text:
Talk:CIA cryptonym

LCFLUTTER
An anonymous user objects:

 * (my $0.02: I believe LCFLUTTER refers to Polygraph techniques and not to truth serums)

But polygraph techniques are mentioned plainly in referenced texts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 9-1-1 (talk • contribs) 22:55, 6 March 2003 (UTC)

Anonymous users
I would just like to express my amusement that this article has been edited almost exclusively by anonymous users. Isomorphic 09:40, 22 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Damn. Now you're telling me! Too late to use a proxy, though. :-)
 * Anyway, this usenet post seems to have some insider's information: . Should we use it ? Bogdan | Talk 18:06, 13 Aug 2004 (UTC)

MOCKINGBIRD
Isn't MOCKINGBIRD also a cryptonym? Guaka 20:59, 14 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Digraphs
Why'd the definitions of the digraphs get killed? 68.39.174.39 02:07, 16 Apr 2005 (UTC)

KURIOT
Seems to me that I read that "KURIOT" (that is: "KU-RIOT") was a digraph for the CIA itself (maybe the watch center or something like that...) Wierd thing is that "Kuriot" itself is a word (Russian,I think)...for what it's worth... — Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.155.129.128 (talk • contribs) 10:41, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Context
Could someone please clean up this article to provide context for what it's saying? - Richardcavell 05:54, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

Just a few things
CHATTER was Navy, not CIA; our own article on it even says so. BLUEBIRD and ARTICHOKE were exactly the same thing; the name simply changed (several times), although this article quite clearly suggests that they were different (and unrelated) projects. Dominic Streatfeild's Brainwash: The Secret History of Mind Control (ISBN-10: 031232572X; ISBN-13: 978-0312325725) has a chapter on BLUEBIRD/ARTICHOKE/MKULTRA if you need to cite something to ref that. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.163.113.201 (talk • contribs) 18:49, 23 March 2007 (UTC)

unverified definitions
this is OR, but it could help to find the actual definitions

In researching PBSUCCESS on the CIA FOIA site, I discovered that PBCABOOSE is used in cables titles "CABLE TO DIRECTOR FROM LINCOLN RE GUATEMALA 1954 COUP". This also indicates LINCOLN means more than just and operation involving a basque seperatist movement. It appears that PBCABOOSE refers to reports concerning PBSUCCESS addressed to the Director.

Also, ESQUIRE refers to a person in the same diplomatic envoy as JMBLUG (from 255. Telegram From the CIA Station in Guatemala to Operation PBSUCCESS Headquarters in Florida/1/; http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ike/guat/20181.htm) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sdirrim (talk • contribs) 18:05, 13 April 2007 (UTC)

FD
Does anyone known what the prefix "FD" means? (as in FD/TRODPINT?) —Preceding unsigned comment added by C0N6R355 (talk • contribs) 20:08, August 28, 2007 (UTC)

EC
In the article, EC is listed both for Ecuador, and in "Unidentified digraphs". (Given ECHELON, I guess EC is not Ecuador then? But I don't know.) --Avbentem (talk) 10:59, 19 December 2009 (UTC)

Is this a copy ?

 * CIA cryptonyms (www.spywriter.com) or did this person copy from Wikipedia ? - Zilotte (talk) 23:15, 24 March 2010 (UTC)

PB
This article lists PB as meaning Guatemala... however, I've read elsewhere that PB means "Presidential Board." Any know any sources to back up either claim? For example, wasn't PBJOINTLY the operation code for the Berlin tunnel... thus not Guatemala? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jclingerman (talk • contribs) 20:22, 23 December 2011 (UTC)

Re-hash needed?
I have made some changes to this article to knock it into compliance with normal Wikipedia standards, but I believe there is a fundamental problem that needs to be tackled. The basic CIA cryptonym format is a defined digraph followed by other characters, and I believe was/is primarily for addressing cable/telex messages. In the article, cryptonyms of that type are mixed with other code names, many applicable only to operations or projects, not telex destinations. I propose to make a section dedicated to the 'telex' cryptonyms, and dump all the others in alphabetical order in one or more other sections. I'm expecting to get a copy of Waldron 2005 Ultimate Sacrifice on loan in about a week, so in the meantime perhaps other people might wish to comment on my plan. MTIA, PeterWD (talk) 20:36, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

Cleanup and improvement
I tried to cleanup and improve the page, especially cleaning the codenames that are not CIA cryptonyms (Byeman, Talent/Keyhole and other agencies). Some suggestions to add more cryptonyms (because I am too bored right now) : Enjoy. Rob1bureau (talk) 21:00, 22 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Tibet operations STCIRCUS, STBARNUM
 * Philip Agee gave a lot of other cryptonyms in his "inside the company/CIA diary" (not sure of the title)
 * polish mole Riszard Kulinsky (I'm never sure of the right spelling...) was CK/GULL and QT/GULL (can't remember where I read that, but can probably be found with Google Books).
 * Pete Early "confessions of a spy", Milt Bearden "The Main Enemy", and Grimes & Vertefeuille "circle of treason" gave cryptonyms of most CIA Soviets agents of the 1980s.
 * The cleanup is most welcome, and I haven't the time right now to check everything, but perhaps we should be careful about removing information (see WP:REMOVAL) where it is not otherwise referenced in WP. eg I now can't find any instance in en:wp of KUMOTHER. PeterWD (talk) 12:11, 23 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Regarding KUMOTHER, it appears to be inaccurate :
 * Some Web sites, including until recently Wikipedia, say that Angleton’s CIA cryptonym was KUMOTHER, but no such term existed. https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol53no4/pdf/U-%20Article-Robarge-Passages-53-4-corrected-1Mar10.pdf (Studies in intelligence, vol 53 no 4)
 * Regarding the others, they are mostly Byeman, T/K and SIGINT compartments codenames. Alert and Chatter are other agencies codenames. I must say I have second thoughts about AQUATONE, CHALICE and OXCART, I thought they were Byeman codenames but apparently they were purely CIA projects (USAF called Aquatone "Senior Year"). Cheers, Rob1bureau (talk) 13:31, 23 March 2014 (UTC)
 * Thanks, at least we now have some more explanations, that can be found via searches, albeit in talk space.PeterWD (talk) 14:58, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

 * MXSCOPE too Rob1bureau (talk) 23:27, 1 April 2014 (UTC)

CLOWER
Wilfred O. Clower was a eary 1950's spook in Guatamala... http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/ike/guat/20172.htm  SChalice  22:59, 17 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:CIA cryptonym


text:
Cornelius Cardew

Cornelius Cardew (7 May 1936 – 13 December 1981) was an English experimental music composer, and founder (with Howard Skempton and Michael Parsons) of the Scratch Orchestra, an experimental performing ensemble. He later rejected experimental music, explaining why he had "discontinued composing in an avantgarde idiom" in his own programme notes to his Piano Album 1973.

Biography
Cardew was born in Winchcombe, Gloucestershire. He was the second of three sons whose parents were both artists—his father was the potter Michael Cardew. The family moved to Wenford Bridge Pottery Cornwall a few years after his birth where he was first nurtured as a chorister at Canterbury Cathedral, and later at The King's School, Canterbury which had evacuated to the Carlyon Bay Hotel for the war. His musical career thus began as a chorister. From 1953 to 1957, Cardew studied piano, cello, and composition at the Royal Academy of Music in London.

Career
Having won a scholarship to study at the recently established Studio for Electronic Music in Cologne, Cardew served as an assistant to Karlheinz Stockhausen from 1958 to 1960. He was given the task of independently working out the composition plans for the German composer's score Carré, and Stockhausen noted:

"As a musician he was outstanding because he was not only a good pianist but also a good improviser and I hired him to become my assistant in the late 50s and he worked with me for over three years. I gave him work to do which I have never given to any other musician, which means to work with me on the score I was composing. He was one of the best examples that you can find among musicians because he was well informed about the latest theories of composition as well as being a performer."

Indeterminacy and American experimentalists
In 1958, Cardew witnessed a series of concerts in Cologne by John Cage and David Tudor which had a considerable influence on him, leading him to abandon post-Schönbergian serial composition and develop the indeterminate and experimental scores for which he is best known. He was particularly prominent in introducing the works of American experimental composers such as Morton Feldman, La Monte Young, Earle Brown, Christian Wolff, and Cage to an English audience during the early to mid sixties.

Cardew's most important scores from his experimental period are Treatise (1963–67), a 193-page graphic score which allows for considerable freedom of interpretation, and The Great Learning, a work in seven parts or "Paragraphs," based on translations of Confucius by Ezra Pound. The Great Learning instigated the formation of the Scratch Orchestra. During those years, he took a course in graphic design and he made his living as a graphic designer at Aldus Books in London.

In 1966, Cardew joined the free improvisation group AMM as cellist and pianist. AMM had formed the previous year and included English jazz musicians Lou Gare, Eddie Prévost, Keith Rowe, and one of his first students at the Royal Academy Christopher Hobbs. Performing with the group allowed Cardew to explore music in a completely democratic environment, freely improvising without recourse to scores.

While teaching an experimental music class at London's Morley College in 1968, Cardew, along with Howard Skempton and Michael Parsons formed the Scratch Orchestra, a large experimental ensemble, initially for the purposes of interpreting Cardew's The Great Learning. The Scratch Orchestra gave performances throughout Britain and elsewhere until its demise in 1972. It was during this period that the question of art for whom was hotly debated within the context of the Orchestra, which Cardew came to see as elitist despite its numerous attempts to make socially accessible music.

Political involvements
Cardew became a member of the Communist Party of England (Marxist-Leninist) in the 1970s, and in 1979 was a co-founder and member of the Central Committee of the Revolutionary Communist Party of Britain (Marxist-Leninist). His creative output from the demise of the Scratch Orchestra until his death reflected his political commitment.

At a 1976 meeting of the Central London branch of the Musicians Union, he tabled a controversial motion denouncing David Bowie as a fascist, after Bowie said that "Britain is ready for a fascist leader... I think Britain could benefit from a fascist leader." The motion read:

"This branch deplores the publicity recently given to the activities and Nazi style gimmickry of a certain artiste and his idea that this country needs a right wing dictatorship. Such ideas prepare the way for political situations in which the Trade Union movement can be destroyed, as it was in Nazi Germany. The spreading of such ideas must be considered as detrimental to the interests of the Union and any necessary steps should be taken to prevent such ideas from gaining credence in the community. We propose, therefore, that any member who openly promotes fascism or fascist ideas in his/ her act or recorded performance should be expelled from the Union."

Although the vote was a tie, at twelve for and twelve against, a second motion was passed with a majority of 15–2. At the time of the punk explosion, he wrote a tract called "Punk Rock Is Fascist", where he called The Clash "reactionary".

Legacy
Tony Harris (2013) argues that Cardew's inclusion in Wikipedia or in other encyclopedias such as New Grove has the effect of taming his legacy as a composer and ignoring those aspects of his work other than those which fit with those of a contributor to the Western classical music canon. In other terms, it fails to "define his attitude or approach to music making and (makes) no attempt to illustrate his influence or impact...Composers, if they are to be remembered and valued within the Western classical context, must leave behind masterworks" to justify their being encyclopedized in a format whose guidelines implicitly dictate "what a composer biography should look like".

Death
Cardew died on 13 December 1981 aged 45, the victim of a hit-and-run car crash near his London home in Leyton. The driver was never found.

Musician John Tilbury, in his book Cornelius Cardew—A Life Unfinished suggests that the possibility that Cardew was killed because of his prominent Marxist-Leninist involvement "cannot be ruled out". Tilbury quotes a friend of Cardew's, John Maharg; "MI5 are quite ruthless; people don't realise it. And they kill pre-emptively". However, Howard Skempton recalled the treacherous weather conditions prevailing at the time of Cardew's death and suggests that Cardew could have been walking in the road to avoid the icy pavements and might have been hit by a drunken driver who drove off to avoid arrest.

A 70th Birthday Anniversary Festival, including live music from all phases of Cardew's career and a symposium on his music, took place on 7 May 2006 at the Cecil Sharp House in London.

In popular culture

 * In 1999, Page 183 of Cardew's Treatise was performed by the experimental rock group Sonic Youth on their album SYR4: Goodbye 20th Century.
 * "Cornelius Cardew" is the name of the unemployed pipe-fitter in Alan Moore's Skizz.
 * A character called "Cornelius Cardew" appears (as a caricature of a political radical) in the 1980 novel The Shooting Party.
 * The German musician and composer Ekkehard Ehlers published a Cardew-inspired work in 2001, titled Ekkehard Ehlers plays Cornelius Cardew, which was released on Staubgold Records.
 * The US band The Music Lovers name-checked Cardew in the song, "Thank You, Cornelius Cardew". It appears on their 2006 album, The Music Lovers' Guide for Young People.

Discography

 * The Great Learning (Deutsche Grammophon, 1971)
 * Four Principles on Ireland and Other Pieces 1974 (Cramps, 1975)
 * Memorial Concert (Impetus, 1985)
 * Thälmann Variations (Matchless, 1986)
 * Piano Music (B&L, 1991)
 * Piano Music 1959–70 (Matchless, 1996)
 * Treatise (hatART, 1999)
 * We Only Want the Earth (Musicnow, 2001)
 * Apartment House Chamber Music 1955–64 (Matchless, 2001)
 * We Sing for the Future! (New Albion, 2001)
 * Material (hatART, 2004)
 * Consciously (Musicnow, 2006)
 * Treatise with Keith Rowe (Planam, 2009)
 * Treatise with Petr Kotik (Mode, 2009)
 * Works 1960–70 (+3 dB, 2010)
 * Treatise (Harsh-Noise Version) (Sublime Recapitulation, 2013)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Cornelius Cardew


text:
USS San Marcos (LSD-25)

USS San Marcos (LSD-25) was a Casa Grande-class dock landing ship the United States Navy, named for the Castillo de San Marcos, the oldest masonry fort still standing in the United States. In 1911, the second-class battleship USS Texas (1892) had also briefly borne the name San Marcos, perhaps for the town of San Marcos, Texas. The ship served in the United States Navy from 1945 to 1970. In 1971, the vessel was loaned to the Spanish Navy as Galicia (TA31), before being outright transferred in 1974. In 1980, the vessel's pennant number was changed to L31. Galicia was taken out of service by the Spanish Navy in 1988 and was scrapped in 1989.

U.S. Navy career
San Marcos' keel was laid down on 1 September 1944 at the Philadelphia Navy Yard. She was launched on 10 January 1945, and commissioned on 15 April 1945.

San Marcos completed shakedown in early May, took on a cargo of landing boats; and, on 19 May, sailed for the Panama Canal and Pearl Harbor. Arriving on 24 June, she transferred her cargo of 40 boats, loaded a similar cargo, and departed on 29 May. After taking on dredging equipment at Guam, she anchored in Buckner Bay, Okinawa, on 12 August – three days before the cessation of hostilities. On 15 August, she shifted to Naha, repaired tank landing craft (LCTs) through 20 August, then, proceeded to Saipan. There, she loaded mechanized landing craft (LCM-6s), vehicle and personnel landing craft, (LCVPs, "Higgins boats"), and large personnel landing craft (LCPLs), for use by occupation forces in the Tokyo Bay area; and, on 4 September, she arrived in Japan to offload her cargo and to commence operation and maintenance of a boat pool. In early December, she was reassigned to cargo operations; and, through the end of the year, she ferried boats from Aomori to Yokohama.

In January 1946, San Marcos was assigned to Joint Task Force 1 (JTF 1) for Operation Crossroads, the series of atomic tests scheduled for Bikini Atoll during the summer. She first shifted south to Okinawa; then, in February, moved east to Kwajalein, whence she helped to prepare the test site. She remained in JTF 1 through the July tests, and, on 29 August, she was detached. In early September, the ship moved from the Marshall Islands to Hawaii; and, in October, she arrived at San Francisco.

Granted provisional radiological clearance, she resumed cargo operations along the west coast in early November; and, by the end of the month, was carrying supplies, boats, and vehicles to the Aleutian Islands. In December, she put into the Puget Sound Navy Yard at Bremerton; received final clearance in January 1947; and, in the spring, resumed cargo runs between the west coast and the Aleutians. She terminated those operations in September and proceeded to southern California where her capabilities as a temporarily converted seaplane drydock were tested. In December, she commenced inactivation, and, on 19 December, was decommissioned and berthed with the San Diego Group of the Pacific Reserve Fleet.

1950s
After the outbreak of war in Korea, San Marcos was ordered activated. Recommissioned on 26 January 1951, she completed shakedown in March, was assigned to the Atlantic Fleet's Amphibious Force, and, in May, sailed for the Panama Canal and Little Creek, Virginia.

She arrived at the latter in late May and, soon thereafter, commenced arctic summer resupply operations, under the Military Sea Transportation Service (MSTS), to bases in Canada and Greenland. With the fall, she moved to the Caribbean Sea for fleet exercises, then returned home. In November, she shifted to Baltimore, Maryland, for a shipyard overhaul, and with the new year, 1952, resumed active duty.

Caribbean exercises took her into March. In April she departed Norfolk, Virginia, embarked Marines and their equipment at Morehead City, and headed east for her first Mediterranean deployment. She transited the Straits of Gibraltar in early May and operated with the Sixth Fleet, ranging from the south of France to Benghazi and Phaleron Bay, into October. She then recrossed the Atlantic, and, after disembarking the Marines in North Carolina, proceeded to Little Creek. She resumed east coast operations with a joint Army–Navy exercise in November.

During 1953, San Marcos conducted exercises and carried cargo along the east coast and in the Caribbean and underwent overhaul at Boston, Massachusetts. Winter, spring, and fall of 1954 saw a continuation of those operations including a reserve training cruise, while the summer brought a return to arctic waters for resupply missions. In January 1955, she proceeded again to the Mediterranean Sea.

Completing that deployment in May, she resumed a schedule of east coast, Caribbean, and – during the summers of 1956 and 1957 – polar logistic support operations. In September 1958, she was again deployed to the Mediterranean for a six-month tour with the Sixth Fleet. She rejoined the Second Fleet in March 1959; and, in May, tested recovery methods for Project Mercury. During the summer, she participated in Operation Inland Seas, conducted in the Great Lakes and made possible by the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway. Amphibious force exercises and local operations occupied the remainder of the year.

1960s
Throughout the 1960s and into the 1970s, San Marcos rotated regularly between the Second and Sixth Fleets. While with the Second, she participated in exercises and carried cargo and personnel from New England to the Caribbean. Severing of diplomatic relations and increased tension between the United States and Cuba and political unrest in the Dominican Republic brought extended operations in the Greater Antilles in early 1961. In April, San Marcos supported the Bay of Pigs Invasion, carrying LCUs and LCVPs loaded with vehicles and equipment to a rendezvous a few miles off the coast with the ships carrying Brigade 2506.

Those operations were followed by duty in support of Project Mercury; and, in September, she received modifications which added helicopter operations to her capabilities. Then a five-month Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM II) overhaul in 1962 and 1963 modernized her equipment and living spaces and improved her operational abilities in transporting, launching, and controlling assault craft; besides providing drydocking and repair services to landing ships and craft.

Her annual (excluding 1964) Mediterranean deployments brought participation in fleet, binational, and multinational (NATO) exercises. In 1964, she deployed only briefly, in September, to participate in Operation Steel Pike, a large-scale amphibious operation held off the coast of Spain.

On 13 August 1970, San Marcos returned to Little Creek to complete her last Mediterranean tour. Local and Caribbean exercises took her into 1971, when she was designated for transfer to the government of Spain. The first detachment of her future Spanish crew arrived in mid-April; the remainder joined her on 30 May. June was spent in familiarization activities and, on 1 July 1971, San Marcos was decommissioned and turned over.

Spanish Navy career
The former San Marcos was commissioned in the Spanish Navy as Galicia (TA31) on 1 July 1971. She was sold outright to Spain on 1 August 1974. Galicia's pennant number was changed to L31 circa 1980. Galicia was stricken from the Spanish Navy list in early 1988, and scrapped in 1989.

title: USS San Marcos (LSD-25)


text:
IBM 701

The IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machine, known as the Defense Calculator while in development, was IBM’s first commercial scientific computer and its first series production mainframe computer, which was announced to the public on May 21, 1952. It was designed and developed by Jerrier Haddad and Nathaniel Rochester and was based on the IAS machine at Princeton.

The IBM 701 was the first computer in the IBM 700/7000 series, which were IBM’s high-end computers until the arrival of the IBM System/360 in 1964.

The business-oriented sibling of the 701 was the IBM 702 and a lower-cost general-purpose sibling was the IBM 650, which gained fame as the first mass-produced computer.

History
IBM 701 competed with Remington Rand's UNIVAC 1103 in the scientific computation market, which had been developed for the NSA, so it was held secret until permission to market it was obtained in 1951. In early 1954, a committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff requested that the two machines be compared for the purpose of using them for a Joint Numerical Weather Prediction project. Based on the trials, the two machines had comparable computational speed, with a slight advantage for IBM's machine, however when it came to input/output the 701 was favored unanimously for its significantly faster input/output equipment.

Nineteen IBM 701 systems were installed. The first 701 was delivered to IBM's world headquarters in New York. Eight went to aircraft companies. At the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, having an IBM 701 meant that scientists could run nuclear explosives computations faster.

"I think there is a world market for maybe five computers" is often attributed to Thomas Watson Sr., chairman and CEO of IBM, in 1943. This misquote may stem from a statement by his son, Thomas Watson Jr. at the 1953 IBM annual stockholders' meeting. Watson Jr. was describing the market acceptance of the IBM 701 computer. Before production began, Watson visited with 20 companies that were potential customers. This is what he said at the stockholders' meeting, "as a result of our trip, on which we expected to get orders for five machines, we came home with orders for 18”.

Aviation Week for 11 May 1953 says the 701 rental charge was about US$12,000 per month; American Aviation 9 Nov 1953 says "$15,000 a month per 40-hour shift. A second 40-hour shift ups the rental to $20,000 a month".

The successor of the 701 was the index register-equipped IBM 704, introduced 4 years after the 701. The 704 was not compatible with the 701, however, as the 704 increased the size of instructions from 18 bits to 36 bits to support the extra features. The 704 also marked the transition to magnetic core memory.

Social impact
In 1952 IBM paired with language scholars from Georgetown University to develop translation software for use on computers. On January 7, 1954, the team developed an experimental software program that allowed the IBM 701 computer to translate from Russian to English. The Mark 1 Translating Device, which was developed for the US Air Force, was able to produce its first automated Russian-to-English translation in 1959 and was shown to the public in 1964.

In 1954, a group of scientists ran millions of simulated hands of blackjack on an IBM 701 looking to determine the best playing decision for every combination of cards. The result of the study was the set of correct rules for hitting, standing, doubling or splitting in a blackjack game which are still the same today.

The IBM 701 has a claim to be the first computer displaying the potential of artificial intelligence in Arthur Samuel's checkers-playing program on February 24, 1956. The program, which was developed for play on the IBM 701, was demonstrated to the public on television. Self-proclaimed checkers master Robert Nealey played the game on an IBM 7094 computer in 1962 and the computer won. It is still considered a milestone for artificial intelligence and it offered the public during the early 1960s an example of the capabilities of an electronic computer.

The University of California Radiation Laboratory at Livermore developed a language compilation and runtime system called the KOMPILER for their IBM 701. Speedcode was the first high-level programming language created for an IBM computer. The language was developed by John Backus in 1953 for the IBM 701 to support computation with floating-point numbers. The Fortran compiler also developed by Backus was not released by IBM until the IBM 704.

Hardware configuration
The IBM 701 system was composed of the following units:
 * IBM 701 - Analytical Control Unit (CPU)
 * IBM 706 - Electrostatic Storage Unit (2048 words of Williams tube Memory)
 * IBM 711 - Punched Card Reader (150 Cards/min.)
 * IBM 716 - Printer (150 Lines/min.)
 * IBM 721 - Punched Card Recorder (100 Cards/min.)
 * IBM 726 - Magnetic Tape Reader/Recorder (100 Bits/inch)
 * IBM 727 - Magnetic Tape Reader/Recorder (200 Bits/inch)
 * IBM 731 - Magnetic Drum Reader/Recorder
 * IBM 736 - Power Frame #1
 * IBM 737 - Magnetic Core Storage Unit (4096 words of 12 μs Core Memory)
 * IBM 740 - Cathode Ray Tube Output Recorder
 * IBM 741 - Power Frame #2
 * IBM 746 - Power Distribution Unit
 * IBM 753 - Magnetic Tape Control Unit (controlled up to ten IBM 727s)

The total weight (depending on configuration) was about 20516 lb.

Memory
The system used vacuum tube logic circuitry and electrostatic storage, consisting of 72 Williams tubes with a capacity of 1024 bits each, giving a total memory of 2048 words of 36 bits each. Each of the 72 Williams tubes was 3 inches in diameter. Memory could be expanded to a maximum of 4096 words of 36 bits by the addition of a second set of 72 Williams tubes or (later) by replacing the entire memory with magnetic-core memory. The Williams tube memory and later core memory each had a memory cycle time of 12 microseconds. The Williams tube memory required periodic refreshing, mandating the insertion of refresh cycles into the 701's timing. An addition operation required five 12-microsecond cycles, two of which were refresh cycles, while a multiplication or division operation required 38 cycles (456 microseconds). In addition, magnetic drum and magnetic tape were utilized for secondary storage.

Instruction set
Instructions were 18 bits long, single address.
 * Sign (1 bit) - Whole word (-) or Half word (+) operand address
 * Opcode (5 bits) - 32 instructions
 * Address (12 bits) - 4096 Half word addresses

Numbers were either 36 bits or 18 bits long, signed magnitude, fixed point. The full word has a precision of about ten decimal digits. A decimal digit corresponds to $$log_2 10$$ or 3.322 bits.

The IBM 701 had only two programmer accessible registers:
 * 1) The accumulator was 38 bits long (adding two overflow bits).
 * 2) The multiplier/quotient was 36 bits long.

Peripherals
The Magnetic Drum Reader/Recorder was added on the recommendation of John von Neumann, who said it would reduce the need for high speed I/O.

The first magnetic tape drives were used on the Tape Processing Machine (TPM) and then adapted to the 701.

IBM 701 customers

 * IBM World Headquarters, New York, N.Y. (1952)
 * University of California., Los Alamos, N.M. (1953)
 * Lockheed Aircraft Company, Glendale, Cal. (1953)
 * National Security Agency, Washington, D.C. (1953)
 * Douglas Aircraft Company, Santa Monica, Cal. (1953)
 * General Electric Company., Lockland, Ohio (1953)
 * Convair, Fort Worth, Tex. (1953)
 * U.S. Navy, Inyokern, Cal. (1953)
 * United Aircraft, East Hartford, Conn. (1953)
 * North American Aviation, Santa Monica, Cal. (1953)
 * Rand Corporation., Santa Monica, Cal. (1953)
 * Boeing Corporation, Seattle, Wash. (1953)
 * Douglas Aircraft Company, El Segundo, Cal. (1954)
 * Naval Aviation Supply, Philadelphia, Pa. (1954)
 * University of California, Livermore, Cal. (1954)
 * General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich. (1954)
 * Lockheed Aircraft Company, Glendale, Cal. (1954)
 * U.S. Weather Bureau, Washington, D.C. (1955)
 * Dupont Central Research, Wilmington, DE (1954)

title: IBM 701


text:
Talk:Anise

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 10 January 2019 and 25 April 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Fiumechescorre.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 14:19, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Religious belief?
Could someone explain when/where/what kind of people believe this or Fact or merely belief, is this related to religion like Christianity? -- Taku 23:13 Mar 6, 2003 (UTC)
 * I have no idea about the biblical note, so I had at first left it as it was. I've now rephrased what the note seemed to say (hopefully) more clearly. I am not a student of the bible (or even a Christian), so if someone who knows what they're talking about would elaborate how this conclusion was arrived at and why it's considered significant, that would be great. Mkweise 23:26 Mar 6, 2003 (UTC)

Tea
The anise plant is also used as a tea in Mexico. It is referred to as hierba anis. It's also used for Syrian tea called Miglee--Blackmage337 (talk) 13:38, 26 April 2009 (UTC)

Pronunciation

 * "Anise or Aniseed, less commonly anís (stressed on the first syllable)"

does the comment in brackets refer to only the last name — why is it accented on the second syllable if stressed on the first? I pronounce both anise and aniseed with a stress on the first syllable. Njál 08:51, 24 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Stressing does not necessarily require an accent. In fact, the accent is on the third letter, so anis pronunced "a-nees" or "a-niz" Monkeyspearfish 10:26, 13 December 2006 (UTC)
 * It also differs from country to country. In the US and the UK it's usually pronounced a-NEES; in Canada it's usually pronounced ANN-iss. I for one never heard it pronounced a-NEES until I saw it used on a British TV show; had I not realized it was a regional pronunciation I would have thought the speaker unbelievably affected and snooty. --68.144.100.111 20:04, 27 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I live in the U.S. and I have always heard it pronounced as ANN-iss. All the dictionary.com pronunciations say it is ANN-iss or as it reads on their website an-is with the an in bold letters. Maybe the ANN-iss is a North American pronunciation.
 * UK pronunciation of anise is based in the French, with the stress on the second syllable, though not, of course, exactly as a French speaker would pronounce it. This is because we normally use anise to refer to the liqueur, which is made from the herb in Provence, and which is generally very sweet, unlike pastis. We don't generally use anise for the herb (though I guess a few people might), but rather aniseed, which shifts the stress to the first syllable. Most of us encounter the flavour in spherical pink or purple sweets, which are popular among children. Large, multi-layered aniseed sweets, known as gobstoppers were a mainstay of penny sweet selections in the local shops of forty or fifty years ago, and are still sold in some traditional sweet shops. We always refer to the flavour of these as aniseed. Meanwhile, Indian stores have popularised tiny sugar-coated fennel seeds, sold as "saunf", which have a very similar flavour, and are sometimes confused with aniseed. Sjwells53 (talk) 15:10, 14 February 2011 (UTC)
 * The OED lists only the -iss pronunciation. If that's correct and the spelling pronunciation a- is uncommon and unaccepted, we should list the pronunciation in the lead to help people unfamiliar with an irregular standard form. (It's what I personally use but I'm not sure I've ever heard another person pronounce it aloud. In American English, anything labeled "anise" is pronounced //.)

 * However, if the spelling pronunciation is common and accepted, Wikipedia is . Anyone able to read the page will say it one of the two correct ways and we can leave the IPA mess and details to anise's Wiktionary entry. — Llywelyn II   02:52, 10 June 2015 (UTC)

Dogs and anise
Do dogs have a liking for anise, as I have heard several times? Monkeyspearfish 10:26, 13 December 2006 (UTC)

Unsourced Herbalism

 * I have removed the content below because it is unsourced and wasn't formatted quite right. If someone can get verified sources, we can put it back.

Main constituents known: The vitamins, the B complex (B1, B2), C, calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, iron, aromatic essences. Pharmacologic action: carminative, antispasmodic, expectorant, a pancreatic stimulant. Natural treatments and application procedures: The anise fruit infusion:

The infusion is made from half a tea-spoon of mashed anise fruit scalded in 250 ml of boiling water. The tea should be left for 10-15 minutes in order to become an infusion. It should be drunk in fractions: half a mug before a main meal. Caution: the tea must only be kept for a short time before its consuming. As for sucklings, an infusion from 5-6 anise fruit scalded in 250 ml of boiling water is to be made. It treats flatulence and children's colics. The tea for eliminating helminths:

The infusion is made from 10 grams of mashed fruit scalded in 100 ml of boiling water. The tea should be drunk in the morning on an empty stomach. The tea from anise seeds:

The infusion is made from one tea-spoon of anise seeds boiled in 250 ml of water for 30 seconds. One mug of tea is to be drunk after the main meals. This tea treats bronchial asthma, cough, a slow digestion. The decoction from anise roots:

The decoction is made from 30 gr. of broken up roots boiled in one litre of water for 20-30 minutes. One mug of tea is to be drunk after the main meals. This tea treats painful menses.

Star Anise NOT SAME as Anise
Thusly I removed the last paragraph. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.27.7.239 (talk) 11:38, 7 October 2007 (UTC)

Production
Nor is it the same as Fennel. The chart in the production section of this page was identical to that on Fennel and Badian. If you follow the link cited (http://www.fao.org/es/ess/top/commodity.html?lang=en&item=711&year=2005), you will see that the data is world production of the three completely different crops combined (Anise Pimpinella anisum, Fennel Foeniculum vulgare, and Star Anise Illicium verum). The data is misleading in this context and I removed it. MrPMonday (talk) 21:10, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Information Requests
Does anyone know the sprouting success rate of anise seeds? LokiClock (talk) 15:57, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Is anise a native species in Southern California, where it is so prevalent in the wild chaparral? 76.238.227.125 (talk) 14:58, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Uncited material in "Uses"
An anonymous editor has deleted most of this, with some justification, as uncited. I have restored for the time being, to give editors some time to deal with the problem. added.--Old Moonraker (talk) 07:28, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * OK. I'll give it a couple of weeks, but after that it's gone. If you disagree please post an RfC rather than leave in the article endlessly. This kind of crap builds up on Wikipedia because it goes unchallenged, resulting in a lot of articles that are ridiculous. I could add "Anise oil is used to treat ingrown toenails" and it would stay there for months or years if someone like me didn't come along and challenge it. 71.77.21.198 (talk) 17:20, 13 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Are you sure you meant to do that? --Old Moonraker (talk) 07:26, 27 March 2010 (UTC)

Wikiproject
I need help with my essential oil wikiproject please. Wikipedia:WikiProject Essential Oils Ilikeguys21 (talk) 13:07, 27 April 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080821111349/http://www.growingherbs.org.uk/herbs/how_to_grow_anise.htm to http://www.growingherbs.org.uk/herbs/how_to_grow_anise.htm

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Troach
I recently amended the text in the list of "regional and ethnic confectioneries" that use aniseed from:

to:

having noticed that troach was not mentioned on Wikipedia, at all.

I am deeply troubled by the actions of User:Zefr, who has removed this addition, more than once,

The reasons they have given include:

 * "Commercial spam"
 * "WP:BRD"
 * "the source is commercial, and does not comply with WP:SECONDARY"k
 * "the website is clearly commercial"

I invited Zefr, if they truly believed I was guilty of posting "Commercial spam", to report me at the appropriate noticeboard. This they have not done.

I would further point out that:

 * WP:BRD says: "BRD is not an excuse to revert any change more than once." (Zefr gave this as an excuse on their second revert)
 * WP:BRD also says "BRD is not mandatory."
 * there is no prohibition on citing commercial sources (if there were, we would not be able to cite most newspapers, books or academic journals)
 * the source does not fail to comply with WP:SECONDARY
 * WP:BRD says "Before reverting, first consider whether the original text could have been better improved in a different way or if part of the edit can be fixed to preserve some of the edit, and whether you would like to make that bold edit instead. " - there was no need to remove the statement, even if the source was not liked.
 * Zefr has now left the redirect Troach pointing to an article which does not mention that subject.

Not only should the edit be restored, but Zefr should become more familiar with our actual policies. Andy Mabbett ( Pigsonthewing ); Talk to Andy; Andy's edits 14:53, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * A Google search for "troach" shows me 102,000 results, many of which are for some variant of an aniseed-flavoured sweet, so the word seems notable and not proprietary. Perhaps one of the following sources maybe more palatable than the one directly from Brays:
 * https://smile.amazon.co.uk/Troach-Drops-227g-half-pound/dp/B00BBZ8T2Y/
 * https://emmasweetblog.wordpress.com/2013/03/03/what-on-earth-is-a-troach-drop/
 * https://www.treasureislandsweets.co.uk/gone-but-not-forgotten/troach-sweets.html
 * https://www.mctunneys.co.uk/product/troach-drops/
 * I believe these are what I used to buy as "Sela-cough" when I was a runny-nosed youth. I fixed the double redirect, by the way. --RexxS (talk) 15:52, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * All those sites listed by RexxS can be interpreted by a common user as advertising, which is what I objected to per WP:NOTADVERTISING. I looked, but couldn't find, an anise recipe book or newspaper article as an independent secondary source discussing troach, so concluded this was not notable and WP:NOTRECIPE. I don't like the entry or source, but you two prefer it, so the issue is concluded unless disputed by others. --Zefr (talk) 16:15, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Well, to be frank, "troach sweets" are probably familiar mainly to those of us who were brought up in the Midlands of England, where companies like Sela and Teddy Gray's made them. It's quite understandable that an unfamiliar name can look like a brand name and smack of advertising, so I'm not surprised that your view may differ from mine and Andy's (a Black Country lad and a Brummie). It would be nice to find a source of the kind that you're looking for, but unless we can search the archives of the Birmingham Post or Express and Star from 50 years ago, I doubt we're going to find much more than what that Google search gives us. --RexxS (talk) 22:57, 14 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I agree with Zefr here; there needs to be some independent, non-commercial evidence of notability. There are lots of things for which I could add East Anglian dialect names based on my childhood experience and a few Google searches. We don't include every possible regional name by default, otherwise the lists just grow endlessly (and then editors start adding names in other languages). The "to be frank" comment above says it all. Peter coxhead (talk) 14:08, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * I absolutely agree that notability requires independent evidence. However, I absolutely refute the assertion that notability requires non-commercial evidence. You're going to have to quote the policy that disallows sources that are of a commercial nature; it would be a crippling restriction.
 * Secondly, I should remind you that notability is the criterion for having a stand-alone article; lower standards apply to whether sourced content is included in an article. If there are lots of things for which you could add East Anglian dialect names based on your childhood experience and a few Google searches, then I strongly encourage you to do so. This encyclopedia aims to make available the "sum of all human knowledge" and I can see no reason why the sort of information we're debating shouldn't be included.
 * In this case, adding another item to a list described as "a wide variety of regional and ethnic confectioneries" is going to be a judgement call. It increases the number of items from 11 to 12; it adds a second British item (although two German items already feature). There is always going to be a tension between being comprehensive and excluding trivia. I can't see how "troach" is any different from Austrian Anisbögen, apart from being sourced and having far more Ghits: 102,000 for troach; 13,600 for Anisbögen. Whatever is assumed to be the inclusion criteria for that list, it seems unlikely to include Anisbögen and exclude troach.
 * I would agree with your view if troach sweets were merely a brand name of one particular commercial product, like "Cadbury's flake" as opposed to milk chocolate. But troach have been made and sold by multiple manufacturers including Brays, Teddy Gray's and Sela for years. The source used in the article is "www.thewelshsweetshop.com", which shows that the sweet is known in Wales as well as the Midlands. --RexxS (talk) 16:33, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Personally I'd take more out, but I've made my point, so I'll leave it at that. Peter coxhead (talk) 17:09, 15 August 2018 (UTC)
 * Sorry to wade in here, but it seems pretty obvious that "Troach Drops" as a medicinal sweet is a regional anglicisation of Troche: A small medicated lozenge designed to dissolve. For example, to soothe the throat as a cough drop. https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19526 see also wikipedia's own entry for Throat Lozenge "A throat lozenge (also known as a cough drop, troche, cachou, or cough sweet)" I submit then that troach drops should redirect to Throat Lozenge/Cough Drop. For anyone outside the Midlands who has never tried one, they are similar to "Jakemans" (original flavour of course) 151.170.240.200 (talk) 09:21, 13 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry to wade in here, but it seems pretty obvious that "Troach Drops" as a medicinal sweet is a regional anglicisation of Troche: A small medicated lozenge designed to dissolve. For example, to soothe the throat as a cough drop. https://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19526 see also wikipedia's own entry for Throat Lozenge "A throat lozenge (also known as a cough drop, troche, cachou, or cough sweet)" I submit then that troach drops should redirect to Throat Lozenge/Cough Drop. For anyone outside the Midlands who has never tried one, they are similar to "Jakemans" (original flavour of course) 151.170.240.200 (talk) 09:21, 13 June 2019 (UTC)

current state of 'Production' paragraph
The title 'Production' for the mix of informations currently placed under it is pretty weird. Only one (the last) sentence even touches the subject of the paragraph title. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A02:3037:41D:9021:2:2:5F04:93BC (talk) 07:16, 1 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Anise


text:
Johan Vaaler

Johan Vaaler (March 15, 1866 – March 14, 1910) was a Norwegian inventor and patent clerk. He has often erroneously been identified as the inventor of the common paper clip.

Biography
Johan Vaaler was born at Aurskog-Høland in Akershus, Norway. Vaaler worked from 1892 until his death in 1910 as a patent examiner and manager at the patent office of Alfred Jørgen Bryn (Alfred J. Bryns Patentkontor) in Kristiania (now Oslo). In 1901, Vaaler designed a kind of binding to hold paper together, consisting of a thread of steel wire. He applied for a German patent on November 12 of that year and it was granted on June 6, 1901. He also filed an application for a United States patent on January 9, 1901. The U.S. patent was granted on June 4, 1901.

Unknown to Vaaler, a more functional and practical paper clip was already in production by the British Gem Manufacturing Company Ltd, but not yet marketed in Norway. His design was inferior because it lacked the two full loops of the wire. Vaaler probably succeeded in having his design patented abroad, despite the existence of a better product, because patent authorities at that time were quite liberal and rewarded any marginal modification of earlier inventions.

Several types of paper clips had been patented in the United States since 1867, but the "Gem" type was not then (and has never been) patented. As an employee of Bryns patent office in Kristiania, Vaaler was familiar with patent legislation and procedures in Norway. His reasons for applying abroad are unknown, but it is possible that he had an exaggerated confidence in his invention and saw the need to secure the commercial rights internationally. Also, he may have been aware that Norwegian inventors would meet difficulties on the small home market. Quite soon he must have had the disappointment of his life when he was confronted by the "Gem", which was probably introduced in Norway during his own lifetime. He is not known to have tried to contact potential manufacturers in Norway or abroad, and this lack of initiative seems to confirm that he soon learned that a superior clip already existed. His patent was allowed to expire quietly. Meanwhile, the "Gem" conquered the world, including his own country. The Norwegian fish hook manufacturer O. Mustad & Son AS of Gjøvik has produced "Gem"-type paper clips since 1928.

Vaaler's alleged invention of the paper clip became known in Norway after World War II and found its way into some encyclopedias. Events of that war contributed greatly to the mythical status of the paper clip as a national symbol. During the German occupation of Norway during World War II, after pins or badges bearing national symbols or the initials of exiled King Haakon VII were banned, Norwegians began to wear paper clips in their lapels as a symbol of resistance to the occupiers and local Nazi authorities. The clips were meant to denote solidarity and unity ("we are bound together"). Their symbolism was even more obvious because paper clips are called "binders" in Norwegian. Their presumed Norwegian origin was not generally known at that time, but when that widely believed story was added to the war-time experience of many patriots, it strengthened their status as national symbols. Proofs of the national pride in Vaaler's alleged invention are the postage stamp issued in 1999 and the giant paper clip erected in front of the BI commercial college in 1989.

Literature

 * Petroski, Henry (1992) The Evolution of Useful Things  ISBN 0-679-74039-2 (Vintage Books, Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group)

title: Johan Vaaler


text:
William Boyce (composer)

William Boyce (baptised 11 September 1711 – 7 February 1779) was an English composer and organist. Like Beethoven later on, he became deaf but continued to compose. He knew Handel, Arne, Gluck, Bach, Abel, and a very young Mozart, all of whom respected his work.

Life
Boyce was born in London, at Joiners Hall, then in Lower Thames Street, to John Boyce, at the time a joiner and cabinet-maker, and beadle of the Worshipful Company of Joiners and Ceilers, and his wife Elizabeth Cordwell. He was baptised on 11 September 1711 and was admitted by his father as a choirboy at St Paul's Cathedral in 1719. After his voice broke in 1727, he studied music with Maurice Greene.

His first professional appointment came in 1734 when he was employed as an organist at the Oxford Chapel in central London. He went on to take a number of similar posts before being appointed Master of the King's Musick in 1757 (he had applied for the post on the death of Maurice Greene in 1755) and becoming one of the organists at the Chapel Royal in 1758. He also gave lessons, his daughter telling the composer R. J. S. Stevens that both Thomas Linley the Elder and Thomas Linley the Younger had been his pupils in counterpoint in the period 1763–1768.

His work as a composer began in the 1730s, writing songs for Vauxhall Gardens. In 1736 he was named as composer to the Chapel Royal and wrote the oratorio ''David's Lamentation over Saul and Jonathan. He was engaged as conductor to the Three Choirs Festival in 1737; many of his works, including the Worcester Overture'' (today known as his Symphony no. 8), will have been premiered at the Festival over the succeeding years. The 1740s saw his opera Peleus and Thetis, the serenata Solomon, and his Secular Masque, to a libretto by John Dryden. In 1749 he wrote an ode and the anthem O be joyful to celebrate the installation of the Duke of Newcastle as Chancellor of Cambridge University, and was awarded the degree of Doctor of Music. In 1747 he had published his first purely instrumental composition, a set of "Twelve Sonatas for Two Violins and a Bass" and these proved popular. Charles Burney wrote that they were "not only in constant use, as Chamber music, in private concerts ... but in our theatres, as act-tunes [i.e. intermezzi] and public gardens, as favourite pieces, during many years."

In the 1750s Boyce supplied David Garrick with songs and other music for many productions at the Drury Lane Theatre. These included his own operas The Chaplet and The Shepherd's Lottery, both to libretti by Moses Mendez, and for Garrick's 1759 pantomime Harlequin's Invasion which contained what became Boyce's most famous song, Heart of Oak.

As Master of the King's Musick Boyce had the responsibility of writing music for royal occasions including funerals, weddings and coronations. He, however, refused to make a new setting of Zadok the Priest for the coronation of George III and Charlotte in 1761 on the grounds that Handel's setting of the anthem was unsurpassable – as a consequence of which Handel's setting has been played at every subsequent British coronation. However, that coronation is the only one recorded where a single musician wrote nearly all the music, Boyce having composed a total of eight anthems specifically for the event.

By the year 1758, his deafness had increased to such an extent that he was unable to continue in his organist posts. He resolved to give up teaching and to retire to Kensington, and devote himself to editing the collection of church music which bears his name. He retired and worked on completing the compilation Cathedral Music that his teacher Greene had left incomplete at his death. This led to Boyce editing works by the likes of William Byrd and Henry Purcell. Many of the pieces in the collection are still used in Anglican services today.

On 7 February 1779 Boyce died from an attack of gout, aged 67. He was buried under the dome of St Paul's Cathedral. His only son, also William Boyce (25 March 1764 – 1824), was a professional double bass player.

Legacy
Boyce was largely forgotten after his death and he remains a little-performed composer today, although a number of his pieces were rediscovered in the 1930s and Constant Lambert edited and sometimes conducted his works. Lambert had already launched the early stages of the modern Boyce revival in 1928, when he published the first modern edition of the Eight Symphonies (Bartlett and Bruce 2001). The great exception to this neglect was his church music, which was edited after his death by Philip Hayes and published in two large volumes, Fifteen Anthems by Dr Boyce in 1780 and A Collection of Anthems and a Short Service in 1790 (Bartlett 2003, 54).

Church choral music saw a revival in the 1830s and 1840s, under the influences of the Tractarians, the Cambridge Camden Society, and the financial changes carried out under the "Dean and Chapter Act" (the Ecclesiastical Commissioners Act 1840). A new edition of Boyce's works as Cathedral Music, edited by Joseph Warren, appeared in 1849.

The first movement (Allegro) of Boyce's Symphony No. 1 in B-flat was the first piece of music played during the procession of the bride and bridegroom at the conclusion of the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle in 2018. His coronation anthem The King Shall Rejoice, initially composed for the coronation of George III in 1761, was also performed at the coronation of Charles III in 2023.

Boyce's portraits were painted by Joshua Reynolds and Thomas Hudson. He was drawn and engraved by John Keyse Sherwin, and a vignette made by Drayton after Robert Smirke.

Works
See List of compositions by William Boyce

title: William Boyce (composer)


text:
USS Kearsarge (LHD-3)

USS Kearsarge (LHD-3) is the third Wasp-class amphibious assault ship of the United States Navy. She is the fifth ship to bear that name, but the fourth to serve under it, as the third was renamed USS Hornet (CV-12) before launching (after the prior USS Hornet (CV-8) was sunk).

Namesake
Named in honor of USS Kearsarge (1861), a sloop-of-war that gained fame hunting Confederate raiders during the American Civil War. The sloop was named for Mount Kearsarge in Merrimack County, New Hampshire.

Construction
Kearsarge's keel was laid down on 6 February 1990 at Litton-Ingalls Shipbuilding Corporation of Pascagoula, Mississippi.

Ingalls built Kearsarge using efficient pre-outfitting and modular construction techniques. Hundreds of smaller sub-assemblies, containing piping, ventilation ducting and other hardware, as well as major machinery equipment, generators, and electrical panels were constructed. The sub-assemblies were then joined with others to form assemblies, which were in turn welded together to form five completed hull and superstructure modules. These giant modules, each weighing thousands of tons, were joined on land to form the completed ship's hull. The result of this early outfitting was a ship that was over 70 percent complete at launch.

She was launched on 26 March 1992, in a ceremony attended by then-Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Colin Powell. The warship was christened on 16 May 1992, and commissioned on 16 October 1993.

Characteristics
The assault support system on the ship coordinates vertical and horizontal movement of troops, cargo and vehicles. A Monorail system, moving at speeds up to 600 ft/min (3 m/s), transports cargo and supplies from storage and staging areas throughout the ship to a 13600 ft2 well deck, which opens to the sea through huge gates in the ship's stern. There, the cargo, troops and vehicles are loaded onto landing craft for transit to the beach. The air cushion landing craft can "fly" out of the dry well deck, or the well deck can be flooded so that conventional landing craft can float out on their way to the beach.

Simultaneously, helicopters can be lifted from the hangar deck to the flight deck by two deck-edge elevators and loaded with supplies from three massive cargo elevators.

Kearsarge's armament suite includes the NATO RIM-7 Sea Sparrow point defense system for anti-aircraft support, RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles, 25-mm chain guns and the Phalanx close-in weapon system to counter threats from low-flying aircraft and close-in small craft. Missile decoy launchers augment the anti-ship missile defenses.

Operations
Kearsarge is capable of amphibious assault, advance force and special purpose operations, as well as non-combatant evacuation and other humanitarian missions. Since her commissioning, she has performed these missions all over the world, including evacuating non-combatants from Freetown, Sierra Leone, on 31 May 1997 and rescuing Air Force Captain Scott O'Grady, whose F-16 aircraft had been shot down over Serb-controlled territory in Bosnia on 8 June 1995, while taking part of Operation Deny Fly.

Operation Noble Obelisk was the evacuation of civilians from Sierra Leone in 1997 undertaken by USS Kearsarge. More than 400 Americans and more than 3000 third-country nationals were taken aboard Kearsarge over 4 days.

Additionally, Kearsarge is fully equipped with state-of-the-art command and control (C&C) systems for flagship command duty, and her medical facilities are second in capability only to the Navy's hospital ships, USNS Comfort (T-AH-20) and USNS Mercy (T-AH-19). These facilities allowed Kearsarge to serve a dual role during the 1999 NATO bombing of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, as a platform for bombing missions against Yugoslav forces in Operation Allied Force, and as a treatment facility for Albanian refugees in Operation Shining Hope.

On 19 August 2005, Kearsarge and USS Ashland (LSD-48) were targeted by rockets while in port in Jordan. The rockets flew over Ashland's bow and struck the pier adjacent to the ships. The vessels were not hit but one Jordanian soldier was killed and another was wounded. The sailors aboard both warships were awarded the Combat Action Ribbon as a result of the attack.

In 1994, 2006, 2008, and again in 2017, USS Kearsarge served as the principal attraction for New York's "Fleet Week". In August 2007, the ship visited the port of Valletta, Malta on the way to a six-month deployment to Iraq (5th Fleet AOR). The ship deployed Sailors and Marines in a relief effort in Bangladesh following Cyclone Sidr and provided support for President George W. Bush's January 2008 visit to Israel.

On 6 August 2008, Kearsarge deployed in support of Operation Continuing Promise. The ship's crew, along with augments from the United States Marine Corps, the United States Air Force, the United States Army, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service, Canadian Forces, and other multi-national forces and NGO's, provided medical, construction and humanitarian services to six Central, South, and Caribbean American countries (Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Nicaragua, and Trinidad). The ship also provided Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR) operations in Haiti following four Atlantic hurricanes.

On 2 March 2011, Kearsarge, along with USS Ponce (LPD-15), traveled through the Suez Canal in response to the 2011 Libyan civil war. Robert Gates had said days earlier that he ordered the two warships into the Mediterranean, along with an extra 400 Marines, in case they are needed to evacuate civilians or provide humanitarian relief. As of 20 March, AV-8B Harrier II attack aircraft from Kearsarge have been reported attacking Libyan targets as part of Operation Odyssey Dawn. On 22 March, V-22 Ospreys from Kearsarge conducted a successful TRAP operation to recover the crew of a USAF F-15E Strike Eagle after it crashed in Libya due to a mechanical failure during a combat mission. The Daily Telegraph reported a military source, stating that, during the rescue, strafing runs were carried out and two Harriers dropped two 500 lb bombs on a convoy of Libyan vehicles, with other reports alleging that Libyan civilians were wounded in the operation. The ship returned to home port at Norfolk on 16 May 2011.

Following a three-day delay due to bad weather, Kearsarge deployed from Naval Station Norfolk on 11 March 2013 for a scheduled eight-month deployment. One of her first port visits was to Cyprus. Kearsarge later docked at the Israeli port of Eilat for several days beginning on 14 May 2013 before continuing her deployment. One of her MV-22s exercised in a joint operation with HMS Illustrious (R06).

In September 2017, Kearsarge was called upon to assist in search-and-rescue operations during Hurricane Maria, after contact was lost with a ship carrying four people that issued a distress signal while battling 20 ft seas and 100 mph winds off the coast of Vieques, Puerto Rico. The United States Coast Guard, Navy, and the Royal Navy utilized an HC-130 aircraft, a fast response cutter, and Navy helicopters. A woman and two children were rescued, but a man died aboard their capsized vessel.

Kearsarge participated in Ft. Lauderdale's 2018 Fleet Week.

On 13 May 2022, Kearsarge took part in a PASSEX training with the Finnish and Swedish navies in the northern Baltic Sea. From 17 May to 23 May, Kearsarge and her amphibious readiness group took part in the NATO vigilance activity, Neptune Shield 2022. On 27 May, Kearsarge docked at Tallinn, Estonia ahead of the Exercise BALTOPS 22. During BALTOPS 2022 Kearsarge trained operating UUVs and UAVs. On 2 June, she arrived in Stockholm, Sweden. On 20 August, she arrived in Klaipėda, Lithuania.

Deployments

 * January to August 1995; Mediterranean
 * April to October 1997 - North Atlantic - Mediterranean
 * April to October 1999; Mediterranean
 * April to October 2001; Mediterranean
 * January to July 2003; North Atlantic - Mediterranean - Indian Ocean - Persian Gulf
 * March to October 2005; Mediterranean
 * September 2007 to February 2008; Mediterranean - Indian Ocean - Persian Gulf.
 * August 2010 to May 2011; Mediterranean - West Africa
 * October 2015 to May 2016; Mediterranean - Indian Ocean - Persian Gulf
 * August 2017 to November 2017; Caribbean Sea after hurricanes Irma and Maria
 * December 2018 to July 2019; Mediterranean - Indian Ocean - Persian Gulf
 * May 2022 to October 2022; Baltic Sea, (and the BALTOPS 2022 exercise in June)

Awards
USS Kearsarge has been awarded the Golden Anchor for Retention Excellence, Ronald Reagan Distinguished Service Award, the CNO Environmental Safety Award, the Admiral Flatley Memorial Award (aviation safety), SECNAV Energy Award (2002), Department of Energy (DOE) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) Mobility Energy Efficiency Award (2002), the Chief of Naval Operations Safety Award and the Commander Naval Surface Force Atlantic Safety Award.

Additionally, Kearsarge has qualified for the following medals and unit awards: Combat Action Ribbon, Humanitarian award, Navy Unit Commendation (three awards), Meritorious Unit Commendation (one award), Battle Efficiency "E" Award (seven awards), National Defense Service Medal (two awards), Global War on Terrorism Expeditionary Medal, Kosovo Campaign Medal (with bronze star), Armed Forces Service Medal, Sea Service Deployment Ribbon (five awards), and the NATO Medal.

Shield and crest
Blue and gold are colors traditionally associated with the Navy and symbolize the sea and excellence. The green chevron suggests the green-peaked Mount Kearsarge in New Hampshire. The amphibious nature of the combat operations of the present USS Kearsarge is represented by green and blue, alluding land and sea. The arrowheads, together with the white chevronel, which represents a shore line, allude to assault landings. The stars commemorate the battle stars the third Kearsarge received for Korean War and Vietnam War service.

The wings of the crest symbolize the aviation capabilities of both the present and the third Kearsarge; they are gold for the honor and achievement. The white anchor recalls the round-the-world cruise of the second Kearsarge of the Great White Fleet in 1907 and denotes the naval prowess of the USS Kearsarges. The blue-and-gray wavy bar highlights the Civil War service for the first USS Kearsarge. The swords (one a Navy cutlass and the other a Marine mameluke) are crossed, to denote cooperation and teamwork, as well as the combined combat mission of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Motto ~ "Proud ... Bold ... Trustworthy."

title: USS Kearsarge (LHD-3)


text:
History of the British canal system

The canal network of the United Kingdom played a vital role in the Industrial Revolution. The UK was the first country to develop a nationwide canal network which, at its peak, expanded to nearly 4,000 mi in length. The canals allowed raw materials to be transported to a place of manufacture, and finished goods to be transported to consumers, more quickly and cheaply than by a land based route. The canal network was extensive and included feats of civil engineering such as the Anderton Boat Lift, the Manchester Ship Canal, the Worsley Navigable Levels and the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct.

In the post-medieval period, some rivers were canalised for boat traffic. The Exeter Ship Canal was completed in 1567. The Sankey Canal was the first British canal of the Industrial Revolution, opening in 1757. The Bridgewater Canal followed in 1761 and proved to be highly profitable. The majority of the network was built in the "Golden Age" of canals, between the 1770s and the 1830s. From 1840 the canals began to decline, because the growing railway network was a more efficient means of transporting goods. From the beginning of the 20th century the road network became progressively more important; canals became uneconomic and were abandoned. In 1948, much of the network was nationalised. Since then, canals have been increasingly used for recreation and tourism.

Different types of boat used the canals: the most common was the traditional narrowboat. At the outset the boats were towed by horses, but later they were driven by diesel engines. Some closed canals have been restored, and canal museums have opened.

Post-medieval transport systems
In the post-medieval period, some natural waterways were "canalised" or improved for boat traffic in the 16th century. The first act of Parliament was obtained by the City of Canterbury in 1515, Deepening River at Canterbury Act 1514 (6 Hen. 8. c. 17), to extend navigation on the River Stour in Kent, followed by the River Exe, with the River Exe Act 1539 (31 Hen. 8. c. 4), which led to the construction in 1566 of a new channel, the Exeter Canal. Simple flash locks were provided to regulate the flow of water and allow loaded boats to pass through shallow waters by admitting a rush of water, but these were not purpose-built canals as we understand them today.

The transport system that existed before the canals were built consisted of coastal shipping and horses and carts struggling along mostly unsurfaced mud roads (although there were some surfaced turnpike roads). There was also a small amount of traffic carried along navigable rivers. In the 17th century, as early industry started to expand, this transport situation was highly unsatisfactory. The restrictions of coastal shipping and river transport were obvious, and horses and carts could only carry one or two tons of cargo at a time. The poor state of most of the roads meant that they could often become unusable after heavy rain. Because of the small loads that could be carried, supplies of essential commodities such as coal and iron ore were limited, and this kept prices high and restricted economic growth. One horse-drawn canal barge could carry about thirty tonnes at a time, faster than road transport and at half the cost.

Some 29 river navigation improvements took place in the 16th and 17th centuries. In 1605, the government of King James I established the Oxford-Burcot Commission, which began to improve the system of locks and weirs on the River Thames, which were opened between Oxford and Abingdon by 1635. In 1635 Sir Richard Weston was appointed to develop the River Wey Navigation, making Guildford accessible by 1653. In 1670 the Stamford Canal opened, indistinguishable from 18th century examples with a dedicated cut and double-door locks. In 1699 legislation was passed to permit the Aire & Calder Navigation which was opened 1703, and the Trent Navigation which was built by George Hayne and opened in 1712. Subsequently, the Kennet built by John Hore opened in 1723, the Mersey and Irwell opened in 1725, and the Bristol Avon in 1727. John Smeaton was the engineer of the Calder & Hebble which opened in 1758, and a series of eight pound locks was built to replace flash locks on the River Thames between Maidenhead and Reading, beginning in 1772. The net effect of these was to bring most of England, with the notable exceptions of Birmingham and Staffordshire, within 15 mi of a waterway.

By the early 18th century, river navigations such as the Aire and Calder Navigation were becoming quite sophisticated, with pound locks and longer and longer "cuts" (some with intermediate locks) to avoid circuitous or difficult stretches of rivers. Eventually, the experience of building long multi-level cuts with their own locks gave rise to the idea of building a "pure" canal, a waterway designed on the basis of where goods needed to go, not where a river happened to be.

The Industrial Revolution
The UK was the first country to develop a nationwide canal network. The canals caused a great change in the economy of Britain. They supported the industries that allowed the country to become the world's first industrial power and created the wealth that led to the British Empire in the Victorian Era. The canals were built because they offered the most economic and reliable way to transport goods and commodities in large quantities. The navigable water network grew rapidly at first and became an almost completely connected transport network. In addition to the building of new canals, older canals were improved. They were given new embankments, tunnels, aqueducts and cuttings. However, there was often fierce opposition to the building.

The Sankey Canal was the first British canal of the Industrial Revolution, opening in 1757. It connected St Helens with Spike Island in Widnes. The canal fuelled the growth of the chemical industry in Widnes, which subsequently became the centre of the industry in England. In the mid-18th century the 3rd Duke of Bridgewater built the Bridgewater Canal. Its purpose was to transport coal from his mines to the industrialising city of Manchester. He commissioned the engineer James Brindley to build the canal; the design included an aqueduct carrying the canal over the River Irwell. The aqueduct was an engineering wonder which attracted tourists. Its construction was funded entirely by the Duke. It opened in 1761 and was the longest canal constructed in Britain to that date. Canal boats could carry thirty tons at a time; one horse could tow more than ten times the amount of cargo that was possible with a cart. The Bridgewater Canal reduced the price of coal in Manchester by nearly two-thirds within a year of its opening. The canal was a huge financial success and repaid the cost of its construction within just a few years.

The 19th century saw some major new canals such as the Caledonian Canal and the Manchester Ship Canal. The new canals proved highly successful. The boats on the canals were horse-drawn with a towpath alongside the canal for the horse to walk along. This horse-drawn system proved to be highly economical and became standard across the British canal network. Commercial horse-drawn canal boats could be seen on the UK's canals until as late as the 1950s, although by then diesel powered boats, often towing a second unpowered boat, had become standard. During the latter part of the 19th century the boat decoration of Roses and Castles began to appear. In this period, whole families lived aboard the boats.

The Golden Age
The period between the 1770s and the 1830s is often referred to as the "Golden Age" of British canals. During this period of canal mania, huge sums were invested in canal building. The canal system expanded to nearly 4,000 mi in length.

At the start of this age, canals were built by groups of private individuals with an interest in improving communications. In Staffordshire the potter Josiah Wedgwood saw an opportunity to bring bulky cargoes of clay to his factory doors, and to minimise breakages of his fragile finished goods as they travelled to market. Within just a few years an embryonic national canal network came into being.

Acts of Parliament were necessary to authorise construction. Canal proposals were put forward by financial investors interested in profiting from dividends, as well as industrial businesses that wanted to move their raw materials and finished goods. There was often out-and-out financial speculation. Speculators would try to buy shares in a newly floated company to sell them on for a profit, regardless of whether the canal was ever profitable, or even built. Rival canal companies were formed, and competition was rampant. For many years, a dispute about tolls meant that goods travelling through Birmingham had to be moved from boats in one canal to boats in the other. On the majority of British canals, the canal-owning companies did not own or run a fleet of boats, since the Acts of Parliament setting them up usually prohibited this, in order to prevent monopolies developing. Instead, they charged private operators tolls to use the canal. These tolls were regulated by the Acts. From the tolls the owners would try, with varying degrees of success, to maintain the canal, pay back initial loans and pay dividends to their shareholders.

Railway competition and decline
From about 1840, the railway network gained greater importance. With the transition from short-distance horse-drawn tramways to increasingly practical, powerful steam locomotives, trains could not only carry more than the canals, but could transport people and goods far more quickly than the walking pace of the canal boats. Most of the investment that had previously gone into canal building was diverted into railway building. By the second half of the 19th century, many canals were owned by railway companies or competing with them, and many were in decline, with decreases in mile-ton charges to try to remain competitive. After this, the less successful canals (particularly narrow-locked canals, whose boats could only carry about thirty tons) failed quickly. Faced with decline, there were at least two attempts by canal owners to convert their canal to a railway. This was vigorously opposed by competing rail interests, and so failed to gain the necessary Act of Parliament.

Canal companies could not compete against the speed of the new railways, and in order to survive, they had to slash their prices. This put an end to the huge profits that canal companies had enjoyed before the coming of the railways, and also had an effect on the boatmen who faced a drop in wages. Flyboat working (see § Boats below) virtually ceased, as it could not compete with the railways on speed and the boatmen found they could only afford to keep their families by taking them with them on the boats. This became standard practice across the canal system, often with families with several children living in tiny boat cabins, creating a considerable community of boat people. Though this community ostensibly had much in common with Gypsies, both communities strongly resisted any such comparison, and surviving boat people feel deeply insulted if described as "water gypsies".

By the 1850s the railway system had become well established, and the amount of cargo carried on the canals had fallen by nearly two-thirds, lost mostly to railway competition. In many cases struggling canal companies were bought out by railway companies. Sometimes this was a tactical move by railway companies to gain ground in their competitors' territory, but sometimes canal companies were bought out either to close them down and remove competition, or to build a railway on the line of the canal. A notable example of this is the Croydon Canal. Some larger canal companies survived independently and continued to make profits. The canals survived through the 19th century largely by occupying the niches in the transport market that the railways had missed, or by supplying local markets such as the coal-hungry factories and mills of the big cities.

During the 19th century the canal systems of many European countries such as France, Germany and the Netherlands were modernised and widened to take much larger boats. This did not happen on a large scale in the UK, mainly because of the power of the railway companies, who owned most of the canals and saw no reason to invest in a competing form of transport. The only significant exception to this was the modernisation carried out on the Grand Union Canal in the 1930s. Thus, almost uniquely in Europe, many of the UK's canals remain as they have been since the 18th and 19th centuries: mostly operated with narrowboats. An exception to this stagnation was the Manchester Ship Canal, newly built in the 1890s using the existing River Irwell and River Mersey, to take ocean-going ships into the centre of Manchester via its neighbour Salford.

Road competition and nationalisation
The 20th century brought competition from road haulage, and the network declined further. In the 1920s and 1930s many canals in rural areas were abandoned due to falling traffic. The main network saw brief surges in use during World War I and World War II. Most of the canal system and inland waterways were nationalised in 1948 and came under the control of the British Transport Commission, whose subsidiary, the Docks and Inland Waterways Executive, managed them into the 1950s. A report in 1955 by the British Transport Commission placed the canals into three categories according to their economic prospects: waterways to be developed, waterways to be retained, and waterways having insufficient commercial prospects to justify their retention for navigation.

During the 1950s and 1960s freight transport on the canals declined rapidly in the face of mass road transport. Coal was still being delivered to waterside factories that had no other convenient access. But many factories that had formerly used coal either switched to using other fuels, often because of the Clean Air Act 1956, or closed completely.

This period was the most destructive for former waterways. The rise in road transport, and enthusiasm for development of new urban trunk roads and motorways, led to many routes being built over, such as parts of the Stroudwater Navigation for the M5, A38, A419, and Dr. Newton's Way. Separately, old canal beds were used as landfill sites, destroyed by flood relief work on nearby rivers, or simply built over during the post-war housing boom.

Under the Transport Act 1962, the surviving canals were transferred in 1963 to the British Waterways Board (BWB), which later became British Waterways. In the same year the BWB decided to formally cease most of its narrowboat operations and transfer them to a private operator called Willow Wren Canal Transport Services. By then the canal network had shrunk to 2,000 mi, half the size it was at its peak in the early 19th century. However, the basic network was still intact; many of the closures were of duplicate routes or branches. By the mid-1960s only a token traffic was left.

The Transport Act 1968 required the British Waterways Board to keep commercial waterways fit for commercial use, and cruising waterways fit for cruising. However, these obligations were subject to the caveat of being by the most economical means. There was no requirement to keep them in a navigable condition; they were to be treated in the most economic way possible, which could mean abandonment. British Waterways could also change the classification of an existing waterway. All or part of the canals could be transferred to local authorities; this allowed roads to be built over them, mitigating the need to build expensive bridges and aqueducts. The last regular long distance narrowboat commercial contract, transporting coal from Atherstone to the Kearley and Tonge jam factory at Southall in west London, ended in 1971. Lime juice continued to be carried between Brentford and Boxmoor until 1981. Substantial tonnages of aggregates were carried by narrowboat on the Grand Union Canal until 1996.

Growth of the leisure industry
The establishment in 1946 of a group called the Inland Waterways Association by L. T. C. Rolt and Robert Aickman helped revive interest in the UK's canals to the point where they are a major leisure destination. In the 1960s the infant canal leisure industry was only just sufficient to prevent the closure of the remaining canals, but then the pressure to maintain canals for leisure purposes increased. Although out of commercial or leisure use, many canals survived because they formed part of local water supply and drainage networks. From the 1970s, increasing numbers of closed canals were restored by enthusiast volunteers.

The Canal and River Trust maintains a list of the sites it believes are the most important; it is called the Seven Wonders of the Waterways. The list includes:

 * Standedge Tunnel, the longest, deepest, and highest canal tunnel in the United Kingdom.
 * The Caen Hill Flight lock flight, one of the longest continuous lock flights in the country.
 * Barton Swing Aqueduct, the world's only swinging aqueduct, on the Bridgewater canal.
 * The Anderton Boat Lift, the world's first commercially successful boat lift and until the opening of the Falkirk Wheel the only boat lift in the United Kingdom.
 * Bingley Five Rise Locks, a staircase lock that is the steepest in the country.
 * Burnley Embankment, an innovative solution to a canal crossing a wide valley.
 * The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, the longest and highest aqueduct in the United Kingdom.

Role in the slave trade
During the Atlantic Slave Trade, some canals were also used to carry cotton, tobacco and sugar produced by slaves. Moses Benson, a Liverpool slaver, invested in the Lancaster Canal, which subsequently had a dramatic effect on the economy of Preston.

Other slavers like Lowbridge Bright sat on the board of Thames and Severn Canal Company. George Hyde Dyke was a shareholder in the Peak Forest Canal Company. William Carey owned shares in the Grand Junction Canal.

Construction, features and maintenance
Locks are the most common means of raising or lowering a boat from one water level to another. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a fixed chamber whose water-level can be changed. For reasons of economy and the constraints of 18th-century engineering technology, the early canals were built to a narrow width. The standard for the dimensions of narrow canal locks was set by Brindley with his first canal locks, those on the Trent and Mersey Canal in 1776. These locks were 72 ft long by 7 ft wide. The narrow width was perhaps chosen because he could only build Harecastle Tunnel to accommodate 7 ft wide boats. His next locks were wider. He built locks 72 ft long by 15 ft wide when he extended the Bridgewater Canal to Runcorn, where the canal's only locks lowered boats to the River Mersey. The narrow locks on the Trent and Mersey limited the width (beam) of the boats (which came to be called narrowboats), and thus limited the quantity of the cargo they could carry to around thirty tonnes. This meant that in later years the canal network was economically uncompetitive for freight transport, and by the mid 20th century it was no longer possible to work a thirty-tonne load economically.

Where a large height difference has to be overcome, locks are built close together in a flight such as at Caen Hill Locks. Where the gradient is very steep, a set of staircase locks are sometimes used, like Bingley Five Rise Locks. At the other extreme stop locks have little or no change in level but were built to conserve water where one canal joined another. An interesting example is King's Norton Stop Lock which was built with guillotine gates.

Canal aqueducts are structures that carry a canal across a valley, road, railway, or another canal. Dundas Aqueduct is built of stone in a classical style. Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is an iron trough on tall stone piers. Barton Swing Aqueduct opens to let ships pass underneath on the Manchester Ship Canal. Three Bridges, London is a clever arrangement allowing the routes of the Grand Junction Canal, a road, and a railway line to cross each other.

Boat lifts are mechanical elevators that raise a canal boat vertically in one motion, rather than being raised by a series of locks. Examples are the Anderton Boat Lift, Falkirk Wheel and Combe Hay Caisson Lock. Inclined planes raise a canal boat up a hill on a track, powered by a pulley mechanism. Examples are the Hay Inclined Plane, Foxton Inclined Plane and Worsley Underground Incline. Tunnels take canal boats horizontally through a rock formation. In winter, special icebreaker boats with reinforced hulls would be used to break the ice.

The engineers who designed and built the canals included: Henry Berry, James Brindley, James Dadford, John Dadford, Thomas Dadford, Thomas Dadford Jr., William Jessop, James Green, Sir Edward Leader Williams, Thomas Telford and John Rennie the Elder.

Boats
The boats used on canals were usually derived from local coasting or river craft, but on the narrow canals the 7 ft narrowboat was the standard. Their 72 ft length came from the boats used on the Mersey estuary, with their width of 7 ft chosen as half that of existing boats. Packet boats carried packages up to 112 lb in weight as well as passengers at relatively high speed day and night. To compete with railways, the flyboat was introduced, cargo-carrying boats working day and night. These boats were crewed by three men, who operated a watch system whereby two men worked while the other slept. Horses were changed regularly. When steam boats were introduced in the late nineteenth century, crews were enlarged to four. The boats were owned and operated by individual carriers, or by carrying companies who would pay the captain a wage depending on the distance travelled, and the amount of cargo.

Many different varieties of boats were used on the canals. They included cabin cruisers, fly-boats, Humber Keels, Mersey Flats, narrowboats, trows, sloops and tub boats.

Restoration
Waterway restoration organisations have returned many hundreds of miles of abandoned and remainder canals to use, and work is still ongoing to save many more. Many restoration projects have been led by local canal societies or trusts, who were initially formed to fight the closure of a remainder waterway or to save an abandoned canal from further decay. They now work with local authorities and landowners to protect historic routes or proposed future diversions from being built over, develop restoration plans, and secure funding. The physical work is sometimes done by contractors, sometimes by volunteers. In 1970 the Waterway Recovery Group was formed to co-ordinate volunteer efforts on canals and river navigations throughout the United Kingdom.

British Waterways began to see the economic and social potential of canalside development, and moved from hostility towards restoration, through neutrality, towards a supportive stance. While British Waterways was broadly supportive of restoration, its official policy was that it would not take on the support of newly restored navigations unless they came with a sufficient dowry to pay for their ongoing upkeep. In effect, this meant either reclassifying the Remainder Waterway as a Cruising Waterway or entering into an agreement for another body to maintain the waterway. Today the great majority of canals in England and Wales are managed by the Canal & River Trust which, unlike its predecessor British Waterways, tries to have a more positive view of canal restoration and in some cases actively supports ongoing restoration projects such as the restoration projects on the Manchester Bolton & Bury Canal and the Grantham Canal.

There has also been a movement to redevelop canals in inner city areas, such as Birmingham, Manchester, Salford and Sheffield, which have both numerous waterways and urban blight. In these cities, waterways redevelopment provides a focus for successful commercial/residential developments such as Gas Street Basin in Birmingham, Castlefield Basin and Salford Quays in Manchester, Victoria Quays in Sheffield. However, these developments are sometimes controversial. In 2005 environmentalists complained that housing developments on London's waterways threatened the vitality of the canal system. Restoration projects by volunteer-led groups continue. There is now a substantial network of interconnecting, fully navigable canals across the country. In places, serious plans are in progress by the Environment Agency and the Canal & River Trust, for building new canals to expand the network, link isolated sections, and create new leisure opportunities for navigating "canal rings", for example the Fens Waterways Link and the Bedford and Milton Keynes Waterway. The Rochdale Canal, the Huddersfield Narrow Canal and the Droitwich Canals have all been restored to navigation since 2000.

Geographic locations
The bulk of the canal system was built in the industrial Midlands and the north of England, where navigable rivers most needed extending and connecting, and heavy cargoes of manufactured goods, raw materials or coal most needed carrying. The great manufacturing cities of Manchester and Birmingham were major economic drivers. Most of the traffic on the canal network was internal. However, the network linked with coastal port cities such as London, Liverpool, and Bristol, where cargo could be exchanged with seagoing ships for import and export. In the 19th century, Manchester's merchants became dissatisfied with the poor service and high charges offered by the Liverpool docks, and the near-monopoly of the railways. They decided to bypass the Liverpool monopoly on coastal trade by converting a section of the Irwell into the Manchester Ship Canal, which opened in 1894, turning Manchester into an inland port in its own right.

The industrial revolution saw Yorkshire towns and cities such as Leeds, Sheffield and Bradford develop large textile and coal mining industries, which required an efficient transport system. As early as the late 17th century, the Aire and Calder and Calder and Hebble navigations had been canalised, allowing navigation from Leeds to the Humber Estuary, whereas the River Don Navigation connected Sheffield to the Humber. Later in the 18th century, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal was constructed, creating an east–west link, giving access to the port at Liverpool allowing export of finished goods.

London has a port, and as early as 1790 this was linked to the national network via the River Thames and the Oxford Canal. A more direct route between London and the national canal network, the Grand Junction Canal, opened in 1805. Relatively few canals were built in London itself.

South West England had several east–west cross-country canals, which connected the River Thames to the River Severn and the River Avon, allowing the cities of Bristol and Bath to be connected to London. These were the Thames and Severn Canal which linked to the Stroudwater Navigation, the Kennet and Avon Canal and the Wilts and Berks Canal, which linked to these three rivers.

Within Scotland, the Forth and Clyde Canal and the Union Canal connected the major cities in the industrial Central Belt; they also provide a short cut for boats to cross between the west and the east without a sea voyage. The Caledonian Canal provided a similar function in the Highlands of Scotland.

Canal museums

 * National Waterways Museum, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire
 * Foxton Canal Museum, Harborough, Leicestershire
 * Galton Valley Canal Heritage Centre, Smethwick, West Midlands
 * Gloucester Waterways Museum, Gloucestershire
 * Kennet & Avon Canal Museum, Devizes, Wiltshire
 * Linlithgow Canal Centre, Scotland
 * Llangollen Canal Museum, North Wales
 * London Canal Museum, Kings Cross, London
 * Portland Basin Museum, Manchester
 * Stoke Bruerne Canal Museum, Northamptonshire
 * Tapton Lock Visitor Centre, Chesterfield
 * Yorkshire Waterways Museum, Goole, East Yorkshire

Canal archives
The Canals Collection at the Cadbury Research Library (University of Birmingham) contains archive materials relating to Midlands canals in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.

title: History of the British canal system


text:
Yoshiharu

Yoshiharu is a masculine Japanese given name.

Possible writings
Yoshiharu can be written using many different combinations of kanji characters. Here are some examples:

 * 義治, "justice, to manage"
 * 義春, "justice, spring"
 * 義温, "justice, to warm up"
 * 吉治, "good luck, to manage"
 * 吉春, "good luck, spring"
 * 吉温, "good luck, to warm up"
 * 善治, "virtuous, to manage"
 * 善春, "virtuous, spring"
 * 芳治, "virtuous/fragrant, to manage"
 * 芳春, "virtuous/fragrant, spring"
 * 良治, "good, to manage"
 * 良春, "good, spring"
 * 慶治, "congratulate, to manage"
 * 由治, "reason, to manage"
 * 与志治, "give, determination, to manage"
 * 嘉治, "excellent, to manage"
 * 嘉温, "excellent, to warm up"

The name can also be written in hiragana よしはる or katakana ヨシハル.

Notable people with the name

 * Yoshiharu Abe (阿部 義晴), Japanese musician and record producer
 * Yoshiharu Ashikaga (足利 義晴), Japanese shōgun
 * Yoshiharu Fukuhara (福原 吉春), Japanese alpine skier
 * Yoshiharu Habu (羽生 善治), Japanese shogi and chess player
 * Yoshiharu Horii (堀井 美晴), Japanese footballer and manager
 * Yoshiharu Horio (堀尾 吉晴), Japanese daimyō
 * Yoshiharu Iwamoto (厳本 善治), Japanese educator
 * Yoshiharu Kohayakawa (小早川 美晴, born 1963), Japanese-Brazilian mathematician
 * Yoshiharu Osaka (大阪 可治, born 1947), Japanese karateka
 * Yoshiharu Sagara (相良 義陽), Japanese daimyō
 * Yoshiharu Sekino (関野 吉晴), Japanese surgeon, explorer, travel writer, photographer and anthropologist
 * Yoshiharu Tochiisami (栃勇 義治), Japanese sumo wrestler
 * Yoshiharu Tomonaga (友永 義治), Japanese sprinter
 * Yoshiharu Tsuge (つげ 義春), Japanese manga artist and writer
 * Yoshiharu Ueno (上野 良治), Japanese footballer
 * Yoshiharu Yamaguchi (山口 良治), Japanese rugby union player

title: Yoshiharu