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Thomas A. Dorsey

Thomas Andrew Dorsey (July 1, 1899 – January 23, 1993) was an American musician, composer, and Christian evangelist influential in the development of early blues and 20th-century gospel music. He penned 3,000 songs, a third of them gospel, including "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" and "Peace in the Valley". Recordings of these sold millions of copies in both gospel and secular markets in the 20th century.

Born in rural Georgia, Dorsey grew up in a religious family but gained most of his musical experience playing blues at barrelhouses and parties in Atlanta. He moved to Chicago and became a proficient composer and arranger of jazz and vaudeville just as blues was becoming popular. He gained fame accompanying blues belter Ma Rainey on tour and, billed as "Georgia Tom", joined with guitarist Tampa Red in a successful recording career.

After a spiritual awakening, Dorsey began concentrating on writing and arranging religious music. Aside from the lyrics, he saw no real distinction between blues and church music, and viewed songs as a supplement to spoken word preaching. Dorsey served as the music director at Chicago's Pilgrim Baptist Church for 50 years, introducing musical improvisation and encouraging personal elements of participation such as clapping, stomping, and shouting in churches when these were widely condemned as unrefined and common. In 1932, he co-founded the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses, an organization dedicated to training musicians and singers from all over the U.S. that remains active. The first generation of gospel singers in the 20th century worked or trained with Dorsey: Sallie Martin, Mahalia Jackson, Roberta Martin, and James Cleveland, among others.

Author Anthony Heilbut summarized Dorsey's influence by saying he "combined the good news of gospel with the bad news of blues". Called the "Father of Gospel Music" and often credited with creating it, Dorsey more accurately spawned a movement that popularized gospel blues throughout black churches in the United States, which in turn influenced American music and parts of society at large.

Early life (1899–1918)
Thomas A. Dorsey was born in Villa Rica, Georgia, the first of three children to Thomas Madison Dorsey, a minister and farmer, and Etta Plant Spencer. The Dorseys sharecropped on a small farm, while the elder Dorsey, a graduate of Atlanta Bible College (now Morehouse College), traveled to nearby churches to preach. He also taught black children at a one-room schoolhouse where his son accompanied him and listened to lessons.

Religion and music were at the center of the Dorseys' lives, and young Thomas was exposed to a variety of musical styles in his early childhood. While often living hand-to-mouth, the Dorseys were able to own an organ, which was rare for black families, and Dorsey's mother played during his father's church services. His uncle was also a musician, a traveling guitarist concentrating on country blues while it was in its infancy. Villa Rica's rural location allowed Dorsey to hear slave spirituals, and "moaning" – a style of singing marked by elongated notes and embellishments widespread among Southern black people – alongside the Protestant hymns his father favored. Furthermore, when Thomas' father traveled to preach at other churches, Thomas and his mother attended a church that practiced shape note singing; their harmonizing in particular making a deep impression on him.

The Dorseys moved to Atlanta to find better opportunities when Thomas was eight years old. The adjustment for the entire family was difficult, culminating in Thomas being isolated, held back at school, and eventually dropping out after the fourth grade when he was twelve years old.

Directionless, Dorsey began attending shows at the nearby 81 Theater, that featured blues musicians and live vaudeville acts. Soon he began selling concessions there, and aspiring to join the theater band, honed his musical skills on his family's organ and a relative's piano, picking out melodies that he had heard and practicing long hours. He studied informally with musicians at the theater and local dance bands, always playing blues. Despite being meagerly compensated, he played rent parties, house parties, barrelhouses, and brothels, but enjoyed the social life of a musician. Due to the spontaneous nature of the events Dorsey worked, he became proficient at improvising, and along the way, learned to read musical notation.

Blues career (1919–1925)
Seeking a greater challenge, Dorsey relocated to Chicago in 1919, where he learned that his style of playing was unfashionable compared to the newer uptempo styles of jazz. Encountering more competition for jobs and with his concentration primarily on blues, Dorsey turned to composing, copyrighting his first song in 1920, titled "If You Don't Believe I'm Leaving, You Can Count the Days I'm Gone". In doing so, he became one of the first musicians to copyright blues music.

Dorsey seemed ambivalent about writing church music until 1921 when he was inspired by W. M. Nix's rendition of "I Do, Don't You?" after hearing him perform at the National Baptist Convention. Nix elongated some notes to emphasize specific syllables and words and sped up others. Dorsey found appeal in the freedom and potential that came with improvising within established hymns, allowing singers and musicians to infuse more emotion – particularly joy and elation – into their performances to move congregations. Upon hearing Nix sing, Dorsey was overcome, later recalling that his "heart was inspired to become a great singer and worker in the Kingdom of the Lord–and impress people just as this great singer did that Sunday morning". The experience prompted him to copyright his first religious song in 1922, "If I Don't Get There", a composition in the style of Charles Tindley, whom Dorsey idolized. Sacred music could not sustain him financially, however, so he continued to work in blues.

Two of his secular songs were recorded by Monette Moore and another by Joe "King" Oliver, ensuring Dorsey a place as one of Chicago's top blues composers. His reputation led him to become a music arranger for Paramount Records and the Chicago Music Publishing Company. In 1923, he became the pianist and leader of the Wild Cats Jazz Band accompanying Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, a charismatic and bawdy blues shouter who sang about lost love and hard times. Rainey interacted with her audiences, who were often so enthralled they stood up and shouted back at her while she sang. The night Rainey opened at Chicago's largest black theater Dorsey is remembered as "the most exciting moment in my life".

Dorsey worked with Rainey and her band for two years, wherein he composed and arranged her music in the blues style he was accustomed to, as well as vaudeville and jazz to please audiences' tastes. In 1925, he married Nettie Harper, who Rainey hired as a wardrobe mistress despite her inexperience, so she could join Dorsey on tour.

Transition to gospel music (1926–1930)
Rainey enjoyed enormous popularity touring with a hectic schedule, but beginning in 1926 Dorsey was plagued by a two-year period of deep depression, even contemplating suicide. He experienced a spiritual re-invigoration of sorts in 1928. While attending a church service with his sister-in-law, Dorsey claimed the minister who prayed over him pulled a live serpent from his throat, prompting his immediate recovery. Thereafter, he vowed to concentrate all his efforts in gospel music. After the death of a close friend, Dorsey was inspired to write his first religious song with a blues influence, "If You See My Savior, Tell Him That You Saw Me".

As the blues grew in popularity in the 1920s, black churches condemned it widely for being associated with sin and hedonism. Music performed in established black churches in Chicago and throughout the U.S. came from hymnals and was performed as written, usually as a way to showcase the musical abilities of the choirs rather than as a vehicle to deliver a specific spiritual message. Many churches sought prestige in their musical offerings, which were often ornate and sophisticated liturgical compositions by classical European composers, such as Handel's Messiah (1742) and Mozart's Alleluia (1773). Personal expressions such as clapping, stomping, and improvising with lyrics, rhythm, and melody were actively discouraged as being unrefined and degrading to the music and the singer.

Dorsey tried to market his new sacred music by printing thousands of copies of his songs to sell directly to churches and publishers, even going door to door, but he was ultimately unsuccessful. He returned to blues, recording "It's Tight Like That" with guitarist Hudson "Tampa Red" Whittaker despite his misgivings over the suggestive lyrics. The record sold more than seven million copies. Billed as "Tampa Red and Georgia Tom" and "The Famous Hokum Boys", the duo found great success together, eventually collaborating on 60 songs between 1928 and 1932, and coining the term "Hokum" to describe their guitar/piano combination with simple, racy lyrics.

Unsure if gospel music could sustain him, Dorsey was nonetheless pleased to discover that he made an impression at the National Baptist Convention in 1930 when, unknown to him, Willie Mae Ford Smith sang "If You See My Savior" during a morning meeting. She was asked to sing it twice more; the response was so enthusiastic that Dorsey sold 4,000 print copies of his song. In between recording sessions with Tampa Red, and inspired by the compliments he received, he formed a choir at Ebenezer Baptist Church at the request of the pastor, Reverend James Smith, who had an affinity for Negro spirituals and indigenous singing styles. Dorsey and Ebenezer's music director Theodore Frye trained the new chorus to deliver his songs with a gospel blues sound: lively, joyous theatrical performances with embellished and elongated notes accentuated with rhythmic clapping and shouts. At their debut, Frye strutted up and down the aisles and sang back and forth with the chorus, and at one point Dorsey jumped up from the piano stool in excitement and stood as he played. When the pastor at Pilgrim Baptist, Chicago's second largest black church, saw the way it moved the congregation, he hired Dorsey as music director, allowing him to dedicate all his time to gospel music.

Leader of a movement (1930–1933)
This new style began to catch on in Chicago, and Dorsey's musical partners Theodore Frye, Magnolia Lewis Butts, and Henry Carruthers urged him to organize a convention where musicians could learn gospel blues. In 1932 however, just as Dorsey co-founded the Gospel Choral Union of Chicago – eventually renamed the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses (NCGCC), his wife Nettie died in childbirth, then 24 hours later, their son. His grief prompted him to write one of his most famous and enduring compositions, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord".

Chapters of the NCGCC opened in St. Louis and Cleveland. Now at the center of gospel music activity in Chicago, Dorsey countered his bereavement by immersing himself in marketing his songs. An unintended consequence of his sales strategy helped spread gospel blues, as he worked with numerous musicians who assisted in selling his sheet music traveling to churches in and around Chicago. Rehearsals for sales pitches took place in Dorsey's nearly bare room in his uncle's house. Frye and Sallie Martin were two of the first and most effective singers Dorsey took with him to market his work. Dorsey and Martin established a publishing company called Dorsey House of Music, the first black-owned gospel publishing house in the U.S. His sheet music sold so well, according to Heilbut, it supplanted the first book of compiled songs for black churches, W. M. Nix's Gospel Pearls, and the family Bible in black households. He also mentored many young musicians, including training a teenage Mahalia Jackson when she first arrived in Chicago, although he said she did not entirely accept his instruction: "She said I was trying to make a stereotyped singer out of her."

In addition to the high spirited choir performances, Dorsey began introducing uptempo Negro spirituals, what he referred to as "jubilees", alongside published hymns in worship services. Faced with rapid changes, old-line church members who preferred formal, more sedate music programs objected, leading to conflicts in and between Chicago's black churches. As a result, his sales pitches and chorus performances were not always well received. He is often quoted saying that he had "been kicked out of the best churches in the country". He found resistance among ministers, musicians, and parishioners alike. Some objected to the degradation of worship through blues shouting. Others took offense to such lively music overshadowing the minister's spoken word, or women delivering spiritual messages through song, taking the place of the preacher who was typically male.

Simultaneously, a shift in Chicago's black churches was taking place. Hundreds of thousands of newly arrived migrants from the South, with an appreciation of blues, began to outnumber an older guard of ministers and parishioners who favored classical European music in services. Ministers who would not have considered changing their music programs just a few years before became more open to new ideas. Services were thus altered in multiple ways to welcome the influx of migrants, for spiritual and pragmatic reasons: attracting and keeping new members helped reconcile many churches' debts.

Despite the objections, within months gospel blues had proven to be established in Chicago's black churches. In 1933, Dorsey directed a 600-person chorus at the second meeting of the NCGCC, now boasting 3,500 members in 24 states. Black gospel choirs were asked to perform at several white churches in Chicago. And Dorsey's own Pilgrim Baptist Church choir performed at the 1933 World's Fair.

Later life (1934–1993)

Dorsey lived a quiet life despite his influence. He did not seek publicity, preferring to remain at his position as music director at the 3,000-seat Pilgrim Baptist Church and running his publishing company. As the head of the NCGCC, he traveled the "gospel highway": a circuit of churches and similar venues throughout the U.S. where he trained singers and choirs. Between 1932 and 1944, he held "Evenings with Dorsey" on this circuit, teaching novices the best ways to deliver his songs. He also toured extensively with Mahalia Jackson in the 1940s, who was by this time the preeminent gospel singer in the world. Never considering himself a strong singer, Dorsey recorded gospel music sporadically up to 1934, and two songs in 1953 were his last, though he continued to write.

During his blues period, Dorsey presented himself as dapper and dignified, which carried over into his gospel work. He is described as stately and often detached, one writer attesting that from a distance, "Dorsey is not presented as a happy man. Fulfilled, perhaps. Doing the Lord's work, absolutely. But he never smiles, rarely relaxes, and when he talks it's with a brooding vigilance bordering on surliness. He is a truly mesmerizing figure, the stuff of which legends are made." However, once known, Dorsey could offer a "charming smile", according to Heilbut, and his enthusiasm "often lifts his voice to an irrepressible falsetto". After writing to his sister that he was lonely and wanted to be around children, she sent Dorsey's niece Lena McLin to live with him. McLin remembered that her uncle was "soft-spoken, not loud at all, and very well dressed... he always had a shirt and a tie and a suit, and he was always elegant, very mannerly, very nice. And he would sit at the piano and play something and say, 'That's good stuff!'"

He remarried in 1941 to Katheryn Mosley. They had two children, a son named Thomas M. "Mickey" and a daughter, Doris. Even with a family he remained active in music, attending multiple engagements each year. Katheryn Dorsey stated, "I'd have to catch him between trains because he was hardly ever at home... The only thing he cared about was saving souls through his music."

To accomplish this, Dorsey traveled beyond the U.S., through Mexico, the Caribbean, Europe, and the Middle East. He recalled visiting Damascus, Syria, where he was approached in a bathroom by a man who recognized his name. A tour group of 150 demanded he sing "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" right there. Obliging, Dorsey began, but the multinational group took over: "And they knew it in Damascus, too. Folk was wipin' their eyes, and some cryin' and bawlin' on, and I told ‘em, 'What is this happenin' here? I'll never get out of this place alive.'"

When he gave interviews later in his life, he never condemned blues music or his experiences in that period. He remained in contact with his friends and fellow blues musicians, saying, "I'm not ashamed of my blues. It's all the same talent. A beat is a beat whatever it is." Dorsey began to slow down in the 1970s, eventually showing symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. He retired from Pilgrim Baptist Church and the NCGCC soon after, though he continued to participate and perform when he was able. He and the NCGCC were featured in the critically acclaimed documentary Say Amen, Somebody in 1982. The 1981 meeting featured in the film was the last convention he was able to attend. Dorsey died of Alzheimer's at his home in Chicago on January 23, 1993, listening to music on a Walkman. He is buried at Oak Woods Cemetery in Chicago.

Legacy
Gospel historian Horace Boyer writes that gospel music "has no more imposing figure" than Dorsey, and the Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music states that he "defined" the genre. Folklorist Alan Lomax claims that Dorsey "literally invented gospel". In Living Blues, Jim O'Neal compares Dorsey in gospel to W. C. Handy, who was the first and most influential blues composer, "with the notable difference that Dorsey developed his tradition from within, rather than 'discovering' it from an outsider's vantage point". Although he was not the first to join elements of the blues to religious music, he earned the honorific "Father of Gospel Music", according to gospel singer and historian Bernice Johnson Reagon, for his "aggressive campaign for its use as worship songs in black Protestant churches".

Throughout his career, Dorsey composed more than 1,000 gospel and 2,000 blues songs, an achievement Mahalia Jackson considered equal to Irving Berlin's body of work. The manager of a gospel quartet active in the 1930s stated that songs written by Dorsey and other songwriters copying him spread so far in such a short time that they were called "dorseys". Horace Boyer attributes this popularity to "simple but beautiful melodies", unimposing harmonies, and room for improvisation within the music. Lyrically, according to Boyer, Dorsey was "skilled at writing songs that not only captured the hopes, fears, and aspirations of the poor and disenfranchised African Americans but also spoke to all people". Anthony Heilbut further explains that "the gospel of [Charles] Tindley and Dorsey talks directly to the poor. In so many words, it's about rising above poverty while still living humble deserting the ways of the world while retaining its best tunes."

Aside from his prodigious songwriting, Dorsey's influence in the gospel blues movement brought about change both for individuals in the black community and communities as a whole. He introduced rituals and standards among gospel choirs that are still in use. At the beginning of worship services, Dorsey instructed choruses to march from the rear of the sanctuary to the choir-loft in a specific way, singing all the while. Choir members were encouraged to be physically active while singing, rocking and swaying with the music. He insisted that songs be memorized rather than chorus members reading music or lyrics while performing. This freed the choir members' hands to clap, and he knew anyway that most of the chorus singers in the early 1930s were unable to read music. Moreover, Dorsey refused to provide musical notation, or use it while directing, because he felt the music was only to be used as a guide, not strictly followed. Including all the embellishments in gospel blues would make the notation prohibitively complicated. Dorsey instead asked his singers to rely on feeling.

While presiding over rehearsals, Dorsey was strict and businesslike. He demanded that members attend practice regularly and that they should live their lives by the same standards promoted in their songs. For women, that included not wearing make-up. Choruses were stocked primarily with women, often untrained singers with whom Dorsey worked personally, encouraging many women who had little to no participation in church before to become active. Similarly, the NCGCC in 1933 is described by Dorsey biographer Michael W. Harris as "a women's movement" as nine of the thirteen presiding officer positions were held by women.

Due to Dorsey's influence, the definition of gospel music shifted away from sacred song compositions to religious music that causes a physical release of pain and suffering, particularly in black churches. He infused joy and optimism in his written music as he directed his choirs to do perform with uplifting fervor as they sang. The cathartic nature of gospel music became integral to the black experience in the Great Migration, when hundreds of thousands of black Southerners moved to Northern cities like Detroit, Washington, D.C., and especially Chicago between 1919 and 1970. These migrants were refugees from poverty and the systemic racism endemic throughout the Jim Crow South. They created enclaves within neighborhoods through church choirs, which doubled as social clubs, offering a sense of purpose and belonging.

Encountering a "golden age" between 1940 and 1960, gospel music introduced recordings and radio broadcasts featuring singers who had all been trained by Dorsey or one of his protégées. As Dorsey is remembered as the father of gospel music, other honorifics came from his choirs: Sallie Martin, considered the mother of gospel (although Willie Mae Ford Smith, also a Dorsey associate, has also been called this), Mahalia Jackson, the queen of gospel, and James Cleveland, often named the king of gospel. In 1936, members of Dorsey's junior choir became the Roberta Martin Singers, a successful recording group which set the standard for gospel ensembles, both for groups and individual voice roles within vocal groups. In Dorsey's wake, R&B artists Dinah Washington, who was a member of the Sallie Martin Singers, Sam Cooke, originally in the gospel band the Soul Stirrers, Ray Charles, Little Richard, James Brown, and the Coasters recorded both R&B and gospel songs, moving effortlessly between the two, as Dorsey did, and bringing elements of gospel to mainstream audiences.

Despite racial segregation in churches and the music industry, Dorsey's music had widespread crossover appeal. Prominent hymnal publishers began including his compositions in the late 1930s, ensuring his music would be sung in white churches. His song "Peace in the Valley", written in 1937 originally for Mahalia Jackson, was recorded by, among others, Red Foley in 1951, and Elvis Presley in 1957, selling more than a million copies each. Foley's version has been entered into the National Recording Registry as a culturally significant recording worthy of preservation.

Notably, "Take My Hand, Precious Lord" was the favorite song of Martin Luther King Jr., who asked Dorsey to play it for him on the eve of his assassination. Mahalia Jackson sang at his funeral when King did not get to hear it. Anthony Heilbut writes that "the few days following his death, 'Precious Lord' seemed the truest song in America, the last poignant cry of nonviolence before a night of storm that shows no sign of ending". Four years later, Aretha Franklin sang it at Jackson's funeral. Since its debut it has been translated into 50 languages.

Chicago held its first gospel music festival as a tribute to Dorsey in 1985; it has taken place each year since then. Though he never returned to his hometown, efforts to honor Dorsey in Villa Rica, Georgia, began a week after his death. Mount Prospect Baptist Church, where his father preached and Dorsey learned music at his mother's organ, was declared a historic site by the city, and a historical marker was placed at the location where his family's house once stood. The Thomas A. Dorsey Birthplace and Gospel Heritage Festival, established in 1994, remains active.

As of 2020, the National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses has 50 chapters around the world.

Honors

 * Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, inducted 1979
 * Georgia Music Hall of Fame, inducted 1981
 * Gospel Hall of Fame, inducted 1982
 * Governor's Award for the Arts in Chicago, given 1985
 * National Trustees Award from the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, given 1992
 * National Recording Registry: sound recordings considered "culturally, historically or aesthetically significant" by the Library of Congress
 * "If I Could Hear My Mother Pray Again" (1934), added in 2007 – recorded by Dorsey, written by John Whitfield Vaughan in 1922
 * "Peace In The Valley" by Red Foley and the Sunshine Boys (1951), added in 2006
 * Precious Lord: New Recordings of the Great Songs of Thomas A. Dorsey by Various Artists (1973), added 2002
 * Blues Hall of Fame: Performer, inducted 2018
 * "It's Tight Like That": Classic of Blues Recording–Single or Album Track, inducted 2014
 * "Future Blues" by Willie Brown: Classic of Blues Recording–Single or Album Track, inducted 2020/2021 (based on "Last Minute Blues", written by Dorsey, recorded by Ma Rainey)

title: Thomas A. Dorsey


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Teresa Wright

Muriel Teresa Wright (October 27, 1918 – March 6, 2005) was an American actress. She won the 1942 Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Carol Beldon in Mrs. Miniver. She was nominated for the same award in 1941 for her debut work in The Little Foxes. Also in 1942, she received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Pride of the Yankees, opposite Gary Cooper. She is also known for her performances in Alfred Hitchcock's Shadow of a Doubt (1943), and in William Wyler's The Best Years of Our Lives (1946).

Wright received three Emmy Award nominations for her performances in the Playhouse 90 original television version of The Miracle Worker (1957), in the Breck Sunday Showcase feature The Margaret Bourke-White Story, and in the CBS drama series Dolphin Cove (1989). She earned the acclaim of top film directors, including William Wyler, who called her the most promising actress he had directed, and Alfred Hitchcock, who admired her thorough preparation and quiet professionalism.

Early life
Muriel Teresa Wright was born on October 27, 1918, in New York City, the daughter of Martha Espy and Arthur Hendricksen Wright, an insurance agent. Her parents separated when she was young. She grew up in Maplewood, New Jersey, where she attended Columbia High School. After seeing Helen Hayes star in Victoria Regina at the Broadhurst Theatre in New York City in 1936, Wright took an interest in acting and began playing leading roles in school plays.

Wright earned a scholarship to the Wharf Theater in Provincetown, Massachusetts, where she was an apprentice for two summers. Following her high school graduation in 1938, she went to New York, shortened her name to "Teresa Wright", and was hired as understudy to Dorothy McGuire and Martha Scott for the role of Emily in Thornton Wilder's stage production of Our Town at Henry Miller's Theatre. Wright took over the role when Scott left for Hollywood to film the on-screen version of the play.

Acting career
In autumn 1939, Wright began a two-year appearance in the stage play Life with Father, playing the role of Mary Skinner. It was there that she was discovered by Samuel Goldwyn, who came to see her in the show she had been appearing in for almost a year. Goldwyn would later recall his first encounter with her backstage:

"Miss Wright was seated at her dressing table, and looked for all the world like a little girl experimenting with her mother's cosmetics. I had discovered in her from the first sight, you might say, an unaffected genuineness and appeal."

Goldwyn immediately hired the young actress for the role of Bette Davis' daughter in the 1941 adaptation of Lillian Hellman's The Little Foxes, signing her to a five-year Hollywood contract with the Goldwyn Studios. Asserting her seriousness as an actress, Wright insisted her contract contain unique clauses by Hollywood standards:

"The aforementioned Teresa Wright shall not be required to pose for photographs in a bathing suit unless she is in the water. Neither may she be photographed running on the beach with her hair flying in the wind. Nor may she pose in any of the following situations: In shorts, playing with a cocker spaniel; digging in a garden; whipping up a meal; attired in firecrackers and holding skyrockets for the Fourth of July; looking insinuatingly at a turkey for Thanksgiving; wearing a bunny cap with long ears for Easter; twinkling on prop snow in a skiing outfit while a fan blows her scarf; assuming an athletic stance while pretending to hit something with a bow and arrow."

In 1941, Wright was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her film début in The Little Foxes. The following year, she was nominated again, this time for Best Actress for The Pride of the Yankees, in which she played opposite Gary Cooper as the wife of Lou Gehrig. The same year, she won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress as the daughter-in-law of Greer Garson's character in Mrs. Miniver. Wright is the first out of only nine actors who have been nominated in both categories in the same year. Her three Academy Award nominations and one Academy Award in her first three films is unique. She remains the only performer to have received Academy Award nominations for her first three films.

In 1943, Wright appeared in the acclaimed Universal film Shadow of a Doubt, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, playing a young woman who discovers her beloved uncle (played by Joseph Cotten) is a serial murderer. Hitchcock thought Wright was one of the more intelligent actors he had worked with, and through his direction brought out her vivacity, warmth, and youthful idealism—characteristics uncommon in Hitchcock's heroines. In 1946, Wright delivered another notable performance in William Wyler's The Best Years of Our Lives, an award-winning film about the adjustments of servicemen returning home after World War II. Critic James Agee praised her performance in The Nation:

"This new performance of hers, entirely lacking in big scenes, tricks, or obstreperousness—one can hardly think of it as acting—seems to me one of the wisest and most beautiful pieces of work I have seen in years. If the picture had none of the hundreds of other things it has to recommend it, I could watch it a dozen times over for that personality and its mastery alone."

Four years later, she would appear in another story of war veterans, Fred Zinnemann's The Men (1950), which starred Marlon Brando in his film debut. In 1947, Wright appeared in the western Pursued opposite Robert Mitchum. The moody "Freudian western" was written by her first husband Niven Busch. The following year, she starred in Enchantment, a story of two generations of lovers in parallel romances. Wright received glowing reviews for her performance. Newsweek commented: "Miss Wright, one of the screen's finest, glows as the Cinderella who captivated three men." And The New York Times concluded: "Teresa Wright plays with that breathless, bright-eyed rapture which she so remarkably commands."

In December 1948, after rebelling against the studio system that brought her fame, Wright had a public falling out with Samuel Goldwyn, which resulted in the cancellation of Wright's contract with his studio. In a statement published in The New York Times, Goldwyn cited as reasons her refusal to publicize the film Enchantment, and her being "uncooperative" and refusing to "follow reasonable instructions". In her written response, Wright denied Goldwyn's charges and expressed no regret over losing her $5,000 per week contract. "I would like to say that I never refused to perform the services required of me; I was unable to perform them because of ill health. I accept Mr. Goldwyn's termination of my contract without protest—in fact, with relief. The types of contracts standardized in the motion picture industry between players and producers are archaic in form and absurd in concept. I am determined never to set my name to another one ... I have worked for Mr. Goldwyn seven years because I consider him a great producer, and he has paid me well, but in the future I shall gladly work for less if by doing so I can retain my hold upon the common decencies without which the most glorified job becomes intolerable."

Years later, in an interview with The New York Post, Wright recalled: "I was going to be Joan of Arc, and all I proved was that I was an actress who would work for less money." For her next film, The Men (1950), instead of the $125,000 she had once commanded, she received $20,000.

In the 1950s, Wright appeared in several unsuccessful films, including The Capture (1950), Something to Live For (1952), California Conquest (1952), The Steel Trap (1952), Count the Hours (1953), The Actress (1953) and Track of the Cat (1954), opposite Robert Mitchum again. Despite the poor box-office showing of these films, Wright was usually praised for her performances. Toward the end of the decade, Wright began to work more frequently in television and theatre. She received Emmy Award nominations for her performances in the Playhouse 90 original television version of The Miracle Worker (1957) and in the Breck Sunday Showcase feature The Margaret Bourke-White Story (1960). In 1955 she played Doris Walker in The 20th Century-Fox Hour remake of the 1947 movie Miracle on 34th Street, opposite MacDonald Carey and Thomas Mitchell. In 1957, she starred on Broadway in The Dark at the Top of the Stairs by William Inge. Directed by Elia Kazan, it ran for 468 performances.

On February 8, 1960, Wright was inducted to the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars: one for motion pictures at 1658 Vine Street, and one for television at 6405 Hollywood Boulevard.

In the 1960s, Wright returned to the New York stage appearing in three plays: Mary, Mary (1962) at the Helen Hayes Theatre in the role of Mary McKellaway, I Never Sang for My Father (1968) at the Longacre Theatre in the role of Alice, and Who's Happy Now? (1969) at the Village South Theatre in the role of Mary Hallen. During this period, she toured throughout the United States in stage productions of Mary, Mary (1962), Tchin-Tchin (1963) in the role of Pamela Pew-Picket, and The Locksmith (1965) in the role of Katherine Butler Hathaway. In addition to her stage work, Wright made numerous television appearances throughout the decade, including episodes for The Alfred Hitchcock Hour (1964) on CBS, Bonanza (1964) on NBC, The Defenders (1964, 1965) on CBS and CBS Playhouse (1969). In 1975, Wright appeared in the Broadway revival of Death of a Salesman, and in 1980, appeared in the revival of Morning's at Seven, for which she won a Drama Desk Award as a member of the Outstanding Ensemble Performance.

She appeared on The Love Boat S6 E11 "A Christmas Presence" as Sister Regina, who foils a con man's scheme to smuggle stolen gold molded as a painted creche scene. The episode aired on 12/18/1982. In 1989, she received her third Emmy Award nomination for her performance in the CBS drama series Dolphin Cove. She also appeared in Murder, She Wrote in the episode "Mr. Penroy's Vacation". Her last television role was in an episode of the CBS drama series Picket Fences in 1996.

Wright's later film appearances included a major role in Somewhere in Time (1980), the grandmother in The Good Mother (1988) with Diane Keaton, and her final role as Miss Birdie in John Grisham's The Rainmaker (1997), directed by Francis Ford Coppola.

Personal life
Wright was married to writer Niven Busch from 1942 to 1952. They had two children: a son, Niven Terence Busch, born December 2, 1944; and a daughter, Mary-Kelly Busch, born September 12, 1947. She married playwright Robert Anderson in 1959. They divorced in 1978, but maintained a close relationship until the end of her life.

In her last decade, Wright lived quietly in her New England home in the town of Bridgewater, Connecticut, in Litchfield County, appearing occasionally at film festivals and forums and at events associated with the New York Yankees. In 1996, she reminisced about Alfred Hitchcock at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, and in 2003, she appeared on the Academy Awards show in a segment honoring previous Oscar-winners.

Her daughter, Mary-Kelly, is an author of books for children and young adults. Wright has two grandchildren, one of whom, Jonah Smith, co-produced Darren Aronofsky's films Pi (1998) and Requiem for a Dream (2000). In 1998, Smith accompanied Wright on her first visit to Yankee Stadium when she was invited to throw the ceremonial first pitch. Her appearance in Pride of the Yankees had sparked an interest in baseball and led her to become a Yankees fan.

Death and legacy
Teresa Wright died on March 6, 2005, of a heart attack at Yale-New Haven Hospital in Connecticut at the age of 86. She is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven.

When the roll call of former Yankees who had died was announced at Old Timer's Day on July 5, 2005, Wright's name was read among the ballplayers and members of the Yankees family.

A Girl's Got to Breathe: The Life of Teresa Wright by Donald Spoto was published in February 2016. Spoto was a close friend to Wright for more than 30 years, and was given exclusive access by her family to her papers and correspondence.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Teresa Wright


text:
Species 8472

Species 8472 is a fictional extraterrestrial species in the science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager. Species 8472 is a designation given to them by the Borg. The multiplayer game Star Trek Online gives their proper name as Undine.

When the USS Voyager made contact with them, Species 8472 were engaged in a war with one of Star Trek's perennial antagonists, the Borg. They are noted for being a tripedal and telepathic species and for their use of biotechnology. They originated from what is called fluidic space and fought a successful war against the Borg for a time. They made peace with the Federation by negotiations with Captain Kathryn Janeway of the Starfleet vessel USS Voyager in the later 24th century.

Star Trek: Voyager
Relevant episodes of Star Trek: Voyager in which Species 8472 appear include season 3 episode 26 (season finale) "Scorpion: Part 1" and season 4 episode 1 (season premiere) "Scorpion: Part 2", season 4 episode 16 "Prey", and season 5 episode 4 "In the Flesh".

Species 8472 are discovered by the Borg in 2373 when the Borg invade fluidic space ("Scorpion: Part 2") by opening a rift in space using a deflector dish. The Borg discover Species 8472 in the Delta Quadrant and try to assimilate its biotechnology, which is more advanced than anything the Borg have seen. The Borg quickly realize that Species 8472 is immune to assimilation and that contemporary Borg technology is no match for it. In fact, 8472 is one of the few species so advanced that its ships are able to destroy Borg cubes in seconds. Species 8472 invades the Delta Quadrant in retaliation for Borg aggression and begins a systematic extermination of the Borg as well as innocent species. Over the course of five months, tens of billions of drones are lost, as well as several hundred planets and ships. When the crew of Voyager realizes that it has no choice but to go through Borg space to continue home in any kind of timely manner, Captain Kathryn Janeway hatches a plan to construct a weapon, based on a treatment that the Doctor had created, to kill Species 8472 and use it as a bargaining chip with the Borg, in exchange for safe passage through Borg space. The Borg reluctantly accept. In conjunction with Janeway, the Borg develop a high-yield warhead armed with modified nanoprobes, developed by the Doctor from the Borg's own technology, that is effective at killing 8472 and forces them to retreat to fluidic space. In return for Janeway's help, the Borg allow Voyager safe passage through their space for the duration of their cooperative efforts. However, upon Species 8472's retreat from normal space, the Borg terminate the alliance in favor of (unsuccessfully) assimilating Voyager.

A member of Species 8472 is left in the Delta Quadrant during the retreat and is relentlessly hunted by a group of Hirogen for several months.

Concerned about the threat posed by humanity, Species 8472 builds 13 "terraspheres" in the Delta Quadrant and recreates Starfleet Academy within, as a staging ground for an intelligence gathering mission on Earth. The plan is uncovered by Voyager and peace talks commence. Janeway convinces 8472, led by an individual posing as Boothby, that the United Federation of Planets has no quarrel with them – in fact, the Federation is not even aware of the existence of Species 8472, except for the Voyager crew, and the crew is well aware that the Borg themselves started the war between the two species by invading fluidic space to assimilate the superior technology of Species 8472.

Video games
Species 8472 appear as villains in the video games Star Trek: Voyager – Elite Force and Star Trek: Armada II. They also make an appearance in Star Trek Online, in which they are referred to as the Undine. In Star Trek: Alien Domain, they are the primary antagonists.

Reception
In 2017, Screen Rant ranked the Species 8472 the eleventh most bizarre aliens in Star Trek. The Guardian's Vera Rule said that their design reminded them "of HR Gigerish bio-nastiness but with Ray Harryhausen animation".

title: Species 8472


text:
Talk:Robert Young (actor)

Untitled
The link i have used takes the reader to the obituary where there is another link to the full list of credits for Robert Young. Is there a copyright problem if the full list were to be cut and pasted to the article?

Lists are not copyrightable, as long as it's only a list and not commentary. Be sure to make its format clean, though. -- Zoe

CAT
Free categories is about his dead! I think that it is bad solution.--Vojvodaeist 18:28, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

I'm not a doctor
Wasn't it Peter Bergman that said that and not Robert Young? 12.4.17.250 (talk) 18:57, 3 August 2009 (UTC)

Yes, it was. Also, Chris Robinson. But not Robert Young, as far as I've been able to ascertain. http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002541.html The article cited by Wikipedia was mistaken. See http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/002541.html RY did however do commercials, for Sanka I'm removing the relevant sentaneces/citaiton --gejyspa (talk) 14:05, 26 February 2010 (UTC)

It was actually Robert Young, but he wasn't selling aspirin. The upenn URL is a messy speculation. There was an earlier problem with an actor who played a doctor doing a commercial for some sort of medication, leading to Young's initial disclaimer. He said "Hello. I'm not a doctor, although I play one on TV." He introduced himself as the actor Robert Young, then talked about the stress involved in playing Marcus Welby, MD. He then said he found it hard to sleep sometimes, until he spoke with his doctor, who recommended he calm down and drink Sanka-brand coffee, after a hard day on the set. It is quite possible there is no Youtube clip posted of this commercial. It played in 1974 over the national networks. It was significantly more memorable than the Marcus Welby, MD television show, which was torture to sit through.Hypatea (talk) 19:16, 6 June 2011 (UTC)

Robert Young, The Black Camel
Robert Young did appear in the early Charlie Chan film, The Black Camel, as mentioned in his Wiki bio, however the picture was made for Fox, and filmed in Hawaii, and not Young's then new home studio MGM. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Telegonus (talk • contribs) 08:56, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

"Western Union"
Young had major roles in "Northwest Passage" and "Western Union", two top-notch "A" films--I really don't know why he considered himself to be a "victim" of the studio system. "Western Union" is one of the best westerns ever made. By the way, the final shoot-out scene with Young in "Western Union" was later copied exactly by John Ford in the shoot-out scene between Lee Marvin and James Stewart in "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valence". 63.192.100.101 (talk) 21:53, 28 December 2011 (UTC)

Indeed, Robert Young did nicely by the studio system, including his home studio, which never sought to promote him as a potential superstar as his work didn't seem to warrant that kind of PR. At his level, as a second stringer but not B player, he did nicely at Metro and elsewhere, and indeed Western Union was a good loan-out for him, as was Claudia, two years later, featuring newcomer Dorothy McGuire, adapted froma sure-fire hit play. The kinds of top quality roles he failed to get at MGM he often did get elsewhere; and after he quit the studio he prospered as a freelance till he went into television in 1954 with the Father Knows Best series. Young had a good run in feature films, for over twenty years. He made a good living and appeared in some fine, even classic films. His unhappiness, I sense, came from his personal life, plagued his alcholism and depression. The studio system treated him just fine.

JB

death
My understanding is that he committed suicide by carbon monoxide inhalation (from his car running in a closed garage). Is this correct? WilliamSommerwerck (talk) 17:07, 13 November 2012 (UTC)
 * No, that is not correct. The article states he died of natural causes (ie respiratory failure) and has a source to support that. Respiratory failure is not code for self inflicted death by carbon monoxide inhalation. Young did attempt suicide in 1991 which is also discussed in the article.  Pinkadelica ♣  18:52, 13 November 2012 (UTC)

Many errors in this bio
Unsuccessfully tried to correct errors and add some factual info. Also, there is a mean-spirited attitude towards the subject running throughout the page. Isn't Wikipedia supposed to be neutral and unbiased? Mag Wildwood (talk) 16:30, 29 May 2022 (UTC)
 * , Wikipedia is first of all a collaborative project, just so you know. I reverted you partly, and anyone who sees this edit, for instance, will understand why--"did not enjoy a happy time" is the kind of language we don't usually put in article space. If there is a "mean-spirited attitude", this won't alleviate it. As for correcting errors--I reverted mostly because I don't know what is going on in here?"Ylegally oung had to accept any film assigned to him or risk being placed on suspension—and many actors who were placed on suspension were prohibited from earning a salary from any enureavor at all, even those unrelated to the film industry. In 19GM,rily looutYYoung oung to Gaumont British in the U.K. for two first, Secret Ag was directed by Alfred Hitchcand her, It's Love Again, co-ingarred Jessie Matthews. While in EnglYoung was el nvino believe that that MGM intended to terminate his contrwhich did not happen taken." Drmies (talk) 22:24, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

You have incorrectly attributed a sentence to me and I don't know what happened either. I thought it was something put in place to prevent anyone else from contributing and daring to edit so much as a full stop of your work of genius. However, I do know that I have been a journalist my entire working life, and the majority of my subject matter has been film, music, art and fashion. I know my facts, I check my sources (and I don't rely solely on the Internet), I know how to write well, spell and understand English grammar. I also have subbed countless times during my career. Regrettably, there is a noticeably patriarchal, Americacentric attitude that pervades the majority of Wikipedia pages. as demonstrated Contributors such as yourself, who refuse to consider that someone else might have something worthwhile to add and throw a fit if anyone so much as changes a comma in your work of genius. And yes, there IS a mean-spirited stance throughout this (incomplete) bio of Robert Young, which is anything but neutral. Mag Wildwood (talk) 10:28, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

By the way, you got my name wrong so you're not as perfect as you seem to think, oh GENIUS contributor to Wikipedia. Mag Wildwood (talk) 10:30, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Mag Wildwood, Drmies was merely using the "ping" function to respond to you by user name. I have piped the user name to the form you use in your signature, since you prefer to be addressed that way.

 * diff shows that you did indeed introduce the garbled sentence and also the did not enjoy a happy time wording, both in the same edit. My first guess would be that the garbling (and also the addition of "nowiki" tags) is due to your using the visual edit function on the mobile app, which isnotoriously hinky software. But you are responsible for your edits and clearly failed to preview before saving that one, or to look hard enough at the result afterwards, since your next edit was a typo correction. And you should have checked before accusing Drmies of misattributing a sentence to you, unless you were referring to some other wording than the "happy time" bit?

 * Fundamentally, your changes introduced more emphatically evaluative wording (such as emphasizing success of TV shows)and also emphasized Young's mistreatment by MGM. The former is at best unnecessary; readers who want the specifics of how popular a show was, or even the nature of the character Young played, can click the link, and as an encyclopedia, Wikipedia hews to a drily factual style where possible as part of its aim of neutrality, so a single mention of "success" or "popularity" with reference to a particular show is sufficient if the cited sources warrant mentioning it at all. The latter is a change unsupported by cited sources. For all I know, it may be correct. But to change the balance of an article, as you say you intended to do, especially if it involves stating any kind of malfeasance or unfairness, requires citing sources for the specific points. Otherwise, the changes are unsupported personal opinion. And I don't see any citations added in your edits. Yngvadottir (talk) 01:09, 12 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Robert Young (actor)


text:
STS-2

STS-2 was the second Space Shuttle mission conducted by NASA, and the second flight of the orbiter Columbia. The mission, crewed by Joe H. Engle and Richard H. Truly, launched on November 12, 1981, and landed two days later on November 14, 1981. STS-2 marked the first time that a crewed, reusable orbital vehicle returned to space. This mission tested the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR) as part of the OSTA-1 (Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications) payload, along with a wide range of other experiments including the Shuttle robotic arm, commonly known as Canadarm. Other experiments or tests included Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer, Feature Identification and Location Experiment, Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites, Ocean Color Experiment, Night/Day optical Survey of Lightning, Heflex Bioengineering Test, and Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package (ACIP). One of the feats accomplished was various tests on the Orbital Maneuvring System (OMS) including starting and restarting the engines while in orbit and various adjustments to its orbit. The OMS tests also helped adjust the Shuttle's orbit for use of the radar. During the mission, President Reagan called the crew of STS-2 from Mission Control Center in Houston.

In the early planning stages of the Space Shuttle program, STS-2 was intended to be a reboost mission for the aging Skylab space station. However, such a mission was impeded by delays with the Shuttle's development and the deteriorating orbit of Skylab. Skylab ultimately de-orbited on July 11, 1979, two years before the launch of STS-2.

Crew
Engle had been the original selection as Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 17, but was bumped in favor of geologist Harrison Schmitt when it became clear that the mission would be the last lunar landing. As a consequence, both Engle and Truly were rookies during STS-2 (Engle had flown the X-15 above 80 km and so had earned USAF astronaut wings, but was still considered a NASA rookie), constituting the first all-rookie crew since Skylab 4, and the first and only all-rookie crew on the space shuttle. Engle was the last NASA rookie to command his first flight until Raja Chari in 2021 with SpaceX Crew-3. Engle and Truly had also served as one of the two Shuttle crews during the Approach and Landing Tests (ALT) program in 1977.

Following STS-2, NASA required all shuttle commanders to have previous spaceflight experience.

Backup crew
This crew would later fly on STS-4.

Support crew

 * Daniel C. Brandenstein (ascent CAPCOM)
 * James F. Buchli
 * Terry J. Hart
 * Frederick H. Hauck (entry CAPCOM)
 * Sally K. Ride (first American woman CAPCOM)

Mission summary

The second Space Shuttle mission launched from Kennedy Space Center on November 12, 1981, with liftoff occurring at 15:10:00 UTC, 7 months after STS-1. The planned launch time of 12:30UTC was delayed while a faulty data transmitting unit on Columbia was replaced with one from new, which had been shipped overnight from the Palmdale, California factory where Challenger was still being manufactured. Richard Truly became the first astronaut to fly into space on his birthday.

Originally, the launch had been set for October 9, 1981, but it was delayed by a nitrogen tetroxide spill during the loading of the forward Reaction Control System (RCS) tanks. The spill necessitated the removal, decontamination and reapplication of over 300 thermal tiles. The tiles could be reached from platforms at Launch Complex 39A, allowing the work to take place without destacking Columbia and returning it to the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF). It was next scheduled for November 4, 1981, but was again scrubbed when high oil pressures were discovered in two of the three Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) that controlled the orbiter's hydraulic system. That issue was attributed to hydrazine seepage contaminating the lubrication system in the APUs.

The flight marked the first time an orbital crewed space vehicle had been re-flown with a second crew. Prior to launch, Columbia spent 103days in the Orbiter Processing Facility. It again carried the DFI package, as well as the OSTA-l payload (named for the NASA Office of Space and Terrestrial Applications), which consisted of a number of remote-sensing instruments mounted on a Spacelab pallet in the payload bay. These instruments, including the Shuttle Imaging Radar-A (SIR-A), successfully carried out remote sensing of Earth's resources, environmental quality, and ocean and weather conditions. In addition, the Canadian-built "Canadarm" Remote Manipulator System (RMS) was successfully operated in all its various operating modes for the first time.

During the mission, the Mission Control Center was visited by President Ronald Reagan. He was supposed to visit during STS-1, but was forced to cancel due to an assassination attempt on March 30, 1981.

Although the STS-2 mission had been planned for a duration of five days, with a few hours a day spent testing the Canadarm, the flight was cut short when one of the three fuel cells that produced electricity and drinking water failed. The mission was shortened to two days, and the Canadarm tests were canceled. The crew stayed awake during a scheduled sleep period and tested the arm anyway, working during the loss of signal (LOS) periods when they were not in contact with Mission Control. The deorbit and reentry phase of this mission differed from STS-1, in that while the first shuttle entry was flown as a "middle of the road" test of the automatic guidance, the success of that mission allowed for the STS-2 crew to explore the stability margins of the vehicle's performance. Twenty-nine planned Programmed Test Inputs (PTIs) were manually flown in the Control Stick Steering (CSS) mode, with Engle making use of his past experience in the X-15. These PTIs provided useful data for subsequent engineering modifications. Contrary to the interviewer's assertion in a JSC Oral history conversation with Engle, he hand flew maneuvers throughout the entire entry speed range, but not for the entire duration. As a consequence of STS-1 entry anomalies, the first roll maneuver was flown manually and the elevon scheduling was adjusted to offload the body flap.

Chase 1 crewed by astronauts "Hoot" Gibson and Kathy Sullivan escorted Columbia on final approach. Landing took place on Runway23 at Edwards Air Force Base at 21:23UTC, on November 14, 1981, after a 37-orbit flight which covered a total of 1730000 km over the course of 2days, 6hours, 13minutes and 12seconds.

Despite the truncated flight, more than 90% of the mission's objectives were achieved. Moreover, modifications of the water sound suppression system at the pad, to absorb the solid rocket booster overpressure wave during launch, were effective; no tiles were lost and only 12 were damaged. Columbia was flown back to the Kennedy Space Center on November 25, 1981.

STS-2 was the first Space Shuttle flight where O-ring blow-by was observed. After the damage was discovered, another O-ring was intentionally damaged to a further degree. It was then put through a flight simulation at three times the flight pressure. It survived the test, and was endorsed as flightworthy. This same problem would occur on fourteen more Shuttle flights, before contributing to the loss of orbiter Challenger in 1986.

STS-2 was the last shuttle flight to have its external fuel tank (ET) painted white. In an effort to reduce the Shuttle's overall weight, STS-3 and all subsequent missions used an unpainted tank, saving approximately 272 kg of launch weight. This lack of paint gave the ET a distinctive orange-brown color, which eventually became emblematic of the Space Shuttle.

Decades later, in 2006, some in the spaceflight community questioned whether the white paint would have prevented the ice-soaked foam shedding issue that led to the loss of Columbia. NASA consensus was that it would not.

Experiments or tests
STS-2 payloads or experiments:
 * OSTA-1
 * Shuttle Imaging Radar
 * SRMS, the Shuttle robotic arm, also known as Canadarm
 * Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer
 * Feature Identification and Location Experiment
 * Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites
 * Ocean Color Experiment
 * Night/Day optical Survey of Lightning
 * Heflex Bioengineering Test
 * Aerodynamic Coefficient Identification Package (ACIP)

They also tested the OMS engines.

Mission insignia
The mission patch notes the names of the mission's two crew members, and includes an image of a bald eagle, the national bird of the United States, decorated with the colors of the U.S. flag.

Wake-up calls
NASA began a tradition of playing music to astronauts during the Project Gemini, and first used music to wake up a flight crew during Apollo 15.

title: STS-2


text:
Talk:Avril Lavigne

Semi-protected edit request on 3 March 2023
Avril is from Napanee which is closer to Kingston than Belleville. Change Belleville to Napanee. 184.148.101.44 (talk) 11:59, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 12:53, 3 March 2023 (UTC)

Is this wiki-fandom?
Arvil Lavigne has never performed one of the best punk rock songs of all time. At least, this what the quotes say. These are just lists about the best songs for Karaoke, or songs we forget (Sic!). Reading the headlines of the quotes is enough to check this. And I really doubt that she had such importance for female pop- punk. Much to late much to pop music. 2A02:908:F63:2860:D17:896:586A:977A (talk) 05:19, 5 March 2023 (UTC)

My source got removed and I need explanation
My source recently got removed by editor called NJzombie. I asked on his talk page but removed all my question and suggested I start in talk page. I want simple answer. He said "not exactly what the cited source states. Cited source is a gossip page as well and not exactly reliable "

1)Sources is at the bottom which says
 * LAVIGNE ROMANCES LOVER'S ROCK RIVAL Avril Lavigne has disproved rumors she's engaged to Sum 41 star Deryck Whibley, by allegedly romancing his rock rival Doug Robb at Wednesday's World Music Awards. The singer, 19, had no date at the Las Vegas bash because her boyfriend is on tour in Canada, but reportedly ended the evening kissing and fondling the Hoobastank frontman, according to Britain's The Sun newspaper. A shocked witness says, "Avril was absolutely blathered after the awards show. She had a drink in her hand almost all night and organizers were far from happy because she was too young to drink. "She was manic -- running around the party and acting like a real rock 'n' roll chick. Doug took a shine to her and they seemed to hit off straight away. They left together at about 2:30 a.m. and went back to the Venetian hotel where Avril was staying. "I doubt Deryck will be too happy when he finds out."

2)GOSSIP PAGE? I really want you tell me what is the difference between my cited source and all the other links displayed This source I used. How is it any different https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/McGrath-calls-for-truce-Love-warns-Lavigne-about-3302482.php from these that you didn't removed. https://web.archive.org/web/20100226084100/http://www.okmagazine.com/2009/10/avril-lavigne-files-for-divorce/ Ask.men? His this any different, in fact all the sources cited in relationship shows no difference to my cited source. https://archive.ph/20120529015150/http://www.askmen.com/celebs/entertainment-news/avril-lavigne/avril-lavigne-engaged.html Gemmaso (talk) 13:56, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Your edit is the one that was immediately noticed and sourced from an obvious gossip site, which is unreliable. It was also removed one time before this by another editor. Just because an editor reverts or removes an edit for a bad source, it doesn’t obligate them to remove all similar sources within the same article. NJZombie (talk) 17:54, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Your not answering my question. If that is a obvious gossip website than how are the others sourced not gossip website? There is no difference between the source I used compared all the other sources used for relationships about Avril Lavigne. If your going to remove my source than you have to do the same for the others, otherwise is double standard. Gemmaso (talk) 20:22, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I absolutely did answer your question. Maybe those others are gossip sites but no, I’m under no obligation to remove those as well. That’s not how it works. I addressed the source of your edit which I know to be unreliable. NJZombie (talk) 20:43, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Your wrong about my source being a Gossip website. The others that are sourced are the ones that come from tabloibs/gossips. My source comes from SFGATE which is described as "a news website based out of San Francisco, California, covering news, culture, travel, food, politics and sports in the Bay Area, Hawaii and California. The site, owned by Hearst Newspapers, reaches approximately 25 million to 30 million unique readers a month, making it the second most popular news site in California, after the Los Angeles Times." Gemmaso (talk) 21:53, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Even if a publication or news site is generally reliable, gossip sections in which reports like somebody saw somebody else having an affair, which this is, are not. The source is clearly WP:QUESTIONABLE. Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for checking the facts or with no editorial oversight.
 * The added content clearly presents contentious material about living persons and are backed by a questionable source. NJZombie (talk) 22:05, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Firstable you cannot prove that a rumored claim between Robb Doug and Avril Lavigne was all gossip and even if Avril denied it, which she didn't doesn't meann it didn't happen. The part about him and Tyga is considered a rumor too, so the recent 2023 should be removed aswell. There are dozens of pictures of Robb Doug and Avril Lavigne them grinding and fondling eachother during their dance party, so you can't claim is questionable. How is that Questionable if there's dozens of photographic evidence? It's not it's some baseless rumors without evidence. Picture evidence is here. here.https://img5.bdbphotos.com/images/orig/4/v/4vngf52crwsssw2.jpg?skj2io4l
 * This article from International Business Times is an American online newspaper that publishes five national editions in four languages.
 * https://www.ibtimes.com/list-avril-lavignes-past-relationships-she-prefers-rockers-and-playboys-754272tional also mentioned Robb Doug and Avril Lavigne dating.
 * Based on this what your saying. There's no reason why I can't remove all the other sources as there is clearly no difference between my source and theirs, mine in fact in come from news site, while the other sources are tabloids. Gemmaso (talk) 22:40, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I don’t care who the information is specifically about. I have no particular interest in any of the people mentioned, including the article’s subject. It’s not up to me or anybody else to prove a claim is NOT true. It’s up to YOU to provide a trustworthy source backing the claim, which you did not. If it’s true, which it may very well be, it’s on you to find a reliable source to back it up. As far as removing other sourced information, do what you see fit bit it doesn’t mean somebody won’t challenge you on that too. As a new editor, it best that you acquaint yourself with WP:RELIABLE in order to get a better idea of what is and isn’t an acceptable source. Even more important in this case would be Biographies of living persons. NJZombie (talk) 00:12, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Even all this trustworthy source and WP:RELIABLE seems very subjective and biased. Like ever since the Russia-Ukraine war, not a single Russian news site or Russian article is considered trustworthy anymore. On the other hand news gossips and tabloid-like articles are used as sources and none removed them. But as long as they considered reliable enough than they are acceptable.
 * I used SFGATE as my source. According to the Bias and Reliability
 * https://adfontesmedia.com/sfgate-bias-and-reliability/
 * Reliability: 43.92
 * Bias: -1.24
 * The bias rating, demonstrated on the Media Bias Chart® on the horizontal axis, ranges from most extreme left to middle to most extreme right. The reliability rating, demonstrated on the chart’s vertical axis, rates sources on a scale from original fact reporting to analysis, opinion, propaganda and inaccurate/fabricated information.
 * Reliability scores for articles and shows are on a scale of 0-64. Scores above 40 are generally good; scores below 24 are generally problematic. Scores between 24-40 indicate a range of possibilities, with some sources falling there because they are heavy in opinion and analysis, and some because they have a high variation in reliability between article.
 * SFGATE scores 43.92, nearly 44. Reliability: Reliable, Analysis/Fact Reporting
 * So it is a good source. So using it for the wikipedia article shouldn't considered a problem. Gemmaso (talk) 02:12, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Your Media Bias Chart website has no relevance here. Once again, even if a website or newspaper is deemed generally reliable, it doesn't mean that every section of it is reliable by default. The gossip pages of a reliable news source do not automatically receive trust by association. Refer to WP:NOTGOSSIP which explains what Wikipedia does not partake in. You don't need to like the rules and guidelines, such as WP:RELIABLE, but you do need to abide by them. You asked your question as to why your edit was removed by both me and another editor. You received your answer. NJZombie (talk) 02:46, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I already read your rules and it clearly says "News sources often contain both factual content and opinion content. News reporting from well-established news outlets is generally considered to be reliable for statements of fact"
 * How is this source celebrity gossip? Where does it say Gossip when the upper link it says news even in the link, this section says /news/article, nothing about gossip. https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/McGrath-calls-for-truce-Love-warns-Lavigne-about-3302482.php every article about celebrity relationships in that article is a a genuine as the other (not removed) sources used to describe Avril Lavigne relationship. The other sources which has archived link next to them, how are they not gossip if my source is considered gossip? Why am the only one picked out for the source I used. Gemmaso (talk) 03:14, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * @Gemmaso Because it uses a deprecated source. While SFGATE appears to be a useful source in many cases, the Lavigne-Love story is utterly unreliable, because of these key words in the story: "reports Britain's Daily Star newspaper". There is community consensus that the Daily Star may not be used as a source. Since SFGATE is only repeating what DS reported, the lack of reliability of DS carries over to the SFGATE story. —C.Fred (talk) 03:42, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You didn't didn't read the Avril and Robb part. Reports " according to Britain's The Sun newspaper " not Daily Star. Okay, the Daily Star is not reliable but who said The Britain's Sun newspaper is not reliable? Maybe is not realiable eithger. Another source " The Sun reports that Avril Lavigne was spotted canoodling with Hoobastank frontman Doug Robb after the World Music Awards on Wednesday " http://popdirt.com/avril-lavigne-heats-it-up-with-doug-robb/32859/ Gemmaso (talk) 04:05, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The Sun is as bad if not worse. Quoting WP:RS: The Sun was deprecated in the 2019 RfC. There is consensus that The Sun is generally unreliable. References from The Sun are actively discouraged from being used in any article… —C.Fred (talk) 11:47, 16 March 2023 (UTC)

Edit request: people Avril "influenced"
The wiki article states that Avril "influenced" Rob Halford. The source says nothing about Avril Lavigne "influencing" Rob Halford, he simply praised her. Halford was 30 years into his career when Avril Lavigne's first album came out. Take a close look at that list, it's ludicrous. Kickysam49 (talk) 04:18, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Removed Halford for reason stated: liking someone is not the same as being influenced by. Checked a few references for others in the list and they do mention being influenced by her... Random fixer upper (talk) 00:15, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

country
i haven't heard a song of hers that doesn't go under the country genre - she lists her main sources of inspiration as country artists, but why isn't country listed in the "genre" section of the name card?

note: - started out performing country - country musicians as inspiration - performed at country fairs - frequent collaboration with country artists - most often ranked in country charts - receives country music awards kuchesezik (talk) 00:26, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * That's because inspirations/influences do not equal an artist's main genre. And genres are based in what reliable sources, not user opinion. You are not going to find sources that call her music country. Bowling is life (talk) 00:35, 24 March 2024 (UTC)
 * What do you mean started out playing country? Her first album is not described as country by Wikipedia. Nobody considers her a country artist. Like I said, being inspired by country music does not make her a country artist. Also, collaborations with country artists and performing at country fairs does not make her a country artist either. Bowling is life (talk) 20:19, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Avril Lavigne


text:
Talk:Livonia

Livonia vs. Courland
This article confuses me. Is the Duchy of Courland the same as Livonia? Could that be cleared up? And what does the first line (it isn't a sentence) have to do with the article? -- Zoe 06:59, 9 February 2003 (UTC)

 * Livonia is separate from Courland and needs its own entry. Most of the article ought to be merged with Courland. -- Mic 15:56 25 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * I will write an arctile about historical Livonia soon ;-))) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Caius2ga (talk • contribs) 07:16, 13 November 2003 (UTC)

Territory of Livonians
Livonia as a historic region is much broader than the teritory where Livonians lived. Therefore, I put "region" back instead of "land of Livonians". Andris 00:57, Apr 24, 2004 (UTC)

 * Today the only Livonians left live in Courland, south of Livonia. Northern Livonia is populated by Finnic people, now called Estonians. It can thus be assumed that all of Livona was at some time in history (or prehistory) populated by Finnic people (=Livonians). I would also assume that in the middle ages this was common knowlage.

 * Andris writes: "but came in the Middle Ages to designate a much broader territory".

 * What sources do we have to say, that the territory of Livonia was somehow expanded from the territory known to have been inhabited by livonians in earlier times?  -- Petri Krohn 05:03, 8 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Livonia usualy refer to country not theritory populated by livonians thats why we know that in northen part of this country lived estonians not livonians. As for prehistorical time we can`t say that all people that where finic where livonians and in middle ages balts also lived in Livonia. Today there is no such Livonians left live in Courland for there is no special theritory with diferent livonian traditons and language, people who are still climing to be livonians and trying to save livonian heritage doesn`t live in one place and this nation is asumed to be almoust dead —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.198.52.131 (talk • contribs) 17:53, 12 October 2005 (UTC)

It seems to me you are confusing Livonians wit Livs ;)

Maps
Could the maps be repositioned at the start of the article? The article describes the areas by colour, but with 2 similar, coloured maps it's not clear which one is being talked about. Jim901 19:42, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

It seems that following map's explanatory notes need minor correction as to "Ruthenian Duchies" color correlation. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Teutonic_state_1250.png Sheetikoff 19:04, 7 May 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sheetikoff (talk • contribs)

latvaian name for livonia
I was under the impression that the latvian word for livonia was Vidzeme. On this page it is listed as Livonija. --Sekela3rd 21:24, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * No Vidzeme is the region that once was large part Livonia Xil/talk 08:06, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Livonia
In Finnish "Liivinmaa" also known as "Lohikäärmeenmaa" (The Land of Dragon) named after the Livonian long boats. Kuurinmaa (Courland) was also known as "Kurjenmaa" (The Land of Crane).

JN

Why exactly you User:Lokyz returned to the previous version after I started cleaning up the article did not become clear to me. In case you think the image about Baltic tribes is relevant to the article that in the beginning speaks about the Finnic people Livonians, feel free to add the map to the relevant chapter. The image Europe in the 9th century shows the borders of the Baltic and Finnic tribes at the time and therefore illustrates the story here much clearer it seems to me. --Termer (talk) 22:38, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

Name in Persian
There is no need to put the name of Livonia in Persian or Urdu. It is not historically important. Why then not Chinese, Japanese, Hindi, etc.? It makes no sense. Dukurs (talk) 07:59, 31 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Livonia


text:
Ibaraki Prefecture

Ibaraki Prefecture (茨城県) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Ibaraki Prefecture has a population of 2,828,086 (1 July 2023) and has a geographic area of 6,097.19 km2. Ibaraki Prefecture borders Fukushima Prefecture to the north, Tochigi Prefecture to the northwest, Saitama Prefecture to the southwest, Chiba Prefecture to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the east.

Mito, the capital, is the largest city in Ibaraki Prefecture. Other major cities include Tsukuba, Hitachi, and Hitachinaka. Ibaraki Prefecture is located on Japan's eastern Pacific coast to the northeast of Tokyo, and is part of the Greater Tokyo Area, the most populous metropolitan area in the world. Ibaraki Prefecture features Lake Kasumigaura, the second-largest lake in Japan; the Tone River, Japan's second-longest river and largest drainage basin; and Mount Tsukuba, one of the most famous mountains in Japan. Ibaraki Prefecture is also home to Kairaku-en, one of the Three Great Gardens of Japan, and is an important center for the martial art of Aikido.

History
Ibaraki Prefecture was previously known as Hitachi Province. In 1871, the name of the province became Ibaraki, and in 1875 it became its current size, by annexing some districts belonging to the extinct Shimōsa Province.

Paleolithic
In Japanese Paleolithic, humans are believed to have started living in the present-day prefecture area before and after the deposition of the volcanic ash layer from the Aira Caldera about 24,000 years ago. At the bottom of this layer are local tools of polished stone and burnt pebbles.

Asuka Period
During the Asuka period the provinces of Hitachi and Fusa were created. Later Fusa was divided, among them, the Shimōsa Province.

Muromachi Period
At the beginning of the Muromachi period, in the 14th century, Kitabatake Chikafusa made of the Oda Castle his field headquarters for over a year, and wrote the Jinnō Shōtōki (Chronicles of the Authentic Lineages of the Divine Emperors), while he was at castle.

Edo Period
During the Edo period, one of the three houses or clans originating from Tokugawa Ieyasu (Gosanke 御 三家, three houses), settled in the Mito Domain, the clan is known as the Mito Tokugawa family or simply the Mito clan. Mito Domain, was a Japanese domain of the Edo-period Hitachi Province.

In 1657, a Mitogaku was created when Tokugawa Mitsukuni, head of the Mito Domain, commissioned the compilation of the Dai Nihonshi, a book on the history of Japan.

Meiji Period
In Meiji era, during the Meiji Restoration, the political map changes, the old provinces are converted or merged, to create the current prefectures, in this case the Ibaraki Prefecture.

Geography
Ibaraki Prefecture is the northeastern part of the Kantō region, stretching between Tochigi Prefecture and the Pacific Ocean and bounded on the north and south by Fukushima Prefecture and Chiba Prefecture. It also has a border on the southwest with Saitama Prefecture. The northernmost part of the prefecture is mountainous, but most of the prefecture is a flat plain with many lakes and is part of Kantō Plain.

Natural Parks
, 15% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely Suigo-Tsukuba Quasi-National Park, and nine Prefectural Natural Parks. Also, Ibaraki has one Prefectural Geopark. The Suigo-Tsukuba Quasi-National Park, also includes the northeast area of Chiba Prefecture.

Mountains
The northern third of the prefecture is mountainous and in the center is the Tsukuba Mountains (筑波 山地). Its main mountains are: mount Yamizo with an elevation of 1022 m on the border with Fukushima and Tochigi prefectures (tripoint), mount Takasasa with 922 m, mount Tsukuba with two peaks Nyotai-San at 877 m and Nantai-San at 871 m, mount Osho at 804 m, mount Hanazono at 798 m, and mount Kaba at 709 m.

Water system
The main rivers that flow through the prefecture include the Tone, Naka (Ibaraki), and Kuji rivers, all of which flow into the Pacific Ocean. Before the seventeenth century, the lower reaches of the Tone were different from its current layout, and the Tone ran south and emptied into Tokyo Bay, and tributaries such as the Watarase and Kinu rivers had independent water systems.

The main tributaries of the Tone River basin are the Kinu River and Kokai River, which flow from north to south in the western part of the prefecture. The Shintone and Sakura rivers flow into Lake Nishiura.

The Edo River flows into Tokyo Bay; its source currently rises as an arm of the Tone River. In the past, the course of the Edo River was different, its source was corrected and diverted to the Tone River in the 17th century by the Tokugawa shogunate to protect the city of Edo (now Tokyo) from flooding.

The Tone River, in addition to the Edo River, is part of the southern border of Ibaraki Prefecture with Chiba Prefecture, and the Watarase River, Tone River, Gongendō River, and Naka River (Saitama) in the southwestern border of Ibaraki with Saitama Prefecture. The Watarase River has become a small boundary of the southern border between Ibaraki and Tochigi prefectures.

From ancient times to the beginning of the Edo period, the lower reaches of the Tone River did not exist and the mouth of the Tone was in Tokyo Bay. On the plain was the Katori Sea, which existed in ancient times, the Lake Kasumigaura and other lagoons in present-day Chiba prefecture are remnants of that sea. Katori Sea was connected to the Kashima-nada (Pacific Ocean).

Lake Kasumigaura is currently divided into three lakes: Nishiura, Kitaura, Sotonasakaura. In addition, in the prefecture there are freshwater lagoons such as Hinuma, Senba, and Ushiku.

Fukuoka Dam, is a dam that spans the Kokai River in Tsukubamirai, it is one of the three largest dams in the Kantō region. Ryūjin Dam in Hitachiōta, is a beautiful dam on the Ryūjin River with a large pedestrian suspension bridge above the dam lake.

Cities
Thirty-two (32) cities are located in Ibaraki Prefecture:

 * Mito (capital city of the prefecture)
 * Bandō
 * Chikusei
 * Hitachi
 * Hitachinaka
 * Hitachiōmiya
 * Hitachiōta
 * Hokota
 * Inashiki
 * Ishioka
 * Itako
 * Jōsō
 * Kamisu
 * Kasama
 * Kashima
 * Kasumigaura
 * Kitaibaraki
 * Koga
 * Moriya
 * Naka
 * Namegata
 * Omitama
 * Ryūgasaki
 * Sakuragawa
 * Shimotsuma
 * Takahagi
 * Toride
 * Tsuchiura
 * Tsukuba
 * Tsukubamirai
 * Ushiku
 * Yūki

Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district, 10 towns and 2 villages in 7 districts:

 * Higashiibaraki District
 * Ibaraki
 * Ōarai
 * Shirosato
 * Inashiki District
 * Ami
 * Kawachi
 * Miho

 * Kitasōma District
 * Tone
 * Kuji District
 * Daigo
 * Naka District
 * Tōkai

 * Sashima District
 * Goka
 * Sakai
 * Yūki District
 * Yachiyo

Economy
Ibaraki's economy is based on energy production (particularly nuclear energy), chemical and precision machining industries, research institutes, and tourism. Agriculture, fishing, and livestock are also important sectors in the prefecture.

Ibaraki's vast flat terrain make it highly suitable for industrial development. This complements its proximity to the Tokyo metropolitan area, giving it a high reputation as an industrial base. The prefecture is also home to Tsukuba, Japan's most extensive research and academic city, and the birthplace of Hitachi, Ltd.

Agriculture
With extensive flat lands, abundant water, and suitable climate, Ibaraki is among the prefectures with the highest agricultural production in Japan. It plays an important role in supplying food to the Tokyo metropolitan area. Its main products include melons, pears, peppers, various varieties of rice and sugar cane, as well as flowers and ornamental plants.

It also supplies other food crops to the rest of the country. As of March 2011, the prefecture produced 25% of Japan's bell peppers and Chinese cabbage.

Fishing
It is one of the prefectures with the highest fish production in the country; in the Pacific Ocean, Lake Kasumigaura, other lagoons and rivers, various species of fish are obtained.

Cattle
The Hitachigyū cattle (常 陸 牛 - ひたちぎゅう - Hitachi-gyū, Hitachi-ushi), which is a prefectural bovine breed, is noteworthy in livestock. The name comes from the kanji 常 陸 (Hitachi), the name of the ancient Hitachi Province and 牛 (ushi or gyū, beef).

Background. In 1833 Tokugawa Nariaki (徳川 斉昭) established the breeding of black cattle in the present Migawa-chō (見川 町) of the city of Mito. Originally it remained mainly in the northern part of the prefecture, but later it spread throughout the prefecture.

Industrial centers

 * Hitachi area. Grouping of industries, such as electrical, electronic and machinery. More than 1,300 companies; many of them hired by the Hitachi company, which was founded in Sukegawa (Hitachi City) in 1910.
 * Tōkai area. Atomic Energy Research Organization Grouping. J-PARC, Proton Accelerator Research Complex.
 * Tsukuba area. 32 institutes for education and research. Manipulation of matter at the level of atoms (nanotechnology). Robotic security center for support in daily life. Space center.
 * Kashima area. Grouping of materials industries, such as steel and petrochemicals, around 160 companies.

Demographics

Ibaraki's population is decreasing more rapidly than any other prefecture.

Culture
Ibaraki is known for nattō, or fermented soybeans, in Mito, watermelons in Kyōwa (recently merged into Chikusei), and chestnuts in the Nishiibaraki region.

Ibaraki is famous for the martial art of Aikido founded by Morihei Ueshiba, also known as Osensei. Ueshiba spent the latter part of his life in the town of Iwama, now part of Kasama, and the Aiki Shrine and dojo he created still remain.

Kasama is famous for Shinto (Kasama Inari Shrine), Ibaraki Ceramic Art Museum, house museum of the calligrapher and ceramist Kitaōji Rosanjin, Kasama Nichidō Museum of Art, residence of Morihei Ueshiba, founder of the martial art Aikidō.

The capital Mito is home to Kairakuen, one of Japan's three most celebrated gardens, and famous for its over 3,000 Japanese plum trees of over 100 varieties.

Kashima Shrine (Jingū) Ibaraki's cultural heritage.

Mito Tōshō-gū, is the memorial shrine of Tokugawa Ieyasu in Mito.

Seizansō was the retirement villa of Tokugawa Mitsukuni.

Mito Municipal Botanical Park, is a botanical garden in Mito.

Park Ibaraki Nature Museum in Bandō.

There are castle ruins in many cities, including Mito Castle, Yūki Castle, Kasama Castle, Tsuchiura Castle, Oda Castle.

Hitachi Fūryūmono, a puppet float theater festival, Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Makabe Hina Doll Festival - Hinamatsuri - (Sakuragawa City).

Yūki-tsumugi (silk weaving technique) Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, Kasama ware, Makabe Stone Lamp, Kagami Crystal Glass Factory, old glass factory in Ryūgasaki City.

University

 * Ami
 * Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences
 * Hitachi
 * Ibaraki Christian University
 * Mito
 * Ibaraki University
 * Tokiwa University
 * Ryūgasaki
 * Ryūtsū Keizai University
 * Toride
 * Tokyo University of the Arts
 * Tsuchiura
 * Tsukuba International University
 * Tsukuba
 * Tsukuba University
 * Tsukuba Gakuin University
 * Tsukuba University of Technology

Sports
The sports teams listed below are based in Ibaraki.

Football (soccer)

 * Kashima Antlers (Kashima)
 * Mito HollyHock (Mito)
 * Tsukuba FC (Tsukuba)

Volleyball

 * Hitachi Rivale (Women's) (Hitachinaka)

Rugby

 * Stags - Kashima Rugby Football Club RFC (Kashima)

American football

 * Tsukuba University (Tsukuba)

Baseball

 * Ibaraki Astro Planets (Yūki) (Baseball Challenge League)
 * Ibaraki Golden Golds (Regional club) (Tsukuba)

Wrestling

 * Hitachi Pro Wrestling (Regional group) (Hitachi)

Basketball

 * Ibaraki Robots (Mito)

Motorsport

 * Tsukuba Circuit (Shimotsuma)

Tourism

 * Kairaku-en (garden)
 * Mount Tsukuba
 * Lake Kasumigaura
 * Kashima Shrine
 * Ibaraki Prefectural Museum of History
 * Tsukuba Science City
 * Ushiku Daibutsu
 * Ōarai Aquarium
 * Fukuroda Falls
 * Hitachi Seaside Park

Railways

 * East Japan Railway Company
 * Jōban Line
 * Utsunomiya Line (Tōhoku Main Line)
 * Mito Line
 * Suigun Line
 * Kashima Line
 * Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company
 * Tsukuba Express
 * Kantō Railway
 * Jōsō Line
 * Ryūgasaki Line
 * Kashima Rinkai Railway
 * Ōarai Kashima Line
 * Kashima Rinkō Line
 * Hitachinaka Seaside Railway
 * Minato Line
 * Mooka Railway
 * Mooka Line

Cable cars

 * Tsukuba Kankō Railway
 * Mount Tsukuba Cable Car
 * Mount Tsukuba Ropeway

Bus

 * Ibaraki Kotsu

Expressways

 * [[Image:Joban Expwy Route Sign.svg|50px]] Jōban Expressway
 * [[Image:Ken-O Expwy Route Sign.svg|50px]] Ken-Ō Expressway
 * [[Image:Kita-Kanto Expwy Route Sign.svg|50px]] Kita-Kantō Expressway
 * [[Image:Higashi-Kanto Expwy Route Sign.svg|50px]] Higashi-Kantō Expressway

National highways
Ibaraki Prefecture with the following national routes:
 * National Route 4 (around Koga area)
 * National Route 6 (Nihonbashi of Tokyo-Toride-Tsuchiura-Mito-Hitachi-Iwaki-Sendai)
 * National Route 50
 * National Route 51 (Mito-Kashima-Itako-Narita-Chiba)
 * National Route 118
 * National Route 123
 * National Route 124
 * National Route 125 (Katori-Tsuchiura-Tsukuba-Koga-Gyōda-Kumagaya)
 * National Route 245
 * National Route 293
 * National Route 294
 * National Route 349
 * National Route 354
 * National Route 355
 * National Route 400 (Mito-Nakagawa-Nikko-Minamiaizu-Nishiaizu
 * National Route 408
 * National Route 461

Prefectural routes
Ibaraki Prefecture with more than 300 prefectural routes.

Ports

 * Port of Ibaraki
 * Port of Hitachi
 * Port of Hitachinaka
 * Port of Ōarai - Ferry route to Tomakomai, Muroran of Hokkaidō

 * Port of Kashima

Airports

 * Ibaraki Airport
 * Ryūgasaki Airfield
 * Tsukuba Heliport
 * Ōtone Airstrip 大利根飛行場 (おおとねひこうじょう) is an airfield located on the Tone River in Kawachi.

Pronunciation
The prefecture is often alternatively pronounced "Ibaragi by those who speak the regional dialect known as Ibaraki-ben. However, the standard pronunciation is "Ibaraki. According to the author of "Not Ibaragi, Ibaraki, this is most likely due to a mishearing of the softening of the "k" sound in Ibaraki dialect.

Sister regions
Ibaraki is twinned with:
 * 🇫🇷 Essonne, France

title: Ibaraki Prefecture