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List of animal welfare organizations

Animal welfare organizations are concerned with the health, safety and psychological wellness of individual animals. These organizations include animal rescue groups and wildlife rehabilitation centers, which care for animals in distress and sanctuaries, where animals are brought to live and be protected for the rest of their lives. Their goals are generally distinct from conservation organizations, which are primarily concerned with the preservation of species, populations, habitats, ecosystems and biodiversity, rather than the welfare of individual animals.

For organizations with Wikipedia pages, see Category:Animal welfare organizations.

Worldwide or serving multiple countries

 * Animal People (based in U.S.)
 * Animal Transportation Association
 * Animal Welfare Institute
 * AnimaNaturalis
 * Association of Zoos and Aquariums
 * Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International
 * Australia for Dolphins
 * BirdLife International
 * Brooke Hospital for Animals (equine)
 * Care for the Wild International
 * Compassion in World Farming
 * The Donkey Sanctuary (based in U.K.)
 * Friends of Animals
 * Four Paws
 * Global Alliance for Rabies Control
 * Grey2K USA
 * Humane Slaughter Association (based in UK)
 * Humane Society International
 * International Animal Rescue
 * International Bird Rescue (based in California)
 * International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW)
 * International Primate Protection League
 * Marine Connection
 * Monkey World (based in U.K.)
 * People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
 * Performing Animal Welfare Society
 * Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 * SANCCOB (seabirds, based in South Africa)
 * Shark Trust
 * Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW)
 * Vegan Outreach
 * Vets Beyond Borders
 * Vets for Change
 * Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
 * World Animal Protection
 * World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
 * World Horse Welfare

Asia

 * Animals Asia Foundation
 * Animals Now, Israel
 * Todd's Welfare Society, Pakistan

Europe

 * Eurogroup for Animals
 * Prince Laurent Foundation

Australia

 * Animals Australia
 * Give Our Strays A Chance
 * Humane Society International Australia
 * Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary
 * Lost Dogs' Home
 * RSPCA Australia
 * Voiceless, the animal protection institute

New South Wales

 * Cat Protection Society of NSW
 * DoggieRescue.com
 * RSPCA NSW

Victoria

 * Cat Protection Society of Victoria

Tasmania

 * RSPCA Tasmania

Austria

 * Four Paws

The Bahamas

 * Bahamas Humane Society

Bolivia

 * Comunidad Inti Wara Yassi
 * La Senda Verde (wildlife)
 * Voluntarios en Defensa de los Animales

Canada

 * Canada's Accredited Zoos and Aquariums
 * Canadian Association for Laboratory Animal Science
 * Canadian Council on Animal Care (lab animals)
 * Canadian Federation of Humane Societies
 * Canadian Science Centre for Human and Animal Health

British Columbia

 * British Columbia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (BC SPCA)
 * Richmond Animal Protection Society
 * Senior Animals In Need Today Society
 * Vancouver Orphan Kitten Rescue Association

Alberta

 * Alberta SPCA
 * Cochrane & Area Humane Society
 * Second Chance Animal Rescue Society
 * Voice for Animals Humane Society

Manitoba

 * Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre

Ontario

 * Little RES Q (Toronto, turtles)
 * Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 * Prairie Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre
 * Toronto Humane Society

Quebec

 * Fauna Foundation

Nova Scotia

 * Nova Scotia Society for the Prevention of Cruelty

China

 * Chinese Animal Protection Network
 * Wah Yan College Cats

Hong Kong

 * Hong Kong Dog Rescue
 * Jane Goodall Institute (Hong Kong)
 * Cat Society Hong Kong
 * Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals SPCA (Hong Kong)

Denmark

 * Anima
 * Inges kattehjem

Egypt

 * Society for Protection of Animal Rights in Egypt

Germany

 * Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft zum Schutz der Eulen (owls)

Ghana

 * Ghana Wildlife Society

India

 * Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Animal Welfare Board of India
 * Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal
 * Bir Bara Ban Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary
 * Blue Cross of Hyderabad
 * Blue Cross of India (Chennai)
 * Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organization
 * Indian National Kennel Club
 * Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary
 * National Institute of Animal Welfare
 * People for Animals
 * PETA India

Ireland

 * DSPCA
 * Irish Blue Cross

Jersey

 * Jersey Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

Kenya

 * David Sheldrick Wildlife Trust

Korea

 * Korea Animal Rights Advocates

Malaysia

 * Sarawak Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 * SPCA Selangor, Malaysia

Nepal

 * Animal Welfare Network Nepal
 * Kathmandu Animal Treatment Centre

The Netherlands

 * Dutch Society for the Protection of Animals

Norway

 * Dyrebeskyttelsen Norge

New Zealand

 * Royal New Zealand Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 * SAFE, Save Animals From Exploitation

Pakistan

 * Todd's Welfare Society
 * Pakistan Animal Welfare Society

Philippines

 * Philippine Tarsier Foundation in Bohol

Serbia

 * Organization for Respect and Care for Animals

Singapore

 * Singapore Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 * Animal Concerns Research and Education Society (ACRES)

South Africa

 * National Council of SPCAs (NSPCA)
 * Chimp Eden

Switzerland

 * Susy Utzinger Animal Welfare Foundation

Thailand

 * Elephant Nature Park
 * Elephantstay
 * Wildlife Friends Foundation Thailand (WFFT)
 * Thai Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 * Soi Dog Foundation in Bangkok, Phuket

Turkey

 * HAYTAP

Uganda

 * Ziwa Rhino Sanctuary

United Kingdom

 * Assisi Animal Sanctuary
 * Badger Trust
 * Battersea Dogs and Cats Home (London)
 * Blue Cross
 * Born Free Foundation
 * British Divers Marine Life Rescue
 * British Horse Society
 * Cats Protection
 * Centre for Animals and Social Justice
 * Conservative Animal Welfare Foundation
 * Dogs Trust
 * Eurogroup for Animals
 * Farm Animal Welfare Council
 * Hillside Animal Sanctuary
 * The Horse Trust
 * Hounds for Heroes
 * League Against Cruel Sports
 * The Mayhew Animal Home
 * National Animal Welfare Trust
 * National Office of Animal Health
 * National Wildlife Crime Unit
 * Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics
 * People's Dispensary for Sick Animals
 * Redwings Horse Sanctuary
 * Retired Greyhound Trust
 * Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA)
 * Save Me (animal welfare)
 * Scottish Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 * Screech Owl Sanctuary
 * Swan Sanctuary, Shepperton
 * Thornberry Animal Sanctuary
 * Ulster Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 * Wetheriggs Zoo and Animal Sanctuary
 * Viva! (organisation)

United States

 * Alley Cat Allies
 * Alley Cat Rescue
 * American Humane Association
 * American Pet Association
 * American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
 * American Tortoise Rescue
 * Animal Legal Defense Fund
 * Animal People
 * Animal Protection and Rescue League
 * Best Friends Animal Society
 * Coastal Pet Rescue
 * Farm Sanctuary
 * Food Animal Concerns Trust
 * Humane Farm Animal Care
 * The Humane League
 * Humane Research Council
 * Humane Society of the United States
 * National Animal Interest Alliance
 * No Kill Advocacy Center
 * Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
 * Petfinder
 * Pets for Vets
 * Sky Ark
 * United States Association of Reptile Keepers
 * Wild Animal Initiative
 * The Wild Animal Sanctuary

Alabama

 * Alabama Wildlife Center

California

 * Animal Ethics
 * Animal Rescue Foundation
 * Dedication and Everlasting Love to Animals Rescue
 * Helen Woodward Animal Center
 * Hope for Paws
 * House Rabbit Society
 * Northcoast Marine Mammal Center

Colorado

 * Dumb Friends League
 * The Wild Animal Sanctuary

Florida

 * Humane Society of Pinellas

Illinois

 * The Anti-Cruelty Society
 * Safe Humane Chicago

Indiana

 * Black Pine Animal Sanctuary
 * Friends of Indianapolis Animal Care & Control
 * Humane Society of Indianapolis

Louisiana

 * Villalobos Rescue Center (New Orleans, featured on the television series Pit Bulls & Parolees)

Maryland

 * Alley Cat Rescue

Massachusetts

 * Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals-Angell Animal Medical Center
 * Winslow Farm

Michigan

 * Michigan Humane Society

New Jersey

 * New Jersey Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

New York

 * Friends of Animals
 * North Shore Animal League America
 * Woodstock Farm Animal Sanctuary
 * Sato Project

North Carolina

 * Goathouse Refuge

Oregon

 * Chimps Inc.

Pennsylvania

 * Animal Rescue League of Western Pennsylvania
 * Humane League of Lancaster County
 * Red Paw Emergency Relief Team

Tennessee

 * The Elephant Sanctuary (Hohenwald)
 * Tiger Haven

Texas

 * Bat World Sanctuary
 * Operation Kindness

Virginia

 * Alley Cat Rescue
 * Humane Farm Animal Care

Zimbabwe

 * Zimbabwe Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals

title: List of animal welfare organizations


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Carrefour

Carrefour Group, S.A. (Groupe Carrefour, ), is a French multinational retail and wholesaling corporation headquartered in Massy, France. It operates a chain of hypermarkets, grocery stores and convenience stores, which,, comprised 13,894 stores in over 30 countries, making it the seventh-largest retailer in the world by revenue.

History
The first Carrefour shop (not a hypermarket) opened in 1960, within suburban Annecy, near a crossroads (hence the name ― carrefour means crossroads in French). The group was created in 1958 by Marcel Fournier, Denis Defforey and Jacques Defforey, who attended and were influenced by several seminars in the United States led by "the Pope of retail", Bernardo Trujillo.

The Carrefour group was the first in Europe to open a hypermarket: a large supermarket and a department store under the same roof. They opened their first hypermarket on 15 June 1963 in Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois, near Paris.

In September 2009, Carrefour updated its logo.

In May 2011, Carrefour reviewed its business situation under conditions of stagnant growth and increasing competition in France from rivals including Casino Guichard-Perrachon SA, and decided to invest €1.5 billion ($2.22  billion) to introduce the supermarket concept of Carrefour Planet in Western Europe.

In April 2015, Brazilian businessman Abílio Diniz revealed he was in talks to raise his 5.07 per cent stake in Carrefour and has the support of shareholders to take a board seat.

On 9 June 2017, the board of directors chose Alexandre Bompard as the new chairman and chief executive officer of Carrefour with effect as of 18 July 2017.

In 2017, Carrefour began working with a small French start-up, Expliceat, on a trial basis.

In January 2018, Alexandre Bompard announced a strategic plan for the company, entitled "Carrefour 2022", that seeks to make Carrefour the "leader of the food transition for all". The plan includes measures for better food and package sustainability, limitation of food waste, development of organic products, e-commerce partnerships, and two billion euros in annual investments from 2018 as well as organisational and cost reduction measures.

In the exceptional context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Carrefour is the first retailer to join C'est qui le Patron ? initiative to share its additional incomes related to COVID-19 to support people who are suffering from the current situation. According to co-founder Nicolas Chabanne, 100,000 euros have been paid out, then 50,000 euros each week until 11 May.

Carrefour's Board of Directors has decided to reduce by 50% the dividend proposed for 2019. The dividend is now €0.69 per share (versus €0.46 per share).

Until the end of the year, Alexandre Bompard and all the members of Carrefour Group's board of directors have decided to waive 25% of their director's fees. These savings will be used to finance solidarity actions for the company's employees, both in France and abroad.

Alexandre Bompard has decided to waive 25% of his fixed salary for a period of two months. To express his gratitude to his personnel in the field, he has decided to offer an exceptional bonus of €1,000 net to 85,000 employees in France.

Domestic operations

The headquarters of the Groupe Carrefour is in Massy, in the Paris metropolitan area. In 2019, the former Carrefour head office of Boulogne-Billancourt and the Carrefour France division office of Courcouronnes, Essonne, near Évry, were combined at that major location. A secondary head office is located in Mondeville, near Caen (Normandy), which was until 1999 the former Promodès headquarters.

In France, Carrefour operates under its name over 230 hypermarkets (from 2500 up to 23000 sq m sales area), 1020 Carrefour Market supermarkets (generally from 1000 up to 4000 sq m), and over 2000 smaller supermarkets and convenience stores under the Carrefour City, Carrefour Contact and Carrefour Express banners.

Carrefour also owns the Promocash Cash&Carry chain (130 locations) and supplies 1500 independent small food stores under the Proxi banner. It has recently acquired the organic food chains SoBio and Bio C'Bon to boost its presence in this promising segment.

In 2019, the group launched its first Supeco soft discount stores, which are so far all located in the French Northern region Hauts-de-France. The concept is still being assessed.

Kenya
Carrefour has 13 outlets in Kenya, largely located in the suburbs of Nairobi. The retailer's expansion into Kenya has benefited from the failure of previously dominant supermarket chains such as Nakumatt and Uchumi as Carrefour rushed in to occupy the retail spaces and market share they vacated.

The retailer is the anchor client of The Hub Karen Mall where it opened its first Kenyan store in May 2016. A second outlet was opened at Two Rivers Mall in March 2017, soon followed by a third store the Thika Road Mall in November 2017. The fourth outlet was opened at the Junction Mall along Ngong Road in January 2018; the fifth at Sarit Center in April 2018. In June 2020, Carrefour opened a new store along Uhuru Highway.

In September 2020, Carrefour announced plans to continue its expansion efforts by opening three branches in the coastal city of Mombasa. In May 2021 it opened another branch of Carrefour Market in Garden City Mall along the Thika superhighwaty. It also has a branch at Westgate Mall previously occupied by ShopRite.

Uganda
Carrefour operates multiple stores in the Ugandan capital city of Kampala and Entebbe. The anchor clients are located at Oasis Mall and Metroplex and are in spaces previously occupied by the Kenyan retail chain Nakumatt.

In September 2021 Carrefour signed an agreement with Shoprite of South Africa for the former to take over six stores that the latter would vacate in Uganda. This has increased Carrefour's presence in the country significantly.

As of 2023, there are six outlets located in Kampala: Acacia Mall (Kissimenti), Arena Mall (Nsambya), Lugogo Mall (Nakawa), Metroplex (Naalya), Oasis Mall (Nakasero and Village Mall (Bugolobi). One outlet is located in Victoria Mall in Entebbe.

West and Central Africa

In 2013, Carrefour and the CFAO Group signed a contract for the opening of stores in West and Central Africa. With the first hypermarket opening on Playce Shopping Mall in Abidjan on 2015, Carrefour also has another hypermarket on Yaoundé.

Pakistan
In 2009, Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in Lahore in a joint venture with Majid Al Futtaim Group, where it achieved ₨1 billion in revenues in its first year. It attracted more than 1 million customers every month. On 14 November 2011, Hyperstar opened its second hypermarket in the country in Karachi. On 22 March 2016, it expanded its operations to Islamabad by opening a 150000 sqft hypermarket in World Trade Center Islamabad.

Since 20 December 2018, MAF has rebranded Hyperstar to Carrefour across Pakistan. It has plans to expand its stores to other cities including Gujranwala, Multan and Hyderabad. As of June 2019, the group had already invested ₨8 billion and was looking to invest another ₨40 billion in Pakistan. It is operating at least seven hypermarkets (three in Lahore, two in Karachi, one in Islamabad and one in Faisalabad's Lyallpur Galleria) and one superstore in Pakistan.

Taiwan
In 2020, Carrefour Taiwan announced they would acquire 199 Wellcome and 25 Jasons Market Place stores from Dairy Farm International.

In 2022, Carrefour announced that it sold 60% equity of Carrefour Taiwan to Uni-President Enterprises Corporation.

Mongolia
On 17 February 2023, Carrefour opened its first two stores in the nations capital Ulaanbataar, with the partnership of Altan Joloo. As of May 26, 2023. It has four stores.

Europe (outside France)
In 1999, Carrefour entered the Greek market in collaboration with Marinopoulos S.A. Carrefour stopped operating in Greece in 2017 due to its acquisition by the Sklavenitis group. The company reopened in the country in May 2022, and the reactivation of the Carrefour brand in the market will be done in collaboration with Retail & more S.A., a subsidiary of the Teleunicom group.

In 2001, Carrefour entered the Romanian market, expanded into 43 stores. It is one of the top retailers in Romania.

The company operates in Spain under the name of Centros Comerciales Carrefour SA. As of 2019, Carrefour Spain is the 15th most important Spanish company by revenue.

Eight years after bankruptcy (2016), Carrefour returned to Bulgaria. As of June 2024, there are stores open in Varna, Sofia and Burgas.In december 2023 Carrefour has announced the "return of stores and products" of its brand in Bulgaria through the Greek franchisee Retail & More, which will provide "sub-franchising of the Carrefour brand" for at least around 20 stores.

West Asia
Majid Al Futtaim has handled the Carrefour operations in the Middle East and North Africa region since 1995, as the company opened the region's first hypermarket at City Centre Deira – it initially was a Continent-branded store before it converted to Carrefour four years later. As of 2020, Majid Al Futtaim operates over 320 Carrefour stores in 16 countries, serving more than 750,000 customers daily and employing over 37,000 workers.

Iran
In February 2009, MAF opened its first store in Iran, called Iran Hyper Star.

Iraq
Majid al Futtaim opened the first Carrefour in Erbil in 2011. There is also a Family Mall Carrefour Department store in Sulaymaniyah. Along with several other international brands, as of June 2023, Carrefour has opened another branch in the capital Baghdad.

Israel
In March 2022, Carrefour signed a franchising agreement with Electra Consumer Products to discontinue the Yeinot Bitan and Mega Ba'ir chains of stores and rebrand them as Carrefour branches.

In July 2023, Carrefour stated that it would not be opening branches in the West Bank.

Lebanon
On 4 April 2013, Majid al Futtaim inaugurated a Carrefour hypermarket at their City Centre Beirut mall, in the Hazmieh suburb of Beirut. In September 2017, a second Carrefour outlet opened at the CityMall Dora, replacing a venue formerly held by a Monop' hypermarket. In June 2018, a third outlet opened at the Tower Center mall in Zouk Mosbeh. In February 2019, a fourth Carrefour, and the first supermarket format venue, opened within the Aley District. The fourth Carrefour is considered a major step for the company's expansion in Lebanon.

United Arab Emirates
On 1 March 2022, Carrefour opened in City Centre Me'aisem in Dubai its first Bio store.

South America
Around 605 stores are in operation in Argentina.

Carrefour Brasil, the largest market outside France, was founded in 1975 and today is the major supermarket chain in Brazil in competition with Grupo Pão de Açúcar. Currently it sells more than 25 million products per year.

Carrefour Dominican Republic, opened its first store in Santo Domingo in 2000 and it has expanded to other smaller stores in the city called Carrefour Market and Carrefour City with a total of five (5) stores in 2023. Because of its popular products and accessible prices, Carrefour has remained as a preferred supermarket option in the capital of the Dominican Republic.

Former international operations

 * Austria – In 1976 Carrefour opened a store in the Shopping City Süd at the southern edge of Vienna. Due to limited success, the store closed soon after. Carrefour has not made any other attempt at entering the Austrian market after that.
 * Chile – Carrefour opened six supermarkets in Santiago de Chile between 1998 and 2003. However, Carrefour never surpassed a 3% market share in the country and their assets in Chile were sold to D&S in 2003.
 * China – Carrefour entered China in 1995. In 2007, Carrefour opened 22 stores in China – where the company broke its record for store openings in a one-year period. It was the leading foreign retailer in terms of sales figures, until 2008 and has since lost its No. 1 position in China to Walmart. In 2019, Carrefour sold 80% equity of Carrefour China to local retail comglomorate Suning.com at €620 million, marking the company's exit from China.
 * Colombia – In October 2012, Carrefour sold all 72 stores in Colombia to Chilean retailer Cencosud for $2.6 billion, with Cencosud converting all existing Carrefour hypermarkets to its Jumbo and Metro brands. Carrefour pulled out of Colombia to focus on its core markets.
 * Cyprus – In 2017, all of the Carrefour stores were sold to a Greek supermarket brand Sklavenitis and underwent a major rebranding, to reflect the brand that now owns the stores.
 * Czech Republic – In September 2005, Carrefour sold eleven stores in the Czech Republic to Tesco, the largest UK retailer. Tesco paid €57.4 million as well as its stores in Taiwan. Carrefour opened its first store in 1998 in the Czech Republic. The stores use the Tesco name and brand now.
 * Germany – The only store in Germany was opened in 1977 in Mainz-Bretzenheim as a joint venture with Delhaize le Lion and German retailer Stüssgen (later part of REWE Group). Due to problems with a new building permit process and the associated difficulties in opening new locations, the store was sold in 1979 to the German retailer Massa.
 * Hong Kong – On 18 September 2000, Carrefour closed its stores in Hong Kong after complaints from manufacturers about selling products (especially electronics) at prices far below those of its competitors. A company spokesman said at that time that the closures were due to "difficulties in finding sites suitable for developing its hypermarket concept and quickly acquiring a significant market share". Carrefour entered the Hong Kong market in December 1996 with a store in Heng Fa Chuen and later added stores in Tsuen Wan (Skyline Plaza), Tuen Mun, Yuen Long and Tsim Sha Tsui. Plans to open additional stores in Ma On Shan, Tseung Kwan O and Yau Tsim Mong had been cancelled.
 * India – Carrefour operated cash and carry stores in India under the name Carrefour Wholesale Cash & Carry. The first store opened on 30 December 2010 in Shahdara, Delhi. This was followed by a store in Jaipur in late 2011 and one in Meerut in October 2012, Agra in December 2013. Prior to September 2012, India's foreign direct investment (FDI) policy did not allow foreign companies to open multi-brand retail stores in the country. However, 100% FDI in cash-and-carry has been permitted since 1997. As a result, most global retailers, including Carrefour, opted for the cash-and-carry route in India. A new FDI policy, allowing up to 51% FDI in multi-brand retail, came into effect on 20 September 2012. On 8 July 2014, Carrefour announced that it would shut down its Indian operations and close its five wholesale stores by the end of September.
 * Indonesia – The first Carrefour branch in Indonesia opened on 14 October 1998 in Cempaka Putih region of Jakarta, following the end of 1997 Asian financial crisis and the subsequent fall of Suharto. In 2012, after operating independently, Carrefour Indonesia was bought by CT Corp and its shares are owned by Chairul Tanjung. CT Corp developed Transmart in 2014, a subsidiary of CT Corp operated by PT Trans Retail Indonesia (formerly PT Carrefour Indonesia, PT Contimas Utama Indonesia, PT Cartisa Properti Indonesia and PT Carti Satria Megaswalayan) and named after CT Corp's television networks Trans TV. It also developed Groserindo, a grocery store also largely operated by Carrefour. Carrefour officially left the nation in 2020, and CT Corp rebranded all remaining branches as Transmart.
 * Japan – In 1999 Carrefour's Japanese subsidiary, Carrefour Japan Co. Ltd., opened. The first Carrefour in Japan opened in a suburb of Tokyo in December 2000. In January and February 2001 new Carrefour stores opened in Tokyo and Osaka. Sales were initially strong, but, as Miki Tanikawa of The New York Times wrote, "...10 months later, there is barely a line for most of the day at cash registers of most Carrefour stores here. Lengthy aisles of goods ranging from clothes to bicycles are mostly empty." In early 2003, Carrefour sold its 8 hypermarkets to AEON Group and on 10 March 2005, the subsidiary's name changed to AEON Marché Co., Ltd. The stores were still operated in the Carrefour name until 31 March 2010, when the license expired.
 * Kazakhstan – In the summer of 2017, the one and only Carrefour hypermarket closed down in Almaty as a result of the loss of value of the Tenge currency.
 * Malaysia – Carrefour entered Malaysia in 1994 and sold its 26 hypermarkets to AEON Group in November 2012. The hypermarkets was rebranded as AEON BIG, and operates with an orange logo, compared to the magenta logo used by its parent company and existing JUSCO stores in the country. The outlets in Kota Damansara and Jalan Ipoh were the first to be changed from Carrefour to AEON BIG;
 * Mexico – In March 2005, Carrefour sold its 29 hypermarkets in Mexico to Chedraui. Carrefour opened its first store in 1994 in Mexico;
 * North Macedonia – In October 2012, Carrefour opened its first store in Skopje. The store was part of the brand City Mall that opened the same day in Skopje. By the end of summer 2014, there were plans to open the second store in Tetovo. Carrefour shut down operations in North Macedonia because of debt.
 * Portugal – Carrefour entered Portugal by buying its first stores in 1991 – two Euromarché hypermarkets in Telheiras (a neighbourhood of Lisbon) and Vila Nova de Gaia. In July 2007 Carrefour sold all of its 12 hypermarkets and 9 fuel stations to Sonae for €662 million. Also included were 11 licenses for opening new commercial spaces. Currently, only 365 hard-discount supermarkets such as Minipreço are supported by Carrefour in Portugal, not included in the takeover.
 * Russia – Carrefour entered the Russian market in the summer of 2009. In October 2009, only a month after it opened its second hypermarket in the country, Carrefour announced it was exiting Russia.
 * Singapore – In 2012, Carrefour's stores were primarily replaced by Giant Hyper (Suntec City) and Cold Storage.
 * Slovakia – In 2018, Carrefour pulled out of the Slovak market, after 17 years of operation in the country.
 * South Korea – Carrefour entered the Korean market in 1996 with their first store in Bucheon and operated 32 stores across the country at its peak in its final year, 2006. Carrefour was confident they would dominate the market, and by 1999 invested a total of $925 million USD into the Korean venture – more than any other foreign company in the Korean market at that time. Carrefour Korea enjoyed mediating success initially, gaining traction for unseen low prices and standing above its competitors. But the rise quickly ended when the Asian Financial Crisis struck South Korea in late 1997. Carrefour's reputation suffered a blow when they were exposed smuggling real estate in South Korea to international recipients. Alongside the reluctance of people spending in the midst of the financial crisis, boycotts ensued, beginning Carrefour's eventual demise. Complaints of Carrefour Korea's poor service quality grew, citing pushing products unfit for the Korean market and significantly soured relationships between the executives and the labour unions. With the company's attitude becoming reckless to its clients and suppliers, clients would boycott again while suppliers began refusing association with Carrefour Korea. With the company stained with controversial negativity, Carrefour Korea sold all their stores to E-Land and exited the Korean market in April 2006. Shortly after, E-Land sold their supermarket asset to Homeplus, recognized as Carrefour Korea's spiritual successor.
 * Switzerland – In August 2007 Carrefour sold its 12 hypermarkets in Switzerland to Swiss retailer Coop for $390 million;
 * Syria – Carrefour previously opened a store in Shahba Mall in Aleppo in 2009 and operated until the mall was destroyed during the Syrian Civil War on 16 October 2014 when the mall was destroyed and permanently closed.
 * Thailand – Carrefour's business in Thailand was sold to Big C Supercenter Public Company Limited, the owner of Big C hypermarket stores in Thailand, due to complaints. The transaction was completed in March 2011, with the Suwinthawong branch being the first store converted from Carrefour to Big C. Carrefour entered the Thai market in 1996.
 * United Kingdom – Carrefour opened the first of several hypermarkets in the UK in September 1972 in Caerphilly, South Wales, in a joint partnership with a UK company Wheatsheaf and Distribution & Trading Ltd, followed by stores at the Telford Centre, Chandler's Ford, Minworth, Patchway and Swindon. The Dee Corporation later acquired the stores in the early 1980s; they continued to trade under the Carrefour name, while some other existing smaller sites were rebranded as Carrefour. In the 1980s, new stores were opened at the MetroCentre in Tyne and Wear, and the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in the West Midlands, before being rebranded under the now-defunct Gateway chain in 1988. In 1990, the stores were sold to Asda.  The initial Caerphilly store was redeveloped in the 1990s; however, the original 1970s hypermarkets at Chandler's Ford, Minworth and Patchway (Cribbs Causeway) still exist as large Asda Supercentres. Since July 2011, online supermarket Ocado has sold a range of Carrefour products in the UK.
 * United States – Carrefour opened its first hypermarket in the United States in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in March 1988, across from the Franklin Mills shopping mall (now Philadelphia Mills). Despite the large selection, the store was generally derided for its poor conditions, and most of the time, many of the 61 checkout lanes in the store were deserted. In 1992, another location opened in Voorhees Township, New Jersey. Both stores closed because of financial debt in 1993. The Voorhees store was broken up into many smaller stores, while the Philadelphia location became a Walmart and a Dick's Sporting Goods.
 * Uzbekistan - Carrefour previously opened hypermarkets in Uzbekistan on 2021, which were franchised by Majid Al-Futtaim, however all stores in Uzbekistan closed in 2023.
 * Vietnam – Carrefour had two stores at Ho Chi Minh City until 2004. The stores were later converted into Lotte Mart branches.
 * Vietnam – Carrefour had two stores at Ho Chi Minh City until 2004. The stores were later converted into Lotte Mart branches.

Carrefour Foundation
The Carrefour Foundation (Fondation d'Enterprise Carrefour) is a philanthropic fund created by Carrefour in 2000 to support social welfare programmes 'linked to [its] core business as a retailer' in countries the company operates and in countries where its suppliers are located.

Criticism and controversies
On 1 May 2007, more than 30 employees of the now-closed Carrefour Ratu Plaza, Jakarta, Indonesia, were taken to the Pertamina Central Hospital after being affected by carbon monoxide. The hypermarket was located in the mall's basement, which offered insufficient ventilation.

On 26 June 2007, the company was convicted in a French court for false advertising. The suit alleged that Carrefour regularly stocked insufficient quantities of advertised products for sale. In addition, the company was convicted of selling products below cost and accepting kickbacks from wholesalers. Carrefour was ordered to pay a fine of €2 million and to prominently and legibly display a notice in all of its French stores disclosing the false advertising.

In Carrefour Mangga Dua Square in Jakarta, Indonesia, a 5-metre high metal rack fell on top of a 3-year-old boy, killing him almost instantly due to internal bleeding. Afterwards, the victim's family claimed that Carrefour has refused to meet with them to settle the case. However, a Carrefour Corporate Affairs Officer denied this allegation.

Carrefour has also received criticism for engaging in sweatshop practices.

On 7 May 2009, the French government asked a tribunal to fine Carrefour some €220,000 for more than 2,500 violations. Meat products lacked proper tracking information (more than 25% of inventory at some locations), and some products had incorrect labels – such as meat products that "shrank" in weight by 15% after receiving labels. The chain sold products that had long since passed their expiration dates, including, in one case, packs of baby formula that had expired six months earlier. Some 1,625 frozen and refrigerated products were found that had been stored in warehouses at ambient temperatures.

On 17 September 2018 images revealed that the municipal slaughterhouse in Boischaut, France, responsible for supplying meat to Carrefour, was killing animals in an extremely cruel way: cutting them up while they were still alive. The mistreatment scandal reverberated around the world and led to the closure of the slaughterhouse.

On 10 January 2019 the French branch made the news after selling zebra meat, Carrefour said it stopped selling the meat.

Boycott of supplies in China
In April 2008, after the 2008 Olympic torch relay was disrupted by Tibetan independence movement advocates in London and especially in Paris, where some protesters attempted to wrest control of the torch from the torch bearers, Chinese activists promoted boycotting Carrefour because of unsubstantiated rumours that the company gave funds to Tibetan independence groups and the Dalai Lama. In its response, Carrefour China stated that it did support the Beijing Olympics; and that it would never do anything to harm the feelings of the Chinese people. Protests and calls for the boycott later subsided, partly because of efforts by French officials to apologize for the Paris torch attack.

Building collapse at Savar
On 24 April 2013, the eight-story Rana Plaza commercial building collapsed in Savar, a sub-district near Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. At least 1,127 people died and over 2,438 were injured. The factory housed a number of separate garment factories employing around 5,000 people, several shops, and a bank and manufactured apparel for brands including the Benetton Group, Joe Fresh, The Children's Place, Primark, Monsoon, and Dressbarn. Of the 29 brands identified as having sourced products from the Rana Plaza factories, only 9 attended meetings held in November 2013 to agree a proposal on compensation to the victims. Several companies refused to sign, including Walmart, Carrefour, Bonmarché, Mango, Auchan and KiK. The agreement was signed by Primark, Loblaw, Bonmarche and El Corte Ingles.

Slavery in Thailand
In 2014, The Guardian reported that Carrefour is a client of Charoen Pokphand Foods. During a six-month investigation, The Guardian traced the entire supply chain from slave ships in Asian waters to leading producers and retailers.

Incidents of violence in Brazil
In Brazil, from 2007 onwards, the chain suffered at least four lawsuits     against violence, racism and homophobia, in addition to an execution against a man who stole 4 pieces of chicken meat, for public humiliation against employees and violence against children.

In one of the cases, a black man who owned an EcoSport was mistaken for a thief, taken by third-party security into the network and physically and psychologically tortured for more than 15 minutes, in addition to hearing insults referring to his black color. The network removed the security and discredited the third-party security company.

Another case of beatings followed by death occurred at the Supermercado Dia e Noite store, a subsidiary of the Carrefour group in São Carlos. The theft of two cheese breads, some drumsticks and hair cream, committed by bricklayer Ademir Peraro, aged 43 at the time, led to his beating by the store supervisor and a security guard. After the end of torture, the victim was locked in the bathroom until the store closed, when he was thrown into the street. Rescued by family members, he was taken to the hospital; before dying, the mason was able to report the torture he was subjected to. The most costly lawsuit for Carrefour so far was in the amount of R$50,000, followed by another for R$44,640.

In December 2010, a Freezer electrocuted and killed a girl in an Atacadão supermarket, the Freezer was investigated.

On 31 January 2011 the Santo André branch made the news after a stray dog was beaten by employees and customers of the Atacadão supermarket.

In November 2014, the Atacadão supermarket was sentenced to pay R$ 300,000 for moral damages, According to the Public Ministry of Labor of Alagoas (MPT) this Wednesday (19), the Atacado Comércio e Indústria LTDA supermarket, located in the upper zone of Maceió, it is not authorized to perform intimate searches on its employees, a practice that the company frequently engages in.

On 2 July 2015 the Vila Velha branch became news after a cat was beaten by Atacadão employees, the case was reported to the authorities, and Carrefour issued a note repudiating the case.

In February 2017, an employee of the chain in Goiânia shot three customers, one of them died, and two others were injured, the employee was arrested, and Carrefour issued a note repudiating the case.

On 20 October 2018 a black and disabled customer was attacked by chain employees in Osasco, after opening a can of beer inside the store and saying he would pay for it. The company became aware of the case, employees were fired.

On 28 November 2018, a mixed-breed dog named Manchinha was poisoned and later beaten to death with an aluminum bar by one of the security guards at a Carrefour store in the city of Osasco, São Paulo. The episode, known as the Manchinha case or Caso Manchinha, sparked a series of protests led by activists in front of the Osasco store in December 2018, and also inspired the creation of bill PL 1.095/2019, which was later approved by the executive and turned into a federal law in September 2020, imposing harsher penalties to crimes related to animal abuse.

On 5 January 2019 the Rio de Janeiro branch made the news after 15 cats were killed by poisoning by supermarket employees. The company became aware of the case, and carried out a census to determine the animals that resided in its units so that it could rescue them and direct them to shelters.

On 11 February 2019 an elderly person was expelled from the network in Anápolis after being mistaken for a homeless person, Carrefour issued a note repudiating the case.

On 16 May 2019 Carrefour was banned by the Court from controlling employee visits to the bathroom.

In 2020, two death-related incidents were reported in Brazil. The first one happened in August when a sales representative died of a heart attack. To allow the store to continue operating, other workers hid his body in a barricade made out of umbrellas and cardboard boxes.

On 19 November 2020, one day before the Brazilian holiday Black Awareness Day, a 40-year-old black man named João Alberto Silveira Freitas was killed by security guards after an altercation with a cashier. After an alleged "violent gesture" to one of the cashiers, two security guards were called, proceeded to drag the man out of the store and beat him to death in the parking lot. Both security guards were arrested and charged with qualified homicide.

On 3 August 2021 a stray dog was shot with an indigenous weapon from the Atacadão establishment by an Atacadão Employee in Mato Grosso do Sul, Later, the Employee was indicted for the crime of mistreatment of animals.

On 4 May 2021 a water channel was stained with oil by a carrefour employee in Santos., The company was fined BRL 12,555,000 for what happened.

In October 2021, a video that one of the customers recorded on social networks showed one of the Carrefour employees being humiliated by the manager in Mato Grosso do Sul. She was later removed from office.

On 8 April 2023, Vinicius, husband of volleyball player Fabiana, was prevented from being seen due to his color.

On 10 April 2023, teacher Isabel Oliveira, 43, took off her clothes inside a supermarket in Curitiba (PR) in protest against racism. She was reportedly followed by security.

On 8 May 2023 a couple accused of theft in Salvador was attacked by network security guards. The company became aware of the case, terminated the contract with the security company and reported the attacks to the Civil Police of Itapuã.

On 9 May 2023 residents of Cabula expressed their dissatisfaction with works by the Carrefour Group that caused damage to houses and condominiums in Salvador.

Deforestation in Amazonia
According to Mighty Earth, Carrefour is not respecting its commitments to fight deforestation in the Amazon rainforest. In a report at the occasion of the 2022 World Amazon Day, Mighty Earth published a statement criticising the retail group for sourcing from "meat and soy traders with devastating practices." The organisation points to the group's activities in Brazil where, with its 1,000 sales outlets, Carrefour controls 25% of the food distribution market. The NGO found that two-thirds of the 102 meat products inspected in Carrefour stores in Brazil are supplied by JBS, which is "regularly targeted for deforestation cases", according to Mighty Earth. Following the report publication, Carrefour suspended beef supplies from two JBS slaughterhouses in the Amazon.

Stabbing in Italy
On 27 October 2022 a man grabbed a knife from a supermarket shelf in Milan, stabbing five people, killing one and wounding four others, including Spanish soccer player Pablo Mari, Italian authorities said.

Police arrested a 46-year-old Italian man suspected in the attack at a shopping centre in Assago (a town near Milan).

Mobile

Carrefour Mobile is a Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO) owned by Carrefour.

Carrefour offers its mobile telephony services in:

 * Belgium (as Carrefour Mobile);
 * France (as Carrefour Mobile);
 * Spain (as Carrefour Móvil);
 * Italy (as 1Mobile, also known as UNO Mobile or Carrefour UNO Mobile);
 * Greece (as Carrefour Mobile);
 * Poland (as Carrefour Mova Mobile);
 * Brazil (as Carrefour Mobile).

Carrefour first launched its mobile service in Belgium, in partnership with Effortel and using Effortel Technologies as Mobile Virtual Network Enabler (MVNE), on the existing BASE network infrastructure.

In France, this offer was launched by exploiting the infrastructure of the Orange network and using the company Experian as MVNE. This operator first offered prepaid offers, and since September 2007 has offered packages. Carrefour Mobile's offer is in competition with that offered by A-Mobile, of the Auchan group.

Since then, Carrefour has launched a service in several other countries, in particular, Carrefour was the first MVNO in Italy, launching the service in June 2007, in partnership with Effortel.

On 24 September 2012 the MVNO offer stopped in France but the brand maintained a specific offer provided by Orange.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Carrefour


text:
Secretary of State for Wales

The secretary of state for Wales (ysgrifennydd gwladol Cymru), also referred to as the Welsh secretary, is a secretary of state in the Government of the United Kingdom, with responsibility for the Wales Office. The incumbent is a member of the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.

The officeholder works alongside the other Wales Office ministers. The corresponding shadow minister is the shadow secretary of state for Wales. The position is currently held by Jo Stevens having been appointed by Keir Starmer in July 2024.

Creation
In the first half of the 20th century, a number of politicians had supported the creation of the post of Secretary of State for Wales as a step towards home rule for Wales. A post of Minister of Welsh Affairs was created in 1951 under the home secretary and was upgraded to minister of state level in 1954.

The Labour Party proposed the creation of a Welsh Office run by a Secretary of State for Wales in their manifesto for the 1959 general election. When they came to power in 1964 this was soon put into effect.

The post of Secretary of State for Wales came into existence on 17 October 1964; the first incumbent was Jim Griffiths, MP for Llanelli. The position entailed responsibility for Wales, and expenditure on certain public services was delegated from Westminster. In April 1965 administration of Welsh affairs, which had previously been divided between a number of government departments, was united in a newly created Welsh Office with the secretary of state for Wales at its head, and the Welsh secretary became responsible for education and training, health, trade and industry, environment, transport and agriculture within Wales.

History
During the 1980s and 1990s, as the number of Conservative MPs for Welsh constituencies dwindled almost to zero, the office fell into disrepute. Nicholas Edwards, MP for Pembrokeshire, held the post for eight years. On his departure, the government ceased to look within Wales for the secretary of state, and the post was increasingly used as a way of getting junior high-fliers into the Cabinet. John Redwood in particular caused embarrassment when he publicly demonstrated his inability to sing "Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau", the Welsh national anthem, at a conference.

The introduction of the National Assembly for Wales and the Welsh Government, after the devolution referendum of 1997, was the beginning of a new era. On 1 July 1999 the majority of the functions of the Welsh Office transferred to the new assembly. The Welsh Office was disbanded, but the post of Secretary of State for Wales was retained, as the head of the newly created Wales Office.

Since 1999 there have been calls for the office of Welsh secretary to be scrapped or merged with the posts of Secretary of State for Scotland and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, to reflect the lesser powers of the role since devolution. Those calling for a Secretary of State for the Union include Robert Hazell, in a department into which Rodney Brazier has suggested adding a Minister of State for England with responsibility for English local government.

In June 2024, Plaid Cymru, the Welsh nationalist party, called for the position's abolishment describing it as "outdated", that it "entrench[es]" a power imbalance, and its powers should be devolved. The party's representatives accused the shadow Labour holder, Jo Stevens, of having a "contemptuous attitude towards devolution" based on Stevens' comments relating to High Speed 2 and justice and policing. The Conservative incumbent David TC Davies expressed his surprise, stating that the "so-called 'party of Wales' is now wanting to silence Wales' voice [in the cabinet]". In Plaid Cymru's motion on 26 June, calling for the post's abolishment, leader of the Welsh Conservatives, Andrew RT Davies, supported the motion after being confused it was a Tory amendment being voted on.

Ministers and secretaries of state
Colour key

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan=10 |

Ministers of Welsh Affairs (1951–1964)
! colspan=3 | Secretary of State ! colspan=2 | Term of office ! Political party !Cabinet ! colspan=2 | Prime Minister
 * - style="height:1em"

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * David Maxwell Fyfe, Nuremberg, 1946 (Art. IWM ART LD 5863).jpg
 * width=200 | David Maxwell Fyfe MP for Liverpool West Derby (also Home Secretary)
 * 28 October 1951
 * 18 October 1954
 * Conservative
 * Churchill III
 * rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=2 | Winston Churchill

! rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 | Gwilym Lloyd George cropped.png
 * rowspan=2 | Gwilym Lloyd George MP for Newcastle North (also Home Secretary)
 * rowspan=2 | 18 October 1954
 * rowspan=2 | 13 January 1957
 * rowspan=2 | Liberal & Conservative
 * Churchill III
 * Eden
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Anthony Eden
 * Anthony Eden

! rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 | Blank.png
 * rowspan=2 | Henry Brooke MP for Hampstead (also Min. of Housing & Local Govt.)
 * rowspan=2 | 13 January 1957
 * rowspan=2 | 9 October 1961
 * rowspan=2 | Conservative
 * Macmillan I
 * rowspan=4 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=4 |Harold Macmillan
 * Macmillan II
 * Macmillan II

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Blank.png
 * Charles Hill MP for Luton (also Min. of Housing & Local Govt.)
 * 9 October 1961
 * 13 July 1962
 * National Liberal & Conservative
 * Macmillan II

! rowspan=2 style="background-color:" | ! colspan=10 |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 | Blank.png
 * rowspan=2 |Keith Joseph MP for Leeds North East (also Min. of Housing & Local Govt.)
 * rowspan=2 |13 July 1962
 * rowspan=2 |16 October 1964
 * rowspan=2 |Conservative
 * Macmillan II
 * Douglas-Home
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Alec Douglas-Home
 * Alec Douglas-Home

Secretaries of State for Wales (1964–present)
! colspan=3 | Secretary of State ! colspan=2 |Term of office ! Political party !Cabinet ! colspan=2 |Prime Minister
 * - style="height:1em"

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Blank.png
 * Jim Griffiths MP for Llanelli
 * 18 October 1964
 * 5 April 1966
 * Labour
 * Wilson I
 * rowspan=3 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=3 |Harold Wilson

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Blank.png
 * Cledwyn Hughes MP for Anglesey
 * 5 April 1966
 * 5 April 1968
 * Labour
 * Wilson II

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Blank.png
 * George Thomas MP for Cardiff West
 * 5 April 1968
 * 20 June 1970
 * Labour
 * Wilson II

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Blank.png
 * Peter Thomas MP for Hendon South
 * 20 June 1970
 * 5 March 1974
 * Conservative
 * Heath
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Edward Heath

! rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 |Official portrait of Lord Morris of Aberavon crop 2.jpg
 * rowspan=2 |John Morris MP for Aberavon
 * rowspan=2 |5 March 1974
 * rowspan=2 |4 May 1979
 * rowspan=2 |Labour
 * Wilson III
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Harold Wilson
 * Callaghan
 * style="background-color:" |
 * James Callaghan
 * James Callaghan

! rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 | Blank.png
 * rowspan=2 | Nicholas Edwards MP for Pembrokeshire
 * rowspan=2 | 4 May 1979
 * rowspan=2 | 13 June 1987
 * rowspan=2 | Conservative
 * Thatcher I
 * rowspan=3 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=3 |Margaret Thatcher
 * Thatcher II
 * Thatcher II

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Blank.png
 * Peter Walker MP for Worcester
 * 13 June 1987
 * 4 May 1990
 * Conservative
 * Thatcher III

! rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 | Lord Hunt of Wirral, 2023.jpg
 * rowspan=2 | David Hunt MP for Wirral West
 * rowspan=2 | 4 May 1990
 * rowspan=2 | 27 May 1993
 * rowspan=2 | Conservative
 * Major I
 * rowspan=5 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=5 |John Major
 * Major II
 * Major II

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Official portrait of Rt Hon John Redwood MP crop 2.jpg
 * John Redwood MP for Wokingham
 * 27 May 1993
 * 26 June 1995
 * Conservative
 * Major II

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Lord Hunt of Wirral, 2023.jpg
 * David Hunt MP for Wirral West (acting)
 * 26 June 1995
 * 5 July 1995
 * Conservative
 * Major II

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * William Hague 2010 cropped.jpg
 * William Hague MP for Richmond (Yorks)
 * 5 July 1995
 * 2 May 1997
 * Conservative
 * Major II

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Rondavies1998 (cropped).jpg
 * Ron Davies MP for Caerphilly
 * 2 May 1997
 * 27 October 1998
 * Labour
 * Blair I
 * rowspan=6 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=6 |Tony Blair

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Alun Michael election infobox.png
 * Alun Michael MP for Cardiff South and Penarth
 * 27 October 1998
 * 28 July 1999
 * Labour
 * Blair I

! rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 | Official portrait of Lord Murphy of Torfaen 2020 crop 2.jpg
 * rowspan=2 | Paul Murphy MP for Torfaen
 * rowspan=2 | 28 July 1999
 * rowspan=2 | 24 October 2002
 * rowspan=2 | Labour
 * Blair I
 * Blair II
 * Blair II

! rowspan=3 style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=3 |Official portrait of Lord Hain crop 2, 2019.jpg
 * rowspan=3 |Peter Hain MP for Neath (also Ldr. of the Commons 2003–05 Northern Ireland Sec. 2005–07 Work & Pensions Sec. 2007–08)
 * rowspan=3 |24 October 2002
 * rowspan=3 |24 January 2008
 * rowspan=3 |Labour
 * Blair II
 * Blair III
 * Brown
 * rowspan=3 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=3 |Gordon Brown
 * rowspan=3 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=3 |Gordon Brown

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Official portrait of Lord Murphy of Torfaen 2020 crop 2.jpg
 * Paul Murphy MP for Torfaen
 * 24 January 2008
 * 5 June 2009
 * Labour
 * Brown

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Official portrait of Lord Hain crop 2, 2019.jpg
 * Peter Hain MP for Neath
 * 5 June 2009
 * 11 May 2010
 * Labour
 * Brown

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Official portrait of Rt Hon Dame Cheryl Gillan MP crop 2.jpg
 * Cheryl Gillan MP for Chesham and Amersham
 * 11 May 2010
 * 4 September 2012
 * Conservative
 * Coalition
 * rowspan=5 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=5 | David Cameron

! style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * Official portrait of Rt Hon David Jones MP crop 2.jpg
 * David Jones MP for Clwyd West
 * 4 September 2012
 * 14 July 2014
 * Conservative
 * Coalition

! rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 | Official portrait of Rt Hon Stephen Crabb MP crop 2.jpg
 * rowspan=2 | Stephen Crabb MP for Preseli Pembrokeshire
 * rowspan=2 | 15 July 2014
 * rowspan=2 | 19 March 2016
 * rowspan=2 | Conservative
 * Coalition
 * Cameron II
 * Cameron II

! rowspan=4 style="background-color:" |
 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=4 |Official portrait of Rt Hon Alun Cairns MP crop 2.jpg
 * rowspan=4 |Alun Cairns MP for Vale of Glamorgan
 * rowspan=4 |19 March 2016
 * rowspan=4 |6 November 2019
 * rowspan=4 |Conservative
 * Cameron II
 * May I
 * rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=2 | Theresa May
 * May II
 * Johnson I
 * rowspan=4 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=4 |Boris Johnson
 * Johnson I
 * rowspan=4 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=4 |Boris Johnson

 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=2 | Official portrait of Simon Hart crop 2.jpg
 * rowspan=2 | Simon Hart MP for Carmarthen West and South Pembrokeshire
 * rowspan=2 | 16 December 2019
 * rowspan=2 | 6 July 2022
 * rowspan=2 | Conservative
 * Johnson I
 * Johnson II
 * Johnson II

 * - style="height:1em"
 * rowspan=2 style="background-color:" |
 * rowspan=2 | Official portrait of Rt Hon Robert Buckland MP crop 2.jpg
 * rowspan=2 | Robert Buckland MP for South Swindon
 * rowspan=2 | 7 July 2022
 * rowspan=2 | 25 October 2022
 * rowspan=2 | Conservative
 * Johnson II
 * Truss
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Liz Truss
 * Liz Truss

 * - style="height:1em"
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Official portrait of David T C Davies MP crop 2.jpg
 * David TC Davies MP for Monmouth
 * 25 October 2022
 * 5 July 2024
 * Conservative
 * Sunak
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Rishi Sunak

 * - style="height:1em"
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Official portrait of Jo Stevens MP crop 2.jpg
 * Jo Stevens MP for Cardiff East
 * 5 July 2024
 * Incumbent
 * Labour
 * Starmer
 * style="background-color:" |
 * Keir Starmer
 * }

title: Secretary of State for Wales


text:
Talk:IG Farben

Dyhernfurth
There is nothing written in this article about the concentration camp Dyhenfurth where IG Farben produced huge amounts of tabun and Darin during World War II. Thousands of slaves-prisoners were exterminated there. Bombs filled with those poisonous gasses were built in that camp. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.104.90.5 (talk) 03:12, 30 October 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:IG Farben


text:
Talk:Potomac River

Pronunciation discrepancy
The lead tells us that /pəˈtoʊmək/ is the correct pronunciation of the name, but in the accompanying audio file, it's more like /pəˈtɒmək/. Clearly one of these needs to be corrected. Zacwill (talk) 22:51, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

 * You're right that there's a discrepancy. I swapped it out for File:en-us-Potomac.ogg, which has a pronunciation that matches the IPA (and what I, as someone who grew up near the river, recognize). Vahurzpu (talk) 14:48, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Nice work. Zacwill (talk) 14:59, 28 September 2022 (UTC)

Article issues and classification

 * Greetings, the B-class criteria (#4) states: The article is reasonably well-written.. A July 2021 "This article may need to be rewritten" tag is not indicative of being well written so I have reassessed the article.
 * A couple of things I saw were a large number of images. Almost everyone loves pictures but at a point, an article can be overloaded. The "See also" section needs to be trimmed. A long "List of" is not necessary as it does not enhance the article. We do have categories for a reason.
 * There is an abundance of added material in the "Notes" subsection. This information is sourced (with one exception) and should be incorporated into the article where it belongs.
 * The biggest sore thumb is the "External links" section. It is one of two that is the worse I have seen and needs to be trimmed with a bulldozer. Three seems to be an acceptable number and of course, everyone has their favorite to add for four. The problem is that none is needed for article promotion.

 * ELpoints #3) states: Links in the "External links" section should be kept to a minimum. A lack of external links or a small number of external links is not a reason to add external links.
 * LINKFARM states: There is nothing wrong with adding one or more useful content-relevant links to the external links section of an article; however, excessive lists can dwarf articles and detract from the purpose of Wikipedia. On articles about topics with many fansites, for example, including a link to one major fansite may be appropriate.
 * WP:ELMIN: Minimize the number of links.
 * In fact, I will just crop all but the top three (as maintenance, that is not subjected to BRD), and let any future discussion decide on changes. -- Otr500 (talk) 00:13, 14 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Potomac River


text:
Seamount

A seamount is a large submarine landform that rises from the ocean floor without reaching the water surface (sea level), and thus is not an island, islet, or cliff-rock. Seamounts are typically formed from extinct volcanoes that rise abruptly and are usually found rising from the seafloor to 1000 - 4000 m in height. They are defined by oceanographers as independent features that rise to at least 1000 m above the seafloor, characteristically of conical form. The peaks are often found hundreds to thousands of meters below the surface, and are therefore considered to be within the deep sea. During their evolution over geologic time, the largest seamounts may reach the sea surface where wave action erodes the summit to form a flat surface. After they have subsided and sunk below the sea surface such flat-top seamounts are called "guyots" or "tablemounts".

Earth's oceans contain more than 14,500 identified seamounts, of which 9,951 seamounts and 283 guyots, covering a total area of 8,796,150 km2, have been mapped but only a few have been studied in detail by scientists. Seamounts and guyots are most abundant in the North Pacific Ocean, and follow a distinctive evolutionary pattern of eruption, build-up, subsidence and erosion. In recent years, several active seamounts have been observed, for example Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi) in the Hawaiian Islands.

Because of their abundance, seamounts are one of the most common marine ecosystems in the world. Interactions between seamounts and underwater currents, as well as their elevated position in the water, attract plankton, corals, fish, and marine mammals alike. Their aggregational effect has been noted by the commercial fishing industry, and many seamounts support extensive fisheries. There are ongoing concerns on the negative impact of fishing on seamount ecosystems, and well-documented cases of stock decline, for example with the orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus). 95% of ecological damage is done by bottom trawling, which scrapes whole ecosystems off seamounts.

Because of their large numbers, many seamounts remain to be properly studied, and even mapped. Bathymetry and satellite altimetry are two technologies working to close the gap. There have been instances where naval vessels have collided with uncharted seamounts; for example, Muirfield Seamount is named after the ship that struck it in 1973. However, the greatest danger from seamounts are flank collapses; as they get older, extrusions seeping in the seamounts put pressure on their sides, causing landslides that have the potential to generate massive tsunamis.

Geography

Seamounts can be found in every ocean basin in the world, distributed extremely widely both in space and in age. A seamount is technically defined as an isolated rise in elevation of 1000 m or more from the surrounding seafloor, and with a limited summit area, of conical form. There are more than 14,500 seamounts. In addition to seamounts, there are more than 80,000 small knolls, ridges and hills less than 1,000 m in height in the world's oceans.

Most seamounts are volcanic in origin, and thus tend to be found on oceanic crust near mid-ocean ridges, mantle plumes, and island arcs. Overall, seamount and guyot coverage is greatest as a proportion of seafloor area in the North Pacific Ocean, equal to 4.39% of that ocean region. The Arctic Ocean has only 16 seamounts and no guyots, and the Mediterranean and Black seas together have only 23 seamounts and 2 guyots. The 9,951 seamounts which have been mapped cover an area of 8088550 km2. Seamounts have an average area of 790 km2, with the smallest seamounts found in the Arctic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Black Seas; whilst the largest mean seamount size, 890 km2, occurs in the Indian Ocean. The largest seamount has an area of 15,500 km2 and it occurs in the North Pacific. Guyots cover a total area of 707,600 km2 and have an average area of 2,500 km2, more than twice the average size of seamounts. Nearly 50% of guyot area and 42% of the number of guyots occur in the North Pacific Ocean, covering 342,070 km2. The largest three guyots are all in the North Pacific: the Kuko Guyot (estimated 24,600 km2), Suiko Guyot (estimated 20,220 km2) and the Pallada Guyot (estimated 13,680 km2).

Grouping
Seamounts are often found in groupings or submerged archipelagos, a classic example being the Emperor Seamounts, an extension of the Hawaiian Islands. Formed millions of years ago by volcanism, they have since subsided far below sea level. This long chain of islands and seamounts extends thousands of kilometers northwest from the island of Hawaii.

There are more seamounts in the Pacific Ocean than in the Atlantic, and their distribution can be described as comprising several elongate chains of seamounts superimposed on a more or less random background distribution. Seamount chains occur in all three major ocean basins, with the Pacific having the most number and most extensive seamount chains. These include the Hawaiian (Emperor), Mariana, Gilbert, Tuomotu and Austral Seamounts (and island groups) in the north Pacific and the Louisville and Sala y Gomez ridges in the southern Pacific Ocean. In the North Atlantic Ocean, the New England Seamounts extend from the eastern coast of the United States to the mid-ocean ridge. Craig and Sandwell noted that clusters of larger Atlantic seamounts tend to be associated with other evidence of hotspot activity, such as on the Walvis Ridge, Vitória-Trindade Ridge, Bermuda Islands and Cape Verde Islands. The mid-Atlantic ridge and spreading ridges in the Indian Ocean are also associated with abundant seamounts. Otherwise, seamounts tend not to form distinctive chains in the Indian and Southern Oceans, but rather their distribution appears to be more or less random.

Isolated seamounts and those without clear volcanic origins are less common; examples include Bollons Seamount, Eratosthenes Seamount, Axial Seamount and Gorringe Ridge.

If all known seamounts were collected into one area, they would make a landform the size of Europe. Their overall abundance makes them one of the most common, and least understood, marine structures and biomes on Earth, a sort of exploratory frontier.

Geochemistry and evolution

Most seamounts are built by one of two volcanic processes, although some, such as the Christmas Island Seamount Province near Australia, are more enigmatic. Volcanoes near plate boundaries and mid-ocean ridges are built by decompression melting of rock in the upper mantle. The lower density magma rises through the crust to the surface. Volcanoes formed near or above subducting zones are created because the subducting tectonic plate adds volatiles to the overriding plate that lowers its melting point. Which of these two process involved in the formation of a seamount has a profound effect on its eruptive materials. Lava flows from mid-ocean ridge and plate boundary seamounts are mostly basaltic (both tholeiitic and alkalic), whereas flows from subducting ridge volcanoes are mostly calc-alkaline lavas. Compared to mid-ocean ridge seamounts, subduction zone seamounts generally have more sodium, alkali, and volatile abundances, and less magnesium, resulting in more explosive, viscous eruptions.

All volcanic seamounts follow a particular pattern of growth, activity, subsidence and eventual extinction. The first stage of a seamount's evolution is its early activity, building its flanks and core up from the sea floor. This is followed by a period of intense volcanism, during which the new volcano erupts almost all (e.g. 98%) of its total magmatic volume. The seamount may even grow above sea level to become an oceanic island (for example, the 2009 eruption of Hunga Tonga). After a period of explosive activity near the ocean surface, the eruptions slowly die away. With eruptions becoming infrequent and the seamount losing its ability to maintain itself, the volcano starts to erode. After finally becoming extinct (possibly after a brief rejuvenated period), they are ground back down by the waves. Seamounts are built in a far more dynamic oceanic setting than their land counterparts, resulting in horizontal subsidence as the seamount moves with the tectonic plate towards a subduction zone. Here it is subducted under the plate margin and ultimately destroyed, but it may leave evidence of its passage by carving an indentation into the opposing wall of the subduction trench. The majority of seamounts have already completed their eruptive cycle, so access to early flows by researchers is limited by late volcanic activity.

Ocean-ridge volcanoes in particular have been observed to follow a certain pattern in terms of eruptive activity, first observed with Hawaiian seamounts but now shown to be the process followed by all seamounts of the ocean-ridge type. During the first stage the volcano erupts basalt of various types, caused by various degrees of mantle melting. In the second, most active stage of its life, ocean-ridge volcanoes erupt tholeiitic to mildly alkalic basalt as a result of a larger area melting in the mantle. This is finally capped by alkalic flows late in its eruptive history, as the link between the seamount and its source of volcanism is cut by crustal movement. Some seamounts also experience a brief "rejuvenated" period after a hiatus of 1.5 to 10 million years, the flows of which are highly alkalic and produce many xenoliths.

In recent years, geologists have confirmed that a number of seamounts are active undersea volcanoes; two examples are Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lo‘ihi) in the Hawaiian Islands and Vailulu'u in the Manu'a Group (Samoa).

Lava types

The most apparent lava flows at a seamount are the eruptive flows that cover their flanks, however igneous intrusions, in the forms of dikes and sills, are also an important part of seamount growth. The most common type of flow is pillow lava, named so after its distinctive shape. Less common are sheet flows, which are glassy and marginal, and indicative of larger-scale flows. Volcaniclastic sedimentary rocks dominate shallow-water seamounts. They are the products of the explosive activity of seamounts that are near the water's surface, and can also form from mechanical wear of existing volcanic rock.

Structure
Seamounts can form in a wide variety of tectonic settings, resulting in a very diverse structural bank. Seamounts come in a wide variety of structural shapes, from conical to flat-topped to complexly shaped. Some are built very large and very low, such as Koko Guyot and Detroit Seamount; others are built more steeply, such as Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount and Bowie Seamount. Some seamounts also have a carbonate or sediment cap.

Many seamounts show signs of intrusive activity, which is likely to lead to inflation, steepening of volcanic slopes, and ultimately, flank collapse. There are also several sub-classes of seamounts. The first are guyots, seamounts with a flat top. These tops must be 200 m or more below the surface of the sea; the diameters of these flat summits can be over 10 km. Knolls are isolated elevation spikes measuring less than 1000 m. Lastly, pinnacles are small pillar-like seamounts.

Ecological role of seamounts

Seamounts are exceptionally important to their biome ecologically, but their role in their environment is poorly understood. Because they project out above the surrounding sea floor, they disturb standard water flow, causing eddies and associated hydrological phenomena that ultimately result in water movement in an otherwise still ocean bottom. Currents have been measured at up to 0.9 knots, or 48 centimeters per second. Because of this upwelling seamounts often carry above-average plankton populations, seamounts are thus centers where the fish that feed on them aggregate, in turn falling prey to further predation, making seamounts important biological hotspots.

Seamounts provide habitats and spawning grounds for these larger animals, including numerous fish. Some species, including black oreo (Allocyttus niger) and blackstripe cardinalfish (Apogon nigrofasciatus), have been shown to occur more often on seamounts than anywhere else on the ocean floor. Marine mammals, sharks, tuna, and cephalopods all congregate over seamounts to feed, as well as some species of seabirds when the features are particularly shallow.

Seamounts often project upwards into shallower zones more hospitable to sea life, providing habitats for marine species that are not found on or around the surrounding deeper ocean bottom. Because seamounts are isolated from each other they form "undersea islands" creating the same biogeographical interest. As they are formed from volcanic rock, the substrate is much harder than the surrounding sedimentary deep sea floor. This causes a different type of fauna to exist than on the seafloor, and leads to a theoretically higher degree of endemism. However, recent research especially centered at Davidson Seamount suggests that seamounts may not be especially endemic, and discussions are ongoing on the effect of seamounts on endemicity. They have, however, been confidently shown to provide a habitat to species that have difficulty surviving elsewhere.

The volcanic rocks on the slopes of seamounts are heavily populated by suspension feeders, particularly corals, which capitalize on the strong currents around the seamount to supply them with food. These coral are therefore host to numerous other organisms in a commensal relationship, for example Brittle Stars, who climb the coral to get themselves off the seafloor, helping them to catch food particles, or small zooplankton, as they drift by. This is in sharp contrast with the typical deep-sea habitat, where deposit-feeding animals rely on food they get off the ground. In tropical zones extensive coral growth results in the formation of coral atolls late in the seamount's life.

In addition soft sediments tend to accumulate on seamounts, which are typically populated by polychaetes (annelid marine worms) oligochaetes (microdrile worms), and gastropod mollusks (sea slugs). Xenophyophores have also been found. They tend to gather small particulates and thus form beds, which alters sediment deposition and creates a habitat for smaller animals. Many seamounts also have hydrothermal vent communities, for example Suiyo and Kamaʻehuakanaloa seamounts. This is helped by geochemical exchange between the seamounts and the ocean water.

Seamounts may thus be vital stopping points for some migratory animals, specifically whales. Some recent research indicates whales may use such features as navigational aids throughout their migration. For a long time it has been surmised that many pelagic animals visit seamounts as well, to gather food, but proof of this aggregating effect has been lacking. The first demonstration of this conjecture was published in 2008.

Fishing
The effect that seamounts have on fish populations has not gone unnoticed by the commercial fishing industry. Seamounts were first extensively fished in the second half of the 20th century, due to poor management practices and increased fishing pressure seriously depleting stock numbers on the typical fishing ground, the continental shelf. Seamounts have been the site of targeted fishing since that time.

Nearly 80 species of fish and shellfish are commercially harvested from seamounts, including spiny lobster (Palinuridae), mackerel (Scombridae and others), red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus), red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus), tuna (Scombridae), Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), and perch (Percidae).

Conservation

The ecological conservation of seamounts is hurt by the simple lack of information available. Seamounts are very poorly studied, with only 350 of the estimated 100,000 seamounts in the world having received sampling, and fewer than 100 in depth. Much of this lack of information can be attributed to a lack of technology, and to the daunting task of reaching these underwater structures; the technology to fully explore them has only been around the last few decades. Before consistent conservation efforts can begin, the seamounts of the world must first be mapped, a task that is still in progress.

Overfishing is a serious threat to seamount ecological welfare. There are several well-documented cases of fishery exploitation, for example the orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus) off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand and the pelagic armorhead (Pseudopentaceros richardsoni) near Japan and Russia. The reason for this is that the fishes that are targeted over seamounts are typically long-lived, slow-growing, and slow-maturing. The problem is confounded by the dangers of trawling, which damages seamount surface communities, and the fact that many seamounts are located in international waters, making proper monitoring difficult. Bottom trawling in particular is extremely devastating to seamount ecology, and is responsible for as much as 95% of ecological damage to seamounts.

Corals from seamounts are also vulnerable, as they are highly valued for making jewellery and decorative objects. Significant harvests have been produced from seamounts, often leaving coral beds depleted.

Individual nations are beginning to note the effect of fishing on seamounts, and the European Commission has agreed to fund the OASIS project, a detailed study of the effects of fishing on seamount communities in the North Atlantic. Another project working towards conservation is CenSeam, a Census of Marine Life project formed in 2005. CenSeam is intended to provide the framework needed to prioritise, integrate, expand and facilitate seamount research efforts in order to significantly reduce the unknown and build towards a global understanding of seamount ecosystems, and the roles they have in the biogeography, biodiversity, productivity and evolution of marine organisms.

Possibly the best ecologically studied seamount in the world is Davidson Seamount, with six major expeditions recording over 60,000 species observations. The contrast between the seamount and the surrounding area was well-marked. One of the primary ecological havens on the seamount is its deep sea coral garden, and many of the specimens noted were over a century old. Following the expansion of knowledge on the seamount there was extensive support to make it a marine sanctuary, a motion that was granted in 2008 as part of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Much of what is known about seamounts ecologically is based on observations from Davidson. Another such seamount is Bowie Seamount, which has also been declared a marine protected area by Canada for its ecological richness.

Exploration

The study of seamounts has been hindered for a long time by the lack of technology. Although seamounts have been sampled as far back as the 19th century, their depth and position meant that the technology to explore and sample seamounts in sufficient detail did not exist until the last few decades. Even with the right technology available, only a scant 1% of the total number have been explored, and sampling and information remains biased towards the top 500 m. New species are observed or collected and valuable information is obtained on almost every submersible dive at seamounts.

Before seamounts and their oceanographic impact can be fully understood, they must be mapped, a daunting task due to their sheer number. The most detailed seamount mappings are provided by multibeam echosounding (sonar), however after more than 5000 publicly held cruises, the amount of the sea floor that has been mapped remains minuscule. Satellite altimetry is a broader alternative, albeit not as detailed, with 13,000 catalogued seamounts; however this is still only a fraction of the total 100,000. The reason for this is that uncertainties in the technology limit recognition to features 1500 m or larger. In the future, technological advances could allow for a larger and more detailed catalogue.

Observations from CryoSat-2 combined with data from other satellites has shown thousands of previously uncharted seamounts, with more to come as data is interpreted.

Deep-sea mining
Seamounts are a possible future source of economically important metals. Even though the ocean makes up 70% of Earth's surface area, technological challenges have severely limited the extent of deep sea mining. But with the constantly decreasing supply on land, some mining specialists see oceanic mining as the destined future, and seamounts stand out as candidates.

Seamounts are abundant, and all have metal resource potential because of various enrichment processes during the seamount's life. An example for epithermal gold mineralization on the seafloor is Conical Seamount, located about 8 km south of Lihir Island in Papua New Guinea. Conical Seamount has a basal diameter of about 2.8 km and rises about 600 m above the seafloor to a water depth of 1050 m. Grab samples from its summit contain the highest gold concentrations yet reported from the modern seafloor (max. 230 g/t Au, avg. 26 g/t, n=40). Iron-manganese, hydrothermal iron oxide, sulfide, sulfate, sulfur, hydrothermal manganese oxide, and phosphorite (the latter especially in parts of Micronesia) are all mineral resources that are deposited upon or within seamounts. However, only the first two have any potential of being targeted by mining in the next few decades.

Dangers

Some seamounts have not been mapped and thus pose a navigational danger. For instance, Muirfield Seamount is named after the ship that hit it in 1973. More recently, the submarine USS San Francisco ran into an uncharted seamount in 2005 at a speed of 35 kn, sustaining serious damage and killing one seaman.

One major seamount risk is that often, in the late of stages of their life, extrusions begin to seep in the seamount. This activity leads to inflation, over-extension of the volcano's flanks, and ultimately flank collapse, leading to submarine landslides with the potential to start major tsunamis, which can be among the largest natural disasters in the world. In an illustration of the potent power of flank collapses, a summit collapse on the northern edge of Vlinder Seamount resulted in a pronounced headwall scarp and a field of debris up to 6 km away. A catastrophic collapse at Detroit Seamount flattened its whole structure extensively. Lastly, in 2004, scientists found marine fossils 61 m up the flank of Kohala mountain in Hawaii. Subsidation analysis found that at the time of their deposition, this would have been 500 m up the flank of the volcano, far too high for a normal wave to reach. The date corresponded with a massive flank collapse at the nearby Mauna Loa, and it was theorized that it was a massive tsunami, generated by the landslide, that deposited the fossils.

title: Seamount


text:
Talk:Mauna Loa

Semi-protected edit request on 9 July 2019
Update all volume and size text to reflect that Mauna Loa is once again viewed as the largest volcano. Also remove or edit the bit about the Tammu Massif as it has been discovered that it is not actually a volcano at all. Sources: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-019-0390-y

News Publication here as well: https://www.livescience.com/65897-largest-volcano-record.html Woofde (talk) 22:58, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 18:47, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 17 August 2019
In the "Human History" section, "European Summiting Attempts" subsection, the fifth paragraph needs attention. The first sentence, "The next successful ascent was made on January 29, 1834, 40 years later, by the Scottish botanist..." looks like it was written before the preceding paragraph was added. Recommended: remove "40 years later" (especially as the 40-year gap is already mentioned once at the end of the third paragraph and again after the fifth).

Also in the fifth paragraph: change "...stayed overnight to make measurements of the summit caldera's proportions and record barometric data on its height, both now known to be widely inaccurate" to "...wildly inaccurate" (one gets the impression that's what the author meant).

Also in the fifth paragraph: change "several months later his body was mysteriously discovered crushed in a pit besides a dead wild boar" to "...his body was discovered mysteriously crushed in a pit beside a dead wild boar" (note both placement of the word "mysteriously" and replacement of "besides" with "beside").

Great article! 2603:3004:6B4:7000:3C9D:D9B8:9BC:C6AF (talk) 17:59, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done --Trialpears (talk) 18:48, 18 August 2019 (UTC)

Puu Ki
In the Structure section reference to Puu Ki is missing, see Littoral cone, it is located southwest on Mauna Loa. Imho adding it to the paragraph already explaining Puu Ulaula should not hurt. Eventually linking to Littoral cone and adding Puu Ki as an external ref. --Cmuelle8 (talk) 21:25, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

There are lots of other summits on Mauna Loa unmentioned, see radius search around Puu Ki, but mentioning Puu Ki is of particular interest, because it is referenced in other articles, Topographic isolation and Littoral cone. --Cmuelle8 (talk) 22:12, 18 October 2020 (UTC)

WP:URFA/2020
I am reviewing this very old FA as part of WP:URFA/2020, an effort to determine whether old featured articles still meet the featured article criteria. A Featured article review is probably necessary here, unless someone can update the article. Sandy Georgia (Talk)  03:16, 18 December 2021 (UTC)
 * There is an inconsistent citation style, particularly with author names, but everything needs to be checked.
 * Not a high-quality source: "Mauna Loa, Hawaii". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 12 December 2012.[self-published source?]
 * Who is this, what makes it high quality? John Seach. "Mauno Loa Volcano – John Seach". Retrieved 24 January 2013.
 * Excessive off-topic detail in Wilkes expedition.
 * Updating and checking throughout needed. As but one example, https://gml.noaa.gov/obop/mlo/ says that the Observatory is at 11,125 feet.  We link to a ten-year-old archive, and use a different number.  All older archived info should be checked as this FA is approaching two decades old.
 * Dead links: https://hvo.wr.usgs.gov/maunaloa/ Means I can't verify if this is still true from the source given: including 33 eruptions since the first well-documented eruption in 1843 BUt I did find that info here: https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/active-volcanoes-hawaii
 * Here's an entire paper on the 1880 eruption, plucked from the over 4,000 sources returned by google scholar since 2017 only; is anyone keeping this article updated?

 * I deleted the Seach source -- it seems like a self-published website and the person does not seem to be a trained volcanologist. The statements that used that particular website as a source also referenced other, higher quality sources so nothing lost removing it completely. I am hoping to look at some of these other issues raised here later as time permits during the holidays. Aoi (青い) (talk) 09:50, 18 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks for taking this on! My list is samples only, and indicate a read-through of everything and check for newer sources might be called for. I can’t keep every URFA review watchlisted, so please ping me when you are ready for a new look. Sandy Georgia  (Talk)  15:10, 18 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Just leaving a note to acknowledge that I saw this. Thanks for pointing these issues out. I'm slowly going through the article sentence by sentence and source by source in my sandbox, though I probably lack the expertise to evaluate some of the more technical geophysical statements in the article. (Perhaps more significantly, I also am not familiar with the URFA process, so I appreciate your patience!) Thanks, Aoi (青い) (talk) 07:03, 21 December 2021 (UTC)

Checking back in; is this ready for a new look? Sandy Georgia (Talk)  03:07, 19 July 2022 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the delayed response, I just saw this message now. I've been gathering newer sources and doing some incremental work on working through the sources in my sandbox, but unfortunately my work schedule this year has meant that this project is slow-going. This is in the top 3 of my to-do list and appreciate your patience--I am hopeful I can make some meaningful progress on this in the next couple of months. Aoi (青い) (talk) 03:51, 26 July 2022 (UTC)

Hawaiian diacritics
There should be consistency in usage of the okina and kahako, no? I'm all for foregoing them entirely, or using them completely, but using them here and there inconsistently can't be the right approach. 2001:268:922C:3D45:6D17:28AC:FA32:635 (talk) 03:18, 2 December 2022 (UTC)

Better image
The current image is really low resolution and was taken almost 40 years ago, so it should be replaced. Any suggestions for replacement images? Mucube (talk • contribs) 18:53, 19 April 2023 (UTC)

 * This site may be a good place to start looking for public domain photos. I personally like this image from November 2022, which shows recently active fissures on the volcano's southwestern rift zone with a somewhat clear view of the summit caldera in the background. Aoi (青い) (talk) 19:24, 19 April 2023 (UTC)
 * That looks like a nice photo but for the photo at the top we would probably want one that shows the entire mountain, like the one we have now, but more high quality. Mucube (talk • contribs) 20:19, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree that would be a better image. Unfortunately, I haven't seen a (relatively) high-res image similar to the one in the infobox currently (except this one, but the Mauna Kea cinder cones in the foreground are a bit distracting). There probably is a good image out there; I'll keep my eye out in case I see one. Aoi (青い) (talk) 21:07, 20 April 2023 (UTC)
 * There may also be candidates in c:Category:Remote views of Mauna Loa. Aoi (青い) (talk) 21:11, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

Largest Volcano (reopened)
Given this is a good article and noting previous issues I have marked obsolete one source in lead. The USGS has it right when it (? now) says it is the largest active volcano. Mauna Loa Can I suggest once sources and evidence is examined by others that the introduction sentence that reads "The largest subaerial volcano (as opposed to subaqueous volcanoes) in both mass and volume, Mauna Loa was historically considered to be the largest volcano on Earth until Tamu Massif was discovered to be larger" be changed to read " The largest active volcano on Earth, Mauna Loa was historically considered to be the largest on Earth until the inactive Pūhāhonu and Tamu Massif were discovered to be larger." The current reference 1 of the article should be updated as it is inaccurate as to title now but the article clicked through to is accurate as it has I assume by difference in title wording been updated.

It is no longer the largest (although it is the tallest) subaerial shield volcano - see Essentially the problem is one of obsolete source and failure to update article given this new knowledge. I can not identify any academic rebuttal. An issue that might arise on further study is whether Pūhāhonu is more than one volcano, but that issue is considered by the authors. ChaseKiwi (talk) 01:20, 18 December 2023 (UTC)
 * When I detected another outdated source in first two paragraphs of lead causing a now false statement and noticed other source issues at beginning of article I have at least corrected lead to read accurately and updated the USGS reference to its new title. I have not dealt with all other reference style issues such as capitals for titles of the Alert bulletins. I have not checked for obsolete statements in bulk of article outside the issues brought up in the lead.ChaseKiwi (talk) 09:34, 19 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Article shows no evidence of being actively monitored by others so have updated incorrect text of article but not removed obsolete references and dead links that would need a rework if article's good article status was comprehensively reviewed. Think some if not all references in lead could be removed now myself in such a rework as appear to be in text. ChaseKiwi (talk) 12:01, 24 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mauna Loa


text:
Jim Griffiths

James (Jeremiah) Griffiths (19 September 1890 – 7 August 1975) was a Welsh Labour Party politician who served for 34 years as a Member of Parliament (MP). He was a trade union leader and became the first Secretary of State for Wales, serving from 1964 to 1966 under Harold Wilson.

Background and education
He was born in the predominantly Welsh-speaking village of Betws, near Ammanford in Carmarthenshire. The youngest of ten children, his father, William Griffiths, was the local blacksmith. He spoke no English until he was five. Educated at Betws Board School, he left at the age of 13 to work at Ammanford No. 1 colliery (Gwaith Isa'r Betws), where he eventually became Lodge Secretary. Griffiths was a pacifist and while campaigning against the Great War met fellow socialist Winifred Rutley, and they married in October 1918. His brother (David Rees Griffiths, 1882–1953) was a Welsh poet who took the bardic name of 'Amanwy' after his native valley.

Political career
Griffiths continued his education by attending night school and became an active socialist. He helped establish a branch of the Independent Labour Party in Ammanford in 1908 and soon became its secretary. Later, he occupied the powerful post of secretary of the newly formed Ammanford Trades Council (1916–1919). At the age of 29, he left the colliery on a miner's scholarship (1919–1921) to the Central Labour College, London, where at the same time Aneurin Bevan and Morgan Phillips were studying.

On returning home, Griffiths worked as Llanelli Labour Party agent (1922–1925), before becoming an agent for the Anthracite Miners' Association (1925–1936), and President of the powerful South Wales Miners' Federation – known locally as the Fed – in the Anthracite district of West Wales (1934–1936). In 1936, he was elected Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for what was then safe seat of Llanelli. Three years later, he continued his rise through the Labour movement by getting elected to the party's National Executive Committee. In 1942, he led 97 Labour MP's to vote against the Labour Party's compromise with Winston Churchill's Conservative Party for the government to neither endorse nor condemn the Beveridge Report recommending the establishment of a comprehensive welfare state in postwar Britain. Despite the defiance of the party leadership, the vote boosted Labour's popularity by demonstrating its support for the report's recommendations.

Following Labour's victory at the 1945 general election, he was made a Privy Counsellor and Minister for National Insurance by Prime Minister Clement Attlee. In this role, he was responsible for creating the modern state benefit system. He introduced the Family Allowances Act 1945, the National Insurance Act 1946 and the National Assistance and Industrial Injuries Act 1948. Along with Bevan, he was one of the chief architects of the British welfare state. He served as Chairman of the Labour Party (1948–1949), and in 1950 he became Secretary of State for the Colonies. Within two years, though, the Labour Party was out of office.

During the long period in opposition, Griffiths became Deputy Leader of the Labour Party (1955–1959), and spokesman on Welsh affairs. He used his good relationship with Hugh Gaitskell to commit the Labour Party to a measure of devolution. Amid the Suez Crisis of 1956, he made an important speech opposing the underhanded tactics of the then Prime Minister Anthony Eden in which he stated: "This is for our country a black and tragic week... an unjustifiable and wicked war". This was said to sum up the mood of many at the time.

Given Griffiths' determination in having campaigned for a Secretary of State for Wales ever since the 1930s, Harold Wilson persuaded him to delay retirement and serve as the first Secretary of State for Wales following Labour's 1964 general election victory. At Wilson's instigation, Griffiths established the Welsh Office and laid the foundations for the role until the 1966 general election, whereupon he returned to the backbenches. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the Companions of Honour.

Though by now suffering from ill-health, Griffiths avoided resigning from the House of Commons, because he feared that if he did so, Labour would lose a by-election in Llanelli. Plaid Cymru had captured the neighbouring seat of Carmarthen in 1966; and the Llanelli Rugby coach Carwyn James was poised to stand for Plaid Cymru in a by-election, had Griffiths stood down. He remained in Parliament until the 1970 general election, by which time he was about to turn 80 and was among Parliament's oldest MPs, and among the few born in the 19th century. He was succeeded in Llanelli by Denzil Davies, who fended off the Plaid Cymru challenge. Similarly to Griffiths, Davies would remain MP for the constituency for around 35 years. The previous year, Griffiths had published his autobiography, Pages From Memory (London: Dent, 1969).

Personal life
He died in Teddington, Greater London, aged 84, leaving two sons and two daughters. He is buried at the Christian Temple chapel in Ammanford. In a memorial address, Jim Callaghan, prime minister (1976–79), described him as "one of the greatest sons of Wales. We honour the memory of Jim Griffiths of Ammanford. I mention his birth place because, despite all his honours and journeyings, it was the place of his birth, deep in the heart of Wales, that essentially shaped his life and actions."

title: Jim Griffiths