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Jacques de Molay

Jacques de Molay (c. 1240–1250 – 11 or 18 March 1314 ), also spelled "Molai", was the 23rd and last grand master of the Knights Templar, leading the order sometime before 20 April 1292 until it was dissolved by order of Pope Clement V in 1312. Though little is known of his actual life and deeds except for his last years as Grand Master, he is one of the best known Templars.

Jacques de Molay's goal as grand master was to reform the order, and adjust it to the situation in the Holy Land during the waning days of the Crusades. As European support for the Crusades diminished, other forces were at work which sought to disband the order and claim the wealth of the Templars as their own. King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the Templars, had Molay and many other French Templars arrested in 1307 and tortured into making false confessions. When Molay later retracted his confession, Philip had him burned upon a scaffold on an island in the River Seine in front of Notre-Dame de Paris in March, 1314. Both the sudden end of the centuries-old order of Templars and the dramatic execution of its last leader turned Molay into a legendary figure.

Youth

Little is known of his early years, but Jacques de Molay was probably born in Molay, Haute-Saône, in the County of Burgundy, at the time a territory ruled by Otto III as part of the Holy Roman Empire, and in modern times in the area of Franche-Comté, northeastern France. His birth year is not certain, but judging by statements made during the later trials, was probably around 1240–1250.

He was born, as most Templar knights were, into a family of minor or middle-ranking nobility. It is suggested that he was made a knight at age 21 in 1265 and is known that he was about 70 years of age at the time of his execution in 1314. His year of birth is not known and Alain Demurger finds it probable that he was born in the period 1244/45 to 1248/49 or even between 1240 and 1250.

In 1265, as a young man, he was received into the Order of the Templars in a chapel at the Beaune House, by Humbert de Pairaud, the Visitor of France and England. Another prominent Templar in attendance was Amaury de la Roche, Templar Master of the province of France.

Around 1270, de Molay went to the East (Outremer), although little is recorded of his activities for the next twenty years.

Grand master
After the Fall of Acre to the Egyptian Mamluks in 1291, the Franks (a name used in the Levant for Catholic Europeans) who were able to do so retreated to the island of Cyprus. It became the headquarters of the dwindling Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the base of operations for any future military attempts by the Crusaders against the Egyptian Mamluks, who for their part were systematically conquering any last Crusader strongholds on the mainland. Templars in Cyprus included Jacques de Molay and Thibaud Gaudin, their 22nd grand master. During a meeting assembled on the island in the autumn of 1291, Molay spoke of reforming the Order and put himself forward as an alternative to the current grand master. Gaudin died around 1292 and, as there were no other serious contenders for the role at the time, Molay was soon elected.

In spring 1293, he began a tour of the West to try to muster more support for a reconquest of the Holy Land. Developing relationships with European leaders such as Pope Boniface VIII, Edward I of England, James I of Aragon and Charles II of Naples, Molay's immediate goals were to strengthen the defence of Cyprus and rebuild the Templar forces. From his travels, he was able to secure authorization from some monarchs for the export of supplies to Cyprus, but could obtain no firm commitment for a new Crusade. There was talk of merging the Templars with one of the other military orders, the Knights Hospitaller. The grand masters of both orders opposed such a merger, but pressure increased from the Papacy.

It is known that Molay held two general meetings of his order in southern France, at Montpellier in 1293 and at Arles in 1296, where he tried to make reforms. In the autumn of 1296, Molay was back in Cyprus to defend his Order against the interests of Henry II of Cyprus, which conflict had its roots back in the days of Guillaume de Beaujeu.

From 1299 to 1303, Molay was engaged in planning and executing a new attack against the Mamluks. The plan was to coordinate actions between the Christian military orders, the King of Cyprus, the nobility of Cyprus, the forces of Cilician Armenia, and a new potential ally, the Mongols of the Ilkhanate (Persia), to oppose the Egyptian Mamluks and take back the coastal city of Tortosa in Syria.

For generations, there had been communications between the Mongols and Europeans towards the possibility of forging a Franco-Mongol alliance against the Mamluks, but without success. The Mongols had been repeatedly attempting to conquer Syria themselves, each time either being forced back by the Egyptian Mamluks or having to retreat because of a civil war within the Mongol Empire, such as having to defend from attacks from the Mongol Golden Horde to the north. In 1299, the Ilkhanate again attempted to conquer Syria, having some preliminary success against the Mamluks in the Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar in December 1299.

In 1300, Molay and other forces from Cyprus put together a small fleet of sixteen ships which committed raids along the Egyptian and Syrian coasts. The force was commanded by King Henry II of Jerusalem, the king of Cyprus, accompanied by his brother, Amalric, Lord of Tyre, and the heads of the military orders, with the ambassador of the Mongol leader Ghazan also in attendance. The ships left Famagusta on 20 July 1300, and under the leadership of Admiral Baudouin de Picquigny, raided the coasts of Egypt and Syria: Rosetta, Alexandria, Acre, Tortosa and Maraclea, before returning to Cyprus.

The Cypriots then prepared for an attack on Tortosa in late 1300, sending a joint force to a staging area on the island of Ruad, from which raids were launched on the mainland. The intent was to establish a Templar bridgehead to await assistance from Ghazan's Mongols, but the Mongols failed to appear in 1300. The same happened in 1301 and 1302, and the island was finally lost in the Siege of Ruad on 26 September 1302, eliminating the Crusaders' last foothold near the mainland.

Following the loss of Ruad, Molay abandoned the tactic of small advance forces, and instead put his energies into trying to raise support for a new major Crusade, as well as strengthening Templar authority in Cyprus. When a power struggle erupted between King Henry II and his brother Amalric, the Templars supported Amalric, who took the crown and had his brother exiled in 1306. Meanwhile, pressure increased in Europe that the Templars should be merged with the other military orders, perhaps all placed under the authority of one king, and that individual should become the new King of Jerusalem when it was conquered.

Travel to France
In 1305, the newly elected Pope Clement V asked the leaders of the military orders for their opinions concerning a new crusade and the merging of their orders. Molay was asked to write memoranda on each of the issues, which he did during the summer of 1306. Molay was opposed to the merger, believing instead that having separate military orders was a stronger position, as the missions of each order were somewhat different. He was also of the belief that if there were to be a new crusade, it needed to be a large one, as the smaller attempts were not effective.

On 6 June 1306, the leaders of both the Templars and the Hospitallers were officially asked to come to the Papal offices in Poitiers to discuss these matters, with the date of the meeting scheduled as All Saints Day (1 November) in 1306, though it later had to be postponed due to the Pope's illness with gastro-enteritis. Molay left Cyprus on 15 October 1306, arriving in France in late 1306 or early 1307; however, the meeting was again delayed until late May due to the Pope's illness.

King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the Templars, was in favor of merging the Orders under his own command, thereby making himself Rex Bellator, or War King. Molay, however, rejected the idea. Philip was already at odds with the papacy, trying to tax the clergy, and had been attempting to assert his own authority as higher than that of the Pope. For this, one of Clement's predecessors, Pope Boniface VIII, had attempted to have Philip excommunicated, but Philip then had Boniface abducted and charged with heresy. The elderly Boniface was rescued, but then died of shock shortly thereafter. His successor Pope Benedict XI did not last long, dying in less than a year, possibly poisoned via Philip's councillor Guillaume de Nogaret. It took a year to choose the next Pope, the Frenchman Clement V, who was also under strong pressure to bend to Philip's will. Clement moved the Papacy from Italy to Poitiers, France, where Philip continued to assert more dominance over the Papacy and the Templars.

The Grand Master of the Hospitallers, Fulk de Villaret, was also delayed in his travel to France, as he was engaged with a battle at Rhodes. He did not arrive until late summer, so while waiting for his arrival, Molay met the Pope to discuss other matters, one of which was the charges by one or more ousted Templars who had made accusations of impropriety in the Templars' initiation ceremony. Molay had already spoken with the king in Paris on 24 June 1307 about the accusations against his order and was partially reassured. Returning to Poitiers, Molay asked the Pope to set up an inquiry to quickly clear the Order of the rumours and accusations surrounding it, and the Pope convened an inquiry on 24 August 1307.

Arrest and charges
There were five initial charges lodged against the Templars. The first was renunciation of and spitting on the cross during initiation into the Order. The second was the stripping of the man to be initiated and the thrice kissing of that man by the preceptor on the navel, posterior and mouth. The third was telling the neophyte (novice) that unnatural lust was lawful and indulged in commonly. The fourth was that the cord worn by the neophyte day and night was consecrated by wrapping it around an idol in the form of a human head with a great beard, and that this idol was adored in all chapters. The fifth was that the priests of the order did not consecrate the host in celebrating Mass. Subsequently, the charges would be increased and would become, according to the procedures, lists of articles 86 to 127[3] in which will be added a few other charges, such as the prohibition to priests who do not belong to the order.

Philip wanted the Templars arrested and their possessions confiscated to incorporate their wealth into the Royal Treasury and to be free of the enormous debt he owed the Templar Order. On 14 September, Philip took advantage of the rumors and inquiry to begin his move against the Templars, sending out a secret order to his agents in all parts of France to implement a mass arrest of all Templars at dawn on 13 October. Molay was in Paris on 12 October, where he was a pallbearer at the funeral of Catherine of Courtenay, wife of Count Charles of Valois, and sister-in-law of King Philip. In a dawn raid on Friday, 13 October 1307, Molay and all the Templars of the central house of Paris were arrested. Philip then had the Templars charged with heresy and many other trumped-up charges, most of which were identical to the charges which had previously been leveled by Philip's agents against Pope Boniface VIII.

Nogaret's captious interrogatories necessarily disconcerted Molai, who, knowing neither law nor theology, was unable to defend himself. During forced interrogation by royal agents at the University of Paris on 24, and 25 October, Molay confessed that the Templar initiation ritual included "denying Christ and trampling on the Cross". He was also forced to write a letter asking every Templar to admit to these acts. Under pressure from Philip IV, Pope Clement V ordered the arrest of all the Templars throughout Christendom.

The pope still wanted to hear Molay's side of the story, and dispatched two cardinals to Paris in December 1307. In front of the cardinals, Molay retracted his earlier confessions. A power struggle ensued between the king and the pope, which was settled in August 1308 when they agreed to split the convictions. Through the papal bull Faciens misericordiam, the procedure to prosecute the Templars was set out on a duality, whereby one commission would judge individuals of the Order and a different commission would judge the Order as a whole. Pope Clement called for an ecumenical council to meet in Vienne in 1310 to decide the future of the Templars. In the meantime, the Order's dignitaries, among them Molay, were to be judged by the pope.

In the royal palace at Chinon, Molay was again questioned by the cardinals, but this time with royal agents present, and he returned to his forced admissions made in 1307. In November 1309, the Papal Commission for the Kingdom of France began its own hearings, during which Molay again recanted, stating that he did not acknowledge the accusations brought against his order.

Any further opposition by the Templars was effectively broken when Philip used the previously forced confessions to sentence 54 Templars to be burnt at the stake between 10 May and 12 May 1310.

The council which had been called by the Pope for 1310 was delayed for a further two years due to the length of the trials, but was finally convened in 1312. On 22 March 1312, at the Council of Vienne, the Order of the Knights Templar was abolished by papal decree.

Death
Molay was sentenced to death together with Geoffroi de Charney in 1314 as a direct result of cardinal legates' decisions and actions rather than being ordered by King Philip the Fair. He was burned at the stake on the Ile des Javiaux in the Seine. The most probable date of the execution was according to Alain Demurger and others 11 March 1314 although it is also quoted as 18 March 1314.

Of Molay's death, Henry Charles Lea gives this account: ""The cardinals dallied with their duty until 18 March 1314, when, on a scaffold in front of Notre Dame, Jacques de Molay, Templar Grand Master, Geoffroi de Charney, Master of Normandy, Hugues de Peraud, Visitor of France, and Godefroi de Gonneville, Master of Aquitaine, were brought forth from the jail in which for nearly seven years they had lain, to receive the sentence agreed upon by the cardinals, in conjunction with the Archbishop of Sens and some other prelates whom they had called in. Considering the offences which the culprits had confessed and confirmed, the penance imposed was in accordance with rule — that of perpetual imprisonment. The affair was supposed to be concluded when, to the dismay of the prelates and wonderment of the assembled crowd, Jacques de Molay and Geoffroi de Charney arose. They had been guilty, they said, not of the crimes imputed to them, but of basely betraying their Order to save their own lives. It was pure and holy; the charges were fictitious and the confessions false. Hastily the cardinals delivered them to the Prevot of Paris, and retired to deliberate on this unexpected contingency, but they were saved all trouble. When the news was carried to Philippe he was furious. A short consultation with his council only was required. The canons pronounced that a relapsed heretic was to be burned without a hearing; the facts were notorious and no formal judgment by the papal commission need be waited for. That same day, by sunset, a pyre was erected on a small island in the Seine, the Ile des Juifs, near the palace garden. There de Molay, de Charney, de Gonneville, and de Peraud were slowly burned to death, refusing all offers of pardon for retraction, and bearing their torment with a composure which won for them the reputation of martyrs among the people, who reverently collected their ashes as relics." (Note: the account varies by one day, not unusual for chronicles of the middle ages)"

Chinon Parchment
In September 2001, Barbara Frale found a copy of the Chinon Parchment in the Vatican Secret Archives, a document which explicitly confirms that in 1308 Pope Clement V absolved Jacques de Molay and other leaders of the Order including Geoffroi de Charney and Hugues de Pairaud. She published her findings in the Journal of Medieval History in 2004. Another Chinon parchment dated 20 August 1308 addressed to Philip IV of France, well known to historians,  stated that absolution had been granted to all those Templars that had confessed to heresy "and restored them to the Sacraments and to the unity of the Church".

Legends
The sudden arrest of the Templars, the conflicting stories about confessions, and the dramatic deaths by burning, generated many stories and legends about both the Order, and its last Grand Master.

Conquest of Jerusalem

In France in the 19th century, false stories circulated that Molay had captured Jerusalem in 1300. These rumors are probably related to the fact that the medieval historian the Templar of Tyre wrote about a Mongol general named "Mulay" who occupied Syria and Palestine for a few months in early 1300. The Mongol Mulay and the Templar Molay were entirely different people, but some historians regularly confused the two.

The confusion was enhanced in 1805, when the French playwright and historian François Raynouard made claims that Jerusalem had been captured by the Mongols, with Molay in command of one of the Mongol divisions. "In 1299, the Grand-Master was with his knights at the recapture of Jerusalem." This story of wishful thinking was so popular in France that in 1846 a large-scale painting was created by Claude Jacquand, titled Molay Prend Jerusalem, 1299 ("Molay Takes Jerusalem, 1299"), which depicts the supposed event. Today the painting hangs in the Hall of the Crusades in the French national museum of Versailles.

In the 1861 edition of the French encyclopedia, the Nouvelle Biographie Universelle, it even lists Molay as a Mongol commander in its "Molay" article:

"Jacques de Molay was not inactive in this decision of the Great Khan. This is proven by the fact that Molay was in command of one of the wings of the Mongol army. With the troops under his control, he invaded Syria, participated in the first battle in which the Sultan was vanquished, pursued the routed Malik Nasir as far as the desert of Egypt: then, under the guidance of Kutluk, a Mongol general, he was able to take Jerusalem, among other cities, over the Muslims, and the Mongols entered to celebrate Easter."

- Nouvelle Biographie Universelle, "Molay" article, 1861.

Modern historians, however, state that the truth of the matter is this: There are indeed numerous ancient records of Mongol raids and occupations of Jerusalem (from Western, Armenian, or Arab sources), and in 1300 the Mongols did achieve a brief victory in Syria which caused a Muslim retreat, and allowed the Mongols to launch raids into the Levant as far as Gaza for a period of a few months. During that year, rumors flew through Europe that the Mongols had recaptured Jerusalem and were going to return the city to the Europeans. However, this was only an urban legend, as the only activities that the Mongols had even engaged in were some minor raids through Palestine, which may or may not have even passed through Jerusalem itself. Regardless of what the Mongols may or may not have done, there is no evidence that Molay was ever a Mongol commander, and he probably never set foot in Jerusalem.

Curse
It has been claimed that Jacques de Molay cursed King Philip IV of France and his descendants from his execution pyre. However, the story of the shouted curse appears to be a combination of words by a different Templar, and those of Molay. An eyewitness to the execution stated that Molay had shown no sign of fear and had told those present that God would avenge their deaths. Another variation on this story was told by the contemporary chronicler Ferreto of Vicenza, who applied the idea to a Neapolitan Templar brought before Clement V, whom he denounced for his injustice. Some time later, as he was about to be executed, he appealed "from this your heinous judgement to the living and true God, who is in Heaven", warning the Pope that, within a year and a day, he and Philip IV would be obliged to answer for their crimes in God's presence.

Philip and Clement V both died within a year of Molay's execution; Clement succumbed to a long illness on 20 April 1314, and Philip died due to a stroke while hunting. Then followed the rapid succession of the last Direct Capetian kings of France between 1314 and 1328, the three sons and a grandson of Philip IV. Within fourteen years of the death of Molay, the 300-year-old House of Capet collapsed. This series of events forms the basis of Les Rois maudits (The Accursed Kings), a series of historical novels written by Maurice Druon between 1955 and 1977, which was also adapted into two French television miniseries in 1972 and 2005.

The American historian Henry Charles Lea wrote: "Even in distant Germany Philippe's death was spoken of as a retribution for his destruction of the Templars, and Clement was described as shedding tears of remorse on his death-bed for three great crimes, the poisoning of Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor, and the ruin of the Templars and Beguines".

Freemasonry
Some 400 years after the death of de Molay and the dissolution of the Knights Templar, the fraternal order of Freemasonry began to emerge in northern Europe. The Masons developed an elaborate mythos about their Order, and some claimed heritage from entities in history, ranging from the mystique of the Templars to the builders of Solomon's Temple. The stories of the Templars' secret initiation ceremonies also proved a tempting source for Masonic writers who were creating new works of pseudohistory. As described by modern historian Malcolm Barber in The New Knighthood: "It was during the 1760s that German masons introduced a specific Templar connection, claiming that the Order, through its occupation of the Temple of Solomon, had been the repository of secret wisdom and magical powers, which Jacques DeMolay had handed down to his successor before his execution and of which the eighteenth-century Freemasons were the direct heirs."

The modern Masonic Knights Templar is an international philanthropic and chivalric order affiliated with Freemasonry, and begun in Ireland perhaps as long ago as 1780. Unlike the initial degrees conferred in a Masonic Lodge, which only require a belief in a Supreme Being regardless of religious affiliation, the Knights Templar is one of several additional Masonic Orders in which membership is open only to Freemasons who profess a belief in the Christian religion. The full title of this Order is The United Religious, Military and Masonic Orders of the Temple and of St John of Jerusalem, Palestine, Rhodes and Malta.

The story of de Molay's brave defiance of his inquisitors has been incorporated in various forms into Masonic lore; most notably in the form of a youth group for young men aged 12 to 21, sponsored by Freemasonry, and named after the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar. DeMolay International, also known as "The Order of DeMolay," was founded in Kansas City in 1919 by Freemason Frank S. Land. Similar to what happens in Freemasonry, new members are ceremoniously initiated using "degrees" that are part of the Order's secret ritual, authored, in the case of the Order of DeMolay's ritual, by Frank A. Marshall at founder Land's request in 1919. The first, and less dramatic, of the two degrees is called "the Initiatory Degree", wherein initiates are escorted around the meeting room and instructed in the precepts and Seven Cardinal Virtues of the Order. The second of the two degrees, known as "the DeMolay Degree," which, along with the Initiatory Degree, members and observers are sworn to keep secret, dramatically recreates the trial, "before a Commission in its Council Chamber," of the historic characters named in the ritual as "Jacques DeMolay and his three preceptors, Geoffroi de Charney, Godfrey de Goneville, and Hughes de Peralde." The DeMolay Degree, in which players dress in robes and other period costume, and appear on a dimly-lit stage whereupon they dramatically deliver memorized lines prescribed in the ritual, is described therein as depicting "the tragic climax in the career of Jacques DeMolay, the hero and martyr who is the exemplar of our Order." The stage instructions include that "[t]he foremost point to be remembered is to portray Jacques DeMolay as the hero and to select an interpretation for the DeMolay Degree which will enhance the lessons of fidelity and toleration." The drama concludes with the commission condemning the four to life imprisonment; however, according to the ritual, "so incensed was the king at the noble defiance and defense of DeMolay and Geoffroi de Charney that he overrode the Commission’s verdict and hurried DeMolay and de Charney to the stake on an island near the Cathedral, where they were barbarously burned."

title: Jacques de Molay


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Saguenay

Saguenay may refer to:

Places in Canada

 * Saguenay, Quebec, a city
 * Saguenay River, a major river in Quebec
 * Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean, the region of the Saguenay
 * Le Fjord-du-Saguenay Regional County Municipality (The Saguenay Fjord), Regional County Municipality in Quebec
 * Le Saguenay-et-son-Fjord, a statistical area
 * Petit-Saguenay, Quebec, a municipality in Quebec
 * Saguenay County, Quebec, a historical county in Quebec

Electoral districts

 * Saguenay (provincial electoral district), a former Quebec provincial electoral district
 * Chicoutimi-Saguenay (provincial electoral district), a former Quebec provincial electoral district
 * Charlevoix—Saguenay (provincial electoral district), a former Quebec provincial electoral district
 * Chicoutimi—Saguenay (federal electoral district), a defunct federal electoral district in Quebec
 * Charlevoix—Saguenay (federal electoral district), a defunct federal electoral district in Quebec

Geology

 * Saguenay Graben, a geologic structure in Quebec enclosing the Saguenay River.

Other uses

 * Saguenay (ship), a Canadian steamship
 * Saguenay (train), a passenger train in Quebec, Canada
 * Saguenay flood, a series of flash floods that hit the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region of Quebec, Canada in July 1996
 * Saguenay French, a dialect of Quebec French
 * Saguenay Herald, an officer of arms at the Canadian Heraldic Authority
 * HMCS Saguenay, two ships that served the Royal Canadian Navy
 * Kingdom of Saguenay, an Iroquoian legend

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Saguenay


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Dartmouth University

Dartmouth University is a defunct institution in New Hampshire which existed from 1817 to 1819. It was the result of a thwarted attempt by the state legislature to make Dartmouth College, a private college, into a public university. The United States Supreme Court case that settled the matter, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, is considered a landmark.

History (1817–1819)
Dartmouth University operated in Hanover, New Hampshire, on the campus of Dartmouth College. The University was established by the New Hampshire Legislature in an act of June 27, 1816. The College Trustees had dismissed President John Wheelock, and his allies in Concord sought to reinstate him through legislation. The act ostensibly modified the existing Charter rather than establishing a new institution: it attempted to change the name to Dartmouth University, to increase the number of Trustees from twelve to twenty-one, and to create a board of twenty-five Overseers including, ex officio, the Governor and Council, the President of the Senate, the Speaker of the House, and the Governor and Lieutenant-Governor of Vermont.

The Legislature had some reason to see the existing school as a state charity. Dartmouth used the terms "college" and "university" almost interchangeably in its early years. It accepted state grants of land and money, including the Second College Grant and state funding for the construction of its medical school in 1811. It included in its first board of Trustees the Governor, the President of Governor's Council, two Council members, the Speaker of the New Hampshire House, and an Assistant of the Colony of Connecticut.

Many of Dartmouth's existing Trustees refused to obey the Legislature's act, however, and the Trustees of Dartmouth University failed to obtain a quorum to conduct any business. In response, the Legislature voted on December 18, 1816, that the Governor had the power to fill the vacancies left by the Trustees who would not submit (eight known as "the Octagon") and decided to reduce the number required for a quorum. The University Trustees met and brought the University into being during 1817. John Wheelock was named President, but upon his death in 1817 was replaced by his son-in-law, William Allen.

Dartmouth University as the Legislature saw it would offer a broad professional program, including separate schools of law and medicine. The existing Medical School continued to operate, but the rest of the University remained small: professors taught classes to a small number of undergraduates in Dartmouth Hall. The University took possession of the College Charter and its Seal, hiding them in a nearby farmhouse. A small group of University professors and allied townspeople attempted to take the private libraries of the College's two literary societies, the Social Friends and the United Fraternity, which were located in Dartmouth Hall. Students living in the building heard the sound of an axe breaking down the door of the U.F. library at night and sounded the alarm. A group of students wielding sticks of firewood soon forced the professors out, and the societies removed their libraries to keep them from falling into the hands of the University.

The College, meanwhile, rented rooms in a building north of Dartmouth Hall and filed a suit in the county court to regain its property. Though lacking its former buildings, the College retained most of its students and had a much larger enrollment than the University. Students of the two institutions would pass each other on the Green between classes, and the two schools competed to reserve the College Church for Commencements on the same day. Both schools graduated students in 1817 and 1818.

Though the College effectively was fighting for its life against the legislature, its cause of action ostensibly sought the return of the Charter and the Seal from the University Treasurer, William H. Woodward. The school lost and appealed the case directly to the state's supreme court, where it lost again and appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. Daniel Webster argued the side of the College in the Dartmouth College Case, describing the Charter this way: "A charter of more liberal sentiments, of wiser provisions, drawn with more care, or in a better spirit, could not be expected at any time or from any other source."

The Court decided the case near the end of 1818 and released Chief Justice John Marshall's opinion in February 1819. The decision declared the Legislature's acts unconstitutional as interferences with the obligations of a contract, whether that contract was seen as the one that existed between College founder Eleazar Wheelock and the Crown, the one between the school's various benefactors and the Crown, or between some other combination of parties. When the news reached Hanover several days later, the College and University were between terms, with few students in town. Many townspeople who supported the College celebrated, however, cheering loudly in the streets and firing a cannon. That spring, Dartmouth College reoccupied its buildings.

The New Hampshire Legislature would not attempt to establish another university until the 1860s, when it created the land-grant forerunner of the University of New Hampshire, originally called the New Hampshire College of Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts – in Hanover, associated with Dartmouth College.

title: Dartmouth University


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Screaming Trees

Screaming Trees were an American rock band formed in Ellensburg, Washington, in 1984 by vocalist Mark Lanegan, guitarist Gary Lee Conner, bassist Van Conner, and drummer Mark Pickerel. Pickerel was replaced by Barrett Martin in 1991. Screaming Trees became known as one of the pioneers of grunge along with Melvins, Mudhoney, U-Men, Skin Yard, Soundgarden, Green River, and Malfunkshun, among others. Although widely associated with grunge, the band's sound incorporated hard rock and psychedelic elements.

After releasing a string of EPs and albums in the 1980s on independent labels, Screaming Trees signed with Epic Records in 1990. They released their major label debut album in 1991, Uncle Anesthesia, which spawned their first charting single "Bed of Roses". After Martin replaced Pickerel on drums, Screaming Trees released their most successful album in 1992, Sweet Oblivion. "Dollar Bill" became a minor radio hit, but the lead single "Nearly Lost You" vastly increased the band's popularity as it peaked at No. 5 on the Modern Rock Tracks Chart, No. 12 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart, No. 50 on the UK Singles Chart, and No. 96 on the ARIA Chart.

After an extended hiatus and various recording sessions, the band's follow-up album was eventually released in 1996, entitled Dust. Although the lead single "All I Know" peaked at No. 9 on both the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts, the album did not match its predecessor's success. After difficulties in recording another album, the band announced their official breakup in 2000. Their aborted album from the late 1990s was later released in 2011 as Last Words: The Final Recordings. Lanegan died aged 57 on February 22, 2022. Van Conner died aged 55 on January 17, 2023.

1984–1989: Formation and early releases
The Conner brothers formed Screaming Trees with Mark Lanegan and Mark Pickerel in 1984 in Ellensburg, Washington, a small town a little over 100 miles from Seattle. The band was drawn together in high school by an interest in punk, garage, and classic rock.

The band rehearsed at the Conner family's video rental store and recorded their demo tape Other Worlds in the summer of 1985 with Steve Fisk at Creative Fire recording studio in Ellensburg. It was initially distributed by the independent label K Records. Other Worlds then got a wider release through the independent label, Velvetone Records (also based out of Ellensburg). In 1986, they released their debut full-length album, Clairvoyance, also on the Velvetone label. Musically, the album combined psychedelic rock and hard rock with the band's aforementioned influences. With Fisk's help, the LP caught the attention of Greg Ginn, and the band were signed to SST Records.

In 1987, the band released their second LP, and their first for SST, Even If and Especially When. After the release of the album in 1987, the band began working the American indie circuit, playing shows across the US with other SST bands such as Firehose and Meat Puppets. In early 1988, Screaming Trees collaborated with the indie pop band Beat Happening on the EP Beat Happening/Screaming Trees. Screaming Trees' next album, Invisible Lantern, was released later on in 1988. SST also decided to re-release Other Worlds that same year. Screaming Trees then released the album Buzz Factory in 1989. While attempting to tour behind Buzz Factory, SST had difficulties in releasing the album. By the tour's conclusion, the band became frustrated and departed from the label.

Towards the end of 1989, Screaming Trees briefly became a part of the roster for the prominent independent label Sub Pop. The label released the band's EP Change Has Come in December 1989. Half of it was produced by Fisk and the other half was produced by Jack Endino. Drummer Pickerel later described the EP, in his own opinion, as "our best recorded moment".

1990–2000: Major label years
In 1990 the band signed a major label contract with Epic Records. The band released their fifth full-length album the following year, and first for a major label, Uncle Anesthesia. The album was produced by Terry Date and Soundgarden vocalist Chris Cornell and included the single "Bed of Roses", which gained considerable airtime on alternative rock radio stations and peaked at No. 23 on the Modern Rock Tracks Chart. The single was the first Screaming Trees release to chart. Although Uncle Anesthesia sold better than their previous efforts, the band remained a cult act.

After the release of Uncle Anesthesia Van Conner went on hiatus from the band, choosing to tour as bass player for Dinosaur Jr. instead, with Donna Dresch filling in for him during Screaming Trees performances. Late in 1991, Nirvana's Nevermind became an unexpected commercial success, opening the gates for the rest of the Seattle scene. Barrett Martin replaced previous drummer Pickerel and the new lineup recorded Sweet Oblivion in 1992. Sweet Oblivion was the band's breakout album and included the hit single "Nearly Lost You". The video for "Nearly Lost You" became an MTV and alternative radio hit in the fall of 1992, thanks to its inclusion in the soundtrack for the film Singles. "Nearly Lost You" peaked at No. 5 on the Modern Rock Tracks Chart, No. 12 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart, No. 96 on the ARIA Chart, and No. 50 on the UK Singles Chart, making it the band's first single to chart outside the United States. "Dollar Bill" was also released as a single and it peaked at No. 28 on the Modern Rock Tracks Chart and at No. 40 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks Chart. Overall, Sweet Oblivion sold a total of 300,000 copies in the United States.

Screaming Trees were chosen by Nirvana band leader Kurt Cobain to appear on the final day of the Reading Festival in the United Kingdom on August 30, 1992, which Nirvana headlined. Screaming Trees also played at the Roskilde Festival in Denmark in 1992 which Nirvana headlined as well. The band supported Sweet Oblivion with a year-long tour, during which tension developed among the members. After the tour was finished, the group took an extended hiatus. During that time, Lanegan recorded his second solo album, Whiskey for the Holy Ghost, which was released in 1994. The following year, Lanegan was featured as a guest vocalist in the Barrett Martin (alongside Layne Staley and Mike McCready) side project Mad Season. Lanegan co-wrote and sang on two songs. Mad Season would only release one album because of Staley's deteriorating health and the 1999 death of bassist John Baker Saunders.

In early 1995, Screaming Trees toured Australia for the only time as part of the Big Day Out festival, before beginning work on their follow-up to Sweet Oblivion. Following one stillborn attempt at the album, the band hired producer George Drakoulias, who had previously worked with the Black Crowes and the Jayhawks. The resulting album, Dust, was released in 1996, nearly four years after its predecessor. The album peaked at No. 134 on the Billboard 200 Chart, No. 32 on the UK Albums Chart, and No. 39 on the RPM Top 100 Albums Chart. Dust gained favorable reviews while the singles "Sworn and Broken" peaked at No. 76 on the UK Singles Chart and "All I Know" peaked at No. 9 on both the Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts; however, the album ultimately did not match the sales of Sweet Oblivion. After the release of the album, Josh Homme, formerly from Kyuss, was hired as rhythm guitarist.

Following the Dust tour in the United States, Screaming Trees took another hiatus for Lanegan to begin his work on his third solo album, Scraps At Midnight, which was released in 1998. The band headed back into the studio in 1999 and recorded several demos including the song "Ash Grey Sunday" and shopped them around to labels, but no label was interested. The band played a few surprise shows in early 2000 to try to gain a label's attention but they were unsuccessful. They did however release the song "One Way Conversation" on the Musicblitz Records internet label. In 2000, after a concert to celebrate the opening of Seattle's Experience Music Project, the band announced their official breakup.

Final album and deaths of Lanegan and Van Conner
On June 22, 2011, it was announced that an unreleased album that Screaming Trees recorded in 1998 and 1999 would finally see the light of day. Titled Last Words: The Final Recordings, the album was mixed by Jack Endino and Martin. It was released digitally on Martin's self-owned label Sunyata Productions on August 2, 2011, with CD and vinyl versions released in the following months.

In 2021, when asked about his time with Screaming Trees, Lanegan replied, "It's kind of like looking back at grade school. I definitely have fond memories and it's really how I learned to sing — through trial and error, with those guys." Lanegan died on February 22, 2022, at his home in Killarney, Ireland.

Gary Lee Conner revealed on January 18, 2023 that Van Conner had died aged 55. He had previously been in a coma due to stomach surgery, followed by contracting COVID-19. It was reported that pneumonia had ultimately led to his death.

On Black Friday 2023, Wrong Turn to Jahannam: Live From Egg Studio 1991 was released. It consisted of an in-studio rehearsal session by the band which was unreleased up to that point. Dan Peters of Mudhoney played drums on the recording as it was during his brief time in the band as a touring member.

Related projects
Mark Lanegan released a solo album in May 2001 entitled Field Songs. Also in that year, he became a member of the alternative rock group Queens of the Stone Age with Homme. Lanegan recorded two albums as one of the group's three vocalists before leaving the group in late 2005. His sixth solo album Bubblegum was released in 2004 and became his best-selling album and his first solo album to chart. He went on to work with Greg Dulli in the Gutter Twins and the Twilight Singers. Lanegan also received critical acclaim for his albums with Isobel Campbell, one of which, Ballad of the Broken Seas, was nominated for the 2006 Mercury Music Prize.

Gary Lee Conner started the bands the Purple Outside and Microdot Gnome as the vocalist. He has also done session work with other musicians. In 1999, he released the single "Grasshopper's Daydream/Behind the Smile" on Sub Pop, which featured his former bandmates Homme and Pickerel along with his brother Van as producer. Gary Lee later released four solo albums between 2016 and 2021.

Initially, Van Conner turned his efforts to his side-project Gardener with Aaron Stauffer (formerly of Seaweed, and later VALIS). In 2001, he contributed to Lanegan's album Field Songs. Van has produced and contributed to several other projects over the years, including Kitty Kitty, VALIS, Gardener, and Gary Lee's Sub Pop single "Grasshopper's Daydream/Behind the Smile". Van's band VALIS released several recordings between 2002 and 2012.

Barrett Martin became a touring member for several bands after the breakup of Screaming Trees, including Stone Temple Pilots and R.E.M., and has released two solo albums with limited success. He later contributed to Lanegan's solo album I'll Take Care of You and the album Rated R by Queens of the Stone Age. He later became the drummer for Tuatara and also the drummer/vocalist in The Minus 5. Martin contributed playing drums on two albums by Nando Reis, a Brazilian musician: Para Quando O Arco Irís Encontrar O Pote de Ouro (2000) together with Peter Buck from R.E.M., and A Letra A (2003).

Almost immediately after departing from Screaming Trees in 1991, Mark Pickerel formed the band Truly alongside Robert Roth, original Soundgarden bassist Hiro Yamamoto, and Chris Quinn. Truly released their debut EP Heart and Lungs in 1991, followed by Quinn's departure shortly after. The band stayed as a trio and they released two full-length albums plus a compilation, followed by a hiatus in 1998. Pickerel also played drums on three of Lanegan's solo albums throughout the 1990s. Pickerel released his debut solo album in 2006, Snake in the Radio. He eventually followed it up with three additional solo albums.

Members

 * Gary Lee Conner – guitar, backing vocals (1984–2000)
 * Van Conner – bass, backing vocals (1984–2000; died 2023)
 * Mark Lanegan – lead vocals (1984–2000; died 2022)
 * Mark Pickerel – drums, percussion (1984–1991)
 * Barrett Martin – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1991–2000)
 * Josh Homme – rhythm guitar (1996–1998)

Touring members

 * Donna Dresch – bass (1988, 1991)
 * Sean Hollister – drums (1991)
 * Dan Peters – drums (1991)

Discography

 * Clairvoyance (1986)
 * Even If and Especially When (1987)
 * Invisible Lantern (1988)
 * Buzz Factory (1989)
 * Uncle Anesthesia (1991)
 * Sweet Oblivion (1992)
 * Dust (1996)
 * Last Words: The Final Recordings (2011)

title: Screaming Trees


text:
UCC

The initialism UCC may stand for:

Law

 * Uniform civil code of India, referring to proposed Civil code in the legal system of India, which would apply equally to all irrespective of their religion
 * Uniform Commercial Code, a 1952 uniform act to harmonize state contract law for the sale of goods in the respective states of the United States
 * Uniform Construction Code, a set of laws regulating construction in the United States
 * the Union Customs Code of the European Union Customs Union, gradually implemented from 1 May 2016
 * Universal Copyright Convention, adopted at Geneva in 1952, is one of the two principal international conventions protecting copyright

Science and technology

 * Unified Communications Certificate
 * Uniform Code Council, former name of GS1 US
 * Unique Country Code
 * Unitary Coupled Cluster, a kind of coupled cluster in computational chemistry
 * Unlock CPU Core, a technology in ASRock motherboards
 * Upper camel case, a writing style for compound words used primarily in encoding where each word is capitalized as in  UpperCamelCase
 * Urothelial cell carcinoma
 * User-created content (user-generated content), a Web 2.0 component
 * UCC, a codon for the amino acid serine

Churches

 * United Christian Church, a small evangelical body of Christians with roots in the pietistic movement of Martin Boehm and Philip William Otterbein
 * United Church of Canada, the largest Protestant Christian denomination in Canada
 * United Church of Christ, a mainline Protestant Christian denomination primarily in the Reformed tradition
 * Ukrainian Catholic Church, the largest Eastern Rite Catholic sui juris particular church in full communion with the Holy See

Educational institutions

 * Umpqua Community College, a community college in Roseburg, Oregon, USA
 * Ullswater Community College, a comprehensive school in Penrith, Cumbria, United Kingdom
 * Urban Construction College, a university college of Shenyang Jianzhu University in Shenyang, Liaoning, China
 * Union County College, a two-year college throughout Union County, New Jersey
 * Catholic University of Córdoba (Universidad Católica de Córdoba), a private Jesuit university in Córdoba, Argentina
 * Universidad Central del Caribe (Spanish for 'Central University of the Caribbean'), a private university in Bayamón, Puerto Rico
 * University of Caloocan City, a public university in Caloocan, Philippines
 * University of Cape Coast, a university located in Cape Coast, Central Region, Ghana
 * University College Cardiff, previous name of Cardiff University in Cardiff, Wales
 * University of the Commonwealth Caribbean, a university in Kingston, Jamaica, previously known as University College of the Caribbean
 * University College of the Cariboo, a university college in Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada renamed Thompson Rivers University in 2004
 * University College Chichester, the previous name of University of Chichester in Chichester, England
 * University College Cork, a constituent university of the National University of Ireland in Cork, Ireland
 * Upper Canada College, an independent school located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 * Uppingham Community College, a secondary school in Uppingham, Rutland, England
 * Ursuline College (Chatham), a college in Chatham-Kent, Ontario, Canada

Other organizations

 * Ukrainian Canadian Congress, umbrella organization of numerous associations of the Ukrainian community in Canada
 * UCC GAA, a football and hurling club associated with University College Cork, Ireland
 * Union Carbide Corporation, a chemical and polymer company, responsible for the Bhopal disaster in 1984
 * UCC Ueshima Coffee Co., a Japanese coffee and beverage manufacturing company
 * Uganda Communications Commission, the regulator of the communications industry in Uganda
 * University College Cork R.F.C., a rugby union club
 * University Computing Company, the former name of Uccel
 * University Cottage Club, an eating club of Princeton University

Other

 * Undepreciated capital cost, an account containing the original value of different classes of assets minus the accrued Capital Cost Allowance for Canadian tax purposes
 * Unified combatant command, a United States joint military command
 * Urban Cookie Collective, a British techno and house band
 * Urgent care clinic, category of walk-in clinic focused on the delivery of ambulatory care in a dedicated medical facility outside of a traditional emergency room.
 * Yucca Airstrip (IATA: UCC, ICAO: KUCC)

title: UCC


text:
The Rowan

The Rowan (1990) is a science fiction novel by American writer Anne McCaffrey, the first book in The Tower and the Hive series (also known as The Rowan series). It is set in the universe of the "Pegasus" trilogy, against a backdrop of a technologically advanced society in which telepathy, psychokinesis and other psychic talents have become scientifically accepted and researched. Telekinetic and telepathic powers are used to communicate and teleport spaceships through space, thus avoiding the light barrier and allowing for the colonization of other planetary systems.

In the series, psionic powers occur of varying strength, the possessors being ranked from T12 (the weakest) to T1 (the strongest). The very strongest are employed as "T1 Primes" by an independent company, FT&T (Federated Telepaths and Teleporters) for teleporting cargo and passengers between the systems.

Plot summary
The Rowan tells the life story of a young orphan, of Prime Talent, from the moment the child's community is wiped out in a mudslide to the time when she becomes a Prime and after a life of loneliness falls in love with a previously undiscovered Prime on Deneb which was being attacked by aliens.

The central section of the book is based on McCaffrey's earlier short story "Lady in the Tower".

The Rowan/Angharad Gwyn

 * Talent level: T-1 telekinetic/telepath; Callisto Prime
 * Physical description: with silver-white hair and grey eyes (though stated to be brown on page 17 of the Ace/Putnam 1990 hardcover edition), she has a petite, "bird like" figure.
 * The Rowan is the only survivor of a freak mudslide that destroyed the Rowan Mining Camp on Altair. Trapped in a hopper (ground vehicle) and buried in sludge for days, the 3 year-old toddler's mental cries for help reach every telepath on the planet. Rescued, she is made a "Ward of the Planet" but, with no memory of her life before the mudslide, becomes known as "the Rowan child". She grows up under the care of Lusena, a child therapist who becomes her foster mother.

 * Well aware of her Prime potential, her guardians move her to Altair's Tower at the age of twelve, to be instructed in the use of her Talent by Altair's Prime, Siglen. After a difficult learning curve and lonely adolescence she ultimately reaches Prime status and is installed on Jupiter's moon, Callisto.

Siglen

 * Talent level: T-1 telekinetic/telepath; Altair Prime
 * Physical description: Siglen was a slab of a female, soft from a sedentary life and a disinclination to exercise of any kind.
 * Siglen proved to be more harm than good when it came to dealing with the Rowan. She wasn't empathic towards the child and instilled a neurosis (a form of agoraphobia that prevents interstellar teleports) in the three Primes that she trained. She has no empathy and is very trying for her staff and personnel to deal with. She is described as a "mistress of the putdown" and a generally unlikeable person.

Lusena

 * Talent level: T-8 telepath; junior therapist
 * Lusena took the young Rowan in as her own. She already had two older children, Bardy and Finnan. Lusena died in a crash when the Rowan was eighteen.

Goswina Lyon

 * Talent level: T-5 empath
 * Goswina first met the Rowan when she, along with seven other young Talents, traveled to Altair for a course on Tower management and maintenance. She soon realized that she and the Rowan could not work efficiently together and so recommended her brother Afra, who at the time was six. The Rowan then promised to make sure Afra came to Altair for the course when he was old enough.

Afra Lyon

 * Talent level: T-4 (later T-3 then T-2) telekinetic/telepath
 * Physical description: blonde hair, slightly green skin, yellow eyes, tall/slender figure.
 * The Lyon family is from Capella, a "Methody" planet known for its adherence to rules and manners (and its colonists' unusual pigmentation). Afra, however, was slightly different; life on Capella didn't appeal to him. At eighteen, Afra spent all his money to send a resume to the Rowan, the new Callisto Prime. The Prime sent for him the very next day. Afra was to the Rowan's liking and became second in command of the Tower.

Jeff Raven

 * Talent level: T-1 telekinetic/telepath
 * Physical description: black hair and piercing blue eyes.
 * Jeff Raven was born on Deneb where a large population of "Wild Talents" resides. He first contacted the Rowan telepathically when he "heard" her getting ready to start her transportation work on Callisto. Jeff informed her that Deneb was under attack by hostile alien forces. The Rowan informed Earth Prime who refused to believe the words of an "unknown Talent"; Jeff quickly verified the attack was legitimate by telekinetically hurtling a missile towards Earth (which was quite an extraordinary feat considering how remote Deneb was and that the generator he tapped into for power was on the verge of collapse)

Isthia Raven

 * Talent level: never tested, but she has a "long ear" and "loud voice".
 * Isthia is the mother of Jeff Raven. She gathered a team of other untrained Talents to help her contact the Rowan telepathically when Jeff was badly injured in an accident after the attacks.

Peter Reidinger IV

 * Talent level: T-1 telekinetic/telepath; Earth Prime
 * Physical description: Black hair, close trimmed red beard and moustache. He is the descendant of the same Peter Reidinger who is featured in Pegasus in Flight and Pegasus in Space.
 * The Reidinger family is full of extremely high Talents, and Peter Reidinger IV is surely one of the most powerful. He runs FT&T.

Elizara Matheson

 * Talent level: T-1 Medic/Ob. Deft, compassionate, sensible and reassuring, Elizara is Prime Reidinger's great-granddaughter. She became a close friend and confidant of the Gwyn-Raven families, and later the Lyons, when she was assigned by Reidinger to assist the Rowan during her first pregnancy. Elizara is extremely skilled in metamorphic healing as well as physical. She is later re-introduced into the series as the very talented teacher of her gifted namesake, Zara Raven-Lyon, one of Damia's many children.

Brian Ackerman
Talent Level: T-9; Callisto Stationmaster

Primes
Primes of FT&T are T-1 telekinetic/telepaths. They are the rarest manifestation of Talent:
 * Earth Prime: Peter Reidinger IV
 * Altair Prime: Siglen
 * Capella Prime: Capella
 * Betelguese Prime: David
 * Callisto Prime: The Rowan
 * Procyon Prime: Guzman

title: The Rowan


text:
Talk:Fart lighting

Mythbusters
Mythbusters had an "unairable" episode where Adam successfully lights his own flatulence on fire which was recorded using a high speed camera. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqFRBHPIE-w&feature=related —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.115.248.45 (talk) 23:04, 21 June 2009 (UTC)

Inconsistence on the gas odor
The hydrogen sulfide is stated to be odorless first and then to be partially responsible for the fart odor. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.141.47.140 (talk) 10:54, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

We need a Spike Milligan reference
From memory he rights about it in "Hitler and my part in his downfall". - Ta bu shi da yu 13:12, 22 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Book wikilink -->  My Part in his Downfall. Benjiboi 18:49, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Wow.
This is, without irony, possibly my favourite article on WIkipedia. Thank you to all involved in its creation! --MrTrilby 01:26, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

This article puts to rest any notion that Britannica is better than Wikipedia. --Foxhead (talk) 10:57, 24 June 2008 (UTC)

Meaning that Britannica is definitely better than Wikipedia, no doubts about it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.150.250.189 (talk) 11:53, 5 March 2009 (UTC)

 * actually, if:

 * “meaning that britannica is definitely better than wikipedia, no doubts about it.”

 * wasnt actually just a sarcastic response, and someone in the future really doesnt understand, and would like some clarification of the actual meaning of the statement that triggered it:

 * “this article puts to rest any notion that britannica is better than wikipedia.”

 * then we can make:
 * “puts to rest” == (invalidates or proves to be false)
 * “notion” == (thought or idea or argument)
 * “x” == (britannica)
 * “y” == (wikipedia)

 * and we can say if:

 * this article “puts to rest” any “notion” that “x” is better than “y”

 * then that means the same thing as saying:

 * "this article invalidates or proves to be false any thought or idea or argument that britannica is better than wikipedia." Snarevox (talk) 16:59, 10 January 2023 (UTC)

Removed from popular culture section
I removed the following two sentences because of the poor grammar, syntax, punctuation, and phraseology:

 * In the internet show Angry Kid he is farting on his sister. His sister then farted stronger, on him. He then attempted to bring his fart on fire but it only blew out.

Unfortunately, I don't know anything about Angry Kid and/or the episode(?) in question, so I was unable to reword it accurately (e.g. does Angry Kid actually fart on his sister, or is this just a poor translation from the contributor's first language?). EmmetCaulfield 10:15, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Picture
So, umm, someone want to take a pic so we can remove the pic tag at the top? lol --  ALLSTAR    ECHO  00:36, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not doing it! :-) Bearian'sBooties 20:12, 26 October 2007 (UTC)

1981 movie Caveman
I think the "References in popular culture" section needs a reference to the lit fart scene in the 1981 movie "Caveman" with Ringo Star, Barbara Bach, Shelley Long and John Matuszak. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Brucepick (talk • contribs) 14:46, 22 January 2008 (UTC)

Suggest adding back references to popular culture
I think the references to popular culture are quite interesting and relevant in terms of background on the overall stunt of fart lighting. I suggest reverting the "popular culture" section from. There's not much scholarly or academic discussion of fart lighting, so popular culture is the best reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wxidea (talk • contribs) 08:55, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Pop culture references are trivial, and therefore unsuitable to an encyclopedia article. Carl.bunderson (talk) 09:56, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually trivia sections, especially unrelated, unsourced items are discouraged but not forbidden and an area that many feel wikipedia excels as is another example where wikipedia publishes information relevant and current to our readers. And these are mostly sourced and all correctly related in the section. Ideally the list would be updated and put in date order, oldest to newest. True trivia also aren't to be simply deleted but integrated into the main text as appropriate. This, however, is a list at the moment. Benji boi  11:43, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Since it it discouraged, we should remove the section. It merely invites users to add more nn trivia items. Tell me, how are these notable enough that they can be integrated into the article? Perhaps include the first line of the trivia section in the lead, but there is no need to list the fart lighting references in pop culture--it's simply non-notable. Carl.bunderson (talk) 22:23, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Adding unsourced and unrelated trivia is indeed discouraged but this is mostly sourced and all related. Juvenile, lame and gross perhaps but perfect material for an encyclopedia that doesn't censor. Sometimes material is better presented as a list which I think might be true in this case. Benji boi 14:51, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Eh, ok. I disagree but give in. Carl.bunderson (talk) 18:04, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'll continue to look at this to see if it can simply be converted to prose. Benji boi 18:33, 25 February 2008 (UTC)

See also section
I am going to remove these per relevance and WP:ALSO. Maybe they can be worked into the article? Thank you. --70.181.45.138 (talk) 22:57, 9 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually those are exactly what a See also section if for, links awaiting introduction into the article. Banj e  b oi   22:51, 11 August 2008 (UTC)

Unencyclopedic content
The current image, while slightly humorous, is not particularly illustrative of the topic at hand. Actually, it just looks like a man whose posterior (bum, ass, butt, etc.) is inexplicably on fire. And as for the Zappa quote... well, that's just totally out of place (nothing to do with the section it's placed under). Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, not a quasi-comedic, semi-serious blog. I know it can be difficult to be serious (objective, encyclopedic, etc.) when writing about a topic such as this, but we must honestly try. The article in its current state is almost... well... laughable.Fuzzform (talk) 05:57, 9 February 2009 (UTC)

US bias
The whole "Motivations" section seems to be about why and when Americans light their farts (e.g. the reference to "fraternity houses"). Believe it or not it has also been known to happen on the other 93% of the world's land mass as well.

80.7.16.160 (talk) 00:26, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Can you provide documentation?216.67.46.134 (talk) 09:03, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

 * This may be true but as 216.67 anon notes, we need sources, they actually lead the way as to what we should include. Personally I think it would help to show that the activity is worldwide and/or cultural differences. -- Banj e  b oi   22:04, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Flamability
It should be mentioned that you need some kind of diffusor (underwear or pants) to make the gas ignite. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.208.151.124 (talk) 22:42, 18 March 2010 (UTC) Air is often swallowed with food. This can provide enough oxygen to allow the flatulence to ignite inside the anus. I assure you this can happen if attempted without clthing on the anus. The underwear or pants can be considered a flame holder to minimize the chance of internal flame injury.

Safety
There should be an expanded section on safety. Particularly pointing out the hazards of the ignition of pubic hair, clothing, internal anal burns and the potential for the flame to extend some distance igniting the surroundings particularly bedding, curtains, christmas trees and furniture upholstery. 98.164.99.154 (talk) 07:14, 2 October 2011 (UTC)

Image
Seriously, wtf is up with the image in the lead? I mean, I recognize the need for an image, but this is a really amateurish, ms-painted, captionless monstrosity. Is there really nothing better that can be done? Sithman VIII !! 02:05, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

 * That image is pretty ridiculous, I have to agree. Larry V (talk | e-mail) 07:06, 2 July 2010 (UTC)

Mass Spectrometric Analysis
I'm sure a few lab geeks have carefully characterized human emissions using mass spectrometry.

Sadly, this article is sorely lacking supportive documentation.

We need to include objective and reproducible flammability quotients as well as fire-risk assessments. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dosware (talk • contribs) 03:06, 28 October 2011 (UTC)

"Making an Awesome"?
After some Google searching, I can't find a single instance of the phrase "making an awesome" used to describe fart lighting if I exclude content that is quoting (or plagiarizing) Wikipedia. It's also not listed in Urban Dictionary, which is reasonably strong negative evidence. This claim is so dubious (and suggestive of vandalism) that I'm going to remove it outright rather than adding a citation-needed marker. If somebody out there feels that this really is a common term, feel free to add it back—but not without a reference. Gerweck (talk) 00:43, 12 March 2013 (UTC)

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 14:24, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Entire article should be deleted
In my humble opinion, this does not belong in Wikipedia. It is frivolous, juvenile and wholly in conflict with Wikipedia's mission of providing a serious reference tool. Let's have some discussion on this: do you agree? Disagree? I can't find a specific Wikipedia policy that prohibits an article like this, but let's use common sense, people. Yes, you found some references to this crude topic (including some on YouTube) but that doesn't mean it merits an article. BuzzWeiser196 (talk) 13:08, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Come on now...
"In order to "fire fart", one must have a fart prepared in the anal cavity, and a lighter at the ready. Then they fart onto the lighter."

Really? "Have a fart prepared" and "fart onto the lighter"? this does not feel like encyclopedic language. Wikipedia isn't meant to be instructional, it's informational. Furthermore, I see no source suggesting that "fire fart" is a commonly used term for this. 155.33.134.29 (talk) 04:23, 26 March 2018 (UTC)

Expansion of Scientific Data
Data is interesting, but process of combusion could do with more detail. Do we have any scientists working in this field who might be able to push a bit of gas into the discussion and illuminate the area for us? Mrspaceowl (talk) 19:56, 1 February 2019 (UTC)

Overlooked vandalism?
Surely, the words “and Lake Titicaca” in the lede are nothing more than tongue-in-cheek infantilism, and thus vandalism requiring removal. I tried scanning through recent edits, and it seems this grade-school humor has been allowed to stand for a considerable length of time. Unless, by pure coincidence, the local South American population call pyroflatulence “llama azul,” I’d suggest deleting the content (and, optionally, having the editor warned). KirkCliff2 (talk) 04:57, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fart lighting


text:
Patrick Moore

Sir Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore (4 March 1923 – 9 December 2012 ) was an English amateur astronomer who attained prominence in that field as a writer, researcher, radio commentator and television presenter.

Moore's early interest in astronomy led him to join the British Astronomical Association aged eleven. He served in the Royal Air Force during World War II and briefly taught before publishing his first book on lunar observation in 1953. Renowned for his expertise in Moon observation and the creation of the Caldwell catalogue, Moore authored more than seventy astronomy books. He hosted the world's longest-running television series with the original presenter, BBC's The Sky at Night, from 1957 until his death in 2012. Idiosyncrasies such as his rapid diction and monocle made him a popular and instantly recognisable figure on British television. Moore was co-founder and president of the Society for Popular Astronomy.

Outside his field of astronomy, Moore appeared in the video game television show GamesMaster. Moore was also a self-taught xylophonist and pianist, as well as an accomplished composer. He was an amateur cricketer, golfer and chess player. In addition to many popular science books, he wrote numerous works of fiction. He was an opponent of fox hunting, an outspoken critic of the European Union and a supporter of the UK Independence Party, and he served as chairman of the short-lived anti-immigration United Country Party. He was knighted in 2001.

Early life
Moore was born in Pinner, Middlesex, on 4 March 1923 to Capt. Charles Trachsel Caldwell-Moore MC (died 1947) and Gertrude (née White) (died 1981). His family moved to Bognor Regis, and subsequently to East Grinstead where he spent his childhood. His youth was marked by heart problems, which left him in poor health, and he was educated at home by private tutors. He developed an interest in astronomy at the age of six and joined the British Astronomical Association at the age of 11. He was invited to run a small observatory in East Grinstead at the age of 14, after his mentor, William Sadler Franks – who ran the observatory – was killed in a road accident. At the age of 16, he began wearing a monocle after an oculist told him his right eye was weaker than his left.

During World War II, Moore joined the Home Guard in East Grinstead, where his father had been elected platoon commander. Records show that he enlisted in the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve in December 1941 at age 18 and was not called up for service until July 1942 as an Aircraftman, 2nd Class. After basic training at various RAF bases in England, he went to Canada under the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan. He completed training at RAF Moncton in New Brunswick as a navigator and pilot. Returning to England in June 1944, he was commissioned as a pilot officer and was posted to RAF Millom in Cumberland, where he claimed to have been a navigator in the crew of a Vickers Wellington bomber, engaged in maritime patrolling and bombing missions to mainland Europe, though in fact he was still in training at Millom. He was only posted to Bomber Command five days before the end of the war in Europe. After the end of hostilities, Moore became an adjutant and then an Area Meteorological Officer, demobilising in October 1945 with the rank of flying officer.

Career in astronomy
After the war, Moore rejected a grant to study at the University of Cambridge, citing a wish to "stand on my own two feet". He wrote his first book, Guide to the Moon (later retitled Patrick Moore on the Moon) in 1952, and it was published a year later. He was a teacher in Woking and at Holmewood House School in Langton Green in Kent from 1945 to 1953. His second book was a translation of a work of French astronomer Gérard de Vaucouleurs (Moore spoke fluent French). After his second original science book, Guide to the Planets, he wrote his first work of fiction, The Master of the Moon, the first of numerous young adult fiction space adventure books (including the late 1970s series the Scott Saunders Space Adventure); he wrote a more adult novel and a farce titled Ancient Lights, though he did not wish either to be published. Moore also translated the book Quanta by J Lochak and Andrade E Silva, published in 1969, from the French.

While teaching at Holmewood, he set up a 12½ inch reflector telescope at his home, which he kept into his old age. He developed a particular interest in the far side of the Moon, a small part of which is visible from Earth as a result of the Moon's libration; the Moon was his specialist subject throughout his life. Moore described the short-lived glowing areas on the lunar surface and gave them the name transient lunar phenomena in 1968.

His first television appearance was in a debate about the existence of flying saucers following a spate of reported sightings in the 1950s; Moore argued against Lord Dowding and other UFO proponents. He was invited to present a live astronomy programme and said the greatest difficulty was finding an appropriate theme tune; the opening of Jean Sibelius's Pelléas et Mélisande was chosen and used throughout the programme's existence. The programme was originally named Star Map before The Sky at Night was chosen in the Radio Times. On 24 April 1957, at 10:30 pm, Moore presented the first episode about the Comet Arend–Roland. The programme was pitched to casual viewers up to professional astronomers, in a format which remained consistent from its inception. Moore presented every monthly episode except for one in July 2004 when he suffered a near-fatal bout of food poisoning caused by eating a contaminated goose egg and was replaced for that episode by Chris Lintott. Moore appears in the Guinness World Records book as the world's longest-serving TV presenter having presented the programme since 1957. From 2004 to 2012, the programme was broadcast from Moore's home when arthritis prevented him from travelling to the studios. Over the years, he received many lucrative offers to take his programme onto other networks but rejected them because he held a 'gentlemen's agreement' with the BBC.

In 1959, the Russians allowed Moore to be the first Westerner to see the photographic results of the Luna 3 probe and to show them live on air. Less successful was the transmission of the Luna 4 probe, which ran into technical difficulties and around this time, Moore famously swallowed a large fly; both episodes were live, and Moore had to continue regardless. He was invited to visit the Soviet Union, where he met Yuri Gagarin, the first man to journey into outer space. For the fiftieth episode of The Sky at Night, in September 1961, Moore's attempt to be the first to broadcast a live direct telescopic view of a planet resulted in another unintended 'comedy episode', as cloud obscured the sky. In 1965, he was appointed director of the newly constructed Armagh Planetarium in Northern Ireland, a post he held until 1968. His stay outside England was short partly because of the beginning of The Troubles, a dispute Moore wanted no involvement in. He was appointed Armagh County secretary of the Scout movement but resigned after being informed that Catholics could not be admitted. In developing the Planetarium, Moore travelled to Japan to secure a Goto Mars projector. He helped with the redevelopment of the Birr Telescope in the Republic of Ireland. He was a key figure in the development of the Herschel Museum of Astronomy in Bath.

In June 1968, he returned to England, settling in Selsey after resigning from his post in Armagh. During the NASA Apollo programme, presenting on the Apollo 8 mission, he declared that "this is one of the great moments of human history", only to have his broadcast interrupted by the children's programme Jackanory. He was a presenter for the Apollo 9 and Apollo 10 missions, and a commenter, with Cliff Michelmore and James Burke, for BBC television's coverage of the Moon landing missions. Moore could not remember his words at the "Eagle has landed" moment, and the BBC lost the tapes of the broadcast. A homemade recording reveals that the studio team was very quiet during the landing sequence, leaving the NASA commentary clear of interruptions. Some 14 seconds after "contact" Burke says "They've touched". At 36 seconds, he says, "Eagle has landed". Between 53 and 62 seconds, he explains the upcoming stay/no-stay decision, and NASA announces the T1 stay at 90 seconds after contact. At 100 seconds, the recorded sequence ends. Thus, any real-time comment Moore made was not broadcast live, and the recording ends before Burke polls the studio team for comment and reaction. Moore participated in TV coverage of Apollo missions 12 to 17.

He was elected a member of the International Astronomical Union in 1966; having twice edited the Union's General Assembly newsletters. He attempted to establish an International Union of Amateur Astronomers, which failed due to lack of interest. During the 1970s and 80s, he reported on the Voyager and Pioneer programs, often from NASA headquarters. At this time he became increasingly annoyed by conspiracy theorists and reporters who asked him questions such as "Why waste money on space research when there is so much to be done here?". He said that when asked these type of questions "I know that I'm dealing with an idiot." Another question that annoyed him was "what is the difference between astronomy and astrology?" Despite this he made a point of responding to all letters delivered to his house, and sent a variety of standard replies to letters asking basic questions, as well as those from conspiracy theorists, proponents of hunting and 'cranks'. Despite his fame, his telephone number was always listed in the telephone directory and he was happy to show members of the public his observatory.

He compiled the Caldwell catalogue, of 109 star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies for observation by amateur astronomers. In 1982, asteroid 2602 Moore was named in his honour. In February 1986, he presented a special episode of The Sky at Night on the approach of Halley's Comet. However, he later said the BBC's better-funded Horizon team "made a complete hash of the programme." In January 1998, a tornado destroyed part of Moore's garden observatory; it was subsequently rebuilt. Moore campaigned unsuccessfully against the closure of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in 1998. Among Moore's favourite episodes of The Sky at Night were those that dealt with eclipses, and he said, "there is nothing in nature to match the glory of a total eclipse of the Sun." Moore was a BBC presenter for the total eclipse in England in 1999, though the view he and his team had from Cornwall was obscured by cloud. Moore was the patron of the South Downs Planetarium and Science Centre, and he attended its official opening in 2001.

On 1 April 2007, a 50th anniversary semi-spoof edition of the programme was broadcast on BBC One, with Moore depicted as a Time Lord. It featured special guests, amateur astronomers Jon Culshaw (impersonating Moore presenting the first The Sky at Night) and Brian May. On 6 May 2007, a special edition of The Sky at Night was broadcast on BBC One to commemorate the programme's 50th anniversary, with a party in Moore's garden at Selsey, attended by amateur and professional astronomers. Moore celebrated the record-breaking 700th episode of The Sky at Night at his home in Sussex on 6 March 2011. He presented with the help of special guests Professor Brian Cox, Jon Culshaw and Lord Rees, the Astronomer Royal.

It was reported in January 2012 that because of arthritis and the effects of an old spinal injury, he was no longer able to operate a telescope. However, he was still able to present The Sky at Night from his home.

Activism and political beliefs
Moore briefly supported the Liberal Party in the 1950s, though later condemned the Liberal Democrats, saying he believed they could alter their position radically and that they "would happily join up with the BNP or the Socialist Workers Party ... if [by doing so] they could win a few extra votes." In the 1970s, he was chairman of the anti-immigration United Country Party, a position he held until the party was absorbed by the New Britain Party in 1980. He campaigned for the politician Edmund Iremonger at the 1979 general election, as the two men agreed the French and Germans were not to be trusted. Iremonger and Moore gave up political campaigning after deciding they were Thatcherites. He also admired the Official Monster Raving Loony Party and was briefly their financial adviser. A Eurosceptic, he was a supporter and patron of the UK Independence Party, and campaigned on behalf of Douglas Denny, the UKIP candidate for the Chichester constituency in 2001.

Moore was known for his conservative political views. Proudly declaring himself to be English (rather than British) with "not the slightest wish to integrate with anybody", he stated his admiration for British politician Enoch Powell. Moore devoted an entire chapter ("The Weak Arm of the Law") of his autobiography to denouncing modern British society, particularly "motorist-hunting" policemen, sentencing policy, the Race Relations Act, Sex Discrimination Act and the "Thought Police/Politically Correct Brigade". He wrote that "homosexuals are mainly responsible for the spreading of AIDS (the Garden of Eden is home of Adam and Eve, not Adam and Steve)". In 2007, in an interview with Radio Times, he said the BBC was being "ruined by women", commenting that: "The trouble is that the BBC now is run by women and it shows: soap operas, cooking, quizzes, kitchen-sink plays. You wouldn't have had that in the golden days." In response, a BBC spokeswoman described Moore as being one of TV's best-loved figures and remarked that his "forthright" views were "what we all love about him". During his June 2002 appearance on Room 101 he banished female newsreaders into Room 101. "I may be accused of being a dinosaur, but I would remind you that dinosaurs ruled the Earth for a very long time."

He wrote in his autobiography that Liechtenstein – a constitutional monarchy headed by a prince – had the best political system in the world. Moore was a critic of the Iraq War, and said "the world was a safer place when Ronald Reagan was in the White House".

Moore cited his opposition to fox hunting, blood sport and capital punishment to rebut claims that he had ultra-right-wing views. Though not a vegetarian, he held "a deep contempt for people who go out to kill merely to amuse themselves." He was an animal lover, supporting many animal welfare charities (particularly Cats Protection). He had a particular affinity for cats and stated that "a catless house is a soulless house".

Moore was opposed to astronomy being taught in schools. In an interview, he said: "You see, anyone who is interested in astronomy will gravitate to it, as I did. If you start teaching it as a school subject, it's going to be taught badly, like everything else these days, and enthusiasm is going to be killed."

Other interests and popular culture
Because of his long-running television career and eccentric demeanour, Moore was widely recognised and became a popular public figure. In 1976 it was used to good effect for an April Fools' Day spoof on BBC Radio 2, when Moore announced a once-in-a-lifetime astronomical event that meant that if listeners could jump at that exact moment, 9.47 a.m. they would experience a temporary sensation of weightlessness. The BBC received many telephone calls from listeners alleging they experienced the sensation. He was a key figure in the establishment of the International Birdman event in Bognor Regis, which was initially held in Selsey.

Moore appeared in other television and radio shows, including the BBC Radio 4 panel show Just a Minute. From 1992 until 1998, he played the role of GamesMaster, a character who knew everything about video games, in the Channel 4 television series GamesMaster. GamesMaster would issue video game challenges and answered questions about cheats and tips. The show's host, Dominik Diamond, said that Moore did not understand anything he said on the show but recorded his contributions in single takes.

Moore was a keen amateur actor, appearing in local plays. He appeared in self-parodying roles, in several episodes of The Goodies and on the Morecambe and Wise show, and broadcast with Kenneth Horne only a few days before Horne's death. He had a minor role in the fourth radio series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and a lead role in the BBC Radio 1 sci-fi play, Independence Day UK in which amongst other things, Moore fills in as a navigator. Among other shows, he appeared in It's a Celebrity Knockout, Blankety Blank and Face the Music, and in the Q.E.D. episode "Round Britain Whizz".

Moore expressed appreciation for the science fiction television series Doctor Who and Star Trek, but stated that he had stopped watching when "they went PC - making women commanders, that kind of thing". Despite this he made a cameo appearance in the Doctor Who episode "The Eleventh Hour" in 2010, which was Matt Smith's debut as the Eleventh Doctor. In the 1960s, Moore had been approached by the Doctor Who story editor Gerry Davis to act as a scientific advisor on the series to help with the accuracy of stories, a position ultimately taken by Kit Pedler.

A keen amateur chess player, Moore carried a pocket set and was vice president of Sussex Junior Chess Association. In 2003, he presented Sussex Junior David Howell with the best young chess player award on Carlton Television's Britain's Brilliant Prodigies show. Moore had represented Sussex in his youth.

Moore was an enthusiastic amateur cricketer, playing for the Selsey Cricket Club well into his seventies. He played for the Lord's Taverners, a cricketing charity team, as a bowler with an unorthodox action. Though an accomplished leg spin bowler, he was a number 11 batsman and a poor fielder. The jacket notes to his book "Suns, Myths and Men" (1968) said his hobbies included "chess, which he plays with a peculiar leg-spin, and cricket." He played golf and won a Pro-Am competition in Southampton in 1975.

Until forced to give up because of arthritis, Moore was a keen pianist and accomplished xylophone player, having first played the instrument at the age of 13. He composed a substantial corpus of works, including two operettas. Moore had a ballet, Lyra's Dream, written to his music. He performed at a Royal Command Performance, and performed a duet with Evelyn Glennie.

In 1998, as a guest on Have I Got News for You, he accompanied the show's closing theme tune on the xylophone and as a pianist, he once accompanied Albert Einstein playing The Swan by Camille Saint-Saëns on the violin (no recording was made). In 1981 he performed a solo xylophone rendition of the Sex Pistols' "Anarchy in the U.K." in a Royal Variety Performance. He did not enjoy most popular music: when played ten modern rock songs by such artists as Hawkwind, Muse and Pink Floyd, in a 2009 interview with journalist Joel McIver, he explained, "To my ear, all these songs are universally awful."

Before encountering health problems, he was an extensive traveller and had visited all seven continents, including Antarctica; he said his favourite two countries were Iceland and Norway. On 7 March 2006 he was hospitalised and fitted with a pacemaker because of cardiac dysrhythmia.

Moore was a friend of the Queen guitarist and astrophysicist Brian May, who was an occasional guest on The Sky at Night. May bought Moore's Selsey home in 2008, leasing it back to him for a peppercorn rent the same day to provide financial security. May, Moore and Chris Lintott co-wrote a book ''Bang! The Complete History of the Universe''. In February 2011, Moore completed (with Robin Rees and Iain Nicolson) his comprehensive Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy for Cambridge University Press. In 1986, he was identified as the co-author of a book published in 1954 called Flying Saucer from Mars, attributed to Cedric Allingham, which was intended as a money-making venture and practical joke on UFO believers; Moore never admitted his involvement.

Moore believed himself to be the only person to have met the first aviator, Orville Wright, the first man in space, Yuri Gagarin, and the first man on the moon, Neil Armstrong.

In March 2015, BBC Radio 4 broadcast a 45-minute play based on the life of Moore, The Far Side of the Moore by Sean Grundy, starring Tom Hollander as Moore and Patricia Hodge as his mother.

Moore is portrayed by Daniel Beales in the Netflix series The Crown.

Honours and appointments
In 1945, Moore was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society (FRAS), and in 1977 he was awarded the society's Jackson-Gwilt Medal. He was also a long-time Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society and a member of its Council; he was the founding editor of the Society's monthly magazine Spaceflight, first published in 1956. He made the Sir Patrick Moore Medal to recognise outstanding contributions to the Society. In 1968, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) and promoted to a Commander (CBE) in 1988. In 1999, he became the Honorary President of the East Sussex Astronomical Society, a position he held until his death. Moore was knighted for "services to the popularisation of science and to broadcasting" in the 2001 New Year Honours.

In 2001, he was appointed an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society (HonFRS), the only amateur astronomer ever to achieve the distinction. In June 2002, he was appointed as the Honorary Vice-president of the Society for the History of Astronomy. Also in 2002, Buzz Aldrin presented him with a British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) award for services to television. He was patron of Torquay Boys' Grammar School in south Devon. Moore had a long association with the University of Leicester and its Department of Physics and Astronomy and was awarded an Honorary Doctor of Science (HonDSc) degree in 1996 and a Distinguished Honorary Fellowship in 2008, the highest award that the university can bestow.

Personal life and death
World War II had a significant influence on Moore's life – he said his only romance ended when his fiancée Lorna, a nurse, was killed in London in 1943 by a bomb which struck her ambulance. Moore subsequently remarked that he never married because "there was no one else for me ... second best is no good for me ... I would have liked a wife and family, but it was not to be." In his biography of Moore, Martin Mobberley expressed doubts over this account, as it was not possible to identify Lorna, saying that Moore told varying stories about her. In his autobiography, he said that after sixty years, he still thought about her, and because of her death, "if I saw the entire German nation sinking into the sea, I could be relied upon to help push it down." In May 2012, Moore told the Radio Times magazine, "We must take care. There may be another war. The Germans will try again, given another chance." He also said, in the same interview, that "the only good Kraut is a dead Kraut".

Moore said he was "exceptionally close" to his mother Gertrude, a talented artist who shared his home at Selsey, West Sussex, which was decorated with her paintings of "bogeys" – little friendly aliens – that she produced and sent out annually as the Moores' Christmas cards. Moore wrote the foreword for his mother's 1974 book, Mrs Moore in Space.

On 9 December 2012, Moore died of sepsis and heart failure, at his home in Selsey. On 9 December 2014, it was reported that the Science Museum, London had acquired a large collection of his objects and manuscripts and memorabilia, including The Sky at Night scripts, and about 70 of his observation books, over more than 60 years, and manuscripts for astronomy and fiction books, and a 12.5-inch reflecting telescope.

title: Patrick Moore