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Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932

The Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932 are postage stamps issued by the United States government in 1932 to commemorate the 200th anniversary of U.S. President George Washington's birth. Twelve stamps were issued as a collection, with each one depicting the President in a different period in his life.

The series was designed by Bureau of Engraving and Printing (BEP) designers Clair Aubrey Huston and Alvin Meissner. The ½¢ through 10¢ values present portraits of Washington derived from paintings, engravings or sculptures made during his lifetime. Huston designed seven stamps of the series: the ½¢, 1½¢, 2¢, 3¢, 6¢, 8¢ and 9¢ values; Meissner designed the remaining five.

The selections were made based on recommendations made by the Washington Bicentennial Commission, The United States Post Office Department and the BEP. The original concept called for not only picturing Washington but also featuring significant events, locations and iconic images of his life and after death. This was later modified to featuring only portraits.

The Post Office announced definite plans for the series in November 1930. These soon took on grandiose proportions, with the projected series comprising no fewer than eighteen stamps covering all values between ½¢ and $5. By comparison the largest commemorative set previously offered by the Post Office—the landmark Columbian Exposition issue of 1893—had consisted of sixteen stamps. (No other previous commemorative set had run to more than the nine values of the 1898 Trans-Mississippi series.) Indeed, the wide format of the Columbians was initially chosen for the Washington Bicentennial stamps and, like the Columbians, they were to survey their subject's entire career, presenting tableaux and portraits from all periods of Washington's life. In January 1931 a congressman went so far as to introduce a bill (never, however, enacted) proposing that during the whole of 1932 "all postage stamps offered for sale through the United States..., of whatever color or denomination, shall bear the portrait of George Washington." The numerous preparatory wide-format designs produced by the post office, including tableaux for 14¢, 17¢ and 25¢ denominations, were intended to be printed in two colors. Among the subjects depicted were Washington's tomb at Mount Vernon, Washington Crossing the Delaware, Washington's 1793 Inaugural, Washington's Home Life, Washington's Birthplace, Washington Resigning his Commission, a double portrait of George and Martha Washington, and the Washington Monument. Ultimately, however, the post office elected to avoid historical tableaux altogether, on the grounds that the public would expect these to replicate famous paintings rife with historical inaccuracies. Instead, the series would consist of single-width, single-color issues devoted exclusively to portraits, and would be reduced to twelve denominations ranging no higher than 10¢. A series of stamped envelopes showing Washington's home at Mount Vernon were also issued.

The bicentennial stamps were first placed on sale January 1, 1932, at the post office in Washington, D.C.

While the bicentennial issue presents many unfamiliar images of Washington, the Post Office took care to place the widely loved Gilbert Stuart portrait of the president on the 2-cent stamp, which satisfied the normal first-class letter rate and would therefore get the most use. Several months after the series appeared, however, the first-class letter rate was raised from 2 cents to 3 cents. The greatly increased demand for 3-cent stamps remained unsatisfied by emergency reprintings of the 3-cent Washington Bicentennial issue and the 3-cent Lincoln regular issue then currently available. Moreover, the new rate meant that the only Washington stamp available to the public for everyday use was one that offered a little-known and quite uncharacteristic image of Washington. Accordingly, the Post Office felt obliged to rush a new regular issue 3-cent stamp into production that offered a more familiar Washington portrait. Rather than taking the time to create a completely new design, the BEP revamped the bicentennial 2-cent Atheneum value as a 3-cent stamp (Scott #720), transforming it into a regular issue by eliminating the date ribbons flanking the portrait. This was printed in the standard 3-cent color, and also issued as vertical and horizontal coil stamps.

title: Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932


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1943 steel cent

1943 steel cents are U.S. one-cent coins that were struck in steel due to wartime shortages of copper. The Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco mints each produced these 1943 Lincoln cents. The unique composition of the coin (low-grade steel coated with zinc, instead of the previously 95%-copper-based bronze composition) has led to various nicknames, such as wartime cent, steel war penny, zinc cent and steelie. The 1943 steel cent features the same Victor David Brenner design for the Lincoln cent which had been in use since 1909.

History
Due to wartime needs of copper for use in ammunition and other military equipment during World War II, the United States Mint researched various ways to limit dependence and meet conservation goals on copper usage. After trying out several substitutes (ranging from other metals to plastics ) to replace the then-standard bronze alloy, the one-cent coin was minted in zinc-coated steel. This alloy caused the new coins to be magnetic and 13% lighter. They were struck at all three mints: Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco. As with the bronze cents, coins from the latter two sites have respectively "D" and "S" mintmarks below the date.

However, problems began to arise from the mintage. Freshly minted, they were often mistaken for dimes. Magnets in vending machines (which took copper cents) placed to pick up steel slugs also picked up the legitimate steel cents. Because the galvanization process did not cover the edges of the coins, sweat would quickly rust the metal. After public outcry, the Mint developed a process whereby salvaged brass shell casings were augmented with pure copper to produce an alloy close to the 1941–42 composition. This was used for 1944–46-dated cents, after which the prewar composition was resumed. Although they continued to circulate into the 1960s, the mint collected large numbers of the 1943 cents and destroyed them.

The steel cent is the only regular-issue United States coin that can be picked up with a magnet. The steel cent was also the only coin issued by the United States for circulation that does not contain any copper. (Even U.S. gold coins at various times contained from slightly over 2% copper to an eventual standard 10% copper to increase resistance to wear by making the pure gold coins slightly harder).

1943 copper cent
Far ahead of the 1955 doubled die cent in rarity, the 1943 copper cent is one of the notable rarities of the Lincoln cent series. An estimated 40 examples are believed to have been struck, with 13 confirmed to exist. The error occurred when copper planchets were left in the press hopper and press machines during the changeover from copper to steel blanks. Examples were discovered after the War, with the first two in 1947, and another in 1958. That example appeared in a 1958 Abe Kosoff sale, but was withdrawn prior to the sale; one mint condition Denver Mint specimen sold for over $1.7 million in 2010.

Counterfeits
Many people have counterfeited the coin by either copper-plating normal 1943 cents (sometimes as novelties with no intent to defraud), or altering cents from the period, usually 1945, 1948, or 1949-dated coins.

The copper cents differ from their steel counterparts in four ways:
 * Genuine 1943 copper cents will not be attracted to a magnet. Copper-plated steel cents will exhibit a strong magnetic attraction.
 * Copper cents weigh 3.11 grams. Steel cents weigh 2.702 grams.
 * The numeral 3 in 1943 has the same long tail as the steel cents. Alterations from later-dated copper cents will be noticeable when compared side by side with genuine cents with years ending in 3.
 * The quality of the strike is exceptionally sharp, especially around the rim, because the soft copper planchets were struck with the same (higher) pressure used for the steel cents.

1943 tin cent
In 2019, NGC authenticated a worn 1943 cent composed of 86.41% tin and 8.37% antimony with other trace metals. The coin was discovered by a coin collector in the state of Oregon, who found it in his father's yard c. 1969 and realized it was not attracted to a magnet while searching his coin collection for 1943 copper cents in 2019. It is likely that the coin is an error or was intentionally struck as a pattern in late 1942 using an obverse die intended for the following year, though no documented evidence of a pattern with this composition has been found.

The coin was found in a badly damaged state, with two large gashes and a slight bend. Believing it to be a steel cent, the discoverer straightened the coin in a bench vise so that it would fit inside a coin album. The coin weighs 2.702 g.

1944 steel cent
In an error similar to the 1943 cents, a few 1944 cents were struck on steel planchets left over from 1943. There are two explanations given for why this happened. One explanation is that steel planchets were left in the press hopper and press machines from the previous year mixed in with copper planchets. Another explanation credits the error to the production of 25 million Belgian two franc pieces by the Philadelphia mint after that country's liberation from the Nazis. These coins were of the same composition and the same planchets as the 1943 cents, but they differed slightly in weight. In all, 1944 steel cents are fewer in number than their 1943 copper counterparts, and are even more valuable; one such example minted in San Francisco sold for $373,750 in an August 2008 auction held by Heritage Auctions; this was the highest auction price ever for a Lincoln cent until September 23, 2010, when it was superseded by a 1943-D bronze penny.

Cost of mintage
Although United States penny is widely known to hold a higher mintage cost than its face value, the United States actually made a large profit on minting steel coins. In 1943, the cost of a gross ton of steel was $34. With a composition of 2.67498 grams of steel making up 99% of the coin, the 1943 steel penny only cost roughly one-ten-thousandth of a dollar.

Novelty coins
Since many steel cents corroded and became dull soon after entering circulation, some dealers who sold the coins as novelties improved their appearance by "reprocessing" – stripping off the old zinc coating and then replating them with zinc or chrome. These reprocessed coins are sometimes erroneously described as brilliant uncirculated, or similar terms, by ignorant or unscrupulous online sellers.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1943 steel cent


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Hemispheres (Rush album)

Hemispheres is the sixth studio album by Canadian rock band Rush, released on October 24, 1978 by Anthem Records. It reached No. 14 in Canada and the UK, and No. 47 in the US. The album was a steady seller in the group's catalogue, and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling one million copies 15 years later.

After a particularly exhausting tour supporting A Farewell to Kings to capitalise on their growing fanbase, Rush had a dedicated rest period. They returned to Rockfield Studios in Wales to record a follow-up album but had no preconceived ideas, and spent two weeks writing and arranging new material with some difficulty over its direction. It is the final Rush album to feature a side-long track; the 18-minute opener "Cygnus X-1 Book II: Hemispheres" concludes the story initially left as a cliffhanger on A Farewell to Kings, and the Apollonian and Dionysian concept addressed in drummer Neil Peart's lyrics are represented on the cover artwork. The final track, "La Villa Strangiato", was the band's first instrumental.

Hemispheres received a mostly positive reception from critics upon release, and has gained further acclaim retrospectively. It was the first Rush album to receive widespread FM radio airplay, helped by the release of "Circumstances" and "The Trees", the two shorter tracks on the album, as singles. The album has been remastered several times, and a deluxe 40th anniversary edition with previously unreleased live tracks followed in 2018.

Background and recording
In May 1978, Rush finished touring A Farewell to Kings, which contributed to their breakthrough in the UK market, following a series of well-received shows and "Closer to the Heart", the lead single from the album, reaching No. 36 in the UK. Following a dedicated rest period, the band regrouped to produce a follow-up album and returned to Rockfield Studios in Monmouthshire, Wales to record as they had enjoyed making A Farewell to Kings at the facility. Bassist and vocalist Geddy Lee said recording in the United States did not appeal to the group, and since they were influenced by many English bands, recording in the UK was an attractive idea. In a departure from previous albums, the band entered the songwriting process without any preconceived ideas. They rented a farmhouse close to the studio for two weeks of intensive writing and rehearsals, during which the trio had concerns over the direction the new album was to take.

Hemispheres was recorded in June and July 1978, then the longest amount of time Rush had to record an album–in comparison, 1976's 2112 was recorded in five weeks and A Farewell to Kings in four. Rush were joined by long-time co-producer Terry Brown, also credited as co-arranger, and engineer Pat Moran. The conditions of the studio lacked the standard facilities, including a sofa. Lee described it as "really funky". In one incident, a latch that failed to shut the studio doors frustrated Lifeson who, in a fit, took it off, installed a hydraulic door opener and built a handle on it. The album was recorded in sections at a time with the three members playing simultaneously. Rush could only put down the music in their allocated slot at Rockfield due to the time required to arrange the tracks, so they booked Advision Studios in Fitzrovia, London, to record the vocals. They had enjoyed the experience of mixing A Farewell to Kings there, and wanted to return as it was where Yes had recorded their favourite albums. Upon entering Advision, however, Lee had only sung the lyrics in basic form as the songs were being written acoustically, and the group carried on thinking he could sing them confidently. "So we never really checked the keys that the songs were written in. And when I went to sing them, they were in such difficult keys for me to sing, that's why I'm singing so high." The process was frustrating for Lee, who had several blowouts during vocal takes and had to go for walks to calm down.

Once recording was complete, mixing was undertaken by Brown and assistant John Brand at Advision. After around two-and-a-half weeks, the pair had encountered problems and were unable to produce a satisfactory mix, which led to the decision to briefly return to Canada as the band had been away from home for several months. They returned to London in August, this time to Trident Studios in Soho, where a mix was finalised. The album cost an estimated CAN$100,000 to make, the most expensive Rush album at the time. In the three-month period of putting it together, the band had just one day off and took a six-week vacation once complete to recover. Lee looked back on the album in 2018, and said the band "greatly underestimated the level of overachievement that we were shooting for".

Side one
Side one is occupied by "Cygnus X-1 Book II: Hemispheres", an 18-minute sequel to "Cygnus X-1 Book I: The Voyage" on A Farewell to Kings which had ended on a cliffhanger. Book I concerns an unnamed space explorer who travels to Cygnus X-1, a black hole, in its space ship and is pulled into it. In Book II, his wandering soul emerges into Olympus, who witnesses the gods Apollo and Dionysus caught in the struggle between mind and heart, the two leading two types of people: those who follow science and knowledge and build cities but with no emotional attachment, and those who live in forests but experience love. The clash leads to the world splintered into different hemispheres, and a silent scream from the explorer is heard by the two gods who reconsider and unite. They name the explorer Cygnus, the god of balance, and the world is restored with truth and love co-existing.

Initially, Lee had a different idea for the album's centerpiece track, but after some music had been written the group felt it right to continue the "Cygnus X-1" story. Peart started to outline the story and lyrics to Book II three weeks before the band left for Rockfield. The process was stressful for him, which took "hours of tearing my hair out", and was only half complete when they arrived at the studio. The sequel, like Book I, uses mythology and symbolism to depict a conflict between the gods Apollo and Dionysus, which is resolved when Cygnus intervenes, claiming a balance of heart and mind are what is needed for humans to live well. Peart introduced the gong and timpani to his percussion set for the first time; he hadn't thought of adding the instrument on previous albums but thought it was needed for Hemispheres.

Side two
"Circumstances" is the first of two shorter tracks on Hemispheres. With the band having accustomed its audience to longer, more elaborate formats, this song is qualified by Lee as an experiment, an attempt to break away from the prog formula that would steer the band into new directions in later albums.

"The Trees" tells the story of an upheaval in a forest of oak and maple trees, where the maples think the oaks grow too large and take all the sunlight. The maples form a union in an effort to have the oaks cut down to a smaller size, but in the end all the trees are kept equal by cutting tools made by humans. Lee said the Welsh countryside set the overall tone for the song: "You're watching English television, walking in the Welsh countryside; there are sheep talking to you in the early morning when you're trying to sleep ... lyrics came first, and we wanted to construct a dynamic little tale as a soundtrack to those lyrics". Peart took inspiration from a cartoon he saw of trees "carrying on like fools", and wrote a lyric based around the idea of trees acting like people. He later described the song as a parable about Collectivism, an idea originated by novelist Ayn Rand.

The nine-minute "La Villa Strangiato" (subtitled "An Exercise in Self-Indulgence") is the first instrumental that Rush recorded, and has 12 distinct sections. The piece is what Lifeson described as a "musical re-creation" of the various nightmares he had, particularly while he was on tour. It was the sole piece that developed from the two-week rehearsal period the group had prior to entering the studio. The band encountered great difficulty in recording it as they wanted it put down as a single live performance, rather than a more produced and edited piece. Lee said it took as many as 40 takes to produce one that they were satisfied with, and he and Peart pointed out that they spent more time recording "La Villa Strangiato" than their second album, Fly by Night. Peart recalled the group spent four days and nights playing it repeatedly, playing even when tired and with sore hands: "We were determined to get the whole thing perfect, but in the end I just couldn't do it, and we ended up putting it together from a few different takes." The segments "Monsters!" and "Monsters! (Reprise)" are adapted from "Powerhouse", a 1937 jazz instrumental by Raymond Scott.

Artwork
The cover was designed by longtime Rush collaborator, graphic artist Hugh Syme. The front depicts a figure that resembles the one in the painting The Son of Man by surreal artist René Magritte who is standing on the left side of a human brain. He is looking in the direction of a nude man in a ballet pose who is standing on the right side. The overall image was Syme's own creation, but it developed from discussions with Peart about the idea of left and right and the Apollonian and Dionysian parts of the brain. The Magritte figure is Syme's longtime friend Bobby King, who was also the nude model for Rush's Starman logo on 2112 that Syme had also designed. The naked male is a dancer from the Toronto Ballet School. The brain was loaned to Syme from the Department of Anatomy at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine for him to photograph and the final design was completed with a composite. The background was a combination of airbrush and paint. Syme started working on the design before he had heard any music on the album.

Release
Prior to its release, Hemispheres aired in its entirety on Rick Ringer's radio show on CHUM-FM in Toronto, on October 5, 1978, with the band as studio guests. Its release in stores followed on October 24, and reached number 14 on the Canadian Albums Chart and UK Albums Chart, and number 47 on the US Billboard 200. For a short time, Hemispheres was released in Canada on red vinyl with a gatefold sleeve with a poster and as a limited edition picture disc.

The album had a strong impact upon release, and marked the first time Rush received widespread FM radio exposure helped by "Circumstances" and "The Trees" being shorter and radio friendly. The album reached Platinum in Canada and Gold in the US by mid-December 1978, and Silver in the UK. It proved to be a steady seller in the band's catalogue, reaching Platinum certification in the US in 1993 for selling one million copies, 15 years after its release.

Shortly after Hemispheres was released, Lee said the band intend to "break tradition" and avoid long, conceptual pieces on their next album.

Reception
Geoff Barton gave Hemispheres three stars in Sounds in an article where he pondered if it "is a masterwork or a mistake". On one hand, he said the album is "a lovingly crafted, highly complex album ... brimful with profound lyrical statements" and "music with a message (trite but true)". But on the other, Barton thought it finds Rush "wallowing way, way out of their depth ... it seems impossible to think that this band were once honest, unpretentious purveyors of straight-forward, hard-hitting heavy metal music. Now, having forsaken basic beginnings. Rush sound ambitious beyond their musical means." In a review for Circus magazine, Bart Testa wrote the band plays "stupendous fanfare music" and noted their positive sentiments in the songs. He favoured "Cygnus X-1 Book II" over the side-long suite on 2112 as it showcased a better performance from the band, noting their ability to "interlock metal whirlwinds" driven by Peart's drumming. However, Testa noted "Circumstances" was the only one true "song" on the record, "and it's not very good, either." Joe Nick Patoski gave a positive review in American rock magazine Creem, who thought Rush "lay their cards on the table" to much success with "timely and illuminating issues" in the lyrics. He summarised: "Just the stuff America needs to nudge its way into the 80s."

The album gained further critical acclaim retrospectively. In a poll held by Rolling Stone titled "Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time" in 2012, Hemispheres was ranked at. Reviewing the album for the magazine, Michael Bloom stated, "Overall, especially in 'La Villa Strangiato', Lifeson, Peart and Lee prove themselves masters of every power-trio convention. In fact, these guys have the chops and drive to break out of the largely artificial bounds of the format, and they constantly threaten to do so but never quite manage." In the review for AllMusic, Greg Prato favourably compared the album to the band's previous work, "While the story line isn't as comprehensible as 2112 was, it's much more consistent musically, twisting and turning through five different sections which contrast heavy rock sections against more sedate pieces." PopMatters ranked Hemispheres the 12th best progressive rock album of all time.

Tour
Rush supported the album with a 137-date tour of Canada, the US, and Europe between October 1978 and June 1979. It marked the band performing longer sets and in larger venues across Canada, including three sold out dates at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto in December 1978, culminating in a show on New Year's Eve. The stage set improved, this time with more sophisticated lighting and triple the amount of video projection compared to their last tour, including a film to illustrate the story of "Cygnus X-1". Rush were in considerable financial debt at the start of the tour, and Peart said they hoped to pay it off using receipts from the first leg and make a profit on the second. The group would not tour with a profit until their next album, Permanent Waves.

40th Anniversary Edition (2018)

 * Track 10 recorded live May 28, 1979 at Stadthalle Offenbach, West Germany; incorrectly credited as Live in Arizona: November 20, 1978

Personnel
Credits are adapted from the album's sleeve notes.

Rush
 * Geddy Lee – bass guitar, Minimoog synthesizer, Oberheim polyphonic synthesizer, Moog Taurus bass pedals, vocals
 * Alex Lifeson – 6- and 12-string electric and acoustic guitars, classical guitar, Roland guitar synthesizer, Moog Taurus pedals
 * Neil Peart – drums, orchestra bells, bell tree, tympani, gong, cowbells, temple blocks, wind chimes, crotales

Production
 * Rush – production, arrangement
 * Terry Brown – production, arrangement, mixing at Trident Studios
 * Pat Moran – engineering at Rockfield Studios
 * Declan O'Doherty – engineering at Advision Studios
 * John Brand – mixing assistance at Trident Studios
 * Ray Staff – mastering
 * Simon Hilliard – tape operator at Trident Studios
 * Mike Donegani – tape operator at Trident Studios
 * Reno Ruocco – tape operator at Trident Studios
 * Ray Staff – mastering at Trident Studios
 * Hugh Syme – graphics, art direction
 * Bob King – art direction
 * Yosh Inouye – cover photography
 * Fin Costello – inner sleeve and poster photography
 * Moon Records – executive production

title: Hemispheres (Rush album)


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Shoreham-by-Sea

Shoreham-by-Sea (often shortened to Shoreham) is a coastal town and port in the Adur district, in the county of West Sussex, England. In 2011 it had a population of 20,547.

The town is bordered to its north by the South Downs, to its west by the Adur Valley, and to its south by the River Adur and Shoreham Beach on the English Channel. The town lies in the middle of the ribbon of urban development along the English south coast, approximately equidistant from the city of Brighton and Hove to the east and the town of Worthing to the west. Shoreham covers an area of 2430 acre and has a population of 20,547 (2011 census).

History
Old Shoreham dates back to pre-Roman times. St Nicolas' Church, inland by the River Adur, is partly Anglo-Saxon in its construction. The name of the town has an Old English origin. The town and port of New Shoreham was established by the Norman conquerors towards the end of the 11th century.

St Mary de Haura Church (St Mary of the Haven) was built in the decade following 1103 (the Domesday Book was dated 1086), and around this time the town was laid out on a grid pattern that, in essence, still survives in the town centre. The present church is approximately half the size of the original structure – the former nave was already in ruins by the time of the English Civil War, although evidence of the original west façade survive in the churchyard to this day.

Muslim geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, writing c. 1153, described Shoreham as "a fine and cultivated city containing buildings and flourishing activity". Shoreham had status as a Royal Port.

An 18th-century naval chartist and artist, Captain Henry Roberts, who was once a lieutenant under Captain Cook, was a native of Shoreham.

The rapid growth of the neighbouring towns of Brighton, Hove and Worthing – and in particular the arrival of the railway in 1840 – prepared the way for Shoreham's rise as a Victorian sea port, with several shipyards and an active coasting trade. Shoreham Harbour remains in commercial operation today. The area became an urban district, with Shoreham Town Hall as its headquarters, in 1910.

Kingston Buci old village
Originally the people of Kingston Buci may have lived at Thundersbarrow. This may have been the centre of a large estate in the post-Roman Dark Ages. However, in early or mid-Saxon times, the people may have re-located down off the hill to Kingston Buci, which sits to the east of Shoreham-by-Sea. It has a medieval church, rectory, manor house, and huge old barn which still make it a remarkable cluster – and, like Cissbury (where the people came off the hill to form Findon) and at Mount Caburn (where people re-located down at Beddingham), this stranded settlement is three quarters of a mile from the Downs. The church here was extensively re-modelled in the thirteenth century when the shifting river estuary temporarily made Kingston a port town.

The 'king' of the name 'Kingston' may have referred to a Saxon king of Sussex. The 'Buci' part of the name comes from the Anglo-Norman owners' hometown of Bouce in Normandy.

Shoreham Beach
Shoreham Beach, to the south of the town, is a shingle spit deposited over millennia by longshore drift. This blocks the southerly flow of the River Adur which turns east at this point to discharge into the English Channel further along the coast at a point that has varied considerably over time. During the 17th and 18th centuries, the mouth of the river shifted eastwards which restricted trade to the port; by 1810, it was almost opposite Aldrington church. In 1816, work had been completed to fix the position of the river in its present position, flowing into the sea between two piers. Once the harbour mouth was stabilised, it was defended by Shoreham Fort, which was built in 1857.

Converted railway carriages became summer homes around the start of the 20th century, and 'Bungalow Town', as it was then known, became home to the early British film industry. Francis L. Lyndhurst founded the Sunny South Film Company, which made its first commercial movie on Shoreham Beach in 1912 and built a film studio there. Shoreham Beach officially became part of Shoreham-by-Sea in 1910. Much of the housing in the area was cleared for defence reasons during the Second World War and most of what remained after the war is now long gone, having been replaced by modern houses. The Church of the Good Shepherd, built in 1913, still stands. Along the Adur mud flats adjacent to Shoreham Beach sits (and at high tides floats) a large collection of houseboats made from converted barges, tugs, mine sweepers, and motor torpedo boats. The seaside shingle bank of Shoreham beach extends further east past the harbour mouth, forming the southern boundary of the commercial harbour in Southwick, Portslade, and Hove. The Monarch's Way long-distance footpath, commemorating the escape route of Charles II to France after the Battle of Worcester, follows the beach westwards from Hove past Portslade and Southwick, ending by the harbour mouth's east breakwater.

Downland areas
The River Adur, the downs, and the sea support a diverse wildlife flora and fauna in the area. The mudflats support wading birds and gulls, including the ringed plover which attempts to breed on the coastal shingle. The pied wagtail is common in the town in the winter months. Insects include dragonflies over the flood plains of the river. The south- and west-facing downs attract at least 33 species of butterfly, including a nationally important population of the chalkhill blue butterfly on Mill Hill. The underlying rock is chalk on the downs, with alluvium in the old river channels. The Adur district has a variety of habitats in a small area, including natural chalk downs and butterfly meadows, freshwater and reed beds, salt marsh and estuary, brackish water lagoons, woodland, shingle seashore, chalk platform undersea, and large expanses of sand.

Southwick Hill and the smaller sites connected to it are the second biggest surviving complex of ancient Down pasture on the entire plateau of the Brighton Downs (the biggest is around Castle Hill, near Woodingdean). :209

The town is the end-point of the Monarch's Way, a 615 mile long-distance footpath, based on the escape route taken by King Charles II in 1651 after being defeated by Cromwell in the Battle of Worcester.

Mill Hill
Mill Hill is also known as Shoreham bank, as the hillside falls sharply to the River Adur. It is a Local Nature Reserve and has been famous for its butterflies since the 1820s. In May, the hillside is dusted yellow with horseshoe vetch: the butterflies' food plant. In August, the hillside is colourful with knapweeds, pink centaury, the tiny white pinpoints of eyebright, and the white umbels of wild carrot, wild parsnip, St John's wort, and wild thyme. The Hill is known for its dingy skippers and grizzled skippers in the spring, and in summer the chalkhill blue and Adonis blue are 'flagship' species of this Hill.

From Mill Hill it is possible to see Applesham Farm, which was a village at the time of the Domesday Book in 1086. To the north end is another Saxon farm, Old Erringham, which King Alfred's successors fortified to defend the estuary. To the south is the Norman church of Old Shoreham, almost on the banks of the Adur, and next to it are the wooden piers of the 1781 toll bridge, which collected traffic tolls up to the 1960s. :203

Mill Hill now suffers from traffic and aircraft noise. The special mosses and lichens have gone, and the Heath and Carthusian snails are now gone. Despite efforts by volunteers and rangers, the hill still carries far too great an area of dense and simplified scrub, which has flourished at the expense of the biodiverse turf. :203

Southwick Hill
Southwick Hill is owned by the National Trust and has some special wildlife areas. In 1985, local residents were presented with the plan for the A27 road bypass cutting through the Hill. Through the vigorous campaigning of activists from ABBA (the Anti-Brighton Bypass Association) the road was re-routed through a tunnel under the Hill rather than a cutting through it.

In high summer, on the hill ('bostal') path, there is round-headed rampion, blue scabious, and autumn gentian. On the south side of the bridlepath, there is an un-grazed triangle with a taller sward. Here, there are still rabbits playing on the lawns amongst the purging flax, eggs and bacon, squinancywort, eyebright, and wild thyme, which themselves mingle with tall herb patches of parsnip, greater knapweed, ragwort, hogweed, and St John's wort. There are bushes of raspberry and rose-bay willowherb. Butterflies in the area include common blue, clouded yellow, small heath, comma, red admiral, painted lady, and day-flying moths like treble-bar and dusky sallow. There are glowworms too. In autumn, parts of the short turf may be colourful from the many waxcap and other old meadow fungi. Additional mushrooms include puffballs, blue legs, and velvet shank; fairy rings also form. :211

However, Southwick Hill is not what it was. Until recent years, it was the best place on the Brighton Downs to get a sense of what Down pasture was like during late Victorian and Edwardian times through to 1940. The tenant farmer continuously grazed the whole Hill and, as a result, it was something of a time capsule from a particular period of Downland history, that of the long agricultural depression from 1876 to 1940, when scrub took over many old pastures and cattle replaced many sheep flocks. :210 In recent years, however, the Hill has been split by fencing into a southern half which is seriously under-grazed, with simplified tussocky grassland, and a northern half which remains better grazed. The southern half has now lost its close-bitten down pasture, with its flowerings of tiny herbs and fruitings of old pasture fungi. Nevertheless, as a whole the Hill still has a mixture of archaic pasture and scrub thickets, sometimes mature enough to harbour small maiden oaks, and it retains much of the wildlife lost elsewhere on the Brighton Downs.

The Crooked Moon Hedge
Hedges are very rare on these Downs (except around farmsteads). The Crooked Moon Hedge lies on the top of a prehistoric field lynchet; these southern slopes of Southwick Hill were covered with an Iron Age field system whose banks lay regularly on east–west and south–north axes. At its northern end, it is the boundary between Kingston Buci and Southwick parishes, and at its southern end it bounded Kingston Buci sheep Down to the west, and one of the parish open fields to the east.

The hedge contains a lot of maple and ash and may have been bird-sown. As per Hooper's rule, the hedge is three to four centuries old. :209

The 'Rest and Be Thankful' stone
There is a large flat block of lichen-covered stone by the path to Southwick Hill from Southwickhill Barn, which marks a corner on the old parish boundary between Kingston Buci and Southwick. It was notable enough to show on the Victorian Ordnance Survey maps. :210

Thundersbarrow Hill
Thunders Barrow is a large barrow, although it was partially dug away on its south side in the nineteenth century to make way for a dew pond. It sits just north of Southwick Hill. The origins of its name are unknown.

It is only at this distance from the bypass that the silence of the Downs and the sound of the birds are bigger than the noise of the road. This point marks the beginning of Downland tranquility. The ramparts of Thundersbarrow's late Bronze Age and Iron Age camp are still tall enough to walk around, although they get a bit vague on the eastern side because of plough damage, and because the Romano-British villagers built their houses just outside the rampart and right up against the barrow on that side. When the village was excavated in 1932, two corn-drying ovens were found, still with soot in the flues and bits of charred grain.

Erringham Hole
Erringham Hole is the bushy combe to the east of Thundersbarrow, whose Celtic villagers built the huge field lynchets, parts of which are up to 12 feet in height. It was called 'Erringham Hole' because it was part of Old Erringham Farm. Old Erringham Hole (not to be confused with Whitelot Bottom, which is the ploughed land further east down the combe) has flowery chalk grassland, scrub, rank grassland, and lots of rabbits. The rabbits encourage rabbit-resistant plants like tall woolly mullein (complete with mullein moth caterpillars, hound's-tongue, ground ivy, and eyebright. Until 25 years ago, the combe remained substantially open and the ancient lynchet system was plain to see, but cessation of grazing and a lack of scrub control has allowed the species-rich Down pasture to be lost to simplified scrub and even secondary woodland. :212

Hazelholt Bottom
Hazelholt Bottom is a tranquil slope with large flowery glades. There are often roe deer in the wide corn field below the slope. The National Trust own the south slope and Whitelot Bottom further south, but Whitelot was ploughed up after 1945 and has never been returned to public use.

Hazelholt has rich old chalk grassland with cowslips in spring and devil's-bit scabious in September. In mid-summer, there are many butterflies, including adonis blue and chalkhill blue. At the head of the combe, there are more old grassland and great blackberry thickets. Since 1945, scrub has taken over much of this former open slope. The remaining grassland is only lightly grazed, allowing growth of bramble and thorn and a loss of its ancient down pasture character. :212

Freshcombe
Freshcombe is owned by the National Trust, but was leased away from their management. It is threatened by scrub expansion and insufficient grazing. Its slopes have very old gorse thickets; they are shown as well-established on the 1873 OS map, and may be centuries older than that.

This is the only site in the South Downs that contains the plant saw-wort, which looks like a slimmer version of knapweed, and still blooms profusely in a little glade amongst the gorse. It is a survivor from the days of the Downland heaths. It survives here because the soil must have a strong clay-with-flints influence. The glade where it blooms also contains flowers of betony, red clover, hawkbit, and St John's wort. :213

Old Erringham Farmstead
Old Erringham Farmstead has an old flint farmhouse with great chimneys and part-Horsham slab roofing, and ramshackle old flint barns. It has one of only two remaining medieval manorial chapels on the Brighton Downs (the other at Swanborough Manor), which now functions as a front garden shed for one of the modern farm workers cottages just to the south of the old farmhouse. It has a tiny ecclesiastical window on its south face.

The farm is designated as an ancient monument, incorporating the remains of a medieval settlement and an eleventh century ringwork. It was presumably built as a defence against the Vikings, though it's difficult to pick it out amongst the grassy plats now.

It is a mixed farm with corn crops, beef cattle, a bit of livery stabling, and hay meadows. The farm manages the sites of Old Erringham Combe and Anchor Bottom to preserve their natural value. Around the farmstead there is red star-thistle (a Brighton Downs speciality), musk thistle, spear thistle, welted thistle, creeping thistle, teasel, and viper's bugloss, all adding summer colour. :204

Old Erringham Combe and Shaw
Old Erringham Combe is an old-fashioned mosaic of habitats, making it a great refuge for Downland wildlife. The south-facing bank is the hottest place, but below it there are willows and a tiny tongue of wet grassland where lesser marsh grasshopper, autumn lady's-tresses orchid, bastard toadflax, rockrose, betony, wild thyme, and other herbs grow. :205

Summer butterflies in the area include wall brown and clouded yellow, and day-flying moths like yellow belle, dusky sallow, common carpet, and grass moths enjoy the drying grassland. The rare Carthusian snail (Monacha cartusiana) still exists in this combe, possibly due to centuries of cattle grazing. :205

Old Erringham Shaw is a tangled wood of sycamore, ash, elm, and thorn. It's more open at the northern end facing the combe, where the remains of four big old broken beeches and lots of may blossom make it a good place for insects. :205

Slonk Hill
Slonk Hill : there were at least two Bronze Age barrows and a little Iron Age settlement on the Hill. They were surrounded by a rectangular ditched enclosure and perhaps made into a 'temenos' or temple. Ritual deposits of animals and coins were buried at the site. :122 Evening shadows reveal dips and hummocks at the Hill's southern end, although they are probably due to the trench digging of the large army camp that came here during the First World War.

There are three places that were spared the damage of decades of agribusiness on the hill: an island of old Down pasture on the eastern slope, an old bostal track, which winds down the slope at its southern end, and a patch of hillside a few hundred yards north, surrounded by Iron Age field lynchets. More recently, the use of agrochemicals has stopped, and the hillside is again colourful with herbs. The intact areas have pyramidal orchid, spotted orchid, meadow oat-grass, crested hair-grass, and round-headed rampion. :206

Mossy Bottom
Mossy Bottom derives its name from 'Muster' Bottom, where the shepherd mustered his sheep. Mossy Bottom slope is statutory access land under the right to roam 'CROW' Act (2000), but public usage is heavily challenged by prohibitive notices and poor access provision. It has boney Iron Age lynchets across it made by the peasant farmers who lived in Thundersbarrow village. They used to be called "Thunder's Steps." There are big old anthills, and plants such as large thyme, dropwort, cowslip, basil, harebell, and round-headed rampion. :206

Transport
Brighton City Airport lies to the west of the main town and has been in private ownership since 2006. It is the UK's oldest licensed airport still in operation and has a 1936 Grade II*-listed Art Deco terminal building. The terminal has been a filming location for an episode of Agatha Christie's Poirot ("Lord Edgware Dies"), a Crimewatch-type reconstruction (2000, ITV Meridian), BBC Tenko series episode, scenes of The Da Vinci Code, and the film Woman in Gold.

The town is served by Shoreham-by-Sea railway station, located on the West Coastway Line.

Local bus services are provided by the Brighton & Hove bus company, Stagecoach South, and a local town route is operated by Compass Travel.

Shoreham Tollbridge crosses the River Adur in the west of the town. This bridge is a Grade II* listed building and was the last Sussex toll bridge in use. The bridge was part of the A27 road until it was closed to traffic in 1968. The structure is now too weak to carry vehicles and underwent extensive restoration, then was ceremonially re-opened for pedestrians on 23 October 2008, by Prince Andrew, Duke of York. Adur Ferry Bridge in the south of the town (replacing the old Shoreham footbridge) crosses the River Adur to Shoreham Beach. It was opened to the public by the Duke of Gloucester on 13 November 2013.

Local media
Local news and television programmes is provided by BBC South East and ITV Meridian. Television signals are received from the Whitehawk Hill TV transmitter. The town’s local radio stations are BBC Radio Sussex on 95.3 FM, Heart South on 103.5 FM, More Radio Worthing on 107.7 FM and Seaside Hospital Radio that broadcast from the Southlands Hospital in Shoreham. Local newspapers are the Shoreham Herald, West Sussex Gazette and The Argus.

Sport and leisure
Shoreham-by-Sea has a non-League football club, Shoreham FC, who play at Middle Road stadium with a 2,000-seat capacity, and a rugby union club, Shoreham RFC, who play at Buckingham Park.

Southdown Golf Club was founded in 1902, but ceased to operate in the 1940s.

The town centre hosts monthly farmers' and artisans' markets in East Street on the second and fourth Saturday of the month, respectively, together with the annual 'Light up Shoreham' Christmas market and event.

Airshow crash
Most years, in late summer, Shoreham Airport hosts the Royal Air Forces Association (RAFA) Shoreham Airshow. On 22 August 2015, a Hawker Hunter jet fighter taking part in the airshow crashed onto the busy A27 road just outside the airport, killing eleven people and injuring several others.

Notable people

 * Writer Brian Behan lived on a boat moored in the town in the late 1960s.
 * Playwright Charles Bennett was born in Shoreham-by-sea in 1899.
 * Mark Benson, former England cricketer and now a cricket umpire, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1958.
 * Havergal Brian, English composer, moved from London to Shoreham-by-Sea in 1958. He wrote twenty symphonies there over the next ten years.
 * Paul Chaloner, shoutcaster in the Esports community, was born in Shoreham in 1971.
 * Raymond O. Faulkner, philologist and compiler of the standard hieroglyphic dictionary, was born in Shoreham in 1894.
 * Vanessa Howard, a horror and exploitation film actress, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1948.
 * Mel Hopkins, a former footballer with Tottenham Hotspur, Brighton and Hove Albion and Wales retired to Shoreham Beach.
 * Artist Alison Lapper lives in Shoreham.
 * Bert Longstaff, professional footballer who played for Shoreham F.C. and made over 400 appearances for Brighton & Hove Albion.
 * Broadcaster Mike Mendoza lives on Shoreham Beach.
 * Comedian Max Miller, lived in Kingston Lane for a period of time as indicated by a plaque on the building called Ashcroft.
 * Fiona Mont, who was dubbed "Britain's most wanted woman" in 2000. It was claimed she was smuggled out of the country in a light aircraft from Shoreham Airport in 1999.
 * Kjetil Mørland of the band Absent Elk lives in Shoreham-by-Sea.
 * Actor Luke Newton was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1993.
 * Prof Hugh Nicol, bacteriologist and agricultural chemist.
 * Cecil Pashley, aviation pioneer.
 * Phyllis Pearsall, painter, writer, and creator of the Geographers' A–Z Street Atlas of London, lived on Shoreham Beach before her death in 1996.
 * Harry Ricardo founded Ricardo Consulting Engineers in Shoreham-by-Sea, where it still has its main offices.
 * Captain Henry Roberts (1725–1796) was a native of Shoreham, where he raised his six children. He sailed with Captain James Cook on the second and third voyages and acted as cartographer.
 * David Ryall, actor, was born in the town in 1935.
 * Leo Sayer, British singer and recording artist, was born in 1948 in Shoreham-by-Sea.
 * Hubert Scott-Paine, aircraft and boat designer, was born in 1890 in Shoreham and had a yacht in Stowe's Yard, before moving to Southampton.
 * Gemma Spofforth, Olympic swimmer, was born in Shoreham.
 * Michael Standing, a professional footballer, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1981.
 * Marcus Tudgay, footballer, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea.
 * Darren Tulett, football presenter on French television.
 * Judy Upton, playwright, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1966 and has written several plays associated with Brighton.
 * Nicholas van Hoogstraten, notorious British property tycoon, was born in Shoreham-by-Sea in 1946 and was educated at a local Jesuit school.
 * Ted Walker, writer, was married in Shoreham. Many works describe the Shoreham coastline and Adur estuary.
 * Amon Henry Wilds, English architect, moved to Old Shoreham in 1857.
 * Nathaniel Woodard, the founder of Lancing College and the Woodard Schools, became the curate-in-charge of St. Mary's, New Shoreham in 1846. His experience there inspired him to create schools to improve the level of middle-class education. He also greatly developed the use of choral music in the Church.

Twin towns
Shoreham (along with the other urban districts of Adur) is twinned with:
 * 🇵🇱 Żywiec, Poland
 * 🇫🇷 Riom, France

title: Shoreham-by-Sea


text:
User:Michael Hardy

Barnstars
Thank you! Michael Hardy 19:24, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Michael Hardy 22:49, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Thank you. Michael Hardy 06:08, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

Thank you. Michael Hardy 18:06, 2 September 2007 (UTC)

The nature of libel in Wikipedia articles

 * The nature of libel in Wikipedia articles

Style tip

 * "In ABCology, an X is a blah blah blah."

is superior to

 * "X is a term used by ABCologists to describe a blah blah blah."

Here's another example (fictitious---a composite of several actual instances).

Keep links simple when possible
Writing hyphenated, logical, cats, evolutionary, rabbinical, Egyptian, dogmatic, apocryphal, fur trader, antagonistic, algebraic, legendary etc., makes the whole word, not just the part in the brackets, appear as a clickable link, which links to the article whose title is in the brackets. The more complicated form can be used for things like philosophies.

Also, one does not need underscores as in prime_number_theorem or prime number theorem.

a technical problem with templates
templates within templates

a useful TeXnicality

 * $$ Y \ \stackrel{\mathrm{def}}{=}\ 1(y^* >0). $$

useful links

 * Graphic Lab/Images to improve
 * http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Displaying_a_formula
 * Categories, lists, and series boxes
 * List of mathematics categories
 * How many people are watching a page?
 * Donating_copyrighted_materials

Wikipedia Mathematics Project

 * WikiProject Mathematics • Talk
 * WikiProject Mathematics/Typography • talk
 * WikiProject Mathematics/Current activity
 * WikiProject Mathematics/Nav
 * Pages needing attention/Mathematics/Lists
 * WikiProject Mathematics/Graphics, Requested pictures
 * WikiProject Mathematics/Article alerts
 * User talk:Nageh/mathJax
 * http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/Reduce_math_rendering_preferences
 * User:Mathbot/Changes to mathlists
 * Category:Mathematics articles needing expert attention
 * WikiProject_Mathematics/Article_alerts/Archive
 * User:AlexNewArtBot/MathSearchResult
 * WikiProject Deletion sorting/Mathematics
 * The most colossal instance of sheer missing of the point, done with truly breathtaking unawareness of what one is doing, among all Wikipedia edits, may be this.

Statistics Project

 * WikiProject Statistics • Talk

Lists are better than categories
User:Michael Hardy/Lists are better than categories

How many times was a particular Wikipedia article viewed in a particular month?
Find out from this site. <--- This one hasn't been working lately, except for dates before January 20, 2016.

 * or this one: this one: https://analytics.wmflabs.org/demo/pageview-api. <--- Also no longer works

Shortest path from one article to another

 * http://www.netsoc.tcd.ie/~mu/wiki

On topics not within my professional qualifications
John Gillespie Magee, Junior, self-evidence, tidal resonance, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, list of religious topics (Many others have contributed to that one.) list of optical topics, iridescence, sylvanshine, Foundation for the Advancement of Art, Elisha Otis, Roman Republic (19th century), effect of sun angle on climate, Marlon Knauer, Shyamala Rajender v. University of Minnesota, Karlis Kaufmanis, Admission to the Union, Line house, History of slavery in Vermont, History of slavery in Minnesota, Collins–Valentine line, Vermont v. New Hampshire, Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas, Oscillating gene, International Boundary Commission, Resignation from the United States Senate, National Master Freight Agreement, Prince of Darkness

On probability, statistics, probabilists, and statisticians
list of statistical topics, Gauss–Markov theorem, Completeness (statistics), Sufficiency (statistics), logit, Kolmogorov's zero-one law, martingale, margin of error, zeta distribution, Zipf's law, confidence interval, Bruno de Finetti, Maxwell's theorem, law of total probability, law of total expectation, law of total variance, Galton–Watson process, coherence (philosophical gambling strategy), cumulant, canonical correlation, Wishart distribution, Rao–Blackwell theorem, Student's t-distribution, Wiener process, errors and residuals in statistics, Seymour Geisser, prediction interval, rankit, continuity correction, Studentized residual, Studentized range, Cramér–Rao inequality

Francis Ysidro Edgeworth (a stub; if it's a long article when you read this, then someone else has contributed),

ancillary statistic, empirical Bayes method, Herbert Robbins, memorylessness, factorial moment, rule of succession, conditional independence, pairwise independence, prior probability distribution, infinite divisibility, a term used in physics, probability theory, and several other disciplines, Schrödinger method, Vandermonde's identity, an inequality on location and scale parameters, compound Poisson distribution,

In estimation of covariance matrices, I describe what seems to me to be a surprisingly subtle and elegant application of linear algebra. I have no idea who originated it; I seem to recall that it is in Morris Eaton's book on multivariate statistics, and I suppose it is in lots of others. In that argument you find out why it is sometimes better to view a scalar as the trace of a 1×1 matrix than as a mere scalar and then to apply certain matrix decompositions to it.

Lévy process, Wigner semicircle distribution, multinomial distribution, Ewens's sampling formula, imputation (statistics), law of total cumulance, copula (statistics) (incorporating some material from Sklar's theorem, which was created by User:Oo64eva and is now a redirect page), normally distributed and uncorrelated does not imply independent, list of stochastic processes topics, method of moments (statistics), method of moments (probability theory)

Eduard Helly, David Blackwell (both stub articles; if they're more than stubs when you see them, then more recent edits have been done)

le Cam's theorem, McCullagh's parametrization of the Cauchy distributions, Lilliefors test, empirical distribution function--still a stub article at this time, Poisson regression, Shapiro–Wilk test, location-scale family, Behrens–Fisher problem (now still a stub), Hausdorff moment problem, Hamburger moment problem, Stieltjes moment problem, Chinese restaurant process, indecomposable distribution, Wick product, Robbins lemma, Fisher's inequality, Chernoff's distribution (a stub, but it clearly gives the definition), Lack-of-fit sum of squares, Bhatia–Davis inequality, Samuelson's inequality, Popoviciu's inequality on variances, Raikov's theorem, An Essay towards solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances, Lester Dubins, Behrens–Fisher distribution, Minimum chi-square estimation, Poisson point process, Canonical link (a disambiguation page), Markov chain central limit theorem,

On other mathematical topics
inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, incidence algebra, Euler characteristic, stereographic projection, common logarithm, Dirichlet kernel,

exponential growth (a concept that "laymen" take to mean very fast growth, but which has a technical definition that need not imply great rapidity)

empty product This explains why, when you multiply no numbers at all, you get 1, and why 00 is almost always 1, and should be taken to be 1 for the purposes of set theory, combinatorics, probability, and power series.

binomial type, Sheffer sequence, umbral calculus, Bell numbers, Hermite polynomials, Chebyshev polynomials, Bernoulli polynomials, Gian-Carlo Rota

Archimedes Palimpsest This one mentions ancient history, mathematics, physics, engineering, an art museum, a federal lawsuit, and a very old hierarchical religious organization, in a very short space, without undue cramming;

How Archimedes used infinitesimals, Archimedean property, Eric Temple Bell, Arthur Cayley, Riemann–Stieltjes integral, bounded variation, Ferdinand von Lindemann, Charles Hermite,

orthogonal polynomials (Do not move that article to "orthogonal polynomial" under a delusion that that would conform to the convention of titling an article "dog" rather than "dogs". That would be absurd.  There is no such thing as an orthogonal polynomial; there is such a thing as orthogonal polynomials.),

pointwise convergence, Bernstein polynomial, George Boolos, Cantor's theorem, Löwenheim–Skolem theorem, second-order logic (much expanded by others since I started it)

Cantor's first uncountability proof. This proof shows that the set of all real numbers is uncountable, but this proof is not a diagonal argument! This article has since been sweepingly revised by user:RJGray, who added material on a dispute over whether the proof is constructive and material derived from letters between Cantor and colleagues.

inclusion-exclusion principle, linearly ordered group, Boolean prime ideal theorem, uniform norm, Galton–Watson process, coherence (philosophical gambling strategy), dominated convergence theorem, Robertson–Seymour theorem, double integral (not the same as an "iterated integral"; see the article), Fubini's theorem, mathematical logic, Girard Desargues, Desargues' theorem, parallelogram law, Hamel basis, König's theorem, Schur complement (that article needs more work), combinatorial species (I left this one a stubby article that was barely a definition and two or three more-or-less obvious examples; AlexG has since added an account of operations on combinatorial species and lots of essential facts), A simple proof that 22/7 exceeds pi, Putnam Competition, Stone's representation theorem for Boolean algebras, Separation of variables, moment (a disambiguation page), list of mathematical examples (still in its infancy) Möbius transform, cross-ratio, Morera's theorem, Mahler's theorem, Cauchy principal value, Pincherle derivative

Radius of convergence -- This article includes an example of the fact that complex numbers are sometimes simpler than real numbers; they allow us to quickly find the radius of convergence of a power series in which the coefficients are Bernoulli numbers. (As you see from the previous sentence, I firmly believe in splitting infinitives on occasion.) Faà di Bruno's formula,

I moved the anonymously written "absolutely continuous" page to absolute continuity and rewrote it from scratch, including both absolute continuity of real functions, and absolute continuity of measures and the Radon–Nykodym theorem.

An infinitely differentiable function that is not analytic -- Although this is merely the usual example, I explained (albeit tersely, so far) its relevance to Schwartz's theory of generalized functions: One can construct test functions (i.e., infinitely differentiable functions with bounded support) with prescribed behavior on an interval. The existence of such functions must be known before we can confidently say that Schwartz's whole theory is not vacuous.

Moreau's necklace-counting function, cyclotomic identity, proof that holomorphic functions are analytic, branch point, Bell polynomials, Pedoe's inequality, Hadwiger's theorem (a stub; if it's a long article when you read this, then someone else has contributed), defect (geometry) (a fairly terse article so far....), Dandelin spheres, matrix exponential (others have added material to that one), noncrossing partition, uses of trigonometry, Bohr–Mollerup theorem, characterization (mathematics), list of Boolean algebra topics, germ (mathematics), Lissajous curve -- someone has since edited that one by adding illustrations, Cauchy product, Gibbs phenomenon -- a number of people have worked on this one, Schrödinger method, Vandermonde's identity, list of Fourier analysis topics, Muirhead's inequality, Stanley's reciprocity theorem, exponential formula, method of distinguished element, Stirling transform, osculating circle, list of circle topics, list of knot theory topics, Cantor's back-and-forth method, list of set theory topics, rencontres numbers, Bernstein's theorem, multiplicities of entries in Pascal's triangle, Dobinski's formula, Brahmagupta–Fibonacci identity (originally titled Fibonacci's identity; that is now a disambiguation page), alternating permutation, spread polynomials, Faulhaber's formula, Appell sequence, caloric polynomial, Johan Frederik Steffensen---stubby so far..., Lester's theorem, Monge's theorem, polar sine, Hermite–Hadamard inequality, Steiner inellipse, Marden's theorem, (Lommel–Weber function After I created this, it was found that three articles on this topic existed under different titles, which then got merged, so this page now redirects to another.), Regiomontanus' angle maximization problem, Bloch's theorem (complex variables), List of topics named after Bernhard Riemann, Cavalieri's principle, Napkin ring problem (on a startling result in elementary geometry; the natural way to prove this is by Cavalieri's principle, but some authors perversely persist in relying only on other methods), Lune of Hippocrates, Mollweide's formula, Bonse's inequality, Landau's algorithm (a stub article that identifies the purpose and the creator of the algorithm but doesn't describe it; hopefully others, if not I, will expand it), List of topics named after Fibonacci, List of topics named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy, Harold Edwards (mathematician), nLab, Erdős–Kac theorem, Triangular array (currently stubby, but with a fairly good list of examples), List of topics named after Karl Weierstrass, Tangent half-angle substitution, Gerald J. Toomer — I created this one in somewhat stubby form after I noticed that dozens of Wikipedia articles mention this person; before creating it I put links to it into dozens of articles, Ptolemy's table of chords, Haynsworth inertia additivity formula, Patrick Billingsley, Integral of the secant function, Tikhonov's theorem (dynamical systems), Śleszyński–Pringsheim theorem, Tree of primitive Pythagorean triples, Hermite's cotangent identity, Kummer's theorem, Niven's theorem, Sendov's conjecture, List of things named after Charles Hermite, Loximuthal projection, Mean-periodic function, Tsit Yuen Lam (I translated the German article about him), Grace–Walsh–Szegő theorem, Cohn-Vossen's inequality, Cyclic sieving (I created this in stubby form, and others expanded it far beyond that). Maryna Viazovska (expanded by others since I created it), Dixon's elliptic functions, Orthopole, List of nonlinear partial differential equations, Glasser's master theorem, Lévy–Steinitz theorem, Convolution quotient, Reducing subspace, Bernoulli quadrisection problem

Puzzle
See if you can spot the difference between this:

 * $$a+b+c+d\,$$

 * $$+e+f+g+h\,$$

and this:

 * $$a+b+c+d\,$$

 * $${}+e+f+g+h\,$$

Without looking at the TeX code, and guess how and—perhaps more subtly—why the difference was achieved.

 * That's subtle! Here is a cruder way of achieving the same effect:
 * $$+\,e+f+g+h\,$$
 * --RockMagnetist (talk) 04:53, 29 September 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually this latter version by RockMagnetist is incorrect. The correct version, however, doesn't seem to work with our maths module, so I must show it in the commented spoiler below.

 * Yea, I got the visual difference quickly but am uncertain what RockMagnetist is perceiving. I was going to put my observation up here and then realized when I saw the spoiler notes, that it would in fact be a spoiler. For those of us non-mathematicians, we certainly take some things for granted... Regards, Steve... Stevenmitchell (talk) 05:24, 8 March 2011 (UTC)

 * – b_jonas 12:23, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Actually I think the version using the curly brackets is better and more logical. However I normally put the dangling sign at the end of the first line and indent the second. Dmcq (talk) 17:37, 10 November 2011 (UTC)

My answer to the question above is this: When "+" is a binary operator, there is a space on each side of it, thus: 3 + 5. But when it is a unary operator, there isn't, thus: +5. In TeX, when you write +5 at the beginning of a line, the software construes it as unary since nothing comes before it (on the same line). But if you want it to be read as binary, you write {} +5, and then there's something (albeit invisible) before it, so it gets rendered as + 5. Michael Hardy (talk) 19:49, 12 May 2012 (UTC)

http://www.mathpages.com User:Michael Hardy/-ery User:Michael Hardy/certain stereotypes User:Michael Hardy/Gauss link invariant User:Michael Hardy/scratchwork User:Michael Hardy/Matrix spectral decompositions in statistics User:Michael Hardy/show-or-hide User:Michael Hardy/transfer principle User:Michael Hardy/slope t-test User:Michael Hardy/Ernst Snapper User:Michael Hardy/Petry on Euler's zeta function User:Michael Hardy/Tukey User talk:Michael Hardy/A remark on epistemic probabilities Techblog User:RJGray/Sandbox User:Michael Hardy/COI and SPAM templates User:Michael Hardy/Newton Titchmarsh convolution theorem User:Michael Hardy/Euler's derivation of the sine series User:Michael Hardy/The earth rotates User:Michael Hardy/an integral User:Michael Hardy/Hadley User:Michael Hardy/Everest (mathematical competition) (written primarily by User:Luka.W.B.) User:Michael Hardy/any User:Michael Hardy/-ling User:Michael Hardy/Greek.chord.table User:Michael Hardy/Archaic Greek letters User:Michael Hardy/Abelian User:Michael Hardy/named after Bayes User:Michael Hardy/German prepositions User:Michael Hardy/proof of André's theorem User:Michael Hardy/chocolate.Nobel User:Michael Hardy/Ford Award User:Michael Hardy/Farnham User:Michael Hardy/Cyclic function User:Michael Hardy/Vermont full faith and credit User:Michael Hardy/Envelope model List of things named after Andrey Markov User:Michael Hardy/executive authority User:Michael Hardy/tangent half-angle derivation

de:Benutzer:Michael Hardy eo:Vikipediisto:Miĉjo

title: User:Michael Hardy


text:
Robert Don Oliver

Vice Admiral Robert Don Oliver CB CBE DSC DL (17 March 1895 – 6 October 1980) was a Royal Navy officer who was appointed Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff.

Naval career
Oliver served in World War I taking part in the Battle of the Falkland Islands in 1914, fighting at Gallipoli in 1915 and then undertaking mine-laying off the German and Belgian coast. Promoted to captain, he was given command of HMS Iron Duke in 1939.

He also served in World War II and was commanding HMS Devonshire, a heavy cruiser, on 21 November 1941 when he was informed that codebreakers had determined that German U-boats were going to be surfacing near him, to refuel from a merchant raider, the Hilfskreuzer (cruiser) Atlantis. Using the intelligence, Devonshire sunk Atlantis. He later commanded the gunnery school HMS Excellent and then the cruiser HMS Swiftsure (08).

After the War he was appointed Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Weapons) and then Deputy Chief of the Naval Staff in 1946. His last appointment, in 1947, was as Flag Officer commanding the 5th Cruiser Squadron, before he retired on 26 September 1948 and was promoted to vice-admiral on the same day.

In retirement he became Deputy Lieutenant of Roxburghshire.

Family
In 1928 he married Torfrida Lois Acantha Huddart; there were no children. Following the death of his first wife, he married Mrs M.J. Glendinning van der Velde in 1965.

title: Robert Don Oliver


text:
German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis

The German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis (HSK 2), known to the Kriegsmarine as Schiff 16 and to the Royal Navy as Raider-C, was a converted German Hilfskreuzer (auxiliary cruiser), or merchant or commerce raider of the Kriegsmarine, which, in World War II, travelled more than 161000 km in 602 days, and sank or captured 22 ships with a combined tonnage of 144,384. Atlantis was commanded by Kapitän zur See Bernhard Rogge, who received the Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. She was sunk on 22 November 1941 by the British cruiser HMS Devonshire (39).

Commerce raiders do not seek to engage warships, but rather attack enemy merchant shipping; the measures of success are tonnage destroyed (or captured) and time spent at large. Atlantis was second only to GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISER Pinguin in tonnage destroyed, and had the longest raiding career of any German commerce raider in either world war. She captured highly secret documents from SS Automedon. A version of the story of Atlantis is told in the film Under Ten Flags with Van Heflin appearing as Captain Rogge.

Early history
Built by Bremer Vulkan in 1937, she began her career as the cargo ship Goldenfels, owned and operated by DDG Hansa, Bremen. Goldenfels was powered by two Six-cylinder Single Cycle Double Action diesel engines, built by Bremer Vulkan. She was allocated the Code Letters DOTP. In late 1939 she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine and converted into a warship by DeSchiMAG, Bremen. In December 1939, she was commissioned as the commerce raider Atlantis.

Design
Atlantis was 155 m long and displaced 17600 t. She had a single funnel amidships. She had a crew of 349 (21 officers and 328 enlisted sailors) and a Scottish terrier, Ferry, as mascot. The cruiser carried a dummy funnel and variable-height masts, and was well supplied with paint, canvas, and materials for further altering her appearance, including costumes for the crew and flags. Atlantis was capable of being modified to twenty-six different silhouettes.

Weapons and aircraft
The ship was equipped with six 150 mm guns, one 75 mm gun on the bow, two twin-37 mm anti-aircraft guns and four 20 mm automatic cannons; all of these were hidden, mostly behind pivotable false deck or side structures. A phony crane and deckhouse on the aft section hid two of the 150 mm guns; the other four guns were concealed via flaps in the side that were raised when action was imminent. Atlantis also had four waterline torpedo tubes, and a 92-mine compartment. This gave her the fire power, and more importantly the fire control, of a light cruiser. The ship also carried two Heinkel He-114C seaplanes in one of its holds, one of these was fully assembled and the other one was packed away in crates. The Heinkel was later replaced at sea with the smaller Arado Ar 196.

Engines
Atlantis had two 6-cylinder diesel engines, which powered a single propeller. Top speed was 17.5 kn and a range of 60000 mi at 10 kn. Diesel engines allowed her to drift when convenient to conserve fuel, and unlike steam machinery, instantly restart her powerplant.

Journey to the South Atlantic
In 1939, she became the command of Kapitän Bernhard Rogge. Commissioned in mid-December, she was the first of nine or ten merchant ships armed by Nazi Germany for the purposes of seeking out and engaging enemy cargo vessels. Atlantis was delayed by ice until 31 March 1940, when the former battleship SMS Hessen was sent to act as an icebreaker, clearing the way for Atlantis, Orion, and Widder.. Weather information was supplied to Atlantis by the weather ships GERMAN WEATHER SHIP WBS 3 Fritz Homann, GERMAN WEATHER SHIP WBS 4 Hinrich Freese and GERMAN WEATHER SHIP WBS 5 Adolf Vinnen.

Atlantis headed past the North Sea minefields, between Norway and Britain, across the Arctic Circle, between Iceland and Greenland, and headed south. By this time, Atlantis was pretending to be a Soviet vessel named Kim by flying the Soviet naval ensign, displaying a hammer and sickle on the bridge, and having Russian and English warnings on the stern, "Keep clear of propellers". The Soviet Union was neutral at the time.

After crossing the equator, on 24–25 April, she took the guise of the Japanese vessel Kasii Maru. The ship now displayed a large K upon a red-topped funnel, identification of the K Line transportation company. She also had rising sun symbols on the gun flaps and Japanese characters (copied from a magazine) on the aft hull.

City of Exeter
On 2 May, she met the British passenger liner SS City of Exeter. Rogge, unwilling to cause non-combatant casualties, declined to attack. Once the ships had parted, Exeter's Master radioed his suspicions about the "Japanese" ship to the Royal Navy.

Scientist
On 3 May, Atlantis met a British cargo ship, Scientist, which was carrying ore and jute. The Germans raised their battle ensign and displayed signal pennants stating, "Stop or I fire! Don't use your radio!" The 75 mm gun fired a warning shot. The British immediately began transmitting their alarm signal, "QQQQ...QQQQ...Unidentified merchantman has ordered me to stop", and the Germans began transmitting so as to jam the signals.

Scientist turned to flee, but on the second salvo from Atlantis flames exploded from the ship, followed by a cloud of dust and then white steam from the boilers. A British sailor was killed and the remaining 77 were taken as prisoners of war. After failing to sink the ship with demolition charges, Atlantis used guns and a torpedo to finish off Scientist.

Cape Agulhas
Continuing to sail south, Atlantis passed the Cape of Good Hope, reaching Cape Agulhas on 10 May. Here she set up a minefield with 92 horned contact naval mines, in a way which suggested that a U-boat had laid them. The minefield was successful, but the deception was foiled and the ship's presence revealed by a German propaganda broadcast boasting that "a minefield, sown by a German raider" had sunk no fewer than eight merchant ships, three more were overdue, three minesweepers were involved, and the Royal Navy was not capable of finding "a solitary raider" operating in "its own back yard". Furthermore, a British signal was sent from Ceylon on 20 May and intercepted by Germany, based on the report from City of Exeter, warning shipping of a German raider disguised as a Japanese ship.

Atlantis headed into the Indian Ocean disguised as the Dutch vessel MV Abbekerk. She received a broadcast—which happened to be incorrect—reporting that Abbekerk had been sunk, but retained that identity rather than repainting, as there were several similar Dutch vessels.

Tirranna, City of Bagdad, and the Kemmendine
On 10 June 1940, Atlantis stopped the Norwegian motor ship Tirranna with 30 salvos of fire after a three-hour chase. Five members of Tirranna's crew were killed and others wounded. Filled with supplies for Australian troops in the Middle East, Tirranna was captured and sent to France.

On 11 July, the liner City of Bagdad was fired upon at a range of 1.2 km. A boarding party discovered a copy of Broadcasting for Allied Merchant Ships, which contained communications codes. City of Baghdad, like Atlantis, was a former DDG Hansa ship, having been passed to the British after World War I as reparations. A copy of the report sent by City of Exeter was found, describing Atlantis in minute detail and including a photograph of the similar Freienfels, confirming that the "Japanese" identity had not been believed. Rogge had his ship's profile altered, adding two new masts.

At 10:09 on 13 July, Atlantis encountered another Freighter, Kemmendine, which was heading for Burma. The crew on the Kemmendine opened fire on Atlantis with a 3-inch gun mounted on Kemmendine's stern. Atlantis returned fire, and Kemmendine was quickly ablaze. All the crew were taken off Kemmendine, and Kemmendine was then sunk.

Talleyrand and King City
In August, Atlantis sank Talleyrand, the sister ship of Tirranna. Then she encountered King City, carrying coal, which was mistaken for a British Q-Ship due to its erratic maneuvering caused by mechanical difficulties. Three shells from Atlantis destroyed King City's bridge, killing four merchant cadets and a cabin boy. Another wounded sailor later died on the operating table aboard Atlantis.

Athelking, Benarty, Commissaire Ramel, Durmitor, Teddy, and Ole Jacob
In September, Atlantis sank Athelking, Benarty, and SS Commissaire Ramel. All of these were sunk only after supplies, documents, and POWs were taken. In October, the Germans took the Yugoslavian steamboat Durmitor, loaded with a cargo of salt. Yugoslavia was neutral at the time, but Captain Rogge was desperate for an opportunity for Atlantis to get rid of the POWs that had accumulated on board, so the ship was captured because it had been carrying coal from Cardiff to Oran before its current voyage. Captured documents and 260 POWs were transferred to Durmitor, which, with a prize crew of 14 Germans commanded by Lt. Dehnel, was dispatched to Italian-controlled Mogadishu. Lacking sufficient fuel, the Durmitor resorted to sails and, after a "hellish" voyage, made landfall in Warsheikh, north of Mogadishu, on 22 November, five weeks after departure.

In the second week of November, two Norwegian tankers: Teddy and Ole Jacob were seized by Atlantis. On both occasions, Atlantis presented itself as HMS Antenor.

Automedon and her secret cargo
At about 07:00 on 11 November 1940, Atlantis encountered the Blue Funnel Line cargo ship Automedon about 250 mi northwest of Sumatra. At 08:20, Atlantis fired a warning shot across Automedon's bow, and her radio officer at once began transmitting a distress call of "RRRR – Automedon – 0416N" ("RRRR" meant "under attack by armed raider" ).

At a range of around 2000 yd, Atlantis shelled Automedon, ceasing fire after three minutes in which she had destroyed her bridge, accommodation, and lifeboats. Six crew members were killed and twelve injured.

The Germans boarded the stricken ship and broke into the strong room, where they found fifteen bags of Top Secret mail for the British Far East Command, including a large quantity of decoding tables, fleet orders, gunnery instructions, and naval intelligence reports. After wasting an hour breaking open the ship's safe only to discover "a few shillings in cash", a search of the Automedon's chart room found a small weighted green bag marked "Highly Confidential" containing the Chief of Staff's report to the Commander in Chief Far East, Robert Brooke Popham. The bag was supposed to be thrown overboard if there was risk of loss, but the personnel responsible for this had been killed or incapacitated. The report contained the latest assessment of the Japanese Empire's military strength in the Far East, along with details of Royal Air Force units, naval strength, and notes on Singapore's defences. It painted a gloomy picture of British land and naval capabilities in the Far East, and declared that Britain was too weak to risk war with Japan.

Automedon was sunk at 15:07. Rogge soon realised the importance of the intelligence material he had captured and quickly transferred the documents to the recently acquired prize vessel Ole Jacob, ordering Lieutenant Commander Paul Kamenz and six of his crew to take charge of the vessel. After an uneventful voyage they arrived in Kobe, Japan, on 4 December 1940.

The mail reached the German Embassy in Tokyo on 5 December. The German Naval attaché Paul Wenneker had the summary of the British plan wired to Berlin, while the original was hand-carried by Kamenz to Berlin via the Trans-Siberian railway. A copy was given to the Japanese, to whom it provided valuable intelligence prior to their commencing hostilities against the Western Powers. Rogge was rewarded for this with an ornate katana; the only other Germans so honoured were Hermann Göring and Field Marshal Erwin Rommel.

After reading the captured Chief of Staff report, on 7 January 1941 Japanese Admiral Yamamoto wrote to the Naval Minister asking whether, if Japan knocked out America, the remaining British and Dutch forces would be suitably weakened for the Japanese to deliver a death blow; the Automedon intelligence on the weakness of the British Empire is thus credibly linked with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the attack leading to the fall of Singapore.

At Kerguelen and Africa
In the Christmas period Atlantis was at Kerguelen Island in the Indian Ocean, where she was replenished by the MV Alstertor. There the crewmen did maintenance and replenished their water supplies. The ship's complement suffered its first fatality when a sailor, named Bernhard Herrmann, fell while painting the funnel. He was buried in what is sometimes referred to as "the southernmost of all German war graves".

In late January 1941, off the eastern coast of Africa, Atlantis sank the British ship Mandasor and captured Speybank. Then, on 2 February, the Norwegian tanker Ketty Brøvig was relieved of her fuel. The fuel was used not only for the German raider, but also to refuel the German cruiser Admiral Scheer and, on 29 March the Italian submarine Perla. Perla was making its way from the port of Massawa in Italian East Africa, around the Cape of Good Hope, to Bordeaux in France. Rogge wrote in his memoirs that, after seeing the small coastal submarine and its emaciated crew, he told the commander, Lt. Bruno Napp, his perplexity about his mission and suggested him to reach either Brazil or Argentina to be interned; by his account, Napp politely rejected the advice, telling that he would do his utmost to obey his orders, much to Rogge's admiration.

Zamzam
By April, Atlantis had returned to the Atlantic where, on April 17, Rogge mistook the Egyptian liner SS Zamzam for a British liner being used as a troop ship or Q-ship. She was in fact the former Bibby Liner Leicestershire. Atlantis opened fire at a range of 8.4 km. The second salvo hit and the wireless room was destroyed. 202 passengers and about 140 crew were captured. The passengers included missionaries, ambulance drivers, Fortune magazine editor Charles J.V. Murphy, and Life magazine photographer David E. Scherman. The Germans let Scherman take photographs. They seized most of his films when the prisoners returned to Europe aboard the German blockade runner MV Dresden (1937), but he smuggled four rolls back to New York. The photos later helped the Royal Navy to identify and destroy Atlantis. Murphy's account of the incident and Scherman's photos appeared in the 23 June 1941 issue of Life.

Post-Bismarck
After the GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck was sunk, the North Atlantic swarmed with British warships. As a result, Rogge decided to abandon the original plan to go back to Germany and instead returned to the Pacific. En route, Atlantis encountered and sank the British ships Rabaul, Trafalgar, Tottenham, and Balzac. On 10 September 1941, east of New Zealand, Atlantis captured the Norwegian motor vessel Silvaplana.

Atlantis then patrolled the South Pacific, initially in French Polynesia between the Tubuai Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago. Without the knowledge of French authorities, the Germans landed on Vanavana Island and traded with the inhabitants. They then hunted Allied shipping in the area between Pitcairn and uninhabited Henderson islands, making a landing on Henderson Island. The seaplane from Atlantis made several fruitless reconnaissance flights. Atlantis headed back to the Atlantic on 19 October, and rounded Cape Horn ten days later.

U-68, U-126, and HMS Devonshire
On 18 October 1941 Rogge was ordered to rendezvous with the submarine GS U-68 (1940) 800 km south of St. Helena and refuel her, then to refuel GS U-126 (1940) at a location north of Ascension Island. Atlantis rendezvoused with U-68 on 13 November, and on 21 or 22 November with U-126. The OKM (German Naval High Command) signal instruction sent to U-126 ordering this rendezvous was intercepted and deciphered by the Allied Enigma code breakers at Bletchley Park and was passed on to the Admiralty, which in turn despatched the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire (39) to the rendezvous area.

Sinking
Atlantis met with U-126 in the early morning on 22 November 1941, and started immediately with refueling and resupplying the U-boat. The captain of U-126, Kapitänleutnant Ernst Bauer, one more of its four officers and six more crewman came aboard Atlantis. Usually Atlantis would fly off her Arado seaplane to cover the operation, but the seaplane was not operational on this day. They were detected by the scouting Walrus seaplane of Devonshire, and the British cruiser surprised the Germans at 08:15. U-126 dived at once without the missing crewmembers and was not able to mount an attack. The Devonshire manoeuvred at high speed in order to avoid possible attacks by the sighted U-boat and kept outside the range of the 150 mm guns of Atlantis, which she could outrange with her larger 8 in battery. At 08.37 the British cruiser fired two warning salvoes and in response Atlantis transmitted a raider report posing as the Dutch ship Polyphemus. By 09:34, Devonshire had received confirmation this report was false. She fired 30 salvoes and started scoring hits with her third salvo. At 09:58 the fore magazine exploded and at 10:16 the order was given to scuttle the ship. Seven sailors were killed and two more died of their wounds later. After Devonshire left the area, U-126 resurfaced and picked up 300 German sailors and a wounded American prisoner. U-126 carried or towed rafts towards the still-neutral Brazil (1500 km west). Two days later the German refuelling ship Python arrived and took the survivors aboard.

On 1 December, while Python was replenishing U-126 and GS UA (1939), another of the British cruisers seeking the raiders, HMS Dorsetshire (40), appeared. U-126 was in the process of taking on torpedoes and was not operational. The boat could dive but not attack. UA launched five torpedoes but missed the British cruiser. The Dorsetshire fired two warning shots and Python's crew scuttled her. Dorsetshire departed, leaving the U-boats to recover the survivors. Each submarine took about 100 survivors aboard, half of them below decks and the other half on deck. 200 survivors were put in ten lifeboats which were towed by the submarines. The two other German submarines GS U-124 (1940) and GS U-129 (1941) which were also operating in the South-Atlantic were ordered to assist the rescue operation. U-129 arrived on 3 December and U-124 arrived two days later. These two U-boats took the people from the lifeboats on board. Then the Germans turned to the Italians for assistance since they also operated submarines in the Atlantic. Between 14 and 18 December in the Cap Verde region the four big Italian submarines ITALIAN SUBMARINE Enrico Tazzoli, ITALIAN SUBMARINE Pietro Calvi, ITALIAN SUBMARINE Giuseppe Finzi and ITALIAN SUBMARINE Luigi Torelli took 260 Germans aboard so that all survivors had a place below decks and the U-boats were able to dive again. All eight submarines managed to return safely to St Nazaire, the last one arriving on 29 December.

title: German auxiliary cruiser Atlantis


text:
The Dave Clark Five

The Dave Clark Five, also known as the DC5, were an English rock and roll band formed in 1958 in Tottenham, London. Drummer Dave Clark served as the group's leader, producer and co-songwriter. In January 1964, they had their first UK top-ten single, "Glad All Over", which knocked the Beatles' "I Want to Hold Your Hand" off the top of the UK Singles Chart. It peaked at No. 6 in the United States in April 1964. Although this was their only UK No. 1, they topped the US chart in December 1965, with their cover of Bobby Day's "Over and Over". Their other UK top-ten hits include "Bits and Pieces", "Can't You See That She's Mine", "Catch Us If You Can", "Everybody Knows", "The Red Balloon", "Good Old Rock 'n' Roll", and a version of Chet Powers' "Get Together" (retitled as "Everybody Get Together").

They were the second group of the British Invasion to appear on The Ed Sullivan Show in the United States (for two weeks in March 1964 following the Beatles' three weeks the previous month). They would ultimately have 18 appearances on the show. The DC5 were one of the most commercially successful acts of the British Invasion, releasing seventeen top-40 hits in the US between 1964 and 1967, including several that did not chart as highly in the UK such as "Because", "Do You Love Me", "Everybody Knows (I Still Love You)", "Any Way You Want It", "I Like It Like That", "Try Too Hard" and "You Got What It Takes". In 1965, the group starred in a feature film vehicle, Catch Us If You Can, directed by John Boorman. The group disbanded in early 1970, though Clark and a few former members continued as Dave Clark & Friends until 1973. In 2008, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

History
The band had its origins in 1958, as the backing musicians for north London vocalist Stan Saxon. Dave Clark played drums and contributed background vocals, alongside a frequently changing line-up. Clark and guitarist Rick Huxley both participated in the 1958 line-up. Clark and his bandmates eventually split with Saxon and reconstituted themselves as a standalone concern in January 1962, making their home in the South Grove Youth Club in Tottenham, London. After a little more evolution, a lasting ensemble was settled, with Clark on drums, Huxley moving to bass, Lenny Davidson on lead guitar, Denis Payton on saxophone (and harmonica and second guitar), and Mike Smith on keyboards and main vocals. Davidson's previous bands were the Off Beats and the Impalas.

The DC5 was promoted as the vanguard of a "Tottenham Sound", a response to Liverpool's Mersey Beat sound, which featured an often loud and forceful production style driven by Clark's punchy drumming, Payton's saxophone padding and Smith's belting vocals. Dave Clark produced their recordings in collaboration with sound engineer Adrian Kerridge of Lansdowne Studios, with production credited using the pseudonym Adrian Clark.

Dave Clark was also the group's manager, and struck business deals that allowed him to produce the band's recordings and gave him control of the master recordings. Songwriting credits for the band's original material went to Clark, or more often to the team of Clark and Smith. Clark/Davidson and Clark/Payton compositions were also not uncommon. Session drummer Bobby Graham is also reported to have played on some of the band's hits.

The Dave Clark Five had 12 Top 40 hits in the UK between 1964 and 1967, and 17 records in the Top 40 of the US Billboard chart. Their cover of Bobby Day's "Over and Over" went to No. 1 in the US on the Billboard Hot 100 on Christmas Day 1965, despite less impressive sales in the UK (it peaked at No. 45 on the UK Singles Chart). They made 18 appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show – more than any other British Invasion group.

The band released a film, Catch Us If You Can (directed by John Boorman) in 1965. It starred Barbara Ferris, and was released in the United States as Having a Wild Weekend. The short film Hits in Action highlighted a series of Dave Clark Five hits.

Other than the songs "Live in the Sky", "Maze of Love", "Inside and Out", "The Red Balloon" and "Lost in His Dreams", the band did not follow the psychedelic music trend. Their popularity in the US mostly dried up by 1967, though they continued to score hits in Britain for another three years. The Dave Clark Five disbanded in 1970, having had three singles on the UK chart that year, two of which reached the Top Ten. In 1970, Davidson, Huxley and Payton left, and Alan Parker and Eric Ford joined on lead guitar and bass. That line-up, renamed "Dave Clark & Friends", lasted until 1972.

Between 1978 and 1993, none of their music was available to be purchased in any commercial format due to rights-holder Clark declining to license the band's recordings. In 1993, a single CD Glad All Over Again was produced by Dave himself and released by EMI in Britain. After a 1989 deal with the Disney Channel to rebroadcast the 1960s ITV show Ready Steady Go! (which Clark owned), he made a deal with Disney-owned Hollywood Records to issue in 1993 a double CD History of the Dave Clark Five. No DC5 material was then legally available until 2008, when the 28-track Hits compilation was released by Universal Music in the UK. In 2009, selections from the band's catalogue were released on iTunes. And in 2019, almost the entire catalogue from the band, including all the original 1960s studio albums, became available on Spotify for the first time.

BMG Rights Management, with whom Clark has recently joined forces to reissue the band's recordings, released a new DC5 greatest hits CD on 24 January 2020 in two configurations.

Post break-up
Following the group's break-up, Clark set up a media company. In the process, he acquired the rights to the 1960s pop series Ready Steady Go!. Additionally, he wrote and produced the 1986 London stage musical Time – The Musical where he directed the last performance of Sir Laurence Olivier. A two-disc vinyl album was released in conjunction with the stage production featuring music recorded by Julian Lennon (singing DC5's song "Because"), Freddie Mercury, Stevie Wonder, Cliff Richard, Ashford & Simpson and Olivier's selected dialogue. This double album was digitally remastered and released on iTunes in May 2012.

Mike Smith teamed up with Mike d'Abo (previously with Manfred Mann) for one album in 1976. He also released a now-scarce CD in 2000 titled It's Only Rock & Roll and returned to performing in 2003 after a hiatus of 25 years. He formed Mike Smith's Rock Engine and did two mini-tours of the U.S. He died on 28 February 2008 in a Buckinghamshire hospital from pneumonia, a complication of a paralysing spinal injury sustained from a fall in 2003.

Denis Payton died on 17 December 2006 at the age of 63 after a long battle with cancer. Rick Huxley died from emphysema on 11 February 2013 at the age of 72. Lenny Davidson taught guitar for many years at a school in Cambridgeshire, the county he lives in.

In 2014, Dave Clark wrote, produced, appeared in, and partly presented the television documentary The Dave Clark Five and Beyond: Glad All Over.

Induction into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
The Dave Clark Five made the list of nominees for the class of 2008, and on 13 December 2007 it was announced that the band would be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on 10 March 2008. The group was inducted by Tom Hanks, who wrote, directed and starred in the 1996 film That Thing You Do!, which was about an American one-hit wonder band that became popular in the wake of the British Invasion.

In attendance with the three surviving members of the DC5 were the families of Lenny Davidson and Rick Huxley, and Denis Payton's two sons. Mike Smith had planned on attending but died 11 days before the induction. Dave Clark opened up his acceptance speech by saying that he felt like he was at the Oscars. Davidson mentioned that they arrived in New York City for the ceremony on 8 March, exactly 44 years after the group's first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show.

Joan Jett honoured the Dave Clark Five by performing "Bits and Pieces" with John Mellencamp's band. To perform "Glad All Over", Jett was joined by John Fogerty, John Mellencamp, Billy Joel and other artists who performed throughout the evening.

Members
The Dave Clark Five comprised:

Classic line-up

 * Dave Clark – backing and occasional lead vocals, drums (1959–1970; 1970–1972, Dave Clark and Friends spinoff group)
 * Mike Smith – lead vocals, keyboards (1961–1970; 1970–1973, Dave Clark and Friends spinoff group; died 2008)
 * Lenny Davidson – backing and lead vocals, lead and rhythm guitars (1961–1970)
 * Rick Huxley (ex the Riverside Blues Boys, the Spon Valley Stompers) – backing vocals, bass guitar, rhythm guitar (1959–1970; died 2013)
 * Denis Payton (ex the Renegades, the Les Heath Combo, the Blue Dukes, the Mike Jones Combo) – backing and occasional lead vocals, tenor and baritone saxophones, harmonica, rhythm guitar (1962–1970; died 2006)

Early members

 * Stan Saxon – lead vocals, saxophone
 * Mick Ryan – lead guitar
 * Chris Walls – bass

Dave Clark & Friends members

 * Alan Parker – lead guitar
 * Eric Ford – bass

Studio albums

 * Glad All Over (US, 1964)
 * The Dave Clark Five Return! (US, 1964)/A Session with The Dave Clark Five (UK, 1964)
 * American Tour (US, 1964)
 * Coast to Coast (US, 1964)
 * Weekend in London (US, 1965)
 * Having a Wild Weekend (US, 1965)/Catch Us If You Can (UK, 1965)
 * I Like It Like That (US, 1965)
 * Try Too Hard (US, 1966)
 * Satisfied with You (US, 1966)
 * 5 by 5 (US, 1967)
 * You Got What It Takes (US, 1967)
 * Everybody Knows (US, 1968) / Everybody Knows (UK, 1967)
 * 5 By 5 (1964–69) (UK, 1968)
 * If Somebody Loves You (UK, 1970)
 * The Dave Clark Five Play Good Old Rock & Roll (UK, 1971)
 * Dave Clark & Friends (UK, 1972)

title: The Dave Clark Five


text:
Dupont Plaza Hotel

Dupont Plaza Hotel may refer to:
 * Dupont Plaza Hotel (Miami), a hotel in Miami, Florida, 1957–2004
 * Dupont Plaza Hotel arson, 1986
 * Hotel Dupont Plaza in San Juan, Puerto Rico, former name of San Juan Marriott Resort & Stellaris Casino

title: Dupont Plaza Hotel