text:
List of cities and unincorporated communities in Oregon

This list of cities and unincorporated communities in the U.S. state of Oregon includes all incorporated cities and many unincorporated communities, arranged in alphabetical order. Unincorporated communities are identified with italic type.

Cities are the only form of municipal government incorporated in Oregon. While villages and hamlets exist in Oregon, they are created by Clackamas County only, and do not resemble municipalities due to the limited nature of their powers and their lack of home-rule charters.

This list does not distinguish villages, hamlets, and other forms of local organization in Oregon; they are shown below as unincorporated communities and are shown in italics. In addition, some formerly freestanding communities have been partially or wholly subsumed by neighboring cities or abandoned and turned into ghost towns; these also are represented in italics but are marked an asterisk (*) to distinguish them from unincorporated communities.

A
Ada - Adair Village - Adams - Adel - Adrian - Ady - Agate Beach - Agness - Airlie - Albany - Albina* - Alfalfa - Algoma - Alicel - Alma - Allegany - Aloha - Alpine - Alsea - Altamont - Alvadore - Amity - Andrews - Anlauf - Antelope - Antone - Apiary - Applegate - Arago - Arch Cape - Arlington - Arock - Ash - Ashland - Ashwood - Astoria - Athena - Auburn - Aumsville - Aurora - Austa - Austin - Austin Junction - Azalea

B
Bacona - Baker City - Ballston - Bandon - Banks - Barlow - Barton - Barview (Coos County) - Barview (Tillamook County) - Bates - Bay City - Bayocean* - Beatty - Beaver - Beaver Hill - Beaver Marsh - Beavercreek - Beaverton - Beech Creek - Belknap Springs - Bellevue - Bellfountain - Bend - Bethany - Bethel - Beulah - Beverly Beach - Biggs Junction - Bingham Springs - Birkenfeld - Blachly - Black Butte Ranch - Black Rock - Blakeley - Blalock* - Blodgett - Blooming - Blue River - Bly - Boardman - Bonanza - Bonneville - Bonita - Bonny Slope - Boring - Bourne - Boyd - Breitenbush - Brickerville - Bridal Veil - Bridge - Bridgeport (Baker County) - Bridgeport (Polk County) - Brighton - Brightwood - Broadbent - Brockway - Brogan - Brookings - Brooks - Brothers - Brownlee - Brownsmead - Brownsville - Buchanan - Buena Vista - Bull Mountain - Bull Run - Buncom - Bunker Hill - Burlington (Linn County)* - Burlington (Multnomah County) - Burns - Burns Junction - Burnt Woods - Butte Falls - Butteville - Buxton

C
Cabell City* - Cairo - Camas Valley - Camp Sherman - Canary - Canby - Canemah* - Cannon Beach - Canyon City - Canyonville - Cape Meares - Carlton - Carnation - Carpenterville - Carson - Carus - Carver* - Cascade Locks - Cascade Summit - Cascadia - Castle Rock (Morrow County)* - Cave Junction - Cayuse - Cazadero - Cecil - Cedar Hills - Cedar Mill - Celilo Village - Central Point - Champoeg - Charbonneau - Charleston - Chehalem - Chemawa - Chemult - Cherry Grove - Cherryville - Cheshire - Chiloquin - Chitwood - Christmas Valley - Clackamas - Clarno - Clatskanie - Clear Lake - Clem - Clifton (Clatsop County) - Clifton (Hood River County) - Cloverdale (Deschutes County) - Cloverdale (Lane County) - Cloverdale (Tillamook County) - Coburg - Cold Springs - Colton - Columbia City - Condon - Coos Bay - Cooston - Copper (Jackson County)* - Copper (Wallowa County)* - Copperfield* - Coquille - Corbett - Cornelius - Cornucopia - Corvallis - Cottage Grove - Cottrell - Courtrock - Cove - Crabtree - Crane - Crawfordsville - Crescent - Crescent Lake - Crescent Lake Junction - Creswell - Crooked River Ranch - Crow - Crowley (Malheur County) - Crowley (Polk County) - Culp Creek - Culver - Curtin - Cushman - Cutler City*

D
Dairy - Dale - Dallas - Damascus - Danner - Dawson - Days Creek - Dayton - Dayville - Deadwood - Dee - Deer Island - Deerhorn - Delake* - Dellwood - Denio - Denmark - Depoe Bay - Detroit - Dexter - Diamond - Diamond Lake - Dillard - Dilley - Disston - Divide* - Dixie (Baker County) - Dixie (Grant County)* - Dixie (Washington County)* - Dodson - Dolph - Donald - Donnybrook - Dora - Dorena - Drain - Drew - Drewsey - Dryden - Dufur - Dundee - Dunes City - Dunthorpe - Durham - Durkee

E
Eagle Creek - Eagle Point - East Portland* - Eastside* - Echo - Eddyville - Eightmile - Elgin - Elk City - Elkhead - Elkton - Ella - Ellendale* - Elmira - Elmonica - Elsie - Empire* - Enterprise - Eola - Estacada - Eugene

F
Fairbanks - Fairview - Falcon Heights - Fall Creek - Falls City - Farmington - Ferndale - Fields - Finn Rock - Fisher - Five Corners - Flagg - Flavel* - Flora - Florence - Forest Grove - Fort Klamath - Fort Rock - Fort Stevens* - Foss - Fossil - Foster - Four Corners (Jackson County) - Four Corners (Marion County) - Fox - Franklin - Frankport* - Frenchglen - Friend

G
Galena* - Gales Creek - Galice - Garden Home–Whitford - Gardiner - Garibaldi - Gaston - Gates - Gateway - Gaylord - Gearhart - Gervais - Gibbon - Gilchrist - Gillespie Corners - Gladstone - Glenada - Glenbrook - Glencoe* - Glendale - Gleneden Beach - Glenwood (Lane County) - Glenwood (Washington County) - Glide - Goble - Gold Beach - Gold Hill - Golden* - Goldson - Gopher* - Gopher Flats - Goshen - Government Camp - Grand Ronde - Granite - Grants Pass - Grass Valley - Gravelford - Green - Green Acres - Greenberry - Greenhorn - Greenleaf - Greenville - Gresham

H
Hadleyville - Hager - Haines - Halfway - Halsey - Hamilton - Hamlet - Hammond* - Hampton (Deschutes County) - - Happy Valley - Harbor - Hardman - Harlan - Harper - Harrisburg - Hatfield - Hauser - - Hayward - Hazeldale - Hebo - Heceta Beach - Helix - Helvetia - Henley - Heppner - Hereford - Hermiston - Hildebrand - Hilgard - Hillsboro - Hines - Hinkle - Holbrook - Holdman - Holland - Holley - Homestead - Hood River - Hopewell - Horse Heaven - Horton - Hot Lake - Hubbard - Huber - Hugo - Huntington

I
Idanha - Idaville - Idiotville* - Idleyld Park - Illahe - Imbler - Imnaha - Independence - Indian Village - Indiola - Inglis - Inlow - Interlachen - Ione - Ironside - Irrigon - Irving - Island City - Izee

J
Jacksonville - Jamieson - Jasper - Jean - Jeffers Garden - Jefferson - Jennings Lodge - Jewell - Jewell Junction - Jimtown - John Day - Johnson City - Jonesboro - Jordan - Jordan Creek - Jordan Valley - Joseph - Junction City - Juntura

K
Kamela - Kansas City - Keasey - Keating - Keizer - Kellogg - Kelso - Keno - Kent - Kerby - Kernville - Kerry - Kimberly - King City - Kings Valley - Kingsley - Kingston - Kinton - Kinzua* - Kirk - Kirkpatrick - Klamath Agency - Klamath Falls - Klondike - Knappa

L
La Grande - La Pine - Lacomb - Ladd Hill - Lafayette - Lake of the Woods - Lake Oswego - Lake Creek - Lakeside - Lakeview - Lakewood - Lancaster - Langell Valley - Langlois - Latham - Laurel - Laurel Grove - Laurelwood - Lawen - Leaburg - Lebanon - Lees Camp - Lehman Springs - Leland - Lemati* - Lena - Leneve - Lenz (Hood River County) - Lenz (Klamath County) - Leona - Lewis - Lewisburg - Lewisville - Lexington (Clatsop County)* - Lexington (Morrow County) - Libby - Liberal - Lime - Lincoln Beach - Lincoln City - Lindbergh - Linn City* - Linnton* - Linslaw - Little Albany - Little Alps - Locust Grove - Logan - Logsden - London Springs - Lone Elder - Lonerock - Long Creek - Lookingglass - Lorane - Lorella - Lostine - Low Pass - Lowell - Lukarilla - Lunnville - Luper* - Lyons

M
Mabel - Macksburg - Macleay - Madras - Malabon* - Malin - Malone - Manhattan Beach - Manning - Manzanita - Mapleton - Marcola - Marial - Marion - Marion Forks - Marlene Village - Marmot - Marquam - Marshland - Marylhurst - Maupin - Maxville - Mayger - Mayville - Maywood Park - McCoy - McCredie Springs - McDermitt - McDonald - McEwen - McKay - McKee - McKee Bridge - McKenzie Bridge - McKinley - McLeod - McMinnville - McNary - McNulty - Meacham - Meda - Medford - Medical Springs - Mehama - Melrose - Melville - Merlin - Merrill - Metolius - Metzger - Middle Grove - Middleton - Midland - Midway - Mikkalo - Miles Crossing - Mill City - Millersburg - Millican - Millington - Millwood - Milo - Milton-Freewater - Milwaukie - Milwaukie Heights - Minam - Minerva - Mission - Mist - Mitchell - Modeville - Modoc Point - Mohawk - Mohler - Molalla - Molalla Prairie - Monitor - Monkland - Monmouth - Monroe - Monument - Morgan - Moro - Mosier - Mount Angel - Mount Hood - Mount Hood Village - Mount Vernon - Mountain Air Park - Mountain View - Mountaindale - Mulino - Mulloy - Murphy - Myrick - Myrtle Creek - Myrtle Point

N
Narrows - Nashville - Navy Heights - Neahkahnie Beach - Necanicum - Nedonna Beach - Needy - Nehalem - Nelscott* - Neotsu - Nesika Beach - Neskowin - Netarts - New Bridge - New Era - New Hope - New Pine Creek - New Princeton - Newberg - Newport - Newport Heights - Niagara - Nibley - Nimrod - Nolin - Nonpareil - North Albany - North Beach - North Bend - North Howell - North Plains - North Powder - Nortons - Norway - Norwood - Noti - Nye - Nyssa

O
Oak Grove - Oak Hills - Oakland - Oakridge - Oatfield - O'Brien - Ocean Park - Oceanlake* - Oceanside - Odell - Odessa - Olene - Olex - Olney - Ontario - Ophir - Oregon City - Orenco* - Oretown - Orleans* - Orodell - Ortley - Otis - Otis Junction - Otter Rock - Owyhee - Oxbow

P
Pacific City - Paisley - Paradise - Parkdale - Paulina - Payette Junction - Pedee - Pelican City - Pendleton - Peoria - Perry - Perrydale - Philomath - Phoenix - Pilot Rock - Pine - Pine Grove (Hood River County) - Pine Grove (Klamath County) - Pine Grove (Wasco County) - Pine Ridge* - Pinehurst - Pistol River - Pittsburg - Placer - Pleasant Hill - Pleasant Valley (Baker County) - Pleasant Valley (Josephine County) - Pleasant Valley (Tillamook County) - Plush - Pocahontas - Pondosa - Port Orford - Portland - Post - Powell Butte - Powers - Prairie City - Pratum - Prescott - Prineville - Progress* - Prospect - Prosper - Provolt

Q
Quartz Mountain - Quincy

R
Rainbow - Rainier - Rajneeshpuram* - Raleigh Hills - Range - Redland - Redmond - Reedsport - Reedville - Remote - Rhododendron - Rice - Rice Hill - Richland - Richmond - Rickreall - Riddle - Rieth - Riley - Ripplebrook - Ritter - Rivergrove - Riverside (Clackamas County) - Riverside (Linn County) - Riverside (Malheur County) - Riverside (Umatilla County) - Riverside (Yamhill County) - Riverton - Riverview (Lane County) - Riverview (Multnomah County) - Riverview (Umatilla County) - Riverwood - Roads End* - Robinsonville* - Rock Creek (Baker County) - Rock Creek (Gilliam County) - Rockcreek - Rock Point - Rockaway Beach - Rocky Point - Rogue River - Rome - Rose Lodge - Roseburg - Rosedale - Round Prairie - Rowena - Rowland* - Roy - Ruch - Rufus - Ruggs

S
Saginaw - Saint Benedict - Saint Helens - Saint Johns* - Saint Joseph - Saint Louis - Saint Paul - Salem - Salisbury - Salt Creek - Sams Valley - Sandy - Santiam Junction - Scappoose - Scholls - Scio - Scotts Mills - Scottsburg - Seal Rock - Searose Beach - Seaside - Sellwood* - Selma - Seneca - Service Creek - Shadowood - Shady - Shady Cove - Shaniko - Shaw - Shedd - Sheridan - Sherwood - Shevlin* - Shipley* - Siletz - Siltcoos - Silver Lake - Silverton - Sisters - Sitkum - Sixes - Skipanon* - Sodaville - South Beach - South Lebanon - Southport* - Sparta - Sprague River - Spray - Springbrook* - Springdale - Springfield - Springwater - Stafford - Stanfield - Starkey - Starvation Heights - Stayton - Steamboat (Douglas County) - Steamboat (Jackson County) - Sterlingville - Sublimity - Sulphur Springs - Summer Lake - Summerville - Summit - Sumner - Sumpter - Sunny Valley - Sunnyside (Clackamas County) - Sunnyside (Umatilla County) - Sunriver - Sunset Beach - Suplee - Surf Pines - Susanville* - Sutherlin - Suver - Svensen - Sweet Home - Swisshome

T
Table Rock - Taft* - Takilma - Talbot - Talent - Tallman* - Tangent - Telocaset - Tenmile (Coos County) - Tenmile (Douglas County) - Terrebonne - Thatcher - The Dalles - Thomas* - Three Rivers - Thurston* - Tide - Tidewater - Tiernan - Tierra Del Mar - Tigard - Tillamook - Tiller - Timber - Toledo - Tollgate - Tolo - Tolovana Park - Tonquin - Trail - Tri-City - Triangle Lake - Troutdale - Troy - Tualatin - Tumalo - Turner - Twickenham - Twin Rocks - Tygh Valley

U
Ukiah - Umapine - Umatilla - Umpqua - Union - Union Creek - Unity

V
Vale - Valley Falls - Valley Junction - Valsetz - Van - Vanport* - Vaughn - Venator - Veneta - Verboort - Vernonia - Vida - Voltage

W
Waconda - Wagontire - Walden - Waldo - Waldport - Walker - Wallowa - Walterville - Walton - Wamic - Wankers Corner - Wapinitia - Warm Springs - Warren - Warrendale - Warrenton - Waterman - Wasco - Wauna - Waterloo - Weatherby - Wecoma Beach* - Wedderburn - Welches - Wemme - Wendling - West Haven-Sylvan - West Linn - West Salem* - West Scio - West Side - West Slope - West Stayton - West Union - Westfall - Westfir - Weston - Westport - Wheatland - Wheeler - White City - Whiteson - Whitney - Wilbur - Wilderville - Wilkesboro - Willamina - Willamette* - Williams - Willowcreek - Wilsonville - Wimer - Winchester - Winchester Bay - Wingville - Winston - Witch Hazel* - Wolf Creek - Wonder - Wood Village - Woodburn - Woods - Woodson - Worden - Wren - Wyeth

Y
Yachats - Yamhill - Yaquina - Yarnell* - Yoder - Yoncalla - Yonna

Z
Zena - Zigzag - Zumwalt*

Notes and references

 * Unless otherwise noted, all incorporated cities are included by reference to:


text:
Talk:Hybrid Theory

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 22 August 2018 and 4 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jermfly.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 00:05, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Best selling album of 21st century is incorrect.
The album was released in Oct. of 2000. This would mean that the album was not released in the 21st century. If the case is made that it is an album of the 21st century, then it is not the highest selling. That title would fall to the Beetles "1" album (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%28The_Beatles_album%29). The Beetles album was released in 2000, as well. 98.249.160.216 (talk) 05:13, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * This person is correct on both counts. ~ UBeR (talk) 06:40, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I've also updated the total unit sales to 24 million instead of 25 million, per the source provided (there was none previously, except on the list of best-selling albums page). ~ UBeR (talk) 07:16, 3 October 2011 (UTC)
 * According to this source it is the best selling debut album of the 21st century. ~ UBeR (talk) 07:49, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

I suggest we go for more general language as opposed to the specific language that states it is in fact the "second best-selling album of the 21st century." The reason is because both of these albums were released in late 2000, which is still the 20th century. To measure sales of the 21st century, we have to take total sales and subtract from that the sales from their release dates in 2000 to December 31, 2000. Since there does not seem to be any source that specifically does this, I don't think it would be appropriate for us to make these specific statements without a valid third-party source. (For example, this source seems to imply that a majority of 1's sales occurred in 2000.) I would therefore suggest something to this effect: "Hybrid Theory has sold 24 million copies worldwide, which makes it one of the best-selling albums of the 21st century." ~ UBeR (talk) 08:35, 3 October 2011 (UTC)

Best selling debut album has a source, the second best selling one does not even mention Hybrid Theory...--Something12356789101 (talk) 03:39, 4 October 2011 (UTC)

I'm late to the discussion but anyway, this is all a moot point. Come Away With Me, the 2002 debut album of Norah Jones, has (according to the sources on that article) sold approximately 26 million copies, 2 million more than Hybrid Theory. So, that album is actually the best-selling debut of the 21st century to this point. 72.2.81.193 (talk) 02:26, 26 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Well, I'm even later, LOL, but I was going to make the same general point...it is a totally nothingburger of a statistic because surely there will be something that will sell more before the end of the 21st century. Cheers! FiggazWithAttitude (talk) 19:49, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070213215135/http://www.sharpened.net:80/reviews/musicreview.php?Linkin_Park_Hybrid_Theory to http://www.sharpened.net/reviews/musicreview.php?Linkin_Park_Hybrid_Theory
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20070914170755/http://www.forfeitthegame.com:80/video-osc.html to http://www.forfeitthegame.com/video-osc.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20080122194202/http://music.yahoo.com:80/ar-303254-bio--Linkin-Park to http://music.yahoo.com/ar-303254-bio--Linkin-Park
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071011192334/http://forfeitthegame.com:80/tour-journal.html to http://www.forfeitthegame.com/tour-journal.html

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Sexual assault-related lyrics?
Did any of the songs in Hybrid Theory have any lyrics relating to sexual assault, something that Chester Bennington went through in adolescence (see the early life section of Bennington's page)? If so, is it necessary to make this following edit?

"Recorded at NRG Recordings in North Hollywood, California, and produced by Don Gilmore, the album's lyrical themes deal with problems lead vocalist Chester Bennington experienced during his adolescence, including drug abuse, sexual assault, and the constant fighting and divorce of his parents."

I kindly await your response. User:Danielcool123 - 18:23, 13 January 2019 (GMT)

 * Regarding "Did any of the songs in Hybrid Theory have any lyrics relating to sexual assault..." You obviously have access to a computer and the internet. Google the lyrics, read them, and decide for yourself. Nothing like a little independent research. I say, if you can back it up then edit to your heart's content! Cheers! FiggazWithAttitude (talk) 19:52, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

Singles release dates
I don't think we should have dates or years if we can not confirm when the singles are released. It goes against WP:OR and WP:RS. As this is a good article, it should have sourced material. Andrzejbanas (talk) 15:42, 31 October 2019 (UTC)

Linkin Park - Hybrid Theory 2020 Charts
Linkin Park’s ‘Hybrid Theory’ Rocks Album Sales Chart, John Lennon Debuts in Top 10. (Linkin Park Hybrid Theory debuts at No. 3 on the billboard 200 for 2020).

https://www.billboard.com/articles/business/chart-beat/9468985/linkin-park-hybrid-theory-album-sales-chart-john-lennon/

Official Album Charts UK Top 100 (Linkin Park Hybrid Theory debuts at No. 25 for 2020).

https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/albums-chart/20201016/7502/

Can someone edit the 2020 section on the bottom of the Hybrid Theory album page with these two charts please?

In The End Single Release Date
I would like to get some solidarity on this. The source for August 23, 2001 is confusing as it doesn't say anything about the release date of the single. It only says it entered the charts on December 2 of the same year as they use DD/MM. Though, this can't be the case if the supposed commercial release for the single was August 23. Though, the Offical Charts in the UK has "In The End" first charting on October 20th 2001 https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/9854/linkin-park/ (Click the plus button next to In The End). This is completely different to when it first charted in Australia. This would also prove that In The End first charted in the US in late October to be correct. Would this not suggest that the single was indeed released in October 2001 instead of 2000?--GeorgeKnight201101 (talk) 10:16, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * This was partially discussed here. Billboard merely said "current single" in October 2001; it was released as single in Australia on August 23, 2001 (code bar 9362424122) (it's there, at "TRACKS"). The key problem is that I suspect that Loudwire copied our article, which at the time was citing the RIAA link. (CC)  Tb hotch ™ 19:58, 3 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I suspected the same thing with the Loudwire article copying the wikipedia article itself. It didn't seem credible enough for a random publisher to assume the current release date by looking at what was being fed to people on the article for "In The End". For that reason, I would suggest that the Loudwire reference to be potentially removed. Granted, the RIAA is a lot more credible. Though, for me it wouldn't make sense if it wasn't already released in physical formats or had a music video published making airwaves on MTV or what not. That's the only thing that confuses me. The only other thing I suggest is directly asking Mike Shinoda on one of his Twitch streams to confirm what the actual release date was. Then get some sort of reference for that to link to the article directly.--GeorgeKnight201101 (talk) 11:55, 4 February 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm late to the party, but I concur with this finding of Loudwire being mistaken and us having gotten it wrong at the time. In regard to the RIAA, sometimes they use the single's parent album release date for single releases that are unknown. I like the creative steps toward solutions, George! In the meantime, do you think it's fair to use the Australian dates?  danny music editor  oops 07:11, 18 March 2021 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hybrid Theory


text:
Talk:Israeli–Palestinian conflict/Archive 2

 * I don't mean to pick on Graham, but a big part of the problem is people bringing their agendas to the pages. When you find yourself writing things like "mouthpiece for the Israeli Ministry of Defense," that is a major tip-off that you are not able to write objectively on this topic, and should just steer clear of it. Marknau

 * I don't think it's impossible at all. So far we haven't been able to do it, but just because it's difficult doesn't mean it isn't worth trying.  Take Ultra-Orthodox Judaism.  The talk page for that article had one of the most heated arguments I've ever seen on wikipedia, but the article is now (IMHO) one of the best we have.  This may or may not happen with Israeli-Palestinian conflict, but we can't just give up!  Anyway, why bother arguing about whether the article is NPOV or not when nobody's even written an article yet?  I say do away with the timeline and the list of links and let's try to write an actual article! djk

Hi. I have an idea: What about just removing all articles that have anything to do with the Middle East conflict? They are all clearly NPOV one way or the other, and the opinions and emotions of both sides are so strong and entrenched that I don't see how it can ever be sorted out. I feel the entire issue is pulling Wikipedia down. There are people I've begun arguing with who I really think I'd like and enjoy working with otherwise. :/ -- GayCom

 * I think that the Middle East articles are generally of good quality and reflect well on Wikipedia. We don't have anywhere near this level of detail on many other subjects.  Sure, they are not all neutral and contain plenty of biases one way or the other.  But articles in other encyclopedias (not to mention newspapers and TV) all have their own sets of biases too.  The Wikipedia articles on the Middle East are not perfection, but are surprisingly good given how Wikipedia works, and stack up well against the competition.  We can be proud of them. Enchanter

--- I removed the following. It is a violation of NPOV, as it represents the Palestinian's view; further, this view already is stated in detail in a number of entries already in Wikipedia. There is no reason to state it yet again, in an NPOV fashion. RK

 * Many people judge that the term the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is like talking about the British-Indian conflict or the Dutch-Indonesian conflict or  the French-Algerian conflict  before India, Indonesia and Algeria gained independence from their respective  occupying colonial powers. This is why many would consider a more neutral term to the violence to be  the Occupation of the (Palestinian) Occupied Territories by Israel.

 * It is an undeniable fact that Israel has occupied the land previously known as Palestine. You may think this is justifiable and moral, but that doesn't alter the fact that it has happened.  I think the paragraph should be reinstated. 193.132.79.6

 * I agree that it should be reinstated. It is formulated in an NPOV fashion, it represents an important view as a view and it is relevant here because it pertains to the title of the article. That it is repeated elsewhere is simply irrelevant. -- Jan Hidders 08:42 Aug 27, 2002 (PDT)

In particular if the vague "many people" could be replaced with a more specific term. What many people? Palestinian sympathisizers? Getting specific helps the quality of articles. --The Cunctator

I think it would be perfectly accurate to start the paragraph "It is clear to everybody except Zionists that ... ", but I guess that doesn't help much. :-( GrahamN

Let's break the passage down into two sentences:
 * 1) Many people judge that the term the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is like talking about the British-Indian conflict or the Dutch-Indonesian conflict or  the French-Algerian conflict  before India, Indonesia and Algeria gained independence from their respective  occupying colonial powers.
 * 2) This is why many would consider a more neutral term to the violence to be the Occupation of the (Palestinian) Occupied Territories by Israel.

Sentence #1 is perfectedly neutral by itself.

Sentence #2 needs attribution of the "many", as in "Palestinian Arabs and their supporters regard the terms occupation of the Palestinian territories and the occupied Palestinian territories to be neutral, objective statements of fact.

--Ed Poor

How about "Every major government and international body - including the UN, the EU and the governments of the UK and USA - regards the terms occupation of the Palestinian territories and the occupied Palestinian territories to be accurate descriptions of the situation." Jacob

 * Jacob, what I like about your suggestion is that it's so specific about who advocates the term occupied, thus making it clear that not the Wikipedia but rather the various governments, et al., regard Israel as "occupying" the territories. Nonetheless, I would prefer not to see over-use of the term occupied Palestinian territories in place of neutral terms such as West Bank and Gaza Strip. We should not assist anyone's sloganeering, but merely describe their point of view.  --Ed Poor

 * Do all those governments use, or accept, those terms? Occupied West Bank doesn't mean "Palestinian territories," it can mean "occupied portion of the Kingdom of Jordan." Not a trivial difference. Vicki Rosenzweig

 * AFAIK, the term the occupied Palestinian territories means "the lands which Israel controls with its military although they really belong to the Palestinians", which in turn depends on the meaning of the term Palestinians (see Palestinian). --Ed Poor

 * How about "the Occupied territories", which is short, snappy, accurate, clear, to the point and is usually used by (eg) the UN, the US, the UK, the EU, the BBC and unbiased commentators. It's probably the most commonly used formulation outside the Israeli government, and is certainly used by - eg - the US government in press releases. Jacob

Go ahead, if you think it's neutral. But bear in mind that the idea that Israel is "occupying" the territories in question is a key premise in advocacy for the establishment of a (or another) Palestinian state. It is actually a loaded term, you see, while the term Gaza Strip carries no connotation whatsoever about who owns it, who controls it or anything like that: it's merely the name for a specific area. Everyone agrees on where the Gaza Strip is.

When quoting advocates, such as Yasser Arafat or a UN commissioner, if THEY use the term occupied terriories or occupied Palestinian territories then it is perfectly accurate to use their quote.

I'm not saying Israel is right or wrong to have its military forces in the West Bank. Some say it's justified for self-defense; others say it's totally unjustified (imperialistic, genocidal, or just plain mean and nasty).

Why should the Wikipedia take sides? Just say that Hyman Sputz thinks Israel ought to hang on to the West Bank for dear life, while Al Akbar thinks Israel better let go or his group will do blah, blah, blah... Or whatever the various advocates say. --Ed Poor - What the hell happened to the formatting of this article? It is horrid. You never subdivide an article with lines unless you are dividing the page for separate meanings of the same word. Please see Manual of style. --mav

Yikes! I don't know what to do with all the badly formatted and named subarticles to this entry. Much of this should be all refactored into standard Wikipedia format timelines and articles. Israeli-Palestinian conflict timeline already exists. --mav

With the new addition of the history section I think this article is in much better shape now. This is one of the most often visited articles in Wikipedia. It is important for us to have a good telling of the history here. If and when this gets too long, then somebody can summarize the history, leave that summary here and move the longer version to a History of sub-article. --mav

 Timelines? I have yet to see a well done timeline yet anywhere on the web, let alone here. They miss the point, and is(like i told cuncator) giving the highest British attention to the wrong detail..

The point of the reformat was to 1 create a uniform header that could link to a limited number of main summary articles. Thanks alot, you completely, without even dicussing it with absolutely anyone, changing something that was beginning to make sense in accord with a style sheet. horizontal lines serve more than one purpose, and i used them to graphically eliminate the vertical pit that the page was to begin with. 2. to summarise in three parts major events in the region for the last eighty years. at least you didnt change all this, but now, instead of a summary, its an entire article, mislinked the the other parts, and typically awful to read. So spirit of the law, vs letter of the law, where do you stand? Im restoring my changes until theres been adequate thought given to the changes. your comment about too many rules is somewhat valid. -Sv ,

Please don't undo my work. What you were proposing with your formatting changes is completely different than anything else we have here - it simply would not fit in (esp. the unnecessary HTML and page breaks via the lines). This is also a very popular page and on all popular pages it is very important to show proper Wikipedia style. See Manual of Style for more pointers. Also, simply look around a bit to get a good idea on how we generally organize and present information here. This article is a part of a larger whole and needs to fit into that larger whole. The changes you made were drastic and they were made to a very important and often viewed article - thus the swiftness of the response. It is also common practice to create /Temp pages when you are completely changing over an article to a very different format. But I now think the article is in a workable shape again. I would like to hear exactly what you do have in mind though -- I could be able to help you get you intended effect while not violating Wikipedia style too badly. :) --mav

Dont take the condecending tone with me young man.
 * The following rules don't claim to be the last word. One way is often as good as another, but if everyone does it the same way, the Wikipedia will be easier to read and easier to use, not to mention easier to write and easier to edit:

The style is not the last word. nor is my edit. I proposed something that struck you as proposterous (if i may theorise) simply because it Graphically defied convention. Instead of simply editing the graphical, you decided to take it upon yourself, and change MY work without a thought or two as to its nature or its substance. Now I know a lot of web designers are out of work these days, particularly here in california, but you wrong me my work, on the basis of baselessness. And to top things off you say "dont change MY work." --Sv

Lets not make this personal - it shouldn't be. What is important to keep in focus here is what is best for the article itself and how that fits into the encyclopedia in general. I did not intend to change the content of your words, just their presentation -- which was non-standard to say the least and a mess in edit mode. Maybe I did over-react to the way in which it was presented and the result was a monstrous hack. I'm sorry if that was the case and I would like to work together so that we can have something we both like. In fact I think it is great that you have spent so much time and energy writing this material for such an important article for Wikipedia. I will read through the material here to see how it flows - I just may divide things up the same way you had them if that is best for the article (either way, a longer introduction section is needed that summarizes the main points). --mav

 * Understood and accepted. Im not objecting to your edits, rather, yes, they seemed like a fierce hack, done in a relatively short amount of time i took offline to compose the material, particularly the summaries.

I just read and copyedited the History section. It reads well to me as-is and does follow a logical temporal order like any good history section. It still is a bit light on the details and much more needs to be written, but I think for now the best thing would probably be to keep the history in this article until it gets too long to follow. Then somebody could move the detailed history to History of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and summarize the history for this article (with a link at the end pointing users to a more complete history). This is the procedure that we have been using for some time now. A good example is at United States where each section heading is summarized in the parent article and explained in much more detail in the "X of" articles. Then, if the history of article gets too long then more subdivision can happen. Such is the WikiWay. --mav

yes, i agree, and i expected a certain amount of fighting in taking it upon myself to massively re-write the article anyway thus no harm done. im not surprised and am glad most wikipedians i run into from time to time show a fair amount of consideration. I ask you to consider this : regardless of any specific editing, how would you rewrite the article to contain the basic essential information (forget timelines, try chronological summaries) while leading to other, specific articles for each issue. most of what i took for the second part (1920 -1948) came from the British mandate article. unfortunately, as a new reader, it was troublesome to see these bits and pieces, well written as they may be, put into relevant context for the article. this was my purpose. similar to the atrocity article, which i started because I saw a problem of arraging events in accordance with the heirarchy of relevance. in a couple years, ill bet all those entries for each specific date will be abandoned as useless, and it will be far better form to write on large, expansive topics in a logical way that puts events into context. I appreciate your apology and If you should ever want to take up go, I'd be happy to introduce you. -Sv

 * Boy, I think I'm out of my league now. :) When I write summaries I do one of two things depending on how much I know about a subject: If I know a good deal about the subject area then all I have to do is skim the detailed text for the highlights and then summarize those for the introduction/definition paragraph in order to capture the essence of a subject in a minimum of words (I can't really explain it). This is what I did for United States and what I am doing for the WikiProject Elements articles. However, if I don't know as much about something or am in a hurry I will copy the detailed text and then just start deleting stuff that doesn't seem that important and then condense what is left-over. There also isn't anything at all wrong about duplicating info - if something is important enough for the intro/def then it should also be explained in detail latter on in the same article. But that only covers the technical part. Unfortunately I really don't know enough about this conflict to really help with ordering and grouping priorities. But the headings that you have here do seem to logically divide up the article so maybe those sections can serve as summaries for specific issues and then at the end of those sections you could have "For a more complete history of the above events see: Foo". User:RK, User:GrahamN and user:Uriyan know a lot about this stuff and they will be much better able to help you set priorities on what to include and where (those three do fight a lot though...). Thanks for the offer of a go at go. :) --mav

certainly. I guess this is why we have open editing, so that content writers and copyeditors can work things out to produce a good product. (what an amazing amount of work the WP draws from people who arent being paid! i think because this is preferable actually, to being paid to write content for work that is out of your editorial control entirely, and

essentially that is what i did with the summaries, which still have [/ aji, and should be revived. I chose three because of the depth of the nature of the current conflict. Despite fanatical references to ancient history, (which should be linked to) the conflict is really in the context of the last eighty years. In that time, the beginning and end of British rule,( the creation of the state of Israel) was the first landmark section. For each section, set in chronological context, its possible to expound upon that section with immense detail. Instead of taking a huge topic and trying to contain summaries of all the events since 1920 i just broke it down logically. Its like partitioning an 80 gig hard drive. Its just plain necessary :). --[[User:Stevertigo|Sv]]

-

Why isn't the war of 1967 included, when Israel was attacked and it augmented its boundaries through retaliation? --AB

 * That one's easy: Because such a war never took place.

 * Huh? What do you mean by this? Wikipedia itself has an entry on the Six-Day war in 1967. Many books have been written on this sibject.

 * I'm making a comeback to a loaded question; no war in 1967 took place "when Israel was attacked and it augmented its boundaries through retaliation".

I just removed the italicized portion of the following paragraph: "During the years 1936-1939 there was an upsurge in militant Arab nationalism that later came to be known as the "Great Uprising". Many believe that much of this militant activity was supported both financially and logistically by Zionist movement organizations in order to add fuel to the fire and to delegitimize Arab opposition and make it appear to be violent compared to Zionism."

 * This is a rather odd conspiracy claim. Israel deliberately created its own enemy? Beside, Arabs themselves make no such claim. Arab publications make it clear that this was an indigenous Arab reaction to the events. Frankly, outside of crank Usenet posts (in which every conspiracy theory one can concieve of is presented as factual) I have never seen such a claim. Unless someone can show documentation that a significant group of people take this this seriously, this suspect claim should stay deleted. RK

I'm getting confused by the archiving that's going on. When you archive a talk page, shouldn't you move it wholesale, thereby preserving the edit history for the archived page? Mintguy

As for the archiving, i got confused by the length, theres barely enought to justify an archive yet. though in the history the first two edits were lost on the page, and i restored them to the archive.-Sv

I suggest everyone take a quick read of http://www.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Noam_Chomsky_speech_(1999)&oldid=592234 I included it, despite its document nature for its perspective. Each issue, each problem, takes place within a context. The IPF for example takes place under the umbrella of British Imperialism. Attempts to separate the two are usually done in the context of confusing the issue. Its easy to say that Palestinians are "two-legged beasts" (Ben Gurion?) and that their actions prove such 'beastliness'. the truth is that people act like beasts when provoked. this is human nature. the Is-Pal conflict takes place under the context American global energy dominance, and Israels desire to survive, by serving American interests, and gaining Americas "unwavering support" Its also all to easy to accuse Israel of acting "evilly" when the issues of survival under American rule are complex.

I also included a quote recently on the Zionism page by Ariel Sharon, where he speaks of Jews 'controlling America' "and they (we Americans) know it." Its hard to take a stand when you find that the people you take a stand for are hypocrites, acting out of pure self-interest. Its also all- too easy to say self-interest is "normal" and therefore, un-notable. Its worth noting. --Sv

Correction: The Sharon quote is on the Diaspora article.-pstebert


text:
Death of Brandon Vedas

Brandon Carl Vedas (April 21, 1981 – January 12, 2003), also known by his nickname ripper on IRC, was an American computer enthusiast, recreational drug user and member of the Shroomery.org community who died of a multiple drug overdose while discussing what he was doing via chat and webcam. His death led to debate about the responsibilities and roles of online communities in life-threatening situations.

Overview
The video chat session began when Vedas logged into the IRC channel and announced "i got a grip of drugs", inviting other users to access his webcam feed and watch him take them. While some of the substances were illicit, most of them had apparently been obtained through legitimate prescriptions for treatment of various illnesses from which Vedas was said to have suffered.

Vedas then began consuming psilocybe mushrooms, which had been stored in a prescription medication bottle. As the chat session progressed, one of the users in the channel, grphish, noted "that's a lot of klonopin" and this is thought to be when Vedas consumed 8 mg of clonazepam. Vedas continued by showing the webcam viewers what would be one of four bottles of methadone that he would consume over the course of the session, and, after noting this on the channel, proceeded to consume an entire bottle (reportedly 80 mg of methadone ). After a brief respite, Vedas then consumed 110 mg of propranolol (Inderal), two Vicodin tablets, and 120 mg temazepam, which seem to have been taken in between descriptions given on the IRC channel.

During this process, Vedas maintained that this was "usual weekend behavior" for him and that he had consumed similar quantities of the same substances on previous occasions. "I told u I was hardcore" was one of the last things Vedas typed, and he was found dead by his mother the next day.

title: Death of Brandon Vedas


text:
Hugo Falcandus

Hugo Falcandus was a historian who chronicled the reigns of William I of Sicily and the minority of his son William II in a highly critical work entitled The History of the Tyrants of Sicily (or Liber de Regno Sicilie). The Latin of the work is polished. There is some doubt as to whether "Hugo Falcandus" is a real name or a pseudonym. Evelyn Jamison argued that he was Eugenius, amiratus from 1190. The Frenchman Hugues Foucaud (Hugo Fulcaudus), abbot of Saint-Denis, has been proposed as an author. His name, Falcandus, is apparently a cacography for Falcaudus, Latin for "Foucaud", a French surname.

The History covers the period from the death of Roger II in 1154 to the majority of William II, in 1169. Hugo concentrates on the internal politics of the Palermitan Norman court. Intrigues and scandals are never ignored. He has a low opinion of most of his contemporaries and ascribes villainous intent to next to all actions. Nevertheless, his detailed account is so far above other narratives of like time and place that he cannot on grounds of bias be overlooked. According to Lord Norwich, he "has been compared to Tacitus and Thucydides."

The first English translation, by G. A. Loud and T. Wiedemann, was published in 1998.

title: Hugo Falcandus


text:
Nigerian naira

The naira (sign: ₦; code: NGN; náírà,, naịra, nera) is the currency of Nigeria. One naira is divided into 100 kobo.

The Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) is the sole issuer of legal tender money throughout the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It controls the volume of money supplied in the economy in order to ensure monetary and price stability. The Currency Operations Department of the CBN is in charge of currency management, through the designs, procurement, distribution and supply, processing, reissue and disposal or disintegration of bank notes and coins.

A major cash crunch occurred in February 2023 when the Nigerian government used a currency note changeover—delivering too few of the new notes into circulation—to attempt to force citizens to use a newly-created government-sponsored central bank digital currency. This led to extensive street protests.

History
The history of the currency according to the government.

The naira was introduced on 1 January 1973, replacing the Nigerian pound at a rate of £1 = ₦2. The coins of the new currency were the first coins issued by an independent Nigeria, as all circulating coins of the Nigerian pound were all struck by the colonial government of the Federation of Nigeria in 1959, with the name of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse. This also made Nigeria the last country in the world to abandon the £sd currency system in favour of a decimal currency system. There was a government plan to redenominate the naira at 100:1 in 2008, but the plan was suspended. The currency sign is.

The name "Naira" was coined from the word "Nigeria" by Obafemi Awolowo. However, Naira as a currency was launched by Shehu Shagari as minister of finance in 1973.

The Central Bank of Nigeria claimed that they attempted to control the annual inflation rate below 10%. In 2011, the CBN increased key interest rate six times, rising from 6.25% to 12%. On 31 January 2012, the CBN decided to maintain the key interest rate at 12%, in order to reduce the impact of inflation due to a reduction in fuel subsidies.

From 20 June 2016, the naira was allowed to float, after being pegged at ₦197 to US$1 for several months. Trade speculated the natural range of the naira would be between ₦280 and ₦350 to the dollar.

In October 2021, the eNaira, the digital version of the state currency, was officially launched in Nigeria by President Muhammadu Buhari.

The 2023 Nigerian currency crisis was precipitated in January 2023 by a shortage of naira cash amid an attempt by the Nigerian government to force citizens to use newly-designed notes, which the government said would help stem the tide of vote-buying in the lead-up to the 2023 general elections. This led to extensive street protests throughout January and February 2023. The country's Supreme Court later invalidated the government's pronouncement that the previous notes had ceased to become legal tender.

On 14 June 2023, the Naira fell 23% in a day, to a rate of ₦600 to US$1, as the central bank abandoned its currency peg and allowed the naira to trade freely. On 19 July 2023, the Naira fell to a new record low of ₦853 to US$1.

Coins
Nigerian central bank info as of 2022 is in this source:

In 1973, coins were introduced in denominations of $1/2$, 1, 5, 10 and 25 kobo, with the $1/2$ and 1 kobo in bronze and the higher denominations in cupro-nickel. The $1/2$ kobo coins were minted only that year. In 1991, smaller 1, 10 and 25 kobo coins were issued in copper-plated-steel, along with nickel-plated-steel 50 kobo and ₦1. On 28 February 2007, new coins were issued in denominations of 50 kobo, ₦1 and ₦2, with the ₦1 and ₦2 bimetallic. Some Nigerians expressed concerns over the usability of the ₦2 coin. The deadline for exchanging the old currency was set at 31 May 2007. The central bank stated that the $1/2$ to 25 kobo coins were withdrawn from circulation with effect from 28 February 2007.
 * $1/2$ kobo
 * 1 kobo
 * 5 kobo
 * 10 kobo
 * 25 kobo
 * 50 kobo
 * 1 naira
 * 2 naira

Banknotes

On 1 January 1973, the Central Bank of Nigeria introduced notes for 50 kobo, ₦1, ₦5, ₦10 and ₦20: in April 1984, the colors of all naira banknotes were changed in an attempt to control money laundering. In 1991, ₦50 notes were issued, while the 50 kobo and ₦1 notes were replaced by coins in 1991. This was followed by ₦100 in 1999, ₦200 in 2000, ₦500 in 2001 and ₦1,000 on 12 October 2005.

On 28 February 2007, new versions of the ₦5 to ₦50 banknotes were introduced. Originally the ₦10, ₦20 and ₦50 were to be polymer banknotes, but the ₦5, ₦10 and ₦50 were delayed to late 2009 and only the ₦20 was released in polymer. The notes are slightly smaller (130 × 72 mm) and redesigned from the preceding issues. In mid-2009 when Sanusi Lamido Sanusi took over as CBN Governor, The Central Bank of Nigeria changed the ₦5, ₦10 and ₦50 to polymer notes.

On the ₦1,000 notes, there is a subtle shiny strip running down the back of the note to prevent counterfeiting. The strip is a shimmery gold color showing ₦1,000 and has a triangular shape in the middle of the front of the note which changes its color from green to blue when tilted. The main feature on the front is the engraved portraits of Alhaji Aliyu Mai-Bornu and Dr. Clement Isong, both of which are former governors of the Central Bank of Nigeria.

On the first prints of the ₦100 notes issued starting 1 December 1999, Zuma Rock was captioned as located in Federal Capital Territory, while actually it is situated in Niger State. Later prints removed the reference to FCT, ABUJA.

In 2012 the Central Bank of Nigeria was contemplating the introduction of new currency denominations of ₦5,000. The bank also made plans to convert ₦5, ₦10, ₦20 and ₦50 into coins which are all presently notes.

The Central Bank of Nigeria announced that it would no longer issue banknotes on polymer citing higher costs and environmental issues.

On 12 November 2014, the Central Bank of Nigeria issued a ₦100 commemorative note to celebrate the centennial of Nigeria's existence. The notes are similar to its regular issue with the portrait of Chief Obafemi Awolowo on the front, but are redesigned to include a new color scheme, revised security features, and the text "One Nigeria, Great Promise" in microprinting. On the back is a QR code (Quick Response code) which when scanned leads users to a website about Nigeria's history.

In 2019, the naira attained a landmark when it featured the signature of Priscilla Ekwere Eleje, the new Director of Currency operations of the Central Bank of Nigeria and the first woman to hold the post.

Second naira
The naira was scheduled for redenomination in August 2008, although this was cancelled by then-President Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, with 100 old naira to become 1 new naira. The Nigerian Central Bank stated that it would make the naira fully convertible against foreign currencies by 2009. Currently, the amount of foreign currency is regulated through weekly auctions, while the Central Bank sets the exchange rate. The naira appreciated against the dollar through 2007 due to high oil revenues. Also, the then-Bank Governor, Professor Chukwuma Soludo noted the weekly central bank auctions of foreign currency will gradually be phased out, and that the bank would "only intervene in the market as may be required to achieve defined policy objectives".

Coins and banknotes, and their security features, are described on the website of the Central Bank of Nigeria.

Coins
Coins were to be issued in denominations of: - 1 kobo (₦0.01) - 2 kobo (₦0.02) - 5 kobo (₦0.05) - 10 kobo (₦0.10) - 20 kobo (₦0.20) - 50 Kobo (₦0.50) - 1 Naira (₦1) Due to inflation, Nigerian coins are all essentially worthless now.

Banknotes
Banknotes were to be printed in denominations of:
 * 5 naira (₦5)
 * 10 naira (₦10)
 * 20 naira (₦20)
 * 50 naira (₦50)
 * 100 naira (₦100)
 * 200 naira (₦200)
 * 500 naira (₦500)
 * 1000 naira (₦1000)

2022 redesign
In 2022, the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) under President Muhammadu Buhari led administration expressed the decision to redesign the naira as a statutory responsibility and a way to curb the increased circulation of counterfeit notes in the country. The CBN Governor, Mr. Godwin Emefiele expressed that the approval for the redesign was granted by the president of the country in fighting corruption, terrorism, kidnapping and other unlawful practices. He said the higher naira denominations have been the denomination mostly used by the perpetrators of the acts which includes ₦200, ₦500 and ₦1,000 notes. President Muhammadu Buhari officially unveiled the new notes at the state house after 19 years since the naira was redesigned. The newly redesigned naira notes were planned to be printed by The Nigerian Security Printing and Minting Company Limited which will make the country one out of the four Africa countries who print their currencies locally and not import from foreign countries.

In November 2022, CBN, Nigeria's apex bank, informed the citizens that the new notes will be issued from 15 December 2022 onward, and that old naira notes need to be returned to the banking system before 31 January 2023 when they will cease to be legal tender. The deadline to exchange banknotes was extended to February 2023.

The redesign is controversial. There have been shortages of the new bank notes at ATMs, necessitating some Nigerians to wait in long lines or sleep on the sidewalk waiting for ATMs to be reloaded.

Hidden naira notes
In 2022, Nigeria's central bank expressed the scarcity of the currency due to high volume of the naira kept outside the banking system and attributed to be hoarded by politicians.

Exchange rates
The official exchange rate set by the Central Bank of Nigeria: naira to U.S. dollar is approximately ₦767.54 per 1 US dollar. This rate is almost two times different from the illegal black market exchange rate. The Black-Market exchange rate of the naira to the U.S. dollar is approximately ₦752.50 per 1 US dollar.

According to a recent report by Naija News, the parallel market exchange rate of the naira to the U.S. dollar is around ₦1483 per 1 USD, significantly higher than the official Central Bank of Nigeria rate. This disparity highlights underlying economic challenges and market pressures.

This table shows the historical value of one U.S. dollar in Nigerian naira. PM = parallel market.

title: Nigerian naira