text:
Talk:Antipsychotic

Overprescription
Overprescription of antipsychotics is evident  in spite of side effects, often ignoring existing guidelines.

Conditions posed as symptoms
There is at least one deliberatly mangled sentence in the section "schizophrenia" Quote "There is mixed evidence to support a significant impact of antipsychotic use on negative symptoms (such as apathy, lack of emotional affect, and lack of interest in social interactions) or on the cognitive symptoms (memory impairments, reduced ability to plan and execute tasks).[20][21]" Problem:Conditions posed as symptoms (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sluggish_schizophrenia#Conditions_posed_as_symptoms ) If someone were so kind to rewrite it to properly reflect the statement it tries to make, rather than have it say the opposite or something inbetween.. DrBoller (talk) I think the keyword here is reasons for "non compliance" DrBoller (talk)

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology Capstone
— Assignment last updated by Denisej 2 (talk) 02:53, 29 September 2022 (UTC)

Double sentence
Under Adverse Effects: "Some atypicals are associated with considerable weight gain, diabetes and the risk of metabolic syndrome." this sentence is used twice. EDIT: This sentence is also used twice: "A rare but potentially lethal condition of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) has been associated with the use of antipsychotics." Shoesoft93 (talk) 17:39, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

 * @Shoesoft93 ✅  Sunil Nevla Fan ✨ 17:44, 7 September 2022 (UTC)

Can I post this sentence
"Through the ability of most antipsychotics to antagonize 5ht2a serotonin pathways enabling a sensitisation of postsynaptic serotonin receptors, mdma exposure can be more intense because it has more excitatory receptors to activate. The same effect can be observed with the d2 antagonizing with normal amphetamine." <- Can I post this sentence? Is it grammatically and orthographically correct? Is the Logic in this sentence good enough for wikipedia?

Thank you for your answers😊 Materie34 (talk) 03:19, 29 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Thank you for checking on this before posting, Materie34. Two important questions for you:
 * It looks like you are trying to explain why the effects of MDMA and amphetamine are increased in people taking antipsychotics. Are increased effects supported by objective data?  If so, then we need a citation.
 * Is the explanation for that observation supported by experimental data? There's nothing wrong with speculating - that's an essential step in scientific progress.  However, if supported by experimental data then I would write it as a data-supported mechanism and we would need a citation.  If not, then it has to be written very differently, with a clear caveat that it is speculation.
 * Verytas (talk) 18:36, 30 April 2023 (UTC)
 * hmm my thought was to combine the fact that postsynaptic receptors desensitize with antipsychotic exposure with the idea that amphetamines use these postsynaptic receptors through their effect. So if these thoughts have an enough valid base, I would post it, or I would create some more sentences to make it clear that this is just a mind game from me, thank you for your answer😊😊 Materie34 (talk) 16:38, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
 * "Through the ability of most antipsychotics to antagonize 5ht2a serotonin pathways enabling a sensitisation of postsynaptic serotonin receptors, mdma exposure can be more intense because it has more excitatory receptors to activate. The same effect can be observed with the d2 antagonizing with normal amphetamine (with this just beeing hypothetical as there is the fact that antipsychotics sensitize receptors, with exact these postsynaptic receptors (5ht2a,d2) beeing flooded by the respective neurotransmitter (serotonine, dopamine). " <- now it has a caveat, that this is speculation+some sources Materie34 (talk) 03:16, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I missed a ")" in the last sentence Materie34 (talk) 05:04, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia tries to apply as little logic or reasoning as possible to editors (see e.g. WP:OR and WP:SYNTH, particularly synth) instead we try to slavishly follow the literature. Of course, things aren't quite so simple, but my normal practice as soon as I have an idea that might be relevant in wikipedia is try to find a paper discussing the idea and then trying to work out how well accepted this is. This can involve a lot of reading for us, but for the reader has the plus side of connecting them to the literature to review everything about the idea and allows learning for the editor. It can be quite fun to work through a topic guessing might be true and then confirming it in the literature (particularly if the idea is a little subversive and hidden in the mainstream literature).
 * Addressing the issue directly with some WP:FORUMy theoretical speculation (to shape our reading of course :D ). I'm not sure how good the evidence for desensitization is, my understanding is that it's a plausible theory and there's some theoretical evidence examining receptors themselves and in terms of break through psychosis, but as with everything related to AP people tend to point at underlying disorders. It's also worth noting that a bunch of APs (the second generation one's) are partial agonists so the effects could just as well be directly due to upregulation of neuratransmitters in some synapses (see things like aripiprazole and compulsive gambling). TAL pedia 11:38, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Good text, very wise🙂 to be honest, I often stimulate myself with amphetamines and reading the hell out of pharmacologic wikipedia sites (I have read every pharmacologic site at least 4-5 times😁😁). Then, sometimes I feel like writing little passages by myself, so my intention is to write good locking little sentences which in the best case fits to the rest of the article 😄 so,yes, sure I am a hopeless Junky 😅, but I never had the intention to do vandalism nor have I any agenda or ideology behind my sentences, its more wanting to proof something to myself creating also nice looking sentences as an amateur just Like the "professional" editors, who have studied this. Also despite loving reading in english, I had to confess to myself through making me aware through other editors that my english expressing skills are sometimes poor, so when I feel the urge to write something I let it proofread at the talk Page😁 Materie34 (talk) 12:07, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * but I didn't mean desensitization I meant sensitization in the first sentence as, so far as I understand is the logical reacton from the brain, I mean, through repetitive antipsychotic exposure the d² receptors are highly occupied and blocked constantly so the brain works against that producing more receptors, so sensitize in this regard. What I did was then combining this with the Idea that amphetamines which increase neurotransmitter release then have more postsynaptic receptors to activate/trigger. Materie34 (talk) 12:20, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Agree with the view of TALpedia, above.
 * Materie34, your idea of combining two established ideas to create a new relationship has a very important place in science - that is exactly how we often create hypotheses, but we then have to test these hypotheses in the lab before we accept them as true. Until the idea has been tested experimentally, it remains only a hypothesis, and if we chose to write about it, we label it "speculation".  It should not go into Wikipedia as if it is known information because testing ideas very often leads to surprises - our deductions turn out to be wrong because something we did not anticipate occurred.
 * I strongly suggest that you don't learn pharmacology from Wikipedia articles. They really are not written very well, they are often not written by genuine experts, and people who have authored textbooks, done research, and taught graduate classes in this field (such as myself) just can't keep them accurate, current, and well-written.  It would be much better to read a proper textbook.  Maybe start with a college-level textbook on physiology and focus on the neurophysiology section.  Then read the general chapters on how receptors work in a graduate-level pharmacology text before going to chapters about receptors for specific drug classes.
 * Verytas (talk) 23:34, 3 May 2023 (UTC)
 * "Through the ability of most antipsychotics to antagonize 5ht2a serotonin pathways enabling a sensitisation of postsynaptic serotonin receptors, mdma exposure can be more intense because it has more excitatory receptors to activate. The same effect can be observed with the d2 antagonizing with normal amphetamine (with this just beeing hypothetical as there is the fact that antipsychotics sensitize receptors, with exact these postsynaptic receptors (5ht2a, d2) beeing flooded by the respective neurotransmitter (serotonine, dopamine) from amphetamine exposure). " <--- can I post this now, with a disclaimer that it is speculation/mindgame from me plus the sources? Materie34 (talk) 21:13, 7 May 2023 (UTC)
 * I think its "OK" enough, I will Post that, If someone are not ok with it, he can revert it I won't commit edit war 🙂🙂 Materie34 (talk) 04:11, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The language in the edit does not make sense, and the first reference is merely a review (a paper that does not actually support your statement with data). For example, "sensitization" of receptors is not a valid term, and reference #4 that you cite never uses that term.  You just do not "sensitize" a receptor.  An organism may be sensitized, a pathway, even a cell may be sensitized, but in pharmacology that is not something that happens to a receptor.
 * Another example, "the exact these postsynaptic receptors" has no meaning in English. Yet another example: what does it mean to "flooded by the respective neurotransmitter (serotonine, dopamine) from amphetamine exposure"?  A receptor can be flooded by a neurotransmitter, but what does that have to do with amphetamine exposure?
 * I can't seem to discourage you from posting edits that make no sense, but I also do not want to engage in an "edit war". Your English is about the same quality as my German or French, but I would not attempt to publish in those languages. So, I will merely ask you to revert your edit.  To someone who has taught this field for decades - in English - at the graduate level, and who has published over a hundred scientific papers - in English - it makes no sense.
 * Verytas (talk) 20:58, 8 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Antipsychotic


text:
Ultimate Play the Game

Ashby Computers and Graphics Limited, trading as Ultimate Play the Game, was a British video game developer and publisher,  founded in 1982, by ex-arcade video game developers Tim and Chris Stamper. Ultimate released a series of successful games for the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, BBC Micro, MSX and Commodore 64 computers from 1983 until 1987. Ultimate are perhaps best remembered for the big-selling titles Jetpac and Sabre Wulf, each of which sold over 300,000 copies in 1983 and 1984 respectively, and their groundbreaking series of isometric arcade adventures using a technique termed Filmation. Knight Lore, the first of the Filmation games, has been retrospectively described in the press as "seminal ... revolutionary" (GamesTM), "one of the most successful and influential games of all time" (X360), and "probably ... the greatest single advance in the history of computer games" (Edge).

By the time of the label's last use in 1988 on a retrospective compilation, Ultimate had evolved into Rare and moved on to developing titles for Nintendo consoles. Rare was purchased by Microsoft in 2002 for US$377 million, a record price for a video game developer, and now develops exclusively for Microsoft platforms such as Xbox and Microsoft Windows. In 2006, Rare revived the "Ultimate Play the Game" name for an Xbox Live Arcade remake of Jetpac named Jetpac Refuelled. In 2015, several Ultimate titles were collected and released as part of the Rare Replay compilation for Xbox One.

Early history and rise
Ultimate Play the Game was founded in the Leicestershire town of Ashby-de-la-Zouch in 1982 by Tim and Chris Stamper, their friend John Lathbury, and Tim's girlfriend (later wife) Carole Ward. Other members of the Stamper family were also involved in the early running and support of the company, which was initially located in a house next to the family-run newsagent. Both Tim and Chris had worked in arcade game development including, according to one report, Konami's Gyruss, and claimed to be "the most experienced arcade video game design team in Britain" until tiring of working for others and leaving to start Ashby Computers and Graphics. This led to ACG's initial trade being in creating arcade conversion kits, before moving into the home computer software market developing games under the Ultimate Play the Game name. Ashby released four arcade games: Blue Print for Bally-Midway, and Grasspin, Dingo and Saturn for Jaleco.

Ultimate's first release was Jetpac in May 1983 for the 16K Spectrum. In a 1983 interview, Tim Stamper said that they deliberately targeted 16K machines as their smaller size meant development time was much shorter, claiming they could produce two 16K games in one month, or one 48K game. Jetpac was a huge commercial success selling more than 300,000 copies providing the fledgling company with a turnover in excess of £1 million.

This was followed by three further 16K releases, Pssst in June, Tranz Am, and Cookie, before Ultimate stepped up to the 48K Spectrum. Jetpac, Pssst, Tranz Am and Cookie were four of only ten games ever to be released on the 16K ROM format for use with the ZX Interface 2. They were also republished on cassette, with distinctive silver inlay cards, by Sinclair Research for inclusion in ZX Spectrum bundles.

Ultimate's first 48K releases were Lunar Jetman – a sequel to Jetpac – and Atic Atac, both of which were released in late 1983. Both games were very well received by the gaming press, CRASH magazine in particular praising what Ultimate had managed to do with the extra memory Lunar Jetman used. In 1984 came Sabre Wulf, the first in the Sabreman series, and the first release at a recommended retail price of £9.95. The price of Ultimate titles had previously been just £5.50, which was typical for Spectrum arcade-style games at the time. This increase was to discourage piracy, with the idea being that if customers paid more for a game they would be less inclined to give away copies. This coincided with the introduction of the distinctive Ultimate "big box" packaging (used with all further Spectrum releases until Gunfright, and with various releases on other platforms), which the company felt might also help justify the price increase and encourage gamers to buy the game rather than copy it. The strategy paid off as Sabre Wulf went on to sell over 350,000 copies on the Spectrum alone. This was followed by the release in late 1984 of the next two instalments in the Sabreman series, Underwurlde quickly followed by Knight Lore. Knight Lore was something of a revolution in the home computer game market, using a forced-perspective isometric viewpoint branded Filmation, the style of which would be extensively copied in other games, notable examples being Batman and Head Over Heels from Ocean Software. In a 1988 interview with CRASH, Tim Stamper claimed that Knight Lore, and some of its Filmation follow-up Alien 8, was actually completed before Sabre Wulf but Ultimate decided that it could have a potentially negative effect on sales of the comparatively primitive Sabre Wulf, so it was postponed until late 1984. More recent research into the code of both games has suggested this may have been an exaggeration as the coding routines found in Knight Lore are far more optimised.

Knight Lore was finished before Sabre Wulf. But we decided the market wasn't ready for it. Because if we released Knight Lore and Alien 8, which was already half-finished, we wouldn't have sold Sabre Wulf ... There was a little bit of careful planning there ... We just had to sit on it because everyone else was so far behind

Ultimate won the Golden Joystick Award for Best Software House in both 1983 and 1984.

Ultimate was criticised somewhat in the gaming media for their repeated use of the Filmation technique in subsequent games Alien 8, Nightshade, Gunfright and Pentagram, though Nightshade and Gunfright used Filmation II, a variation on the engine, resulting in a similar visual style, but significantly different gameplay, with scrolling around a large world and arcade-like play, rather than the room-based puzzles of the earlier Filmation titles.

Decline
With the consistent success of Ultimate's releases there were rumours of a buyout by Ocean, until it was announced in 1985 that the Stamper brothers had sold a minority stake in the company to US Gold, who would continue to release games under the Ultimate label. Later titles such as Martianoids and Bubbler were not seen by the gaming press as being up to Ultimate's previously high standards and sales fell. US Gold released no new Ultimate games after Bubbler in 1987. A final Sabreman game, Mire Mare, was trailed in earlier Sabreman games and was mentioned by Sinclair User as being next up for release, but was quietly dropped during development. In late 1988, Rare bought back the rights sold to US Gold and were reported to be developing games again. Future releases were to have included Solar Jetman, which would eventually appear only on the Nintendo Entertainment System, although home computer conversions for the Commodore 64, Amiga, and Atari ST were completed by Storm Software, but not released.

Rare Limited
Shortly before the US Gold buyout, the name of another company "Rare Limited" began appearing on the credits of Ultimate releases. This was in fact another company set up by the Stampers to develop for Ultimate, but not be subject to any Ultimate takeover. Rare (initially under the banner Rare: Designs on the Future) would evolve after Ultimate's demise into a prolific developer for the Nintendo Entertainment System. This led Nintendo to purchase a stake in the company, whose success was furthered with such classic SNES and Nintendo 64 releases as Donkey Kong Country and Goldeneye 007. In 2002 Rare was purchased outright by Microsoft for US$377 million, a record fee for a video game developer, and currently develops games for the Xbox One console. At the end of 2006 Tim and Chris Stamper left Rare to "pursue other opportunities", ending a 24-year involvement in developing home video games.

The Ultimate name in subsequent years
The 1997 Nintendo 64 game GoldenEye 007 contains a ZX Spectrum emulator with ten Ultimate-developed games hidden on the cartridge. This function was originally made as an experimental side project by Rare and was deactivated in the final version, but has since been unlocked through fan-made patches. In 2004, Rare revived Ultimate's Sabreman franchise with the release of Sabre Wulf for the Game Boy Advance. A new version of Sabre Wulf for the Xbox was also rumoured, though it was never released or even officially announced. A racing game based on the Ultimate/Rare universe titled Sabreman Stampede was also in development, but was canceled. In 2007, Rare released the fourth game of the Jetman series, Jetpac Refuelled, for Xbox Live Arcade.

On 8 December 2006 and 16 January 2007 respectively, Rare's owners Microsoft Corporation filed US and EU trademark claims on the Ultimate Play the Game name and logo. The registered purpose is "entertainment services, namely, providing an on-line computer game". Emulated versions of seven Ultimate titles were later included as part of the 2015 game compilation Rare Replay for Xbox One.

Press
Ultimate had a reputation for secrecy that has continued to a lesser extent with successor Rare. Due to the small number of staff employed at Ultimate in the early days, the company had no time to speak to the press or attend trade events. The British computer gaming press even complained over how difficult it was to get hold of them. As Tim Stamper later said:

...that's the way it turned out, we were so busy producing a few products a year and making sure they were right. I think while we were full-time Ultimate, we only had two Christmas mornings off, and that's how hard it was. We worked seven days a week, 8am till 1 or 2 in the morning. I don't feel it's any good having engineers who only work 9 to 5 because you get a 9 to 5 game. This press blackout soon worked to the company's advantage. Due to their reputation for producing high quality products, along with speculation in the press and amongst gamers, anticipation for each release was high. This was helped along by the full-page advertisements placed in magazines showing the cover art of the game in question, but no shots or description of the game itself. These ads would be run prior to and for several months after the release date. The magazines were not able to preview the games; the review copies, usually sent out just before general release, would be the first opportunity for anyone to see them. Not talking to the press worked for Ultimate and it soon became policy. When a journalist reviewing Nightshade for CRASH magazine asked Ultimate what the object of the game was, and how large the play area was, they responded with, respectively, "oh, we can't tell you that" and "it's pretty large".

Lunar Jetman's trailer

This air of mystery was increased when CRASH magazine published a reader's photograph of Lunar Jetman featuring Jetman's moon rover pulling a trailer. The possible existence of a trailer (as depicted on the game's cover art and loading screen) had been speculated on since the game's release, and many fans had searched fruitlessly for it. The Stampers shrugged off questions about whether this screen shot was genuine, but stopped short of actually denying it. There have even been suggestions that Ultimate themselves may have created the screen shot to generate more interest in the game. It has since been proven that Lunar Jetman's code does not contain graphics for a trailer.

Fans
Ultimate were one of the first developers to have their own fanbase focused on the company and brand as much as the games themselves. They received so much fan mail at their peak that a full-time employee had to be taken on to deal with up to 60 letters per day. They were known for their positive attitude to fans, always replying to letters and responding to requests for merchandise by sending posters, sweatshirts and caps free of charge. The Stampers later stated that they were more interested in creating the games than making money from merchandising. Retro Gamer has suggested that besides the quality of the games, Ultimate's popularity arose from a combination of "superb presentation" as well as the company's "air of mystique" giving it a "secretive yet cool vibe".

Other platforms
The main series of games produced by Ultimate were all released on the ZX Spectrum, with most from Sabre Wulf onward also on the Amstrad CPC and MSX, and most early games up to and including Nightshade also on the BBC Micro. Only three of these (Sabre Wulf, Underwurlde and Nightshade) were released on the other major platform of the time, the Commodore 64, however a series of C64-exclusive titles were published by Ultimate:

 * The Staff of Karnath (1984)
 * Entombed (1985)
 * Imhotep (1985)
 * Blackwyche (1985)
 * Outlaws (1985)
 * Dragon Skulle (1985)

The Staff of Karnath, Entombed, Blackwyche and Dragon Skulle all concern the adventures of Sir Arthur Pendragon.

Authorship
The company's secretive tendencies also extended to the question of who wrote the games. Whereas most games of the time would list those responsible on the cassette inlay cards or even on the front of the box (one notable example, Football Manager, even going as far as to feature a picture of author Kevin Toms on the front of the box), no Ultimate title ever mentioned any names at all, and the authorship of some of them remains unclear.

The Ultimate titles up to Gunfright were produced primarily by Tim and Chris Stamper, Tim provided the graphics and Chris the programming, along with fellow founders John Lathbury (coding) and Carol Ward (graphic design). Tim also created the cover art for the games, including the famous Ultimate Play the Game logo. The Stampers retained the major creative roles until the purchase by US Gold, who brought in their own programming teams to create Martianoids and Bubbler. The exact authorship of Pentagram and Cyberun is known only to those involved; often considered US Gold games, they are both possibly Stamper games. This remains a possibility as although Chris Stamper has said in an interview, "What was the last one we developed as a team? It was Gunfright, I think", Ultimate had already admitted to developing games in an order different from that of their release, as with Knight Lore and Sabre Wulf.

The authorship of the Commodore 64 titles was at the time even more uncertain. The conversions of existing Spectrum games Sabre Wulf, Underwurlde and Nightshade were handled by Firebird, who hired Mr Micro, Softstone, and PSI, respectively, to develop the titles. Imhotep was submitted to Ultimate in a virtually complete form by author Manuel Caballero, who had previously written Batty Builders and Firefleet. Ultimate did not make any announcements regarding the authorship of the other Commodore games, but an article by Martyn Carroll revealed how Frank Gasking of "Games that weren't 64" managed to identify the creators as Dave and Robert (Bob) Thomas based on a message that appears on the final screen of Dragon Skulle. These two brothers were also the creators of the previous three games of the series The Staff of Karnath, Entombed and Blackwyche. In an interview with the brothers in Retro Gamer magazine, they revealed they also authored Outlaws, in just six weeks, so Ultimate would have something for the Commodore 64 for Christmas.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ultimate Play the Game


text:
Eric of Pomerania

Eric of Pomerania (c. 1381/1382 – 24 September 1459) ruled over the Kalmar Union from 1396 until 1439. He was initially co-ruler with his great-aunt Margaret I until her death in 1412. Eric is known as Eric III as King of Norway (1389–1442), Eric VII as King of Denmark (1396–1439) and has been called Eric XIII as King of Sweden (1396–1434, 1436–39). Eric was ultimately deposed from all three kingdoms of the union, but in 1449 he inherited one of the partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania and ruled it as duke until his death in 1459. His epithet of Pomerania was a pejorative intended to insinuate that he did not belong in Scandinavia.

Succession background
Eric was born in either 1381 or 1382 in Darłowo (formerly Rügenwalde), Pomerania, Poland. Named Bogislaw at birth, he was the son of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, and Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.

Margaret I, who ruled the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, wanted her realm to be unified and peaceful, and so made provisions in the event of her death. She chose Bogislaw as her heir and successor, who was grandson of her sister, Ingeborg (c. 1365 – c. 1402).

In 1389, Bogislaw was brought to Denmark to be raised by Queen Margaret. His name was changed to the more Nordic-sounding Erik. On 8 September 1389, he was hailed as King of Norway at the Ting in Trondheim. He may have been crowned King of Norway in Oslo in 1392, but this is disputed.

Eric's father Wartislaw died between November 1394 and 23 February 1395. When Wartislaw died, his thrones were all attained by Eric as the heir.

In 1396, he was proclaimed as king in Denmark and then in Sweden. On 17 June 1397, he was crowned king of the three Nordic countries in the cathedral of Kalmar. At the same time, a union treaty was drafted, declaring the establishment of what has become known as the Kalmar Union. Queen Margaret, however, remained the de facto ruler of the three kingdoms until her death in 1412.

Marriage
In 1402, Queen Margaret entered into negotiations with King Henry IV of England about the possibility of an alliance between the Kingdom of England and the Nordic union. The proposal was for a double wedding, whereby, King Eric would marry King Henry's second daughter, Philippa of England, and King Henry's son, the Prince of Wales and the future King Henry V, would marry King Eric's sister, Catherine of Pomerania (c. 1390–1426).

The double wedding did not come off, but King Eric's wedding to Philippa of England was successfully negotiated. On 26 October 1406, he married the 12-year-old Philippa in Lund. The wedding was accompanied by a purely defensive alliance with England. After Philippa's death later in 1430, King Eric replaced her with her former lady-in-waiting, Cecilia, who became his royal mistress and later his morganatic spouse. The relationship was a public scandal and is mentioned in the royal council's official complaints about the King.

Reign
During the early period of his reign, King Eric made Copenhagen a royal possession in 1417, thereby assuring its status as the capital of Denmark. He also usurped the rights of Copenhagen Castle from the Bishop of Roskilde, and from then on, the castle was occupied by him.

From contemporary sources, King Eric appears as intelligent, visionary, energetic, and a firm character. That he was also a charming and well-spoken man of the world was shown by his great European tour of the 1420s. Negatively, he seems to have had a hot temper, a lack of diplomatic sense, and an obstinacy that bordered on mulishness. King Eric was described by the future Pope Pius II as having "a beautiful body, reddish yellow hair, a ruddy face, and a long narrow neck … alone, without assistance, and without touching the stirrups, he jumped upon a horse, and all women were drawn to him, especially the Empress, in a feeling of longing for love".

From 1423 until May 1425, King Eric went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After arriving there, he was dubbed Knight of the Holy Sepulchre by the Franciscan Custos of the Holy Land, and subsequently himself dubbed his pilgrim fellows, among them, Ivan Anz Frankopan. During his absence, Queen Philippa served as regent of the three kingdoms from Copenhagen.

Almost the whole of King Eric's sole rule was affected by his long-standing conflict with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein. He tried to regain South Jutland (Schleswig) which Queen Margaret had been winning, but he chose a policy of warfare instead of negotiations. The result was a devastating war that not only ended without conquests, but also led to the loss of the South Jutlandic areas that he had already obtained. During this war, he showed much energy and steadiness, but also a remarkable lack of adroitness. In 1424, a verdict of the Holy Roman Empire by Sigismund, King of Germany, recognising Eric as the legal ruler of South Jutland, was ignored by the Holsteiners. The long war was a strain on the Danish economy as well as on the unity of the north.

Perhaps King Eric's most far-ranging act was the introduction of the Sound Dues (Øresundtolden) in 1429, which was to last until 1857. It consisted of the payment of sound dues by all ships wishing to enter or leave the Baltic Sea passing through the Sound. To help enforce his demands, King Eric built Krogen, a powerful fortress at the narrowest point in the Sound, in the early 1400s. This resulted in the control of all navigation through the Sound, and thus secured a large stable income for his kingdom that made it relatively rich, and which made the town of Elsinore flower. It showed his interest in Danish trade and naval power, but also permanently challenged the other Baltic powers, especially the Hanseatic cities against which he also fought. From 1426 to 1435, he was at war with the German Hanseatic League and Holstein. When the Hanseats and Holsteiners attacked Copenhagen in 1428, and King Eric was absent from the city at Sorø Abbey and did not return so his wife Queen Philippa managed the defense of the capital.

During the 1430s, the policy of the King fell apart. In 1434, the farmers and mine workers of Sweden began a national and social rebellion which was soon used by the Swedish nobility in order to weaken the power of the King. The Engelbrekt rebellion (1434–1436) was led by Swedish nobleman Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson (c. 1390 – 4 May 1436). The Swedes had been affected by the war with the Hanseatic League (1426–35) which affected trade and disturbed Swedish exports with Schleswig, Holstein, Mecklenburg, and Pomerania. The rebellion caused erosion within the unity of the Kalmar Union, leading to the temporary expulsion of Danish forces from Sweden. In Norway, a subsequent rebellion in 1436 was led by Amund Sigurdsson Bolt (1400–1465). It resulted in a siege of Oslo and Akershus Castle but ended in a ceasefire. In 1438 a new rebellion led by Hallvard Graatop errupted, in Eastern Norway, but this rebellion was also put down.

King Eric had to yield to the demands of both the Holsteiners and the Hanseatic League. In April 1435, he signed the peace of Vordingborg with the Hanseatic League and Holstein. Under the terms of the peace agreement, Hanseatic cities were excepted from the Sound Dues and the Duchy of Schleswig was ceded to the count of Holstein.

Coup d'état
When the Danish nobility subsequently opposed his rule and refused to ratify his choice of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania as the next King of Denmark, King Eric left Denmark in response and took up permanent residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland, which led to his deposition through coup d'état by the National Councils of Denmark and Sweden in 1439.

In 1440, King Eric was succeeded by his nephew Christopher of Bavaria, who was chosen for the thrones of both Denmark and Sweden. Initially the Norwegian Riksråd remained loyal to him and wanted him to remain king of Norway. In September 1439, Eric had given Sigurd Jonsson the title of drottsete, under which he was to rule Norway in the King's name. But with the King isolated in Gotland, the Norwegian nobility also felt compelled to depose Eric through a coup d'état in 1440, and he was formally deposed in 1442, when Sigurd Jonsson stepped down as drottsete, and Christopher was elected king.

At the death of King Christopher in 1448, the next monarch was Eric's kinsman, Christian of Oldenburg (the son of Eric's earlier rival, Count Theodoric of Oldenburg), who succeeded to the throne of Denmark, while Charles VIII succeeded to the throne of Sweden. A rivalry ensued between Charles and Christian for the throne of Norway. In 1450, Charles was forced to relinquish the throne of Norway in favour of King Christian.

Duke of Pomerania
For ten years, Eric lived in Gotland where he fought against the merchant trade in the Baltic. From 1449 to 1459, Eric succeeded Bogislaw IX as Duke of Pomerania and ruled Pomerania-Rügenwalde, a small partition of the Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp (Polish: Księstwo Słupskie), as "Eric I". He died in 1459 at Darłowo Castle (German: Schloss Rügenwalde), and was buried in the Church of St. Mary's at Darłowo in Pomerania.

The Burgermeister of Kiel to King Christian III of Denmark wrote that Eric encouraged a joint expedition by Didrik Pining and Hans Pothorst to investigate the Northwest Passage. Their voyage after Eric's death is alleged to have reached Greenland and engaged in combat with the Inuit.

Titles and styles
Eric's full title was: "King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Pomerania".

Other sources

 * Albrectsen, Esben (1997) Fællesskabet bliver til : 1380–1536 (Oslo : Universitetsforl.) ISBN 82-00-22790-1
 * Christensen, Aksel E. (1908) Kalmarunionen og nordisk politik 1319–1439 (Oslo: Gyldendal)  ISBN 87-00-51833-6
 * Haug, Eldbjørg (2000), Margrete – den siste dronning i Sverreætten (Oslo: Cappelen) ISBN 82-02-17642-5
 * Haug, Eldbjørg (2006) Provincia Nidrosiensis i dronning Margretes unions- og maktpolitikk (Trondheim : Institutt for historie og klassiske fag) ISBN 9788277650470
 * Larsson, Lars-Olof (2003) Kalmarunionens tid (Stockholm: Prisma) ISBN 91-518-4217-3

title: Eric of Pomerania


text:
Roman à clef

Roman à clef (, anglicised as ), French for novel with a key, is a novel about real-life events that is overlaid with a façade of fiction. The fictitious names in the novel represent real people, and the "key" is the relationship between the non-fiction and the fiction. This metaphorical key may be produced separately—typically as an explicit guide to the text by the author—or implied, through the use of epigraphs or other literary techniques.

Madeleine de Scudéry created the roman à clef in the 17th century to provide a forum for her thinly veiled fiction featuring political and public figures.

The reasons an author might choose the roman à clef format include satire; writing about controversial topics and/or reporting inside information on scandals without giving rise to charges of libel; the opportunity to turn the tale the way the author would like it to have gone; the opportunity to portray personal, autobiographical experiences without having to expose the author as the subject; avoiding self-incrimination or incrimination of others that could be used as evidence in civil, criminal, or disciplinary proceedings; the ability to change the background and personalities of key participants; and the settling of scores.

Biographically inspired works have also appeared in other literary genres and art forms, notably the film à clef.

Notable examples

 * The Infernal Marriage (1834) by Benjamin Disraeli
 * A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) by James Joyce
 * The Sun Also Rises (1926) by Ernest Hemingway
 * The Girls of Radcliff Hall (1932) by Lord Berners
 * La vocation suspendue (1950) by Pierre Klossowski
 * On the Road (1957) by Jack Kerouac
 * The Bell Jar (1963) by Sylvia Plath
 * Answered Prayers (1986) by Truman Capote
 * The Devil Wears Prada (2003) by Lauren Weisberger

title: Roman à clef


text:
Talk:Transport in China

Metro
For reference, cities with underground railway system under construction and to be completed with in a few years:

 * Nanjing (http://www.nj-dt.com/)
 * Shenzhen
 * Chongqing (http://61.128.129.218/) - most sections are above ground.

Bicycle should have its own section
Over half a billion bicycles should rate a mention in this section, as well as the historical policies. As I mentioned in the 'Environment of China' discussion, before (about) 1980 I think you needed a special permit to have a privately-owned vehicle. If someone could substantiate this, that would be great. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.238.161.204 (talk) 16:27, 21 October 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes the lack of a substantial discussion of cycling, historical and present, renders this article sub-standard. I hope to get back to it - but please don't wait. Pedalissimo (talk) 20:43, 29 June 2013 (UTC)
 * The article also lacks any information about REGULATION. I.e: If you drive legally on a bike, where can you drive it? Going by global regulations is non existing, there is no givens existing. Some places sidewalks are legal. Some places(mostly adaption of British law) Sidewalk biking is illegal because its regulated like a Horse carriage. In Japan "illegal in sidewalk except where indicated by shared sidewalk signs" and "unless really in slow pace".

If there is sidewalks on both sides of the way: Are you allowed to ride on the one that goes against the main traffic flow? Etc. Stalkerkun (talk) 11:51, 4 June 2016 (UTC)

Road transportation problems in Beijing
Might be able to find a relevant place to slide all this information in. --  李博杰   | —Talk contribs email 17:38, 24 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Shai Oster, August 24, 2010, Beijing: World’s Biggest Parking Lot, Wall Street Journal
 * Beijing will have 7 Million vehicles by 2015
 * Beijing ranked top in the world for "commuter pain", according to IBM study
 * Study shows Beijing traffic worst in world
 * Example of near worse-case scenario

Transport safety
here's not a word on transport or road safety in this article, nor in the articles Expressways of China or China National Highways. I don't know enough about the subject to initiate much, but I believe it is a serious omission. New article, anyone? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.21.193.54 (talk) 01:27, 2 June 2011 (UTC)

Maps
The 3 transportation maps used in the article need an update. Currently, a part of PRC - Mailand China, the maps also display territories not under control of the PRC. It's ok if I put Taiwan networks out of the maps? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.232.244.188 (talk) 12:14, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Since multiple pages are involved, one multi-request should have been made. Moved this and renamed the destination as a disambiguation. UtherSRG (talk) 03:51, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

Transport in the People& → Transport in China

Consistency move in line with the previous PRC->China move. All incoming links to the current Transport in China refer to the country of China (formerly PRC) and not any of the other places on the dab page currently at that title. This would have been nominated as a technical move but there are a small minority of editors who oppose moves of this type because they disagreed with the PRC->China move. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  04:36, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Support move on the condition that Transport in Hong Kong, Transport in Macau, Transportation in Taiwan be linked at the beginning of the page either as a disambiguation header or in the lede section. It is important that readers are informed of the scope of the article.--Jiang (talk) 05:26, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Support, per the consistency principle of WP:CRITERIA. The PRC-to-China move was done following a broad-based community discussion, so it is appropriate to implement the result project-wide. Will Transport in China move to Transport in China (disambiguation)? Kauffner (talk) 06:24, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Consistency should also applied across articles such as Culture of China, History of China, etc., where the word 'China' covers both Chinas of the divided China. Jeremy (talk) 10:26, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Support Present day topic. The scope issue surrounding HK/Macau will not be affected by the move, existing even at the current title. There's definitely scope to be more definitive though. CMD (talk) 15:09, 21 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Support per nomination. mge o  talk 23:34, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Consistency should apply. For most topical articles, China means the wider (but divided) China. Jeffrey (202.189.98.142) (talk) 15:09, 22 March 2012 (UTC)
 * This move is to establish consistency. The article titles for every other 'Transport in X' article use the name of the country as X. It was determined in the PRC->China move that 'China' does not mean "the wider (but divided) China", it means the country of China. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  03:59, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Most topical articles titled "in China" or "of China" are referring to the geographical area of China, of which Taiwan is part of. These include History of China, Culture of China, and Cuisine of China, to name a few. For articles specifically referring to the country, "in the PRC" or "of the PRC" is used.  Jeffrey (202.189.98.142) (talk) 09:43, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * What 'most articles' do with China is what's currently being debated. If we had a series of articles on Footopia and the main article on Footopia was moved to Foolandia, your opposition is effectively the same as saying "we shouldn't move all the 'in Footopia' articles to 'in Foolandia' because they're all already at 'in Footopia'". The status quo argument only works when the status quo exists. With the PRC->China move, the status quo was changed. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  04:14, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Alternative proposal: To rename it as Transport in China (country), and rename other topical articles as Foo in China (geographical region). Jeffrey (202.189.98.142) (talk) 09:43, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * There's still no evidence that this supposed concept of a geographical region exists. CMD (talk) 10:19, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Rename to match the country article at China. Timrollpickering (talk) 15:16, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Support target page is a dab created as a redirect to this page. No reason to oppose this. I don't oppose summary style paragraphs to any of the current dab targets in this article, now or at the proposed name. SchmuckyTheCat (talk)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Economic Benefits
I propose adding data on costs and benefits from the Oxford China Study. Please note I am a co-author of the cited publication. I therefore kindly suggest that another editor takes a look at my proposed edit to check and verify that it’s okay and to execute it if it is. If it is not okay, kindly let me know how I can improve it, many thanks. 163.1.94.222 (talk) 17:19, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

Note the content was pasted in the article by mistake. I have taken in out here. --Lemongirl942 (talk) 07:33, 15 December 2016 (UTC)

Hello, I have tried to re-enter the content regarding economic benefits of China's transport infrastructure. I believe I have entered this correctly now. My suggestion is to add data on costs and benefits from the Oxford China Study. Please note I am a co-author of the cited publication. I therefore kindly suggest that another editor takes a look at my proposed edit to check and verify that it’s okay and to execute it if it is. If it is not okay, kindly let me know how I can improve it, many thanks.
 * Hi there. The content proposed should not be entered into the article itself - I have reverted your edit. Relisting the content here. Do not try and add the content to the article again - it will be reviewed here, and, if it passes, another editor will implement the suggested changes. Regards, VB00 (talk) 15:05, 2 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Some of the proposed content is quite promotional (such as the "largest dataset of its kind", without anything to back that up), and may give undue weight to some aspects, especially talking about the authors of the study themselves (such information should not be mentioned in the text). Overall, the proposed text provides far too many claims without any other sources to back it up, and should not be implemented in its current form. Request declined. Regards, VB00 (talk) 12:33, 10 January 2017 (UTC)

A 2016 study from University of Oxford's Saïd Business School argues that over half of the infrastructure investments in China have destroyed, not generated economic value. The study – authored by Atif Ansar, Bent Flyvbjerg, Alexander Budzier and Daniel Lunn – is based on an analysis of 95 large Chinese road and rail transport projects and 806 transport projects built in rich democracies, the largest dataset of its kind. ‘From our sample, the evidence suggests that for over half of the infrastructure investments in China made in the last three decades the costs are larger than the benefits they generate, which means the projects destroy economic value instead of generating it,’ comments Dr Atif Ansar, co-author of the study.

Ambiguity in introduction
I am referring particularly to this sentence: "Airports, roads, and railway construction will provide a massive employment boost in China over the next decade." When was this even written? Is this based on some kind of official projection? If so, by whom and when? This needs to be made clear in the article. Thanks. Bambi'nin annesi (talk) 20:42, 13 January 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Transport in China


text:
The Pursuit of Love

The Pursuit of Love is a novel by Nancy Mitford, first published in 1945. It is the first in a trilogy about an upper-class English family in the interwar period focusing on the romantic life of Linda Radlett, as narrated by her cousin, Fanny Logan. Although a comedy, the story has tragic overtones.

The book was an immediate best-seller and sold 200,000 copies within a year of publication.

Mitford wrote two sequels to the novel, Love in a Cold Climate (1949) and Don't Tell Alfred (1960). Her penultimate novel, The Blessing (1951), also makes references to The Pursuit of Love and characters from The Blessing later appear in Don't Tell Alfred.

Plot summary
The narrator is Fanny, whose mother (called the "Bolter" for her habit of serial monogamy) and father have left her to be brought up by her aunt Emily and the valetudinarian Davey, whom Emily marries early in the novel. Fanny also spends holidays with her uncle, Matthew Radlett, her aunt, Sadie and numerous cousins at Alconleigh. Linda, the second Radlett daughter, is Fanny's best friend and the main character of the novel. The early chapters recount the Radlett children's bizarre upbringing, including their contrasting obsessions with hunting and preventing cruelty to animals, and the activities of their secret society, the "Hons". The Radlett daughters receive little in the way of formal education, and as Linda grows older she is increasingly consumed by a desire for romantic love and marriage.

Louisa, the eldest Radlett child, makes her début and quickly becomes engaged to John Fort William, a Scottish peer more than twenty years her senior. Linda finds Lord Fort William an unromantic choice of husband, but is deeply jealous that Louisa is getting married. Linda becomes bored and depressed, awaiting her own coming-out party. During this time she makes friends with Lord Merlin, a neighbouring landlord who is a wealthy, charming aesthete with many fashionable friends. Merlin brings Tony Kroesig, heir to a wealthy banking family, as a last-minute guest to Linda's coming-out ball. Linda falls in love with Tony, but their relationship is rocky from the start. Linda's father Matthew disapproves of Tony's German ancestry (he believes that all foreigners are fiends) and is furious when Linda and Fanny sneak away to Oxford to have luncheon with Tony. Linda and Tony eventually marry despite the strong disapproval of their families.

Linda very quickly realises that she has made a serious mistake, but she keeps up a pretence of having a happy marriage. Linda and Tony have one child, Moira, to whom Linda takes an instant dislike. Linda almost dies during Moira's birth, and her doctors strongly advise her to have no more children. Moira is soon abandoned to the care of her paternal grandparents. During this time, Fanny marries a young man called Alfred and begins a family of her own; she therefore sees Linda less frequently.

After nine years of marriage, Linda leaves Tony for Christian Talbot, an ardent Communist. Christian is kind but vague, and ultimately uninterested in individuals, preferring to focus on the plight of the working class. Linda's divorce and remarriage cause a rift between her and her parents, but after some months they reconcile. Linda and Christian go to France to work with Spanish refugees in Perpignan during the Spanish Civil War, where they meet Linda's old friend Lavender Davis, an efficient young woman also volunteering to help the refugees. Linda realises that Christian and Lavender are falling in love with one another and that they would be a better pairing. Linda decides to leave Christian and leave France.

On the way back to England, Linda runs out of money in Paris and meets Fabrice de Sauveterre, a wealthy French duke. Linda becomes his mistress and lives with him in Paris for eleven months. During this time she cultivates a great interest in clothes, which Fabrice encourages and finances, but most of her happiness is the result of the fact that she has finally found the love of her life. When World War II breaks out, Fabrice persuades Linda to return to England alone, for he has work to do in the French Resistance. During the war, he is able to visit Linda in England once. She becomes pregnant.

Meanwhile, for safety during the London Blitz, Fanny, Louisa and their children are living at Alconleigh, along with Matthew, Sadie, Emily, Davey, the "Bolter" and her new lover Juan (whom Matthew calls "Gewan"). When Linda's house in London is bombed, she also goes to stay at Alconleigh. The Bolter sees Linda as a younger version of herself, which Linda resents, because she is certain that she has found the love of her life in Fabrice and will not run off from any more husbands. Fanny is also expecting a baby, and she and Linda give birth to their sons on the same day. Linda dies in childbirth, as the doctors had warned; around this same time, Fabrice is killed in the war. Fanny and her husband adopt Linda's child and name him Fabrice.

The Radletts

 * Uncle Matthew, "Lord Alconleigh"; an eccentric, bullying patriarch who periodically uses bloodhounds to hunt his children across the Oxfordshire countryside
 * Aunt Sadie, an affectionate but somewhat ineffectual matriarch
 * Louisa, the dependable, domestic eldest daughter
 * Linda, beautiful and highly strung, the central character in The Pursuit of Love
 * Bob, the eldest son, one of the few well-behaved Radlett children
 * Jassy, Matt's inseparable friend, who is perpetually saving up to run away from home
 * Matt, Jassy's inseparable friend, eventually runs away from Eton to fight in the Spanish Civil War
 * Robin, the youngest son
 * Victoria, the baby of the family, born when the older children are entering their teens. An irrepressible child, she appears more prominently in the sequel, Love in a Cold Climate

Other characters

 * Fanny Logan, the narrator, a cousin of the Radletts and Linda's best friend
 * Fabrice de Sauveterre, a wealthy French duke, Linda's final lover and the great love of her life
 * Emily Warbeck, Sadie's sister and Fanny's aunt
 * Davey Warbeck, Emily's husband, a distinguished writer and critic, and also a hypochondriac who undergoes unusual remedies for the sake of his health
 * The Bolter, for whom no other name is given, Fanny's mother and younger sister to Sadie and Emily; she is called the Bolter because of her many marriages
 * Lord Merlin, a neighbour of the Radletts who befriends and mentors Linda, and introduces her to high society
 * Tony Kroesig, Linda's first husband, a banker and later a Conservative MP
 * Sir Leicester Kroesig, Tony's father, also a banker, who strongly dislikes Linda
 * Moira Kroesig, Linda and Tony's child, whom Linda dislikes on sight
 * Christian Talbot, Linda's second husband, an ardent Communist
 * Lavender Davis, a childhood acquaintance of Linda's
 * John Fort William, Louisa's husband, in the House of Lords
 * Alfred Wincham, Fanny's husband, an Oxford don
 * Juan, the Bolter's Spanish lover

Adaptations
In 1980 The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate were adapted into an eight part miniseries by ITV under the title Love in a Cold Climate.

A second adaptation of The Pursuit of Love and Love in a Cold Climate by the BBC and WGBH Boston was released in 2001 as the two-part drama Love in a Cold Climate. Tom Hooper directed the screenplay adapted by Deborah Moggach from the novels.

In 2019 the BBC announced plans for another adaptation, The Pursuit of Love directed by Emily Mortimer and starring Lily James and Emily Beecham. The miniseries began filming in 2020; it was disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, and premiered on BBC One in May 2021.

In 2022 India Knight published the novel Darling, an updating of The Pursuit of Love set in modern times featuring many of the same characters.

title: The Pursuit of Love


text:
Sepultura

Sepultura (, "grave") is a Brazilian heavy metal band formed in Belo Horizonte in 1984 by brothers Max and Igor Cavalera. The band was a major force in the groove metal, thrash metal and death metal genres during the late 1980s and early 1990s, with their later experiments drawing influence from alternative metal, world music, nu metal, hardcore punk and industrial metal. Sepultura is also considered part of the second wave of thrash metal acts from the late 1980s to early-to-mid-1990s.

The band has gone through several membership changes throughout its 40-year existence, with Max and Igor Cavalera departing in 1996 and 2006, respectively. Sepultura's current lineup consists of singer Derrick Green, who replaced Max in 1997, guitarist Andreas Kisser, bassist Paulo Jr. and drummer Greyson Nekrutman, who replaced Eloy Casagrande in 2024. Since Igor Cavalera's departure in 2006, there have been no original members left in the band. Although Paulo Jr. joined Sepultura shortly after its formation in late 1984 and is the longest serving member, he did not play on any of the band's studio albums until Chaos A.D. (1993). Kisser, who replaced onetime guitarist Jairo Guedz, has appeared on all of Sepultura's albums since their second full-length Schizophrenia (1987); he also recorded bass guitar until Chaos A.D.. In March 2024, after four decades together, the band began what has been announced as a year-and-a-half long farewell tour, after which they will disband.

Sepultura has released fifteen studio albums to date, the latest being Quadra (2020). The band has sold over three million units in the United States and almost 20 million worldwide, gaining multiple gold and platinum records around the globe, including in countries as diverse as France,  Australia, Indonesia, the United States, Cyprus, and their native Brazil.

Formation, Bestial Devastation and Morbid Visions (1984–1986)
Sepultura was formed in 1984 in Belo Horizonte, the capital city of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The band was founded by brothers Max and Igor Cavalera, the impoverished sons of Vânia, a model, and Graciliano, a well-to-do Italian diplomat whose fatal heart attack left his family in financial ruin. Graciliano's death deeply affected his sons, inspiring them to form a band after Max heard Black Sabbath's 1972 album Vol. 4 the very same day. They chose the band name Sepultura, the Portuguese word for "grave", when Max translated the lyrics of the Motörhead song "Dancing on Your Grave". The brothers were previously in a covers band.

The brothers' early influences included Led Zeppelin, Black Sabbath, and Deep Purple, and heavy metal and hard rock artists of the late 1970s/early 1980s, such as Van Halen, Iron Maiden, Motörhead, AC/DC, Judas Priest, Ozzy Osbourne, and V8, as well as hardcore punk acts Terveet Kädet, Rattus and Discharge. They would travel to a record shop in São Paulo that mixed tapes of then-latest records by American bands. Their listening habits changed dramatically after being introduced to Venom. As Igor Cavalera put it:

"I remember the first time I listened to Venom, it was on a friend's borrowed tape. It was similar to Motörhead, only a lot heavier. I remember someone saying: it's the devil's Motörhead! After we got acquainted with Venom, we stopped listening to Iron Maiden and all that lighter stuff."

The Cavalera brothers started listening to more extreme metal bands at the time such as Hellhammer, Celtic Frost, Kreator, Sodom, Slayer, Megadeth, Exodus, and Exciter. They also had influences on Brazilian metal from bands like Stress, Sagrado Inferno, and Dorsal Atlântica. By 1984, they had dropped out of school. After several early membership changes, Sepultura established a stable lineup of Max on guitar, Igor on drums, lead vocalist Wagner Lamounier, and bassist Paulo Jr. Lamounier departed in March 1985 after disagreements with the band, and moved on to become the leader of the pioneering Brazilian black metal band Sarcófago. After his departure, Max took over the vocal duties. Jairo Guedes was invited to join the band as lead guitarist.

After about a year of performing, Sepultura signed to Cogumelo Records in 1985. Later that year, they released Bestial Devastation, a split EP with fellow Brazilian band Overdose. It was recorded and self-produced in just two days. The band recorded their first full-length album, Morbid Visions, in August 1986. It contained their first hit, "Troops of Doom", which gained some media attention. The band then decided to relocate to the larger city of São Paulo.

Schizophrenia, Beneath the Remains and Arise (1987–1992)
In early 1987, Jairo Guedz quit the band. He was replaced by São Paulo-based guitarist Andreas Kisser, and they released their second studio album, Schizophrenia, in October of that year. The album reflected a stylistic change towards a more thrash metal-oriented sound, while still keeping the death metal elements of Morbid Visions. Schizophrenia was an improvement in production and performance, and became a minor critical sensation across Europe and America as a much sought-after import. The band sent tapes to the United States that made radio playlists at a time when they were struggling to book gigs, because club owners were afraid to book them due to their style. The band gained attention from Roadrunner Records, who signed them in the spring of 1988 and had released Schizophrenia internationally before seeing the band perform in person. About the deal with Roadrunner, Max Cavalera recalled to Revolver magazine, "We were finally going to get a real label, real producer, real studio. Things were happening...and it was up to us to write the best material possible. And I think that charged everybody up and we went into the jam room with an attitude of let's not fuck around. This is our shot. You only get so many shots in this life, and you gotta make it count."

During a May 2018 interview with teenyrockers.com, Kisser noted that Sepultura would not have been possible without family support, not only from his own family, but also from the families of Max and Igor, and Paulo Jr.

The band's third studio album, Beneath the Remains, was released in April 1989. The album was recorded towards the end of 1988 in a rustic studio in Rio de Janeiro while the band communicated through translators with the American producer Scott Burns. It was an immediate success and became known in thrash metal circles as a classic on the order of Slayer's Reign in Blood. It was hailed by Terrorizer magazine as one of the all-time top 20 thrash metal albums, as well as gaining a place in their all-time top 40 death metal records. AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5 and said, "The complete absence of filler here makes this one of the most essential death/thrash metal albums of all time." A long European and American tour furthered the band's reputation, despite the fact that they were still very limited English speakers. Sepultura's first live dates outside of Brazil were opening for Sodom on their Agent Orange tour in Europe; following this was Sepultura's first U.S. show, which was held on October 31, 1989, at the Ritz in New York City, opening for Danish heavy metal band King Diamond. The band filmed its first video for the song "Inner Self", which received considerable airplay on MTV's Headbangers Ball, giving Sepultura their first exposure in North America. Touring in support of Beneath the Remains continued throughout most of 1990, including three shows in Brazil with Napalm Death, European dates with Mordred and a North American tour with Obituary and Sadus.

In January 1991, Sepultura played for more than 100,000 people at the Rock in Rio II festival. The band relocated from their native Brazil to Phoenix, Arizona in 1990, obtained new management, and recorded their fourth studio album Arise at Morrisound Studios in Tampa, Florida. By the time the album was released in March 1991, the band had become one of the most critically praised thrash/death metal bands of the time. The first single "Dead Embryonic Cells" was a success, and the title track gained additional attention when its video was banned in America by MTV due to its apocalyptic religious imagery; it did, however, get some airplay on Headbangers Ball as did the music videos for "Dead Embryonic Cells" and "Desperate Cry". Arise was critically acclaimed and their first to chart on the Billboard 200, reaching No. 119.

Sepultura toured relentlessly throughout 1991 and 1992 in support of Arise; its touring cycle began in May 1991 with a European trek with Sacred Reich and Heathen, followed by the New Titans on the Block tour in North America that included support from Sacred Reich, Napalm Death and Sick of It All. They also played with several other bands, including Slayer, Testament, Motörhead, Kreator, White Zombie, Type O Negative and Fudge Tunnel, and along with Alice in Chains, Sepultura supported Ozzy Osbourne on the latter's tour for No More Tears. Max Cavalera married the band's manager Gloria Bujnowski during this period. The Arise tour concluded in December 1992 with a North American tour, where the band (along with Helmet) supported Ministry's Psalm 69 tour.

Chaos A.D., Nailbomb and Roots (1993–1996)
Sepultura's fifth album, Chaos A.D., was released in September 1993. Supported by the singles "Refuse/Resist", "Territory" and "Slave New World", this was their only album to be released in North America by Epic Records, and the first of two albums by Sepultura to be certified gold there. It saw a departure from their death metal style, adding influences of groove metal, industrial and hardcore punk. While Chaos A.D. is not a death metal album, it does include elements of thrash metal music. AllMusic gave the album 4.5 stars out of 5 and wrote that, "Chaos A.D. ranks as one of the greatest heavy metal albums of all time." The band did a year-long tour in support of Chaos A.D., starting with a headlining European run with Paradise Lost, followed by a North American tour with Fudge Tunnel, Fear Factory and Clutch. They were also one of the support acts (along with Biohazard and Prong) for Pantera's Far Beyond Driven tour in North America, and then opened for the Ramones in South America and toured Australia and New Zealand with Sacred Reich. By the time the Chaos A.D. tour ended in November 1994, Sepultura was one of the most successful heavy metal bands of the day.

Also in 1994, Max and Igor collaborated with Alex Newport of Fudge Tunnel to form Nailbomb. They released an even more industrial-oriented album, Point Blank, the same year. The group performed its only proper gig at Dynamo Open Air in 1995, and the performance was released as Proud to Commit Commercial Suicide. Nailbomb was disbanded shortly afterwards.

Sepultura's sound change continued with their sixth album, Roots, which was released in 1996. On this album, the band experimented with elements of the music of Brazil's indigenous peoples, and adopted a slower, down-tuned sound. The album was hailed as a modern-day heavy metal classic and a major influence on the then-nascent nu metal scene. AllMusic gave it a rating of 4.5 stars out of 5 and said, "Roots consolidates Sepultura's position as perhaps the most distinctive, original heavy metal band of the 1990s." Also in 1996, Sepultura performed "War (Guerra)" for the AIDS benefit album Silencio=Muerte: Red Hot + Latin, produced by the Red Hot Organization.

Departure of Max Cavalera, Derrick Green joins and Against (1996–2000)
In August 1996, Sepultura played on the Castle Donington Monsters of Rock main stage alongside Kiss, Ozzy Osbourne, Paradise Lost, Type O Negative, Biohazard, and Fear Factory. The band was suddenly a three-piece with Andreas Kisser taking over on lead vocals, after Max Cavalera left the concert site earlier in the day upon learning of the death of his stepson Dana Wells in a car accident. After Dana Wells' funeral was finished, Max returned and continued to tour with Sepultura. A few months after Wells' death, the band had a meeting with Max and said that they wanted to fire their manager Gloria Bujnowski, who was Max's wife and Dana's mother, and find new management. Their reasoning was that Bujnowski was giving preferential treatment to Max while neglecting the rest of the band. Max, who was still coming to terms with the death of Wells, felt betrayed by his bandmates for wanting to get rid of Bujnowski and abruptly quit the band. Max Cavalera's final performance with Sepultura was at the Brixton Academy in England on December 16, 1996.

Following Max Cavalera's departure, the remaining members of Sepultura remained a three-piece for eight months and worked on new material, with Kisser handling vocals. In November 1997, the band announced that they were actively searching for a new vocalist. Among those who auditioned were Chuck Billy of Testament, Phil Demmel of Machine Head and Vio-lence, Marc Grewe of Morgoth, Jorge Rosado of Merauder and a then-unknown Jason "Gong" Jones. American musician Derrick Green (from Cleveland, Ohio) was selected as the band's new frontman. Sepultura played their first show with Green to a handful of their fan club members at their rehearsal space in Brazil in February 1998. The band played their first public show under the pseudonym "Troops of Doom" on July 8, 1998, at the House of Blues in Los Angeles, where they were supported by Human Waste Project (the band's last show), Tura Satana and Spineshank. The first album with the new line-up was Against, which was released in 1998. The album was critically and commercially less successful than previous albums and sold considerably fewer copies than the self-titled debut album by Max Cavalera's then-new band Soulfly. In a retrospective review AllMusic gave the album 3 stars out of 5, stating that "there are enough flashes of the old Sepultura brilliance to suggest that great things are still to come".

Nation and Roorback (2001–2005)
Sepultura's eighth album, Nation (2001), sold poorly. It would be their last studio album with Roadrunner Records. AllMusic gave the album 3 stars out of 5 and said, "As Green scrapes the lining of his vocal chords through the brash, impassioned tracks, he's singing about more than just 'one nation, Sepulnation'; he's suggesting something bigger, something worth shouting about and fighting for." In an interview, Derrick Green said that, "Every song will be related to the idea of building this nation. We will have our own flags, our own anthem." A recording of Max Cavalera's last live show with Sepultura, titled Under a Pale Grey Sky, was released in 2002 by Roadrunner Records.

After recording an EP of covers, Revolusongs (2002), the band released their ninth studio album, Roorback, in 2003. Despite receiving greater critical acclaim than its predecessors, sales remained low. It was their first album with SPV Records. AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5 and said, "if there are still any lingering doubts about the Green/Sepultura match, 2003's excellent Roorback should put them to rest for good. Green is passionate and focused throughout the album — he has no problem going that extra mile — and the writing is consistently strong." In 2005, the band played in Dubai for the annual Dubai Desert Rock Festival. In November of that year, a live double DVD/double CD package, Live in São Paulo, was released. This was the first official live album from the band.

Dante XXI, departure of Igor Cavalera, and A-Lex (2006–2010)
Sepultura's tenth studio album, Dante XXI, was released on March 14, 2006. It is a concept album based on Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy. Music videos were recorded for the songs "Convicted in Life" and "Ostia". AllMusic gave the album 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that, "Overall, Dante XXI is easily one of Sepultura's strongest releases to feature Green on vocals."

In a 2007 interview with Revolver magazine, Max Cavalera stated that he and Igor, both of whom having recently reconciled after a decade-long feud, would reunite with the original Sepultura lineup. There were also rumors that the reunited line up would play on the main stage at Ozzfest 2007. However, this was denied by Kisser and the reunion did not occur. Instead, Igor Cavalera left the band after the release of Dante XXI and was replaced by Brazilian drummer Jean Dolabella, leaving the band without any of its original members. After leaving Sepultura, Igor and Max formed Cavalera Conspiracy.

The band was one of the featured musical guests at the Latin Grammy Awards of 2008 on November 13. They performed a cover of "The Girl from Ipanema", and "We've Lost You" from the album A-Lex. The 9th annual Latin Grammy Awards ceremony was held at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas and aired on Univision. Sepultura also appeared in a successful ad campaign for Volkswagen motors commercial that aired nationally throughout Brazil in 2008. The spot said that "it's the first time you've seen Sepultura like this. And a Sedan like this one too". The Volkswagen TV spot shows Sepultura playing bossa nova, the opposite of its heavy metal style, to say that "you never saw something like this, as you never saw a car like the new Voyage."

Sepultura released the album A-Lex on January 26, 2009. This was the first Sepultura album to include neither of the Cavalera brothers, with bassist Paulo Jr. as the sole remaining member from the band's debut album. A-Lex is a concept album based on the book A Clockwork Orange. The album was recorded at Trama Studios in São Paulo, Brazil, with producer Stanley Soares. AllMusic gave the album 4 stars out of 5 and said, "Personnel changes can have a very negative effect on a band, but Sepultura have maintained their vitality all these years – and that vitality is alive and well on the superb A-Lex." In the same year Andreas Kisser contributed his recipe for "Churrasco in Soy Sauce" to Hellbent for Cooking: The Heavy Metal Cookbook, stating in the recipe that he prefers his meat "medium-rare". Sepultura supported Metallica on January 30 and 31, 2010, at Morumbi Stadium in São Paulo, Brazil. The two concerts were attended by 100,000 people. The band filmed a concert DVD in 2010. Sepultura played at Kucukciftlik Park, Istanbul, on April 27, 2010. On August 8, 2010, visited the UK to play at the Hevy Music Festival near Folkestone.

Kairos and The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart (2010–2015)
On July 6, 2010, it was announced that Sepultura were signed with Nuclear Blast Records, and would release their first album for the label in 2011. The band confirmed that there would be no reunion of the classic lineup. By the end of 2010, the band began writing new material and entered the studio to begin recording their 12th album with producer Roy Z (Judas Priest, Halford, Iron Maiden's Bruce Dickinson, Helloween and Andre Matos). On March 1, 2011, Sepultura had completed recording the album, entitled Kairos, which was released in June 2011.

The album includes cover versions of Ministry's "Just One Fix" and The Prodigy's "Firestarter", both of which are available as bonus tracks on various special-edition releases. Sepultura played on the Kairos World Tour and at Wacken Open Air 2011. Drummer Jean Dolabella left the band and was replaced by then-20-year-old Eloy Casagrande in November 2011, who had already played in Brazilian heavy metal singer Andre Matos' solo band and in the Brazilian post-hardcore band Gloria. In November and December 2011, Sepultura participated the Thrashfest Classics tour alongside thrash metal bands like Exodus, Destruction, Heathen, and Mortal Sin.

In May 2012, guitarist Andreas Kisser told Metal Underground that Sepultura would soon "start working on something new with Eloy" and see if they could "get ready for new music early next year". In an interview at England's Bloodstock Open Air on August 10, 2012, Kisser revealed that Sepultura would be filming a live DVD with the French percussive group Les Tambours du Bronx. He also revealed that the band was "already thinking about new ideas" for their next album and would "have something new going on" in 2013.

On December 10, 2012, producer Ross Robinson, who produced Sepultura's Roots album, tweeted: "Oh, didn't mention.. Spoke to Andreas, it's on. My vision, smoke Roots", suggesting he would be producing the band's next album. This was later confirmed, as well as an announcement that the album would be co-produced by Steve Evetts. Former Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo made a guest appearance on the album.

On January 25, 2013, it was announced that author Jason Korolenko was working on Relentless – 30 Years of Sepultura, which is described in a press release as "the only book-length biography to cover the band's entire 30-year career." Relentless was published on October 8, 2014, in Poland under the title Brazylijska Furia, and the English language edition was published via Rocket 88 on December 4, 2014. The Brazilian edition, titled Relentless – 30 Anos de Sepultura, is scheduled for publication via Benvira in early 2015. The French language edition of "Relentless" was published in France on October 19, 2015.

On July 19, 2013, it was revealed that the title of the band's thirteenth album was The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart. In September 2013, they performed at Rock in Rio with Brazilian rock/MPB artist Zé Ramalho – this line-up was named "Zépultura", a portmanteau of both artists' names.

Machine Messiah and Quadra (2016–2022)
After spending more than two years of touring in support of The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart, Sepultura entered the studio in mid-2016 to begin recording their fourteenth studio album, with Jens Bogren as the producer. The resulting album, Machine Messiah, was released on January 13, 2017. Sepultura promoted the album with a series of world tours, including supporting Kreator on their Gods of Violence tour in Europe in February–March 2017, and along with Prong, they supported Testament on the latter's Brotherhood of the Snake tour in North America in April–May 2017. The band also toured Europe in February and March 2018 with Obscura, Goatwhore and Fit for an Autopsy, and Australia in May with Death Angel.

The first official Sepultura documentary, Sepultura Endurance, was premiered in May 2017 and released on June 17. Max and Igor declined to be interviewed for the film and also refused to allow early material of the band to be used.

In an August 2018 interview at Wacken Open Air, Kisser confirmed that Sepultura had begun the songwriting process of their fifteenth studio album, and stated later that month that it was not expected to be released before 2020. The band began recording the album, again with producer Bogren, in August 2019 for a tentative February 2020 release.

In October 2019, during their performance at Rock in Rio 8, the band announced the name and revealed the cover for their fifteenth studio album, which was named Quadra. They also debuted the lead single, named "Isolation", which is also the opening track for the album. On November 8, they released the studio version of "Isolation" and announced that Quadra would be released on February 7, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Sepultura had not been able to tour or play any shows in support of Quadra for over two years after its release. They played their first show in two years at Circo Voador in Rio de Janeiro on February 12, 2022. The band promoted Quadra by touring North America with Sacred Reich, Crowbar and Art of Shock, and Europe with the two-thirds of the North American leg (only Sacred Reich and Crowbar remaining); due to the COVID-19 situation, the tours had been rescheduled to two years from March and April 2020 and a year from the fall of 2021 respectively. Drummer Bruno Valverde of Angra was brought to fill in for Eloy Casagrande on the last three dates of the US tour, as the latter could not perform due to a leg injury. Due to a "family emergency", Kisser was temporarily filled in by Jean Patton of Project46 on the summer 2022 European tour; the reason behind this "family emergency" situation turned out to be Kisser's wife Patricia's battle with colon cancer, which she died from on July 3. The band also co-headlined the Klash of the Titans tour in North America with Kreator during the spring of 2023, with Death Angel and Spiritworld as the supporting acts.

Sepultura released a quarantine collaboration album on August 13, 2021, titled SepulQuarta, which includes contributions by members of Megadeth, Testament, Anthrax, System of a Down, Trivium and Sacred Reich.

In a July 2022 interview, frontman Derrick Green confirmed that Sepultura would begin working on their next studio album after the tour for Quadra ends, in 2024 at the earliest. Kisser later indicated that the band was not expected to release another studio album before at least 2025 or for "a few years".

40th anniversary and break-up (2023–present)
In August 2023, Kisser revealed that Sepultura would be celebrating its 40th anniversary as a band in 2024 with a "special tour", which he said would not include a reunion with Max and Igor Cavalera,    and commemorate this anniversary with a live album.

On December 8, 2023, Sepultura announced that they would be embarking on a farewell tour in 2024 in celebration of their 40th anniversary. It is set to be the band's final tour, and will run for 18 months, indicating that they are set to disband in 2025, following the conclusion of the tour; the break-up plans were later corroborated by Casagrande. The first show of the tour took place at the Arena Hall in Belo Horizonte on March 1, 2024. Kisser has said that he would be open to reuniting with any former members (particularly the Cavalera brothers) for a final show. Despite initially saying that he was open to reuniting with Sepultura, Cavalera ruled out this possibility in a July 2024 interview with Metal Injection, explaining, "The more the time passes by, the more I feel that I don't need to [reunite with Sepultura]. Like I said, the real reunion is between myself and Igor, and I did that. It's pure magic and amazing what we're doing right now. You kind of have to realise if we end up doing a Sepultura reunion, it's almost like we can't go back to the Cavalera thing, you know? It won't really make sense."

Three days before the farewell tour began, it was announced that Casagrande had quit the band on February 6, 2024, to join "another project", later revealed to be Slipknot. He later stated that one of the reasons he left Sepultura was because he "didn't want to stop playing drums at the age of 33." Casagrande was replaced by former Suicidal Tendencies drummer Greyson Nekrutman.

Musical style, influences, and legacy
Sepultura has been influenced by a variety of music, including heavy metal and hard rock groups such as Rush, Queen, Kiss, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Motörhead, Iron Maiden, Scorpions, Venom, Celtic Frost, Twisted Sister, Triumph, Whitesnake and Corrosion of Conformity, thrash metal bands Metallica, Slayer, Megadeth, Exodus, Testament, Anthrax, Kreator, Sodom, Destruction and Sacrifice, and death metal bands Possessed and Death. They were also influenced by punk rock music, including bands such as the Ramones, the Sex Pistols, Terveet Kädet, Rattus, Black Flag, the Dead Kennedys, Kaaos, Discharge, S.O.D., Amebix and New Model Army, as well as early U2. Kisser has affirmed that "without Slayer, Sepultura would never be possible."

Sepultura's music comes in a wide range of heavy metal musical styles. The band has been described mainly as thrash metal and death metal, and considered one of the primary inventors of the latter genre. Another genre the band has been commonly categorized under is groove metal. The band later on started experimenting with elements of other musical genres such as hardcore punk, industrial metal, alternative metal, world music  and nu metal. The band's first EP Bestial Devastation and debut album Morbid Visions were influenced by black metal, with the group citing bands like Venom and Celtic Frost as influences. Additionally, both recordings have been referred to as blackened death metal. Sepultura would put more emphasis on the thrash metal part of their sound, starting with Schizophrenia, and by Beneath the Remains and Arise, had abandoned black metal entirely.

Elements of Latin music, samba and Brazilian folk and tribal music have also been incorporated into Sepultura's metal style, particularly on Roots. Roots was partly recorded with the indigenous Xavante tribe in Mato Grosso, and incorporates percussion, rhythms, chanting and lyrical themes inspired by the collaboration.

Looking back on the band's career arc for a 2016 article on Max and Igor Cavalera's retrospective Return to Roots tour (in commemoration of the album's 20th anniversary), Nashville Scene contributor Saby Reyes-Kulkarni observed that "Before Chaos A.D., the overwhelming majority of metal had a 'white' feel to it. Sepultura changed that forever. And with Roots, the band went a step further, asserting once and for all that the genre can accommodate native stylings from any culture, much like jazz had done for decades prior."

MTV called Sepultura the most successful Brazilian heavy metal band in history and "perhaps the most important heavy metal band of the '90s." In 1993, Robert Baird of Phoenix New Times wrote that the band played "machine-gun-tempo mayhem" and that the members "love to attack organized religion and repressive government."

A number of bands have cited Sepultura as an influence, including Slipknot, Korn, Hatebreed, Alien Weaponry, Krisiun, Gojira, Between the Buried and Me, Bullet for My Valentine, Xibalba, Vein, Toxic Holocaust, Children of Bodom, Code Orange, Puya and Nails.

Current members

 * Paulo Jr. – bass (1984–present, only live until 1991), backing vocals (1984–present) ; percussion (1993–1997)
 * Andreas Kisser – lead guitar, backing vocals (1987–present) ; lead vocals (1996–1998) ; bass (1987–1991, only in studio) ; rhythm guitar (1996–present)
 * Derrick Green – lead vocals (1997–present) ; percussion (2005–present) ; additional rhythm guitar (1998–2005)
 * Greyson Nekrutman – drums, percussion (2024–present)

Discography

 * Morbid Visions (1986)
 * Schizophrenia (1987)
 * Beneath the Remains (1989)
 * Arise (1991)
 * Chaos A.D. (1993)
 * Roots (1996)
 * Against (1998)
 * Nation (2001)
 * Roorback (2003)
 * Dante XXI (2006)
 * A-Lex (2009)
 * Kairos (2011)
 * The Mediator Between Head and Hands Must Be the Heart (2013)
 * Machine Messiah (2017)
 * Quadra (2020)

title: Sepultura