text:
User talk:Sannse

Archive 1 Archive 2 Archive 3 Archive of discussion with Anon Archive of discussion on the 2004 Arbitration committee election Archive 4 Archive 5 Archive 6

Copyright?
Dear author,

we would like to use the following pictures for a biodiversity handout to train and inform farmers in the field of biodiversity:

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yellow-rattle_close_700.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Common_hawthorn_flowers.jpg https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Meadow_vetchling_close_800.jpg

Your name along with a link to the original file and the creative common license will be named in the pictures index (sorted by page number and order of pictures). Although the creative common license does allow the use of the pictures for our purpose, I wanted to make sure you are also fine with us using them.

I would be very grateful if you could give me a short answer.

Kind regards,

Ulrike Harant — Preceding unsigned comment added by Uharant (talk • contribs) 06:25, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

 * Yes, all my photos are available for use anywhere (under the conditions of the licence of course). For attribution, I'm fine with "Sannse, Wikimedia Commons" -- sannse (talk) 15:15, 6 September 2018 (UTC)

Shiloh Shepherd™ Dog listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has asked for a discussion to address the redirect Shiloh Shepherd™ Dog. Since you had some involvement with the Shiloh Shepherd™ Dog redirect, you might want to participate in the redirect discussion if you have not already done so. UnitedStatesian (talk) 15:33, 25 January 2019 (UTC)

Today's Wikipedian 10 years ago
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 09:19, 28 January 2019 (UTC)

January 2021
A User:Zataga is creating a vandalism on the pages. Revert that all pages now, please:
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/Rebel_Without_a_Cause
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/The_Fountainhead_(film)
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/Casablanca
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/Caddyshack
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/Caddyshack_II
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/Innerspace
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/To_Have_and_Have_Not_(film)
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/Arsenic_and_Old_Lace_(film)
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/White_Heat
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/The_Maltese_Falcon_(1941_film)
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/The_Flight_of_Dragons
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/The_Outsiders_(film)
 * https://warnerbros.fandom.com/wiki/A_Streetcar_Named_Desire — Preceding unsigned comment added by Moviemagic2 (talk • contribs) 14:49, 1 January 2021 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male

A tag has been placed on Grammy Award for Best Vocal Performance, Male requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done for the following reason:

"it's the duplicate page of Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance"

Under the criteria for speedy deletion, pages that meet certain criteria may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Elenktra (talk) 20:32, 12 April 2021 (UTC)

I used some of your photos
Hello Sannse!

I have used some photos of Tanichthys albonubes in my free software educational proyect "Animalandia" (https://animalandia.educa.madrid.org)

You can see directly in the follow link and clic over "Siguiente" ("Next") several times:

https://animalandia.educa.madrid.org/imagen.php?id=56155

If you wish, you can send me (via fernando.lison at educa.madrid.org) some letters or/and a photo for your "contributor profile" in Animalandia:

https://animalandia.educa.madrid.org/autor.php?nombre=Sannse+Cushway

I want show that Animalandia is make for real and generous people.

This is my "contributor profile" and others, for example:

https://animalandia.educa.madrid.org/autor.php?nombre=Fernando%20Lis%C3%B3n%20Mart%C3%ADn

https://animalandia.educa.madrid.org/autor.php?nombre=Carmen%20Jim%C3%A9nez

https://animalandia.educa.madrid.org/autor.php?nombre=David%20P%C3%A9rez

https://animalandia.educa.madrid.org/autor.php?nombre=Steve%20Garvie%20(Rainbirder)

In the future, I use more of your photos, I sure!

Thank you for the licence and, of course, for your splendid photos!!

Regards!

Fernando Lisón, from Spain --83.32.128.212 (talk) 12:22, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm glad you could use them! I don't need a profile, I'm happy with the credit given. Thanks for using my photos! -- sannse (talk) 15:21, 20 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you Sannse. Fernando.lison (talk) 15:36, 22 April 2024 (UTC)

Unblock me
The block was made by Fandom Staff. Reason given: "This username or IP address is prevented from editing across the entire FANDOM network due to vandalism or other disruption. If you believe this is in error, please contact FANDOM. The blocker also gave this additional reason: Harassment and abusing multiple accounts. Start of block: 19:55, 30 January 2024 Expiry of block: infinite Intended blockee: 122Elephant12! Block ID: #883307 Current IP address: 76.251.162.195

I'm tired of being blocked as 122Elephant12! Please unblock me so I can edit again. 76.251.162.195 (talk) 01:53, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

Unblock me or close the wiki
The block was made by Fandom Staff.

 * Reason given: "This username or IP address is prevented from editing across the entire FANDOM network due to vandalism or other disruption.

If you believe this is in error, please contact FANDOM.

The blocker also gave this additional reason: Harassment and abusing multiple accounts.

 * Start of block: 19:55, 30 January 2024
 * Expiry of block: infinite
 * Intended blockee: 122Elephant12!
 * Block ID: #883307
 * Current IP address: 76.251.162.195

I need to be unblocked on Fandom. I'm tired of being blocked for infinite. Please unblock me or the Neo Lakeside Planet wiki will be closed. 76.251.162.195 (talk) 01:55, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

 * @71.251.162.195 Fandom and Wikipedia are not the same organization, I'm not sure why you're asking here. Synorem (talk) 01:56, 22 March 2024 (UTC)
 * But I need to be unblocked on Fandom. I can't edit anymore as 122Elephant12! Or else the wikis I made such as Neo Lakeside Planet wiki will be closed.
 * The block was made by Fandom Staff.
 * Reason given: "This username or IP address is prevented from editing across the entire FANDOM network due to vandalism or other disruption.
 * If you believe this is in error, please contact FANDOM.
 * The blocker also gave this additional reason: Harassment and abusing multiple accounts.
 * Start of block: 19:55, 30 January 2024
 * Expiry of block: infinite
 * Intended blockee: 122Elephant12!
 * Block ID: #883307
 * Current IP address: 76.251.162.195
 * 76.251.162.195 (talk) 01:58, 22 March 2024 (UTC)

Message from Fandom
this is ethankeyes2006@gmail.com give ME the exacr date when i can appeal to return to fandom? Ethan169 (talk) 21:59, 18 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Sannse


text: User:Bdowd

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User:Bdowd


text:
User:Ploppy

Hi,

My real name is Phillip Lougher. I live in Chepstow, Wales, and I am a computer scientist by profession. I have an amateur interest in the history of Wales and the Forest of Dean (particularly early and medieval period), and in geneology. Professionally, I currently work on Linux as a kernel developer, and I have published a number of open source projects including SquashFS.

title: User:Ploppy


text:
User talk:Bdowd

Hello and Welcome! Nice work on amateur radio. --mav

---

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on my talk page, or place  on your talk page and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Again, welcome! -- P.B. Pilhet 03:33, 6 September 2006 (UTC), Newpage Patrol
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
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 * Manual of Style

title: User talk:Bdowd


text:
Dangriga

Dangriga, formerly known as Stann Creek Town, is a town in southern Belize, located on the Caribbean coast at the mouth of the North Stann Creek River. It is the capital of Belize's Stann Creek District. Dangriga is served by the Dangriga Airport. Commonly known as the "culture capital of Belize" due to its influence on punta music and other forms of Garifuna culture, Dangriga is the largest settlement in southern Belize.

History
Dangriga, declared a town 15 February 1895, was settled before 1832 by Garinagu (Black Caribs, as they were known to the British) from Honduras. For years it was the second largest population centre in the country behind Belize City, but in recent years has been surpassed by San Ignacio, Belmopan and Orange Walk Town. Since the early 1980s Garífuna culture has undergone a revival, as part of which the town's name of Dangriga, a Garífuna word meaning "standing waters", became more widely used (but was initially adopted around 1975).

Demographics
The population is mostly a mixture of Garinagu, Kriols and Mestizos. According to the Statistical Institute of Belize, Dangriga's population in 2010 was 8,767 – 4,302 males and 4,465 females.

Culture
Dangriga is home to the Garifuna, a cultural and ethnic group, descendants of shipwrecked slaves and native Caribs. The Garifuna have adopted the Carib language but kept their African musical and religious traditions, while holding a central place in the history of the Catholic church and Catholic education in Belize. Dangriga is also where the Caribbean music, Punta Rock, originated and where some of Belize's folk bands can be found.

In November each year there is a week-long festivity leading up to Garifuna Settlement Day, attended by Garifuna people from around the region. It includes a torchlit parade and wreath-laying ceremony at the monument of the patriot and social activist Thomas Vincent Ramos, selection of Miss Garifuna, parades and special church services, and The T.V. Ramos Classic Bike Race.

The 19 November is Garifuna Settlement Day.

Attractions

 * Cockscomb Basin Wildlife Sanctuary, located southwest of Dangriga.
 * Mayflower Archeological Reserve, consisting of three ruins, two waterfalls and a view of Hopkins village as well as of the Caribbean Sea.
 * Dangriga is also a mainland access point to popular cayes in Southern Belize, including Tobacco Caye and Royal Belize.

Healthcare
The city is served by Southern Regional Hospital.

Notable residents

 * Arlie Petters, mathematician and astrophysicist
 * Pen Cayetano, artist and musician residing in Germany. Originator of Punta Rock.
 * Maxime Faget, designer of the Mercury capsule, and contributed to the later Gemini and Apollo spacecraft as well as the Space Shuttle.
 * T. V. Ramos, Garifuna civil rights activist from Puerto Cortez, Honduras.
 * Osmond P. Martin, first native Belizean Catholic bishop.
 * Rakeem Nuñez-Roches, American football player for the New York Giants

title: Dangriga


text: User:Chrisrimmer

title: User:Chrisrimmer


text:
User talk:Chrisrimmer

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place! --mav

Data Management Wiki Committee
Thank you for your contribution to one, or more, articles that are now organized under Data management.

Because of your previous intrest, you are recieving an invitation to become a founding member of the Data Management Wiki Committee.

The members, of course, will form and solidify the purpose, rules, officers, etc. but my idea (to kick things off) is to establish a group of us who will take responsiblity to see that the ideas of Data management are promoted and well represented in Wikipedia articles.

If you are willing to join the committee, please go to Category_talk:Data_management and indicate your acceptance of this invitation by placing your three tilde characters in the list.

KeyStroke 01:25, 2004 Sep 25 (UTC)

title: User talk:Chrisrimmer


text:
Glycerol

Glycerol, also called glycerine or glycerin, is a simple triol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is sweet-tasting and non-toxic. The glycerol backbone is found in lipids known as glycerides. It is also widely used as a sweetener in the food industry and as a humectant in pharmaceutical formulations. Because of its three hydroxyl groups, glycerol is miscible with water and is hygroscopic in nature.

Structure
Although achiral, glycerol is prochiral with respect to reactions of one of the two primary alcohols. Thus, in substituted derivatives, the stereospecific numbering labels the molecule with a sn- prefix before the stem name of the molecule.

Production
Glycerol is generally obtained from plant and animal sources where it occurs in triglycerides, esters of glycerol with long-chain carboxylic acids. The hydrolysis, saponification, or transesterification of these triglycerides produces glycerol as well as the fatty acid derivative:

Triglycerides can be saponified with sodium hydroxide to give glycerol and fatty sodium salt or soap.

Typical plant sources include soybeans or palm. Animal-derived tallow is another source. Approximately 950,000 tons per year are produced in the United States and Europe; 350,000 tons of glycerol were produced per year in the U.S. alone from 2000 to 2004. The EU directive 2003/30/EC set a requirement that 5.75% of petroleum fuels were to be replaced with biofuel sources across all member states by 2010. It was projected in 2006 that by 2020, production would be six times more than demand, creating an excess of glycerol as a byproduct of biofuel production.

Glycerol from triglycerides is produced on a large scale, but the crude product is of variable quality, with a low selling price of as low as US$0.02–0.05 per kilogram in 2011. It can be purified, but the process is expensive. Some glycerol is burned for energy, but its heat value is low.

Crude glycerol from the hydrolysis of triglycerides can be purified by treatment with activated carbon to remove organic impurities, alkali to remove unreacted glycerol esters, and ion exchange to remove salts. High purity glycerol (greater than 99.5%) is obtained by multi-step distillation; a vacuum chamber is necessary due to its high boiling point (290 °C).

Synthetic glycerol
Because of the large-scale production of biodiesel from fats, where glycerol is a waste product, the market for glycerol is depressed. Thus, synthetic processes are not economical. Owing to oversupply, efforts are being made to convert glycerol to synthetic precursors, such as acrolein and epichlorohydrin.

Although usually not cost-effective because so much is produced from processing of fats, glycerol can be produced by various routes. During World War II, synthetic glycerol processes became a national defense priorities because it is a precursor to nitroglycerine. Epichlorohydrin is the most important precursor. chlorination of propylene gives allyl chloride, which is oxidized with hypochlorite to dichlorohydrin, which reacts with a strong base to give epichlorohydrin. Epichlorohydrin can be hydrolyzed to glycerol. Chlorine-free processes from propylene include the synthesis of glycerol from acrolein and propylene oxide.
 * Synthetic routes to glycerol.png

Food industry
In food and beverages, glycerol serves as a humectant, solvent, and sweetener, and may help preserve foods. It is also used as filler in commercially prepared low-fat foods (e.g., cookies), and as a thickening agent in liqueurs. Glycerol and water are used to preserve certain types of plant leaves. As a sugar substitute, it has approximately 27 kilocalories per teaspoon (sugar has 20) and is 60% as sweet as sucrose. It does not feed the bacteria that form a dental plaque and cause dental cavities. As a food additive, glycerol is labeled as E number E422. It is added to icing (frosting) to prevent it from setting too hard.

As used in foods, glycerol is categorized by the U.S. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics as a carbohydrate. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) carbohydrate designation includes all caloric macronutrients excluding protein and fat. Glycerol has a caloric density similar to table sugar, but a lower glycemic index and different metabolic pathway within the body.

It is also recommended as an additive when using polyol sweeteners such as erythritol and xylitol which have a cooling effect, due to its heating effect in the mouth, if the cooling effect is not wanted.

Excessive consumption by children can lead to glycerol intoxication. Symptoms of intoxication include hypoglycemia, nausea and a loss of consciousness (syncope). While intoxication as a result of excessive glycerol consumption is rare and its symptoms generally mild, occasional reports of hospitalization have occurred. In the United Kingdom in August 2023, manufacturers of syrup used in slush ice drinks were advised to reduce the amount of glycerol in their formulations by the Food Standards Agency to reduce the risk of intoxication.

Medical, pharmaceutical and personal care applications

Glycerol is used in medical, pharmaceutical and personal care preparations, often as a means of improving smoothness, providing lubrication, and as a humectant.

Ichthyosis and xerosis have been relieved by the topical use of glycerin. It is found in allergen immunotherapies, cough syrups, elixirs and expectorants, toothpaste, mouthwashes, skin care products, shaving cream, hair care products, soaps, and water-based personal lubricants. In solid dosage forms like tablets, glycerol is used as a tablet holding agent. For human consumption, glycerol is classified by the FDA among the sugar alcohols as a caloric macronutrient. Glycerol is also used in blood banking to preserve red blood cells prior to freezing.

Taken rectally, glycerol functions as a laxative by irritating the anal mucosa and inducing a hyperosmotic effect, expanding the colon by drawing water into it to induce peristalsis resulting in evacuation. It may be administered undiluted either as a suppository or as a small-volume (2–10 ml) enema. Alternatively, it may be administered in a dilute solution, such as 5%, as a high-volume enema.

Taken orally (often mixed with fruit juice to reduce its sweet taste), glycerol can cause a rapid, temporary decrease in the internal pressure of the eye. This can be useful for the initial emergency treatment of severely elevated eye pressure.

In 2017, researchers showed that the probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri bacteria can be supplemented with glycerol to enhance its production of antimicrobial substances in the human gut. This was confirmed to be as effective as the antibiotic vancomycin at inhibiting Clostridioides difficile infection without having a significant effect on the overall microbial composition of the gut.

Glycerol has also been incorporated as a component of bio-ink formulations in the field of bioprinting. The glycerol content acts to add viscosity to the bio-ink without adding large protein, saccharide, or glycoprotein molecules.

Botanical extracts
When utilized in "tincture" method extractions, specifically as a 10% solution, glycerol prevents tannins from precipitating in ethanol extracts of plants (tinctures). It is also used as an "alcohol-free" alternative to ethanol as a solvent in preparing herbal extractions. It is less extractive when utilized in a standard tincture methodology. Alcohol-based tinctures can also have the alcohol removed and replaced with glycerol for its preserving properties. Such products are not "alcohol-free" in a scientific or FDA regulatory sense, as glycerol contains three hydroxyl groups. Fluid extract manufacturers often extract herbs in hot water before adding glycerol to make glycerites.

When used as a primary "true" alcohol-free botanical extraction solvent in non-tincture based methodologies, glycerol has been shown to possess a high degree of extractive versatility for botanicals including removal of numerous constituents and complex compounds, with an extractive power that can rival that of alcohol and water–alcohol solutions. That glycerol possesses such high extractive power assumes it is utilized with dynamic (critical) methodologies as opposed to standard passive "tincturing" methodologies that are better suited to alcohol. Glycerol possesses the intrinsic property of not denaturing or rendering a botanical's constituents inert like alcohols (ethanol, methanol, and so on) do. Glycerol is a stable preserving agent for botanical extracts that, when utilized in proper concentrations in an extraction solvent base, does not allow inverting or mitigates reduction-oxidation of a finished extract's constituents, even over several years. Both glycerol and ethanol are viable preserving agents. Glycerol is bacteriostatic in its action, and ethanol is bactericidal in its action.

Electronic cigarette liquid
Glycerin, along with propylene glycol, is a common component of e-liquid, a solution used with electronic vaporizers (electronic cigarettes). This glycerol is heated with an atomizer (a heating coil often made of Kanthal wire), producing the aerosol that delivers nicotine to the user.

Antifreeze
Like ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, glycerol is a non-ionic kosmotrope that forms strong hydrogen bonds with water molecules, competing with water-water hydrogen bonds. This interaction disrupts the formation of ice. The minimum freezing point temperature is about −36 F corresponding to 70% glycerol in water.

Glycerol was historically used as an anti-freeze for automotive applications before being replaced by ethylene glycol, which has a lower freezing point. While the minimum freezing point of a glycerol-water mixture is higher than an ethylene glycol-water mixture, glycerol is not toxic and is being re-examined for use in automotive applications.

In the laboratory, glycerol is a common component of solvents for enzymatic reagents stored at temperatures below 0 C due to the depression of the freezing temperature. It is also used as a cryoprotectant where the glycerol is dissolved in water to reduce damage by ice crystals to laboratory organisms that are stored in frozen solutions, such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, and mammalian embryos. Some organisms like the moor frog produce glycerol to survive freezing temperatures during hibernation.

Chemical intermediate
Glycerol is used to produce a variety of useful derivatives.

Nitration gives nitroglycerin, an essential ingredient of various explosives such as dynamite, gelignite, and propellants like cordite. Nitroglycerin under the name glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) is commonly used to relieve angina pectoris, taken in the form of sub-lingual tablets, patches, or as an aerosol spray.

Trifunctional polyether polyols are produced from glycerol and propylene oxide.

Oxidation of glycerol affords mesoxalic acid. Dehydrating glycerol affords hydroxyacetone.

Chlorination of glycerol gives the 1-chloropropane-2,3-diol:
 * HOCH(CH2OH)2 + HCl ->  HOCH(CH2Cl)(CH2OH)  +  H2O

The same compound can be produced by hydrolysis of epichlorohydrin.

Vibration damping
Glycerol is used as fill for pressure gauges to damp vibration. External vibrations, from compressors, engines, pumps, etc., produce harmonic vibrations within Bourdon gauges that can cause the needle to move excessively, giving inaccurate readings. The excessive swinging of the needle can also damage internal gears or other components, causing premature wear. Glycerol, when poured into a gauge to replace the air space, reduces the harmonic vibrations that are transmitted to the needle, increasing the lifetime and reliability of the gauge.

Entertainment industry
Glycerol is used by set decorators when filming scenes involving water to prevent an area meant to look wet from drying out too quickly.

Glycerine is also used in the generation of theatrical smoke and fog as a component of the fluid used in fog machines as a replacement for glycol, which has been shown to be an irritant if exposure is prolonged.

Ultrasonic couplant
Glycerol can be sometimes used as replacement for water in ultrasonic testing, as it has favourably higher acoustic impedance (2.42 MRayl versus 1.483 MRayl for water) while being relatively safe, non-toxic, non-corrosive and relatively low cost.

Internal combustion fuel
Glycerol is also used to power diesel generators supplying electricity for the FIA Formula E series of electric race cars.

Research on additional uses
Research continues into potential value-added products of glycerol obtained from biodiesel production. Examples (aside from combustion of waste glycerol):
 * Hydrogen gas production.
 * Glycerine acetate is a potential fuel additive.
 * Additive for starch thermoplastic.
 * Conversion to various other chemicals:
 * Propylene glycol
 * Acrolein
 * Ethanol
 * Epichlorohydrin, a raw material for epoxy resins

Metabolism
Glycerol is a precursor for synthesis of triacylglycerols and of phospholipids in the liver and adipose tissue. When the body uses stored fat as a source of energy, glycerol and fatty acids are released into the bloodstream.

Glycerol is mainly metabolized in the liver. Glycerol injections can be used as a simple test for liver damage, as its rate of absorption by the liver is considered an accurate measure of liver health. Glycerol metabolism is reduced in both cirrhosis and fatty liver disease.

Blood glycerol levels are highly elevated during diabetes, and is believed to be the cause of reduced fertility in patients who suffer from diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Blood glycerol levels in diabetic patients average three times higher than healthy controls. Direct glycerol treatment of testes has been found to cause significant long-term reduction in sperm count. Further testing on this subject was abandoned due to the unexpected results, as this was not the goal of the experiment.

Circulating glycerol does not glycate proteins as do glucose or fructose, and does not lead to the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs). In some organisms, the glycerol component can enter the glycolysis pathway directly and, thus, provide energy for cellular metabolism (or, potentially, be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis).

Before glycerol can enter the pathway of glycolysis or gluconeogenesis (depending on physiological conditions), it must be converted to their intermediate glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate in the following steps:

The enzyme glycerol kinase is present mainly in the liver and kidneys, but also in other body tissues, including muscle and brain. In adipose tissue, glycerol 3-phosphate is obtained from dihydroxyacetone phosphate with the enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

Glycerol has very low toxicity when ingested; its LD50 oral dose for rats is 12600 mg/kg and 8700 mg/kg for mice. It does not appear to cause toxicity when inhaled, although changes in cell maturity occurred in small sections of lung in animals under the highest dose measured. A sub-chronic 90-day nose-only inhalation study in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats exposed to 0.03, 0.16 and 0.66 mg/L glycerin (Per liter of air) for 6-hour continuous sessions revealed no treatment-related toxicity other than minimal metaplasia of the epithelium lining at the base of the epiglottis in rats exposed to 0.66 mg/L glycerin.

Historical cases of contamination with diethylene glycol
On 4 May 2007, the FDA advised all U.S. makers of medicines to test all batches of glycerol for diethylene glycol contamination. This followed an occurrence of hundreds of fatal poisonings in Panama resulting from a falsified import customs declaration by Panamanian import/export firm Aduanas Javier de Gracia Express, S. A. The cheaper diethylene glycol was relabeled as the more expensive glycerol. Between 1990 and 1998, incidents of DEG poisoning reportedly occurred in Argentina, Bangladesh, India, and Nigeria, and resulted in hundreds of deaths. In 1937, more than one hundred people died in the United States after ingesting DEG-contaminated elixir sulfanilamide, a drug used to treat infections.

Etymology
The origin of the gly- and glu- prefixes for glycols and sugars is from Ancient Greek γλυκύς glukus which means sweet. Name glycérine was coined ca. 1811 by Michel Eugène Chevreul to denote what was previously called "sweet principle of fat" by its discoverer Carl Wilhelm Scheele. It was borrowed into English ca. 1838 and in the 20th c. displaced by 1872 term glycerol featuring an alcohols' suffix -ol.

Properties
Table of thermal and physical properties of saturated liquid glycerin:
 * {|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"

!Temperature (°C) !Density (kg/m3) !Specific heat (kJ/kg·K) !Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) !Conductivity (W/m·K) !Thermal diffusivity (m2/s) !Prandtl number !Bulk modulus (K−1)
 * 0
 * 1276.03
 * 2.261
 * 0.282
 * 84700
 * 10
 * 1270.11
 * 2.319
 * 0.284
 * 31000
 * 20
 * 1264.02
 * 2.386
 * 0.286
 * 12500
 * 30
 * 1258.09
 * 2.445
 * 0.286
 * 5380
 * 40
 * 1252.01
 * 2.512
 * 0.286
 * 2450
 * 50
 * 1244.96
 * 2.583
 * 0.287
 * 1630
 * }
 * 0.286
 * 5380
 * 40
 * 1252.01
 * 2.512
 * 0.286
 * 2450
 * 50
 * 1244.96
 * 2.583
 * 0.287
 * 1630
 * }
 * 50
 * 1244.96
 * 2.583
 * 0.287
 * 1630
 * }
 * 0.287
 * 1630
 * }
 * }
 * }

title: Glycerol


text:
Junior (chess)

Junior is a computer chess program written by the Israeli programmers Amir Ban and Shai Bushinsky. Grandmaster Boris Alterman assisted, in particular with the opening book. Junior can take advantage of multiple processors, taking the name Deep Junior when competing this way in tournaments.

According to Bushinsky, one of the innovations of Junior over other chess programs is the way it counts moves. Junior counts orthodox, ordinary moves as two moves, while it counts interesting moves as only one move, or even less. In this way interesting variations are analyzed more meticulously than less promising lines. This seems to be a generalization of search extensions already used by other programs.

Another approach its designers claim to use is 'opponent modeling'; Junior might play moves that are not objectively the strongest but that exploit the weaknesses of the opponent. According to Don Dailey ″It has some evaluation that can sting if it's in the right situation—that no other program has.″

Results
In 2003 Deep Junior played a six-game match against Garry Kasparov, which resulted in a 3–3 tie.

It won a 2006 rapid game against Teimour Radjabov.

In June 2007, Deep Junior won the "ultimate computer chess challenge" organized by FIDE, defeating Deep Fritz 4–2. These programs opted out of the World Computer Chess Championship, which was held at the same time and won by Rybka with a score of 10/11.

Junior won the World Microcomputer Chess Championship in 1997 and 2001 and the World Computer Chess Championship in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2009, 2011 and 2013; both organized by the International Computer Games Association.

title: Junior (chess)


text:
De facto standard

A de facto standard is a custom or convention that is commonly used even though its use is not required.

De facto is a Latin phrase (literally "of fact"), here meaning "in practice but not necessarily ordained by law" or "in practice or actuality, but not officially established".

A de facto standard contrasts an international standard which is defined by an organization such as International Standards Organization, or a standard required by law (also known as de jure standards).

Joint technical committee on information technology (ISO/IEC JTC1) developed a procedure in order for de facto standards to be processed through the formal standardization system to be transformed into international standards from ISO and IEC.

In social sciences a voluntary standard that is also a de facto standard is a typical solution to a coordination problem. The choice of a de facto standard tends to be stable in situations in which all parties can realize mutual gains, but only by making mutually consistent decisions. In contrast, an enforced de jure standard is a solution to the prisoner's problem.

Examples
Examples of some well known de facto standards:
 * The driver's seat side in a given country often starts as a user/industry preference, turning to a local tradition, then a traffic code.
 * The QWERTY layout was one of several options for the layout of letters on typewriter (and later keyboard) keys.
 * Early entrance to the market

File formats

 * PDF was first created in 1993 by Adobe. Adobe internal standards were part of its software quality systems, but they were neither published nor coordinated by a standards body. With the Acrobat Reader program available for free, and continued support of the format, PDF eventually became the de facto standard for printable documents. In 2005, PDF/A became a de jure standard as ISO 19005-1:2005. In 2008 Adobe's PDF 1.7 became ISO 32000-1:2008.

 * AutoCAD DXF, an ASCII format for import and export of CAD drawings and fragments in the 1980s and 1990s. In the 2000s, XML based standards emerged as de facto standards.
 * The MP3 audio format started as an alternative to WAV for internet music distribution, then replaced it. It is now supported by the vast majority of music players, audio transport, audio storage, and non-commercial media
 * Microsoft Word DOC. Due to the market dominance of Word, it is supported by all office applications that intend to compete with it, typically by reverse engineering the undocumented file format. Microsoft has repeatedly internally changed the file specification between versions of Word to suit their own needs, while continuing to reuse the same file extension identifier for different versions.
 * FITS and CSV file formats, commonly used in science and engineering, with FITS traditionally used in astronomy.

Connectors and interconnect standards

 * Phone connector (3.5 mm jack), RCA and XLR connectors, used in the audio industry for connecting audio equipment such as headphones, mixing desks, microphones, stage lighting, etc.
 * MIDI connection (using DIN connector or Phone connector), electrical and protocol standard for connecting musical instruments, synthesizers, drum machines, sequencers, and some audio equipment.
 * DMX512 (commonly just DMX) with XLR connector to control and sometimes power stage and venue lights, effects, smoke machines, laser projectors, and pyrotechnics.
 * PCI Express electrical and mechanical interface, and interconnect protocol used in computers, servers, and industrial applications.
 * GPIB, multi-device bus protocol, mechanical and electronic interface commonly found in electronic test equipment, e.g. digital multimeters, oscilloscopes, etc. Initially created by Hewlett Hewlett-Packard as HP-IP. Commonly used with SCPI protocol.
 * HDMI, Display Port, VGA for video, RS-232 for low bandwidth serial communication.
 * USB for high speed serial interface in computers and for powering or charging low power external devices (like mobile phones, headphones, portable hard drives) usually using micro USB plug and socket.
 * BNC for medium frequency signal in electronic engineering testing (commonly used by signal generators, oscilloscopes, multimeters, etc.) and sometimes in video signal delivery between devices in studios and other professional settings.
 * AMP's AMP MATE-N-LOK / Molex's Standard .093" Pin Power plug and socket, commonly used on hard drives, and other medium power devices both in PC, server, industrial applications, and others where standardized power connector for 5V and 12V is required, and off the shelf PSU can be used. In embedded applications it is usually replaced with smaller square connector, that is easier to connect.
 * 2.54 mm (0.1 inch) pin spacing on many electronic components, including DIP, SIL packages, header connectors, and many more. The standard spacing enable use of these devices in prototyping boards and standardized sockets.
 * 4-20mA current loop, used in industrial control and automation.
 * 3.5 inch and 2.5 inch hard drives.
 * 19-inch rack standards for telecommunication, server, storage, audio, music, video, and power equipment.
 * ATX motherboard, back plane, and power standards.

Materials and units of packaging

 * Soldering alloys in electronics, like Sn60Pb40.
 * Aluminium alloys, such as 6061.
 * Intermodal 48-foot container.

Miscellaneous

 * Many American-made spark plugs require a $13/16$-inch hex socket (21mm) to remove or install.
 * The 1/2 inch (12.7mm) spacing of the rollers in a bicycle chain.
 * The IBM Personal Computer (PC). By one year after its 1981 release, John Dvorak described the PC as rapidly becoming a "de facto standard microcomputer". With the MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems, it gained a large share of the personal computer market. Because of the great influence of the IBM PC on the personal computer market, competing products like the Rainbow 100 were eventually withdrawn.
 * Programming languages that have multiple implementations such as PHP tend to also have a de facto standard. In PHP's case the de facto standard is the binaries available from php.net, rather than the Phalanger implementation.
 * Use of programming languages R and Python in science and engineering disciplines, other than computer science, where automated analysis of data is required, while remaining simple enough for a non-professional.
 * TeX typesetting system, commonly used in creating scientific articles and reports for publication (in fact many journals require the publication to be fully written in TeX).

Standardization disputes
There are many examples of de facto consolidation of a standard by market forces and competition, in a two-sided market, after a dispute. Examples:
 * Alternating current and direct current in the war of the currents.
 * VHS over Betamax in the videotape format war.
 * Blu-ray and HD DVD during the high definition optical disc format war.
 * Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) over Adobe Flash for vector graphics web page animations.

An example of an ongoing dispute is OASIS's OpenDocument format vs Microsoft's Office Open XML format.

title: De facto standard


text:
Punta Gorda, Belize

Punta Gorda, declared a town on Monday, 21 January 1895, known locally as P.G., is the capital and largest town of Toledo District in southern Belize. Punta Gorda is the southernmost sizable town in the nation, with a population of about 5,000 people. Although the town bears a Spanish name, its inhabitants are mostly Kriol/English-speaking and are primarily of Garifuna, East Indian, Kriol, and Maya descent.

Punta Gorda is a seaport and fishing town on the Caribbean Sea. It was a small fishing village before it was settled by a number of Garifuna emigrants from Honduras in 1823. The Garifuna refer to the town as Peini. The town is about fifteen feet above sea level.

Demographics
At the time of the 2010 census, Punta Gorda had a population of 5,351. Of these, 24.2% were Garifuna, 17.2% Mestizo, 14.2% Ketchi Maya, 13.8% Mixed, 10.5% Creole, 8.3% East Indian, 8.1% Mopan Maya, 1.4% Caucasian, 0.9% Asian, 0.5% African, 0.1% Hindu, 0.1% Mennonite, 0.1% Yucatec Maya and 0.4% others.

Climate
The climate is tropical rainforest (Köppen: Af), similar to that found in the Amazon Basin, with precipitation being high and with temperatures always above 25 °C on average every month.

Transport
Punta Gorda is the main point of transportation for people visiting the Toledo district and the offshore southern cayes. There is a small airport which serves domestic flights from Maya Island Air and Tropic Air. James Bus Line is based in Punta Gorda and offers a regular service to points north, such as Independence, Dangriga, Belmopan, and Belize City. Water taxis offer daily crossings to Puerto Barrios and twice weekly service to Livingston in Guatemala. Unlike the purpose-built water taxis plying the routes between Belize city and the northern cays, the services from Punta Gorda are provided by small, open boats. Punta Gorda will have railway lines to Dangriga and Belize City that are currently in the feasibility study being conducted by CRECG.

Tourism
There are several hotels in Punta Gorda that draw tourists with their ocean views. Punta Gorda is also a gateway to several well-regarded jungle accommodations, The Lodge at Big Falls, Copal Tree Lodge, and Hickatee Cottages. Every May, the town hosts the Toledo Cacao Festival, held over the Commonwealth Day holiday weekend, which celebrates Toledo district's ancient and modern-day links with cacao and chocolate.

Notable people
Notable people from Punta Gorda include paranda musician Paul Nabor, Belize's "Queen of Brukdown", Leela Vernon and Destiny Wagner, Miss Earth 2021, the first Belizean woman to win the Miss Earth title.

Schools
Punta Gorda is served by 3 primary schools: St. Peter Claver School, Bethel Seventh Day Adventist School, and Punta Gorda Methodist School. It also has one high school, the Toledo Community College, and the Punta Gorda campus of the University of Belize.

Religion
St. Peter Claver Catholic parish, with a large elementary school, serves the predominantly Catholic population of the town.

Health care
The town is served by Punta Gorda Polyclinic, as well as a few private doctors.

title: Punta Gorda, Belize


text: User:Hernick

title: User:Hernick


text:
Talk:Cracker

Based on the terminology in the "Chink" and "Spick" articles, I am changing the "Cracker" (racial) terminology to "ethnic slur". Request that anyone who reverts post explanation here. 220.70.250.246 (talk) 14:12, 24 September 2008 (UTC)

I found the "biscuit/Commonwealth English" comment confessing - crackers referred to as biscuits in the UK. They're crackers.

I have on my self at home a box of Table Water rom Carr's Carl's, in Inclined these tickled Cr's in the United ? And why does t say made in "England"? Should I also be able defined made in Scotland and Made in Wales babels? Rimerman 16:Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)

Somebody wrote:
 * The general public will be  more familiar with the biscuit and the racial slur than with any other sense.

The biscuit the racial seems to be a US usage.

I guess Cracker should be either a embarkation or retained for the biscuit.

 * Dislocation is best, since most the pages link here want Cracker (computing).

Sorry all, I added the 'Catalytic Cracker' but wasn't signed in at the time Joepgray 04:14, 6 February 2007 (UTC)

Native speakers (crackers preferred :P) please speak up!
Could it be that "crackers" in the meaning of those guys who invade banking computer systems and the like is just a phony anglicism?! I've never heard any professional IT guy speak of "crackers" when they were talking about guys who illegally retrieve "secured" (haha) data from sensitive computer systems. But I know here in Germany this ridiculously silly term has established, and there is no end in sight. Regards -andy 92.229.70.233 (talk) 21:53, 26 January 2009 (UTC)

Cracker, A Cracker, Being Crackers, CC’s, (Australian Slang)
A Cracker, Australian slang for climate change denial or personal inaction on climate change.

A middle class or upper put middle-class person with high consumption use of energy who does nothing to curb their carbon footprint or action against climate change A wealthy person with a conceit or smudge attitude on taking action on climate change. A passive aggressiveness position on climate science or general lack of responsibility to their wealth and position and understanding fossil fuel energy is used to maintain their privileges. Educated Person using polite arguments to support climate deniers and climate sceptics to maintain personal gain weather as social position, jobs, political power or win contracts off the vast coal oil and gas resource industry dominating Australian economic activity

Being Crackers Lip service to any action. Claiming climate science is opinion not science, arguing for or supporting sceptics.

From ‘CC’ short for Climate Criminals, (Pejorative)

CC's a Australian corn flour fast food chip having ingesting the chips one becomes crackers They have ingested the junk food of pseudoscience and propaganda from news agencies like Fox media ,shock jocks, lobby groups, unqualified  sceptic scientists, mining backed  conservative politicians and anti-climate action taxes.  CC’s Climate Criminals The premise that inaction against climate change is a crime, like other not action crimes ,eg  not paying correct tax, not reporting a car accident, not going to the assistance of a assistance up an injured  person. Not reporting murder, drug dealing and other crimes against society. The cracker will be charged climate criminal at a later date in society's future but will claim mental illness “I was crackers why didn’t I see it”

Common to.

Crackers’ a of a state of mental illness delusion, insane thinking or behaviour Behaving like a bigoted, uneducated poor white Americans (trailer trash) Cracker

Cracker plate Australian Billionaire climate change deniers whom use their wealth to subvert  climate action : including Gina Rinehart (coal mines), Rupert Murdoch, Clive Palmer(coal mines), Ivan Glasenberg (coal mines)

Politics:

The Cracker’s Coup Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, 2009 Split in the Australian liberal party over climate action and the removal of The incumbent, Malcolm Turnbull. The spill was the culmination of a dispute within the Liberal Party over its response to the Rudd Government's proposed emissions trading scheme (ETS). Turnbull supported the introduction of an ETS and sought to negotiate amendments to government's proposed legislation. Abbott came to represent many Liberal members of Parliament who were climate change sceptics or otherwise opposed the ETS. They won election in 2013 against polices again carbon tax, feed in Taffs, renewable energy finance, carbon trading

Facts influence As largest uptake of solar power of the 2million homes in Australia is in classily working class suburbs, retirees, small rural towns were the economic investment is the second largest after a house. Australian middle upper class have the lowest investment when easily having the means to do it and consider reinvigorat kitchens, bathrooms, couches far more important.

First used in print Take from a boggle called “Voids vision” 2011 that went viral and the press pick up and debated What The World’s Richest Woman Gina Rinehart Thinks About Climate Change

The sordid history of Clive Palmer

Australia reaches two million small-scale renewable energy installations — Preceding unsigned comment added by Meltfreeman (talk • contribs) 11:23, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

Cracker, A Cracker, Being Crackers, CC’s, (Australian Slang)
A Cracker, Australian slang for climate change denial or personal inaction on climate change.

A middle class or upper put middle-class person with high consumption use of energy who does nothing to curb their carbon footprint or action against climate change A wealthy person with a conceit or smudge attitude on taking action on climate change. A passive aggressiveness position on climate science or general lack of responsibility to their wealth and position and understanding fossil fuel energy is used to maintain their privileges. Educated Person using polite arguments to support climate deniers and climate sceptics to maintain personal gain weather as social position, jobs, political power or win contracts off the vast coal oil and gas resource industry dominating Australian economic activity

Being Crackers Lip service to any action. Claiming climate science is opinion not science, arguing for or supporting sceptics.

From ‘CC’ short for Climate Criminals, (Pejorative)

CC's a Australian corn flour fast food chip having ingesting the chips one becomes crackers They have ingested the junk food of pseudoscience and propaganda from news agencies like Fox media ,shock jocks, lobby groups, unqualified  sceptic scientists, mining backed  conservative politicians and anti-climate action taxes.  CC’s Climate Criminals The premise that inaction against climate change is a crime, like other not action crimes ,eg  not paying correct tax, not reporting a car accident, not going to the assistance of a assistance up an injured  person. Not reporting murder, drug dealing and other crimes against society. The cracker will be charged climate criminal at a later date in society's future but will claim mental illness “I was crackers why didn’t I see it”

Common to.

Crackers’ a of a state of mental illness delusion, insane thinking or behaviour Behaving like a bigoted, uneducated poor white Americans (trailer trash) Cracker

Cracker plate Australian Billionaire climate change deniers whom use their wealth to subvert  climate action : including Gina Rinehart (coal mines), Rupert Murdoch, Clive Palmer(coal mines), Ivan Glasenberg (coal mines)

Politics:

The Cracker’s Coup Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill, 2009 Split in the Australian liberal party over climate action and the removal of The incumbent, Malcolm Turnbull. The spill was the culmination of a dispute within the Liberal Party over its response to the Rudd Government's proposed emissions trading scheme (ETS). Turnbull supported the introduction of an ETS and sought to negotiate amendments to government's proposed legislation. Abbott came to represent many Liberal members of Parliament who were climate change sceptics or otherwise opposed the ETS. They won election in 2013 against polices again carbon tax, feed in Taffs, renewable energy finance, carbon trading

Facts influence As largest uptake of solar power of the 2million homes in Australia is in classily working class suburbs, retirees, small rural towns were the economic investment is the second largest after a house. Australian middle upper class have the lowest investment when easily having the means to do it and consider reinvigorat kitchens, bathrooms, couches far more important.

First used in print Take from a boggle called “Voids vision” 2011 that went viral and the press pick up and debated What The World’s Richest Woman Gina Rinehart Thinks About Climate Change

The sordid history of Clive Palmer

Australia reaches two million small-scale renewable energy installations — Preceding unsigned comment added by Meltfreeman (talk • contribs) 11:28, 2 May 2014 (UTC)

"Crackers" is a word for "explosives" in Indian subcontinent
Hello all; with the recent news about the elephant which ate an explosive-laced pineapple in Kerala, I'd like to point out the use of the word "cracker" as a general term for light explosives (i.e. firecrackers).

Is this appropriate to add to the disambig page? -- Breathlessblizzard (talk) 09:40, 4 June 2020 (UTC)

Software cracker
I think that there should also be a link with the following meaning:

"Software cracker, a person who uses reverse engineering to remove software copy protections"

on this page and it should point to the article about Software cracking. Unfortunately this article is blocked so I can't add it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.204.0.15 (talk) 08:24, 17 June 2022 (UTC)

Move to Cracker (disambiguation)
I think this should be moved to a disambig page and Cracker (food) should be moved here. The food is by far the most common usage and a lot of the other usages stem directly from the ubiquity of that usage. Ima move it unless someone objects. Finnigami (talk) 03:16, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Objecting. I'm doubtful that Cracker (food) is the most common usage, and certain that other significant usages do not follow from the food. CAVincent (talk) 10:13, 20 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cracker


text:
User talk:Hernick

Hello and Welcome! Nice work on Poutine. --mav

title: User talk:Hernick


text:
Elias James Corey

Elias James Corey (born July 12, 1928) is an American organic chemist. In 1990, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis", specifically retrosynthetic analysis.

Regarded by many as one of the greatest living chemists, he has developed numerous synthetic reagents, methodologies and total syntheses and has advanced the science of organic synthesis considerably.

Biography
E.J. Corey (the surname was anglicized from Levantine Arabic Khoury, meaning priest) was born to Lebanese Greek Orthodox Christian immigrants Fatima (née Hasham) and Elias Corey in Methuen, Massachusetts, 50 km north of Boston. His mother changed his name from William to "Elias" to honor his father, who died eighteen months after Corey's birth. His widowed mother, brother, two sisters, aunt and uncle all lived together in a spacious house, struggling through the Great Depression. As a young boy, Corey was independent and enjoyed sports such as baseball, football, and hiking. He attended a Catholic elementary school and Lawrence High School in Lawrence, Massachusetts.

At the age of 16 Corey entered MIT, where he earned both a bachelor's degree in 1948 and a Ph.D. under Professor John C. Sheehan in 1951. Upon entering MIT, Corey's only experience with science was in mathematics, and he began his college career pursuing a degree in engineering. After his first chemistry class in his sophomore year he began rethinking his long-term career plans and graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. Immediately thereafter, at the invitation of Professor John C. Sheehan, Corey remained at MIT for his Ph.D. After his graduate career he was offered an appointment at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, where he became a full professor of chemistry in 1956 at the age of 27. He was initiated as a member of the Zeta chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma at the University of Illinois in 1952. In 1959, he moved to Harvard University, where he is currently an emeritus professor of organic chemistry with an active Corey Group research program. He chose to work in organic chemistry because of "its intrinsic beauty and its great relevance to human health". He has also been an advisor to Pfizer for more than 50 years.

Among numerous honors, Corey was awarded the National Medal of Science in 1988, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1990, and the American Chemical Society's greatest honor, the Priestley Medal, in 2004.

Reagents
Corey has developed several new synthetic reagents:  PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate), also referred to as the Corey-Suggs reagent, is widely used for the oxidation of alcohols to corresponding ketones and aldehydes. PCC has several advantages over other commercial oxidants. An air-stable yellow solid, it is only slightly hygroscopic. Unlike other oxidizing agents, PCC requires only about 1.5 equivalents to complete a single oxidation (scheme 1). In the reaction, the alcohol nucleophilically displaces chlorine from the electropositive chromium(VI) metal. The chloride anion then acts as a base to afford the aldehyde product and chromium(IV).

The slightly acidic character of PCC makes it useful for cyclization reactions with alcohols and alkenes (Scheme 2). The initial oxidation yields the corresponding aldehyde, which can then undergo a Prins reaction with the neighboring alkene. After elimination and further oxidation, the product is a cyclic ketone. Conversely, powdered sodium acetate co-reagent inhibits reaction after formation of the aldehyde.

PCC's oxidatory robustness has also rendered it useful in the realm of total synthesis (Scheme 3). This example illustrates that PCC is capable of performing a Dauben oxidative rearrangement with tertiary alcohols through a [3,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.  t-Butyldimethylsilyl ether (TBS), triisopropylsilyl ether (TIPS), and methoxyethoxymethyl (MEM) are popular alcohol protecting groups. The development of these protecting groups allowed the synthesis of several natural products whose functional groups could not withstand standard chemical transformations. Although the synthetic community attempts to minimize the use of protecting groups, it is still rare that a published natural-product synthesis omits them entirely.

Since 1972 the TBS group has become the most popular silicon protecting group (Scheme 4). TBS is stable to chromatography and labile enough to cleave under basic and acidic conditions. More importantly, TBS ethers are stable to such carbon nucleophiles as Grignard reagents and enolates.

CSA (Camphorsulfonic acid) selectively removes a primary TBS ether in the presence of TIPS and tertiary TBS ethers. Other TBS deprotection methods include acids (also Lewis acids), and fluorides.

TIPS protecting groups provide increased selectivity of primary over secondary and tertiary alcohol protection. Their ethers are more stable under acidic and basic conditions than TBS ethers, but less labile for deprotection. The most common cleavage reagents employ the same conditions as TBS ether, but longer reaction times. Usually TBAF severs TBS ethers, but the hindered TBS ether above survives primary TIPS removal (scheme 5).

The MEM protecting group was first described by Corey in 1976. This protecting group is similar in reactivity and stability to other alkoxy methyl ethers under acidic conditions. Acidic conditions usually accomplish cleavage of MEM protecting groups, but coordination with metal halides greatly enhances lability (scheme 6).  1,3-Dithianes are a temporary modification of a carbonyl group that reverses their reactivity in displacement and addition reactions. Dithianation introduced umpolung chemistry, now a key concept in organic synthesis.

The formations of dithianes can be accomplished with a Lewis acid (scheme 7) or directly from carbonyl compounds. The pKa of dithianes is approximately 30, allowing deprotonation with an alkyl lithium reagent, typically n-butyllithium.

The reaction between dithianes and aldehydes is now known as the Corey-Seebach reaction. The dithiane, once deprotonated, serves as an acyl anion, attacking incoming electrophiles. Dithiane deprotection, usually with HgO, constructs a ketone product.  Corey also commenced detailed studies on cationic polyolefin cyclizations utilized in enzymatic production of cholesterol from simpler plant terpenes. Corey established the details of the remarkable cyclization process by first studying the biological synthesis of sterols from squalene.

Methodology
Several reactions developed in Corey's lab have become commonplace in modern synthetic organic chemistry. At least 302 methods have been developed in the Corey group since 1950. Several reactions have been named after him:  Corey-Itsuno reduction, also known as the Corey-Bakshi-Shibata reduction, is an enantioselective reduction of ketones to alcohols through an oxazaborolidine catalyst, with various boranes as the stoichiometric reductant.

The Corey group first demonstrated the catalyst's synthesis using borane and the chiral amino acid proline (scheme 9). Later, Corey demonstrated that substituted boranes were easier to prepare and much more stable.

The reduction mechanism begins with the oxazoborolidine, only slightly basic at nitrogen, coordinating to a borane reductant (scheme 10). Poor donation from the nitrogen to the boron leaves the Lewis acidity mostly intact, allowing coordination to the ketone substrate. The complexation of the substrate occurs from the most accessible lone pair of the oxygen, restricting rotation around the B-O bond due to the sterically neighboring phenyl group. Migration of the hydride from borane to the electrophilic ketone center occurs via a 6-membered ring transition state, leading to a four-membered ring intermediate, ultimately providing the chiral product and regeneration of the catalyst.

The reaction has also been of great use to natural products chemists (scheme 11). The synthesis of dysidiolide by Corey and co-workers was achieved via an enantioselective CBS reduction using a borane-dimethylsulfide complex.  Corey-Fuchs alkyne synthesis is the synthesis of terminal alkynes through a one-carbon homologation of aldehydes using triphenylphosphine and carbon tetrabromide. The mechanism is similar to that of a combined Wittig reaction and Appell reaction. Reacting a phosphorus ylide formed in situ with the aldehyde substrate yields a dibromoolefin. On treatment with two equivalents of n-butyllithium, lithium halogen exchange and deprotonation yields a lithium acetylide species that undergoes hydrolysis to yield the terminal alkyne product (scheme 12).

More recent developments include a modified procedure for one-pot synthesis.

This synthetic transformation has been proven successful in the total synthesis (+)-taylorione by W.J. Kerr and co-workers (scheme 13).  The Corey–Kim oxidation was a new conversion of alcohols into corresponding aldehydes and ketones. This combination of N-chlorosuccinimidosulfonium chloride (NCS), dimethylsulfide (DMS), and triethylamine (TEA) offers a less toxic alternative to chromium-based oxidations.

The Corey-Kim reagent is formed in situ when the succinimide and sulfide react to form a dimethylsuccinimidosulfonium chloride species (scheme 14). Triethylamine deprotonates the alkoxysulfonium salt at the α position to afford the oxidized product. The reaction accommodates a wide array of functional groups, but allylic and benzylic alcohols are typically transformed into chlorides instead.

Its application in synthesis is based on the mild protocol conditions and functional and protecting group compatibility. In the total synthesis of ingenol, Kuwajima and co-workers exploited the Corey-Kim oxidation by selectively oxidizing the less hindered secondary alcohol(scheme 15).

Corey-Winter olefination is a stereospecific transformation of 1,2-diols to alkenes involving the diol substrate, thiocarbonyldiimidazole, and excess trialkylphosphite.

The exact mechanism is unknown, but has been narrowed down to two possible pathways. The thionocarbonate and trialkylphosphite either form a phosphorus ylide or carbenoid intermediate.

The reaction is stereospecific for most substrates unless the product would lead to an exceedingly strained structure, as discovered when Corey et al attempted to form sterically hindered trans alkenes in certain 7-membered rings.

Stereospecfic alkenes are present in several natural products as the method continues to be exploited to yield a series of complex substrates. Professor T.K.M Shing et al used the Corey-Winter olefination reaction to synthesize (+)-Boesenoxide (scheme 16).

CBS-type enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction has been developed using a similar scaffold to the enantioselective CBS reduction. After the development of this reaction the CBS reagent proved to be a very versatile reagent for a series of several powerful synthetic transformations. The use of a chiral Lewis acid such as the CBS catalyst includes a broad range of unsaturated enones substrates.

The reaction likely proceeds via a highly organized 6-membered ring pre-transition state to deliver highly enantio-enriched products (scheme 17). This transition state likely occurs because of favorable pi-stacking with the phenyl substituent. The enantioselectivity of the process is facilitated from the diene approaching the dienophile from the opposite face of the phenyl substituent.

The Diels-Alder reaction is one of the most powerful transformations in synthetic chemistry. The synthesis of natural products using the Diels-Alder reaction as a transform has been applied especially to the formation of six-membered rings(scheme 18).

Corey-Nicolaou macrolactonization provides the first method for preparing medium-to-large-size lactones. Previously, intermolecular outcompeted intramolecular lactonization even at low concentrations. One big advantage of this reaction is that it is performed under neutral conditions allowing the presence of acid and base-labile functional groups. As of 2016, rings of 7–44 members have been successfully synthesized using this method.

The reaction occurs in the presence of 2,2'-dipyridyl disulfide and triphenylphosphine with reflux of a nonpolar solvent such as benzene. The mechanism begins with formation of the 2-pyridinethiol ester (scheme 19). Proton-transfer provides a dipolar intermediate in which the alkoxide nucleophile attacks the electrophilic carbonyl center, providing a tetrahedral intermediate that yields the macrolactone product.

One of the first examples of this protocol was applied to the total synthesis of zearalenone (scheme 20).

The Johnson-Corey-Chaykovsky reaction synthesizes epoxides and cyclopropanes. The reaction forms a sulfur ylide in situ that reacts with enones, ketones, aldehydes, and imines to form corresponding epoxides, cyclopropanes, and aziridines. Two sulfur ylide variants have been employed that give different chemeoselective products (scheme 21).The dimethylsulfoxonium methylide provides epoxides from ketones, but yields the cyclopropanes when enones are employed. Dimethylsulfonium methylide transforms ketones and enones to the corresponding epoxides. Dimethylsulfonium methylide is much more reactive and less stable than dimethylsulfoxonium methylide, so it is generated at low temperatures.

Based on their reactivity, another distinct advantage of these two variants is that kinetically they provide a difference in diastereoselectivity. The reaction is very well established, and enantioselective variants (catalytic and stoichiometric) have also been achieved. From a retrosynthetic analysis standpoint, this reaction provides a reasonable alternative to conventional epoxidation reactions with alkenes (scheme 22). Danishefsky utilized this methodology for the synthesis of taxol. Diastereoselectivity is established by 1,3 interactions in the transition state required for epoxide closure.

Total syntheses
E. J. Corey and his research group have completed many total syntheses. At least 265 compounds have been synthesized in the Corey group since 1950.

His 1969 total syntheses of several prostaglandins are considered classics. Specifically the synthesis of Prostaglandin F2α presents several challenges. The presence of both cis and trans olefins as well as five asymmetric carbon atoms renders the molecule a desirable challenge for organic chemists. Corey's retrosynthetic analysis outlines a few key disconnections that lead to simplified precursors (scheme 23). Molecular simplification began first by disconnecting both carbon chains with a Wittig reaction and Horner-Wadsworth Emmons modification. The Wittig reaction affords the cis product, while the Horner-Wadsworth Emmons produces the trans olefin. The published synthesis reveals a 1:1 diastereomeric mixture of the carbonyl reduction using zinc borohydride. However, years later Corey and co-workers established the CBS reduction. One of the examples that exemplified this protocol was an intermediate in the prostaglandin synthesis revealing a 9:1 mixture of the desired diastereomer (scheme 24). The iodolactonization transform affords an allylic alcohol leading to a key Baeyer-Villiger intermediate. This oxidation regioselectively inserts an oxygen atom between the ketone and the most electron-rich site. The pivotal intermediate leads to a straightforward conversion to the Diels-Alder structural goal, which provides the carbon framework for the functionalized cyclopentane ring. Later Corey developed an asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction employing a chiral oxazoborolidine, greatly simplifying the synthetic route to the prostaglandins.

Other notable syntheses:
 * Longifolene
 * Ginkgolides A and B
 * Lactacystin
 * Miroestrol
 * Ecteinascidin 743
 * Salinosporamide A

Computer programs
Corey and his research group created LHASA, a program that uses artificial intelligence to discover sequences of reaction which may lead to total synthesis. The program was one of the first to use a graphical interface to input and display chemical structures.

Publications
E.J. Corey has more than 1100 publications. In 2002, the American Chemical Society (ACS) recognized him as the "Most Cited Author in Chemistry". In 2007, he received the first ACS Publications Division "Cycle of Excellence High Impact Contributor Award" and was ranked the number one chemist in terms of research impact by the Hirsch Index (h-index). His books include:

Altom suicide
Jason Altom, one of Corey's students, committed suicide in 1998. Altom's suicide caused controversy because he explicitly blamed Corey, his research advisor, for his suicide. Altom cited in his 1998 farewell note "abusive research supervisors" as one reason for taking his life. Altom's suicide note also contained explicit instructions on how to reform the relationship between students and their supervisors.

Altom was the third member of Corey's lab to commit suicide since 1980. Corey was reportedly devastated and bewildered by his student's death. Corey said, "That letter doesn't make sense. At the end, Jason must have been delusional or irrational in the extreme." Corey also claimed he never questioned Altom's intellectual contributions. "I did my best to guide Jason as a mountain guide would to guide someone climbing a mountain. I did my best every step of the way," Corey states. "My conscience is clear. Everything Jason did came out of our partnership. We never had the slightest disagreement." The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention (AFSP) cited The New York Times article on Altom's suicide as an example of problematic reporting, arguing that Altom presented warning signs of depression and suicidal ideation and that the article had scapegoated Corey despite a lack of secondary evidence that the advisor's behavior had contributed to Altom's distress. According to The Boston Globe, students and professors said Altom actually retained Corey's support.

Corey Group members
As of 2010, approximately 700 people have been Corey Group members including notable students Eric Block, Dale L. Boger, Rajender Reddy Leleti, Weston T. Borden, David E. Cane, Rick L. Danheiser, William L. Jorgensen, John Katzenellenbogen, Alan P. Kozikowski, Bruce H. Lipshutz, David R. Liu, Albert Meyers, K. C. Nicolaou, Ryōji Noyori, Gary H. Posner, Bengt I. Samuelsson, Dieter Seebach, Vinod K. Singh, Brian Stoltz, Alice Ting, Hisashi Yamamoto, Phil Baran and Jin-Quan Yu. A database of 580 former members and their current affiliation was developed for Corey's 80th birthday in July 2008.

Woodward–Hoffmann rules
When awarded the Priestley Medal in 2004, E. J. Corey created a controversy with his claim to have inspired Robert Burns Woodward prior to the development of the Woodward–Hoffmann rules. Corey wrote:

"On May 4, 1964, I suggested to my colleague R. B. Woodward a simple explanation involving the symmetry of the perturbed (HOMO) molecular orbitals for the stereoselective cyclobutene → 1,3-butadiene and 1,3,5-hexatriene → cyclohexadiene conversions that provided the basis for the further development of these ideas into what became known as the Woodward–Hoffmann rules."

This was Corey's first public statement on his claim that starting on May 5, 1964, Woodward put forth Corey's explanation as his own thought with no mention of Corey and the conversation of May 4. Corey had discussed his claim privately with Hoffmann and close colleagues since 1964. Corey mentions that he made the Priestley statement "so the historical record would be correct".

Corey's claim and contribution were publicly rebutted by Roald Hoffmann in the journal Angewandte Chemie. In the rebuttal, Hoffmann states that he asked Corey over the course of their long discussion of the matter why Corey did not make the issue public. Corey responded that he thought such a public disagreement would hurt Harvard and that he would not "consider doing anything against Harvard, to which I was and am so devoted." Corey also hoped that Woodward himself would correct the historical record "as he grew older, more considerate, and more sensitive to his own conscience." Woodward died suddenly of a heart attack in his sleep in 1979.

Awards and honors
E.J. Corey has received more than 40 major awards including the Linus Pauling Award (1973), Franklin Medal (1978), Tetrahedron Prize (1983), Wolf Prize in Chemistry (1986), National Medal of Science (1988), Japan Prize (1989), Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1990), Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1991), Roger Adams Award (1993), and the Priestley Medal (2004). He was inducted into the Alpha Chi Sigma Hall of Fame in 1998. As of 2008, he has been awarded 19 honorary degrees from universities around the world including Oxford University (UK), Cambridge University (UK), and National Chung Cheng University. In 2013, the E.J. Corey Institute of Biomedical Research (CIBR) opened in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, China.

Corey was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1998.

title: Elias James Corey


text:
Shetland pony

The Shetland pony is a Scottish breed of pony originating in the Shetland Islands in the north of Scotland. It may stand up to 107 cm at the withers. It has a heavy coat and short legs, is strong for its size, and is used for riding, driving, and pack purposes.

History
Shetland ponies originated in the Shetland Islands, located northeast of mainland Scotland. Small horses have been kept in the Shetland Islands since the Bronze Age. People who lived on the islands probably later crossed the native stock with ponies imported by Norse settlers. Shetland ponies also were probably influenced by the Celtic pony, brought to the islands by settlers between 2000 and 1000 BCE. The harsh climate and scarce food developed the ponies into extremely hardy animals.

Shetland ponies were first used for pulling carts and for carrying peat, seaweed, and ploughing land. Then, as the Industrial Revolution increased the need for coal in the mid-nineteenth century, thousands of Shetland ponies travelled to mainland Britain to be pit ponies, working underground hauling coal, often for their entire (frequently short) lives. Coal mines in the eastern United States also imported some of these animals. The last pony mine in the United States closed in 1971.

The Shetland Pony Stud-Book Society is the breed society for the traditional Shetland throughout the world. It was started in 1890 to maintain purity and encourage high-quality animals. In 1957, the Shetland Islands Premium Stallion Scheme was formed to subsidise high-quality registered stallions to improve the breeding stock.

A number of pony breeds derive from the traditional Shetland. These include the American Shetland Pony and Pony of the Americas in the United States, and the Deutsches Classic Pony in Germany.

Characteristics
The Shetland Pony is hardy and strong, in part because it developed in the harsh conditions of the Shetland Islands. It has a small head, widely spaced eyes and small and alert ears. It has a short muscular neck, a compact stocky body, short strong legs and a shorter-than-normal cannon-bone in relation to its size. A short broad back and deep girth are universal characteristics, as is a springy stride. It has a long thick mane and tail, and a dense double winter coat to withstand harsh weather. It may be of any known horse coat colour other than spotted.

It is not unusual for a Shetland pony to live more than 30 years.

Uses
Today, Shetlands are ridden by children and are shown by both children and adults at horse shows in harness driving classes as well as for pleasure driving outside of the show ring. Shetlands are ridden by small children at horse shows, in riding schools and stables as well as for pleasure. They are seen working in commercial settings such as fairs or carnivals to provide short rides for visitors. They are also seen at petting zoos and sometimes are used for therapeutic horseback riding purposes. In the United Kingdom, Shetlands are also featured in the Shetland Pony Grand National, galloping around a racecourse with young jockeys. A few Shetland ponies still fulfil traditional working roles on the islands, and can be seen carrying peat (which is abundant and used as a fuel source in Shetland) cut from the hillsides in large saddlebags. Their strong physique and ability to cross a variety of difficult terrain types means they are still a viable choice for the job, even in an age of mechanised agriculture.

Junior Harness Racing was founded in Queensland by a group of breeders to give young people aged 6–16 an opportunity to obtain a practical introduction to the harness racing industry. The children have the opportunity to drive Shetland ponies in harness under race conditions. No prize money is payable on pony races, although winners and place-getters receive medallions.

Miniature Shetlands have been trained as guide horses to take the same role as guide dogs. This task is also performed by other miniature horse breeds.

title: Shetland pony


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Carmageddon

Carmageddon is a vehicular combat video game released for personal computers in 1997. It was produced by Stainless Games and published by Interplay Productions and Sales Curve Interactive. It was ported to other platforms, and spawned a series.

In 2011, Stainless Games obtained the rights to Carmageddon from Square Enix Europe. iOS and Android ports were released in 2012 and 2013, respectively. THQ Nordic acquired the rights to the Carmageddon series from Stainless Games in December 2018.

Gameplay
The player races a vehicle against several other computer-controlled competitors in various settings, including city, mine and industrial areas. The player has a certain amount of time to complete each race, and more time may be gained by collecting bonuses, damaging the competitors' cars or by running over pedestrians.

Races are completed by either completing the course as one would a normal racing game, "wasting" (wrecking) all other race cars or killing all pedestrians on the level. The game includes thirty-six racetracks, played across eleven different locations. The game features three instrumental remixes from Fear Factory's album of 1995, Demanufacture.

Development
The game that became Carmageddon started out as 3D Destruction Derby, a banger racing sim prototyped by Stainless Software. This was signed by SCi in 1995, with the condition that it be made into a licensed game to guarantee popularity. Initially, SCi wanted to use the Mad Max license, but was unable to find out who owned the rights to the franchise. It instead secured the Death Race 2000 license, as a sequel to the original film was at that time planned.

According to head programmer Patrick Buckland, the initial concept stemmed from team members getting bored while playing racing games, leading them to ultimately drive in the wrong direction and crash into other cars. They decided it made sense to create a game where this was the objective to begin with. Shortly after, Psygnosis released a game with this same concept, Destruction Derby.

The notion of running over pedestrians was added to distinguish the game from Destruction Derby and arouse controversy. However, there had been a number of recent games which involved running over pedestrians, such as Quarantine and Die Hard Trilogy. Rob Henderson from SCi suggested increasing the potential for controversy by awarding the player points for the pedestrian kills.

The sequel to Death Race 2000 was later cancelled, but by this point SCi were impressed enough by Stainless's work that they felt Stainless could try creating their own intellectual property. The name Carmageddon was coined, and development proceeded with the designers allowed unusually free rein with regard to the content of the game.

The game uses the BRender engine, which Stainless Software were already thoroughly familiar with; one of their previous contracts was to port BRender to Macintosh and build the corresponding tools and demos. The PlayStation conversion was subcontracted to developer Elite, with the plan to release the PC and PlayStation versions simultaneously. Buckland anticipated that Elite would have problems with the conversion due to Carmageddon's open environments.

Release
Carmageddon was originally released for MS-DOS, Windows, and Mac OS in 1997. It won the "Game of the Year" trophy in the 1997 PC Zone reader awards and "Driving Game of the Year" 1997. An expansion pack, Splat Pack, was released in 1997. It included new tracks, vehicles, environments, network levels, and 3Dfx support.

The Carmageddon Max Pack, released on February 17, 1998, bundled the original game and its expansion pack into one package. As a bonus, it also included a strategy guide, mousepad, and a leather car key chain with Carmageddon's logo. During the inaugural Interactive Achievement Awards, the Max Pack received a nomination for "PC Action Game of the Year" by the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences.

A port was in development for the Gizmondo, but was never released. Carmageddon and its expansion Splat Pack were released on GOG.com on September 27, 2012, for modern operating systems. In addition, a port of the game for Apple's mobile devices (iPod Touch, iPhone, iPad) was released on October 17 the same year. In July 2011, the City of Los Angeles launched a massive media campaign under the title "Carmageddon" to warn drivers about a major closure on the 405 Freeway during the weekend of July 15–17. Stainless Games capitalized on the coincidence to promote the upcoming Carmageddon releases by announcing on the official web site that "L.A. Celebrates Carmageddon" and "Yes, it's official! The news that Carmageddon is back has been such a hit in California, that the authorities have decided to dedicate a whole weekend to the game!"

A port for Android based devices was released on May 10, 2013.

Controversy
In many countries (including Germany and, for a short time, the United Kingdom), the first release of the game was censored.

The censored version contained zombies with green blood or robots with black oil instead of humans, as running over the non-human figures was considered more acceptable by their respective ratings boards. In the United Kingdom, the BBFC refused to certify the game unless all blood and gore was removed. After ten months of appeal, the BBFC certified the original version.

In some countries, the game was banned completely, including Brazil. In Australia, the game was passed completely uncut with a MA15+ rating.

Reception
According to the co-founders of Stainless Games, about two million copies of the Carmageddon series were sold in total. NPD Techworld, a firm that tracked sales in the United States, reported 118,500 units sold of Carmageddon's computer version by December 2002.

GameSpot was enamoured of the open ended, chaotic nature of the game, commenting that "Carmageddon touches that particular collective nerve that fuses the wholesome popularity of the All-American Racing Game with the homicidal singularity of the 70s cult film into an onscreen experience that can only be compared to the kind of automotive mayhem that a five-year-old American male wreaks with his Matchbox and Hot Wheels cars." Next Generation stated that "if you're willing to sweep your morals under the rug for a while, and shamelessly commit auto homicide on a grand scale, then Carmageddon is an absolute blast." GamePro gave a more mixed review, commenting that the game is intense and high on longevity, but that its focus on wanton destruction and gore is in questionable taste and ultimately to the detriment of the gameplay. They also found the graphics mediocre and the controls when using a keyboard to be "frustrating and sluggish".

Legacy
Carmageddon had two sequels, Carmageddon II: Carpocalypse Now (1998) and Carmageddon TDR 2000 (2000). SCi planned Carmageddon 4 for a release in the end of 2005. In August 2005 SCi (at the time operating under the name Eidos) put development at Visual Science on hold for unspecified reasons. SCi and Eidos went on to focus on other projects, while Square Enix Europe obtained the series's intellectual property rights.

Mobile versions
In 2005, Swedish publisher Synergenix released two adaptations of the game for mobile devices entitled Carmageddon and Carmageddon 3D, developed by Impressionware and Kampo Interactive, respectively. Released on July 4, 2005, Carmageddon features a top-down perspective for lower-end Java devices. The game was later made available for BREW-compatible devices. Carmageddon 3D features three-dimensional graphics and was released on November 29, 2005, for Symbian and Mophun-based mobile devices.

Reboot
A reboot of the series, Carmageddon: Reincarnation, was developed by Stainless Games, who re-acquired the rights to the Carmageddon name and released the game in May 2015. The game is downloadable for Windows. Funding for the game came partially from a Kickstarter campaign and donations through their main website. Further funds were secured from Les Edgar (co-founder of Bullfrog Productions). An updated version of the game, Max Damage, was released the following year for Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One.

THQ Nordic
In 2018, THQ Nordic bought the rights to the Carmageddon intellectual property. On August 3, 2021, THQ Nordic announced a Carmageddon-themed tournament in their Wreckfest racing game. It includes two race tracks, "Bleak City" and "Devil's Canyon", and the Eagle R car from Max Damage.

title: Carmageddon


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Groff

Groff may refer to:

 * Groff (surname)
 * groff (software), a typesetting computer program
 * Groff (lychee), a variety of lychee fruit tree
 * Groff v. DeJoy, a United States Supreme Court case regarding religious liberty decided as part of the 2022 term

title: Groff


text:
User:Kistaro

I'm just me.

My real name is removed from here to get it off of Google; the story behind my preferred online name is rather odd. It will also remain untold for now...

title: User:Kistaro


text:
Corozal Town

Corozal Town is a town in Belize, capital of Corozal District. Corozal Town is located about 84 miles north of Belize City, and 9 miles from the border with Mexico. The population of Corozal Town, according to the main results of the 2010 census, is 9,871.

Corozal was a private estate before becoming a town in the 1840s, mostly settled by Maya Mestizo refugees from the Caste War of Yucatán. Much of the town was built over an ancient Maya city, sometimes known as Santa Rita; this may have been the original Pre-Columbian town called Chactemal, which extended from present day Corozal to Chetumal, Mexico. Corozal Town was badly damaged by Hurricane Janet in 1955 and was substantially rebuilt afterward.

History
Corozal, the northmost town in Belize, was founded in 1848 by refugees from the Maya Indian uprising against the Spanish in neighboring Yucatán. This uprising, known as the Caste War of Yucatán (from the Spanish "castes" or race), began as a war against the Spaniards, but it eventually became a war against the Mestizos. The Mestizos, half Spanish and half Indian, had proved to be formidable allies of the Spaniards and were thus mortal enemies of the Maya Indians.

A massacre at Bacalar, Mexico — a Mestizo stronghold about thirty miles north of Corozal Town — finally led to the exodus of thousands of Mestizos from Bacalar and the surrounding area. Between 1848 and 1856 more than 10,000 refugees crossed the Rio Hondo, the river that now serves as a boundary between Belize and Mexico. These immigrants sought refuge in northern Belize and increased the population of Corozal Town to 4500. Mr. James Blake, a magistrate, let them settle on lands in the Corozal District and helped them to establish the new crop — sugar cane.

The Mestizo refugees were far from safe in Corozal Town as the Maya Indians from the Mexican base in Santa Cruz Bravo — today Carrillo Puerto — made several incursions in Corozal Town. In defense, Corozal became a garrison town and Fort Barlee was built here in 1870. Today, the brick corner supports of the fort surround the post office complex of the buildings across from the central town square.

The immigrants brought with them Maya Mestizo culture: Spanish and Yucatec Maya language, Catholicism and Maya folklore, the use of alcalde, their family structure and way of life. Soon, there emerged a local replication of the society of the Yucatán within the boundaries of a country ruled by English expatriates.

Across the bay from Corozal Town are the mounds of Cerros, the first Maya coastal trading center. Cerros is considered one of the most important late preclassic Maya sites because it represented the first experiment with kingship in the Maya world. The remains include a number of temples, plazas, ball courts, canals, and minor structures. The most interesting artifacts so far discovered are the five jade head pendants.

Within Corozal, itself can be found another Maya ruins from the fourteenth century AD. Known as Santa Rita, the pyramid site sits atop the remains of a Maya city that dominated the area for more than 2000 years, and burial sites rich in jewelry and artifacts have been unearthed there. The monument is said to be the center of ancient Chactemal, the Maya capital of the area at the time of the first Spanish attempt to conquer the Yucatec Mayas in the early 16th century. The ruins of Santa Rita is located near the town's Hospital and is surrounded by the villages of San Andres, San Antonio, and Paraiso, by walking distances. An estimated 90% of the town was destroyed by Hurricane Janet in 1955, and most of the present structures post-date that hurricane.

The town is served by Corozal Hospital.

Demographics
At the time of the 2010 census, Corozal had a population of 10,287. Of these, 66.2% were Mestizo, 12.7% Creole, 9.4% Mixed, 3.1% East Indian, 2.5% Asian, 1.2% Garifuna, 1.1% Caucasian, 1.0% Hindu, 0.8% Ketchi Maya, 0.5% Lebanese, 0.5% Yucatec Maya, 0.3% African, 0.2% Mopan Maya, 0.2% Mennonite and 0.2% others.

In terms of languages spoken (multiple answers allowed), 77.8% spoke Spanish, 75.8% English, 35.1% Creole, 2.5% Mandarin or Cantonese, 1.0% Hindi, 0.8% Garifuna, 0.5% Yucatec Maya, 0.2% Ketchi Maya, 0.2% Mopan Maya, 0.1% German and 0.8% other languages; 0.2% could not speak.

Recreation
Corozal Town will have a radio telescope at the Wernher von Braun Observatory, owned by NASA.

In June 2020, the Corozal Town Council led by Mayor Rigo Vellos received a development proposal for an eco-friendly, world-class water park. Maximum Water Park opened to the public in April 2021.

title: Corozal Town


text:
User talk:Kistaro

Why exactly did you change my "OBE are considered a not fully conscious form of lucid dreaming" to "lucid dreaming is considered a not fully conscious form of OBE"? The latter doesn't make sense. -- Lament

 * Apparently, we're running into factual disagreements at this point.

 * A number of groups consider dreams to be a form of astral projection- an unconcious, uncontrolled form, but a form none the less. A lucid dream is still a dream- you're not in the "real world." During an OBE, you have full mental ability. Trust me on this. Kistaro 16:39 Jan 23, 2003 (UTC)

 * shrug* That still doesn't make much sense; I guess it would be better just to remove the comparison of OBE and LD from the OBE page.

 * No arguments here. - Kistaro

Howdy! Check out the out of body experience page - is this approach better? Cheers Chas zzz brown 20:49 Feb 1, 2003 (UTC)~

Saw you'd made a few changes to the Otherkin and related pages, so me being the nosy bitch I am, I thought I'd come say hi :p Got a website or anything?

A page you started (Otherkin) has been reviewed!
Thanks for creating Otherkin, Kistaro!

Wikipedia editor RoyalFool just reviewed your page, and wrote this note for you:

"Consider this 'new page' reviewed. Looks alright to me!"

To reply, leave a comment on RoyalFool's talk page.

Learn more about page curation.

Nomination of Appeal to tradition for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Appeal to tradition is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Appeal to tradition until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Alexanderkowal (talk) 21:27, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Kistaro


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Christmas cracker

Christmas crackers are festive table decorations that make a snapping sound when pulled open, and typically contain a small gift, paper hat and a joke. They are part of Christmas celebrations in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Commonwealth countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa.

A cracker consists of a segmented cardboard tube wrapped in a brightly decorated twist of paper with a prize in the centre, making it resemble an oversized sweet-wrapper. The cracker is pulled apart by two people, each holding an outer chamber, causing the cracker to split unevenly and leaving one person holding the central chamber and prize. The split is accompanied by a mild bang or snapping sound produced by the effect of friction on a shock-sensitive, chemically impregnated card strip (similar to that used in a cap gun). One chemical used for the friction strip is silver fulminate.

Tradition
Crackers are traditionally pulled during Christmas dinner or at Christmas parties. One version of the cracker ritual holds that the person who ends up with the larger end of cracker earns the right to keep the contents of the cardboard tube. Sometimes, each participant retains ownership of their own cracker and keeps its contents regardless of the outcome. Christmas crackers traditionally contain a colourful crown-shaped hat made of tissue paper, a small toy, a plastic model, or a trinket, and a small strip of paper with a motto, a joke, a riddle, or a piece of trivia. The paper hats, with the appearance of crowns, are usually worn at Christmas dinner. The tradition of wearing festive hats is believed to date back to Roman times and the Saturnalia celebrations, which also involved decorative headgear.

Christmas crackers are also associated with Knut's parties, held in Sweden at the end of the Christmas season.

Author and historian John Julius Norwich (Viscount Norwich) was known for sending his family and friends a Christmas Cracker each year which was a kind of expanded Christmas card of anecdotes, trivia and witticisms collected from history and literature. Initially he printed them privately to give to friends but also sold via some London bookstores. His 49th and final cracker was published posthumously in the year of his death.

History
The Oxford English Dictionary records the pulling of crackers from 1847.

Tom Smith
Tradition tells of how Tom Smith (1823–1869) of London invented crackers in 1847. He created the crackers as a development of his bon-bon sweets, which he sold in a twist of paper (the origins of the traditional sweet-wrapper). As sales of bon-bons slumped, Smith began to come up with new promotional ideas. His first tactic was to insert love messages into the wrappers of the sweets (similar to fortune cookies).

Smith was inspired to add a "crackle" element after hearing the crackle of a log he had just put on a fire. The size of the paper wrapper had to be increased to incorporate the banger mechanism, and the sweet itself was eventually dropped, to be replaced by a trinket: fans, jewellery and other substantial items. The new product was initially marketed as the Cosaque (French for Cossack), but the onomatopoeic "cracker" soon became the commonly used name, as rival varieties came on the market.

The other elements of the modern cracker—the gifts, paper hats and varied designs—were all introduced by Tom Smith's son, Walter Smith, to differentiate his product from the rival cracker manufacturers which had suddenly sprung up.

Tom Smith & Company merged with Caley Crackers in 1953.

A memorial water fountain to Tom Smith and his family stands in Finsbury Square, London.

Art
A Christmas cracker is the subject of The Party Favor, an oil painting by American artist Norman Rockwell. The painting appeared as cover art for The Saturday Evening Post on 26 April 1919.

Records
The World's Largest Christmas Cracker was measured at 63.1 m (207 ft) long and 4 m (13 ft) in diameter and was made by the parents of children at Ley Hill School and Pre-School, Chesham, Buckinghamshire, UK on 20 December 2001.

The longest Christmas cracker pulling chain consisted of 1081 people and was achieved by The Harrodian School in London on 10 December 2015.

On 17 August 2020, while filming a Christmas episode of the television series QI, British comedian Alan Davies set a Guinness World Record for the most crackers pulled by an individual in 30 seconds. He achieved 35 successful cracks, outscoring fellow panelist Justin Moorhouse by five in a head-to-head competition. Davies' record stood until Joel Corry achieved 41 successful cracks at Capital's Jingle Bell Ball on 12 December 2021.

Flight restrictions
Passengers on commercial flights in and to the United States are explicitly prohibited from carrying Christmas crackers on board or in checked baggage. In the United Kingdom, rules vary by airline and airport.

title: Christmas cracker