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Os Mutantes

Os Mutantes (, The Mutants) are an influential Brazilian rock band that were linked with the Tropicália movement, a dissident musical movement during the Brazilian dictatorship of the late 1960s. The band is considered to be one of the main groups of Brazilian rock. Heavily influenced by Anglo-American psychedelic pop, they bridged Brazilian sensibilities together with studio trickery, feedback, distortion, and musique concrète. They released their now-acclaimed self-titled debut album in 1968.

Os Mutantes debuted their work in 1966, as a trio, when they presented themselves in the program O Pequeno Mundo de Ronnie Von of TV Record. The group was christened Mutantes by Ronnie Von himself, right before their first TV appearance. The group until then called themselves Os Bruxos (meaning The Witches, in Portuguese) and the suggestion came from the book Emperor of the Mutants, by Stefan Wul (the book's original title in French is La Mort Vivante). The group quickly became one of the main figures of the "new MPB" (popular Brazilian music), influenced by Tropicália, until their breakup in 1978, only with Sérgio Dias as an original member. Throughout these twelve years, nine albums were recorded, although two of them – O A e o Z and Tecnicolor – were only released in the 1990s. It was during this later decade that the importance of Os Mutantes was recognized, by both national and international rock, as one of the most creative dynamic, radical and talented groups of the psychedelic era.

Although the original line-up (Rita Lee, Arnaldo Baptista and Sérgio Dias; and later with Liminha and Dinho Leme) made the most notable breakthrough for the group, it has gone through numerous personnel changes throughout its existence. After a hiatus from the late 1970s to the early 2000s, the band reunited in 2006, touring and recording new material.

Origins
Os Mutantes was formed in São Paulo in 1966 by two brothers: Arnaldo Baptista (bass, keyboards and vocals) and Sérgio Dias Baptista (guitar and vocals), and lead singer Rita Lee. They were originally named Six Sided Rockers. The Baptistas' father was a poet and mother a pianist, and the two had previously had an all-male band called The Wooden Faces, while Lee was in an all-female band called The Teenage Singers. Sérgio Dias' guitar, the Golden Guitar (Guitarra de Ouro), was created by Arnaldo and Sérgio's brother, Cláudio César Dias Baptista, who built many of their instruments and electronic effects. Their current name was settled upon immediately before a performance on a Brazilian television program.

Tropicália
Through other TV performances, the band was able to meet Gilberto Gil, an influential musician in the Tropicália movement, who brought them into the movement's circle. Os Mutantes released two albums heavily influenced by Tropicália, which blended psychedelic rock with other forms of art. They performed and recorded with many artists of this period, including Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil, before Veloso and Gil were arrested and subsequently exiled by the military government of Brazil in early 1969. During this period, Os Mutantes were also threatened by the military government of Brazil of that time.

In 1967, Os Mutantes backed Gilberto Gil when he competed in the third annual Festival of Brazilian Popular Music, making Brazilian music history by being one of the first two rock groups to participate, and Gil won second prize in the song competition with his song "Domingo no Parque" ("Sunday in the Park"). Gil's friend Caetano Veloso also performed with a rock group, São Paulo band Beat Boys, and although his unorthodox performance met with some initial resistance, he eventually won over the crowd with his song "Alegria, Alegria", which was awarded fourth place in the competition. The next year Os Mutantes collaborated with Gilberto Gil on his second solo album, and they also contributed to the manifesto work of the Tropicália movement, the landmark 1968 album Tropicália: ou Panis et Circencis (Tropicália: or Bread and Circuses) a collaborative album recorded by all the major figures in the movement, including Os Mutantes, Gilberto Gll, Caetano Veloso, Gal Costa, and Tom Zé, with orchestrations by Rogerio Duprat and lyrical contributions from Torquato Neto.

In sharp contrast to their well-received festival appearance in 1967, the group famously met with intense hostility when they backed Caetano Veloso for his two now-legendary performances at the third International Song Festival in Rio, which caused a near-riot. In the first round of the festival's song competition on 12 September 1968, Veloso and Os Mutantes were loudly jeered, booed and insulted by a large group of students in the audience, who were vehemently opposed to the Tropicalists' musical experiments, and who were further infuriated by Veloso's outlandish costume, and his provocatively sexual stage movements. In the second round of the competition on 15 September, Veloso and Os Mutantes performed a wild new psychedelic piece that Veloso had written for the occasion, called "É proibido proibir" ("It Is Forbidden to Forbid"); this was recorded live and an excerpt was later released as the b-side of the studio recording of the single. The students began heckling even before the ensemble took the stage, and throughout the song, the anti-Tropicalist faction in the audience jeered and booed so loudly that the performers could barely be heard. The students also began throwing eggs, fruit, vegetables and paper balls and a section of the audience stood up and turned their backs on the performers, to which Os Mutantes responded by turning their backs to the audience. Os Mutantes continued playing, but Veloso stopped singing and spontaneously launched into an impassioned diatribe, denouncing the student faction for their conservatism, which provoked even louder howls of disapproval from the audience. Although the ensemble was joined on stage by Gilberto Gil, who came out to show his support, the jeering continued unabated, so Veloso angrily declared that he would no longer participate in the competition; he then finished the song deliberately out of tune, and he, Gilberto and Os Mutantes left the stage arm-in-arm.

Mid-seventies
In 1971, bassist Arnolpho Lima Filho ("Liminha") and drummer Ronaldo Leme ("Dinho") officially joined the band. They released five albums together before Lee departed in 1972 to start a solo career. Rita Lee's 1972 album Hoje É o Primeiro Dia do Resto da Sua Vida was actually recorded with Os Mutantes but credited to Rita Lee due to record company disagreements. Subsequently, the band moved in a progressive rock direction with the album O A e o Z, recorded in 1973 but released only in 1992 due to disagreement with the record company. Arnaldo left the band in that year to pursue a solo career due to differences with other band members and problems with the abuse of LSD, followed by Dinho and, a year later, Liminha. Arnaldo subsequently was institutionalized and jumped from the building's window, causing a six-week coma. Sérgio Dias, the only remaining original member, led the band until its dissolution in 1978. During this time, they released one more studio album, a live album and an EP. Two unreleased albums were released many years later, the aforementioned O A e o Z and Tecnicolor recorded in 1970 and released in 2000.

Reunion
Os Mutantes (Arnaldo, Sérgio and Dinho, sans Rita Lee and Liminha—Lee was replaced with Zélia Duncan on vocals) played live for the first time since 1978 at the Tropicalia exhibition at London's Barbican Arts Centre on 22 May 2006. This performance, which was first by drummer Dinho Leme since the end of Os Mutantes, was followed by shows in New York City, Los Angeles (with the Flaming Lips), San Francisco, Seattle, Denver, Chicago, and Miami. They have also collaborated with British DJ JD Twitch, in a Britain/Brazil culture project in 2007, called Trocabrahma. In September 2007, both Arnaldo Baptista and Zélia Duncan left the band. Both expressed wishes to continue with their respective solo projects. Sérgio Dias, however, vowed to keep the reformed band alive, not wanting to let "the giant sleep again", as he put it.

In November, it was reported that Liminha would return to the fold, while Karina Zeviani was said to replace Duncan as the band's female vocalist. Neither is part of the new band lineup. Sérgio Dias announced in late 2007 the recording of a new studio album, with some collaboration by Tom Zé and Devendra Banhart. In April 2008, Os Mutantes released their first song in more than 30 years, called "Mutantes Depois", with new female vocalist Bia Mendes and male vocalist Fabio Recco, available for digital download and online stream.

In June 2008, "A Minha Menina" was the featured audio track for the McDonald's commercial "Victory."

In 2009, the band announced their first new release in 35 years, Haih Or Amortecedor, which was released on 8 September, by ANTI- Records. They did an extensive North American tour in support of the album in the fall of 2009 and played at the Glastonbury Festival in June 2010. The band also toured North America in the fall of 2010.

In 2011, they collaborated with Of Montreal on the song "Bat Macumba" for the Red Hot Organization's most recent charitable album "Red Hot+Rio 2." The album is a follow-up to the 1996 "Red Hot + Rio." Proceeds from the sales will be donated to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health and social issues.

On 30 April 2013, Fool Metal Jack was released. Unlike Haih Or Amortecedor, the album's lyrics are mostly in English. The album features a slightly different lineup than Haih, with Ani Cordero replacing Dinho Leme on drums and Amy Crawford replacing Henrique Peters on keyboards. The band toured North America in support of the album.

In 2022–2023, Os Mutantes fronted by Sérgio Dias, went on a North American tour.

Legacy
When Os Mutantes was formed, it combined influences from rock acts from the English-speaking world like The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, Sly & the Family Stone, the Ventures, and Duane Eddy with bossa nova, tropicália, samba and the cultural legacy of the Brazilian art vanguards from the modernist movement.

Os Mutantes is one of the most well-known and influential rock bands in Brazil. In addition, many contemporary underground or independent bands in the United States and Europe cite Os Mutantes as a major influence. Kurt Cobain publicly requested a reunion tour from the trio in 1993, writing a letter to Arnaldo Baptista. Cobain was introduced to them by Pat Fear from White Flag (whose collaboration with Redd Kross and other friends under the name The Tater Totz was the first American band to cover or even cite Os Mutantes on their 1988 LP Alien Sleestaks from Brazil). Beck paid tribute to the group with his single "Tropicália" from the album Mutations. The Bees covered "A Minha Menina" on their first album, Sunshine Hit Me. Red Hot Chili Peppers bass player Flea has stated on his Twitter account that "Os Mutantes the Brazilian band is so great". Kevin Barnes of [sic] Of Montreal cites Os Mutantes as an important influence. Talking Heads frontman David Byrne has worked to publish and promote the group's music through his Luaka Bop label.

Their song Ave Lucifer has been sampled on Captain Murphy's song "The Killing Joke" (produced by Flying Lotus).

Discography
The discography of Os Mutantes consists of ten studio albums, two live albums, ten compilation albums, four extended plays, ten singles and one video album

title: Os Mutantes


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Hoover–Minthorn House

The Hoover–Minthorn House is a museum in Newberg, Oregon, United States, created from the residence of Herbert Hoover, thirty-first President of the United States. Hoover lived there from 1885 to 1891, with his uncle and aunt John and Laura Minthorn. The Minthorns were administrators of the Quaker school Friends Pacific Academy, now George Fox University, which Hoover and his brother Tad attended.

The house, an Italianate design built in 1881 by Jesse Edwards, a Quaker merchant, is the first residence Edwards built and the oldest house still standing in what is now Newberg, Oregon. Representing vernacular design in the Willamette Valley, it was restored and opened to the public in 1955. It is located on 115 South River Street. Owned and operated as a house museum by the Oregon chapter of The National Society of the Colonial Dames of America, it has been furnished with late 19th-century period furnishings, including the bedroom furniture used by Hoover as a boy.

The house was placed on the National Register of Historic Places (as the Dr. Henry J. Minthorn House aka Herbert Hoover House) in 2003.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hoover–Minthorn House


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Joe Pantoliano

Joseph Peter Pantoliano (born September 12, 1951) is an American actor who has played over 150 roles across film, television, and theater. He is best known for portraying Ralph "Ralphie" Cifaretto on the HBO crime drama The Sopranos (1999–2007), for which he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, and Cypher in the sci-fi action film The Matrix (1999).

After early roles in the television series M*A*S*H and the comedy film Risky Business, Pantoliano gained recognition for numerous supporting roles in films and television shows such as Hill Street Blues, The Goonies, La Bamba, Empire of the Sun, Midnight Run, NYPD Blue, Memento, and Bad Boys and its sequels. He also appeared in The Fugitive and its spin-off U.S. Marshals. He began working with the Wachowskis in their directorial debut Bound, and later appeared in their film The Matrix and their sci-fi series Sense8.

Pantoliano has published two memoirs and is active in the field of mental health, having documented his mother's issues and his own. He founded the nonprofit No Kidding, Me Too! which is dedicated to removing the stigma from mental illness.

Early life
Joseph Peter Pantoliano was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, on September 12, 1951, the son of Italian-American parents Mary (née Centrella) and Dominic "Monk" Pantoliano. His mother was a bookmaker and seamstress, while his father was a hearse driver and factory foreman. His family moved to Cliffside Park, New Jersey, where he attended Cliffside Park High School. He attended the HB Studio and studied extensively under actors Herbert Berghof and John Lehne.

Career
Pantoliano first grew to fame as Guido the killer pimp in 1983's Risky Business. In 1985 he appeared as the villainous Francis Fratelli in teen classic The Goonies. He gained fame among a new generation as Cypher in the 1999 landmark sci-fi film The Matrix. He won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for the role of Ralph Cifaretto in HBO's The Sopranos.

Pantoliano is also known for his role as Eddie Moscone, the foul-mouthed, double-crossing bail bondsman, in the Robert De Niro comedy Midnight Run, as Captain Conrad Howard in Bad Boys, Bad Boys II, Bad Boys for Life and Bad Boys: Ride or Die, as double-crossed mafioso Caesar in Bound, as John "Teddy" Gammell in Memento, and as investigative journalist Ben Urich in Mark Steven Johnson's 2003 Daredevil adaptation. He played Deputy U.S. Marshal Cosmo Renfro in The Fugitive along with Tommy Lee Jones and reprised the role in the sequel U.S. Marshals.

In 2003 Pantoliano replaced Stanley Tucci in the Broadway play Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune.

In 2012 Pantoliano starred as the eccentric pawn broker Oswald Oswald in the film adaptation of Wendy Mass's popular children's book Jeremy Fink and the Meaning of Life, written and directed by Tamar Halpern. In 2013, he was cast as Yogi Berra in the Broadway production of Bronx Bombers, but dropped out during rehearsals due to "creative differences." From 2015 to 2018 he played Michael Gorski in the Wachowskis' Netflix series Sense8.

Personal life
Pantoliano was married to Morgan Kester from 1979 until they divorced in 1985. He married his second wife, former model Nancy Sheppard, in 1994; they have four children together, and reside in Connecticut. He was introduced to Sheppard by actress Samantha Phillips.

During his tenure on The Sopranos, Pantoliano struggled to stay anonymous in his native New Jersey; when filming his scenes as Ralph, he prevented the public from recognizing him by wearing a wig based on the hairstyle of filmmaker Christopher Nolan, who had previously directed him in Memento. Ralph's secret use of a wig later became a minor plot point in one episode of the show.

On October 9, 2007, Pantoliano announced on the National Alliance on Mental Illness blog that he had been suffering from clinical depression for the last decade, although he was only formally diagnosed recently. He also has dyslexia. He said that his 2006 film Canvas helped him come to terms with his depression. Rather than hide his illness from the public, he chose to speak out about it to remove some of the stigma commonly associated with mental illness. He founded a nonprofit organization called No Kidding, Me Too! which aims to unite members of the entertainment industry in educating the public about mental illness. The title comes from the response he has frequently heard after revealing how mental illness affected him and his family. He directed, wrote, and starred in the documentary ''No Kidding! Me 2!!'' (2009).

Pantoliano is the author of two memoirs: Who's Sorry Now: The True Story of a Stand-Up Guy and Asylum: Hollywood Tales From My Great Depression: Brain Dis-Ease, Recovery, and Being My Mother's Son. He revealed in the latter that he struggled with alcoholism, food addiction, sex addiction, and addictions to Vicodin and Percocet before being diagnosed with clinical depression.

On May 1, 2020, Pantoliano suffered a concussion and chest trauma when he was struck by a vehicle while walking in his neighborhood.

title: Joe Pantoliano


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Talk:Bloc voting

Don't we mean Bloc voting? -- Zoe

Strangely, the Google Dictionary of Contemporary English Usage gives "about 2,110" for both forms. Although "bloc" probably makes more sense, "block" seems to be widely used in reference to the Australian Senate, at least.

Maybe we should move the page, and leave "block voting" as a redirect

Pde 23:58 Mar 6, 2003 (UTC)

Regarding this addition: From User:Henrygb
 * If each voter can vote for an unlimited number of candidates (including the possibility of voting for more than the number to be elected), then the system becomes block approval voting, a multiple winner variant of approval voting.

 * This does not belong here. Bloc Voting and Limited Voting are REAL election methods. Both are based on the limitation that voters have less votes than winners. Approval voting doesn't belong here since it is not used anywhere in the world as an election method, and it failed one-person-one-vote ideal of democracy. --Tom Ruen 18:54, Jun 29, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hearing no comments, I reverted the page changes --Tom Ruen 20:20, Jun 30, 2004 (UTC)

Yeah, but what is it?
From time to time I come across articles like this, that talk about a thing without ever telling you what it is.

I'll quote two bits of the first paragraph to illustrate:

1. Bloc voting (or block voting) refers to a class of voting systems which can be used to elect several representatives from a single multimember constituency.

 * From this we know that it's a type of voting system, and that it can be used in conjunction with multimember constituencies. Doesn't tell us what it is though.

2. There are several variations of bloc voting [but] they all produce similar results

 * What is similar about the results? What do the variations have in common that makes them examples of block voting?

An article that doesn't even define what it's about might as well be deleted.

Ben Arnold 03:38, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Your point is well taken. This article could use an example section just as all the other voting systems articles can.  I'll make one in the next few days.  Scott Ritchie 07:46, 20 December 2005 (UTC)

I should have thought of that.
When I removed the voting wikilink behind the Robert's Rules link in the Bloc voting article, I should have reset it to Robert's Rules, as you did. Thanks for doing that. ~ Parlirules (talk) 17:52, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

I propose a split
This article covers three different topics that should probably be split into separate articles: plurality-at-large voting, preferential bloc voting, and voting as a bloc. The latter should probably be merged into a section of voting bloc, however the former two are different enough with regards to history, usage, and counting to warrant the split. Barring objection I'll be bold and do this myself. Scott Ritchie (talk) 20:56, 15 August 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Bloc voting


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User:Yvesb

fr:Utilisateur:Yvesb

Living in Brussels, Belgium. I'm a passionate observer and humble participant of the Open Source movement. See http://tinyxpath.sourceforge.net and http://sourceforge.net/projects/tinyxml You can find me on the French wikipedia as well : http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Yvesb

title: User:Yvesb


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Talk:H.L. Menken

Zoe, if you look at the link page, it attributes the text to here. LOL. - &#35918&#30505

- which no doubt begs the question - how in the hell did they attribute an article I just stubbed? This is a Wikipediadox...--- &#35918&#30505

 * They didn't get it from here: they got it from H. L. Mencken. Check spelling before creating new articles, yes?
 * --Paul A 05:38 Mar 6, 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:H.L. Menken


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Talk:Nuremberg trials

Light pro-defendant bias?
I dont think this is near obvious or major enough to warrant a tag in the article, and Im certainly not an experienced enough editor to make a full claim of bias here, but while reading the section on the prosecutions and defences I couldnt help but feel like their structure and wording lightly (that is to say, quite subtly) favors the defence and guides the reader towards believing the defence was treated unfairly. I was hoping a more experienced editor could take a look and give their thoughts. Googleguy007 (talk) 12:56, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

 * specifically what in the article is leading you to this conclusion? (t · c)  buidhe  13:08, 17 October 2023 (UTC)

Date of the British prosecution's opening speech
The article states that Hartley Shawcross gave an opening speech on the 12th of December: "The British prosecution covered the charge of crimes against peace, [...] On 12 December, Shawcross gave the opening speech..." in the 'American and British Prosecution' section of 'Course of the trial'. However, the Avalon Project's transcript of the trials (linked in the article itself) lists Shawcross's speech as having taken place on the 4th of December instead (https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/imtproc_v3menu.asp). At least one other source found online supports this date (the webpage of Rober H. Jackson Center - https://www.roberthjackson.org/nuremberg-event/british-opening-statement-2/). As the other dates in the article appear to line up with Avalon Project, this may be a mistake caused by the fact that 4th of December was the twelfth day of the trials. Jko.366 (talk) 01:24, 9 January 2024 (UTC)

Merge proposal
I propose merging Subsequent Nuremburg Trials into Nuremburg trials. I think that since most of the content of the quite short Subsequent Nuremberg Trials article already exists under the heading: "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials" in the article of Nuremberg Trials, a merge would not cause any article-size or weighting problems in Nuremberg Trials, and would in fact enhance the main article, which is notably more popular between the two. ShoBDin (talk) 15:36, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Oppose adding more content about the subsequent trials to this article would be UNDUE. (t · c)  buidhe  17:13, 17 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nuremberg trials


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Wireless access point

In computer networking, a wireless access point, or more generally just access point (AP), is a networking hardware device that allows other Wi-Fi devices to connect to a wired network or wireless network. As a standalone device, the AP may have a wired or wireless connection to a router or router, but, in a wireless router, it can also be an integral component of the networking devices itself. An WAP & AP is differentiated from a Wi-Fi|Mi-Fi)|hotspot, which is a can be a physical location or digital location where Wi-Fi or WAP access is available.

Although WAP has been used correctly to describe an access point in mobile telephony phones, which are managed by an Internet service provider and can be modified while using a SIM card or ESIM which acts as a modem in mobile phone device. WAP refers to Wireless Access Point protocol in digital cellular networks in a mobile telephony device.

Connections
An AP connects directly to a wired local area network, typically Ethernet, and the AP then provides wireless connections using wireless LAN technology, typically Wi-Fi, for other devices to use that wired connection. APs support the connection of multiple wireless devices through their one wired connection.

Wireless data standards
There are many wireless data standards that have been introduced for wireless access point and wireless router technology. New standards have been created to accommodate the increasing need for faster wireless connections. Access points can provide backward compatibility with older Wi-Fi protocols as many devices were manufactured for use with older standards.

 * 802.11a
 * 802.11b
 * 802.11g
 * 802.11n (Wi-Fi 4)
 * 802.11ac (Wi-Fi 5)
 * 802.11ax, (Wi-Fi 6)

Wireless access point vs. ad hoc network
Some people confuse wireless access points with wireless ad hoc networks. An ad hoc network uses a connection between two or more devices without using a wireless access point; the devices communicate directly. Because setup is easy and does not require an access point, an ad hoc network is used in situations such as a quick data exchange or a multiplayer video game. Due to its peer-to-peer layout, ad hoc Wi-Fi connections are similar to connections available using Bluetooth.

Ad hoc connections are generally not recommended for a permanent installation. Internet access via ad hoc networks, using features like Windows' Internet Connection Sharing or dedicated software such as WiFi Direct Access Point, may work well with a small number of devices that are close to each other, but ad hoc networks do not scale well. Internet traffic will converge to the nodes with direct internet connection, potentially congesting these nodes. For internet-enabled nodes, access points have a clear advantage, with the possibility of having a wired LAN.

Limitations
It is generally recommended that one IEEE 802.11 AP should have, at a maximum, 10–25 clients. However, the actual maximum number of clients that can be supported can vary significantly depending on several factors, such as type of APs in use, density of client environment, desired client throughput, etc. The range of communication can also vary significantly, depending on such variables as indoor or outdoor placement, height above ground, nearby obstructions, other electronic devices that might actively interfere with the signal by broadcasting on the same frequency, type of antenna, the current weather, operating radio frequency, and the power output of devices. Network designers can extend the range of APs through the use of repeaters, which amplify a radio signal, and reflectors, which only bounce it. In experimental conditions, wireless networking has operated over distances of several hundred kilometers.

Most jurisdictions have only a limited number of frequencies legally available for use by wireless networks. Usually, adjacent APs will use different frequencies (channels) to communicate with their clients in order to avoid interference between the two nearby systems. Wireless devices can "listen" for data traffic on other frequencies, and can rapidly switch from one frequency to another to achieve better reception. However, the limited number of frequencies becomes problematic in crowded downtown areas with tall buildings using multiple APs. In such an environment, signal overlap becomes an issue causing interference, which results in signal degradation and data errors.

Wireless networking lags wired networking in terms of increasing bandwidth and throughput. While (as of 2013) high-density 256-QAM modulation, 3-antenna wireless devices for the consumer market can reach sustained real-world speeds of some 240 Mbit/s at 13 m behind two standing walls (NLOS) depending on their nature or 360 Mbit/s at 10 m line of sight or 380 Mbit/s at 2 m line of sight (IEEE 802.11ac) or 20 to 25 Mbit/s at 2 m line of sight (IEEE 802.11g), wired hardware of similar cost reaches closer to 1000 Mbit/s up to specified distance of 100 m with twisted-pair cabling in optimal conditions (Category 5 (known as Cat-5) or better cabling with Gigabit Ethernet). One impediment to increasing the speed of wireless communications comes from Wi-Fi's use of a shared communications medium: Thus, two stations in infrastructure mode that are communicating with each other even over the same AP must have each and every frame transmitted twice: from the sender to the AP, then from the AP to the receiver. This approximately halves the effective bandwidth, so an AP is only able to use somewhat less than half the actual over-the-air rate for data throughput. Thus a typical 54 Mbit/s wireless connection actually carries TCP/IP data at 20 to 25 Mbit/s. Users of legacy wired networks expect faster speeds, and people using wireless connections keenly want to see the wireless networks catch up.

By 2012, 802.11n based access points and client devices have already taken a fair share of the marketplace and with the finalization of the 802.11n standard in 2009 inherent problems integrating products from different vendors are less prevalent.

Security
Wireless access has special security considerations. Many wired networks base the security on physical access control, trusting all the users on the local network, but if wireless access points are connected to the network, anybody within range of the AP (which typically extends farther than the intended area) can attach to the network.

The most common solution is wireless traffic encryption. Modern access points come with built-in encryption. The first generation encryption scheme, WEP, proved easy to crack; the second and third generation schemes, WPA and WPA2, are considered secure if a strong enough password or passphrase is used.

Some APs support hotspot style authentication using RADIUS and other authentication servers.

Opinions about wireless network security vary widely. For example, in a 2008 article for Wired magazine, Bruce Schneier asserted the net benefits of open Wi-Fi without passwords outweigh the risks, a position supported in 2014 by Peter Eckersley of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. The opposite position was taken by Nick Mediati in an article for PC World, in which he advocates that every wireless access point should be protected with a password.

title: Wireless access point


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Khaki

The color khaki is a light shade of tan with a slight yellowish tinge.

Khaki has been used by many armies around the world for uniforms and equipment, particularly in arid or desert regions, where it provides camouflage relative to sandy or dusty terrain. It has been used as a color name in English since 1848 when it was introduced as a military uniform. In Western fashion, it is a standard color for smart casual dress trousers for civilians, which are also often called khakis.

In British English and some other Commonwealth usage, khaki may also refer to a shade of green known as olive drab.

Etymology
Khaki is a loanword from Urdu خاکی 'soil-colored', which in turn comes from Persian خاک khāk 'soil' + ی (adjectival attributive suffix); it came into English via the British Indian Army.

Origin

Khaki was first worn as a uniform in the Corps of Guides that was raised in December 1846 by Henry Lawrence (1806–1857), agent to the Governor-General for the North-West Frontier and stationed in Lahore. Initially the border troops were dressed in their native costume, which consisted of a smock and white pajama trousers made of a coarse home-spun cotton, and a cotton turban, supplemented by a leather or padded cotton jacket for cold weather. In 1848, a khaki uniform was introduced. Subsequently, all regiments serving in the region, whether British or Indian, had adopted khaki uniforms for active service and summer dress. The original khaki fabric was a closely twilled cloth of linen or cotton.

Military use
The impracticality of traditional bright colors such as the red coat, especially for skirmishing, was recognised early in the 19th century. A response to improved technologies such as aerial surveillance and smokeless powder, khaki could camouflage soldiers in the field of battle.

Khaki-colored uniforms were used officially by British troops for the first time during the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia, when Indian troops traveled to Ethiopia. Subsequently, the British Army adopted khaki for colonial campaign dress and it was used in the Mahdist War (1884–89) and Second Boer War (1899–1902). These uniforms became known as khaki drill, versions of which are still part of the uniforms of the British Army.

During the Second Boer War, the British forces became known as Khakis because of their uniforms. After victory in the war, the government called an election, which became known as the khaki election, a term used subsequently for elections called to exploit public approval of governments immediately after military victories.

The United States Army adopted khaki during the Spanish–American War (1898), replacing their traditional blue field uniforms. The United States Navy and United States Marine Corps followed suit, authorizing khaki field and work uniforms.

When khaki was adopted for the continental British Service Dress in 1902, the shade chosen had a clearly darker and more green hue (see photo). This color was adopted with minor variations by all the British Empire armies. The 1902 US Army uniform regulations also adopted a similar shade for soldiers' winter service uniforms under the name olive drab. This shade of brown-green remained in use by many countries throughout the two World Wars.

Use in civilian clothing
Following World War II, military-issue khaki-colored chino cloth twill trousers became a common part of civilian clothing. Today, the term khakis is sometimes used to refer to the style of trousers, properly called chinos, regardless of their color.

Light khaki
At right is displayed the color light khaki (also called khaki tan or just tan).

Khaki
This is the web color called khaki in HTML/CSS.

The color shown at right matches the color designated as khaki in the 1930 book A Dictionary of Color, the standard for color nomenclature before the introduction of computers.

Dark khaki
At right is displayed the web color dark khaki.

It corresponds to Dark Khaki in the X11 color names.

Khaki green
At right is displayed the color khaki green, sometimes called simply khaki in Commonwealth countries. It is more commonly called olive green or olive drab.

title: Khaki


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German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin

The German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin was the lead ship in a class of two carriers of the same name ordered by the Kriegsmarine of Nazi Germany. She was the only aircraft carrier launched by Germany and represented part of the Kriegsmarine's attempt to create a well-balanced oceangoing fleet, capable of projecting German naval power far beyond the narrow confines of the Baltic and North Seas. The carrier would have had a complement of 42 fighters and dive bombers.

Construction on Graf Zeppelin began on 28 December 1936, when her keel was laid down at the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel. Named in honor of Graf (Count) Ferdinand von Zeppelin, the ship was launched on 8 December 1938, and was 85% complete by the outbreak of World War II in September 1939. Graf Zeppelin was not completed and was never operational due to shifting construction priorities necessitated by the war. She remained in the Baltic for the duration of the war; with Germany's defeat imminent, the ship's custodian crew scuttled her just outside Stettin in March 1945. The Soviet Union raised the ship in March 1946, and she was ultimately sunk in weapons tests north of Poland 17 months later. The wreck was discovered by a Polish survey ship in July 2006.

Design

Graf Zeppelin was 262.5 m long overall; she had a beam of 36.2 m and a maximum draft of 8.5 m. At full combat load, she would have displaced 33550 LT. The ship's propulsion system consisted of four Brown, Boveri & Cie geared turbines with sixteen oil-fired, ultra-high-pressure LaMont boilers. The power plant was rated at 200000 shp and a top speed of 33.8 kn. Graf Zeppelin had a projected cruising radius of 8000 nmi at a speed of 19 kn. She would have had a crew of 1760 officers and enlisted men, plus flight crews.

The ship's primary offensive power would have been its aircraft complement. Graf Zeppelin would have carried 42 aircraft as designed: 12 navalized Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka" dive bombers, 10 Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters, and 20 Fieseler Fi 167 torpedo bombers. Later during the construction process, the aerial complement was reworked to consist of thirty Ju 87s and twelve Bf 109s, and the Fi 167s were removed altogether. As designed, Graf Zeppelin was to be fitted with eight 15 cm SK C/28 guns for defense against surface warships. This number was later increased to sixteen. Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of ten 10.5 cm SK C/33 guns—later increased to twelve—twenty-two 3.7 cm SK C/30 guns, and twenty-eight 2 cm guns. The ship's flight deck was protected with up to 45 mm of Wotan Weich steel armor. A 60 mm armored deck was located under the deck to protect the ship's vitals from aerial attacks. Graf Zeppelin had a waterline armor belt that was 100 mm thick in the central area of the ship.

Construction and cancellation

On 16 November 1935, the contract for Flugzeugträger A (Aircraft carrier A)—later christened Graf Zeppelin—was awarded to the Deutsche Werke shipyard in Kiel. Construction of the ship was delayed since Deutsche Werke was working at capacity, and the slipway needed for Graf Zeppelin was occupied by the new battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Gneisenau, which was launched on 8 December 1936. Work started on Graf Zeppelin on 28 December, when her keel was laid down. She was launched on 8 December 1938, the 24th anniversary of the Battle of the Falkland Islands, and she was christened by Helene von Zeppelin, the daughter of the ship's namesake. At the launching ceremony, Hermann Göring gave a speech. By the end of 1939, she was 85% complete, with a projected completion by the middle of 1940. By September 1939, one carrier-borne wing, Trägergruppe 186, had been formed by the Luftwaffe at Kiel Holtenau, composed of three squadrons equipped with Bf 109s and Ju 87s.

Meanwhile, the German conquest of Norway in April 1940 eroded any chance of completing Graf Zeppelin. Now responsible for defending Norway's long coastline and numerous port facilities, the Kriegsmarine urgently needed large numbers of coastal guns and anti-aircraft batteries. During a naval conference with Hitler on 28 April 1940, Admiral Erich Raeder proposed halting all work on Graf Zeppelin, arguing that even if she was commissioned by the end of 1940, final installation of her guns would need another ten months or more (her original fire-control system had been sold to the Soviet Union under an earlier trade agreement). Hitler consented to the stop work order, allowing Raeder to have Graf Zeppelin's 15 cm guns removed and transferred to Norway. The carrier's heavy flak armament of twelve 10.5 cm guns had already been diverted elsewhere.

In July 1940, Graf Zeppelin was towed from Kiel to Gotenhafen (Gdynia) and remained there for nearly a year. While there, she was used as a storage depot for Germany's hardwood supply. Just before Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, the carrier was again moved, this time to Stettin, to safeguard her from Soviet air attacks. By November, the German army had pushed deep enough into Russian territory to remove any further threat of air attack and Graf Zeppelin was returned to Gotenhafen. There, she was used as a store ship for timber.

By the time Raeder met with Hitler for a detailed discussion of naval strategy in April 1942, the usefulness of aircraft carriers in modern naval warfare had been amply demonstrated. British carriers had crippled the Italian fleet at Taranto in November 1940, critically damaged the GERMAN BATTLESHIP Bismarck in May 1941 and prevented the battleship GERMAN BATTLESHIP Tirpitz from attacking two convoys bound for Russia in March 1942. In addition, a Japanese carrier raid on Pearl Harbor had devastated the American battle fleet in December 1941. Raeder, anxious to secure air protection for the Kriegsmarine's heavier surface units, informed Hitler that Graf Zeppelin could be finished in about a year, with another six months required for sea trials and flight training. On 13 May 1942, with Hitler's authorization, the German Naval Supreme Command ordered work resumed on the carrier.

But daunting technical problems remained. Raeder wanted newer planes, specifically designed for carrier use. Reichsmarshall Hermann Göring, head of the Luftwaffe, replied that the already overburdened German aircraft industry could not possibly complete the design, testing and mass production of such aircraft before 1946. Instead, he proposed converting existing aircraft (again the Junkers Ju 87 and Messerschmitt Bf 109) as a temporary solution until newer types could be developed. Training of carrier pilots at Travemünde would also resume.

The converted carrier aircraft were heavier versions of their land-based predecessors and this required a host of changes to Graf Zeppelin's original design: the existing catapults needed modernization; stronger winches were necessary for the arresting gear; the flight deck, elevators and hangar floors also required reinforcement. Changes in naval technology dictated other alterations as well: installation of air search radar sets and antennas; upgraded radio equipment; an armored fighter-director cabin mounted on the main mast (which in turn meant a heavier, sturdier mast to accommodate the cabin's added weight); extra armoring for the bridge and fire control center; a new curved funnel cap to shield the fighter-director cabin from smoke; replacing the single-mount 20mm AA guns with quadruple Flakvierling 38 guns (with a corresponding increase in ammunition supply) to improve overall AA defense; and additional bulges on either side of the hull to preserve the ship's stability under all this added weight.

The German naval staff hoped all these changes could be accomplished by April 1943, with the carrier's first sea trials taking place in August that year. Towards that end, Chief Engineer Wilhelm Hadeler was reassigned to oversee Graf Zeppelin's completion. Hadeler planned on getting the two inner shafts and their respective propulsion systems operational first, giving the ship an initial speed of 25–26 knots, fast enough for sea trials to commence and for conducting air training exercises. By the winter of 1943–1944 she was expected to be combat-ready.

On the night of 27–28 August 1942, while still moored at Gotenhafen, Graf Zeppelin was the target of the only Allied air attack aimed at her during the war. Three Royal Air Force Avro Lancaster heavy bombers from 106 Squadron were dispatched against the German aircraft carrier, each one carrying a single "Capital Ship" bomb, a 5600 lb device with a shaped charge warhead intended for armored targets. One pilot, who was unable to see the carrier due to haze, dropped his bomb instead on the estimated position of the Gneisenau. Another believed he had scored a direct hit on Graf Zeppelin, but there is no known record of the ship suffering any damage from a bomb strike that night.

On 5 December 1942, Graf Zeppelin was towed back to Kiel and placed in a floating drydock. It seemed she might well see completion after all, but by late January 1943 Hitler had become so disenchanted with the Kriegsmarine, especially with what he perceived as the poor performance of its surface fleet, that he ordered all of its larger ships taken out of service and scrapped. Raeder was relieved of command shortly thereafter and replaced with the Commander of Submarines Karl Dönitz. Though Dönitz eventually persuaded Hitler to void most of the order, work on all new surface ships and even those nearing completion, including Graf Zeppelin, was halted. On 30 January 1943, all major work on the ship ceased, though some limited, temporary work continued until March.

In April 1943 Graf Zeppelin was again towed eastward, first to Gotenhafen, then to the roadstead at Swinemünde and finally berthed at a back-water wharf in the Parnitz River, two miles (3 km) from Stettin, where she had been briefly docked in 1941. There she languished for the next two years with only a 40-man custodial crew in attendance. When Red Army forces neared the city in April 1945, the ship's Kingston valves were opened, flooding her lower spaces and settling her firmly into the mud in shallow water. A ten-man engineering squad then rigged the vessel's interior with demolition and depth charges in order to hole the hull and destroy vital machinery. At 6pm on 25 April 1945, just as the Soviets entered Stettin, commander Wolfgang Kähler radioed the squad to detonate the explosives. Smoke billowing from the carrier's funnel confirmed the charges had gone off, rendering the ship useless to her new owners for many months to come.

Fate after the war
The carrier's history and fate after Germany's surrender was unknown outside the Soviet Union for decades after the war. The Soviets could not repair the ship in the length of time specified by the terms of the Allied Tripartite Commission, so she was designated a "Category C" ship. This classification required that she would be destroyed or sunk in deep water by 15 August 1946. Instead, the Soviets decided to salvage the damaged ship and it was refloated in March 1946. A number of speculations from Western historians about the ship's fate arose in the decades after the end of the war. According to German historian Erich Gröner, after the Soviets raised the scuttled ship, they towed her to Leningrad. While en route, she reportedly struck a mine off Finland during a storm. Gröner claimed that after Graf Zeppelin arrived in Leningrad, she was broken up for scrap in 1948–1949. Naval historians Robert Gardiner and Roger Chesneau state that the ship was towed out of Stettin in September 1947, but she never arrived in Leningrad; they speculated that a mine sank the ship while she was under tow.

According to Soviet records, on 19 March 1947, the Council of Ministers decreed the destruction of former German ships. The first ship to be sunk, Lützow, was sunk off Swinemunde on 22 July 1947. On 14 August Graf Zeppelin was towed into Swinemunde harbor, and two days later to its final position. It was subjected to five series of controlled explosions of 180 mm shells and FAB series bombs. The first test imitated a FAB-1000 detonation in the exhaust funnel and lesser bombs below the flight deck. The second in the series was a single FAB-1000 explosion above the flight deck. The third, the fourth and the fifth series imitated penetration of FAB-100, FAB-250 and FAB-500 bombs at flight deck, hangar deck and gun battery deck levels. These bombs were placed in cutouts in their target decks to imitate the effects of dive bombing. Graf Zeppelin remained afloat, and Admiral Yury Rall ordered a torpedo strike. A torpedo fired from an Elco PT boat exploded in the anti-torpedo bulge but did not penetrate the belt armor. A torpedo fired by the destroyer Slavny penetrated the unprotected hull section below the bow elevator; Graf Zeppelin sank 25 minutes later.

Discovery in 2006
The exact position of the wreck was unknown for decades. On 12 July 2006, the research vessel RV St. Barbara, a ship belonging to the Polish oil company Petrobaltic, found a 265 m wreck 55 km north of Władysławowo, which they thought was most likely Graf Zeppelin. The wreck rests at a depth of more than 80 m below the surface. After the wreck was located, the Polish Navy began a two-day survey of the wreckage to confirm its identity. Using remote-controlled underwater robots, they concluded that they were "99% certain" it was Graf Zeppelin.

title: German aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin


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André Delvaux

André Albert Auguste Delvaux (21 March 1926 – 4 October 2002) was a Belgian film director. He co-founded the film school INSAS in 1962 and is regarded as the founder of the Belgian national cinema. Adapting works by writers such as Johan Daisne, Julien Gracq and Marguerite Yourcenar, he received international attention for directing magic realist films.

Delvaux received the Louis Delluc Prize for Rendezvous at Bray (1971) and the André Cavens Award for Woman Between Wolf and Dog (1979) and The Abyss (1988). The king of Belgium made him a baron in 1996. The Académie André Delvaux is named after him and he posthumously received the first Honorary Magritte Award in 2011.

Early life and education
André Albert Auguste Delvaux was born in Heverlee, Belgium, on 21 March 1926. He studied piano at the Royal Conservatory of Brussels and worked as a silent film pianist at the Belgian cinématheque in his early 20s. He studied law and took a degree in German philology at the Free University of Brussels, after which he worked as a teacher.

Filmmaking career
Delvaux's filmmaking career started in 1954 when he began to make television documentaries about film directors for the broadcaster RTB. Notably, he made a four-part series about Federico Fellini in 1960. In 1959 he co-directed a short fiction film with Jean Brismée, La Planète fauve. In 1962 he co-founded the film school INSAS in Brussels and became the director of its directing department. From that point cinema was his primary occupation.

Delvaux received international attention for his first feature film, The Man Who Had His Hair Cut Short (1965), which is based on Johan Daisne's novel with the same title. It was followed by another Daisne adaptation, One Night... A Train, in 1968. His first colour film, it shares several elements with the previous film: an uncomfortable teacher, a tragic ending and a confrontation between love and death. Rendezvous at Bray (1971), loosely based Julien Gracq's novella King Cophetua, is set during World War I and places great emphasis on atmosphere. The film stars Mathieu Carrière, Roger Van Hool, Bulle Ogier and Anna Karina, and became a turning point in Delvaux's career, because its critical success allowed him to choose his subjects more freely.

Belle (1973) is about an affair with a mistress who may or may not be imaginary. Woman Between Wolf and Dog (1979), set in German-occupied Flanders during World War II, is among Delvaux's more realist films. It is about a woman who is torn between the Belgian Resistance and her collaborationist husband. The painterly Benvenuta (1983), based on Suzanne Lilar's book La Confession anonyme, plays with reality and imagination through a story about a screenwriter who adapts a novel for film. Delvaux's last feature film was his largest project, The Abyss (1988). The film is an episodic drama set in 16th-century Europe and based on a book by Marguerite Yourcenar. Like Belle and Woman Between Wolf and Dog before it, The Abyss played in the main competition of the Cannes Film Festival. Delvaux's final short film, 1001 films, was shown as a special screening at the 1989 Cannes Film Festival.

Cinematic style
From the release of The Man Who Had His Hair Cut Short, Delvaux was associated with magic realism and known for his portrayals of dreams and reality. Aligning himself with a tradition that involved painters such as Hieronymus Bosch, René Magritte and Paul Delvaux, he proclaimed and expressed a "belgitude" connected to magic realism. Delvaux's assertion of a distinctive Belgian identity, separate from French cinema, gave him status as the founder of the country's national film industry. The visuals in some of his films have tendencies of surrealism, which is distinct from the deliberately constructed magic realism by being based on Freudian fetishism and automatism. In his application of these tendencies, Delvaux was closer to Magritte and Gracq than to André Breton or Luis Buñuel. Two important collaborators were the cinematographer Ghislain Cloquet, who worked on Delvaux's first four feature films, and the composer Frédéric Devreese, who provided original music throughout his career.

Personal life
Delvaux died from a heart attack on 4 October 2002, while he was in Valencia to speak at the World Arts Meeting. His daughter Catherine Delvaux has been engaged in making his films available on home media.

Selected filmography

 * 1959: La Planète fauve
 * 1960: Fellini (TV serial)
 * 1965: The Man Who Had His Hair Cut Short (De man die zijn haar kort liet knippe)
 * 1968: One Night... A Train (Un soir, un train)
 * 1971: Rendezvous at Bray (Rendez-vous à Bray)
 * 1973: Belle
 * 1979: Woman Between Wolf and Dog (Een vrouw tussen hond en wolf)
 * 1983: Benvenuta
 * 1985: Babel Opéra
 * 1988: The Abyss (L'Œuvre au noir)
 * 1989: 1001 films

Awards and honours
The Man Who Had His Hair Cut Short received the British Film Institute's Sutherland Trophy in 1966 for being "the most original and imaginative film premiered at the National Film Theatre during the year". Rendezvous at Bray was awarded the Louis Delluc Prize in 1971. The Belgian Film Critics Association gave Delvaux its André Cavens Award for Belgian film of the year twice, for Woman Between Wolf and Dog and The Abyss.

Delvaux received the Plateau Life Achievement Award at the 1991 Film Fest Ghent. In 1996 he was knighted by King Albert II of Belgium and given the personal title of baron. He was made an honorary doctor by the Université libre de Bruxelles and received the Order of the Crown of the Officer class. The Académie André Delvaux is named after him and was created in 2010 with his daughter's involvement. It works to promote French-language Belgian cinema and is responsible for the Magritte Awards. Delvaux received a posthumous Honorary Magritte Award at the 1st Magritte Awards in 2011.

title: André Delvaux


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Harry Burnett Lumsden

Lieutenant-General Sir Harry Burnett "Joe" Lumsden (12 November 1821 – 12 August 1896) was a British military officer active in the British Raj.

Background
Lumsden was born aboard the East India Company's ship Rose in the Bay of Bengal. He spent the first six years of his life in Bengal, where his father Colonel Thomas Lumsden was serving as an Artillery officer. His father Thomas entered the Bengal Army in 1808 and served in the Anglo-Nepalese War, Third Anglo-Maratha War and First Anglo-Burmese War achieving distinction. His first cousin once removed was the orientalist Matthew Lumsden. He had six brothers, three of whom emigrated to Canada, whilst his younger brother Peter followed his path to India.

He was sent to Scotland at age six, where he was cared for by his grandmother in Aberdeenshire.

Early career
At the age of 16, he was nominated by John Shepherd, a fellow Aberdeenshire man and a Director of the East India Company for a direct cadetship in India. He travelled to India in 1838 commissioned into the 59th Bengal Native Infantry. During the First Anglo-Afghan War he was appointed as interpreter and quartermaster to the 33rd Bengal Native Infantry, marching to Peshawar with the army of George Pollock. He was present at the forcing of the Khyber Pass in 1842. During the war he would become close friends with two fellow officers who would also achieve distinction John Nicholson and Neville Bowles Chamberlain.

Following the war he returned to base in Ferozepur, having earned a campaign medal and six months extra pay. In early 1843, he rejoined the 59th Bengal Native Infantry stationed in Ludhiana, indulging in his passion for shikar with hunting expeditions throughout the Punjab. During this time he explored the region, learning near perfect Punjabi and growing accustomed to local customs and traditions.

The Punjab
During the First Anglo-Sikh War, Lumsden served as a commander of a company in his regiment. At the Battle of Sobraon he was part of the storming division on Hugh Gough's left flank. During the escape of the Sikh cavalry, Lumsden was shot in the foot which left him with a slight but permanent limp for the rest of his life.

At the conclusion of the war, Lumsden was hand-picked by Sir Henry Lawrence to become one of his assistants, a band of chosen men who would become known as Henry Lawrence's "Young Men". A number of these assistants had been brought to Lawrence's attention on the battlefield at Sobraon, including John Nicholson, William Hodson and Herbert Edwardes. Lawrence had been a friend of Thomas Lumsden, serving with him as an artillery officers earlier in his career. Lumsden later claimed that what first brought him to the attention of Lawrence was an incident a year or two previously, when he and a subaltern had been held prisoner by a gang of robbers following a shooting expedition on the banks of the Sutlej. A servant smuggled them a pencil and paper allowing them to call for help; help coming in the form of a cavalry led by Lawrence that same evening.

Lumsden's first posting was to Kangra in 1846, where he served out the summer. He was thereafter summoned to Lahore. Whilst in Lahore, he became privy to the politics of the Lahore Durbar, at the time dominated by the Maharani Jind Kaur and her lover Lal Singh. Noting how everyone of the Sirdars made no secret of their dislike for Lal Singh, he concluded that they were anxiously awaiting the time when the British would withdraw, and Lal Singh would consolidate power. In response to the political instability, like many fellow offers, but in contrast to his superior, Lawrence, Lumsden favoured the annexation of the Punjab.

The sale of Kashmir to Gulab Singh had created considerable unrest amongst Kashmiri locals. In late 1846, Lumsden accompanied an expedition led by Lawrence to dispose the incumbent governor Imam ud-Din, who had the backing of Lal Singh and support the new rule of Gulab Singh. On his return to Lahore, Lumsden was given a mission to command a force of Sikh infantry to reconnoitre the hills of Hazara. Despite initial concerns of leading men he had formerly seen as the enemy, and noting their fondness for opium, he would remark of his Sikh sepoys that "they were first rate men, ready for any work, always in the best of humours, fond of their officers, and just as obedient to orders as our own troops, and not giving one quarter the trouble as the latter do." Lumsden's mission was a success and he received the thanks of the government, and what he prized more, the approbation of Lawrence.

Corps of Guides
In 1847, Lumsden was nominated to raise a Corps of Guides, enthusiastically regarding it as the finest appointment in the country. Lawrence intended the corps as 'trustworthy men who could at a moment's notice act as guides to troops in the field, collect intelligence beyond as well as within the border.' At the same time he was to carry on his duties in the Punjab, and assist John Lawrence, brother of Henry, in Peshawar.

With his subaltern William Hodson, he pioneered the use of a drab-coloured uniform for field service that came to known as khaki. Lord Napier subsequently referred to the Guides as "the only properly dressed light troops in India". To enhance the regiment's prestige, Lumsden adopted selective recruitment, initially recruiting mainly from the local Pathan tribes of the Yusufzai, Khatak and Muhammadzai. So successful was the Corps that within months of its formation, there was a waiting list for enlistment. Lumsden would build up his force into what became the most famous unit of the British Indian Army, inspiring a degree of devotion bordering on idolatry.

In 1848, whilst Lawrence was on leave in Britain, Lumsden and his Guides were summoned to Lahore. They were tasked to unravel a conspiracy believed to have been organised by the Sikhs to sow discontent amongst certain members of the Bengal Native Infantry and Irregular Cavalry stationed in Lahore. Lumsden with the aid of Muhammad Pir Buksh succeeded in obtaining papers proving the conspiracy and linking it with Maharani Jind Kaur, who he was then charged with escorting from Sheikhupura to Ferozepur.

Later that year, the Second Anglo-Sikh War broke out. Lumsden was sent to support Herbert Edwardes in the Siege of Multan, where his Guides would go on to achieve considerable distinction. He would later assist General Hugh Wheeler in operations at the heights of Dullah and see action at the Battle of Gujrat. Following the war, he noted his disappointment that all of Lawrence's assistants, despite their achievements in service, were being overlooked for key political postings at the expense of more junior civilians. Nonetheless he was rewarded by Lawrence with a pay rise, the chance to remain in Peshawar and at the head of his beloved Guides, whose strength was now raised to four hundred horse and six hundred foot.

Lumsden initially based his regimental headquarters in a ruin outside of Peshawar, known as the Burj, which had been built in the seventeenth century by a wazir of the Mughal Empire. In 1851, Lumsden relocated the headquarters to Mardan and the Guides became part of the Punjab Irregular Force.

North West Frontier
In the years after the annexation of the Punjab, Lumsden was largely concerned with affairs of the border tribes. In 1849, he assisted in an expedition against the Baizai, who had been refusing to pay tribute to the British. The next year, he replaced John Lawrence as the political agent in Peshawar whilst Lawrence recuperated from fever in Shimla. Later that year he was part of a force moving against Afridi tribesmen who had attacked engineers building a road through the Kohat Pass killing twelve and wounding eight. Lumsden had favoured friendly relations with the hill tribes, especially the Afridis, as he feared military occupation would be prohibitively costly in terms of lives and treasure and his views were cordially endorsed by the new military commander in Peshawar, Sir Colin Campbell. Their views however gave way to the orders of the Governor-General, Lord Dalhousie, who demanded an iron handed response.

Throughout the summer of 1851, Mohmand tribesmen harassed the borders of British control. Lord Dalhousie advised that punishment should be as severe as was consistent with humanity, however such retaliation was opposed by both Lumsden and Campbell. They were able to convince Dalhousie to attempt measures of prevention rather than retaliation, however as the skirmishes continued, Dalhousie grew more incensed, and ordered military intervention. Campbell launched an expedition with Lumsden at his side, noting that "Lumsden's views, those of common sense, are the most prudent and best....Punish those of the leading men who have shown emnity or have done injury to those who are bound to protect but leave the cultivators of the soil upon the land unmolested". As operations became drawn out, criticism grew. On 5 January 1852, Dalhousie sacked Lumsden as Commissioner in Peshawar replacing him with Frederick Mackeson.

Later life
In 1852, Lumsden departed Peshawar and took leave in Britain after fifteen years continuous service in India. On 1 March 1853 he was promoted to captain and on 6 February 1854 was made a brevet Major for services in the last Sikh war. He returned to India in 1855 and resumed command of the Guides.

In 1857 he was sent on a mission to Kandahar with his younger brother Peter and Henry Bellew to assess the current military and political situation in Afghanistan. In May 1857, the Indian Mutiny broke out, causing Lumsden to fear for his safety six hundred miles from the nearest British post in Jacobabad and dependent entirely on the caprice of the Amir. Lumsden, relying on regular updates from Herbert Edwardes in Peshawar, requested permission to return to India, but his service in Afghanistan was deemed vital in the interests of the Empire by the Governor General. On 1 September 1857 he received news from his friend John Nicholson that his younger brother William had been killed in Delhi, whilst later that month he was informed Nicholson himself had been killed. On 15 May 1858, Lumsden was instructed to return to India. He was gazetted lieutenant-colonel and resumed life with the Guides. His services were recognised by John Lawrence who remarked of him:

In 1860 he served under his friend Neville Bowles Chamberlain in the Waziri Expedition. On 2 August 1860, whilst attending a regimental ball practice an assassin grabbed his sword and struck his arm. The assassin was subsequently apprehended by a Guide. In 1862, he was offered and accepted the command of the Nizam of Hyderabad's army in the Deccan. He pithily summarised his service in the Deccan saying, "ffound the Hyderabad Contingent in debt, and left it clear."

In 1866, whilst on leave in Britain he married Fanny Myers of Cumberland. He returned to India in November the same year, and resided in Rawalpindi with his wife. In 1869 his commission in Hyderabad expired and with no immediate prospects available in India, he resolved to return to England on leave. Before returning, he rested some months in the Deccan on account of his wife's health. In the spring of 1869, on the invitation of Lord Mayo he travelled to Ambala for the Durbar of Sher Ali Khan, affording him the change to re-acquaint with old friends and comrades.

Lumsden left India with his wife on 12 April 1869, never to return. On the death of his father in 1874 he inherited the family estate in Belhelvie and made it their permanent home. He was made a Knight Commander of the Star of India in 1873 and retired in 1875 with the honorary rank of Lieutenant-General. He died on 12 August 1896 in Belhevlie following a short illness and was buried in the local church graveyard.

Legacy
His friend, Sir Richard Pollock remarked of him in later years:

title: Harry Burnett Lumsden


text:
John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel

The John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel, or Campbell Memorial Award, was an annual award presented to the author of the best science fiction novel published in English in the preceding calendar year. It was given by several organizations from 1973-1979 and then by the Center for the Study of Science Fiction at the University of Kansas until 2019. It was the novel counterpart of the Theodore Sturgeon Award for best short story, awarded at the same conference by the Theodore Sturgeon Literary Trust. The award was named in honor of John W. Campbell (1910–1971), whose science fiction writing and role as editor of Analog Science Fiction and Fact made him one of the most influential editors in the early history of science fiction. The award was established in 1973 by writers and critics Harry Harrison and Brian Aldiss "as a way of continuing his efforts to encourage writers to produce their best possible work." Locus magazine listed it as one of the "major awards" of written science fiction.

The winning novel was selected by a panel of science fiction experts, intended to be "small enough to discuss among its members all of the nominated novels". Among members of the panel have been Gregory Benford, Paul A. Carter, James Gunn, Elizabeth Anne Hull, Christopher McKitterick, Farah Mendlesohn, Pamela Sargent, and Tom Shippey. In 2008 Mendlesohn was replaced with Paul Kincaid, in 2009 Carter left the panel while Paul Di Filippo and Sheila Finch joined, and Lisa Yaszek replaced Di Filippo in 2016. Nominations were submitted by publishers and jurors, and collated by the panel into a list of finalists to be voted on. The minimum eligible length that a work may be is not formally defined by the center. The winner was selected by May of each year, and was for a number of years presented during the Campbell Conference awards banquet in Lawrence as part of the centerpiece of the conference along with the Sturgeon Award. The award was given at this conference since 1979; prior to then it was awarded at various locations around the world, starting at the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1973. Winners were invited to attend the ceremony. James Gunn had maintained a trophy which records all of the winners on engraved plaques affixed to the sides, and since 2004 winners received a smaller personalized trophy as well. In 2019, McKitterick (the award's chair) announced plans to rename both the conference and the award. Both the conference and the award were cancelled in 2020 and 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Center for the Study of Science Fiction itself was taken over by the English department of the University of Kansas in 2022, which subsequently ended the conference and award.

During the 47 years the award was active, 183 authors had works nominated; 47 of these authors won. In two years, 1976 and 1994, the panel selected none of the nominees as a winner, while in 1974, 2002, 2009, and 2012 the panel selected two winners rather than one. Frederik Pohl and Joan Slonczewski each won twice, the only authors to do so, out of four and two nominations, respectively. Kim Stanley Robinson and Paul J. McAuley won once out of seven nominations, and Jack McDevitt, Ian McDonald, Adam Roberts, and Robert J. Sawyer won once out of five nominations, while Nancy Kress, Bruce Sterling, and Robert Charles Wilson won once out of four nominations. Greg Bear had the most nominations without winning at nine, followed by Sheri S. Tepper at six, James K. Morrow at five, and William Gibson, Ken MacLeod, Charles Stross, and Peter Watts at four.

Winners and nominees
In the following table, the years correspond to the date of the ceremony, rather than when the novel was first published. Each year links to the corresponding "year in literature". Entries with a blue background and an asterisk (*) next to the writer's name have won the award; those with a white background are the other nominees on the shortlist. Entries with a gray background and a plus sign (+) indicate a year where no novel was selected as the winner.

* Winners + No winner selected


text:
Campbell Award

Campbell Award may refer to:

 * John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel
 * Astounding Award for Best New Writer, formerly the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer
 * Robert W. Campbell Award, given by the National Safety Council
 * Donald T. Campbell Award, given by the Society for Personality and Social Psychology

title: Campbell Award


text:
Talk:Papal tiara

Farsight's comment
Farsight, I did a bulk revert of the IP's changes because of the statement "However, there is no evidence that any papal crown had this title emblazoned on it or that this was ever an official title of the Pope. The above document does not use this as a papal title." That's author POV, uncited, WP:OR, thus the revert. I specified that in the comment. Instead of undoing, it would have been better if you would have brought in the material from the other article as I agree that the blog quote is not in accordance with wikipedia policy. I didn't take the time to copy-edit the other article, which I will do now. Willfults (talk) 02:40, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I just find it suspect that you removed one unusable statement that you disagreed with, only to replace it with a statement you support, but still are willing to admit is improperly sourced. If you were interested in proper sourcing, shouldn't you have simply deleted the first unsourced statement, and not bothered to re-add the blog sourced statements?Farsight001 (talk) 02:46, 6 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I was lazy (I admit), I just clicked rollback instead of going to the other article. I've added the sourced material from the other article so I hope that satisfies.  Thanks! Willfults (talk) 02:49, 6 December 2010 (UTC)

Show me where this alleged title is located on a papal tiara. To say it was there and provide no evidence is POV. It is unsourced to claim that this is a papal title and that it is on the tiara. Show proof or the article will be revised to say so.97.112.218.67 (talk) 02:37, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, it is most certainly true that there is no such "title" on tiara, yet it looks like it is also true that some Protestants (and related groups) have claimed it is there. A sentence or two noting this fact (and, of course, the fact that no credible evidence for such claim has ever been found) might be worth adding to the article (although the current text seems to give undue weight to opinions of such Protestants (and related groups)).
 * Now about the last edit ... The note "However, there is no evidence that any papal crown had this title emblazoned on it or that this was ever an official title of the Pope. The above document does not use this as a papal title." is unsourced, but I wouldn't say it is original research. It is possible to find different sources saying something like that. For example, just from "Catholic Answers": (James Akin, "Changing the Sabbath", "This Rock", 1993, Vol. 4, Nr. 12),  ("Quick Questions", "This Rock", 1992, Vol. 3, Nr. 9),  (Karl Keating, "Into the Maw of the Cult", "This Rock", 1990, Vol. 1, Nr. 2),  (Tony Kovach "An Interactive Detective Story", "This Rock", 1996, Vol. 7, Nr. 7/8). We might use some of them, maybe adding qualification "Catholic apologists note that [...]".
 * On the other hand, what is the part "Various official documents from the Vatican do contain wording such as 'Adorandi Dei Filii Vicarius, et Procurator quibus numen aeternum summam Ecclesiae sanctae dedit'" doing in the article? What does it have to do with tiara? Even if it did, the documents cited do not say that "various official documents [...] contain the wording", and we would need a source that says just that. That would probably be some Protestant apologist who thinks it is "close enough". But, anyway, it does not really matter in this article, as even in that case it says nothing about the tiara itself. --Martynas Patasius (talk) 23:02, 7 December 2010 (UTC)

Since no one objected, I am going to do the easy part and remove the paragraph about wording from various documents. --Martynas Patasius (talk) 21:42, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Problem in section Vicarius Filii Dei Papal Tiara & Controversy

There are several problems in current page, such as: the first section was written in a unilateral way, not only examines the Protestant view, when worse, take advantage of it.

Secondly this page should not address the title Vicarius Filii Dei (which owns its own page), but more the relationship between the title and tiara Vicarius Filii Dei, something is not done. It is a fact first: the title was never found in tiara and some groups have abandoned that accusation. I plan to put it on the page as references.Kaiser Guilherme II (talk) 19:04, 17 December 2010 (UTC)

Good. I see that Willfults has made a new version which does seem to be a step in a right direction (compared with  and the like). And yet it is just "a step in a right direction" and not a "destination"...

First, the paragraph starts with "The title "Vicarius Filii Dei" became an even greater topic of controversy, [...]". Did it? Was there any controversy worth mentioning to start with? For that matter, is there some controversy now? I get an impression that there is no controversy: some Protestants strongly believe that such words are on the tiara, a handful of apologists from both sides argue, while the rest of the world doesn't care that much. That leads us to the last sentence "The point is debated both in Catholic and Protestant circles."... I do not see how the source given for such claim is supposed to support it.

Then there is another matter: the paragraph replaced some other text. That text performed a vital function: it expressed the other view. The view that all those claims about the writing on tiara are false - and would be irrelevant even if they were true. It is a majority view and it must be presented in any neutral account. Furthermore, according to WP:UNDUE it should probably be given far more weight than the contrary view.

Finally, the edit summary says that one source "[...] is a blog and is not WP:RS as previously agreed upon [...]". I guess it would be a good idea to link the discussion where it was agreed, for it does not seem to be on this talk page... --Martynas Patasius (talk) 21:47, 21 December 2010 (UTC)

One thing I found totally unacceptable in the editing of this section, because that paragraph was deleted:

Although it is relatively common mathematical methods involving names of several people to 666, considered pareidolia, for example, Bill Gates, Ellen G. White (founder of Seventh-day Adventist movement) and Jesus himself.

This quote is absolutely necessary for the impartiality of the page and to expose the Catholic point of view, anyway, she was taken off again, give preference to a Protestant point of view: a WIKIPEDIA MUST BE COMPLETELY IMPARTIAL AND SHOW ALL SIDES OF A DISCUSSION ESPECIALLY IN RELIGIOUS MATTERS, NOT DEFENDING Protestantism, so this quote, which is referenced, it will be re-included. Kaiser Guilherme II (talk) 14:54, 23 December 2010 (UTC)
 * I deleted that bit. The reason is that this section is meant to be about the tiara. Getting too deep into the nonsense of how some people calculate things to add up to 666 and the general foolishness that results is for other articles where it is more directly relevant, particularly the article about the number (which I linked for background reading). Don't forget that the phrase has its own article too. We don't need to disclaim that the moon is not made of green cheese every time we mention the moon in passing. That said, I won't delete it again if you really think it is important. What I would like you to do is to try to rephrase it in a way that actually makes some sense because at the moment it is pretty much incoherent. Maybe we could say something like "This is just one of many attempts to link various individuals to the antichrist by means of Gematria and other numerological methods." I really don't think we need to mention any examples by name. We don't need to play it for lolz. It is what it is. Any sensible person can see that it is just a silly game without us needing to point this out. --DanielRigal (talk) 21:16, 23 December 2010 (UTC)
 * OK, so, I guess we should replace it with some sentence like "Catholic apologists generally note that "Vicarius Filii Dei" is not an official papal title, and that there is no evidence about tiara having such inscription.". We could probably cite it to (Patrick Madrid, "Pope Fiction", "Envoy", Vol. 2.2, March-April 1998) and  (Patrick Madrid, "More Vicarius Thrills", "Envoy", Vol. 2.5, September-October 1998).
 * Now the problem with that is obvious: the first paragraph is written as if it was an introduction and doesn't even mention the tiara until the very end... Probably we can replace it with something like "Some Protestants, especially Seventh Day Adventists, claim that papal tiaras have an inscription "Vicarius Filii Dei" (that, according to them, is a Pope's title), which they consider to be the mark of Antichrist.". We could cite it to the same two articles.
 * The rest of the section could probably be deleted. Per WP:UNDUE and WP:FRINGE two sentences should probably be sufficient for such a fringe theory (if there should be a mention at all).
 * So, would there be any objections to such approach? --Martynas Patasius (talk) 22:00, 27 January 2011 (UTC)

The user Willfults reverted back to my editing ALREADY BEEN BASED HERE, with the chutzpah to say that was not important. Of course, although it is not important to quote REFERENCED and ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL FOR THE FAIRNESS OF THE SECTION, the service of Our Sunday Visitor that is not even on the tiara, just more about the title, apparently is super important. I repeat: This assertion is ABSOLUTELY NECESSARY FOR THE FAIRNESS OF THE PAGE, AND IF OTHERWISE IT is omitted, it would violate a basic principle ENCYCLOPEDIA OF THAT, so I'll reinclude the page and if arbitrarily reversed again, it'll reinclude many times as necessary. Kaiser Guilherme II (talk) 12:08, 29 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Calm down, calm down. Yes, Willfults does not seem to be very communicative. Yes, his writings do not seem to be very neutral. But it doesn't mean that it is a good idea to get angry. Now, if reverts would continue, it would probably be a good idea to ask for outside help (I've been thinking about Fringe theories/Noticeboard). But before we do that, we might as well try to write that section neutrally (Who knows? Maybe that will be sufficient?).
 * Thus, would you agree to have the section's text replaced with something like this (proposed in ): "Some Protestants, especially Seventh Day Adventists, claim that papal tiaras have an inscription "Vicarius Filii Dei" (that, according to them, is a Pope's title), which they associate with the number of the Beast. Catholic apologists generally note that "Vicarius Filii Dei" is not an official papal title, and that there is no evidence about tiara having such inscription."? Now, we could add something like "[...] and that the same technique can be used to associate, for example, the name of Ellen Gould White (founder of Seventh Day Adventists) with the number of the Beast". But is it really about tiara? Wouldn't it be enough to have a link to the articles "Vicarius Filii Dei" and "Number of the Beast" leaving this explanation there? --Martynas Patasius (talk) 19:13, 29 January 2011 (UTC)
 * I shortened the section as the no objections were given and as edits  had to be reverted in some way anyway... --Martynas Patasius (talk) 01:52, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

Edits by Editor "LoveforMary"
I have had to revert the edits by LoveforMary on 2 February for multiple reasons. These include but are not limited to:
 * 1) The description of the papal tiara as a three-tiered jewelled crown. It wasn't always three-tiered: historically, the number of tiers varied; it wasn't always adorned even with one crown; it wasn't always jewelled.
 * 2) The indication that it was by donning it that popes "canonically" accepted their role as vicar of Jesus Christ. The acceptance of their role took place some days earlier in the conclave, before the announcement: "Habemus Papam".
 * 3) The placing in the lead, as if it were one of the most important elements, of an unfounded claim that one or more papal tiaras had a certain inscription on it, accompanying this with a personal unsourced explanation of the origin of this by no means common idea.
 * 4) Unnecessary capitalization contrary to Wikipedia rules (see MOS:CAPS and WP:DOCTCAPS).
 * 5) The limiting to Vatican City of the appearance of the tiara and crossed keys on buildings. Esoglou (talk) 12:18, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Perfect. Thanks for pointing those out. LoveforMary (talk) 16:14, 3 February 2012 (UTC)LoveforMary
 * You still have not remedied items 2, 3 and 4 above. Even when there was a coronation ceremony, it was within the conclave that elected them that the popes accepted their role as vicars of Christ.  They were and knew they were vicars of Christ from the moment of their acceptance of election, without having to wait for a coronation.  The coronation added nothing to their powers or duties.
 * Here are more:

 * 1) Reference to a "present" form.  No longer in use, it has no present form.  It has had several historical forms.  If it were revived, who knows how many tiers it would have?
 * 2) Alleging a Byzantine origin of the tiara is unsourced.  The sources cited actually indicate the contrary.
 * 3) List of papal tiaras in existence does not show that various types of papal tiaras have been used "throughout history": they are all relatively recent, the oldest being of the late 16th century and none of the others being older than 1800; and they are all of the one triple-tier type.  History did not begin in 1572.  Esoglou (talk) 16:52, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree. I actually am very uncomfortable to have added the Byzantine or Persian origin since it sounds very pagan and there is no cited reference either. That line came from an earlier text before I made my first edit to the article. Removed everything else which you noted and revised the "present" form into "recent form". Revised the history to the 1572. Didn't know this, obviously you do. Check it out. thx for anything else, you make the addendums. i dont have any more info on this topic. LoveforMary (talk) 17:34, 3 February 2012 (UTC)LoveforMary
 * Some of the above remained unattended to. If you are unsure of something such as the alleged Byzantine or Persian origin, don't insist on putting it in.  An article on the papal tiara is not the place to go into details of papal coronation, which has its own article.  Still less is the lead of an article on something other than papal coronation the place to go into details about papal coronations.   "Is continued to be used" is not good English.  Don't keep insisting that the papal tiara is used on the papal tiara, which is what you say when you say it is used on papal regalia, rather than just insignia, as a symbol of the papacy ...   Esoglou (talk) 20:40, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Yeah but your intro sentence is so long, who can read that sentence and seriously understand it at first glance? I wish you could break it down into simplicity so it can be easily defined in the first sentence, then followed by whatever historical description you have of the tiara. LoveforMary (talk) 21:29, 3 February 2012 (UTC)LoveforMary
 * Thanks for the good suggestion. Esoglou (talk) 21:41, 3 February 2012 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved to Papal tiara. Favonian (talk) 17:47, 10 February 2012 (UTC)

Papal Tiara → Papal tiara – MOS:CAPS. Not a proper noun. Esoglou (talk) 12:38, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Numerous sources use the phrase "papal tiaras". ("Adrian...was accused after his death of hoarding two papal tiaras.") If you can have more than one, it is not a proper noun. Kauffner (talk) 16:54, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
 * Support. Per nominator. Elizium23 (talk) 17:48, 3 February 2012 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Silly + Overt Vandalism
"For tiaras unrelated to the papacy, see Tiara used to prove that he is the DEVIL on earth and has been known to be the most evel prson the have ever lived. the pope was also Hiterls personal advisor and is where Hitler got the ideas of world domination and race supiriority."
 * 1) Related_uses

I hope this qualifies as vandalism. I'll take the liberty of deleting it. At the very least, it lacks a citation :)

Edit: I can't manage to find where in the source the slander is placed, and I suspect it is locked away in some template. IDK. Could some experienced editor step up and fix this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.163.83.149 (talk) 00:36, 14 June 2012 (UTC)
 * It was leftover in the cache from some reverted vandalism. I performed a null edit to remove it completely. Thanks for bringing it to my attention. Elizium23 (talk) 00:48, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

Papal Miter is redirecting to this page
Could someone please fix it? It should definitely redirect to http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre instead. Thanks. 2602:306:32D3:EF0:CC42:68E2:2FE:B2E0 (talk) 07:16, 23 May 2013 (UTC)
 * Done. A mitre is not a tiara.  Esoglou (talk) 07:28, 23 May 2013 (UTC)

Triple tiara
An IP editor is repeatedly inserting his/her view that it is incorrect to call the three-tiered papal tiara a triple tiara. The IP editor advances arguments such as "'tiara' in this case is not a synonym for any of the individual crowns, circlets or diadems but is the name of the entire headdress". A tiara is a tiara whether the headdress has three crowns, two, one or even none. A triple tiara is a tiara with three component elements. Like the triple jump. Like the triple point of a substance is the point of temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. Like the Triple Entente, which was an alliance between three countries.

Unsourced arguments advanced by a Wikipedia editor are not grounds for making a statement in Wikipedia. Wikipedia accepts only what is stated in a reliable published source. Read WP:OR. It seems arrogant, on the basis of a Wikipedia editor's unsourced personal opinion, to tell the authors of the reliable sources that call the triregnum a triple tiara (only three examples of such sources are given) that they, not the Wikipedia editor, are wrong. Esoglou (talk) 11:41, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

 * I agree and have just reverted the IP. They need to understand that they (a) need a source for the statement that it is erroneous and (b) they need to join the talk page discussion to gain consensus. FWIW, I think it is quite possible that "triple tiara" is loose use, but a source still needs to be found to confirm that. DeCausa (talk) 12:23, 1 May 2014 (UTC)

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Tiara of St. Sylvester
This section has a quotation that's so large as to verge on plagiarism. It really needs to be cut down. Hairy Dude (talk) 01:19, 3 July 2016 (UTC)

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Liturgical abandonment of the tiara
The liturgical abandonment of the tiara has been sourced by this Vatican document that affirms "Use of the Tiara, a ritual during solemn ceremonies, was abandoned during the Papacy of Paul VI."

Concerning John Paul II, an official source of the tiara's abandonment is the apostolic constitution Universi Dominici Gregis, which at the number 92 reads: "After the solemn ceremony of the inauguration of the Pontificate and within an appropriate time, the Pope will take possession of the Patriarchal Archbasilica of the Lateran, according to the prescribed ritual." This gives a WP:reliable source to the previous sentence of the WP article, which read: "His immediate successor, Pope John Paul I, decided against a coronation, replacing it with an "inauguration". No sources were provided. The Vaticanist Andrea Tornielli links the apostolic constitution to the fact that the following popes could avoid tha pontifical incoronation rite with the Papal Tiara (source: A. Tornielli, A tiara for every Pope'').

Possibly, the liturgical abandonment was stated in older documents of the Wojtyla's papacy. However, further informations can be found in this senior seminar thesis, supervisioned by professors Elisheva Carlebach Jofen and Lien-Hang Nguyen, but it doesn't mention neither the Universi Dominici Gregis nor other apostolic constitutions. Therefore, the purpoted equation "Universi Dominici Gregis"=liturgical abandonment of the tiara has to be corroborated with additional sources, defining what is the liturgy related to the "ceremony of the inauguration of the Pontificate" (n. 92).

Lastly, it was also added the gift of the German businessman Dieter Filippi of a special tiara to the then Pope Benedict XVI, sourced in the article of A. Tornielli, A ogni Papa la sua tiara, and in another article of the same journal whose digital copy is available in the website liturgix.org (archived June 25, 2016). Perhaps, I wasn't able to find the related translation from Italian into English. I would like also to apologize for the lenght of this topic, but there were some aspects to be pointed out.

The Exorcism of Saint Michael Against Satan and the Apostate Angels prophetizes the enthronment of Satan in the Apostolic See, a truth of faith which deals with the abandonment of the papal tiara as a possible sign of times. Regards, Theologian81sp

coat of arms missing tiara
Are you sure? The grey shape split into three looks like a simplified representation of the tiara and is placed in the identical place. 109.249.181.62 (talk) 05:33, 27 May 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Papal tiara


text:
Wikipedia talk:Supported Software

You may wish to integrate this into existing pages such as Searching and Magic Button. --Brion 06:07 Mar 6, 2003 (UTC)

Tools
I am currently, together with User:Sj, establishing the page Tools. The goal is to given an overview of tools for browsing and editing the wikipedia. I would suggest to integrate the contents of this page into Tools and put up a redirect here. Otherwise, it would be important to coordinate the contents of this two pages, to avoid overlap and confusion. -- 217.82.181.205 23:59, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC) (that is de:Benutzer:Duesentrieb)

Your new page looks like an excellent one...as long as all the links are redirected there... [[User:Brettz9|Brettz9 (talk)]] 01:49, 25 Aug 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Supported Software


text:
University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen

The Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen University of Applied Sciences (German: Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, or THM) is a German Fachhochschule for bachelor's and master's studies in the cities of Giessen, Friedberg, and Wetzlar.

Giessen
The University of Applied Sciences of Central Hesse (Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM)) traces back to Giessen. On the 14 January 1838 by the National Trade Association Darmstadt, Giessen "school for technical drawing" was founded ("Schule für technisches Zeichnen"). This led to the founding of this school were widespread complaints that artisans could not read and understand the plans of the architects were fostered. Just four weeks into Darmstadt in December 1837 the trade school was founded, the predecessor of today's TU Darmstadt (Technische Universität Darmstadt). Thus, the THM is only a month younger than the TU Darmstadt and thus the second oldest higher technical educational institution in the German state of Hesse.

In Giessen also in 1838, another "trade school" was founded. In 1840 followed the establishment of the trade association casting. Whose members included the professors Justus von Liebig and Hugo von Ritgen. The trade school in 1842 expanded into a "computational School for Craftsmen". In 1846 the school for technical drawing formed together to create the "trade school" (Handwerkerschule).

The University today
In the winter semester of 1986/87 the computer science program was first made available. At the same time the "mathematics, science and data processing" was divided into the subject areas "of mathematics, science and computer science" (Giessen) and "mathematics, science and data processing" (Friedberg).

The ZeVA-accredited master's program "International Marketing" means that THM is one of the first economics marketing graduate courses in Germany to be taught in English.

Increasingly, the THM is becoming more and more active with its degree programs, continuing to strive into various academic fields. To intensify the work founded the university 2007, the University Centre for Continuing Education - HZW and taught in the Old Mountain Monastery in Solms-Oberbiel an educational center, a system which is installed at the Giessen campus in 2011.

In Friedberg

 * Informationstechnik - Elektrotechnik - Mechatronik (Information Technology, Electronics, Mechatronics)
 * Maschinenbau, Mechatronik, Materialtechnologie (Engineering, Mechatronics, Material Technology)
 * Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Datenverarbeitung (Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Data Processing)
 * Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften (Social and Cultural Sciences)
 * Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen (Business Engineering)

In Giessen

 * Bauwesen (Architecture and Civil Engineering)
 * Elektro- und Informationstechnik (Electronics and IT)
 * Life Science Engineering
 * Maschinenbau und Energietechnik (Mechanical and Energy Engineering)
 * Gesundheit (Health)
 * Mathematik, Naturwissenschaften und Informatik (Mathematics, Natural sciences and Information Technology)
 * Sozial- und Kulturwissenschaften (Social and Cultural Sciences)
 * Wirtschaft - THM Business School (Business Administration)

In Wetzlar
Facility of Studium Plus is part of the Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen. Studium Plus is a Competence Center of Applied Science. It offers a dual system of studying. Students combine learning theory in the university and receive practical approaches in additional business and industries.

Subject of studies are:
 * Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen (Business Engineering)
 * Betriebswirtschaft (Business Administration)
 * Ingenieurwesen / Mikrosystemtechnik (Engineering / Micro Systems Technology)
 * Prozessmanagement (Process Management)
 * minor Steuerung von Geschaeftsprozessen (Controlling of Business Processes)
 * minor Managementsysteme (Management Systems)

Further facility locations of the Studium Plus University are in Bad Hersfeld, Bad Wildungen, Frankenberg and Biedenkopf in Hesse.