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Ferris wheel

A Ferris wheel (also called a Giant Wheel or an observation wheel) is an amusement ride consisting of a rotating upright wheel with multiple passenger-carrying components (commonly referred to as passenger cars, cabins, tubs, gondolas, capsules, or pods) attached to the rim in such a way that as the wheel turns, they are kept upright, usually by gravity. Some of the largest modern Ferris wheels have cars mounted on the outside of the rim, with electric motors to independently rotate each car to keep it upright. These cars are often referred to as capsules or pods.

The original Ferris Wheel was designed and constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. as a landmark for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago; although much smaller wooden wheels of similar idea predate Ferris's wheel, dating perhaps to the 1500s. The generic term "Ferris wheel", now used in American English for all such structures, has become the most common type of amusement ride at state fairs in the United States.

The tallest Ferris wheel, the 250 m Ain Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, opened in October 2021 but is no longer in operation. The current record holder since 2014 of a Ferris wheel in operation is the 167.6 m High Roller in Las Vegas, Nevada, which opened to the public in March 2014.

Terminology and design
The term Ferris wheel comes from the maker of one of the first examples constructed for Chicago's World's Columbian Exposition by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. in 1893.

Modern versions have been called observation wheels. In 1892, when the incorporation papers for the Ferris Wheel Company (constructors of the original 1893 Chicago Ferris Wheel) were filed, the purpose of the company was stated as: [construction and operation of] "wheels of the Ferris or other types for the purpose of observation or amusement".

Design variation includes single (cantilevered) or twin sided support for the wheel and whether the cars or capsules are oriented upright by gravity or by electric motors. The most prevalent design is the use of twin sided support and gravity-oriented capsules.

Early history

"Pleasure wheels", whose passengers rode in chairs suspended from large wooden rings turned by strong men, may have originated in 17th-century Bulgaria.

The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608–1667 describes and illustrates "severall Sorts of Swinginge used in their Publique rejoyceings att their Feast of Biram" on 17 May 1620 at Philippopolis (now Plovdiv) in the Ottoman Balkans. Among means "lesse dangerous and troublesome" was one: "like a Craine wheele att Customhowse Key and turned in that Manner, whereon Children sitt on little seats hunge round about in severall parts thereof, And though it turne right upp and downe, and that the Children are sometymes on the upper part of the wheele, and sometymes on the lower, yett they alwaies sitt upright."

Five years earlier, in 1615, Pietro Della Valle, a Roman traveller who sent letters from Constantinople, Persia, and India, attended a Ramadan festival in Constantinople. He describes the fireworks, floats, and great swings, then comments on riding the Great Wheel:

"I was delighted to find myself swept upwards and downwards at such speed. But the wheel turned round so rapidly that a Greek who was sitting near me couldn't bear it any longer, and shouted out 'soni! soni!' (enough! enough!)"

Similar wheels also appeared in England in the 17th century, and subsequently elsewhere around the world, including India, Romania, and Siberia.

A Frenchman, Antonio Manguino, introduced the idea to America in 1848, when he constructed a wooden pleasure wheel to attract visitors to his start-up fair in Walton Spring, Georgia.

Somers' Wheel
In 1892, William Somers installed three fifty-foot wooden wheels at Asbury Park, New Jersey; Atlantic City, New Jersey; and Coney Island, New York. The following year he was granted the first U.S. patent for a "Roundabout". George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. rode on Somers' wheel in Atlantic City prior to designing his wheel for the World's Columbian Exposition. In 1893 Somers filed a lawsuit against Ferris for patent infringement; however, Ferris and his lawyers successfully argued that the Ferris Wheel and its technology differed greatly from Somers' wheel, and the case was dismissed.

The original Ferris Wheel
The original Ferris wheel, sometimes referred to as the Chicago Wheel, was designed and constructed by Ferris Jr. and opened in 1893; however, an earlier wheel was created for the New York State fair in 1854, created by two Erie Canal workers.

With a height of 80.4 m, it was the tallest attraction at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, where it opened to the public on June 21, 1893. It was intended to rival the 324 m Eiffel Tower, the centerpiece of the 1889 Paris Exposition.

Ferris was a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, bridge-builder. He began his career in the railroad industry and then pursued an interest in bridge building. Ferris understood the growing need for structural steel and founded G.W.G. Ferris & Co. in Pittsburgh, a firm that tested and inspected metals for railroads and bridge builders.

The wheel rotated on a 71-ton, 45.5 foot axle comprising what was at that time the world's largest hollow forging, manufactured in Pittsburgh by the Bethlehem Iron Company and weighing 89,320 lb, together with two 16 ft cast-iron spiders weighing 53,031 lb.

There were 36 cars, each fitted with 40 revolving chairs and able to accommodate up to 60 people, giving a total capacity of 2,160. The wheel carried some 38,000 passengers daily and took 20 minutes to complete two revolutions, the first involving six stops to allow passengers to exit and enter and the second a nine-minute non-stop rotation, for which the ticket holder paid 50 cents.

The Exposition ended in October 1893, and the wheel closed in April 1894 and was dismantled and stored until the following year. It was then rebuilt on Chicago's North Side, near the high-income enclave of Lincoln Park. William D. Boyce, then a local resident, filed a Circuit Court action against the owners of the wheel to have it removed, but without success. It operated there from October 1895 until 1903, when it was again dismantled, then transported by rail to St. Louis for the 1904 World's Fair and finally destroyed by controlled demolition using dynamite on May 11, 1906.

Antique Ferris wheels
The Wiener Riesenrad (German for "Viennese Giant Wheel") is a surviving example of 19th-century Ferris wheels. Erected in 1897 in the Wurstelprater section of Prater public park in the Leopoldstadt district of Vienna, Austria, to celebrate Emperor Franz Josef I's Golden Jubilee, it has a height of 64.75 m and originally had 30 passenger cars. A demolition permit for the Riesenrad was issued in 1916, but due to a lack of funds with which to carry out the destruction, it survived.

Following the demolition of the 96 m Grande Roue de Paris in 1920, the Riesenrad became the world's tallest extant Ferris wheel. In 1944 it burnt down, but was rebuilt the following year with 15 passenger cars, and remained the world's tallest extant wheel until its 97th year, when the 85 m Technocosmos was constructed for Expo '85, at Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

Still in operation today, it is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions, and over the years has featured in numerous films (including Madame Solange d`Atalide (1914), Letter from an Unknown Woman (1948), The Third Man (1949), The Living Daylights (1987), Before Sunrise (1995)) and novels.

World's tallest Ferris wheels
Chronology of world's tallest wheels

 * 1893: the original Ferris Wheel was 70.4 m tall. Built for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, it was moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904 for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and demolished there in 1906.
 * 1895: the Great Wheel was built for the Empire of India Exhibition at Earls Court, London, UK, and was 84 m tall. Construction began in March 1894 and it opened to the public on July 17, 1895. It stayed in service until 1906 and was demolished in 1907, having carried over 2.5 million passengers.
 * 1900: the Grande Roue de Paris was built for the Exposition Universelle, a world's fair held in Paris, France. It was demolished in 1920, but its 86 m height was not surpassed until almost 90 years after its construction.
 * 1920: the Wiener Riesenrad was built to celebrate the Golden Jubilee of Emperor Franz Josef I, at the entrance of the Wurstelprater amusement park in Austria's capital Vienna. Constructed in 1897, when the Grande Roue de Paris was demolished in 1920, the Riesenrad became the world's tallest extant Ferris wheel with 64.75 m, and it remained so for the next 65 years until 1985, its 97th year.
 * 1985: Technocosmos, later renamed Technostar, was an 85-metre (279 ft) tall giant Ferris wheel, originally built for the Expo '85 World Fair in Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Work began on dismantling Technostar in November 2009.
 * 1989: the Cosmo Clock 21 was built for the YES '89 Yokohama Exposition at Minato Mirai 21, Yokohama, Japan. Originally constructed with a height of 107.5 m, it was dismantled in 1997 and then in 1999 relocated onto a taller base which increased its overall height to 112.5 m.
 * 1992: Igosu 108 at Biwako Tower, Shiga, Japan, opened April 26 at 108 m tall, hence its name. It has since been moved to Vietnam, where it opened as the Sun Wheel on a new base, now totaling 115 m tall.
 * 1997: the Tempozan Ferris Wheel, in Osaka, Japan, opened to the public on July 13, and is 112.5 m tall.
 * 1999: the Daikanransha at Palette Town in Odaiba, Japan, is 115 m tall.
 * 2000: the London Eye, in London, United Kingdom, is 135 m tall. Although officially opened on December 31, 1999, it did not open to the public until March 2000, because of technical problems.
 * 2006: the Star of Nanchang, in Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China, opened for business in May and is 160 m tall.
 * 2008: the Singapore Flyer, in Singapore, is 165 m tall. It started rotating on February 11, and officially opened to the public on March 1, 2008.
 * 2014: the High Roller, in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States, is 167.6 m tall. It opened to the public on March 31, 2014 and is currently the world's tallest Ferris wheel in operation.
 * 2021: the Ain Dubai in the United Arab Emirates is 250 m. It opened to the public on October 21, 2021, but is no longer in operation. There is no official explanation as to why it ceased operating.

Timeline

Future wheels
Following the huge success of the 135 m London Eye since it opened in 2000, giant Ferris wheels have been proposed for many other cities; however, a large number of these projects have stalled or failed.

Construction in progress

 * Isfahan Eye, a 222 m Ferris wheel in Mount Soffeh, Iran, under development by the city's municipality. It will be built with a financed 1000 billion toman.
 * The 139 m Nanjing OCT Funland Ferris Wheel has passed national inspections in early 2023 and is about to open to the public.

Abandoned projects

 * The Skyvue Las Vegas Super Wheel (or SkyVue—the official website uses both ) was announced as being 145 m tall, and later reported as 150 m and 152.4 m.   It was approved by Clark County Commission in March 2011, and announced at a groundbreaking ceremony in May 2011 that "We expect it to be up and running in time for New Year's 2012". The completion date for its construction on the Las Vegas Strip was subsequently put back several times., construction had stalled. The project was eventually canceled due to lack of funding and the property was put up for sale in 2020, and again in 2022.

 * The 190.5 m New York Wheel was first reported in June 2012 and officially announced by mayor Michael Bloomberg in September 2012. Construction at Staten Island, New York City, alongside the planned Empire Outlets retail complex, was originally planned to begin early in 2014, and completion was originally expected to be in 2015.  In October 2014 it was reported that construction would not begin until 2015, with completion delayed until 2017. This was subsequently further pushed back to April 2018, and then delayed indefinitely after developer NY Wheel fired lead contractor Mammoet-Starneth LLC in July 2017 amid a legal dispute over missed design and construction deadlines. In May 2018, the developers of the New York Wheel were given a last chance to obtain funding for the project. As per a ruling in Delaware bankruptcy court, the developers had 120 days, or until September 5, to find funding; however, on September 7, 2018, it was announced that the New York Wheel would not receive $140 million in city funding.  The delays caused concern among EB-5 visa investors, who would lose their visas if the project was not constructed. An amendment to the bankruptcy court's ruling gave the developers a final 120-day extension to look for funding. If the developers did not get funding by January 2019, the project would be canceled and no further funding extensions would be given. On September 21, 2018, mayor Bill de Blasio said that the now-$900-million project would not receive a bailout from the city because it was too risky to support the project with bonds. As such, the city would not support tax free status for a $380 million bond sale to complete the project. Investors refused to proceed with construction without city support, and stated that it would allow the parts for the Ferris wheel to be auctioned off if the city did not provide funding. Subsequently, investors decided to cancel the project. At this point, investors had spent $450 million on the project.

Quiescent proposals
Incomplete, delayed, stalled, cancelled, failed, or abandoned proposals:
 * The 220 m Moscow View, proposed in 2011, was to have featured 48 monorail-mounted passenger capsules, each able to carry 48 passengers, travelling around a centreless non-rotating rim. At that time the timeframe for its construction was unknown and its site within Moscow had yet to be selected,  though candidates were said to include the All-Russia Exhibition Centre, Gorky Park, Prospekt Vernadskogo, and Sparrow Hills. In December 2011 the project was reported to be stalled due to lack of City Hall approval.
 * The 208 m Beijing Great Wheel was originally due to begin construction in 2007 and to open in 2008, but went into receivership in 2010. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
 * The 198 m Baghdad Eye was proposed for Baghdad, Iraq, in August 2008. At that time, three possible locations had been identified, but no estimates of cost or completion date were given.   In October 2008, it was reported that Al-Zawraa Park was expected to be the site, and a 55 m wheel was installed there in March 2011.
 * The 185 m Great Dubai Wheel proposed for Dubailand, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, was granted planning permission in 2006 and expected to open in 2009, but it was subsequently confirmed that it would not be built. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
 * The 183 m Voyager was proposed several times for Las Vegas, Nevada.
 * The 176 m Bangkok Eye, to be located near the Chao Phraya River in Bangkok, Thailand, was announced by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration on October 13, 2010, at which time the actual site and means of funding the 30-billion baht project had yet to be determined.
 * The 175 m Great Berlin Wheel was originally planned to open in 2008 but the project encountered financial obstacles. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
 * The 150 m Jeddah Eye was proposed in 2008, as part of a development scheduled to open in 2012 in Saudi Arabia. Construction was to have begun in 2009, but there were no subsequent announcements. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
 * A 137.2 m Ferris wheel project involving Tussauds was considered for New York City's South Street Seaport in 2004, but was never built.
 * The 122 m Great Orlando Wheel was announced in June 2008 but then suspended in early 2009 after losing its funding. It was one of at least five Great Wheel Corporation giant Ferris wheel projects which failed between 2007 and 2010.
 * The 120 m Kolkata Eye was first proposed in 2011 for construction on the banks of Hooghly River in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Favoured by Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister of West Bengal, the project was originally valued at 100 crore rupees. This had risen to 300 crore rupees by May 2014 when Banerjee tweeted "[it] is expected to be ready in a year's time". In January 2015 The Times of India reported that the project was "still a pipe dream".
 * A 120 m wheel for Manchester, England, was proposed by Manchester City Council in 2010 as a replacement for the transportable 60 m Wheel of Manchester installation, with Piccadilly Gardens the possible site and completion expected by Christmas 2011.
 * The 101 m Eye on Malaysia, a Chinese-manufactured wheel with 54 passenger gondolas, was scheduled to begin operating in April 2013 at Malacca Island, Malaysia. In November 2012, Chief Minister of the state of Malacca Datuk Seri Mohd Ali Rustam stated that the installation of piles had brought the RM40 million wheel to 15 per cent of completion, and that "the installation of the wheel structure will begin in February [2013]." Mohd Ali Rustam had previously announced the Malaysia Eye, which conflicting reports stated would be 85 m or 88 m tall, also to be sourced from China and located at Malacca Island, and to have 54 air-conditioned gondolas, each able to carry six people. It was scheduled to open on December 1, 2011, but was never built.
 * A 91.4 m wheel planned for Manchester, England, for 2008, was never constructed.
 * The 87 m Pepsi Globe was proposed for the planned Meadowlands complex in New Jersey in February 2008 and originally due to open in 2009, then put on hold until 2010. It has since been further delayed, and construction of the host complex, originally due to be completed in 2007, has been stalled since 2009 due to financing problems.

Nippon Moon, described as a "giant observation wheel" by its designers, was reported in September 2013 to be "currently in development". At that time, its height was "currently undisclosed", but "almost twice the scale of the wheel in London". Its location, an unspecified Japanese city, was "currently under wraps", and its funding had "yet to be entirely secured". Commissioned by Ferris Wheel Investment Co., Ltd., and designed by UNStudio in collaboration with Arup, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, and Experientia, it was expected to have 32 individually themed capsules and take 40 minutes to rotate once.

The Shanghai Star, initially planned as a 200 m tall wheel to be built by 2005, was revised to 170 m, with a completion date set in 2007, but then cancelled in 2006 due to "political incorrectness". An earlier proposal for a 250 m structure, the Shanghai Kiss, with capsules ascending and descending a pair of towers which met at their peaks instead of a wheel, was deemed too expensive at £100m.

Rus-3000, a 170 m wheel planned to open in 2004 in Moscow, has since been reported cancelled. Subsequently, an approximately 180 m wheel was considered for Gorky Central Park of Culture and Leisure, and a 150 m wheel proposed for location near Sparrow Hills. Another giant wheel planned for Prospekt Vernadskogo for 2002 was also never built.

Indoor Ferris wheels
At some malls and amusement parks indoor Ferris wheels were realized. The largest of its kind has a diameter of 47.6 m and is situated in the 95 m high Alem Cultural and Entertainment Center in Ashgabat.

Motorised capsules
Wheels with passenger cars mounted external to the rim and independently rotated by electric motors, as opposed to wheels with cars suspended from the rim and kept upright by gravity, are uncommon. Typically they are called 'Observation wheels' but there is no standardised terminology.

Only a few Ferris wheels with motorised capsules have been built.
 * The 128 m Bay Glory is China's first giant observation wheel with motorised capsules.
 * The 250 m Ain Dubai, world's current tallest observation wheel.
 * The 167.6 m High Roller, world's tallest from 2014 to 2021, has externally mounted motorised capsules of a transparent spherical design, and is described as both a Ferris wheel and an observation wheel by the media.
 * The 165 m Singapore Flyer has cylindrical externally mounted motorised capsules and is described as an observation wheel by its operators, but was also credited as "world's largest Ferris wheel" by the media when it opened in 2008.
 * The 135 m London Eye, typically described as a "giant Ferris wheel" by the media, has ovoidal externally mounted motorised capsules and is the "world's tallest cantilevered observation wheel" according to its operator.

 * The 120 m Melbourne Star (previously the Southern Star) in Australia has ovoidal externally mounted motorised capsules and is described by its operators as "the only observation wheel in the southern hemisphere", but also as a Ferris wheel by the media.
 * The 139 m Nanjing OCT Funland Ferris Wheel is China's second giant observation wheel with motorised capsules which has passed national inspections in early 2023 and is about to open to the public.

Official conceptual renderings of the proposed 190.5 m New York Wheel also show a wheel equipped with externally mounted motorised capsules.

Centreless wheels
In the centreless (sometimes called hubless or spokeless) wheel design, there is no central hub and the rim of the wheel stays fixed in place. Instead, each car travels around the circumference of the rim. The first centreless wheel built was the Big O at Tokyo Dome City in Japan. Its 60 m height has since been surpassed by the 145 m high Bailang River Bridge Ferris Wheel on the upper deck of the Bailang River Bridge in Shandong Province, China, which opened in 2017.

The first centreless wheel in North America opened in January 2019 at the indoor Méga Parc in Quebec City, Canada. The 23.5 m wheel at Méga Parc was designed and manufactured by Larson International.

Transportable wheels
Transportable Ferris wheels are designed to be operated at multiple locations, as opposed to fixed wheels which are usually intended for permanent installation. Small transportable designs may be permanently mounted on trailers, and can be moved intact. Larger transportable wheels are designed to be repeatedly dismantled and rebuilt, some using water ballast instead of the permanent foundations of their fixed counterparts.

Fixed wheels are also sometimes dismantled and relocated. Larger examples include the original Ferris Wheel, which operated at two sites in Chicago, Illinois, and a third in St. Louis, Missouri; Technocosmos/Technostar, which moved to Expoland, Osaka, after Expo '85, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, for which it was built, ended; and Cosmo Clock 21, which added 5 m onto its original 107.5 m height when erected for the second time at Minato Mirai 21, Yokohama, in 1999.

The world's tallest transportable wheel is the 78 m Bussink Design R80XL.

One of the most famous transportable wheels is the 60 m Roue de Paris, originally installed on the Place de la Concorde in Paris for the 2000 millennium celebrations. Roue de Paris left France in 2002 and in 2003–04 operated in Birmingham and Manchester, England. In 2005 it visited first Geleen then Amsterdam, Netherlands, before returning to England to operate at Gateshead. In 2006 it was erected at the Suan Lum Night Bazaar in Bangkok, Thailand, and by 2008 had made its way to Antwerp, Belgium.

Roue de Paris is a Ronald Bussink series R60 design using 40000 l of water ballast to provide a stable base. The R60 weighs 365 t, and can be erected in 72 hours and dismantled in 60 hours by a specialist team. Transport requires seven 20-foot container lorries, ten open trailer lorries, and one closed trailer lorry. Its 42-passenger cars can be loaded either 3 or 6 at a time, and each car can carry 8 people. Bussink R60 wheels have operated in Australia (Brisbane), Canada (Niagara Falls), France (Paris), Malaysia (Kuala Lumpur & Malacca), México (Puebla), UK (Belfast, Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield), US (Atlanta, Myrtle Beach), and elsewhere.

Other notable transportable wheels include the 60 m Steiger Ferris Wheel, which was the world's tallest transportable wheel when it began operating in 1980. It has 42 passenger cars, and weighs 450 tons. On October 11, 2010, it collapsed at the Kramermarkt in Oldenburg, Germany, during deconstruction.

Double and triple wheels
A double Ferris wheel designed to include a horizontal turntable was patented in 1939 by John F. Courtney, working for Velare & Courtney. In Courtney's design, there were two independent Ferris wheels, each rotating at either end of a cantilever arm. The cantilever arm was supported in the middle by a tall vertical support, and the cantilever arm itself rotated around its middle pivot point. The design was similar to the earlier Aeriocycle, but the double wheel patented by Courtney allowed the cantilever arm to make a complete rotation, while the Aeriocycle was limited to a seesaw motion. Courtney continued to file additional patents on improved designs through the 1950s to make them more portable, and at about the same time, the Velare brothers patented the "Space Wheel", a side-by-side double with four total Ferris wheels.

The design was later sold to the Allan Herschell Company in 1959 and marketed as the "Sky Wheel"; the first sale as the Sky Wheel was to 20th Century Rides in October 1960. The Sky Wheel seated up to 32 riders in 16 two-person cars, with 8 cars per wheel, and riders reached a peak of approximately 80 ft. The height and popularity of the Sky Wheel was eclipsed by larger single wheels in the late 1980s and early 1990s, and it has since largely disappeared from common use. , there are four known Sky Wheels that remain in operation.

In March 1966, Thomas Glen Robinson and Ralph G. Robinson received a patent for a Planetary Amusement Ride, which was a distinct double wheel design. In the Robinsons' patent, the cantilever arm was bent at a slightly obtuse angle, and the cars were carried on a spoked "spider" rotating structure at each end of the cantilever. With the obtuse-angle cantilever, one spider could be lowered to the ground in a horizontal plane so that all the cars on that spider could be unloaded and loaded simultaneously, while the spider on the other end of the cantilever would continue to rotate in a near-vertical plane.

Robinson sold two of these rides – Astrowheel, which operated at the former Six Flags AstroWorld in Houston, Texas, and Galaxy, which operated at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia, California. Both were manufactured by Astron International Corporation. Astrowheel was part of the original lineup of rides when Astroworld opened in 1968; it was removed in 1981 to make way for the Warp 10 ride. Astrowheel had an eight-spoked spider at the end of each arm, and each tip had a separate car for eight cars in total on each end. In contrast, Galaxy had double the capacity with a four-spoked spider at the end of each arm; each tip bore an independent four-spoked sub-spider for sixteen cars in total on each end. Like Astrowheel, Galaxy was part of the lineup at Magic Mountain when the park opened in 1971, and was removed in 1980 when Six Flags took over ownership of both parks.

Swiss broker Intamin marketed a similar series of double wheels manufactured by Waagner-Biro, comprising a vertical column supporting a straight cantilever arm, with each end of the cantilever arm ending in a spoked Ferris wheel. The first Intamin produced was Giant Wheel at Hersheypark in Hershey, Pennsylvania, which operated from 1973 to 2004. Other double wheels made by Waagner-Biro/Intamin include Zodiac (Kings Island, Mason, Ohio; 1975–86; moved to Wonderland Sydney and operated 1989–2004), Scorpion (Parque de la Ciudad, Buenos Aires, Argentina; 1982–2003), and Double Wheel (Kuwait Entertainment City, Kuwait City, Kuwait; 1984–91).

A triple variant was custom designed for the Marriott Corporation and debuted at both Marriott's Great America parks (now Six Flags Great America, Gurnee, Illinois, and California's Great America, Santa Clara) in 1976 as Sky Whirl. Each ride had three main components: the three spiders/wheels with their passenger cars; the triple-spoked supporting arm; and the single central supporting column. Each wheel rotated about one of the three ends of the supporting arm. The supporting arm would in turn rotate around its central hub as a single unit about the top of the supporting column. The axis about which the supporting arm turned was offset from vertical (i.e., the plane of rotation was not horizontal), so that as the supporting arm rotated, each wheel was raised and lowered. When lowered, one wheel was horizontal at ground level. At the same time, the other wheels remained raised and continued to rotate in a near-vertical plane at considerable height. The lowered horizontal wheel was brought to a standstill for simultaneous loading and unloading of all its passenger cars.

The Sky Whirl was also known as a triple Ferris wheel, Triple Giant Wheel, or Triple Tree Wheel; it was 33 m in height. The Sky Whirl in Santa Clara was filmed for a memorable rescue scene in Beverly Hills Cop III (renamed to "The Spider" for the film). The Santa Clara ride, renamed Triple Wheel in post-Marriott years, closed on September 1, 1997. The Gurnee ride closed in 2000. Two triple wheels were built for Asian clients: Tree Triple Wheel at Seibu-en (Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan; 1985–2004) and Hydra at Lotte World (Seoul, South Korea; 1989–97).

Eccentric wheels
An eccentric wheel (sometimes called a sliding wheel or coaster wheel ) differs from a conventional Ferris wheel in that some or all of its passenger cars are not fixed directly to the rim of the wheel, but instead slide on rails between the rim and the hub as the wheel rotates.

The two most famous eccentric wheels are Wonder Wheel, at Deno's Wonder Wheel Amusement Park, Coney Island, US, and Pixar Pal-A-Round (previously Sun Wheel and Mickey's Fun Wheel), at Disney California Adventure, US. The latter is a replica of the former. There is a second replica in Yokohama Dreamland, Japan.

Pixar Pal-A-Round is 48.8 m tall and has 24 fully enclosed passenger cars, each able to carry six passengers. Each passenger car is decorated with the face of a Pixar character. Sixteen slide inward and outward as the wheel rotates, the remainder are fixed to the rim. There are separate boarding queues for sliding and fixed cars, so that passengers may choose between the two. Inspired by Coney Island's 1920 Wonder Wheel, it was designed by Walt Disney Imagineering and Waagner Biro, completed in 2001 as the Sun Wheel, later refurbished and reopened in 2009 as Mickey's Fun Wheel, and again rethemed as Pixar Pal-A-Round in 2018.

Wonder Wheel was built in 1920, is 45.7 m tall, and can carry 144 people.

Major designers, manufacturers, and operators
Allan Herschell Company (merged with Chance Rides in 1970)
 * Seattle Wheel (debuted 1962): 16 cars, two passengers per car
 * Sky Wheel (debuted 1939; also manufactured by Chance Rides): a double wheel, with the wheels rotating about opposite ends of a pair of parallel beams, and the beams rotating about their centres; eight cars per wheel, two passengers per car

Chance Morgan/Chance Rides/Chance Wheels/Chance American Wheels
 * Astro Wheel (debuted 1967): 16 cars (eight facing one way, eight the other), two passengers per car
 * Century Wheel: 20 m tall, 15 cars, 4-6 passengers per car
 * Giant Wheel: 27 m tall, 20 cars, 6-8 passengers per car
 * Niagara SkyWheel (2006): 53.3 m tall, 42 air-conditioned cars, eight passengers per car
 * Myrtle Beach SkyWheel (2011): 57 m tall, 42 air-conditioned cars, 6 passengers per car

 * Eli Bridge Company
 * Contemporary models include:
 * Signature Series: 16 cars, 3 passengers per car; transportable
 * Eagle Series: 16 cars, 3 passengers per car; transportable
 * HY-5 Series: 12 cars, 3 passengers per car; transportable
 * Aristocrat Series: 16 cars, fixed site
 * Standard Series: 12 cars, fixed site
 * Lil' Wheel: 6 cars, 3 passengers per car; transportable and fixed site models

Great Wheel Corporation (merged with World Tourist Attractions in 2009 to form Great City Attractions)
 * Singapore Flyer: 165 m tall, completed 2008; world's tallest 2008 to 2014
 * Beijing Great Wheel: 208 m tall, was supposed to open in 2008, went into in receivership, never built
 * Great Dubai Wheel: 185 m tall, planning permission granted in 2006, was supposed to open in 2009, never built
 * Great Berlin Wheel: 175 m tall, was supposed to open in 2008, never built
 * Great Orlando Wheel: 122 m tall, project halted in 2009, never built

Intamin/Waagner-Biro (Rides brokered by Intamin—manufactured by Waagner-Biro)
 * Mickey's Fun Wheel: an eccentric (sliding) wheel
 * Giant Wheel: a double wheel
 * Sky Whirl: a triple wheel
 * The Wheel at ICON Park Orlando

Mir / Pax
 * Moscow-850, a 73 m tall wheel in Russia; Europe's tallest extant wheel when completed in 1997, until 1999
 * Eurowheel, a 90 m tall wheel in Italy; Europe's tallest extant wheel when completed in 1999, until the end of that year

Ronald Bussink (formerly Nauta Bussink; then Ronald Bussink Professional Rides; then Bussink Landmarks since 2008)
 * Wheels of Excellence range (sold to Vekoma in 2008) has included:
 * R40: 40 m tall fixed or transportable wheel, 15 or 30 cars, 8 passengers per car
 * R50: 50 m tall fixed or transportable wheel, 18 or 36 cars, 8 passengers per car
 * R60: 60 m tall transportable wheel, 21 or 42 cars, 8 passengers per car
 * R80: 80 m tall fixed wheel, 56 cars, 8 passengers per car
 * Bussink Design:
 * R80XL: 78 m tall fixed or transportable wheel, 27 16-person cars, or 54 8-person cars

Sanoyas Rides Corporation (has built more than 80 Ferris wheels )
 * Melbourne Star: 120 m tall, completed 2008, rebuilt 2009–2013

 * Senyo Kogyo Co, Ltd.
 * Cosmo Clock 21: 107.5 m tall, completed 1989; world's tallest 1989 to 1997; 112.5 m tall when re-erected in 1999
 * Diamond and Flower Ferris Wheel: 117 m tall, world's second tallest when completed in 2001
 * Tempozan Ferris Wheel: 112.5 m tall, completed 1997; world's tallest 1997 to 1999

 * World Tourist Attractions / Great City Attractions / Wheels Entertainments / Freij Entertainment International
 * Belfast Wheel
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title: Ferris wheel


text:
List of people from the Dominican Republic

This is a list of famous or notable people from the Dominican Republic. The list also includes individuals of Dominican ancestry who reside overseas.

Authors

 * Julia Alvarez
 * Arambilet
 * Frank Báez
 * Josefina Baez
 * Fernando Cabrera
 * Rei Berroa

 * Manuel del Cabral
 * Aída Cartagena Portalatín
 * Roberto Cassá
 * Raquel Cepeda
 * Tulio Manuel Cestero
 * Hilma Contreras
 * Angie Cruz
 * Junot Díaz
 * Leonor de Ovando
 * Judith Dupré
 * Virginia Elena Ortea
 * León Félix Batista
 * Arturo Féliz-Camilo
 * Fabio Fiallo
 * Freddy Ginebra
 * Cristino Gómez
 * Chico Gonzalez
 * Pedro Henríquez Ureña
 * Federico Henríquez y Carvajal
 * Angela Hernández Nuñez
 * Juan Isidro Jiménez Grullón
 * Rita Indiana
 * Mariano Lebrón Saviñón
 * Marcio Veloz Maggiolo
 * José Mármol
 * Andrés L. Mateo
 * Félix Evaristo Mejía
 * Miguel D. Mena
 * Jeannette Miller
 * Leopoldo Minaya
 * Pedro Mir
 * Domingo Moreno Jimenes
 * Mateo Morrison
 * Trina de Moya
 * Flérida de Nolasco
 * José Núñez de Cáceres
 * Martha Rivera-Garrido
 * Arturo Rodríguez Fernández
 * Mu-Kien Adriana Sang/
 * Alfredo Fernández Simó
 * Salomé Ureña
 * Jael Uribe
 * Bernardo Vega
 * Julio Vega Batlle
 * Alanna Lockward
 * Abelardo Vicioso
 * Chiqui Vicioso
 * Delia Weber

Business

 * Marcos Bisonó – businessman
 * José Blanco – cigar industrialist
 * Ligia Bonetti – businesswoman
 * Manuel Díez Cabral – businessman
 * Juan Cohen – businessman
 * José Luis Corripio – businessman
 * The Franjul Family – business family
 * Bartolomé Gamundi – businessman and government official in Puerto Rico
 * Manuel Alejandro Grullón – businessman, president of Banco Popular
 * José León Asensio – businessman
 * Victor Miguel Pacheco Mendez – businessman
 * Victor Oscar Pacheco Mendez – businessman
 * Leo Perez Minaya – businessman
 * Celso Marranzini – economist
 * Porfirio Pina – music executive
 * Frank Rainieri – businessman, chairman and founder of Grupo Punta Cana

Fashion and beauty pageant personalities

 * Mariasela Álvarez – Miss World 1982
 * Eva Arias – beauty queen and fashion model
 * Sully Bonnelly – fashion designer
 * Susie Castillo – Miss USA 2003
 * Ana Contreras – Miss World Beach beauty semifinalist
 * Claudia Cruz – Miss World 2004 first runner-up
 * Marianne Cruz – Miss Universe 2008 second runner-up
 * Yadira Cury – Miss International 2005 first runner-up
 * Ada de la Cruz – Miss Universe 2009 first runner-up
 * Magali Febles – owner of the Miss Dominican Republic pageant franchise
 * Kimberly Jiménez – Miss Universe 2020 fifth runner-up
 * Gilda Jovine – fashion model
 * Francisca Lachapel – Nuestra Belleza Latina 2015
 * Hernan Lander – fashion designer
 * Dulcita Lieggi – beauty pageant contestant
 * Denny Méndez – Miss Italy 1997
 * Clarissa Molina – Nuestra Belleza Latina 2016 V.I.P winner, Miss Dominican Republic 2015
 * Ruth Ocumárez – former beauty queen
 * Oscar de la Renta – fashion designer
 * Amell Santana – Miss Earth 2005 first runner-up
 * Samantha Sepulveda – model and policewoman
 * Renata Soñé – Miss Universe 2005 second runner–up
 * Arlenis Sosa – fashion model
 * Amelia Vega – Miss Universe 2003, actress and model

A–M

 * Irvin Alberti – actor
 * Nancy Alvarez – psychologist, television talk show host
 * Tina Aumont – film actress; daughter of Maria Montez
 * Freddy Beras-Goico – television host, comedian
 * Julissa Bermudez – television personality
 * Jenny Blanco – TV presenter and actress
 * Nashla Bogaert – actress
 * Micky Bretón – director
 * Francis Capra – actor
 * Rafael Campos – actor
 * Sergio Carlo – actor
 * Aimee Carrero – actress
 * Terry Carter – actor
 * Hosea Chanchez – actor
 * Charytín – actress, singer, television host
 * José Guillermo Cortines – actor, musician
 * Jackie Cruz – actress
 * Tony Dandrades – TV presenter
 * Juan Delancer – film director
 * Yasmin Deliz – television personality/actress
 * Arisleyda Dilone – actress
 * Akari Endo – actress
 * Hony Estrella – actress
 * Iamdra Fermín – TV presenter
 * Juan Fernández – actor
 * Yubo Fernandez – actress
 * René Fortunato – film director
 * J. Teddy Garces – actor
 * Andrés García – actor
 * Laura García-Godoy – actress
 * Jason Genao – actor from On My Block (TV series)
 * Milagros Germán – actress
 * Rick Gonzalez – actor
 * Iván García Guerra – theater actor
 * María Alejandra Guzmán – TV presenter
 * Juliana Harkavy – actress (Dominican mother)
 * Oscar Haza – television journalist
 * Wilson Jermaine Heredia – actor
 * Jharrel Jerome – actor
 * Arthur Lithgow – actor
 * John Lithgow - actor
 * Jorge Lendeborg Jr. – actor
 * Sarah Jorge León – actress
 * Yelitza Lora – actress
 * Bryan Lugo – actor
 * Hemky Madera – actor
 * Judy Marte – actress
 * Luisito Martí – comedian
 * Agliberto Meléndez – film director
 * Mirtha Michelle – actress
 * Maria Montez – actress
 * Margarita Mora – actress
 * Rafael Molina Morillo – journalist
 * Carlos de la Mota – actor
 * Patrícia Mota – actress

N–Z

 * Amaury Nolasco – actor
 * Miguel A. Núñez, Jr. – actor
 * Robmariel Olea – actress
 * Karen Olivo – Tony Award-winning actor
 * Alex Paez – American actor of Dominican descent
 * Manny Pérez – actor (films Party Monster and El Cantante)
 * Frank Perozo – actor, producer
 * Nuria Piera – television journalist
 * Esmeralda Pimentel – telenovela actress (Dominican father)
 * Jessica Pimentel – actress
 * Dascha Polanco – actress (Netflix original series Orange Is the New Black)
 * Rosario Prieto – actress and dancer
 * Rafael José – Puerto Rican television personality (Dominican father)
 * Dania Ramirez – actress (television series Heroes and Entourage)
 * Silvestre Rasuk – actor
 * Victor Rasuk – actor
 * Monica Raymund – actress
 * Judy Reyes – actress (television series Scrubs)
 * Birmania Ríos – television personality (television show Despierta America)
 * Diana-Maria Riva – actress
 * Carolina Rivas – actress
 * Alfonso Rodríguez – film director
 * Michelle Rodriguez – actress
 * Julio Sabala – actor, comedian
 * Roberto Salcedo, Jr. – comedian
 * Zoe Saldana – actress
 * Carlos Sánchez – comedian, actor
 * Nuryn Sanlley – comedian
 * Harmony Santana – actress
 * Merlin Santana – actor
 * Rafael Corporán de los Santos – TV host
 * Enrique Segoviano – producer, director
 * Sharlene Taulé – actress and singer (Dominican father, Puerto Rican mother)
 * Rosanna Tavarez – singer, television personality
 * Shannon Tavarez – Broadway actress and singer; Dominican father
 * Samir Saba – journalist, TV presenter
 * Jessy Terrero – director
 * Leticia Tonos – director
 * Celines Toribio – actress/model
 * Emily Tosta – actress
 * Isaac Saviñón – actor
 * Julian Scott Urena – actor
 * Vielka Valenzuela – talk show host
 * Michelle Vargas – actress, model
 * Denise Vasi – actress
 * Jamila Velazquez – actress
 * James Victor – actor
 * Juan Vidal – actor
 * Ludo Vika – actress, comedian
 * Tristan Wilds – actor
 * Carmen Wong Ulrich – journalist
 * Sandra Zaiter – actress and television host

Painters and artists

 * Oscar Abreu
 * Cándido Bidó
 * Monina Cámpora – artist
 * Tito Canepa
 * Jaime Colson
 * José García Cordero
 * Luis Desangles
 * Iliana Emilia Garcia
 * Diego José Hilaris – painter
 * Henri-Joseph de Forestier – painter
 * Paul Giudicelli
 * Aurelio Grisanty
 * Gilberto Hernández Ortega
 * Clara Ledesma
 * Tania Marmolejo
 * Yoryi Morel
 * Elsa Núñez
 * Raquel Paiewonsky
 * Olivia Peguero
 * Rigo Peralta
 * Guillo Pérez
 * Eligio Pichardo
 * Kenny Rivero
 * Abelardo Rodríguez Urdaneta
 * Amaya Salazar
 * Jorge Noceda Sanchez
 * Julia Santos Solomon
 * Darío Suro
 * Rosa Tavarez
 * Francisco Velásquez
 * Miguel Vila Luna
 * Celeste Woss y Gil

Political and military figures

 * Rafael Alburquerque – former vice president
 * Geovanny Vicente – political strategist and CNN columnist
 * Pedro Franco Badía – former Secretary of the Interior and Police
 * Buenaventura Báez Méndez – former president
 * Joaquín Balaguer Ricardo – former president (1960–1962, 1966–1978, 1986–1996)
 * Ramón Emeterio Betances – founder of Puerto Rican independence movement (Dominican father)
 * Salvador Jorge Blanco – former president (1982–1986)
 * Tomás Bobadilla – first ruler of the Dominican Republic
 * Juan Bosch y Gaviño – former president
 * Francisco Domínguez Brito – lawyer, politician
 * Francisco Alberto Caamaño Deñó – former president
 * Fernando Cabrera – New York City Councilman
 * Ramón Cáceres – former president
 * Margarita Cedeño de Fernández – vice-president and former First Lady of the Dominican Republic
 * David Collado – former mayor of Santo Domingo
 * Ricardo de los Santos Polanco – politician, and President of Senate of the Dominican Republic
 * Luis Colón, 1st Duke of Veragua – nobleman, grandson of Christopher Columbus
 * Lorraine Cortés-Vázquez – 65th Secretary of State of New York
 * Juan Pablo Duarte – one of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic
 * Adriano Espaillat – New York State Assemblyman; first Dominican American to be elected to a State House in the United States
 * Rafael Espinal – New York State Assemblyman
 * Rafael Estrella Ureña – former president
 * Carlos Felipe Morales – former president
 * Ruy Fernández de Fuenmayor – Colonial governor of Venezuela
 * Leonel Fernández Reyna – former president (1996–2000, 2004–2008, 2008–2012)
 * Pedro Florentino – hero of the Battle of Jacuba, during the War of Independence from Haiti
 * Maximiliano Gómez – revolutionary political leader
 * Máximo Gómez – military commander of the Cuban War of Independence
 * Petronila Angélica Gómez – feminist
 * Antonio Guzmán Fernández – former president
 * Ulises Heureaux – former president
 * Antonio Imbert Barrera – former president
 * Gregorio Luperón – former president
 * Miguel Martinez – former New York City Councilman
 * Sabina Matos – lieutenant governor of Rhode Island
 * Danilo Medina – former president (2012–2016)
 * Lucia Medina – accountant and politician
 * Hipólito Mejía – former president
 * Ramón Matías Mella – one of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic
 * Fernando Arturo de Meriño – politician, theologian
 * The Mirabal sisters – political dissidents
 * Adolfo Alejandro Nouel – Santo Domingo archbishop and interim president
 * José Nuñez-Melo – Canadian politician
 * José Francisco Peña Gómez – mayor of Santo Domingo (1982–1986)
 * Joseline Peña-Melnyk – member of the Maryland General Assembly
 * Cesar A. Perales – 67th Secretary of State of New York
 * Thomas Perez – civil rights lawyer
 * Donald Reid Cabral – former president
 * Ydanis Rodríguez – New York City councilman
 * José Antonio (Pepillo) Salcedo – first president after the Restoration of the Dominican Republic
 * Roberto Salcedo, Sr. – mayor of Santo Domingo (2002–2016)
 * Juan Sánchez Ramírez – military general
 * Jean Alain Rodríguez Sánchez – lawyer
 * Francisco del Rosario Sánchez – one of the founding fathers of the Dominican Republic
 * Pedro Santana Familias – first president (1844)
 * José Del Castillo Saviñón – politician
 * Sergia Elena de Séliman – politician
 * Angel Taveras – mayor of Providence, Rhode Island
 * Carlos Morales Troncoso – former vice president, diplomat
 * Rafael Leónidas Trujillo – dictator (1930–1961)
 * Ramfis Trujillo – general and son of dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo
 * Francisco Urena – Massachusetts government official
 * Fernando Valerio – hero of the battles of Santiago (1844) and Sabana Larga (1856), during the War of Independence from Haiti
 * Elias Wessin y Wessin – former general

For a complete list, please refer to List of presidents of the Dominican Republic

Scientists and scholars

 * Soraya Aracena – anthropologist
 * Idelisa Bonnelly – marine biologist
 * Víctor A. Carreño – NASA aerospace engineer
 * Marcos Espinal – epidemiologist
 * Luis Arístides Fiallo Cabral – astronomer
 * Geovanny Vicente – political scientist, CNN columnist and Columbia University professor.
 * Pedro Francisco Bonó – sociologist
 * Zoilo H. Garcia – aviator, engineer
 * Juan Isidro Jiménez Grullón – historian
 * Jorge Abraham Hazoury – biologist
 * Erich E. Kunhardt – physicist
 * Jose Gabriel Garcia – historian
 * Jorge Giordani – engineer, economist
 * Miguel Canela Lázaro – anatomist
 * Kathleen Martínez – archeologist
 * Frank Moya Pons – historian
 * Andrés Navarro – architect
 * Feniosky Peña-Mora – engineer
 * Margot Taule – architect
 * Juan Manuel Taveras Rodríguez – radiologist
 * Héctor Valdez Albizu – economist
 * Aída Mencía Ripley – academic

A–M

 * Héctor Acosta – bachata/merengue singer
 * Cyrille Aimée – jazz musician (French father, Dominican mother)
 * Manny Albam – jazz musician
 * Luis Alberti – merengue musician
 * José Alberto "El Canario" – salsa singer
 * Cardi B – rapper (Dominican father, Trinidadian mother)
 * El Alfa – rapper
 * Juan Bautista Alfonseca – military officer, composer
 * Anaís – pop singer
 * Andy Andy – singer
 * Ice Spice – rapper (African-American father, Dominican mother)
 * Arcángel – reggaeton artist
 * Aventura – bachata group
 * AZ – rapper (African-American mother, Dominican father)
 * José Peña Suazo – Merengue singer
 * 070 Shake – rapper
 * Sexappeal – salsa singer
 * Lope Balaguer – singer
 * Kirko Bangz – rapper (African American, Mexican and Dominican)
 * Ivan Barias – music producer
 * Eduardo Brito – baritone singer
 * Ninón Lapeiretta de Brouwer – female composer
 * Alex Bueno – merengue/bachata singer
 * Nini Caffaro – singer
 * José Manuel Calderón – bachata musician
 * Michel Camilo – jazz pianist
 * Angela Carrasco – singer
 * Israel Casado – merengue instrumentalist
 * Aisha Syed Castro – violinist
 * Bonny Cepeda – merengue singer
 * Las Chicas del Can
 * Javier Colon – singer and winner of the first season of U.S. reality series The Voice (Dominican father, Puerto Rican mother)
 * Charles Connor – rhythm and blues drummer
 * Coro – freestyle singer/actor (American born Cuban and Dominican)
 * Cristal Marie – Latin pop singer-songwriter
 * Damirón – pianist and composer
 * Casandra Damirón – folk singer
 * Kat DeLuna – singer
 * Joe Blandino – singer-songwriter
 * DJ Prostyle – hip hop DJ
 * Danielle Balbuena – rapper
 * DaniLeigh – singer
 * Don Miguelo – reggaeton artist
 * Don Omar – reggaeton artist
 * Dave East – rap artist
 * El Cata – merengue musician
 * El Jeffrey – merengue singer
 * El Prodigio – accordionist
 * Jackeline Estevez – pop singer
 * Bienvenido Fabian – composer
 * Fabolous – rapper (Dominican mother, African American father)
 * Zacarías Ferreira – bachata singer
 * Xiomara Fortuna – singer
 * Omar Franco – singer/composer
 * Billo Frómeta – singer
 * Juan Francisco García – merengue composer
 * Jhene Aiko – singer (Dominican, Spanish, Japanese mother)
 * Vicente García – singer-songwriter
 * Teodora Ginés – composer
 * Lilly Goodman – singer
 * Irv Gotti – producer
 * Leslie Grace – singer-songwriter
 * Juan Luis Guerra – merengue/bachata/salsa musician
 * Luichy Guzman – film composer
 * Ivonne Haza – soprano singer
 * Tatico Henriquez – merengue musician
 * Martha Heredia – singer
 * Julio Alberto Hernández – composer
 * Maridalia Hernández
 * Vinylz Hernandez – music producer
 * Eddy Herrera – merengue singer
 * Nicky Jam – reggaeton artist (Dominican mother, Puerto Rican father)
 * Porfi Jimenez – trumpeter, composer and conductor
 * Alih Jey – singer
 * Krisspy – merengue singer
 * Bullumba Landestoy – pianist, composer
 * Ñico Lora – known as the "Father of Merengue" music, singer
 * Margarita Luna de Espaillat – composer
 * Anthony Ríos – ballad singer
 * Los Hermanos Rosario – merengue group
 * Romeo Santos – bachata/reggaeton singer (Dominican father, Puerto Rican mother)
 * Luny Tunes – reggaeton producers/artists
 * Maffio – music producer
 * Domenic Marte – bachata singer
 * Melanie Martinez – pop singer (Dominican mother, Puerto Rican father)
 * La Materialista – singer
 * Henry Mendez – reggaeton artist
 * José Antonio Molina – classical composer
 * Munchi – DJ

N–Z

 * Natti Natasha – singer
 * Noztra – reggaeton artist
 * Francisco Núñez – musical conductor
 * Pavel Nuñez – pop/rock musician
 * Omega – merenhouse musician
 * Juan Francisco Ordóñez – guitarist/composer
 * Ramón Orlando – merengue singer
 * Shalim Ortiz – singer
 * Johnny Pacheco – salsa singer/producer/bandleader
 * Leonardo Paniagua – bachata artist
 * Karina Pasian – singer/pianist
 * Chichí Peralta – singer, bandleader, percussionist
 * Rubby Perez – singer
 * Carlos Piantini – conductor and musician
 * Geovanny Polanco – merengue singer
 * Prince Royce – bachata singer
 * Milly Quezada – singer, dubbed the "Queen of Merengue"
 * Fausto Rey – singer/composer
 * Frank Reyes – bachata singer
 * José Rufino Reyes y Siancas – composer of Dominican national anthem
 * Trio Reynoso – known as the "kings of merengue tipico" merengue/bachata group
 * Ariel Rivas – music producer
 * Mario Rivera – jazz composer/artist
 * Raulín Rodríguez – bachata singer
 * Richard Camacho – pop singer (Dominican Parents)
 * Rosangela – singer
 * Toño Rosario – merengue singer
 * Raulín Rosendo – salsa singer
 * Roger Sanchez – DJ/house music producer
 * Rolf Sanchez – pop musician (Dominican mother)
 * Daniel Santacruz – singer-songwriter
 * Lizette Santana (also known as Lizé) – singer-songwriter
 * Santaye – singer-songwriter
 * Antony Santos – bachata singer
 * Yoskar Sarante – bachata singer
 * Luis Segura – singer
 * Triple Seis – rapper
 * Twin Shadow – indie musician
 * Vicky Shell – singer-songwriter
 * Rafael Solano – songwriter/composer
 * Giselle Tavera – singer
 * Michael Tavera – composer
 * Ines Thomas Almeida – opera singer
 * Tokischa – rapper
 * Cuco Valoy – merengue singer/bandleader
 * Luis Vargas – bachata singer
 * Sergio Vargas – merengue singer
 * Wilfrido Vargas – merengue singer
 * Johnny Ventura – merengue singer, vice mayor (1994–1998) and mayor of Santo Domingo (1998–2002)
 * Fernando Villalona – singer
 * J.R. Writer – rapper
 * Marcos Yaroide – Christian singer, composer

Baseball

 * Manny Acta – former manager of the Cleveland Indians
 * Willy Adames – professional baseball player
 * Antonio Alfonseca – professional baseball player
 * Carlos Almanzar – professional baseball player
 * Felipe Alou – professional baseball manager and player
 * Jesús Alou – professional baseball player
 * Matty Alou – professional baseball player
 * Moisés Alou – professional baseball player
 * Joaquín Andújar – professional baseball player
 * Greg Aquino – professional baseball player
 * Joaquin Arias – professional baseball player
 * Miguel Batista – professional baseball player
 * Tony Batista – professional baseball player
 * Danny Bautista – professional baseball player
 * Denny Bautista – professional baseball player
 * José Bautista – professional baseball player
 * José Bautista (pitcher) – professional baseball player (pitcher)
 * George Bell – professional baseball player
 * Ronnie Belliard – professional baseball player
 * Francis Beltrán – professional baseball player
 * Adrián Beltré – professional baseball player
 * Esteban Beltré – professional baseball player
 * Armando Benítez – professional baseball player
 * Joaquín Benoit – professional baseball player
 * Ángel Berroa – professional baseball player
 * Wilson Betemit – professional baseball player
 * Tony Blanco – professional baseball player
 * Pedro Borbón, Jr. – professional baseball player
 * Yhency Brazobán – professional baseball player
 * Juan Brito (catcher) – professional baseball catcher
 * Juan Brito (infielder) – professional baseball infielder
 * Daniel Cabrera – professional baseball player
 * Francisco Cabrera – professional baseball player
 * Melky Cabrera – professional baseball player
 * Robinson Canó – professional baseball player
 * Rico Carty – professional baseball player
 * Bernie Castro – professional baseball player
 * Fabio Castro – professional baseball player
 * Starlin Castro – professional baseball player
 * Alberto Castillo – professional baseball player
 * Luis Castillo – professional baseball player
 * César Cedeño – professional baseball player
 * Jesús Colomé – professional baseball player
 * Bartolo Colón – professional baseball player
 * Román Colón – professional baseball player
 * Francisco Cordero – professional baseball player
 * Deivi Cruz – professional baseball player
 * Johnny Cueto – professional baseball player
 * Elly De La Cruz (born 2002) - professional baseball player
 * Seranthony Domínguez – professional baseball pitcher
 * Octavio Dotel – professional baseball player
 * Edwin Encarnación – professional baseball player
 * Juan Encarnación – professional baseball player
 * Pedro Feliz – professional baseball player
 * Bartolomé Fortunato – professional baseball player
 * Rafael Furcal – professional baseball player
 * Julio Franco – professional baseball player
 * Jerry Gil – professional baseball player
 * Carlos Gómez – professional baseball player
 * Deivy Grullón – professional baseball player
 * Vladimir Guerrero – professional baseball player
 * Vladimir Guerrero Jr. – professional baseball player
 * José Guillén – professional baseball player
 * Cristian Guzmán – professional baseball player
 * Freddy Guzmán – professional baseball player
 * Ronald Guzman – professional baseball player
 * Félix Heredia – professional baseball player
 * Roberto Hernández (formerly known as Fausto Carmona) – professional baseball player
 * Runelvys Hernández – professional baseball player
 * Julián Javier – professional baseball player
 * Stan Javier – professional baseball player
 * José Lima – professional baseball player
 * Francisco Liriano – professional baseball player
 * Pedro Liriano – professional baseball player
 * Mendy López – professional baseball player
 * Julio Lugo – professional baseball player
 * Ruddy Lugo – professional baseball player
 * Héctor Luna – professional baseball player
 * Manny Machado – professional baseball player
 * Henry Mateo – professional baseball player
 * Julio Mateo – professional baseball player
 * Juan Marichal – professional baseball player
 * Dámaso Marte – professional baseball player
 * Pedro Martínez – Cy Young Award-winning professional baseball player
 * Yermín Mercedes – catcher/designated hitter for the San Francisco Giants
 * José Mesa – professional baseball player
 * Omar Minaya – General Manager of the New York Mets
 * Raúl Mondesí – professional baseball player
 * Agustín Montero – professional baseball player
 * Juan Morillo – professional baseball player
 * Abraham Núñez – professional baseball player
 * Leo Núñez – professional baseball player
 * José Offerman – professional baseball player
 * Miguel Olivo – professional baseball player
 * David Ortiz – professional baseball player
 * Ramón Ortiz – professional baseball player
 * Pablo Ozuna – professional baseball player
 * Ronny Paulino – professional baseball player
 * Carlos Peña – professional baseball player
 * Tony Peña – professional baseball player
 * Wily Mo Peña – professional baseball player
 * Jhonny Peralta – professional baseball player
 * Antonio Pérez – professional baseball player
 * Mélido Pérez – professional baseball player
 * Neifi Pérez – professional baseball player
 * Odalis Pérez – professional baseball player
 * Rafael Pérez – professional baseball player
 * Timo Pérez – professional baseball player
 * Hipólito Pichardo – professional baseball player
 * Plácido Polanco – professional baseball player
 * Albert Pujols – first baseman and designated hitter for the St. Louis Cardinals and Los Angeles Angels
 * Aramis Ramírez – professional baseball player
 * Hanley Ramírez – professional baseball player
 * Manny Ramírez – professional baseball player
 * José Reyes – professional baseball player
 * Fernando Rodney – professional baseball player
 * Alex Rodriguez – professional baseball player
 * Félix Rodríguez – professional baseball player
 * Henry Rodríguez – professional baseball player
 * Julio Rodríguez (born 2000) La Insuperable professional baseball outfielder
 * Wandy Rodríguez – professional baseball player
 * Duaner Sánchez – professional baseball player
 * Carlos Santana − first baseman and catcher for the Cleveland Indians and Philadelphia Phillies
 * Víctor Santos – professional baseball player
 * Jean Segura – professional baseball player
 * Alfonso Soriano – professional baseball player
 * Jorge Sosa – professional baseball player
 * Sammy Sosa – professional baseball player
 * Juan Soto – professional baseball player for the New York Yankees
 * Julián Tavárez – professional baseball player
 * Oscar Taveras – professional baseball player
 * Willy Taveras – professional baseball player
 * Miguel Tejada – professional baseball player
 * Rubén Tejada – professional baseball player
 * Robinson Tejeda – professional baseball player
 * Luis Terrero – professional baseball player
 * Salomón Torres – professional baseball player
 * Juan Uribe – professional baseball player
 * Wilson Valdez – professional baseball player
 * José Valverde – professional baseball player
 * Claudio Vargas – professional baseball player
 * Tetelo Vargas – professional baseball player
 * Yordano Ventura – professional baseball player
 * Ozzie Virgil – professional baseball player
 * Luis Vizcaíno – professional baseball player
 * Edinson Vólquez – professional baseball player
 * Héctor Wagner – professional baseball player

Basketball

 * Orlando Antigua – professional basketball player
 * Trevor Ariza – professional basketball player
 * Amaury Filion – professional basketball player
 * Luis Flores – basketball player, 2009 top scorer in the Israel Basketball Premier League
 * Francisco García – professional basketball player
 * Al Horford – professional basketball player
 * Tito Horford – professional basketball player
 * Felipe López – professional basketball player
 * Jack Michael Martínez – professional basketball player
 * Sammy Mejia – professional basketball player
 * Rigoberto Mendoza (born 1992) – basketball player for Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Luis Montero – basketball player
 * Carlos Morban – basketball player
 * Jaime Peterson – basketball player
 * Miguel Angel Pichardo – basketball player
 * Orlando Sánchez – professional basketball player
 * Ron Sanchez – professional basketball player
 * Edgar Sosa – professional basketball player
 * Gerardo Suero – professional basketball player
 * Karl-Anthony Towns – professional basketball player
 * Eloy Vargas – professional basketball player
 * José Vargas – professional basketball player
 * Charlie Villanueva – professional basketball player
 * Franklin Western – professional basketball player

Boxing

 * Francisco Contreras – boxer
 * Carlos Cruz – former professional boxing champion
 * Leo Cruz – professional boxing champion
 * Manuel Félix Díaz – professional boxer
 * Javier Fortuna – professional boxer
 * Julio Gervacio – professional boxer
 * Fernando Guerrero – professional boxer
 * Joan Guzmán – professional boxer
 * Luis Ernesto José – professional boxer
 * Eleoncio Mercedes – professional boxer
 * Juan Carlos Payano – boxer
 * Delvin Rodriguez – professional boxer
 * Edwin Rodriguez – professional boxer
 * Glen Tapia – professional boxer

Other sports

 * Raul Aguayo – national sail team member
 * Juana Arrendel – high jumper
 * Milagros Cabral – professional volleyball player
 * José Miguel Cáceres – professional volleyball player
 * Brenda Castillo – professional volleyball player
 * Luis Castillo – professional football player
 * Fany Chalas – sprinter
 * Stalin Colinet – former professional football player
 * Yuderqui Contreras – weightlifter
 * Domingo Cordero – hurdler
 * Bethania de la Cruz – professional volleyball player
 * Wendy Cruz – cyclist
 * Marcos Díaz – ultra-distance swimmer
 * Karla Echenique – professional volleyball player
 * Edward Vinicio Espinal – professional soccer player
 * Mariano Díaz Mejía – professional soccer player
 * Jaime Espinal – Olympic wrestler
 * Víctor Estrella Burgos – tennis player
 * Lisvel Elisa Eve – professional volleyball player
 * Mary Joe Fernández – professional tennis player
 * Alex Garcia – UFC fighter
 * Iván Ernesto Gómez – elite mountaineer
 * Aumi Guerra – professional bowler
 * Dionicio Gustavo – karateka
 * Robinson Hilario – kitesurfer
 * José Hernández – tennis player
 * Francia Jackson – professional volleyball player
 * Jhohanny Jean – taekwondo athlete
 * Ernesto Jerez – sportscaster
 * Julio Luciano – high jumper
 * Víctor Martínez – professional bodybuilder
 * Gabriel Mercedes – taekwondo practitioner
 * Juan Núñez – sprinter
 * Sidarka Núñez – professional volleyball player
 * Victor Nunez – soccer player
 * Michael-Ray Pallares-González – tennis player
 * Pablo Ramírez – professional skateboarder
 * Alexis Panisse – runner
 * Domingo Peralta – soccer player
 * Wanda Rijo – weightlifter
 * Heidy Rodríguez – karateka
 * Jeoselyna Rodríguez Santos – professional volleyball player
 * Cindy Rondón – professional volleyball player
 * Dante Rosario – professional football player
 * Félix Sánchez – Olympic gold medal–winning hurdler
 * Raysa Sanchez – sprinter
 * Luguelín Santos – Olympic silver medalist-sprinter
 * Annerys Vargas – professional volleyball player
 * Jack Veneno – professional wrestler
 * Ana Villanueva – karateka

Other personalities

 * Rolando Acosta – associate justice
 * Félix Acosta-Núñez – journalist
 * Danny Almonte – notable Little League player
 * Radhames Aracena – music producer
 * Rafael Bello – journalist
 * Billy Berroa – sports broadcaster
 * Pedro Borrell – architect
 * José María Cabral – director
 * Vladimir Caamaño – comedian
 * Rafael Calventi – architect, diplomat
 * Silvia Carreño-Coll – district judge
 * Claudia Castaños – journalist
 * Cirilo J Guzmán – lawyer
 * Marino Vinicio Castillo – lawyer
 * Miguel Cocco – politician
 * Shirley Collado – psychology professor, president of Ithaca college
 * Federico Alberto Cuello Camilo – diplomat
 * Alexandra Cheron – socialite/model
 * Jose DeCamps – dancer
 * Dayanny De La Cruz – chef
 * Nelson de la Rosa – actor, comedian
 * Mario Alvarez Dugan – journalist
 * Rudy Duthil – advertising executive
 * Jose Gutierez – dancer, choreographer
 * José María Heredia y Heredia – poet (Dominican parents)
 * Emilio Prud’Homme – writer and lawyer
 * Carmen Imbert Brugal – jurist, author
 * María Isabel Soldevila – journalist
 * Michele Jimenez – ballet dancer
 * Mercedes Laura Aguiar – educator
 * Paul Luna – restaurateur
 * Johnny Marines – music executive
 * Rámon Marrero Aristy – journalist
 * Maria Marte – prominent chef working in Spain
 * Jose E. Martinez – lawyer
 * Ralph Mercado – founder of RMM Records; music producer
 * Charles E Milander – social media expert
 * Rafael Molina Morillo – journalist
 * Francisco Moncion – ballet dancer, choreographer
 * Miguel Núñez – theologian
 * Providencia Paredes – assistant and confidante to Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis
 * Quirino Paulino – notorious drug smuggler
 * Arturo Pellerano Alfau – journalist
 * Ilka Tanya Payán – actress, AIDS/HIV activist
 * Pedro Saúl Pérez – activist
 * Oscar Peter – champion figure skater
 * Domingo Pilarte – evangelist
 * Santiago Luis Polanco Rodríguez – drug dealer
 * Carlos Rubio – political analyst
 * Porfirio Rubirosa – diplomat, polo player, race car driver
 * Socorro Sánchez del Rosario – educator, journalist
 * José Santana (economist) – economist
 * Manuel Tarrazo – fashion designer
 * Miguel Vila Luna – architect and painter

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Dilberito

The Dilberito was a vegetarian microwave burrito introduced in 1999 by Scott Adams Foods, Inc. and named after the comic strip character Dilbert. The product went out of production in 2003.

First announced in The Dilbert Future and introduced in 1999, the Dilberito came in flavors of Mexican, Indian, Barbecue, and Garlic & Herb. It was sold through some health food stores.

Concept
Scott Adams' inspiration for the product was that "diet is the number one cause of health-related problems in the world. I figured I could put a dent in that problem and make some money at the same time." His aim was to create a healthy food product that also had mass appeal, a concept he called "the blue jeans of food".

Promotion
A Flash game titled Dilberito was developed and published by Blam! Video Game Development in 2000 for Scott Adams Foods, Inc.

Reception
The product failed to catch on in the market, leading Adams "several years and several million dollars later" to sell off his intellectual property and exit the business. Adams himself noted, "[t]he mineral fortification was hard to disguise, and because of the veggie and legume content, three bites of the Dilberito made you fart so hard your intestines formed a tail." The New York Times noted the burrito "could have been designed only by a food technologist or by someone who eats lunch without much thought to taste."

title: Dilberito


text:
Medgar Evers

Medgar Wiley Evers (July 2, 1925 – June 12, 1963) was an American civil rights activist and soldier who was the NAACP's first field secretary in Mississippi. Evers, a United States Army veteran who had served in World War II, was engaged in efforts to overturn racial segregation at the University of Mississippi, end the segregation of public facilities, and expand opportunities for African Americans, including the enforcement of voting rights when he was assassinated by Byron De La Beckwith.

A college graduate, Evers became active in the civil rights movement in the 1950s. Following the 1954 ruling of the United States Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, Evers challenged the segregation of the state-supported public University of Mississippi. He applied to law school there, as the state had no public law school for African Americans. He also worked for voting rights, economic opportunity, access to public facilities, and other changes in the segregated society. In 1963 Evers was awarded the NAACP Spingarn Medal. Evers was murdered in 1963 at his home in Jackson, Mississippi, now the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument, by Byron De La Beckwith, a member of the White Citizens' Council in Jackson. This group was formed in 1954 in Mississippi to resist the integration of schools and civil rights activism.

As a veteran, Evers was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery. His murder and the resulting trials inspired civil rights protests. His life and death have inspired numerous works of art, music, and film. Although all-white juries failed to reach verdicts in the first two trials of De La Beckwith in the 1960s, he was convicted in 1994 based on new evidence. Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers, became a noted activist in her own right, and served as national chair of the NAACP. In 1969, after passage of civil rights legislation and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, Medgar's brother Charles Evers was elected as mayor of Fayette, Mississippi. He was the first African American to be elected mayor of a Mississippi city in the post-Reconstruction era.

Early life and education

Medgar Evers was born on July 2, 1925, in Decatur, Mississippi, the third of five children (including elder brother Charles Evers) of Jesse (Wright) and James Evers. The family included Jesse's two children from a previous marriage. The Evers family owned a small farm and James also worked at a sawmill.

Evers and his siblings walked 12 mi a day to attend segregated schools; eventually Medgar earned his high school diploma.

Evers served in the United States Army during World War II from 1943 to 1945. Serving in the 657th Port Company of the Transportation Corps as a military policeman, he was sent to the European theater, where Evers participated in the Normandy landings in June 1944. After the end of the war, he was honorably discharged at the rank of sergeant.

In 1948, Evers enrolled at Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College (a historically black college now known as Alcorn State University), majoring in business administration. He also competed on the debate, football, and track teams, sang in the choir, and was elected as junior class president. Evers earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1952.

On December 24, 1951, Evers married classmate Myrlie Beasley. Together they had three children: Darrell Kenyatta, Reena Denise, and James Van Dyke Evers.

Activism
The couple moved to Mound Bayou, Mississippi, a town developed by African Americans after the Civil War. Evers became a salesman for T. R. M. Howard's Magnolia Mutual Life Insurance Company.

Becoming active in the civil rights movement, he served as president of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL), which began to organize actions to end segregation; Evers helped organize the RCNL's boycott of those gasoline stations that denied blacks the use of the stations' restrooms. He and his brother, Charles, attended the RCNL's annual conferences in Mound Bayou between 1952 and 1954, which drew crowds of 10,000 or more.

In 1954, following the U.S. Supreme Court ruling that segregated public schools were unconstitutional, Evers applied to the state-supported University of Mississippi Law School to challenge that practice in the state. His application was rejected due to his race, as the flagship school had long been segregated. Evers submitted his application as part of a test case by the NAACP.

On November 24, 1954, Evers was named as the NAACP's first field secretary for Mississippi. In this position, he helped organize boycotts and set up new local chapters of the NAACP. Evers was also involved with James Meredith's efforts to enroll in the University of Mississippi in the early 1960s.

Evers also encouraged Dr. Gilbert Mason Sr. in his organizing of the Biloxi wade-ins from 1959 to 1963, protests against segregation of the city's public beaches on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Evers conducted actions to help integrate Jackson's privately owned buses and tried to integrate the public parks. Evers led voter registration drives and used boycotts to integrate Leake County schools and the Mississippi State Fair.

Evers' civil rights leadership, along with his investigative work, made him a target of white supremacists. Following the Brown v. Board of Education decision, local whites founded the White Citizens' Council in Mississippi, and numerous local chapters were started, to resist the integration of schools and facilities. In the weeks before Evers was killed, he encountered new levels of hostility. Evers' public investigations into the 1955 lynching of Chicago teenager Emmett Till in Mississippi, and his vocal support of Clyde Kennard, had made Evers a prominent black leader. On May 28, 1963, a Molotov cocktail was thrown into the carport of his home. On June 7, 1963, Evers was nearly run down by a car after he came out of the NAACP office in Jackson, Mississippi.

Assassination
Evers lived with the constant threat of death. A large white supremacist population and the Ku Klux Klan were present in Jackson and its suburbs. The risk was so high that before his death, Evers and his wife, Myrlie, had trained their children on what to do in case of a shooting, bombing, or other kind of attack on their lives. Evers, who was regularly followed home by at least two FBI cars and a police car, arrived at his home on the morning of his death without an escort. None of his usual protection was present, for reasons unspecified by the FBI or local police. There has been speculation that many members of the police force at the time were members of the Klan.

In the early morning of Wednesday, June 12, 1963, just hours after President John F. Kennedy's nationally televised Civil Rights Address, Evers pulled into his driveway after returning from a meeting with NAACP lawyers. His family had worried for his safety that day, and Evers himself had warned his wife that he felt in greater danger than usual.

Emerging from his car and carrying NAACP T-shirts that read "Jim Crow Must Go", Evers was struck in the back with a bullet fired from an Eddystone Enfield 1917 rifle; the bullet passed through his heart. Initially thrown to the ground by the impact of the shot, Evers rose and staggered 30 ft before collapsing outside his front door. His wife, Myrlie, was the first to find him.

Evers was taken to the local hospital in Jackson, where he was initially refused entry because of his race. Evers' family explained who he was, and he was admitted; Evers died in the hospital 50 minutes later, three weeks before his 38th birthday. Evers was the first black man to be admitted to an all-white hospital in Mississippi. Mourned nationally, Evers was buried on June 19 in Arlington National Cemetery, where he received full military honors before a crowd of more than 3,000 people.

After Evers was assassinated, an estimated 5,000 people marched from the Masonic Temple on Lynch Street to the Collins Funeral Home on North Farish Street in Jackson. Allen Johnson, Reverend Martin Luther King Jr., and other civil rights leaders led the procession. The Mississippi police came to the non-violent protest armed with riot gear and rifles. While tensions were initially high in the stand-off between police and marchers, both in Jackson and in many similar marches around the state, leaders of the movement maintained non-violence among their followers.

Trials
On June 21, 1963, Byron De La Beckwith, a fertilizer salesman and member of the Citizens' Council (and later of the Ku Klux Klan), was arrested for Evers' murder. District Attorney and future governor Bill Waller prosecuted De La Beckwith. All-white juries in February and April 1964 deadlocked on De La Beckwith's guilt and failed to reach a verdict. At the time, most black people were still disenfranchised by Mississippi's constitution and voter registration practices; this meant they were also excluded from juries, which were drawn from the pool of registered voters.

Myrlie Evers did not give up the fight for the conviction of her husband's killer. She waited until a new judge had been assigned in the county to take her case against De La Beckwith back into the courtroom. In 1994, De La Beckwith was prosecuted by the state based on new evidence. Bobby DeLaughter was the prosecutor. During the trial, the body of Evers was exhumed for an autopsy. His body was embalmed, and was in such good condition that his son was allowed to view his father's remains for the first time in 30 years.

De La Beckwith was convicted of murder on February 5, 1994 and sentenced to life in prison, after having lived as a free man for much of the three decades following the killing. He had been imprisoned from 1977 to 1980 for conspiring to murder A. I. Botnick. In 1997, De La Beckwith appealed his conviction in the Evers case but the Mississippi Supreme Court upheld it and the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear it. He died at the age of 80 in prison on January 21, 2001.

Legacy
Evers was memorialized by leading Mississippi and national authors James Baldwin, Margaret Walker, Eudora Welty, and Anne Moody. In 1963, Evers was posthumously awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP. In 1969, Medgar Evers College was established in Brooklyn, New York, as part of the City University of New York.

Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers, co-wrote the 1967 book For Us, the Living with William Peters. In 1983, a television movie was made based on the book. Celebrating Evers's life and career, it starred Howard Rollins Jr. and Irene Cara as Medgar and Myrlie Evers, airing on PBS. The film won the Writers Guild of America award for Best Adapted Drama.

In 1969, a community pool in the Central District neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, was named after Evers, honoring his life.

On June 28, 1992, the city of Jackson, Mississippi, erected a statue in honor of Evers. All of Delta Drive (part of U.S. Highway 49) in Jackson was renamed in his honor. In December 2004, the Jackson City Council changed the name of the city's airport to Jackson–Medgar Wiley Evers International Airport in Evers' honor.

Evers' widow, Myrlie Evers, became a noted activist in her own right, eventually serving as national chairperson of the NAACP. Myrlie also founded the Medgar Evers Institute in 1998, with the initial goal of preserving and advancing the legacy of her husband's life's work. Anticipating the commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the assassination of Medgar Evers and recognizing the international leadership role of Myrlie Evers, the Institute's board of directors changed the organization's name to the Medgar and Myrlie Evers Institute.

Evers' brother, Charles Evers, returned to Jackson in July 1963, and served briefly with the NAACP in his brother's place. Charles remained involved in Mississippi civil rights activities for many years, and in 1969, was the first African-American mayor elected in the state. He died on July 22, 2020, at the age of 97, in nearby Brandon.

On the 40th anniversary of Evers' assassination, hundreds of civil rights veterans, government officials, and students from across the country gathered around his grave site at Arlington National Cemetery to celebrate his life and legacy. Barry Bradford and three students—Sharmistha Dev, Jajah Wu, and Debra Siegel, formerly of Adlai E. Stevenson High School in Lincolnshire, Illinois—planned and hosted the commemoration in his honor. Evers was the subject of the students' research project.

In October 2009, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus, a former Mississippi governor, announced that USNS Medgar Evers (T-AKE-13), a Lewis and Clark-class dry cargo ship, would be named in the activist's honor. The ship was christened by Myrlie Evers-Williams on November 12, 2011.

In June 2013, a statue of Evers was erected at his alma mater, Alcorn State University, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Evers' death. Alumni and guests from around the world gathered to recognize his contributions to American society.

Evers was also honored in a tribute at Arlington National Cemetery on the 50th anniversary of his death. Former President Bill Clinton, Attorney General Eric Holder, Navy Secretary Ray Mabus, Senator Roger Wicker, and NAACP President Benjamin Jealous all spoke commemorating Evers. Evers's widow, Myrlie Evers-Williams, spoke of his contributions to the advancement of civil rights:

"Medgar was a man who never wanted adoration, who never wanted to be in the limelight. He was a man who saw a job that needed to be done and he answered the call and the fight for freedom, dignity and justice not just for his people but all people."

Evers was identified as a Freedom hero by The My Hero Project.

In 2017, the Medgar and Myrlie Evers House was named as a National Historic Landmark. In 2019, the site was designated a National Monument.

The Route 3 Bridge over the Hackensack River is dedicated to Evers.

In 2024, Evers was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Joe Biden.

Music
Musician Bob Dylan wrote his song "Only a Pawn in Their Game" about the assassination on July 2, 1963, on what would have been Evers' 38th birthday. Nina Simone wrote and sang "Mississippi Goddam" about the Evers case. Phil Ochs referred to Evers in the song "Love Me, I'm a Liberal" and wrote the songs "Another Country" and "Too Many Martyrs" (also titled "The Ballad of Medgar Evers") in response to the killing. Malvina Reynolds referenced Evers's murder in her song, "It Isn't Nice". Matthew Jones and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Freedom Singers recorded a version of the latter song. Wadada Leo Smith's album Ten Freedom Summers contains a track called "Medgar Evers: A Love-Voice of a Thousand Years' Journey for Liberty and Justice". Jackson C. Frank's self-titled debut album, released in 1965, also includes a reference to Medgar Evers in the song "Don't Look Back".

Essays and books
Eudora Welty's short story, "Where Is the Voice Coming From?", in which the speaker is the imagined assassin of Medgar Evers, was published in The New Yorker in July 1963.

Attorney Bobby DeLaughter wrote a first-person narrative article entitled "Mississippi Justice" published in Reader's Digest about his experiences as state prosecutor in the murder trial. He added to this account in a book, Never Too Late: A Prosecutor's Story of Justice in the Medgar Evers Case (2001).

In Remembering Medgar Evers: Writing the Long Civil Rights Movement, Minrose Gwin, then the Kenan Eminent Professor of English at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and coeditor of The Literature of the American South and the Southern Literary Journal, looked at the body of artistic work inspired by Evers' life and death—fiction, poetry, memoir, drama, and songs from James Baldwin, Margaret Walker, Eudora Welty, Lucille Clifton, Bob Dylan, and Willie Morris, among others.

Film
Evers was portrayed by Howard Rollins in the 1983 television film For Us the Living: The Medgar Evers Story.

The 1996 film Ghosts of Mississippi, directed by Rob Reiner, explores the 1994 trial of De La Beckwith in which prosecutor DeLaughter of the Hinds County District Attorney's office secured a conviction in state court. Beckwith and DeLaughter were played by James Woods and Alec Baldwin, respectively, with Whoopi Goldberg as Myrlie Evers. Medgar was portrayed by James Pickens Jr. The film was based on a book of the same name.

In the documentary film I Am Not Your Negro (2016), Evers is one of three Black activists (the other two are Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X) who are the focus of reminiscences by author James Baldwin, who recounts the circumstances of and his reaction to Evers' assassination.

In the 2011 film The Help, a clip of Evers speaking for civil rights is shown on TV, quickly followed by news of his assassination, and a glimpse of an article by his widow published in Life magazine.

The 2020 documentary film "The Evers" features interviews with his surviving family members.

The 2022 film Till depicts Evers (played by Tosin Cole) assisting Mamie Till-Bradley (Danielle Deadwyler) seek justice for the murder of her son, Emmett Till (Jalyn Hall).

Television
A 2021 episode of Extra History from Extra Credits talks about Evers, his activism, and assassination.

title: Medgar Evers


text:
Red Storm Rising

Red Storm Rising is a war novel, written by Tom Clancy and Larry Bond, and released on August 7, 1986. Set in the mid-1980s, it features a Third World War between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and Warsaw Pact forces, and is notable for depicting the conflict as being fought exclusively with conventional weapons, rather than escalating to the use of weapons of mass destruction or nuclear warfare. It is one of two Clancy novels, along with SSN (1996), that are not set in the Ryanverse.

The book debuted at number one on the New York Times bestseller list. It eventually lent its name to game development company Red Storm Entertainment, which Clancy co-founded in 1997.

Plot
Muslim militants from Soviet Azerbaijan destroy an oil production refinery in Nizhnevartovsk, threatening to cripple the Soviet Union's economy due to oil shortages. After much deliberation, the Soviet Politburo decides to seize the Persian Gulf by military force in order to recoup the country's oil losses. Knowing that the United States had pledged to defend the oil-producing countries in the Persian Gulf, the Soviets decide that neutralizing NATO is a necessary first step before its military operation can take place. If West Germany were to be neutralized and occupied, the Soviets believe that the United States would not move to rescue the Arab states since it could meet its oil needs from the Western Hemisphere alone.

To divert attention from the impending operation, the Politburo embarks upon an elaborate maskirovka to disguise both their predicament and their intentions. The Soviets publicly declare their arms reduction proposal to scrap their obsolete nuclear missile submarines. The KGB then carries out a false flag operation involving a bomb being detonated in a Kremlin building, framing a KGB sleeper agent as a West German intelligence spy involved in the incident. The Politburo publicly denounces the West German government and calls for retaliation.

Even though a planned attack on a NATO communications facility in Lammersdorf was compromised when a Spetsnaz officer was arrested, the Soviet Army pushes through with their advance operations in Germany. They suffer reverses on the first night of the war, however, when NATO stealth and fighter-bomber aircraft achieve air superiority over Central Europe by eliminating Soviet fighter and AEW&C aircraft, and destroying key bridges that much of the Soviet Army has yet to cross.

Nevertheless, the Soviet Navy achieves a decisive early victory by launching a bold amphibious landing on Iceland, taking control of the NATO airbase in Keflavík. This is followed up by a substantial air attack against a combined American-French carrier battle group that was originally sent to reinforce Iceland with several landing ships full of US Marines. The battle results in the loss of several ships including the French carrier Foch and the landing ship USS Saipan. Damage was also done to other ships like the US carrier USS Nimitz, forcing her to drydock in Britain to undergo repairs. This leaves the Soviets in control of the strategically important GIUK gap.

NATO and Soviet air and ground forces continue to battle ferociously in Germany, with both sides taking heavy losses. General-Colonel Pavel Alekseyev, the de-facto Soviet senior commander on the ground, scores a breakthrough in a tank battle at Alfeld, opening the possibility of a Soviet advance beyond the Weser River with far less opposition from NATO forces. Meanwhile, a naval attack on Soviet bomber bases with cruise missiles launched by US Navy submarines opens a window for an amphibious assault on Iceland, retaking the island and effectively closing the Atlantic to Soviet forces. Among the action, a Soviet prisoner captured during the retaking of Iceland reveals the true cause of the war, and a NATO air offensive swiftly destroys much of the Soviet military's readily-available fuel supplies.

With Iceland re-taken, the United States is able to resupply the rest of NATO via the reopened sea lanes. By this point Soviet tank and strategic bomber formations have taken punishing losses, forcing them to further cede the initiative as NATO prepares to mount a decisive counteroffensive. The Soviet leadership begins to realize that they face the possibility of outright defeat—either through a NATO military breakthrough or a war of attrition which, given their desperate lack of oil supplies, would amount to the same result. The General Secretary considers using nuclear weapons to force a favorable end to the war. This infuriates Alekseyev, who had been mobilizing for a final counterattack on Germany but faces execution by the Soviet government for its slow timetable. The KGB chief organizes a coup along with Alekseyev and other members of the Politburo. The new Soviet government then negotiates for a ceasefire with NATO and a return to status quo ante bellum, ending the war.

NATO

 * Edward Morris: Commanding officer of USS Pharris (FF-1094) and later USS Reuben James (FFG-57).
 * Daniel X. McCafferty: Commanding officer of Los Angeles-class submarine USS Chicago (SSN-721).
 * Robert A. Toland III: NSA analyst and naval reservist, later promoted to commander in the United States Navy Reserve.
 * Michael D. Edwards, Jr.: First lieutenant in the United States Air Force serving as a meteorological officer at Naval Air Station Keflavik in Iceland. Leads intelligence gathering there during the Soviet occupation of the island with the code name of "Beagle", later receiving a Navy Cross for his bravery.
 * Jerry "The Hammer" O'Malley: Lieutenant Commander in the USN serving as a helicopter pilot aboard Reuben James. Receives a Distinguished Flying Cross for his antisubmarine warfare work.
 * Amelia "Buns" Nakamura: F-15C pilot for the USAF who becomes the first American female fighter ace by shooting down three Tu-16 Badger bombers while on ferry duty and later using ASM-135 anti-satellite missiles to destroy at least two Soviet naval radar reconnaissance satellites. She also becomes the first Space Ace because of her satellite shoot-downs.
 * Terry Mackall: Sergeant First Class in the United States Army serving as an M1 Abrams tank commander in the 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment on the German front. Receives a battlefield promotion to lieutenant for his valor and leadership skills.
 * Colonel Douglas "Duke" Ellington: USAF officer and commander of the F-19 Stealth squadron
 * Colonel Charles DeWinter "Chuck" Lowe: Officer in the United States Marine Corps who works with Bob Toland before the conflict and later as the commanding officer of a Marine regiment in the invasion force that recaptured Iceland. Lowe served three Tours of duty in Vietnam and received a Navy Cross for his bravery in that war.
 * General Eugene Robinson: Supreme Allied Commander Europe. Robinson served three Tours of duty in Vietnam and commanded the 101st Airborne Division. Robinson is a supremely-skilled gambler, which he uses to hide how desperately-overstretched NATO forces are late in the war when personally meeting with Colonel-General Alekseyev to negotiate a cease-fire.
 * William Calloway: British Reuters correspondent and SIS agent.
 * James Smith: Sergeant in the United States Marine Corps serving under lieutenant Edwards in Iceland.

Soviet Union

 * Pavel Leonidovich Alekseyev: Deputy Commander of the Southwest Front and then Commander in Chief-Western Theater after briefly serving as second in command. Exceptionally brave and given to leading from the front personally, Alekseyev briefly takes command of a Soviet tank division after NATO artillery fire wipes out its entire command staff, leading to the key Warsaw Pact victory at Alfeld. After the coup, he is made Deputy Minister of Defense and Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces.
 * Mikhail Eduardovich Sergetov: Energy Minister and non-voting member of the Soviet Politburo. After the coup, he becomes acting General Secretary.
 * Ivan Mikhailovich Sergetov: Alekseyev's aide-de-camp and Sergetov's son. Promoted to major during the war.
 * Major Arkady Semyonovich Sorokin: Soviet VDV officer whose daughter Svetlana dies in the Kremlin bombing. Later recruited by Alekseyev for the coup.
 * Boris Georgiyevich Kosov: Chairman of the Committee for State Security (KGB). Mastermind of the coup, only to be killed in revenge by Major Sorokin.
 * Marshal Andre Shavyrin: Chief of the General Staff. Later executed by the Politburo for failing to bring favorable results on the war.
 * Marshal Yuri Rozhkov: Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Army. Executed along with Marshal Shavyrin.
 * Marshal Fiodr Borrissovitch Boukharin: Commander of the Kiev Military District. Later promoted to the head of the General Staff after Shavyrin and Rozhkov's execution, then forced into retirement after Alekseyev's Coup.
 * Andre Illich Chernyavin: Spetsnaz officer assigned to sabotage the NATO command post at Lammersdorf.

Other characters

 * Vigdis Agustdottir: Icelandic civilian rescued by Edwards from Soviet soldiers in Iceland and later married Edwards as the novel closes.
 * Patrick Flynn: Associated Press Moscow Bureau chief
 * Ibrahim Tolkaze: Militant Islamist of Azerbaijani descent working as an oil field engineer. He and his confederates Rasul and Mohammet instigate the road to war by infiltrating the oil refinery where Ibrahim works, murdering multiple security and technical personnel, and triggering numerous pipe ruptures that set the entire refinery and adjacent oil field ablaze. All of them are killed when security forces storm the control room.
 * Gerhardt Falken: Alleged West German Federal Intelligence Service agent behind the Kremlin bombing.

Themes

Red Storm Rising depicts a future Third World War, chiefly between the United States and the Soviet Union. It follows the "future war" genre first popularized by the 1871 novella The Battle of Dorking by George Tomkyns Chesney as well as the science fiction novel The War in the Air (1908) by H.G. Wells. Red Storm Rising is unusual among Cold War examples of the genre in that it presented a war fought entirely using conventional weapons rather than one with nuclear weaponry or chemical weaponry. For instance, The Third World War: August 1985 describes a conflict based on fairly similar assumptions, but involving heavy use of chemical weaponry and with limited use of strategic nuclear weapons at the conclusion of the conflict.

According to a document released by the UK National Archives in December 2015, U.S. President Ronald Reagan had recommended Red Storm Rising to UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher shortly after the Reykjavík Summit in 1986 between him and Soviet general secretary Mikhail Gorbachev so as to gain an understanding of the Soviet Union's intentions and strategy. Some of the advanced weapons systems described in the novel were deployed four years later in the Gulf War.

Development
Tom Clancy met Larry Bond in 1982. The two discussed Convoy-84, a wargame Bond had been working on at the time that featured a new Battle of the North Atlantic. The idea became the basis for Red Storm Rising. "We plotted out the book together, then, while I researched the military issues, Tom wrote the book," Bond said. "I'm listed as co-author, but I wrote like 1 percent of the book," Bond stated in a 2013 interview. For research on the Politburo scenes, Clancy and Bond interviewed Soviet defector Arkady Shevchenko.

Clancy had purchased Bond's wargame Harpoon as a primary source for his future novel The Hunt for Red October (1984). Clancy and Bond used the board game's second edition miniature rules to test key battle sequences, notably the Soviet operation to seize Iceland and the attack on the carrier battle group in the "Dance of the Vampires" chapter.

Dance of the Vampires
This refers to the chapter where the Soviets lure a NATO carrier group into a trap and almost manages to wipe it out.

The game sessions typically involved several players on each side (Clancy among them) acting in various roles. with Bond refereeing. The games did not influence the outcome - the chapter's ending was already decided - but they gave Clancy and Bond a "better understanding of what factors drove each side's thinking".

This attention to detail made Vice consider Red Storm Rising a "great example of fictional military history."

The collected and annotated notes on the three Dance of the Vampires scenario playthroughs would later be published by Bond.

Publication
In 1987, the book was published in French as Tempête Rouge (Red Storm), translated by France-Marie Watkins, with the collaboration of Jean Sabbagh.

Reception
Like its predecessor, The Hunt for Red October, the book received critical acclaim for its accurate military narrative. Publishers Weekly praised it as "fascinating and totally credible story, told with authenticity and great suspense". Kirkus Reviews hailed it as "an informative, readable, sometimes dazzling speculation on superpower war".

Game adaptations
In December 1988, MicroProse released a Red Storm Rising computer game, in which the player commanded an American submarine against Soviet forces. The player had the option of choosing between both single missions or campaign and which era to play in; modern missions offered the player more advanced submarines and weapons, but also a more technologically advanced adversary as well.

In 1989, TSR, Inc. released the Red Storm Rising board game designed by Douglas Niles, based on the book. The game won the Origins Award for Best Modern-Day Boardgame and Best Graphic Presentation of a Boardgame in 1989.

title: Red Storm Rising