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Sukhothai Kingdom

The Sukhothai Kingdom (สุโขทัย,, IAST: , ) or the Northern Cities was a post-classical Siamese kingdom (mandala) in Mainland Southeast Asia surrounding the ancient capital city of Sukhothai in present-day north-central Thailand. The kingdom was founded by Si Inthrathit in 1238 and existed as an independent polity until 1438, when it fell under the influence of the neighboring Ayutthaya after the death of Borommapan (Maha Thammaracha IV).

Sukhothai was originally a trade center in Lavo—itself under the suzerainty of the Khmer Empire—when Central Thai people led by Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, a local leader, revolted and gained their independence. Bang Klang Hao took the regnal name of Si Inthrathit and became the first monarch of the Phra Ruang dynasty.

The kingdom was centralized and expanded to its greatest extent during the reign of Ram Khamhaeng the Great (1279–1298), who some historians considered to have introduced Theravada Buddhism and the initial Thai script to the kingdom. Ram Khamhaeng also initiated relations with Yuan China, through which the kingdom developed the techniques to produce and export ceramics like sangkhalok ware.

After the reign of Ram Khamhaeng, the kingdom fell into decline. In 1349, during the reign of Li Thai (Maha Thammaracha I), Sukhothai was invaded by the Ayutthaya Kingdom, a neighboring Thai polity. It remained a tributary state of Ayutthaya until it was annexed by the kingdom in 1438 after the death of Borommapan. Despite this, the Sukhothai nobility continued to influence the Ayutthaya monarchy in centuries after through the Sukhothai dynasty.

Sukhothai is traditionally known as "the first Thai kingdom" in Thai historiography, but current historical consensus agrees that the history of the Thai people began much earlier. The ruins of the kingdom's capital, now 12 km outside the modern town of Sukhothai Thani in Sukhothai Province, are preserved as the Sukhothai Historical Park and have been designated a World Heritage Site.

Etymology
The English term Sukhothai (สุโขทัย) is the romanization of the Thai word per the Royal Thai General System of Transcription. The Thai word for the historical country was a transliteration of the Khmer spelling, rendered in English as Sukhodaya (សុខោទ័យ). The Khmer term is itself derived from the Sanskrit sukha (सुख, 'lasting happiness') and udaya (उदय, 'rise' or 'emergence'). Together, the phrase can be interpreted as meaning "dawn of happiness".

Origins
According to the legend, the city of Sukhothai was founded in 494 BCE followed by its twin city of Chaliang (เชลียง) after Tai-speaking people migrated southward from the upper Mekong basin. Later in 500 CE, after the establishment of the Lavo Kingdom, a nobel from Lavo named Phalirat (พาลีราช) became the first Sukhothai governor. The following rulers after Phalirat remain unclear. It was expected that the city would be abandoned in the late 6th century due to the invasion of another Austroasiatic-speaking people from Umongasela (อุโมงคเสลา) in the present-day Fang and was then re-established in 957 by Aphai Kamini (อภัยคามินี) who evacuated from Haripuñjaya after the capital Haripuñjaya was sacked by Kuy people from Umongasela. Sukhothai declared independence from Umongasela in 1017 during the reign of Arun Kuman (อรุณกุมาร), which continued until the establishment of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238.

A Khmer-style town first appeared at Sukhothai around 1200. About some fifty kilometers north of Sukhodaya stood another sister town, Sri Sajanalaya, that would later become Si Satchanalai (ศรีสัชนาลัย), an important center of Sukhothai politics alongside the capital. Under Lavo control, various monuments was built in the city, several of which still stand in the Sukhothai Historical Park. They include the Ta Pha Daeng Shrine, Wat Phra Phai Luang, and Wat Si Sawai.

In contrast, some historians suggest the migration of Tai peoples into Mainland Southeast Asia was somewhat gradual, and likely took place between the 8th and 10th centuries. Prior to the rise of Sukhothai, various other Tai kingdoms existed in the neighboring northern highlands. These include Ngoenyang of the Northern Thai people (present-day Chiang Saen) and Chiang Hung of the Tai Lue people (present-day Jinghong, China). According to semi-legendary Shan documents, the Mau Shan Prince, Sam Lung-pha of Mogaung, before he established the Tai kingdom of the Ahom in Assam in 1229, raided the Menam valley and the Malay peninsula as far as Tawi (Dawei) and Yansaleng (Junk Ceylon?). This purported influx of armed Tai may have had something to do with establishing the Tai kingdom of Sukhothai.

According to legend, in 1238, a group of Central Thai peoples led by a local mueang chief, Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao, rebelled against the governor at Sukhodaya and established Sukhothai as an independent Thai state. Bang Klang Hao was assisted by a local ally, Pho Khun Pha Mueang. This event was a turning point in the history of the Tai peoples, as Sukhothai would remain the center of Tai power until the end of the 14th century.

Bang Klang Hao ruled Sukhothai under the regnal name Si Inthrathit and established the Phra Ruang dynasty. Under the rule of Si Inthrathit, the primordial kingdom expanded its influence to the bordering cities surrounding the capital. By the end of his reign in 1270, Sukhothai covered the entire upper valley of the Chao Phraya River, then known simply as Mae Nam (แม่น้ำ, 'mother of waters'), the generic Thai name for all rivers.

Expansion under Ram Khamhaeng the Great

In 1270, Si Inthrathit died and was succeeded by his son Ban Mueang. At the end of Ban Mueang's reign, he was succeeded by his brother Ram Khamhaeng the Great; both expanded Sukhothai beyond the borders established by their father. To the south, Ram Khamhaeng subjugated the mandala kingdoms of Suvarnabhumi (likely present-day Suphan Buri) and Tambralinga (present-day Nakhon Si Thammarat). Through the acquisition of Tambralinga, Ram Khamhaeng is said to have adopted Theravada Buddhism as the state religion of Sukhothai; the accuracy of these claims by traditional historians is disputed.

To the north, Ram Khamhaeng placed Phrae and Muang Sua (present-day Luang Prabang, Laos), among other mandala city-states, under tribute. To the west, Ram Khamhaeng helped assist the Mon people under Wareru (who is said to have eloped with Ram Khamhaeng's daughter) in their rebellion against Pagan control, and Wareru would establish a kingdom at Martaban, the predecessor to Hanthawaddy (present-day Bago, Myanmar). Martaban is traditionally considered a tributary state of Sukhothai, but such Sukhothai domination may not have extended that far.

With regard to religion and culture, Ram Khamhaeng requested monks from Sri Thamnakorn to propagate Theravada Buddhism in Sukhothai. In 1283, the Sukhothai script was likely invented by Ram Khamhaeng; the earliest evidence of this ancient Thai writing is seen in the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription, discovered by Mongkut (Rama IV) nearly six centuries later. The script later evolved into the modern Thai script of today.

It was also during this time that the first relations with Yuan China were established and Sukhothai began sending trade missions to China. The well-known exported good of Sukhothai was the sangkhalok ware. This was the only period in Thai history that Siam produced Chinese-style ceramics, and they fell out of use by the 14th century.

Decline and tributary status
By the beginning of the fourteenth century, Sukhothai controlled the Chao Phraya plain, with spurs West to the Hanthawaddy Kingdom and South to the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom. After the death of Ram Khamhaeng, he was succeeded by his son Loe Thai.

Tributary states of Sukhothai began to break away rapidly after the death of Ram Khamhaeng. To the north, Uttaradit and the Lao kingdoms of Muang Sua and Vieng Chan Vieng Kham (present-day Vientiane) liberated themselves from their Sukhothai overlords. In 1319, Martaban in the west broke away. In 1321, Lan Na annexed Tak, one of the oldest towns in Sukhothai. To the south, Suphan Buri also broke free early in the reign of Loe Thai. Thus, the kingdom was quickly reduced to its former status as merely a local power.

In 1323, Loe Thai was succeeded by his cousin, Ngua Nam Thum. In 1347, he was succeeded by Li Thai (Maha Thammaracha I), the son of Loe Thai. In 1349, armies from Ayutthaya invaded the kingdom and forced Sukhothai to become its tributary. The center of power in the tributary state shifted to Song Khwae (present-day Phitsanulok). In 1378, Lue Thai (Maha Thammaracha II) had to submit to this new Thai power as a vassal state. He was succeeded by Sai Lue Thai (Maha Thammaracha III) in 1399.

In 1424, after the death of Sai Lue Thai, his sons Phaya Ram and Phaya Ban Mueang fought for the throne. Intharacha of Ayutthaya intervened and installed Ban Mueang as Borommapan (Maha Thammaracha IV). When Borommapan died in 1438, Borommarachathirat II of Ayutthaya installed his son Ramesuan (the future Borommatrailokkanat of Ayutthaya) as Upparat in Sukhothai, a position similar to both that of a viceroy and an heir presumptive, establishing a form of personal union and creating the Siamese Front Palace system. Prince Ramesuan was presumably accompanied by Ayutthayan administrative staff and a military garrison, thus affirming the end of Sukhothai as an independent kingdom.

Annexation and further influence
Under tributary status, the former territories of Sukhothai, known to the people of Ayutthaya as "mueang nuea" (เมืองเหนือ, 'northern cities'), continued to be ruled by local aristocrats under Ayutthaya's overlordship per the mandala systems of both nations. The mandalas would politically and culturally merge during the 15th and 16th centuries, and Sukhothai's warfare, administration, architecture, religious practice, and language influenced those of Ayutthaya. Sukhothai nobles linked themselves with the Ayutthayan elite through marriage alliances, and often played the role of kingmaker in Ayutthayan succession conflicts. Sukhothai military leaders served prominently in Ayutthaya's army as the military tradition of Sukhothai was considered to be tougher. Portuguese traders had described the two nations as "twin states".

From 1456 to 1474, former Sukhothai territory became a battleground during the Ayutthaya-Lan Na War (1441–1474). In 1462, Sukhothai briefly rebelled against Ayutthaya and allied itself with their enemy, Lan Na (the successor state to Ngoenyang). In 1463, Borommatrailokkanat temporarily moved the monarch's residence to Song Khwae, presumably to be closer to the frontline, and the city was permanently renamed to Phitsanulok.

In 1548, Maha Chakkraphat named Khun Phirenthorathep, a noble from the Sukhothai clan, as the leader in Phitsanulok. Phirenthorathep was conferred with the name Maha Thammaracha in line with the historical kings of Sukhothai, and married one of Maha Chakkraphat's daughters, strengthening his claim to both a historical and present monarchy. Despite this, the title of Upparat went to Maha Chakkraphat's son Ramesuan (who died in 1564) and later his brother Mahinthrathirat. After a series of wars with the Burmese Toungoo Empire, Maha Thammaracha allied himself with the Burmese against Ayutthaya. In 1569, Ayutthaya under Mahinthrathirat fell to the Burmese, and Bayinnaung installed Maha Thammaracha (Sanphet I) as the vassal king in Ayutthaya and the first king of the Sukhothai dynasty.

In 1584, Maha Thammaracha and his son, the Upparat and future Naresuan the Great (Sanphet II), would free Ayutthaya from Burmese overlordship in the Burmese-Siamese War of 1584–1593. After the Battle of the Sittaung River, Naresuan forcibly relocated people from the northern cities of Phitsanulok, Sukhothai, Phichai, Sawankhalok, Kamphaeng Phet, Phichit, and Phra Bang closer to Ayutthaya. Since then, the ruins of the capital city of the former Sukhothai Kingdom have been preserved as the Sukhothai Historical Park and designated a World Heritage Site.

Legacy

The Silajaruek of Sukhothai are hundreds of stone inscriptions that form a historical record of the period. Among the most important inscriptions are the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription (also known as Inscription No. 1), Silajaruek Wat Srichum (an account on the history of the region itself and of Sri Lanka), and Silajaruek Wat Pamamuang (a politico-religious record of Loe Thai).

Mongkut (Rama IV) is considered the champion of Sukhothai narrative history due to his discovery of Inscription No. 1, the "first evidence" of the history of Sukhothai. Mongkut said that he found a "first Stone Inscription" in Sukhothai which told of heroic kings such as Ram Khamhaeng, the administrative system, and other developments in what was considered the "prosperous time" of the kingdom. The story of Sukhothai was incorporated into Thailand's "national history" in the late 19th century by Mongkut as a historical work presented to the British diplomatic mission.

From then on, as a part of modern nation-building process, modern national Siamese history included the history of the Sukhothai Kingdom. Sukhothai was said to be the "first national capital", followed by Ayutthaya and Thonburi, until Rattanakosin, or today Bangkok. Sukhothai history was crucial among Siam's "modernists", both "conservative" and "revolutionary". Sukhothai history became even more important after the Siamese Revolution of 1932. Research and writing on Sukhothai history were abundant. Ideas derived from the inscription were studied and "theorised".

One of the most well-known topics was Sukhothai's "democracy" rule. Stories of the close relationship between the king and his people, vividly described as a "father-son" relationship, were considered the "seed" of ancient Thai democracy; however, changes in government took place when later society embraced "foreign" traditions, like those of Angkor, influenced by Hinduism and "mystic" Mahayana Buddhism. The story of Sukhothai became the model of "freedom". Chit Phumisak, a "revolutionary" scholar, saw the Sukhothai period as the beginning of the Thai people's liberation from their foreign ruler in Angkor.

During military rule beginning in the 1950s, Sukhothai was increasingly featured in the Thai national history curriculum. Sukhothai's "father-son" model for Thai democracy in contrast to Angkorian tradition became one of freedom from the "foreign ideology" of Cambodian communism. Other aspects of Sukhothai were also explored under the new curriculum, such as the commoner and slave status as well as economics. These topics became the subject of ideological controversy during the Cold War and the communist insurgency in Thailand.

title: Sukhothai Kingdom


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Pierre Paul Royer-Collard

Pierre Paul Royer-Collard (21 June 1763 – 2 September 1845) was a French statesman and philosopher, leader of the Doctrinaires group during the Bourbon Restoration (1814–1830).

Early life
He was born at Sompuis, near Vitry-le-François (in modern-day Marne), the son of Anthony Royer, a small businessman. His mother, Angélique Perpétue Collard, had a reputation for strong character and great piety. His younger brother, Antoine-Athanase Royer-Collard, was a physician and pioneer in the field of psychiatry, at one point serving as chief physician at Charenton Asylum.

Royer-Collard was sent at 12 to the college of Chaumont of which his uncle, Father Paul Collard, was director. He subsequently followed his uncle to Saint-Omer, where he studied mathematics.

Career
At the outbreak of the French Revolution, to which he was passionately sympathetic, he was practising at the Parisian bar. He was returned by his section, the Island of Saint-Louis, to the Commune, of which he was secretary from 1790 to 1792. After the revolution of 10 August in that year he was replaced by Jean-Lambert Tallien.

His sympathies were now with the Gironde, and after the insurrection of the 12th Prairial (31 May 1793) his life was in danger. He returned to Sompuis, and was saved from arrest possibly by the protection of Georges Danton and in some degree by his mother's influence on the local commissary of the Convention. In 1797 he was returned by his department (Marne) to the Council of the Five Hundred, where he allied himself especially with Camille Jordan. He made a well-regarded speech in the council in defence of the principles of religious liberty, but the Coup of 18 Fructidor (4 September 1797) drove him back into private life.

It was at this period that he developed his legitimist opinions and entered into communication with the Comte de Provence (Louis XVIII of France). He was the ruling spirit in the small committee formed in Paris to help forward a Restoration independent of the Comte d'Artois and his party; but with the establishment of the Consulate he saw the prospects of the monarchy were temporarily hopeless, and the members of the committee resigned. From that time until the Restoration Royer-Collard devoted himself exclusively to the study of philosophy. He derived his opposition to the philosophy of Étienne Bonnot de Condillac chiefly from the study of René Descartes and his followers, and from his early veneration for the fathers of Port-Royal. He was occupied with developing a system to provide a moral and political education consonant with his view of the needs of France. From 1811 to 1814 he lectured at the Sorbonne. He has strongly influenced by the Scottish philosopher Thomas Reid, and in 1811-12 he lectured on Reid at the École Normale.

From this time dates his long association with François Guizot. Royer-Collard himself was supervisor of the press under the first restoration. From 1815 onwards he sat as deputy for Marne in the chamber. As president of the commission of public instruction from 1815 to 1820 he checked the pretensions of the clerical party, the immediate cause of his retirement being an attempt to infringe the rights of the University of Paris by awarding diplomas, independent of university examinations, to the teaching fraternity of the Christian Brothers. Royer-Collard's acceptance of the legitimist principle did not prevent a faithful adhesion to the social revolution effected in 1789, and he protested in 1815, in 1820, and again under the Monarchy of July against laws of exception.

He was the moving spirit of the "Doctrinaires", as they were called, who met at the house of the Comte de Ste Aulaire and in the salon of Madame de Staël's daughter, the duchesse de Broglie. The leaders of the party, beside Royer-Collard, were Guizot, PFH de Serre, Camille Jordan and Charles de Rémusat. In 1820 Royer-Collard was excluded from the Council of State by a decree signed by his former ally Serre. In 1827 he was elected for seven constituencies, but remained faithful to his native department. Next year he became president of the chamber, and fought against the reactionary policy which precipitated the Revolution of July. It was Royer-Collard who in March 1830 presented the address of the 221. From that time he took no active part in politics, although he retained his seat in the chamber until 1839. Whilst during the first half of the nineteenth century the word "liberal" was generally synonymous with Voltaireanism and hostility to the Jesuits, certain speeches of Royer-Collard quoted by Barante show that he professed a deferential attachment for the Church. "If Christianity", he wrote, "has been a degradation, a corruption, Voltaire in attacking it has been a benefactor of the human race; but if the contrary be true, then the passing of Voltaire over the Christian earth has been a great calamity." In a letter to Père de Ravignan he comments upon the institution of the Jesuits as a "wonderful creation".

Personal life
Royer-Collard married Augustine Marie Rosalie de Forges de Chãtaeubrun on 20 October 1800. They had four children, two of whom predeceased them.

He died at his estate of Châteauvieux in the Berry, south of Blois.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pierre Paul Royer-Collard


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Talk:Voice over IP

VoIP is not IP Telephony (although they are similar!)
Before anyone bites my head off I would just like to mention that I am a telecoms professional with over 22years experience in Legacy AND IP Communications.

Please refer to the Eupac IP Network Solutions site [] for a lovely simplistic description of the difference between the two.

"Yet it is important to distinguish between VoIP, which is a digital transport vehicle for phone calls, and IP telephony, which is a digital phone system based on internet standards. This is important, because business stands to benefit from both VoIP and IP telephony – in substantially different ways. VoIP is a method of digitising your voice so that it can be transmitted across the Internet to save call charges.  Whereas IP Telephony is a way of digitising your  phone system so that it can leverage the Internet, your computer, and your other business software applications (CRM, CTI, Outlook) to increase productivity within the Business.  VoIP is actually a subset of IP Telephony."

Or put even more simply:

- IP Telephony is the carriage of telephone calls over IP based networks. o Voice quality target is telephone call quality, no better, no worse o Attempt at making calling procedure and dialing same as PSTN o Attempt at supporting various PSTN features and functionality - VoIP is the carriage of any voice signal over IP based networks. o Voice quality can be designed according to the applications need. o Design for features and functionality as needed by the application o Next step to Multi-media over IP         o Definition can be extended to include all audio, e.g., music

Some of us "dinosaurs" have been around long enough to know where both technologies began, where they came from and where they are going ;-)

Cheers,

Bluemavryk —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bluemavryk (talk • contribs) 20:40, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

OK, I'm going to try to post my feelings on this issue because it really matters to me.

I agree & disagree with Bluemavryk at the same time. There is a distinction between VoIP and IP Telephony in the industry as it stands today. The way I see it:

IP Telephony Refers to:
 * A coherent implementation of an IP-based telephony system that consists of endpoints, and their related infrastructure.
 * Said Implementation is intended to provide direct access to telephony services to an end-user community
 * Can be used to replace traditional (TDM, POTS) telephony services.

VoIP Refers to:
 * The constellation of protocols and methodologies that provide for the transmission of voice across IP networks.
 * The set of generally accepted practices used in accomplishing said transmission.
 * Any hardware necessary to accomplish said transmission.

In general: If you are utilizing IP-based transmission methods to deliver voice to an endpoint, you are using VoIP. If your transmission method is VoIP end-to-end within a given implementation, you are using IP Telephony.

I would like to see less of the discussion of commercial VoIP and how it is provided (or at least a re-org) and more discussion of the underlying technologies behind VoIP. I think we can structure this article better in this fashion:

Intro
 * History
 * Technology
 * Signalling Protocols
 * H323
 * SIP
 * MGCP\MEGACO
 * SCCP
 * Proprietary/Vendor Specific (NEC, Nortel, etc.)
 * Speech Protocols
 * RTP
 * Codecs
 * G711
 * G729
 * iLBC (Skype, among others, uses this particular method of encoding voice for transmission across the Internet)
 * G723
 * Implementations
 * Home/SoHo Use
 * Replacing PABX Leased-Line Ties (Network Convergence)
 * Replacing Traditional PABX's Wholesale
 * CO Use (Softswitches/Interoffice Ties)
 * Challenges
 * QOS
 * Sound Quality vis-a-vis Lossy Codecs

I'm sure there's more fertile ground to be found somewhere. This is all I can come up with for right now on this subject, I know I'll think of something more to add later.

Please, someone give me another pair of eyes and let me know what sounds good! QuackCD (talk) 23:14, 6 January 2009 (UTC)

I agree QuackCD, this article is in serious need of a complete rewrite. I can see where you are going with your proposed TOC, however I would say that many subjects like protocols and codecs are already covered in detail on wikipedia and don't need repeating here (just listing and linking would be enough).

VoIP is a concept (sending voice over IP networks) not a protocol (I would state that the misunderstanding between a concept, protocol and architecture is the main reason the current page is so poor). The page should concentrate on what VoIP means (voice communication over IP networks) and cite examples of how to achieve this with relivant links to other articles. Rather than delving deep into each technique, it should state the different methods of VoIP (SIP & RTP, MSN messenger, Skype, H.323, etc.) and show the various UA devices which are used (like TopCom Skype phones, CISCO ATA 186s, CISCO 7960s, x-lite softphones, etc.).

At the moment the page is a random discussion of anything and everything that might be covered by the term VoIP... I'm happy to help you work on a new page. Just drop me an email or contact me through my talk page.

SimonInns (talk) 20:12, 19 January 2009 (UTC)

I’ve just finished a major copy-edit of the VoIP page. I tried (as much as possible) to keep the original content of the page – I don’t agree that all of the content is necessary, however I didn’t want to be a one-man jury on what was and wasn’t needed.

I tried to improve and increase the number of inter-wiki links to other articles (and where possible reduced the amount of information repeated which was available via the links) and also removed obvious commercial spam and advertisements that had crept into the page.

I also rearranged the article into a more logical pattern; placing the adoption of VoIP at the top, followed by the benefits and challenges. All other information I moved to the bottom of the article. I hope this arrangement will help other wiki-editors to sift through the article and correct anything I missed.

There was also a large amount of repetition between the sections (mainly caused by the lack of organization). I removed the repetition wherever possible and concatenated the information into the relevant sections.

There is still a lot of citation gathering to be done for this article so I placed ‘citation required’ tags next to the ‘statement of facts’ that I saw (although there a probably quite a few that I missed).

I have not touched the legal section, nor the section on Japanese VoIP as I do not know enough about these topics.

SimonInns (talk) 16:09, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

Here is my list of questionable content remaining in this article. If there are no objections I will rewrite/delete the following text (note: my reasoning is in-line):

"A tragic example of a miscommunication with VoIP is the death of 18-month-old Elijah Luck in Calgary, Canada. In an emergency, 911 services were called. An ambulance was sent to the former home of the Lucks. The VoIP telephone company knew the correct address, as they were paying their bill from the correct current billing address the company had on record. "It's up to subscribers to ensure the company has up-to-date contact information" was the response from the VoIP company. After about a half hour wait, the Lucks called from a neighbor's land line, whereupon emergency services arrived in six minutes. Elijah Luck was pronounced dead at the Alberta Children's Hospital.[18]"

-- Although citated this doesn't really add anything to the VoIP discussion. The linked article even goes on to state that this was the failing of the owner of the subscription to update his E911 record rather than a problem with VoIP

"A voice call originating in the VoIP environment also faces challenges to reach its destination if the number is routed to a mobile phone number on a traditional mobile carrier. VoIP has been identified in the past as a Least Cost Routing (LCR) system, which is based on checking the destination of each telephone call as it is made, and then sending the call via the network that will cost the customer the least[citation needed]. This rating is subject to some debate given the complexity of call routing created by number portability. With GSM number portability now in place, LCR providers can no longer rely on using the network root prefix to determine how to route a call. Instead, they must now determine the actual network of every number before routing the call.

Therefore, VoIP solutions also need to handle MNP when routing a voice call. In countries without a central database, like the UK, it might be necessary to query the GSM network about which home network a mobile phone number belongs to. As the popularity of VoIP increases in the enterprise markets because of least cost routing options, it needs to provide a certain level of reliability when handling calls."

-- VoIP has never (to my knowledge) been identified as a least cost routing system by any definition of LCR. While it might make LCR decision making harder (like any other available route would) this statement is misleading and wrong. The complexity of LNP and MNP are no more pronounced for VoIP than any other voice communication method. This should be deleted.

"MNP checks are important to assure that this quality of service is met; by handling MNP lookups before routing a call and assuring that the voice call will actually work, VoIP companies must give businesses the reliability they look for in an Internet telephony provider."

-- MNP is important to ensure the called party receives calls... it is not really a 'quality of service' issue (QoS is usually more associated with voice quality). This statement should be rewritten or removed.

"In countries such as Singapore, the most recent Mobile number portability solution is expected to open the doors to new business opportunities for non-traditional telecommunication service providers like wireless broadband providers and voice over IP (VoIP) providers[citation needed]."

-- This statement is nonsense, MNP is not a value add in the network, it is a reglatory requirement to protect consumers. Perhaps LNP would be more correct in this case since it allows consumers to move to VoIP networks from the PSTN without changing numbers?

"While the wired public switched telephone network (PSTN) and mobile phone networks share a common global standard (E.164) which allocates and identifies any specific telephone line, there is no widely adopted similar standard for VoIP networks[citation needed]. Some allocate an E.164 number which can be used for VoIP as well as incoming and external calls. However, there are often different, incompatible schemes when calling between VoIP providers which use provider-specific short codes."

-- Most (if not all) VoIP service providers support E.164 numbering (and routing), otherwise they could not connect to the PSTN or route inbound PSTN calls. I suspect this comment is out of date and historical at best.

SimonInns (talk) 21:40, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

In the History section, consider crediting the inventors or VoIP: Alon Cohen and Lior Haramaty, US Patent 5,825,771 filed November 10, 1994 RTP is not a voice protocol, but a protocol that insures real-time delivery. T.48 is the FAX over VoIP standard To codecs, you can add these: GSM-full rate, GSM-half rate and GSM-amr. 206.29.176.74 (talk) 21:05, 29 August 2011 (UTC)

How Do You Properly Spell Voice Over Internet Protocol
I know this seems like a inane question, but for the sake of transcribing webcasts and webinars correctly, what is the correct or most accepted way to spell voice over internet protocol? We have seen: voice over internet protocol; Voice over Internet Protocol; Voice over internet protocol; voice-over internet protocol; Voice Over Internet Protocol; voiceover internet protocol. There has been much heated debate among staff about one or two words; which letters are capped if at all, etc. GHKWells (talk) 04:06, 9 March 2009 (UTC)GHKWells

 * Although this is not a help forum, the article title has the proper format. The next best version would be to capitalize 'Over' as well, but this is usually not done in any of the 'something over another' protocol names Kbrose (talk) 04:57, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

 * The correct capitalisation is to have the o lower case, the acronym therefore is VoIP, I dont think it matters in the text if you have Voice over Internet Protocol, or voice over internet protocol. Stuart Ward UK (talk) 21:35, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

 * To be precise here, as the word spells-out an acronym, Stuart Ward is largely right in saying VoIP (most common usage by IT professionals and usual publications [eg. newspapers/magazines/many news websites] stylistic choice to have lowercase letter o), however in the English language, acronyms are supposed to be all in caps, so you can also use VOIP as another option, as per your own preference. As for the first letter capitalisation, the same is true, and as it's a noun (the name of a group of protocols) it should be cap'd; either non-"o" as Voice over Internet Protocol (usual IT/publications spelling), or all as Voice Over Internet Protocol (proper English language capitalisation rule spelling).
 * Notice there are four separate words, as "Voice-over" or "Voiceover" means an actor (re-)talking over pre-filmed material in a studio or similar, which is something completely different. (ie. in this four word noun, it would mean doing some kind of talking over pre-filmed material, sent over the internet! lol. Ironically many actors do this on animation feature films; literally studio recording in one city their voiceover parts, and sending by internet to another city where the film is being put together!) Jimthing (talk) 00:10, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

Definition in the Introduction section
The previous content wasnt correct:

→VoIP systems usually interface with the traditional public switched telephone network (PSTN) to allow for transparent phone communications worldwide.

I replaced it with the definition from International Engineering Consortium. Klapouchy (talk) 22:43, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

advantages of softphone over VoIP phone and ATA
The article reads:
 * An advantage of using a softphone with a VoIP service provider is the ability of having a fixed phone number which can be moved to any country or location (This is also possible with ATAs and VoIP phones, although it requires the physical relocation of the hardware.)

Any voip solution is identical in this respect: they are agnostic about their geographical location. You don't have to physically relocate a voip phone or ATA to enjoy these advantages. You can alternately just use a second ATA in a second location. And a softphone is no different: you have to either relocate your computer or install the softphone on a second computer.

So I'm deleting the sentence. -lethe talk [ +] 01:58, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

Requested move 1

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Move. Jafeluv (talk) 11:02, 6 June 2010 (UTC)

Voice over Internet Protocol → — Commonest usage among consumers and the technical community. Pnm (talk) 00:30, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I propose changing the title of this page to Voice over IP:

 * Voice over IP corresponds to commonest usage among consumers and the technical community (not jargon).
 * To a reader unfamiliar with the concept, Voice over IP is less ambiguous and thus more descriptive. The article is about a group of technologies. Voice over IP unambiguously means a group of technologies for transmitting voice over Internet Protocol. No one will think it's a Protocol for Voice over Internet. Voice over IP is not a protocol. (In contrast, Hypertext Transfer Protocol is a protocol.)
 * IP is extremely recognizable (c.f. IP address). Even if people don't know that IP stands for Internet Protocol, they know it relates to a computer network. (See also IP Address.)

 * The continued use of Voice over Internet Protocol by some bureaucrats, journalists, and marketers need bind our hands. Pnm (talk) 00:30, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia serves a general audience, not only "consumers and the technical community." See WP:NOT.  —   AjaxSmack   02:30, 30 May 2010 (UTC)

"General audience, not just the technical community" is a better description of what I meant. -- Pnm (talk) 08:03, 30 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Just for the record this change had no discussion nor consensus. For a general audience full name are better than dubious abbreviations they may not know precisely, especially since many use IP instead of IP address. Kbrose (talk) 20:52, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Maybe so but Voice over IP is now the established title and reverting the move is not uncontroversial. Please use WP:RM before reverting again. --Kvng (talk) 23:39, 12 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Kbrose, for the fourth time, would you please put it back where it was and post a move request? – Pnm (talk) 17:10, 13 December 2011 (UTC)

 * I reverted it myself. Please join in the discussion below. – Pnm (talk) 23:33, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

References flag still needed?
This article has close to 60 references. Does it still need a flag for more sources? Anneaholaward (talk) 15:37, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Correction - actually it's 65! If that's not enough references, then what would be?! Anneaholaward (talk) 15:38, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Just noticed this thread. As of today there are 12 specific facts needing citations (see the [citation needed] throughout the article) and the Japan section is entirely unreferenced. The question of citations can't really be answered with a number, but there's some good reading at WP:V and WP:Citing sources. --Pnm (talk) 01:19, 5 January 2011 (UTC)

about section: Fax handling
The voice codec is not the primary reason of fax transmission failures. True, if you're using something highly compressed such as g.729, but as long as you're using G.711 - a or u law, which is the exact same codec as used in the PSTN. The problem with faxing over common internet based VoIP providers is the packetization of the internet. That along with your call audio getting handed off to distant wholesale provider's PSTN interconnets over the internet, and with many routers along the way to the PSTN interconnect don't always provide good enough QoS. Some very good VoIP providers do the PSTN coversion in-house so that your calls are sent to the wholesale provider off-internet, so providers like these can provide very good QoS. 66.114.93.6 (talk) 11:39, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

Historical milestones section
2004 — Commercial VoIP service providers proliferate

Why just 2004? Have they not proliferated in other years? This historical milestone, or at least the date to which it is confined, seems rather dubious to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 130.14.254.26 (talk) 20:24, 21 January 2011 (UTC)

Voice Over IP
VoIP or Voice over internet protocole also called internet telephony enables users to speak to other users over the internet. That is VoIP uses the internet (instead of the public switched tgelephone network) to connect a callling party to one or more local or long distance call. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 119.152.80.81 (talk) 14:41, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Actually, no. When first coined, we used the term to refer to carrying voice over IP for some leg of a call: at that time typically through a modified PABX to a private internet gateway plugged directly into the PSTN over PBX trunks. — Dgtsyb (talk) 22:04, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I think part of the problem is that this article has been reworked bit-by-bit since 2002 without a major, unifying overhaul. As technologies converge, the technical and popular distinctions between IP telephony and consumer VoIP are growing faint. As the ILECs extend fiber networks throughout the middle mile and, in some places, the last mile, people with "analog" or PSTN POTS phones really only have copper until it hits the little box in their backyards. The national trend is moving towards an all-IP network, in which case "VoIP" will be nothing more than a telephony service provided by the non-LECs and IP telephony will be anything provided by the RLECs, CLECs, and ILECs. Alphachimera (talk) 15:27, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

Comcast hatnote
The header of this article lists "Comcast Digital Voice", which is a blatant advertisement by Comcast. VoIP protocols are utilized by many companies and this article should remain neutral where patents are not a consideration. Smaldonado (talk) 19:37, 8 February 2011 (UTC)

 * The hatnote is there because the article about Comcast's VoIP product is at Comcast Digital Voice – even though the product was called Digital Voice – Digital voice redirects to Voice over IP. Looks like the product is called Xfinity Voice now. --Pnm (talk) 05:25, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I'd like to remove the hatnote, it is commercial and confusing to readers (and probably some editors too). Easiest thing to do would be to point Digital voice to Comcast Digital Voice. I'm not familiar with the use of digital voice as a synonym for VoIP. --Kvng (talk) 15:52, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * ✅ --Kvng (talk) 20:34, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

gary turd
The first paragraph of this article has these two words -- typos? mpeder
 * deleted as vandalism --Kgfleischmann (talk) 14:52, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

IP telephony
I was wondering whether analog to digital telephone conversions may be mentioned in this article. A notable project is OpenUSBFXS, see also http://code.google.com/p/openusbfxs/

Some things I don't get on the project though: does a entirely new (VOIP) telephoen number needs to be taken ?
 * is the old telephone number kept (ie 00 33 51 123456 or something like that; 00 --> prefix, 33 --> country code, 51--> area code, last 6 numbers the actual phone number OR
 * is the data tranferred via the old telephone line (POTS) or via a seperate internet access line (ie 56k, ISDN, ADSL or even cable, ...)

07:13, 18 July 2011 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.182.100.231 (talk)

Edit request from, 16 November 2011
I would like to add http://www.modulis.ca as an external source in this article. Modulis is a leading Canadian VoIP Provider. Thanks.

Guillaume.steinmetz (talk) 19:50, 16 November 2011 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: External links should have additional information about the article subject matter. This is just a company that does VOIP installation. — Bility (talk) 00:53, 17 November 2011 (UTC)

Requested move 2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: not moved. (non-admin closure) Jenks24 (talk) 09:44, 21 December 2011 (UTC)

Voice over IP → Voice over Internet Protocol – Procedural nomination. – Pnm (talk) 23:31, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose. For two reasons. "IP" has become so common in the technical world that there is no need anymore for writing it in full. Second, considering the non-technically inclined people, one must ask what they are most likely to look up. I'd say it's "VoIP" or "Voice over IP", as the latter is how you pronounce it, and as such "Voice over Internet Protocol" is the least likely option. Nageh (talk) 23:40, 14 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose – "Voice over IP" was the overwhelmingly dominant term in books until wiki-mirror books came along about 2007. Let's not add more positive feedback to that.   The article has moved back and forth too many times already; leave it.  Dicklyon (talk) 00:02, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Support - I would like to see either full abbreviation: VoIP or no abbreviation Voice over Internet Protocol. Half way doesn't make sense. — Dgtsyb (talk) 01:51, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose - All three points in the previous request are persuasive. --Kvng (talk) 03:07, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Comment what kind of procedural nomination is this? It failed in 2010, so wouldn't you need a proper rationale to do this? 76.65.128.198 (talk) 04:43, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
 * To end a move war. - Pnm (talk) 18:49, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose: I feel this new name is too long, and I agree that IP is an entrenched technical abbreviation.Jasper Deng (talk) 18:02, 15 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:ACRONYMTITLE and WP:COMMONNAME. For background, this page was at Voice over IP from its 2002 inception until it was moved to Voice over Internet Protocol in November 2007 with (rationale: "full name"). In June 2010 I posted a request to move it back which garnered little discussion but no opposition, and the page was moved. There has been no discussion since then, but Kbrose and I have moved the page back and forth between these names, starting two months after the move discussion was closed. The article has spent roughly half the year at each name. If consensus is that the proposed name is better, it's worth moving again. One more move isn't going to hurt anything. Regarding the choice of name, "voice over IP" is the common name: the most widely used, and the most recognizable for a general audience. The abbreviation "IP" is widely used and understood, which makes it acceptable according to WP:ACRONYMTITLE. IP address uses it in the title as well. VoIP would be tolerable, but I think its use in popular media would fall short of the kind of wide usage and knowledge described in WP:ACRONYMTITLE. It's not as widely used as "IP." Finally, people unfamiliar with the subject might think "Voice over Internet Protocol" is a communication protocol, which it's not. – Pnm (talk) 18:49, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Definitions and other nits
Very good informative article so please excuse me for the tiniest of nits.

"Premise" should be "premises". I know that using "premise" this way has become the technical vernacular, but it grates a bit.

The article takes care to define acronyms at the first use but there are a few exceptions (DSL, ADSL, QoE, PBX (although identifying PBX as Private Branch Exchange may not add clarity), PVC and TCP). Morganstein (talk) 03:19, 3 July 2012 (UTC)Morganstein

✅ --Kvng (talk) 20:29, 5 July 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I propose that Web-based VoIP and Cloud telephony be merged into Voice over IP. I think that the all three articles really describe various aspects/stages of the same thing, and having three separate articles is unnecessary. Bensci54 (talk) 03:00, 1 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Support - logical/obvious proposal. --Biker Biker (talk) 08:55, 1 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Question Where do you intend to put the merged material? Although it does not come out and say so, the current article is about replacing POTS with VoIP. The merges will expand the scope of the article. -—Kvng 14:44, 4 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I plan to add them into new sections, unless the current section affords an opportunity for information to be inserted within. Bensci54 (talk) 03:32, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * I don't think it as simple as that. For example, a lot of the material in the top-level Voice_over_IP section applies only to POTS replacement. When you merge these topics in, we have to somehow clarify which types of VoIP these issues apply to. Similar issues exist in the Challenges and Adoption sections. I'm generally in favor of merges such as you've proposed but I also like to see improvement with every change we make. Just moving the source articles into this one as new sections would not be an improvement. Are we ready to do the work required to actually integrated the merged material? -—Kvng 15:32, 10 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Support the merger. I'm not sure what the best title is for a merged article, but Voice over IP is the best-developed article with the longest history, so the proper thing to do would be a merge to that article and then, if necessary, a subsequent rename to whatever we think is best.  — Æµ§œš¹  [ãːɱ ˈfɹ̠ˤʷɪ̃ə̃nlɪ]  19:00, 5 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Support— the former is just a stub on an aspect of this article, and the latter is about the business around the former.  Shirudo   talk  02:01, 6 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Support different aspects of same topic. Article sizes don't warrant separate ones. Widefox ; talk 17:35, 11 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose None of the supporters have adequately addressed my question (above) about how this merge will be executed. I can't support until there is an answer. Mine is not a rhetorical question; I don't have an answer. -—Kvng 18:45, 13 February 2013 (UTC)

 * "Partial support" - Can't refute Kvng. Not usually a fan of merging, but in this case, I definitely am.  So, what about a step-wise approach?  First merge Cloud telephony into both and then see what you've got?  Cloud telephony is linked from Cloud computing and I felt that, like many links in Cloud computing, it just sort of wasn't worth the click.  It might have been worth it the click if Cloud telephony was merged with Voice over IP, though!  Definite fan of merging Cloud telephony!!!  Maura Driscoll (talk) 21:03, 10 April 2013 (UTC)

 * I would support a merge of Cloud telephony into Web-based VoIP and then we can see what we've got. -—Kvng 21:19, 17 April 2013 (UTC)

OK, I just tried to merge Cloud telephony into Web-based VoIP, and it did not work. The reason is that the intros in both of those articles did not correctly define the concepts.
 * Cloud telephony is a subset of Cloud communications; it means third-party, off-site VoIP services in general. This includes both web-based and non-web-based VoIP (it could just integrate with conventional telephones as a PBX replacement).
 * Web-based VoIP simply uses a web page running a multimedia applet or whatever instead of dedicated non-web VoIP software

I propose merging Cloud telephony into Cloud communications instead; they are both very short and weak and there is substantial overlap. I tagged both of those articles.

There is no section in Voice over IP into which to merge Web-based VoIP, since it defines a class of client software; though I did add an awkward link from the "Protocols" section. Clients are described at Comparison of VoIP software. Web-based software is included there but not necessarily marked as such. That's another potential merge target, but I don't have any problem leaving web-based VoIP as its own article for a while and letting it grow. It may be handy to just be able to link there from several other articles. I removed the merge tag from Web-based VoIP for now, but feel free to rekindle the debate if you see fit. -- Beland (talk) 04:21, 6 May 2013 (UTC)
 * (And a good reason to have separate articles on specific aspects of VoIP is that Voice over IP is already at the maximum desirable length; there is not really the room to go into detail on either of these subtopics.) -- Beland (talk) 04:26, 6 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I support your proposal to merge Cloud telephony into Cloud communications.

 * I still think we should try to merge Web-based VoIP into Voice over IP and have restored the banner. I can see this working once some improvements are made to Voice over IP. -—Kvng 16:14, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

 * I oppose this idea as voice over IP is currently an incoherent mess, trying to cover too much ground in a single article. This article should be an overview, with the excess detail spun off or spun out to subtopics. 66.102.87.61 (talk) 20:59, 15 December 2013 (UTC)

I have merged Cloud telephony into Cloud communications as proposed by.

There does not appear to be consensus to merge anything into Voice over IP. ~KvnG 02:55, 20 April 2014 (UTC)

Pronunciation
In addition to the given statements under the "pronunciation" section, I knew a French-Canadian guy for whom French was his native tongue, and he would pronounce it "vwahp" ("-oi-" is pronounced something like "-wah-" in French.) Should a note be made in that section about this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 97.115.28.10 (talk) 01:42, 7 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think a pronunciation note will be ideal because the "vuáh" pronunciation is not only used in French-speaking Canada but also in France, where it would be "voix sur IP" (pronounced "vuáh sur I-Péh", the word "sur" pronounced the same as the Spanish word meaning "South" and the letter "I" pronounced not as in "iPad" but as in "machine" or something like that, I'm not good at phonetic transcription) --Fandelasketchup (talk) 11:02, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

Outdated informations
In this article, under Legal Issues -> European Union in last paragraph at the end there is quote "A review of the EU Directive is under way and should be complete by 2007." It should be either updated with the directive if it is completed, or update the date since it has passed 6 years since 2007. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.2.125.70 (talk) 22:02, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

VoDSL
VoDSL redirects to Voice over IP but is not mentioned in the article. Technically it is a different mode though. --Ajv39 (talk) 20:04, 8 July 2014 (UTC)

 * It looks like VoDSL can be VoIP over DSL or it can be something more akin to VoFR. Maybe convert VoDSL (back) to a stub. Here's a ref to get started with ~KvnG 14:53, 12 July 2014 (UTC)

Questions about Reference number 26
I was looking at the page and clicked on reference number 26 and seen it does not rely tell me much beside wanting me to buy the book and also the date has a problem, I do not know how to fix it so I am going to leave it alone Jbegle (talk) 00:31, 6 February 2016 (UTC)
 * IMHO the links 26 and 27 are promotions for the Mr. Stantons article and not really necessary. --Kgfleischmann (talk) 05:28, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Ok, I will edit #26 and #27 and delete them. Jbegle (talk) 22:07, 7 February 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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I want to write about voip performance indicators
Hello everyone, I want to write about VoIP performance indicators like ASR, ACD, PDD, packet loss, jitter - measurement and testing. can I do it directly in this article? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asv128 (talk • contribs) 10:34, 6 August 2016 (UTC)
 * An own article about VoIP/SIP-testing is a better approach. It should be no howto. --Kgfleischmann (talk) 05:31, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

I already tried that but the separate article got deleted. I am really disappointed with the wikipedia as the good content gets deleted. If youre saying that this is "advice" then why there is an article about "software testing"? Isn't is an "advice to test the software" ?? How can I write the content about the testing???? Looks like you guys think that VoIP is a plug-and-play thing and everything works with no problems Please respond. Does the VoIP really works in 100% of cases and needs no testing?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Asv128 (talk • contribs) 17:49, 19 August 2016 (UTC)
 * thanks for the contribution. It is usually best to start by contributing to existing articles. If you have any citations you can add to the new material, that would be very helpful. ~Kvng (talk) 13:42, 22 August 2016 (UTC)

Thank you too for not deleting my new content. I will add more citations, sure Asv128 (talk) 00:33, 23 August 2016 (UTC)

The however person, - are you also the one who thinks this is a TEXTBOOK!?!?
This is a digital encyclopedia, and it's written, and edited by anyone - who -hopefully, can contribute. I've run across something on various pages, which share 2 things in common; the (bizarre) obsession with the word, however - and (Almost always) on these same pages, it seems that (is it the same person?) there's huge sections which seem to be COPIED directly from textbooks. The way these parts are written include language typically found in textbooks, where the author(s) is engaged with the reader, almost (in some cases) as if they were a 'teacher',

'Thus, we can see', is a typical example. It's not natural English, and it's a dead-giveaway someone is copying from a book. I believe it's the same person as the person obsessed wit the word however, which - in a normal reading of an average page in English, one comes rarely across, but, whenever it appears here, on a WikIpedia page, there'll be many instances, and in the most odd places. Whoever this person is - it's obvious English is NOT your native tongue, because no one speaks like this, and writing here - in a language which is not your native tongue, as if this is a 'classroom', is disingenuous (looking over the note written directly above this, it too, seems to be written in the same stilted-English. I'm guessing that others do notice that this person - Asv128 - wants to contribute, but, doesn't understand the 'advice' which seems to have been proffered).

I don't think they're doing this maliciously, but, the effect is almost the same; hard to read, trying to decipher - in plain, clear English - what it is thy've tried to convey, but, by taking it from others. I'd recommend for you - who apparently  wants to contribute, write on the WikIpedia which is in your native tongue. — Preceding unsigned comment added by UNOwenNYC (talk • contribs) 23 okt 2017 16:46 (UTC)

Legislation
There should be a topic on legislation & regulations if they exists. 109.206.156.72 (talk) 13:56, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Question about reference number 85
reference 85 relates to the milestone from 1991 regarding the release of "Speak Freely". it references the speak freely site which claims to have released in that year.

Should there be outside sources claiming that speak freely was indeed the first VoIP application or is their self claim enough? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.160.228.103 (talk) 18:48, 4 March 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree. That is not a reliable source.  The statement should have a reliable source.  Constant314 (talk) 19:05, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

thanks, I've added the unreliable source template — Preceding unsigned comment added by 144.160.228.103 (talk) 19:19, 4 March 2021 (UTC)

re: Speak Freely. Brian C. Wiles, self published source
Regarding this reversion, I’m not sure how the copyedits to ATTRIBUTEPOV to a WP:SPS are “promotional”. Claims sourced only to a claimants website shouldn’t be written as a fact in WPs voice. - LuckyLouie (talk) 18:29, 11 September 2021 (UTC)

I’ve simply removed it as it’s been tagged as an unreliable source for some time. - LuckyLouie (talk) 22:54, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree. There is probably some other stuff that should be removed. Constant314 (talk) 23:39, 11 September 2021 (UTC)
 * 1991 is early in non-experimental VoIP history so this is an arguably signifiant milestone. This article includes it in a short list. ~Kvng (talk) 17:41, 14 September 2021 (UTC)
 * Ok, and maybe with this, it's enough to re-add it. (Which I did) - LuckyLouie (talk) 18:44, 14 September 2021 (UTC)

The milestones listed on those references look like they were just copied from this list though. Did I miss additional sources given, or were there sources that predate the claim being made here? - 144.160.228.103 (talk) 16:16, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
 * I have the same concern. This is probably Wikipedia's fatal flaw.  Someone puts dubious info in an article.  Someone else copies it and publishes it in a respectable publication.  When asked for a reliable source for the original dubious info, someone finds the article that copied the dubious info from Wikipedia and voila, Wikipedia has generated a fact.  Wikipedia becomes a source of fake facts rather than an aggregator of reliable facts.  I don't see a solution. Constant314 (talk) 17:36, 11 October 2021 (UTC)
 * When verifying a source, you should check their date – ideally that predates the relevant portion of the WP text and is somewhat contemporary with the according event. In these cases, both sources are very new, so I'd not use them as RS. However, it'll get extremely hard to judge when a few years have gone by. --Zac67 (talk) 18:25, 11 October 2021 (UTC)

Marian Croak
I have removed this contribution because it does not make clear Croak's contributions. It arguably gives the impression that Croak invented VoIP. This is clearly not the case. No objection to mentioning her contributions but we need a better explanation of what they are. ~Kvng (talk) 00:28, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

"VoIP was developed by Marian Croak and her team at AT&T and over 100 patents are awarded to her on VoIP. She was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2022 for her patent on the technology."

~Kvng (talk) 00:28, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Voice over IP


text:
Samoyed dog

The Samoyed ( or  ; самое́дская соба́ка, or самое́д) is a breed of medium-sized herding dogs with thick, white, double-layer coats. They are spitz-type dogs which take their name from the Samoyedic peoples of Siberia. Descending from the Nenets Herding Laika, they are domesticated animals that assist in herding, hunting, protection and sled-pulling. Samoyed dogs are most often white, and can have a brown tint to their double-layer coat which is naturally dirt-repellent. They are known to be used in expeditions in both Arctic and Antarctic regions and have a friendly and agreeable disposition.

Lineage

The progenitor of the Samoyeds was the Nenets Herding Laika, a reindeer herding spitz commonly used throughout northern Siberia, especially the Nenets people who were pejoratively referred to as Samoyeds at that time. DNA evidence confirms that Samoyeds are a basal breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century. A genomic study of two dog specimens that are nearly 100 years old and obtained from the Nenets people on the Yamal Peninsula found that these are related to two specimens dated 2,000 years old and 850 years old, which suggests continuity of the lineage in this region. The two 100 year old dogs were closely related with the Samoyed breed, which indicates that the ancient arctic lineage lives on in the modern Samoyed dog. During preparation for the Fram expedition to the North Pole in 1893–1896, 33 dogs were purchased from the Nenets people. While 28 of these dogs would go to the North Pole, none of them survived. The remaining dogs, including pups born during the voyage, were left aboard the ship. In April 1893 the bitch had another litter, most of them white. According to Nansen's notes "...all the dogs were strong, tough and excellent at pulling sleds; they worked very well in hunting Polar bears [as well]." These dogs would become the original Samoyeds.

Appearance and characteristics
The AKC Standard requires 45 – and 21 – at the shoulder for males, and 35 – and 19 – for females. The UK Kennel Club Standard requires 51 – for males, and 46 – for females.

Samoyed eyes are usually black or brown and are almond in shape. Samoyeds with eyes of other colors like blue exist but are not allowed in the show ring. The Samoyed is in the "brown and black section" in its family, the Spitz family.

Samoyed ears are thick and covered with fur, triangular in shape, and erect. They are almost always white but have a light to dark brown tint (known as "biscuit") to a greater or lesser extent. The tint is usually on the ears but can be visible on the whole body.

The Samoyed tail is one of the breed's distinguishing features. Like the Alaskan Malamute, the tail is carried curled over the back; however, unlike the Alaskan Malamute, the Samoyed tail is held actually touching the back. It is not usually held in a tight curl, or held flag-like; it is usually carried lying over the back and to one side. In cold weather, Samoyeds may sleep with their tails over their noses to provide additional warmth. Almost all Samoyeds will allow their tails to fall when they are relaxed and at ease, as when being stroked or while eating, but will return their tails to a curl when more alert.

Samoyeds have a dense, double layer coat. The topcoat contains long, coarse, and straight guard hairs, which appear white but have a hint of silver coloring. This top layer keeps the undercoat relatively clean and free of debris. The under layer, or undercoat, consists of a dense, soft, and short fur that keeps the dog warm. The undercoat typically sheds heavily once or twice a year, and this seasonal process is sometimes referred to as "blowing coat". This does not mean the Samoyed will shed only during that time however; fine hairs (versus the dense clumps shed during seasonal shedding) will be shed all year round, and have a tendency to stick to cloth and float in the air. The standard Samoyed may come in a mixture of biscuit and white coloring, although pure white and all biscuit dogs are common. Males typically have larger ruffs than females. While this breed is touted as "hypoallergenic", it does shed a fair amount and needs frequent grooming. While the breed may produce fewer allergens, care should be taken for severe allergies.

Shed Samoyed fur is sometimes used as an alternative to wool in knitting, with a texture similar to angora. The fur is sometimes also used for the creation of artificial flies for fly fishing.

Life expectancy for the breed is about 12–13 years.

Temperament
Samoyeds' friendly and affable disposition makes them poor guard dogs; an aggressive Samoyed is rare. The breed is characterized by an alert and happy expression which has earned the nicknames "Sammie smile" and "smiley dog". With their tendency to bark, however, they can be diligent watch dogs, barking whenever something approaches their territory. Samoyeds are excellent companions, especially for small children or even other dogs, and they remain playful into old age. According to the Samoyed Club of America, when Samoyeds become bored, they may become destructive or start to dig.

Activities
Samoyeds can compete in dog agility trials, carting, obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, mushing and herding events. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at non-competitive herding tests. Samoyeds exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.

Health
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.1 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy
The breed can be affected by a genetic disease known as Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy, a kidney disease. The disease is known to be caused by an X-linked recessive faulty allele and therefore the disease is more severe in male Samoyeds. Also known as hereditary nephritis, it is caused by a nonsense mutation in codon 1027 of the COL4A5 gene on the X chromosome (glycine to stop codon), which is similar to Alport's syndrome in humans.

Carrier females do develop mild symptoms after 2–3 months of age, but mostly do not go on to develop kidney failure. The disease is caused by a defect in the structure of the type-IV collagen fibrils of the glomerular basement membrane. As a consequence, the collagen fibrils of the glomerular basement membrane are unable to form cross-links, so the structural integrity is weakened and the membrane is more susceptible to "wear-and-tear" damage. As the structure of the basement membrane begins to degenerate, plasma proteins are lost in the urine and symptoms begin to appear. Affected males appear healthy for the first three months of life, but then symptoms start to appear and worsen as the disease progresses: the dog becomes lethargic and muscle wastage occurs, as a result of proteinuria. From three months of age onwards, a reduced glomerular filtration rate is detected, indicative of progressive kidney failure.

Clinically, proteinuria is found in both sexes from the age of three to four months; in dogs older than this, kidney failure in combination with more or less pronounced hearing loss occurs swiftly and death at the age of 8 to 15 months is expected. In heterozygous females, the disease develops slowly. The disease can be treated to slow down the development by use of cyclosporine A and ACE inhibitors, but not stopped.

If a carrier female is mated with a healthy stud dog, the female offspring have a 50% chance of being carriers for the disease, and any male offspring have a 50% chance of being affected by the disease. A genetic test is available for this disease.

Other health concerns
For the Samoyeds several breed-specific hereditary diseases are described in the veterinary literature:

 * Diabetes mellitus similar but not identical to human Type I (insulin deficiency): The disease occurs in middle-aged Samoyeds, the mean age at diagnosis is seven years. The cause is a chronic inflammation of the pancreas and/or autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of islets of Langerhans. Moreover, autoantibodies to insulin were found in affected dogs. Several genetic markers are being discussed as possible causes.
 * Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) caused by a frameshift mutation in the RPRG locus of the X chromosome. The disease leads to a slowly progressive loss of vision, which eventually leads to blindness. The first symptoms appear between two and five years of age. The disease corresponds to the X-linked PRA type 3 in humans.
 * Short legs in conjunction with eye abnormalities: a genetic defect at the COL2A1 locus leads to disproportionate dwarfism due to short limbs in connection with cataracts, malformations of the retina and / or retinal detachment, liquefaction of the vitreous and a persistent hyaloid artery. The malformations of the retina are dominant (i.e. they occur in heterozygous dogs); the other symptoms are recessive, so that they are expressed only in homozygous dogs. These conditions have no effect on the expression of the protein opticin.
 * Pulmonary stenosis occurs more frequently in Samoyeds in comparison with other breeds. The disease can cause shortness of breath, cardiac arrhythmias and rapid fatigue when moving, and increases the risk of congestive heart failure.
 * Hip dysplasia is also a concern for Samoyeds.
 * The breed can also be affected by sebaceous adenitis, an uncommon idiopathic autoimmune skin disease.

title: Samoyed dog


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Agrippa
Ich will mich ja nicht mit fremden Federn schmücken, aber wieso sind alle Daten verschwunden die meinen Anteil an dem Upload ursprünglich des Bildes darstellen, verschwunden ? Gruß Trintheim 2003:E8:BF4C:D800:E864:B992:D368:4485 (talk) 15:37, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

 * I don't know what you refer to. Which image? Nixdorf (talk) 20:32, 29 March 2020 (UTC)

https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Cornelius_agrippa.png&action=history

Dieses Bild wurde mehrmals in unterschiedlicher Qualität geuploadet einige von mir, aber in der History ist es verschwunden, daher meine Fage ? Gruß Trintheim 2003:E8:BF13:3400:187B:AA5A:5CD7:3F8F (talk) 16:51, 1 April 2020 (UTC)

 * Interesting, but the picture I uploaded (this one) was taken with a camera directly from the book (Libri très de occulta philosophia) and uploaded to the old Wikipedia image store. Then as you can see from the image history it was transfered to Wikimedia Commons by User:Mattes in 2005, so you have to ask him. We now have a guideline to preserve image history, but I don't know if we had that guideline in 2005 when the image was transferred. Nixdorf (talk) 08:48, 2 April 2020 (UTC)

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Tape Recorder photo
Hello, I'm wondering where you got the photo you contributed in 2004 for the Tape recorder article. Both these things point to someone who is un-tutored in the use of reel-to-reel machines. For your comment, please. - Peter Ellis - Talk 14:39, 20 January 2022 (UTC)
 * The red leader tape is way too long, and
 * the tape itself is crossed at the take-up reel.

 * I took the picture myself and I admit that I am not good at using reel-to-reel tape recorders. I have since had to decomission the machine, i.e. recycle it because it was too big and clunky. Nixdorf (talk) 16:55, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

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Félix Ravaisson-Mollien

Jean-Gaspard-Félix Laché Ravaisson-Mollien (23 October 1813 – 18 May 1900) was a French philosopher, 'perhaps France's most influential philosopher in the second half of the nineteenth century'. He was originally and remains more commonly known as Félix Ravaisson.

His 'seminal' 'key' work was De l’habitude (1838), translated in English as Of Habit. Ravaisson's philosophy is in the tradition of French Spiritualism, which was initiated by Pierre Maine de Biran (1766–1824) with the essay "The Influence of Habit on the Faculty of Thinking" (1802). However, Ravaisson developed his doctrine as what he called 'spiritualist realism' and 'spiritualist positivism', and – according to Ravaisson scholar Mark Sinclair – can be thought of as founding 'the school of contingency'. His most well known and influential successor was Henri Bergson, with whom the tradition can be seen to end during the 1930s; although the 'lineage' of this 'philosophy of life' can be seen to return in the late twentieth century with Gilles Deleuze. Ravaisson never worked in the French state university system, in his late 20s declining a position at the University of Rennes. In 1838 he was employed as the principle private secretary to the minister of public instruction, going on to secure high-ranking positions such as inspector general of libraries, and then the curator of classical antiquities at the Louvre. Later in his life he was appointed as the president of the jury of the Aggregation of philosophy in France, 'a position of considerable influence'. Ravaisson, was not only a philosopher, classicist, archivist, and educational administrator, but also a painter exhibiting under the name Laché.

Biography

Ravaisson was born at Namur. After a successful course of study at the Collège Rollin, he went to Munich in autumn 1839, where he attended the lectures of Schelling, and took his degree in philosophy in 1836. In the following year he published the first volume of his famous work Essai sur la métaphysique d'Aristote ("Essay on the Metaphysics of Aristotle"), to which in 1846 he added a supplementary volume. This work not only criticizes and comments on the theories of Aristotle and the Peripatetics, but also develops from them a modern philosophical system.

In 1838 he received his doctorate, his thesis entitled "De l'habitude" ("On Habit"), which was to become a classic text (a metaphysical 'poem' on nature in general apprehended through an intuitive analysis of acquired habit as a particular manifestation of its essential being, much admired by Bergson and Heidegger), and became professor of philosophy at Rennes. From 1840 he was inspector-general of public libraries, and in 1860 became inspector-general in the department of higher education. He was also a member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, and curator of the Department of Antiquities at the Louvre (from 1870). He died in Paris in 1900.

Philosophical work
In philosophy, he was one of the school of Victor Cousin, with whom he was at issue in many important points. The act of consciousness, according to him, is the basis of all knowledge. Acts of consciousness are manifestations of will, which is the motive and creative power of the intellectual life. The idea of God is a cumulative intuition given by all the various faculties of the mind, in its observation of harmony in nature and in man. This theory had considerable influence on speculative philosophy in France during the later years of the 19th century.

title: Félix Ravaisson-Mollien


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Naming of the Americas

The naming of the Americas, or America, occurred shortly after Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1492. It is generally accepted that the name derives from Amerigo Vespucci, the Italian explorer, who explored the new continents in the following years on behalf of Spain and Portugal, with the name given by German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller. However, some have suggested other explanations, including being named after the Amerrisque mountain range in Nicaragua, or after Richard Amerike, a merchant from Bristol, England.

Usage
In contemporary English, North and South America are generally considered separate continents, and taken together are called the Americas in the plural. When conceived as a unitary continent, the form is generally the continent of America in the singular. However, without a clarifying context, singular America in English commonly refers to the United States of America.

Historically, in the English-speaking world, the term America could refer to a single continent until the 1950s (as in Van Loon's Geography of 1937): According to historians Kären Wigen and Martin W. Lewis,

"While it might seem surprising to find North and South America still joined into a single continent in a book published in the United States in 1937, such a notion remained fairly common until World War II. It cannot be coincidental that this idea served American geopolitical designs at the time, which sought both Western Hemispheric domination and disengagement from the "Old World" continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa. By the 1950s, however, virtually all American geographers had come to insist that the visually distinct landmasses of North and South America deserved separate designations."

This shift did not seem to happen in most other cultural hemispheres on Earth, such as Romance-speaking (including France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Romania, Switzerland, Latin America, and the postcolonial Romance-speaking countries of Africa), Germanic (but excluding English) speaking (including Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands), and elsewhere, where America is still considered a continent encompassing the North America and South America subcontinents, as well as Central America.

Earliest use of name

The earliest known use of the name America dates to April 25, 1507, when it was applied to what is now known as South America. It appears on a small globe map with twelve time zones, together with the largest wall map made to date, both created by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges in France. These were the first maps to show the Americas as a land mass separate from Asia. An accompanying book, Cosmographiae Introductio, anonymous but apparently written by Waldseemüller's collaborator Matthias Ringmann, states, "I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part [that is, the South American mainland], after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, Amerigen, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women". America is also inscribed on the Paris Green Globe (or Globe vert) which has been attributed to Waldseemüller and dated to 1506–07: as well as the single name inscribed on the northern and southern parts of the New World, the continent also bears the inscription: America ab inuentore nuncupata (America, named after its discoverer).

Mercator on his map called North America "America or New India" (America sive India Nova).

Amerigo Vespucci
Americus Vesputius was the Latinized version of the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci's name, the forename being an old Italianization (compare modern Italian Enrico) of Medieval Latin Emericus (see Saint Emeric of Hungary), from the Old High German name Emmerich, which may have been a merger of several Germanic names – Amalric, Ermanaric and Old High German Haimirich, from Proto-Germanic *amala- ('vigor, bravery'), *ermuna- ('great; whole') or *haima- ('home') + *rīk- ('ruler') (compare *Haimarīks).

Amerigo Vespucci (March 9, 1454 – February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who may have been the first to assert that the West Indies and corresponding mainland were not part of Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus's voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to the Europeans.

Vespucci was apparently unaware of the use of his name to refer to the new landmass, as Waldseemüller's maps did not reach Spain until a few years after his death. Ringmann may have been misled into crediting Vespucci by the widely published Soderini Letter, a sensationalized version of one of Vespucci's actual letters reporting on the mapping of the South American coast, which glamorized his discoveries and implied that he had recognized that South America was a continent separate from Asia. Spain officially refused to accept the name America for two centuries, saying that Columbus should get credit, and Waldseemüller's later maps, after Ringmann's death, did not include it; in 1513 he labelled it "Terra Incognita" with a note about Columbus's discovery of the land.

Following Waldseemüller, the Swiss scholar Heinrich Glarean included the name America in a 1528 work of geography published in Basel. There, four years later, the German scholar Simon Grinaeus published a map, which Hans Holbein and Sebastian Münster (who had made sketches of Waldseemüller's 1507 map) contributed to; this labelled the continent America Terra Nova (America, the New Land). In 1534, Joachim von Watt labelled it simply America. Gerardus Mercator applied the names North and South America on his influential 1538 world map; by this point, the naming was irrevocable. Acceptance may have been aided by the "natural poetic counterpart" that the name America made with Asia, Africa, and Europa.

Named after a Nicaraguan mountain range
In 1874, Thomas Belt published the indigenous name of the Amerrisque Mountains in present-day Nicaragua. The next year, Jules Marcou suggested a derivation of the continent's name from this mountain range. Marcou corresponded with Augustus Le Plongeon, who wrote: "The name AMERICA or AMERRIQUE in the Mayan language means, a country of perpetually strong wind, or the Land of the Wind, and ... the [suffixes] can mean ... a spirit that breathes, life itself."

In this view, native speakers shared this indigenous word with Columbus and members of his crew, and Columbus made landfall in the vicinity of these mountains on his fourth voyage. The name America then spread via oral means throughout Europe relatively quickly even reaching Waldseemüller, who was preparing a map of newly reported lands for publication in 1507. Waldseemüller's work in the area of denomination takes on a different aspect in this view. Jonathan Cohen of Stony Brook University writes:"The baptismal passage in the Cosmographiae Introductio has commonly been read as argument, in which the author said that he was naming the newly discovered continent in honor of Vespucci and saw no reason for objections. But, as etymologist Joy Rea has suggested, it could also be read as an explanation, in which he indicates that he has heard the New World was called America, and the only explanation lay in Vespucci's name."

Among the reasons which proponents give in adopting this theory include the recognition of, in Cohen's words, "the simple fact that place names usually originate informally in the spoken word and first circulate that way, not in the printed word". In addition, Waldseemüller not only is exonerated from the charge of having arrogated to himself the privilege of naming lands, which privilege was reserved to monarchs and explorers, but also is freed from the charge of violating the long-established and virtually inviolable ancient European tradition of using only the first name of royal individuals as opposed to the last name of commoners (such as Vespucci) in bestowing names to lands.

Richard Amerike
Bristol antiquarian Alfred Hudd suggested in 1908 that the name was derived from the surname "Amerike" or "ap Meryk" and was used on early British maps that have since been lost. Richard ap Meryk, anglicised to Richard Amerike was a wealthy Anglo-Welsh merchant, royal customs officer and sheriff of Bristol. According to some writers, he was the principal owner of the Matthew, the ship sailed by John Cabot during his voyage of exploration to North America in 1497. The idea that Richard Amerike was a 'principal supporter' of Cabot has gained popular currency in the 21st century. There is no evidence to support this. Similarly, and contrary to a recent tradition that names Amerike as principal owner and main funder of the Matthew, Cabot's ship of 1497, academic enquiry does not connect Amerike with the ship. Her ownership at that date remains uncertain. Macdonald asserts that the caravel was specifically built for the Atlantic crossing.

Hudd proposed his theory in a paper which was read at the 21 May 1908 meeting of the Clifton Antiquarian Club, and which appeared in Volume 7 of the club's Proceedings. In "Richard Ameryk and the name America," Hudd discussed the 1497 discovery of North America by John Cabot, an Italian who had sailed on behalf of England. Upon his return to England after his first (1497) and second (1498–1499) voyages, Cabot received two pension payments from Henry VII. Of the two customs officials at the Port of Bristol who were responsible for delivering the money to Cabot, the more senior was Richard Ameryk (High Sheriff of Bristol in 1503). Hudd postulated that Cabot named the land that he had discovered after Ameryk, from whom he received the pension conferred by the king. He stated that Cabot had a reputation for being free with gifts to his friends, such that his expression of gratitude to the official would not be unexpected. Hudd also thought it unlikely that America would have been named after Vespucci's given name rather than his family name. Hudd used a quote from a late 15th-century manuscript (a calendar of Bristol events), the original of which had been lost in an 1860 Bristol fire, that indicated the name America was already known in Bristol in 1497. "This year (1497), on St. John the Baptist's day (June 24th), the land of America was found by the merchants of Bristow, in a ship of Bristowe called the 'Mathew,' the which said ship departed from the port of Bristowe the 2nd of May and came home again the 6th August following." Hudd reasoned that the scholars of the 1507 Cosmographiae Introductio, unfamiliar with Richard Ameryk, assumed that the name America, which he claimed had been in use for ten years, was based on Amerigo Vespucci and, therefore, mistakenly transferred the honour from Ameryk to Vespucci. While Hudd's speculation has found support from some authors, there is no strong evidence to substantiate his theory that Cabot named America after Richard Ameryk.

Moreover, because Amerike's coat of arms was similar to the flag later adopted by the independent United States, a legend grew that the North American continent had been named for him rather than for Amerigo Vespucci. It is not widely accepted - the origin is usually attributed to the flag of the British East India Company.

Native naming of the continent
In 1977, the World Council of Indigenous Peoples (Consejo Mundial de Pueblos Indígenas) proposed using the term Abya Yala instead of "America" when referring to the continent. There are also names in other indigenous languages such as Ixachitlan and Runa Pacha. Some scholars have adopted the term as an objection to colonialism.

title: Naming of the Americas