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Talk:Kenny McCormick/Archive 1

The current length of the article
It does seem slightly short to me but that's not my main point, which is that the list of pupils in the school has many entries (such as []) are now significantly longer than Kenny's article. This is just silly. If they stay that length then Kenny should have more -- particularly about his deaths, any information on which has vanished since the merge -- and if Kenny's article stays this length which is totally fine by me then everyone else should be hacked down to reality.
 * Also the entry on [] is actually longer than this one. That's daft. They should be swapped round. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 88.66.28.146 (talk) 19:01, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Ken McCormick
How has Ken McCormick not been brought up already? He's the teenager who killed himself a decade or two ago while listening to Ozzy Osbourne. Did he inspire the name of the South Park character? Omegacc 03:49, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

Hmmm... A decade ago is around the time South Park was born as a television series in our dimension... It is highly plausible. Yes, I'd say it ought to be mentioned. Wilhelmina Will 01:23, 5 August 2007 (UTC)
 * There's been nothing said about the relation of the two. And it is most likely a coincidence. Therefore, it isn't notable.--Swellman 03:03, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

dont forget kenny was killed by ozzy in one episode--Greenday21 (talk) 16:35, 24 March 2008 (UTC)Greenday21

All those listings where Kenny dies, and not one mention of the episode where Kenny kills death and the accompanying comment "Oh my God. Kenny killed death!" - Gible

Yes that is odd. That was definately one of South Park's best moments, even though it technically never happened. (That particular scene was from "City on the Edge of Forever", which took place in Stan's dream.)

what's so magic about it? he's a cartoon character.

He's different from other cartoon characters that's what makes him magic.

And, he keeps on coming back from the dead exept in Season Five he is dead until Season Eight, and in Seasons Six and Seven replace him with Butters, a stuttering minor character from other episodes.
 * If you actually read the article, he was only dead permenantly for season 6. Tweek also replaced Butters after six episodes. --Sonic Mew 19:57, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

How were Kenny's lines from the opening credits translated?

They weren't.

-

The list of episodes where he doesn't die should distinguish between episodes where he appears and ones where he doesn't

Also, the article should mention that Kenny is highly knowledgeable about illict, illegal, and sexual matters. For example (709), he shows the others how to pirate music from the internet.

For the list of episodes where he lives, we shouldn't bother listing episodes after his "permanent death", it just wastes space; it really only makes sense to have such a list when he dies in almost every episode and to list the exceptions.

Er...I found a website where each and every one of Kenny's lines in every episode are translated, but the curses aren't stared (*), therefore leaving the curses eligeble to younger audiances who may use them and get spanked (don't ask). Should I even bother posting a link to this site? --Wack'd About Wiki 22:21, 24 July 2005 (UTC)

yes plz post -20:50, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

The link is here:

http://www.namesuppressed.com/kenny/

Does anyone know how it works? KrisW6 01:02, 14 August 2005 (UTC)
 * does the site have like porno or dirty pics or gross sexual lesbians
 * What does that have to do with anything, idiot? The Matyr (converse with the Matyr) 21:20, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

Can we get rid of this already??
In visual appearence: "It has not been widely noted, but it is possible that he is dressed in this way to make him appear like a vulva or venus symbol (♀). It has also been noted that his body is very similar in shape to an ankh, which goes along with the theme of reincarnation that is present in the character - see also Anorankh."

WTF?? This is one of the biggest problems in wikipedia, the opinions of one or few people are presented as widely known facts. --Kennyisinvisible 02:31, 2 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Wow, come to think of it, he IS shaped like an ankh. Notable.

Too long...
I think this article is too long. Is a list of every single episode whether he died or not really necessary? I think per-episode trivia like that should be integrated into List of South Park episodes.--Jeffthejiff | Talk 14:47, 17 September 2005 (UTC)

Highlander's Kenny
There was an immortal named Kenny who was stuck at the age of around 10 or so, and who was over 1000 years old, in the 1990s Highlander series. Since the Highlander immortals typically died many times but were endlessly revived (until their heads were cut off), is it worth mentioning this character in the South Park Kenny article? Kaijan 21:03, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

Yea i think that is relevant it should be included. Ktrosten

The Biggest Douche in the Universe
Should we add something about the Season Six episode, "The Biggest Douche in the Universe", where Rob Schneider eats the pot roast Kenny was in and, after a montage with him as Kenny, gets killed like in Weight Gain 4000? You know...

"Rob Schneider is a somewhat popular comedic actor who seemed to have it all, until one day, he came across a pot roast and his life changed forever. Now he's sharing his body with an 8 year old boy, and he's about to find out that being 8 ain't so great. Rob Schneider is Kenny, rated PG-13." - NES Boy 23:02, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Meatloaf coincidence
In the song "Objects in the Rear-View Mirror May Appear Closer Than They Are" by Meatloaf, the first verse is about a boy named Kenny who died, and the second verse is about having an alcoholic father. Coincidence, or deliberate on the part of the writers? I didn't find anything on a quick google, but ... dsws 21:25, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

I noticed that too. It might have been part of an inspiration for the character. --Cheeze Master 00:58, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

Ask the people at SouthParkStudios. They might know. Wilhelmina Will 23:47, 20 October 2007 (UTC)

Succubus
I watched this episode the other day, and it doesn't look like Kenny died at the bus stop. All I saw was that rats were chewing on him at night. He wasn't necessarily dead. --Rai 19:30, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

I saw this episode as well and I think the joke was that they were waiting so long that Kenny was killed and came back to life, an event that usually takes one episode (or season as we would find out). Ladydayelle 20:14, 10 October 2006 (UTC)

Reverting to April 5 version
I'm reverting to April 5, 2006 version of this article as a user at IP 24.81.67.170 is clearly vandalizing this article with nonsensical pop-culture references.

when dos he talk in super friends?

I just wanted to bring this to your attention: On the list of fictional Italian-Americans, it says Kenny is Italian. Obviously, he is not. He is Irish. So, if anyone can take care of that, thanks.

Closed Capationed?
ive seen nearly episode of south park and i didnt know it was closed captioned thats cool. Thanks to whoever added this to the page --Tyler Thibeaux 08:48, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

Shouldn't the main picture be the hoodless kenny from BL&U?
Deuxhero 06:56, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

I disagree. He is mostly commonly seen with his hood on and we have only seen his face twice. PlumeNoir 15:24, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

3 times, infact (BL&U, THe MJ episode, and THe baseball episode). But yeah, the pic we have now is fine. 24.25.131.211 13:43, 15 October 2006 (UTC)

I agree. It should show a pic of Kenny hoodless because I find it would make more sense. Oh, and now we have seen him hoodless FOUR TIMES, the fourth time in "Lice Capades". Misteryoshi 23:28, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

We also get to see Kenny hoodless in the episode "Super Best Friends", although he's shaved bald and thus is indistinguishible from all the other kids (besides Cartman). - Alph

 * No. He's known for wearing his hood and it's rare that we see him without it. It would also spoil BLU for anyone who hasn't seen it.--Swellman 02:12, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

i agree with swellman--Greenday21 (talk) 13:08, 19 April 2008 (UTC)Greenday21

Heritage
It seems more likely that Kenny is Scottish-American rather than Irish-American. McCormick is a Scottish name. In fact, "Mc", meaning "ancester of" is more common in the Scottish, while the Irish term for "ancestor of" is "O'". I'm not saying that all Americans whose surname starts with "Mc" should be considered Scottish-American. I'm just saying, if Kenny is of European descent, then it's more likely Scottish than Irish.

ndrly 11:00, 29 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Actually, "Mc" is shared between Irish and Scottish (though the older Scottish spelling is "Mac" rather than "Mc") so I wouldn't say that necessarily proves Kenny's heritage is Scottish vs.Irish. There is a Scottish clan MacCormack, however, and I can affirm from my own family history that Scottish "Mac" surnames have been shortened in America. McGehee 18:24, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Kennys age
In this article it says Kenny is the 3rd oldest of the 4 boys, yet in the Cartmen article it says Cartmen is the second youngest. Aren't these the same, or am I missing something?

weasel words in Season 7 - present
Some fans is hardly encyclopedic. This section needs some cleanup. Desertsky85451 15:31, 27 September 2006 (UTC)

Season 10 death
He hasn't died yet in Season 10. The death of a Warcraft character is not the same thing as Kenny dying. CovenantD 22:12, 7 October 2006 (UTC)

On a side note, I've seen plenty of episodes since Kenny came back from the dead, and as far as I can tell; Kenny doesn't do much except follow the boys around and mutter a bit unless the episode centers around him. Then again how could he? Kenny's deaths were the only "theme" that he really had.24.118.115.62 04:14, 14 August 2007 (UTC)

Order Of Who's Oldest To Youngest Doesn't Make Sense
When I looked at the South Park calender and then say the articles of the four boys. it doesn't make sense how Cartman can be the 2nd oldest, Kenny be the 3rd oldest and Kyle being the youngest. I'm sure Stan is the oldest out of the boys. Remember all the boys are 9. I will use the years 1996, 1997, and 1998 as examples and take it as this year of 2006. Stan's birthday is October 19 so and he's the oldest so he would have to be born in 1996. Kenny's birthday is March 22 but his article says he's the 3rd oldest and Eric Cartman's article says his birthday is July 1st and he's the 2nd oldest. But if Kenny's the 3rd oldest that would make him born in 1998. Kyle's birthday is May 26 and if Cartman is the 2nd oldest and Kenny being the 3rd oldest that would make him born in 1998. If Kyle and Kenny are born in 1998 that would make it impossible for them to be 9. What it should be is Stan being the oldest born on October 19, 1996, Kenny being the 2nd oldest born on March 22, 1997, Kyle being the 3rd oldest born on May 26, 1997, and Cartman being the youngest born on July 1, 1997.

Information Of Who's Oldest To Youngest Out Of The Four Boys From The South Park Calender
I got this information from the South Park Calender.

Birthdays If you use the cutoff date of September 1 by which all kids have to be 8 to enter 3rd grade, or 9 to enter 4th grade, then the four boys turn 9 during 3rd grade, and 10 during 4th grade. Given their birthdays in 3rd grade, the boys turn nine in this order: Stan - October 19 Kenny - March 22 Kyle - May 26 Cartman - July 1 If Cartman's birthday is February 4 instead of July 1, the dates are Stan - October 19 Cartman - February 4 Kenny - March 22 Kyle - May 26 Stan is thus the oldest of the four boys. Whether Kyle or Cartman is the youngest depends on when you believe Cartman's birthday falls. Cartman's is the only birthday we've seen so far (except for Jesus' and Grandpa Marsh's).

From this information Stan is the only one that we really know what spot of who's oldest to youngest out of the four boys which Stan is the oldest and that we can put in his article. Cartman's birthday could either be February 4 or July 1 so Cartman is either the 2nd oldest or the youngest which we can put in his article. Kenny is either the 2nd oldest or the 3 oldest which we can put in his article. Kyle is either the 3rd oldest or the youngest which we can put in his article. I couldn't find a site that can prove whether Cartman's birthday is February 4 or July 1.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Stan_Marsh"

Voice actors
There is inconsistency about who is the voice actor for Kenny normally, and who did it for one episode. I don't know enough to fix it, just bringing the matter up.

"Kenneth 'Kenny' McCormick, voiced by Matt Stone (and, on one occasion, Mike Judge)" in the first line, and;

"Kenny's unmuffled voice sounds like a slightly higher-pitched version of Stan Marsh's. In the movie, Kenny's voice was performed by Mike Judge, creator of Beavis and Butt-head and King of the Hill. In the Season 8 episode "The Jeffersons", Kenny's voice was performed by Matt Stone." in the 'Character' section. Thanks.

Kenny's Religon
Kenny is a Morman because in the movie he goes to heaven and in the show when they show Satin talking to everyone about which religon was the right one he says it was Mormans.

 * This doesn't necessarily mean he's a Mormon. He went to Heaven in the movie because he performed the ultimate good deed, and Heaven in the episode "Super Best Friends" because he had to, in order to control the Golden PSP.

that episode is called Best Friends Forever--Greenday21 (talk) 13:12, 19 April 2008 (UTC)Greenday21

 * but is he an Islam?--sin-man 03:43, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

 * He goes to the same church as Stan and Cartman, and is therefore Catholic. See the episodes regarding the church, ie 410, where the boys are preparing for their first communion. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 168.105.116.67 (talk) 04:07, 21 February 2007 (UTC).

Unclear
Wait a minute, Kenny's deaths were phased out due to lack of interest or disability to find creative ways of killing him? It's not clear, it says both in the article. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Orthologist (talk • contribs) 16:44, 23 December 2006 (UTC).

Intro to Character section
The grammar and spelling was sloppy, so I cleaned it up some.

EXCUSE ME! Thanks. In a episode with Prostitute Song (Forgot title) Kenny clearly says "Yeah! Am I?".

And what is a Snorkel Parka?

Kenny.A sex worker and prisoner?
In a episode of south park Kenny given a hummer to the radio moderator for money.Then he get imprisoned. Did this make him to an sex worker and prisoner?

 * I think so.--Orthologist 13:45, 22 February 2007 (UTC)

Kenny gets killed almost in every episode and nobody cares.

That changed in 2007. Kenny has actually LIVED now in more episodes than he DIED. You can't say he dies in every episode, the majority of the episodes now have him LIVING. FYI

Kenny's lines in the theme
Just to make it clear, Kenny says "I like girls with big vaginas and I like girls with big titties" in the them. no he says i like girls with big fat titties and really deep vaginas

On the new one, he says “I like licking sweaty minges, I like fucking horny bitches!” It's easy to tell if you listen.

 * We'd need an actual reference for that before we put it in the article. Tweeks Coffee 13:17, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Vandalism
I've had to revert this page to previous versions 3 times today due to vandalism. Would it be possible to secure this page to some level since it seems to be more commonly vandalised than the other character's pages? Tweeks Coffee 19:11, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

Are you sure Kenny gets vandalized the most? I could have sworn either Cartman's or the List of Students' pages get vandalized the most. Wilhelmina Will July 21st, 2007.

 * Well, I don't have a watch on Cartman's page, but it certainly wouldn't surprise me that it got vandalized all the time.  I think the list of students page doesn't get the same kind of outright vandalism that this page was receiving at the time I made that post.  I'm referring here to stuff like blanking the article and adding random cusswords. Tweeks Coffee 18:40, 22 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't think that the List of Students article gets blanked very much, but I frequently have to remove cusswords from there. Just the other day, one person wrote in Sally Turner's section "She normally fucks Kenny". Of all the nerve! Anyway, but Cartman has been blanked and has had nasty comments put in his article at least twenty-five times in the past week or so. Wilhelmina Will July 22nd, 2007.

McKormick?
In season 5 where the characters have the 3D versions in the intro credits, it's spelled McKormick with a K rather than a C, is this just a mistake or is the whole article wrong? aslate 21:41, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
 * It's "McCormick" on the official website:, , —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 96T (talk • contribs) 21:37, 7 May 2007 (UTC).

Futurame reference
In an episode of Futurama that took place on pluto, Leela pulled up and tightened the hood on her orange-brown parka so much that only her eye was visible. Think that may be a reference to Kenny?

picture
The picture for kenny at the top of the page makes Kenny look like he is always fighting. he is not like this at all. Can someone change his picture to the more standard one of him standing still? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 203.27.231.250 (talk) 02:50, 15 May 2007 (UTC).

Meh, it would go with his presumed Irish heritage, but you're right. He isn't always fighting. (Personally, though, he does look very alluring when he's angry.)

Make love, not warcraft
I don't think he dies there... his in-game character dies, but he himself doesn't. W1k13rh3nry 21:48, 20 June 2007 (UTC)

Are we sure it's spelled "McCormick?" Juppiter 04:46, 10 July 2007 (UTC)

The gravestone in PinkEye says so = McCormick

In-universe
I would like to see more information regarding Kenny's impact on pop culture. He's one of the most famous and recognisable characters on the show; there should be mention of any references to him in the media, as well as the number of products based around him. Currently, the "appearances without parka" and "talents" sections seem very fannish and unencyclopedic. Have Trey Parker and Matt Stone ever explained how they came up with Kenny or what they think of him? Sorry to moan, but I think this article could be great with a little clean-up. Paul730 10:30, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

This Doesn't Make Sense...
One part of the article claims that Kenny was born in 1989, which would make him 18 years old. However, he is literally only half that age, as he is nine years old. I've changed it. 81.145.242.134 21:38, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Kenny was eight years old in 1997, when the show started. It's just that in their world, they don't age the way we do. South Parkite time flows differently than ours. That is why it took him four of our years to turn nine, and why it's taking him at the very least seven years to age again. If he was eight in 1997, he might have been born in any year, but for now we can assume it was 1989. I'm changing it back, like it or not. Wilhelmina Will July 21st, 2007.

The Creators have mentioned this before. They don't know if all the episodes equal one day, one year, one hour... they have never put a timeline in the shows. Sure some episodes show things like, NEXT DAY or 1 MONTH LATER, but to put the time the episodes air into perspective as the time in South Park is not true. Most cartoon characters don't age... Micky Mouse, Bart Simpson, Underdog...etc. To do so would mean drawing the character differently and in they just don't do that in cartoons. So, if the show first aired in 1997 and the scamps were all 8, how could any of them be born in 1998, a year in the future? Does that make sense?

 * It doesn't matter when he was born, even if it was consistent, which it clearly isn't because the show has a floating timeline. Kenny is a fictional character and therefore issues such as in-universe dates are irrelevent.  What you should be focusing on is his first appearance, which I assume is that Xmas short with Jesus and Santa, although I'm not 100%.  Paul730 03:30, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

Changes
This articles needs some major changes in layout. There should be a section entitled "Appearances" which details his history on the show; his first appearances in the shorts and being written out in Season 5 etc. The next should be a "Characterization" section which incorporates the current "Talents" section. The "appearances without parka" list should be written in prose in a paragraph under "Characterization." The "Deaths" section is fine where it is, but could use a rewrite. Paul730 04:04, 26 July 2007 (UTC)

 * The article is looking better but it still needs major improvement. The main problem is that it treats Kenny like a real person as opposed to a fictional character.  See articles like Jason Voorhees, Jabba the Hutt, and Jack Sparrow to see how fictional characters should be handled.  The talents section has no real-world context whatsoever, and should be shortened considerably and moved to the "Personality/Characterization" section, if it should be included at all.  "Family" and "Relationships" section are also in-universe and need improvement.  The "Death" section is too long IMO, especially since there are two other articles about what is essentially just a joke.  Sentences like "One episode explained that his soul returns to his Mother, and takes to another body, is reborn, and then grows to be 8 or 9 years old in record time" treat the joke far too seriously and is partially original research (is it ever stated anywhere that his "soul returns to his mother"?).  This is what I meant by "resembles a fan-site" - this page should be written in a real-world context for those who have no understanding of the character as opposed to being bogged down with examples and unnecessary detail which are only of interest to fans.  Also, the lead is too short - it should summarise the rest of the article.  Sorry for the criticism, I'm working on the Buffy character pages and they suffer from very similar flaws. :)  Paul730 15:24, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

Excuse me, sir, but how can you be so certain he is indeed fictional? Is it not possible that he does exist in another dimension, or even in another quadrent? Many fans of the show have reported dreams in which the characters speak to them; we should not say that he is fictional with such strong evidence that he is not. Wilhelmina Will 20:35, 4 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Okay, I really hope you're kidding. You find a reliable source that proves that Kenny or any other South Park character exists in another dimension and visits people in their dreams, and we can lend question to whether he is fictional or not. Until then, your claims of his actual existance are original research, not to mention just plain silly.  He isn't real, and the article must reflect that.  Paul730 13:47, 5 August 2007 (UTC)

Contradiction
The "Death" section contradicts itself in first saying that people are not aware of Kenny's deaths..and then goes on to list the people who are aware (which is almost everybody) and when they express this awareness. It just plain makes no sense, and the entire section is messy and hard to navagate. Thank-you very-much. --Wack'd Talk to me! • Admire my handiwork! 02:14, 23 September 2007 (UTC)

A Mess...
By that I mean this article. I mean it's just random events invoving Kenny throughout! Not to mention it almost seems like the article is talking informally to you. For example: "In episode 207 (season 2 episode 07) "city on the edge of forever" the boys are all retelling past events which incorrectly end in them eating ice cream and saying "now that's what I call a sticky situation". Anyway, cartman recalls kenny dying by fonzie after jumping over some school buses. Kyle promptly corrects him saying that that would be impossible, as kenny had just died earlier in that very same episode (207)." Anyway is the keyword. The rest of it was fine, but the word anyway would be used if you were talking to a friend and needed to get back on topic. This is an encylopedia! I'll gladly help the improvement of this article, but I need some support in doing so... Burn N Flare 23:56, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

 * While you're at it, the "References in other media" might need looking at as well - it seems to imply that Mr. Immortal, or rather his ability, is based on Kenny. This obviously can't be the case, since Mr. Immortal outdates Kenny by three years. Hers fold  (t/a/c) 02:22, 22 October 2007 (UTC)

 * Which is why I just cut the Mr. Immortal reference from the article. The Team Fortress 2 reference is questionable as well.  I haven't seen the game, so I have no frame of reference--is there anything that specifically points to the "pyro" character's voice being a nod to Kenny, or is it a coincidental similarity?
 * As far as "other media" references, I would think that the song "Kenny's Dead" and the accompanying music video would be more relevant than what's currently there--but since the "Chef Aid" album was sort of an extension of the series itself, I'm not sure it's applicable. -- Pennyforth 00:45, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the help. I've read alot about Team Fortress and it turns out that they Pyro character has a muffled, hard to understand voice. I'm on the fence on putting information regarding this similarity, Kenny's voice is definitely important to his character, but I don't see how this gives it a reason to put information on it on this article. Burn N Flare 23:12, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

 * I was complaining about the state of this article a few months ago (see above) but I'm happy to see that an effort is being made to clean it up. :) There still needs to be more out-of-universe information in the article; Kenny may be the most recognisable of the SP characters in popular culture, so this shouldn't be impossible to find. The "Deaths" section seems to be condensed, and rather than mentioning every example, variation, or acknowledgment of Kenny's deaths in the show, we need some info about how his deaths have made an impact in popular culture.  If Trey and Matt have ever explained why they kill Kenny off, how they came up with that idea, then that should go in too.  I think the "Talents" section is redundant, as is they "Relationships" section, and original research needs to be purged throughout.  Remember, making assumptions and drawing conclusions based on what characters say is original research - others may interperet it differently.  This article still needs a lot of work, but hopefully it's moving in the right direction.  BTW, I'd recommend that when citing episodes, use the Template:Cite episode.  For example:
 *  Paul    730  23:47, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 *  Paul    730  23:47, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Result - No objections to merge.  Paul    730  11:40, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

I've proposed that the article Kenny's deaths be merged into Kenny McCormick. The running gag of Kenny dying in almost every episode is notable, yes, but there's no reason why any encyclopedic information about that gag cannot be sufficiently covered on the character article, since the character and the joke are more or less synonymous with each other. The subject of Kenny's deaths is currently being covered on his own article, on the deaths article, the List of Kenny's deaths article (which has been proposed for deletion), as well as all the individual episode pages in which he dies. This is a ridiculous amount of coverage for this subject, especially since all the articles fail to establish any notability. On the List AfD, a couple of editors have claimed that Kenny's deaths are notable, and while I don't dispute that fact itself, I don't see any evidence of it here on Wikipedia. The current Kenny's deaths article does not provide any secondary sources establishing why the topic needs it's own article; it's just an abundance of overly-detailed in-universe information and original research, as fans theorise which deaths are "canon", why Kenny dies so frequently, and how the characters react to this. Merging the article would not result in the Kenny article becoming too long, because once you weeded all the cruft out the deaths article, there wouldn't be much salvagable info to merge over. Also, I realise that this info may be incredibly important and interesting to South Parks, which is why suggest that it be transwikied to the South Park Wiki. When reliable sources discussing Kenny's deaths are found, they can be included on the character article, since the character's only really notable in pop culture for dying all the time anyway, as far as I know.  Paul    730  11:36, 25 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Agreed wholeheartedly. The fancruft needs to be cut, and certainly all the OR should be removed ASAP either way. Yes, Kenny dying is a big running gag of the show, but it doesn't need 2-3 articles covering it and should just be discussed as an encyclopedic topic in the Kenny article. AnmaFinotera (talk) 01:05, 26 November 2007 (UTC)

What the...?!
When I last checked this was a full paged article why is it now cut so short??! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.73.177.89 (talk) 18:00, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Explanation: - It had a number of problems. One, it was written from an in-universe perspective, instead of seeing the info on Kenny as fiction. Two, it contained a lot of original research, which means it had possibly untrue or speculative claims made without citing a reliable third party source. Three,It had a lot of trivia, padding and fancruft in it, and its screams for cleanup were dreadful to hear.

 * The shortness of the article gives editors a chance to start afresh by adding true claims backed up by a reliable source, write from an out-universe perspective, and not put in information which only matters to one episode. If it gets these same problems again, it'll have to be reduced to a stub again. This will keep going on until the editors get it right.

 * You can't really blame them; they try so hard. But most of them seem to be IP addresses or newbies in Wikipedia, so they don't know enough about WP's policies for sculpting good fictional character articles to do it properly. But they can learn, and they can fix it, but only if they are willing. They also need good examples. Try reading Jason Voorhees and Jabba the Hutt for examples of good character articles.

 * The information is not lost, though. It was transferred to South Park Wiki, where it'll be much more welcome. You have no reasons for worries. Wilhelmina Will (talk) 03:59, 17 January 2008 (UTC)

List of deaths
Shouldn't there be a list of Kenny's deaths here? It would keep the length of earlier articles down a bit. Nemesis646 (talk) 20:08, 20 January 2008 (UTC)

Growing back to its old self, forewarned:
The article is being expanded again. While I'm all right with this, I predict it won't be long before fans start inserting padding and cruft in here again; some have tried to move it back completely to the way it was before all that junkalunk was removed. Before it needs to be reduced to a stub again, I think we should work primarily on getting external information on Kenny, in other words, expanding his "Other media" section and basically ignoring the rest of the sections. Anyone like? Wilhelmina Will (talk) 20:07, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

I am willing to help, maybe you can setup a list of topics that can be added--Darko3d (talk) 13:46, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Wrong side of the tracks
when the boys go to sleep at his house in the chickenpox episode they cross the tracks and are immediatly in a the crappy are kenny lives in. Is this supposed to represent the wrong side of the tracks or something?♠Д narchistPig♠ (talk) 02:38, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * First things first; what on earth is "the wrong side of the tracks"? And do you capitalize it when referencing? Wilhelmina Will (talk) 02:53, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
 * you know, like when people talk about badass guy, they say hes from the "wrong side of the tracks. this just seems to symbolize it or something.♠Д narchistPig♠ (talk) 20:23, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Kenny J. McCormick?
I noticed that it is now Kenny J. McCormick. Please I'm confused where did the J come from? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 4.239.75.244 (talk) 05:41, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

It shouldn't be there. I already tried to remove it. Apparently the user who put it in has tried to put it back. It'll be dealt with though, my dear. Wilhelmina Will (talk) 05:59, 9 March 2008 (UTC)

Kenny in Japan
In volume 3 of the Shrine of the Morning Mist manga, one of the posters shown in Yuzu Hieda's room is that of Kenny McCormick. In episode 5 of FLCL, Lieutenant Kitsurubami's has a Kenny McCormick keychain and when Naota is having an awkward conversation with Mamimi, his appearance changes to resemble Kenny and talks with his voice muffled. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.111.167.170 (talk) 00:34, 25 March 2008 (UTC)

mittens/gloves
hes shown on a few occasions they're gloves when he hold up a hand you can see finger.♠♦Д narchistPig♥♣ (talk) 02:30, 28 March 2008 (UTC)

Important fact!
Kenny is (like Stan, according to his article) left-handed. (In "Cartman Joins NAMBLA", Kenny is lis shown playing catch.) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.71.175.5 (talk) 04:16, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

Also, the hacked orange curtains can be seen in Chickenpox (season 2). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.71.175.5 (talk) 06:30, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

title: Talk:Kenny McCormick/Archive 1


text:
Dissonance

Dissonance has several meanings related to conflict or incongruity:
 * Cognitive dissonance is a state of mental conflict.
 * Cultural dissonance is an uncomfortable sense experienced by people in the midst of change in their cultural environment.
 * Consonance and dissonance in music are properties of an interval or chord (the quality of a discord)
 * Dissonance in poetry is the deliberate avoidance of assonance, i.e. patterns of repeated vowel sounds. Dissonance in poetry is similar to cacophony and the opposite of euphony.
 * Dissonance (album), a 2009 album by Enuff Z'Nuff.
 * Dissonance (film), a 2015 film.
 * "Dissonance", a 2023 song by Lovebites from the album Judgement Day

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Dissonance


text:
Talk:Marie Curie

Please change the article name to Maria Skłodowska-Curie
Which is her real legal name. There is no reason to omit half of her legal name. 2A02:A311:4339:7880:5CF:EF50:5D:A311 (talk) 15:08, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

 * @2A02:A311:4339:7880:5CF:EF50:5D:A311
 * There is: WP:COMMONNAME Wikifan153 (talk) 18:05, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Then why not leave it as Maria Skłodowska? 109.231.11.167 (talk) 12:36, 5 July 2024 (UTC)

Error
Birth date of her husband is jumbled " 2600:1700:EB40:32B0:AA2B:72B:3A80:1874 (talk) 02:12, 2 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If you're referring to the "m. 1895" in the infobox, that's the year they were married, not Pierre's birthyear. Mind  matrix  12:21, 2 July 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 11 July 2024
she was Polish, don’t just type her birth last name, when she married Pierre Curie she insisted on being called Maria SKŁODOWSKA-Curie, please fix it or i’ll do it myself Nikolairaskolnikov (talk) 12:24, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. PianoDan (talk) 18:17, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

 * To be clear, this has also been discussed repeatedly, and would require a consensus developed here AS WELL AS reliable sources. PianoDan (talk) 18:18, 11 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marie Curie


text:
Samguk sagi

Samguk sagi is a historical record of the Three Kingdoms of Korea: Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Completed in 1145, it is well-known in Korea as the oldest surviving chronicle of Korean history.

The Samguk sagi is written in Classical Chinese, the written language of the literati of ancient Korea. Its compilation was ordered by King Injong of Goryeo (r. 1122–1146) and undertaken by a government official and historian named Kim Bu-sik with his team of junior scholars. The document has been digitized by the National Institute of Korean History and is available online with Modern Korean translation in Hangul.

Description
Samguk sagi is critical to the study of Korean history during the Three Kingdoms and Unified Silla periods. Not only because this work, and its Buddhist counterpart Samguk yusa, are the only remaining Korean sources for the period, but also because the Samguk sagi contains a large amount of information and details. For example, the translation tables given in Books 35 and 36 have been used for a tentative reconstruction of the former Goguryeo language.

Background

There were various motivating factors behind the compilation of the Samguk sagi in the 12th century. These may roughly be categorized as ideological and political. The ideological factors are made manifest in the work's preface, written by Kim Busik, where the historian states,

"'Of today's scholars and high-ranking officials, there are those who are well-versed and can discuss in detail the Five Classics and the other philosophical treatises... as well as the histories of Qin and Han, but as to the events of our country, they are utterly ignorant from beginning to end. This is truly lamentable.'"

Sources for the text
The Samguk sagi was written on the basis of the Gu Samguksa (舊三國史, Old History of the Three Kingdoms), and other earlier historical records such as the Hwarang Segi (花郞世記, Annals of Hwarang), most of which are no longer extant.

Concerning external sources, no references are made to the Japanese Chronicles, like the Kojiki 古事記, "Records of Ancient Matters" or the Nihon Shoki 日本書紀, Chronicles of Japan that were respectively released in 712 and 720. It is possible Kim Busik was ignorant of them, or scorned to quote a Japanese source. In contrast, he lifts generously from the Chinese dynastic chronicles and even unofficial Chinese records, most prominently the Wei shu (魏書, Book of Wei), Sanguo Zhi (三國志), Jin Shu (晉書), Jiu Tangshu (舊唐書, Old history of Tang), Xin Tangshu (新唐書, New history of Tang), and the Zizhi Tongjian (資治通鑑, Comprehensive mirror for aid in government).

Contents
The Samguk sagi is divided into 50 books. Originally, each of them was written on a scroll. They are reparted as follows:

Silla's Records
12 scrolls, Nagi/Silla bongi, 나기/신라 본기, 羅紀/新羅本紀.
 * Book 01. Geoseogan Hyeokgeose, Chachaung Namhae,  Isageum Yuri, Talhae, Pasa, Jima, Ilseong
 * Book 02.  Isageum Adalla, Beolhyu, Naehae, Jobun, Cheomhae, Michu, Yurye, Girim, Heulhae
 * Book 03. Isageum Naemul, Silseong, Maripgan Nulji, Jabi, Soji
 * Book 04. Maripgan Jijeung, King Beopheung, Jinheung, Jinji, Jinpyeong
 * Book 05. Queen Seondeok, Jindeok, King Taejong Muyeol
 * Book 06. King Munmu - Part One
 * Book 07. King Munmu - Part Two
 * Book 08. King Sinmun, Hyoso, Seongdeok
 * Book 09. King Hyoseong, Gyeongdeok, Hyegong, Seondeok
 * Book 10. King Wonseong, Soseong, Aejang, Heondeok, Heungdeok, Huigang, Minae, Sinmu
 * Book 11. King Munseong, Heonan, Gyeongmun, Heongang, Jeonggang, Queen Jinseong
 * Book 12. King Hyogong, Sindeok, Gyeongmyeong, Gyeongae, Gyeongsun

Goguryeo's Records
10 scrolls, Yeogi/Goguryeo bongi, 여기/고구려 본기, 麗紀/高句麗本紀.
 * Book 13. Sage King Dongmyeong, Bright King Yuri,
 * Book 14. King Daemusin, Minjung, Mobon,
 * Book 15. Great King Taejo, King Chadae
 * Book 16. King Sindae, Gogukcheon, Sansang
 * Book 17. King Dongcheon, Jungcheon, Seocheon, Bongsang, Micheon
 * Book 18. King Gogukwon, Sosurim, Gogugyang, Gwanggaeto, Jangsu,
 * Book 19. Illustrious King Munja,  King Anjang, Anwon, Yangwon, Pyeongwon,
 * Book 20. King Yeongyang, Yeongnyu
 * Book 21. King Bojang - Part One
 * Book 22. King Bojang - Part Two

Baekje's Records
6 scrolls, Jegi/Baekje bongi, 제기/백제 본기, 濟紀/百濟本紀.
 * Book 23. King Onjo (Dynastic Founder), Daru, Giru, Gaeru, Chogo
 * Book 24. King Gusu, Saban, Goi, Chaekgye, Bunseo, Biryu, Gye, Geunchogo, Geungusu, Chimnyu
 * Book 25. King Jinsa, Asin, Jeonji, Guisin, Biyu, Gaero
 * Book 26. King Munju, Samgeun, Dongseong, Muryeong, Seong
 * Book 27. King Wideok, Hye, Beop, Mu
 * Book 28. King Uija

Chronological Tables
3 scrolls, Yeonpyo, 연표, 年表.
 * Book 29.
 * Book 30.
 * Book 31.

Monographs
9 scrolls, Ji, 지, 志.
 * Book 32. Rites and music
 * Book 33. Vehicles, clothing, and dwellings
 * Book 34. Geography of Silla (1)
 * Book 35. Geography of Silla (2): Former territory of Goguryeo
 * Book 36. Geography of Silla (3): Former territory of Baekje
 * Book 37. Geography of Goguryeo and Baekje
 * Book 38. Silla government offices.
 * Book 39. Silla government offices.
 * Book 40. Silla government offices.

Biographies
10 scrolls, Yeoljeon, 열전, 列傳.

 * Book 41. Kim Yusin (1)
 * Book 42. Kim Yusin (2)
 * Book 43. Kim Yusin (3)

 * Book 44. Eulji Mundeok 을지문덕, Geochilbu 김거칠부, Geodo 거도, Yi Sabu 이사부, Kim Immun 김인문, Kim Yang 김양, Heukchi Sangji 흑치상지, Jang Bogo       장보고,  Jeong Nyeon 정년, Prince Sadaham 사다함공

 * Book 45. Eulpaso 을파소, Kim Hujik 김후직, [nog zhēn]  祿真, Milu 밀우,  Nyuyu 유유 纽由, Myeongnim Dap-bu 명림답부, Seok Uro 석우로, Park Jesang 박제상, Gwisan 귀산, Ondal  온달

 * Book 46. Scholars. Kangsu 강수, Ch'oe Ch'i-wŏn, Seol Chong

 * Book 47. Hwarangs. Haenon 해론, Sona 소나, Chwido 취도(驟徒), Nulchoi 눌최, Seol Gyedu 설계두, Kim Ryeong-yun 김영윤(金令胤), Gwanchang 관창, Kim Heum-un 김흠운, Yeolgi 열기(裂起), Binyeongja 비령자(丕寧子), Jukjuk 죽죽, Pilbu 필부(匹夫), Gyebaek 계백

 * Book 48. Meritorious. Hyangdeok (son), Seonggak (son), Silhye 실혜 (實兮) (poet), Mulgyeja 물계자 (soldier), Teacher Baekgyeol 백결 선생 (music), Prince Kim 검군, Kim Saeng 김생 (calligrapher) and Yo Gukil, Solgeo 솔거 (painter), Chiun (daughter), Seolssi (daughter), Domi (wife).

 * Book 49. Overthrows. Chang Jori 창조리, Yeon Gaesomun 연개소문

 * Book 50. Later Kings. Kung Ye 궁예, Kyŏn Hwŏn 견훤

Translations in Western languages
Portions of the work have appeared in various English language books and articles, notably:

Translation of the whole Silla bongi Translation of the whole Goguryeo bongi Translation of the whole Baekje bongji Isolated translations
 * Gardiner, Kenneth H.J. 1982. "Legends of Koguryǒ (I-II): Samguk Sagi, Annals of Koguryǒ." Korea Journal, 22(1): 60-69 and 22(2): 31-48. [translation of book one of the Goguryeo bongi].
 * Jamieson, John Charles. 1969. "The Samguk Sagi and the Unification Wars." Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. [Translation of books 6 and 7 of the Silla bongi and eleven of the biographies, mostly of men of Silla].
 * Lee, Soyun, and Shin Jeongsoo. 2018. "Chapters 44 and 45 of the 'Samguk Sagi': An Annotated Translation of Biography [sic] of Eulji Mundeok and Others." The Review of Korean Studies, 21(2): 165-145. [translations of books 44 and 45 of the biographies section].
 * Na, Sanghoon, You Jinsook, and Shin Jeongsoo. 2018. "Chapter 41, 42 and 43 of the Samguk Sagi: An Annotated Translation of [sic] Biography of Kim Yusin." The Review of Korean Studies, 21(1): 191-262.
 * Na, Sanghoon, You Jinsook, and Shin Jeongsoo. 2018. "Chapter 41, 42 and 43 of the Samguk Sagi: An Annotated Translation of [sic] Biography of Kim Yusin." The Review of Korean Studies, 21(1): 191-262.

title: Samguk sagi


text:
They Might Be Giants (album)

They Might Be Giants, sometimes called The Pink Album, is the debut studio album from Brooklyn-based band They Might Be Giants. It was released by Bar/None in 1986. The album generated two singles, "Don't Let's Start" and "(She Was A) Hotel Detective". It is included on Then: The Earlier Years, a compilation of the band's early material, in its entirety, with the exception of "Don't Let's Start", which is replaced with the single mix for the compilation.

"Don't Let's Start", one of the album's two singles, is often cited as a key track in the band's catalogue, and its success contributed positively to the sale of the album. As a result of this prominence, when the band made the move to the major label Elektra Records, "Don't Let's Start" was reissued in Europe with alternative B-sides.

In July 2014, the band released a live version of the album at no charge on NoiseTrade. All the songs were recorded during the band's 2013 tour.

Recording
They Might Be Giants was the second album to be released on the fledgling Bar/None label, with They Might Be Giants as the second group signed to the independent label. Many of the songs on the album existed in a demo form on the band's 1985 demo tape, which was also technically self-titled, though many were re-recorded or given new mixes for the commercial album. The material from the tape was recorded at Studio PASS in New York City with the assistance of Alex Noyes, who permitted the band to use the studio after it closed each day. Additional recording and mixing was done at Dubway Studios.

Some unconventional recording techniques were used in the production of the album. The music is melodic, mostly uptempo synthesizer-and-guitar pop punctuated with odd sound samples and occasionally veering into sparse country- or folk-like arrangements. Drum and bass tracks are almost entirely synthesized, though the album prominently features the accordion. In order to record the guitar solo in "Absolutely Bill's Mood", the band telephoned Eugene Chadbourne in Greensboro, NC, from Dubway Studios. Chadbourne played the acoustic solo and it was recorded onto the studio's answering machine, then mixed into the song.

Flansburgh and Linnell occasionally borrow from other recordings throughout the album. "Rhythm Section Want Ad" features an excerpt from Raymond Scott's composition "Powerhouse", played on the accordion. "Boat of Car" prominently samples the Johnny Cash song "Daddy Sang Bass".

Release
The record sold 10,000 copies in its first year. After Bar/None founders Tom Prendergast and Glenn Morrow got TMBG airplay on MTV, sales dramatically increased. According to Prendergast, "Within another month, we sold another 40,000 records." Total sales eventually passed 100,000, and a follow-up album, also on Bar/None, more than doubled the sales of the first. "That established the label," Prendergast said.

Promotion and packaging
Music videos were produced for the album's two singles, "Don't Let's Start" and "(She Was A) Hotel Detective", both directed by Adam Bernstein. Significantly, prior to the album's release, a music video was also created for the song "Put Your Hand Inside the Puppet Head". This was the first commercial video ever shot by the band, and was also directed by Bernstein. A music video was also shot for the song "Rabid Child", but it was never released and remains largely unavailable for public viewing to this day.

The album's cover art was illustrated by Rodney Alan Greenblat, who had no prior association with the band. It extends to the back cover of the album, and shows John Linnell and John Flansburgh riding a large blue dog. John Linnell commented that the illustration caused the record to be mistaken for a children's album. The art was pasted up by John Flansburgh.

Reception
The album was received with positive critical attention. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice, who gave the album an A, praised the album for its wide range of variety and cleverness, saying "the hits just keep on coming in an exuberantly annoying show of creative superabundance." He also made note of the unusualness of the subject matter contained in the lyrics. Jim Farber of Rolling Stone stressed the album's "weirdness," and also noted the diversity in style among songs that "incorporate genres from art pop to country to polka."

Neither the album nor its singles saw success on the Billboard charts, but the three music videos associated with the album generated positive attention for the band.

Personnel

 * They Might Be Giants
 * John Flansburgh – lead vocals (2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14–18), electric guitar (1, 3–5, 9–13, 16, 17, 19), bass (2–5, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19), backing vocals (6, 10, 18), harmonica (6), acoustic guitar (12, 17)
 * John Linnell – lead vocals (1, 4, 6, 9, 11, 16, 19), keyboard (1, 2, 4–6, 8, 9, 12–16, 19), piano (1), accordion (2, 5, 6, 11, 16–19), backing vocals (3, 5, 9, 12, 16, 19), bass saxophone, baritone saxophone (10); synth bass (11)

 * Additional musicians
 * Eugene Chadbourne – phoned-in guitar (14)
 * Margaret Seiler – lead vocals (13)

 * Production
 * Bill Krauss - producer, engineer
 * Mark Boyer - executive producer
 * Matthew Hill - executive producer
 * Al Houghton - engineer
 * Alex Noyes - engineer
 * Rodney Alan Greenblat - cover art

title: They Might Be Giants (album)


text:
Maurice Gee

Maurice Gough Gee (born 22 August 1931) is a New Zealand novelist. He is one of New Zealand's most distinguished and prolific authors, having written over thirty novels for adults and children, and has won numerous awards both in New Zealand and overseas, including multiple top prizes at the New Zealand Book Awards, the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in the UK, the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, the Robert Burns Fellowship and a Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement. In 2003 he was recognised as one of New Zealand's greatest living artists across all disciplines by the Arts Foundation of New Zealand, which presented him with an Icon Award.

Gee's novel Plumb (1978) was described by the Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature to be one of the best novels ever written in New Zealand. He is also well-known for children's and young adult fiction such as Under the Mountain (1979). He has won multiple top prizes at the New Zealand Book Awards for Children and Young Adults and in 2002 he was presented with the prestigious Margaret Mahy Award by the Children's Literature Foundation in recognition of his contributions to children's literature.

Early life and education
Gee was born in Whakatāne, and brought up in Henderson, a suburb of Auckland, a location that frequently features in his writing. His mother, Harriet Lyndahl Gee (Chapple), was a socialist and an aspiring writer who had some of her work published, including a children's picture book called Mihi and the Last of the Moas (1943), and his father, Leonard Gee, was a carpenter. He was the middle child of their three sons. Gee was also the grandson of controversial Presbyterian-turned-Unitarian minister James Chapple, later to be the inspiration for Gee's character George Plumb in his Plumb trilogy (1978).

Gee attended Henderson Primary School and Avondale College, and completed BA and MA degrees at the University of Auckland, which subsequently recognised him with a Distinguished Alumni Award in 1998, and an honorary Doctorate of Literature in 2004. He also received an honorary Doctorate of Literature from Victoria University of Wellington in 1987.

Early career: 1950 to 1977
Gee began writing at university, and had short stories published in New Zealand journals Landfall and Mate. After finishing his MA he taught in the secondary department of Paeroa District High School for about 18 months, starting in February 1955, but resigned in July 1956 to focus on his writing. In January 1960 and December 1961 he was awarded literary grants by the New Zealand Literary Fund.

His first published novel was The Big Season (1962), a novel about a rugby player who becomes interested in a burglar and the burglar's girlfriend. It had themes of violence and tension, and was described by The New Zealand Herald as "not always pleasant, but certainly forceful and sincere". Gee himself was a keen rugby player and the games in the novel were inspired by his own experiences. In 1964, Gee was the sixth recipient of the Robert Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago, one of New Zealand's most prestigious literary awards. During this fellowship he wrote his second novel, A Special Flower (1965). After the fellowship he trained as a librarian and in the 1960s and 1970s worked at the Alexander Turnbull Library, the Napier library and several libraries in Auckland.

His third novel, In My Father's Den, a mystery novel, was published in 1972. This novel was later adapted into the critically acclaimed film of the same name by director Brad McGann in 2004. Gee followed this novel with a collection of short stories, A Glorious Morning, Comrade (1974), which won the prize for fiction at the 1976 New Zealand Book Awards, and a further novel Games of Choice (1976).

Plumb and children's fiction: 1978 to 1991
Gee's novel Plumb, published in 1978, is his best-known work for adults, and is considered one of the best novels ever written in New Zealand. In 2018, fifty New Zealand literary experts voted it to be the best novel of the last fifty years. Gee has described it as his "grandfather novel", with the character George Plumb closely based on his mother's father James Chapple, particularly his early life and his trials for heresy and seditious utterance. It won the James Tait Black Memorial Prize in the UK, and the top prize for fiction at both the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards and the New Zealand Book Awards in 1979. The novel and its two sequels, Meg (1981) and Sole Survivor (1983), explore the impacts of history, politics and religion on one family from the perspectives of different members. Meg won the top prize for fiction at the New Zealand Book Awards in 1982.

At this time Gee also published his first children's novel, Under the Mountain (1979), a science fiction story set in Auckland, New Zealand, about 11-year-old twins who discover aliens under volcanic Lake Pupuke. It has remained in print since it was published and is considered a New Zealand classic. It has been adapted into a 1981 television miniseries, a 2009 film and a stage show. In 2004 Under the Mountain was the recipient of the Gaelyn Gordon Award, awarded annually to a "much-loved" New Zealand children's book that did not win any awards at the time of its publication. It was followed by other children's books, including notably the science fiction trilogy beginning with The Halfmen of O (1982), which won the AIM Children's Book Awards Book of the Year Award in 1983, and Motherstone (1985), which was awarded the Esther Glen Award by LIANZA.

In order to improve his income, Gee began working in television writing, including writing for 11 episodes of soap opera Close to Home and episodes of police drama Mortimer's Patch. Two of his children's books, The Fire-Raiser (1986) and The Champion (1989) originated as television projects. The Champion was shortlisted for the 1990 Esther Glen Award. In 1987 he was recognised by Victoria University of Wellington with the award of an honorary Doctorate of Literature, and in 1989 he held a Victoria University writing fellowship. Around this time he wrote two adult novels set in Nelson: Prowlers (1987) and The Burning Boy (1990). The Burning Boy was awarded the top prize for fiction at the 1991 New Zealand Book Awards.

Later career and legacy: 1992 to present
The publication of Gee's tenth novel, Going West (1992), cemented his reputation as one of the best writers in New Zealand. It is the most autobiographical of Gee's fictional novels, and the fictional town of Loomis, in which the novel is set, has many similarities to Henderson, Auckland, where Gee grew up. The novel was the inspiration for the Going West Books & Writers Festival, Auckland's first literary festival, which has been held since 1996. It won the top prize for fiction at the 1993 Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards. In 1993, Andro Linklater, writing in British newspaper The Sunday Times, said that "Gee deserves to be regarded as one of the finest writers at work, not only in New Zealand ... but in the English speaking world".

Gee was the 1992 recipient of the Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship, a literary fellowship that enables the recipient to work in Menton, France, for part of the year, where Katherine Mansfield herself lived and worked in the early 20th century. During his time in Menton, Gee wrote the novel Crime Story, which was published in 1994. A decade later it was adapted by Larry Parr into the 2004 film Fracture. The film was praised by Christchurch newspaper The Press as "competent, confident and complex".

The Fat Man (1994) won the AIM Children's Book of the Year award and the Esther Glen Award. It was controversial for its content and portrayal of violence, with Gee himself describing it as a "psychological thriller for children". In 1998 he published Living Bodies, a novel for adults that was awarded both the top prize for fiction and the Deutz Medal at the Montana New Zealand Book Awards that year. Other notable works in the late 1990s included the children's books Orchard Street (1998) and Hostel Girl (1999). His contributions to New Zealand children's literature were recognised by the Children's Literature Foundation in 2002 which presented him with the prestigious Margaret Mahy Award.

In the early 2000s, Gee's novels included Ellie and the Shadow Man (2001), which was short-listed for the Montana New Zealand Book Awards in 2002, and The Scornful Moon (2003), which was short-listed for Best Book in the South Pacific & South East Asian Region of the 2004 Commonwealth Writers' Prize and a runner-up in the fiction category at the 2004 Montana New Zealand Book Awards. Gee also received two prestigious awards: in 2003 he was named as one of New Zealand's greatest living artists by the Arts Foundation of New Zealand through the presentation of an Icon Award (recipients being limited to a living circle of 20), and in 2004 he received a NZ$60,000 Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement for fiction. His 2005 novel Blindsight won the Deutz Medal, the top prize for fiction and (jointly) the Readers' Choice Award at the 2006 Montana New Zealand Book Awards. His 2007 novel Salt won the award for young adult fiction at the New Zealand Post Children's Book Awards. Salt and its sequel, Gool, were both listed as Storylines Notable Young Adult Fiction Books. The third novel in the trilogy, The Limping Man (2010), was a finalist in the young adult fiction category at the New Zealand Book Awards for Children and Young Adults. In 2012, he was the inaugural Honoured New Zealand Writer at the Auckland Writers & Readers Festival.

In 2015, Rachel Barrowman's biography of Gee, Maurice Gee: Life and Work, was published by Victoria University Press. The book was critically well-received, and Gee said Barrowman's research was "thorough, unrelenting, illuminating — illuminating even for me". Although Gee said in 2012 that he did not expect to write another novel, The Severed Land was published in 2017, and received the top award for young adult fiction at the New Zealand Book Awards for Children and Young Adults in that same year.

In 2018 Gee published his memoir Memory Pieces. The memoir is in three parts: the first about his parents' lives, the second about his own childhood and adolescent years, and the third about his wife. He said it is "almost certainly" going to be his last book. It was shortlisted for the Royal Society Te Apārangi Award for General Non-Fiction at the 2019 Ockham New Zealand Book Awards.

Style and themes
Gee's novels are commonly set in New Zealand, often in fictitious versions of Henderson, where he grew up. His adult novels tend to be realistic portrayals of New Zealand life, often featuring dysfunctional families and relationships, while his children's and young adult novels tend to be fantasies or science fiction. Even in his children's novels, his writing often features bleak or tragic moments. The Oxford Companion to New Zealand Literature (2006) said that each of Gee's novels "bountifully gives us a rich vision of some region and aspect of New Zealand life, and of human life in general ... Yet there is always an awareness of living at the edge of an abyss: one false move and we shall leave this abundance for nothingness."

Personal life
Gee had a seven-year relationship with Hera Smith, with whom he had a son, Nigel, in September 1959. They separated in the 1960s.

Gee married his wife Margareta in 1970, having met in 1966 at the Alexander Turnbull Library where she worked. They have two adult daughters together, Abigail and Emily. Abigail works as an animator, and Emily is a writer who has published fantasy and historical novels. Gee said in 2018 that meeting Margareta changed his life: "I was 38 when we got together and was drifting and wasting my time and only pretending to be a writer. She brought stability of every kind into my life – and as I point out in Running on the Stairs, two novels and a handful of stories before meeting her, more than 30 novels since."

he lives in Nelson with his wife and considers himself to be retired from writing. Gee considers himself an evolutionary humanist. He is an Honorary Associate of the New Zealand Association of Rationalists and Humanists.

Awards and honours

 * 1960: Literary grant from the New Zealand Literary Fund
 * 1961: Scholarship in Letters from the New Zealand Literary Fund
 * 1964: Robert Burns Fellowship at the University of Otago
 * 1978: James Tait Black Memorial Prize for Plumb (1978)
 * 1979: 1st Prize for Fiction at the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards for Plumb (1978)
 * 1979: Fiction Prize at the New Zealand Book Awards for Plumb (1978)
 * 1983: AIM Children's Book Awards Book of the Year for The Halfmen of O (1982)
 * 1986: Esther Glen Award for Motherstone (1985)
 * 1987: Honorary Doctorate of Literature from Victoria University of Wellington
 * 1989: Victoria University of Wellington Writing Fellowship
 * 1992: Katherine Mansfield Menton Fellowship
 * 1993: 1st Prize for Fiction at the Goodman Fielder Wattie Book Awards for Going West (1993)
 * 1995: Esther Glen Award for The Fat Man (1995)
 * 1995: AIM Children's Book Awards Book of the Year for The Fat Man (1995)
 * 1998: Deutz Medal for fiction at the Montana New Zealand Book Awards for Live Bodies (1998)
 * 2002: Margaret Mahy Award for significant contributions to children's literature
 * 2003: Named an Arts Foundation Icon in 2003
 * 2004: Gaelyn Gordon Award for Under the Mountain
 * 2004: $60,000 Prime Minister's Award for Literary Achievement for fiction
 * 2004: Honorary Doctorate of Literature from the University of Auckland
 * 2006: Deutz Medal for Fiction at the Montana New Zealand Book Awards for Blindsight (2005)
 * 2008: New Zealand Post Young Adult Fiction Award for Salt (2007)
 * 2017: New Zealand Book Awards for Children and Young Adults Copyright Licensing NZ Award for Young Adult Fiction for The Severed Land (2017)

Adaptations

 * Feature films

 * Fracture (2004) based on Crime Story
 * In My Father's Den (2004)
 * Under the Mountain (2009)

 * Television

 * Under the Mountain (1981) eight-part miniseries

 * Theatre

 * Under the Mountain theatrical play by Auckland Theatre Company. Playwright Pip Hall, directed by Sara Brodie (2018)

Novels and non-fiction

 * The Big Season. London: Hutchinson, 1962. London: Arrow, 1964. Wellington: Allen & Unwin, 1985.
 * A Special Flower. London: Hutchinson, 1965.
 * In My Father's Den. London: Faber, 1972. Auckland: Oxford UP, 1978.
 * A Glorious Morning, Comrade. Auckland: Auckland UP and Oxford UP, 1975.
 * Games of Choice. London: Faber, 1976. Auckland: Oxford UP, 1978.
 * Plumb. London: Faber, 1978. Auckland: Oxford UP, 1979 (Part 1 of the Plumb trilogy).
 * Under the Mountain. Wellington: Oxford UP, 1979.
 * The World Around the Corner. Wellington: Oxford UP, 1980.
 * Meg. London: Faber, 1981. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1982. Auckland: Penguin (Part 2 of the Plumb trilogy).
 * The Halfmen of O. Auckland: Oxford UP, 1982. Harmondsworth: Puffin, 1986.
 * Sole Survivor. London: Faber, 1983. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. Auckland: Penguin, 1983 (Part 3 of the Plumb trilogy).
 * The Priests of Ferris. Auckland: Oxford UP, 1984.
 * Motherstone. Auckland: Oxford UP, 1985.
 * The Fire-Raiser. Auckland: Puffin, 1986.
 * Collected Stories. Auckland: Penguin, 1986. New York: Penguin, 1987.
 * Prowlers. London and Boston: Faber, 1987.
 * The Champion. Auckland: Puffin, 1989; New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993.
 * The Burning Boy. London: Faber, 1990, 1992; Auckland: Viking, 1990.
 * Going West. Auckland: Viking, 1992; London: Faber, 1992; Auckland: Penguin, 2000.
 * Crime Story.Auckland: Penguin Books, 1994; Auckland: Viking, 1994; London: Faber, 1995.
 * The Fat Man. Auckland: Viking, 1994; Auckland: Puffin, 2000; Auckland: Puffin, 2008.
 * Plumb Trilogy. Auckland: Penguin, 1995 (Plumb, Meg, & Sole Survivor).
 * Loving Ways. Auckland: Penguin, 1996.
 * Live Bodies. Auckland: Penguin, 1998; London: Faber, 1998; Scheuring: Black Ink, 2002 (German edition).
 * Orchard Street. Auckland: Viking, 1998.
 * Hostel Girl. Auckland: Puffin, 1999.
 * Ellie and the Shadow Man. Auckland: Penguin, 2001.
 * The Scornful Moon. Auckland: Penguin, 2003.
 * Blindsight. Auckland: Penguin, 2005.
 * Salt. Auckland: Puffin, 2007.
 * Gool. Auckland: Puffin, 2008.
 * Access Road. Auckland: Penguin, 2009.
 * The Limping Man. Auckland: Puffin, 2010.
 * The Severed Land. Auckland: Penguin Random House, 2017.
 * Memory Pieces. Wellington: Victoria University Press, 2018.

Short stories: first publication

 * "In at the Death", Kiwi (1955): 21–26.
 * "The Widow", Landfall 9 (1955): 196–213. In GMC, CS.
 * "Evening at Home", Arena 45 (1956): 23–24.
 * "The Quarry", Arena 46 (1957): 6–10, 13.
 * "A Sleeping Face", Landfall 11 (1957): 194–221. In GMC, CS.
 * "A Girl in Blue", Mate 2 (1958): 10–19.
 * "While the Flag was Up", Arena 50 (1958–59): 13–17, 28.
 * "The Losers", Landfall 13 (1959): 120–47. In Landfall Country: Work from Landfall, 1947–1961. Christchurch: Caxton Press, 1962, 24–56. In New Zealand Short Stories, Second Series. Ed. C. K. Stead. London: Oxford UP, 1966, 255–95. In GMC, CS.
 * "Facade", Mate 4 (1960): 26–33.
 * "Schooldays", Mate December 1960: 2–11. In GMC, CS.
 * "The Champion", Landfall 20 (1966): 113–25. In GMC, CS.
 * "Down in the World", Landfall 21 (1967): 296–302. In GMC, CS.
 * "A Retired Life", Landfall 23 (1969): 101–16. In GMC, CS.

title: Maurice Gee


text:
Bank of Japan

The Bank of Japan (日本銀行) is the central bank of Japan. The bank is often called Nichigin (日銀) for short. It is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo.

The bank is a corporate entity independent of the Japanese government, and while it is not an administrative organisation of the state, its monetary policy falls within the scope of administration. From a macroeconomic perspective, long-term stability of prices is deemed crucial. However, the political sector tends to favour short-term measures. Thus, the bank's autonomy and independence are granted from the standpoint of ensuring long-term public welfare and political neutrality.

Objectives
The comprehensive revision of the Bank of Japan Act in 1998 clearly defined the objectives of the Bank of Japan as 'price stability' and 'financial system stability'. This revision affirmed the Bank's operation independent from the government (primarily the Ministry of Finance), and removed the provisions established in 1942, which had been problematic. The 1942 provision, enacted during the Second World War, stated the objective of the bank was to 'Ensure the Appropriate Exertion of the Nation's Total Economic Power, by Regulating Currency, Adjusting Finance, and Maintaining and Fostering the Credit System in Accordance with the Policies of the State (国家経済総力ノ適切ナル発揮ヲ図ル為国家ノ政策ニ即シ通貨ノ調節、金融ノ調整及信用制度ノ保持育成ニ任ズル. )'.

BoJ's policies are decided at Monetary Policy Meetings (MPM, Kinyu Seisaku Kettei Kaigo, 金融政策決定会合), which are attended by the Policy Board and held every other month.

Price stability
Stable prices are maintained by seeking to ensure that price increases meet the inflation target. The bank aims to meet this target primarily by adjusting the base interest rate (known as the bank rate), which is decided by the Policy Board.

As of 2024 the inflation target is 2%. Japan has long suffered deflation and disinflation since the 1990s, which has been blamed as one of the main causes of the long-term economic downturn of the once world's second largest economy. For the past two decades, the primary focus of BOJ policies has been to achieve a stable inflation.

Financial system stability
Financial system is defined as the overall structure of receipt and payment as well as lending and borrowing of money, and its stability refers to 'a state in which the financial system functions properly, and participants, such as firms and individuals, have confidence in the system'.

Functions
The aforementioned objectives are realised through the exertion of the functions mentioned below.

 * As the sole issuer of banknotes of Japan, BoJ carries out the issuance and management of Bank of Japan notes.
 * BoJ implements monetary policy through methods such as policy interest rate (formerly known as the official discount rate) operations, open market operations, and reserve requirement ratio operations, thereby adjusting the volume of money in circulation to stabilise prices and the national economy.
 * BoJ facilitates transactions among financial institutions using its current accounts, effectively acting as a 'bank for banks'. (Individuals and corporations (such as general businesses) are not allowed to open accounts with BoJ.)
 * BoJ serves as the government's bank for the disbursement and receipt of public funds.
 * As a 'bank of banks', BoJ ensures the stability of the financial order through smooth fund settlements via domestic exchange transactions and providing system collateral (acting as the "lender of last resort") through facilities such as BoJ's special lending programme (Nichigin Tokuyu, 日銀特融). Transactions in deposits and loans are restricted to financial institutions designated in accordance with the Bank of Japan Act.
 * BoJ conducts international relations activities, including interventions in the foreign exchange market, with other central banks and public institutions worldwide.
 * BoJ collects and researches financial and economic information, and compiles and publishes economic statistics.

The trail of policies
[[File:Japan money supply and inflation.webp|thumb|300px|Japan money supply and inflation (year over year)

]] When the Nixon shock happened in August 1971, the Bank of Japan (BOJ) could have appreciated the currency in order to avoid inflation. However, they still kept the fixed exchange rate as 360Yen/$ for two weeks, so it caused excess liquidity. In addition, they persisted with the Smithsonian rate (308Yen/$), and continued monetary easing until 1973. This created a greater-than-10% inflation rate at that time. In order to control stagflation, they raised the official bank rate from 7% to 9% and skyrocketing prices gradually ended in 1978.

In 1979, when the energy crisis happened, the BOJ raised the official bank rate rapidly. The BOJ succeeded in a quick economic recovery. After overcoming the crisis, they reduced the official bank rate. In 1980, the BOJ reduced the official bank rate from 9.0% to 8.25% in August, to 7.25% in November, and to 5.5% in December in 1981. "Reaganomics" was in vogue in America and USD became strong. However, Japan tried to implement fiscal reconstruction at that time, so they did not stop their financial regulation.

In 1985, the agreement of G5 nations, known as the Plaza Accord, USD slipped down and Yen/USD changed from 240yen/$ to 200yen/$ at the end of 1985. Even in 1986, USD continued to fall and reached 160yen/$. In order to escape deflation, the BOJ cut the official bank rate from 5% to 4.5% in January, to 4.0% in March, to 3.5% in April, 3.0% in November. At the same time, the government tried to raise demand in Japan in 1985, and did economy policy in 1986. However, the market was confused about the rapid fall of USD. After the Louvre Accord in February 1987, the BOJ decreased the official bank rate from 3% to 2.5%, but JPY/USD was 140yen/$ at that time and reached 125yen/$ in the end of 1987. The BOJ kept the official bank rate at 2.5% until May in 1989. Financial and fiscal regulation led to a widespread over-valuing of real estate and investments and Japan faced a bubble at that time.

Japan bonds.webp in 1990 Zero interest-rate policy started in 1995

]]

After 1990, the stock market and real asset market fell. At that time BOJ regulated markets until 1991 in order to end the bubble.

In January 1995, a terrible earthquake happened and Japanese yen became stronger and stronger. JPY/USD reached 80yen/$, so the BOJ reduced the office bank rate to 0.5% and the yen recovered. The period of deflation started at that time.

In 1999, the BOJ started zero-interest-rate policy (ZIRP), but they ended it despite government opposition when the IT bubble happened in 2000. However, Japan's economic bubble burst in 2001 and the BOJ adopted the balance of current account as the main operating target for the adjustment of the financial market in March 2001 (quantitative relaxation policy), shifting from the zero-interest-rate policy. From 2003 to 2004, Japanese government did exchange intervention operation in huge amount, and the economy recovered a lot. In March 2006, BOJ finished quantitative easing, and finished the zero-interest-rate policy in June and raised to 0.25%.

In 2008, the financial crisis happened, and Japanese economy turned bad again. BOJ reduced the uncollateralized call rate to 0.3% and adopted the supplemental balance of current account policy. In December 2008, BOJ reduced uncollateralized call rate again to 0.1% and they started to buy Japanese Government Bond (JGB) along with commercial paper (CP) and corporate bonds.

Japanese Bond Market.webp started in 2014.

]]

In 2013, the head of the BOJ (Kuroda) announced a new quantitative easing program (QE). This program would be very large in terms of quantity, but it would also be different in terms of quality—qualitative easing (QQE). In other words, the BOJ would (and did) also purchase riskier assets like stocks and REITs. In 2016, the BOJ initiated yield curve control (YCC), and started its negative interest rates policy (NIRP). The BOJ is also the largest owner of Japanese stocks. In 2024, following announcements of about 5% wage growth by Japan's largest companies, the BOJ ended eight year of negative interest rates by setting new short term targets of 0 to 0.1%.

Curbing deflation
Following the election of Prime Minister Shinzō Abe in December 2012, the Bank of Japan, with Abe's urging, took proactive steps to curb deflation in Japan. On 30 October 2012, the Bank of Japan announced that it would undertake further monetary-easing action for the second time in a month. Under the leadership of new Governor Haruhiko Kuroda, the Bank of Japan released a statement on 5 April 2013 announcing that it would be purchasing securities and bonds at a rate of 60-70 trillion yen a year in an attempt to double Japan's money base in two years. But by 2016, it was apparent that three years of monetary easing had had little effect on deflation so the Bank of Japan instigated a review of its monetary stimulus program.

History
Like most modern Japanese institutions, the Bank of Japan was founded after the Meiji Restoration. Prior to the Restoration, Japan's feudal fiefs all issued their own money, hansatsu, in an array of incompatible denominations, but the New Currency Act of Meiji 4 (1871) did away with these and established the yen as the new decimal currency, which had parity with the Mexican silver dollar. The former han (fiefs) became prefectures and their mints became private chartered banks which, however, initially retained the right to print money. For a time both the central government and these so-called "national" banks issued money. A period of unanticipated consequences was ended when the Bank of Japan was founded in Meiji 15 (10 October 1882), under the Bank of Japan Act 1882 (27 June 1882), after a Belgian model. It has since been partly privately owned (its stock is traded over the counter, hence the stock number). A number of modifications based on other national banks were encompassed within the regulations under which the bank was founded. The institution was given a monopoly on controlling the money supply in 1884, but it would be another 20 years before the previously issued notes were retired.

Following the passage of the Convertible Bank Note Regulations (May 1884), the Bank of Japan issued its first banknotes in 1885 (Meiji 18). Despite some small glitches—for example, it turned out that the konjac powder mixed in the paper to prevent counterfeiting made the bills a delicacy for rats—the run was largely successful. In 1897, Japan joined the gold standard, and in 1899 the former "national" banknotes were formally phased out.

Since its Meiji era beginnings, the Bank of Japan has operated continuously from main offices in Tokyo and Osaka.

Reorganization
The Bank of Japan was reorganized in 1942 (fully only after 1 May 1942), under the Bank of Japan Act of 1942 (日本銀行法 昭和17年法律第67号), promulgated on 24 February 1942. There was a brief post-war period during the Occupation of Japan when the bank's functions were suspended, and military currency was issued. In 1949, the bank was again restructured.

In the 1970s, the bank's operating environment evolved along with the transition from a fixed foreign currency exchange rate and a rather closed economy to a large open economy with a variable exchange rate.

During the entire post-war era, until at least 1991, the Bank of Japan's monetary policy has primarily been conducted via its 'window guidance' (窓口指導) credit controls (which are the model for the Chinese central bank's primary tool of monetary policy implementation), whereby the central bank would impose bank credit growth quotas on the commercial banks. The tool was instrumental in the creation of the 'bubble economy' of the 1980s. It was implemented by the Bank of Japan's then "Business Department" (営業局), which was headed during the "bubble years" from 1986 to 1989 by Toshihiko Fukui (who became deputy governor in the 1990s and governor in 2003).

A major 1997 revision of the Bank of Japan Act was designed to give it greater independence; however, the Bank of Japan has been criticized for already possessing excessive independence and lacking in accountability before this law was promulgated. A certain degree of dependence might be said to be enshrined in the new Law, article 4 of which states:
 * In recognition of the fact that currency and monetary control is a component of overall economic policy, the Bank of Japan shall always maintain close contact with the government and exchange views sufficiently, so that its currency and monetary control and the basic stance of the government's economic policy shall be mutually harmonious.

However, since the introduction of the new law, the Bank of Japan has rebuffed government requests to stimulate the economy.

Location
The Bank of Japan is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Chūō, Tokyo, on the site of a former gold mint (the Kinza) and, not coincidentally, near the famous Ginza district, whose name means "silver mint". The Neo-baroque Bank of Japan building in Tokyo was designed by Tatsuno Kingo in 1896.

The Osaka branch in Nakanoshima is sometimes considered as the structure which effectively symbolizes the bank as an institution.

Governor
The governor of the Bank of Japan (総裁) has considerable influence on the economic policy of the Japanese government.

Monetary Policy Board
As of 9 April 2023, the board responsible for setting monetary policy consisted of the following 9 members:
 * 1) Kazuo Ueda, Governor of the BOJ
 * 2) Uchida Shinichi, Deputy Governor of the BOJ
 * 3) Himino Ryozo, Deputy Governor of the BOJ
 * 4) Adachi Seiji
 * 5) Nakamura Toyoaki
 * 6) Noguchi Asahi
 * 7) Nakagawa Junko
 * 8) Takata Hajime
 * 9) Tamura Naoki

Subsidiaries and properties
Bank of Japan owns 4.7% of Japanese public stocks. Since 2020 it has owned more domestic stock than any other body.

References and further reading

 * Bank of Japan. Functions and operations of the Bank of Japan (Institute for Monetary and Economic Studies, 2nd ed. 2012), online
 * Cargill, Thomas F., Michael M. Hutchison and Takatoshi Itō. (1997). The political economy of Japanese monetary policy. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 9780262032476; OCLC 502984085
 * Hamaoka, Itsuo. A study on the Central Bank of Japan (1902) online
 * Longford, Joseph Henry. (1912). Japan of the Japanese.  New York: C. Scribner's sons.
 * Masaoka, Naoichi. (1914). Japan to America: A Symposium of Papers by Political Leaders and Representative Citizens of Japan on Conditions in Japan and on the Relations Between Japan and the United States.   New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons (Japan Society).
 * Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 48943301
 * Ohnuki, Mari, Daisuke Murakami, and Masanori Takashima. "Research on financial and monetary history based on the records of the Bank of Japan Archives: a note." Financial History Review 17.2 (2010):273-280. DOI:10.1017/S096856501000020X
 * Sarasas Phra. Money and Banking in Japan (1940) online
 * Shizume, Masato. "A History of the Bank of Japan, 1882–2016." (Waseda University, 2016) online
 * Vande Walle, Willy et al. "Institutions and ideologies: the modernization of monetary, legal and law enforcement 'regimes' in Japan in the early Meiji-period (1868-1889)" (abstract). FRIS/Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 2007.
 * _____________. (2003). Princes of the Yen: Japan's Central Bankers and the Transformation of the Economy. Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-1048-5; OCLC 471605161

title: Bank of Japan