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The Stunt Man

The Stunt Man is a 1980 American satirical psychological anti-war action comedy film starring Peter O'Toole, Steve Railsback and Barbara Hershey, and directed by Richard Rush. The film was adapted by Lawrence B. Marcus and Rush from the 1970 novel of the same name by Paul Brodeur. It tells the story of a young fugitive who hides as a stunt double on the set of a World War I movie whose charismatic director will do seemingly anything for the sake of his art. The line between illusion and reality is blurred as scenes from the inner movie cut seamlessly to "real life" and vice versa. There are examples of "movie magic", where a scene of wartime carnage is revealed as just stunt men and props, and where a shot of a crying woman becomes, with scenery, props and soundtrack, a portrait of a grieving widow at a Nazi rally. The protagonist begins to doubt everything he sees and hears, and at the end is faced with real danger when a stunt seems to go wrong.

It was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Actor in a Leading Role (Peter O'Toole), Best Director (Richard Rush), and Best Writing, Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium. However, due to its limited release, it never earned much attention from audiences at large. As O'Toole remarked in a DVD audio commentary, "The film wasn't released. It escaped." The film has since developed a cult following.

Plot
Cameron, a Vietnam veteran who is wanted for attempted murder, is caught by police but escapes. Crossing a bridge, he dodges a car that seems to be trying to run him down; when he turns around, the car has disappeared. A helicopter flies close to the bridge and a man inside looks at Cameron. Later, Cameron is attracted to a movie shoot — a World War I battle scene. Afterwards, he notices an older woman who walks through the set greeting the actors, then falls in the water. Cameron dives in to rescue her and is horrified when she pulls off her face — a mask. She is the movie's leading actress, Nina Franklin, testing make-up for scenes set late in her character's life.

The director, Eli Cross, the man in the helicopter, descends from the sky on his camera crane. He offers Cameron a job, explaining that their last stunt man just ran a car off a bridge. They haven't found the body, and Eli can't afford the production delays if police get involved. The police chief is aware of the accident but Eli convinces him that Cameron is the stuntman. Cameron accepts the job. Eli shows the police film footage that seems to show that Cameron was never on the bridge.

Denise, the film's hair stylist, dyes Cameron's hair in order to make him resemble the leading man, Raymond Bailey, and harder to recognize. Cameron is convinced Eli is selling him out to the police but Eli reassures him that he is not. Cameron learns from Chuck, the stunt coordinator, and films a scene where he is chased across the roof of a large building and falls through a skylight into a bordello. At the same time, Cameron gets involved with Nina, who once had a romance with Eli, who becomes jealous of Cameron.

The last shoot at the current location involves Cameron's most difficult stunt, driving off a bridge and escaping under water — the same scene Burt was shooting when he died. Cameron believes Eli is trying to kill him, and will use the stunt to make it look like an accident.

The morning before the shoot Cameron tells Nina he planned to open an ice cream shop when he got home from Vietnam with a friend, but his friend did not want Cameron around because Cameron's girlfriend had left Cameron for the friend. Enraged, Cameron destroyed the ice cream shop. When a cop showed up, Cameron knocked him out, leaving his head freezing in a bucket of ice cream, resulting in an attempted murder charge. Nina and Cameron plan to escape together: Nina will hide in the trunk of the car, which Cameron will drive away in the morning instead of driving off the bridge.

Chuck has planted an explosive in one of the tires to make the car's tumble look more realistic. Cameron starts the scene too early. The car goes into the water when Chuck triggers the exploding tire, and Cameron scrambles to reach Nina in the trunk, until he looks out the window and sees Nina with Eli on the bridge. The air bottle Cameron is supposed to use to breathe seems to have been sabotaged, but he is able to get out of the car anyway. Cameron emerges and notices there were divers in the water with him all the time. Nina tells him that she was found in the trunk hours before the shoot, and Eli told her Cameron had decided to do the stunt. Eli explains that he would not let Cameron run off thinking he was trying to kill him. The best way to convince Cameron of Eli's good will, Eli felt, was to make sure Cameron got through the stunt in one piece. Cameron, though furious, is amused and relieved to survive. Cameron and Eli bicker over Cameron's pay and plan to catch a plane to the production's next location.

Production
Shortly after Paul Brodeur published the original novel, his Harvard University classmate Frederick Wiseman initially agreed to direct an adaptation but quickly departed the project. Columbia Pictures held on to the film rights to the novel, and considered either Arthur Penn or François Truffaut to direct it. They both expressed interest but declined in favor of other projects, although they did incorporate elements of the film into their projects Day for Night (1973) and Night Moves (1975).

Columbia Pictures finally offered the film to Richard Rush on the strength of the success of his previous film, Getting Straight. Rush initially rejected, then ultimately accepted directing The Stunt Man. In July 1971, Columbia announced that Rush would direct the film with William Castle executive producer. Rush then penned a 150-page treatment different from the book; in the novel, the characters were all crazy, and in the screenplay, they were instead "sane in a world gone mad." Columbia executives then rejected the script, saying it was difficult to find a genre to place it in. Said Rush: "They couldn't figure out if it was a comedy, a drama, if it was a social satire, if it was an action adventure...and, of course, the answer was, 'Yes, it's all those things.' But that isn't a satisfactory answer to a studio executive." Rush then bought the film rights from Columbia Rush and Lawrence B. Marcus completed a screenplay nine months later, but could not convince any other studios to fund the film. shopped the film to other studios, to no avail.

Rush spent the next several years unsuccessfully pitching both The Stunt Man and One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), which he had optioned from Michael Douglas, to different studios. Rush was finally offered several deals to finance The Stunt Man in 1976, but they collapsed after Warner Bros. Pictures began developing a similarly titled film called The Stuntman. Rush challenged Warner Bros. to Motion Picture Association of America arbitration which also delayed The Stuntman for several years and forced Warner Bros. to change its title to Hooper (1978). Trans World Entertainment agreed to finance the film and principal photography was planned to begin in San Diego on October 17, 1977. The production was cancelled at the last minute after Rush and Ely Landau could not agree on casting. Funding for the picture finally came in 1978 from Melvin Simon, who had made a fortune in real estate.

Production began in the summer of 1978. Many scenes were filmed in and around the historic Hotel del Coronado in Coronado, California. The film was delayed after Rush suffered a heart attack in the autumn of 1979. Although the film was completed in August 1980, it still could not find a distributor. Simon booked the film at a single cinema in Seattle, followed by two more in Dallas and Westwood, Los Angeles. 20th Century Fox finally agreed to distribute the film on November 3, 1980, after it won the Grand Prize at the Montreal World Film Festival.

Peter O'Toole mentions in his DVD commentary that he based his character on David Lean who directed him in Lawrence of Arabia.

Reception
Reviewing it upon its release, Roger Ebert wrote "there was a great deal in it that I admired... [but] there were times when I felt cheated". He gave the film two stars but noted that others had "highly recommended" it. In an October 17, 1980, review in The New York Times, Janet Maslin noted "the film's cleverness is aggressive and cool," but concluded that although "the gamesmanship of The Stunt Man is fast and furious... gamesmanship is almost all it manages to be". Jay Scott called it "[t]he best movie about making a movie ever made, but the achievement merely begins there. ... Imagine a picture an eight-year-old and Wittgenstein could enjoy with equal fervor." Pauline Kael considered it "a virtuoso piece of kinetic moviemaking" and rated it one of year's best films; she called O'Toole's comic performance "peerless".

, the comedy drama film held a 91% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 43 reviews. The critics consensus states, "The Stunt Man is a preposterously entertaining thriller with a clever narrative and Oscar-worthy (nomination, at least!) Peter O'Toole performance."

Awards

 * Montreal World Film Festival – Grand Prix des Amériques (Best Film) for Richard Rush
 * Golden Globe awards – Best Original Score for Dominic Frontiere
 * National Society of Film Critics Awards – Best Actor for Peter O'Toole

Nominations
The Stunt Man received three Oscar nominations:
 * Best Director – Richard Rush
 * Best Actor – Peter O'Toole
 * Best Adapted Screenplay – Lawrence B. Marcus, Richard Rush

Home media
The Stunt Man was released on DVD on November 20, 2001 in two versions by Anchor Bay Entertainment. The first version is a standard release featuring two deleted scenes and a commentary by director Richard Rush. The second version is a limited edition (100,000 copies) containing everything from the standard release as well as the 2000 documentary The Sinister Saga of Making "The Stunt Man".

The film's theme song "Bits & Pieces" is sung by Dusty Springfield.

title: The Stunt Man


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Tribute (play)

Tribute is a play by Bernard Slade.

The play focuses on Scottie Templeton, a popular actor who has spent his life shirking responsibility. When he discovers he is terminally ill with leukemia, he attempts to reconnect with his long-estranged son.

Production
The play had pre-Broadway runs in Boston at the Colonial Theatre, and Toronto at the Royal Alexandra Theatre.

The play opened on Broadway on June 1, 1978 after 4 previews at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre, and closed on December 2, 1978 after 212 performances. The play was directed by Arthur Storch and starred Jack Lemmon, who had committed to do the play through November 1978. The cast included Robert Picardo, Catherine Hicks, and Rosemary Prinz. Lemmon was nominated for the Tony and Drama Desk Award for his performance.

Before the play opened on Broadway, producer Morton Gottlieb and author Bernard Slade, had sold the movie rights to Paramount for over $1 million. On the opening night party at Tavern on the Green, Gottlieb gave out checks to investors, for payment in full, without help from the movie sale.

In 1980, Slade adapted his play for a feature film directed by Bob Clark, with Lemmon recreating his performance in the lead role. The supporting cast included Robby Benson as Jud Templeton, Lee Remick as Maggie Stratton, Colleen Dewhurst as Gladys Petrelli, John Marley, and Kim Cattrall.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Tribute (play)


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Glass–Steagall legislation

The Glass–Steagall legislation describes four provisions of the United States Banking Act of 1933 separating commercial and investment banking. The article 1933 Banking Act describes the entire law, including the legislative history of the provisions covered.

As with the Glass–Steagall Act of 1932, the common name comes from the names of the Congressional sponsors, Senator Carter Glass and Representative Henry B. Steagall.

The separation of commercial and investment banking prevented securities firms and investment banks from taking deposits and commercial Federal Reserve member banks from:
 * dealing in non-governmental securities for customers;
 * investing in non-investment grade securities for themselves;
 * underwriting or distributing non-governmental securities;
 * affiliating (or sharing employees) with companies involved in such activities.

Starting in the early 1960s, federal banking regulators' interpretations of the Act permitted commercial banks, and especially commercial bank affiliates, to engage in an expanding list and volume of securities activities. Congressional efforts to "repeal the Glass–Steagall Act", referring to those four provisions (and then usually to only the two provisions that restricted affiliations between commercial banks and securities firms), culminated in the 1999 Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (GLBA), which repealed the two provisions restricting affiliations between banks and securities firms.

By that time, many commentators argued Glass–Steagall was already "dead". Most notably, Citibank's 1998 affiliation with Salomon Smith Barney, one of the largest U.S. securities firms, was permitted under the Federal Reserve Board's then existing interpretation of the Glass–Steagall Act. In November 1999, President Bill Clinton publicly declared "the Glass–Steagall law is no longer appropriate".

Some commentators have stated that the GLBA's repeal of the affiliation restrictions of the Glass–Steagall Act was an important cause of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics laureate Joseph Stiglitz argued that the effect of the repeal was "indirect": "[w]hen repeal of Glass-Steagall brought investment and commercial banks together, the investment-bank culture came out on top". Economists at the Federal Reserve, such as Chairman Ben Bernanke, have argued that the activities linked to the financial crisis were not prohibited (or, in most cases, even regulated) by the Glass–Steagall Act.

Sponsors
The sponsors of both the Banking Act of 1933 and the Glass–Steagall Act of 1932 were southern Democrats: Senator Carter Glass of Virginia (who by 1932 had served in the House and the Senate, and as the Secretary of the Treasury); and Representative Henry B. Steagall of Alabama, who had served in the House for the preceding 17 years.

Legislative history
Between 1930 and 1932, Senator Carter Glass (D-VA) introduced several versions of a bill (known in each version as the Glass bill) to regulate or prohibit the combination of commercial and investment banking and to establish other reforms (except deposit insurance) similar to the final provisions of the 1933 Banking Act. On June 16, 1933, President Roosevelt signed the bill into law. Glass originally introduced his banking reform bill in January 1932. It received extensive critiques and comments from bankers, economists, and the Federal Reserve Board. It passed the House on February 16, 1932, the Senate on February 19, 1932, and signed into law by President Hoover eight days later. The Senate passed a version of the Glass bill that would have required commercial banks to eliminate their securities affiliates.

The final Glass–Steagall provisions contained in the 1933 Banking Act reduced from five years to one year the period in which commercial banks were required to eliminate such affiliations. Although the deposit insurance provisions of the 1933 Banking Act were very controversial, and drew veto threats from President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President Roosevelt supported the Glass–Steagall provisions separating commercial and investment banking, and Representative Steagall included those provisions in his House bill that differed from Senator Glass's Senate bill primarily in its deposit insurance provisions. Steagall insisted on protecting small banks while Glass felt that small banks were the weakness to U.S. banking.

Many accounts of the Act identify the Pecora Investigation as important in leading to the Act, particularly its Glass–Steagall provisions, becoming law. While supporters of the Glass–Steagall separation of commercial and investment banking cite the Pecora Investigation as supporting that separation, Glass–Steagall critics have argued that the evidence from the Pecora Investigation did not support the separation of commercial and investment banking.

This source states that Senator Glass proposed many versions of his bill to Congress known as the Glass Bills in the two years prior to the Glass–Steagall Act being passed. It also includes how the deposit insurance provisions of the bill were very controversial at the time, which almost led to the rejection of the bill once again.

The previous Glass Bills before the final revision all had similar goals and brought up the same objectives, which were to separate commercial from investment banking, bring more banking activities under Federal Reserve supervision, and to allow branch banking. In May 1933, Steagall's addition of allowing state-chartered banks to receive federal deposit insurance and shortening the time in which banks needed to eliminate securities affiliates to one year was known as the driving force of what helped the Glass–Steagall act to be signed into law.

Separating commercial and investment banking
The Glass–Steagall separation of commercial and investment banking was in four sections of the 1933 Banking Act (sections 16, 20, 21, and 32). The Banking Act of 1935 clarified the 1933 legislation and resolved inconsistencies in it. Together, they prevented commercial Federal Reserve member banks from:
 * dealing in non-governmental securities for customers
 * investing in non-investment grade securities for themselves
 * underwriting or distributing non-governmental securities
 * affiliating (or sharing employees) with companies involved in such activities

Conversely, Glass–Steagall prevented securities firms and investment banks from taking deposits.

The law gave banks one year after the law was passed on June 16, 1933, to decide whether they would be a commercial bank or an investment bank. Only 10 percent of a commercial bank's income could stem from securities. One exception to this rule was that commercial banks could underwrite government-issued bonds.

There were several "loopholes" that regulators and financial firms were able to exploit during the lifetime of Glass–Steagall restrictions. Aside from the Section 21 prohibition on securities firms taking deposits, neither savings and loans nor state-chartered banks that did not belong to the Federal Reserve System were restricted by Glass–Steagall. Glass–Steagall also did not prevent securities firms from owning such institutions. S&Ls and securities firms took advantage of these loopholes starting in the 1960s to create products and affiliated companies that chipped away at commercial banks' deposit and lending businesses.

While permitting affiliations between securities firms and companies other than Federal Reserve member banks, Glass–Steagall distinguished between what a Federal Reserve member bank could do directly and what an affiliate could do. Whereas a Federal Reserve member bank could not buy, sell, underwrite, or deal in any security except as specifically permitted by Section 16, such a bank could affiliate with a company so long as that company was not "engaged principally" in such activities. Starting in 1987, the Federal Reserve Board interpreted this to mean a member bank could affiliate with a securities firm so long as that firm was not "engaged principally" in securities activities prohibited for a bank by Section 16. By the time the GLBA repealed the Glass–Steagall affiliation restrictions, the Federal Reserve Board had interpreted this "loophole" in those restrictions to mean a banking company (Citigroup, as owner of Citibank) could acquire one of the world's largest securities firms (Salomon Smith Barney).

By defining commercial banks as banks that take in deposits and make loans and investment banks as banks that underwrite and deal with securities the Glass–Steagall act explained the separation of banks by stating that commercial banks could not deal with securities and investment banks could not own commercial banks or have close connections with them. With the exception of commercial banks being allowed to underwrite government-issued bonds, commercial banks could only have 10 percent of their income come from securities.

Decline and repeal
It was not until 1933 that the separation of commercial banking and investment banking was considered controversial. There was a belief that the separation would lead to a healthier financial system. As time passed, however, the separation became so controversial that in 1935, Senator Glass himself attempted to "repeal" the prohibition on direct bank underwriting by permitting a limited amount of bank underwriting of corporate debt.

In the 1960s, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency issued aggressive interpretations of Glass–Steagall to permit national banks to engage in certain securities activities. Although most of these interpretations were overturned by court decisions, by the late 1970s, bank regulators began issuing Glass–Steagall interpretations that were upheld by courts and that permitted banks and their affiliates to engage in an increasing variety of securities activities. Starting in the 1960s, banks and non-banks developed financial products that blurred the distinction between banking and securities products, as they increasingly competed with each other.

Separately, starting in the 1980s, Congress debated bills to repeal Glass–Steagall's affiliation provisions (Sections 20 and 32). Some believe that major U.S. financial sector firms established a favorable view of deregulation in American political circles, and in using its political influence in Congress to overturn key provisions of Glass-Steagall and to dismantle other major provisions of statutes and regulations that govern financial firms and the risks they may take. In 1999 Congress passed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act, also known as the Financial Services Modernization Act of 1999, to repeal them. Eight days later, President Bill Clinton signed it into law.

Aftermath of repeal
After the financial crisis of 2007–2008, some commentators argued that the repeal of Sections 20 and 32 had played an important role in leading to the housing bubble and financial crisis. Economics Nobel Memorial laureate Joseph Stiglitz, for instance, argued that "[w]hen repeal of Glass-Steagall brought investment and commercial banks together, the investment-bank culture came out on top", and banks which had previously been managed conservatively turned to riskier investments to increase their returns. Another laureate, Paul Krugman, contended that the repealing of the act "was indeed a mistake"; however, it was not the cause of the financial crisis.

Other commentators believed that these banking changes had no effect, and the financial crisis would have happened the same way if the regulations had still been in force. Lawrence J. White, for instance, noted that "it was not [commercial banks'] investment banking activities, such as underwriting and dealing in securities, that did them in".

At the time of the repeal, most commentators believed it would be harmless. Because the Federal Reserve's interpretations of the act had already weakened restrictions previously in place, commentators did not find much significance in the repeal, especially of sections 20 and 32. Instead, the five year anniversary of its repeal was marked by numerous sources explaining that the GLBA had not significantly changed the market structure of the banking and securities industries. More significant changes had occurred during the 1990s when commercial banking firms had gained a significant role in securities markets through "Section 20 affiliates".

The perception is that the Glass-Steagall Act created a sense of accountability among investors within the financial management industry, encouraging them to (in effect) shy away from ultra-risky transactions that could lead to financial meltdown. It provided litigators validation involving cases against such sub-prime investment instruments on behalf of their clients who were impacted by such injustices.

Without formal and defensible protection as detailed in the Glass-Steagall Act, investment companies felt at liberty to move toward unscrupulous investment tactics that had occurred prior to 2009 involving sub-prime mortgages. Thus a cultural shift was certainly in order after its repeal regardless of the loopholes that existed prior. Although the magnitude may be questionable, the repeal of the Glass-Steagall Act is considered a factor in the global financial crisis revealed in 2008.

Post-financial crisis reform debate
Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008, legislators unsuccessfully tried to reinstate Glass–Steagall Sections 20 and 32 as part of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Both in the United States and elsewhere around the world, banking reforms have been proposed that refer to Glass–Steagall principles. These proposals include issues of "ringfencing" commercial banking operations and narrow banking proposals that would sharply reduce the permitted activities of commercial banks - institutions that provide capital liquidity to investment management firms to shore up over-inflated market valuation of securities (whether debt or equity). Reconciliation of over-committed funds is possible by filing claims to the FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Company) - hence further increasing the federal budget deficit.

title: Glass–Steagall legislation


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Ricky Nelson

Eric Hilliard Nelson (May 8, 1940 – December 31, 1985) was an American musician and actor. From age eight he starred alongside his family in the radio and television series The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. In 1957, he began a long and successful career as a popular recording artist.

His fame as both a recording artist and television star also led to a motion picture role co-starring alongside John Wayne, Dean Martin, Walter Brennan, and Angie Dickinson in Howard Hawks's western feature film Rio Bravo (1959). He placed 54 songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and its predecessors between 1957 and 1973, including "Poor Little Fool" in 1958, which was the first number one song on Billboard magazine's then-newly created Hot 100 chart. He recorded 19 additional top ten hits and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on January 21, 1987. In 1996 Nelson was ranked No. 49 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.

Nelson began his entertainment career in 1949, playing himself in the radio sitcom series, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. In 1952, he appeared in his first feature film, Here Come the Nelsons. In 1957, he recorded his first single ("I'm Walkin' b/w "A Teenager's Romance", Verve 10047X4S), debuted as a singer on the television version of the sitcom, and released the No. 1 album titled Ricky. In 1958, Nelson released his first #1 single, "Poor Little Fool", and in 1959 received a Golden Globe nomination for "Most Promising Male Newcomer" after starring in Rio Bravo. A few films followed, and when the television series was cancelled in 1966, Nelson made occasional appearances as a guest star on various television programs. In his twenties, he moved away from the pop music of his youth and began to perform in a country rock style. After recording several albums with mostly session musicians, most of which flopped, he formed the Stone Canyon Band in 1969 and experienced a career resurgence, buoyed by the live album In Concert at the Troubadour, 1969 and had a surprise hit with 1972's "Garden Party", which peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100. His comeback was short-lived, however, as his record label was bought out and folded, and his followup albums were not well promoted by his new label. He continued to perform live and take small television roles through the 1970s, though his label dropped him by the end of the decade. He released two more albums, with unimpressive results, before his death in a plane crash on New Year's Eve, 1985.

Nelson was married once, to Sharon Kristin Harmon, from 1963 until their divorce in 1982. They had four children: actress Tracy Nelson, twin sons and musicians Gunnar and Matthew, and actor Sam.

Early life
Nelson was born on May 8, 1940, in Teaneck, New Jersey. He was the second son of entertainment couple Harriet Hilliard Nelson (born Peggy Lou Snyder; July 18, 1909 – October 2, 1994) and Ozzie Nelson (March 20, 1906 – June 3, 1975). His father Ozzie was of half Swedish descent. The Nelsons' older son was actor David Nelson (October 24, 1936 – January 11, 2011).

Harriet, normally the vocalist for Ozzie's band, remained in Englewood, New Jersey, with her newborn and toddler. Meanwhile, bandleader Ozzie toured with the Nelson orchestra. The Nelsons bought a two-story colonial house in Tenafly, New Jersey, and six months after the purchase, moved with son David to Hollywood, where Ozzie and Harriet were slated to appear in the 1941–42 season of Red Skelton's The Raleigh Cigarette Hour; Ricky remained in Tenafly in the care of his paternal grandmother. In November 1941, the Nelsons bought what would become their permanent home: a green and white, two-story, Cape Cod colonial home at 1822 Camino Palmero in Los Angeles. Ricky joined his parents and brother in Los Angeles in 1942.

Ricky was a small and insecure child who suffered from severe asthma. At night, his sleep was eased with a vaporizer emitting tincture of evergreen. He was described by Red Skelton's producer John Guedel as "an odd little kid", likable, shy, introspective, mysterious, and inscrutable. When Skelton was drafted in 1944, Guedel crafted the radio sitcom The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet for Ricky's parents. The show debuted on Sunday, October 8, 1944, to favorable reviews. Ozzie eventually became head writer for the show and based episodes on the fraternal exploits and enmity of his sons. The Nelson boys were first played in the radio series by professional child actors until twelve-year-old Dave and eight-year-old Ricky joined the show on February 20, 1949, in the episode "Invitation to Dinner".

In 1952, the Nelsons tested the waters for a television series with the theatrically released film Here Come the Nelsons. The film was a hit, and Ozzie was convinced the family could make the transition from radio's airwaves to television's small screen. On October 3, 1952, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet made its television debut and was broadcast in first run until September 3, 1966, to become one of the longest running sitcoms in television history.

Education
Nelson attended Gardner Street Public School, Bancroft Junior High, and, between 1954 and 1958, Hollywood High School, from which he graduated with a B average. He played football at Hollywood High and represented the school in interscholastic tennis matches. Twenty-five years later, Nelson told the Los Angeles Weekly he hated school because it "smelled of pencils" and he was forced to rise early in the morning to attend. In January 1960 the athletic Nelson brothers formed a trapeze act with stunts in the 1/27/1960 episode of "Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet" titled 'THE CIRCUS'.

Ozzie Nelson was a Rutgers alumnus and keen on college education, but eighteen-year-old Ricky was already in the 93 percent income-tax bracket and saw no reason to attend. At age thirteen, Ricky was making over $100,000 per annum, and at sixteen he had a personal fortune of $500,000.

Nelson's wealth was astutely managed by his parents, who channeled his earnings into trust funds. Although his parents permitted him a $50 allowance at the age of eighteen, Ricky was often strapped for cash and one evening collected and redeemed empty pop bottles to gain entrance to a movie theater for himself and a date.

Debut
Nelson played clarinet and drums in his tweens and early teens, learned the rudimentary guitar chords, and vocally imitated his favorite Sun Records rockabilly artists in the bathroom at home or in the showers at the Los Angeles Tennis Club. He was strongly influenced by the music of Carl Perkins and once said he tried to emulate the sound and the tone of the guitar break in Perkins's March 1956 Top Ten hit "Blue Suede Shoes".

At age sixteen, he wanted to impress his girlfriend of two years, Diana Osborn(e), who was an Elvis fan and, although he had no record contract at the time, told her that he, too, was going to make a record. With his father's help, he secured a one-record deal with Verve Records, an important jazz label looking for a young and popular personality who could sing or be taught to sing. On March 26, 1957, he recorded the Fats Domino standard "I'm Walkin'" and "A Teenager's Romance" (released in late April 1957 as his first single), and "You're My One and Only Love".

Before the single was released, he made his television rock-and-roll debut on April 10, 1957, singing and playing the drums to "I'm Walkin'" in the Ozzie and Harriet episode "Ricky, the Drummer". About the same time, he made an unpaid public appearance, singing "Blue Moon of Kentucky" with The Four Preps at a Hamilton High School lunch-hour assembly in Los Angeles and was greeted by hordes of screaming teens who had seen the television episode.

"I'm Walkin'" reached No. 4 on Billboard's Best Sellers in Stores chart, and its flip side, "A Teenager's Romance", hit #2. When the television series went on summer break in 1957, Nelson made his first road trip and played four state and county fairs in Ohio and Wisconsin with the Four Preps, who opened and closed for him.

First album, band, and #1 single
In early summer 1957, Ozzie Nelson pulled his son from Verve after disputes about royalties and signed him to a lucrative five-year deal with Imperial Records that gave him approval over song selection, sleeve artwork, and other production details. Ricky's first Imperial single, "Be-Bop Baby", generated 750,000 advance orders, sold over one million copies, and reached No. 3 on the charts. Nelson's first album, Ricky, was released in October 1957 and hit #1 before the end of the year. Following these successes, Nelson was given a more prominent role on the Ozzie and Harriet show and ended every two or three episodes with a musical number.

Nelson grew increasingly dissatisfied performing with older jazz and country session musicians, who were openly contemptuous of rock and roll. After his Ohio and Minnesota tours in the summer of 1957, he decided to form his own band with members closer to his age. Eighteen-year-old electric guitarist James Burton was the first signed. Bassist James Kirkland, drummer Richie Frost, and pianist Gene Garf completed the band. Their first recording together was "Believe What You Say". Prior to this, Joe Maphis had been playing the lead guitar part, and played lead on his first hits "Be-Bop Baby", "Stood Up", and "Waitin In School".

In 1958, Nelson recorded 17-year-old Sharon Sheeley's "Poor Little Fool" for his second album, Ricky Nelson, released in June 1958. Radio airplay brought the tune notice, and Imperial suggested releasing a single, but Nelson opposed the idea, believing a single would diminish EP sales. When a single was released nonetheless, he exercised his contractual right to approve any artwork and vetoed a picture sleeve. On August 4, 1958, "Poor Little Fool" became the #1 single on Billboard's newly instituted Hot 100 singles chart and sold over two million copies.

Nelson stated: "Anyone who knocks rock 'n' roll either doesn't understand it, or is prejudiced against it, or is just plain square. – NME – November 1958"

During 1958 and 1959, Nelson had twelve hits in the charts in comparison with Elvis Presley's eleven. During these two years, Presley had recorded music only for the movie King Creole, in January and February 1958, before his induction into the U.S. Armed Forces and a brief recording session (consisting of five songs) while on military leave four months later. In the summer of 1958, Nelson conducted his first full-scale tour, averaging $5,000 nightly. By 1960, the Ricky Nelson International Fan Club had 9,000 chapters around the world. "Perhaps the most embarrassing moment in my career was when six girls tried to fling themselves under my car, and shouted to me to run over them. That sort of thing can be very frightening! – NME – May 1960"

Nelson was the first teen idol to use television to promote hit records. Ozzie Nelson even had the idea to edit footage together to create some of the first music videos. This creative editing can be seen in videos Ozzie produced for "Travelin' Man". Nelson appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1967, but his career by that time was in limbo. He also appeared on other television shows (usually in acting roles). In 1973, he had an acting role in an episode of The Streets of San Francisco. He starred in the episode "A Hand For Sonny Blue" from the 1977 series Quinn Martin's Tales of the Unexpected (known in the United Kingdom as Twist in the Tale). In 1979, he guest-hosted on Saturday Night Live, spoofing his television sitcom image by appearing in a Twilight Zone sendup in which, always trying to go "home," he finds himself among the characters from other 1950s/early 1960s-era sitcoms, Leave It to Beaver, Father Knows Best, Make Room for Daddy, and I Love Lucy.

Nelson knew and loved music and was a skilled performer even before he became a teen idol, largely because of his parents' musical background. Nelson worked with many musicians of repute, including James Burton, Joe Osborn, and Allen "Puddler" Harris, all natives of Louisiana, and Joe Maphis, The Jordanaires, Scotty Moore, and Johnny and Dorsey Burnette.

Nelson's music was very well recorded with a clear, punchy sound—thanks in part to engineer Bunny Robyn and producer Jimmy Haskell.

From 1957 to 1962, Nelson had 30 Top-40 hits, more than any other artist except Presley (who had 53) and Pat Boone (38). Many of Nelson's early records were double hits with both the A and B sides hitting the Billboard charts.

While Nelson preferred rockabilly and uptempo rock songs like "Believe What You Say" (Hot 100 #4), "I Got a Feeling" (#10), "My Bucket's Got a Hole in It" (#12), "Hello Mary Lou" (#9), "It's Late" (#9), "Stood Up" (#2), "Waitin' in School" (#18), "Be-Bop Baby" (#3), and "Just a Little Too Much" (#9), his smooth, calm voice made him a natural to sing ballads. He had major success with "Travelin' Man" (#1), "A Teenager's Romance" (#2), "Poor Little Fool" (#1), "Young World" (#5), "Lonesome Town" (#7), "Never Be Anyone Else But You" (#6), "Sweeter Than You" (#9), "It's Up to You" (#6), and "Teen Age Idol" (#5), which clearly could have been about Nelson himself.

Film actor
In addition to his recording career, Nelson appeared in movies. He made his film debut in Here Come the Nelsons (1952) and had a small role in The Story of Three Loves (1953) at MGM directed by Vincente Minnelli playing Farley Granger as a boy.

Following his success on TV and with singing, Howard Hawks cast him as a gunslinger in Rio Bravo (1959) with John Wayne and Dean Martin; Hawks attributed much of the film's box office success to Nelson.

Nelson co-starred with Jack Lemmon in The Wackiest Ship in the Army (1960), which was popular enough to give rise to a TV series (in which Nelson did not appear). He guest starred on General Electric Theatre ("The Wish Book") and starred in a romantic comedy feature written and directed by his father, Love and Kisses (1965) with Jack Kelly.

Nelson guest starred on Hondo (playing Jesse James), and had a support role in The Over-the-Hill Gang (1969) with Walter Brennan and Pat O'Brien.

Nelson was in Fol-de-Rol (1972), guest starred on McCloud, The Streets of San Francisco, Owen Marshall, Counselor at Law, Petrocelli, A Twist in the Tale, The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries, and The Love Boat. On The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries he played the part of "Tony Eagle" and performed various well-known Nelson songs throughout the episode.

He had support roles in the TV films Three on a Date and High School USA (1983).

Name change and 1960s career
On May 8, 1961 (his 21st birthday), he officially modified his recording name from "Ricky Nelson" to "Rick Nelson". His childhood nickname proved hard to shake, especially among the generation who had watched him grow up on "Ozzie and Harriet". Even in the 1980s, when Nelson realized his dream of meeting Carl Perkins, Perkins noted that he and "Ricky" were the last of the "rockabilly breed".

In 1963, Nelson signed a 20-year contract with Decca Records. After some early successes with the label, most notably 1964's "For You" (#6), Nelson's chart career came to a dramatic halt in the wake of Beatlemania, The British Invasion, and later the Counterculture era. However, instead of dropping him, Decca kept him on board.

In the mid-1960s, Nelson began to move toward country music, becoming a pioneer in the country-rock genre. He was one of the early influences of the so-called "California Sound" (which would include singers like Jackson Browne and Linda Ronstadt and bands such as Eagles). Yet Nelson himself did not reach the Top 40 again until 1970, when he recorded Bob Dylan's "She Belongs to Me" with the Stone Canyon Band, featuring Randy Meisner, who in 1971 became a founding member of the Eagles, and former Buckaroo steel guitarist Tom Brumley.

"Garden Party" and short-lived comeback
In 1972, Nelson reached the Top 40 one last time with "Garden Party," a song he wrote in disgust after a Richard Nader Oldies Concert at Madison Square Garden where the audience booed, perhaps against some unrelated police action. However, Nelson may have felt that the reason was because he was playing new songs instead of just his old hits. When he performed The Rolling Stones' "Honky Tonk Women," there was booing, said to be against police and not him. He was watching the rest of the performance on a TV monitor backstage until Richard Nader finally convinced Nelson to return to the stage and play his "oldies." He returned to the stage and played his "oldies" and the audience responded with applause, according to Deborah Nader, President of Richard Nader Entertainment. He wanted to record an album featuring original material, but the single was released before the album because Nelson had not completed the entire Garden Party album yet. "Garden Party" reached No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and was certified as a gold single. The second single released from the album was "Palace Guard" which peaked at #65.

In 1973, MCA Records, whose parent company MCA Inc. had owned American Decca since 1962, ceased the label's operations, and transferred Nelson (and many other Decca artists) to its roster. His comeback was short-lived, and Nelson's band soon resigned. MCA wanted Nelson to have a producer on his next album. A new band was formed by Lindy Goetz, then a promotion person at MCA Records. Nelson's band moved to Aspen and changed their name to "Canyon." Nelson and the new Stone Canyon Band began to tour for the Garden Party album. Nelson still played nightclubs and bars, but he soon advanced to higher-paying venues because of the success of Garden Party.

In 1974, MCA was unsure as to what to do with the former teen idol. Albums like Windfall failed to have an impact. Nelson became an attraction at theme parks like Knott's Berry Farm and Disneyland. He also started appearing in minor roles on television shows.

Nelson tried to score another hit but did not have any luck with songs like "Rock and Roll Lady." With seven years to go on his contract, MCA dropped him from the label.

Personal life

In 1957, when Nelson was 17, he met and fell in love with Marianne Gaba, who played the role of Ricky's girlfriend in three episodes of Ozzie and Harriet. Nelson and Gaba were too young to enter a serious relationship, although according to Gaba "we used to neck for hours."

The next year, Nelson fell in love with 15-year-old Lorrie Collins, a country singer appearing on a weekly telecast called Town Hall Party. The two wrote Nelson's first composition, the song "My Gal", and she introduced him to Johnny Cash and Tex Ritter. Collins appeared in an Ozzie and Harriet episode as Ricky's girlfriend and sang "Just Because" with him in the musical finale. They went steady and discussed marriage, but their parents discouraged the idea.

Kris Harmon
At Christmas 1961, Nelson began dating Kristin Harmon (June 25, 1945 – April 26, 2018), a daughter of football player Tom Harmon and actress Elyse Knox (née Elsie Kornbrath) and the older sister of Kelly and Mark Harmon. The Nelsons and the Harmons had long been friends, and a union between their children held great appeal. Rick and Kris had much in common: quiet dispositions, Hollywood upbringings, and high-powered, domineering fathers.

They married on April 20, 1963. Kris was pregnant, and Rick later described the union as a "shotgun wedding". Nelson, a nonpracticing Protestant, received instruction in Catholicism at the insistence of the bride's parents and signed a pledge to have any children of the union raised in the Catholic faith. Kris Nelson joined the television show as a regular cast member in 1963. They had four children: actress Tracy Kristine Nelson, twin sons Gunnar Eric Nelson and Matthew Gray Nelson who formed the band Nelson, and Sam Hilliard Nelson.

By 1975, following the birth of their last child, the marriage had deteriorated and a very public, controversial divorce involving both families was covered in the press for several years. In October 1977, Kris filed for divorce and asked for alimony, custody of their four children, and a portion of community property. The couple temporarily resolved their differences, but Kris retained her attorney to pursue a permanent break. Kris wanted Rick to give up music, spend more time at home, and focus on acting, but the family enjoyed a recklessly expensive lifestyle, and Kris's extravagant spending left Rick no choice but to tour relentlessly. The impasse over Rick's career created unpleasantness at home. Kris became an alcoholic and left the children in the care of household help. After years of legal proceedings, they were divorced in December 1982. The divorce was financially devastating for Nelson, with attorneys and accountants taking over $1 million. Years of legal wrangling followed.

Helen Blair
In 1980, Nelson met Helen Blair, a part-time model and exotic-animal trainer, in Las Vegas. Within months of their meeting, she became his road companion, and in 1982 she began living with him. She was the only woman he dated after his divorce.

Blair acted as personal assistant to Nelson, organizing his day and acting as a liaison for his fan club, but Nelson's mother, brother, business manager, and manager disapproved of her presence in his life. He contemplated marrying her but eventually declined. Blair died with Nelson in the airplane fire. Her name was never mentioned at Nelson's funeral. Blair's parents wanted their daughter buried next to Nelson at Forest Lawn Cemetery, but Harriet Nelson dismissed the idea. The Blairs refused to bury Helen's remains and filed a $2 million wrongful death suit against Nelson's estate. They received a small settlement.

Death
On December 31, 1985, Nelson died when the Douglas DC-3 on which he was a passenger crashed into trees, poles, and electrical wires, when it attempted to make an emergency landing while in flight between Guntersville, Alabama, and Dallas, Texas, where he was to perform a New Year's Eve concert. Nelson's DC-3 seemed constantly beset by mechanical problems. The fatal fire was caused by a defective heater in the tail of the plane. The heater caught fire and filled the cabin with toxic fumes. While both pilots survived, all seven passengers died.

Legacy

 * In 1994, a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs, California, Walk of Stars was dedicated to him.
 * In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Nelson #91 on their list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time.
 * In 2005, at the 20th anniversary of Nelson's death, PBS televised Ricky Nelson Sings, a documentary featuring interviews with his children, as well as James Burton and Kris Kristofferson.
 * Hall of Fame baseball player Rickey Henderson was named Rickey Nelson Henley after Ricky Nelson.

Discography
Studio albums

 * Ricky (1957)
 * Ricky Nelson (1958)
 * Ricky Sings Again (1959)
 * Songs by Ricky (1959)
 * More Songs by Ricky (1960)
 * Rick Is 21 (1961)
 * Album Seven by Rick (1962)
 * For Your Sweet Love (1963)
 * Rick Nelson Sings for You (1963)
 * The Very Thought of You (1964)
 * Spotlight on Rick (1964)
 * Best Always (1965)
 * Love and Kisses (1965)
 * Bright Lights and Country Music (1966)
 * Country Fever (1967)
 * Another Side of Rick (1967)
 * Perspective (1969)
 * Rick Sings Nelson (1970)
 * Rudy the Fifth (1971)
 * Garden Party (1972)
 * Windfall (1974)
 * Intakes (1977)
 * Playing to Win (1981)
 * All My Best (1985)
 * The Memphis Sessions (1986)

title: Ricky Nelson


text:
Arthur (1981 film)

Arthur is a 1981 American romantic comedy film written and directed by Steve Gordon. It stars Dudley Moore as Arthur Bach, a drunken New York City millionaire who is on the brink of an arranged marriage to a wealthy heiress but ends up falling for a common working-class young woman from Queens. It was the sole film directed by Gordon, who died in 1982 of a heart attack at age 44.

The film earned over $95 million domestically, making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 1981. Its title song, "Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)", won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Co-written by Christopher Cross, Burt Bacharach, Carole Bayer Sager, and Peter Allen, it was performed by Cross. Sir John Gielgud also won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. It was nominated for two other Academy Awards for Best Actor for Moore and Best Original Screenplay for Gordon.

Plot
Arthur Bach is a spoiled alcoholic man-child from New York City, who likes to be driven in his chauffeured Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith limousine through Central Park. Arthur is heir to a portion of his family's vast fortune, but only if he marries the upper-class Susan Johnson, the daughter of a business acquaintance of his father. He does not love Susan, but his family feels that she will make him finally grow up. During a shopping trip in Manhattan, accompanied by his valet, Hobson, Arthur witnesses a young woman, Linda Marolla, shoplifting a necktie. He intercedes with the store security guard on her behalf, and later asks her for a date. Despite his attraction to her, Arthur remains pressured by his family to marry Susan.

While visiting his grandmother, Martha, Arthur shares his feelings for Linda, but is warned again that he will be disowned if he does not marry Susan. Hobson, who has been more like a father to him than Arthur's real father, realizes that Arthur is beginning to grow up, and secretly encourages Linda to attend Arthur's engagement party. Hobson confides in Linda that he senses Arthur loves her. Linda crashes the party, held at the estate of Arthur's father, and she and Arthur eventually spend time alone together, which is tracked by both families. Hobson is later hospitalized, and Arthur rushes to his side, vowing to care for the person who has long cared for him. After several weeks, Hobson dies, and then Arthur, who has been sober the entire time, goes on a drinking binge. On his wedding day, he visits the diner where Linda works and proposes to her. At the church, he jilts Susan, resulting in her abusive father, Burt Johnson, attempting to stab Arthur with a cheese knife, though he is prevented by Martha.

A wounded Arthur announces in the church that there will be no wedding then passes out soon after. Later, Linda attends to his wounds, and they discuss living a life of poverty. A horrified Martha tells Arthur that he can have his fortune, because no Bach has ever been working class. Arthur declines, but at the last minute, he talks privately to Martha. When he returns to Linda's side, he tells her that he declined again – Martha's dinner invitation, he means – but he did accept $750 million. Arthur's pleased chauffeur Bitterman drives the couple through Central Park.

Production
Gordon originally wrote the title character with an American actor in mind. Prior to the casting of Moore, Al Pacino, Jack Nicholson, John Travolta, Richard Dreyfuss, and James Caan were all considered for the role. In addition, Alec Guinness and David Niven were considered for the role of Hobson. John Belushi was also considered for Arthur. Initially, Gordon wanted Moore to perform the role with an American accent, but this proved contentious as Moore had trouble doing so and eventually convinced Gordon to let him use his natural English accent. While some critiques objected to the obvious difference in accent between Arthur and his biological father, others were quick to catch the deeper implication that Hobson taught Arthur to speak. Debra Winger reportedly turned down the role of Linda. Goldie Hawn, Diane Keaton, Gilda Radner, and Meryl Streep were also considered for the role of Linda.

Although the project was initially in the works at Paramount Pictures, studio executives eventually dropped the project and Orion Pictures stepped in. Promoting the film proved to be a challenge; reportedly six ad campaigns were discarded before a final one was decided upon.

Soundtrack
Christopher Cross was initially asked to score the film, but writer-director Steven Gordon did not feel comfortable with his lack of experience in composing for film and the job was given to Burt Bacharach. Cross was asked to compose a song for the film which he did, "Arthur's Theme", which he wrote with Bacharach along with Carole Bayer Sager and Peter Allen.

Reception
The film had a disappointing opening at the box office but improved its performance over its run, becoming the seventh highest-grossing film of the summer. It eventually earned over $95 million domestically, making it the fourth highest-grossing film of 1981.

The film received critical acclaim upon its release and is considered by many as one of the best films of 1981. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 86% based on 36 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Dudley Moore brings a boozy charm to Arthur, a coming of age tale for a wayward millionaire that deploys energetic cast chemistry and spiffy humor to jovial effect."

Then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan viewed this film at Camp David on July 25, 1981.

Honors
The film was ranked No. 10 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies".

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2000: AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs – No. 53
 * 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 * "Arthur's Theme (Best That You Can Do)" – No. 79

Sequel
The film was followed by a sequel in 1988, Arthur 2: On the Rocks. Lead players Moore, Minnelli, and Gielgud reprised their roles, as well as supporting players such as Fitzgerald and Martin. The sequel was a critical and financial failure.

Remake
The 2011 version was first reported in 2008 with news that Arthur was to be remade by Warner Bros., with Russell Brand in the lead role. Brand confirmed this during his March 10, 2009, appearance on The Howard Stern Show. The remake was an overall critical and financial failure.

Indian versions
The film had three Indian remakes: the 1984 Hindi-language film Sharaabi, the 1985 Kannada-language film Nee Thanda Kanike, and the 2004 Hindi Tumsa Nahin Dekha: A Love Story.

In popular culture
The animated series The Critic starring Jon Lovitz shows a parody of Arthur called Arthur 3: Revenge of the Liver, where the character of Arthur Bach (voiced by Maurice LaMarche impersonating Dudley Moore) is shown intoxicated and is informed that he has cirrhosis of the liver.

In 2020, the film was honored at the On Cinema at the Cinema Seventh Annual Oscar Special. Film expert Gregg Turkington hosted a special sneak preview of the film's 40th anniversary celebration, which was planned for the 2021 Oscar Special.

title: Arthur (1981 film)


text:
Magnetic dipole

In electromagnetism, a magnetic dipole is the limit of either a closed loop of electric current or a pair of poles as the size of the source is reduced to zero while keeping the magnetic moment constant.

It is a magnetic analogue of the electric dipole, but the analogy is not perfect. In particular, a true magnetic monopole, the magnetic analogue of an electric charge, has never been observed in nature. However, magnetic monopole quasiparticles have been observed as emergent properties of certain condensed matter systems. Moreover, one form of magnetic dipole moment is associated with a fundamental quantum property—the spin of elementary particles.

Because magnetic monopoles do not exist, the magnetic field at a large distance from any static magnetic source looks like the field of a dipole with the same dipole moment. For higher-order sources (e.g. quadrupoles) with no dipole moment, their field decays towards zero with distance faster than a dipole field does.

External magnetic field produced by a magnetic dipole moment

In classical physics, the magnetic field of a dipole is calculated as the limit of either a current loop or a pair of charges as the source shrinks to a point while keeping the magnetic moment $m$constant. For the current loop, this limit is most easily derived from the vector potential:

 * $${\mathbf{A}}({\mathbf{r}})=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4\pi r^{2}}\frac{{\mathbf{m}}\times{\mathbf{r}}}{r}=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4\pi}\frac{{\mathbf{m}}\times{\mathbf{r}}}{r^{3}},$$

where μ0 is the vacuum permeability constant and $4π r^{2}$ is the surface of a sphere of radius $r$. The magnetic flux density (strength of the B-field) is then

 * $$\mathbf{B}({\mathbf{r}})=\nabla\times{\mathbf{A}}=\frac{\mu_{0}}{4\pi}\left[\frac{3\mathbf{r}(\mathbf{m}\cdot\mathbf{r})}{r^{5}}-\frac{r^{3}}\right].$$

Alternatively one can obtain the scalar potential first from the magnetic pole limit,
 * $$\psi({\mathbf{r}})=\frac{{\mathbf{m}}\cdot{\mathbf{r}}}{4\pi r^{3}},$$

and hence the magnetic field strength (or strength of the H-field) is
 * $${\mathbf{H}}({\mathbf{r}})=-\nabla\psi=\frac{1}{4\pi}\left[\frac{3\mathbf{\hat{r}}(\mathbf{m}\cdot\mathbf{\hat{r}})-\mathbf{m}}{r^{3}}\right] = \frac{\mathbf{B}}{\mu_0}.$$

The magnetic field strength is symmetric under rotations about the axis of the magnetic moment. In spherical coordinates, with $$\mathbf{\hat{z}} = \mathbf{\hat{r}}\cos\theta - \boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}}\sin\theta$$, and with the magnetic moment aligned with the z-axis, then the field strength can more simply be expressed as

 * $$\mathbf{H}({\mathbf{r}})=\frac{|\mathbf{m}|}{4\pi r^3} \left (

2 \cos \theta \, \mathbf{\hat{r}} + \sin \theta \, \boldsymbol{\hat{\theta}} \right ) . $$

Internal magnetic field of a dipole
The two models for a dipole (current loop and magnetic poles), give the same predictions for the magnetic field far from the source. However, inside the source region they give different predictions. The magnetic field between poles is in the opposite direction to the magnetic moment (which points from the negative charge to the positive charge), while inside a current loop it is in the same direction (see the figure to the right (above for mobile users)). Clearly, the limits of these fields must also be different as the sources shrink to zero size. This distinction only matters if the dipole limit is used to calculate fields inside a magnetic material.

If a magnetic dipole is formed by making a current loop smaller and smaller, but keeping the product of current and area constant, the limiting field is
 * $$\mathbf{B}(\mathbf{r})=\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\left[\frac{3\mathbf{\hat{r}}(\mathbf{\hat{r}}\cdot \mathbf{m})-\mathbf{m}}{|\mathbf{r}|^3} + \frac{8\pi}{3}\mathbf{m}\delta(\mathbf{r})\right],$$

where $δ(r)$ is the Dirac delta function in three dimensions. Unlike the expressions in the previous section, this limit is correct for the internal field of the dipole.

If a magnetic dipole is formed by taking a "north pole" and a "south pole", bringing them closer and closer together but keeping the product of magnetic pole-charge and distance constant, the limiting field is
 * $$\mathbf{H}(\mathbf{r}) =\frac{1}{4\pi}\left[\frac{3\mathbf{\hat{r}}(\mathbf{\hat{r}}\cdot \mathbf{m})-\mathbf{m}}{|\mathbf{r}|^3} - \frac{4\pi}{3}\mathbf{m}\delta(\mathbf{r})\right].$$

These fields are related by $B = μ_{0}(H + M)$, where
 * $$\mathbf{M}(\mathbf{r}) = \mathbf{m}\delta(\mathbf{r})$$

is the magnetization.

Forces between two magnetic dipoles
The force $F$ exerted by one dipole moment $m_{1}$ on another $m_{2}$ separated in space by a vector $r$ can be calculated using:

 * $$ \mathbf{F} = \nabla\left(\mathbf{m}_2\cdot\mathbf{B}_1\right), $$

or

\mathbf{F}(\mathbf{r}, \mathbf{m}_1, \mathbf{m}_2) = \dfrac{3 \mu_0}{4 \pi r^5}\left[(\mathbf{m}_1\cdot\mathbf{r})\mathbf{m}_2 + (\mathbf{m}_2\cdot\mathbf{r})\mathbf{m}_1 + (\mathbf{m}_1\cdot\mathbf{m}_2)\mathbf{r} - \dfrac{5(\mathbf{m}_1\cdot\mathbf{r})(\mathbf{m}_2\cdot\mathbf{r})}{r^2}\mathbf{r}\right], $$

where $r$ is the distance between dipoles. The force acting on $m_{1}$ is in the opposite direction.

The torque can be obtained from the formula

 * $$\boldsymbol{\tau}=\mathbf{m}_2 \times \mathbf{B}_1.$$

Dipolar fields from finite sources
The magnetic scalar potential $ψ$ produced by a finite source, but external to it, can be represented by a multipole expansion. Each term in the expansion is associated with a characteristic moment and a potential having a characteristic rate of decrease with distance $r$ from the source. Monopole moments have a $1/ r$ rate of decrease, dipole moments have a $1/ r ^{2}$ rate, quadrupole moments have a $1/ r ^{3}$ rate, and so on. The higher the order, the faster the potential drops off. Since the lowest-order term observed in magnetic sources is the dipole term, it dominates at large distances. Therefore, at large distances any magnetic source looks like a dipole of the same magnetic moment.

title: Magnetic dipole


text:
Talk:Inferno

Misc.
As award inferno is so popular? much more than Inferno operating system? -- Taku Insert non-formatted text here

I don't know

This page is missing any reference to Dante's Inferno, somebody should probably add that...

Inferno an absinth based cocktail?

Original to Christianity or pagan in origin (like Hades)?
The "infernus" of early Christian Latin, was that term used by pagan Romans to mean the abode of the dead? Or is it a phrasing original to Christianity? When Latin documents from the pre-schism church say "infernus," what do the Greek-language texts say? Gehenna? Hades? Jonathan Tweet 01:32, 25 March 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
This page was marked for cleanup per WP:MOSDAB. I removed the following entries, mainly for non-notability: I also removed the following entry because I'm unsure in how far it is notable and I didn't want to create a separate article for it. If you feel it is notable, create a stub article and link it from this dab page with a short explanation: – sgeureka t•c 17:05, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Inferno, a brand of Brunswick bowling balls
 * Inferno (video game), a video game released by Ocean in December 1994.
 * Inferno is the name of the Batman novel by Alex Irvine which was released October 31, 2006.
 * de_inferno, a map in the popular first person shooter game Counter-Strike
 * Inferno, the third episode of the PC game Doom
 * Inferno is a card in the Magic: The Gathering collectible card game.
 * Inferno is a monster card in the Yu-Gi-Oh! Trading Card Game.
 * The Infernus is a sports car from the Grand Theft Auto video games that first appeared in Grand Theft Auto 3.
 * Inferno is a town faction in Heroes of Might and Magic III and V]]
 * Inferno is a finishing for the Mist Quickening combo in Final Fantasy XII
 * The Inferno Cannon is a unit in the Command & Conquer: Generals series.
 * Inferno is the name of a mod for the computer game freespace 2.
 * Inferno (1972 album), a 1972 Prog Rock Opera album long opus from Italian Progressive Rock band Metamorfosi based on the first volume of Dante Alighieri's The Divine Comedy
 * Inferno (band), a nu rock/metal band out of Dallas, Texas
 * MC Inferno, a Hip Hop Rapper From Liverpool, UK www.mcinferno.co.uk
 * Inferno''' Band from Sevilla (Spain). Ragga, calipso, lysergic jazz and jungle among others music styles, livening up it with a great funk strike.
 * Inferno (event), an inter-B' School events is held annually at the Army Institute of Management Kolkata campus. Spanning two days of non-stop events, Inferno draws hundreds of participants from India's premier institutions and features a host of events like - Ad Mad Show, Negociado, BrandIT, Cogitate, Sell your face, Die Hard, Finance Doctor, Face 2 Face, Manager Deems, Cook something up, Bulls and Bears and two online events open for worldwide B School students Creative CV Writing and Blog Hunt.
 * Inferno @ Army Institute of Management
 * Inferno 2005

Cleanup 2
I also removed several new entries for non-notability, lack of proof of notability, or lack of wiki links. If someone really wants to have them listed on the dab page, write the article first (or make sure the main linked-to article mentions them).
 * Kyosho Inferno, a long running 1/8 scale radio controlled off road racer by Kyosho
 * Inferno, a Ukraine gothic metal-band title
 * Inferno - a Manchester MC, voted the best new commer during the MTV Music Awards
 * Inferno (Heroes of Might and Magic), a city in "Heroes of Might and Magic" all versions

– sgeureka t•c 20:51, 15 July 2007 (UTC)

Inferno, the unit
To whomsoever it may concern! Sir, I have given the link which ascribes the astrophysical unit inferno, which is equal to 1 billion kelvin . It is not a made-up unit. பரிதிமதி (talk) 15:22, 4 April 2010 (UTC)
 * Actually, the link is for subscribers only, so I can't read it. Have you got another reliable source for this fact? StAnselm (talk) 11:51, 15 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I certainly can't find it in any reliable sources, only in pages copied from Wikipedia. -- Radagast3 (talk) 15:21, 15 April 2010 (UTC)

"Inferno(film)" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inferno(film)&redirect=no Inferno(film)] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 05:46, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Inferno


text:
User talk:Karen Johnson/old

This isn't too important, but several of us have decided on what to rename the / pages of countries. Here it is:

History of * Geography of * Demography of * Government of * Economy of * Communications in * Transportation in * Military of * Foreign relations of *

Note the signficant name changes for the former /People and /Transnational issues. --mav

Karen, you said you steer clear of maths, but you worked on the pentomino article, which is most certainly maths!!

Or is it just math notation that you hate? I am like that too.

Anyway, cool pentomino graphic. -- User:Juuitchan

 * That wasn't maths... that was a drawing task to go with a game I rather fondly remember having when I was a kid :) I thought that a proper graphic would do more justice to the article than the original asci art set that wouldn't display right on my screen. Thanks for the compliment :) KJ

That's a great dandelion photo you found. :-) --KQ 19:37 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT)

Isn't it just! I wish I could say that I took it, but it came from the GIMP photo library - there are some great images in there but you have to know what you're looking at, because they're not indexed! KJ

....

You're finding some great photos, Karen. If you find a better one for marigold, feel free to upload over the one I put up. I'm not completely happy with it myself--that's how it looked, though. And if you don't find a better one, that's fine--don't go out of your way for it--I'll reshoot the plant when I get a chance. Best, --KQ 20:19 Aug 19, 2002 (PDT)

Thanks for the compliment KQ, but I'm not really much of a photographer... I'm raiding the GIMP copyright free photo library to find these images! One photo of mine that I WAS going to put up was my canna lily because I had a picture I was proud of... but you beat me to it and yours is much better! KJ

 * Oh ... sorry about that. I've liked the pictures you've put up so far.
 * Last time I visited the GIMP, it was a mess and so I decided DIY would try my patience less. I think I'll revisit now, to browse and to see if it accepts direct contributions.  :-)  --KQ
 * You're right... GIMP is a massive mess! But it also has fantastic photos hidden in the junk heap. I wish somebody who really knew what they were doing had catalogued it... but such is life. When I want a particular subject picture I try doing a search for it, and sometimes it brings up a decent image. This afternoon I typed in 'plant' and I'm just running through the images trying to see what I recognise and can use... so far I've recognised a pitcher plant, a night-blooming cactus, a pinecone and a couple of flowers. I'm still trying to fully identify an iris I downloaded. It was labelled 'flag iris' but I don't think it IS one and I want to put it in the right place in the pedia! When it comes to my own photos I've got 6 boxes of them sitting on top of my cupboard waiting for a rainy day. I started scanning useful images but only got a couple of rolls done in a day because it just takes so long! KJ
 * Well now we're even. I was going to go take a picture of an iris down the street tomorrow, actually.  :-)  And I could have shot some great pitcher plants when I went home (there's a swamp down the street) ... oh well.  So many subjects, so little time.  :-)
 * Yes, scanning does take a long time. And then if you adjust levels in Photoshop and burn the corners, it's about 20 minutes a picture.  But I'll do it in the sacred name of wikipedia.  But piecemeal, at my leisure.  --KQ

Since you mentioned in the Dandelionlarge.jpg article that you didn't know how to link an image without displaying it, here's how; use a media: namespace instead of an image one. will display an image with the text after the pipe as its alt string, and [[media:picture|click here!]] will create an ordinary link to the image using the text after the pipe. Bryan Derksen
 * Thank Bryan :) KJ

Hi, good work on fixing that nonsense Fen article. I noticed it, but didn't know what to do other than just deleting it. Is there a page to list suspected nonsense pages that you can't be bothered to action yourself? -- WillSmith (Malaysia)
 * Hi Will. There are a few things you can do with a garbage article - a)move the contents of it to Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense if you think it's mildly humorous; b)replace the garbage with a stub of real information instead; c)just delete the junk and leave the article blank; or d)list the article on votes for deletion and someone else will take care of it. KJ

 * There's Pages needing attention. See also Utilities -- Tarquin

If you can't edit the Village Pump in Netscape, download a new browser... -- Anonymoues 10:14 Oct 27, 2002 (UTC)

 * That's a wrong-headed and snobbish attitude - if Karen is having trouble then many other people are too. We needn't limit people's freedom to choose their browser over something that can be easily fixed via an archive. It is normal around here to archive old talk anyway. --mav
 * When I saw the recent changes page I wondered why you thought I was rude Mav... now I see :) I may be a stubborn holdout, but I am generally quite happy with netscape 4.79. In most ways it meets my needs quite adequately, and I don't often have problems with it. When a page gets particularly long it overflows the buffer of the edit box and Netscape won't let me add anything to it. However, at this point the page is usually getting too long and tangled it to be easy to follow the conversation, or to find the particular part of the article that you want to add to/edit, so I don't see anything wrong with a request for the page to be split. Just because I was the person who noticed the problem and made a note of it, that doesn't mean that it's just MY problem! KJ

 * This is true. I'd recommend mozilla now over netscape 4, but it uses about 50MB while running: it may not be suitable for an old machine.

Re: longest word in the English language - I have added the IP address on Vandalism in progress. -olivier 07:05 Oct 28, 2002 (UTC)

--- Dear Karen: When a person convicted of a crime is still alive, I feel it is better to put alleged or allegedly because, even if convicted of a crime, that person could still sue our website, claiming he or she didnt do it and that we are effectively accusing he or she of something he or she didnt do. Besides, accusing someone of doing something here is not NPOV and also, you have to remember that, unless we are the actual victim, a witness or the victimizer of the crime commited, there is no way 100 percent to assure that a person commited that crime, unless the person actually confessed. Therefore, when a crime has been commited and people not involved say that someone did it, it is basically an opinion and not a fact.

Take the murder of Nicole Simpson and the pizza delivery guy who was murdered alongside her in that famous murder case. I could say OJ did it, but I could also say that the 4 guys OJ claims to have seen walk off her house did it. Since I wasnt there, if I say something about it here, accusing someone btw, it's an opinion, not a fact because there is no way to prove 100 percent that whoever did it did it, unless the person saying it was actualy there.

Thats why I think it;s right to say Dominique Dunn's boyfriend allegedly killed her, even when he was convicted of her murder.

Thanks for reading my articles, and I hope I can enjoy reading many new articles by you very soon.

Sincerely yours, User:AntonioMartin.

I have to say that I HATE the way that the media (and apparantly everyone else now) dances around the subject of who did what for fear of being sued. The lawsuit apparantly runs the world... or at least the American part of it. In Australia hardly anyone sues anyone, but in the US there are laywers wanting you to sue because your hamburger arrived cold!

If you must avoid saying that somebody 'did' it then don't use the word 'alleged' - saying she was 'allegedly' stabbed means maybe she was stabbed but maybe she got run over by a bus instead... if you MUST use the word then it should be 'she was stabbed, allegedly by her jealous boyfriend.' Or better, avoid the jealous boyfriend bit altogether - the fact is that he was sentenced and convicted, so presumably there was reasonable cause to believe that he did indeed do the dastardly deed. In Australia, that's enough proof. The court found him guilty so therefore it's okay to say that he was. You could say 'she was stabbed to death and her boyfriend was convicted and sentenced to six years in relation to the crime' if you really want to. 'Alleged' is just plain bad english.

America - the home of the fee and the land of the lawsuit... and I'm planning on moving there? :) KJ

-

Lyme disease is no joke Karen. http://www.academicpress.com/inscight/11181997/lyme-di1.htm

 * Excuse me... did I say it was? If you looked at the recent deletions log, I'm in the process of removing blank and garbage pages from the database, and the sole contents of that particular page was that question. I didn't write it thank you. KJ

Why did you delete Aleksey Nicolaievich Romanov, an imperfect article needs improvement...not deletion Lir 08:44 Nov 18, 2002 (UTC)

 * Then you make a stub out of it Lir. --mav

It was a stub. Lir 08:53 Nov 18, 2002 (UTC)

Since when do stubs have improper spelling, no punctuation, and 'add your text here' in them? I didn't delete the text either - somebody else did. I just removed the empty article because it was not worth the bother of restoring such a feeble little tidbit of text. Anybody coming to write the article would do better without having to correct it first. KJ -- Welcome back! The short article list has grown significantly since we lost your deletion service. ;-) --mav
 * lol! So I see... (guess what my first stop was after the recent changes list? - the winnowing has begun! :)KJ
 * Have fun. Its all yours! :) --mav

Welcome back. I trust Canberra was exciting and pretty and full of wacky Australians who wrestles rattlesnakes or whatever it is Australians do when they're not busy being Australian. Potly yours, Tokerboy

I hope that the children had fun arguing on my talkpage while I was on holidays... These comments have now been removed and the argument is closed. Please take it to the relevant Atlantium article/s if you wish to continue the debate. KJ 07:49 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * As one of the children involved in the debate I would like to apologize. My initial response was to defend you from a nasty message left by George. --mav
 * He was rather unprovokedly nasty, wasn't he... thank you for defending me when I wasn't here to defend myself! I'm glad I wasn't here actually, because I would have gotten rather upset about it at the time... but since I wasn't here I didn't read it until it was all over. :) KJ

Thanks for your typo correction :-) -- Youssefsan

Hello, & welcome back! I look forward to seeing the pics. :-) best, KQ
 * Thanks KQ! I've been back for awhile but this was the first day I've actually been inspired to add useful new content intead of just dithering around correcting typos :) I was actually surprised that these basic 'skeletal' entries haven't been done long agoKJ
 * Yes, wikipedia has some odd omissions still. Just a few days ago I was surprised to see on Outkast that Erykah Badu still has no article.  (and, having just done a fair amount of research, didn't care to write it myself).  --KQ

A complaint!!!!!! How the @#!@## am I supposed to wikipedia-weed if all of the access pages are disabled? And how the !#@$%^%% am I suppose to know when 02 UTC is in Australian time? I am NOT impressed... my major method of wikipedia contribution (correcting typos, editing badly spelled articles and mending/deleting stubs) have all been disabled for 12 hours of the day. KJ

 * See UTC and Time zone for help with times. If the fact that our database performance crashes to *utter unusable crap* when we leave the heavy lifting functions enabled during the busiest times (day in North America, evening in Europe) bothers you, I suggest you remember that this project is maintained by volunteers, very few of them, who have other things to do in their lives and receive not one penny and little thanks for their efforts here keeping this site up and running for you. --Brion 23:59 Jan 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * Hey - I try to thank you every so often. Here it is again: Thank you Brion! :) --mav

 * Karen, if you're in Eastern Oz, add 11 hours at the moment, 10 normally, to UTC to get local time. It's 10.5 hours in SA/NT (9.5 out of daylight savings), 10 in Queensland (all year), and 8 in WA.'

I'm a volunteer too, doing a job that nobody else can be bothered with (or has the time to do)... and if you want me to bloody well go away and leave you all alone I WILL. I'm pissed off at the world today and ready to tear my hair out or to hit somebody very VERY hard.

I would argue that slow access is better than no access, and that disabling functions for any reason other than that they plain don't work is a bad bad BAD idea. KJ
 * The trouble is that when these options are available then the whole website goes down - including the other language editions. I vote for having these functions static during what are now blackout periods. This would mean that right before the site is hit with heavy traffic a static page is made of the current view on each maintenance page. This should allow people to do what they need to do while at the same time keep the server load minimal. Of course, there needs to be a note saying that the page will not be updated until x hour. --mav

 * I see your point. And I think I agree with you Mav. One of the most frustrating things is coming to do a job and not being able to even start (hence my explosion)... If there was a static display I'd have some kind of starting point and some idea of what was going on. Couldn't these pages be updated maybe once an hour or once every two hours intead of constantly? It's always seemed kind of unnecessary that it updates the 'short entries' page every single time you make a change to it. To avoid that I try to remember to right-click and open stuff in a new window until I've made 20 or thirty changes to the original listing. KJ

 * Mav just said everything I was gonna say. :) Note that the other day Magnus put in an experimental static result display for Special:Wantedpages; we hope to get this or a smoother system rolled out to the other pages as well soon. --Brion 02:00 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)

-

 * Hey Karen,

 * Hi!
 * Thanks for being here.
 * Please don't be angry.
 * Please don't be hurt.
 * Love, Love, Love (is that part of a beatles song?)

 * with friendliness and joy,

 * Me. :-)

 * Thank you Me... (boy, that sounds schizophrenic :)) I'm sorry I'm in such a foul mood today... the whole city is wreathed in smoke from the bushfires in north-eastern Victoria, and I think it's poisoning my mood as well as my lungs :( I promise to stop screaming and having tantrums, for today anyway... and Brion, of course I appreciate everything you do for the project - without you there wouldn't BE a wikipedia. I'm just being an ungrateful b##ch today, but I'll try to stop. KJ

Back to the disabled page subject - now it seems that the function pages have been permanently disabled. Or at least every time I come to try to use them I can't access them and get the 'this is temporarily disabled during peak hours' message, which now doesn't say when those hours are at all. Are 'peak hours' 23 hours a day? I've tried at nine o'clock in the morning and it's 'peak hours', I've tried at midday and it's 'peak hours', I've tried at five o'clock in the afternoon and it's 'peak hours' and I've tried at about ten o'clock at night before I got ready for bed and it was STILL peak hours... Right now it is 6pm on a Friday night in Australia, which is about three or four am Friday morning in America, so the majority of internet users are sleeping like babes... (and no, I'm not going back to the mailing list to raise this discussion because there was too much 'discussion' there that was of zero personal interest to me and that I didn't BEGIN to understand.) If the function is permanently disabled then please change the message to reflect that fact, and I'll stop trying to do anything useful... KJ 07:18 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry to hear that you are upset - I would be too. But the load on the server has quadrupled since we were Slashdotted and received other press attention. As a temporary measure many special features have been disabled so that at least people can still view pages and edit (see Talk:Main Page). If these features hadn't been disabled then the server would bog down and nobody would be able to use Wikipedia. I'm sure you've noticed that every minute there are anywhere from 3 to seven new edits on Recent Changes now. Previously during "slow" times there would be up to 10 minutes between edits. Please understand that the developers are doing the best they can. --mav

 * There still is Votes for deletion and Find or fix a stub if you are bored. I know it makes me feel good sometimes to nuke crappy non-article pages. ;-) --mav

 * I'm not upset Mav. I'm just frustrated! I've noticed that server access time has slowed to a crawl... and I appreciate that the shutdowns were essential, but it's STILL driving me up the wall not to be able to do any real work on the wikipedia because of the vast flood of curious passerbys (it took about ten minutes and three tries last night to save a simple page correction!)... I'll stop trying to access the 'forbidden' functions because obviously they're going to stay shut down until something can be done. I've found a (slow) way to check for garbage too - I'm lurking on the 'new pages' listing and checking out all the pages made by an anonymous IP address to see whether they're real articles... I might go back to my 'cat' project instead though - I'm getting bored with new articles! lol btw how do you go about setting up a wikiproject? I was wondering whether maybe the 'cats of the world' should become one of them instead of being a singleperson operation...

Something that's occurred to me is wondering whether the wikipedia crew had ever considered setting up a mirror site or two to ease the traffic load? I know that that leads to the difficulty of updates, but what about a static mirror for the merely curious and information-seeking? They could read to their hearts content, and flip over to the 'real thing' if they decided to contribute. The mirror could be updated once every 24 hours or something to keep it relatively up-to-date. KJ

 * The idea has certainly been ponied about, but no one's yet offered up a host for such a mirror so there's been no serious talk. --Brion 15:40 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

 * RE WikiProjects: Just fill out the template and spread the word on related WikiProjects (like WikiProject Dog Breeds and Tree of Life). --mav 16:33 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Karen. Is there any reason that you know about why Canberra was moved to Canberra, Australia? Or, putting it the other way about, why it should not be moved back? There seems to be no chance of ambiguity (as discussed on the talk page), but maybe there is something I haven't thought of. Cheers -- Tannin 12:14 Mar 15, 2003 (UTC)

 * There was a push to have Australian cities preemptively disambiguated a while ago (just as American and Canadian cities are), but that movement seemed to loose steam. I'm not sure what the Aussies want now. --mav

 * Okay, I had a quick look at Naming conventions (city names). Wow, lots of talk. Anyway, here's something I thought is relevant to us:

 * As an American, I don't normally say the full name "Chicago, Illinois", just as I don't normally say the full name "John Aschcroft". There's essentially only one "Chicago" in my life and only one "Ashcroft", and their importance to me isn't idiosyncratic either. Nevertheless, if somebody says either of these full names, it doesn't sound at all weird, it just sound a little bit more precise. Is "Toronto, Ontario" like that to Canadians, or does it just sound wrong as (I've read) "Oslo, Norway" sounds wrong to Europeans? — Toby 21:35 Aug 9, 2002 (PDT)

 * I think Tannin and Karen would agree that an Australian would never answer a blunt "Maleny, Queensland" to the question "where are you from". They would say "Maleny, you know, about 100 km NW of Brisbane", or "Coonabarabran, in outback NSW", or "Morisset, just south of Newcastle". Unlike in America, state names aren't very useful in tracking down just where someone comes from, because our states are so damned big. Also, about the only things which are ambiguous in Australia are suburb names, since we have far fewer cities and large towns than America.

 * Here's what I propose: names which (according to Wikipedia) exist only in Australia should have the plain name, e.g. Canberra and Fremantle. If some day discover a Fremantle in Denmark, and some Danish people want to write an article about it, we can move our page to Fremantle, Australia to avoid offence. I also vote for block disambiguation of Brisbane, and any similar cases (see Talk:Brisbane). Suburb names need more aggressive disambiguation, but that's not really a problem at the moment, since AFAIK we only have one or two. What do you think of this proposal? -- Tim Starling 01:19 Mar 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * Sounds good to me, Tim. Tannin 12:01 Mar 18, 2003 (UTC)

 * I think the moving is a job for a sysop. Pity neither Karen nor Robert Merkel are around. -- Tim Starling 12:30 Mar 18, 2003 (UTC)

 * Quite so. I wasn't starting a unilaterial campaign just now, just an individual one which happened to be easy (which was what reminded me to check over here.) Tannin

 * This issue was gone into MANY times when the pagenaming conventions were being set up. I actually argued for using plain names, with (Australia) in brackets as an identifier, but the other faction won. I've been busy... and I'll continue to be busy for the foreseeable future (I just came back tonight to make a note on my user pages that I won't be here for the next four months because I'm travelling! If you can persuade people to agree that Canberra should be the main page for the city, then go right ahead and move the article there... (make Canberra, Australia and Canberra (Australia) into redirects. KJ 11:42 Mar 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * OK. Thanks. Have a great trip! Tannin

Thanks for the info Karen, it's nice to have an old hand around, relatively speaking ;) I had a look at the mailing list archives on this subject -- I noticed you actually had some good arguments for the Canberra, Australia convention -- a wiki-wide city naming convention would help with the creation of new articles by contributors who don't know whether or not the name is ambiguous. However in my experience, most contributors don't think of disambiguation at all when writing articles. The Canberra, Australia convention seems to lead to a neverending workload for the regulars, who are left to modify many Canberra-like links made by infrequent or newbie contributors.

I think I'll take this to wikien-l. I'll be pushing for simple names such as Canberra and Brisbane. I'm a sysop now, and if there's no serious objections, I'll make the move myself. Have a good trip, Karen! -- Tim Starling 12:51 Mar 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * So this is where Tim has been discussing the fate of Brisbane. I DO have serious objections and feel that discussing any proposed change on Talk:Brisbane, Queensland would have been the proper way to move his opinions forward. Karen, your previous postings on the subject indicate that you favour Brisbane, Australia. Have you changed this view? - Gaz 16:27 Mar 27, 2003 (UTC)

Not particuarly... unless it was to use the following Brisbane(Australia) and let the wikipedia pipe quietly disappear the bracket bit leaving us with an apparant link to 'Brisbane'. I don't see any problem with 'Brisbane,Australia'. It's simple, straightforward, and obvious to even the stupidest Tom, Dick and Harriet... I still think that all countries should follow the same principle as much as possible for the sake of clarity. But I don't have the time or energy to argue this out again! I said my piece first time round... KJ 11:19 Mar 31, 2003 (UTC)

 * See also http://www.wikipedia.org/pipermail/wikien-l/2003-March/subject.html under the subject "City names argument resurrected" and "Re:City names argument resurrected". I'll leave Brisbane half-done for the moment. Are you also objecting to the other category of suggested moves, i.e. Canberra, Australia -> Canberra and the like? -- Tim Starling 23:09 Mar 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yes I am, but let me get up to speed with the mailing list discussion first. I have looked through all the links you posted on my Talk page. I am at work now so I'd like to continue this later. Thanks Gaz 03:13 Mar 28, 2003 (UTC)

 * Tim, I have continued this on my Talk page. Please read. - Gaz 05:31 Mar 29, 2003 (UTC)

Hi KJ - I've explained a bit about the problems with the search on Wikipedia talk:Searching, though I daresay others know more about the grizzly details than me. I hope you don't leave, or at least come back when everything is fully functioning again - it'd be a shame to lose you. --Camembert

 * I agree - we are just going through some growing pains. But another server is on its way and the Wikimedia Foundation should also be set-up soon to manage donations. --mav

 * It may be growing pains but I hope they are past by the time my US trip is over in 10 weeks time. I had some digital photos that I was going to try to upload before I left, and I just don't have the time to monkey around with the wikipedia when it's as 'broken' as it is right now :( A new server would certainly ease matters - I hope it works out because this is a great project and I support the IDEA of the wikipedia 1000%... the only problem is the execution (or rather, keeping it functioning once it's reached this size.)

One idea that occurred to me last night would be modifying the search engine temporarily by telling it to ignore the message bodies and only look at the headers. So if you typed in 'kangaroo' it would find 'kangaroo' and 'kangaroo rat' but not 'marsupials of Australia'. At least that would be better than nothing! ATM I can't think of any way to navigate the wikipedia other than using the random button... which won't help me check whether somebody else has uploaded a picture of a 'fig' etc.KJ 03:23 Apr 5, 2003 (UTC)

Hi KJ. I replaced a picture of yours with one of mine. (The wallaby in the Kangaroo article). sheep
 * hmmm... that would have to be the most unkangaroo-like kangaroo I've ever seen! I guess it's the peculiar angle it's standing at - the picture is very foreshortened. I don't think that anyone who didn't know what a kangaroo was would recognise it from that pic... the side view or 'hopping roo' is the most distinctive - you don't happen to have one of them do you? KJ

title: User talk:Karen Johnson/old