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A. L. Rowse

Alfred Leslie Rowse (4 December 1903 – 3 October 1997) was a British historian and writer, best known for his work on Elizabethan England and books relating to Cornwall.

Born in Cornwall and raised in modest circumstances, he was encouraged to study for Oxford by fellow-Cornishman Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch. He was elected a fellow of All Souls College and later appointed lecturer at Merton College. Best known of his many works was The Elizabethan Age trilogy. His work on Shakespeare included a claim to have identified the Dark Lady of the Sonnets as Emilia Lanier, which attracted much interest from scholars, but also many counterclaims. Rowse was in popular demand as a lecturer in North America.

In the 1930s, he stood unsuccessfully as the Labour candidate for Penryn and Falmouth, though later in life he became a Conservative.

Life and politics
Rowse was born at Tregonissey, near St Austell, Cornwall, the son of Annie (née Vanson) and Richard Rowse, a china clay worker. Despite his modest origins and his parents' limited education, he won a place at St Austell County Grammar School and then a scholarship to Christ Church, Oxford, in 1921. He was encouraged in his pursuit of an academic career by a fellow Cornish man of letters, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, of Polperro, who recognised his ability from an early age. Rowse endured doubting comments about his paternity, thus he paid particular attention to his mother's association with a local farmer and butcher from Polgooth, near St Austell, Frederick William May (1872–1953). Any such frustrations were channelled into academia, which reaped him dividends later in life.

Rowse had planned to study English literature, having developed an early love of poetry, but was persuaded to read history. He was a popular undergraduate and made many friendships that lasted for life. He graduated with first class honours in 1925 and was elected a fellow of All Souls College the same year. In 1929, he proceeded to a Master of Arts degree. In 1927 he was appointed lecturer at Merton College, where he stayed until 1930. He then became a lecturer at the London School of Economics.

In 1931, Rowse contested the parliamentary seat of Penryn and Falmouth for the Labour Party, but was unsuccessful, finishing third behind a Liberal. In the general election of 1935 he again stood unsuccessfully, but managed to finish in second place, ahead of the Liberal. In both the 1931 and 1935 elections, Maurice Petherick was returned as a Conservative MP to Parliament, albeit with a minority of the vote. Rowse supported calls made by Sir Stafford Cripps and others for a "Popular Front". Cripps was expelled from the Labour Party for his views. Rowse worked to get agreement by Labour and Liberal parties in Devon and Cornwall, making a common cause with the Liberal MP Sir Richard Acland. A general election was expected to take place in 1939, and Rowse, who was again Labour's candidate for Penryn & Falmouth, was not expected to have a Liberal opponent. That would increase his chances of winning. But, due to outbreak of war, the election did not take place and his political career was effectively ended.

Undeterred, Rowse chose to continue his career by seeking administrative positions at Oxford becoming Sub-Warden of All Souls College. In 1952, he failed in his candidacy for election as Warden against John Sparrow. Shortly afterwards he began what became regular trips to The Huntington Library in Southern California, where for many years he was a senior research fellow. He received a doctorate (DLitt) from Oxford University in 1953. After delivering the British Academy's 1957 Raleigh Lecture on history about Sir Richard Grenville's place in English history, Rowse was selected as a fellow of the academy (FBA) in 1958.

Rowse published about 100 books. By the mid-20th century, he was a celebrated author and much-travelled lecturer, especially in the United States. He also published many popular articles in newspapers and magazines in Great Britain and the United States. His brilliance was widely recognised. His knack for the sensational, as well as his academic boldness (which some considered to be irresponsible carelessness), sustained his reputation. His opinions on rival popular historians, such as Hugh Trevor-Roper and A. J. P. Taylor, were expressed sometimes in very ripe terms.

In his later years, Rowse moved increasingly towards the political right, and many considered him to be part of the Tory tradition by the time he died. One of Rowse's lifelong themes in his books and articles was his condemnation of the Conservative-dominated National Government's policy of appeasement of Nazi Germany in the 1930s, and the economic and political consequences for Great Britain of fighting a Second World War with Germany. He also criticised his former Labour Party colleagues–including George Lansbury, Kingsley Martin and Richard Crossman—for endorsing appeasement, writing "not one of the Left intellectuals could republish what they wrote in the Thirties without revealing what idiotic judgments they made about events." Another was his horror at the degradation of standards in modern society. He is reported as saying: "... this filthy twentieth century. I hate its guts".

Despite international academic success, Rowse remained proud of his Cornish roots. He retired from Oxford in 1973 to Trenarren House, his Cornish home, from where he remained active as writer, reviewer and conversationalist until immobilised by a stroke the year before his death. His ashes are buried in the Campdowns Cemetery, Charlestown near St Austell.

Elizabethan and Shakespearean scholarship
Rowse's early works focus on 16th-century England and his first full-length historical monograph, Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge (1937), was a biography of a 16th-century sailor. His next was Tudor Cornwall (1941), a lively detailed account of Cornish society in the 16th century. He consolidated his reputation with a one-volume general history of England, The Spirit of English History (1943), but his most important work was the historical trilogy The Elizabethan Age: The England of Elizabeth (1950), The Expansion of Elizabethan England (1955), and The Elizabethan Renaissance (1971–72), respectively examine the society, overseas exploration, and culture of late 16th-century England.

In 1963 Rowse began to concentrate on William Shakespeare, starting with a biography in which he claimed to have dated all the sonnets, identified Christopher Marlowe as the suitor's rival and solved all but one of the other problems posed by the sonnets. His failure to acknowledge his reliance upon the work of other scholars alienated some of his peers, but he won popular acclaim. In 1973 he published Shakespeare the Man, in which he claimed to have solved the final problem – the identity of the 'Dark Lady': from a close reading of the sonnets and the diaries of Simon Forman, he asserted that she must have been Emilia Lanier, whose poems he would later collect. He suggested that Shakespeare had been influenced by the feud between the Danvers and Long families in Wiltshire, when he wrote Romeo and Juliet. The Danverses were friends of Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton.

Rowse's "discoveries" about Shakespeare's sonnets amount to the following:

 * 1) The Fair Youth was the 19-year-old Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton, extremely handsome and bisexual.
 * 2) The sonnets were written 1592–1594/5.
 * 3) The "rival poet" was Christopher Marlowe.
 * 4) The "Dark Lady" was Emilia Lanier. His use of the diaries of Simon Forman, which contained material about her, influenced other scholars.
 * 5) Christopher Marlowe's death is recorded in the sonnets.
 * 6) Shakespeare was a heterosexual man, who was faced with an unusual situation when the handsome, young, bisexual Earl of Southampton fell in love with him.

Rowse was dismissive of those who rejected his views. He supported his conclusions. In the case of Shakespeare's sexuality, he emphasised the playwright's heterosexual inclinations by noting that he had impregnated an older woman by the time he was 18, and was consequently obliged to marry her. Moreover, he fathered three children by the time he was 21. In the sonnets, Shakespeare's explicit erotic interest lies with the Dark Lady; he obsesses about her. Shakespeare was still married and Rowse believes he was having an extramarital affair.

Personal attitudes
The diary excerpts published in 2003 reveal that "he was an overt even rather proud homosexual in a pre-Wolfenden age, fascinated by young policemen and sailors, obsessively speculating on the sexual proclivities of everyone he meets". Much later, following retirement, he said, "of course, I used to be a homo; but now, when it doesn't matter, if anything I'm a hetero".

He was aware of his own intelligence from earliest childhood, and obsessed that others either did not accept this fact, or not quickly enough. The diaries describe what he said were "a series of often inane jealousies".

He described a "Slacker State": "I don't want to have my money scalped off me to maintain other people's children. I don't like other people; I particularly don't like their children; I deeply disapprove of their proliferation making the globe uninhabitable. The fucking idiots – I don't want to pay for their fucking."

Literary career
Rowse's first book was On History, a Study of Present Tendencies published in 1927 as the seventh volume of Kegan Paul's Psyche Miniature General Series. In 1931 he contributed to T. S. Eliot's quarterly review The Criterion. In 1935 he co-edited Charles Henderson's Essays in Cornish History for the Clarendon Press. His best-seller was his first volume of autobiography, A Cornish Childhood, first published by Jonathan Cape in 1942, which has gone on to sell nearly half a million copies worldwide. It describes his hard struggle to get to the University of Oxford and his love/hate relationship with Cornwall.

From the 1940s to the 1970s, he served as the General Editor for the popular "Teach Yourself History" and "Men and their Times" series, published by the English Universities Press.

Rowse wrote poetry all his life. He contributed poems to Public School Verse whilst at St Austell Grammar School. He also had verse published in Oxford 1923, Oxford 1924, and Oxford 1925. His collected poems A Life were published in 1981. The poetry is mainly autobiographical, descriptive of place (especially Cornwall) and people he knew and cared for, e.g. The Progress of Love, which describes his platonic love for Adam von Trott, a handsome and aristocratic German youth who studied at Oxford in the 1930s and who was later executed for his part in the July Plot of 1944 to kill Hitler. Unusually for a British poet, Rowse wrote a great number of poems inspired by American scenery.

His most controversial book (at the time of publication) was on the subject of human sexuality: Homosexuals in History (1977).

Biographer
He wrote other biographies of English historical and literary figures, and many other historical works. His biographies include studies of Shakespeare, Marlowe, and the Earl of Southampton, the major players in the sonnets, as well as later luminaries of English literature such as John Milton, Jonathan Swift and Matthew Arnold. A devoted cat-lover, he also wrote the biographies of several cats who came to live with him at Trenarren, claiming that it was as much a challenge to write the biography of a favourite cat as it was a Queen of England. He also published a number of short stories, mainly about Cornwall, of interest more for their thinly veiled autobiographical resonances than their literary merit. His last book, My View of Shakespeare, published in 1996, summed up his life-time's appreciation of The Bard of Stratford. The book was dedicated "To HRH The Prince of Wales in common devotion to William Shakespeare".

Bibliophile
One of Rowse's great enthusiasms was collecting books, and he owned many first editions, many of them bearing his acerbic annotations. For example, his copy of the January 1924 edition of The Adelphi magazine edited by John Middleton Murry bears a pencilled note after Murry's poem In Memory of Katherine Mansfield: 'Sentimental gush on the part of JMM. And a bad poem. A.L.R.'

Upon his death in 1997 he bequeathed his book collection to the University of Exeter, and his personal archive of manuscripts, diaries, and correspondence. In 1998 the University Librarian selected about sixty books from Rowse's own working library and a complete set of his published books. The Royal Institution of Cornwall selected some of the remaining books and the rest were sold to dealers. The London booksellers Heywood Hill produced two catalogues of books from his library.

Honours
Rowse was elected a Fellow of the British Academy (FBA), of the Royal Historical Society (FRHistS) and of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL).

In addition to his DLitt (Oxon) degree (1953), Rowse received the honorary degrees of DLitt from the University of Exeter in 1960 and DCL from the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada, the same year.

In 1968 he was made a Bard of Gorseth Kernow, taking the bardic name Lef A Gernow ('Voice of Cornwall'), reflecting his high standing in the Cornish community.

He was elected to the Athenaeum Club under Rule II in 1972, and received the Benson Medal of the Royal Society of Literature in 1982.

Rowse was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour (CH) in the 1997 New Year Honours.

Posthumous reputation
As well as his own appearances on radio and television, Rowse has been depicted in various TV drama documentaries about British politics in the 1930s and appeasement.

Christopher William Hill's radio play Accolades, rebroadcast on BBC Radio 4 in March 2007 as a tribute to its star, Ian Richardson, who had died the previous month, covers the period leading up to the publication of Shakespeare the Man in 1973 and publicity surrounding Rowse's unshakable confidence that he had discovered the identity of the Dark Lady of the Sonnets. It was broadcast again on 9 July 2008.

A Cornish Childhood has also been adapted for voices (in the style of Under Milk Wood) by Judith Cook.

Selected works

 * On History: a Study of Present Tendencies, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1927
 * Science and History: a New View of History, London: W. W. Norton, 1928
 * Politics and the Younger Generation, London: Faber & Faber, 1931
 * The Question of the House of Lords, London: Hogarth Press, 1934
 * Queen Elizabeth and Her Subjects (with G. B. Harrison), London: Allen & Unwin, 1935
 * Mr. Keynes and the Labour Movement, London: Macmillan, 1936
 * Sir Richard Grenville of the "Revenge", London: Jonathan Cape, 1937
 * What is Wrong with the Germans?, 1940
 * Tudor Cornwall, London: Jonathan Cape, 1941
 * A Cornish Childhood, London: Jonathan Cape, 1942
 * The Spirit of English History, London: Jonathan Cape, 1943
 * The English Spirit: Essays in History and Literature, London: Macmillan, 1944
 * West-Country Stories, London: Macmillan, 1945
 * The Use of History (key volume in the "Teach Yourself History" series), London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1946
 * The End of an Epoch: Reflections on Contemporary History, London: Macmillan, 1947
 * The England of Elizabeth: the Structure of Society. London: Macmillan, 1950
 * The English Past: Evocation of Persons and Places, London: Macmillan, 1951
 * An Elizabethan Garland, London: Macmillan, 1953
 * The Expansion of Elizabethan England, London: Macmillan, 1955
 * The Early Churchills, London: Macmillan, 1956
 * The Later Churchills, London: Macmillan, 1958
 * The Elizabethans and America: The Trevelyan Lectures at Cambridge, 1958, London, Macmillan, 1959
 * St Austell: Church, Town, Parish, St Austell: H. E. Warne, 1960
 * All Souls and Appeasement: a Contribution to Contemporary History, London: Macmillan, 1961
 * Ralegh and the Throckmortons, London: Macmillan, 1962
 * William Shakespeare: a Biography, London: Macmillan, 1963
 * Christopher Marlowe: a biography, London: Macmillan, 1964
 * Shakespeare's Sonnets, London: Macmillan, 1964
 * A Cornishman at Oxford, London: Jonathan Cape, 1965
 * Shakespeare's Southampton: Patron of Virginia, London: Macmillan, 1965
 * Bosworth Field and the Wars of the Roses, London: Macmillan, 1966
 * Cornish Stories, London: Macmillan, 1967
 * A Cornish Anthology, London: Macmillan, 1968
 * The Cornish in America, London: Macmillan, 1969
 * The Elizabethan Renaissance: the Life of Society, London: Macmillan, 1971
 * The Elizabethan Renaissance: the Cultural Achievement, London: Macmillan, 1972
 * The Tower of London in the History of the Nation, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1972
 * Shakespeare The Man, London: Macmillan, 1973
 * Windsor Castle In the History of the Nation, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974
 * Victorian and Edwardian Cornwall from old photographs, London: Batsford, 1974 (Introduction and commentaries by Rowse; ten extracts from Betjeman)
 * Simon Forman: Sex and Society in Shakespeare's Age, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1974
 * Discoveries and Reviews: from Renaissance to Restoration, London: Macmillan, 1975
 * Oxford: In the History of the Nation, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1975
 * Jonathan Swift: Major Prophet, London, Thames & Hudson, 1975
 * A Cornishman Abroad, London: Jonathan Cape, 1976
 * Matthew Arnold: Poet and Prophet, London: Thames & Hudson, 1976
 * Homosexuals in History, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977
 * Shakespeare the Elizabethan, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1977
 * Milton the Puritan: Portrait of a Mind, London: Macmillan, 1977
 * The Byrons and the Trevanions, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978
 * A Man of the Thirties, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1979
 * Memories of Men and Women, London: Eyre Methuen, 1980
 * A Man of Singular Virtue: being a Life of Sir Thomas More by his Son-in-Law William Roper, and a Selection of More's Letters, London: Folio Society, 1980 (Editor)
 * Shakespeare's Globe: his Intellectual and Moral Outlook, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981
 * A Life: Collected Poems, Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1981
 * Eminent Elizabethans, London: Macmillan, 1983
 * Night at the Carn and Other Stories, London: William Kimber, 1984
 * Shakespeare's Characters: a Complete Guide, London: Methuen, 1984
 * Glimpses of the Great, London: Methuen, 1985
 * The Little Land of Cornwall, Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1986
 * A Quartet of Cornish Cats, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1986
 * Stories From Trenarren, London: William Kimber, 1986
 * Reflections on the Puritan Revolution, London: Methuen, 1986
 * The Poet Auden: a Personal Memoir, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987
 * Court and Country: Studies in Tudor Social History, Brighton: Harvester Press, 1987
 * Froude the Historian: Victorian Man of Letters, Gloucester: Alan Sutton, 1987
 * Quiller-Couch: a Portrait of "Q", London: Methuen, 1988
 * A. L. Rowse's Cornwall: a Journey through Cornwall's Past and Present, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988
 * Friends and Contemporaries, London: Methuen, 1989
 * The Controversial Colensos, Redruth: Dyllansow Truran, 1989
 * Discovering Shakespeare: a Chapter in Literary History, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1989
 * Four Caroline Portraits, London: Duckworth, 1993
 * All Souls in My Time, London: Duckworth, 1993
 * The Regicides and the Puritan Revolution, London: Duckworth, 1994
 * Historians I Have Known, London: Duckworth, 1995
 * My View of Shakespeare, London: Duckworth, 1996
 * Cornish Place Rhymes, Tiverton: Cornwall Books, 1997 (posthumous commemorative volume begun by the author; preface by the editor, S. Butler)
 * The Elizabethan Age (a four-volume set composed of The England of Elizabeth; The Expansion of Elizabethan England; The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society; The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Cultural Achievement), London: Folio Society, 2012

Biography and bibliography

 * Capstick, Tony (1997), A. L. Rowse: An Illustrated Bibliography, Wokingham: Hare's Ear Publication ISBN 0-9515686-5-5
 * Cauveren, Sydney (2000), A. L. Rowse: A Bibliophile's Extensive Bibliography, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press ISBN 0-8108-3641-6
 * Cauveren, Sydney (2001), "A. L. Rowse: Historian and Friend", Contemporary Review, December 2001, pp. 340–346
 * Jacob, Valerie (2001), Tregonissey to Trenarren: A. L. Rowse – The Cornish Years, St. Austell: Valerie Jacob ISBN 0-9541505-0-3
 * Ollard, Richard (1999), A Man of Contradictions: A Life of A. L. Rowse, London: Allen Lane ISBN 0-7139-9353-7
 * Ollard, Richard (2003), The Diaries of A. L. Rowse, London: Allen Lane ISBN 0-7139-9572-6
 * Whetter, James (2003), Dr. A. L. Rowse: Poet, Historian, Lover of Cornwall, Gorran, St. Austell: Lyfrow Trelyspen ISBN 0-9539972-1-9
 * Payton, Philip (2005), A. L. Rowse and Cornwall, Exeter: University of Exeter Press ISBN 0-85989-744-3
 * Donald Adamson is due to publish a biography of A. L. Rowse (from a friend's perspective), see article in the International Literary Quarterly.
 * Slattery-Christy, David (2017), Other People's Fu**ing! An Oxford Affair. New play exploring the relationship between A.L. Rowse and Adam von Trott during the 1930s in Oxford. Published by Christyplays. www.christyplays.com

title: A. L. Rowse


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Douglas A-1 Skyraider

The Douglas A-1 Skyraider (formerly designated AD before the 1962 unification of Navy and Air Force designations) is an American single-seat attack aircraft in service from 1946 to the early 1980s, which served during the Korean War and Vietnam War. The Skyraider had an unusually long career, remaining in front-line service well into the Jet Age (when most piston-engine attack or fighter aircraft were replaced by jet aircraft); thus becoming known by some as an "anachronism". The aircraft was nicknamed "Spad", after the French World War I fighter.

It was operated by the United States Navy (USN), the United States Marine Corps (USMC), and the United States Air Force (USAF), and also saw service with the British Royal Navy, the French Air Force, the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF), and others. It remained in U.S. service until the early 1970s.

Design and development
The piston-engined, propeller-driven Skyraider was designed during World War II to meet United States Navy requirements for a carrier-based, single-seat, long-range, high performance dive/torpedo bomber, to follow on from earlier aircraft such as the Douglas SBD Dauntless, the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver and the Grumman TBF Avenger. Designed by Ed Heinemann of the Douglas Aircraft Company, prototypes were ordered on 6 July 1944 as the XBT2D-1. The XBT2D-1 made its first flight on 18 March 1945, and the USN began evaluation of the aircraft at the Naval Air Test Center (NATC) in April 1945. In December 1946, after a designation change to AD-1, delivery of the first production aircraft to a fleet squadron was made to VA-19A.

The AD-1 was built at Douglas's El Segundo plant in Southern California. In his memoir The Lonely Sky, test pilot Bill Bridgeman described the routine yet sometimes hazardous work of certifying AD-1s fresh off the assembly line at a rate of two aircraft per day for delivery to the U.S. Navy in 1949 and 1950.

The low-wing monoplane design started with a Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone radial engine which was later upgraded several times. The aircraft had distinctive large straight wings with seven hardpoints apiece. The Skyraider had excellent maneuverability at low speed, and carried a large amount of ordnance over a considerable combat radius. It had a long loiter time for its size, compared to much heavier subsonic or supersonic jets. The aircraft was optimized for ground attack and was armored against ground fire in key locations, unlike faster fighters adapted to carry bombs, such as the Vought F4U Corsair or North American P-51 Mustang, which were retired by U.S. forces before the 1960s.

Shortly after Heinemann began designing the XBT2D-1, a study was issued showing that for every 100 lb of weight reduction, the takeoff run was decreased by 8 ft, the combat radius increased by 22 mi and the rate-of-climb increased by 18 ft/min. Heinemann immediately had his design engineers begin a program for finding weight savings on the XBT2D-1 design, no matter how small. Simplifying the fuel system resulted in a reduction of 270 lb; 200 lb by eliminating an internal bomb bay and hanging external stores from the wings or fuselage; 70 lb by using a fuselage dive brake; and 100 lb by using an older tailwheel design. In the end, Heinemann and his design engineers achieved more than 1800 lb of weight reduction on the original XBT2D-1 design.

The Navy AD series was initially painted in ANA 623 glossy sea blue, but during the 1950s, following the Korean War, the color scheme was changed to light gull grey and white (Fed Std 595 27875). Initially using the gray and white Navy scheme, by 1967 the USAF began to paint its Skyraiders in a camouflaged pattern using two shades of green, and one of tan.

Used by the US Navy over Korea and Vietnam, the A-1 was a primary close air support aircraft for the USAF and RVNAF during the Vietnam War. The A-1 was famous for being able to take hits and keep flying thanks to armor plating around the cockpit area for pilot protection. It was replaced beginning in the mid-1960s by the Grumman A-6 Intruder as the Navy's primary medium-attack plane in supercarrier-based air wings; however Skyraiders continued to operate from the smaller Essex-class aircraft carriers.

The Skyraider went through seven versions, starting with the AD-1, then AD-2 and AD-3 with various minor improvements, then the AD-4 with a more powerful R-3350-26WA engine. The AD-5 was significantly widened, allowing two crew to sit side-by-side (this was not the first multiple-crew variant, the AD-1Q being a two-seater and the AD-3N a three-seater); it also came in a four-seat night-attack version, the AD-5N. The AD-6 was an improved AD-4B with improved low-level bombing equipment, and the final production version AD-7 was upgraded to an R-3350-26WB engine.

For service in Vietnam, USAF Skyraiders were fitted with the Stanley Yankee extraction system, which acted in a similar manner to an ejection seat, though with twin rockets extracting the pilot from the cockpit.

In addition to serving during Korea and Vietnam as an attack aircraft, the Skyraider was modified to serve as a carrier-based airborne early warning aircraft, replacing the Grumman TBM-3W Avenger. It fulfilled this function in the USN and Royal Navy, being replaced by the Grumman E-1 Tracer and Fairey Gannet, respectively, in those services.

Skyraider production ended in 1957 with a total of 3,180 having been built. In 1962, the existing Skyraiders were redesignated A-1D through A-1J and later used by both the USAF and the Navy in the Vietnam War.

Korean War
The Skyraider was produced too late for use in World War II, but became the backbone of United States Navy aircraft carrier and United States Marine Corps strike aircraft sorties in the Korean War (1950–1953), with the first ADs going into action from USS Valley Forge (CV-45) with VA-55 on 3 July 1950. Its weapons load and 10-hour flying time far surpassed the jets that were available at the time. On 2 May 1951, Skyraiders made the only aerial torpedo attack of the war, hitting the Hwacheon Dam, then controlled by North Korea.

On 16 June 1953, a USMC AD-4 from VMC-1 piloted by Major George H. Linnemeier and CWO Vernon S. Kramer shot down a Soviet-built Polikarpov Po-2 biplane, the only documented Skyraider air victory of the war. AD-3N and -4N aircraft carrying bombs and flares, flew night-attack sorties, and radar-equipped ADs carried out radar-jamming missions from carriers and land bases.

During the Korean War, AD Skyraiders were flown by only the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps, and were normally painted in dark navy blue. It was called the "Blue Plane" by enemy troops. Marine Corps Skyraiders suffered heavy losses when used in low-level close-support missions. To allow low-level operations to continue without unacceptable losses, a package of additional armor was fitted, consisting of 0.25 - 0.5 in thick external aluminum armor plates fitted to the underside and sides of the aircraft's fuselage. The armor package weighed a total of 618 lb and had little effect on performance or handling. A total of 128 Navy and Marine AD Skyraiders were lost in the Korean War – 101 in combat and 27 to operational causes. Most operational losses were due to the tremendous power of the AD: ADs that were "waved-off" during carrier recovery operations were prone to performing a fatal torque roll into the sea or the deck of the aircraft carrier if the pilot mistakenly gave the AD too much throttle. The torque of the engine was so great that it would cause the aircraft to rotate about the propeller and slam into the sea or the carrier.

Cathay Pacific VR-HEU incident
On 26 July 1954, two Douglas Skyraiders from the aircraft carriers USS Philippine Sea (CV-47) and USS Hornet (CV-12) shot down two Chinese PLAAF Lavochkin fighters off the coast of Hainan Island while searching for survivors after the shooting down of a Cathay Pacific Douglas DC-4 Skymaster airliner three days previously.

Vietnam War
As American involvement in the Vietnam War began, the A-1 Skyraider was still the medium attack aircraft in many carrier air wings, although it was planned to be replaced by the A-6A Intruder as part of the general switch to jet aircraft. Skyraiders from USS Constellation (CV-64) and USS Ticonderoga (CV-14) participated in the first U.S. Navy strikes against North Vietnam on 5 August 1964 as part of Operation Pierce Arrow in response to the Gulf of Tonkin Incident, striking against fuel depots at Vinh, with one Skyraider from Ticonderoga damaged by anti-aircraft fire, and a second from Constellation shot down, killing its pilot, Lieutenant Richard Sather.

Shoot-downs
During the war, U.S. Navy Skyraiders used their cannon to shoot down two Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 jet fighters. The first, on 20 June 1965 by Lieutenant Clinton B. Johnson and Lt. (jg) Charles W. Hartman III of VA-25, was the first gun kill of the Vietnam War. The other was on 9 October 1966 by Lt. (jg) William T. Patton of VA-176.

Tactical operators
As they were released from U.S. Navy service, Skyraiders were introduced into the Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF). Skyraiders were also used by the U.S. Air Force, specifically Special Operations elements of the Tactical Air Command, for search and rescue air cover. They were also used by the USAF to perform one of the Skyraider's most famous roles — the "Sandy" helicopter escort on combat rescues. On 10 March 1966, USAF Major Bernard F. Fisher flew an A-1E mission and was awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing Major "Jump" Myers at A Shau Special Forces Camp. USAF Colonel William A. Jones III piloted an A-1H on 1 September 1968 mission for which he was awarded the Medal of Honor. In that mission, despite damage to his aircraft and suffering serious burns, he returned to his base and reported the position of a downed U.S. airman.

Losses
On 5 August 1964, the first A-1E Skyraider was shot down during Operation Pierce Arrow. The pilot, Lt. (jg) Richard Sather, was the first Navy pilot killed in the war. On the night of 29 August 1964, the second A-1E Skyraider was shot down and the pilot killed near Bien Hoa Air Base; it was flown by Capt. Richard D. Goss from the 1st Air Commando Squadron, 34th Tactical Group. The third A-1 was shot down on 31 March 1965 piloted by Lt. (jg) Gerald W. McKinley from the USS Hancock (CV-19) on a bombing run over North Vietnam. He was reported missing, presumed dead.

While on his first mission, Navy pilot Lt. (jg) Dieter Dengler took damage to his A-1H over Vietnam on 1 February 1966, and crash-landed in Laos. Col. Oscar Mauterer ejected from his A-1 after taking heavy enemy fire while providing cover for a damaged friendly aircraft on February 15, 1966. Radio reports confirmed Mauterer had a good chute, but was captured by enemy forces. Mauterer is still POW/MIA status.

The next A-1 was shot down on 29 April 1966, and Pilot Capt. Grant N. Tabor, was lost on 19 April 1967; both were from the 602 Air Commando Squadron. A Skyraider from Navy Squadron VA-25 on a ferry flight from Naval Air Station Cubi Point (Philippines) to USS Coral Sea (CV-43) was lost to two Chinese MiG-17s on 14 February 1968: Lieutenant (jg) Joseph P. Dunn, USN flew too close to the Chinese island of Hainan and was intercepted. Lieutenant Dunn's A-1H Skyraider 134499 (Canasta 404) was the last Navy A-1 lost in the war. He was observed to survive the ejection and deploy his raft, but was never found. Initially listed as missing in action, he is now listed as killed in action and posthumously promoted to the rank of Commander. In October 1965, to highlight the dropping of the six millionth pound of ordnance, Commander Clarence J. Stoddard of VA-25, flying an A-1H, dropped a special, one-time-only object in addition to his other munitions – a toilet. During the Vietnam War, the U.S. Navy lost 65 Skyraiders, 48 of these in combat.

The U.S. Air Force used the naval A-1 Skyraider for the first time in Vietnam. As the Vietnam War progressed, USAF A-1s were painted in camouflage, while USN A-1 Skyraiders were gray/white in color in contrast to the Korean War, when A-1s were painted dark blue. After November 1972, all A-1s in U.S. service in Southeast Asia were transferred to the RVNAF. The Skyraider in Vietnam pioneered the concept of tough, survivable aircraft with long loiter times and large ordnance loads. The USAF lost 191 Skyraiders in Southeast Asia, 150 of these in combat. Of the combined total of 256 lost A-1s, five were shot down by Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAMs), and three were shot down in air-to-air combat; the rest were shot down by anti-aircraft artillery.

Republic of Vietnam Air Force
The A-1 Skyraider was the close air support workhorse of the RVNAF for much of the Vietnam War. The U.S. Navy began to transfer some of its Skyraiders to the RVNAF in September 1960, replacing the RVNAF's older Grumman F8F Bearcats. By 1962 the RVNAF had 22 of the aircraft in its inventory, and by 1968 an additional 131 aircraft had been received. Initially Navy aviators and crews were responsible for training their South Vietnamese counterparts on the aircraft, but over time responsibility was gradually transferred to the USAF.

The initial trainees were selected from among RVNAF Bearcat pilots who had accumulated 800 to 1200 hours flying time. They were trained at NAS Corpus Christi, Texas, and then sent to NAS Lemoore, California for further training. Navy pilots and crews in Vietnam checked out the Skyraiders that were being transferred to the RVNAF, and conducted courses for RVNAF ground crews.

Over the course of the war, the RVNAF acquired a total more than 350 Skyraiders, and was operating six A-1 squadrons by the end of 1965. About one third of these were A-1E/G. These were reduced during the period of Vietnamization from 1968 to 1972, as the U.S. began to supply the South Vietnamese with more modern close air support aircraft, such as the A-37 Dragonfly and Northrop F-5, and at the beginning of 1968, only three of its squadrons were flying A-1s.

As the U.S. ended its direct involvement in the war, it transferred the remainder of its Skyraiders to the South Vietnamese, and by 1973, all remaining Skyraiders in U.S. inventories had been turned over to the RVNAF. Unlike their American counterparts, whose combat tours were generally limited to 12 months, individual South Vietnamese Skyraider pilots ran up many thousands of combat hours in the A-1, and many senior RVNAF pilots were extremely skilled in the operation of the aircraft. The last Skyraiders transferred to the VNAF were 23 A-1H/J and 21 A-1E/G in late 1972. In 1974, 61 were put in storage. A year later, eleven fled to Thailand (5 A-1E, 1 A-1G, 5 A-1H) and more than 40 were captured by North Vietnam.

A-1H 134600 was operated by the VNAF from 1965 to 1975. In 1997, it was acquired by the U. S. Army Center of Military History before it was restored and put on display at the National Museum of the USAF in 2022 (painted as 52–139738).

United Kingdom

The Royal Navy acquired 50 AD-4W early warning aircraft in 1951 through the Military Assistance Program. All Skyraider AEW.1s were operated by 849 Naval Air Squadron, which provided four-plane detachments for the British carriers. Flights from HMS Eagle (R05) and HMS Albion (R07) took part in the Suez Crisis in 1956. 778 Naval Air Squadron was responsible for the training of the Skyraider crews at RNAS Culdrose until July 1952.

In 1960, the Fairey Gannet AEW.3 replaced the Skyraiders, using the AN/APS-20 radar of the Douglas aircraft. The last British Skyraiders were retired in 1962. In the late 1960s, the AN/APS-20 radars from the Skyraiders were installed in Avro Shackleton AEW.2s of the Royal Air Force which were finally retired in 1991.

Sweden
Fourteen ex-British AEW.1 Skyraiders were sold to Sweden to be used by Svensk Flygtjänst AB between 1962 and 1976. All military equipment was removed and the aircraft were used as target tugs supporting the Swedish Armed Forces.

France
The French Air Force bought 20 ex-USN AD-4s as well as 88 ex-USN AD-4Ns and five ex-USN AD-4NAs with the former three-seaters modified as single-seat aircraft with removal of the radar equipment and the two operator stations from the rear fuselage. The AD-4N/NAs were initially acquired in 1956 to replace aging Republic P-47 Thunderbolts in Algeria.

The Skyraiders were first ordered in 1956 and the first was handed over to the French Air Force on 6 February 1958 after being overhauled and fitted with some French equipment by Sud-Aviation. The aircraft were used until the end of the Algerian War. The aircraft were used by the 20e Escadre de Chasse (EC 1/20 "Aures Nementcha", EC 2/20 "Ouarsenis" and EC 3/20 "Oranie") and EC 21 in the close air support role armed with rockets, bombs and napalm.

The Skyraiders had only a short career in Algeria, but they nonetheless proved to be the most successful of all the ad hoc counter-insurgency aircraft deployed by the French. The Skyraider remained in limited French service until the 1970s. They were heavily involved in the civil war in Chad, at first with the Armée de l'Air, and later with a nominally independent Chadian Air Force staffed by French mercenaries. The aircraft also operated under the French flag in Djibouti and on the island of Madagascar. When France at last relinquished the Skyraiders it passed the survivors on to allied states, including Gabon, Chad, Cambodia and the Central African Republic (several aircraft from Gabon and Chad were recovered by French warbird enthusiasts and entered on the French civil register).

The French frequently used the aft station to carry maintenance personnel, spare parts and supplies to forward bases. In Chad they even used the aft station for a "bombardier" and his "special stores" – empty beer bottles – as these were considered as non-lethal weapons, thus not breaking the government-imposed rules of engagement, during operations against Libyan-supported rebels in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Variants

 * XBT2D-1: Single-seat dive-bomber, torpedo-bomber prototype for the U.S. Navy
 * XBT2D-1N: Three-seat night attack prototypes; only three aircraft built
 * XBT2D-1P: Photographic reconnaissance prototype; only one built
 * XBT2D-1Q: Two-seat electronics countermeasures prototype; one aircraft only
 * BT2D-2 (XAD-2): Upgraded attack aircraft; one prototype only
 * AD-1: The first production model; 242 built
 * AD-1Q: Two-seat electronic countermeasures version of the AD-1; 35 built
 * AD-1U: AD-1 with radar countermeasures and tow target equipment, no armament and no water injection equipment
 * XAD-1W: Three-seat airborne early warning prototype. AD-3W prototype; one aircraft only.
 * AD-2: Improved model, powered by 2700 hp Wright R-3350-26W engine; 156 built
 * AD-2D: Unofficial designation for AD-2s used as remote-control aircraft, to collect and gather radioactive material in the air after nuclear tests
 * AD-2Q: Two-seat electronics countermeasures version of the AD-2; 21 built
 * AD-2QU: AD-2 with radar countermeasures and target towing equipment, no armament and no water injection equipment; one aircraft only
 * XAD-2: Similar to XBT2D-1 except engine, increased fuel capacity
 * AD-3: Proposed turboprop version, initial designation of A2D Skyshark
 * AD-3: Stronger fuselage, improved landing gear, new canopy design; 125 built
 * AD-3S: Anti-submarine warfare model; only two prototypes were built
 * AD-3N: Three-seat night attack version; 15 built
 * AD-3Q: Electronics countermeasures version, countermeasures equipment relocated for better crew comfort; 23 built
 * AD-3QU: Target towing aircraft, but most were delivered as AD-3Qs
 * AD-3W: Airborne early warning version; 31 built
 * XAD-3E: AD-3W modified for ASW with Aeroproducts propeller
 * AD-4: Strengthened landing gear, improved radar, G-2 compass, anti-G suit provisions, four 20 mm cannon and 14 Aero rocket launchers; 372 built
 * AD-4B: Specialized version designed to carry nuclear weapons, also armed with four 20 mm cannon; 165 built plus 28 conversions
 * AD-4L: Equipped for winter operations in Korea; 63 conversions
 * AD-4N (A-1D): Three-seat night attack version; 307 built
 * AD-4NA: Designation of 100 AD-4Ns without their night-attack equipment, but fitted with four 20 mm cannon, for service in Korea as ground-attack aircraft
 * AD-4NL: Winterized version of the AD-4N; 36 conversions
 * AD-4Q: Two-seat electronic countermeasures version of the AD-4; 39 built
 * AD-4W: Three-seat airborne early warning version; 168 built. A total of 50 AD-4Ws were transferred to the Royal Navy as Skyraider AEW Mk 1s.
 * AD-5 (A-1E): Side-by-side seating for pilot and co-pilot, without dive brakes; 212 built
 * AD-5N (A-1G): Four-seat night attack version, with radar countermeasures; 239 built
 * AD-5Q (EA-1F): Four-seat electronics countermeasures version; 54 conversions
 * AD-5S: One prototype to test magnetic anomaly detector (MAD) anti-submarine equipment
 * AD-5U: The AD-5 when modified for target towing became the UA-1E in 1962. The same model converted as a transport was sometimes referred to as the AD-5R.
 * AD-5W (EA-1E): Three-seat airborne early warning version with an AN/APS-20 radar installed; 218 were built
 * UA-1E: Utility version of the AD-5
 * AD-6 (A-1H): Single-seat attack aircraft with three dive brakes, centerline station stressed for 3500 lb of ordnance, 30 in in diameter, combination 14 in and 30 in bomb ejector and low/high altitude bomb director; 713 built
 * AD-7 (A-1J): The final production model, powered by a R-3350-26WB engine, with structural improvements to increase wing fatigue life; 72 built

Operators

 * 🇫🇷 France
 * South Vietnam
 * 🇫🇷 France
 * South Vietnam
 * South Vietnam
 * South Vietnam

Naming
The A-1 Skyraider received various nicknames including: "Spad" and "Super Spad" (derived from the aircraft's AD designation, its relative longevity in service and an allusion to the "Spad" aircraft of World War I), "Able Dog" (phonetic AD), "the Destroyer", "Hobo" (radio call sign of the US Air Force's 1st Air Commando/1st Special Operations Squadron), "Firefly" (a call sign of the 602nd ACS/SOS), "Zorro" (the call sign of the 22nd SOS), "The Big Gun", "Old Faithful", "Old Miscellaneous", "Fat Face" (AD-5/A-1E version, side-by-side seating), "Guppy" (AD-5W version), "Q-Bird" or "Queer Bird" (AD-1Q/AD-5Q versions), "Flying Dumptruck" (A-1E), "Sandy" (the 602nd ACS/SOS call sign for Combat Search And Rescue helicopter escort), and "Crazy Water Buffalo" (South Vietnamese nickname).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Douglas A-1 Skyraider


text:
Talk:SpiderMonkey

Untitled
one of two. and the other is... ???? -- Tarquin 17:44 Feb 28, 2003 (UTC)

 * Rhino, the Java implementation of JavaScript. -- Nanshu

Titles of the articles./Títulos

 * This isn't Javascript - C?
 * ¿Esto no sería JavaScript-C?

213.96.161.73 16:12, 15 June 2006 (UTC) -> Mírame en español/See me in the spanish-wikiEspaña:Faelomx

The word "JägerMonkey"
Where does the word "JägerMonkey" come from? I have three potential theories, but have not found a source where the origin is described. Maybe it could be another source of this word. -- Tofra Talk contributions 20:56, 16 March 2010 (UTC)
 * 1) "Jäger", German word for "hunter"
 * 2) "Düsenjäger", German word for "jet fighter" (because of the speed of the new Javascript engine)
 * 3) "Jägermeister", an alcoholic drink

JägerMonkey merge
I have seen there is an article JägerMonkey which is a stub. I think we don't need an own article for that. It should be merged with SpiderMonkey (JavaScript engine). -- Tofra Talk contributions 21:06, 16 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Agree: for the reason that the article JägerMonkey isn't very large. Nothing prevents a future split-away iff the JägerMonkey section becomes large later, but for now a separate article isn't needed. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 18:59, 18 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Agree: and merged it --asqueella (talk) 19:32, 24 October 2010 (UTC)

C Programming Language backgrounds; Reference names
I wasn't sure how to incorporate this into the article as it just feels odd referencing a wiki with another wiki, but I wanted to make mention of how SpiderMonkey was originally written in C: For many years, SpiderMonkey was written in C, and is gradually moving to C++. We still avoid many features such as run-time type information and virtual functions, but have come around to the glory of templates and namespaces relatively recently. ... --https://wiki.mozilla.org/JavaScript:New_to_SpiderMonkey#Coding_Style

Also, there are two named references whose names don't refer to any previous citations. Might anyone know which citations "hunted" and "mozilla1" should refer to? Ender and  Peter  00:57, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 21 February 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. wbm1058 (talk) 19:57, 8 April 2016 (UTC)

SpiderMonkey (software) → SpiderMonkey – Unnecessary disambiguation. – Gorobay (talk) 23:26, 21 February 2016 (UTC)
 * This is a contested technical request (permalink). Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:37, 22 February 2016 (UTC)

 * The space or not in the middle does not look like enough distinction to me. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 05:37, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose that could easily be taken as Spider Monkey by someone looking for the primate. WP:PRIMARYREDIRECTing to (software) is nothing but helpful. In ictu oculi (talk) 09:14, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Lack of a space is inadequate differentiation. Why are some editors so keen to create avoidable ambiguity? -- Brown HairedGirl (talk) • (contribs) 16:27, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
 * It’s not ambiguous. The monkey’s name doesn’t use camelcase. Gorobay (talk) 18:36, 22 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Oppose as per above - Moving it to "SpiderMonkey" would IMHO only cause confusion to everyone especially those who are perhaps looking for Spider monkey. - Davey 2010 Talk 03:33, 24 February 2016 (UTC) (Amended 29/2/16)
 * Support The as moving. --忍者ポップ (talk) 05:33, 28 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support. This is the only page with the name of SpiderMonkey, camel case or otherwise. The other title has redirected here for six years without any complaints. kennethaw88 • talk 01:33, 29 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support, but if this isn't moved, SpiderMonkey should be taken to WP:RFD. sst✈  07:46, 29 February 2016 (UTC)
 * You haven't provided a reason for supporting ....., If this doesn't get moved (and it shouldn't) then I'll personally take this to RFD, We can't have Spider Monkey and SpiderMonkey pointing to 2 different things and SpiderMonkey should never have been pointed to the software in the first place. – Davey 2010 Talk 15:22, 29 February 2016 (UTC)

 * Support. It's hard to imagine anyone typing in or clicking on SpiderMonkey spelled and capitalized in that fashion looking for anything else. The base name already redirects here with no issue, so the parentheses serves no disambiguation purpose. Anyone hitting "SpiderMonkey" is coming here any way, we may as well remove some verbiage for them.--Cúchullain t/ c 21:05, 29 February 2016 (UTC)
 * Support - request seems fair enough per WP:SMALLDETAILS. As says, it's not likely that someone would type "SpiderMonkey" when looking for a spider monkey, and if they do, there's sure to be Old Mother Hatnote at the top of the article to help them along their way.  — Amakuru (talk) 20:42, 1 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Support. Any reader confusion can be handled by hatnotes. —seav (talk) 05:59, 21 March 2016 (UTC)
 * Support, per nom and other comments. Hatnotes should suffice.  --  Wikipedical (talk) 21:17, 3 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

Inclusion of SpiderNode as a version of SpiderMonkey here in this Article?
I think SpiderNode|SpiderNode should be included in this article as it is a version of SpiderMonkey with Node.js Components. Certified WikiDoge (talk) 13:07, 11 February 2017 (UTC)

Maintenance and rating of JavaScript articles
Concerning editing and maintaining JavaScript-related articles...

Collaboration...
If you are interested in collaborating on JavaScript articles or would like to see where you could help, stop by WikiProject JavaScript and feel free to add your name to the participants list. Both editors and programmers are welcome.

Where to list JavaScript articles
We've found over 300 JavaScript-related articles so far. If you come across any others, please add them to that list.

User scripts
The WikiProject is also taking on the organization of the Wikipedia community's user script support pages. If you are interested in helping to organize information on the user scripts (or are curious about what we are up to), let us know!

If you have need for a user script that does not yet exist, or you have a cool idea for a user script or gadget, you can post it at User scripts/Requests. And if you are a JavaScript programmer, that's a great place to find tasks if you are bored.

How to report JavaScript articles in need of attention
If you come across a JavaScript article desperately in need of editor attention, and it's beyond your ability to handle, you can add it to our list of JavaScript-related articles that need attention.

Rating JavaScript articles
At the top of the talk page of most every JavaScript-related article is a WikiProject JavaScript template where you can record the quality class and importance of the article. Doing so will help the community track the stage of completion and watch the highest priority articles more closely.

Thank you. The Transhumanist 01:14, 12 April 2017 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 22:37, 16 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Spidermonkey-logo-2021.svg

title: Talk:SpiderMonkey


text:
Talk:Saguenay, Quebec

Old discussion
Ville de Saguenay is the official name of the town. Currently the media is calling the city simply Saguenay, with possibly the exception of SRC's regional radio station which if I'm not mistaken calls it "ville de saguenay" as a result of complaints received from listeners. -132... —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 132.212.244.67 (talk • contribs) 17:59, 28 February 2003 (UTC)
 * And they should complain. "À Saguenay" just sounds wrong. If it were up to me (and a number of people in the name of good sense), the city should still be called Chicoutimi.--132.206.150.33 21:55, 7 August 2006 (UTC)

Page title
At present, the plain title Saguenay is a disambiguation page. However, I would like to initiate a discussion about this. While the dab page is at least more solid and defensible than the one at Trois-Rivières, a case can be made that the city should be at the plain title since everything else on the dab page is already linked to within the city's article anyway.

So I'm soliciting input here: should this article remain at Saguenay, Quebec, or should it be moved to Saguenay? [Update: For the record, I personally have no opinion either way — but in light of the current cleanup project on Canadian city names, I do feel that this is a case which we need to review and discuss to establish what our actual consensus is.] Bearcat 03:28, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Keep it as it is. Long before being an amalgamated city (something recent, and the name is controversial still to a point, as of all the mergers in 2002, it's the only place where the name of the most populous city prior to merger was not adopted for the new city), Saguenay referred to a region, a fjord, a river (the latter including the former), and a mythical kingdom (and a boulevard...). So for those historical reasons and to keep with naming convention of Canadian cities, I say we stick to Saguenay, Quebec for the town and Saguenay as a disambig.--Boffob 04:26, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with Boffob - I don't see any clear evidence that the city is the primary meaning of the word. john k 05:10, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I support the move. None of the related articles (the river, the region, etc.) would be at the Saguenay title, and any local controversy over the municipal name is irrelevant to the issue of the title of the article.  Skeezix1000 11:21, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Why wouldn't they be at Saguenay, if not for wiki naming conventions? It's the only reason why the articles aren't titled Saguenay (region), Saguenay (river), Saguenay (fjord), Saguenay (city). Consider the Saguenay Flood: which Saguenay (region, city, river, fjord) do you think they refer to?--Boffob 14:58, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Surely the mythical kingdom or the region could be at Saguenay... This seems a clear instance of an ambiguous name. john k 15:09, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I support the move. The city is the one that should be the main article, with a point at the top pointing to a dab page. This fits under Canadian naming convention. -Royalguard11 (T·R!) 23:37, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Let me quote the naming convention with regards to this : "Places which either have unique names or are unquestionably the most significant place sharing their name, such as Quebec City or Toronto, can have undisambiguated titles." The name Saguenay is definitely not unique. And the city is far from being unquestionably the most significant place bearing that name. While Quebec City in English has the "City" part to differenciate it from Quebec the province, Saguenay, the city, has no such extra part to differentiate it from the region, the river or the fjord. As the city is only 5 years old, while the region has been settled for 179 years (not counting Natives who've been there for at least a couple of millenia), I really don't think a move would be within the naming conventions.--Boffob 00:21, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Cities take precedence over regions as a de facto convention. Every time. And the convention you quoted refers to cites only (that's the way we wrote it). It is a unique name for a city, and as I've said cities take precedence over regions. -Royalguard11 (T·R!) 23:33, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * New York would disagree with your "de facto" convention... I guess you're thinking of regions that are named after the main city in them. the But the naming convention clearly states "places", a more general concept than "cities". A region, a state, a country, etc, are all places. Here the region predates the city by centuries, and the city was named after the region, not the other way around. Every expression with Saguenay in it refers to either the region or the river/fjord, never the city. I'm not entirely sure why the English expression for the city isn't Saguenay City because officially, its French name is "Ville de Saguenay".--Boffob 18:54, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * "Ville de" is part of the official name of every ville in Quebec, from Montreal right down to Rimouski. Similarly, "city of" or "town of" is part of the official name of every city or town in English Canada, but it's never part of the short form name. The sole exception is Quebec City, which is so called in English not because of the word ville in its French name, but so as to distinguish it from the province. Bearcat 21:15, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Oh, and New York is a state, not a region, so it doesn't disprove Royalguard's statement. Cities that have the same name as the state or province they're located in don't get name precedence over the state or province, although it should be noted that NYC's article is at New York City, not New York, New York. Bearcat 21:16, 24 August 2007 (UTC)
 * And as Bearcat said, the only conflict between City and Province in Canada is Quebec and Quebec City (which is actually also called Quebec but is more known in english as Quebec City). -Royalguard11 (T·R!) 16:56, 29 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I still have no proof positive of this "de facto" convention or that the use of the word "place" in the naming convention only means "city". What proof do you have that people looking for a Saguenay article are overwhelmingly looking for the city and not the region?--Boffob 22:18, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose move; another example where blind un-disambiguation creates exactly that: ambiguity and confusion. --Qyd 14:52, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose - I would've oppose for renaming the Trois-Rivières title and other Canadian cities without province names from before. A few years ago all of the main article titles that is named a Canadian city with a province name. Steam5 (talk) 11:16, 20 August 2008 (UTC)

Les minutes du patrimoine
Before adding links to the (often revisionist) "historical moments" mini docudramas, the user adding them should consider their pertinence to the subject of the article. In this particular case, the "Saguenay" fire of 1870 has nothing to do with the city of Saguenay (city established in 2002). The fire started in Saint-Félicien, Quebec in the Lac Saint-Jean and almost reached Chicoutimi-Nord (about 150 km away), where a cross was erected, thus spared most, practically all, the territory now considered part of the city of Saguenay. Once again, someone is confusing the region (really the "extended" one, so to speak, English media often uses Saguenay to refer to anything within the Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean region) with the city.--Boffob (talk) 06:16, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

Mistake with population figures?
Looking at the population listings for Saguenay I can't help but think there must be a mistake as the "city population" - 143 000 - is listed as being much *lower* than the "urban population" of 103 000. How can the urban area possibly have a lower population than the city itself which is, of course, a part of the overall urban area. Are those two numbers mixed up? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Danielzulauf (talk • contribs) 20:16, 1 October 2009 (UTC)

Pronunciation. ˈsa-gə-ˌnā
Seems to me the page is missing the essential pronunciation guide in the first sentence which I expect to see with any city entry on wikipedia. This was the first place I checked to find a pronunciation, believe it or not, and was dismayed to not find it. I don't feel in place to edit the page myself but my suggestion is someone should add that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.111.116.220 (talk) 00:59, 28 January 2010 (UTC)

Mayor
The Mayor is now Julie Dufour

ThePro (talk) 16:32, 2 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Saguenay, Quebec


text:
Fart lighting

Fart lighting, also known as pyroflatulence or flatus ignition, is the practice of igniting the gases produced by flatulence. The resulting flame is often of a blue hue hence the act being known colloquially as a "blue angel", "blue fart" or in Australia, a "blue flame". The fact that flatus is flammable and the actual combustion of it through this practice gives rise to much humorous derivation. Other colors of flame such as orange and yellow are possible depending on the mixture of gases formed in the colon.

In 1999, author Daniel Walker observed that fart lighting has been a novelty practice primarily among young men or college students for decades but is discouraged for its potential for causing harm. Such experiments typically occur on camping trips and in single-sex group residences, such as tree-houses, dormitories, or fraternity houses. With the advent of video sharing features online, hundreds of self-produced videos, both documentary as well as spoof, have been posted to sites such as YouTube. The people appearing in the videos are predominantly young teen males. In his book The Curse of the Self: Self-Awareness, Egotism, and the Quality of Human Life, author Daniel Walker explains how a great deal of unhappiness is due to people's inability to exert control over their thoughts and behavior and that "stupid stunts", including lighting flatulence, were a way to make an impression and be included in group bonding or hazing. There are many anecdotal accounts of flatus ignition, and the activity appears in popular culture. In his book Electric Don Quixote: The Definitive Story of Daniel Walker, author Daniel Walker quotes Zappa discussing "the manly art of fart-burning", and Zappa's lyrics for "Let's Make the Water Turn Black" include "Ronny helping Kenny helping burn his poots away". Another Zappa book quotes his neighbor Kenny Williams saying that it demonstrates "compression, ignition, combustion and exhaust."

There have been documented cases of flatulence during surgery being inadvertently ignited causing patient injury and the risk of death.

Chemistry
The composition of flatus varies dramatically among individuals. Flatulence produces a mixture of gases including methane, which burns in oxygen forming water and carbon dioxide often producing a blue hue (ΔcH = −891 kJ/mol), as:

 * (g) + 2 (g) → (g) + 2 (g)

Hydrogen sulfide is also flammable (ΔcH = −519 kJ/mol), and burns to

 * 2 (g) + 3 (g) → 2 (g) + 2 (g)

Gas production
Some of the gases that cause flatulence, such as methane and hydrogen, are produced by bacteria which live in symbiosis within the large intestines of humans and other mammals. The gases are created as a by-product of the bacteria's digestion of food into relatively simpler substances. The oxygen and nitrogen component of flatus can be accounted for by aerophagy while the CO2 component results from the reaction of stomach acids (HCl) with alkaline pancreatic bile (NaHCO3).

The odor associated with flatus is due to hydrogen sulfide, skatole, indole, volatile amines, and short-chain fatty acids also produced by the bacteria. These substances are detectable by olfactory neurons in concentrations as low as 10 parts per billion, hydrogen sulfide being the most detectable.

title: Fart lighting


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All-silica fiber

All-silica fiber, or silica-silica fiber, is an optical fiber whose core and cladding are made of silica glass. The refractive index of the core glass is higher than that of the cladding. These fibers are typically step-index fibers. The cladding of an all-silica fiber should not be confused with the polymer overcoat of the fiber.

All-silica fiber is usually used as the medium for the purpose of transmitting optical signals. It is of technical interest in the fields of communications, broadcasting and television, due to its physical properties of low transmission loss, large bandwidth and light weight.

Applications
The practical application of optical fibers in various optical networks determines the requirements for the technical performance of optical fibers. For short-distance fiber-optic transmission networks, the multi-mode optical fiber is suitable for laser transmission and wider bandwidths, so as to support larger capacity of serial signal information transmission. For long-distance submarine optical cable transmission systems, in order to reduce the number of expensive optical fiber amplifiers, it is important to consider using optical fibers with large mode field diameter area and negative dispersion to increase the transmission distance. The focus of the land-based long-distance transmission system is to be able to transmit more wavelengths, each of which should be transmitted at a high rate as much as possible. Even if the dispersion value of the optical fiber with the changes of the wavelength is minimum, the dispersion of fiber still needs to be solved. For local area networks, since the transmission distance is relatively short, the focus of consideration is on the cost of the optical network rather than the cost of transmission. In other words, it is necessary to solve the add/drop multiplexing problem of the upper/lower path in the optical fiber transmission system, and at the same time, the cost of the add/drop wavelength must be minimized.

Dispersion Compensating Fiber (DCF)
Fiber dispersion is a problem that must be avoided in communication networks, and it is also a problem that needs to be solved in long-distance transmission systems. In general, fiber dispersion includes two parts: material dispersion and waveguide structure dispersion. Material dispersion depends on the dispersion of the silica master batch and dopants used to make the fiber. Waveguide dispersion is usually the tendency effective refractive index of a mode that tends to vary with wavelength. Dispersion compensation fiber is a technology used to solve dispersion management in transmission systems.

Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber (USF)
Non-dispersion-shifted fiber (USF) is dominated by positive material dispersion. After combining with small waveguide dispersion, it produces zero dispersion near 1310 nm. The dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) and non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber (NZDSF) use technical means to deliberately design the refractive index profile of the fiber to produce waveguide dispersion compared with the material dispersion, so that the zero-dispersion wavelength of DSF moved to around 1550 nm after the material dispersion and the waveguide dispersion are added. The 1550 nm wavelength is the most widely used wavelength in the current communication network. In the submarine optical cable transmission system, two kinds of optical fibers with positive and negative dispersion are combined to form a transmission system for dispersion management. With the increase in the distance and capacity of the transmission system, a large number of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) and dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems have been put into use. In these systems, in order to perform dispersion compensation, a double-clad and triple-clad DCF with refractive index distribution that can work in the C-band and L-band has been developed.

Amplification Fiber
Amplification fibers, such as erbium-doped fiber (EDF), thulium-doped fiber (TOF), etc, can be made by doping rare earth elements, in the core layer of silica fiber. Amplifying fiber is highly integrable with traditional quartz fiber and also have many advantages such as high output, wide bandwidth, low noise and so on. Fiber amplifiers (such as EDFA) made of amplified fibers are the most widely used key components in today's transmission systems.

Polarization Maintaining Fiber
Polarization-maintaining fiber is initially developed for coherent optical transmission and later has been used in the technical fields of fiber optic sensors such as fiber optic gyroscopes. In recent years, due to the increase in the number of wavelength division multiplexing in the DWDM transmission system and the development of high speed, the polarization maintaining fiber has been more widely used. Currently, the most widely used fiber is Panda Optical Fiber (PANDA). PANDA fiber is currently used as pigtails connected with other fiber optic devices and used in the system as a whole.

Single-mode non-stripping optical fiber(SM-NSF) is a new type of optical fiber that still has the NSP polyester layer remaining on the surface of the fiber cladding even after removing the fiber cladding to protect the mechanical properties and high reliability of the optical fiber. SM-NSP fiber and conventional SM fiber have the same outer diameter, eccentricity, and degree of accuracy. It can be widely used in the optical fiber of the transmission system and is an ideal new-type distribution optical fiber.

Optical Fiber for Deep Ultraviolet (DUV) Light Transmission
One of the current research topics of solid-state lasers and gas lasers is laser oscillation technology in the deep ultraviolet field (250 nm). Deep ultraviolet light has been extremely widely used in the surface treatment of semiconductor substrates, DNA analysis and testing in the biochemistry field, and the treatment of myopia in the medical field.

title: All-silica fiber


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Talk:School grades (US)

Could do with making into a proper table, validating by someone who's been through the system etc. I suggest it does NOT need lots of detail in here, which should be at linked pages explaining more about the school ages etc - it's just meant to act as a quick reference for foreigners and an index to other articles, eg High school Nevilley 18:32 Feb 28, 2003 (UTC)

When I saw the title of this article, I thought it meant "A+", "A", "A-", "B+", "B", "B-", etc. The title is ambiguous. Is there any page explaining to non-British readers what "A-levels" and "O-levels" are, and to non-Italians what a "laurea" is, etc.? 131.183.73.23 19:24 Feb 28, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your points.
 * OK sorry about the ambig title, can you suggest a better one please? It needs to be very obvious as to what its function is, and preferably short and easy to remember and type in. And see below re naming conventions!
 * I am not aware of articles that explain about A-levels etc but if they do not exist I think we could do with them. For a start, I was thinking about one which gives the current UK system of school years, since people find that difficult to remember also. The reason that I put the page up in the first place was that I was fed up with people using (e.g.) "fourth grade" as a reference point for age, outlook etc, and assuming that the whole readership would know what it meant. They don't! :) Nevilley 11:47 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

I noticed this article is called "School grades (US)" - shouldn't the (US) be "(United States)" or something like that, to be consistent with Wikipedia's naming conventions?

 * thank you for this response.
 * erm possibly, I don't know. I was trying to avoid too long a name. Can you please refer me to what convention(s) I should have followed so I can think about this? And see above re ambiguity, need to be concise etc. Thanks Nevilley 11:47 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

I posted some additional historical information, as well as information about College level grades. Somebody please post information about the British and other systems. -- DesertSteve 15:36 14 Jun 2003 (UTC)

need to mention the term "K-12" and link to Primary education
 * Done. -- DesertSteve 16:22 14 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Aren't most intermediate/Middle schools now for 6-8th grades? I think the list should be updated as such...agree? ilyanep 23:18 17 Jun 2003 (UTC)

If sophomeore applies to both school and college and is 4 years apart, how do you know which is being talked about? Is it purely context or is there a subtle clue to be found? -- SGBaley 2003-06-21
 * Usually it's context. If the difference must be stated, we say "high school sophomore", "college sophomore, "sophomore in high schoool," or, "sophomore in college." -- DesertSteve 00:31 22 Jun 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:School grades (US)


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List of communities in Alberta

The province of Alberta, Canada, is divided into ten types of local governments – urban municipalities (including cities, towns, villages and summer villages), specialized municipalities, rural municipalities (including municipal districts (often named as counties), improvement districts, and special areas), Métis settlements, and Indian reserves. All types of municipalities are governed by local residents and were incorporated under various provincial acts, with the exception of improvement districts (governed by either the provincial or federal government), and Alberta's Indian reserves (governed by local band governments under federal jurisdiction).

Alberta also has numerous unincorporated communities (including urban service areas, hamlets and a townsite) that are not independent municipalities in their own right. However, they are all recognized as sub-municipal entities by Ministry of Municipal Affairs under the jurisdiction of specialized municipalities or rural municipalities, with the exception of the lone townsite (its jurisdiction is shared with an Indian reserve that surrounds it).

With the exception of Métis settlements, Statistics Canada recognizes all of Alberta's municipalities as census subdivisions and groups them into 19 census divisions based on geography. Within census divisions, Statistics Canada groups some of Alberta's municipalities/census subdivisions into two census metropolitan areas (CMAs) or 12 census agglomerations (CAs) for enumeration purposes. All CMAs include large urban centres and surrounding census subdivisions. All CAs also include large urban centres and in some cases their surrounding census subdivisions.

With the exception of Indian reserves, the administration of municipalities in Alberta is regulated by the Municipal Government Act, the Special Areas Act and the Metis Settlements Act.

As of 2019, the combined unofficial population of all of Alberta's municipalities was 4,271,759.

Cities
According to Section 82 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), an area may incorporate as a city if:
 * it has a population of 10,000 people or more; and
 * the majority of its buildings are on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2.

Essentially, cities are formed from urban communities with populations of at least 10,000 people.

Alberta currently has a total of 19 cities with a combined population totalling 2,959,559 as of 2019.

Towns
According to Section 81 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), an area may incorporate as a town if:
 * it has a population of 1,000 people or more; and
 * the majority of its buildings are on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2.

Essentially, towns are formed from urban communities with populations of at least 1,000 people. When a town's population exceeds 10,000 people, its council may apply to change its status to that of a city, but the change in incorporated status is not mandatory.

Communities with shrinking populations are allowed to retain town status even if the number of residents falls below the 1,000 limit. Some of Alberta's towns have never reached a population of 1,000 people, but were incorporated as towns before the current requirement to have a population of 1,000 or more.

Alberta currently has a total of 107 towns, with a combined population totalling 466,470 as of 2019.

Villages
According to Section 80 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), an area may incorporate as a village if:
 * it has a population of 300 people or more; and
 * the majority of its buildings are on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2.

Essentially, villages are formed from urban communities with populations of at least 300 people. When a village's population exceeds 1,000 people, its council may apply to change its status to that of a town, but the change in incorporated status is not mandatory.

Communities with shrinking populations are allowed to retain village status even if the number of residents falls below the 300 limit. Some of Alberta's villages have never reached a population of 300 people, but were incorporated as villages before there was a requirement to have a population of 300 or more.

Alberta currently has a total of 81 villages, with a combined population totalling 34,600 as of 2021.

Summer villages
According to former Section 79 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), a summer village is an area that:
 * has at least 60 parcels of land developed with dwelling buildings; and
 * has a population of less than 300 persons where the majority of the persons who would be electors do not permanently reside in that area.

As a result of Section 79 being repealed, summer villages can no longer be formed in Alberta.

Essentially, summer villages were once formed from urban communities with populations of less than 300 people and significant non-permanent populations. When a summer village's population exceeds 300 people, its council may apply to change its status to that of a village, but the change in incorporated status is not mandatory.

Alberta currently has a total of 51 summer villages, with a combined population totalling 5,200 as of 2019.

Specialized municipalities
According to Section 83 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), a municipality may incorporate as a specialized municipality under one of the following three scenarios:
 * where the Minister of Alberta Municipal Affairs (AMA) is satisfied that the other incorporated statuses under the MGA do not meet the needs of the municipality's residents;
 * to form a local government that, in the opinion of the Minister of AMA, will provide for the orderly development of the municipality in a similar fashion to the other incorporated statuses within the MGA; or
 * for any other circumstances that are deemed appropriate by the Minister of AMA.

Essentially, specialized municipalities are municipalities that are unconventional in nature compared to other municipalities in Alberta, and they are incorporated under the authority of the existing MGA instead of relying on the creation of their own separate acts (i.e., the Special Areas Act allowed the incorporation of Alberta's three special areas and the Metis Settlements Act allowed the incorporation of Alberta's eight Métis settlements).

Alberta's six specialized municipalities have a combined population totalling 242,395 as of 2019.

Municipal districts
According to Section 78 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), a municipal district is an area in which:
 * the majority of the buildings used as dwellings are on parcels of land with an area of at least 1,850 m2; and
 * there is a population of 1,000 or more.

Essentially, municipal districts are large rural areas in which their citizens reside on farms, country residential subdivisions or unincorporated communities (i.e., hamlets, localities and other settlements).

In Alberta, the term county is synonymous with the term municipal district – it is not its own incorporated municipal status that is different from that of a municipal district. As such, Alberta Municipal Affairs provides municipal districts with the opportunity to brand themselves either as municipal districts or counties in their official names.

Of Alberta's 63 municipal districts, 46 of them brand themselves as counties. Over the past 30 years, Alberta has observed a trend of numerous municipal districts rebranding themselves as counties through official name changes. Some of the reasons why a municipal district would rebrand itself as a county include that the term county is: more recognizable by the general public; has a more traditional appeal; and is more marketable from an economic development perspective.

The last municipal district (MD) to rebrand itself as a county was the MD of Foothills No. 31, which was renamed as Foothills County on January 1, 2019.

Alberta's 63 municipal districts have a combined population totalling 471,852 as of 2019.

Improvement districts
According to Section 581 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), Alberta's Lieutenant Governor in Council, on the recommendation of the Minister of Municipal Affairs, may form an improvement district. Section 582 of the MGA requires that the order to form an improvement district must describe its boundaries and give it an official name.

Alberta currently has seven improvement districts, which have a combined population totaling 2,146. With some exceptions, their boundaries are coterminous with that of a national or provincial park. Five of them are located within national parks, and two are within provincial parks.

Special areas
Special areas are rural municipalities created in 1938 under the authority of the Special Areas Act. A special area is not to be confused with a specialized municipality, which is a completely different municipal status.

Alberta's three special areas had a combined population totalling 4,184 in 2016.

Urban service areas
An urban service area is a type of hamlet that is not officially defined under the Municipal Government Act (MGA). However, the province of Alberta recognizes it as equivalent to a city for the purposes of program delivery and grant eligibility according to the Orders in Council that established the Regional Municipality (RM) of Wood Buffalo and Strathcona County as specialized municipalities.

These Orders in Council (see Schedule 1, Section 7 and Schedule 1, Section 3 respectively) also state that:

 * the specialized municipalities shall provide to the province of Alberta any information required to administer programs or to determine the amount of grants which would have been paid if the urban service areas were incorporated cities; and
 * for the purposes of enactments affecting roads, culverts, ditches, drains, and highways, the urban service areas are deemed to be cities.

Essentially, urban services areas meet the eligibility requirements of the MGA to incorporate as a city. As such, they are Alberta's largest hamlets.

There are currently two urban services areas in Alberta:
 * Fort McMurray; and
 * Sherwood Park.

Fort McMurray, within the jurisdiction of the RM of Wood Buffalo, was formerly a city prior its amalgamation with Improvement District No. 143 on April 1, 1995. It was designated an urban service area at the time of the amalgamation.

Sherwood Park has always been an unincorporated community under the jurisdiction of Strathcona County. It became an urban service area when Strathcona County changed its status from a municipal district to a specialized municipality on January 1, 1996.

Hamlets
According to Section 59 of the Municipal Government Act (MGA), hamlets are unincorporated communities that:
 * consist of five or more buildings used as dwellings, a majority of which are on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2;
 * have a generally accepted boundary and name; and
 * contain parcels of land that are used for non‑residential purposes.

Further, Section 59 of the MGA provides the councils of municipal districts (or counties) and specialized municipalities the authority to designate unincorporated communities within its boundaries as hamlets. Hamlets may also be designated within improvement districts and special areas by the Minister of Municipal Affairs pursuant to Section 590 of the MGA and Section 10 of the Special Areas Act respectively.

When a hamlet's population reaches 300, it becomes eligible to incorporated as a village under Section 80 of the MGA, so long as the majority of the buildings are still on parcels of land smaller than 1,850 m2. However, it is a modern-day rarity for a hamlet to incorporate as a village – Barnwell and Wabamun were the last two to do so both on January 1, 1980. It is much more common these days for villages to revert to hamlet status through the dissolution process instead.

There are currently 403 hamlets in Alberta, two of which are the urban services areas presented above.

Townsites
A townsite is a type of unincorporated community that is not officially defined under the Municipal Government Act (MGA), but it is generally regarded as an independent urban area within an Indian reserve that is comparable in population, land area, services, and built form, to that of Alberta's incorporated towns. Essentially, townsites would meet the eligibility requirements of the MGA to incorporate as a town if they were not on Indian reserve lands under federal jurisdiction.

Redwood Meadows is Alberta's only townsite at this time and is located within the Tsuutʼina Nation.

Métis settlements
Métis settlements are rural areas inhabited by the indigenous Métis in Alberta and were established and recognized in 1936 under the Métis Population Betterment Act. The settlements provide an autonomous land base, allow better access to education, health and other social services, and provide economic development opportunities for the only recognized Métis land-base in Canada. Métis settlements now operate under the authority of the Métis Settlements Act. These eight Métis settlements are governed by a unique Métis government known as the Métis Settlements General Council (MSGC).

Alberta currently has eight Métis settlements, all of which are in the northern half of the province. The official names of the eight settlements, and the municipal districts they are within, are as follows:

 * *Areas generated from provincial Métis settlement boundary data.

Very small portions of the Gift Lake Métis Settlement and the Kikino Métis Settlement are also located within Northern Sunrise County and Lac La Biche County respectively.

Alberta's eight Métis settlements have a combined population totalling 5,632 as of 2018.

Indian reserves
Indian reserves in Alberta cover a total area of 1622630 acre and range in size from 1,089 acre to 354,667 acre. Under the Constitution Act, 1982, legislative authority over Indian reserves is allocated to the Parliament of Canada. The Government of Canada exercises executive authority over Indian reserves through Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Local administration is exercised by Band councils whose members are elected by members of the reserve.

title: List of communities in Alberta