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Racial discrimination

Racial discrimination is any discrimination against any individual on the basis of their race, ancestry, ethnicity, and/or skin color and hair texture. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do business with, socialize with, or share resources with people of a certain group. Governments can discriminate explicitly in law, for example through policies of racial segregation, disparate enforcement of laws, or disproportionate allocation of resources. Some jurisdictions have anti-discrimination laws which prohibit the government or individuals from being discriminated based on race (and sometimes other factors) in various circumstances. Some institutions and laws use affirmative action to attempt to overcome or compensate for the effects of racial discrimination. In some cases, this is simply enhanced recruitment of members of underrepresented groups; in other cases, there are firm racial quotas. Opponents of strong remedies like quotas characterize them as reverse discrimination, where members of a dominant or majority group are discriminated against.

Boundary problems and related forms of discrimination
Racial boundaries can involve many factors (such as ancestry, physical appearance, national origin, language, religion, and culture), and can be set in law by governments, or may depend on local cultural norms.

Discrimination based on skin color,(measured for example on the Fitzpatrick scale) or hair texture (measured for example on a scale from 1a to 4c) is closely related to racial discrimination, as skin color and hair texture are often used as a proxy for race in everyday interactions, and is one factor used by legal systems that apply detailed criteria. For example, the Population Registration Act, 1950 was used to enforce the apartheid system in South Africa, and Brazil has set up boards to assign a racial category to people for the purpose of enforcing racial quotas. Because of genetic variation, skin color, and other features of physical appearance can vary considerably even among siblings. Some children with the same parents either self-identify or are identified by others as being of different races. In some cases, the same person is identified as a different race on a birth certificate versus a death certificate. Different rules (such as hypodescent vs. hyperdescent) classify the same people differently, and for various reasons some people "pass" as a member of a different race than they would otherwise be classified in, possibly avoiding legal or interpersonal discrimination.

A given race is sometimes defined as a set of ethnicities from populations in neighboring geographic areas (such as a continent like Australia or a subcontinental region like South Asia) that are typically similar in appearance. In such cases, racial discrimination can occur because someone is of an ethnicity defined as outside that race, or ethnic discrimination (or ethnic hatred, ethnic conflict, and ethnic violence) can occur between groups who consider each other to be the same race. Discrimination based on caste is similar; because caste is hereditary, people of the same caste are usually considered to be of the same race and ethnicity.

A person's national origin (the country in which they were born or have citizenship) is sometimes used in determining a person's ethnicity or race, but discrimination based on national origin can also be independent of race (and is sometimes specifically addressed in anti-discrimination laws). Language and culture are sometimes markers of national origin and can prompt instances of discrimination based on national origin. For example, someone of a South Asian ethnicity who grew up in London, speaks British English with a London accent, and whose family has assimilated to British culture might be treated more favorably than someone of the same ethnicity who is a recent immigrant and speaks Indian English. Such a difference in treatment might still informally be described as a form of racism, or more precisely as xenophobia or anti-immigrant sentiment.

In countries where migration, unification, or breakup has occurred relatively recently, the process of ethnogenesis may complicate the determination of both ethnicity and race and is related to personal identity or affiliation. Sometimes the ethnicity of immigrants in their new country is defined as their national origin, and span multiple races. For example, the 2015 Community Survey of the United States Census accepted identification as Mexican Americans of any race (for example including Native Americans from Mexico, descendants of Africans transported to New Spain as enslaved people, and descendants of Spanish colonists). In surveys taken by the Mexican government, the same people would have been described as indigenous, black, or white (with a large number of people unclassified who might be described as Mestizo). The U.S. census asks separate questions about Hispanic and Latino Americans to distinguish language from racial identity. Discrimination based on being Hispanic or Latino does occur in the United States and might be considered a form of racial discrimination if "Hispanic" or "Latino" are considered a new racial category derived from ethnicities which formed after the independence of the former colonies of the Americas. Many statistical reports apply both characteristics, for example comparing Non-Hispanic whites to other groups.

When people of different races are treated differently, decisions about how to treat a particular person raise the question of which racial classification that person belongs to. For example, definitions of whiteness in the United States were used before the civil rights movement for the purpose of immigration and the ability to hold citizenship or be enslaved. If a race is defined as a set of ethnolinguistic groups, then common language origin can be used to define the boundaries of that group. The status of Finns as white was challenged on the grounds that the Finnish language is Uralic rather than Indo-European, purportedly making the Finns of the Mongoloid race. The common American notion that all people of geographically European ancestry and of light skin are "white" prevailed for Finns, and other European immigrants like Irish Americans and Italian Americans whose whiteness was challenged and who faced interpersonal if not legal discrimination. American and South African laws which divided the population into whites from Europe and blacks from sub-Saharan Africa often caused problems of interpretation when dealing with people from other areas, such as the rest of the Mediterranean Basin, Asia, North Africa, or even Native Americans, with classification as non-white usually resulting in legal discrimination. (Some Native American tribes have treaty rights which grant privileges rather than disadvantages, though these were often negotiated on unfavorable terms.) Though as an ethno-religious group they often face religious discrimination, the whiteness of all Jews was also challenged in the United States, with attempts to classify them as Asiatic (Palestine being in western Asia) or Semitic (which would also include Arabs). The actual ancestry of most Jewish people is more varied than simply ancient Hebrew tribes. As the Jewish diaspora spread across Europe and Africa over time many Jewish ethnic divisions arose, resulting in Jews who identify as white, black, and other races. The reunification of diverse populations in modern Israel has led to some problems of racial discrimination against dark-skinned Jews by light-skinned Jews.

Overall trends
A 2013 analysis of World Values Survey data by The Washington Post looked at the fraction of people in each country that indicated they would prefer not to have neighbours from a differing race. It ranged from below 5% in Australia, New Zealand, and many countries in the Americas, to 51.4% in Jordan; Europe had wide variation, from below 5% in the UK, France, Norway, and Sweden, to 22.7% in Germany.

More than 30 years of field experimental studies have found significant levels of discrimination against people of color in labor, housing, and product markets in 10 countries.

Discrimination against refugees, asylum seekers, migrants and internally displaced persons
Around the world, refugees, asylum seekers, migrants and internally displaced persons have been the victims of racial discrimination, racist attacks, xenophobia and ethnic and religious intolerance. According to the Human Right Watch, "racism is both a cause and a product of forced displacement, and an obstacle to its solution."

With the influx of refugees to Europe in 2010, media coverage shaped public opinion and created hostility towards refugees. Prior to that the European Union had started implementing the hotspot system, which categorized people them as either asylum seekers or economic migrants, and Europe's patrolling of its southern borders between 2010 and 2016 intensified, resulting in deals with Turkey and Libya.

The Netherlands
A study conducted in the Netherlands and published in 2013 found significant levels of discrimination against job applicants with Arabic-sounding names.

Africa
The British colonial impact greatly affected the cultures of African society but the differences in the countries like Nigeria remain as close to tradition compared to countries like South Africa. American racism also plays a part that escalates racism in Nigeria but American racism ideas influencing African Cultures. The racism that was developed by the influence of colonization and American influenced there to create levels of power based on racism. Racism in African cultures is connected to the opportunities received in life, virus susceptibility, and tribal traditions. For example, in the north, an indirect policy of rule settled a new way of life between the colonizing government and the Fulani- Hausa ruling class. Because of this the North falls behind the South and West on education development which causes racial malignity.

Uganda
While Uganda was under Idi Amin's rule, there was a policy to replace Asians and white people with blacks. Idi Amin was also an anti Semitic person.

Liberia
The constitution of Liberia renders non-blacks ineligible for citizenship.

United Kingdom
A 2023 University of Cambridge survey which featured the largest sample of Black people in Britain found that 88% had reported racial discrimination at work, 79% believed the police unfairly targeted black people with stop and search powers and 80% definitely or somewhat agreed that racial discrimination was the biggest barrier to academic attainment for young Black students.

United States
With regard to employment, multiple audit studies have found strong evidence of racial discrimination in the United States' labor market, with magnitudes of employers' preferences of white applicants found in these studies ranging from 50% to 240%. Other such studies have found significant evidence of discrimination in car sales, home insurance applications, provision of medical care, and hailing taxis. There is some debate regarding the method used to signal race in these studies.

Employment
Racial discrimination in the workplace falls into two basic categories:
 * Disparate Treatment: An employer's policies discriminate based upon any immutable racial characteristic, such as skin, eye or hair color, and certain facial features;
 * Disparate Impact: Although an employer may not intend to discriminate based on racial characteristics, its policies nonetheless have an adverse effect based upon race.

Discrimination may occur at any point in the employment process, including pre-employment inquiries, hiring practices, compensation, work assignments and conditions, privileges granted to employees, promotion, employee discipline and termination.

Researchers Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan, at the University of Chicago and MIT found in a 2004 study, that there was widespread racial discrimination in the workplace. In their study, candidates perceived as having "white-sounding names" were 50% more likely than those whose names were merely perceived as "sounding black" to receive callbacks for interviews. The researchers view these results as strong evidence of unconscious biases rooted in the United States' long history of discrimination (e.g., Jim Crow laws, etc.)

Devah Pager, a sociologist at Princeton University, sent matched pairs of applicants to apply for jobs in Milwaukee and New York City, finding that black applicants received callbacks or job offers at half the rate of equally qualified whites. Another recent audit by UCLA sociologist S. Michael Gaddis examines the job prospects of black and white college graduates from elite private and high-quality state higher education institutions. This research finds that blacks who graduate from an elite school such as Harvard have about the same prospect of getting an interview as whites who graduate from a state school such as UMass Amherst.

A 2001 study of workplace evaluation in a large U.S. company showed that black supervisors rate white subordinates lower than average and vice versa.

Research indicates that unemployment rates are higher for blacks and Latinos than for whites.

Housing
Multiple experimental audit studies conducted in the United States have found that blacks and Hispanics experience discrimination in about one in five and one in four housing searches, respectively.

A 2014 study also found evidence of racial discrimination in an American rental apartment market.

Researchers found in contrast to White families, families of color were led to obtain housing in poor, low-quality communities due to discrimination during the home-buying process.

Persons affected by Homelessness also show a large disparity with more individuals being minorities in the United States. We Can Now is a Texas-based nonprofit that serves these people.

Effects on health
Studies have shown an association between reported racial discrimination and adverse physical and mental health outcomes. This evidence has come from multiple countries, including the United States,   the United Kingdom, and New Zealand.

Racism in healthcare system
Racial bias exists in the medical field affecting the way patients are treated and the way they are diagnosed. There are instances where patients’ words are not taken seriously, an example would be the recent case with Serena Williams. After the birth of her daughter via C-section, the tennis player began to feel pain and shortness of breath. It took her several times to convince the nurse they actually took her self-said symptoms seriously. Had she not been persistent and demanded a CT scan, which showed a clot resulting in blood thinning, Williams might have not been alive. This is just one of hundreds of cases where systemic racism can affect women of color in pregnancy complications.

One of the factors that lead to higher mortality rates amongst black mothers is the poorly conditioned hospitals and lack of standard healthcare facilities. Along with having deliveries done in underdeveloped areas, the situation becomes complicated when the pain dealt by patients are not taken seriously by healthcare providers. Pain heard from patients of color are underestimated by doctors compared to pain told by patients who are white leading them to misdiagnose.

Many say that the education level of people affect whether or not they admit to healthcare facilities, leaning to the argument that people of color purposefully avoid hospitals compared to white counterparts however, this is not the case. Even Serena Williams, a well-known athlete, was not taken seriously when she described her pain. It is true that the experiences of patients in hospital settings influence whether or not they return to healthcare facilities. Black people are less likely to admit to hospitals however those that are admitted have longer stays than white people

The longer hospitalization of black patients does not improve care conditions, it makes it worse, especially when treated poorly by faculty. Not a lot of minorities are admitted into hospitals and those that are receive poor conditioned treatment and care. This discrimination results in misdiagnosis and medical mistakes that lead to high death rates.

Although the Medicaid program was passed to ensure African Americans and other minorities received the healthcare treatment they deserved and to limit discrimination in hospital facilities, there still seems to be an underlying cause for the low number of black patients admitted to hospitals, like not receiving the proper dosage of medication. Infant mortality rates and life expectancies of minorities are much lower than that of white people in the United States. Illnesses like cancer and heart diseases are more prevalent in minorities, which is one of the factors for the high mortality rate in the group. however are not treated accordingly.

Although programs like Medicaid exists to support minorities, there still seems to be a large number of people who are not insured. This financial drawback discourages people in the group to go to hospitals and doctors offices.

Financial and cultural influences can impact the way patients are treated by their healthcare providers. When doctors have a bias on a patient, it can lead to the formation of stereotypes, impacting the way they view their patient's data and diagnosis, affecting the treatment plan they implement.

Welfare of Children
The topic of racial discrimination appears in discussion concerning children, and adolescents. Amongst the number of theories evaluating how children come to understand social identities, research presumes that social and cognitive developmental changes influence children's perspectives regarding their own racial/ethnic identities and children develop a greater understanding of how their race/ethnicity can be perceived by the greater society.

A study led by Benner et al. (2018) analyzes a combination of previous studies indicating an existing relationship between racial discrimination and well-being, more specifically, in regards to mental health, behaviors, and academic performance of adolescents ranging from early adolescence (10-13) to late adolescence (17 and older). While it includes Asian, African descent, and Latino populations, this study also speculates the variances amongst the racial groups and other differences contributed by intersectionality. To investigate these relationships, the researchers examined data containing reports of racial discrimination from children, which served as a significant tool to further explore these ideas. In addition they analyzed the relationship between racial discrimination and aspects of well-being (e.g., self-esteem, substance abuse, student engagement) by organizing these components into broader categories of youth development: mental health, behavioral conditions and academic success. Subsequently, the results show a relationship between racial discrimination and negative outcomes relating to youth wellness across all three categories. Moreover, while examining differences among racial groups, children of Asian and Latino descent were found to be most at risk for mental health development, and Latino children, for academic success.

Racial discrimination affects about 90% of black adolescents, impacting their personal, social, psychological, and academic well-being. It leads to heightened stress, lowered self-esteem, and decreased academic performance. Creating inclusive educational environments with specialized support is crucial for their holistic development amid such challenges.

Although the studies’ results correlate reported racial discrimination with outcomes to well-being, this does not conclude that one or more racial groups experience greater discrimination than other racial groups. Other factors may have contributed to the relationships’ findings. For example, evidence of a weaker relationship between racial discrimination and well-being in children of African descent may be linked to parent-guided socialization practices to help children cope with racial discrimination, or possibly lack of research concerning the severity of discrimination. Also, researchers speculate the meaningful ways intersectionality can play a role in variances of discrimination. Ultimately, they conclude that further studies to examine racial discrimination are necessary to provide a more comprehensive approach in determining effective support systems for children.

A growing number of studies are researching the differences into the mental health of children of different nationalities and races.

Critical Consciousness in Youth and Racial Discrimination
When a person is conscious of their privilege, mindful of oppression and discrimination, and when they address and counteract these injustices, they are expressing critical consciousness. Additionally, critical consciousness can grow in individuals as a result of inequalities they may face such as racial discrimination.

The researchers, Heberle, Rapa, and Farago (2020), conducted a systematic review of research literature on the concept critical consciousness. The study focused on 67 qualitative and quantitative studies regarding the effects of critical consciousness in youth since 1998. For example, one of the studies included in the report by Ngo (2017), studied an extracurricular program that analyzed the racial discrimination faced by Hmong adolescents and the exploration of critical consciousness participation in theater. The non-scholastic theater program encouraged this group of students to explore their identities through the injustices they faced and to fight against the oppression and racial discrimination they experienced.

Critical consciousness can be used as a tool to fight against racial discrimination. Heberle et al. (2020) argued that a decrease in racial discrimination can happen when White youth are aware of differences in groups and injustices due to their critical consciousness. They might change their thinking by fostering antiracist beliefs and having awareness of their own White privilege.

Reverse discrimination
Reverse discrimination is a term for allegations that the member of a dominant or majority group has suffered discrimination for the benefit of a minority or historically disadvantaged group.

United States
In the United States, courts have upheld race-conscious policies when they are used to promote a diverse work or educational environment. Some critics have described those policies as discriminating against white people. In response to arguments that such policies (e.g. affirmative action) constitute discrimination against whites, sociologists note that the purpose of these policies is to level the playing field to counteract discrimination.

Perceptions
A 2016 poll found that 38% of US citizens thought that Whites faced a lot of discrimination. Among Democrats, 29% thought there was some discrimination against Whites in the United States, while 49% of Republicans thought the same. Similarly, another poll conducted earlier in the year found that 41% of US citizens believed there was "widespread" discrimination against whites. There is evidence that some people are motivated to believe they are the victims of reverse discrimination because the belief bolsters their self-esteem.

Law
In the United States, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits all racial discrimination based on race. Although some courts have taken the position that a white person must meet a heightened standard of proof to prove a reverse-discrimination claim, the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) applies the same standard to all claims of racial discrimination without regard to the victim's race.

title: Racial discrimination


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Reign

A reign is the period of a person's or dynasty's occupation of the office of monarch of a nation (e.g., Saudi Arabia, Belgium, Andorra), of a people (e.g., the Franks, the Zulus) or of a spiritual community (e.g., Catholicism, Tibetan Buddhism, Nizari Ismailism). In most hereditary monarchies and some elective monarchies (e.g., Holy Roman Empire) there have been no limits on the duration of a sovereign's reign or incumbency, nor is there a term of office. Thus, a reign usually lasts until the monarch dies, unless the monarchy itself is abolished or the monarch abdicates or is deposed.

In elective monarchies, there may be a fixed period of time for the duration of the monarch's tenure in office (e.g., Malaysia).

The term of a reign can be indicated with the abbreviation "r." (for Latin rexit) after a sovereign's name, such as the following:
 * George VI, King of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions, Emperor of India (r. 1936–1952)

Regnal periods
Notable reigns have included the following.
 * Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, Empress of India reigned from 1837 to 1901.
 * King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy reigned from 1900 to 1946.
 * King Bhumibol Adulyadej of Thailand reigned from 1946 to 2016.
 * Queen Elizabeth II of the Commonwealth realms reigned from 1952 to 2022.
 * Pope John XXIII reigned from 1958 to 1963.
 * Emperor Akihito of Japan reigned from 1989 to 2019.

End of reign
A reign can be ended in several ways:

 * Abdication
 * Abolition of monarchy
 * Death
 * Deposition

Abdication

 * Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, King of Lombardy-Venetia (r. 1835–1848) was abdicated due to his disabilities (feeble-mindedness and epilepsy). His successor, Emperor Franz Josef (r. 1848–1916) reigned for 68 years.
 * King Edward VIII of England reigned from January to December 1936 before he abdicated the throne. After his abdication he became known as the Duke of Windsor. No other monarch of the Kingdom of Great Britain (1707–1800), the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, or any Dominion or Commonwealth realm has ever abdicated, though forced abdications did occur on rare occasions in the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland prior to their merger in 1707.
 * Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands reigned from 1890 to 1948, before abdicating in favor of her daughter, Queen Juliana who then reigned until 1980 when she abdicated in favor of her daughter, Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Beatrix followed suit and abdicated in 2013 in favor of her son and heir apparent, King Willem-Alexander.

Abolition of monarchy

 * King Louis XVI of France reigned from the 1770s until the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792 and his execution the following year.
 * Xuantong Emperor of China abdicated in 1912 following the Xinhai Revolution, marking the end of the Chinese monarchy.
 * King Humbert II of Italy reigned for only a few weeks in 1946 before the abolition of the Italian Monarchy.
 * King Constantine II of Greece reigned from 1964 until the abolition of the Greek monarchy in 1973.
 * Tsar Nicholas II of Russia reigned from 1894 until 1917 when he was forced to abdicate and the Russian Empire was overthrown during the Russian Revolution.
 * Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia reigned for over 40 years (1930-1974) until the Derg forced him to abdicate and abolished the 3,000 year old monarchy, making him not only the 225th Emperor of Ethiopia but the final as well.
 * Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran reigned for more than 37 years (1941–1979) until the Iranian Revolution, which superseded the 2,500 years of monarchy with an Islamic republic system of government. The Shah died the following year and is buried in Cairo.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Reign


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Patricia Cornwell

Patricia Cornwell (born Patricia Carroll Daniels; June 9, 1956) is an American crime writer. She is known for her best-selling novels featuring medical examiner Kay Scarpetta, of which the first was inspired by a series of sensational murders in Richmond, Virginia, where most of the stories are set. The plots are notable for their emphasis on forensic science, which has influenced later TV treatments of police work. Cornwell has also initiated new research into the Jack the Ripper killings, incriminating the popular British artist Walter Sickert. Her books have sold more than 120 million copies.

Early life
A descendant of abolitionist and writer Harriet Beecher Stowe, Cornwell was born on June 9, 1956, in Miami, Florida, second of three children, to Marilyn (née Zenner) and Sam Daniels. Her father was one of the leading appellate lawyers in the United States and served as a law clerk to Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black. Cornwell later traced her own motivations in life to the emotional abuse she says she suffered from her father, who walked out on the family on Christmas Day 1961. She has said, "He was on his deathbed. We knew it was the last time we were seeing each other; he grabbed my brother's hand and mouthed 'I love you,' but he never touched me. All he did was write on a legal pad 'How's work?'"

In 1961, Marilyn left with three children in tow and moved to Montreat, North Carolina. Ruth Bell Graham, wife of the evangelist Billy Graham took the wayward family in and arranged for Cornwell and her brothers, Jim and John, to be raised by Lenore and Manfred Saunders, who had recently returned from Africa. Marilyn Daniels, suffering from severe depression, was hospitalized. Cornwell turned to Ruth Bell Graham as an authority figure, and it was she who noticed that Cornwell's talent lay in writing and encouraged her literary efforts. A bright student, a capable cartoonist, and a talented athlete on the tennis court, Cornwell attended King College in Bristol, Tennessee briefly before transferring to Davidson College on a tennis scholarship (which she later rejected), from where she graduated in 1979 with a B.A. in English.

Career
In 1979, Cornwell began working as a reporter for The Charlotte Observer, initially editing TV listings, then moving to features, and finally becoming a reporter covering crime. In 1980, she received the North Carolina Press Association's Investigative Reporting Award for a series on prostitution. She continued at the newspaper until 1981, when she moved to Richmond, Virginia with her first husband, Charles Cornwell (married in 1980), who enrolled at the Union Theological Seminary. The same year she began working on the biography of Ruth Bell Graham, A Time for Remembering: The Ruth Bell Graham Story (renamed Ruth, A Portrait: The Story of Ruth Bell Graham in subsequent editions), which was published in 1983. The biography gained a Gold Medallion Book Award from the Evangelic Christian Publishers Association in 1985. It also, however, was a major blow to her friendship with Graham – they weren't on speaking terms for eight years following the book's publication.

Cornwell began work on her first novel in 1984, about a male detective named Joe Constable and met Dr. Marcella Farinelli Fierro, a medical examiner in Richmond, and subsequent inspiration for the character of Dr. Kay Scarpetta. In 1985, she took a job at the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of Virginia. She worked there for six years, first as a technical writer and then as a computer analyst. She also volunteered to work with the Richmond Police Department. Cornwell wrote three novels that she says were rejected before the publication in 1990, of the first installment of her Scarpetta series, Postmortem, based on real-life stranglings in Richmond in the summer of 1987. The novel won her various awards including the British John Creasey Award, the French Prix du Roman d'Adventure and the American Edgar Award.

Scarpetta series
The Scarpetta novels include a great deal of detail on forensic science. The initial resolution to the mystery is found in the forensic investigation of the murder victim's corpse, although Scarpetta does considerably more field investigation and confrontation with suspects than real-life medical examiners. The novels generally climax with action scenes in which Scarpetta and her associates confront, or are confronted by, the killer or killers, usually concluding with the death of the killer. The novels are considered to have influenced the development of popular TV series on forensics, both fictional, such as CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, and documentaries, such as Cold Case Files.

Other significant themes in the Scarpetta novels include health, individual safety and security, food, family, and the emerging sexual self-discovery of Scarpetta's niece. Often, conflicts and secret manipulations by Scarpetta's colleagues and staff are involved in the story-line and make the murder cases more complex. Although scenes from the novels take place in a variety of locations around the United States and (less commonly) internationally, they center around the city of Richmond, Virginia.

There are two marked style shifts in the Scarpetta novels. Starting from The Last Precinct (2000), the style changes from past tense to present tense. Starting from Blow Fly (2003), the style changes from a first person to a third person, omniscient, narrator. Events are even narrated from the viewpoint of the murderers. Before Blow Fly the events are seen through Scarpetta's eyes only, and other points of view only appear in letters that Scarpetta reads.

Cornwell shifted back to a first-person perspective in the Scarpetta novel Port Mortuary (2010).

Andy Brazil/Judy Hammer series
In addition to the Scarpetta novels, Cornwell has written three pseudo-police fictions, known as the Trooper Andy Brazil/Superintendent Judy Hammer series, which are set in North Carolina, Virginia, and off the mid-Atlantic coast. Besides the older-woman/younger-man premise, the books include themes of scatology and sepsis.

Jack the Ripper theorist
Cornwell has been involved in a continuing, self-financed quest for evidence to support her theory that Victorian painter Walter Sickert was Jack the Ripper. In pursuit of this hypothesis, she has written two books: Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper—Case Closed, published in 2002, and Ripper: The Secret Life Of Walter Sickert, published in 2017. In total, she is said to have spent a reported $6m on Ripper-related research.

She wrote Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper—Case Closed to much controversy, especially within the British art world and among Ripperologists. Cornwell denied being obsessed with Jack the Ripper in full-page ads in two British newspapers and has said the case was "far from closed". In 2001, Cornwell was criticized for allegedly destroying one of Sickert's paintings in pursuit of the Ripper's identity. She believed the well-known painter to be responsible for the string of murders and had purchased over 30 of his paintings and argued that they closely resembled the Ripper crime scenes. Cornwell also claimed a breakthrough: a letter written by someone purporting to be the killer had the same watermark as some of Sickert's writing paper. Ripper experts noted, however, that there were hundreds of letters from different authors falsely claiming to be the killer, and the watermark in question was on a brand of stationery that was widely available.

French art expert Johann Naldi validates the author's theory, claiming to have found a portrait that he attributes to the French painter Jacques-Émile Blanche. For Naldi, the discovery of this painting, which depicts a man who appears to share Sickert's features, is "visual confirmation of Patricia Cornwell's theory".

TV appearance
She made a brief appearance on the police procedural drama Criminal Minds in the episode "True Genius" as herself.

DUI case
On January 10, 1993, Cornwell crashed her Mercedes-Benz while under the influence of alcohol. She was convicted of drunk driving and sentenced to 28 days in a treatment center.

Leslie Sachs case
Leslie Sachs, author of The Virginia Ghost Murders (1998), claimed there were similarities between his novel and Cornwell's The Last Precinct. In 2000, he sent letters to Cornwell's publisher, started a web page, and placed stickers on copies of his novel alleging that Cornwell was committing plagiarism. The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia granted Cornwell a preliminary injunction against Sachs, opining that his claims were likely to be found baseless.

In 2007, during her libel suit against Sachs, Cornwell testified that Sachs had accused her in online postings of being a "Jew hater" and "neo-Nazi" who bribed judges, conspired to have him killed, and was under investigation by U.S. authorities. The court permanently enjoined Sachs from making defamatory accusations against Cornwell and awarded Cornwell $37,780 in damages to cover the costs of defending herself against Sachs' internet attacks.

Anchin, Block & Anchin
In 2004, Cornwell assigned management of her financial matters to New York-based Anchin, Block & Anchin, managed by principal Evan Snapper. Agreeing to pay the firm a base rate of $40,000/month, her lawyer later claimed that Cornwell had hired Snapper to insulate herself from her money due to her ongoing mental health issues, and that Snapper knew this and took advantage of her over her four-and-a-half-year relationship with the company.

Cornwell fired the firm after discovering in July 2009 that the net worth of her and her company, Cornwell Entertainment Inc., despite having above $10 million in earnings per year during the previous four years, was a little under $13 million, the equivalent of only one year's net income. After Cornwell filed the lawsuit, Snapper pleaded guilty to violating campaign finance regulations. The court case opened in January 2013, with Cornwell suing the firm for a combined sum of $100M. On February 19, a Boston jury awarded Cornwell US$50.9 million (£33.4 million).

Relationships
On June 14, 1980, shortly after graduating from Davidson College in North Carolina, she married one of her English professors, Charles L. Cornwell, who was 17 years her senior. Professor Cornwell later left his tenured professorship to become a preacher. In 1989, the couple separated, with Patricia retaining her married name after the divorce.

In 2006, Cornwell married Staci Gruber, an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard University. However, she did not disclose news of her marriage until 2007. Cornwell later stated that turning 50 had made her see the importance of speaking out for equal rights and spoke of how Billie Jean King had helped her come to terms with talking about her sexuality publicly. She lives with Gruber in Massachusetts.

Since childhood, Cornwell has been friends with the family of evangelist Billy Graham and his wife Ruth Bell, often serving as the family's unofficial spokesperson to the media. She also wrote an authorized biography of Ruth Bell Graham. Cornwell was previously a personal friend of former President George H. W. Bush, whom she referred to as "Big George", spending a number of weeks at the family's summer retreat in Kennebunkport, Maine.

Health problems
Cornwell has in the past suffered from anorexia nervosa and depression, which began in her late teens. She spoke openly about her struggle with bipolar disorder, but in 2015 said that she was misdiagnosed.

Political views
Since 1998, Cornwell has donated at least $84,000 to the Republican Party and $78,800 to the Democratic Party, and has made individual contributions to Republican and Democratic U.S. Senate candidates, including George Allen, John Warner, Orrin Hatch, Hillary Clinton, Nicola Tsongas, Charles Robb, and Mark Warner.

Cornwell has spoken negatively of the presidency of George W. Bush, saying, "I was supportive of young George W. Bush because I liked his family. I thought he was going to be another Big George. Boy, was I ever wrong. It's not a democracy so much as a theocracy, and those are not the principles this country was founded on."

Charity
Cornwell has made several notable charitable donations, including funding the Virginia Institute for Forensic Science and Medicine, funding scholarships to the University of Tennessee's National Forensics Academy and Davidson College's Creative Writing Program (the result of which is the Patricia Cornwell Creative Writing Scholarship, awarded to one or two incoming freshmen), and donating her collection of Walter Sickert paintings to Harvard University. As a member of the Harvard-affiliated McLean Hospital's National Council, she is an advocate for psychiatric research. She has also made million-dollar donations to the John Jay College of Criminal Justice for the Crime Scene Academy and to the Harvard Art Museum. She donated funds to the Richmond City Police Dept. and neighboring Henrico County Police Dept. to purchase bullet-proof vests for the police dogs. Cornwell is also a major contributor at the Five Star level to the Veterans Village of San Diego, with lifetime giving of more than $250,000. The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner in Baltimore, Maryland trains investigators in the Scarpetta House, a full-scale apartment donated by Cornwell, in which crime scenes are staged.

Hobbies
Patricia received her private helicopter license in 1999.

Fiction series

 * Kay Scarpetta series:
 * 1) Postmortem (1990)
 * 2) Body of Evidence (1991)
 * 3) All That Remains (1992)
 * 4) Cruel and Unusual (1993)
 * 5) The Body Farm (1994)
 * 6) From Potter's Field (1995)
 * 7) Cause of Death (1996)
 * 8) Unnatural Exposure (1997)
 * 9) Point of Origin (1998)
 * 10) * Scarpetta's Winter Table (1998)
 * 11) Black Notice (1999)
 * 12) The Last Precinct (2000)
 * 13) Blow Fly (2003)
 * 14) Trace (2004)
 * 15) Predator (2005)
 * 16) Book of the Dead (2007)
 * 17) Scarpetta (2008)
 * 18) The Scarpetta Factor (2009)
 * 19) Port Mortuary (2010)
 * 20) Red Mist (2011)
 * 21) The Bone Bed (2012)
 * 22) Dust (2013)
 * 23) Flesh and Blood (2014)
 * 24) Depraved Heart (2015)
 * 25) Chaos (2016)
 * 26) Autopsy (2021)
 * 27) Livid (2022)
 * 28) Unnatural Death (2023)
 * 29) Identity Unknown (2024)

 * Andy Brazil / Judy Hammer series:
 * 1) Hornet's Nest (1996)
 * 2) Southern Cross (1998)
 * 3) Isle of Dogs (2001)

 * Win Garano series:
 * 1) At Risk (2006)
 * 2) The Front (2008)

 * Captain Chase series:
 * 1) Quantum (2019)
 * 2) Spin (2020)

Children's books

 * Life's Little Fable (1999)

Non-fiction

 * A Time for Remembering: The Ruth Graham Bell Story (1983) [Reprinted as An Uncommon Friend: The Authorized Biography of Ruth Graham Bell (1996) and Ruth, A Portrait: The Story of Ruth Bell Graham (1997)] Biography of Ruth Bell Graham
 * Food to Die For: Secrets from Kay Scarpetta's Kitchen (2002)
 * Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper—Case Closed (2002)
 * Ripper: The Secret Life of Walter Sickert (2017)

Omnibus

 * The First Scarpetta Collection. Postmortem and Body of Evidence (1995)
 * A Scarpetta Omnibus: Postmortem, Body of Evidence, All that Remains (2000)
 * A Second Scarpetta Omnibus: Cruel and Unusual, The Body Farm, From Potter's Field (2000)
 * A Third Scarpetta Omnibus: Cause of Death, Unnatural Exposure & Point of Origin (2002)
 * The Scarpetta Collection Volume 1: Postmortem and Body of Evidence (2003)
 * The Scarpetta Collection Volume 2: All that Remains and Cruel and Unusual (2003)

Awards

 * ECPA Gold Medallion Book Award in the Biography/Autobiography category for A Time For Remembering (1985)
 * Edgar Award, John Creasey Memorial Award, Anthony Award, and Macavity Award; for Postmortem (1991) (Cornwell is the only author to receive these awards in a single year)
 * Prix du Roman d'Adventures for Postmortem (1992)
 * Gold Dagger for Cruel and Unusual (1993)
 * Sherlock Award for Best Detective for the character Kay Scarpetta (1999)
 * British Book Awards' Crime Thriller of the Year for Book of the Dead (2008) (Cornwell is the first American author to receive this award.)
 * RBA Prize for Crime Writing 2011 for Red Mist, the world's most lucrative crime fiction prize at €125,000.

title: Patricia Cornwell


text:
List of television spin-offs

A spin-off in television is a new series containing characters or settings that originated in a previous series, but with a different focus, tone, or theme. For example, the series Frasier was a spin-off of the earlier series Cheers: the character Frasier Crane was introduced as a secondary character on Cheers, and became the protagonist of his own series, set in a different city, in the spin-off. Spin-offs are particularly common in sitcom. A related phenomenon, not to be confused with the spin-off, is the crossover.

Some spin-offs are "engineered" to introduce a new character on the original television series, just so that that character can anchor the new spin-off – that episode of the original series is often known as a "backdoor pilot". For example, the character Avery Ryan appeared in two episodes of the Las Vegas-based CSI: Crime Scene Investigation before the premiere of CSI: Cyber.

A revival, a later remake of a preexisting show, is not a spin-off. This is the case in Doctor Who, where the 2005 series which begins with a new Doctor but maintains the existing continuity. An exception to this rule can be made to series such as The Transformers where the lines of continuity are blurred. If a television pilot was written but never shot, it is not considered a spin-off. When a show undergoes a name change, it is not necessarily a spin-off.

Neither is a reboot series, a term recently invented for motion pictures, which can also occur in television (e.g. The Battlestar Galactica series of 2003 is a reboot, not a spin-off of the 1978 version ). This is distinct from a revival in that there is little or no attempt to retain continuity, or casting, with the original. A recent example is the 1987 series Beauty and the Beast, rebooted as the 2012 CW television series Beauty & the Beast, which keeps only the main premise of a female law enforcement official aided by a man-beast, the New York City locale, and the names of the two main characters. The CW's Beauty & the Beast was later rebooted again as a HBO Max series starting in 2023.

NBC’s Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (1999-), which is the spin-off of NBC’s Law & Order (1990-2010; 2022-), is the longest-running spin-off series in American TV history with its landmark 25th season set to premiere on January 18, 2024.

The following is an alphabetical list of television spin-offs by their respective parent series.

title: List of television spin-offs


text:
List of premiers of Newfoundland and Labrador

The premier of Newfoundland and Labrador is current title of the first minister for the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador, which was at certain points in its history a colony, dominion, and province. The province had a system of responsible government from 1855 to 1934, and again since 1949. Newfoundland became a British crown colony in 1855, in 1907 it became a dominion, and in 1949, it became a province and joined Canadian Confederation. Since then, the province has been a part of the Canadian federation and has kept its own legislature to deal with provincial matters. The province was named Newfoundland and Labrador on April 1, 1949.

The province has a unicameral Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the premier is the leader of the party that controls the most seats in the House of Assembly. The premier is Newfoundland and Labrador's head of government, and the king of Canada is its head of state and is represented by the lieutenant governor of Newfoundland and Labrador. The premier picks a cabinet from the elected members to form the Executive Council of Newfoundland and Labrador, and presides over that body. Members are first elected to the House during general elections. General elections must be conducted every four years from the date of the last election. An election may also take place if the governing party loses the confidence of the legislature by the defeat of a supply bill or tabling of a confidence motion.

From 1855 to 1907, the position of first minister was known as premier. After the colony was granted dominion status, the position became known as prime minister. Democratic government was suspended in 1934 and replaced by an appointed Commission of Government, until 1949 Newfoundland became a province of Canada. Since the reinstitution of democratic government in 1949, the title of first minister has been premier.

Since 1855, Newfoundland and Labrador has been led by ten Colonial premiers, nine Dominion prime ministers, three chairmen of Commission of Government, and fourteen provincial premiers. Of the provincial premiers, seven are from the Liberal Party, and seven are from the Progressive Conservative Party.

Dominion Prime Ministers of Newfoundland (1907–1934)
By Royal Proclamation, the colony was granted dominion status on 26 September 1907 becoming the Dominion of Newfoundland with its head of government being given the title Prime Minister of the Dominion of Newfoundland.

Chairmen of the Commission of Government (1934–1949)
With the suspension of responsible government the dominion was administered by the Commission of Government, from 1934 to 1949. It was a body of seven appointed by the British government, made up of three British officials, three Newfoundlanders, and chaired by the Governor of Newfoundland.


text:
List of premiers of Saskatchewan

The premier of Saskatchewan, Canada, is the province's head of government since 1905. Saskatchewan uses a unicameral Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the premier is the leader of the party that has the support of a majority in the Legislative Assembly. The premier chooses a cabinet from the elected members to form the Executive Council of Saskatchewan, and presides over that body.

Members are first elected to the legislature during general elections. General elections must be conducted every five years from the date of the last election, but the premier may ask for early dissolution of the legislative assembly. An election may also happen if the governing party loses the confidence of the legislature, by the defeat of a supply bill or passage of a non-confidence motion.

Prior to 1905, Saskatchewan was part of the North-West Territories and was governed by the lieutenant-governor of the North-West Territories from 1870 until 1897, and the premier of the North-West Territories from 1897 to 1905.

List of premiers

 * colspan="10"|Premiers of the North-West Territories
 * colspan="10"|Premiers of the North-West Territories

 * colspan="10"|Premiers of Saskatchewan
 * colspan="10"|Premiers of Saskatchewan

title: List of premiers of Saskatchewan


text:
Walter Bagehot

Walter Bagehot (3 February 1826 – 24 March 1877) was an English journalist, businessman, and essayist, who wrote extensively about government, economics, literature and race. He is known for co-founding the National Review in 1855, and for his works The English Constitution and Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (1873).

Life
Bagehot was born in Langport, Somerset, England, on 3 February 1826. His father, Thomas Watson Bagehot, was managing director and vice-chairman of Stuckey's Bank. He attended University College London (UCL), where he studied mathematics and, in 1848, earned a master's degree in moral philosophy. Bagehot was called to the bar by Lincoln's Inn, but preferred to join his father in 1852 in his family's shipping and banking business.

In 1858, Bagehot married Elizabeth (Eliza) Wilson (1832–1921), whose father, James Wilson, was the founder and owner of The Economist. The couple were happily married until Bagehot's untimely death at age 51, but had no children. A collection of their love-letters was published in 1933.

Journalism
In 1855, Bagehot founded the National Review with his friend Richard Holt Hutton. In 1861, he became editor-in-chief of The Economist. In the 16 years he served as its editor, Bagehot expanded the reporting of politics by The Economist, and increased its influence among policy-makers. He was widely accepted by the British establishment and was elected to the Athenaeum in 1875.

Works

In 1867, Bagehot wrote The English Constitution, a book that explores the nature of the constitution of the United Kingdom, specifically its Parliament and monarchy. It appeared at the same time that Parliament enacted the Reform Act of 1867, requiring Bagehot to write an extended introduction to the second edition which appeared in 1872.

Bagehot also wrote Physics and Politics (1872), in which he examines how civilisations sustain themselves, arguing that, in their earliest phase, civilisations are very much in opposition to the values of modern liberalism, insofar as they are sustained by conformism and military success but, once they are secured, it is possible for them to mature into systems which allow for greater diversity and freedom.

His viewpoint was based on his distinction between the qualities of an "accomplished man" and those of a "rude man", which he considered to be the result of iterative inheritances by which the "nervous organisation" of the individual became increasingly refined down through the generations. He regarded that distinction as a moral achievement whereby, through the actions of the will, the "accomplished" elite was able to morally differentiate themselves from "rude men" by a "hereditary drill". He equally applied such reasoning to develop a form of pseudoscientific racism, whereby those of mixed race lacked any "inherited creed" or "fixed traditional sentiments" upon which, he considered, human nature depended.

He attempted to provide empirical support for his views by citing John Lubbock and Edward Tylor although, in their writings on human evolution, neither of them accepted arguments for innate hereditary differences, as opposed to cultural inheritance. Tylor, in particular, rejected Bagehot's view of the centrality of physical heredity, or that the modern "savage" mind had become "tattooed over with monstrous images" by which base instincts had been preserved in crevices, as opposed to accomplished European man, for whom such instincts had been smoothed away through the inherited will to exercise reason.

In Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market (1873) Bagehot seeks to explain the world of finance and banking. His observations on finance are often cited by central bankers, in particular in the period in wake of the global financial crisis which began in 2007. More specifically, there was particular popularity "Bagehot's Dictum" that in times of crisis of the financial system, central banks should lend freely to solvent depository institutions, yet only against sound collateral and at interest rates high enough to dissuade those borrowers that are not genuinely in need.

Legacy
Bagehot never fully recovered from a bout of pneumonia he suffered in 1867, and he died in 1877 from complications of what was said to be a cold. Collections of Bagehot's literary, political, and economic essays were published after his death. Their subjects ranged from Shakespeare and Disraeli to the price of silver. Every year, the British Political Studies Association awards the Walter Bagehot Prize for the best dissertation in the field of government and public administration.

Minor planet 2901 Bagehot, discovered by Luboš Kohoutek, is named in his honor.

The Economist carries a weekly current affairs commentary entitled "Bagehot", which is named in his honour and is described as "an analysis of British life and politics, in the tradition of Walter Bagehot". , the column has been written by Duncan Robinson, political editor of the publication.

Major publications

 * (1848). "Principles of Political Economy," The Prospective Review, Vol. 4, No. 16, pp. 460–502.
 * (1858). Estimates of Some Englishmen and Scotchmen.
 * (1867; second edition, 1872). The English Constitution. (online)
 * (1872). Physics and Politics (online).
 * (1873). Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market. (online)
 * (1875). "A New Standard of Value," The Economist, Vol. 33, No. 1682, pp. 1361–63.
 * (1877). Some Articles on the Depreciation of Silver and on Topics Connected with It.
 * (1879). Literary Studies.
 * Vol I
 * Vol III
 * (1880). Economic Studies.
 * (1881). Biographical Studies.
 * (1885). The Postulates of English Political Economy.
 * (1889). The Works of Walter Bagehot.
 * (1933). The Love Letters of Walter Bagehot and Eliza Wilson (with his spouse).

title: Walter Bagehot


text:
Talk:Pandora

What Works and Days translation for quotes?
Anyone know what translation of Works and Days is being used in the article for the quotes? Paul August ☎ 09:57, 10 April 2017 (UTC)

Pandora in Theogony?
This article cites Hesiod's Theogony, repeatedly, but Pandora is not in that poem. In Works and Days, the name "Pandora" specifically comes from the fact that "all who lived on Olympus gave a gift" (81-82). In the Theogony (560ff), the text says that only Hephaestus and Athena contribute to the woman that is made. Ergo, she cannot be Pandora.

Furthermore, Athena's role isn't even the same in the two poems. In Theogony, she gives the woman a veil. In W&D, she teaches Pandora how to weave.

Significantly, the unnamed woman in Theogony is identified as the first woman, but Pandora does not receive that label. Furthermore, the woman in Theogony has no jar of evils to open, a la Pandora in W&D.

In both cases, a woman is made because Zeus is mad at Prometheus, but there is no indication that one should interpret them as one and the same. Doing so is to read the texts with the mindset that Hesiod was trying to write sacred texts (in a Biblical sense) that should be reconciled with each other. But he explicitly tells us that this is not what he's doing. W&D is designed to teach his brother not to be an ass. Theogony is the Muses' version of how Zeus came to power. Neither one disguises its purpose. Meshing the two poems into one sacred narrative of creations ignores the stated goal of each.

I'm not going to change the page itself because there is a fair amount of talk by people who seem pretty invested in this, but I maintain that talking about the woman in Theogony and Pandora in W&D as identical and drawing evidence from both, without even acknowledging the vastly different nature of the two poems is a misuse of the evidence.

Cme244, (talk) 03:16, 7 September 2017 (UTC): C. Erlinger CME244
 * All the scholarly sources I've seem treat these two as essentially the same. Paul August ☎ 17:40, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Pandora's curiosity
Copied from my talk page:

Thanks for spotting the error in my recent edit to Pandora's box. I'm currently working on 'modern' literary and artistic interpretations of Pandora and remembered the detail that Hera gifted her with curiosity without checking the Hesiod source. Hera's gift is mentioned in any number of post 2000 books but I can't find any old and reputable source that does so. I'll continue looking, because it bothers me where that story comes from; but if you already know, I'd be grateful if you could give me the reference. My best guess is that it was slipped into the 15th C Latin version of Hesiod, or it may be in the Calderon drama. Sweetpool50 (talk) 11:51, 17 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I don't know where the curiosity meme comes from, but I've looked before and I don't think it is from any ancient source. But I could be wrong, it's hard to prove a negative ;-) Paul August ☎ 12:13, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

I notice your name as among the editors of the Pandora article, so I guess you may eventually be looking at the additions I uploaded this evening. If the last section there seems to end abruptly, that's because there is another to follow. So far I wanted to integrate bits taken from already existing sections into a new context. It was all getting rather complicated, so I decided to go ahead with what I had so far. I may not get another chance for a day or two! Sweetpool50 (talk) 22:39, 17 January 2018 (UTC)

End of copied text

Paul August ☎ 17:45, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

Using the term "misogynous' in the lead
Misogyny is a pretty subjective term. I disagree with including the term in the lead. I am going to be bold and remove it. If you disagree with this edit, feel free to undo, just please comment in here explaining why you feel it should be undone. JDDJS (talk) 21:37, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

 * It would help if you knew something about the subject instead of going off half-cocked with your subjective views. Hesiod's account of Pandora is notorious for its misogyny and I've provided just one reference (from a scholarly introduction) out of many that are possible. That wasn't a bold edit, it was plain ignorant. Sweetpool50 (talk) 23:58, 16 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Your tone is pretty close to making personal attacks and unnecessary. You also don't seem to understand my point. It's not about sources. Misogyny is subjective, and we don't usually use subjective terms like that. For example, we don't say Meryl Streep is the best actress of her generation, despite there being multiple sources saying that. We instead say "Cited in the media as the 'best actress of her generation' ". JDDJS (talk) 01:03, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I take 's point about the use of the word "misogynous", and approve of the recent rewording by JDDJS, as amendeded by . Paul August ☎ 09:32, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank you, . I am glad we seem to be arriving at a satisfactory version. My annoyance at the former intervention was because I interpreted the quibble over wording as an example of WP:WIKILAWYERING. The adjective 'misogynous' derives originally from the noun 'misogyny', which refers to an predominating attitude, not to a subjective evaluation; used of Hesiod's stance, it is a legitimate as well as a well-documented description. Though the word might and indeed has been applied to Hesiod's subjective attitude, there should be no objection to use of the term 'misogynous' in itself. That is a subjective use of WP guidelines that was never intended. Sweetpool50 (talk) 16:46, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

Josef Abel Painting Title and subject
The title of the painting in the 'Works and Days' section by Josef Abel is 'Prometheus, Merkur, and die Pandora' in German, which translates to 'Prometheus, Mercury, and Pandora' in English. The seated figure is Prometheus, not Zeus. Hence why the same painting is used on the 'Prometheus' page in German Wikipedia.

Pandora is the standing female figure on the left, made evident by the pithos she holds; and Prometheus, recognizable by the fact he's holding a torch, is trying to protect Man (his creation) from her. Zeus is not in this painting. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.21.186.182 (talk) 21:24, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

 * The point at issue is that there is, however plausible, no source given for the interpretation given the scene by the editor, and certainly not in the painting's German title. The editor alse needs to learn how to sign his name to his remarks here. Sweetpool50 (talk) 00:09, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I agree that the central seated figure is Prometheus not Zeus (I've also added some description to caption). I also think that IP 67.21.186.182's interpretation—that the (clay?) figure on the pedestal is Prometheus' creation Man, and that Prometheus is trying to protect Man from Pandora—is correct, but we would need a reliable source (see Paul August ☎ 10:24, 22 March 2021 (UTC)

Contentious edit
has removed a sourced statement from the lede and deleted another that is sourced in a later section with the misleading summary "gross over-linking; removing absurd statement that Pandora influenced Jewish theology". He should explain here first the justification for such heavy-handed removal of sourced material. Sweetpool50 (talk) 19:49, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

Why did Zeus give her the box?
Nobody knows why she got the box somebody else could have gotten it from Zeus. So why her? 203.218.160.94 (talk) 06:50, 14 May 2023 (UTC)

Reference Needed for This Claim
The statement "It has been argued that Hesiod's interpretation of Pandora's story went on to influence both Jewish and Christian theology..." needs a reference. Who argued this and what was the argument? Any statement starting with "It has been argued..." comes across as an unsupported attribution (aka "Weasel Words"). JessIAm (talk) 18:14, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * The lead summarises what is argued in the rest of the article. The sources you demand are cited in the section "Pandora's relationship to Eve". If you'd take the trouble to learn how Wikipedia works and to read the whole of the article, you might learn that its function is not to confirm the prejudices of readers. Sweetpool50 (talk) 18:45, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

No Hera?
The article currently does not cite Hera or explain why Zeus gave her the box; both are questions discussed above.
 * (curiosity from Hera) Sweetpool50 (talk) 11:51, 17 January 2018.
 * I couldn’t find a 2nd site to corroborate this.
 * These sites are comprehensive but don’t address it (that I can see)
 * https://www.theoi.com/.
 * https://mythopedia.com/topics/zeus

 * (why Zeus gave her the box) 203.218.160.94 (talk) 06:50, 14 May 2023.
 * Lots of sites answer this.

 * This site answers both. https://www.greeka.com/greece-myths/pandora/

(I don’t know how to tell if they are reliable enough). MBG02 (talk) 23:06, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pandora


text:
Albert County, New Brunswick

Albert County (2016 population 29,158) is New Brunswick's third-youngest county, located on the Western side of the Petitcodiac River on the Chignecto Bay in the Bay of Fundy; the shire town is Hopewell Cape. The county was established in 1845 from parts of Westmorland County and Saint John County, and named after Prince Albert. Since the abolition of county municipal governments in 1967, its best-known use is as a census division.

The mineral albertite was discovered a few miles away in 1849, giving rise to Albert Mines.

Municipalities
There are four municipalities within Albert County (listed by 2016 population):

Parishes
The county's six parishes serve as rural census subdivisions, which do not include the municipalities within them (listed by 2016 population):

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Albert County had a population of $30,749$ living in $12,913$ of its $13,476$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $29,158$. With a land area of 1806.23 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Access Routes
Highways and numbered routes that run through the county, including external routes that start or finish at the county limits:

 * Highways
 * None

 * Principal Routes

 * Secondary Routes:

 * External Routes:
 * None

Protected areas and attractions

 * Fundy National Park
 * Chignecto North
 * Headquarters
 * Point Wolfe
 * Visitors Centre
 * Hopewell Rocks
 * Shepody National Wildlife Area
 * Wilson Brook Natural Protected Area
 * Cape Enrage
 * Albert County Museum

title: Albert County, New Brunswick


text:
Talk:To Kill a Mockingbird

"To Assassinate a Mockingbird" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=To_Assassinate_a_Mockingbird&redirect=no To Assassinate a Mockingbird] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 18:42, 8 April 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 26 April 2023
205.133.211.194 (talk) 18:46, 26 April 2023 (UTC) In the novel Atticus is a positive role model to his children Jem, and Scout on doing the right thing in a society where being equal is not favored. Atticus defends a African American young Scout, and Jem is able to see people for who they truly are regardless of their race. For example, when Mr. Fitch took on the case of defending Mr. Robinson, there was a group of men who showed up to Atticus' front door, angry about him defending a black man against a white woman. When Scout and Jem realize the men surrounding their father the children run over to defend their father. This is a powerful scene because the audience starts to realize the innocent hearts of the children sticking by what is right. Jem sticks by his dads side until the mob leaves, and in this situation Scout shuts down the situation with kindness. Scout is seen signaling out a man who presents himself as a nice man earlier in the novel who Atticus accepts collards from in exchange for legal work that the family can not afford. Scout went to school with the man’s son named Walter. She mentions how Walter is a nice boy, and to tell his son that she says hello. The statement clearly impacts Mr. Cunningham, makes him feel guilty, and forces him to reevaluate his decision to harass Atticus. The Soft kind tone Scout displays shuts the situation down with kindness and the angry mob leaves.
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate.  JTP (talk • contribs) 19:34, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

First paragraph in themes section is irrelevant
the first paragraph in the themes section is useless, irrelevant opinion and the people cited are not anyone of such a status that their opinions should be regarded with any seriousness. It should be removed because it reads like it was written by a spiteful high school freshman. AmbiguousWitch (talk) 07:14, 23 November 2023 (UTC)

"Classic"
"To Kill a Mockingbird has become a classic of modern American literature"

Is it ok to call something a "classic" as a factual statement? Even with something like "To kill a Mockingbird" it seems like a subjective thing to me, rather than saying "it is widely regarded as a classic". I'm asking out of curiosity. Dornwald (talk) 22:46, 25 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:To Kill a Mockingbird


text:
Carleton County, New Brunswick

Carleton County (2016 population 26,220 ) is located in west-central New Brunswick, Canada.

The western border is Aroostook County, Maine, the northern border is Victoria County, and the southeastern border is York County from which it was formed in 1831. The Saint John River bisects the western section of the county. The Southwest Miramichi River flows through the eastern section of the county. Potato farming is a major industry. The scenic town of Hartland is home to the longest covered bridge in the world.

Communities
There are five incorporated municipalities within Carleton County (listed by 2016 population):

First Nations
There is one First Nations reserve in Carleton County, the Woodstock_First_Nation:

Parishes
The county is subdivided into eleven parishes (listed by 2016 population):

Demographics
As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Carleton County had a population of $26,360$ living in $11,120$ of its $11,865$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $26,178$. With a land area of 3309.06 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Population trend

Mother tongue language (2011)

title: Carleton County, New Brunswick


text:
Pulldown

Pulldown may refer to:
 * Pulldown (casting), a type of casting defect
 * Pull-down resistor, a type of resistor use
 * Pull-down assay, a biochemical protein extraction technique
 * Pull-down menu. See Menu (computing)

Fitness

 * Pulldown exercise, a compound exercise designed to stress and develop the Latissimus dorsi.
 * A mark (Australian football)

Media

 * Negative pulldown, the difference between 2-, 3-, and 4-perf movie camera frame movements
 * Pull-down curtain
 * Telecine, the methods of 3:2 pulldown in video conversion

title: Pulldown