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John Frusciante

John Anthony Frusciante (born March 5, 1970) is an American musician and the guitarist of the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He has released 11 solo albums and 7 EPs, ranging in style from acoustic guitar to electronic music. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Red Hot Chili Peppers in 2012. Rolling Stone named Frusciante among the greatest guitarists of all time.

Frusciante joined the Chili Peppers at the age of 18 after the death of guitarist Hillel Slovak, and first appeared on their album Mother's Milk (1989). His second album with the band, Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991), was their breakthrough success. Overwhelmed by the band's newfound popularity, he quit in 1992. He became a recluse and entered a period of heroin addiction, during which he released his first solo recordings: Niandra LaDes and Usually Just a T-Shirt (1994) and Smile from the Streets You Hold (1997). In 1998, he completed drug rehabilitation and rejoined the Chili Peppers, taking them to major success with their albums Californication (1999), By the Way (2002) and Stadium Arcadium (2006).

Frusciante's solo work encompasses genres including experimental rock, ambient music, and electronica. He released six albums in 2004, each exploring different genres and recording techniques. In 2009, Frusciante released The Empyrean, which features members of the Chili Peppers. Frusciante left the Chili Peppers again in 2009 and rejoined them in 2019. Frusciante also releases acid house under the alias Trickfinger. With the ex-Chili Peppers guitarist Josh Klinghoffer and Joe Lally, Frusciante has released two albums as Ataxia.

Early life
Frusciante was born in Queens, New York City, on March 5, 1970. His father, John Augustus Frusciante, is a Juilliard-trained pianist, who later became a lawyer and then circuit court judge in Florida. His mother, Gail Bruno, was a promising vocalist who gave up her career to be a stay-at-home mother. Frusciante is of Italian ancestry.

Frusciante's family moved to Tucson, Arizona, and then Florida, where his father served as a Broward County judge until October 2010. His parents separated when he was seven years old, and he and his mother moved to Santa Monica, California.

A year later, Frusciante and his mother moved to Mar Vista, Los Angeles, with his new stepfather, who, he says, "really supported me and made me feel good about being an artist". He became involved in the Los Angeles punk rock scene. At age nine, he became fixated on the Germs, repeatedly listening to their album (GI). He later used a non-standard tuning of his own invention to play songs from the album single-finger barre.

Frusciante began studying guitarists such as Jeff Beck, Jimmy Page, David Gilmour and Jimi Hendrix at 11. He discovered Frank Zappa, whose work he would study for hours. He dropped out of high school at age 16 with the permission of his parents and upon completion of a proficiency test. With their support, he moved to Los Angeles to develop his musicianship. He began taking classes at the Guitar Institute of Technology, but turned to punching in without actually attending and left shortly thereafter.

1988–1992: First term with the Red Hot Chili Peppers
Frusciante discovered the Red Hot Chili Peppers around 1984 when his guitar instructor was auditioning as a guitarist for them. Frusciante attended a Red Hot Chili Peppers performance at age 15 and rapidly became a devoted fan. He idolized their guitarist, Hillel Slovak, familiarizing himself with virtually all the guitar and bass parts from the Red Hot Chili Peppers' first few records. He became acquainted with Slovak, and the two spoke months before Slovak's death. Frusciante told him he would not like the band if they became popular enough to play the Forum, Inglewood, and preferred smaller audiences.

Frusciante became friends with the former Dead Kennedys drummer D. H. Peligro in early 1988. They jammed together, and Peligro invited his friend, the Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea. Frusciante and Flea had an immediate musical chemistry. Around the same time, Frusciante intended to audition for Frank Zappa, but changed his mind as Zappa strictly prohibited illegal drug use. Frusciante said, "I realized that I wanted to be a rock star, do drugs and get girls, and that I wouldn't be able to do that if I was in Zappa's band."

Slovak died of a heroin overdose in 1988. Devastated, the Red Hot Chili Peppers drummer, Jack Irons, left the group. The remaining members, Flea and the vocalist, Anthony Kiedis, recruited Peligro on drums and DeWayne "Blackbyrd" McKnight, formerly of Parliament-Funkadelic, on guitar. However, McKnight failed to connect musically with the group. Flea proposed auditioning Frusciante, whose intimate knowledge of the Red Hot Chili Peppers' repertoire impressed him. Flea and Kiedis auditioned him and agreed that he would be a suitable replacement for McKnight. When Flea called Frusciante with the news of his acceptance, Frusciante ran through his house screaming with joy and jumped on a wall, leaving permanent boot marks. He turned down a contract with Thelonious Monster, with whom he had been playing for two weeks, to accept the Chili Peppers offer.

Frusciante was not familiar with the funk genre of Red Hot Chili Peppers' sound, saying, "I wasn't really a funk player before I joined the band. I learned everything I needed to know about how to sound good with Flea by studying Hillel's playing and I just took it sideways from there." Several weeks after Frusciante joined, Peligro, whose performance was suffering due to extreme drug abuse, was fired. Chad Smith was recruited as the drummer and the new lineup began recording their first album, Mother's Milk (1989). Frusciante focused on emulating Slovak's style. The producer, Michael Beinhorn, disagreed with this approach and wanted Frusciante to play with an uncharacteristic heavy metal tone, largely absent from the band's three preceding records. Frusciante and Beinhorn frequently fought over guitar tone and layering; Beinhorn prevailed, as Frusciante felt pressured by his knowledge of the studio. Kiedis recalled that "[Beinhorn] wanted John to have a big, crunching, almost metal-sounding guitar tone whereas before we always had some interesting acid-rock guitar tones as well as a lot of slinky, sexy, funky guitar tones".

The Chili Peppers collaborated with the producer Rick Rubin for their second record with Frusciante, Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991). Rubin felt that it was important to record the album in an unorthodox setting and suggested an old Hollywood Hills mansion. Frusciante, Kiedis and Flea isolated themselves there for the duration of the recording. Frusciante and Flea seldom went outside and spent most of their time smoking marijuana. Around this time, Frusciante began a side project with Flea and the Jane's Addiction drummer Stephen Perkins, the Three Amoebas. They recorded roughly 10 to 15 hours of material, which went unreleased.

1992: First departure from the Chili Peppers
Blood Sugar Sex Magik reached number three on the Billboard charts and went on to sell 13 million copies worldwide. The unexpected success turned the Red Hot Chili Peppers into rock stars. Frusciante was blindsided by his newfound fame and struggled to cope. Soon after the album's release, he began to develop a dislike for the band's popularity. He and Kiedis argued after concerts: "John would say, 'We're too popular. I don't need to be at this level of success. I would just be proud to be playing this music in clubs like you guys were doing two years ago.'" Frusciante later said that the band's rise to popularity was "too high, too far, too soon. Everything seemed to be happening at once and I just couldn't cope with it."

Frusciante also began to feel that destiny was leading him away from the band. When the Red Hot Chili Peppers began their world tour, he started to hear voices in his head telling him "you won't make it during the tour, you have to go now". Frusciante said he had once taken pleasure in hedonism; however, "by the age of 20, I started doing it right and looking at it as an artistic expression instead of a way of partying and screwing a bunch of girls. To balance it out, I had to be extra-humble, extra-anti-rock star." He refused to take the stage during a performance at Tokyo's Club Quattro on May 7, 1992, telling his bandmates that he was leaving the band. He was persuaded to perform but left for California the next morning. "It was just impossible for me to stay in the band any longer," he said. "It had come to the point where even though they wanted me in the band, it felt like I was forced out of the band. Not by any members in particular or management in particular, but just the direction it was going." He was replaced by the former Jane's Addiction guitarist Dave Navarro.

In a 2015 interview, Cris Kirkwood said that following Frusciante's departure from the band in 1992, Frusciante auditioned for the Meat Puppets. Kirkwood said, "He showed up with his guitar out of its case and barefoot. We were on a major label then, we just got signed, and those guys had blown up to where they were at and John needed to get out. John gets to our pad and we started getting ready to play and I said, 'You want to use my tuner?' He said, 'No, I'll bend it in.' It was so far out. Then we jammed but it didn't come to anything. Maybe he wasn't in the right place and we were a tight little unit. It just didn't quite happen but it could have worked."

1992–1997: Addiction and first solo albums
Frusciante had developed serious drug habits while touring with the Chili Peppers; he said that when he "found out that Flea was stoned out of his mind at every show, that inspired me to be a pothead". He used heroin and was on the verge of full-scale addiction. Upon returning to California in 1992, Frusciante entered a deep depression, feeling that his life was over and that he could no longer write music or play the guitar. He spent the next three years in his Hollywood Hills home, the walls of which were badly damaged and covered in graffiti. During this time, his friends Johnny Depp and Gibby Haynes went to his house and filmed a documentary short, Stuff, depicting the squalor in which he was living. The house was eventually destroyed by a fire that also destroyed Frusciante's vintage guitar collection and several recordings.

Frusciante focused on painting, producing 4-track recordings he had made while working on Blood Sugar Sex Magik and writing short stories and screenplays. To cope with his worsening depression, Frusciante increased his heroin use and spiraled into a life-threatening dependency. His use of heroin to medicate his depression was a clear decision: "I was very sad, and I was always happy when I was on drugs; therefore, I should be on drugs all the time. I was never guilty—I was always really proud to be an addict."

In 1993, Frusciante briefly performed with the band P, alongside Depp, the Butthole Surfers frontman Gibby Haynes, the actor Sal Jenco, and the songwriter Bill Carter. The band often played gigs at the Viper Room, including a performance with Flea on October 30, 1993. According to Gibby Haynes, the band was performing their song "Michael Stipe" when outside the venue River Phoenix was having seizures on the sidewalk. Phoenix died in the early hours of October 31 of heart failure, brought on by a cocktail Frusciante gave him which resulted in an overdose of cocaine and heroin at the age of 23. In his book Running with Monsters Bob Forrest wrote that River Phoenix and Frusciante spent the days preceding Phoenix's death together on a drug binge, consuming cocaine and heroin without sleeping for days. Frusciante released his first solo album, Niandra Lades and Usually Just a T-Shirt, in 1994. Frusciante denied that it was recorded while he was on heroin, saying it was released when he was a heroin addict. The album is an avant-garde composition whose initial purpose was a spiritual and emotional expression: "I wrote [the record] because I was in a really big place in my head—it was a huge, spiritual place telling me what to do. As long as I'm obeying those forces, it's always going to be meaningful. I could be playing guitar and I could say 'Play something that sucks,' and if I'm in that place, it's gonna be great. And it has nothing to do with me, except in ways that can't be understood." Niandra Lades and Usually Just a T-Shirt was released on Rick Rubin's label American Recordings. Warner Bros., the Red Hot Chili Peppers' label, owned rights to the album because of the leaving-artist clause in Frusciante's band contract. However, because he was reclusive, the label handed the rights over to Rubin, who released the album at the urging of Frusciante's friends.

A 1996 article in the New Times LA described Frusciante as "a skeleton covered in thin skin" who weighed little more than forty kilograms (eighty-eight pounds) at the nadir of his addictions and nearly died from a blood infection. His arms were fiercely scarred from self-harming as well as improperly shooting heroin and cocaine, leaving permanent abscesses. Frusciante released his second solo album, Smile from the Streets You Hold, in 1997. The album's first track, "Enter a Uh", is characterized by cryptic lyrics and hysterical screeches. Frusciante also coughs throughout the track, showcasing his deteriorating health. The album features Phoenix on "Height Down". Frusciante said he released the album to get "drug money" and withdrew it from the market in 1999.

1998–2002: Rehabilitation and return to the Chili Peppers
In late 1996, after more than five years of addiction to heroin, Frusciante went cold turkey. However, months later, he was unable to break addictions to crack cocaine and alcohol. In January 1998, urged by his longtime friend Bob Forrest, Frusciante checked into Las Encinas, a drug rehabilitation clinic in Pasadena. He was diagnosed with a potentially lethal oral infection, which could only be alleviated by removing his rotten teeth and replacing them with dental implants. He also received skin grafts to help repair the abscesses on his ravaged arms. About a month later, Frusciante checked out of Las Encinas.

Frusciante began living a more spiritual, ascetic lifestyle. He changed his diet, becoming more health-conscious, and began eating mostly unprocessed foods. Through regular practice of vipassana and yoga, he discovered the effect that self-discipline has on the body. To maintain his increased spiritual awareness and reduce distraction from his music, Frusciante decided to abstain from sexual activity, stating, "I'm very well without it." His attitude toward drug use changed, saying:

"I don't need to take drugs. I feel so much more high all the time right now because of the type of momentum that a person can get going when you really dedicate yourself to something that you really love. I don't even consider doing them, they're completely silly. Between my dedication to trying to constantly be a better musician and eating my health foods and doing yoga, I feel so much more high than I did for the last few years of doing drugs.

At this point I'm the happiest person in the world. These things do not fuck with me at all, and I'm so proud of that—you don't know how proud I am. It's such a beautiful thing to be able to face life, to face yourself, without hiding behind drugs; without having to have anger towards people who love you. There are people who are scared of losing stuff, but you don't lose anything for any other reason than if you just give up on yourself."

Despite his experience with addiction, Frusciante does not view his drug use as a "dark period". He considers it a period of rebirth, during which he found himself and cleared his mind. Frusciante has since stopped practicing yoga due to its effects on his back, but he still tries to meditate daily.

In early 1998, the Red Hot Chili Peppers fired Navarro and were on the verge of breaking up. Flea told Kiedis, "The only way I could imagine carrying on is if we got John back in the band." With Frusciante free of his addictions and ailments, Kiedis and Flea thought it was an appropriate time to invite him back. When Flea visited him at his home and asked him to rejoin the band, Frusciante began sobbing and said "nothing would make me happier in the world". The group began recording their seventh album, Californication, released in 1999. Frusciante's return restored a key component of the band's sound, as well as a healthy morale. He brought with him his deep devotion to music, which affected the band's recording style during the album. Frusciante has frequently said that his work on Californication was his favorite.

During the Californication world tour, Frusciante continued to compose material, much of which would be released in 2001 on his third solo album To Record Only Water for Ten Days. The album was stylistically unlike his previous records, less markedly stream-of-consciousness or avant-garde. However, the lyrics were still very cryptic and its sound was notably stripped down. The songwriting and production of To Record Only Water for Ten Days were more efficient and straightforward than on his previous recordings. The album strayed from the alternative rock he had just written with the Red Hot Chili Peppers on Californication, focusing more on electronic and new wave elements. In addition to his guitar work, Frusciante experimented with a variety of synthesizers, a distinctive feature of the record.

In 2001, Frusciante began recording his fourth album with Red Hot Chili Peppers, By the Way (2002); he considered the time to be among the happiest in his life. He relished the chance the album gave him to "keep writing better songs". While working on By the Way, he also composed most of what would become Shadows Collide with People, as well as the songs created for the film The Brown Bunny. His goal to improve his guitar playing on the album was largely driven by a desire to emulate guitar players such as Johnny Marr, John McGeoch and Andy Partridge. He wanted to listen to these musicians "who weren't just about technique but more about textures", or as he put it, "people who used good chords". The album marked Frusciante's shift to a more group-minded mentality within the Red Hot Chili Peppers, viewing the band as a cohesive unit rather than as four separate entities.

2002–2007: The Mars Volta, 2004 recordings and Stadium Arcadium
Frusciante wrote and recorded a plethora of songs during and after the By the Way tour. In February 2004, he started a side project with Joe Lally of Fugazi and future Chili Peppers guitarist Josh Klinghoffer, called Ataxia. The group was together for about two weeks, during which they recorded about ninety minutes of material. After two days in the recording studio, they played two shows at the Knitting Factory in New York City, and spent two more days in the studio before disbanding. Later that year, five songs provided by Frusciante appeared on The Brown Bunny soundtrack.

Frusciante released his fourth full-length solo album Shadows Collide with People on February 24, 2004. This featured guest appearances from some of his friends, including Klinghoffer, and bandmates Smith and Flea. In June 2004, he announced that he would be releasing six records over six months: The Will to Death, Ataxia's Automatic Writing, DC EP, Inside of Emptiness, A Sphere in the Heart of Silence and Curtains. With the release of Curtains, Frusciante debuted his only music video of 2004, for the track "The Past Recedes". He wanted to produce these records quickly and inexpensively on analog tape, avoiding modern studio and computer-assisted recording processes. Frusciante noted, "These six records were recorded in a period of six months after coming home from touring with the Chili Peppers for one-and-a-half years. I made a list of all the songs I had and they totaled about seventy. My objective was to record as many songs as I could during the break that I had. In the midst of doing that, I was writing some of my best songs, so some of these albums have as many new songs as old songs. It was definitely the most productive time of my life."

In early 2005, Frusciante entered the studio to work on his fifth studio album with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Stadium Arcadium. His guitar playing is dominant throughout the album, and he provides backing vocals on most of the tracks. Although usually following a "less is more" style of guitar playing, he began using a full twenty-four track mixer for maximum effect. In the arrangements, he incorporates a wide array of sounds and playing styles, similar to the funk-influenced Blood Sugar Sex Magik or the more melodic By the Way. He also changed his approach to his playing, opting to contribute solos and let songs form from jam sessions. In an interview from Guitar World, Frusciante explained how he approached his guitar solos for their album Stadium Arcadium completely differently from those for their previous albums. On Blood Sugar Sex Magik and Californication, Frusciante had a general idea how he wanted his guitar solos to sound. For Stadium Arcadium, almost every guitar solo was completely improvised by Frusciante on the spot. Several reviews have stressed that the influence of Hendrix is evident in his solos on the album, with Frusciante himself backing this up. He also expanded the use of guitar effects throughout the album, and used various other instruments such as the synthesizer and mellotron. He worked continuously with Rubin over-dubbing guitar progressions, changing harmonies and using all his technical resources.

Frusciante began a series of collaborations with friend Omar Rodríguez-López and his band the Mars Volta, by contributing guitar and electronic instrumentation to song "Cicatriz ESP" off their album De-Loused in the Comatorium. He also contributed guitar solos on their 2005 album Frances the Mute. In 2006, he played guitar on seven of the eight tracks on The Mars Volta's "Amputechture". In return, Rodríguez-López has played on several of Frusciante's solo albums, as well as making a guest appearance on Stadium Arcadium.

2007–2009: Second departure from the Chili Peppers and The Empyrean
Ataxia released its second and final studio album, AW II in 2007. Following the Stadium Arcadium tour (early May 2006 to late August 2007), the Red Hot Chili Peppers agreed to a hiatus of indefinite length. In early 2008, Anthony Kiedis finally confirmed this, citing exhaustion from constant work since Californication as the main reason. Frusciante quit the group on July 29, 2009, but did not publicly announce his departure until December 2009, two months after the band ended their hiatus in October 2009 and began work on their next album with Josh Klinghoffer as their new guitarist.

Frusciante's tenth solo album, The Empyrean, was released on January 20, 2009, through Record Collection. The record—a concept album—was in production between December 2006 and March 2008. The Empyrean features an array of musicians including Frusciante's Chili Peppers bandmate Flea, friends Josh Klinghoffer and former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr, as well as guest musicians including Sonus Quartet and New Dimension Singers. Frusciante stated: "I'm really happy with [the record] and I've listened to it a lot for the psychedelic experience it provides," suggesting the album is "to be played as loud as possible and is suited to dark living rooms late at night."

2010–2019: Shift to electronic music
After leaving the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante focused on making electronic music. He learned to program instruments associated with acid house, and wrote on his blog: "My skills at making rock music [were] playing no part in it whatsoever. I had lost interest in traditional songwriting and I was excited about finding new methods for creating music." During this time, Frusciante founded an electronic trio with Aaron Funk and Chris McDonald under the name Speed Dealer Moms. Their first EP was released in December 2010 on Planet Mu Records.

Frusciante released an EP, Letur-Lefr, on July 17, 2012. As with his previous solo releases, it was released through Record Collection Music. It marked a departure from the guitar-driven sound of Frusciante's previous albums, with elements of abstract electronica, pop and hip hop. On September 25, 2012, Frusciante released his ninth studio album, PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone. Frusciante released an instrumental, "Wayne", on April 7, 2013, through his website. It was written and dedicated to the memory of his late friend, the Red Hot Chili Peppers' tour chef Wayne Forman.

Outsides, Frusciante's fifth EP, was released in August 2013. That year, he produced and featured on an album by the hip hop group Black Knights. Medieval Chamber, released on January 14, 2014. Frusciante also became involved in Kimono Kult, a project including his wife Nicole Turley, Omar Rodríguez-López, Teri Gender Bender (Le Butcherettes, Bosnian Rainbows), string musician Laena Geronimo (Raw Geronimo) and guitarist Dante White (Dante Vs. Zombies, Starlite Desperation). Their debut EP, Hiding in the Light was produced by Turley and was released on her record label Neurotic Yell in March 2014. A track "Todo Menos El Dolor" was released on SoundCloud on January 16. Having released "Scratch", a single recorded during the PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone sessions, Frusciante released his tenth studio album, Enclosure, on April 8, 2014. In April 2015, Frusciante released his first album under the alias of Trickfinger. The album of the same name is Frusciante's first experimenting with the acid house genre. He previously released an EP, Sect In Sgt under this alias in 2012.

Acid Test Records announced on February 15, 2016, that Frusciante would release an EP of electronic music on April 16, 2016, entitled Foregrow. The EP was released on the 2016 Record Store Day and comprised the title track, recorded for RZA's film The Man with the Iron Fists, and three instrumental tracks.

On November 24, 2015, Frusciante announced that he was releasing free unreleased songs dating from 2008 to 2013 on his official Bandcamp and SoundCloud pages. He also debunked the interview about him retiring from the music industry, saying that his words were taken out of context. The announcement was made via Frusciante's rarely updated website in an open letter titled "Hello audience," where Frusciante provides an in-depth response to the website that, according to him, took his words out of context. He writes, "I also must clear something up. I normally don't read my press, but I heard about this quote, recently taken out of context by some lame website and made into a headline, in which I said 'I have no audience'. This has been misinterpreted, and by no fault of the excellent journalist who interviewed me for the fine publication Electronic Beats. ... Obviously I have a public audience. I am aware of them, and they know who they are." He continues, "Reduced to a single sentence, it would have been accurate to say that, at this point, I have no particular audience in mind while I am making music."

On June 13, 2017, Frusciante, under the alias of Trickfinger, announced that he would be releasing his second studio album Trickfinger II on September 8, 2017, on the label Acid Test. The six songs, which were never intended to be released, were originally recorded in 2007.

2019–Present: Third tenure with the Chili Peppers
On December 15, 2019, the Red Hot Chili Peppers announced that Frusciante had rejoined, replacing Klinghoffer. They had been working a new album with Klinghoffer, but had made little progress. Frusciante said: "Flea had put the idea [of rejoining] in my head and I was sitting there with the guitar thinking that I hadn't written any rock music in so long. Could I still do that?" His approach towards the Red Hot Chili Peppers and how he perceived himself within it had also changed from his last tenure with the band: "If I just try to let them be themselves, rather than making my own visions the center of everything. It felt like if somehow any of us died leaving it the way it was, it would be terrible." In an interview, Klinghoffer said there was no animosity around his exit: "It's absolutely John's place to be in that band ... I'm happy that he's back with them." Flea said that "artistically, in terms of being able to speak the same [musical] language, it was easier working with John".

On February 8, 2020, Frusciante performed with the Chili Peppers for the first time in 13 years at a memorial service held by the Tony Hawk Foundation for late film producer Andrew Burkle, son of billionaire Ronald Burkle. Frusciante said he had found it exciting to play guitar again after having focused on electronic music in his solo work for several years. Unlimited Love, the Red Hot Chili Peppers' twelfth studio album and their first with Frusciante in sixteen years, was released on April 1, 2022. On June 4, the Red Hot Chili Peppers began an international stadium tour. On October 14, 2022, the Chili Peppers released their thirteenth studio album, Return of the Dream Canteen, which was recorded during the same sessions as Unlimited Love.

In 2020, Frusciante released the EPs Look Down, See Us and She Smiles Because She Presses the Button under his electronic alias Trickfinger and the instrumental electronic album Maya under his real name. He said he had become less interested in singing and writing lyrics, and that he enjoyed "the back and forth with machines and the computer". Frusciante and Flea contributed a cover of "Not Great Men" to a 2021 tribute album to Gang of Four, The Problem of Leisure: A Celebration of Andy Gill and Gang of Four. Frusciante released two versions—one mastered for vinyl and the other for CD and other streaming services—of an ambient solo record, I and II, on February 3, 2023, stating, "after a year and a half of writing and recording rock music, I needed to clear my head".

Collaborations with Omar Rodríguez-López
Frusciante played guitar on five Mars Volta studio albums, as well as Rodríguez-López's solo albums Se Dice Bisonte, No Búfalo and Calibration (Is Pushing Luck and Key Too Far). He also functioned as executive producer for Rodríguez-López's directorial film debut, The Sentimental Engine Slayer. The film debuted at the Rotterdam Film Festival in February 2010. Along with work on the film, Frusciante and Rodríguez-López have released two collaborative records in May 2010. The first is the album Omar Rodriguez Lopez & John Frusciante, an album with just the two of them, the other a quartet record, Sepulcros de Miel, consisting of Rodríguez-López, Frusciante, Juan Alderete and Marcel Rodríguez-López.

In a 2012 interview with Blare Magazine, when asked about possible future collaborations with Frusciante, Omar Rodríguez-López said: "Maybe in the future, but John's in a different place right now. He's in a place where he couldn't care less about putting things out or about something being a product. He's living by different standards right now with a different philosophy, so he doesn't want to be a part of anything that he knows is going to end up being a product. A Mars Volta record definitely ends up being a product."

Musical style
Frusciante's musical style has evolved over his career. Although he received moderate recognition for his early guitar work, it was not until later in his career that music critics and guitarists alike began to fully recognize it. Frusciante attributes this recognition to his shift in focus, stating that he chose an approach based on rhythmic patterns inspired by the complexity of material Jimi Hendrix and Eddie Van Halen produced. On earlier records, he was influenced by various underground punk and new wave musicians. Rolling Stone named him the 18th-greatest guitarist of all time in 2003, the 25th-greatest guitarist of all time in 2023.

In general, his sound is also defined by an affinity for vintage guitars. All the guitars that he owns, records, and tours with were made before 1970. Frusciante uses the specific guitar that he finds appropriate for a certain song. All of the guitars he owned before quitting the band were destroyed when his house burned down in 1993. The first guitar he bought after rejoining the Chili Peppers was a 1962 red Fender Jaguar. His most-often used guitar, however, is a 1962 Sunburst Fender Stratocaster that was given to him as a gift from Anthony Kiedis after Frusciante rejoined the Chili Peppers in 1998. He has played this guitar on every album since rejoining the Chili Peppers, and their ensuing tours. He also owns a 1955 Fender Stratocaster, his only Strat with a maple fretboard. Frusciante's most highly appraised instrument is a 1955 Gretsch White Falcon, which he used twice per show for the songs "Californication" and "Otherside". In 2006 and 2007, he only used it for the latter song, saying there was "no room for it", preferring multiple Stratocasters for the Stadium Arcadium tour. Virtually all of Frusciante's acoustic work is played with a 1950s Martin 0–15.

After leaving the Red Hot Chili Peppers, he switched to using a Yamaha SG as his primary guitar for his solo work. "With the Yamaha SG, I could play along with guitar players who were playing, say, Les Pauls, and feel like the sound matched what I was hearing on the record. ... People like Robert Fripp, Mick Ronson, Tony Iommi, and particularly John McGeoch from Siouxsie and the Banshees, who played a Yamaha SG, which is why I bought one in the first place". Frusciante has also noted his increased use of the Roland MC-202 for his electronic music, saying that he was at the point "where I thought as much like a 202ist as I did a guitarist." The MC-202 has been his primary melodic instrument in his electronic music.

With the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante provided backing vocals in a falsetto tenor, a style he started on Blood Sugar Sex Magik. He thoroughly enjoyed his role in the Chili Peppers as backing vocalist, and said that backing vocals are a "real art form". Despite his commitment to the Chili Peppers, he felt that his work with the band should remain separate from his solo projects. When he returned to the Chili Peppers in 1998, Kiedis wanted the band to record "Living in Hell", a song Frusciante had written several years before. Frusciante refused, feeling that the creative freedom he needed for his solo projects would have conflicted with his role in the band.

Technique
Frusciante's guitar playing employs emphasis on appropriate melody, tone, and structure rather than virtuosity. Although virtuoso influences can be heard throughout his career, he has said that he often minimizes this. He feels that in general, guitar mastery has not evolved much since the 1960s and considers the greatest players of that decade unsurpassed. When he was growing up in the 1980s, many mainstream guitarists focused on speed. Because of this, he thinks that the skills of many defiant new wave and punk guitarists were largely overlooked. Therefore, he accentuates the melodically driven technique of players such as Matthew Ashman of Bow Wow Wow and Bernard Sumner of Joy Division as much as possible because he believes that their style has been overlooked and consequently underexplored. Despite this, he considers himself a fan of technique-driven guitarists like Randy Rhoads and Steve Vai, but represses an urge to emulate their style: "People believe that by playing faster and creating new playing techniques you can progress forward, but then they realize that emotionally they don't progress at all. They transmit nothing to the people listening and they stay at where Hendrix was three decades ago. Something like that happened to Vai in the 80s." Believing that focusing only on "clean tones" is negative, Frusciante developed an interest in playing with what he calls a "grimy" sound. As a result, he considers it beneficial to "mistreat" his guitar and employ various forms of distortion when soloing. He also tries to break as many "stylistic boundaries" as he can to expand his musical horizons. He thinks that much of the output from today's guitarists is unoriginal, also that many of his contemporaries "follow the rules with no risk.”

Frusciante has stated that he became serious about creating and engineering his electronic music in 2007. As he progressed in enhancing his skills with electronic instruments and techniques, he has stated that he felt comfortable with how R&B and hip hop music integrated into his work. He has noted that these and other new techniques were all influences on his EP, Letur-Lefr. PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone was recorded while Frusciante looked to find new ways to play the guitar with the new forms of music and production that he had been studying. In his now-deleted blog post, "My Recent History," he notes that "aspects of PBX are the realization of combinations of styles of music I saw in my head many years ago, as potentials, but which I had no idea how to execute."

Frusciante's approach to album composition has changed. On his early recordings, he welcomed sonic imperfections, noting that "even on To Record Only Water for Ten Days there are off-pitch vocals and out-of-tune guitars." However, on later albums such as Shadows Collide With People, he pursued the opposite: "I just wanted everything to be perfect—I didn't want anything off pitch, or off time, or any unintentional this or that." Frusciante views songwriting as taking time, and does not force it: "If a song wants to come to me, I'm always ready to receive it, but I don't work at it." Much of his solo material is first written on an acoustic or unamplified electric guitar. He also prefers to record his albums on analog tapes and other relatively primitive equipment. This preference stems from his belief that older equipment can speed up the recording process, and that modern computerized recording technology gives only an illusion of efficiency. Frusciante tries to streamline the recording process as much as possible because he thinks "music comes alive when [you] are creating it fast.” He also enjoys the challenge of having to record something in very few takes, and believes that when musicians are unable to handle the pressure of having to record something quickly they often get frustrated or bogged down by perfectionism. With his focus on new styles of music, Frusciante describes working with the computer as an instrument finding the ability to merge old and new production techniques. In the past, Frusciante would work on one song of an album at a time, but he later felt much more comfortable to work within the album as a whole. He currently uses the music tracker Renoise as his main digital audio workstation along with some drum machines, sequencers, and other hardware, along with his Doepfer, Arp, and other modular synthesizers.

Influences
Frusciante's first major influence was Jimi Hendrix. He then saw the Red Hot Chili Peppers (at that point, The was part of their name) in concert in 1985, after which their then-guitarist Hillel Slovak became his second major influence, with Frusciante coming to idolize Slovak. Although Hendrix and Slovak were arguably Frusciante's most profound influences, he was also inspired by glam rock artists David Bowie, and T. Rex; as well as avant-garde acts such as Syd Barrett, Captain Beefheart, the Residents, the Velvet Underground, Neu!, Frank Zappa, and Kraftwerk. Frusciante seems to be much influenced by progressive rock acts like Genesis, King Crimson, and Yes, mentioning them in multiple interviews. Frusciante wrote an essay for the Yes box set, The Word Is Live, released in 2005.

He credits his inspiration for learning guitar to Greg Ginn, Pat Smear, and Joe Strummer, amongst others. As an adolescent, he began by focusing upon Hendrix, as well as bands like Public Image Ltd., the Smiths, and XTC. Frusciante's other major influence was John McGeoch of Magazine and Siouxsie and the Banshees. "[McGeoch] is such a guitarist I aspire to be. He has a new brilliant idea for each song. I usually play on the stuff he does on Magazine's albums and Siouxsie & the Banshees's like Juju". He has also mentioned Steve Howe as his favorite guitarist in his early teens.

Frusciante explains which guitarists interest him by saying: "I like all kinds of guitar players, but it's people like the ones I just mentioned [ Matthew Ashman of Bow Wow Wow and Bernard Sumner of Joy Division ] whose playing really amazes me, and it's because of their ideas, it's because of what they thought. It's because they approached the instrument differently than anybody else. It's people like Keith Levene from Public Image and Daniel Ash in Bauhaus who are exploring the possibilities of what you can do with the guitar, whereas other people seem like they're just exploring what you can physically do, and that serves no interest to me anymore."

During the recording of Blood Sugar Sex Magik, Captain Beefheart and the acoustic, one-man blues of Lead Belly and Robert Johnson, were among the most noteworthy influences. Frusciante cites R&B singer Brandy as a musical inspiration and admires her voice, calling it "multidimensional" and "inspiring." In describing her voice and signature sound, he said, "You can't hear [the elaborate harmonies] with your conscious; you have to hear her voice with your subconscious." He also mentioned that Brandy was the "main inspiration" behind the guitar work on Red Hot Chili Peppers' 2006 album, Stadium Arcadium.

On Californication and By the Way, Frusciante derived the technique of creating tonal texture through chord patterns from post-punk guitarists Vini Reilly of the Durutti Column and John McGeoch, and bands such as the Smiths, Fugazi and the Cure. He originally intended By the Way to be made up of "these punky, rough songs", drawing inspiration from early punk artists such as the Germs and The Damned. However, this was discouraged by producer Rick Rubin, and he instead built upon Californication's melodically-driven style. During the recording of Stadium Arcadium, he moved away from his new wave influences and concentrated on emulating flashier guitar players such as Jimi Hendrix and Eddie Van Halen.

Frusciante cites electronic music—in which the guitar is often completely absent—as an influence. He has used his guitar to emulate the synthesizer melodies of Depeche Mode, the Human League and Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark, drawing inspiration from how those acts "were playing in a very minimal way, where every note means something new". Frusciante's other electronic influences include Peter Rehberg, Christian Fennesz and Ekkehard Ehlers. His interests are constantly changing, as he believes that without change he will no longer have any interest in playing: "I'm always drawing inspiration from different kinds of music and playing guitar along with records, and I go into each new album project with a preconceived idea of what styles I want to combine".

Personal life
In 2022, Frusciante married DJ and producer Marcia Pinna who goes by the name Aura T-09. In 2020, Pinna and Frusciante launched the record label Evar Records together.

Discography

 * As a solo artist'''
 * Niandra LaDes and Usually Just a T-Shirt (1994)
 * Smile from the Streets You Hold (1997)
 * To Record Only Water for Ten Days (2001)
 * From The Sounds Inside (2001)
 * Shadows Collide with People (2004)
 * The Will to Death (2004)
 * Inside of Emptiness (2004)
 * Curtains (2005)
 * The Empyrean (2009)
 * PBX Funicular Intaglio Zone (2012)
 * Enclosure (2014)
 * Maya (2020)
 * I II (2023)

as Trickfinger

 * Sect In Sgt (2012)
 * Trickfinger (2015)
 * Trickfinger II (2017)
 * Look Down, See Us (2020)
 * She Smiles Because She Presses the Button (2020)

with Red Hot Chili Peppers
 * Mother's Milk (1989)
 * Blood Sugar Sex Magik (1991)
 * Californication (1999)
 * By The Way (2002)
 * Greatest Hits (2003)
 * Stadium Arcadium (2006)
 * Unlimited Love (2022)
 * Return of the Dream Canteen (2022)

with Ataxia
 * Automatic Writing (2004)
 * AW II (2007)

Collaborations
 * A Sphere in the Heart of Silence (2004; with Josh Klinghoffer)
 * Omar Rodriguez Lopez & John Frusciante (2010; with Omar Rodríguez-López)
 * Mahandini (2018; with Dewa Budjana featured on "Crowded" & "Zone")
 * The Problem of Leisure: A Celebration of Andy Gill and Gang of Four (2021; with Flea on the track "Not Great Men")

title: John Frusciante


text:
Talk:Ehud Barak

Court filings by US lawyer Alan Dershowitz revealed in 2020 that a woman named former prime minister Ehud Barak as one of a number of important men she was forced to have sex with by Jeffrey Epstein.

Lawyers for Virginia Roberts Giuffre had asked a court in Florida not to allow Dershowitz’s team access to sealed records as part of Dershowitz’s defamation case against her for saying she was forced to have sex with him while she was a teen, the Miami Herald reported, as they said they were concerned he would distort the information or use it out of context.

However, during the course of the hearing, Dershowitz’s attorney Howard Cooper said in court that the team had in fact already obtained some of the depositions and that Dershowitz identified Barak as well as L Brands and Victoria’s Secret owner Leslie Wexner as two of the men Giuffre says she was trafficked to by Epstein, a wealthy financier convicted of sex crimes and suspected of many more, the Herald reported.

“Giuffre has also alleged that she was forced to have sex with former Israeli prime minister Ehud Barack [sic],” the filing read in response to the claims against Dershowitz. “Giuffre has offered no proof other than her uncorroborated word."

Untitled

 * Ah, why was the picture changed from a decent picture to one where Barak is at a funeral ? Seems kinda insensitive, and he doesn't normally wear a yarmulke.

There was no quote, on that page stephen - just a excerpt from the quote - and it does not contradict the direct quote. Still, I admit, its not very flattering, if that what you meant to say...-Stevert

 * The quote on the page says "behave like crocodiles", which is much less inflamatory. It may be necessary to know the original Hebrew to see if there's been a mistranslation. --Stephen C. Carlson

I feel the quotes for Barak and other Israeli leaders are intetionally biased (see also Moshe Katsav and Ariel Sharon). This is especially discordant in Barak's case, since he's a leftist and often expressed with sympathy to the Palestinians. I will add the following quote which somewhat proves my point:

"If I were a Palestinian of the right age, I'd eventually join one of the terrorist organizations." --Yunis 21:26, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

 * You can add as many quotes as you want, just don't remove any.Yuber(talk) 23:39, 14 May 2005 (UTC)
 * Except, of course, if they come from dubious sources known to promote hoax quotations, or for many other good reasons. Jayjg (talk) 16:47, 16 May 2005 (UTC)
 * I hear he is friends with Jeffrey Epstein. Was he also involved in sacrificing babies? 105.243.21.107 (talk) 15:48, 4 May 2023 (UTC)

I've removed the quotations - in such a short article as this, giving brief, out of context quotations is bound to be misleading and unencyclopedic. john k 20:39, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

source of quotations
All 3 quotations are from SocialistViewpoint. The first line of their statement (Who We Are) reads: The Socialist Workers Organization was formed to advance the revolutionary Marxist political program in the United States. In the absence of any independent sourcing for this material, I think it must be considered propaganda and should be removed. Telliott 19:08, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

Correction
"Barak" means "lightning" in Hebrew, not "thunder". I edited it on the page, but the citation is incorrect as well. I'm not sure how people want to handle that.

 * The similarity between "Barak" (or more properly, "Baraq"), and Barack Obama's first name is coincidental, even though both come from Semitic (as in the Language Group) roots. The Hebrew equivalent of Obama's first name is בָּרָוּך ("Barukh" = "Blessed").  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Josh-Levin@ieee.org (talk • contribs) 03:52, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

I just read a news article stating that Barak was a commando in an raid in May 1972 at Lod Airport. It doesnt mention Entebbee. Was he involved in both? §--Turbojet67 (talk) 20:34, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

References in popular culture
The section "References in Popular Culture" mentions the scene in Munich where Barak is mentioned by name and participates in Operation Spring of Youth dressed as a woman, but only states that it was "derived from a real life experience." Yet earlier in the article it clearly states that he did do exactly that in 1973, so I don't understand why the reference is suddenly so loosely associated with him. I'm going to clean that reference up, but if anyone has a differing viewpoint please let me know. Patrolmanno9 (talk) 01:04, 24 February 2008 (UTC)

Top priority?
I don't think Barak is top priority for WP Israel. Top priority is reserved for core topics, and this seems like an issue of recentism. If there's no objection, I'll lower the priority to High. -- Ynhockey (Talk) 10:58, 29 September 2008 (UTC)

Fictional character based on him
We had
 * Barak also appears as a military advisor to a fictitious Israeli Prime Minister in the Frederick Forsyth novel The Devil's Alternative

but it is not he who appears, nor even he who is depicted, only a fictchar named "Barak". (He was surely somewhere else, probably with real people, at the times when the novel presumably depicts "his" fictchar as advising the fictional PM.) Fixing the statement is probably a job for someone with access to the novel, in order to get the details right: perhaps it is a character sharing Barak's full name and given a résumé consistent with his history up to that time, but how can i say? For now, i made a pretty safe guess, substituting
 * A character apparently modeled on Barak ...

but IMO it is worth providing more detail about the degree of resemblance. --Jerzy•t 17:01, 18 January 2009 (UTC)

Coastal road Massacre
A section in the Coastal Road Massacre was recently added again, alluding that Barak led the Israeli forces storming the buses with hostages in 1978. Lots of sources are quoted, none of them academic, though. I wonder how it can be if he was taking his courses at Stanford at exactly the same time.--Deinocheirus (talk) 20:59, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Def Min
could we put this in the inofobox as well? its more current than the PM in there,(Lihaas (talk) 08:53, 17 January 2011 (UTC)).

Reverting
I am reverting the edit by NPz1. Reasoning: BRD. Breach of 1/rr invalidates it. As discussed in an edit summary before, the slight change of wording in the quote skews it. This along with the background not being present BLP issues. Easy enough to get something similar in and after the block, I invite you to participate on the talk page. If someone else wants to slightly tinker with it that would be cool to. I am not which is unfortunate but not mandatory.Cptnono (talk) 02:55, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

Follow-up:Someone already reverted.Cptnono (talk) 02:55, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

61st-greatest Israeli of all time
Relevant enough for third paragraph? Polmandc (talk) 12:21, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Evidence
What's the evidence for the following statement?" Barak's maternal grandparents, Elka and Shmuel Godin, died at the Treblinka extermination camp during the Holocaust.". There should be more then just a deportation list, if one makes such a statement. --41.151.123.235 (talk) 16:06, 11 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20121013074728/http://www.global-report.com:80/drori/a342512-%D7%92%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99-%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%A6%D7%93%D7%A7-%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99 to http://www.global-report.com/drori/a342512-גיבורי-ישראל-מרובי-העיטורים-צדק-היסטורי
 * Attempted to fix sourcing for http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/13/opinion/dont-give-up-on-mideast-peace.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20140730044641/http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTA3OTE5NjI0NA to http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTA3OTE5NjI0NA

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Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 28 February 2018
Please somebody move File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Prime Minister and Defense Minister at Weaponry Display.jpg below the "return to politics" section to avoid WP:Sandwich.--יניב הורון (talk) 22:19, 28 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Wouldn't it be better if File:Barak pentagon 1999.jpg were removed, and the remaning pictures re-ordered in to chronological order? If this is to be done, would it be a good idea to move File:Ehud Barak with Legion of Merit cropped.jpg to the Military service section? Iffy★Chat -- 13:15, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Given the visibility of this article and the potential for disagreements implicating WP:ARBPIA, a separate discussion will be opened below. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 21:08, 7 March 2018 (UTC)

Image use in this article
As pointed out by the two commenters above in the edit request, the current placement of images in the sections Political career through Return to Politics is less than optimal. Specific issues: To address these concerns, I suggest removing the first image, move the Barak/Clinton/Arafat image to the "Prime Minister of Israel" section and right-justifying it, and moving the Barak/Netanyahu image to the "Return to politics" seciton and also right-justifying it. This would address all the concerns above. This would result in the following:
 * 1) The image of Barak in uniform with the Legion of Merit in 1993 (File:Ehud Barak with Legion of Merit cropped.jpg) is anchored in the Military service section but pushed quite far downwards by the extensive infobox to look like it illustrates the "Prime Minister of Israel" section.
 * 2) The image of Barak, Clinton, and Arafat (File:Arafat&Clinton&Barak.jpg) and the image of Barak and Netanyahu (File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Prime Minister and Defense Minister at Weaponry Display.jpg) are both left-justified, creating a MOS:SANDWICHING problem.
 * 3) The of Barak at the Pentagon (File:Barak pentagon 1999.jpg)) is from 1999 at the time of his premiership but is also displaced to apparently illustrate the Resignation section.
 * 4) These issues combine to present the images out of chronological order, in something like 1999-1993-2011-1999-2007 order.  This is, at the very least, questionable under MOS:PERTINENCE.

 ==Political career==

On 7 July 1995, Barak was appointed Minister of Internal Affairs by Yitzhak Rabin. When Shimon Peres formed a new government following Rabin's assassination in November 1995, Barak was made Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995–96). He was elected to the Knesset on the Labor Party list in 1996, and served as a member of the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee. Following internal elections after Peres' defeat in the election for Prime Minister in 1996, Barak became the leader of the Labor Party.

 ===Prime Minister of Israel===

In the 1999 Prime Ministerial election, Barak beat Benjamin Netanyahu by a wide margin. However, he sparked controversy by deciding to form a coalition with the ultra-Orthodox party Shas, who had won an unprecedented 17 seats in the 120-seat Knesset. Shas grudgingly agreed to Barak's terms that they eject their leader Aryeh Deri, a convicted felon, and enact reform to "clean up" in-party corruption. Consequentially, the left wing Meretz party quit the coalition after they failed to agree on the powers to be given to a Shas deputy minister in the Ministry of Education.

In 1999 Barak gave a campaign promise to end Israel's 22-year-long occupation of Southern Lebanon within a year. On 24 May 2000 Israel withdrew from Southern Lebanon. On 7 October, three Israeli soldiers were killed in a border raid by Hezbollah and their bodies were subsequently captured. The bodies of these soldiers, along with the living Elhanan Tenenbaum, were eventually exchanged for Lebanese captives in 2004.

The Barak government resumed peace negotiations with the PLO, stating that "Every attempt [by the State of Israel] to keep hold of this area [the West Bank and Gaza] as one political entity leads, necessarily, to either a nondemocratic or a non-Jewish state. Because if the Palestinians vote, then it is a binational state, and if they don't vote it is an apartheid state." As part of these negotiations, Barak took part in the Camp David 2000 Summit which was meant finally to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict but failed. Barak also allowed Foreign Minister Shlomo Ben-Ami to attend the Taba Summit with the leadership of the Palestinian Authority, after his government had fallen.

 ===Domestic issues===

On 22 August 1999, Barak appointed the Tal committee which dealt with the controversial issue of ultra-Orthodox Jews' exemption from military service. Following the failure of the Camp David summit with Arafat and Bill Clinton in the summer of 2000, when the original 7 years mandate of the PNA expired, and just after Israel pulled out its last troops out of southern Lebanon in May 2000, the weeks-long Riots in October 2000 led to the killing of twelve Israeli Arabs and one Palestinian by Israel Police and one Jewish civilian by Israeli Arabs.

 ===Resignation===

In 2001, Barak called a special election for Prime Minister. In the contest, he was defeated by Likud leader Ariel Sharon, and subsequently resigned as Labor leader and from the Knesset. He left Israel to work as a senior advisor with United States-based Electronic Data Systems. He also partnered with a private equity company focused on "security-related" work.

 ===Return to politics===  In 2005, Barak announced his return to Israeli politics, and ran for leadership of the Labor Party in November. However, in light of his weak poll showings, Barak dropped out of the race early and declared his support for veteran statesman Shimon Peres. Following his failed attempt to maintain leadership of the Labor party, Barak became a partner of the investment company SCP Private Equity Partners, Pennsylvania. He also established a company "Ehud Barak Limited" which is thought to have made over NIS 30 million.

Opinions are appreciated on this change. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 21:52, 7 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Looks like a good solution, better than the one I proposed. Pinging the original requester for their feedback. Iffy★Chat -- 14:46, 8 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I think the lack of objection so far constitutes silent consensus in favor of the changes. I will implement these image adjustments but if anyone requests, I will gladly self-revert in favor of more discussion.  Thank you. Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 16:06, 11 March 2018 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 16 August 2018
Under External links, Please remove the Official site (in hebrew) as it is not the official site and has no affiliation to Ehud Barak. This so called "Official site" was also added in most other languages besides Hebrew. Blue2White (talk) 09:06, 16 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done My Hebrew is rather rusty, but looking at the site, it looks pretty likely that you are correct. Thank you! Dolotta (talk) 16:26, 16 August 2018 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 1 April 2019
Please change http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bar0int-1 to https://www.achievement.org/achiever/ehud-barak/#interview PippaDiggs (talk) 20:15, 1 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done MrClog (talk) 13:47, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 1 April 2019
Please change

to PippaDiggs (talk) 20:34, 1 April 2019 (UTC)
 * Pictogram voting wait.svg Already done MrClog (talk) 13:47, 3 April 2019 (UTC)

Barak & J. E.
This section should be added to Barak's page. It is mentioned repeatedly on JE's page. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.210.28.107 (talk) 12:26, 31 December 2021 (UTC)

Since no one has added this section yet there is some information about the relationship between Barak and J.E. on J.E.'s page.

Any objections to adding this information to the article?

Here is the information from the Jeffrey Epstein page:

Israeli startup

In 2015, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that Epstein invested in the startup Reporty Homeland Security (rebranded as Carbyne in 2018). The startup is connected with Israel's defense industry. It is headed by former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, who was also at one time the defense minister, and chief of staff of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF). The CEO of the company is Amir Elihai who was a special forces officer, and Pinchas Bukhris, who is a director of the company, was at one time the defense ministry director general and commander of the IDF cyber unit 8200.[66] Epstein and Barak, the head of Carbyne, were close, and Epstein often offered him lodging at one of his apartment units at 301 East 66th Street in Manhattan.

09:21, 16 August 2019 (UTC) 91.114.251.169 (talk) 08:29, 14 August 2019 (UTC)

Here's some more information that fit into this section:

Future addition "In 2016 Barak was caught on camera entering Epstein's Manhattan mansion with his face covered and closely followed by four young women, despite his claims he has 'never met Epstein in the company of women or young girls.'"

Source (with photographs): https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7250009/Netanyahu-challenger-Ehud-Barak-hides-face-enters-entering-Jeffrey-Epsteins-mansion.html

91.114.251.169 (talk) 09:25, 16 August 2019 (UTC)

Since no one has added this section yet here are some links with information about the relationship between Barak and Jeffrey Epstein

from 2015: "In 2015, the Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that Epstein invested in the startup Reporty Homeland Security (rebranded as Carbyne in 2018). The startup is connected with Israel's defense industry. It is headed by former Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak, who was also at one time the defense minister, and chief of staff of the Israeli Defense Forces (IDF)."

Sources: https://www.timesofisrael.com/barak-says-he-visited-epstein-at-home-but-didnt-attend-sex-parties/

https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-revealed-jeffrey-epstein-entered-million-dollar-partnership-with-ehud-barak-in-2015-1.7493648

https://www.businessinsider.com/epstein-former-israel-prime-minister-barak-defends-business-ties-with-2019-7

from 2019: "Married 77 year old Israeli politician Ehud Barak was caught on camera hiding his face and sneaking into Jeffrey Epstein’s NYC townhouse in 2016; a group of young beauties also were spotted going in shortly after." "“I was there, for lunch or chat, nothing else. So what?” Barak snapped, defending himself. “I never attended a party with him. I never met Epstein in the company of women or young girls.”" "The former PM confirmed that he had also been to Little St. James, Epstein’s private island in the US Virgin Islands, even after revelations that Epstein used the island for underage sex." | Ehud Barak Went Into Epstein Mansion With Face Covered Photos Surface of Ex-Israeli PM Having Dealings With Known Pedophile

From 2019: "Epstein and Barak, the head of Carbyne, were close, and Epstein often offered him lodging at one of his apartment units at 301 East 66th Street in Manhattan."

Sources: https://www.businessinsider.com/the-nyc-building-at-the-center-of-jeffrey-epsteins-web-2019-8

https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-israeli-politician-ehud-barak-often-crashed-at-his-manhattan-apartment-neighbors-say

Any objections to adding this information to the article?

DannyS712 (talk) 01:26, 17 August 2019 (UTC)
 * This edit does not reflect my own views - I made this edit for User:91.114.251.169 because their edit was blocked by an edit filter. See Special:Permalink/911174080 --DannyS712 (talk) 01:27, 17 August 2019 (UTC)

Wartime cross-dresser
He's included in the wartime cross-dressers category but there's no mention of that in the article. Could someone please add a source for that? Swil999 (talk) 14:21, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

Literary awards to be added?
The Jewish Book Council awarded Ehud Barak the National Jewish Book Award as described below. Is it significant enough to be added to the article? Lemieuxn (talk) 05:08, 18 January 2020 (UTC)
 * 2018: National Jewish Book Award in the category biography, autobiography and memoir for My Country, My Life: Fighting for Israel, Searching for Peace

Insert
Hello I am inserting the Current related template because there were reports that the article may be affected by the Wikipedia Article Ghislaine Maxwell due to a recent mentioning of the Epstein Sex trafficking Scandal Personisgaming (talk) 00:53, 22 July 2020 (UTC)

Long friendship with child-rapist and child-trafficker Jeffrey Epstein and accusation of rape.
Please include the following information (page seems to be protected for edits): https://www.timesofisrael.com/woman-says-epstein-forced-her-to-have-sex-with-former-pm-barak/ https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-7250009/Netanyahu-challenger-Ehud-Barak-hides-face-enters-entering-Jeffrey-Epsteins-mansion.html --CarlPhilippTrump.me (talk) 20:40, 31 July 2020 (UTC)

Jeffery Epstein
Kinda amazed his relationship with Jeffrey Epstein is not including as with all the other accused. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nice Stories (talk • contribs) 19:08, 10 August 2020 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 12 February 2021
He is now 79, not 78. Jhunter92 (talk) 05:56, 12 February 2021 (UTC)
 * not sure where you want this edited, because the only "78" I can find is in the "1978" located in the last sentence of the first section? The information box lists him as "79". Perhaps if you were to refresh the page in your browser?  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 16:03, 12 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Thanks, it was fixed. All set now! — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jhunter92 (talk • contribs) 00:04, 13 February 2021 (UTC)
 * awesome, and thank you for your input! (see also WP:SIG)  P.I. Ellsworth   ed.  put'r there 22:42, 13 February 2021 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 7 July 2021
Add Category:Leaders of the Opposition (Israel). Quacelinz3 (talk) 20:20, 7 July 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅   Mel ma nn   17:15, 9 July 2021 (UTC)

Typo to be corrected
Under the subsection "military career", there is a typo: it mentions "Barack" instead of "Barak" in the second paragraph Baswerkhoven (talk) 18:06, 1 October 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:38, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Ehud Barak (D728-147) (cropped).jpg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:23, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
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Ehud Baraks recent call for violence
In the Political life section; I see no mention of Ehud Barak's recent controversial statements telling IDF soldiers that it was their duty to refuse to show up. And no mention of the subsuquent Likud lawsuit against him. Can this be added? InLizWeTruss (talk) 01:18, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

Extended-confirmed-protected edit request on 22 September 2023
At one point, the article quotes a statement by Barak that ends "it is an apartheid state". Please remove the apartheid link and replace it with apartheid state. This doesn't change the wording, and obviously he was saying that Israel would be the subject of the Israel and apartheid article under those conditions. 123.51.107.94 (talk) 02:19, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * I've updated it to apartheid state as the most direct linked term (and one that does not involve any hint of being an Easter Egg link). This seems like the most appropriate option in the context. Iskandar323 (talk) 06:58, 22 September 2023 (UTC)

Political activity in recent years
Ehud Barak has been very active in organising and directing public political activities against Israeli governments since 2019, coming to a head in 2023. He has publicly spoken about these issues many times and this is certainly a significant part of his (still ongoing) political career.

Why is there no mention of this ? דןברקת (talk) 06:15, 19 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ehud Barak


text:
Chord progression

In a musical composition, a chord progression or harmonic progression (informally chord changes, used as a plural) is a succession of chords. Chord progressions are the foundation of harmony in Western musical tradition from the common practice era of Classical music to the 21st century. Chord progressions are the foundation of popular music styles (e.g., pop music, rock music), traditional music, as well as genres such as blues and jazz. In these genres, chord progressions are the defining feature on which melody and rhythm are built.

In tonal music, chord progressions have the function of either establishing or otherwise contradicting a tonality, the technical name for what is commonly understood as the "key" of a song or piece. Chord progressions, such as the extremely common chord progression I-V-vi-IV, are usually expressed by Roman numerals in Classical music theory. In many styles of popular and traditional music, chord progressions are expressed using the name and "quality" of the chords. For example, the previously mentioned chord progression, in the key of E♭ major, would be written as E♭ major–B ♭ major–C minor–A♭ major in a fake book or lead sheet. In the first chord, E♭ major, the "E♭" indicates that the chord is built on the root note "E♭" and the word "major" indicates that a major chord is built on this "E♭" note.

In rock and blues, musicians also often refer to chord progressions using Roman numerals, as this facilitates transposing a song to a new key. For example, rock and blues musicians often think of the 12-bar blues as consisting of I, IV, and V chords. Thus, a simple version of the 12-bar blues might be expressed as I–I–I–I, IV–IV–I–I, V–IV–I–I. By thinking of this blues progression in Roman numerals, a backup band or rhythm section could be instructed by a bandleader to play the chord progression in any key. For example, if the bandleader asked the band to play this chord progression in the key of B♭ major, the chords would be B♭-B♭-B♭-B♭, E♭-E♭-B♭-B♭, F-E♭-B♭-B♭.

The complexity of a chord progression varies from genre to genre and over different historical periods. Some pop and rock songs from the 1980s to the 2010s have fairly simple chord progressions. Funk emphasizes the groove and rhythm as the key element, so entire funk songs may be based on one chord. Some jazz-funk songs are based on a two-, three-, or four-chord vamp. Some punk and hardcore punk songs use only a few chords. On the other hand, bebop jazz songs may have 32-bar song forms with one or two chord changes every bar.

Basic theory

A chord may be built upon any note of a musical scale. Therefore, a seven-note diatonic scale allows seven basic diatonic triads, each degree of the scale becoming the root of its own chord. A chord built upon the note E is an E chord of some type (major, minor, diminished, etc.) Chords in a progression may also have more than three notes, such as in the case of a seventh chord (V7 is particularly common, as it resolves to I) or an extended chord. The harmonic function of any particular chord depends on the context of the particular chord progression in which it is found.

Diatonic and chromatic chords
The diatonic harmonization of any major scale results in three major triads, which are based on the first, fourth, and fifth scale degrees. The triads are referred to as the tonic chord (in Roman numeral analysis, symbolized by "I"), the subdominant chord (IV), and the dominant chord, (V), respectively. These three triads include, and therefore can harmonize, every note of that scale. Many simple traditional music, folk music and rock and roll songs use only these three chord types (e.g. The Troggs' "Wild Thing", which uses I, IV and V chords).

The same major scale also has three minor chords, the supertonic chord (ii), mediant chord (iii), and submediant chord (vi), respectively. These chords stand in the same relationship to one another (in the relative minor key) as do the three major chords, so that they may be viewed as the first (i), fourth (iv) and fifth (v) degrees of the relative minor key. For example, the relative minor of C major is A minor, and in the key of A minor, the i, iv and v chords are A minor, D minor and E minor. In practice, in a minor key, the third of the dominant chord is often raised by one semitone to form a major chord (or a dominant seventh chord if the seventh is added).

In addition, the seventh degree of the major scale (i.e. the leading tone) forms a diminished chord (vii).

A chord may also have chromatic notes, that is, notes outside of the diatonic scale. Perhaps the most basic chromatic alteration in simple folk songs is the raised fourth degree (♯) that results when the third of the ii chord is raised one semitone. Such a chord typically functions as the secondary dominant of the V chord (V/V). In some instances, chromatic notes are introduced to modulate to a new key. This in turn may lead to a resolution back to the original key later on, so that the entire sequence of chords helps create an extended musical form and a sense of movement.

Progressions
Although there are many possible progressions, in practice, progressions are often limited to a few bars' lengths and certain progressions are favored above others. There is also a certain amount of fashion in which a chord progression is defined (e.g., the 12-bar blues progression) and may even help in defining an entire genre.

In western classical notation, chords are numbered with Roman numerals. Other types of chord notation have been devised, from figured bass to the chord chart. These usually allow or even require a certain amount of improvisation.

Simple progressions
Diatonic scales such as the major and minor scales lend themselves particularly well to the construction of common chords because they contain many perfect fifths. Such scales predominate in those regions where harmony is an essential part of music, as, for example, in the common practice period of western classical music. In considering Arab and Indian music, where diatonic scales are used, there are also available a number of non-diatonic scales, the music has no chord changes, remaining always upon the key-chord, an attribute which has also been observed in hard rock, hip hop, funk, disco, jazz, etc.

Alternation between two chords may be thought of as the most basic chord progression. Many well-known pieces are built harmonically upon the mere repetition of two chords of the same scale. For example, many of the more straightforward melodies in classical music consist entirely or mostly of alternation between the tonic (I) and the dominant (V, sometimes with an added seventh), as do popular songs such as "Achy Breaky Heart". The Isley Brothers' "Shout" uses I–vi throughout.

Three-chord progressions
Three-chord progressions are more common since a melody may then dwell on any note of the scale. They are often presented as successions of four chords (as shown below), in order to produce a binary harmonic rhythm, but then two of the four chords are the same.

 * I – IV – V – V
 * I – I – IV – V
 * I – IV – I – V
 * I – IV – V – IV

Often the chords may be selected to fit a pre-conceived melody, but just as often it is the progression itself that gives rise to the melody.

Similar progressions abound in African popular music. They may be varied by the addition of sevenths (or other scale degrees) to any chord or by substitution of the relative minor of the IV chord to give, for example, I–ii–V. This sequence, using the ii chord, is also used cadentially in a common chord progression of jazz harmony, the so-called ii–V–I turnaround.

Three-chord progressions provide the harmonic foundation of much African and American popular music, and they occur sectionally in many pieces of classical music (such as the opening bars of Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony ).

Where such a simple sequence does not represent the entire harmonic structure of a piece, it may readily be extended for greater variety. Frequently, an opening phrase has the progression I–IV–V–V, which ends on an unresolved dominant, may be "answered" by a similar phrase that resolves back onto the tonic chord, giving a structure of double the length:
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:110px;"

 * width="25%" |I
 * width="25%" |IV
 * width="25%" |V
 * width="25%" |V
 * I
 * IV
 * V
 * I
 * }
 * }

Additionally, such a passage may be alternated with a different progression to give a simple binary or ternary form such as that of the popular 32-bar form (see musical form).

Blues changes
The 12-bar blues and its many variants use an elongated, three-line form of the I–IV–V progression that has also generated countless hit records, including the most significant output of rock and rollers such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard. In its most elementary form (and there are many variants), the chord progression is
 * {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:110px;"

Blues progressions have also been subjected to densely chromatic elaboration, as in the Bird blues.
 * width="25%" |I
 * width="25%" |I
 * width="25%" |I
 * width="25%" |I
 * IV
 * IV
 * I
 * I
 * V
 * IV
 * I
 * I
 * }
 * I
 * }

Steedman (1984) proposed that a set of recursive rewrite rules generate all well-formed transformations of jazz, both basic blues chord changes and slightly modified sequences (such as the "rhythm changes"). Important transformations include:

 * replacement of (or addition to) a chord with its dominant, subdominant or the tritone substitution.
 * use of chromatic passing chords.
 * extensively applying the ii–V–I turnaround.
 * chord alterations such as minor chords, diminished sevenths, etc.

1950s progression
Another common way of extending the I–IV–V progression is by adding the chord of the sixth scale degree, giving the sequence I–vi–IV–V or I–vi–ii–V, sometimes called the 50s progression or doo-wop progression.

This progression had been in use from the earliest days of classical music and then generated popular hits such as Rodgers and Hart's "Blue Moon" (1934) and Hoagy Carmichael's "Heart and Soul" (1938).

Taken up into the pop mainstream, it continued to be used sectionally, as in the last part of The Beatles' "Happiness Is a Warm Gun".

Circle progressions
Introducing the ii chord into these progressions emphasises their appeal as constituting elementary forms of circle progression. These, named for the circle of fifths, consist of "adjacent roots in ascending fourth or descending fifth relationship"—for instance, the sequence vi–ii–V–I ascends with each successive chord to one a fourth above the previous. Such a motion, based upon close harmonic relations, offers "undoubtedly the most common and the strongest of all harmonic progressions".

Short cyclical progressions may be derived by selecting a sequence of chords from the series completing a circle from the tonic through all seven diatonic chords: "I–IV–viio–iii–vi–ii–V–I"This type of progression was much used by classical composers, who introduced increasingly subtle inflections. Particularly, substitution of major for minor chords giving, for example, I–VI–II–V allowed a more sophisticated chromaticism as well as the possibility of modulation. These harmonic conventions were taken up by American popular entertainers, giving rise to many variations on those harmonic staples of early jazz that have been dubbed the ragtime progression and the stomp progression. All such progressions may be found used sectionally, as for example in the much-used "rhythm changes" of George Gershwin's "I Got Rhythm".

Harmonizing the scale
As well as the cyclical underpinning of chords, the ear tends to respond well to a linear thread; chords following the scale upwards or downwards. These are often referred to as step progressions because they follow the steps of the scale, making the scale itself a bassline. In the 17th century, descending bass lines found favour for "divisions on the ground", so that Pachelbel's canon contains very similar harmonizations of the descending major scale.

At its simplest, this descending sequence may simply introduce an extra chord, either III or V, into the I–vi–IV–V type of sequence described above. This chord allows the harmonization of the seventh degree, and so of the bass line I–VII–VI....

The finale measures of the first movement of Ravel's Piano Concerto in G feature the harmonization of a descending hybrid scale (phrygo-major). In this special case, Ravel used a parallel series of major triads (G F♯ E D C B♭ A♭ G).

Minor and modal progressions
Similar strategies to all the above, work equally well in minor modes: there have been one-, two-, and three-minor-chord songs, minor blues. A notable example of a descending minor chord progression is the four-chord Andalusian cadence, i–VII–VI–V.

Folk and blues tunes frequently use the Mixolydian scale, which has a flat seventh degree, altering the position of the three major chords to I–$♯$VII–IV. For example, if the major scale of C, which gives the three chords C, F and G on the first, fourth and fifth degrees, is played with G as the tonic, then the same chords will now appear on the first, fourth, and seventh degrees. A common chord progression with these chords is I-♭VII–IV-I, which also can be played as I-I-♭VII–IV or ♭VII–IV-I-I.

The minor-third step from a minor key up to the relative major encouraged ascending scale progressions, particularly based on an ascending pentatonic scale. Typical of the type is the sequence i–III–IV (or iv)–VI.

According to Tom Sutcliffe:

"... during 1960s some pop groups started to experiment with modal chord progressions as an alternative way of harmonizing blues melodies. ... This created a new system of harmony that has influenced subsequent popular music."

This came about partly from the similarity of the blues scale to modal scales and partly from the characteristics of the guitar and the use of parallel major chords on the pentatonic minor scale. With barre chords on guitar, the same chord shape can be moved up and down the neck without changing the fingering. This phenomenon is also linked to the rise in use of power chords in various sub-genres of rock music.

title: Chord progression


text:
User talk:Joe messenger

Hello and welcome! I noticed that you added alot of text to our Saint Valentine article. However, that same text seems to be on several other webpages. My gut feeling is that it is in the public domain but we do need to know for sure. If it is then please indate so at Talk:Saint Valentine. Thanks! --mav 04:22 Feb 15, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joe messenger