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List of official languages

This is a list of official, or otherwise administratively-recognized, languages of sovereign countries, regions, and supra-national institutions. The article also lists lots of languages which have no administrative mandate as an official language, generally describing these as de facto official languages.

A
Abkhaz:
 * Abkhazia (with Russian; independence is disputed)

Afar:
 * Djibouti (with Arabic, French, Somali)

Afrikaans:
 * Namibia (with English and German)
 * South Africa (with English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)

Aja-Gbe:
 * Benin (a national language along with Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official language is French)

Akan (Akuapem Twi, Asante Twi, Fante):
 * Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Albanian:
 * Albania
 * Kosovo (with Serbian)
 * North Macedonia (with Macedonian)
 * North Macedonia (with Macedonian)

Amharic:
 * Ethiopia

Anii:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Arabic (see also List of countries where Arabic is an official language):
 * Algeria (with Berber)
 * Bahrain
 * Chad (with French)
 * Comoros (with French and Comorian)
 * Djibouti (with French)
 * Egypt
 * Eritrea (with Tigrinya and English)
 * Iraq (with Kurdish)
 * Israel (with Hebrew)
 * Jordan
 * Kuwait
 * Lebanon
 * Libya
 * Mali (with Tuareg and French)
 * Mauritania (with several national languages: Fula, Soninke, Wolof)
 * Morocco (with Berber)
 * Niger (with French, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)
 * Oman
 * Palestine
 * Qatar
 * Saudi Arabia
 * Somaliland (with English and Somali; independence is disputed)
 * Somalia (with Somali)
 * Sudan (with English)
 * Syria
 * Tunisia
 * United Arab Emirates
 * Yemen

Armenian:
 * Armenia
 * Artsakh (independence disputed)

Assamese:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)

Aymara:
 * Bolivia (with Spanish, Quechua, Guaraní and 33 other languages)
 * Peru (with Spanish and Quechua and other languages)

Azerbaijani:
 * Azerbaijan

B
Balanta:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Bambara:
 * see Manding
 * Mali (a national language along with Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Bariba:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Basque:
 * Co-official in some autonomous communities of Spain:
 * Basque Country
 * Navarre; both with Spanish

Bassari:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Bedik:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Belarusian:
 * Belarus (with Russian)

Bengali:
 * Bangladesh
 * India (with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)
 * Sierra Leone

Berber:
 * Algeria (with Arabic)
 * Morocco (with Arabic)

Biali:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Bislama:
 * Vanuatu (with English and French)

Boko:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Bomu:
 * Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Bosnian:
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Croatian, Serbian) (de facto)

Bozo:
 * Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Buduma:
 * Niger (with French, Arabic, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)

Bulgarian:
 * Bulgaria

Burmese:
 * Myanmar (formerly Burma)

C
Cantonese:
 * Hong Kong (using Traditional Chinese characters); with Mandarin Chinese and English
 * Macau (using Traditional Chinese characters); with Mandarin Chinese and Portuguese

Catalan:
 * Andorra,
 * Co-official in some autonomous communities of Spain:
 * Balearic Islands
 * Catalonia
 * Valencian Community; all with Spanish

Chinese, Mandarin:
 * Mainland China (using Simplified Chinese characters)
 * Macau (using both Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters)
 * Hong Kong (using both Simplified Chinese characters and Traditional Chinese characters; with Cantonese and English)
 * Singapore (using Simplified Chinese characters; with English, Malay and Tamil)
 * Taiwan (using Traditional Chinese characters; other official languages of Taiwan are Formosan languages, Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka and Taiwan Sign Language. )

Chichewa:
 * Malawi (with English)
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Chirbawe (Sena):
 * see Sena

Comorian Corsican :
 * Comoros (with Arabic and French)

 * France (with French)
 * Corsica

Croatian:
 * Croatia
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Bosnian and Serbian) (de facto)

Czech:
 * Czech Republic
 * Slovakia (legislation states that a person using Czech language at a Slovak institution must be treated as if using Slovak language)

D
Dagaare:
 * Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Dagbani:
 * Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Dangme
 * Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Danish:
 * Denmark
 * Faroe Islands (with Faroese)

Dari:
 * Afghanistan (a local variant of Persian, but defined as "Dari" in the Afghan constitution; together with Pashto)

Dendi:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Dhivehi:
 * Maldives

Dioula:
 * see Manding
 * Burkina Faso (a national language along with Fula, Mossi and other languages, the official language is French)

Dogon:
 * Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Dutch:
 * Belgium (official language with French and German)
 * sole official language in:
 * Flanders
 * co-official language in:
 * Brussels (with French)

 * The Netherlands (sole official language in every province except Friesland, where West Frisian is co-official and the BES islands, where Papiamento and English are co-official)
 * Aruba (with Papiamento)
 * Curaçao (with Papiamento and English)
 * Sint Maarten (with English)
 * Suriname

Dzongkha:
 * Bhutan

E
English (see also List of countries where English is an official language):
 * Antigua and Barbuda
 * Australia
 * The Bahamas
 * Barbados
 * Belize
 * Botswana (but the national language is Tswana)
 * Cameroon (with French)
 * Canada (with French)
 * Ontario (de facto; with limited French)
 * Quebec (with French)
 * Nova Scotia (de facto; with limited French & Gaelic)
 * New Brunswick (with French)
 * Manitoba (with French)
 * British Columbia (de facto; with limited French)
 * Prince Edward Island (de facto; with limited French)
 * Saskatchewan (de facto; with limited French)
 * Alberta (de facto; with limited French)
 * Newfoundland and Labrador (de facto; with limited French, Innu-aimun, & Inuttut)
 * Northwest Territories (with 10 others)
 * Yukon (with French)
 * Nunavut (with Inuit & French)
 * Curaçao (with Dutch and Papiamento)
 * Dominica
 * England
 * Eritrea (with Tigrinya and Arabic)
 * Eswatini (with Swati)
 * Fiji (with Bau Fijian and Fiji Hindi)
 * Gambia
 * Ghana (with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema)
 * Grenada
 * Guyana
 * Hong Kong (with Cantonese and Mandarin Chinese)
 * India (with 22 regional languages)
 * Republic of Ireland ("second official"; with Irish)
 * Jamaica
 * Kenya (with Swahili)
 * Kiribati
 * Lesotho (with Sotho)
 * Liberia
 * Malawi (with Chichewa)
 * Malaysia (de facto official language with Malay; still serves as official and national language with Malay in Sabah and Sarawak)
 * Malta (with Maltese)
 * Marshall Islands (with Marshallese)
 * Mauritius (with French)
 * Micronesia, Federated States of
 * Namibia (Afrikaans, German, and Oshiwambo are spoken regionally)
 * Nauru (with Nauruan)
 * New Zealand (with Māori and New Zealand Sign Language)
 * Nigeria (with Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba)
 * Pakistan (with Urdu as the national language)
 * Palau (with Palauan)
 * Papua New Guinea (with Tok Pisin and Hiri Motu)
 * Philippines (with Filipino)
 * Rwanda (with French and Kinyarwanda)
 * Saint Kitts and Nevis
 * Saint Lucia
 * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 * Samoa (with Samoan)
 * Seychelles (with Seychellois Creole and French)
 * Sierra Leone
 * Singapore (with Chinese, Malay, Tamil)
 * Sint Maarten (with Dutch)
 * Solomon Islands
 * Somaliland (with Arabic and Somali; independence is disputed)
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)
 * South Sudan
 * Sri Lanka (with Sinhala and Tamil)
 * Sudan (with Arabic)
 * Tanzania (with Swahili)
 * Tonga (with Tongan)
 * Trinidad and Tobago
 * Tuvalu (with Tuvaluan)
 * Uganda (with Swahili)
 * United Kingdom (de facto; individual countries in the UK have statutorily defined official languages, but the UK as a whole does not)
 * United States (de facto; the United States has no administratively mandated official language)
 * Vanuatu (with Bislama and French)
 * Zambia
 * Zimbabwe (with Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Estonian:
 * Estonia

Ewe-Gbe:
 * Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme Ga, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)
 * Togo (with French and Kabye)

F
Faroese:

 * Faroe Islands
 * Denmark

Fijian:
 * Fiji (with English and Fiji Hindi)

Filipino:
 * Philippines (with English)

Finnish:
 * Finland (with Swedish)

Fon-Gbe:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Foodo:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Formosan:
 * Taiwan (other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka and Taiwan Sign Language. )

French (see also List of countries where French is an official language):
 * Belgium (official language with Dutch and German)
 * sole official language in:
 * Wallonia (except for the Canton of Eupen and the Canton of Sankt Vith, where German is the official language)
 * co-official language in:
 * Brussels (with Dutch)

 * Benin (with several national languages: Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba)
 * Burkina Faso (with several national languages including Dioula, Fula, Mossi)
 * Burundi (with Kirundi)
 * Cameroon (with English)
 * Canada (with English)
 * Quebec (with limited English)
 * New Brunswick (with English)
 * Manitoba (with English)
 * Northwest Territories (with 10 others)
 * Yukon (with English)
 * Nunavut (with Inuit & English)
 * Central African Republic (with Sango)
 * Chad (with Arabic)
 * Comoros (with Arabic and Comorian)
 * Ivory Coast
 * Democratic Republic of the Congo
 * Djibouti (with Arabic)
 * Equatorial Guinea (with Spanish and Portuguese)
 * France
 * French Guiana
 * French Polynesia
 * French Loyalty Islands
 * French Southern and Antarctic Lands
 * Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean
 * Guadeloupe
 * Martinique
 * Mayotte
 * New Caledonia
 * Réunion
 * Saint Barthélemy
 * Saint Martin
 * Saint Pierre and Miquelon
 * Wallis and Futuna
 * (Adélie Land)
 * (Clipperton Island)
 * Gabon
 * Guernsey (with English)
 * Guinea (with several national languages: Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey)
 * Haiti (with Haitian Creole)
 * Italy
 * Aosta Valley (with Italian)
 * Jersey (with English)
 * Luxembourg (with German and Luxembourgish)
 * Madagascar (with Malagasy)
 * Mali (with several national languages: Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq)
 * Mauritius (with English)
 * Monaco
 * Niger (with Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)
 * Rwanda (with English and Kinyarwanda)
 * Senegal (with several national languages: Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof)
 * Seychelles (with Seychellois Creole and English)
 * Switzerland (National and official language with German, Italian, and (Romansh))
 * Official language in:
 * Canton of Geneva
 * Canton of Vaud
 * Canton of Jura
 * Canton of Neuchâtel
 * Canton of Fribourg (with German)
 * Canton of Bern (with German)
 * Canton of Valais (with German)

 * Togo (with Ewe-Gbe and Kabye)
 * Vanuatu (with Bislama and English)

Fula:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)
 * Burkina Faso (a national language along with Dioula, Mossi and other languages, the official language is French)
 * Guinea (a national language along with Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)
 * Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
 * Mauritania (a national language along with Soninke, Wolof, the official language is Arabic)
 * Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

G
Ga:
 * Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Gonja, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Gàidhlig:
 * Scotland (along with English and Scots)

Gbe:
 * see Aja-Gbe, Ewe-Gbe, Fon-Gbe, Gen-Gbe, Waci-Gbe, Xwela-Gbe

Gen-Gbe:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Georgian:
 * Georgia
 * South Ossetia (with Ossetian and Russian; independence is disputed)
 * Abkhazia (with Georgian according to the Georgian constitution; independence is disputed)

German:
 * Austria (with Hungarian, Burgenland Croatian, and Slovene)
 * Belgium (official language with Dutch and French)
 * sole official language in:
 * Canton of Eupen
 * Canton of Sankt Vith

 * Brazil
 * Antônio Carlos
 * Santa Maria do Herval
 * Domingos Martins
 * Laranja da Terra
 * Pancas
 * Santa Maria de Jetibá
 * Vila Pavão
 * Pomerode
 * Canguçu
 * Germany
 * Liechtenstein
 * Luxembourg (with French and Luxembourgish)
 * Italy (in South Tyrol)
 * Namibia (with Afrikaans and English)
 * Switzerland (National and official language with French, Italian, and (Romansh))

 * Official language in 21 cantons:
 * 17 of the 26 cantons (monolingually German)
 * Canton of Grisons (with Italian and Romansh)
 * Canton of Bern (with French)
 * Canton of Fribourg (with French)
 * Canton of Valais (with French)

Gonja:
 * Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Kasem, Nzema, the official language is English)

Gourmanché
 * Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)

Greek:
 * Greece
 * Cyprus (with Turkish)
 * Albania (Greek Minority Zone of Himara, Finiq and Dervican with Albanian)

Guaraní:
 * Paraguay (with Spanish)
 * Bolivia (with Spanish, Quechua, Aymara and 33 other languages)

Gujarati:
 * India

H
Haitian Creole:
 * Haiti (with French)

Hakka:
 * Taiwan (other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Taiwanese Hokkien, Formosan languages and Taiwan Sign Language. )

Hassaniya:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Hausa:
 * Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)
 * Nigeria (with English, Igbo and Yoruba)

Hebrew:
 * Israel (with Arabic)

Hindi:
 * India ("official language of the Union"; with English; 21 other regional languages namely Assamese, Bengali, Bodo, Dogri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Maithili, Malayalam, Meitei (Manipuri), Marathi, Nepali, Odia, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Santhali, Sindhi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu )
 * Fiji (with English and Bau Fijian; known constitutionally as Fiji Hindi as an umbrella term to cover Standard Hindi, Urdu, as well as other Hindustani dialects)

Hiri Motu:
 * Papua New Guinea (with English and Tok Pisin)

Hungarian:
 * Hungary

I
Igbo:
 * Nigeria (with English, Hausa and Yoruba)

Icelandic:
 * Iceland

Indonesian:
 * Indonesia (a standardized dialect of Malay)

Irish:
 * Republic of Ireland ("national"; with English being "second official")

Italian:
 * Italy
 * Croatia
 * Istria County (with Croatian)
 * San Marino
 * Slovenia
 * Slovenian Istria (with Slovene)
 * Switzerland (National and official language with French, German, and (Romansh))

 * Official language in:
 * Canton of Ticino
 * Canton of Grisons (with German and Romansh)

 * Vatican City (with Latin)

J
Japanese:
 * Japan (de facto)
 * Palau (Angaur)

Javanese:
 * native to Java; Indonesia

Jola:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

K
Kabye:
 * Togo (with French and Ewe-Gbe)

Kalanga:
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Tshuwau ("Koisan"), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Kannada:

 * India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)

Kanuri:
 * Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)

Kasem:
 * Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Nzema, the official language is English)

Kazakh:
 * Kazakhstan (with Russian)

Khmer:
 * Cambodia

Kinyarwanda:
 * Rwanda (with French and English)

Kirundi:
 * Burundi (with French)

Kissi
 * Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

"Koisan" (Tshuwau):
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Korean:
 * North Korea
 * South Korea (with Korean Sign Language)

Korean Sign Language:
 * South Korea (with Korean)

Kpelle:
 * Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

Kurdish:
 * Iraq (with Arabic)

Kyrgyz:
 * Kyrgyzstan (with Russian)

L
Lao: Latin:
 * Laos

 * Holy See
 * Hungary
 * Croatia
 * Poland

Latvian:
 * Latvia

Lithuanian:
 * Lithuania

Lukpa:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Luxembourgish:
 * Luxembourg (with French and German)

M
Macedonian:
 * North Macedonia (with Albanian)

Malagasy:
 * Madagascar (with French)

Malay:
 * Malaysia (with de facto official language English)
 * Brunei
 * Singapore (with English, Chinese and Tamil)
 * Indonesia (a standardized local dialect of Malay, but treated as the separate language in Indonesia)

Malinke:
 * see Manding
 * Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

Maltese:
 * Malta (with English)

Mamara:
 * Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

Manding (Mandinka, Malinke):
 * see Bambara, Dioula, Malinke, Mandinka

Mandinka:
 * see Manding
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Mandjak:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Mankanya:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Manx Gaelic:
 * Isle of Man (with English)

Māori:
 * New Zealand (with English and New Zealand Sign Language)

Marshallese:
 * Marshall Islands (with English)

Mauritian Creole
 * Mauritius

Mbelime:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri)
 * India (along with 21 other scheduled languages recognised by the 8th schedule of the Indian Constitution)

Mongolian:
 * Mongolia

Montenegrin:
 * Montenegro

Mossi:
 * Burkina Faso (a national language along with Dioula, Fula and other languages, the official language is French)

N
Nambya:
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Nateni:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Nauruan
 * Nauru (with English)

Ndau:
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Ndebele (Northern):
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Ndebele (Southern):
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)

Nepali:
 * Nepal

New Zealand Sign Language:
 * New Zealand (with English and Māori)

Noon:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Safen, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Northern Sotho:
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)

Norwegian:
 * Norway (two official written forms – Bokmål and Nynorsk)

Nzema:
 * Ghana (a government-sponsored language along with Akan (Akuapem Twi, Ashante Twi, Fante), Ewe-Gbe, Dagaare, Dagbani, Dangme, Ga, Gonja, Kasem, the official language is English)

O
Oniyan:
 * Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Wamey, the official language is French)

Oriya

Oromo:
 * Ethiopia

Ossetian:
 * South Ossetia (with Russian and Georgian; independence is disputed)

P
Palauan:
 * Palau (with English)

Papiamento:
 * Aruba (with Dutch)
 * Curaçao (with Dutch and English)
 * Netherlands (Bonaire)

Pashto:
 * Afghanistan (with Dari in Afghanistan)

Persian:
 * Iran
 * Afghanistan (called Dari in Afghanistan; with Pashto)
 * Tajikistan (called Tajiki in Tajikistan; with Russian for "inter-ethnic communication")

Polish:
 * Poland

Portuguese:
 * Angola
 * Brazil
 * Cape Verde
 * East Timor (with Tetum)
 * Equatorial Guinea (with Spanish and French)
 * Guinea-Bissau
 * Macau (with Cantonese)
 * Mozambique
 * Portugal
 * São Tomé and Príncipe

Punjabi:
 * India

Q
Quechua:
 * Bolivia (with Spanish, Aymara, Guaraní and 33 other languages)
 * Ecuador (with Shuar and Spanish)
 * Peru (with Spanish, Aymara and other languages)

R
Romanian:
 * Romania
 * Moldova

Romansh:
 * National language in Switzerland (with German, French, and Italian)
 * Official language in canton of Grisons (with German and Italian)

Russian:
 * Russia (in some regions together with regional languages)
 * Abkhazia (with Abkhaz according to the Abkhazian constitution; independence is disputed)
 * Belarus (with Belarusian)
 * Kazakhstan (with Kazakh)
 * Kyrgyzstan (with Kyrgyz)
 * South Ossetia (with Ossetian and Georgian; independence is disputed)
 * Tajikistan ("inter-ethnic communication"; with Tajik)
 * Transnistria (with Moldovan and Ukrainian; independence is disputed)

S
Safen:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Serer, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Samoa
 * Samoa (with English)

Sango
 * Sao Pauloan Brazilian Portuguese (Portugues)
 * Central African Republic (with French)

Sena: Scots
 * Zimbabwe as Chirbawe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

 * Scotland (With English and Scots Gaelic)

Serbian:
 * Serbia
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Bosnian, Croatian) (de facto)
 * Kosovo (independence is disputed; with Albanian)

Serer:
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Soninke, Wolof, the official language is French)

Seychellois Creole
 * Seychelles (with French and English)

Shona:
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Sinhala:
 * Sri Lanka (with Tamil, and with English as a link language)

Slovak:
 * Slovakia
 * Czech Republic

Slovene:
 * Slovenia

Somali:
 * Djibouti (with Arabic, French, Afar)
 * Somalia (with Arabic)
 * Somaliland (with Arabic and English; independence is disputed)

Songhay-Zarma:
 * Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Soninke, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
 * Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Tamasheq, Tasawaq, Tebu)

Soninke:
 * Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Syenara, Tamasheq, the official language is French)
 * Mauritania (a national language along with Fula, Wolof, the official language is Arabic)
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Wolof, the official language is French)

Sotho:
 * Lesotho (with English)
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)

South African Sign Language
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)

Spanish:
 * Argentina (de facto)
 * Bolivia (with Aymara, Quechua, Guaraní, and 33 other languages)
 * Chile
 * Easter Island (with Rapa Nui)
 * Colombia
 * Costa Rica
 * Cuba
 * Dominican Republic
 * Ecuador (with Quechua and Shuar)
 * El Salvador
 * Equatorial Guinea (with French and Portuguese)
 * Guatemala
 * Honduras
 * Mexico (de facto)
 * Nicaragua
 * Panama
 * Paraguay (with Guaraní)
 * Peru (with Aymara, Quechua and other languages)
 * Spain (Aranese, Basque, Catalan, and Galician are co-official in some regions)
 * United States (in the US territory of Puerto Rico)
 * Uruguay (de facto)
 * Venezuela
 * Western Sahara (with Arabic)

Susu:
 * Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Toma, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

Swahili:
 * Kenya (with English)
 * Rwanda (with English, French and Kinyarwanda)
 * Tanzania (de facto; with English)
 * Uganda (since 2005; with English)

Swati:
 * Eswatini (with English)
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)

Swedish:
 * Sweden
 * Finland (with Finnish)
 * Åland (monolingually Swedish) (an autonomous province under Finnish sovereignty)

Syenara:
 * Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Tamasheq, the official language is French)

T
Taiwan Sign Language:
 * Taiwan (other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Formosan languages, Hakka and Taiwanese Hokkien. )

Taiwanese Hokkien:
 * Taiwan (using Traditional Chinese characters and/or pe̍h-oē-jī (Latin letters); other national languages of Taiwan are Mandarin, Formosan languages, Hakka and Taiwan Sign Language. )

Tajik:
 * Tajikistan (a variant of Persian written in Cyrillic)

Tagalog:
 * see Filipino

Tamasheq:
 * Mali (a national language along with Bambara, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fula, Mamara, Songhay, Soninke, Syenara, the official language is French)
 * Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tasawaq, Tebu)

Tamil:
 * India (with 21 other languages, and with English as a link language)
 * Singapore (with English, Chinese and Malay)
 * Sri Lanka (with Sinhala, and with English as a link language)

Tammari:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Tasawaq:
 * Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tebu)

Tebu:
 * Niger (with French, Arabic, Buduma, Fula, Gourmanché, Hausa, Kanuri, Songhay-Zarma, Tamasheq, Tasawaq)

Telugu:
 * India (with 21 other regional Languages, and with English as a link language)

Tetum:
 * East Timor (with Portuguese)

Thai:
 * Thailand

Tigrinya:
 * Eritrea (with Arabic and English)
 * Ethiopia (with Afar, Amharic, Oromo and Somali)

Tok Pisin:
 * Papua New Guinea (with English and Hiri Motu)

Toma:
 * Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Oniyan, Wamey, the official language is French)

Tonga:
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Tongan
 * Tonga (with English)

Tsonga:
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)

Tswana:
 * Botswana (with English)
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Venda, Xhosa)

Turkish:
 * Turkey
 * Cyprus (with Greek)
 * Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (independence disputed)

Turkmen:
 * Turkmenistan

Tuvaluan
 * Tuvalu (with English)

U
Ukrainian:
 * Ukraine
 * Transnistria (with Moldovan and Russian; independence is disputed)

Urdu:
 * Pakistan (with English)
 * India (Urdu dialect and in script it is Sanscrit with 21 other regional languages, and with English as a link language)

Uzbek:
 * Uzbekistan

V
Venda:
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Xhosa, Zulu)
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Xhosa)

Vietnamese:
 * Vietnam

W
Waama:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Waci-Gbe:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Yobe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Wamey:
 * Guinea (a national language along with Fula, Kissi, Kpelle, Malinke, Susu, Toma, Oniyan, the official language is French)

Welsh:
 * United Kingdom (limited de jure official status in Wales)

Wolof:
 * Mauritania (a national language along with Fula, Soninke, the official language is Arabic)
 * Senegal (a national language along with Balanta, Bassari, Bedik, Fula, Hassaniya, Jola, Mandinka, Mandjak, Mankanya, Noon, Safen, Serer, Soninke, the official language is French)

X
Xhosa:
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Zulu)
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Zimbabwean sign language, Tonga, Tswana, Venda)

Xwela-Gbe:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Yom, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Y
Yobe:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yom, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Yom:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Xwela-Gbe, Yoruba, the official languages is French)

Yoruba:
 * Benin (a national language along with Aja-Gbe, Anii, Bariba, Biali, Boko, Dendi, Fon-Gbe, Foodo, Fula, Gen-Gbe, Lukpa, Mbelime, Nateni, Tammari, Waama, Waci-Gbe, Yobe, Xwela-Gbe, Yom, the official languages is French)
 * Nigeria (with English, Hausa and Igbo)

Z
Zimbabwean sign language:
 * Zimbabwe (with English, Shona, Ndebele, Chewa, Chirbawe, Kalanga, "Koisan" (Tshuwau), Nambya, Ndau, Tonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

Zulu:
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa)

List of languages by the number of countries in which they are the most widely used
This is a ranking of languages by number of sovereign countries in which they are de jure or de facto official, co-official, an administrative or working language.

Official regional and minority languages
Abaza:
 * Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Cherkess, Karachay, Nogai and Russian)

Adyghe:
 * Adygea (state language; with Russian)

Aghul:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Aklanon:
 * Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)

Albanian:
 * Kosovo
 * North Macedonia (in some municipalities)
 * Montenegro (The only official language is Montenegrin, while Albanian is in official use along with Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian)

Altay:
 * Altay, Republic of (state language; with Russian)

Arabic:
 * Philippines (mainly in Mindanao)

Aranese see Occitan

Armenian:
 * Nagorno Karabagh

Assamese:
 * India (with Hindi, English {as a "subsidiary official language"} and 20 other official languages)
 * Assam

Avar:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Azeri:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Balkar:
 * Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Kabardian and Russian)

Bashkir:
 * Bashkortostan (state language; with Russian)

Basque:
 * Basque Autonomous Community (with Spanish)
 * Navarre (in some areas with Spanish)

Bengali:
 * India (as a "subsidiary official language"} and 20 other official languages; second most spoken Indian Language)
 * Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 * Assam
 * Tripura
 * West Bengal

Bikol:
 * Luzon and Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)

Bosnian:
 * part of Serbia
 * Sandžak region
 * Montenegro (with Montenegrin, Albanian, Croatian and Serbian)

Buryat:
 * Buryatia (state language; with Russian)
 * Zabaykalsky Krai
 * Agin-Buryat Okrug (authorized language)

Cantonese Chinese:
 * China:
 * Some provinces Canton Province (with Mandarin)
 * Hong Kong (for Chinese language, Cantonese is spoken de facto; co-official with English)
 * Macau (for Chinese language, Cantonese is spoken de facto; co-official with Portuguese)

Catalan:
 * parts of Spain
 * Balearic Islands (with Spanish)
 * Catalonia (with Spanish)
 * Valencia (named as Valencian, with Spanish)
 * parts of France
 * Pyrénées Orientales
 * parts of Italy
 * Alghero

Cebuano:
 * Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)

Chavacano:
 * Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)

Chechen:
 * Chechnya (state language; with Russian)
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Cherkess:
 * Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Karachay, Nogai and Russian)

Cherokee:
 * Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area in Oklahoma, United States.

Chipewyan:
 * Northwest Territories (with Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Chukchi:
 * Sakha (local official language; in localities with Chukchi population)

Chuvash:
 * Chuvashia (state language; with Russian)

Cree:
 * Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Crimean Tatar
 * Crimea (with Russian and Ukrainian)

Croatian:
 * part of Austria
 * Burgenland (with German and Hungarian)*part of Italy
 * Molise
 * part of Serbia
 * Vojvodina (with Hungarian, Pannonian Rusyn, Romanian, Serbian and Slovak)
 * Montenegro (with Montenegrin, Albanian, Bosnian and Serbian)

Dargwa:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Dolgan:
 * Sakha (local official language; in localities with Dolgan population)

Dutch:
 * The Nord-Pas-de-Calais (France) (French Flemish dialect with French, English for some part of the region)

English:
 * parts of Canada:

 * Alberta
 * British Columbia
 * Manitoba (with French)
 * Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Nova Scotia
 * Ontario
 * Prince Edward Island
 * Quebec
 * Saskatchewan
 * New Brunswick (with French)
 * Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, Cree, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ)
 * Nunavut (with Inuktitut, Inuinnaqtun, and French)
 * Yukon (with French)

 * The United Kingdom:
 * England
 * Northern Ireland
 * Scotland (with Scottish Gaelic in some municipalities)
 * Wales (with Welsh)
 * Isle of Man (with Manx Gaelic)
 * Guernsey (with French)
 * Jersey (with French)

 * parts of the United States. See English-only movement. English is an official language in the following states and territories:
 * Alabama
 * Alaska
 * Arkansas
 * California
 * Colorado
 * Florida
 * Georgia
 * Hawaii (with Hawaiian language)
 * Illinois
 * Indiana
 * Iowa
 * Kentucky
 * Massachusetts
 * Minnesota
 * Mississippi
 * Montana
 * Nebraska
 * New Hampshire
 * North Carolina
 * North Dakota
 * Puerto Rico (with Spanish)
 * South Carolina
 * South Dakota (with Lakota & Dakota)
 * Texas
 * Tennessee
 * U.S. Virgin Islands
 * Utah
 * Virginia
 * West Virginia
 * Wyoming

Erzya:
 * Mordovia (state language; with Moksha and Russian)

Even:
 * Sakha (local official language; in localities with Even population)

Evenki:
 * Sakha (local official language; in localities with Evenki population)

Faroese:
 * Faroe Islands (with Danish)

Finnish:
 * Karelia (authorized language; with Karelian and Veps)

French:
 * parts of Canada

 * New Brunswick (co-official with English)
 * Northwest Territories (with Chipewyan, Cree, English, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, Slavey (North and South) and Tłįchǫ)
 * Nunavut (with English, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut)
 * Quebec
 * Yukon (with English)

 * Guernsey (with English)
 * Jersey (with English)
 * Puducherry (co-official with Tamil in the Union Territory of Puducherry. Also Telugu and Malayalam are its regional official languages)
 * part of Italy
 * Aosta (co-official with Italian)
 * part of United States with Louisiana

Frisian (West):
 * The Netherlands: co-official in the province of Friesland (with Dutch)

Friulian:
 * The Friuli region of northeastern Italy

Gagauz:

 * Gagauzia (Moldova) (with Russian)

Galician:
 * part of Spain
 * Galicia (with Spanish)

German:
 * Italy
 * South Tyrol (together with Italian and Ladin)

Greek:
 * parts of south Albania
 * parts of south Italy
 * Salento (Grecia Salentina, together with Italian)
 * Calabria (Bovesia, together with Italian)

Guaraní:
 * Bolivia
 * Paraguay
 * in Argentina
 * Corrientes Province (co-official with Spanish)

Gujarati:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu
 * Gujarat

Gwich'in:
 * Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Hawaiian:
 * Hawaii (with English)

Hiligaynon: Hindi: Hungarian:
 * Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 * Bihar
 * Chhattisgarh
 * Delhi Territory
 * Haryana
 * Jharkhand
 * Madhya Pradesh
 * Rajasthan
 * Uttarakhand
 * Uttar Pradesh
 * part of Serbia
 * Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Slovak and Ruthenian)
 * part of Romania
 * part of Slovenia
 * part of Croatia
 * part of Slovakia
 * part of Austria

Ibanag:
 * Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)

Ilocano:
 * Luzon and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan.)

Ingush:
 * Ingushetia (state language; with Russian)

Inuinnaqtun:
 * Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))
 * Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuktitut)

Inuktitut:
 * Nunavut (with English, French, and Inuinnaqtun)
 * Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Inuvialuktun:
 * Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, North Slavey, South Slavey and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Irish:
 * Northern Ireland (United Kingdom) (along with Ulster Scots and English)

Italian:
 * part of Croatia
 * Istria county (with Croatian)
 * part of Slovenia
 * Izola, Koper and Piran municipalities (with Slovene)

Ivatan:
 * Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)

Japanese:
 * Part of Palau
 * Angaur (with English)

Kabardian:
 * Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Balkar and Russian)

Kalaallisut:
 * Greenland

Kalmyk:
 * Kalmykia (state language; with Russian)

Kannada:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)

Kapampangan:
 * Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ilocano, Ibanag, Ivatan, Pangasinan, Sambal, and Tagalog)

Karachay:
 * Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Nogai and Russian)

Karelian:
 * Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Veps)

Kashmiri:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Jammu and Kashmir

Kazakh:
 * Republic of Altay (official language; in localities with Kazakh population)
 * part of the People's Republic of China
 * Ili, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Barkol, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Mori, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * part of Mongolia
 * Mori, with Mongolian

Khakas:
 * Khakassia (state language; with Russian)

Khanty:
 * Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Mansi and Nenets)
 * Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Nenets and Selkup)

Kinaray-a:
 * Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Waray)

Komi:
 * Komi (state language; with Russian)

Komi-Permyak:
 * Perm Krai
 * Komi-Permyak Okrug (official language)

Korean:
 * part of the People's Republic of China with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Changbai (Jangbaek, Changbaek)
 * Yanbian (Yeonbyeon, Yŏnbyŏn)

Kumyk:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Kyrgyz:
 * part of the People's Republic of China
 * Kizilsu (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Lak:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Lezgian:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Macedonian
 * part of Albania
 * part of Serbia

Maguindanao:
 * Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)

Malayalam:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Kerala
 * Puducherry
 * Lakshadweep

Mansi:
 * Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Nenets)

Maranao:
 * Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Tausug, and Yakan)

Marathi:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Maharashtra
 * Goa
 * Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu

Mari (Hill and Meadow):
 * Mari El (state language; with Russian)

Mayan:
 * Mexico (*only recognized)
 * Guatemala (*only recognized)
 * Belize (*only recognized)
 * Honduras (*only recognized)
 * El Salvador (*only recognized)

Meitei (officially known as Manipuri):
 * India (with 21 other official languages)
 * Manipur
 * Tripura (formerly)

Mi'kmaq:
 * Nova Scotia ("first language"; with English (de facto), French, Scottish Gaelic)

Moksha:
 * Mordovia (state language; with Erzya and Russian)

Mongolian:
 * part of the People's Republic of China
 * Inner Mongolia, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Haixi, with Tibetan and Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Bortala, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Bayin'gholin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Dorbod, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Qian Gorlos, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Harqin Left, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Fuxin, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Weichang, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Subei, with Chinese (Mandarin)
 * Henan, with Chinese (Mandarin)

Náhuatl:
 * Mexico (*only recognized)
 * El Salvador (*only recognized)

Nenets:
 * Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Mansi)
 * Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Selkup)

Nepali:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)

Nogai:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)
 * Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Karachay and Russian)

Occitan:
 * Catalonia, with Catalan and Spanish)

Odia:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Odisha

Ossetic (Digor and Iron dialects):
 * North Ossetia—Alania (state language; with Russian)

Pangasinan:
 * Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Sambal, and Tagalog)

Portuguese:
 * part of the People's Republic of China
 * Macau (with Chinese)

Punjabi:
 * Pakistan
 * Punjab
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Punjab
 * Delhi

Romanian:
 * Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Slovak and Ruthenian)

Russian. Russian is fixed as a state language in the Constitutions of the republics of the Russian Federation:
 * Adygea (state language; with Adyghe)
 * Altay, Republic of (state language; with Altay)
 * Bashkortostan (state language; with Bashkir)
 * Buryatia (state language; with Buryat)
 * Chechnya (state language; with Chechen)
 * Chuvashia (state language; with Chuvash)
 * Dagestan (state language; with the languages of the Dagestan peoples)
 * Ingushetia (state language; with Ingush)
 * Kabardino-Balkaria (state language; with Balkar and Kabardian)
 * Kalmykia (state language; with Kalmyk)
 * Karachay–Cherkessia (state language; with Abaza, Cherkess, Karachay and Nogai)
 * Karelia (state language)
 * Khakassia (state language; with Khakas)
 * Komi (state language; with Komi)
 * Mari El (state language; with Mari (Hill and Meadow))
 * Mordovia (state language; with Erzya and Moksha)
 * North Ossetia—Alania (state language; with Ossetic)
 * Sakha (state language; with Sakha)
 * Tatarstan (state language; with Tatar)
 * Tyva (state language; with Tuvan)
 * Udmurtia (state language; with Udmurt)
 * Russian (with Gagauz) is an official language of Gagauzia (autonomous republic within Moldova)

Rusyn:
 * Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak)
 * Ukraine
 * Zakarapts'ka region (with Ukrainian, Hungarian)

Rutul:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Sakha:
 * Sakha (state language; with Russian)

Sambal:
 * Luzon (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Bikol, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, and Tagalog)

Sami:
 * Finland (in four municipalities)
 * Norway (in six municipalities in two provinces)
 * Sweden (in four municipalities and surrounding municipalities)

Sanskrit:
 * Nepal

Saraiki
 * Pakistan

Sarikoli:
 * part of the People's Republic of China (It's different from Tajiki of Tajikistan)
 * Taxkorgan (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Selkup:
 * Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (aboriginal language; with Khanty and Nenets)

Serbian:
 * Croatia-Co-official minority language in municipalities: Borovo, Trpinja, Markušica, Negoslavci, Vukovar, Šodolovci, Erdut, Darda, Jagodnjak, Kneževi Vinogradi, Dvor, Gvozd, Biskupija, Ervenik, Kistanje, Gračac, Udbina, Vrbovsko, Donji Kukuruzari and Nijemci.

Sindhi:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Pakistan (Official language in the province of Sindh along with Urdu and English)

North and South Slavey:
 * Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, and Tłįchǫ (Dogrib))

Slovak:
 * part of Serbia
 * Vojvodina (with Croatian, Serbian, Hungarian, Romanian and Ruthenian)

Slovene:
 * part of Italy
 * Friuli-Venezia Giulia (with Italian, Friulian and German)
 * part of Austria
 * Carinthia (with German)

Spanish:
 * New Mexico (spoken with English)
 * Puerto Rico (with English)
 * Philippines (mainly as Chavacano in Mindanao)
 * El Cenizo, Texas

Surigaonon:
 * Visayas and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Tagalog, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)

Tabasaran:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Tagalog:
 * Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Bikol, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ibanag, Ilocano, Ivatan, Kapampangan, Kinaray-a, Maguindanao, Maranao, Pangasinan, Sambal, Surigaonon, Tausug, Waray, and Yakan)

Tahitian:
 * French Polynesia (with French)

Tamil:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Andaman and Nicobar Islands
 * Puducherry
 * Tamil Nadu
 * Sri Lanka
 * Singapore

Tat:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Tatar:
 * Tatarstan (state language; with Russian)

Tausug:
 * Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, Maranao, and Yakan)

Telugu:
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Andhra Pradesh
 * Telangana
 * Puducherry
 * Andaman and Nicobar Islands

Tibetan:
 * Tibet Autonomous Region (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Aba (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Garzê (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Dêqên (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Wenshan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Gannan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Haibai (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Hainan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Huangnan (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Golog (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Gyêgu (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Haixi (with Mongolian and Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Muli (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Tianzhu (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Tłįchǫ:
 * Northwest Territories (with Cree, Chipewyan, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, and South Slavey)

Tsakhur:
 * Dagestan (as one of the Dagestan peoples languages; with Russian)

Tswana:
 * South Africa (with Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Northern Sotho, Sotho, Swati, Tsonga, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu)

Turkish:
 * North Macedonia in Plasnica and Centar Župa
 * Kosovo in Prizren and Mamuša
 * part of Bulgaria

Tuvan:
 * Tyva (state language; with Russian)

Udmurt:
 * Udmurtia (state language; with Russian)

Urdu:
 * Pakistan (with English as co-official language)
 * India (with 21 other regional languages)
 * Jammu and Kashmir
 * Delhi Territory
 * Uttar Pradesh state
 * Bihar state
 * Andhra Pradesh mainly in Hyderabad (former princely state of Nizam) and adjacent areas of Maharashtra and Karnataka

Uyghur:
 * Xinjiang (with Chinese (Mandarin))

Veps:
 * Karelia (authorized language; with Finnish and Karelian)

Vietnamese:
 * Guangxi Province, China (some regional status)
 * Part of Cambodia
 * Part of Laos

Waray:
 * Visayas (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Aklanon, Cebuano, Hiligaynon, Kinaray-a, and Tagalog)

Welsh:
 * Wales (United Kingdom) (with English)

Yakan:
 * Mindanao (Philippines) (with Filipino, English, Cebuano, Chavacano, Hiligaynon, Ilocano, Maguindanao, Maranao, Surigaonon, Tagalog, and Tausug)

Yiddish:
 * Russia (only in Jewish Autonomous Oblast, with Russian)

Yukaghir:
 * Sakha (local official language; in localities with Yukaghir population)

Zhuang:
 * Guangxi (with Chinese (Mandarin))
 * Lianshan (with Chinese (Mandarin))

title: List of official languages


text:
Azerbaijani language

Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch. It is spoken primarily by the Azerbaijani people, who live mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan, where the North Azerbaijani variety is spoken, while Iranian Azerbaijanis in the Azerbaijan region of Iran, speak the South Azerbaijani variety. Azerbaijani has official status in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Dagestan (a federal subject of Russia), but it does not have official status in Iran, where the majority of Iranian Azerbaijani people live. Azerbaijani is also spoken to lesser varying degrees in Azerbaijani communities of Georgia and Turkey and by diaspora communities, primarily in Europe and North America.

Although there is a high degree of mutual intelligibility between both forms of Azerbaijani, there are significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and sources of loanwords. The standardized form of North Azerbaijani (spoken in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia) is based on the Shirvani dialect, while South Azerbaijani uses variety of regional dialects. Since the Republic of Azerbaijan's independence from the Soviet Union in 1991, Northern Azerbaijani has used the Latin script. On the other hand, South Azerbaijani has always used and continues to use the Perso-Arabic script.

Azerbaijani is closely related to Turkmen, Turkish, Gagauz, and Qashqai, being mutually intelligible with each of these languages to varying degrees.

Etymology and background
Historically, the language was referred to by its native speakers as türk dili or türkcə, meaning either "Turkish" or "Turkic". In the early years following the establishment of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, the language was still referred to as "Turkish" in official documents. However, in the 1930s, its name was officially changed to "Azerbaijani". The language is often still referred to as Turki or Torki in Iranian Azerbaijan. The term "Azeri", generally interchangeable with "Azerbaijani", is from Turkish Azeri which is used for the people (azerice being used for the language in Turkish), itself from Persian آذری, Āzarī. The term is also used for Old Azeri, the ancient Iranian language spoken in the region until the 17th century.

History and evolution
Azerbaijani evolved from the Eastern branch of Oghuz Turkic ("Western Turkic") which spread to the Caucasus, in Eastern Europe, and northern Iran, in Western Asia, during the medieval Turkic migrations. Persian and Arabic influenced the language, but Arabic words were mainly transmitted through the intermediary of literary Persian. Azerbaijani is, perhaps after Uzbek, the Turkic language upon which Persian and other Iranian languages have exerted the strongest impact—mainly in phonology, syntax, and vocabulary, less in morphology.

The Turkic language of Azerbaijan gradually supplanted the Iranian languages in what is now northwestern Iran, and a variety of languages of the Caucasus and Iranian languages spoken in the Caucasus, particularly Udi and Old Azeri. By the beginning of the 16th century, it had become the dominant language of the region. It was one of the spoken languages in the court of the Safavids, Afsharids and Qajars.

The historical development of Azerbaijani can be divided into two major periods: early (c. 14th to 18th century) and modern (18th century to present). Early Azerbaijani differs from its descendant in that it contained a much larger number of Persian and Arabic loanwords, phrases and syntactic elements. Early writings in Azerbaijani also demonstrate linguistic interchangeability between Oghuz and Kypchak elements in many aspects (such as pronouns, case endings, participles, etc.). As Azerbaijani gradually moved from being merely a language of epic and lyric poetry to being also a language of journalism and scientific research, its literary version has become more or less unified and simplified with the loss of many archaic Turkic elements, stilted Iranisms and Ottomanisms, and other words, expressions, and rules that failed to gain popularity among the Azerbaijani masses.

The Russian annexation of Iran's territories in the Caucasus through the Russo-Iranian wars of 1804–1813 and 1826–1828 split the language community across two states. Afterwards, the Tsarist administration encouraged the spread of Azerbaijani in eastern Transcaucasia as a replacement for Persian spoken by the upper classes, and as a measure against Persian influence in the region.

Between c. 1900 and 1930, there were several competing approaches to the unification of the national language in what is now the Azerbaijan Republic, popularized by scholars such as Hasan bey Zardabi and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski. Despite major differences, they all aimed primarily at making it easy for semi-literate masses to read and understand literature. They all criticized the overuse of Persian, Arabic, and European elements in both colloquial and literary language and called for a simpler and more popular style.

The Soviet Union promoted the development of the language but set it back considerably with two successive script changes – from the Persian to Latin and then to the Cyrillic script – while Iranian Azerbaijanis continued to use the Persian script as they always had. Despite the wide use of Azerbaijani in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, it became the official language of Azerbaijan only in 1956. After independence, the Republic of Azerbaijan decided to switch back to a modified Latin script.

Azerbaijani literature

The development of Azerbaijani literature is closely associated with Anatolian Turkish, written in Perso-Arabic script. Examples of its detachment date to the 14th century or earlier. Kadi Burhan al-Din, Hasanoghlu, and Imadaddin Nasimi helped to establish Azerbaiijani as a literary language in the 14th century through poetry and other works. One ruler of the Qara Qoyunlu state, Jahanshah, wrote poems in Azerbaijani language with the nickname "Haqiqi". Sultan Yaqub, a ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu state, wrote poems in the Azerbaijani language. The ruler and poet Ismail I wrote under the pen name Khatā'ī (which means "sinner" in Persian) during the fifteenth century. During the 16th century, the poet, writer and thinker Fuzûlî wrote mainly in Azerbaijani but also translated his poems into Arabic and Persian.

Starting in the 1830s, several newspapers were published in Iran during the reign of the Azerbaijani speaking Qajar dynasty, but it is unknown whether any of these newspapers were written in Azerbaijani. In 1875, Akinchi (Əkinçi / اکينچی) ("The Ploughman") became the first Azerbaijani newspaper to be published in the Russian Empire. It was started by Hasan bey Zardabi, a journalist and education advocate.

Mohammad-Hossein Shahriar is an important figure in Azerbaijani poetry. His most important work is Heydar Babaya Salam and it is considered to be a pinnacle of Azerbaijani literature and gained popularity in the Turkic-speaking world. It was translated into more than 30 languages.

In the mid-19th century, Azerbaijani literature was taught at schools in Baku, Ganja, Shaki, Tbilisi, and Yerevan. Since 1845, it has also been taught in the Saint Petersburg State University in Russia. In 2018, Azerbaijani language and literature programs are offered in the United States at several universities, including Indiana University, UCLA, and University of Texas at Austin. The vast majority, if not all Azerbaijani language courses teach North Azerbaijani written in the Latin script and not South Azerbaijani written in the Perso-Arabic script.

Modern literature in the Republic of Azerbaijan is primarily based on the Shirvani dialect, while in the Iranian Azerbaijan region (historic Azerbaijan) it is based on the Tabrizi one.

Lingua franca
An Azerbaijani koine served as a lingua franca throughout most parts of Transcaucasia except the Black Sea coast, in southern Dagestan,  the Eastern Anatolia Region and all over Iran from the 16th to the early 20th centuries,  alongside cultural, administrative, court literature, and most importantly official language (along with Azerbaijani) of all these regions, namely Persian. From the early 16th century up to the course of the 19th century, these regions and territories were all ruled by the Safavids, Afsharids, and Qajars until the cession of Transcaucasia proper and Dagestan by Qajar Iran to the Russian Empire per the 1813 Treaty of Gulistan and the 1828 Treaty of Turkmenchay. Per the 1829 Caucasus School Statute, Azerbaijani was to be taught in all district schools of Ganja, Shusha, Nukha (present-day Shaki), Shamakhi, Quba, Baku, Derbent, Yerevan, Nakhchivan, Akhaltsikhe, and Lankaran. Beginning in 1834, it was introduced as a language of study in Kutaisi instead of Armenian. In 1853, Azerbaijani became a compulsory language for students of all backgrounds in all of Transcaucasia with the exception of the Tiflis Governorate.

Dialects of Azerbaijani
Azerbaijani is one of the Oghuz languages within the Turkic language family. Ethnologue lists North Azerbaijani (spoken mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and Russia) and South Azerbaijani (spoken in Iran, Iraq, and Syria) as two groups within the Azerbaijani macrolanguage with "significant differences in phonology, lexicon, morphology, syntax, and loanwords" between the two. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) considers Northern and Southern Azerbaijani to be distinct languages. Linguists Mohammad Salehi and Aydin Neysani write that "there is a high degree of mutual intelligibility" between North and South Azerbaijani.

Svante Cornell wrote in his 2001 book Small Nations and Great Powers that "it is certain that Russian and Iranian words (sic), respectively, have entered the vocabulary on either side of the Araxes river, but this has not occurred to an extent that it could pose difficulties for communication". There are numerous dialects, with 21 North Azerbaijani dialects and 11 South Azerbaijani dialects identified by Ethnologue.

Three varieties have been accorded ISO 639-3 language codes: North Azerbaijani, South Azerbaijani and Qashqai. The Glottolog 4.1 database classifies North Azerbaijani, with 20 dialects, and South Azerbaijani, with 13 dialects, under the Modern Azeric family, a branch of Central Oghuz.

In the northern dialects of the Azerbaijani language, linguists find traces of the influence of the Khazar language.

According to Encyclopedia Iranica: "We may distinguish the following Azeri dialects: (1) eastern group: Derbent (Darband), Kuba, Shemakha (Šamāḵī), Baku, Salyani (Salyānī), and Lenkoran (Lankarān), (2) western group: Kazakh (not to be confounded with the Kipchak-Turkic language of the same name), the dialect of the Ayrïm (Āyrom) tribe (which, however, resembles Turkish), and the dialect spoken in the region of the Borchala river; (3) northern group: Zakataly, Nukha, and Kutkashen; (4) southern group: Yerevan (Īravān), Nakhichevan (Naḵjavān), and Ordubad (Ordūbād); (5) central group: Ganja (Kirovabad) and Shusha; (6) North Iraqi dialects; (7) Northwest Iranian dialects: Tabrīz, Reżāʾīya (Urmia), etc., extended east to about Qazvīn; (8) Southeast Caspian dialect (Galūgāh). Optionally, we may adjoin as Azeri (or 'Azeroid') dialects: (9) East Anatolian, (10) Qašqāʾī, (11) Aynallū, (12) Sonqorī, (13) dialects south of Qom, (14) Kabul Afšārī."

North Azerbaijani

North Azerbaijani, or Northern Azerbaijani, is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is closely related to modern-day Istanbul Turkish, the official language of Turkey. It is also spoken in southern Dagestan, along the Caspian coast in the southern Caucasus Mountains and in scattered regions throughout Central Asia. , there are some 9.23 million speakers of North Azerbaijani including 4 million monolingual speakers (many North Azerbaijani speakers also speak Russian, as is common throughout former USSR countries).

The Shirvan dialect as spoken in Baku is the basis of standard Azerbaijani. Since 1992, it has been officially written with a Latin script in the Republic of Azerbaijan, but the older Cyrillic script was still widely used in the late 1990s.

Ethnologue lists 21 North Azerbaijani dialects: "Quba, Derbend, Baku, Shamakhi, Salyan, Lenkaran, Qazakh, Airym, Borcala, Terekeme, Qyzylbash, Nukha, Zaqatala (Mugaly), Qabala, Nakhchivan, Ordubad, Ganja, Shusha (Karabakh), Karapapak, Kutkashen, Kuba".

South Azerbaijani
South Azerbaijani, or Iranian Azerbaijani, is widely spoken in Iranian Azerbaijan and, to a lesser extent, in neighboring regions of Turkey and Iraq, with smaller communities in Syria. In Iran, the Persian word for Azerbaijani is borrowed as Torki "Turkic". In Iran, it is spoken mainly in East Azerbaijan, West Azerbaijan, Ardabil and Zanjan. It is also spoken in Tehran and across the Tehran Province, as Azerbaijanis form by far the largest minority in the city and the wider province, comprising about $1⁄6$ of its total population. The CIA World Factbook reports that in 2010, the percentage of Iranian Azerbaijani speakers was at around 16 percent of the Iranian population, or approximately 13 million people worldwide, and ethnic Azeris form by far the second largest ethnic group of Iran, thus making the language also the second most spoken language in the nation. Ethnologue reports 10.9 million Iranian Azerbaijani in Iran in 2016 and 13,823,350 worldwide. Dialects of South Azerbaijani include: "Aynallu (often considered a separate language  ), Karapapakh (often considered a separate language. The second edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam mentions that it is close to both "Āzerī and the Turkish of Turkey". The historian George Bournoutian only mentions that it is close to present-day Azeri-Türki. ), Afshari (often considered a separate language  ), Shahsavani (sometimes considered its own dialect, distinct from other Turkic languages of northwestern Iran ), Baharlu (Kamesh), Moqaddam, Nafar, Qaragozlu, Pishagchi, Bayat, Qajar, Tabriz".

Comparison with other Turkic languages
Russian comparatist Oleg Mudrak calls the Turkmen language the closest relative of Azerbaijani.

Azerbaijani and Turkish
Speakers of Turkish and Azerbaijani can, to an extent, communicate with each other as both languages have substantial variation and are to a degree mutually intelligible, though it is easier for a speaker of Azerbaijani to understand Turkish than the other way around. Turkish soap operas are very popular with Azeris in both Iran and Azerbaijan. Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran (who spoke South Azerbaijani) met with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk of Turkey (who spoke Turkish) in 1934; the two were filmed speaking their respective language to each other and communicated effectively.

In a 2011 study, 30 Turkish participants were tested to determine how well they understood written and spoken Azerbaijani. It was found that even though Turkish and Azerbaijani are typologically similar languages, on the part of Turkish speakers the intelligibility is not as high as is estimated. In a 2017 study, Iranian Azerbaijanis scored in average 56% of receptive intelligibility in spoken language of Turkish.

Azerbaijani exhibits a similar stress pattern to Turkish but simpler in some respects. Azerbaijani is a strongly stressed and partially stress-timed language, unlike Turkish which is weakly stressed and syllable-timed.

Below are some cognates with different spelling in Azerbaijani and Turkish:

Azerbaijani and Turkmen
The 1st person personal pronoun is mən in Azerbaijani just as men in Turkmen, whereas it is ben in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns bu, where sound b is replaced with sound m. For example: bunun>munun/mının, muna/mına, munu/munı, munda/mında, mundan/mından. This is observed in the Turkmen literary language as well, where the demonstrative pronoun bu undergoes some changes just as in: munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan, munça. b>m replacement is encountered in many dialects of the Turkmen language and may be observed in such words as: boyun>moyın in Yomut – Gunbatar dialect, büdüremek>müdüremek in Ersari and Stavropol Turkmens' dialects, bol>mol in Karakalpak Turkmens' dialects, buzav>mizov in Kirac dialects.

Here are some words from the Swadesh list to compare Azerbaijani with Turkmen:

Oghuric
Azerbaijani dialects share paradigms of verbs in some tenses with the Chuvash language, on which linguists also rely in the study and reconstruction of the Khazar language.

Phonotactics
Azerbaijani phonotactics is similar to that of other Oghuz Turkic languages, except:
 * Trimoraic syllables with long vowels are permissible.
 * There is an ongoing metathesis of neighboring consonants in a word. Speakers tend to reorder consonants in the order of decreasing sonority and back-to-front (for example, iləri becomes irəli, köprü becomes körpü, topraq becomes torpaq). Some of the metatheses are so common in the educated speech that they are reflected in orthography (all the above examples are like that). This phenomenon is more common in rural dialects but observed even in educated young urban speakers, but noticeably absent from some Southern dialects.
 * Intramorpheme q becomes.

Consonants

 * 1) The sound  is used only in loanwords; the historical unpalatalized  became voiced to . In Iran the sound [K] is kept, and [k] did not shift to [g].
 * 2)  and  are realised as  and  respectively in the areas around Tabriz and to the west, south and southwest of Tabriz (including Kirkuk in Iraq); in the Nakhchivan and Ayrum dialects, in Cəbrayil and some Caspian coastal dialects;.
 * 3) Sounds  and  may also be recognized as separate phonemic sounds in the Tabrizi and southern dialects.
 * 4) In most dialects of Azerbaijani,  is realized as  when it is found in the syllabic coda or is preceded by a voiceless consonant (as in çörək  – "bread"; səksən  – "eighty").
 * 5)  exists in the Kirkuk dialect as an allophone of  in Arabic loanwords.
 * 6) In colloquial speech,  (but not intramorpheme  transformed from ) is usually pronounced as

Dialectal consonants
Works on Azerbaijani dialectology use the following notations for dialectal consonants:
 * Ⱪ ⱪ—
 * X` x`—
 * Ŋ ŋ—
 * Ц ц—
 * Dz dz—
 * Ž ž—
 * W w—

Examples:
 * —ⱪış
 * —üzüx`
 * —ataŋın
 * —цay
 * —dzan
 * —əžəli
 * —dowşan
 * —töwlə

Vowels
The vowels of the Azerbaijani are, in alphabetical order, a, e , ə , ı , i , o , ö , u , ü.

The typical phonetic quality of South Azerbaijani vowels is as follows:
 * are close to cardinal.
 * The F1 and F2 formant frequencies overlap for and . Their acoustic quality is more or less close-mid central . The main role in the distinction of two vowels is played by the different F3 frequencies in audition, and rounding in articulation. Phonologically, however, they are more distinct:  is phonologically a mid front rounded vowel, the front counterpart of  and the rounded counterpart of .  is phonologically a close back unrounded vowel, the back counterpart of  and the unrounded counterpart of.
 * The other mid vowels are closer to close-mid  than open-mid.
 * is phonetically near-open back.

Diphthongs
The modern Azerbaijani Latin alphabet contains the digraphs ov and öv to represent diphthongs present in the language, and the pronunciation of diphthongs is today accepted as the norm in the orthophony of Azerbaijani. Despite this, the number and even the existence of diphthongs in Azerbaijani has been disputed, with some linguists, such as, arguing that they are non-phonemic. Damirchizade's view was challenged by others, such as, who argued that Damirchizade was taking orthography as the basis of his judgement, rather than its phonetic value. According to Akhundov, Azerbaijani contains two diphthongs, and, represented by ov and öv in the alphabet, both of which are phonemic due to their contrast with  and , represented by o and ö. In some cases, a non-syllabic can also be pronounced after the aforementioned diphthongs, to form  and, the rules of which are as follows:

 * If the letter o precedes v and then u, forming ovu, it should be pronounced as, e.g. sovurmaq,.
 * If the letter o precedes v and then any consonant, it should be pronounced as, with the pronunciation of the v being optional, e.g. dovşan,.
 * If the letter ö precedes v and then any unvoiced consonant, it should be pronounced as, e.g. cövhər,.
 * If the letter ö precedes v and then any voiced consonant, it should be pronounced as, with the pronunciation of the v being optional, e.g. tövbə,.

Modern linguists who have examined Azerbaijani's vowel system almost unanimously have recognised that diphthongs are phonetically produced in speech.

Writing systems
Before 1929, Azerbaijani was written only in the Perso-Arabic alphabet, an impure abjad that does not represent all vowels (without diacritical marks). In Iran, the process of standardization of orthography started with the publication of Azerbaijani magazines and newspapers such as Varlıq (وارلیق — Existence) from 1979. Azerbaijani-speaking scholars and literarians showed great interest in involvement in such ventures and in working towards the development of a standard writing system. These effort culminated in language seminars being held in Tehran, chaired by the founder of Varlıq, Javad Heyat, in 2001 where a document outlining the standard orthography and writing conventions were published for the public. This standard of writing is today canonized by a Persian–Azeri Turkish dictionary in Iran titled Loghatnāme-ye Torki-ye Āzarbāyjāni.

In 1929–1938 a Latin alphabet was in use for North Azerbaijani (although it was different from the one used now), from 1938 to 1991 the Cyrillic script was used, and in 1991 the current Latin alphabet was introduced, although the transition to it has been rather slow. For instance, until an Aliyev decree on the matter in 2001, newspapers would routinely write headlines in the Latin script, leaving the stories in Cyrillic. The transition has also resulted in some misrendering of İ as Ì. In Dagestan, Azerbaijani is still written in Cyrillic script.

The Azerbaijani Latin alphabet is based on the Turkish Latin alphabet, which in turn was based on former Azerbaijani Latin alphabet because of their linguistic connections and mutual intelligibility. The letters Әə, Xx, and Qq are available only in Azerbaijani for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish.

Northern Azerbaijani, unlike Turkish, respells foreign names to conform with Latin Azerbaijani spelling, e.g. Bush is spelled Buş and Schröder becomes Şröder. Hyphenation across lines directly corresponds to spoken syllables, except for geminated consonants which are hyphenated as two separate consonants as morphonology considers them two separate consonants back to back but enunciated in the onset of the latter syllable as a single long consonant, as in other Turkic languages.

Interjections
Some samples include:

Secular: Invoking deity:
 * Of ("Ugh!")
 * Tez Ol ("Be quick!")
 * Tez olun qızlar mədrəsəyə ("Be quick girls, to school!", a slogan for an education campaign in Azerbaijan)
 * implicitly:
 * Aman ("Mercy")
 * Çox şükür ("Much thanks")
 * explicitly:
 * Allah Allah (pronounced as Allahallah) ("Goodness gracious")
 * Hay Allah; Vallah "By God [I swear it]".
 * Çox şükür allahım ("Much thanks my God")

Formal and informal
Azerbaijani has informal and formal ways of saying things. This is because there is a strong tu-vous distinction in Turkic languages like Azerbaijani and Turkish (as well as in many other languages). The informal "you" is used when talking to close friends, relatives, animals or children. The formal "you" is used when talking to someone who is older than the speaker or to show respect (to a professor, for example).

As in many Turkic languages, personal pronouns can be omitted, and they are only added for emphasis.

Since 1992 North Azerbaijani has used a phonetic writing system, so pronunciation is easy: most words are pronounced exactly as they are spelled. However, the combination qq in words is pronounced, as the first voiced velar stop is devoiced when it is geminated, such as in çaqqal,.

Numbers
The numbers 11–19 are constructed as on bir and on iki, literally meaning "ten-one, ten-two" and so on up to on doqquz ("ten-nine").

Greater numbers are constructed by combining in tens and thousands larger to smaller in the same way, without using a conjunction in between.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Azerbaijani language


text:
Morehead State University

Morehead State University (MSU) is a public university in Morehead, Kentucky. The university began as Morehead Normal School, which opened its doors in 1887. The Craft Academy for Excellence in Science and Mathematics, a two-year residential early college high school on the university's campus, was established in 2014.

History

The university began as Morehead Normal School, which opened its doors in 1887. One student appeared on the first day of class in October 1887, in a little, rented cottage where the Adron Doran University Center now stands. The private school closed in the spring of 1922 when the Kentucky General Assembly established Morehead State Normal School. The state institution accepted its first students in the fall of 1923, and graduated its first class in 1927. Name changes occurred again 1926, when it was extended to Morehead State Normal School and Teachers College; in 1930, when it was shortened to just Morehead State Teachers College; in 1948, when it was shortened again to Morehead State College; and, finally, to Morehead State University in 1966. Fourteen people, starting with Frank C. Button, have served as president. Joseph A. Morgan assumed office as the 14th president on July 1, 2017.

Presidents

 * 1) Frank C. Button, 1923–29
 * 2) John Howard Payne, 1929–35
 * 3) Harvey A. Babb, 1935–40
 * 4) William H. Vaughan, 1940–46
 * 5) William J. Baird, 1946–51
 * 6) Charles R. Spain, 1951–54
 * 7) Adron Doran, 1954–77
 * 8) Morris L. Norfleet, 1977–84
 * 9) Herb. F. Reinhard Jr., 1984–86
 * 10) A.D. Albright, 1986–87
 * 11) C. Nelson Grote, 1987–92
 * 12) Ronald G. Eaglin, 1992–2004
 * 13) Wayne D. Andrews, 2005–2017
 * 14) Joseph A. Morgan, 2017–present

Academics
Morehead State University is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. It offers over 212 degree programs at the two-year, four-year, and graduate levels through four colleges: Caudill College of Arts, Humanities, & Social Sciences; Elmer R. Smith College of Business and Technology; Ernst & Sara Lane Volgenau College of Education; and College of Science. It was the first institution in Kentucky to offer a complete degree program online, the Master of Business Administration (MBA). MSU is one of five institutions in the U.S. with a bachelor's degree in space science. Over 70,000 persons have received degrees from MSU.

Rankings
The 2024 U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Rankings listed Morehead State at 19th place among public "regional universities" in the South and 45th overall among all regional universities in the South.

Craft Academy for Excellence in Science and Mathematics
The Craft Academy for Excellence in Science and Mathematics was established in 2014. It is a two-year residential early college high school serving approximately 146 high school juniors and seniors at Morehead State University. Students live in Grote-Thompson Hall on campus and take MSU classes during their time at the academy, graduating with a Craft Academy high school diploma as well as at least 60 hours of MSU college credit, with tuition, room and board, and meal plan all free of charge. The academy is funded in large part by Joe Craft and Ambassador Kelly Craft, who donated over $10 million to the academy, the largest donation in MSU history.

In 2019, the academy graduated its third class, with an average ACT score of 31.

Campus
Morehead State University is located in the foothills of the Daniel Boone National Forest in Rowan County. The more than 700-acre main campus within the city limits of Morehead includes more than 50 major structures with a total replacement value of more than $650 million. Beyond the city, the university's real estate holdings include the 320-acre Derrickson Agricultural Complex, Eagle Trace, a par-72, 6,902-yard public golf course, and 166 acres of the Browning Orchard. The instructional plant includes 135 classrooms and 150 laboratories. Housing facilities include space for approximately 2,900 students in a variety of living styles, including traditional residence halls, suites, and apartments. The second component of the Space Science Center opened in 2009—a $16.6 million instruction and research support facility.

Arts
The Morehead State University Arts and Humanities Council, established in 2003, encourages dialogue and partnerships in the arts. Part of a larger initiative within the Caudill College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, the Council works to develop cultural opportunities both on and off campus. Morehead, long known for its patronage of the arts in Kentucky with such organizations as the Kentucky Folk Art Center and the Kentucky Center for Traditional Music, was the childhood home of philanthropist Lucille Caudill Little. Named after Lucille Little, MSU's Little Company is a touring troupe of students in the Theatre Department that performs plays and conducts workshops for up to 100 schools in the area each year. Along with theatre, Morehead State University has a well-developed dance program. The Morehead Dance Ensemble, which one must audition for, presents a Spring Dance Concert, attends dance conferences, and engages in other projects.

Morehead State University Historic District
A portion of the campus was named as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. The contributing properties include the following buildings: the President's Home, Senff Natatorium (demolished in 2008), Button Auditorium, Fields Hall, Camden-Carroll Library, Allie Young Hall, Rader Hall, Grote-Thompson Hall, and the Breckenridge Training School.

Morehead State Public Radio
Morehead State Public Radio (MSPR) is governed by the Board of Regents at Morehead State University. MSPR is operated by its flagship station WMKY at 90.3 FM in Morehead. WMKY in Morehead is licensed for 50,000 watts and serves more than 20 counties in Kentucky, Ohio, and West Virginia. The WMKY studios are located in Breckinridge Hall on the campus of Morehead State University. Since 1965, WMKY has served the communities of eastern Kentucky, southern Ohio, and western West Virginia. MSPR's mission to the region is to provide programming that is educational, informative, and entertaining. Through the work provided by a staff consisting of full-time directors, student interns, work studies, and community volunteers, MSPR offers regional news, public affairs, and documentary programming, as well as a variety of regional music programs consisting of classical, jazz, and Americana. MSPR produces regular daily newscasts and in-depth features on people, places, and events in the region.

Athletics

The Morehead State athletic teams are called the Eagles. The eagle mascot is named Beaker, and the school colors are blue and gold. The university is a member of the NCAA Division I ranks (for football, the Football Championship Subdivision), primarily competing in the Ohio Valley Conference (OVC) since the 1948–49 academic year; while its football team competes in the Pioneer Football League (PFL). The Eagles previously competed in the Kentucky Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC; now currently known as the River States Conference (RSC) since the 2016–17 school year) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1933–34 to 1947–48; and in the defunct West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WVIAC) from 1929–30 to 1932–33.

Morehead State competes in 17 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf and track & field; while women's include basketball, beach volleyball, cross country, golf, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball; and co-ed sports include cheerleading, dance and rifle.

With 2017–18 being its initial season and the OVC not yet sponsoring the sport, the beach volleyball team will compete as an independent. The football team competes as a member of the Pioneer Football League, a non-scholarship Division I (FCS) league.

Accomplishments
The MSU Eagles basketball won the 2009 OVC tournament championship, sending them to the NCAA tournament for the first time since 1984. At the 2011 NCAA Division I men's basketball tournament, 13th-seeded Morehead State upset Louisville 62–61. It was the second NCAA Tournament win for Morehead State in a three-year span. The Eagles also beat Alabama State in the 2009 Opening Round game. The Eagles then faced 12th-seeded Richmond in the third round, which was only the ninth time in tournament history that a 12–13 match-up occurred in the round of 32. The coed cheerleading squad has won 23 national championships, and the all-female squad has won 10 national titles. The baseball team has won seven OVC conference titles, and the women's volleyball team has won the OVC conference title five times. The Eagles have appeared in the College Basketball Invitational (CBI) three times. Their combined record is 5–4.

Residence halls
Morehead State University's Office of Student Housing provides residential options within the following residence halls:

 * Alumni Tower
 * Andrews Hall
 * Cartmell Hall
 * Cooper Hall
 * Eagle Lake Apartments
 * East Mignon Hall
 * Fields Hall
 * Grote-Thompson Hall
 * Lundergan Hall
 * Mays Hall Apartments
 * Mignon Hall
 * Mignon Tower
 * Normal Hall Apartments
 * Nunn Hall
 * Padula Hall
 * West Mignon Hall

Campus buildings/property

 * Academic Athletic Center (AAC)
 * Adron Doran University Center (ADUC)
 * Alumni Relations and Development(Palmer House)
 * Baird Music Hall
 * Bert Combs Building
 * Breckinridge Hall
 * Browning Orchard
 * Button Auditorium
 * Camden-Carroll Library
 * Center for Rural Development
 * Challenge Course
 * Chi Alpha Fellowship
 * Claypool-Young Art Building
 * Combs Building
 * Cora Wilson Stewart Moonlight School
 * Derrickson Agricultural Complex
 * Eagle Athletics Guided Learning & Enhancement Center
 * Eagle Lake
 * Eagle Trace Golf Course
 * East Parking Complex and Rocky Adkins Dining Commons (The Rock)
 * Education Services Building
 * Enrollment Services Center
 * Ginger Hall
 * Howell-McDowell Administration Building
 * Innovation Launchpad
 * Intramural/Soccer Practice Field
 * Jayne Stadium
 * Kentucky Center for Traditional Music
 * Kentucky Folk Art Center
 * Lappin Hall
 * Laughlin Health Building
 * Little Bell Tower
 * Lloyd Cassity Building
 * Lundergan Hall
 * Newman Center (Catholic Student Center)
 * President's Home
 * Procurement Services
 * Padula Hall
 * Rader Hall
 * Recreation & Wellness Center
 * Reed Hall
 * Rice Service Building (Facilities Management)
 * Richardson Arena and Equine Health Education Center
 * Fazoli's Breadstick Beach Volleyball Courts
 * Space Science Center (Smith-Booth Hall)
 * University Store
 * University Farm
 * University Softball Field
 * Water Testing Laboratory
 * Wesley Foundation (Methodist Student Center)
 * Wetherby Gymnasium
 * 21M Space Tracking Antenna
 * 342 (Baptist Campus Ministries)

Notable alumni

 * Rocky Adkins – senior advisor to Governor Andy Beshear, former Kentucky state representative (D-District 99) and House minority floor leader
 * Henry Akin – basketball player, drafted by New York Knicks, became one of "Original Sonics" in Seattle, played with ABA's Kentucky Colonels
 * Nelson Allen – former Kentucky state senator
 * Chris Bailey – meteorologist at WKYT-TV
 * Desi Banks - Comedian
 * William E. Barber – Marine Corps colonel, recipient of Medal of Honor for actions during Korean War
 * John Blanton – Kentucky politician
 * Dennis M. Cavanaugh-United States District Judge
 * Denny Doyle – MLB second baseman, 1970–1977
 * Kenneth Faried – former NBA player for the Denver Nuggets, Brooklyn Nets, and Houston Rockets, selected 22nd overall in 2011 NBA draft
 * Mike Gottfried – former head football coach at Kansas, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Murray State, current color commentator and analyst for ESPN
 * Steve Hamilton (1934–1997) – former MLB pitcher and professional basketball player
 * Demonte Harper (born 1989) - basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Jimmy Higdon – Republican member of Kentucky State Senate since 2009, businessman from Marion County
 * David Hyland – defensive back for San Jose SaberCats of Arena Football League
 * Steve Inskeep (born 1968) – NPR Morning Edition host replacing Kentuckian Bob Edwards
 * Liz Johnson – professional bowler
 * Steve Kazee – Tony Award–winning actor for Best Musical
 * Kelly Kulick – professional bowler and first-ever female winner of regular PBA Tour event (2010 PBA Tournament of Champions)
 * Karam Mashour (born 1991) – Israeli basketball player in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Terry McBrayer – 1979 candidate for governor of Kentucky, former chairman of Kentucky Democratic Party, attorney in Lexington, Kentucky
 * Bob McCann – professional basketball player
 * Lori Menshouse – 1997 Miss Kentucky, 1999 Miss Kentucky USA
 * Chris Offutt – writer
 * Amber Philpott – news anchor at WKYT-TV
 * Jon Rauch – MLB pitcher 2002–13, Olympic gold medalist
 * Phil Simms – NFL quarterback for New York Giants, MVP of Super Bowl XXI, 15-year pro career, football analyst for CBS television
 * Janet Stumbo – first woman elected to Kentucky Supreme Court
 * Dan Swartz – former NBA player with Boston Celtics
 * David A. Tapp – judge, United States Court of Federal Claims
 * Walt Terrell – MLB pitcher, 1982–1992
 * Donnie Tyndall (born 1970) – basketball head coach, Tennessee, Southern Miss, Morehead State
 * Robin L. Webb – former Kentucky state representative (District 96) and current state senator (18th District) and attorney
 * Chuck Woolery – television game show host

title: Morehead State University