text:
Talk:Embassy

Untitled comments from 2003-2004
Shouldn't embassy and consulate have separate entries? They are different (if closely related) things - stewacide

 * ...went ahead and did it :)

 * Is the American Embassy Welsh Affairs Office, Cardiff a Consulate, an Embassy or a "remote branch" of the Embassy? -- Chris Q 09:17 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Consulate general I would think, since an embassy is the sovereign territory not of the host but of the visiting country (I doubt that applies in the case of the Cardiff office) and is (almost) always located in the country's capital (i.e. London).

 * Some of these rules are bent in the case of Commonwealth countries however (since many of them have the same head of state they can't have 'ambassadors' for example, and instead have 'high commissioners' or something like that) - stewacide 09:47 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * I donno--131.216.58.86 00:16, 10 Sep 2004 (UTC)

As far as I know, it is not correct to say, that an embassy is not part of the territory of the host country anymore. It is just exempt from local law, that's it! Gugganij 16:03, 22 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Diplomatic mission
This article should be merged into Diplomatic mission, the more general term covering both embassies and high commissions (which as noted here are functionally completely identical). Jpatokal 05:55, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * I oppose the merge. Embassy is an important article. It's like merging the article eagle with bird. Embassy exists in over 20 other Wikipedia languagues. It is unthinkable it doesn't exist in english.--31.202.25.100 (talk) 01:14, 18 May 2017 (UTC)
 * You're confusing a dictionary with an encyclopedia. Someone looking for information on an embassy will find what they need in the other article and not this one. Hence the redirect. Domdeparis (talk) 04:26, 18 May 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Embassy


text:
Battle of Newburn

The Battle of Newburn, also known as the Battle of Newburn Ford, took place on 28 August 1640, during the Second Bishops' War. It was fought at Newburn, just outside Newcastle, where a ford crossed the River Tyne. A Scottish Covenanter army of 20,000 under Alexander Leslie defeated an English force of 5,000, led by Lord Conway.

The only significant military action of the war, victory enabled the Scots to take Newcastle, which provided the bulk of London's coal supplies, and allowed them to put pressure on the central government. The October 1640 Treaty of Ripon agreed the Covenanter army could occupy large parts of northern England, while receiving £850 per day to cover their costs. The Scots insisted Charles recall Parliament to ratify the peace settlement; he did so in November 1640, a key element in the events leading to the First English Civil War in August 1642.

Background

The Protestant Reformation created a Church of Scotland, or 'kirk', Presbyterian in structure, and Calvinist in doctrine. Presbyterian churches were ruled by Elders, nominated by congregations; Episcopalian were governed by bishops, appointed by the monarch. In 1584, bishops were imposed on the kirk against considerable resistance; since they also sat in Parliament and usually supported Royal policies, arguments over their role were as much about politics as religion.

The vast majority of Scots, whether Covenanter or Royalist, believed a 'well-ordered' monarchy was divinely mandated; they disagreed on what 'well-ordered' meant, and who held ultimate authority in clerical affairs. Royalists generally emphasised the role of the monarch more than Covenanters, but there were many factors, including nationalist allegiance to the kirk, and individual motives were very complex. Montrose fought for the Covenant in 1639 and 1640, then became a Royalist, and switching sides was common throughout the period.

When James VI and I succeeded as king of England in 1603, he viewed a unified Church of Scotland and England as the first step in creating a centralised, Unionist state. However, the two churches were very different in doctrine; even Scottish bishops violently opposed many Church of England practices. Widespread hostility to reforms imposed on the kirk by Charles I led to the National Covenant on 28 February 1638. Its signatories vowed to oppose any changes, and included Argyll and six other members of the Scottish Privy Council; in December, bishops were expelled from the kirk.

Charles resorted to military action to assert his authority, resulting in the First Bishops' War in 1639. His chief Scottish advisor James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Hamilton proposed an ambitious three part strategy, in which Scottish Royalists would be supported by additional troops from England and Ireland. However, Charles' suspension of the Parliament of England during the period of Personal Rule from 1629 to 1640 meant there was insufficient support or money to conduct such operations, which largely failed to materialise. This allowed the Covenanters to consolidate their domestic position by defeating Royalist forces in Aberdeenshire, while the chaotic state of the English army left them unable to mount any effective opposition.

While the two sides agreed the Treaty of Berwick in June, both saw it primarily as an opportunity to strengthen their position. In April 1640, Parliament was recalled for the first time in eleven years but when it refused to vote taxes without concessions, it was dissolved after only three weeks. Despite this, Charles went ahead, supported by his most capable advisor, the Earl of Strafford. As in 1639, he planned an ambitious three-part attack; an Irish army from the west, an amphibious landing in the north, supported by an English attack from the south.

Once again, the first two parts failed, while his English troops consisted largely of militia levied in the south, poorly-equipped, unpaid, and unenthusiastic about the war. On the march north, lack of supplies meant they looted the areas they passed through, creating widespread disorder; several units murdered officers suspected of being Catholics, before deserting. Lacking reliable troops, Lord Conway, commander in the north, assumed a defensive posture and focused on reinforcing Berwick-upon-Tweed, the usual starting point for invading England. On 17 August, cavalry units under Montrose crossed the River Tweed, followed by the rest of Leslie's army of around 20,000. The Scots bypassed the town, and headed for Newcastle-on-Tyne, centre of the coal trade with London, and a valuable bargaining point.

Battle

Since Conway had insufficient men to adequately hold Newcastle and provide a large enough field army to confront Leslie, he left the town with a skeleton garrison and positioned most of his troops near Hexham, gambling on the Scots crossing the River Tyne there. By 27 August, the Scots were approaching Newcastle; supplying such a large army meant Leslie either had to capture it, or retreat. Given the strong defences north of the river, he decided to cross the Tyne at Newburn, then a small village six miles outside Newcastle, which would allow him to attack its weaker, southern side.

On the evening of 27 August, Conway arrived at Newburn with 1,000 cavalry and 2,000 infantry, who began building defences on the south bank of the Tyne, supervised by Colonel Thomas Lunsford. They were joined next morning by Sir Jacob Astley, with another 2,000 infantry, but in addition to being heavily outnumbered, their positions around the ford were almost indefensible. Leslie's artillery commander, Alexander Hamilton, was an extremely experienced soldier, who placed his guns on high ground to the north; this provided a clear field of fire on the English troops below, while making them almost impervious to return fire.

In addition, most of the English artillery was still at Hexham, leaving them only eight light guns with which to reply to the Scottish batteries. Sir Jacob, also a veteran of the Thirty Years War, suggested neutralising this disadvantage by withdrawing into the woods further back, but this advice was rejected. While waiting for low tide, Leslie asked Conway to allow his army across to 'deliver a petition to the king', which was refused; Conway then received instructions from Strafford, ordering him to prevent a crossing of the ford. In retrospect, retreat might have been a better option; taking Newcastle would have taken time, and English prisoners later reported the Scots had only enough rations for three days.

The battle started around 13:00 when a Scots officer who came too close to the ford was shot, initiating an outbreak of musket fire. Around 300 Covenanter cavalry attempted to cross the river but came under concentrated fire from Lunsford's infantry and retreated. Hamilton's artillery now began an intense bombardment of the hastily prepared defences around the ford, which they soon dismantled; despite Lunsford's efforts to rally them, his troops abandoned their positions, allowing the Scots to cross. A counter-attack by the English cavalry was initially successful, but they were driven back, and their commander Henry Wilmot captured.

Since his cavalry and infantry withdrew in opposite directions, Conway was unable to reform his lines, and by early evening, the English were in full retreat towards Newcastle. One of the few members of the English army to emerge with any credit from the battle was George Monck, who managed to ensure their artillery escaped intact. Both sides suffered around 300 casualties, and Leslie ordered his troops to refrain from pursuit; already in secret contact with John Pym and the Parliamentary opposition, the Scots wanted to avoid making it harder to agree terms.

Aftermath
Despite this victory, the Scots still had to take Newcastle, but to Leslie's surprise, when they arrived on 30 August, Conway had withdrawn to Durham. One suggestion is he did not trust his ill-disciplined and mutinous troops, but morale in the rest of the army now collapsed, forcing Charles to make peace. Under the October Treaty of Ripon, the Scots were paid £850 per day, and allowed to occupy Northumberland and County Durham pending final resolution of terms. Funding this required the recall of Parliament, and the Scots finally evacuated Northern England after the August 1641 Treaty of London.

While defeat forced Charles to call a Parliament he could not get rid of, the Irish Rebellion of 1641 was arguably more significant in the struggle that led to war in August 1642. Although both sides agreed on the need to suppress the revolt, neither trusted the other with control of the army raised to do so, and it was this tension that was the proximate cause of the First English Civil War.

Victory confirmed Covenanter control of government and kirk, and Scottish policy now focused on securing these achievements. The 1643 Solemn League and Covenant was driven by concern over the implications for Scotland if Parliament were defeated; like Charles, the Covenanters sought political power through the creation of a unified church of Scotland and England, only one that was Presbyterian, rather than Episcopalian.

However, ease of victory in the Bishops' Wars meant they overestimated their military capacity and ability to enforce this objective. Unlike Scotland, Presbyterians were a minority within the Church of England, while religious Independents opposed any state church, let alone one dictated by the Scots. One of the most prominent opponents was Oliver Cromwell, who claimed he would fight, rather than agree to such an outcome.

Many of the political radicals known as the Levellers, and much of the New Model Army, belonged to Independent congregations; by 1646, the Scots and their English allies viewed them as a greater threat than Charles. Defeat in the 1648 Second English Civil War resulted in his execution; failure to restore his son in the 1651 Third English Civil War was followed by Scotland's incorporation into the Commonwealth, a union made on English terms.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Newburn


text:
Christopher Hill (historian)

John Edward Christopher Hill (6 February 1912 – 23 February 2003) was an English Marxist historian and academic, specialising in 17th-century English history. From 1965 to 1978 he was Master of Balliol College, Oxford.

Early life and education
Christopher Hill was born on 6 February 1912, Bishopthorpe Road, York, to Edward Harold Hill and Janet Augusta (née Dickinson). His father was a solicitor and the family were devout Methodists. He attended St Peter's School, York. At the age of 16, he sat his entrance examination at Balliol College, Oxford. The two history tutors who marked his papers recognised his ability and offered him a place in order to forestall any chance he might go to the University of Cambridge. In 1931 Hill took a prolonged holiday in Freiburg, Germany, where he witnessed the rise of the Nazi Party, later saying that it contributed significantly to the radicalisation of his politics.

He matriculated at Balliol College in 1931. In the following year he won the Lothian Prize, and he graduated with a first-class Bachelor of Arts degree in modern history in 1934. Whilst at Balliol, Hill became a committed Marxist and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain in the year he graduated.

Hill has been accused of being a spy for the Soviet Union. Several academics, including Hobsbawm, defended Hill. Further, declassified MI5 documents are reported to have found no evidence of him being a spy.

Early academic career
After graduating he became a Fellow of All Souls College. In 1935 he undertook a ten-month trip to Moscow, Soviet Union. There he became fluent in Russian and studied Soviet historical scholarship, particularly that relating to Britain. After returning to England in 1936 he accepted a teaching position as an assistant lecturer at the University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire in Cardiff. During his time there he attempted to join the International Brigade and fight in the Spanish Civil War, but was rejected. Instead he was active in helping Basque refugees displaced by the war. After two years in Cardiff he returned to Balliol College in 1938 as a Fellow and tutor in history.

War service
Following the outbreak of the Second World War, he joined the British Army, initially as a private in the Field Security Police. He was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry on 2 November 1940 with the service number 156590. At around this time Hill started to publish his articles and reviews about 17th-century English history. On 19 October 1941 he was transferred to the Intelligence Corps. He was seconded to the Foreign Office from 1943 until the war ended.

Later academic career and politics
Hill returned to Oxford University after the war to continue his academic work. In 1946 he and other Marxist historians formed the Communist Party Historians Group. In 1949 he applied for the chair of History at the new Keele University, but was turned down because of his Communist Party affiliations. In 1952 he helped to create the journal Past and Present.

Hill was becoming discontented with the lack of democracy in the Communist Party. However, he stayed in the party after the Soviet invasion of Hungary in 1956. He left in the spring of 1957 after one of his reports to the party congress was rejected.

After 1956 Hill's academic career ascended to new heights. His studies in 17th-century English history were widely acknowledged and recognised. His first academic book, Economic Problems of the Church from Archbishop Whitgift to the Long Parliament, appeared in 1956. Like many of his later books, it was based on his study of printed sources accessible in the Bodleian Library and on secondary works produced by other academic historians, rather than on research in the surviving archives. In 1965 Hill was elected Master of Balliol College. He held the post from 1965 to 1978, when he retired (he was succeeded by Anthony Kenny). Among his students at Balliol was Brian Manning, who went on to develop understanding of the English Revolution. At Oxford Hill acted as Senior Member of the exclusive Stubbs Society.

Many of Hill's most notable studies focused on 17th-century English history. His books include Puritanism and Revolution (1958), Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (1965 and revised in 1996), The Century of Revolution (1961), Anti-Christ in 17th-century England (1971) and The World Turned Upside Down (1972).

Hill retired from Balliol in 1978, when he took up a full-time appointment for two years at the Open University. He continued to lecture from his home at Sibford Ferris, Oxfordshire.

In Hill's later years he lived with Alzheimer's disease and required constant care. He died of cerebral atrophy in a nursing home in Chipping Norton, Oxfordshire, on 23 February 2003.

Personal life
Hill married Inez Waugh (née Bartlett) on 17 January 1944. Inez Hill, then 23, was the daughter of an Army officer, Gordon Bartlett, and the ex-wife of Ian Anthony Waugh. The Hills' marriage broke down after ten years. Their only child, their daughter, Fanny, drowned while holidaying in Spain in 1986.

Hill's second wife was Bridget Irene Mason (née Sutton), whom he married on 2 January 1956. She was the ex-wife of Stephen Mason, a fellow Communist and historian. Their daughter Kate died in a car accident in 1957. They had two other children: Andrew (born 1958) and Dinah (born 1960).

Hill, along with Hobsbawm, was spied on by MI5 for decades. MI5 found that Abraham Lazarus confessed to an affair with Hill's first wife, Inez, in 1948.

Selected works

 * The English Revolution, 1640 (1940, 3rd ed. 1955), ISBN 0-85315-044-3 (On-line text at Marxists.org)
 * Lenin and the Russian Revolution (1947), ISBN 0-14-013535-9 (1971, 1972, 1993 reprints)
 * Economic Problems of the Church: From Archbishop Whitgift to the Long Parliament (1956), ISBN 0-586-03528-1 (1971 reprint)
 * Puritanism and Revolution: Studies in Interpretation of the English Revolution of the 17th Century (1958), ISBN 0-7126-6722-9 (2001 reprint)
 * The Century of Revolution, 1603–1714 (1961, 2nd. ed. 1980), ISBN 0-17-712002-9
 * Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (1964), ISBN 0-7126-6816-0 (2003 reprint)
 * Intellectual Origins of the English Revolution (1965, rev. 1997), ISBN 0-19-820668-2
 * Reformation to Industrial Revolution: A Social and Economic History of Britain, 1530–1780 (1967, rev. ed. 1969), ISBN 0-14-020897-6
 * God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English Revolution (1970), ISBN 0-297-00043-8
 * Antichrist in Seventeenth-Century England (1971, rev. ed. 1990), ISBN 0-86091-997-8
 * The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (1972), ISBN 0-85117-025-0
 * Change and Continuity in Seventeenth-Century England (1974, rev. ed. 1991), ISBN 0-300-05044-5
 * Milton and the English Revolution (1977), ISBN 0-571-10198-4
 * The World of the Muggletonians (1983), ISBN 0-85117-226-1
 * The Experience of Defeat: Milton and Some Contemporaries (1984), ISBN 0-571-13237-5
 * The Collected Essays of Christopher Hill (3 vols.)
 * Writing and Revolution in 17th Century England (1985), ISBN 0-7108-0565-9
 * Religion and Politics in 17th Century England (1986), ISBN 0-7108-0507-1
 * People and Ideas in 17th Century England (1986), ISBN 0-7108-0512-8
 * A Turbulent, Seditious, and Factious People: John Bunyan and His Church, 1628–1688 (1988), ISBN 0-19-812818-5—published in the United States as A Tinker and a Poor Man: John Bunyan and His Church, 1628-1688 (1989), ISBN 0-394-57242-4
 * A Nation of Change and Novelty: Radical Politics, Religion and Literature in Seventeenth-Century England (1990), ISBN 0-415-04833-8
 * The English Bible and the Seventeenth-Century Revolution (1992), ISBN 0-7139-9078-3
 * Liberty Against The Law: Some Seventeenth-Century Controversies (1996), ISBN 0-14-024033-0

title: Christopher Hill (historian)


text:
Talk:Kernavė

Cultural Preserve of Kernave information
All information for this article is taken from the [website of Cultural Preserve of Kernave].

Their representive has given a grant to use that information, including visual elements, i.e. images in Wikipedia articles. You can get original email under request to darius_at_soften_DOT_ktu_DOT_lt or directly from Cultural Preserve of Kernave.

Excerpt from the email and translation follow bellow :

Original message
Laba diena, Dariau,

susipazinau su medziaga. Kol kas labai gerai, tegu ji ten ir buna, sutinkam, kad naudotumet nuotraukas. Siuo metu atnaujinam savo svetaine / www.travel-lithuania.com/kernave /, medziaga yra nepabaigta, muziejus-rezervatas reorganizuotas i Kernaves kulturini rezervata, kuri Lietuva siulo itraukti i UNESCO Pasaulio paveldo objektu sarasa. Musu svetaines tikslas ir yra sio objekto, taip pat ir specializuoto archeologijos ir istorijos muziejaus pristatymas. Taigi, jeigu jau pristatote Kernave kaip miesteli, butina bus ta medziaga netolimoje ateityje papildyti issamesniu kulturinio rezervato ir muziejaus, gal but ir renginiu, pristatymu. Jeigu sutinkate, tai bandykim bendradarbiauti,

Dalia Grigoniene, dizainere (priziuriu svetaines reikaliukus)

Translation
Hello Darius,

I checked the material [on the Wpedia website -Darius Mazeika]. Very good, let it be there, we agree you to use the photos [from the website]. At the present time we update our website [], this information is not complete, museum is now reorganised into Cultural Preserve of Kernave, which is offered now to be included to UNESCO World Heritage List. Our website object is to introduce this object and specialised Museum of History and Archelogy. If you are introducing Kernave [into Wpedia -Darius Mazeika], it is necessary in the near future to add more detailed information about the Preserve and the Museum, even maybe cultural events here. If you agree on this, let's work together.

Dalia Grigoniene, a designer (I am working on the website)

Hi Darius, Thank you for the great amount of information you have included in your article. Excellent details and the beautiful photos! Can I just help you from an editing point of view to make this a great article? Can you tell me whether it was the Grand Duchy of Lithuania? I have changed the reference to the "Cultural Preserve of Kernave" to read: "External link", as this is the usual Wiki convention. Of which Lithuanian district is Kernave the center? Can you tell me about the courtyard at the bend of the Neris, and has the river in the Pajauta Valley a name? The mounds in the distance, are they hills? Can you tell me why the 10,000 year history is mysterious? If it is alright with you, I will help you with this. -- Dieter Simon 02:33, 14 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Hi again Darius, You are doing very well with your article, it is very good indeed. I hope you don't mind my giving you a little helping hand. I have changed a few items where it was obvious what was meant, such as "human made" in English is normally given as "man-made", although very recent developments do seem to allow "human-" but it is stylistically still a controversial subject.

I have also changed the header History of Nowadays Kernave Town to ...present-day Kernave Town. "Nowadays" is an adverb, not an adjective and present-day is the proper adjective. This is mainly a matter of proper style, however.

Titles such as Monsignor/Monsignore are always spelled with a first capital letter and if something is found in archaeology it is normally an archaeological "find" rather than "finding". A finding is usually a conclusion reached at a judicial enquiry.

I need to ask you one or two things, for example, when you say, "In 1920 a new church was built, and the chapel "staffed" to decay..., do you mean it was "left" to decay? "To staff" means to employ people as staff, or very rarely to supply something with "staffs", that is "sticks". Perhaps you can clarify that.

The word "swampy" is slightly derogatory, might it be better to call it "marshy" Lake Pragarine? And lastly, did you mean "Kernave is also famous "for its" traditions? At the moment it says "forts" traditions.

Thank you again for having made it such an interesting article.--Dieter/ Dieter Simon 22:51, 12 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Courtyard
Hi Lysy, Man vyi, CanisRufus, et al,

Can you throw light on what the ‘courtyard’ is in the second sentence of of the second para of the section “Geographic Information”. Normally a courtyard is ‘an open area of ground surrounded by walls or buildings’ as Collins English Dictionary has it. Does it have a special meaning in this context or does it refer to any special building? If so, the name of the building should be mentioned. Or, is it a reference to the courts of law? Dieter Simon 22:00, 28 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * No idea. I guess it could be meant to be some sort of access road to the site itself Lysy 06:22, 29 Mar 2005 (UTC)

 * It is difficult to explain if you have never seen Kernavė. Imagine, that you go by the narrow path to the direction of the river. You are surrounded by man-made fortification hills, so tall, that only piece of sky above is seen. This is what I mean under `courtyard` DariusMazeika 15:16, 25 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The village itself is on a hill, and one descends down the slope from the yard behind the church towards Neris river, along a path amidst 3 smaller mounds where the hillforts once stood. These hills are natural, not man-made BTW. There's no courtyard there, maybe the church yard ? Lysy 20:53, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)

 * The church yard walls are not tall - you can definetely see above them. DariusMazeika 28 June 2005 08:23 (UTC)

 * Yes, in fact there are no walls at all around the yard behind the church :-) Lysy 28 June 2005 15:05 (UTC)

 * Are you sure? I a have photos with the wall arround the NEW (CURRENT) church. Or maybe we call "a church yard" different things.DariusMazeika 28 June 2005 19:15 (UTC)

 * OK :-) To be precise, there is a red brick wall around the church, but I don't think you can see much from behind it, as it's quite away from the edge. I meant the landing *behind* the church, next to the wooden chapel that's been moved there. That's the place from which you can see the mounds and Pajautos slenis. There's no wall there, just a small barrier next to the stairs. Lysy 28 June 2005 19:52 (UTC)

 * Now I understand what you mean, and I couldn't agree more. The landing behind the church you refer is a bit (don't know how much) restored basement line based on excavations of the old church. DariusMazeika 28 June 2005 20:11 (UTC)

I thought it might mean some sort of metaphorical reference to some larger area that is surrounded by ramparts, man-made or otherwise, when I first queried it. So, it really doesn't warrant inclusion in a general description of the area, does it? If, however, some of these parts of the scenery are important and well-known they should be included to give a well-rounded idea of the area. Dieter Simon 28 June 2005 23:22 (UTC)

 * It's just a picturesque view. Maybe a picture would illustrate it better ? I'll try to add one. Lysy 29 June 2005 06:14 (UTC)

 * It would be nice. But it's a difficult task to find a good place to take a picture in Kernave to document a generic impression of the place - use a fisheye or panorama technique. I should try on my next visit to make one. BTW, is it valid on Wikipedia to include several galleries with one article? DariusMazeika 29 June 2005 06:18 (UTC)

 * You're right, it's difficult. I've included one picture that shows Pajauta valley as you see, but a movie would be better... As to several galleries, I would include a picture gallery at the bottom of the article. Lysy 29 June 2005 06:50 (UTC)

 * Many thanks, you two. I can see your points, that's all from me. Dieter Simon 29 June 2005 22:58 (UTC)

Pictures
Are you sure that the pictures used in this article were released under GFDL by the original copyright holder/author ? Lysy 29 June 2005 06:50 (UTC)

I think they are not under GFDL but have a specific permission to be used here (who's the author anyway?). Lysy 1 July 2005 17:52 (UTC)
 * There are free pictures on Commons now, I think we should phase out the permission ones (they are not very high res anyway). Justinc 23:49, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Style
I believe this article would benefit from converting from an informal "tourist pamflet" into a more encyclopedic style. --Lysytalk 11:21, 7 February 2006 (UTC)

Same Question
To Lysy, and to whom else it may concern, same question as to why the Polish name for this town has be included in the article, as was asked on the discussion page about Panevėžys. Dr. Dan 15:44, 24 February 2006 (UTC) p.s. Pamphlet is spelled with ph not f.

 * Dr. Dan, you've already asked this question in my talk page yesterday and I have already explained this to you (and asked you a question in turn, for which I'm still awaiting your answer). In the meantime, can I ask you another one: Why are you now addressing me with exactly the same question in a number of other places ? I'm still assuming your good faith, but could you please explain this behaviour ? --Lysytalk 16:26, 24 February 2006 (UTC)

Gladly, the question concerns different towns and cities, and others who may not read our talk pages, may wish to contribute to the discussion. What better place that on the talk page of the article? Dr. Dan 03:38, 25 February 2006 (UTC) p.s. I would have thought this more obvious, with my inclusion "and to whom else it may concern".

If your question (which I answered) was, why does the naming of Lithuanian geographical locations in Polish bother me? Especially those locations which have no historical or geographical connection to Poland. I answered that it doesn't bother me, it irritates me. It irritates me that there is a Double Standard; when the reverse is applied to Polish towns there is an outcry about a "consensus" reached earlier, and it should be dropped, and not questioned by a different or fresh point of view. Dr. Dan 03:49, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

 * The reason is that many people, including myself, have spent many hours reaching the consensus, so if you're asking for the patience of repeating the same arguments again and again, I would first like to ask you to take time to read the discussion at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (geographic names) and contribute there. Then the general rules can be applied to a number of articles without the necessitiy of wasting time at each of them. I'm commenting out the Polish name in Kernavė article in order to avoid the lengthy and inproductive dispute. Now you might want to consider working on the article itself, which could benefit from copyediting by someone with as good command of English as yours. --Lysytalk 09:55, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

Balance of the article
I'm considered that the article is not well balanced. Most of the text is devoted to 20th century buildings of the church and primary school. I've tried to add some more information about the history and the archeologic site but it still seems way out of the right proportion. --Lysytalk 10:50, 26 February 2006 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Kernavė


text:
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse

Frederick Charles Louis Constantine, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse (Friedrich Karl Ludwig Konstantin Prinz und Landgraf von Hessen-Kassel; Fredrik Kaarle; 1 May 1868 – 28 May 1940), was the brother-in-law of the German Emperor, Wilhelm II. He was elected King of Finland on 9 October 1918, but renounced the throne on 14 December 1918.

Early life
Frederick was born at his family's Panker Castle, in Plön, Holstein. He was the third son of Frederick William of Hesse, Landgrave of Hesse, and his second wife Princess Anna of Prussia, daughter of Prince Charles of Prussia and Princess Marie Louise of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. Frederick William, a Danish military officer, had been one (and perhaps the foremost) of the candidates of Christian VIII of Denmark in the 1840s to succeed to the Danish throne if the latter's male line died out, but renounced his rights to the throne in 1851 in favor of his aunt, Louise. Frederick William was of practically Danish upbringing, having lived all his life in Denmark, but in 1875, when the senior branch of Hesse-Kassel became extinct, he settled in northern Germany, where the House had substantial landholdings.

Marriage and issue
On 25 January 1893, Frederick Charles married Princess Margaret of Prussia, youngest sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II and a granddaughter of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. They had six children, all sons, including two sets of twins:

 * Friedrich Wilhelm of Hesse (23 November 1893 – 12 September 1916), died in World War I, during the Dobrujan campaign
 * Maximilian Friedrich Wilhelm Georg (20 October 1894 – 13 October 1914), died in World War I
 * Philipp, Landgrave of Hesse (1896–1980), twin with his brother Wolfgang; married Princess Mafalda of Savoy (1902–1944, Buchenwald), daughter of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and had issue.
 * Prince Wolfgang of Hesse (1896–1989), twin with his brother Philipp. He was the designated Crown Prince of Finland officially until 14 December 1918. He married Princess Marie Alexandra of Baden, no issue
 * Prince Christoph Ernst August of Hesse (1901–1943), twin with his brother Richard. An SS officer who died in active service during World War II, he married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark (sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh) and had issue.
 * Richard Wilhelm Leopold (1901–1969), twin with his brother Christoph; unmarried

Upon their father's death in 1884, Frederick's eldest brother Frederick William became the head of the House of Hesse, and afterwards his next brother Alexander.

The Finnish throne
Frederick Charles was elected the King of Finland by the Parliament of Finland on 9 October 1918. However, with the end of World War I, in light of his German birth (and despite his Danish roots through his paternal grandmother) and the abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany ending monarchies in Germany, the arrangement was quickly considered untenable by influential Finns of the time and by Frederick himself. Not much is known of the official stance of the victorious Allied Powers. Frederick Charles renounced the throne on 14 December 1918, without ever arriving in the country, much less taking up his position. Finland's subsequent elections were a victory for anti-monarchists, and the parliament quickly adopted a republican constitution.

The electoral document refers to Prince Frederick Charles with the Finnish name Fredrik Kaarle. Other proposals for a Finnish regnal name included Kaarle and Kaarlo. The regnal name "Väinö I", which lived on in the memory of the Finns, probably came from a newspaper causerie: in 1927 in Suomen Sosialidemokraatti, "Hesekiel" (Heikki Välisalmi) claimed Väinö had been the intended name; already in 1918 in Uusi Päivä, "Olli" (Väinö Nuorteva) had suggested "Ilmari, Väinö, Kauko, Jouko, Usko, Jaska?".

Later life
Landgrave Alexander Frederick of Hesse abdicated as the head of the House of Hesse on 16 March 1925, and was succeeded by Frederick Charles, his younger brother.

At Frederick's death, his eldest surviving son, Philipp, succeeded him as head.

However, according to certain family documents and correspondence, his successor as King of Finland would have been his second surviving son Prince Wolfgang of Hesse (1896–1989), apparently because Philipp was already the designated heir of the rights over the Electorate of Hesse, but certainly because Wolfgang was with his parents in 1918 and ready to travel to Finland, where a wedding to a Finnish lady was already in preparation for the coming crown prince. Philipp was in the military and unable to be contacted at the time.

Honours
• Grand Duchy of Hesse:

• * Knight of the Golden Lion, with Collar, 4 August 1885

• * Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 1 May 1892

• * Wedding Medal of Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig and Grand Duchess Victoria Melita, 1894

•  Duchy of Anhalt: Grand Cross of the Order of Albert the Bear, 1886

•  Principality of Bulgaria: Grand Cross of St. Alexander

• 🇬🇷 Kingdom of Greece: Grand Cross of the Redeemer

•  Oldenburg: Grand Cross of the Order of Duke Peter Friedrich Ludwig, with Golden Crown

•  Kingdom of Prussia:

• * Knight of the Black Eagle, 24 December 1892; with Collar, 17 January 1893

• * Grand Cross of the Red Eagle

•  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 1893

• 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, with Collar, 24 June 1895

•  undefined: Honorary Grand Cross of the Bath (civil), 22 June 1897

•  Baden: Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1902

title: Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse


text:
Consulate (disambiguation)

A Consulate is a diplomatic mission, the office of a consul.

Consulate may also refer to:

 * the office or term of any official styled Consul, originally a magistrate of the Roman Republic
 * Consulate of the Sea, a Catalan medieval judicial organ for commerce
 * French Consulate, the government of republican France from 1799 to 1804
 * a brand of menthol cigarette introduced by Rothmans International

title: Consulate (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:List of United States ambassadors

Untitled
This whole project of listing every country's ambassadors seems pointless and impossible - stewacide 10:06 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

Greetings. Two points:-

 * 1) It doesn't say the lists are complete. It is similar to having a list of actors, a list of authors, or whatever. Should we get rid of them, too? I don't think many people are against the idea of having lists. Organising people into categories is a very useful method to make people easy to find.
 * 2) Making them complete is a distant aim, but not an impossible one. As long as no records of diplomats have been lost, there is no reason why the lists shouldn't eventually become complete.

But the page should have a "List of..." title, for consistency with other such lists. I'll move it. -- Oliver P. 02:31 Feb 28, 2003 (UTC)

This page should really be moved to "List of Ambassadors to the United States" and "List of Ambassadors from the United States", so as not to discriminate against the rest of the world. -- AxSkov 11:18, 18 Dec 2004 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of United States ambassadors


text:
High commissioner

High commissioner is the title of various high-ranking, special executive positions held by a commission of appointment.

The English term is also used to render various equivalent titles in other languages.

Bilateral diplomacy

In the Commonwealth of Nations, a high commissioner is the senior diplomat (ranking as an ambassador) in charge of the diplomatic mission of one Commonwealth government to another. In this usage, a Commonwealth nation's high commission is its embassy to another Commonwealth nation.

British colonial usage
Historically, in the British Empire (most of which would become the Commonwealth) high commissioners were envoys of the imperial government appointed to manage protectorates or groups of territories not fully under the sovereignty of the British Crown, while Crown colonies (which were British sovereign territory) would normally be administered by a governor and the most significant possessions, large confederations and the independent Commonwealth Dominions would be headed by a governor-general.

An example was the island of Cyprus. Until 12 July 1878, Cyprus was under the Ottoman rule based in Istanbul. From that date, it was under British administration, but Istanbul retained nominal sovereignty until Cyprus was fully annexed by Britain on 5 November 1914. There were nine successive high commissioners, all but one already knighted, from 22 July 1878 until on 10 March 1925. Cyprus became a crown colony, and the last incumbent stayed on as its first governor.

The high commissioners for Palestine and Transjordan, who administered Mandatory Palestine, had a considerable effect on the history of Zionism and the early stages of what would become the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.

A high commission could also be charged with the last phase of a decolonisation, as in the crown colony of the Seychelles, granted autonomy on 12 November 1970: the last governor, Colin Hamilton Allen (1921–1993), stayed on as the only colonial high commissioner from 1 October 1975, when self-rule under the Crown was granted, until 28 June 1976 when the Seychelles became an independent republic within the Commonwealth.

British indirect rule
As diplomatic residents (as diplomatic ranks were codified, this became a lower class than ambassadors and high commissioners) were sometimes appointed to native rulers, high commissioners could likewise be appointed as British agents of indirect rule upon native states. Thus high commissioners could be charged with managing diplomatic relations with native rulers and their states (analogous to the resident minister), and might have under them several resident commissioners or similar agents attached to each state.

In present-day Nigeria:
 * Northern Nigeria, three incumbents 1900–1907, the last of whom stayed on as first governor,
 * Southern Nigeria, three incumbents 1900–1906 (four terms), the last of whom stayed on as first governor.

In certain regions of particular importance, a commissioner-general would be appointed, to have control over several high commissioners and governors, e.g. the commissioner-general for south-east Asia had responsibility for Malaya, Singapore and British Borneo.

High commissioners as administrators
The role of High Commissioner for Southern Africa was coupled with that of British Governor of the Cape Colony in the 19th century, giving the colonial administrator responsibility both for administering British possessions and relating to neighbouring Boer settlements. The best known of these high commissioners, Alfred Milner, who was appointed to both positions in the 1890s, is considered responsible by some for igniting the Second Boer War.

Historically, in southern Africa, the protectorates of Bechuanaland (now Botswana), Basutoland (now Lesotho) and Swaziland (now Eswatini) were administered as High Commission Territories by the governor-general of South Africa, who was also the British high commissioner for Bechuanaland, Basutoland, and Swaziland, until the 1930s, with various local representatives, and subsequently by the British high commissioner (from 1961 ambassador) to South Africa, who was represented locally in each territory by a resident commissioner.

The British governor of the crown colony of the Straits Settlements, based in Singapore, doubled as high commissioner of the Federated Malay States, and had authority over the resident-general in Kuala Lumpur, who in turn was responsible for the various residents appointed to the native rulers of the Malay states under British protection.

The British Western Pacific Territories were permanently governed as a group of minor insular colonial territories, under one single part-time Western Pacific High Commissioner (1905–1953), an office attached first to the governorship of Fiji, and subsequently to that of the Solomon Islands. He was represented in each of the other islands units by a resident commissioner, consul or other official (on tiny Pitcairn a mere chief magistrate).

Currently there is still one high commissioner who also serves in an additional capacity as a governor: the British high commissioner to New Zealand serves ex officio as British colonial Governor of the Pitcairn Islands.

External territories and decolonisation
In the (post-)colonial sense, some other powers have or previously had high commissioners, or rather the exact equivalent in their language.

Kingdom of Denmark
In the Kingdom of Denmark, high commissioners (Rigsombudsmanden, Ríkisumboðsmaðurin, Naalagaaffiup Sinniisaa) represent the crown and the Kingdom Government (Regeringen) in Greenland and the Faroe Islands (two self-governing regions of the kingdom – the unity of the Realm) and take part in negotiations on policies and decisions affecting their region including negotiations with the devolved legislatures and the Kingdom Parliament (Folketinget). Greenland and the Faroe Islands have one commissioner each.

French
Originally the French word Haut Commissaire, or in full Haut Commissaire de la république (High Commissioner of the Republic), was rarely used for governatorial functions, rather (Lieutenant-)gouverneur(-général) and various lower titles. Exceptions were:
 * since 22 March 1907, the colonial Gouverneur of New Caledonia was also appointed as high commissioner in the Pacific Ocean, to co-ordinate with the governors of the French settlements in Oceania and the governors-general of French Indochina; the French resident commissioner of the Anglo-French condominium Nouvelles Hébrides and the residents to the island protectorates of Wallis and Futuna were subordinated to him
 * once Charles de Gaulle named someone else as high commissioner for the French Territory of the Pacific and the Far East, January 1941 – 1945: Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu (b. 1889 – d. 1964), while in December 1941 the Vichy (pro-German) government named Jean Decoux (b. 1884 – d. 1963) to the post (who in fact was only responsible for Wallis and Futuna, which was the only Pacific territory not to have rallied to the Free French at that time).
 * In Atlantic waters, from 14 September 1939 until September 1943, four French possessions in the Americas (French Guiana, Guadeloupe and Martinique, all in the Caribbean, as well as Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, off the Canadian coast) were temporarily grouped together (from June 1940 under Vichy France, so remaining on the Allied side). The two consecutive 'high commissioners in the Antilles' (quite a misleading title: French Guiana is in continental South America, Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the Canadian coast, so in North America) held both administrative authority over the local governors and equivalent officers (rather like a gouverneur général did elsewhere on a permanent basis) and military command in the 'Theater Atlantic West':
 * 14 September 1939 – 14 July 1943 Georges Robert (b. 1875 – d. 1965)
 * 14 July 1943 – September 1943 Henri Hoppenot (b. 1891 – d. 1977)

In the later period of decolonisation, the office of high commissioner in a colony to become an allied nation was intended to become remarkably analogous to the Commonwealth's 'close relationship diplomats' in President General De Gaulle's project for a French Union to match the Commonwealth, but it soon started to fall apart, so they actually just presided over most of the peaceful decolonisation.
 * Algérie (Algeria), once similar to Tunis, but incorporated directly into the French Republic, got its only high commissioner on 19 March 1962 – Christian Fouchet (b. 1911 – d. 1974) – until its 3 July 1962 independence from France (Algerian State; 25 September 1962 People's Democratic Algerian Republic ruled by the FLN, the former armed revolt)
 * in present-day Benin, since 13 October 1946 Dahomey overseas territory, on 4 December 1958 granted autonomy as Republic of Dahomey, the last (acting) governor, René Tirant (b. 1907), stayed on as only high commissioner until the 1 August 1960 independence
 * Chad, since 27 October 1946 an overseas territory of France (part of AEF colony) under its own governor, shortly after it was on 28 November 1958 granted autonomy as Republic of Chad, had a single high commissioner from 22 January 1959: Daniel Marius Doustin (b. 1920) until its 11 August 1960 independence from France.
 * Congo-Brazzaville (variously named, often Middle Congo) had a single high commissioner, a bit after it was granted on 28 November 1958 autonomy (as Republic of Congo), 7 January 1959 – 15 August 1960: Guy Noël Georgy (b. 1918 – d. 2003) after many lieutenant governors since 11 December 1888 (under the governor-general of AEF, except the several cases when he governed the French Congo personally); afterwards it was an independent republic
 * Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast) had two high commissioners since it was granted autonomy as republic of Ivory Coast:
 * 4 December 1958 – 15 July 1960 Ernest de Nattes (b. 1908), the last of the long list of governors since 10 March 1893 (colony until 27 October 1946, then overseas territory)
 * 15 July 1960 – 7 August 1960 Yves René Henri Guéna (b. 1922); thereafter it was an independent republic
 * Gabon had two high commissioners since on 28 November 1958 autonomy was granted (as Gabonese Republic) to the former overseas territory (since 1946)
 * November 1958 – July 1959 Louis Marius Pascal Sanmarco (b. 1912 – d. 2015), also the last of the governors since 1941 (after various otherwise styled chief executives before; it had since 15 January 1910 been part of French Equatorial Africa, AEF)
 * July 1959 – 17 August 1960 Jean Risterucci (b. 1911 – d. 1982); thereafter it was an independent republic
 * Mauritania had two high commissioners, after having been a protectorate since 12 May 1903 (under a single military commandant), from 18 October 1904 the French civil territory of Mauritania under a commissioner (part of French West Africa (AOF); under its governor-general in Dakar, Senegal), and since 12 January 1920 a French colony under a lieutenant governor (many incumbents, again under Dakar), on 28 November 1958 obtaining autonomy (as Islamic Republic of Mauritania):
 * 5 October 1958 – February 1959 Henri Joseph Marie Bernard (b. 1920)
 * February 1959 – 28 November 1960 Amédée Joseph Émile Jean Pierre Anthonioz (b. 1913 – d. 1996); since independence from France it had its own president (or a junta chief);
 * In Niger, since 13 October 1946 an overseas territory of France (part of French West Africa, see Senegal) under a lieutenant-governor, on 19 December 1958 granted autonomy as Republic of Niger, there was a single high commissioner 25 August 1958 – 10 November 1960: Jean Colombani (b. 1903), i.e. still several months after the formal 3 August 1960 independence whilst there was no president
 * In Senegal, since 27 October 1946 an overseas territory of France, which on 25 November 1958 had obtained autonomy (as Republic of Senegal), the last governor stayed on as first (and only?) Haut commissaire 25 November 1958 – 20 June 1960: Pierre Auguste Michel Marie Lami (b. 1909); meanwhile on 4 April 1959 the Sudanese Republic (now Mali) and Senegal formed the Mali Federation and his term ended at the 20 June 1960 independence of that Mali Federation from France (on 20 August 1960 the Republic of Senegal withdrew from the thus dissolved Mali Federation).
 * in French Sudan, an overseas territory of France since 27 October 1946 (earlier a colony; stayed within French West Africa), which on 24 November 1958 obtained autonomy (as Sudanese Republic), there were two high commissioners:
 * 3 November 1956 – 24 November 1958 Henri Victor Gipoulon
 * 24 November 1958 – 20 June 1960 Jean Charles Sicurani (b. 1915 – d. 1977); during his term on 4 April 1959 this Sudanese Republic and Senegal (cfr. above) united to form the Mali Federation; his office ceased at the 20 June 1960 independence of the Mali Federation from France
 * In the Republic of Upper Volta (since 4 January 1947 a French territory; present-day Burkina Faso, renamed 4 August 1984), since the 11 December 1958 grant of Autonomy as a 'republic', République de Haute-Volta, there were two high commissioners:
 * 11 December 1958 – February 1959 Max Berthet, who stayed on, having been the last (acting) governor
 * February 1959 – 5 August 1960 Paul Jean Marie Masson (b. 1920), until the Independence from France as the Republic of Upper Volta.

While the colonies above were generally artificially carved creations, Haut commissaires also were appointed by Paris to prepare the (de facto) independence of pre-existing monarchies that had formally been French protectorates, such as:
 * Tunisia, known as the Régence (since 3 June 1955 autonomous), where France had a Resident-general (posted with the Basha bey of Tunis, who once the French protectorate was terminated on 20 March 1956 restyled his realm al-Mamlaka at-Tunisiyya 'Tunisian Kingdom'), instead got a high commissioner from 13 September 1955 to 20 March 1956: Roger Seydoux Fornier de Clausonne (b. 1908 – d. 1985); in continued shortly as independent monarchy, but on 25 July 1957 became the Tunisian Republic.

Yet a colony could achieve independence without a high commissioner, e.g. Guinée (French Guinea).

In one case a French Haut Commissaire was the exact match and colleague of a British high commissioner: they represented both powers in the south sea condominium (i.e. territory under joint sovereignty) of the New Hebrides, which became the present-day republic of Vanuatu. The current high commissioner of Vanuatu to the US [5 February 2009] is David J. Wilson (born 1956).

A very special category was the Haut Commissaire as 'liquidator' of a gouvernement-général (the colonial echelon grouping several neighbouring colonies under a governor-general), notably:
 * in Afrique Equatoriale Française (French Equatorial Africa, AEF), three high commissioners:
 * 4 April 1957 – 29 January 1958 Paul Louis Gabriel Chauvet (b. 1904), also the last of the long list of governors-general since 28 June 1908 (before it had five Commissioners-general since 27 April 1886)
 * 29 January 1958 – 15 July 1958 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916)
 * 15 July 1958 – 15 August 1960 Yvon Bourges (b. 1921)
 * in Afrique Occidentale Française (AOF), i.e. French West Africa, the last of a long list of governors-general since 1895 stayed on as first of only two high commissioners:
 * 4 April 1957 – July 1958 Gaston Custin (b. 1903 – d. 1993)
 * July 1958 – 22 December 1958 Pierre Messmer (b. 1916)

Another use for the title was found in the rare remaining insulara (formerly no longer colonial) overseas possessions, in these cases still functioning:
 * In French Polynesia it is the title of the representative of the French republic in the overseas territory (restyled 'overseas collectivity' in 2003, 'overseas country' on 27 February 2004) since 13 July 1977 (until 14 September 1984 he also presided the local council of ministers, that got its own president, as the legislature already had)
 * In New Caledonia (Nouvelle Calédonie in French, colonised in 1853; its Governors had been high commissioners in the Pacific Ocean from 22 March 1907, see above) the title (commonly corrupted to Haussaire) was chosen for the chief executive on 19 December 1981, when it was an overseas territory (since 1946), even before autonomy was granted on 18 November 1984, and maintained after its status was changed on 20 July 1998 to the unique French collectivité sui generis; he represents the Paris government, while there are a native legislature and government.

Greece
In early May 1919, the Kingdom of Greece was given a mandate by the Supreme Allied War Council for the city of Smyrna (today İzmir) and its hinterland, which it proceeded to occupy on 12 May. A civilian administration was set up in the "Smyrna Zone", headed, from 21 May 1919 until 9 September 1922, when Greece lost Smyrna to Turkey, by the high commissioner (Ὕπατος Ἁρμοστὴς) Aristeidis Stergiadis (1861–1950).

Italian

 * while only various military commanders and since 1916 a Secretary for Civil Affairs in Albania (Ugo Capialbi) had acted for Rome since Italy invaded on 27 December 1914 (occupying Valorë and parts of Southern Albania; on 3 June 1917 Albanian independence under an Italian protectorate was declared by Italy, opposed by most Albanians; adding in November 1918 the former Austro-Hungarian occupied areas to the Italian zone), only since in 1919 was an Albanian provisional government recognised by Italy as the legal government of the protected zone, consecutive high commissioners for the Crown were appointed until Italy effectively withdrew its troops on 3 September 1920 (as agreed on 22 August 1920 when Italy formally recognised the total independence of Albania):
 * 1919–1920 ....
 * 1920 Fortunato Castoldi
 * 1920 – 3 September 1920 Gaetano Conti Manzoni
 * two incumbents appointed by the kingdom in Fiume (a former Austrian province; now Rijeka in Croatia), after an extraordinary commissionary, on 31 December 1920 declared, short-lived "Independent State of Fiume", until the accession of its first President
 * 13 June 1921 – 1921 Antonio Foschini (b. 1872 – d. 19..)
 * 1921 – 5 October 1921 Luigi Amantea (b. 1869 – d. 19..)
 * in Slovenia, which after 6–17 April 1941 Italian-German occupation, was on 17 April 1941 partitioned between Italy, Hungary and Germany, the Italian portion was named province of Lubiana, from 3 May 1941 under a Civil Commissioner, from 3 May 1941 restyled the first of two high commissioners:
 * 18 April 1941 – 1942 Emilio Grazioli (b. 1869 – d. 1951)
 * 1942–1943 Giuseppe Lombrassa (b. 1906 – d. 1966)

Portuguese
The title Alto Comissário da República (High Commissioner of the Republic) or, simply Alto Comissário, was given to some Portuguese colonial governors to whom were given exceptional, enlarged executive and legislative powers, superior to those of common governors. In the Monarchy, before 1910, they were known as Comissários Régios (Royal Commissioners). Altos Comissários (or Comissários Régios when indicated) had been nominated for:
 * Angola:
 * Guilherme Augusto de Brito Capelo (Comissário Régio) – 1896–1897
 * José Mendes Ribeiro de Norton de Matos – 1921–1923
 * Francisco da Cunha Rego Chaves – 1925–1926
 * António Vicente Ferreira – 1926–1928
 * Filomeno da Câmara Melo Cabral – 1929–1930
 * Cabo Verde (Cape Verde):
 * Vicente Almeida d'Eça – 30 December 1974 – 5 July 1975
 * Portuguese India:
 * João António de Brissac das Neves Ferreira (Comissário Régio) – 1896–1897
 * Mozambique:
 * António Enes (Comissário Régio) – 1895
 * José Francisco de Azevedo e Silva – 1911–1912
 * Manuel de Brito Camacho – 1921–1923
 * Vitor Hugo de Azevedo Coutinho – 1924–1926
 * São Tomé and Príncipe:
 * António Elísio Capelo Pires Veloso – 18 December 1974 (three days before the formal granting of autonomy), actually the last of many governors (since 1753, before both islands were separate), staying on until it became an independent republic on 12 July 1975
 * Portuguese Timor:
 * José Joaquim Lopes de Lima (Comissário Régio) – 1851–1852

Spanish
Alto comisario was the Spanish title of the official exercing the functions of a governor in the following colonial possessions:
 * Equatorial Guinea had three consecutive high commissioners:
 * 15 December 1963 – 1964 Francisco Núñez Rodríguez (b. 1902 – d. 1972), also the last of many Governors since 7 June 1494
 * 1964–1966 Pedro Latorre Alcubierre
 * 1966 – 12 October 1968 Víctor Suances Díaz del Río; his term ended when it became an independent republic

The title Alto Comisario was also used for the representative of Spain in its protectorate zone within the Sherifan sultanate of Morocco (most of the country was under French protectorate), known as el Jalifato after the Khalifa (Jalifa), the Sultan's fully mandated, princely Viceroy in this protectorate, to which the high commissioner was formally accredited, but whose senior he was in reality. In 1934–1956 the Governors of the Western Sahara (which from 27 November 1912 were also Governors-general of Spanish West Africa) were subordinated to him. The office was filled by the governors of Spanish West Africa from 1939 to 1956.

United States

 * While being a U.S. protectorate from 1905 to 1941, the Dominican Republic had first various native regimes, then U.S. military Governors 29 November 1916 – 24 July 1922, and just before it again had the first of its own presidents on 21 October 1922, a single U.S. high commissioner, Sumner Welles, who served from 1922 to 1924.
 * Haiti, the other (western) half of the island of Hispaniola, had a similar experience. It was a U.S. protectorate from 1915 to 1936, after five U.S. military commanders, there was one high commissioner, John H. Russell, Jr., who served from 11 February 1922 to 16 November 1930.
 * Following World War I, Rear Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol served as United States high commissioner for Turkey from 1919 to 1927.
 * The Philippines became a United States unincorporated territory on 13 August 1898. After gaining autonomy on 15 November 1935, it had the following high commissioners:
 * 1935–1937 William Francis "Frank" Murphy, who was also the last governor-general over the Islands.
 * 1937–1939 Paul V. McNutt (first commission)
 * 1939 – 7 September 1942 Francis Bowes Sayers (exiled in the U.S. from 24 December 1942 during the Japanese Occupation).
 * 7 September 1942 – 4 July 1946 Paul V. McNutt (second commission; exiled in the U.S. until August 1945 during the Japanese Occupation). Term ended when the Philippines achieved full sovereignty.
 * Okinawa and Ryukyu Islands (Japanese archipelago), and later just Okinawa had six U.S. high commissioners:
 * 4 July 1957 – 1 May 1958 James Edward Moore. Moore was also the last Deputy governor and Commanding General, Ryukyu Islands Command.
 * 1 May 1958 – 12 February 1961 Donald Prentice Booth.
 * 16 February 1961 – 31 July 1964 Paul Wyatt Caraway.
 * 1 August 1964 – 31 October 1966 Albert Watson II.
 * 2 November 1966 – 28 January 1968 Ferdinand Thomas Unger.
 * 28 January 1968 – 15 May 1972 James Benjamin Lampert. On 15 May 1972 Okinawa reverted to Japanese sovereignty as a prefecture; therefore, the office of U.S. high commissioner on Okinawa ceased to exist.

Temporary administration of acquired territories
In many cases, a political vacuum created by war, occupation or other events discontinuing a country's constitutional government has been filled by those able to do so, one nation or often an alliance, installing a transitional (often minimal) governance administered by, or under supervision of, one or more high commissioners representing it/them.

Examples of multilaterally appointed administrations are discussed further below. Examples of administrations appointed during decolonisation processes are described above. Examples of non-colonial transitional administrations titled "High Commissioners" are:

 * 22 November 1918 – 1919 Alsace-Lorraine, until then part of the defeated German Empire as Elsaß-Lothringen but just occupied by and restored to France, was under haut commissaire Maringer (it would be only fully reintegrated in 1925, after three Commissioners General)
 * When Mussolini's Italy occupied Montenegro 17 April 1941 – 10 September 1943, it first appointed a (nominal) governor (17 May 1941 – 23 July 1941? Mihajlo Ivanovic), then a civil commissioner 29 April 1941 – 22 May 1941 Conte Serafino Mazzolini (b. 1890 – d. 1945), who next stayed on as high commissioner (from 12 July 1941, also styled Regent at the proclamation of nominal independence under Italian control, but exiled King Mihajlo I refused the throne, when offered the Montenegrin crown; Prince Roman Petrovich of Russia (b. 1896 – d. 1978) also refused to be enthroned) until 23 July 1941 followed by two Governors before the German occupation

Domestic high commissioners

 * In France, a high commissioner, in French haut-commissaire, is a civil servant appointed by the President of France to some high-level position within France:
 * The high commissioner for atomic energy is the head of the CEA
 * cfr. Haute Autorité.
 * In Portugal, high commissioner (alto comissário in Portuguese) is the title of certain officials appointed by the President, the Parliament or the Government to deal with special matters of national importance (e.g.: the High Commissioner for Immigration and Intercultural Dialogue is the government official responsible for the immigration and ethnic minorities affairs).

Crete
After the naval blockade of Crete in 1898 by France, Italy, Russia and the United Kingdom, Crete became an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire. These protecting powers appointed the following as High Commissioner (Ὕπατος Ἁρμοστὴς) until 1908, when the Cretan Assembly unilaterally declared union with Greece (with Crete subsequently formally becoming part of Greece in 1913, after the Balkan Wars):
 * 1898–1906 Prince George of Greece
 * 18 September 1906 – 24 September 1908 Alexandros Zaimis

Constantinople
Following the capitulation of the Ottoman Empire in the Armistice of Mudros, on 8 December 1918 the Allies occupied the shores of the Bosporus, the Dardanelles, the eastern coast of the Sea of Marmara up to 15 km deep, and the islands of Imbros, Lemnos, Samothrace and Tenedos. The entire area demilitarised (Zone of the Straits). This was complemented from 16 March to 10 August 1920 as the Allies occupied the Ottoman capital Constantinople (Istanbul). Until the termination of Allied occupation on 22 October 1923, there were at all times one British Senior Allied High Commissioner and one (junior) Allied High Commissioner (incumbents from France, thrice, Italy and the US, each twice).

Post–World War II
Often the main/locally concerned members of an alliance would not set up a joint occupation authority (as in Italy after the Nazi defeat) but simply each appoint one for each of the zones into which they physically divided amongst themselves an occupied state or territory, e.g. after World War II:

 * In Austria, until 27 July 1955 when Allied occupation ended, restoring Austrian sovereignty, it was administered as a British Zone (six consecutive high commissioners, July 1945), a US Zone (four incumbents from 5 July 1945), a Soviet Zone (four from July 1945; only this had first been under a military governor from 8 April 1945), and a French Zone (two, from 8 July 1945);
 * In Germany there were also four major occupation zones: the British Zone (after three consecutive military governors from 22 May 1945, the last stayed on as first of three consecutive high commissioners 21 September 1949 – 5 May 1955), the US Zone (after five military governors from 8 May 1945, four high commissioners 2 September 1949 – 5 May 1955), the Soviet Zone (after a military commander April 1945 – 9 June 1945 who stayed as first of three military governors 9 June 1945 – 10 October 1949, the last of whom stayed on as only Chairman of the Soviet Control Commission 10 October 1949 – 28 May 1953, two high commissioners 28 May 1953 – 20 September 1955), and the French Zone (after a military commander from May 1945 and a Military governor from July 1945, a single high commissioner 21 September 1949 – 5 May 1955); the Nazi capital, Berlin, enclaved in the Soviet zone, was separately quartered under four military city commanders; only the small Dutch zone by the border with the Netherlands was destined for annexation in 1949, so it was divided up in two districts, each under a landdrost (Tudderen, attached to the province of (Dutch) Limburg and Elten, attached to Gelderland province), but returned to Germany after compensation payments and minor border corrections on 11 August 1963.

Representing an international organisation
As the 'world community' became a widely accepted ideal in diplomacy and was embodied first in the League of Nations and later the United Nations, these often came to play a key role in extraordinary situations that would earlier probably have been dealt with by states as above, sometimes reflected in the appointment of high commissioners under their auspices, sometimes just from the same leading powers, sometimes rather from 'neutral' member states.

The title of High Commissioner was specifically used for the administrators during the 'emancipation from colonial rule' of League of Nations mandates and United Nations Trust Territories, i.e. non-sovereign states under a 'transitional' regime established under the authority of the League of Nations or the UN, respectively, to prepare them for full independence.

These 'guardianships' most often were simply awarded to the former colonial power or if that was a loser in the preceding World War, to the 'liberating' Allied victor(s). The trust territories have all now attained self-government or independence, either as separate nations or by joining neighbouring independent countries.

League of Nations

 * Fridtjof Nansen

Mandate territories

 * The Mandatory Iraq high commissioners – After Ottoman Iraq was conquered by British forces, the mandate territory had four incumbents, after a single civilian Administrator (10 January 1919 – 1 October 1920 Sir Arnold Talbot Wilson), continuing ten years after the accession to the throne and most of the rule of the country's first Malik (King, reigned 23 August 1921 – 8 September 1933) Faysal I (b. 1885 – d. 1933) :
 * 1 October 1920 – 4 May 1923 Sir Percy Zachariah Cox (b. 1864 – d. 1937)
 * 4 May 1923 – October 1928 Sir Henry Robert Conway Dobbs (acting to 15 September 1923) (b. 1871 – d. 1934)
 * October 1928 – 11 September 1929 Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton (b. 1875 – d. 1929)
 * 3 October 1929 – 3 October 1932 Sir Francis Henry Humphrys (b. 1879 – d. 1971)
 * The Mandatory Palestine high commissioners
 * 1 July 1920 – 1925 Sir Herbert Louis Samuel (1879–1963), until the 1922 establishment of the mandate actually the first civilian who took over, already as High Commissioner, from the three consecutive military administrators since the 1917 conquest by British forces
 * 1925 Sir Gilbert Falkingham Clayton (acting) (1875–1929)
 * 25 August 1925 – August 1928 Herbert Charles Onslow Plumer, Baron Plumer (1857–1932)
 * August 1928 – 6 December 1928 Sir Harry Charles Luke (acting) (1884–1969)
 * 6 December 1928 – 1931 Sir John Robert Chancellor (1870–1952)
 * 1931–1932 Mark Aitchison Young (acting) (1886–1974)
 * 1932 – September 1937 Sir Arthur Grenfell Wauchope (1874–1947)
 * September 1937 – March 1938 William Denis Battershill (acting) (1896–1959)
 * 3 March 1938 – 3 September 1944 Sir Harold Alfred MacMichael (1882–1969)
 * 3 September 1944 – 21 November 1945 John Standish Surtees Prendergast Vereker, Viscount Gort (1886–1946)
 * 21 November 1945 – 14 May 1948 Sir Alan Gordon Cunningham (1887–1983)

UN Trust Territories

 * In Togo, once a German colony, then a League of Nations mandate, * three high commissioners
 * 21 September 1956 – 23 March 1957 Jean Louis Philippe Bérard (b. 1910), in fact the last of many commissioners since 4 September 1916
 * 23 March 1957 – June 1957 Joseph Édouard Georges Rigal (acting)
 * June 1957 – 27 April 1960 Georges Léon Spénale (b. 1913 – d. 1983); next it was an independent republic.
 * The UN Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (originally comprising Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands and Palau), after Allied military occupations, since 18 July 1947, had a dozen high commissioners, also presiding over the splitting off of Palau and Marshall Islands in 1980 and the 10 May 1979 granting of autonomy to the Federated States of Micronesia (former Ponape, Truk and Yap districts of the Trust Territory) until on 3 November 1986 the Trust Territory was dissolved by the US (a single Director of the Office of Transition, Charles Jordan, stepped in from 3 November 1986 – 30 September 1991, a while after the 22 December 1990 proclamation of final independence as the UN Security Council ratified the termination of US trusteeship).

Other UN administration

 * After the former Italian colony of Eritrea had been under victor Britain's administration since 5 May 1941, a specific United Nations administration, under Britain, was installed on 19 February 1951, under a UN high commissioner, Edoardo Anze Matienzo (Bolivian, b. 1902), whose office ceased on 15 September 1952 when it was federated with Ethiopia under the sovereignty of the Ethiopian emperor.

Representing the world universally
At the United Nations and affiliated global organisations, a high commissioner serves as the permanent chief executive of a commission composed of representatives of various member nations.

 * the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, who has the rank of under-secretary-general, serves the United Nations Human Rights Commission. In fact in 2005, the US ambassador at the UN complained that the incumbent, as a 'civil servant', was not authorised to act upon information (in this case worldwide press reports on abnormal detention forms in the 'war against terrorism' suspected to breach the rights of the suspects) not obtained by the organisation's official channels.
 * the UN High Commissioner for Refugees heads the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

 * High Commissioner on National Minorities

title: High commissioner


text:
AUC

AUC may refer to:

 * Ab urbe condita or Anno urbis conditae, Latin for "from the founding of the city" (of Rome), used for dates
 * African Union Commission, the executive/administrative branch or secretariat of the supranational organisation
 * Ammonium uranyl carbonate, a chemical compound used in uranium processing
 * Appropriate use criteria for a medical procedure or service
 * Area under the curve (receiver operating characteristic), a performance measure for binary classifiers
 * Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics), regarding plasma drug concentration-time curves
 * Authentication Center in a GSM mobile phone network
 * United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia), former Colombian paramilitary and drugs group
 * Santiago Pérez Quiroz Airport, Arauca, Colombia, IATA code
 * Analytical ultracentrifugation, Physical and biophysical chemistry instrument
 * a codon for the amino acid isoleucine

Colleges and universities

 * Aalborg University, formerly Aalborg University Center
 * Alliance University College, merged into Ambrose University College, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * Amsterdam University College, a liberal arts and sciences college in Amsterdam, Netherlands
 * The American University in Cairo, Egypt
 * American University of the Caribbean a medical school in Sint Maarten
 * Apple University Consortium in Australia
 * Atlanta University Center, the University Center Consortium in Atlanta, Georgia
 * Atlantic Union College, a liberal arts college in South Lancaster, Massachusetts, US

title: AUC


text:
Talk:Latin (disambiguation)

See also Talk:Latin language for discussion of naming and disambiguation issues.

Greek
Should Greek on this page disambiguate to Greek language or Greece? sannse 10:19 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Good question! I went with Greek language because the "east" included provinces like Egypt and Syria that were Greek-speaking (mostly) but not plausibly part of Greece. Stan 14:14 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

It doesn't really mean the language, it means the culture - the same way that Latin does in the context given. Of the links on the Greek page, Byzantine Empire is probably the closest...but what's wrong with leaving it as a pointer to the disambiguation until a better match appears?

 * But how do you keep the energetic from trying to fix it then? Byzantime Empire is not quite right, because the "Greek" areas included some outside its rule, and I'm not sure about culture, because different areas had their own cultures.  What they had in common was the use of Greek as a lingua franca. It would be nice to have an generic Greek East article to link to, I'd have to study up to write it tho. Stan 16:15 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

Would it work to say: "...as opposed to the Greek speaking east"? Maybe that would make it less ambiguous in the absence of an article on the Greek East. Of course, if someone wants to write the article..... :) -- sannse 17:44 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * It would work, but it would be confusing. The very sentence we are looking at is explaining the notion of the Latin West, and pairing that up against the Greek-speaking East would be somewhat weird.  The divide wasn't entirely linguistic, anyways, it has to do with various aspects of society, include not least notably the separate forms of Christianity that had developed by the later Middle Ages.  Would anything be wrong with simply linking to Greek East, as a pointer for when someone does write the article?

 * Sounds good to me. In that case I guess we should also have a link to  Latin West and an eventual article.  Or, if it wouldn't make two articles, is there a general term we can redirect to?  Maybe with an explanation of the terms and the political/social/religious implications in that article? sannse 08:18 Feb 28, 2003 (UTC)

Romans vs Latins
Would the Latin people differ from the Romans? (anon)

If any of you are interested to discuss the subject, you can come to : http://latin-culture.blogspot.com/ (anon)

 * Well, eventually "Romans" and "Roman" came to be a matter of citizenship in the Roman empire, not an ethnic group. The Latins were an ethnic group, pre-dating Rome, and not confined to the city of Rome. Alexander 007 09:33, 7 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Clarification: Latin and Roman were not originally the same thing. Rome was just one of the Latin villages. Of course, as the Roman state grew it incorporated all of Latium, then all of Italy, etc. So it depends on the perspective but, in an encyclopedia where you are going all back to the historical origins of a people, it is a signficant distinction. --Mcorazao 18:28, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Latin music
Following on from the discussion in editsummaries, eg, I'm still not sure whether we should be including a link to Latin American music here. My train of thought, is that if someone asks "What genre of music is this?" the reply is sometimes going to be "Latin".

I also note, that that article currently begins, "Latin American music, often called simply Latin, is the music of all countries in Latin America ...", although that second fragment was added just a few days ago. It is true though.

For comparable examples: House music is linked at House (disambiguation), and Oldschool jungle and Ragga jungle are linked at Jungle (disambiguation), and Rock music is linked at Rock (disambiguation).

Hence, I believe that Latin American music should be linked from here.

(Tangentially: Related to the editsummary comments, that this is covered at Latins: The word "music" does not currently appear anywhere within that article, so I'm not sure what you meant there.)

Your thoughts? -- Quiddity (talk) 02:03, 20 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Hi, Quiddity.
 * My train of thought, is that if someone asks "What genre of music is this?" the reply is sometimes going to be "Latin".
 * No doubt. But that's just a colloquial shortening of "Latin music" in the context of a conversation about music. Similarly, "Latin" could be the answer to the question "What's your favorite food?" Are we going to include links to every use of "Latin" in this colloquial way?
 * What about other words? Does "Chinese" mean "Chinese food"? Does it also mean "Chinese music"? "Chinese calligraphy", in a conversation about calligraphy? Don't you think one could get away with these shorthands, in context?
 * I can summarize my argument like this: if someone approached you and said "I love Latin", how'd you know they mean Latin music? I think there's very insufficient basis for asserting that such a widespread understanding of "Latin" as meaning "Latin music" exists for it to be linked here. "Latin" is an adjective that can be used to modify who knows how many nouns, and in the right context, it should not be surprising that "Latin" can be used with nouns omitted without detriment to communication.
 * What I meant regarding Latins is that that article addresses the fact that "Latin" can also apply to things Latin American and that that should cover it, so it's not necessary to link, here, to specific uses of "Latin" which refer to Latin America.
 * I should tell you that I'm going to modify that opening sentence at Latin American music so that it reads "also called Latin music". SamEV (talk) 21:51, 23 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Sure thing. The word "music" is implied, when someone refers to loving "Latin". But the same goes for "rock" or "house", and we currently disambiguate those music genres at the single word pages. However, it's definitely in the fuzzy/subjective region, and I'm not too bothered either way. I'll leave it up to you, unless other editors join the discussion. :) -- Quiddity (talk) 20:16, 26 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Very unsure thing. By "Latin", I can pretty much guarantee, people will understand someone to meant the language that is called just that: Latin. SamEV (talk) 07:18, 31 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Uhm, that is heavily dependent on context. In a conversation about music preferences, "I love Latin" is very unlikely to refer to the language (unless you are just talking about church music, for example, and wish to convey that you enjoy the sound of Ecclesiastical Latin lyrics very much). Quiddity does have a point. --Florian Blaschke (talk) 16:30, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

"Latine" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Latine. Please participate in the redirect discussion if you wish to do so. Sangdeboeuf (talk) 23:10, 5 March 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Latin (disambiguation)


text:
Wars of the Roses (disambiguation)

The Wars of the Roses (1455–1485) were a series of dynastic civil wars fought in Medieval England.

War(s) of the Roses may also refer to:

Shakespeare-related

 * The War of the Roses (Shakespeare), a modern-day play cycle based on Shakespeare's history plays
 * The Wars of the Roses (adaptation), 1963 adaptation of several of Shakespeare's history plays

Other uses in arts and entertainment

 * Wars of the Roses (album), a 2011 studio album by the band Ulver
 * The War of the Roses (novel), a 1981 novel by Warren Adler
 * The War of the Roses (film), a 1989 American film based on the novel, starring Michael Douglas and Kathleen Turner
 * War of the Roses (radio show), a live entertainment program, created 1994 that catches cheaters in relationships
 * War of the Roses (video game), a 2012 action video game based on the dynastic civil wars
 * Wars of the Roses, a series of historical novels by Conn Iggulden

Sports

 * Roses Match or "The War of the Roses", any game of cricket between Yorkshire County Cricket Club and Lancashire County Cricket Club, first played in 1849

 * Roses Tournament, annual sports competition between Lancaster University and the University of York

 * Rugby League War of the Roses, rugby league matches between Lancashire and Yorkshire, beginning 1895

 * The War of the Roses, rivalry between two American minor league baseball teams, the Lancaster Barnstormers and the York Revolution

 * War of the Roses (Pennsylvania), sports competitions between the neighbouring cities of York and Lancaster, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Wars of the Roses (air race) (1913), Leeds

Other uses

 * "The War of the Roses", 1886 campaign for governor of Tennessee (US), contested between brothers
 * "War of the Roses", 2016 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party leadership crisis

 * "War of the Roses", an annual event of The East Kingdom of the Society for Creative Anachronism

title: Wars of the Roses (disambiguation)


text:
A Perfect Murder

A Perfect Murder is a 1998 American crime thriller film directed by Andrew Davis and starring Michael Douglas, Gwyneth Paltrow, and Viggo Mortensen. It is a remake of Alfred Hitchcock's 1954 film Dial M for Murder, though the characters' names have been changed and much of the plot has been rewritten and altered from its original form. Loosely based on the play by Frederick Knott, the screenplay was written by Patrick Smith Kelly.

Plot
Wall Street financier Steven Taylor is married to the much younger Emily. Meanwhile, a smitten Emily is having an affair with artist David Shaw, for whom she considers leaving Steven. Steven arrives at David's art studio the next day. Steven not only knows about the affair, but has carefully researched David's past. His real identity is Winston Lagrange, an ex-convict who cons rich women. Pointing out that he can easily send him back to prison, Steven instead recruits David into murdering Emily for $500,000.

Steven takes Emily's housekey and hides it outside the service entrance to their lavish Manhattan co-op apartment. David is to use the key to enter the apartment, kill her, and make it look like a robbery gone bad. At his weekly card game, Steven takes a break and uses his cellphone to make a call to an automated bank system, confirming his alibi, while using a second phone to call Emily. Emily answers in the kitchen and is attacked by a masked assailant, but stabs him in the neck with a meat thermometer. Steven returns, but finds the assailant's body. He takes the key from the body, puts it back on Emily's keychain, damages the service entrance door, and plants a screwdriver on the assailant. The NYPD arrives, led by Arab American Detective Moe Karaman. They remove the assailant's mask, but the body is not David's.

Soon after, Steven receives a call from David, who plays an audio tape of the two discussing the plan to kill Emily. They agree to meet at a local deli, where David demands the full $500,000 or he will turn Steven in.

Feeling suspicious, Emily confides in her friends that Steven would have inherited her whole $100 million fortune had she been killed. She quietly makes inquiries and learns that Steven's extremely risky margin trades on the stock market are unraveling. If he is unable to find enough money to cover the balance urgently, both Steven's finances and his credit will be completely wiped out.

Also realizing the key on her keychain belongs to the assailant, Emily confronts Steven. He explains that David is blackmailing them by threatening to kill Emily and Steven has been paying him off quietly to protect her from harm. When he saw her dead assailant in their kitchen, he assumed it was David and took the key from his pocket to shield Emily from facing murder charges. Despite Emily's tears and pleading, Steven lovingly insists that she is not to call the police.

After exchanging the money, Steven kills David in a private compartment on an Amtrak train, taking David's gun and the money. As he dies, a laughing David reveals he mailed the tape to Emily via courier service. Steven rushes home and finds the mail still unopened. He hides the money, gun and audio tape in his safe before showering.

Emily confronts him. She reveals that she knows everything, having found the tape in the safe and listened to it while he showered. As she turns away, Steven attacks her, vowing she will only leave him dead. After a brief fight, Emily grabs David's gun from the safe and kills Steven. NYPD Detective Karaman later comforts a heartbroken Emily, telling her not to blame herself; as she had no choice but to kill Steven in self defense.

Cast

 * Michael Douglas as Steven Taylor
 * Gwyneth Paltrow as Emily Bradford Taylor
 * Viggo Mortensen as David Shaw
 * David Suchet as Detective Mohamed "Moe" Karaman
 * Sarita Choudhury as Raquel Martinez
 * Constance Towers as Sandra Bradford
 * Novella Nelson as Ambassador Alice Wills
 * Michael P. Moran as Bobby Fain
 * Gerry Becker as Roger Brill
 * Will Lyman as Jason Gates
 * David Eigenberg as Stein

Comparisons to the original film
In Hitchcock's Dial M For Murder, the characters played by Ray Milland and Grace Kelly are depicted as living in a modest London flat, although it is implied that they are quite wealthy, as Milland's character, Tony Wendice, is a retired tennis champion. Michael Douglas and Gwyneth Paltrow's characters are also shown as an extremely wealthy couple. Both Kelly and Paltrow's characters are shown as striking blondes. Both films make use of the mystery of the fact that no key was found on the dead man when he was killed by both Kelly and Paltrow's characters, as both their husbands had removed them in an attempt to pin the crime on their wives. Toward the beginning of Dial M For Murder, when Kelly and Robert Cummings are shown together in the Wendice flat, and Milland comes home, Kelly greets him with "There you are!" and kisses him. Presumably in homage to the original film, Douglas's character greets Paltrow exactly the same way when she arrives home to their apartment at the beginning of A Perfect Murder.

Throughout the film, Emily carries an Hermès Kelly bag, named after Grace Kelly who was often photographed carrying the model of purse.

The title A Perfect Murder matches the translation that was made in some countries of Hitchcock's film, known in Italian as Il delitto perfetto and in Spanish as Crimen perfecto; in French it was Le crime était presque parfait.

Production
Principal photography began on October 14, 1997. Filming took place in & around New York City. The location of Steven & Emily's apartment was filmed at The Convent of The Sacred Heart building in Manhattan. The Bradford Mansion was filmed at the Salutation House in Long Island. Filming ended on January 13, 1998.

Alternate ending
An alternate ending exists and is presented, with optional commentary, on the original Blu-ray disc release. In this version, Steven comes back from finding the key replaced where he had hidden it and Emily confronts him in the kitchen rather than in their foyer. The scene plays out with the same dialogue, but Steven never physically attacks her. He still tells her that the only way she'll leave him is dead, and she shoots him. Steven then says "You won't get away with this" before dying and Emily purposely injures herself, making it look like self-defense.

Box office
A Perfect Murder opened in second place at the box office behind The Truman Show, grossing $16,615,704 during its first weekend. It ended up with a total worldwide gross of $128,038,368.

Critical response
A Perfect Murder received mixed reviews from critics.

Stephen Holden of The New York Times called it a "skillfully plotted update of Frederick Knott's play". Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly commented, " I’ve seen far worse thrillers than “A Perfect Murder,” but the movie is finally more competent than it is pleasurable. All that lingers from it is the color of money."

Rita Kempley of The Washington Post noted, "The trouble is, we don't really much care about this philandering billionaire glamour puss, who seems perfectly capable of taking care of herself. We don't care about her husband or lover either. The story's most compelling character, an Arab American detective (the superb British actor David Suchet), becomes a minor player here. Nevertheless, like John Williams in the Hitchcock film, Suchet commits the film's only believable crime: He steals the show."

Paul Clinton of CNN observed, "This production is stylishly mounted... Douglas is an excellent actor and a gifted producer. However, he should hang up his spurs when it comes to playing a romantic lead with women in their twenties."

Roger Ebert, who gave the film three stars out of four, wrote "[It] works like a nasty little machine to keep us involved and disturbed; my attention never strayed". Meanwhile, James Berardinelli wrote that the film "has inexplicably managed to eliminate almost everything that was worthwhile about Dial M for Murder, leaving behind the nearly-unwatchable wreckage of a would-be '90s thriller."

A Perfect Murder holds a 57% "Rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes from 53 reviews. The site's consensus states: "A slick little thriller that relies a bit too much on surprise events to generate suspense." It has a score of 50/100, based on 22 reviews ("mixed or average reviews") from Metacritic.

title: A Perfect Murder


text:
Talk:Global Greens

Untitled
Moved here from Talk:GlobalGreens

GlobalGreens.org appears to be only a website, and not a very significant one.

On the other hand http://www.globalgreens.info/ appears to be the web-site of an organization calling itself "The Global Greens", not "GlobalGreens". It's not the "GlobalGreens Charter", it's "The Charter of the Global Greens".

It's this sort of thing which drives me up the wall about the previous content: it is of low quality, and riddled with errors. If the poster can't get simple easily checkable things like this right, why should we trust him on other things?

The Anome 10:36 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

Where's Australia?
I'm pretty sure the Australian Greens are members. After all, they hosted the conference in 2001...

But they are not in opposition, they are a minor party federally. It may be worth noting they are the junior party in the government in the state of Tasmania. The 2010 federal election is coming up, they are expected by many to hold the balance of power in the senate, which would also be worth noting. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.43.232.50 (talk) 06:53, 6 August 2010 (UTC)

Template:Green Parties
If there are differences with those parties listed at Template:Green Parties (I haven't compared them yet, first comparing Green Parties), can we indicate non Global Greens members on the template by italicizing them, and then delete this article? — Jeandré, 2005-11-28t21:45z

Asia Pacific
several countries listed as Asia Pacific just dont fit... like Israel.

Headquarters in Santa Monica?
I'm trying to find a source that states Global Greens' headquarters are in fact in Santa Monica, California. I can't find any reference to this on their official website. Does anyone have a reference for this? HorseloverFat (talk) 10:14, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

I have removed this reference as I believe the editor may have confused Global Greens with the unaffiliated organisation Global Green USA, who are headquartered in Santa Monica. HorseloverFat (talk) 10:27, 28 November 2011 (UTC)

Deletion of Table
The following was the result of a discussion concerning the verifiability of organizations with lists or tables of members:

'''Resolved: Lists or tables of members belonging to a political international or other organization that are unsourced or sourced by self-published sources must be deleted. When an organization claims it has members it is self-serving, and therefore must be deleted under WP:V. Please note that this applies to all organizations with members, including all other political internationals.'''

Thus, per WP:V, the table of members on this page must be deleted, and remain deleted, until the table can be properly sourced by independent sources.

Regards, Gold   Standard  22:44, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

Never mind, new consensus is in the works. Gold   Standard  19:06, 8 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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Greens is Calgary
It says under the Canada section on the table that the Calgary City Council has a Green on the council.

But here in Calgary, Councillors are non-partisan, so this isn’t possible. I aslo can’t find any info regarding any of the current members have an affiliation to the party.

Can someone confirm this. I wanted delete it but I’m just double checking.

Cheers! Shin Jun Bak (talk) 21:37, 21 February 2018 (UTC)

PEI
Is the Green Party of Prince Edward Island a member of the Global Greens? If not, does it warrant inclusion with the Green Party of Canada? Canadian Green parties are -not- federated. Me-123567-Me (talk) 21:19, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

Some proposed changes - update member list for Asia and Oceania
Requesting edit due to Conflict of Interest - I am the General Secretary of the Asia Pacific Greens Federation.

The membership in this table is outdated according to the Asia Pacific Greens Federation website: https://www.asiapacificgreens.org/members-apgf

The table is also not in alphabetical order.

Suggest replacing existing table at /* Member parties in Asia and Oceania */ with the following:

Nick at Asia Pacific Greens Federation (talk) 10:00, 29 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Done, thanks Nick! Pelagic ( messages ) – (18:07 Thu 03, AEDT) 07:07, 3 December 2020 (UTC)

GPUS votes to withdraw from FPVA
Hello,

As of May 2022, the National Committee of the Green Party of the United States has voted to withdraw from the Federation of American Green Parties. Here is the record of this vote: https://secure.gpus.org/cgi-bin/vote/propdetail?pid=1078

Additionally, the Global Greens no longer list the GPUS as a Full, Associate Member, or Partner of the Global Greens. https://globalgreens.org/member-parties/#

DominateEye (talk) 22:19, 19 November 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Global Greens