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Francis Younghusband

Lieutenant Colonel Sir Francis Edward Younghusband, (31 May 1863 – 31 July 1942) was a British Army officer, explorer and spiritual writer. He is remembered for his travels in the Far East and Central Asia; especially the 1904 British expedition to Tibet, led by himself, and for his writings on Asia and foreign policy. Younghusband held positions including British commissioner to Tibet and president of the Royal Geographical Society.

Early life
Francis Younghusband was born in 1863 at Murree, British India (now Pakistan), to a British military family, being the brother of Major-General George Younghusband and the second son of Major-General John W. Younghusband and his wife Clara Jane Shaw. Clara's brother, Robert Shaw, was a noted explorer of Central Asia. His uncle Lieutenant-General Charles Younghusband CB FRS, was a British Army officer and meteorologist.

As an infant, Francis was taken to live in England by his mother. When Clara returned to India in 1867 she left her son in the care of two austere and strictly religious aunts. In 1870 his mother and father returned to England and reunited the family. In 1876 at age thirteen, Francis entered Clifton College, Bristol. In 1881 he entered the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was commissioned as a subaltern in the 1st King's Dragoon Guards in 1882.

Military career

Having read General MacGregor's book Defence of India he could have justifiably called himself an expert on the "Great Game" of espionage that was unfolding on the Steppes of Asia. In 1886–1887, on leave from his regiment, Younghusband made an expedition across Asia though still a young officer. After sailing to China his party set out, with Colonel Mark Bell's permission, to cross 1200 miles of desert with the ostensible authority to survey the geography; but in reality the purposes were to ascertain the strength of the Russian physical threats to the Raj. Departing Peking with a senior colleague, Henry E. M. James (on leave from his Indian Civil Service position) and a young British consular officer from Newchwang, Harry English Fulford, on 4 April 1887, Lieut Younghusband explored Manchuria, visiting the frontier areas of Chinese settlement in the region of the Changbai Mountains.

On arrival in India he was granted three months' leave by the Commander-in-Chief Field Marshal Lord Roberts; the scientific results of this travel would prove vital information to the Royal Geographical Society. Younghusband had already carried out numerous scientific observations in particular, showing that the Changbai Mountains's highest peak, Baekdu Mountain, is only around 8,000 feet tall, even though the travellers' British maps showed [nonexistent] snow-capped peaks 10,000-12,000 ft tall in the area. Fulford provided the travellers with language and cultural expertise. Younghusband crossed the most inhospitable terrain in the world to the Himalayas before being ordered to make his way home. Parting with his British companions, he crossed the Taklamakan Desert to Chinese Turkestan, and pioneered a route from Kashgar to India through the uncharted Mustagh Pass. He reported to the Viceroy, Lord Dufferin, his crossing through the Karakoram Range, the Hindu Kush, the Pamirs and where the range converged with the Himalayas; the nexus of three great empires. In the 1880s the region of the Upper Oxus was still largely unmapped. For this achievement, aged still only 24, he was elected the youngest member of the Royal Geographical Society and received the society's 1890 Patron's Medal.

In 1889, he made captain, and was dispatched with a small escort of Gurkha soldiers to investigate an uncharted region north of Ladakh, where raiders from Hunza had disrupted trade between Yarkand and India the previous year. Whilst encamped in the valley of the Yarkand River, Younghusband received a messenger at his camp, inviting him to dinner with Captain Bronislav Grombchevsky, his Russian counterpart in "The Great Game". Younghusband accepted the invitation to Grombchevsky's camp, and after dinner the two rivals talked into the night, sharing brandy and vodka, and discussing the possibility of a Russian invasion of British India. Grombchevsky impressed Younghusband with the horsemanship skills of his Cossack escort, and Younghusband impressed Grombchevsky with the rifle drill of his Gurkhas. After their meeting in this remote frontier region, Grombchevsky resumed his expedition in the direction of Tibet and Younghusband continued his exploration of the Karakoram.

Indian Political Service career
Younghusband received a telegram from Simla, to attend the Intelligence Department (ID) to be interviewed by Foreign Secretary Sir Mortimer Durand, transferred to the Indian Political Service. He served as a political officer on secondment from the British Army. He refused a request to visit Lhasa as an interpreter, disguised as a Yarkandi trader, a cover not guaranteed to fool the Russians, after Andrew Dalgleish, a Scots merchant, had been hacked to death. Younghusband was accompanied by a Gurkha escort, celebrated for their ferocity in combat. The Forward policy was circumscribed by a legal offer to all travellers of a peaceable security crossing borders. Departure from Leh on 8 August 1889 on the caravan route took them up the mountain pass of Shimshal towards Hunza, his aim being to restore the tea trade to Xinjiang and prevent any further raids into Kashmir. Colonel Durand from Gilgit joined him. Younghusband probed the villages to gauge the reception: calculating it was a den of thieves, they ascended the steep ravine. The Hunza was barred to them, a trap was sprung; the parley terms took him inside to negotiate. The nervous reception over, they were all relieved to find safety; Younghusband wanted to know who was waylaying innocent civilian traders, and why. The ruler, Safdar Ali extended a letter of welcome to his Kashmiri kingdom; the British investigated whence came the Russian infiltrators under Agent Gromchevsky. Further south at Ladakh, he kept close watch on their movements. Reluctantly, Younghusband dined with the Cossack leaders, who divulged the secrets of their common rivalry. Gromchevsky explained that the Raj had invited enmity for meddling in the Black Sea ports. The Russian displayed little grasp of strategy, but basic raw courage; he betrayed the confidence of Abdul Rahman as no friend to the British. Younghusband tentatively concluded that their possessions at Bokhara and Samarkand were vulnerable. Having drunk large quantities of vodka and brandy, the Cossacks presented arms in cordial salute and they parted in peace. Woefully unprepared for winter, the British garrison at Ladakh refused them entry.

Younghusband finally arrived at Gulmit to a 13-gun salute. In khaki, the envoy greeted Safdar Ali at the marquee on the Karakoram Highway, the men of Hunza kneeling at their ruler's feet. This was colonial diplomacy, based on protocol and etiquette, but Younghusband had not come for merely trivial discussions. Reinforced by Durand's troops, Younghusband's arguments were to prevent the criminal looting, murder and highway robbery. Impervious to reason though Safdar Ali was, Younghusband was not prepared to allow him to laugh at the Raj. A demonstration of firepower "caused quite a sensation", he wrote in his diaries. The British major was disdainful, but content when he left on 23 November to return to India, which he reached by Christmas.

In 1890, Younghusband was sent on a mission to Chinese Turkestan, accompanied by George Macartney as interpreter. He spent the winter in Kashgar, where he left Macartney as British consul. Younghusband wanted to investigate the Pamir Gap, a possible Russian entry route to India, but he had had to ensure that the Chinese at Kashgar were sorted out, to prevent a tripartite attempt by the Hunza clans. It was for this reason he recruited a Mandarin interpreter, junior officer George Macartney, to accompany his missions into the frozen mountains. They wintered in Kashgar as a listening post, meeting in conference with the Russian Nikolai Petrovsky, who had always resisted trade with Xinjiang (Sinkiang). The Russian agent was well-informed about British India, but proved unscrupulous. Believing he had succeeded, Younghusband did not reckon on Petrovsky's deal with the Taotai of Xinjiang.

In July 1891, they were still in the Pamirs when news reached them that the Russians intended to send troops "to note and report with the Chinese and Afghans". At Bozai Gumbaz in the Little Pamir on 12 August he encountered Cossack soldiers, who forced him to leave the area. This was one of the incidents which provoked the Hunza-Nagar Campaign. The troop of 20 or so soldiers planted a flag on what they anticipated was unclaimed territory, 150 miles south of the Russian border. However, the British considered the area to be Afghan territory. Colonel Yonov, decorated with the Order of St George, approached his camp to announce that the area now belonged to the Tsar. Younghusband learnt that they had raided the Chitral territory; furthermore, they had penetrated the Darkot Pass into the Yasin Valley. They were joined by eager intelligence officer Lieutenant Davison, but the British were disabused by Ivanov of British sovereignty: Younghusband remained polite, maintained protocol but hospitable to the big Russian bear hug.

During his service in Kashmir, he wrote a book called Kashmir at the request of Edward M. J. Molyneux. Younghusband's descriptions went hand in glove with Molyneux's paintings of the valley. In the book, Younghusband declared his immense admiration of the natural beauty of Kashmir and its history. The Great Game, between Britain and Russia, continued beyond the start of the 20th century until officially ended by the 1907 Anglo-Russian Treaty. Younghusband, among other explorers such as Sven Hedin, Nikolay Przhevalsky, Shoqan Walikhanov and Sir Auriel Stein, had participated in earnest. Rumours of Russian expansion into the Hindu Kush with a Russian presence in Tibet prompted the new Viceroy of India Lord Curzon to appoint Younghusband, by then a major, British commissioner to Tibet from 1902 to 1904.

Expedition to Tibet

In 1903, Curzon appointed Younghusband as the head of the Tibet Frontier Commission; John Claude White, the political officer of Sikkim, and E. C. Wilton, served as his deputy commissioners in the commission. Younghusband subsequently led the British expedition to Tibet, which had the putative aim to settle disputes over the Sikkim–Tibet border, but eventually exceeded instructions from the government of the United Kingdom and became a de facto invasion of Tibet. Roughly 100 mi inside Tibet, on the way to Gyantse, thence to the capital of Lhasa, a confrontation outside the hamlet of Guru led to a victory by the expedition's troops over 600–700 Tibetan soldiers. Younghusband's well-trained troops were armed with rifles and machine guns, enabling them to easily defeat disorganised Tibetan forces wielding hoes, swords and flintlocks.

Ultimately, 202 men of Younghusband's expedition were killed in action while 411 died of non-combat causes. The expedition was supported by King Ugyen Wangchuck of the Kingdom of Bhutan, who was knighted in return for his services. However, the invasion of Tibet embarrassed the British government, which desired good relations with the Qing dynasty for the sake of Britain's trade with Chinese coastal settlements. Accordingly, the British government repudiated the Treaty of Lhasa that Younghusband had signed with Tibetan leaders during the invasion.

In 1891, Younghusband received the Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire, and then he was awarded the honour of Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India in December 1904. He was also awarded the Kaisar-I-Hind Medal (gold) in 1901, and the Gold Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society in 1905. In 1906, Younghusband settled in Kashmir as the British Resident representative before returning to Britain in 1909, where he was an active member of many clubs and societies. In 1908, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. During the First World War, his patriotic Fight for Right campaign commissioned the song "Jerusalem".

Himalaya and mountaineering
In 1889, Younghusband reached base of Turkestan La (North) from north, and he noted that this was a long glacier and a major Central Asian dividing range.

In 1919, Younghusband was elected President of the Royal Geographical Society, and two years later became Chairman of the Mount Everest Committee which was set up to coordinate the initial 1921 British Reconnaissance Expedition to Mount Everest. He actively encouraged the accomplished climber George Mallory to attempt the first ascent of Mount Everest, and they followed the same initial route as the earlier Tibet Mission. Younghusband remained Chairman through the subsequent 1922 and 1924 British Expeditions.

In 1938, Younghusband encouraged Ernst Schäfer, who was about to lead a German expedition, to "sneak over the border" when faced with British intransigence towards Schäfer's efforts to reach Tibet.

Personal life
In 1897 Younghusband married Helen Augusta Magniac, the daughter of Charles Magniac, MP. Augusta's brother, Vernon, served as Younghusband's private secretary during the expedition to Tibet. The Younghusbands had a son who died in infancy, and a daughter, Eileen Younghusband (1902–1981), who became a prominent social worker.

From 1921 to 1937 the couple lived at Westerham, Kent, but Helen did not accompany her husband on his travels. In July 1942 Younghusband suffered a stroke after addressing a meeting of the World Congress of Faiths in Birmingham. He died of cardiac failure on 31 July 1942 at Madeline Lees' home Post Green House, at Lytchett Minster, Dorset. He was buried in the village churchyard.

Spiritual life
Biographer Patrick French described Younghusband's religious belief as one who was "brought up an Evangelical Christian, read his way into Tolstoyan simplicity, experienced a revelatory vision in the mountains of Tibet, toyed with telepathy in Kashmir, proposed a new faith based on virile racial theory, then transformed it into what Bertrand Russell called 'a religion of atheism.'" Ultimately he became a spiritualist and "premature hippie" who "had great faith in the power of cosmic rays, and claimed that there are extraterrestrials with translucent flesh on the planet Altair."

During his 1904 retreat from Tibet, Younghusband had a mystical experience which suffused him with "love for the whole world" and convinced him that "men at heart are divine". This conviction was tinged with regret for the invasion of Tibet, and eventually, in 1936, profound religious convictions invited a founder's address to the World Congress of Faiths (in imitation of the World Parliament of Religions). Younghusband published a number of books with titles including The Gleam: Being an account of the life of Nija Svabhava, pseud. (1923); Mother World (in Travail for the Christ that is to be) (1924); and Life in the Stars: An Exposition of the View that on some Planets of some Stars exist Beings higher than Ourselves, and on one a World-Leader, the Supreme Embodiment of the Eternal Spirit which animates the Whole (1927). The last drew the admiration of Lord Baden-Powell, the Boy Scouts founder. Key concepts consisted of the central belief that would come to be known as the Gaia hypothesis, pantheism, and a Christlike "world leader" living on the planet "Altair" (or "Stellair"), exploring the theology of spiritualism, and guidance by means of telepathy.

In his book Within: Thoughts During Convalescence (1912), Younghusband stated:

"We are giving up the idea that the Kingdom of God is in Heaven, and we are finding that the Kingdom of God is within us. We are relinquishing the old idea of an external God, above, apart, and separate from ourselves; and we are taking on the new idea of an internal spirit working within us – a constraining, immanent influence, a vital, propelling impulse vibrating through us all, expressing itself and fulfilling its purpose through us, and uniting us together in one vast spiritual unity."

Younghusband took interest in Eastern philosophy and Theosophy and dismissed the idea of an anthropomorphic god. Taking influence from Henri Bergson's Creative Evolution, he proposed purpose in the cosmos through a creative life force. Younghusband's philosophy of cosmic spiritual evolution was outlined in his books Life in the Stars (1927) and The Living Universe (1933). In the latter book he proposed the idea that the universe is a living organism. Younghusband held the view that spiritual forces in the universe are directing evolution and producing life and intelligence on many different planets. Younghusband's ideas were dismissed by scientists and few took his ideas seriously. He founded the World Congress of Faiths to promote dialogue between different religions.

Younghusband allegedly believed in free love ("freedom to unite when and how a man and a woman please"), marriage laws examined as a matter of "outdated custom".

Fictional portrayal
One of Younghusband's domestic servants, Gladys Aylward, became a Christian missionary in China. The Ingrid Bergman film The Inn of the Sixth Happiness (1958) is based on Gladys Aylward's life, with Ronald Squire portraying Younghusband.

Works
Younghusband wrote prolifically between 1885 and 1942. Subjects ranged from Asian events, exploration, mountaineering, philosophy, spirituality, politics and more.

 * Confidential Report of a Mission to the Northern Frontier of Kashmir in 1889 (Calcutta, 1890).
 * The Relief of Chitral (1895) (co-authored with his brother George John Younghusband)
 * South Africa of Today (1896)
 * The Heart of a Continent (1896) The heart of a continent: vol.1
 * Kashmir (1909) (with illustrations by Major Edward M. J. Molyneux)
 * Within: Thoughts During Convalescence (1912)
 * Mutual Influence: A Re-View of Religion (1915)
 * The Sense of Community (1916)
 * The Heart of Nature; or, The quest for natural beauty (1921)
 * The Gleam (1923)
 * Modern Mystics (1923) (ISBN 1-4179-8003-6, reprint 2004)
 * Mother World in Travail for the Christ that is to be (1924)
 * Wonders of the Himalayas (1924)
 * The Epic of Mount Everest (1926) (ISBN 0-330-48285-8, reprint 2001).
 * Life in the Stars (1927)
 * The Light of Experience (1927)
 * The Coming Country: A Pre-Vision (1928)
 * Dawn in India (1930)
 * The Living Universe (1933)
 * The Mystery of Nature in Frances Mason. The Great Design: Order and Progress in Nature (1934)
 * A Venture of Faith: Being a Description of the World Congress of Faiths held in London 1936 (1937)
 * The World's Need of Religion: Being the Proceedings of the World Congress of Faiths, Oxford, July 23rd-27th, 1937 (1937)
 * The Renascence of Religion (1938)
 * The Sum of Things (1939)
 * Vital Religion: A Brotherhood of Faith (1940)
 * The Sum of Things (1939)
 * Vital Religion: A Brotherhood of Faith (1940)

Taxon named in his honor

 * Schizopygopsis younghusbandi Regan, 1905 is a species of ray-finned fish endemic to Tibet. It occurs in the Yarlung Tsangpo River (=upper Brahmaputra) drainage and in endorheic lakes in its vicinity.

title: Francis Younghusband


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Barque

A barque, barc, or bark is a type of sailing vessel with three or more masts consisting of a fore mast, mainmast and additional masts rigged square and only the aftmost mast (mizzen in three-masted barques) rigged fore and aft. Sometimes, the mizzen is only partly fore-and-aft rigged, bearing a square-rigged sail above.

Etymology
The word "barque" entered English via the French term, which in turn came from the Latin barca by way of Occitan, Catalan, Spanish, or Italian.

The Latin barca may stem from Celtic barc (per Thurneysen) or Greek baris (per Diez), a term for an Egyptian boat. The Oxford English Dictionary, however, considers the latter improbable.

The word barc appears to have come from Celtic languages. The form adopted by English, perhaps from Irish, was "bark", while that adopted by Latin as barca very early, which gave rise to the French barge and barque.

In Latin, Spanish, and Italian, the term barca refers to a small boat, not a full-sized ship. French influence in England led to the use in English of both words, although their meanings now are not the same.

Well before the 19th century, a barge had become interpreted as a small vessel of coastal or inland waters, or a fast rowing boat carried by warships and normally reserved for the commanding officer. Somewhat later, a bark became a sailing vessel of a distinctive rig as detailed below. In Britain, by the mid-19th century, the spelling had taken on the French form of barque. Although Francis Bacon used this form of the word as early as 1592, Shakespeare still used the spelling "barke" in Sonnet 116 in 1609. Throughout the period of sail, the word was used also as a shortening of the barca-longa of the Mediterranean Sea.

The usual spelling convention is that, to distinguish between homophones, when spelled as barque it refers to a ship, and when spelled as bark it refers to either a sound or to a tree hide.

"Barcarole" in music shares the same etymology, being originally a folk song sung by Venetian gondolier and derived from barca — "boat" in Italian, or in Late Latin.

Bark

In the 18th century, the Royal Navy used the term bark for a nondescript vessel that did not fit any of its usual categories. Thus, when the British admiralty purchased a collier for use by James Cook in his journey of exploration, she was registered as HM BARK Endeavour to distinguish her from another Endeavour, a sloop already in service at the time. Endeavour happened to be a full-rigged ship with a plain bluff bow and a full stern with windows.

William Falconer's Dictionary of the Marine defined "bark", as "a general name given to small ships: it is however peculiarly appropriated by seamen to those which carry three masts without a mizzen topsail. Our Northern Mariners, who are trained in the coal-trade, apply this distinction to a broad-sterned ship, which carries no ornamental figure on the stem or prow."

The UK's National Archives state that a paper document, surviving from the 16th century in the Cheshire and Chester Archives and Local Studies Service, notes the names of Robert Ratclyfe, owner of the bark Sunday and 10 mariners appointed to serve under Rt. Hon. the Earl of Sussex, Lord Deputy of Ireland.

Barque rig
By the end of the 18th century, the term barque (sometimes, particularly in the US, spelled bark) came to refer to any vessel with a particular type of sail plan. This comprises three (or more) masts, fore-and-aft sails on the aftermost mast and square sails on all other masts. Barques were the workhorse of the golden age of sail in the mid-19th century as they attained passages that nearly matched full-rigged ships, but could operate with smaller crews.

The advantage of these rigs was that they needed smaller (therefore cheaper) crews than a comparable full-rigged ship or brig-rigged vessel, as fewer of the labour-intensive square sails were used, and the rig itself is cheaper. Conversely, the ship rig tended to be retained for training vessels where the larger the crew, the more seamen were trained.

Another advantage is that, downwind, a barque can outperform a schooner or barkentine, and is both easier to handle and better at going to windward than a full-rigged ship. While a full-rigged ship is the best runner available, and while fore-and-aft rigged vessels are the best at going to windward, the barque and the barquentine, are compromises, which combine, in different proportions, the best elements of these two.

Whether square-rig, barque, barquentine or schooner is optimal depends on the degree to which the sailing-route and season can be chosen to achieve following-wind. Square-riggers predominated for intercontinental sailing on routes chosen for following-winds.

Most ocean-going windjammers were four-masted barques, due to the above-described considerations and compromises. Usually the main mast was the tallest; that of Moshulu extends to 58 m off the deck. The four-masted barque can be handled with a surprisingly small crew—at minimum, 10—and while the usual crew was around 30, almost half of them could be apprentices.

Today many sailing-school ships are barques.

A well-preserved example of a commercial barque is the Pommern, the only windjammer in original condition. Its home is in Mariehamn outside the Åland maritime museum. The wooden barque Sigyn, built in Gothenburg 1887, is now a museum ship in Turku. The wooden whaling barque Charles W. Morgan, launched 1841, taken out of service 1921, is now a museum ship at Mystic Seaport in Connecticut. The Charles W. Morgan has recently been refit and is (as of summer, 2014) sailing the New England coast. The United States Coast Guard still has an operational barque, built in Germany in 1936 and captured as a war prize, the USCGC Eagle, which the United States Coast Guard Academy in New London uses as a training vessel. The Sydney Heritage Fleet restored an iron-hulled three-masted barque, the James Craig, originally constructed as Clan Macleod in 1874 and sailing at sea fortnightly. The oldest active sailing vessel in the world, the Star of India, was built in 1863 as a full-rigged ship, then converted into a barque in 1901.

This type of ship inspired the French composer Maurice Ravel to write his famous piece, Une Barque sur l'ocean, originally composed for piano, in 1905, then orchestrated in 1906.

Statsraad Lehmkuhl is in active operation in its barque form, stripped down without most of its winches and later improvements more aligned to the upbringing of future sailors both as a schoolship, training operations for the Norwegian Navy and generally available for interested volunteers.

During the summer of 2021, it hosted "NRK Sommarskuta" with live TV everyday sailing all of the Norwegian coast from north to south and crossing the North Sea to Shetland. After this it will perform its first full sailing trip around world, estimated to take 19 months with many promotional events along the way.

Scientific equipment has been installed in support of ongoing university studies to monitor and log environmental data.

Barques and barque shrines in Ancient Egypt
In Ancient Egypt, barques, referred to using the French word as Egyptian hieroglyphs were first translated by the Frenchman Jean-François Champollion, were a type of boat used from Egypt's earliest recorded times and are depicted in many drawings, paintings, and reliefs that document the culture. Transportation to the afterlife was believed to be accomplished by way of barques, as well, and the image is used in many of the religious murals and carvings in temples and tombs.

The most important Egyptian barque carried the dead pharaoh to become a deity. Great care was taken to provide a beautiful barque to the pharaoh for this journey, and models of the boats were placed in their tombs. Many models of these boats, that range from tiny to huge in size, have been found. Wealthy and royal members of the culture also provided barques for their final journey. The type of vessel depicted in Egyptian images remains quite similar throughout the thousands of years the culture persisted.

Barques were important religious artifacts, and since the deities were thought to travel in this fashion in the sky, the Milky Way was seen as a great waterway that was as important as the Nile on Earth; cult statues of the deities traveled by boats on water and ritual boats were carried about by the priests during festival ceremonies. Temples included barque shrines, sometimes more than one in a temple, in which the sacred barques rested when a procession was not in progress. In these stations, the boats would be watched over and cared for by the priests.

Barque of St. Peter
The Barque of St. Peter, or the Barque of Peter, is a reference to the Roman Catholic Church. The term refers to Peter, the first Pope, who was a fisherman before becoming an apostle of Jesus. The Pope is often said to be steering the Barque of St. Peter.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Barque


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The Hanging Garden (film)

The Hanging Garden is a British-Canadian drama film, written and directed by Thom Fitzgerald and released in 1997. Fitzgerald's feature debut, the film was shot in Nova Scotia.

Plot
The film's central character is Sweet William, as both a thin adult and a fat teenager. Its plot hinges on a fateful incident from his teenage years, when his grandmother caught him attempting to have sex with his bisexual friend Fletcher, involuntarily outing him to his dysfunctional family as gay.

As a consequence of the ensuing rejection, particularly by his alcoholic father Whiskey Mac, Sweet William faced the difficult decision of whether to run away to live in a big city far away from his family, or to commit suicide by hanging himself from a tree in the family garden. The film's themes about the duality of life and death, and the way seemingly very different choices in life can lead to similar outcomes, are portrayed through magic realism in the film's depiction of a complex merged reality in which William appears to have successfully made both choices at the same time.

The film is told as a triptych. In the first segment, set in the present, the adult Sweet William has returned home to rural Nova Scotia for the first time since leaving ten years earlier, to attend the wedding of his sister Rosemary to Fletcher. However, upon his return, he makes two unexpected discoveries: he can still see his younger selves living there and walking around the house, and he also has a new young pre-teen sister named Violet, whom he has never met because she was born after he left. The second segment, set in the past, tells the story of Sweet William's teenage years leading up to the critical decision, including his bond with Rosemary and their mother Iris's struggles to protect her children from Whiskey Mac's abuse, as well as revealing the truth of Violet's origins, before ending with Sweet William's suicide. Returning to the present, the final segment features both the living adult and dead teenage Sweet William present in the same reality –and the dead body is not just in his imagination, because the rest of his family can also see it still hanging from the tree.

According to Fitzgerald, "To every event in the film there are two interpretations. He left home and now he's back and his memory is haunting them. Or he did commit suicide when young and his homecoming is a fantasy?"

Cast

 * Chris Leavins as adult Sweet William
 * Troy Veinotte as teenage Sweet William
 * Kerry Fox as Rosemary
 * Sarah Polley as teenage Rosemary
 * Joel Keller as Fletcher
 * Peter MacNeill as Whiskey Mac
 * Seana McKenna as Iris
 * Christine Dunsworth as Violet
 * Joan Orenstein
 * Heather Rankin
 * Ashley MacIsaac as Basil, the wedding musician

Critical reaction
Roger Ebert favourably reviewed the film, writing that "It may be magic realism, but isn't it also the simple truth? Don't the ghosts of our former selves attend family events right along with our current manifestations? Don't parents still sometimes relate to us as if we were children, don't siblings still carry old resentments, aren't old friends still stuck on who we used to be? And don't we sometimes resurrect old personas and dust them off for a return engagement? Aren't all of those selves stored away inside somewhere?"

For Variety, Brendan Kelly wrote that "'The Hanging Garden' is often in danger of seeming overly pretentious, but Fitzgerald wisely undercuts the formal artiness with strong, emotional storytelling. In many ways, this is a simple yarn of a son dealing with the usual family demons and, on that level, is an affecting piece of filmmaking. Beyond that, the mix of film-school formalism and down-to-earth drama makes the pic a unique offering."

In 2001, an industry poll conducted by Playback named it the 11th best Canadian film of the preceding 15 years.

Awards
The film premiered at the 1997 Toronto International Film Festival, where it won the People's Choice Award and was cowinner with Atom Egoyan's The Sweet Hereafter of the juried award for Best Canadian Film. It was only the second film in the history of the festival, following Denys Arcand's The Decline of the American Empire in 1986, to win both awards.

It subsequently screened at the Atlantic Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award, the Best Canadian Film Award, the Best Atlantic Film Award, Best Writing and Best Direction nods for Fitzgerald, Best Actor for Veinotte and Best Actress for Orenstein. It also won the awards for Best Canadian Film at the Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival and the Vancouver International Film Festival.

The film received 11 Genie Award nominations at the 18th Genie Awards, for Best Picture, Best Director (Fitzgerald), Best Supporting Actor (MacNeill), Best Supporting Actress (3: McKenna, Fox, Orenstein), Best Screenplay (Fitzgerald), Best Art Direction/Production Design (Taavo Soodor and Darlene Shiels), Best Costume Design (James A. Worthen), Best Overall Sound (Peter Harper, Phillipe Espantoso, George Hannan) and Best Editing (Susan Shanks). MacNeill and McKenna won the awards for Supporting Actor and Actress; Fitzgerald won for Best Screenplay, as well as winning the juried Claude Jutra Award for best first feature film.

The film was runner-up for the Rogers Best Canadian Film Award at the 1997 Toronto Film Critics Association Awards.

It premiered in the United States at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival, before going into wider theatrical release. It received a GLAAD Media Award nomination for Outstanding Film - Limited Release in 1999.

Soundtrack
A soundtrack album was released in 1997 on Virgin Music Canada.

 * 1) Ani DiFranco, "The Million You Never Made"
 * 2) Ashley MacIsaac, "Ashley's Reels"
 * 3) Mae Moore, "Deep Water"
 * 4) Spirit of the West, "Kiss and Tell"
 * 5) Jane Siberry, "When Spring Comes"
 * 6) Holly Cole, "Petals in a Stream"
 * 7) The Rankin Family, "Sir James Baird"
 * 8) Meryn Cadell and Mary Margaret O'Hara, "Wash Down"
 * 9) Mary Jane Lamond, "Ba Ba Mo Leanabh"
 * 10) Lori Yates, "The Future is Here"
 * 11) Deb Montgomery, "The Tale"
 * 12) Aether, "Half Light"
 * 13) Laurel MacDonald, "Oran na h'eala"
 * 14) John Roby, "Theme from The Hanging Garden"
 * 15) Leahy, "Colm Quigley"
 * 16) Wyrd Sisters, "If it Ain't Here"

title: The Hanging Garden (film)


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Talk:List of minimalist artists

Untitled
I've rearranged the list so that artists who were called minimalist when the term was first used at the end of the 50s are separate from other artists who are minimalist in a more general sense. The problem is that the term is used in both a specific and a general way - specifically it refers to these artsits like Judd and Andre who worked in a particular style at a particular time; generally it refers to anything which lacks superfluous ornamentation or decoration (later, I'm going to add some stuff to minimalism to try and explain this a bit more). It's useful to distinguish between those two uses, I think. --Camembert

title: Talk:List of minimalist artists


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Viburnum

Viburnum is a genus of about 150–175 species of flowering plants in the moschatel family, Adoxaceae. Its current classification is based on molecular phylogeny. It was previously included in the honeysuckle family Caprifoliaceae.

The member species are evergreen or deciduous shrubs or (in a few cases) small trees native throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere, with a few species extending into tropical montane regions in South America and southeast Asia. In Africa, the genus is confined to the Atlas Mountains.

Name
The generic name Viburnum originated in Latin, where it referred to V. lantana.

Description
The leaves are opposite, simple, and entire, toothed or lobed; cool temperate species are deciduous, while most of the warm temperate species are evergreen. Some species are densely hairy on the shoots and leaves, with star-shaped hairs.

The flowers are produced in corymbs 5–15 cm across, each flower white to cream or pink, small, 3–5 mm across, with five petals, strongly fragrant in some species. The gynoecium has three connate carpels with the nectary on top of the gynoecium. Some species also have a fringe of large, showy sterile flowers around the perimeter of the corymb to act as a pollinator target.

The fruit is a spherical, oval, or somewhat flattened drupe, red to purple, blue, or black, and containing a single seed; some are edible for humans, but many others are mildly poisonous. The leaves are eaten by the larvae of many Lepidoptera species.

Species
Around 165 species are described. A 2014 phylogenetic study proposed the following phylogenetic scheme and sections:

Lentago – Eastern North America except for V. elatum in Mexico Punctata Euviburnum Pseudotinus – Asia, except V. lantanoides in Eastern North America Solenotinus – Asia, extending west to India and south to Indonesia Lutescentia (excluding Tomentosa) Tomentosa – China, Japan Amplicrenotinus (excluding Crenotinus) Urceolata Tinus – Asia, except V. tinus in Europe Corisuccotinus (excluding Succotinus and Coriaceae) Succotinus Coriaceae Sambucina Opulus – Circumboreal Mollotinus Dentata – Mexico, Caribbean, and Central and South America Oreinotinus – Mexico, Caribbean, and Central and South America Undetermined
 * V. clemensiae Kern
 * V. cassinoides L. – Witherod viburnum, wild raisin, Appalachian tea
 * V. elatum Benth
 * V. lentago L. – nannyberry
 * V. nudum L. – possumhaw
 * V. obovatum Walter – Small-leaf Virbunum
 * V. prunifolium L. – blackhaw
 * V. rufidulum Raf. – rusty blackhaw
 * Viburnum lepidotulum Merr. & Chun
 * Viburnum punctatum Buch.-Ham. Ex D. Don
 * V. bitchiuense Makino
 * V. buddleifolium
 * V. burejaeticum Regel et Herder
 * V. carlesii Hemsl. Ex Forb. & Hemsl. – Korean spice viburnum
 * V. cotinifolium D. Don
 * V. lantana L. – wayfaring tree, hoarwithy
 * V. macrocephalum Fortune – Chinese viburnum (琼花)
 * V. mongolicum (Pall.)Rehder
 * V. rhytidophyllum Hemsl. Ex Forb. & Hemsl. – wrinkled viburnum
 * V. schensianum Maxim.
 * V. utile Hemsl. – service viburnum
 * V. veitchii C.H. Wright
 * V. furcatum Blume ex Hook.f. & Thomson – forked viburnum, scarlet leaved viburnum
 * V. lantanoides Michx. – hobble-bush, American wayfaring tree
 * V. nervosum D. Don
 * V. sympodiale Graebn.
 * V. awabuki Hort.Berol. Ex  K.  Koch
 * V. brachybotryum Hemsl.
 * V. chingii P.S. Hsu
 * V. corymbiflorum P.S. Hsu & S.C. Hsu
 * V. erubescens Wall
 * V. farreri Stearn – Farrer's viburnum
 * V. foetens
 * V. grandiflorum Wall. Ex DC – Himalayan viburnum
 * V. henryi Hemsl.
 * V. odoratissimum Ker-Gawl. – sweet viburnum
 * V. oliganthum Batalin
 * V. sieboldii Miq. – Siebold's viburnum
 * V. subalpinum Hand.-Mazz.
 * V. suspensum Lindl. – Sandankwa viburnum
 * ''V. taitoense Hayata
 * V. amplifolium
 * V. colebrookeanum Wall. Ex DC
 * V. garrettii
 * V. junghunii
 * V. laterale
 * V. lutescens Blume
 * V. pyramidatum
 * V. plicatum Thunberg – Japanese snowball
 * V. hanceanum
 * V. amplificatum J. Kern
 * V. taiwanianum Hayata
 * V. urceolatum Siebold &  Zucc.
 * V. atrocyaneum C.B. Clarke
 * V. calvum Rehder
 * V. cinnamomifolium Rehder – cinnamon-leaved viburnum
 * V. davidii Franchet – David viburnum
 * V. propinquum Hemsl.
 * V. rigidum Vent.
 * V. tinus M.J. – Laurustinus
 * V. triplinerve
 * V. acerifolium L. – maple-leaf viburnum
 * V. kansuense Batalin
 * V. orientale Pall.
 * V. adenophorum W.W. Sm.
 * V. annamensis Fukouoka
 * V. betulifolium Batalin
 * V. brachyandrum Nakai
 * V. corylifolium Hook.f. & Thomson
 * V. dilatatum Thunberg – linden viburnum
 * V. erosum Thunberg
 * V. flavescens W.W. Sm.
 * V. foetidum (Graebn.) Rehder
 * V. formosanum Hayata
 * V. hupehense Rehder
 * V. ichangense Rehder
 * V. integrifolium Hayata
 * V. japonicum Spreng
 * V. lobophyllum
 * V. luzonicum Rolfe
 * V. melanocarpum Hsu in Chen et al.
 * V. mullaha Buch.-Ham. Ex D.Don
 * V. parvifolium Hayata
 * V. sempervirens K. Koch
 * V. setigerum M.J. Donoghue – tea viburnum
 * V. tashiroi Nakai
 * V. wrightii Miquel – Wright's viburnum
 * V. coriaceum Blume
 * V. cylindricum Buch.-Ham. ex D. Don
 * V. hebanthum Wight & Arn.
 * V. beccarii Gamble
 * V. hispidulum J. Kern
 * V. inopinatum Craib.
 * V. sambucinum Reinew. Ex Blume
 * V. vernicosum Gibbs
 * V. ternatum Rehder
 * V. edule Raf. – squashberry, mooseberry, pembina, pimbina, lowbush cranberry, moosomin (Cree language)
 * V. koreanum – Korean viburnum
 * V. opulus L. – Guelder-rose
 * V. sargentii Koehne – Tianmu viburnum (天目琼花)
 * V. trilobum Marshall – high bush viburnum
 * V. australe C.V. Morton – Mexican arrowwood
 * V. bracteatum Rehder – bracted arrowwood, limerock arrowwood
 * V. ellipticum Hook. – common viburnum, oval-leaved viburnum
 * V. molle Michx. – softleaf arrowwood
 * V. rafinesquianum Schult. – downy arrowwood
 * V. dentatum L. – arrowwood viburnum
 * V. recognitum Fernald – smooth arrowwood
 * V. acutifolium Benth.
 * V. caudatum Greenm.
 * V. costaricanum (Oerst.) Hemsl.
 * V. discolor Benth.
 * V. disjunctum C.V. Morton
 * V. divaricatum
 * V. jamesonii (Oerst.)Killip & A.C. Sm.
 * V. jucundum C.V. Morton
 * V. lautum C.V. Morton
 * V. loeseneri Graebn.
 * V. stellato-tomentosum (Oerst.) Hemsl.
 * V. stenocalyx Hemsl.
 * V. sulcatum (Oerst.) Hemsl.
 * V. toronis Killip & A.C. Sm.
 * V. triphyllum Benth. – chuchua, chuque
 * V. arboreum
 * V. betulifolium Batalin
 * V. glomeratum
 * V. hondurense
 * V. maculatum
 * V. molinae
 * V. mortonianum
 * V. phlebotrichum
 * V. scabrellum
 * V. subpubescens
 * V. treleasei
 * V. tridentatum
 * V. venosum (or V. dentata var venosum)

Formerly placed here

 * Hydrangea arborescens L. (as V. alnifolium Marshall, or V. americanum Mill. )
 * Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser. (as V. macrophyllum Thunb. )

Cultivation and uses
Many species of viburnum have become popular as garden or landscape plants because of their showy flowers and berries, fragrance, and good autumn colour of some forms. Some popular species, hybrids, and cultivars include:
 * The hybrid Viburnum × bodnantense (V. farreri × V. grandiflorum) is particularly popular for its strongly scented pink flowers on the leafless deciduous shoots in mid- to late winter.
 * Viburnum × burkwoodii (V. carlesii × V. utile)
 * Viburnum × carlcephalum (V. carlesii × V. macrocephalum)
 * Viburnum carlesii has round white flowerheads, strong fragrance, dense structure, and reddish leaves in autumn.
 * Viburnum davidii is an evergreen species from China with blue fruit.
 * Viburnum dentatum has flat-topped flowers, bluish fruit, and reddish leaves in autumn. It is somewhat salt-tolerant. The cultivar 'Blue Muffin' is more compact than the species and has fruit that are a deeper blue than the species.
 * Viburnum dilatatum has flat-topped flowers, reddish leaves in autumn, and bright red fruit that persist into winter.
 * Viburnum × jackii – Jack's viburnum
 * Viburnum × juddii (V. bitchiuense × V. carlesii)
 * Viburnum plicatum has white flowers, textured leaves, reddish-black fruit, and can grow quite large under ideal conditions. The species can tolerate shade, but not drought.
 * Viburnum × pragense (V. rhytidophyllum × V. utile)
 * Viburnum × rhytidophylloides (V. lantana × V. rhytidophyllum)popular evergreen shrub, drought resistant. Shiny green leafs, white flowers.
 * Viburnum rhytidophyllum is a popular evergreen species, grown mainly for its foliage effect of large, dark green leathery leaves with strongly wrinkled surface. This is the parent species of two popular hybrid cultivars known as 'Alleghany' and '{{not a typo|{ragense}}'. 'Alleghany' was selected from a hybrid between V. rhytidophyllum and V. lantana 'Mohican' (in 1958, at the US National Arboretum).
 * Viburnum setigerum has upright, coarse structure and orange to reddish-orange fruit.
 * Viburnum sieboldii has coarse, open structure, flat-topped flowers, reddish-black fruit, and can grow as a small tree.
 * Viburnum tinus is a widely grown garden and landscape shrub.

The cultivars 'Pragense' and 'Eskimo', of mixed or uncertain parentage, have won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Other uses
In prehistory, the long, straight shoots of some viburnums were used for arrow-shafts, as those found with Ötzi the Iceman.

The fruit of some species (e.g. V. lentago ) are edible and can be eaten either raw or for making jam, while other species (e.g. V. opulus ) are mildly toxic and can cause vomiting if eaten in quantity.

The bark of some species is used in herbal medicine, as an antispasmodic and to treat asthma.

Cultural references
In Ukraine, Viburnum opulus is an important element of their traditional folk cultures, and Viburnum opulus (kalyna) is seen as a national symbol, an emblem for both the Koliada festivities and the concept of young girl's love and tenderness. It is the key element of the Ukrainian traditional wreath. A number of folk songs are dedicated to kalyna as well as very popular song "Oi u Luzi Chervona Kalina".

The Lithuanian name for the genus Viburnum is "Putinas". This was the pen name of Lithuanian poet and writer Vincas Mykolaitis. In 2000, the Lithuanian liquor company Alita released a vodka named Putin Vodka, with a red, white, and blue label, which are the colours of the Russian flag. Sold only in Lithuania at that time, a company spokesperson said that the name had its origin in the tree "putinas", after speculation arose that it was named after Russian president Vladimir Putin.

title: Viburnum


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Aachen (district)

The district of Aachen (Städteregion Aachen) is a district in the west of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Heinsberg, Düren, Euskirchen, and also the Netherlands province of Limburg and the Belgian province of Liège. Its administrative body is the Städteregionsparlament ("regional parliament"), headed by the Städteregionspräsident or "region president" (Tim Grüttemeier (CDU) since 2019).

As of 21 October 2009, the Städteregion Aachen (literally: "cities region" Aachen) was formed from the former district Aachen (Kreis Aachen) and the city of Aachen. This is the first Städteregion that was formed in North Rhine-Westphalia. Its status is similar to that of the district Hanover (Region Hannover) in Lower Saxony, in that the powers of the city of Aachen are slightly less than those of a district-free city (Kreisfreie Stadt).

History
The Landkreis Aachen was formed in 1816 from the two French cantons Burtscheid and Eschweiler, with its capital set to the city of Burtscheid. In 1897 Burtscheid was incorporated into the city of Aachen, but the administrative seat stayed there, even though the capital was no longer part of the district.

Kreis Aachen (1972)
The Aachen district was re-formed in 1972, and part of it was incorporated to the district-free city of Aachen. At that point in time, the policy that no independent large city in North Rhine-Westphalia should be the seat of its district was not yet in effect. In the larger independent cities of Bielefeld (1973) and Münster (1975), the districts named after them were consistently dissolved and several of their communities were incorporated into the respective large city. In the case of Aachen, however, no further municipal reform was carried out and the separation of city and district remained.

In 1975 this district of Aachen was merged with the district of Monschau, and parts of the districts of Düren, Jülich, Schleiden and Selfkant.

Städteregion Aachen (2009)
In 2004, a special-purpose association was formed including the city of Aachen, the district of Aachen, and the nine municipalities belonging to the district. Its regular meetings consisted of 60 representatives of the association members with voting rights, and focused on expanding cooperation between the members, road traffic management, school administration, and economic development. This was a predecessor to the 2009 Städteregion.

In 2009, the North Rhine-Westphalia state parliament reorganized the district to include the city of Aachen, modeled after the district of Hanover. The existing Aachen district was dissolved and the new Städteregion Aachen took over tasks such as traffic planning and emergency services from the cities within it.

Geography
Geographically the district covers a part of the Eifel mountains in the south, but also the lowlands of the Lower Rhine Bay.

Coat of arms
The top of the coat of arms shows the black lion, the sign of Jülich, as the district contains mostly former parts of the duchy of Jülich. In the bottom the swan on a deer antler is the sign of the city of Burtscheid, which was the capital of the Landkreis Aachen until 1897, when it was incorporated into the city of Aachen.

title: Aachen (district)


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Baraka (film)

Baraka is a 1992 American non-narrative documentary film directed by Ron Fricke. The film is often compared to Koyaanisqatsi, the first of the Qatsi films by Godfrey Reggio for which Fricke served as cinematographer. It was photographed in the 70 mm Todd-AO format, and is the first film ever to be restored and scanned at 8K resolution.

Content
Baraka is a documentary film with no narrative or voice-over. It explores themes via a compilation of natural events, life, human activities and technological phenomena shot in 24 countries on six continents over a 14-month period.

The film is named after the Islamic concept of baraka, meaning blessing, essence or breath.

The film is Ron Fricke's follow-up to Godfrey Reggio's similar non-verbal documentary film Koyaanisqatsi. Fricke was cinematographer and collaborator on Reggio's film, and for Baraka he struck out on his own to polish and expand the photographic techniques used on Koyaanisqatsi. Shot in 70 mm, it includes a mixture of photographic styles including slow motion and time-lapse. Two camera systems were used to achieve this. A Todd-AO system was used to shoot conventional frame rates, but to execute the film's time-lapse sequences Fricke had a special camera built that combined time-lapse photography with perfectly controlled movements.

Locations featured include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem, the Ryōan temple in Kyoto, Lake Natron in Tanzania, burning oil fields in Kuwait, the smouldering precipice of an active volcano, a busy subway terminal, the aircraft boneyard of Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, tribal celebrations of the Maasai in Kenya, and chanting monks in the Dip Tse Chok Ling monastery.

The film features a number of long tracking shots through various settings, including Auschwitz and Tuol Sleng, over photos of the people involved, past skulls stacked in a room, to a spread of bones. It suggests a universal cultural perspective: a shot of an elaborate tattoo on a bathing Japanese yakuza precedes a view of tribal paint.

Reissue
Following previous DVD releases, in 2007 the original 65 mm negative was rescanned at 8K resolution with equipment designed specifically for Baraka at FotoKem Laboratories. The automated 8K film scanner, operating continuously, took more than three weeks to finish scanning more than 150,000 frames (taking approximately twelve to thirteen seconds to scan each frame), producing over thirty terabytes of image data in total.

After a 16-month digital intermediate process, including a 96 kHz/24-bit audio remaster by Stearns for the DTS-HD Master Audio soundtrack, the result was re-released on DVD and Blu-ray in October 2008. At the time, project supervisor Andrew Oran described the reissue of Baraka as "arguably the highest-quality DVD that's ever been made". Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert described the Blu-ray release as "the finest video disc I have ever viewed or ever imagined."

Sequel
A sequel to Baraka, Samsara, also shot in 70 mm and made by the same filmmakers, premiered at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival and was released internationally in August 2012.

Reception
Baraka holds a score of 81% on Rotten Tomatoes out of twenty-six reviews. Roger Ebert included the film in his "Great Movies" list, writing: "If man sends another Voyager to the distant stars and it can carry only one film on board, that film might be Baraka."

Music
The score is by Michael Stearns and features music by, among others, Dead Can Dance, L. Subramaniam, Ciro Hurtado, Inkuyo, Brother, Anugama & Sebastiano and David Hykes.

In 2019, German composer Mathias Rehfeldt released the concept album Baraka, inspired by the film.

Filming
The project was shot in 152 locations in 24 countries.

Africa

 * Egypt: Cairo; City of the Dead; Giza pyramid complex; Karnak temple, Luxor; Ramesseum
 * Kenya: Lake Magadi; Mara Kichwan Tembo Manyatta; Mara Rianta Manyatta; Maasai Mara
 * Tanzania: Lake Natron

United States

 * Arizona: American Express, Phoenix; Canyon de Chelly National Monument, Chinle; Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Tucson; Peabody coal mine, Black Mesa; Phoenix
 * California: Big Sur; Los Angeles; Santa Cruz (chicken farm scenes)
 * Colorado: Mesa Verde National Park
 * Hawaii: Haleakalā National Park, Maui; Kona; Puʻu ʻŌʻō, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
 * New York: Empire State Building, Manhattan, New York City; Grand Central Terminal, Manhattan, New York City; Helmsley Building, Manhattan, New York City; McGraw-Hill Building, Manhattan, New York City; World Trade Center, Manhattan, New York City; Green Haven Correctional Facility, Beekman, New York; Stormville, New York
 * Utah: Arches National Park, Moab; Canyonlands National Park, Moab
 * Others: Shiprock, New Mexico; White House, Washington, D.C.

South America

 * Argentina: Iguazu Falls, Misiones
 * Brazil: Carajás Animal Reserve, Pará; Iguazu Falls, Paraná; Ipanema, Favela da Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro; Caiapó Village, Pará; Porto Velho, Rondônia; Represa Samuel, Rondônia; Rio Preto, Minas Gerais; São Paulo City, São Paulo state
 * Ecuador: Barrio Mapasingue, Guayaquil; Cementerio Ciudad Blanca; Galápagos Islands; Guayaquil

Asia

 * Cambodia: Angkor Thom; Angkor Wat; Angkor; Bayon; Phnom Penh; Preah Khan; Siem Reap; Ta Prohm; Tonle Omm Gate; Tuol Sleng Museum; Sonsam Kosal Killing Fields
 * China: Beijing; Great Hall of the People; Tiananmen Square; Guilin; Li River, Qin Shi Huang; Xi'an
 * Hong Kong: Kowloon Walled City, Kowloon
 * India: Calcutta, West Bengal; Chennai, Tamil Nadu; Ganges River; Ghats; Kailashnath Temple, Varanasi; National Museum of India, New Delhi; Varadharaja Temple, Varanasi
 * Indonesia: Borobudur; Java; Candi Nandi; Candi Prambanan; Gudang Garam cigarette factory; Kasunanan Palace; Surakarta; Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta; Kediri; Tabanan; Bali; Mancan Padi; Mount Bromo Valley; Tampak Siring; Tegallalang; Gunung Kawi temple; Uluwatu
 * Iran: Imam Mosque; Imam Reza Shrine, Mashhad; Isfahan; Persepolis; Shah Chiragh; Shiraz
 * Japan: Green Plaza Capsule Hotel; Hokke-Ji temple; JVC Yokosuka Factory; Kyoto; Meiji Shrine; Nagano Springs; Nara; Nittaku; Ryōan-ji temple; Sangho-ji Temple; Shinjuku Station; Tokyo; the Hachikō Exit, Shibuya Station; Tomoe Shizung & Hakutobo; Yamanouchi, Nagano; Zōjō-ji temple
 * Israel: Church of the Holy Sepulchre; Western Wall
 * Kuwait: Ahmadi; Burgan Field; Jahra Road, Mitla Ridge (Farouk Abdul-Aziz researched and produced this segment)
 * Nepal: Bhaktapur; Boudhanath; Durbar Square, Kathmandu; Hanuman Ghat; Himalayas; Mount Everest; Mount Thamserku; Pasupati; Swayambhu
 * Saudi Arabia: Mecca
 * Thailand: Ayutthaya Province; Bang Pa-In; Bangkok; NMB Factory; Patpong; Soi Cowboy; Wat Arun; Wat Suthat
 * Turkey: Galata Mevlevi temple

Oceania

 * Australia: Bathurst Island; Cocinda; Jim Jim Falls; Kakadu National Park; Kunwarde Hwarde Valley; Uluru

Europe

 * Poland: Oświęcim (German Auschwitz concentration camp); Sztutowo (German Stutthof concentration camp); Bytom
 * France: Chartres Cathedral; Notre-Dame de Reims
 * Vatican City: St. Peter's Basilica
 * Turkey: Hagia Sophia, Istanbul

title: Baraka (film)


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Talk:Political regressivism

I do not find any evidence that this is a term that is actually used. "Regressivism" seems to be, in fact, a non-existent word. I therefore vote for deletion. --Eloquence 18:30 Feb 15, 2003 (UTC)

Political regressivism (reactionism)
I have found evidence that the term "regressivism" is a real word and used here - https://twitter.com/regressivism, here - http://robertreich.org/post/23708814586 and here - http://academickids.com/encyclopedia/index.php/Regressivism, amongst other places.Kittysjones (talk) 02:32, 14 September 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Political regressivism


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Viburnum lentago

Viburnum lentago, the nannyberry, sheepberry, or sweet viburnum, is a species of Viburnum native to North America.

Description
It is a large shrub or small tree growing upwards to 30 ft tall with a trunk up to 10 in in diameter and a short trunk, round-topped head, pendulous, flexible branches. The bark is reddish- to grayish-brown, and broken into small scales. The twigs are pale green and covered with rusty down at first, later becoming dark reddish brown, sometimes glaucous, smooth, tough, flexible, and produce an offensive odor when crushed or bruised. The winter buds are light red, covered with pale scurfy down, protected by a pair of opposing scales. Flower-bearing buds are 3/4 in long, obovate, long pointed; other terminal buds are acute, 1/3 to 1/2 in long, while lateral buds are much smaller. The bud scales enlarge with the growing shoot and often become leaf-like.

Like all viburnums, the leaves are arranged in opposite pairs on the twigs; they are oval, 2 - 4 in long and 3/4 - 2 in broad, wedge-shaped, rounded or subcordate at base, with an acuminate apex and a finely serrated margin, and a winged petiole. They open from the bud involute, bronze green and shining, hairy and downy; when full grown are bright green and shining above, pale green and marked with tiny black dots beneath. In autumn they turn a deep red, or red and orange.

The flowers are small, 5–6 mm in diameter, with five whitish petals, arranged in large round terminal cymes 5–12 cm in diameter; flowering is in late spring. The calyx is tubular, equally five-toothed, persistent; the corolla is equally five-lobed, imbricate in the bud, cream-white, one-quarter of an inch across; lobes acute, and slightly erose. There are five stamens, inserted on the base of the corolla, alternate with its lobes, exserted; filaments slender; anthers bright yellow, oblong, introrse, versatile, two-celled; cells opening longitudinally. The pistil has a one-celled inferior ovary, the style thick, short, light green, and the stigma broad; there is one ovule in each cell.

The fruit is a small round blue-black drupe, 8–16 mm long on a reddish stem; it is thick-skinned, sweet, and rather juicy. The stone is oblong oval, flattened.

The roots are fibrous. The wood is ill-smelling, dark orange brown, heavy, hard, close-grained, with a specific gravity of 0.7303.

Distribution and habitat
Nannyberry is native to the northeastern and midwestern United States, and to southern Canada from New Brunswick west to southeastern Saskatchewan. Isolated populations are found in the Dakotas, Wyoming, Colorado, and the Appalachian Mountains as far south as Kentucky and Virginia. It grows in wet soil along the borders of the forest, often found in fence corners and along roadsides.

Ecology
Mammals, game birds and songbirds consume the fruit during the winter.

Uses
As suggested by the alternative name sweet viburnum, the fruit is (unlike that of many viburnums) widely palatable. The bark and leaves were also used by Native Americans in the preparation of herbal medicines.

It is admired for its compact habit, its lustrous foliage which insects rarely disfigure, its beautiful and abundant flowers, its handsome edible fruit and its brilliant autumnal color. It readily adapts itself to cultivation, and is one of the best of the small trees of eastern America for the decoration of parks and gardens in all regions of extreme winter cold. It is easily raised from seeds which, like those of the other American species, do not germinate until the second year after they are planted.

It has been hybridized with Viburnum prunifolium in gardens to give the hybrid Viburnum × jackii.

title: Viburnum lentago


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Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis

The Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis is a district in the center of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is part of the southern Ruhr urban area and has ca. 324,000 inhabitants (2012). The district's seat (capital city) is Schwelm; the largest of its nine towns is Witten.

Geography
The name of the district describes its geographical location – it is located in the valleys of the rivers Ruhr and Ennepe. Geologically it is part of the north-eastern Rhenish Massif, a Mittelgebirge landscape; only small parts of Witten belong to the flat Westphalian Lowland.

Municipalities
The district consists of nine municipalities, all entitled "Stadt" (town or city).

Adjacent cities and districts
The Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the district-free cities of Bochum, Dortmund and Hagen, the districts of Märkischer Kreis (with Schalksmühle and Halver) and Oberbergischer Kreis (with Radevormwald), the city of Wuppertal, the district of Mettmann (with Velbert) and the city of Essen.

Largest groups of foreigners :

History
The district was created in 1929 by merging the former district of Schwelm with parts of the former districts of Hattingen and Hagen. In 1970 and 1975 it was modified a bit during the reorganization of the districts in North Rhine-Westphalia; most notable was the inclusion of the previously independent city of Witten in 1975.

Politics
Since 2015, the district administrator of the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis has been Olaf Schade of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). In the most recent election on 13 September 2020, Schade was re-elected with the support of the SPD and The Greens, winning 61.6% of votes against Oliver Flüshöh, who was nominated by the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and Free Democratic Party (FDP).

District council
The Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis council governs the district alongside the administrator. The most recent district council election was held on 13 September 2020, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=2| Valid votes ! 135,584 ! 98.4 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Invalid votes ! 2,199 ! 1.6 ! ! ! ! colspan=2| Total ! 137,783 ! 100.0 ! ! 60 ! 6 ! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout ! 267,170 ! 51.6 ! ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * 42,403
 * 31.3
 * 8.1
 * 19
 * 7
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * 36,275
 * 26.8
 * 1.9
 * 16
 * 3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * 28,175
 * 20.8
 * 7.8
 * 13
 * 5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * 7,864
 * 5.8
 * 1.3
 * 4
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * 7,250
 * 5.4
 * 1.8
 * 3
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (Die Linke)
 * 5,174
 * 3.8
 * 1.6
 * 2
 * 2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Pirate Party Germany (Piraten)
 * 3,326
 * 2.5
 * 0.2
 * 1
 * 1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Voters (FW-EN)
 * 2,893
 * 2.1
 * 0.6
 * 1
 * 1
 * align=left| Citizens' Forum (BF)
 * 2,224
 * 1.6
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * 1
 * 1
 * align=left| Citizens' Forum (BF)
 * 2,224
 * 1.6
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * colspan=7| Source: District Ennepe-Ruhr
 * }
 * }

State Landtag
In the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia, the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis is divided between three constituencies: 104 Hagen II – Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis III (containing Breckerfeld, Ennepetal, and Gevelsberg), 105 Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis I (Hattingen, Schwelm, Sprockhövel, and Wetter), and 106 Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis II (Herdecke and Witten). In the 2017–22 parliamentary term, all three constituencies were held by the SPD. Hagen II – Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis III was represented by Falk Heinrichs, Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis I by Rainer Bovermann, and Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis II by Nadja Büteführ.

Federal parliament
In the Bundestag, the Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis is divided between two constituencies: 138 Hagen – Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis I (Breckerfeld, Gevelsberg, Schwelm, and Ennepetal) and 139 Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis II (Hattingen, Herdecke, Sprockhövel, Wetter, and Witten). In the 20th Bundestag, both are held by the SPD. Hagen – Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis I is represented by Timo Schisanowski, and Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis II by Axel Echeverria.

Coat of arms
In the middle of the coat of arms there is the checked red-white bar of the County of Mark, which owned the area in medieval times. The two wavy lines above and below depict the two rivers which gave the district its name, the Ruhr and the Ennepe.

title: Ennepe-Ruhr-Kreis