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Dawn

Dawn is the time that marks the beginning of twilight before sunrise. It is recognized by the appearance of indirect sunlight being scattered in Earth's atmosphere, when the centre of the Sun's disc has reached 18° below the observer's horizon. This morning twilight period will last until sunrise (when the Sun's upper limb breaks the horizon), when direct sunlight outshines the diffused light.

Etymology
"Dawn" derives from the Old English verb dagian, "to become day".

Types of dawn
Dawn begins with the first sight of lightness in the morning, and continues until the Sun breaks the horizon. The morning twilight is divided in three phases, which are determined by the angular distance of the centre of the Sun (degrees below the horizon) in the morning. These are astronomical, nautical and civil twilight.

Astronomical dawn
Astronomical dawn begins when the center of the Sun is 18 degrees below the horizon in the morning. Astronomical twilight follows instantly until the center of the Sun is 12 degrees below the horizon. At this point, a very small portion of the Sun's rays illuminate the sky and the fainter stars begin to disappear. Astronomical dawn is often indistinguishable from night, especially in areas with light pollution. Astronomical dawn marks the beginning of astronomical twilight, which lasts until nautical dawn.

Nautical dawn
Nautical twilight begins when there is enough light for sailors to distinguish the horizon at sea, but the sky is still too dark to perform outdoor activities. It begins when the center of the Sun is 12 degrees below the horizon in the morning. Nautical dawn marks the start of nautical twilight, which lasts until civil dawn.

Civil dawn
Civil dawn begins when there is enough light for most objects to be distinguishable, so that some outdoor activities can commence. It occurs when the center of the Sun is 6 degrees below the horizon in the morning.

When the sky is clear, it is blue colored, and if there are clouds or haze, bronze, orange and yellow colors are seen. Some bright stars and planets such as Venus and Jupiter are still visible to the naked eye at civil dawn. This moment marks the start of civil twilight, which lasts until sunrise.

Effects of latitude
The duration of the morning twilight (i.e. between astronomical dawn and sunrise) varies greatly depending on the observer's latitude: from a little over 70 minutes at the Equator, to many hours in the polar regions.

The Equator
The period of twilight is shortest at the Equator, where the equinox Sun rises due east and sets due west, at a right angle to the horizon. Each stage of twilight (civil, nautical, and astronomical) lasts only 24 minutes. From anywhere on Earth, the twilight period is shortest around the equinoxes and longest on the solstices.

Polar regions
Daytime becomes longer as the summer solstice approaches, while nighttime gets longer as the winter solstice approaches. This can have a potential impact on the times and durations of dawn and dusk. This effect is more pronounced closer to the poles, where the Sun rises at the vernal equinox and sets at the autumn equinox, with a long period of twilight, lasting for a few weeks.

The polar circle (at north or south) is defined as the lowest latitude at which the Sun does not set at the summer solstice. Therefore, the angular radius of the polar circle is equal to the angle between Earth's equatorial plane and the ecliptic plane. This period of time with no sunset lengthens closer to the pole.

Near the summer solstice, latitudes higher than about 54°34′ get no darker than nautical twilight; the "darkness of the night" varies greatly at these latitudes.

At latitudes higher than about 60°34′, summer nights get no darker than civil twilight. This period of "bright nights" is longer at higher latitudes.

Example
Around the summer solstice, Glasgow, Scotland at 55°51′ N, and Copenhagen, Denmark at 55°40′ N, get a few hours of "night feeling". Oslo, Norway at 59°56′ N, and Stockholm, Sweden at 59°19′ N, seem very bright when the Sun is below the horizon. When the Sun gets 9.0 to 9.5 degrees below the horizon (at summer solstice this is at latitudes 57°30′–57°00′), the zenith gets dark even on cloud-free nights (if there is no full moon), and the brightest stars are clearly visible in a large majority of the sky.

Mythology and religion
In Islam, Zodiacal Light (or "false dawn") is referred to as False Morning (Subhe-Kazeb, Persian صبح کاذب) and Astronomical dawn is called Sahar (سحر) or True Morning (Subhe-Sadeq, Persian صبح صادق), and it is the time of first prayer of the day, and the beginning of the daily fast during Ramadan.

Many Indo-European mythologies have a dawn goddess, separate from the male Solar deity, her name deriving from PIE *h2ausos-, derivations of which include Greek Eos, Roman Aurora and Indian Ushas. Also related is Lithuanian Aušrinė, and possibly a Germanic *Austrōn- (whence the term Easter).

In Sioux mythology, Anpao is an entity with two faces.

The Hindu dawn deity Ushas is female, whereas Surya, the Sun, and Aruṇa, the Sun's charioteer, are male. Ushas is one of the most prominent Rigvedic deities. The time of dawn is also referred to as the brahmamuhurta (Brahma is the god of creation and muhurta is a Hindu time of the day), and is considered an ideal time to perform spiritual activities, including meditation and yoga. In some parts of India, both Usha and Pratyusha (dusk) are worshipped along with the Sun during the festival of Chhath.

Jesus in the Bible is often symbolized by dawn in the morning, also when Jesus rose on the third day it happened during the morning. Prime is the fixed time of prayer of the traditional Divine Office (Canonical Hours) in Christian liturgy, said at the first hour of daylight. Associated with Jesus, in Christianity, Christian burials take place in the direction of dawn.

In Judaism, the question of how to calculate dawn (Hebrew Alos/Alot HaShachar, or Alos/Alot) is posed by the Talmud, as it has many ramifications for Jewish law (such as the possible start time for certain daytime commandments, like prayer). The simple reading of the Talmud is that dawn takes place 72 minutes before sunrise. Others, including the Vilna Gaon, have the understanding that the Talmud's timeframe for dawn was referring specifically to an equinox day in Mesopotamia, and is therefore teaching that dawn should be calculated daily as commencing when the Sun is 16.1 degrees below the horizon. The longstanding practice among most Sephardic Jews is to follow the first opinion, while many Ashkenazi Jews follow the latter view.

In literature

 * Homer uses the stock epithet "rosy-fingered Dawn" frequently in The Iliad and The Odyssey
 * An aubade (Occitan Alba, German Tagelied) is a song about lovers having to separate at daybreak
 * Aurora Musis amica (Dawn is a friend to the Muse), in Epigrammata Disticha Poetarum Latinorum, Veterum et Recentum, Nobiliora (1642) by Barthold Nihus
 * The Dawn, volume 1 on Jean-Christophe written by Romain Rolland
 * Dawn, a novel written by Henry Rider Haggard, published in 1884
 * "Dawn", a poem written by Rupert Brooke published in The Collected Poems of Rupert Brooke
 * "Dawn", a poem written by Richard Aldington
 * "Dawn", a poem written by Emily Dickinson
 * "Dawn", a poem written by Francis Ledwidge
 * "Dawn", a poem written by John Masefield
 * "Dawn", a poem written by William Carlos Williams
 * I Greet the Dawn: Poems, a book of poetry written by Paul Laurence Dunbar, published January 1, 1978, by Atheneum Books
 * "Dawn", a four-line poem from Lyrics of Lowly Life, a book of poetry written by Paul Laurence Dunbar, originally published in 1896. This poem was published again in The Complete Poems of Paul Laurence Dunbar, the 1913 collection of his work--

 * An angel, robed in spotless white,

 * Bent down and kissed the sleeping Night.

 * Night woke to blush; the sprite was gone.

 * Men saw the blush and called it Dawn.
 * -Dawn by Paul Laurence Dunbar

title: Dawn


text: User talk:62.190.237.180

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:62.190.237.180


text:
Dusk

Dusk occurs at the darkest stage of twilight, or at the very end of astronomical twilight after sunset and just before nightfall. At predusk, during early to intermediate stages of twilight, enough light in the sky under clear conditions may occur to read outdoors without artificial illumination; however, at the end of civil twilight (when Earth rotates to a point at which the center of the Sun's disk is 6° below the local horizon), such lighting is required to read outside. The term dusk usually refers to astronomical dusk, or the darkest part of twilight before night begins.

Technical definitions

The time of dusk is the moment at the very end of astronomical twilight, just before the minimum brightness of the night sky sets in, or may be thought of as the darkest part of evening twilight. However, technically, the three stages of dusk are as follows:
 * At civil dusk, the center of the Sun's disc goes 6° below the horizon in the evening. It marks the end of civil twilight, which begins at sunset. At this time objects are still distinguishable and depending on weather conditions some stars and planets may start to become visible to the naked eye. The sky has many colors at this time, such as orange and red. Beyond this point artificial light may be needed to carry out outdoor activities, depending on atmospheric conditions and location.
 * At nautical dusk, the Sun moves to 12° below the horizon in the evening. It marks the end of nautical twilight, which begins at civil dusk. At this time, objects are less distinguishable, and stars and planets appear to brighten.
 * At astronomical dusk, the Sun's position is 18° below the horizon in the evening. It marks the end of astronomical twilight, which begins at nautical dusk. After this time the Sun no longer illuminates the sky, and thus no longer interferes with astronomical observations.

title: Dusk


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User talk:Birchtree

I'm going to write an article on Ben Hajioff

 * Oh, good God! -- Oliver P. 21:25 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

Keith Pereira has just left to meet you for dinner. It's probably a good idea to get off the Wikipedia and make that date, sirrah.

 * Righty-ho. I actually set off slightly late, as I had to fix the article on a certain artist (if one can call him that) that someone had created... But anyway, welcome to the Wikipedia! I hope you like the place and decide to behave yourself. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers, mate! ;) -- Oliver P. 10:28 Mar 3, 2003 (UTC)

Hello again, Birchtree.

In the article on The Birthday Party which you added this morning, you wrote, "This article is taken from Howlspace.com". I just went to that site and looked for copyright information, but couldn't find any. Do you own the copyright, or has the copyright owner agreed to release the material under the GNU Free Documentation License? These things are important, so please let us know by doing the requisite typing on your keyboard. -- Oliver P. 13:58 Mar 3, 2003 (UTC)

Ah. No actually, this is the one case where I just lifted it from the page without asking. Sorry. Birchtree

Martin doesn't like your idea of having a "not goth" article... It doesn't say a lot, but perhaps more could be added...? Would you like to defend it, or just let it go? -- Oliver P. 15:23 Mar 3, 2003 (UTC)

I've responded. Birchtree

About the datestamping: if you put three tildes at the end of a post, it comes up with a link to your user page; if you put four , it comes up with a link to your user page, followed by a timestamp. Hope that helps! -- Oliver P. 04:00 Mar 4, 2003 (UTC)

Aha. Thanks. Birchtree 04:46 Mar 4, 2003 (UTC)

Now, now, stop that... Fishes indeed! You could have at least made them stegosauruses or something... -- Oliver P. 02:02 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

 * Pfft. The formatting is all wrong. It might adversely affect my present campaign to become a sysop. ;) Anyway, have you got any more articles up your sleeve? Know any famous polydactyls...? -- Oliver P. 02:12 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

 * I thought they were all extinct. :S Birchtree 02:16 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

 * :) Actually, now that I look at the page again, there aren't any living people on it... Hmm, there must be some... -- Oliver P. 03:44 Mar 11, 2003 (UTC)

Unreferenced BLPs
Hello Birchtree! Thank you for your contributions. I am a bot alerting you that 1 of the articles that you created  is tagged as an Unreferenced Biography of a Living Person. The biographies of living persons policy requires that all personal or potentially controversial information be sourced. In addition, to ensure verifiability, all biographies should be based on reliable sources. if you were to bring this article up to standards, it would greatly help us with the current Category:All_unreferenced_BLPs article backlog. Once the article is adequately referenced, please remove the unreferencedBLP tag. Here is the article:

Thanks!--DASHBot (talk) 23:51, 8 January 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) Jon Crosby -

title: User talk:Birchtree


text:
1977 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1977.

Events

 * February 20 – An episode of Doctor on the Go, co-written by Douglas Adams and Graham Chapman, marks the beginning of Adams' career as a writer for BBC radio.
 * March 4 – Andrés Caicedo commits suicide by overdose, aged 25, about a month after the publication of his novel ¡Que viva la música! ("Let Music Live!", translated as Liveforever) in his hometown of Cali, Colombia.
 * April 27 – Héctor Germán Oesterheld, Argentine comic book writer born 1919), is kidnapped by the military authorities; he is believed to have died in detention a few months later.
 * July 11 – The English magazine Gay News is found guilty of blasphemous libel for publishing a homoerotic poem, "The Love That Dares to Speak Its Name" by James Kirkup, in a case (Whitehouse v Lemon) at the Old Bailey in London, on behalf of Mary Whitehouse's National Viewers and Listeners Association. John Mortimer appears for the defence. It is the first such prosecution since 1921 and will be the last before the offense is abolished in 2008.
 * September 15 – Christopher Tolkien, with Guy Gavriel Kay, completes and publishes his late father's work, The Silmarillion.
 * Fall – Philosophy and Literature appears as an academic journal founded at Johns Hopkins University. It explores connections between literary and philosophical studies, presenting ideas on the aesthetics of literature, critical theory, and the philosophical interpretation of literature.
 * October – Norman Mailer punches Gore Vidal in the face at a New York City party.
 * December 31 – Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Ngugi wa Mirii are detained in Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Kenya, six weeks after the première of their political Kikuyu language play Ngaahika Ndeenda (I Will Marry When I Want) at the open-air Kamiriithu Community Education and Cultural Centre. While imprisoned, Ngũgĩ will write the first modern novel in Kikuyu, Devil on the Cross (Caitaani mũtharaba-Inĩ), on prison-issue toilet paper.

Fiction

 * Ales Adamovich, Janka Bryl and Uladzimir Kalesnik – Я из огненной деревни (Belarusian: Я з вогненнай вёскі; Out of the Fire)
 * Jorge Amado – Tieta do Agreste
 * Eric Ambler – Send No More Roses
 * Jay Anson – The Amityville Horror
 * Margaret Atwood – Dancing Girls
 * Richard Bach – Illusions
 * Richard Bachman – Rage
 * Leland Bardwell – Girl on a Bicycle
 * Caroline Blackwood – Great Granny Webster
 * Gerd Brantenberg – Egalias døtre (The Daughters of Egalia, 1985, also Egalia's Daughters, 1986)
 * Terry Brooks – The Sword of Shannara
 * Andrés Caicedo – ¡Que viva la música!
 * J. M. Coetzee – In the Heart of the Country
 * Robin Cook – Coma
 * Robert Coover – The Public Burning
 * Basil Copper – And Afterward, the Dark
 * L. Sprague de Camp
 * The Hostage of Zir
 * The Queen of Zamba
 * L. Sprague de Camp and Lin Carter – Conan of Aquilonia
 * Edmund Crispin – The Glimpses of the Moon
 * Michel Déon – The Foundling's War
 * Kay Dick – They: a sequence of unease
 * Philip K. Dick – A Scanner Darkly
 * Joan Didion – A Book of Common Prayer
 * Buchi Emecheta – The Slave Girl
 * Howard Fast – The Immigrants
 * Timothy Findley – The Wars
 * Leon Forrest – The Bloodworth Orphans
 * John Fowles – Daniel Martin
 * Marilyn French – The Women's Room
 * Jane Gardam – Bilgewater
 * Helen Garner – Monkey Grip
 * Pauline Gedge – Child of the Morning
 * Richard Gordon – The Invisible Victory
 * Günter Grass – The Flounder (Der Butt)
 * Mark Helprin – Refiner's Fire
 * Hammond Innes – The Big Footprints
 * Erica Jong – How to Save Your Own Life
 * Elias Khoury – الجبل الصغير (al-Jabal al-saghir, The Little Mountain)
 * Stephen King – The Shining
 * Derek Lambert – Blackstone on Broadway
 * John le Carré – The Honourable Schoolboy
 * Ernest Lehman – The French Atlantic Affair
 * Robert Ludlum – The Chancellor Manuscript
 * Brian Lumley – The Horror at Oakdeene and Others
 * Ngaio Marsh – Last Ditch
 * George R. R. Martin – Dying of the Light
 * Colleen McCullough – The Thorn Birds
 * Larry McMurtry – Terms of Endearment
 * Robert Merle – Fortune de France
 * Toni Morrison – Song of Solomon
 * Iris Murdoch – The Sea, the Sea
 * Péter Nádas – The End of a Family Story
 * John Neal – The Genius of John Neal: Selections from His Writings (edited by Benjamin Lease and Hans-Joachim Lang)
 * Patrick O'Brian – The Mauritius Command
 * Ellis Peters – A Morbid Taste for Bones
 * Barbara Pym – Quartet in Autumn
 * Ruth Rendell – A Judgement in Stone
 * Alun Richards – Ennal's Point
 * Harold Robbins – Dreams Die First
 * Paul Scott – Staying On
 * Erich Segal – Oliver's Story
 * Irwin Shaw – Beggarman, Thief
 * M. P. Shiel – Prince Zaleski and Cummings King Monk
 * Sidney Sheldon – Bloodline
 * Leslie Marmon Silko – Ceremony
 * Elizabeth Smart – A Bonus
 * Botho Strauß – Devotion
 * Remy Sylado – Gali Lobang Gila Lobang
 * Craig Thomas – Firefox
 * J. R. R. Tolkien (died 1973) – The Silmarillion
 * Melvin Van Peebles – The True American, A Folk Fable
 * Mario Vargas Llosa – Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter (La tía Julia y el escribidor)
 * P. G. Wodehouse (died 1975) – Sunset at Blandings
 * Christopher Wood – James Bond, The Spy Who Loved Me

Children and young people

 * Chinua Achebe
 * The Drum
 * The Flute
 * Richard Adams
 * The Plague Dogs
 * The Ship's Cat
 * Sandra Boynton – Hippos Go Berserk!
 * Helen Cresswell – The Bagthorpe Saga
 * Willi Glasauer – Le Journal Enseveli (The Buried Newspaper)
 * Rumer Godden – The Rocking Horse Secret
 * Shirley Hughes – Dogger
 * Diana Wynne Jones – Charmed Life
 * Ruth Manning-Sanders – A Book of Enchantments and Curses
 * C. L. Moore (with Alicia Austin) – Black God's Shadow
 * Bill Peet – Big Bad Bruce
 * Maurice Sendak – Seven Little Monsters
 * Barbara Smucker – Underground to Canada (also Runaway to Freedom: A Story of the Underground Railway)
 * Peter Spier – Noah's Ark
 * Judith Viorst – Alexander, Who Used to be Rich Last Sunday

Drama

 * Robert Bolt – State of Revolution
 * Roger Hall – Middle-Age Spread
 * Tony Harrison (adapter) – The Mysteries
 * Mike Leigh – Abigail's Party
 * Heiner Müller – Die Hamletmaschine (written)
 * Mary O'Malley – Once a Catholic
 * Dennis Potter – Brimstone and Treacle
 * Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Ngugi wa Mirii – Ngaahika Ndeenda
 * John Wells – The Immortal Haydon

Poetry

 * Frank Belknap Long – In Mayan Splendor

Non-fiction

 * Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. – The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business
 * Bruce Chatwin – In Patagonia
 * Robert Coles – Children of Crisis
 * vol. 4, Eskimos, Indians, Chicanos
 * vol. 5, The Privileged Ones: The Well-off and the Rich in America
 * Esther Deans – Esther Deans' Gardening Book: Growing Without Digging
 * Len Deighton – Fighter: the True Story of the Battle of Britain
 * Patrick Leigh Fermor – A Time Of Gifts
 * Jim Fixx – The Complete Book of Running
 * Robert B. Gottlieb – Thinking Big
 * Michael Herr – Dispatches
 * Edith Holden (died 1920) – The Country Diary of an Edwardian Lady
 * R. C. Majumdar – The History and Culture of the Indian People, vol. 11
 * Bharati Mukherjee and Clark Blaise – Days and Nights in Calcutta
 * V. S. Naipaul – India: A Wounded Civilization
 * David M. Potter – The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861
 * E. F. Schumacher – A Guide for the Perplexed
 * A. T. Q. Stewart – The Narrow Ground: Aspects of Ulster 1609–1969
 * Lawrence Stone – The Family, Sex and Marriage in England, 1500–1800
 * Peter Ustinov – Dear Me

Births

 * February 21 – Jonathan Safran Foer, American novelist
 * March 4 – Dan Wells, American horror and science fiction author
 * May 2 – Alessandro D'Avenia, Italian writer
 * July 18 – Alfian Sa'at, Singaporean writer, poet and playwright
 * August 24 – John Green, American author and YouTube vlogger
 * October 16 – Laura Wade, English playwright
 * September 5 – Tena Štivičić, Croatian playwright
 * September 15 – Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Nigerian novelist
 * November 12 – Richelle Mead, American young-adult novelist

Deaths

 * January 5 – Artur Adson, Estonian poet, writer and theatre critic (b. 1889)
 * January 14 – Anaïs Nin, French-Cuban erotic novelist and diarist (born 1903)
 * January 18 – Carl Zuckmayer, German playwright (born 1896)
 * January 26 – William Glynne-Jones, Welsh novelist and children's writer (born 1907)
 * February 19 – Anthony Crosland, British author and politician (born 1918)
 * February 27 – John Dickson Carr, American crime novelist (born 1906)
 * March 4
 * Andrés Caicedo, Colombian novelist and cinéaste (suicide, born 1951)
 * Mihai Gafița, Romanian editor, literary historian and children's novelist (killed in earthquake, born 1923)
 * Alexandru Ivasiuc, Romanian novelist (killed in earthquake, born 1933)
 * March 15 – Hubert Aquin, French Canadian novelist, essayist and political activist (suicide, born 1929))
 * April 7 – Jim Thompson, American fiction writer (born 1906)
 * April 11 – Jacques Prévert, French poet and screenwriter (born 1900)
 * May 9 – James Jones, American novelist (heart failure, born 1921)
 * July 2 – Vladimir Nabokov, Russian/American novelist (born 1899)
 * July 15 – Konstantin Fedin, Russian writer (born 1892)
 * July 20 – Friedrich Georg Jünger, German writer (born 1898)
 * August 13 – Henry Williamson, English naturalist and novelist (born 1895)
 * August 20 – Gurbaksh Singh, Punjabi novelist (born 1914)
 * August 26 – H. A. Rey, German-born American children's writer and illustrator (born 1898)
 * September 1 – Ștefan Tita, Romanian polygraph and journalist activist (born 1905)
 * September 4 – E. F. Schumacher, German-born economist (born 1911)
 * September 12 – Robert Lowell, American poet (heart attack, born 1917)
 * October 27 – James M. Cain, American novelist and newspaperman (born 1892)
 * November 10 – Dennis Wheatley, English occult novelist (born 1897)
 * November 30
 * Miloš Crnjanski, Serbian poet and novelist (born 1893)
 * Terence Rattigan, English dramatist (bone cancer, born 1911)
 * December 9 – Clarice Lispector, Brazilian novelist (ovarian cancer, born 1920)
 * December 22 – Frank Thiess, German novelist (born 1890)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize in Literature: Vicente Aleixandre

Canada

 * 1977 Governor General's Awards

France

 * Prix Goncourt: Didier Decoin, John l'enfer
 * Prix Médicis French: Michel Butel, L'Autre Amour
 * Prix Médicis International: Héctor Bianciotti, Le Traité des saisons – Argentina

Spain

 * Premio Miguel de Cervantes: Alejo Carpentier

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: Paul Mark Scott, Staying On
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Gene Kemp, The Turbulent Term of Tyke Tiler
 * Eric Gregory Award: Tony Flynn, Michael Vince, David Cooke, Douglas Marshall, Melissa Murray
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: John le Carré, The Honourable Schoolboy
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: George Painter, Chateaubriand: Volume 1 – The Longed-For Tempests
 * Knighthood for services to the theatre: Peter Hall
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Norman Nicholson
 * Whitbread Best Book Award: Beryl Bainbridge, Injury Time

United States

 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for the Novel, Saul Bellow
 * Nebula Award: Frederik Pohl, Gateway
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Mildred D. Taylor, Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry
 * Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science: Gerard K. O'Neill, The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Michael Cristofer, The Shadow Box
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: no award given
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: James Merrill, Divine Comedies
 * Pulitzer Prize for History: David M. Potter: The Impending Crisis, 1841-1861 (Completed and edited by Don E. Fehrenbacher).
 * Pulitzer Prize for Biography: John E. Mack: A Prince of Our Disorder: The Life of T.E. Lawrence

Rest of the World

 * Miles Franklin Award: Ruth Park, Swords and Crowns and Rings
 * Premio Nadal: José Asenjo Sedano, Conversación sobre la guerra
 * Viareggio Prize: Davide Lajolo, Veder l'erba dalla parte delle radici

title: 1977 in literature


text:
Bristol (disambiguation)

Bristol is a city and county in the South-west of England.

Bristol may also refer to:

Businesses

 * Bristol Aeroplane Company, an early British aviation company
 * Bristol Aerospace, a Canadian aerospace firm
 * Bristol Boats, an Indian fibreglass boat manufacturer
 * Bristol Cars, a British manufacturer of luxury cars
 * Bristol Commercial Vehicles, a British manufacturer of buses and trucks
 * Bristol Omnibus Company, a British bus operator
 * Bristol Paint, an Australian decorating supplies company

Canada

 * Bristol, Quebec
 * Bristol, New Brunswick
 * Bristol, Nova Scotia

United Kingdom

 * Bristol Airport
 * Bristol Castle
 * Bristol (European Parliament constituency), existed 1979–1999
 * Bristol (UK Parliament constituency), existed 1295–1885

United States

 * Bristol Bay, Alaska
 * Bristol Mountains, California
 * Bristol, Colorado
 * Bristol, Connecticut
 * Bristol, Florida
 * Bristol, Georgia
 * Bristol, Illinois
 * Bristol, Indiana
 * Bristol, Maine
 * Bristol, Maryland
 * Bristol County, Massachusetts
 * Bristol Township, Minnesota
 * Bristol, New Hampshire, a town
 * Bristol (CDP), New Hampshire, the main village in the town
 * Bristol, New York
 * Bristol, Perry County, Ohio
 * Bristol Township, Morgan County, Ohio
 * Bristol, Pennsylvania
 * Bristol Township, Pennsylvania
 * Bristol, Rhode Island
 * Bristol County, Rhode Island
 * Bristol, South Dakota
 * Bristol, Tennessee
 * Bristol, Texas
 * Bristol, Vermont, a town
 * Bristol (CDP), Vermont, the main settlement in the town
 * Bristol, Virginia
 * Bristol (village), Wisconsin
 * Bristol, Dane County, Wisconsin, a town
 * Bristol (town), Kenosha County, Wisconsin, a former town

Elsewhere

 * Bristol Island, of the South Sandwich Islands
 * Playa Bristol, a beach in Mar del Plata, Argentina

Ships

 * Bristol, a US steamboat
 * Bristol City, a British cargo ship
 * HMS Bristol (1653), a 48-gun warship
 * HMS Bristol (1711), a 54-gun fourth-rate ship
 * HMS Bristol (1775), a 50-gun fourth-rate ship
 * HMS Agincourt (1796), a 64-gun third-rate ship, renamed HMS Bristol in 1812
 * HMS Bristol (1861), a wooden screw frigate
 * HMS Bristol (1910), a Town-class light cruiser
 * HMS Bristol (D23), a unique Type 82 destroyer launched in 1973
 * USS Bristol (DD-453), a Gleaves-class destroyer commissioned in 1941
 * USS Bristol (DD-857), Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer commissioned in 1945
 * USS Arthur L. Bristol, a United States Navy high-speed transport in commission from 1945 to 1946
 * A subclass of Town-class cruiser

Other uses

 * Bristol (solitaire), a card game
 * Bristol blue glass
 * Bristol board, a type of paper
 * Bristol F.2 Fighter, a biplane aircraft
 * Bristol Head, a mountain in Colorado
 * Bristol Motor Speedway, a NASCAR racetrack in Tennessee
 * Bristol Bears, a rugby union club in England
 * Bristol Stool Scale, a human faeces classification chart
 * Bristol wrench, a hand tool
 * Hotel Bristol, a common hotel name
 * Marquess of Bristol, a title in the British aristocracy
 * Caenorhabditis elegans var Bristol, a historic subspecies of C. elegans worms

People with the surname

 * Arthur L. Bristol (1886–1942), U.S. Navy admiral
 * Dave Bristol (born 1933), American baseball manager
 * Johnny Bristol (1939–2004), American musician
 * Kenny Bristol (born 1952), Guyanese boxer
 * Kervin Bristol (born 1988), Haitian basketball player
 * Mark Lambert Bristol, U.S. Navy admiral
 * Nathan Bristol (1805–1874), American merchant and politician
 * Wheeler H. Bristol (1818–1904), American engineer and politician

People with the given name

 * Bristol Palin (born 1990), American personality and real estate agent

title: Bristol (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Hall's marriage theorem

Infinity of S
Is S allowed to be infinite? If so, this should probably be mentioned, and the link to cardinal number provided. AxelBoldt 21:01 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Saying S is "(not necessarily countable)" implies that it may or may not be infinite (since all finite sets are countable).  But I don't see any reason to include a link to cardinal number.  According to the text, S may have cardinality of any cardinal number (including finite ones).  It may also be of size of any ordinal.  Should we include references to ordinal numbers too?  S is just a set.  To say that should be enough--we shouldn't have to say what properties the set could have. Rob 20:09, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Paragraph copied from source
It appears that the paragraph
 * This can also be applied to the problem of Assignment: Given a set of n employees, fill out a list of the jobs each of them would be able to preform. Then, we can give each person a job suited to their abilities if, and only if, for every value of k (1...n), the union of any k of the lists contains at least k jobs.

is copied almost directly from the bottom of page 10 of the first reference. Ah -- by looking at the history it appears that Robert Borgersen has lifted the quoted paragraph from his own work. Is this ok, copyright-wise? Sam nead 19:49, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I can't see any problem with me using my own work as a reference. :) But maybe in the future, people will look and see that it was 'copied' from my work, and not notice that I wrote it.  Feel free to reword it...or not...whatever. :)  Rob 20:09, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not the place to post original research. If you read a proof that Hall's theorem easily implies Menger's theorem then you should cite that proof.  Don't cite your own work posted on the web.  If you are the first person to prove that Hall's theorem implies Menger's theorem, then that is cool.  Go publish in a combinatorics journal.  Then cite the journal. Don't cite your own work posted on the web.

 * I should add that I feel that self-plagiarism is bad form in Wikipedia and very bad form in academia. Don't do it.  yours, Sam nead 04:12, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I can definately see how referencing yourself can be bad form, but what I've posted was nothing like original research. The paper I did was like a survey of these 7 theorems in combinatorics, and I reference at the end the papers/books I used.  For me to copy and paste text that I wrote in a survey to another survey on the same topic (wikipedia can be looked at as a survey), whats wrong with it?  Would you still consider it bad form?  Maybe should I change it to an 'External Link' rather than a 'Reference'?  Like saying 'Here is some info on this topic...here is a link with more info on this topic'.  How's that sound?  Or maybe I should copy and paste the references as well?  Rob 23:48, 9 December 2005 (UTC)

Question about (*)
While it's true that

$$\left\vert\bigcup(T\cup T')\right\vert \ge \left\vert T\cup T'\right\vert$$ and $$\left\vert\cup T\right\vert \ge \left\vert T\right\vert$$

(by assumption), how does that allows us to say that

$$\left\vert\bigcup(T\cup T')\right\vert - \left\vert\cup T\right\vert \ge \left\vert T\cup T'\right\vert - \left\vert T\right\vert$$

which is used at the end of the proof?

--71.226.232.199 17:24, 14 January 2006 (UTC)

It's also true that $$\left\vert\cup T\right\vert = \left\vert T\right\vert$$ --12.72.245.95 13:06, 9 June 2006 (UTC)

Good point! I've removed the (*).

(128.112.139.195 04:46, 21 December 2006 (UTC))

The Konig-Egervary theorem
The Konig-Egervary theorem is the same thing as Konig's theorem, or so I thought. Maybe nowadays one name is used for the statement about bipartite graphs and the other for the (trivially equivalent) statement about 0-1 matrices: In a finite matrix (not necessarily square) whose coefficients are all 0 or 1, the minimum number of "lines" (meaning rows or columns, mixtures allowed) sufficient to cover all the 1's, is equal to the maximum number of 1's no two of which are on a common line. —Preceding unsigned comment added by LDH (talk • contribs)

 * As far as I can tell from a quick Google, K-E refers to the matrix version, but as you say they are very easily equivalent, and the title "Gráfok és mátrixok" of König's 1931 paper suggests that he was well aware of the equivalence. Maybe it's so easy that K-E should be listed as a section in the König's theorem article, and the redlink redirected, rather than making a new article for it? One thing I'm not sure of, though, and would want to include, is who Egervary was and what contribution Egervary made to the problem. —David Eppstein 06:03, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

 * I added a page for Jenő Egerváry. Regarding his contribution to the problem, it was to prove a generalization of König's result to weighted graphs. This is described quite in detail in the combinatorial optimization book by Lex Schrijver. I might add this at some later time. –Voidstar

only if
The system says that there's an SDR iff the marriage condition holds. The proof gives the "if" direction, but not the "only if." (Of course the "only if" direction is trivial, but it should be stated!)

Eclecticos 04:40, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Equivalence to Max Flow Min Cut
Any reference for why Hall's theorem is equivalent to the Max Flow Min Cut Theorem? The PDF linked to gives no answer. I just know how Hall follows from Max Flow Min Cut, but not the other way round - and in fact, the other way it seems pretty unlikely to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.233.151.120 (talk) 09:59, 4 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I second this comment. I asked for a source in the article. 83.23.210.94 (talk) 16:01, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Reference is inaccessible
Gives me a 403. Is there any way to put that source somewhere publicly viewable (or get a different source altogether)?

Junocola (talk) 03:49, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I am shocked that my presentation is still here as a reference! I added it years ago now.  Looking at it now, it's certainly not written the best, but I have updated the link.  I am glad people are still finding it useful...maybe I will update it and write it a little better. Looking back at the conversation I had with people above years ago, I do now realize how silly it was of me to pull words out of my own work and post it here.  I would not do that again. :)  --Rob (talk) 00:22, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

Questions
Some paragraphs from the text: Thanks, --Abdull (talk) 17:57, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
 * The marriage condition for S is that, for any subcollection T = {Ti } of S, $$|\bigcup T_i| \ge |T|$$ (i.e. the set created by the union of some n elements, which are themselves subsets of M, in S must itself have cardinality of at least n)
 * The given number example could be used to demonstrate this condition (as I have problems understanding this condition...:-).
 * There is no n in the formula. Is this a common abbreviation?
 * If we let Mi be the set of men that the i-th woman would be happy to marry, then the marriage theorem states that each woman can happily marry a man if and only if the collection of sets {Mi} meets the marriage condition.
 * Wouldn't it be better to speak of Si rather than Mi, as M was defined beforehand differently?

Perfect matching
Hello, the article currently says this:
 * Given a bipartite graph G:= (S + T, E) with two equally sized partitions S and T [...] a perfect matching exists if and only if for every subset X of S
 * $$\|X\| \leq \|N_G(X)\setminus S\|.$$
 * In other words every subset X has enough adjacent vertices in T.

I don't understand why the $$\setminus S$$ is necessary: isn't $$N_G(X)$$ a subset of T, which is disjoint from S? Maybe I'm just reading something incorrectly... Shreevatsa (talk) 20:48, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Sorry, you're right. I thought X could include vertices from both sides of the bipartition but that doesn't work. I'll undo my undo. —David Eppstein (talk) 21:17, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Ground set
Even knowing the version of Hall's Theorem for perfect matchings in bipartite graphs, I found the opening sentences initially confusing. At the time X and S are mentioned, there's no indication that X and the members of S are drawn from the same ground set. Someone thinking of a more general setting soon finds that the theorem seems hard to apply. Just a consideration. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.183.202.19 (talk) 08:05, 13 October 2010 (UTC)

Problem with "collection of sets"
There is a technical problem with the statement and proof of the theorem. The article starts out by using "collection of sets", which is not a precisely defined notion. Is it a set of sets, as one can find elsewhere, e.g. here http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Set_Theory/Sets? If that were the case, the statement of the theorem would be too weak, because multiple members of that collection may actually be identical. Worse still, the proof is actually incorrect if phrased in terms of sets of sets - I'll leave it as an excercise to find out where. But although the word "collection" is used initially, the proof is phrased entirely in terms of sets, i.e. technically speaking wrong although morally fine.

Looking at the mathematical literature shows one way to fix the problem: Replace the "collection" S by a sequence A1, ..., An. That is the standard approach but does not scale well to infinite S. A second alternative is to make S an indexed family of sets Ai with i a member of some index set I. Both Ai and I are simply sets, and I can be infinite. Either fix requires to rewrite the proof, but only notationally.

Nipkow (talk) 08:20, 3 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Is there a reason it doesn't work to interpret "collection" as meaning multiset? Using a sequence seems distasteful to me because the extra ordering information in a sequence is superfluous. —David Eppstein (talk) 09:26, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

 * Technically, multisets work fine, and sequences are indeed needlessly ordered. The only problem with multisets is notation and meaning. You can refer to multiset for that, but isn't it going to be confusing that you use sets and multisets together (S is a multiset, its elements are sets), with identical notation? This is actually quite subtle. Look at the formula $$ \left\vert\bigcup T\right\vert=\left\vert T\right\vert$$ from the proof: in $$\vert T\vert$$ you mean the cardinality of the multiset $$T$$, but in $$ \left\vert\bigcup T\right\vert$$, the union operator is a union on sets, and thus we are taking the cardinality of a set. Strictly speaking, $$\bigcup T$$ is not even defined on the multiset page because you are not taking the union of multisets but of sets, which took me a moment to realize. Hence my preference would be for an Indexed family.

 * Another small point: you may want to refer to Halmos and Vaughan in the text, since the proof is theirs. Nipkow (talk) 17:19, 4 January 2011 (UTC)

Problem with "subset of men"
I think the language that "Each woman would happily marry some subset of the men" is imprecise. It sounds polygamous. I have changed it to make it more precise. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 159.91.213.146 (talk) 14:41, 4 March 2011 (UTC)

Article flow
The Theorem is stated with respect to SDR's, then the graph theory equivalent is proved, then the graph theory equivalent is stated. Seems like the proof should be changed to SDR proof, or relocated to be after the statement of the graph theory version. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.152.45.46 (talk) 03:57, 18 October 2011 (UTC)

Infinite S?
Although implied in the article and explicitly mentioned on this talk page, I have never seen a reference that states that the result is valid for infinite S. The bipartite graph proof given (out of context ... this does need to be fixed) just omits to mention that the bipartite graphs are finite - which is explicit in the following section. I very much doubt the validity of the result for infinite S without having any reference to the Axiom of Choice. Perhaps there has been a confusion with the variation of the Marriage theorem proved by Marshall Hall, Jr. (of no relation with Philip Hall, except that they were both from Oxford Cambridge University) which permits the individual sets to be infinite, but still only a finite number of them. This variant gives a lower bound on the number of SDR's that a finite family of sets can have. (By a finite family of sets I mean a "collection" of sets which may have repeats, but having only a finite number of sets when counted with multiplicity). If I am wrong about this please provide a reference. Thanks. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 05:08, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Upon closer examination of Marshall Hall's work, it is clear that my comments above are incorrect. S may be infinite provided the individual sets are finite as the current lead states. I will provide the reference. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 17:30, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

S C X
In the proof it says "|N(S)| ≥ |S| for all S C X". Is the "C" a subset symbol? I.e. $$|N(S)| \ge |S| \text{ for all } S \subset X$$?--Rumping (talk) 07:47, 20 January 2012 (UTC)
 * One might consider reverting, or at least using the old text as a guide. JackSchmidt (talk) 17:12, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

I am intending on rewriting and reorganizing parts of this page(probably this weekend) and will take care of that little problem. I'll also add a section on Marshall Hall's variant which gives a lower bound on the number of SDR's that are present. And, while I'm at it, I will also fix the lead to be consistent with the references I provide, unless I hear an objection to my comment in the above section. Bill Cherowitzo (talk) 17:44, 20 January 2012 (UTC)

Something is not right in "Proof of the graph theoretic version hard way"
It is stated that, "On the other hand, NG(W) ⊆ Z: let v in Y be connected to a vertex w in W. The edge (w,v) must be in M, otherwise u reaches w via an alternating path not containing v, and we could take this alternating path ending in w and extend it with v, getting an augmenting path (which would again contradict the maximality of M)." But extending the path with (w,v) doesn't necessarily make it augmenting, as v may not be unmatched.

Using a vertex not in M to extend alternating path
I discovered a similar issue to the section above, I think: in the hard direction of the graph-theoretic proof, we try to show that the entire neighbourhood of a certain w reachable through alternating paths from u is inside Z (the vertices in the right-hand set reached by an alternating path). For the one vertex z = M(w), this is obviously true. But for other vertices v in w's neighbourhood, it says: "If the edge (w,v) is not in M, then one can use it to extend any alternating path that goes from u to w. In either case, v is visited by some alternating path (...)" This would mean that there exists another vertex w2 in W for which v = M(w2), since the path must end in the left-hand set and alternate. What is the proof that all neighbours of w are in M's range? Without this, the proof is broken. --MewTheEditor (talk) 15:49, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The definition of alternating paths does not require that "path must end in the left-hand set". That is a consequence of an earlier inference within the proof, not part of the definition. So your objection, that this new edge would contradict a requirement, is bogus because it is not a requirement. —David Eppstein (talk) 23:30, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't understand how that earlier inference is not useful. In particular: according to what you're saying, would the resulting path (extending u ->* w with the edge w -> v and stopping there) not be an augmenting path (since, as the earlier result shows, we can toggle "M" to "not M" on that path), violating maximality of the matching? --MewTheEditor (talk) 00:56, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * An ALTERNATING path is one that swaps between matched and unmatched. An AUGMENTING path is an alternating path that starts and ends with an unmatched vertex. They are not the same. —David Eppstein (talk) 01:02, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * The quote I gave is literally "If the edge (w,v) is not in M, then one can use it to extend any alternating path that goes from u to w. In either case, v is visited by some alternating path (...)". The proof previously shows that an alternating path that starts on the left side and ends on the right side violates the maximality of M. You now claim that it is perfectly fine to construct an alternating path from u (left) to v (right) with as its last edge (w,v). I don't see how this doesn't jeopardise the maximality of M. --MewTheEditor (talk) 09:19, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Because the augmenting paths are the ones that jeopardize maximality, not the alternating paths. A maximal alternating path that ends on the wrong side is augmenting. An alternating path that ends on the wrong side but is not maximal (can be extended again later) is not. —David Eppstein (talk) 16:42, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, I know, which is the whole point I am making: you say "can be extended again later", and I say that you should prove that this extension is always possible. We have an alternating path from u to w, which looks something like (u,z1,w1,z2,w2,...,w). Now we take a v in w's neighbourhood and extend this path: (u,z1,w1,z2,w2,...,w,v). Unless there exists a w3 such that M(w3) = v, you can now no longer extend this alternating path. That makes it a maximal alternating path. That makes it an augmenting path. That makes it a problem. By contradiction, that means you can always extend from v to some w3 for which M(w3) = v. But who says M's range comprises all the neighbours of w? The right-hand side is perfectly capable of having vertices that are not mapped to by M. What if such a vertex is in w's neighbourhood? Then there is no w3. Then you have a problem. --MewTheEditor (talk) 21:00, 5 June 2022 (UTC)
 * If the edge exists, the alternating path can be extended. Period. Whether w3 exists (making it non-maximal) or whether w3 doesn't exist (proved impossible earlier in the proof) is irrelevant at this step of the proof. We don't need to know whether the extended path is maximal to know that it is an extended path. —David Eppstein (talk) 21:11, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

Application to a standard deck of cards
After the example with the standard deck of cards, the page says: more generally, any regular bipartite graph has a matching. But is this "more general"? Isn't the graph in the deck of cards example not necessarily regular? Samuel Coskey (talk) 19:04, 17 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hall's marriage theorem


text:
1976 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1976.

Events

 * June 21 – The Market Theatre in Johannesburg, South Africa, is opened as a multiracial venue by Barney Simon.
 * September 3 – Novelist Antonio di Benedetto is released from prison after 18 months of imprisonment and torture under the National Reorganization Process (military dictatorship) in Argentina.
 * September 9 – The Royal Shakespeare Company starts a noted production of Shakespeare's Macbeth at The Other Place, Stratford-upon-Avon, England, with Ian McKellen and Judi Dench in the leading roles, directed by Trevor Nunn.
 * October 25 – The Royal National Theatre on London's South Bank opens in premises designed by Sir Denys Lasdun, with a performance of Goldoni's 18th-century comedy Il Campiello.
 * unknown dates
 * Théâtre Nanterre-Amandiers is established in new premises at Nanterre.
 * Mary Ronnie became the world's first female national librarian, at the National Library of New Zealand.

Fiction

 * Ann Beattie – Chilly Scenes of Winter
 * John Braine – Waiting for Sheila
 * William F. Buckley – Saving the Queen (the first Blackford Oakes thriller)
 * Anthony Burgess – Beard's Roman Women
 * Ramsey Campbell – The Height of the Scream
 * Brian Garfield – Gundown
 * Fănuș Neagu – Frumoșii nebuni ai marilor orașe ("Those Beautiful Lunatics of the Great Cities")

Children and young people

 * Richard Adams – The Tyger Voyage

Drama

 * Ngugi wa Thiong’o and Mugo – The Trial of Dedan Kimathi
 * Neil Simon – California Suite

Births

 * October 31 – Seth Abramson, American journalist and poet
 * unknown dates
 * Bora Chung, Korean short story writer and novelist

Deaths

 * January 12 – Agatha Christie, English crime writer (born 1890)
 * January 25 – Victor Ehrenberg, German historian (born 1891)
 * February 2 – Barbara Euphan Todd, English children's writer (born 1890)
 * February 12 – John Lewis, Welsh philosopher (born 1889)
 * March 5 – Charles Lederer, American screenwriter and film director (born 1910)
 * March 7 – Tove Ditlevsen, Danish poet and fiction writer (suicide, born 1917)
 * March 13 – Sergiu Dan, Romanian novelist and journalist (born 1903)
 * April 2 – Taos Amrouche, Algerian novelist (born 1913)
 * April 28 – Richard Hughes, British novelist (born 1900)
 * May 7 – Alison Uttley, English writer of children's books (born 1884)
 * July 3 – Alexander Lernet-Holenia, Austrian poet, dramatist and fiction writer (born 1897)
 * July 15 – Paul Gallico, American novelist, short story and sports writer (born 1897)
 * August 9 – José Lezama Lima, Cuban writer and poet (born [1910)
 * August 29 – Kazi Nazrul Islam, Bengali poet (born 1899)
 * September 10 – Dalton Trumbo, American novelist and screenwriter (born 1905)
 * October 30 – Barbu Solacolu, Romanian poet, translator and economist (born 1897)
 * November 4 – Robert Speaight, English actor, biographer and essayist (born 1904)
 * November 6 – Patrick Dennis, American novelist (pancreatic cancer, born 1921)
 * November 23 – André Malraux, French novelist (born 1901)
 * December 21 – Munro Leaf, American children's author (born 1905)
 * December 22 – Martín Luis Guzmán, Mexican novelist and journalist (born 1887)
 * December 26 – Yashpal, Hindi novelist (born 1903)
 * December 29 – G. B. Edwards, Guernsey-born writer (born 1899)

title: 1976 in literature


text:
User:Oliver Pereira/and0rod

Benjamin ("Ben") Hajioff (born October 23, 1980) is a British artist and composer of electronic music, under the pseudonym and0rod. He is not well-known, but has published several tunes on the Internet, and has had one ("Piss House") published by TEFOSAV records in a compilation album. He does not use his real name in his artistic life.

He was born in London into a middle-class Jewish family which according to his own account once lived in exile in the former USSR or possibly Persia, and he is a cousin of Dr. Steve Hajioff, a public health doctor who has broadcast regularly on a London radio station about medical matters.

He was a regular contributor to the Channel 4 forum devoted to discussion of the comedy duo Adam and Joe for about four years, where he was known for his surreal style of writing, until the forum was replaced early in 2003.

title: User:Oliver Pereira/and0rod


text:
1975 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1975.

Events

 * January 1 – English-born comic writer P. G. Wodehouse is awarded a knighthood, six weeks before he dies in the United States.
 * January – Colin Dexter's detective novel Last Bus to Woodstock introduces his Oxford police officer, Inspector Morse.
 * April 23
 * Barbara Pym and Philip Larkin meet in person for the first time, at the Randolph Hotel, Oxford, after years of correspondence.
 * Harold Pinter's play No Man's Land is premièred by the National Theatre at The Old Vic in London, directed by Peter Hall and starring Sir John Gielgud and Sir Ralph Richardson.
 * April 28 – Harold Pinter leaves his first wife, the actress Vivien Merchant, having begun an affair with the married biographer Lady Antonia Fraser on January 8.
 * May 10 – Leftist Salvadoran poet, journalist and political activist Roque Dalton (born 1935) is assassinated by former colleagues in the People's Revolutionary Army (El Salvador).
 * August 12 – As the 20-year time limit stipulated by Thomas Mann at his death expires, sealed packets of 32 of the author's notebooks are opened in Zürich, Switzerland.
 * unknown dates
 * Writing as Émile Ajar, the author Romain Gary becomes the only person to win the Prix Goncourt twice.
 * Radical Australian poet Dorothy Hewett publishes her collection Rapunzel in Suburbia, triggering a successful libel action by her ex-husband.
 * Hearing Secret Harmonies, the twelfth and final novel in the A Dance to the Music of Time series begun in 1951 by Anthony Powell, is published.
 * The French critic Hélène Cixous coins the term Écriture féminine in an article, "Le Rire de la méduse".
 * Milan Kundera emigrates from Czechoslovakia to France, to take up an academic position at the University of Rennes.
 * The Petrarca-Preis is founded by Hubert Burda.

Fiction

 * Chabua Amirejibi – Data Tutashkhia
 * Edward Abbey – The Monkey Wrench Gang
 * Dritëro Agolli – Njeriu me top (The Man with the Cannon)
 * Martin Amis – Dead Babies
 * Natalie Babbitt –  Tuck Everlasting
 * J. G. Ballard – High-Rise
 * Donald Barthelme – The Dead Father
 * Saul Bellow – Humboldt's Gift
 * Thomas Bernhard – Correction (Korrektur)
 * Jorge Luis Borges – The Book of Sand (El libro de arena, short stories)
 * Malcolm Bradbury – The History Man
 * John Braine – The Pious Agent
 * Charles Bukowski – Factotum
 * Morley Callaghan – A Fine and Private Place
 * J. L. Carr – How Steeple Sinderby Wanderers Won the F.A. Cup
 * Agatha Christie – Curtain: Poirot's last case (written in 1940s)
 * James Clavell – Shōgun
 * Michael Crichton – The Great Train Robbery
 * A. J. Cronin – The Minstrel Boy
 * Robertson Davies – World of Wonders
 * L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt – The Compleat Enchanter
 * Samuel R. Delany – Dhalgren
 * Michel Déon – The Foundling Boy (Le Jeune Homme vert)
 * August Derleth – Harrigan's File
 * Guram Dochanashvili – The First Garment
 * E. L. Doctorow – Ragtime
 * Max Frisch – Montauk
 * Carlos Fuentes – Terra Nostra
 * William Gaddis – J R
 * Gabriel García Márquez – The Autumn of the Patriarch (El Otoño del Patriarca)
 * Romain Gary as Émile Ajar – The Life Before Us (La vie devant soi)
 * Rumer Godden – The Peacock Spring
 * Arthur Hailey – The Moneychangers
 * Peter Handke – A Moment of True Feeling (Die Stunde der wahren Empfindung)
 * Thomas Harris – Black Sunday
 * Xavier Herbert – Poor Fellow My Country
 * Georgette Heyer – My Lord John
 * Jack Higgins – The Eagle Has Landed
 * Ruth Prawer Jhabvala – Heat and Dust
 * Gayl Jones – Corregidora
 * Stephen King – Salem's Lot
 * Sheridan Le Fanu (died 1873) – The Purcell Papers
 * Derek Lambert – Touch the Lion's Paw
 * David Lodge – Changing Places
 * Robert Ludlum – The Road to Gandolfo
 * John D. MacDonald – The Dreadful Lemon Sky
 * Bharati Mukherjee – Wife
 * Abdul Rahman Munif – East of the Mediterranean
 * Gary Myers – The House of the Worm
 * V. S. Naipaul – Guerrillas
 * N. Richard Nash - Cry Macho
 * Tim O'Brien – Northern Lights
 * Gerald W. Page, editor – Nameless Places
 * Robert B. Parker – Mortal Stakes
 * Georges Perec – W, or the Memory of Childhood (W, ou le Souvenir d'enfance)
 * Elizabeth Peters – Crocodile on the Sandbank (first in the Amelia Peabody series)
 * Baltasar Porcel – Horses into the Night (Cavalls cap a la fosca)
 * Anthony Powell – Hearing Secret Harmonies
 * James Purdy – In a Shallow Grave
 * Judith Rossner – Looking for Mr. Goodbar
 * Joanna Russ – The Female Man
 * Nawal El Saadawi – Woman at Point Zero (Emra'a Enda Noktat el Sifr)
 * James Salter – Light Years
 * Paul Scott – A Division of the Spoils
 * Anya Seton – Smouldering Fires
 * Gerald Seymour – Harry's Game
 * Tom Sharpe – Blott on the Landscape
 * Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson – The Illuminatus! Trilogy (individual editions)
 * M. P. Shiel – Xélucha and Others
 * Rex Stout – A Family Affair
 * Glendon Swarthout – The Shootist
 * Julian Symons – A Three-Pipe Problem
 * Joseph Wambaugh – The Choirboys
 * Keith Waterhouse – Billy Liar on the Moon
 * Jack Vance – Showboat World
 * Georgi Vladimov – Faithful Ruslan: The Story of a Guard Dog («Верный Руслан. История караульной собаки», first trade publication)
 * Roger Zelazny – Sign of the Unicorn

Children and young people

 * Verna Aardema (with Leo and Diane Dillon) – Why Mosquitoes Buzz in People's Ears
 * Nina Bawden – The Peppermint Pig
 * Susan Cooper – The Grey King
 * Roald Dahl – Danny, the Champion of the World
 * Rumer Godden – Mr. McFadden's Hallowe'en
 * Peter Härtling – Oma (Grandma)
 * Eva Ibbotson – The Great Ghost Rescue
 * Ronald McCuaig – Fresi Fantastika (Norwegian translation of Gangles)
 * Ruth Park – The Muddle-Headed Wombat and the Invention
 * Robert Westall – The Machine Gunners
 * Mercer Mayer – Just for You (first in the Little Critter series)

Drama

 * Alan Ayckbourn – Bedroom Farce
 * Thomas Bernhard – Der Präsident
 * Patrick Galvin – We Do It For Love
 * Trevor Griffiths – Comedians
 * Christopher Hampton – Treats
 * David Hare
 * Fanshen
 * Teeth 'n' Smiles
 * Colin Higgins and Denis Cannan with Peter Brook – The Ik
 * Franz Xaver Kroetz
 * Geisterbahn (Ghost Train)
 * Das Nest (The Nest)
 * Tom Murphy – The Sanctuary Lamp
 * Stewart Parker – Spokesong
 * Harold Pinter – No Man's Land
 * Wole Soyinka – Death and the King's Horseman
 * Ben Travers – The Bed Before Yesterday
 * Charles Wood – Jingo

Poetry

 * Lin Carter – Dreams from R'lyeh
 * Leslie Norris – Mountains, Polecats, Pheasants and other Elegies

Non-fiction

 * Philip Agee – Inside the Company: CIA Diary
 * Kingsley Amis – Rudyard Kipling and His World
 * Robert Bresson – Notes on the Cinematographer (Notes sur le cinématographe)
 * Jacob Bronowski – The Ascent of Man
 * Mary Chamberlain – Fenwomen: a portrait of women in an English village
 * L. Sprague de Camp
 * Blond Barbarians and Noble Savages
 * Lovecraft: A Biography
 * The Miscast Barbarian: a Biography of Robert E. Howard
 * S. M. Dubey – Social Mobility Among the Professions
 * Michel Foucault – Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Surveiller et punir: Naissance de la prison)
 * Paul Fussell – The Great War and Modern Memory
 * Paul Horgan – Lamy of Santa Fe
 * Frank Belknap Long – Howard Phillips Lovecraft: Dreamer on the Nightside
 * Philip Roth – Reading Myself and Others
 * Peter Singer – Animal Liberation
 * Paul Theroux – The Great Railway Bazaar

Births

 * January 13 – Daniel Kehlmann, German novelist
 * February 25 – Carrie Mac, Canadian young-adult fiction writer
 * February 27 – Cynan Jones, Welsh novelist
 * April 11 – Walid Soliman, Tunisian author and translator
 * June 23
 * Hugh Howey, American science-fiction writer
 * Markus Zusak, Australian young-adult novelist
 * July 19 – Martina Montelius, Swedish playwright
 * August 20 – Matthew and Michael Dickman, American poets
 * October 13 - Robin Parrish, American speculative fiction writer
 * October 27 – Zadie Smith (Sadie Smith), English novelist
 * December 19 – Brandon Sanderson, American fiction writer
 * unknown dates
 * Gavin Francis, Scottish medical writer and physician
 * Shehan Karunatilaka, Sri Lankan English-language novelist

Deaths

 * January 15 – Sydney Goodsir Smith, Scottish poet, dramatist and novelist (heart attack; born 1915)
 * February 14
 * Sir Julian Huxley, English biologist and author (born 1887)
 * Sir P. G. Wodehouse, English-born comic novelist (born 1881)
 * February 20 – Ivan Sokolov-Mikitov, Russian author (born 1882)
 * March 3 – T. H. Parry-Williams, Welsh poet (born 1887)
 * March 7 – Kate Seredy, Hungarian-born American children's writer and illustrator (born 1899)
 * March 13 – Ivo Andrić, Yugoslav novelist and Nobel laureate (born 1892)
 * April 23 – Rolf Dieter Brinkmann, German poet (killed in hit-and-run-accident in London, born 1940)
 * May 21 – A. H. Dodd, Welsh historian (born 1891)
 * June 8 – Murray Leinster (William Fitzgerald Jenkins), American science fiction writer (born 1896)
 * July 10 – Peter Frederick Anson, English writer on religion and maritime matters (born 1889)
 * September 20 – Saint-John Perse (Alexis Leger), French poet and Nobel laureate (born 1887)
 * October 5 – Lady Constance Malleson, Irish actress and writer (born 1895)
 * October 22 – Arnold J. Toynbee, English historian (born 1889)
 * November 13 – R. C. Sherriff, English dramatist and novelist (born 1896)
 * November 19 – Elizabeth Taylor, English novelist (cancer; born 1912)
 * November 25 – Edward Hyams, English historian and novelist (born 1910)
 * November 27 – Ross McWhirter, English sports journalist and joint compiler of Guinness Book of Records (assassinated, born 1925)
 * December 4 – Hannah Arendt, German-American philosopher (born 1906)
 * December 7 – Thornton Wilder, American novelist and dramatist (born 1897)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Eugenio Montale

Canada

 * See 1975 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.

France

 * Prix Goncourt: Romain Gary as Emile Ajar – La vie devant soi
 * Prix Médicis French: Jacques Almira, Le Voyage à Naucratis
 * Prix Médicis International: Steven Millhauser, La Vie trop brève d'Edwin Mulhouse – United States

Spain

 * Premio Nadal: Francisco Umbral, Las ninfas

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, Heat and Dust
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Robert Westall, The Machine Gunners
 * Cholmondeley Award: Jenny Joseph, Norman MacCaig, John Ormond
 * Duff Cooper Prize: Seamus Heaney, North
 * Eric Gregory Award: John Birtwhistle, Duncan Bush, Val Warner, Philip Holmes, Peter Cash, Alasdair Paterson
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Brian Moore, The Great Victorian Collection
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Karl Miller, Cockburn's Millennium

United States

 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Belles Lettres: Kenneth Burke
 * Nebula Award: Joe Haldeman, The Forever War
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Virginia Hamilton, M. C. Higgins, the Great
 * Newdigate Prize: Andrew Motion
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Edward Albee, Seascape
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Michael Shaara – The Killer Angels
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Gary Snyder – Turtle Island

Elsewhere

 * Miles Franklin Award: Xavier Herbert, Poor Fellow My Country
 * Viareggio Prize: Paolo Volponi, Il sipario ducale

title: 1975 in literature


text:
1974 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1974.

Events

 * February – Novelist Juan Carlos Onetti is one of a group arrested by the Uruguayan dictatorship for selecting as a competition prizewinner and publishing in the newspaper Marcha a short story implicitly critical of the military regime. He subsequently goes into exile in Spain.
 * February 12 – After publication at the end of 1973 of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's The Gulag Archipelago (Архипелаг ГУЛАГ), the author is arrested for treason; the following day he is deported from the Soviet Union. In spring and summer the first translations into French and English begin to appear.
 * August 8 – The first of Armistead Maupin's Tales of the City is published as a serial in The Pacific Sun (Marin County, California).
 * October 21 – New Guildhall Library opens in the City of London.
 * unknown dates
 * The Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics is founded by Allen Ginsberg and Anne Waldman.
 * German writer Uwe Johnson moves to Sheerness on the English Isle of Sheppey.

Fiction

 * Eric Ambler – Doctor Frigo
 * Kingsley Amis – Ending Up
 * René Barjavel – Les Dames à la licorne
 * Augusto Roa Bastos – I, the Supreme (Yo el supremo)
 * Peter Benchley – Jaws
 * Hal Bennett – Wait Until the Evening
 * Heinrich Böll – The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum (Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum oder: Wie Gewalt entstehen und wohin sie führen kann)
 * Anthony Burgess – The Clockwork Testament, or Enderby's End
 * Andrés Caicedo – "Maternidad"
 * Agatha Christie – Poirot's Early Cases
 * Roald Dahl – Switch Bitch
 * Philip K. Dick – Flow My Tears, The Policeman Said
 * Annie Dillard – Pilgrim at Tinker Creek
 * Lawrence Durrell – Monsieur
 * Frederick Forsyth – The Dogs of War
 * John Fowles – The Ebony Tower
 * Donald Goines – Crime Partners
 * Imil Habibi – The Secret Life of Saeed: The Pessoptimist (الوقائع الغريبة في اختفاء سعيد أبي النحس المتشائل, Al-Waqāʾiʿ al-gharībah fī 'khtifāʾ Saʿīd Abī 'l-Naḥsh al-Mutashāʾil)
 * John Hawkes – Death Sleep
 * Joseph Heller – Something Happened
 * James Herbert – The Rats
 * Hammond Innes – North Star
 * Anna Kavan – Let Me Alone
 * Stephen King – Carrie
 * Manuel Mujica Láinez
 * El laberinto
 * El viaje de los siete demonios
 * Derek Lambert
 * Blackstone and the Scourge of Europe
 * The Yermakov Transfer
 * Margaret Laurence – The Diviners
 * John le Carré – Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy
 * Ursula K. Le Guin – The Dispossessed
 * Madeleine L'Engle – A Wind in the Door
 * H. P. Lovecraft and August Derleth – The Watchers Out of Time and Others
 * Robert Ludlum – The Cry of the Halidon
 * Brian Lumley – Beneath the Moors
 * Ngaio Marsh – Black as He's Painted
 * Colleen McCullough – Tim
 * Nicholas Meyer – The Seven-Per-Cent Solution
 * James A. Michener – Centennial
 * Elsa Morante – La Storia (History. A Novel, 1978)
 * Gerald Murnane – Tamarisk Row
 * Meja Mwangi – Carcase for Hounds
 * Vladimir Nabokov – Look at the Harlequins!
 * Edith Pargeter – Sunrise in the West (first in the Brothers of Gwynedd quartet)
 * Robert B. Parker – God Save the Child
 * Ellen Raskin – Figgs & Phantoms
 * Ishmael Reed – The Last Days of Louisiana Red
 * Brigitte Reimann (died 1973) – Franziska Linkerhand
 * Harold Robbins – The Pirate
 * Fran Ross – Oreo
 * Leonardo Sciascia – Todo modo
 * Tom Sharpe – Porterhouse Blue
 * Sidney Sheldon – The Other Side of Midnight
 * C. P. Snow – In Their Wisdom

Children and young people

 * Richard Adams – Shardik
 * Stan and Jan Berenstain – The Berenstain Bears' New Baby
 * Robert Cormier – The Chocolate War
 * Paula Danziger – The Cat Ate My Gymsuit
 * Fynn (Sydney Hopkins) – Mister God, This Is Anna
 * Virginia Hamilton – M. C. Higgins, the Great
 * Diana Wynne Jones – The Ogre Downstairs
 * Ruth Manning-Sanders – A Book of Sorcerers and Spells
 * Jill Murphy – The Worst Witch
 * Bill Peet – Merle the High Flying Squirrel
 * Miriam Roth – A Tale of Five Balloons (מעשה בחמישה בלונים)
 * Richard Scarry – The Best Rainy Day Book Ever
 * Jill Paton Walsh – The Emperor's Winding Sheet
 * Mary E. Wilkins-Freeman – Collected Ghost Stories

Drama

 * Nezihe Araz – Bozkır Güzellemesi (An Ode to the Steppe)
 * Michael Cook – Jacob's Wake
 * Dario Fo – Can't Pay? Won't Pay! (Non Si Paga! Non Si Paga!)
 * Paavo Haavikko
 * Ratsumies (The Horseman)
 * Kuningas lähtee Ranskaan (The King Goes Forth to France)
 * Harald Pitkäikäinen
 * Ira Levin – Veronica's Room
 * Mustapha Matura – Play Mas
 * Harold Pinter – No Man's Land
 * David Rudkin – Penda's Fen (television play)
 * Tom Stoppard – Travesties

Poetry

 * Duncan Bush, Tony Curtis, Nigel Jenkins – Three Young Anglo-Welsh Poets

Non-fiction

 * Maya Angelou – Gather Together in My Name
 * Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward – All the President's Men
 * Augusto Boal – Teatro del oprimido y otras poéticas políticas (translated as Theatre of the Oppressed 1979)
 * Vincent Bugliosi with Curt Gentry – Helter Skelter
 * Robert A. Caro – The Power Broker
 * David Clark – Social Therapy in Psychiatry
 * Shelby Foote – The Civil War: A Narrative – Vol 3: Red River to Appomattox
 * The Freud/Jung Letters
 * Dumas Malone – Jefferson the President: Second Term, 1805-1809
 * Robert M. Pirsig – Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance
 * Erin Pizzey – Scream Quietly or the Neighbours Will Hear
 * Jonathan Raban – Soft City
 * Piers Paul Read – Alive: The Story of the Andes Survivors
 * Barbu Solacolu – Evocări. Confesiuni. Portrete (Memoirs. Confessions. Portraits)
 * Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia (Հայկական Սովետական Հանրագիտարան, Haykakan sovetakan hanragitaran; begins publication)
 * Lewis Thomas – The Lives of a Cell: Notes of a Biology Watcher
 * Studs Terkel – Working
 * Joseph Wambaugh – The Onion Field

Births

 * January 6 – Romain Sardou, French novelist
 * January 26 – Shannon Hale, American fantasy author
 * February 15 – Miranda July (née Grossinger), American filmmaker, performance artist and fiction writer
 * April 13 – K. Sello Duiker, South African novelist (died 2005)
 * June 12 – Chika Unigwe, Nigerian novelist writing in English and Dutch
 * August 7 – Faisal Tehrani, Malaysian novelist
 * August 9 – Ryūsui Seiryōin (清涼院 流水), Japanese novelist
 * August 18 – Nicole Krauss, American novelist
 * August 23 – Serhiy Zhadan, Ukrainian poet, novelist and essayist
 * September 20 – Owen Sheers, Fijian-born Welsh poet, playwright and novelist
 * November 4 – Carlos Be, Spanish playwright
 * December 26 – Joshua John Miller, American novelist and screenwriter
 * unknown dates
 * Naomi Alderman, English novelist
 * Sarah Hall, English novelist
 * Joanna Kavenna, English novelist and travel writer
 * Joe Meno, American novelist and journalist
 * Roger Williams, Welsh dramatist and screenwriter

Deaths

 * January 20 – Edmund Blunden, English poet and critic (born 1896)
 * January 25 – James Pope-Hennessy, English biographer (murdered, born 1916)
 * January 29
 * H. E. Bates, English novelist (born 1905)
 * Sheila Stuart, Scottish author and children's writer (born 1892)
 * February 2 – Marieluise Fleißer, German dramatist (born 1901)
 * February 24 – Martin Armstrong, English poet and short story writer (born 1882)
 * March 3 – Carl Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss historian (born 1891)
 * March 8 – Buddhadeb Bosu, Bengali poet and writer (born 1908)
 * March 19 – Austin Clarke, Irish poet, playwright and novelist (born 1896)
 * March 24 – Olive Higgins Prouty, American novelist (born 1882)
 * April 14 – Howard Pease, American novelist (born 1894)
 * May 9 – L. T. C. Rolt, English biographer and writer of ghost stories (born 1910)
 * May 13 – Arthur J. Burks, American writer (born 1898)
 * June 2 – Tom Kristensen, Danish novelist and poet (born 1893)
 * June 11 – Julius Evola, Italian esotericist, journalist and philosopher (born 1898)
 * June 9 – Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemalan Nobel Prize-winning novelist (born 1899)
 * July 3 – Samuel Roth, American publisher (born 1893)
 * July 4 – Georgette Heyer, English novelist (born 1902)
 * July 16 – Oduvaldo Vianna Filho, Brazilian playwright (born 1936)
 * July 29 - Erich Kästner, German children's author (born 1899)
 * August 7 – Rosario Castellanos, Mexican writer and diplomat (electric shock, born 1925)
 * August 11 – Jan Tschichold, German-born typographer and writer (born 1902)
 * August 17 – Emma L. Brock, American children's author and illustrator (born 1886)
 * September 11 – Lois Lenski, American author and illustrator (born 1893)
 * September 21 – Jacqueline Susann, American novelist (born 1918)
 * October 4 – Anne Sexton, American poet (born 1928)
 * October 28 – David Jones, Anglo-Welsh poet and artist (born 1895)
 * October 29 – Victor E. van Vriesland, Dutch writer (born 1892)
 * November 5 – William Gardner Smith, expatriate American novelist and journalist (born 1927)
 * November 7 – Eric Linklater, Welsh-born Scottish novelist and travel writer (born 1899)
 * November 26 – Cyril Connolly, English critic and writer (born 1903)
 * December 14 – Walter Lippmann, American writer (born 1889)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Eyvind Johnson and Harry Martinson

Canada

 * See 1974 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.

France

 * Prix Goncourt: Pascal Lainé, La Dentellière
 * Prix Médicis French: Porporino ou les Mystèrs de Naples
 * Prix Médicis International: Julio Cortázar, Libro de Manuel

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: Nadine Gordimer, The Conservationist and Stanley Middleton, Holiday.
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Mollie Hunter, The Stronghold
 * Cholmondeley Award: D.J. Enright, Vernon Scannell, Alasdair Maclean
 * Eric Gregory Award: Duncan Forbes, Roger Garfitt, Robin Hamilton, Frank Ormsby, Penelope Shuttle
 * Newdigate prize: Alan Hollinghurst
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Lawrence Durrell, Monsieur, or the Prince of Darkness
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: John Wain, Samuel Johnson
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Ted Hughes

United States

 * Frost Medal: John Hall Wheelock
 * Hugo Award: Arthur C. Clarke, Rendezvous with Rama
 * Nebula Award: Ursula K. Le Guin, The Dispossessed
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Paula Fox, The Slave Dancer
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: no award given
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: no award given
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Robert Lowell, The Dolphin

Elsewhere

 * Miles Franklin Award: Ronald McKie, The Mango Tree
 * Premio Nadal: Luis Gasulla, Culminación de Montoya
 * Viareggio Prize: Clotilde Marghieri, Amati enigmi

title: 1974 in literature


text:
1973 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1973.

Events

 * March 6 – The Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, founded as the Montenegrin Society for Science and Arts (Crnogorsko društvo za nauku i umjetnost) in Podgorica, elects its first members.
 * March – 5 Italian fascists abduct Franca Rame (wife of Dario Fo) and rape, beat and mutilate her. She and Fo continue to write and tour drama in Italy, although Fo is arrested by police in November.
 * May 14
 * New orthography for the Greenlandic language is introduced.
 * François Truffaut's film Day for Night (La Nuit américaine) premieres; novelist Graham Greene (credited as Henry Graham) has a cameo role as an English insurance company representative.
 * June 21
 * The Supreme Court of the United States delivers its decision in the landmark case Miller v. California, establishing the "Miller test" for determining obscenity.
 * Virago Press, registered on June 18 in the U.K. by Carmen Callil mainly to publish classics by women writers, holds its first board meeting; its first book will be published in 1975.
 * July 26 – Peter Shaffer's drama Equus is premièred in London by the National Theatre company at The Old Vic.
 * September – Following the overthrow of President Allende by a military regime, book burnings take place in Chile.
 * September 16 – Chilean poet and playwright Víctor Jara, detained four days earlier as a political prisoner in Estadio Chile and tortured during the 1973 Chilean coup d'état, is shot and killed. His last poem, "Estadio Chile", is preserved in memories and scraps of paper retained by fellow detainees.
 * September 25 – The funeral of Chilean poet Pablo Neruda becomes a focus for protests against the new government of Augusto Pinochet.
 * December 3 – French police of the Direction de la surveillance du territoire, disguised as plumbers, are caught trying to install a spy microphone in the directors' office of the Paris satirical paper Le Canard enchaîné.
 * c. December 27 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's novel The Gulag Archipelago (Архипелаг ГУЛАГ, written 1958–1968) is first published, by the Paris publisher Éditions du Seuil from a typescript smuggled out of the Soviet Union.
 * unknown dates
 * André Brink's novel Kennis van die aand ("Looking on Darkness") becomes the first Afrikaans book banned by the government of South Africa.
 * Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita (Ма́стер и Маргари́та) is first published complete in Moscow (in the form left at the author's death in 1940), by Khudozhestvennaya Literatura.
 * Frank Herbert becomes director-photographer of the television show, The Tillers.
 * Robert B. Parker starts the Boston-based Spenser book series with his debut crime novel The Godwulf Manuscript.

Fiction

 * Nelson Algren – The Last Carousel (short stories)
 * Martin Amis – The Rachel Papers
 * J. G. Ballard – Crash
 * René Barjavel – The Immortals
 * Donald Barr - Space Relations
 * Thomas Berger – Regiment of Women
 * Joseph Payne Brennan – Stories of Darkness and Dread
 * Rita Mae Brown – Rubyfruit Jungle
 * John Brunner – The Stone That Never Came Down
 * Ramsey Campbell – Demons by Daylight
 * Jerome Charyn – The Tar Baby
 * Agatha Christie – Postern of Fate
 * Arthur C. Clarke – Rendezvous with Rama
 * Basil Copper – From Evil's Pillow
 * Julio Cortázar – Libro de Manuel (A Manual for Manuel)
 * L. Sprague de Camp – The Fallible Fiend
 * L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, editors – Tales Beyond Time
 * Michel Déon – Un Taxi mauve
 * August Derleth – The Chronicles of Solar Pons
 * Michael Ende – Momo
 * Paul E. Erdman – The Billion Dollar Sure Thing
 * J. G. Farrell – The Siege of Krishnapur
 * Leon Forrest – There Is A Tree More Ancient Than Eden
 * William Goldman – The Princess Bride ("S. Morgenstern's Classic Tale of True Love and High Adventure, The "Good Parts" Version")
 * Graham Greene – The Honorary Consul
 * Elisabeth Harvor – Women and Children (11 stories revised as Our Lady of All Distances in 1991)
 * L.P. Hartley – The Will and the Way
 * Robert A. Heinlein – Time Enough for Love
 * Witi Ihimaera – Tangi
 * Hammond Innes – Golden Soak
 * Joseph Joffo – A Bag of Marbles (Un sac de billes)
 * B. S. Johnson – Christie Malry's Own Double-Entry
 * James Jones – A Touch of Danger
 * Anna Kavan – Who Are You?
 * Brian Killick – The Heralds
 * Dean R. Koontz – Demon Seed
 * Jerzy Kosiński – The Devil Tree
 * Milan Kundera – Life Is Elsewhere (Život je jinde, first published in French as La Vie est ailleurs)
 * Derek Lambert
 * Beau Blackstone
 * Blackstone's Fancy
 * Clarice Lispector – Água Viva
 * Robert Ludlum – The Matlock Paper
 * John D. MacDonald – The Turquoise Lament
 * Cormac McCarthy – Child of God
 * Robert Marasco – Burnt Offerings
 * Toni Morrison – Sula
 * Iris Murdoch – The Black Prince
 * Robert B. Parker – The Godwulf Manuscript
 * Mervyn Peake (died 1968) – The Rhyme of the Flying Bomb
 * Anthony Powell – Temporary Kings
 * Thomas Pynchon – Gravity's Rainbow
 * Ernst von Salomon – Der tote Preuße
 * Irwin Shaw – Evening in Byzantium
 * Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn – The Gulag Archipelago (Архипелаг ГУЛАГ)
 * Richard G. Stern – Other Men's Daughters
 * Rex Stout – Please Pass the Guilt
 * Jacqueline Susann – Once Is Not Enough
 * Julian Symons – The Plot Against Roger Rider
 * Hunter S. Thompson – Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72
 * Jack Vance – The Anome
 * Mario Vargas Llosa – Captain Pantoja and the Special Service (Pantaleón y las visitadoras)
 * Gore Vidal – Burr
 * Kurt Vonnegut, Jr. – Breakfast of Champions
 * Patrick White – The Eye of the Storm
 * Rudy Wiebe – Temptations of Big Bear
 * Venedikt Yerofeyev – Moscow-Petushki (Moscow to the end of the line; first commercial publication, in Israel)
 * Roger Zelazny
 * To Die in Italbar
 * Today We Choose Faces

Children and young people

 * Nina Bawden – Carrie's War
 * Thea Beckman – Crusade in Jeans (Kruistocht in spijkerbroek)
 * Lois Duncan – I Know What You Did Last Summer
 * Penelope Lively – The Ghost of Thomas Kempe
 * Ruth Manning-Sanders – A Book of Ogres and Trolls
 * Ruth Park – The Muddle-Headed Wombat and the Bush Band
 * Bill Peet – The Spooky Tail of Prewitt Peacock
 * Dick Roughsey – The Giant Devil Dingo
 * Doris Buchanan Smith – A Taste of Blackberries
 * Patricia Wrightson – The Nargun and the Stars

Drama

 * Alan Ayckbourn – The Norman Conquests
 * Dario Fo
 * Guerra di popolo in Cile (The People's War in Chile - published version includes monologue Mamma Togni)
 * Pum, pum, chi è? La Polizia! (Knock, knock, who's there? The police!)
 * Griselda Gambaro – Information For Foreigners (Información para extranjeros)
 * Jean Poiret – La Cage aux Folles
 * David Rudkin – Cries from Casement as His Bones are Brought to Dublin (radio play)
 * Peter Shaffer – Equus
 * Wole Soyinka – The Bacchae of Euripides

Poetry

 * Allen Curnow – An Abominable Temper and Other Poems
 * Tomás Rivera – Always and other poems

Non-fiction

 * Ernest Becker – The Denial of Death
 * Howard W. Bergerson – Palindromes and Anagrams
 * Allan W. Eckert – The Court-Martial of Daniel Boone
 * Antonia Fraser – Cromwell, Our Chief of Men
 * Nancy Friday – My Secret Garden
 * Pauline Kael – Deeper into Movies (1974 National Book Award winner for Arts and Letters)
 * Christopher Lloyd – Foliage Plants
 * Peter Maas – Serpico
 * New York Bible Society International – New Testament, New International Version (translated into modern American English)
 * Nigel Nicolson – Portrait of a Marriage (compiled from writings of his mother, Vita Sackville-West, died 1962)
 * Tim O'Brien – If I Die in a Combat Zone, Box Me Up and Ship Me Home
 * Bill Owens – Suburbia
 * John Pearson – James Bond: The Authorised Biography of 007
 * Flora Rheta Schreiber – Sybil
 * E. F. Schumacher – Small Is Beautiful
 * Maureen and Tony Wheeler – Across Asia on the Cheap
 * Paula Wolfert – Couscous and Other Good Food from Morocco

Births

 * January 1 – Bryan Thao Worra, Lao writer
 * January 8 – Madhulika Liddle, Indian writer
 * January 13 – Lois Pryce, Scottish-born travel writer and journalist
 * February 10 – Núria Añó, Catalan writer
 * February 21
 * Jacob M. Appel, American short story writer and bioethicist
 * Mariana Savka, Ukrainian poet, children's writer, translator and publisher
 * April 15 – Maria V. Snyder, American fantasy and science-fiction writer
 * May 10 – Tana French, American-born mystery novelist and actress
 * May 20 – Natalka Sniadanko, Ukrainian writer, journalist and translator
 * June 2 – David Bezmozgis, Latvian-Canadian writer
 * June 16 – Veronica Rossi, Brazilian-American young adult novelist
 * August 13 – Kamila Shamsie, Pakistan-born novelist
 * August 18 – Victoria Coren Mitchell, English writer, presenter and poker player, daughter of Alan Coren
 * November 12 - Jay Kristoff, Australian fantasy and science-fiction author
 * November 17 – Marianna Kiyanovska, Ukrainian poet, translator and literary scholar
 * December 20 – Maarja Kangro, Estonian author and poet
 * December 24 – Stephenie Meyer, American young-adult vampire romance writer and film producer
 * unknown dates
 * Frances Hardinge, English young people's fiction writer
 * Ahmed Saadawi, Iraqi writer
 * Juan Gabriel Vásquez, Colombian novelist

Deaths

 * January 15 – Neil M. Gunn, Scottish novelist, dramatist and critic (born 1891)
 * February 22
 * Elizabeth Bowen, Anglo-Irish novelist and short story writer (born 1899)
 * Brigitte Reimann, East German novelist (cancer) (born 1933)
 * March 5 - Robert C. O'Brien, American novelist (born 1918)
 * March 6 – Pearl S. Buck, American novelist (born 1892)
 * March 18 – Roland Dorgelès, French novelist and memoirist (born 1885)
 * March 26 – Sir Noël Coward, English dramatist and humorist (born 1899)
 * April 9 – Warren Lewis, Irish author (born 1895)
 * April 20 – Elisabeth Hauptmann, German writer (born 1897)
 * April 28 – Jacques Maritain, French philosopher (born 1882)
 * April 30 – Jirō Osaragi (大佛 次郎, Haruhiku Nojiri), Japanese novelist (born 1897)
 * May 21 – Carlo Emilio Gadda, Italian poet and linguist (born 1893)
 * June 4 – Arna Bontemps, American poet (born 1902)
 * June 9 – John Creasey, English crime writer (born 1908)
 * June 10 – William Inge, American playwright (born 1913)
 * June 30 – Nancy Mitford, English novelist and biographer (born 1904)
 * July 11 – Nobuko Yoshiya (吉屋 信子, Yoshiya Nobuko), Japanese romantic novelist (born 1896)
 * July 29 – Henri Charrière, French writer and criminal (born 1906)
 * August 1 – Ann Quin, English novelist (born 1936)
 * September 2 – J. R. R. Tolkien, English fantasy writer and scholar (born 1892)
 * September 9 – S. N. Behrman, American playwright, screenwriter and biographer (born 1893)
 * September 13 – Sajjad Zaheer, Urdu writer and revolutionary (born 1899)
 * September 20 – William Plomer, South African-born British novelist, poet and literary editor (born 1903)
 * September 23 – Pablo Neruda, Chilean poet (born 1904)
 * September 29 – W. H. Auden, English-born poet (born 1907)
 * October 6 – Margaret Wilson, American novelist (born 1882)
 * October 28 – Sergio Tofano, Italian dramatist (born 1886)
 * November 8 – Faruk Nafiz Çamlıbel, Turkish poet, author and playwright (born 1898)
 * November 13 – B. S. Johnson, English novelist (suicide) (born 1933)
 * December 7 – Benn Levy, English playwright and politician (born 1900)
 * December 9 – Anthony Gilbert, English crime writer (born 1899)
 * December 11 – May Wedderburn Cannan, English poet (born 1893)
 * December 14 – Josef Magnus Wehner, German poet and playwright (born 1891)
 * unknown date – Kathleen Lindsay, English-born South African romance novelist (born 1903)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize in Literature: Patrick White

Canada

 * See 1973 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.

France

 * Prix Goncourt: Jacques Chessex, L'Ogre
 * Prix Médicis French: Tony Duvert, Paysage de fantaisie
 * Prix Médicis International: Milan Kundera, Life Is Elsewhere

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: J. G. Farrell, The Siege of Krishnapur
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Penelope Lively, The Ghost of Thomas Kempe
 * Cholmondeley Award: Patric Dickinson, Philip Larkin
 * Eric Gregory Award: John Beynon, Ian Caws, James Fenton, Keith Harris, David Howarth, Philip Pacey
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Iris Murdoch, The Black Prince
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: John Heath-Stubbs

United States

 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Poetry, John Crowe Ransom
 * Hugo Award: Isaac Asimov, The Gods Themselves
 * Nebula Award: Arthur C. Clarke, Rendezvous with Rama
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Jean Craighead George, Julie of the Wolves
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Jason Miller, That Championship Season
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Eudora Welty, The Optimist's Daughter
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Maxine Kumin, Up Country

Elsewhere

 * Miles Franklin Award: No award presented
 * Premio Nadal: José García Blázquez, El rito
 * Viareggio Prize: Achille Campanile, Manuale di conversazione

title: 1973 in literature


text:
S. S. Kresge

Sebastian Spering Kresge (July 31, 1867 – October 18, 1966) was an American businessman. He created and owned two chains of department stores, the S. S. Kresge Company, one of the 20th century's largest discount retail organizations, and the Kresge-Newark traditional department store chain. The discounter was renamed the Kmart Corporation in 1977.

Early life and education
Kresge was born near Allentown, Pennsylvania, the son of Sebastian Kresge and the former Catherine Kunkle. Living on the family farm in Kresgeville (named for his ancestors) until he was 21 years old, he was educated in the local public schools, the Fairview Academy, in Brodheadsville, Pennsylvania, and at the Eastman Business College in Poughkeepsie, New York, from which he graduated in March 1889.

Career
Following his graduation, he clerked in a hardware store for two years, then worked as a traveling salesman from 1892 to 1897. On March 20, 1897, Kresge began working for James G. McCrory, the founder of J.G. McCrory's, at a five and ten cent store in Memphis, Tennessee. He continued there for two years.

In 1897 he founded his own company, with Charles J. Wilson, with an $8,000 investment in two five-and-ten-cent stores; one was in downtown Detroit, Michigan, for which he traded ownership in McCrory's. In 1912, he incorporated the S.S. Kresge Company with 85 stores. The company was first listed on the New York Stock Exchange on May 23, 1918. During World War I, Kresge experimented with raising the limit on prices in his stores to $1.

In 1923, he again started a new company, buying out L.S. Plaut & Co., a large traditional department store in Newark, New Jersey. He renamed the store Kresge-Newark, expanded it, and started branch stores. The new department store company was completely independent from the S.S. Kresge discount department store company. By 1924, Kresge was worth approximately $375,000,000 ($ in 2009 dollars) and owned real estate of the approximate value of $100,000,000.

Personal life
He was married and divorced at least twice by 1928. Kresge and his family were members of Detroit's North Methodist Episcopal Church. He held membership in numerous organizations including four Masonic lodges and the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, YMCA, the Detroit Athletic, Boat, and Golf Clubs, Rotary, and various commercial and automobiling societies.

Kresge died on October 18, 1966, at the age of 99.

Legacy
The first Kmart opened in 1962 in Garden City, Michigan. Kresge died in 1966. In 1977, the S. S. Kresge Corporation changed its name to the Kmart Corporation. In 2005, Sears Holdings Corporation became the parent of Kmart and Sears, after Kmart bought Sears, and formed the new parent.

In 1924, Kresge established The Kresge Foundation, a non-profit organization whose income he specified simply "to promote the well-being of mankind". By the time of his death, Kresge had given the foundation over $60,000,000. A strongly committed prohibitionist, he organized the National Vigilance Committee for Prohibition enforcement and also heavily supported the Anti-Saloon League financially, though he later stopped contributions. By 2022, the Foundation's endowment had grown to over $4 billion.

Namesakes

Numerous places have been named after Kresge:

 * The S.S. Kresge Learning Resource Center at Meharry Medical College, established through a grant from the Kresge Foundation
 * The Kresge Eye Institute at Wayne State University, established through a grant from the Kresge Foundation
 * The Kresge Science Complex at Albion College, in Albion, Michigan
 * A street in Amherst, Ohio, Kresge Drive
 * The southern tip of Pemaquid Point in New Harbor, Maine, Kresge Point (they had a summer house there)
 * Kresge College, a residential college at the University of California, Santa Cruz
 * The Kresge Auditorium at Bowdoin College
 * The Kresge Auditorium at Olivet Nazarene University
 * The Kresge Auditorium at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 * The Kresge Auditorium at Stanford University, torn down in 2009
 * The Kresge Auditorium at Interlochen Center for the Arts in Interlochen, Michigan
 * The Kresge Auditorium at Indiana University at Kokomo - Kokomo, Indiana
 * One of Carnegie Mellon College of Fine Arts' theaters
 * The Kresge Ford Building at College for Creative Studies in Detroit, Michigan
 * The Kresge Library at Oakland University in Rochester, Michigan
 * The Kresge Library at University of Michigan Ross School of Business
 * The Kresge Memorial Library at Covenant College
 * The Kresge Engineering Library at University of California, Berkeley
 * The Kresge Physical Sciences Library at Dartmouth College
 * Kresge Chapel on the campus of Claremont School of Theology
 * Kresge Hall at Northwestern University, which currently houses the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences
 * Kresge Hall at Bentley University, a residence hall built in 1975
 * Kresge Hall at Harvard Business School and the Kresge Building at the Harvard School of Public Health
 * Kresge Hall at Metropolitan United Methodist Church
 * Kresge Dining Hall at John Brown University
 * The Kresge Law Library at the University of Notre Dame was funded, in part, by a grant from the Kresge Foundation.
 * The Kresge Art Center at Michigan State University is his namesake.
 * The Kresge School of Nursing at the University of Western Ontario was named after Kresge after he donated $200,000 in 1960.
 * The Purdy-Kresge Library at Wayne State University.
 * The Kresge Administration Building at Tuskegee University
 * The Kresge Court at the Detroit Institute of Art in Detroit, Michigan
 * YMCA Camp Kresge, owned and operated by the Wilkes-Barre Family YMCA in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania

title: S. S. Kresge