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SC Internacional

Sport Club Internacional, commonly known as Internacional, Inter de Porto Alegre or simply Inter, is a Brazilian professional football club based in Porto Alegre. They play in the Série A, the first division of the Brazilian league, as well as in Campeonato Gaúcho Série A, the first level of the Rio Grande do Sul state football league. The team's home stadium, known as Estádio Beira-Rio ("Riverside"), was one of the twelve 2014 FIFA World Cup venues and has a capacity of 50,128.

The club was founded in 1909 by the Poppe brothers, with the clear goal of being a democratic institution without prejudice. Its colors are red and white and its fans are known as Colorados. It is one of the most successful clubs in Brazil and the Americas, being the third club with the most international titles in Brazil, with seven trophies. Its historical rival is Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, with whom it contests the Grenal, one of the greatest derbies of the world.

Internacional is part of a large membership-based sports club with more than 140,000 associates. 2006 was the most successful year in Inter's history as they won the Copa Libertadores and the FIFA Club World Cup for the first time, defeating European champions Barcelona in the latter and Club World Cup reigning champions São Paulo in the former. Inter once again won the continental title in 2010.

Other major honours include the 1975, 1976, and 1979 Brazilian league titles, the latter being the only time a club has won the title undefeated, the 2007 and the 2011 Recopa Sudamericana, the 1992 Copa do Brasil, and the 2008 Copa Sudamericana.

Foundation and early years (1910s)
The Club's foundation can be attributed directly to three brothers: Henrique Poppe Leão, José Eduardo Poppe, and Luiz Madeira Poppe. They arrived in Porto Alegre from São Paulo around 1908, a period marked by the rising popularity of football across Brazil. The younger siblings, José and Luiz, had the desire to play football, a sport they learned to practice in São Paulo. Henrique, the older and influential brother, then orchestrated the creation of a new club.

The genesis of Sport Club Internacional is linked to the combination of diverse nationalities. In contrast to the other teams in Porto Alegre at the time, which primarily catered to descendants of Germans, Inter emerged as inclusive to various ethnic backgrounds. The speeches heard at the meetings always revolved around a very important principle for the Poppe family and those present there. Internacional was being created for Brazilians and foreigners, a clear reference to the discriminatory policies of the other two major existing clubs in Porto Alegre, Grêmio and Fuss-Ball.

The club's colors were inspired by the street carnaval of Porto Alegre. At the time there were two big carnaval organizations in the city, the green Esmeraldinos and the red Venezianos, after a vote the color red was chosen.

The area of Ilhota, once a humble neighborhood rich in cultural influence, served as the team's first ground. The football field on Rua Arlindo, now known as Sport Club Internacional Square, hosted the early training sessions of the team. Subsequently, this location became the venue for the Canela Preta League matches and also saw the emergence of one of Brazil's greatest football talents, the legendary Tesourinha. Because of frequent flooding in the neighborhood, the Club was compelled to relocate. Thus, in 1910, it moved to Campo da Várzea, now called Parque da Redenção.

The time at Bom Fim neighborhood wouldn't last long, though, and by 1912, Inter had leased Chácara dos Eucaliptos. Situated on an alley with an entrance on Rua da Azenha, this became Inter's inaugural exclusive playing venue. It was here that the club initiated its first series of victories, clinching the City Championship in 1913 and 1917.

Consolidation and first stadium (1920s-1930s)
In the 1920s, the second decade of the Colorado's history marked a turning point in the club's history. After the growth of the early years, Inter began to face significant challenges. On the field, few titles were won. Off the field, the situation was not favorable. In addition to financial difficulties, the Colorado almost lost its home, and there was a possibility of the Club closing down. Decisions needed to be made that would alter the course of the club's trajectory.

Inter bounced back and strengthened itself, winning its first state title in 1927, initiating the construction of its first home stadium Estádio dos Eucaliptos and becoming even more popular, fully opening their doors to athletes from other leagues, including black people from Canela Preta league (literally "Black Shins" league).

Inaugurated in 1931, in the Menino Deus neighborhood, the Eucaliptos Stadium would become the stage for many glories and the rise of Inter as the biggest club in southern Brazil. Growing increasingly as the "Clube do Povo" (People's Club), Inter began to identify even more with the humble classes of Gaúcho society, not only in the stands but also on the field. During this era, talented players like Sylvio Pirillo, hailing from Ilhota, and Tupan, who emerged from the Canela Preta league, were prominent. Inter was beginning to assemble the renowned "Rolo Compressor" team and signaled the impending dominance of Gaúcho football.

The Rolo Compressor era (1940s)
The 1940s marked the a golden decade for Internacional. It was characterized by the emergence of enduring idols, along with consistent dominance in the Gre-Nal derby. The Eucaliptos stadium consistently hosted large crowds. In that time, Vicente Rao, who founded the team's first ultra, and Charuto, a often drunk supporter who Luis Fernando Verissimo defined as "a Colorado in pure state", became symbolic fans who are still remembered today. The team of the time is often referred to as the "Rolo Compressor", Portuguese for "Steamroller", an expression coined by Rao for a team that had unparalleled success in Gaúcho football. The extremely offensive side played from 1939 to 1948 and won eight Rio Grande do Sul championships, and also achieved the first instance of a team winning the state championship six times in a row in Rio Grande do Sul.

The reason for such superiority dated back to 1928, the year Inter started to have black players in their squad – something that was not allowed by rivals Grêmio until 1952. That decision ended up strengthening the team, which placed no restrictions. Before football became professional, however, most black players preferred to play in the Canela Preta league, which provided bonuses for participating athletes. When clubs began to professionalize and pay salaries, albeit low ones, more black athletes start accepting invitations to play for Internacional.

That team included some of the greatest football players in the club's history. Alfeu, Tesourinha, Abigail, Carlitos, Adãozinho, among others. The term "Rolo Compressor" was coined to represent Inter's power of "crushing the opposition" in their quest for victories. It showed the superiority of the team at that time.

The Rolinho days (1950s)
Supporters rallied behind the construction of the concrete bleachers of Eucaliptos Stadium in 1947, a project that extended until 1950. Similar to the earlier efforts during the construction of the stadium and later during the inauguration of Beira-Rio, it was the fans who mobilized resources and sought materials to enhance the Club's facilities. After that, the stadium hosted two matches of the FIFA World Cup in 1950 – Mexico vs Yugoslavia and Mexico vs Switzerland.

On the pitch, Inter kept having success. The 1950s were marked by a squad of great players like Paulinho, Florindo, Oréco, Chinesinho, Odorico, Salvador, Jerônimo, Luizinho and Canhotinho, all lead by the manager Teté in a team that would be called the "Rolinho"  (little steamroller) in allusion to the great team of the 1940s. The great stars of this period, however, were certainly the strikers Bodinho and Larry. Among the achievements of this decade are five state titles and a historic 6-2 victory against Grêmio in the inauguration of the Estádio Olímpico, the new home of the rival team. The quality of the team is also proven by the fact that Inter provided most of the squad for the brazilian national team that won the 1956 Pan-American Games in Mexico.

Building the Beira-Rio (1960s)
The club spent three decades at the iconic Eucaliptos Stadium, renowned for its mystique, yet it eventually became inadequate for the club's growing needs. In the Sixties, the Eucaliptos was becoming small for the large fan base.

Exactly in the year when the long-standing dominance of Inter in the Gaúcho football was coming to an end, 1956, the story of the construction of the Beira-Rio, began. On September 12, 1956, Councilman Ephraim Pinheiro Cabral, a man involved in football who had presided over Inter on several occasions, presented a project in the Porto Alegre City Council for the donation of an area that would be filled in the Guaíba River. In fact, Inter was gaining a piece of land within the water.

The Beira-Rio was largely built with the contribution of the fans, who brought bricks, cement, and iron for the construction, including from the countryside. In this regard, there were special radio programs to mobilize Internacional supporters throughout Rio Grande do Sul, but the 1960s were a challenging period for Inter in football, the Beira-Rio seemed like it would never be completed. Tired of the team's defeats at the nearby Eucaliptos Stadium, fans would go out to see the construction of the new stadium and to cheer for the construction workers.

Despite the scarce financial resources, primarily directed towards the construction of the Beira-Rio, Inter assembled good teams, relying on the talent of youngsters like Bráulio, Dorinho, and Pontes. In their first participation in a national competition, the Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa of 1967, Inter had a remarkable campaign, reaching the final phase and ultimately securing the runner-up position against Ademir da Guia's Palmeiras. The following year, the Colorado repeated their performance, narrowly missing out on the title, finishing just behind Pelé's Santos. Inter was beginning to establish itself among the top clubs in Brazil.

Finally, the Beira-Rio was inaugurated on Sunday, April 6, 1969, two days and 60 years after the foundation of Inter. The inaugural match was a 2-1 victory against Benfica from Portugal, which had Eusébio as its main star, Claudiomiro scored the first goal at the new stadium

Kings of Brazil (1970s)
In 1970s Internacional achieved eight Campeonato Gaúcho titles in a row, the longest consecutive title streak in the state, winning all regional championships from 1969 to 1976. It was a remarkable accomplishment for Internacional, surpassing their rival Grêmio's seven titles streak in 1960s. The 1970s, however, would bring even more achievements.

Perhaps no other time is remembered with more affection and longing by the Internacional supporters than the victorious Seventies. In that decade, Inter became the most successful club in Rio Grande do Sul and in Brazil. The new Beira-Rio Stadium lived up to the expectations of the passionate fans.

Inter achieved great results in the first national championships it competed in at Beira-Rio, finishing in fifth place in the 1969, 1970 and 1971 tournaments, which were decided in quadrangular rounds. Gradually, names like Valdomiro, Claudiomiro, Carpegiani, Hermínio, Pontes, Cláudio Duarte, Tovar, and Carbone were taking on the leading roles of the red team. Leading the red dugout at the turn of the decade was the manager Daltro Menezes.

Changes and progress started in 1972. Now under the command of a new coach, Dino Sani, Inter received the reinforcement of chilean center-back Figueroa, who would soon become an idol of the colorados. The year also brought a third place at the Brasileirão, achieved in a historic campaign that took the club to the semifinals against Palmeiras. A draw in 1-1, however, took the team from São Paulo to the finals.

Consolidated in the country's national championship, the club reached the mid-1970s determined not only to occupy a prominent role in the tournament but also to lift the long-awaited trophy. To achieve this, the club went after a coach with experience in national cups. At the opening of 1974, Inter had a new commander: Rubens Minelli. The coach was revolutionary for his time, known for deploying teams that controlled space and performed rehearsed plays, also introducing in Brazil the famous offside trap. That year, the club also signed goalkeeper Manga from Nacional, and left winger Lula from Fluminense. With the signing of Lula for the left wing, which happened almost simultaneously with Minelli's arrival, Inter began to show greater balance on the sides of the field. Already beloved by the red crowd, Valdomiro, who participated in 1974 FIFA World Cup, ruled the right flank, but lacked a companion with football skills matching his own on the other side, not anymore. In midfield, Falcão was already established as a starter. The main highlight in the central region, however, was Paulo César Carpegiani. One of Brazil's key players on the World Cup that year, the number 10 was idolized by the fans. To the duo of Paulos, Escurinho was added, thus completing Minelli's trio of midfielders. From the youth categories, the champions of the Copa São Paulo at the beginning of the season, Jair, Caçapava, Chico Fraga and Batista were also integrated into the main squad, adding even more strength to the red team. In the Brasileirão, two draws and one defeat in the final quadrangular resulted in another fourth place. However, this time, the team ended the season with greater authority than seen in the past. United, the group was ready to conquer Brazil.

The opening of the 1975 season was different for Inter. Given its growing fame, the club was invited to undertake a tour of Europe. Rubens Minelli spent five consecutive weeks with his players, a crucial time to earn even greater admiration from the athletes and consequently, to fully implement his football concepts within the group. The results obtained endorsed the innovations promoted in Inter's team. In 14 matches, Inter won 13 games and drew one, scoring 50 goals and conceding only one. Excellent, these numbers justly represented the high performance of the team, prompting comparisons, from The Sunday Times, between Inter and AFC Ajax who had recently won three consecutive Champions League titles.

After winning a seventh state title in a row, Inter debuted the 1975 Brazilian Championship on Wednesday, August 20. At Beira-Rio, tens of thousands of Inter fans filled the stands to cheer for the People's Club in the opening round of the Brasileirão. Riding high on its state championship victory, Inter continued their good form and the team went on to end the initial phase of the Brasileirão at the top of their group, adding eight victories, two draws, and only one defeat. The second phase saw Inter oscillating, but ultimately qualifying in second place. In the semifinal, the opponent would be Fluminense's Tricolor Machine. Fluminense wasn't dubbed the Machine by chance. A historic generation at the Rio de Janeiro-based Tricolor, featuring names like Félix, Carlos Alberto Torres, Marco Antônio, and Paulo Cezar Caju, who were World Cup champions with Brazil in 1970, reached its peak in 1975 with the signing of Rivellino, another star from the Brazil squad that won the World Cup in Mexico. The gaúchos came out on top by winning 2-0, with goals from Lula, after a beautiful pass from Falcão, and a stunning goal from Paulo César Carpegiani. The result took the Inter to face Cruzeiro in the grand final.

The mobilization fot the final was impressive. Even though the match was scheduled for Sunday, December 14, hotel rooms in Porto Alegre had been fully booked since Friday. Even earlier, on Thursday, tickets for the Inter fans had been sold out. The Beira-Rio, massive as it was, seemed small compared to the passion of the fans, who came from all corners to the Rio Grande do Sul capital. Everyone wanted to be part of the decision - the people from the stands and the athletes field. Inter was aware of the quality of Cruzeiro, a traditional team already crowned as Brazilian champions in 1966, and boasting an abundance of star players in its lineup. Piazza led other stars such as Raul, Nelinho, Zé Carlos, Joãozinho, and Palhinha, all of whom were national team players. For this reason as well, that made the match be played at a reduced pace, characterized by constant analysis from both sides on the first half. The title-winning goal, was scored by Elias Figueroa. Known as the "illuminated goal," as the Chilean defender headed the ball within a beam of sunlight from the sunset over the Guaíba, at the 11th minute of the second half. That ball finding the back of the net marked the beginning of the club's sequence of victories in the 1970s. Inter was the first club from Rio Grande do Sul to win the Brazilian Championship, which was largely dominated by teams from São Paulo, winners of 12 of the 18 national titles contested until then, whether in the current format or the previous Taça Brasil and Torneio Roberto Gomes Pedrosa. In total, there were 29 games, 58 points earned, 18 victories, eight draws, and only three defeats, Inter also scored more goals than any other team and conceded the fewest goals, Flavio was also the top scorer of the competition.

For the 1976 championship, Hermínio, Carpegiani, and Flávio were replaced in the starting lineup by Marinho Peres, Batista, and Dario. These were the main differences between Inter's teams in 1975 and 1976. With an even better team than the previous year, Internacional was once again sovereign in the first phase of the 1976 Brazilian Championship, with 7 wins and 1 loss in 8 games, scoring impressive 25 goals and securing the top position. In the second phase, the team didn't lose, winning 4 games and drawing 1. In the third phase, six wins and two losses in eight games led the team, in first place, to the competition's semifinals. The semifinal was played at Beira Rio. And Atlético Mineiro fought hard in a match that felt like an early final. Vantuir opened the scoring for the Minas Gerais team, which showcased the youthfulness of Toninho Cerezo, Paulo Isidoro, and Reinaldo. The lead was maintained until the 73rd minute. Batista rescued Inter, scoring the 1-1 equalizer. And it was him, Falcão, who sealed Inter's advancement with a legendary goal, the result of a header exchange with Escurinho, in the dying moments of what is remembered as one of the greatest matches in the history of the Brazilian Championship.

With the right to play the final again at home, Internacional had no trouble securing their second Brazilian title against Corinthians. The São Paulo team relied more on grit and emotion than on technique and were beaten by a score of 2-0, with goals from Dario and Valdomiro. Internacional became Brazilian champions for the second time, crowning their efficient, brilliant, and technical football, as well as elevating Falcão, Figueroa, Manga, and Carpegiani to the highest level among the greats of Brazilian football. The campaign in 1976 was remarkable: in 23 matches for the Brazilian Championship, the team won 19, drew one and lost just three. At the end of the 1976 season, however, coach Rubens Minelli left Inter, concluding a journey of 153 victories, 44 draws and only 20 defeats across 217 matches and three seasons. The coach would go on to win a third national title in a row in 1977, this time with São Paulo.

The 1975 and 1976 titles gave Inter the chance to participate on the Copa Libertadores for the first couple of times. The national success wasn't repeated on the continental level, however. In 1976, the defending national champion and its runner-up represented Brazil in the Copa Libertadores de América. At that time, Inter and Cruzeiro were placed in a group with Paraguay's Olimpia and Sportivo Luqueño. They led the competition with some ease. However, in a contest where only one team could advance, the stars of Minas Gerais shone brightly. And one game, in particular, became immortalized. Cruzeiro 5, Internacional 4. Arguably the two best teams in Brazil, the teams from Rio Grande do Sul and Minas Gerais engaged in a decisive and spectacular clash. The following year, in 1977, Inter managed to advance past the group stage, defeating Corinthians and the Ecuadorian teams El Nacional and Deportivo Cuenca. However, once again, they succumbed to Cruzeiro in the next phase, losing at home in another closely contested match, 1-0.

The end of the decade, however, was crowned with yet another title, now under new coach Ênio Andrade. With a record number of participants, the 1979 Brazilian Championship was contested by 94 teams. The 1979 Inter team helped revolutionize Brazilian football. While the two-time champion generation played in a clear 4-3-3 formation, designed to maximize the actions of Valdomiro and Lula, respective wingers on the right and left, the 1979 team easily varied between the two lines of three and a midfield composed of four players and two forwards. The team's great wildcard was Mário Sérgio, successor to Lula in the position but responsible for performing a completely different role. After three group stages, the semifinals were reached, in which Internacional eliminated Palmeiras, while Vasco da Gama left Coritiba behind. In the finalw, Internacional won 2-0 the first leg against Vasco in Rio de Janeiro. Excited by the advantage obtained in the first match and euphoric due to the great campaign, Inter fans filled the Beira-Rio for the second leg. Up to that point, in the 22 matches played in the championship, Inter had amassed 15 victories and seven draws, scoring 38 goals and conceding only 12. Therefore, more than just the title, the supporters in red and white desired the laurels of an undefeated conquest. With all players available, Ênio chose his ideal starting eleven. In goal was Benítez. João Carlos, Mauro Galvão, Mauro Pastor, and Cláudio Mineiro formed the defense, while Falcão, Batista, and Jair were the chosen midfielders. Finally, the attack consisted of Valdomiro, Bira, and Mário Sérgio. The team was superior and won 2-1, Bira scored the first and Falcão scored the final goal of the victorious campaign, sealing Internacional's third Brazilian championship on December 23, 1979. Internacional was a champion undefeated, a deed yet unmatched by any other club in Brazil.

Falling short (1980s)
The 1980s started off well, with Internacional enhancing its international stature. The brazilian champions of 1979 led by manager Ênio Andrade and legends such as Falcão, Valdomiro and Batista, reached the final of the Copa Libertadores for the first time in 1980 where the team were grouped in Group 3 alongside compatriots Vasco da Gama and Venezuelan sides Deportivo Galicia and Deportivo Táchira. Internacional finished first in their group with four wins, one tie and one loss (although the defeat surprisingly came from Deportivo Galicia). In the semi-finals stage, the Colorados were grouped with Argentine side Vélez Sarsfield and Colombian powerhouse América de Cali; once again, Inter managed to top the group with two victories over Velez and two draws against America (which was enough to see them reach the final). In the finals, Internacional faced off against Nacional, who had already won the Copa Libertadores once in 1971. The Colorado couldn't break the Uruguayan backline and the first leg, played at the Beira-Rio, finished 0–0. At the Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, Inter were defeated 1–0.

Despite losing what was, at that point, Internacional's most important match ever, the team went on to win the Campeonato Gaúcho four years in a row starting in 1981. The success of rivals Grêmio, however, winning the Brazilian Championship of 1981 and the 1983 Libertadores and Intercontinental Cup, alongside Inter's defeats at important finals made this decade a bittersweet one for the Colorado team. While the previous decade was full of laurels and glories, the 1980s didn't taste quite the same. Despite assembling talented teams and achieving good performances, Inter fell short in the most important competitions. The club, however, participated on many international friendly tournaments, winning the 1982 Joan Gamper against Barcelona and Manchester City, the only non-european team to do so. Inter also won the 1984 Trofeo Costa del Sol, the 1983 Europac Cup, the 1984 Kirin Cup the 1987 Glasgow International Tournament, the 1987 Trofeo Cidade de Vigo and the 1989 Trofeo Ciudad de Ceuta

In the late 1980s Inter got close to winning the Brazilian Championship once more, reaching two consecutive finals. In 1987, Inter started off well after finishing the first phase in first place of their group with four wins, two ties, and two defeats. In the semi-finals, the squad overcame Cruzeiro after a 0–1 victory at the Mineirão. However, in the finals Inter lost the chance at a fourth title after being defeated by Flamengo, containing famous players as Zico, Bebeto, Jorginho, Leandro, Edinho, Leonardo, Andrade, Zinho and Renato Gaúcho.

In 1988, Inter once again reached a final, after finishing second in their group in the first phase. On the semi-finals, however, the Colorado faced a battle against arch-rivals Grêmio in what was called "The Grenal of the Century", so named because for the first time it pitted the bitter rivals against each other in a national competition knockout stage. The 1988 semifinal, decided only in February 1989, determined the finalist for the championship and also granted a spot in the Copa Libertadores. The exaggerated nickname was more than justified at the end of the match: the duel transcended the competition itself and became one of the most emblematic events in Inter's history. The red side ended the first half down 1–0 and with just ten players on the pitch after Grêmio dominated the first 45 minutes. In the second half, pushed by a large crowd at Beira-Rio, the Colorados came from behind to defeat Grêmio 2–1 with two goals scored by striker Nílson.

A few days later, Inter would lose the title to the surprising team of Bahia, showing that in the 1980s, even in the most glorious moments, it was impossible to be completely happy. The Grenal of the Century was more than a game, it was a catharsis that transcended causes and consequences. Even though Internacional was considered the favourite to win, the team fell to Bahia after losing 2–1 away on the first leg and failing to capitalize at home with a 0–0 tie.

In the 1989 Copa Libertadores, nine years after the 1980 final, Internacional got close to the Libertadores title once more. After a poor star on the competition; the team managed to progress to the Round of 16 but only after finishing third in their group, winning only two matches, drawing once and losing three. However, that would change in the knockout stages as Inter defeated five-times winners Peñarol 1–2 in Montevideo and 6–2 in Porto Alegre. The quarter-finals saw the team face off against Brazilian champions Bahia in a rematch of the Brasileirão finals of a few months earlier; this time, Internacional beat Bahia 1–0 at home and ground out a 0–0 draw to progress. The semifinals had Internacional face off against a tough opponent: Olimpia, who were the reigning champions of Paraguay. Olimpia, were blossoming in their second golden era with players such as Ever Almeida, Gabriel González, Adriano Samaniego, and star Raúl Vicente Amarilla, all coached by Luis Cubilla. After winning the first semifinal match at Defensores del Chaco 1-0, the team led by Abel Braga played for a draw at home to secure a spot in the final. Excited, 69,928 Inter fans packed the Beira-Rio, some of them already waving banners saying 'Inter, champions of America.' Little did they know that the dream would turn into a nightmare. Olimpia managed a spirited comeback and won the return leg 2–3 silencing the Beira-Rio. Inter even had a penalty kick in their favor, which was failed to convert into goal. Since the aggregate was tied at 3–3, a penalty shootout ensued to decide the finalist, and Olimpia won 3–5, eliminating the Colorados. This elimination has been dubbed as the worst trauma lived by the supporters at the Beira-Rio stadium.

Even though the 1980s were not successful for the club, the decade marked the emergence of some players who became major stars in Brazilian football, such as midfielder Dunga and goalkeeper Taffarel, world champions in 1994 with the Brazilian national team, as well as talents like Luís Carlos Winck, Aloísio, and Pinga. Because of that, Internacional found itself as the base for the national team again, in 1984. The last time this has happened was in 1956, when eight footballers out of the 22-player squad called up for the national team for the pan-american games played for Internacional. To represent Brazil in 1984 in the Los Angeles Olympics, Internacional had their whole squad called up. The eleven players, from the goalkeeper to the number 11, won the silver medal. The team became known as "Sele/Inter". After beating Italy and Germany, Brazil won the football silver medal, a deed repeated in 1988, when Inter players such as goalkeeper Taffarel, full-back Luis Carlos Wink and center-back Aloisio defended the Brazilian colors. That same group would help Internacional become runners-up in 1987 and 1988 in the Brazilian championship.

Years of resistance (1990s)

After a decade of misses, the 1990s started promising. In 1992, Internacional finally won its fourth national-level title, the championship-winning campaign in the Copa do Brasil, was thrilling. After thrashing Corinthians at the Pacaembu Stadium with a 4-0 victory in the round of 16, Inter faced Grêmio in the quarter-finals. The duel was balanced, and after two draws, Inter secured the spot over the rival in a penalty shootout. In the semi-final, another overwhelming victory over the teams from São Paulo. The Internacional showed no mercy to Palmeiras and won both legs of the tie - 2-0 at Parque Antártica and 2-1 at the Beira-Rio. The final was thrilling from start to finish. Inter took the lead against Fluminense with a goal by Caíco at the Laranjeiras, but then suffered a turnaround. In Porto Alegre, the team had to overturn the 2-1 scoreline. The title-winning goal came in a dramatic fashion: a penalty kick by Célio Silva in the 88th minute. The club secured the title due to the away goals rule.

The 1990s, however, would represented a time of resistance and passion for the colorados. The team went through ups and downs and the rivals Grêmio were in great form, the supporters didn't budge and remained united in the struggle for better days. In the last decade of the century. Inter managed to secure four state championships (1991, 1992, 1994, and 1997), and had an unforgettable Grenal at the Olímpico stadium – a 5-2 with a fantastic performance by Fabiano that soothe the souls of the supporters through those difficult years.

This would culminate in a dramatic season in 1999, in which Inter almost faced relegation. The season started promising, with the signing of midfielder Dunga, former captain of the world champion Brazilian national team and who had started his career at Inter. At the end of that year, however, the midfielder didn't have good performances, and the team was still fighting against relegation to Serie B. On November 10, in a packed Beira-Rio and with a header goal by Dunga himself, at 36 minutes into the second half, Internacional defeated Palmeiras 1-0 and avoided relegation to the second division of the Brazilian Championship for the first time. The stadium lights were turned off at 46 minutes into the second half, moments after Inter's coach, Leão, was sent off. After a few minutes of interruption, the light returned, and the game could be concluded and Inter remained in the first division.

Renaissance and international success (2000-2015)
After the long and disappointing 1990s, Inter would still have to face some challenges in the early 2000s decade before the tide started to change. After escaping relegation in 1999, in 2002 Internacional almost faced relegation once again. In the last match of the season, to avoid dropping to the second national division, Internacional didn't rely solely on themselves. The team needed Palmeiras to lose to Vitória in Salvador, and for Portuguesa not to win against Bahia in Canindé. Indeed, the parallel results unfolded. The biggest challenge would be defeating Paysandu in Belém, which in that same year had won the Copa dos Campeões against Cruzeiro. Therefore, it wasn't impossible to envision a loss at the Mangueirão. The intense heat in Belém prevented a faster pace in the first half, but Internacional returned for the second part and secured a 2-0 victory, with goals from Mahicon Librelato and Fernando Baiano. That year would also mark a tragedy for Librelato, who scored on that match. Just eleven days after helping saving Inter from relegation, in the early hours of November 28, a car accident on Beira-Mar Avenue in Florianópolis resulted in the death of the 21-year-old promising young forward. The car he was driving lost control on a curve near the Hercílio Luz Bridge and plunged into the sea. For years the player was remembered on a banner with the words "Librelato lives 7" at Beira-Rio.

It seemed liked another decade of difficult times was coming, but under the leadership of a new president, Inter was finding its way back to the top. Fernando Carvalho has a lot to do with the successful comeback of the club. Recognized even by political adversaries as an executive who understands football, the sports official first ran for the presidency of Internacional in 1999 but was defeated. He won in 2001, faced a difficult year in 2002, but started a transformation process in 2003 that led the club to the top of the world. Carvalho and his team took various measures to reform the club. These included implementing long-term contracts, particularly extending up to five years for young players, as well as adopting performance-based contracts. Additionally, they implemented a strategic plan aimed at boosting the number of club members and made substantial investments in the youth academy. Upon assuming the role, the club had a mere 7,000 associates. However, by the time they left the presidency, membership had soared to 45,000.

Under the leadership of the chairman, Inter entered the new millennium seeking renewal from their youth teams. The club won four state titles in a row, from 2002 to 2005. The club modernized all its departments and prepared for a new football era. The South American Cup meant a return to the world stage and prepared the team for contesting the Copa Libertadores title. The campaign included eight wins, six draws, and just one defeat, to Ecuador's LDU Quito in the quarter-finals. To win the title, Internacional had to move past two clubs that had won the tournament three times – Uruguay's Nacional and São Paulo, who were the defending champions.

Against São Paulo, Internacional arguably won the title away in the first leg. Stunning the 80,000 são-paulinos attending the match at the Morumbi stadium, Rafael Sóbis scored twice in the second half before defender Edcarlos scored for São Paulo. Internacional needed just a draw in the second leg at home, and they left the pitch as South American champions for the first time. Striker Fernandão, who, along with Tinga, scored in the final match at the Beira-Rio stadium, was one of the 14 players finishing as top scorer of the Libertadores, with five goals. He was voted Man of the Match against São Paulo and won a Toyota Corolla as the prize. Fernandão put the car up for auction and gave the money to charity organizations.

Internacional competed in the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup and shocked the heavily favored European champions Barcelona with such stars as Ronaldinho and Deco 1–0 in the final for their first ever World Championship. They would also win the 2007 Recopa Sudamericana. Amidst all the victories in 2006, International had a bad start to the 2007 season. But to close this winning cycle with a triumph, Inter won the Recopa Sudamericana as they defeated Mexican club Pachuca with a final score of 5–2. In the first game in Mexico, the team had a good performance but was defeated 2–1. Alexandre Pato opened the scoring. In the second match, supported by over 51,000 fans crammed into Beira-Rio, Inter beat the opponent by a score of 4–0 – the biggest win of the competition's history.

After the Recopa triumph, Internacional struggled to refill the ranks left after the triumphant generation of 2006; the club finished in 11th place in the Série A, which was barely enough to allow Internacional to participate in the 2008 Copa Sudamericana. In 2008, Internacional won their state championship and participated in a friendly tournament called Dubai Cup 2008. In the same year, Internacional won the Copa Sudamericana, beating Argentine side Estudiantes de La Plata, becoming the first Brazilian winners of the trophy. Internacional repeated the Copa Sudamericana title; finished in a much-improved 6th place in the national league; retained their state title; reached the finals of the Copa do Brasil (the best finish the club has had since 1999); and won the Suruga Bank tournament. On 2 April 2009, Inter launched its third uniform celebrating its centenary, with a golden shirt, red shorts and red socks. The golden shirt represented the glories won in their history. In August 2009, English club Tottenham Hotspur announced that a partnership was completed between the two clubs. The team performed extremely well on the 2009 Brazilian Championship, finishing as runners-up to Flamengo by 2 points. With this 2nd place, Internacional qualified to participate, once again, in the 2010 Copa Libertadores.

Internacional was the top-seed of Group 5, which also contained Ecuador side Deportivo Quito and Emelec, as well as Cerro from Uruguay. In the 2010 season, Internacional finished first in their group, winning their three home matches and tying their away games, no least thanks to figures such as Kléber, Alecsandro, Giuliano and Argentine midfielder Andrés D'Alessandro. This saw the Colorados face off against Argentine champions Banfield; the series finished in a tight 3–3 scoreline, with Kléber's away goal in Banfield enough to send them through to the quarterfinals. In that stage, Internacional faced reigning champions Estudiantes, in a rematch of the 2008 Copa Sudamericana Finals. Despite dominating most of the first leg played in Porto Alegre, Internacional only managed a 1–0 win. In Argentina, Estudiantes were winning 2–0 until the 88th minute, when Giuliano, Internacional's star goalscorer, put the ball in the net to give Inter a much needed goal and see them through to the semifinals to meet São Paulo, in a rematch of the finals four years earlier. Again, Internacional only managed a 1–0 win at home despite dominating the game, and in São Paulo Alecsandro scored the decisive, away goal that saw Inter go through to their third final ever of the competition. Internacional won their second Copa Libertadores title after they defeated Guadalajara 1–2 in the first leg and 3–2 in the second leg to clinch a 5–3 aggregate win.

This victory gave Internacional the right to compete once again in the 2010 FIFA Club World Cup, with the goal of repeating the 2006 feat and becoming one of the very few Brazilian soccer clubs to have won the Club World Cup twice. However, they were eliminated in the semi-final by Congolese side TP Mazembe, the African champions, in a 0–2 upset that completely stunned Brazilian soccer specialists and fans, and also most international soccer observers.

Starting with minor works in 2011, the Beira-Rio stadium went through a complete renovation to receive matches of 2014 FIFA World Cup. The project named 'Giant Forever' went on full force in March 2012 when Inter partnership with Andrade Gutierrez took off, and lasted about two years. During this period, the home of the Colorados was adapted to the international football requirements and standards stipulated by FIFA, while maintaining the same structure and soul. The reopening was marked by a historic celebration show, along with a friendly match against Peñarol, who also participated in the inauguration tournament of the Stadium in 1969. Just like the Eucaliptos stadium in 1950, the home of Inter once again became a venue for a World Cup. International stars like Messi, Toni Kroos, Robben, and Benzema shone on the field during the five matches played there.

Relegation, financial trouble and restructure (2016-present)
After a pretty good start in the 2016 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, Internacional started to struggle and fell off to the bottom of the table, a run which included a 14-game winless streak. That led to the club's first relegation in its history, only ten years after winning the 2006 FIFA Club World Cup over a historical FC Barcelona team. Despite this setback, the club would eventually be promoted after finishing second in 2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série B.

Beira-Rio
Internacional plays its home games on its own stadium Beira-Rio. The stadium was built in the 1960s largely with the contribution of the fans, who brought bricks, cement, and iron for the construction and was inaugurated in April 1969.

The Beira-Rio underwent a major modernization process aimed at the 2014 World Cup. The works of the project, called 'Gigante Para Sempre' (Giant Forever), lasted about two years. The stadium was completely closed for renovations for the World Cup starting in December 2012. During this period, Inter had to make do with temporary homes, such as Estádio do Vale in Novo Hamburgo and Estádio Centenário in Caxias do Sul.

The stadium reinauguration took place in April 2014. Beira-Rio is now the second biggest stadium in the Rio Grande do Sul state and also South Brazil and can currently accommodate a total of 50,848 people. Additionally, a standing area introduced in early 2019 can now hold up 5,000 supporters.

The stadium hosted the last match in the finals of most of Inter's most important titles including the national titles of 1975,1976 and 1979, the 1992 Copa do Brasil, the 2006 and 2010 Copa Libertadores and 2008 Copa Sudamericana.

Crests
The first crest of Sport Club Internacional was designed with the initials SCI in red over a white background, without the red contour that appeared shortly afterward. In the Fifties, the colors were inverted, the initials written in white over a red background. Stars were added to crest after the 1975 and 1976 national titles, a third star accompanied by a silver laurel was placed above the symbol after the 1979 undefeated national title, the laurel would later be removed in the 1980s. A fourth star was added after the 1992 Copa do Brasil title.

After the club won the Copa Libertadores, the emblem gained another star which was 50% bigger was placed above the other four. However, Inter won the FIFA Club World Cup that same year, and the star symbolizing the Copa Libertadores title was moved down between the four stars representing the club's national honors, and a new diamond star was placed above it to commemorate the world crown. In 2007, after winning the Recopa Sudamericana, a crown was added to the crest to represent the clubs three international titles in a row, silver laurels were also added representing the Brasileirão titles as placed below the crest. This version of the crest was short lived, though, as in 2009, a circle with the name and year of foundation of the club were added around the traditional crest and the crown, laurels and stars were all removed for the club's centenary.

Flag
The flag of Sport Club Internacional consists of two right-angled triangles with the official colors red and white, with the red triangle having its base on the flagpole. In the upper corner, next to the flagpole, there is the club's crest and the founding year. At the Beira-Rio stadium, fans can behold a 110 square meters flag on a mast of 55 meters in height.

Saci
Initially, in the 1950s, the newspapers of the time created the figure of a little black boy wearing the Colorado jersey to represent Internacional and its popular and black fanbase in cartoons. The character later evolved to be a Saci, which was popularized by a drawing by Ziraldo. Like the black boy from the original cartoons, the main characteristic of Saci is mischief; he is very playful, enjoys teasing animals and people. He was adopted by Internacional as the club's mascot precisely because of these traits of "playing pranks on its opponents".

Anthem
Nélson Silva was a carioca from Rio de Janeiro, a composer from the slums, who lived in Porto Alegre. The musician first visited Rio Grande do Sul to perform with his musical group, Águias da Noite in the early 1940s. After the show, though, he never left. He became a radio host, with shows on TV Piratini and Farroupilha Radio, in addition to continuing to sing and play in nightclubs, but most importantly, he became an Internacional fan.

In 1956, Silva was listening to a match between Inter and Aimoré on the radio, a friendly held in São Leopoldo. He was distraught upon learning that his favorite team had lost 3-1. He was supposed to meet his girlfriend Ieda after the game to go to the cinema. But the game made him forget about his commitments that afternoon. He sat angrily at the table of a bar across the street, he began to write a hymn of praise to Inter, and that's how "Celeiro de Ases" (Barn of Aces) came to be.

The anthem stayed in a drawer at Farroupilha radio station for a long time, according to Turiassu Silva, Nelson's son. He showed it to some colleagues, the words spread, and eventually, it became popular among the fans. In 1966, the club launched a contest for the creation of an anthem. There were many candidates, but none of the anthems satisfied the Colorado soul like the one that was made on that angry afternoon by Nélson Silva, his composition soon became the formal song to celebrate the feelings of the Colorado fans.

In an interview for Internacional's newspaper in 1975, Nelson said that he never charged the club any amount for the use of the song. His greatest achievement, he said, was being known as the man who composed the Colorado anthem.

Players statistics

 * All-time Top Scorers

 * All-time most appearances

 * Brazilian Championship Top Scorers

 * Brazilian Championship most appearances

Others

 * Super Copa Gaúcha: (2) 2002, 2016
 * Copa Governador do Estado: (2) 1978, 1991

City

 * Campeonato Citadino de Porto Alegre: (23) 1913, 1914 (LPAF), 1915 (LPAF), 1916, 1917, 1922 (APAD), 1927, 1934, 1936, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1944, 1945, 1947, 1948, 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1972

B team

 * Campeonato Gaúcho Série B: 2017
 * Copa Sul-Fronteira: 2016

Friendly tournaments

 * (CHI) Torneio Viña del Mar: 1978, 2001
 * (ESP) Joan Gamper Trophy: 1982
 * (ESP) Torneio Costa do Sol: 1983
 * (CAN) Europac Cup: 1983
 * (JPN) Kirin Cup: 1984
 * (SCO) Glasgow International Tournament: 1987
 * (ESP)  Trofeo Cidade de Vigo: 1987
 * (ESP)  Trofeo Ciudad de Ceuta: 1989
 * (JPN) Wako Denki Cup: 1992
 * (JPN)  Sumitomo Bank Cup: 1994
 * Torneio Mercosul: 1996
 * (UAE) Dubai Cup: 2008

title: SC Internacional


text:
Talk:Dictatorship

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Johnzl.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 19:27, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Benevolent Totalitarian Dictatorships
Dictatorship in no way implies "authoritarian" OR "totalitarian". Dictatorships are merely governments led by one person, not following the herity of monarchal rulers. There are Benevolent and Totatalitarian Dictatorships, but "Dictatorship" should never be used to show suppression of rights.
 * Indeed; I believe Hans Hermann-Hoppe argued that democracy can actually be inferior to dictatorship. Tisane  talk/stalk 17:50, 26 June 2010 (UTC)

---

Somebody should redact the human rights article!

Removed this:

Ironically, several dictatorships include the word democratic in their official names, such as Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The irony is a lot more complex than this reader realizes.

 * And much more dubious than this commentator realizes as well. The alleged status of Communist regimes as 'dictatorships' is a matter of debate, however the notion that the term of 'democratic' is befitting of these regimes is factually incorrect.  The citizens of North Korea are unable to vote and ellect political movements which embody an alternative to that representing the current regime or the system of the country, and are actively persecuted by the current regime if they commit to such alternative movements underground.  This makes the country unqualified to be considered a democratic republic in anything but the name, which makes the two words dubious in the context of North Korea's full & official title. 80.201.97.60 10:54, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

-

Democratic should be included in dictator page since it is an example of how dictators attempt to hide the fact that only the dictatorial leader of the country will lead the country even though there are 'democratic' elections.

The average citizen would be intimidated into voting 'for' the dictator for fear of imprisionment, torture, or death. See Iraq for a good example.

Other dictatorships allow multiple parties on the ballot all of which are hand picked by the dictator to nominate the dictator as leader.

Other methods include fradulent counting of votes and other election rigging.

--

The conception of the term "democratic" under Communist regimes refers to more than just voting. It's viewed more in a class or an socio-economic sense than political.

172

-

That part about communits regimes gravitating to socio-economic equality would be a welcome addition to the general info on North Korea, Soviet Union, Cuba and other communist countries past and present.

 * Such an addition would make the article biased, given the rather large gap between theory and practice the recent history of Communist nations has forced us to take into consideration.

 * stating facts is not bias, and it is a fact that communist states often have lower inequality — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.107.186.224 (talk) 20:18, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Keep it relevant
This is about the system of government, not the person running it. That information belongs in dictator. Some of the text needs to be removed so we dont repeat ourselves. --Jiang 23:46, 22 Dec 2003 (UTC)

I have moved the following from the article. I don't see much relevance, nor can I verify the authenticy of the quote - google find exactly two hits which are wikipedia mirrors. As I side-note: similar quotes were inserted into Computer science and Afterlife and reverted as nonsense. andy 07:30, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)
 * "Being in power is like a lady".If you have to tell people you are, you aren't.
 * Navin Kumar

This is an essay
This article is more likely an essay. It has not the objectivity and clarity of an encyclopedic article. I think that definition need to more concise and it should be only one definition for the concept. Special particularities could be moved on chapter "Style". "In the 20th century, the term dictatorship has come to mean a form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in the hands of a dictator and sometimes his supporters" - It is exactly the political system of the Middle Age, only that the dictator called himself/herself in some other ways. Hitler wanted for his "Reich" to last for 1,000 years, as the Dark Age lasted in Europe. The term of dictatorship re-appears in the 20th century, the concept and the model is far more old. Speaking of "style", it seems there are so many styles of dictatorship. I am not sure that I understand what is the difference beetween "type" and "style".
 * Etimology and definition for dictatorship
 * Style
 * Types of dictator   ship

These initials chapters should have a higher degree of abstractisation. And then, the concretisation: Based on the "types" and "styles" of dictatorship, I think the history of dictatorship will be more clear, complete and objective. This is the place for examples, and I suppose it could be a very good example of collaborative work in order to complete this history.
 * History of dictatorship

Or rather the article should refer only on the "modern" dictatorship. In its actual form, the article "Dictatorship" is contradictory with the article about "Napoleon Bonaparte". --Vasile 15:32, 20 May 2004 (UTC)
 * Vasile, you're right on target here. This article was unsavable-- a mess like so many of the related topics, so I have replaced it with a passable, if brief, rewrite. 172 06:49, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

172 Rewrite
The old dictatorship page wasn't that good. The re-write done by 172 I think does improve things overall. However, I'm not sure about removing all the links to various examples of dictatorship. Really the whole idea of "dictatorship" is so nebulous. As the US Supreme Court said in regards to porn, its a definite "know it when I see it" type of thing. So having all the examples is useful.
 * On the plus side, these lists help make the encyclopedia more navigable, with its Wikilink systes, but this one had to go. Since Wikipedia lacks a professional review board, and prohibits "original research," editors could never properly determine a way to categorize regimes throughout history, and make consident judgments on which ones are worth reporting as widely regarded as "dictatorships." There is also the issue of differences in the definition, depending on the source, which the new article is careful to work around in order to stay neutral. 172 06:57, 13 July 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps the single best way to measure the level of undemocratic tenure within any given regime is by the amount of annual fugitives fleeing the country on the risk of losing their lives, even though there is no immediate threat of military conflict within the country neither by internal nor external causes. When a person is willing to risk their life and that of their children in order to emigrate from a country through any means required, it may well be indicative of the problems within their country of origin which seem to transcend the problems a person fiercely opposed to the Bush administration experiences while living in America, to give but one example. 80.201.97.60 10:44, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

The lists by Wallechinsky certainly aren't "oringinal research." Are you suggesting that the regimes cited are *not* correctly categorized? If so, I'd like to see some citations to defend that position.

Merge dictator ?
Merge because it's a fork. Santa Sangre 22:52, 1 February 2006 (UTC)
 * That makes no sense. Dictator covers the use of the title, in many historical instances, often not in a dictatorship, while most dictatorships used another style, or didn't even have an (individual) dictator but a collective, such as a junta or politburo. It might make more sense to merge in articles on specific types of dictatorship, although in time that could well become to long. Fastifex 11:41, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

no, why should we do that? 62.179.207.247 19:10, 8 March 2006 (UTC)

I think that dictators should be seperate. In the dictators section you can have historic dictators, in dictatorship just have the history of this form of government. Just like the pages for the other types of governments.

As with over govermental pages the position, in my opinion should be left seperate.

19th century
I've removed this:
 * In the 1860s, Queen Victoria of Great Britain expressed fears of dictatorial tendencies in her Prime Minister William Gladstone.

It doesn't seem enough to justify a section called "19th century". I'm not sure if this section is needed either. At the moment the article deals with Roman dictators and 20th century. If we add an overview of dictatorship throughout history, we might as well refer to History since some form of dictatorship has always been the rule much more than the exception. I don't think it would be valuable. Someone should outline a structure for this article, something to start from. And the most important thing on a page like this is the linking to other pages such as absolute monarchy, Chinese Emperors, and so on. Not just a link in "See also" but some description. On the whole I think the best thing for this page would be to restart from scratch. Piet 12:17, 22 April 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia Integration
Stub articles were merged in per WikiProject Integration. Cwolfsheep 20:35, 10 June 2006 (UTC)

Present Day
This article requires a section concerning present day dictatorships in the world. We should be able to ensure political neutrality if it is made clear that the named countries are effectively dictatorships as the result of the actions of the current rulers who incorporated the principles of dictatorship and autocracy within their style of rule, and thus not neccesairly due to the imposed systems of these nations. 80.201.97.60 11:13, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

The map
China and Saudi Arabia aren't dictatorships? Yeah, tell that to this guy. Also, the "former dicatorship" crap is useless, seeing as every country in the world before the 19th century was a dictarship. --The monkeyhate 20:52, 2 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Suppression, even persecution, of free speech is not the same thing as totalitarian dictatorship. By the way, that guy didn't die, the gruesome images of crushed carcass some show as a sequel is from somewhere else. 71.222.152.8 15:19, 15 February 2007 (UTC)
 * China is not a dictatorship and this photo says nothing about politics. Try to occupy the White House and see what happens to you. The Communist Party is constantly evolving and consists of several groups with different ideas. It's like blaming the current leader for their predecessor. You are just trying to start an argument. --2.245.204.109 (talk) 17:47, 15 May 2016 (UTC)

Article Not Inclusive
Some political theories and government bodies have used the term "dictatorship" in other senses, such as the communist-socialist "dictatorship of the proletariat," referring to a government in control of a specific and not necessarily small or oligarchic group of people. In Chinese constitution, the term "democratic dictatorship of the proletariat" is used, meaning a democratic government in hands of the proletarians. Some other political theories call the exclusive democracy of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, even modern democracies that exclude women/slaves as dictatorships of special groups. Although this form of government is not necessarily or is no longer practiced, it is an extremely influential concept that is not included in the article. 71.222.152.8 15:19, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Use of "Dictator" in Wikipedia
Please see here for debate, thanks. Tazmaniacs 15:34, 17 September 2007 (UTC)

Pro-USA dictatorship = Democracy?
USA is hyprocrite, she always put blame on China, Pakistan and Burma for lack of democracy, but why never blame Mikheil Saakashvili for his dictatorship over George.

(USA supports pro-American dictator Mikheil Saakashvili via Rose Revolution.) 203.218.176.220 04:54, 11 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Apart from this being semi-POV-pushing, there are plenty of cases where articles on individual dictators like Mobutu Sese Seko also include information about US support. CommanderOzEvolved (talk) 02:15, 1 August 2018 (UTC)

Distinction between Dictatorship, Monarchy, and Despotism
I think that this article, as well as the other ones I mentioned, fail to answer a question of mine that I think many others have: What is the technical difference between a monarchy, a dictatorship, and despotism. Aren't monarchy and despotism simply another word for dictatorship? Fusion7 (talk) 19:03, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

No, monarchy and despotism is not another word for dictatorship. Stalin and Hitler are dictators, but not monarchs. British Queen is not a dictator, but monarch. Monarchs, typically inherit position by hereditary ascension and use system of aristocratic titles. Napoleon was both monarch (self-proclaimed Emperor) and dictator. "Despot" is a more general word and may also carry meaning of economical oppression.Chelentano (talk) 04:47, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

 * Years ago (above) you discussed, the distinction between dictator and monarch. I agree with Chelentano's basic distinction (though I still could see it being a bit more fleshed out). More importantly, I'm wondering if either of you ever found any solid sources differentiating the two, since I think those would do well on this page. Right now, the lead section reads "In the 19th and 20th centuries, traditional monarchies gradually declined and disappeared" without ever defining how "traditional monarchies" (let alone other monarchies?) are different from or similar to dictatorships. This would be helpful for readers. Thanks! Wolfdog (talk) 14:10, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

Merge with "autocracy"
The very first line of this article states that dictatorship is a form of autocratic government. This is self-evident that the two articles refer to the same idea. I think they should be merged. Dust429 (talk) 13:56, 6 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Autocracy specifically refers to rule by one man. A dictatorship may involve several persons like in juntas.Ultramarine (talk) 14:02, 6 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Nope. No merge. Since etymologically, the term historically has not had the identical meaning as it does today. Far from it.

Not sure this is the best place for this comment [my first ever post to Wikipedia--forgive me if I commit any faux pas], but regarding the following passage in the third paragraph of the article: "In this sense, dictatorship (government without people's consent) is a contrast to democracy (government whose power comes from people) and totalitarianism (government controls every aspect of people's life) opposes pluralism (government allows multiple lifestyles and opinions). Though the definitions of the terms differ, they are related in reality as most of the dictatorship states tend to show totalitarian characteristics. When governments' power does not come from the people, their power is not limited and tend to expand their scope of power to control every aspect of people's life."

I disagree with the "...totalitarianism...opposes pluralism {government allows multiple lifestyles and opinions)." I think it would be more correct to describe totalitarianism as opposing not a governmental form that allows such and such, but rather a system with minimal governmental control over anything.  Is this Libertarianism--I don't know, I'm not a political scientist. The article should say something like, "...and totalitarianism (government controls every aspect of people's life) opposes ________ (minimal governmental control; people control every aspect of their lives)"  —Preceding unsigned comment added by UncleGee (talk • contribs) 15:37, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Sorry, forgot to sign--told you I was new to this! UncleGee (talk) 15:40, 3 April 2010 (UTC)

Etymology and Definition
The article lacks etymology.

Only provides recent, modern tense of the word; being generally synonymous with despotism, brutal autocracies and tyranny.

The term had a different tense, for example, in the 19th century, and the era of writers such as Karl Marx. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.49.14.20 (talk) 02:21, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

Was Lenin a dictator?
Could someone explain to me (with references please) why is Lenin listed here? Was he ever a dictator? For example, here dictatorship of Lenin is described as a myth. Perhaps, the dictatorship of proletariat may have caused this confusion. I understand he was one of leaders of the revolution, a founder of a state, and a charismatic person. But then a number of American presidents may qualify as dictators. (Igny (talk) 05:54, 5 October 2008 (UTC))
 * Even though I disagree with your last sentence (and I'm sure there's an entire potential flame war that could erupt over it :-)), I agree that Lenin isn't a dictator. He led the Russian Revolution, but he was not a dictator. Stalin was the dictator. If you would like to change the article to reflect that, I would have no problem with it. By the by, even Lenin's own article doesn't describe him as a dictator.  TN ‑  X   - Man  13:23, 5 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Not that I agree with my last sentence either. I would edit the article a bit later if noone raises objections here. (Igny (talk) 13:43, 5 October 2008 (UTC))

(194.80.32.9 (194.80.32.9) 19:21, 3 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Of course Lenin was a dictator. Answer these questions 1) Who elected him? 2) Who had the power to remove him? 3) Who had the power to curb or control his powers or place any checks or balances on him? The answers to all these questions is NO-ONE.

 * 1 the party and soviets 2 see 1 3 see 1
 * It seems you do not understand the history of the USSR. 86.107.186.224 (talk) 20:20, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Many people confuse Lenin with Stalin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.104.204.241 (talk) 15:49, 13 August 2009 (UTC)

 * I think there is consensus in the fact that Lenin was not a dictator. I consider vandalism his addition to the list made by 194.80.32.9. I undid the revision. If you think on the contrary please first discuss that, with sources, in the Vladimir Lenin article. Alchaemist (talk) 17:25, 4 December 2008 (UTC)
 * If you believe that I strongly suggest you stop sniffing the nail polish. I suppose next you'll be telling me that Hitler wasn't actually a dictator and that the Pope is a Muslim. []

(194.80.32.9 (194.80.32.9) 03:12, 5 December 2008 (UTC)
 * OK, I'll disregard the nasty comments, as I am not very fond of Lenin, but my opinion on him is not really relevant. With that source you made your first step into civilization. Now... just adding him to a list is not a big contribution. Wikipedia needs (ideally) coherence between its articles, and as such, Lenin cannot just be added here. Lenin's article is semiprotected, so perhaps you should register an account, contribute in other articles, and once you have autoconfirmed, then you'll be able to edit (with encyclopedic sources) Lenin's article, and if your edits survive, then, and only then, Lenin would be added here. Regards. PS: if anybody thinks I am loosing my time, keep in mind that this might be somehow constructive. Alchaemist (talk) 07:27, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Lenin is not a dictator. On November 8, 1917, he was elected as the Chair of the Council of People’s Commissars by the Russian Congress of Soviets. The Congress was at that time a multi-party entity (6 political parties). The Russian Congress of Soviets had power to elect and reelect. Lenin served one and a half term, total 6 years though the last 2 years he had limited influence due to his illness. Note, that American president F. Roosevelt, served 3 terms, or 12 years. Chelentano (talk) 04:17, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, the oh-so-clever figleaf of the 1917 Congress of Soviets. Lenin rigged that Congress and was proud of his efforts to do so. They delayed the Congress until some delegates had to leave, they packed the Congress with massive numbers of delegates from Soviets that they controlled, they refused to seat delegates from Soviets they didn't control. They initmidated delegates with force of arms.  And lastly, were quite ready to completely ignore the Congress if it had (by some possibility) gone against Lenin's wishes. Lenin was an autocrat.  He autocratic in Switzerland, and it only got worse when he began directing his own army, secret police, and death squads. He is the epitome of a dictator. Capitalismojo (talk) 04:39, 8 January 2009 (UTC)
 * "They initmidated delegates with force of arms." - Could you provide a link to this info? Chelentano (talk) 05:41, 8 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Would you mind providing a source for this nonsensical angry drivel? 86.107.186.224 (talk) 20:22, 25 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Sire, can you return to whatever far-right anti-communist hellhole you came from and only return when you've read some books? 86.107.186.224 (talk) 20:21, 25 July 2023 (UTC)

Chiang Kai-shek
Recently this article was subject to vandalism. Between others, Chiang Kai-shek—China 1928-1931, 1943-1949, was added. I removed it not because I particullarly like the guy, but because such claim should be first sustained in this discussion, to colectively determine if he matches the criterion to be included in the list. Whoever thinks he should/shouldn't be in the list please present your reasons and sources here. Thanks! Alchaemist (talk) 03:27, 30 November 2008 (UTC)

Semi-protection request
This article, specially its "Dictators List", is subject to a constant level of anonymous IP vandalism. Whenever somebody doesn't like a politician, president, whatever... they just add trash here. And the definition of somebody as "dictator" is really tempting. Personally I think, this article should be semi-protected, so only autoconfirmed accounts can edit it. I'd like to know if there is consensus on this. Regards! Alchaemist (talk) 17:20, 4 December 2008 (UTC)

 * OK, one week passed, and nobody added comments here, also the article was vandalized about 15 times in the last ten days, so I am requesting the semiprotection. Regards! Alchaemist (talk) 19:00, 11 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Just some stats.... From the last 50 edits, approx 30 were IP edits, and approx 28 were vandalism. That makes it nearly a 60% of vandalism for this article. Alchaemist (talk) 19:11, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * The protection request was turned down by tariqabjotu, he basically says The disruption is far from unmanageable. While yes, it's true that it can be managed, it requires an effort, and many times vandalizations stay there for a day or so, making this article to loose its credibility. IMHO unless others put their opinions in this section, things will not change. Regards! Alchaemist (talk) 19:19, 12 December 2008 (UTC)

 * I agree with the idea that this should be semi-protected. It is easy to semi-protect this article from vandalism. It's not about whether or not it's "manageable", it's about protecting the credibility of this fabulous online resource. Political issues are a very important thing to keep impartial, and I can see if political pages become the recipients of lasting vandalism, then all faith will be lost in wikipedia's credibility. mrout t 09:32, 11 May 2010 (UTC)

 * I am going to have to second the request to semi-protect this article. As you can see in the above topics (especially on Lenin) there is too much of a problem with opinions, rather than facts.  I would much rather see this article edited by somebody contributing meaningful content rather then their opinion on who they believe is a dictator based on personal beliefs and opinions.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thatguynameded (talk • contribs) 20:06, 28 October 2010 (UTC)

Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah (Kuwait) & Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah (Bahrain)
Removed Kuwait and Bahrain.

Why would somebody put the Khalifa and AL-Sabah in this list. I will delete them because it is just simply not true. Also other people on this list get them out of here like King Abdhullah of Saudi Arabia —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.105.67.58 (talk) 17:51, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
Regarding what was stated by 208.105.67.58 in the previous section, Abdullah of Saudi Arabia is a king in a monarchy, his power was inherited under monarchal rules, and finally I guess that most of Saudi Arabia supports monarchy after all. So I consider that he should be removed as well. He might be totalitarian, absolutist, whatever, but I think he's not a dictator in the strict sense. If you think the opposite, please elaborate here to support your statement. Regards! Alchaemist (talk) 23:33, 16 December 2008 (UTC)

 * What made you assume that the biggest dictator in the world (and especially in a country where the dictatorship is a prominent reason for creating jihadi terrorists, like Bin laden) is loved by his countrymen? Your statement sounds like what Indian Prime minister Manmohan Singh said about GW Bush, that Indians loves that mass murderer. 122.160.141.4 (talk) 06:55, 4 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Please keep your political rants out of the discussion. Provide some reliable sources to that effect and then we can begin to discuss your claims. --Saddhiyama (talk) 13:05, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

 * There is nothing to prove. If you are taking it politically, let it be. Even a right wing magazine, Economist puts Saudi as the 7th most authoritarian regime in the world. Saudi is the best example of a dictatorship, where the absence of democracy given birth to terrorists like Laden. Why you are taking side of terrorists and Stubborn authoritarians? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.211.32.15 (talk) 13:22, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

 * In countries where monarchs are titular head of state, they are no way dictators. In other cases please explain how a dictator differs from monarch? Without an explanation, don't play a dictator here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.211.32.15 (talk) 13:26, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

 * The definition of dictatorship clearly states "the power rests entirely on the person or group of people, and can be obtained by force or by inheritance. 117.211.32.15 (talk) 13:47, 21 January 2012 (UTC)

 * A definition it shares with absolute monarchy, but similar attributes does not make them the same phenomenon. You will need to find a reliable source for the dictatorship appellation. --Saddhiyama (talk) 19:57, 6 April 2012 (UTC)

Vladimir Putin
Former Russian President Vladimir Putin was elected by people, served 2 terms or 8 years and left his position of president, according to Constitution. Yes, he is now a Prime Minister and still has huge influence, but I don't think he is a dictator in the strict sense. I believe, he must be removed from the list. Chelentano (talk) 04:27, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with File:Saddam Hussein on his throne.jpg
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God as a dictator
I've added God into the "fiction" section of dictatorships, in almost all religious context god meets the requirements of the definition of "dictator" or at best "autocrat". Any ones personal opinions aside, it should be included as a valid example, well known to many.

 * I have removed your addition, as it is unsourced and seems to constitute original research. --Saddhiyama (talk) 18:13, 20 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Pool Keanu 2603:8000:E43E:539B:FDEE:5C2F:79FE:4CDF (talk) 14:23, 29 April 2024 (UTC)

Alexander Lukashenko
What about this man? Belarus has been called "the last true remaining dictatorship in the heart of Europe" by former and current European and American leaders.--DaleMartinWatson (talk) 17:12, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Electoral Dictatorship?
I can find no mention in the article about the largest group of authoritarian regimes the last 20 years, namely those that are self-described as "democracies", which celebrate contested elections, but where the playing-field is so tilted, and/or the voting is so rigged, that the outcome always and without exception is the re-election of the same person. Examples can be found in the 2012 book "The Dictator's Learning Curve" and include Belarus, Russia, Iran, Venezuela, and more. --Dr Ulf Erlingsson (talk) 23:56, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Selfpublished source
I deleted the section named history, as it only contained a quotation from a selfpublished book, which even if it hadn't been selfpublished, would have qualified as WP:UNDUE, considering that it was not a monograph on dictatorship, but apparently some kind of theological treatise. --Saddhiyama (talk) 18:16, 8 January 2013 (UTC)

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Hitler and Mussolini
Hitler and Mussolini were dictators, according to this article and to many authorities. So I restored this deletion. The mere fact that there and other dictators were originally elected democratically doesn't mean that they never became dictators. Mobi Ditch (talk) 01:09, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

According to the article Dictator, a dictator is to refer to a ruler who has no limited power, therefore Hitler was a Dictator. Not necessarily a person being democratically elected means that he is not a dictator, since he had no limits when making decisions such as concentration camps for Jews, blacks, communists, etc. It did not have a government with a defined period of time, the Nazi Dictatorship ended because of the death or flight of Hitler, but not because it had a time limit. With Mussolini the same could be said, he was democratically elected, but later he made concentration camps where communists were captured, one when he is president of a nation has limitations, and They had no limits in their decisions after being elected. By the way Mussolini replaced the ruler of that time because he decided to leave power, so the arrival to power of the Italian dictator was not very democratic. --Germanico5468504 (talk) 21:52, 23 January 2021 (UTC)

Imperialist involvement in post-colonial dictatorships
The fact that nothing is mentioned about how imperialist powers have a hand in installing dictators in semi-colonial/semi-feudal states is just saddening. It's objective fact that countries like the UK, France, and (especially) the US had a hand in installing and supporting sympathetic dictators like the Shah of Iran, Augusto Pinochet, Ferdinand Marcos, Fulgencio Batista, Suharto, and so on. The article should at least acknowledge that there is a relationship between Western imperialist powers and dictatorships in less economically advanced societies. NyanThousand (talk) 14:36, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

I believe dictatorship should be recognized as a form of government in Wikipedia
We need a third theory in defining states, the terms "Republic" and "Monarchy" aren't enough though. I believe we should start changing the "Forms of Government.svg" image and subsequent articles. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.141.88.36 (talk) 17:32, 13 April 2020 (UTC)

Left-wing dictators
Why there is no information about left-wing socialist dictators?

I second this It goes into extensive detail about right wing dictatorships but ignores all dictatorships that are communist or socialist such as China, The Soviet Union, Cuba, Cambodia, Vietnam, Many across Africa and South America and Even North Korea It is difficult to feel that this lack of inclusion is in good faith TheFinalMigration (talk) 08:27, 1 August 2021 (UTC)

Portugal under Salazar on the Right-wing dictatorships of the 20th century section
This section includes several dictatorships which only lasted a few years. Portugal had an authoritarian right-wing dictatorship for over 40 years, so I think it should be on the list.

Bold removal from lead paragraph
Here, I've WP:BOLDly removed the assertion in wikivoice saying, "In most dictatorships, the country's constitution promises its citizens inalienable rights and fair elections." from the lead paragraph. The wording has changed a few times, but that seems to have been added without support by user:Anonymous good guy (now blocked) in this August 13, 2021 edit. That assertion may or may not have merit and may or may not have due weight for inclusion in this article but, if it is to appear in the article, it needs support and needs supported elaboration outside of the lead section.Please discuss here if you disagree. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 12:24, 6 April 2022 (UTC)

Based policies
The first line of the article mentions "based" policies, I believe this is a result of what some would call trolling left unnoticed, but I still hold some doubt as it could refer to something I am unaware of? In which case I would ask someone to add a reference to what based could refer to. Weebfourg (talk) 14:54, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Also on the image on the right yeah its pretty obvious now but I am too scared to change it myself. Weebfourg (talk) 14:56, 1 May 2022 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Authoritarianism with Dictatorship
The definitions given are nearly identical, and many polisci sources use the terms interchangeably (eg. Ezrow & Frantz 2011, Dukalskis 2021, or ). I searched Google Scholar for dictatorship vs. authoritarianism to see if some sources recognize and explain a difference, but instead I found more sources that use the terms interchangeably. If these articles are kept separate there needs to be explanation of differentiation between them. (t · c)  buidhe  00:10, 5 October 2022 (UTC)

 * There are example of authoritarianism that are recognized outside of dictatorships. Contemporary leaders such as Donald Trump and Jair Bolsonaro have been described as authoritarians, but few would argue that they're dictators. I think the problem is that the authoritarianism article lacks sufficient scope, and its description of authoritarianism as a "form of government" may be reductive. It's definitely worth considering the scope of these and other similar articles; despotism, tyrant, autocracy, and totalitarianism should probably be reviewed as well. Thebiguglyalien (talk) 02:09, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Agree used interchangeably The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Dictatorship article should be an overview about  types of dictatorships". Authoritarianism is a theory and a system of government customarily linked with dictatorship. It is a principle based on obedience to authority, and opposes autonomy of individuals in thought and action. As a form of government, authoritarianism concentrates power in a leader or in a small elite not constitutionally accountable to the people. Unlike totalitarian systems, authoritarian governments usually lack a highly developed ideology." Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 14:47, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Dictatorships are a type of authoritarianism but not the only kind. The original meaning of the word dictator came from Rome, where they would appoint one person in charge of everything in case of an emergency. This is not to be confused with totalitarianism, although the two very often overlap. Numerous authoritarian regimes don't just have one person in power; you could argue that America before they legalized the right of vote for all races and for women was authoritarian because it oppressed the voting rights of over half the population. One party states are another example of authoritarianism without one central leader (although they are sometimes called "one party dictatorships") My point is, the two are different, and although every dictatorship is authoritarian, not all authoritarian regimes are dictatorships. LilyLawliet (talk) 21:06, 10 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Historians refer to dictatorship as a form of authoritarianism or totalitarianism (with hybrid versions).
 * Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 15:15, 15 October 2022 (UTC)

Pretty different and really against this merge as both of pages adds much value to the encyclopedia. As the editor noted already "the two are different, and although every dictatorship is authoritarian, not all authoritarian regimes are dictatorships." That is nicely said and true, so that is it. 109.93.38.135 (talk) 23:38, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Agree with above, oppose as another case of merge-o-mania and the “it’s similar so it’s the same” fallacy. Dronebogus (talk) 00:33, 18 October 2022 (UTC)

 * The two articles should be merged, but dictatorship should be merged into Authoritarianism rather than the other way around (as Authoritarianism is the term most commonly used by academics and there is some imprecision and baggage associated with the term Dictatorship). I disagree strongly with some of the remarks above about how the concepts are meaningfully different. The terms are used interchangeable. Thenightaway (talk) 22:20, 19 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Dictatorship is a type of authoritarianism, but authoritarianism is not necessarily a type of dictatorship. Dictatorship is when ONE PERSON has power, like Stalin from the Soviet Union or Julius Caesar from Ancient Rome, unless specified otherwise. I remain against this merge LilyLawliet (talk) 21:55, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * That's not how most of the academic literature treats these terms. The type of regime you're describing is a personalist regime, which is a type of authoritarian regime / dictatorship. Dictatorship and authoritarian regime are interchangeable. Thenightaway (talk) 22:08, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
 * Have added a section so the basics are seen by our readers....see sources for more information. .. Dictatorship. Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 22:55, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

Geddes is unduly prominent
We say "Political scientist Barbara Geddes describes three types of dictatorship" with no preface to put context on how or why we mention her taxonomy. I'm no political scientist, who is Geddes? If she is prominent in her field, maybe we should establish that, or else, we could mention several classifications and then expand on Geddes'.Forich (talk) 03:22, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

 * If Barbara Geddes is considered a reliable source, then I don't see a problem mentioning them. Unless there is a guideline or policy I am not aware of (no one knows them all). In fact, it may be better to mention said author instead of just saying "there are three types of dictatorship". Who is Geddes? A political scientist.
 * In my opinion, Geddes doesn't need to be prominent in their field to be a reliable source, nor there is need to write within the article about them. Although if you consider it better, that's your prerrogative and you can implement it.
 * Regarding your suggestion that "we could mention several classifications", I agree and I think it 's a good idea.  Thinker78  (talk) 22:44, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I tried an improvement idea on the paragraph based on our discussion, please check it out. Forich (talk) 12:07, 16 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I think you left out a word in your edit. Thinker78  (talk) 04:12, 17 October 2022 (UTC)

 * She is a preeminent scholar of authoritarian regimes. I don't see how a few citations to her academic work is WP:UNDUE. Thenightaway (talk) 22:24, 19 October 2022 (UTC)

She probably knows what she is talking about https://polisci.ucla.edu/person/barbara-geddes/ Polygnotus (talk) 02:30, 20 October 2022 (UTC)

Etymology
Since you are the creator... Would it be possible to have a section on the term's etymology?

Alas, this article is written from a liberal perspective, but it should say that there are other perspectives as well... For instance, Marxism believes all state formations are class dictatorships by their very nature. The Chinese Communist Party consistently refers to the liberal capitalist West as ruled by dictators. --TheUzbek (talk) 12:05, 27 October 2023 (UTC)

 * Etymology is covered at Dictator. Regarding your other point, we write articles based on mainstream academic scholarship, not fringe views. Thebiguglyalien  ( talk ) 14:11, 27 October 2023 (UTC)
 * How is Marxism a fringe view? Better luck next time! ... You are correct; however, that is a fringe view in much of the Western world... TheUzbek (talk) 07:57, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

History
what does it means if a country is a dictatorship 41.115.34.218 (talk) 20:11, 24 April 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Dictatorship