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Pehr Evind Svinhufvud

Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (15 December 1861 – 29 February 1944) was the third president of Finland from 1931 to 1937. Serving as a lawyer, judge, and politician in the Grand Duchy of Finland, which was at that time an autonomous state under the Russian Empire’s rule, Svinhufvud played a major role in the movement for Finnish independence. He was the one who presented the Declaration of Independence to the Parliament.

From December 1917, Svinhufvud was the first head of government of independent Finland as Chairman of the Senate. He led the White government during the Finnish Civil War while Mannerheim led their armies. After the war, he served as Finland's first temporary head of state with the title of Regent during the project to establish a German-aligned monarchy in the country, until late 1918 when he stepped down in favour of Mannerheim. He later served as Prime Minister from 1930 to 1931, before being elected to the presidency. As president, he was notable for putting an end to the Mäntsälä rebellion.

As a conservative and nationalist who was strong in his opposition to communism and the Left in general, Svinhufvud did not become a President embraced by all the people, although as the amiable Ukko-Pekka ("Old Man Pekka"), he did enjoy wide popularity. Svinhufvud's sharp line as a defender of Finland's legal rights during the period under Russian rule was especially valued in the early years of independence until the end of the World War II, unlike in later decades. Ever since communism and the Soviet Union collapsed in the early 1990s, appreciation of Svinhufvud has begun to increase.

Family background and early life
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad was born in Sääksmäki. He was the son of Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, a sea captain, and Olga von Becker. His father drowned at sea off Greece in 1863, when Pehr Evind was only two years old. He spent his early childhood at the home of his paternal grandfather, Per Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (a provincial treasurer of Häme), at Rapola, where the family had lived for five generations. The Svinhufvuds (literally translated as "Swine-head") are a Finland-Swedish noble family tracing their history back to Dalarna, Sweden. Pehr Gustaf Svinhufvud af Qvalstad, an army lieutenant in the reign of Charles XII, had moved from there to Rapola after the Great Northern War. The family had been ennobled in Sweden in 1574, and it was also introduced to the Finnish House of Nobility in 1818. Rapola was sold when his grandfather shot himself in 1866, and Svinhufvud moved to Helsinki with his mother and his sister.

He attended the Swedish-language high school in Helsinki. In 1878, at the age of 16, he enrolled at the Imperial Alexander University of Helsinki. There he gained a Bachelor's degree in 1881, and then completed a Master of Arts degree in 1882; his main subjects being Finnish, Russian and Scandinavian History. After this, he took a Master of Laws degree, graduating in 1886. In 1889, Svinhufvud married Alma (Ellen) Timgren (1869–1953). They had six children, Yngve (1890–1991), Ilmo Gretel (1892–1969), Aino Mary (1893–1980), Eino (1896–1938), Arne (1904–1942), and Veikko (1908–1969).

A lawyer and a politician
Svinhufvud's career in law followed a regular course: he worked as a lawyer, served at district courts, and served as a deputy judge at the Turku Court of Appeal. In 1892 he was appointed as a member of the Senate's law-drafting committee at the relatively young age of 31. For six years he worked in the committee, initially redrafting taxation laws. As head of his family, Svinhufvud participated as a member of the Estate of Nobles in the Diet of Finland in 1894 and 1899–1906.

He found his work on the law-drafting committee tedious and moved to the Court of Appeal as an assistant judge in 1902, his long-term goal being the easy life of a rural judge. Svinhufvud stayed mainly in the background until 1899, when Imperial Russia initiated a Russification policy for the autonomous Grand Duchy. The Finnish answer was mainly legislative and constitutional resistance, of which Svinhufvud became a central figure as a judge in the Court of Appeals.

When some inhabitants of Helsinki lodged a complaint with the Turku Court of Appeal in 1902, concerning violence employed by the Russian Governor of Uusimaa to break up a demonstration against military call-ups, the court initiated proceedings against Governor-General Bobrikov. Bobrikov demanded that they be stopped, and when this did not happen, he used a decree which the Finns regarded as illegal to dismiss sixteen officials of the court, including Svinhufvud.

Originally a moderate of the Finnish Party or Old Finnish Party, after his dismissal Svinhufvud became a strict constitutionalist who regarded the resistance of judges and officials as a question of justice, not believing that political expediency offered compromises. He moved to Helsinki to work as a lawyer and participated in the political activities both of the Diet and of a secret society, Kagal.

Svinhufvud played a key role in the birth of a new parliamentary system in 1905 and he was elected as a Young Finnish Party member of the new Parliament in 1906. Svinhufvud went on to serve as a member of Parliament on four occasions (1907–1908, 1908–1914, 1917, and 1930–1931).

After being appointed as a judge in Heinola in 1906, he attempted to keep out of the front line of politics. However he was elected Speaker of the Parliament in 1907, largely because the majority Social Democrats considered him "the best-known opponent of illegality". Svinhufvud's parliamentary opening speeches, in which he laid emphasis on legality, led to the Tsar dissolving Parliament in both 1909 and 1910. He served as Speaker until 1912. Svinhufvud also served as a judge in Lappee 1908–1914.

During the First World War Russia replaced various Finnish officials with Russians. Svinhufvud refused to obey the orders of the Russian procurator Konstantin Kazansky, which he considered illegal, and this led to his removal from office as a judge and being exiled to Tomsk in Siberia in November 1914. In his Siberian exile, he spent his time hunting and mending his clothes, still keeping secret contact with the independence movement. When he left Finland, he had promised to return "with the help of God and Hindenburg". When news of the February Revolution reached Svinhufvud, he walked to the town's police station and bluntly announced, "The person who sent me here has been arrested. Now I'm going home." In Helsinki he was greeted as a national hero.

Independence and the Civil War
Svinhufvud was appointed as Chairman of the Senate on 27 November 1917, and was a key figure in the announcement of Finland's declaration of independence on 6 December 1917. He also personally went to Saint Petersburg with Carl Enckell and Gustaf Idman to meet Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, who gave his official recognition of Finnish independence. This is how the meeting is told in Svinhufvud's biography Svinhufvud ja itsenäisyyssenaatti written by Erkki Räikkönen: "After trying in vain to meet the Soviets on December 30, 1917 - then Sunday - the next day, the delegation managed to submit this letter to Lenin's secretary, and in the evening at 9 o'clock it went to Smolny, Saint Petersburg to hear the decision. 'We waited a couple of hours in the big hallway and sat at the corner of the table,' says Svinhufvud, 'and we had the furs on and the caps on hand, because they didn't dare leave them.' Smolny was busy despite the late hours. Guests came and went, typists ran down the hallways, even toddlers on the floor. On several occasions, Enckell tried to rush to the Soviet government's head of office, Vladimir Bonch-Bruyevich, but nothing helped. 'We could only see,' says Enckell, 'how in one room the People's Commissars sat in thick tobacco smoke and probably pondered our case.' Despite the fact that the furs were on, it became cold in the hallway while waiting. Finally, almost at midnight, Bonch-Bruyevich brought the decision of the Board of Commissioners. It was worded as follows: 'We rose one after another and signed with special satisfaction the recognition of Finland's independence,' writes I. Steinberg, who was a justice commissioner in Lenin's government. 'We knew that Finland's current hero Svinhufvud, once sent to exile by the tsar, was our public social enemy. and that he would not spare any of us in the future. But if we free the Finnish people from the oppression of Russia, there will be one less historical injustice in the world.' Despite the fact that this letter merely announced the proposed recognition of Finland's independence, it actually meant full recognition of independence, as the confirmation of the Executive Committee was only a formality. Thus, in the last hour of the last day of the year, Finland had received an official certificate of resignation from Russia. After handing over this formal declaration of independence to the delegation, Bonch-Bruyevich planned to say goodbye and leave, but then Enckell pointed out: 'When the Chairman of the Finnish Government is here, would it not be desirable for him to meet Lenin in person and express his gratitude to the Finnish people for the recognition of their independence.' Bonch-Bruyevich now went back to the commissioners' room, informing the commissioners that Svinhufvud was waiting in the hallway and wanted to thank Lenin. This resulted in great confusion, Lenin shrugged, laughed a little embarrassed, and refused. 'What can I say to those bourgeoisie!' It was then suggested that Leon Trotsky go to greet the guests, but he too refused sharply. It was finally invented that Justice Commissioner Steinberg should agree to the request. 'What can I tell them,' he asked and continued: 'I could only arrest them in my post!' Trotsky laughed cunningly at this: 'Like you would capture!' Now Bonch-Bruyevich was nervous. He interrupted the play and again asked Lenin to go out to greet the Finns. In a worn suit and head presses, Lenin was now following Bonch-Bruyevich, while the hall was still laughing and counting dives. 'Lenin came and held out his hand to us, and we introduced him to Svinhufvud,' says Enckell of this historic scene, adding that 'Lenin squeezed Svinhufvud's hand cordially.''Are you satisfied now?' Lenin asked. 'Very satisfied,' replied Svinhufvud. 'Russia was spoken there and answered in Russian,' says Svinhufvud, adding that 'it only said a sad thank you for the letter of resignation.' The Finns left now. Svinhufvud, Enckell, and Idman rushed quickly to the Secretary of State’s Office. A typewritten copy of the recognition of independence was urgently taken there, after which we left for the station and from there continued by train to Finland. A few days later, the Russian Central Executive Committee confirmed the recognition of Finland's independence, which was thus finally decided for Russia."

Svinhufvud's Senate also authorized General Mannerheim to form a new Finnish army on the basis on White Guard, the (chiefly Rightist) volunteer militia called the Suojeluskunta, an act simultaneously coinciding with the beginning of the Civil War in Finland.

During the Civil War, Svinhufvud went underground in Helsinki and sent pleas for intervention to Germany and Sweden. The conflict also turned him into an active monarchist, though not a royalist. In March 1918 he managed to escape via Berlin-Stockholm to the Senate, now located in Vaasa, where he resumed his function as head of government. In this role he pardoned 36,000 Red prisoners in the autumn of 1918. On 18 May, Svinhufvud became Protector of State or Regent, retaining this post as head of state after he stood down as Chairman of the Senate on 27 May.

After Germany's defeat in World War I, and the failed attempt to make Finland a monarchy under the King of Finland (Frederick Charles of Hesse was elected), Svinhufvud withdrew from public life and was active only in the anti-communist Suojeluskunta militia.

Prime Minister and President

In 1925 he was the presidential candidate for the conservative Kokoomus party, but was not elected. After the emergence of the anti-communist Lapua Movement, President Relander appointed him as Prime Minister of Finland on the Lapua Movement's insistence. Svinhufvud was elected president in 1931, and appointed Mannerheim as Chairman of the Defence Council, not least of all as an answer to the Lapua Movement's fear of having fought the Civil War in vain.

He resisted both communist agitation and the Lapua Movement's exploits. All Communist members of parliament were arrested. In February 1932 there was a so-called Mäntsälä Rebellion, when the Suojeluskunta-Militia and the Lapua Movement demanded the Cabinet's resignation. The turning point came with the President's broadcast radio speech, in which he called on the rebels to surrender and ordered all Civil Guard members who were heading for Mäntsälä to return to their homes:

"'Throughout my long life, I have struggled for the maintenance of law and justice, and I cannot permit the law to now be trampled underfoot and citizens to be led into armed conflict with one another.... Since I am now acting on my own responsibility, beholden to no-one, and have taken it upon myself to restore peace to the country, from now on every secret undertaking is aimed not only at the legal order but at me personally as well - at me, who have myself marched in the ranks of the Civil Guards as an upholder of social peace.... Peace must be established in the country as swiftly as possible, and the defects that exist in our national life must thereafter be eliminated within the framework of the legal order.'" His speech stopped the rebellion before anything serious happened.

Svinhufvud was not a supporter of Parliamentarism, or to put it differently, he believed that the President had a right to choose the Cabinet ministers after first consulting the parliamentary parties. Evidence of this semi-presidential attitude was the minority government of Toivo M. Kivimäki, which survived for 3 years and 10 months (December 1932 – October 1936). Svinhufvud strongly supported it, because he believed that it could effectively fight the Great Depression (which it did, generally speaking), he believed that Kivimäki had a strong personality like himself, and possibly because he hoped that the Agrarians and Swedish People's Party would let the Kivimäki government remain in office as a lesser evil, the greater evil being an Agrarian-Social Democratic government.

On the other hand, when a right-wing Conservative member of Parliament, Edwin Linkomies, proposed in 1934 that Finland abandon parliamentarism in favour of a government led by the President and that the President be given an absolute veto power over the laws passed by the Parliament, Svinhufvud opposed his ideas. In Svinhufvud's opinion, the Finnish President had enough power to lead the country, provided that the President had a strong personality. He believed it to be better for Finland if the Social Democrats could be kept outside of the Cabinet. In his opinion, they would implement too radical reforms that would lead the Finnish society into chaos or Marxism. On the other hand, he was realistic enough to admit privately to the German Ambassador to Finland, Wipert von Blücher, that if he was re-elected, he would be unable to keep the Social Democrats in the opposition.

They were, after all, Finland's largest political party with over 40% of the deputies (see, for example, Seppo Zetterberg et al., ed., "A Small Giant of the Finnish History" / Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen, Helsinki: Werner Söderström Publications Ltd., 2003; Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents I"). It was due to this that, in the presidential election of 1937, the Social Democrats and the Agrarian party voted against him. He was not re-elected.

At the end of Winter War, he unsuccessfully sought audience with both Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini but met only Pope Pius XII. During the Continuation War he supported the idea of an expansionistic war.

Svinhufvud's most important and beloved hobbies were hunting and precision shooting. His grandson Jorma Svinhufvud describes: "As an old man, he was still a Finnish multiple champion. At the time of the World Shooting Championships in Finland, he was a guest of honor, but he could not avoid participating in the competition itself. He then took part in the shooting of the elders and won the competition."

Svinhufvud died at Luumäki in 1944, while Finland was seeking peace with the Soviet Union.

He refused to Finnicize the name of his 500-year-old noble house.

Cabinets

 * Pehr Evind Svinhufvud's first senate
 * Svinhufvud II Cabinet

Awards and decorations

 * 🇫🇮 Finland : Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the White Rose (Finland) (1927)
 * 🇫🇮 Finland : Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty (1918)
 * Czechoslovakia : Collar of the Order of the White Lion, Czechoslovakia (12 December 1931)
 * 🇸🇪 Sweden : Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, Sweden (3 December 1932)
 * 🇵🇱 Poland : Order of the White Eagle
 * 🇪🇪 Estonia : Order of the Cross of the Eagle
 * undefined : Order of Merit of the Kingdom of Hungary
 * undefined : Chain of the Order of Muhammad Ali (1936)
 * 🇱🇻 Latvia : Grand Gross with Collar of the Order of the Three Stars (14 December 1931)

In popular culture
Svinhufvud appears as one of the main characters in the 1976 Finnish-Soviet historical drama film Trust, directed by Viktor Tregubovich and Edvin Laine, which portrays the events leading up to the Finnish Declaration of Independence from Russia in 1917. In the film, Svinhufvud was played by Vilho Siivola.

Literature

 * Erkki Räikkönen: Svinhufvudin kertomukset Siperiasta. Otava, 1928.
 * Erkki Räikkönen: Ukko-Pekka Siperiassa: pastorinrouva Johanna von Hörschelmannin päiväkirjan kertomus presidentti P. E. Svinhufvudin Siperian-matkan vaiheista. Otava, 1931.
 * Erkki Räikkönen: Suuri juhlapäivä: onnittelut ja kunnianosoitukset tasavallan presidentin P. E. Svinhufvudin täyttäessä 70 vuotta. Otava, 1932.
 * Martti Häikiö: Suomen leijona: Svinhufvud itsenäisyysmiehenä. Docendo, 2017.

title: Pehr Evind Svinhufvud


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Lauri Törni

Lauri Allan Törni (28 May 1919 – 18 October 1965), later known as Larry Alan Thorne, was a Finnish-born soldier who fought under three flags: as a Finnish Army officer in the Winter War and the Continuation War ultimately gaining a rank of captain; as a Waffen-SS captain (under the alias Larry Laine) of the Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS when he fought the Red Army on the Eastern Front in World War II; and as a United States Army Major (under the alias "Larry Thorne") when he served in the U.S. Army Special Forces in the Vietnam War.

Törni died in a helicopter crash that occurred on October 18, 1965, during a covert mission in Laos amidst the Vietnam War. Serving with the U.S. Army Special Forces, Törni was involved in operations conducted by MACV-SOG when the helicopter he was on crashed under unclear circumstances. The crash site was difficult to locate due to the rugged terrain and adverse weather conditions, delaying recovery efforts. Törni's remains, along with those of other soldiers aboard, were eventually found three decades later.

Early life and education
Christened Lauri Allan Törni, he was born in Virolahti, Viipuri Province, Finland, to ship captain Jalmari (Ilmari) Törni, and his wife, Rosa Maria (née Kosonen). He had two sisters: Salme Kyllikki Rajala (b. 1920) and Kaija Iris Mikkola (b. 1922). An athletic youth, Törni was an early friend of future Olympic Boxing Gold Medalist Sten Suvio. After attending Aalto University School of Business and serving with the Civil Guard, Törni entered military service in 1938, joining Jaeger Battalion 4 stationed at Kiviniemi; when the Winter War began in November 1939, his enlistment was extended and his unit confronted invading Soviet troops at Rautu.

World War II
During the battles at Lake Ladoga, Törni took part in the destruction of the encircled Soviet divisions in East Lemetti.

His performance during these engagements was noticed by his commanders, and toward the end of the conflict, he was assigned to officer training where he was commissioned as a Vänrikki (2nd lieutenant) in the reserves. After the Winter War, in June 1941, Törni went to Vienna, Austria for seven weeks of training with the Waffen-SS, and returned to Finland in July; as a Finnish officer, the Germans recognized him as an Untersturmführer. Most of Törni's reputation was based on his successful actions in the Continuation War (1941–44) between the Soviet Union and Finland. In 1943, a unit informally named Detachment Törni was created under his command. This was an infantry unit that penetrated deep behind enemy lines and soon enjoyed a reputation on both sides of the front for its combat effectiveness. One of Törni's subordinates was future President of Finland Mauno Koivisto. Koivisto served in a reconnaissance company under Törni's command during the Battle of Ilomantsi, the final Finnish-Soviet engagement of the Continuation War, during July and August 1944. Törni's unit inflicted such heavy casualties on Soviet units that the Soviet Army placed a bounty of 3,000,000 Finnish marks on his head. He was decorated with the Mannerheim Cross 2nd Class on 9 July 1944.

The September 1944 Moscow Armistice required the Finnish government to remove German troops from its territory, resulting in the Lapland War; during this period, much of the Finnish Army was demobilized, including Törni, leaving him unemployed in November 1944. In January 1945, he was recruited by the Pro-German resistance movement in Finland and left for saboteur training in Germany, with the intention of organizing resistance in case Finland was occupied by the Soviet Union. The training was prematurely ended in March, but as Törni could not secure transportation to Finland, he joined a German unit to fight Soviet troops near Schwerin, Germany. He surrendered to British troops in the last stages of World War II and eventually returned to Finland in June 1945 after escaping a British POW camp in Lübeck, Germany.

As his family had been evacuated from Karelia, Törni sought to rejoin them in Helsinki but was arrested by Valpo, the Finnish state police. After escaping, he was arrested a second time in April 1946, and tried for treason for continuing to serve in the German military during the Lapland War. A trial in October and November resulted in a six-year sentence in January 1947. Imprisoned at the Turku provincial prison, Törni escaped in June, but was recaptured and sent to the Riihimäki State Prison. President Juho Paasikivi granted him a pardon in December 1948.

Emigration to the United States
In 1949, Törni, accompanied by his wartime executive officer Holger Pitkänen, traveled to Sweden, crossing the border from Tornio to Haparanda (Haaparanta), where many inhabitants are ethnic Finns. From Haparanda, Törni traveled by railroad to Stockholm where he stayed with Baroness von Essen, who harbored many fugitive Finnish officers following the war. Pitkänen was arrested and repatriated to Finland. In Sweden, Törni fell in love with a Swedish Finn, Marja Kops, and was soon engaged to be married. In order to secure employment, Törni traveled under an alias as a Swedish seaman aboard the SS Bolivia, destined for Caracas, Venezuela, where he met one of his Winter War commanders, the Finnish colonel Matti Aarnio, who was in exile in Venezuela after the war. Törni hid on a Swedish cargo ship, the MS Skagen, which traveled from Caracas for the United States in 1950.

While in the Gulf of Mexico, near Mobile, Alabama, Törni jumped overboard and swam to shore. Now a political refugee, Törni traveled to New York City where he was helped by the Finnish-American community living in Brooklyn's Sunset Park "Finntown". There he worked as a carpenter and cleaner. In 1953, Törni was granted a residence permit through an Act of Congress that was shepherded by the law firm of "Wild Bill" Donovan, former head of the Office of Strategic Services.

United States Army
Törni enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1954 under the provisions of the Lodge-Philbin Act and adopted the name Larry Thorne. In the U.S. Army, he was befriended by a group of Finnish-American officers who came to be known as "Marttinen's Men" (fin. Marttisen miehet).

With their support, Thorne joined the U.S. Army Special Forces. While in the Special Forces, he taught skiing, survival, mountaineering, and guerrilla tactics. In turn he attended airborne school, and advanced in rank to sergeant. Receiving his US citizenship in 1957, Thorne attended Officer Candidate School, and was commissioned as a first lieutenant in the Signal Corps. He later received a Regular Army commission and a promotion to captain in 1960. From 1958 to 1962, he served in the 10th Special Forces Group in West Germany at Bad Tölz, from where he was second-in-command of a search and recovery mission high in the Zagros Mountains of Iran, which gained him a notable reputation. When he was in Germany, he briefly visited his relatives in Finland. In an episode of The Big Picture released in 1962 and composed of footage filmed in 1959, Thorne is shown as a lieutenant with the 10th Special Forces Group in the United States Army.

Vietnam War
Deploying to South Vietnam in November 1963 to support Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) forces in the Vietnam War, Thorne and Special Forces Detachment A-734 were stationed in the Tịnh Biên District and assigned to operate Civilian Irregular Defense Group (CIDG) encampments at Châu Lăng and later Tịnh Biên.

During a fierce attack on the CIDG camp in Tịnh Biên, he received two Purple Hearts and a Bronze Star Medal for valor during the battle.

Thorne's second tour in Vietnam began in February 1965 with 5th Special Forces Group; he then transferred to Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV–SOG), a classified US special operations unit focusing on unconventional warfare in Vietnam, as a military advisor. On 18 October 1965, as part of the operation Shining Brass, Thorne was supervising the first clandestine mission to locate Viet Cong turnaround points along the Ho Chi Minh trail and destroy them with airstrikes. Two Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) CH-34 helicopters launched from Kham Duc Special Forces Camp and rendezvoused with a United States Air Force Cessna O-1 Bird Dog Forward Air Controller in inclement weather in a mountainous area of Phước Sơn District, Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam, 25 mi from Da Nang. While one CH-34 descended through a gap in the weather to drop off the six-man team, the command CH-34 carrying Thorne and the O-1 loitered nearby. When the drop helicopter returned above the cloud cover, both the CH-34 and the O-1 had disappeared. Rescue teams were unable to locate the crash site. Shortly after his disappearance, Thorne was promoted to the rank of major and posthumously awarded the Legion of Merit and Distinguished Flying Cross.

In 1999, Thorne's remains were found by a Finnish and Joint Task Force-Full Accounting team and repatriated to the United States following a Hanoi Noi Bai International Airport ceremony that included Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and Ambassador Pete Peterson.

Formally identified in 2003, his remains were buried on 26 June 2003 at Arlington National Cemetery, along with the RVNAF casualties of the mission recovered at the crash site. He was memorialized on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial at Panel 02E, Line 126. He was survived only by his fiancée, Marja Kops.

Military awards
Finnish decorations
 * FIN Order of the Cross of Liberty Medal 2Class BAR.svg 2nd class Medal of Liberty, 26 July 1940
 * FIN Order of the Cross of Liberty Medal 1Class BAR.svg 1st class Medal of Liberty, 24 August 1940
 * FIN Order of the Cross of Liberty 3Class war BAR.svg 3rd class Cross of Liberty, 9 October 1941
 * FIN Order of the Cross of Liberty 4Class war BAR.svg 4th class Cross of Liberty, 23 May 1942
 * FIN Mannerheim Cross 2Class BAR.svg 2nd class Mannerheim Cross, 9 July 1944
 * 1st Div. Memorial Cross
 * Border Jaeger Troops Cross
 * Defense Forces Bronze Medal

German decoration
 * DEU EK 2 Klasse BAR.svg Iron Cross, 2nd class, 11 December 1943

United States Army

Badges Decorations and medals
 * Combat Infantry Badge.svg Combat Infantryman Badge
 * US Army Airborne master parachutist badge.gif Master Parachutist Badge
 * German_Silver_Para_badge.jpg Silver German Parachutist Badge
 * Einzelbild Special Forces (Special Forces Insignia).svg Special Forces Tab
 * United States Army Special Forces CSIB.png Army Special Forces CSIB
 * Legion of Merit ribbon.svg Legion of Merit (posthumous)
 * Distinguished Flying Cross (posthumous)
 * Bronze Star Medal with "V" device
 * Purple Heart with oak leaf cluster
 * Air Medal
 * Army Commendation Medal
 * Good Conduct Medal
 * National Defense Service Medal with star
 * Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg Bronze-service-star-3d-vector.svg Vietnam Service Medal with two campaign stars
 * Vietnam Campaign Medal ribbon with 60- clasp.svg Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal

Distinguished Flying Cross citation
Citation:

The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pride in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross (Posthumously) to Major (Infantry), (then Captain) Larry Alan Thorne (ASN: 0-2287104), United States Army, for heroism while participating in aerial flight on 18 October 1965 in the Republic of Vietnam. Major Thorne was operations officer responsible for launching a small, combined reconnaissance patrol on an extremely hazardous mission into a suspected Viet Cong stronghold. Due to the extreme hazards attending this mission, including weather and enemy action, Major Thorne volunteered to accompany submission aircraft during the introduction of the patrol in place of the assigned individual. After delivering the patrol to the landing zone, Major Thorne remained with one aircraft in the immediate area to receive an initial report from the patrol on the ground. This report was mandatory since only the vaguest information was available about enemy disposition near the landing zone. If the patrol were immediately confronted by a superior force, Major Thorne would land and extricate the patrol under fire. This was done with total disregard for the inherent dangers and with selfless concern for the ground forces. In so doing, he exposed himself to extreme personal danger which ultimately led to his disappearance and the loss of his aircraft. He had, however, guaranteed the safe introduction of the patrol into the area, the successful accomplishment of this mission and had positioned himself to react to any immediate calls for assistance from the patrol. Due to Major Thorne's efforts, the mission was accomplished successfully and contributed significantly to the overall mission of interdicting Viet Cong activities within the area. Major Thorne's actions were in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service, and reflect great credit upon himself and the United States Army.

General Orders: Department of the Army, General Orders No. 33 (July 26, 1967)

Action Date: October 18, 1965

Dates of rank
Finnish Army
 * 3 September 1938, Conscript (reserves)
 * 1 March 1939, Lance Corporal (reserves)
 * 9 May 1940, Second Lieutenant (reserves)
 * 5 March 1942, Lieutenant (reserves)
 * 27 August 1944, Captain (reserves)
 * 6 October 1950, removed from officers list

German Waffen-SS
 * 18 May 1941, Untersturmführer (Nordost)
 * 15 April 1945, Hauptsturmführer (Sonderkommando Nord)

United States Army
 * 28 January 1954, Private
 * 20 December 1954, Private First Class
 * 28 April 1955, Corporal
 * 17 November 1955, Sergeant
 * 9 January 1957, 1st Lieutenant, USAR
 * 30 November 1960, Captain, USAR
 * 16 December 1965, Major, USAR (posthumous)

Commemoration
In the 1965 book The Green Berets by Robin Moore, the "Sven Kornie" (or Captain Steve Kornie) main character in the first chapter was based on Thorne.

In the 1990s, Törni's name became better known, with numerous books being written about him. He was named 52nd in the Suuret Suomalaiset listing of famous Finns; in the 2006 Suomen Sotilas (Soldier of Finland) magazine listing, he was elected most courageous of the Mannerheim Cross recipients.

In Finland, the survivors, friends, and families of Detachment Törni formed the Lauri Törni Tradition Guild. The Infantry Museum (Jalkaväkimuseo) in Mikkeli, Finland, has an exhibit dedicated to Törni, as does the Military Museum of Finland in Helsinki.

Even before his death, Thorne's name was legendary in US Special Forces. His US memorial is the Larry Thorne Headquarters Building, 10th SFG(A), Fort Carson, Colorado. 10th Group honors him yearly by presenting the Larry Thorne Award to the best Operational Detachment-Alpha in the command. The Special Forces Association Chapter 33 in Cleveland, Tennessee is named after him.

In 2010 he was named as the first Honorary Member of the United States Army Special Forces Regiment and in 2011 he was inducted into the United States Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) Commando Hall of Honor.

In their 2013 book Tuntematon Lauri Törni [Unknown Lauri Törni], authors Juha Pohjonen and Oula Silvennoinen write that Törni's conviction for treason was justified because the Waffen-SS training he received at the end of World War II was provided to help achieve a National Socialist coup in Finland. This view has been challenged by Törni Heritage Guild members Markku Moberg and Pasi Niittymäki, who acknowledge that Törni faced pressure from the war and alcohol consumption, but contend that he did not support Germany. Furthermore, Finnish historian and later Minister of Defence (2015–2019) Jussi Niinistö of the right-wing populist Finns Party argued that Törni's training was actually motivated by patriotism towards his native country, and accused Pohjonen and Silvennoinen of stirring up hatred in order to promote sales of their book while disregarding "the fact that in Finland there was a genuine fear that Russia would occupy Finland."

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Lauri Törni


text:
Mika Waltari

Mika Toimi Waltari (19 September 1908 – 26 August 1979) was a Finnish writer, best known for his best-selling novel The Egyptian (Sinuhe egyptiläinen). He was extremely productive. Besides his novels he also wrote poetry, short stories, crime novels, plays, essays, travel stories, film scripts, and rhymed texts for comic strips by Asmo Alho.

Early life
Waltari was born in Helsinki on 19 September 1908. His parents were Toimi Waltari and Olga Johansson; Toimi was a Lutheran pastor once, teaching religion in Porvoo, and Olga one of his pupils. A scandal caused by their relationship had forced them to move to Tampere and the two married on 18 November 1906. At the age of five Mika Waltari suddenly lost his father to illness on 5 July 1914, and the 25-year old Olga Waltari was left, with crucial help from Toimi's brother Toivo, to support her three children: Samuli (7 years), Mika (5 years) and Erkki (6 months). As a boy, Waltari witnessed the Finnish Civil War, during which his White-sided family fled to the home of his mother's aunt at Laukkoski in Pornainen, near Porvoo, which was relatively peaceful and where the Whites were predominant.

Later he enrolled in the University of Helsinki as a theology student, according to his uncle Toivo's wishes, but soon abandoned theology in favour of philosophy, aesthetics and literature, graduating in 1929. While studying, he contributed to various magazines and wrote poetry and stories, getting his first book Jumalaa paossa published in 1925. It was a success, selling 3000 copies despite being only 72 pages long. In 1927, he went to Paris where he wrote his first major novel Suuri illusioni ('The Grand Illusion'), a story of bohemian life. In terms of style, the novel is considered to be the Finnish equivalent to the works of the American writers of the Lost Generation. (In Waltari's historical novel The Adventurer, taking place in the 16th century, the protagonist is a Finn who goes to study in Paris at much the same age that the author went to the same city in the 20th century). Suuri illusioni was a surprise hit, selling 8000 copies and turning Mika Waltari into a famous author. Waltari also was, for a while, a member of the liberal literary movement Tulenkantajat, though his political and social views later turned conservative. He was married on 8 March 1931 to Marjatta Luukkonen, whom he had met during military service the preceding year, and on 4 January 1932 they had a daughter, Satu. Satu also became a writer.

Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Waltari worked as a journalist and critic, writing for a number of newspapers and magazines and travelling widely in Europe. He published articles in the official magazine of the Association of Finnish Culture and Identity, Suomalainen Suomi (Finnish Finland), which was later renamed as Kanava. He directed the magazine Suomen Kuvalehti. At the same time, he kept writing books in many genres, moving easily from one literary field to another. He had a very busy schedule and strict work ethic. He also suffered from manic-depressive psychosis and became depressed after completion of a book, sometimes to the extent of needing hospital treatment; in his manic phases he did his writing. He participated, and often succeeded, in literary competitions to prove the quality of his work to critics. One of these competitions gave rise to one of his most popular characters, Inspector Palmu, a gruff detective of the Helsinki police department, who starred in three mystery novels, all of which were filmed (a fourth film was made without Waltari involved). Waltari also scripted the popular cartoon Kieku ja Kaiku and wrote Aiotko kirjailijaksi, a guidebook for aspiring writers that influenced many younger writers such as Kalle Päätalo.

World War II and international break-through
During the Winter War (1939–1940) and the Continuation War (1941–1944), Waltari worked in the government information center, now also placing his literary skills at the service of political propaganda. According to historian Eino Jutikkala, through this experience as a propagandist Waltari became more cynical as he realised the prevalence of historical half-truths shaped by propaganda, later a recurrent theme in his historical novels. Although Waltari saw Soviet bolshevism as dangerous, he was attracted at first to the National Socialist theories about a new man. He visited Germany in 1939 and wrote a mostly favourable article titled Tuntematon Saksa ('Unknown Germany'). In 1942 he and 6 other Finnish writers visited Germany to attend the Congress of the European Writers' Union in Weimar and wrote yet more favourable coverage; a story goes however that he, being slightly drunk, refused the pocket money brought by their "patient and attentive German hosts" to their hotel by tearing it in half and throwing it away through the window.

1945 saw the publication of Waltari's first and most successful historical novel, The Egyptian. Its theme of the corruption of humanist values in a materialist world seemed curiously topical in the aftermath of World War II, and the book became an international bestseller, serving as the basis of the 1954 Hollywood movie of the same name. Waltari wrote seven more historical novels, placed in various ancient cultures, among others The Dark Angel, set during the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. In these novels, he gave powerful expression to his fundamental pessimism and also, in two novels set in the Roman Empire, to his Christian conviction. After the war, he also wrote several novellas. He became a member of the Finnish Academy in 1957 and received an honorary doctorate at the University of Turku in 1970.

Later years
Waltari's last two novels tell about early history of Christianity: Valtakunnan salaisuus (English title: The Secret of the Kingdom 1959), and Ihmiskunnan viholliset (English title: The Roman 1964). As a member of Academy of Science and Letters he guided younger writers. He was also involved in re-publishing and editing his early works, and gave long interviews to Ritva Haavikko which were published as a book.

Waltari was one of the most prolific Finnish writers. He wrote at least 29 novels, 15 novellas, 6 collections of stories or fairy-tales, 6 collections of poetry and 26 plays, as well as screen plays, radio plays, non-fiction, translations, and hundreds of reviews and articles. He is also internationally the best-known Finnish writer, and his works have been translated into more than 30 languages.

In his later years, Waltari wrote less and less. This is partly due to the enormous fees he received from foreign editions of The Egyptian and his other books, allowing him to stop "writing to live".

Mika Waltari died on 26 August 1979 in Helsinki, the year after his wife Marjatta's death in 1978.

Literary themes and style
Markéta Hejkalová (who translated many Waltari's works into Czech and wrote a biography about him) identifies 9 common elements in Waltari's historical novels:
 * 1) Journeys: The protagonist goes on journeys in foreign lands, is a "foreigner" in the world instead of having a home, and often has a comic sidekick. They can be called picaresque novels. Waltari himself travelled a lot, wrote two travelogues and researched his material on his trips.
 * 2) Isolation: The protagonist often is an orphan, has unknown parents, or was born out of wedlock. His origins are mysterious but possibly from the highest ranks of society.
 * 3) Power: The main character becomes acquainted with mighty power-holders, becoming their adviser and often admirer, and gains status and property. This kind of story of rags-to-riches via hard work is common in Finnish literature - and even mirrors Waltari's own life, as he at first relied on the help of his friends and relatives but later became a world-famous author.
 * 4) A Turning Point: All novels take place at the time of a major and significant turning point in world history. The manner in which these are explored is influenced by similar turning points in Waltari's time.
 * 5) Conflicts and Violence: Many kinds of battles, wars and other acts of violence are depicted (often in gruesome detail), within and between societies. Attention is devoted to multiple conflicts in a novel instead of specific single ones, and no side is portrayed as more righteous as the other. Waltari viewed that the violence of medieval torture sprung from the religious suppression of sexuality.
 * 6) Rejection of Ideologies: All manipulative ideologies, which on the surface have noble goals but cause people to die in their name, are criticised. There are two common character types: The idealist, who has good intentions but brings about chaos and mayhem, and the realist, who is more immoral or even greedy and power-hungry but gets things done and achieves order and peace. According to Hejkalová, this tension between idealism and realism reflects post-World War II Finnish foreign policy: President Urho Kekkonen is the realist, who maintained the Paasikivi–Kekkonen line and preserved Finnish independence, whereas Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim she sees as possibly the prototypical idealist.
 * 7) Good and Wicked Women: The main character has relationships with two kinds of women: There is a good but imperfect woman, who tragically dies before the hero's love for her can be fulfilled; and a beautiful but wicked femme fatale.
 * 8) Witchcraft: The supernatural, mysticism and witchcraft are featured - not rationally explained away but treated as part of everyday life, as understood by the characters. There is a profound, personal relationship with God (or equivalent divine power).
 * 9) Optimism: Counterintuitively in light of the above points, Waltari nonetheless holds the view that there is good among people, and that slowly, imperceptibly but inevitably humanity is headed towards goodness and salvation. Waltari paid special attention to the final parts of his novels and what mood or message they conveyed, providing a suitable uplifting catharsis.

Recognition
Waltari received the State literature award five times: 1933, 1934, 1936, 1949, and 1953. The Pro Finlandia Medal was given to him in 1952.

The 100th anniversary of Mika Waltari's birth was celebrated by selecting the writer as the main motif for a high value commemorative coin, the €10 Mika Waltari commemorative coin, minted in 2008. The reverse depicts a vigilant Pharaoh watchdog referencing his famous book. The obverse is decorated with Waltari's signature and a stylized pen nib that symbolizes the diversity of the writer's production.

Waltari's memorial in Töölö by Veikko Hirvimäki was unveiled in 1985.

Two asteroids have been named in honour of Waltari: n:o 4266 Mika Waltari and n:o 4512 Sinuhe.

Influence
Waltari's historical novels have been cited by G. R. R. Martin and Jean Auel as an influence.

Novels
• Jumalaa paossa (1925)

• Suuri illusioni (1928)

• Appelsiininsiemen (1931)

• Keisarin tekohampaat (1931, with Armas J. Pulla, AKA Leo Rainio)

• Punainen Madonna (1932, AKA Leo Rainio)

• Älkää ampuko pianistia! (1932, AKA Leo Rainio)

• Helsinki trilogy:

• # Mies ja haave (1933)

• # Sielu ja liekki (1934)

• # Palava nuoruus (1935)

• # From Father to Son (Isästä poikaan) (1942). Abbreviated reprint of the trilogy

• Surun ja ilon kaupunki (1936)

• A Stranger Came to the Farm series:

• # A Stranger Came to the Farm (Vieras mies tuli taloon) (1937)

• # Jälkinäytös (1938)

• Ihmeellinen Joosef eli elämä on seikkailua (1938, AKA M. Ritvala)

• Inspector Palmu series:

• # Kuka murhasi rouva Skrofin? (1939)

• # Inspector Palmu's Mistake (Komisario Palmun erehdys) (1940)

• # Tähdet kertovat, komisario Palmu! (1962)

• Antero ei enää palaa (1940) Novella

• Fine van Brooklyn (1941) Novella

• Catherine (Kaarina Maununtytär (romaani)) (1942)

• Ei koskaan huomispäivää!, AKA Kevät uuden maailmansodan varjossa (1942). Novella

• Rakkaus vainoaikaan (1943)

• Tanssi yli hautojen (1944)

• Jokin ihmisessä (1944) Novella

• Sellaista ei tapahdu, AKA Unohduksen pyörre (1944). Novella

• The Egyptian (Sinuhe egyptiläinen) (1945) Abridged translation

• Kultakutri (1948) Novella

• The Adventurer series:

• # The Adventurer, AKA Michael The Finn (Mikael Karvajalka) (1948)

• # The Wanderer, AKA The Sultan's Renegade (Mikael Hakim) (1949)

• A Nail Merchant at Nightfall (Neljä päivänlaskua) (1949)

• The Dark Angel series:

• # The Dark Angel (Johannes Angelos) (1952)

• # Nuori Johannes (1981) Prequel; published posthumously.

• The Etruscan (Turms, kuolematon) (1955)

• Feliks onnellinen (1958)

• The Secret of the Kingdom series:

• # The Secret of the Kingdom (Valtakunnan salaisuus) (1959)

• # The Roman (Ihmiskunnan viholliset) (1964)

Short story collections
• Kuolleen silmät. Kertomuksia tuntemattoman ovilta (1926, AKA Kristian Korppi)

• Dshinnistanin prinssi (1929)

• Kiinalainen kissa ja muita satuja (1932)

• Novelleja, AKA Nainen tuli pimeästä ja muita novelleja (1943). Contains 28 short stories:

• # I Poikia:

• #* "Herääminen"

• #* "Pelkuri"

• #* "Kiusaus"

• #* "Salaseura "Hurjat hosujat"

• #* "Oi, nuoruus"

• # II Päivä paistaa:

• #* "Nuori mies rakastaa"

• #* "Suomalaista rakkautta"

• #* "Kosto"

• #* "Ensimmäinen vuosi on pahin"

• #* "Mies ja hänen koiransa"

• #* "Huviretki"

• #* "Vanha mies herää kevääseen"

• #* "Helsingin kevät"

• # III Maa:

• #* "Hannu Suolanhakijan tarina"

• #* "Rauhaton taival"

• #* "Omenapuut"

• #* "Ihminen on hyvä"

• #* "Huutokaupassa"

• #* "Juhlapäivä"

• #* "Mies kävelee talvista tietä"

• # IV Kaupunki:

• #* "Pimeä piha"

• #* "Oli kerran pieni poika"

• #* "Poika palaa kotiin"

• #* "Äiti on sairas"

• #* "Mies herää unesta"

• #* "Hiilet hehkuvat"

• #* "Uusi rakennusmaa"

• # V Tuolta puolen:

• #* "Nainen tuli pimeästä"

• Kuun maisema (1953). Contains 6 short stories:

• * "Jokin ihmisessä" (1944). Novella

• * "Jäinen saari"

• * "Moonscape" ("Kuun maisema"). Novella

• * "Ennen maailmanloppua"

• * "Pariisilaissolmio"

• * "Ihmisen vapaus"

• Koiranheisipuu ja neljä muuta pienoisromaania (1961). Contains 5 short stories:

• * "The Tree of Dreams" ("Koiranheisipuu")

• * "Ei koskaan huomispäivää!", AKA "Kevät uuden maailmansodan varjossa" (1942). Novella

• * "Kultakutri" (1948). Novella

• * "Fine van Brooklyn" (1941). Novella

• * "Sellaista ei tapahdu", AKA "Unohduksen pyörre" (1944). Novella

• Pienoisromaanit (1966). Contains 13 short stories:

• * "Multa kukkii" (1930). Novella

• * "Ei koskaan huomispäivää!", AKA "Kevät uuden maailmansodan varjossa" (1942). Novella

• * "Fine van Brooklyn" (1941). Novella

• * "Sellaista ei tapahdu", AKA "Unohduksen pyörre" (1944). Novella

• * "Jokin ihmisessä" (1944). Novella

• * "Nainen tuli pimeästä"

• * "Kultakutri" (1948). Novella

• * "Ennen maailmanloppua"

• * "Moonscape" ("Kuun maisema"). Novella

• * "Jäinen saari"

• * "Pariisilaissolmio"

• * "Ihmisen vapaus"

• * "The Tree of Dreams" ("Koiranheisipuu")

• Lukittu laatikko ja muita kertomuksia (1978)

• Joulutarinoita (1985). Contains 57 short stories:

• * "Kapinalliset naiset"

• * "Aili, Bonzo ja suuri saippuapallo"

• * "Eräs joululahja"

• * "Hentomielinen mies"

• * "Hiilet hehkuvat"

• * "Hirveä päivä"

• * "Hyvyys ja rauha"

• * "Hyvästi, Joulupukki..."

• * "Insinööri Jalovaaran uskomaton seikkailu"

• * "Isoäiti"

• * "Joulu"

• * "Joulu on jo ovella : leikkiä ja totta joulusta 1940"

• * "Joulu, ihmeellinen, palaamaton"

• * "Joulu, samettikoira ja minä"

• * "Jouluaatto, vuokra-auto ja onnellinen loppu"

• * "Jouluaattona"

• * "Joululahjasäkeitä"

• * "Joululaulu"

• * "Joululoma ja valokuva"

• * "Jouluna 1940"

• * "Joulutarina 1962"

• * "Jouluyö Atlas-vuorilla"

• * "Juhlapäivä"

• * "Kaikki on hyvin, mutta..."

• * "Kaksi pientä koiraa"

• * "Kamreeri Miettinen kertoo joululomastaan"

• * "Keittiömies Petterin onni"

• * "Kirjailijan joulu"

• * "Koti ja taivas"

• * "Kotiinpaluu"

• * "Maan viisaus"

• * "Merimiehen jouluilta"

• * "Myöhästyneet joululahjat"

• * "Nuoren Anttonin jouluaatto"

• * "Nuori Henrik"

• * "Pienen mustan koiran joulu"

• * "Pieni villipeto"

• * "Pikkujouluna kerromme sadun urhoollisesta Pörristä"

• * "Prinsessan joululahja"

• * "Rangaistuskomppanian joulu"

• * "Ratkaisun edessä"

• * "Rauhaton taival"

• * "Riimikronikka joulukirjoista"

• * "Satu Joulupukin suurimmasta salaisuudesta"

• * "Satu Kimistä ja Kaista, jotka matkustivat kuuhun elefantilla"

• * "Satu Pekasta ja äidin punaisesta huivista ja murheellisesta joulupukista"

• * "Taiteilijan joulu : satu aikuisille"

• * "Triest"

• * "Tuntematon tie"

• * "Tyttö katsoi äitiään"

• * "Täti Hortensian kaunein satu"

• * "Unelmien kude"

• * "Vaatimaton jouluruno"

• * "Vanha tietäjä"

• * "Vanhaisäntä käy kaupungissa"

• * "Yllätys isälle"

• * "Yö sairaalassa"

• Viisi ässää ja muita kertomuksia (1999)

Short stories

 * "Satu kuninkaasta jolla ei ollut sydäntä" (1945)

Comics

 * Kieku ja Kaiku (1979)

Poems
• Lauluja saatanalle (1926, AKA Untamo Raakki). Unpublished

• Sinun ristisi juureen (1927)

• Valtatiet (1928, with Olavi Lauri)

• Muukalaislegioona (1929)

• Sotatalvi (1940, with Yrjö Jylhä, Arvi Kivimaa, Viljo Kajava, Ragnar Ekelund, Lauri Viljanen, Otto Varhia)

• Runoja 1925-1945 (1945)

• 22.30 – Pikajuna Viipuriin (1966)

• Pöytälaatikko (1967)

• Mikan runoja ja muistiinpanoja 1925–1978 (1979)

Plays
• Tieteellinen teoria (1928)

• Jättiläiset ovat kuolleet (1930)

• Elämämme parhaat vuodet (1934)

• Yö yli Euroopan (1937)

• Akhnaton, auringosta syntynyt (1937)

• Kuriton sukupolvi (1937)

• Mies rakasti vaimoaan (1937)

• Toimittaja rakastaa (1937)

• Hämeenlinnan kaunotar (1939)

• Sotilaan paluu (1940)

• Maa on ikuinen (1941)

• Tulevaisuuden tiellä (1941)

• Hankala kosinta (1942)

• Yövieras (1943)

• Paracelsus Baselissa (1943)

• Gabriel, tule takaisin (1945)

• Rakas lurjus (1946)

• Elämän rikkaus (1947)

• Noita palaa elämään (1947)

• Omena putoaa (1947)

• Portti pimeään (1947)

• Huhtikuu tulee (1948)

• Kutsumaton (vieras) (1948)

• Myöhästynyt hääyö (1948)

• Viimeiset ihmiset (1950)

• Pimeä komero (1951)

• Miljoonavaillinki (1959)

• Isänmaan parhaat (1961)

• Keisari ja senaattori (1961)

Nonfiction
• Siellä missä miehiä tehdään (1931). Description of the Finnish army

• Aiotko kirjailijaksi (1935)

• Neuvostovakoilun varjossa (1943)

• Lähdin Istanbuliin (1948). Travels

• Vallaton Waltari (1957). Artícles

• Ihmisen ääni (1978)

• Yksinäisen miehen juna (1978). Travels

• Kirjailijan muistelmia (1980). Memoirs

• Mika Waltarin mietteitä (1982)

• Matkakertomuksia (1989). Travels

title: Mika Waltari


text:
Mämmilä

Mämmilä is a full-page comic strip by Finnish cartoonist Tarmo Koivisto and co-written by Hannu Virtanen.

Mämmilä is a fictional small country municipality, supposedly in the Häme region, and was originally modeled on the municipality of Orivesi. The cartoon depicted various contemporary issues in Finnish life, from various social changes to the coming of African refugees and membership in the European Union. The municipality has numerous colorful characters, from local political leaders and potentates to Varpu-Viljami (local dowser) and Mohammed al-Zomal (Somalian refugee), nicknamed "Mukku" after his pronunciation of the Finnish word "muikkukukko".

Unusually for comic strips, the storyline happens in real time, and the characters in Mämmilä age normally, at the same pace as the comic strip in real life. For example, a girl called Sari was born in the comic in 1980, and is now an adult punk-style girl.

The strip was originally published 1974 in a Swedish-Finnish magazine, Suomen Sanoma (Finnish News) in Sweden. The magazine was published only a couple of times per year, so the strip moved to Finnish magazine called Me (We) in 1976. In 1983, Helsingin Sanomat began its monthly magazine, and Mämmilä moved in there. HS dropped the strip after 13 years, because the readers wanted a strip about life in Helsinki. Tarmo Koivisto still draws Tää kaupunki (This city) strip, written by various HS journalists.

In 2002, Tarmo Koivisto published a comic album WWW.MAMMILA.FI in which the Internet and shady business practices come to Mämmilä. It was under work for five years.

In late 2006, Suomen Kuvalehti, a weekly magazine wanted to publish Mämmilä. Because Koivisto has had many pages done for the next album after 2002, the storyline is not in real time right now, but eventually it will be.

Other places
Mämmilä is also a real-life village in Pello, Lapland, 66.81667°N, 24°W.

title: Mämmilä


text:
Chief Joseph

Hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt (or hinmatóowyalahtq̓it in Americanist orthography; March 3, 1840 – September 21, 1904), popularly known as Chief Joseph, Young Joseph, or Joseph the Younger, was a leader of the wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce, a Native American tribe of the interior Pacific Northwest region of the United States, in the latter half of the 19th century. He succeeded his father tuekakas (Chief Joseph the Elder) in the early 1870s.

Chief Joseph led his band of Nez Perce during the most tumultuous period in their history, when they were forcibly removed by the United States federal government from their ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley of northeastern Oregon onto a significantly reduced reservation in the Idaho Territory. A series of violent encounters with white settlers in the spring of 1877 culminated in those Nez Perce who resisted removal, including Joseph's band and an allied band of the Palouse tribe, fleeing the United States in an attempt to reach political asylum alongside the Lakota people, who had sought refuge in Canada under the leadership of Sitting Bull.

At least 800 men, women, and children led by Joseph and other Nez Perce chiefs were pursued by the U.S. Army under General Oliver O. Howard in a 1170 mi fighting retreat known as the Nez Perce War. The skill with which the Nez Perce fought and the manner in which they conducted themselves in the face of incredible adversity earned them widespread admiration from their military opponents and the American public, and coverage of the war in U.S. newspapers led to popular recognition of Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce.

In October 1877, after months of fugitive resistance, most of the surviving remnants of Joseph's band were cornered in northern Montana Territory, just 40 mi from the Canadian border. Unable to fight any longer, Chief Joseph surrendered to the Army with the understanding that he and his people would be allowed to return to the reservation in western Idaho. He was instead transported between various forts and reservations on the southern Great Plains before being moved to the Colville Indian Reservation in the state of Washington, where he died in 1904.

Chief Joseph's life remains an iconic event in the history of the American Indian Wars. For his passionate, principled resistance to his tribe's forced removal, Joseph became renowned as both a humanitarian and a peacemaker.

Background
Chief Joseph was born Hinmuuttu-yalatlat (alternatively Hinmaton-Yalaktit or hin-mah-too-yah-lat-kekt Nez Perce: "Thunder Rolling Down the Mountain"], or hinmatóoyalahtq'it ["Thunder traveling to higher areas"]) in the Wallowa Valley of northeastern Oregon. He was known as Young Joseph during his youth because his father, tuekakas, was baptized with the same Christian name and later become known as "Old Joseph" or "Joseph the Elder".

While initially hospitable to the region's white settlers, Joseph the Elder grew wary when they demanded more Indian lands. Tensions grew as the settlers appropriated traditional Indian lands for farming and livestock. Isaac Stevens, governor of the Washington Territory, organized a council to designate separate areas for natives and settlers in 1855. Joseph the Elder and the other Nez Perce chiefs signed the Treaty of Walla Walla, with the United States establishing a Nez Perce reservation encompassing 7700000 acre in present-day Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. The 1855 reservation maintained much of the traditional Nez Perce lands, including Joseph's Wallowa Valley. It is recorded that the elder Joseph requested that Young Joseph protect their 7.7-million-acre homeland, and guard his father's burial place.

In 1863, however, an influx of new settlers, attracted by a gold rush, led the government to call a second council. Government commissioners asked the Nez Perce to accept a new, much smaller reservation of 760000 acre situated around the village of Lapwai in western Idaho Territory, and excluding the Wallowa Valley. In exchange, they were promised financial rewards, schools, and a hospital for the reservation. Chief Lawyer and one of his allied chiefs signed the treaty on behalf of the Nez Perce Nation, but Joseph the Elder and several other chiefs were opposed to selling their lands and did not sign.

Their refusal to sign caused a rift between the "non-treaty" and "treaty" bands of Nez Perce. The "treaty" Nez Perce moved within the new reservation's boundaries, while the "non-treaty" Nez Perce remained on their ancestral lands. Joseph the Elder demarcated Wallowa land with a series of poles, proclaiming, "Inside this boundary all our people were born. It circles the graves of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man."

Leadership of the Nez Perce
Joseph the Younger succeeded his father as leader of the Wallowa band in 1871. Before his death, the latter counseled his son:

""My son, my body is returning to my mother earth, and my spirit is going very soon to see the Great Spirit Chief. When I am gone, think of your country. You are the chief of these people. They look to you to guide them. Always remember that your father never sold his country. You must stop your ears whenever you are asked to sign a treaty selling your home. A few years more and white men will be all around you. They have their eyes on this land. My son, never forget my dying words. This country holds your father's body. Never sell the bones of your father and your mother.""

Joseph commented: "I clasped my father's hand and promised to do as he asked. A man who would not defend his father's grave is worse than a wild beast."

The non-treaty Nez Perce suffered many injustices at the hands of settlers and prospectors, but out of fear of reprisal from the militarily superior Americans, Joseph never allowed any violence against them, instead making many concessions to them in the hope of securing peace. A handwritten document mentioned in the Oral History of the Grande Ronde recounts an 1872 experience by Oregon pioneer Henry Young and two friends in search of acreage at Prairie Creek, east of Wallowa Lake. Young's party was surrounded by 40–50 Nez Perce led by Chief Joseph. The Chief told Young that white men were not welcome near Prairie Creek, and Young's party was forced to leave without violence.

In 1873, Joseph negotiated with the federal government to ensure his people could stay on their land in the Wallowa Valley. But in 1877, the government reversed its policy, and Army General Oliver O. Howard threatened to attack if the Wallowa band did not relocate to the Idaho reservation with the other Nez Perce. Joseph reluctantly agreed. Before the outbreak of hostilities, General Howard held a council at Fort Lapwai to try to convince Joseph and his people to relocate. Joseph finished his address to the general, which focused on human equality, by expressing his "[disbelief that] the Great Spirit Chief gave one kind of men the right to tell another kind of men what they must do." Howard reacted angrily, interpreting the statement as a challenge to his authority. When Toohoolhoolzote protested, he was jailed for five days.

The day following the council, Joseph, White Bird, and Looking Glass all accompanied Howard to examine different areas within the reservation. Howard offered them a plot of land that was inhabited by whites and Native Americans, promising to clear out the current residents. Joseph and his chieftains refused, adhering to their tribal tradition of not taking what did not belong to them. Unable to find any suitable uninhabited land on the reservation, Howard informed Joseph that his people had 30 days to collect their livestock and move to the reservation. Joseph pleaded for more time, but Howard told him he would consider their presence in the Wallowa Valley beyond the 30-day mark an act of war.

Returning home, Joseph called a council among his people. At the council, he spoke on behalf of peace, preferring to abandon his father's grave over war. Toohoolhoolzote, insulted by his incarceration, advocated war. In June 1877, the Wallowa band began making preparations for the long journey to the reservation, meeting first with other bands at Rocky Canyon. At this council, too, many leaders urged war, while Joseph continued to argue in favor of peace. While the council was underway, a young man whose father had been killed rode up and announced that he and several other young men had retaliated by killing four white settlers. Still hoping to avoid further bloodshed, Joseph and other non-treaty Nez Perce leaders began moving people away from Idaho.

Nez Perce War
The U.S. Army's pursuit of about 750 Nez Perce and a small allied band of the Palouse tribe, led by Chief Joseph and others, as they attempted to escape from Idaho became known as the Nez Perce War. Initially they had hoped to take refuge with the Crow Nation in the Montana Territory, but when the Crow refused to grant them aid, the Nez Perce went north in an attempt to obtain asylum with the Lakota band led by Sitting Bull, who had fled to Canada following the Great Sioux War in 1876. In Hear Me, My Chiefs!: Nez Perce Legend and History, Lucullus V. McWhorter argues that the Nez Perce were a peaceful people that were forced into war by the United States when their land was stolen from them. McWhorter interviewed and befriended Nez Perce warriors such as Yellow Wolf, who stated, "Our hearts have always been in the valley of the Wallowa".

Robert Forczyk states in his book Nez Perce 1877: The Last Fight that the tipping point of the war was that "Joseph responded that his clan's traditions would not allow him to cede the Wallowa Valley". The band led by Chief Joseph never signed the treaty moving them to the Idaho reservation. General Howard, who was dispatched to deal with Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce, tended to believe the Nez Perce were right about the treaty: "the new treaty finally agreed upon excluded the Wallowa, and vast regions besides".

For over three months, the Nez Perce deftly outmaneuvered and battled their pursuers, traveling more than 1170 mi across present-day Oregon, Washington, Idaho, Wyoming, and Montana. One of those battles was led by Captain Perry and two cavalry companies of the U.S. Army led by Captain Trimble and Lieutenant Theller, who engaged Chief Joseph and his people at White Bird Canyon on June 17, 1877. The Nez Perce repelled the attack, killing 34 soldiers, while suffering only three Nez Perce wounded. The Nez Perce continued to repel the Army's advances, eventually reaching the Clearwater River, where they united with another Nez Perce chief, Looking Glass, and his group, bringing the size of their party to 740, though only 200 of these were warriors. The final battle of the Nez Perce War occurred approximately 40 miles south of the Canadian border where the Nez Perce were camped on Snake Creek near the Bears Paw Mountains, close to present-day Chinook in Blaine County, Montana. A U.S. Army detachment commanded by General Nelson A. Miles and accompanied by Cheyenne scouts intercepted the Nez Perce on September 30 at the Battle of Bear Paw. After his initial attacks were repelled, Miles violated a truce and captured Chief Joseph; however, he would later be forced to exchange Chief Joseph for one of his captured officers.

General Howard arrived on October 3, leading the opposing cavalry, and was impressed with the skill with which the Nez Perce fought, using advance and rear guards, skirmish lines, and field fortifications. Following a devastating five-day siege during freezing weather, with no food or blankets and the major war leaders dead, Chief Joseph formally surrendered to General Miles on the afternoon of October 5, 1877. The battle is remembered in popular history by the words attributed to Joseph at the formal surrender:

"Tell General Howard I know his heart. What he told me before, I have it in my heart. I am tired of fighting. Our chiefs are killed; Looking Glass is dead, Too-hul-hul-sote is dead. The old men are all dead. It is the young men who say yes or no. He who led on the young men is dead. It is cold, and we have no blankets; the little children are freezing to death. My people, some of them, have run away to the hills, and have no blankets, no food. No one knows where they are—perhaps freezing to death. I want to have time to look for my children, to see how many I can find. Maybe I shall find them among the dead. Hear me, my chiefs! I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever."

The popular legend deflated, however, when the original pencil draft of the report was revealed to show the handwriting of the later poet and lawyer Lieutenant Charles Erskine Scott Wood, who claimed to have taken down the great chief's words on the spot. In the margin it read, "Here insert Joseph's reply to the demand for surrender".

Although Joseph was not technically a war chief and probably did not command the retreat, many of the chiefs who did had died. His speech brought attention, and therefore credit, his way. He earned the praise of General William Tecumseh Sherman and became known in the press as "The Red Napoleon". However, as Francis Haines argues in Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce Warrior, the battlefield successes of the Nez Perce during the war were due to the individual successes of the Nez Perce men and not that of the fabled military genius of Chief Joseph. Haines supports his argument by citing L. V. McWhorter, who concluded "that Chief Joseph was not a military man at all, that on the battlefield he was without either skill or experience". Furthermore, Merle Wells argues in The Nez Perce and Their War that the interpretation of the Nez Perce War of 1877 in military terms as used in the United States Army's account distorts the actions of the Nez Perce. Wells supports his argument: "The use of military concepts and terms is appropriate when explaining what the whites were doing, but these same military terms should be avoided when referring to Indian actions; the United States use of military terms such as 'retreat' and 'surrender' has created a distorted perception of the Nez Perce War, to understand this may lend clarity to the political and military victories of the Nez Perce."

Aftermath
By the time Joseph had surrendered, 150 of his followers had been killed or wounded. Their plight, however, did not end. Although Joseph had negotiated with Miles and Howard for a safe return home for his people, General Sherman overruled this decision and forced Joseph and 400 followers to be taken on unheated rail cars to Fort Leavenworth, in eastern Kansas, where they were held in a prisoner of war campsite for eight months. Toward the end of the following summer, the surviving Nez Perce were taken by rail to a reservation in the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma); they lived there for seven years. Many of them died of epidemic diseases while there.

In 1879, Chief Joseph went to Washington, D.C. to meet with President Rutherford B. Hayes and plead his people's case. Although Joseph was respected as a spokesman, opposition in Idaho prevented the U.S. government from granting his petition to return to the Pacific Northwest. Finally, in 1885, Chief Joseph and his followers were granted permission to return to the Pacific Northwest to settle on the reservation around Kooskia, Idaho. Instead, Joseph and others were taken to the Colville Indian Reservation in Nespelem, Washington, far from both their homeland in the Wallowa Valley and the rest of their people in Idaho.

Joseph continued to lead his Wallowa band on the Colville Reservation, at times coming into conflict with the leaders of the 11 other unrelated tribes also living on the reservation. Chief Moses of the Sinkiuse-Columbia, in particular, resented having to cede a portion of his people's lands to Joseph's people, who had "made war on the Great Father".

In his last years, Joseph spoke eloquently against the injustice of United States policy toward his people and held out the hope that America's promise of freedom and equality might one day be fulfilled for Native Americans as well. In 1897, he visited Washington, D.C. again to plead his case. He rode with Buffalo Bill in a parade honoring former President Ulysses Grant in New York City, but he was a topic of conversation for his traditional headdress more than his mission.

In 1903, Chief Joseph visited Seattle, a booming young town, where he stayed in the Lincoln Hotel as guest to Edmond Meany, a history professor at the University of Washington. It was there that he also befriended Edward Curtis, the photographer, who took one of his most memorable and well-known photographs. Joseph also visited President Theodore Roosevelt in Washington, D.C. the same year. Everywhere he went, it was to make a plea for what remained of his people to be returned to their home in the Wallowa Valley, but it never happened.

Death
An indomitable voice of conscience for the West, still in exile from his homeland, Chief Joseph died on September 21, 1904, according to his doctor, "of a broken heart". Meany and Curtis helped Joseph's family bury their chief near the village of Nespelem, Washington, where many of his tribe's members still live.

Legacy
The Chief Joseph band of Nez Perce who still live on the Colville Reservation bear his name in tribute.

Notable dramatic works

 * I Will Fight No More Forever (1975), an historical drama film starring Ned Romero.
 * Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson (1976), Robert Altman's revisionist Western film based on the Broadway play Indians.
 * From 1969 to 1970, actor George Mitchell played Chief Joseph on Broadway in the play Indians.

Literary works

 * Merrill Beal's I Will Fight No More Forever: Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce War (2000) was positively received both regionally and nationally.
 * Chief Joseph is sympathetically portrayed in Will Henry's novel of the Nez Perce War, From Where the Sun Now Stands (1959). The book won the 1960 Western Writers of America Spur Award for Best Novel of the West.
 * Helen Hunt Jackson recorded one early Oregon settler's tale of her encounter with Joseph in her Glimpses of California and the Missions (1902):

"Why I got lost once, an' I came right on Chief Joseph's camp before I knowed it ... 't was night, 'n' I was kind o' creepin' along cautious, an' the first thing I knew there was an Injun had me on each side, an' they jest marched me up to Jo's tent, to know what they should do with me ...

Well; 'n' they gave me all I could eat, 'n' a guide to show me my way, next day, 'n' I could n't make Jo nor any of 'em take one cent. I had a kind o' comforter o' red yarn, I wore rund my neck; an' at last I got Jo to take that, jest as a kind o' momento."

 * In the children's fiction book, Thunder Rolling in the Mountains, by Newbery medalist Scott O'Dell and Elizabeth Hall, the story of Chief Joseph is told by Joseph's daughter, Sound of Running Feet.
 * The saga of Chief Joseph is depicted in Robert Penn Warren's poem "Chief Joseph of the Nez Perce" (1982).
 * Chief Joseph appears in The Secret History of Twin Peaks by Mark Frost. In his speech, Chief Joseph says that he visited "the place known to our [his tribe's] ancestors, seldom visited, the place of smoke by the great falls and twin mountains, to seek the aid of the Great Spirit Chief in this time of need" in a speech he gives to his people before the retreat, in 1877.

Memorials and commemorations
Multiple man-made items and geographic features have been named for Chief Joseph, such as:
 * Chief Joseph Mountain, near Joseph, Oregon
 * Chief Joseph middle school in Richland, WA
 * Chief Joseph Elementary School in Portland, OR
 * A statue of Young Chief Joseph in Enterprise, Oregon
 * A wall-mounted quote by Joseph in The American Adventure in the World Showcase pavilion of Walt Disney World's Epcot
 * Chief Joseph Pass in Montana
 * Chief Joseph Elementary School in Great Falls, Montana.
 * Chief Joseph Middle School in Bozeman, Montana
 * The city of Joseph, Oregon, home of Chief Joseph Days festival.
 * Joseph Canyon, in northern Wallowa County, Oregon, and southern Asotin County, Washington
 * Joseph Creek, on the Oregon–Washington border
 * Chief Joseph Scenic Byway in Wyoming
 * Chief Joseph Dam on the Columbia River in Washington, the second-largest hydroelectric power producer in the U.S. and the only dam in the Northwest named after an American Indian
 * Chief Joseph is depicted on previously issued $200 Series United States Savings Bonds
 * Chief Joseph Ranch south of Darby, Montana is depicted as the Dutton Ranch on the hit series Yellowstone, starring Kevin Costner.
 * Chief Joseph School of the Arts, Meridian, ID
 * Chief Joseph Trail Ride, an annual horse trail ride following his route during the Nez Perce War

Tributes in music
Bryan Adam's song "Native Son", from his 1987 album Into the Fire is based on Chief Joseph's story.

In 2014, Micky and the Motorcars released the album Hearts from Above, which included the song "From Where the Sun Now Stands". The song contains several references to his famous speech.

Swedish country pop group Rednex sampled a part of his famous speech in their 2000 single The Spirit of the Hawk, which became a worldwide hit.

In his 2000 release Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed...And Some Blues, Dan Fogelberg mentioned Chief Joseph in the song "Don't Let That Sun Go Down," which was recorded live in 1994 in Knoxville, TN.

In 1983, Fred Small released "The Heart of the Appaloosa".

Halls of fame
In 1973, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.

Other
In June 2012, Chief Joseph's 1870s war shirt was sold to a private collection for the sum of $877,500.
 * Chief Joseph is depicted in the Audio-Animatronic show The American Adventure at Walt Disney World's Epcot, voiced by Dehl Berti. In it, he interrupts narrators Benjamin Franklin and Mark Twain to speak out against the mistreatment of Native American people throughout the nation's history.

title: Chief Joseph


text:
Talk:Japanese bondage

Japanese term
What is the name for this? Is it Kinbaku, Shibari or Nawa shibari? Or are these all equally good terms? How much of this is authentically Japanese, and how much a Western interpretation?

 * Thank you for the Japanese characters!

Yeah. I think Shibari is a (somewhat) autherical term in Japan. Honestly I don't know the difference between Kinbaku and Shibari. In Japanese, Kinbaku is literally strict bounding. --- Taku 17:09 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

Shibari is actually a Japanese word that originally had nothing to do with bondage. It simply meant "to tie" or something to that effect. Oddly enough, in Japan the same art was called "bondage" at some point. When American GIs brought Shibari to the West, they also coined the word. Today, the word has found its way back into the Japanese culture.

Kinbaku, or more accurately Kinbaku-bi, is best translated as the erotic art of bondage.

Nawa means "rope" or "hemp rope." So Nawa Shibari is really just more descriptive than just Shibari

Does anyone have any documentation of the use of the word "Shibari" before the internet? I have strong doubts about the WWII GI story. Second, for the record—no one in Japan used Shibari to describe bondage until the word was misused in the west, gained acceptance and then was brought back to Japan. The Japanese use Kinbaku, Kinbaku-bi or Sokubaku.

 * I have linked a site that depicts Japanese bondage -- some of the pictures contain nudity, but not in a salacious or pornographic way: it's quite hard to find non-porn links on this subject

It is my understanding that in the Japanese culture, sexuality has a very different place from our (American) culture. The fact that it appears pornographic is very much a part of the art, and pretty much inseparable. In a way, it's not unlike art from ancient Greece, or even from Rubens and others.

 * To write in Japanese on this subject, please see the pathetic placeholder at 縛り on the Japanese Wikipedia.

About the term uke: this is second-hand, based on reading Usenet -- I believe it is a re-use of the martial arts term -- again, is the authentic, or Western misinterpretation?

I have never heard the term uke in this context. I have sometimes heard the term "Dorei" but have been told that this is too strong a word (it means "slave"). Jujun is another term I have heard used. It seems to be perfectly OK to use the Western term "bottom." My sensei (teacher, elder) uses the term "model".

(Answers by Cadenas) External link: http://ds-arts.com/RopeArt/

 * Hellow.I'm Japanese.We don't say Shibari or Nawa-shibari in Jananese.We usually use Kinbaku. Nawa means rope. bi of Kinbaku-bi means beauty. and Shibari is noun, Shibaru is verb. bye.

and is it Japanese culture or origine?

With due respect to all of you, the eroticism/sexuality in the word 'kinbaku' is from inference only. The word properly translates as 'tight binding' or 'to bind tightly'. As a strictly non-BDSM rope artist, the distinction is important. (contributed by Ellie the Nomad) —Preceding unsigned comment added by E3Nomad (talk • contribs) 09:59, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Why has "kinbaku" been chosen as the primary term for this article while "shibari" is treated almost as an obscure synonym? It seems to me like "shibari" is the most common name for this outside of Japan. That it's technically "incorrect" in Japanese doesn't matter since it's technically a loan word. It's no different from Engrish getting terms "wrong". They're still established words.
 * Peter Isotalo 19:42, 19 July 2011 (UTC)

Nose thingy
Does anyone know what is this thing on the woman's nose? Is this a Japanese invention? I only tend to see it in Japanese erotica. What is its name and history? AlexQ 22:05, 28 Dec 2004 (UTC)

It is a nose hook. Not sure if there is a Japanese name for it, nor if it is historic or a recent invention. I suspect it is actually historic.

The idea behind it is related to the history of Shibari in general: it is derived from Hojojutsu, which originally was a technique both for torture and for humiliation. The nose hook ties into the humiliation aspect, making the woman's face look like a pig's face.history

(Answer by Cadenas)

More material for y'all
There was a messy article on "shibari" before I turned Shibari into a redirect here. Click on that first link and you'll land on the page, as it was. There could be something useful there that isn't here; it's all GFDL, so go for it. -- Hoary 07:48, 20 May 2006 (UTC)

Purposed change to definition shibari

 * Moved from WT:Policies and guidelines Johnuniq (talk) 00:04, 9 December 2014 (UTC)

The contemporary meaning of Shibari describes an ancient Japanese artistic form of rope bondage. It's my belief here that the term "erotic' is an opinion, and the subject of the WIKI page seems to have a clear definition. http://www.artofcontemporaryshibari.com/?page_id=29 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.96.82.192 (talk • contribs) 23:22, 8 December 2014

Describing the figures
We really need to describe the different Shibari figures (postures / ties) that are enumerated. For most of them, we see their name - for example "futomomo" - but there is no description of what a futomomo is, or looks like. (it's a tie in which the leg is bent) There is also no translation. (it means "fat thigh") We should look into that for each of the terms listed. AlexandreQuessy (talk) 05:32, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

More historical background
It would be useful if there was more historical background info in this page. AlexandreQuessy (talk) 05:32, 10 January 2019 (UTC)

SNMKURAMA
SNMKURAMA 24.166.254.120 (talk) 06:00, 7 January 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Japanese bondage


text:
Talk:Civilization (video game)

External links modified
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Source

 * https://web.archive.org/web/20001204134100/http://www.gamespot.com:80/features/sidlegacy/civi.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by JimmyBlackwing (talk • contribs) 04:35, 12 April 2018 (UTC)
 * https://archive.org/details/CGStrategyPlus_assorted/CG-StrategyPlus-14/page/n19/mode/2up — Preceding unsigned comment added by JimmyBlackwing (talk • contribs) 07:44, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

Release date confusion?
Can we correct, clarify, or remove some of the sections of this article that talk about the game's release date? Because they're all over the place!

The first para says 1991, and the infobox says September 1991, but then we get:
 * "Civilization was released in early 1991" at the end of Development at MicroProse (completely uncited)
 * Reception cites a preview of the game published in December 1991!!

Surely they can't all be true?! --MysteriousBoron (talk) 10:06, 16 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Okay, checking the sources: the one used for "early 1991" in fact does not mention "early", just 1991. The other, the one that is giving its preview, that's citing the date that's stamped onto the magazine, which was probably mailed out well before Dec 1991, so that's just awkward language, the date doesn't need to be in that sentence. Sept 1991 is likely correct but I'm going to try to double check that. --M asem (t) 14:17, 16 April 2021 (UTC)
 * And to just confirm, I walked though some issues of CGW and it was clear that by the time CGW hit that Dec 1991 issue, the game was already out and they were reviewing it, not previewing it, (which at that time in the industry was an oddity). --M asem (t) 14:38, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Civilization (video game)