text:
Georgi Markov

Georgi Ivanov Markov (Георги Иванов Марков ; 1 March 1929 – 11 September 1978) was a Bulgarian dissident writer. He originally worked as a novelist, screenwriter and playwright in his native country, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, until his defection in 1969. After relocating to London, he worked as a broadcaster and journalist for the BBC World Service, the US-funded Radio Free Europe and West Germany's Deutsche Welle. Markov used such forums to conduct a campaign of sarcastic criticism against the incumbent Bulgarian-Soviet regime, which, according to his wife at the time he died, eventually became "vitriolic" and included "really smearing mud on the people in the inner circles."

Markov was assassinated on a London street via a micro-engineered pellet that might have contained ricin. Contemporary newspaper accounts reported that he had been stabbed in the leg with an umbrella delivering a poisoned pellet, wielded by someone associated with the Bulgarian Secret Service. Annabel Markov recalled her husband's view about the umbrella, telling the BBC's Panorama programme, in April 1979, "He felt a jab in his thigh. He looked around and there was a man behind him who'd apologized and dropped an umbrella. I got the impression as he told the story that the jab hadn't been inflicted by the umbrella but that the man had dropped the umbrella as cover to hide his face." It was reported after the fall of the Soviet Union that the Soviet KGB had assisted the Bulgarian Secret Service.

Life in Bulgaria
Georgi Markov was born on 1 March 1929, in Knyazhevo, a Sofia neighbourhood. In 1946, he graduated from the Gymnasium (high school) and began university studies in industrial chemistry. Initially, Markov worked as a chemical engineer and a teacher in a technical school. At the age of 19, he became ill with tuberculosis which forced him to attend various hospitals. His first literary attempts occurred during that time. In 1957, a novel, The Night of Caesium, appeared. Soon another novel, The Ajax Winners (1959) and two collections of short stories (1961) were published. In 1962, Markov published the novel Men which won the annual award of the Union of Bulgarian Writers and he was subsequently accepted as a member of the Union, a prerequisite for a professional career in literature. Georgi Markov started working at the Narodna Mladezh Publishing House. The story collections A Portrait of My Double (1966) and The Women of Warsaw (1968) secured his place as one of the most talented young writers in Bulgaria. Markov also wrote a number of plays but most of them were never staged or were removed from theatre repertoire by the Communist censors: To Crawl Under the Rainbow, The Elevator, Assassination in the Cul-de-Sac, Stalinists and I Was Him. The novel The Roof was halted in mid-printing since it described as a fact and in allegorical terms the collapse of the roof of the Lenin steel mill. Markov was one of the authors of the popular TV series Every Kilometer (Всеки километър or At Every Milestone) which created the character of the Second World War detective Velinsky and his nemesis the Resistance fighter Deyanov.

Although some of his works were banned, Georgi Markov had become a successful author. He was among the writers and poets that Todor Zhivkov tried to co-opt and coerce into serving the regime with their works. During this period Markov had a bohemian lifestyle, which was unknown to most Bulgarians.

Writer and dissident
Although not yet confirmed, Markov's first published work was considered to be "The Whiskey Record Holder", which was issued in the newspaper "Narodna kultura." There are at least three versions as to when he debuted as an author:
 * Slav Karaslavov's version (1972) claims that Markov debuts in the newspaper "Stershel" in 1952. In the same year, signed by B. Aprilov and G. Markov, the feuilleton "The Forest of Horrors" was published in the newspaper.
 * Yordan Vasilev's version (1990) – according to him, Markov debuts in the newspaper "Narodna armia" in 1951. Signed as "Georgi Markov", "The Whiskey Record Holder" (7 July 1951) and "Bolshevik" (12 December 1951) were published.

In 1969, Markov left for Bologna, Italy, where his brother lived. His initial idea was to wait until his status with the Bulgarian authorities improved, but he gradually changed his mind and decided to stay in the West, especially after September 1971 when the Bulgarian government refused to extend his passport. Markov moved to London, where he learned English and started working for the Bulgarian section of the BBC World Service (1972). He tried to work for the film industry, hoping for help from Peter Uvaliev, but was unsuccessful. Later he also worked with Deutsche Welle and Radio Free Europe. In 1972, Markov's membership in the Union of Bulgarian Writers was suspended and he was sentenced in absentia to six years and six months in prison for his defection.
 * Aleksander Kostov's version (1996) says that Markov debuts in the newspaper "Zemedelsko zname" in 1947. Signed as "G. Markov", many of his works, some of which are "Giordano Bruno" (19 February 1947) and "Heinrich Heine" (21 February 1947), were published.

His works were withdrawn from libraries and bookshops and his name was not mentioned by the official Bulgarian media until 1989. The Bulgarian Secret Service opened a file on Markov under the code name "Wanderer." In 1974, his play To Crawl Under the Rainbow was staged in London, while in Edinburgh the play Archangel Michael, written in English, won first prize. The novel The Right Honourable Chimpanzee, co-written with David Phillips, was published after his death. In 1975, Markov married Annabel Dilke. The couple had a daughter, Alexandra-Raina, born a year later.

Between 1975 and 1978, Markov worked on his In Absentia Reports, an analysis of life in Communist Bulgaria. They were broadcast weekly on Radio Free Europe. Their criticism of the Communist government and of the Party leader Todor Zhivkov made Markov, even more, an enemy of the regime.

"Today, we Bulgarians present a fine example of what it is to exist under a lid which we cannot lift and which we no longer believe someone else can lift... And the unending slogan which millions of loudspeakers blare out is that everyone is fighting for the happiness of others. Every word spoken under the lid constantly changes its meaning. Lies and truths swap their values with the frequency of an alternating current...We have seen how personality vanishes, how individuality is destroyed, how the spiritual life of a whole people is corrupted to turn them into a listless flock of sheep. We have seen so many of those demonstrations which humiliate human dignity, where normal people are expected to applaud some paltry mediocrity who has proclaimed himself a demi-god and condescendingly waves to them from the heights of his police inviolability..."

- Georgi Markov describing life under an authoritarian regime in The Truth that Killed

In 1978, Markov was killed in London (see below), allegedly by an operative connected to the KGB and the Bulgarian secret police under Zhivkov. His In Absentia Reports were published in Bulgaria in 1990, after the end of the Communist government.

In 2000, Markov was posthumously awarded the Order of Stara Planina, Bulgaria's most prestigious honour, for his "significant contribution to the Bulgarian literature, drama and non-fiction and for his exceptional civic position and confrontation to the Communist regime."

Assassination
On 7 September 1978, Markov walked across Waterloo Bridge spanning the River Thames and waited to take a bus to his job at the BBC. While at the bus stop, he reported feeling a slight sharp pain, as if from an insect bite or sting, on the back of his right thigh. He reportedly saw a man picking up an umbrella off the ground behind him.

When he arrived at work at the BBC World Service offices, he noticed a small red pimple had formed at the site of the sting he had felt earlier and the pain had not lessened or stopped. He told at least one of his colleagues at the BBC, Theo Lirkov, about this incident. That evening, he developed a fever and was admitted to St James' Hospital in Balham, where he died four days later, on 11 September 1978, at the age of 49. His grave is in a small churchyard at the Church of St Candida and Holy Cross in Whitchurch Canonicorum, Dorset.

Later investigation and aftermath
Bernard Riley, the attending physician treating Markov, considered many possible causes of his illness, including that he had been bitten by a venomous tropical snake. Riley had the inflamed area at the back of his leg x-rayed, but no foreign object was detected at this time. Due to the circumstances and statements Markov made to doctors expressing the suspicion that he had been poisoned, the Metropolitan Police ordered a thorough post-mortem of his body. Rufus Crompton performed it, noting a red mark on the back of Markov's leg. He cut a tissue sample from the area, with a matching sample from the other leg. These samples were sent for further analysis at the Porton Down chemical and biological weapons laboratory. There, David Gall, the Research Medical Officer, found a tiny pellet in the tissue sample.

The pellet measured 1.70 mm in diameter and was composed of 90% platinum and 10% iridium. It had two holes with diameters of 0.35 mm drilled through it, producing an X-shaped cavity. Further examination by experts from Porton Down could not detect any remnant of poison. Considering possible poisons, scientists hypothesised that the pellet might have contained ricin.

Porton Down scientists also thought that a sugary substance had been used to coat the tiny holes, creating a bubble that trapped the poison inside the cavities, with a specially crafted coating designed to melt at 37 C: human body temperature. After the pellet was inside Markov, the coating might have melted and the poison released to be absorbed into the bloodstream and killed him.

Regardless of whether the doctors treating Markov had known that the poison might have been ricin, the result would have been the same, as no antidote exists for ricin.

Ten days before the assassination, an attempt was made to kill another Bulgarian defector, Vladimir Kostov, in the same manner as Markov, in a Paris Métro station.

KGB defector Oleg Kalugin alleged that the Bulgarian Secret Service arranged the murder with help from the Soviet KGB. Nobody has been charged with Markov's murder, largely because most documents relating to it are unavailable, probably destroyed. Kalugin said that Markov had been killed using an umbrella gun.

The British newspaper The Sunday Times reported that the prime suspect was an Italian, Francesco Gullino or Giullino, who was last known to be living in Denmark. A British documentary, The Umbrella Assassin (2006), interviewed people associated with the case in Bulgaria, Britain, Denmark and America, and revealed that Gullino was alive and well, and still travelling freely throughout Europe. There were reports in June 2008 that Scotland Yard had renewed its interest in the case. Detectives were sent to Bulgaria and requests were made to interview relevant individuals. Gullino died in Austria in August 2021.

In culture
Markov's assassination is mentioned in John D. MacDonald's 1979 novel The Green Ripper when a character is murdered.

The incident is the subject of the song "Wet Job" by Fingerprintz from their 1979 album The Very Dab.

The French comedy The Umbrella Coup (O.T. "Le coup du parapluie"), a 1980s movie by Gérard Oury, uses the idea of a poison-injecting umbrella.

Markov's assassination is mentioned in season two, episode seven of CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, by a character as he describes people poisoned with ricin to Gil Grissom.

Markov's assassination is also mentioned in the neo-Western crime drama series Breaking Bad, season two, episode one, "Seven Thirty-Seven" as Walter and Jesse think of plans to kill Tuco Salamanca.

It was also mentioned in an episode of The Young Ones, "Demolition" when Jerzei Balowski gets off the bus.

In August 2018 the case was the subject of the BBC Radio 4 programme The Reunion.

Markov's assassination is used as the basis for an assassination story in the US Naval crime drama series NCIS, season seven, episode twenty-one, "Obsession". The character, Lt Hutton, is working on a classified program at the Naval Info-Ops Centre (NIOC) and is discovered to have been murdered using the same method as Markov, leading to a Soviet KGB plotline.

Markov's assassination is also mentioned in season two, episode one from Slow Horses, where River Cartwright and Shirley Dander point to the possibility of the same technique being used to murder a former MI6 agent, who was following a former KGB agent, possibly "Cicada". Then River finds out that some poison was inserted into the arm, through a similar but different method.

A replica of the umbrella used to assassinate Markov is on display at the International Spy Museum in Washington, DC.

Time Shelter, the International Booker Prize 2023 by Georgi Gospodinov, (translated by Angela Rodel), mentions Markov's assassination.

Similar attacks
On 11 May 2012, a German man died almost a year after having been stabbed with an umbrella in the city of Hanover. German police – who noted a resemblance to the Markov case – analyzed the syringe which the victim had managed to take from the perpetrator, and found dimethylmercury; the reported cause of death was mercury poisoning.

In 2016, police in Chennai, India solved three separate murders when the four killers confessed to having used an umbrella tipped with a potassium cyanide-filled syringe. They had ridden past the victims on a bike and jabbed them in the thigh.

title: Georgi Markov


text:
Memphis Minnie

Lizzie Douglas (June 3, 1897 – August 6, 1973), better known as Memphis Minnie, was a blues guitarist, vocalist, and songwriter whose recording career lasted for over three decades. She recorded around 200 songs, some of the best known being "When the Levee Breaks", "Me and My Chauffeur Blues", "Bumble Bee" and "Nothing in Rambling".

Childhood
Douglas was born on June 3, 1897, probably in Tunica County, Mississippi, although she claimed to have been born in New Orleans, Louisiana and raised in the Algiers neighborhood. She was the eldest of 13 siblings. Her parents, Abe and Gertrude Douglas, nicknamed her Kid when she was young, and her family called her that throughout her childhood. It is reported that she disliked the name Lizzie. When she first began performing, she played under the name Kid Douglas.

When she was seven years old, she and her family moved to Walls, Mississippi, south of Memphis, Tennessee. The following year, she received her first guitar, as a Christmas present. She learned to play the banjo by the age of 10 and the guitar by the age of 11, when she started playing at parties. The family later moved to Brunswick, Tennessee. After Minnie's mother died, in 1922, Abe Douglas moved back to Walls, where he died in 1935.

Career
In 1910, at the age of 13, she ran away from home to live on Beale Street, in Memphis. She played on street corners for most of her teenage years, occasionally returning to her family's farm when she ran out of money. Her sidewalk performances led to a tour of the South with the Ringling Brothers Circus from 1916 to 1920. She then went back to Beale Street, with its thriving blues scene, and made her living by playing guitar and singing, supplementing her income with sex work (at that time, it was not uncommon for female performers to turn to sex work out of financial need).

She began performing with Kansas Joe McCoy, her second husband, in 1929. They were discovered by a talent scout for Columbia Records, in front of a barber shop, where they were playing for dimes. She and McCoy went to record in New York City and were given the names Kansas Joe and Memphis Minnie by a Columbia A&R man. Over the next few years she and McCoy released a series of records, performing as a duet. In February 1930 they recorded the song "Bumble Bee" for the Vocalion label, which they had already recorded for Columbia but which had not yet been released. It became one of Minnie's most popular songs; she eventually recorded five versions of it. Minnie and McCoy continued to record for Vocalion until August 1934, when they recorded a few sessions for Decca Records. Their last session together was for Decca, in September. They divorced in 1935.

An anecdote from Big Bill Broonzy's autobiography, Big Bill Blues, recounts a cutting contest between Minnie and Broonzy in a Chicago nightclub on June 26, 1933, for the prize of a bottle of whiskey and a bottle of gin. Each singer was to sing two songs; after Broonzy sang "Just a Dream" and "Make My Getaway," Minnie won the prize with "Me and My Chauffeur Blues" and "Looking the World Over". Paul and Beth Garon, in their biography Woman with Guitar: Memphis Minnie's Blues, suggested that Broonzy's account may have combined various contests at different dates, as these songs of Minnie's date from the 1940s rather than the 1930s.

By 1935, Minnie was established in Chicago and had become one of a group of musicians who worked regularly for the record producer and talent scout Lester Melrose. Back on her own after her divorce from McCoy, Minnie began to experiment with different styles and sounds. She recorded four sides for Bluebird Records in July 1935, returned to the Vocalion label in August, and then recorded another session for Bluebird in October, this time accompanied by Casey Bill Weldon, her first husband. By the end of the 1930s, in addition to her output for Vocalion, she had recorded nearly 20 sides for Decca and eight sides for Bluebird. She also toured extensively in the 1930s, mainly in the South.

In 1938, Minnie returned to recording for the Vocalion label, this time accompanied by Charlie McCoy, Kansas Joe McCoy's brother, on mandolin. Around this time she married the guitarist and singer Ernest Lawlars, known as Little Son Joe. They began recording together in 1939, with Son adding a more rhythmic backing to Minnie's guitar. They recorded for Okeh Records in the 1940s and continued to record together through the decade. By 1941 Minnie had started playing electric guitar, and in May of that year she recorded her biggest hit, "Me and My Chauffeur Blues". A follow-up date produced two more blues standards, "Looking the World Over" and Lawlars's "Black Rat Swing" (issued under the name "Mr. Memphis Minnie"). In the 1940s Minnie and Lawlars continued to work at their "home club," Chicago's popular 708 Club, where they were often joined by Broonzy, Sunnyland Slim, or Snooky Pryor, and also played at many of the other better-known Chicago nightclubs. During the 1940s Minnie and Lawlars performed together and separately in the Chicago and Indiana areas. Minnie often played at "Blue Monday" parties at Ruby Lee Gatewood's, on Lake Street. The poet Langston Hughes, who saw her perform at the 230 Club on New Year's Eve, 1942, wrote of her "hard and strong voice" being made harder and stronger by amplification and described the sound of her electric guitar as "a musical version of electric welders plus a rolling mill."

Later in the 1940s, Minnie lived in Indianapolis and Detroit. She returned to Chicago in the early 1950s. By the late 1940s, clubs had begun hiring younger and cheaper artists, and Columbia had begun dropping blues artists, including Memphis Minnie. Unable to adapt to changing tastes, she moved to smaller labels, such as Regal, Checker, and J.O.B.

Later life and death
Minnie continued to record into the 1950s, but her health began to decline. With public interest in her music waning, she retired from her musical career, and in 1957 she and Lawlars returned to Memphis. Periodically, she appeared on Memphis radio stations to encourage young blues musicians. In 1958 she played at a memorial concert for Big Bill Broonzy. As the Garons wrote in Woman with Guitar, "She never laid her guitar down, until she could literally no longer pick it up." She suffered a stroke in 1960, which left her confined to a wheelchair. Lawlars died the following year, and Minnie had another stroke a short while after. She could no longer survive on her Social Security income. Magazines wrote about her plight, and readers sent her money for assistance. She spent her last years in the Jell Nursing Home, in Memphis, where she died of a stroke in 1973. She is buried at the New Hope Baptist Church Cemetery, in Walls, DeSoto County, Mississippi. A headstone paid for by Bonnie Raitt was erected by the Mount Zion Memorial Fund on October 13, 1996, with 34 family members in attendance, including her sister Bob. The ceremony was taped for broadcast by the BBC. Her headstone is inscribed:

"Lizzie 'Kid' Douglas Lawlers

aka Memphis Minnie"

The inscription on the back of her gravestone reads:

"The hundreds of sides Minnie recorded are the perfect material to teach us about the blues. For the blues are at once general, and particular, speaking for millions, but in a highly singular, individual voice. Listening to Minnie's songs we hear her fantasies, her dreams, her desires, but we will hear them as if they were our own."

Character and personal life
Minnie was known as a polished professional and an independent woman who knew how to take care of herself. She presented herself to the public as being feminine and ladylike, wearing expensive dresses and jewelry, but she was aggressive when she needed to be and was not shy when it came to fighting. According to the blues musician Johnny Shines, "Any men fool with her she'd go for them right away. She didn't take no foolishness off them. Guitar, pocket knife, pistol, anything she get her hand on she'd use it". According to Homesick James, she chewed tobacco all the time, even while singing or playing the guitar, and always had a cup at hand in case she wanted to spit. Most of the music she made was autobiographical; Minnie expressed a lot of her personal life in music.

Minnie was married three times, although no marriage certificates have been found. It is believed that her first husband was Casey Bill Weldon, whom she married in the early 1920s. Her second husband was the guitarist and mandolin player Kansas Joe McCoy, whom she married in 1929. They filed for divorce in 1934. McCoy's jealousy of Minnie's professional success has been given as one reason for the breakup of their marriage. Minnie was also reported to have lived with a man known as "Squirrel" in the mid- to late 1930s. Around 1938 she met the guitarist Ernest Lawlars (Little Son Joe), who became her new musical partner, and they married shortly thereafter; Minnie's union records, covering 1939 onwards, give her name as Minnie Lawlars. He dedicated songs to her, including "Key to the World", in which he addresses her as "the woman I got now" and calls her "the key to the world."

Minnie was not religious and rarely went to church. The only time she was reported to have gone to church was to see a gospel group perform. She was baptized shortly before she died, probably to please her sister Daisy Johnson. A house in Memphis where she once lived, at 1355 Adelaide Street, still exists.

Legacy
Memphis Minnie has been described as "the most popular female country blues singer of all time". Big Bill Broonzy said that she could "pick a guitar and sing as good as any man I've ever heard." Minnie lived to see a renewed appreciation of her recorded work during the revival of interest in blues music in the 1960s. She was an influence on later singers, such as Big Mama Thornton, Jo Ann Kelly and Erin Harpe. She was inducted into the Blues Foundation's Hall of Fame in 1980.

"Me and My Chauffeur Blues" was recorded by Jefferson Airplane on their debut album, Jefferson Airplane Takes Off, with Signe Anderson as lead vocalist. "Can I Do It for You" was recorded by Donovan in 1965, under the title "Hey Gyp (Dig the Slowness)". A 1929 Memphis Minnie and Kansas Joe McCoy song, "When the Levee Breaks", was adapted (with altered lyrics and a different melody) by Led Zeppelin and released in 1971 on their fourth album. "I'm Sailin'" was covered by Mazzy Star on their 1990 debut album, She Hangs Brightly. Her family is currently suing record companies and some artists for royalties and for using her music without permission. In 2007, Minnie was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Walls, Mississippi.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Memphis Minnie


text:
Talk:SI base unit

Removed table
here's the table I took out in case eveyone wants it back:

---

What?
Ampere, a base unit, is defined in terms of a Newton, which is not a base unit?

 * Yes. I imagine that it is for convenience.  If you like, you can mentally substitute "amount of force required to accelerate a one-kilogram mass at a rate of one meter per second per second" for "newton".  It's also "equal to a flow of one coulomb per second" (ampere).  I am not a physicist, but I don't really see any problem with defining base units in terms of non-base units — as long as there are no circular references — since those non-base units are in turn defined in terms of base units.  See also: http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/current.html. --Timc 19:43, 15 Jun 2004 (UTC)

ampere:newton

 * "Yes. I imagine that it is for convenience. If you like, you can mentally substitute "amount of force required to accelerate a one-kilogram mass at a rate of one meter per second per second" for "newton""

Please edit this into the article 02:55, 27 Jul 2004 (UTC) what it means the MASS?

TFA?
See Wikipedia talk:Featured articles. --Guy Macon (talk) 15:29, 20 April 2019 (UTC)

Kelvin independent?
Since Boltzmann's constant is dimensionless (although mosts chemists and too many physicists seem to be unaware of the fact) the Kelvin is in fact equivalent to (a rather small amount of) energy, which is expressible in the base constants mass, length, and time. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:4507:4B4B:7EE:825F (talk) 15:57, 14 June 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:SI base unit


text:
The Chantays

The Chantays, sometimes billed as Chantay's, is an American surf rock band formed in Orange County, California. They are known for their 1963 hit instrumental "Pipeline". Their sound combines electronic keyboards with surf guitar, creating a unique ghostly sound.

History
The Chantays were formed in 1961 by five high-school friends. Bob Spickard, Brian Carman (co-writers of "Pipeline"), Bob Welch, Warren Waters and Rob Marshall were all students at Santa Ana High School in California. In December 1962, the group recorded and released "Pipeline", which peaked at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 in May 1963. The track also peaked in the UK Singles Chart in 1963 at No. 16. The Chantays recorded their first album in 1963, also titled Pipeline, which included "Blunderbus" and "El Conquistador". Their follow-up album was Two Sides of the Chantays in 1964.

The Chantays toured Japan and the United States, joining the Righteous Brothers and Roy Orbison on a few occasions, and they were the only rock and roll band to perform on The Lawrence Welk Show.

"Pipeline" (published as sheet music in 1962 by Downey Music Publishing) has become one of several surf rock hits. The tune has since been covered by Bruce Johnston, Welk (on the Dot album Scarlet O'Hara), Al Caiola (on the United Artists album Greasy Kid Stuff), the Ventures, Takeshi Terauchi & Blue Jeans, Agent Orange, Hank Marvin ( with Duane Eddy), Lively Ones, Pat Metheny, Dick Dale with the help of Stevie Ray Vaughan (Grammy Nominated), by the thrash metal band Anthrax, Bad Manners and Johnny Thunders. "Pipeline" has been used in many films, television programs and commercials, and appears on numerous compilation albums.

The Chantays have been honored for their contributions to music. Highlights include being honored on April 12, 1996, by Hollywood's Rock Walk, that was founded to honor individuals and bands that have made lasting and important contributions to music. "Pipeline" is listed as one of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. Along with Bill Medley of the Righteous Brothers and Diane Keaton, the Chantays were honored by the City of Santa Ana, California, and Santa Ana High School when they named a street after them, Chantays Way. OC Weekly magazine also named the Chantays as one of the Best Orange County Bands.

The Chantays are still playing. Original members Bob Spickard and Bob Welch are joined by longtime members Ricky Lewis and Brian Nussle. More recent albums include The Next Set (live recording) and Waiting for the Tide. Some of the tracks are the new songs "Crystal T" and "Killer Dana", along with remakes of "Pipeline", "El Conquistador" and "Blunderbus".

Brian Carman died at his home in Santa Ana, California, from complications of Crohn's disease on March 1, 2015. He was 69. Another longtime member Gil Orr died on September 19, 2017. He was 79.

Members

 * Bob Spickard — guitar: original member
 * Brian Carman (born Brian Craig Carman; August 10, 1945 – March 1, 2015) — guitar: original member
 * Bob Welch — drums: original member (not the Fleetwood Mac member).
 * Warren Waters — bass guitar: original member
 * Rob Marshall — piano: original member
 * Ricky Lewis — guitar: longtime member
 * Gil Orr (July 17, 1938 – September 19, 2017) — guitar/bass guitar: longtime member
 * Brian Nussle — bass: longtime member

Albums

 * Pipeline (Downey DLP-1002, 1963; Dot DLP-3516/DLP-25516)
 * Two Sides of the Chantays (Dot DLP-3771/DLP-25771, 1964)
 * Next Set [live] (Chantay Productions CPD-3164, 1994)
 * Waiting for the Tide (Vesper Alley/Roctopia VRA-80003, 1997)

Live TV performances

 * "Pipeline" (Lawrence Welk Show, May 18, 1963)
 * "Runaway" (Lawrence Welk Show, May 18, 1963)

Awards

 * Hollywood's Rockwalk, inducted April 12, 1996

title: The Chantays


text:
The Crystals

The Crystals are an American vocal group that originated in New York City. Considered one of the defining acts of the girl group era in the first half of the 1960s, their 1961–1964 chart hits – including "There's No Other (Like My Baby)", "Uptown", "He's Sure the Boy I Love", "He's a Rebel", "Da Doo Ron Ron" and "Then He Kissed Me"– featured three different female lead singers and were all produced by Phil Spector. The latter three songs were originally ranked number 263, number 114, and number 493, respectively, on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. However, two songs were omitted from the magazine's 2010 update, leaving only "He's a Rebel" at number 267. In the 2021 update, "Da Doo Ron Ron" was added back to the list at number 366.

Formation and signing to Philles
In 1961, Barbara Alston (December 29, 1943, Baltimore, Maryland – February 16, 2018, Charlotte, North Carolina), Mary Thomas, Dolores "Dee Dee" Kenniebrew (born 1945), Myrna Giraud and Patricia "Patsy" Wright formed the Crystals with the help of Benny Wells, Alston's uncle. Soon, the quintet signed with Phil Spector's label Philles Records.

Their first hit, the gospel-influenced "There's No Other (Like My Baby)", debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in November 1961. Originally the B-side to "Oh Yeah, Maybe Baby" (featuring Wright on lead), the stirring pop ballad was co-written by Spector and Leroy Bates and featured Barbara Alston on vocals. The recording was made late on the evening of the high school prom at the William H. Maxwell Career and Technical High School, the school attended by Alston, Thomas, and Giraud; they were still wearing their prom dresses, as they had come to the studio straight from the event. The single reached number 20 in January 1962, marking an auspicious debut for Spector's Philles label.

Brill Building songwriters Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil's "Uptown" gave the girls their second radio hit. Having an ethnic flavor with flamenco guitar and castanets, the more uptempo "Uptown" featured Alston once again emoting convincingly over a boy, though this time with class issues woven into the story. After the success of "Uptown", a pregnant Giraud was replaced by Dolores "LaLa" Brooks.

The controversial subject matter of the next single, 1962's "He Hit Me (And It Felt Like a Kiss)" (written by Carole King and Gerry Goffin and sung by Alston), resulted in limited airplay with the track only "bubbling under" the Billboard Hot 100, peaking at number 123. Alston later disowned the track, stating it was "absolutely, positively, the one record that none of us liked".

"Replacement" Crystals
Soon after "He Hit Me" flopped, Phil Spector began recording singer Darlene Love and her backing group the Blossoms. The Crystals were not able to travel from New York to Los Angeles fast enough to suit the LA-based Spector, who wanted to quickly record writer Gene Pitney's "He's a Rebel" before Vikki Carr could release her version on Liberty Records. As Love and the Blossoms were also based in Los Angeles, Spector recorded and released their version under the Crystals' banner. It was not the first time Spector promised the Blossoms a single and release it under the Crystals name.

The song had originally been offered to The Shirelles, who turned it down because of the anti-establishment lyrics. It marked a shift in girl group thematic material, where the singer loves a "bad boy", a theme that would be amplified by later groups (especially The Shangri-Las' "Leader of the Pack").

"He's a Rebel" was the Crystals' only US number one hit and also made the UK top 20. Their follow-up single, "He's Sure the Boy I Love", was also recorded by Love and the Blossoms. It reached number 11 on the Billboard chart and features a spoken intro by Love.

"He's a Rebel" kept Pitney's own "Only Love Can Break a Heart" off the top spot on 3 November 1962. Pitney never reached the Hot 100's summit.

"Real" Crystals return
Though it is unclear as to the level of their participation in "(Let's Dance) The Screw", the 'real' Crystals definitely began recording again under their own name in 1963. However, Thomas had departed to get married, only to join another mildly successful group, The Butterflys, along with another original Crystal, Myrna Giraud. This reduced the group to a quartet. Alston, known for her shyness and stage fright, was never comfortable with being out front, stepped down from the lead spot giving it to Dolores "LaLa" Brooks. According to Brooks, she had been doing Alston's leads in their live shows for a while.

After "(Let's Dance) The Screw", the group's next release was "Da Doo Ron Ron". The song was a top 10 hit in both the US and the UK, as was the follow-up single "Then He Kissed Me", with lead vocals also sung by Brooks. Brooks also flew out to Los Angeles to record tracks for the seasonal album, A Christmas Gift for You from Philles Records.

At the start of 1964, the Crystals flew to the UK for their first European live shows. "Then He Kissed Me" soared to number 2 in the UK, and the Crystals also headlined the TV programs Ready Steady Go!, and Tonight at the London Palladium.

Mounting tension and break-up
Despite the steady flow of hit singles, tensions between Spector and the Crystals mounted. Already unhappy with having been replaced by Love and the Blossoms on two singles recordings, the Crystals were even more upset when Spector began focusing much of his time on his other girl group The Ronettes. Not only did the Ronettes become Philles Records' priority act, the Ronettes actually replaced the Crystals on four album tracks on the 1963 compilation LP, The Crystals Sing the Greatest Hits. As well, there were disputes about royalties, with the Crystals feeling that Spector was withholding royalty money that was owed to them.

Two failed Crystals singles followed before the band left Spector's Philles Records for United Artists Records in 1964. "Little Boy", which reached number 92, was a Wall of Sound production that was layered multiple times, which meant that the vocals were hard to distinguish from the music. "All Grown Up", their final Philles single (of which two versions exist), only reached number 98.

1964 also saw the departure of Wright, who was replaced by Frances Collins (aka Fatima Johnson), a dancer whom they had met while touring and mother of the rapper Prodigy; toward the end of that year Alston departed leaving the group a trio. As a trio, they recorded two singles for United Artists, "My Place" and "You Can't Tie a Good Girl Down". One more single was released by Alston, Brooks and Thomas on the tiny Michelle Records in 1967 ("Ring-a-Ting-a-Ling") and they disbanded that year. They reunited in 1971 and performed until at least 2018. Kenniebrew is the only Crystal who remained active throughout their touring from the 1970s to then, performing with Patricia Pritchett-Lewis, a member since 2005, and Melissa "MelSoulTree" Grant, a member since 2002. That trio of Crystals self released a CD in 2010 entitled Live in Asia, recorded in Singapore.

After living in Europe for two decades, Brooks returned to the US in 2001 and, as of 2022, performs under her own name across the world, and as the Crystals in the UK and Canada, where she holds the trademark rights to the name.

Barbara Alston died at a hospital in Charlotte, North Carolina, on February 16, 2018, at age 74.

Contemporary usage
"Then He Kissed Me" was the opening song to which Elisabeth Shue danced around her bedroom in Adventures in Babysitting (1987); it was the song in which Ray Liotta and Lorraine Bracco enter the Copacabana on their first real date in the movie Goodfellas (1990); it was featured during the episode 'Homer and Marge Turn a Couple Play' on The Simpsons (2006); it was also featured in the episode 'Stand By Meg' on Family Guy (2018). It was also covered by Asobi Seksu and used on their live album Live at the Echo 10/6/06. "Da Doo Ron Ron" was played during a scene in a dance club in the 1979 film Quadrophenia, and by Russell Ziskey (Harold Ramis) to train ESL students in the 1981 comedy Stripes. "He Hit Me (and It Felt like a Kiss)" was used in the episode 'Mystery Date' on Mad Men (2012).

Crystal was the name of one of the girl group-inspired street urchin characters in the musical Little Shop of Horrors, along with Chiffon and Ronnette. Amy Winehouse cited "He Hit Me (And It Felt Like a Kiss)" as an influence when writing her album Back to Black. The American singer Lana Del Rey used the same phrase in the song "Ultraviolence" in the album of the same name.

Studio albums

 * 1962: Twist Uptown
 * 1963: He's a Rebel (US number 131)
 * 1986: He's a Rebel featuring Lala Brooks

Compilation albums

 * 1963: The Crystals Sing the Greatest Hits, Volume 1
 * 1975: The Crystals Sing Their Greatest Hits
 * 1988: Greatest Hits
 * 1990: Greatest Hits
 * 1992: The Best of the Crystals
 * 2004: One Fine Day
 * 2011: Da Doo Ron Ron: The Very Best of the Crystals
 * 2016: Playlist : The Very Best of the Crystals

title: The Crystals


text:
Ferney-Voltaire

Ferney-Voltaire is a commune in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of eastern France. It lies between the Jura Mountains and the Swiss border; it forms part of the metropolitan area of Geneva. It is named for Voltaire, who lived there from 1758.

History
Ferney was first noted in 14th-century Burgundian registers as "Fernex" and changed several times until the 19th century to Fernay, Fernaj, Fernai or Fernex before adopting its current name as 'Ferney-Voltaire' in 1791, after the French Revolution which saw a number of city names unchristened and then given more republican names.

During Voltaire's residence in Ferney in the second part of the 18th century, the town saw rapid expansion. Today Ferney is a peaceful town with a Saturday market and a large international community, due to the proximity of CERN and the United Nations Office at Geneva. Ferney is growing very quickly. It is also home to the Lycée International. Voltaire still presides over Ferney with his statue in the centre of town.

Voltaire
From 1758 to 1778 Ferney was home to French writer and philosopher Voltaire, sometimes referred to as "the patriarch of Ferney." His influence on the town was profound. He built the local church and founded cottage industries that produced some of the finest potters and watchmakers of modern France. The town was eventually renamed "Ferney-Voltaire" in his honour.

In 1758, after having lived in Geneva for less than two years, Voltaire purchased the estate of Ferney in France, near the Swiss border. A prime reason for his leaving Geneva was that theatre was forbidden in that Calvinist city, so he had decided to become the enlightened "patriarch" of the little village of Ferney, setting up potteries, a watchmaking industry and, of course, theatres, attracting rich people from Geneva to watch his plays.

During Voltaire's residence, the population of Ferney increased to more than 1,000. Voltaire lived there for the last 20 years of his life before returning to Paris, where he died in 1778.

Schools
The community has two public preschools/primary schools: École Jean-Calas and École Florian. A nearby intercommunal school, École Intercommunale Jean de la Fontaine in Prévessin-Moëns, also serves the community. the three schools had a combined total of 952 students, with Jean-Calas, Florian, and Jean de la Fontaine respectively having 278, 307, and 367 students. Around 1940 a primary school, the École de Ferney-Voltaire, was established. About 1970 it was renamed École Florian, after the French poet and fabulist Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian, whose uncle and guardian, the Marquis de Florian, had married a niece of Voltaire,. The school is notable for having had a large number of pupils who were children of physicists at CERN, which is located in the vicinity. Ferney-Voltaire also has a private preschool/primary school, École Saint-Vincent.

Collège Le Joran (junior high school), in Prévessin-Moëns, serves Ferney-Voltaire. Lycée international de Ferney-Voltaire, including a junior high school/middle school (collège) and a senior high school/sixth form college (lycée) was created in 1961 in Ferney-Voltaire. As of 2016, the Lycée includes a branch campus in Saint-Genis-Pouilly.

Sights
Ferney's main attraction is Voltaire's house (château), built 1758–66, now owned and administered by the Centre des monuments nationaux (an arm of the French Ministry of Culture). The chateau includes the main building, with a reconstruction of Voltaire's room (moved from its original location by later private owners), a garden with a fine view of the Alps, and a church dedicated, contrary to custom, directly to God. In the church's inscription, "Deo erexit VOLTAIRE" ("Erected to God by VOLTAIRE"), Voltaire's name is written in the largest characters.

A few dozen metres from the chateau is another impressive house, built in 1900 by Monsieur Lambert (the sculptor of the statue of Voltaire; his family owned the chateau before it was purchased by the French government). The house, now privately owned, had been used to store provisions and wine for the chateau, and to accommodate the household staff.

The village features 18th-century houses and artisans' workshops; a life-size statue of Voltaire; a smaller bust of him, surmounting a fountain; many restaurants, French and foreign; and proximity to the nearby cosmopolitan city of Geneva, Switzerland.

Every Saturday, a market is held in the main street of Ferney.

The old road at the centre of the village is a remnant of the time when Voltaire resided at the chateau in Ferney-Voltaire.

The pedestal of the Voltaire statue, erected in 1890, dedicates that memorial to the town's "benefactor", noting that he built over a hundred houses for the inhabitants, as well as a school and church, gave the town interest-free loans, and fed its inhabitants in time of need.

On 31 May 2018, Président Emmanuel Macron officially visited the Château for the re-opening after renovation.

Personalities

 * Harrikrisna Anenden (born 1947), film director
 * Hina Aoyama (born 1970), paper-cutting artist and illustrator
 * Saphia Azzeddine (born 1979), writer, actress and screenwriter
 * Marie Louise Denis (1712–1790), a niece of Voltaire
 * Ananda Devi (born 1957), writer
 * Andy Johnson-Laird (born 1945), computer scientist
 * Jean-Antoine Lépine (1720–1814), watchmaker
 * Gaspard Mermillod (1824–1892), bishop, later cardinal
 * Michel Meylan (1939–2020), politician
 * Gilles Mirallès (1966–2022), chess player
 * Antoine Porcel (1937–2014), boxer
 * David Pujadas (b.1964), journalist and television host
 * Brian Savegar (1932–2007), production designer
 * Georges Vianès, mayor of Ferney-Voltaire from 1995 to 2001
 * Jean-Louis Wagnière (1739–1802), Voltaire's secretary for over twenty years, later mayor of Ferney-Voltaire
 * Nedd Willard (1926–2018), writer, artist and journalist

title: Ferney-Voltaire


text:
Concrete category

In mathematics, a concrete category is a category that is equipped with a faithful functor to the category of sets (or sometimes to another category, see Relative concreteness below). This functor makes it possible to think of the objects of the category as sets with additional structure, and of its morphisms as structure-preserving functions. Many important categories have obvious interpretations as concrete categories, for example the category of topological spaces and the category of groups, and trivially also the category of sets itself. On the other hand, the homotopy category of topological spaces is not concretizable, i.e. it does not admit a faithful functor to the category of sets.

A concrete category, when defined without reference to the notion of a category, consists of a class of objects, each equipped with an underlying set; and for any two objects A and B a set of functions, called homomorphisms, from the underlying set of A to the underlying set of B. Furthermore, for every object A, the identity function on the underlying set of A must be a homomorphism from A to A, and the composition of a homomorphism from A to B followed by a homomorphism from B to C must be a homomorphism from A to C.

Definition
A concrete category is a pair (C,U) such that

 * C is a category, and
 * U : C → Set (the category of sets and functions) is a faithful functor.

The functor U is to be thought of as a forgetful functor, which assigns to every object of C its "underlying set", and to every morphism in C its "underlying function".

It is customary to call the morphisms in a concrete category homomorphisms (e.g., group homomorphisms, ring homomorphisms, etc.) Because of the faithfulness of the functor U, the homomorphisms of a concrete category may be formally identified with their underlying functions (i.e., their images under U); the homomorphisms then regain the usual interpretation as "structure-preserving" functions.

A category C is concretizable if there exists a concrete category (C,U); i.e., if there exists a faithful functor U: C → Set. All small categories are concretizable: define U so that its object part maps each object b of C to the set of all morphisms of C whose codomain is b (i.e. all morphisms of the form f: a → b for any object a of C), and its morphism part maps each morphism g: b → c of C to the function U(g): U(b) → U(c) which maps each member f: a → b of U(b) to the composition gf: a → c, a member of U(c). (Item 6 under Further examples expresses the same U in less elementary language via presheaves.) The Counter-examples section exhibits two large categories that are not concretizable.

Remarks
Contrary to intuition, concreteness is not a property that a category may or may not satisfy, but rather a structure with which a category may or may not be equipped. In particular, a category C may admit several faithful functors into Set. Hence there may be several concrete categories (C, U) all corresponding to the same category C.

In practice, however, the choice of faithful functor is often clear and in this case we simply speak of the "concrete category C". For example, "the concrete category Set" means the pair (Set, I) where I denotes the identity functor Set → Set.

The requirement that U be faithful means that it maps different morphisms between the same objects to different functions. However, U may map different objects to the same set and, if this occurs, it will also map different morphisms to the same function.

For example, if S and T are two different topologies on the same set X, then (X, S) and (X, T) are distinct objects in the category Top of topological spaces and continuous maps, but mapped to the same set X by the forgetful functor Top → Set. Moreover, the identity morphism (X, S) → (X, S) and the identity morphism (X, T) → (X, T) are considered distinct morphisms in Top, but they have the same underlying function, namely the identity function on X.

Similarly, any set with four elements can be given two non-isomorphic group structures: one isomorphic to $$\mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z} \times \mathbb{Z}/2\mathbb{Z}$$, and the other isomorphic to $$\mathbb{Z}/4\mathbb{Z}$$.

Further examples

 * 1) Any group G may be regarded as an "abstract" category with one arbitrary object, $$\ast$$, and one morphism for each element of the group.  This would not be counted as concrete according to the intuitive notion described at the top of this article.  But every faithful G-set (equivalently, every representation of G as a group of permutations) determines a faithful functor G → Set. Since every group acts faithfully on itself, G can be made into a concrete category in at least one way.
 * 2) Similarly, any poset P may be regarded as an abstract category with a unique arrow x → y whenever x ≤  y.  This can be made concrete by defining a functor D : P → Set which maps each object x to $$D(x)=\{a \in P : a \leq x\}$$ and each arrow x → y to the inclusion map $$D(x) \hookrightarrow D(y)$$.
 * 3) The category Rel whose objects are sets and whose morphisms are relations can be made concrete by taking U to map each set X to its power set $$2^X$$ and each relation $$R \subseteq X \times Y$$ to the function $$\rho: 2^X \rightarrow 2^Y$$ defined by $$\rho(A)=\{y \in Y \mid \exists \, x \in A : xRy\}$$.  Noting that power sets are complete lattices under inclusion, those functions between them arising from some relation R in this way are exactly the supremum-preserving maps.  Hence Rel is equivalent to a full subcategory of the category Sup of complete lattices and their sup-preserving maps.  Conversely, starting from this equivalence we can recover U as the composite Rel → Sup → Set of the forgetful functor for Sup with this embedding of Rel in Sup.
 * 4) The category Setop can be embedded into Rel by representing each set as itself and each function f: X → Y as the relation from Y to X formed as the set of pairs (f(x), x) for all x ∈ X; hence Setop is concretizable.  The forgetful functor which arises in this way is the contravariant powerset functor Setop → Set.
 * 5) It follows from the previous example that the opposite of any concretizable category C is again concretizable, since if U is a faithful functor C → Set then Cop may be equipped with the composite Cop → Setop → Set.
 * 6) If C is any small category, then there exists a faithful functor P : SetC op → Set which maps a presheaf X to the coproduct $$\coprod_{c \in \mathrm{ob}C} X(c)$$.  By composing this with the Yoneda embedding Y:C → SetC op one obtains a faithful functor C → Set.
 * 7) For technical reasons, the category Ban1 of Banach spaces and linear contractions is often equipped not with the "obvious" forgetful functor but the functor U1 : Ban1 → Set which maps a Banach space to its (closed) unit ball.
 * 8) The category Cat whose objects are small categories and whose morphisms are functors can be made concrete by sending each category C to the set containing its objects and morphisms. Functors can be simply viewed as functions acting on the objects and morphisms.

Counter-examples
The category hTop, where the objects are topological spaces and the morphisms are homotopy classes of continuous functions, is an example of a category that is not concretizable. While the objects are sets (with additional structure), the morphisms are not actual functions between them, but rather classes of functions. The fact that there does not exist any faithful functor from hTop to Set was first proven by Peter Freyd. In the same article, Freyd cites an earlier result that the category of "small categories and natural equivalence-classes of functors" also fails to be concretizable.

Implicit structure of concrete categories
Given a concrete category (C, U) and a cardinal number N, let UN be the functor C → Set determined by UN(c) = (U(c))N. Then a subfunctor of UN is called an N-ary predicate and a natural transformation UN → U an N-ary operation.

The class of all N-ary predicates and N-ary operations of a concrete category (C,U), with N ranging over the class of all cardinal numbers, forms a large signature. The category of models for this signature then contains a full subcategory which is equivalent to C.

Relative concreteness
In some parts of category theory, most notably topos theory, it is common to replace the category Set with a different category X, often called a base category. For this reason, it makes sense to call a pair (C, U) where C is a category and U a faithful functor C → X a concrete category over X. For example, it may be useful to think of the models of a theory with N sorts as forming a concrete category over SetN.

In this context, a concrete category over Set is sometimes called a construct.

title: Concrete category


text:
Parthenia (Mauretania)

Parthenia was a Roman–Berber town in the former Roman province of Mauretania Sitifensis, the easternmost part of ancient Mauretania. It was located in what is now northern Algeria.

History
Parthenia is one of the Maghreb cities of the Roman period whose toponym recalls the cognomen of a prominent family; usually of the patrician class, in this case the family of the Parthenii.

The Notitia Provinciarum et Civitatum Africae, part of Victor Vitensis's Historia persecutionis Africanae Provinciae, temporibus Geiserici et Hunirici regum Wandalorum, mentions Parthenia among the bishoprics of Mauretania Sitifensis. It says that the bishop Rogatus was one of those exiled by the Vandal king Huneric when he took action against the Catholic bishops in his dominions. Morcelli remarks that he could find no other mention of Parthenia in the works of the ancient geographers or other writers.

A writer on the website Partenia places the site of the ancient town and bishopric that it calls Partenia in modern Sétif Province, directly south of the city of Sétif, but says the town's exact location is unknown, since it has disappeared beneath the sand. No other map of Roman North Africa attempts to indicate where it stood. The detailed map of ancient Africa and Mauretania made available on the Internet by the Associazione Storico-Culturale S. Agostino shows no town of similar name. The name that comes closest (in that it includes four of the nine letters of the word "Parthenia" but obviously has no relation to the Parthenii family) is "Ad Partum" in an 1842 map of ancient Africa, Numidia, and part of Mauretania by the father and son Lapie. Ad Partum lay to the east of ancient Setifis, southeast of Cuiculum and southwest of Cirta.

Bishopric
Parthenia is also a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church. It was titular see of former bishop of Évreux, Jacques Gaillot after being removed from the office due to his controversial views.

In February 484, Rogatus, Bishop of Parthenia, was one of the Catholic bishops whom the Arian Vandal Huneric summoned to a meeting at Carthage and then exiled.

No longer a residential bishopric, Parthenia is now listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.

Past bishops

 * Victor fl
 * Ragatus fl. 484
 * Giovanni Fallani (1964–1985)
 * José Luis Lacunza Maestrojuán (1985–1994)
 * Jacques Gaillot (1995–2023)

Virtual see of Partenia
The titular see of Parthenia was assigned to Bishop Jacques Gaillot when he was transferred on 13 January 1995 from the residential diocese of Évreux in France. Gaillot had been noted for his public expression of support for controversial church critic Eugen Drewermann, married priests and the use of condoms and for taking a lenient view with regard to homosexual activity and procurement of abortion.

The other French bishops complained to him for breaching the confidentiality of the meetings of the episcopal conference and for voicing positions contrary to the Church's magisterium. The president of the conference appealed to him, "if not to retract, then at least to cease making declarations opposed to the teachings and doctrine of the Catholic Church".

On his removal from the see of Évreux, Gaillot established an Internet site, called "Partenia", the Italian version of the name of his titular see, in which to express his ideas, but ceased to write on it in 2010.

title: Parthenia (Mauretania)


text:
Norrmalmstorg robbery

The Norrmalmstorg robbery was a bank robbery and hostage crisis that occurred at the Norrmalmstorg Square in Stockholm, Sweden, in August 1973 and was the first crime in Sweden to be covered by live television. It is best known as the origin of the term Stockholm syndrome.

Jan-Erik Olsson was a convicted criminal who had disappeared while on furlough from prison and then held up the Kreditbanken bank, taking four hostages in the process. During the negotiations that followed, Swedish Minister of Justice Lennart Geijer allowed Olsson's former cellmate and friend Clark Olofsson to be brought from prison to the bank. Although Olofsson was a long-time career criminal, it was deemed unlikely that he was in league with Olsson. In the popular account, the hostages then bonded with their captors and refused to cooperate with police. However, it has also been argued that the hostages were simply distrustful of the police given the latter's willingness to risk the hostages' safety. Police finally mounted a tear-gas attack five days into the crisis, and the robbers surrendered.

Olsson was sentenced to 10 years for the robbery, and Olofsson was ultimately acquitted. The counter-intuitive actions of the hostages led to a great deal of academic and public interest in the case, including a 2003 Swedish television film titled Norrmalmstorg, a 2018 Canadian film titled Stockholm and a 2022 Swedish Netflix television series Clark.

Events
Jan-Erik Olsson was on leave from prison on August 23, 1973 when he went into Kreditbanken on Norrmalmstorg, Stockholm and attempted to rob it. Swedish police were notified shortly after and arrived on the scene. One officer, Ingemar Warpefeldt, suffered injuries to his hand after Olsson opened fire, while another was ordered to sit in a chair and sing a song. Olsson then took four bank employees hostage: Birgitta Lundblad, Elisabeth Oldgren, Kristin Enmark, and Sven Säfström. He demanded his friend Clark Olofsson be brought there, along with three million Swedish kronor, two guns, bulletproof vests, helmets and a Ford Mustang.

Olsson was initially misidentified as Kaj Hansson, another escaped prisoner, and someone who specialized in bank robberies. Olsson was a repeat offender who had committed several armed robberies and acts of violence, the first when he had been 16.

The government gave permission for Olofsson to be brought as a communication link with the police negotiators. The hostage Kristin Enmark said that she felt safe with Olsson and Olofsson but feared that the police might escalate the situation by using violent methods. Olsson and Olofsson barricaded the inner main vault in which they kept the hostages. Negotiators agreed that they could have a car to escape but would not allow them to take hostages with them if they tried to leave.

Olsson called Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme, said that he would kill the hostages and backed up his threat by grabbing one of them in a stranglehold. She was heard screaming as he hung up. The next day, the hostage Kristin Enmark called Palme, said that she was very displeased with his attitude and asked him to let the robbers and the hostages leave.

Olofsson walked around the vault and sang Roberta Flack's "Killing Me Softly". On August 26, the police drilled a hole into the main vault from the apartment above and took a widely circulated photograph of the hostages with Olofsson. Olsson fired his weapon into the hole on two occasions and wounded a police officer in the hand and face.

Olsson had fired his weapon and threatened to kill the hostages if any gas attack was attempted. Nonetheless, on August 28 police used tear gas, and Olsson and Olofsson surrendered after an hour. None of the hostages sustained permanent injuries.

Aftermath
Both Olsson and Olofsson were convicted, and Olofsson was sentenced to an extended prison term for the robbery. He claimed, however, that he had not helped Olsson but had only tried to save the hostages by keeping the situation calm. He was later acquitted in the Svea Court of Appeal and served only the remainder of his prior sentence. He went on to meet the hostage Kristin Enmark several times, and their families became friends. He also committed several more crimes.

Olsson was sentenced to 10 years in prison. He received many admiring letters from women who found him attractive. He later got engaged to a woman who was not, despite what some state, one of the former hostages. After his release, he is alleged to have committed further crimes. After having been on the run from Swedish authorities for ten years for alleged financial crimes, he turned himself in to police in 2006, only to be told that the charges were no longer being actively pursued.

The hostages sympathised with their captors, which has led to academic interest in the matter. The Swedish term Norrmalmstorgssyndromet (lit. "the Norrmalmstorg syndrome"), later known as Stockholm syndrome, was coined by the criminologist Nils Bejerot. The hostages, although they were threatened by Olsson, never became violent toward the police or toward each other.

In 1996, Jan-Erik Olsson moved to northeastern Thailand with his wife and son, and moved back to Sweden in 2013. Olsson's autobiography Stockholms-syndromet was published in Sweden in 2009.

In popular culture
The 2003 television film , directed by Håkan Lindhé, is loosely based on the events. A fictionalized version of the robbery is told in Stockholm, a 2018 Canadian film directed by Robert Budreau.

The podcast Criminal spoke with Olofsson about the Norrmalmstorg robbery in the episode "Hostage".

In 2022, Netflix produced a six-episode series named Clark, directed by Jonas Åkerlund and starring Bill Skarsgård as Clark Olofsson.

title: Norrmalmstorg robbery


text:
María Antonieta Collins

María Antonieta Collins Flores (born 12 May 1952) is a Mexican journalist, television host and author. She is the winner of four Emmy Awards and the Edward Murrow Award.

Biography
Collins became known to viewers in her native Mexico as a reporter of "Televisa 24 horas" (1974), Noticiero con Jacobo Zabludovsky. In 1979 Collins was sent by Televisa as their first correspondent in California where she began as a general assignment journalist also covering baseball in the Major Leagues with the San Diego Padres and the Los Angeles Dodgers, job she did until 1986. Later that year, Collins was transferred to Spanish International Network (SIN) the network later named Univision. In eighteen years in Univision Network, Collins was well known for her job as a Mexico Correspondent, Texas Correspondent, and International Correspondent.

After Univision, Collins went to Telemundo where she hosted the morning show "Cada Dia".

In 1993, she was appointed as the successor of María Celeste Arrarás as the weekend anchor of Noticiero Univision, covering Jorge Ramos and María Elena Salinas while they were out.

In 1999, Collins convinced her friend Juanita Castro, the younger sister of Fidel and Raúl Castro, to co-write and publish Juanita's autobiography in Spanish edition: My brothers Fidel and Raúl, the secret story. The book was finally published in October 2009.

In 2000, was named Senior Correspondent for the news magazine "Aqui y Ahora" position that with Noticiero Univision fin de semana hold it until she left the network in August 2005.

Her 2003 book, Cuando el monstruo despierta, spoke about domestic violence. Writing this book was an emotional experience for Collins, as she revealed that her own daughter, Antonietta Collins, had been a victim of domestic violence by a former boyfriend.

In an article in People en Español (March 2008), Collins announced that she would be leaving Telemundo when her contract expired in August 2008 and that she wished to return to anchoring news.

She also writes a weekly editorial column for "El Sol de Mexico" network and its sixty newspapers in Mexico.

Personal life
Collins and María Celeste Arrarás are both animal rights activists.

She studies and plays (classical) piano.

Collins underwent plastic surgery in 2004 and has spoken extensively about it.

Selected publications

 * Dietas y Recetas de María Antonieta (Grijalbo/Random House 2001)
 * ¿Quién dijo que no se puede? (Grijalbo/Random House 2002)
 * Cuando el monstruo despierta (Grijalbo/Random House 2003)
 * En el nombre de comprar, firmar...y no llorar (Rayo/HarperCollins 2004)
 * Cómo lidiar con los ex hombres, mujeres, y fantasmas del pasado (Rayo/HarperCollins 2006)
 * "Dijiste que me querías" : cómo sobrellevar lo impensable (Rayo/HarperCollins 2007)
 * Porque quiero, porque puedo y porque me da la gana (Rayo 2009)
 * ¿Muerta?... ¡Pero de la risa! (Vintage Español 2014)

title: María Antonieta Collins


text:
Incidence (epidemiology)

In epidemiology, incidence reflects the number of new cases of a given medical condition in a population within a specified period of time.

Incidence proportion
Incidence proportion (IP), also known as cumulative incidence, is defined as the probability that a particular event, such as occurrence of a particular disease, has occurred in a specified period:

$$Incidence = \frac{number\ of\ subjects\ developing\ the\ disease\ over\ a\ certain\ period}{the\ total\ number\ of\ subjects\ followed\ over\ that\ period}$$

For example, if a population contains 1,000 persons and 28 develop a condition from the time the disease first occurred until two years later, the cumulative incidence is 28 cases per 1,000 persons, i.e. 2.8%.

Incidence rate
The incidence rate can be calculated by dividing the number of subjects developing a disease by the total time at risk from all patients:

$$Incidence\ rate = \frac{the\ number\ of\ subjects\ developing\ a\ disease}{the\ total\ time\ at\ risk\ for\ all\ people\ to\ get\ the\ disease}$$

One of the important advantages of incidence rate is that it doesn't require all subjects to be present for the whole study because it's only interested in the time at risk.

Incidence vs. prevalence
Incidence should not be confused with prevalence, which is the proportion of cases in the population at a given time rather than rate of occurrence of new cases. Thus, incidence conveys information about the risk of contracting the disease, whereas prevalence indicates how widespread the disease is. Prevalence is the proportion of the total number of cases to the total population and is more a measure of the burden of the disease on society with no regard to time at risk or when subjects may have been exposed to a possible risk factor. Prevalence can also be measured with respect to a specific subgroup of a population. Incidence is usually more useful than prevalence in understanding the disease etiology: for example, if the incidence rate of a disease in a population increases, then there is a risk factor that promotes the incidence.

For example, consider a disease that takes a long time to cure and was widespread in 2002 but dissipated in 2003. This disease will have both high incidence and high prevalence in 2002, but in 2003 it will have a low incidence yet will continue to have a high prevalence (because it takes a long time to cure, so the fraction of individuals that are affected remains high). In contrast, a disease that has a short duration may have a low prevalence and a high incidence. When the incidence is approximately constant for the duration of the disease, prevalence is approximately the product of disease incidence and average disease duration, so prevalence = incidence × duration. The importance of this equation is in the relation between prevalence and incidence; for example, when the incidence increases, then the prevalence must also increase. Note that this relation does not hold for age-specific prevalence and incidence, where the relation becomes more complicated.

Example
Consider the following example. Say you are looking at a sample population of 225 people, and want to determine the incidence rate of developing HIV over a 10-year period: If you were to measure prevalence you would simply take the total number of cases (25 + 20 + 30 = 75) and divide by your sample population (225). So prevalence would be 75/225 = 0.33 or 33% (by the end of the study). This tells you how widespread HIV is in your sample population, but little about the actual risk of developing HIV for any person over a coming year.
 * At the beginning of the study (t=0) you find 25 cases of existing HIV. These people are not counted as they cannot develop HIV a second time.
 * A follow-up at 5 years (t=5 years) finds 20 new cases of HIV.
 * A second follow-up at the end of the study (t=10 years) finds 30 new cases.

To measure incidence rate you must take into account how many years each person contributed to the study, and when they developed HIV because when a subject develops HIV he stops being at risk. When it is not known exactly when a person develops the disease in question, epidemiologists frequently use the actuarial method, and assume it was developed at a half-way point between follow-ups. In this calculation:
 * At 5 yrs you found 20 new cases, so you assume they developed HIV at 2.5 years, thus contributing (20 * 2.5) = 50 person-years of disease-free life.
 * At 10 years you found 30 new cases. These people did not have HIV at 5 years, but did at 10, so you assume they were infected at 7.5 years, thus contributing (30 * 7.5) = 225 person-years of disease-free life. That is a total of (225 + 50) = 275 person years so far.
 * You also want to account for the 150 people who never had or developed HIV over the 10-year period, (150 * 10) contributing 1500 person-years of disease-free life.

That is a total of (1500 + 275) = 1775 person-years of life. Now take the 50 new cases of HIV, and divide by 1775 to get 0.028, or 28 cases of HIV per 1000 population, per year. In other words, if you were to follow 1000 people for one year, you would see 28 new cases of HIV. This is a much more accurate measure of risk than prevalence.

title: Incidence (epidemiology)


text:
List of festivals in Canada

This is an incomplete list of festivals in Canada. This list includes festivals of diverse types, among them regional festivals, commerce festivals, fairs, food festivals, arts festivals, and recurring festivals on holidays.

Province or territory

 * List of festivals in Alberta (Calgary, Edmonton, Lethbridge)
 * List of festivals in British Columbia (Vancouver)
 * List of festivals in Manitoba (Winnipeg)
 * List of festivals in Ontario (Ottawa, Toronto)
 * List of festivals in Prince Edward Island
 * List of festivals in Quebec (Montreal)
 * List of festivals in Saskatchewan

City

 * List of festivals in Calgary
 * List of festivals in Edmonton
 * List of festivals in Lethbridge
 * List of entertainment events in Greater Moncton
 * List of festivals and parades in Montreal
 * List of festivals in Ottawa
 * List of festivals in Toronto
 * List of festivals in Vancouver
 * List of festivals in Winnipeg

Sublists by type

 * List of film festivals in Canada
 * List of music festivals in Canada
 * List of jazz festivals
 * List of Canadian blues festivals and venues

Attendance

 * 1) L'International des Feux Loto-Québec (Montreal), 3 million
 * 2) Montreal International Jazz Festival (Montreal), 2.5 million
 * 3) Winterlude (Ottawa), 1.6 million
 * 4) Celebration of Light (Vancouver), 1.6 million
 * 5) Just For Laughs (Montreal), 1.5 million
 * 6) Quebec City Summer Festival (Québec), 1.5 million
 * 7) Ottawa Bluesfest (Ottawa), 1.4 million
 * 8) Nuit Blanche Toronto, 1.2 million
 * 9) Canadian National Exhibition (Toronto), 1.3 million
 * 10) Calgary Stampede, 1.2 million
 * 11) Toronto Caribbean Carnival, 1.2 million
 * 12) Pride Toronto, 1.3 million
 * 13) Montréal En Lumière (Montreal), 0.9 million
 * 14) Pacific National Exhibition (Vancouver), 0.9 million
 * 15) K-Days (Edmonton), 0.8 million
 * 16) Toronto International Film Festival, 0.5 million
 * 17) Quebec Winter Carnival (Quebec City), 0.5 million
 * 18) Folklorama (Winnipeg), 0.4 million
 * 19) Carassauga (Mississauga), 0.3 million
 * 20) Festival du Voyageur (Winnipeg), 0.1 million

Economic impact

 * 1) Toronto Caribbean Carnival, $470 million
 * 2) Calgary Stampede, $172.4 million
 * 3) Winterlude (Ottawa-Gatineau), $151 million
 * 4) Pacific National Exhibition (Vancouver), $139 million
 * 5) Pride Toronto, $136 million
 * 6) Toronto International Film Festival, $135 million
 * 7) Just For Laughs (Montreal), $80 million
 * 8) Canadian National Exhibition (Toronto), $58.6 million
 * 9) Celebration of Light (Vancouver), $37 million
 * 10) Quebec Winter Carnival, $34 million

Arts festivals
• Alberta Culture Days

• Algoma Fall Festival

• ArtsPeak Arts Festival

• Calgary Animated Objects Society

• Eclipse Festival

• Edgy Women

• Festival Accès Asie

• Great Northern Arts Festival

• Infringement Festival

• Kempenfest

• London Ontario Live Arts Festival

• Luminato

• Mondial des Cultures

• MUTEK

• PuSh International Performing Arts Festival

• Sled Island

• St-Ambroise Montreal Fringe Festival

• Up Here Festival

• Vancouver International Sculpture Biennale

• The Works Art & Design Festival

• Westfest

• Woodstock en Beauce

• World Ski and Snowboard Festival

• Yukon International Storytelling Festival

Children's festivals

 * Carrousel international du film de Rimouski
 * Northern Saskatchewan International Children's Festival
 * Ottawa International Children's Festival
 * Winnipeg International Children's Festival

Comedy festivals

 * HubCap Comedy Festival
 * Halifax Comedy Festival
 * Just For Laughs, Montreal
 * Comedia (film)
 * Zoofest, Montreal
 * Toronto Sketch Comedy Festival
 * Winnipeg Comedy Festival
 * We're Funny That Way!

Cultural festivals
• Calgary Stampede

• Carnaval de Québec

• Festival du Voyageur, Winnipeg

• Festival of Northern Lights, Owen Sound, Ontario

• Festival Western de Saint-Tite, Saint-Tite

• Folklorama, Winnipeg

• Friendship Festival, Fort Erie

• Glengarry Highland Games, Maxville, Ontario

• MuslimFest, Toronto

• Le Pays de la Sagouine, Bouctouche, New Brunswick

• Pohela Boishakh, Calgary, Alberta.

• Scotiabank Caribbean Carnival Toronto (Caribana), Toronto

• The Great India Festival, Ottawa, Ontario.

• Vaisakhi

• Vancouver Halloween Parade & Expo

• Winterlude, Ottawa

Dance festivals

 * Canada Dance Festival
 * Canadian Ballet Festival
 * Festival TransAmériques
 * Mondial des Cultures
 * Thrill the World
 * Vancouver International Dance Festival

Fairs and exhibitions
• Arts County Fair

• Ayer's Cliff Fair

• Brome Fair

• Brampton Fall Fair

• Calgary Comic and Entertainment Expo (trade fair)

• Calgary Stampede, Calgary

• Canadian Lakehead Exhibition, Thunder Bay

• Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto

• Canadian Western Agribition

• Canada-Wide Science Fair

• Cloverdale Rodeo and Country Fair

• Drumbo Fall Fair

• Driven To Perform (trade fair)

• Expozine (book fair)

• Expo 67 (world's fair)

• Expo 17 (world's fair)

• Edmonton Expo 2017 (world's fair)

• Expo 86 (world's fair)

• Floralies Internationales de Montréal (world's fair)

• Grande Prairie Stompede

• Hants County Exhibition

• Harrow Fair

• K-Days, Edmonton

• Lilac Festival (Calgary)

• Markham Fair

• Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show

• Ottawa SuperEX (Central Canada Exhibition), Ottawa

• Pacific National Exhibition, Vancouver

• Red River Exhibition, Winnipeg

• Rockton World's Fair

• Royal Agricultural Winter Fair

• Royal Manitoba Winter Fair

• Provincial Agricultural Fair of Canada West

• Sasktoon Ex, Saskatoon

• Scarboro Fair

• Schomberg Fair

• Salon du livre anarchiste (book fair)

• Sooke Fall Fair

• Spencerville Fair

• Western Fair

• Whoop-Up Days

• World of Commodore (trade fair)

Food festivals

 * Annapolis Valley Apple Blossom Festival, Annapolis Valley, Nova Scotia
 * Brighton Applefest, Brighton, Ontario
 * Canada's Largest Ribfest, Burlington, Ontario
 * Eat! Vancouver, Vancouver, British Columbia
 * Exploits Valley Salmon Festival, Exploits Valley, Newfoundland and Labrador
 * Sun and Salsa Festival, Calgary, Alberta
 * Taste of the Danforth, Toronto, Ontario
 * A Taste of Edmonton, Edmonton, Alberta

Fringe festivals

 * Atlantic Fringe Festival
 * Calgary Fringe Festival
 * Edmonton International Fringe Festival
 * Island Fringe Festival
 * Ottawa Fringe Festival
 * Saskatoon Fringe Theatre Festival
 * St-Ambroise Montreal Fringe Festival
 * Vancouver Fringe Festival
 * Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival

Literary festivals

 * Banff Mountain Book Festival
 * Blue Metropolis International Literary Festival
 * Eden Mills Writers' Festival, Eden Mills, Ontario
 * The Frye Festival, Moncton, New Brunswick
 * Vancouver Writers Fest
 * Winnipeg International Writers Festival
 * The Word on the Street

title: List of festivals in Canada


text:
List of festivals in Australia

List of festivals in Australia, including any established festival or carnival in Australia.

title: List of festivals in Australia


text:
List of festivals in the United States

This is an incomplete list of festivals in the United States with articles on Wikipedia, as well as lists of other festival lists, by geographic location. This list includes festivals of diverse types, among them regional festivals, commerce festivals, fairs, food festivals, arts festivals, religious festivals, folk festivals, and recurring festivals on holidays.

Festivals unique to the United States (and Canada and Mexico in some cases) include pow wows, Rocky Mountain Rendezvous, blues festivals, county fairs, state fairs, ribfests, and strawberry festivals. The first U.S. state fair was that of New York, held in 1841 in Syracuse, and has been held annually to the present year. The second state fair was in Detroit, Michigan, which started in 1849.

Territories

 * 🇦🇸 List of festivals in American Samoa
 * 🇬🇺 List of festivals in Guam
 * 🇵🇷 List of festivals in Puerto Rico
 * List of festivals in the United States Virgin Islands

Cities

 * List of festivals in Atlanta
 * List of festivals in Buffalo, New York
 * List of festivals in Chicago (music)
 * List of events in Houston
 * List of attractions and events in Indianapolis
 * List of San Francisco Bay Area festivals and fairs
 * List of Seattle street fairs and parades
 * List of festivals and events in Tulsa, Oklahoma

States
• List of festivals in Alabama

•  List of festivals in Alaska

•  List of festivals in Arizona

•  List of festivals in Arkansas

•  List of festivals in California (San Francisco)

•  List of festivals in Colorado

•  List of festivals in Connecticut

•  List of festivals in Delaware

•  List of festivals in Florida

•  List of festivals in Georgia (Atlanta)

•  List of festivals in Hawaii

•  List of festivals in Idaho

•  List of festivals in Illinois (Chicago)

•  List of festivals in Indiana (Indianapolis)

•  List of festivals in Iowa

•  List of festivals in Kansas

•  List of festivals in Kentucky

•  List of festivals in Louisiana

•  List of festivals in Maine

•  List of festivals in Maryland

•  List of festivals in Massachusetts

•  List of festivals in Michigan

•  List of festivals in Minnesota

•  List of festivals in Mississippi

•  List of festivals in Missouri

•  List of festivals in Montana

•  List of festivals in Nebraska

•  List of festivals in Nevada

•  List of festivals in New Hampshire

•  List of festivals in New Jersey

•  List of festivals in New Mexico

•  List of festivals in New York (Buffalo)

•  List of festivals in North Carolina

•  List of festivals in North Dakota

•  List of festivals in Ohio

•  List of festivals in Oklahoma (Tulsa)

•  List of festivals in Oregon

•  List of festivals in Pennsylvania

•  List of festivals in Rhode Island

•  List of festivals in South Carolina

•  List of festivals in South Dakota

•  List of festivals in Tennessee

•  List of festivals in Texas (Houston)

•  List of festivals in Utah

•  List of festivals in Vermont

•  List of festivals in Virginia

•  List of festivals in Washington  (Seattle)

•  List of festivals in West Virginia

•  List of festivals in Wisconsin

•  List of festivals in Wyoming

Alternative festivals

 * Burning Man — Black Rock City, Nevada
 * Coney Island Mermaid Parade — New York City, New York
 * Exotic Erotic Ball — San Francisco, California
 * How Weird Street Faire — San Francisco, California
 * King Mango Strut — Coral Gables, Florida
 * New York's Village Halloween Parade — New York City, New York
 * Porcupine Freedom Festival — Lancaster, New Hampshire
 * Rainbow Gathering — national and regional locations, worldwide
 * Roswell UFO Festival — Roswell, New Mexico
 * Sawdust Art Festival — Laguna Beach, California
 * SLUG Queen — Eugene, Oregon

Arts and crafts festivals

 * Allentown Arts Festival — Buffalo, New York
 * Amish Acres Arts & Crafts Festival — Nappanee, Indiana
 * Ann Arbor Art Fairs — Ann Arbor, Michigan
 * Bayou City Art Festival — Houston, Texas
 * Catoctin Colorfest — Thurmont, Maryland
 * Central Pennsylvania Festival of the Arts — State College, Pennsylvania
 * Cherry Creek Arts Festival — Cherry Creek, Colorado
 * Detroit Festival of the Arts — Detroit, Michigan
 * Dogwood Arts Festival — Knoxville, Tennessee
 * Festival of the Arts — Grand Rapids, Michigan
 * Half Moon Bay Art and Pumpkin Festival — Half Moon Bay, California
 * Lake Eden Arts Festival (LEAF) — Black Mountain, North Carolina
 * Mayfair Festival of the Arts — Allentown, Pennsylvania
 * St. James Art Fair — Louisville, Kentucky
 * Sawdust Art Festival — Laguna Beach, California
 * Summer Camp Music Festival — Chillicothe, Illinois
 * Vermont Quilt Festival — Essex, Vermont

Beer festivals

 * Great American Beer Festival (established 1982) — Denver, Colorado
 * Houston Beer Fest (established 2011) — Houston, Texas
 * Oregon Brewers Festival (established 1988) — Portland, Oregon

Celebration/talk festivity

 * Cheeseburger in Caseville — Caseville, Michigan
 * ComFest — Columbus, Ohio
 * Friendship Festival — Buffalo, New York and Fort Erie, Ontario, Canada
 * Gasparilla Pirate Festival — Tampa, Florida
 * Hessler Street Fair — Cleveland, Ohio
 * Minneapolis Aquatennial — Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Pecan Street Festival — Austin, Texas
 * Red River Revel — Shreveport, Louisiana
 * Saint Paul Winter Carnival — Saint Paul, Minnesota

Contemporary Christian Festivals

 * Cornerstone Festival — Bushnell, Illinois
 * Creation Festival — The Gorge Amphitheatre in George, Washington and Agape Farm in Mount Union, Pennsylvania
 * LifeLight Festival — Sioux Falls, South Dakota
 * Sonshine Festival — Willmar, Minnesota

Culture, heritage and folk festivals

 * Aloha Festivals — Hawaii
 * Arlington International Film Festival — Arlington, Massachusetts
 * Borderfest — Rio Grande Valley, Texas
 * Cleveland Feast of the Assumption Festival — Cleveland, Ohio
 * Dublin Irish Festival — Dublin, Ohio
 * Feast of San Gennaro — New York City, New York
 * Festival Latinoamericano — Provo, Utah
 * FinnFestUSA
 * Folkmoot — Waynesville, North Carolina
 * Greek Food Festival of Dallas — Dallas, Texas
 * Hungarian Festival — New Brunswick, New Jersey
 * Indy Irish Festival — Indianapolis, Indiana
 * International Children's Festival — Washington, DC
 * Italian Heritage Festival — Wheeling, West Virginia
 * Johnny Appleseed Festival — Fort Wayne, Indiana
 * Kansas City Irish Fest — Kansas City, Missouri
 * Little Italy Festival — Clinton, Indiana
 * Lowell Folk Festival — Lowell, Massachusetts
 * New Jersey Folk Festival — New Brunswick, New Jersey
 * New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival — New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Nisei Week — Little Tokyo, Los Angeles, California
 * North Texas Irish Festival — Dallas, Texas
 * Northwest Folklife Festival — Seattle, Washington
 * Pepper Jelly Festival — Thomaston, Alabama
 * Pittsburgh Folk Festival — Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
 * Portugal Day Festival — Newark, New Jersey
 * Riverfront Irish Festival — Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
 * Taste of Polonia — Chicago, Illinois
 * Texas Folklife Festival — San Antonio, Texas
 * Tulip Time Festival — Holland, Michigan
 * World of Nations Celebration — Jacksonville, Florida
 * World's Largest Disco — Buffalo, New York
 * Ypsilanti Heritage Festival — Ypsilanti, Michigan

Film festivals

 * List of film festivals in the United States

Fine art and theatre festivals

 * Alabama Shakespeare Festival — Montgomery, Alabama
 * Allentown Art Festival — Buffalo, New York
 * Arizona Renaissance Festival — Apache Junction, Arizona
 * Artscape — Baltimore, Maryland
 * Bristol Renaissance Faire — Kenosha, Wisconsin
 * Carolina Renaissance Festival — Huntersville, North Carolina
 * Central Pennsylvania Festival of the Arts — State College, Pennsylvania
 * Curtain Up! — Buffalo, New York
 * Grand Cities Art Fest — Grand Forks, North Dakota/East Grand Forks, Minnesota
 * Kansas City Renaissance Festival — Bonner Springs, Kansas
 * Maryland Renaissance Festival — Crownsville, Maryland
 * MasterWorks Festival — Cedarville, Ohio
 * Minnesota Renaissance Festival — Shakopee, Minnesota
 * New York Renaissance Faire — Tuxedo, New York
 * North Carolina School of the Arts Summer Performance Festival — Manteo, North Carolina
 * Oregon Shakespeare Festival — Ashland, Oregon
 * The River To River Festival — New York, New York
 * Savannah Music Festival — Savannah, Georgia
 * Sterling Renaissance Festival — Sterling, New York
 * True/False Film Festival — Columbia, Missouri
 * Utah Shakespearean Festival — Cedar City, Utah

Flower festivals

 * International Cherry Blossom Festival — Macon, Georgia
 * Lilac Festival — Rochester, New York
 * Lompoc Valley Flower Festival — Lompoc, California
 * National Cherry Blossom Festival — Washington, DC
 * Philadelphia Flower Show — Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Portland Rose Festival — Portland, Oregon
 * Seattle Hempfest — Seattle, Washington
 * Shenandoah Apple Blossom Festival — Winchester, Virginia
 * Texas Rose Festival — Tyler, Texas
 * Tulip Festival — Holland, Michigan
 * Washington State Apple Blossom Festival — Wenatchee, Washington

Food, harvest and wild game festivals

 * Apple Festival — Bayfield, Wisconsin
 * Banana Split Festival — Wilmington, Ohio
 * Barnesville Pumpkin Festival — Barnesville, Ohio
 * Brushy Mountain Apple Festival — North Wilkesboro, North Carolina
 * Circleville Pumpkin Show — Circleville, Ohio
 * Delmarva Chicken Festival — Delmarva Peninsula
 * Festival of the Fish — Vermilion, Ohio
 * Florida food festivals — Florida
 * Gilroy Garlic Festival — Gilroy, California
 * Half Moon Bay Art and Pumpkin Festival — Half Moon Bay, California
 * Jackson County Apple Festival — Jackson, Ohio
 * Kentucky Apple Festival — Paintsville, Kentucky
 * Lexington Barbecue Festival — Lexington, North Carolina
 * Louisiana Fur and Wildlife Festival — Cameron, Louisiana
 * Morton Pumpkin Festival — Morton, Illinois
 * National Buffalo Wing Festival — Buffalo, New York
 * National Cherry Festival — Traverse City, Michigan
 * National Cornbread Festival National Cornbread Festival — South Pittsburg, Tennessee
 * North Carolina Wine Festival — Clemmons, North Carolina
 * Norwalk Oyster Festival — Norwalk, Connecticut
 * Parker County Peach Festival —  Weatherford, Texas
 * Paso Robles Wine Festival — Paso Robles, California
 * Roanoke-Chowan Pork-Fest — Murfreesboro, North Carolina
 * Schmeckfest — Freeman, South Dakota
 * Strawberry Festival — Poteet, Texas
 * Sweet Corn Festival — Fairborn, Ohio
 * Taste of Buffalo — Buffalo, New York
 * Taste of Chicago — Chicago, Illinois
 * A Taste of Colorado
 * West Side Nut Club Fall Festival — Evansville, Indiana
 * Yadkin Valley Wine Festival —  Elkin, North Carolina
 * Yambilee Festival — Opelousas, Louisiana

Holiday festivals

 * Christmas on the River — Demopolis, Alabama
 * New Orleans Mardi Gras — New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Spirit of America Festival — Decatur, Alabama
 * West Side Nut Club Fall Festival — Evansville, Indiana

Innovation festivals

 * One Spark crowdfunding festival — Jacksonville, Florida

LGBT festivals

 * Capital Pride — Washington, DC
 * Fantasia Fair — Provincetown, Massachusetts
 * Frameline — San Francisco, California
 * Newfest — New York, New York
 * Outfest — Los Angeles, California
 * PeaceOUT World Homo Hop Festival — Oakland, California
 * Southern Decadence — New Orleans, Louisiana
 * Utah Pride Festival — Salt Lake City, Utah
 * White Party — Palm Springs, California

Pagan festivals

 * Faerieworlds — Eugene, Oregon
 * Pagan Spirit Gathering — near Salem, Missouri
 * Starwood Festival — Wisteria Campground in Pomeroy, Ohio

Pioneer festivals

 * Days of '47 Parade — Salt Lake City, Utah
 * Pioneer Days — Kalida, Ohio
 * Pioneer Days — Utah state holiday with multiple celebrations throughout the state

Religious festivals

 * Vaisakhi — Yuba City, California
 * Wild Goose Festival — Hot Springs, North Carolina
 * X-Day (Church of the SubGenius) — Wisteria Campground in Pomeroy, Ohio

Rodeo and horse racing festivals

 * Days of '47 Rodeo — Salt Lake City, Utah
 * Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo — Houston, Texas
 * Kentucky Derby Festival — Louisville, Kentucky
 * Pendleton round up — Pendleton, Oregon

Science festivals

 * Trenton Computer Festival
 * World Science Festival — New York, New York

Seasonal festivals

 * Apple Blossom Festival — Winchester, Virginia
 * Evansville Freedom Festival — Evansville, Indiana
 * Memphis in May — Memphis, Tennessee
 * Sawdust Art Festival — Laguna Beach, California
 * Three Rivers Festival — Fort Wayne, Indiana
 * West Side Nut Club Fall Festival — Evansville, Indiana
 * Woollybear Festival — Vermilion, Ohio

Sports festivals

 * Arnold Sports Festival — Columbus, Ohio
 * Bridge Day — Fayetteville, West Virginia

Storytelling festivals

 * National Storytelling Festival — Jonesborough, Tennessee
 * Southern Ohio Storytelling Festival — Chillicothe, Ohio
 * Timpanogos Storytelling Festival — Orem, Utah

Transportation festivals

 * Segway Fest — varying locations
 * Tall Stacks — Cincinnati, Ohio

title: List of festivals in the United States


text:
Talk:New Imperialism (1871-1914)

Ok, this seems to solve the problem. WP articles are harder to link to if they are too complicated, i understand, but if they are too general, ;;i.e does the "new coca-cola" article refer to the "old new" or the "new new"

Ive got nothing to say about any of the content, so that made me suitable for making this decision on purely aesthetic grounds entirely. -Sv

Which is more useful to somebody who has never heard of Pax Britannica or New Imperialism. (Pick one or submit your own revision)

 * A: The collapse of the British and Spanish empires in the New World following the American Revolution and revolutions in the viceroyalties of New Spain (to become Mexico) and Peru (to become Gran Colombia) signalled the failure of mercantilism and contributed to the appeal of the classical liberalism of Adam Smith for emerging nation-states. Richard Cobden, a disciple of Smith, contended that the costs of occupation often exceeded the financial return to the taxpayer. In other words, formal empire afforded no reciprocal economic benefit when trade would continue whether the overseas political entities were nominally sovereign or not.

or

 * B: The economic, political, and technological developments, of the late 19th century, rendered imperial competition feasible, in spite of Britain’s centuries of naval superiority. The decline of Pax Britannica, was made possible by developments such as the breakdown of the Concert of Europe and the establishment of industrial powers in Germany, Italy, the United States, and Japan. The industrial nations began to enter an era of aggressive national rivalry, particularly in regards to trade and colonialism, this era being known as that of the New Imperialism.

Vera Cruz

title: Talk:New Imperialism (1871-1914)