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Newmarket, Ontario

Newmarket (2021 population: 87,942 ) is a town and regional seat of the Regional Municipality of York in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is part of Greater Toronto in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario. The name stems from the fact that the settlement was a "New Market", in contrast to York as the Old Market.

The town was formed as one of many farming communities in the area, but also developed an industrial centre on the Northern Railway of Canada's mainline, which was built in 1853 through what would become the downtown area. It also became a thriving market town with the arrival of the Metropolitan Street Railway in 1899. Over time, the town developed into a primarily residential area, and the expansion of Ontario Highway 400 to the west and the construction of Ontario Highway 404 to the east increasingly turned it into a bedroom town since the 1980s. The province's Official Plan includes growth in the business services and knowledge industries, as well as in the administrative, manufacturing and retail sectors.

Landmarks include Upper Canada Mall, Southlake Regional Health Centre, the Main Street Heritage Conservation District, and Wesley Brooks Conservation Area (locally called "Fairy Lake Park" or "Fairy Lake").

History
Newmarket's location on the Holland River enabled travel between Lake Ontario and Lake Simcoe. A portage route, the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail, ran one of its two routes up the Holland River through the Newmarket area, and over the Oak Ridges Moraine to the Rouge River and into Lake Ontario. A more widely used route ran up the western branch of the Holland River, over the moraine, and down the Humber River. In 1793, John Graves Simcoe travelled the trail northward along the main route to the west, and south to York (now Toronto) along the lesser used eastern route through Newmarket. Selecting the eastern route as the better of the two, Simcoe started construction of Yonge Street along the former trail in late 1795, starting in York in Toronto Bay, and ending at the newly named St. Albans (Holland Landing), north of Newmarket.

Early settlement
Quakers from the Thirteen Colonies moved to the area to avoid violence they were expected to take part in during the American Revolution. In June 1800, Timothy Rogers, a Quaker from Vermont, explored the area around the Holland River to find a suitable location for a new Quaker settlement. He, Samuel Lundy and their group of Religious Society of Friends received the grant of 8000 acres around the Holland River. In 1801, Rogers returned along with several Quaker families who had left their homes in Vermont and Pennsylvania, and settled here between 1801 and 1803.

Joseph Hill constructed a mill on the river, damming it to produce a mill pond today known as Fairy Lake. The settlement of "Upper Yonge Street" developed around the mill and the Holland River. Hill also built a tannery north of the mill, the first general store and house, and additional mills.

In 1802, Elisha Beman, who owned land in the area, establish a mill, and then a distillery. Mordecai Millar also built mills, and Joseph Hill opened a tannery. During the War of 1812 a resident, William Roe, hid the settlement's gold treasury from invading American troops. The war helped the settlement prosper, as the British army purchased goods and food and hired locals to build structures.

By 1814, the settlement had two frame and several log buildings used as residences. The settlement continued to grow through the early 19th century, along with the formation of Aurora and Holland Landing. A post office opened in 1826, and until 1890 the name was spelled "New Market".

Newmarket is noted for its role in the Rebellions of 1837–1838, and was a centre of discontent against the manipulations of the governing Family Compact. Rebel leader William Lyon Mackenzie organized a series of meetings leading to the Rebellion; the first of which, on August 3, 1837, was delivered from the veranda of the North American Hotel in Newmarket. This speech contributed to the rebellion, as it was heard by about 600 farmers and others sympathetic to Mackenzie's cause, who later that year armed themselves and marched down Yonge Street to take the capital. A number of leaders from this area were attainted for high treason, convicted and hanged.

By 1846, the population was about 600. Much of the settlement was built on the south side of the town, with farms surrounding it. There were six churches or chapels, a post office, five stores, three taverns, and tradesmen of various types. Industry included two grist-mills, two breweries, a distillery, one tannery, a foundry, a carding machine, and a cloth factory.

In June 1853, the first train pulled into Newmarket on the Toronto, Simcoe & Lake Huron Union Railroad, the first railway in Upper Canada. It was later called the Northern Railway of Canada, and carried passengers, agricultural products and manufactured goods. The line eventually linked Toronto to Collingwood on Georgian Bay, a major shipbuilding centre. Today, this line is the "Newmarket Subdivision" of the Canadian National Railway system, running north out of Newmarket towards Bradford, and south towards Toronto.

From village to town
Newmarket was incorporated as a village in 1857 with a population of 700, with Donald Sutherland as the first reeve. In 1858, Robert Simpson co-opened "Simpson & Trent Groceries, Boots, Shoes and Dry Goods" in downtown Newmarket, the first store in what would become the Simpsons department store chain. In 1880, Newmarket became a town with a population of 2,000. William Cane was elected as the first mayor. Some years later, his sash and door factory would become the first Canadian manufacturer of lead pencils, the Dixon Pencil Company.

In 1869, the population was 1,500 and a gazetteer described Newmarket as one of the most flourishing villages on the Northern Railway line. In addition to the train, stagecoaches were available to nearby communities. By the time of the 1871 census, the population was 1,760 and by 1881, it had increased to 2,006; an elementary school and a high school were already in operation by then.

The Toronto and York Radial Railway arrived in Newmarket in 1899. This service operated along Yonge Street south of Newmarket, but turned east to run through the downtown area along Main Street; it would later be extended north to Sutton. At the time, it brought significant numbers of day-trippers to Newmarket to shop at the market. Automobile traffic on Yonge Street, and the already existing mainline railway, had a significant effect on ridership, and the Radial was discontinued in the early 1930s.

North of Davis Drive in Newmarket, the East Holland River was straightened to prepare it for use as a commercial waterway to bypass the railway, whose prices were skyrocketing around the turn of the 20th century. Sir William Mulock, the local Member of Parliament, proposed a canal system running down the Holland River through Holland Landing and into Lake Simcoe. This would allow boats to connect from there to the Trent-Severn Waterway for eventual shipment south. The Newmarket Canal was almost complete by the summer of 1912, when it was cancelled by the incoming government of Robert Borden. Today, the locks are still visible and are known as the "Ghost Canal". The turning basin in downtown Newmarket was filled in and now forms the parking lot of The Old Davis Tannery Mall, on the site of the former Hill tannery.

Recent developments
For much of the 20th century, Newmarket developed along the east-west Davis Drive axis, limited to the area between Yonge Street on the west and between Bayview and Leslie Street in the east, and running from just north of Davis on the north to the Fairy Lake area on the south. By the 1950s, Newmarket was experiencing a suburban building boom due to its proximity to Toronto. The population increased from 5,000 to 11,000 between 1950 and 1970.

The Regional Municipality of York was formed in 1971, increasing the size of Newmarket with land from the Township of East Gwillimbury, from the Township of King and from the Township of Whitchurch. The construction of Upper Canada Mall at the corner of Yonge Street and Davis Drive in 1974 started pulling the focal point of the town westward from the historic Downtown area along Main Street.

By the early 1980s, the historic Downtown area suffered as most businesses had built up in the area around Upper Canada Mall, with additional strip malls developing directly across the Yonge Street/Davis Drive intersection to the south and southeast. A concerted effort to revitalize the historic Downtown area during the late 1980s was successful. More recently, a $2.3-million investment was made by the town in 2004 in streetscaping and infrastructure improvements to roads and sidewalks in the historic Downtown. The historic area of Downtown's Main Street is once again a major focal point of the town.

The arrival of Highway 404 reversed the westward movement, pulling development eastward again, and surrounding the formerly separate hamlet of Bogarttown at the intersection of Mulock Drive and Leslie Street. Since then, Newmarket has grown considerably, filling out in all directions. The town limits now run from Bathurst Street in the west to Highway 404 in the east, and from just south of Green Lane to just north of St. John's Sideroad, taking over the former hamlet of Armitage at Yonge Street south of Mulock Drive. The southern boundary of the town is contiguous with Aurora to the south.

Armitage was the first settlement of King township, named in honour of its first settler Amos Armitage. He had been recruited by Timothy Rogers, a Loyalist from Vermont, who in 1801 had travelled along Yonge Street and found the area appealing, and so applied for and received a grant for land totalling 40 farms, each of 200 acre.

Other defunct communities once located within the modern boundaries of Newmarket include Garbut's Hill, Paddytown, Petchville, Pleasantville, and White Rose.

Geography
Newmarket's geographical coordinates are 44.05°N, 79.46°W, and its elevation above sea level is 252 m. It has an area of 38.33 km2. The town is bounded on the south by Aurora, on the west by King, on the north by East Gwillimbury and on the east by Whitchurch–Stouffville.

The main river in Newmarket is the East Holland River (known locally simply as "The Holland River"), and all other streams in the town are tributaries thereto. These include Bogart Creek, a brook that weaves its way into the town from the Oak Ridges Moraine by way of Bogarttown, emptying into the Holland River in north-central Newmarket; Western creek, another brook rising just west of the town, and reaching the Holland River in the town's north end; Tannery Creek, a stream that joins the Holland River in south Newmarket after flowing through Aurora; and a number of other small watercourses.

There are two reservoirs in Newmarket; Fairy Lake (which is managed by the Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority), a favourite recreational area in the centre of town, is a former mill pond on the East Holland River; and Bogart Pond, also a former mill pond, is fed and drained by Bogart Creek in Bogarttown. Furthermore, the water level in the reach of the East Holland north of Davis Drive is controlled from an unfinished Newmarket Canal lock, now used as a weir.

Newmarket also lies south of and above the Algonquin Shoreline, where elevations suddenly drop off from the gently rolling hills that characterize much of Newmarket to the much flatter, lower land down below in the Holland Marsh.

The land is characterized mainly by glacial deposits from the last ice age, known as "Newmarket Till". The town is underlain mainly by sand and gravel, ground by the icesheets that covered the area until about 10,000 years ago. No outcrops are to be found anywhere in Newmarket, so deep are the glacial deposits.

Planning
Newmarket is identified as one of the Golden Horseshoe's 25 Urban Growth Centres in Ontario's Places to Grow Growth Plan.

Four areas of Newmarket have been selected to absorb the majority of planned population growth and accommodate mixed usages on sites well served by transit. These are the Yonge-Davis intersection, Yonge Street (south of Green Lane), the Regional Healthcare Centre (Southlake Regional Health Centre) and Historic Downtown Centre (surrounding Main Street South). Further construction of big box retail stores in the Yonge Street corridor will not be permitted and the long-term objective of the town is redevelopment or the addition of new buildings to these areas through controlled intensification.

The southwest portion of the town is located in the Oak Ridges Moraine and is therefore subject to the Ontario Government's Greenbelt Legislation.

Climate
Newmarket has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb), with four distinct seasons featuring cold, somewhat snowy winters and warm, humid summers. Precipitation is moderate and consistent in all seasons, although summers are a bit wetter than winter due to the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico and the Great Lakes.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Newmarket had a population of $87,942$ living in $30,301$ of its $31,239$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $84,224$. With a land area of 38.5 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

In 2015, the median household income in Newmarket was $95,589, exceeding the provincial average for the same year of $75,287.

According to the 2016 census, the town's population was 87,942. The York Region Planning Department projects a population of 98,000 by 2026. Newmarket's population density is just over 2000 inhabitants per square kilometre, ranking the census subdivision third in Ontario and 33rd in Canada. The top five ethnic origins of the population are English, Canadian, Scottish, Irish and Italian. Of the 2,290 immigrants who settled in Newmarket between 2011 and 2016, 505 (22 per cent) emigrated from China, 290 (13 per cent) from Iran, and 240 (10 per cent) from the Philippines.

In 2021, Newmarket was 63.9% white/European, 34.9% visible minorities, and 1.2% Indigenous. The largest visible minority groups (over 1000 population) were Chinese (10.0%), West Asian (6.5%), South Asian (4.3%), Black (2.9%), Southeast Asian (2.5%), Filipino (2.4%), and Latin American (1.5%).

English was the mother tongue of 64.2% of Newmarket residents in 2021. The next most common first languages were Chinese languages (7.5% including 4.7% Mandarin and 2.6% Cantonese), Persian (5.7%), Russian (2.7%), Italian (1.4%), Spanish (1.4%) Tagalog (1.1%), and French (1.0%). 3.2% of residents listed both English and a non-official language as mother tongues, while 0.4% listed both English and French.

50.6% of residents were Christian, down from 66.5% in 2011. 23.9% were Catholic, 12.2% were Protestant, 7.6% were Christian n.o.s, 4.2% were Christian Orthodox, and 2.7% belonged to other Christian denominations and Christian-related traditions. Non-religious or secular residents were 36.5% of the population, up from 25.4% in 2011. 12.9% of the population belonged to other religions and spiritual tradition, up from 8.1% in 2011. The largest non-Christian religions were Islam (6.5%), Buddhism (2.2%), Judaism (2.0%) and Hinduism (1.3%).

Economy
Newmarket features a diverse and growing economy based largely in the business services, healthcare and knowledge sectors, as well as manufacturing and retail industries.

The following are some of the town's major public sector employers:
 * Southlake Regional Health Centre
 * Regional Municipality of York
 * Town of Newmarket
 * York Regional Police
 * Royal Canadian Mounted Police "O" Division, Toronto North Headquarters
 * Ontario Court of Justice / Ontario Superior Court of Justice
 * York Region District School Board
 * York Catholic District School Board
 * Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority

The following are some of the town's major private sector employers:
 * Celestica Inc.
 * RNS Health Care Services
 * TS Tech Canada Inc.
 * Bill Gosling Outsourcing
 * Mars Canada Inc. (formerly known as Effem Inc.)
 * Rockets Candy Company
 * Exco Technologies
 * Magna International
 * Cintas
 * BYD Company

As a result of this strong employment base both in Newmarket and York Region, 50% of Newmarket residents commute less than 30 minutes to work each day.

Main Street Heritage Conservation District

For over 100 years, the town's downtown area, centred around Main Street, has acted as a hub of commerce and cultural activity. This area contains numerous early 19th century buildings worthy of preservation, and in October 2013, this area was recognized as a Provincial Heritage Conservation District. This status serves to protect and officially recognize many of the heritage sites and buildings along this historic thoroughfare and its many side streets.

Recent investments have been made to improve the aesthetics and function of the historic area. These include:
 * In 2003, Newmarket completed approximately $3 million of streetscape and infrastructure improvements along Main Street South.
 * In 2010, construction began on the Davis Drive Rapidway. The project was finished in 2015. The buildings comprising the Union Hotel, dating from 1881, at the intersection of Main Street and Davis Drive were moved as an alternative to being demolished.
 * In 2011, an urban park called "Riverwalk Commons" was created east of Main Street South, north of Water Street at a cost of $10 million.
 * In 2011, extensive renovations were completed to the Newmarket Community Centre & Lions Hall, located in the Riverwalk Commons.
 * In 2016, extensive $10 million renovations were completed on Old Town Hall, off Main Street.

Architecture and heritage
Numerous buildings and sites located in Newmarket possess a high degree of architectural and/or historical significance; most of these are concentrated in the historic Main Street area. The following is a list of some of these sites; many of the below-listed buildings located along Main Street are within the Main Street Heritage Conservation District:

 * Charles Hargrave Simpson Building, 184 Main Street South
 * Wesley Block (origin of the 1837 Rebellion), 200 Main Street South
 * Robert Simpson Store (first Simpson's Store in Canada), 226 Main Street South
 * King George Hotel, 232 Main Street South
 * Cawthra House, 262 Main Street South
 * Roadhouse And Rose building, 157 Main Street South
 * Charles E. Boyd Building, 240 Main Street South
 * William N. Starr building, 189 Main Street South
 * Old Newmarket Town Hall and Courthouse, 460 Botsford Street
 * Canadian National Railway Building and former Station, 470 Davis Drive
 * Christian Baptist Church, 135 Main Street South
 * Doane House, 17100 Yonge Street
 * Quaker Meeting House and Cemetery, 17030 Yonge Street
 * Hicksite Cemetery, 16580 Yonge Street
 * Elman W. Campbell Museum (formerly the North York Registry Office), 134 Main Street South
 * Pioneer Burying Ground, Eagle Street
 * Al Casale Ristorante (Rogers House), 17766 Leslie Street
 * St. Andrew's Presbyterian Church, 484 Water Street
 * St. Paul's Anglican Church and Rectory, 227 Church Street
 * Trinity United Church, 461 Park Avenue
 * Union Hotel, 425 Davis Drive - The two buildings comprising the Union Hotel were relocated to the back of the former site due to construction of the Davis Drive Rapidway In 2018, the buildings were designated under the Ontario Heritage Act.

Theatre

 * The NewRoads Performing Arts Centre (formerly the Newmarket Theatre) is the largest performing arts theatre in the town, with a capacity of 400. It hosts a selection of world-class artists and local performing arts events annually. The NewRoads Performing Arts Centre is operated by the Town of Newmarket.
 * Old Town Hall has hosted organized theatre and performing arts for over 100 years, and in March 2012 the Town of Newmarket announced that a formal 250-seat theatre would be included as part of its revitalization. Construction on this initiative started in 2013 and was completed in 2016.

Coat of arms

Newmarket's coat of arms is actually taken from the town's old corporate seal. The town flag is a navy blue field with this same design in the middle. The beehive and bees are said to represent industry. There are nine bees, representing the town's nine most prominent businesses at the time that Newmarket was incorporated as a Village. The latest form of the seal was introduced in 1938 with the arms somewhat altered from – but very similar in concept to – one that was earlier used. The arms' origin is something of a mystery, however. It is unknown what artist created the current version – or indeed the earlier version – and the town has no official record as to the purchase or redesign of the arms.

Hockey
Newmarket was previously home to the following teams:
 * Newmarket Hurricanes from 1987 to 2019, an Ontario Provincial Junior A Hockey League. The franchise was moved to Milton, Ontario and renamed to the Milton Menace.
 * Newmarket Saints from 1986 to 1991, an American Hockey League franchise and farm team of the Toronto Maple Leafs who moved from St. Catharines. The franchise was later moved to St. John's, Newfoundland and became the St. John's Maple Leafs.
 * Newmarket Royals from 1992 to 1994. This was a franchise of the Ontario Hockey League who were previously the Cornwall Royals and in 1994 moved again to become the Sarnia Sting.
 * Newmarket Flyers from 1975 to 1986, OPJHL Jr. A (formerly The Seneca Flyers).
 * Newmarket Redmen from late 1920s to 1972 Jr. B.

Junior Leagues Newmarket is also home to many rep and select teams. They go by the name of the Newmarket Renegades and range from divisions of Tyke to Midget.

Golf
One golf course is located within Newmarket's town limits; St. Andrew's Valley (a public club), which straddles the Aurora/Newmarket border. Glenway Country Club was a private club with a course within Newmarket's boundaries, but it was closed before the 2012 season and is being redeveloped for housing.

There are also several courses in the surrounding communities and countryside.

Swimming
Three public swimming places exist throughout Newmarket: Ray Twinney Complex, Gorman Pool, which is open only in the summer, and the Magna Centre.

Curling
Newmarket is home to the York Curling Club.

Mayor and Council
John Taylor was elected in October 2018 to become mayor, succeeding Tony Van Bynen who was mayor from 2006 to 2018. (See list of previous mayors)

The town's council includes a mayor, seven councillors elected on the basis of one per ward, and a regional councillor who is elected to join the mayor at meetings of York Regional Council. The members of council elected in 2018 are:

Mayor: John Taylor

Deputy Mayor & Regional Councillor: Tom Vegh

Councillors:

 * Ward 1: Grace Simon
 * Ward 2: Victor Woodhouse
 * Ward 3: Jane Twinney
 * Ward 4: Trevor Morrison
 * Ward 5: Bob Kwapis
 * Ward 6: Kelly Broome
 * Ward 7: Christina Bisanz

Provincially, Newmarket is part of the riding of Newmarket—Aurora represented by Dawn Gallagher Murphy, a member of the PC Party of Ontario, and elected in 2022 general election. The province realigned its ridings to match those of the federal government in 2004.

Federally, Newmarket is part of the riding of federal riding of Newmarket—Aurora. The riding is represented in the House of Commons of Canada by Tony Van Bynen, a member of the Liberal Party of Canada, who was first elected in 2019 genenral election.

Town Offices
The town offices are located at 395 Mulock Drive, which is the fifth location for the offices. Purchased as an abandoned factory in 1995, it was opened in 1996. The location was found after years of unsuccessful attempts to purchase the Tannery Mall (465 Davis Drive) or Office Specialty Factory (near 543 Timothy Street c.1912 and now mostly demolished).

Prior to 1996, the town offices were located a various locations:

 * King George Hotel - 234 Main Street South (corner of Timothy and Main Streets) and was built in 1825 Now commercial building.
 * Town Hall and Registry Offices - 140 Main Street South at northwest corner of Main Street South and Millard Street 1863–1942. Council met above fire hall. Town Clerk office and Fire Hall were demolished and now home to Old Flame Brewing Company. Registry Building next door is now a museum.
 * Widdfield Building - Main Street South and Botsford Streets was formerly an Imperial Bank of Canada branch. Used from 1942 to 1952 (or 1959?) and now home to cafe.
 * 171 Main Street South - moved here in 1981 and remained until 1996. Building was acquired in 1950. Now 171 Main Street South Professional Building.

Police
The York Regional Police is the primary police agency in Newmarket. Ontario Provincial Police patrol on provincially maintained highways in Newmarket like Highway 404.

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police North Toronto Detachment is located in Newmarket.

Transportation
Newmarket is connected to Toronto by highways. It is served by two interchanges (Davis Drive, as well as Vivian Road / Mulock Drive) along Highway 404 and connected to Highway 400 via Highway 9. Local public transit is provided by York Region Transit, which operates the Viva Blue bus rapid transit route from the Newmarket Bus Terminal to the Finch Bus Terminal in Toronto. YRT/VIVA has built the Davis Drive Rapidway along Davis Drive between Yonge Street and Southlake Regional Health Centre, with fully separated bus only lanes and centre street station platforms for their Viva Yellow service. The bus travels in mixed traffic between Southlake Regional Health Centre and Highway 404. The project was completed on November 29, 2015.

Commuter rail is provided by GO Transit through the Newmarket GO Station with service south to Toronto and north to Barrie, with five trains each direction during rush hour. Regular bus service is also operated by GO Transit, with service operating between 5am and 2am.

The town has many trails, the most useful of which is the Tom Taylor, which extends from the border of Aurora on St. John's side-road all the way north through downtown and down into Holland Landing in the Town of East Gwillimbury.

Library
Located in the historic Downtown area, the Newmarket Public Library provides residents with free access to 175,000 items, including books, audio books, magazines, multilingual materials, DVDs, CDs, video games, e-books and online databases. The library also runs the York Info service, which provides information about local organizations, groups and services, and helps develop a stronger volunteer presence in the community by connecting people who would like to volunteer with non-profit agencies looking for assistance. The library also produces a quarterly newsletter called "Off the Shelf" to inform patrons of its programs, services and events. The library is a founding member of the Shared Digital Infrastructure project, an initiative to plan for an Intelligent Community in Newmarket.

Education
Public elementary and secondary education in Newmarket is overseen by York Region's two school boards: the York Region District School Board (YRDSB), and the York Catholic District School Board (YCDSB).

The YRDSB operates four secondary schools in Newmarket: Dr. John M. Denison Secondary School, Huron Heights Secondary School, Newmarket High School, and Sir William Mulock Secondary School, in addition to 15 elementary schools.

The YCDSB operates one secondary school in the town: Sacred Heart Catholic High School, and six elementary schools. There is also a Christian private elementary school, Newmarket District Christian Academy (NDCA), and a private Christian academy, Innova Academy.

Newmarket is also the home of Pickering College, an independent day and boarding school.

Print
Newmarket is within the coverage area of all major Toronto publications/newspapers.

Local print media was provided by The Newmarket Era (formerly the Era Banner), founded in 1852 when English immigrant printer G.S. Porter first published The New Era in Newmarket. On September 15, 2023, The Newmarket Era was moved to an online only format by parent company Metroland Media.

Radio
Newmarket is also well served by radio stations from Toronto.

Newmarket is also the town of licence for 88.5 CKDX-FM. Originally launched on February 28, 1980, as 1480 CKAN. Its studios were located in the Newmarket Plaza then relocated to the Tannery. The studios are currently located in Toronto with the transmitter located in King Township west of Newmarket/Aurora.

Notable people

 * John Candy, comedian/actor
 * Jim Carrey, comedian/actor
 * Munro Chambers, actor
 * Frances Champagne, professor, neuroscientist
 * Vince Corazza, actor
 * Donald Davis, actor, won an Obie Award in 1960
 * Florence Shirley Patterson Jones, astronomer
 * H.R. MacMillan, CBE, C.C., forestry specialist and industrialist, wartime administrator, philanthropist
 * William Mulock, former Cabinet Minister and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ontario
 * Mazo de la Roche, author of the Jalna series
 * Belinda Stronach, businesswoman, philanthropist, and former politician

Music

 * Clarknova, alternative rock band
 * The Elwins, rock band
 * Hannah Georgas, pop singer
 * Glass Tiger, rock band
 * Lorne Lofsky, jazz guitarist
 * Peter McGillivray, Opera singer (baritone)
 * Alexander Muir, composer of The Maple Leaf Forever
 * Steven Lee Olsen, country musician
 * Tim Oxford, drummer for Arkells
 * The Salads, punk rock band
 * Serial Joe, rock band
 * Tyler Stewart, drummer for Barenaked Ladies
 * Tokyo Police Club, rock band
 * Frank Walker, Musician, songwriter, DJ, record producer

Sports
Hockey
 * Darren Archibald, AHL hockey player with the Belleville Senators
 * Quinton Byfield, NHL hockey player for the Los Angeles Kings
 * Herb Cain, former NHL hockey player, 1944 NHL scoring champion
 * Daniel Catenacci, former NHL hockey player (Buffalo and NY Rangers)
 * Dit Clapper, Hall of Fame hockey player
 * B. J. Crombeen, former NHL hockey player
 * Travis Dermott, NHL hockey player for the Vancouver Canucks
 * Steve Downie, former NHL hockey player
 * Brian Elliott, goaltender for the Tampa Bay Lightning of the NHL
 * Kurtis Gabriel, former NHL hockey player
 * Wes Jarvis, former AHL and NHL hockey player; former head coach of the Newmarket Hurricanes of the OPJHL; assistant coach with the Barrie Colts
 * Mike Kitchen, former head coach for the St. Louis Blues
 * Corey Locke, AHL hockey player and NHL draft pick
 * Chuck Luksa, former WHA hockey player with Cincinnati Stingers
 * Jamie Macoun, former NHL hockey player
 * Connor McDavid, NHL hockey player for the Edmonton Oilers
 * Joe Murphy, member of the 1990 Stanley Cup champion Edmonton Oilers
 * Shayne Stevenson, former NHL player (Boston Bruins and Tampa Bay Lightning)
 * Bill Thoms, former NHL star for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Black Hawks and Boston Bruins
 * Rob Zepp, former hockey player in Europe and the NHL (Philadelphia Flyers)

Soccer
 * Jim Brennan, Canada men's national soccer team member, first player signed to Toronto FC soccer club
 * Marcel de Jong, Dutch-Canadian soccer player for Pacific FC

Other
 * Gabrielle Daleman, figure skater
 * Michelle Long, figure skater
 * Scott Goodyear, Indycar racing driver
 * Neil Harrison, curler
 * Carlos Newton, former UFC Welterweight Champion; trainer/teacher at Warrior Martial Arts
 * Pete Orr, Olympic baseball player and former Philadelphia Phillies infielder
 * Kevin Pangos, basketball player at Gonzaga University and Canada youth international
 * Sheila Reid, Olympic cross country runner
 * Lindsay Seemann, swimmer; 200m Backstroke, 2008 Olympics, Beijing, China
 * Elvis Stojko, figure skater
 * Ashley Taws, racing driver

title: Newmarket, Ontario


text:
Trial by Fire: Live in Leningrad

Trial by Fire: Live in Leningrad is the first live album by guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen, recorded over several dates in February 1989 in Leningrad, Soviet Union, and released on 12 October 1989 through Polydor Records. The album reached #31 on the Swedish albums chart and #128 on the Billboard 200. A VHS video of the concert was released on 11 July 1991 through PolyGram, and a DVD edition was reissued in Japan on 12 December 2006 through Universal Music.

Video release

 * 1) Intro - Heaven Tonight
 * 2) Rising Force
 * 3) Liar
 * 4) Queen In Love
 * 5) Deja Vu
 * 6) You Don't Remember, I'll Never Forget
 * 7) Crystal Ball
 * 8) Far Beyond the Sun
 * 9) Dreaming (Tell Me)
 * 10) Fury
 * 11) Guitar Solo (Trilogy Suite Op. 5 / Spasebo Blues)
 * 12) Heaven Tonight
 * 13) Riot in the Dungeons
 * 14) Black Star
 * 15) Spanish Castle Magic
 * 16) End Titles (Heaven Tonight)

Personnel

 * Yngwie Malmsteen – lead vocals (track 11), guitar, bass pedals, background vocals, mixing, production
 * Joe Lynn Turner – lead vocals (except track 11), background vocals (track 11)
 * Jens Johansson – keyboard
 * Anders Johansson – drums
 * Barry Dunaway – bass, background vocals
 * Tony Platt – engineering
 * Mark Dearnley – mixing
 * Matthew Budd – mixing assistance
 * Howie Weinberg – mastering

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trial by Fire: Live in Leningrad


text:
Third Great Awakening

The Third Great Awakening refers to a historical period proposed by William G. McLoughlin that was marked by religious activism in American history and spans the late 1850s to the early 20th century. It influenced pietistic Protestant denominations and had a strong element of social activism. It gathered strength from the postmillennial belief that the Second Coming of Christ would occur after mankind had reformed the entire Earth. It was affiliated with the Social Gospel movement, which applied Christianity to social issues and gained its force from the awakening, as did the worldwide missionary movement. New groupings emerged, such as the Holiness movement and Nazarene and Pentecostal movements, and also Jehovah's Witnesses, Spiritualism, Theosophy, Thelema, and Christian Science. The era saw the adoption of a number of moral causes, such as the abolition of slavery and prohibition.

Overview
This article focuses on the awakening that took place during the 19th century in America and Korea. A similar awakening took place in Britain, identified by J. Edwin Orr as starting in 1859 with its influence continuing through to the end of the 19th century, impacting church growth, overseas mission, and social action. Significant names include Dwight L. Moody, Ira D. Sankey, William Booth and Catherine Booth (founders of The Salvation Army), Charles Spurgeon and James Caughey. Hudson Taylor began the China Inland Mission, and Thomas John Barnardo founded his famous orphanages.

The American Protestant mainline churches were growing rapidly in numbers, wealth and educational levels, throwing off their frontier beginnings and becoming centered in towns and cities. Intellectuals and writers such as Josiah Strong advocated a muscular Christianity with systematic outreach to the unchurched in America and around the globe. Others built colleges and universities to train the next generation. Each denomination supported active missionary societies and made the role of missionary one of high prestige.

The great majority of pietistic mainline Protestants (in the North) supported the Republican Party and urged it to endorse prohibition and social reforms. The awakening in numerous cities in 1858 was interrupted by the American Civil War. In the South, on the other hand, the Civil War stimulated revivals, especially the Confederate States Army revival in General Robert E. Lee's army. After the war, Moody made revivalism the centerpiece of his activities in Chicago and founded the Moody Bible Institute. The hymns of Ira Sankey were especially influential.

Across the nation, drys crusaded in the name of religion for the prohibition of alcohol. The Woman's Christian Temperance Union mobilized Protestant women for social crusades against liquor, pornography and prostitution, and sparked the demand for women's suffrage. The Gilded Age plutocracy came under sharp attack from Social Gospel preachers and reformers in the Progressive Era. The historian Robert Fogel identifies numerous reforms, especially the battles involving child labor, compulsory elementary education, and the protection of women from exploitation in factories. With Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago as its center, the settlement house movement and the vocation of social work were deeply influenced by the Social Gospel.

In 1880, the Salvation Army denomination arrived in America. Although its theology was based on ideals expressed during the Second Great Awakening, its focus on poverty was of the Third. All the major denominations sponsored growing missionary activities, both inside the United States and around the world. Colleges associated with churches rapidly expanded in number, size and quality of curriculum. The promotion of "muscular Christianity" became popular among young men on campus and in urban YMCAs, as well as in such denominational youth groups such as the Epworth League for Methodists and the Walther League for Lutherans. Professional baseball player Billy Sunday converted as a young man in the 1880s, became an evangelist, and is widely considered America's most influential evangelist of the first two decades in the 20th century. In 1891, basketball was invented at the International Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) Training School in Springfield, Massachusetts.

New religions
In 1879 Mary Baker Eddy founded the Church of Christ, Scientist, which gained a national following. The Society for Ethical Culture was established in New York in 1876 by Felix Adler and attracted a Reform Jewish clientele. Charles Taze Russell founded the Bible Student movement. In July 1879, Russell began publishing a monthly religious journal, Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence. He and his group of fellow students first identified themselves as The People's Pulpit Association, then in 1910 as The International Bible Students Association. In 1931, after schisms within the Bible Students and gaining control of the legal entity Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, Joseph Franklin Rutherford along with former members of the Bible Student movement would go on to adopt the name Jehovah's Witnesses. The New Thought movement, which began in the 1830s, expanded as Unity and Church of Divine Science were founded.

Holiness and Pentecostal movements
The goal of the Holiness movement in the Methodist church was to move beyond the one-time conversion experience that the revivals produced and reach entire sanctification. The Pentecostals went one step further, seeking what they called a "baptism in the spirit" or "baptism of the Holy Ghost" that enabled those with this special gift to heal the sick, perform miracles, prophesy, and speak in tongues.

The re-discovered Pentecostal movement can be traced to the Ocoee mountains of East Tennessee in the upper Tennessee River valley, when a group led by Methodist minister Richard Spurling met in 1886-1896 and called for holy living. At that time they experienced what is known as the baptism of the Holy Spirit, empowering Christians to live in holiness. Little is known of this movement because it happened in the mountains, compared to the Azusa Street Revival which happened in Los Angeles, California. However, the organization born from that group led by Spurling has grown to an international presence in over 200 countries around the world with a church membership of over 7 million Christians; it is known as the Church of God, with headquarters in Cleveland, Tennessee. The organization owns Lee University and Pentecostal Theological Seminary.

Charles Parham in Topeka, Kansas, who was a Methodist minister, resigned his ordination as a minister and began preaching about the baptism of the Holy Spirit. During a service on December 31, 1899, Parham laid hands on a woman named Agnes Ozman; she is supposed to have received the baptism of the Holy Spirit and to have begun speaking in tongues and prophesying. This is the root of the better known "Azusa Street Revival" in Los Angeles, California (1906) led by William J. Seymour, an African American student of Parham's.

Impact on Korea
Chun Beh Im compared the evangelistic method and results of the Third Great Awakening in America with the Korean revivals of 1884–1910. Many techniques of the Second and Third Great Awakenings were transposed from America to Korea, including the circuit-riding system of the Methodists, the Baptist farmer preachers, the campus revivals of the eastern seaboard, the camp meetings in the West, the new measures of Charles G. Finney, the Layman's Prayer Revival, urban mass revivalism of Moody, and the Student Volunteer Movement. Im discovered four areas of influence from a comparison and analysis of the two countries' revivals: the establishment of tradition, the adoption of similar emphases, the incorporation of evangelistic methodologies, and the observation of the results of the revivals. The American revivals had a major influence on the Korean revivals, and the American revival tradition and enthusiasm toward missions helped Korean Christians develop their own religious experience and tradition. This tradition has influenced Korean churches into the 21st century.

title: Third Great Awakening


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Richie Hawtin

Richard "Richie" Hawtin (born June 4, 1970) is a British-Canadian electronic musician and DJ. He became involved with Detroit techno's second wave in the early 1990s, and has been a leading exponent of minimal techno since the mid-1990s. He became known for his recordings under the Plastikman and F.U.S.E.  aliases. Under the latter, he released his debut album Dimension Intrusion (1993) as part of Warp's Artificial Intelligence series.

In May 1990, Hawtin and John Acquaviva founded the Plus 8 record label, which they named after their turntable's pitch adjust function. In 1998, Hawtin launched M-nus Records. From 2012-2015, Hawtin held the ENTER. Ibiza weekly party at Space in Ibiza. In 2016, Hawtin launched his own technology company called PLAYdifferently, and released the MODEL 1 mixer, co-designed with Andy Rigby-Jones.

Biography
Hawtin was born in Banbury, Oxfordshire, England, and at the age of nine moved with his parents to LaSalle, Ontario, a suburb of Windsor, Ontario, where he was raised before spending time in Detroit, MI. His father worked as a robotics technician at General Motors and was a fan of electronic music, introducing his son to Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream at an early age. He has one brother, Matthew, who is a visual artist and ambient music DJ. Hawtin attended Sandwich Secondary High School in LaSalle.

He began to DJ in clubs at 17. He was mentored by Scott "Go-Go" Gordon at The Shelter in Detroit and his early style was a mix of house music and techno. With Canadian DJ John Acquaviva he formed the label Plus 8 in 1989 to release his own tracks under the name F.U.S.E. He dropped out of the University of Windsor, where he was studying film, and Plus 8 went on to release material by artists such as Speedy J and Kenny Larkin. Hawtin adopted his 'Plastikman' incarnation in 1993, releasing the single "Spastik" and parent album Sheet One, going on to release a number of albums and touring a live show for the next decade.

Career
Hawtin was among pioneers of the Minimal techno movement that emerged in the early 1990s, where he represented a "second wave" of American producers, such as Daniel Bell, Robert Hood, Jeff Mills, Carl Craig, Kenny Larkin, and Mike Banks, associated with Detroit techno. In 1996, he released a series of monthly 12-inch singles, entitled Concept 1, which, alongside the work of Robert Hood and other producers, explored minimal techno. His M-nus label also pursued this direction. In 1999, the Decks, EFX & 909 mix album, the first in a series of three, included 38 tracks molded via effects and drum machines.

In 2001, Hawtin performed at Life Fest in Windsor. He spent part of 2002 and 2003 living in New York City, before opening a label in Berlin, Germany, where he focused on his M-nus label, developing the careers of DJ-producers such as Magda, Gaiser, Marc Houle, Hearttrob and Troy Pierce.

In 2006, he collaborated with choreographer Enzo Cosimi on a composition called "9.20" for the Winter Olympics opening ceremony. He said, "Enzo and I are very much interested in pushing boundaries, both as artists and for our audiences. Working together for the Opening Ceremonies of the Winter Games delivers the creative endeavor to not only entertain a huge audience, but to also introduce them to sights and sounds that they may have never experienced before."

In 2012, Hawtin worked with Loco Dice and Ean Golden in promoting Electronic Dance Music on a tour of North American universities entitled CNTRL: Beyond EDM, which included music production seminars, lessons in the music business, and live music performances.

In July 2015, Hawtin was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music Technology by the University of Huddersfield.

Hawtin composed and scored music for the XXth Olympic Winter Games Opening Ceremony and 1928 silent French film Brumes d’automne.

Recordings
Hawtin has recorded under the aliases Plastikman, F.U.S.E., Concept 1, Forcept 1, Circuit Breaker, Robotman, Chrome, Spark, Xenon, R.H.X., Jack Master, Richard Michaels and UP!. He recorded and performed, with other artists, under group names such as The Hard Brothers, Hard Trax (with his brother Matthew Hawtin), 0733, Cybersonik (with Daniel Bell and John Acquaviva), Final Exposure (with Joey Beltram and Mundo Muzique), Just For Fun (with Holger Wick), Narod Niki (with Akufen, Cabanne, Dandy Jack, Daniel Bell, Luciano, Ricardo Villalobos, Robert Henke and Thomas Franzmann), Two Guys In The Basement (with John Acquaviva), Spawn (with Fred Giannelli and Daniel Bell) and States Of Mind (with Acquaviva).

Hawtin and Pete Namlook collaborated to produce the From Within series of albums which blend minimal techno and ambient. He released a mix CD Sounds of the Third Season with Sven Väth. Slices magazine launched a series of biographies in 2007 called "Pioneers of Electronic Music"; their first issue was a 60-minute biographical documentary on Hawtin. The film follows his career from his early days crossing the border to Detroit to his current life in Berlin, and contains interviews with many colleagues and family members.

2011 saw the release of Arkives 1993 - 2010, a massive box set containing everything Hawtin has released under his Plastikman moniker, as well as a new mixed set and previously unreleased material. The collection includes CDs, vinyl, digital downloads and a DVD.

In November 2013, Hawtin performed as Plastikman at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City. The recording of this show was included in EX album, which was released digitally on June 10, 2014, followed with a CD release on July 15, 2014.

On December 11, 2015, Hawtin released a fifteen-track LP titled From My Mind To Yours to commemorate the 25 year anniversary of his record label Plus 8. The album consists of all new tracks from his various aliases such as Plastikman, F.U.S.E., Robotman, R.H.X., and Circuit Breaker. In its first week, it reached the top 20 in the UK dance album charts.

Other Hawtin's collaborations include an installation performance in the Grand Palais in Paris with Anish Kapoor in 2011, Not Abstract II exhibition at the Gagosian Gallery in New York with German artist Andreas Gursky, and an audiovisual installation at 180 The Strand in London under his F.U.S.E. alias alongside his brother Matthew Hawtin, among others.

Entrepreneurship
In 2014, Hawtin launched ''ENTER. SAKE'', a sake brand in USA and Europe. The same year he was awarded a title of Sake Samurai.

Hawtin's established his own music technology company, called PLAYdifferently, in 2016. The first release was the MODEL 1 mixer, co-designed with the award-winning Andy Rigby-Jones. The mixer has been adopted by DJs such as Carl Cox, Jamie Jones, Loco Dice and many others.

Hawtin co-founded Plus 8 Equities, a music technology fund along with John Acquaviva, Rishi Patel, Ben Turner and Pete Tong, where Hawtin serves as chairman. According to Billboard, the funds main goal is to advance music technology and collaborate with the startups engaged in developing new technologies able to advance music industry".

In 2019, Hawtin launched his CLOSER App, a tool for deconstructing the audio from his own live performances while toggling between multiple camera angles.

Albums

 * F.U.S.E. : Dimension Intrusion, 1993
 * Plastikman: Sheet One, 1993
 * Richie Hawtin: From Within, 1994 (with Pete Namlook)
 * Plastikman: Recycled Plastik, 1994
 * Plastikman: Musik, 1994
 * Richie Hawtin: From Within 2, 1995 (with Pete Namlook)
 * Plastikman: Sickness (EP), 1997
 * Richie Hawtin: From Within 3, 1997 (with Pete Namlook)
 * Concept 1: 96:CD, 1998
 * Concept 1: 96:VR, 1998 (remixed by Thomas Brinkmann)
 * Plastikman: Consumed, 1998
 * Plastikman: Artifakts [bc], 1998
 * Plastikman: Closer, 2003
 * Plastikman to the power of 9: Kompilation, 2010
 * Plastikman: Arkives 1993 - 2010, 2010
 * Plastikman: EX, 2014 (UK Dance #16)
 * Richie Hawtin: From My Mind to Yours, 2015
 * F.U.S.E. Computer Space (25th Anniversary Edition), 2019
 * Richie Hawtin: Time Warps (EP), 2020
 * Richie Hawtin: Concept 1 (Digital), 2021

Mixes / sets

 * Richie Hawtin: Mixmag Live!, 1995 (Live DJ mix album)
 * Richie Hawtin: Decks, EFX & 909, 1999 (DJ mix album)
 * Richie Hawtin: DE9: Closer to the Edit, 2001 (DJ mix album)
 * Richie Hawtin and Sven Väth: Sound of the Third Season, 2002 (DJ mix album)
 * Richie Hawtin and Ricardo Villalobos Live at the Robert Johnson, Offenbach, Germany, 2004 (11-hour DJ set)
 * Richie Hawtin: DE9 | Transitions, 2005 (DJ mix album)
 * Richie Hawtin: DE9 lite: Electronic Adventures, 2006 (DJ mix album, produced with Mixmag)
 * Richie Hawtin: Sounds from Can Elles, 2008 (free with DJ Magazine issue 467)
 * Richie Hawtin: Mixmag presents: Richie Hawtin - New Horizons, 2012 (DJ mix album)
 * Richie Hawtin: CLOSE COMBINED (GLASGOW, LONDON, TOKYO - LIVE), 2019

DJ Awards
Hawtin has won DJ Awards' Best Techno DJ Award three times and received 17 nominations overall.

 * 1999

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best DJ Innovator

 * Nominated

 * 2001

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2002

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Won

 * 2003

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2004

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2005

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2006

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Won

 * 2008

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Won

 * 2009

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2010

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best International DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2010

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2011

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2012

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2013

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best International DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2014

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best International DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2014

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

 * 2015

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Best Techno DJ

 * Nominated

AIM Awards
The Association of Independent Music (AIM) UK the AIM promotes independent artists producing their own music globally.

 * 2014

 * Richie Hawtin

 * Outstanding Contribution

 * Won

DJ rankings (current)
The DJ List Ranking

The DJ List has approximately 1 million members who rate DJs in different EDM genres, these are the statistics for The DJ List as of 6 November 2015.

Top Deejays Ranking

Topdeejays is a global DJ database founded and operated by FM Agencija. It uses an algorithm that measures general social media influence of a DJ by combining their Facebook, Twitter, Google Plus, SoundCloud, MySpace, Last.fm and YouTube fans, subscribers and followers TDJ calculates and applies TDJ points to in order rank artists global, national and by genre influence. These are the statistics for topdeejays as of 6 November 2015.

DJ Rankings The Official Global DJ Rankings is calculated according to an advanced algorithm, compiled to give an accurate, independent and fair ranking of all DJs. It considers the following criteria

of DJ earnings, media presence, chart data from music releases and remixes, airplay data from radio stations, public data about royalties collected from copyright associations, followers on major social networks, such as Facebook, Twitter, etc. and polling and rating data from various sites, such as dj-rating.com and djmag.com.

title: Richie Hawtin


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Niagara Falls, Ontario

Niagara Falls is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario, adjacent to Niagara Falls. As of the 2021 census, the city had a population of 94,415. The city is located on the Niagara Peninsula along the western bank of the Niagara River, which forms part of the Canada–United States border, with the other side being the twin city of Niagara Falls, New York. Niagara Falls is within the Regional Municipality of Niagara and a part of the St. Catharines - Niagara Census Metropolitan Area (CMA). Tourism is a major part of the city's economy: its skyline is comprised of multiple high-rise hotels and observation towers that overlook the waterfalls and adjacent parkland. Souvenir shops, arcades, museums, amusement rides, indoor water parks, casinos, theatres and a convention centre are located nearby in the city's large tourist area. Other parts of the city include historic sites from the War of 1812, parks, golf courses, commercial spaces, and residential neighbourhoods.

History
Prior to European arrival, present day Niagara Falls was populated by Iroquoian-speaking Neutral people but, after attacks from the Haudenosaunee and Seneca, the Neutral people population was severely reduced. The Haudenosaunee people remained in the area until Europeans made first contact in the late 17th century. The Niagara Falls area had some European settlement in the 17th century. Louis Hennepin, a French priest and missionary, is considered to be the first European to visit the area in the 1670s. French colonists settled mostly in Lower Canada, beginning near the Atlantic, and in Quebec and Montreal.

After surveys were completed in 1782 the area was referred to as Township Number 2 as well as Mount Dorchester after Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (and today is only honoured by Dorchester Road and the community of Dorchester Village). The earliest settlers of Township Number 2 were Philip George Bender (namesake of Bender Street and Bender Hill near Casino Niagara originally from Germany and later New Jersey and Philadelphia ) and Thomas McMicken (a Scottish-born British Army veteran). Increased settlement in this area took place during and after the American Revolutionary War, when the British Crown made land grants to Loyalists to help them resettle in Upper Canada and provide some compensation for their losses after the United States became independent. Loyalist Robert Land received 200 acre and was one of the first people of European descent to settle in the Niagara Region. He moved to nearby Hamilton three years later due to the relentless noise of the falls.

In 1791, John Graves Simcoe renamed the town as Stamford after Stamford, Lincolnshire in England but today Stamford is only used for an area northwest of downtown Niagara Falls as well as Stamford Street. During the war of 1812, the battle of Lundy's Lane took place nearby in July 1814. In 1856, the Town of Clifton was incorporated by Ogden Creighton after Clifton, Bristol. The name of the town was changed to Niagara Falls in 1881. In 1882, the community of Drummondville (near the present-day corner of Lundy's Lane and Main Street) was incorporated as the village of Niagara Falls (South). The village was referred to as Niagara Falls South to differentiate it from the town. In 1904, the town and village amalgamated to form the City of Niagara Falls. In 1963, the city amalgamated with the surrounding Stamford Township. In 1970, the Niagara regional government was formed. This resulted in the village of Chippawa, Willoughby Township, and part of Crowland Township being annexed into Niagara Falls.

An internment camp for Germans was set up at The Armoury (now Niagara Military Museum) in Niagara Falls from December 1914 to August 1918.

Black history

Niagara Falls has had a Black population since at least 1783. Up to 12 African-Americans were a part of the Butler's Rangers, including Richard Pierpoint. When they were disbanded in 1783, they tried to establish themselves through farming nearby, making them among the first Black settlers in the region. It is estimated that nearly 10 percent of the Loyalists to settle in the area were Black Loyalists.

Niagara Falls' Black population increased in the following decades, as a destination on the Underground Railroad. In 1856, a British Methodist Episcopal (BME) Church was established for African-Canadian worshipers. The BME Church, Nathaniel Dett Memorial Chapel is now a National Historic Site, remaining in operation into the 21st century. Composer, organist, pianist and music professor Nathaniel Dett was born in Niagara Falls in 1882.

In 1886, Burr Plato became one of the first African Canadians to be elected to political office, holding the position of City Councillor of Niagara Falls until 1901.

Geography
Niagara Falls is approximately 130 km by road from Ontario's capital of Toronto, which is across Lake Ontario to the north. The area of the Niagara Region is approximately 1800 km2.

Topography
The city is built along the Niagara Falls waterfalls and the Niagara Gorge on the Niagara River, which flows from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario.

Climate
The city of Niagara Falls has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfa) which is moderated to an extent in all seasons by proximity to bodies of water. Winters are cold, with a January high of -0.4 C and a low of -7.8 C. However, temperatures above 0 C are common during winter. The average annual snowfall is 154 cm, in which it can receive lake effect snow from both lakes Erie and Ontario. Summers are warm to hot and humid, with a July high of 27.4 C and a low of 17 C. The average annual precipitation is 970.2 mm, which is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year.

Communities and neighbourhoods
Although more historical and cultural diversity exists, Niagara Falls has 11 communities and 67 neighbourhoods defined by Planning Neighbourhoods and Communities for the City of Niagara Falls.

 * Beaverdams
 * Hyott
 * N.E.C. West
 * Nichols
 * Shriners
 * Warner
 * Chippawa
 * Bridgewater
 * Cummings
 * Hunter
 * Kingsbridge
 * Ussher
 * Weinbrenner
 * Crowland
 * Crowland
 * Drummond
 * Brookfield
 * Caledonia
 * Coronation
 * Corwin
 * Drummond Industrial Basin
 * Hennepin
 * Leeming
 * Merrit
 * Miller
 * Orchard
 * Trillium
 * Elgin
 * Balmoral
 * Central Business District
 * Glenview
 * Hamilton
 * Maple
 * Oakes
 * Ryerson
 * Valleyway
 * Grassybrook
 * Grassybrook Industrial Basin
 * Oakland
 * Rexinger
 * Northwest
 * Carmel
 * Kent
 * Mulhearn
 * Queen Victoria
 * Clifton Hill
 * Fallsview North
 * Fallsview South
 * Marineland
 * Queen Victoria
 * Stamford
 * Burdette
 * Calaguiro
 * Church
 * Cullimore
 * Gauld
 * Ker
 * Mitchellson
 * Mountain
 * N.E.C. East
 * Olden
 * Pettit
 * Portage
 * Queensway Gardens
 * Rolling Acres
 * Thompson
 * Wallice
 * Westlane
 * Garner
 * Hodgson
 * Lundy
 * Munro
 * Oakwood
 * Royal Manor
 * Westlane Industrial Basin
 * Willoughby
 * Niagara River Parkway
 * Willoughby

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Niagara Falls had a population of $94,415$ living in $37,793$ of its $39,778$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $88,071$. With a land area of 210.25 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the St. Catharines - Niagara CMA had a population of $433,604$ living in $179,224$ of its $190,878$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $406,074$. With a land area of 1397.09 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

As of the 2021 Census, 20.9% of the city's population were visible minorities, 3.5% had Indigenous ancestry, and the remaining 75.6% were White. The largest visible minority groups were South Asian (6.3%), Black (3.1%), Filipino (3.0%), Chinese (2.4%), Latin American (1.6%) and Arab (1.1%).

60.1% of Niagara Falls city residents self-identified with Christian denominations in 2021, down from 74.1% in 2011. 33.2% of residents were Catholic, 13.9% were Protestant, 7.1% were Christians of unspecified denomination, and 2.4% were Christian Orthodox. All other Christian denominations/Christian related traditions made up 3.5%. 30.9% of residents were irreligious or secular, up from 22.5% in 2011. Overall, followers of non-Christian religions/spiritual traditions were 9.0% of the population. The largest of these were Islam (4.1%), Hinduism (2.0%), Sikhism (1.4%) and Buddhism (0.8%)

Economy
Tourism started in the early 19th century and has been a vital part of the local economy since that time. The falls became known as a natural wonder, in part to their being featured in paintings by prominent American artists of the 19th century such as Albert Bierstadt. Such works were reproduced as lithographs, becoming widely distributed. Niagara Falls marketed itself as a honeymoon destination, describing itself as the "honeymoon capital of the world". Its counterpart in New York also used the moniker. The phrase was most commonly used in brochures in the early twentieth century and declined in usage around the 1960s.

With a plentiful and inexpensive source of hydroelectric power from the waterfalls, many electro-chemical and electro-metallurgical industries located there in the early to mid-20th century. Industry began moving out of the city in the 1970s and 80s because of economic recession and increasing global competition in the manufacturing sector. Tourism increasingly became the city's most important revenue source.

Recent development has been mostly centred on the Clifton Hill and Fallsview areas. The Niagara Falls downtown (Queen Street) is undergoing a major revitalization; the city is encouraging redevelopment of this area as an arts and culture district. The downtown was a major centre for local commerce and night life up until the 1970s, when the Niagara Square Shopping Centre began to draw away crowds and retailers. Since 2006, Historic Niagara has brought art galleries, boutiques, cafés and bistros to the street. Attractions include renovation of the Seneca Theatre.

In 2004, several tourist establishments in Niagara Falls began adding additional fees to bills. These fees have various different names and range in what percentage of the bill they take. The collected money is untraceable and there are no controls over how each establishment spends it. The Ontario government—concerned tourists could be misled into believing the fees were endorsed by the government—warned hotels and restaurants in 2008 not to claim the fee if it was not being remitted to a legitimate non-profit agency that promotes tourism. The practise continues and takes in an estimated $15 million per-year. Hotels specifically charge a Municipal Accommodation Tax (MAT) fee, a percentage of which goes to the city. Fees that are present elsewhere only benefit the owners of the business itself, leading to these fees being criticized as deceptive. Some tourists have effectively fought the additional charge, while other businesses have enforced it as mandatory.

Comparison to Niagara Falls, New York
In the 20th century, there was a favourable exchange rate when comparing Canadian and U.S. currencies.

Niagara Falls, New York, struggles to compete against Niagara Falls, Ontario; the Canadian side has a greater average annual income, a higher average home price, and lower levels of vacant buildings and blight, as well as a more vibrant economy and better tourism infrastructure. The population of Niagara Falls, New York fell by half from the 1960s to 2012. In contrast, the population of Niagara Falls, Ontario more than tripled.

The Ontario government introduced legal gambling to the local economy in the mid-1990s. Casino Niagara precipitated an economic boom in the late 1990s as numerous luxury hotels and tourist attractions were built, and a second casino, Niagara Fallsview, opened in 2004. Both attracted American tourists due in part to the comparatively less expensive Canadian dollar, and despite the opening of the Seneca Niagara Casino on the American side. When the Canadian and US currencies moved closer to parity in the 2000s, Niagara Falls, Ontario continued to be a popular destination for Americans, while Niagara Falls, New York, experienced a prolonged economic downturn. Ontario's legal drinking age is 19, which attracts potential alcohol consumers from across the border, as the American drinking age is 21.

Arts and culture
Some cultural areas of Niagara Falls include Queen Street, Main and Ferry Streets, Stamford Centre and Chippawa Square. Community centres that are host to cultural activities include the City of Niagara Falls Museums, Niagara Falls Public Libraries, Coronation 50 Plus Recreation Centre, Club Italia and Scotia Bank Convention Centre.

Visual arts

 * Niagara Falls Art Gallery
 * Peterson's Community Gallery

Performing arts

 * Niagara Falls Centre for the Arts
 * Seneca Queen Theatre

History

 * Niagara Falls History Museum
 * Battle Ground Hotel Museum
 * Willoughby Historical Museum
 * Niagara Military Museum
 * Niagara Falls Wedding and Fashion Museum
 * Lundy's Lane Historical Society
 * Battle of Lundy's Lane Walking Tour
 * Historic Drummondville
 * Stamford Historic Area

Nature, parks and gardens

 * Queen Victoria Park
 * Rosberg Family Park / Olympic Torch Trail

Festivals and events

 * Winter Festival of Lights
 * Niagara Integrated Film Festival
 * Springlicious
 * Mount Carmel Fine Art and Music Festival
 * Niagara Icewine Festival
 * Niagara Woodworking Show
 * Greater Niagara Home and Garden Show
 * Niagara Night of Art
 * Niagara Region Jazz Festival

Conventions and conferences

 * Niagara Falls Convention Centre
 * Sheraton on the Falls Hotel and Conference Centre

Attractions
Notable attractions in Niagara Falls include:
 * Table Rock Welcome Centre
 * Journey Behind the Falls
 * Skylon Tower
 * Niagara SkyWheel
 * Winter Festival of Lights
 * Niagara Parks Butterfly Conservatory
 * Niagara Heritage Trail
 * Dufferin Islands
 * Niagara Parks School of Horticulture
 * The Rainbow Carillon, which sounds from the Rainbow Tower
 * Clifton Hill, Niagara Falls — Tourist promenade featuring a Ripley's Believe It Or Not Museum, arcades, five haunted houses, four wax museums including a Louis Tussauds Wax Works, and themed restaurants including the Hard Rock Cafe and Rainforest Cafe.
 * Marineland — Aquatic theme park
 * Casinos — Casino Niagara and Niagara Fallsview Casino Resort
 * IMAX Theatre and Daredevil museum
 * Fallsview Tourist Area
 * Fallsview Indoor Waterpark
 * Tower Hotel (Niagara Falls)

Government
Niagara Falls City Council consists of eight councillors and a mayor. City elections take place every four years with the most recent election held on 24 October 2022. Council is responsible for policy and decision making, monitoring the operation and performance of the city, analysing and approving budgets and determining spending priorities. Due to regulations put forward by the Municipal Elections Act 1996, elections are held on the fourth Monday in October except for religious holidays or if a member of council or if the mayor resigns. Jim Diodati has been the mayor of Niagara Falls since 2010.

As of 2023, the city's fire and emergency services are staffed by 130 firefighters and 104 volunteers. Provincial roads (namely the Queen Elizabeth Way) are patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) and the rest by Niagara Regional Police (NRPS) for city streets and general policing or Niagara Parks Police (NPP) on property relating to Niagara Parks Commission. Policing on the Canadian side of bridges (Whirlpool and Rainbow Bridges) are conducted by both Canadian Border Services Agency (CBSA) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) operations, but may involve Niagara Regional Police and/or OPP, as well as US agencies. Michigan Central Railway Bridge is an inactive railway bridge; it is closed off by the Canadian Pacific Railways to prevent trespassing but can be accessed by NRPS or CBSA/CBP if required.

Highways
Niagara Falls is linked to major highways in Canada. The Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW), stretching from Fort Erie to Toronto, passes through Niagara Falls. Highway 420 (along with Niagara Regional Road 420) connect the Rainbow Bridge to the QEW. The Niagara Parkway is a road operated under the Niagara Parks Commission which connects Niagara-on-the-Lake to Fort Erie via Niagara Falls.

Niagara Falls formerly had King's Highways passing through the city. These included:
 * The original routing of Highway 3 (later to become Highway 3A), which ended at the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge via River Road
 * Highway 8, which ended at the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge via Bridge Street
 * Highway 20, which initially ended at the Honeymoon Bridge and later at the Rainbow Bridge via Lundy's Lane and Clifton Hill

Rail
Via Rail Canada and Amtrak jointly provide service to the Niagara Falls station via their Maple Leaf service between Toronto Union Station and New York Penn Station. In summer 2009, Go Transit started a pilot project providing weekend and holiday train service from Toronto to Niagara falls from mid June to mid October. These GO Trains run seasonally between Toronto Union Station and Niagara Falls at weekends.

At other times, regular hourly GO train services are provided between Toronto Union and Burlington station, where connecting bus services operate to and from the rail station at Niagara.

As of January 2019, GO Transit offers two-way, weekday commuter service from Niagara Falls station (Ontario) to Union Station (Toronto) as part of the Niagara GO Expansion. The full expansion project is expected to be complete by 2025.

Bus

 * Coach Canada has daily runs to and from Toronto and Buffalo, New York.
 * GO Transit offers daily bus service between Niagara and Burlington GO Station.
 * Megabus has daily runs on its route to New York City starting in Toronto.
 * Niagara Falls Transit is the public transit operator in the city.

Active transportation
The City of Niagara Falls is working toward Bike Friendly designation and providing more resources to encourage active transportation.

Education
Niagara Falls has one post-secondary institution in the city and another in the Niagara Region. Niagara is served by the District School Board of Niagara and the Niagara Catholic District School Board which operate elementary and secondary schools in the region. There are also numerous private institutions offer alternatives to the traditional education systems.

Post secondary

 * In the Niagara Region: Brock University in St. Catharines.
 * In the City of Niagara Falls: Niagara College, based in Welland, also has campuses in Niagara Falls, Niagara-on-the-Lake and St. Catharines.
 * In the city of Niagara Falls: University of Niagara Falls Canada

High schools

 * A. N. Myer Secondary School
 * Westlane Secondary School
 * Stamford Collegiate
 * Saint Michael Catholic High School
 * Saint Paul Catholic High School

Library
Niagara Falls is also served by Niagara Falls Public Library, a growing library system composed of four branches, with the main branch in the downtown area. It is visited by over 10,000 people weekly. An extensive online database of photographs and artwork is maintained at Historic Niagara Digital Collections.

Media
Niagara Falls is served by two main local newspapers, three radio stations and a community television channel. All other media is regionally based, as well, from Hamilton and Toronto.

Newspapers
Local newspapers are:
 * Niagara Falls Review
 * Niagara This Week

Due to its proximity to Hamilton and Toronto, local residents have access to the papers like The Hamilton Spectator, the Toronto Star, and the Toronto Sun.

Radio

 * 91.7 FM - CIXL-FM, "Giant FM" Classic Rock
 * 97.7 FM – CHTZ-FM, "97.7 HTZ-FM" Mainstream Rock
 * 101.1 FM – CFLZ-FM, "More FM" CHR
 * 105.1 FM – CJED-FM, "105.1 The River FM" adult hits

The area is otherwise served by stations from Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo.

Television

 * Cogeco is the local cable television franchise serving Niagara Falls; the system carries most major channels from Toronto and Buffalo, as well as TVCogeco, a community channel serving Niagara Falls.
 * CHCH-DT (UHF channel 15 - virtual channel 11) from Hamilton, Ontario also serves the Niagara Region.

Television stations from Toronto and Buffalo are also widely available. Officially, Niagara Falls is part of the Toronto television market, even though it is directly across the Niagara River from its American twin city, which is part of the Buffalo market.

Notable people

 * Bruno Agostinelli, professional tennis player
 * Ray Barkwill, Canadian national rugby player
 * Murda Beatz, Producer and DJ
 * Harold Bradley, classical pianist
 * James Cameron, film director
 * Bill Cupolo, NHL player
 * Kevin Dallman, NHL player
 * Marty Dallman, NHL player
 * Frank Dancevic, professional tennis player
 * Sandro DeAngelis, CFL kicker
 * Robert Nathaniel Dett, composer born in Drummondville
 * Joe Fletcher, referee at FIFA World Cup
 * Tre Ford, CFL quarterback
 * Tyrell Ford, former CFL and NFL cornerback
 * Barbara Frum, CBC broadcaster
 * William Giauque, recipient of 1949 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
 * Mike Glumac, professional hockey player
 * Brian Greenspan, lawyer
 * Eddie Greenspan, lawyer
 * Bobby Gunn, boxer
 * Obs Heximer, NHL player
 * Tim Hicks, country singer
 * Honeymoon Suite, rock band
 * Harold Howard, retired mixed martial artist and UFC fighter
 * Jon Klassen, illustrator and children's book author
 * Johnathan Kovacevic, NHL player
 * Greg Kovacs, bodybuilder
 * Judy LaMarsh, second female federal cabinet minister in Canadian history
 * Steve Ludzik, NHL player
 * Denise Matthews, evangelist, singer
 * Bob Manno, NHL player
 * John McCall MacBain, philanthropist, billionaire businessman, founder and former CEO of Trader Classified Media
 * Nenad Medic, poker player
 * Stephan Moccio, musician, arranger, composer
 * Tom Moore, trade unionist
 * Rick Morocco, ice hockey executive and professional player
 * Johnny Mowers, NHL goalie
 * Rob Nicholson, former Minister of Justice and Attorney General for Canada
 * Terry O'Reilly, NHL player and head coach
 * Roula Partheniou, contemporary artist
 * Frank Pietrangelo, NHL goalie
 * Burr Plato, politician
 * deadmau5, musician and DJ
 * Isabelle Rezazadeh, DJ and record producer
 * Phil Roberto, NHL player
 * Gillian Robertson, UFC Fighter
 * Derek Sanderson, NHL player
 * Jarrod Skalde, NHL player
 * Russell Teibert, soccer player
 * Steve Terreberry, musician, comedian, and YouTuber
 * Frank Thomas, MLB player
 * Jay Triano, former NBA head coach
 * Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond, lawyer and professor; former judge
 * Tvangeste, symphonic black metal band formerly based on Kaliningrad, Russia
 * Ken Walker, medical columnist using the pen name W. Gifford-Jones, M.D.
 * Wave, pop band
 * Sherman Zavitz, historian

title: Niagara Falls, Ontario


text:
Talk:Kevin Spacey

Criminal trial has begun
Update needed. His criminal trial has begun, at least from Friday 30 June 2023.

RobbieIanMorrison (talk) 17:24, 3 July 2023 (UTC)

Update needed the trial is over. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-66291461 PhilKnight (talk) 14:24, 26 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Now done. PhilKnight (talk) 14:41, 26 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 24 December 2023
Add Mr. Spacey's latest Christmas video (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WqPePWyduxQ) under the Christmas Eve YouTube videos section. Dunkahoop (talk) 18:43, 24 December 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ ARandomName123 (talk)Ping me! 02:38, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

Edit inquiry
Hi, I am troubled by the wording in the third line of the "Theatre - 1981-1986" section. I suspect it should be worded "starring Liv Ullmann and directed by John Neville," unless he both starred in and directed the play.

I don't know the facts to make this change, so if anyone does, could you please make changes if needed? Thanks so much. Chezmoi (talk) 16:16, 28 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Neville indeed both starred in and directed the play. –– Formal Dude  (talk)  23:55, 30 December 2023 (UTC)

Name listed in Epstein case: Kevin Spacey
Kevin spacey documented having traveled via flight log to Epsteins' Island. 23.251.65.128 (talk) 22:55, 10 January 2024 (UTC)

Misconduct section
As there are recent legal results that are relevant to the framing of the entire section, I will be commencing shortly a rewrite to the lede of this section to reflect the current status of the claims against Spacey, and am creating this talk section in advance of any work through needed.

While it is appropriate chronologically to list the Rapp incident as the initiating public incident on this topic, the fact that there have been numerous subsequent legal judgements since then (and connected to the initiating incident) is significant enough that those updates lead and contextualize the section. Mistamystery (talk) 21:58, 26 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Should the documentary Spacey Unmasked be mentioned in this article? Muzilon (talk) 09:03, 20 May 2024 (UTC)

Evan Lowenstein
Musician Evan Lowenstein has been Spacey's manager since 2016.

--62.166.252.25 (talk) 16:06, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kevin Spacey


text:
Detroit techno

Detroit techno is a type of techno music that generally includes the first techno productions by Detroit-based artists during the 1980s and early 1990s. Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Eddie Fowlkes, Derrick May, Jeff Mills, Kevin Saunderson, Blake Baxter, Drexciya, Mike Banks, James Pennington and Robert Hood. Artists like Terrence Parker and his lead vocalist, Nicole Gregory, set the tone for Detroit's piano techno house sound.

The Belleville Three
The four individuals most closely associated with the birth of Detroit techno as a genre are Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson, Eddie Fowlkes and Derrick May,". The three, who were high school friends from Belleville, Michigan, created electronic music tracks in their basement(s). Derrick May once described Detroit techno music as being a "complete mistake ... like George Clinton and Kraftwerk caught in an elevator, with only a sequencer to keep them company."

While attending Washtenaw Community College, Atkins met Rick Davis and formed Cybotron with him. Their first single "Alleys of Your Mind", recorded on their Deep Space label in 1981, sold 15,000 copies, and the success of two follow-up singles, "Cosmic Cars" and "Clear", led the California-based label Fantasy to sign the duo and release their album, Enter. After Cybotron split due to creative differences, Atkins began recording as Model 500 on his own label, Metroplex, in 1985. His landmark single, "No UFO's", soon arrived. Eddie Fowlkes, Derrick May, Kevin Saunderson, and Robert Hood also recorded on Metroplex. May said that the suburban setting afforded a different setting in which to experience the music. "We perceived the music differently than you would if you encountered it in dance clubs. We'd sit back with the lights off and listen to records by Bootsy and Yellow Magic Orchestra. We never took it as just entertainment, we took it as a serious philosophy," recalls May.

The three teenage friends bonded while listening to an eclectic mix of music: Yellow Magic Orchestra, Kraftwerk, Bootsy, Parliament, Prince, Depeche Mode, and The B-52's. Juan Atkins was inspired to buy a synthesizer after hearing Parliament. Atkins was also the first in the group to take up turntablism, teaching May and Saunderson how to DJ.

Under the name Deep Space Soundworks, Atkins and May began to DJ on Detroit's party circuit. By 1981, Mojo was playing the record mixes recorded by the Belleville Three, who were also branching out to work with other musicians. The trio traveled to Chicago to investigate the house music scene there, particularly the Chicago DJs Ron Hardy and Frankie Knuckles. House was a natural progression from disco music, so that the trio began to formulate the synthesis of this dance music with the mechanical sounds of groups like Kraftwerk, in a way that reflected post-industrialist Detroit. An obsession with the future and its machines is reflected in much of their music, because, according to Atkins, Detroit is the most advanced in the transition away from industrialism.

Juan Atkins has been lauded as the "Godfather of Techno" (or "Originator"), while Derrick May is thought of as the "Innovator" and Kevin Saunderson is often referred to as the "Elevator"

Futurism
These early Detroit techno artists employed science fiction imagery to articulate their visions of a transformed society. A notable exception to this trend was a single by Derrick May under his pseudonym Rhythim [sic] Is Rhythim [sic], called "Strings of Life" (1987). This vibrant dancefloor anthem was filled with rich synthetic string arrangements and took the underground music scene by storm in May 1987. It "hit Britain in an especially big way during the country's 1987–1988 house explosion." It became May's best known track, which, according to Frankie Knuckles, "just exploded. It was like something you can't imagine, the kind of power and energy people got off that record when it was first heard. "

The club scene created by techno in Detroit was a way for suburban blacks in Detroit to distance themselves from "jits", slang for lower class African Americans living in the inner city. "Prep parties" were obsessed with flaunting wealth and incorporated many aspects of European culture including club names like Plush, Charivari, and GQ Productions, reflecting European fashion and luxury, because Europe signified high class. In addition prep parties were run as private clubs and restricted who could enter based on dress and appearance. Party flyers were also an attempt to restrict and distance lower class individuals from the middle class club scene.

Afrofuturism
The three artists all contribute to the discourse of Afrofuturism through their re-purposing of technology to create a new form of music that appealed to a marginalized underground population. Especially within the context of Detroit, where the rise of robotics led to a massive loss of jobs around the time these three were growing up, technology is very relevant. The process "took technology, and made it a black secret."

The sound is both futuristic and extraterrestrial, touching on the "otherness" central to Afrofuturist content. According to one critic, it was a "deprived sound trying to get out." Tukufu Zuberi explains that electronic music can be multiracial and that critics should pay attention to "not just sound aesthetics but the production process and institutions created by black musicians."

The Music Institute
Inspired by Chicago's house clubs, Chez Damier, Alton Miller and George Baker started a club of their own in downtown Detroit, named The Music Institute at 1315 Broadway. The club helped unite a previously scattered scene into an underground "family", where May, Atkins, and Saunderson DJed with fellow pioneers like Eddie "Flashin" Fowlkes and Blake Baxter. It allowed for collaboration, and helped inspire what would become the second wave of Detroit-area techno, which included artists whom the Belleville Three had influenced and mentored.

Success abroad
In 1988, due to the popularity of house and acid house music in Great Britain, Virgin Records talent scout Neil Rushton contacted Derrick May with a view to finding out more about the Detroit scene. To define the Detroit sound as being distinct from Chicago house, Rushton and the Belleville Three chose the word "techno" for their tracks, a term that Atkins had been using since his Cybotron days ("Techno City" was an early single).

Recent work
Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson, and Derrick May remain active in the music scene today. In 2000, the first annual Detroit Electronic Music Festival was held, and in 2004 May assumed control of the festival, renamed Movement. He invested his own funds into the festival, and "got severely wounded financially." Kevin Saunderson helmed the festival, renamed FUSE IN, the following year. Saunderson, May, and Carl Craig all performed but did not produce the festival in 2006, when it was again called Movement. Saunderson returned to perform at the 2007 Movement as well.

Politics
The first wave of Detroit techno differed from the Chicago house movement, with the former originating in Detroit's suburban black middle class community. Teenagers of families that had prospered as a result of Detroit's automotive industry were removed from the kind of black poverty found in urban parts of Detroit, Chicago, and New York. This resulted in tensions in club spaces frequented by ghetto gangstas or ruffians where signs stating "No Jits" were common. Suburban middle class black youths were also attracted to Europhile culture, something that was criticized for not being authentically black. Schaub's analysis of Underground Resistance valued "speaking out of the perspective of the hood than about providing new visions of identity formation for people in the hood"

Identity politics in Detroit techno is focused mostly on race relations. Throughout the creation of techno there was this constant and strong "progressive desire to move beyond essentialized blackness". Even though the classist nature of techno avoided the artists and producers to separate themselves from the urban poor, especially in the first wave, it helped them make metropolitan spaces the subject of their own vision of different, alternative societies. These alternate societies aimed at moving beyond the concepts of race and ethnicity and blend all of them together. The early producers of Detroit techno state in multiple different occasions that the goal was to make techno just about music and not about race. As Juan Atkins said, "I hate that things have to be separated and dissected [by race] ... to me it shouldn't be white or black music, it should be just music"

The New Dance Sound of Detroit
The explosion of interest in electronic dance music during the late 1980s provided a context for the development of techno as an identifiable genre. The mid-1988 UK release of Techno! The New Dance Sound of Detroit, an album compiled by ex-Northern Soul DJ and Kool Kat Records boss Neil Rushton (at the time an A&R scout for Virgin's "10 Records" imprint) and Derrick May, was an important milestone and marked the introduction of the word techno in reference to a specific genre of music. Although the compilation put techno into the lexicon of British music journalism, the music was, for a time, sometimes characterized as Detroit's high-tech interpretation of Chicago house rather than a relatively pure genre unto itself. In fact, the compilation's working title had been The House Sound of Detroit until the addition of Atkins' song "Techno Music" prompted reconsideration. Rushton was later quoted as saying he, Atkins, May, and Saunderson came up with the compilation's final name together, and that the Belleville Three voted down calling the music some kind of regional brand of house; they instead favored a term they were already using, techno.

Second wave
The first wave of Detroit techno had peaked in 1988–89, with the popularity of artists like Derrick May, Kevin Saunderson, Blake Baxter, and Chez Damier, and clubs like St. Andrews Hall, Majestic Theater, The Shelter, and the Music Institute. At the same time, Detroit techno benefited from the growth of the European rave scene and various licensing deals with labels in the UK, including Kool Kat Records. By 1989 May's Strings of Life had achieved "anthemic" status. several years after its recording.

By the early 1990s a second wave of Detroit artists started to break through, including, among others, Carl Craig, Underground Resistance (featuring Mike Banks, Jeff Mills, and Robert Hood), Blake Baxter, Jay Denham, and Octave One. According to music journalist Simon Reynolds, in the same period what began as a Europhile fantasy of elegance and refinement was, ironically, transformed by British and European producers into a "vulgar uproar for E'd-up mobs: anthemic, cheesily sentimental, unabashedly drug-crazed." Detroit embraced this maximalism and created its own variant of acid house and techno. The result was a harsh Detroit hardcore full of riffs and industrial bleakness. Two major labels of this sound were Underground Resistance and +8, both of which mixed 1980s electro, UK synth-pop and industrial paralleling the brutalism of rave music of Europe.

Underground Resistance's music embodied a kind of abstract militancy by presenting themselves as a paramilitary group fighting against commercial mainstream entertainment industry who they called "the programmers" in their tracks such as Predator, Elimination, Riot or Death Star. Similarly, the label +8 was formed by Richie Hawtin and John Acquaviva which evolved from industrial hardcore to a minimalist progressive techno sound. As friendly rivals to Underground Resistance, +8 pushed up the speed of their songs faster and fiercer in tracks like Vortex.

On Memorial Day weekend of 2000, electronic music fans from around the globe made a pilgrimage to Hart Plaza on the banks of the Detroit River and experienced the first Detroit Electronic Music Festival. In 2003, the festival management changed the name to Movement, then Fuse-In (2005), and most recently, Movement: Detroit's Electronic Music Festival (2007). The festival is a showcase for DJs and performers across all genres of electronic music, takes course over a period of three days, and is considered to be the best underground electronic music festival in the United States. There are also many events outside of the festival, including the largest afterparties at the Detroit Masonic Temple and another popular party at The Old Miami with a surprise line-up. Inter dimensional Transmissions also throws No Way Back yearly with a heavy rotation of resident/international artist.

Notable Detroit area record labels

 * 430 West Records
 * Detroit Techno Militia
 * Axis Records
 * Fragile
 * Metroplex
 * Minus Records
 * Planet E Communications
 * Plus 8
 * Transmat
 * Submerge
 * Underground Resistance

Other notable Detroit techno styled producers and acts

 * Aril Brikha
 * Surgeon (musician)
 * Fabrice Lig
 * Kelli Hand

title: Detroit techno