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Parliament of Northern Ireland

The Parliament of Northern Ireland was the home rule legislature of Northern Ireland, created under the Government of Ireland Act 1920, which sat from 7 June 1921 to 30 March 1972, when it was suspended because of its inability to restore order during The Troubles, resulting in the introduction of Direct Rule. It was abolished under the Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973.

The Parliament of Northern Ireland was bicameral, consisting of a House of Commons with 52 seats, and an indirectly elected Senate with 26 seats. The Sovereign was represented by the Governor (initially by the Lord Lieutenant), who granted royal assent to Acts of Parliament in Northern Ireland, but executive power rested with the Prime Minister, the leader of the largest party in the House of Commons.

House of Commons
The House of Commons had 52 members, of which 48 were for territorial seats, and four were for graduates of Queen's University, Belfast (until 1969, when the four university seats were replaced by an additional four territorial seats, alongside the abolition of plural voting). The Government of Ireland Act prescribed that elections to the House of Commons should be by single transferable vote (STV), though the Parliament was given the power to alter the electoral system from three years after its first meeting. The STV system was the subject of criticism from grassroots Unionists, but because the three-year period ended during the Labour government of 1924, the Stormont government decided not to provoke the known egalitarian sympathies of many Labour backbenchers and held the second election on the same basis. The loss of eight Unionist seats in that election caused great acrimony, and in 1929, the system was changed to first-past-the-post for all territorial constituencies, though STV was retained for the university seats.

In the 1925 election, however, Republicans also lost four seats and a substantial proportion of votes. Nationalists gained the same number of seats that Republicans had lost, but had only gained a small percentage of votes. It had been felt by some that Northern Ireland should use the same first-past-the-post system that was in place in the rest of the UK.

By the time the first-past-the-post system was implemented for the 1929 election, the Republicans had few or no candidates and pro-separatist electors were represented almost solely by the Nationalist Party. Despite the change in the electoral system and accusations of gerrymandering, the Nationalist Party lost 9.5% share of the vote, but still gained a seat. The more moderate Northern Ireland Labour Party and Ulster Liberal Party both gained in vote share but lost seats.

The boundary changes for 1929 were not made by an impartial boundary commission but by the Unionist government, for which it was accused of gerrymandering. The charges that the Stormont seats (as opposed to local council wards) were gerrymandered against Nationalists is disputed by historians (since the number of Nationalists elected under the two systems barely changed), though it is agreed that losses under the change to single-member constituency boundaries were suffered by independent unionists, the Liberals and the Northern Ireland Labour Party. Population movements were so small that these boundaries were used almost everywhere until the Parliament was dissolved in 1972. In 1968 the government abolished the Queen's University constituency (university constituencies had been abolished at Westminster with effect from 1950) and created four new constituencies in the outskirts of Belfast where populations had grown. This change helped the Unionists, as they held only two of the university seats but won all four of the newly created seats. There had, however, long been calls from outside Unionism to abolish the graduate franchise (and other anomalies) and to have "one person one vote".

Senate
The Senate was a last-minute addition to the Parliament, after the original plans for a single Senate covering both the Stormont and Dublin Parliaments were overtaken by events.

Twenty-four senators were elected by the House of Commons using the single transferable vote. The elections were carried out after each general election, with 12 members elected for two parliaments each time. The other two seats were held ex officio by the Lord Mayor of Belfast and the Mayor of Derry. The Senate generally had the same party balance as the House of Commons, though abstaining parties and very small parties were not represented. Because of this, and its dependence on the House of Commons for election, it had virtually no political impact.

The Crown
The British monarch was originally to have been represented in both Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. However, the replacement of Southern Ireland by the Irish Free State led to the abolition of the post of Lord Lieutenant. Instead, a new office – Governor of Northern Ireland – was created on 12 December 1922.

Location
Initially the Parliament met in Belfast's City Hall but then moved to the Presbyterian Church's Assembly's College (later Union Theological College), where it remained during the period 1921–1932. The Commons met in the college's Gamble Library and the Senate in the chapel. In 1932, Parliament moved to the new purpose-built Parliament Buildings, designed by Sir Arnold Thornely, at Stormont, on the eastern outskirts of the city. "Stormont" came to be a synecdoche referring both to the Parliament itself and to the Northern Ireland government.

Legislation
Stormont was given power to legislate over almost all aspects of Northern Ireland life, with only a few matters excluded from its remit, the most important of which are: succession to the Crown, making of peace or war, armed forces, honours, naturalisation, some central taxes and postal services (a full list is in section 4 of the Government of Ireland Act 1920). The Parliament did not try to infringe the terms of the Government of Ireland Act; on only one occasion did the United Kingdom government advise the King to withhold royal assent. This was the Local Government Act (Northern Ireland) which abolished proportional representation in local government elections; the issue was referred to London and royal assent was eventually given. The output of legislation was high for a devolved Parliament, though some of the Acts were adaptations of recently passed acts by the United Kingdom parliament. It was nominally prohibited by section 16 of the Schedule to the Irish Free State (Agreement) Act 1922 from making any law which directly or indirectly discriminated against a religion, although this provision had little effect.

Brief history
The 1921 general election was explicitly fought on the issue of partition, being in effect a referendum on approval of the concept of a Northern Ireland administration. Thereafter, general election timing was up to the Prime Minister. Elections almost always took place at a time when the issue of partition had been raised in a new crisis. This generally guaranteed the loyalty of Protestant voters to the Unionist Party. Independent Unionist candidates and the Northern Ireland Labour Party were usually accused of being splitters or dupes of the Nationalists.

The 1925 general election was called to tie in with the expected report of the Boundary Commission required by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922. The Boundary Commission was expected to recommend the transfer of many border areas to the Irish Free State, and the Unionist election slogan was "Not an Inch!". They lost eight seats in Belfast and County Antrim, where the issue of the border had far less resonance. Sinn Féin had fought in 1921, but by 1925 was suffering the effects of its split over the Anglo-Irish Treaty. Éamon de Valera's Sinn Féin fought as Republicans but won only two seats. The border was never changed.

A minor row erupted in 1925 when the elections to the Senate took place. Eleven Unionists and one Labour Senator were elected, despite there being a block of three composed of two non-abstaining Nationalists and a dissident Unionist. The latter three had mailed their votes, but due to a public holiday and the practices of the postal service, they arrived an hour after the election. Requests for a recount were denied. (It is doubtful whether the three votes would have been sufficient to elect a Senator under the election system, since they would not have achieved a complete single transferable vote quota alone and the Unionist votes were likely to transfer so heavily to each other that the Nationalist candidate would not reach quota throughout the rounds of counting.) From later in 1925 to 1927, the Nationalist Party members took their seats for the first time.

For the 1929 general election the Unionists replaced the proportional representation system blamed for their bad performance in 1925. The new boundaries set the pattern for politics until Stormont was abolished; the Unionists never fell below 33 seats. In the 1930s, the phrase "A Protestant Parliament for a Protestant People" was a debated term. The 1938 general election was called when the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Neville Chamberlain was negotiating a settlement of outstanding disputes with Éamon de Valera, whose new constitution laid claim to Northern Ireland, and the 1949 election was called when the Irish government declared itself a republic.

During the Second World War, the Stormont government called on Westminster to introduce conscription several times, as this was already the case in Great Britain. The British government consistently refused, remembering how a similar attempt in 1918 had backfired dramatically, as nationalist opposition made it unworkable. Much of the population of serving age were either in essential jobs or had already joined up voluntarily, making the potential yield of conscription low.

1965 saw a significant change, in that the Nationalists accepted office as the Official Opposition. This was intended as a reward for the attempts made by Terence O'Neill to end discrimination against Catholics and normalise relations with the Republic. However, the Unionists split over O'Neill's tentative reforms at the 1969 general election and Ian Paisley's Protestant Unionist Party began to win by-elections. The new nationalist party, the Social Democratic and Labour Party, withdrew from Stormont in July 1971 over the refusal of an inquiry into Royal Ulster Constabulary actions in Derry.

Stormont was abolished and Direct Rule from Westminster was introduced in March 1972, just six weeks after Bloody Sunday, when the Unionist government refused to hand over responsibility for law and order to Westminster. In its 50-year history, only one piece of legislation was passed that was introduced by a Nationalist member, the Wild Birds Protection Act. In October 1971, as the Troubles worsened, Gerard Newe had been appointed as a junior minister at Stormont, in an attempt to improve community relations. Fifty years after it came into existence, Newe was the first Catholic to serve in a Northern Ireland government, but because he was neither an MP nor a Senator, his appointment could last only six months.

The influence of the Orange Order in the governance of Northern Ireland was far-reaching. All of the six prime ministers of Northern Ireland were members of the Order, as were all but three cabinet ministers until 1969. Three of the ministers later left the Order, one because his daughter married a Catholic, one to become Minister of Community Relations in 1970, and the third was expelled for attending a Catholic religious ceremony. Of the 95 Stormont MPs who did not become cabinet ministers, 87 were Orangemen. Every unionist senator, with one exception, between 1921 and 1969 was an Orangeman. One of these senators, James Gyle, was suspended from the Order for seven years for visiting nationalist MP Joe Devlin on his deathbed.

A fully digitised copy of the Commons' debates (187,000 printed pages of Parliamentary Debates) is available online.

Key
• - Anti-Partition of Ireland League

• - Commonwealth Labour Party

• - Fianna Fáil

• - Independent

• - Independent Labour

• - Independent Labour Group

• - Independent Nationalist

• - Independent Unionist

• - Independent Unionist Association

• - Irish Labour Party

• - National Democratic Party

• - Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland)

• - Northern Ireland Labour Party

• - Republican (1923)

• - Republican Labour Party

• - Sinn Féin

• - Socialist Republican Party

• - Ulster Liberal Party

• - Ulster Unionist Party

• - Unbought Tenants Association

title: Parliament of Northern Ireland


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Kuroda Kiyotaka

Count Kuroda Kiyotaka (黒田 清隆), also known as Kuroda Ryōsuke (黒田 了介), was a Japanese statesman and diplomat of the Meiji era who was Prime Minister of Japan from 1888 to 1889. He was also President of the Privy Council, Minister of Communications and Vice Chairman of the Hokkaido Development Commission (Kaitaku-shi). He was one of the initiators of the Treaty of Saint Petersburg in 1875.

As a Satsuma samurai
Kuroda was born to a samurai-class family serving the Shimazu daimyō of Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain, in Kyūshū.

In 1862, Kuroda was involved in the Namamugi incident, in which Satsuma retainers killed a British national who refused to bow down to the daimyo's procession. This led to the Anglo-Satsuma War in 1863, in which Kuroda played an active role. Immediately after the war, he went to Edo where he studied gunnery.

Returning to Satsuma, Kuroda became an active member of the Satsuma-Chōshū joint effort to overthrow the Tokugawa shogunate. Later, as a military leader in the Boshin War, he became famous for sparing the life of Enomoto Takeaki, who had stood against Kuroda's army at the Battle of Hakodate.

Political and diplomatic career

Under the new Meiji government, Kuroda became a pioneer-diplomat to Karafuto, claimed by both Japan and the Russian Empire in 1870. Terrified of Russia's push eastward, Kuroda returned to Tokyo and advocated quick development and settlement of Japan's northern frontier.

In 1871 he traveled to Europe and the United States for five months, and upon returning to Japan in 1872, he was put in charge of colonization efforts in Hokkaidō.

In 1874, Kuroda was named director of the Hokkaidō Colonization Office, and organized a colonist-militia scheme to settle the island with unemployed ex-samurai and retired soldiers who would serve as both farmers and as a local militia. He was also promoted to lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army. Kuroda invited agricultural experts from overseas countries with a similar climate to visit Hokkaidō, and to provide advice on what crops and production methods might be successful.

Kuroda was dispatched as an envoy to Korea in 1875, and negotiated the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876. In 1877, he was sent as part of the force to suppress the Satsuma Rebellion. In 1878, he became de facto leader of Satsuma Domain following the assassination of Ōkubo Toshimichi.

Shortly before he left office in Hokkaidō, Kuroda became the central figure in the Hokkaidō Colonization Office Scandal of 1881. As part of the government's privatization program, Kuroda attempted to sell the assets of the Hokkaidō Colonization Office to a trading consortium created by some of his former Satsuma colleagues for a nominal price. When the terms of the sale were leaked to the press, the resultant public outrage caused the sale to fall through. Also in 1881, Kuroda's wife died of a lung disease, but on rumors that Kuroda had killed her in a drunken rage, the body was exhumed and examined. Kuroda was cleared of charges, but rumors of his problems with alcohol abuse persisted.

In 1887, Kuroda was appointed to the cabinet post of Minister of Agriculture and Commerce.

Prime minister
Kuroda Kiyotaka became the 2nd Prime Minister of Japan, after Itō Hirobumi in 1888. During his term, he oversaw the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution. However, the vexing issue of Japan's inability to secure revision of the unequal treaties created considerable controversy. After drafts of proposed revisions drawn up his foreign minister Ōkuma Shigenobu became public in 1889 but the plan to appoint foreigners as judicial officers to abolish consular jurisdiction met with great opposition, and on 18 October a bombing occurred. In response to this, nearly all cabinet members abandoned amending the treaty, and Kuroda had no choice but to agree. On 25 October, Kuroda was forced to resign. He was succeeded by Sanjō Sanetomi as acting prime minister. Then, on 24 December 1889, Yamagata Aritomo, an army Field Marshal (Gensui) became the next prime minister of Japan.

Later life
Kuroda served as Minister of Communications in 1892 under the 2nd Ito Cabinet. In 1895 he became a genrō, and chairman of the Privy Council.

Kuroda died of a brain hemorrhage in 1900 and Enomoto Takeaki presided over his funeral ceremonies. His grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.

Honours
From the corresponding Japanese Wikipedia article
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun (2 November 1877)
 * Count (7 July 1884)
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers (20 August 1895)
 * Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (25 August 1900; posthumous)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kuroda Kiyotaka


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Mark V. Shaney

Mark V. Shaney is a synthetic Usenet user whose postings in the net.singles newsgroups were generated by Markov chain techniques, based on text from other postings. The username is a play on the words "Markov chain". Many readers were fooled into thinking that the quirky, sometimes uncannily topical posts were written by a real person.

The system was designed by Rob Pike with coding by Bruce Ellis. Don P. Mitchell wrote the Markov chain code, initially demonstrating it to Pike and Ellis using the Tao Te Ching as a basis. They chose to apply it to the net.singles  group.

Examples
A classic example, from 1984, originally sent as a mail message, later posted to net.singles is reproduced here:

>From mvs Fri Nov 16 17:11 EST 1984 remote from alice

It looks like Reagan is going to say? Ummm... Oh yes, I was looking for. I'm so glad I remembered it. Yeah, what I have wondered if I had committed a crime. Don't eat with your assessment of Reagon and Mondale. Up your nose with a guy from a firm that specifically researches the teen-age market. As a friend of mine would say, "It really doesn't matter"... It looks like Reagan is holding back the arms of the American eating public have changed dramatically, and it got pretty boring after about 300 games.

People, having a much larger number of varieties, and are very different from what one can find in Chinatowns across the country (things like pork buns, steamed dumplings, etc.) They can be cheap, being sold for around 30 to 75 cents apiece (depending on size), are generally not greasy, can be adequately explained by stupidity. Singles have felt insecure since we came down from the Conservative world at large. But Chuqui is the way it happened and the prices are VERY reasonable.

Can anyone think of myself as a third sex. Yes, I am expected to have. People often get used to me knowing these things and then a cover is placed over all of them. Along the side of the $ are spent by (or at least for ) the girls. You can't settle the issue. It seems I've forgotten what it is, but I don't. I know about violence against women, and I really doubt they will ever join together into a large number of jokes. It showed Adam, just after being created. He has a modem and an autodial routine. He calls my number 1440 times a day. So I will conclude by saying that I can well understand that she might soon have the time, it makes sense, again, to get the gist of my argument, I was in that (though it's a Republican administration).

_-_-_-_-Mark

Other quotations from Mark's Usenet posts are:

 * "I spent an interesting evening recently with a grain of salt." (Alternatively reported as "While at a conference a few weeks back, I spent an interesting evening with a grain of salt." )
 * "I hope that there are sour apples in every bushel."

History
In The Usenet Handbook Mark Harrison writes that after September 1981, students joined Usenet en masse, "creating the USENET we know today: endless dumb questions, endless idiots posing as savants, and (of course) endless victims for practical jokes." In December, Rob Pike created the  group net.suicide as prank, "a forum for bad jokes". Some users thought it was a legitimate forum, some discussed "riding motorcycles without helmets". At first, most posters were "real people", but soon "characters" began posting. Pike created a "vicious" character named Bimmler. At its peak, net.suicide had ten frequent posters; nine were "known to be characters." But ultimately, Pike deleted the newsgroup because it was too much work to maintain; Bimmler messages were created "by hand". The "obvious alternative" was software, running on a Bell Labs computer created by Bruce Ellis, based on the Markov code by Don Mitchell, which became the online character Mark V. Shaney.

Kernighan and Pike listed Mark V. Shaney in the acknowledgements in The Practice of Programming, noting its roots in Mitchell's, which, adapted as  , was used for "humorous deconstructionist activities" in the 1980s.

Dewdney pointed out "perhaps Mark V. Shaney's magnum opus: a 20-page commentary on the deconstructionist philosophy of Jean Baudrillard" directed by Pike, with assistance from Henry S. Baird and Catherine Richards, to be distributed by email. The piece was based on Jean Baudrillard's "The Precession of Simulacra", published in Simulacra and Simulation (1981).

Reception
The program was discussed by A. K. Dewdney in the Scientific American "Computer Recreations" column in 1989, by Penn Jillette in his PC Computing column in 1991, and in several books, including the Usenet Handbook, Bots: the Origin of New Species, Hippo Eats Dwarf: A Field Guide to Hoaxes and Other B.S., and non-computer-related journals such as Texas Studies in Literature and Language.

Dewdney wrote about the program's output, "The overall impression is not unlike what remains in the brain of an inattentive student after a late-night study session. Indeed, after reading the output of Mark V. Shaney, I find ordinary writing almost equally strange and incomprehensible!" He noted the reactions of newsgroup users, who have "shuddered at Mark V. Shaney's reflections, some with rage and others with laughter:"

The opinions of the new net.singles correspondent drew mixed reviews. Serious users of the bulletin board's services sensed satire. Outraged, they urged that someone "pull the plug" on Mark V. Shaney's monstrous rantings. Others inquired almost admiringly whether the program was a secret artificial intelligence project that was being tested in a human conversational environment. A few may even have thought that Mark V. Shaney was a real person, a tortured schizophrenic desperately seeking a like-minded companion.

Concluding, Dewdney wrote, "If the purpose of computer prose is to fool people into thinking that it was written by a sane person, Mark V. Shaney probably falls short."

A 2012 article in Observer compared Mark V. Shaney's "strangely beautiful" postings to the Horse_ebooks account on Twitter and music reviews at Pitchfork, saying that "this mash-up of gibberish and human sentiment" is what "made Mark V. Shaney so endlessly fascinating".

title: Mark V. Shaney


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Microsoft Messenger service

Messenger (formerly MSN Messenger Service, .NET Messenger Service and Windows Live Messenger Service) was an instant messaging and presence system developed by Microsoft in 1999 for use with its MSN Messenger software. It was used by instant messaging clients including Windows 8, Windows Live Messenger, Microsoft Messenger for Mac, Outlook.com and Xbox Live. Third-party clients also connected to the service. It communicated using the Microsoft Notification Protocol, a proprietary instant messaging protocol. The service allowed anyone with a Microsoft account to sign in and communicate in real time with other people who were signed in as well.

On January 11, 2013, Microsoft announced that they were retiring the existing Messenger service globally (except for mainland China where Messenger will continue to be available) and replacing it with Skype. In April 2013, Microsoft merged the service into Skype network; existing users were able to sign into Skype with their existing accounts and access their contact list. As part of the merger, Skype instant messaging functionality is now running on the backbone of the former Messenger service.

Background
Despite multiple name changes to the service and its client software over the years, the Messenger service is often referred to colloquially as "MSN", due to the history of MSN Messenger. The service itself was known as MSN Messenger Service from 1999 to 2001, at which time, Microsoft changed its name to .NET Messenger Service and began offering clients that no longer carried the "MSN" name, such as the Windows Messenger client included with Windows XP, which was originally intended to be a streamlined version of MSN Messenger, free of advertisements and integrated into Windows.

Nevertheless, the company continued to offer more upgrades to MSN Messenger until the end of 2005, when all previous versions of MSN Messenger and Windows Messenger were superseded by a new program, Windows Live Messenger, as part of Microsoft's launch of its Windows Live online services.

For several years, the official name for the service remained .NET Messenger Service, as indicated on its official network status web page, though Microsoft rarely used the name to promote the service. Because the main client used to access the service became known as Windows Live Messenger, Microsoft started referring to the entire service as the Windows Live Messenger Service in its support documentation in the mid-2000s.

The service can integrate with the Windows operating system, automatically and simultaneously signing into the network as the user logs into their Windows account. Organizations can also integrate their Microsoft Office Communications Server and Active Directory with the service. In December 2011, Microsoft released an XMPP interface to the Messenger service.

As part of a larger effort to rebrand many of its Windows Live services, Microsoft began referring to the service as simply Messenger in 2012.

Official clients
Microsoft offered the following instant messaging clients that connected to the Messenger service:
 * Windows Live Messenger, for users of Windows 7 and previous versions
 * MSN Messenger was the former name of the client from 1999 to 2006
 * Windows Messenger is a scaled-down client that was included with Windows XP in 2001
 * Microsoft Messenger for Mac, for users of Mac OS X
 * Outlook.com includes web browser-based functionality for instant messaging
 * Hotmail, the predecessor to Outlook.com, includes similar functionality for Messenger
 * Windows Live Web Messenger was a web-based program for use through Internet Explorer
 * MSN Web Messenger was the former name of the web-based client
 * Windows 8, includes a built-in Messaging client
 * Xbox Live includes access to the Messenger service from within the Xbox Dashboard
 * MSN TV (formerly WebTV) had a built-in messaging client available on the original WebTV/MSN TV and MSN TV 2 devices, which was originally introduced via a Summer 2000 software update
 * Messenger on Windows Phone includes access to the Messenger service from within a phone running Windows Phone
 * Windows Live Messenger for iPhone and iPod Touch includes access to the Messenger service from within an iPhone, iPod Touch or iPad
 * Windows Live Messenger for Nokia includes access to the Messenger service from within a Nokia phone
 * Messenger Play! includes access to the Messenger service from within an Android phone or tablet
 * Windows Live Messenger for BlackBerry includes access to the Messenger service from within a BlackBerry

Criticism
Microsoft Messenger has been criticized for the use of the Microsoft Notification Protocol, which does not provide any encryption. This makes wiretapping personal conversations in Messenger possible if someone intercepts the communication, which is easy in unencrypted public Wi-Fi networks.

title: Microsoft Messenger service


text:
Indecent exposure

Indecent exposure is the deliberate public exposure by a person of a portion of their body in a manner contrary to local standards of appropriate behavior. Laws and social attitudes regarding indecent exposure vary significantly in different countries. It ranges from outright prohibition of the exposure of any body parts other than the hands or face to prohibition of exposure of certain body parts, such as the genital area, buttocks or breasts.

Decency is generally judged by the standards of the local community, which are seldom codified in specifics in law. Such standards may be based on religion, morality or tradition, or justified on the basis of "necessary to public order". Non-sexual exhibitionism or public nudity is sometimes considered indecent exposure. If sexual acts are performed, with or without an element of nudity, this can be considered gross indecency in some jurisdictions, which is usually a more serious criminal offence. In some countries, exposure of the body in breach of community standards of modesty is also considered to be public indecency.

The legal and community standards of what states of undress constitute indecent exposure vary considerably and depend on the context in which the exposure takes place. These standards have also varied over time, making the definition of indecent exposure a complex topic.

History
What is an inappropriate state of dress in a particular context depends on the standards of decency of the community where an exposure takes place. These standards vary from time to time and can vary from the very strict standards of modesty in places such as Afghanistan and Saudi Arabia, which require most of the body to be covered, to tribal societies such as the Pirahã or Mursi where full nakedness is the norm. There is generally no implication that the state of dress objected to is of a sexual nature; and if such an allegation were to be made, the act would generally be described as "gross indecency".

The standards of decency have varied over time. During the Victorian era, for example, exposure of a woman's legs, and to some extent the arms, was considered indecent in much of the Western world. Hair was sometimes required to be covered in formal occasions as in the form of a hat or bonnet. As late as the 1930s – and to some extent, the 1950s – both women and men were expected to bathe or swim in public places wearing bathing suits that covered above the waist. An adult woman exposing her navel was also considered indecent in parts of the West into the 1960s and 1970s, and even as late as the 1980s. Moral values changed drastically during the 1990s and 2000s, which in turn changed the criteria for indecent exposure. Public exposure of the navel has been accepted during the 1990s, while in the 2000s, exposure of the buttocks while wearing a thong at a beach became acceptable. Female toplessness, however, has become more taboo in recent decades; for many years it was quite common for women to go topless at public beaches throughout Europe and South America and even some parts of the United States.

Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding in public does not constitute indecent exposure under the laws of the United States, Canada, Australia, or Great Britain. In the United States, the federal government and all 50 states have enacted laws specifically protecting nursing mothers from harassment by others. Legislation ranges from simply exempting breastfeeding from laws regarding indecent exposure, to outright full protection of the right to nurse.

Public clothing
Public clothing varies by country and may be regulated by law. What parts of the body must be covered varies by region. Although genitals are usually expected to be covered in public in almost all societies, when it comes to other parts of the body such as female breasts, midriff, legs or shoulders, norms vary. For example, in some African cultures, it is the thighs, not the breasts, that must be covered. In some societies, the head hair, especially female, must be covered, usually with a scarf. The vast majority of cultures accept that the face can and must be seen, but some cultures (especially in the Middle East) require that a woman's face be covered under a burqa. In conservative societies, appearing in a public place in clothing that is deemed 'indecent' is illegal. In many countries there are exceptions to the general rules (social or legal) regarding clothing. For instance, a country that generally prohibits full nudity may allow it in designated places, such as nude beaches, or during various social events such as festivals or nude protests.

Outraging public decency
Outraging public decency is a common law offence in England and Wales. It is a broader offence than indecent exposure, but can only be committed in a public place where at least two people are present, who need not actually witness it.

Namibia
Namibian authorities announced that foreign tourists who were nude while visiting the Namib-Naukluft National Park would be banned from all national parks.

Saudi Arabia
Women in Saudi Arabia were required to wear robes and a headscarf when in public, although Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has said that it is not required. In September 2019, Saudi Arabia issued the public decency law identifying the rules related to the public decency that citizens and tourists should follow in compliance with Saudi law.

Europe
Attitudes towards nudity vary by country and are generally most relaxed in Scandinavia, where genitals and breasts are not normally considered indecent or obscene. Hence, laws and societal views on public nudity are generally relaxed. In Finland, it is very typical for patrons to bathe nude in the intense heat of saunas.

In the Netherlands, public nudity is allowed at sites that have been assigned by the local authorities and "other suitable places". On nudist beaches, in unisex saunas and in swimming pool changing rooms, remaining partially clothed is frowned upon and the social norm is to undress.

In Barcelona, public nudity was a recognised right. However, on 30 April 2011, the Barcelona City Council voted a by-law forbidding walking "naked or nearly naked in public spaces" and limiting the wearing of bathing costumes to pools, beaches, adjacent streets and sea-side walks.

Other countries, such as the UK, Ireland or Poland, are more conservative.

United Kingdom
Legislation concerning public nudity varies among the countries of the United Kingdom. In England and Wales, public nudity is not in itself illegal; the use of the term "indecent exposure" dates back to earlier criminal law. There are concerns the police do not take indecent exposure sufficiently seriously.

England and Wales
During the 19th and 20th centuries, indecent exposure was prosecuted under section 28 of the Town Police Clauses Act 1847 or section 4 of the Vagrancy Act 1824. The latter contained a provision for the prosecution of: "every person wilfully openly, lewdly, and obscenely exposing his person in any street, road, or public highway, or in the view thereof, or in any place of public resort, with intent to insult any female ..."

This provision, and the nudity provision of the 1824 Vagrancy Act, were repealed by Schedule 7, s.140 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003. They were replaced by an offence that is both gender neutral, and more specific and explicit, 66 Exposure. It is defined as

"A person commits an offence if—
 * 1) he intentionally exposes his genitals, and
 * 2) he intends that someone will see them and be caused alarm or distress."

The maximum penalty is two years' imprisonment, very rare as most cases are dealt with by a fine or through community service. If sentenced to a term of imprisonment or a community order in excess of 12 months such convicts (offenders) – or if the person they exposed themselves to was aged under 18 years old – they must appear on and sign the Violent and Sex Offender Register.

In the past public nudity in England and Wales could also be punished as "disorderly behaviour" under the Public Order Act 1986, sections 4A and 5. However, the law was clarified in the spring of 2018 and those sections are no longer considered to apply to simple public nudity. Guidance from the Crown Prosecution Service and the College of Policing does not recommend prosecution for public nudity if there is no implied intent to cause alarm (or distress). Intention can be inferred by circumstantial evidence; see Intention in English law.

Scotland
Under Scots law, "indecent conduct" in a public place, such as exposing the genitals or engaging in sexual activity, can constitute the common law offence of public indecency. Stephen Gough, a man known as the "Naked Rambler" who hiked across Britain wearing only shoes, was arrested numerous times in Scotland. He was convicted of the common law offence of breach of the peace and spent time in prison for contempt of court for refusing to wear clothes whilst in court.

Northern Ireland
The Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008 brought the legislation regarding indecent exposure in Northern Ireland into line with that in England and Wales.

Canada
In Canada, s.173 of the Criminal Code prohibits "indecent acts". There is no statutory definition in the Code of what constitutes an indecent act, other than the exposure of the genitals and/or female nipples for a sexual purpose to anyone under 16 years of age. Thus, the decision of what states of undress are "indecent", and thereby unlawful, is left to judges. Judges have held, for example, that nude sunbathing is not indecent. Also, streaking is similarly not regarded as indecent. Section 174 prohibits nudity if it offends "against public decency or order" and in view of the public. The courts have found that nude swimming is not offensive under this definition.

Toplessness is also not an indecent act under s.173. In 1991, Gwen Jacob was arrested for walking in a street in Guelph, Ontario, while topless. She was acquitted in 1996 by the Ontario Court of Appeal on the basis that the act of being topless is not in itself a sexual act or indecent. The case has been referred to in subsequent cases for the proposition that the mere act of public nudity is not sexual or indecent or an offense. Since then, it is legal for a female to walk topless in public anywhere in Ontario, Canada.

United States
The laws governing indecent exposure in the United States vary according to location. In most states, public nudity is illegal. However, in some states, it is only illegal if it is accompanied by an intent to shock, arouse, or offend other persons. Some states permit local governments to set local standards. Most states exempt breastfeeding mothers from prosecution.

The phenomenon widely known as flashing, involving a woman exposing bare nipples by suddenly pulling up her shirt and bra, is public exposure and is therefore defined by statute in many states of the United States as prohibited criminal behavior.

Australia
In Australia, it is a summary or criminal offence in some States and Territories to expose one's genitals (also referred to as "his or her person") in a public place or in view of a public place. In some jurisdictions, exposure of the genitals alone does not constitute an offence unless accompanied by an indecent act, indecent behaviour, grossly indecent behaviour, obscenity, intention to cause offence, or deliberate intention. The applicable law is different in each jurisdiction and in several jurisdictions the offence of indecent exposure does not apply.

Penalties vary between jurisdictions and are summarised below. Specific state Acts, are as follows:
 * Australian Capital Territory – Crimes Act 1900, section 393 – 'indecent exposure' – penalty 12 months. Under the Nudity Act 1976, the responsible minister may declare a public area where public nudity is permitted.
 * New South Wales – Summary Offences Act 1988, section 5 – 'wilful and obscene exposure' – penalty six months.
 * Northern Territory – Summary Offences Act, section 50 – 'indecent exposure' – penalty 6 months.
 * South Australia – Summary Offences Act 1953, section 23 – 'Indecent behaviour and gross indecency' – penalty three months and six months respectively.
 * Queensland – Summary Offences Act 2005 No. 4, section 9 – 'wilful exposure' – penalty 12 months.
 * Tasmania – Police Offences Act 1935, section 21 – 'Prohibited behaviour' – penalty 12 months. Police Offences Act 1935, section 14 – 'Public decency' – one penalty unit.
 * Victoria – Summary Offences Act 1966, section 19 – 'wilful and obscene exposure' – penalty two years. Under the Nudity (Prescribed Areas) Act 1983 the responsible minister may declare a public area where public nudity is permitted.
 * Western Australia – Criminal Code, section 203 – 'Indecent acts in public' – criminal penalty two years. Summary conviction penalty: 9 months and fine of $9,000.

Definition of person
The laws of New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory use the term "person", while in the other States the exposure refers to the genital area. It has been noted that a term such as "exposing one's person" relates back to the United Kingdom Vagrancy Act 1824 and Evans v Ewels (1972) where it was said that the word "person" was a genteel synonym for "penis" or "vulva". However, it has been suggested that the word "person" in s5 of the (NSW) Summary Offences Act is not limited to "penis" or "vulva". For example, in R v Eyles (1997) the offender was seen masturbating in his front garden and charged with obscene exposure under the NSW Act. The judge noted, obiter dicta, that

"In the case of both males and females, the parts of the body which are capable of being employed for the purpose of obscene exposure are limited. The concepts of obscenity and exposure in a practical sense restrict the potential operation of the provision. There is a question as to whether there is any further restriction to be found in the word 'person'. The Crown Advocate has submitted that there may be circumstances in which the exposure of the breasts of a woman is capable of being regarded as obscene, and that it is not difficult to imagine circumstances in which the exposure of a person's buttocks could be obscene."

Fiji
Public nudity is illegal in Fiji.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, indecent exposure is considered to be where a person "intentionally and obscenely exposes any part of his or her genitals". Otherwise there is no specific law prohibiting nudity in public places, although lesser charges may apply depending on the behaviour of the individual in question.

The High Court of New Zealand has upheld a conviction of disorderly conduct for nudity in the street, because it was not a place where nudity was known to occur or commonplace. Being nude in the street is likely to incur a small fine if a complaint is made against the person, or if the person ignores a police request to cover themselves. Being prosecuted for nudity on a public beach, or any place where nudity might be expected, is very unlikely.

title: Indecent exposure


text:
Windows Messenger

Windows Messenger is a discontinued instant messaging client included in Windows XP. Designed for use by both corporate and home users, it was originally created, in 2001, as a streamlined and integrated version of MSN Messenger. It was upgraded several times when it was made available for Windows 2000 and Windows Server 2003. Since then, its development stopped. It was superseded by Windows Live Messenger and Microsoft Lync.

Overview
Windows Messenger was introduced in Windows XP on October 22, 2001. It is enabled by default. Its features include instant messaging, presence awareness, support for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), file transfer, application sharing and whiteboarding. Later versions added "ink" support and integration with Microsoft Lync Server (formerly Microsoft Office Communications Server). Windows Messenger's user interface is devoid of the clutter seen in Windows Live Messenger. Winks, nudges, and custom emoticons are unavailable, and the main user interface more closely resembles the standard Windows XP Luna style.

Windows Messenger integrates with Microsoft Exchange Server, Microsoft Outlook, Outlook Express, Remote Assistance and Windows Media Center in Windows XP. Windows Messenger can communicate with the Exchange Server 2000's Instant Messaging Service and Microsoft Messenger Service. Interoperability with third-party software is exposed through a COM API called the Real Time Communications (RTC) Client API.

Development of Windows Messenger was halted after version 5.1 in favor of Windows Live Messenger and Microsoft Lync.

title: Windows Messenger


text:
User:StephanWehner

See my homepage

title: User:StephanWehner


text:
Talk:Hayao Miyazaki

Roger Ebert praise
I've changed this part of the lead section around some. I removed a statement using blogs as sources that Miyazaki is one of the most influential filmmakers. I did this because I feel it's an opinion. It's not a direct quote or stated by someone other than on the provided sources of blogs. I changed "American Famed critic Roger Ebert" to "American critic Roger Ebert" (not verbatim) because I feel it's redundant, and Roger Ebert's prominence as a critic is not really important to the article, especially in the lead section. I think the Roger Ebert line should probably be moved out of the lead section, or at least higher up so that the lead section is in chronological order (Ebert's review was from 2002, yet it's below many things later than 2010, including his recent honorary oscar award) --Padenton (talk) 21:54, 23 February 2015 (UTC)

 * I understand why this was done, but it seems to me the source cited doesn't say what the article claims it does. Ebert himself doesn't suggest that Miyazaki may be the best... he says "other animators" say that.  He talks Miyazaki up quite a bit in the article, but he never actually suggests what the article claims he suggests.  73.175.184.175 (talk) 07:35, 10 December 2019 (UTC)

 * I've gone ahead and made the change to reflect what the cited article actually says. 73.175.184.175 (talk) 17:54, 12 March 2020 (UTC)

Excess external links
I have removed some external links as they were tagged for there being too many. The ones I removed included 2 interviews that might be useful to source:

- Knowledgekid87 (talk) 02:16, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

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Part in Only Yesterday and Pom Poko.
In the filmography Miyazaki is currently labeled as having produced Only Yesterday and Pom Poko. According to other articles Toshio Suzuki produced both films. According to some other websites Miyazaki served as executive producer and was involved in planning. I do not know if it is correct to label Miyazaki as a producer of those films unless a separate column for executive producer is included in filmography table. Tk420 (talk) 12:46, 10 March 2016 (UTC)

 * Following the split of Works of Hayao Miyazaki from this article this discussion will be continued in Talk:Works of Hayao MiyazakiTk420 (talk) 13:05, 26 September 2016 (UTC)

No list of works?
I would think someone of Miyazaki's stature would rate a List of creative works by Hayao Miyazaki... --216.38.130.90 (talk) 00:33, 25 October 2017 (UTC)
 * Works of Hayao Miyazaki. – Rhain  ☔ 00:37, 25 October 2017 (UTC)

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No mention to Mononoke Princess?
I found very strange not seeing anything about what was the "highest-grossing film in Japan of 1997, and also held Japan's box office record for its homemade films until 2001's Spirited Away" — Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.137.14.136 (talk) 09:18, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Princess Mononoke is very prominent throughout the article, particularly the "Global emergence" section. – Rhain  ☔ 04:36, 23 February 2018 (UTC)

"heavily criticized his parenting abilities"
I'm not sure about your rewrite. The new source actually implies Miyazaki the Younger's comment was in retaliation for Miyazaki the Elder's criticizing his ability as a filmmaker, which again seems like a misinterpretation of the blog entry in question. The original Japanese blog has the "zero points" bit as a subordinate (possibly hypothetical) clause and emphasizes his filmmaking prowess more than criticizes him, and the translation de Wit quotes is even worse than the nausicaa.net one. We know he's also getting his information from the blog because he quotes it, but we can tell that his interpretation is debatable because the translation he uses ignores the grammar of the original (again, even more than the nausicaa.net one). Hijiri 88 ( 聖やや ) 00:51, 17 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comment. I agree it was poorly worded. I've restored the previous text, but included the direct quote from Gorō as a footnote to hopefully avoid confusion. Let me know your thoughts. – Rhain  ☔ 08:48, 17 March 2018 (UTC)

Links
A link to Ursula K. Le Guin in the "influenced by" section, even though it's linked above, seems appropriate per guideline because it is both quite a distance away from the first link and appears in a section which may be of interest to readers or researchers only interested in Miyazaki's influences. (A personal memory, if may indulge, I invited Le Guin to sit in on an ongoing drum circle as she passed by at a sci fi convention, which she did, and told us it was only her second time drumming in a drum circle) Randy Kryn (talk) 12:38, 1 June 2018 (UTC)
 * WP:REPEATLINK states that links should only be repeated in infobox, tables, captions, etc.—the "influences" section does not apply to any of those. – Rhain  ☔ 00:25, 2 June 2018 (UTC)

Non-RS BLP citing
The biography at http://www.nausicaa.net/miyazaki/miyazaki/miyazaki_biography.txt, part of Nausicaa.net, is nothing more than a self-published fan site compiling forum comments from the Hayao Miyazaki Discussion Group. WP:RS says flat-out that Internet forums are disallowed as reference citations. All claims cited to Nausicaa.net must be cited to an RS source, per policy for biographies of living people.

I've added an RS cite for birth date. Before I start removing these BLP-vio citations, I would ask for regular editors of this page to help swap out these Nausicaa-biography cites for proper ones.

I understand that the overall Nausicaa.net appears to be an acceptable wiki, like INDUCKS. But a biography generated from forum comments is not. And since presumably anything in there can be cited to a reliable journalistic / academic / reference source swapping it out should not be an issue.--Tenebrae (talk) 22:56, 10 September 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing this out, . I'm not sure if I'd technically consider Nausicaa.net an Internet forum, but it *is* a self-published source and thus cannot be used to cite information about living people. I've swapped out all uses of the biography article from the site; I've kept other uses of the site in references, since it's used to cite non-biographical information (usually as a copy/translation of a reliable offline source). Let me know if you have any more concerns. – Rhain  ☔ 10:45, 11 September 2019 (UTC)

 * That was so kind and collegial of you, Rhain ! Sometimes working on Wiikipedia can be an anxiety-producing experience. But it's thoughtful and so highly proficient editors editors as yourself that remind me that we're colleagues working together. Many thanks. --Tenebrae (talk) 14:45, 11 September 2019 (UTC)

Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
Was surprised reading this to see no mention of miyazaki's fascination (perhaps bordering on obsession) with the pilot and author antoine de saint-exupery. in the 1990s there was a documentary film made in which miyazaki retraces the flight route saint-exupery would've made delivering mail, and miyazaki talks at length about how saint-exupery influenced him (especially the memoir 'wind, sand and stars'). i think it would make a good addition to the 'influences' section, but i'm too lazy to add it and properly source it myself :) 101.98.134.21 (talk) 10:57, 20 December 2019 (UTC)

Infobox image
I propose changing the infobox image to File:Hayao Miyazaki cropped 3 Hayao Miyazaki 201211.jpg, because it is more recent (2012 in comparison to 2008), its angle is better (no rotation), and more importantly it is portrait. Any ideas? Pahlevun (talk) 17:04, 3 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Great idea; I've . I think the 2008 image is still good, so I've moved it over to the accolades article (which fits as it was taken at a film festival). – Rhain  ☔ 02:45, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

"Final films"
We have a section called "Final films" that ends in 2013, but Miyazaki started up a new feature-length film project in 2016, which he's currently still working on. . Surely this means that any "final films" section should extend into the present day. Sonicsuns (talk) 05:46, 23 November 2020 (UTC)
 * I've merged "Final films" and "Focus on short films and manga", partly to solve this issue but also because both sections were incredibly short. – Rhain  ☔ 23:04, 23 November 2020 (UTC)

Changed information on Miyazaki and Takahata "meeting" with Astrid Lingren
Change in "Early career":

According to the Astrid Lingren website, https://www.astridlindgren.com/en/frequently-asked-questions, Miyazaki and Takahata did NOT meet with Astrid Lingren, as "she could not see them" because "Beta Film, who were acting as intermediaries, had not arranged things better ahead of their arrival".

The original version stated that all three met.

Sorry if my edit was sloppy, hopefully someone can make a better job. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.180.19.100 (talk) 06:19, 11 July 2021 (UTC)
 * I've made some edits to the phrasing and citation for consistency. Thank you for your contribution to make Wikipedia a better place. – Rhain  ☔ 23:42, 11 July 2021 (UTC)

Date format
Looking through this article's history, it used MDY dates almost exclusively from its creation until July 2020, when it was changed to DMY without explanation. Since Miyazaki is Japanese, he doesn't have any strong national ties to an English-speaking nation, thus the original format should be preserved per WP:DATERET. I would bold revert it back but I wanted to post a message here to see if there is an explanation for this change before I do. Link20XX (talk) 20:06, 19 December 2021 (UTC)
 * You're right, it appears to have been through a script by . I'm certainly not opposed to a revert to MDY dates per WP:DATERET. –  Rhain  ☔ 23:48, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

Is Miyazaki critizing "modern" anime?
The views section states " modern anime is "produced by humans who can't stand looking at other humans ... that's why the industry is full of otaku!"". In the source interview Miyazaki has not mentioned "modern anime" specifically, so I believe that this is the editor's bias.

If you read Miyazaki's book Starting Point which is a collection of essays 1979 to 1996, the inability of animators to depict realism is a common refrain of Miyazaki even back then. For example from his essay "Nostalgia for a lost world":

''Quite a few of today’s younger animators plunged directly into this line of work because they were fans. But if I were to ask them to draw a picture of what they think a chaika (a flying boat in Future Boy Conan) would look like in flight, they would only be able to imagine what they had previously seen on past TV anime shows. And I wouldn’t be able to use their work as a result. To draw a chaika flying in a truly original fashion, you would need to have read at least one book on the history of flying, and then be able to use your imagination to augment what you have read.''

''At the core, there must be a sense of realism … In Japan today, animated TV shows filled with all kinds of fancy robotlike, mechanical creations are all the rage. I have certainly drawn lots of mecha, or mechanical things, myself. But the general theme of currently popular shows seems to be that the protagonist jumps in a giant machine he couldn’t possibly have created on his own, battles the enemy in it, and then boasts about winning. I frankly hate these kinds of shows. I don’t care what types of robots are featured. For me, in a truly successful mecha show the protagonist should struggle to build his own machine, he should fix it when it breaks down, and he should have to operate it himself.''

So Miyazaki has been criticizing the lack of realism since the 80s at the very least and I think the "modern" adjective should be removed. YellowSodium (talk) 15:18, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

 * Current:
 * Miyazaki has often criticized the state of the animation industry, stating that animators are unrealistic when creating people. He is particularly critical of Japanese animation, saying that modern anime is "produced by humans who can't stand looking at other humans ... that's why the industry is full of otaku!"
 * Proposed change:
 * Miyazaki has often criticized the state of the animation industry, stating that animators are unable to make their work realistic.[Miyazaki 1996] He is particularly critical of Japanese animation, saying that anime is "produced by humans who can't stand looking at other humans ... that's why the industry is full of otaku!" YellowSodium (talk) 15:32, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

Personal life
I'd like to make a few suggestions for the "Personal life" section. Firstly, it primarily describes Miyazaki's relationship with Goro and says very little about other aspects of his life. For instance, his relationship with his wife, Akemi, could be expanded and include more information about her, since she doesn't have her own article in English yet. In addition to being colleagues at Toei, she served as the president of his private office, Nibariki, and they've co-authored a book together. I'll include a few sources below.

Secondly, it only covers his relationship with Goro up until 2006, when Earthsea came out. That's nearly 18 years ago. Besides, it focuses on the negative aspects of their relationship, which could be stigmatizing for both of them. They've worked together after Earthsea and seem to be on good terms nowadays. Goro has a successful career and has achieved many things, both with the help of his father and despite his criticisms.

Sources about Akemi:

1) Anime she worked on

https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/people.php?id=3309 http://www.yk.rim.or.jp/~rst/rabo/filmo/Slist1.html http://www.yk.rim.or.jp/~rst/rabo/filmo/Slist2.html http://www.yk.rim.or.jp/~rst/rabo/filmo/Slist4.html

There's a page for Akemi's filmography on Anime News Network, but I was told it's user-generated, so it might not be a reliable source. The other links are from the Takahata Isao Miyazaki Hayao Sakuhin Kenkyujo (Institute of Isao Takahata and Hayao Miyazaki Films), which is maintained by Seiji Kano, a film researcher and university lecturer. The main issue with this source is that the staff credits only include the names of staff members and not their roles. Some of the works in the ANN list are missing there too.

2) Nibariki presidency

https://ghiblicon.blogspot.com/2010/06/look-at-miyazakis-pig-house-nibariki.html https://www.asahi-net.or.jp/~hn7y-mur/mononoke/monotopic.htm

3) Books she wrote and illustrated

- Totoro no Umareta Tokoro (Where Totoro Was Born) with Hayao Miyazaki https://www.ghibli.jp/info/012865/ https://www.iwanami.co.jp/totoro/

- Goro to Keisuke - Okaa-san no Ikuji Enikki (Goro and Keisuke: Mom's Childcare Illustrated Diary) http://www.yk.rim.or.jp/~rst/rabo/filmo/bunken.html https://ghibli.jpn.org/books/goro-keisuke/

4) Her dedicated Japanese article with more information and sources

https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%94%B0%E6%9C%B1%E7%BE%8E 191.54.172.43 (talk) 23:47, 12 March 2024 (UTC)

Can someone fix my Del Toro 2024 cite?
This cite system is Greek to me. I have the info down, but not the system. Thanks to all.

Have a good one! ReddlSKye (talk) 00:10, 23 April 2024 (UTC)
 * ✅. Looks like it was just the incorrect year in the full ref (2023 instead of 2024). Thanks for adding the info! – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 00:37, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

About the unreliable sources tag
Dani Cavallaro's publications have been designated as generally unreliable sources in this discussion at the reliable sources noticeboard. Citations to her work can be replaced with more high-quality ones or removed, and the tag can be taken off once complete. — TechnoSquirrel69 ( sigh ) 19:59, 6 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I suppose this was probably inevitable. Thanks for your work in tagging relevant articles and notifying talk pages. I've gone through and replaced all refs here; I'll try to do more at other pages when I can. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 02:09, 7 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Rhain. Yeah, there were some serious issues brought up with her work, and the only way of reconciling that with our guidelines was to get rid of all citations to her bibliography. I'd greatly appreciate your help with tagging and cleaning up the many articles on this list that need the same treatment. — TechnoSquirrel69 ( sigh ) 02:17, 7 June 2024 (UTC)

Hidetaka Miyazaki
You really don't feel like this could cause confusion for people not that familiar with either when searching? ~ Dissident93 (talk) 14:13, 23 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Personally, I don't think so; "Hayao" and "Hidetaka" aren't that similar besides the letter H. There are several other people with the surname Miyazaki too (including one other "H Miyazaki"), and I don't think those are worth clarifying here either. – Rhain  ☔ (he/him) 22:20, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hayao Miyazaki