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Utah Lake

Utah Lake is a shallow freshwater lake in the center of Utah County, Utah, United States. It lies in Utah Valley, surrounded by the Provo-Orem metropolitan area. The lake's only river outlet, the Jordan River, is a tributary of the Great Salt Lake. Evaporation accounts for 42% of the lake's outflow, which leaves the lake slightly saline. The elevation of the lake is at 4489 ft above sea level. If the lake's water level rises above that, the pumps and gates on the Jordan River are left open. Recently the lake has been at a lower level because of a drought.

The first European to see Utah Lake was Father Silvestre Vélez de Escalante in 1776. He stayed with the Timpanogots band of Ute Tribe for three days. Mormon settlers later settled near the lake beginning in 1849, with the Timpanogots becoming mostly displaced from the area by 1872. The native fish species of the lake were overharvested by the settlers and subsequently restocked with non-native species.

Although thirteen species of fish were native to the lake, only the Utah sucker and the critically endangered June sucker remain. The dominant species in the lake is the common carp, introduced in 1883 as an alternative to the overharvested native fish. The carp is now estimated at 90% of the biomass of the lake and contributes to a decline in native fish populations by severely altering the ecosystem. Pollution has also caused problems with the lake's ecosystem. Raw sewage was dumped into the lake as late as 1967. Pollution problems still remain; the lake's phosphorus and mineral salt levels are in violation of the Clean Water Act. In recent years, the lake has been prone to harmful algal blooms or HABs.

Utah Lake is managed cooperatively by the Utah Division of Forestry, Fire & State Lands and the Utah Lake Authority. The Division manages public use and issues a permit for commercial users of the lakebed and shoreline while the Commission facilitates development. The lakebed and surrounding shoreline are made up of State Sovereign Lands. Utah Lake is one of three lakes in the state that were deemed "navigable" at statehood and granted to the State of Utah. Sovereign lands are managed under the public trust doctrine.

The Utah State Legislature has designated the Division of Forestry, Fire & State Lands as the executive authority for the management of sovereign lands and the state's mineral estates on lands other than school and institutional trust lands. Sovereign lands are defined by the Utah State Legislature as "those lands lying below the ordinary high water mark of navigable bodies of water at the date of statehood and owned by the state by virtue of its sovereignty."

The Commission was created by State statute in Utah's 2007 General Legislative Session, House Concurrent Resolution 1, under the authority of the Interlocal Cooperation Act. The Commission is funded and empowered by 17 area governments, including; Utah County and its municipalities, the Central Utah Water Conservancy District, and three state agencies. Founded in 2007, the Commission seeks to promote multiple public uses of the lake, facilitate orderly planning and development in and around the lake, and enable individual Commission members to govern their own areas.

Name
European explorers initially called the lake "Lake Timpanogos" after the Timpanogos band of the Shoshone tribe. An 1827 letter written by American explorer Jedidiah Strong Smith contains the earliest known reference to "Utah" as the name of the lake. The precise origin of the name "Utah Lake" is unknown. One possible explanation is that it was named for the abundant reeds in and around the lake, called "Eu-tah". Another explanation is that it was incorrectly named after the Ute Tribe (Timpanogos are often incorrectly referred to as Ute).

Geography
Utah Lake is within Utah Valley in north-central Utah. Mountains surround Utah Valley on three sides: the Wasatch Range to the east, Traverse Mountains to the north, and the Lake Mountains to the west. Mount Nebo reaches an altitude of 11863 ft, and Mount Timpanogos reaches an altitude of 11745 ft, nearly 7250 ft above the valley floor. Jutting into the south portion of the lake is 6805 ft West Mountain, which divides Goshen Bay and Lincoln Beach. Utah Lake is situated on the western edge of the valley and covers more than 25% of Utah Valley's floor. Because of its location on the western side of the valley, the eastern shore has a gentle slope and the western shore rises abruptly against the Lake Mountains. Connected to the main body of the lake are two large, shallow bays: the aforementioned Goshen Bay (north Goshen Valley) to the south and Provo Bay to the east. Major cities such as Provo and Orem are located between the lake's eastern shore and the Wasatch Range.

Utah Lake is a remnant of a much larger pleistocene lake called Lake Bonneville, which existed from 75,000 to 8,000 years ago. At its peak 30,000 years ago, Lake Bonneville reached an elevation of 5090 ft above sea level and had a surface area of 19800 sqmi, which was nearly as large as Lake Michigan. The weight of the lake depressed sections of the lake bottom by as much as 240 ft before the surface rebounded when the lake dried up. About 12,000 years ago, the climate of the region became warmer and drier. As evaporation rates exceeded inflow rates, the lake began to dry up, leaving Utah Lake, the Great Salt Lake, Sevier Lake, and Rush Lake as remnants.

Over the roughly 65,000 years that Lake Bonneville existed, sediments built up, creating a lacustrine plain over Utah Valley. As a result, the valley floor and lake bed are relatively flat, which causes the lake to be shallow. The lake has a maximum depth of just under 14 ft and an average depth of about 10.5 ft. This shallowness allows winds to easily stir up sediments from the lake's bottom, contributing to the turbidity or the impression of pollution seen in Utah Lake's water.

Three faults run under Utah Lake. One of the faults, the Bird Island fault, runs under the eastern edge of the lake and helps give rise to hot springs near Lincoln Beach. The other major hot spring is on the northern shore and is called Saratoga Springs. The hot springs mostly result from the development of hydraulic pressure as the ground water slopes toward the middle of the lake.

The lake contains a small island called Bird Island, about 2.25 mi north of the Lincoln Beach boat ramp, near its south end. The island has a few trees and is somewhat visible from Lincoln Beach. During high-water years, the island may be completely submerged, the trees being the only indication it is there. It is a fairly popular destination among fishermen seeking walleye, white bass, and channel catfish.

Hydrology
The Utah Lake watershed drains 3846 sqmi over mostly mountainous terrain. The watershed's highest point is at 11765 ft Bald Mountain in the Uinta Mountains. 782335 acre (32%) are managed by the United States Forest Service, 249329 acre (11%) are managed by other government entities, and the majority of the rest, 1263696 acre (51%), are privately owned.

Two major tributaries account for nearly 60% of inflow by streams or rivers into Utah Lake. The Provo River accounts for 36% of the inflow, and the Spanish Fork river accounts for 24%. Other tributaries include the American Fork river, Current Creek, Dry Creek, Hobble Creek, and Mill Race Creek. Additionally, many hot springs and smaller creeks are flowing into the lake. Utah Lake is drained by the Jordan River, which begins at the lake's north end. The river flows north through Utah, Salt Lake, and Davis counties and then into the southeast portion of the Great Salt Lake. Given the lake's semi-arid climate, large surface area, and shallow average depth, evaporation accounts for 42% of Utah Lake's outflow.

After several years of drought, irrigation companies argued over their share of Utah Lake's water from the Jordan River. Judge Morse of the Third District Court issued his judgment known as the Morse Decree of 1901. The decree stated that the irrigation companies "are entitled to a decree awarding to them, subject to the limitations hereinafter set forth, the right to the use of all the balance of the waters of the Jordan River, for municipal, irrigation, culinary, and domestic purposes, to the extent of the capacity of their several canals, and the right to impound and store all of the waters of said river in Utah Lake." In response to the drought, a pumping plant was installed at the outlet of the Jordan River from Utah Lake. It was the largest pumping plant in the United States at the time. The plant contained seven pumps with a total capacity of 700 cuft per second. After the decree was released, Utah Lake essentially became an irrigation reservoir, and the Jordan River's flow was highly regulated.

As a result of the 1983–1984 flooding, a lawsuit was filed for compensation due to flooding based upon breach of contract of the previous compromise level. In 1985, a new compromise level was reached, which governed the maximum level of the lake. The new level was chosen to be 4489 ft above sea level. When the water level in Utah Lake exceeds this level, the Jordan River pumps and gates are left open. The new compromise level also meant that the lake's elevation was below Jordan River's stream bed.

Pollution
In 1948, a study showed Utah Lake was being seriously polluted. As a result, Utah County cities decided to plan how and where to build sewage treatment plants instead of dumping raw sewage into the lake. By 1954, many cities had constructed sewage treatment plants, but Provo's was still under construction. Raw sewage was still getting into the lake by 1967.

In the State of Utah, the Utah Division of Water Quality and Utah Division of Drinking Water are responsible for the management and regulation of water quality. Lakes, rivers, and streams that exceed the standard levels are then placed on the DEQ 303d list in accordance with the Clean Water Act. The Act requires states to identify impaired water bodies every two years and develop a total maximum daily load (TMDL) for pollutants that a body of water can assimilate without causing the water body to exceed the water quality standards. Utah Lake was originally put on Utah's 2000 and 2004 303d list for phosphorus and total dissolved solids (TDS) exceeding recommend values. High levels of phosphorus can cause high levels of nuisance algae growth, low dissolved oxygen, and eleTDS tells about the concentration of mineral salts in the water, which can cause problems to agriculture and culinary water supplies. Excess levels of phosphorus come from multiple sources, but namely the wastewater treatment plants, are extremely concerning when it comes to Utah Lake management because high levels can trigger harmful algal blooms and eutrophication There is some discussion as to how much of the phosphorus is the result of anthropogenic causes and how much is the result of historic phosphorus stored in the lake sediment.

Krissy Wilson of Utah's Division of Wildlife Resources stated in 2010 that water quality is now improving, with greater flows of water, among other things, contributing to the improvement. However, the presence and activity of carp, which stir up solids in the water, makes it difficult to appreciate the improvement without conducting scientific measurements.

Harmful algal blooms in Utah Lake
There are several cyanobacteria species that are especially common when phosphorus levels and temperature, among other unknown criteria, are favorable for harmful algal blooms. These are Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Dolichospermum flosaquae species, both of which produce cyanotoxins. If levels are high enough for either species and others, the lake is closed to the public.

Pre-European
The first inhabitants of the area were nomadic hunter-gatherers of the Desert Archaic Culture. An archeology site, called the Soo'nkahni Village, has been explored next to the Jordan River in Draper. The site dates back 3,000 years, and over 30,000 artifacts have been found. The next recorded inhabitants were the Fremont people who lived in the Utah Lake area from about 400 AD to about 1350 AD. They consisted of small villages of hunters and farmers. They farmed corn, squash, and beans. When climatic conditions changed, they caused trouble for farming. Also, the ancestors to the Ute, Paiute, and Northwestern Shoshone moved into the area. As a result, the Fremont people left the area.

The third group inhabited the area was the Utes of central Utah and eastern Colorado. The Timpanogot (also called Timpanogos, Timpanogotzi, Timpannah, and Tempenny) band of the Utes inhabited Utah Valley. They were the most dominant band of Utes due to the relative ease of gathering the plentiful local food supply. It was a sacred meeting place for the Timpanogos, Ute and Shoshone tribes. During the spring spawning season, these tribes would meet at Utah Lake for the annual fish festival. At the festival, there was dancing, singing, trading, horse races, gambling, and feasting on the plentiful fish the lake provided. It was also an opportunity to find a mate from another clan. In 1826, Jedediah Smith visited a camp along the Spanish Fork river that had 35 lodges with about 175 people.

European explorers
Franciscan missionary Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, while on his expedition in late summer and early autumn of 1776, was trying to find a land route from Santa Fe, New Mexico to Monterey, California. Two Timpanogots from Utah Valley acted as guides for his party. On September 23, 1776, the party traveled down Spanish Fork Canyon and entered the Utah Valley. From Escalante's journal, he describes Utah Lake: "The lake, which must be six leagues wide and fifteen leagues long, extends as far as one of these valleys. It runs northwest through a narrow passage, and according to what they told us, it communicates with others much larger. This lake of Timpanogotzis abounds in several kinds of good fish, geese, beaver, and other amphibious animals which did not have an opportunity to see. Round about it is these Indians, who live on the abundant fish of the lake, for which reason the Yutas Sabuaganas call them "Come Pescados" (Fish Eaters).  Besides this, they gather in the plain grass seeds from which they make atole, which they supplement by hunting hares, rabbits, and fowl of which there is great abundance here." Escalante named the lake Lake Timpanogos, after the tribe living in the area. Escalante's record clearly distinguishes between this Lake Timpanogos, a body of freshwater that he saw and sized, and the Great Salt Lake, which he did not see or name but was described to him as a river "communicates with others much larger." The next recorded European visitor was Étienne Provost, a French-Canadian trapper who visited Utah Lake in October 1824. The city of Provo and the Provo River are named after him.

Early settlement by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The settlement of Utah by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints began in July 1847, when pioneers entered the Salt Lake Valley. Under the direction of Parley P. Pratt, an exploration of Utah Valley was conducted. The party brought a small boat in which they explored Utah Lake and caught fish with their nets. The first battle between settlers and Indians occurred in early March 1849. A company of forty men was sent into Utah Valley to stop the stealing of cattle from the Salt Lake Valley. The company met in the village of Little Chief, who told them where the people responsible for the stealing were located. A skirmish took place in which four Timpanogots were killed. The settlers named the site of the skirmish Battle Creek, which was later renamed Pleasant Grove.

In April 1849, a group of about thirty families came into Utah Valley and settled on the Provo River, very close to the main Timpanogot village on the Provo River. The settlers built a stockade called Fort Utah and armed it with a twelve-pound cannon to intimidate the Timpanogots. In August, a Timpanogot named Old Bishop was murdered by three settlers over a shirt they wanted from him. Some Timpanogots shot at cattle or stole corn in response. Winter was especially hard, and Timpanogots stole cattle for food. By January 1850, settlers of Fort Utah reported to officials in Salt Lake City that the situation was getting dangerous. They wanted a military party to attack the Timpanogots. A militia was sent from Salt Lake City, and on February 8 and 11, they engaged the Timpanogots in battle. On February 14, eleven Timpanogots surrendered but were later executed while their families watched. A government surgeon went to the execution site and cut off the Timpanogots' heads for later examination. One militia man and 102 Timpanogots were killed. Over the ensuing years, fewer and fewer Timpanogots lived in Utah Valley, and by 1872, all Timpanogots had moved to the Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation. However, some Timpanogots occasionally returned to fish on Utah Lake into the 1920s.

Captain Howard Stansbury of the United States Army's Corps of Topographical Engineers was ordered to map, survey, and explore Utah and Salt Lake Valleys. In 1850, Captain Stansbury explored Utah Lake and Utah Valley, surveyed and made observation of the local wildlife.

Ecosystem
Historically, there have been four species of amphibia, twelve species of reptiles, thirteen species of fish, 152 species of birds, and forty-two species of mammals found in the environs of Utah Lake. The dumping of raw sewage, destruction of natural habit, hunting, and the introduction of non-native fish species have taken a toll on the native species in and around the lake.

Some of the mammals that live around the lake are the big brown bat, the silver-haired bat, mule deer, Botta's pocket gopher, desert woodrat, and striped skunk. There is seventeen known native mollusca to Utah Lake. Only three were reported in the lake ecosystem in 1969, and one species is extinct. The last living example of the thickshell pondsnail (Stagnicola utahensis), a freshwater snail, was reportedly seen in the early 1930s. Four specimens were sent to the Smithsonian Institution in 1911 and the only known location for the snail was Utah Lake.

Birds
During the 1800s and the 1930s, killing fish-eating birds were seen as a fish conservation measure. Local government entities gave bounties, and upon presenting evidence of offending dead birds, game officers paid the bounties. A report by a hunter states, "There was a bounty paid on cranes and heron in 1895. Two men could make as high as $66 a day. Wading into the rookeries with their pants off they would crack the heron over the head. When the bounty was paid on pelican we would use a fish float tide to a wad of rushes. Gulls were also caught. There has been 10,000 slaughtered. At the Big Channel gidls have been shot and there are four or five hundred pelicans which have been shot. In 1928 I killed 1,240 mudhens [coot]. We would eat the hearts and gizzards, take the feathers and oil and discard the rest."

The Utah Lake wetland ecosystem is an important breeding area and stopover for migratory birds in the Pacific Flyway. Today, about 226 species of birds use the lake as their permanent home or as a stopover on their migration. The Utah Lake Wetland Preserve has been established at the south end of Utah Lake. It contains two units, one at Goshen bay with more than 21750 acre of land preserved, and another unit at Benjamin Slough. Birds seen at Utah Lake include sandhill crane, double-crested cormorant, great horned owl, turkey vulture, golden eagle, cinnamon teal duck, and mallard duck.

Fish
Parley P. Pratt visited Fort Utah in June 1849 and saw thousands of fish caught by settlers and Timpanogots. He estimated that 5000 barrels of fish could be secured annually from the fishery. The winter of 1885–1886 caused much of the livestock to die. Leaders of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints elders sent members in the Salt Lake Valley to Utah Lake to obtain fish; an estimated 96000 lb of fish were brought back. The first commercial fishery also started the same year. At the 1870 General Conference of the LDS Church, a committee was appointed to develop fish culture because of the declining fish harvest in Utah Lake. By 1904, it became illegal to commercially catch any fish except for non-native species.

At least 25 species have been introduced into Utah Lake's waters. Thirteen introductions were unsuccessful. Carp, largemouth bass, white bass, black bullhead, channel catfish, walleye, goldfish, yellow perch, blue gill, and black crappie are found in abundance. The golden shiner and the fathead minnow are rarely found.

Of the thirteen species of fish native to Utah Lake, one species is extinct (the Utah Lake sculpin), one is no longer present in the lake and is under review to see if it qualifies for protection under the Endangered Species Act (least chub), one is already listed as endangered (the June sucker), and one is found in relative abundance throughout Utah (the Utah sucker). All other native fish are no longer extant in the lake.

The Bonneville cutthroat trout was historically the top predator fish in the ecosystem but is now restricted to tributary streams. A review in 2008 indicates that viable populations are distributed throughout its historic range and do not merit listing as a threatened or endangered species.

The Utah Lake sculpin was last found in 1928 and likely became extinct in the 1930s after severe drought lowered the lake levels, allowing much of the lake to freeze, overcrowding fish in unfrozen portions of the lake. This overcrowding and pollution from agricultural runoff are probable causes of the fish's extinction.

The Bonneville redside shiner, mottled sculpin, leatherside chub, Utah chub, speckled dace, longnose dace, mountain whitefish and mountain sucker are no longer in the lake, but still exist in tributaries.

The June sucker was federally listed as an endangered species in 1986. The lower 5 mi of the Provo River is the only known spawning location for the species. Biologists have been rearing the June sucker in Red Butte Reservoir and releasing them into Utah Lake to help build the population. During the summer of 2005, over 8,000 June sucker were released into Utah Lake. The June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program (JSRIP) coordinates and implements recovery actions for the June sucker.

The common carp was introduced in 1883 as a source of food after native species had been depleted by overfishing. It is now the most prevalent fish found in Utah Lake. Carp makes up about 90% of the lake's biomass, with an adult population numbering around 7.5 million. The average carp in the lake is about 5.3 lb, for a total of nearly 40000000 lb of carp in the lake.

As early as 1901, fish and wildlife representatives noted that carp were causing the trout population in the lake to collapse. Due to their habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food, carp stir up sediments and increase the turbidity of the water. In addition, they destroy submerged vegetation that holds sediments in place and provides shelter for native fish populations. Without vegetation, winds can more easily stir up sediment from the bottom of the lake, which is already a problem due to the lake's shallowness, resulting in greater turbidity and less sunlight reaching the remaining vegetation. Without cover for their young, native fish, such as the June sucker, become easy prey for white bass, walleye, and other predators.

Efforts are underway to reduce the population of carp in Utah Lake by employing local commercial fishermen, led by Bill Loy, Jr., to remove 5 million pounds of carp each year as part of the June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program's efforts to restore Utah Lake to a habitat in which the June sucker can survive. The intent is to cause a crash in the carp population which will allow the ecosystem to begin to rebuild and the June sucker to reestablish dominance in the lake.

The Utah Lake Commission has previously stated its goal is to remove 32 million pounds of carp from the lake, and more than 17 million pounds have been removed as of November 2019.

Recreation
Due to its proximity to the Provo-Orem metropolitan area, Utah Lake is a fairly popular destination. From the 1880s to the 1930s, up to twelve resorts offering boat rentals, picnic facilities, dance halls, swimming pools, and bathhouses served tourists at the lake. Saratoga Springs, on the north shore, was the most popular and longest-lived resort. Saratoga Springs was best known for its natural hot springs but also had waterslides and amusement park rides. It lasted from the 1860s until the floods of 1984. In the summer, fishing, water skiing, boating, camping, and picnicking are the most popular activities. During the winter, ice fishing, ice hockey, and ice skating are popular on the lake, especially at Utah Lake State Park, and Lincoln Beach. The main marina for Utah Lake is at Utah Lake State Park on the lake's eastern shore. Other marinas are at Saratoga Springs, American Fork, Lindon, and Lincoln Beach.

Legal issues
The ownership of lands along the shoreline of Utah Lake has been in dispute between the State of Utah and farmers for many years. The bed of Utah Lake, along with other natural lakes, was granted to the state upon admission to the Union in 1896. However, due to the lack of an exact definition and significantly fluctuating lake levels, intermittently dry areas, and wetlands, including all of Provo Bay, have been claimed and farmed by surrounding land owners. The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1987 that the State of Utah owned the land beneath Utah Lake.

In January 2018, the Utah Department of Natural Resources received a project proposal as a potential solution to the lake's nutrient pollution, invasive species, and murky water. The project proposal involved dredging the lake bottom of all nutrient-loaded sediment, replacing invasive plant and animal species with native species, and restoring the water quality before building and developing housing on arch-shaped islands. The proposal became known as the Utah Lake Restoration project, and had an estimated cost of $6.4 billion which would be obtained through private investors. The proposal led to the creation of the House Bill 272 - Utah Lake Amendments (HB 272), which asserted that Utah Lake faced serious challenges, that conservation and restoration were possible, and in the interest of the state, and authorized "the Division of Forestry, Fire, and State Lands to dispose of state land in exchange for the execution of a project for the comprehensive restoration of Utah Lake," an act which would otherwise be prohibited. On March 21, 2018, Governor Gary Herbert signed HB 272 into law.

Critics of the project include ecologists and other scientists raising hydrologic and ecological concerns with the project. Specific issues include the fact that the project would likely lead to the creation of anoxic waters due to lake stratification, the destruction of the lake's unique hydrology and biogeochemistry, the release of toxins and nutrients, altering the lake from its natural state, and geology unsuitable for supporting inhabited islands. Other critics disputed the passing of HB272 as an attempt to trade sovereign lands in exchange for a service. The ability of the developer to maintain the alterations to the lake after the completion of the project has also been brought into question.

In October 2022, permitting for the Utah Lake Restoration project was put on hold, according to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, because of a lack of documentation required to win federal permits under the Clean Water Act.

On October 27, 2022, Utah’s Division of Forestry, Fire & State Lands rejected the proposal by Lake Restoration Solutions. The division director Jamie Barnes said that the lake bed is sovereign state land and cannot be privatized.

Environmental concerns
In 2008, Utah Lake's carp and channel catfish were found to be contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls, also known as PCB's. After an investigation, no originating source for the PCBs was found.

The lake was closed due to contamination from toxic algae in 2016, 2018, and 2019.

June Sucker Recovery Implementation Program (JSRIP)
The June Sucker is a species of fish endemic to Utah Lake and its tributaries. The June Sucker is a key indicator species for the overall health of the ecosystem. Though listed as endangered in 1986 after ecosystem degradation and invasive species concentration, thanks to the efforts of the JSRIP, the June Sucker was downlisted to “threatened” on February 3, 2021. Actions taken to recover the June Sucker include non-native species removal, specifically carp and Northern pike; increasing the population through stocking and monitoring; and restoring and maintaining habitat, including the tributaries Hobble Creek and the Provo River.

Provo River Delta Restoration Project
In an effort to recover the June Sucker and restore the area’s natural ecosystem, the Provo River Delta Restoration Project is an ongoing process in which a large portion of the lower Provo River flow is diverted into a series of channels and wetlands before reaching Utah Lake. The restored delta area provides a habitat for juvenile June Suckers to grow to a survivable size. The project also provides for improved trail and river access, fishing platforms, and other recreational facilities. The project began in 2020 and is expected to be completed in 2024.

Phragmites removal
Phragmites is an aggressive, invasive plant species that dominates a large portion of the Utah Lake shoreline. Since 2014, a large-scale collaborative effort has been underway to mitigate the negative effects of the species through the use of herbicides and crushing techniques. Reports in 2020 indicated a 70% decrease in phragmites.

Utah Lake Water Quality Study (ULWQS)
The purpose of the ULWQS is to gather data on the nutrient concentrations (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus) in Utah Lake and develop nutrient criteria to protect the ecosystem. Phase 1 of the project, Data Gathering, was completed in 2018. Phase 2, Developing Criteria, is currently underway and will be followed by Phase 3, Implementation.

Utah Lake folklore
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were several reported sightings of strange creatures in the lake, leading to tales of a lake monster with descriptions of the cryptid's appearance varying from being reptilian with an alligator's head to being seal-like.

Journal articles

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title: Utah Lake


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Utah Lake State Park

Utah Lake State Park is a state park in Provo, Utah, United States. The park is located at the west end of Provo Center Street on the east shore of Utah Lake (the largest fresh water lake in the state) and immediately northwest of the Provo Municipal Airport.

Each camping site includes running water and electricity (30 amps). Campers should bring their own firewood and charcoal, as each site is also equipped with a fire pit and barbecue grill. A table and awnings are also provided at each. The bathrooms are clean, but there are native insects such as spiders and mosquitoes.

Day visits
A day-use permit also covers use of boat ramps.

Lakeshore Campground

 * Camping: April 1 – October 31
 * Reservations accepted: April 15 – October 15
 * Stay limit - 14 days
 * Total units - 31
 * RV trailer sites - 31
 * Maximum RV length - 40 feet
 * Tent sites
 * Group camping

Utah Lake State Park has 1 loop with 31 sites

Camping amenities
Campsites can accommodate both back-in and pull-through parking for RVs, and camping spots for tents are available. Each campsite includes running water and electricity (30 amp service), a fire pit with a barbecue grill, and a picnic table. Restroom facilities are shared, as are dumpsters. Free, unisex shower stalls are accessible on the outside of the restrooms.

Disability access
Wheelchair accessible locations include:
 * North jetty – fishing pier
 * Campground showers
 * Campground restrooms
 * Campground roads (asphalt)
 * Campground picnic tables (concrete)
 * Campground BBQ grill (concrete)
 * Campground fire pit (concrete)

For updated information regarding facilities for the physically challenged, contact the park.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Utah Lake State Park


text:
Performance Rating

The PR (performance rating, P-rating, or Pentium rating) system was a figure of merit developed by AMD, Cyrix, IBM Microelectronics and SGS-Thomson in the mid-1990s as a method of comparing their x86 processors to those of rival Intel. The idea was to consider instructions per cycle (IPC) in addition to the clock speed, so that the processors become comparable with Intel's Pentium that had a higher clock speed with overall lower IPC.

Branding
The first use of the PR system was in 1995, when AMD used it to assert that their AMD 5x86 processor was as fast as a Pentium running at 75 MHz. The designation "P75" was added to the chip to denote this. Later that year, Cyrix also adopted the PR system for its 6x86 and 6x86MX line of processors. These processors were faster than Pentiums of the same speed in some benchmarks, so Cyrix gave them a Performance Rating faster than their clock speed. Some AMD K5 models also use the PR system.

AMD initially branded its AMD K6 processors with a "PR2" rating but dropped this after consumer confusion. AMD revived the branding for its Athlon XP, which was released in 2001. The efficient Athlon XP chips could perform better than similarly-clocked chips from Intel's competing Pentium 4 line-up, which depended on high clock speeds to overcome their low IPC. As a result, AMD believed consumers would be swayed by the megahertz myth. These chips were rated against the Athlon Thunderbird but were popularly compared to the Pentium 4. As a result, the branding became colloquially known as a "Pentium Rating". Maximum PC criticized this as making it more difficult for power users to differentiate between the various Athlon XP chips. For example, two chips could be given the same "PR" branding but have much different engineering (cache size, bus speed, etc), which would affect their performance at different tasks.

title: Performance Rating


text:
Talk:Queen Elizabeth

Candidates
some candidate Elizabeth/Elisabeths:

 * Elizabeth (daughter of Philip II of Germany)	(about 1202 - November 30, 1235)		∞ St. Fernando III of Castile and Leon
 * Elizabeth d’Anjou		(1261 - after December 20, 1290)		∞ Ladislaus IV of Hungary
 * Elisabeth von Tirol		(about 1262/3 - 1312)		∞ Albrecht I of Austria
 * Elizabeth of Bohemia		(January 20, 1292 - September 28, 1330)		∞ Johann I "the Blind" King of Bohemia
 * Elisabeth of Carinthia	(died 1352)	∞ 	Pietro II King of Sicily
 * Elizabeth de Mure		∞	(1348) 	Robert II King of Scots
 * Elzbieta Pilecka		(about 1372 - May 12, 1420)		∞ Wladislaw II King of Poland
 * Elisabeth von Luxembourg		(before November 27, 1409 - December 25, 1442)		∞ Albrecht II King of Hungary, Emperor Elect
 * Elizabeth of Austria		(1437 - August 30, 1505)	∞ Kasimierz IV of Poland
 * Elisabeth Henriette von Hessen-Kassel	(November 8, 1661 - June 27, 1683)		∞ Friedrich III-I Elector of Brandenburg, King in Prussia
 * Elisabeth von Hapsburg				∞ (1543) Zygmunt II August of Poland
 * Elisabetta Farnese		(October 25, 1692 - July 11, 1766)		∞ Felipe V of Spain
 * Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine	(October 15, 1711 - [[July 3, 1741)		∞ Charles Emmanuel III King of Sardinia
 * Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	(November 8, 1715 - January 13, 1797)		∞ Friedrich II "the Great" King of Prussia
 * Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	(November 8, 1746 - February 18, 1840)		∞ Friedrich Wilhelm II King of Prussia
 * Elizabeth Szydlowska		(1748 - 1810)		∞ Stanislaus II August Poniatowski, King of Poland
 * Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria	(November 13, 1801 - December 14, 1873)		∞ Friedrich Wilhelm IV King of Prussia

--wives of emperors--
 * Elisabeth von Pommern		(1347 - February 15, 1393) 	∞	Karl IV of Luxembourg, HRE (King of Bohemia)
 * Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel	(August 28, 1691 - December 21, 1750)		∞ Charles VI HRE
 * Elisabeth of Württemberg		(April 21, 1767 - February 18, 1790)		∞ Franz I of Austria, HRE

Principles for inclusion
HREs were Kings of Hungary, which would make their wives Queens of Hungary, but they would be known as Empresses, so listing them is probably a bit of a cheat :( -- Someone else 05:11 Jan 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree with you and have been leaving out empresses unless they were also queens of something. To keep it consistent, here are the "rules" I've been using, so when someone adds some (and I hope everyone will, especially the ones listed above that aren't in the list yet), they can either follow them or make the existing ones consistent with their new format:  Just the years for birth and death (but some estimate of each so we have both), because this is a disambiguating list, not biographical articles; the idea is to be able to distinguish the ones with the same name.  And I've arranged them chronologically by birth year, because someone coming from a reference to "Queen Elizabeth" somewhere will usually have an idea what time period (within a century or less) it is, then by where they were queen of, because that's the next likeliest datum for them to have.  If there is already a link to the name (even if there's no article for it yet), I've used that link, and if there's another very common version of the name, I've given that in parens.  I haven't indicated all alternative spellings, again because it's a disambing list.  If there's not an existing link, I haven't made one, because she's probably not important enough to have an article, but I've included at least one linked cross-reference for each (and an external link if there's one on point).  I haven't given all the possible cross-references but have tried to hit the ones that would probably be in the article the unidentified "Queen Elizabeth" was mentioned in.

 * BTW, my browser is rendering " ∞ " as a rectangle, meaning it cannot place the character. -- isis 22:44 Jan 12, 2003 (UTC)

 * I'll try and sort out the empresses in my list and make sure not to use the "infinity" sign in the article. (Oh, and I'll just eliminate them here when I move them to over there!) -- Someone else

If the H.R.E.s were "officially" king of Hungary or anywhere else (using, I suppose, the Wikipedia list of rulers of Hungary or wherever as the authority), let's include the Elizabeths the way I did Elizabeth von Wittelsbach: queen of what and then empress of what, and use the form of the husband's name for his being king, if you have a choice. I'm not keen on using the infinity sign for a marriage anyhow, even if I'm the only Luddite in the world with a retarded browser (and I think they might cause problems with old-fashioned printers, too). Today was my deadline for my publisher for this month, and I sent my copy in this morning, but I have to do some documents to submit to various governmental agencies this week, so I won't have much time for the 'pedia for a few days yet. BTW, I'm probably going to do a "Queen Eleanor" page after the other four, and definitely a "Queen Catherine" page, with all of them on one list and redirects from the other spellings. And on Queen Mary, what do you think about including Maries and Marias (which would lead to including the "Maria/e something"s, like Teresa and Antoinette), as opposed to making a separate page for them? So far, I've been using the same rule for Marie/Mary I did for Isabel/Elizabeth -- if I found a webpage that called Isabella of Spain, "Elizabeth", I put her on the Elizabeth list, too. -- isis 01:17 Jan 14, 2003 (UTC)

Alphabetization
There are an awful lot of Elizabeths. May I suggest that they be alphabetized by realm rather than by dates? A person who knows very little about a given Queen Elizabeth is more likely to know what she was queen of than when she was queen. - Montréalais

 * If you know which realm she was queen of, you can look her up directly, e.g. Elizabeth of England, Elizabeth of Portugal, Elizabeth of Bavaria. I often find that I'm trying to identify someone for whom I know rough dates but few other details, e.g. I know someone they were associated with. So I like the current arrangement. Gdr 21:41, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

My problem with the current arrangement is that although its important that all the famous "Queen Elizabeths" get a mention and a link to their own article (if one exists), I think the fact that vast majority of people would be searching for either Queen Elizabeth the 1st or 2nd of England means they should be referenced at the top. QEII happens to be near the top due to the fact she is still alive but QEI is quite hard to find down the list. Would it be appropriate to link to these two at the top of the page as they are of so much greater historical signicifance than the majority of the rest (most of whom are simply consorts) or would this be against normal Wikipedia practise? - Canderra

Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom
I'm sure that this is wrong. She is Queen Elizabeth II of England, Queen Elizabeth I of Scots (not Scotland) and neither queen of Wales nor of Northern Ireland. According to my (Scottish) father, Scottish nationalists used to deface phone boxes, post boxes, etc, that referred to Liz as "EIIR" in Scotland. But apparently Wikipedians think different. Was going to change it, but will take the point to the proper talk page... Dafyddyoung 12:53, 28 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * QEII is officially Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom as has been the case since unification in 1606 when James I of Scotland succeeded to the English throne. While it is true some militant Scottish nationalists deface public symbols of her, this is a throwback to the dislike of the monarchy by Scottish in the centuries following James I's death in which Scots believed they were being ruled by "English" monarchs. Although some may call it an over-simplification, the whole problem was largely to do with the wider conflicts taking place in the United Kingdom between Catholics and Protestants (many catholic Scotts objected to having a protestant head of state). These days however, most of the militant Scottish nationalists you refer to wish for a breakaway from England and the United Kingdom (with virtually all therefor wishing to drop sovereignty to Queen Elizabeth II).

 * The one main argument that exists (albeit only really in academic circles) is over whether she should infact be named the second Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and not the first as the previous Queen Elizabeth I was Queen of England (and Ireland) and not of the United Kingdom. The vast majority of people I think believe Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom in an appropriate name (despite being technically incorrect) to avoid confusion with her predecessor.

 * See MacCormick v. Lord Advocate. -- Thesocialistesq/M.Lesocialiste 04:03, 3 May 2007 (UTC)

If this is the case, the numbers for other kings and queens would need to change. For instance, Mary II would be Mary I, while Mary Tudor (Mary I) would just be..Mary? The Edwards would change completely. I think it's most logical and accepted to start counting with William I, the Conqueror. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kenmewku (talk • contribs) 19:46, 3 November 2006

 * Her formal title in the U.K. is "Her Majesty Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith". The controversy about numbering is discussed at List of titles and honours of Queen Elizabeth II. --Alexbook (talk) 16:56, 25 January 2014 (UTC)

Did someone remove Queen Elizabeth II for the United Kingdom? I only see Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (1900–2002) for the United Kingdom. Note that many people outside England don't know there is a big difference between "Queen Elizabeth" and "Queen Elizabeth II". Newspeople in the United States usually say "Queen Elizabeth" so that is what we look for and then it seems to us that there is no living Queen Elizabeth in the Wikipedia. Sam Tomato (talk) 20:49, 26 December 2016 (UTC)

Help for the non-British
I am not British (although my father's mother was). I was hoping to get an answer to the question of who Queen Elizabeth is when people say Queen Elizabeth. They say it as if I am supposed to know but this page does not help. Actually, I just want to know her actual, real birthday but that seems to be secret. Sam Tomato (talk) 01:50, 23 April 2019 (UTC)
 * If you mean the most recent queen of the United Kingdom - the one who died recently - her date of birth is in the article currently titled Elizabeth II. Deb (talk) 10:39, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

Empresses
I know this has been discussed previously, but I've added Elizabeth of Russia because the article title does not differentiate. She was a ruler, and people who don't know anything about her won't see any difference between a queen and an empress. After all, Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon is included and she was Empress of India. And so is Empress Elisabeth of Austria. Deb (talk) 10:38, 7 December 2022 (UTC)

Notification of relevant discussion
There's a discussion on that is also of relevance to this page. Please reply on that talk page, not here. Rosbif73 (talk) 07:54, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Queen Elizabeth


text:
Roots reggae

Roots reggae is a subgenre of reggae that deals with the everyday lives and aspirations of Africans and those in the African Diaspora, including the spiritual side of Rastafari, black liberation, revolution and the honouring of God, called Jah by Rastafarians. It is identified with the life of the ghetto sufferer, and the rural poor. Lyrical themes include spirituality and religion, struggles by artists, poverty, black pride, social issues, resistance to fascism, capitalism, corrupt government and racial oppression. A spiritual repatriation to Africa is a common theme in roots reggae.

History
The increasing influence of the Rastafari movement after the visit of Haile Selassie to Jamaica in 1966 played a major part in the development of roots reggae, with spiritual themes becoming more common in reggae lyrics in the late 1960s. Important early roots reggae releases included Winston Holness's "Blood & Fire" (1970) and Yabby You's "Conquering Lion" (1972). Political unrest also played its part, with the 1972 election campaign of Michael Manley targeting the support of Jamaica's ghetto communities. Increasing violence associated with the opposing political parties was also a common lyrical theme, with tracks such as Junior Murvin's "Police & Thieves" and Culture's "Two Sevens Clash".

The heyday of roots reggae is usually considered the latter half of the 1970s – with artists such as The Abyssinians, Johnny Clarke, Cornell Campbell, Bob Marley, Peter Tosh, Burning Spear, Dennis Brown, Max Romeo, Horace Andy, Hugh Mundell, and Lincoln Thompson, and groups like Black Uhuru, Steel Pulse, Israel Vibration, The Gladiators and Culture – teaming up with producers such as Lee 'Scratch' Perry, Bunny Lee, Joseph Hoo Kim and Coxsone Dodd. The Sound system (Jamaican) was of unequalled importance in spreading reggae and dub, with the diaspora represented by leading sound system operators such as Jah Shaka, who, in turn, went on to profoundly influence many in Britain and the world, influencing early punk rock musicians in London, as well as definitively shaping later bass dominated genres such as Jungle music and Drum and bass. The experimental pioneering of such producers within often-restricted technological parameters gave birth to dub, and is seen by some music historians as one of the earliest (albeit analogue) contributions to modern dance music production techniques.

Roots reggae became popular in Europe in the 1970s, especially among left-wing white youths in Western Europe. The Wailers' popularity in Europe opened the door for other artists, and roots reggae artists became popular with punk rock fans. When Jamaicans turned to dancehall, a lot of black, white and mixed roots reggae bands were formed in Europe. Later on roots reggae made its way into the United States with the migration of Jamaicans to New York. This took place with the reforms made to American immigration laws in the early 1960s. Along with localised traditions and food, reggae music was inevitably brought as well, contributing to the New York City soundscape, such as the development of hip hop.

While roots reggae was largely overtaken in popularity in Jamaica by dancehall, several artists from the original era, such as Culture, Burning Spear, and Israel Vibration continued to produce roots reggae, and artists like Beres Hammond and Freddie McGregor continued the use of roots reggae, as a musical style and thematically, through the 1980s. In the 1990s younger Jamaican artists became interested in the Rastafari movement and began incorporating roots themes into their music. Most notable among the new generation of "conscious" artists was Garnett Silk, whose positive spiritual message and consistent use of roots and rocksteady riddims gave him cross generational appeal with Caribbean audiences. While other notable dancehall stars like Capleton and Buju Banton became devout Rastas and changed their musical direction as a result. Other modern roots artists and bands also emerged at this time, including Luciano, Junior Kelly, Morgan Heritage, Anthony B, and Sizzla.

Africa as myth
Similar to the oversimplification and limitations of the terminology middle passage, the roots reggae displays Africa as a mythical paradise that functions primarily as a motivating symbol, imagined origin, and semantic center. "More so even than earlier sounds, roots reggae always seemed to invite itself directly to Africa, brazenly insisting upon itself as the continent's primary echo, if not recursive mirror". The mythical Africa articulated in roots reggae is shaped by desire, nostalgia and trauma under the pressure of local Caribbean politics. While an imagined Africa is used as an inspiration for resistance and revolution against "Babylon" (corrupted capitalist colonial culture), Africa's actual complexity and contradictions are not investigated.

Roots reggae vs. traditional reggae
Traditional reggae and roots reggae, a subgenre that evolved from traditional reggae, while sharing a common Jamaican heritage, exhibit distinct characteristics that set them apart. Traditional reggae encompasses diverse themes, including love, everyday life, and dancehall culture, whereas roots reggae tends to focus its lyrics on social consciousness. Traditional reggae rhythms vary widely, featuring both upbeat and slower tunes. In contrast, roots reggae is marked by a deliberate one-drop rhythm and a slower tempo. Rooted in a deep social and political consciousness, its lyrics often tackle issues of poverty, oppression, and spirituality, influenced by the Rastafarian movement. Musically, roots reggae maintains a specific sonic identity, characterised by deep basslines, skanking guitar patterns, and the inclusion of horns. While these distinctions exist, the lines between reggae and roots reggae can be flexible, and the two genres share a significant overlap within the broader reggae musical landscape.

title: Roots reggae


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Bernhard Rogge

Bernhard Rogge (4 November 1899 – 29 June 1982) was a German naval officer who, during World War II, commanded a merchant raider. Later, he became a Konteradmiral in West Germany's navy.

Rogge became a Vizeadmiral (vice-admiral) by the end of World War II, and, when the West German navy was established after the war, returned to service as a Konteradmiral (rear-admiral). He also was one of the few German officers of flag rank who was not arrested by the Allies after the war. This was due to the way he had exercised his command of GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISER Atlantis.

Early life
Rogge was born in Schleswig, the son of a Lutheran minister, and was himself devoutly religious. His grandfather, on his mother's side, was Jewish.

Military career

 * 1915 — joins the Imperial German Navy as a volunteer
 * After World War I — serves on various cruisers
 * Mid-1930s to 1939 — commander of the sail training ship SSS Albert Leo Schlageter
 * September 1939 — assigned to the GERMAN AUXILIARY CRUISER Atlantis
 * Mid-December 1939 — Atlantis is formally commissioned
 * 31 March 1940 — Atlantis sets out to sea
 * 11 November 1940 — Atlantis scuttles British cargo ship SS Automedon near Sumatra after retrieving top secret documents for which the Japanese government would reward Rogge with an ornate katana in April 1943
 * 22 November 1941 — Atlantis is sunk by HMS Devonshire (39)
 * 15 Apr 1942- Chief of Staff to Inspector of Training Affairs
 * 1 March 1943- promoted to Konteradmiral and Inspector of Training Affairs
 * 20 Sept 1944- Cdr Fleet Training Formations
 * 1 March 1945- promoted to Vizeadmiral
 * After World War II — discharged
 * 1 June 1957 — enters the post-World War II West German Bundesmarine with the rank of Konteradmiral
 * 1 June 1957 – 29 September 1957 — delegated with the Command of Military Area Command I
 * 30 September 1957 – 31 March 1962 — Commander of Military Area Command I
 * 15 April 1958 – 31 March 1962 — at the same time, NATO Commander of Land Forces in Schleswig-Holstein (COMLAND-SCHLESWIG)
 * 31 March 1962 — retires from the German Bundesmarine as a Konteradmiral

Assessment
J. Armstrong White, captain of the British merchant ship City of Bagdad, which Atlantis sank in July 1940, stated, "His treatment of prisoners left respect, instead of hatred". White later wrote the foreword to Atlantis, the Story of a German Surface Raider, written by U. Mohr & A. V. Sellwood.

Admiral Karl Dönitz, who was prosecuted for war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials, cited his own support of Rogge, who had a Jewish grandparent, in an effort to clear himself of the charge of being antisemitic.

Rogge confirmed the death sentence of the 21-year-old sailor Johann Christian Süß. Süß was sentenced to death on 10 May 1945, two days after the German capitulation, for "undermining the discipline" and "disruptive speeches" based on paragraph 5 numeral 2 of the Kriegssonderstrafrechtsverordnung (KSSVO—Special War Criminal Regulation). Süß was executed by firing squad on 11 May 1945.

Awards

 * Iron Cross (1914) 2nd and 1st Class
 * General Honor Decoration
 * Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 (7 November 1934)
 * War Merit Cross 2rd Class with Swords
 * Wehrmacht Long Service Award, 4th to 1st Class
 * Italian Bronze Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia di bronzo al Valore Militare) (25 September 1941)
 * Order of the Sacred Treasure (Japan)
 * Japanese sword (27 April 1942)
 * Clasp to the Iron Cross (1939) 2nd and 1st Class
 * Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
 * Knight's Cross on 7 December 1940 as Kapitän zur See and commander of auxiliary cruiser Atlantis (HSK 2)
 * Oak Leaves on 31 December 1941 as Kapitän zur See and commander of HSK 2 auxiliary cruiser Atlantis (Ship 16)
 * Auxiliary Cruiser Badge with diamonds.
 * Commanders Cross, Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (31 March 1962)

Works

 * Rogge, Bernhard, and Wolfgang Frank. Under Ten Flags. New York: Ballantine, 1960; which is a translation of Schiff 16.

title: Bernhard Rogge


text:
Guttural

Guttural speech sounds are those with a primary place of articulation near the back of the oral cavity, where it is difficult to distinguish a sound's place of articulation and its phonation. In popular usage it is an imprecise term for sounds produced relatively far back in the vocal tract, such as the German ch or the Arabic ayin, but not simple glottal sounds like h. The term 'guttural language' is used for languages that have such sounds.

As a technical term used by phoneticians and phonologists, guttural has had various definitions. The concept always includes pharyngeal consonants, but may include velar, uvular or laryngeal consonants as well. Guttural sounds are typically consonants, but murmured, pharyngealized, glottalized and strident vowels may be also considered guttural in nature. Some phonologists argue that all post-velar sounds constitute a natural class.

Meaning and etymology
The word guttural literally means 'of the throat' (from Latin guttur, meaning throat), and was first used by phoneticians to describe the Hebrew glottal (א) and  (ה), uvular  (ח), and pharyngeal  (ע).

The term is commonly used non-technically by English speakers to refer to sounds that subjectively appear harsh or grating. This definition usually includes a number of consonants that are not used in English, such as epiglottal and, uvular ,  and , and velar fricatives  and. However, it usually excludes sounds used in English, such as the velar stops and, the velar nasal , and the glottal consonants  and.

Guttural languages
In popular consciousness, languages that make extensive use of guttural consonants are often considered to be guttural languages. English-speakers sometimes find such languages strange and even hard on the ear.

Examples of significant usage
Languages that extensively use [x], [χ], [ʁ], [ɣ] and/or [q] include:

In addition to their usage of [q], [x], [χ], [ʁ] and [ɣ], these languages also have the pharyngeal consonants of [ʕ] and [ħ]:
 * Afrikaans
 * Arabic
 * Armenian
 * Assamese
 * Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
 * Azerbaijani
 * Crimean Tatar
 * Dutch
 * French
 * German
 * Greek
 * Hebrew
 * Hindustani (Hindi, Urdu)
 * Irish
 * Lakota
 * Manx
 * Mongolian language
 * Kartvelian languages (i.e. Georgian, Mingrelian, Laz, Svan)
 * Kurdish
 * Pashto
 * Persian
 * Punjabi
 * Scottish Gaelic
 * Sindhi
 * Spanish
 * Tajik Persian
 * Tswana
 * Welsh

 * Berber languages (i.e. Kabyle, Tamasheq)
 * Cushitic languages (i.e. Somali and Oromo)
 * Some Kurdish dialects (as a result of borrowings from Arabic)
 * Northeast Caucasian languages (i.e. Chechen, Lezgian, Avar)
 * Northwest Caucasian (i.e. Abkhaz, Adyghe, Kabardian).
 * Salishan and Wakashan language families in British Columbia
 * Semitic languages (i.e. Arabic, Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Tigre, Tigrinya, Turoyo, Hebrew, Ge’ez)

Examples of partial usage
In French, the only truly guttural sound is (usually) a uvular fricative (or the guttural R). In Portuguese, is becoming dominant in urban areas. There is also a realization as a, and the original pronunciation as an also remains very common in various dialects.

In Russian, is assimilated to the palatalization of the following velar consonant: лёгких. It also has a voiced allophone, which occurs before voiced obstruents. In Romanian, becomes the velar  in word-final positions (duh 'spirit') and before consonants (hrean 'horseradish'). In Czech, the phoneme followed by a voiced obstruent can be realized as either  or, e.g. abych byl.

In Kyrgyz, the consonant phoneme has a uvular realisation  in back vowel contexts. In front-vowel environments, is fricativised between continuants to, and in back vowel environments both  and  fricativise to  and  respectively. In Uyghur, the phoneme occurs with a back vowel. In the Mongolian language, is usually followed by.

The Tuu and Juu (Khoisan) languages of southern Africa have large numbers of guttural vowels. These sounds share certain phonological behaviors that warrant the use of a term specifically for them. There are scattered reports of pharyngeals elsewhere, such as in the Nilo-Saharan, Tama language.

In Swabian German, a pharyngeal approximant is an allophone of  in nucleus and coda positions. In onsets, it is pronounced as a uvular approximant. In Danish, may have slight frication, and, according to, it may be a pharyngeal approximant. In Finnish, a weak pharyngeal fricative is the realization of after the vowels  or  in syllable-coda position, e.g. tähti  'star'.

title: Guttural


text:
Hanoverian

The adjective Hanoverian is used to describe:
 * British monarchs or supporters of the House of Hanover, the dynasty which ruled the United Kingdom from 1714 to 1901
 * things relating to;
 * Electorate of Hanover
 * Kingdom of Hanover
 * Province of Hanover
 * things relating to the City of Hanover, Germany
 * Hanoverian horse, a horse breed

title: Hanoverian


text:
Dao Zheng

Dao Zheng (道證法師) (27 February 1957 – 18 July 2003) was a Buddhist nun from Taiwan, known for her various writings and dharma talks. She is well known for her famous painting of Amitabha, which she painted while bedridden with cancer.

Prior to entering the Buddhist order, she was a medical student and researcher.

title: Dao Zheng


text:
Talk:Farley Mowat

Order of Canada
Does the Order of Canada really needs its own section? --Ducio1234 (talk) 02:14, 15 April 2008 (UTC)

Army Rank
Would the person who keeps adding in that FM was a Major at the conclusion of WWII kindly provide some sort of citation? In spite of being a lifelong FM fan, I have never heard he was a Major although I know that was the rank his father achieved. If he had a temporary field commission as a Major, then that is how the rank shoudl be described, not "having briefly served in the rank of major", as this implies that he was subjected to a demotion as some form of military discipline - also something I have been unable to find any evidence of.--CokeBear 12:18, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

He is was in fact a major. I swear. I have been to his house and he showed me a sign that he would put over his door and it read:Magor F.Mowat — Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.104.251.66 (talk) 18:35, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

 * You'll still need a reliable source, see WP:RS. Dougweller (talk) 19:32, 8 March 2012 (UTC)

Ortona
I am a little puzzled by your edits - first of all you said you made something make more sense when in fact you turned it COMPLETELY incoherent. Second of all, spending Christmas Day weeping does not state that you spent the entire 24 hours non-stop weeping. Your edits were nonsensical and your reasoning ridiculous.--CokeBear 12:18, 6 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Your sentence read "During the Moro River campaign, he suffered from battle stress, heightened after spending one Christmas Day in Ortona, Italy weeping at the feet of an unconscious friend who had an enemy bullet in his head." "One" seems ambiguous and makes the sentence awkward; so I removed it.  You also had the location wrong, which needed to be changed. You haven't changed it back so the edit must have been worthwhile. *shrugs* If they're so non-sensical and ridiculous, feel free to change them back.  You may want to look up the rules on Wikipedia etiquette as well as good faith; I find your last sentence needlessly confrontational and abusive.Michael Dorosh 13:12, 6 May 2006 (UTC)

Well there you have it - the life of another fearless, honest activist exposing the pathetic attitudes of Reagan, Bush, and all their ilk - what hope has the world got if nations like the US vote in people like that?

Farley honest? Did you read the criticism section of this article?

People of the Deer
I would not take issue with the fact that People of the Deer (1952) made Mowat into a literary celebrity. However, I have doubts that his novelistic account of Inuit life in the Kivaliq was "largely responsible for the shift in the Canadian government's Inuit policy: the government began shipping meat and dry goods to a people they previously denied existed." Not true. This shift was underway before the publication of Mowat's novel. Can someone at least cite a source for this claim about People of the Deer, and its effects on arctic administration?

His book contributed to the shift, but was not "largely responsible" for it. That shift was already well underway. By the late 1940s, the former HBC trader James Cantley had distributed a memo to the Federal Government informing them of the declining fur industry and the potential problems facing Inuit. By May 1952, the "Eskimo Affairs Committee" started meeting to solve the "Eskimo problem" as it was called. See: 1952. “NAC RG22, volume 254, file 40-8-1, volume 2 (1949-1952), “The Future of the Canadian Eskimo”, 15 May 1952, p. 1. RCAP”. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.239.199.148 (talk) 00:04, 18 April 2008 (UTC)

Correcting book title -- West Viking to Westviking
The title of Mowat's 1965 book was given as West Viking. I've changed it to read Westviking, as it's printed on and in my own copy. Cactus Wren 08:31, 22 August 2007 (UTC)

142.68.252.236 01:24, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

The article says the book is largely discredited. This is vague. Can the allegation say what is disputed and who disputes? The first 50 entries for the book on Google reveal no dissent. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.94.82.148 (talk) 04:36, 26 November 2009 (UTC)

Years in Newfoundland
I have just finished reading Claire Mowat's 'The Outport People' (1983), an autobiographical account of their stay in Burgeo (called 'Baleena' in her book). She states clearly that they lived there 5 years and not 8 as the article states.

How about supplying personal details? Farley Mowat has been married to Claire Mowat for at least 45 years! He also had a family before marrying Claire.

142.68.252.236 01:24, 22 September 2007 (UTC)

Studying wolves
Does anybody (who knows more about him-- I can't find a good online biography) know how long he actually did study wolves for? The 'criticism' section parrots two contradictory critics, one who claims he studied wolves for 90 hours, the other for 'less than four weeks'. Without providing context, what's the point of including this criticism? Hutchie6 (talk) 00:02, 7 February 2009 (UTC)

Noted Personalities in Northumberland County, Ontario
Added section of Location to add him as a Noteworthy personality in Northumberland County, as Port Hope, Ontario is within this County Area. Richard416282 (talk) 07:31, 10 April 2010 (UTC)

Citation issues

 * The Toronto Star has written that Mowat's memoirs are at least partially fictional. In a 1968 interview with CBC Radio, Mowat admitted that he does not let the facts get in the way of the truth (Canada Reads). Once, when Mowat said that he had spent two summers and a winter studying wolves, the Toronto Star'' wrote that he had only spent 90 hours studying the wolves.

 * An article by John Goddard in the May 1996 issue of Saturday Night lays out a somewhat more in-depth criticism of Mowat's celebrated works, especially Never Cry Wolf''. In his article, "A Real Whopper," he repeatedly challenged Mowat's claim that the book was non-fictional. He wrote, "As for the authenticity of his wolf story, he virtually abandoned his wolf-den observations after less than four weeks." Mowat denied Goddard's criticisms but allegedly did not refute specific accusations.

I can see the problems with the first paragraph, though the wrong tags were used. (It should have been ). But the second paragraph seems to have a clear source. "A Real Whopper". John Goddard. Saturday Night May 1996. The only thing that's missing is the page number, which is a trivial thing for a magazine citation.  Will Beback   talk    01:30, 17 September 2011 (UTC)ugh it

 * I hadn't thought of that, although it doesn't seem verfiable. The magazine has ceased publication and I couldn't find anything at the vestigial site. Noloop (talk) 01:41, 17 September 2011 (UTC)
 * Presumably there are libraries which have it in their holdings. In fact, it looks like it's widely held.   Will Beback    talk    01:51, 17 September 2011 (UTC)
 * As for the first para, some of it was easily found although not quite accurately reported so would need a rewrite. It took me seconds. Dougweller (talk) 06:01, 17 September 2011 (UTC)

There is an uncited reference to Mowat winning the Mark Twain award in 1971 but the linked Wikipedia page says that the award was inaugurated in 1972. He is not listed as winning in the list of awards. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.188.16.137 (talk) 02:32, 12 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Also, what is a Knight of Mark Twain? A google search on the phrase comes up empty. The web page from which many of the awards in this list are derived looks very dubious.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.188.16.137 (talk) 17:40, 12 May 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
Farley Mowat's death http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/2014/05/07/farley_mowat_acclaimed_canadian_author_dead_at_92.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.229.79.116 (talk) 16:25, 7 May 2014 (UTC)

Environmental Advocacy
Shouldn't this article have a section on environmental advocacy? A lot of the news articles focus on his outspoken defense of animals and wilderness areas. —Anne Delong (talk) 12:47, 8 May 2014 (UTC)
 * My thought exactly. He is notable for his books and environmental advocacy. Even Sea Shepherd has a ship named after him. Cheers, BatteryIncluded (talk) 13:13, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

My Discovery of America
Would anyone like to contribute to the discussion at Talk:My Discovery of America ? I've never read the book, so I don't feel that strongly about the issue. I imagine there are other Farley Mowat books that are more notable that don't have articles, but if this one is notable by reason of Mowat's notability, it should be kept. I was only watching the page because I uploaded File:Mowat-My-Discovery-of-America.jpg as fair use, but it will soon be deleted if the page is deleted. Thanks. - TheMightyQuill (talk) 01:13, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

 * There's a basic misunderstanding of WP:NB here. When it says works of some authors are always notable, it means people such as Shakespeare, Darwin, etc. Mowat isn't that historically significant and I am quite sure that his life and body of work is not a common subject of academic study. Dougweller (talk) 08:22, 17 May 2014 (UTC)

Cool. In that case, it's good that it was redirected. Thanks! - TheMightyQuill (talk) 16:38, 19 May 2014 (UTC)

"Official" web site
The "official" web site link is to a commercial site, specifically a bookstore selling Mowat's work.

The article thoughtfully provides links to 2 other sites (presumably "unofficial") hawking the books. I wasn't aware it was Wikipedia's purpose to stand in for Amazon.

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Kerry Livgren

Kerry Allen Livgren (born September 18, 1949) is an American musician, best known as one of the founding members and primary songwriters for the American rock band Kansas.

Livgren, raised in Topeka, Kansas, developed an early interest in music and songwriting. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, he played in various bands, exploring spiritual themes in his lyrics. Livgren formed bands such as the Gimlets, Saratoga, and eventually Kansas. With Kansas, he achieved commercial success, writing hit songs like "Carry On Wayward Son" and "Dust in the Wind". In 1979, Livgren converted to Christianity, which influenced his subsequent work. He continued to work with Kansas, formed a new band called AD, and pursued a solo career. Livgren later formed a band called Proto-Kaw, which released new material until 2011. As the primary songwriter for Kansas, Livgren contributed to the band's worldwide success, with numerous Gold and multi-Platinum albums and over 14 million recordings sold.

Biography
Livgren was raised in Topeka, Kansas, by his father Allen Leroy, an industrial engineer, and his mother Betty ( McElhiney). He was drawn to music at a young age, and his first musical interests developed with classical and jazz influences. His first equipment included an electric guitar he built using a cheap Stella guitar, a Sears amplifier and a low-quality Astatic microphone. Along with learning guitar, Livgren also focused on learning to write songs due to his desire for more creative expression and originality. He attended Washburn University for some time.

Early years: 1960s–1973
Livgren was a member of numerous bands in the late 1960s and early 1970s and developed a reputation for complex compositions and poetic lyrics that explored spiritual themes. His investigations into various religions are reflected in the lyrics of his songs on Kansas' first six albums.

Livgren formed his first band, the Gimlets, with several close friends in high school, including John Pribble, drums, Scott Kessler, bass, Tim Strauss, guitar, and Dan Wright on keyboards. They soon found themselves booked after school and on weekends throughout Kansas and neighboring Missouri, where they played their original compositions, a blend of pop, English and psychedelic rock. After graduating from Topeka West High School in 1967, Livgren continued to perform with the Gimlets through college before joining a predominantly black mainstream rhythm-and-blues band named the Mellotones, in which he met keyboard player Don Montre in 1969.

Forming a friendship, Livgren and Montre decided to leave the Mellotones and join the more commercially viable band the Reasons Why, which included Lynn Meredith and Wright. Though this band was doing well financially, Livgren became frustrated because of his desire for more creative expression, and he and Montre decided to start their own band. They briefly re-formed the Gimlets with former members Scott Kessler and Wright along with several new members. A short time later, they renamed the band Saratoga, after the name on the pencil that Livgren was using to write songs. Saratoga included Meredith, Montre, Wright, Livgren, Phil Ehart and Dave Hope.

In 1970, Livgren and Ehart decided to form a new group by combining the best members from Saratoga and Phil's band White Clover (which included Steve Walsh, Rich Williams, Hope and Jeff Glixman). While Livgren and Ehart were discussing what to call the new band, Hope walked in on the conversation and suggested they call themselves Kansas. This version of Kansas (referred to as "Kansas I" by fans) was known for its complex musical arrangements and originality, but the lineup lasted for only one year.

In 1971, Ehart and Hope left the group, and Livgren reworked the band and continued it under the name Kansas. (This group later became known by fans as Kansas II and is the lineup that re-formed decades later as Proto-Kaw). Kansas II continued to perform Livgren's original works, which fused experimental rock with psychedelia and jazz. During this time, Kansas II recorded a demo cassette that was released commercially 30 years later. Kansas II generated a loyal fan following, and the built-in audience helped the band secure concert bookings. However, financial problems plagued the band, and after a record deal with Jefferson Airplane's label failed to materialize and an old school bus broke down while the band was on the road touring, the band dissolved in 1973.

Shortly afterward, Livgren was invited by Ehart to join the re-formed White Clover, which also included vocalist Walsh, violinist Robby Steinhardt, bassist Hope, guitarist Williams and Ehart on drums. Before Livgren joined the band, White Clover had sent out a five-song demo tape, which Don Kirshner was interested in for his new label. As part of the effort to sign with Kirshner, the players soon renamed themselves Kansas, becoming the third, and eventually the best-known, lineup to use the name.

Commercial success with Kansas: 1974–1983
After three albums in two years failed to provide them with a hit single, Kansas was under pressure from Kirshner and CBS records to write a hit. Livgren and the band realized it was their last chance. Because Walsh was experiencing writer's block, Livgren wrote or co-wrote all the songs for the group's fourth album, Leftoverture. On the last day of rehearsal for the new album, Livgren brought the band one more song, which they performed once before heading to the studio. The song, "Carry On Wayward Son", became Kansas' first hit, reaching No. 11.

Riding the success of Leftoverture, Livgren wrote "Dust in the Wind" for the Point of Know Return album. Like "Carry On Wayward Son", "Dust in the Wind" was added to the album at the last minute. Livgren said the song was an acoustic guitar warmup. While playing it one day at home when his wife was doing laundry, she told him he should put it on the album. Since the album at that point had extra time available, he presented the song to the band and it was included. It became their highest-charting single, reaching No. 6.

In early 1979, Livgren became interested in The Urantia Book, a series of papers that claim to be a revelation authored by supernatural beings. Its influence can be felt in the lyrics of Kansas' 1979 album Monolith. Livgren subsequently rejected Urantia doctrine, and while on tour with the band in support of Monolith, he converted to Christianity. This was a result of a series of debates in the back of the tour bus with Jeff Pollard of Louisiana's Le Roux, the opening act for Kansas during the tour. The discussions between Livgren and Pollard concerned whether the Bible or the Urantia Book was the accurate record of the life of Jesus Christ. Because of the debates, Livgren became convinced that the Bible was the genuine record of Christ and that he had been mistaken in following the teachings of the Urantia Book. After a private hotel-room conversion experience, he became an evangelical Christian.

In 1980, Livgren released his first solo album, Seeds of Change. The album features several members of Kansas, along with Ambrosia singer David Pack and noted heavy-metal singer Ronnie James Dio, who sang on the tracks "To Live for the King" and "Mask of the Great Deceiver".

Livgren recorded three more albums with Kansas. However, tension was growing among the band members as a result of the increasingly Christian perspective of his lyrics. Walsh left the band near the end of 1981 as a result. Steinhardt also left, for personal reasons, prior to recording of the band's 1983 Drastic Measures album. Meanwhile, Livgren had also become increasingly dissatisfied with the band's musical direction (at least in part due to his newfound faith), and he would leave the band himself shortly after Drastic Measures was released.

Livgren has continued to appear occasionally with Kansas on various tours since the 1990s and contributed new songs to The Kansas Boxed Set in 1994 ("Wheels") and to Freaks of Nature in 1995 ("Cold Grey Morning"). In 2000, the original and current members of Kansas reunited at Livgren's studio to record a new album written entirely by Livgren, titled Somewhere to Elsewhere. Though the album received very favorable reviews, sales were not comparable to Kansas' past successes decades earlier.

AD : 1983–1988
In 1983, after his departure from Kansas, Livgren recorded his second self-produced album for CBS, Time Line with Hope, Warren Ham, Michael Gleason and drummer Dennis Holt. By the end of the recording sessions, the session musicians had jelled, and he decided to name the group AD.

Due to legal entanglements caused by his contractual obligations with Kansas, Livgren was unable to market AD in the mainstream secular market. After negotiating with the record label, he received a waiver to perform with AD in the Christian rock market. Unfortunately, this would become a hindrance to commercial viability for the band. AD toured extensively between 1983 and 1986, sometimes playing bars and clubs one night and then churches the next. Livgren has stated on several occasions that he experienced some of the highest and lowest points in his career during his time with AD. Livgren mentions in his book Seeds of Change: The Spiritual Quest of Kerry Livgren that his time playing live with AD was his best as a guitarist.

AD released Art of the State in 1985. Due to financial difficulties, AD faded away in 1986 after releasing the album Reconstructions, though no official breakup was announced. In 1988, Livgren released a collection of previously unreleased AD songs titled Prime Mover. Livgren played all instruments, and all vocals were performed by Ham.

In 1997, Livgren rediscovered recordings of two AD performances from 1984 and 1985 that had been recorded by the soundboard engineer. Though they had not been made for release, Livgren remastered them and released them as a "thank you" to fans on a CD-R title called AD Live. The performances include mistakes and technical problems left intact and is meant as an archival release.

Solo years: 1989–2000
In 1989, Livgren released his first all-instrumental album, One of Several Possible Musiks. He played all instruments on the album, which combines orchestral, jazz and rock styles. This effort won Livgren his first Dove Award, for Instrumental Album of the Year.

Livgren then released a double-CD retrospective, titled Decade, celebrating 10 years since his first solo recording. It included Livgren's first two albums, Seeds of Change and Time Line, in their entirety, plus tracks from other albums and previously unreleased songs. Enthusiasts of Livgren's music continue to hold this album in high regard, making it very hard to find.

In 1994, after moving back to Topeka, Livgren created GrandyZine production company and Numavox Records. He converted a restored barn on his farm into a state-of-the-art recording and production facility.

In 1995, Livgren released his next solo album, When Things Get Electric, on his new label. In 1996, he released his first soundtrack, for Sony's fourth Mind's Eye computer animation feature, titled Odyssey into the Mind's Eye. In 1998, Livgren mostly re-recorded the album Prime Mover and added five new songs and a new version of "Fair Exchange" from the Kansas album Vinyl Confessions to the reissue, Prime Mover II. (He reworked and reissued the album again in 2008 as Prime Mover (Redux).)

In 2000, Livgren released Collector's Sedition, featuring several vocalists, including his nephew, Jake Livgren. At this time, Livgren was writing new songs prolifically and realized that some of them "sounded like Kansas." He called Phil Ehart and offered him the opportunity to hear the songs. This led to a reunion album with Kansas, titled Somewhere to Elsewhere, which featured the then-touring version of Kansas along with Livgren and Dave Hope, the original bassist. The album was recorded at Livgren's Grandyzine Studio in his converted barn, where he performed on the album as lead guitarist and keyboardist and produced the album. It was the first Kansas album for which Livgren had written all the songs.

Shortly after the release of Somewhere to Elsewhere, Livgren began work on The Best of Kerry Livgren. Both retrospective and forward-looking, it contains tracks from all his solo releases and some AD tracks. The album also includes two new songs and new recordings of four older songs. Each of these new versions features the original vocalists, including Ham, Gleason and Dio.

Proto-Kaw: 2003–2011
In 2003, Cuneiform Records issued a collection of material recorded by Kansas II, the early lineup that had included Livgren, Meredith, Wright, Montre, John Bolton, Rod Mikinski and Brad Schulz, calling the group Proto-Kaw. The band then re-formed under that name and released Before Became After in 2004 on Inside Out Records.

They released their second studio album, The Wait of Glory, on January 31, 2006, also on Inside Out Records. Unlike Before Became After, this work was composed of entirely new material written by Livgren. The package included a live concert DVD of Proto-Kaw's appearance at the 2005 NEARfest.

In late 2010, Livgren announced that the members of Proto-Kaw had decided to finish working on the band's fourth CD. Although he had suffered a stroke and was unable to play guitar or keyboard, Livgren worked with other band members to finish the project. On August 6, 2011, the band had a CD release party in Kansas City for the album, titled Forth.

Influence and recognition
As primary songwriter, lead guitarist and keyboard player for Kansas, having penned such hits as "Carry On Wayward Son" and "Dust in the Wind", Livgren propelled the band to worldwide success and critical acclaim, with numerous Gold and multi-Platinum albums and more than 14 million recordings sold to date. Kansas produced eight Gold albums, one Platinum album, two quadruple-Platinum albums, one Platinum live album, and a 1 million-selling Gold single, "Dust in the Wind", according to the Kansas State Historical Society.

Kerry Livgren is listed as a "Famous Kansan" by the Kansas State Historical Society. The Platinum record awarded to him for the Kansas album Monolith hangs in the Kansas Museum of History. He was also honored by the Kansas State Legislature with a commendation on April 28, 2006.

Guest appearances
Livgren's keyboard and guitar playing can be heard on the 2nd Chapter of Acts albums Rejoice (1981), Singer Sower (1983) and Night Light (1985). He also played on the Robin Crow album Electric Cinema (1992) and contributed a guitar solo to "Long Story", a song on Neal Morse's album Testimony (2003). In addition, Livgren recorded a guitar solo on the song "Rockstar Now" on the Crunchy album Loserville (2007).

On his website, Livgren reported in July 2009 that he had recently contributed to the new album by former Kansas bandmate John Elefante. Revolution of Mind by John Elefante and Mastedon was released in 2010, crediting Livgren as one of several guest guitarists.

Book
In 1983, Livgren published his autobiography, Seeds of Change: The Spiritual Quest of Kerry Livgren, co-written with Kenneth Boa. A revised and expanded edition was released in 1991 that updated the book to cover his time with AD.

Stroke
On September 1, 2009, Livgren had a stroke early in the day. His condition was reported as "serious, but stable". By September 4, family members called his condition "positive" and said his progress in recovering was "encouraging". Livgren underwent surgery and received two stents in his carotid arteries. The area of his brain in which the stroke-causing clot formed deals with language and other high-end skills. Livgren's family says his face did not have the "sagging" often found in stroke victims; he recognized family members, and would squeeze their hands in recognition. The family established the Kansas band website as the only authorized source for information on Livgren's recovery. Livgren has now recovered partially and has resumed work on his various musical projects.

He made his first post-stroke appearance with Kansas on January 28, 2011, when he conducted the Kansas State University Symphony Orchestra for "Dust in the Wind" during a special concert celebrating the 150th anniversary of the state of Kansas. Livgren was greeted with a prolonged standing ovation.

With Kansas
Compilations
 * 1974 Kansas
 * 1975 Song for America
 * 1975 Masque
 * 1976 Leftoverture
 * 1977 Point of Know Return
 * 1978 Two for the Show live
 * 1979 Monolith
 * 1980 Audio-Visions
 * 1982 Vinyl Confessions
 * 1983 Drastic Measures
 * 1992 Live at the Whisky live (guest appearance only)
 * 2000 Somewhere to Elsewhere
 * 2009 There's Know Place Like Home live (guest appearance only)
 * 1984 The Best of Kansas
 * 1992 Carry On
 * 1994 The Kansas Boxed Set
 * 1999 The Best of Kansas [expanded]
 * 2002 The Ultimate Kansas
 * 2004 Sail On: The 30th Anniversary Collection (2CD/1DVD)
 * 2005 On the Other Side re-release of Carry On

Solo, AD, Proto-Kaw
Live and compilations Reissues
 * 1980 Seeds of Change
 * 1984 Time Line (Kerry Livgren/AD)
 * 1985 Art of the State (AD)
 * 1986 Reconstructions (AD)
 * 1988 Prime Mover (Kerry Livgren/AD)
 * 1989 One of Several Possible Musiks
 * 1994 When Things Get Electric (Kerry Livgren and Corps de Pneuma) (remastered in 2005)
 * 1997 Odyssey into the Mind's Eye soundtrack (remastered in 2005)
 * 2000 Collector's Sedition (Review )
 * 2002 Early Recordings from Kansas 1971–1973 (Proto-Kaw)
 * 2004 Before Became After (Proto-Kaw)
 * 2006 The Wait of Glory (Proto-Kaw)
 * 2011 Forth (Proto-Kaw)
 * 2021 The Resurrection Of Lazarus: A Cantata (Numavox Records)
 * 2022 Q.A.R. (Numavox Records)
 * 1998 AD Live (AD) (Review )
 * 1988 Compact Favorites (AD)
 * 1992 Decade
 * 2002 Best of Kerry Livgren
 * 1997 Reconstructions Reconstructed, reissue of Reconstructions, partly re-recorded (remastered, repackaged in 2006)
 * 1998 Prime Mover II, reissue of Prime Mover, partly re-recorded, with additional tracks (Review )
 * 2007 Collector's Sedition (Director's Cut), reissue of Collector's Sedition, partly re-recorded, remixed and remastered
 * 2007 Decade Vol. II, reissue of Time Line (previously reissued on Decade disc 2), two tracks remixed
 * 2008 Prime Mover (Redux), reissue of Prime Mover II, further re-recorded
 * 2009 Decade Vol. I, reissue of Seeds of Change (previously reissued on Decade disc 1), partly re-recorded
 * 2014 Before Became After, partly re-recorded, remixed and remastered
 * 2015 The Wait of Glory, partly re-recorded, remixed and remastered
 * 2016 Forth, partly re-recorded, remixed and remastered
 * 2017 Several More Musiks, reissue of One of Several Possible Musiks, partly re-recorded, remixed and remastered, with additional tracks

Books

 * 1980 Seeds of Change: The Spiritual Quest of Kerry Livgren, with Kenneth Boa; revised and expanded edition released in 1991, ISBN 0917143035

title: Kerry Livgren