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40th Annual Grammy Awards

The 40th Annual Grammy Awards were held on February 25, 1998, at Radio City Music Hall, New York City. They recognized accomplishments by musicians from the previous year. This event is best known for Ol' Dirty Bastard interrupting Shawn Colvin's speech for Song of the Year.

Performers

 * Will Smith – Men In Black/Gettin' Jiggy Wit It
 * R. Kelly – I Believe I Can Fly
 * Fiona Apple – Criminal
 * Fleetwood Mac – Rhiannon/Go Your Own Way/Don't Stop
 * Celine Dion – My Heart Will Go On
 * LeAnn Rimes – How Do I Live
 * Lilith Fair Tribute: Paula Cole – Where Have All The Cowboys Gone, Shawn Colvin – Sunny Came Home & Sarah McLachlan – Building A Mystery
 * Hanson – MMMBop
 * Vince Gill – Pretty Little Adriana
 * Tim McGraw & Faith Hill – It's Your Love
 * Aretha Franklin – Respect/Nessun Dorma
 * Erykah Badu & Wyclef Jean – On & On/Gone 'Till November
 * Bob Dylan – Love Sick

Presenters

 * Chris Rock & Vanessa Williams – Best Rap Solo Performance
 * Gloria Estefan & Dwight Yoakam – Best Female Country Vocal Performance
 * Mike Myers & Jewel – Best R&B Album
 * Erykah Badu & Wyclef Jean – Song of the Year
 * Missy Elliott & LL Cool J – Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
 * Tim McGraw & Faith Hill – Best Male Country Vocal Performance
 * Danny De Vito & Puff Daddy – Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals
 * Deana Carter & Julio Iglesias – Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals
 * Aretha Franklin & Blues Brothers – Best New Artist
 * Boyz II Men & Tara Lipinski – Best Pop Vocal Album
 * Kelsey Grammer & Bette Midler – Record of the Year
 * Usher, Sheryl Crow & John Fogerty – Album of the Year

Award winners
Bob Dylan, Alison Krauss & Union Station, and R. Kelly were the main recipients with three awards each. Following R. Kelly's federal conviction of racketeering and violations of the Mann Act in New York on September 27, 2021, The Recording Academy declined to strip Kelly of his awards.

General

 * Record of the Year
 * "Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin; John Leventhal, producer
 * "Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?" – Paula Cole; Paula Cole, producer
 * "Everyday Is a Winding Road" – Sheryl Crow; Sheryl Crow, producer
 * "MMMBop" – Hanson; The Dust Brothers, producers
 * "I Believe I Can Fly" – R. Kelly; R. Kelly, producer

 * Album of the Year
 * Time Out of Mind – Bob Dylan; Daniel Lanois, producer
 * The Day – Babyface; Babyface, producer
 * This Fire – Paula Cole; Paula Cole, producer
 * Flaming Pie – Paul McCartney; Jeff Lynne, George Martin & Paul McCartney, producers
 * OK Computer – Radiohead; Nigel Godrich & Radiohead, producers

 * Song of the Year
 * "Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin & John Leventhal, songwriters (Shawn Colvin)
 * "Don't Speak" – Eric Stefani & Gwen Stefani, songwriters (No Doubt)
 * "How Do I Live" – Diane Warren, songwriter (LeAnn Rimes & Trisha Yearwood)
 * "I Believe I Can Fly" – R. Kelly, songwriter (R. Kelly)
 * "Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?" – Paula Cole, songwriter (Paula Cole)

 * Best New Artist
 * Paula Cole
 * Fiona Apple
 * Erykah Badu
 * Puff Daddy
 * Hanson

Pop

 * Best Female Pop Vocal Performance
 * "Building a Mystery" – Sarah McLachlan
 * "Butterfly" – Mariah Carey
 * "Where Have All the Cowboys Gone?" – Paula Cole
 * "Sunny Came Home" – Shawn Colvin
 * "Foolish Games" – Jewel

 * Best Male Pop Vocal Performance
 * "Candle in the Wind 1997" – Elton John
 * "Every Time I Close My Eyes" – Babyface
 * "Whenever Wherever Whatever" – Maxwell
 * "Fly Like an Eagle" – Seal
 * "Barely Breathing" – Duncan Sheik

 * Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * "Virtual Insanity" – Jamiroquai
 * "Silver Springs" – Fleetwood Mac
 * "MMMBop" – Hanson
 * "Don't Speak" – No Doubt
 * "Anybody Seen My Baby?" – The Rolling Stones

 * Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals
 * "Don't Look Back" – John Lee Hooker with Van Morrison
 * "How Come, How Long" – Babyface & Stevie Wonder
 * "God Bless the Child" – Tony Bennett with Billie Holiday
 * "I Finally Found Someone" – Barbra Streisand & Bryan Adams
 * "Tell Him" – Barbra Streisand & Celine Dion

 * Best Pop Instrumental Performance
 * "Last Dance" – Sarah McLachlan
 * "Song for My Brother" – George Benson
 * "An Gaoth Aneas" – The Chieftains
 * "Havana" – Kenny G
 * "Soulful Strut" – Grover Washington Jr.

 * Best Dance Recording
 * "Carry On" – Donna Summer & Giorgio Moroder
 * "Da Funk" – Daft Punk
 * "Ooh Aah... Just a Little Bit" – Gina G
 * "To Step Aside" – Pet Shop Boys
 * "Space Jam" – Quad City DJ's

 * Best Pop Album
 * Hourglass – James Taylor; Frank Filipetti & James Taylor, producers
 * This Fire – Paula Cole; Paula Cole, producer
 * The Dance – Fleetwood Mac; Lindsey Buckingham & Elliot Scheiner, producers
 * Travelling Without Moving – Jamiroquai; Jay Kay & Al Stone, producers
 * Surfacing – Sarah McLachlan; Pierre Marchand, producer

 * Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance

 * Tony Bennett on Holiday – Tony Bennett
 * Julie Andrews Broadway/Here I'll Stay – Julie Andrews
 * Mothers & Daughters – Rosemary Clooney
 * Sondheim, Etc., – Live at Carnegie Hall – Bernadette Peters
 * Film Noir – Carly Simon

Alternative

 * Best Alternative Music Performance
 * OK Computer – Radiohead
 * Homogenic – Björk
 * Earthling – David Bowie
 * Dig Your Own Hole – The Chemical Brothers
 * The Fat of the Land – Prodigy

Blues

 * Best Traditional Blues Album
 * John Lee Hooker for Don't Look Back

 * Best Contemporary Blues Album
 * Taj Mahal for Señor Blues

Children's

 * Best Musical Album for Children
 * Roger Nichols, Kris O'Connor (producers) and John Denver (producer and artist) for All Aboard!
 * Best Spoken Word Album for Children
 * John McElroy (producer) and Charles Kuralt for Winnie-the-Pooh

Comedy

 * From 1994 through 2003, see "Best Spoken Comedy Album" under the "Spoken" field, below.

Classical

 * Best Orchestral Performance
 * Pierre Boulez (conductor) and the Cleveland Orchestra for Berlioz: Symphonie Fantastique; Tristia
 * Best Classical Vocal Performance
 * Cecilia Bartoli for An Italian Songbook (Works of Bellini, Donizetti, Rossini)
 * Best Opera Recording
 * Michael Woolcock (producer), Georg Solti (conductor), José van Dam, Ben Heppner, Herbert Lippert, Karita Mattila, Alan Opie, Rene Pape, Iris Vermillion and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for Wagner: Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
 * Best Choral Performance
 * Robert Shaw (conductor) and the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra and Chorus for Adams: Harmonium/Rachmaninoff: The Bells
 * Best Instrumental Soloist(s) Performance (with orchestra)
 * David Zinman (conductor), Yo-Yo Ma and the Philadelphia Orchestra for Premieres – Cello Concertos (Works of Danielpour, Kirchner, Rouse)
 * Best Instrumental Soloist Performance (without orchestra)
 * János Starker for Bach: Suites for Solo Cello Nos. 1 – 6
 * Best Small Ensemble Performance (with or without conductor)
 * Claudio Abbado (conductor) for "Hindemith: Kammermusik No. 1 With Finale 1921, Op. 24 No. 1" performed by members of the Berlin Philharmonic
 * Best Chamber Music Performance
 * Emerson String Quartet for Beethoven: The String Quartets
 * Best Classical Contemporary Composition
 * John Adams (composer), Kent Nagano (conductor) and the Hallé Orchestra for "Adams: El Dorado"
 * Best Classical Album
 * Steven Epstein (producer), David Zinman (conductor), Yo-Yo Ma and the Philadelphia Orchestra for Premieres – Cello Concertos (Works of Danielpour, Kirchner, Rouse)

Composing and arranging

 * Best Instrumental Composition
 * Wayne Shorter (composer) for "Aung San Suu Kyi" performed by Herbie Hancock and Wayne Shorter
 * Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television
 * R. Kelly (songwriter) for "I Believe I Can Fly" (from Space Jam)
 * Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture or for Television
 * Gabriel Yared (composer) for The English Patient
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement
 * Bill Holman (arranger) for "Straight, No Chaser" performed by The Bill Holman Band
 * Best Instrumental Arrangement Accompanying Vocal(s)
 * Slide Hampton (arranger) for "Cotton Tail" performed by Dee Dee Bridgewater

Country
other nominees
 * Best Female Country Vocal Performance
 * Trisha Yearwood for "How Do I Live"
 * Deana Carter – "Did I Shave My Legs For This?"
 * Patty Loveless – "The Trouble with the Truth"
 * LeAnn Rimes – "How Do I Live"
 * Pam Tillis – "All the Good Ones Are Gone"

other nominees
 * Best Male Country Vocal Performance
 * Vince Gill for "Pretty Little Adriana"
 * Best Country Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Alison Krauss and Union Station for "Looking in the Eyes of Love"
 * Best Country Collaboration with Vocals
 * Garth Brooks and Trisha Yearwood for "In Another's Eyes"
 * Best Country Instrumental Performance
 * Alison Krauss and Union Station for "Little Liza Jane"
 * Best Country Song
 * Bob Carlisle and Randy Thomas (songwriters) for "Butterfly Kisses" performed by Bob Carlisle / Jeff Carson / the Raybon Brothers
 * Bob McDill & Dean Dillon for "All the Good Ones Are Gone" (Pam Tillis)
 * Deana Carter & Rhonda Hart for "Did I Shave My Legs For This?" (Deana Carter)
 * Bobby Wood, John Peppard & Garth Brooks for "In Another's Eyes" (Garth Brooks & Trisha Yearwood)
 * Stephony Smith for "It's Your Love" (Tim McGraw & Faith Hill)

 * Best Country Album
 * Rick Rubin (producer) and Johnny Cash for Unchained
 * Best Bluegrass Album
 * Alison Krauss and Union Station for So Long So Wrong

Folk

 * Best Traditional Folk Album
 * BeauSoleil for L'amour ou la Folie
 * Best Contemporary Folk Album
 * Bob Dylan for Time Out of Mind

Gospel

 * Best Pop/Contemporary Gospel Album
 * Jars of Clay for Much Afraid
 * Best Rock Gospel Album
 * dc Talk for Welcome to the Freak Show
 * Best Traditional Soul Gospel Album
 * The Fairfield Four for I Couldn't Hear Nobody Pray
 * Best Contemporary Soul Gospel Album
 * Take 6 for Brothers
 * Best Southern, Country or Bluegrass Gospel Album
 * Peter York (producer) for Amazing Grace 2: A Country Salute to Gospel performed by various artists
 * Best Gospel Choir or Chorus Album
 * Myron Butler, Kirk Franklin and Robert Searight II (choir directors) for God's Property from Kirk Franklin's Nu Nation performed by God's Property

Historical

 * Best Historical Album
 * Amy Horowitz, Jeff Place and Pete Reiniger (producers), David Glasser and Charlie Pilzer (engineers) for Anthology of American Folk Music (1997 Edition Expanded) performed by various artists

Jazz

 * Best Jazz Instrumental Solo
 * Doc Cheatham and Nicholas Payton for "Stardust"
 * Best Jazz Instrumental Performance, Individual or Group
 * Charlie Haden and Pat Metheny for Beyond the Missouri Sky (Short Stories)
 * Best Large Jazz Ensemble Performance
 * Joe Henderson for Big Band performed by the Joe Henderson Big Band
 * Best Jazz Vocal Performance
 * Dee Dee Bridgewater for Dear Ella
 * Best Contemporary Jazz Performance
 * Randy Brecker for Into the Sun
 * Best Latin Jazz Performance
 * Roy Hargrove's Crisol for Habana

Latin

 * Best Latin Pop Performance
 * Luis Miguel for Romances
 * Best Tropical Latin Performance
 * Ry Cooder for Buena Vista Social Club
 * Best Mexican-American/Tejano Music Performance
 * La Mafia for En Tus Manos
 * Best Latin Rock/Alternative Performance
 * Los Fabulosos Cadillacs for Fabulosos Calavera

Musical show

 * Best Musical Show Album
 * Jay David Saks (producer) for Chicago the Musical performed by Various Artists featuring Ann Reinking, Bebe Neuwirth, James Naughton and Joel Grey

New Age

 * Best New Age Album
 * Michael Hedges for Oracle

Packaging and notes

 * Best Recording Package
 * Al Quattrocchi, Hugh Brown and Jeff Smith (art directors) for Titanic – Music as Heard on the Fateful Voyage performed by Various Artists

 * Best Boxed Recording Package
 * David Gorman, Hugh Brown and Rachel Gutek (art directors) for Beg Scream and Shout! The Big Ol' Box of '60s Soul performed by Various Artists

 * Best Album Notes
 * Chuck Pirtle, Eric von Schmidt, Jeff Place, John Fahey, Jon Pankake, Kip Lornell, Lucy Sante, Luis Kemnitzer, Neil V. Rosenberg and Peter Stampfel (notes writers) for Anthology of American Folk Music (1997 Edition Expanded) performed by Various Artists

Polka

 * Best Polka Album
 * Jimmy Sturr for Living on Polka Time

Production and engineering

 * Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical
 * Frank Filipetti (engineer) for Hourglass performed by James Taylor
 * Best Engineered Album, Classical
 * Michael J. Bishop, Jack Renner (engineers), Erich Kunzel (conductor) and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra for Copland: The Music of America (Fanfare for the Common Man; Rodeo, etc.)
 * Producer of the Year, Non-Classical
 * Babyface
 * Producer of the Year, Classical
 * Steven Epstein
 * Remixer of the Year, Non-Classical
 * Frankie Knuckles

R&B

 * Best Female R&B Vocal Performance
 * Erykah Badu- "On & On"
 * Chaka Khan- "Summertime"
 * Mariah Carey- "Honey"
 * Patti LaBelle- "When You Talk About Love"
 * Whitney Houston- "I Believe in You and Me"
 * Best Male R&B Vocal Performance
 * R. Kelly- "I Believe I Can Fly"
 * Curtis Mayfield- "Back to Living Again"
 * Kenny Lattimore- "For You"
 * Luther Vandross- "When You Call On Me/Baby That's When I Come Runnin"
 * Usher- "You Make Me Wanna..."
 * Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * Blackstreet- "No Diggity"
 * Az Yet & Peter Cetera- "Hard to Say I'm Sorry"
 * Boyz II Men- "A Song for Mama"
 * God's Property & Salt- "Stomp"
 * Take 6- "You Don't Have to Be Afraid"
 * Best R&B Song
 * R. Kelly (songwriter) for "I Believe I Can Fly"
 * Andre Young, Chauncey Hannibal, Teddy Riley, William Stewart, Lynise Walters, Richard Vick, & Bill Withers for "No Diggity" (Blackstreet)
 * Erykah Badu & Jaborn Jamal for "On & On" (Erykah Badu)
 * Kirk Franklin for "Stomp" (God's Property featuring Kirk Franklin & Salt)
 * Mariah Carey, Puff Daddy, Stevie J, Q-Tip, Bobby Robinson, Stephen Hague, Ronald Larkins, Malcolm McLaren, & Larry Price for "Honey" (Mariah Carey)
 * Best R&B Album
 * Erykah Badu- Baduizm
 * Babyface - The Day
 * Mary J. Blige- Share My World
 * Boyz II Men- Evolution
 * Patti LaBelle- Flame
 * Whitney Houston- The Preacher's Wife: Original Soundtrack Album

Rap

 * Best Rap Solo Performance
 * "Men in Black" – Will Smith
 * "Put Your Hands Where My Eyes Could See" – Busta Rhymes
 * "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)" – Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott
 * "Ain't Nobody" – LL Cool J
 * "Hypnotize" – The Notorious B.I.G.

 * Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group
 * "I'll Be Missing You" – Puff Daddy & Faith Evans featuring 112
 * "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" – Puff Daddy featuring Mase
 * "Guantanamera" – Wyclef Jean featuring Celia Cruz & Jeni Fujita
 * "Not Tonight" – Lil' Kim featuring Da Brat, Left Eye, Missy "Misdeameanor" Elliott & Angie Martinez
 * "Mo Money Mo Problems" – The Notorious B.I.G. featuring Mase & Puff Daddy

 * Best Rap Album
 * No Way Out – Puff Daddy & The Family; Sean "Puffy" Combs & Stevie J., producers
 * Supa Dupa Fly – Missy "Misdemeanor" Elliott
 * Wyclef Jean Presents The Carnival – Wyclef Jean
 * Life After Death – The Notorious B.I.G.
 * Wu-Tang Forever – Wu-Tang Clan

Reggae

 * Best Reggae Album
 * Beenie Man for Many Moods of Moses
 * Ziggy Marley & the Melody Makers for Fallen Is Babylon
 * Shaggy for Midnite Lover
 * Buju Banton for Inna Heights

Rock

 * Best Female Rock Vocal Performance
 * Fiona Apple for "Criminal"
 * Best Male Rock Vocal Performance
 * Bob Dylan for "Cold Irons Bound"
 * Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal
 * The Wallflowers for "One Headlight"
 * Best Rock Instrumental Performance
 * The Chemical Brothers for "Block Rockin' Beats"
 * Best Hard Rock Performance
 * The Smashing Pumpkins for "The End Is the Beginning Is the End"
 * Best Metal Performance
 * Tool for "Ænema"
 * Best Rock Song
 * Jakob Dylan (songwriter) for "One Headlight" performed by The Wallflowers
 * Best Rock Album
 * John Fogerty for Blue Moon Swamp

Spoken

 * Best Spoken Word Album
 * Charles Kuralt for Charles Kuralt's Spring

 * Best Spoken Comedy Album
 * Chris Rock for Roll with the New

Traditional pop

 * Best Traditional Pop Vocal Performance
 * Tony Bennett for Tony Bennett on Holiday

World

 * Best World Music Album
 * Milton Nascimento for Nascimento

Music video

 * Best Short Form Music Video
 * "Got 'til It's Gone" – Janet Jackson
 * Mark Romanek, video director; Aris McGarry, video producer
 * "How Come, How Long" – Babyface featuring Stevie Wonder
 * F. Gary Gray, video director; Craig Fanning, video producer
 * "I Care 'Bout You" – Milestone
 * Mark Gerard, video director; Melinda Nugent, video producer
 * "Early to Bed" – Morphine
 * Jamie Caliri, video director; Adam Stern, video producer
 * "Stinkfist" – Tool
 * Adam Jones, video director; Donna Langston & Kevin Willis, video producers

 * Best Long Form Music Video
 * Jagged Little Pill, Live – Alanis Morissette
 * Alanis Morissette & Steve Purcell, video directors; Glen Ballard, David May, Alanis Morissette & Steve Purcell, video producers
 * Letters from a Porcupine – Blind Melon
 * Steve MacCorkle, video director; Steve MacCorkle, video producer
 *  Forever's a Long, Long Time – Orquestra Was
 * Don Was, video director; Larry Shapiro, video producer
 * Live in Amsterdam: Wildest Dreams Tour – Tina Turner
 * David Mallet, video director; Monique Ten Berge & Patrick Roubroeks, video producers
 * Blue Note: A Story of Modern Jazz – Various Artists
 * Julian Benedikt, video director; Ulli Pfau, video producer

MusiCares Person of the Year

 * Luciano Pavarotti

Grammy Legend Award

 * Luciano Pavarotti

title: 40th Annual Grammy Awards


text:
Hong Pok-wŏn

Hong Pok-wŏn (1206–1258) was a Goryeo commander who later served as an administrator of the Mongol Empire. Descended from a northwestern warlord family, Hong Pok-wŏn defected to the Mongols in 1231 and eventually settled around Liaoyang and Shenyang, where he was installed him as an administrator of Goryeo defectors.

Hong Pok-wŏn had seven sons and one daughter. One of his sons, Hong Ta-gu, served in the military of the Yuan dynasty.

Early life
Hong Pok-wŏn was born to Hong Tae-sun, a toryon (military commander) under the Chujingun system in the region of Inju. He had about 3,000 armed men under his command. Toryons were often referred to as t'oho (powerful familities) because they behaved like autonomous warlords.

Hong Pok-wŏn and his father first encountered the Mongols in 1218 when they invaded Goryeo in pursuit of Khitan rebel groups. There is no record of Hong Tae-sun taking orders from the Goryeo court to coordinate an attack on the Mongols. The t'ohos of Northwestern Goryeo were at odds with the central court due to their control over their trade activities with northern nomads.

Mongol service
When the Mongols invaded Goryeo in 1231, Hong Pok-wŏn defected to their side with his subordinates numbering 1500 families. He was given the post of Koryo kunmin manho ("the commander of ten thousand families of Koryo warriors"). He persuaded 40 Goryeo fortresses to surrender to the Mongols. After the Mongols left, the Goryeo court gave him the title of rangjang of Sŏgyŏng, which indirectly acknowledged that they had no real control over him and sought to compromise with the warlord. Hong Pok-wŏn rebelled in Sŏgyŏng in 1233 and killed Chŏng Ŭi, the general assigned to Sŏgyŏng to defend elite interests. The rebellion was defeated and Hong Pok-wŏn escaped to Mongol territory. His father and brother, Hong Paek-su, were captured and taken to Kaesong.

After fleeing, he went to Shenyang where he begged the Mongols to allow him to stay, and they appointed him kwanryong kuibu koryo kunmin changgwan ("the Commander of Submitted Koryo Warriors"). He became the leader of Goryeo defectors. In 1234, he was ordered to attack Goryeo. In 1238, about 2,000 Goryeo men under Cho Hyon-seup and Lee Won-ja submitted to the Mongols and were placed under Hong's command. In 1250, Hong had a quarrel with Wang Chun, a Goryeo royal hostage sent to the Mongols who stayed in his house. In 1252, Hong assembled his men and received permission to attack Goryeo. The next year, Hong instigated an attack on Goryeo by claiming that the king of Goryeo had no intention of returning the capital to Kaesong. He demanded bribes from the Goryeo court. The court responded the next year with large amounts of silver, gold, and leather. In 1256, Hong took part in the invasion of Goryeo as a commander of Goryeo troops. In 1258 he was executed because of defamation by Wang Chun.

Death
Prince Wang Chun of Goryeo married a Mongol princess and started gaining influence among the Mongol elite. He was part of the Goryeo-Mongol reconciliation process that Wonjong of Goryeo successfully utilized to overthrow the military's power, and thus threatened Hong Pok-wŏn's position as the primary military expert on Goryeo operations. The Mongols were also worried about Hong's rise in Shenyang and Liaoyang and hoped to use a divide and conquer strategy to balance Hong's influence. The Goryeosa provides an account of personal conflict involving Hong, Wang Chun, and his Mongol wife who used her influence to cause the execution of Hong. The History of Yuan merely remarks that Hong and Wang Chun struggled for power over the Goryeo warrior defectors and Hong died after losing the contest.

After Hong Pok-wŏn's death, the Goryeo people of Liaoyang were left under the control of the Hong clan while Wang Chun was left in control of some 2,000 Goryeo families in Shenyang.

Family

 * Father: Hong Daesun (홍대순)
 * Grandfather: Hong Che-sŏn (홍제선)
 * Grandmother: Lady Mun (부인 문씨); daughter of Mun Sin-u (문신우, 文申祐)
 * Mother (name unknown)
 * Younger brother: Hong Paek-su (홍백수)
 * Nephew: Hong Sŏn (홍선)
 * Grandnephew: Hong T'ak (홍탁); became the father of Lady Hong, Consort Hwa
 * Grandnephew: Hong Su (홍수)
 * Wife (name unknown)
 * 1st son: Hong Ta-gu (홍다구, 洪茶丘)
 * 2nd son: Hong Kun-sang (홍군상, 洪君祥)
 * Daughter: Lady Hong (부인 홍씨, 夫人 洪氏)
 * Son-in-law: Chang Wi (장위, 張暐)

In popular culture

 * Portrayed by Lee Won-jae in the 2012 MBC TV series God of War.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hong Pok-wŏn


text:
Talk:HTML tag

Forms
''To use forms, you must have a CGI script in the server. ''

This is not true. PHP, for example, is not CGI. I am using a form right now to enter this message and it is not going to be processed by a CGI script.

Though it would probably be tricky to fully explain this topic of forms while still being friendly to beginner level users, it would be worse to give misinformation. I suggest changing the semantics to convey that CGI is one way but not the only way. Perhaps even saying something more broad like:

To use forms you must have a server-side script, such as Perl CGI or PHP.

I am choosing not to edit the page but rather to just post to the Talk section.

 * Can't forms also submit via email? -- Tarquin 10:01 Feb 25, 2003 (UTC)
 * In practice, sometimes. Not according to the standard, and the method fails more often than not. E-mail submitted forms are often illegible anyway. Jor 01:07, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)
 * Correct it, if you justify it. It´s better for all ;)

Shorthand notation
Can someone verify that: <li/Foo/ is valid HTML? I doubt it. It does not render in IE6 or Opera711.

 * It is valid HTML, since HTML is an SGML application. It is not recommended HTML however, and it is highly probably it will fail in all web browsers. I've added a note on that to the page. Jor 01:07, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Only HTML 4
''This page is only appropriate for HTML 4; the phrase 'HTML tag' can equally apply to valid tags in XHTML 1.1, for example, which are quite different to the ones listed here. It might be better to have these definitions in subpages, such as HTML tag/4.01 and so on. I also wonder whether it's redundant to list all the tags here in light of the official W3C specs. -- Hex''

It is too much to be added.
Since it is just like copying the popular HTML tags from 'W3C' standard of HTML, it is not worth to talk too deep. There is also a lot of useful tutorials and references for this topic. Is is a need for so many things?

Rewritten partially
I figure since this page exists I might as well advocate some standards-compliant practices here. Jor 01:07, 5 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Redirecting to HTML element
I'm redirecting this article to HTML element. Here's why:

 * It seems fairly useless to have an encyclopedia article on a single semantic structure (the HTML tag) that has no meaning outside the context of an HTML element. It would be like having an article on the C++ left parenthesis.
 * The bulk of the current article discusses various shorthand notations involving HTML tags, inherited from SGML. These are more appropriately discussed in the HTML or SGML articles.
 * The remainder of the article's contents is about HTML elements.

I personally don't think there's any useful information here; history will of course be preserved in case anyone wants to vet the prior version for things to add to the HTML element or other articles. -- Wapcaplet 18:16, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

In working on redirecting existing links, I've made a few other significant changes. I did some major cleanup to HTML element itself (which, for ostensibly being an article about how to use HTML, seemed to display a startling lack of the very kind of structure for which HTML is so useful). Anyway, I have also summarily killed the following articles and redirected them to HTML element:

 * ABBR tag
 * ACRONYM tag
 * ADDRESS tag
 * BLOCKQUOTE tag
 * BR tag
 * BODY tag
 * HEAD tag
 * TITLE tag

If anyone has a problem with this, please feel free to bring it up. Those articles did add slightly more information than the current version of the HTML element article has for each element (namely, the attributes available for each) but I couldn't foresee any of them turning into anything more than what they already were. It appears to me that this was someone's aborted attempt at creating articles for all the HTML tags, abandoned after getting through the first eight. -- Wapcaplet 20:06, 8 Sep 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:HTML tag


text:
Arado Ar 196

The Arado Ar 196 was a shipboard reconnaissance low-wing monoplane aircraft designed and produced by the German aircraft manufacturer Arado. It was the standard observation floatplane of the Kriegsmarine (German Navy) throughout the Second World War, and was the only German seaplane to serve throughout the conflict.

The Ar 196 was designed in response to the Kriegsmarine's requirement to replace the Heinkel He 60 biplane after the intended successor, the He 114, had proved to be unsatisfactory. Arado submitted a monoplane design to the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (German Air Ministry, RLM) while all competing bids were for biplanes; the RLM decided to order four prototypes of the Ar 196 in late 1936. Testing of these prototypes during late 1937 revealed their favourable performance characteristics, leading to production being authorised and formal service tests commencing in the opening weeks of 1939. Starting in November 1939, production switched to the heavier land-based Ar 196 A-2 model; it would be followed by several more models until production of the type was terminated during August 1944.

All capital ships of the Kriegsmarine were equipped with Ar 196s. The aircraft was commonly used by numerous coastal squadrons, and as such continued to perform reconnaissance missions and submarine hunts into late 1944 across the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Seas. Perhaps their most noteworthy engagement was the involvement of two Ar 196s in the detection and capture of HMS Seal (N37). In addition to Germany, the Ar 196 was exported to the Bulgarian Air Force. Numerous examples were captured by the Allies, some of which were operated as late as 1955. Several Ar 196s have survived through to the twenty-first century, preserved for static display; none are known to be in an airworthy condition.

Background
In 1933, the Kriegsmarine looked for a standardized shipboard observation floatplane. After a brief selection period, the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (German Air Ministry, RLM) decided on the Heinkel He 60 biplane. This was one of a line of developments of a basic biplane airframe that appeared as a number of floatplanes, trainers, and fighters. Deliveries started in a matter of months.

By early 1935, it was determined that the He 60's performance was lacking, thus the RLM requested that Heinkel design a replacement aircraft, resulting in the He 114. The first prototype was powered by the Daimler-Benz DB 600 inline engine, but it was clear that supplies of this engine would be limited and the production versions turned to the BMW 132 radial engine instead. However, the aircraft proved to have only slightly better performance than the He 60 while its sea-handling was deemed to be poor and it did not meet strength requirements for catapult launches. Rushed modifications resulted in a series of nine prototypes in an attempt to solve some of the problems, but they did not help much. The Navy gave up, and the planes were eventually sold off to Romania, Spain and Sweden.

Submission and selection
During October 1936, the RLM requested for a He 114 replacement; the corresponding specification stipulated that the aircraft would use the BMW 132, and requested prototypes in both twin-float and single-float configurations. Responses were received from Dornier, Gotha, Arado and Focke-Wulf. Heinkel declined to tender, contending that the He 114 could still be made to work. With the exception of the Arado low-wing monoplane design, all submissions received were conventional biplanes. The Ar 196 was a semi-cantilever low-wing aircraft. The design of its fuselage was reminiscent of the Arado Ar 95 maritime patrol biplane. The wings and forward fuselage were metal skinned, while a fabric covering was used for the empennage and rear fuselage. Hydronalium, an alloy known for its resistance to corrosion in maritime environments, was extensively used throughout the aircraft The interior space of the floats was used to house fuel.

Deeming Arado's submission to be the most modern and capable aircraft, the RLM placed an initial order for four prototypes. These prototypes included a seaplane configured for catapult launches and stressed to perform diving bombing attacks. The RLM was conservative by nature, thus they also ordered two of the Focke-Wulf Fw 62 designs as a backup measure. It quickly became clear that the Arado was performing effectively, while also being easier to manufacture, as such, only four prototypes of the Fw 62 were built.

Into flight
On 1 June 1937, the first prototype, Ar 196 V1, performed its maiden flight from the Plauer See. Once its use in the flight test programme had been completed, Arado begun rebuilding V1 with the intention of attempting to set a new air speed record in its category; alterations included the installation of a more powerful BMW 132SA radial engine, a new low-profile canopy, and various aerodynamic refinements to the airframe. However, the RLM learnt of the intention and forbade Arado from proceeding on the grounds of maintaining military secrecy.

All of the prototypes were delivered by the end of summer 1937, V1 and V2 with twin floats as A models, and V3 and V4 on a single float as B models. By the end of the year, all four were participating in flight testing. Testing revealed that, in comparison to the Fw 62, the Ar 196 was the superior aircraft, possessing lighter handling qualities, higher loading, a more rugged design, and better flight characteristics. Both versions demonstrated excellent water handling and there seemed to be little to decide, one over the other. It was noted that the twin-float version exerted greater stress upon the wings, yet, since there was a possibility of the smaller outrigger floats on the B models "digging in", the twin-float A model was ordered into production. Nevertheless, the two different float arrangements were designed to be interchangeable, along with cushioned ice skis. A single additional prototype, V5, was produced in November 1938 to test final changes.

Ten A-0s were delivered in November and December 1938, permitting service tests to commence in the opening weeks of 1939. These aircraft were provisioned with a single 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 15 machine gun at the rear seat for defence. Five similarly equipped B-0s were also delivered to land-based squadrons, which were promptly followed by 20 A-1 production models starting in June 1939, which were deemed to be sufficient to equip the surface fleet. While production had fallen behind schedule by mid-1939, the programme was considered to be back on schedule by the end of the year.

Further development
Starting in November 1939, production switched to the heavier land-based A-2 model. Intended for the coastal patrol role, it added shackles for the carriage of two 50 kg (110 lb) bombs, two 20 mm MG FF cannon in the wings, and a 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine gun in the cowling. Armament had not been addressed by the original specification for the aircraft, thus early production aircraft had been outfitted largely for aerial reconnaissance missions, particularly for the detection of enemy submarines. The addition of various weapons was a result of operational experiences where the aircraft had encountered enemies and found the absence of such armaments to be less than satisfying.

A small series of fifteen A-4 models commenced production in December 1940. Intended to be exclusively operated from the Kriegsmarine's capital ships, changes involved the strengthening of the airframe, the addition of another radio, and substituting propellers to a VDM model. The land-based A-3, which had additional strengthening of the airframe, was produced from the end of 1940 to autumn 1941. The final production version was the A-5 from late 1941, which changed radios and cockpit instruments, switched the rear gun to the much-improved MG 81Z with 2000 rounds of ammunition, retrofitted the existing cannon to the MG FF/M with extended 90 round magazines, added armour protection for the pilot and observer and strengthened the airframe. The A-5 also upgraded engine type to BMW 132W.

To increase the rate of production to meet wartime demands, a license to produce the Ar 196 was arranged for the French aircraft manufacturer SNCASO; by 1942, 30 such aircraft were under construction by the company. However, the quality of these aircraft was less than that of their German-built counterparts, which was believed to be due to the reluctance of SNCASO's French workforce. Arado also adjusted their own manufacturing arrangements, intentionally decentralising and dispersing work wherever possible to minimise the impact of strategic bombing. During 1940, Arado proposed an aerodynamically-refined model, referred to as the Ar 196C. Changes included the adoption of larger dual floats, which were to offset its greater all-up weight. While testing commenced in Hamburg and production was at one point scheduled to commence in 1942, quantity production of the Ar 196C never occurred.

By the end of production in August 1944, a total of 541 Ar 196s (15 prototypes and 526 production models) had been constructed, about 100 of these being produced at SNCASO and Fokker plants.

Operational history
During the war they served under Bordfliegergruppe (Ship Aviation Group) 196 and with seven SAGr (Seeaufklärungsgruppen/Naval Reconnaissance Groups), KG 100 and KG 200, and Küstenfliegergruppe 706, from operational bases i virtually every European, Mediterranean and Balkan theatre of operation. All capital ships of the Kriegsmarine were equipped with Ar 196s:

 * The Bismarck-class battleships GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Tirpitz each carried four Ar 196s. The Bismarck had a very short operational career, the ship was lost during its first operation Rheinübung and did not have a chance to operate its aircraft. During the final stages of the operation, when Bismarck was surrounded by British forces close to the Atlantic coast of France, it was tried to launch an Ar 196 to bring the ships war diary and other reports to France. Only then it was discovered that the catapult was out of order because of battle damage sustained in the Battle of the Denmark Strait and thus the aircraft could not be launched. The Tirpitz used one of her Ar 196s during Operation Sportpalast with limited success to attack shadowing British scout planes.
 * The Scharnhorst-class battleships GERMAN BATTLESHIP Scharnhorst and GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau initially had two catapults and three Ar 196s. Both ships operated together during the early stages of the war. During Operation Weserübung one of Scharnhorst's Ar 196s was launched at extreme range to Norway in order to convey reports and orders when the German ships had to keep radio silence at a crucial stage of the operation. Similarly, one of Gneisenau's Arados brought reports to Norway after a first failed breakthrough attempt during Operation Berlin.
 * The Deutschland-class cruisers GERMAN CRUISER Deutschland, GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Scheer and GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Graf Spee were allocated two aircraft each, but during operations carried only one aircraft which was positioned on the catapult. These ships did not have an aircraft hangar. Admiral Graf Spee put its Ar 196 to good use during its raid on merchant shipping in the South Atlantic at the opening stage of the war. The Ar 196 detected on 11 September the British heavy cruiser HMS Cumberland (57) in time to avoid confrontation, and the airplane scouted successfully for British ships. But the aircraft broke down just before the Battle of the River Plate and was not able to warn Admiral Graf Spee of a patrolling British force, which eventually led to her scuttling at Montevideo.
 * The Admiral Hipper-class cruisers GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Hipper, GERMAN CRUISER Blücher and GERMAN CRUISER Prinz Eugen were equipped with one catapult and three Ar 196s.

The Ar 196 was a popular aircraft amongst pilots, who commonly found that it handled well both in the air and on the water. The aircraft became a staple of coastal squadrons, and as such continued to fly reconnaissance missions and submarine hunts into late 1944 across various theatres, including the Mediterranean, Aegean, and Black Seas.

The Ar 196 was involved in two particularly notable operations, these being the capture of HMS Seal (N37) and the interception of Royal Air Force Armstrong-Whitworth Whitley bombers. Although it was no match for a fighter, the aircraft was considerably better than its Allied counterparts and generally considered the best of its class. Despite this, it was apparent that floatplanes were at a disadvantage to most modern land-based aircraft. Owing to its good handling on water, the Finnish Air Force used Ar 196 A-3s which were later upgraded to A-5s in mid-1944 for reconnaissance as well as supply runs, several troops could fit inside its fuselage.

Two Ar 196s were brought to Penang in Japanese-occupied Malaya. In March 1944, along with a Japanese Aichi E13A, these floatplanes formed the new East Asia Naval Special Service to assist both the German Monsun Gruppe and Japanese naval forces in the area. The aircraft were painted in Japanese livery and were operated by Luftwaffe pilots under the command of Oberleutnant Ulrich Horn. On 18 February 1944, one of these Arados rescued thirtheen survivors of the German submarine UIT-23, by transferring them on its floats in several trips.

Ar 196s in Allied hands
The first Ar 196 to be captured by the Allies was an example belonging to the German cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Admiral Hipper, which was captured in Lyngstad, Eide, by a Norwegian Marinens Flyvebaatfabrikk M.F.11 floatplane of the Trøndelag naval district on 8 April 1940, at the dawn of the Norwegian Campaign. After being towed to Kristiansund by the torpedo boat HNoMS Sild, it was used against its former owners, flying with Norwegian markings. At 03:30 on 18 April, the Ar 196 was evacuated to the UK by a Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service pilot. The aircraft was shortly thereafter crashed by a British pilot while on transit to the Helensburgh naval air base for testing. At the end of the conflict, at least one Ar 196 was left at a Norwegian airfield; it was kept in use as a liaison aircraft by the Royal Norwegian Air Force for roughly one year on the west coast.

During 1944–1945, Soviet forces captured many Arados along the Baltic coast of Poland and Germany. At Dassow, a spare parts depot was recovered also. After repairs, thirty-seven Ar 196s were fitted with Soviet radio equipment and were integrated into the aviation element of the Soviet Border Guard. These were operated in the Baltic, Black Sea and Pacific coastal areas, serving until as late as 1955. One Soviet 196 was re-engined with a Shvetsov ASh-62, in case of shortages of the BMW 132, but these shortages did not occur, and no more Ar 196s were re-engined.

Operators

 * 🇧🇬 Bulgaria
 * Bulgarian Air Force
 * Finnish Air Force
 * 🇩🇪 Germany
 * Kriegsmarine
 * Luftwaffe
 * 🇳🇴 Norway – (captured)
 * Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service
 * Soviet Union
 * Soviet Border Guard
 * Soviet Border Guard

Aircraft on display

 * Ar 196 A-5 (originally A-3) Werknummer 196 0219
 * An aircraft operated by the Bulgarian Air Force is displayed at the Museum of Aviation, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

 * Ar 196 A-5, Werknummer 623 167
 * An aircraft that formerly equipped the German cruiser GERMAN CRUISER Prinz Eugen is in storage at the Paul Garber Facility of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum, and awaiting restoration.

 * Ar 196 A-5, Werknummer 623 183
 * Another aircraft from the GERMAN CRUISER Prinz Eugen was displayed from 1949 to 1995 at the Naval Air Station Willow Grove, Pennsylvania and subsequently transferred to the National Naval Aviation Museum at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida. The upper fuselage and canopy were damaged during transit, and it remained in storage awaiting restoration.  In December 2012, it was packed into containers and shipped to Nordholz, Germany. Restoration began in August 2013, in time for that city's celebration for 100 years of German naval aviation.  The plane, on long term loan from the National Naval Aviation Museum, will eventually be displayed at the Naval Air Wing 3 (Marinefliegergeschwader 3) headquarters at Nordholz Naval Airbase.

The Aircraft Historical Museum, Sola, Norway, has on display an Ar 196 A-2 fuselage frame raised from the wreck of the German cruiser Blücher in Oslofjord.
 * Arado Ar 196 A-2 Werknummer 196 0046 or 196 0048

Another aircraft is known to lie in the Jonsvatnet, a lake near Trondheim in Norway. A number of wartime German aircraft have been recovered from the lake, but the Ar 196 remains undisturbed as its crew were killed when it crashed there in 1940 and it has the status of a war grave.

A wrecked Ar 196 A-3, believed to be D1 + EH, was snagged by a fishing trawler off the island of Irakleia in 1982 at a depth of 91 meters. It was towed out of the fishing lanes to shallower waters (about 11 meters). The upside-down plane, with fuselage and wings mostly intact, has become a popular spot for scuba diving.

title: Arado Ar 196


text:
Control key

In computing, a Control key is a modifier key which, when pressed in conjunction with another key, performs a special operation (for example, Control-C). Similarly to the Shift key, the Control key rarely performs any function when pressed by itself. The Control key is located on or near the bottom left side of most keyboards (in accordance with the international standard ISO/IEC 9995-2), with many featuring an additional one at the bottom right.

On keyboards that use English abbreviations for key labeling, it is usually labeled ( or  are sometimes used, but it is uncommon). Abbreviations in the language of the keyboard layout also are in use, e.g., the German keyboard layout uses as required by the German standard DIN 2137:2012-06. There is a standardized keyboard symbol (to be used when Latin lettering is not preferred). This symbol is encoded in Unicode as U+2388, but it is very rarely used.

History
On teletypewriters and computer terminals, holding down the Control key while pressing another key would send an ASCII C0 control character, instead of directly reporting a key press to the system. The control characters were used as non-printing characters that signal the terminal or teletypewriter to perform a special action, such as ringing a bell, ejecting a page or erasing the screen, or controlling where the next character will display.

The first 32 ASCII characters are the control characters, representable by a 5-bit binary number. Because ASCII characters were represented as 7 bits, if a key is pressed while the Control key was held down, teletypewriters and terminals would simply set the first 2 bits of a character to 0, converting the character into a control character. For example, the character "a" has a binary ASCII code of. This code would be converted to, corresponding to the ASCII character with id 1 (the SOH Character). The table at shows the ASCII control characters, with the "Caret notation" column showing a caret (^), followed by the character to press while the Control key is held down to generate the character.

If a teletypewriter or terminal is connected to a computer, the software on the computer can interpret control characters it receives however it is written to do so; a given control character can be interpreted differently from how it would be interpreted by a teletypewriter or terminal that receives it. For example, Control-C, received from a teletypewriter or terminal, is interpreted as "interrupt the current program" in some command-line interfaces, and Control-E is interpreted by the Emacs text editor as "move the editor cursor to the end of the line".

Computer keyboards directly attached to a computer, as is the case for a personal computer or workstation, distinguish each physical key from every other and report all keypresses and releases to the controlling software. This allows the software to interpret Control key combinations as it chooses, including being able to interpret a combination of the Control key, another modifier key, and a letter, number, or symbol key differently from the way it interprets a combination of the Control key and the letter, number, or symbol key without that other modifier key.

Location
The keyboards of many early computer terminals, including the Teletype Model 33 ASR and Lear-Siegler ADM-3A, and early models of the IBM PC, positioned the Control key on the left of the keyboard, whereas caps lock resides in the same position on most modern keyboards. The traditional layout was preserved for later workstation systems and is often associated with Unix workstations. Keyboards from Sun Microsystems came in two layouts; "Unix" and "PC-style", with the Unix layout having the traditional placing of the Control key and other keys. The keyboards produced for One Laptop Per Child computers also have the Control key in this location. Other vendors produce keyboards for different computer systems with this placement of the Control key, such as the Happy Hacking Keyboard.

Some users of keyboards with caps lock on the left remap the keys to exchange Control and caps lock, finding the traditional location more ergonomic for using programs benefiting from use of the Control key. Keyboard layout preferences specifically to address this need are available in some operating systems.

Others leave the control key in the lower-left corner of the keyboard, and press it using the side of their palm. The choice of location for the control key often comes down to the typist's hand shape and posture.

Notation
There are several common notations for pressing the Control key in conjunction with another key. Each notation below means press and hold while pressing the  key:

Table of examples
Different application programs, user interfaces, and operating systems use the various control key combinations for different purposes.

In early first-person shooters, the left Ctrl key is often used to fire a weapon. In newer games, the key is often used for crouching instead.

Similar concepts
Generally, the Command key, labeled with the ⌘ symbol on Apple Macintosh computers, performs the equivalent functions in classic Mac OS and macOS applications (for example, ⌘C copies, while ⌘P prints; the same holds for saving, cutting, and pasting).

Macintoshes also have a Control key, but it has different functionality. The original Apple mouse design reduced complexity by only offering one button. As the interface developed, contextual menus were offered to access extra options. Another button was needed to access these. On Unix and Windows, the user had other mouse buttons to use. On Classic Mac OS and macOS, the Control key is used to invoke a "right-click". Apple calls this a "secondary click" as left-handers can choose which side this button is on.

 * It is mostly used as a modifier key for key-combinations.
 * Pressing Control and clicking the mouse button will invoke a contextual menu. This is a compatibility feature for users with one-button mice; users with two-button mice just use the right mouse-button, with no modifiers.
 * It is used in the command line interface with programs made for that interface.
 * In Quickbooks, the Control Key is used to validate login credentials during OLSU 1016 and OLSU 1013 errors. Keeping it depressed while sending information to the Quickbooks servers fixes the errors.
 * Under macOS, the Control key allows the use of Emacs-style key combinations in most text entry fields. For example, Ctrl-A moves the caret to the start of the paragraph, Ctrl-L vertically centers the current line in the editing field, Ctrl-K cuts text to the end of the line to a kill ring separate from the normal clipboard, etc.

title: Control key


text:
Pnictogen

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A pnictogen ( or ; from πνῑ́γω "to choke" and -gen, "generator") is any of the chemical elements in group 15 of the periodic table. Group 15 is also known as the nitrogen group or nitrogen family. Group 15 consists of the elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), arsenic (As), antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), and moscovium (Mc).

The IUPAC has called it Group 15 Since 1988. Before that, in America it was called Group V A , owing to a text by H. C. Deming and the Sargent-Welch Scientific Company, while in Europe it was called Group V B  and IUPAC recommended that in 1970. (Pronounced "group five A" and "group five B"; "V" is the Roman numeral 5). In semiconductor physics, it is still usually called Group V. The "five" ("V") in the historical names comes from the "pentavalency" of nitrogen, reflected by the stoichiometry of compounds such as N2O5. They have also been called the pentels.

Chemical
Like other groups, the members of this family manifest similar patterns in electron configuration, notably in their valence shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior.

This group has the defining characteristic whereby each component element has 5 electrons in their valence shell, that is, 2 electrons in the s sub-shell and 3 unpaired electrons in the p sub-shell. They are therefore 3 electrons shy of filling their valence shell in their non-ionized state. The Russell-Saunders term symbol of the ground state in all elements in the group is 4S$3⁄2$.

The most important elements of this group to life on Earth are nitrogen (N), which in its diatomic form is the principal component of air, and phosphorus (P), which, like nitrogen, is essential to all known forms of life.

Compounds
Binary compounds of the group can be referred to collectively as pnictides. Magnetic properties of pnictide compounds span the cases of diamagnetic systems (such as BN or GaN) and magnetically ordered systems (MnSb is paramagnetic at elevated temperatures and ferromagnetic at room temperature); the former compounds are usually transparent and the latter metallic. Other pnictides include the ternary rare-earth (RE) main-group variety of pnictides. These are in the form of RE_{a}M_{b}Pn_{c}, where M is a carbon group or boron group element and Pn is any pnictogen except nitrogen. These compounds are between ionic and covalent compounds and thus have unusual bonding properties.

These elements are also noted for their stability in compounds due to their tendency to form covalent double bonds and triple bonds. This property of these elements leads to their potential toxicity, most evident in phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony. When these substances react with various chemicals of the body, they create strong free radicals that are not easily processed by the liver, where they accumulate. Paradoxically, this same strong bonding causes nitrogen's and bismuth's reduced toxicity (when in molecules), because these strong bonds with other atoms are difficult to split, creating very unreactive molecules. For example, N2, the diatomic form of nitrogen, is used as an inert gas in situations where using argon or another noble gas would be too expensive.

Formation of multiple bonds is facilitated by their five valence electrons whereas the octet rule permits a pnictogen for accepting three electrons on covalent bonding. Because 5 > 3, it leaves unused two electrons in a lone pair unless there is a positive charge around (like in [NH4]+). When a pnictogen forms only three single bonds, effects of the lone pair typically result in trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry.

Oxidation states
The light pnictogens (nitrogen, phosphorus, and arsenic) tend to form −3 charges when reduced, completing their octet. When oxidized or ionized, pnictogens typically take an oxidation state of +3 (by losing all three p-shell electrons in the valence shell) or +5 (by losing all three p-shell and both s-shell electrons in the valence shell). However heavier pnictogens are more likely to form the +3 oxidation state than lighter ones due to the s-shell electrons becoming more stabilized.

−3 oxidation state
Pnictogens can react with hydrogen to form pnictogen hydrides such as ammonia. Going down the group, to phosphane (phosphine), arsane (arsine), stibane (stibine), and finally bismuthane (bismuthine), each pnictogen hydride becomes progressively less stable (more unstable), more toxic, and has a smaller hydrogen-hydrogen angle (from 107.8° in ammonia to 90.48° in bismuthane). (Also, technically, only ammonia and phosphane have the pnictogen in the −3 oxidation state because, for the rest, the pnictogen is less electronegative than hydrogen.)

Crystal solids featuring pnictogens fully reduced include yttrium nitride, calcium phosphide, sodium arsenide, indium antimonide, and even double salts like aluminum gallium indium phosphide. These include III-V semiconductors, including gallium arsenide, the second-most widely used semiconductor after silicon.

+3 oxidation state
Nitrogen forms a limited number of stable III compounds. Nitrogen(III) oxide can only be isolated at low temperatures, and nitrous acid is unstable. Nitrogen trifluoride is the only stable nitrogen trihalide, with nitrogen trichloride, nitrogen tribromide, and nitrogen triiodide being explosive—nitrogen triiodide being so shock-sensitive that the touch of a feather detonates it (the last three actually feature nitrogen in the -3 oxidation state). Phosphorus forms a +III oxide which is stable at room temperature, phosphorous acid, and several trihalides, although the triiodide is unstable. Arsenic forms +III compounds with oxygen as arsenites, arsenous acid, and arsenic(III) oxide, and it forms all four trihalides. Antimony forms antimony(III) oxide and antimonite but not oxyacids. Its trihalides, antimony trifluoride, antimony trichloride, antimony tribromide, and antimony triiodide, like all pnictogen trihalides, each have trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry.

The +3 oxidation state is bismuth's most common oxidation state because its ability to form the +5 oxidation state is hindered by relativistic properties on heavier elements, effects that are even more pronounced concerning moscovium. Bismuth(III) forms an oxide, an oxychloride, an oxynitrate, and a sulfide. Moscovium(III) is predicted to behave similarly to bismuth(III). Moscovium is predicted to form all four trihalides, of which all but the trifluoride are predicted to be soluble in water. It is also predicted to form an oxychloride and oxybromide in the +III oxidation state.

+5 oxidation state
For nitrogen, the +5 state is typically serves as only a formal explanation of molecules like N2O5, as the high electronegativity of nitrogen causes the electrons to be shared almost evenly. Pnictogen compounds with coordination number 5 are hypervalent. Nitrogen(V) fluoride is only theoretical and has not been synthesized. The "true" +5 state is more common for the essentially non-relativistic typical pnictogens phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony, as shown in their oxides, phosphorus(V) oxide, arsenic(V) oxide, and antimony(V) oxide, and their fluorides, phosphorus(V) fluoride, arsenic(V) fluoride, antimony(V) fluoride. They also form related fluoride-anions, hexafluorophosphate, hexafluoroarsenate, hexafluoroantimonate, that function as non-coordinating anions. Phosphorus even forms mixed oxide-halides, known as oxyhalides, like phosphorus oxychloride, and mixed pentahalides, like phosphorus trifluorodichloride. Pentamethylpnictogen(V) compounds exist for arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. However, for bismuth, the +5 oxidation state becomes rare due to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s orbitals known as the inert-pair effect, so that the 6s electrons are reluctant to bond chemically. This causes bismuth(V) oxide to be unstable and bismuth(V) fluoride to be more reactive than the other pnictogen pentafluorides, making it an extremely powerful fluorinating agent. This effect is even more pronounced for moscovium, prohibiting it from attaining a +5 oxidation state.

Other oxidation states

 * Nitrogen forms a variety of compounds with oxygen in which the nitrogen can take on a variety of oxidation states, including +II, +IV, and even some mixed-valence compounds and very unstable +VI oxidation state.
 * In hydrazine, diphosphane, and organic derivatives of the two, the nitrogen or phosphorus atoms have the −2 oxidation state. Likewise, diimide, which has two nitrogen atoms double-bonded to each other, and its organic derivatives have nitrogen in the oxidation state of −1.
 * Similarly, realgar has arsenic–arsenic bonds, so the arsenic's oxidation state is +II.
 * A corresponding compound for antimony is Sb2(C6H5)4, where the antimony's oxidation state is +II.
 * Phosphorus has the +1 oxidation state in hypophosphorous acid and the +4 oxidation state in hypophosphoric acid.
 * Antimony tetroxide is a mixed-valence compound, where half of the antimony atoms are in the +3 oxidation state, and the other half are in the +5 oxidation state.
 * It is expected that moscovium will have an inert-pair effect for both the 7s and the 7p1/2 electrons, as the binding energy of the lone 7p3/2 electron is noticeably lower than that of the 7p1/2 electrons. This is predicted to cause +I to be a common oxidation state for moscovium, although it also occurs to a lesser extent for bismuth and nitrogen.

Physical
The pnictogens exemplify the transition from nonmetal to metal going down the periodic table: a gaseous diatomic nonmetal (N), two elements displaying many allotropes of varying conductivities and structures (P and As), and then at least two elements that only form metallic structures in bulk (Sb and Bi; probably Mc as well). All the elements in the group are solids at room temperature, except for nitrogen which is gaseous at room temperature. Nitrogen and bismuth, despite both being pnictogens, are very different in their physical properties. For instance, at STP nitrogen is a transparent non-metallic gas, while bismuth is a silvery-white metal.

The densities of the pnictogens increase towards the heavier pnictogens. Nitrogen's density is 0.001251 g/cm3 at STP. Phosphorus's density is 1.82 g/cm3 at STP, arsenic's is 5.72 g/cm3, antimony's is 6.68 g/cm3, and bismuth's is 9.79 g/cm3.

Nitrogen's melting point is −210 °C and its boiling point is −196 °C. Phosphorus has a melting point of 44 °C and a boiling point of 280 °C. Arsenic is one of only two elements to sublimate at standard pressure; it does this at 603 °C. Antimony's melting point is 631 °C and its boiling point is 1587 °C. Bismuth's melting point is 271 °C and its boiling point is 1564 °C.

Nitrogen's crystal structure is hexagonal. Phosphorus's crystal structure is cubic. Arsenic, antimony, and bismuth all have rhombohedral crystal structures.

Nuclear
All pnictogens up to antimony have at least one stable isotope; bismuth has no stable isotopes, but has a primordial radioisotope with a half-life much longer than the age of the universe (209Bi); and all known isotopes of moscovium are synthetic and highly radioactive. In addition to these isotopes, traces of 13N, 32P, and 33P occur in nature, along with various bismuth isotopes (other than 209Bi) in the decay chains of thorium and uranium.

History
The nitrogen compound sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride) has been known since the time of the Ancient Egyptians. In the 1760s two scientists, Henry Cavendish and Joseph Priestley, isolated nitrogen from air, but neither realized the presence of an undiscovered element. It was not until several years later, in 1772, that Daniel Rutherford realized that the gas was indeed nitrogen.

The alchemist Hennig Brandt first discovered phosphorus in Hamburg in 1669. Brandt produced the element by heating evaporated urine and condensing the resulting phosphorus vapor in water. Brandt initially thought that he had discovered the Philosopher's Stone, but eventually realized that this was not the case.

Arsenic compounds have been known for at least 5000 years, and the ancient Greek Theophrastus recognized the arsenic minerals called realgar and orpiment. Elemental arsenic was discovered in the 13th century by Albertus Magnus.

Antimony was well known to the ancients. A 5000-year-old vase made of nearly pure antimony exists in the Louvre. Antimony compounds were used in dyes in the Babylonian times. The antimony mineral stibnite may have been a component of Greek fire.

Bismuth was first discovered by an alchemist in 1400. Within 80 years of bismuth's discovery, it had applications in printing and decorated caskets. The Incas were also using bismuth in knives by 1500. Bismuth was originally thought to be the same as lead, but in 1753, Claude François Geoffroy proved that bismuth was different from lead.

Moscovium was successfully produced in 2003 by bombarding americium-243 atoms with calcium-48 atoms.

Names and etymology
The term "pnictogen" (or "pnigogen") is derived from the ancient Greek word πνίγειν (pnígein) meaning "to choke", referring to the choking or stifling property of nitrogen gas. It can also be used as a mnemonic for the two most common members, P and N. The term "pnictogen" was suggested by the Dutch chemist Anton Eduard van Arkel in the early 1950s. It is also spelled "pnicogen" or "pnigogen". The term "pnicogen" is rarer than the term "pnictogen", and the ratio of academic research papers using "pnictogen" to those using "pnicogen" is 2.5 to 1. It comes from the Greek root πνιγ- (choke, strangle), and thus the word "pnictogen" is also a reference to the Dutch and German names for nitrogen (stikstof and Stickstoff, respectively, "suffocating substance": i.e., substance in air, unsupportive of breathing). Hence, "pnictogen" could be translated as "suffocation maker". The word "pnictide" also comes from the same root.

The name pentels (from Greek πέντε, pénte, five) also at one time stood for this group.

Occurrence

Nitrogen makes up 25 parts per million of the Earth's crust, 5 parts per million of soil on average, 100 to 500 parts per trillion of seawater, and 78% of dry air. Most nitrogen on Earth is in nitrogen gas, but some nitrate minerals exist. Nitrogen makes up 2.5% of a typical human by weight.

Phosphorus is 0.1% of the earth's crust, making it the 11th most abundant element. Phosphorus comprises 0.65 parts per million of soil and 15 to 60 parts per billion of seawater. There are 200 Mt of accessible phosphates on earth. Phosphorus makes up 1.1% of a typical human by weight. Phosphorus occurs in minerals of the apatite family, which are the main components of the phosphate rocks.

Arsenic constitutes 1.5 parts per million of the Earth's crust, making it the 53rd most abundant element. The soils hold 1 to 10 parts per million of arsenic, and seawater carries 1.6 parts per billion of arsenic. Arsenic comprises 100 parts per billion of a typical human by weight. Some arsenic exists in elemental form, but most arsenic is found in the arsenic minerals orpiment, realgar, arsenopyrite, and enargite.

Antimony makes up 0.2 parts per million of the earth's crust, making it the 63rd most abundant element. The soils contain 1 part per million of antimony on average, and seawater contains 300 parts per trillion on average. A typical human has 28 parts per billion of antimony by weight. Some elemental antimony occurs in silver deposits.

Bismuth makes up 48 parts per billion of the earth's crust, making it the 70th most abundant element. The soils contain approximately 0.25 parts per million of bismuth, and seawater contains 400 parts per trillion of bismuth. Bismuth most commonly occurs as the mineral bismuthinite, but bismuth also occurs in elemental form or sulfide ores.

Moscovium is produced several atoms at a time in particle accelerators.

Nitrogen
Nitrogen can be produced by fractional distillation of air.

Phosphorus
The principal method for producing phosphorus is to reduce phosphates with carbon in an electric arc furnace.

Arsenic
Most arsenic is prepared by heating the mineral arsenopyrite in the presence of air. This forms As4O6, from which arsenic can be extracted via carbon reduction. However, it is also possible to make metallic arsenic by heating arsenopyrite at 650 to 700 °C without oxygen.

Antimony
With sulfide ores, the method by which antimony is produced depends on the amount of antimony in the raw ore. If the ore contains 25% to 45% antimony by weight, then crude antimony is produced by smelting the ore in a blast furnace. If the ore contains 45% to 60% antimony by weight, antimony is obtained by heating the ore, also known as liquidation. Ores with more than 60% antimony by weight are chemically displaced with iron shavings from the molten ore, resulting in impure metal.

If an oxide ore of antimony contains less than 30% antimony by weight, the ore is reduced in a blast furnace. If the ore contains closer to 50% antimony by weight, the ore is instead reduced in a reverberatory furnace.

Antimony ores with mixed sulfides and oxides are smelted in a blast furnace.

Bismuth
Bismuth minerals do occur, in particular in the form of sulfides and oxides, but it is more economic to produce bismuth as a by-product of the smelting of lead ores or, as in China, of tungsten and zinc ores.

Moscovium
Moscovium is produced a few atoms at a time in particle accelerators by firing a beam of calcium-48 ions at americium-243 until the nuclei fuse.

Applications

 * Liquid nitrogen is a commonly used cryogenic liquid.
 * Nitrogen in the form of ammonia is a nutrient critical to most plants' survival. Synthesis of ammonia accounts for about 1–2% of the world's energy consumption and the majority of reduced nitrogen in food.
 * Phosphorus is used in matches and incendiary bombs.
 * Phosphate fertilizer helps feed much of the world.
 * Arsenic was historically used as a Paris green pigment, but is not used this way anymore due to its extreme toxicity.
 * Arsenic in the form of organoarsenic compounds is sometimes used in chicken feed.
 * Antimony is alloyed with lead to produce some bullets.
 * Antimony currency was briefly used in the 1930s in parts of China, but this use was discontinued as antimony is both soft and toxic.
 * Bismuth subsalicylate is the active ingredient in Pepto-Bismol.
 * Bismuth chalcogenides are being studied in cancerous mice as a candidate for use in improving radiation therapy in human cancer patients.
 * Moscovium is too unstable and scarce to have any known practical application.

Biological role
Nitrogen is a component of molecules critical to life on earth, such as DNA and amino acids. Nitrates occur in some plants, due to bacteria present in the nodes of the plant. This is seen in leguminous plants such as peas or spinach and lettuce. A typical 70 kg human contains 1.8 kg of nitrogen.

Phosphorus in the form of phosphates occur in compounds important to life, such as DNA and ATP. Humans consume approximately 1 g of phosphorus per day. Phosphorus is found in foods such as fish, liver, turkey, chicken, and eggs. Phosphate deficiency is a problem known as hypophosphatemia. A typical 70 kg human contains 480 g of phosphorus.

Arsenic promotes growth in chickens and rats, and may be essential for humans in small quantities. Arsenic has been shown to be helpful in metabolizing the amino acid arginine. There are 7 mg of arsenic in a typical 70 kg human.

Antimony is not known to have a biological role. Plants take up only trace amounts of antimony. There are approximately 2 mg of antimony in a typical 70 kg human.

Bismuth is not known to have a biological role. Humans ingest on average less than 20 μg of bismuth per day. There is less than 500 μg of bismuth in a typical 70 kg human.

Moscovium is too unstable to occur in nature or have a known biological role. Moscovium does not typically occur in organisms in any meaningful amount.

Toxicity
Nitrogen gas is completely non-toxic, but breathing in pure nitrogen gas is deadly, because it causes nitrogen asphyxiation. The build-up of nitrogen bubbles in the blood, such as those that may occur during scuba diving, can cause a condition known as the "bends" (decompression sickness). Many nitrogen compounds such as hydrogen cyanide and nitrogen-based explosives are also highly dangerous.

White phosphorus, an allotrope of phosphorus, is toxic, with 1 mg per kg bodyweight being a lethal dose. White phosphorus usually kills humans within a week of ingestion by attacking the liver. Breathing in phosphorus in its gaseous form can cause an industrial disease called "phossy jaw", which eats away at the jawbone. White phosphorus is also highly flammable. Some organophosphorus compounds can fatally block certain enzymes in the human body.

Elemental arsenic is toxic, as are many of its inorganic compounds; however some of its organic compounds can promote growth in chickens. The lethal dose of arsenic for a typical adult is 200 mg and can cause diarrhea, vomiting, colic, dehydration, and coma. Death from arsenic poisoning typically occurs within a day.

Antimony is mildly toxic. Additionally, wine steeped in antimony containers can induce vomiting. When taken in large doses, antimony causes vomiting in a victim, who then appears to recover before dying several days later. Antimony attaches itself to certain enzymes and is difficult to dislodge. Stibine, or SbH3, is far more toxic than pure antimony.

Bismuth itself is largely non-toxic, although consuming too much of it can damage the liver. Only one person has ever been reported to have died from bismuth poisoning. However, consumption of soluble bismuth salts can turn a person's gums black.

Moscovium is too unstable to conduct any toxicity chemistry.

title: Pnictogen


text:
Christine Todd Whitman

Christine Temple Whitman (born September 26, 1946) is an American politician and author who served as the 50th governor of New Jersey from 1994 to 2001 and as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2003. , Whitman is the only woman to have served as governor of New Jersey.

Born in New York City to a Republican political family, Whitman graduated from Wheaton College in 1968 and began her political career in the Nixon administration's Office of Economic Opportunity. After coming within three percentage points of unseating U.S. Senator Bill Bradley in 1990, she ran for governor of New Jersey, defeating Democratic incumbent Jim Florio. A self-described Rockefeller Republican, Whitman defeated Democrat Jim McGreevey to win re-election in 1997. She remained governor until stepping down in 2001 to become Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency, where she served until 2003. During her tenure at the EPA, Whitman was noted for having assured the public that the air in lower Manhattan was safe to breathe following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001; she apologized in 2016 for having made this statement.

In 2022, Whitman joined former Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang to form the Forward Party, a centrist third party.

Early life, family, and education
Christine Todd Whitman was born Christine Temple Todd in New York City on September 26, 1946. Her mother was Eleanor Prentice Todd (née Schley) and her father businessman Webster B. Todd. Both the Todds and the Schleys were wealthy and prominent New Jersey political families. The Schleys were among the first New Yorkers to move to the area that later became Far Hills, New Jersey, which became a popular suburb for wealthy, moderate Republicans. Webster B. Todd amassed a fortune as a building contractor on projects including Rockefeller Center and Radio City Music Hall. He used his wealth to donate to Republican politicians and became an advisor to Dwight D. Eisenhower and chaired the New Jersey Republican State Committee twice. Eleanor Prentice Todd served as a Republican national committeewoman, led the New Jersey Federation of Republican Women, and served as vice chair of the Republican National Committee. Eleanor Prentice Todd's political activity caused a newspaper to speculate that she could be a viable candidate for governor, although she never chose to run for office.

Christine Todd grew up on her family's farm, Pontefract, in Oldwick, New Jersey. She had three older siblings, including brothers Webster and Danny. At the age of nine, she attended the 1956 Republican National Convention and met President Eisenhower. As a child, Todd attended Far Hills Country Day School before being sent to boarding school at Foxcroft in Virginia. Todd disliked being so far away from home and after a year, she transferred to the Chapin School in Manhattan, allowing her to return home on the weekends.

After graduating from Wheaton College in 1968 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government, Todd worked for Nelson Rockefeller's presidential campaign.

Early career
Christine Todd married John Whitman in 1974. Christine Todd Whitman worked for the Office of Economic Opportunity and the Republican National Committee.

Whitman served on the board of trustees of Somerset County College (later renamed Raritan Valley Community College). Elected to two terms on the Somerset County Board of Chosen Freeholders, she served for five-and-one-half years beginning in 1983. From 1988 to 1990, during the tenure of Gov. Thomas Kean, she served as president of the New Jersey Board of Public Utilities.

In 1990, Whitman ran for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Bill Bradley, losing a close election. She was considered an underdog against the popular Bradley, but performed better than expected despite being outspent 12-to-one. Her performance endeared her to the party base and made her the leading public advocate of the anti-tax cause.

Whitman continued to build her profile by founding a political action committee, the Committee for an Affordable New Jersey, through which she campaigned for Republican candidates in the 1991 midterm elections. Whitman took on a full campaign speaking schedule through October 1992.

In 1993, Whitman helped to found the Committee for Responsible Government, an advocacy group espousing moderate positions in the Republican Party. In 1997, the group renamed itself the Republican Leadership Council.

1993
After winning a Republican primary, Whitman ran against incumbent James Florio for governor of New Jersey in the 1993 general election. Whitman won the election by a plurality, defeating Florio by one percentage point to become the first female governor in New Jersey history. , she is the only woman to have served as governor of New Jersey.

Charges of suppression of minority votes were raised during Whitman's 1993 campaign. Two days after the election, Ed Rollins, Whitman's campaign manager, bragged about having spent $500,000 to suppress the black vote. Whitman denied Rollins's claim and demanded an apology and a retraction. An investigation into Rollins's claim found no wrongdoing.

1997
Whitman was re-elected in 1997, narrowly defeating Democrat Jim McGreevey, the mayor of Woodbridge Township. Whitman again prevailed by a one-point margin and received a plurality of the votes. Murray Sabrin, a college professor who ran as a Libertarian candidate, finished third with five percent of the vote.

Tenure
During her tenure, Whitman was described as a Rockefeller Republican, as a liberal Republican, and as a moderate Republican. In 1995, the Washington Post called Whitman "an East Coast blue blood, a woman who grew up in the horse country of New Jersey and attended some of the nation's most exclusive private schools". The Post added, "At a time when the party's base has moved to the South, the West, the working class and the religious right, Whitman is a throwback with roots in the patrician Republican politics of three and four decades ago". Whitman "freely calls herself a pro-choice, Rockefeller Republican".

Whitman pledged during the 1993 campaign that she would lower state taxes by 10% a year for three years. Once in office, she kept the campaign promise, and lowered income taxes. The decline in the tax burden made it likely that the issue of tax revenue shortfall would be addressed later. Jim Saxton, in a report to the federal congress, argued that New Jersey's income tax cuts improved "the well-being of the New Jersey family", and would not lead to an increase in property taxes.

In 1995, Whitman was criticized for saying that young African-American males sometimes played a game known as jewels in the crown, which she claimed had as its intent having as many children as possible out of wedlock. Whitman subsequently apologized and voiced her opposition to attempts by Congressional Republicans to bar unwed teenage mothers from receiving welfare payments.

Also in 1995, the Republican Party selected Whitman to deliver the party's State of the Union response. She became the first woman to deliver a State of the Union response by herself; her speech was also the first State of the Union response given to a live audience.

In 1996, Whitman rejected a recommendation from the Governor's Council on AIDS to spend tax money on a needle exchange to reduce incidence of HIV infections.

In 1997, Whitman repealed the one percentage-point increase to the state sales tax that her predecessor Governor Florio had imposed, reducing the rate from 7% to 6%, instituted education reforms, and removed excise taxes on professional wrestling, which led the World Wrestling Federation to resume events in New Jersey. As a result, she was made honorary WWF Champion and awarded a replica belt by Gorilla Monsoon at that year's SummerSlam pay-per-view.

In 1999, Whitman vetoed a ban on partial birth abortion. Her veto was overridden, but the statute was subsequently declared unconstitutional by the judiciary.

In 1999, Whitman fired Colonel Carl A. Williams, head of the New Jersey State Police, after he was quoted as saying that cocaine and marijuana traffickers were often members of minority groups, while the methamphetamine trade was controlled primarily by white biker gangs.

When Democratic Senator Frank Lautenberg announced that he would not seek re-election in 2000, Whitman considered running for U.S. Senate, but ultimately decided against it.

Whitman resigned from office on January 31, 2001, to become administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Vice presidential speculation
Whitman was mentioned as a potential Republican vice presidential candidate in 1996.

According to The New York Times, Whitman "seemed to be on a short list of vice presidential candidates in 2000, right up until July 8, 2000 – days before the opening of the Republican National Convention in Philadelphia – when a four-year-old photograph surfaced showing an oddly smiling Governor Whitman, surrounded by law enforcement agents, frisking a black drug suspect on a street in Camden". In 1996, Whitman had joined a New Jersey State Police patrol in Camden, New Jersey. During the patrol, the officers stopped a 16-year-old African American male named Sherron Rolax and frisked him. The police did not find any contraband on Rolax's person, but Whitman frisked the youth as well. A state trooper photographed the act. In 2000, the image of the smiling governor frisking Rolax was published in newspapers statewide, drawing criticism from civil rights leaders who saw the incident as a violation of Rolax's civil rights and an endorsement of racial profiling by Whitman (especially since Rolax was not arrested or charged). Whitman later told the press that she regretted the incident, and pointed to her efforts in 1999 to oppose the New Jersey State Police force's racial profiling practices.

Ultimately, then-Republican presidential nominee George W. Bush selected Dick Cheney as his running mate in the 2000 presidential election.

EPA Administrator
Whitman was appointed by President George W. Bush as Administrator of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, taking office on January 31, 2001.

In the final weeks of the Clinton administration in January 2001, the administration ratified a new drinking water standard of 0.01 mg/L (10 parts per billion, or ppb) of arsenic, to take effect in January 2006. The old drinking water standard of 0.05 mg/L (equal to 50 ppb) arsenic had been in effect since 1942, and the EPA, since the late 1980s, had weighed the pros and cons of lowering the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of arsenic. The incoming Bush administration suspended the midnight regulation, but after months of research, the EPA approved the new 10 ppb arsenic standard to take effect in January 2006 as initially planned.

In 2001, the EPA produced a report detailing the expected effects of global warming in each state in the country. President Bush dismissed the report as the work of "the bureaucracy."

After the September 11 attacks in New York City, she appeared there twice to inform New Yorkers that the toxins released by the attacks posed no threat to their health. On September 18, the EPA released a report in which Whitman said, "Given the scope of the tragedy from last week, I am glad to reassure the people of New York and Washington, D.C. that their air is safe to breathe and their water is safe to drink." She also said, "The concentrations are such that they don't pose a health hazard...We're going to make sure everybody is safe."

However, a 2003 report by the EPA's Inspector General determined that the assurance was misleading, because the EPA "did not have sufficient data and analyses" to justify it. A July 2003 report from the EPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response provided extensive documentation supporting many of the inspector general's conclusions. The report further found that the White House had "convinced EPA to add reassuring statements and delete cautionary ones" by having the National Security Council control EPA communications after the September 11 attacks. On June 27, 2003, after having several public conflicts with the Bush administration, Whitman resigned.

In December 2006, legal proceedings began on the responsibility of government officials in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks. Whitman was among the defendants. The plaintiffs alleged that Whitman was at fault for saying that the downtown New York air was safe in the aftermath of the attacks.

On April 20, 2007, a three-judge panel of the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that Whitman and other EPA officials could not be held liable for saying that the air was safe to breathe. The panel "reasoned that the government's interest in returning New York to normalcy following the attacks should protect it from lawsuits alleging that the government made false statements about air quality."

In an interview in 2007, Whitman stated that Vice President Dick Cheney's insistence on easing air pollution controls, not the personal reasons she cited at the time, led to her resignation. At the time, Cheney pushed the EPA to institute a new rule allowing power plants to make major alterations without installing costly new pollution controls. Whitman stepped down in protest against such demand by the White House, she said. She decided that because she did not agree with the rule, she would not be able to defend it if it were to be challenged in a legal action. The federal court eventually overturned the rule on the ground that it violated the Clean Air Act.

In 2016, Whitman apologized for the first time for her declaration a week after 9/11 that the air in lower Manhattan was safe to breathe.

Political activism
In early 2005, Whitman released a book entitled It's My Party, Too: Taking Back the Republican Party... And Bringing the Country Together Again in which she criticized the policies of the George W. Bush administration and its electoral strategy:

"The defining feature of the conservative viewpoint is a faith in the ability, and a respect for the right, of individuals to make their own decisions – economic, social, and spiritual – about their lives. The true conservative understands that government's track record in respecting individual rights is poor when it dictates individual choices."

The last chapter of that book, entitled "A Time for Radical Moderates", speaks to radical centrists across the political spectrum. The same year as her book was released, Whitman formed a political action committee called It's My Party Too (IMP-PAC), to assist electoral campaigns of moderate Republicans at all levels of government. After the 2006 midterm elections, IMP-PAC was merged into RLC-PAC, the Republican Leadership Council's PAC.

Whitman "is co-founder and president of The Whitman Strategy Group, a consulting firm specializing in government relations, and environmental and energy issues".

In 2011, Whitman was named to the board of Americans Elect.

In February 2013, Whitman supported legal recognition of same-sex marriage in an amicus brief to the U.S. Supreme Court.

As of 2015, Whitman is a member of the ReFormers Caucus of Issue One. The group, which included 100 other former elected officials advocated for campaign finance reform.

In 2016, Whitman was named the co-chair of the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative.

On February 26, 2016, she endorsed John Kasich in his bid seeking the GOP nomination for presidential candidate. She said that Donald Trump was using "fascist" tactics in his campaign and after Chris Christie's endorsement of Trump said that, in the case of a Trump nomination by the GOP, she would vote for Hillary Clinton. In 2018, Whitman wrote an op-ed calling Trump unfit for office and urging other Republicans to pressure him to step down.

In February 2020, Whitman endorsed former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld for president in the Republican primaries, in which he was challenging incumbent president Donald Trump. Whitman spoke at the 2020 Democratic National Convention, endorsing Democratic nominee Joe Biden over Republican nominee Donald Trump in the general election.

Whitman co-founded the States United Democracy Center in 2021. and, as of 2022, serves as its co-chair. In her States United capacity, she was among the former state officials who submitted testimony to the U.S. House of Representatives Select Committee to Investigate the January 6 Attack on the United States Capitol, arguing that the attack was part of "a sustained and coordinated effort by the former president and his anti-democracy allies to suppress voting rights, delegitimize free and fair elections, and subvert the will of the voters by overturning election results deemed undesirable to their movement." In July 2022, Whitman was among three former Republican governors who submitted a friend-of-the-court brief to the U.S. Supreme Court, urging the court to uphold provisions of the federal Voting Rights Acts of 1965 that protect minority voters from having their voting power diluted.

In 2022, Whitman joined former Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang to create the Forward Party, a centrist third party.

Corporate activity
As of 2008, Whitman served on the board of directors of Texas Instruments and United Technologies. Whitman is also co-chair of the CASEnergy Coalition, and in 2007, voiced support for a stronger future role of nuclear power in the United States. Whitman joined the board of the American Security Project in April 2010; by 2015, she served as chairperson of its board of directors.

Personal life
At a 1973 inaugural ball for Richard Nixon, Christine had her first date with John R. Whitman (1944–2015), an old friend she had met while a student at Chapin. The pair married the next year. Whitman was a businessman and an investment banker; he was also the grandson of early 20th-century Governor of New York Charles S. Whitman.

While governor, Whitman used Pontefract, the family farm on which she was raised, as her primary residence. Whitman had purchased the property in 1991 following the death of her mother.

John Whitman died on July 2, 2015, at age 71 following a June 2015 head injury. With her late husband, Whitman had two children: daughter Kate and son Taylor. Kate Whitman has followed her mother into politics, including an unsuccessful run for the U.S. House of Representatives and having worked as a congressional aide. In 2007, Kate Whitman was named executive director of the Republican Leadership Council, her mother's organization which promotes moderate Republicanism. Whitman has seven grandchildren.

Whitman has been a resident of Tewksbury Township, New Jersey.

title: Christine Todd Whitman