text:
Talk:Leif Garrett

Main picture
Can someone affix a recent picture of Mr Garrett to the front page? Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.218.133.125 (talk) 06:50, 11 August 2012 (UTC)

Money
How much money does he have? Did he have 7 million to give to his best friend in that lawsuit or anything close to it? Is he penniless? --24.177.0.156 (talk) 23:10, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

Famous?
Was this guy actually famous? I've never heard of him! (92.11.204.130 (talk) 15:30, 3 January 2014 (UTC))

Of course he was/is famous! --24.177.0.156 (talk) 23:10, 2 July 2015 (UTC)

Legal trouble
There are issues with at least one of the references used in this section; the AOL url does not direct to any text. Given WP:BLP policies I am removing the text that cites the AOL source until this is resolved. Pjefts (talk) 14:45, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

 * The lawsuit should be mentioned as it did a lot of damage to his career in the early 1980s, along with the negative publicity resulting from the car crash. (217.35.237.246 (talk) 16:57, 12 April 2016 (UTC))

 * The issue is that there are currently no WP:RS sources for the material. Please feel free to find some and add the text back in and please keep in mind that BLPs require extra care. Pjefts (talk) 17:25, 12 April 2016 (UTC)

 * Can the allegations that he was a prostitute be mentioned? (217.35.237.246 (talk) 17:52, 12 April 2016 (UTC))

Picture
Wouldn't an older picture be better? (2A00:23C4:638F:5000:148:F717:350:4352 (talk) 14:06, 16 February 2017 (UTC))
 * I included this one as it has the appropriate licence. Karst (talk) 15:05, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

Years of disruption from banned editor
Starting in January 2014, this article and talk page have been the target of banned User:HarveyCarter who shows great interest in the troubled personal lives of performers. Below is a list of IPs from the areas of Bury St Edmunds and Gravesend, that have been used here by HarveyCarter. If a similar one appears, simply revert it on sight per WP:EVADE. Binksternet (talk) 17:13, 16 June 2017 (UTC)

Concern about precision in Legal trouble section
The section on Garrett's 1979 car accident said "His blood alcohol level was three times over today's legal limit", and is directly cited to this story, originally published in 1999, which says "Garrett, whose blood-alcohol level was three times today’s legal limit..." changed this to sentence to read "His blood alcohol level was three times over the legal limit of that time and place" (emphasis mine), which contradicts the source. Presumably there is a reason why the article published in 1999 specified this in then-current terms, instead of merely saying "three times over the limit". I reverted this for that very reason, and was today reverted by the same editor was says in their edit summary "this is not a direct quote, and use of "today's" outside of a direct quote avoids having to keep this tagged for a lack of precision in the phrasing". I'm unclear on the relevance of a "direct quote" when confirming the statement here or what is meant by "having to keep this tagged" (no tag exists), but changing the meaning of the sentence to something not supported by the source is not an improvement. One can surmise that an article published in 1999 using "today" means the definition of the legal limit in 1999, and not 1979, which would be the "time" in "that time and place". While not ideal, I suppose the most accurate reading of this would be "three times over the limit by 1999 standards", which is admittedly clunky, so if you have a more precise source to use here that describes his intoxication level in a meaningful way by all means do so. Echoedmyron (talk) 21:58, 7 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I misread the 1999 as 1979. Sorry about that.  Nevertheless, "three time's today's legal limit" refers to the limit in 1999.  We should not expect readers to have the 1999 blood alcohol content limit immediately come to mind.  I suggest dropping the "three times" language entirely, since the limit in 1999 is irrelevant.  Instead, add a source that notes what the limit was at the time of crash, which is relevant. ~TPW 15:42, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Leif Garrett


text:
Los Angeles River

The Los Angeles River (Río de Los Ángeles), historically known as Paayme Paxaayt West River by the Tongva and the Río Porciúncula Porciúncula River by the Spanish, is a major river in Los Angeles County, California. Its headwaters are in the Simi Hills and Santa Susana Mountains, and it flows nearly 51 mi from Canoga Park through the San Fernando Valley, Downtown Los Angeles, and the Gateway Cities to its mouth in Long Beach, where it flows into San Pedro Bay. While the river was once free-flowing and frequently flooding, forming alluvial flood plains along its banks, it is currently notable for flowing through a concrete channel on a fixed course, which was built after a series of devastating floods in the early 20th century.

Before the opening of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, the river was the primary source of fresh water for the city. Although the Los Angeles region still receives some water from the river and other local sources, most of the water supply flows from several aqueducts serving the area. The Los Angeles River is heavily polluted from agricultural and urban runoff.

Fed primarily by rainwater and snowmelt (in winter and spring), the Donald C. Tillman Water Reclamation Plant in Van Nuys (in summer and fall), and urban discharge, it is one of the few low-elevation perennial rivers in Southern California. Some water usually reaches the ocean, even in the driest summers; although there are historical accounts of the river running dry, there has been constant flow of the river every month since recording of stream flow began in 1929. This is helped by the concrete channel, which limits absorption of water into the earth. Flow, while generally low in volume, can be extremely brisk even in summer.

Course

The Los Angeles River's official beginning is at the confluence of two channelized streams – Bell Creek and Arroyo Calabasas – in the Canoga Park section of the city of Los Angeles, just east of California State Route 27 (Topanga Canyon Boulevard), at 34.1952°N, -118.60184°W (the east side of Canoga Park High School). Bell Creek flows east from the Simi Hills, and Arroyo Calabasas flows north from the Santa Monica Mountains. From there the river flows east through a concrete flood control channel and very soon receives Browns Canyon Wash, which flows south from the Santa Susana Mountains. The river then bends slightly south and receives Aliso Canyon Wash, whose watershed adjoins that of Browns Canyon. The river then flows through the district of Winnetka, then Reseda and enters the Sepulveda Basin, a flood-control reservoir formed by the Sepulveda Dam.

As the river proceeds into the usually-dry reservoir, it spills out into a channel that is similar to its historical, non-channeled form. It crosses under Balboa Boulevard and then receives Bull Creek. The river then passes through the outlet works of Sepulveda Dam, 43 mi from the mouth. It flows again into a concrete channel and crosses under the San Diego (405) Freeway as it passes through Van Nuys, Sherman Oaks, and Studio City, still flowing east. Paralleling U.S. Highway 101 briefly, it then veers southeast, away from the highway, and receives from the left the Tujunga Wash, one of its largest tributaries, which flows southwest and south from the Angeles National Forest in the San Gabriel Mountains. The river then rounds a bend to the northeast, now in a concrete box culvert, and crosses under the Hollywood (170) Freeway and Highway 101, and receives Burbank Western Channel on the left bank, 39 mi from the mouth.

The river then begins to parallel the Ventura (134) Freeway as it winds through North Hollywood and the city of Burbank. It then crosses under the Golden State (5) Freeway and makes a sharp bend to the south-southeast as it curves around Griffith Park. It receives from the left Verdugo Wash, which drains much of La Cañada Flintridge and Glendale as it flows from the San Gabriel Mountains south through a water gap in the Verdugo Mountains, and crosses under the Ventura Freeway. Here, the river begins to flow over a natural riverbed, but enters another concrete section soon after. Paralleling the Golden State Freeway for the next few miles, the river runs by the eastern side of Griffith Park and the Harding-Wilson Golf Course. It passes Silver Lake Reservoir, which is to the right, and crosses under the Glendale (2) Freeway, 32 mi from the mouth.

Making two meanders as it flows in a southeasterly direction, the river parallels the interstate and Riverside Drive then crosses under the interstate and Arroyo Seco (110) Parkway as it flows east of Elysian Park. It then receives the Arroyo Seco, another major tributary, from the left. The river flows south past the Mission Junction, a large railroad yard on the left. It enters a wider concrete channel with sloped sides, and crosses under Cesar Chavez Avenue, the Hollywood (101) Freeway, and the San Bernardino (10) Freeway as it passes east of downtown Los Angeles, flowing past the East Los Angeles Interchange of the Santa Ana (101) Freeway, Pomona (60) Freeway, and Interstates 5 and 10 on the left. It then makes a gradual turn east and then turns southeast, flowing a few miles before it begins to parallel the Long Beach (710) Freeway near Maywood, Bell, Cudahy, and Commerce, 20 mi from the mouth.

Paralleling the Long Beach Freeway south-southwest, the river then crosses under former California State Route 42 and the interstate as it receives the Rio Hondo from the left, 9 mi from the mouth. The Rio Hondo ("deep river") now serves as a distributary for the San Gabriel River to the east via the Whittier Narrows Reservoir. The river then crosses under the Century (105) Freeway and shifts slightly southwest, then flows east of Compton and west of Bellflower. After crossing under the Artesia (91) Freeway, it receives Compton Creek from the right, 2.7 mi from the mouth. After crossing under Interstate 405 for the second time, 2 mi from the mouth, it draws close to the Dominguez Channel to the west and flows due south to its outlet in Long Beach, under Interstate 710, past the RMS Queen Mary, and into the Port of Long Beach.

History

Until the opening of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, the Los Angeles River was the main water source for the Los Angeles Basin. The river ran dry during the summers and flooded during winter months. Indigenous communities adapted to the climate surrounding the river, maximizing agricultural yields by rerouting the natural flow of the river and constructing water wheels along the river.

The river provided water and food to the Tongva people, hunters and gatherers who lived primarily off fish, small mammals, and the acorns from the abundant oak trees along the river's path. There were at least 45 Tongva villages near the Los Angeles River, concentrated in the San Fernando Valley and the Elysian Valley, in what is present-day Glendale. After the Spanish established Mission San Gabriel in 1771, they referred to the Tongva living in that mission's vicinity as Gabrieleño.

Alta California
In 1769, members of the Portolá expedition to explore Alta California were the first Europeans to see the river. On August 15, the party camped near the river, somewhere along the stretch just to the north of what is now the Interstate 10 crossing near downtown Los Angeles. Fray Juan Crespi, one of two Franciscan missionaries traveling with Portolá, named it el río de Nuestra Señora La Reina de Los Ángeles de Porciúncula. Crespi chose that name, because August 15 is the date of the yearly Catholic feast day in honor of the Virgin Mary's Assumption into Heaven and assuming the role as Queen of the Angels, to which the small Portiuncula chapel, where the Franciscan Order began in Assisi, Italy, is dedicated. The river was thereafter referred to as the "Porciuncula River". In later years, the "Los Angeles" part of Crespi's lengthy name won out.

Possession by the United States
Control of California, along with the rest of the northern part of the republic of Mexico, was wrested by the United States in the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). California became a state in 1850, and the Los Angeles area began to boom the following year. Generations of settlers and city managers drained, rerouted, polluted and overpopulated the river and its watershed.

The river was originally an alluvial river that ran freely across a flood plain that is now occupied by Los Angeles, Long Beach, and other townships in Southern California. Its path was unstable and unpredictable, and the mouth of the river moved frequently from one place to another between Long Beach and Ballona Creek. Floods damaged extensive amounts of farmland, destroying houses and killing people and livestock. Severe flooding has encouraged those living near the river to adapt and construct further away from the river in order to prevent loss from flooding. In the early 19th century, the river turned southwest after leaving the Glendale Narrows, where it joined Ballona Creek and discharged into Santa Monica Bay in present Marina del Rey. However, this account is challenged by Col. J. J. Warner, in his Historical Sketch of Los Angeles County:"'...until 1825 it was seldom, if in any year, that the river discharged even during the rainy season its waters into the sea. Instead of having a river way to the sea, the waters spread over the country, filling the depressions in the surface and forming lakes, ponds and marshes. The river water, if any, that reached the ocean drained off from the land at so many places, and in such small volumes, that no channel existed until the flood of 1825, which, by cutting a river way to tide water, drained the marsh land and caused the forests to disappear.'"The river was long joined by the San Gabriel River in present-day Long Beach, but in the Great Flood of 1862, the San Gabriel carved out a new course 6 mi to the east, and has discharged into Alamitos Bay ever since. The arrival of the railroad accelerated the advancement in urbanization, as various government bodies subdued the river by reducing its flow. Until the 1900s the river was known to supply enough water to incorporate a system of wells to be built in order to supply freshwater to the city.

20th century

The Los Angeles Aqueduct was opened in 1913. The heavy flow of the Los Angeles River presented many issues, as it began to get exploited as a sewer system. Along with these uses, populations surrounding the river often tossed feces and waste into the river, along with dead dogs and horses (occasional human dead), in hopes that they would get washed down stream and released to the open ocean waters.

War on Water Rights
In the early 1920s, the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (led by the Los Angeles Board of Water and Power Commissioners) negotiated and gradually purchased almost all of Owens Valley farms and their corresponding water rights. The farmers with the most water banded together to form the Owens Valley Irrigation District in order to try to secure a better deal. When the Owens Valley Irrigation District did not succeed, they created three smaller groups in order to try to bargain. These groups were turbulent in their efforts; resorting to violence, trying to get the attention of state and national press, and calling for politician interference to support their demands for more compensation. This conflict was so highly disputed that the national press referred to it as "California's Little Civil War."

The St. Francis Dam was built starting in 1924 (and through 1926), leading to the creation of a large reservoir in San Francisquito Canyon, and provided water for Los Angeles. The dam collapsed in 1928.

The 1930s in particular saw rapid urban development in areas prone to river flooding. Despite smaller mitigation efforts than the St. Francis Dam, unpredictable and devastating floods continued to plague it well into the 1930s, including:
 * Crescenta Valley flood (1933 and 1934) - a flood on New Year's Eve and New Year's Day devastated the communities of La Crescenta, Montrose, La Cañada, and Tujunga.
 * Los Angeles Flood of 1938 - This flood precipitated the recall of then-mayor of Los Angeles Frank L. Shaw, leading to calls for flood control measures.

The incidents resulted in the US Army Corps of Engineers beginning an ambitious project of encasing the river's bed and banks in concrete. The only portions of the river that are not paved over are in the flood-control basin behind the Sepulveda Dam near Van Nuys; an 11-mile (17.7-km) stretch east of Griffith Park known as the Glendale Narrows; and along its last few miles in Long Beach.

After World War II
The river was dry for nine months of the year as late as the 1950s. According to an August 2013 article in the Los Angeles Times, the water in the river today is largely "industrial and residential discharge," which originates from the "two giant pipes that collect the sewage from the homes of 800,000 San Fernando Valley residents" that lead to the Tillman Water Reclamation Plant, "before crashing over a man-made waterfall into Lake Balboa. That body of water, along with two smaller ones, puts 23 million gallons of water a day into the river at Sepulveda Basin."

Despite the heavy flood flows of the river during winter months, the LA river has become a refuge for marginalized communities, such as migrant, homeless, and diverse sociocultural communities. For a time, the river itself was a geographical divide between East L.A., which is largely Latino, and predominantly white, wealthy West L.A. These minority groups established themselves along the banks of the river, using fish for food. A distinguished link between the LA river and marginalization can be seen through time as a 1909 New York Times article describes these communities as poor transient communities that consume diseased fish to sustain themselves.

Remediation efforts in order to tame the river along with the construction of highways in the 1950s and 1960s displaced hundreds of thousands of individuals. These implications lead to poor air quality and increased exposure to diseases that inhibit good health.

Points of interest
Sepulveda Basin is a flood-control basin to manage floodwater runoff. Except for infrequent but dramatic flood episodes, this dry-land flood control basin, most of which is leased from the Corps by the City of Los Angeles Department of Recreation and Parks, plays host to diverse uses today including athletic fields, agriculture, golf courses, a fishing lake, parklands, a sewage treatment facility, and a wildlife reserve.

The Los Angeles River bicycle path runs through the Glendale Narrows and is accessible to the public at its north end at Riverside Drive, at Los Feliz Boulevard, and at its south end at Glendale Boulevard, Fletcher Drive and at Egret Park in Elysian Valley. The bike path runs parallel to the 5 freeway for the majority of its length and has mile markers and call boxes for information and safety purposes.

Rio de Los Angeles State Park is north of downtown Los Angeles in the neighborhood of Cypress Park on the east bank of the river. The 247 acre park includes restored wetlands featuring native plants as well as recreational activities.

The river's southern stretch forms the heart of an industrial corridor, stretching nearly unbroken from Lincoln Heights to Long Beach. In this area, the busy Long Beach Freeway (I-710) and several high-voltage power lines run within a few hundred feet of the riverbed. Several rail yards are located along the river's banks in this stretch, as well. Just outside the industrial corridor lie some of the most densely populated cities in the state of California, such as the cities of Bell, Bell Gardens, Cudahy, Maywood and South Gate; most of these cities are in the river's flood plain and experienced significant flooding prior to channelization.

River parks
List of parks, trails and bike paths adjacent to the L.A. River and tributaries:
 * Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bike Path
 * North Valleyheart Riverwalk
 * Griffith Park
 * Arroyo Seco Bike Path and Kenneth Newell Bikeway
 * LARIO
 * Tujunga Wash Greenway
 * Browns Creek Bike Path
 * Whittier Narrows Recreation Area
 * Rio Hondo Bike Path
 * Hahamongna Watershed Park
 * Cudahy River Park
 * Marsh Park
 * Sunnynook River
 * Maywood Riverfront Park
 * Zev Yaroslavsky L.A. River Greenway Trail
 * Los Angeles Riverfront Park and Pathway
 * Los Angeles River Center and Gardens

Wildlife

Historically, the native species of fish in the Los Angeles River included rainbow/steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), river shrimp, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Sacramento pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus grandis), Pacific lamprey, three-spined stickleback, and Santa Ana sucker. In 1877 Archduke Ludwig Salvator of Austria published a book about his 1876 visit to Los Angeles, entitled ''Los Angeles in Südcalifornien. Eine Blume aus dem goldenen Land (Los Angeles in Southern California. A Flower from the Golden Land'') which included a description of the fish in the Los Angeles River: "the salmon, Quinnat salmon (Salmo quinnat), abundant between November and June; two kinds of trout, the brook trout (Salar iridea); and the salmon trout (Ptychocheilus grandis)." These three species are known today as the Chinook salmon, steelhead/rainbow trout, and Sacramento pikeminnow. The native species of the Los Angeles River were extirpated by the conversion of the natural riverbed into a concrete trapezoidal channel in 1938. The last known native species to be caught in the river was a rainbow trout in 1940 by a local fisherman.

There is an abundance today of non-native fish species in the Los Angeles River which include common carp, largemouth bass, tilapia, green sunfish, Amazon sailfin catfish, bluegill, black bullhead, brown bullhead, channel catfish, fathead minnow, crayfish, and mosquito fish. However, Arroyo chub, which was once thought gone since the channelization, has made small appearances throughout parts of the Los Angeles River, Most recent being in the area of Balboa Lake/Anthony C. Beilenson Park in the surrounding channels such as Bull Creek, Woodley Creek and around the creeks and main body of the Sepulveda Basin Wildlife Reserve.

There is also a large variety of bird species in the Los Angeles River which include snowy egret, great egret, black-necked stilt, great blue heron, green heron, mallard, cinnamon teal, American coot,  Muscovy duck, white pelican, Canada goose, osprey, California high desert mourning dove, black-chinned hummingbird, barn owl, and red tailed hawk. All of these species either nest or live off of the resources of the river. Before the river's channelization the river supported a variety of mammals which included the California golden bear (removed 1897), grey wolf (removed 1890s), coyote, mule deer, and North American beaver.

There is indirect evidence that North American beaver (Castor canadensis) were native to the river, as the Beñemé (Mojave) and Jeniguechi (San Jacinto branch of the Cahuilla) Indians of the San Gabriel Mission were described by Father Pedro Font on the second de Anza Expedition in 1776, "The costume of the men in heathendom is total nakedness, while the women wear a bit of deer skin with which they cover themselves, and likewise an occasional cloak of beaver or rabbit skin, although the fathers endeavor to clothe the converted Indians with something as best they can." The Tongva or Gabrieleño Indians of Mission San Gabriel had a word for beaver To-le-vah-che.

Revitalization

The ongoing efforts to revitalize the river began in earnest in approximately 2002. A number of city and county departments, committees and non-profit organizations have led the revitalization efforts. Since the 1938 floods and the subsequent concreting of the river channel, actual restoration of the River to its natural state is no longer possible or necessarily desirable, in most of the 51 mile river, lest new flooding occur.

Studies in the 1980s included a freeway to be used during the dry season to alleviate traffic congestion, and use as a path for hovercraft.

In 2011, the creation of the L.A. River Recreation Zone legalized recreational use in the area. Since then, there have been countless projects to restore recreational use, including a 2.5 mile section of the Glendale Narrows that opened to the public for unrestricted recreational use between Memorial Day and Labor Day in 2013. In May 2014 it was announced that two sections of the river would again be open for recreational use during the summer.

The Los Angeles City Council formed an ad hoc committee in 2002 to focus on accessing and revitalizing the river that was chaired by Councilmember Ed Reyes. The California Coastal Conservancy, a state agency, published its Los Angeles River Park and Recreation Study in 1993, identifying potential projects along the river. In 2006, Los Angeles Mayor Villaraigosa visited South Korea to look at their river restoration project for the Cheonggyecheon.

As a result of the Ad Hoc River Committee's efforts, and with funding from the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, the City of Los Angeles' Department of Public Works - Bureau of Engineering issued a request for proposals in 2005 for the preparation of a Revitalization Master Plan, which would identify proposals that would make the Los Angeles River a "front door" to the city, and support civic activities. The city's Los Angeles River Revitalization Master Plan was adopted in 2007.

One of the key recommendations made by the master plan was the establishment of a non-profit development corporation, with a board appointed by the then Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa and certain members of L.A. City Council, to carry out many of its recommended projects. In September 2009, the first board meeting of the LA River Revitalization Corporation was held. Startup funding was provided by the CRA. Harry B. Chandler was elected first chair of the board, and Omar Brownson was hired in 2010 to be the founding executive director. The first development project undertaken by LARRC was creating a public-private partnership to create the first pedestrian, bike and equestrian bridge across the river. Developer Mort La Kretz provided the seed financing for the bridge, which was built next to the 5 freeway in the Elysian Valley by the Los Angeles Bureau of Engineering and completed in 2020.

On July 23, 2013, the LARRC announced a goal of completing a continuous 51-mile (82 km) greenway and bike path along the river by the end of the decade. The path is envisioned to be the central focus of a linear recreational park as well as providing an alternative transportation path through Los Angeles.

The Los Angeles Times first reported in 2015 that the renowned architect Frank Gehry was collaborating with the LARRC (whose name was changed to River LA). In 2017, Gehry Partners and River LA produced an informational database on the River known as the LA River Index.

In 2018, the County of Los Angeles opted to update their River Masterplan. Geosyntec was hired to lead the effort, with Gehry Partners, RiverLA and OLIN taking on additional responsibilities. In 2019, Gehry revealed to Alta Magazine that he is working on designing several projects along the River, including a cultural center in Southgate.

On September 13, 2013, the Army Corps of Engineers recommended a $453 million plan to restore nearly 600 acres of wildlife habitat – much of that located between Griffith Park and Lincoln Heights – as the best option to restore the river's ecosystem while preserving the flood protection provided by the concrete encasement. Subsequently, all Federal funding for the plan has been on hold. In early 2016, there was some dispute as to federal funding for river cleanup after winter storms. As part of Proposition 68 in California in June 2018, later that year, grants were given for the cleanup of invasive plants along part of the river. As a result, in 2018, Los Angeles and its LARiverWorks policy team had a project underway for "every mile of the river within city limits, aiming to improve connectivity, increase open space, and restore habitat. New bridges and trails will accommodate people on foot, bikes, or horseback." Plans to cleanup 11 miles of river north of downtown Los Angeles, in the hopes of attracting steelhead trout, will cost $1.1 billion. In February 2019, the Los Angeles County Flood Control District was informing the federal government that it wanted to take control of about 40 miles of channels owned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

2020 LA River Master Plan
In 2020, Los Angeles County released an updated LA River Master Plan detailing plans for the river over the next 25 years. The current plan addresses 9 goals related to flood risk, parks, ecosystems, access, arts and culture, housing, engagement and education, water supply, and water quality. The plan for decreasing flood risk consists of preserving and increasing flood risk capacity, reducing flow into the river, incorporating climate change research, and increasing emergency planning, public awareness, and management practices. In order to create inclusive, open areas, LA county's actions include making 51 continuous miles of open space, finishing the LA River Trail, providing amenities, implementing multi-use functionality, and promoting public safety. The third goal of the 2020 LA River Master Plan is to support flourishing ecosystems by increasing habitat and ecosystem function, improve plant biodiversity including native species, connecting habitat to support wildlife, and increasing environmentally-friendly practices. The LA county goal of equal access to the river is outlined by creating access points and gateways and promoting safe transportation to the river. The objective of enhancing arts and culture is planned to be achieved by creating a 51-mile arts and culture corridor, identifying and supporting cultures, and involving artists and cultural groups in the design process. The next goal outlined in the LA River Master Plan addresses impacts to the housing economy and the homeless community through incorporating the Affordable Housing Coordinating Committee in planning, creating mapping and assessment tools, increasing affordable housing, securing funding, and enhancing outreach to homeless populations. The actions to enhance engagement and education include providing spaces for all ages to learn, developing new educational materials, involving aspects from indigenous peoples, and promoting the river as an economic asset to nearby communities. The eighth goal in the master plan is to improve water supply through diverting and treating stormwater and dry weather flows before they flow into the river, supporting efficient water usage, creating better operations, maintenance, and measures. The final goal is to improve water quality by developing water quality projects, working with watershed management groups, raising public awareness, and improving facility operations and maintenance.

Friends of the Los Angeles River
Friends of the Los Angeles River (FoLAR) was founded in 1986 by poet and activist Lewis P. Macadams. Originally deemed a "40-year artwork to bring the River back to life," FoLAR was the first organization advocating for habitat restoration and public access on the LA River.

One FoLAR's more prominent ongoing projects is the annual Great LA River Cleanup, which began in 1988 with a group of less than twenty people. In 2017, the Great LA Cleanup had up to 10,000 volunteers over three weekends covering the upper, middle, and lower sections of the River. In 2016, an estimated 5,000 volunteers took place in the annual cleanup, including the mayor and several elected officials. In 2018, more than 6,000 volunteers removed more than 60 tons of trash at nine sites along the Los Angeles River. In 2019, the FoLAR cleanup was the largest river cleanup in the United States. The cleanup marked 30 years in 2019. By the summer of 2019, kayaking in Los Angeles in the river had become common. As of 2018, FoLAR has adopted a year-round cleanup model through partnerships with other environmental organizations like Heal the Bay, and through service opportunities for corporate groups and large organizations through River Makers program.

In 2012, FoLAR raised a $1 million donation to support the completion of the ARBOR study by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). This study ultimately resulted in the adoption of Alternative 20, a restoration plan focused on 719 acres of habitat and pedestrian-friendly improvements, among other things.

Riverside communities

Communities and cities along the banks of the Los Angeles River include:

 * Canoga Park
 * Winnetka
 * Reseda
 * Encino
 * Lake Balboa
 * Van Nuys
 * Sherman Oaks
 * Studio City
 * Universal City
 * Toluca Lake
 * Burbank
 * Glendale
 * Los Feliz
 * Atwater Village
 * Elysian Valley
 * Glassell Park
 * Cypress Park
 * Chinatown
 * Lincoln Heights
 * Boyle Heights
 * Vernon
 * East Los Angeles
 * South Central Los Angeles
 * Maywood
 * Commerce
 * Bell
 * Bell Gardens
 * Cudahy
 * South Gate
 * Lynwood
 * Paramount
 * Compton
 * Long Beach

In media

Numerous films, television programs, music videos, commercials and video games have featured various sites along the Los Angeles River. Since the river is a trickle for much of the year and the culvert is dry, it is often used as a setting for races, car chases, gang rumbles, and other scenes requiring an open, deserted setting within the city.

The following have scenes filmed or set within the culvert:

 * 24
 * All Quiet On The Western Front
 * Ambulance
 * Blood In Blood Out
 * Blue Thunder
 * Chinatown
 * Cleopatra Jones
 * Deadline Auto Theft
 * Double Nickels
 * Drive
 * Earthquake
 * Fear the Walking Dead
 * Freaky Friday
 * Gangster Squad
 * Girls Town
 * Gleaming the Cube
 * Gone in 60 Seconds and its loose remake
 * Grease
 * Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man
 * I Got The Hook Up
 * In Time
 * Into The Wild
 * It's Alive
 * L.A. Story
 * Last Action Hero
 * Point Blank
 * Point Break
 * Repo Man
 * Roadblock
 * Terminator 2: Judgment Day
 * The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension
 * The Blue Knight
 * The Core
 * The Dark Knight Rises
 * The Gumball Rally
 * The Italian Job
 * The Junkman
 * The Bad Guys
 * Them!
 * This Christmas (2007 film)
 * To Live and Die in L.A.
 * Transformers
 * Volcano

The river is featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser Episode 218.

TV series highlighting the river include The Beverly Hillbillies, Knight Rider , CHiPs, Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles, American Horror Story: Apocalypse, the fifteenth season of The Amazing Race, as well as the seventh, sixteenth season of Hell's Kitchen, and The Stranger.

The following music videos have included sections filmed in the river:
 * Don't Cha by Pussycat Dolls
 * Down by Blink-182
 * Stay the Night by Chicago
 * Jesus Walks by Kanye West
 * Wake Up Call by Maroon 5
 * The River by Good Charlotte
 * Call My Name by Cheryl
 * Wherever You Will Go by The Calling
 * Gold Cobra by Limp Bizkit
 * Mein by Deftones
 * Got the Life by Korn
 * Shelter by FINNEAS

Video games include the racing game series Midnight Club with Midnight Club 2 and Midnight Club: Los Angeles and the action-adventure games Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and Grand Theft Auto V (both of which feature depictions of the river within the fictional city of Los Santos).

The house used for exterior shots of Brady's home in the sitcom The Brady Bunch at 11222 North Dilling Street in North Hollywood, has the bank of the river as the edge of its backyard.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Los Angeles River


text:
1999 Cricket World Cup

The 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup, also branded as England '99, was the seventh edition of the Cricket World Cup, organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). It was hosted primarily by England, with selected matches also played in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and the Netherlands. The tournament was won by Australia, who beat Pakistan by 8 wickets in the final at Lord's in London.

The tournament was hosted three years after the previous Cricket World Cup, deviating from the usual four-year gap.

Format
It featured 12 teams, playing a total of 42 matches. In the group stage, the teams were divided into two groups of six; each team played all the others in their group once. The top three teams from each group advanced to the Super Sixes, a new concept for the 1999 World Cup; each team carried forward the points from the games against the other qualifiers from their group and then played each of the qualifiers from the other group (in other words, each qualifier from Group A played each qualifier from Group B and vice versa). The top four teams in the Super Sixes advanced to the semi-finals.

Qualification
The 1999 World Cup featured 12 teams, which was the same as the previous edition in 1996. The hosts England and the eight other test nations earned automatic qualification to the World Cup. The remaining three spots were decided at the 1997 ICC Trophy in Malaysia.

22 nations competed in the 1997 edition of the ICC Trophy. After going through two group stages, the semi-finals saw Kenya and Bangladesh qualify through to the World Cup. Scotland would be the third nation to qualify as they defeated Ireland in the third-place playoff.

Outside England
Scotland played two of their Group B matches in their home country becoming the first associate nation to host games in a World Cup. One Group B match was played in Wales and Ireland respectively, while one Group A match was played in the Netherlands.

Super Six
Teams who qualified for the Super Six stage only played against the teams from the other group; results against the other teams from the same group were carried forward to this stage. Results against the non-qualifying teams were therefore discarded at this point.

As a result of League match losses against New Zealand and Pakistan, even though Australia finished second in their group, they progressed to the Super Six stage with no points carried forward (PCF). India faced similar circumstances, finishing 2nd in their group but carrying forward 0 points after losing to fellow qualifiers Zimbabwe and South Africa.

During their super six clash, Pakistan and India were officially at war at the time of their match, the only time this has ever happened in the history of the sport.

Semi-finals

 * Australia progressed to the final because they finished higher in the Super Six table than South Africa due to having won their head to head Super Six match.

Match balls
A new type of cricket ball, the white 'Duke', was introduced for the first time in the 1999 World Cup. British Cricket Balls Ltd claimed that the balls behaved identically to the balls used in previous World Cups, experiments showed they were harder and swung more.

Media
The host broadcasters for television coverage of the tournament were Sky and BBC Television. In the UK, live games were divided between the broadcasters, with both screening the final live. This was to be BBC's last live cricket coverage during that summer, with all of England's home Test series being shown on Channel 4 or Sky from 1999 onwards; the BBC did not show any live cricket again until August 2020.

title: 1999 Cricket World Cup


text:
Talk:United States Note

United States Notes are Bills of Credit
In Juilliard vs Greenman the Supreme Court of the United States settled the ongoing and very heated debate on if the restriction of issuing Bills of Credit was also extended to the Federal government:

""By the constitution of the United States, the several states are prohibited from coining money, emitting bills of credit, or making anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts. But no intention can be inferred from this to deny to congress either of these powers.""

United States Notes are Bills of Credit as that term is used in the Constitution.

The first $2 notes are Continentals and are nine days older than America. On June 25, 1776, the Continental Congress authorizes issuance of the $2 denominations in “bills of credit” for the defense of America. https://www.uscurrency.gov/history | http://eh.net/encyclopedia/money-in-the-american-colonies/

There are so many minor errors in this article being made in ignorance of Juilliard vs Greenman I am not going to bother trying to edit it just to have changes reverted. Kindly correct your own work. The Supreme Court trumps most citations from other sources, like Mises, for example. Christopher Theodore (talk) 18:57, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

 * Actually this was already mentioned by the court in Hepburn, 14 years prior. The Demand Notes of 1861 were Bills of Credit and nobody challenged them since the Tyler administration had set the precedent under Secretary Spencer.  The to-do was about forcing people to accept Bills of Credit as a legal tender for debts contracted prior to the 1862 legal tender laws.  This is actually a kinda sleepy little article and I doubt your changes would be reverted - give them a try!  --LondonYoung (talk) 22:18, 14 November 2019 (UTC)

The End of United States Note
I am failing to find any Act of Congress that repealed the previous Act(s) creating the United States Notes. Ergo, there is no "End of the United States Note" (and the citation supporting this as a fact is not a Public Authority and would need to rely upon such an Act of Congress to be factual). Further, on the Treasury's own site, it is quite clear that around $300m US Notes are still in circulation. -- https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Currency/Pages/legal-tender.aspx

Kindly provide the name of the Act that repealed the previous Acts creating the United States Note or edit/delete this section. Simply because no new US Notes have been put into since 1971 doesn't mean they have ceased to exist. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ChristopherTheodore (talk • contribs) 23:01, 10 May 2018 (UTC)

 * It is called the "Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994", and it is quoted in the article. Many of the notes still exist in collectors' hands, and they are legal tender.  However the Fed and the Treasury do not circulate them and have destroyed most of them.  Substantially less than $300 million exist.  I can answer any further questions you might have ... LondonYoung (talk) 18:33, 14 May 2018 (UTC)

The article never explains why "beginning in 1966, the Treasury converted the outstanding balance into new $100 United States Notes, the majority of which sat unissued in bank vaults." User:LondonYoung says above that the law required the creation of $300,000,000 in U.S. Notes, but this information is not in the article. That leaves the section "End of the United States Note" mysterious. In the section "Post Civil War" there is discussion of amounts in circulation but nothing about a minimum. I don't know enough to add to the article but someone who has that knowledge should do so. Zaslav (talk) 03:01, 28 October 2022 (UTC)

 * Actually, the article does. In the "Characteristics" section, it says "and an issue of $100 notes in the Series year of 1966, mainly to satisfy the legacy legal requirement of maintaining the mandated quantity in circulation after the $2 and $5 denominations had been discontinued in August 1966".
 * When the $2 and $5 were withdrawn there was still the requirement to keep the legal minimum "in circulation". The BEP's solution was to print the Series 1966 and 1966A $100 notes (taking up much less room than an equivalent dollar amount of $2 and $5 notes). My understanding (althought I don't remember where I read it-I'll try and find it later) was that they took care of the "in circulation" requirements by periodically moving pallets of the notes from one vault to another. Very few of them actually reached circulation Almostfm (talk) 09:09, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
 * That all sounds right. I should also add there were some other motives as well.  In the 1950's, all $1's were silver certificates and all $2's were USN's. By the 1960's there was a desire to "tidy up" the cash supply and make everything an FRN.  The forcing fact was that inflation had lowered the value of the dollar beneath the value of the silver supporting the silver certificates.
 * This chart is very telling: http://www.uspapermoney.info/general/chron_s.html
 * Let me know if any other questions .... LondonYoung (talk) 15:26, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

POV
I removed some sections that were obviously biased against the Fed, but I think this article still needs a review by someone with more knowledge in this area. --Phirazo 06:33, 23 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The article was not biased against the Fed. It was merely information about United States Notes and its ideological support by American Statesmen.  There was nothing about the Federal Reserve in the article!  It seems to me above poster is intentionally trying to seek out anti-Fed bias and reaching for something that doesn't exist.  I am going to undo the edit as it looks very uncalled for. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.206.160.18 (talk) 19:09, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

In the section "The Legal Tender Acts", the following statement is made: "...the printing of fiat currency is a heady wine...". This kind of description smacks of an anti-fiat currency bias and verges on ad hominem. -- Anonymous, 16:03, 8 September 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.65.67.71 (talk)
 * I have addressed this concern and attributed the quote directly to its author. LondonYoung (talk) 22:46, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

$300,000,000 is incorrect
Though the figure of $300,000,000 is often cited as the total amount of greenbacks allowed by statute. This is incorrect. The correct figure is $346,681,016. I have added the citation to the 1906 New York Times article that gives this as the figure of as of the resumption of specie payments. The treasury website themselves gives the round figure of $300,000,000 but note well they are speaking in round figures. Plain and simple the government source is wrong this time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wlmg (talk • contribs) 22:21, 19 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually it is a bit more subtle than this. The law was that the Treasury was authorized to issue up to $300,000,000 but was also required to reissue any notes it received.  Since the outstanding total was $346,681,016 the treasury could not issue new notes (since they were already over the limit) nor contract down to the limit (since there was no authority to retire any notes).--LondonYoung (talk) 19:17, 26 March 2010 (UTC)

While I haven't yet found a good on-line source to back this up, the $100 USN's were printed in 1968 and 1971 _specifically_ to keep the amount "in circulation" at the legally required levels, and most of them were "circulated" by moving them from bank vault to bank vault. Does this seem like a reasonable addition (if I can find backup), or would that be "fluff"?Almostfm (talk) 08:16, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

 * You are correct. Once they rolled out the Federal Reserve Notes, they mainly used $5's to meet the USN circulation requirement.  Five's were the very last issue of large size USN's, and relying on the five continued when the small size was adopted.  But they got tired of printing USN fives after they wore out and just decided to finesse that ole' circulation requirement by packing a bunch of 100's into the basement of the NY Fed.  Fluff?  I dunno, up to you.  Online you may find this useful, http://www.uspapermoney.info/general/chron_s.html, but The Comprehensive Catalog of U.S. Paper Money by Hessler and Chambliss is pretty complete ...    LondonYoung (talk) 13:08, 20 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I wrote above that a legal requirement to keep some minimum of USN's in circulation does not appear in the article. This should be fixed.  Zaslav (talk) 03:04, 28 October 2022 (UTC)
 * See the paragraph beginning "In June 1874 ..." LondonYoung (talk) 15:20, 31 October 2022 (UTC)

Unsourced claims
Is anyone actively working on this page? The page is almost entirely unsourced. Kbs666 (talk) 19:49, 6 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I am willing to begin the process of fixing this page. It will take me a while, but there should certainly be an article on this topic. LondonYoung (talk) 10:37, 13 April 2009 (UTC)
 * There should definitely be a topic but there is a lot of stuff, first three paragraphs of the history section for instance, that has no place in an encyclopedia unless some sources can be found. Kbs666 (talk) 20:59, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree on the need for sourcing there, and I also think these comments hint too broadly on the fiat currency debate rather than issues specific to United States Notes. I'll get to it.LondonYoung (talk) 22:16, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
 * I started work on this. I am not a fan on references in the intro; will add them as I attack the body.  LondonYoung (talk) 01:56, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

There is a quote in here from economist S.G. Fisher which has been part of this article before. There doesn't seem to be any wikipedia entry for this economist nor any reference to his quote. I think it should be deleted if a reference can't be found.--LondonYoung (talk) 14:23, 1 June 2009 (UTC)
 * Have failed to find anything about an S.G. Fisher after trying, so out the quote goes for now--LondonYoung (talk) 09:35, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

"On January 16, 1862, in a private meeting with President Lincoln, Edmund Dick Taylor advised him to issue greenbacks as legal tender" This is a display of lack of knowledge regarding the history of United States notes. You simply regurgitated what you saw in run of the mill conspiracy books. If you ever bother to familiarize yourself with the history of greenbacks, you will find out how wrong you are. Sometimes you should read primary sources, such as the record of Congress. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.69.27.10 (talk) 21:30, 23 November 2013 (UTC)
 * Lincoln exaggerated Taylor's significance in a personal letter he wrote to him, but the historical record is clear, so bye-bye sentence about E.D. Taylor's involvement.--LondonYoung (talk) 18:39, 28 November 2013 (UTC)

FED note superceeds US note
Hi. I've just made this edit. The statement I removed is false in that there are differences between US notes and FED notes. E.g. FED notes incur interest, whereas a US note does not as it's backed my silver or gold. Correct? --Fenvoe (talk) 16:09, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
 * I think this is a VERY technical point, but I don't disagree with you. But note - the statement you removed was a direct quote from the Treasury itself!  (See Ref. 13 of the current article.)  What the Treasury should have said was that they felt no further need for those few monetary functions not served by FRN's that could be served by USN's.  To issue FRN's, the Fed must purchase assets (in a tradition established by the National Banking System), but the Treasury can just print and spend USN's as it pleases (subject to congressional limitations).  Since the UST is issuing bonds galore right now, and the Fed is buying up those and a host of junk assets as part of the bailout, it doesn't look like we'll face a need for USN's again in our lifetimes.  --LondonYoung (talk) 21:01, 6 August 2009 (UTC)

Constitution
The claim that "The Constitution did not grant the federal government the power to issue a paper currency" has no source, and is known to be false misleading, in that Federal Government does have the power to issue a paper currency, as found by the courts, even if there is no explicit grant of that power in the Constitution. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 17:01, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Yea, this is old damage from an anonymous IP, so I changed it back to the way I originally had it. LondonYoung (talk) 23:19, 18 April 2010 (UTC)

A lot of POV junk
A personal (or at least unreferenced) term "national-debt-free-money" has been inserted by a single issue IP who appears to be using WP to complain about the national debt. I've reverted it. IP, if you want to discuss this, do it here. Major changes to an article, not to mention pushing a new political view, needs to be discussed with other article authors. (It appears from this editors' talk page that he has a lot of these sorts of problems on other articles, and does not really understand WP, or is unwilling to use WP's style.) S  B Harris 19:23, 18 June 2010 (UTC)

Seigniorage
This was added without a cite in July 2011: Seigniorage in respect of United States Notes took the form of the value received by the Treasury from the acceptor of the United States Notes.

I am not a subject matter expert, but this doesn't seem to fit either the classic definition of seignorage (the spread between face value and meltdown value) or a modern definition (the spread between the face value of the currency and the offsetting interest-bearing bill, note, or bond). The classic definition applies to coins and the modern definition applies to Federal Reserve Notes.

In the case of a United States Note there is no offsetting metal value or interest-bearing security. The original printing cost was probabaly less that one cent per note printed. I checked the web site Bureau of Engraving and Printing which doesn't carry a stated printing cost for these notes for accounting purposes.

I will remove it is unless cited or restated. patsw (talk) 00:57, 1 August 2011 (UTC)

 * I went looking for where the text "in exchange for value received from the acceptor" might have been taken from (search) and saw that this Wikipedia edit with the ink still wet was quoted as authoritative here on Huffington Post.

 * The whole point of fiat currency is that there's no intrinsic value in it to "the acceptor" (which is a odd name in any case). patsw (talk) 00:41, 2 August 2011 (UTC)

 * It is certainly bizarrely worded and, I am guessing, just designed to fit in with some blog post. But it is also incorrect.  Not all of the value received by the Treasury for these notes is seignorage since the notes do have some value due to their (sometimes limited) legal tender status.--LondonYoung (talk) 22:14, 5 September 2011 (UTC)

Seigniorage is the difference, obviously, between the face value of coin or paper currency and the cost (labor and materials) to produce it. The BEP publishes the cost of printing FRNs. The current cost to print a $100 bill is 9.7 cents meaning a seignorage amount of $99.903 is carried by each of these bills. The BEP prints them and sells them to the Fed for the cost of printing, 9.7 cents. The notion that the interest on the debt the Fed holds "backing" these bills (perhaps $6 per year) is seigniorage is ludicrous, it is a fairy tale. After all, the Treasury paid the $6 and the Fed gave it back to them but started doing that only after the congress passed a law forcing them to return the interest. Hence, by law, debt held by the Fed is interest free (less Fed operating cost) but the Fed is still pocketing that $99.903 per $100 bill in seigniorage on the 10% of the currency that goes for new money, 90% going to replace worn, torn, defaced currency taken out of circulation by the Fed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Charles30000 (talk • contribs) 00:49, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Do you (or does anyone) have a reliable source for the claim that the Fed buys the notes for just printing cost? Almostfm (talk) 04:02, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

 * https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/coin_about.htm --LondonYoung (talk) 15:19, 19 August 2016 (UTC)

Small-size $10 and $20 notes?
''They were mainly issued in $2 and $5 denominations in the Series years of 1928, 1953, and 1963. There was a limited issue of $1 notes in the Series of 1928, and an issue of $100 notes in the Series year of 1966, mainly to satisfy legacy legal requirements of maintaining the mandated quantity in circulation.'' I've read somewhere that a pair of $10 and $20 United States Notes, series 1928, were printed and displayed at the 1933 World's Fair. They were never issued into circulation. Is this true? I'm not sure why they were created -- maybe there was talk of formally issuing these denominations? --76.115.67.114 (talk) 22:56, 11 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Such notes were printed. In currency jargon these are called "Essay" notes.  An Essay is a printed design for a note which never goes on to be actually issued.  Currency designers printed lots and lots of essay notes so that treasury officials could see what the notes would look like if they actually decided to issue them.  The book "US Essay, Proof and Specimen Notes" illustrate the essays you are talking about here.  --LondonYoung (talk) 17:32, 20 December 2011 (UTC)

Image Upgrades
I have added scans of small size 1928 $1, $2, and $5 United States Notes, all SN#1. I replaced lower resolution images. These are all part of the Treasury Department collection which resides in the National Numismatic Collection at the Smithsonian. Please let me know if this poses a problem. I scanned the notes myself and have their permission to use the images. - Godot13 (talk) 05:59, 20 February 2013 (UTC)

Created Series of 1928 Table
Created table to illustrate 1928 $1, $2, and $5 (as opposed to prior stacking of images. Please let me know if this is a problem. Thanks--Godot13 (talk) 16:33, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Complete image set
Would there be any objection to adding an illustrated table with a nearly complete typset of United States Notes (Legal Tender), 1862-1923, all very high-res?-Godot13 (talk) 03:02, 6 September 2014 (UTC)

Featured picture candidates/Series 1880 United States Notes
A complete denomination set of Series 1880 United States Notes have been nominated for Featured Picture. Comments are welcome through 14 October 2014, or just have a look.--Godot13 (talk) 01:53, 8 October 2014 (UTC)

Insert Link to "legal tender" article
The concept of "legal tender" is a key one in talking about money supply, and there is an article not linked to from this one.

Janosabel (talk) 13:06, 16 February 2021 (UTC)

Featured picture scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that File:US-$1-LT-1880-Fr-29.jpg, a featured picture used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for October 28, 2022. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2022-10-28. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! Adam Cuerden (talk)Has about 7.9% of all FPs 21:23, 30 May 2022 (UTC)

"AKA Legal Tender Notes"
I dispute that these are known as Legal Tender Notes. I am asking for sources for this allegation, or I want it removed. I have not once ever seen the term capitalised and used as a synonym for any US currency, This article is starting to suck. I'm willing to work on removing the crap but not enough time to write content for it.User:Pedant (talk) 01:17, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States Note


text:
Land art

Land art, variously known as Earth art, environmental art, and Earthworks, is an art movement that emerged in the 1960s and 1970s, largely associated with Great Britain and the United States but that also includes examples from many countries. As a trend, "land art" expanded boundaries of art by the materials used and the siting of the works. The materials used were often the materials of the Earth, including the soil, rocks, vegetation, and water found on-site, and the sites of the works were often distant from population centers. Though sometimes fairly inaccessible, photo documentation was commonly brought back to the urban art gallery.

Concerns of the art movement centered around rejection of the commercialization of art-making and enthusiasm with an emergent ecological movement. The art movement coincided with the popularity of the rejection of urban living and its counterpart, an enthusiasm for that which is rural. Included in these inclinations were spiritual yearnings concerning the planet Earth as home to humanity.

Form

The art form gained traction in the 1960s and 1970s as land art was not something that could easily be turned into a commodity, unlike the "mass produced cultural debris" of the time. During this period, proponents of land art rejected the museum or gallery as the setting of artistic activity and developed monumental landscape projects which were beyond the reach of traditional transportable sculpture and the commercial art market, although photographic documentation was often presented in normal gallery spaces. Land art was inspired by minimal art and conceptual art but also by modern movements such as De Stijl, Cubism, minimalism and the work of Constantin Brâncuși and Joseph Beuys. One of the first earthworks artists was Herbert Bayer, who created Grass Mound in Aspen, Colorado, in 1955.

Many of the artists associated with land art had been involved with minimal art and conceptual art. Isamu Noguchi's 1941 design for Contoured Playground in New York City is sometimes interpreted as an important early piece of land art even though the artist himself never called his work "land art" but simply "sculpture". His influence on contemporary land art, landscape architecture and environmental sculpture is evident in many works today.

Alan Sonfist used an alternative approach to working with nature and culture by bringing historical nature and sustainable art back into New York City. His most inspirational work is Time Landscape, an indigenous forest he planted in New York City. He created several other Time Landscapes around the world such as Circles of Time in Florence, Italy documenting the historical usage of the land, and at the deCordova Sculpture Park and Museum outside Boston. According to critic Barbara Rose, writing in Artforum in 1969, he had become disillusioned with the commodification and insularity of gallery bound art. In 1967, the art critic Grace Glueck writing in The New York Times declared the first Earthwork to be done by Douglas Leichter and Richard Saba at the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. The sudden appearance of land art in 1968 can be located as a response by a generation of artists mostly in their late twenties to the heightened political activism of the year and the emerging environmental and women's liberation movements.

One example of land art in the 20th century was a group exhibition called "Earthworks" created in 1968 at the Dwan Gallery in New York. In February 1969, Willoughby Sharp curated the "Earth Art" exhibition at the Andrew Dickson White Museum of Art at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. The artists included were Walter De Maria, Jan Dibbets, Hans Haacke, Michael Heizer, Neil Jenney, Richard Long, David Medalla, Robert Morris, Dennis Oppenheim, Robert Smithson, and Gunther Uecker. The exhibition was directed by Thomas W. Leavitt. Gordon Matta-Clark, who lived in Ithaca at the time, was invited by Sharp to help the artists in "Earth Art" with the on-site execution of their works for the exhibition.

Perhaps the best known artist who worked in this genre was Robert Smithson whose 1968 essay "The Sedimentation of the Mind: Earth Projects" provided a critical framework for the movement as a reaction to the disengagement of Modernism from social issues as represented by the critic Clement Greenberg. His best known piece, and probably the most famous piece of all land art, is the Spiral Jetty (1970), for which Smithson arranged rock, earth and algae so as to form a long (1500 ft) spiral-shape jetty protruding into Great Salt Lake in northern Utah, U.S. How much of the work, if any, is visible is dependent on the fluctuating water levels. Since its creation, the work has been completely covered, and then uncovered again, by water. A steward of the artwork in conjunction with the Dia Foundation, the Utah Museum of Fine Arts regularly curates programming around the Spiral Jetty, including a "Family Backpacks" program.

Smithson's Gravel Mirror with Cracks and Dust (1968) is an example of land art existing in a gallery space rather than in the natural environment. It consists of a pile of gravel by the side of a partially mirrored gallery wall. In its simplicity of form and concentration on the materials themselves, this and other pieces of land art have an affinity with minimalism. There is also a relationship to Arte Povera in the use of materials traditionally considered "unartistic" or "worthless". The Italian Germano Celant, founder of Arte Povera, was one of the first curators to promote land art.

"Land artists" have tended to be American, with other prominent artists in this field being Carl Andre, Alice Aycock, Walter De Maria, Hans Haacke, Michael Heizer, Nancy Holt, Peter Hutchinson, Ana Mendieta, Dennis Oppenheim, Andrew Rogers, Charles Ross, Alan Sonfist, and James Turrell. Turrell began work in 1972 on possibly the largest piece of land art thus far, reshaping the earth surrounding the extinct Roden Crater volcano in Arizona. Perhaps the most prominent non-American land artists are the British Chris Drury, Andy Goldsworthy, Richard Long and the Australian Andrew Rogers. In 1973 Jacek Tylicki begins to lay out blank canvases or paper sheets in the natural environment for the nature to create art.

Some projects by the artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude (who are famous for wrapping monuments, buildings and landscapes in fabric) have also been considered land art by some, though the artists themselves consider this incorrect. Joseph Beuys's concept of "social sculpture" influenced "land art", and his *7000 Eichen* project of 1982 to plant 7,000 Oak trees has many similarities to land art processes. Rogers' “Rhythms of Life” project is the largest contemporary land-art undertaking in the world, forming a chain of stone sculptures, or geoglyphs, around the globe – 12 sites – in disparate exotic locations (from below sea level and up to altitudes of 4,300 m/14,107 ft). Up to three geoglyphs (ranging in size up to 40,000 sq m/430,560 sq ft) are located in each site.

Land artists in America relied mostly on wealthy patrons and private foundations to fund their often costly projects. With the sudden economic downturn of the mid-1970s, funds from these sources largely stopped. With the death of Robert Smithson in a plane crash in 1973, the movement lost one of its most important figureheads and faded out. Charles Ross continues to work on the Star Axis project, which he began in 1971.

Michael Heizer in 2022 completed his work on City, and James Turrell continues to work on the Roden Crater project. In most respects, "land art" has become part of mainstream public art and in many cases the term "land art" is misused to label any kind of art in nature even though conceptually not related to the avant-garde works by the pioneers of land art.

The Earth art of the 1960s were sometimes reminiscent of much older land works, such as Stonehenge, the Pyramids, Native American mounds, the Nazca Lines in Peru, Carnac stones, and Native American burial grounds, and often evoked the spirituality of such archeological sites.

Contemporary land artists

 * Lita Albuquerque (born 1946)
 * Betty Beaumont (born 1946)
 * Milton Becerra (born 1951)
 * Marinus Boezem (born 1934)
 * Chris Booth (born 1948)
 * Eberhard Bosslet (born 1953)
 * Alberto Burri (1915–1995)
 * Mel Chin (born 1951)
 * Christo and Jeanne Claude Christo (1935–2020) Jeanne (1935–2009)
 * Walter De Maria (1935–2013)
 * Lucien den Arend (born 1943)
 * Agnes Denes (born 1938)
 * Jan Dibbets (born 1941)
 * Harvey Fite (1903–1976)
 * Barry Flanagan (1941–2009)
 * Hamish Fulton (born 1946)
 * Andy Goldsworthy (born 1956)
 * Michael Heizer (born 1944)
 * Stan Herd (born 1950)
 * Nancy Holt (1938–2014)
 * Peter Hutchinson (born 1930)
 * Junichi Kakizaki (born 1971)
 * Dani Karavan (1930–2021)
 * Maya Lin (born 1959)
 * Richard Long (born 1945)
 * Robert Morris (1931–2018)
 * Vik Muniz (born 1961)
 * David Nash (born 1945)
 * Ugo Rondinone (born 1964)
 * Dennis Oppenheim (1938–2011)
 * Georgia Papageorge (born 1941)
 * Beverly Pepper (1922–2020)
 * Tanya Preminger (born 1944)
 * Andrew Rogers (born 1947)
 * Charles Ross (born 1937)
 * Richard Shilling (born 1973)
 * Nobuo Sekine (1942–2019)
 * Robert Smithson (1938–1973)
 * Alan Sonfist (born 1946)
 * Tang Da Wu (born 1943)
 * James Turrell (born 1943)
 * Jacek Tylicki (born 1951)
 * Nils Udo (born 1937)
 * Bill Vazan (born 1933)
 * Strijdom van der Merwe (born 1961)

title: Land art


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Paulinus of York

Paulinus (died 10 October 644) was a Roman missionary and the first Bishop of York. A member of the Gregorian mission sent in 601 by Pope Gregory I to Christianize the Anglo-Saxons from their native Anglo-Saxon paganism, Paulinus arrived in England by 604 with the second missionary group. Little is known of Paulinus's activities in the following two decades.

After some years spent in Kent, perhaps in 625, Paulinus was consecrated a bishop. He accompanied Æthelburg of Kent, sister of King Eadbald of Kent, on her journey to Northumbria to marry King Edwin of Northumbria, and eventually succeeded in converting Edwin to Christianity. Paulinus also converted many of Edwin's subjects and built some churches. One of the women Paulinus baptised was a future saint, Hilda of Whitby.

Following Edwin's death in 633, Paulinus and Æthelburg fled Northumbria, leaving behind a member of Paulinus's clergy, James the Deacon. Paulinus returned to Kent, where he became Bishop of Rochester. He received a pallium from the pope, symbolizing his appointment as Archbishop of York, but too late to be effective. After his death in 644, Paulinus was canonized as a saint and is now venerated in the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Anglican Churches.

Early life
Paulinus was a monk from Rome sent to the Kingdom of Kent by Pope Gregory I in 601, along with Mellitus and others, as part of the second group of missionaries sent to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. He was probably an Italian by birth. The second group of missionaries arrived in Kent by 604, but little is known of Paulinus's further activities until he went to Northumbria.

Paulinus remained in Kent until 625, when he was consecrated as bishop by Justus, the Archbishop of Canterbury, on 21 July. He then accompanied Æthelburg, the sister of King Eadbald of Kent, to Northumbria where she was to marry King Edwin of Northumbria. A condition of the marriage was that Edwin had promised that he would allow Æthelburg to remain a Christian and worship as she chose. Bede, writing in the early 8th century, reports that Paulinus wished to convert the Northumbrians, as well as provide religious services to the new queen.

There is some difficulty with Bede's chronology on the date of Æthelburh's marriage, as surviving papal letters to Edwin urging him to convert imply that Eadbald only recently had become a Christian, which conflicts with Bede's chronology. The historian D. P. Kirby argues that Paulinus and Æthelburh must therefore have gone to Northumbria earlier than 624, and that Paulinus went north, not as a bishop, but as a priest, returning later to be consecrated. The historian Henry Mayr-Harting agrees with Kirby's reasoning. Another historian, Peter Hunter Blair, argues that Æthelburh and Edwin were married before 625, but that she did not go to Northumbria until 625. If Kirby's arguments are accepted, then the date of Paulinus's consecration needs to be changed by a year, to 21 July 626.

Bede describes Paulinus as "a man tall of stature, a little stooping, with black hair and a thin face, a hooked and thin nose, his aspect both venerable and awe-inspiring".

Bishop of York
Bede relates that Paulinus told Edwin that the birth of his and Æthelburg's daughter at Easter 626 was because of Paulinus's prayers. The birth coincided with a foiled assassination attempt on the king by a group of West Saxons from Wessex. Edwin promised to convert to Christianity and allow his new daughter Eanflæd to be baptised if he won a victory over Wessex. He did not fulfill his promise immediately after his subsequent military success against the West Saxons however, only converting after Paulinus had revealed the details of a dream the king had before he took the throne, during his exile at the court of King Rædwald of East Anglia. In this dream, according to Bede, a stranger told Edwin that power would be his in the future when someone laid a hand on his head. As Paulinus was revealing the dream to Edwin, he laid his hand on the king's head, which was the proof Edwin needed. A late seventh-century hagiography of Pope Gregory I claims that Paulinus was the stranger in the vision; if true, it might suggest that Paulinus spent some time at Rædwald's court, although Bede does not mention any such visit.

It is unlikely that supernatural affairs and Paulinus's persuasion alone caused Edwin to convert. The Northumbrian nobles seem to have been willing and the king also received letters from Pope Boniface V urging his conversion. Eventually convinced, Edwin and many of his followers were baptised at York in 627. One story relates that during a stay with Edwin and Æthelburg at their palace in Yeavering, Paulinus spent 36 days baptising new converts. Paulinus also was an active missionary in Lindsey, and his missionary activities help show the limits of Edwin's royal authority.

Pope Gregory's plan had been that York would be England's second metropolitan see, so Paulinus established his church there. Although built of stone, no trace of it has been found. Paulinus also built several churches on royal estates. His church in Lincoln has been identified with the earliest building phase of the church of St Paul in the Bail.

Among those baptised by Paulinus were Hilda, later the founding abbess of Whitby Abbey, and Hilda's successor, Eanflæd, Edwin's daughter. As the only Roman bishop in England, Paulinus also consecrated another Gregorian missionary, Honorius, as Archbishop of Canterbury after Justus' death, sometime between 628 and 631.

Bishop of Rochester
Edwin was defeated by an alliance of Gwynedd Welsh and Mercian Angles, being killed at the Battle of Hatfield Chase, on a date traditionally given as 12 October 633. One problem with the dating of the battle is that Pope Honorius I wrote in June 634 to Paulinus and Archbishop Honorius saying that he was sending a pallium, the symbol of an archbishop's authority, to each of them. The pope's letter shows no hint that news of Edwin's death had reached Rome, almost nine months after the supposed date of the battle. The historian D. P. Kirby argues that this lack of awareness makes it more likely that the battle occurred in 634.

Edwin's defeat and death caused his kingdom to fragment into at least two parts. It also led to a sharp decline in Christianity in Northumbria when Edwin's immediate successors reverted to paganism. Widowed queen Æthelburg fled to her brother Eadbald's Kent kingdom. Paulinus went with her, along with Edwin and Æthelburg's son, daughter, and grandson. The two boys went to the continent for safety, to the court of King Dagobert I. Æthelburg, Eanflæd, and Paulinus remained in Kent, where Paulinus was offered the see, or bishopric, of Rochester, which he held until his death. Because the pallium did not reach Paulinus until after he had left York, it was of no use to him. Paulinus's deputy, James the Deacon, remained in the north and struggled to rebuild the Roman mission.

Death and veneration
Paulinus died on 10 October 644 at Rochester, where he was buried in the sacristy of the church. His successor at Rochester was Ithamar, the first Englishman consecrated to a Gregorian missionary see. After Paulinus's death, Paulinus was revered as a saint, with a feast day on 10 October. When a new church was constructed at Rochester in the 1080s his relics, or remains, were translated (ritually moved) to a new shrine. There also were shrines to Paulinus at Canterbury, and at least five churches were dedicated to him. Although Rochester held some of Paulinus's relics, the promotion of his cult there appears to have occurred after the Norman Conquest. He is considered a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, the Anglican Communion, and the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Paulinus's missionary efforts are difficult to evaluate. Bede implies that the mission in Northumbria was successful, but there is little supporting evidence, and it is more likely that Paulinus's missionary efforts there were relatively ineffectual. Although Osric, one of Edwin's successors, was converted to Christianity by Paulinus, he returned to paganism after Edwin's death. Hilda, however, remained a Christian, and eventually went on to become abbess of the influential Whitby Abbey. Northumbria's conversion to Christianity was mainly achieved by Irish missionaries brought into the region by Edwin's eventual successor, Oswald.

title: Paulinus of York


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Color charge

Color charge is a property of quarks and gluons that is related to the particles' strong interactions in the theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Like electric charge, it determines how quarks and gluons interact through the strong force; however, rather than there being only positive and negative charges, there are three "charges", commonly called red, green, and blue. Additionally, there are three "anti-colors", commonly called anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue. Unlike electric charge, color charge is never observed in nature: in all cases, red, green, and blue (or anti-red, anti-green, and anti-blue) or any color and its anti-color combine to form a "color-neutral" system. For example, the three quarks making up any baryon universally have three different color charges, and the two quarks making up any meson universally have opposite color charge.

The "color charge" of quarks and gluons is completely unrelated to the everyday meanings of color and charge. The term color and the labels red, green, and blue became popular simply because of the loose analogy to the primary colors.

History
Shortly after the existence of quarks was proposed by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig in 1964, Moo-Young Han and Yoichiro Nambu introduced a hidden internal degree of freedom in which quark wave functions were antisymmetric, thus solving the spin-statistics problem of the Gell Mann-Zweig quark model.

Han and Nambu initially designated this degree of freedom by the group SU(3), but it was referred to in later papers as "the three-triplet model". One feature of the model (which was originally preferred by Han and Nambu) was that it permitted integrally charged quarks, as well as the fractionally charged quarks initially proposed by Zweig and Gell-Mann.

Somewhat later, in the early 1970s, Gell-Mann, in several conference talks, coined the name color to describe the internal degree of freedom of the three-triplet model, and advocated a new field theory, designated as quantum chromodynamics (QCD) to describe the interaction of quarks and gluons within hadrons. In Gell-Mann's QCD, each quark and gluon has fractional electric charge, and carries what came to be called color charge in the space of the color degree of freedom.

Red, green, and blue
In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), a quark's color can take one of three values or charges: red, green, and blue. An antiquark can take one of three anticolors: called antired, antigreen, and antiblue (represented as cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively). Gluons are mixtures of two colors, such as red and antigreen, which constitutes their color charge. QCD considers eight gluons of the possible nine color–anticolor combinations to be unique; see eight gluon colors for an explanation.

All three colors mixed together, or any one of these colors and its complement (or negative), is "colorless" or "white" and has a net color charge of zero. Due to a property of the strong interaction called color confinement, free particles must have a color charge of zero.

A baryon is composed of three quarks, which must be one each of red, green, and blue colors; likewise an antibaryon is composed of three antiquarks, one each of antired, antigreen and antiblue. A meson is made from one quark and one antiquark; the quark can be any color, and the antiquark has the matching anticolor.

The following illustrates the coupling constants for color-charged particles:

Field lines from color charges
Analogous to an electric field and electric charges, the strong force acting between color charges can be depicted using field lines. However, the color field lines do not arc outwards from one charge to another as much, because they are pulled together tightly by gluons (within 1 fm). This effect confines quarks within hadrons.

Coupling constant and charge
In a quantum field theory, a coupling constant and a charge are different but related notions. The coupling constant sets the magnitude of the force of interaction; for example, in quantum electrodynamics, the fine-structure constant is a coupling constant. The charge in a gauge theory has to do with the way a particle transforms under the gauge symmetry; i.e., its representation under the gauge group. For example, the electron has charge −1 and the positron has charge +1, implying that the gauge transformation has opposite effects on them in some sense. Specifically, if a local gauge transformation $ϕ(x)$ is applied in electrodynamics, then one finds (using tensor index notation): $$\begin{align} A_\mu &\to A_\mu + \partial_\mu\,\phi(x) \\ \psi &\to \exp\left[+i\,Q\phi(x)\right]\; \psi \\ \bar\psi &\to \exp\left[-i\,Q\phi(x)\right] \; \bar\psi ~, \end{align}$$ where $$A_\mu$$ is the photon field, and $ψ$ is the electron field with $Q = −1$ (a bar over $ψ$ denotes its antiparticle — the positron). Since QCD is a non-abelian theory, the representations, and hence the color charges, are more complicated. They are dealt with in the next section.

Quark and gluon fields
In QCD the gauge group is the non-abelian group SU(3). The running coupling is usually denoted by $$\alpha_s$$. Each flavour of quark belongs to the fundamental representation (3) and contains a triplet of fields together denoted by $$\psi$$. The antiquark field belongs to the complex conjugate representation (3*) and also contains a triplet of fields. We can write
 * $$\psi = \begin{pmatrix}\psi_1\\ \psi_2\\ \psi_3\end{pmatrix}$$ and  $$\overline\psi = \begin{pmatrix}{\overline\psi}^*_1\\ {\overline\psi}^*_2\\ {\overline\psi}^*_3\end{pmatrix}.$$

The gluon contains an octet of fields (see gluon field), and belongs to the adjoint representation (8), and can be written using the Gell-Mann matrices as
 * $${\mathbf A}_\mu = A_\mu^a\lambda_a.$$

(there is an implied summation over a = 1, 2, ... 8). All other particles belong to the trivial representation (1) of color SU(3). The color charge of each of these fields is fully specified by the representations. Quarks have a color charge of red, green or blue and antiquarks have a color charge of antired, antigreen or antiblue. Gluons have a combination of two color charges (one of red, green, or blue and one of antired, antigreen, or antiblue) in a superposition of states that are given by the Gell-Mann matrices. All other particles have zero color charge. Mathematically speaking, the color charge of a particle is the value of a certain quadratic Casimir operator in the representation of the particle.

In the simple language introduced previously, the three indices "1", "2" and "3" in the quark triplet above are usually identified with the three colors. The colorful language misses the following point. A gauge transformation in color SU(3) can be written as $$\psi \to U \psi$$, where $$U$$ is a $3 × 3$ matrix that belongs to the group SU(3). Thus, after gauge transformation, the new colors are linear combinations of the old colors. In short, the simplified language introduced before is not gauge invariant.

Color charge is conserved, but the book-keeping involved in this is more complicated than just adding up the charges, as is done in quantum electrodynamics. One simple way of doing this is to look at the interaction vertex in QCD and replace it by a color-line representation. The meaning is the following. Let $$\psi_i$$ represent the $i$th component of a quark field (loosely called the $i$th color). The color of a gluon is similarly given by $$\mathbf{A}$$, which corresponds to the particular Gell-Mann matrix it is associated with. This matrix has indices $i$ and $j$. These are the color labels on the gluon. At the interaction vertex one has $q_{i} → g_{ij} + q_{j}$. The color-line representation tracks these indices. Color charge conservation means that the ends of these color lines must be either in the initial or final state, equivalently, that no lines break in the middle of a diagram.

Since gluons carry color charge, two gluons can also interact. A typical interaction vertex (called the three gluon vertex) for gluons involves g + g → g. This is shown here, along with its color-line representation. The color-line diagrams can be restated in terms of conservation laws of color; however, as noted before, this is not a gauge invariant language. Note that in a typical non-abelian gauge theory the gauge boson carries the charge of the theory, and hence has interactions of this kind; for example, the W boson in the electroweak theory. In the electroweak theory, the W also carries electric charge, and hence interacts with a photon.

title: Color charge


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Talk:Al Naqba

My understanding is that this is the Palestinian term for the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Why doesn't it just redirect there? As should the Israeli War for Independence. Tokerboy

Go ahead Al Naqba is already referred in 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Ericd 00:24 Feb 9, 2003 (UTC)

Here was the article:
 * Al Naqba (Arabic: disaster, catastrophe), is a collective term for the events of 1947-48 in Palestine. As a result of Zionist efforts, many Palestinians perished. The survivors were deprived of their homeland, turning them into refugees. A just solution is yet to be found.

 * A ray of hope appeared during the 1990s, with the Oslo Accords. However, the Israeli side choose to pursue settlements in the West Bank and Gaza rather than peace, and the move towards reconciliation failed. The Palestinians have, in spite of their sufferings, maintained that only a political solution is possible.

 * Compare to: Deir Yassin, Holocaust.

Now, Sv, a little lesson in NPOV: Part of NPOV is specifying whose point of view a view is, another part is providing different points of view (clearly labeled). Modemac's redirect accomplished this quite nicely: the title of the article 1948 Arab-Israeli War is NPOV because it does not take the view of Israeli's or Palestinians. The content of the article is NPOV because it provides both points of view -- it states that Israeli's call this war the "War of Independence," and Palestinians call it "Al Naqba." If people think that article should provide more Arab POV, that is fine as long as it is clearlyidentified as someone's point of view, and accurate.

But the above article is full of editorializing and lack of specificity as to POV. I do believe an article on this topic is possible, but the above text is simply not NPOV. Work on it if you want to before putting it back in. In the meantime, the redirect is in no way biased towards Jews, Israelis, or Zionists. Slrubenstein

The redirects are OK to me. 1948 Arab-Israeli War is OK. I would have refused. "War of Independence" is POV, independsance with the Arabs the British ?. It doesn't reflect the facts. Ericd 02:03 Feb 9, 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Al Naqba


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Fukuoka Prefecture

Fukuoka Prefecture (福岡県) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Fukuoka Prefecture has a population of 5,109,323 (1 June 2019) and has a geographic area of 4,986 km2 (1,925 sq mi). Fukuoka Prefecture borders Saga Prefecture to the southwest, Kumamoto Prefecture to the south, and Ōita Prefecture to the southeast.

Fukuoka is the capital and largest city of Fukuoka Prefecture, and the largest city on Kyūshū, with other major cities including Kitakyushu, Kurume, and Ōmuta. Fukuoka Prefecture is located at the northernmost point of Kyūshū on the Kanmon Straits, connecting the Tsushima Strait and the Seto Inland Sea across from Yamaguchi Prefecture on the island of Honshu, and extends south towards the Ariake Sea.

History
Fukuoka Prefecture includes the former provinces of Chikugo, Chikuzen, and Buzen.

Shrines and temples
Kōra taisha, Sumiyoshi-jinja, and Hakozaki-gū are the chief Shinto shrines (ichinomiya) in the prefecture.

There are several historically important Buddhist temples in the Prefecture. Monks would sail back from China after completing their studies and establish temples in the heart of Hakata (now Fukuoka) City. Monk Eisai founded Shōfuku-ji which is known today as the oldest zen temple in Japan, monk Kukai established Tocho-ji, and Joten-ji was built by Enni who is also known for bringing Udon noodles first to Japan. The oldest temple is Kanzeon-ji that was founded by the Emperor in Dazaifu during the 7th century to honor his mother. Kanzeon-ji together with Kaidan-in, that used to be part of the former, was one of the three distinct places in Japan where Buddhist monks could ordain.

During the Tokugawa shogunate when the country was ruled by 300 local feudal lords (daimyo), an important daimyo, Arima Toyōji was relocated to this region and thus he moved his family temple to Kurume City. This zen temple is known today as Bairin-ji and is a main temple for zen practice in Fukuoka Prefecture and Kyushu. It is located on the West bank of Chiguko River, next to the Shinkansen station of Kurume city.

Geography
Fukuoka Prefecture faces the sea on three sides, bordering Saga, Ōita, and Kumamoto prefectures and facing Yamaguchi Prefecture across the Kanmon Straits.

As of 1 April 2012, 18% of the land area of the prefecture was designated as natural parks: Setonaikai National Park, Genkai, Kitakyūshū, and Yaba-Hita-Hikosan quasi-national parks, and Chikugogawa, Chikuhō, Dazaifu, Sefuri Raizan, and Yabegawa Prefectural Natural Parks.

Fukuoka includes the two largest cities on Kyūshū, Fukuoka and Kitakyushu, and much of Kyūshū's industry. It also includes a number of small islands near the north coast of Kyūshū.

Cities
Twenty-nine cities are in Fukuoka Prefecture:

 * Asakura
 * Buzen
 * Chikugo
 * Chikushino
 * Dazaifu
 * Fukuoka (capital)
 * Fukutsu
 * Iizuka
 * Itoshima
 * Kama
 * Kasuga
 * Kitakyūshū
 * Koga
 * Kurume
 * Miyama
 * Miyawaka
 * Munakata
 * Nakagawa
 * Nakama
 * Nōgata
 * Ogōri
 * Ōkawa
 * Ōmuta
 * Ōnojō
 * Tagawa
 * Ukiha
 * Yame
 * Yanagawa
 * Yukuhashi

Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district:

 * Asakura District
 * Chikuzen
 * Tōhō
 * Chikujō District
 * Chikujō
 * Kōge
 * Yoshitomi
 * Kaho District
 * Keisen
 * Kasuya District
 * Hisayama
 * Kasuya
 * Sasaguri
 * Shime
 * Shingū
 * Sue
 * Umi
 * Kurate District
 * Kotake
 * Kurate
 * Mii District
 * Tachiarai
 * Miyako District
 * Kanda
 * Miyako
 * Mizuma District
 * Ōki
 * Onga District
 * Ashiya
 * Mizumaki
 * Okagaki
 * Onga
 * Tagawa District
 * Aka
 * Fukuchi
 * Itoda
 * Kawara
 * Kawasaki
 * Ōtō
 * Soeda
 * Yame District
 * Hirokawa

Economy
Fukuoka prefecture's main cities form one of Japan's main industrial centers, accounting for nearly 40% of the economy of Kyūshū. GDP exceeds 154 billion US dollars, comparable to that of a medium-sized country. Major industries include automobiles, semiconductors, and steel. Fukuoka prefecture is where tire manufacturer Bridgestone and consumer electronics chain Best Denki were founded.

Well-known company headquartered in Fukuoka are as follows:
 * TOTO Ltd. (founded in 1917)
 * Yasukawa Electric Corporation (founded in 1915)
 * PIETRO Co., Ltd. (founded in 1980)
 * ZENRIN CO., Ltd. (founded in 1949)
 * SANIX INCORPORATED (founded in 1975)
 * HASEGAWA Co.Ltd. (founded in 1929)
 * Plenus Co., Ltd. (founded in 1976)
 * LEVEL-5 Inc. (founded in 1998)
 * Star Flyer Inc. (founded in 2002)
 * DAIICHI KOUTSU SANGYO Co., Ltd. (founded in 1960)
 * Shabondama Soap Co., Ltd. (founded in 1910)
 * MoonStar Company. (founded in 1873)
 * Shinoken Group. Co., Ltd. (founded in 1990)

Universities
One of Japan's top 5 universities, Kyushu University, is located in Fukuoka.

Demographics
According to October 2018 estimates, the population in Fukuoka Prefecture reached 5,111,494 inhabitants, making the prefecture the 9th most populated of Japan's 47 prefectures. It is one of the few prefectures with a steadily increasing population.

Culture

 * Fukuoka Art Museum – In Ohori Park; contains a wide selection of contemporary and other art from around the world
 * Fukuoka Asian Art Museum – contains art from Asia
 * Fukuoka City Museum – displays a broad range of items from the region's history, including a spectacular gold seal
 * Genko Historical Museum (元寇史料館, Museum of the Mongol Invasion) in Higashi Koen (East Park) displays Japanese and Mongolian arms and armor from the 13th century as well as paintings on historical subjects; open on weekends
 * Hakata Machiya Folk Museum – Dedicated to displaying the traditional ways of life, speech, and culture of the Fukuoka region
 * Fukuoka Castle – a castle in Chūō-ku, Fukuoka
 * Hakata Gion Yamakasa – Japanese festival celebrated 1–15 July
 * Ōhori Park – a registered Place of Scenic Beauty
 * Kyushu National Museum – The collections cover the history of Kyūshū from prehistory to the Meiji era with particular emphasis on the rich history of cultural exchange between Kyūshū and neighboring China and Korea
 * HKT48 Theater – where the idol group HKT48 performs every day
 * LinQ – the Kyushu idol group meaning "Love in Kyushu", local theater where the LinQ performs weekly on Saturday and Sunday in Tenjin Best Hall
 * Bairin-ji – Rinzai temple and garden in Kurume
 * Zendō-ji – Jōdo-shū temple in Kurume

Major events and festivals

 * Hakata Dontaku Harbour Festival, Tenjin, Fukuoka on May 3 and 4
 * Hakata Gion Yamakasa, Kushida Shrine, Fukuoka in July
 * Kokura Gion Yamagasa, Kitakyushu in July
 * Tobata Gion Yamagasa, Kitakyushu in July
 * Kurosaki Gion Yamagasa, Kitakyushu in July
 * Kitahara Hakushu Festival, Yanagawa on November 1 to 3

Sports
The sports teams listed below are based in Fukuoka.

 * Football (soccer)
 * Avispa Fukuoka (Fukuoka City)
 * Giravanz Kitakyushu (Kitakyūshū City)
 * Fukuoka J. Anclas

 * Baseball
 * Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks (Fukuoka City)

 * Basketball
 * Rizing Zephyr Fukuoka (Fukuoka City)

 * Rugby
 * Coca-Cola Red Sparks (Fukuoka City)
 * Fukuoka Sanix Blues (Munakata)
 * Kyuden Voltex
 * Sanix World Rugby Youth Tournament

The prefecture hosts the Fukuoka International Cross Country competition. The prefecture also hosted the Fukuoka Marathon, which was an elite marathon in which marathon world records were established twice during its 75 year existence. Its final race took place in 2021.

Crime and safety
Fukuoka Prefecture has the most designated yakuza groups among all of the prefectures, at five: the Kudo-kai, the Taishu-kai, the Fukuhaku-kai, the Dojin-kai and the Namikawa-kai. Between 2004 and 2009, and in early 2011, Fukuoka Prefecture led the nation in gun-related incidents. These incidents were mostly related to the local yakuza syndicates, specifically the Kudo-kai, the Dojin-kai, and the Kyushu Seido-kai.

Fukuoka Prefecture had the highest frequency of youth crime among the prefectures of Japan from 2003 to 2007.

According to statistics from the national police, the crime rate in Fukuoka was the eighth-highest in 2017, lower than in Osaka, Tokyo, Hyogo, Aichi, Saitama, Chiba and Ibaraki.

Tourism

The most popular place for tourism is Fukuoka City, especially during the Dontaku festival, which attracts millions of visitors from across Japan during Golden Week. Fukuoka is the main shopping, dining, transportation and entertainment hub in Kyushu.

Dazaifu is popular for its many temples and historical sites, as well as the Kyushu National Museum.

Yanagawa is sometimes called "the Venice of Japan" for its boat tours on the abundant, calm rivers that wind through the city.

Kitakyushu features one of the famous night views of Japan from atop Mt. Sarakura, accessible via cablecar. The Mojiko area features waterfront dining, a market, and several preserved historical buildings. The Kanmon Kaikyo Tunnel which connects Kyushu (Moji ward, Kitakyushu) and Honshu (Shimonoseki) is free to walk through. The city center in Kokurakita ward contains the Riverwalk and Itsutsuya shopping complexes, Kokura castle, and the Uomachi Gintengai shopping arcade, the oldest shopping arcade in Japan.

In the "19 best places to visit in 2019" published by the U.S. CNN, Fukuoka Prefecture was chosen as the only destination in Japan.

Railway services

 * West Japan Railway Company(=JR Nishinihon)
 * Sanyō Shinkansen
 * Hakata Minami Line
 * JR Kyushu
 * Kyūshū Shinkansen, Kagoshima Main Line, Chikuhō Main Line, Nippō Main Line, Kyudai Main Line
 * Chikuhi Line, Gotōji Line, Kashii Line, Hitahikosan Line, Sasaguri Line
 * Nishi-Nippon Railroad
 * Tenjin Ōmuta Line, Dazaifu Line, Nishitetsu Amagi Line, Kaizuka Line
 * Amagi Railway
 * Amagi Railway Amagi Line
 * Heisei Chikuhō Railway
 * Ita Line, Itota Line, Tagawa Line
 * Coto Coto Train
 * Fukuoka City Subway
 * Kūkō Line, Hakozaki Line, Nanakuma Line
 * Kitakyushu Monorail

Airports

 * Fukuoka Airport
 * New Kitakyushu airport

Sister regions

 * Hawaii, United States
 * Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
 * Delhi, India
 * Bangkok, Thailand
 * Hanoi, Vietnam

General and cited references

 * Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5..

title: Fukuoka Prefecture