text:
1953 in literature

Events from the year 1953 in literature .

Events

 * January 5 – Waiting For Godot, a play by the Irish writer Samuel Beckett, has its first public stage performance, in French as En attendant Godot, at the Théâtre de Babylone in Paris. Beckett's novel The Unnamable is also published in French this year.
 * January 22 – The Crucible, a historical drama by Arthur Miller written as an allegory of McCarthyism, opens on Broadway at the Martin Beck Theatre.
 * February 19 – The State of Georgia approves the first literature censorship board in the United States.
 * April 13 – The face of popular literature changes with the publication of Ian Fleming's novel Casino Royale, introducing the British spy character James Bond.
 * May – The semi-autobiographical Go Tell It on the Mountain by James Baldwin is published. In 2001, it will be named as one of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century by the editors of the American Modern Library.
 * June 17 – Bertolt Brecht continues uninterrupted with rehearsals for the first production of Erwin Strittmatter's Katzgraben: Szenen aus dem Bauernleben, with the Berliner Ensemble during the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany. The incident inspires Günter Grass's Die Plebejer proben den Aufstand ("The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising", 1966).
 * July 13 – The first Stratford Shakespearean Festival of Canada opens in Stratford, Ontario.
 * September – French journalist Jean Borel's article "Zola a-t-il été assassiné?" in the September–October edition of Libération suggests that Émile Zola's death in 1902 was not accidental.
 * September 9 – The Supreme Court decision in Rumely v. United States affirms that indirect lobbying in the United States by distribution of books intended to influence opinion is a public good and not subject to regulation by Congress.
 * October – The literary magazine Encounter begins publication in London under the editorship of the American political journalist Irving Kristol and the English poet Stephen Spender, with covert sponsorship by the Central Intelligence Agency.
 * October 21 – Shortly after being knighted, the English actor Sir John Gielgud is convicted of "persistently importuning male persons for an immoral purpose" (cottaging) in Chelsea, London.
 * November 5 – Dylan Thomas, on a poetry reading tour of the United States, is admitted to St. Vincent's Hospital, Manhattan in a coma, which continues until his death on November 9. Early versions of his play for voices Under Milk Wood have been given in the United States this year, but it is not broadcast in its final form until 1954.
 * December – The American novelist Howard Fast is awarded the Stalin Peace Prize.
 * unknown dates
 * Ronald Harwood joins Sir Donald Wolfit's theatre company, and becomes his dresser.
 * John Dickson Carr's final Sir Henry Merrivale mystery novel, writing as Carter Dickson, is published.
 * After five years as an English teacher, Frederick Buechner moves to New York City to become a full-time writer.
 * Federico García Lorca's Obras Completas (Complete Works) are published in Spain as a prohibition on his work is lifted there.
 * Brian O'Nolan is obliged to retire from a senior post in the Civil Service of the Republic of Ireland on grounds of alcoholism and impoliteness to senior politicians.
 * City Lights Bookstore is established in San Francisco by Lawrence Ferlinghetti and Peter D. Martin.

Fiction

 * Ilse Aichinger – Der Gefesselte (The Bound Man, short stories)
 * Sholom Aleichem – Adventures of Mottel the Cantor's Son (translation)
 * Phyllis Shand Allfrey – The Orchid House
 * Eric Ambler – The Schirmer Inheritance
 * Mulk Raj Anand – The Private Life of an Indian Prince
 * Isaac Asimov – Second Foundation
 * Nigel Balchin
 * Private Interests
 * Sundry Creditors
 * James Baldwin – Go Tell It on the Mountain
 * Saul Bellow – The Adventures of Augie March (published in September)
 * Nicolas Bentley – Third Party Risk
 * Alfred Bester – The Demolished Man
 * John Bingham – Five Roundabouts to Heaven
 * Zealia Bishop – The Curse of Yig
 * Heinrich Böll – And Never Said a Word (Und sagte kein einziges Wort)
 * Ray Bradbury
 * Fahrenheit 451 (published in October)
 * The Golden Apples of the Sun
 * Gwendolyn Brooks – Maud Martha
 * John Bude – Twice Dead
 * William S. Burroughs (as William Lee) – Junkie
 * John Dickson Carr (as Carter Dickson) – The Cavalier's Cup
 * Max Catto – A Prize of Gold
 * Henry Cecil – Natural Causes
 * Raymond Chandler – The Long Goodbye
 * James Hadley Chase – I'll Bury My Dead
 * Agatha Christie
 * After the Funeral
 * A Pocket Full of Rye
 * Arthur C. Clarke
 * Against the Fall of Night
 * Childhood's End
 * Beverly Cleary – Otis Spofford
 * Ivy Compton-Burnett – The Present and the Past
 * Edmund Crispin – Beware of the Trains
 * A. J. Cronin – Beyond This Place
 * Roald Dahl – Someone Like You (short stories, including "Nunc Dimittis")
 * Cecil Day-Lewis – The Dreadful Hollow
 * L. Sprague de Camp
 * The Continent Makers and Other Tales of the Viagens
 * Sprague de Camp's New Anthology of Science Fiction
 * The Tritonian Ring and Other Pusadian Tales
 * L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt – Tales from Gavagan's Bar
 * Lloyd C. Douglas – The Robe (originally published in 1942)
 * Islwyn Ffowc Elis – Cysgod y Cryman (Shadow of the Sickle)
 * Ian Fleming – Casino Royale
 * C. S. Forester – Hornblower and the Atropos
 * Ernest K. Gann – The High and the Mighty
 * Anthony Gilbert – Footsteps Behind Me
 * Rumer Godden – Kingfishers Catch Fire
 * Richard Gordon – Doctor at Sea
 * Davis Grubb – The Night of the Hunter
 * Mark Harris – The Southpaw
 * L. P. Hartley – The Go-Between
 * James Hilton – Time and Time Again
 * Shirley Jackson – Life Among the Savages
 * David Karp – One
 * Margaret Kennedy – Troy Chimneys
 * Wolfgang Koeppen – Das Treibhaus (The Hothouse)
 * Camara Laye – L'Enfant noir
 * Rosamond Lehmann – The Echoing Grove
 * Ira Levin – A Kiss Before Dying
 * Audrey Erskine Lindop – The Singer Not the Song
 * Eric Linklater – The House of Gair
 * E. C. R. Lorac
 * Crook O'Lune
 * Murder as a Fine Art
 * Virgilio Rodríguez Macal – Carazamba
 * Angus MacVicar – The Lost Planet
 * Wolf Mankowitz – A Kid for Two Farthings
 * Ngaio Marsh – Spinsters in Jeopardy
 * James A. Michener – The Bridges at Toko-ri
 * Gladys Mitchell – Merlin's Furlong
 * Roger Nimier – Nothing to Make a Fuss About
 * Flannery O'Connor – "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" (short story)
 * Zoe B. Oldenbourg – The Cornerstone
 * Alan Paton – Too Late the Phalarope
 * Mervyn Peake – Mr Pye
 * Barbara Pym – Jane and Prudence
 * Ellery Queen – The Scarlet Letters
 * Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings – The Sojourner
 * Mary Renault – The Charioteer
 * Karl Ristikivi – Hingede öö (The Night of Souls)
 * Alain Robbe-Grillet – Les Gommes (The Erasers)
 * Juan Rulfo – El Llano en llamas (The Burning Plain, short stories)
 * J. D. Salinger – Nine Stories
 * Samuel Shellabarger – Lord Vanity
 * Wilmar H. Shiras – Children of the Atom
 * Howard Spring – A Sunset Touch
 * Rex Stout – The Golden Spiders
 * Theodore Sturgeon – More Than Human
 * Julian Symons – The Broken Penny
 * Jim Thompson – Savage Night
 * Leon Uris – Battle Cry
 * Boris Vian – Heartsnatcher
 * A. E. van Vogt – The Universe Maker
 * Henry Wade – Too Soon to Die
 * John Wain – Hurry on Down
 * Evelyn Waugh – Love Among the Ruins
 * Dennis Wheatley – Curtain of Fear
 * Dorothy Whipple – Someone at a Distance
 * Ben Ames Williams – The Unconquered
 * John Wyndham – The Kraken Wakes
 * Frank Yerby – The Devil's Laughter

Children and young people

 * Rev. W. Awdry – Gordon the Big Engine (eighth in The Railway Series of 42 books by him and his son Christopher Awdry)
 * Viola Bayley – White Holiday
 * Bruce Carter – Speed Six!
 * Roger Lancelyn Green – King Arthur and His Knights of the Round Table
 * C. S. Lewis – The Silver Chair (fourth in The Chronicles of Narnia series of seven books)
 * Elinor Lyon – Run Away Home
 * Joan Phipson – Good Luck to the Rider
 * Joan G. Robinson – Teddy Robinson
 * Miriam Schlein – When Will the World Be Mine? (non-fiction)
 * Geoffrey Willans (illustrated by Ronald Searle) – Down with Skool! A Guide to School Life for Tiny Pupils and their Parents (first in the Nigel Molesworth series of four books)

Drama

 * Arthur Adamov – Professor Taranne (Le Professeur Taranne)
 * Robert Anderson – Tea and Sympathy
 * Alex Atkinson – Four Winds
 * Samuel Beckett – Waiting for Godot (En attendant Godot)
 * Mary Hayley Bell – The Uninvited Guest
 * Ugo Betti – The Fugitive (La Fuggitiva, premiered posthumously)
 * Peter Blackmore – Down Came a Blackbird
 * Wynyard Browne – A Question of Fact
 * Agatha Christie – Witness for the Prosecution
 * Campbell Christie and Dorothy Christie – Carrington V.C.
 * R. F. Delderfield – The Orchard Walls
 * Max Frisch – The Fire Raisers (Biedermann und die Brandstifter, originally for radio)
 * Witold Gombrowicz – The Marriage (Ślub, Polish version published)
 * Kenneth Horne – Trial and Error
 * N. C. Hunter – A Day by the Sea
 * William Inge - Picnic
 * Arthur Miller – The Crucible
 * Erwin Strittmatter – Katzgraben
 * Vernon Sylvaine – As Long as They're Happy
 * Emlyn Williams – Someone Waiting

Poetry

 * The Faber Book of Twentieth Century Verse edited by John Heath-Stubbs and David Wright

Non-fiction

 * George Dangerfield – The Era of Good Feelings (Bancroft Prize)
 * L. Sprague de Camp – Science-Fiction Handbook
 * M. Dena Gardiner – The Principles of Exercise Therapy
 * Gerald Durrell – The Overloaded Ark
 * Lawrence Durrell – Reflections on a Marine Venus
 * Geoffrey Elton – The Tudor Revolution in Government
 * Heinrich Harrer – Seven Years in Tibet
 * Clarence C. Hulley – Alaska 1741–1953
 * Czesław Miłosz – The Captive Mind
 * Nancy Mitford – Madame de Pompadour
 * Roger Peyrefitte – Les Clés de saint Pierre (The Keys of St Peter)
 * K. M. Panikkar – Asia and Western Dominance
 * Sebastian Snow – My Amazon Adventure
 * R. W. Southern – The Making of the Middle Ages
 * John Summerson – Architecture in Britain: 1530–1830
 * Ludwig Wittgenstein – Philosophical Investigations

Births

 * January 7 – Dionne Brand, Canadian poet
 * February 5 – Giannina Braschi, Puerto Rican-born poet and novelist
 * February 6 – Kaoru Takamura, Japanese novelist
 * February 10 – John Shirley, American science fiction and horror writer
 * February 18 – Peter Robinson, English poet
 * March 12 – Carl Hiaasen, American journalist and novelist
 * March 25 – John Tierney, American journalist
 * March 26 – George Dyson, American science historian
 * April 3
 * Pieter Aspe (Pierre Aspelag), Belgian crime writer
 * Sandra Boynton, American humorist and children's writer
 * April 20 – Sebastian Faulks, English novelist
 * April 23 – Roberto Bolaño, Chilean-born fiction writer (died 2003)
 * May 10 – Christopher Paul Curtis, American children's writer
 * May 12 – Neil Astley, English author, poet and academic
 * May 19 – Victoria Wood, English comedian and writer (died 2016)
 * July 9 – Thomas Ligotti, American horror writer
 * July 29 – Frank McGuinness, Irish dramatist, poet and novelist
 * August 1 – Howard Kurtz, American journalist and author
 * August 10 – Mark Doty, American poet and memoirist
 * August 17 – Korrie Layun Rampan, Indonesian writer (died 2015)
 * September 5 – Herman Koch, Dutch fiction writer and actor
 * September 10 – Pat Cadigan, American science fiction author
 * September 23 – Nicholas Witchell, English television journalist
 * November 5 – Joyce Maynard, American memoirist and fiction writer
 * November 18 – Alan Moore, English comic-book and graphic-novel scriptwriter
 * November 29 - Janet McNaughton, Canadian young-adult fiction writer
 * December 15 – Doug Lucie, English dramatist
 * unknown date – Gary Taylor, American Shakespearean scholar

Deaths

 * April 4 – Rachilde (Marguerite Vallette-Eymery), French author (born 1860)
 * April 6 – Idris Davies, Welsh poet in Welsh and English (abdominal cancer, born 1905)
 * April 9 – C. E. M. Joad, English philosopher and broadcaster (born 1891)
 * April 10 – Gordon Hall Gerould, American philologist (born 1877)
 * April 13 – Alice Milligan, Irish poet (born 1865)
 * April 24 – Alfred Vierkandt, German sociologist (born 1867)
 * June 5 – Moelona, Welsh-language novelist and translator (born 1877)
 * June 25 – Richard Jebb, English journalist (born 1874)
 * June 30 – Elsa Beskow, Swedish children's author and illustrator (born 1874)
 * July 6 – Julia de Burgos, Puerto Rican poet in Spanish (pneumonia, born 1914)
 * July 16 – Hilaire Belloc, English humorous poet, essayist and travel writer (born 1870)
 * August 12 – J. H. M. Abbott, Australian novelist and poet (born 1874)
 * August 30 – Maurice Nicoll, English psychiatrist and writer on psychology (born 1884)
 * September 19 – Eirik Vandvik, Norwegian classicist and translator (born 1904)
 * November 8
 * Ivan Bunin, Russian-born writer and Nobel laureate (born 1870)
 * John van Melle, South African author (born 1887)
 * November 9 – Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet and author (pneumonia, born 1914)
 * November 27
 * Eugene O'Neill, American playwright (born 1888)
 * T. F. Powys, English novelist (born 1875)
 * November 30 – Francis Picabia, French poet and painter 1879)
 * December 8 – Claude Scudamore Jarvis, English colonial governor, writer, Arabist and naturalist (born 1879)
 * December 26 – Lulah Ragsdale, American poet, novelist, and actor (born 1861)
 * probable – Tan Khoen Swie, Indonesian publisher

Awards

 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Edward Osmond, A Valley Grows Up
 * Christopher Award: Marie Killilea, Karen
 * Governor General's Award for Poetry or Drama: Douglas LePan, The Net and the Sword
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Margaret Kennedy, Troy Chimneys
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Carola Oman, Sir John Moore
 * National Book Award for Fiction: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Ann Nolan Clark, Secret of the Andes
 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill
 * Premio Nadal: Luisa Forrellad, Siempre en capilla
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: William Inge, Picnic
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Ernest Hemingway, The Old Man and the Sea
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Archibald MacLeish, Collected Poems 1917-1952
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Arthur Waley

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1953 in literature


text:
Gästrikland

Gästrikland is a historical province or landskap on the eastern coast of Sweden. It borders Uppland, Västmanland, Dalarna, Hälsingland and the Gulf of Bothnia. Gästrikland is the southernmost and the most densely populated of the Norrland provinces.

Other forms of the name used are Gestricia and Gastrikland. Before 1900, the spelling was officially Gestrikland in Swedish.

Administration
The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Gästrikland the province constitutes the southern part of the administrative county, län, Gävleborg County.

Heraldry
Arms granted in 1560. As with other provinces the arms is represented with a ducal coronet. Blazon: "Argent Hurty an Elk statant Gules attired and hoofed Or." A coat of arms for Gävleborg County was granted in 1938, combining the arms of Gästrikland and Hälsingland.

Geography
Gästrikland is often called the gate to Norrland (the northern Sweden part that is traditionally considered scarcely populated, largely unexplored until the 15th century, and with a terrain dominated by forests, mountains and lakes). Gästrikland was often called the gate to Norrland because from Gästrikland people went on to the north part of Sweden.

The province uses the slogan "the Iron Kingdom" ("Järnriket").

The main parts of Gästrikland consists of plains, which in the south and east transcends into fertile agricultural areas. To the north the west the terrain becomes hilly and forest covered, unsuitable for agrarian tasks. In the north-western corner one also finds Gästrikland's highest mountain, the Lustigknopp (literally "Funny-hood"), of 402 meters height; this mountain also constitutes the meeting point of the three provinces Gästrikland, Hälsingland and Dalarna.

Few larger water areas are found, but a multitude of small ones, and of the total area around 1/10 is water. Its largest lake is Storsjön with an area of 72 km2, in its central parts.

Gästrikland has one National park: Färnebofjärden.

Sub-divisions
The sub-division of municipalities is done within the county, not the province. But as the province coincide with the southern municipal borders in Gävleborg County, the following municipalities are in effect located in Gästrikland:

 * 1) Gävle Municipality
 * 2) Sandviken Municipality
 * 3) Hofors Municipality
 * 4) Ockelbo Municipality

For tourism purposes Älvkarleby Municipality is also considered a part of Gästrikland.

Historically, Gästrikland was sub-divided into chartered cities and court districts. Its cities were: Gävle (chartered around 1400) and Sandviken (chartered in 1943). Its two court districts were Gestricia Eastern Court District and Gestricia Western Court District.

History
Gästrikland was a part of Uppland until 14th or 15th century. Mining and iron production became important industries in the 5th century and the iron works of Hofors and Sandviken still employ about 6,500 people, producing specialized steel and other special metals.

Sports
Football in the province is administered by Gestriklands Fotbollförbund. Ice hockey is also popular, with Brynäs IF.

title: Gästrikland


text:
1954 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1954.

Events

 * January – Kingsley Amis's first novel, the comic campus novel Lucky Jim, is published by Victor Gollancz Ltd in London.
 * January 7 – The Georgetown–IBM experiment is the first public demonstration of a machine translation system, held in New York at the IBM head office.
 * January 25 – Dylan Thomas's radio play Under Milk Wood is first broadcast in the U.K. on the BBC Third Programme, two months after its author's death, with Richard Burton as "First Voice".
 * February – The London Magazine is revived as a literary magazine, with John Lehmann as editor.
 * March 31 – A. L. Zissu is sentenced in Bucharest to life imprisonment for "conspiring against the social order". This has been a focal point in the anti-Zionist clampdown in Communist Romania.
 * May 29 – The rediscovered and restored early 17th-century Corral de comedias de Almagro in Spain is re-inaugurated with a play by Calderon de la Barca.
 * June 16 – The first public celebration of "Bloomsday" takes place in Dublin: writers Flann O'Brien, Patrick Kavanagh and Anthony Cronin travel in a horse-drawn coach, stopping at numerous bars to retrace the steps of the characters from James Joyce's novel Ulysses.
 * June 22 – In the Parker–Hulme murder case, the 15-year-old Julia Hulme, a future writer of English historical detective fiction as Anne Perry, takes part in the murder of her best friend's mother in Christchurch, New Zealand.
 * July 29 – The first volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's epic The Lord of the Rings – The Fellowship of the Ring – is published in London by George Allen & Unwin. The Two Towers follows on November 11 and publication will be completed in 1955. By 2007, 150 million copies will have been sold worldwide.
 * September 1 – Lawrence Quincy Mumford becomes the U.S.Librarian of Congress.
 * September 17 – William Golding's first novel, the allegorical dystopian Lord of the Flies, is published by Faber and Faber in London.
 * September 22 – Terence Rattigan's two linked plays Separate Tables is first performed, at St James's Theatre, London.
 * October 30 – John Updike's first story for The New Yorker, "Friends from Philadelphia", is published. He graduates from Harvard with a thesis on George Herbert, and begins a year's Frank Knox Memorial Fellowship to the Ruskin School of Drawing and Fine Art at England's University of Oxford.
 * November 19 – Brendan Behan's first play, The Quare Fellow is premièred at the Pike Theatre, Dublin.
 * unknown date – Jack Kerouac reads Dwight Goddard's A Buddhist Bible (1932, found in San Jose library), which will influence him greatly.

Fiction

 * Kingsley Amis – Lucky Jim
 * Poul Anderson – The Broken Sword
 * Thomas Armstrong – Pilling Always Pays
 * Isaac Asimov – The Caves of Steel
 * Hamilton Basso – The View from Pompey's Head
 * John Bingham – The Third Skin
 * Boileau-Narcejac – The Living and the Dead (D'entre les morts)
 * Lucy M. Boston – Yew Hall
 * Pierre Boulle – The Bridge over the River Kwai (Le Pont de la Rivière Kwaï)
 * Taylor Caldwell – Never Victorious, Never Defeated
 * Victor Canning – Castle Minerva
 * John Dickson Carr
 * The Third Bullet and Other Stories
 * The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes (with Adrian Conan Doyle)
 * Henry Cecil – According to the Evidence
 * Agatha Christie – Destination Unknown
 * Robertson Davies – Leaven of Malice
 * Cecil Day-Lewis – The Whisper in the Gloom
 * Simone de Beauvoir – The Mandarins (Les Mandarins)
 * Daphne du Maurier – Mary Anne
 * Ian Fleming – Live and Let Die
 * Max Frisch – I'm Not Stiller (Stiller)
 * Anthony Gilbert – Snake in the Grass
 * William Golding – Lord of the Flies
 * Richard Gordon – The Captain's Table
 * Walter Greenwood – What Everybody Wants
 * James Hadley Chase – The Sucker Punch
 * Joan Henry – Yield to the Night
 * Hergé – Explorers on the Moon (On a marché sur la Lune)
 * Hwang Sun-won – The Descendants of Cain (카인의 후예)
 * Mac Hyman – No Time for Sergeants
 * Hammond Innes – The Strange Land
 * Michael Innes – Appleby Talking
 * Randall Jarrell – Pictures from an Institution: a comedy
 * Elizabeth Jenkins – The Tortoise and the Hare
 * Yasunari Kawabata (川端 康成) – The Sound of the Mountain (Yama no Oto; serialization concludes)
 * Frances Parkinson Keyes – The Royal Box
 * Kalki Krishnamurthy
 * Amara Thara
 * Ponniyin Selvan (பொன்னியின் செல்வன், "The Son of Ponni"; publication concludes)
 * Manuel Mujica Láinez – La casa (The House)
 * George Lamming – The Emigrants
 * Jacques Laurent – Mata Hari's Daughter
 * Camara Laye – Le Regard du roi
 * Ira Levin – A Kiss Before Dying
 * Astrid Lindgren – Mio, My Son
 * E. C. R. Lorac
 * Let Well Alone
 * Shroud of Darkness
 * Ross Macdonald – Find a Victim
 * Compton Mackenzie – Ben Nevis Goes East
 * Kamala Markandaya – Nectar in a Sieve
 * John Masters – Bhowani Junction
 * Richard Matheson – I Am Legend
 * John Metcalfe – The Feasting Dead
 * James A. Michener – Sayonara
 * Paul Morand – Hecate and Her Dogs
 * Alberto Moravia – Il disprezzo (A Ghost at Noon)
 * Iris Murdoch – Under the Net
 * Louis Pauwels – L'Amour monstre
 * J. B. Priestley – The Magicians
 * Maurice Procter – Hell Is a City
 * Marcel Proust – Jean Sauteuil (posthumously published)
 * Ellery Queen – The Glass Village
 * Pauline Réage (Anne Desclos) – Story of O (Histoire d'O)
 * Mordecai Richler – The Acrobats
 * Lillian Roth – I'll Cry Tomorrow
 * Françoise Sagan – Bonjour Tristesse
 * Ahmed Sefrioui – La Boîte à merveilles
 * Anya Seton – Katherine
 * Margit Söderholm – Clouds Over Hellesta
 * John Steinbeck – Sweet Thursday
 * Irving Stone – Love Is Eternal
 * Rex Stout
 * The Black Mountain
 * Three Men Out
 * Edward Streeter – Mr. Hobbs Takes a Vacation
 * Julian Symons – The Narrowing Circle
 * Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar – Saatleri Ayarlama Enstitüsü (The Time Regulation Institute)
 * Morton Thompson – Not as a Stranger
 * J. R. R. Tolkien
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers
 * Amos Tutuola – My Life in the Bush of Ghosts
 * Tarjei Vesaas – Spring Night
 * Gore Vidal – Messiah
 * Douglass Wallop – The Year the Yankees Lost the Pennant
 * Monique Watteau – La Colère végétale
 * Vaughan Wilkins – Fanfare for a Witch
 * Frank Yerby
 * Benton's Row
 * Bride of Liberty

Children and young people

 * Rev. W. Awdry – Edward the Blue Engine (ninth in The Railway Series of 42 books by him and his son Christopher Awdry)
 * Viola Bayley – Paris Adventure (first in the Adventure series of 16 books)
 * Lucy M. Boston – The Children of Green Knowe (first in the Green Knowe series of six books)
 * Eleanor Cameron – The Wonderful Flight to the Mushroom Planet
 * Meindert DeJong – The Wheel on the School (illustrated by Maurice Sendak)
 * Rumer Godden – Impunity Jane: The Story of a Pocket Doll
 * Joseph Krumgold – ...And Now Miguel
 * C. S. Lewis – The Horse and His Boy
 * Dr. Seuss – Horton Hears a Who!
 * Rosemary Sutcliff – The Eagle of the Ninth
 * Henry Treece
 * Legions of the Eagle
 * The Eagles Have Flown
 * Ronald Welch – Knight Crusader

Drama

 * Tawfiq al-Hakim – El Aydi El Na'mah (Soft Hands)
 * Brendan Behan – The Quare Fellow
 * Dharamvir Bharati – Andha Yug (The Blind Age)
 * William Douglas Home – The Manor of Northstead
 * Peter Jones – The Party Spirit
 * Saunders Lewis – Siwan
 * Ronald Millar – Waiting for Gillian
 * Terence Rattigan – Separate Tables
 * Reginald Rose – Twelve Angry Men (original version as live teleplay)
 * Dylan Thomas – Under Milk Wood (radio play)
 * Thornton Wilder – The Matchmaker
 * Herman Wouk – The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial

Poetry

 * Tomas Tranströmer – 17 Poems (17 dikter)

Non-fiction

 * Gordon Allport – The Nature of Prejudice
 * L. Sprague de Camp – Lost Continents
 * Rodney Collin – The Theory of Celestial Influence
 * Albert Einstein – Ideas and Opinions
 * Gerald Gardner – Witchcraft Today
 * Aldous Huxley – The Doors of Perception
 * Arthur Koestler – The Invisible Writing: The Second Volume Of An Autobiography, 1932–40
 * D. R. Matthews – The Social Background of Political Decision-Makers
 * Mervyn Peake – Figures of Speech
 * Mihai Ralea – Caracterul antiștiințific și antiuman al psihologiei americane (The Anti-Science and Anti-Humanity Nature of American Psychology)
 * A. J. P. Taylor – The Struggle for Mastery in Europe 1848–1918
 * Alice B. Toklas – The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook
 * William Kurtz Wimsatt, Jr. – Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry (collected essays including "The Intentional Fallacy" and "The Affective Fallacy", cowritten with Monroe Beardsley)
 * Barbara Woodhouse
 * Dog Training my Way
 * Talking to Animals (autobiography)

Births

 * January 5 – László Krasznahorkai, Hungarian novelist and screenwriter
 * January 15 – Jose Dalisay, Jr., Filipino writer
 * January 29 – Oprah Winfrey, American actress and talk show host
 * January – Cao Wenxuan (曹文軒), Chinese children's book writer and academic
 * February 2 – Moniza Alvi, Pakistani-British poet and writer
 * March 4 – Irina Ratushinskaya, Russian writer
 * May 6 – Nicholas Crane, English writer, geographer and broadcaster
 * March 16 – S. A. Griffin, American actor and poet
 * March 20
 * Christoph Ransmayr, Austrian writer
 * Louis Sachar, American children's author
 * April 14 – Bruce Sterling, American science-fiction writer
 * May 5 – Hamid Ismailov, Uzbek writer
 * May 23 – Anja Snellman, Finnish writer
 * June 6 – Cynthia Rylant, American children's author and poet
 * June 28 – A. A. Gill, British journalist and critic (died 2016)
 * July 17 – J. Michael Straczynski, American author
 * July 26 - Michael Grant, American young-adult fiction writer
 * August 1 – James Gleick, American non-fiction author
 * August 15 – Mary Jo Salter, American poet and academic
 * August 17 – Anatoly Kudryavitsky, Russian-Irish writer
 * September 14 – Mikey Smith, Jamaican dub poet (killed 1983)
 * November 8 – Kazuo Ishiguro, Japanese-born English novelist and Nobel laureate
 * November 10 – Marlene van Niekerk, South African novelist
 * November 11 – Mary Gaitskill, American novelist, essayist and short story writer
 * November 12 – Christopher Pike (Kevin Christopher McFadden), American children's author
 * December 3 – Grace Andreacchi, American author
 * December 7 – Mark Hofmann, American rare book dealer, forger and murderer
 * December 20 – Sandra Cisneros, American writer
 * unknown dates
 * Esther Delisle, French Canadian author and historian
 * Ibrahim Nasrallah, Jordanian/Palestinian poet and novelist
 * Roma Tearne (Roma Chrysostom), Sri Lankan novelist and artist

Deaths

 * January 1 – Duff Cooper (1st Viscount Norwich), English poet, biographer and politician (born 1890)
 * January 21 – E. K. Chambers, English literary scholar (born 1866)
 * January 25 – M. N. Roy, Indian philosopher and politician (born 1887)
 * February 2 – Hella Wuolijoki, Estonian-born Finnish writer (born 1886)
 * February 6 – Maxwell Bodenheim, American poet and novelist (born 1892; murdered)
 * March 28 – Francis Brett Young, English novelist and poet (born 1884)
 * April 8
 * Juan Álvarez, Argentinian historian (born 1878)
 * Winnifred Eaton, Canadian author (born 1875)
 * Cicely Fox Smith, English poet and nautical writer (born 1882)
 * April 19 – Russell Davenport, American journalist and publisher (born 1899)
 * May 3 – Earnest Hooton, American writer on anthropology (born 1887)
 * June 18 – Constantin Beldie, Romanian literary promoter and memoirist (born 1887)
 * July 13 – Grantland Rice, American sportswriter (born 1880)
 * July 14 – Jacinto Benavente, Spanish dramatist and Nobel laureate (born 1866)
 * August 2 – Julián Padrón, Venezuelan novelist, journalist and lawyer (born 1910)
 * August 3 – Colette, French novelist (born 1873)
 * September 19 – Miles Franklin, Australian novelist (born 1879)
 * September 29 – W. J. Gruffydd, Welsh-language journal editor (born 1881)
 * October 22 – Oswald de Andrade, Brazilian poet and polemicist (born 1890)
 * November 17 – Ludovic Dauș, Romanian novelist and dramatist (born 1873)
 * December 6 – Lucien Tesnière, French grammarian (born 1893)
 * December 20 – James Hilton, English novelist (born 1900)

Awards

 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Ronald Welch, Knight Crusader
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: C. P. Snow, The New Men and The Masters
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Keith Feiling, Warren Hastings
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Joseph Krumgold, ...And Now Miguel
 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Ernest Miller Hemingway
 * Premio Nadal: Francisco Alcántara, La muerte sienta bien a Villalobos
 * Prix Goncourt: Simone de Beauvoir, Les mandarins
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: John Patrick, The Teahouse of the August Moon
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: no award given
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Theodore Roethke: TheWaking
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Ralph Hodgson

title: 1954 in literature


text:
1955 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1955.

Events

 * February 8 – Jin Yong's first wuxia novel, The Book and the Sword (書劍恩仇錄), begins publication in the New Evening Post (Hong Kong), where he is an editor.
 * March 3 – Jean Cocteau is elected to the Académie française (inducted October 20); on January 8 he has been elected to the Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique (inducted October 1).
 * April 16 – Sir Laurence Olivier's film version of Shakespeare's Richard III is released in U.K. cinemas.
 * June – J. P. Donleavy's novel The Ginger Man is published in Paris by Olympia Press, but he is angered when he finds they have produced it under their imprint for pornography, 'The Traveller's Companion Series'. It is prohibited in both the author's adoptive and native countries, the Republic of Ireland and the United States, for obscenity. Set in postwar Dublin it features the character Sebastian Dangerfield.
 * July 10 – Jorge Luis Borges is appointed Director of the National Library of the Argentine Republic.
 * July 14 – Director Stephen Joseph sets up Britain's first theatre in the round at Scarborough, North Yorkshire, predecessor of the Stephen Joseph Theatre.
 * July 30 – The English poet Philip Larkin, having become University Librarian at the University of Hull on March 21, is inspired on a train from Hull to Grantham to write a poem, "The Whitsun Weddings". His collection The Less Deceived is published in November (dated October).
 * August
 * The American speculative fiction author Charles Beaumont's short story "The Crooked Man", depicting a homosexual society where heterosexuality is persecuted, is published in Playboy magazine after being rejected by Esquire.
 * An article in the British Journal of Education criticises Enid Blyton's novels as formulaic.
 * August 3 – The English-language première of Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot, directed by Peter Hall, opens at the Arts Theatre, London. The initial reaction is hostile, but "[e]verything changed on Sunday 7 August 1955 with Kenneth Tynan's and Harold Hobson's reviews in The Observer and The Sunday Times. Beckett was always grateful to the two reviewers for their support ... which more or less transformed the play overnight into the rage of London."
 * August 27 – The first hardback edition of The Guinness Book of Records appears in London.
 * September – Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita appears in Paris three years before its US publication.
 * September 26 – The Madan Puraskar is established as an annual award for outstanding books in the Nepali language, endowed by Rani Jagadamba Kumari Devi (first awards 1956).
 * November – Frank Herbert's first novel The Dragon in the Sea begins as a three-part serial, Under Pressure, in the monthly Astounding Science-Fiction.
 * November 28 – Ray Lawler's Summer of the Seventeenth Doll is first staged by the Union Theatre Repertory Company in Melbourne with the playwright in a lead. It is the first authentically naturalistic drama in the theatre of Australia.
 * unknown date
 * Violette Leduc's novel Ravages is issued in France but the publisher, Éditions Gallimard, suppresses the opening section depicting a semi-autobiographical lesbian awakening, which will be published as a novella, Thérèse et Isabelle, in 1966.
 * The Indian guru Mani Madhava Chakyar performs Koodiyattam outside a temple for the first time.

Fiction

 * Kingsley Amis – That Uncertain Feeling
 * Isaac Asimov
 * The End of Eternity
 * The Martian Way and Other Stories
 * Elisabeth Augustin – Labyrinth (Auswege)
 * Nigel Balchin – The Fall of the Sparrow
 * Margot Bennett – The Man Who Didn't Fly
 * John Bingham – The Paton Street Case
 * Antoine Blondin – L'Humeur vagabonde
 * Elizabeth Bowen – A World of Love
 * Leigh Brackett – The Long Tomorrow
 * Ray Bradbury – The October Country
 * Christianna Brand – Tour de Force
 * Victor Canning – His Bones are Coral
 * Henry Cecil – Brothers in Law
 * Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Conversations with Professor Y (Entretiens avec le professeur Y)
 * Agatha Christie – Hickory Dickory Dock
 * Arthur C. Clarke – Earthlight
 * Ivy Compton-Burnett – Mother and Son
 * Thomas B. Costain – The Tontine
 * Marco Denevi – Rosaura a las 10 (Rosaura at 10 O'Clock)
 * Patrick Dennis – Auntie Mame
 * John Dickson Carr – Captain Cut-Throat
 * J. P. Donleavy – The Ginger Man
 * Friedrich Dürrenmatt – Once a Greek (Grieche sucht Griechin)
 * Mircea Eliade – The Forbidden Forest (Noaptea de Sânziene)
 * Ian Fleming – Moonraker
 * André Franquin – La Corne de rhinocéros
 * Gillian Freeman – The Liberty Man
 * William Gaddis – The Recognitions
 * Gao Yubao (with Guo Yongjiang) – Gao Yubao
 * David Garnett – Aspects of Love
 * William Golding – The Inheritors
 * Richard Gordon – Doctor at Large
 * Graham Greene
 * The Quiet American
 * Loser Takes All
 * Henri René Guieu
 * L'Agonie du Verre
 * Commandos de l'Espace
 * Univers parallèles
 * L.P. Hartley – A Perfect Woman
 * Robert A. Heinlein – Tunnel in the Sky
 * Georgette Heyer – Bath Tangle
 * Patricia Highsmith – The Talented Mr. Ripley
 * Robert E. Howard and L. Sprague de Camp – Tales of Conan
 * Aldous Huxley – The Genius and the Goddess
 * Mac Hyman – No Time for Sergeants
 * Roger Ikor – Les Eaux mêlées
 * Michael Innes – The Man from the Sea
 * Dan Jacobson – The Trap
 * Robin Jenkins – The Cone Gatherers
 * Ruth Prawer Jhabvala – To Whom She Will
 * MacKinlay Kantor – Andersonville
 * Nikos Kazantzakis – The Last Temptation of Christ (O Teleutaios Peirasmos)
 * Yaşar Kemal – Memed, My Hawk (İnce Memed)
 * Margaret Kennedy – The Oracles
 * Alexander Lernet-Holenia – Count Luna
 * E. C. R. Lorac – Ask a Policeman
 * Józef Mackiewicz
 * Droga donikąd (The Road to Nowhere)
 * Karierowicz
 * Alistair MacLean – HMS Ulysses
 * Norman Mailer – The Deer Park
 * Gabriel García Márquez
 * The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (Relato de un náufrago)
 * Leaf Storm (La Hojarasca)
 * Ngaio Marsh – Scales of Justice
 * J. J. Marric – Gideon's Day
 * Albert Memmi – The Pillar of Salt
 * Margaret Millar – Beast in View
 * Gladys Mitchell – Watson's Choice
 * Brian Moore – The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne
 * Vladimir Nabokov – Lolita
 * Flannery O'Connor – A Good Man Is Hard to Find and Other Stories (including "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" and "Good Country People")
 * John O'Hara – Ten North Frederick
 * Pier Paolo Pasolini – Ragazzi di vita
 * Anthony Powell – The Acceptance World
 * Marin Preda – Moromeții, Vol. 1
 * Barbara Pym – Less than Angels
 * Alain Robbe-Grillet – Le Voyeur
 * Robert Ruark – Something of Value
 * Juan Rulfo – Pedro Páramo
 * Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio – El Jarama
 * A. S. T. Fisher (as Michael Scarrott) – Ambassador of Loss
 * Isaac Bashevis Singer – Satan in Goray
 * Howard Spring – These Lovers Fled Away
 * Mary Stewart – Madam, Will You Talk?
 * Rex Stout – Before Midnight
 * Jim Thompson – After Dark, My Sweet
 * Morton Thompson – Not as a Stranger
 * J. R. R. Tolkien – The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King
 * Henry Wade – A Dying Fall
 * Alec Waugh – Island in the Sun
 * Evelyn Waugh – Officers and Gentlemen
 * Anthony West – Heritage
 * Patrick White – The Tree of Man
 * Leonard Wibberley – The Mouse That Roared
 * Sloan Wilson – The Man in the Gray Flannel Suit
 * Herman Wouk – Marjorie Morningstar
 * John Wyndham – The Chrysalids
 * Frank Yerby – The Treasure of Pleasant Valley

Children and young people

 * Rev. W. Awdry – Four Little Engines (tenth in The Railway Series of 42 books by him and his son Christopher Awdry)
 * BB (Denys Watkins-Pitchford) – The Forest of Boland Light Railway
 * Paul Berna – Le Cheval sans tête (Horse without a Head, translated as A Hundred Million Francs)
 * Dick Bruna – Miffy (Nijntje)
 * Crockett Johnson – Harold and the Purple Crayon
 * C. S. Lewis – The Magician's Nephew
 * William Mayne – A Swarm in May
 * Janet McNeill – My Friend Specs McCann
 * Iona and Peter Opie – The Oxford Nursery Rhyme Book
 * Philippa Pearce – Minnow on the Say
 * Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings (died 1953) – The Secret River
 * Barbara Sleigh – Carbonel: The King of the Cats
 * E. C. Spykman – A Lemon and a Star
 * Catherine Storr – Clever Polly and the Stupid Wolf
 * Patricia Wrightson – The Crooked Snake
 * Eva-Lis Wuorio – Return of the Viking

Drama

 * Arthur Adamov – Le Ping-Pong
 * Enid Bagnold – The Chalk Garden
 * Samuel Beckett – Waiting for Godot (English version)
 * Bertolt Brecht – Trumpets and Drums (Pauken und Trompeten; adaptation of Farquhar's The Recruiting Officer, 1706)
 * João Cabral de Melo Neto – Morte e Vida Severina (Severine Life and Death, verse)
 * Alice Childress – Trouble in Mind
 * John Dighton – Man Alive!
 * Sonnie Hale – The French Mistress
 * William Inge – Bus Stop
 * Eugène Ionesco
 * Jack, or The Submission (Jacques ou la soumission)
 * The New Tenant (Le Nouveau locataire)
 * Ray Lawler – Summer of the Seventeenth Doll
 * Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee – Inherit the Wind
 * Philip Mackie – The Whole Truth
 * Arthur Miller
 * A View from the Bridge (one-act verse version)
 * A Memory of Two Mondays
 * J. B. Priestley – Mr. Kettle and Mrs. Moon
 * Reginald Rose – Twelve Angry Men (stage version)
 * Jean-Paul Sartre – Nekrassov
 * Ariano Suassuna – O Auto da Compadecida (The Compassionate Self)
 * Orson Welles – Moby Dick—Rehearsed
 * Thornton Wilder
 * The Matchmaker
 * A Life in the Sun
 * Tennessee Williams – Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
 * Carl Zuckmayer – The Cold Light (Das kalte Licht)

Musical theater

 * Cole Porter's musical Silk Stockings opens at Imperial Theatre New York City for 461 performances

Poetry

 * Emily Dickinson (died 1886), edited by Thomas H. Johnson – The Poems of Emily Dickinson
 * Philip Larkin – The Less Deceived
 * R.S. Thomas – Song at the Year's Turning

Non-fiction

 * Richard Aldington – Lawrence of Arabia: A Biographical Inquiry
 * James Baldwin – Notes of a Native Son
 * Frank Barlow – The Feudal Kingdom of England
 * Ivan Bunin (died 1953) – About Chekhov
 * G. D. H. Cole – Studies in Class Structure
 * Thomas E. Gaddis – Birdman of Alcatraz
 * Antonio Gramsci – Gli intellettuali e l'organizzazione della cultura (Intellectuals and Cultural Organization)
 * Robert Graves – The Greek Myths
 * The Guinness Book of Records, 1st edition
 * Langston Hughes – The Sweet Flypaper of Life
 * Morris K. Jessup – The Case for the UFO
 * R. K. Kelsall – Higher Civil Servants in Britain
 * T. E. Lawrence (352087 A/c Ross; died 1935) – The Mint: A day-book of the R.A.F. Depot between August and December 1922, with later notes (written 1928; 1st trade edition)
 * C. S. Lewis – Surprised by Joy
 * Walter Lippmann – Essays in the Public Philosophy
 * Walter Lord – A Night to Remember
 * Herbert Marcuse – Eros and Civilization
 * Alan Marshall – I Can Jump Puddles
 * Garrett Mattingly – Renaissance Diplomacy
 * Meher Baba – God Speaks
 * J. H. Plumb – Studies in Social History
 * RAND – A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates
 * Donald J. West – Homosexuality

Births

 * January 11 – Max Lucado, American religious writer
 * January 12 – Rockne S. O'Bannon, American writer and producer
 * January 13 – Jay McInerney, American novelist
 * January 27 – Alexander Stuart, English-born American novelist and screenwriter
 * February 2 – Leszek Engelking, Polish poet, fiction writer and translator
 * February 8 – John Grisham, American novelist
 * February 17 – Mo Yan, Chinese fiction writer
 * March 11 – D. J. MacHale, American writer
 * March 19 – John Burnside, Scottish poet and fiction writer
 * March 23 – Lloyd Jones, New Zealand novelist
 * March 27 – Patrick McCabe, Irish novelist
 * April 8 – Barbara Kingsolver, American novelist, essayist and poet
 * April 30 – Zlatko Topčić, Bosnian author and screenwriter
 * May 13 – Mark Abley, Canadian poet and non-fiction writer
 * May 30 – Colm Tóibín, Irish novelist, playwright and poet
 * June 4 – Val McDermid, Scottish crime novelist
 * June 16 – J. Jill Robinson, Canadian fiction writer
 * June 20 – Tor Nørretranders, Danish science author
 * July 1
 * Candia McWilliam, Scottish fiction writer
 * Lisa Scottoline, American writer of legal thrillers
 * July 5
 * Sebastian Barry, Irish novelist, playwright and poet
 * Mia Couto (António Emílio Leite Couto), Mozambican fiction writer and poet
 * July 6
 * Michael Boyd, British theatre director
 * William Wall, Irish author and poet
 * July 7 – Suzanne Weyn, American children's and young-adult writer
 * July 10 – Regina Yaou, Ivory Coast novelist (died 2017)
 * July 12 – Robin Robertson, Scottish-born poet, novelist and editor
 * July 24 – Brad Watson, American author and academic (died 2020)
 * August 2 – Caleb Carr, American writer
 * August 7 – Vladimir Sorokin, Russian writer
 * August 8 – Iain Pears, English writer
 * August 14 - Mary E. Pearson, American young-adult fiction writer
 * September 6 – Raymond Benson, American novelist
 * September 13 – Hiromi Itō (伊藤 比呂美), Japanese poet, essayist and translator
 * October 19 – Jason Shinder, American poet and editor (died 2008)
 * November 12 – Katharine Weber, American author and academic
 * November 23 – Steven Brust, American fantasy author
 * December 28 – Liu Xiaobo (刘晓波), Chinese critic, writer and activist (died 2017)
 * unknown date – Wang Xiaoni (王小妮), Chinese poet

Deaths

 * January 18 – Saadat Hasan Manto, Pakistani fiction writer (cirrhosis) (born 1912)
 * January 20 – Robert P. Tristram Coffin, American poet, essayist and novelist (born 1892)
 * February 23 – Paul Claudel, French poet, dramatist and diplomat (born 1868)
 * April 10 – Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, French philosopher and essayist (born 1881)
 * May 16 – James Agee, American writer (born 1909; heart attack)
 * June 6 – Joseph Jefferson Farjeon, English crime writer (born 1883)
 * June 17 – Constance Holme, English novelist and dramatist (born 1880)
 * June 19 – Adrienne Monnier, French poet and publisher (born 1892; suicide)
 * June 21 – Roger Mais, Jamaican novelist (born 1905)
 * June 30 – Gilbert Cannan, British writer (born 1884)
 * July 3 – Beatrice Chase, English writer (born 1874)
 * August 1 – Charles Shaw, Australian writer (born 1900)
 * August 2 – Wallace Stevens, American poet (born 1879)
 * August 12 – Thomas Mann, German novelist (born 1875)
 * August 14 – Herbert Putnam, American Librarian of Congress (born 1861)
 * August 29 – Hong Shen (洪深), Chinese dramatist (born 1894)
 * September 7 – Mary Tracy Earle, American author and essayist (born 1864)
 * September 20 – Robert Riskin, American dramatist and screenwriter (born 1897)
 * October 18 – José Ortega y Gasset, Spanish philosopher (born 1883)
 * November 1 – Dale Carnegie, American writer (born 1888)
 * November 12 – Tin Ujević, Croatian poet (born 1891)
 * November 14
 * Ruby M. Ayres, English romance novelist (born 1881)
 * Robert E. Sherwood, American playwright (born 1896)
 * December – Al. T. Stamatiad, Romanian poet (born 1885)

Awards

 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Eleanor Farjeon, The Little Bookroom
 * Frost Medal: Leona Speyer
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Ivy Compton-Burnett, Mother and Son
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: R. W. Ketton-Cremer, Thomas Gray
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Meindert DeJong, The Wheel on the School
 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Halldór Laxness
 * Premio Nadal: Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio, El Jarama
 * Prix Goncourt: Roger Ikor, Les eaux mêlées
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Tennessee Williams, Cat on a Hot Tin Roof
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: William Faulkner, A Fable
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Wallace Stevens, Collected Poems
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Ruth Pitter

title: 1955 in literature


text:
Alexander Dyce

Alexander Dyce (30 June 1798 – 15 May 1869) was a Scottish writer, dramatic editor, and literary historian.

He was born in Edinburgh and received his early education at the high school there, before becoming a student at Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1819. He took holy orders, and became a curate at Lantegloss, in Cornwall, and subsequently at Nayland, in Suffolk; in 1827 he settled in London.

His first books were Select Translations from Quintus Smyrnaeus (1821), an edition of Collins (1827), and Specimens of British Poetesses (1825). He issued annotated editions of George Peele, Robert Greene, John Webster, Thomas Middleton, Marlowe, and Beaumont and Fletcher, with lives of the authors and much illustrative matter. He completed, in 1833, an edition of James Shirley left unfinished by William Gifford, and contributed biographies of Shakespeare, Pope, Akenside and Beattie to Pickering's Aldine Poets. He also edited (1836–1838) Richard Bentley's works, and Specimens of British Sonnets (1833). His carefully prepared and exhaustive edition of John Skelton, which appeared in 1843, for the first time presented the full oeuvre (so far as it survives) of this unjustly overlooked and often maligned poet of the early Tudor period. It is still indispensable for a serious study of the poet. In 1857 his edition of Shakespeare was published by Moxon; and the second edition was issued by Chapman & Hall in 1866. He also published Remarks on Collier's and Knight's Editions of Shakespeare (1844); A Few Notes on Shakespeare (1853); and Strictures on Collier's new Edition of Shakespeare (1859), which ended the long friendship between Dyce and the literary scholar (and forger) John Payne Collier.

Dyce was closely connected with several literary societies, and undertook the publication of Kempe's Nine Days' Wonder for the Camden Society; and the old plays of Timon of Athens and Sir Thomas More were published by him for the Shakespeare Society. He was associated with Halliwell-Phillips, John Payne Collier and Thomas Wright as one of the founders of the Percy Society, for publishing old English poetry. Dyce also issued Recollections of the Table Talk of Samuel Rogers (1856).

By the time of his death, Dyce had collected a valuable library, containing many rare Elizabethan books, and this collection was left to the South Kensington Museum (Victoria and Albert Museum). Dyce's bequest comprised 80 pictures, 63 miniatures, 802 drawings, 1,511 prints, 74 rings, 27 art objects, and 13,596 books. His wide reading in Elizabethan literature enabled him to explain much that was formerly obscure in Shakespeare. While preserving all that was valuable in former editions, Dyce added much fresh matter. His Glossary, a large volume of 500 pages, was the most exhaustive that had appeared.

This entry is updated from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica.

title: Alexander Dyce


text:
Eurovision Song Contest 1983

The Eurovision Song Contest 1983 was the 28th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It was held in Munich, West Germany, following the country's victory at the with the song "Ein bißchen Frieden" by Nicole. Although this was Germany's first victory, 1983 was the second time Germany had hosted the contest, having previously done so in. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Bayerischer Rundfunk (BR) on behalf of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft der öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunkanstalten der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (ARD), the contest was held at the Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle on 23 April 1983 and was hosted by German dancer Marlene Charell.

Twenty countries took part this year, with, and  all returning this year, while  decided not to participate.

The winner was with the song "Si la vie est cadeau" by Corinne Hermes, which equalled the record of 5 victories set by  in. This record would in turn be beaten by in 1994. It was also the second year in a row where the winning entry was performed last on the night and the second year in a row in which won 2nd place. For the third year in a row, at least one country ended up with nul points, and in this case, it happened to be two countries, and, neither of whom were able to get off the mark.

The 1983 contest was the first to be televised in Australia, via Channel 0/28 (now the Special Broadcasting Service) in Sydney and Melbourne. The contest went on to become popular in Australia, leading to the at the  in 2015.

Location
Munich is a German city and capital of the Bavarian state. As the capital, Munich houses the parliament and state government. Rudi-Sedlmayer-Halle was chosen to host the contest. It was initially named after the president of the Bavarian State Sport Association. The hall opened in 1972 to host basketball events for the 1972 Summer Olympics. Due to staging and production necessities, the 5500 seats of the arena had to be reduced to 3200 for the night of the final. 2000 seats were reserved for the delegations and journalists, 1200 tickets were on sale for the general public. The ticket prices ranged from 20 to 50 DM.

Participating countries
Twenty countries took part in the contest, with, , and returning to the competition. On the other hand, was absent this year for the first time because RTÉ workers were in strike action at the time.

Production
Preparations for the production of the contest started in June 1982. The final was produced by Bayerischer Rundfunk, with production costs of 1.2 million DM, further 1.5 million DM for the organisation and transmission, making a total of 2.7 million DM. With the help of donations and other contributions, Bayerischer Rundfunk was able to reduce the costs at its own expense to about 1 million DM. The city of Munich had to contribute 60 000 DM to a reception for the participating delegations.

The contest was directed by Rainer Bertram. Dieter Reith served as the general musical director of the 60-piece orchestra. Christian Hayer and Günther Lebram served as the executive producers. Other leading figures in the production included Wolf Mittler, Sylvia de Bruycker, Christof Schmid and Joachim Krausz. Rehearsals started on 18 April 1983.

Stage design
The stage was designed by Hans Gailling. The set was an arc-shaped stage surrounding the orchestra section and had a size of 4 × 34 metres. A 26 metres large and seven metres high steel construction with frames resembling giant electric heaters was used as the background. The 33 frames were equipped with three light panels each, at which hundreds of light bulbs were suspended. In total, 63 000 light bulbs, which could be controlled manually or by sound frequency, lit up and flashed in different sequences and combinations depending on the nature and rhythm of the songs.

Format
Various receptions and events were organised in the week leading up to the final. On 19 April 1983, a cruise on Lake Starnberg with several participants was held by the German National Tourist Board as a press event for 250 journalists. The Tourist Board also organised a bus tour for several participants to Linderhof Palace and Garmisch-Partenkirchen on 20 April 1983. On 19 April 1983, a reception for the participants was held at the Antiquarium in the Munich Residenz, on behalf of Franz Josef Strauss, minister-president of the state of Bavaria. Parties and receptions for the artists were also organised by the record labels Ariola, Polydor and Deutsche Grammophon. Ralph Siegel, composer of the winning entry of 1982, and his own record label Jupiter Records, held a party for 1000 guests, including many artists, on 21 April 1983.

A press centre with television monitors, typewriters, telephones and paper notebooks was installed for the 600 journalists covering the event.

German Bundespost installed a post office from 18 to 23 April at the Rudi-Sedlmayr-Halle and stamped letters from there with a special Eurovision Song Contest postmark.

Presentation format
Instead of pre-filmed "postcards", the name of the next country was shown on screen accompanied by music from the orchestra, followed by a presentation of the upcoming entry by Marlene Charell.

After the first rehearsals, the Austrian and British commentators complained that, since there were no postcards, they felt that there was not enough time to introduce the upcoming entry to their viewers, and subsequently threatened to leave Munich. As a reaction, for the live show, the name of the upcoming country was shown on screen for a certain time so that commentators had enough time.

For the introduction of each entry, Charell stood in front of individual flower arrangements with flowers in the colours of the corresponding entry’s national flag. The floral arrangements were provided by the International Garden Expo which opened in Munich a few days later. Hostess Marlene Charell made all of her announcements in German before translating a repetition in both French and English. In all three languages, Charell named the country, song title, performing artist, author, composer and conductor.

Due to host Charell's use of three languages instead of two, the voting went on for nearly an hour, stretching the Eurovision contest past three hours for the second time ever, after 1979. In addition, Charell made 13 language mistakes throughout the voting, some as innocuous as mixing up the words for "points" between the three languages, some as major as nearly awarding points to "Schweden" (Sweden) that were meant for "Schweiz" (Switzerland).

The language problems also occurred during the contest introductions, as Charell introduced the Finnish singer Ami Aspelund as "Ami Aspesund", furthermore she introduced the Norwegian conductor Sigurd Jansen as "...Johannes...Skorgan...", having been forced to make up a name on the spot after forgetting the conductor's name.

Contest overview
The contest took place on 23 April 1983, beginning at 21:00 CEST (19:00 UTC). At the start of the broadcast, a 7-minutes-film with views of various sights of Germany and of the host city Munich was shown. As part of her introduction, presenter Marlene Charell called out each participating country, whose artists then appeared on stage. The interval act was a dance number set to a medley of German songs which had become internationally famous, including "Strangers in the Night". The host, Marlene Charell, was the lead dancer, accompanied by 20 dancers.

Director of the show Rainer Bertram and Roger Kreischer, program director at the Luxembourgish broadcaster RTL, criticised the behaviour of the audience in the hall towards the Luxembourgish entry: During Luxembourg's performance, which was the last in the running order, a number of spectators had already left the auditorium to refresh themselves. Observers also noted that a part of the audience whistled whenever the Luxembourgish entry received high votes during the voting and laughed or cheered when it was given few points. When Corinne Hermès performed her reprise, a great part of the audience was already leaving.

After the show, a reception for 1600 guests on behalf of the city of Munich took place in a tent of the International Garden Expo 83.

Spokespersons
Each country nominated a spokesperson who was responsible for announcing the votes for their respective country via telephone. Known spokespersons at the 1983 contest are listed below.

 * – Bent Evold
 * – Rosa Campano
 * – Agneta Bolme Börjefors
 * – Colin Berry

Detailed voting results
Each country had a jury consisting of 11 non-professional jurors who awarded 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 point(s) to their top ten songs.

12 points
Below is a summary of all 12 points in the final:

Broadcasts
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. Host broadcaster BR provided 30 commentator boxes for this purpose.

No official accounts of the global viewing figures are known to exist. Estimates given in the press ranged from 300 to 600 million viewers.

Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

title: Eurovision Song Contest 1983


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Eurovision Song Contest 1984

The Eurovision Song Contest 1984 was the 29th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 5 May 1984 in the Théâtre Municipal in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Radio Télévision Luxembourg (RTL), the contest was held in Luxembourg following the country's victory at the with the song "Si la vie est cadeau" by Corinne Hermès. The event was presented by Désirée Nosbusch, who, at 19 years old, remains the youngest person to have hosted the contest.

Nineteen countries participated in the contest, with returning after a one-year absence, and  and, which had participated in the previous year's event, declining to enter. The winner was with the song "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley", composed by Torgny Söderberg, written by Britt Lindeborg and performed by the group Herreys. This was Sweden's second contest victory, coming ten years after ABBA's win in the. Ireland finished as runner-up, and  placed third and fourth, respectively, and  and  tied for fifth place.

Location
The 1984 contest took place in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, following the country's victory at the with the song "Si la vie est cadeau" performed by Corinne Hermès. It was the fourth time that Luxembourg had hosted the event, following the contests held in, and. The chosen venue was the Grand Théâtre, also known as the Nouveau Théâtre or Théâtre Municipal, an arts venue inaugurated in 1964, and which had previously hosted the contest in 1973. Luxembourgish broadcaster Radio Télévision Luxembourg (RTL) initially had difficulty in finding a suitable venue to host the contest, and eventually settled on the Grand Théâtre, which was smaller compared to the venues used at recent events. The theatre's main auditorium could hold an audience around 950 people, however this was reduced with the addition of technical equipment and commentator's boxes. As a result, only press, members of each country's delegation and select VIPs were provided access to the live show.

Participating countries
Entries from a total of nineteen countries participated in the event. returned to the contest after a one-year absence, however and  decided not to participate. Israel declined to enter as the date of the contest clashed with Yom HaZikaron, while Greece, which had originally planned to participate in the contest, reportedly withdrew its planned participation as the quality of the songs submitted to the Greek broadcaster for consideration was deemed to be of too low a quality.

A number of the participating artists in this year's event had previously competed in past editions of the contest. 's Mary Roos had finished third in and made a second appearance for the country in 1984; Izolda Barudžija, who had been a member of the group Aska that represented  in, participated again this year alongside Vlado Kalember;  Kit Rolfe, lead singer of the 's Belle and the Devotions, had previously performed in the  as a backing vocalist for the British entry Sweet Dreams;  and Gary Lux, who had represented  in 1983 as a member of the group Westend, returned as a backing vocalist for the Austrian singer Anita.

Production and format
The Eurovision Song Contest 1984 was produced by the Luxembourgish public broadcaster Radio Télévision Luxembourg (RTL). Ray van Cant served as executive producer, Hubert Terheggen served as producer, René Steichen served as director, Roland de Groot served as designer, and Pierre Cao served as musical director, leading the orchestra. A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented. A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance. Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.

The results of the 1984 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in : each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry. The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of eleven individuals, who were all required to be members of the public with no connection to the music industry, with a recommendation that there should be a balance between the sexes and that half should be under 25 years old. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and five votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.

Rehearsals for the participating artists began on 30 April 1984. Two technical rehearsals were conducted for each participating delegation in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals of 40 minutes were held on 30 April and 1 May, followed by a press conference for each delegation and the accredited press. Each country's second rehearsals were held on 2 and 3 May and lasted 20 minutes total. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 4 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 5 May, with an invited audience present for the second dress rehearsal.

Dutch designer Roland de Groot was in charge of the set design of the contest for the fourth time, having previously done so, and , the three previous contests staged in the Netherlands. For the 1984 contest, de Groot's design centred around various shapes which were suspended over the performance area on a series of pulleys and which could be moved around the stage in between the competing acts; this allowed for different backdrops to be created for each entry. Each entry was preceded by a video postcard which served as an introduction to that country, as well as creating a transition between entries to allow stage crew to make changes on stage. The postcards for the 1984 contest featured a troupe of actors referred to during the contest as "the Tourists", and focussed on the various cultural stereotypes of each of the competing countries and portrayed these a humorous context, often with heavy use of computer animation.

Contest overview
The contest was held on 5 May 1984, beginning at 21:00 (CEST) and lasting 2 hours and 12 minutes. The event was presented by the Luxembourgish television presenter and actress Désirée Nosbusch; at 19 years old, Nosbusch remains the youngest individual to have hosted the Eurovision Song Contest, and went on to present the contest in French, German, Luxembourgish and English during the contest. Among the invited guests present in the audience was Prince Henri, then heir to the Luxembourger throne. The contest's interval act featured a performance by the Prague Theatre of Illuminated Drawings. The medallions awarded to the winners were presented by the previous year's winning artist Corinne Hermès.

The 1984 contest featured one of the first instances of booing to be heard at the Eurovision Song Contest, which occurred immediately after the United Kingdom's entry. Various reasons for the booing have been proposed: these include being a response to football hooliganism which occurred in Luxembourg by English football fans during the qualifying stage of the 1984 European Championship, the use of off-stage backing vocalists during the UK's performance which gave an impression that members of Belle and the Devotions were lip syncing, and allegations that their song, "Love Games", which was heavily inspired by 1960s Motown tracks, had plagiarised previous tracks by the Supremes.

The winner was represented by the song "Diggi-Loo Diggi-Ley", composed by Torgny Söderberg, written by Britt Lindeborg and performed by Herreys, comprising brothers Per, Richard and Louis Herrey. It was Sweden's second contest win, ten years after ABBA's victory in. It was also the third – and,, last – time that the winning entry was the first to be performed, following the and  contests. During the traditional winner's reprise performance, the group sung part of the winning song in English, with lyrics written by Per Herrey.

Spokespersons
Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. Known spokespersons at the 1984 contest are listed below.

 * – Agneta Bolme Börjefors
 * – Başak Doğru
 * – Colin Berry

Detailed voting results
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries. The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

12 points
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Sweden received the maximum score of 12 points from five of the voting countries, with Ireland receiving four sets of 12 points, Belgium, Denmark, Italy and Sweden each receiving two sets of 12 points, and Cyprus and France receiving one maximum score each.

Broadcasts
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

title: Eurovision Song Contest 1984


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Frank Winfield Woolworth

Frank Winfield Woolworth (April 13, 1852 – April 8, 1919) was an American entrepreneur, the founder of F. W. Woolworth Company, and the operator of variety stores known as "Five-and-Dimes" (5- and 10-cent stores or dime stores) which featured a selection of low-priced merchandise. He pioneered the now-common practices of buying merchandise directly from manufacturers and fixing the selling prices on items, rather than haggling. He was also the first to use self-service display cases, so that customers could examine what they wanted to buy without the help of a sales clerk.

Early life
Woolworth was born in Rodman, New York to John (1821–1907) and Fanny (née McBrier; 1832–1878) Woolworth; his brother was entrepreneur Charles Sumner Woolworth (1856–1947). His parents were devout Methodists and sympathetic to the Northern side during the Civil War, and they raised their sons in those beliefs. His paternal ancestors were English farmers who left England around 1665 settling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony area. Meanwhile, his mother's parents, the McBriers, were Scots-Irish from County Down, Ulster, who had come to the United States in 1827.

At age four, Woolworth told his parents that he would become a peddler like those who sometimes came calling. He and Charles would play "store", and Frank would set up merchandise to sell to his brother. Woolworth finished his schooling at age 16, yet he was unfit to begin working in any legitimate store with only basic knowledge and no experience. He applied to many shops in the area, every time being rejected. He attended a business college for two terms in Watertown, New York, with a loan from his mother.

Career
In 1873, Woolworth worked as a stock boy in a general store called Augsbury & Moore's Drygoods in Watertown, and his experiences there served as the starting point to his own business venture and innovations. He was considered to be an inept salesman and was given jobs such as washing the windows, where he found a creative niche arranging the store's front display; his work was so impressive that his boss assigned him that role. Typical business practices of the day was that a few of each type of item be displayed on a counter if  small and behind if not. Clerks were responsible for obtaining what the customer wanted and making the transaction. From exposure to this Woolworth developed the notion that goods should sell themselves, something which became increasingly prominent in his retail career.

Under the employment of Moore & Smith, Woolworth had an opportunity to sell a large surplus of goods. He organized a store in Great Bend that opened on February 10, 1878, but sales were disappointing; the store failed in May. Accounts differ on the genesis of the five-and-dime concept. Gail Fenske suggests that Woolworth had heard of a "five-cent counter craze" while questioning his own sales ability at his first job. Jean Maddern Pitrone suggests that the idea was conceived after a travelling salesman told Woolworth of stores in Michigan with five-cent counters. Plunkett-Powell suggests that Woolworth overheard the concept during a discussion between William Moore and a young man who had opened his own cut-rate goods store.

Woolworth borrowed $300 (~$ in ) and opened a five-cent store in Utica, New York, on February 22, 1879. It failed within weeks. He opened his second store in April 1879 in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he expanded the concept to include merchandise priced at ten cents. By 1889, Woolworth had twelve thriving stores and in ten years, from 1879 to 1889, his sales had increased by 240%. By 1900, Woolworth's chain had grown to fifty-nine stores, with sales of over $5 million (~$ in ). Woolworth's desire for control stretched further than just the bounds of his company. Wanting to implement his ideas on a much larger scale, F. W. adopted a policy of acquiring smaller chains of his competitors. This policy, combined with “the development of the five and ten cent idea, the exploitation of the idea through a chain, [and] the squeezing out of his middleman competitors for the purpose of controlling goods manufacturing and distribution” resulted in the dominance of the low-priced segment of the American retailing industry.

In 1911, the F. W. Woolworth Company was incorporated with 586 stores. In 1913, Woolworth built the Woolworth Building in New York City at a cost of $13.5 million (~$ in ) in cash. At the time, it was the tallest building in the world at 792 feet.

Woolworth often made unannounced visits to his stores, where he would shoplift items to test the staff's attentiveness. Managers or clerks who caught him doing so were sometimes rewarded with promotions.

Personal life
On June 11, 1876, Woolworth married Jennie Creighton (1853–1924). They were the parents of Helena Maud Woolworth McCann (1878–1938), Jessie May Woolworth Donahue (1886–1971), and Edna Woolworth Hutton (1883–1917), who died from suffocation due to mastoiditis. Rumors have persisted that she died by suicide. She was the mother of Barbara Hutton. Frank and Jennie's marriage was a happy one and Jennie regretted the demands that financial success put on Frank's time with her. By 1916 she displayed the symptoms of advanced dementia.

Death
Woolworth died of septic shock from an infected tooth on April 8, 1919, 5 days before his 67th birthday. At the time of his death, Woolworth was worth approximately $76.5 million or the equivalent of $1/1214$th of the US GNP. His company owned more than 1,000 stores in the United States and other countries and was a $65 million ($0 in 2009 dollars) corporation. He died without signing his newest will, so his mentally handicapped wife received the entire estate under the provision of his older 1889 will. When she died in 1924, her estate was worth $57.5 million.

Woolworth is interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.

Legacy

 * Bronze busts honoring Woolworth and seven other industry magnates stand outside between the Chicago River and the Merchandise Mart in downtown Chicago, Illinois.
 * Woolworth was inducted into the Junior Achievement (US) Business Hall of Fame in 1995.
 * A cemetery east of Watertown, New York, where he started his first store, is named for him.

Woolworth Company
In the 1960s, after Woolworth's death, the company began expanding into various individual specialty store concepts, including sportswear, which led to the development of the Foot Locker sporting goods store in 1974. For a while there was a chain of discount stores called Woolco. By 1997, the original chain he founded had been reduced to 400 stores, and other divisions of the company began to be more profitable than the original chain. The original chain went out of business on July 17, 1997, as the firm changed its name, initially to Venator, but in 2001 adopted its sporting goods brand, Foot Locker, Inc. In 2012 the New York Stock Exchange celebrated Woolworth's 100th anniversary. The UK stores, under separate ownership since 1982, continued operating under the Woolworth name after the US operation ceased and by the 2000s traded as Woolworths Group. The final UK stores ceased trading January 6, 2009. The UK Woolworths brand was bought by Shop Direct Group in the UK and operated online only but it ceased being operated as Woolworths in 2015. Woolworth stores continue to operate in Germany. Although both the Australian and the South African companies took their names from Woolworth's US and UK stores, they have no connection to the F.W. Woolworth Company.

title: Frank Winfield Woolworth


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Sunset

Sunset (or sundown) is the disappearance of the Sun below the horizon of the Earth (or any other astronomical object in the Solar System) due to its rotation. As viewed from everywhere on Earth, it is a phenomenon that happens approximately once every 24 hours, except in areas close to the poles. The equinox Sun sets due west at the moment of both the spring and autumn equinoxes. As viewed from the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun sets to the northwest (or not at all) in the spring and summer, and to the southwest in the autumn and winter; these seasons are reversed for the Southern Hemisphere.

The time of actual sunset is defined in astronomy as two minutes before the upper limb of the Sun disappears below the horizon. Near the horizon, atmospheric refraction causes sunlight rays to be distorted to such an extent that geometrically the solar disk is already about one diameter below the horizon when a sunset is observed. Sunset is distinct from twilight, which is divided into three stages. The first one is civil twilight, which begins once the Sun has disappeared below the horizon, and continues until it descends to 6 degrees below the horizon. The early to intermediate stages of twilight coincide with predusk. The second phase is nautical twilight, between 6 and 12 degrees below the horizon. The third phase is astronomical twilight, which is the period when the Sun is between 12 and 18 degrees below the horizon. Dusk is at the very end of astronomical twilight, and is the darkest moment of twilight just before night. Finally, night occurs when the Sun reaches 18 degrees below the horizon and no longer illuminates the sky.

Locations further north than the Arctic Circle and further south than the Antarctic Circle experience no full sunset or sunrise on at least one day of the year, when the polar day or the polar night persists continuously for 24 hours. At latitudes greater than within half a degree of either pole, the sun cannot rise or set on the same date on any day of the year, since the sun's angular elevation between solar noon and midnight is less than one degree.

Occurrence
The time of sunset varies throughout the year and is determined by the viewer's position on Earth, specified by latitude and longitude, altitude, and time zone. Small daily changes and noticeable semi-annual changes in the timing of sunsets are driven by the axial tilt of the Earth, daily rotation of the Earth, the planet's movement in its annual elliptical orbit around the Sun, and the Earth and Moon's paired revolutions around each other. During winter and spring, the days get longer and sunsets occur later every day until the day of the latest sunset, which occurs after the summer solstice. In the Northern Hemisphere, the latest sunset occurs late in June or in early July, but not on the summer solstice of June 21. This date depends on the viewer's latitude (connected with the Earth's slower movement around the aphelion around July 4). Likewise, the earliest sunset does not occur on the winter solstice, but rather about two weeks earlier, again depending on the viewer's latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere, it occurs in early December or late November (influenced by the Earth's faster movement near its perihelion, which occurs around January 3).

Likewise, the same phenomenon exists in the Southern Hemisphere, but with the respective dates reversed, with the earliest sunsets occurring some time before June 21 in winter, and the latest sunsets occurring some time after December 21 in summer, again depending on one's southern latitude. For a few weeks surrounding both solstices, both sunrise and sunset get slightly later each day. Even on the equator, sunrise and sunset shift several minutes back and forth through the year, along with solar noon. These effects are plotted by an analemma.

Neglecting atmospheric refraction and the Sun's non-zero size, whenever and wherever sunset occurs, it is always in the northwest quadrant from the March equinox to the September equinox, and in the southwest quadrant from the September equinox to the March equinox. Sunsets occur almost exactly due west on the equinoxes for all viewers on Earth. Exact calculations of the azimuths of sunset on other dates are complex, but they can be estimated with reasonable accuracy by using the analemma.

As sunrise and sunset are calculated from the leading and trailing edges of the Sun, respectively, and not the center, the duration of a daytime is slightly longer than nighttime (by about 10 minutes, as seen from temperate latitudes). Further, because the light from the Sun is refracted as it passes through the Earth's atmosphere, the Sun is still visible after it is geometrically below the horizon. Refraction also affects the apparent shape of the Sun when it is very close to the horizon. It makes things appear higher in the sky than they really are. Light from the bottom edge of the Sun's disk is refracted more than light from the top, since refraction increases as the angle of elevation decreases. This raises the apparent position of the bottom edge more than the top, reducing the apparent height of the solar disk. Its width is unaltered, so the disk appears wider than it is high. (In reality, the Sun is almost exactly spherical.) The Sun also appears larger on the horizon, an optical illusion, similar to the moon illusion.

Locations north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle experience no sunset or sunrise at least one day of the year, when the polar day or the polar night persist continuously for 24 hours.

Location on the horizon

Approximate locations of sunset on the horizon (azimuth) as described above can be found in Refs. The figure on the right is calculated using the solar geometry routine as follows:

 * 1) For a given latitude and a given date, calculate the declination of the Sun using $$0^{\circ}$$ longitude and solar noon time as inputs to the routine;
 * 2) Calculate the sunset hour angle using the sunset equation;
 * 3) Calculate the sunset time, which is the solar noon time plus the sunset hour angle in degree divided by 15;
 * 4) Use the sunset time as input to the solar geometry routine to get the solar azimuth angle at sunset.

An interesting feature in the figure on the right is apparent hemispheric symmetry in regions where daily sunrise and sunset actually occur. This symmetry becomes clear if the hemispheric relation in sunrise equation is applied to the x- and y-components of the solar vector presented in Ref.

Colors

As a ray of white sunlight travels through the atmosphere to an observer, some of the colors are scattered out of the beam by air molecules and airborne particles, changing the final color of the beam the viewer sees. Because the shorter wavelength components, such as blue and green, scatter more strongly, these colors are preferentially removed from the beam. At sunrise and sunset, when the path through the atmosphere is longer, the blue and green components are removed almost completely, leaving the longer wavelength orange and red hues we see at those times. The remaining reddened sunlight can then be scattered by cloud droplets and other relatively large particles to light up the horizon red and orange. The removal of the shorter wavelengths of light is due to Rayleigh scattering by air molecules and particles much smaller than the wavelength of visible light (less than 50 nm in diameter). The scattering by cloud droplets and other particles with diameters comparable to or larger than the sunlight's wavelengths (> 600 nm) is due to Mie scattering and is not strongly wavelength-dependent. Mie scattering is responsible for the light scattered by clouds, and also for the daytime halo of white light around the Sun (forward scattering of white light).

Sunset colors are typically more brilliant than sunrise colors, because the evening air contains more particles than morning air. Sometimes just before sunrise or after sunset a green flash can be seen.

Ash from volcanic eruptions, trapped within the troposphere, tends to mute sunset and sunrise colors, while volcanic ejecta that is instead lofted into the stratosphere (as thin clouds of tiny sulfuric acid droplets), can yield beautiful post-sunset colors called afterglows and pre-sunrise glows. A number of eruptions, including those of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 and Krakatoa in 1883, have produced sufficiently high stratus clouds containing sulfuric acid to yield remarkable sunset afterglows (and pre-sunrise glows) around the world. The high-altitude clouds serve to reflect strongly reddened sunlight still striking the stratosphere after sunset, down to the surface.

Some of the most varied colors at sunset can be found in the opposite or eastern sky after the Sun has set during twilight. Depending on weather conditions and the types of clouds present, these colors have a wide spectrum, and can produce unusual results.

Names of compass points
In some languages, points of the compass bear names etymologically derived from words for sunrise and sunset. The English words "orient" and "occident", meaning "east" and "west", respectively, are descended from Latin words meaning "sunrise" and "sunset". The word "levant", related e.g. to French "(se) lever" meaning "lift" or "rise" (and also to English "elevate"), is also used to describe the east. In Polish, the word for east wschód (vskhud), is derived from the morpheme "ws" – meaning "up", and "chód" – signifying "move" (from the verb chodzić – meaning "walk, move"), due to the act of the Sun coming up from behind the horizon. The Polish word for west, zachód (zakhud), is similar but with the word "za" at the start, meaning "behind", from the act of the Sun going behind the horizon. In Russian, the word for west, запад (zapad), is derived from the words за – meaning "behind", and пад – signifying "fall" (from the verb падать – padat'), due to the act of the Sun falling behind the horizon. In Hebrew, the word for east is 'מזרח', which derives from the word for rising, and the word for west is 'מערב', which derives from the word for setting.

Historical view
The 16th-century astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to present to the world a detailed and eventually widely accepted mathematical model supporting the premise that the Earth is moving and the Sun actually stays still, despite the impression from our point of view of a moving Sun.

Planets
Sunsets on other planets appear different because of differences in the distance of the planet from the Sun and non-existent or differing atmospheric compositions.

Mars

On Mars, the setting Sun appears about two-thirds the size it does from Earth, due to the greater distance between Mars and the Sun. The colors are typically hues of blue, but some Martian sunsets last significantly longer and appear far redder than is typical on Earth. The colors of the Martian sunset differ from those on Earth. Mars has a thin atmosphere, lacking oxygen and nitrogen, so the light scattering is not dominated by a Rayleigh Scattering process. Instead, the air is full of red dust, blown into the atmosphere by high winds, so its sky color is mainly determined by a Mie Scattering process, resulting in more blue hues than an Earth sunset. One study also reported that Martian dust high in the atmosphere can reflect sunlight up to two hours after the Sun has set, casting a diffuse glow across the surface of Mars.

title: Sunset


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UNSC (disambiguation)

UNSC may refer to:

United Nations

 * United Nations Security Council, the most powerful organ of the United Nations, charged with maintaining peace and security between nations
 * United Nations Special Commission, an organisation which performed inspections in Iraq (correctly abbreviated UNSCOM)
 * United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (correctly abbreviated UNSCEAR)
 * United Nations Statistical Commission, oversees the work of the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD)
 * United Nations System Staff College, a provider of learning and training for UN staff (correctly abbreviated UNSSC)

Fiction

 * United Nations Space Command, a fictional organization in the Halo series of games and novels

title: UNSC (disambiguation)


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MS Fnd in a Lbry

MS Fnd in a Lbry (probably intended to be understood as "Manuscript Found in a Library") is a satirical science fiction short story about the disastrous effects of the exponential growth of information. The story was written by Hal Draper in 1961. Its title is a play on the Edgar Allan Poe story "MS. Found in a Bottle".

Plot
The story is in the form of a report written by Yrlh Vvg, an anthropologist from an alien civilization who investigates the remains of human civilization approximately 175,000 yukals into the future. It turns out that humankind's fall was brought about by information overload and the inability to catalog and retrieve that information properly.

The title of the short story comes from the fact that all redundancy - and vowels - had been removed from our language in order for the information volume to shrink. Finally the sum of all human knowledge was compressed by means of subatomic processes and stored away in a drawer-sized box. However the access to that information required complicated indices, bibliographies etc., which soon outgrew the size of all knowledge.

The use of indices grew exponentially, comprising a pseudo-city, pseudo-planet and eventually a pseudo-galaxy devoted to information storage. At this point, a case of circular reference was encountered, and the civilization needed to refer to the first drawer-sized box to find the error. However, this drawer had been lost in the pseudo-galaxy, and soon the civilization fell apart while trying to locate the first drawer.

It turns out that the anthropologist's civilization is actually heading down the same path.

History
In a December 12, 1960 article in Time magazine, Richard Feynman predicted that the explosion of information and storage made possible by the computer revolution would necessitate shrinking the size of information. Feynman offered a prize for anyone who could shrink a page of information down 1/25,000 size that could still be read by an electron microscope. MIT librarian Malcolm Ferguson wrote that Feynman's idea "may provoke discussion and perplexity" in an article for Library Journal in November 1961. Draper's satirical story "MS Fnd in a Lbry" envisaged a world where information was reduced to a microscopic scale and required indices of indices to retrieve the data.

The short story first appeared in the December 1961 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction. It was anthologized in the collections 17 X Infinity (1963) edited by Groff Conklin and Laughing Space (1982), edited by Isaac and Janet Asimov. It was also published as "Ms Fnd in a Lbry: or, the Day Civilization Collapsed".

The story inspired a discussion on adopting computers in libraries at a symposium on technological advances in medical librarianship in 1963.

title: MS Fnd in a Lbry


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Thomas Gaisford

Thomas Gaisford (22 December 1779 – 2 June 1855) was an English classical scholar and clergyman. He served as Dean of Christ Church from 1831 until his death.

Early life
Gaisford was born at Iford Manor, Wiltshire, the son of John Gaisford. He was educated at Hyde Abbey School, Winchester. He entered Christ Church, Oxford in 1797, graduating B.A. 1801, M.A. 1804, B.D. & D.D. 1831.

Academic career
He became a Student (i.e. a Fellow) at Christ Church in 1800, then a tutor. In 1811, he was appointed Regius Professor of Greek. Taking orders, he held (1815–1847) the college living of Westwell, Oxfordshire, and other ecclesiastical preferments simultaneously with his professorship. In 1829, he was offered the position of Bishop of Oxford, but he turned it down. From 1831 until his death, he was Dean of Christ Church.

As curator of the Bodleian Library and principal delegate of the Oxford University Press, Gaisford was instrumental in securing the co-operation of distinguished European scholars as collators, notably Bekker and Dindorf. His numerous contributions to Greek literature include: Hephaestion's Encheiridion (1810); Poëtae minores Graeci (1814–1820); Stobaeus' Florilegium (1822); Herodotus, with variorum notes (1824); Suidas's Lexicon (1834); Etymologicum Magnum (1848). Eusebius's Praeparatio evangelica (1843) and Demonstratio evangelica (1852). Thomas Edward Brown "won a double first, however, and was elected a fellow of Oriel in April 1854, Dean [Thomas] Gaisford having refused to promote him to a senior studentship of his own college, on the ground that no servitor had ever before attained to that honour. Although at that time an Oriel fellowship conferred a deserved distinction, Brown never took kindly to the life, but, after a few terms of private pupils, returned to the Isle of Man as vice-principal of his old school."

Personal life
On 11 May 1815 Gaisford married Helen Margaret Douglas (1791–1830) the daughter of the Rev. Robert Douglas. They had five children. After she died in 1830, he married Jane Catharine Jenkyns (1787–1863); she was the sister of Dr Richard Jenkyns, master of Balliol College and Dr Henry Jenkyns.

On 23 June 1843, Gaisford's 21-year-old son, William Gaisford, drowned while swimming in the river Thames at Sandford Lock, a notoriously dangerous spot. He got into difficulties and his friend, Richard Phillimore (the son of Joseph Phillimore), entered the water to save him. However, both men perished. They are buried in Christ Church Cathedral. They are commemorated by an obelisk at Sandford Lock and two memorial tablets in the north walk of the Cathedral cloisters.

Legacy
The Gaisford Prize was founded in Gaisford's honour in 1856, shortly after his death. Gaisford Street in Kentish Town, north London, was named in his honour.

Works

 * Εὐριπιδου Ἀλκηστις. Euripidis Alcestis, ex optimis exemplaribus expressa..., 1806
 * Hephæstionis Alexandrini Enchiridion,1810
 * Catalogus sive notitia manuscriptorum qui a cel. E. D. Clarke ..., 1812 Volume 1/2
 * Lectiones Platonicae e membranis Bodleianis, 1820
 * Poetae graeci minores, 5 voll., 2ª ed., Lipsia, 1816-1823: vol.I, vol.II, vol.III/ vol. I, vol.II, vol. III, vol.IV
 * Iōannou Stobaiou Anthologion, 1822 vol.1,vol. 2, vol.3,vol. 4
 * Notes on Herodotus, 1824 Vol. 1
 * Hērodotou Halikarnēssēos Historiōn logoi IX.: Lib. I-IV - Historiarum libri IX: codicem sancrofti manuscriptum denuo contulit reliquam lectionis varietatem commodius digessit, 1824-1839 vol.1, vol. II, vol. IV
 * Scholia in Sophoclis tragoedias septem. E codice MS. Laurentiano descripsit P. Elmsley, ..., 1825
 * Ēphastiōnos encheiridion peri metrōn kai poiēmatōn, 1832
 * Suidae Lexicon, 1834 vol.1, vol.3
 * Paroemiographi graeci, 1836
 * Etymologicum magnum, 1848*
 * Ioannis Stobaei Eclogarum physicarum et ethicarum libri duo ad mss ..., 1850 Volume 2
 * Suidae Lexicon, Graece et Latine, 1853 vol.1, vol.2

Quotations

 * "Nor can I do better, in conclusion, than impress upon you the study of Greek literature, which not only elevates above the vulgar herd, but leads not infrequently to positions of considerable emolument." –Th. Gaisford, Christmas Day Sermon in the Cathedral, Oxford (Rev. W. Tuckwell, Reminiscences of Oxford, 2nd ed., 1907, p. 124)
 * "It was said that Gaisford, on his visit to Germany, had some difficulty in escaping from the 'umarmung' [hug, embrace] of some of its scholars, exclaiming (in the apprehension of a 'kuss' [kiss] on both cheeks) 'Ohe ! jam satis, amice'." G.V. Cox, Recollections of Oxford, London : Macmillan, 1870, p. 411, fn. 3. 'Ohe ! jam [iam] satis, amice' means idiomatically : 'Oh, that's quite enough, my friend.' The quotation derives with amendment from Abraham Cowley's Naufragium Joculare [Ioculare] ('The Hilarious Shipwreck'.), 1638, Act 1, sc. 6. (Geoffrey Thomas, Birkbeck College, University of London.)

title: Thomas Gaisford