of "colonization" in the opening sentence does not describe Classical period colonization. The inclusion of the word "exploitation" prevents the definition from applying to the case of Classical period "farmer-colonialists." Chino-Catane (talk) 11:10, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

 * "Exploitation" does not only refer to exploitation of people. It can also mean exploitation of resources, such as land. The sentence is correct. Zerotalk 15:31, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Suppose an arbitrary but particular ancient group of farmers from an already-established agrarian society transferred themselves to a truly uninhabited piece of land, started farming it, and maintained associative relationships with the society from which they migrated. Would this instance have constituted "colonization"?
 * Second case: Suppose these farmers did displace nomadic tribes. They would not have "exploited" people but land instead; but what's the difference between "exploitative" farming of land versus non-exploitative farming of land? Chino-Catane (talk) 17:09, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * (1) Yes. (Think of colonization of Mars to exploit the mineral wealth there.) (2) This question does not relate to the lead sentence. Nor is the lead sentence supposed to cover all the complexities of the topic. Zerotalk 04:20, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Zero "Yes. (Think of colonization of Mars to exploit the mineral wealth there.)"
 * Per the follow up question, what is the difference between "exploitative farming" and "non-exploitative farming", with regards to Classical period migrating farmers? Chino-Catane (talk) 22:05, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The article doesn't use either expression so I don't see the point of the question. All farmers exploit the land that they farm. To say that a colonizer exploits the land they colonize just means they make use of it for their own benefit. Zerotalk 03:56, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Zero Thanks for the explanation. In your reversion summary you remark that "Ferro uses 'exploitation' repeatedly", but Ferro does not use the word "exploitation" on page 1 at all, the cited page. In the entirety of Chapter 1, Ferro uses the word "exploitation" once on page 8. He uses the word to summarize elements of a Portuguese film that describes "exploitation of those voyages". Your summary also remarks, "all three sources emphasise the use of force", but what does use of force have to do with ancient farmers exploiting uninhabited lands? Chino-Catane (talk) 17:48, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I scanned all of Ferro before writing and found that he repeatedly uses "exploit" in the same sense as our first sentence. This is my final reply. Zerotalk 03:09, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * @Zero Thanks for the explanation. In your reversion summary you remark that "Ferro uses 'exploitation' repeatedly", but Ferro does not use the word "exploitation" on page 1 at all, the cited page. In the entirety of Chapter 1, Ferro uses the word "exploitation" once on page 8. He uses the word to summarize elements of a Portuguese film that describes "exploitation of those voyages". Your summary also remarks, "all three sources emphasise the use of force", but what does use of force have to do with ancient farmers exploiting uninhabited lands? Chino-Catane (talk) 17:48, 3 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I scanned all of Ferro before writing and found that he repeatedly uses "exploit" in the same sense as our first sentence. This is my final reply. Zerotalk 03:09, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

Per revision 1232615364, unless WP:RS can be produced explicitly stating the definition currently presented, I propose modifying the opening sentence to express the Ferro definition verbatim. Are there any thoughts or objections? Chino-Catane (talk) 17:33, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Ferro does not give a single definition. He immediately asks "Has there been any change in the meaning of this term?" and over the following pages explains that there has been. Zerotalk 03:58, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

Definitions from Charles Verlinden, "The Beginnings of Modern Colonization", Cornell University Press, 1970, pages ix and xii:
 * What in fact is the original meaning of "colonization"? The word derives from the Latin colere meaning "to cultivate," "to put to use," "to make of value." Therefore it is not surprising that the first meaning of "colonization" and of "to colonize" should be agricultural.It was at this time [11th century] that the term "colonization" began to assume the meaning which it still carries today—that is, conquest followed by exploitation—together with the resulting unfavorable moral connotations which those two terms evoke in the minds of contemporaries.

This is a fair summary of the old and new meanings. I have no objection to giving both, but I strongly object to removing the second meaning which is the predominant one today. Zerotalk 04:34, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Does Verlinden offer a clearly stated definition of colonization like Ferro does? The opening sentence can state Ferro's definition. The second sentence can state Verlinden's definition. Chino-Catane (talk) 06:30, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * As I said above, Ferro does not give a clearly stated definition. Zerotalk 08:55, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

@Zero Ferro characterizes his opening sentence as a definition, though it would probably be more appropriate to call it a description. Whatever his opening sentence is labeled as, the sentence allows him to classify particular ancient social processes as "colonization". Does Verlinden offer a similar succinct description of "colonization" that includes the use of the string "exploitation" which he associates with "purpose"? Chino-Catane (talk) 17:26, 5 July 2024 (UTC)
 * In his very next sentence, Ferro rhetorically asks "Has there been any change in the meaning of this term?" and over the following pages explains that there has been. So, Ferro calls his first sentence a definition, not the definition. Zerotalk 03:54, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, it is a definition that allows him to apply the term "colonization" to instances of particular ancient social processes, in general. This article discusses mentions "colonization" that occurred as far back as the 8th or 9th century BC, for which the modern understanding of the word "exploitation" may or may not apply. Chino-Catane (talk) 15:46, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

 * As a third opinion: I think the current opening sentence is a good definition and adequately supported by the cited sources. The excessive cleanup tags are not helpful; you've expressed your concerns here on the talk page,, you don't need to decorate the article with them as well.
 * By the way the section of the article that says classical colonies displaced hunter-gatherers is is unreferenced nonsense, and should be removed. Hunter-gatherer societies disappeared from the Mediterranean thousands of years earlier. – Joe (talk) 06:35, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the input. The word "exploitation" carries modern connotations that cannot be assumed to have applied in general to the motives of ancient "colonists" dating as far back as 8th or 9th century BC. Chino-Catane (talk) 15:51, 6 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't think that's the everyday meaning that readers will take from the lead. You can talk about the exploitation of renewable resources for energy generation or the exploitation of plants or animals by prehistoric peoples, for example, and there is no speculation on motive. Your reference says that "in moral and political philosophy" it has connotations of injustice (e.g. exploitation of labour), but we're not talking about moral or political philosophy. When say the ancient Greeks set up colonies to engage in the slave trade or the Romans settled veterans to pacify conquered territory, I don't think it's problematic to say that their motive was exploitation. – Joe (talk) 11:00, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

 * It's true that "exploit" and "exploitation" can be used with a negative connotation. However, it is also true that a negative connotation is reasonable for the vast majority of historical instances of colonization. The fact that a small minority of instances (Viking colonization of Iceland?) can be found where the only "exploitation" was in the morally neutral sense of exploiting the natural resources shouldn't lead to us removing the majority definition. We should start with the meaning of the term as it is used today and leave the nuances for later. Zerotalk 12:00, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The Papar have a bone to pick with you. – Joe (talk) 13:25, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * That's why I added a question mark. I don't know the details of that case so I have no explicit opinion on it. How about Polynesian colonization of the South Sea islands? Zerotalk 13:53, 7 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Just joking, don't worry. You've got me with Polynesia. Unless we count the moa? – Joe (talk) 14:00, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

"...everyday meaning..." When I google the string "most common use of the word exploitation" without quotations, the top of the returned search page reads, "Exploitation is most often used negatively, especially when it refers to taking advantage of people", pulled from a Dictionary.com page.

"...we're not talking about moral or political philosophy." The lead section box declares this article is a member of the Politics category.

"...small minority of instances..." Even a failure rate of 1 part in 1,000,000 should move you to modify this definition. This article represents the employment of some social study discipline. Whatever that discipline is, it should aspire to the standards of hard science. If you insist on using the word "exploitation" in the offered definition, then I propose modifying the opener to read, "Colonization is a process associated with ..." Although this would be an improvement, the sentence would still be problematic because it enumerates precise motives and does not describe cases like the aforementioned Papar. This is why Ferro's selection of the word "cultivation" is effective. An even better improvement would read, "Colonization is a process associated with establishing control over foreign territories for the purposes of cultivation, exploitation or possibly settlement ..." Chino-Catane (talk) 15:31, 7 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I don't think we need to defer to Google here. 'Exploit' is a plain English word that most people understand. I don't aspire to be a hard scientist, and neither does Wikipedia. – Joe (talk) 08:06, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The point of contention here is the opinion, "I don't think that's the everyday meaning that readers will take from the lead." Two sources have been provided to demonstrate how this opinion does not reflect the perceptions of most English-speaking readers who are not experts with regards to this article's topic.
 * The first source has been objected to with the claim, "we're not talking about moral or political philosophy". However, the response that "The lead section box declares this article is a member of the Politics category" has not been addressed.
 * The second source has been responded to with, " 'Exploit' is a plain English word that most people understand" without offering a reason and WP:RS refuting the second source's assertion that, "Exploitation is most commonly used in a negative way, especially in the context of people who are being exploited for profit."
 * In summary, there exists no substantive objection to the proposed improvement that would read, "Colonization is a process associated with establishing control over foreign territories for the purposes of cultivation, exploitation or possibly settlement ...". Chino-Catane (talk) 19:09, 8 July 2024 (UTC)
 * We don't need Google or dictionaries to tell us what ordinary language means and I have in fact already provided two reliable sources that contradict your assertion in my first reply to you above. Similarly, I assume I don't need to find a dictionary to explain why "politics" and "political philosophy" are not the same thing?
 * That said, I don't have any objection to that suggestion, no. It retains the word exploitation, so I'm not sure why any of the above is relevant. – Joe (talk) 07:35, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

The Dictionary.com assertion, ""Exploitation is most commonly used in a negative way" is not "contradicted" by the two instances provided.
 * ' "politics" and "political philosophy" are not the same thing '
 * This is an acceptable response I will not investigate further. Chino-Catane (talk) 19:17, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

I object to "Colonization is a process associated with ..." on wording grounds because it isn't a definition at all. It says what colonization is associated with, not what colonization is. "Wood is a material associated with trees" doesn't define "wood", because leaves and chain-saws are also associated with trees. A definition would be more like "Wood is a structural tissue found in the stems and roots of trees". Zerotalk 13:33, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

 * "object...on wording grounds because it isn't a definition at all"
 * WP:SYNTH says, "Do not combine material from multiple sources to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by any of the sources. Similarly, do not combine different parts of one source to state or imply a conclusion not explicitly stated by the source."
 * Does there exist a WP:RS that explicitly states as a definition, "Colonization is a process of establishing control over foreign territories or peoples for the purpose of exploitation and possibly settlement, setting up coloniality and often colonies, commonly pursued and maintained by colonialism."?
 * If not, this stated definition violates WP:OR. Inserting "is associated with" allows the notions of "colonization", "exploitation", "coloniality" and "colonialism" to be presented sequentially without violating WP:OR. Chino-Catane (talk) 18:43, 10 July 2024 (UTC)
 * You are being far too literal here. We don't assemble articles by copying exactly what other articles say, that would be plagiarism. The lead is a summary of the article which is a summary of reliable sources, with each step of summarisation involves editorial judgement. – Joe (talk) 06:20, 11 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The opening sentence of the lead is presenting a precise definition of the term "colonization" as Zero remarked above, "I object ... on wording grounds because it isn't a definition at all". Quoting and citing a source is not plagiarism, which wouldn't apply here because the opening sentence is taken directly from nowhere. All these problems go away if the sentence starts with "Colonization is a process associated with...". Chino-Catane (talk) 04:27, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I came here after reading the notice posted at Wikiproject History. I have two points I'd like to make:
 * You need to take this beef outside of the lead. If there's a need to define the concept, try finding high-quality sources that try to define the concept. And don't rely on just dictionaries. this is not Wiktionary. I would recommend starting out with [Oxford Reference and the likes. You should at all costs avoid phrase searches in Google Scholar or whatever, because that'll just land you in an unsolvable OR squabble.
 * I don't think I fully understand why "colonization" is a separate article in the first place. It seems to overlap quite nicely with either colonialism or the various articles on the history of colonialism, like European colonization of the Americas or whatever.
 * Peter Isotalo 00:52, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * "I don't think I fully understand why "colonization" is a separate article in the first place."
 * This article draws equivalence between "Pre-modern colonization", "Modern colonialism" and "Post-colonial variants". This suggests to readers that all three topics are types of "colonization" as precisely defined in the opening sentence of the lead. In my opinion, this is problematic because it associates assigns features of "colonialism" to social processes that predate the concept's existence by 2700 years, e.g. Sabean colonization of Africa. Chino-Catane (talk) 16:23, 12 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Colonialism and colonization are two different things. Colonialism is a type of colonization, to make it short, for the sake of not making this discussion even longer. Nsae Comp (talk) 19:57, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

I must say I get all arguments, though I tend to favour the arguments for the current form, since it focuses on the two main uses of colonization: exploitation and settlement in a separated (aka colonial) space. As I said I get all arguments, including the mention of cultivation, so I would add in that regard that cultivation has also the meaning of civilizing and developing. If read in that way cultivation would underline that dimension of colonization, but I would argue that this is already covered by the term settlement, since settlement involves a certain civilizing and developing element. Thats why I understand both arguments, because cultivation is a fitting word, but it is also covered by settling. So as long as exploitation and settlement are kept I dont mind having it or having it not. Regarding the reference using cultivation: when this reference was introduced the lead did not elaborate like it does now, thus "cultivation" provided back then to summarise exploitation and settlement, while settlement was only used as the condition resulting from the purpose of cultivation and not like cultivation as a mode of the process of colonization. So for me the question is what cultivation can add that exploitation and settlement does not. It could highlight the civilizing and developing direction of settlement or colonialism, and settler colonialism particularly, to be more exact, and therefore it is as pointed out covered by settling. The use of the reference is in both cases okay for the current text because as I said and as others have pointed out the source does elaborate on cultivation by detailing colonization as exploitive and settling. Last but not least: I see also the argument of synthesis, but we do not need to quote the sources to do not synthesise and I think the sentence parts are not constructing any conclusions from the different references, allowing them to be sufficiently identified independently with the different sentence parts. Exploitation isnt mentioned in the quote about cultivation, but as now repeatedly pointed out, exploitation is no term that isnt used seldomly in the source or most other study about colonization. Nsae Comp (talk) 20:58, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

Tags
You don't understand how to use the tag properly. It is not for putting your commentary in line with article text. The text argument is for the part of the article that you think is original research, not for your explanation.

This is incorrect usage: Joe killed his mother.
 * Joe killed his mother.

This is how you are supposed to use it:

Neither the tag you used nor the one I used have an argument for stating reasons. Reasons are supposed to go on the talk page. Zerotalk 12:55, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

Wikiprojects
I have mentioned this page at the History and International Relations wikiprojects in the hope of getting more involvement. Zerotalk 04:07, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Colonization


text:
Sierpiński number

In number theory, a Sierpiński number is an odd natural number k such that $$k \times 2^n + 1 $$ is composite for all natural numbers n. In 1960, Wacław Sierpiński proved that there are infinitely many odd integers k which have this property.

In other words, when k is a Sierpiński number, all members of the following set are composite:

 * $$\left\{\, k \cdot 2^n + 1 : n \in\mathbb{N}\,\right\}.$$

If the form is instead $$k \times 2^n - 1 $$, then k is a Riesel number.

Known Sierpiński numbers
The sequence of currently known Sierpiński numbers begins with:
 * 78557, 271129, 271577, 322523, 327739, 482719, 575041, 603713, 903983, 934909, 965431, 1259779, 1290677, 1518781, 1624097, 1639459, 1777613, 2131043, 2131099, 2191531, 2510177, 2541601, 2576089, 2931767, 2931991, ....

The number 78557 was proved to be a Sierpiński number by John Selfridge in 1962, who showed that all numbers of the form 78557⋅2n + 1 have a factor in the covering set ${3, 5, 7, 13, 19, 37, 73}$. For another known Sierpiński number, 271129, the covering set is ${3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 241}$. Most currently known Sierpiński numbers possess similar covering sets.

However, in 1995 A. S. Izotov showed that some fourth powers could be proved to be Sierpiński numbers without establishing a covering set for all values of n. His proof depends on the aurifeuillean factorization $t^{4}⋅2^{4m+2} + 1 = (t^{2}⋅2^{2m+1} + t⋅2^{m+1} + 1)⋅(t^{2}⋅2^{2m+1} − t⋅2^{m+1} + 1)$. This establishes that all $n ≡ 2 (mod 4)$ give rise to a composite, and so it remains to eliminate only $n ≡ 0, 1, 3 (mod 4)$ using a covering set.

Sierpiński problem
The Sierpiński problem asks for the value of the smallest Sierpiński number. In private correspondence with Paul Erdős, Selfridge conjectured that 78,557 was the smallest Sierpiński number. No smaller Sierpiński numbers have been discovered, and it is now believed that 78,557 is the smallest number.

To show that 78,557 really is the smallest Sierpiński number, one must show that all the odd numbers smaller than 78,557 are not Sierpiński numbers. That is, for every odd k below 78,557, there needs to exist a positive integer n such that $(p − 1)2^{−n}$ is prime.

 * k = 21181, 22699, 24737, 55459, and 67607.

The distributed volunteer computing project PrimeGrid is attempting to eliminate all the remaining values of k.

Prime Sierpiński problem
In 1976, Nathan Mendelsohn determined that the second provable Sierpiński number is the prime k = 271129. The prime Sierpiński problem asks for the value of the smallest prime Sierpiński number, and there is an ongoing "Prime Sierpiński search" which tries to prove that 271129 is the first Sierpiński number which is also a prime.

Extended Sierpiński problem
Suppose that both preceding Sierpiński problems had finally been solved, showing that 78557 is the smallest Sierpiński number and that 271129 is the smallest prime Sierpiński number. This still leaves unsolved the question of the second Sierpinski number; there could exist a composite Sierpiński number k such that $$78557 < k < 271129$$. An ongoing search is trying to prove that 271129 is the second Sierpiński number, by testing all k values between 78557 and 271129, prime or not.

Simultaneously Sierpiński and Riesel
A number may be simultaneously Sierpiński and Riesel. These are called Brier numbers. The smallest five known examples are 3316923598096294713661, 10439679896374780276373, 11615103277955704975673, 12607110588854501953787, 17855036657007596110949, ....

title: Sierpiński number


text:
1997 in film

The year 1997 in film involved many significant films, including Titanic, The Full Monty, Gattaca, Donnie Brasco, Good Will Hunting, L.A. Confidential, The Fifth Element, Nil by Mouth, The Spanish Prisoner, and the beginning of the film studio DreamWorks.

Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 1997 by worldwide gross are as follows:

Box office records

 * Titanic became the first film in history to pass US$1 billion at the box office on March 1, 1998. Titanic held the record for the highest-grossing film of all time for 12 years until it was surpassed by Avatar (also directed by James Cameron) on January 25, 2010.
 * The Jurassic Park franchise became the sixth film franchise to gross $1 billion with the release of The Lost World: Jurassic Park.
 * Sony Pictures became the year's highest-grossing distributor in the United States and Canada, with US$1.3 billion in domestic gross. It was the first time Sony Pictures topped the domestic box office, after Disney was the top-grossing domestic distributor for the previous three years.

Events
Academy Awards
 * The Star Wars Special Editions, a theatrical anniversary edition of the original Star Wars trilogy, celebrating the 20th anniversary of the release of Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope, are released.
 * The Fifth Element is released, becoming a global box office success. It will go on to become the top-grossing French film of all time, a record it will hold for 14 years until the release of The Intouchables in 2011.
 * Titanic becomes the first film to gross US$1 billion at the box office, making it the highest-grossing film in history until Avatar broke the record in 2010.
 * The Lost World: Jurassic Park grosses a record $90,161,880 on Memorial Day Weekend.

Golden Globe Awards

Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival):
 * Taste of Cherry (طعم گيلاس, ), directed by Abbas Kiarostami, Iran / France
 * The Eel (うなぎ, ), directed by Shohei Imamura, Japan

Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival):
 * Hana-bi (Fireworks), directed by Takeshi Kitano, Japan

Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):
 * The People vs. Larry Flynt, directed by Miloš Forman, Canada / United States

Award ceremonies

 * 2nd Empire Awards
 * 24th Saturn Awards

By country/region

 * List of American films of 1997
 * List of Argentine films of 1997
 * List of Australian films of 1997
 * List of Bangladeshi films of 1997
 * List of British films of 1997
 * List of Canadian films of 1997
 * List of French films of 1997
 * List of Hong Kong films of 1997
 * List of Indian films of 1997
 * List of Hindi films of 1997
 * List of Kannada films of 1997
 * List of Malayalam films of 1997
 * List of Marathi films of 1997
 * List of Tamil films of 1997
 * List of Telugu films of 1997
 * List of Japanese films of 1997
 * List of Mexican films of 1997
 * List of Pakistani films of 1997
 * List of Russian films of 1997
 * List of South Korean films of 1997
 * List of Spanish films of 1997

By genre/medium

 * List of action films of 1997
 * List of animated feature films of 1997
 * List of avant-garde films of 1997
 * List of crime films of 1997
 * List of comedy films of 1997
 * List of drama films of 1997
 * List of horror films of 1997
 * List of science fiction films of 1997
 * List of thriller films of 1997
 * List of western films of 1997

Births

 * January 2 – Melis Sezen, Turkish actress
 * January 17 – Jake Paul, Boxer
 * January 21 – Jeremy Shada, American actor and musician
 * January 24
 * Jonah Bobo, American actor
 * Dylan Riley Snyder, American actor
 * February 2 – Ellie Bamber, English actress
 * February 8
 * Kathryn Newton, American actress
 * Quintessa Swindell, American actor
 * February 10 – Chloë Grace Moretz, American actress
 * February 12 – Shane Baumel, American former teen actor
 * February 14 – Madison Iseman, American actress
 * February 23 – Pallavi Dey, Indian actress (d. 2022)
 * February 25 – Isabelle Fuhrman, American actress
 * March 2 – Becky G, American singer and actress
 * March 3 – Camila Cabello, Cuban singer and actress
 * March 6 – Alisha Boe, Norwegian-American actress
 * March 9 – Niamh Wilson, Canadian actress
 * March 10 – Madeleine Arthur, Canadian actress
 * March 18 – Ciara Bravo, American actress
 * March 28 – Annabelle Davis, English actress
 * April 1 – Asa Butterfield, English actor
 * April 5 – Henry Hunter Hall, American actor
 * April 15 – Maisie Williams, English actress
 * April 23 – Alex Ferris, Canadian actor
 * April 25 – Tony Poljan, American Football Player
 * April 26 – Amber Midthunder, American actress
 * May 2 – Perla Haney-Jardine, Brazilian-American actress
 * May 11 – Lana Condor, American actress
 * May 12 – Odeya Rush, Israeli actress
 * May 30
 * Zoe Renee, American actress
 * Jake Short, American actor
 * June 13 – Theodore Pellerin, Canadian actor
 * June 16 – Camila Morrone, American model and actress
 * June 17 – KJ Apa, New Zealand actor
 * June 18 – Max Records, American actor
 * June 26 – Jacob Elordi, Australian actor
 * July 13 – Leo Howard, American actor and martial artist
 * July 18 – Fionn Whitehead, British actor
 * July 19 – Amita Suman, Nepali-British actress
 * July 22 – Field Cate, American actor
 * July 23 – Chloé Hayden, Australian actress
 * August 5
 * Olivia Holt, American actress and singer
 * Adam Irigoyen, American actor
 * August 13 – Yeo Jin-goo, South Korean actor
 * August 18 – Josephine Langford, Australian actress
 * August 25
 * Holly Gibbs, English child actress
 * Bryana Salaz, American actress and singer
 * August 28 – Emilia McCarthy, Canadian actress
 * August 30 – Dana Gaier, American actress
 * September 7 – Dean-Charles Chapman, English actor
 * September 9 - Tallulah Haddon, British actress
 * September 12 – Sydney Sweeney, American actress
 * September 16 – Elena Kampouris, American actress
 * September 19 – Jayme Lawson, American actress
 * September 30 – Havana Rose Liu, American actress, model, dancer, activist and designer
 * October 6 – Honor Swinton Byrne, British actress
 * October 7 – Kira Kosarin, American actress
 * October 8 – Bella Thorne, American actress
 * October 10 – Grace Rolek, American actress and voice actress
 * October 20 – John Bell, Scottish actor
 * October 23 – Zach Callison, American actor and voice actor
 * October 26 – Rhenzy Feliz, American actor and singer
 * October 28 – Sierra McCormick, American actress
 * November 1
 * Max Burkholder, American actor
 * Alex Wolff, American actor and musician
 * November 6 – Hero Fiennes Tiffin, English actor, model and producer
 * November 8 – Dominique Thorne, American actress
 * November 13 – Brent and Shane Kinsman, American twin child actors
 * November 18 – Noah Ringer, American actor
 * November 26
 * Aubrey Joseph, American actor and rapper
 * Luka Sabbat, American actor and model
 * December 11
 * Ben Cook, American actor, singer and dancer
 * Taylor Hickson, Canadian actress
 * December 15 – Maude Apatow, American actress
 * December 16 - Spence Moore II, American actor
 * December 27 – Vachirawit Chivaaree "Bright", Thai actor
 * December 29 – Kiera Allen, American actress

title: 1997 in film


text:
1998 in film

In 1998 there were many significant films which were released, including Shakespeare in Love, Saving Private Ryan, Armageddon, American History X, The Truman Show, Primary Colors, 'Rushmore', Rush Hour, There's Something About Mary, The Big Lebowski, and Terrence Malick's directorial return in The Thin Red Line.

Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 1998 by worldwide gross are as follows:

Box office records

 * Saving Private Ryan grossed $482 million worldwide, becoming the highest grossing World War II film until it was surpassed by Dunkirk (2017). However, adjusting for 2017 monetary inflation, Saving Private Ryan grossed $718 million.
 * Blade became the top-grossing film based on a Marvel Comics character, grossing $131.2 million worldwide at the time of its release.
 * The Star Trek franchise became the seventh film franchise to gross $1 billion with the release of Star Trek: Insurrection.

Events

 * March 1 – Titanic becomes the first film to gross over $1 billion at the worldwide box office. Twenty days later, the film won eleven Academy Awards, including Best Picture.
 * May 8 and July 1 – 1998 saw the release of two dueling science-fiction disaster films about asteroids, Armageddon and Deep Impact which both became box office success, with Armageddon becoming the most popular out of the two and was also the highest-grossing film of 1998 worldwide.
 * July 24 – Saving Private Ryan, directed by Steven Spielberg, was released and received critical acclaim leading it to be the top grossing domestic film of 1998. Saving Private Ryan won five Academy Awards including Best Director, the film was lauded as an influential landmark in the war and action film genres, primarily due to its use of desaturated colors, hand-held cameras, and tight angles.
 * August 21 – Blade, based on the character of the same name, grossed over $131.2 million worldwide. It's success would help stage future film adaptations of Marvel Comics.
 * September 19 – Antz, DreamWorks' first animated feature film, that premiered at the 23rd Toronto International Film Festival.
 * December 25, Filmmaker Terrence Malick, returned after a twenty-year hiatus with The Thin Red Line.

By country/region

 * List of American films of 1998
 * List of Argentine films of 1998
 * List of Australian films of 1998
 * List of Bangladeshi films of 1998
 * List of British films of 1998
 * List of Canadian films of 1998
 * List of French films of 1998
 * List of Hong Kong films of 1998
 * List of Indian films of 1998
 * List of Hindi films of 1998
 * List of Kannada films of 1998
 * List of Malayalam films of 1998
 * List of Marathi films of 1998
 * List of Tamil films of 1998
 * List of Telugu films of 1998
 * List of Japanese films of 1998
 * List of Mexican films of 1998
 * List of Pakistani films of 1998
 * List of Russian films of 1998
 * List of South Korean films of 1998
 * List of Spanish films of 1998

By genre/medium

 * List of action films of 1998
 * List of animated feature films of 1998
 * List of avant-garde films of 1998
 * List of crime films of 1998
 * List of comedy films of 1998
 * List of drama films of 1998
 * List of horror films of 1998
 * List of science fiction films of 1998
 * List of thriller films of 1998
 * List of western films of 1998

Births

 * January 1 - Lara Robinson, Australian actress
 * January 4
 * Coco Jones, American actress/singer
 * Liza Soberano, Filipino actress
 * January 5 – Marie Iitoyo, Japanese model and actress
 * January 9
 * Kerris Dorsey, American actress and singer
 * Brent Rivera, American actor and Youtuber
 * January 12
 * Nathan Gamble, American actor
 * Ally Ioannides, American actress
 * January 15 - Ben Levi Ross, American actor and singer
 * January 16 - Curran Walters, American actor
 * January 18 – Shin Ye-eun, South Korean actress
 * January 22 - Joe Serafini, American actor
 * January 23 – Rachel Crow, American actress/singer and comedian
 * January 24 – Ada-Nicole Sanger, American actress
 * January 26 – Moonbin, South Korean singer and actor (d. 2023)
 * January 27 - Devin Druid, American actor
 * January 28 – Ariel Winter, American actress
 * February 2 - Nina Bloomgarden, American actress
 * February 6
 * Jay Lycurgo, British actor
 * Aviva Mongillo, Canadian actress and singer
 * February 9 - Isabella Gomez, American actress
 * February 10 - Ayesha Madon, Australian actress
 * February 11
 * Olivia Scott Welch, American actress
 * Lauren Tsai, American actress, visual artist, and model
 * February 15 – Zachary Gordon, American actor
 * February 16 - Lizze Broadway, American actress
 * February 17
 * Fernanda Urdapilleta, Mexican actress
 * Kayla Cromer, American actress
 * February 21 - Ella-Rae Smith, English actress and model
 * February 22 - Sophie Wilde, Australian actress
 * February 26 - Keyla Monterroso Mejia, American actress and comedian
 * March 3 – Jayson Tatum, American Basketball Player
 * March 5 - Micah Fowler, American actor
 * March 6 - Odessa Young, Australian actress
 * March 11 – Valentina Herszage, Brazilian actress
 * March 13 - Jack Harlow, American rapper, singer, and actor
 * March 18 - Abigail Cowen, American actress
 * March 19 – Caylee Cowan, American actress
 * March 22 – Paola Andino, Puerto Rican-American actress
 * March 24 – Christopher Briney, American actor
 * March 25
 * Ryan Simpkins, American actor
 * Rhianne Barreto, British actress
 * Jessica Reynolds, Irish actress
 * March 26 - Emily Tosta, Dominican actress
 * March 29 - Alex Neustaedter, American actor
 * April 3 - Paris Jackson, American model, actress, and musician
 * April 6
 * Peyton List, American actress
 * Spencer List, American actor
 * April 9
 * Elle Fanning, American actress
 * Lil Woods, British actress
 * April 10 - Ruby Jerins, American actress
 * April 12 - Larry Saperstein, American actor
 * April 16 - Jordana Beatty, Australian actress
 * April 20 - Felix Mallard, Australian actor
 * April 24
 * Ryan Newman, American actress
 * Alli Simpson, Australian actress and singer
 * April 27 - Froy Gutierrez, American actor
 * April 29 - Ella Hunt, English actress
 * April 30 – Olivia DeJonge, Australian actress
 * May 1 – Grayson Russell, American actor
 * May 3 - Highdee Kuan, American actress
 * May 4
 * Temara Melek, American actress
 * Taylar Hender, American actress
 * May 5 - Chelsea Clark, Canadian actress
 * May 7 - MrBeast, American Youtuber
 * May 8 - Corey Mylchreest, English actor
 * May 15 - Anjelika Washington, American actress
 * May 23 – Ramona Young, American actress
 * May 24 – Daisy Edgar-Jones, English actress
 * May 29 – Shealeigh, American singer
 * June 13 - Zayne Emory, American actor
 * June 10 - Ana Yi Puig, American actress
 * June 11 – Charlie Tahan, American actor
 * June 14 - Brianne Tju, American actress
 * June 15 – Rachel Covey, American actress
 * June 16 - Lauren Taylor, American actress
 * June 19
 * Suzu Hirose, Japanese actress
 * Atticus Shaffer, American actor
 * June 24
 * Coy Stewart, American actor and rapper
 * Matt Friend, American actor and comedian
 * June 27 – Sistine Stallone, American actress and model
 * July 1 - Chloe Bailey, American singer and actress
 * July 3 - Sara Waisglass, Canadian actress
 * July 7 – Dylan Sprayberry, American actor
 * July 8
 * Maya Hawke, American actress
 * Jaden Smith, American actor
 * July 9 – Robert Capron, American actor
 * July 10
 * Angus Cloud, American actor (d. 2023)
 * Haley Pullos, American actress
 * July 13 - Cynthy Wu, American actress
 * July 22 – Madison Pettis, American actress
 * July 23 - Helena Howard, American actress
 * July 24
 * Bindi Irwin, Australian actress
 * Cailee Spaeny, American actress
 * July 27 – Myles Erlick, Canadian actor and singer
 * July 28 – Sasha Meneghel, Brazilian actress
 * July 29 - Jessica Lord, English actress
 * July 31 – Rico Rodriguez, American actor
 * August 1 – Khamani Griffin, American actor
 * August 2 - Joe Seo, American actor
 * August 3 – Cozi Zuehlsdorff, American actress and singer
 * August 5 – Mimi Keene, English actress
 * August 6 – Forrest Goodluck, American actor
 * August 12 – Rudy Pankow, American actor
 * August 18 - Mallori Johnson, American actress
 * August 21 – Jade Chynoweth, American actress
 * August 25 – China Anne McClain, American actress and singer
 * September 1
 * Fin Argus, American actor and musician
 * Fern Deacon, English actress
 * September 2 – Choi Ye-bin, South Korean actress
 * September 4 - Ainsley Seiger, American actress
 * September 5 – Helena Barlow, English actress
 * September 8
 * Emma Laird, Scottish actress
 * Sierra Capri, American actress
 * September 13 - Nell Williams, English actress
 * September 16 – Belissa Escobedo, American actress
 * September 19 - Phia Saban, English actress
 * October 1
 * Isabella Amara, American actress and singer
 * Danika Yarosh, American actress
 * October 6 - Matt Cornett, American actor
 * October 7 – Josh Levi, American actor and singer
 * October 10 - Cameron Gellman, American actor
 * October 11 - Ruby Ashbourne Serkis, English actress
 * October 14 - Ariela Barer, American actress
 * October 17 – Erin Kellyman, English actress
 * October 18 - Emily Robinson, American actress
 * October 19
 * Katie Douglas, Canadian actress
 * Sidney Flanigan, American actress
 * October 23
 * Amandla Stenberg, American actress
 * Jake Siciliano, American actor
 * October 26 - Samantha Isler, American actress
 * October 28 – Nolan Gould, American actor
 * November 2 - Josh Wiggins, American actor
 * November 4
 * Meadow Walker, American actress
 * Darcy Rose Byrnes, American and Irish actress
 * November 7 – Octavio Ocaña, Mexican actor (died 2021)
 * November 13
 * Gattlin Griffith, American actor
 * Jaquel Spivey, American actor
 * November 17 - Kara Hayward, American actress
 * November 23 – Bradley Steven Perry, American actor
 * November 24 - Peyton Meyer, American actor
 * November 29 - Lovie Simone, American actress
 * December 2
 * Amber Montana, American actress
 * Celeste O'Connor, Kenyan-born American actor
 * Annalise Basso, American actress
 * December 8
 * Owen Teague, American actor
 * Tanner Buchanan, American actor
 * December 15 – Chandler Canterbury, American former child actor
 * December 16 - Kiara Muhammad, American actress
 * December 17 - Jasmine Armfield, English actress
 * December 23 – G Hannelius, American actress and singer
 * December 27 - Briar Nolet, Canadian actress
 * December 28 - Jared Gilman, American actor
 * December 29
 * Paris Berelc, American actress
 * Seamus Davey-Fitzpatrick, American actor
 * December 31 - Hunter Schafer, American actress

title: 1998 in film


text:
Light water

Light water or Lightwater may refer to:

Science

 * Deuterium-depleted water, which has a lower concentration of deuterium than occurs naturally on Earth
 * Water, especially water that is not heavy water
 * Water, the coolant in a light-water reactor, a type of nuclear reactor

Other uses

 * Lightwater, a town in Surrey, England

title: Light water


text:
Lovehatetragedy

Lovehatetragedy is the third overall and second major label studio album by the American rock band Papa Roach. It was released on June 18, 2002.

Background
A re-recorded version of the song "M-80 (Explosive Energy Movement)" was featured in the game Amplitude. The song "She Loves Me Not" was featured in the game NHL 2003. The songs "She Loves Me Not" and "Walking Thru Barbed Wire" were recorded in 1999, with the former appearing on the band's 1999 demo and the latter on the ...Let 'Em Know! EP.

In comparison to their prior album, Infest, the band aimed to incorporate less rapping, and more singing in Lovehatetragedy. Lovehatetragedy is Papa Roach's last album under DreamWorks Records, before signing to Geffen in 2003. Alongside with Infest, a debut vinyl edition of the album was released on September 8, 2017.

Commercial performance
The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 by selling approximatively 136,000 copies in its first week, behind Eminem's The Eminem Show. Lovehatetragedy was mostly well received by music critics, gaining an average score of 75 on Metacritic.

Papa Roach toured on the second edition of the Anger Management Tour during the summer of 2002. They co-headlined with Eminem, who was also supported by Ludacris, Xzibit, X-Ecutioners, Bionic Jive during the tour. It was the last edition of Anger Management that had rock music being prominently featured, with Papa Roach's set occurring between Eminem and Ludacris's while Bionic Jive opened the concerts during the first half of the tour.

It achieved a gold certification in the U.S for exceeding 500,000 copies sold in the first two months. Despite peaking at higher positions on most international charts, "Lovehatetragedy" failed to catch the success of Infest both in lifetime sales and chartrun (15 weeks within the Billboard 200). It was also certified Gold in Canada and in the UK

Track listing
Bonus tracks

UK edition

Personnel

 * Papa Roach
 * Jacoby Shaddix – lead vocals
 * Jerry Horton – guitar, backing vocals
 * Tobin Esperance – bass, backing vocals
 * Dave Buckner – drums

Production
 * Brendan O'Brien - producer, mixing
 * Nick Didia - engineering
 * Howard Karp - assistant engineering
 * Adam Ayan - digital editing
 * Jason Neto - design, Art direction
 * Ron handler - A&R
 * Ken Schles - photography
 * Danny Clinch - photography

title: Lovehatetragedy