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The Grave (The Twilight Zone)

"The Grave" is episode 72 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. It originally aired on October 27, 1961 on CBS. This is one of two episodes that were filmed during season two but held over for broadcast until season three, the other being "Nothing in the Dark".

Opening narration
Normally, the old man would be correct. This would be the end of the story. We've had the traditional shoot-out on the street and the badman will soon be dead. But some men of legend and folk tale have been known to continue having their way even after death. The outlaw and killer Pinto Sykes was such a person, and shortly we'll see how he introduces the town and a man named Conny Miller, in particular, to the Twilight Zone.

Plot
The outlaw Pinto Sykes is ambushed and killed by the men of a small town in the Old West. Some time later, gunfighter Conny Miller, who had been hired to track down Sykes, arrives in town. He goes to the saloon where the men who hired him are gathered, and is angry to learn that they had killed Sykes themselves. Moreover, on his deathbed Sykes accused Miller of being a coward, saying he had waited for Miller in Albuquerque, New Mexico and even sent word of where he was, and threatened to reach up from his grave and grab Miller if the latter ever approached it.

Miller says that Sykes was a liar, claiming he went to Albuquerque and found no sign that Sykes had ever been there, and also denies that he is at all frightened by Sykes' threat of vengeance from beyond the grave. After Sykes' vengeful sister Ione confronts Miller, the men say they are not convinced of Miller's story, openly admitting they themselves are frightened of Sykes. They bet Miller $20 that he is too scared to visit the grave, giving him a knife and telling him to drive it into the earth there as proof of his visit. Miller accepts the terms and departs into the cold, windy night; he reaches the grave at midnight and plants the knife as instructed, but as he attempts to leave, he is suddenly pulled back down.

When Miller fails to return the next day, Ione and the townsmen travel to the cemetery in search of him. They find him lying dead atop Sykes' grave, the knife driven through his coattail and pinning him to the ground. One man theorizes that Miller had not buttoned his coat and that the wind blew its tail over the grave; after planting the knife, Miller mistook the pinned tail for Sykes' grasping hand and died of fright. However, Ione demonstrates that the wind direction that night would have blown Miller's coattail away from the grave, not over it, and then laughs mockingly at the stupefied men as Ione's cloak blows in a manner similar to that of the Grim Reaper.

Closing narration
Final comment: you take this with a grain of salt or a shovelful of earth, as shadow or substance, we leave it up to you. And for any further research, check under 'G,' for 'ghosts'...in the Twilight Zone.

Cast

 * Lee Marvin as Conny Miller
 * James Best as Johnny Rob
 * Strother Martin as Mothershed
 * Elen Willard as Ione Sykes
 * Lee Van Cleef as Steinhart
 * William Challee as Jason
 * Stafford Repp as Ira Broadly
 * Larry Johns as Townsman
 * Dick Geary as Pinto Sykes

"The Path Through the Cemetery"
Leonard Q. Ross published a similar story in 1941, called "The Path Through the Cemetery." The tale, set in Imperial Russia, describes a very timid man named Ivan, who responds to a similar challenge from a Cossack officer in the Tsar's Army (some printings identify this officer as a captain, some as a lieutenant) with the sword he receives from the Cossack officer for the purpose, and meets a similar fate.

"The Dare"
Maria Leach authored a compilation of ghost stories called The Thing at the Foot of the Bed and Other Scary Tales in 1959 that included a story called "The Dare", in which a group of kids sitting in front of a fire telling ghost stories dare one of the group to go to the grave of a man who was just buried earlier that day. The boy takes the dare, states he will stick a knife in the grave to prove he was there, and then proceeds to meet the same fate that night.

title: The Grave (The Twilight Zone)


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Sabian Cymbals

Sabian is a Canadian cymbal manufacturing company based in New Brunswick. It was established in 1981 in the village of Meductic, which is now part of Lakeland Ridges, where the company is still headquartered. Sabian is considered one of the big four manufacturers of cymbals, along with Zildjian, Meinl and Paiste.

History
Prior to the establishment of Sabian Cymbals through breaking away from Avedis Zildjian, the cymbal manufacturing factory which it now uses was previously operated by Avedis Zildjian subsidiary AZCO.

Sabian Cymbals was founded in 1981, by Robert Zildjian, when he had a conflict with his brother Armand after he was not chosen to be the main CEO and successor of Avedis Zildjian. Robert opened Sabian in the small eastern Canadian village of Meductic, New Brunswick. The name 'Sabian' comes from the first two letters of the names of Robert's three children (Sally, Billy, and Andy).

In 1982, Sabian introduced the Automatic Anvil (AA) and the Hand Hammered (HH) lines, producing 45,000 cymbals in the first year.

In 1989, Sabian produced its first signature artist cymbals, the Jack DeJohnette ride/hi-hats, and the Carmine Appice Silver Nickel Chinese. Eight years later, due to rising demand, a larger plant was opened in Meductic.

Sabian introduced the HHX series in 2001 which brought in the Manhattan's darker hammering techniques. In 2011, with the help of Jojo Mayer, Sabian produced the OMNI series, which was the product of years of research and development.

Sabian cymbals are still made in New Brunswick. Robert's son Andy is the most recent president of Sabian. In January 2015, the company announced the acquisition of US cymbal manufacturer, Crescent Cymbals, moving all its production to Sabian's factory in Canada, subsequently incorporating Crescent into its list of brands.

In 2017, Sabian sponsored "The Capital Project Presents: The Final Concert", a music and film event in Fredericton, New Brunswick, making the event free of charge. Refunds were offered to people who had already purchased tickets.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Sabian Cymbals


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It's a Good Life (The Twilight Zone)

"It's a Good Life" is the eighth episode of the third season of the American television series The Twilight Zone, and the 73rd overall. It was written by series creator/showrunner Rod Serling, based on the 1953 short story "It's a Good Life" by Jerome Bixby. The episode was directed by James Sheldon, and is considered by some, such as Time and TV Guide, to be one of the best episodes of the series. It originally aired on November 3, 1961. The episode was one of four from the original 1959 series which formed the basis of the 1983 film Twilight Zone: The Movie.

Plot summary
Six-year-old Anthony Fremont has godlike mental powers, including mind-reading. He has isolated his town of Peaksville, Ohio, from the rest of the universe. The people must grow their own food, and supplies of common household items, such as bar soap, have been dwindling. He has blocked television signals and caused cars not to work. He creates grotesque creatures, such as three-headed gophers, which he then kills. Everybody is under his rule, even his parents.

The people live in fear of Anthony, constantly telling him how everything he does is "good", since he banishes anyone thinking unhappy thoughts forever to a place that he calls "the cornfield." Having never experienced any form of discipline, he does not understand that his actions are harmful. He is confused when his father tells him that the neighbors are reluctant to let their children play with him after he sent several of his playmates to the cornfield.

One night each week, Anthony gives the townsfolk one hour of television, which he creates and projects onto the family TV set. The adults gather around in the Fremonts' living room, squirming uncomfortably as Anthony shows them a vision of battling dinosaurs with ample gore. Unable to voice their real feelings, they tell Anthony that it was far better than what used to be on television.

Afterwards, the adults celebrate their friend Dan Hollis's birthday. He gets two presents from his wife — a bottle of brandy, one of only five bottles of liquor left in the village, and a Perry Como record. Dan is eager to listen to the record, but he's reminded by everyone that Anthony does not like singing. Getting drunk from the brandy, he starts complaining about the miserable state of the town, not being able to listen to the record, and no one singing "Happy Birthday" to him. Dan snaps and confronts the child, calling him a monster and a murderer. While Anthony's anger grows, Dan yells for someone to attack Anthony from behind and end his reign of terror. Aunt Amy (who isn't able to sing anymore because of Anthony) tentatively reaches for a fireplace poker, but no one has the courage to act. Anthony transforms Dan into a jack-in-the-box, causing his wife to break down. The adults are horrified at what Anthony has done, and his father asks him to wish Dan into the cornfield, which Anthony does.

Anthony then causes snow to begin falling outside. The snow will kill off at least half the crops and the town will face starvation. Anthony's father starts to rebuke Anthony about this, but his wife and the other adults look on with worried smiles on their faces. The intimidated father then smiles and tells Anthony "... But it's good that you're making it snow, Anthony, it's real good. And tomorrow ... tomorrow's gonna be a real good day!"

Closing narration
No comment here, no comment at all. We only wanted to introduce you to one of our very special citizens, little Anthony Fremont, age six, who lives in a village called Peaksville, in a place that used to be Ohio. And, if by some strange chance, you should run across him, you had best think only good thoughts. Anything less than that is handled at your own risk, because if you do meet Anthony, you can be sure of one thing: you have entered The Twilight Zone.

Cast

 * John Larch as Mr. Fremont
 * Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Fremont
 * Don Keefer as Dan Hollis
 * Billy Mumy as Anthony Fremont
 * Alice Frost as Aunt Amy
 * Max Showalter (as Casey Adams) as Pat Riley
 * Jeanne Bates as Ethel Hollis
 * Lenore Kingston as Thelma Dunn
 * Tom Hatcher as Bill Soames

Reception and legacy
Time named this the third-best Twilight Zone episode, behind "Time Enough at Last" and "The Monsters Are Due on Maple Street".

Rod Serling's introduction at the beginning of this episode was recycled and digitally edited for the preshow of the Disney Parks attraction The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror. In the preshow video, Serling stands in front of a service elevator door, rather than a map of the United States, and explains to guests the journey they are about to experience. The attraction, which first opened at Disney-MGM Studios in 1994, almost two decades after Serling's death, is an homage to the original series with an original story based on it. When conceiving the attraction, Disney Imagineers wanted to include Serling in the attraction and opted for a voice artist to play him; Mark Silverman was chosen by Serling's widow to provide his voice. A poster advertising "Anthony Fremont's Orchestra" is displayed next to the concierge desk in the lobby of the attraction, an ironic reference to Anthony's hatred of singing.

In 1997 TV Guide ranked the episode number 31 on its 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time list.

The opening narration of this episode is sampled in "Threatened" by Michael Jackson in his 2001 album, Invincible.

Remake
In a 1974 interview with Marvel Comics, Rod Serling said "I'm on my third draft of a feature film based on Jerome Bixby's short story, 'It's a Good Life'. We did it originally on Twilight Zone, but now we're doing a full-length version. Alan Landsburg, who produced Chariots of the Gods, is producing it. It's in the fantasy-horror genre." This was one of Serling's last interviews before his death in 1975.

Twilight Zone: The Movie's "It's a Good Life" segment is a remake of the original episode, and is directed by Joe Dante.

Pop culture
The 1980 song "Cemetery Girls" by novelty rock group Barnes & Barnes refers to the episode in its lyrics ("Fresh souls in the cornfield...Anthony put them there..."), and with samples of lines. Since the album was released several years before fictional twin brothers Art (Bill Mumy) Barnes and Artie (Robert Haimer) went "public" about their identities, the reference is an in-joke.

This episode was also remade as a parody in The Simpsons episode "Treehouse of Horror II" in 1991, with Bart in the role of Anthony.

The 1997 episode "Johnny Real Good" from Johnny Bravo is also based on this episode. Johnny has to babysit a boy named Timmy, who also has supernatural powers and sends Johnny several times to a nearby cornfield for "thinking bad thoughts."

The 2007 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao uses the episode as an analogy for life under the dictator Rafael Trujillo in the Dominican Republic.

The 2017 Black Mirror episode "USS Callister" was conceived with the episode as an inspiration.

Sequel
In the 2002 revival series, a sequel to this episode was broadcast, titled "It's Still a Good Life", making it the only Twilight Zone episode to have a sequel. In the episode, Anthony is a middle-aged man who now has a daughter Audrey who has inherited his powers. Bill Mumy and Cloris Leachman reprised their roles from the original episode. Anthony Fremont's daughter, Audrey, is played by actor Bill Mumy's real-life daughter Liliana Mumy.

A commercial for MeTV airing on that channel in 2015 features an adult Bill Mumy as adult Anthony intercut with scenes from the original episode, apparently interacting as the adult Anthony uses his powers to beam Me-TV to little Anthony's set. In early 2017, the network used clips from this episode in promos for the show's late-night reruns.

title: It's a Good Life (The Twilight Zone)


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Deaths-Head Revisited

"Deaths-Head Revisited" is episode 74 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone. The story is about a former SS officer revisiting the Dachau concentration camp a decade and a half after World War II. The title is a play on the Evelyn Waugh novel Brideshead Revisited, and the SS "Death's Head" units who administered the camps. In Germany this episode was never brought to TV.

Opening narration
Mr. Schmidt, recently arrived in a small Bavarian village which lies eight miles northwest of Munich... a picturesque, delightful little spot one-time known for its scenery, but more recently related to other events having to do with some of the less positive pursuits of man: human slaughter, torture, misery and anguish. Mr. Schmidt, as we will soon perceive, has a vested interest in the ruins of a concentration camp—for once, some seventeen years ago, his name was Gunther Lutze. He held the rank of a captain in the SS. He was a black-uniformed strutting animal whose function in life was to give pain, and like his colleagues of the time, he shared the one affliction most common amongst that breed known as Nazis... he walked the Earth without a heart. And now former SS Captain Lutze will revisit his old haunts, satisfied perhaps that all that is awaiting him in the ruins on the hill is an element of nostalgia. What he does not know, of course, is that a place like Dachau cannot exist only in Bavaria. By its nature, by its very nature, it must be one of the populated areas... of the Twilight Zone.

Plot
Gunther Lutze, a former SS captain, checks into a hotel in Dachau, Bavaria, under the name "Schmidt". The receptionist seems to recognize him, but he deflects suspicion by claiming to have served in the panzer division on the Eastern Front during World War II. He asks if a nearby camp is a prison. When the receptionist says it was used as a kind of prison, he presses her for a further explanation, though it soon becomes clear that he knows the exact purpose of the camp.

He goes to the site, the now-abandoned Dachau concentration camp, to recall his time as its commandant during the war. As he strolls around the camp, he revels in the memory of the torment he inflicted on the inmates. He is surprised to see Alfred Becker, one of the camp's former inmates and a particular victim of Lutze's cruelty, and equally surprised that Becker seems unchanged by the intervening 17 years.

Lutze supposes that Becker is now the caretaker of the camp, which Becker confirms "in a manner of speaking." As they talk, Becker relentlessly confronts Lutze with the reality of his grossly inhumane actions, while Lutze insists that he was only following orders. Lutze tries to dismiss Becker's description of cruelty by saying that the war is over and that he has moved on.

Lutze tries to leave, but finds the gate locked. Becker asks why he came back, given that he changed his name and fled to South America. Lutze argues that he hoped that with the passage of enough time, the world would have moved on and people would be willing to forget his "little mistakes of the past." Becker retorts that Lutze's actions were not mistakes, but crimes against humanity.

Becker and a dozen other ghostly inmates put Lutze on trial for his actions, which include ordering the deaths of over 1,700 innocent people without trial or due process, maiming and torturing thousands of human beings without provocation, the criminal experimentation on women and children, the murder of at least 14 people by his own hand, and calling and signing into effect orders for the gassing and cremating of one million human beings. Lutze screams and passes out.

Upon awaking, Lutze tells Becker he imagined the trial. Becker contradicts this, and informs Lutze of the guilty verdict. When Becker is about to pronounce the sentence to the court, Lutze mocks him as mad until he suddenly remembers that on the night American troops came close to Dachau 17 years before, he personally killed Becker and several other inmates and attempted to burn down the camp.

As punishment, Lutze is made to undergo the same horrors he imposed on the inmates in the form of tactile illusions, including being shot by machine guns at the gate, hanging by the gallows and torture at the detention building. He screams in agony from the illusions and collapses. Before departing, Becker's ghost informs him, "This is not hatred. This is retribution. This is not revenge. This is justice. But this is only the beginning, Captain. Only the beginning. Your final judgment will come from God."

Lutze is found by authorities, sedated by a doctor, and taken to a mental institution, since he continues to experience and react to his illusory sufferings. His finders wonder how a man who was perfectly calm two hours before could have gone insane so soon. The doctor then looks around and says, "Dachau. Why does it still stand? Why do we keep it standing?"

Closing narration
There is an answer to the doctor's question. All the Dachaus must remain standing. The Dachaus, the Belsens, the Buchenwalds, the Auschwitzes; all of them. They must remain standing because they are a monument to a moment in time when some men decided to turn the Earth into a graveyard. Into it they shoveled all of their reason, their logic, their knowledge, but worst of all, their conscience. And the moment we forget this, the moment we cease to be haunted by its remembrance, then we become the gravediggers. Something to dwell on and to remember, not only in the Twilight Zone but wherever men walk God's Earth.

Episode and cast notes

 * Hungarian-born actor Oscar Beregi Jr (SS Captain Lutze), whose father was Jewish, had many screen roles as villains and 'heavies', and would have been familiar to American TV audiences of the time for his work in the popular TV detective series The Untouchables, where he had a recurring role as thuggish mobster Joe Kulak. This episode also marked Beregi's second appearance in The Twilight Zone—his first was as the leader of the criminal gang in the Season 2 episode "The Rip Van Winkle Caper".
 * Alfred Becker, Lutze's supernatural adversary and judge, was played by distinguished Austrian-born character actor Joseph Schildkraut. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as Captain Alfred Dreyfus in The Life of Emile Zola (1937), although he would have been best known to contemporary audiences for his role as the father Otto Frank in both the Broadway stage version and the 1959 film version of The Diary of Anne Frank.
 * Kaaren Verne, who makes a brief appearance as the hotel receptionist in the episode's opening scene (credited as "Karen Verne"), had enjoyed a flourishing career in the Berlin State Theatre before she and her first husband were forced to flee Germany in 1938. She eventually settled in the US, where she soon became an outspoken opponent of the Nazi regime. In the mid-1940s, she was married for several years to renowned expatriate Hungarian-born Jewish actor Peter Lorre.
 * Veteran British-born character actor Ben Wright (The Doctor) trained at RADA with Ida Lupino and worked on stage and screen in the UK before emigrating to the US in 1946. After becoming established in Hollywood, Wright's much-admired facility with accents and dialects saw him play a wide range of character parts in radio and on screen, portraying English, German, French, Australian, and even Chinese characters. He was also in "Judgment Night". Additionally, he played the Gauleiter of Austria Herr Zeller in The Sound of Music. He was also a noted voice actor, and performed featured voice parts in Disney's 101 Dalmatians and The Little Mermaid, which was his final screen credit before his death.
 * In an archival audio interview, attached as a special feature to the episode in the Twilight Zone DVD boxed set, series producer Buck Houghton recalled that for this episode, the production was able to shoot the episode's exterior scenes in a large frontier fort set that had recently been built for the pilot for an unnamed Western TV series. Because that series had not been picked up by any of the networks, this very expensive set—which, according to Houghton, had cost US$200,000 (around US$1.6 million in 2016)—was then sitting abandoned on the MGM backlot, and only required minimal redressing to serve as the episode's setting, the Dachau concentration camp.
 * Houghton recalled that episode director Don Medford was mainly known as an "action" director, but that he was chosen both for his ability to create effective "shock" moments, and for his willingness to allow emotional scenes to play out as long as he felt necessary. According to Houghton, Medford was also known for his meticulous preparation, although Houghton also recalled that Medford could become flustered if events during production (such as the unexpected unavailability of an actor) forced him to deviate from his production plans.
 * Houghton also heaped praise on the work of British-born actor Ben Wright (who appears briefly as The Doctor at the end of the episode), noting that Wright had the ability to master any kind of accent or dialect convincingly, and this allowed him to play a wide range of nationalities during his long screen career.
 * The story was later adapted for The Twilight Zone Radio Dramas starring H.M. Wynant in the Oscar Beregi role.

Critical response
Gordon F. Sander, excerpt from Serling: The Rise and Twilight of Television's Last Angry Man:
 * Serling meted out nightmarish justice of a worse kind in "Deaths-Head Revisited" (directed by Don Medford), Serling's statement on the Holocaust, written in reaction to the then-ongoing Eichmann trial, in which a former Nazi, played by Oscar Beregi, on a nostalgic visit to Dachau, is haunted and ultimately driven insane by the ghosts of inmates he had killed there during the war.

In popular culture
The introduction to the instrumental song "Intro to Reality" from the 1990 album Persistence of Time by the heavy metal band Anthrax featured dialogue spoken by the character Alfred Becker quoting, "We did as we were told." & "They just heard you offer the apology for all the monsters of our times." spoken to Lutze from this episode. The instrumental segues into the next song, "Belly of The Beast" which is a tribute to the story itself from Becker's point of view.

title: Deaths-Head Revisited


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The Midnight Sun (The Twilight Zone)

"The Midnight Sun" is episode 75 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone, first shown in November, 1961.

Opening narration
The word that Mrs. Bronson is unable to put into the hot, still, sodden air is 'doomed,' because the people you've just seen have been handed a death sentence. One month ago, the Earth suddenly changed its elliptical orbit and in doing so began to follow a path which gradually, moment by moment, day by day, took it closer to the Sun. And all of man's little devices to stir up the air are now no longer luxuries—they happen to be pitiful and panicky keys to survival. The time is five minutes to twelve, midnight. There is no more darkness. The place is New York City and this is the eve of the end, because even at midnight it's high noon, the hottest day in history, and you're about to spend it - in the Twilight Zone.

Plot
The Earth's orbit has been perturbed, causing the planet to slowly fall into the Sun. A prolific artist, Norma, and her landlady, Mrs. Bronson, are the last residents in their New York apartment building. Their former neighbors have either moved north to seek a cooler climate or they have already perished from the extremely high temperatures.

At twenty minutes to midnight, it is 110 °F and sunny as high noon. Norma and Mrs. Bronson try to support each other as they watch life as they know it erode around them. The streets are deserted, water usage is limited to an hour a day, and their electricity is gradually being turned off. Food and water are scarce and the sea has dried up. A radio presenter announces that the police have been moved out of the city and that citizens must defend themselves against looters, then angrily goes off script before being forcibly taken off the air.

As the temperature rises to 120 °F, the two women grow weaker. Norma burns her hand on a windowsill. Mrs. Bronson becomes psychologically unstable, beseeching Norma to paint a picture of a cool subject, rather than Norma's usual paintings of the Sun and burning cities. A looter enters the building through the roof door, which Mrs. Bronson neglected to lock. They hide in Norma's apartment. The looter calls from outside, demanding entry. Norma threatens him with a revolver, and they hear him walk away.

Against Norma's pleas, Mrs. Bronson unlocks the door, and the stranger forces his way in, grabs the revolver and drinks their water. He calms down after seeing their distress and begs for their forgiveness, claiming that he is an honest man driven insane by the heat. He throws away the revolver and describes the recent death of his wife and newborn child. He begs for forgiveness until Norma acknowledges him; he then leaves the building.

In an attempt to console Mrs. Bronson, Norma shows her an oil painting of a waterfall cascading into a lush pond. Mrs. Bronson deliriously claims that she can feel the coolness and splashes in the imaginary waters before dying from heat stroke. Norma sits in shock as the thermometer surges past 130 °F and shatters. The paint on the paintings begins to melt; she screams and collapses.

The scene cuts to the same apartment at night with heavy snow outside the windows. The thermometer reads -10 °F. Norma, who has been bedridden with a high fever, is being cared for by a doctor and Mrs. Bronson. The Earth moving closer to the Sun is revealed to be only a fever dream, while in reality the Earth is moving away from the Sun, and the world's inhabitants are actually freezing to death.

Norma tells Mrs. Bronson about her nightmare, adding, "Isn't it wonderful to have darkness, and coolness?" Mrs. Bronson’s face stiffens in dread, and she replies, "Yes, my dear. It’s... wonderful."

Closing narration
The poles of fear, the extremes of how the Earth might conceivably be doomed. Minor exercise in the care and feeding of a nightmare, respectfully submitted by all the thermometer-watchers - in the Twilight Zone.

Production notes
The effect of the oil paintings melting was accomplished by painting the pictures in wax on the surface of a hotplate. Moreover, the episode was shot in the summer, on a set without air-conditioning, with the director actually turning up the heat on certain key scenes to create the necessary mood and appearance for the story.

This episode is notable as one of the few occasions in the history of the original series that characters directly responded to the presence of Rod Serling's narrator. This effect is emphasized when, instead of the introduction immediately fading to black for a commercial after Serling's concluding "... in the Twilight Zone" remark, as was customary, the scene continues for a few moments longer, with the two women reacting silently to what they had just heard Serling say about their predicament.

Deleted characters
Serling's original script featured two characters who did not appear in the completed episode: a police officer and a refrigerator repairman.

"I spent a lot of time with Buck Houghton, Twilight Zone's producer trying to reduce scripts, some by Rod, by one speaking part or two speaking parts because we were just about to start shooting the show and we were over budget. And Aubrey was really tough on this subject even if it were a small number of dollars." —Del Reisman quoted in Serling: The Rise And Twilight of Television's Last Angry Man.

Critical response
J. Hoberman, excerpt from "America's Twilight Zone", published in Visions From the Twilight Zone by Arlen Schumer:
 * Whether explicitly nuclear or otherwise, the apocalypse was never far away [in the Twilight Zone]. "The Midnight Sun" was telecast on the day the U.S. consolidated its drive for "push-button warfare" with the first successful launching of a Minuteman missile from an underground silo. The episode substitutes a kink in the Earth's orbit—an analogue to what we currently call "the greenhouse effect"—for an atomic holocaust. Instead of blowing up, the planet is falling into the sun. Rape and pillage seem imminent, and even the pigment is boiling on the heroine-artist's canvases as the radio weatherman goes nuts on the air.

Other media

 * The radio version of The Twilight Zone featured a modernized version of this episode starring Kim Fields.
 * In 2009 the original episode was adapted as a graphic novel, Rod Serling's The Twilight Zone: The Midnight Sun, by Mark Kneece and Anthony Spay.

title: The Midnight Sun (The Twilight Zone)


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Still Valley

"Still Valley" is episode 76 of the American television anthology series The Twilight Zone.

Opening narration
"The time is 1863, the place the state of Virginia. The event is a mass blood-letting known as the Civil War, a tragic moment in time when a nation was split into two fragments, each fragment deeming itself a nation."

The narration continues after dialogue between Paradine and Dauger.

"This is Joseph Paradine, Confederate cavalry, as he heads down toward a small town in the middle of a valley. But very shortly, Joseph Paradine will make contact with the enemy. He will also make contact with an outpost not found on a military map—an outpost called the Twilight Zone."

Plot
During the Civil War, two Confederate Army soldiers have been assigned to scout on the Union Army troops that are advancing into the valley below. Sergeant Joseph Paradine hears the troops approaching, but suddenly the sound stops. He decides to descend into the valley to see the cause for himself. His companion refuses to accompany him.

When Paradine gets into town, he finds the troops there, but all of them are motionless, frozen in time. He tries unsuccessfully to wake them. Finally he comes across an old man named Teague, the sole remaining inhabitant of the town, who is unaffected by the strange phenomenon. Teague claims to be a "witch-man" and says he used a magic spell to freeze the soldiers. Paradine does not believe him, so Teague casts the spell on Paradine, freezing him.

When Teague lifts the spell on Paradine, he claims that he could stop the entire Union Army in this manner, ensuring the success of the Confederacy. Paradine asks why he has not done so, and Teague replies that he is dying and will be dead by the day's end. He gives his book of spells to Paradine, encouraging him to use it, but when Paradine looks in it, he realizes that using this magic would require him to align himself with Satan, which Teague acknowledges.

Teague dies, and Paradine returns to camp to tell his superior about what happened. The superior does not believe him and orders him to get some rest. When another scout returns to report that an entire company of Union troops is standing frozen near the camp, Paradine reveals that he cast a spell on them from the book. Once he describes his encounter with the old man, his superior urges him to continue reading from the book since Satan may be the only ally who can help the Confederacy win the war.

Paradine discovers that using the book's magic requires that not only must he praise the name of the Devil, but he must renounce the name of God. Rather than do either, Paradine throws the book into a campfire, saying that if the Confederacy is to die, it should be buried in hallowed ground. The next day, Paradine receives orders that his unit is going to march to Gettysburg.

Closing narration
"On the following morning, Sergeant Paradine and the rest of these men were moved up north to a little town in Pennsylvania, an obscure little place where a battle was brewing, a town called Gettysburg, and this one was fought without the help of the Devil. Small historical note not to be found in any known books, but part of the records in the Twilight Zone."

Cast

 * Gary Merrill as Sergeant Joseph Paradine
 * Vaughn Taylor as Teague
 * Ben Cooper as Dauger
 * Mark Tapscott as Lieutenant
 * Jack Mannas as Mallory

Episode notes

 * The episode is based on a 1939 short story, "The Valley Was Still" by Manly Wade Wellman.
 * In the original story, Paradine kills Teague when he finds that to make the spell book work, he must sign his name in blood (making a contract with the Devil); later when the spell on the soldiers is broken when the book is burned-both Union and Confederates have a big battle in the valley.

title: Still Valley


text:
Joe Foss

Joseph Jacob Foss (April 17, 1915 – January 1, 2003) was a United States Marine Corps major and a leading Marine fighter ace in World War II. He received the Medal of Honor in recognition of his role in air combat during the Guadalcanal Campaign. In postwar years, he was an Air National Guard brigadier general, served as the 20th Governor of South Dakota (1955–1959), president of the National Rifle Association of America (NRA) and the first commissioner of the American Football League. He also was a television broadcaster.

Early years
Foss was born in an unelectrified farmhouse near Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the oldest son of Mary Esther (née Lacey) and Frank Ole Foss. He was of Norwegian and Scottish descent. At age 12, he visited an airfield in Renner to see Charles Lindbergh on tour with his aircraft, the Spirit of St. Louis. Four years later, he and his father paid $1.50 apiece to take their first aircraft ride in a Ford Trimotor at Black Hills Airport with a famed South Dakota aviator, Clyde Ice.

In March 1933, while coming back from the fields during a storm, his father was killed when he drove over a downed electrical cable and was electrocuted as he stepped out of his automobile. Young Foss, not yet 18 years old, pitched in with his mother and brother Cliff to continue running the family farm. Farming was made difficult by dust storms, which over the next two years took its toll on crops and livestock.

After watching a Marine Corps aerial team, led by Capt. Clayton Jerome, perform aerobatics in open-cockpit biplanes, he was determined to become a Marine aviator. Foss worked at a service station to pay for books and college tuition, and to begin flight lessons from Roy Lanning, at the Sioux Skyway Airfield in 1938, scraping up $65 to pay for the instruction. His younger brother took over the management of the farm and allowed Foss to go back to school and graduate from Washington High School in Sioux Falls. He graduated from the University of South Dakota in 1939 with a degree in business administration.

While at USD, Foss and other like-minded students convinced authorities to set up a CAA flying course at the university; he built up 100 flight hours by graduation. Foss paid his way through university by "bussing" tables. He joined the Sigma chapter of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and excelled at sports in USD, fighting on the college boxing team, participating as a member of the track team and as a second-string guard on the football team.

Foss served as a Private in the 147th Field Artillery Regiment, Sioux Falls, South Dakota National Guard from 1939 to 1940. By 1940, armed with a pilot certificate and a college degree, Foss hitchhiked to Minneapolis to enlist in the Marine Corps Reserves, in order to join the Naval Aviation Cadet program to become a Naval Aviator.

Effort to become a fighter pilot
Foss was accepted by the Marine Corps for flight school and commissioning. After graduation from flight school at NAS Pensacola, Florida he was designated a Naval Aviator and was commissioned as a second lieutenant, in the Marine Corps. He was then assigned as a "plowback" instructor at Pensacola teaching navy, Marine, and coast guard students to be Naval Aviators. At 27 years of age, he was considered too old to be a fighter pilot, and was instead sent to the Navy School of Photography. Upon completion of his initial assignment, he was transferred to Marine Photographic Squadron 1 (VMO-1) stationed at Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, California. Dissatisfied with his role in photographic reconnaissance, Foss made repeated requests to be transferred to a fighter qualification program. He checked out in Grumman F4F Wildcats while still assigned to VMO-1, logging over 150 flight hours in June and July, 1942, and was eventually transferred to Marine Fighting Squadron 121 VMF-121 as the executive officer. While stateside, Foss married his high school sweetheart, June Shakstad in 1942.

Guadalcanal Flying Ace
In October 1942, VMF-121 pilots and aircraft were sent to Guadalcanal as part of Operation Watchtower to relieve VMF-223, which had been fighting for control of the air over the island since mid-August. On October 9, Foss and his group were catapult launched off the USS Copahee (CVE-12) escort carrier and flew 350 mi north to reach Guadalcanal. The air group, code named "Cactus", based at Henderson Field became known as the Cactus Air Force, and their presence played a pivotal role in the Battle of Guadalcanal. Foss soon gained a reputation for aggressive close-in fighter tactics and uncanny gunnery skills. Foss shot down a Japanese Zero on his first combat mission on October 13, but his own F4F Wildcat was shot up as well, and with a dead engine and three more Zeros on his tail, he landed at full speed, with no flaps and minimal control on Henderson Field, barely missing a grove of palm trees. On 7 November his Wildcat was again hit, and he survived a ditching in the sea off the island of Malaita.

As lead pilot in his flight of eight Wildcats, the group soon became known as "Foss's Flying Circus", with two sections Foss nicknamed "Farm Boys" and "City Slickers." In December 1942, Foss contracted malaria. He was sent to Sydney, Australia for rehabilitation, where he met Australian ace Clive "Killer" Caldwell and delivered some lectures on operational flying to RAF pilots, newly assigned to the theater. On January 1, 1943, Foss returned to Guadalcanal, to continue combat operations which lasted until February 9, 1943, although the Japanese attacks had waned from the height of the November 1942 crisis. In three months of sustained combat, Foss's Flying Circus had shot down 72 Japanese aircraft, including 26 credited to him. Upon matching the record of 26 kills held by America's top World War I ace, Eddie Rickenbacker, Foss was accorded the honor of becoming America's first "ace-of-aces" in World War II. One of the Japanese he shot down was ace Kaname Harada, who became a peace activist and met Foss many years later.

Foss returned to the United States in March 1943. On May 18, 1943, Foss received the Medal of Honor from President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The White House ceremony was featured in Life magazine, with the reluctant Captain Foss appearing on the magazine's cover. He then was asked to participate in a war bond tour that stretched into 1944.

Return to combat
In February 1944, Foss returned to the Pacific theater to lead VMF-115, flying the F4U Corsair. VMF-115 was based in the combat zone around Emirau, St. Mathias Group in 1944. It was during this second tour that Foss met and became friends with fellow Marine fighter ace Marion Carl. He also had an opportunity to meet and fly with his boyhood idol, Charles Lindbergh, who was on assignment touring the South Pacific as an aviation consultant. After eight months of operational flying but no opportunities to increase his wartime score, Foss finished his combat service as one of America's top scoring pilots.

Foss again contracted malaria, and was sent home to the Klamath Falls, Oregon Rehabilitation Center. In February 1945, he became operations and training officer at the Marine Corps Air Station Santa Barbara, California.

Air National Guard
In August 1945, Foss was released to inactive duty and opened Joe Foss Flying Service, charter flying service and flight instruction school in Sioux Falls, that eventually grew into a 35-aircraft operation. With a friend, Duane "Duke" Corning, he later owned a Packard car dealership in the town.

In October 1945, Foss was ordered to appear at Navy Day ceremonies in four cities there and was finally relieved from active duty in December 1945 but was retained in the Marine Corps Reserve on inactive duty until 1947. In 1946, Foss was appointed a lieutenant colonel in the South Dakota Air National Guard and instructed to form the South Dakota Air National Guard, becoming the commanding officer for the Guard's 175th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron. During the unit's formative years, Foss was actively involved in administration and flying with the squadron, even becoming a member of their North American P-51 Mustang air demonstration team. During the Korean War, Foss, then a colonel, was called to active duty with the United States Air Force, relinquishing command of the 175th Squadron, and served as a Director of Operations and Training for the Central Air Defense Command; he eventually reached the rank of brigadier general.

Political career
Campaigning from the cockpit of a light aircraft, Foss served two elected terms as a Republican representative in the South Dakota legislature and, beginning in 1955, at age 39, as the state's youngest governor. During his tenure as governor, he accompanied Tom Brokaw, then a high school student and Governor of South Dakota American Legion Boys State, to New York City for a joint appearance on Two for the Money, a television game show, which featured Foss because of his wartime celebrity. Foss had previously appeared on the long-running game show What's My Line on May 1, 1955.

In 1958, Foss unsuccessfully sought a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, having been defeated by another wartime pilot hero, the Democrat George McGovern. Foss tried to re-enter politics in 1962 in a campaign to succeed Sen. Francis Case, who died in office. Foss and several other contenders lost to Joseph H. Bottum, who filled out Case's term.

American Football League
After serving as governor, Foss spent a short time working for Raven Industries before becoming the first Commissioner of the newly created American Football League in 1959. He oversaw the emergence of the league as the genesis of modern professional football. During the next seven years, Foss helped expand the league and made lucrative television deals, including the initial five-year, $10.6 million contract with ABC in 1960 to broadcast AFL games. The next contract was also for five years, but with NBC for a substantially greater $36 million, starting in 1965.

Foss stepped aside as commissioner in April 1966, two months before the historic agreement that led to the merger of AFL and NFL and the creation of the Super Bowl. Al Davis succeeded him, but disagreed with the merger and resigned after $3 1/2$ months. Milt Woodard, the assistant commissioner under Foss, was named to the new office of president of the AFL in July and served through the league's final season in 1969.

Television career
Drawing on a lifelong love of hunting and the outdoors, Foss hosted ABC television's The American Sportsman from 1964 to 1967, which took him around the world for hunting and fishing excursions. He then hosted and produced his own syndicated outdoors TV series, The Outdoorsman: Joe Foss, from 1967 to 1974. In 1972, he also began a six-year stint as Director of Public Affairs for KLM Royal Dutch Airlines.

National Rifle Association
Starting in 1988, Foss was elected to two consecutive one-year terms as president of the National Rifle Association of America. In his later years he maintained a rigorous speaking schedule and spoke out for conservative causes on what he considered a weakening of gun owners' rights. He was portrayed on the cover of the 29 January 1990 issue of Time Magazine wearing his trademark Stetson hat and holding a revolver.

Philanthropy
Foss, who had a daughter with cerebral palsy, served as President of the National Society of Crippled Children and Adults. Foss's other charities included the Easter Seals campaign, Campus Crusade for Christ, and an Arizona program for disadvantaged youths.

The Joe Foss Institute
In 2001, Foss and his second wife, "Didi," founded the Joe Foss Institute, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization. The institute works with veterans and educators around the United States to educate the nation's youth on history and civics, and to inspire them to become informed and engaged citizens. Through classroom presentations, curriculum and scholarships, the Joe Foss Institute has served more than 1.35 million children, as of June 2014, nationwide. Currently, the institute offers three primary programs; Veterans Inspiring Patriotism (VIP), You are America Civics Series and scholarship contests which run year-round. Foss did many of these school visits himself, speaking to children of all ages about service, responsibility, patriotism, integrity and commitment.

Other honors and recognition
Foss co-authored or was the subject of three books including the wartime Joe Foss: Flying Marine (with Walter Simmons); Top Guns (with Matthew Brennan); and A Proud American by his wife, Donna Wild Foss. Foss also provided the foreword to Above and Beyond: the Aviation Medals of Honor by Barrett Tillman, and was profiled in Tom Brokaw's 1998 book about World War II and its warriors, The Greatest Generation. Brokaw characterized Foss: "He had a hero's swagger but a winning smile to go with his plain talk and movie-star looks. Joe Foss was larger than life, and his heroics in the skies over the Pacific were just the beginning of a journey that would take him to places far from that farm with no electricity and not much hope north of Sioux Falls." Brave Eagle, a 1955 postwar effort to film a story of Foss's life, starring his friend, John Wayne, fell through in 1956 when Foss refused to allow the producers to add a fictitious love story. American Ace: The Joe Foss Story was an award-winning, hour-length television documentary, produced by the South Dakota Public Broadcasting, first aired in fall 2006.

Foss was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1984. He also was a president and board chairman of the Air Force Association and as a Director of the United States Air Force Academy. In 2000, he served as a consultant on the popular computer game Combat Flight Simulator 2 by Microsoft. A complete listing of Foss's affiliations and honors is given at The Joe Foss Institute.

Later years
On January 11, 2002, Foss, then 86, was in the news when he was detained by security at the Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. He was scheduled to deliver an address at the National Rifle Association and speak to a class at the United States Military Academy at West Point. A search necessitated by his pacemaker precluding a metal detector screening had led to the discovery of the star-shaped Medal of Honor, along with a clearly marked dummy-bullet keychain, a second replica bullet and a small nail file (with MOH insignia).

The incident caused a furor with both media and public support given to Foss. Newsman Jack Cafferty noted that airport security personnel demonstrated poor judgment in not recognizing the Medal of Honor and in demanding to confiscate and destroy the medal and related memorabilia. He eventually lost a souvenir replica bullet, but was able to retain his Medal of Honor and commemorative nail file, by shipping it back to himself.

"'I wasn't upset for me ... I was upset for the Medal of Honor, that they just didn't know what it even was. It represents all of the guys who lost their lives – the guys who never came back. Everyone who put their lives on the line for their country. You're supposed to know what the Medal of Honor is', he said. The incident led to a national debate about post 9/11 airport security practices and their ramifications on the average citizen."

Death
Foss suffered a stroke in October 2002 when he bled from a cerebral aneurysm. He died three months later on New Year's Day, 2003, never having regained consciousness, in Scottsdale, Arizona, where he and his wife had made their home in later years. Vice President Dick Cheney, retired Lt. Colonel Oliver North and South Dakota native and NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw were among those who attended with North delivering the eulogy.

Actor Charlton Heston gave a brief tribute to his old friend. Foss was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Section 7A, Lot 162 on January 21, 2003. Family, friends, military personnel and dignitaries remembered him fondly at a service in Arlington and at an earlier "Memorial Service for an American Patriot" in the old chapel at nearby Fort Myer.

Memorials
A number of institutions and locations have been named in honor of Foss, including Marine Corps Air Station Miramar Joe Foss Field, the Joe Foss Field Air National Guard Station in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the Joe Foss Field at the Sioux Falls Regional Airport, Joe Foss High School also in Sioux Falls, and the State Building in Pierre, South Dakota. A larger-than-life bronze statue of Foss stands in the lobby of the Sioux Falls Regional Airport.

The Joe Foss Shooting Complex in Buckeye, Arizona, is also named in his honor. A private road in Scottsdale, Arizona, owned by General Dynamics, was renamed "Joe Foss Way" and dedicated on May 20, 2003.

In 1984, Foss was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in Dayton, Ohio.

Foss was inducted into the Naval Aviation Hall of Honor at the National Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida, in 1994.

Aerial victories
The Marine Corps credits Foss with 26 air victories, and Marine ace Robert M. Hanson with 25 victories. However, the Marine Corps credits Marine ace Gregory "Pappy" Boyington with 28 American victories. This is due to Boyington's (22 Marine victories) wartime claim of 6 victories scored while serving with the Flying Tigers (American Volunteer Group-AVG) in China at the beginning of World War II, prior to him rejoining the Marine Corps;

AVG records show that Boyington was paid for 3.5 enemy aircraft destroyed (2-air, 1.5-ground). The American Fighter Aces Association credits Boyington with 24 victories (22 with the Marine Corps and 2 with the AVG).

Military awards
Foss's military decorations and awards include:

Medal of Honor citation
"The President of the United States takes pleasure in presenting the CONGRESSIONAL MEDAL OF HONOR to

CAPTAIN JOSEPH J. FOSS

UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS RESERVE

for service as set forth in the following CITATION:

For outstanding heroism and courage above and beyond the call of duty as Executive Officer of a Marine Fighting Squadron, at Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands. Engaging in almost daily combat with the enemy from October 9 to November 19, 1942, Captain Foss personally shot down 23 Japanese aircraft and damaged others so severely that their destruction was extremely probable. In addition, during this period, he successfully led a large number of escort missions, skillfully covering reconnaissance, bombing and photographic planes as well as surface craft. On January 15, 1943, he added three more enemy aircraft to his already brilliant successes for a record of aerial combat achievement unsurpassed in this war. Boldly searching out an approaching enemy force on January 25, Captain Foss led his eight F4F Marine planes and four Army P-38s into action and, undaunted by tremendously superior numbers, intercepted and struck with such force that four Japanese fighters were shot down and the bombers were turned back without releasing a single bomb. His remarkable flying skill, inspiring leadership and indomitable fighting spirit were distinctive factors in the defense of strategic American positions on Guadalcanal.

/S/ Franklin D. Roosevelt"

title: Joe Foss


text:
Tobacco mosaic virus

Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus species in the genus Tobamovirus that infects a wide range of plants, especially tobacco and other members of the family Solanaceae. The infection causes characteristic patterns, such as "mosaic"-like mottling and discoloration on the leaves (hence the name). TMV was the first virus to be discovered. Although it was known from the late 19th century that a non-bacterial infectious disease was damaging tobacco crops, it was not until 1930 that the infectious agent was determined to be a virus. It is the first pathogen identified as a virus. The virus was crystallised by Wendell Meredith Stanley. It has a similar size to the largest synthetic molecule, known as PG5.

History
In 1886, Adolf Mayer first described the tobacco mosaic disease that could be transferred between plants, similar to bacterial infections. In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky gave the first concrete evidence for the existence of a non-bacterial infectious agent, showing that infected sap remained infectious even after filtering through the finest Chamberland filters. Later, in 1903, Ivanovsky published a paper describing abnormal crystal intracellular inclusions in the host cells of the affected tobacco plants and argued the connection between these inclusions and the infectious agent. However, Ivanovsky remained rather convinced, despite repeated failures to produce evidence, that the causal agent was an unculturable bacterium, too small to be retained on the employed Chamberland filters and to be detected in the light microscope. In 1898, Martinus Beijerinck independently replicated Ivanovsky's filtration experiments and then showed that the infectious agent was able to reproduce and multiply in the host cells of the tobacco plant. Beijerinck adopted the term of "virus" to indicate that the causal agent of tobacco mosaic disease was of non-bacterial nature. Tobacco mosaic virus was the first virus to be crystallized. It was achieved by Wendell Meredith Stanley in 1935 who also showed that TMV remains active even after crystallization. For his work, he was awarded 1/4 of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946, even though it was later shown some of his conclusions (in particular, that the crystals were pure protein, and assembled by autocatalysis) were incorrect. The first electron microscopical images of TMV were made in 1939 by Gustav Kausche, Edgar Pfankuch and Helmut Ruska – the brother of Nobel Prize winner Ernst Ruska. In 1955, Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat and Robley Williams showed that purified TMV RNA and its capsid (coat) protein assemble by themselves to functional viruses, indicating that this is the most stable structure (the one with the lowest free energy). The crystallographer Rosalind Franklin worked for Stanley for about a month at Berkeley, and later designed and built a model of TMV for the 1958 World's Fair at Brussels. In 1958, she speculated that the virus was hollow, not solid, and hypothesized that the RNA of TMV is single-stranded. This conjecture was proven to be correct after her death and is now known to be the + strand. The investigations of tobacco mosaic disease and subsequent discovery of its viral nature were instrumental in the establishment of the general concepts of virology.

Structure
Tobacco mosaic virus has a rod-like appearance. Its capsid is made from 2130 molecules of coat protein and one molecule of genomic single strand RNA, 6400 bases long. The coat protein self-assembles into the rod-like helical structure (16.3 proteins per helix turn) around the RNA, which forms a hairpin loop structure (see the electron micrograph above). The structural organization of the virus gives stability. The protein monomer consists of 158 amino acids which are assembled into four main alpha-helices, which are joined by a prominent loop proximal to the axis of the virion. Virions are ~300 nm in length and ~18 nm in diameter. Negatively stained electron microphotographs show a distinct inner channel of radius ~2 nm. The RNA is located at a radius of ~4 nm and is protected from the action of cellular enzymes by the coat protein. X-ray fiber diffraction structure of the intact virus was studied based on an electron density map at 3.6 Å resolution. Inside the capsid helix, near the core, is the coiled RNA molecule, which is made up of 6,395 ±10 nucleotides. The structure of the virus plays an important role in the recognition of the viral DNA. This happens due to the formation of an obligatory intermediate produced from a protein allows the virus to recognize a specific RNA hairpin structure. The intermediate induces the nucleation of TMV self-assembly by binding with the hairpin structure.

Genome
The TMV genome consists of a 6.3–6.5 kbp single-stranded (ss) RNA. The 3’-terminus has a tRNA-like structure, and the 5’-terminus has a methylated nucleotide cap. (m7G5’pppG). The genome encodes 4 open reading frames (ORFs), two of which produce a single protein due to ribosomal readthrough of a leaky UAG stop codon. The 4 genes encode a replicase (with methyltransferase [MT] and RNA helicase [Hel] domains), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a so-called movement protein (MP) and a capsid protein (CP). The coding sequence starts with the first reading frame, which is 69 nucleotides away from the 5' end of the RNA. The noncoding region at the 5' end can be varied in different individual virions, but there hasn't been any variation found between virions in the noncoding region at the 3' end.

Physicochemical properties
TMV is a thermostable virus. On a dried leaf, it can withstand up to 50 °C (120 degree Fahrenheit) for 30 minutes.

TMV has an index of refraction of about 1.57.

Disease cycle
TMV does not have a distinct overwintering structure. Rather, it will over-winter in infected tobacco stalks and leaves in the soil, on the surface of contaminated seed (TMV can even survive in contaminated tobacco products for many years, so smokers can accidentally transmit it by touch, although not in the smoke itself). With the direct contact with host plants through its vectors (normally insects such as aphids and leafhoppers), TMV will go through the infection process and then the replication process.

Infection and transmission
After its multiplication, it enters the neighboring cells through plasmodesmata. The infection does not spread through contact with insects, but instead spreads by direct contact to the neighboring cells. For its smooth entry, TMV produces a 30 kDa movement protein called P30 which enlarges the plasmodesmata. TMV most likely moves from cell-to-cell as a complex of the RNA, P30, and replicate proteins.

It can also spread through phloem for longer distance movement within the plant. Moreover, TMV can be transmitted from one plant to another by direct contact. Although TMV does not have defined transmission vectors, the virus can be easily transmitted from the infected hosts to the healthy plants by human handling.

Replication
Following entry into its host via mechanical inoculation, TMV uncoats itself to release its viral [+]RNA strand. As uncoating occurs, the MetHel:Pol gene is translated to make the capping enzyme MetHel and the RNA Polymerase. Then the viral genome will further replicate to produce multiple mRNAs via a [-]RNA intermediate primed by the tRNAHIS at the [+]RNA 3' end. The resulting mRNAs encode several proteins, including the coat protein and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), as well as the movement protein. Thus TMV can replicate its own genome.

After the coat protein and RNA genome of TMV have been synthesized, they spontaneously assemble into complete TMV virions in a highly organized process. The protomers come together to form disks or 'lockwashers' composed of two layers of protomers arranged in a helix. The helical capsid grows by the addition of protomers to the end of the rod. As the rod lengthens, the RNA passes through a channel in its center and forms a loop at the growing end. In this way the RNA can easily fit as a spiral into the interior of the helical capsid.

Host and symptoms
Like other plant pathogenic viruses, TMV has a very wide host range and has different effects depending on the host being infected. Tobacco mosaic virus has been known to cause a production loss for flue cured tobacco of up to two percent in North Carolina. It is known to infect members of nine plant families, and at least 125 individual species, including tobacco, tomato, pepper (all members of the Solanaceae), cucumbers, a number of ornamental flowers, and beans including Phaseolus vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata. There are many different strains. The first symptom of this virus disease is a light green coloration between the veins of young leaves. This is followed quickly by the development of a "mosaic" or mottled pattern of light and dark green areas in the leaves. Rugosity may also be seen where the infected plant leaves display small localized random wrinkles. These symptoms develop quickly and are more pronounced on younger leaves. Its infection does not result in plant death, but if infection occurs early in the season, plants are stunted. Lower leaves are subjected to "mosaic burn" especially during periods of hot and dry weather. In these cases, large dead areas develop in the leaves. This constitutes one of the most destructive phases of Tobacco mosaic virus infection. Infected leaves may be crinkled, puckered, or elongated. However, if TMV infects crops like grape and apple, it is almost symptomless. TMV is able to infect and complete its replication cycle in a plant pathogenic fungus,TMV is able to enter and replicate in cells of C. acutatum, C. clavatum, and C. theobromicola, which may not be an exception, although it has neither been found nor probably searched for in nature.

Environment
TMV is one of the most stable viruses and has a wide survival range. As long as the surrounding temperature remains below approximately 40 degrees Celsius, TMV can sustain its stable form. All it needs is a host to infect. If necessary, greenhouses and botanical gardens would provide the most favorable condition for TMV to spread out, due to the high population density of possible hosts and the constant temperature throughout the year. It also could be useful to culture TMV in vitro in sap because it can survive up to 3000 days.

Treatment and management
One of the common control methods for TMV is sanitation, which includes removing infected plants and washing hands in between each planting. Crop rotation should also be employed to avoid infected soil/seed beds for at least two years. As for any plant disease, looking for resistant strains against TMV may also be advised. Furthermore, the cross protection method can be administered, where the stronger strain of TMV infection is inhibited by infecting the host plant with a mild strain of TMV, similar to the effect of a vaccine.

In the past ten years, the application of genetic engineering on a host plant genome has been developed to allow the host plant to produce the TMV coat protein within their cells. It was hypothesized that the TMV genome will be re-coated rapidly upon entering the host cell, thus it prevents the initiation of TMV replication. Later it was found that the mechanism that protects the host from viral genome insertion is through gene silencing.

TMV is inhibited by a product of the myxomycete slime mold Physarum polycephalum. Both tobacco and the beans P. vulgaris and V. sinensis suffered almost no lesioning in vitro from TMV when treated with a P. polycephalum extract.

Research has shown that Bacillus spp. can be used to reduce the severity of symptoms from TMV in tobacco plants. In the study, treated tobacco plants had more growth and less build-up of TMV virions than tobacco plants that hadn't been treated.

A research has been conducted by H.Fraenkel-Conrat to show the influence of acetic acid on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus. According to the research, 67% acetic acid resulted as degradation of the virus.

Another possible source of prevention for TMV is the use of salicylic acid. A study completed by a research team at the University of Cambridge found that treating plants with salicylic acid reduced the amount of TMV viral RNAs and viral coat protein present in the tobacco plants. Their research showed that salicylic acid most likely was disrupting replication and transcription and more specifically, the RdRp complex.

A research was conducted and revealed that humans have antibodies against Tobacco Mosaic Virus.

Scientific and environmental impact
The large amount of literature about TMV and its choice for many pioneering investigations in structural biology (including X-ray diffraction and X-ray crystallography), virus assembly and disassembly, and so on, are fundamentally due to the large quantities that can be obtained, plus the fact that it does not infect animals. After growing several hundred infected tobacco plants in a greenhouse, followed by a few simple laboratory procedures, a scientist can produce several grams of the virus. In fact, tobacco mosaic virus is so proliferate that the inclusion bodies can be seen with only a light microscope.

James D. Watson, in his memoir The Double Helix, cites his x-ray investigation of TMV's helical structure as an important step in deducing the nature of the DNA molecule.

Applications
Plant viruses can be used to engineer viral vectors, tools commonly used by molecular biologists to deliver genetic material into plant cells; they are also sources of biomaterials and nanotechnology devices. Viral vectors based on TMV include those of the magnICON and TRBO plant expression technologies. Due to its cylindrical shape, high aspect ratio, self-assembling nature, and ability to incorporate metal coatings (nickel and cobalt) into its shell, TMV is an ideal candidate to be incorporated into battery electrodes. Addition of TMV to a battery electrode increases the reactive surface area by an order of magnitude, resulting in an increase in the battery's capacity by up to six times compared to a planar electrode geometry. The TMV-based vector also enabled C. acutatum to transiently express exogenous GFP up to six subcultures and for at least 2 mo after infection, without the need to develop transformation technology, RNAi can be expressed in the phytopathogenic fungus Colletotrichum acutatum by VIGS using a recombinant vector based on TMV in which the ORF of the gene encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was transcribed in fungal cells from a duplicate of the TMV coat protein (CP) subgenomic mRNA promoter and demonstrated that the approach could be used to obtain foreign protein expression in fungi.

title: Tobacco mosaic virus


text:
List of Egyptians

The following is a list of some of the notable Egyptians inside and outside of Egypt:

Male actors

 * Abdel Moneim Madbouly
 * Adel Emam
 * Ahmed Zaki
 * Ahmed El Sakka
 * Ahmed Ezz
 * Ahmed Fahmy
 * Ahmed Helmy
 * Ahmed Malek
 * Ahmed Mekky
 * Ahmed Ramzy
 * Ali Mansur
 * Amr Waked
 * Anwar Wagdy
 * Ashraf Abdel Baqi
 * Emad Hamdy
 * Ezzat Abou Aouf
 * Fareed Shawky
 * George Sidhom
 * Hassan Youssef
 * Hussein Fahmy
 * Ismail Yaseen
 * Kamal El Shennawy
 * Kal Naga
 * Mostafa Amar
 * Mena Massoud
 * Mohamed Emam
 * Mohamed Ramadan
 * Mohamed Tharwat
 * Nour El-Sherif
 * Omar Sharif, Academy Award nominee
 * Rushdy Abaza
 * Rami Malek
 * Ramy Youssef
 * Saeed Saleh
 * Salah Zulfikar
 * Samir Ghanem
 * Shoukry Sarhan
 * Stephan Rosti
 * Yehia Chahine

Actresses

 * Amena Rizk
 * Amina Khalil
 * Assia Dagher
 * Asmaa Abulyazeid
 * Aziza Amir
 * Bahiga Hafez
 * Bushra
 * Donia Samir Ghanem
 * Eman El-Asy
 * Faten Hamama
 * Ghada Adel
 * Hana El Zahed
 * Hanan Tork
 * Hind Rostom
 * Laila Elwi
 * Lebleba
 * Leila Mourad
 * Lobna Abdel Aziz
 * Mariam Fakhr Eddine
 * Mary Queeny
 * May Calamawy
 * Menna Shalabi
 * Mona Zaki
 * Naima Akef
 * Nermin Al-Fiqy
 * Nelly Karim
 * Ruby
 * Shadia
 * Sherihan
 * Shwikar
 * Soad Hosny
 * Tara Emad
 * Yasmin Abdulaziz
 * Yasmin Ali
 * Yasmin Raeis
 * Yasmine Sabri
 * Yousra

Dancers and choreographers

 * Dina
 * Fifi Abdou
 * Mahmoud Reda
 * Magda Saleh
 * Nagwa Fouad
 * Nelly Mazloum
 * Samia Gamal
 * Soheir Zaki
 * Taheyya Kariokka
 * Zeinat Olwi

Filmmakers and television directors

 * Ahmed El-Nahass
 * André Hakim
 * Asaad Kelada
 * Ash Atalla
 * Assia Dagher
 * Atef El Tayeb
 * Daoud Abdel Sayed
 * Ezz El-Dine Zulficar
 * Fadwa El Guindi
 * Frank Agrama
 * Hassan el-Imam
 * Helmy Halim
 * Henry Barakat
 * Hussein Kamal
 * Ibrahim El Batout
 * Jehane Noujaim
 * Kamla Abou Zekry
 * Khairy Beshara
 * Khaled Youssef
 * Maher Sabry
 * Mahmoud Zulfikar
 * Mary Queeny
 * Mohamed Khan
 * Mohammed Karim
 * Mohamed Said Mahfouz
 * Raymond Hakim
 * Robert Hakim
 * Salah Abu Seif
 * Sam Esmail
 * Tamer El Said
 * Tamer Shaaban
 * Tarek El-Telmissany
 * Yousry Nasrallah
 * Youssef Chahine
 * Youssef Tayeh

Theater actors, directors, producers and playwrights

 * Abdel Moneim Madbouly
 * Abo El Seoud El Ebiary
 * Alfred Farag
 * Naguib Al Rehani
 * Sam Esmail
 * Tawfiq al-Hakeem

Film critics

 * Iris Nazmy
 * Samir Farid
 * Salwa Bakr
 * Tarek El Shennawi

Radio and television personalities

 * Ahmed El Esseily
 * Ahmed Mussa
 * Akmal Saleh
 * Ali Faik Zaghloul
 * Amr Ellissy
 * Bassem Youssef
 * Bob Francis (radio)
 * Hamdi Qandil
 * Hamed Gohar
 * Lamis Elhadidy
 * Mahmoud Saad
 * Mofeed Fawzy
 * Mona El-Saghir
 * Mona El-Shazly
 * Nagui
 * Osama Mounir
 * Salwa Hegazy
 * Shahira Amin
 * Tamer Amin
 * Youssef El Deeb
 * Youssef Hussein

Musicians and composers

 * Abdu al-Hamuli
 * Abu Bakr Khayrat
 * Ammar El Sherei
 * Amr Diab
 * Aziz El-Shawan
 * Baligh Hamdi
 * Dawood Hussnei
 * Gamal Abdel-Rahim
 * Halim El-Dabh
 * Hasan Rashid
 * Kamal Al Taweel
 * Kamel al-Khola'ie
 * Mohamed Abdelwahab Abdelfattah
 * Mohamed El Qasabgi
 * Mohamed Fawzi
 * Mohammed Abdel Wahab
 * Mounir Mourad
 * Moustafa Amar
 * Omar Khairat
 * Rageh Daoud
 * Ramzi Yassa
 * Riad Al Sunbati
 * Rifaat Garrana
 * Saleh Abdel Hai
 * Sayed Darwish
 * Sayed Mekawy
 * Sheikh Imam
 * Soliman Gamil
 * Tarek Ali Hassan
 * Yusef Greiss
 * Zakaria Ahmed

Music directors and conductors

 * Ratiba El-Hefny
 * Nabila Erian
 * Selim Sahab
 * Sherif Mohie El Din
 * Youssef Elsisi

Songwriters

 * Abo El Seoud El Ebiary
 * Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi
 * Abdel latif Moubarak

Singers and pop stars

 * Abdel Halim Hafez
 * Ahmed Adaweyah
 * Amal Maher
 * Amira Selim
 * Amr Diab
 * Angham
 * Carmen Suleiman
 * Dalida
 * Demis Roussos
 * Dina El Wedidi
 * Ehab Tawfik
 * Farid al-Atrash
 * Fayza Ahmed
 * Haidy Moussa
 * Hakim
 * Hamada Helal
 * Hani Shaker
 * Kamal Hosni
 * Kareem Salama
 * Karem Mahmoud
 * Laila Mourad
 * Lara Scandar
 * Mohamed Abdel Wahab
 * Mohamed Hamaki
 * Mohamed Mounir
 * Mohammad Fouad
 * Mounira El Mahdeya
 * Moustafa Amar
 * Nesma Mahgoub
 * Rami Sabry
 * Ruby
 * Sandy
 * Shaaban Abdel Rahim
 * Shadia
 * Sherine Wagdy
 * Sherine
 * Tamer Hosny
 * Tony Kaldas
 * Umm Kulthum

Architects

 * Ali Labib Gabr
 * Mahmoud Riad
 * Mohamed Kamal Ismail
 * Naoum Shebib
 * Sayed Karim
 * Charles Ayrout

Engineers

 * Mohamed M. Atalla
 * Taher Elgamal
 * Mootaz Elnozahy
 * Hassan K. Khalil
 * Yahya El Mashad
 * Salah Obaya
 * Adel Sedra
 * Ahmed Tewfik
 * Mona Zaghloul
 * Kawthar Zaki

Cartoonists and comic artists

 * Ahmad Nady
 * Ahmed Ragab
 * Ahmed Toughan
 * Alexander Sarukhan
 * George Bahgoury
 * Gomaa
 * Hussein Bikar
 * Mustafa Hussein
 * Salah Jahin
 * Tarek Shahin

Painters

 * Abdel Hadi Al Gazzar
 * Adel Nassief
 * Adham Wanly
 * Armen Agop
 * Chafik Charobim
 * Evelyn Ashamallah
 * Farouk Hosny
 * Fathi Hassan
 * Gazbia Sirry
 * George Bahgoury
 * Georges Hanna Sabbagh
 * Ghada Amer
 * Hassan Mohamed Hassan
 * Hussein Bikar
 * Hussein El Gebaly
 * Injy Aflatoun
 * Isaac Fanous
 * Kamal Amin
 * Mahmoud Mokhtar
 * Margaret Nakhla
 * Salah Taher
 * Diane Tuckman
 * Seif Wanly

Sculptors

 * Adam Henein
 * Armen Agop
 * Hassan Heshmat
 * Mahmoud Mokhtar

Authors
Hussein Abdelfatah
 * Duaa Abdelrahman
 * Intissar Abdulmomen
 * Abbass AlAqqad
 * Abd Al Rasheed Al Sadiq Mahmmudi
 * Abdel Hakim Qasem
 * Abdel Wahab el-Miseiri
 * Abo El Seoud El Ebiary
 * Adel Darwish
 * Adel Iskandar
 * Ahdaf Soueif
 * Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
 * Ahmed Mourad
 * Alaa Al Aswany
 * Albert Cossery
 * Alfred Farag
 * Ayman Zohry
 * Bahaa Taher
 * Edmond Jabès
 * Edwar al-Kharrat
 * Ezzat el Kamhawi
 * Farag Foda
 * Fekry Pasha Abaza
 * Gamal al-Banna
 * Gamal Al-Ghitani
 * Gilbert Sinoué
 * Hasan Hanafi
 * Ihsan Abdel Quddous
 * Iris Habib Elmasry
 * Khalil Abdel-Karim
 * Kamal el-Mallakh
 * Leila Ahmed
 * Louis Awad
 * Lutis Abd Al Karim
 * Masri Feki
 * Mansoura Ez Eldin
 * Mo Gawdat
 * Mohammad Elsannour
 * Mohammad Hassanein Heykal
 * Mohammad Moustafa Haddara
 * Mostafa Amin
 * Mostafa Mahmoud
 * Muhammad Aladdin
 * Muhammad Husayn Haykal
 * Muhammad Sa'id al-'Ashmawi
 * Muhammad Jalal Kishk
 * Mustafa Lutfi al-Manfaluti
 * Nabil Farouk
 * Naguib Mahfouz, Nobel Prize in Literature winner
 * Nasr Abu Zayd
 * Nawal El Saadawi
 * Said El Kemny
 * Salama Moussa
 * Sonallah Ibrahim
 * Taha Hussein
 * Tarek Heggy
 * Tawfiq al-Hakeem
 * Yasser Thabet
 * Yehia Hakki
 * Yusuf Idris
 * Zaki Naguib Mahmoud

Historians

 * Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti
 * Abd al-Rahman al-Rafai
 * Ibn Duqmaq
 * Shafi' bin Ali el-Masry
 * Al-Maqrizi
 * Al-Mufaddal
 * Al-Sakhawi
 * Gawdat Gabra
 * George Antonius
 * George Elmacin
 * Ibn Abd-el-Hakem
 * Imam Al-Suyuti
 * Iris Habib Elmasry
 * John of Nikiû
 * Manetho
 * Menassa Youhanna
 * Raouf Abbas
 * Rifa'a el-Tahtawi
 * Severus Ibn al-Muqaffa

Poets

 * Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi
 * Abdel Latif Moubarak
 * Abdul Rahman Yusuf
 * Abduallah El Sharif
 * Ahmed Abdel Muti Hijazi
 * Ahmed Fouad Negm
 * Ahmed Rami
 * Ahmed Shawqi
 * Ahmed Zaki Abu Shadi
 * Hafez Ibrahim
 * Ibrahim Nagi
 * Iman Mersal
 * Mahmoud Sami al-Baroudi
 * Mahmud Bayram el-Tunsi
 * Mohammad Ibrahim Abu Senna
 * Salah Jahin
 * Gaston Zananiri

Journalists

 * Abo El Seoud El Ebiary
 * Adel Darwish
 * Ahmad Al-Khamisi
 * Ahmed Toughan
 * Amr Ellissy
 * Assaad Taha
 * Ayman Mohyeldin
 * Ethar El-Katatney
 * Ezzat el Kamhawi
 * Farag Foda
 * Farouk Abdul-Aziz
 * Gamal Nkrumah
 * Hala El Badry
 * Ibrahim al-Mazini
 * Ibrahim Hegazi
 * Iris Nazmy
 * Khalil Mutran
 * Khouloud Al-Gamal
 * Mansoura Ez-Eldin
 * Mohamed El-Tabii
 * Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
 * Mohamed Said Mahfouz
 * Momtaz Al Ket
 * Mona Eltahawy
 * Mostafa Amin
 * Muhammad Husayn Haykal
 * Muhammad Jalal Kishk
 * Nawara Negm
 * Ola Naguib
 * Osama Anwar Okasha
 * Rawya Ateya
 * Reda Helal
 * Rifa'a el-Tahtawi
 * Sabah Hamamou
 * Safinaz Kazem
 * Said Sonbol
 * Salama Ahmed Salama
 * Shahira Amin
 * Soliman Kenawy
 * Tarek Heggy
 * Tawfiq al-Hakim
 * Wael Abbas
 * Yaqub Sanu
 * Yasser Abdel Hafez
 * Yasser Khalil
 * Yasser Thabet
 * Yosri Fouda
 * Younan Labib Rizk
 * Yousef Gamal El-Din
 * Zain Abdul Hady

Intellectuals

 * Abdelmegid Moustafa Farrag
 * Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
 * Akram Habib
 * Bayoumi Andil
 * Magdi Youssef
 * Rifa'a el-Tahtawi
 * Salama Moussa
 * Tarek Heggy
 * Zaki Naguib Mahmoud

Lawyers

 * Ahmad Najib al-Hilali
 * Ahmed Gamal El-Din Moussa
 * Ali Abu el-Fotoh
 * Ali Sadek Abou-Heif
 * Bahaa El-Din Abu Shoka
 * Farouk Sultan
 * Khaled Ali
 * Khalil Abdel-Karim
 * Mohamed Kamel Leilah
 * Stephan Bassily
 * Sameh Ashour
 * Taher Helmy
 * Youssef Darwish

19th — mid-20th Century Feudalists

 * Abbud Pasha

Nationalists (1923 — 1952)

 * Talaat Pasha Harb

Post Infitah (1974 — )

 * Ahmed Zayat
 * Ahmed Zulfikar
 * Dodi Fayed
 * Gamal Aziz, also known as Gamal Mohammed Abdelaziz
 * Hassan Allam
 * Mohamed Al-Fayed
 * Naguib Sawiris
 * Nassef Sawiris
 * Raymond Lakah
 * Samih Sawiris
 * Tharwat Bassily
 * Youssry Henien
 * Ahmed El Maghrabi
 * Khairat el-Shater
 * Mohamed A. El-Erian
 * Mohamed Mansour
 * Osman Ahmed Osman
 * Rachid Mohamed Rachid
 * Talaat Moustafa
 * Talaat Moustafa

Activists

 * Abdel Wahab El-Messiri
 * Ahmed Douma
 * Ahmed Seif El-Islam
 * Ahdaf Soueif
 * Alaa Abd El-Fattah
 * Dina Zulfikar
 * Gamal Eid
 * George Isaac
 * Hossam Bahgat
 * Hossam el-Hamalawy
 * Israa Abdel Fattah
 * Kamal Khalil
 * Kareem Amer
 * Khaled Ali
 * Laila Soueif
 * Mahienour El-Massry
 * Maikel Nabil Sanad
 * Mohamed Lotfy
 * Mona Eltahawy
 * Mona Seif
 * Nawara Negm
 * Nancy Okail
 * Rehab Bassam
 * Sameh Naguib
 * Wael Abbas
 * Wael Ghonim
 * Wael Khalil
 * Yasser Thabet
 * Abdelsalam Elkhadrawy

Diplomats

 * Abdel Hamid Badawi
 * Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam
 * Ahmed Aboul Gheit
 * Ahmed Asmat Abdel-Meguid
 * Ahmed Maher
 * Ali Maher
 * Amr Moussa
 * Ashraf Ghorbal
 * Aziz Ezzat Pasha
 * Boutros Boutros Ghali
 * Fathi Saleh
 * F. D. Amr Bey
 * Helmy Bahgat Badawi
 * Ihab el-Sherif
 * Ismail Chirine
 * Jean-Sélim Kanaan
 * Kamil Abdul Rahim
 * Maged A. Abdelaziz
 * Mahmoud Riad
 * Mohammed Bassiouni
 * Mohamed ElBaradei
 * Mohamed Hafez Ismail
 * Mohammed Hassan El-Zayyat
 * Mohammed Murad Ghaleb
 * Muhammad Ibrahim Kamel
 * Muhammad Shaaban
 * Nabil Fahmi
 * Nadia Younes
 * Omar Sharaf
 * Ramzy Ezzeldin Ramzy
 * Sameh Shoukry
 * Tahseen Bashir

Caliphs

 * al-Adid
 * Al-Amir
 * Al-Faiz
 * Al-Hafiz
 * Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
 * Al-Musta'li
 * Al-Zafir
 * Ali az-Zahir
 * al-Mustansir

Monarchs

 * Abbas I
 * Abbas Hilmi Pasha
 * Cleopatra VII
 * Farouk of Egypt
 * Fuad I of Egypt
 * Fuad II of Egypt
 * Hatshepsut
 * Ibrahim Pasha
 * Muhammad Ali of Egypt
 * Ptolemy I of Egypt
 * Ptolemy II of Egypt
 * Ptolemy III of Egypt
 * Ptolemy IV of Egypt
 * Ptolemy V of Egypt
 * Ptolemy VI of Egypt
 * Ptolemy VII of Egypt
 * Ptolemy XII of Egypt
 * Ptolemy XIII of Egypt

Queens of Egypt

 * Farida of Egypt
 * Hatshepsut
 * Narriman Sadek
 * Nazli Sabri
 * Nefertiti
 * Queen Karomama
 * Shajar al-Durr
 * Sitt al-Mulk

Politicians

 * Abaza Family
 * Abdel-Moneim Imam
 * Abdul Rahman Hassan Azzam
 * Ahmad Esmat Abdel Meguid
 * Ahmad Fathi Sorour
 * Ahmad Mahir Pasha
 * Ahmad Najib al-Hilali
 * Ahmed Aboul Gheit
 * Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed
 * Ahmed Nazif
 * Ahmed Shafiq
 * Ahmed Urabi
 * Ali Pasha Mubarak
 * Amr Moussa
 * Atef Ebeid
 * Ayman Nour
 * Bahey El Din Barakat Pasha
 * Boutros Boutros Ghali
 * Boutros Ghali
 * El-Emam family
 * Fouad Serageddin
 * Heshmat Fahmi
 * Hussein Al Shafei
 * Ismail al-Din
 * Isma'il Sidqi
 * Joseph de Picciotto Bey
 * Kamal Ramzi Stino
 * Mahmoud Esmat
 * Mahmoud Ezzat
 * Makram Ebeid
 * Mohamed AlBaradei
 * Mohamed Anwar Esmat Sadat
 * Mohammad Farid
 * Mohammed Tayea
 * Mokhtar Khattab
 * Mostafa Elwi Saif
 * Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha
 * Mustafa Kamil Pasha
 * Mustafa an-Nahhas Pasha
 * Numan Gumaa
 * Rafik Habib
 * Saad Zaghloul
 * Stephan Bassily
 * Wafik Moustafa
 * Youssef Darwish
 * Zakaria Mohieddin
 * Zulfikar family

Presidents

 * Abdel Fattah el-Sisi
 * Adly Mansour
 * Muhammad Anwar el-Sadat
 * Gamal Abdel Nasser
 * Muhammad Hosni Mubarak
 * Mohamed Morsi
 * Muhammad Naguib
 * Sufi Abu Taleb

Egyptologists

 * Abdul Latif al-Baghdadi
 * Ahmad Fakhri
 * Ahmed Kamal
 * Alexander Badawy
 * Aziz Suryal Atiya
 * Dhul-Nun al-Misri
 * Kamal el-Mallakh
 * Labib Habachi
 * Mahmoud Maher Taha
 * Naguib Kanawati
 * Pahor Labib
 * Selim Hassan
 * Zahi Hawass

Explorers

 * Ahmed Hassanein
 * Hannu
 * Ibn Selim el-Aswani
 * Nehsi

Mathematicians

 * Mohamed M. Atalla
 * Alaa A. Abdel Bary
 * Hanan Mohamed Abdelrahman
 * Elsayed M. Abo-Dahab
 * Attia Ashour
 * Caleb Gattegno
 * Ali S. Hadi
 * Alfaisal A. Hasan
 * Michael Hasofer
 * Mourad Ismail
 * Khaleed S. Mekheimer
 * Ali Moustafa Mosharafa
 * Al-Qalqashandi
 * Roshdi Rashed
 * Samir Saker
 * Shoukry Hassan Sayed
 * Obada Abdel Shafy
 * Laila Soueif
 * Nasser Sweilam

Philosophers and Legal Scholars

 * Abd Al Rasheed Al Sadiq Mahmmudi
 * Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri
 * Abdel Rahman Badawi
 * Abdel Wahab Elmessiri
 * Arnouphis
 * Hassan Hanafi
 * Ihab Hassan
 * Mustafa Mahmoud
 * Plotinus
 * Rifa'a el-Tahtawi
 * Zaki Naguib Mahmoud

Scientists

 * Abbas El Gamal
 * Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam
 * Ahmad al-Qalqashandi
 * Ahmad ibn Yusuf
 * Ahmed Zewail
 * Al-Kum al-Rishi
 * Ahmes
 * Caleb Gattegno
 * Ctesibius
 * Diophantus
 * Djer
 * Elsayed Elsayed Wagih
 * Eman Ghoneim
 * Euclid
 * Farouk El-Baz
 * Farkhonda Hassan
 * Gamal Hemdan
 * Hamed Gohar
 * Hero of Alexandria
 * Hypatia of Alexandria
 * Ibn al-Majdi
 * Ibn Yunus
 * Imhotep
 * Mahmoud Samir Fayed
 * Mahmoud El Manhaly
 * Mohamed Atalla
 * Mostafa El-Sayed
 * Moustafa Mousharafa
 * Nabil Hegazi
 * Ptolemy
 * Rana el Kaliouby
 * Rashad Khalifa
 * Reda R. Mankbadi
 * Riad Higazy
 * Rushdi Said
 * Sameera Moussa
 * Sharif Basyouni
 * Taher ElGamal
 * Tarek Ali Hassan
 * Theon of Alexandria
 * Wafik El-Deiry
 * Yehia El-Mashad
 * Zosimos of Panopolis

Physicians and surgeons

 * Ahmed Shafik
 * Ali ibn Ridwan
 * Da'ud Abu al-Fadl
 * Emin Pasha
 * Gorgi Sobhi
 * Hilana Sedarous
 * Ibrahim Nagi
 * Imhotep
 * Isaac Israeli ben Solomon
 * Magdi Yacoub
 * Magdy Ishak
 * Mohamed Maged Eldeeb
 * Mohammed Aboul-Fotouh Hassab
 * Muhammed Taher Pasha
 * Naguib Pasha Mahfouz
 * Nagy Habib
 * Nawal El Saadawi
 * Paul Ghalioungui
 * Samy Azer
 * Tarek Ali Hassan
 * Yahya of Antioch
 * Yasser Elbatrawy

Pioneering women

 * Doria Shafik
 * Mowafaqia al-Masria
 * Nashwan bint al-Gamal
 * Hikmat Abu Zayd
 * Ester Fanous
 * Farkhonda Hassan
 * Hoda Sharawy
 * Jihan Sadat
 * Lotfia ElNadi
 * Magda Iskander
 * Safeya Zaghloul
 * Mona Zulficar
 * Maya Morsy
 * Rania Al-Mashat

Prophets

 * Moses
 * Joseph
 * Aaron
 * Amram

Saints

 * Abdel Messih El-Makari
 * Abraam Bishop of Fayoum
 * Anianus of Alexandria
 * Anthony the Great
 * Athanasius of Alexandria
 * Catherine of Alexandria
 * Cyril of Alexandria
 * Cyrus and John
 * Demiana
 * Dioscorus of Alexandria
 * Dorothea
 * Euphrosyne of Alexandria
 * Felix and Regula
 * Hilarion
 * Hyacinth and Protus
 * John the Short
 * Macarius of Alexandria
 * Macarius of Egypt
 * Mar Awgin
 * Mary of Egypt
 * Moses the Black
 * Saint Nilus
 * Onuphrius
 * Pakhom
 * Parsoma
 * Paul of Tammah
 * Paul the Simple
 * Pavly the Anchorite
 * Pishoy
 * Pope Abraham of Alexandria
 * Alexander of Alexandria
 * Cyril VI
 * Demetrius of Alexandria
 * Pope Matthew I of Alexandria
 * Peter of Alexandria
 * Saint Amun
 * Saint Apollonia
 * Saint Maurice
 * Saint Menas
 * St. Nilammon
 * Saint Pambo
 * Saint Sarah
 * Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite
 * Saints Chrysanthus and Daria
 * Samuel the Confessor
 * Serapion Bishop of Thmuis
 * Simon the Tanner
 * Verena

Preachers

 * Abadiu of Antinoe
 * Abassad
 * Abd al-Hamid Kishk
 * Abdel-Halim Mahmoud
 * Abraam, Bishop of Faiyum
 * Abu Uday el-Masry bin el-Emam
 * El-Mohib bin el-Emam
 * Ahmed Shaker
 * Amr Khaled
 * Anba Mikhail
 * Athanasius, Metropolitan of Beni Suef
 * Bishop Angaelos
 * Habib Girgis
 * Hassan Al-Banna
 * John of Nikiû
 * Matta El Meskeen
 * Meletius of Lycopolis
 * Menassa Youhanna
 * Muhammad Abduh
 * Muhammad Hussein Yacoub
 * Muhammad Metwally Al Shaarawy
 * Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi
 * Origen of Alexandria
 * Pope Cyril VI
 * Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria
 * Saint Paphnutius the Bishop
 * Sayyed Qutb
 * Bishop Serapion
 * Severus Ibn al-Muqaffa
 * Yusuf Al-Qaradawi

Athletes

 * Ahmed Mohamed Ashoush
 * Alaa Abdelnaby
 * Dionysios Kasdaglis
 * Hanan Ahmed Khaled
 * Hassan Ahmed Hamad
 * Hatem Mersal
 * Hisham Greiss
 * Khadr El Touni
 * Mohamed Naguib Hamed
 * Nagui Asaad
 * Mohamed Salah

Basketball players

 * Zaki Harari (born 1936), basketball player
 * Abdel Nader, basketball player

Fencers

 * Alaaeldin Abouelkassem (born 1990), fencer, Olympic medalist
 * Salvator Cicurel (1893–1975), Olympic fencer and Jewish community leader
 * Mauro Hamza (born 1965 or 1966), fencing coach
 * Saul Moyal, Olympic fencer

Soccer & handball players

 * Abdel-Karim Sakr
 * Abdulrahman Fawzi
 * Ahmed El-Ahmar
 * Ahmed Fathi
 * Ahmed Hassan
 * Ahmed Hegazi
 * Ali Khalil
 * Ali Riadh
 * Amr Zaki
 * Emad Moteab
 * Essam Baheeg
 * Essam El Hadary
 * Farouk Gaafar
 * Gamal Abdel-Hamid
 * Gamal Hamza
 * Hamada Emam
 * Hanafy Bastan
 * Hany Ramzy
 * Hassan Shehata
 * Hazem Emam
 * Helmy Zamora
 * Hossam Ghaly
 * Hossam Hassan
 * Hussein El-Sayed
 * Hussein Hegazi
 * Hussein Labib
 * Hussein Zaky
 * Ibrahim Youssef
 * Karim Handawy
 * Mahmoud El-Gohary
 * Mahmoud El-Khateeb
 * Mahmoud Mokhtar El Tetsh
 * Mahmoud Trezeguet
 * Mido
 * Mohamed Aboutreika
 * Mohamed Elneny
 * Mohamed Latif
 * Mohamed Salah
 * Mohamed Zidan
 * Mostafa Taha
 * Saleh Seleem
 * Shikabala
 * Taha Basry
 * Taher Abouzaid
 * Tewfik Abdullah
 * Yehia Emam

Tennis players

 * Issam Haitham Taweel (born 1989), tennis player
 * Karim Maamoun (born 1979), tennis player
 * Mayar Sherif (born 1996), tennis player
 * Sandra Samir (born 1997), tennis player

Wrestlers

 * Kamal Ibrahim
 * Karam Gaber
 * Mohamed Abdelfatah

Other sports

 * Ramy Ashour, squash player
 * Abdelrahman Sameh, swimmer
 * Lamia Bahnasawy, archer
 * Ahmed Barada, squash player
 * Abla Khairy, swimmer
 * Ōsunaarashi Kintarō, sumo wrestler
 * Esmat Mansour
 * Mahmoud Mersal
 * Amr Shabana, squash player
 * Sam Soliman, boxer
 * Ibrahim Hamadtou
 * Ismail Essam
 * Lucy Rokach
 * Mark Seif, poker player
 * Nasser El Sonbaty
 * Hossam Youssef, volleyball player

Prime Ministers of Egypt

 * Abd El Aziz Muhammad Hejazi
 * Abdel Fattah Yahya Ibrahim Pasha
 * Abdel Khaliq Sarwat Pasha
 * Adli Yakan Pasha
 * Ahmad Fuad Mohieddin
 * Ahmad Mahir Pasha
 * Ahmad Ziwar Pasha
 * Ahmed Nazif
 * Ali Lutfi Mahmud
 * Ali Mahir Pasha
 * Ali Sabri
 * Anwar El Sadat
 * Atef Ebeid
 * Atef Sedki
 * Aziz Sedki
 * Boutros Ghali
 * Essam Sharaf
 * Gamal Abdel Nasser
 * Hassan Sabry Pasha
 * Hosni Mubarak
 * Hussein Rushdi Pasha
 * Hussein Sirri Pasha
 * Isma'il Pasha
 * Kamal Ganzouri
 * Kamal Hassan Ali
 * Mahmoud Fawzi
 * Mahmoud Sami el-Baroudi
 * Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha
 * Mamdouh Salem
 * Muhammad Mahmoud Pasha
 * Muhammad Naguib
 * Muhammad Said Pasha
 * Muhammad Sharif Pasha
 * Muhammad Tawfiq Nasim Pasha
 * Mustafa Khalil
 * Mustafa el-Nahhas
 * Nubar Pasha
 * Raghib Pasha
 * Riyad Pasha
 * Saad Zaghloul
 * Tewfik Pasha
 * Youssef Wahba
 * Zakaria Mohieddin

Military leaders

 * Abd-Al-Minaam Khaleel
 * Abdel Ghani el-Gamasy
 * Abdel Hakim Amer
 * Abdul Munim Riad
 * Abdul Munim Wassel
 * Alaa el-Din bin el-Emam
 * Ahmad Pasha al-Munkali
 * Abu Zikry
 * Ahmad Ismail Ali
 * Ahmed Ali al-Mwawi
 * Aybak
 * Ali Mohamed
 * Atef Sadat
 * Baybars
 * Frederick Peake
 * Hussein Refki Pasha
 * Izz al-Din al-Kawrani
 * Ibrahim Pasha
 * Isma'il Pasha Abu Jabal
 * James F. M. Prinsep
 * Kamal Hassan Ali
 * Mohammed Haidar Pasha
 * Mahammad Rustum Bey
 * Magdy Galal Sharawi
 * Mahmoud el-Sisi
 * Mahmoud Abdel Rahman Fahmy
 * Mahmoud Fehmy
 * Mahmoud Kabil
 * Mohammed Aly Fahmy
 * Murad Bey
 * Osama El-Gendy
 * Qutuz
 * Rashad Mehanna
 * Reda Seireg
 * Selim Fathi Pasha
 * Saad El Shazly
 * Suleiman Khater
 * Youssef Sabri Abu Taleb
 * Zakaria Mohieddin

Celebrity chefs

 * Christopher Maher
 * Karine Bakhoum
 * Michael Mina
 * Essam Sayed

title: List of Egyptians