text:
Suomenlinna

Suomenlinna (until 1918 Viapori, ), or Sveaborg, is an inhabited sea fortress composed of eight islands, of which six have been fortified; it is about 4 km southeast of the city center of Helsinki, the capital of Finland. Suomenlinna is popular with tourists and locals, who enjoy it as a picturesque picnic site. Originally named Sveaborg (Castle of the Swedes), or Viapori as referred to by Finnish-speaking Finns, it was renamed in Finnish to Suomenlinna (Castle of Finland) in 1918 for patriotic and nationalistic reasons, though it is still known by its original name in Sweden and by Swedish-speaking Finns. Due to its strategic geographical location, it sometimes used to be known as Gibraltar of the North.

The Swedish crown commenced the construction of the fortress in 1748 as protection against Russian expansionism. The general responsibility for the fortification work was given to Augustin Ehrensvärd. The original plan of the bastion fortress was strongly influenced by the ideas of Vauban, the foremost military engineer of the time, and the principles of the star fort style of fortification, albeit adapted to a group of rocky islands. Famous for these bastion fortifications, Suomenlinna became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1991.

During the Finnish War, Sweden surrendered the fortress to Russia on 3 May 1808, paving the way for the occupation of Finland by Russian forces in 1809, and then establishment of Grand Duchy of Finland at the conclusion of the war. The islands were then used as a base for the Russian Baltic Fleet in World War I, with Russia beginning the construction of the Krepost Sveaborg in 1915. Russian forces left after Finland declared its full independence in 1917. Finland then managed Suomenlinna through the Defense Department until turning most of it over to civilian control in 1973.

Geography
The Suomenlinna district of Helsinki lies southeast of downtown Helsinki and consists of eight islands. Five of the islands are connected by either bridges or a sandbar landbridge. Länsi-Mustasaari (sv: Västersvartö) is bridged to Pikku Mustasaari (sv: Lilla Östersvartö), which is bridged to Iso Mustasaari (sv: Stora Östersvartö), which is bridged to Susisaari (sv: Vargö), which was connected to Susiluoto (sv: Vargskär) by filling in the separating waterway during the Russian period. This island, which has the greatest concentration of fortifications was renamed Gustavssvärd (King Gustav's sword) (fi: Kustaanmiekka) during the construction by Sweden. The three unconnected islands are Särkkä (sv: Långören), Lonna (sv: Lonnan), and Pormestarinluodot (sv: Borgmästargrundet). The total land area is 80 haInstead of using the normal Finnish postal addressing scheme (consisting of a street name and a house number), the addresses at Suomenlinna consist of a letter code for the island and then a house number. For example, C 83 is house #83 on Iso-Mustasaari (code C). The postal code for the Suomenlinna district is 00190.

Background
Early on in the Great Northern War, Russia took advantage of Swedish weakness in Ingria (sv: Ingermanland) and captured the area near the Neva River as well as the Swedish forts, Nyen and Nöteborg, built to protect it. In 1703, Peter the Great founded his new capital, Saint Petersburg, in that easternmost corner of the Gulf of Finland. In the approach to it he built the fortified naval base of Kronstadt. Russia soon became a maritime power and a force to be reckoned with in the Baltic Sea. The situation posed a threat to Sweden, which until that time had been the dominant power in the Baltic. This was visibly demonstrated by the use of naval forces in the Russian capture of Viborg in 1710. The main Swedish naval base at Karlskrona was too far to the south to meet Sweden's new needs for its navy in the 18th century, which often resulted in Swedish ships reaching the coast of Finland only after Russian ships and troops had either started or completed their spring campaigns.

The lack of coastal defenses was keenly felt with Russian landings in Helsingfors in the spring of 1713 and the Swedish failure to blockade the Hanko Peninsula in 1714. A Russian naval campaign against the Swedish coast towards the end of the Great Northern War further outlined the need to develop Finnish coastal defenses. Immediately after the war ended the first plans were set in motion in Sweden to construct an archipelago fleet and a base of operations for it in Finland. However, nothing with regard to Sveaborg took place until the end of Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743. Fortifications were left unfinished at Hamina and Lappeenranta while Hämeenlinna was being built into a supply base. Lack of funds, unwillingness to devote funds for defending Finland, and the belief (arising just before the war) that Russia would be pushed away from the Baltic Sea were the main causes for the lack of progress.

The following Russo-Swedish War of 1741–1743, which quickly turned from a Swedish attack into a Russian occupation of Finland, again underlined the importance of developing fortifications in Finland. Lack of base of operations for naval forces made it difficult for the Swedish navy to operate in the area. Other European states were also concerned about developments regarding Russia, especially France, with whom Sweden had concluded a military alliance. After lengthy debate, the Swedish parliament decided in 1747 to both fortify the Russian frontier and establish a naval base at Helsingfors as a counter to Kronstadt. Augustin Ehrensvärd (1710–1772), a young lieutenant colonel, was given the responsibility of designing the fortresses and directing construction operations.

Construction
Sweden started building the fortresses in January 1748. Ehrensvärd's plan contained two fortifications: a sea fortress at Svartholm near the small town of Lovisa, and a larger sea fortress and naval base (Sveaborg) at Helsingfors. There were two main aspects to Ehrensvärd's design for Sveaborg: a series of independent fortifications across several linked islands and, at the very heart of the complex, a navy dockyard. In addition to the island fortress itself, seafacing fortifications on the mainland would ensure that an enemy could not acquire a beach-head from which to stage attacks on the sea fort. The plan was also to stock munitions for the whole Finnish contingent of the Swedish Army and Royal Swedish Navy there. Additional plans were made for fortifying the Hanko Peninsula, but these were postponed.

Construction started in early 1748 kept expanding, and by September there were around 2,500 men building the fortresses. Initially the soldiers were housed in the vaults of the fortifications, while the officers had specially built quarters integrated into the baroque cityscape composition of the overall plan. The most ambitious plan was left only half completed: a baroque square on Iso Mustasaari partly based on the model of Place Vendôme in Paris. As the construction work progressed, more residential buildings were built, many following the shape of the fortification lines. Ehrensvärd and some of the other officers were keen artists who made oil paintings presenting a view of life in the fortress during its construction, and giving the impression of a lively "fortress town" community.

Due to repeated Russian threats in 1749 and 1750, more effort was placed on the island fortifications at the expense of those on the mainland, so that a safe base of operations could be secured for the Swedish naval units along the Finnish coast. Using the military garrisoned in Finland as the workforce, construction continued with over 6,000 workers in 1750. Fortifications at Gustavssvärd were completed in 1751 and the main fortifications on Vargö were ready in 1754. The fortress was fully operational though unfinished. These accomplishments did not reduce the pace of construction and in 1755 there were 7,000 workers constructing the fortifications outside of Helsingfors which at the time had around 2,000 residents. The substantial fortification work on the islands south of the town brought it a new and unexpected importance. Swedish participation to the Seven Years' War halted the construction efforts in 1757, which also marked the end of the rapid construction phase of Sveaborg.

This period in Swedish history was known as the Age of Liberty, during which the kingdom was under increased parliamentary control, divided into two political parties, the Hats and the Caps. Ehrensvärd had been supported by the Hats, so when the Caps rose to power in 1766 he was relieved of his post and replaced with ardent Caps supporter Christopher Falkengréen. However, after 1769 when the Hats regained power, Ehrensvärd was again placed in command of the Swedish archipelago fleet in Finland, officially the arméens flotta ("fleet of the army"), and returned to Sveaborg. But additional progress had not been made on the fortifications when Ehrensvärd died in 1772. Efforts to improve the fortress continued under Jacob Magnus Sprengtporten, but his tenure was cut short by disagreements with King Gustav III. Once again efforts slowed down as garrisons were reduced, and in 1776 Sveaborg's commander reported that he could not even man one-tenth of the artillery placed in the fort. Even at the start of the Russo-Swedish War in 1788 Sveaborg remained in an incomplete state.

Facilities for constructing ships for the Swedish archipelago fleet were built at Sveaborg in the 1760s. In 1764 the first three archipelago frigates were launched from there. In addition to the construction of the fortifications and ships, naval officer training was started by Ehrensvärd at his own expense at Sveaborg in 1770. It took until 1779 before a naval military school was formally founded there.

Service
Sveaborg was formed and stocked according to the needs of the Swedish archipelago fleet and thus was unable to repair and refit the Swedish battlefleet after the battle of Hogland. Facilities were also found lacking at Sveaborg, especially in the areas intended for taking care of the sick and wounded. Russian control of the waters outside of Sveaborg practically blockaded the Swedish battlefleet to Sveaborg. By cutting the coastal sea route past Hangö, Russians prevented supplies from being shipped from Sweden to Sveaborg. The Swedish fleet finally managed to set sail for its base at Karlskrona on 20 November when the Baltic Sea had already frozen severely enough that ice had to be sawed open before some ships could move. The fleet could not overwinter at Sveaborg since it lacked the facilities and supplies for fitting the ships.

While the route to Sweden was open again in late 1788 and in early 1789, Russian ships cut the connection from Sveaborg to Sweden by forming a blockade at Porkkala cape. Sveaborg was the most important location for archipelago fleet's ship construction and fitting during the war. Even so, and despite efforts, several ships remained unfinished at Sveaborg until the end of the war. The importance of Sveaborg did not escape the Russians whose broad operational plan for 1790 included a siege of Sveaborg both from sea and land.

Following a pact between Alexander I and Napoleon, Russia launched a campaign against Sweden and occupied Finland in 1808. The Russians easily took Helsingfors in early 1808 and began bombarding the fortress. Its commander, Carl Olof Cronstedt, negotiated a cease-fire. When no Swedish reinforcements had arrived by May, Sveaborg, with almost 7,000 men, surrendered. The reasons for Cronstedt's actions remain somewhat unclear; but the hopeless situation, psychological warfare by the Russians, some (possibly) bribed advisors, fear for the lives of a large civilian population, lack of gunpowder, and their physical isolation are some likely causes for the surrender. By the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in 1809, Sweden ceded its eastern territory of Finland and Grand Duchy of Finland was established, an autonomous state ruled by the Russian Empire. The Swedish period in Finnish history, which had lasted some seven centuries, came to an end.

Under Russian rule
After taking over the fortress, the Russians started an extensive building program, mostly extra barracks, and extended the dockyard and reinforced the fortification lines. The long period of peace following the transfer of power was shattered by the Crimean War of 1853–56. The French–British–Ottoman alliance decided to engage Russia on two fronts and sent an Anglo-French fleet to the Baltic Sea. For two summers during the Åland War the fleet shelled the towns and fortifications along the Finnish coast. The bombardment of Sveaborg (also known then as Viapori) by the forces of Richard Saunders Dundas and Charles Pénaud on 9–10 August 1855 lasted 47 hours and the fortress was badly damaged, but they were unable to knock out the Russian guns. After the bombardment, the Anglo-French fleet sent no troops ashore and instead set sail for Kronstadt.

After the Crimean War extensive restoration work was begun at Sveaborg. A new ring of earthworks with artillery emplacements was built at the western and southern edges of the islands.

The next stage in the arming of Sveaborg and the Gulf of Finland came in the build-up to World War I. The fortress and its surrounding islands became part of "Peter the Great's naval fortification" designed to safeguard the capital, Saint Petersburg.

Finnish ownership
Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, the fortress became a possession of a fully independent Finland. After the Finnish Civil War, a prison camp existed on the island. The fortress was officially renamed Suomenlinna (castle of Finland) as part of the wave of nationalism.

No longer very practical as a military base, Suomenlinna was turned over to civilian administration in 1973. An independent government department, the Governing Body of Suomenlinna, was formed to administer the unique complex. At the time there was some debate over its Finnish name, with some suggesting that the old name Viapori be restored, but the newer name was retained. The presence of the military on the islands has been drastically scaled down in recent decades. The Suomenlinna garrison houses the Naval Academy (Merisotakoulu) of the Finnish Navy on Pikku Mustasaari. Suomenlinna still flies the war flag, or the swallow-tailed state flag of Finland.

Present day
Suomenlinna is now one of the most popular tourist attractions in Helsinki as well as a popular picnicking spot for the city's inhabitants. In 2009, a record 713,000 people visited Suomenlinna, most between May and September. A number of museums exist on the island, as well as the last surviving Finnish submarine, Vesikko.

There are about 900 permanent inhabitants on the islands, and 350 people work there year-round.

There is a minimum-security penal labor colony (työsiirtola) in Suomenlinna, whose inmates work on the maintenance and reconstruction of the fortifications. Only volunteer inmates who pledge non-use of controlled substances are accepted to the labour colony.

For the general public, Suomenlinna is served by ferries all year, and a service tunnel supplying heating, water and electricity was built in 1982. In the beginning of the 1990s, the tunnel was modified so that it can also be used for emergency transport.

Transport to and from the island is generally ceased between the hours of 0300 and 0600 daily, but is otherwise regular and frequent.

Suomenlinna has been known as a location for avant-garde culture. In the mid-1980s, the Nordic Arts Centre was established on the island. Several buildings have been converted into artists' studios, which are let by the administration at reasonable rates. During the summer there is an art school for children. The performances of the Suomenlinna summer theater regularly draw full houses.

Between 2 and 6 September 2015, the Finnish postal service ran a test of the use of drones to deliver parcels between Helsinki and Suomenlinna. The parcels were limited to 3 kg or less, and flights were under the control of a pilot.

The island houses a backpackers' hostel operating in a converted school building, built in 1908 and having served as a Russian school (1909-1917), military office (1918-1919), Finnish school (1920-1959), and a canteen and entertainment venue for soldiers (1959-1972).

Suomenlinna Church, built in 1854, was adapted in 1929 to include a lighthouse beacon. Both the church and beacon are still active today. The lighthouse beacon was modernised to use LED lighting in 2019.

Timeline

 * 1748: Building of Sveaborg (Fortress of Svea/Sweden – Swedish), later to be named Suomenlinna in 1918 (Fortress of Finland – Finnish), begins under command of Augustin Ehrensvärd.
 * 1808: Sveaborg surrenders to Russia without any opposition during the Finnish War.
 * 1809: Treaty of Fredrikshamn: Finland becomes part of Russia.
 * 1855: Crimean War: Anglo-French navy bombards Suomenlinna and causes substantial damage.
 * 1906: Viapori Rebellion: Russian soldiers plan to depose the tsar.
 * 1914–1917: A ring of ground and sea fortifications, called Krepost Sveaborg, is built around Helsinki.
 * 1917: Finland becomes independent after the Russian Revolution.
 * 1918: Name Suomenlinna becomes the official name of the fortress in Finnish while retaining its Swedish name Sveaborg in Swedish. Prison camp of Red rebels is located in Suomenlinna after the Finnish Civil War.
 * 1921 Valtion lentokonetehdas (State Aircraft Factory) started building airplanes and powered ice sleighs in Suomenlinna for the Finnish Air Force. In 1936 the factory moved to Tampere.
 * 1973: Suomenlinna becomes civil administration area.
 * 1991: Suomenlinna becomes a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

In literature
The Finnish-Swedish poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg wrote a poem called Sveaborg, one of the 35 short poems that together constitute his epic The Tales of Ensign Stål. It includes the following two verses about the fortress, which allude specifically to the "Gustav's Sword" (Gustavssvärd) bastion and its guns:

It looks out over sea and fjord, With eyes of granite. It raises its Gustav's sword high, And proudly says: 'Come hither!' This sword is not lowered to strike, It only flashes and so destroys.

Do not let the island be defiantly approached When the war comes. Do not disturb the queen of the sea In her moment of anger: She slings messages of death toward you, In the roar of a thousand cannons.

Sveaborg is also mentioned in the lyrics of Gunnar Wennerberg's 1849 hymn O Gud, som styrer folkens öden ("Oh God, who steers the people's fate"), in which Sweden's "age-old freedom" is described as being "...our protection in gloomy dangers, our consolation in every bleached sorrow, our defence against the hegemon's forces, and stronger than Sveaborg". As these words were written forty years after the Swedish cession of Finland to Russia, the use of Sveaborg as a simile has deliberately historic overtones.

George R. R. Martin wrote a short story about the surrender of Viapori, "The Fortress", when he was a college student. It was published in his 2007 volume of short stories, Dreamsongs.

title: Suomenlinna


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Pentium OverDrive

The Pentium OverDrive was a microprocessor marketing brand name used by Intel, to cover a variety of consumer upgrade products sold in the mid-1990s. It was originally released for 486 motherboards, and later some Pentium sockets. Intel dropped the brand, as it failed to appeal to corporate buyers, and discouraged new system sales.

486 sockets
The Pentium OverDrive is a heavily modified, 3.3 volt Pentium P54 core manufactured on 0.6 micrometer technology. It is fitted with a 486-compatible bus unit (though with an increased pin-count), an integrated heatsink and fan, and 32 kB of level 1 cache, double the 16 kB offered on regular P54C chips. As the data bus was effectively reduced to 32-bit width, per-clock performance was much lower than that of a 'regular' Pentium, though still substantially faster compared to a similarly clocked 486 owing to the Pentium's architectural improvements, such as the much improved FPU. It was also equipped with an integrated 3.3 volt power regulator as many 486 motherboards only provided 5 volt power.

The 63 MHz model was launched in February 1995, and supported 25 MHz bus systems. The much faster 83 MHz version, which supported both 25 (63 MHz effective) and 33 MHz bus systems, launched much later the same year on September, and was very expensive at $299 compared to other upgrade alternatives, such as those based on AMD's 5x86 and Cyrix's Cx5x86 chips.

The processor's heatsink is permanently attached, and the removable fan module is powered via spring-like metal prongs that connect to a trio of conductors on the surface of the chip. The clip that releases the fan is visible in the first photo, at the top left corner of the CPU. The central plastic "column" that leads from the center of the fan houses the fan wiring and leads down the side of the heatsink at this corner. The small plastic points at each top left of this column are the locking mechanism for the fan and are released by squeezing them. The opposite corner of the CPU has a latch that locks the fan around underneath the heatsink, by swinging into place upon assembly. The processor monitors the fan and will throttle back on clock speed to prevent overheating and damage if the fan is not operating. This is a predecessor to the internal temperature detection and protection in Intel's modern processors.

Compatibility and performance
During development, Intel had changed the design specification, causing various compatibility and performance problems with some boards that were previously fully compatible. For instance, the Packard Bell 450 motherboard required a specially-designed interposer to be installed between the processor and the motherboard to cope with the changed specification, with the unfortunate consequence of precluding access to the motherboard's level 2 cache, resulting in sub-par performance. In addition, some older chipsets do not support the write-back functionality of the chip's level 1 cache, which could also reduce performance. However, the majority of Socket 3 motherboards, particularly later (post-1994) VLB and most PCI boards, provide proper support for the Pentium OverDrive including fully operational access to the level 2 cache, and many earlier boards also support the processor with varying levels of compatibility and performance.

Performance-wise, many popular synthetic benchmarks of the time showed the Pentium OverDrive under-performing its much cheaper and higher-clocked rivals, though its real-world performance (given the motherboard cache was being optimally used) could be much different: programs that were floating-point dependent or optimized for the Pentium architecture (as were both becoming increasingly common in the mid to late nineties) derived a more substantial benefit from the Pentium OverDrive, particularly the 83 MHz version. In addition, it fully supported programs and operating systems specifically coded for the Pentium architecture, such as many emulators, multimedia utilities and even later Windows operating systems and games; however, the benefit of running such programs on a clock- and motherboard bus-constrained system may be questionable.

Models
PODP5V63
 * Introduced February 3, 1995
 * 234 pins, P24T pinout
 * 5 or 3.3 volts
 * L1 Cache 32 kB (16 kB + 16 kB)
 * 63 MHz on 25 MHz front side bus (25 × 2.5)

PODP5V83
 * Introduced September 1995
 * 234 pins, P24T pinout
 * 5 or 3.3 volts
 * L1 Cache 32 kB (16 kB + 16 kB)
 * 83 MHz on 33 MHz front side bus (33 × 2.5)

Some 63 CPU models (part number 109X4405H6J05) have 234 pins instead of 235. Some CPUs came with the pin chopped off (Pin A4) and others had the pin completely missing and covered with the encapsulation.

Pentium sockets
The original Socket 4 Pentium chips ran at higher voltages (5V) than later models. Although little known, Intel did in fact release an OverDrive chip for these sockets, that used an internal clock multiplier of 2, to change them to a "120/133" machine.

 * PODP5V120: 120 MHz on 60 MHz bus
 * PODP5V133: 133 MHz on 66 MHz bus or 120 MHz on 60 MHz bus

The OverDrive Processors for the Pentium 75, 90 and 100 were also released (Socket 5, 3.3 V), running at 125, 150 and 166 MHz (clock multiplier of 2.5). The 125 is an oddity, because Intel never made a Pentium 125 as a stand-alone processor.

 * PODP3V125: 125 MHz on 50 MHz bus
 * PODP3V150: 150 MHz on 60 MHz bus
 * PODP3V166: 166 MHz on 66 MHz bus

These were replaced by Pentium OverDrive MMX, which also upgraded the Pentium 120 - 200 MHz to the faster version with MMX technology.

 * PODPMT60X150: up to 150 MHz on 60 MHz bus (clock multiplier of 2.5)
 * PODPMT66X166: up to 166 MHz on 66 MHz bus (clock multiplier of 2.5)
 * PODPMT60X180: up to 180 MHz on 60 MHz bus (clock multiplier of 3.0)
 * PODPMT66X200: up to 200 MHz on 66 MHz bus (clock multiplier of 3.0)

Socket 8
In 1998, the Pentium II OverDrive, part number PODP66X333, was released as an upgrade path for Pentium Pro owners. This upgrade could be used in single and dual processor Socket 8 systems, or in two sockets of quad processor Socket 8 systems with CPU 3 and 4 removed. It could also be run in quad and hexa processor Socket 8 systems unofficially after some users upgraded their ALR 6x6 systems with them.

Combining the Pentium II Deschutes core in a flip-chip package with a 512 kB full speed L2 cache chip from the Pentium II Xeon into a Socket 8-compatible module resulted in a 300 or 333 MHz processor that could run on a 60 or 66 MHz front side bus. This combination brought together some of the more attractive aspects of the Pentium II and the Pentium II Xeon: MMX support/improved 16-bit performance and full-speed L2 cache, respectively. The later "Dixon" mobile Pentium II core would emulate this combination with its 256 kB of full-speed cache.

In Intel's "Family/Model/Stepping" scheme, the Pentium II OverDrive CPU is family 6, model 3. Though it was based on the Deschutes core, when queried by the CPUID command, it identified as a Klamath Pentium II. As noted in the Pentium II Processor update documentation from Intel, "although this processor has a CPUID of 163xh, it uses a Pentium II processor CPUID 065xh processor core."

The major customer for these chips was Intel's ASCI Red supercomputer stationed at Sandia National Laboratories, the first computer to break the teraFLOPS performance mark, which up until the upgrade was running dual Pentium Pro CPUs in its nodes since its inception in late 1996. ASCI Red had all 4,510 CPUs upgraded from dual Pentium Pros to dual Pentium II Overdrives in 1999, making it the first computer to break over two teraFLOPS at the time of upgrading, while at the same time maintaining its position as the world's fastest on the TOP500 list since it held that position from its first full operation in 1997 up until late 2000. ASCI Red continued to use dual Pentium II OverDrive CPUs for the remainder of its usage until it was finally decommissioned in 2006.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Pentium OverDrive


text:
Talk:Problem solving

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 16 September 2019 and 18 December 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Nigelmh.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:14, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Reference farm
There are a huge number of "references" that have no citation in the text. I recommend we delete them all, keeping only those directly associated with a specific citation. - Do c  t  orW  07:46, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Many of them are being used as reference, they're just formatted unexpectedly. I think the first step is to reformat all the Problem_solving#Reference-(NAME) references with formatting. --Ronz (talk) 17:18, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Here's an example of how to reference them . I copied the wikicite-formatted information from the References section into ref formatting, naming the reference for future use. --Ronz (talk) 20:19, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Why only people?
I really think there should be information about problem solving as it relates to non-human species. This is supposed to be an article about "problem solving," not simply "human problem solving."

IMO there should be a summary of this current page, while the full contents should be moved to a new article named something like "Problem solving capability of humans." New sections should then be added to this article about problem solving as it relates to non-human life in general. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.10.191.192 (talk) 10:08, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

I would think that one of the problems with problem solving is that there are too many different ways to solve the problem. How about: (1)What is the problem?, (2)What are the solutions to the problem?, (3)What is the best solution for the problem?, and (4)How do we implement the best solution? I forget where I learned that in a problem solving seminar, But I don't even know where it fits into this elaborate discussion.WFPM (talk) 17:20, 16 August 2009 (UTC) - I came to this page because Finland is ranked the best worldwide in Math, Reading and Science, but only 2nd in Problem Solving. So what nation is ranked the highest in problem solving at the secondary education level?!?!?!

writting books does a great difference when using this topic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 41.206.15.18 (talk) 09:23, 23 April 2011 (UTC)

,,,,
analyse world problems: choose an operation

to choose an operation for a problem, think about the action taking place... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.51.29.227 (talk) 14:21, 1 November 2009 (UTC)

'Problem Solving Techniques' needs refinement
A lot of the 33 techniques listed are actually the same or very similar, and one of the techniques is actually another list of techniques that seems to be focused on engineering/science rather than the general principle of solving a problem. And I seriously doubt that the 'WWXXD' method is either useful or practical -- I mean seriously, when has 'What Would Chuck Norris Do' ever solved a problem, let alone a real one?

I suggest that techniques be grouped into types, e.g. general, mathematical, logical, with AI, etc. Ideally, each item should link to another article and there should be no repeated items.

--Sg gower (talk) 04:04, 3 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Strong agree. All what you say. Will you do the changes? BertSeghers (talk) 00:12, 9 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I've made some changes. Most notably, I've just about halved the number of items in the list... Anything that was repeated or didn't have a corresponding article is gone. I've also split the section up into 'problem-solving techniques' and 'problem-solving methodologies', as the things that I am now calling methodologies used other or combinations of techniques rather than something different. Since there are now so few things on the list, it no longer seems apt to subdivide it into general, mathematical, etc. Tomorrow, I intend to slim down the extensive 'see also' section. Some things already linked to in previous sections are also there (like TRIZ and Reduction), and I'm sure some of things in that list belong in techniques or methodologies instead. SG Gower (talk) 22:39, 11 January 2010 (UTC)

 * I've made all the changes that were really bugging me (more than halved 'see also'), but this article still could use some work. SG Gower (talk) 22:01, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Changing heading levels
It has occurred to me that 'Europe' and ' USA and Canada' should be sub-headings of 'Overview', as really they are extensions of the overview. Before making the change, I'd like to see what others think. --SG Gower (talk) 22:03, 5 April 2010 (UTC)
 * This is done, Overview is also renamed to History of the field. --Aleksd (talk) 16:00, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

Is plaigarism an issue?
The second paragraph in the section 'Overview' is cut and pasted from "complex Problem Solving: The European Perspective - 10 Years After" by Funke and Frensche which is chapter 2 of D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), "Learning to solve complex scientific problems" (pp. 25-47). New York: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007. In fact I suspect a large amount of the page comes from this in a pretty much unedited form. This is understandable as the chapter is one of the few English language publications by these important authors freely available on the net and is a great overview discussion.

I am not sure of where Wikipedia stands on this sort of thing. DrPutty (talk) 05:21, 9 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm adding a copyvio tag so the issue will be investigated further. The original version (Feb. 2002) was taken from the sections "Historical Roots" and "The European Situation" on pp. 16-17 of Complex problem solving: the European perspective by Peter A. Frensch, Joachim Funke, Psychology Press, 1995 and was added by User:JoachimFunke, possibly one of the authors of a 1995 book from which nearly all the material was taken. The material was later deleted for COPYVIO but restored again with no explanation. I don't think the unquestioned material is enough to make a viable article and I don't have the expertise to rewrite it.--RDBury (talk) 06:15, 27 January 2012 (UTC)

 * What kind of template is that? You cannot blackout a whole issue for a paragraph, edit it if you want but what is this? --Aleksd (talk) 16:32, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I am removing the template. Please do not use it on other articles. --Aleksd (talk) 16:33, 27 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The problem is that most of the article is under copyright and, as I understand it, it's actually illegal for it to be in Wikipedia, I'm was only trying for follow Wikipedia policy.--RDBury (talk) 02:20, 28 January 2012 (UTC)
 * I reworked the intro and now I'm working on the copy-pasted text that possibly has some issues with authorship, however I wouldn't call it illegal if the author himself put it here. The text must be changed to fit W standards, needs addition of facts and removal of not so important details. Thence we can source it with the published book of the author rather than having something like multiple citations that has no real encyclopedic importance since sound more like a research. The article need major rework but deletion or blackout is too far as a measure. --Aleksd (talk) 14:29, 28 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Also I would suggest for this kind of articles to be categorized in a way that people 'having the expertise' to rework them, there are W Projects in almost all areas and expert editors could help. --Aleksd (talk) 14:35, 28 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Whether an author can add their own work to WP needs to be checked, generally the copyright is owned by the publisher and not the author and we have no way of knowing that the person claiming to be Joachim Funke was actually the person who added the material; WP does not ask people to verify their identity when they create an account. I agree that much of the article needs to be rewritten for style, but the result may not be sufficiently different to avoid copyright infringement.--RDBury (talk) 16:13, 28 January 2012 (UTC)
 * What do you want? No article, maybe you are against Wikipedia too?
 * The intro is not of the author, you delete it all, the following paragraph is majorly restructured, the article will change, will you be calling it illegal still because of a historical reference? What is this? --Aleksd (talk) 10:00, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

 * What is this? This is policy: Copyrights, Copyright violations. What RDBury did was a completely proper response to the situation he found: WP:CV101. This template you told him not to use is one of the recommended responses for this situation. Thanks to RDBury, we now have confirmed license with the contributor for the content. Comments like "maybe you are against Wikipedia too?", on the other hand, contradict policy: Assume good faith, Civility. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 11:09, 31 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I assume that you know the meaning of the word illegal, you cannot call something illegal in obviously not being such case, to say that the author confirmed after the illegal defining of the situation I rather call it an embarassing situation if not something else. --Aleksd (talk) 13:31, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * The focus on the word "illegal" isn't really helpful, as what's at question here is the policy. It is illegal for Wikipedia to host substantial copyrighted content without permission beyond the allowances of fair use. It is policy when content is previously published to verify that the author is able to license the content. The template that is used (see here) says nothing about the legality of the content, nor does it even confirm that the content is an infringement of copyright. It is used for investigations and includes directions for copyright holders on how to verify ownership. The author of the content was not in any way upset with us for verifying this and in fact thanked us in his letter. It is a service to copyright holders as well as to our reusers to make sure that material is compliant with the law. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 13:56, 31 January 2012 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify, it was only me who used the word "illegal" and I said it was under my (apparently limited) understanding. So I apologize if the word is causing confusion as the to reasons for WP policies and procedures. To me, the priority now is to get past this issue and go on to fix the other problems with the article. This is an important subject and the article gets a large number of views, so it would be nice if the article was of correspondingly high quality.

I come here because of a post to User talk:Moonriddengirl, a page I'm normally watching due to the amount of posting I do to it. I've restored the copyvio tag and it should not now be removed. Having taken a quick look between the very first version of the article and the current version there's way too much similarity there and so we must proceed as if this is a copyright violation. Now we are aware of the situation we would be remiss not to remove the text while it is investigated. Yes, the tag is big and ugly but that's the agreed upon process, partly because of the potential legal issues, and shouldn't be removed just because you don't like it.

In this instance it seems likely that the author uploaded the original text but we cannot take that at face value. On wikipedia there is no verification of user names is done when accounts are created so we have no way to be certain that the person is who they say they are, hence why they must follow the OTRS process. This can also be useful in verifying that the author knows what rights they are releasing (i.e. to modify as well as to copy).

As per the instructions on the tag the process if you wish to rewrite the page is to create a temporary page and leave the tag on the original page until an admin, OTRS agent or clerk comes and deals with it. In creating a temporary page you also need of be very careful of creating a derivative work as this would still be copyrighted to the original author. Dpmuk (talk) 18:43, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

I should also add that text in question may well have been added before OTRS existed but I see no sign on talk here of the (quite dubious) procedures used before that. Normally, at this stage, I'd leave a message on the contributor's talk page telling them of the situation but as they haven't edited in other four and a half years I'm not sure how much help that would be. I'll mentions this at User talk:Moonriddengirl as she may be willing to try to contact the author through OTRS. Dpmuk (talk) 18:54, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

 * I am indeed; I've written him, and let's hope that he's able to confirm soon. At that point, we'll be able to restore the content without issue. --Moonriddengirl (talk) 20:32, 28 January 2012 (UTC)

Grammatical errors in "Computer Science and alogorithmics" along with a lack of references.
There are a few grammatical errors at the end of the section entitled "Computer science and algorithmics". These petty errors should be fixed speedily. There are also no references for this section. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.44.119.89 (talk) 23:56, 7 April 2014 (UTC)

Theory of problem solving
Should this redirect here? --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 05:07, 26 February 2015 (UTC)

Section "Collective problem solving"?
What do you think about a new section (or even article?) "Collective problem solving"?

It could feature relevant content from Collective intelligence.

It's relatively broad - just as the topic of "Problem solving" and could feature broad and diverse content on the topic of societal problem solving and other forms of collective problem solving...

Could anybody help out with it?

--Fixuture (talk) 15:11, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

 * "Collective problem solving" sounds interesting, but also note the section titles "Computer science and algorithmics", "Engineering", and "Military science", which are all collective endeavors. And some of the methods listed in the section titled "Problem-solving methods" are used in collective problem solving, no doubt. Before creating an article titled "Collective problem solving" you would need to be prepared to prove that the topic is sufficiently notable to merit an article separate from this one. For example, I created the article on problem structuring methods, and I am confident that that topic meets the general notability guidelines. Notability is less of an issue for a new section. Biogeographist (talk) 18:27, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your reply. However, I could not find any content on collective problem solving in any of the three sections you named. There are many things that the section might cover, including crowdsourcing and from a quick research it looks like it meets WP:N. --Fixuture (talk) 18:48, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

 * I meant that computer science, engineering, and military science are all collective endeavors (not just the work of one person), and so could be considered examples of collective problem solving in general. I didn't intend to imply that those sections would substitute for a section on "collective problem solving", only that they are related. If you think you have enough content for a new section, be bold and start it. You may not get a lot of help, as this article doesn't appear to receive much attention. This article and the article on decision-making share, I think, the similar problem of applying to such a large range of behavior and areas of study that both articles are rather diffuse and neglected (in need of intensive attention from multiple experts but perhaps unlikely to receive it). Biogeographist (talk) 20:30, 4 January 2017 (UTC)

Problem structuring methods (PSMs) section
Following the problem-solving methods, I think it would be helpful to add a short section about Problem structuring methods. Problem-solving is a broad topic, and not all problem-solving methods are valid/useful/possible in a given problem space. The Cynefin framework is an example of a tool to help problem-solvers determine what methods they can use. It would useful if we can research more PSMs apart from the Cynefin framework and expand on existing references given in the PSM wiki page (i.e. 'soft systems methodology, the strategic choice approach, and strategic options development and analysis (SODA)'). LithiumEnergy (talk) 09:49, 24 April 2018 (UTC)

 * I created the article on PSMs. I am not sure that inserting a section about PSMs would help this article; the article has more serious issues that need to be addressed. I consider the Cynefin framework to be not a PSM but an aid to decide (among other things) when to use PSMs. There is a link in this article's See also section to the article on PSMs. In the most recent edit I added Template:See also links to Category:Problem solving skills, Category:Problem solving methods, Category:Problem structuring methods. Biogeographist (talk) 17:06, 24 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Also, there is no mention of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning in the problem-solving article, although they're both closely related! Oliver siegel (talk) 22:07, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

merge from collaborative problem-solving: proposal
collaborative p. s. adds nothing in terms of new insights or different perspectives. if collective p. s. is not collaborative, what is? -- Kku (talk) 13:16, 10 August 2018 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 21:02, 1 January 2020 (UTC)

Descriptive versus prescriptive problem solving methods
This article fails to distinguish between descriptive studies of problem solving in psychology and prescriptive studies in other disciplines. Logperson (talk) 08:48, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

RELEVANCY
The definition of the word problem solving is the process or act of finding a solution to a problem.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/problem-solving

Under the section DEFINITION it states the following:

The term problem solving means slightly different things depending on the discipline. For instance, it is a mental process in psychology and a computerized process in computer science. There are two different types of problems, ill-defined and well-defined: different approaches are used for each. Well-defined problems have specific goals and clear expected solutions, while ill-defined problems do not. Well-defined problems allow for more initial planning than ill-defined problems.[1] Solving problems sometimes involves dealing with pragmatics, the way that context contributes to meaning, and semantics, the interpretation of the problem. The ability to understand what the goal of the problem is, and what rules could be applied, represents the key to solving the problem. Sometimes the problem requires abstract thinking or coming up with a creative solution.

There is a clear inconsistency in the true definition of the word and the definition shared on this page.

With regard to the inconsistent and false definition of the word PROBLEM SOLVING

I agree that the word problem solving means something different to different people but that does not mean the definition of the WORD is different.

THEREFOR, the Top section, should begin with the definition of the term. And the definition of the word problem solving should stay true to the true definition.

Problem solving is the process or act of finding a solution to a problem.

Next, the section below should STATE

PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

The Problem Solving process consists of a sequence of sections that fit together depending on the type of problem to be solved. These are:

Problem Definition. Problem Analysis. Generating possible Solutions. Analyzing the Solutions. Selecting the best Solution(s). Planning the next course of action (Next Steps) — Preceding unsigned comment added by StarkeSolutions (talk • contribs) 20:59, 20 August 2019 (UTC)

Organization and Clarity
Problem solving is such a broad topic. It can involve a number of things and subtopics. There either needs to be better organization of the sections, or this page should focus solely on cognitive psychology/human problem solving. That would make this article, better and more clear. Having less topics in each section will bring clarity.

The lead includes many different techniques to problem solving, such as, philosophy or medicine, but then they are hardly mentioned at all in the rest of the article. They could be added if they do support the topic, but otherwise it is better off to rewrite the lead. The focus is to write about what is mentioned in the rest of the article. Otherwise it may cause confusion for readers. The lead can also include how the article mentions specifically the definition, strategies, etc. There can be references to other methods of problem solving, but make it breif.

I don't see the need to add the military science, engineering, and computer science as part of the definition. Military science wasn't even mentioned in the lead. All these changes I suggest only enhance the article. --Aheuer15 (talk) 20:26, 29 January 2020 (UTC)

 * I agree! Also, there is no mention of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategic_planning which is closely related, especially in methodologies. Oliver siegel (talk) 22:08, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

"General Problem Solver" is not mentioned as a method
I tried to make an edit to list it as a problem-solving method, but it got rejected. Not sure why!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Problem_Solver Oliver siegel (talk) 23:14, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

 * You added a link to Global Positioning System, not that article. I removed it rather than fixing the link because I do not believe that adding a link to an obsolete software program from 1959 is an improvement to this article. MrOllie (talk) 00:00, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Human Cognition SP23
— Assignment last updated by Emily1Sandoval (talk) 20:25, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Problem solving


text:
Talk:Geology of the Alps

Untitled
This apparently is the article from the first decade of the last Century. It is reflects nothing of modern geology, in particular plate tectonics. It is fine as a period piece, but serves little use for the first decade of this Century in terms of geology. -- 209.249.180.101

Is this 1911EB?
Is this article from the 1911 Encyclopedia Brittanica? Should it then be credited as such? Gwimpey 19:32, 6 Jul 2004 (UTC)

If it's that invalid, it should be stripped of all but the basics, or even deleted and a new article started. --DanielCD 15:10, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

I digested some of the older stuff and wrote a new article with a modern outlook. Tried to minimize jargon and make it easy to understand. Added new info where relevant. Could use a proofread. --DanielCD 21:26, 11 Oct 2004 (UTC)

mistake
A big mistake occurs in the first line of this article: the Alps does not come from the Tethys Ocean but from the "Alpine Tethys", "liguro-piemontais ocean" or "alpine ocean" (all these name are used). This ocean oppened from Liassic to Cretaceous times, and close during the upper Cretaceous. Geojide 19:20, 25 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Agree, we have a Prototethys, a Paleotethys, a Neotethys and an Alpine Tethys (Paratethys). --Chris.urs-o (talk) 00:50, 5 October 2010 (UTC)

New version
I've deleted the Britannica text. I might come back and try to incorporate some of it into the proper article, but it doesn't belong here any more than phlogiston belongs at combustion. Hasty Fool 19:03, 28 May 2006 (UTC) I'll come back and work on this article :) Hasty Fool 19:08, 28 May 2006 (UTC)

I am writing a much more structured article (and subarticles) in the Dutch wikipedia (see interwiki: Nederlands; if you don't know Dutch that's no problem since the titles will be understandable) on the geology of the Alps. When it is finished I can translate it and merge it with the current article. Any geologist-users are more than welcome to look at it and help edit it. Please don't edit the current text too much so I have time to work on merging the two texts. Woodwalker 17:29, 1 June 2006 (UTC)

No problem, I'll leave it all to you. Unfortunately I don't speak Dutch! Hasty Fool 06:59, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

Here is my new version, translated from the Dutch version. Please help me by checking it, it was quite a story to translate and i may have made some mistakes (also in the translation). I used the Dutch wikipedia more or less as a kindergarten, but there are so little people there who know something about geology that the article can contain untruths. I will upload the map later. Woodwalker 11:12, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Looks great on first go-over - I've done a bit of error checking & minor fixes, will look over it closer later. Vsmith 23:14, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

Thanx, can you also look at the subarticles mentioned in the template, please? I will add refs and literature later. Now going to bed. Woodwalker 23:17, 3 June 2006 (UTC)

map
Just a quick post, I stumbled on this geological map which looks to cover the region in good detail, it might be some use as a source. EdwardLane (talk) 09:10, 11 October 2012 (UTC)

New relevant book
http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118708121.html

Geology of the Alps O. Adrian Pfiffner ISBN: 978-1-118-70812-5 368 pages May 2014, Wiley-Blackwell

(English version, probably updated, of 2009 German book) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.170.196.53 (talk) 12:58, 9 April 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 15:57, 29 April 2016 (UTC)

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External links modified
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Tectonic Map
The tectonic map shows three oceanic spreading ridges inside the western Mediteranean. This doesnt seem correct to me and i couldnt find any source that shows something similar. There is some spreading in the Mediterranean but i think its at the very least missleading to show it in the same way as the Red Sea Rift. Const123 (talk) 17:03, 24 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geology of the Alps