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Amy Johnson

Amy Johnson (born 1 July 1903 – disappeared 5 January 1941) was a pioneering English pilot, who was the first woman to fly solo from London to Australia.

Flying solo or with her husband, Jim Mollison, she set many long-distance records during the 1930s. In 1933, Katharine Hepburn's character in the film Christopher Strong was inspired by Johnson. She flew in the Second World War as a part of the Air Transport Auxiliary and disappeared during a ferry flight. The cause of her death has been a subject of discussion over many years.

Early life
Born in 1903 in Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, Amy Johnson was the daughter of Amy Hodge, granddaughter of William Hodge, a Mayor of Hull, and John William Johnson whose family were fish merchants in the firm of Andrew Johnson, Knudtzon and Company. She was the eldest of three sisters, the next in age being Irene who was a year younger.

Johnson was educated at Boulevard Municipal Secondary School, later Kingston High School, and the University of Sheffield, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. She then worked in London as secretary to a solicitor, William Charles Crocker. She was introduced to flying as a hobby, gaining an aviator's certificate, No. 8662, on 28 January 1929, and a pilot's "A" licence, No. 1979, on 6 July 1929, both at the London Aeroplane Club under the tutelage of Captain Valentine Baker. In 1929, she became the first British woman to obtain a ground engineer's "C" licence.

Johnson was a friend and collaborator of Fred Slingsby whose Yorkshire based company, Slingsby Aviation of Kirbymoorside, North Yorkshire, became the UK's most famous glider manufacturer. Slingsby helped found Yorkshire Gliding Club at Sutton Bank and during the 1930s she was an early member and trainee.

Aviation
Johnson obtained the funds for her first aircraft from her father, who was always one of her strongest supporters, and Lord Wakefield. She purchased a secondhand de Havilland DH.60 Gipsy Moth G-AAAH and named it Jason after her father's business trade mark.

In 1930, Johnson achieved worldwide recognition when she became the first woman to fly solo from England to Australia. Flying G-AAAH Jason, she left Croydon Airport, Surrey, on 5 May and landed at Darwin, Northern Territory on 24 May, 11,000 miles (18,000 km) later. Six days after, she damaged her aircraft while landing downwind at Brisbane airport and flew to Sydney with Captain Frank Follett while her plane was repaired. Jason was later flown to Mascot, Sydney, by Captain Lester Brain. Jason is now on permanent display in the Flight Gallery of the Science Museum in London.

She received the Harmon Trophy as well as a CBE in George V's 1930 Birthday Honours in recognition of this achievement, and was honoured with the No. 1 civil pilot's licence under Australia's 1921 Air Navigation Regulations. Johnson next obtained a de Havilland DH.80 Puss Moth G-AAZV which she named Jason II. In July 1931, she and co-pilot Jack Humphreys became the first people to fly from London to Moscow in one day, completing the 1760 mi journey in approximately 21 hours. From there, they continued across Siberia and on to Tokyo, setting a record time for Britain to Japan.

In 1932, Johnson married Scottish pilot Jim Mollison, who had proposed to her during a flight together, eight hours after they had first met. In July 1932, Johnson set a solo record for a flight from London to Cape Town, South Africa in a Puss Moth G-ACAB, named Desert Cloud, breaking her new husband's record. De Havilland Co and Castrol Oil featured this flight in advertising campaigns.

In July 1933, Johnson and Mollison flew a G-ACCV, named Seafarer, a de Havilland DH.84 Dragon I, nonstop from Pendine Sands, South Wales, heading to Floyd Bennett Field in Brooklyn, New York. The aim was to take Seafarer to the starting point for the Mollisons' attempt at achieving a world record distance flying non-stop from New York to Baghdad.

Running low on fuel and flying in the dark, the pair made the decision to land short of New York. Spotting the lights of Bridgeport Municipal Airport, now Sikorsky Memorial Airport, in Stratford, Connecticut they circled it five times before crash landing some distance outside the field in a drainage ditch. Both were thrown from the aircraft but suffered only cuts and gashes. After recuperating, the pair were feted by New York society and received a ticker tape parade down Wall Street.

In 1934, the Mollisons flew in record time, from Britain to India in a G-ACSP, named Black Magic, a de Havilland DH.88 Comet, as part of the Britain to Australia MacRobertson Air Race. They were forced to retire from the race at Allahabad because of engine trouble.

In September 1934, Johnson, under her married name of Mollison, became the youngest president of the Women's Engineering Society, having been vice-president since 1934. Johnson succeeded Elizabeth M. Kennedy in the role. Johnson was succeeded as President by Edith Mary Douglas. She was active in the society until her death.

On 4 May 1936, Johnson made her last record-breaking flight, starting from Gravesend Airport and regaining her Britain to South Africa record in G-ADZO, a Percival Gull Six. In 1936, she was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club.

She further honed her gliding skills with the Midland Gliding Club, based in Shropshire, which she joined in October 1937, and remained an active flying member until gliding was suspended following the outbreak of the Second World War. In 1938, Johnson overturned her glider, when landing after a display at Walsall Aerodrome in England, but was not seriously hurt. Following the accident, she told reporters, "I still declare that gliding is the safest form of flying." In 1937, she divorced Mollison. Soon afterwards, she reverted to her maiden name.

Johnson began to explore other ways to make a living through business ventures, journalism and fashion. She modelled clothes for the designer Elsa Schiaparelli and created her a travelling bag sold under her own name.

In 1939, Johnson found work flying with the Portsmouth, Southsea and Isle of Wight Aviation Company, piloting short flights across the Solent and flying as a target for searchlight batteries and anti-aircraft gunners to practise on.

Second World War
During the Second World War, Johnson's employing company’s aircraft were given over by the Air Ministry in March 1940. She was served a notice of redundancy alongside all other pilots in the company, as all the aircraft were requisitioned for the war effort. She received a week's pay and a further four weeks' pay of £40 as a redundancy package.

Two months later, Johnson joined the newly formed Air Transport Auxiliary (ATA), which transported Royal Air Force aircraft around the country. She rose to first officer under the command of her friend and fellow pilot Pauline Gower. Her former husband also flew for the ATA throughout the war. Johnson described a typical day in her life in the ATA in a humorous article, published posthumously in 1941, for The Woman Engineer journal.

Disappearance
In a last letter to her friend, Caroline Haslett, on New Year's Day 1941, Johnson wrote: "I hope the gods will watch over you this year, and I wish you the best of luck (the only useful thing not yet taxed!)". On 5 January 1941, while flying an Airspeed Oxford for the ATA from Prestwick via RAF Squires Gate to RAF Kidlington near Oxford, Johnson went off-course in adverse weather conditions. Reportedly out of fuel, she bailed out as her aircraft crashed into the Thames Estuary near Herne Bay.

A convoy of wartime vessels in the Thames Estuary spotted Johnson's parachute coming down and saw her alive in the water, calling for help. Conditions were poor: there was a heavy sea and a strong tide, snow was falling and it was intensely cold. Lt Cmdr Walter Fletcher, the Captain of HMS Haslemere, navigated his ship to attempt a rescue. The crew of the vessel threw ropes out to Johnson, but she was unable to reach them and was lost under the ship. A number of witnesses believed there was a second body in the water.

Fletcher dived in and swam out to this, rested on it for a few minutes and then let go. When the lifeboat reached him he was unconscious and as a result of the intense cold he died in hospital days later. Johnson's watertight flying bag, her log book and cheque book later washed up, and were recovered near the crash site.

A memorial service was held for Johnson in the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields on 14 January 1941. Lt Cmdr Walter Fletcher was posthumously awarded the Albert Medal in May 1941.

Disputed circumstances
In 1999, it was reported that Johnson's death may have been caused by friendly fire. Tom Mitchell, from Crowborough, Sussex, claimed to have shot Johnson's aircraft down when she twice failed to give the correct identification code during the flight. Mitchell explained how the aircraft was sighted and contacted by radio. A request was made for the signal. She gave the wrong one twice. "Sixteen rounds of shells were fired and the plane dived into the Thames Estuary. We all thought it was an enemy plane until the next day when we read the papers and discovered it was Amy. The officers told us never to tell anyone what happened."

In 2016, Alec Gill, a historian, claimed that the son of a ship's crew member stated that Johnson had died because she was sucked into the blades of the ship's propellers. The crewman did not observe this to occur, but believes it is true.

As a member of the ATA with no known grave, her body never recovered, Johnson is commemorated, under the name of Amy V. Johnson, by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission on the Air Forces Memorial at Runnymede.

Honours and tributes
In June 1930, Johnson's flight to Australia was the subject of a contemporary popular song, "Amy, Wonderful Amy", composed by Horatio Nicholls and recorded by Harry Bidgood, Jack Hylton, Arthur Lally, Arthur Rosebery and Debroy Somers. She was also the guest of honour at the opening of the first Butlins holiday camp, in Skegness in 1936. From 1935 to 1937, Johnson was President of the Women's Engineering Society.

A collection of Amy Johnson souvenirs and mementos was donated by her father to Sewerby Hall in 1958. The hall now houses a room dedicated to Amy Johnson in its museum. In 1974, Harry Ibbetson's statue of Amy Johnson was unveiled in Prospect Street, Hull where a girls' school was named after her (the school closed in 2004).

In 2016, new statues of Johnson were unveiled to commemorate the 75th anniversary of her death. The first, on 17 September, was at Herne Bay, close to the site where she was last seen alive, and the second, on 30 September, was unveiled by Maureen Lipman near Hawthorne Avenue, Hull, close to Johnson's childhood home.

In 2017, The Guardian listed the Amy Johnson bronze as one of the "best female statues in Britain". A blue plaque commemorates Johnson at Vernon Court, Hendon Way, in Childs Hill, London NW2. She is commemorated with a green plaque on The Avenues, Kingston upon Hull. She is commemorated with another blue plaque in Princes Risborough where she lived for a year.

Buildings named in Johnson's honour include:
 * "Amy Johnson Building" housing the department of Automatic Control and Systems Engineering at the University of Sheffield.
 * "Amy Johnson Primary School" situated on Mollison Drive on the Roundshaw Estate, Wallington, Surrey, which is built on the former runway site of Croydon Airport.
 * "The Hawthornes @ Amy Johnson" in Hull, a major housing development by Keepmoat Homes on the site of the former Amy Johnson School.
 * "Amy Johnson Comet Restoration Centre" at Derby Airfield, where the Mollisons' DH.88 Comet Black Magic is being restored to flying condition.
 * "Amy Johnson House" in Cherry Orchard Road, Croydon was named for her; built in the 20th century, it was demolished in the mid-2010s.
 * "Amy's Restaurant and Bar" at the Hilton hotels at both London Gatwick and Stansted airports are named after her.

Other tributes to Johnson include a KLM McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 and, after that aircraft was retired, a Norwegian Air UK Boeing 787-9, named in her honour.

"Amy Johnson Avenue" is a main road running northwards from Tiger Brennan Drive, Winnellie, to McMillans Rd, Karama, in Darwin, Australia.

"Amy Johnson Way" is a road linking commercial premises in Blackpool, Lancashire, UK, adjacent to Blackpool Airport. It is also the name of a road in Clifton Moor, York.

"Johnson Road" is one of the roads built on the site of the former Heston Aerodrome in west London.

In 2011 the Royal Aeronautical Society established the annual Amy Johnson Named Lecture to celebrate a century of women in flight and to honour Britain's most famous female aviator. Carolyn McCall, Chief Executive of EasyJet, delivered the Inaugural Lecture on 6 July 2011 at the Society's headquarters in London. The Lecture is held on or close to 6 July every year to mark the date in 1929 when Amy Johnson was awarded her pilot's licence.

Over a six-month period, inmates of Hull Prison built a full-size model of the Gipsy Moth aircraft used by Johnson to fly solo from Britain to Australia. In February 2017 this went on public display at Hull Paragon Interchange.

In 2017, Google commemorated Johnson's 114th birthday with a Google Doodle.

In 2017, the airline Norwegian painted the tail fin of two of its aircraft with a portrait of Johnson. She is one of the company's "British tail fin heroes", joining Queen singer Freddie Mercury, children's author Roald Dahl, England's World Cup winning captain Bobby Moore and aviation entrepreneur Sir Freddie Laker.

A mural reading QUEEN OF THE AIR (which was a nickname the British press gave Johnson) was painted in Cricklewood railway station to commemorate the 100-year anniversary of women obtaining the right to vote in the UK.

St Mary's Church in Beverley, East Yorkshire announced their intention of installing a stone carving of Amy Johnson as part of a programme of celebrating women in the restoration of the stonework of the medieval church in 2021. The other eight figures will include fellow engineer and WES member Hilda Lyon, Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Seacole, Marie Curie, Rosalind Franklin, Helen Sharman and Ada Lovelace.

In popular culture
Johnson's life has been the subject of a number of treatments in film and television, some more accurately biographical than others. In 1942, a film of Johnson's life, They Flew Alone, was made by director-producer Herbert Wilcox, starring Anna Neagle as Johnson, and Robert Newton as Mollison. The movie is known in the United States as Wings and the Woman.

Amy! (1980) was an avant-garde documentary written and directed by feminist film theorist Laura Mulvey and semiologist Peter Wollen. A 1984 BBC television film Amy starred Harriet Walter in the title role. In the 1991, Australian television miniseries The Great Air Race, aka Half a World Away, based on the 1934 MacRobertson Air Race, Johnson was portrayed by Caroline Goodall.

Johnson earned a passing mention in other works such as the 2007 British film adaption of Noel Streatfeild's 1936 novel Ballet Shoes, wherein the character Petrova is inspired by Johnson in her dreams of becoming an aviator.

In radio, the 2002 BBC Radio broadcast The Typist who Flew to Australia, a play by Helen Cross, presented the theme that Johnson's aviation career was prompted by years of boredom in an unsatisfying job as a typist and sexual adventures including a seven-year affair with a Swiss businessman who married someone else.

In music, Johnson inspired a number of works, including the song "Flying Sorcery" from Scottish singer-songwriter Al Stewart's album, Year of the Cat (1976). A Lone Girl Flier and Just Plain Johnnie (Jack O'Hagan) sung by Bob Molyneux, and Johnnie, Our Aeroplane Girl sung by Jack Lumsdaine. Queen of the Air (2008) by Peter Aveyard is a musical tribute to Johnson. Indie pop band The Lucksmiths used a clip of her Australia welcome speech as an intro to their song The Golden Age of Aviation.

More fictionalised portrayals include a Doctor Who Magazine comic story in 2013 titled "A Wing and a Prayer", in which the time-travelling Doctor encounters Johnson in 1930. He tells Clara Oswald her death is a fixed point in time. Clara realises what's important is that it appears Amy died. They save her from drowning and then take her to the planet Cornucopia.

The character Worrals in the series of books by Captain W. E. Johns was modelled on Amy Johnson.

In 2023, screenwriter Sally Wainwright, best known for Happy Valley, revealed that she was interested in writing a drama about Johnson but "failed to convince" TV channels

title: Amy Johnson


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Spoonbill

Spoonbills are a genus, Platalea, of large, long-legged wading birds. The spoonbills have a global distribution, being found on every continent except Antarctica. The genus name Platalea derives from Ancient Greek and means "broad", referring to the distinctive shape of the bill. Six species are recognised, which although usually placed in a single genus have sometimes been split into three genera.

All spoonbills have large, flat, spatulate bills and feed by wading through shallow water, sweeping the partly opened bill from side to side. The moment any small aquatic creature touches the inside of the bill—an insect, crustacean, or tiny fish—it is snapped shut. Spoonbills generally prefer fresh water to salt but are found in both environments. They need to feed many hours each day.

Taxonomy
The genus Platalea was introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae. The genus name is Latin for "spoonbill" and is derived from the Ancient Greek platea meaning "broad", referring to the distinctive shape of the bill. The type species was designated as the Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia) by George Robert Gray in 1840.

They have traditionally been thought to form one of two subfamilies, Plataleinae, in the family Threskiornithidae, which also includes the ibises (Threskiornithinae). Molecular studies, including a 2013 study, have suggested instead that they form a clade within the family with several cosmopolitan ibis genera, separate from another clade of New World ibises.

A 2010 study of mitochondrial DNA of the spoonbills by Chesser and colleagues found that the roseate and yellow-billed spoonbills were each other's closest relative, and the two were descended from an early offshoot from the ancestors of the other four spoonbill species. They felt the genetic evidence meant it was equally valid to consider all six to be classified within the genus Platalea or alternatively for two of the species to be placed in monotypic genera named as Platibis and Ajaja. However, as the six species were so similar morphologically, keeping them within the one genus made more sense.

Description
Spoonbills are most easily distinguished from ibises in the shape of their bill, which is long and flat and wider at the end. The nostrils are located near the base of the bill so that the bird can breathe while the bill is submerged in water. The eyes are positioned to provide spoonbills with binocular vision, although, when foraging, tactile senses are important too. Like ibises, spoonbills have bare patches of skin around the bill and eyes.

Breeding
Spoonbills are monogamous, but, so far as is known, only for one season at a time. Most species nest in trees or reed beds, often with ibises or herons. The male gathers nesting material—mostly sticks and reeds, sometimes taken from an old nest—the female weaves it into a large, shallow bowl or platform which varies in its shape and structural integrity according to species.

The female lays a clutch of about three smooth, oval, white eggs and both parents incubate; chicks hatch one at a time rather than all together. The newly hatched young are blind and cannot care for themselves immediately; both parents feed them by partial regurgitation. Chicks' bills are short and straight, and only gain the characteristic spoonbill shape as they mature. Their feeding continues for a few weeks longer after the family leaves the nest. The primary cause of brood failure appears not to be predation but starvation.

Species and distribution
The six species of spoonbill are distributed over much of the world.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Spoonbill


text:
Talk:Heidelberg

Derivation of the Name
"The name Heidelberg is an adaptation of Heidelbeerenberg, which means Huckleberry Mountain." - A huckleberry is the fruit of a N. American shrub, it could hardly be the name of a German city. So this is clearly rubbish.

-- Actually, "Heidelbeere" is more of a blueberry - which grows around Heidelberg. It's not known though what the name "Heidelberg" is derived from (to my knowledge). "Heidelbeerberg" is just the most popular theory. Some other, less popular, theories derive the name from e.g. "Heidenberg" (Heathen Mountain, in reference to the ancient Celt settlement on an adjacent hill) or "Heide-Berg" (Heather Mountain). The name has been consistent in written documents since 1196, with only minor differences. The question of where the word "Heidelberg" is derived from has been around since the late 1500s. The German wikipedia entry for Heidelberg doesn't refer to the name or attempt an explanation at all btw. Kato2k6 14:01, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

Directions
These have been single, nonhyphenated words in English for centuries: southwest, northwest, northeast, southeast, southwestern, northwestern, northeastern, and southeastern.

For example, both the Northwest Territory in the United States (est. 1787) and the Northwest Territories in Canada are very old places. 98.81.20.38 (talk) 02:11, 3 August 2011 (UTC)

"Villages"
Villages: What is listed as "Villages" in the article are in fact only distinct part of the city itself. --84.172.245.128 16:04, 4 August 2006 (UTC) The article claimed that the University was Europe's "third oldest" educational institute, which is clearly untrue;it is about number 30. I have toned it down. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.9.52.174 (talk) 15:46, 6 November 2007 (UTC)

MUFFINS ARE SO GOOD! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.84.215.178 (talk) 23:56, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Hi, I live near Heidelberg and I don't think that the city is most famous for its university. To my opinion it is the castle -- specialy the Americans and Japanese come to Heidelberg because of the famous castle. --Juergen

 * Having lived in Heidelberg, I would agree. Arrogant Academic-type might know the University better, but, for the most part, the castle is better known. --The Saxon 17:07, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

 * Hi, I live in Heidelberg: There are two untrue things in this article:

I change that and since I agree with Juergen I'll add the castel to the most famous things in Heidelberg-- Titus
 * 1) There was little destruction by the French during the war. This is in fact a legend. Most of the destruction was caused by the citizens after the war. They stole stones from the castle to rebuild their houses.
 * 2) Heidelberg is not World Heritage Site. Not yet and maybe it will never be.  The process  of the application at the UNESCO is still ongoing. See press release of the adminitration of Heidelberg (German):  http://www.heidelberg.de/aktuelle/archiv/pd140104.htm
 * Hi, I am a former citizen of Heidelberg. Heidelberg was sacked by the French and only the Ritter Hotel was left standing. The French also blew up part of the castle. The citizens could have taken stones only after that.
 * Hi, I live in the U.S. but I am really interested in Heidelberg and the history of it all. Does anyone by chance know the meaning of "Heidelberg" and where it came from? I am also wondering if anyone knows anything related to the family that lived in the castle during the 1600's. Please contact me at my e-mail address Crazyboolu@yahoo.com. Thank you! --Crazyboolu--

.............................................

Thanks a lot for translation und linkage of many, many points of interest. Somebody of heidelberg. july 05  ;-) ............................................. ..........................................Heidelberg derives from "Heidelbeerenberg", meaning "Huckleberry Mountain"

H-Town
The Ritter hotel wasn't the only structure left standing - there's a cathedral just across the cobblestone street from the Ritter that's been around since the 1400s, I believe. I'm stationed in Heidelberg currently, and I've been to both cathedrals in downtown Heidelberg, as well as the castle and the old bridge. I'd say the biggest pull for American tourists is probably the castle, since there are no castles in America, but also a great many international students may come to Heidelberg for the old University, as it's been referred to as a "college town". It's also a "military" town, since the USAREUR and V Corps Headquarters and their supporting units take up a good portion of the suburban section of the city. Since the base is split up into several sections to accomodate the city itself, it's not uncommon to see American, German or other NATO soldiers in uniform walking (more commonly driving) from one point to the next, and many establishments have adopted a "No Americans" rule due to the unfortunate behavior of some of our less disciplined (and more inebriated) soldiers. TKarrde 15:05, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

I lived in Heidelberg and nearby Nussloch for three year, and graduated from Heidelberg American High School. I want to put in a couple of thoughts: First, when I lived in Heidelberg, from 1995-1998, I never heard of any Heidelberg establishments that had any "No American" rules. This does not mean that they have not been established since, but they must be recent. Second, I never heard of Heidelberg referred to as "H-town" amongst Americans. Perhaps it was referred to as such by people living outside of Heidelberg, but amongst American military types.--The Saxon 05:18, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

Living in Heidelberg, i can say that the "No Americans" is an internal rule of some bouncers at local discotheques and clubs. Recently that seems to be enforced a bit more often, perhaps in part due to an incident last year where an American "fell unluckily" outside a bar after a fight and died. "H-Town" seems to be a moniker in some American Communities in Germany outside Heidelberg, though it's not used anywhere near as widely accepted as "K-Town" (Kaiserslautern). --Kato2k6 09:14, 6 September 2006 (UTC)

I agree about "H-town" and "K-town". In Mannheim, 20 km from Heidelberg and 65 km from Kaiserlautern, the term "K-town" is very well known and I believe it is sometimes mentioned in the local newspaper, while the term "H-town" (probably formed by analogy) is virtually unknown. --Hans Adler (talk) 17:06, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heidelberg_Castle#Chronology — Preceding unsigned comment added by Orela Onion (talk • contribs) 10:51, 4 January 2018 (UTC)

Formatting
If someone would be willing to take the time to rearrange the many images on this page to better fit into the space allotted, it'd be much appreciated. There's an awful lot of blank space in the first few pages. TKarrde 15:08, 16 January 2006 (UTC)

 * What browser are you using? I usually use Mozilla Firefox, but it screws up the placement of pictures something rotten. Try with Internet Explorer, and see if it's any better.--King Hildebrand 19:14, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

History
I removed this
 * That was the beginning of a never ending love and legend: Most of the destruction was now caused by citizens who stole the stones for the reconstruction of their own houses. Look at Untere Straße, Ingrimstraße or Hauptstraße.

from the middle of the history section. It does not seem to fit the context, and certainly not the format of the remaining text. Perhaps it should go somewhere, but I don't see where it fits in.--King Hildebrand 19:11, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

Images
The statue of a "monkey" or "baboon" is obviously a cat.

 * It is really a monkey, called the "bridge monkey"" (brückenaffe).  Heidelberger Alte Brücke  describes the history of the sculpture.  — Laura Scudder ☎ 20:42, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Whoever thought that the monkey statue was a cat was never there. I saw it with my own eyes, and was taught on tour that it was a primate of some sort.--The Saxon 05:19, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * They actually held a contest for that monkey statue. I know someone who owns the maquette for another design (a much more naturalistic chimpanzee). The bridge monkey is more of a baboon and has a tail and hands on its feet, so no, it's by no means a cat. One fun thing most tourists do is put their heads inside the monkey's face (As you might see on the picture, it's open at the bottom, and you can look out through the face). -- Uliwitness - "Sume" in exile

University
The University is described on this page as the third oldest in europe but the Oldest University wikipage seems to make it 16th. I think a better description would be "oldest in germany and amongst Europes oldest". 130.88.167.5 09:03, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Removed "Heidelbeerenberg" etymology
I removed the following sentence from the first paragraph:
 * The name Heidelberg is an adaptation of Heidelbeerenberg (German for "Blueberry Mountain").

I grew up close to Heidelberg and never heard of this etymology. All the English language sources I have found on this look unreliable, and the claim is not made in the German language article Heidelberg.

Here is a collection of some good sources in German:. (Hard to find, because there are 0 relevant Google hits for Heidelberg+Heidelbeerenberg in German.) In short, "Heidelberg=Heidelbeerenberg" is a somewhat plausible speculation that was first documented (as such) at the end of the 16th century. There is a competing etymology "Heidelberg=Heidenberg" which also has problems. ("Heide" is German for "heath" and for "heathen".) --Hans Adler (talk) 16:17, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Bombing in WW II
I think that lines have to be redone.

Other cities without any industry were bombed aswell, so that is not a reason. I don't want to do it, someone who has nothing to do with that directly should. --Jaruni (talk) 16:58, 9 September 2008 (UTC)

 * It should also be made a little clearer that Heidelberg did not have no bombs at all falling on it. The numbers were low in comparison to others, maybe two dozen bombs in total, but it's not like there was a specific order not to drop bombs in Heidelberg. 89.56.230.120 (talk) 09:24, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Notable alumni
I changed the text, since Bunsen died before the Nobel prize was first awarded. Weeddude (talk) 19:55, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Table of Contents - Suggestion
It sounds to me that the US template for cities may be better outline that would also help us to sort out the University (as a tourist I was not too interrested, but now that I live there I find it important)
 * History (i find it a bit strange that only the nazi era is highlighted, maybe some subtitles could be added, what about intergating the Romanticism of Heidelberg aspect?)
 * Geography => to be added
 * Climate => to be added too and is pretty useful for tourists!
 * Demographics => to be added
 * Economy
 * Arts and culture => sounds like a good title?
 * Annual cultural events => could take over events
 * Museums and other points of interest => here also we have the material
 * Sports => sport events could be moved there
 * Parks and recreation => to be created also of interrest for tourists
 * Government
 * Education => here more can be said about the University
 * Media => also missing
 * Infrastructure => also missing
 * Transportation
 * Utilities
 * Health care => and the uniklinik!
 * Notable natives and residents
 * Other topics => here we are free... gallery, not sure where to put the Quidditch
 * Sister cities that's what we have as international relations which is a bit wider and sounds like a nice title to me
 * See also
 * References / Notes
 * Further reading
 * External links

Notable inhabitants
Colonel Klink was a fictional character for starters. According to the page on Colonel Klink, he was born in Leipzig anyway. If it is referring to Werner Klemperer, the person who played the role, he was born in Cologne. Maybe it was just vandalism...... Rocketrod1960 (talk) 00:08, 1 January 2013 (UTC)

Climate data
I've extended the climate data chart by including monthly sunshine hours and mean temperatures for the period 1981-2010. The data for precipitation, mean high and low temperatures might be outdated. This should be updated in the further revision (I'm looking for newer data) Spaceflo.L8 (talk) 14:43, 21 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Heidelberg. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110927044135/http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1012912/index.html to http://www.heidelberg.de/servlet/PB/menu/1012912/index.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20101030032923/http://www.heidelberg-marketing.de:80/content/e904/e911/e7697/index_ger.html to http://www.heidelberg-marketing.de/content/e904/e911/e7697/index_ger.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true to let others know.

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 06:35, 28 August 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 17:33, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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Modern Heidelberg Roots Problem
I'm confused.

This sentence says one thing: "Modern Heidelberg can trace its beginnings to the fifth century." But three sentences later, this sentence appears: "Modern Heidelberg can trace its roots to this 12th-century monastery."

I don't think both statements can be true, and I don't know which one is. Or maybe neither?

I came here tonight as a reader, not as an editor, and don't know anything about Heidelberg, so I can't fix the problem.

ObadiahKatz (talk) 05:04, 9 November 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Heidelberg


text:
Deadpool

Deadpool is a character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Fabian Nicieza and Rob Liefeld, the character first appeared in New Mutants #98 (December 1990). In his comic book appearances, Deadpool is initially depicted as a supervillain of the New Mutants and X-Force, though later stories would portray him as an antihero. Deadpool is the alter ego of Wade Wilson, a disfigured Canadian mercenary with superhuman regenerative healing abilities. He is known for his tendency to joke incessantly and break the fourth wall for humorous effect.

The character's popularity has seen him featured in numerous other media outlets. In the 2004 series Cable & Deadpool, he refers to his own scarred appearance as "Ryan Renolds [sic] crossed with a Shar Pei". Reynolds himself developed an interest in portraying the character when reading this comic, which was ultimately realized in the X-Men film series, including X-Men Origins: Wolverine (2009), Deadpool (2016), and its sequel Deadpool 2 (2018). He is set to reprise the role in Deadpool & Wolverine (2024), set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

1990s
Created by artist/writer Rob Liefeld and writer Fabian Nicieza,  Deadpool made his first appearance on the pages of The New Mutants #98 cover-dated Feb. 1991. According to Nicieza, Liefeld came up with the character's visual design and name, and Nicieza himself came up with the character's speech mannerisms.

Liefeld's favorite comic title before X-Men was Avengers, which featured weapons like Captain America's shield, Thor's hammer and Hawkeye's bow and arrow. Because of this, he also decided to give weapons to his new characters. Liefeld, a fan of the Teen Titans comics, showed his new character to then-writer Fabian Nicieza. Upon seeing the costume and noting his characteristics (killer with super agility), Nicieza contacted Liefeld, saying, "This is Deathstroke from Teen Titans". Nicieza gave Deadpool the real name of "Wade Wilson" as an inside-joke to being "related" to "Slade Wilson", Deathstroke.

Liefeld spoke on how the character was influenced by Spider-Man "The simplicity of the mask was my absolute jealousy over Spider-Man and the fact that both of my buddies, [fellow Marvel artists] Erik Larsen and Todd McFarlane, would tell me, 'I love drawing Spider-Man. You just do an oval and two big eyes. You’re in, you’re out.' ... The Spider-Man I grew up with would make fun of you or punch you in the face and make small cracks. That was the entire intent with Deadpool. ... I specifically told Marvel, 'He's Spider-Man, except with guns and swords.' The idea was, he's a jackass."

Other inspirations were Wolverine and Snake Eyes. Liefeld states: "Wolverine and Spider-Man were the two properties I was competing with at all times. I didn't have those, I didn't have access to those. I had to make my own Spider-Man and Wolverine. That's what Cable and Deadpool were meant to be, my own Spider-Man and my own Wolverine." "G.I. Joe was my first obsession. Those were the toys in the sandbox with me, kung fu grip, eagle eye, I had them all. G.I. Joe is a world of characters that I have always aspired to participate in. Snake Eyes was a profound influence on my creating Deadpool."

Both Deadpool and Cable were also meant to be tied into Wolverine's history already from the start, as Liefeld describes: "Wolverine was my guy. If I could tie anything into Wolverine, I was winning." Like Wolverine, Deadpool is (or is thought to be) Canadian. The original story had him joining the Weapon X program after being kicked out of the U.S. Army Special Forces and given an artificial healing factor based on Wolverine's thanks to Dr. Emrys Killebrew, one of the head scientists.

In his first appearance, Deadpool is hired by Tolliver to attack Cable and the New Mutants. After subsequently appearing in X-Force as a recurring character, Deadpool began making guest appearances in a number of different Marvel Comics titles such as The Avengers, Daredevil, and Heroes for Hire. In 1993, the character received his own miniseries, titled The Circle Chase, written by Fabian Nicieza and pencilled by Joe Madureira. It was a relative success and Deadpool starred in a second, self-titled miniseries written in 1994 by Mark Waid, pencilled by Ian Churchill, and inked by Jason Temujin Minor and Bud LaRosa. Waid later commented, "Frankly, if I'd known Deadpool was such a creep when I agreed to write the mini-series, I wouldn't have done it. Someone who hasn't paid for their crimes presents a problem for me."

In 1997, Deadpool was given his own ongoing title, the first volume of Deadpool. Deadpool became an action comedy parody of the cosmic drama, antihero-heavy comics of the time. The series firmly established his supporting cast, including his prisoner/den mother Blind Al and his best friend Weasel. The ongoing series gained cult popularity for its unorthodox main character, its balance of angst and pop culture slapstick and the character became less of a villain, though the element of his moral ambiguity remained.

2000s
Deadpool lasted until issue #69, at which point it was relaunched as a new title with a similar character called Agent X in 2002. This occurred during a line-wide revamp of X-Men related comics, with Cable becoming Soldier X and X-Force becoming X-Statix. It appeared that Deadpool was killed in an explosion fighting the supervillain Black Swan. Deadpool's manager Sandi Brandenberg later founded Agency X with a mysterious man called Alex Hayden, who took the name dubbed Agent X. Deadpool later returned to the series, which would conclude with issues 13–15.

Deadpool's next starring appearance came in 2004 with the launch of Cable & Deadpool written by Fabian Nicieza, where Deadpool became partnered with his former enemy, Cable, teaming up in various adventures. This title was cancelled with issue #50 and replaced by a new Cable series in March 2008. Deadpool then appeared briefly in the Wolverine: Origins title by writer Daniel Way before Way and Paco Medina launched another Deadpool title in September 2008. Medina was the main series artist, with Carlo Barberi filling in on the first issue after the "Secret Invasion" tie-in.

A new Deadpool ongoing series began as a Secret Invasion tie-in. In the first arc, the character is seen working with Nick Fury to steal data on how to kill the Skrull queen Veranke. Norman Osborn steals the information that Deadpool had stolen from the Skrulls, and subsequent stories deal with the fallout from that. The story also sees the return of Bob, Agent of HYDRA. This all led directly to a confrontation with the new Thunderbolts in "Magnum Opus" which crossed over between Deadpool vol. 2 #8–9 and Thunderbolts #130–131. In Deadpool #15, Deadpool decides to become a hero resulting in conflicts with proper heroes like Spider-Man (who he had recently encountered in The Amazing Spider-Man #611 as part of "The Gauntlet" ) and leading to a 3-issue arc where he takes on Hit-Monkey, a character who debuted in the same month in a digital, then-print, one-shot.

Another ongoing Deadpool series, Deadpool: Merc with a Mouth launched in July 2009, written by Victor Gischler, with art by Bong Dazo. In it Deadpool teams with Headpool from Marvel Zombies 3 and 4.

A special anniversary issue titled Deadpool #900 was released in October 2009. A third Deadpool ongoing series, Deadpool Team-Up, launched in November 2009 (with issue numbers counting in reverse starting with issue #899), written by Fred Van Lente, with art by Dalibor Talajic. This series features Deadpool teaming up with different heroes from the Marvel Universe in each issue, such as Hercules. Deadpool also joined the cast of the new Uncanny X-Force team.

2010s
Another Deadpool series by Gischler titled Deadpool Corps was released in April 2010. Besides Deadpool himself, this series featured alternate versions of Deadpool, including a female version of himself named Wanda Wilson /  (who debuted in Deadpool: Merc with a Mouth #7), Headpool (the Marvel Zombies universe incarnation, now reduced to a severed head), and two new characters; Kidpool, a child, and Dogpool, a dog. The series lasted twelve issues.

Marvel also published Deadpool titles through the Marvel Knights and MAX imprints: Deadpool: Wade Wilson's War, by Duane Swierczynski and Jason Pearson, and Deadpool MAX by David Lapham and Kyle Baker.

Deadpool vol. 2 was written by Daniel Way and drawn by Alé Garza. In the story arc "DEAD", Wade is "cured" of his healing ability and becomes mortal. As a side effect, he also has his old, unscarred face once again. Although he spent the majority of the story arc looking forward to dying, he suppresses his desires in order to protect his friend and sidekick Hydra Bob.

After he loses his healing factor, Wilson claims he felt "more alive than ever." However, after a harsh beating from Intelligencia, Wade realized that he had let his ability to heal compensate for skill so he decided to ask for help from Taskmaster in training. Taskmaster asked Wilson to help him steal Pym Particles from S.H.I.E.L.D., but actually, he allowed Black Box to study Wade in order to prepare his vengeance against Wilson, even letting him know Deadpool lost his healing factor.

Wade managed to defeat Black Box, Black Tom and Black Swan, but in the process, his face was burned and disfigured again. Former FBI agent Allison Kemp wanted to get revenge on Deadpool because of his involvement in an accident which left her in a wheelchair, and she called other enemies of Deadpool such as T-Ray and Slayback and trained them to kill Deadpool. Deadpool infiltrated their base and managed to get T-Ray and Slayback killed when Kemp was about to kill herself in an explosion which would kill Wade in the process, he convinced her not to attack him. At that moment, he was surprised by the returned Evil Deadpool, who informed Wade that the serum they took was not permanent, the reason why Wade's face did not heal or a finger he lost grew back, so Wade would return after Evil Deadpool shot him. Daniel Way's Deadpool series concluded with issue 63.

As part of Marvel's Marvel NOW! initiative, a new Deadpool ongoing series was launched. He is also a member of the Thunderbolts. In the 27th issue of his new series, as part of "All-New Marvel NOW!", Deadpool was married for the third time. Initially a secret, his bride was revealed in the webcomic Deadpool: The Gauntlet to be Shiklah, Queen of the Undead. Deadpool also discovers that he has a daughter by the name of Eleanor from a former flame of Deadpool named Carmelita.

During the events of "Original Sin", it was revealed that Deadpool was tricked into killing his parents by a scientist known as Butler (who abducted Eleanor and gave her to his brother), however, Deadpool does not know about it.

Much later, he clashed with Carnage, believing the universe was telling the latter to defeat him. After several fights and getting torn to pieces, Deadpool bonds with four symbiotes: Riot, Phage, Lasher and Agony. Playing mind games, Deadpool tricked Shriek by using his shapeshifting abilities to make her disoriented and having her flee. After the symbiotic Deadpool and Carnage fought again, Deadpool captures Shriek and forces her to impersonate himself, making it trick Carnage into almost killing her in the process. Feeling broken after a mental breakdown, Carnage allowed himself to be arrested and was placed in an unlocked cell. While sitting in the cell until he was his own self, Carnage swore vengeance on Deadpool. Deadpool, after defeating Carnage, gives the four symbiotes to a war dog who helped Deadpool fight Carnage to deliver them to the government.

During the "AXIS" storyline, Deadpool appears as a member of Magneto's unnamed supervillain group during the fight against Red Skull's Red Onslaught form. The group of villains becomes inverted to heroes, after a spell cast by Scarlet Witch and Doctor Doom. This group was later named the Astonishing Avengers. This Deadpool, referred to as "Zenpool" was pivotal in turning Apocalypse to fighting the Inverted Avengers.

Deadpool's death occurs in Deadpool #250. Deadpool faces off in a final showdown with ULTIMATUM and Flag-Smasher, killing all of them, and gives up the "Deadpool" identity, wishing to have a better life. He, along with his family and friends, (and presumably everyone on Earth) are all killed when the Earth collides with an alternate universe's Earth. Deadpool laments that the Secret Wars should have stayed an Avengers event, but then dies at peace, content that everybody else is dying with him.

All New, All Different Marvel
Eight months after the events of Secret Wars and the restoration of Earth, Deadpool is seen working for Steve Rogers. After stealing some potentially life-saving chemicals needed by an ailing Rogue, he is offered membership in the Avengers Unity Squad.

Deadpool Vol. 4 began in 2016. In the course of the following months, Deadpool's popularity skyrocketed after the mercenary Solo impersonated him to piggyback on Deadpool's reputation and take jobs at a higher pay rate. One of Solo's jobs in Washington, D.C. had Deadpool's public opinion drastically change for the better when he saved an ambassador from his telepathically manipulated agents. After learning of Solo's impersonation, Deadpool came up with the idea to form a group of mercenaries called the Mercs for Money to extend his reach across the globe. However, Deadpool's newfound popularity forced him to leave his family behind, fearing his enemies could endanger them. Deadpool additionally joined the Avengers Unity Division and used his popularity as a means of funding the team, with the profit from the merchandise.

Madcap additionally returned to Deadpool's life, though Wade was unaware his experience inside his mind left Madcap emotionally damaged and vengeful. Madcap initially posed as an ally, joining the Mercs for Money, but eventually showed his true intentions after he was discovered impersonating Deadpool to defame and threaten his loved ones. Seeing as he had had enough fun, Madcap used an alien weapon to molecularly disintegrate himself. For his second coming, the villain had Deadpool unwittingly become the carrier of a deadly airborne virus with which he infected his family. Wade found a cure, though had to resort to Cable's evil clone Stryfe to find it. Around this time, tensions between Shiklah's domain and the surface world sparked an invasion of Manhattan from Monster Metropolis, which in turn led to Shiklah divorcing Deadpool, opting to return to Dracula instead.

Not long after Wade joined the Avengers Unity Division, the real Steve Rogers was secretly supplanted by an evil fascist counterpart from another timeline that operated as a Hydra sleeper agent within the superhero community. When Phil Coulson became suspicious of Steve, Rogers convinced Deadpool to kill him, claiming that Coulson had gone rogue. A short time afterward, Captain America's machinations resulted in Hydra rising to power, taking over the United States of America. When Hydra's conquest had barely begun, Preston found out about Coulson's death and confronted Deadpool about it. The fight ended in Preston's death. As Hydra's empire grew stronger, Wade joined its own version of the Avengers out of blind loyalty for Captain America. Plagued by guilt, Wade held back when tasked with hunting down the rebel alliance known as the Underground and eventually helped, behind the scenes, to lay part of the foundation of Hydra's eventual defeat. With his mistakes costing the lives of two of his friends, the love of his daughter, and any respect the world had for him, Deadpool turned his back on what little remained of the life he had built.

Personality
Deadpool is aware that he is a fictional comic book character. He commonly breaks the fourth wall, which is done by few other characters in the Marvel Universe, and this is used to humorous effect, for instance, by having Deadpool converse with his own "inner monologue", represented by caption boxes. In stories by writer Daniel Way between 2008 and 2012, Deadpool was, without explanation, shown to have developed a second "voice in his head", represented by a second set of captions with a different font; Deadpool vol. 3 Annual #1 (2014) would retroactively explain that this voice belonged to Madcap, a psychotic Captain America villain, who had become molecularly entangled with Deadpool.

The character's back-story has been presented as vague and subject to change, and within the narrative, he is unable to remember his personal history due to a mental condition. Whether or not his name was even Wade Wilson is subject to speculation since one of his nemeses, T-Ray, claims in Deadpool #33 that he is the real Wade Wilson and that Deadpool is a vicious murderer who stole his identity. There have been other dubious stories about his history—at one point the supervillain Loki claimed to be his father. Frequently, revelations are later retconned or ignored altogether, and in one issue, Deadpool himself joked that whether or not he is actually Wade Wilson depends on which writer the reader prefers.

Deadpool is depicted as having a regenerative healing factor, which not only prevents him from being permanently injured through enhanced cell regeneration throughout his body, but also causes psychosis and mental instability, as his neurons are also affected by the accelerated regeneration. It is thought that while his psychosis is a handicap, it is also one of his assets as they make him an extremely unpredictable opponent. Taskmaster, who has photo-reflexive memory which allows him to copy anyone's fighting skills by observation, was unable to defeat Deadpool due to his chaotic and improvised fighting style. Taskmaster has also stated that Deadpool is an expert at distracting his opponents.

Deadpool has sometimes been portrayed to have a strong sense of core morality. In Uncanny X-Force, he storms out after Wolverine tries to rationalize Fantomex killing Apocalypse, who was at the time in a child form. After Wolverine argues that Deadpool is motivated solely by money, Archangel reveals that Deadpool never cashed any of his checks.

Sexual orientation
In December 2013, Deadpool was confirmed as being pansexual by Deadpool writer Gerry Duggan via Twitter. However, this post on Twitter has since been deleted by Gerry Duggan. When asked about Deadpool's sexuality, co-creator Fabian Nicieza stated, "Deadpool is whatever sexual inclination his brain tells him he is in THAT moment. And then the moment passes." Nicieza has also stated,

"Not trying to be dismissive, but readers always want to 'make a character their own', and often that is to the exclusion of what the character might mean to other fans. I've been dogged with the DP sexuality questions for YEARS. It is a bit tiring. He is NO sex and ALL sexes. He is yours and everyone else's. So not dismissive, but rather the epitome of inclusive."

Powers and abilities
Deadpool's primary power is an accelerated healing factor, depicted by various writers at differing levels of efficiency. The speed of his healing factor depends on the severity of the wound and Deadpool's mental state. It works most efficiently when he is awake, alert, and in good spirits. Deadpool's accelerated healing factor is strong enough that he has survived complete incineration and decapitation more than once. Although his head normally has to be reunited with his body to heal a decapitation wound,  he was able to regrow his head after having it pulverized by the Hulk in the graphic novel Deadpool Kills the Marvel Universe.

Deadpool's brain cells are similarly affected, with dying neurons being rejuvenated at a super accelerated rate. This allows Deadpool to recover from any head wounds, and it renders him nearly invulnerable to psychic and telepathic powers, although this ability is inconsistent. It has been revealed that at the time his healing ability was given to him, Deadpool suffered from some form of cancer; after the healing factor was given to him, it made his normal cells as well as his cancerous cells unable to die, giving him a heavily scarred appearance beneath his suit.

Deadpool's body is highly resistant to most drugs and toxins, due to his accelerated healing factor. For example, it is extremely difficult for him to become intoxicated. He can be affected by certain drugs, such as tranquilizers if he is exposed to a large enough dosage. Unlike Wolverine, whose wounds sometimes cause excruciating pain as they heal depending on the severity, Deadpool has some degree of pain insensitivity.

Deadpool is effectively immortal, although he has died several times. He is still alive 800 years in the future when the new X-Force encounters him. In addition, Thanos once declared that Deadpool should "consider yourself cursed... with life!" out of jealousy over Deadpool's status as Death's love interest. His enemy T-Ray later resurrected him, under Thanos' instruction, using an artifact he had given him. Later, Deadpool was informed that Thanos had placed a curse on him, and tracked Thanos down. He revealed that the only thing keeping Wade alive was his "spell of darkest necromancy". Although Thanos removed this curse in order to kill Deadpool, he felt forced to immediately bring him back using "a fusion of necromancy and science" in order to request his aid in tracking down Mistress Death, who had gone missing.

Deadpool is a highly trained assassin and mercenary. He is adept in multiple forms of martial arts, including Savate. Deadpool is an extraordinary athlete, and an expert swordsman and marksman. He is skilled in the use of multiple weapons, including katanas, knives, grenades, and guns. His accelerated healing factor may contribute to his abilities, allowing him to perform the intense exercise for extended periods of time with minimal aches and fatigue. Although in earlier years he was originally portrayed as having superhuman strength, he is no longer depicted as having this ability.

Over the years, Deadpool has owned a number of personal teleportation devices. Also, during Deadpool's first ongoing comic, he possesses a device that projected holographic disguises, allowing him to go undercover or conceal his appearance. Deadpool is multilingual, with the ability to speak fluently in German, Spanish, ASL, and Japanese, in addition to his native English.

Since Deadpool is aware that he is a fictional character, he uses this knowledge to his advantage to deal with opponents or gain knowledge to which he should not normally have access, such as reading past issues of his and others' comics.

Age of Apocalypse
In the Age of Apocalypse timeline, Deadpool was redubbed Dead Man Wade and reimagined as a bitter, humorless member of Apocalypse's Pale Riders, having received his flawed healing factor from Apocalypse's eugenics program. Sent with his team to invade the Savage Land, he attempted to unleash chaos upon the sanctuary but was killed by Nightcrawler, who teleported his head off his body and hid it in a crater. Later, Dead Man Wade was revealed to be resurrected like many of the other Alpha mutants.

Apocalypse Wars
In the Extraordinary X-Men Apocalypse Wars crossover, Deadpool is a Horsemen of Apocalypse.

Captain America: Who Won't Wield the Shield
The World War II-era version of Deadpool is introduced in the one-shot parody issue Captain America: Who Won't Wield the Shield. Frederick "Wheezy" Wilson, the nephew of President Woodrow Wilson, is a soldier who is experimented on by the Nazis to become 'Veapon X'. Despite the nature of the story as a period piece, Wilson peppers his speech with anachronistic slang from the 1990s.

Deadpool Corps
In the 12-issue series Deadpool Corps and prequel series Prelude to Deadpool Corps, Deadpool is joined by several alternate versions of himself from different universes to create a super-group. Lady Deadpool and Headpool return from their previous appearances in Deadpool: Merc with a Mouth, joined by newcomers Kidpool, a child version of Deadpool who attends Professor X's school, and Dogpool, a dog endowed with Deadpool's familiar healing factor. They are later joined by The Champion, going by the name Championpool and a squirrel called Squirrelpool. The group was brought together by the Elder of the Universe known as the Contemplator. He brought them together to stop the powerful cosmic being known as the Awareness. The Awareness absorbed entire worlds, devouring the people's consciousnesses.

Deadpool Kills the Marvel Universe
In the storyline Deadpool Kills the Marvel Universe, the X-Men send Deadpool to a mental hospital for therapy. The doctor treating him is actually Psycho-Man in disguise, who attempts to torture and brainwash Deadpool into becoming his personal minion. The procedure fails but leaves Deadpool even more mentally unhinged, erasing the "serious" and "Screwball" voices in his head and replacing them with a voice that only wants destruction. Under "Evil Voice's" influence, Deadpool develops a more nihilistic world view and as a result, after killing Psycho-Man by repeatedly smashing him against a desk, (and after he burns the hospital by using gasoline) he begins assassinating every superhero and supervillain on Earth, starting with the Fantastic Four and even killing the Watcher, in an apparent attempt to rebel against his comic book creators. The book ends with him breaking into the "real" world and confronting the Marvel writers and artists who are writing the book. He says to the reader that once he is done with this universe, "I'll find you soon enough."

Deadpool Killustrated
After the events of Deadpool Kills the Marvel Universe, Deadpool has killed many versions of Marvel superheroes and villains across the multiverse to no effect and comes to a conclusion that infinite alternate versions of the heroes and villains he killed exist. In the series, Deadpool hires a team of scientists to help him get rid of all Marvel characters. The Mad Thinker gives the Merc with a Mouth a device that transports him to the "Ideaverse", a universe that contains the classic characters that inspired Marvel characters. In each book, he hunts down and murders characters such as the Headless Horseman (who inspired the Green Goblin and Ghost Rider), the characters of Little Women (Black Widow, She-Hulk, Elektra), Captain Ahab (General Thunderbolt Ross), the Little Mermaid (Namor), Mowgli (Ka-Zar), Count Dracula (Marvel's Dracula, Morbius, Blade) and more. He also installs his own brain into Frankenstein's monster, giving his dark inner voice a body to help him with. Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson enlist Beowulf, Hua Mulan and Natty Bumppo to stop him.

Deadpool Kills Deadpool
On April 4, 2013, Cullen Bunn revealed that, after the events of Deadpool Killustrated, the next and last part of the "Deadpool Killology" is Deadpool Kills Deadpool that the murderous, nihilistic Deadpool that appeared in Deadpool Kills the Marvel Universe and Killustrated is called "Dreadpool" and, in the series, he hunted down all versions of Deadpool while "our" Deadpool, the light-hearted Merc With A Mouth, hunted down Dreadpool. Bunn stated that the Deadpool Corps appeared along with many other versions of Deadpool and new versions. The first book was released in July 2013. The first issue opens with Deadpool dealing with yet another attack by ULTIMATUM, after which the Deadpool Corps quickly ropes the titular character into the crisis. Over the course of the storyline, the Deadpool Corps is killed (not including Headpool, who was already killed prior to the events of the storyline), and it concludes in Issue #4, where Deadpool clashes with Dreadpool, who is eventually shown the error of his ways and killed by Deadpool in vengeance for causing the death of his friends. Somehow, the mainstream Deadpool finds his way back, but not before the reader is aware that Dreadpool is still alive and scheming.

Deadpool: Merc with a Mouth
Several alternate incarnations of Deadpool are introduced in the series Deadpool: Merc with a Mouth. Attempting to return Headpool to the Marvel Zombies universe, Deadpool encounters multiple versions of himself as they exist in other universes, including a female version of himself named Lady Deadpool, Major Wade Wilson, a militant but sane version of Deadpool, and The Deadpool Kid (KidPool), a cowboy version of Deadpool who exists within a universe resembling the Wild West.

Deadpool Pulp
Deadpool Pulp is a four-issue limited series from writers Mike Benson and Adam Glass and artist Laurence Campbell, with Deadpool set in the 1950s drawing on pulp fiction (similar to the Marvel Noir fictional universe). This version of Wade is a World War II veteran broken by torture who is recruited by Generals Cable and Stryfe to take down the traitor Outlaw. This version retains his twin katanas and wears a ninja style mask.

Gwenpool
An alternate-universe female version of Deadpool named Gwenpool appears in several Marvel titles from 2015 onward. This version is an amalgam of Spider-Man supporting character Gwen Stacy and Deadpool.

"Heroes Reborn"
In an alternate reality depicted in the 2021 Heroes Reborn miniseries, Deadpool is the mallet-wielding sidekick of the Goblin and an enemy of Nighthawk.

House of M
In the House of M reality, Wade Wilson was a field commander and active agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. During one of his missions, Agent Wilson contacted S.H.I.E.L.D. They had to patch him through the TB-Link satellite to communicate with him.

Hulked-Out Heroes
Appearing first in Hulk vol. 2 #21, Deadpool is "hulked-out" near the end of the Fall of the Hulks storyline. A two-part miniseries called, World War Hulks: Hulked Out Heroes followed Hulkpool as he travels back in time to kill himself, disrupting the origin stories of many heroes as he goes.

Identity Wars
When Deadpool, Spider-Man, and Hulk went to another universe, Deadpool found Death Wish who looked like Deadpool but the red part of his costume was green. Deadpool and Death Wish started hanging out with each other and having a lot of fun until Wade Wilson of this universe named Death Mask  came in and killed Death Wish who was revealed to be the Victor von Doom of this universe gone crazy. Then Deadpool vowed revenge against Death Mask for killing Death Wish and killed all of the members of Death Mask's group. After that Deadpool defeated Death Mask by throwing a bomb at him, which knocked him out. Deadpool started impersonating Death Mask until he and the other Heroes went back to their universe.

...Iron Man: Demon in an Armor
In a What If...? one-shot, which happens to take place in Earth-90211, Wade Wilson, like Deadpool, is hired by Galactus to kill the Beyonder for merging MODOK to Galactus's rear end in exchange for the Community Cube. He was given a weapon called the Recton Expungifier, the only weapon that could kill the Beyonder. When Deadpool tracked down his target to a nightclub, he was enticed into the Beyonder's partying lifestyle, getting Jheri curls in the process. While hanging out with the Beyonder in a flying limousine, Spider-Man broke into the car and demanded the symbiote costume be removed from himself. Beyonder's driver shoots Spider-Man out of the limousine, the symbiote leaves Spider-Man and merges with Deadpool, creating Venompool. However, after years of partying, Beyonder grew tired and threw Venompool to the world, snapping him out of Beyonder's magic. Venompool attempted to resume his contract and kill the Beyonder, but he accidentally pawned the Recton Expungifier. He decides to get himself clean by kidnapping and selling a drunken Tony Stark to A.I.M. Unfortunately, he cannot join any major superhero teams, like the Avengers, Defenders and Fantastic Four because of his newly acquired Jheri curls.

Marvel 2099
In the potential future of Marvel 2099, Deadpool is Warda Wilson, the daughter of Wade and Shiklah. She collaborates with a gang inspired by Hydra Agent Bob and is wanted by the police. She has taken an older Wade prisoner and forces him to watch political debates while chained up, angered that he has ruined her life and hopes she can use him to find her mother. Wade reveals he and Shiklah had a falling out after the death of Ellie, which led to a battle between the two former lovers in Hell. The new Deadpool is also being pursued by a woman who wears a costume that looks like Wade's "Zenpool" identity from Axis. The mysterious woman rescues Wade and gives him access to her bike to a hologram Preston. She then battles Warda and is revealed to be an alive Ellie, who plans to reclaim the Deadpool name. Wade and Preston break into the old hideout of the Uncanny Avengers for Wade to gear up. Warda and Ellie continue fighting until Warda reveals she will unleash a demonic monster unless Ellie does not get Wade to confess where Shiklah is. After Wade and Preston reunite with Ellie, Wade tells Ellie to search for Shiklah's casket at Doc Samson's grave while he and Preston then go to the Little Italy of 2099 to seek the help of one of the few heroes alive in this time period: Iron Fist.

The heroes and Danny's Iron Fists confront Warda in Madison Star Garden, where the Iron Fists fend off the giant monster while Wade tries to prevent his daughters from fighting by promising to tell Warda where Shiklah is. Despite his plea, Warda murders Ellie with liquid napalm and takes Wade to the sewer to interrogate him, where Wade reveals that Ellie's mutant ability is to regenerate all at once into her teenage body, allowing her to survive Warda's attack. After Wade, Preston, and Ellie defeat Warda, Wade tells her that he and Shiklah had an on-and-off-again relationship, but were always on the path for war which eventually resulted in her death, as on Earth, those who refuse to co-exist cease to exist (with Wade bringing up the Skrulls to support his point). He implants Preston into Warda's head so she can aid Warda in clearing her conscious and becoming a better person and tells his daughters that they can both be Deadpool. He later tells Ellie that he now plans to travel the world and rid the planet of his old enemies and that Shiklah's resting place is in a shrunken glass coffin located on top of his heart.

Marvel 2997
In Messiah War Deadpool is locked in a freezer for eight hundred years. When he escapes he is captured by the armed forces of the few surviving humans left. He helps Cable to get Hope Summers back from Stryfe who is later revealed to be inside this version of Deadpool's head. After seemingly defeating Stryfe, this version of Deadpool is quickly ripped in half and appears to die shortly after, his last words being a joke on "severance" pay.

Marvel Zombies
In the first Marvel Zombies limited series, a zombie version of Deadpool is seen fighting the Silver Surfer. The zombie Deadpool eventually loses his body and appears as a disembodied head beginning in Marvel Zombies 3. This incarnation of Deadpool, frequently referred to as Headpool, entered the mainstream Marvel continuity when he is encountered and captured by the original Deadpool in Deadpool: Merc with a Mouth. Along with several other alternate versions of Deadpool, Headpool went on to appear in Deadpool Corps with a propeller beanie mounted to his head, granting him flight.

Spider-Man & Deadpool
In an alternate future, Spider-Man is an old man who got paralyzed from a Life Model Decoy Deadpool and lives in a retirement home with an elderly Deadpool. Unknown to Spider-Man, Oldpool was giving his blood to Peter so he would not die due to his old age. In a battle between LMD Deadpools, Oldpool uses a time machine and mistakenly switches places with the mainstream Deadpool. After they got to the main timeline they are reunited with the main Spider-Man and Oldpool. Then after stopping Master Matrix (the LMD master created by Peter's parents) and Chameleon, Old Man Peter and Oldpool fade away to their timeline.

Ultimate Marvel
The Ultimate Marvel version of Deadpool is Sergeant "Wadey" Wilson, a Gulf War veteran. Depicted as an anti-mutant extremist, he is a cyborg and leader of the Reavers who hunt mutants for sport on a reality TV show. Beneath the mask, Deadpool appears to be a skull with an exposed brain, his skin formed by a transparent shell. He also has the ability to mimic an individual's appearance and voice, though not their powers. Wadey reappears in Deadpool Kills Deadpool (written by Cullen Bunn and released in 2013) as a member of the Evil Deadpool Corps, led by Dreadpool, whose aim was to exterminate alternate versions of Deadpool across the multiverse, including the regular Deadpool Corps. In issue #4, he is killed by the mainstream Deadpool.

Venomverse
In Edge of Venomverse, Deadpool from another universe investigated a facility where illegal experiments were being performed with parasitic worms. He bonded to the Venom symbiote to expel the worms inside him. In the event, he willingly got consumed by a Poison to act as a double-agent for the Venom army. In the end, he is presumed dead.

Weapon X: Days of Future Now
In the alternate Earth ending of the Weapon X comic, Deadpool is recruited by Wolverine to be part of a new team of X-Men after the old team is killed. He joins, claiming Wolverine only wants him as the "token human". This version of Deadpool is killed by Agent Zero's Anti-Healing Factor corrosive acid. This version of Deadpool speaks in white text boxes.

X-Men '92
In the Secret Wars Battleworld based on the 90s X-Men animated series, Deadpool is a member of X-Force with Cable, Bishop, Archangel, Psylocke, and Domino.

Accolades

 * In 2008, Wizard Magazine ranked Deadpool 182nd in their "The 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time" list.
 * In 2014, IGN ranked Deadpool 31st in their "Top 100 Comic Book Heroes" list.
 * In 2014, Empire ranked Deadpool 45th in their "50 Greatest Comic Book Characters" list.
 * In 2014, Entertainment Weekly ranked Deadpool 9th in their "Let's rank every X-Man ever" list.
 * In 2018, GameSpot ranked Deadpool 29th in their "50 Most Important Superheroes" list.
 * In 2018, CBR.com ranked Deadpool 3rd in their "X-Force: 20 Powerful Members" list.
 * In 2019, ComicBook.com ranked Deadpool 30th in their "50 Most Important Superheroes Ever" list.
 * In 2023, CBR.com ranked Deadpool 8th in their "10 Most Popular Marvel Characters" list.

Impact
In Superman/Batman Annual #1, an unnamed antimatter doppelganger of Deathstroke looks like Deadpool. DC Rebirth has given Harley Quinn a stalker/friend named Wayne Wilkins AKA "Red Tool", who is a direct parody of Deadpool.

Television

 * Deadpool makes non-speaking cameo appearances in X-Men: The Animated Series.
 * Deadpool makes a cameo appearance in the Marvel Anime: X-Men episode "Destiny - Bond".
 * Deadpool appears in the Ultimate Spider-Man episode "Ultimate Deadpool", voiced by Will Friedle. This version was an orphan who lived on the streets before he was taken in by Nick Fury to become a hero and a S.H.I.E.L.D. trainee. However, Deadpool dropped out and became a mercenary, deciding it was easier to do so than living according to moral ideas and a conscience. Believing he was a freelance hero, Spider-Man joins forces with Deadpool to stop Taskmaster after he acquires sensitive S.H.I.E.L.D. data, only for the web-slinger to fight Deadpool as well after discovering the latter's willingness to kill.
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers, voiced by Takehito Koyasu in Japanese and Jason Spisak in English.
 * In May 2017, FXX placed a series order for a Deadpool animated series with Donald and Stephen Glover as showrunners, executive producers, and writers for the series. In late March 2018 however, it was announced that FXX would not move forward with the series due to creative differences. Stephen later admitted that the "creative difference" in question involved an episode revolving around Taylor Swift, which FXX stated was the "last straw".
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Future Avengers, voiced again by Takehito Koyasu in Japanese and Jason Spisak in English.

Film

 * Deadpool appears in Hulk Vs Wolverine, voiced by Nolan North. This version is a member of Weapon X's Team X.
 * Two incarnations of Wade Wilson appear in the 21st Century Fox's X-Men film series, portrayed by Ryan Reynolds.
 * The first incarnation appears in X-Men Origins: Wolverine, with Scott Adkins serving as a stunt performer. This version is a highly skilled, wisecracking, and amoral mercenary who wields a pair of katanas with peak athleticism and skill sufficient to deflect automatic weapons fire. Additionally, he serves as a member of Team X until he is converted into "Weapon XI".
 * Following the events of X-Men: Days of Future Past, which reset the X-Men film series' timeline from 1973 onward, Reynolds appears as a new incarnation of Wilson in Deadpool (2016). This version is a mercenary who was diagnosed with late-stage cancer and turns to Ajax after he offers a cure. Ajax tortures Wilson to catalyze the treatment, which eventually results in the latter's recessive mutant genes activating, causing Wilson's disfigurement and healing factor. In response, he develops a vendetta against Ajax and undergoes a quest to force him to fix his disfigurement before eventually killing him upon learning it would be impossible.
 * Before screenings of Logan in U.S. territories, a short film teasing Deadpool 2 that was later titled Deadpool: No Good Deed and released online, was shown.
 * Deadpool appears in Deadpool 2 (2018), portrayed again by Reynolds, who also reprises his role as Weapon XI and portrays himself. After the death of his girlfriend Vanessa, Wilson finds himself protecting an angst-ridden boy named Russell Collins from Cable.
 * In December 2013, Rob Liefeld confirmed that Deadpool and Cable would be appearing in an X-Force film, with Ryan Reynolds returning as the former. In February 2017, Joe Carnahan had signed on as director, as well as co-writer with Reynolds. By September of the same year however, the studio parted ways with Carnahan while Drew Goddard replaced him as writer/director after previously working as a co-writer on the script for the Deadpool 2. The following month, Cable actor Josh Brolin stated that production began some time during 2018.
 * After the then-proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney was announced in December 2017 and completed in March 2019, Disney CEO Bob Iger said that Deadpool would be integrated into the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) under Disney, with Reynolds set to reprise his role. On November 20, 2020, it was announced further that Marvel and Reynolds met with various writers and decided that Wendy Molyneux and Lizzie Molyneux-Logelin, known for their work on Bob's Burgers, would write the script for the third film, which Disney has confirmed will remain R-rated and would eventually become Deadpool & Wolverine. In August 2021, Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige stated Reynolds was working on the screenplay, while Reynolds said, "There's a 70% chance that filming starts in 2022". In March 2022, it was announced that Shawn Levy would direct the film, with Rhett Reese and Paul Wernick hired to rewrite the screenplay.
 * Deadpool appears in the live-action promotional short film Deadpool and Korg React, in which he reacts to a trailer for the film Free Guy alongside Korg.

Video games

 * Deadpool appears in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse, voiced by John Kassir.
 * Deadpool appears as a playable character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance, voiced again by John Kassir.
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Trading Card Game.
 * Wade Wilson appears as the final boss of the X-Men Origins: Wolverine tie-in game, voiced by Steve Blum.
 * Deadpool appears as an unlockable playable character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2, voiced again by John Kassir.   He arrives in Washington D.C. for the cherry blossom festival, only to get caught up in a terrorist attack on the capital. Frustrated over his vacation being ruined, Deadpool attacks the heroes, but they defeat him, and he agrees to help them fight off the terrorists. In the Wii, PSP and PS2 versions, he is playable from the start.
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Pinball, voiced by Nolan North.
 * Deadpool appears in Pinball FX2, voiced by Nolan North.
 * The Ultimate Marvel incarnation of Deadpool appears as a boss in Spider-Man: Shattered Dimensions, voiced by Nolan North. This version hosts the survival show Pain Factor and challenges Spider-Man to compete for a fragment of the Tablet of Order and Chaos that he obtained. However, after Spider-Man completes all of his challenges, Deadpool tries to trick him by giving him a fake fragment and uses the real one to clone himself. Spider-Man eventually defeats the Deadpools and claims the fragment.
 * Deadpool appears as a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds and its updated release Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3, voiced again by Nolan North.
 * Deadpool appears as a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online, voiced by Tom Kenny.
 * Deadpool appears as an unlockable character in Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel War of Heroes.
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Heroes, voiced again by Nolan North. Additionally, a pirate variant, Deadpool Kid, and Lady Deadpool appear as well, voiced by North, Troy Baker, and Alanna Ubach respectively.
 * A Deadpool costume appears in LittleBigPlanet 3.
 * Deadpool appears in a self-titled video game, voiced again by Nolan North.
 * Deadpool appears as a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes, voiced again by Nolan North. Additionally, he serves as the narrator for the bonus missions and gives the player quests in the game's hub.
 * Deadpool, in his traditional and Uncanny X-Force suits, and an exclusive Ghost Rider incarnation appear as playable characters in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
 * Deadpool appears as a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions.
 * Deadpool appears in Disk Wars Avengers: Ultimate Heroes.
 * Deadpool appears as a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
 * Deadpool appears in X-Men: Battle of the Atom.
 * Deadpool appears as a "secret outfit" in Fortnite Battle Royale.
 * Deadpool appears in Pinball FX 3.
 * Two incarnations of Deadpool, Normal and Lil, appear in a self-titled Pinball video game, voiced again by Nolan North and Brian Huskey respectively.
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Powers United VR, voiced again by Jason Spisak.
 * Deadpool appears as a playable character in Marvel Strike Force.
 * Deadpool appears as a playable character in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, voiced again by Nolan North. This version is a member of the X-Men.
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Snap, voiced by Alex Mitts.
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Super War.
 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Realm of Champions.
 * Deadpool appears as an NPC in Marvel Future Revolution, voiced again by Nolan North. This version is an announcer for Sakaaran gladiatorial games.
 * Deadpool appears as a downloadable playable character in Marvel's Midnight Suns, voiced again by Nolan North.

Miscellaneous

 * Deadpool appears in Marvel Superheroes: What the--?!.
 * The film incarnation of Deadpool appears in the short film "How Deadpool Spent Halloween", portrayed again by Ryan Reynolds.
 * A virtual pinball table based on various Deadpool comics was released by Zen Studios as part of the Marvel Pinball collection and Zen Pinball series, voiced again by Nolan North.
 * A physical pinball table based on Deadpool was developed and released by Stern Pinball.

title: Deadpool