text:
Sibe people

The Sibe or Xibo are a Tungusic-speaking East Asian ethnic group living mostly in Xinjiang, Jilin and Shenyang in Liaoning. The Sibe form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by China, and had a recorded population of 190,481 in the 2010 Chinese Census, comprising just over 0.014% of China's total population.

Nomenclature
The Sibe are known by several variations of their name. The self-appellation of the Sibe people is pronounced Śivə, the official Chinese term is Xibo, in Russian literature the terms Сибинцы (sibintsy) and Шибинцы (shibintsy) are used, while in English works the name Sibe has been established, which corresponds to the written form.

History
According to the Russian scholar Elena P. Lebedeva, the Sibe people originated as a southern, Tungusic-speaking offshoot of the ancient Shiwei people. They lived in small town-like settlements, a portion of them nomadic, in the Songyuan and Qiqihar areas of what is now Jilin.

When the Buyeo kingdom was conquered by the Xianbei in 286 AD, the southern Shiwei started practicing agriculture. Some historians have theorized that the Xianbei were the direct progenitors of the Sibe, a theory described by some as politically motivated. Pamela Kyle Crossley writes the Xianbei might have undergone a language shift from an earlier Turkic or proto-Mongolian language to a Tungusic one. However, the name "Sibe" was not used in historical records during Xianbei times.

The Han dynasty, Cao Wei and the Jin dynasty (266–420) at times controlled the Sibe until the advent of the Göktürks, who accorded the Sibe lower status than did the Chinese dynasties. At the height of their territorial dispersion, the Sibe lived in an area bounded by Jilin to the east, Hulunbuir to the west, the Nen River to the north and the Liao River to the south. After the fall of the Liao dynasty, the Sibe became vassals of the Khorchin Mongols who moved to the Nen and Songhua river valleys in 1438 after the Khorchin were defeated by the Oirats.

Nurhaci, the first prominent figure of the Manchu people, routed the Sibe during the battle of Gure in 1593 on his way to founding the Qing dynasty of China. From that point, the Qing contracted the Sibe for logistical support against the Russian Empire's expansionism on China's northern border. Crossley claims that the Sibe were so "well known to Russians moving toward the Pacific" that the Russians named Siberia after them. In 1692, the Khorchin dedicated the Sibe, the Gūwalca and the Daur to the Kangxi Emperor in exchange for silver. The Sibe were incorporated into the Eight Banners and were stationed in Qiqihar and other cities in Northeast China.

In 1700, some 20,000 Qiqihar Sibes were resettled in Hohhot (modern Inner Mongolia); 36,000 Songyuan Sibes were resettled in Shenyang, Liaoning. The relocation of the Sibe from Qiqihar is believed by Gorelova to be linked to the Qing's complete annihilation of the Manchu clan Hoifan (Hoifa) in 1697 and the Manchu tribe Ula in 1703 after they revolted against the Qing. According to Jerry Norman, after a revolt by the Qiqihar Sibes in 1764, the Qianlong Emperor ordered an 800-man military escort to transfer 18,000 Sibe to the Ili River of Dzungaria.

In Ili, the Xinjiang Sibe built Buddhist monasteries and cultivated vegetables, tobacco and poppies. The Sibe population declined after the Qing used them to suppress the Dungan Revolt (1862–77) by the Hui and to fight against the Russian occupation of Ili during the revolt. The scarcity of provisions in Ili became such that the Governor at last saw himself obliged to dismiss his last auxiliaries, the Thagor Kalmuks. In the meantime both Solons and Sibos were being attacked and plundered and were obliged to make peace with the insurgents, so that only Ili, Khorgos, Losigun and Suidun, remained in the hands of the Mantchus. Ili was now entirely surrounded and it was resolved to reduce it by famine. The situation there was indeed frightful; all the provisions had been exhausted and the only food was horses, dogs and cats. Typhus so raged that from 50 to 100 men died daily.

During the Republic of China (1912–49) period, many northeastern Sibe joined anti-Japanese volunteer armies, while northwestern Sibe fought against the Kuomintang during the Ili Rebellion. After the Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949 established the People's Republic of China (PRC), large-scale educational and hygiene campaigns increased Sibe literacy and resulted in the eradication of Qapqal disease (a form of type A botulism).

In 1954, the PRC established the Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County to replace Ningxi County in Xinjiang, in the group's area of highest ethnic concentration.

Culture
Historical religions of the Sibe included shamanism and Buddhism. Customary Sibe attire included short buttoned jackets and trousers for men and close-fitting, long and lace-trimmed gowns for women. Arranged marriage was common and women had low social status, including no right to inherit property. Nowadays almost all the Sibe wear modern clothing and the traditional clothing is worn by elders during festivals. Traditionally, the Sibe were divided into many hala, male-led clans consisting of people who shared the same surname. Until modern times, the dwellings of the Sibe housed up to three different generations from the same family, since it was believed that while the father was alive no son could break the family clan by leaving the house.

The Sibe in Northeast China speak Mandarin Chinese as their first language. In Xinjiang, descendants of the Qing dynasty military garrison speak the Xibe language, a Southern Tungusic language that underwent morphophonological changes and the adoption of loanwords from languages spoken in Xinjiang including Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Uyghur, and Kazakh.

The different ethnicities of Northern Xinjiang have shared musical culture and adopted elements from each other's music.

Distribution
According to the 2010 Chinese Census, there were 190,481 Sibe people in China: 99,571 males and 90,910 females. The largest Sibe population within China was in the province of Liaoning, home to 132,431 Sibe people, 69.52% of all Sibe people in China, but just 0.30% of Liaoning's total population. The autonomous region of Xinjiang is also home to a sizable number of Sibe people: 34,399 in total, accounting for 18.06% of all Sibe people in China, and 0.16% of Xinjiang's total population. Outside of these two, Heilongjiang, Jilin, and Inner Mongolia have the largest Sibe populations, totaling 7,608, 3,113, and 3,000, respectively.

Xinjiang
Approximately 43,000 Sibe people live in the autonomous region of Xinjiang, of which, approximately 34,000 live in the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture, where the Qapqal Xibe Autonomous County is located. As of 2018, 19,984 Sibe people live in the autonomous county, comprising 10.28% of its total population, which is dominated by larger groups, such as the Han Chinese, Uyghurs, and Kazakhs. In 2015, 20,426 Sibe people lived in the autonomous county, comprising 10.38% of its total population.

Notable individuals

 * Tong Liya (佟丽娅) – actress
 * Wu Qian (吴谦) – retired basketball player

title: Sibe people


text:
Wikipedia:WikiProject Dogs/Dog breeds task force/General

Standards
I've been looking at including a table similar in format to those on some of the other Wikiprojects. There is a nonsense version on User:Sannse/Sandbox. What do you think?

 * I think the table looks good and is a good idea. matt

 * Probably a good idea, but there are many breeds these days outside the historical AKC/CKC/FCI/KC breed lists, and many independent registries. We need an "Other" class to accommodate those breeds. Also, folks, "Classification" has two S's (misspelt in the Sannse/Sandbox tables and below). Ditkoofseppala 00:06 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes, we certainly do need an "other" group. I have a list of 356 dogs recognised by the FCI or other major listings, and another 160 breeds not recognised by them (and I will have missed a few of course).  So far I haven't listed those 160 on the list of dog breeds, I thought it better to work on the 356 first and then go through looking more closely at the rest.

 * The "clasification" was my silly mistake :) I corrected it in most places a while back - I missed my sandbox and here.  Thanks for catching that, I'll go fix it now.  -- sannse 11:45 1 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Also, I think the Federation Cynologique Internationale (FIC) classifications will be most useful. They seem to cover more types of dog than any others and although the UK, US and Canadian Kennel Clubs aren't members 80 other countries are. Eventually we could split the List of dog breeds into the ten groups as well as having an overall alphabetical list.

For reference the FCI groups are:

 * Group 1: Sheepdogs and Cattle Dogs (except Swiss Cattle Dogs)
 * Group 2: Pinscher and Schanuzer - Molossoid breeds - Swiss Mountain and Cattle Dogs and other breeds
 * Group 3: Terriers
 * Group 4: Dachshunds
 * Group 5: Spitz and primitive types
 * Group 6: Scenthounds and related breeds
 * Group 7: Pointing Dogs
 * Group 8: Retrievers - Flushing Dogs - Water Dogs
 * Group 9: Companion and Toy Dogs
 * Group 10: Sighthounds

The US groups are:

 * Sporting Group
 * Hound Group
 * Working Group
 * Terrier Group
 * Toy Group
 * Non-Sporting Group
 * Herding Group
 * Miscellaneous

The UK groups are

 * Hound
 * Working
 * Terrier
 * Gundog
 * Pastoral
 * Utility
 * Toy

Subdividing dog groups
What I'm realizing as I work on various breeds and groups of dogs is that we can't really rely on a specific small set of categories--we have to anticipate what people will be looking for and create the appropriate dog-category, redirect, or disambig pages all the way through.

For example, Hunting dog is a general category of dogs, which can be divided into Hounds and Gun dogs (for example), and people will (and already have) made references to all those terms in text. Furthermore, people will also refer to Sight hounds and Scent hounds among hounds (which are category pages that describe the general characteristics of this group and then list the individual breeds that are members of the group, and Spaniels, Retrievers, etc. .... and then at almost the bottom level we'll have something more like disambig pages, such as Welsh Corgi, Springer Spaniel, Cocker Spaniel...

So I'm doing the best I can as I go, using the various organizations' categories as starting points. Elf 16:01, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

BTW, hierarchical organization of some of these pages might look something like this:
 * Hunting dog
 * Hound
 * Scent hound
 * Foxhound (disambig)
 * American Foxhound
 * English Foxhound
 * Sight hound
 * Gun dog

 * This is good work Elf. I think you are dealing with this in the right way.  -- sannse (talk) 18:02, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Where do the breed tables go
Is the idea to have the table itself on the general breed page or to have one of these table on each breeds page? I hope it is the latter as the former would seem to make the breedlist page far to big. --Steven jones 12:17, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

 * One per breed. (Whew!) Dog breed names are interesting because they're sooooo variable, too.  So, for example, there is a table for Welsh Corgi (Pembroke) and Welsh Corgi (Cardigan) but not for Welsh Corgi, which is more of a disambiguation page, and Corgi just redirects back to Welsh Corgi.  Elf 15:54, 10 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Article consistency
Hey, I've been to several of the individual dog breed pages and while most a good they don't follow the same pattern. Shouldn't each page have the same format? For example, the article should start out with a brief intro then a paragraph on appearance, then temperament, then history, trivia, etc. Do you think we should do this? What should the categories be? Bremen 20:04, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hey, do you want to hear from me again? I'm sure others will chime in to say whether they agree or think I'm full of it. I like the idea of consistency in article structure. We have a set of suggested topics on the main project page. The challenge is that random people come along and create an article with a couple of paragraphs and go away, and one of us who notices attempts to stick in some reasonable headings, and there it sits.  So--if you'd like to propose a standard outline, do it--this is probably a reasonable place for the proposal and discussion, given how disorganized this project's subpages & talk pages have gotten (e.g., this discussion--most of tthese--should really be on the talk page).  Then, when people have had a few days to comment on it (not everyone logs in every day. Not even me :-) ), anyone who wants to start working their way through the List of dog breeds existing articles and start applying the standard outline will probably be absolutely worshipped by the rest of the team. :-)  And all of us would probably try to use the agreed-on outline whenever we went in to clean up an article.  Any volunteers? ;-)  Elf | Talk 23:04, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Oh, and a couple more thoughts--(1)it's hard to come up with a complete, all-encompassing list of subheadings; e.g., Australian Shepherd seemed to call for 2 sections on its history, whereas most breeds are lucky to have a sentence on their origin. Dobermann had so much on its appearance that it was broken into sub-subsections on Tail, Ears, and so on.  But if we could come up with just the basic top-level heading organization, that would be helpful.  The other thought is--I've been thinking for a long time that we could really use either an addition to the breed table for basic quantitative info (height, weight, whatever--although that would make a long table even longer), or a standard subtable that we could stick into the appearance section.  What do other people think?

 * Also consider, while thinking about that, whether there's any good way to combine the breed standards external links in the same table as the kennel club name & group name--it's too confusing having FCI, e.g., as an active link in 2 places in the table and have it go to different places. Elf | Talk 23:11, 19 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Ok so here's what I think. The article should start out with a small paragraph summarizing the breed . Then we could have the sub heading, appearance, then tempermant, then history, then trivia/misc. What do you think? Are there other categories we should include? And is this the best order? Tell me what you think. Thanks Bremen 22:20, 20 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * So I've thought a bit more..maybe history should be the last heading?? Bremen 00:14, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Another idea...maybe instead of temperament we could have attributes. Temperament could still fit under that heading. Or instead of attributes we could put characteristics.

 * Most of your changes so far I agree with, but some are iffy--that's the problem with rushing out and doing many changes without waiting for feedback. :-) For example:
 * "Temperament and/or characteristics" is really wishy-washy. Yeah, I know that's what it says on the main project page, but what it meant was "choose one heading or both", not all in the same heading. :-)  Some breed articles have a section heading of "Uses" or sometimes "Activities" for things that the dog is skilled at doing.  Some lumped these with temperament and called the section "Characteristics".  I think it's fine to separate temperament out. But what to call the other section--Characteristics, Uses, Activities, or none of the above?  Discussion (there really are people other than me out there--really--) might be helpful in resolving that.  Meanwhile, I'd leave those headings as is rather than resorting to and/or.
 * Ok...you're right, that title is a bit clunky and dumb.Bremen 03:12, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia convention is leave out headings unless there's actually content for them. However, I think it's fine to insert them and comment them out using standard HTML commenting, as I did in Alaskan Malamute--I consolidated them up onto one line because otherwise there's a whole lot of odd-looking blank space.
 * I like "Trivia" for the random assortment of facts that didn't fit elsewhere; good choice (IMHO). You'll find some articles have sections like "(breedname) in the arts" or "(breedname) in the media"; those could possibly be turned into Trivia sections.
 * Oh--and most talk/discussion pages proceed chronologicially from top to bottom, so it's confusing to search for new additions in the middle or near the top. Just another convention that most people & pages (not all) use.
 * Elf | Talk 03:05, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) (again)

I feel kind of stupid now for changing so much without waiting. This is supposed to be a collaborative project. You Know it would be nice if others commented. It's just you and me discussing this! I know it's only been a few days since I started changing things...I guess not all parts of wikipedia move fast.Bremen 03:12, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It's not stupid--just means you might have to go back and change some of the headings later. If you don't mind that, and you're chomping at the bit (like you said--you've got time and want to do it now!), I don't think you're doing anything terrible and, as I said, you're doing a good job. 64.166.85.254 05:16, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC) (oops--that was me. Elf | Talk)
 * I don't mind changing stuff. Lately it seems I have a lot of time off work to do this.Bremen 18:56, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I have to say I don't like "trivia", but maybe that's a personal taste thing. To me, it makes it sounds as though the information is trivial, and not really worth putting in the article.  There have been disputes about the use of "trivia" as a section heading in other areas of Wikipedia as well, with the general view tending to be that it is suitable for a general interest book, but not really an encyclopaedia.  I can't really think of a good alternative though, maybe "general"?  I don't know.  But on the wider issue of introducing more consistency across the section - great! that will make a real difference -- sannse (talk) 12:43, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Yay, someone else is discussing this!!! 18:56, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)that was me Bremen 18:57, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, I've been on wikibreak for a week or two *g* -- sannse (talk) 20:46, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * That's probably good to take a break. It's so addicting and all consuming. I hardly go anywhere else on the net these days. Bremen 22:58, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Would "Miscellaneous" be any better than "General"? Other than being harder to spell; general to me sounds more like overview than like a collection of info that doesn't fit elsewhere. Elf | Talk 15:15, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I like miscellaneous better than general and it does sound more fit for an encyclopedia than trivial. Bremen 18:53, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * miscellaneous sounds ok to me, we can always change it if someone comes up with a better idea some time -- sannse (talk) 20:46, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

So I've been going through the list of breeds alphabetically...I came to Australian Cattle Dog and there is a section on activities such as agility etc. Should this be a separate section? Should it go under miscellaneous? Bremen 19:28, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * I'd say such things depend on how large the section is. If it looks right to have it's own heading then do that, we shouldn't be bound by consistency if it doesn't fit the particular article, I would say just use it as a general outline rather than a rule.  So in this case, it seems to me to be a detailed enough section to have it's own heading rather than being slotted into "miscellaneous" -- sannse (talk) 20:46, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Hmm...maybe you're right...what if I put it under history? Would that work...hmmm...maybe I should just leave it the way it is for now. Bremen 22:58, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Table(s) changes proposal for appearance and so on

 * Moved to Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Dog breeds/Templates. Elf | Talk 20:17, 10 February 2006 (UTC)

Quill's problem
Okay, hot shots--not ignoring you--I didn't have this page on my watchlist, so was blissfully drifting along until Elf's note on another page, which was on my watchlist.

Here's my deal--it may only be my problem, so feel free to say so. I cannot find things. I can't remember where articles are, can't remember where our various lists are; I have to go to a page where I know I can find list of dog breeds, and access it from there, then futz around through whatever categories are listed, to find the group or topic or whatever I'm looking for.

Case in point--because I'd worked on the TO DO page; I needed to update Spitz and List of Dogs by country of origin. It would have been lovely if we had a category: Spitz (maybe we do?) but of course I would have still have to have manually added the breed into the Spitz article. Not a prob, but then there was the other list--where was it? Took me ages.

Is it possible for us to build one page with every dog list, topic and category and their subcategories on it? That is, we've got all this info on different pages, can we combine it into one? I'm quite willing to help but don't know where to start.

Now to the case at hand, I've got to run, I solemnly promise to return and read all the new additions to this page and respond as soon as ever I can.

Quill 00:07, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * You just need a new brain with photographic memory (4096 GB preferably). OK, I'll confess that it sometimes take me a while to dig through stuff, too. I  have a well-oranized set of bookmarks in my browser, otherwise I'd never get to where I needed to be (oh, and I have memorized "List of dog breeds" and I can get to a lot of places from there; also by clicking the category at the bottom of any article and then going up or down in categories...).

 * Sannse's newly revealed page that lists all dog pages (well--actually not even close--but an afternoon spent adding all the pages in all of the dog-related categories to her list would fix that--) is about as good as you're going to get, I think.  Although I don't know that it has the various Wikipedia internal pages (like the dog project pgs) on it.

 * BTW, everyone not having all the pgs on their watchlists is exactly why I put a note at the top level project talk page.  But now you should rush right out and add all of the dog project subpages to  your watchlist.  Soon you'll be just like me, with "1313 pages on your watchlist (not counting talk pages)". :-) Elf | Talk 00:24, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Yep, my page has a lot missing still (although it does list the wikiproject pages) I basically added all the dog related pages I was taking off my main watchlist. Having several, subject specific, public watchlists has turned out to be a lot more easy to handle that the massive, mixed one I had before.  But, if it's going to be of use to others too, then feel free to add any pages that should be there -- sannse (talk) 12:15, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * Myself, I use the following links to keep a watch on the dog project:
 * Elf
 * Elf
 * Sannse
 * I have them bookmarked and just go 1,2,3,4 (where four is my own personal watchlist) - maybe i'm strange, but should we come up with an official dogproject watchlist? - Trysha (talk) 19:23, 25 January 2006 (UTC)

registry tip template proposal
Another suggestion for something off-the-wall to do for breed registry articles; thoughts welcomed at Talk:Canadian_Kennel_Club. Elf | Talk 22:40, 23 Mar 2005 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Sibe

Sibe may refer to:

 * Sibe people, an East Asian ethnic group living in China
 * Xibe language, language of Sibe people
 * Sibe Mardešić (1927–2016), Croatian mathematician
 * Nagovisi language, a South Bougainville language spoken in Papua New Guinea
 * Siberian Husky, a dog breed that is a member of the Spitz family

title: Sibe


text:
Talk:Nicolae Ceaușescu

Execution video
I have a question. Is the footage made on his trial and execution in public domain or is it copyrighted? Thanks. --Vitilsky (talk) 14:28, 8 April 2010 (UTC)

Bias Article
Noone in their right mind would support or defend Ceausescu because there is much evidence for his crimes, but this article is really taking the anti-left POV bias too far.

It is totally littered with claims which are 100% POV and are very rarely cited and very dubious. For example the description under one picture which shows him playing a game using hoops bigger than his opponant says this is 'presumably so that Ceauşescu's prowess would be demonstrated.' That is insane, 'presumambly' doesnt cut it on wikipedia.

This article needs to be gone over and have all this kind of stuff removed, otherwise its academically useless. Please discuss.

If I go over it in the future and try to balance it a bit by removing some of the wilder POV statements, please dont accuse me of supporting the subject or something like that..

ValenShephard 09:17, 3 May 2010 (UTC)

The hoops ARE bigger than his opponant's (FACT) - "presumbably" cuts it in the academic university world - it is a way of saying "I'm not sure" but it looks almost certain to be the reasdon. Wikipedia is so obsessed with not upsetting people with decent comment: that is its problem and why Wikipedia is not academic in the proper sense. "Hitler was a nice man" will be next because we do not wish to offend. Wikipedia reckons it is so grown up and clever when in academic terms it is so naive and mechanical. No thinking, no bravery, no colour... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.15.12.160 (talk) 20:41, 11 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Though there is a lot of BIAS, there are many points in the article that make sense.... HOWEVER ---IT IS NOT ACCORDING TO WIKIPEDIA STANDARDS TO ALLOW INFORMATION THAT IS UNSOURCED!!!! Please, please, if you are an expert on Romania, please update with proper sourced materials!!! Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.131.72.155 (talk) 11:39, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

SNL Skit
Removed from the article:

"Shortly after the Ceauşescu executions, Saturday Night Live performed a skit where a new brand of dog food was available, known as "Puppy Ceauşescu" (a parody on the common dog food name "Puppy Chow") seemingly to imply that the Ceauşescu's remains had been used as dog food after their death."

Given the high profile of SNL, and the people appear on it, this might be worth mentioning. -OberRanks (talk) 23:36, 6 May 2010 (UTC)
 * "seemingly to imply that the Ceauşescu's remains had been used as dog food after their death" is pure original research of a Wikipedia editor. Also STL is known to make fun of lots of important people. I doubt this one skit (which may very well not be the only one about Ceausescu - the guy was quite important for a lot of time) is relevant for Ceausescu's biography.Anonimu (talk) 23:57, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

Seems to be a highly polarized article right now with some users making deep statements about POV issues. Probably not the best time for this right now in any case. -OberRanks (talk) 16:45, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

This Article is a Disgrace
Read above. This article is a bias, POV, dubious and unsournced nightmare, its the worst article i've seen on wikipedia so far. for example the whole section on his depature from power doesnt have even a single citation. I will delete all uncitied information because there is nothing you can do with it, its not right to go looking for sources for highly dubious claims, that would only finding support for some very POV claims, which are too dubious in the first place, they dont deserve evidence because even with citations they are too POV. Unbelievable. Even Ceausescu would have blushed at this level of propaganda. ValenShephard 00:53, 7 May 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by ValenShephard (talk • contribs)

 * well, I would not say it is a "disgrace" but it's full of POV unsourced information. THAT IS NOT ACCORDING TO WIKIPEDIA STANDARDS. Please, please, if you are an expert on Romania, please update with proper sourced materials!!! Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.131.72.155 (talk) 11:38, 30 May 2012 (UTC)

 * There is certainly false information here. For example: Failing to control the crowds, the Ceauşescus finally took cover inside the building,. Well, the speech is on youtube, in two parts. He did regain control of the crowd, and finished his speech. It went on for another ten minutes or more after the disturbance.88.167.22.75 (talk) 21:49, 3 August 2012 (UTC)

 * I'd have to agree with the previous comment, though the article as a whole is not entirely "a disgrace". It's obvious that the version of events I (and probably most of us in the West) grew up with - that the speech was cut short by demonstrators, followed by a confused look and a rapid retreat from the building by the Ceausescus, isn't borne out by the film of the entire speech, which puts a very different complexion on what has been seen as the seminal moment in the Romanian revolution. But presumably the youtube videos are primary rather than secondary (analytical) sources, and Wikipedia prefers the latter. But I can't find a reliable source (of sufficient impregnability, given the importance of the event) that has bothered to comment, even 23 years later, on how the Western media's presentation at the time, which has subsequently become the "official" version, differs from the (apparent) reality. I'd be very grateful if someone could find a way to redress the balance. Ghughesarch (talk) 23:23, 28 September 2012 (UTC)

 * I want to echo the thoughts of those above who like me believed the version of events to be more or less: 1) Ceausescu loses control of the crowd; look of incredulity in response to the heckling. 2) Hasty retreat inside the building. 3) Moments later, helicopter containing the Ceausescus lifts off from the roof of the building. If you watch the two videos on Youtube you will see the fairly lengthy interruption in the speech caused by a disturbance that has not to date been properly understood or documented; Ceausescu attempting to calm the crowd; order being restored; Ceausescu confidently finishing his speech to an enthusiastic, flag-waving crowd. Surely these videos can be introduced as reliable sources to improve this fundamentally important part of the article and therefore improve our understanding of exactly what happened? Bennycat (talk) 04:39, 15 September 2013 (UTC)

The photo with Iliescu
A little comment on that photo in the article and about the nagging that Ceauşescu has bigger quoits. I've saw him throwing small quoits as well. Maybe they just didn't had enough small qoits, so they were using big ones also. I doubt that Ceauşescu just tried to demonstrate his superiority over that traitor Iliescu (cuz it was obvious). Others also threw the big red quoits, I've saw it ! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.196.183.213 (talk) 23:52, 12 May 2010 (UTC)

"Seen it" - anyway - there's nothign wrong with comments on photographs; that is a true academic approach. If we do not have comments then Wikipedia becoems a bland "Hitler could be nice man"  useless thing. Yes too much wild comment is wrong but pointing th way for people to make up their own minds is something else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.15.12.160 (talk) 20:45, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

crime?
why is his death categorized as a 1989 crime? who says it was a crime? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.253.24.229 (talk) 01:29, 23 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Because he was executed by a ruling which is generally accepted to have been taken in a a kangeroo court. ValenShephard 15:23, 23 May 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by ValenShephard (talk • contribs)

Yes, he was murdered by scumbag rebels who didn't give him a trial, those who murdered him were no better than his Securiate in my opinion. Scum and vermin Feeblezak (talk) 11:06, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

It was no "kangaroo court" at all, Ceausescu was just a brutal and murderous dictator and deserved death. His execution was the end of a nightmare for the Rumanian people. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.23.41.227 (talk) 13:43, 7 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Such worthless propagandistic statements have no room on Wikipedia. Go run a political blog if you feel forced to spew such mendacious, opinionated bile. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 188.25.93.91 (talk) 19:06, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

Mine is no bile, but the truth. - Zorobabele — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.13.41.12 (talk) 20:58, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

Atheist?
Are there any sources confirming that Ceauşescu either was, or was not, an atheist? An infobox notation identifying his religion as "atheist" was recently removed, but a "Romanian atheists" category annotation remains. There are a couple of references to him in the article in relation to religion, but they don't sound at all like he had explicitly, openly renounced religion or had made any sort of concerted effort to suppress the Orthodox Church in Romania. If the only basis for calling him an atheist is that he was a Communist (and that all committed Communists are presumed to be atheists by definition), that would be WP:OR / WP:SYNTH, and the claim shouldn't be in the article. On the other hand, I could easily believe that he was in fact an atheist — I'm just saying we need to document this with sources if it's true. I'm going to remove the "Romanian atheists" category membership from the article; if anyone has a reliable source specifically identifying Ceauşescu as an atheist, please feel free to put this info back (along with an inline citation to said source). Richwales (talk) 01:32, 28 June 2010 (UTC)
 * As a communist he would need to be an atheist in public. 10:55, 13 December 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.226.105.89 (talk)

Well if he would need to appear an atheist in public I would assume he would have to make suggestions about his lack of belief- which as far as I can tell he didn't. His wife apparently was vehemently anti-religion, though he himself seemed not to promote a particular attitude towards it (to follow the logic of Marx, the conditions that required the illusion had not yet been removed). Here is an interesting article relating to it- http://www.rri.ro/art.shtml?lang=1&sec=9&art=33257. Ninahexan (talk) 07:22, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Ceauşism or Ceauşesism?
I think that the word Ceauşesism sounds better than Ceauşism, because we should make more accent on the name of the politician. We just got used to short (usually monosyllabic or disyllabic) surnames such as Marx, Lenin, Stalin, Mao etc. and so thereby the term Ceauşism was created —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.196.183.213 (talk) 22:42, 29 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually it has more to do with Romanian euphony and Romanian name formation. The -escu suffix became common when the Romanian state forced its citizens to have "proper" surnames in the late 19th century, many having their nicknames "ennobled" with the -escu particle. Thus, the escu suffix is still perceived by Romanians as something not part of the name as a defining characteristic of an individual. And that's how you get things like Ceausism, Basism (in reference to Traian Basescu). Euphony however prevents this treatment from being applied to every surname ending in -escu, so mostly the name having an 's' or an 'ş' before -escu get such adjectivation. Thus "something proper to Ion Iliescu or to his rule" is never referred as Iliism or Iliesism, but rather as Iliescian(ism), and most of the time just as "of Iliescu". Similar treatment gets, for example, Mihai Eminescu.
 * On the other hand, the use of "Ceausism" as an English term in this article is rather a personal preference of the editor who wrote the section. The concept is not well established even within Romanian historiography. Some Romanian historians, translating their works into English, have "exported" it, but it didn't quite catch up. I'd say that the use of Ceausism here doesn't fully respect wikipedia's policy about WP:NEOLOGISMs.Anonimu (talk) 00:12, 30 June 2010 (UTC)

"Kangaroo court"
I see this ugly phrase has reared its head again. However, I have several reservations about this phrase: I'm also going to refer this to WP:ROMANIA for further discussion; I came across this article randomly and I don't want to get entrenched in further disputes (especially as I was in a dispute about this years ago, which Anonimu will surely remember). I respectfully request that we don't edit war on the inclusion of the term any further, until we have a consensus either way. Sceptre (talk) 21:25, 19 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The main one is that it isn't sourced, despite Anonimu's claims when reverting me (in fact, nothing about the trial or execution is sourced). Accusing something of being a kangaroo court, even if it's true (and it may be, given how the trial panned out), is a serious attack on a country's judicial system and really needs to be backed up.
 * And on this note, I fear that said sources may have a political slant. In this case, we need to examine whether said sources contribute the entire school of thought on the subject. It's often the case that articles are comprised of reliable but biased sources; Arab-Israeli articles and post-war US military articles are infamous on Wikipedia for this. Articles about Central and Eastern Europe also share this problem (especially in communist vs. capitalist bickering).
 * The use of the phrase is very rare, and limited to historically famous kangaroo courts (e.g. the Star Chamber) or is otherwise attributed to the person who accused the court of being one-sided (e.g. Assata Shakur). Hell, we have a few trials almost universally seen as one-sided where that phrase is not and does not need to be used, e.g. the Scopes Trial. The 1989 Romanian Revolution, strangely, is one of the few articles where the use of the phrase is both unattributed and unsourced, and I fear it's too early to say there's a historical consensus on this matter.
 * And finally, I note that the editor who reintroduced it recently,, seems to solely edit articles related to socialism or communism (I'm including Palestine articles here, as most pro-Israelis are right-wing and most pro-Palestinians are left-wing). The editor also has several warnings for NPOV violations, which suggests that the editor's political views are clouding their tone of writing.

2010-07-21 --- I know that, in several TV documentaries, they mentionned that the entire court process was more for show than anything else. From what had been said in the documentaries, many people involved in the process were trying to save their own necks (clearly I'm freestyling on the wording) and so it was more for show than anything... Can I back up my claim? No, the documentaties in mind I saw a few years ago... don't remember the names and I don't know where they got their sources from either. I'll try to keep my eyes and ears open to find those titles for reference purposes. (Mrs. Perez) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.103.245.2 (talk) 12:25, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't have a source handy, but every account I've seen has agreed on this. How else can one characterize a capital trial lasting part of a day, with no time to prepare a defense and with execution following immediately upon the "guilty" verdict? Should be easy enough to cite for. - Jmabel | Talk 16:51, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * We could link to show trial instead. "Kangaroo court" throws doubt on the entire judicial system, while "show trial" throws doubt on only the trial (which, by the way, I'm not even disputing). Sceptre (talk) 17:13, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Sorry, a show trial is a trial in which the letter of the law is generally respected, but the result is set beforehand. Ceausescu's trial didn't respect even basic rules, such as the defence attorney acting as a prosecutor (we had the script on commons some times ago, you can check for youself) or no time for appeals. Neither of the terms implies that all the judicial system is flawed (although, considering that his "judgement" - not the process - was based on a penal code signed into law by Ceausescu himself, I'm surprised that you try to defend the system itself). Sources are enough: GBooks results (on my PC, the first source is a HRW report - pro-Communist?!!?). Also, I thought you had learned by now not to comment editors, but content.Anonimu (talk) 18:45, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not defending the judicial system; just that, without a historical consensus, we can't really, in our words, accuse any judicial system of wrongdoing for ethical reasons (although, admittedly, authoritarian states often have a high incidence of show trials); otherwise, we seem to be "vindicating" the people seen as the villains in the story.
 * As to the "show trial"/"kangaroo court" distinction: I see the first term as a verdict of a singular trial, and the second as a verdict of a judicial system (i.e. the People's Court of Nazi Germany). And the article on "show trial" contradicts you: it says that due process and the rule of law aren't even followed in most cases. Additionally, Ceausescu's trial fits all of the criteria listed in the article from a purely objective point of view, as well as being an accurate and more neutral term than "kangaroo court".
 * On the sources, I'm pretty wary about using human rights NGOs as impartial sources. They're not communist, but have institutional biases (famously, HRW, Amnesty, and the UNHRC all have come under criticism for their reports on the Arab-Israeli conflict). However, I will concede that the school of thought does show a consensus that the trial was a travesty of justice.
 * Sidenote: if you're trying to establish the existence of a consensus on a contentious issue, don't just search for one side. Search for a neutral term; instead of "Ceausescu kangaroo court", I used "Ceausescu trial" instead.
 * And finally, on the subject of "comment on the content, not the contributor". You are right that, in general, we should not make comments on the contributor and assume good faith, however, it does not mean we can't make said comments when it's acceptable. Valen has, unfortunately, a history of solely editing articles associated with left-wing politics, and a history of non-neutral editing. It's not inappropriate to say there may be evidence of non-neutral editing given past behaviour.
 * Sceptre (talk) 20:01, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Is that a widespread view, or it's just yours? I'm not a native English speaker, but I've never found such a distinction between the two terms. I don't know about our article, but from what I know from the classic show trials (the Stalinist ones in the late 30s in the Soviet Union and early 50s in Eastern Europe), a simulacrum of due process was preserved, and if someone survived to trial, he was given all the instruments to defend himself (of course, all were sham, but they were preserved for the show part of the show trial). Ceausescu's was not like that, its duration (less than an hour) being a prime indicator of that.
 * Ok, so I understand that you agree on the concept, but dispute the wording. I still consider "kangaroo court" is the best wording, so I guess we'll have to wait for further input before changing the article.
 * Sidenote: The standard reply in some circles of Wikipedia you were acquainted with a couple of years ago would be: show me sources saying the Ceausescu's trial was not a kangaroo court. However, I understand the absurdity of such a request, and I won't press for it (however, if you find such a source, please leave a note).
 * He has a clean block log, so he surely hasn't been disruptive. About him being left-leaning, I see no problem with that, as I see it as normal for an editor to contribute in a subject area he is more acquainted with, through education, life experience and yes, political options. (Considering the recurring theme of the Middle East conflict and our past history, I infer you are right wing... is this enough to dismiss your arguments?). As for Valens allegedly non-neutral editing, you should have strong proofs to back such accusations, otherwise it could be construed as a personal attack. I for one can't see any sign of non-neutral editing in his last 10 edits (i.e. not more than the usual content contributors, as any editor who doesn't limit himself to copyediting can be suspected of some conflict of interests).Anonimu (talk) 21:32, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure how widespread my interpretation of the two terms is, but the terms themselves, to me, indicate two similar-but-distinct terms: one for the proceedings, and one for those undertaking them. I draw my understanding of show trials from institutions such as the Star Chamber, as opposed from your understanding from the communist sphere of influence. Neither's wrong, of course.
 * Re the question of sources: I'm approaching the question of the use of the term from a blank slate: i.e., I'm building from the concept "Ceausescu was executed after a brief televised trial", which raises no possibility of political bias: everything is undeniably factual. The addition of such terms as "kangaroo court" adds politics into the matter, and I'd prefer to keep Wikipedia as apolitical as possible. I believe the absence of the term does not indicate that the term does not apply; rather, that we did not need to use the term in our encyclopedic coverage.
 * Re Valen: before reverting him the first time, I did a check on his editing history. From the history, I could infer that Valen was interested in left-wing politics, and that this may be a cause for concern: mostly because the Gaza flotilla article was in the history, and earlier, Israel's borders with the Palestinian territories and Egypt. Without these articles, I would've seen it as simply someone interested in Soviet/national histography, but the inclusion of Middle East articles made me cautious. I then checked his talk page, where he has several warnings for non-neutral editing on the Gaza flotilla article. The message several sections up from this also gave me cause for concern. Sceptre (talk) 00:20, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

FWIW, as a native English speaker, I would say "kangaroo court" does not imply a lasting institution. For example, in the U.S. we would refer to an ad hoc pseudo-trial before a lynching as a "kangaroo court". Conversely, I wouldn't call what happened to the Ceauşescus a "show trial", which tends to suggest more a trial in which all the normal forms are followed, but the evidence is faked (often including coerced confessions) and the sentence is decided in advance. An example would be the trials of supposed Trotskyists in the Stalinist Soviet Union or, arguably, the trial of the Rosenbergs in the U.S. in the same era. The Ceauşescu trial did not follow even the formalities of a normal trial. - Jmabel | Talk 06:41, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

 * If any of you had doubts over my intentions why didnt you simply ask me instead of wholesale guessing? I think Ceausescu is as bad as all good sources say and my intention for wanting to include that the trial was 'unfair' or something along these lines is because thats what I had read and heard. Here are some sources:

Here one of the three executioners of the dictator in the Times says:

'it wasn’t a trial, it was a political assassination in the middle of a revolution'

In this same source a transcript of the trial is also present. The chief prosecutor says:

'I have been one of those who, as a lawyer, would have liked to oppose the death sentence, because it is inhuman. But we are not talking about people.' This doesnt sound like the wording of a fair and unbias trial does it?

In the trial, the accused had no real defence, as can be seen by their defender never opposing what they are charged with and stressing that the trial should be totally legal, hinting that this trial could be double guessed later as we are discussing now. <

This hints at the trial not including a due process: http://articles.latimes.com/1990-01-03/local/me-126_1_andrei-sakharov-street

This article discusses it as being a 'kangeroo court': http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/europe/091224/romania-nicolae-elena-ceausescu

Other sources are not hard to find and I could supply them but I dont have the energy now. You should have all consulted me instead of guessing my intentions and politics. ValenShephard 13:26, 22 July 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by ValenShephard (talk • contribs)

 * Well if its that simple, lets say unfair trial or show trial. Both I think are pretty accurate. I think we should also include somewhere that quote from one of the executioners and also the transcript of the 'trial'. Its very interesting information and I think it would add quite alot to the article (which on another note, I think needs a bit of work). ValenShephard 07:28, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't think any of what I've said has to do with your intentions. It has to do with what the article should say, and whether this particular phrase is the appropriate one to use, vs. "show trial". I happen to agree with you that "kangaroo court" is a better choice, but this is more a discussion of appropriate phraseology than anything else. We all agree that he didn't get anything approaching a fair trial. - Jmabel | Talk 05:41, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Bodies to be exhumed
2010-07-21 The bodies are Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife are to be exhumed today. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20100721/ap_on_re_eu/eu_romania_ceausescu_exhumed —Preceding unsigned comment added by 198.103.245.2 (talk) 12:20, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

"The image of Ceauşescu's uncomprehending expression..."
In reference to this line: "The image of Ceauşescu's uncomprehending expression as the crowd began to boo and heckle him remains one of the defining moments of the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe. " - does anyone have a pic of that? I think that's the one picture of him that I would really like to see here. Jedikaiti (talk) 16:47, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I've saw only a video on Youtube. If I'll try to make a pic from it, the resolution will be remarkably low —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.196.183.213 (talk) 22:59, 24 July 2010 (UTC)

Why there are two different pictures of Nicolae Ceauşescu cemetery monuments?
The one in the article claims to be from 2008. The current one here (http://img.lenta.ru/articles/2010/07/21/ceausescu/pic002.jpg) looks like has been taken in 2010. Was it changed between 2008 and 2010? Yurivict (talk) 01:33, 22 July 2010 (UTC)

Did SOMETHING happend to Ceauşescu in 1983?
I've found this video, and I was very suprised. At first, what's with that scar on his nose? And why his hair is so unusually short? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.190.194.119 (talk) 16:09, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

Nicu built a church? In the middle of a civil war, which was claimed to be a 1989 revolution?
After the death of his parents, Nicu Ceauşescu ordered the construction of an Orthodox church, the walls of which are decorated with portraits of his parents.

Are you sure about this? It was Nicolae, who built that church in the memory of his parents (Alexandrina and Andruţă Ceauşescu) in 1970! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.190.194.119 (talk) 18:02, 5 November 2010 (UTC)

Laughter
I was reminded when listening to the BBC that perhaps a powerful impetus was given to Ceauşescu's downfall when, during an as usual lengthy and boring speech, one particular item brought an outburst of unintended laughter from the assembled citizens. At present I have nothing that is sufficiently well sourced to be included in the article but I suggest this very human reaction played a small but significant role in his downfall. --Damorbel (talk) 15:07, 28 February 2011 (UTC)

Conflicting information with another article
In the article about the Economy of Romania is stated that the "Economic growth was further fueled by foreign credits in the 1970s, but this eventually led to a growing foreign debt, which peaked at $11–12 billion;[28] the latter was largely paid off during the 1980s..." and in this article it is stated that the debt was paid back in full. Just wondering if the dabt was actually paid back to last penny or just largely paid back. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.221.55.65 (talk) 14:10, 18 July 2011 (UTC) - Note: None of the "operas" he is credited with were actually written by him. In the latest years there was a large apparatus dedicated to writing his speeches, books and Elena's too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.107.114.67 (talk) 15:29, 4 April 2011 (UTC)

Where are the archives?
Earlier parts of this page have been archived off, but there's no link to them that I can see. --  Jack of Oz   [your turn]  20:20, 22 August 2011 (UTC)

More detail
More information should be given about any bank accounts in Ceausescu's name. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 16:46, 4 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The golden plates should be substantiated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.97.194.200 (talk) 17:03, 4 November 2011 (UTC)

Ceausescu's height

 * Romanian state television was under strict orders to portray him in the best possible light. Additionally, producers had to take great care to make sure Ceauşescu's height—he was 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m) tall—was never emphasized on screen.

Romania, like every country in the world except the USA, uses the metric system. Therefore Ceausescu's height should be presented in metric first and Imperial second. But do we have a precise figure for his height in metric? J I P | Talk 13:56, 18 March 2012 (UTC)

Why shall it be presented in inches if it is an international enciclopaedia? I have to take a look if the speed of light for instance is presented in miles/s too, or not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 37.76.30.92 (talk) 08:40, 24 April 2017 (UTC)

The 'S' in his name
Can someone please explain why this page is at 'Nicolae Ceaușescu' and not 'Nicolae Ceauşescu'? [On my computer at least] The 'S' in the previous version seems to be of a different font and not an appropriate size compared to the rest of the text. In fact, throughout the text, the second, better typeset version appears. Can somebody explain the difference to me please and why the page is at its current title? Thanks,  Oreo Priest  talk 20:41, 10 July 2012 (UTC)
 * It seems because the character is and should be an S-comma, i.e. the specifically Romanian "ș". Previously a S-cedilla - an "ş" - was used, because the S-comma was a character not available before Unicode 3.0. It seems that the page was moved to the correct name spelling last year, but the page text was not changed accordingly. Nick Cooper (talk) 10:57, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

Timişoara
This sentence has serious grammatical problems: "There was more, than one thousand killing and many wounding men, women and children."

There also appears to be some dispute about the numbers killed at Timişoara. http://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2010/08/30/timisoara-massacre/

However I have no expertise on this subject, so am loath to make a correction. --DecBrennan (talk) 23:27, 2 December 2012 (UTC)

Early Life and Career Gaps
Did Ceaușescu go to prison for some offence between "becoming an apprentice shoemaker" (circa 1929) and "Soon after being freed" (circa 1940)? There is a reference to "captured in 1936" and Doftana Prison only on the accompanying image caption but details of neither crime nor sentence. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 118.208.176.118 (talk) 22:37, 6 January 2014 (UTC)

nuts to no bias
a major problem with wikipedia in general * outside of the glacial slowness of revisions * is that it is totally bloodless * somehow the excellent and admirable insistance on in line references in some cases allows extreme bias of a much SUBTLER sort to creep in * it is one thing to mention genocide in the abstract * the full truth is that MOST OF THE POPULATION WERE LIVING IN MEDIEVAL CONDITIONS * LITERALLY IN MUD HUTS * repeat * MUD HUTS * and the there was a CONSCIOUS AND WRITTEN POLICY TO PRODUCE A LITERAL SLAVE STATE BASED ON ORPHANAGES * VIDEOS CIRCULATED WORLD WIDE OF SHAVED HEADED TODDLERS SITTING IN ROWS OF WOODEN TOILETS WHILE SIMULTANEOUSLY BEING FORCE FED BY BABUSHKAS WITH LARGE WOODEN SPOONS * THEY RECEIVED NO OTHER CARE AND WERE DESTINED FOR THE FACTORIES * this man was in no way a communist * however one may feel about comunism * no other deposed dictator * either in central america or even the former eastern bloc * was so sumarily executed * without some way of presenting this the essential point is missed that this man was more insane than hitler * making the article useless as a truthfull representation of history * 74.78.2.94 (talk) 01:00, 25 December 2014 (UTC)GRUMPY

Facial expression
The article says: "Ceaușescu's facial expression (perhaps reflecting realisation) as the crowd began to boo and heckle him remains one of the defining moments of the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe."

It seems to me that if it is that defining we should try and procure and include a picture of this if a suitable one is available? That sentence has certainly left me extremely curious... GoddersUK (talk) 08:05, 25 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Seven years on, an either nobody bothered, or his friends & heirs saw to it that it doesn't stay in the article. Arminden (talk) 09:19, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

Request for Comments
There is an RfC on the question of using "Religion: None" vs. "Religion: None (atheist)" in the infobox on this and other similar pages.

The RfC is at Template talk:Infobox person.

Please help us determine consensus on this issue. --Guy Macon (talk) 22:06, 25 April 2015 (UTC)

Date of birth correction
Romanian WP is now showing him born on 23 January 1918, based on a birth certificate discovered after his death. His birth was registered on 26 January, three days after his birth, and the date of the registration somehow became the birth date that appeared in all sources. This needs now to be corrected to 23 January 1918. --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  22:27, 15 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Also, because this was recorded in 1918 when Romania was still using the Julian calendar (it didn't switch to the Gregorian until 1919), we should note that 23 January 1918 is a Julian date that's equivalent to 5 February 1918 Gregorian. --   Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  19:47, 16 November 2015 (UTC)

 * The difference between official & real date of birth is said to have been caused by his father's drunkedness: he missed for 3 days to register the newborn. Maybe good sources (RS) can be found. Apart from that: the difference between Julian and Gregorian is of 13 days, so that has no bearing here, is a different issue altogether. N.b.: when calculating the exact age, as done automatically by the infobox code, one must use Greg. dates for both birth & death. Arminden (talk) 10:10, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

Use of the word "regime" vs Alternative words (NPOV breach? Opinions please)
As can be seen in the article history, I made an edit to this page whereby I removed 19 references to the word "regime" and this contribution has attracted criticism. The subject was briefly broached here (this is the closing edit). The matter in unsettled and so I am transferring the notes here.

User:X4n6 has taken exception to my removal of "regime" by citing that reliable sources widely use this term. He also described my substitute words as POV. In response, I tried to explain to this user that "regime" is loaded language, and I sought to enquire what the problem had been with my substitutions which had been deemed POV by asking a few questions which he was welcome to answer in his own words. He responded with a retort informing me that:
 * I have a fundamental misunderstanding of the project
 * I believe Wikipedia encourages editorial opinion
 * Wikipedia is not a forum to promote my views
 * The project only uses reliably sourced material

He then conceded that the words I used did not violate WP:NPOV but my removal of "regime" for my own reasons did thereby I missed the point. He then added:
 * Nobody cares about my views on Obama or Ceaușescu
 * If I am only prepared to push POV beliefs then the project is not for me
 * All here

I have no idea how to respond to a set of remarks which are right on the knife edge of ad hominem. I merely suggested that despite the wide usage, it was a clear example of loaded language which I believe corroborated the amendments, but the opposing editor hasn't offered proof that I am wrong in my assertion and that the term is neutral.

During the short time this debate was on the FRINGE theory discission, User:Sławomir Biały remarked in support of the word "regime" with this point: he noted a 10:1 ratio in favour of "regime" over "government" and affirmed that this term should not be removed due to editorial preference.

My response to Sławomir Biały's observation is that whilst the statistics he provided are correct, the point is ignoratio elenchi because it does not address the concern that "regime" constitutes loaded language. If this sounds repetitive or is not clear, consider the following details: 1. "Saddam Hussein was a leader" 18 results 2. "Saddam Hussein was a president" 2 results 3. "Saddam Hussein was a tyrant" 27,000 results (from all types of source)

Number of sources does not provide a licence to favour loaded language over inoffensive NPOV words.

One more thing on the statistics: "Ceaușescu regime" and every one of its companions (i.e. Ceaușescu's regime, the Communist regime, 'regime' by itself, or Romanian regime for contemporary purposes) are comprehensive terms which - when used unsparingly - not only substitute "government" but just about any single legislative aparatus (e.g. authorities, rule, administration, presidency, Ceaușescu alone if enacting something, leadership, cabinet, ministry, directorate, council, several others). When adding all of these numbers, the figure suddenly jumps up. To examine my edit, I did not apply "government" every time. In fact if you look, you'll see I carefully deliberated on each amendment.

I know the term "regime" is popular and I welcome all thoughts from everybody. --OJ (talk) 21:19, 19 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Since your clear intention is to diminish my comments by calling them "knife edge of ad hominem", I have no incentive to engage you further. But, just so any other editors who follow will be aware: I will note that your responses to editors who are concerned about your NPOV edits, have been to attempt to wear them down with WP:POINTy screeds, tedious tangents, tortured polemics and transparent non sequiturs. But none of that distracts from your agenda, as espoused on your user page. You are a pro-Eastern defender/apologist/sympathizer for the Ceaușescu regime. Again, I don't care. But you may not sanitize articles on this project to conform with your brand of politics. That is your clear intent. Should subsequent editors reach that same conclusion, they may use my comments in support. X4n6 (talk) 08:20, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
 * This time, you are the one that missed the point. We tried to discuss it on the FRINGE page but the conversation was removed for being in the wrong place. I had been unavailable to comment for about two full days. I am interested in wider opinions of course, and this is why I brought the discussion here. I found that the easiest thing was to lay out a synopsis on what had been stated so far across the various pages where all had commented. It was not my intention to misrepresent you and I apologise if I left out something you stated, or misconstrued something else. When I said on the knife edge of ad hominem, I didn't mean there was a personal attack or uncivil language, but I did sense some nerves and tension in the reply. As for my politics. The way I see it is that many users are free to trumpet their support for western regimes by claiming to live "in the European Union", supporting Israel over Palestine, supporting the US militarily, opposing Moscow, and so on. There are also templates created for these sentiments. I am from pre-1992 Yugoslavia and I happen not to share the views of many others but never do I ram this down people's throats. You and I have made a joke of the word "regime" by linking it straight after qualifying it with personally unfavourable items. I doubt you would use the term for any US aparatus, but as a Wikipedian, neither do I: I just made this edit to prove it. In fact of you check my history, I've done this a few times where it has been western bodies that were disparaged. The west as a whole makes enemies in various parts of the world. The mainstream media spread the information on their behalf, and suddenly we have countries and leaderships who are "blacklisted from the gang", their names turned to trash and you become a shill if you speak positively about Asad, Gaddafi, Saddam, Putin, or many others past and present. I'm far from being an apologist for Ceaușescu and the like, but I am here to write an encyclopedia and I know loaded language where I see it. Had it been the case that I was the sympathiser, it wouldn't have just been "regime" I changed but I might have rewritten the entire article. One glance at the article even as it stands and it is patently obvious that it is a negative figure that is being written about. 27 years on and there are still significant people in Romania who favoured the pre-1989 system and this has increased with certain young people and others who have become disillusioned with the new system. Regardless of the derogatory labels these people will be given, they are still human, and they still portray the events differently, and are backed up by other writers/scholars. Politics is not "everybody stand to the left please, persons still on the right are subhuman". --OJ (talk) 23:54, 20 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Please stop writing long-winded essays. Like most editors, per WP:TLDR, I won't read them. Please be concise. Also, I have restored most of your unilateral removals of "regime," because their removal lacks CONSENSUS. You may certainly launch an RfC, or request additional opinions as, to your credit, you already have. However, I believe you need to achieve that consensus before undoing the work of so many editors who have contributed to the article for so long, using the term you alone find problematic. X4n6 (talk) 09:54, 21 December 2016 (UTC)
 * I've not going to repeat the points of the last paragraph. Consensus is a non-starter for both of us since very few people are interested in one article alone. In all honestly, our dispute is of a generic nature and this is why I had actually stopped looking to making these changes months ago. These days, I only make the amendment if I encounter it. My reason for having been at this article was because I was interested in the subject's incarceration at the same time as Gheorghiu-Dej. Either way, since we are talking about a loaded term, I feel it needs to be added to MOS:WTW so I will focus in that direction. --OJ (talk) 16:57, 21 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Once again, you continue to claim the word regime is a "loaded term" with no consensus for that claim. If/when you are successful at WTW then the changes may be made. Not just here, but project-wide. X4n6 (talk) 23:17, 21 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Sorry X4n6, whether a word is loaded boils down to whether the speaker/writer uses it positively/negatively, either way, not neutrally. Consensus has nothing to do with it. If a collective decided that "tyrant" is a neutral term then this wouldn't become the case simply because some people agreed. Looking at the way you used the word when addressing me (You are a pro-Eastern defender/apologist/sympathizer for the Ceaușescu regime.), you have proven beyond reasonable doubt that you are well aware of its overtone. --OJ (talk) 01:58, 22 December 2016 (UTC)
 * It's unfortunate that, as long as you've been here, you still lack a basic understanding of how this project works, Oranges Juicy. We do not do original research and we don't edit according to personal biases. That's non-negotiable. You are not the arbiter of terminology here. Everything require consensus. So your claim otherwise demonstrates your refusal to abide by the policies of this project. Other editors will take note.X4n6 (talk) 13:09, 23 December 2016 (UTC)
 * Discarding your first sentence, the rest of your passage (beginning "we do not") is 100% correct and I could not agree with you more. That comment however attacks the straw man since I never engaged in OR, did not introduce personal bias, nor proclaimed myself an arbiter of terminology. As a matter of fact, I have no say in the matter since the conventions were set before my time. --OJ (talk) 16:50, 23 December 2016 (UTC)

A régime is any undemocratic system of government, beginning with the ancien régime commonly in use to describe the absolute monarchy present in France before 1789. This can be used for a comparatively-moderate system of undemocratic rule (the Schuschnigg régime) or something extremely brutal, like the Nazi régime.

Is "dictatorship" or "tyranny" neutral? Hardly. Of course it is hard to consider Ceausescu in any way a democrat. Pbrower2a (talk) 09:18, 9 January 2017 (UTC)
 * Your assertion that a regime is "any undemocratic system of government" denotes the manner in which it is used specifically by detractors of the system. Nothing can be simpler than Washington parroting "Putin regime" and Moscow returning "Obama regime". One does not believe that the other is truly democratic. The question of what is democratic and what isn't boils down to one's opinion. IMHO, so-called "representative democracy" is a grand deception and therefore I am sceptical of all governing systems. But to accept that we can use "regime" if the system is ruled "undemocratic" in "WP:RS" and then remove the word once the system is replaced by an apparatus more favourable to "WP:RS" publishers is problematic. This implies that (giving an example here) Iraq was led by a regime until 2003, but now it is no longer a regime. This line of thought is beyond WP:OR. Either way, "regime" is a loaded word and its list of substitutes are in no way biased nor do they somehow report the content differently. --OJ (talk) 17:18, 9 January 2017 (UTC)

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On the infobox
, his party is the Romanian Communist Party, not "Romanian Communist". One is a proper noun, the other is an adjective. He was born in a specific Romania, and died in a specific Romania. puggo (talk) 19:57, 21 April 2019 (UTC)

Why only official, "nice", Securitate-approved pictures? Shameless whitewashing!
The entire set of pictures look like they've been approved by him & his wife. Continuing his personality cult on WP? Shameless beyond comprehension. Arminden (talk) 09:15, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

 * Are there any other photos available ? Remember, the country's policies and pervasive police presence would not exactly be an advantage for anyone who were seeking an opportunity to get less formal pictures... Autokefal Dialytiker (talk) 08:09, 25 December 2023 (UTC)

Politicide
Ceaușescu was a politicide perpetrator RAMSES$44932 (talk) 15:36, 27 January 2022 (UTC)

Death date?!
Why is the death date and place removed from the infobox? ColorfulSmoke (talk) 19:07, 16 September 2023 (UTC)

Ceausescu's relationship with the Iron Guard
Hello all, I've heard from someone a while ago that Nicolae Ceausescu was favorable of the Iron Guard, encouraged nationalism in schools and other institutions, and that his political beliefs were similar to National Bolshevism. I asked a similar question here:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Drum_bun#Nicolae_Ceausescu_and_Nationalism. If any of y'all can help answer my questions that would be appreciated, thanks. NoahMusic2009 (talk) 13:11, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nicolae Ceaușescu


text:
Robert Hart (horticulturist)

Robert Adrian de Jauralde Hart (1 April 1913 – 7 March 2000) was an English pioneer of forest gardening in temperate zones. He created a model forest garden from a 0.12 acre (500 m²) orchard on his farm. He credits the inspiration for his work to an article by James Sholto Douglas, which was in turn inspired by the work of Toyohiko Kagawa.

Early life
Hart, son of a lawyer father and a soprano mother, was born in London and educated at Westminster School, after which he was employed at Reuters news agency in charge of special Indian mails, work which involved compiling digests of weekly articles by Mahatma Gandhi, whose nonviolence philosophy he took on board.

At the outbreak of World War II he considered registering as a conscientious objector but changed mind following retreat from Dunkirk in 1940 and enlisted in the Corps of Military Police, later transferring to the Intelligence Corps to work in code-breaking.

After demobilisation, he was a dairy farmer in Norfolk and Somerset before moving to Shropshire where he took on a smallholding on Wenlock Edge.

Wenlock Edge
Robert Hart began with a smallholding called Highwood Hill farm at Wenlock Edge. His intention was to provide a healthy and therapeutic environment for himself and his brother Lacon, who was born with severe learning disabilities.

Hart though soon discovered that maintaining large annual vegetable beds, rearing livestock and taking care of an orchard were tasks beyond his strength. However, he also observed that a small bed of perennial vegetables and herbs he had planted was looking after itself with little or no intervention. Furthermore, these plants provided interesting and unusual additions to the diet, and seemed to promote health and vigour in both body and mind.

Forest garden project
Noting the maxim of Hippocrates to "make food your medicine and medicine your food", Hart adopted a vegan, 90% raw food diet. The three main products from a forest garden are fruit, nuts and green leafy vegetables. Hart's forest garden at Wenlock Edge was a vegan organic food production system.

He also began to examine the interactions and relationships that take place between plants in natural systems, particularly in woodland, the climax ecosystem of a cool temperate region such as the British Isles. This led him to evolve the agroforestry concept of the "Forest Garden": Based on the observation that the natural forest can be divided into distinct layers or 'storeys', he developed an existing small orchard of apples and pears into an edible landscape consisting of seven dimensions;

 * 1) A 'canopy' layer consisting of the original mature fruit trees.
 * 2) A 'low-tree layer' of smaller nut and fruit trees on dwarfing root stocks.
 * 3) A 'shrub layer' of fruit bushes such as currants and berries.
 * 4) A 'herbaceous layer' of perennial vegetables and herbs.
 * 5) A 'ground cover' layer of edible plants that spread horizontally.
 * 6) A 'rhizosphere' or 'underground' dimension of plants grown for their roots and tubers.
 * 7) A vertical 'layer' of vines and climbers.

Hart had a vision for the spread of the forest garden throughout even the most heavily built up areas, as he explains:

"Obviously, few of us are in a position to restore the forests…But tens of millions of us have gardens, or access to open spaces such as industrial wastelands, where trees can be planted…and if full advantage can be taken of the potentialities that are available even in heavily built up areas, new 'city forests' can arise."

Later life
Hart died in March 2000 aged 86 and is buried in St Peter's churchyard at Rushbury, Shropshire.

title: Robert Hart (horticulturist)


text:
Alter ego

An alter ego (Latin for "other I") means an alternate self, which is believed to be distinct from a person's normal or true original personality. Finding one's alter ego will require finding one's other self, one with a different personality. Additionally, the altered states of the ego may themselves be referred to as alterations.

A distinct meaning of alter ego is found in the literary analysis used when referring to fictional literature and other narrative forms, describing a key character in a story who is perceived to be intentionally representative of the work's author (or creator), by oblique similarities, in terms of psychology, behavior, speech, or thoughts, often used to convey the author's thoughts. The term is also sometimes, but less frequently, used to designate a hypothetical "twin" or "best friend" to a character in a story. Similarly, the term alter ego may be applied to the role or persona taken on by an actor or by other types of performers.

Origin
Cicero coined the term as part of his philosophical construct in 1st-century Rome, but he described it as "a second self, a trusted friend".

The existence of "another self" was first fully recognized in the 18th century, when Anton Mesmer and his followers used hypnosis to separate the alter ego. These experiments showed a behavior pattern that was distinct from the personality of the individual when he was in the waking state compared with when he was under hypnosis. Another character had developed in the altered state of consciousness but in the same body.

Freud throughout his career would appeal to such instances of dual consciousness to support his thesis of the unconscious. He considered that "We may most aptly describe them as cases of a splitting of the mental activities into two groups, and say that the same consciousness turns to one or the other of these groups alternately". Freud considered the roots of the phenomenon of the alter ego to be in the narcissistic stage of early childhood. Heinz Kohut would identify a specific need in that early phase for mirroring, by another which resulted later in what he called the "twinship or alter ego transference".

In popular culture and fiction

 * The title characters in Robert Louis Stevenson's thriller Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde represent an exploration of the concept that good and evil exist within one person, constantly at war. Edward Hyde represents the doctor's other self, a psychopath who is unrestrained by the conventions of civilized society, and who shares a body with the doctor. The names "Jekyll and Hyde" have since become synonymous with a split personality or an alter ego that becomes capable of overpowering the original self.
 * In the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, the main character Edmond Dantes, after escaping from the Chateau d'If, assumes three alter egos: the count of Monte Cristo, the Italian abbe called Giacomo Busoni, and the Englishman Lord Wilmore. In the novel, the Count of Monte Cristo rewards those who had been good to him while punishing those who contributed in one way or the other to his imprisonment. He leads M. Danglars to lose all his fortune, M. de Villefort to his madness, Fernand Mandego to commit suicide, and others more to their fate.
 * Norman Douglas in the late 1890s wrote a short story, "The Familiar Spirit", about a man who became aware while drowning of a conformist second self – "the presence within him of this Spirit, his alter ego, which is bent on crushing his ambition".
 * Published in 1905, the Scarlet Pimpernel is the prototype hero with a secret identity. Sir Percy Blakeney leads a double life: apparently just a wealthy fop, but in reality he is the Scarlet Pimpernel, a formidable swordsman and a quick-thinking master of disguise and escape artist. By drawing attention to his alter ego, Blakeney hides behind his public face as a slow thinking foppish playboy (similar to Bruce Wayne (Batman)), and also establishes a network of supporters, The League of the Scarlet Pimpernel, that aid his endeavours.
 * In comic books, superheroes and their secret identities are often considered the alter egos. The archetypal comic book hero, Superman, assumes the identity of the "mild-mannered" newspaper reporter Clark Kent to live among the citizens of Metropolis without arousing suspicion. The Incredible Hulk comic book series further complicates this theme, as Bruce Banner loses control to the Hyde-like Hulk whenever he becomes angry, yet also depends upon the Hulk's superpowers to combat villains.
 * In the film and novel Fight Club, the narrator has an alter ego he loses control of, Tyler Durden.
 * In the Indian Malayalam film Ustaad, written by Ranjith and directed by Sibi Malayil, Mohanlal plays the character of Ustaad, the alter ego of the character Parameswaran.
 * In Disney's Hannah Montana, Miley Stewart (played by Miley Cyrus), leads the life of a high school student, and the life of teen pop sensation Hannah Montana allowing her to get the best of both worlds. Likewise, Miley's friends, Lilly Truscott (played by Emily Osment) and Oliver Oken (played by Mitchel Musso), also lead the lives of high school students and are what make up Hannah's entourage, Lola Luftnagle and Mike Stanley III respectively.
 * In Pretty Little Liars, Vivian Darkbloom is the alter ego of Alison Dilaurentis.
 * In Beavis and Butt-Head, Cornholio is Beavis's alter ego.
 * Several famous musicians have adopted alter egos over the years, usually to indicate a new creative direction or a deep dive into their emotions removed from their popular stage persona—notable examples being David Bowie (with Ziggy Stardust and Aladdin Sane) and Prince (with Camille). Rolling Stone wrote Bowie's invention of Ziggy Stardust was "the alter ego that changed music forever and sent his career into orbit". Particularly during the 2000s, several big-name singers dedicated album eras to reveal their alter egos, including Janet Jackson with Damita Jo, Mariah Carey with The Emancipation of Mimi, and Beyoncé with I Am ... Sasha Fierce. Many rappers have also employed alter egos, notably Eminem (Slim Shady), Shock G (as Humpty Hump), Nicki Minaj (Roman Zolanski), and Tyler, the Creator (Tyler Baudelaire), among others. The rapper MF DOOM used a lot of alter egos throughout his career, notably Viktor Vaughn and King Geedorah.
 * Darth Vader is considered to be the alter ego of Anakin Skywalker following his fall to the dark side of The Force.
 * In OMORI, the story revolves around a boy named SUNNY and his "alter-ego" OMORI.
 * In the 2023 Tamil Film Leo: Bloody Sweet actor Joseph Vijay plays the character Leo Das and his alter-ego Parthiban.

title: Alter ego