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John Stamos

John Phillip Stamos (born August 19, 1963) is an American actor and musician. He first gained recognition for his contract role as Blackie Parrish on the ABC television soap opera General Hospital, for which he was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. He is known for his work in television, especially in his starring role as Jesse Katsopolis on the ABC sitcom Full House. Since the show's finale in 1995, Stamos has appeared in numerous TV films and series.

From 2005 to 2009, Stamos had a starring role on the NBC medical drama ER as Dr. Tony Gates. After former Broadway stints in How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying and Cabaret, Stamos began playing the role of Albert in the Broadway revival of Bye Bye Birdie, which he starred in from October 2009 to January 2010. He then played Senator Cantwell in a Broadway revival of Gore Vidal's play The Best Man from July to September 2012, replacing Eric McCormack.

From September 2015 to 2016, Stamos starred as the lead character in the Fox sitcom Grandfathered. He executive produced the Netflix series Fuller House, in which he reprised the role of Jesse Katsopolis. He also starred in Never Too Young to Die (1986), Born to Ride (1991), and as Dr. Nicky in the Lifetime/Netflix psychological thriller You.

Early life
Stamos was born on August 19, 1963, in Cypress, California, to William "Bill" Stamos, a second-generation Greek-American restaurateur, and Loretta (née Phillips). His original family surname is Stamatopoulos (Σταματόπουλος).

In his youth, Stamos worked for his father's restaurants, and as a teenager, had a job flipping burgers in the Orange County area. He attended John F. Kennedy High School and played in the marching band there. At 15, he attended his first Beach Boys concert; a huge fan, he would later tour with the band. His parents were supportive of his aspiration to be an actor, and although he planned to enroll at Cypress College for the 1981 term, he skipped his first semester to focus on launching a career as an actor—with his father's blessing. After just three weeks, he landed his first role on General Hospital.

1982–1986: Early career
Stamos began his acting career with the role of Blackie Parrish on the soap opera General Hospital in late January 1982, for which he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 1984. That April, he went on to the lead role in the short-lived CBS sitcom Dreams, in which he played an aspiring musician in a band of the same name. Later, he played a cast role in the sitcom You Again? (1986) with Jack Klugman. In 1986, Stamos starred in his first film Never Too Young to Die, an action spy film also starring Kiss bassist Gene Simmons. Though intended to be a "young James Bond" film (and even starred former Bond actor George Lazenby as the father of Stamos' character), the movie was a critical and commercial flop.

1987–1995: Full House

In the late 1980s, ABC's Full House gradually became a hit, and the show solidified Stamos's career. He asked that the character's last name be Katsopolis to highlight his Greek heritage, according to show creator and executive producer Jeff Franklin. He played one of the show's protagonists, Jesse, who lives with his brother-in-law, Danny, whose deceased wife was Jesse's older sister. Danny's best friend, Joey, also lives in the house with them. The three help each other raise Danny's three young daughters. Jesse is known to be the "bad boy" at first until he falls in love with and marries Rebecca Donaldson and has twin boys, Nicky and Alex. In 1995, after eight seasons, the series came to an end. Stamos has since maintained close relationships with co-stars Bob Saget, Dave Coulier, Lori Loughlin, Jodie Sweetin, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Andrea Barber, and Candace Cameron Bure.

1996–2009: Later career
Stamos has appeared in numerous made-for-television films, stage productions, television series, and commercials. He had starring roles in the television series Thieves (2001) and Jake in Progress (2005). Both shows ran for several episodes before cancellation. In 2003, Stamos guest-starred on Friends, appearing in the season nine episode, "The One with the Donor", playing a man who went to Chandler and Monica's apartment for dinner, not knowing he was actually being interviewed to be a sperm donor. Stamos was a guest star in a first-season episode of MTV's The Andy Milonakis Show (2005), playing himself. He took part in only one skit, which featured him in a tree, having rabies, and being put down by another character. In the A&E television movie Wedding Wars (2006), he starred as Shel, a gay wedding planner. He stated that his performance reflected his support for same-sex marriages.

He has made several voice acting appearances such as in the MTV animated series Clone High in the episode, "Changes: The Big Prom: The Sex Romp: The Season Finale", where he played himself, and as the What's Global Warming Penguin in Bob Saget's parody film Farce of the Penguins. In 2005, Stamos guest-starred in two episodes in season 12 of ER as paramedic-turned-intern Tony Gates. In 2006, at the start of ER thirteenth season, he joined the cast of ER as a series regular. In February 2008, Stamos appeared in the television adaptation of A Raisin in the Sun. In August 2008, he was the roastmaster for Comedy Central Roast of Bob Saget.

2010–present: Grandfathered, Fuller House, and other ventures

On June 8, 2010, it was announced that Stamos would portray Carl Howell, a new love interest for Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays), in season two of the television show Glee. In 2011, Stamos guest-starred on Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and was featured in a CollegeHumor video with Bob Saget. Stamos also guest-starred as himself on Two and a Half Men as Charlie's old friend, who was interested in buying the house until he found out that the place was Charlie's.

Since 2011, Stamos has appeared in a series of commercials for Dannon's Greek yogurt brand Oikos; including his first Super Bowl commercial, which was aired during Super Bowl 2012. In February 2012, it was reported that Stamos would take on one of the lead roles on the new Fox drama Little Brother. The series was created by Everybody Loves Raymond writer Mike Royce, and centers around a man who finds out that he has a long-lost half-brother.

In March 2013, Stamos signed on in a recurring role on the USA Network drama Necessary Roughness, during season three. He played Connor McClane, the head of a sports and entertainment management company that is interested in hiring Dani. Stamos was to play the lead role in ABC's soap opera Members Only, but the network decided not to air the show.

In April 2015, Stamos announced on Jimmy Kimmel Live! that the streaming service Netflix would be picking up Full House for a 13-episode sequel, titled Fuller House, to start airing on February 26, 2016. In September, he began leading the cast of the Fox sitcom Grandfathered, also starring Josh Peck, Christina Milian, and Paget Brewster. In 2016, Stamos appeared in the film My Big Fat Greek Wedding 2, and joined the Fox black comedy series Scream Queens in its second season, as series regular Dr. Brock Holt.

In 2018, Stamos starred in Lifetime's former television adaptation of You as Dr. Nicky, which premiered on September 9, 2018. On June 24, 2019, it was confirmed that Stamos would reprise his role as Dr. Nicky in the second season, by which point the series had been announced to move to Netflix. The second season was released on December 26, 2019.

Music and theatre
Stamos started learning drums when he was four, then began to take up playing the guitar, and started his own band called Destiny. The band had played concerts at some amusement parks and parties.

Independently
Stamos performed on an independently released 1994 album entitled Shades of Blue along with Lanny Cordola, Gary Griffin, Sandra Stephens, Tony Guerrero, and David Enos. Shades of Blue was re-released digitally through iTunes and other channels in 2010 after being long out-of-print. He appeared on Broadway as The Emcee in Cabaret, as Guido Contini in Nine and as J. Pierrepont Finch in How To Succeed in Business Without Really Trying. Stamos performed the Billy Joel song "Lullabye (Goodnight, My Angel)" on the 2006 charity album Unexpected Dreams – Songs From the Stars.

On March 30, 2009, he announced that he would participate in the Broadway revival of Bye Bye Birdie. Stamos won the 2009–10 Golden Icon Award for best actor in a musical for his performance in that production. Stamos was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on November 16, 2009. The star is located at 7021 Hollywood Blvd.

Stamos performed with John Fogerty on April 24, 2010, during one of the Tampa Bay Rays post-game concerts. Stamos rotated between the tambourine, drums, and bass guitar throughout the concert. In August 2011, Stamos performed in Hairspray at the Hollywood Bowl as Corny Collins, alongside an all-star cast.

On July 10, 2012, Stamos began performances on Broadway in Gore Vidal's The Best Man as Senator Joseph Cantwell. Stamos reprised his role as Jesse Katsopolis for a "Jesse and the Rippers" reunion on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on July 19, 2013. Played straight by host Fallon (who introduced the band as being from San Francisco and having a number one song in Japan), Stamos performed a medley of songs featured on Full House including "Forever" and the series' theme song "Everywhere You Look". Bob Saget and Lori Loughlin also made cameos.

In 2014, Stamos directed the music video "Let Yourself be Loved" for the Nashville-based band Diamond Carter, featuring the band's front-man Tyler Tuohy alongside actress Nicky Whelan. Stamos was also noted as a co-writer for the song, along with Michael Gigante, and the video was released on Yahoo Music on May 21, 2014.

The Beach Boys

Stamos has occasionally performed in concert with the Beach Boys, dating back to 1985, typically playing drums and various other percussion instruments. In 1988, he appeared in their video for "Kokomo", in which he played both the conga drums and the steel drums. In 1990, he played drums for them on the title track of the comedy Problem Child and also appeared in the song's music video.

In 1992, he sang lead vocals on a new version of "Forever" for their album Summer in Paradise. The song was originally written and sung by Beach Boy Dennis Wilson and released in 1970. The song was also featured twice on Full House. The first was a recording sung at his character's wedding, while the second was a recording sung for his character's twin sons. The 1992 music video, titled "Forever by Jesse and the Rippers," featured Stamos predominantly. However, three of The Beach Boys members are briefly shown singing harmonies with Stamos: Carl Wilson, Bruce Johnston, and Mike Love.

Other performances include:

 * July 4, 1985, Ben Franklin Parkway in Philadelphia, in a large outdoor performance that featured guests like Jimmy Page, Joan Jett, Mr T, Christopher Cross and the Oak Ridge Boys.
 * March 30, 2010, episode of ABC's Dancing with the Stars, playing drums, congas, and guitar, also touring with them that spring, including an appearance at Fort Myers, Florida
 * June 2011 at a benefit concert for the Terri Schiavo Life & Hope Network
 * Several appearances on their 50th Reunion Tour (April – September 2012)
 * May 26, 2013, performed during a post-game concert at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, Ohio
 * July 4, 2017, performed during the A Capitol Fourth concert in Washington, D.C.
 * July 4, 2018, hosted the A Capitol Fourth special on PBS and performed with The Beach Boys in front of the White House in Washington, D.C.
 * March 24, 2022, emceed the 80-year MD Anderson benefit concert and performed with The Beach Boys at the Toyota Center in Houston, Texas

Personal life
Stamos is a big fan of Elvis Presley and has often referenced or paid homage to him in the show Full House. Stamos began dating model/actress Rebecca Romijn in 1994 after they met at a Victoria's Secret fashion show in which she was modeling. Stamos and Romijn became engaged on Christmas Eve 1997, and they married on September 19, 1998, at the Beverly Hills Hotel. They announced their separation in April 2004. Stamos filed for divorce in August 2004, and it became final on March 1, 2005.

Since 2005, Stamos has been the national spokesperson for the Project Cuddle child-oriented charity.

On October 23, 2017, Stamos announced his engagement to model and actress Caitlin McHugh, who is 22 years his junior, after a year of dating. In December 2017, the couple announced they were expecting their first child, due in the spring of 2018. Stamos and McHugh married in February 2018. The couple's son was born in April 2018.

On May 19, 2018, Stamos and McHugh announced their new jewelry line, "St. Amos Jewelry", with 100% of the proceeds going to the Childhelp foundation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Stamos


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Talk:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre

Move to St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Hard to believe that but the page is in the wrong place. This article refers to a single event known as the (specific) St Bartholomew's Day Massacre, not one (particular) St Bartholomew's Day massacre out of many. "The massacre on St Bartholomew's Day" would be correct, but this phrasing isn't.

That's just simple grammar, but—for the process hounds—yes, the correct grammar is also substantially the more  in actual use. Google Scholar's searches can't parse by capitalization as far as I know but scanning the first few pages of results shows the correct capitalization is similarly generally favored in scholarly sources as well. (Keeping or not keeping the period is a issue as far as I know, but it's more commonly written with the period in this instance, anyway.)

Let's fix this. — Llywelyn II   13:15, 27 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose Looking at your searches and others, I'm not seeing a preponderence of "M"s. "SBDM" is much more common than "MofSBD", but the M is capitalized or not about 50% of the time. Indeed, "no one's brought this up before", and I'm inclined to leave it. Johnbod (talk) 13:27, 27 December 2015 (UTC)
 * Support to show it is a name and not a descriptive title (per WP:POVNAME). But User:LlywelynII this needs to be done as a WP:RM as the oppose view shows it is contentious. -- PBS (talk) PBS (talk) 11:47, 8 June 2019 (UTC)
 * You're about 4 years late here, PBS! Johnbod (talk) 14:18, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * But History just remains. Why, see, I'm replying to u after another 4 years! TrrishanSahaWiki (talk) 14:28, 24 July 2023 (UTC)

Discredited Memoirs of Marguerite and Henry III
Discredited by who? How? Where can I find an English version of Henry's? Where would I find information about the process of determining the credibility of historical documents? The changes of culture and how it affects how history is viewed is as fascinating to me as finding out the "facts". Sometimes what people "think" happened is as significant as what "actually" happened. 2001:569:72BA:B200:2044:3CD2:A213:310D (talk) 02:28, 10 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Everybody. Don't know (there may not be one). Try the sources of the article. Johnbod (talk) 02:58, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

Add discussion of Huguenot refugees
My understanding is that the massacre caused a great influx of refugees, some within France but especially outside it. I hope someone can add a discussion of the extent, the timeline, and the long-term effects of this emigration. Barnyard fowl (talk) 02:57, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

 * This is true, but it is a subject that merits its own page. The information is scattered over a half a dozen pages at present. Anyone up to the job?

 * Rconroy (talk) 23:45, 27 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:St. Bartholomew's Day massacre


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STMicroelectronics

STMicroelectronics NV (commonly referred to as ST or STMicro) is a multinational corporation and technology company of French-Italian origin. Incorporated in the Netherlands, its headquarters are in Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland and it is listed on the New York Stock Exchange, the Euronext Paris (CAC 40) and the Borsa Italiana in Milan (FTSE MIB). ST is the largest European semiconductor contract manufacturing and design company. The company resulted from the merger of two government-owned semiconductor companies in 1987: Thomson Semiconducteurs (Thomson Semiconductors) of France and SGS Microelettronica (SGS Microelectronic) of Italy.

History
ST was formed in 1987 by the merger of two government-owned semiconductor companies: Italian SGS Microelettronica (where SGS stands for Società Generale Semiconduttori, "General Semiconductor Company"), and French Thomson Semiconducteurs, the semiconductor arm of Thomson.

SGS Microelettronica originated in 1972 from a previous merger of two companies:
 * ATES (Aquila Tubi e Semiconduttori), a vacuum tube and semiconductor maker headquartered in L'Aquila, the regional capital of the region of Abruzzo in Southern Italy, which in 1961 changed its name to Azienda Tecnica ed Elettronica del Sud and relocated its manufacturing plant in the Industrial Zone of Catania, in Sicily;
 * Società Generale Semiconduttori (founded in 1957 by Jewish-Italian engineer, politician, and industrialist Adriano Olivetti).

Thomson Semiconducteurs was created in 1982 by the French government's widespread nationalization of industries following the election of socialist François Mitterrand to the presidency. It included:
 * the semiconductor activities of the French electronics company Thomson;
 * in 1985 it bought Mostek, a US company founded in 1969 as a spin-off of Texas Instruments, from United Technologies;
 * Silec, founded in 1977;
 * Eurotechnique, founded in 1979 in Rousset, Bouches-du-Rhône as a joint-venture between Saint-Gobain of France and US-based National Semiconductor;
 * EFCIS (Étude et la Fabrication de Circuits Intégrés Spéciaux), founded in 1972 at CEA-Leti;
 * SESCOSEM, founded in 1969.

At the time of the merger of these two companies in 1987, the new corporation was named SGS-THOMSON and was led by chief executive officer Pasquale Pistorio. The company took its current name of STMicroelectronics in May 1998 following Thomson's sale of its shares. After its creation ST was ranked 14th among the top 20 semiconductor suppliers with sales of around US$850 million. The company has participated in the consolidation of the semiconductor industry since its formation, with acquisitions including:
 * In 1989, British company Inmos known for its transputer microprocessors from parent Thorn EMI;
 * In 1994, Canada-based Nortel's semiconductor activities;
 * In 1999, UK, Edinburgh based VLSI-Vision CMOS Image Sensor research & development company, a spin-out of Edinburgh University. Incorporated on 1 January 2000, the company became STMicroelectronics Imaging Division, currently part of the Analog MEMS and Sensors business group;
 * In 2000, WaferScale Integration Inc. (WSI, Fremont, California), a vendor of EPROM and flash memory-based programmable system-chips;
 * In 2002, Alcatel's Microelectronics division, which along with the incorporation of smaller ventures such as UK company, Synad Ltd, helped the company expand into the Wireless-LAN market;
 * In 2007, US-based Genesis Microchip. Genesis Microchip is known for their strength in video processing technology (Faroudja) and has design centres located in Santa Clara, California, Toronto, Taipei City and Bangalore.

On December 8, 1994, the company completed its initial public offering on the Paris and New York stock exchanges. Owner Thomson SA sold its stake in the company in 1998 when the company also listed on the Italian Bourse in Milan. In 2002, Motorola and TSMC joined ST and Philips in a new technology partnership. The Crolles 2 Alliance was created with a new 12" wafer manufacturing facility located in Crolles, France. In 2005, chief executive officer Pasquale Pistorio was succeeded by Carlo Bozotti, who then headed the memory products division and had been with the company’s predecessor since 1977. By 2005, ST was ranked fifth, behind Intel, Samsung, Texas Instruments and Toshiba, but ahead of Infineon, Renesas, NEC, NXP Semiconductors, and Freescale. The company was the largest European semiconductors supplier, ahead of Infineon and NXP.

Early in 2007, NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips Semiconductors) and Freescale (formerly Motorola Semiconductors) decided to stop their participation in Crolles 2 Alliance. Under the terms of the agreement the Alliance came to an end on December 31, 2007. On May 22, 2007, ST and Intel created a joint venture in the memory application called Numonyx: this new company merged ST and Intel Flash Memory activities. Semiconductor market consolidation continued with ST and NXP announcing on April 10, 2008, the creation of a new joint venture of their mobile activities, with ST owning 80% of the new company and NXP 20%. This joint venture began on August 20, 2008. On February 10, 2009, ST Ericsson, a joint venture bringing together ST-NXP Wireless and Ericsson Mobile Platforms, was established.

ST Ericsson was a multinational manufacturer of wireless products and semiconductors, supplying to mobile device manufacturers. ST-Ericsson was a 50/50 joint venture of STMicroelectronics and Ericsson established on February 3, 2009, and dissolved on August 2, 2013. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, it was a fabless company, outsourcing semiconductor manufacturing to foundry companies. In 2011, ST announced the creation of a joint lab with Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies. The lab focuses on research and innovation in biorobotics, smart systems and microelectronics. Past collaborations with Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies included DustBot, a platform that integrated self-navigating "service robots" for waste collection.

In 2018, chief executive Carlo Bozotti was succeeded by Jean-Marc Chery. In 2023, STMicroelectronics partnered with Synopsys to design a working chip on Microsoft Corp’s cloud, marking the first time AI software had been utilized for chip design.

Shareholders
As of December 31, 2014, the shareholders were:
 * 68.4% public (New York Stock Exchange, Euronext Paris, Borsa Italiana Milano);
 * 4.1% treasury shares;
 * 27.6% STMicroelectronics Holding B.V.:
 * 50% FT1CI (Bpifrance 79.2% and French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) 20.8%; previously );
 * 50% Ministry of Economy and Finance of Italy.

Manufacturing facilities
Unlike fabless semiconductor companies, STMicroelectronics owns and operates its own semiconductor wafer fabs. The company owned five 8-inch (200 mm) wafer fabs and one 12-inch (300 mm) wafer fab in 2006. Most of the production is scaled at 0.18 μm, 0.13 μm, 90 nm and 65 nm (measurements of transistor gate length). STMicroelectronics also owns back-end plants, where silicon dies are assembled and bonded into plastic or ceramic packages.

Major sites include:

Grenoble, France
Grenoble is one of the company's most important R&D centres, employing around 4,000 staff. The Polygone site employs 2,200 staff and is one of the historical bases of the company (ex SGS). All the historical wafer fab lines are now closed but the site hosts the headquarters of many divisions (marketing, design, industrialization) and an important R&D center, focused on silicon and software design and fab process development.

The Crolles site hosts a 200 mm and a 300 mm fab and was originally built as a common R&D center for submicrometre technologies as part of the 1990 Grenoble 92 partnership between SGS-Thomson and CNET, the R&D center of French telecom company France Telecom. The 200 mm fab, known as Crolles 1, is the company's first and was built as part of a 1991 partnership between SGS-Thomson and Philips to develop new manufacturing technologies. Crolles 1 was opened on September 9, 1993 by Gérard Longuet, French minister for industry, and Alain Carignon, mayor of Grenoble.

The 300 mm fab was inaugurated by French president Jacques Chirac, on February 27, 2003. It includes an R&D center which focuses on developing new nanometric technology processes for 90-nm to 32-nm scale using 300 mm wafers and it was developed for The Crolles 2 Alliance. This alliance of STMicroelectronics, TSMC, NXP Semiconductors (formerly Philips semiconductor) and Freescale (formerly Motorola semiconductor) partnered in 2002 to develop the facility and to work together on process development. The technologies developed at the facility were also used by global semiconductor foundry TSMC of Taiwan, allowing TSMC to build the products developed in Crolles on behalf of the Alliance partners who required such foundry capacity. A new fab is under construction since 2015.

Rousset, France
Employing around 3,000 staff, Rousset hosts several division headquarters including smartcards, microcontrollers, and EEPROM as well as several R&D centers. Rousset also hosts an 8-inch (200-mm) fab, which was opened on May 15, 2000 by French prime minister Lionel Jospin.

The site opened in 1979 as a 100 mm fab operated by Eurotechnique, a joint venture between Saint-Gobain of France and National Semiconductor of the US. Rousset was sold to Thomson-CSF in 1982 as part of the French government's 1981–82 nationalization of several industries. As part of the nationalisation, a former Thomson plant in the center of Aix-en-Provence operating since the 1960s was closed and staff were transferred to the new Rousset site. The original 100 mm fab was upgraded into 130 mm and later 150 mm fab in 1996. It is now being shut down. The site also has a "Wafer Level Chip Scale Packaging" accreditation for eSIM ICs.

In 1988, a small group of employees from the Thomson Rousset plant (including the director, Marc Lassus) founded a start-up company, Gemalto (formerly known as Gemplus), which became a leader in the smartcard industry.

Tours, France
Employing 1,500 staff, this site hosts a fab and R&D centers.

Milan, Italy
Employing 6,000 staff, the Milan facilities match Grenoble in importance. Agrate Brianza employs around 4,000 staff and is a historical base of the company (ex SGS). The site has several fab lines (including a 300 mm fab) and an R&D center. Castelletto, employs 300 to 400 staff and hosts some divisions and R&D centers.

Update-2012: Numonyx JV (with Intel) is acquired by Micron. As such, R2 Fab (Agrate previous R&D 200-mm Fab) is currently a Micron entity

Catania, Italy
The Catania plant in Sicily employs 5,000 staff and hosts several R&D centers and divisions, focusing on flash memory technologies as well as two fabs. The plant was launched in 1961 by ATES to supply under licensing to RCA of the US and initially using germanium. The site's two major wafer fabs are a 200 mm fab, opened in April 1997 by then-Italian Prime Minister Romano Prodi, and a 300 mm fab that has never been completed and which was transferred in its current state to "Numonyx" in 2008. A new manufacturing facility for silicon carbide (SiC) substrates of 150 mm should open here in 2023.

In October 2022, the EU supported STMicroelectronics for the construction of a silicon carbide wafer plant in Catania with €293 million through the Recovery and Resilience Facility to be completed in 2026, and in line with the European Chips Act.

Caserta, Italy
STmicro eSIM and SIM production facility for embedded form factor eSIM.

Kirkop, Malta
As of 2010, ST employed some 1,500 people in Kirkop, making it the largest private sector employer, and the country's leading exporter.

Singapore
In 1970, SGS created its first assembly back-end plant in Singapore, in the area of Toa Payoh. Then in 1981, SGS decided to build a wafer fab in Singapore. The Singapore technical engineers have been trained in Italy and the fab of Ang Mo Kio started to produce its first wafers in 1984. Converted up to 200 mm fab, this is now an important 200 mm wafer fab of the group. Ang Mo Kio also hosts some design centers. As of 2004, the site employed 6,000 staff.

Update-2012: Numonyx JV (with Intel) is acquired by Micron in 2010. As such, AMK8 Fab (200mm HVM Fab) is currently a Micron entity. AMK5 and AMK6 remains to be STM entities. Update-2019: AMK8 has been reacquired by STM from Micron.

Tunis, Tunisia
Application, design and support. about 110 employees. Divisions: MCD

Bouskoura, Morocco
Founded in 1979 as a radiofrequency products facility, the Bouskoura site now hosts back-end manufacturing activity, which includes chip testing and packaging. Since 2022 it also features a production line for silicon carbide products that primarily will be used in electric vehicles.

Norrköping, Sweden
The Norrköping plant is a wafer fab that, at the start of production in 2021, was the first to produce 200mm (8 in) Silicone Carbide wafers. The wafers are mostly used for SiC power devices.

Administrative headquarters

 * Geneva, Switzerland: Corporate headquarter which hosts most of the ST top management. It totals some hundred of employees.
 * Saint-Genis-Pouilly, France, near Geneva: A few hundred of employees. Headquarters for logistics.
 * Paris: Marketing and support.

Regional headquarters

 * Coppell, Texas: US headquarters.
 * Singapore: Headquarters for the Asia-Pacific region.
 * Tokyo: Headquarters for Japan and Korea operations.
 * Shanghai: Headquarters for China operations.

Assembly plants

 * Malta: In 1981, SGS-Thomson (now STMicroelectronics) built its first assembly plant in Malta. STMicroelectronics is, as of 2008, the largest private employer on the island, employing around 1,800 people.
 * Muar, Malaysia: around 4000 employees. This site was built in 1974 by Thomson and is now an assembly plant.
 * Shenzhen, Guangdong province, China: In 1994, ST and the Shenzhen Electronics Group signed a partnership to construct and jointly operate an assembly plant (ST has majority with 60%). The plant is located in Futian Free Trade Zone and became operational in 1996. It has around 3,300 employees. A new assembly plant is built in Longgang since 2008, and closed up till 2014. The R&D, design, sales and marketing office is located in the Hi-tech industrial park in Nanshan, Shenzhen.
 * Calamba in the province of Laguna, Philippines: In 2008, ST acquired this plant from NXP Semiconductors. Initially as part of joint venture with NXP but later acquired the whole share turning it into a full-fledged STMicroelectronics Assembly and Testing plant. Currently it employs 2,000 employees.

Design centers

 * Cairo, Egypt: Hardware and software design center, started in 2020, with 50 employees.
 * Rabat, Morocco: A design center that employs 160 people.
 * Naples, Italy: A design center employing 300 people.
 * Lecce, Italy: HW & SW Design Center which hosts 20 researchers in the Advanced System Technology group.
 * Ang Mo Kio, Singapore: In 1970, SGS created its first assembly back-end plant in Singapore, in the area of Toa Payoh. Then in 1981, SGS decided to build a wafer fab in Singapore.  The Singapore technical engineers have been trained in Italy and the fab of Ang Mo Kio started to produce its first wafers in 1984.  Converted up to 8 inch (200 mm) fab, this is now an important 8 inch (200 mm) wafer fab of the ST group. Ang Mo Kio also hosts design centers for various groups.
 * Greater Noida, India: The Noida site was launched in 1992 to conduct software engineering activities. A silicon design center was inaugurated on February 14, 1995. With 120 employees, it was the largest design center of the company outside Europe at the time. In 2006, the site was shifted to Greater Noida for further expansion. The site hosts mainly design teams. It is now primarily involved with the design of home video products (Set-Top Box, DVD), GPS and Wireless LAN chips, and accompanying software. Worldwide Data center support is also transferred to Greater Noida in 2004. The employee strength in Greater Noida is around 2000. This also includes employees of ST-Ericsson.
 * Santa Clara, California, (Silicon Valley), United States: 120 staff in marketing, design and applications.
 * La Jolla, California, (San Diego, United States): 80 staff in design and applications.
 * Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States: Application, support, and marketing.
 * Prague, Czech Republic: 100 to 200 employees. Application, design and support.
 * Tunis, Tunisia: 110 employees. Application, design and support.
 * Sophia Antipolis, near Nice, France: Design center with a few hundred employees.
 * Edinburgh, Scotland: 200 staff focused in the field of imaging and photon detection.
 * Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: In 1993, SGS-Thomson purchased the semiconductor activities of Nortel which owned in Ottawa an R&D center and a fab. The fab was closed in 2000, however, a design, R&D centre and sales office is operating in the city.
 * Toronto, Ontario, Canada: HW & SW Design Center primarily involved with the design of video processor ICs as part of ST's TVM Division.
 * Bangalore, India: HW and SW design center employing more than 250 people (Including the employees of ST Ericsson and Genesis Microchip).
 * Zaventem, Belgium: 100 employees. Design & Application Center.
 * Helsinki, Finland: Design Center.
 * Turku, Finland: Design Center.
 * Oulu, Finland: Design Center.
 * Tampere, Finland: Design Center.
 * Longmont, Colorado United States: Design Center.
 * Graz, Austria: NFC Competence Center.
 * Pisa, Italy: A design center employing more than 50 people. R&D, analog and digital design.

Closing sites
The Phoenix, Arizona 8 inch (200 mm) fab, the Carrollton, Texas 6 inch (150 mm) fab, and the Ain Sebaa, Morocco fab are beginning rampdown plans, and are destined to close by 2010.

The Casablanca, Morocco site consists of two assembly parts (Bouskoura and Aïn Sebaâ) and totals around 4000 employees. It was opened in the 1960s by Thomson.

The Bristol, United Kingdom site employing well over 300 at its peak (in 2001/2) but was ramped down to approx. 150 employees at close by early 2014.

The Ottawa, Ontario, Canada plant (approx. 450 employees) will close down by 2013 end.

Closed sites

 * Rennes, France hosted a 6-inch (150 mm) fab and was closed in 2004
 * Rancho Bernardo, California, a 4-inch (100 mm) fab created by Nortel and purchased by SGS-Thomson in 1994, after which it was converted into a 6-inch (150 mm) fab in 1996.
 * SGS's first presence in the US was a sales office based in Phoenix in the early 1980s. Later, under SGS-Thomson, an 8-inch (200 mm) fab was completed in Phoenix in 1995. The company's second 8" fab after Crolles 1, the site was first dedicated to producing microprocessors for Cyrix. On July 10, 2007, ST said that it would close this site, and in July 2010 the shell of the Phoenix PF1 FAB was bought by Western Digital Corporation.
 * The Carrollton, Texas site was built in 1969 by Mostek, an American company founded by former employees of Texas Instruments. In 1979, Mostek was acquired by United Technologies, which sold it to Thomson Semiconducteurs in 1985. Initially equipped with a 4-inch (100 mm) fab, it was converted into a 6-inch (150 mm) fab in 1988. The Colorado Springs activities of British company INMOS were transferred to Carrollton in 1989 following its acquisition by SGS Thomson. Since then the site has been refocused to wafer testing. On July 10, 2007, ST announced it would close this fab, and it was finally closed in 2010.
 * Bristol, UK This R&D site housed the British company Inmos, which in 1978 began development of the famous Transputer microprocessor. The site was acquired with Inmos in 1989, and was primarily involved with the design of home video and entertainment products (e.g. Set-Top Box), GPS chips, and accompanying software. At its peak the site employed more than 250 employees. The site officially closed on March 31, 2014.

Future locations

 * On August 8, 2007, ST bought Nokia's microchip development team and plans to invest heavily in development of cellular ASIC applications. The purchase included Nokia's ASIC team in Southwood (UK) and the company plans several sites in Finland.
 * In June 2023, ST announced its partnership with GlobalFoundries to build a new factory in Crolles, France.

title: STMicroelectronics


text:
National Rainbow Coalition

The National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) is a political party in Kenya. As an alliance, it was in power from 2002 and 2005 when it collapsed due to disagreements between members over a constitutional referendum.

Formation
In preparation of the 2002 elections, the National Alliance Party of Kenya (Formerly NAK now NAPK) allied itself with the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) to form the National Alliance of Rainbow Coalition (NARC). On December 27, 2002, NARC won a landslide victory over KANU. NARC presidential candidate Mwai Kibaki got 62% of the votes in the presidential elections, against only 31% for the KANU candidate, Uhuru Kenyatta. On December 30, 2002, Mwai Kibaki was sworn in as the third President of Kenya.

NARC government
Despite its initial popularity, the NARC-led government has been troublesome. The friction between LDP and those loyal to Kibaki became apparent. After the Kenyan constitutional referendum in 2005, all LDP members were thrown out of the government. Subsequently, LDP became an opposition party, forming the Orange Democratic Movement, a coalition of opposition politicians. Later, NARC members loyal to Kibaki founded a new party, NARC–Kenya. Consequently, the original NARC was left in the hands of its chairperson Charity Ngilu who also served as the minister of health.

2007 elections
On 5 October 2007, Ngilu announced her support for the Orange Democratic Movement and its presidential candidate, Raila Odinga, in the December 2007 general election;. She initially said that she was remaining in the government, despite backing Kibaki's main rival. However, her dismissal from the government by Kibaki was announced on October 6. While supporting ODM, Ngilu defended her parliamentary seat on NARC ticket. Under Ngilu, NARC won 3 seats in the new Kenyan parliament altogether.

2013 elections
After briefly running her own campaign, Ngilu initially opted to support Raila Odinga for the presidency in 2013, signing a coalition agreement involving NARC, ODM, Wiper Democratic Movement and FORD–Kenya, before walking out at the last minute to join the Jubilee Alliance.

title: National Rainbow Coalition


text:
Finland Swedish

Finland Swedish or Fenno-Swedish (finlandssvenska; suomenruotsi) is a variety of the Swedish language and a closely related group of Swedish dialects spoken in Finland by the Swedish-speaking population, commonly also referred to as Finland Swedes, as their first language.

For the most part, these dialects and the dialects spoken in Sweden are mutually intelligible, although some archaic dialects in Ostrobothnia are practically unintelligible to Swedish-speaking people in southern Finland (and in Sweden). Most Swedish-speaking Finns emphasize that Finland Swedish is not a separate language from the Swedish of Sweden. The Swedish dialects in Finland are considered varieties of Swedish, and the norm for written Standard Swedish is completely applicable also for Finland Swedish. Today, Swedish dialects are spoken in four different regions in Finland: Ostrobothnia, Åland, Southwest Finland and Uusimaa.

Swedish as spoken in Finland is regulated by the Swedish Department of the Institute for the Languages of Finland. This regulation includes the officially stated aim of keeping Finland Swedish close to the Swedish as spoken in Sweden and strongly phrased advice against loanwords and calques from Finnish, which are usually incomprehensible to Swedes.

It is said that the municipality with the highest proportion of Swedish speakers in the world, Larsmo (93% ), is located in Finland. Korsnäs has also been cited as such. However, as there are no official statistics on the mother tongue of inhabitants of Sweden, this is impossible to verify. In addition bilingualism is very common for immigrants in Sweden, so the term Swedish-speaking may be deceptive in that sense.

In the spoken vernacular, especially among young people in Finnish-dominated areas, Finnish loanwords as well as calques from Finnish are frequently incorporated into Finland Swedish. There are also some words in Finland Swedish that would be considered slightly archaic in Sweden. Some government and public service terms that have been created in recent centuries also differ. The same is true of other new words, notably loanwords from English.

A common misconception among many Swedes is that Finland Swedish is simply Swedish spoken with a Finnish accent, something that can be a considerable source of frustration to most native Swedish-speakers in Finland. Any language adopts features, especially pronunciation habits, from dominant languages it comes in touch with, but many of the traits of Finland Swedish exist also in monolingual areas and some are in fact preserved features of Old Swedish, as with Scots in comparison with English or Afrikaans in comparison with Dutch.

History
Languages of Finnish municipalities (2016).svg bilingual municipalities}}
 * 348x348px]]Finland Swedish was a result of Swedish colonisation of Finland during the Northern Crusades in the 12th to 14th centuries. Colonisation focused on the Finnish archipelago and some of its coastal regions. This colonisation led to the beginning of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland.

From the 16th century, Swedish was the main language of jurisdiction, administration and higher education in Finland (which was then a part of Sweden), but the majority of the population in the Finnish inland spoke Finnish outside of these sectors of society, i.e. in normal, daily life. In 1809, when Finland was conquered by the Russian Empire and became an autonomous Grand Duchy, Swedish remained the only official language. In 1863, both Finnish and Swedish became official languages with equal status, and by the time of Finland's independence in 1917, after a Finnicization campaign by the Fennoman movement, Finnish clearly dominated in government and society. See further: Finland's language strife.

Finland has since then been a bilingual country with a Swedish-speaking minority (5.2% of mainland Finland's population in December 2019) living mostly in the coastal areas of southern, south-western, and western Finland. During the 20th century, the urbanization following the Industrial Revolution has led to large majorities of Finnish speakers in all major cities. The capital Helsinki (in Swedish Helsingfors) became predominantly Finnish-speaking as recently as around 1900. A large and important part of the Swedish-speaking population nevertheless lives in the capital.

The autonomous island province of Åland is an exception, being monolingually Swedish-speaking according to international treaties. It is a matter of definition whether the Swedish dialects spoken on Åland are to be considered a kind of Finland Swedish or not. Most Swedish-speaking Finns and linguists consider them to be closer to some of the dialects spoken in nearby parts of Sweden.

Official status
Swedish is one of the two official and national languages of the Republic of Finland, the other being Finnish. These two languages have formally equal status in nearly all legislation, though the status of Swedish in Finland has long been a subject of sociopolitical debate. The other minority languages (such as Sami) are regulated separately. Finland Swedish is regulated by the Institute for the Languages of Finland. Official Swedish is not supposed to be very different from Swedish as found in Sweden. There are however e.g. words regarded as archaic in Sweden, but commonly used in Finland, and terms that differ from their counterparts in Sweden, often because of slight differences in the related legislation.

Bilingualism of municipalities is regulated by the Language Act of 2003. If the minority has increased into at least 3,000 persons or 8% of inhabitants, then the municipality must become bilingual. If the minority has fallen below 3,000 persons and 6% of inhabitants, then the municipality becomes monolingual, unless it decides to keep its bilingual status. At present, only one such municipality has done so, namely Lohja (Lojo in Swedish). The status is reviewed once in a decade, and enacted by a government decree issued by the Finnish Council of State.

The country's public broadcaster, Yle, provides two Swedish-language radio stations, Yle Vega and Yle X3M. The Swedish-language TV channel Yle Fem was merged with Yle Teema in 2017 to form Yle Teema & Fem.

Phonology
With the exception of the dialects spoken in Ostrobothnia along the west coast, close to the Gulf of Bothnia (example: the dialect spoken in Närpes), Finland Swedish is not particularly different from Central Swedish. The phoneme is more centralized and pronounced like, quite similar to how many speakers of English pronounce  (as in moon). That should be compared to the Central Swedish, which is very close to the short vowel and is more rounded.

The highly variable sj sound varies between  and  on the Finnish mainland, often close to sh in English shoe. In the Åland Islands, its realization is similar to the velar (and often labialized) pronunciations of nearby parts of Sweden. The historic k sound before front vowels and the tj sound, in modern Central Swedish a fricative, is an affricate  or  in all Finland Swedish dialects, close to ch in English chin, except for some Åland dialects, in which it is a simple fricative [ɕ].

The tonal word accent, which distinguishes some minimal pairs in most dialects of Swedish and Norwegian, is not present in Finland Swedish (except around the parish of Snappertuna, west of Helsinki). Hence, Central Swedish minimal pairs like ("the duck") and  ("the spirit") are both pronounced  in Finland.

Finland Swedish lacks the aspirated stops present in Central Standard Swedish, making the contrast between "fortis" and "lenis" stops one of voicing only. The retroflexion that occurs in many dialects when precedes a coronal consonant does not occur in certain pairs in Finland Swedish (e.g., which is realized as  in Standard Swedish but  in Finland Swedish).

Vocabulary
Finland Swedish mostly has the same vocabulary as Swedish in Sweden, and there is a conscious effort to adopt neologisms from Sweden, to maintain cohesion between the two varieties. Nevertheless, there are differences, which generally fall into two categories: words now considered archaic in Sweden, and loanwords and calques from Finnish or independently borrowed from other languages (nowadays mostly English). There are also some terms differing because of differing legislation.

title: Finland Swedish


text:
Talk:Henry Woodward (inventor)

It was in Mental_Floss's new issue
It said Henry Woodward and Matthew Evans invented the light-in-the-bulb form and they always check their facts before publishing each magazine... Mentalfloss.com Go to Barnes and Nobles etc and turn to page 41 of the july august 2005 issue... It's under Who Really Invented the Light Bulb (Hint: It Wasn't Edison)
 * Does "Mental Floss" cite any documents other than the patent? Or are they just parroting Wikipedia and the other unreferenced claims that the 2 Canadians were the "true inventors (ignoring the earlier work of Swan and Sawyer among others)? Do they have any evidence that Edison bought the patent? The usual story is that he "bought" it in 1875, but scholarly histories do not show him working on electric lights until several years later, and patent law does not work in any way remotely like "buy a patent in 1875, then patent the same thing in 1880 and take credit for it" as implied. In 1894 rival manufacturers were literally counting down the days until Edison's patent expired so they could legally make evacuated light bulbs with carbon filaments. His patent definitely did not involve filling the bulb with nitrogen or any other inert gas, because he found that that cooled a carbon filament excessively and caused low brightness and early failure. The later tungsten filaments were coiled into a smaller area so the cooling effect was not a problem when inert gas was added, as in 20th century bulbs. Edison 21:32, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

Anonymous
The US patent Woodward patent # is 181,613, granted August 29 1876. I believe the Edison patent # is 214,636 granted March 25 1879. Why the Edison patent was granted in the light of the Woodward patent is a mystery  to me. ME too
 * The Edison patent was ultimately upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court. His contribution to the evolution of incandescent light technology was the use of a carbon filament of very small cross section, so that the resistance was high and it was possible to use it commercially at a distance from the generator, and an extremely high vacuum, and a one piece bulb with the leads sealed to prevent air leaking in. His bulb produced more light than a gas jet, operated for a fraction of the cost, and could be powered by the central generating station. It also had a lifetime of several hundred hours. Previous incandescent lamps had a very short lifetime, and/or gave off too little light, and drew extremely high current, making them impractical. Patenting an impractical lightbulb, which is an improvement over someone else's patent of years before for an earlier bulb that did not work in any practical sense, does not make these two the "inverntors' of the electric light, any more than Sawyer's patent in the 1840's or Humphrey Davy's demonstration of making a platinum filament glow in 1802. There are 2 sources provided in this article: One is some professors opinion from 1984, apparently not published in a refereed journal, and the other is an old engineering journal at a site which presently does not open.Given the weight of scholarly opinion on the other side of the balance, far better evidence in needed that their light worked, producing a useful amount of light for a long enough time at an econi=omic enough current draw, and the other claim that Thomas Edison bought their patent and called it his invention. Most earlier bulbs used a larger cylinder of carbon which cannot properly be called a "filament" and which drew excessive current, so that it could only be heated up momentarily, to impress investors. With a carbob filament of tiny cross section, nitrogen prevented it staying hot enough to work and reduced the lifetime by the air currents from convection. Edison 06:26, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Factual Acuracy
I wonder if this information/source is cretitable? I have searched the web and many other resources and I can't seem to find much about "henry woodward." It would help if the person who wrote this article (or anyone else) could verify this information (citations?). I know this is wikipedia and there is no garentee of accurate information, but i think if an article cannot be confirmed, it should be deleted. toe cheese grater?? nose hair/salad fork??

uh, also... check this out... http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bllight.htm

 * The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation supports the claim. --  Zanimum 19:42, 12 September 2006 (UTC)

 * The "inventors.about" website is of the same quality as Wikipedia, and is not a reliable source to satisfy WP:A. Ditto fro some unspecified claim by CBC. Find scholarly books from reputable publishers which provide footnotes showing where the authors got their information. Find court cases where the final ruling was for the priority of the 2 Canadians. You may look a while. Some popular books which have appeared recently sound like they cribbed from Wikipedia, so it becomes circular. Edison 06:29, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

Is there a conflict?
Patent 181,613 was indeed granted to "H. Woodward" of Toronto. It is for a lamp consisting of a lump of carbon, in an evacuated globe, heated by the passage of electric current. The concept described in that patent does not seem to me (retired electronic engineer) to be workable.

There is a gap in the history. I have heard of Edison and an electric lamp using a filament of carbonized organic material (silk of cotton). One of these orignial carbon filament lamps may still be in operation. I did not track down a patent on this.

Patent 214,636 is for a filament of precious metal and an intricate current regulation system, to keep the filament hot enough to illuminate but not hot enough to melt. The temperature problem was solved with the introduction of tungsten, which is self-regulating. Heated to the familiar intense white heat, its electrical resistance is about ten times the cold resistance.

The claim for Edison was for the first __practical__ electric light (emphasis added) which seems to be a valid assertion.

US patents may be found in the US Patent and Trademark Office site, http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/srchnum.htm for any and all. Old patents are delivered as images, and require Apple Quick Time.
 * Every invention has a horde of poeple who come along later and seek to take credit by pointing to some early impractical attempt. That is why Wikipedia requires reliable sources per WP:A. The mass of scholarly research shows that there were dozens of failed attempts to make an incandescent lamp, from Davy in 1802 to Edison's success in 1879. The scholarly judgment is that his was the first practical incandescent electric lamp. If the earlier ones had worked, then the leading scientists of the late 1870's such as William Thompson would not have derided him as being on a fool's errand for trying yet again to make an incandescent lamp work. Swan and Edison were working pretty much in parallel, but Swan used an excessively thick filament and had not developed or obtained an adequate vsacuum pump. See "Empires of Light, Jill Jonnes, Randon House, 2003, which is a recent very readable scholarly treatment, which on p55 says "For forty years, scientists and inventors- American and English, French, Russian Belgian- had been largely frustrated in their efforts to create a practical indoor electric light, some kind of enclosed glass globe that could safely and brightly glow." Then Edison in September 1878 prematurely announced he had solved the problem, using a platinum filament with a regulator to prevent it melting. He and his crew worked tirelessly until they got a carbon thread filament to glow brightly for an extended period in Oct. 1879. He demonstrated a number of these carbon filament bulbs publicly in December 1879. Through more tireless experimentation they invented the carbonized bamboo filament bulb in 1880. There is no indication that any patent of Woodward played any role in these developments. In September 1882 Edison's Pearl Street generating station in New York, with efficient generators of his invention, powered up about 400 bulbs, with 2000 more in ensuing months. All by the Edison patent. Not the Woodward patent. "Illumination Engineering," by Joseph P. Murdoch, Macmillan, 1985 says, p4, "From De la Rue's lamp in 1820 until Edison lit his first successful lamp in 1879, many people worked on incandescent lamp development. However, the lamps they created did not prove practical, largely because of unreliability, short life, and excessive operating expense." He says all these predecessor lamps "used thick filaments, either of platinum or carbon, which had low electrical resistance and required large currents to heat themto incandescence." Nothing about Woodward or his cohort. "Fleet Fire" by L. J. Davis, Arcade Publishing, 2003 says p22 that electric light experimenters from Davy onward had tried carbon filaments unsuccessfully. Edison 06:57, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

reference #1 is a broken link. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.162.156.129 (talk) 23:37, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Henry Woodward (inventor)


text:
Talk:Finland Swedish

Finland Swedish, Finnish Swedish or Finnishswedish?
The most logic name of this Swedish dialect would be Finnishswedish, or Finnish-Swedish. The "Finland Swedish" seems very strange, and shoult at least be hyphenated? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.210.244.29 (talk) 00:18, 17 January 2010 (UTC)

 * My favourite would be Finland's Swedish. --Mlang.Finn (talk) 15:50, 24 January 2012 (UTC)

 * We speak about a combination of a country - Finland or Sweden - and a language - Finnish or Swedish. I find it quite logical to put the two words together. Genitive is OK, but the term in common use is the one without genitive. I cannot judge if the combined word should or should not be hyphenated. "Finnishswedish" sounds to me like a language mix. It would be difficult to remember which is which of "Finnishswedish" and "Swedishfinnish". And the two other combinations "Swedishswedish" and "Finnishfinnish" for the majority language groups in respective countries - are such reduplications really proper English? 188.238.73.179 (talk) 09:42, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * The term “Finland Swedish” seems to be the universally accepted one in English, which makes logical sense: A form of Swedish spoken in Finland. (The part “Finland” can refer only to the country, so you know that it means Swedish spoken in Finland, not Finnish spoken in Sweden.) The terms “Finland Finnish” or “Sweden Swedish” are rarely used because they look too redundant.--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 15:49, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

Sweden-Finnish?
As well as a Finland dialect of Swedish, I've also heard of a Sweden dialect of Finnish. I don't know much about this however, yet. Gringo300 12:41, 13 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Yes, Sweden has a quite large Finnish minority. Tornedalsfinska (Meänkieli) has oficial status as a minority language.. --Njård 11:00, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
 * So does standard Finnish. --88.114.252.193 22:34, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

It's worth mentioning that in addition to the Tornedal Finns there's an even bigger minority of Finns spread all over Sweden. Therefore Finnish is widely spoken in Sweden. --Alexej 19:04, 3 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I've noted that quite a lot of Swedes have Finnish surnames. Some of them may descend from Forest Finns (not sure if they kept their names), but generally Sweden Finns have only been immigrating since WWII. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 05:32, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

Language regulation
I heard that the Finland-Swedish language regulation is quite different from the approach in Sweden. The official aim is to keep the language similar to the standard swedish spoken in sweden, particularly hard on borrowings or calques from finnish, which would be ununderstandable in Sweden. This approach is different from the swedish academy, which sometimes give recommendations, but mainly accepts the majority usage as the correct one. I think this should be added to the page... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.198.149.127 (talk) 17:17, 10 November 2004 (UTC)

Added the comment: Language Regulation The Finland-Swedish language is regulated by the "Swedish Department" at the "Research Institute for the Languages of Finland" in Finland. There is an officially stated aim that the Finland-Swedish dialect should remain close to the Swedish spoken in Sweden, thus the Swedish Department strongly advices against loanwords and calques from Finnish, which would often be incomprehensible to swedes from Sweden. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.198.149.73 (talk) 01:50, 25 November 2004 (UTC)

 * Mentioned högsvenska (Standard Finland-Swedish) using the article in http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/högsvenska as a source of information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.230.27.24 (talk) 22:35, 12 January 2006 (UTC)

Dialects
There are many dialects in Finland-Swedish, and they can differ a lot from place to place even if it's only a few kilometers between. If someone wants to start writing about the different dialects i propose to use the following article names: Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia, Swedish dialects in Western Nylandia, Swedish dialects in Eastern Nylandia and Swedish dialects in Åboland. That should be a good start, when a text about a specific dialect grows too big we'll just move it to its own article. Anyone feel like doing this? bbx 16:19, 20 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Would it be possible to perhaps start describing the different dialect groups in this article first? Any linguistic terminology for the dialects would be good. Peter Isotalo 22:21, May 4, 2005 (UTC)

 * This isn't that much different from Swedish areas, where some dialects are now considered to be different languages. I'm not saying that this shouldn't be noted. Just that languages are not that conformed as many nationalists think. Andjack (talk) 15:37, 8 June 2012 (UTC)

Article split
Since this article clearly is meant to refer to the variant of Swedish rather than Finland-Swedes, I've moved all material that is mainly concerned with the ethnic group as well as the relevant discussions to that article and its talkpage respectively. Please try to keep these things separate from now on. This article is supposed to be mainly about the linguistic aspects of the various Finland-Swedish dialects, not about the people who speak them.

Peter Isotalo 20:38, 31 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Looks good to me. --Janke | Talk 21:33:38, 2005-08-31 (UTC)

Most Swedish-speaking municipalities in the world
I have heard this claim that the municipality in the world that has the largest percentage of Swedish-speakers is in Finland, then then it was claimed to be Närpes. Does anyone know the facts behind this claim? Since we don't have statistics on people's languages in Sweden in the way they do in Finland, I wonder how the comparison is made - and frankly, I doubt that this is correct although often repeated. / Habj 21:39, 11 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I guess that was from the time when there were many municipalities in Finland where there were no foreigners. But I think it wasn't Närpiö, originally. It has never been without Finnish-speaking minority. I guess originally it was about some Åland's island municipality. --Lalli 10:32, 3 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Yes this is true, i think in fact both the first and second most swedish-speaking places in the world are in Finland, one of them is on Åland, i think. But i can't find which one it is. It was featured atleast in the tv-show "värsta språket" on swedish television, but apaprently they do not have backlogs enough for the tv-shows on svt.se. But this is pretty much trivia as they are both places with a few hundred inhabitants or something like that so a few finnish speakers or foreigners moving in would change that. Gillis 19:57, 21 June 2006 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that unlike in Finland those kind of records are not kept in Sweden so there are probably municipalities in Sweden with nearly 100% Swedish speakers. --88.114.252.193 22:36, 13 October 2007 (UTC)

Input requested
Hi. We could use some outside input over at Categories for discussion. In particular, here we have two people arguing over what to call Category:Finland-Swedish, and another couple of opinions could be very helpful. Thanks! -GTBacchus(talk) 20:57, 4 November 2006 (UTC)

Finland Swedish: Map of where Swedish is spoken
Added to user talk: "Hi, you have unilaterally changed the map on this article to one that is more politicised. The purpose of the article is to describe Finland Swedish as a dialect of the Swedish language. The new map ignores the fact that the Swedish speaking areas of Finland also include the so-called "language islands". The map you have replaced it with is based only upon which munipalities are deemed bilingual or unilingual Swedish-speaking. This does not correspond exactly to the same areas as Svenskfinland or where Swedish is spoken. 82.21.219.114 (talk) 14:20, 14 January 2008 (UTC)"
 * The flag in the article is also the Flag of Skåne/ Scanian flag, am I right?Fågelfors-Glen (talk) 11:57, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The replacement map, on the other hand, is hand-drawn. Obviously a better map would be color-coded individually by municipality and Swedish-speaker percentage, but before it is drawn, a map based on municipality bilingualism is better. The old map is not NPOV, because it's drawn by hand according to personal opinion rather than actual demographics, like the official bilingualism map. Also, it is a JPG file; JPG should never be used to store diagrams. I believe that by international standards, requiring at least 6% to 8% in order to be bilingual is exceptionally pro-bilingualist and consequently a map of municipality bilingualism represents the actual situation best. In many countries, 20% is required. Note also that you don't own the article and I'm not vandalising it; i.e. you should not unilaterally revert the established article in favor of your favorite map and then use the personal talk page to complain.
 * And by the way, even the new map is a pixel image. A good project would be color-coding a SVG image of Finnish municipalities with Swedish-speaker percentages. --Vuo (talk) 14:35, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

 * This new map could be perceived as rather misleading. It relies solely on political structures to donate where Swedish-speakers are found. It we must have a "intensity" of "speakers" style map, it may be better done on numbers of speakers. This new one could mislead people to believe that e.g. Helsinki doesn't have many Swedish speakers - whereas in fact, it's the most Swedish-speaking municipality in Finland - even though as a percentage of the population, it's very low. The new map gives the impression that the Swedish speaking population is concentrated overwhelmingly in Österbotten - which is not numerically the case. Furthermore, I agree that this article is not really meant to be about political viewpoints on Swedish in Finland, so political structures are essentially irrelevant. It should be concentrating on the simplicity of "Where are Swedish-speakers?". This new map is over complicated and thus confusing and with real potential even to mislead. 94pjg (talk) 14:56, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
 * True, I was just tinkering with the kunnat.net data and I also (independently) noticed that number of speakers is much more reliable. A color-coded map could be drawn with for example color categories of over 10000 (Helsinki, Espoo, Porvoo, Vaasa, Mustasaari, Tammisaari, Pietarsaari, 41%), then 5000-10000 (30%), then 1000-5000 (21%), then 1000-100 (6%), then under 100 (2%) as white. 98.1% of Swedish-speakers would be covered by a color in such a scheme. Furthermore, it would be useful to denote cities i.e. populous municipalities (let's say over 20000 people) with a separate coloring coordinate. There are nine such cities that are bilingual. ... And to expand on the criticism of both maps, any map of the situation can be highly misleading because a large area is colored by rural municipalities, if simply bilinguality is shown. The large urban population is therefore underrepresented in the first visual impression.  --Vuo (talk) 15:15, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * True, there are problems in representing the urban population. I feel that we both might be suggesting that the map should do more than is actually needed. I believe that the point of the map is perhaps left as simple as possible - to show "where there are Swedish speakers". If I'm in the shoes of someone viewing this article from New York wanting to know where the Swedish language is found in Finland, I probably don't want to know in what percentage the Finland-Swedes are found (the article on Swedish-speaking Finns understandably does go into that in more detail, as it's about the "people"). In fact, adding such information here probably would just over-complicate the matter. So, in some ways, a simple single colour map might actually be the best solution for this article. I'd leave it like that (although perhaps with a better version than the original on this article) and let the Swedish-speaking Finns article deal with the political matters and actual numbers. (Thus leaving this article as primarily about just the variety of the language). 94pjg (talk) 16:36, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Regarding the latest map, it's not correct to state that white represents unilingual Finnish speaking municipalities. There are also municipalities that have Sami as an official language that have been included in the white colour (e.g. Utsjoki). 94pjg (talk) 00:32, 7 May 2008 (UTC)
 * This article is about language, not population. By necessity maps primarily show distributions and not numbers, so it is true that in big cities there may be many people with Swedish as their mother tong, hardly visible on the map. But often these people in their daily life speak the majority language of their city as well, which is Finnish. So if we are interested in knowing where Swedish is spoken the most, it may well be more or less those areas on the maps which are indicated to have a high percentage of Swedish speakers. 188.238.73.179 (talk) 10:49, 17 July 2012 (UTC)

Rv
total Swedish-speaking is 38% of pupulation What does this mean? --Vuo (talk) 17:37, 13 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It should be cited more clearly. It comes from a piece of research done relatively recently which asked people to gage their ability in Swedish. I think, from the results, 38% was the number determined to be confident enough to say they could speak Swedish at least nearly free from failure (in the whole country of Finland). If my memory is right (although it may not be!), it wasn't actually a specific survey for the Swedish language - it covered others as well. So, I think that there is a statistic for English out there that comes out of the same survey. I think, again if I remember correctly, that the English percentage was a little higher. But yes, someone should try and find the actual results and link to it and explain exactly what ability in Swedish people had to have to belong to the 38%. Perhaps someone else can shed more light? 94pjg (talk) 13:57, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't think that Swedish spoken as a foreign language by other inhabitants of Finland qualifies as, or is included in the dialect of Finland-Swedish. (This is even in the article: A common mistake made by many Swedes is to mistake Finland Swedish for Swedish with a Finnish accent, something that can be a considerable source of frustration to most Swedish-speaking Finns. Any language adopts features, especially pronunciation habits, from dominant languages it comes in touch with, but the pronunciation of Finland Swedish by a Swedish-speaking Finn is clearly different from that of monolingual Finnish speakers pronouncing Swedish as a foreign language.) --Vuo (talk) 14:08, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * It depends really. I agree and disagree with you at the same time! I disagree because can one really say that there is one entire dialect called Finland-Swedish? You could make a very good case for no (I'm not suggesting that I'd personally subscribe to it, but it could be a valid argument). There is one Swedish language and the Swedish language has dialects, for instance, people from Stockholm, Malmö, Ekenäs and Närpes all speak in dialects of the Swedish language. Why do we group together the very different dialects in Stockholm and Malmö and the very different dialects in Ekenäs and Närpes and suggest that the belong to a bigger larger dialect (rikssvenska and finlandssvenska respectively)? Does it actually make much logical sense? Perhaps it's only the case because of political borders rather than linguistics. Naturally, one can argue that there are enough commonalities between all the various dialects of Swedish found in Finland for them to be included in a common 'Finland-Swedish' as well. But anyway, regardless of that, I think including information on how many people in Finland actually speak Swedish is fairly relevant to be in this article. 94pjg (talk) 20:18, 15 January 2009 (UTC)

 * There is a clear difference between Finland Swedish and Sweden Swedish on one hand and different dialects on the other: there is an official body for Swedish in Sweden and another for Swedish in Finland and more or less common norms about how to speak a good non-dialectal Swedish in either country.

 * People talking the more genuine dialects as mother tongue do change the way they speak when meeting city folks (who do not have a dialect), into the standard variant, often learnt at school. Thus this article is not only about (even not primarily) the Swedish dialects in Finland, but also about the language that is used in schools, broadcasts and similar contexts (and in writing).

 * --LPfi (talk) 21:16, 9 June 2012 (UTC)

 * The official body and the Swedish school teachers do not say "as a Finland Swede you shall speak like this, because otherwise it will sound like Sweden Swedish." And there is no such norms for written language either. What the bodies and teachers do - in Finland like in Sweden is to give recommendations how to master the Swedish language in its variation. What differs between the language bodies in Sweden and those in Finland is merely that existing dialectal patterns, influences from other languages, older norms and practices are different in the two countries, so the bodies have to focus on different things. But there is a huge variation within Sweden also, and within Finland as well, so in both countries the bodies have to adapt.

 * One general goal is some sort of standard, some language usage which is generally accepted, but in reality that norm contains much room for variation - in Sweden like in Finland. In all this variation, is there still something which is common to most people in Finland, when they meet people from outside their willage, and which differs from most in Sweden? Yes, but very little. When a person from Finland and a person from Sweden edit the Swedish Wikipedia you cannot see any difference. When they speak at a seminar, you can hear a difference, but not because of the action of any regulatory body. (The way rural people change their way of speaking when they meet city folks depends on whether the folks are from Helsingfors or Malmö.) 188.238.73.179 (talk) 11:58, 17 July 2012 (UTC)
 * On Swedish Wikipedia, occasionally you could spot differences concerning vocabulary and syntax etc. but rarely anything major. 惑乱 Wakuran (talk) 22:34, 17 November 2012 (UTC)

Cite
The first three sections, “History”, “Official status”, “Phonology”, have almost no citations. They need some.--Solomonfromfinland (talk) 15:44, 11 February 2014 (UTC)

title: Talk:Finland Swedish


text:
Ford Park Cemetery

Ford Park Cemetery is a 34.5 acre cemetery in central Plymouth, England, established by the Plymouth, Stonehouse & Devonport Cemetery Company in 1846 and opened in 1848. At the time it was outside the boundary of the Three Towns and was created to alleviate the overcrowding in the churchyards of the local parish churches. Its official name at the time of inception was The Plymouth, Devonport and Stonehouse Cemetery (renamed in 2000), although it is now seldom referred to by that title.

The cemetery was originally 18 acre in size, but a further 16.5 acre were added in 1875. It came into use during one of the largest outbreaks of cholera in the country and during its first year it saw over 400 burials related to that disease. During Victorian times it was the main cemetery for the Three Towns, and it is estimated that approximately a quarter of a million people are buried within its grounds. The older burial records have been deposited with the Plymouth and West Devon Record Office.

Among the more famous graves is that of the Reverend Robert Stephen Hawker, the author of The Song of the Western Men. As at November 2016 there are 769 war graves from the First World War, over 200 of which are in a dedicated naval plot; and 198 war graves of the Second World War (including an unidentified airman) are scattered throughout the site. A Victoria Cross (VC) recipient of the Crimean War, Captain Andrew Henry, Royal Artillery, is buried here, as is another VC recipient, of the Taiping Rebellion, Quartermaster George Hinckley, Royal Navy.

The Victorian chapel building designed by J. R. Hamilton and J. M. Medland is Grade II listed, as is the older burial area nearest the chapel including a large circular vault. Until one was severely damaged by enemy air attack during World War II, there was a second (identical) non-conformist chapel to the right of the unscathed Anglican building. Both are shown, together with the then abutting farmland and the playing fields of Plymouth College in a well known 1889 photograph now in the Francis Frith collection under the title 'Plymouth, the cemetery 1889'. Along the north-east side is the connected but walled-off Plymouth Jewish Cemetery.

During the 1970s and 80s, poor management, a loss of revenue because few people were paying for the maintenance of plots, and the popularity of cremation, all led to the dilapidation of the site. In January 1988, seventeen-year-old Patricia Hicks was murdered in the overgrown cemetery. After the original cemetery company went into liquidation and after much public debate, in 2000 a trust was set up which reopened the cemetery, made dangerous structures safe, cleared the undergrowth, obtained renovation grants and created a walking trail around some of the graves of notable people. The older of the two chapels which is shown above right in a photograph of its unrestored state has now been fully restored and refurbished as a setting for all varieties of religious or secular funeral or memorial services and is also used for concerts and other events.

The cemetery is a member of the Association of Significant Cemeteries in Europe and the trust was awarded the Queen's Award for Voluntary Service in 2005. As at 2009, there are further plans for numerous works to restore and improve various parts of the cemetery, aided by the Heritage Lottery Fund, including the renovation of the Anglican chapel, and provision of a memorial to the civilian dead of World War Two. It is estimated there are over 10,000 usable grave spaces remaining in the cemetery. The cemetery has rapidly become popular again as an attractive convenient and semi-rural setting close to the city centre and the densely populated but fashionable Victorian and Edwardian suburbs.

The City of Plymouth has two large early twentieth century municipal cemeteries at Weston Mill and Efford, each with chapels and now crematoria and the Drake Memorial Garden is near Elburton.

Notable burials

 * Robert Hawker (1803–1875). the talented poet best known for the Song of the Western Men, better known as the Cornish Anthem 'Trelawney'
 * Mary Ann Hockaday – a Matron for 40 years at the South Devon and Cornwall Institution for the Blind
 * Jimmy Peters (1879–1954). English Rugby Player, notable as the first black man to play rugby for England
 * Mabel Ramsey (1878–1954). Plymouth's first woman surgeon who was the first woman to be appointed Surgeon-Gynaecologist at Plymouth City Hospital.

title: Ford Park Cemetery


text:
43rd Infantry Regiment (United States)

The 43rd Philippine Scout Infantry Regiment (43rd INF (PS)) was part of USAFFE's Philippine Division, during World War II.

History
The 43d Infantry Regiment was formed in June 1917, at Fort Douglas, Utah. In April 1921, it became a Philippine Scout unit and joined the Philippine Division, on 22 October. In 1922, the unit was deactivated.

The 1st Battalion was reactivated on 1 April 1941, formed from troops transferred from the 45th Infantry Regiment (PS), and the 329 troops of the 1st Battalion served at Pettit Barracks and Camp John Hay. The 1st Battalion surrendered to the Japanese on 9 April 1942. However, elements of Troop C, 26th Cavalry, and Companies C and E, 43d Infantry, all isolated in Northern Luzon, became the core of guerrilla units which continued to resist until the end of the war.

Another account, from Louis Morton's "The Fall of the Philippines", place C and E companies on Mindanao where they staffed an infantry school and trained elements of the Philippine Army. These instructors were organized into a reserve force for Colonel William P. Morse's 102nd Division (PA). They continue to serve in this role during the final defense of Mindanao town of Dalirig in the Cagayan Sector.

These companies, led by Major Allen Peck, "made a brave stand" in Dalirig on 9 May 1942 to cover the withdrawal of the Philippine Army 62d Infantry Regiment during their retreat from defenses near the Del Monte airfield. The Scouts stood their ground until they were surrounded on three sides by Japanese troops from the Kawamura Detachment. At that point they fell back before they were completely cut off by pursuing Japanese forces. These units were probably dispersed with the rest of the Dalirig force and were surrendered with the rest of General Sharp's command on 10 May.

The unit was reorganized following the war but disbanded a year later.

title: 43rd Infantry Regiment (United States)


text:
Camp John Hay

Camp John Hay is a mixed-used development which serves as a tourist destination and forest watershed reservation in Baguio, Philippines which was formerly a military base of the United States Armed Forces.

History

The United States 48th Infantry Unit under Captain Robert Rudd established Hill Station in the current site of Camp John Hay in 1900 during the Philippine-American war. The site is referred to the locals, the Ibalois, as "Kafagway" and is owned by Ibaloi leader Mateo Cariño. 213 ha of the land was then designated as "Camp John Hay", a military reservation for American soldiers, in October 1903 when US President Theodore Roosevelt signed a presidential order. American military personnel were given a place to refuge from the relative hotter temperature of the lowlands.

In December 1941, Japanese warplanes dropped 72 bombs over the main gate of the camp during the onset of World War II in the Philippines. Camp John Hay served as an internment camp of the Imperial Japanese forces as well as the headquarters of General Tomoyuki Yamashita during the Japanese occupation period. When the Japanese forces in the archipelago capitulated, Yamashita surrendered to the Allied forces at Camp John Hay, specifically at the High Commissioner's residence which was later renamed as the Ambassador's Residence.

After the war, Camp John Hay was converted into John Hay Air Base in 1955 and remained under the control of the Americans until it was officially turned over the Philippine government in 1991. The former military installation was made into a human resource development hub, and forest watershed reservation. The site became a tourist attraction.

On April 3, 2024, the Supreme Court En banc's decision by Justice Japar Dimaampao upheld the arbitral ruling and ordered Camp John Hay Development Corp. to vacate a portion of the John Hay Special Economic Zone it leased from the Bases Conversion Development Authority. In G.R. Nos. 219421 and 241772 (BCDA v. CJH Development Corporation, et al.; CJH Development Corporation v. COA and BCDA), the High Tribunal lifted the injunction on eviction of Camp John Hay developer specifically mandating the return to BCDA of the 247-hectare leased property together with all improvements and the BCDA in turn must refund to CJH DevCo its total rent paid amounting to P1.4 billion.

On May 30, 2024, the Presidential Communications Group announced lawyer Marlo Ignacio Quadra as president and chief executive officer of the John Hay Management Corp. In October 2023, he was designated by the President as JHMC Board of Directors member.

Historic buildings and structures
The Bell House, a historic structure named after Major General Franklin Bell is situated at the camp's Historical Core. Besides the house is the Bell Amphitheater which was designed by Bell himself.

Gardens
Camp John Hay's history is featured through markers installed at the History Trail and Secret Garden. The Cemetery of Negativism nearby or the Lost Cemetery is a small area within Camp John Hay. The "cemetery" established by then-commanding general of the John Hay Air Station, John Hightower in the early 1980s. It serves a symbolic burial site for negativism. The Amphiteather near Bell House also hosts a gazebo which is encircled by a multi-terraced flower garden.

Others
Manor Hotel and Forest Lodge are the two hotels operated by the management of Camp John Hay and are situated within the area.

title: Camp John Hay