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Sodium–potassium pump

The sodium–potassium pump (sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase, also known as Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+/K+ pump, or sodium–potassium ATPase) is an enzyme (an electrogenic transmembrane ATPase) found in the membrane of all animal cells. It performs several functions in cell physiology.

The Na+/K+-ATPase enzyme is active (i.e. it uses energy from ATP). For every ATP molecule that the pump uses, three sodium ions are exported and two potassium ions are imported. Thus, there is a net export of a single positive charge per pump cycle. The net effect is an extracellular concentration of sodium ions which is 5 times the intracellular concentration, and an intracellular concentration of potassium ions which is 30 times the extracellular concentration.

The sodium–potassium pump was discovered in 1957 by the Danish scientist Jens Christian Skou, who was awarded a Nobel Prize for his work in 1997. Its discovery marked an important step forward in the understanding of how ions get into and out of cells, and it has particular significance for excitable cells such as nerve cells, which depend on this pump to respond to stimuli and transmit impulses.

All mammals have four different sodium pump sub-types, or isoforms. Each has unique properties and tissue expression patterns. This enzyme belongs to the family of P-type ATPases.

Function
The Na+/K+-ATPase helps maintain resting potential, affects transport, and regulates cellular volume. It also functions as a signal transducer/integrator to regulate the MAPK pathway, reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as intracellular calcium. In fact, all cells expend a large fraction of the ATP they produce (typically 30% and up to 70% in nerve cells) to maintain their required cytosolic Na and K concentrations. For neurons, the Na+/K+-ATPase can be responsible for up to 3/4 of the cell's energy expenditure. In many types of tissue, ATP consumption by the Na+/K+-ATPases have been related to glycolysis. This was first discovered in red blood cells (Schrier, 1966), but has later been evidenced in renal cells, smooth muscles surrounding the blood vessels, and cardiac Purkinje cells. Recently, glycolysis has also been shown to be of particular importance for Na+/K+-ATPase in skeletal muscles, where inhibition of glycogen breakdown (a substrate for glycolysis) leads to reduced Na+/K+-ATPase activity and lower force production.

Resting potential

In order to maintain the cell membrane potential, cells keep a low concentration of sodium ions and high levels of potassium ions within the cell (intracellular). The sodium–potassium pump mechanism moves 3 sodium ions out and moves 2 potassium ions in, thus, in total, removing one positive charge carrier from the intracellular space (see for details). In addition, there is a short-circuit channel (i.e. a highly K-permeable ion channel) for potassium in the membrane, thus the voltage across the plasma membrane is close to the Nernst potential of potassium.

Reversal potential
Even if both K+ and Na+ ions have the same charge, they can still have very different equilibrium potentials for both outside and/or inside concentrations. The sodium-potassium pump moves toward a nonequilibrium state with the relative concentrations of Na+ and K+ for both inside and outside of cell. For instance, the concentration of K+ in cytosol is 100 mM, whereas the concentration of Na+ is 10 mM. On the other hand, in extracellular space, the usual concentration range of K+ is about 3.5-5 mM, whereas the concentration of Na+ is about 135-145 mM.

Transport
Export of sodium ions from the cell provides the driving force for several secondary active transporters such as membrane transport proteins, which import glucose, amino acids and other nutrients into the cell by use of the sodium ion gradient.

Another important task of the Na+-K+ pump is to provide a Na+ gradient that is used by certain carrier processes. In the gut, for example, sodium is transported out of the reabsorbing cell on the blood (interstitial fluid) side via the Na+-K+ pump, whereas, on the reabsorbing (lumenal) side, the Na+-glucose symporter uses the created Na+ gradient as a source of energy to import both Na+ and glucose, which is far more efficient than simple diffusion. Similar processes are located in the renal tubular system.

Controlling cell volume
Failure of the Na+-K+ pumps can result in swelling of the cell. A cell's osmolarity is the sum of the concentrations of the various ion species and many proteins and other organic compounds inside the cell. When this is higher than the osmolarity outside of the cell, water flows into the cell through osmosis. This can cause the cell to swell up and lyse. The Na+-K+ pump helps to maintain the right concentrations of ions. Furthermore, when the cell begins to swell, this automatically activates the Na+-K+ pump because it changes the internal concentrations of Na+-K+ to which the pump is sensitive.

Functioning as signal transducer
Within the last decade, many independent labs have demonstrated that, in addition to the classical ion transporting, this membrane protein can also relay extracellular ouabain-binding signalling into the cell through regulation of protein tyrosine phosphorylation. For instance, a study investigated the function of Na+/K+-ATPase in foot muscle and hepatopancreas in land snail Otala lactea by comparing the active and estivating states. They concluded that reversible phosphorylation can control the same means of coordinating ATP use by this ion pump with the rates of the ATP generation by catabolic pathways in estivating O. lactea. The downstream signals through ouabain-triggered protein phosphorylation events include activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal cascades, mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as activation of phospholipase C (PLC) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) in different intracellular compartments.

Protein-protein interactions play a very important role in Na+-K+ pump-mediated signal transduction. For example, the Na+-K+ pump interacts directly with Src, a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, to form a signaling receptor complex. Src is initially inhibited by the Na+-K+ pump. However, upon subsequent ouabain binding, the Src kinase domain is released and then activated. Based on this scenario, NaKtide, a peptide Src inhibitor derived from the Na+-K+ pump, was developed as a functional ouabain–Na+-K+ pump-mediated signal transduction. Na+-K+ pump also interacts with ankyrin, IP3R, PI3K, PLCgamma1 and cofilin.

Controlling neuron activity states
The Na+-K+ pump has been shown to control and set the intrinsic activity mode of cerebellar Purkinje neurons, accessory olfactory bulb mitral cells and probably other neuron types. This suggests that the pump might not simply be a homeostatic, "housekeeping" molecule for ionic gradients, but could be a computation element in the cerebellum and the brain. Indeed, a mutation in the Na+-K+ pump causes rapid onset dystonia-parkinsonism, which has symptoms to indicate that it is a pathology of cerebellar computation. Furthermore, an ouabain block of Na+-K+ pumps in the cerebellum of a live mouse results in it displaying ataxia and dystonia. Alcohol inhibits sodium–potassium pumps in the cerebellum and this is likely how it corrupts cerebellar computation and body coordination. The distribution of the Na+-K+ pump on myelinated axons in the human brain has been demonstrated to be along the internodal axolemma, and not within the nodal axolemma as previously thought. The Na+-K+ pump disfunction has been tied to various diseases, including epilepsy and brain malformations.

Mechanism

Looking at the process starting from the interior of the cell:
 * The pump has a higher affinity for Na+ ions than K+ ions, thus after binding ATP, binds 3 intracellular Na+ ions.
 * ATP is hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of the pump at a highly conserved aspartate residue and subsequent release of ADP. This process leads to a conformational change in the pump.
 * The conformational change exposes the Na+ ions to the extracellular region. The phosphorylated form of the pump has a low affinity for Na+ ions, so they are released; by contrast it has high affinity for the K+ ions.
 * The pump binds 2 extracellular K+ ions, which induces dephosphorylation of the pump, reverting it to its previous conformational state, thus releasing the K+ ions into the cell.
 * The unphosphorylated form of the pump has a higher affinity for Na+ ions. ATP binds, and the process starts again.

Endogenous
The Na+/K+-ATPase is upregulated by cAMP. Thus, substances causing an increase in cAMP upregulate the Na+/K+-ATPase. These include the ligands of the Gs-coupled GPCRs. In contrast, substances causing a decrease in cAMP downregulate the Na+/K+-ATPase. These include the ligands of the Gi-coupled GPCRs. Note: Early studies indicated the opposite effect, but these were later found to be inaccurate due to additional complicating factors.

The Na+/K+-ATPase is endogenously negatively regulated by the inositol pyrophosphate 5-InsP7, an intracellular signaling molecule generated by IP6K1, which relieves an autoinhibitory domain of PI3K p85α to drive endocytosis and degradation.

The Na+/K+-ATPase is also regulated by reversible phosphorylation. Research has shown that in estivating animals, the Na+/K+-ATPase is in the phosphorylated and low activity form. Dephosphorylation of Na+/K+-ATPase can recover it to the high activity form.

Exogenous
The Na+/K+-ATPase can be pharmacologically modified by administering drugs exogenously. Its expression can also be modified through hormones such as triiodothyronine, a thyroid hormone.

For instance, Na+/K+-ATPase found in the membrane of heart cells is an important target of cardiac glycosides (for example digoxin and ouabain), inotropic drugs used to improve heart performance by increasing its force of contraction.

Muscle contraction is dependent on a 100- to 10,000-times-higher-than-resting intracellular Ca^{2+} concentration, which is caused by Ca^{2+} release from the muscle cells' sarcoplasmic reticulum. Immediately after muscle contraction, intracellular Ca^{2+} is quickly returned to its normal concentration by a carrier enzyme in the plasma membrane, and a calcium pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing the muscle to relax.

According to the Blaustein-hypothesis, this carrier enzyme (Na+/Ca^{2+} exchanger, NCX) uses the Na gradient generated by the Na+-K+ pump to remove Ca^{2+} from the intracellular space, hence slowing down the Na+-K+ pump results in a permanently elevated Ca^{2+} level in the muscle, which may be the mechanism of the long-term inotropic effect of cardiac glycosides such as digoxin. The problem with this hypothesis is that at pharmacological concentrations of digitalis, less than 5% of Na/K-ATPase molecules – specifically the α2 isoform in heart and arterial smooth muscle (Kd = 32 nM) – are inhibited, not enough to affect the intracellular concentration of Na+. However, apart from the population of Na/K-ATPase in the plasma membrane, responsible for ion transport, there is another population in the caveolae which acts as digitalis receptor and stimulates the EGF receptor.

Pharmacological regulation
In certain conditions such as in the case of cardiac disease, the Na+/K+-ATPase may need to be inhibited via pharmacological means. A commonly used inhibitor used in the treatment of cardiac disease is digoxin (a cardiac glycoside) which essentially binds "to the extracellular part of enzyme i.e. that binds potassium, when it is in a phosphorylated state, to transfer potassium inside the cell" After this essential binding occurs, a dephosphorylation of the alpha subunit occurs which reduces the effect of cardiac disease. It is via the inhibiting of the Na+/K+-ATPase that sodium levels will begin to increase within the cell which ultimately increases the concentration of intracellular calcium via the sodium-calcium exchanger. This increased presence of calcium is what allows for the force of contraction to be increased. In the case of patients where the heart is not pumping hard enough to provide what is needed for the body, use of digoxin helps to temporarily overcome this.

Discovery
Na+/K+-ATPase was proposed by Jens Christian Skou in 1957 while working as assistant professor at the Department of Physiology, University of Aarhus, Denmark. He published his work that year.

In 1997, he received one-half of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+,K+-ATPase."

Genes

 * Alpha: ATP1A1, ATP1A2, ATP1A3, ATP1A4. ATP1A1 is expressed ubiquitously in vertebrates, and ATP1A3 in neural tissue. ATP1A2 is also known as "alpha(+)". ATP1A4 is specific to mammals.
 * Beta: ATP1B1,, ATP1B3

, although closely related to ATP1B1, ATP1B2, and ATP1B3, lost its function as Na+/K+-ATPase beta subunit.

The parallel evolution of resistance to cardiotonic steroids in many vertebrates
Several studies have detailed the evolution of cardiotonic steroid resistance of the alpha-subunit gene family of Na/K-ATPase (ATP1A) in vertebrates via amino acid substitutions most often located in the first extracellular loop domain. Amino acid substitutions conferring cardiotonic steroid resistance have evolved independently many times in all major groups of tetrapods. ATP1A1 has been duplicated in some groups of frogs and neofunctionlised duplicates carry the same cardiotonic steroid resistance substitutions (Q111R and N122D) found in mice, rats and other muroids.

In insects
In Drosophila melanogaster, the alpha-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase has two paralogs, ATPα (ATPα1) and JYalpha (ATPα2), resulting from an ancient duplication in insects. In Drosophila, ATPα1 is ubiquitously and highly expressed, whereas ATPα2 is most highly expressed in male testes and is essential for male fertility. Insects have at least one copy of both genes, and occasionally duplications. Low expression of ATPα2 has also been noted in other insects. Duplications and neofunctionalization of ATPα1 have been observed in insects that are adapted to cardiotonic steroid toxins such as cardenolides and bufadienolides. Insects adapted to cardiotonic steroids typically have a number of amino acid substitutions, most often in the first extra-cellular loop of ATPα1, that confer resistance to cardiotonic steroid inhibition.

title: Sodium–potassium pump


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Battle of Lansdowne

The First English Civil War battle of Lansdowne, or Lansdown, was fought on 5 July 1643, at Lansdowne Hill, near Bath, Somerset, England. Although the Royalists under Lord Hopton forced the Parliamentarians under Sir William Waller to retreat from their hilltop position, they suffered so many casualties themselves and were left so disordered and short of ammunition that an injured Hopton was forced to retire.

Prelude
By late May 1643, Lord Hopton's Royalist army had captured most of the south-west of England. Joined by the Marquess of Hertford, he then advanced eastward into Parliamentarian-held territory. Sir William Waller's army held Bath, to obstruct their further advance. On 2 July 1643 the Royalists seized the bridge at Bradford-on-Avon. On 3 July, skirmishes took place at Claverton and at Waller's positions south and east of Bath. Waller retired to a strong position on Lansdowne Hill, north-west of Bath while the main Royalist force moved north through Batheaston to Marshfield.

Hopton's forces encountered Waller's position on Lansdowne Hill on 4 July and were unpleasantly surprised at its strength. They withdrew 5 mi north-east to Marshfield, while their rearguard repulsed an attempt by Waller's cavalry to pursue them.

Battle
Early on 5 July 1643, Waller moved to the north end of Lansdowne Hill, where he built crude breastworks for his infantry, and sent some of his cavalry against Hopton's outposts. The Parliamentarians put to flight some badly led Royalist cavalry, and the alarm caused all of Hopton's army to form up and to begin advancing west until they came in sight of Waller's position.

The two forces engaged in indecisive skirmishing for two hours until Waller tried to withdraw. Waller once again sent his horse and dragoons against the Royalists' rearguard, and this time they routed the Royalist cavalry, although the infantry stood firm. Hopton's army then turned about and ultimately defeated the Roundhead cavalry in a confused action. With his Cornish foot regiments already advancing without orders, Hopton at last attacked Lansdowne Hill.

As they charged up the steep slopes towards the Parliamentarian position on the crest, Hopton's cavalry suffered badly, and many panicked. As many as 1,400 of them fled, some as far as Oxford. Under Sir Bevil Grenville, Hopton's Cornish pikemen stormed Waller's breastworks, while Royalist musketeers outflanked Waller's forces through the woods on each side of his position. Grenville was mortally wounded in hand-to-hand combat as the Parliamentarian horse cavalry counter-attacked and were driven off. Waller's infantry fell back to a wall across the crest of the hill from where they kept up musket fire until darkness fell. During the night, they withdrew silently, leaving burning matches on the wall to deceive the Royalists that they still held the position.

Aftermath

The day after the battle, a Royalist ammunition cart exploded. Hopton was injured and temporarily blinded. The loss of the powder and the absence of most of their horse meant that the Royalists could not fight another action. Meanwhile, Waller had retired to Bath, where he was reinforced and was ready to attack again. Hopton's army retreated in low spirits to Devizes. Hopton's army was in such a poor situation before their retreat that Hopton's military opponent but old friend Waller offered him hospitality in Bath, though the former refused it.

A Cornish officer describing the battle wrote that Waller was "... the best shifter and chooser of ground when he was not Master of the field that ever I saw". (sic)

The site of the battle is marked by a monument to Sir Bevil Grenville, who died after the battle in Cold Ashton Rectory. The battlefield is included on the Register of Historic Battlefields which is part of the National Heritage List for England.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Battle of Lansdowne


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User:Theresa knott

Images

Me in a hotel in Paris

During Euro 2004 I painted the England flag on my tits in support of my country. WARNING if you are the sort of person who is easily offended by naked tits  do not click on the following link.

Image:Now that's a great pair of tits.jpg

Subpages:
 * Sand box

 * Gallery of images

If you want to request that I draw something (A diagram or chemical structure for example) drop me a note on my talk page.
 * Boilerplates
 * When I get a "round tuit"

Policy pages that I like
 * User:Theresa knott/Those who disagree with Angela must not sign their comments
 * Guerilla UK spelling campaign Funny page that has been deleted - what a shame!
 * Friends of gays should not be allowed to edit articles

Offsite
 * my edits
 * My home page Try to crack the puzzle code game. or download some science worksheets for schoolkids

I am a preparatory school teacher from London whose interests include science, cooking, gardening & rock music. I have a degree in physics from University College London.

My main editing interest is in science articles especially on Wikibooks. I like to draw diagrams which I do with Inkscape.

I don't have a brag list for articles, but I am quite proud of some of my diagrams see the list at the bottom of How to draw a diagram with Microsoft Word and my image gallery to the right. And I am also proud of the work I've done at Wikibooks.

I joined Wikipedia in August 2001 and have been an admin here since June 2003. My current wikipediaholic score has crept up to 125 (which is disgraceful, but not as bad as some)

You can edit this page right now!
Feel free to edit my user page. This is a wiki after all. If you want to say something to me then use my talk page but if you want to say something about me then do so in this section. Compliments are always welcome, stuff that makes me laugh even more so, criticisms are welcome too but personal attacks will be removed.

 * (To get the ball rolling I’ll make the first comment myself). Theresa Knott has got to be Wikipedia’s worst typist ever. The number of spelling mistakes, typos and downright weird errors she makes has to be seen to be believed. Fortunately for her, lots of lovely people correct her mistakes (a big thanks to everyone who’s fixed my spellings) Who man edit whores are sew much bet her at this than spill chequers that are sup hosed two dew this atom attic ally four her. Still soft wear is bet her than nothing! She has run the hiss sect shone threw Word’s spell ling and gram her cheque and sew can has sure ewe the hat the hare are no miss steaks in this par a graph.  theresa knott 01:40, 7 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Theresa's signature is out of control. And yet, fun. In principle, it annoys me, but it made me smile, so I thought I'd let you know. - Anon
 * I'm glad you liked it - sort of. I've had a few complaints that it's too distracting so I've stopped using it now on all pages except my own :-( [[Image:Theresa Knott Sig.gif]]

 * Theresa firmly believes in absolutely no censorship. This has caused brief conflict with parents (and grandparents) who like the idea of Wikipedia, but who feel that some moral standard needs to be applied for pics and drawings that appear on this site.  KeyStroke 20:08, 2004 Oct 11 (UTC)

 * Even with the paint on them, you can still tell that those tits are still naked as the day God created them! (However, I must admit, I did expect great tits to have been larger.)  KeyStroke 04:22, 2004 Oct 14 (UTC)
 * Yeah she does, for child porn (I don't quite recall where her talk comment was.). Theresa, did you know that your signature is a patent violation?  KeyStroke, God did not make them; her parents did!  You really need to correct your parents for explaining the birds and bees wrong. lysdexia 10:28, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Heheh, there are too many double entendres in that. lysdexia 11:17, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * Well, I'd say something non-positive, but as the Rake has demonstrated on multiple pages, if you can't say something nice about somebody, she'll ensure you can't say anything at all. --Jscott 07:47, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Actually you are free to say whatever you like here. I delete personal attacks, but if you want to say something negative about me that's fine. Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 08:41, 21 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * Theresa is a fun person with a lower wikipediholic score than me ;) (this is not my vandalism >:) — Ilγαηερ   (Tαlκ) '' 01:36, 15 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I should think not! Vandalism has to be a lot more dramatic! Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 01:39, 15 July 2005 (UTC)

 * It makes me smirk to see her textual signature on pages, where the link to her talk page is usually an anagram of her name; the snott rake and a tenth stroke for instance. A more intellectual use of a signature than some people put to it. Rob Church Talk 15:11, 22 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I wan't to commend you on your accessability, level headedness, and your genius that has you explain very complicated ideas in simple terms, without demeaning the subject, and your courage. Artoftransformation 00:26, 7 November 2005 (UTC)
 * Aw shucks!

Is that dramatic enough? Gosh it's boring here at work. Whispering 22:51, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * DR A MA T IC!

 * This page stinks more than Dr. Phils' thong after being in contact with his balls and filth for ten days straight. >:( User:Xcaliburftw
 * How do you know how much that stinks? Are you into thong sniffing? Takes all sorts I suppose.Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 23:25, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

ohh, a shiny rock....Arcayne 18:31, 18 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I wrote a poem: Ode to a lump of thong I found one day: oh, thing, oh lumpy thong, escapee from the prison of Dr. Phil...

 * In reference to one of your comments below (I'll let you figure out which one) there is this observation quoted by Bob Collins: "Age 64 - I've learned that if you pursue happiness, it will elude you. But if you focus on your family, the needs of others, your work, meeting new people, and doing the very best you can, happiness will find you." Baseball Bugs 00:00, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
 * You're welcome, Luv. Since you like to make anagrams of your user name, maybe you'd like this site, if you didn't already know about it. Your examples don't show up, however, being non-standard spellings. Baseball Bugs 00:16, 22 July 2007 (UTC)
 * What fun!

 * Oh! I can edit your page! That's really cool. I think you are a cool lady. Good luck! Masterpiece2000 (talk) 14:24, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Thank you! Theresa Knott | The otter sank 16:25, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Welcome! I am visiting your user page after a long time. Regards, Masterpiece2000   ( talk ) 05:58, 16 June 2008 (UTC)
 * A WP with a sense of humor! There are so few... Gerardw (talk) 01:40, 3 February 2009 (UTC)
 * Sadly, Theresa has never seen the movie The Room, and is unaware of how it would improve her life. Keepscases (talk) 22:27, 13 May 2010 (UTC)

London Meetup
I have met Jimbo Wales in person at the 2004 London meetup (the first ever wikipedia meetup that he attended, and so was one of the first wikipedians he ever met). He said to me that he was pleased to be meeting all "these famous people"! (How do you think I feel Jimbo? If I'm famous you're awesome!) I am definitely up for meeting up again next year as was suggested both at the meetup and on the wikipage. I also met a whole host of other cool dudes, none of who looked like I expected, not even the ones who had posted photos of themselves. Those of you who didn't attend, (like Martin for example) you missed out on a good afternoon. Angela's quiz was a lot of fun even if the group at my table did do very badly :-(

Loves

 * My two girls, I'm immensely proud of them.
 * My job;it keeps me on my toes, but working with children is never boring. I kinda fell into teaching almost by accident but I'm never going to leave it. It's far too much fun.
 * Spring, when the blossom appears on the trees, the birds start to make an awful racket in the garden, and we get the barbecue out of the shed, clean the rust off it and have the first steak of the season.
 * The smell of onions cooking. Frying onions slowly in butter is the best cooking smell ever.
 * No, a restaurant kitchen is the best cooking smell ever... Okay, imagine the best grilled garlic onion cheese dill vinegar cheese truffle chive bread, with bacon and sausage. (add ingredients if known) lysdexia 11:17, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Stuff that makes me cry. I used to get embarrassed by crying at a weepy movie, or song, but as I get older I find I get embarrassed less and enjoy a good tearjerker more and more.
 * Life. Life is good, make the most of it.

 * Wikipedia (of course)

Hates

 * People who say “I’m not a racist/sexist/homophobe/etc” then go on to make a remark that proves they are one. We are all only human, we all have our prejudices, but those people who can’t even see their own get right on my goat.
 * I find that in practice "but" means, "whatever I just said isn't true." Hyacinth 00:33, 10 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * Yep Theresa Knott (The snott rake) 20:46, 15 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I'm not ageist, but have you noticed how old people are no good at everything? --Deathphoenix ʕ 21:15, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I have to disagree there. They are good at getting a seat on the bus. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 21:25, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Didn't think of that. --Deathphoenix ʕ 01:26, 16 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The smell of dog shit – yuck!
 * Still, if it's my dog, I pick it up, and heartily recommend the practice to others. Halcatalyst 18:45, 11 November 2005 (UTC)
 * I'm a cat person. The idea of picking up dog shit while walking a dog partially contributes to this.  At least a cat will try to bury the stuff (ok I don't want to start a dog-cat war). Robert Brockway 15:29, 14 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Boring, stupid stuff. I suppose I bore pretty easily really, I hate crappy films where I can predict the ending. I also hate waiting for stuff to download, I want the internet to be a thousand times faster.
 * Getting older, why can’t I look 21 forever? It’s not fair!
 * What about going on a diet? A lessened calorie/joule diet makes people live longer, presumably meaning they age slower. lysdexia 11:17, 20 Oct 2004 (UTC)
 * Nah it just that by starving yourself your whole life it just seems as if you live longer ;-) Theresa Knott (Not the skater) 14:44, 9 Nov 2004 (UTC)
 * You're young, so don't worry about it. :')  Bwefler talk2me  08:07, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * "Men reach their sexual peak at eighteen. Women reach theirs at thirty-five. Do you get the feeling that God is playing a practical joke?" - Rita Rudner
 * No, this is the most interesting part of God's Plan for us. Just think about it a little bit . . . Hoserjoe (talk) 22:28, 25 November 2007 (UTC)
 * ::innocently, sheepishly whistles...:: Bwefler 19:51, 6 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * Penalty shootouts.
 * ...when supporting England Josh Holloway  18:20, 17 March 2007 (UTC)

Films
I love a really good film, something I can escape into. There are so many good ones out there that I can only give you a small selection of the ones I love. So here they are: Pulp Fiction, Snatch, The Magnificent Seven, Ice-Cold in Alex, Grease, The Shawshank Redemption, Alien, The Matrix, Blade Runner, WarGames, Scum, The Great Escape, Trainspotting, South Pacific, The Jungle Book, Monty Python's Life of Brian, Raising Arizona, Bonnie and Clyde, The Sting, Fight Club, Being John Malkovich.

>Have you seen Poliakoff'sHidden City? max rspct - (50quid on ebay!)<

-I'm just gonna assume you haven't seen The Big Lebowski (Ngoah89 00:32, 18 November 2006 (UTC))
 * I hadn't then, I have now. A brilliant film! Theresa Knott | Sort that Knee! 21:15, 19 April 2011 (UTC)

As for films I hate, it's difficult to say as I generally switch off, but I did once force myself to sit through Showgirls to see if it was really as bad as everyone said it was. I wasn't disappointed, it was utter rubbish.
 * Good to hear. I also simply turn off a bad movie (or walk away from it, or ask for my money back).  So many people will commit to seeing a movie through once they start watching.  It makes no sense to me. Robert Brockway 15:33, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

Music
Isn’t music the best human invention ever? Here is a selection of my favourites Back in Black by ACDC. I still keep playing it over and over again. Use Your Illusion I and II both volumes by Guns N' Roses, Willie Nelson’s version of Me and Bobby McGee, Shaggy’s version of Angel of the morning, Beethoven's Ninth Symphony. Virtually anything by Eminem but especially "cleaning out my closet". Desperado by The Eagles, fat bottomed girls, we will rock you, and the video for I want to break free by Queen. Whiskey in the Jar by Thin Lizzy (not the awful Metallica version). "Bali Hai" sung by a little old lady at a carol concert, I don't know her name but her voice blew me away. "Everybody Hurts" by R.E.M.

 * You should buy this. You won't credit it, but the cover of Whiskey in the Jar is better than Thin Lizzy's, and the rest of the album's great, too. There you go. --Tagishsimon (talk)
 * Cheers I'll give it a go. Theresa Knott (Not the skater)

I generally prefer positive music. I don't mind it being sad, but I hate the kind of self indulgent misery that some bands go in for. You know the kind of thing "my life is shit, I can't wake up, I'm in a coma, bring me to life" that sort of thing.

 * You're listing Beethoven's ninth as well, which (positively) surprises me. Maybe I could introduce to you some more classical music :-)? Caesarion 12:29, 7 January 2006 (UTC)
 * My attitute to music is - i don't rule out any genre - but it has to be good. Life's too short for mediocre. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn

Books
Catch-22 - funny yet very serious at the same time. A perfect antiwar book.

All Creatures Great and Small series of books - Light reading but so enjoyable.

Misery - Let's face it Stephen King has written some truly terrible books in his time, but he makes up for them all with this one.

The life of Pi - One of those book you want to talk about once you have read it, but I never can because there are always people around who haven't read it, and I can't ruin it for them.

The Long Dark Teatime of the Soul - I would put hitchhikers guide down, but I saw the TV series first and the book is identical. Anyway, this novel is better.

The Magic Army by Leslie Thomas - another war book. I read this book; passed it on to friend who passed on to one of her friends and so on. I never got it back. I would love to re-read it but I've forgotten who wrote it :-( The story is about a bunch of American soldiers (or airmen I can't remember) sent to train in Britain for the Normandy landings. There are a lot of very funny incidents, one that sticks in my mind is when a local character trespasses on the base to do a spot of ferreting (catching rabbits). The Americans spot him and pretend he is in a minefield for a laugh. They describe his ferret as "some kind of raccoon" They love the English war time cuisine so much they decide that bombing the sprout fields during target practice will be their first priority. (recently reprinted - Amazon link)

Pages worth watching

 * Utilities
 * |Push for commons Wikipedia
 * |Push for commons Wikibooks

Barnstars
For being a great friend and contributor for wikipedia, and having "great tits" as well..lol! Keep it up and the awards will keep on coming, lady! "Antonio Chile & Jalapeno Martin"

In gratitude for all the thankless work you do around here - especially for dealing with users who would have others tearing their hair out - I hereby award you this purple heart. →Raul654 20:48, Aug 20, 2004 (UTC)

Theresa, I hereby award you this first ever Cool as a Cucumber award, for your tireless work on Wikipedia. When the vandals, sock puppets, and POV pushers bring it on, you give it back in such a classy manner. :) func(talk) 20:10, 17 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Another well-earned award, for defending NPOV. 21:15, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

For your tireless work on the GNAA VfD, as well as general awesomeness, I give unto you the Barnstar of Diligence. Almafeta 22:25, 11 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Cool! Thank you very much Theresa Knott (a tenth stroke) 22:31, 11 July 2005 (UTC)

I award this first ever Firm but Fair award, for your great effort in encouraging and enforcing civility and no personal attacks on Wikipedia. Mytwocents 07:19, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

I award you this carnival picture for being nice and because La vida es un carnaval y es más bello vivir cantando.

Licences
The above dual license also applies to all images I create and upload to Wikipedia whether I say so on the image descripion page or not.

title: User:Theresa knott


text:
Herford (district)

Herford is a Kreis (district) in the northeastern part of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. Neighboring districts are Minden-Lübbecke, Lippe, the urban district of Bielefeld and the districts of Gütersloh and Osnabrück.

History
The region is also known as Wittekind's land, as the last fights of Wittekind's Saxon tribes against Charlemagne took place here. He is believed to be buried in the town of Enger.

When the area became part of the Prussian province of Westphalia, the first district, Herford, was created in 1816. In 1832 it was merged with the district of Bünde. In 1911 the city of Herford left the district; however it lost its status as an independent urban district in 1969. The district reached its current size in 1973 when the municipality of Uffeln, which was formerly in the district of Minden, was merged into the city Vlotho.

Geography
The district is located between the three mountain chains of the Wiehen Hills in the north and the Teutoburg Forest in the south. To the northeast it is bounded by the Weser river.

Coat of arms
The black horse of Wittekind is depicted in the coat of arms of the district. After Wittekind was baptized Charlemagne gave him a white horse as present, which is now in the coat of arms of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony.

title: Herford (district)


text:
Talk:Screaming jelly babies

Untitled
Wow, what a terribly dangerous experiment.

I've seen it done loads of times without any problems.It is definately a demo for chemistry teachers rather than pupils which is why I've added the safety warning to the chemistry experiment page

Maybe the Wikipedia would be better served with chemistry experiments that don't involve heating unstable chemicals until they melt...

personally I'm in favour of just adding information to wikipedia and not worrying how best to serve it. Although you do have a point. So far in wikipedia, not many experiments have been added at all. Lot's of science info, but no practical advice. I suppose we do have some responsibility towards potential readers. I'd hate to be in anyway responsible for someone getting hurt. Yet, to self-censure info goes against the grain for me. It's also IMO against the whole idea of an encyclopaedia, which is supposed to represent all knowledge not just the knowledge which is safe to know. I suppose the solution is to add safety warnings and suggest alternative chemicals on the page.

And does this really need its own page? Might be better to just expand the "Chemistry practicals" page...

I'm hoping that the chemistry practicals page will grow into a very long list. Besides with it's own page it can be linked to pages on energy in food etc.

 * I think it's brilliant! :) Except that... is it really an encyclopaedia article? It seems to me that an article would say something like, "The screaming jelly babies experiment is a demonstration of the oxidizing power of potassium chlorate, first performed in 1827 by Michael Faraday," or something along those lines - describing what the experiment is, rather than giving instructions on how to do it. I wouldn't have thought that an encyclopaedia should be an instruction manual. But then again, I've seen quite a few things like this - recipes and so on - so maybe there is a consensus to allow such things... -- Oliver P. 19:33 Feb 12, 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree with Oliver. It needs a bit of a tweak to read more like an encyclopedia article. A backlink to Chemistry practicals would be good too... though Chemistry practicals needs renaming -- Tarquin 21:31 Feb 12, 2003 (UTC)

 * Ok I've added an itro to make it partially more like a typical article. As for renaming chemistry practicals I was thinking of renaming it School Chemistry experiments and demonstrations, and doing the same with physics and biology practicals - what do you think? Theresa knott

Encyclopedic or note, this is an excellent article in that it enlightens and visualises a somewhat abstract aspect like energy in the food we eat. On a related not: in the UK an expert had a "show" where he would dunk a Digestive biscuit in liquid oxygen and then set fire to it with a match. Flames were spectacular and presumably people would think twice before pigging out on sweets.

Centigrade or Fahrenheit?
If we are to have an effective and safe article on this, it'd be nice to have it state the temperature scale it uses. Ideas? --Kizor 20:04, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

 * There is no mention of temperature anywhere on the page as far as I can see. The 60 ° is an angle not a temperature. Theresa Knott | Taste the Korn 20:49, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I think I need to go get some sleep now. --Kizor 23:21, 23 December 2005 (UTC)

Jelly Babies
I don't see what in this experiment is particular to jelly babies, even if they're a popular example. As such, while it is significant in principle (as much as the notion of a baking soda and vinegar volcano), it needs renaming. Fearwig 05:27, 22 August 2007 (UTC)
 * The use of a jelly baby is an important bit of theater in this experiment. You could use anything that contains a lot of sugar, but the anthropomorphism provides a very gruesome show that appeals to kids. --Tony Sidaway 14:52, 9 January 2008 (UTC)

Globalize
Sorry to sound like the stupid American here, but this article is clearly written for a British audience. Can someone please explain to me what the hell "Open Evenings" are?!

67.142.172.20 (talk) 09:01, 13 July 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Per the relevant policy, I've attempted to commonalize the language while retaining British spellings (and I linked "open evening" to the relevant page). ʍw 19:23, 22 March 2014 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Screaming jelly babies


text:
Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship

Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship is a voivodeship (province) in northeastern Poland. Its capital and largest city is Olsztyn. The voivodeship has an area of 24192 km2 and in 2019 had a population of 1,425,967.

Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship was created on 1 January 1999 from the entire Olsztyn Voivodeship, the western half of Suwałki Voivodeship, and part of Elbląg Voivodeship, pursuant to the Polish local government reforms adopted in 1998. The province's name derives from two historic regions, Warmia and Masuria, although also parts of other regions are located within the province, i.e. of Chełmno Land and Powiśle.

The province borders Podlaskie Voivodeship to the east, Masovian Voivodeship to the south, Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship to the southwest, Pomeranian Voivodeship to the west, the Vistula Lagoon to the northwest, and the Kaliningrad Oblast (an exclave of Russia) to the north.

History
The region was originally inhabited by several Old Prussian clans, including the Bartians, Pogesanians and Warmians, from whom the name Warmia originated. During the northern Crusade, the Old Prussians were conquered by the Teutonic Order; their land was granted to the order by the pope, and the region became part of the State of the Teutonic Order. The Order encouraged colonization by German settlers in Warmia (Ostsiedlung) and Polish colonists from the region of Masovia, called Masurians (Mazurzy), hence the name Masuria. The Old Prussians were heavily decimated during the crusade and the following revolt. What remained of them became assimilated into the newcomers and thus became extinct. During the Teutonic rule, the region experienced a process of urbanization and economic boost due to the expansion of the Hanseatic League into the region. The Order later attacked their former ally Poland and conquered the region of Pomerelia, beginning a long-lasting conflict with Poland, which subsequently entered into an alliance with Lithuania. In Masuria, the Poles and Lithuanians defeated the Order at the Battle of Grunwald. The wars eventuated in a rebellion by the urban populations of Pomerelia and Warmia, who were affected by the Teutons' numerous wars; upon the urban populations' request, the region was incorporated into Poland by King Casimir IV Jagiellon, and after the Thirteen Years' War it remained under Polish suzerainty, but was divided into two parts: Elbląg and Warmia were incorporated directly into the Kingdom of Poland, while Masuria became a Polish fief under the control of the Teutonic Order, also considered an integral part of "one and indivisible" Kingdom of Poland. The state of the Teutonic Order ceased to exist in 1525 when Grandmaster Albert Hohenzollern introduced secularisation, proclaimed the Duchy of Prussia, and became a vassal of Sigismund I of Poland. The Prussian Hohenzollern line became extinct in 1618 with the death of Albert Frederick, and the Duchy was inherited by the Brandenburgian line; Prussia simultaneously entered into a personal union with the electorate of Brandenburg known as Brandenburg-Prussia, remaining under Polish suzerainty until the Treaty of Oliva in 1660. The throne was inherited by Frederick I of Prussia who wanted to unite the Duchy with Brandenburg and also wanted to proclaim himself king of Prussia and therefore participated in the Russian-initiated Partitions of Poland in which Warmia was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, and henceforth became part of the newly established province of East Prussia. Together with the rest of the Kingdom, the region became part of the North German Confederation and the German Empire.

In 1914, the province turned into a battlefield, seeing notable battles such as the Battle of Tannenberg as part of the Eastern Front of World War I. Later, the region became part of the Weimar Republic, and Nazi Germany, whereas some areas in the south became again part of Poland, following the restoration of its independence in 1918. In the interbellum, the Polish population was subjected to persecution from both the pre-Nazi and Nazi authorities of Germany. With the German invasion of Poland at the start of World War II in 1939, the Germans eventually carried out mass arrests of local Poles, shut down or seized Polish newspapers and libraries, and occupied the pre-war Polish areas of the present-day province, in which they established the Soldau concentration camp, and carried out massacres of Poles, including at Bratian, Nawra, Malinowo and Komorniki. Several subcamps of the Stutthof concentration camp were located in the region. Stalag I-B, a major German prisoner-of-war camp for Polish, Belgian, French, Italian, Serbian and Soviet POWs, and Wolf's Lair, Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front military headquarters were located in Masuria. After the end of World War II, the German population was expelled in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement, whereas many Masurians emigrated in the following decades.

Ethnic and religious structure
In year 1824, shortly before its merger with West Prussia, the population of East Prussia was 1,080,000 people. Of that number, according to Karl Andree, Germans were slightly more than half, while 280,000 (~26%) were ethnically Polish and 200,000 (~19%) were ethnically Lithuanian, however large portions of its German and Lithuanian populations lived in the northern half of the region, outside of the present Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship. As of year 1819 there were also some 2,400 Jews, according to Georg Hassel. Similar numbers are given by August von Haxthausen in his 1839 book, with a breakdown by county. But the majority of East Prussian Polish and Lithuanian inhabitants were Lutherans, not Roman Catholics like their ethnic kinsmen across the border in the Russian Empire. Only in Southern Warmia Catholic Poles – so called Warmiaks (not to be confused with predominantly Protestant Masurians) – comprised the majority of population, numbering 26,067 people (~81%) in county Allenstein (Polish: Olsztyn) in 1837. Another minority in 19th-century East Prussia, were ethnically Russian Old Believers, also known as Philipponnen – their main town was Eckersdorf (Wojnowo). The Polish population was subjected to Germanisation and Kulturkampf policies.

In year 1817, East Prussia had 796,204 Evangelical Christians, 120,123 Roman Catholics, 864 Mennonites and 2,389 Jews.

The Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship has the largest number of ethnic Ukrainians living in Poland due to forced relocations (such as Operation Vistula) carried out by the Soviet and Polish Communist authorities.

Pasłęk in the western part of the voivodeship is considered the first place in present-day Poland where Dutch immigrants settled (in 1297). There is a claim that they were participants in the killing of Floris V, Count of Holland in 1296, who then fled east, which is alluded to by Dutch poet Joost van den Vondel in his work Gijsbrechcie van Aemstel (1637).

Cities and towns
The Voivodeship contains 3 cities and 47 towns. These are listed below in descending order of population (according to official figures for 2019): • Cities (governed by a city mayor or prezydent miasta):

• # Olsztyn (172,194)

• # Elbląg (119,760)

• # Ełk (62,006)

• Towns:

• # Iława (33,322)

• # Ostróda (32,947)

• # Giżycko (29,335)

• # Kętrzyn (27,212)

• # Bartoszyce (23,482)

• # Szczytno (23,267)

• # Mrągowo (21,656)

• # Działdowo (21,279)

• # Pisz (19,277)

• # Braniewo (17,040)

• # Olecko (16,442)

• # Lidzbark Warmiński (15,728)

• # Morąg (13,793)

• # Nidzica (13,762)

• # Gołdap (13,716)

• # Pasłęk (12,160)

• # Węgorzewo (11,328)

• # Nowe Miasto Lubawskie (10,891)

• # Biskupiec (10,598)

• # Lubawa (10,387)

• # Dobre Miasto (10,208)

• # Orneta (8,772)

• # Lidzbark (7,794)

• # Olsztynek (7,561)

• # Barczewo (7,513)

• # Susz (5,560)

• # Orzysz (5,546)

• # Reszel (4,532)

• # Ruciane-Nida (4,454)

• # Korsze (4,206)

• # Biała Piska (4,024)

• # Górowo Iławeckie (3,951)

• # Mikołajki (3,826)

• # Jeziorany (3,190)

• # Wielbark (3,035)

• # Ryn (2,851)

• # Pieniężno (2,721)

• # Tolkmicko (2,689)

• # Miłakowo (2,548)

• # Pasym (2,503)

• # Miłomłyn (2,436)

• # Bisztynek (2,370)

• # Frombork (2,332)

• # Zalewo (2,145)

• # Kisielice (2,098)

• # Sępopol (1,958)

• # Młynary (1,772)

Administrative division
Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship is divided into 21 counties (powiaty): 2 city counties and 19 land counties. These are further divided into 116 gminas.

The counties are listed in the following table (ordering within categories is by decreasing population).

Sights and tourism
Amongst the most visited sights is the Masurian Lake District, which contains more than 2,000 lakes, including the largest lakes of Poland, Śniardwy and Mamry. Giżycko, Iława, Mrągowo, Mikołajki and Ruciane-Nida are thus popular summer destinations.

Other recognizable landmarks are the Warmian castles (Lidzbark Warmiński Castle, Pieniężno Castle, Olsztyn Castle) and the Cathedral Hill in Frombork, where Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus lived and worked, and which contains his tomb. In collections of the Warmia and Mazury Museum in Olsztyn, visitors can find numerous tokens from the time when Nicolaus Copernicus lived in Warmia. The Lidzbark Warmiński Castle was later the residence of Ignacy Krasicki, nicknamed the Prince of Polish Poets. There are also multiple other Gothic castles and palaces in various styles in the voivodeship. Święta Lipka in Masuria and Gietrzwałd in Warmia are popular pilgrimage sites, and other notable historic churches include the Gothic collegiate church in Dobre Miasto and churches in Orneta and Kętrzyn, which delight visitors with the uniqueness of their architectonic details. Several towns contain entirely or partly preserved medieval town walls with towers and gates, i.e. Lidzbark Warmiński, Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, Pasłęk.

The Elbląg Canal is considered one of the greatest landmarks of the western part of the province. The Grunwald battlefield in Masuria is site of the annual reenactment of one of the largest battles of Medieval Europe. Gołdap is a spa town in the north-eastern part of the province. There is a museum dedicated to composer Feliks Nowowiejski at his birthplace in Barczewo.

There are multiple World War II memorials in the voivodeship, including at the site of the Soldau concentration camp in Działdowo, at the locations of Nazi massacres of Poles, and the war cemetery in Sudwa, where victims of the Stalag I-B German prisoner-of-war camp were buried. The Wolf's Lair, Adolf Hitler's first Eastern Front military headquarters in World War II is located in Gierłoż.

Protected areas
Protected areas in Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship include eight areas designated as Landscape Parks, as listed below:
 * Brodnica Landscape Park (partly in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship)
 * Dylewo Hills Landscape Park
 * Elbląg Upland Landscape Park
 * Górzno-Lidzbark Landscape Park (partly in Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Masovian Voivodeships)
 * Iława Lake District Landscape Park (partly in Pomeranian Voivodeship)
 * Masurian Landscape Park
 * Puszcza Romincka Landscape Park
 * Wel Landscape Park

The Łuknajno Lake nature reserve (part of Masurian Landscape Park) is a protected wetland site under the Ramsar convention, as well as being designated by UNESCO as a biosphere reserve.

Cuisine
In addition to traditional nationwide Polish cuisine, Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship has its variety of traditional foods and drinks, specific to its Warmia and Masuria regions, officially protected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland. Masuria produces several types of various meat products, especially kiełbasa, and a plethora of traditional Polish honey. Masuria also shares with neighboring Podlaskie Voivodeship the tradition of producing sękacz, a traditional spit cake of northeastern Poland.

The protected traditional alcoholic beverages of the province are Okowita miodowa warmińska, a beverage of 42% alcohol by volume made from Warmian honey, the Warmian porter, a local type of Polish beer, and Masurian nalewka niedźwiedziówka.

Education
The chief institutions of higher learning in the voivodeship are the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn and Higher State College of Vocational Education in Elbląg. Kortowiada, one of the largest annual university students' holidays in Poland, is held in Olsztyn.

The Police Academy in Szczytno, the main police academy in Poland, is located in the voivodeship.

International relations
28 towns are members of Cittaslow, more than in any other province of Poland.

Twin towns – sister cities
The Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship is twinned with:
 * Podolsk, Russia

title: Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship


text:
PLC

PLC or plc may refer to:

 * Public limited company, a type of public company

Education

 * Platoon Leaders Class, of the US Marine Corps Officer Candidates School
 * Post Leaving Certificate, a qualification in Ireland
 * Presbyterian Ladies' College (disambiguation), several schools in Australia
 * Professional learning community, for collaborative learning

Medicine

 * Perlecan, a protein in humans
 * Peptide loading complex, an intracellular membrane protein matrix
 * Peter Lougheed Centre, a hospital in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 * Phospholipase C, a class of membrane-associated enzymes
 * Pityriasis lichenoides chronica, a skin condition
 * Posterolateral corner, a region of the human knee

Politics

 * Colombian Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Colombiano)
 * Conservative Party (Spain) (Partido Liberal-Conservador)
 * Constitutionalist Liberal Party (Partido Liberal Constitucionalista), in Nicaragua
 * Liberal Party of Canada (Parti Libéral du Canada)
 * Palestinian Legislative Council, of the Palestinian Authority
 * Pennsylvania Leadership Conference, in the US
 * Provisional Legislative Council, in Hong Kong 1997–1998

Technology

 * Packet loss concealment, in VoIP communications
 * Planar lightwave circuit splitter, a type of fiber-optic splitter
 * Portevin–Le Chatelier effect, jerky flow under plastic deformation
 * Power-line communication, or power-line carrier
 * Product lifecycle, from inception to manufacture
 * Programmable logic controller, an industrial digital computer

Other uses

 * Pine Lake Camp, a Salvation Army camp in Alberta, Canada
 * Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
 * Portland Lesbian Choir, in Oregon, US
 * Prism Leisure Corporation, a former British company
 * UAE Pro League Committee, a football organising committee

title: PLC


text:
Thomas Campion

Thomas Campion (sometimes spelled Campian; 12 February 1567 – 1 March 1620 ) was an English composer, poet, and physician. He was born in London, educated at Cambridge, studied law in Gray's inn. He wrote over a hundred lute songs, masques for dancing, and an authoritative technical treatise on music.

Life
Campion was born in London, the son of John Campion, a clerk of the Court of Chancery, and Lucy (née Searle – daughter of Laurence Searle, one of the Queen's serjeants-at-arms). Upon the death of Campion's father in 1576, his mother married Augustine Steward, dying soon afterwards. His stepfather assumed charge of the boy and sent him, in 1581, to study at Peterhouse, Cambridge as a "gentleman pensioner"; he left the university after four years without taking a degree. He later entered Gray's Inn to study law in 1586. However, he left in 1595 without having been called to the bar.

On 10 February 1605, he received his medical degree from the University of Caen.

Campion is thought to have lived in London, practising as a physician, until his death in March 1620 – possibly of the plague. He was apparently unmarried and had no children. He was buried the same day at St Dunstan-in-the-West in Fleet Street.

He was implicated in the murder of Sir Thomas Overbury, but was eventually exonerated, as it was found that he had unwittingly delivered the bribe that had procured Overbury's death.

Poetry and songs
The body of his works is considerable, the earliest known being a group of five anonymous poems included in the "Songs of Divers Noblemen and Gentlemen", appended to Newman's edition of Sir Philip Sidney's Astrophel and Stella, which appeared in 1591. In 1595, Poemata, a collection of Latin panegyrics, elegies and epigrams was published, winning him a considerable reputation. This was followed, in 1601, by a songbook, A Booke of Ayres, with words by himself and music composed by himself and Philip Rosseter. The following year he published his Observations in the Art of English Poesie, "against the vulgar and unartificial custom of riming," in favour of rhymeless verse on the model of classical quantitative verse. Campion's theories on poetry were criticised by Samuel Daniel in "Defence of Rhyme" (1603).

In 1607, he wrote and published a masque for the occasion of the marriage of Lord Hayes, and, in 1613, issued a volume of Songs of Mourning: Bewailing the Untimely Death of Prince Henry, set to music by John Cooper (also known as Coperario). The same year he wrote and arranged three masques: The Lords' Masque for the marriage of Princess Elizabeth; an entertainment for the amusement of Queen Anne at Caversham House; and a third for the marriage of the Earl of Somerset to the infamous Frances Howard, Countess of Essex. If, moreover, as appears quite likely, his Two Bookes of Ayres (both words and music written by himself) belongs also to this year, it was indeed his annus mirabilis.

In 1615, he published a book on counterpoint, A New Way of Making Fowre Parts in Counterpoint By a Most Familiar and Infallible Rule, a technical treatise which was for many years the standard textbook on the subject. It was included, with annotations by Christopher Sympson, in Playford's Brief Introduction to the Skill of Musick, and two editions appear to have been published by 1660.

Some time in or after 1617 appeared his Third and Fourth Booke of Ayres. In 1618 appeared the airs that were sung and played at Brougham Castle on the occasion of the King's entertainment there, the music by George Mason and John Earsden, while the words were almost certainly by Campion. In 1619, he published his ''Epigrammatum Libri II. Umbra Elegiarum liber unus'', a reprint of his 1595 collection with considerable omissions, additions (in the form of another book of epigrams) and corrections.

Legacy
Campion made a nuncupative will on 1 March 1619/20 before "divers credible witnesses": a memorandum was made that he did "not longe before his death say that he did give all that he had unto Mr Phillip Rosseter, and wished that his estate had bin farre more", and Rosseter was sworn before Dr Edmund Pope to administer as principal legatee on 3 March 1619/20.

While Campion had attained a considerable reputation in his own day, in the years that followed his death his works sank into complete oblivion. No doubt this was due to the nature of the media in which he mainly worked, the masque and the song-book. The masque was an amusement at any time too costly to be popular, and during the Commonwealth period it was practically extinguished. The vogue of the song-books was even more ephemeral, and, as in the case of the masque, the Puritan ascendancy, with its distaste for all secular music, effectively put an end to the madrigal. Its loss involved that of many hundreds of dainty lyrics, including those of Campion, and it was due to the work of A. H. Bullen (see bibliography), who first published a collection of the poet's works in 1889, that his genius was recognised and his place among the foremost rank of Elizabethan lyric poets restored.

Early dictionary writers, such as Fétis, saw Campion as a theorist. It was much later on that people began to see him as a composer. He was the writer of a poem, "Cherry Ripe", which is not the later famous poem of that title but has several similarities.

In popular culture
Repeated reference was made to Campion (1567–1620) in an October 2010 episode of the BBC TV series, James May's Man Lab (BBC2), where his works are used as the inspiration for a young man trying to serenade a female colleague. This segment was referenced in the second and third series of the programme as well.

Occasional mention is made of Campion ("Campian") in the comic strip 9 Chickweed Lane (i.e., 5 April 2004), referencing historical context for playing the lute.

In his lifetime

 * A Booke of Ayres (1601)
 * Observations in the Art of English Poesie (1602)
 * A Discription of a Maske etc. to the Lord Hayes (1607)
 * The Lords' Masque (1613)
 * A New Way of Making Fowre Parts in Counterpoint (1613)
 * The Art of Descant, 1671 edition.
 * The Art of Descant, 1674 edition
 * Two Bookes of Ayres (1613?)
 * A Discription of a Maske on S. Stephen's night (1614)
 * The Third and Fourth Booke of Ayres (1617)

Twentieth century editions of works and criticism

 * Bullen, A H (ED.). Songs and masques, with Observations in the art of English poesy (London: A H Bullen, 1903).
 * Campion, Thomas. A book of airs, as written to be sung to the lute and viol (Peter Pauper Press, 1944).
 * Davis, Walter R. Thomas Campion (Twayne Publishers, 1987).
 * Davis, Walter R. and J. Mas Patrick, eds. The Works of Thomas Campion. W.W. Norton & Co., 1970. ISBN 978-0393004397
 * Eldridge, Muriel T. Thomas Campion: his poetry and music (Vantage Press, 1971).
 * Lindley, David .Thomas Campion (Leiden, 1986).
 * Lowbury, Edward, et al. Thomas Campion: Poet, Composer, Physician. Chatto & Windus, 1970. ISBN 978-0701114770
 * MacDonagh, Thomas. Thomas Campion and the art of English poetry (Dublin: Talbot Press, 1913).
 * Vivian, Percival (Ed.). Campion's works (Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1909).
 * Watson, George & Willison, Ian Roy. The new Cambridge bibliography of English literature, Volume 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1971) pp. 1905–6.
 * Watson, George & Willison, Ian Roy. The new Cambridge bibliography of English literature, Volume 1 (Cambridge University Press, 1971) pp. 1905–6.

title: Thomas Campion