text:
Talk:Réseau Express Régional

Fares
Most metro/subway systems have a set fare paid to enter the system, without tickets being taken or anything like that. Most regional rail systems have tickets, and are based on zones and distances. What is the fare system for the RER? Is it one of these, neither, or a mixture of the two? I'm sure someone familliar with it could easily answer it, but I am not at all, and was curious, but it isn't mentioned in the article. Doregasm 19:15, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Fare on the RER are calculated using fare zones centered around Paris (zone 1). Tickets are purple and can be bought from RATP and SNCF outlets (that's RER, Transilien, the whole lot) at stations, in underground stations and SNCF boutiques. Captain scarlet 19:25, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

Maps
The new Map Metro and RER just added to this page doesn't work in Mozilla -- Tarquin 12:49, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Rollo 01:49, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Out of interest, what is the copyright on metro/subway maps, is it not possible to upload one to wikipedia? Swarve 02:48, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Good question. This is exactly what we need here. The answer must be in the Help pages somewhere. Rollo 01:38, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Added a cropped excerpt of the central section of the linked-to RATP map. There seems to be a good case for fair use of copyright material here, seeing that this is an incomplete version of the map; the complete version is linked to directly; and the original document is intended for pure public information purposes. Rollo 19:46, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

Well done Metropolitan for your work on the article, and particularly for the excellent map added. Rollo 22:11, 14 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Rollo, is it normal that I don't see the new map in .png format ? Do you see it or should I upload back in a .gif format ? Metropolitan 14:09, 2 January 2006 (CET)

 * Firefox tells me that there is errors with the png file, so maybe re-saving it into png & reuploading may fix this. Swarve 06:28, 3 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Doesn't show in my version of Firefox either. This must be sorted out. Rollo 13:33, 19 January 2006 (UTC)

 * I've linked back the page to the .gif version. The .png version is still on-line, it's just a temporary solution until the problem is fixed. Metropolitan 04:37, 20 January 2006 (CET)

We still need a map of the entire network. At the least, a geographically accurate one of the type created by User:Metropolitan. At best, this and the official version too. Does anyone have a final answer on the acceptability of posting a minimised version of the official map, linking to the RATP site? --Rollo 09:09, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Station links
Are all over the place. I am going to sort them out soon. Rollo 01:36, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorted out. The format for links is  Station Name (Paris RER) . By my calculations there are only 8 stations (not including gares) containing both RER and Métro platforms with the same station name. For these I propose to redirect both the Métro and RER pages to a new single page with the name format  Station Name (Paris Metro and RER) . Rollo 01:44, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Done. Rollo 20:35, 25 September 2005 (UTC)

"Paris RER" category set up
Suggested usage. Perhaps it would be a good idea to reserve "Paris RER" categorisation for proper, substantial articles only - ie, not all those empty stubs about suburban stations. These can easily go in the List of stations of the Paris RER. This way there will be a means of sifting thru the mountains of station pages to the ones with useful information. Rollo 01:36, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

Photos
What happened to the photo of the RER E train at the top of the article? Rollo 11:24, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Metropolitan. I still think we could do with a decent photo (like the former one of the RER E train) at the top of the article. Best would be a little photo of an RER sign in the information box at top, like in the Paris Metro article. I'll do this at some point if no one else does. Rollo 08:58, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The former picture from the RER E had been taken from the internet, that's why moderators decided to remove it. Actually, it's not deleted, it's simply hidden (now with all the edits on this RER article, it could have been deleted but as far as I know it's still hidden in the RER E article). About the picture of the RER sign, that's exactly the idea I had in mind. I wanted to go either at Auber or at Luxembourg to take a picture of the RER sign in the city with a beautiful scenery behind. I haven't abandonned the idea yet. It's just that I have to go there to take the pic ! Metropolitan 12:25, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I'll race you to it, and then we'll put up whoever's is the nicest! Apart from rue Auber and Luxembourg, I think there's a good one on bd Haussmann right in front of Lafayette. Rollo 13:48, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, that's the one I was thinking about. It's an RER entrance to the station Auber, that's why I've told Auber. I'll probably have the opportunity to take a shot there on tomorrow as I'll go in the area. I hope the weather will be as sunny as today ! Metropolitan 14:54, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Okay, so I've finally taken some pictures this morning. Unfortunately, I'm not that much satisfied as my camera got short in battery and I couldn't take better shots than those: RER sign 1.jpg; RER sign 2.jpg; RER sign 3.jpg. If there's one you like more than the others, feel free to upload it as a PD file as long as you mention myself (Metropolitan) as the author. Personally, I can't choose, I find them all crap. Metropolitan 20:03, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Hey, that's funny. I got some there yesterday too, and they look pretty much the same! I will upload them in the next day or two and we'll see what looks best. The best option would seem the sign opposite Printemps, as in your third pic. But sunlight doesn't reach this one in the morning or evening, and midday photos are never a good idea. How complicated! Rollo 08:16, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

I have cropped Metropolitan's photo of the RER sign at Auber to the size of the one at Paris_Metro and uploaded it as PD, as specified. Definitely an improvement. --Rollo 14:02, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I know you have a logo now but I had offered my help in this matter. On my last trip to Paname i took this oversized picture and if want, i'll be happy to edit it, crop it and resize it for the article, I just find it's a tad sharper than Rollo's which is never the less a good piccie. Captain scarlet 20:03, 10 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Now that's a lot better logo. I'm all for adding Captain Scarlet's one to this page ! Feel free to do it, I'm sure Rollo wouldn't mind. :-) Metropolitan 2:35, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Quality. I'll work on it after work, I'll try different sizesm especially width coz that building behind is looks fantastic (near Notre-Dame, St Michel EXIT only stairs).

 * I'm unconvinced that's going to look better in the tiny space available. It's also terribly lit compared to the existing one (Metropolitan's, not mine). Remember the golden rule for outdoor photography: do it in the morning or evening. --Rollo 08:38, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Separately, I have removed both my photo of the RER A train (coz it's not very good) and the one of the RER C (which is already on the RER C page). Ideally the photos should be related to their section titles, however. We could really do with some pics of early construction for the history section, for example. In the meantime, it would be helpful if someone could identify the exact model of train pictured at Saint Denis. --Rollo 14:24, 9 April 2006 (UTC)

 * If you tell me which image features that train I should be able to identify it. Alternatively, I have photos of almost all RER trains, in both tunnels and outdoors. Concerning the logo, as I said, I will work on it, and its current lighting is not representative to what it should look like. Shall I work on it and let you see first? Best we can do is at least compare and talk about the results once I'm back home. Yours is good, but admitedly it is rather blurry. Concerning early photos I do not have and prefer not to use websites' images. Cheers, Captain scarlet 09:04, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The unidentified train is the one pictured in the "Trains" section of the article, at 'La Plaine - Stade de France' (sorry, that's near Saint Denis but not the same thing). Go ahead and tweak your pic of the Saint Michel sign and we'll see what that produces. In terms of quality you definitely found the right sign! But really we need a sunny morning or evening to do justice to it. And I'm a bit disappointed that no one sees the merits of the existing effort. Yep, it could perhaps be a whisker sharper. But the colour is rich, the sign stands out on the shadowed background, and fits the cinema-frame format perfectly. I think it's a strong image. --Rollo 09:23, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Oh ah I most certainly do not condemn your effort, just that if anything that is sensibly better or say more appropriate then I'd go for the new one. At the ne dof the day we might find uses for both of them rather than condeming yours, which as you say has the merrit of beeing colourful and bright. (I'll blame February cloudy, rainy and snowing weather for my piccie). Nuf skyving off work for now... Cheers, Captain scarlet 09:56, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Actually, Rollo is right when it comes about the lights of a sunny weather. Captain scarlet, I've tried my personal edit on your pic to make it look more sunny, unfortunately it looks fake. Anyway there it is : RER_sign.jpg. However, on a smaller version as the one needed for the illustration, it may not be that bad : RER_sign_small.jpg. I'm awaiting your version and hope it will be better. Metropolitan 15:20, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Tataaaa, what do you think of those two: take one and take two. It've tried to be stylish as well as practical. I think Metropolitan, you might have lightened the pic too much, so the stone buildings are pale, but a bit less heavy on the Luminosity/Contrast and you get those two. You or I could work on a series of icon style piccies to suit different kind of articles, stations, line, rolling stock, system articles. Captain scarlet 19:24, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Nice job, I'm impressed. I forgot the miracles that can be worked with the saturation tool. If the second one could be widened a bit to go into the existing 250x74 slot which matches Paris Metro, that would be perfectly decent. One problem with that infobox is that it is already too tall. A dirty solution would be to add a couple more lines to the introduction. --Rollo 20:53, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I personally prefer the take 1 than the take 2. The fact the image is taller isn't such a problem, we don't need to have an image exactly at the dimension of the metro one. We don't see well enough that it's actually a sign on the second picture. I'll upload Captain Scarlet's take 1 and if you're not satisfied, you can still re-upload another image on it afterwards. Metropolitan 21:11, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Cheers guys. So, you would like a wider version of Take two but similar in style (kinda through the looking lass). These aren't definite versions, just examples. Could you not upload the images since they're stil on my website (so not GNUed).~
 * Could I have a sum up of what RER articles need what you recon would be good and I'll do exactly that (so kinda different or not to what is shown above. do bare in mind that pictures will be done tomorrow afternoon, yet again after a hard (cough cough) day of work. Captain scarlet 22:18, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Oh, i see you've already uploaded it. I would have wished you ask me first, media on smokefilledroom is copyrighted. Captain scarlet 22:19, 11 April 2006 (UTC)

Future developments hypotheses
I have reverted Captain scarlet's edit which removed Maximilian Dörrbecker's "Vision for the RER network in 2025". This interesting speculative map seems to me entirely relevant to its section title, and there is no copyright infringement. Better to augment others' contributions than to destroy them. The opinion of others on this matter would of course be appreciated. Rollo 08:32, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I removed that particular section of content as it is not verifiable. Captain scarlet 08:37, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The hypothetical nature of Maximilian Dörrbecker's illustration has now been clarified in the article. --Rollo 17:15, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Miscellaneous
Need to check: The central portion of line A has the highest capacity of any section of rail in the world. --Anon

 * Checked. This assertion balanced with more information. Rollo 21:09, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Isn't the Pont d'Asnières the railway line with highest frequency of service? It's int Guinness. Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons 14:25, 15 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Can't verify this. If it can be sourced, stick it in. From the information I remember reading, most of the world's busiest railway lines are in Japan. --Rollo 23:00, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

GA Re-Review and In-line citations
Members of the WikiProject Good articles are in the process of doing a re-review of current Good Article listings to ensure compliance with the standards of the Good Article Criteria. (Discussion of the changes and re-review can be found here). A significant change to the GA criteria is the mandatory use of some sort of in-line citation (In accordance to WP:CITE) to be used in order for an article to pass the verification and reference criteria. Currently this article does not include in-line citations. It is recommended that the article's editors take a look at the inclusion of in-line citations as well as how the article stacks up against the rest of the Good Article criteria. GA reviewers will give you at least a week's time from the date of this notice to work on the in-line citations before doing a full re-review and deciding if the article still merits being considered a Good Article or would need to be de-listed. If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to contact us on the Good Article project talk page or you may contact me personally. On behalf of the Good Articles Project, I want to thank you for all the time and effort that you have put into working on this article and improving the overall quality of the Wikipedia project. LuciferMorgan 00:31, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

 * No one answered this, apparently. Could someone investigate inline citations? If not, I will sometime soon. --Rollo 22:58, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

 * The two Gerondeau citations are now converted using the "ref" markup; unsourced facts are tagged with the "source?" tag - I will try to find the page refs of the Gerondeau ones, but the others need to be sorted out too. --Rollo 11:30, 3 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Gerondeau citations completed. Rollo 23:14, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Ideas for article improvements
Negative cultural associations of the RER should perhaps be covered in the Usage section: dirtiness, the perceived association with petty crime (especially around Les Halles). A lot of Parisians don't like the RER. --Rollo 23:21, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

The fare structure needs some coverage, especially with reference to the Carte Imagine R and the Carte solidarité transport.--Rollo 23:21, 31 January 2007 (UTC)

Start Date of RER Construction appears contradictory
Might have got wrong end of stick here but how come "Construction was ceremonially inaugurated by Robert Buron, Minister for Public Works, at the Pont de Neuilly on 6 July 1961" when "The embryonic (and as yet unnamed) RER was conceived in the 1965 Schéma directeur d'aménagement et d'urbanisme"??? How would Mr Buron have known what he was inaugrating and how would the builders have known what they were constructing if the idea hadn't been born until 4 years afterwards? Did they just start some provisional digging in 1961 in the hope that some definite plan might be finally adopted in '65? Sorry but it seems a little contradictory? Thanks to anyone who can enlighten us or change the article so that the dates match up or add any missing pieces of the jigsaw! :-) Mark —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Mapmark (talk • contribs) 22:10, 7 May 2007 (UTC).

 * Thanks for the helpful comment. Clarification added. The priority was an east-west route, as a first step to a full network. This plan was only properly defined in 1965, but it can be assumed that Buron and the builders saw the significance of the occasion. Rollo 23:45, 5 June 2007 (UTC)

Frequency
"This also explains why train frequencies on the RER central network is even lower than on the Paris metro network (as low as one train every 90 seconds on RER A during ruh hour)."

I can't be certain, but I think that a well intending contributor has accidently written this upside down. Personally, I would consider "high frequency" to mean "trains come more often" - and hence, less often for lower frequency. Yet the statement above implies that it is a wonderful achievement for trains to be of lower frequency than the metro. Compare the metro to the London Tube or NYC Subway. Trains come every 3 minutes at least. Hardly difficult to be less frequent - vast majority of trains, actually, if you go by my definition of "lower frequency".

Surely this should read "even higher [frequency]"?martianlostinspace 19:42, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Thanks Martian for having noticed that. It's been corrected. Metropolitan 00:52, 20 July 2007 (UTC)

According to the timetable, there is a train every 120 seconds on RER A during rush hours. Are there any unannounced trains, or is there another explanation to the stated frequency of 90 seconds? -- Kildor (talk) 20:20, 27 December 2007 (UTC)

RER trains not level with platform
Some RER trains, like the RER B line to Charles DeGaulle Airport have doors that are not level with the platform. You have to step up to get to the train. This is rather odd. Does any one know the reason for this design? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.146.26.22 (talk) 07:58, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know, but I've seen some videos on YouTube of trains on the London Underground that seem to have the same issue. Even though the step up is small, I would imagine that it would make boarding difficult for people in wheelchairs and the like, and be illegal in the U.S. due to laws like the Americans with Disabilities Act. I don't know whether there is international legislation in Europe that governs accessibility (I would think that the EU would have some say in the matter, given the number of trains that travel between countries, as well as Europe's propensity for passing progressive legislation at the same as time as or even before the United States does), or whether the French government has any particular regulations regarding it. 66.234.222.96 (talk) 22:13, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

NPOV violation?
''The will, and even idealism, of a handful of people, notably Pierre Giraudet, Director-General of the RATP, proved decisive in persuading ministers to grant credits. So too did the united front presented by the RATP and SNCF and their success at keeping within their budgets. Given the subsequent success of the RER, the investment can be considered money well spent.''

I've put a "Citation needed" tag on this, but it probably should be deleted, since it puts out a point of view that seems inappropriate within an encyclopedia article. At the very least, it should be re-worked into something more factual (i.e., how much was budgeted, and how much was actually spent?). 66.234.222.96 (talk) 22:05, 4 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Final POV statement removed. The "united front" and "budget success" bits came from the same source as the figures cited just before, so they're legitimate. But ideally figures or another source are needed, so will leave the tag. Rollo (talk) 23:43, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

 * I think the problem is even more endemic than just one section. Reading through the article, I see many spots where the language contains overly-flowery peacock terms, and it makes the article read like a promotional puff piece. At least that's the impression that I get.oknazevad (talk) 03:33, 29 April 2009 (UTC)

IPA
I think it's —, and not — , according to this — IPA, and this — IPA for French, and this — Voiced uvular fricative, and this — Uvular trill, and this — Schwa, and this — Mid central vowel, and this — French phonology ^__^. It's a mistake? Can i fix it? --Grenadine (talk) 23:41, 26 July 2009 (UTC)
 * If you're French, fix it! Classical geographer (talk) 08:30, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * No, i'm not French, and it's for this i begin with talk... :) But, i can fix it! :) I don't see any contra. I will wait a little before fixing. For others opinions... Who knows... --Grenadine (talk) 08:44, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Disambiguation
This should be a disambiguation page now, as Bruxelles and Lyon got their own RER projets, and this article moved to a more specific name.

Gonioul (talk) 00:10, 16 January 2010 (UTC)

Ligne de Sceaux?
Greetings, I noticed there is nothing about the real origins of the RER, the Ligne de Scaux (marked S and with different markage on old RATP plans, prior to 1945 I think, unlike the Ligne d'Auteuil); this line was serving the southern branches of what is now RER B, and I see no mention of it on the page. Should it be included in an "origins" section? I believe it is noteworthy enough. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.253.48.107 (talk) 10:49, 10 May 2010 (UTC)
 * It is mentioned in the history section. --Rollo (talk) 23:58, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Incorrect claim
"This feature allows a high frequency, which on some lines exceeds that of the Paris Métro — a situation which in Europe is unique to Paris.[citation needed]" Both Berlin and Munch have frequencies of 2/3 minutes on their trunk lines, barely matched by their respective subway lines. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.195.66.165 (talk) 01:26, 19 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Seems to have been removed. Rollo (talk) 23:36, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Requested move
not moved. Per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Note that this may not be the primary topic on French or other language wikipedias but the case that it is so on the english language one is persuasive. --rgpk (comment) 18:17, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

RER → Paris RER — RER is a term, understood in Francophone cities, for a regional rail rapid transit system (e.g. Brussels, Geneva).--Haskanik (talk) 00:19, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Comment I think the term is only understood in Europe, whatever the case. 184.144.164.14 (talk) 04:38, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Support Europeans use the term outside of Paris. 184.144.164.14 (talk) 04:38, 12 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Oppose from the disambiguation page this article looks like the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. I would suggest adding the other systems using this name should be added to RER (disambiguation) first. -- Eraserhead1 <talk> 09:54, 13 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Current arrangement does not match http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/RER (does not point to Paris RER) or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground (does not point to London Underground) Haskanik (talk) 02:44, 20 February 2011 (UTC)

Removed internally challenged sentence
I have removed the following sentence:

 * On the sections of shared track, each company operates separately: the SNCF RER operates on RFF track and the RATP on its own.

I don't know what the original author was trying to say here, but what it has ended up saying can be precised as where the tracks are shared, they are not shared. This is clearly nonsensical; either they are shared or not shared, they cannot be both at the same time. -- Starbois (talk) 12:58, 22 April 2011 (UTC)

 * préciser est un faux ami, and does not translate as "precised", a word that does not even exist in English as a verb. Depending on your intended meaning, you could try "specified", "indicated", "summarized", or "clarified".  Bonne continuation, Mathglot (talk) 02:26, 13 July 2015 (UTC)

Lines Length
The values presented in this article doesn't match the length presented in the RER articles. For instance, RER_D indicates 197.0 km and not 160.0 km as in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 189.60.26.66 (talk) 01:13, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
 * Corrected to 190km, figure currently on RATP site. --Rollo (talk) 23:53, 17 May 2013 (UTC)

Requested move 14 May 2015

 * The following is a closed discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 17:37, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

RER → Réseau Express Régional – RER is an abbreviation used by many things from video games to existing and proposed commuter rail services similar to this one. It is bad practice to give priority to this and not to the other pages listed in the RER (disambiguation) page. --Relisted. George Ho (talk) 18:44, 21 May 2015 (UTC) SegataSanshiro1 (talk) 10:57, 14 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Just move it the template is malformed but this is a good proposal. In ictu oculi (talk) 01:22, 15 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I fixed the malformed template. Wbm1058 (talk) 14:39, 28 May 2015 (UTC)

 * Replace with disambiguation page per nom, "RER" has many meanings, and this is not clearly the top one. -- 65.94.43.89 (talk) 05:32, 15 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I see no opposition to this, so should I just go ahead and do it? I apologise for the malformed template, it's just my first time doing this. SegataSanshiro1 (talk) 15:36, 17 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Normally you'd wait the 7-days for others to respond. However, you can ask an uninvolved administrator for a WP:SNOW, if you don't want to wait for May 23. -- 65.94.43.89 (talk) 05:42, 19 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Overwhelmingly the commonest name for the railway system (to the extent that I doubt whether most people, even in Paris, know what its full name is) and by far the most common meaning of RER, as can be seen from the other obscure meanings on RER (disambiguation). So no, this isn't an uncontroversial proposal. -- Necrothesp (talk) 14:05, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't think the other pages on the redirect page are that obscure. Three refer to rail services which are most commonly known by RER, rather than their full name. I don't think we as editors can decide which of the pages are most or least important, that's for the reader to decide; hence the redirect page. Prioritising the importance of certain pages over others is one of the things that leads to systemic bias on Wikipedia, and I feel we must avoid this when making these kinds of decisions. SegataSanshiro1 (talk) 18:00, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Systemic bias usually occurs in reference to prioritising topics favoured by the English-speaking world. Since the RER we're talking about is French, I don't think that's relevant here. The only question is whether this RER is the primary topic and whether most people looking for RER are going to be looking for this article. I believe that without doubt it is and they are. It is a major transportation network of one of the world's most significant cities. -- Necrothesp (talk) 21:18, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I take systemic bias to mean far more than prioritising one language over another, as per WP:Systemic bias, in this case Eurocentrism. In either case, I can't be bothered to discuss this, I can see what it will turn in to. Do as you wish. SegataSanshiro1 (talk) 21:37, 20 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment: I am surprised to just now learn that the RER that runs between Geneva and Bellegarde-sur-Valserine in France is entirely separate from the other one in France that this article is discussing. Placing the dab page at RER might help others to also learn that it's a different system. —BarrelProof (talk) 17:30, 25 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment move page to longer name for sure, and probably move the dab page also 76.120.162.73 (talk) 16:06, 26 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Support per BarrelProof, in other words due to the Rhône Express Régional. The station naming convention should remain in tact, however. I also support User:65.94.43.89 recommendation to move "RER" to the dab page. User:DanTD (talk) 10:50, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Support. I've always known of it only as "RER", but that's only because I know only a little French. Using the full name is preferred, as long as "RER" redirects here and is not about some other thing. J I P  | Talk 22:01, 8 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Support in theory. "RER" is too ambiguous, especially given the existence of respiratory exchange ratio (it's commonly known as RER, and it gets an equivalent number of hits to the Paris RER, vs. ). My concern would be whether the rail system's full name is WP:RECOGNIZABLE.--Cúchullain t/ c  15:02, 15 June 2015 (UTC)
 * Comment. Although I oppose this in theory (due to systemic bias) but looking for a workable solution, would it be possible in the disambiguation page to put the pages with the higher pageviews at the top and then the others under an "other uses" subheading so those looking for the French network specifically would see it straight away? I don't know what the general policy is on this kind of thing, but that could possibly resolve some of the concerns. SegataSanshiro1 (talk) 18:09, 15 June 2015 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

 * Jimbo H. Christ, that's a lot of incoming links. I can't move the dab in good conscience right now. As the closer, however, it's my official ruling that it should. --BDD (talk) 17:42, 17 June 2015 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Réseau Express Régional


text:
Hastings (disambiguation)

Hastings is a town in the United Kingdom, most famous for the Battle of Hastings in 1066.

Hastings may also refer to:

Australia

 * Hastings, Tasmania, a locality
 * Hastings, Victoria, Australia
 * Electoral district of Hastings, Victoria, Australia
 * Hastings railway station, Melbourne
 * Shire of Hastings, a former local government area before the Victoria's 1994 amalgamations
 * Hastings River
 * Hastings (Neutral Bay), a heritage listed building

Canada

 * Hastings (federal electoral district), in Ontario
 * Hastings, Annapolis County, Nova Scotia
 * Hastings, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia
 * Hastings, Ontario, a village
 * Hastings County, Ontario
 * Hastings Park, a municipal park in Vancouver, British Columbia

New Zealand

 * Hastings, New Zealand
 * Hastings District, New Zealand
 * Hastings (New Zealand electorate), a former parliamentary electorate, 1946–1996

United States

 * Hastings, Florida, a town
 * Hastings, Indiana, an unincorporated place
 * Hastings, Iowa, a city
 * Hastings, Michigan, a city
 * Hastings Charter Township, Michigan
 * Hastings, Minnesota, a city, county seat of Dakota County
 * Hastings, Nebraska, a city, county seat of Adams County
 * Hastings, New York, a town
 * Hastings-on-Hudson, New York, a village
 * Hastings, Oklahoma, a town
 * Hastings, Pennsylvania, a borough
 * Hastings, North Dakota a town

Elsewhere

 * Hastings, Barbados, a village and beach resort
 * Hastings Island, Mergui Archipelago, Burma
 * Hastings, Somerset, a location in England
 * Borough of Hastings, a district of East Sussex, containing the town of Hastings, England
 * Hastingues, in the Gascony region of France, spelled Hastings in the local Occitan language
 * Hastings, Kolkata, a neighbourhood in Kolkata, India
 * Hastings, Sierra Leone, a town

People

 * Hastings (name), a surname and given name (and list of people with the name)
 * Baron Hastings
 * Marquess of Hastings

Schools

 * University of California, Hastings College of the Law, San Francisco, California
 * Hastings College, a private, Presbyterian college in Hastings, Nebraska
 * Hastings College of Arts and Technology, now Sussex Coast College, Hastings, England
 * Hastings School of Art, a former art school in Hastings, England
 * Hastings Secondary College, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
 * Hastings High School (disambiguation)
 * Hastings Academy, a secondary school in Hastings, England
 * Hastings Grammar School, a former name of Ark Alexandra Academy, Hastings, England

Military

 * Battle of Hastings, a 1066 battle won by William the Conqueror
 * Operation Hastings, an American military operation in the Vietnam War
 * Handley Page Hastings, a British troop-carrier and freight transport aircraft
 * HMS Hastings (1819), an East Indiaman, later a Royal Navy ship of the line
 * Hastings Naval Ammunition Depot, Nebraska, a World War II US Navy munitions plant

Transport

 * Hastings (East Indiaman), four ships that served the East India Company
 * Hastings Street (disambiguation)
 * Hastings (MBTA station), Weston, Massachusetts, US
 * Hastings line, a secondary railway line in Kent and East Sussex, UK
 * Hastings Bridge, spanning the Mississippi River in Hastings, Minnesota, US
 * Hastings High Bridge, predecessor of Hastings Bridge

Other uses

 * Hastings and Rye (UK Parliament constituency)
 * Hastings (horse)
 * Hastings Entertainment, a defunct retailer
 * Hastings International Chess Congress, an annual chess tournament
 * The Hastings Center, Garrison, New York, United States, a research institute and think tank

title: Hastings (disambiguation)


text:
User talk:Lir II

i am The LIR. I have come back and learnt my ways.

 * Okay, but you better talk to user:Jimbo Wales first. --Uncle Ed 15:24 Jan 21, 2003 (UTC)

Have you been given permission to come back? -- Zoe

title: User talk:Lir II


text:
World Economic Forum

The World Economic Forum (WEF) is an international non-governmental organization, think tank, and lobbying organisation based in Cologny, Canton of Geneva, Switzerland. It was founded on 24 January 1971 by German engineer Klaus Schwab.

The foundation, which is mostly funded by its 1,000 member companies – typically global enterprises with more than five billion US dollars in turnover – as well as public subsidies, state that its own mission is "improving the state of the world by engaging business, political, academic, and other leaders of society to shape global, regional, and industry agendas".

The Forum claims that a globalized world is best managed by a self-selected coalition of multinational corporations, governments and civil society organizations (CSOs), which it expresses through initiatives like the "Great Reset" and the "Global Redesign". It states that it views periods of global instability – such as the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic – as windows of opportunity to intensify its programmatic efforts.

The WEF is mostly known for its annual meeting at the end of January in Davos, a mountain resort in the eastern Alps region of Switzerland. The meeting brings together some 3,000 paying members and selected participants – among whom are investors, business leaders, political leaders, economists, celebrities and journalists – for up to five days to discuss global issues across 500 sessions.

Aside from Davos, the organization convenes regional conferences. It produces a series of reports, engages its members in sector-specific initiatives and provides a platform for leaders from selected stakeholder groups to collaborate on projects and initiatives.

The World Economic Forum and its annual meeting in Davos have received criticism over the years, including allegations of the organization's corporate capture of global and democratic institutions, institutional whitewashing initiatives, the public cost of security, the organization's tax-exempt status, unclear decision processes and membership criteria, a lack of financial transparency, and the environmental footprint of its annual meetings.

History
The WEF was founded in 1971 by Klaus Schwab, a business professor at the University of Geneva. First named the European Management Forum, it changed its name to the World Economic Forum in 1987 and sought to broaden its vision to include providing a platform for resolving international conflicts.

In February 1971, Schwab invited 450 executives from Western European firms to the first European Management Symposium held in the Davos Congress Centre under the patronage of the European Commission and European industrial associations, where Schwab sought to introduce European firms to American management practices. He then founded the WEF as a nonprofit organization based in Geneva and drew European business leaders to Davos for the annual meetings each January.

The second European Management Forum in 1972 was the first meeting where a head of government featured as a speaker, Prime Minister Pierre Werner of Luxembourg.

Events in 1973, including the collapse of the Bretton Woods fixed-exchange rate mechanism and the Yom Kippur War, saw the annual meeting expand its focus from management to economic and social issues, and, for the first time, political leaders were invited to the annual meeting in January 1974.

Through the forum's first decade, it maintained a playful atmosphere, with many members skiing and participating in evening events. Appraising the 1981 event, one attendee noted that "the forum offers a delightful vacation on the expense account."

Political leaders soon began to use the annual meeting as venue for promoting their interests. The Davos Declaration was signed in 1988 by Greece and Turkey, helping them turn back from the brink of war. In 1992, South African President F. W. de Klerk met with Nelson Mandela and Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi at the annual meeting, their first joint appearance outside South Africa. At the 1994 annual meeting, Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres and PLO chairman Yasser Arafat reached a draft agreement on Gaza and Jericho.

After 9/11, the WEF was held in the U.S., in New York City, for the first time. And in January 2003, U.S. Secretary of State Powell went to the forum to drum up sympathy for the global war on terrorism and the U.S.'s impending invasion of Iraq.

In October 2004, the World Economic Forum gained attention through the resignation of its CEO and executive director José María Figueres over the undeclared receipt of more than US$900,000 in consultancy fees from the French telecommunications firm Alcatel. Transparency International highlighted this incident in their Global Corruption Report two years later in 2006.

In January 2006, the WEF published an article in its Global Agenda magazine titled "Boycott Israel", which was distributed to all 2,340 participants of the annual meeting. Following the publication, Klaus Schwab described the publication as "an unacceptable failure in the editorial process".

In late 2015, the invitation was extended to include a North Korean delegation for the 2016 WEF, "in view of positive signs coming out of the country", the WEF organizers noted. North Korea has not been attending the WEF since 1998. The invitation was accepted. However, WEF revoked the invitation on 13 January 2016, after the 6 January 2016 North Korean nuclear test, and the country's attendance was made subject to "existing and possible forthcoming sanctions". Despite protests by North Korea calling the decision by the WEF managing board a "sudden and irresponsible" move, the WEF committee maintained the exclusion because "under these circumstances there would be no opportunity for international dialogue".

In 2017, the WEF in Davos attracted considerable attention when, for the first time, a head of state from the People's Republic of China was present at the alpine resort. With the backdrop of Brexit, an incoming protectionist US administration and significant pressures on free trade zones and trade agreements, Paramount leader Xi Jinping defended the global economic scheme, and portrayed China as a responsible nation and a leader for environmental causes. He sharply rebuked the current populist movements that would introduce tariffs and hinder global commerce, warning that such protectionism could foster isolation and reduced economic opportunity.

In 2018, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi gave the keynote speech, becoming the first head of government from India to deliver the inaugural keynote for the annual plenary at Davos. Modi highlighted global warming (climate change), terrorism and protectionism as the three major global challenges, and expressed confidence that they can be tackled with collective effort.

In 2019, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro gave the keynote address at the plenary session of the conference. On his first international trip to Davos, he emphasized liberal economic policies despite his populist agenda, and attempted to reassure the world that Brazil is a protector of the rain forest while utilizing its resources for food production and export. He stated that "his government will seek to better integrate Brazil into the world by mainstreaming international best practices, such as those adopted and promoted by the OECD". Environmental concerns like extreme weather events, and the failure of climate change mitigation and adaptation were among the top-ranking global risks expressed by WEF attendees. On June 13, 2019, the WEF and the United Nations signed a "Strategic Partnership Framework" in order to "jointly accelerate the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development."

The 2021 World Economic Forum was due to be held from 17 to 20 August in Singapore. However, on 17 May the Forum was cancelled; with a new meeting to take place in the first half of 2022 instead with a final location and date to be determined later in 2021.

In late December 2021, the World Economic Forum said in a release that pandemic conditions had made it extremely difficult to stage a global in-person meeting the following month; transmissibility of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its impact on travel and mobility had made deferral necessary, with the meeting in Davos eventually rescheduled for 22 to 26 May 2022.

Topics in the 2022 annual meeting included the Russian invasion of Ukraine, climate change, energy insecurity and inflation. Ukraine's president Volodymyr Zelenskyy gave a special address at the meeting, thanking the global community for its efforts but also calling for more support. The 2022 Forum was marked by the absence of a Russian delegation for the first time since 1991, which The Wall Street Journal described as signalling the "unraveling of globalization." The former Russia House was used to present Russia's war crimes.

The 2023 annual meeting of the World Economic Forum took place in Davos, Switzerland from 16–20 January under the theme "Cooperation in a fragmented world".

Organization
Headquartered in Cologny, the WEF also has offices in New York, Beijing and Tokyo. In January 2015, it was designated an NGO with "other international body" status by the Swiss Federal Government under the Swiss Host-State Act.

On 10 October 2016, the WEF announced the opening of its new Center for the Fourth Industrial Revolution in San Francisco. According to the WEF, the center will "serve as a platform for interaction, insight and impact on the scientific and technological changes that are changing the way we live, work and relate to one another".

The World Economic Forum claims to be impartial and that it is not tied to any political, partisan, or national interests. Until 2012, it had observer status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council, when it was revoked; it is under the supervision of the Swiss Federal Council. The foundation's highest governance body is the foundation board.

The managing board is chaired by the WEF's president, Børge Brende, and acts as the executive body of the World Economic Forum. Managing board members are Børge Brende, Julien Gattoni, Jeremy Jurgens, Adrian Monck, Sarita Nayyar, Olivier M. Schwab, Saadia Zahidi, and Alois Zwinggi.

Board of trustees
The WEF is chaired by founder and executive chairman Professor Klaus Schwab and is guided by a board of trustees that is made up of leaders from business, politics, academia and civil society.

As of 2024, the board of trustees is composed of: Queen Rania of Jordan, Mukesh D. Ambani, Ajay S. Banga, Marc Benioff, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Thomas Buberl, Laurence D. Fink, Chrystia Freeland, Orit Gadiesh, Kristalina Georgieva, Fabiola Gianotti, Al Gore, Andre Hoffmann, Paula Ingabire, Joe Kaeser, Christine Lagarde, Yo-Yo Ma, Patrice Motsepe, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Lubna S. Olayan, David M. Rubenstein, Ulf Mark Schneider, Klaus Schwab, Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Jim Hagemann Snabe, Julie Sweet, Feike Sijbesma, Heizō Takenaka and Zhu Min.

Members of the board of trustees (past or present) include: Al Gore, Herman Gref, André Hoffmann, Carlos Ghosn, Christine Lagarde, Chrystia Freeland, David Rubenstein, Ernesto Zedillo, Fabiola Gianotti, Feike Sijbesma, Heizō Takenaka, Indra Nooyi, Jack Ma, Jim Hagemann Snabe, José Ángel Gurría, Josef Ackermann, Klaus Schwab, Kofi Annan, Laurence Fink, Leo Rafael Reif, Luis Alberto Moreno, Marc Benioff, Mark Carney, Maurice Lévy, Michael Dell, Mukesh Ambani, Muriel Pénicaud, Niall FitzGerald, Orit Gadiesh, Peter Brabeck-Letmathe, Peter Maurer, Queen Rania of Jordan, Rajat Gupta, Susan Hockfield, Tharman Shanmugaratnam, Tony Blair, Mark Schneider, Ursula von der Leyen, Yo-Yo Ma, Zhu Min, Ivan Pictet, Joseph P. Schoendorf Peter D. Sutherland and Victor L. L. Chu..

Membership
The foundation is funded by its 1,000 member companies, typically global enterprises with more than five billion dollars in turnover (varying by industry and region). These enterprises rank among the top companies within their industry and/or country and play a leading role in shaping the future of their industry and/or region. Membership is stratified by the level of engagement with forum activities, with the level of membership fees increasing as participation in meetings, projects, and initiatives rises. In 2011, an annual membership cost $52,000 for an individual member, $263,000 for "Industry Partner" and $527,000 for "Strategic Partner". An admission fee costs $19,000 per person. In 2014, WEF raised annual fees by 20 percent, bringing the cost for "Strategic Partner" from CHF 500,000 ($523,000) to CHF 600,000 ($628,000).

Annual meeting in Davos
The flagship event of the World Economic Forum is the invitation-only annual meeting held at the end of January in Davos, Switzerland, bringing together chief executive officers from its 1,000 member companies, as well as selected politicians, representatives from academia, NGOs, religious leaders, and the media in an alpine environment. The winter discussions ostensibly focus around key issues of global concern (such as the globalization, capital markets, wealth management, international conflicts, environmental problems and their possible solutions). The participants also take part in role playing events, such as the Investment Heat Map. Informal winter meetings may have led to as many ideas and solutions as the official sessions.

At the 2018 annual meeting, more than 3,000 participants from nearly 110 countries participated in over 400 sessions. Participation included more than 340 public figures, including more than 70 heads of state and government and 45 heads of international organizations; 230 media representatives and almost 40 cultural leaders were represented.

As many as 500 journalists from online, print, radio, and television take part, with access to all sessions in the official program, some of which are also webcast. Not all the journalists are given access to all areas, however. This is reserved for white badge holders. "Davos runs an almost caste-like system of badges", according to BBC journalist Anthony Reuben. "A white badge means you're one of the delegates – you might be the chief executive of a company or the leader of a country (although that would also get you a little holographic sticker to add to your badge), or a senior journalist. An orange badge means you're just a run-of-the-mill working journalist." All plenary debates from the annual meeting also are available on YouTube while photographs are available on Flickr.

Individual participants
Some 3,000 individual participants joined the 2020 annual meeting in Davos. Countries with the most attendees include the United States (674 participants), the United Kingdom (270), Switzerland (159), Germany (137) and India (133). Among the attendees were heads of state or government, cabinet ministers, ambassadors, and heads or senior officials of international organizations, including: Sanna Marin (prime minister of Finland), Ursula von der Leyen (president of the European Commission), Christine Lagarde (ECB president), Greta Thunberg (climate activist), Ren Zhengfei (Huawei Technologies founder), Kristalina Georgieva (managing director of the IMF), Deepika Padukone (Bollywood actress), George Soros (investor), and Donald Trump (president of the United States). An analysis by The Economist from 2014 found that the vast majority of participants are male and more than 50 years old. Careers in business account for most of the participants' backgrounds (1,595 conference attendees), with the remaining seats shared between government (364), NGOs (246) and press (234). Academia, which had been the basis of the first annual conference in 1971, had been marginalised to the smallest participant group (183 attendees).

Corporate participants
Next to individual participants, the World Economic Forum maintains a dense network of corporate partners that can apply for different partnership ranks within the forum. For 2019, Bloomberg has identified a total of 436 listed corporates that participated in the annual meeting while measuring a stock underperformance by the Davos participants of around −10% versus the S&P 500 during the same year. Drivers are among others an overrepresentation of financial companies and an underrepresentation of fast-growing health care and information technology businesses at the conference. The Economist had found similar results in an earlier study, showing an underperformance of Davos participants against both the MSCI World Index and the S&P 500 between 2009 and 2014.

Summer annual meeting
In 2007, the foundation established the Annual Meeting of the New Champions (also called Summer Davos), held annually in China, alternating between Dalian and Tianjin, bringing together 1,500 participants from what the foundation calls Global Growth Companies, primarily from rapidly growing emerging countries such as China, Russia, Mexico, and Brazil, but also including quickly growing companies from developed countries. The meeting also engages with the next generation of global leaders from fast-growing regions and competitive cities, as well as technology pioneers from around the globe. The Premier of China has delivered a plenary address at each annual meeting.

Regional meetings
Every year regional meetings take place, enabling close contact among corporate business leaders, local government leaders, and NGOs. Meetings are held in Africa, East Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The mix of hosting countries varies from year to year, but consistently China and India have hosted throughout the decade since 2000.

Young Global Leaders
The group of Young Global Leaders consists of 800 people chosen by the WEF organizers as being representative of contemporary leadership. After five years of participation they are considered alumni. The program has received controversy when Schwab, the founder, admitted to "penetrat[ing]" governments with Young Global Leaders. He added that as of 2017 "more than half" of Justin Trudeau's Cabinet had been members of the program.

Social entrepreneurs
Since 2000, the WEF has been promoting models developed by those in close collaboration with the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship, highlighting social entrepreneurship as a key element to advance societies and address social problems. Selected social entrepreneurs are invited to participate in the foundation's regional meetings and the annual meetings where they may meet chief executives and senior government officials. At the annual meeting 2003, for example, Jeroo Billimoria met with Roberto Blois, deputy secretary-general of the International Telecommunication Union, an encounter that produced a key partnership for her organization Child helpline international.

Research reports
The foundation also acts as a think tank, publishing a wide range of reports. In particular, "Strategic Insight Teams" focus on producing reports of relevance in the fields of competitiveness, global risks, and scenario thinking.

The "Competitiveness Team" produces a range of annual economic reports (first published in brackets): the Global Competitiveness Report (1979) measured competitiveness of countries and economies; The Global Information Technology Report (2001) assessed their competitiveness based on their IT readiness; the Global Gender Gap Report examined critical areas of inequality between men and women; the Global Risks Report (2006) assessed key global risks; the Global Travel and Tourism Report (2007) measured travel and tourism competitiveness; the Financial Development Report (2008) aimed to provide a comprehensive means for countries to establish benchmarks for various aspects of their financial systems and establish priorities for improvement; and the Global Enabling Trade Report (2008) presented a cross-country analysis of the large number of measures facilitating trade among nations.

The "Risk Response Network" produces a yearly report assessing risks which are deemed to be within the scope of these teams, have cross-industry relevance, are uncertain, have the potential to cause upwards of US$10 billion in economic damage, have the potential to cause major human suffering, and which require a multi-stakeholder approach for mitigation.

In 2020, the forum published a report entitled Nature Risk Rising: Why the Crisis Engulfing Nature Matters for Business and the Economy. In this report the forum estimated that approximately half of global GDP is highly or moderately dependent on nature (the same as IPBES's 2019 assessment report ). The report also found that 1 dollar spent on nature restoration yields 9 dollars in economic benefits.

Health
On 19 January 2017 the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), a global initiative to fight epidemics, was launched at WEF in Davos. The internationally funded initiative aims at securing vaccine supplies for global emergencies and pandemics, and to research new vaccines for tropical diseases, that are now more menacing. The project is funded by private and governmental donors, with an initial investment of US$460m from the governments of Germany, Japan and Norway, plus the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the Wellcome Trust.

Between 21 and 24 January 2020, at the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak, CEPI met with leaders from Moderna to establish plans for a COVID-19 vaccine at the Davos gathering, with a total global case number of 274 and total loss of life the virus at 16. The WHO declared a global health emergency 6 days later.

Society
The Global Water Initiative brings together diverse stakeholders such as Alcan Inc., the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, USAID India, UNDP India, Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Government of Rajasthan, and the NEPAD Business Foundation to develop public-private partnerships on water management in South Africa and India.

In an effort to combat corruption, the Partnering Against Corruption Initiative (PACI) was launched by CEOs from the engineering and construction, energy and metals, and mining industries at the annual meeting in Davos during January 2004. PACI is a platform for peer exchange on practical experience and dilemma situations. Approximately 140 companies have joined the initiative.

Environment
In the beginning of the 21st century, the forum began to increasingly deal with environmental issues. In the Davos Manifesto 2020 it is said that a company among other:
 * "acts as a steward of the environmental and material universe for future generations. It consciously protects our biosphere and champions a circular, shared and regenerative economy."
 * "responsibly manages near-term, medium-term and long-term value creation in pursuit of sustainable shareholder returns that do not sacrifice the future for the present."
 * "is more than an economic unit generating wealth. It fulfils human and societal aspirations as part of the broader social system. Performance must be measured not only on the return to shareholders, but also on how it achieves its environmental, social and good governance objectives."

The Environmental Initiative covers climate change and water issues. Under the Gleneagles Dialogue on Climate Change, the U.K. government asked the World Economic Forum at the G8 Summit in Gleneagles in 2005 to facilitate a dialogue with the business community to develop recommendations for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This set of recommendations, endorsed by a global group of CEOs, was presented to leaders ahead of the G8 Summit in Toyako, Hokkaido, Japan held in July 2008.

In 2016 WEF published an article in which it is said, that in some cases reducing consumption can increase well-being. In the article is mentioned that in Costa Rica the GDP is 4 times smaller than in many countries in Western Europe and North America, but people live longer and better. An American study shows that those whose income is higher than $75,000, do not necessarily have an increase in well-being. To better measure well-being, the New Economics Foundation's launched the Happy Planet Index.

In January 2017, WEF launched the Platform for Accelerating the Circular Economy (PACE), which is a global public private partnership seeking to scale circular economy innovations. PACE is co-chaired by Frans van Houten (CEO of Philips), Naoko Ishii (CEO of the Global Environment Facility, and the head of United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The Ellen MacArthur Foundation, the International Resource Panel, Circle Economy, Chatham House, the Dutch National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, the United Nations Environment Programme and Accenture serve as knowledge partners, and the program is supported by the UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs, DSM, FrieslandCampina, Global Affairs Canada, the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, Rabobank, Shell, SITRA, and Unilever.

The Forum emphasized its 'Environment and Natural Resource Security Initiative' for the 2017 meeting to achieve inclusive economic growth and sustainable practices for global industries. With increasing limitations on world trade through national interests and trade barriers, the WEF has moved towards a more sensitive and socially-minded approach for global businesses with a focus on the reduction of carbon emissions in China and other large industrial nations.

Also in 2017, WEF launched the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) for the Earth Initiative, a collaboration among WEF, Stanford University and PwC, and funded through the Mava Foundation. In 2018, WEF announced that one project within this initiative was to be the Earth BioGenome Project, the aim of which is to sequence the genomes of every organism on Earth.

The World Economic Forum is working to eliminate plastic pollution, stating that by 2050 it will consume 15% of the global carbon budget and will pass by its weight fishes in the world's oceans. One of the methods is to achieve circular economy.

The theme of the 2020 World Economic Forum annual meeting was 'Stakeholders for a Cohesive and Sustainable World'. Climate change and sustainability were central themes of discussion. Many argued that GDP is failed to represent correctly the wellbeing and that fossil fuel subsidies should be stopped. Many of the participants said that a better capitalism is needed. Al Gore summarized the ideas in the conference as: "The version of capitalism we have today in our world must be reformed".

In this meeting the World Economic Forum:

 * Launched the Trillion Tree Campaign an initiative aiming to "grow, restore and conserve 1 trillion trees over the next 10 years around the world – in a bid to restore biodiversity and help fight climate change". Donald Trump joined the initiative. The forum stated that: "Nature-based solutions – locking-up carbon in the world's forests, grasslands and wetlands – can provide up to one-third of the emissions reductions required by 2030 to meet the Paris Agreement targets," adding that the rest should come from the heavy industry, finance and transportation sectors. One of the targets is to unify existing reforestation projects
 * Discussed the issue of climate change and called to expanding renewable energy, energy efficiency change the patterns of consumption and remove carbon from the atmosphere. The forum claimed that the climate crisis will become a climate apocalypse if the temperature will rise by 2 degrees. The forum called to fulfill the commitments in Paris Agreement. Jennifer Morgan, special representative for international climate policy of the Federal Foreign Office in Germany, said that as to the beginning of the forum, fossil fuels still get three times more money than climate solutions.

At the 2021 annual meeting UNFCCC launched the 'UN Race-to-Zero Emissions Breakthroughs'. The aim of the campaign is to transform 20 sectors of the economy in order to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions. At least 20% of each sector should take specific measures, and 10 sectors should be transformed before COP 26 in Glasgow. According to the organizers, 20% is a tipping point, after which the whole sector begins to irreversibly change.

Coronavirus and green recovery
In April 2020, the forum published an article that postulates that the COVID-19 pandemic is linked to the destruction of nature. The number of emerging diseases is rising and this rise is linked to deforestation and species loss. In the article, there are multiple examples of the degradation of ecological systems caused by humans. It is also says that half of the global GDP is moderately or largely dependent on nature. The article concludes that the recovery from the pandemic should be linked to nature recovery.

The forum proposed a plan for a green recovery. The plan includes advancing circular economy. Among the mentioned methods, there is green building, sustainable transport, organic farming, urban open space, renewable energy and electric vehicles.

Global Shapers Community
The Global Shapers Community (GSC), an initiative of World Economic Forum, selects young leaders below 30 years old to be change agents in the world. Global Shapers develop and lead their city-based hubs to implement social justice projects that advance the mission of World Economic Forum. The GSC has over 10,000 members in 500+ hubs in 154 countries. Some critics see the WEF's increasing focus on activist areas such as environmental protection and social entrepreneurship as a strategy to disguise the true plutocratic goals of the organisation.

The Great Reset
In May 2020, the WEF and the Prince of Wales's Sustainable Markets Initiative launched "The Great Reset" project, a five-point plan to enhance sustainable economic growth following the global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns. "The Great Reset" was to be the theme of WEF's annual meeting in August 2021.

According to forum founder Schwab, the intention of the project is to reconsider the meaning of capitalism and capital. While not abandoning capitalism, he proposes to change and possibly move on from some aspects of it, including neoliberalism and free-market fundamentalism. The role of corporations, taxation and more should be reconsidered. International cooperation and trade should be defended and the Fourth Industrial Revolution also.

The forum defines the system that it wants to create as "Stakeholder Capitalism". The forum supports trade unions.

The 'Great Reset' has also been the target of several debunked conspiracy theories, which heavily overlap with related conspiracy theories concerning the 'New World Order', Qanon, and COVID-19.

Physical protests

During the late 1990s, the WEF, as well as the G7, World Bank, World Trade Organization, and International Monetary Fund, came under heavy criticism by anti-globalization activists who claimed that capitalism and globalization were increasing poverty and destroying the environment. In 2000, about 10,000 demonstrators disrupted a regional WEF meeting in Melbourne, by obstructing the path of 200 delegates. Small demonstrations are held in Davos on most but not all years, organised by the local Green Party (see Anti-WEF protests in Switzerland, January 2003) to protest against what have been called the meetings of "fat cats in the snow", a tongue-in-cheek term used by rock singer Bono.

After 2014, the physical protest movement against the World Economic Forum largely died down, and Swiss police noted a significant decline in attending protesters, 20 at most during the meeting in 2016. While protesters are still more numerous in large Swiss cities, the protest movement itself has undergone significant change. Around 150 Tibetans and Uighurs protested in Geneva and 400 Tibetans in Bern against the visit of China's paramount leader Xi Jinping for the 2017 meeting, with subsequent confrontations and arrests.

Growing gaps in wealth
A number of NGOs have used the World Economic Forum to highlight growing inequalities and wealth gaps, which they consider to have been neglected, or even to be exacerbated, through institutions like the WEF. Winnie Byanyima, the former executive director of the anti-poverty confederation Oxfam International co-chaired the 2015 meeting, where she presented a critical report of global wealth distribution based on statistical research by the Credit Suisse Research Institute. In this study, the richest 1% of people in the world own 48% of the world's wealth. At the 2019 meeting, she presented another report claiming that the gap between rich and poor has only increased. The report "Public Good or Private Wealth" stated that 2,200 billionaires worldwide saw their wealth grow by 12% while the poorest half saw its wealth fall by 11%. Oxfam calls for a global tax overhaul to increase and harmonise global tax rates for corporations and wealthy individuals.

"You'll own nothing and be happy" is a phrase adapted from an essay written by Ida Auken in 2016 for the WEF, pondering a future in which urban residents would rely on shared services for many expensive items such as appliances and vehicles. Shortly after its publication, a commentator for European Digital Rights criticized Auken's vision of centralized property ownership as a "benevolent dictatorship". During the COVID-19 pandemic, the phrase went viral, eliciting strongly negative reactions from mostly conservative but also some left-wing and unaffiliated commentators. Responding to viral social media posts based on the phrase, the WEF denied that it had a goal related to limiting ownership of private property.

Rutger Bregman, a Dutch historian invited to a 2018 WEF panel on inequality, went viral when he suggested that the best way for the attendees to attack inequality was to stop avoiding taxes. Bregman described his motivation, saying "it feels like I’m at a firefighters’ conference and no one’s allowed to speak about water".

Formation of a detached elite
The formation of a detached elite, sometimes labeled with the neologism "Davos Man", refers to a global group whose members view themselves as completely "international". The term refers to people who "have little need for national loyalty, view national boundaries as obstacles, and see national governments as residues from the past whose only useful function is to facilitate the elite's global operations" according to political scientist Samuel P. Huntington, who is credited with inventing the neologism. In his 2004 article "Dead Souls: The Denationalization of the American Elite", Huntington argues that this international perspective is a minority elitist position not shared by the nationalist majority of the people.

The Transnational Institute describes the World Economic Forum's main purpose as being "to function as a socializing institution for the emerging global elite, globalization's "Mafiocracy" of bankers, industrialists, oligarchs, technocrats and politicians. They promote common ideas, and serve common interests: their own."

In 2019, the Manager Magazin journalist Henrik Müller argued that the "Davos Man" had already decayed into different groups and camps. He sees three central drivers for this development:
 * Ideologically: the liberal western model is no longer considered a universal role model that other countries strive for (with China's digital totalitarianism or the traditional absolutism in the Persian Gulf as counter-proposals, all of which are represented by government members in Davos).
 * Socially: societies increasingly disintegrate into different groups, each of which evokes its own identity (e.g. embodied through the Brexit vote or congressional blockades in the USA).
 * Economically: the measured economic reality largely contradicts the established ideas of how the economy should actually work (despite economic upswings, wages and prices e.g. barely rise).

Public cost of security
Critics argue that the WEF, despite having reserves of several hundred million Swiss francs and paying its executives salaries of around 1 million Swiss francs per year, would not pay any federal tax and moreover allocate a part of its costs to the public. Following massive criticism from politicians and the Swiss civil society, the Swiss federal government decided in February 2021 to reduce its annual contributions to the WEF.

As of 2018, the police and military expenditures carried by the federal government stood at 39 million Swiss francs. The Aargauer Zeitung argued in January 2020 that the additional cost borne by the Kanton Graubünden stand at CHF 9 million per year.

The Swiss Green Party summarised their criticism within the Swiss National Council that the holding of the World Economic Forum has cost Swiss taxpayers hundreds of millions of Swiss francs over the past decades. In their view, it was however questionable to what extent the Swiss population or global community benefit from these expenditures.

Gender debate
Women have been broadly underrepresented at the WEF, according to some critics. The female participation rate at the WEF increased from 9% to 15% between 2001 and 2005. In 2016, 18% of the WEF attendees were female; this number increased to 21% in 2017, and 24% in 2020.

Several women have since shared their personal impressions of the Davos meetings in media articles, highlighting that issues were more profound than "a quota at Davos for female leaders or a session on diversity and inclusion". The World Economic Forum has in this context filed legal complaints against at least three investigative articles by reporters Katie Gibbons and Billy Kenber that were published by the British newspaper The Times in March 2020, with the articles still online as of January 2024.

Workplace discrimination
According to The Wall Street Journal, the WEF has had numerous accusations of workplace discrimination against women and Black people.

Undemocratic decision making
According to the European Parliament's think tank, critics see the WEF as an instrument for political and business leaders to "take decisions without having to account to their electorate or shareholders".

Since 2009, the WEF has been working on a project called the Global Redesign Initiative (GRI), which proposes a transition away from intergovernmental decision-making towards a system of multi-stakeholder governance. According to the Transnational Institute (TNI), the Forum is hence planning to replace a recognised democratic model with a model where a self-selected group of "stakeholders" make decisions on behalf of the people.

Some critics have seen the WEF's attention to goals like environmental protection and social entrepreneurship as mere window dressing to disguise its true plutocratic nature and goals. In a Guardian opinion piece, Cas Mudde said that such plutocrats should not be the group to have control over the political agendas and decide which issues to focus on and how to support them. A writer in the German magazine Cicero saw the situation as academic, cultural, media and economic elites grasping for social power while disregarding political decision processes. A materially well-endowed milieu would in this context try to "cement its dominance of opinion and sedate ordinary people with maternalistic-paternalistic social benefits, so that they are not disturbed by the common people when they steer". The French Les Echos furthermore concludes that Davos "represents the exact values people rejected at the ballot box".

Lack of financial transparency
In 2017, the former Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung journalist Jürgen Dunsch criticized that financial reports of the WEF were not very transparent since neither income nor expenditures were broken down. In addition, he outlined that the foundation capital was not quantified while the apparently not insignificant profits would be reinvested.

Recent annual reports published by the WEF include a more detailed breakdown of its financials and indicate revenues of CHF 349 million for the year 2019 with reserves of CHF 310 million and a foundation capital of CHF 34 million. There are no further details provided to what asset classes or individual names the WEF allocates its financial assets of CHF 261 million. From July 2019 to June 2020, the World Economic Forum has spent €250,000 on lobbying the European Union.

The German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung criticised in this context that the WEF had turned into a "money printing machine", which is run like a family business and forms a comfortable way to make a living for its key personnel. The foundation's founder Klaus Schwab draws a salary of around one million Swiss francs per year.

Unclear selection criteria
In a request to the Swiss National Council, the Swiss Green Party criticised that invitations to the annual meeting and programmes of the World Economic Forum are issued according to unclear criteria. They highlight that "despots" such as the son of the former Libyan dictator Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi had been invited to the WEF and even awarded membership in the club of "Young Global Leaders". Even after the beginning of the Arab spring in December 2010 and related violent uprisings against despot regimes, the WEF continued to invite Gaddafi to its annual meeting.

Environmental footprint of annual meetings
Critics emphasise that the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum is counterproductive when combating pressing problems of humanity such as the climate crisis. Even in 2020, participants travelled to the WEF annual meeting in Davos on around 1,300 private jets while the total emissions burden from transport and accommodation were enormous in their view.

Corporate capture of global and democratic institutions
The World Economic Forum's "Global Redesign" report suggests to create "public-private" United Nations (UN) in which selected agencies operate and steer global agendas under shared governance systems.

In September 2019, more than 400 civil society organizations and 40 international networks heavily criticised a partnership agreement between WEF and the United Nations and called on the UN Secretary-General to end it. They see such an agreement as a "disturbing corporate capture of the UN, which moved the world dangerously towards a privatised global governance". The Dutch Transnational Institute think tank summarises that we are increasingly entering a world where gatherings such as Davos are "a silent global coup d'état" to capture governance.

Non-accreditation of critical media outlets
In 2019, the Swiss newspaper WOZ received a refusal of its accreditation request for the annual meeting with the editors and subsequently accused the World Economic Forum of favoring specific media outlets. The newspaper highlighted that the WEF stated in its refusal message that it [the Forum] prefers media outlets it works with throughout the year. WOZ deputy head Yves Wegelin called this a strange idea of journalism because in "journalism you don't necessarily have to work with large corporations, but rather critique them".

Institutional initiatives
In addition to economic policy, the WEF's agenda is in recent years increasingly focusing on positively connoted activist topics such as environmental protection and social entrepreneurship, which critics see as a strategy to disguise the organisation's true plutocratic goals.

In a December 2020 article by The Intercept, author Naomi Klein described that the WEF's initiatives like the "Great Reset" were simply a "coronavirus-themed rebranding" of things that the WEF was already doing and that it was an attempt by the rich to make themselves look good. In her opinion, "the Great Reset is merely the latest edition of this gilded tradition, barely distinguishable from earlier Davos Big Ideas.

Similarly, in his review of COVID-19: The Great Reset, ethicist Steven Umbrello makes parallel critiques of the agenda. He says that the WEF "whitewash[es] a seemingly optimistic future post-Great Reset with buzz words like equity and sustainability" while it functionally jeopardizes those goals.

A study published in the Journal of Consumer Research investigated the sociological impact of the WEF. It concluded that the WEF do not solve issues such as poverty, global warming, chronic illness, or debt. The Forum has, according to the study, simply shifted the burden for the solution of these problems from governments and business to "responsible consumers subjects: the green consumer, the health-conscious consumer, and the financially literate consumer."

Appropriation of global crises
In December 2021, the Catholic Cardinal and former Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) Gerhard Ludwig Müller criticised in a controversial interview that people like WEF founder Schwab were sitting "on the throne of their wealth" and were not touched by the everyday difficulties and sufferings people face e.g. due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On the contrary, such elites would see crises as an opportunity to push through their agendas. He particularly criticised the control such people would exercise on people and their embracement of areas such as transhumanism. The German Central Council of Jews condemned this criticism, which is also linked to Jewish financial investors, as antisemitic.

On the other hand, the WEF has been criticized as "hypocritical" towards Palestinian human rights, when it rejected a petition from its own constituents to condemn Israel's aggression against Palestinians. WEF cited the need to remain "impartial" on the issue. However, Khaled Al Sabawi, writing in MondoWeiss called it hypocritical after it voluntarily condemned Russia's aggression against Ukraine months later.

Davos municipality
In June 2021, WEF founder Klaus Schwab sharply criticised what he characterized as the "profiteering", "complacency" and "lack of commitment" by the municipality of Davos in relation to the annual meeting. He mentioned that the preparation of the COVID-related meeting in Singapore in 2021/2022 had created an alternative to its Swiss host and sees the chance that the annual meeting will stay in Davos between 40 and 70 per cent.

Usage of "Davos"
As there are many other international conferences nicknamed with "Davos" such as the "Davos of the Desert" event organised by Saudi Arabia's Future Investment Initiative Institute, the World Economic Forum objected to the use of "Davos" in such contexts for any event not organised by them. This particular statement was issued on 22 October 2018, a day before the opening of 2018 Future Investment Initiative (nicknamed "Davos in the desert") organised by the Public Investment Fund of Saudi Arabia.

Open Forum Davos
Since the annual meeting in January 2003 in Davos, an Open Forum Davos, which was co-organized by the Federation of Swiss Protestant Churches, is held concurrently with the Davos forum, opening up the debate about globalization to the general public. The Open Forum has been held in the local high school every year, featuring top politicians and business leaders. It is open to all members of the public free of charge.

Public Eye Awards
The Public Eye Awards have been held every year since 2000. It is a counter-event to the annual meeting of the World Economic Forum (WEF) in Davos. Public Eye Awards is a "public competition of the worst corporations in the world." In 2011, more than 50,000 people voted for companies that acted irresponsibly. At a ceremony at a Davos hotel, the "winners" in 2011 were named as Indonesian palm oil diesel maker, Neste Oil in Finland, and mining company AngloGold Ashanti in South Africa. According to Schweiz aktuell broadcast on 16 January 2015, a public presence during the WEF 2015, may not be guaranteed because the massively increased security in Davos. The Public Eye Award will be awarded for the last time in Davos: "Public Eyes says Goodbye to Davos", confirmed by Rolf Marugg (now Landrats politician), by not directly engaged politicians, and by the police responsible.

General and cited references

 * "How to Open the World Economic Forum" – Matthias Lüfkens in interview with 99FACES.tv
 * Bornstein, David (2007). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-533476-0. 358 pages.
 * "Behind the Scenes at Davos" broadcast 14 February 2010 on 60 Minutes, CBS News
 * Kellerman, Barbara (1999). Reinventing Leadership: Making the Connection Between Politics and Business. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-4071-1. 268 pages.
 * Moore, Mike (2003). A World Without Walls: Freedom, Development, Free Trade and Global Governance. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82701-0. 292 pages.
 * Pigman, Geoffrey Allen (2007). The World Economic Forum: A Multi-Stakeholder Approach to Global Governance. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-70204-1. 175 pages.
 * Rothkopf, David J. (2008). Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0-374-27210-4. 376 pages.
 * Schwab, Klaus M.; Kroos, Hein (1971). Moderne Unternehmensführung im Maschinenbau. Frankfurt: Verein Dt. Maschinenbau-Anst. e.V. Maschinenbau-Verl..
 * "Everybody's Business: Strengthening International Cooperation in a More Interdependent World"—World Economic Forum; launched May 2010, Doha, Qatar
 * Wolf, Michael (1999). The Entertainment Economy: How Mega-Media Forces Are Transforming Our Lives. New York: Random House. ISBN 978-0-8129-3042-9. 336 pages.

title: World Economic Forum


text:
Schengen Information System

The Schengen Information System (SIS) is a governmental database maintained by the European Commission. The SIS is used by 31 European countries to find information about individuals and entities for the purposes of national security, border control and law enforcement since 2001. A second technical version of this system, SIS II, went live on 9 April 2013. An upgraded Schengen Information System entered into operation on 7 March 2023.

Participating nations
Information in SIS is shared among the institutions of countries participating in the Schengen Agreement Application Convention (SAAC). The five original participating countries were France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. Twenty-two additional countries joined the system since its creation: Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria, Greece, Finland, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Estonia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Liechtenstein, Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania. Among the current participants, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland are members of the European Free Trade Association but not of the European Union.

Although Ireland and the United Kingdom operate a Common Travel Area and had not signed the Schengen Agreement Application Convention (when the United Kingdom was still an EU member), they had the right to take part in Schengen co-operation under the terms of the Treaty of Amsterdam. Ireland joined the law enforcement aspect on 1 January 2021 and has "full operational capacity" since March 2021. As a consequence of Brexit, the UK lost access to the system on 31 December 2020. (UK law enforcement did 571 million searches in the database in 2019 alone ) and does not expect to regain any access before 2027 at the earliest.

Introduction
SIS information is stored according to the legislation of each participating country. There are more than 46 million entries (called "alerts") in SIS, most about lost identity documents. Person alerts make up around 1.9 percent of the database (about 885,000 records). Each alert contains information such as: name, date of birth, gender, nationality, aliases, arms or history of violence, the reason for the alert and the action to be taken if the person is encountered. SIS does not record travellers' entries and exits from the Schengen Area.

History
On 25 March 1957, the Treaty of Rome was completed. On 3 February 1958, the economic union of the Benelux countries was formed. Both agreements aimed to enable the free movement of people and goods across national borders. The Benelux countries, as a smaller group, were able to quickly implement the agreement. The European Communities' focus was on economic integration. It was not until the agreement of Saarbrücken was completed on 13 July 1984, that border controls between France and Germany were eased.

On 14 June 1985, France, Germany and three of the Benelux nations completed the Schengen Agreement. Border controls on people and goods between these nations were gradually relaxed. On 19 June 1990, the initial five nations were joined by Spain, Portugal, Italy, Greece, Austria and five Nordic Passport Union countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden.

On 21 December 2007, the Schengen border-free zone was enlarged to include Estonia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.

On 1 January 2023, the Schengen border-free zone was enlarged to include Croatia.

Legal aspects and technical characteristics
SIS was created to maintain European security after 25 March 2001 when border security between fifteen nations was relaxed. The SIS requires Schengen nations to respect the legal force of the information it contains. It also requires the nations to respect the privacy and personal freedom of the people whose data is held according to national data laws. SIS's information processing system must be permanently connected to member nations' databases and must be updated in real-time.

These commitments are supplemented by consultation procedures between the member nations. Discussions may take place about issues such as confirmation of information, variation of actions directed by SIS, questions of residency, and international warrants for arrest.

SIS is controlled by an authority composed of representatives of the member nations. Personal data protection is a key responsibility. At a technical level, the participating countries adopted a data-processing star architecture made up of a central site containing the reference database, known as C-SIS, for which the responsibility is entrusted to the French Republic by the CAAS, and a site by country, known as N-SIS, containing a copy of the database.

Data
The type of data about people kept in SIS includes: requests for extradition; undesirability of presence in particular territory; minor age; mental illnesses; missing person status; a need for protection; requests by a judicial authority; and suspected of crime. The SIS also keeps data referring to lost, stolen and misappropriated firearms, identity documents, motor vehicles and banknotes.

France is responsible for management of SIS and uses an automated system of data updates which occur every five minutes. The SIS automatically directs data to queries arriving via large national databases. Each member nation has an office responsible for SIS communications. SIS also has a function called "Supplementary Information Request at the National Entry" (SIRENE). The SIRENE office records a "hit" on a SIS data record and forwards further information to assist investigations.

Police co-operation and legal mutual assistance
In addition to SIS and SIRENE, the Schengen convention ensured police co-operation and legal mutual assistance. Police of member nations can cooperate to prevent and identify crime (article 39); to continue surveillance across borders (article 40); to pursue across borders in certain circumstances (article 41); and to share information that is significant for the repression or the prevention of in flagrante delicto or threats to order and public safety (article 46). This allows execution of criminal judgements and extraditions where a national attempts to take refuge in another territory.

System evolution
In November 2011, SIS1 was renewed for a second time. The main reason for renewal was to connect more nations.

In 2007, while developments were in progress, Portugal had offered the use of a version called "SISone4ALL" developed by SEF (Portugal's Border and Foreigners Service) and Critical Software.

On 15 October 2010, Bulgaria and Romania joined SIS II for law enforcement cooperation.

On 9 April 2013, SIS II went live.

On 27 June 2017, Croatia joined SIS II for law enforcement cooperation.

On 1 August 2018, Bulgaria and Romania gained full access to SIS.

On 1 January 2021, Ireland joined the law enforcement aspect, with full access to SIS for law enforcement purposes from 15 March 2021.

On 3 May 2022, the European Parliament approved a proposal to give Cyprus full access to SIS. The proposal still needs to be endorsed by the Council of the European Union.

On 1 January 2023, Croatia gained full access to SIS with joining the Schengen border-free zone.

On 25 July 2023, Cyprus gained full access to SIS.

In 2023, the UK was negotiating to rejoin SIS II, with access unlikely before the 2027/2028 fiscal year.

Brexit
Use of the Schengen Information System is limited to members of the European Union and signatories of the Schengen Agreement Application Convention. While still a member of the EU but not of the Schengen Agreement, the United Kingdom had limited access to the SIS. This access ceased from 1 January 2021. In June 2020, the Security and Intelligence subcommittee of the House of Lords, on hearing evidence by Home Office Minister James Brokenshire, expressed concerns that failure of the (post-Brexit) trade negotiation between the United Kingdom and the EU could lead to worrying delays in access to counter-terrorism intelligence.

In 2023 the United Kingdom gaining access to EU datasets was stated to be at "a very early stage", and was not expected to be completed before the 2027/2028 financial year.

title: Schengen Information System