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Eagle Scout

Eagle Scout is the highest rank attainable in the Scouts BSA program by the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). Since its inception in 1911, only four percent of Scouts have earned this rank after a lengthy review process. The Eagle Scout rank has been earned by over 2.5 million youth.

Requirements include earning at least 21 merit badges, 14 of which are mandatory for the award. The Eagle Scout must demonstrate Scout Spirit, an ideal attitude based upon the Scout Oath and Law, service, and leadership. This includes an extensive service project that the Scout plans, organizes, leads, and manages. Eagle Scouts are presented with a medal and a badge that visibly recognizes the accomplishments of the Scout. Additional recognition can be earned through Eagle Palms, awarded for completing additional tenure, leadership, and merit badge requirements.

Those who have earned the rank of Eagle Scout also become eligible, although are not required, to join the National Eagle Scout Association.

History

The Scouts BSA's highest award was originally conceived as the Wolf Scout, described in the June 1911 Official Handbook for Boys. The August 1911 version of the handbook changed this to Eagle Scout. The medal illustrated in the handbook was a profile of an eagle in flight, but was changed to the current design before any were issued. In their original conceptions, Life Scout, Star Scout (Life preceded Star until 1924) and Eagle Scout were not ranks, but part of the merit badge system that recognized Scouts who had earned a specified number of merit badges. Eagle Scout was awarded to any First Class Scout who had earned 21 merit badges.

The first Eagle Scout medal was awarded in 1912 to Arthur Rose Eldred, a 17-year-old member of Troop 1 of Rockville Centre, Long Island, New York. Records show that not only the national officers sat on Eldred's Board of Review, but also included Lord Baden-Powell who just arrived in the United States earlier in the day of January 31, 1912. Eldred was notified that he was to be awarded the rank of Eagle Scout in a letter from Chief Scout Executive James West, dated August 21, 1912. The design of the Eagle Scout medal had not been finalized by the National Council, so the medal was not awarded until Labor Day, September 2, 1912. Eldred was the first of three generations of Eagle Scouts; his son and grandson hold the rank as well. In the 1960s, the Kansas City area awarded more Eagle Scout badges than any other council in the country, resulting in the creation of the Eagle Scout Memorial there in 1968. In 1982, 13-year-old Alexander Holsinger of Normal, Illinois, was recognized as the one-millionth Eagle Scout, and Anthony Thomas of Lakeville, Minnesota, was the two-millionth in 2009.

Hamilton Bradley of Rome, New York, is the earliest known Black Eagle Scout in BSA history. His Eagle Scout court of honor was held at 7:30 p.m. on Dec. 19, 1919, at the Rome Free Academy, according to Rome Daily Sentinel records from the time.

On October 11, 2017, Boy Scouts of America announced they would begin a program to include girls in the Boy Scout program beginning in 2019. With the introduction of Scouts BSA and the acceptance of girls, the age limit for Eagle Scout was extended. In February 2019, the first girls joined the renamed Scouts BSA program. New youth members, girls or boys, 16 years of age or older, but not yet 18 who joined between February 1, 2019, and December 31, 2019, could request an extension to complete the Eagle Scout Award requirements after they turn 18 years of age. In 2020, the first female Eagle Scouts were added to the Boy Scouts of America. On February 8, 2021, nearly 1,000 female Scouts became members of the Inaugural Class of Female Eagle Scouts. Members of the Inaugural Class were commemorated in a special edition of Scout Life magazine; the publication formerly known as Boys' Life.

Requirements
The rank of Eagle Scout may be earned by a Scout who has been a Life Scout for at least six months, has earned a minimum of 21 merit badges, has demonstrated Scout Spirit, and has demonstrated leadership within their troop, crew or ship. Additionally they must plan, develop, and lead a service project—the Eagle Project—that demonstrates both leadership and a commitment to duty. After all requirements are met, they must complete an Eagle Scout board of review. The board of review can be completed up to 3 months after their 18th birthday as long as all other requirements are completed before their 18th birthday. Venturers and Sea Scouts who attained First Class as a Scout may continue working toward the Star, Life and Eagle Scout ranks, as well as Eagle Palms, while registered as a Venturer or Sea Scout up to their 18th birthday. Scouts with a permanent mental or physical disability may use alternate requirements based on abilities, if approved by the council.

Eagle Scout may be awarded posthumously, if and only if all requirements except the board of review are completed before death. A board of review may be held and the award presented to the Scout's family. The Spirit of the Eagle Award is an honorary posthumous special recognition for any registered youth member who has died in an accident or through illness. The Line of Duty Fallen Eagle Recognition is a recognition for Eagle Scouts who have died in the line of duty in professions such as the military, law enforcement or emergency services.

Eagle Scout Service Project
The Eagle Scout Service Project, or simply "Eagle Project," is the opportunity for a Scout to demonstrate leadership of others while performing a project for the benefit of any religious institution, any school, or their community. The project is not allowed to benefit the Boy Scouts of America or its councils, districts, units, camps and so forth. It also cannot be of a commercial nature or be solely a fund-raising project. There is no official requirement for duration of projects.

Development
Eagle Scout requirements have evolved since the award was conceived. A requirement to earn 11 specific merit badges was added in 1914, which underwent minor changes in 1915. The Life–Star order was reversed in 1924, apparently because the five-pointed star of the Star Scout insignia could be associated with the five merit badges required to earn the rank immediately following First Class Scout. In 1927, Eagle Scout began the transition from being a super merit badge to a rank. As a result, the first requirements for tenure were created and Scouts were required to be an active First Class Scout for one year. The initial requirements for what became the service project appeared with a requirement to show satisfactory service and the number of required merit badges increased to 12. In 1936, the ranks of Star and Life became mandatory, and the number of required merit badges rose to 13. It was at this time that Eagle Scout became a full-fledged rank. In 1952, age limits were set so that adults over 18 years of age could no longer earn Eagle Scout and the service project requirement was slightly expanded to "do your best to help in your home, school, church or synagogue, and community." In 1958, the number of required merit badges increased again to 16 of the 21 total merit badges needed to obtain Eagle, along with the first requirements for service and leadership.

In 1965, the requirements for the service project and specific troop leadership were defined, and the number of required merit badges returned to 11. The Eagle Scout candidate was required to plan, develop, and carry out a leadership service project. Minor changes were made to the required merit badge list in 1970. In 1972, the Improved Scouting Program increased to 24 the number of merit badges needed to obtain Eagle, while reducing the list of required merit badges to ten, eliminating badges that required swimming and outdoor skills—both of which were later reinstated, and adding the requirement to show leadership during the service project. In 1978, the number of merit badges needed for Eagle was lowered to the original 21, and the number of required merit badges was set at 11 (this was changed to 12 in 1993 with the addition of Family Life). In 2014 the number of Eagle-required merit badges was increased to 13 with the re-addition of Cooking; in 2022, it was increased to 14 with the addition of Citizenship in Society.

Scouts must earn the following 11 merit badges as there are no alternates: Camping, Citizenship in the Community, Citizenship in the Nation, Citizenship in Society, Citizenship in the World, Communication, Cooking, First Aid, Family Life, Personal Fitness, and Personal Management. In addition, Scouts must choose one each from the following to round out their required merit badges: Emergency Preparedness OR Lifesaving; Environmental Science OR Sustainability; and, Swimming OR Hiking OR Cycling. The Scout must earn seven additional elective merit badges beyond the required 14 to become eligible for the award. If a Scout has earned more than one merit badges where there are alternates, the extras will be counted toward the 21 merit badge requirement total.

Palms
Palms represent additional advancement for a youth who has stayed active in the unit after achieving the rank of Eagle Scout. A Palm is awarded when the Scout has demonstrated Scout Spirit, leadership and ability; has earned five additional merit badges beyond those required for Eagle or for the last Palm; and has taken part in a conference with their unit leader.

The insignia is a small metallic palm frond pin or device that is worn on the ribbon of the Eagle Scout medal, on the Eagle Scout square knot or on the Eagle Scout badge.

The Palms are awarded in three colors: bronze, representing five merit badges; gold, representing ten merit badges; and silver, representing fifteen merit badges. For each Palm awarded for five additional merit badges beyond the first bronze, gold, and silver recognitions, Palms are worn in the combination that requires the smallest number of devices to reflect the total number of Palms earned. One gold Palm is equal to two bronze Palms, one silver Palm is equal to three bronze Palms, and one bronze Palm continues to be equal to five merit badges. For instance, a Scout who has earned eight Palms (forty additional merit badges) would wear two silver Palms and a gold Palm. The order of bronze, gold and silver follows heraldic traditions of the U.S. military.

Completed Palms can be awarded at the same time the Eagle Scout badge is presented. Previously, an Eagle Scout needed to wait three months between each Palm, even if the extra merit badges were earned before becoming an Eagle. This meant that, under the old rules, a youth who became an Eagle Scout at 17 years and 10 months, was unable to earn a single Eagle Palm.

Insignia and apparel
The Eagle Scout badge is worn on the left shirt pocket by youth. Adult leaders who earned the rank of Eagle Scout as a youth may wear the square knot on their uniform above the left shirt pocket. The Eagle Scout medal is worn on the left shirt pocket flap of the uniform. It is usually only worn on ceremonial occasions, and can be worn by both youth and adults while wearing the badge or square knot.

The Eagle Scout Award Kit currently includes the Eagle Scout medal, the Eagle Scout badge, a mother's pin, a father's pin and an Eagle Mentor pin. A variety of caps, belt buckles, pins, tie tacks, neckerchiefs and slides, bolo ties, rings, jackets, T-shirts and other items are also available for purchase. Official Eagle Scout insignia is controlled by BSA Supply and requires verification by presentation of an Eagle Scout card or other means before it can be purchased.

Medal
Since its introduction in 1912, the Eagle Scout medal has undergone several design changes. Changes to the scroll and to the eagle pendant were not always introduced at the same time, therefore types may be somewhat mixed. Scouting historians classify these medals by the five different manufacturers and then by 17 sub-types, with several minor variations. Many variations were caused by quality control issues, mainly due to wear of the dies.

T. H. Foley made the first medals from 1912 until they went out of business in 1915. The eagle pendant and scroll were of die struck bronze washed with silver. Early versions were made with a short double knot and later ones with a long double knot. Only 338 of these medals were issued, making them the rarest version. Some Foleys were issued with a drop ribbon: the ribbon was extended, folded through the bar mount on the scroll, then dropped behind the eagle pendant and cut in a swallowtail. The first drop ribbon style medal was issued to the fourth Eagle Scout, Sidney Clapp, a 31-year-old Scoutmaster from West Shokan, New York.

Dieges & Clust took over production from 1916 to 1920, basing the design on the Foley. These medals also have the distinguishing extra-long double knot hanging from the scroll. There were 1,640 of this variety awarded, all made of sterling silver.

In 1920, the Robbins Company took over production. They produced six distinct variants, all in sterling silver. The first 1920 version was similar to the Dieges & Clust design, but with smaller scroll lettering and the standard single knot. The second 1920 version has more distinctive feathering on the back side of the pendant. The engraving on the 1930 version is especially fine. In 1933, BSA was removed from all of the Eagle Scout insignia, including the medal. In 1955 the obverse of the eagle pendant was made flat so it could be engraved. BSA was added back to the front and the reverse was returned to a full feathered design in 1969.

Medal manufacturer Stange was authorized to begin producing Eagle Scout medals in 1968, at the same time as Robbins – they created six distinct models. The 1968 version is very similar to the Robbins version, but the bend in the scroll is much flatter, more like a sideways V as compared to the S on the Robbins scroll. The BSA was added back to the front, and the obverse was returned to a full feathered design in 1970. A major re-design of the eagle pendant was made in 1974 to match the new NESA logo. In 1978, Robbins ceased manufacturing Eagle Scout medals and Stange switched to the last design used by Robbins. Minor differences are in the white edged ribbon and the sterling silver markings. In 1980 the price of silver rose dramatically and the medal was changed to silver-plated, die-struck copper. Very early versions were silver-plated and oxidized, thus the scroll and pendant are black. Later versions were oxidized, buffed and lacquered to maintain the silver shine. Sterling silver medals were produced from the same dies and from this time were only available on special order. The year 1993 saw a number of changes. The clasp on the scroll was changed from the pin on type to a double clutch back. The pendant was changed to pewter and enlarged due to the lighter rigidity of the material.

Custom Fine Jewelry (CFJ) took over the contract in 1999 and has currently created three types. The initial versions were based on the last Stange version but with the ribbon attached through the clutch pins instead of a bar (this led to damage of the ribbon). A small number of sterling silver versions were made, marked with 925. In later 1999, the dies were laser engraved, giving a much sharper look and the ribbon mount was improved to eliminate wear. The knot went from wire to a molded version in 2001.

In the fall of 2006, the national supply division of the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) began to issue replica Eagle Scout medals for specific wear on U.S. military dress uniforms. These medals were designed to be proportionate to other military medals: they contained the same pendant, but no scroll, and a ribbon that had been made thinner and more rectangular in shape. However, in December 2007, NESA stopped selling the mini-medal after service uniforming committees all contacted the BSA and asked them to stop promoting the medal for wear on military dress uniforms. The Eagle Scout medal is not authorized for wear on any U.S. military uniform.

Badge
Since its introduction, the Eagle Scout badge has undergone several design changes. Scouting historians have classified these badges into nine different designs, with several minor variations within each type.

The cloth badge was introduced for Eagle Scouts attending the 2nd World Scout Jamboree in Denmark in 1924 with a design based on the hat pin. The Eagle Scout merit badge was sewn onto the top of the merit badge sash that was also created for the jamboree. The design is quite similar to the current badge. As with other patches of the time, the rank badges were embroidered onto rolls of fabric and then cut. The edges were folded under before sewing the badge onto the sash. Initially produced on tan cloth, it was later switched to olive for the Scouts BSA uniform and white and blue to match the various Sea Scout uniforms. In 1933, BSA was removed from all of the Eagle Scout insignia, including the badge. The text Eagle Scout and Boy Scouts of America was added to the border, and Be Prepared was added to the scroll. These badges were embroidered with silk thread, switching to cotton in 1940.

The production of badges and emblems changed in 1956 to the rolled edge now in current use, thus eliminating the various colored backgrounds. The outside oval was then changed to red. With the introduction of the Improved Scouting Program in 1972 came an overhaul of many badges and emblems. The new stylized Eagle Scout badge with no text was a major change that proved to be unpopular. It appears that some Scouters commissioned reproductions of the 1956 badge for issue in place of the 1972 version. In 1975 the badge design partially reverted to the 1956 version. 1985 saw a reversion to the 1956 issue with some minor differences. The border and the eagle were done in silver metalized thread and the Be Prepared text was in blue. In 1986 the metalized eagle changed back to standard thread due to problems with wearing and the scroll and text were enlarged. The metalized border was changed to standard thread in 1989. Later variants increased the thread count of the white stripe to eliminate the visible background.

For the 2010 centennial, all of the rank badges had 2010 added to the text. To recognize the Eagle Scout centennial in 2012, a new version was released with Eagle Scout and Centennial in silver and with 1912 and 2012 in gold.

Other insignia
Eagle Scout hat pins were produced from 1921 through 1958 with several variations. Eagle Scouts who earned additional merit badges were recognized using Eagle Palms, introduced in 1927. Adults who had earned Eagle Scout began to be recognized in 1934 with a red, white and blue ribbon bar. In 1940, a small eagle pin was added to the bar. Ribbon bars were replaced by embroidered square knot patches in 1947. Over the years, the knot was produced with various background colors to match the different uniforms. Although the Venturing and Sea Scout programs use different uniform shirts, the current knot is available only with a tan background that matches the Scouts BSA uniform. When the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) was created in 1969, a gold-colored eagle device was introduced for wear on the Eagle Scout square knot. The Eagle Scout Mentor pin was introduced in early 2004 in a gold-colored version. In early 2006 it was changed to a silver-colored antique finish to match the mother and father pins but in 2007 was changed back to gold-colored. In 2008, the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) introduced a knot recognizing those Eagle Scouts who are life members of NESA; it uses the standard knot emblem with a silver border.

Certificates
From 1912 to 1943 the BSA issued an index-sized card with information about the Eagle Scout. Wallet-size cards were introduced in 1944 and switched to a plastic credit card style in 1991. Certificates suitable for framing were first issued in 1944. As the honorary president of the BSA, the signature of the President of the United States appears on all certificates. Replacement of a card or certificate can be made by application through the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA).

After achieving the rank of Eagle Scout
Eagle Scouts are expected to set an example for other Scouts and to become the leaders in life that they have demonstrated themselves to be in Scouting. They are disproportionately represented in the military, service academy graduates, in higher education and academia, major professions, the clergy, business and politics. Eagles are more likely to exercise for 30 minutes or more every day, volunteer for religious and nonreligious organizations, have closer relationships with family and friends, be in a leadership position at their place of employment or local community, donate money to charitable groups, and to work with others to improve their neighborhoods.

Scholarship opportunities
Academic scholarships can be awarded to Eagle Scouts based upon academic, financial need and Scouting participation. The application requirement for the Scout is to have a minimum score of 1290 on the SAT Reasoning Test or 28 on the ACT. Scholarships vary in the amount awarded.

Adult Eagle Scouts

The list of Eagle Scouts is extensive. In addition, the accomplishment is considered to be notable as Adult Scouters who earned Eagle Scout as a youth are entitled to wear a square knot emblem with a red, white, and blue striped square knot above the left shirt pocket. Eagle Scouts may join the National Eagle Scout Association (NESA), which serves as a fraternal and communications board for all Eagle Scouts. The NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award recognizes Eagle Scouts who have demonstrated outstanding achievement at the local, state, or regional level. The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award is given only to Eagle Scouts for distinguished service in their profession and the community for a period of at least 25 years after earning Eagle Scout.

Eagle Scouts who enlist in the U.S. Armed Forces may receive advanced enlisted rank in recognition of their achievements. For commissioned officer programs, attainment of Eagle Scout is considered a positive factor in determining service academy appointments and award of college ROTC scholarships.

NESA directly administers several Eagle Scout scholarships. The American Legion, the National Jewish Committee on Scouting, and the Sons of the American Revolution offer scholarships directed toward Eagle Scouts. Many colleges and universities, local businesses, churches and other organizations offer similar scholarships.

Controversies
After the BSA v. Dale decision in 2000 affirmed the BSA's right to exclude homosexuals, a small number of Eagle Scouts returned their badges to the National Council in protest of the BSA's policies. The advocacy group Scouting for All claimed to have received as many as one thousand letters from Eagle Scouts who had done so; the BSA later stated that fewer than one hundred Eagle Scout badges had been received.

In 2012, the BSA reaffirmed its policies on the exclusion of homosexuals; again a number of Eagle Scouts returned their badges in protest. In May 2013, the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America voted to lift the ban on openly gay youth beginning on January 1, 2014, with the ban on openly gay adult leaders remaining in effect. On June 27, 2015, the ban on gay leaders was also lifted. In response, two Eagle Scouts returned their badges in protest of the change to the BSA's policy accepting gay Scouts.

Recipients
Four Nobel Prize laureates are known to be Eagle Scouts: Dudley R. Herschbach, Peter Agre, Robert Coleman Richardson, and Frederick Reines. Eleven Eagle Scouts have been awarded the Medal of Honor: Eugene B. Fluckey, Aquilla J. Dyess, Robert Edward Femoyer, Walter Joseph Marm, Jr., Mitchell Paige, Thomas R. Norris, Arlo L. Olson, Ben L. Salomon, Leo K. Thorsness, Jay Zeamer Jr., and Britt K. Slabinski.

At least forty astronauts earned the rank as a youth, including Neil Armstrong and Charles Duke, both of whom walked on the Moon. Businessmen who have earned the award include Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton, Marriott International CEO J. W. Marriott, Jr., and Michael Bloomberg, Mayor of New York City and founder of Bloomberg L.P.

Eagle Scouts who have held public office include 38th President of the United States Gerald R. Ford, 22nd U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert Gates,  13th and 21st U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, 69th U.S. Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, former Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Stephen Breyer  and 84th U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions.

In academia, Eagle Scouts are represented by Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction-winner E.O. Wilson, E. Gordon Gee, former President of Ohio State University, and Kim B. Clark, former Dean of the Harvard Business School, and former president of Brigham Young University–Idaho. Entertainers who earned the BSA's highest rank include documentary filmmaker and Academy Award-winner Michael Moore, Academy Award-winning director Steven Spielberg, and Mike Rowe, host of Dirty Jobs.

Athletes who have earned Eagle Scout include Basketball Hall of Famer (later U.S. Senator) Bill Bradley, NBA All-Star Mark Eaton, MLB All-Star Shane Victorino, Daytona 500 winner William Byron, pitcher Jon Moscot, running back David Montgomery, Notre Dame and San Diego Chargers linebacker Manti Te'o, and Philadelphia Eagles guard Landon Dickerson. Religious leaders who have earned Eagle Scout include Cardinal Archbishop Emeritus of Baltimore William H. Keeler, and Howard W. Hunter, 14th president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

Other notable recipients include Sam Berns, an American teen who had progeria and helped raise awareness about the disease, the novelist and adventurer Clive Cussler, and Ross Ulbricht, the creator of the darknet Silk Road.

Impact
The National Eagle Scout Association (NESA) researched the total volunteer hours of the Eagle service projects ever done and it came to a total of more than 100 million hours of service. Each year, new Eagle Scouts add more than three million more hours. Eagle Scouts completed about 9.5 million hours in 2011.

January 31 is officially recognized by NESA as National Eagle Scout Day in recognition of Eldred's Board of Review he sat in 1912. The important date of an Eagle Scout's Board of Review is the officially recognized date a Scout achieves the rank of Eagle Scout regardless of the date of their Eagle Court of Honor.

title: Eagle Scout


text:
Talk:Likelihood-ratio test

Added General Audience Introduction and Created Examples Contents
The instructions for creating less technical articles suggest starting with a simplier explanation upfront and then get into the technical details later. With a table of contents, the instructions indicate that provides for having something accessible for those that haven't extensively studied this topic; while at the same time, leaving a meaty article for those interested in something more sophisticated. I dont know if I pulled it off perfectly, but I think it improves the article in a way in which who ever put the "to technical" banner would approve.

At the same time I moved the example into its own contents tab to seperate it from the theory portion.

Jeremiahrounds 18:59, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Would it be possible for any one to add a proof of why the test follows a chi squared distribution ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Thedreamshaper (talk • contribs) 20:52, 17 February 2010 (UTC)

I think the introduction might benifit from a re-write, perhaps this formula would be more appropriate than the asymptotic version: $$\Lambda(x)=\frac{\sup\{\,L(\theta\mid x):\theta\in\Theta_0\,\}}{\sup\{\,L(\theta\mid x):\theta\in\Theta\,\}}.$$ --131.111.243.37 (talk) 10:18, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

I added a non-technical description about when these tests arise in practice to the first paragraph. Not an expert, but using this page without something like that was not helpful. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.143.103.218 (talk) 04:07, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

difficult take on the likelihood viewpoint?
I believe this essentially obscures the idea here:
 * $$\Lambda(x)=\frac{\sup\{\,L(\theta\mid x):\theta\in\Theta_0\,\}}{\sup\{\,L(\theta\mid x):\theta\in\Theta\,\}}.$$

The likelihood ratio test is the ratio of the probability of the result GIVEN the maximum likelihood estimator in the domain of the null and alternative hypothesis.

The supremums in that equation sort of combine the maximum likelihood method into the theory of likelihood ratios.

I am not making this up. For example, the text Hoel, Introduction of Statistical Theory uses L(x| theta0) / L(x | theta) where each theta is the maximum likelihood estimate applicable to each hypothesis.

You can more simply state it as Hoel does and just note that the thetas are produced by maximum likelihood estimates. So the supremum doesnt need to appear in the theory of likelihood ratios. Then you get a ratio of probabilities that is easier to read and even think about.

I actually initially called the offered equation an error. But that is a bridge to far I think. Putting the supremums in the context where you appear to be maximizing something after the data is taken isnt very useful for understanding the actual method though.

Jeremiahrounds 12:11, 20 June 2007 (UTC)
 * I don't think there is any maximum involved in the Likelihood-ratio test, you just have to make the ratio of the likelihood under hypothesis H0 and H1. I'm not an expert in statistics but I think this equation introduces a confusion between Likelihood-ratio test and maximum likelihood estimation. I have never seen it presented this way anyway... Sylenius 14:45, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

I think Jeremiahrounds is mistaken. In case the MLEs actually exist, the likelihood-ratio test statistic is in fact equal to what Hoel's book says it is, and also it is equal to the expression in TeX above, which appears in this article. But the likelihood-ratio test statistic can exist even in cases where MLEs don't exist, simply because the sup exists and the max does not, i.e. the sup is not actually attained. Moreover, the problem of non-unique MLEs doesn't matter, since it is only the value of the sup rather than the value of θ where the sup occurs that matters. Michael Hardy 19:05, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

Untitled
Can someone please replace the awful ascii-art in this article with TeX, please?

I may get to that if someone doesn't beat me to it. Hundreds of articles here are in need of TeX to replace what was used here before 2003. Michael Hardy 22:57 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC)

The article uses λ in some places, and Λ in others -- is this intentional, or should they all be one or the other?

This article needs thorough checking and copyediting.

(Capital) Λ is the most frequently used notation for the test statistic. Michael Hardy 20:12 Feb 4, 2003 (UTC)

Can the Likelihoor ratio test be used in place of the F-test for a fixed effects models. Any diffrences from the F-test in this case? What about using LRT for testing fixed effects in mixed model?

 * The F-test is the likelihood ratio test in such models. Michael Hardy 22:30, 3 September 2005 (UTC)

Hi. I may be misguided or mistaken here, I'm hardly expert. But I think the definition of the test statistic given is inconsistent with the test statistic given. The unrestricted numerator will be larger than the restricted denominator, so the ratio will be greater than 1, and its log will be positive, so -2 log Λ will be negative and can hardly be chi-square distributed. I think that either the ratio should be inverted, or the test statistic multiplied by negative 1, to keep things consistent. (My apologies again if I'm making a basic mistake, a possibility of which the likelihood is high.) Stevewaldman (talk) 00:58, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

"asymptotically"
"If the null hypothesis is true, then −2 log Λ will be asymptotically χ2 distributed" The validity conditions of this theorem should be given. "asymptotically" when what tends to what value ?

 * I have now answered this question in the article. Michael Hardy 02:36, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * There's really no further restriction on the random variables ("n independent identically distributed random variables")? Dchudz 15:22, 13 July 2007 (UTC)

Coins
Hi, I think your example of the coins is fine but needs elaborating.  You haven't defined mij which I assume is the probability of event j when the two coins have the same probability of event j. It might be better calling it mj then mij. I think you should put in the equation for the likelihood ratio lambda, then follow it with the -2 log lambda (-2LL) equation I'm not sure your -2LL equation is right, though I may be wrong. It looks to me as if your -2LL equation converts to lambda squared equals the ratio of the max likelihood of the data for the two hypotheses.  Desmond D.Campbell@iop.kcl.ac.uk 89.241.126.245 01:36, 24 March 2007 (UTC)

This page is FUNDAMENTALLY WRONG.
Where to begin? A likelihood ratio test is for simple-vs-simple hypothesis. The test statistic given is a generalized, or maximum, likelihood ratio statistic. It may be commonly referred to in conversation as an LRT, but no competent mathematical statistics text will refer to it as such.

The distinction is critical. For example, the Neyman-Pearson lemma, mentioned in the article, is only directly applicable to the simple-vs-simple test. It may be extended to some composite alternatives (UMP test) through eg. Monotone likelihood ratios. For most practical composite hypotheses, the best results are generally more restrictive, eg. UMPU.

As for the flag about "too technical for a general audience". Blah. No choice, but one has to understand some mathematical statistics to have a chance of understanding LRT's. Conversely, a "General Audience" will have little concern over LRT's.

Anyway, another page for the "expert needed" flag... --Zaqrfv (talk) 09:37, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

 * "Zaqrfv", your main point is wrong. It is true that the LR test referred to in the Neyman–Pearson lemma is for simple-versus-simple.  But to say that no respectable text will use this term for the generalized version is wrong.  It's quite commonplace. Michael Hardy (talk) 20:51, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Blah? I wholeheartedly disagree that this article can't be directed at a more general audience (e.g. physicians wanting to interpret the diagnostic validity of a test). The more complex stuff is fine towards the end of the article, but let's put the accessible stuff up front.  Currently, the Wikipedia article is one of the least accessible articles on LRs on the web. After having read this article, I still have no idea what they are.164.111.16.221 (talk) 13:50, 5 November 2008 (UTC)

Hi, I think that the definition given for the ratio is wrong: "The numerator corresponds to the maximum probability of an observed result under the null hypothesis. The denominator corresponds to the maximum probability of an observed result under the alternative hypothesis." I was checking in some books, Mathematics and Statistics for science page 157 for example and the definition is the other way around. Then the interpretation needs another review also. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Isapedraza (talk • contribs) 12:52, 26 February 2009 (UTC)

 * It can be done either way; you just need to say that in one case you reject the null if the ratio is too big and in the other case if it's too small; the test is the same either way (in the sense that any dataset will lead to rejection in one case if and only if it leads to rejection in the other case). Michael Hardy (talk) 20:51, 17 March 2009 (UTC)

 * A problem might be in the Criticism > Practical paragraph, which states that a disease is present if the likelihood ratio is large. This would be the other way around if we want to be consistent with the definition given. Jonas Wagner (talk) 13:16, 10 June 2010 (UTC)

 * We just reviewed this article here in Biostats at Vanderbilt and there are several misleading statements, have to agree with "Zaqrfv". Professor Blume (worked with Royall and Goodman) and I would like to take a crack at cleaning it up. ShawnGarbett (talk) 18:42, 16 March 2017 (UTC)

What is f(.)
Are we talking cdf or pdf? The probability that x is observed exactly as is? or that x or something more extreme than x was observed cancan101 (talk) 03:02, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * In standard usage a lower-case ƒ is the pdf, and capital F is the cdf. Michael Hardy (talk) 22:09, 20 March 2009 (UTC)

Dubious
I have revised the section, including the para marked dubious. Is it better/good enough? Otherwise give details of apparent problem points. Melcombe (talk) 10:16, 18 February 2009 (UTC)
 * I have revised the section, the paragraph does not seem to hold good under the revised definition and hence is omitted. Kniwor (talk) 18:58, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Inconsistencies (Revised for improvement)
The sections and the definitions(though correct) seem inconsistent to me, and thoroughly confusing for a reader unfamiliar with the topic. I have revised and rewritten the first two sections to avoid any confusion and make things clear and consistent. Please point out any errors. Kniwor (talk) 18:57, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

The ratio
Since the test is for nested ones, so it is better to state in the following way: $$D=2\left(L\left(unconstrained\right)-L\left(constrained\right)\right)$$

rather than the original articulation in the article.

For the non-logarithmized one, $$D=\frac{l\left(unconstrained\right)}{l\left(constrained\right)}$$

Jackzhp (talk) 22:18, 9 February 2011 (UTC)

Wilks's theorem
can someone put a reference so we can see where to look for its precise format. Jackzhp (talk) 22:21, 9 February 2011 (UTC)
 * I've added the relevant ref: --Qwfp (talk) 19:37, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

It seems like Wilks's theorem deserves its own article. Is there a good reason to keep it constrained to just this sub-subsection? Zhermes (talk) 18:41, 27 June 2015 (UTC)

Background?
Wasn't the likelihood ratio test a result of Søren Johansen's work, or am I mistaken? Shouldn't he be mentioned in the Background section? I've only ever heard this referred to as Johansen's likelihood ratio and Johansen's likelihood ratio test. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.71.89.15 (talk) 19:34, 29 November 2011 (UTC)
 * I think Johansen just developed a specific likelihood ratio test for cointegration. He was born in 1939 and Wilks' theorem about the asymptotic distribution of the log-likelihood ratio dates from 1938, so it seems improbable that likelihood ratio tests in general are a result of Johansen's work. Qwfp (talk) 20:10, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks! I understand now. Apologies for forgetting to login and sign my previous post - didn't realize I was logged out.  John Shandy`   • talk 20:57, 29 November 2011 (UTC)

Definition of Deviance is wrong
The definition of deviance on the page now, 25. of January 2013 is wrong.

It should be: -2ln [ likelihood of fitted model  / likelihood of saturated model ] Which is the correct definition from Hosmer and Lemeshow's Applied logistic regression p. 13. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.242.0.66 (talk) 11:29, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

 * Deviance is not mentioned in this article at all. There is a different quantity denoted by D. 81.98.35.149 (talk) 19:19, 25 January 2013 (UTC)

Coin toss example issue
There seems to be an error in the coin toss example: in the last equation describing the likelihood ratio, the likelihood ratio is stated as n_ij/m_ij. But n_ij and m_ij are described in the text as the maximum likelihood *estimates* for the parameter of interest under the non-null and null models, respectively. We don't want to take the ratio of the log of the maximum likelihood estimates of the parameter, we want the ratio of the log of the actual likelihoods, no? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 164.107.189.130 (talk) 09:51, 20 October 2017 (UTC)

Inconsistencies in definition of LR
A recent change switched the numerator and denominator in the definition of LR. As I understand it (I am not an expert) it occurs both ways in the literature, so either way is OK, but now there are inconsistencies, I believe, with other parts of the article. e.g.: in the 'Simple hypotheses' section: 'In the form stated here, the likelihood ratio is small if the alternative model is better than the null model.', and in the 'Interpretation' section: 'The likelihood ratio test rejects the null hypothesis if the value of this statistic is too small.', and 'The numerator corresponds to the likelihood of an observed outcome under the null hypothesis. The denominator ...'. And maybe there are other inconsistencies. I don't know whether is would be better to revert to null model likelihood in numerator, or fix the statements inconsistent with the current version. I leave it to someone with greater expertise/stronger opinion to do that.tom fisher-york (talk) 18:38, 22 December 2017 (UTC) I reverted to fix this inconsistency - if there is strong preference for the other way (null in denominatortom fisher-york (talk) 23:00, 31 December 2017 (UTC)) then the above mentioned statement need to be revised also to be consistent.tom fisher-york (talk) 19:06, 22 December 2017 (UTC)

Separating LR test from Wilks' theorem
Wilks' theorem is an asymptotic method to estimate the LR test under some conditions. One could also use either analytical or numerical solutions. I think Wilks' theorem should get it's own article, and LR test should be extended with some other methods. I'll start making this change, if others disagree, feel free to explain why or revert. Tal Galili (talk) 19:29, 19 August 2018 (UTC)
 * ok, I've now created Wilks' theorem. The current article on LR tests should have a section showing how to do LR test on simple cases (such as comparing two simple hypothesis on n bernulli trials), and also discuss the difference between LR test and "generalized likelihood ratio test". I hope someone else can continue this a bit further. Tal Galili (talk) 20:00, 19 August 2018 (UTC)

explanation needed for capital P in equation for significance level alpha
hi there, as I see it it is not really clear what is meant by P here https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a865919a1124526b5c890302848283418e2ddb6b. is it a probability density? but if so what do the arguments mean?

hope some can explain this in more detail. 31.17.204.117 (talk) 06:20, 21 March 2021 (UTC)

suggestion:add an example for uses in nuisance parameters case
suggestion:add an example for uses in nuisance parameters case

show people how to use the lRT 68.134.243.51 (talk) 20:34, 5 August 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Likelihood-ratio test


text:
Rauma

Rauma may refer to:

Places

 * Rauma, Finland, a town and municipality in the Satakunta region of western Finland
 * Rauma, Norway, a municipality in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway
 * Rauma (river), a river in the Romsdalen valley in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway

Boats

 * Rauma-class missile boat, a class of Finnish Fast Attack Craft
 * HNoMS Rauma (1939), the first ship of the Norwegian Otra class minesweepers
 * HNoMS Rauma (1939), the second ship of the Norwegian Otra class minesweepers

Other

 * Rauma dialect, a nearly-extinct dialect of the Finnish language
 * Rauma Line, a railway line in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway
 * Rauma-Repola Oy (-1991), and Rauma Oy (1991–1999); former Finnish companies, now part of Metso Corporation
 * FC Rauma, a football club in Rauma municipality, Norway
 * 1882 Rauma, a main-belt asteroid

title: Rauma


text:
Xanth

Xanth is a series of novels by author Piers Anthony, also known as The Magic of Xanth. The novels are set in the fantasy world of Xanth, in which magic exists and every human has a magical "talent." The books have been noted for their extensive use of wordplay and puns.

Anthony has stated that he has kept the series going as long as he has (currently 47 books) because the Xanth novels are "just about all that publishers want" from him.

Since the peak of its popularity in the 1970s and 1980s, the series has been criticized by many scholars and reviewers for what they characterize as misogynist and pedophilic undertones; one reviewer has called it the "most divisive non-media publishing enterprise in all of fantasy." Anthony has downplayed these critiques.

The series was optioned in 2017 for a film and TV series.

Books
As of 2023, there are 47 published novels.

Inhabitants and talents
Each human character in Xanth is born with a unique magical ability, called a talent. With the exception of the curse fiends, the winged centaurs, and the child Surprise Golem (Daughter of Rapunzel and Grundy Golem), these abilities never repeat exactly in individuals throughout the entire history of Xanth (although nearly identical talents show up on occasion). Though many talents are limited in scope (called the "spot-on-a-wall" variety), the series focuses mainly on individuals with "Magician" caliber abilities (one of the criteria for serving as King of Xanth).

In addition to the human characters, Xanth is populated by elves, centaurs, demons, dragons, fauns, gargoyles, goblins, golems, harpies, merfolk, naga, nymphs, ogres, zombies, curse fiends, and other fictional beasts. Though initially introduced as obstacles to the human characters, some individuals from those groups become main characters in later books of the series.

As the series progresses, some of the half-human species are discovered to have the potential to possess magical talents. The centaurs of the primary centaur community, Centaur Isle, exile any centaurs who demonstrate a magical talent (although some centaur communities are more lenient about possession of talent); however, they tolerate talents in "lesser" races such as humans. Goblins and harpies are shown to have the potential to possess half-talents, the complementary half existing in a member of the other species, (i.e., a goblin must team with a harpy for them to utilize their talent); the hostility between goblins and harpies proved a major obstacle to any serious effort by them to work together to develop these potential talents. Other non-human species are also known to possess talents, for example: Sesame Serpent and Claire Voyant. Visitors from other dimensions with talents retain their talents after arriving in Xanth.

Geography
Geographically, modern Xanth resembles the state of Florida in the United States in shape, but has landmarks that mimic well-known geographical features from around the world. One major example of this is the Gap Chasm, an enormous canyon a mile wide which completely bisects the country, paralleling the DMZ of the Korean Peninsula. The position of the Chasm could also correspond with the Cross Florida Barge Canal, which, similar to the chasm, is generally forgotten except for those who stumble upon it. The Gap is guarded by a resident dragon, known as Stanley Steamer, and is crossed by means of treacherous bridges. Many of Xanth's other geographical features are puns on those of Florida (for example, Lake Ogre-Chobee and the Kiss-Mee River). The Florida Keys also exist, though they are, in Xanth, actual keys. Other punning feature names include the Isle of View ("I love you"), Mount Ever-Rest (Mount Everest) and the Centaur Isle (center aisle) created by a magician from the Centaur Isle. The moon is close enough that flying creatures may land there; the back side is sweet and honeyish, the visible side has turned sour and become curdled cheese, due to observing what has happened on Earth and Xanth. Plants may bear fruit of all descriptions (pie trees and shoe trees are common) or they may be carnivorous (such as the tangle trees), making travel in Xanth risky.

Xanth has a connection with the normal world, which is referred to as "Mundania"; its people are called "Mundanes". Although any citizen of Xanth can enter Mundania at any time through an isthmus in the northwest, Mundanes enter the isthmus in Xanth from random geographic locations and time periods throughout history. In other words, Xanth does not have a fixed location or time in the mundane world; and the timeline between Xanth and Mundania seems to jump backwards and forwards. For example, within the lifetime of a normal citizen of Xanth, an American Mundane from 2024 and an Egyptian Mundane from 3000 BC could both walk across the isthmus. However, Mundanes seem to have trouble finding Xanth on a consistent basis, making any travel to Xanth a somewhat rare occurrence. Despite these seeming difficulties, Xanth was colonized in several waves by groups of invaders and nomads from Mundania over the course of several centuries. The series ties these colonization events to actual historical events on Earth, most notably the Punic wars.

Adult Conspiracy
First mentioned in Crewel Lye, the Adult Conspiracy is one of the prominent features of the Xanth world. In an interview with Moira Allen, Piers Anthony referred to the "Adult conspiracy to keep interesting things from children" as a literary device "parodying current societal conventions". Nearly all subsequent books contain references to the Conspiracy and its effects, particularly those novels in which the main characters are children.

At its core, the Adult Conspiracy seeks to protect children from knowledge that could bring them to great harm. The precise age for entering into the world of adults is age 18, corresponding to the age of majority in most places. The primary principle that inducts children into the Conspiracy is the understanding of the secret of "summoning the stork". In Xanthian terms, "summoning the stork" literally means to put out a call to summon a stork which will deliver to the couple a child. In Isle of View, it is revealed that summoning the stork will release an "ellipsis" (...) into the air to fly off to the stork. This is a play on the joke that all the "adult" things happen after a paragraph ends in an ellipsis. Most inductees actually discover the specifics of the act "by accident" after marriage, or under the influence of a love spring (a magical spring which causes two drinkers, not necessarily human, or even of the same species, to fall madly, and lustfully, in love with one another at first sight).

Other faculties of the Adult Conspiracy include:
 * Censorship of foul language – All foul words contain the ability to cause various effects (the wilting of plants (negative), removal of curse burrs (positive), etc.). These are automatically bleeped when said in the presence of someone who has yet to be inducted.
 * Visual access to underwear – Because underwear is so closely tied to sexuality (even more so than nudity in Xanth), men become automatically "freaked out" when they view panties. This is made a common joke, most prominently in the novel The Color of Her Panties, and is often used by women to gain advantage over men. Panties only carry their effects when worn, but because of their nature, they are forbidden to be shown to children.
 * Inability to have childish fun – Children believe that once they join the Adult Conspiracy, they will no longer have pillow fights, eat sweets and drink "tsoda popka" (soda pop), or want to have fun. While this belief is exaggerated, the entry to the Conspiracy does cause the couple to lose their bed monster, inadvertently creating the appearance of losing all childhood spirit under the responsibility of Adulthood.

It is important to note that there have been occasions when children gained access to the Adult Conspiracy prematurely. Jenny Elf, Che Centaur, and Gwenny Goblin had to be given access to the Adult Conspiracy when Gwenny received a pair of contact lenses that corrected her poor eyesight while giving her the ability to see others' dreams (some of which could contain Conspiracy material). In one rare instance, a little girl was born with the magic talent of immunity to the magical censorship of Adult Conspiracy, causing her family much distress. This was remedied with magician Sherlock's talent of reversal and a vial of lethe water which erased her memory.

Related works

 * Encyclopedia of Xanth (1987, by Jody Lynn Nye) a Crossroads Adventure role-playing game book
 * Ghost of a Chance (1988, by Jody Lynn Nye) a Crossroads Adventure role-playing game book
 * Piers Anthony's Visual Guide to Xanth (1989, with Jody Lynn Nye)
 * "Xanth" Board Game (1991, created by Mayfair Games, a board game for 1-6 players set in the Xanth Universe)
 * Companions of Xanth (a 1993 video game described in and following the plot of Demons Don't Dream)
 * Letters to Jenny (1993, nonfiction)

title: Xanth


text:
Talk:Xanth

}}

Opening comments
This is my first try at an article. How badly did I screw up? I think it's good, but I'm not really all that objective. Fastfinge 23:06 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC)
 * It is quite adequate. -Fuzzy 20:00, 18 Apr 2005 (UTC)
 * I am a fan of the Xanth series and I think you, and the whole community now, have done a great job pulling together this collection of Xanthism. If nothing else, it lets me know what to look for to complete the series. (I stopped reading around Yon Ill Wind.) --TecBrat 23:55, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Are you talking about the first paragraph? It's nice, but unfortunately it is an opinion. It's one I share, but it's not appropriate for an encyclopedia. Tokyogirl79 12:25, 11 November 2007 (UTC)Tokyogirl79

 * I just removed the information about P.A.'s preference for blondes and it being the basis for the name Xanth. The Greek word for blonde (feminine) is actually pronounced pretty close to "Cynthia" (it's where the name came from), and the word for blond (masculine) is closer ("Zinthos"), but it's still an unverified fact.

 * "an unverified fact" is not a fact at all, just a claim.
 * The name Cynthia has nothing to do with ξάνθος (xánthos) and doesn't sound much like it. See Cynthia:
 * Cynthia is a feminine given name of Greek origin: Κυνθία, Kynthía, "from Mount Cynthus" on Delos island.
 * ξάνθος does mean "blonde" in modern Greek.
 * --Thnidu (talk) 17:11, 8 July 2015 (UTC)
 * --Thnidu (talk) 17:11, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

Merge
Someone marked this article for merge in from The Manticora (a character in the Xanth series).

I've also just seen an article on Crunch The Ogre and Dor (Xanth). Both of these are stubs. We should consider gathering them all together into an article Characters of Xanth. Before the population gets out of control. RJFJR 02:11, May 19, 2005 (UTC)

 * Actually, there is a page titled List of Xanth characters. Maybe this article could include a link there? And I can see no reason for this article to be merged with The Manticora, especially since The Manticora redirects to the mythical creature rather than the (very minor) Xanth creature. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 128.216.1.8 (talk) 08:11, 26 June 2005 (UTC)

 * Merging the characters of Xanth is a good idea for stubs, but The Manticora page? No.  Manticora is fine on its own, as is Xanth.

WikiProject?
Hey guys, me and my friend are thinking of starting a Xanth wikiproject. What do you think? There arent very many Xanth articles compared to other fiction series such as Star Trek, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Harry Potter. --Siam 19:26, 5 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think it would be good to start a wikiproject. I'm surprised there aren't as many page; there are way more books about the Demon $$X\left( {a}/{n}\; \right)^{th}$$ and his realm than there are Harry Potter books. --Daniel (talk) 18:16, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Xanth Family Trees collaborator
Would it be appropriate to have a little tiny mini-bio of the other author of the Xanth Family Trees on the Xanth page? (I know her.)

Lady Aleena 14:52, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I think it would be appropriate under a "Collaborators" section perhaps. Jody Lynn Nye also comes to mind as far as other co-writers in the Xanth world. --Avery W. Krouse 20:39, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Xanth PseudoWikiProject
Hey there. Let's start a Xanth project. Whether or not we go for a full-on WikiProject or just a nice selection of Xanth pages, I'd like to see more about the World of Xanth. I could easily see more on the List of Xanth characters, perhaps a Geography of Xanth page, a page about the Moons of Ida (Xanth), mayhaps the History of Xanth, and even a List of Xanth puns. If you'd like to help with this project, let's discuss it here. Plant a comment in this section to let me know you're working on something, what it is you're working on, and what you'd like to see us do with WikiXanth. --Avery W. Krouse 21:32, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I think a list of Xanth puns might be just a tad overwhelming.--Vercalos 20:41, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I disagree; I'm like Dug Mundane, I'm one of those crazy people who LIKES puns (although even I think he tries to squeeze in too many per novel, they're displacing the substance). Besides, no Xanth project would be complete without them. --Daniel (talk) 18:20, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Major work to start soon
I have created infoboxes for all of the books in the series and will be making the articles shortly. I have also created a template for the Xanth series which I will be putting on the main Xanth page so that you can follow my progress during the article creation process for the books. This means that all of the redirects will not be redirects anymore. When the infobox is up, the article will be ready for the main body. This may take a while, so please be patient. --Lady Aleena 18:29, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

All done... --Lady Aleena 19:14, 18 February 2006 (UTC)

I've added the new page for Geography of Xanth, feel free to rearrange and expand as you see fit. --Avery W. Krouse 18:18, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

We need a To Do list. --LA 20:05, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Not a horribly bad idea. *scampers off to make a new section* --Avery W. Krouse 23:42, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Possible Bias
Excerpt: "As many things in Xanth this is cross to the sensible idea of sex education." Something about that strikes me as being somewhat biased, but I am unsure if it merits editing or removal. Scienda 22:52, 20 February 2006 (UTC)

 * Easily fixed. I will make a change, revert if it still seems biased. Will you be joining us in the quest to improve Xanth's presence on WP? --Avery W. Krouse 01:47, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Xanth Expansion Project
We shall use this section (or copy it into a subpage) to outline plans for a Xanth pages expansion project. There are several items on our To-Do list to complete in order to create a definitive resource for Xanth information.

Xanth

 * Incorporate some form of chronology of Xanth (perhaps its own page)

List of Xanth characters

 * Expand short descriptions and fill in missing ones
 * Add new characters

Need some input please
As some of you have seen, I have been placing characters in groups across several pages. Now that the characters have been dispursed to those pages, should the main article stay as is or should I just make an alphabetical index? I have the index already saved on my computer ready to slap up, but before I do this, I would like to know what you think.

Vote:
 * For index instead of groups
 * For index and groups
 * For separate index on another page

Lady Aleena 21:48, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd say an index instead of groups, especially considering the level of ambiguity of where characters belong.. Although Magicians and Sorcerers are fairly clear cut, the extended family of various families gets rather vague, and some of the characters are currently in sections they don't even belong in.  For example the nagas, demons, and mare Imbrium are listed under Humfrey's family.--Vercalos 22:22, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I would say also that perhaps the current grouping, although a rather magnificent effort, does cause a bit of confusion here and there. Is there any other way we could go? Maybe stick to just racial lines, humans / demons / goblins / etc. On the human page, at least, it could have a major heading of "Magicians," divide from there into "Kings" and "Other Magicians," and have another section for regular humans. Maybe we could use subheadings to divide the family trees, ala this format. No clue beyond that. --Avery W. Krouse 01:58, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Duh, I just saw the new magicians page. I think the families pages get a bit weird when you start into family trees. Is there a format or template for family tree building on WP? --Avery W. Krouse 02:04, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Nice work on the character's page, Aleena! --Avery W. Krouse 04:54, 4 March 2006 (UTC)

About families
Should I include the family trees? I have all of Humfrey's ready, all I need to do is put them up. Lady Aleena 16:04, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * It would probably be less confusing.--Vercalos 18:52, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Family trees are added. Humfrey does have a large extended family. Lady Aleena 20:27, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Hope Piers is keeping track
I hope that Piers is keeping track of the families. As we have all seen, most of the couples that are boyfriend/girlfriend end up married. In Up in a Heaval Piers has added not only a person with no history before the book, he has added a DRAGON to Humfrey's family. And it isn't just any dragon either, it is Draco Dragon. He has also mentioned Demon Ted possibly marrying DeMonica. If that happens, there will be a loop in Humfrey's family tree. If the family tree didn't scroll so badly left to right, I would be able to show just how wide the thing really is. Oh, and he mentioned relatives of Mare Anne, but not how they are related to her. How can I add them to the family tree without knowing where they belong?! ACK!

If I were a demon right now, I would become a nice little puddle.

Lady Aleena 01:17, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Novels

 * Add plot summaries to each novel page

Geography of Xanth

 * Fill in information for existing sections
 * Add additional sections

If you can think of any other objectives, please add them. We will then work on completing as much as possible as we go along. Should we make these objectives even more specific so we can say "Done" when we finish them? --Avery W. Krouse 23:50, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Moons of Ida
I created a Moons of Ida article, but it needs some work. Help would be greatly appreciated. -- Bigolfish 2:35, September 5 2006 (UTC)

Xanthian months
I think there should be a list of the Xanthian months, because they are different from the Mhundane months. Here they are:

Jambory - when the ogres celebrate with iceball fights.

FeBlueberry - when the red berries are blue with cold.

Marsh - when the snow melts, turning the ground into mud (mudball fights are almost as much fun)

Apull - when they have a big tug-of-war contest (a Pull which lasts all month, having forgotten to schedule a month for Push)

MayHem - which is entirely too pleasant for ogres, driving them crazy, so they do wild things. Noboby messes with an ogre then--or any other time.

JeJune - which is so pleasant they can't stand it, so they sleep through it, making the month pleasant for all other creatures.

Jewel-Lye - when the ogres bash fist-sized jewels into fragments that scatter widely for others to find.

AwGhost - when an ogre imbibed too deeply from a beerbarrel tree, so that it gave up the ghost, causing the ogre to say "Aw, Ghost".

Sap-Timber - when the ogres bash trees into splinters with their hamfists, making sap fly and trees fall, thus ushering in the fall season.

OctOgre - which the ogres reckoned to be the eighth month of he year, showing that ogres can't count well beyond the toes of one foot; but it was still their very own month.

NoRemember - because it was hard for a stupid ogre to remember anything that late in the year.

Dismember - with really bad weather, which ogres love, causing them to celebrate rather violently.

These months are described as I typed them word for word in How Precious Was That While (Piers, 285-286) —Preceding unsigned comment added by MathPath Geek (talk • contribs) 18:23, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * From what I remember and what I see here, these are not generally Xanthian months but ogre months. --Thnidu (talk) 05:23, 24 February 2014 (UTC)

Comments
Of all the Xanth articles I have seen, this is by far the best one. It reads well, and there are no unnecessary spoilers. There's some room for growth, but not a whole lot. I think the next major section to add to this page is an overall plot for the series. A separate timeline page will be necessary later on. The organization of the characters is good for now, but tense needs a lot of work. I think we need to find ways to introduce the characters without spoiling too much for readers who are just getting into the series. The books ... well, they do have pages, which is good, but, again, the spoilers need better placement, and the plot summaries need to be straightened out. I think a "standard" for what to include in the book pages would be good, too. Each book page should have a plot summary, in two parts (1, setting the scene and, 2, spoilers); lists of characters (starring roles (with spoiler warning, if necessary), other significant characters, and cameos (established major characters that make only a brief appearance in this particular book)); and some kind of geographic & time reference box. What do you think? Mdotley 20:30, 5 October 2006 (UTC)

Next two Xanth books
I have emailed Piers and Found out the name of the next two xanth books and a brief plot description of one of them. Number 32# is "Two and Fifth" it will involve rythmn and cyrus having a baby. Number 33# Jumper Cable (which I will be in with my username Oxalate) no plot details so far. Set to be published in 2009. Oxalate 20:09, 22 November 2006 (UTC)

Easter Egg
I hope that no one minds. I added in an easter egg on how to read "gibberish". Signed: Nick Petruzzi. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 68.1.71.83 (talk) 19:26, 13 January 2007 (UTC).

Adult Conspiracy
I've corrected the error that the exact age of entering into the Adult Conspiracy is unknown. Anthony states many times that the age is 18 (which corresponds to the age of majority).

I also linked "summoning the stork" to sexual reproduction to be as factually accurate as possible about what is meant by "summoning the stork."

Also, Anthony has made it clear (and stated openly) that the Adult Conspiracy is meant to make fun of the sometimes absurd lengths adults go to in order to keep "adult knowledge" from children. I think this should be worked into the description somehow, but couldn't think of a good way to do it. Perhaps someone else can. --Lord Galen 14:12, 18 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Find a citation, and I'm sure there are any number of folks that would be willing to help. Mdotley 22:32, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I found a published interview with an appropriate quote, put it in and cited it. you're welcome. If it's isn't sufficient, anyone else is welcome to do better. Davnoctu (talk) 14:13, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

 * Piers Anthony does state that the age is 18, however later in the series he said it depended on several things (Such as in Demons Don't Dream), and in one of the first novels (before the Adult Conspiracy), once two people want to marry, they can - despite age. --Daniel (talk) 18:26, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

I don't have my copy of the Xanth books right now, but in one of the latest ones ("Stork Naked", I believe), it is speculated in the story that the Adult Conspiracy artificially became reality due to Ida and Ivy's powers ("Idea" and "Enhancement"), which were strong enough combined to retroactively affect the past, even well before they were born, providing an in-universe explaination for how the Adult Conspiracy became so essential to the series when there was no reference to it whatsoever in the earliest Xanth books. --202.134.242.104 (talk) 14:15, 8 April 2009 (UTC)

Series
I noticed that articles referring to the Xanth series direct here. This article seems to be about the Xanth universe. Should there be a section/article for that? -- StarDolph (talk) 12:44, 26 December 2007 (UTC)

Article deficiencies
Knowing absolutely nothing about the Xanth series coming in, I found this article to be remarkably uninformative. Details are given without any background ("While this belief is exaggerated, the entry to the Conspiracy does cause the couple to lose their bed monster, inadvertently creating the appearance of losing all childhood spirit under the responsibility of Adulthood," as an example), and there is an obvious lack of any sort of critical assessment of the works. It's not even clear what level of reader the series is aimed toward: is it for kids? teens? immature adults? =) Powers T 16:40, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Curse fiend
I doubt that anyone wants to write a whole article on Curse fiends. Don't you think it would be better to merge it back here? I can still be linked in the text, to another part of the article. In that section, just say that this is an original creation, unlike the other mythical beasts. —— Martinphi    ☎ Ψ Φ —— 03:57, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

 * That sounds quite reasonable to me. -Phoenixrod (talk) 04:39, 11 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Delete Curse fiend without merging as there is currently no section for the various creatures of Xanth anywhere in the article. I like Xanth a bit, but curse fiends aren't notable even for this article. The information could be mentioned in the article of the first novel they were mentioned in however. LA (T) @ 07:31, 11 September 2008 (UTC)

Pet Peeve
The link for Pet Peeve is wrong. When you click on it, it takes you to the definition of pet peeve instead of the Xanth book —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.127.132.53 (talk) 14:03, 23 December 2009 (UTC)

Chronological order of novels?
It's been a while since I've read the books, and I haven't yet read the latest half dozen or so. From what I recall, the chronological order followed publication order, except in the case of Castle Roogna. Even that book had the 'present' framing the 'past' (400 years before the current books.)

Are there any other Xanth books that are set in previous time periods? I usually prefer to read the earliest chronological books first, even though a much later book might have been published first, such as the Stainless Steel Rat books by Harry Harrison, and the Redwall books by Brian Jacques.

I would like to see either a chronological listing as many other series show, OR a note that says something like "The novels take place generally in the order they were published, except for Castle Roogna which has the characters travelling 400 years to the past."68.12.195.143 (talk) 22:46, 18 October 2013 (UTC)

Unintentional pun?
The History section states that "The name Xanth is in itself an unintentional pun, which matches the playful tone of the books."

This has an inline citation, which reads: "The name 'Xanth' was from my 'Names' book. I use these books not for the usual purpose of naming babies...but for naming characters in my fiction" (Piers, 213)

I don't... I don't see how that citation shows that "the name Xanth is in itself an unintentional pun", nor that it "matches the playful tone of othe books". Am I missing something? (I admit I also don't "get" the pun... maybe that's part of the problem?) ErraticDragon (talk) 05:58, 30 April 2014 (UTC)

Xanth sounds like Piers Anthony, if you leave out the "pier" and the "ony". If it's still unclear, note that "Piers" is usually pronounced with a voiced s, i.e. [z] in IPA. Ryan 1729 (talk) 03:39, 5 December 2014 (UTC)

 * Fixed. --Thnidu (talk) 17:53, 8 July 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Anyone more familiar with the series than I care to add it to this list?
Types of mythological or fantastic beings in contemporary fiction is a page of, well, fantasy series (movie, TV, written, whatever) and the assorted mythological and/or fantastic critters they contain. This series would qualify. Anyone care to add it? Tamtrible (talk) 01:11, 6 August 2017 (UTC)

Sourcing/ encyclopedia tone
Despite being a reasonably sized article and this talk page having 20 sections, this article has only 3 sources, one of which is an interview. The article desperately needs to be converted to a more encyclopediac tone, including cites, a reception section etc. A description of the world is fine, but wikipedia is not a site for dumping any knowledge an editor may have of a book series they like. Ashmoo (talk) 13:53, 15 September 2017 (UTC)

Newest Book Skeleton Key
Just to let anyone know, the latest book listed in production is to be called Skeleton Key. I added the info, unfortunately, as the book page doesn't yet exist, "skeleton Key" is directing to the article about actual Skeleton Key's for the time being. I'm not pro enough editor, to write whatever is necessary to redirect it to a "page doesn't exist" Unrelated I also hunted down a number of references to jazz up the main article. Davnoctu (talk) 14:13, 20 July 2018 (UTC)

 * I fixed the link. Cheers- Dan Bloch (talk) 00:02, 21 July 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Xanth


text:
Rauma, Finland

Rauma (Raumo) is a town in Finland, located on the western coast of the country. Rauma is situated in the Satakunta region, along the Gulf of Bothnia. The population of Rauma is approximately 0, while the sub-region has a population of approximately 0. It is the most populous municipality in Finland.

Rauma is located 92 km north of Turku, and 50 km south of Pori. Its neighbouring municipalities are Eura, Eurajoki, Laitila and Pyhäranta. Granted town privileges on 17 April 1442 (then under the rule of Sweden), Rauma is known for its paper and maritime industry, high quality lace (since the 18th century) and the old wooden architecture of the city centre (Old Rauma, Vanha Rauma), which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

History
In the 14th century, before it was declared a town, Rauma had a Franciscan monastery and a Catholic church. In 1550, the townsmen of Rauma were ordered to relocate to Helsinki, but this was unsuccessful and Rauma continued to grow.

Practically the whole wooden part of the town of Rauma was devastated in the fires of 1640 and 1682. The city centre, which mostly comprised the entire town until 1809, has approximately 600 wooden buildings. The neo-renaissance style of many of the houses is a result of prosperity brought on by seafaring. In 1897 Rauma had the largest fleet of sailing boats in Finland, totalling 57 vessels. As the Crimean War broke out in 1853, Rauma was attacked by French Navy and British Navy in 1855 during the Åland War. Goods were mainly exported to Germany, Stockholm and the Baltic states. In the 1890s, Rauma got a teacher's college (a 'seminar'), which was later annexed to the University of Turku. A part of the department of education still exists in Rauma.

The name Rauma comes from the Germanic word strauma, meaning "stream".

Neighborhoods and suburbs
Neighborhoods and suburbs of Rauma include:

 * Tarvonsaari
 * Merirauma
 * Uusi-Lahti
 * Kappelinluhta
 * Paloahde
 * Haapasaari
 * Syvärauma
 * Kinno
 * Kaaro
 * Luostarinkylä
 * Impivaara
 * Äyhö
 * Uotila
 * Lajo
 * Nikulanmäki
 * Lensunkallio
 * Nummi
 * Pyynpää
 * Otanlahti
 * Pidesluoto
 * Komppi
 * Lonsi
 * Polari
 * Sampaanala
 * Paroalho
 * Kourujärvi
 * Kortela
 * Monna
 * Kourujärvi
 * Kodisjoki
 * Lappi

Climate
Rauma has a humid continental climate with cold winters and warm summers. The marine affect from the Gulf of Bothnia brings both warmth in the winter and cooler temperatures in the summer. And similar to other coastal cities of Finland in the south, the average annual temperature in Rauma is about 6 °C (42.8 °F). On February 3 1966, the lowest ever recorded temperature in central Rauma hit -33.6 °C (-28.5 °F), and the highest temperature record being around 33 °C (91.4 °F) with no clear data, due to the weather station's data having been taken into use only in late 2010's.

Economy
After World War II, Rauma developed into an industrial city, the main industries being shipbuilding, paper and pulp mills, and metal industry. Rauma is also the fifth largest port in Finland with almost six million tonnes of shipping per year. Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant is located next to Rauma, in Eurajoki. Near Rauma, there is the static-inverter plant of Fenno-Skan.

In 2019 the biggest tax payers in Rauma were Raumaster, Forchem, Länsi-Suomen Osuuspankki, Oras, Alfa Laval Aalborg and LähiTapiola Lännen.

Population
The city of Rauma has 0 inhabitants, making it the most populous municipality in Finland. The Rauma region has 0 inhabitants. In Rauma, NaN of the population has a foreign background, which is below to the national average.

Languages
Rauma is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. The majority of the population - 0 people or NaN% - speak Finnish as their first language. In Rauma, 0 people, or NaN% of the population, speak Swedish. NaN of the population of Rauma have a mother tongue other than Finnish or Swedish. As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 30 different languages are spoken in Rauma. The most common foreign languages are Russian (1.0%), Polish (0.7%), Estonian (0.6%) and English (0.5%).

Immigration
, there were 3,372 persons with a migrant background living in Rauma, or 8.7% of the population. The number of residents who were born abroad was 3,322, or 8.6% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Rauma was 2,875.

The relative share of immigrants in Rauma's population is below the national average. However, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

Transport
Rauma is located between Turku and Pori by the national road 8 (E8). Finnish national road 12 starts from Rauma and it was extended to the Port of Rauma in 2008.

A railway connection from Kokemäki is in active freight use, as there is a straight connection to the heavy industry areas and to the port of Rauma. The rail passenger traffic ended in 1988.

Satakunnan Liikenne Oy runs the local bus traffic and it has 3 lines in Rauma. The hub for the local buses is located in Savila while the Long distance buses operate from Rauma bus station. The long distance buses take passengers directly to Pori and Turku and to Tampere and Helsinki with one transfer at Huittinen.

The nearest airport is located in Pori. The port of Rauma serves only freight ships on frequent basis.

Culture
Rauma has its own dialect of Finnish, "Rauman giäl". The dialect inherits words from languages such as Swedish, English and German due to the seafaring past. The dialect has been diluted into mainstream Finnish in day-to-day use, but it is fairly well studied (mainly by Hj. Nortamo) and practiced as a hobby.

The town also is the birthplace of Raumism, the non-idealist view of the constructed language Esperanto as a vehicle for culture, rather than as an international auxiliary language.

Rauma Maritime Museum in the Rauma Nautical School building was founded in 1999.

Lace Week
Annual Lace Week has been arranged in Rauma since year 1971. During the Lace week local craftspeople arrange small exhibitions in the Old Rauma area. The Lace week culminates to the Black Lace Night, when the small boutiques are open late night, various shows and concerts are held and people dress in black lace.

Other events

 * Music festival RMJ, held in Pori in 2008 and 2009.
 * Classical music festival Festivo
 * Jazz-happening Rauma Summer Jazz
 * Creative and performing music arts festival Klustermus
 * Movie festival Blue Sea Film Festival
 * Blues festival Rauma Blues

Sports
Rauman Lukko is the local ice hockey team. Founded in 1936, Lukko plays in SM-liiga, the top professional league in Finland. Lukko has won the Finnish championship twice, in 1963 and 2021. Their home arena is Äijänsuo Arena. Local football teams are Pallo-Iirot and FC Rauma. These two teams share the same home field at Äijänsuo sports centre. Sea City Storm is an American football team playing in the Finnish American Football Association's 2nd division. Fera is a women's Finnish baseball team, whose home field is the Länsi-Suomi Arena at Otanlahti sports centre. Rauma also has an own orienteering club, Rasti-Lukko, two basketball teams known as Kaaron Roima and Rauma Basket, a rinkball team called UKP and a floorball team named SalBa.

Recreation
One popular saying goes that every family in Rauma owns a boat – this is not true, though the city has room for ca. 2,800 boats at its docks. People can use their own boats or water buses to get to the Kylmäpihlaja Lighthouse that doubles as a hotel and recreation site. Water buses take people to Reksaari island and former garrison island of Kuuskajaskari. Both islands are in recreational use.

Consolidation of municipalities
Rauma and the surrounding municipality of Rauman maalaiskunta ("rural municipality of Rauma") were consolidated in 1993, continued in 2007 with the consolidation of municipality of Kodisjoki. The municipality of Lappi was consolidated to Rauma in 2009.

Twin towns — Sister cities
Rauma is twinned with the following cities and towns:

Notable people

 * Sebastian Aho, professional ice hockey player
 * Markus Niemelä, racing driver
 * Antti Raanta, professional ice hockey goaltender
 * Timo Soini, former Finnish foreign minister
 * Jorma Tommila, actor

title: Rauma, Finland


text:
Barents Region

The Barents Region is a name given, by advocates of establishing international cooperation after the fall of the Soviet Union, to the land along the coast of the Barents Sea, from Nordland in Norway to the Kola Peninsula in Russia and beyond all the way to the Ural Mountains and Novaya Zemlya, and south to the Gulf of Bothnia of the Baltic Sea and the great lakes Ladoga and Onega. Among the projects is the Barents Road from Bodø in Norway through Haparanda in Sweden and Finland to Murmansk in Russia. The region has six million inhabitants on 1.75 million km2; three quarters of both belong to Russia.

The regional cooperation was formally opened on January 11, 1993, initiated by Norway under foreign minister Thorvald Stoltenberg. It includes the administrative regions Nordland, Troms, and Finnmark in Norway; Västerbotten County and Norrbotten County in Sweden; Lapland region, Northern Ostrobothnia, Kainuu, and North Karelia in Finland; and Murmansk Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Komi Republic, Republic of Karelia, and Nenets Autonomous Okrug in Russia. The four countries take turns at chairing the cooperation. Norway's participation is coordinated from the Norwegian Barents Secretariat in Kirkenes. Sweden's and Finland's participation is administrated from the county administrations in Umeå (Västerbotten) and Rovaniemi (Lapland). In January 2008 there was established an International Barents Secretariat which is to provide technical support for the multilateral coordinated activities within the framework of the Barents Euro-Arctic Council and the Barents Regional Council. This Secretariat is located in Kirkenes in the same building as the Norwegian Barents Secretariat.

Barents Regional Cooperation
The Barents cooperation area is 1.75 million km2, and the population numbers 5.3 million inhabitants.

The Barents Regional Council (BRC) is a forum for the Barents regional cooperation, with the aim to promote the use of the local regional knowledge through which the BRC participants can find a common ground on which they can base their cooperation, cross-border projects and programmes on. The Regional Committee (RC) is responsible for preparing the meetings of the Regional Council and for implementing the decisions taken by the Regional Council.

The Barents Regional Council (BRC) consists of 13 member counties / regions / indigenous peoples in Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden.

The indigenous peoples of the Sami, Nenets and Veps also have their own representatives at the regional cooperation. The Chairmanship of the Regional Committee is held by the same county as that of the Regional Council, and consequently alternates every second year. The chairmanship 2017 – 2019 is in Finnmark, Norway.
 * Finland: Oulu Region, Lapland, Kainuu and North Karelia
 * Norway: Troms, Finnmark, Nordland.
 * Russia: Arkhangelsk, Karelia, Komi, Murmansk and Nenets.
 * Sweden: Norrbotten County and Västerbotten County

The previous four chairmanships were as follows:
 * Kainuu region in Finland 2015–2017
 * Arkhangelsk region of Russia 2013–2015
 * Norrbotten County of Sweden in 2011–2013
 * Troms, Norway in 2009–2011

Barents Region – Seven principles
BRC has formulated a vision of the seven principles and goals in the regional cooperation.

 * First principle is that the well-being of the regions inhabitants should be the basis for all the actions that are carried through the Barents regional cooperation.
 * Second principle calls out for the improvement of the cooperation between the people involved. This should not be depended on the hierarchy or the level of the person in neither his / her own organisation nor in the BRC cooperation.
 * Third principle notes that the capable and able actor's on the regional and national spheres should cooperate towards common goals. This enables the betterment of the procedures at the border crossing in both on the individual and imported / exported goods level.
 * Fourth principle demands the preservation of the local culture, unique customs and lifestyles of each areas respective indigenous people. Helping to create connections and commitments amongst the indigenous people is of great importance.
 * Fifth principle acknowledges the political capital that the Barents Regional Council has and for this reason it is desirable that council uses this resource to better advocate the Barents region.
 * Sixth, the second last principle notes that the regional authorities who take part in the activities of BRC should better take in to count regional development in their individual regions in the areas of economic, social and environmental development. The BRC also calls out for these actors to emphasize the sustainability in these development actions.
 * Seventh and the last principle recommends that the BRC cooperation should be an example of how the cooperation can be both successful and peaceful and how these practices can work as a framework for others to take inspiration from.

The Barents Programme of 2014 - 2018
The basis of the prioritized areas Barents Programme of 2014 – 2018 can be found from the guiding principles of the BRC. The themes for the 2014 – 2018 are economy, environment, education and research, mobility and culture.

Economic growth and the essentiality of it are the key factors for the regional development in the region of Barents. The programme acknowledges the meaning of the small and medium-sized companies. The cooperation between the larger companies and the research institutions play a key factor in the regional economics. This development happens especially towards the international market if the companies have innovative services and products to offer.

Education and research play a key part in the economic growth but they are an important factor if the Barents region is to build up sufficient enough base for the innovation and information work. The 2014 – 2018 programme sees that the cooperation between the institutions of higher education and research and the public and private sector is of great importance.

The large size of the Barents region and the remoteness of the population centers have their own challenges. A good transportation network, innovative and vigorous economy are called out to meet tackle these problems. Currently challenges are the inter-communal transportation and mobility and the lack of extensive transportation network between the cross-border actors. This is apparent with the infrastructure and transportation related problems in the east-west border.

In short, aims for the 2014 - 2018 development programme are as follows:

 * Promote the growth of creative and fast growing businesses in the region and increase the cooperation between cross border regions in the areas of economy and quality of life. Joint management and the natural resources and preservations are key to the sustainable development. The sustainability also calls in to take account the climate change and how the Barents regions will adapt to it.
 * The lack of good cross border transportation network demands more from the cooperative parties. This raises the mobility across the borders in every sector from studying, to private and leisure travel and tourism. The convergence of the cooperative network also demands that each participant understands one others culture and the background they come from.

Structure of the Barents Regional Council and other significant regional actors in the Arctic region Barents Regional council works in an area where there are many other interest driving actors. These are the Barents Euro-Arctic Cooperation, The European Union, Northern Dimension, Arctic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers.

Barents Regional Council and the Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC) share few common organs between each other. These include the International Barents Secretariat (IBS) and a Working Group of the Indigenous Peoples (WGIP) and lastly the Joint committee on Rescue Cooperation.

Both the BEAC and BRC have they own organs under their cooperative organisations. BRC has Barents Regional Committee (RC) and three main working groups (WG) that are WG of environment, transportation & logistics and lastly WG of Investment and Economic Cooperation.

BEAC has their own Committee of Senior Officials (CSO) and under this there are several working groups and other organs. These are the WG of Economic Cooperation, Environment, Customs Cooperation, Barents Forest Sector Task-Force and the streeting committee for the Barents Euro-Arctic Pan-European Transport Area.

Between the BRC and BEAC there are several joint working groups (JWG) in their own expertise fields. These are JWG on Health and related Social Issues, JWG on Education and Research, JWG on Energy, JWG on Culture, JWG on Tourism and lastly JWG on Youth.

title: Barents Region


text:
Elvira of Castile, Countess of Toulouse

Elvira of Castile (before 1082?–1151) was a countess consort of Toulouse. She was the illegitimate daughter of Alfonso VI of León and Castile, by his mistress Jimena Muñoz, and full sister of Theresa, Countess of Portugal. She married, firstly, Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse in 1094, being mother of count Alfonso Jordan.

Elvira accompanied Raymond on the First Crusade in 1096, and was present at the siege of Tripoli, where she gave birth to their son. It appears that the couple separated before the death of Raymond.

Elvira returned to Castile. Her son became the monarch of Tripoli upon the death of Raymond in 1105, but Elvira is not mentioned as present in Tripoli. In Castile, before 1117, she married Count Fernando Fernández de Carrión, having three additional children: Diego, García and Teresa Fernández, who was a wife of Count Osorio Martínez.

title: Elvira of Castile, Countess of Toulouse