text:
International community

The international community is a term used in geopolitics and international relations to refer to a broad group of people and governments of the world.

Usage
Aside from its use as a general descriptor, the term is typically used to imply the existence of a common point of view towards such matters as specific issues of human rights. It is sometimes used in calling for action to be taken against an enemy, e.g., action against perceived political repression in a target country. The term is also commonly used to imply legitimacy and consensus for a point of view on a disputed issue, e.g., to enhance the credibility of a majority vote in the United Nations General Assembly.

Criticism
Several prominent legal figures and authors have argued that the term is more often used to describe a small minority of states, and not literally all nations or states in the world. According to International Criminal Court jurist Victor P. Tsilonis, it refers to "the interests of the most powerful states" or "seven to ten states". President of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea Paik Jin-hyun and co-authors Lee Seokwoo and Kevin Tan argue that it could refer to "some 20 affluent states", giving the example of those not members of the Non-Aligned Movement, while Professor Peter Burnell of the University of Warwick suggests that a number of very important states, such as China, Russia and those of the Arab and Islamic worlds, are often distant from the concept of the "international community" and do not necessarily endorse every initiative associated with it, for example, by abstaining from key votes in the United Nations Security Council. Noam Chomsky states that the term is used to refer to the United States and its allies and client states, as well as allies in the media of those states. British journalist Martin Jacques says: "We all know what is meant by the term 'international community', don't we? It's the West, of course, nothing more, nothing less. Using the term 'international community' is a way of dignifying the west, of globalising it, of making it sound more respectable, more neutral, and high-faluting." According to American political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, the term is a euphemistic replacement for the earlier propaganda term "Free World".

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: International community


text:
Talk:Jean-Jacques Rousseau

His children?
I notice there is a lot here on Rousseau's child rearing and similar facts... but there is no mention he had 5 children with Therese who he abandoned to be orphans. Is there no criticism of this available? Should we not certainly include this in our assessment of him? What happened to his children? 66.168.118.139 (talk) 21:33, 19 November 2021 (UTC)

 * Rousseau claimed that he went to the foundling hospital 10 years after he abandoned their first son, but it didn't have any records of the children. I believe he lied and never visited, he never wanted any of them in the first place. This would be an interesting exercise for French historical researchers, to look at the records and see what really happened. 2402:8100:3197:7315:1943:D911:7460:2398 (talk) 17:24, 24 October 2023 (UTC)

Liberalism
Jean-Jacques Rousseau has historically been classified as a liberal. The sources are under the article "classical liberalism"; Another source: The history of European liberalism by Guido Ruggiero.

--RVD3 (talk) 17:27, 29 December 2021 (UTC)RVD3

"the Antichrist" vs "an antichrist"
The current version of the page says his pastor described him as "the Antichrist". But the book cited just says "his onw pastor turned against him, and denounced him in public sermons as Antichrist", itself citing a book which writes "M. de Montmollin, whilst professing to withdraw from all public action against Rousseau, continued to excite, by his sermons and letters, the animosity of his parishioners against this "anti-Christ", inflicted upon the pious people of Neuchatel after he had been repudiated by all Christian states". Given that historically "antichrist" has not always been understood as referring to just one person, I think Wikipedia should say he was described as "an Antichrist" or just "Antichrist".136.152.143.254 (talk) 21:52, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

Rousseau's motto: Vitam impendere vero
From Juvenal's Satires; cf. . Probably worth adding to the main page somewhere. --RZiman (talk) 17:12, 5 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jean-Jacques Rousseau


text:
Talk:Edna Krabappel

Teacher stereotype
Jeez, Does the author really think it's necessary to make such a generalized insult against teachers?

"She is also rather poorly educated, after the manner of American public school teachers, as evidenced by the episode when Bart steals all the teacher's manuals."

 * I think it's appropriate. As an educator myself, I find it humorous that the Simpson's have used the bad teacher stereotype, as they often (and sometimes excessively) exploit various stereotypes (i.e. the bowling team referred to as the "Stereotypes," constant jabs at old people's annoyance, Fat Tony and his mafia, and many others too numerous to mention).  ж

 * Well, it's been "fixed" now. I like the idea of the article once containing a general slap at American teachers.  And I am one.  RobertAustin 03:54, 23 February 2007 (UTC)

Name reference
Is it possible that "Krabappel" is also a reference to Mrs. Crabtree, the schoolteacher in some of the Our Gang comedies? -DynSkeet (talk) 12:20, August 29, 2005 (UTC)

It may be, but we need a reference before we say so. I don't believe the Simpsons Archive (snpp.com) page is good enough, as that's fan-maintained, and not official. I've changed 'is' to 'may be' Rojomoke 17:23, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Although I know IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet), I don't know Wikipedia's code for its symbols (nor do I have the time to learn it at the moment). Could the main editor of this page (or anyone familiar with the symbology) change the pronunciation to reflect the syllable emphasis? (Boy, this addition sounds dorky, but without syllable emphasis, somebody unfamiliar with the series would probably assume the emphasis was on the first syllable, and miss part of the joke of her ridiculous name). Forgot to sign: it's Woodson 19:49, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Done. Note that IPA symbols are at the bottom of the special character chart beneath the edit text box.  All one needs to do is click on the symbol and it will be inserted in your edit text. Hoof Hearted 18:46, 12 March 2007 (UTC)

Inconsistent origin stories?
It says in the article: "There is some inconsistency about Edna's origins. Though she is said to have come to Springfield to begin teaching in "The Seemingly Never-Ending Story" she can be seen running through the background in Springfield High School in "Springfield Up" when Clancy Wiggum is being videotaped as a hall monitor." But I don't think this should be mentioned as an inconsistency---in the absence of further official evidence, there are many ways these two facts can be reconciled, the most obvious being: Mrs. Krabappel could have gone to college away from Springfield (say, in Capital City), got married, and then came back to her home town after her divorce (or separation). novakyu 05:12, 15 September 2007 (UTC) "The Seemingly Never-Ending Story" is almost all a tale told by Bart. While the non-tale portion SUGGESTS that the tale could be true, there is no reason the tale itself should be taken as canon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.4.155.39 (talk) 22:54, 20 June 2014 (UTC)

Mis-spelled last name
After checking, i have found that Mrs K's last name is also spelt as Krabbople. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rgp2130 (talk • contribs) 13:09, 28 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Er, source? According to SNPP.COM, spelling as it is now is correct. Not to mention that it fits the joke of "Krabappel" never being mispronounced as "crab-apple", and it ... looks more authentic (as a German compound of Krab + Appel; I can't think of what nationality Krabbople would be). novakyu (talk) 06:44, 15 December 2007 (UTC)

Photograph
Good evening. As she has recently passed away, could we please consider finding a slightly more flattering photograph of Marcia Wallace? I think that would be very much more respectful. Justin.Parallax (talk) 19:18, 4 November 2013 (UTC)

Removal of plot rehash
In this edit I removed content submitted in good faith by, who inappropriately resubmitted it without consensus here. Character description articles shouldn't be needlessly laden with rehashed plot points or rehashed jokes. Surely everybody has their favorite Krabappel memory, but that doesn't warrant the inclusion of everybody's favorite Krabappel memory. Articles like these are cruft magnets, and cruft should be avoided. Further, the addition doesn't provide any significant academic value, as it doesn't materially expand our understanding of the character or provide real-world context, and the prose is sloppily written and clunky.
 * Despite this apparent desirability, when she once did a dance wearing nothing but pink balloons which she popped to the tune of "Fever", the entire audience was mortified; Bart, upon witnessing this, merely requested that someone kill him and Homer considered seeing her posterior payment enough for several snacks he had purloined: "I saw Krabappel's butt, I paid!"

For these reasons, I have again cut the content, and the IP editor will need to achieve consensus for its inclusion. Cyphoidbomb (talk) 16:34, 16 December 2015 (UTC)

Bart's new teachers?
Ever since this character's retirement, there have been episodes where part of the plot relates to Bart having a new teacher which is a sub that relates to the episode. Is this something that should be mentioned in the article? It wouldn't have happened without this character's retirement.

65.214.67.173 (talk) 17:50, 21 October 2016 (UTC)

"She's faking it" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect She&. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 June 30 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. signed,Rosguill talk 17:35, 30 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Edna Krabappel


text:
Talk:Ruth

Untitled
I am removing this incredible claim:
 * It is generally believed this book was written to protest the ethnic cleansing policies prevalent during the restoration of Judah under the domination of the Persian Empire. During that time, there was a strong movement to expel all peoples who were deemed not to have a sufficiently Jewish ancestry to prevent a reemergence of the perceived pollution of foreign faiths that brought God's wrath on the nation.

Is someone actually saying that this is a mainstrem view among some religions? If so, which religions teach this interpretation? Or is someone saying that this is a mainstream view among historians and biblical scholars? if so, please provide references to some of the scholars and their works. Without said references, this is a totally unsubstantiated claim. If it happens that this is an idosyncratic view held by only one or two people, then it certainly does not belong in an encyclopedia entry. This entry should concentrate on (A) How it is viewed by religions's whose Bible contain this book, and on (B) what modern day scholars and academic bible critics have learned about this book. RK

Sorry, RK. It's not as uncommon a view as you think. I actually made reference to it in some other article. According to the hypothesis, the book was contemporaneous with Ezra, who had ordered the people to divorce their non-Israelite wives. Danny

 * Isn't that a somewhat different claim? Here you are referring to the theory that this book is a protest against the Ezra-Nehemiah attitude toward foreign women (Ezra 9–10; Neh. 13:23–29). I agree that this theory exists as a legitimate point of view; however, this doesn't seem to be what the original contributor was writing; he seemed to be saying that the Jews were engaged in ethnic cleansing against people that they didn't consider to be chosen. I get the idea that someone took the real literary theory, and subtly twisted it to parallel the claims made about today's Israel-Palestinian dispute.  It seemed polemical and not NPOV.  I would rather explain this theory about the origin of the Book of Ruth the way you descrive it, and not the way the original person did.

ok. Danny

 * I don't know why this book was written. Maybe the theory you point out is correct. I do know that many scholars believe that this theory is incorrect. I really don't have a favorite. But to quote from my digi-Rebbe, The Encyclopedia Judaica entry on the Book of Ruth says that this theory "has no basis at all. If the story intended to imply such a tendency this would have come to expression in one way or another in the story itself, for instance, as a reason in the mouth of the kinsman for not marrying Ruth or as an opposition to this reason in the mouth of Boaz. From the literary point of view the story reflects the classical style of Hebrew literature and especially that of the period of United Monarchy, and in contradistinction to the late books like Esther, Ezra Nehemiah, and Chronicles, no post-Exilic linguistic phenomena of real significance can be demonstrated." The EJ goes on to discuss other theories of its purpose, primarilly establishing a geneology for King David. (Encyclopedia Judaica, Book of Ruth, Keter Publishing)

Yeah, I know the article. Personally, I think it is a problematic theory simply because of the language. In terms of style, vocabulary, and grammar, the Hebrew is earlier than this period. It certainly bears no resemblance to the Hebrew sections of Ezra. On the other hand, it is possible that there were dialectical differences between the returnees and the people that stayed. Furthermore, the books loyalty to the Davidic dynasty is obvious, when there was no such loyalty at the time of the restoration. The Soncino introduction states regarding the later date theory that: "Those that advance the last mentioned theory argue that the Book was a favorite with such as did not share the zeal of Ezra and Nehemiah against mixed marriages." Still, they did not know quite as much about the philology as we do now. My bet is that it's Deuteronomic. Danny

 * The book opposed that attitude by trying to illustrate that foreigners can be just as faithful as any Jew to the point where they must surely have God's favour if their descendants can include such chosen ones as David.

Just dropping this sentence to talk because it went along with the one RK took out. DanKeshet 01:51 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

The same sections (both RK's and Dan Keshet's) existed at Book of Ruth, so whatever is decided here should be applied there too. Maybe they should be integrated, but I'm not educated enough to know -- just be aware that both need to have the same neutral information, so they don't become contradictory. Tuf-Kat

"Ruth Chilton, the legend"
The last item on the page --

 * Ruth Chilton, the legend

-- was added anonymously at 19:17, 18 July 2006, with a link to a nonexistent "Ruth Chilton" page. Googling that name shows no reasonable referent. I've removed the line. Thnidu 20:15, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ruth


text:
Talk:Lists of schools in the United Kingdom

Since when is the UK only mingeland?
Add the others for Scotland/Northern Ireland/Wales.

25000 schools in the UK
There are over 25000 schools in the UK! Maybe this should be called 'list of famous schools in the united kingdom'. It certainly needs a lot more additions.

 * It does indeed need some thought, but I was planning to put off putting too much thought into it until later! When the page gets unwieldy, it can be split up, with different pages for different categories of schools, and so on. I don't think that "List of famous schools in the United Kingdom" would work, though, since we can't decide which ones are famous in a NPOV way! We need to get some proper NPOV lists, such as "list of schools in such-and-such a group", and things like that. But since the page is still small, we don't need to worry about it for quite some time. :) -- Oliver P. 01:32 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

I like lists on Wikipedia, but aren't we going a bit list crazy with this one? do we list just public (ie private) schools? Comprehensives? All Grammar schools? I can see the need for many lists, but I can't see how a list of schools is useful? (Will someone start a list of schools in Vermont? what about Italy? Where will it all end? JTD 02:23 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

Why would you ever want it to end? Susan Mason

I don't fancy a page of [Schools in Wiltshire run by left-handed headmasters] and [religious schools in Northern Alaska run by nuns who wear blue habits]. Or [schools in towns that have names of more than three syllables]. JTD 02:35 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)
 * Alaskan nuns who wear blue habits are servants of Satan! I need a list of their schools so I can track them down!!!!! (and, of course, we all know about the evil tendencies of lefties and people from towns with more than three syllables -- the evillest person I ever met was a blue-habited left-handed nun from Kuala Lumpur). Tuf-Kat

Well, as I said, it needs some thought. But as far as I can tell, the ones on the list (ignoring the red-linked ones) are almost the only British schools that have entries in the Wikipedia. (If you find any others with entries, please add them to the list!) So the list is currently quite convenient as a way to find what schools have articles here. But yes, it will need some more thought later... -- Oliver P. 02:46 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

To be really evil, she'd have to be green eyed, sandle-wearing, and guitar-playing, with just a hint of make-up over her working eye. JTD 02:49 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

I am deeply opposed to a list which contains only private ("public") schools in the UK and am not happy to see the list of Camden schools removed. There must at least be a hyperlink to the Camden page. BevRowe 12:44 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * Don't worry, it's not only for public schools! The Matthew Arnold Schools are not public schools, as far as I can tell, and King Edward VI Grammar School certainly isn't. (I will get round to writing an article on it one day...) It's just that almost all the schools that have articles in the Wikipedia are public schools, because they are usually more famous. And I'm sorry for removing your link to London Borough of Camden - I didn't notice that the page for the borough had a list of schools on it. I've copied the links to this page. I've put them into my crazy listed-alphabetically-by-county scheme, although I expect this will have to be changed later... -- Oliver P. 13:07 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

Okay, is this the point at which I admit that the page is out of control...? -- Oliver P. 02:32 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, I agree. I was happy to leave the links within the Camden page, providing there is a link from the Schools page that picks them up. Although I am an ardent supporter of state education, I also recognise that the major public schools are of intrinsic historic interest and more likely than a local comprehensive to be looked up in an encyclopedia. So we need a structure that is sensitive to this. But by including the local schools as well, even if by indirection, we give a real fillip to their pupils browsing Wikipedia. BevRowe 11:05 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

What's the point of this? Is this supposed to list every school in the UK? If it is meant to be more specific than that then the intro needs to say so. Angela 17:28, Oct 18, 2003 (UTC)

There is no point. It's just one those silly list pages to which Wikipedia is prone. There would be no great loss if it were deleted entirely. -- Derek Ross

 * Yes -- in fact, it'd be more informative to do something along these lines: at public school (UK), make a list of famous public schools, same for boarding schools, private schools, etc. Or, better yet, use those AWESOME CATEGORIES!!!1111!1!11 :) ugen64 01:47, Jun 18, 2004 (UTC)

Major tidyup started - can always do with a spare pair of hands
I have just spent 4 hours recategorising the schools... as I may be posting this message in several locations could read my "mini-project" page User:GregRobson/Schools. Thanks in advance. GregRobson 00:09, 2 Feb 2005 (UTC)

from Vfd
On 20 Feb 2005, this article was nominated for deletion. The result was keep. See Votes for deletion/List of schools in the United Kingdom for a record of the discussion.

Why was Glasgow Schools Deleted?
I added in alot of schools in the Glasgow Area and all of which where deleted. Anyone know why? thanks!

What makes a school a school?
I'm just wondering what can be included on this list. Is it just for education establishments for people from the ages 5 to 18? Otr can we include separate sixth form colleges, adult education colleges, other types of college, universities, nursery school etc? As many of these types of establishments would cater for people of similar ages as schools on the list.

For example, if we weren't going to include separate nursery school we'd still have some on the list when the are part of other primary school. The same can be said for Sixth form colleges. If we didn't include them, the list would only be partially completed for education establishments for 16+ (only those Sixth forms which are part of secondary schools being included).

So, I just think it might be a good idea to set boundaries on what types of institutions are classed as school in this case. Evil Eye 20:52, 26 November 2005 (UTC)

Is this o.k?
I live in Barking and Dagenham, and i dont think that you had it down on the list of school sections. I went to add the schools i know, but there are over 50 and i saw that the other boroughs didnt have that many. I didnt want to go ahead and put these on, as you may delete it because of the excessive length. Is it o.k if i add these schools? Becasue there are quite alot... There are also alot of schools who are either just infants, juniors or overall primary schools, as well as a number of specialist schools. How should i list these? - Bourbons3 21:34, 27 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I recommend adding the secondary and specialist schools, those will be the most useful. Kappa 21:44, 27 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Just the secondary and specialist schools, no primary?

Boston College
The link to "Boston College" in this list goes to the American college of the same name, which is clearly incorrect. I haven't removed the link because that's obviously not the solution. Something needs to be done at Boston College. Its website is here. SMeeds 09:03, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

Scottish independent schools

 * The High School of Glasgow - could someone please allocate it to an area? I have been unable to find out. Thanks. Samantha of Cardyke 12:52, 21 April 2006 (UTC)

North East England
Where are all the counties from North East England in the list? OK, there is North Yorkshire and Cumbria (usually lumped in with the NE) but what about T+W, Northumberland, Durham or Teeside? Considering that two of the best comprehensive schools are located in Gateshead, I find this rather strange. Perhaps this is all a ploy by our southern masters to indicate we don't have schools "oop north". I'd do the list myself but I can't be bothered, not for such a pointless article. I'll do a few for Gateshead. hedpeguyuk 15:29, 24 April 2006 (UTC)

City of Glasgow - checks
St Mark's Primary, Parkhead or Shettleston? Wellshot Primary, Shettleston or Tollcross? Thanks Samantha of Cardyke 11:41, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

Split by country?
Please start voting now. A similar split of List of hospitals in the United Kingdom was very helpful. Thanks. Samantha of Cardyke 11:33, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I'd agree with that as the article has become very large and hard to use. I'd also at the same time argue for a reordering of the England sections to split the country up into regions (the same ones as used in many places: London, South East, South West, Yorkshire and the Humber etc and then by LEA within each of these regions. Evil Eye 12:48, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Since there are many more schools in England than hospitals, it may actually be wise to split the England article up into several lists for the regions (the regions as detailed here). I've had a go at the Yorkshire and the Humber region. I gathered all the schools together I could find in the main list and put them alphabetically under their LEA. Here is the link to my user space page: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Evil_Eye/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber_Schools What do you think? Could we do separate pages like this for the 9 regions of England as well as separate lists for Scotland, Wales and NI? As you can se, the list for Yorkshire is already very large, but is also clearly very incomplete. Having more complete lists for the whole of England altogether would create a list bigger than the full one we have already.Evil Eye 13:49, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * I've now split the list by country (though the lists for Wales and Northern Ireland are still blank). Further splits within countries welcome. Samantha of Cardyke 12:29, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

Independent Schools
The list general seems to be split by LEA, but how do independent schools fit into this? Do they get places with the LEA they are part of or in a separate list? The current way seems to be to place then in the LEA they fall into. I'm really asking this question as I'm forming a break away list for the Yorkshire and Humber region and am considering a separate section for independent schools at the end of the main list. Evil Eye 14:00, 12 July 2006 (UTC)


text:
ZIP (file format)

ZIP is an archive file format that supports lossless data compression. A ZIP file may contain one or more files or directories that may have been compressed. The ZIP file format permits a number of compression algorithms, though DEFLATE is the most common. This format was originally created in 1989 and was first implemented in PKWARE, Inc.'s PKZIP utility, as a replacement for the previous ARC compression format by Thom Henderson. The ZIP format was then quickly supported by many software utilities other than PKZIP. Microsoft has included built-in ZIP support (under the name "compressed folders") in versions of Microsoft Windows since 1998 via the "Plus! 98" addon for Windows 98. Native support was added as of the year 2000 in Windows ME. Apple has included built-in ZIP support in Mac OS X 10.3 (via BOMArchiveHelper, now Archive Utility) and later. Most free operating systems have built in support for ZIP in similar manners to Windows and macOS.

ZIP files generally use the file extensions .zip or .ZIP and the MIME media type application/zip. ZIP is used as a base file format by many programs, usually under a different name. When navigating a file system via a user interface, graphical icons representing ZIP files often appear as a document or other object prominently featuring a zipper.

History
The .ZIP file format was designed by Phil Katz of PKWARE and Gary Conway of Infinity Design Concepts. The format was created after Systems Enhancement Associates (SEA) filed a lawsuit against PKWARE claiming that the latter's archiving products, named PKARC, were derivatives of SEA's ARC archiving system. The name "zip" (meaning "move at high speed") was suggested by Katz's friend, Robert Mahoney. They wanted to imply that their product would be faster than ARC and other compression formats of the time. By distributing the zip file format within APPNOTE.TXT, compatibility with the zip file format proliferated widely on the public Internet during the 1990s.

PKWARE and Infinity Design Concepts made a joint press release on February 14, 1989, releasing the .ZIP file format into the public domain.

Version history
The .ZIP File Format Specification has its own version number, which does not necessarily correspond to the version numbers for the PKZIP tool, especially with PKZIP 6 or later. At various times, PKWARE has added preliminary features that allow PKZIP products to extract archives using advanced features, but PKZIP products that create such archives are not made available until the next major release. Other companies or organizations support the PKWARE specifications at their own pace.

The .ZIP file format specification is formally named "APPNOTE - .ZIP File Format Specification" and it is published on the PKWARE.com website since the late 1990s. Several versions of the specification were not published. Specifications of some features such as BZIP2 compression, strong encryption specification and others were published by PKWARE a few years after their creation. The URL of the online specification was changed several times on the PKWARE website.

A summary of key advances in various versions of the PKWARE specification:
 * 2.0: (1993) File entries can be compressed with DEFLATE and use traditional PKWARE encryption (ZipCrypto).
 * 2.1: (1996) Deflate64 compression
 * 4.5: (2001) Documented 64-bit zip format.
 * 4.6: (2001) BZIP2 compression (not published online until the publication of APPNOTE 5.2)
 * 5.0: (2002) SES: DES, Triple DES, RC2, RC4 supported for encryption (not published online until the publication of APPNOTE 5.2)
 * 5.2: (2003) AES encryption support for SES (defined in APPNOTE 5.1 that was not published online) and AES from WinZip ("AE-x"); corrected version of RC2-64 supported for SES encryption.
 * 6.1: (2004) Documented certificate storage.
 * 6.2.0: (2004) Documented Central Directory Encryption.
 * 6.3.0: (2006) Documented Unicode (UTF-8) filename storage. Expanded list of supported compression algorithms (LZMA, PPMd+), encryption algorithms (Blowfish, Twofish), and hashes.
 * 6.3.1: (2007) Corrected standard hash values for SHA-256/384/512.
 * 6.3.2: (2007) Documented compression method 97 (WavPack).
 * 6.3.3: (2012) Document formatting changes to facilitate referencing the PKWARE Application Note from other standards using methods such as the JTC 1 Referencing Explanatory Report (RER) as directed by JTC 1/SC 34 N 1621.
 * 6.3.4: (2014) Updates the PKWARE, Inc. office address.
 * 6.3.5: (2018) Documented compression methods 16, 96 and 99, DOS timestamp epoch and precision, added extra fields for keys and decryption, as well as typos and clarifications.
 * 6.3.6: (2019) Corrected typographical error.
 * 6.3.7: (2020) Added Zstandard compression method ID 20.
 * 6.3.8: (2020) Moved Zstandard compression method ID from 20 to 93, deprecating the former. Documented method IDs 94 and 95 (MP3 and XZ respectively).
 * 6.3.9: (2020) Corrected a typo in Data Stream Alignment description.
 * 6.3.10: (2022) Added several z/OS attribute values for APPENDIX B. Added several additional 3rd party Extra Field mappings.

WinZip, starting with version 12.1, uses the extension .zipx for ZIP files that use compression methods newer than DEFLATE; specifically, methods BZip, LZMA, PPMd, Jpeg and Wavpack. The last 2 are applied to appropriate file types when "Best method" compression is selected.

Standardization
In April 2010, ISO/IEC JTC 1 initiated a ballot to determine whether a project should be initiated to create an ISO/IEC International Standard format compatible with ZIP. The proposed project, entitled Document Packaging, envisaged a ZIP-compatible 'minimal compressed archive format' suitable for use with a number of existing standards including OpenDocument, Office Open XML and EPUB.

In 2015, ISO/IEC 21320-1 "Document Container File — Part 1: Core" was published which states that "Document container files are conforming Zip files". It requires the following main restrictions of the ZIP file format:
 * Files in ZIP archives may only be stored uncompressed, or using the "deflate" compression (i.e. compression method may contain the value "0" - stored or "8" - deflated).
 * The encryption features are prohibited.
 * The digital signature features (from SES) are prohibited.
 * The "patched data" features (from PKPatchMaker) are prohibited.
 * Archives may not span multiple volumes or be segmented.

Design
.ZIP files are archives that store multiple files. ZIP allows contained files to be compressed using many different methods, as well as simply storing a file without compressing it. Each file is stored separately, allowing different files in the same archive to be compressed using different methods. Because the files in a ZIP archive are compressed individually, it is possible to extract them, or add new ones, without applying compression or decompression to the entire archive. This contrasts with the format of compressed tar files, for which such random-access processing is not easily possible.

A directory is placed at the end of a ZIP file. This identifies what files are in the ZIP and identifies where in the ZIP that file is located. This allows ZIP readers to load the list of files without reading the entire ZIP archive. ZIP archives can also include extra data that is not related to the ZIP archive. This allows for a ZIP archive to be made into a self-extracting archive (application that decompresses its contained data), by prepending the program code to a ZIP archive and marking the file as executable. Storing the catalog at the end also makes possible hiding a zipped file by appending it to an innocuous file, such as a GIF image file.

The .ZIP format uses a 32-bit CRC algorithm and includes two copies of each entry metadata to provide greater protection against data loss. The CRC-32 algorithm was contributed by David Schwaderer and can be found in his book "C Programmers Guide to NetBIOS" published by Howard W. Sams & Co. Inc.

Structure

A ZIP file is correctly identified by the presence of an end of central directory record which is located at the end of the archive structure in order to allow the easy appending of new files. If the end of central directory record indicates a non-empty archive, the name of each file or directory within the archive should be specified in a central directory entry, along with other metadata about the entry, and an offset into the ZIP file, pointing to the actual entry data. This allows a file listing of the archive to be performed relatively quickly, as the entire archive does not have to be read to see the list of files. The entries within the ZIP file also include this information, for redundancy, in a local file header. Because ZIP files may be appended to, only files specified in the central directory at the end of the file are valid. Scanning a ZIP file for local file headers is invalid (except in the case of corrupted archives), as the central directory may declare that some files have been deleted and other files have been updated.

For example, we may start with a ZIP file that contains files A, B and C. File B is then deleted and C updated. This may be achieved by just appending a new file C to the end of the original ZIP file and adding a new central directory that only lists file A and the new file C. When ZIP was first designed, transferring files by floppy disk was common, yet writing to disks was very time-consuming. If you had a large zip file, possibly spanning multiple disks, and only needed to update a few files, rather than reading and re-writing all the files, it would be substantially faster to just read the old central directory, append the new files then append an updated central directory.

The order of the file entries in the central directory need not coincide with the order of file entries in the archive.

Each entry stored in a ZIP archive is introduced by a local file header with information about the file such as the comment, file size and file name, followed by optional "extra" data fields, and then the possibly compressed, possibly encrypted file data. The "Extra" data fields are the key to the extensibility of the ZIP format. "Extra" fields are exploited to support the ZIP64 format, WinZip-compatible AES encryption, file attributes, and higher-resolution NTFS or Unix file timestamps. Other extensions are possible via the "Extra" field. ZIP tools are required by the specification to ignore Extra fields they do not recognize.

The ZIP format uses specific 4-byte "signatures" to denote the various structures in the file. Each file entry is marked by a specific signature. The end of central directory record is indicated with its specific signature, and each entry in the central directory starts with the 4-byte central file header signature.

There is no BOF or EOF marker in the ZIP specification. Conventionally the first thing in a ZIP file is a ZIP entry, which can be identified easily by its local file header signature. However, this is not necessarily the case, as this is not required by the ZIP specification - most notably, a self-extracting archive will begin with an executable file header.

Tools that correctly read ZIP archives must scan for the end of central directory record signature, and then, as appropriate, the other, indicated, central directory records. They must not scan for entries from the top of the ZIP file, because (as previously mentioned in this section) only the central directory specifies where a file chunk starts and that it has not been deleted. Scanning could lead to false positives, as the format does not forbid other data to be between chunks, nor file data streams from containing such signatures. However, tools that attempt to recover data from damaged ZIP archives will most likely scan the archive for local file header signatures; this is made more difficult by the fact that the compressed size of a file chunk may be stored after the file chunk, making sequential processing difficult.

Most of the signatures end with the short integer 0x4b50, which is stored in little-endian ordering. Viewed as an ASCII string this reads "PK", the initials of the inventor Phil Katz. Thus, when a ZIP file is viewed in a text editor the first two bytes of the file are usually "PK". (DOS, OS/2 and Windows self-extracting ZIPs have an EXE before the ZIP so start with "MZ"; self-extracting ZIPs for other operating systems may similarly be preceded by executable code for extracting the archive's content on that platform.)

The .ZIP specification also supports spreading archives across multiple file-system files. Originally intended for storage of large ZIP files across multiple floppy disks, this feature is now used for sending ZIP archives in parts over email, or over other transports or removable media.

The FAT filesystem of DOS has a timestamp resolution of only two seconds; ZIP file records mimic this. As a result, the built-in timestamp resolution of files in a ZIP archive is only two seconds, though extra fields can be used to store more precise timestamps. The ZIP format has no notion of time zone, so timestamps are only meaningful if it is known what time zone they were created in.

In September 2006, PKWARE released a revision of the ZIP specification providing for the storage of file names using UTF-8, finally adding Unicode compatibility to ZIP.

File headers
All multi-byte values in the header are stored in little-endian byte order. All length fields count the length in bytes.

Local file header
The extra field contains a variety of optional data such as OS-specific attributes. It is divided into records, each with at minimum a 16-bit signature and a 16-bit length. A ZIP64 local file extra field record, for example, has the signature 0x0001 and a length of 16 bytes (or more) so that two 64-bit values (the uncompressed and compressed sizes) may follow. Another common local file extension is 0x5455 (or "UT") which contains 32-bit UTC UNIX timestamps.

This is immediately followed by the compressed data.

Data descriptor
If the bit at offset 3 (0x08) of the general-purpose flags field is set, then the CRC-32 and file sizes are not known when the header is written. If the archive is in Zip64 format, the compressed and uncompressed size fields are 8 bytes long instead of 4 bytes long (see section 4.3.9.2 ). The equivalent fields in the local header (or in the Zip64 extended information extra field in the case of archives in Zip64 format) are filled with zero, and the CRC-32 and size are appended in a 12-byte structure (optionally preceded by a 4-byte signature) immediately after the compressed data:

Central directory file header (CDFH)
The central directory file header entry is an expanded form of the local header:

End of central directory record (EOCD)
After all the central directory entries comes the end of central directory (EOCD) record, which marks the end of the ZIP file:

This ordering allows a ZIP file to be created in one pass, but the central directory is also placed at the end of the file in order to facilitate easy removal of files from multiple-part (e.g. "multiple floppy-disk") archives, as previously discussed.

Compression methods
The .ZIP File Format Specification documents the following compression methods: Store (no compression), Shrink (LZW), Reduce (levels 1–4; LZ77 + probabilistic), Implode, Deflate, Deflate64, bzip2, LZMA, WavPack, PPMd, and a LZ77 variant provided by IBM z/OS CMPSC instruction. The most commonly used compression method is DEFLATE, which is described in IETF.

Other methods mentioned, but not documented in detail in the specification include: PKWARE DCL Implode (old IBM TERSE), new IBM TERSE, IBM LZ77 z Architecture (PFS), and a JPEG variant. A "Tokenize" method was reserved for a third party, but support was never added.

The word Implode is overused by PKWARE: the DCL/TERSE Implode is distinct from the old PKZIP Implode, a predecessor to Deflate. The DCL Implode is undocumented partially due to its proprietary nature held by IBM, but Mark Adler has nevertheless provided a decompressor called "blast" alongside zlib.

Encryption
ZIP supports a simple password-based symmetric encryption system generally known as ZipCrypto. It is documented in the ZIP specification, and known to be seriously flawed. In particular, it is vulnerable to known-plaintext attacks, which are in some cases made worse by poor implementations of random-number generators. Computers running under native Microsoft Windows without third-party archivers can open, but not create, ZIP files encrypted with ZipCrypto, but cannot extract the contents of files using different encryption.

New features including new compression and encryption (e.g. AES) methods have been documented in the ZIP File Format Specification since version 5.2. A WinZip-developed AES-based open standard ("AE-x" in APPNOTE) is used also by 7-Zip and Xceed, but some vendors use other formats. PKWARE SecureZIP (SES, proprietary) also supports RC2, RC4, DES, Triple DES encryption methods, Digital Certificate-based encryption and authentication (X.509), and archive header encryption. It is, however, patented (see ).

File name encryption is introduced in .ZIP File Format Specification 6.2, which encrypts metadata stored in Central Directory portion of an archive, but Local Header sections remain unencrypted. A compliant archiver can falsify the Local Header data when using Central Directory Encryption. As of version 6.2 of the specification, the Compression Method and Compressed Size fields within Local Header are not yet masked.

ZIP64
The original .ZIP format had a 4 GB (232 bytes) limit on various things (uncompressed size of a file, compressed size of a file, and total size of the archive), as well as a limit of 65,535 (216-1) entries in a ZIP archive. In version 4.5 of the specification (which is not the same as v4.5 of any particular tool), PKWARE introduced the "ZIP64" format extensions to get around these limitations, increasing the limits to 16 EB (264 bytes). In essence, it uses a "normal" central directory entry for a file, followed by an optional "zip64" directory entry, which has the larger fields.

The format of the Local file header (LOC) and Central directory file header (CDFH) are the same in ZIP and ZIP64. However, ZIP64 specifies an extra field that may be added to those records at the discretion of the compressor, whose purpose is to store values that do not fit in the classic LOC or CDFH records. To signal that the actual values are stored in ZIP64 extra fields, they are set to 0xFFFF or 0xFFFFFFFF in the corresponding LOC or CDFH record. If one entry does not fit into the classic LOC or CDFH record, only that entry is required to be moved into a ZIP64 extra field. The other entries may stay in the classic record. Therefore, not all entries shown in the following table might be stored in a ZIP64 extra field. However, if they appear, their order must be as shown in the table. On the other hand, the format of EOCD for ZIP64 is slightly different from the normal ZIP version. It is also not necessarily the last record in the file. An End of Central Directory Locator follows (an additional 20 bytes at the end).

The File Explorer in Windows XP does not support ZIP64, but the Explorer in Windows Vista and later do. Likewise, some extension libraries support ZIP64, such as DotNetZip, QuaZIP and IO::Compress::Zip in Perl. Python's built-in zipfile supports it since 2.5 and defaults to it since 3.4. OpenJDK's built-in java.util.zip supports ZIP64 from version Java 7. Android Java API support ZIP64 since Android 6.0. Mac OS Sierra's Archive Utility notably does not support ZIP64, and can create corrupt archives when ZIP64 would be required. However, the ditto command shipped with Mac OS will unzip ZIP64 files. More recent versions of Mac OS ship with info-zip's zip and unzip command line tools which do support Zip64: to verify run zip -v and look for "ZIP64_SUPPORT".

Combination with other file formats
The .ZIP file format allows for a comment containing up to 65,535 (216−1) bytes of data to occur at the end of the file after the central directory. Also, because the central directory specifies the offset of each file in the archive with respect to the start, it is possible for the first file entry to start at an offset other than zero, although some tools, for example gzip, will not process archive files that do not start with a file entry at offset zero.

This allows arbitrary data to occur in the file both before and after the ZIP archive data, and for the archive to still be read by a ZIP application. A side-effect of this is that it is possible to author a file that is both a working ZIP archive and another format, provided that the other format tolerates arbitrary data at its end, beginning, or middle. Self-extracting archives (SFX), of the form supported by WinZip, take advantage of this, in that they are executable (.exe) files that conform to the PKZIP AppNote.txt specification, and can be read by compliant zip tools or libraries.

This property of the .ZIP format, and of the JAR format which is a variant of ZIP, can be exploited to hide rogue content (such as harmful Java classes) inside a seemingly harmless file, such as a GIF image uploaded to the web. This so-called GIFAR exploit has been demonstrated as an effective attack against web applications such as Facebook.

Limits
The minimum size of a .ZIP file is 22 bytes. Such an empty zip file contains only an End of Central Directory Record (EOCD):

[0x50,0x4B,0x05,0x06,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00]

The maximum size for both the archive file and the individual files inside it is 4,294,967,295 bytes (232−1 bytes, or 4 GB minus 1 byte) for standard ZIP. For ZIP64, the maximum size is 18,446,744,073,709,551,615 bytes (264−1 bytes, or 16 EB minus 1 byte).

Seek-optimized (SOZip) profile
A Seek-Optimized ZIP file (SOZip) profile has been proposed for the ZIP format. Such file contains one or several Deflate-compressed files that are organized and annotated such that a SOZip-aware reader can perform very fast random access (seek) within a compressed file. SOZip makes it possible to access large compressed files directly from a .zip file without prior decompression. It combines the use of ZLib block flushes issued at regular interval with a hidden index file mapping offsets of the uncompressed file to offsets in the compressed stream. ZIP readers that are not aware of that extension can read a SOZip-enabled file normally and ignore the extended features that support efficient seek capability.

Extra field
.ZIP file format includes an extra field facility within file headers, which can be used to store extra data not defined by existing ZIP specifications, and which allow compliant archivers that do not recognize the fields to safely skip them. Header IDs 0–31 are reserved for use by PKWARE. The remaining IDs can be used by third-party vendors for proprietary usage.

Strong encryption controversy
When WinZip 9.0 public beta was released in 2003, WinZip introduced its own AES-256 encryption, using a different file format, along with the documentation for the new specification. The encryption standards themselves were not proprietary, but PKWARE had not updated APPNOTE.TXT to include Strong Encryption Specification (SES) since 2001, which had been used by PKZIP versions 5.0 and 6.0. WinZip technical consultant Kevin Kearney and StuffIt product manager Mathew Covington accused PKWARE of withholding SES, but PKZIP chief technology officer Jim Peterson claimed that certificate-based encryption was still incomplete.

In another controversial move, PKWare applied for a patent on 16 July 2003 describing a method for combining ZIP and strong encryption to create a secure file.

In the end, PKWARE and WinZip agreed to support each other's products. On 21 January 2004, PKWARE announced the support of WinZip-based AES compression format. In a later version of WinZip beta, it was able to support SES-based ZIP files. PKWARE eventually released version 5.2 of the .ZIP File Format Specification to the public, which documented SES. The Free Software project 7-Zip also supports AES, but not SES in ZIP files (as does its POSIX port p7zip).

When using AES encryption under WinZip, the compression method is always set to 99, with the actual compression method stored in an AES extra data field. In contrast, Strong Encryption Specification stores the compression method in the basic file header segment of Local Header and Central Directory, unless Central Directory Encryption is used to mask/encrypt metadata.

Implementation
There are numerous .ZIP tools available, and numerous .ZIP libraries for various programming environments; licenses used include proprietary and free software. WinZip, WinRAR, Info-ZIP, ZipGenius, 7-Zip, PeaZip and B1 Free Archiver are well-known .ZIP tools, available on various platforms. Some of those tools have library or programmatic interfaces.

Some development libraries licensed under open source agreement are libzip, libarchive, and Info-ZIP. For Java: Java Platform, Standard Edition contains the package "java.util.zip" to handle standard .ZIP files; the Zip64File library specifically supports large files (larger than 4 GB) and treats .ZIP files using random access; and the Apache Ant tool contains a more complete implementation released under the Apache Software License.

The Info-ZIP implementations of the .ZIP format adds support for Unix filesystem features, such as user and group IDs, file permissions, and support for symbolic links. The Apache Ant implementation is aware of these to the extent that it can create files with predefined Unix permissions. The Info-ZIP implementations also know how to use the error correction capabilities built into the .ZIP compression format. Some programs do not, and will fail on a file that has errors.

The Info-ZIP Windows tools also support NTFS filesystem permissions, and will make an attempt to translate from NTFS permissions to Unix permissions or vice versa when extracting files. This can result in potentially unintended combinations, e.g. .exe files being created on NTFS volumes with executable permission denied.

Versions of Microsoft Windows have included support for .ZIP compression in Explorer since the Microsoft Plus! pack was released for Windows 98. Microsoft calls this feature "Compressed Folders". Not all .ZIP features are supported by the Windows Compressed Folders capability. For example, encryption is not supported in Windows 10 Home edition, although it can decrypt. Unicode entry encoding is not supported until Windows 7, while split and spanned archives are not readable or writable by the Compressed Folders feature, nor is AES Encryption supported. Windows .zip support stemmed from an acquisition of "VisualZip" written by Dave Plummer.

OpenDocument Format (ODF) started using the zip archive format in 2005, ODF is an open format for office documents of all types, this is the default file format used in Collabora Online, LibreOffice and others. Microsoft Office started using the zip archive format in 2006 for their Office Open XML .docx, .xlsx, .pptx, etc. files, which became the default file format with Microsoft Office 2007.

Internationalization issues
Versions of the format prior to 6.3.0 did not support storing file names in Unicode. According to the standard, file names should be stored in the CP437 encoding, which is standard for the IBM PC, but in practice, DOS archivers used the system's installed character encoding. The built-in archiver of Windows up to 11 also used the DOS encoding corresponding to the selected system language for backward compatibility when creating archives. Subsequently, the standard was updated to include two options for storing file names in Unicode: 1) when the 11th bit in the General purpose bit flag field is set, the file name in the "File name" field of the header should be considered as UTF-8 rather than a single-byte encoding, and 2) the Unicode Path Extra Field was added to store the file name in UTF-8 encoding. Some versions of archivers on the Windows platform have also used ANSI encoding in the past. Thus, to correctly extract files with names containing non-English characters, it is necessary:

 * 1) Check for the presence of the Unicode Path Extra Field, and if it exists, use the filename from it, encoded in UTF-8.
 * 2) Check for the presence of flag 11 in the General purpose bit flag field, and if it is set, consider the filename encoding in the "File name" field to be UTF-8.
 * 3) If the "packing OS" field contains the value 11 (NTFS, Windows), and the "version of the packer" field value is greater than or equal to 20, consider the filename encoding in the "File name" field to be the ANSI (Windows) encoding corresponding to the system locale if one can be determined; otherwise, use CP437.
 * 4) If the "packing OS" field contains the value 0 (FAT, DOS), and the "version of the packer" field value is between 25 and 40 inclusive, consider the filename encoding in the local header's "File name" field to be ANSI (Windows) encoding, and in the central header's "File name" field to be OEM (DOS) encoding, corresponding to the system locale if one can be determined; otherwise, use CP437.
 * 5) In other cases, if the "OS packing" field contains the value 0 (FAT, DOS), 6 (HPFS, OS/2), or 11 (NTFS, Windows), consider the filename encoding in the "File name" field to be OEM (DOS) encoding, corresponding to the system locale if one can be determined; otherwise, use CP437.
 * 6) In all other cases, consider the filename encoding in the "File name" field to be the system encoding of operating system unpacker is running on.

Some implementations of zip unpackers did not implement this algorithm or only partially implemented it, as a result, when viewing the contents of an archive or extracting it, users saw a chaotic set of characters, known as "mojibake", instead of letters of the national alphabet. In 2016, this problem was solved in the far2l file and archive manager for Linux, BSD and Mac. In 2024, similar solution was added to the version of 7zip used in the Debian distribution and its derivatives, and to the version of unzip used in the Ubuntu distribution and its dervicatives.

Legacy
There are numerous other standards and formats using "zip" as part of their name. For example, zip is distinct from gzip, and the latter is defined in IETF. Both zip and gzip primarily use the DEFLATE algorithm for compression. Likewise, the ZLIB format (IETF ) also uses the DEFLATE compression algorithm, but specifies different headers for error and consistency checking. Other common, similarly named formats and programs with different native formats include 7-Zip, bzip2, and rzip.

Concerns
The theoretical maximum compression factor for a raw DEFLATE stream is about 1032 to one, but by exploiting the ZIP format in unintended ways, ZIP archives with compression ratios of billions to one can be constructed. These zip bombs unzip to extremely large sizes, overwhelming the capacity of the computer they are decompressed on.

title: ZIP (file format)


text:
Gin Blossoms

Gin Blossoms is an American alternative rock band formed in 1987 in Tempe, Arizona. They rose to prominence following the 1992 release of their first major label album, New Miserable Experience, and the first single released from that album, "Hey Jealousy". "Hey Jealousy" became a Top 25 hit and went gold, and New Miserable Experience eventually went quadruple platinum; four other charting singles were released from the album. The band's follow-up album, Congratulations I'm Sorry (1996), went platinum and the single "As Long as It Matters" was nominated for a Grammy Award. Gin Blossoms broke up in 1997. Since reuniting in 2001, the band has released Major Lodge Victory in 2006, No Chocolate Cake in 2010, and Mixed Reality in 2018.

Early years
During the band's early years, its members included lead guitarist and songwriter Doug Hopkins, bassist Bill Leen, Jesse Valenzuela (lead vocalist at first, later rhythm guitarist and backing vocals), rhythm guitarist Richard Taylor, Taylor's replacement Steven Severson, drummer Chris McCann, McCann's replacement Dan Henzerling, and Severson's replacement Robin Wilson (rhythm guitarist at first, later lead vocalist). The band's name comes from a photo of W.C. Fields in Kenneth Anger's book Hollywood Babylon, which bore the caption "W.C. Fields with gin blossoms", referring to the actor's telangiectasia-spotted face and rhinophymic nose by the slang term for the skin condition known as rosacea.

Gin Blossoms became well known around the band's hometown of Phoenix. The band's frequent touring resulted in an increase in popularity. They independently recorded their first full-length album, Dusted, which was released in December 1989.

By the early 1990s, Wilson and Valenzuela had switched roles, with Wilson taking on lead vocal duties and Valenzuela concentrating on rhythm guitar and backing vocals. Along with Leen on bass and Hopkins on lead guitar, Phillip Rhodes became the new drummer. After being signed to A&M Records, the band began to work on their first major-label album. Initial attempts faltered and the band released an EP, Up and Crumbling, instead.

Mainstream success
Gin Blossoms named their second album New Miserable Experience. In February 1992, while still working to complete it, founding member and lead guitarist/songwriter Hopkins drank heavily and grew increasingly depressed. With the other members hesitant to fire Hopkins, A&M forcefully removed him from the band and withheld $15,000 owed to Hopkins until he agreed to sign over half of his publishing royalties and relinquish his mechanical royalties. Hopkins reluctantly agreed to these demands because of his dire financial situation. Scott Johnson was chosen by the band in December 1992 as Hopkins' stand-in on tour, and became a permanent member in 1994.

New Miserable Experience became the band's breakthrough album. The first single released from the album was "Hey Jealousy", which had been written by Hopkins. The song reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 4 on Billboard's Mainstream Rock Tracks and later went gold, largely fueling the success of New Miserable Experience. Estranged from the band, Hopkins died by suicide on December 5, 1993, after a reported five previous attempts (including one for which he was hospitalized two weeks prior to his death). The following year, another song by Hopkins, "Found Out About You", also reached No. 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 and climbed to No. 1 on Billboard's Modern Rock Tracks. New Miserable Experience eventually reached quadruple platinum status.

Between their first and second albums, Gin Blossoms contributed the single "Til I Hear It from You" for the soundtrack of the 1995 film Empire Records. It reached No. 9 on the Billboard Hot 100. Their second major album, Congratulations I'm Sorry, was released in 1996. Yielding one top-ten hit ("Follow You Down", which peaked at No. 9 Billboard Hot 100), the album went platinum. The song "As Long as It Matters" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.

With chart success came opportunities to appear as musical guests on late-night television. Between 1992 and 1996, Gin Blossoms appeared on shows such as Late Show with David Letterman (many times between 1992 and 1996), The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1993, 1994, 1996), The Jon Stewart Show (1993), Late Night with Conan O'Brien (1996), and as a featured musical act on Saturday Night Live (1996). One appearance on the Late Show With David Letterman featured a joint performance with Gin Blossoms and the members of Kiss, performing the latter's "Christine Sixteen". Gin Blossoms became a favorite of Late Show musical director Paul Shaffer, and their music was often featured as the show cut to and from commercials. The band was also a featured performer in the closing credits of the movie Wayne's World 2 (1993), performing "Idiot Summer" on-screen as part of the fictional concert "Waynestock".

Breakup
Gin Blossoms broke up in early 1997. Wilson and Rhodes launched the Gas Giants while Leen formed a band called Rai and then retired from music to operate a rare book store. Valenzuela fronted a short-lived outfit called the Low Watts, released a solo album, and kept busy writing and producing. Johnson joined another Tempe-based band, Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers. Wilson ventured into producing as well, at his Mayberry Studios in Tempe, Arizona (now called Uranus Studios).

Reunion
The Gas Giants announced an "indefinite hiatus" in June 2001. On December 4, 2001, it was announced that Scott was leaving Roger Clyne and the Peacemakers to rejoin Gin Blossoms. The band regrouped and began playing together again in earnest in 2002, having done a couple of one-off shows in the interim. In Wilson's words, "We always said our breakup wasn't forever and right now we're all feeling like we want to be Gin Blossoms again. We make a noise together that we can't make otherwise. We respect and appreciate that we need each other to create that sound. This time we hope to avoid being swallowed by the chaos."

In preparation for the band's official reunion show, Rhodes suffered a breakdown due to his ongoing battle with alcohol. Shortly after entering rehab, he was formally dismissed from the band. Phil Leavitt of Dada originally took Rhodes's place in the line up, and then Gary Smith (of The Pistoleros, another Tempe band) did. Scott Kusmirek took over drumming for the band from 2002 to 2004. In January 2005, it was announced that Rhodes, who had been sober for over two years, would rejoin the band. The re-entry of Rhodes was short-lived, however. Kusmirek returned to the band, taking Rhodes's place until September 30, 2008, when a press release issued by the band explained that he and the group had parted ways. John Richardson joined as the new drummer.

The band's fourth album, Major Lodge Victory, was originally recorded at Wilson's Mayberry Studios in Tempe. However, the album was re-recorded at Ardent Studios in Memphis, where the band had recorded all of their previous albums. Major Lodge Victory was released by Hybrid Recordings on August 8, 2006, and "Learning the Hard Way" was the first single. Major Lodge Victory entered the Billboard 200 album chart at number 159.

Gin Blossoms released a live album, Live In Concert, on May 15, 2009. This album contains live recordings of the band's hits such as "Hey Jealousy" and "Follow You Down", as well as more recent singles such as "Learning the Hard Way" and "Long Time Gone", and a live cover version of Elton John's "Rocket Man". The band's fifth studio album, No Chocolate Cake, was released on September 28, 2010. The first single, "Miss Disarray" was released to radio stations on August 2, 2010. Over the 2010 Thanksgiving holiday the band traveled to Iraq and played a series of shows for American troops stationed there.

The band announced on its website on March 4, 2012, that Richardson had left the band to pursue other recording and performing projects. The band stated in its news release, "John is a great drummer and all of us support his passion for recording. We all wish him the very best and thank him for all his hard work and dedication." The band also announced that Scott Hessel would be its road drummer. Hessel had been a member of another Tempe band, Let Go. Gin Blossoms joined Everclear, Sugar Ray, Lit, and Marcy Playground on the Summerland Tour 2012, a 31-date nationwide tour that began on June 28 in Saratoga, California and ended on August 11 in Laughlin, Nevada.

From July 24, 2012, through October 13, 2012, Doug Swartz filled in for Scott Hessel during the Summerland Tour and other performances through the months into the middle of October.

In 2016, Johnson announced in an interview that the band was expected to begin recording its sixth studio album with producer Mitch Easter in the fall. Two years later, Mixed Reality was released on Cleopatra Records on June 15, 2018. The album was produced by Don Dixon.

The band toured in the summer of 2019 with Collective Soul.

In January 2022 the band announced a tour to celebrate the 30th anniversary of New Miserable Experience. The tour was cut short in March 2022 due to an accident in which bassist Bill Leen broke his arm.

Musical style
Gin Blossoms has been described as an alternative rock,  jangle pop, power pop,  and post-grunge band. According to Rolling Stone, the band excels at "marrying world-weary lyrics with ebullient melodies." In 2017, the Salina Journal described Gin Blossoms as a "Tempe, Ariz.-based indie band [acclaimed] by critics and fans alike for its chiming guitars, introspective lyrics and catchy pop-rock melodies," adding that "Gin Blossoms has maintained its longevity by being mostly a road band." The group is known for the "Mill Avenue sound", or "southwestern sound", similar to other bands from Arizona such as The Sidewinders, The Refreshments, The Meat Puppets, and Dead Hot Workshop.

Band members
Current members
 * Bill Leen – bass (1987–1997, 2001–present)
 * Jesse Valenzuela – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1988–1997, 2001–present) ; lead vocals (full-time 1987–1988; occasionally 1988–1997, 2001–present)
 * Robin Wilson – lead vocals (full-time 1988–1997, 2001–present; occasionally 1988) ; acoustic guitar, percussion, harmonica (1988–1997, 2001–present) ; rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1988)
 * Scott "Scotty" Johnson – lead guitar, backing vocals (1992–1997, 2001–present)
 * Scott Hessel – drums, percussion (2012–present)

Former members
 * Doug Hopkins – lead guitar (1987–1992; died 1993)
 * Richard Taylor – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1987–1988)
 * Chris McCann – drums, percussion (1987–1988)
 * Steven Severson – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (1988)
 * Dan Henzerling – drums, percussion (1988)
 * Phillip "Phil" Rhodes – drums, percussion, backing vocals (1988–1997, 2001–2002, 2004–2005)
 * Scott Kusmirek – drums, percussion (2002–2004, 2005–2008)
 * John Richardson – drums, percussion (2008–2012)

Former touring musicians and substitutes
 * Phil Leavitt – drums, percussion (2002)
 * Gary Smith – drums, percussion (2002)
 * Douglas Swartz – drums (2012; substitute for Scott Hessel)
 * Miles Zuniga – bass (2013; substitute for Bill Leen)
 * Paul De Lisle – bass (2013; substitute for Bill Leen)
 * Chris Serafini – bass (2013; substitute for Bill Leen)
 * Donovan White – lead guitar, backing vocals (2018, 2020; substitute for Scotty Johnson), bass (2022; substitute for Bill Leen) , rhythm guitar (2023; substitute for Jesse Valenzuela)

Touring guests
 * Kirk "The Judge" Karman – harmonica (2002–present)
 * Michael Klooster – keyboards (2013)
 * Sean Hurwitz – guitar (2013)
 * Grey Wilson – acoustic guitar (2017)

Session musicians
 * Dorian Crozier – drums on "California Sun" from Major Lodge Victory (2006)
 * Darryl Icard – bass on "I'm Ready" from No Chocolate Cake (2010)
 * Chase Duddy – drums on "I'm Ready" from No Chocolate Cake (2010)

Discography

 * Dusted (1989)
 * New Miserable Experience (1992)
 * Congratulations I'm Sorry (1996)
 * Major Lodge Victory (2006)
 * No Chocolate Cake (2010)
 * Mixed Reality (2018)

title: Gin Blossoms


text:
Talk:Iraq crisis of 2003

Talk:Iraq crisis of 2003/archive

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I removed:

Many opponent think the goal of the disarmament hides an ambition of much greater scale, which is the democratization of the Middle East. According to neoimperialist theorists', this area of the world remained apart from the process of political and social modernization, and the roots of terrorism (as of the israelo-Palestinian conflict) would precisely be there. Though coarse, the analysis sounds relevant. Whether disarmament and new pro-american government will change that state of affair is another issue. The constant reference to the German and Japanese examples shortly after the second world war is not very convincing. In these two cases, seeds of a civil society existed, that may not in the Middle-East. Opponents say that likely, liberal imperialism is at risk to feed an anti-Westerner resentment, and to cause even further terrorism. War might also cause reactions of rejection in the modern Arab World. The traumatism of 11 September 2001 having released against Islam many inhibitions, part of the Occident is thus available, even candidate to exert a secular "civilizing mission again", even if there is controversy on the means: the recourse to the weapons frightens, but not, under hardly modernized names, the recolonisation, protectorates, the mandates.

Because I can't understand what it's saying. There are many POV and misleading statements, but I can't even figure out what the POV is or, or if there is any information there to gather. Tuf-Kat

in short, you mean this article should only contain the "digested" information that you are fed by tv ? Or do you mean that only good english speakers should try to render what they hear around them ? Do you think this is the way this article would be neutral ? I would like you to explain more precisely what you don't understand, so that you may help me to express it better. The above paragraph is the opinion held by the majority of people around me, and relayed by most newspapers in my country. You may consider it pov, but that's the pov of quite a noticeable number of people. So, I think it should be taken into consideration. Sorry if it is very unclear, but it is no reason to remove it. Also, please explain where the misleading statements are.
 * You will not meet a more anti-government American than me outside of a militia camp or a terrorist cell. In addition, the most mainstream news source I use is bartcop or fair.org, with reuters only to see if there is any breaking news.  The English in the paragraph isn't too bad itself, but there are dozens of vague subjects, prepositions and verbs with no objects.  I agree it probably does represent a POV shared by a lot of people, and I tried to fix it so that it would meet our NPOV policy, but I can't figure out what it is saying.  I don't know what's misleading, what's POV, what's theory or what's fact.  I have no problems with non-native speakers contributing -- vagueness is a problem shared by plenty of native writers, and I didn't know English was not your first language.  Tuf-Kat

Ah, awful lot of questions.

Many opponent think the goal of the disarmament hides an ambition of much greater scale, which is the democratization of the Middle East.
 * Opponents of what? The war?  Are you saying opponents of the war think its true purpose is to democratize the Middle East?  The exact opposite is true.

Let's say that generally speaking, I am giving the the most widely common view in my country, not in any other opponent ones. What my country say is that terrorism has replaced nazism and communism as the new ennemy of the United States. But terrorism is neither an ideology, nor a strategic threat - being based on any State. It makes it possible to discredit an enemy, especially when it is associated with weapons of massive destruction. This "war against terrorism" started with the offensive in Afghanistan and continued with making illegals hundreds of organizations and individuals. But the criteria of selection remain fuzzy, more in conformity with the unique American visions than with one definition of the terrorist phenomenon. Most of my fellows don't believe it is to destroy the weapons of massive destruction of Iraq that the United States decided to go on war, don't believe it is for disarmament. They say US did not bring the proof that the Iraqi government was such a threat for the peace and the safety of the world to justify such a war (though they agree upon the threat). Of course, the problem of the proliferation of the weapons of massive destruction is real, but most say it asks a multilateral answer, through the existing treaties and the reinforcement of controls, in particular exports. Not just a war. They believe this disarmament is just an excuse, to set up a brand new type of colonialisation of the middle east. Removing dictators, putting some pro-american puppets, in hope they will built a democracy and a market-economy in the whole area.

This said, likely, in case of democratic elections, chiites would probably be elected, and unless americans succeed to put the 'right' person to replace Saddam, there won't be democracy in Irak.

However, what most of the citizen of my country believe is that Bush will succeed to get a pro-american government in Irak, then will be able to impose economical liberalism and controlled democracy over there, and will try to have it radiates. This is one fear more, and another reason to reject war.

According to neoimperialist theorists', this area of the world remained apart from the process of political and social modernization, and the roots of terrorism (as of the israelo-Palestinian conflict) would precisely be there.

 * Does this mean that because the Middle East did not modernize like US/Canada/Western Europe, it is therefore the logical breeding ground for terrorism? Why?  Why didn't this happen in sub-Saharan Africa or Latin America, where terrorism is relatively rare and not generally directed at westerners?

right. Plus religious extremism. Plus the money and power that petrol give them.

Though coarse, the analysis sounds relevant.
 * Sounds relevant to who? What does coarse mean in this context?

Coarse = first level analysis ?

Most of these articles *here* focus on weapons of total destruction and focus on a target : Irak. Most articles and interviews in my country focus on "US taking power over the middle east", focus on "modern colonization", focus in saoudia arabia. There is no puzzlement over the US planning to attack Irak.

If USA only wanted to make disappear only dangerous weapons (except their) from the face of the world, they could go for Israel maybe. If Saddam tyranny was the issue, there are numerous countries where tyranny is just as bad. More likely, they go fight to control the irak oil and have it for a good price. However, most people in my country think Bush is not only going after the Irak oil but also after Saoudia Arabia. They think this is the real reason of Bush move. In 1945 (?), roosevelt made a deal with this country, oil against security. But with wahhabite fondamentalism things are working so well. Irak oil is important for the future. And if the political system of Arabia can somehow be "modernized", pushed to a more liberalized system, which would take distance with religious wahhabites (key of extremism and terrorism), this would be beneficial to americans.

Though in truth, it could also happen that fondamentalism take the power and the money from the oil...

Whether disarmament and new pro-american government will change that state of affair is another issue.
 * What's the first issue? That terrorism exists in the Middle East?  Does anybody argue that the war in Iraq will end terrorism?

Disarmament is one issue. Setting up a democracy is another (especially with more than 60% of chiites). Having the government be pro-american is yet another.

The constant reference to the German and Japanese examples shortly after the second world war is not very convincing.
 * Who refers to Germany and Japan? Who isn't convinced by these examples, and what aren't they convinced of?

In these two cases, seeds of a civil society existed, that may not in the Middle-East.

I think Bush referred to the situation of Germany and Japan after WWI. Last fall. He then referred to the responsabilities assumed by the US to help those two countries in their reconstruction. Weakened and defeated countries helped by the winner, to ensure they go in the right direction afterwards. My fellow citizens are not convinced at all with the comparison with the german reconstruction after the war. The situation was rather different, if only in terms of religious fondamentalism. They aren't convinced that trying to apply the rather rude techniques of economical liberalism and democracy will work in Irak, and be enough to remove the seeds of existing religious differences, and help instore good relationship between us and Irak; between Europe and Irak.

 * What does a civil society mean in this context? Democracy?  IIRC, Japan had always been a monarchy until after World War 2.

Not a good translation I fear. Rather, not a tyranny. (?)

Opponents say that likely, liberal imperialism is at risk to feed an anti-Westerner resentment, and to cause even further terrorism.
 * What does this have to do with Germany and Japan? Are we on a new subject now?

New subject. US are now scared by terrorism. But, there is no need for planes and towers for terrorism to occur. Terrorism is also bombs places in supermarkets, in trainstation, in trashcan. Not as destructive maybe, but quite easy to do. Terrorism is new to american, not new for others. USA might open a pandora box, remove Saddam, get his oil, lower the oil price so much that iran will be in financial distress, impose an agreement in the israelo-palestinien conflict, visit Syria...They could also light the entire arab world. Then victims won't be only in american towers.

War might also cause reactions of rejection in the modern Arab World.
 * Does "reactions of rejection" mean terrorism? Does it mean Arab reactions caused by western rejection (of... Arab nationalism? Arab sovereignity? Terrorism?) or western reactions caused by Arab rejection (of... western capitalism? western intervention?)?

There is a rather modern current, who might not appreciate american action at all. My country fear that the single Irak end up a vicious cercle of violence, resentment, which will shake the whole region, and in particular moderate coutries. Reactions of rejection do not mean terrorism by any mean, but could deepens the break. In my country in particular, it will mean that a good 10% of the population could reject even more western traditions and religion that is already not very tender to them. Il will also mean that maybe 1/3 of the 'western' population will reject even further the 10% population already so difficult to integrate.

The traumatism of 11 September 2001 having released against Islam many inhibitions, part of the Occident is thus available, even candidate to exert a secular "civilizing mission again", even if there is controversy on the means: the recourse to the weapons frightens, but not, under hardly modernized names, the recolonisation, protectorates, the mandates.

 * Any meaning to this sentence is drowned in a sea of commas. What inhibitions were released? Anti-Arab racism?

yes. Usa had finally to rupture with its isolationism

Part of the Occident is available in what way, to whom? What is the object of exert? What is "civilizing missions" again a quote from?

What sense would it have to give a quote in another langage ? In any case, this is a quite widespread idea, upon which most media here agree upon, be they on the left or on the right. Exert a pressure on another civilization, another culture, to force it to adopt a "supposingly" right frame of behaviour. It is quite a similar situation to the old crusades, when deeply religious men left their productive life, to go to another place where deeply religious from another religion men lived. The first thought a mission of God to teach the second the right way, to civilize them, to bring them the new concepts that were supposed to make them more modern. This is a very deep feeling in my country that it is exactly what the us are doing right now. And - beyond any issues of oil and religion - one of the main reason the citizen of my country reject the war - is this one - rejection of the overbearing one, feeling invested of a mission of civilization And what were the first "civilizing missions"?

from who ? From europeans ? well, about everywhere, from Africa to America. From the US ? well, us for example.

What do the "inhibitions" (which I'm reading as anti-Arab racism) have to do with the "availability" (which I'm reading as western intervention in the Middle east -- does it therefore mean that anti-Arab racism causes western intervention in the Middle East? The subject is traumatism, so is that (i.e. revenge) the cause of western "availability" to intervene?)?

No. Likely not only a simple revenge. Maybe also an opportunity.

Even if there is controversy on the means modifies...? Are you using candidate as a verb? the mandates appears to be the object of frightens, but mandates don't get frightened. What does the but not modify? Is there a missing word there? What names are modernized? Are you saying that the war is only superficially different from previous incarnations of imperialism?

No, candidate as a name, not a word. As if it was a deep compelling feeling that one's country being a superpower is somehow in charge of the whole world, and should assume a fatherly role toward all the other smaller and less powerfull nations. As if against a country felt so much in charge of all the others, that it has to assume and carry on the work to change the world in the way it things best. Just as colonists felt toward the countries they colonized.

The use of weapons, such as the weapons the US could use against Irak is frightening to anyone. My country - as any other country - knows well not only buildings will be destroyed. We know humans will be killed. We know a country already apparently damaged will suffer even further from american attack. However, we say what is wrong is not only the physical damages done by weapons but also the damages done to a society taken over by colonists. But these damages are not so obvious to others, probably not obvious at all to part of the american society. When european colonized the american continent, the word used was colonization. Now, more modern names are being used, such as protectorate. But in the end, it will be similar.

Anyway, when Europe tries to give more room to multilateral mechanisms, pacific resulution of conflicts, they see the US getting rid of diplomatic action, to favor armed power (preemptive war), in search of an absolute military hegemony only based on power and war instruments.

I don't find all I put above in any article really. Nor in Worldwide government positions on war on Iraq, nor in Popular opposition to war on Iraq. Not even that we are scared of being among the first ones to suffer from an islamism eruption in our own country.

I think it would be fair that somewhere is explained why my country decided to go against us will. I know some say my government did so because it was also looking for that oil. Politically speaking, maybe true. But, that's not why the population made protests. And that's not only because of Irak and weapons disarmament my country has been protesting. It is a question of the total sovereignty not fitting with the cult of liberty. Military hegemony not compatible with democracy. Just as if there should necessarily be a perfect identity between the interests of the USA and the interests of democracy, which would legitimate a liberty of action and a domination without sharing.

Okay, these were just feelings of the reasons why my country is an opponant. At least what I perceive while reading around sources, which seem to reflect the main view. But clearly, given your comments, that is too difficult to me to explain clearly. So unfortunately most american reading these articles will probably go on having the wrong idea about why we disagreed. I understand the need for clarity and being short. But if neutrality implies agreeing over fair reporting, well, this is not fair.

 * After the September 11 terrorist attacks, American policy began focusing on terrorism as the the country's primary enemy worldwide, in contrast to the previous fifty years of that country's history, fighting against international Communism. Many critics of the American War on Terror do not believe that American actions will help to end terror, and will actually increase the ranks and capabilities of terrorist groups.  American presence in Middle-Eastern countries like Saudi Arabia are one of the major sources of discontent that leads Islamic fundamentalists to commit acts of violence; hence, additional American presence in Iraq will likely increase the ranks of terrorist organizations like Al-Qaeda, especially with the collateral damage of civilian deaths inevitable in any invasion.  However, supporters of the Bush Administration's policies point out that with direct American control over countries where terrorist groups could flourish, the American presence will make it easier to combat these groups.  In addition, the American policy of combatting terrorism focuses exclusively on non-state groups with a history of violence, while supporting undemocratic and violent regimes in places like Turkmenistan, which generally harm only their own polity; critics of the Bush Administration believe that this form of state-sponsored violence is more dangerous to more people than traditional forms of terrorism.

 * Perhaps the most common criticism of the Bush Administration's proposed war is that the stated purposes are merely a cover for an attempt at grabbing control over the Iraqi nation and its natural resources, especially oil. Though few doubt that nuclear proliferation is a serious threat to the stability and well-being of the planet, some argue that a war on Iraq will not aid in eliminating this threat and that the only logical reason for a war is to secure control over the vast Iraqi oil fields.  It is possible, as has happened in some similar invasions for ostensibly peacekeeping purposes, that the new regime will be little better than the old one in its attention to human rights and peace.  The weapons of mass destruction that Iraq allegedly has may end up in the hands of a more dangerous leader, or be sold off to terrorist groups or other rogue nations, like Syria or Libya; supporters of the war remain hopeful that the American military will capture any weapons of mass destruction, and hence prevent their proliferation to groups more dangerous than Hussein's Iraqi government.  Some observors claim that American intervention in Iraq is driven by a desire to establish a new form of colonialism, with the war in Iraq a first step in establishing hegemony over Saudi Arabia and other Middle-Eastern nations.

 * President Bush and his supporters have pointed to Germany and Japan as examples of countries which developed into stable and peaceful democracies during American occupation following World War 2. Bush's opponents do not agree that these are valid comparisons because both of these examples took many years of occupation, and large amounts of money invested into their economies; this has not happened in Bush's previous invasion, Afghanistan, which has not shown signs of developing a stable democracy, nor signs of economic progress.

Does this adequately represent your POV? And, to others, this probably isn't done yet -- especially the third paragraph needs some work on neutralizing, so feel free to modify. Let's not place this, or any derivative of it, into the article before some others, preferably people in support of the war, comment on it. Tuf-Kat

 * Agreed. Thanks alot for your help.

Article redirected.
The articles was hopelessly updated and no one was actively trying to merge. I'll leave a note on the other talk page asking people to salvage any useful content. --Jiang 22:38, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:Iraq crisis of 2003