text:
St. Peter's Church

St. Peter's Church may refer to St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City or:

Africa

 * St. Peter's Lutheran Church in Monrovia, Liberia, scene of the Monrovia Church massacre

Canada

 * St. Peter's Lutheran Church, Ottawa, Ontario
 * Cathedral of St. Peter-in-Chains, Roman Catholic church in Peterborough, Ontario
 * St. Peter's Church, Toronto, Roman Catholic church in Ontario

Connecticut

 * St. Peter Church (Bridgeport, Connecticut), Roman Catholic church
 * Church of St. Peter (Danbury, Connecticut), Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Milford, Connecticut)

Illinois

 * St. Peter's in the Loop, Roman Catholic church in Chicago
 * Cathedral of Saint Peter (Rockford, Illinois), Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Sycamore, Illinois)

Iowa

 * St. Peters United Evangelical Lutheran Church, Ceres, Iowa
 * St. Peter's Catholic Church (Council Bluffs, Iowa)
 * St. Peter Church (Keokuk, Iowa), Roman Catholic church

Maryland

 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church, Baltimore
 * St. Peter's Pro-Cathedral, Roman Catholic church in Baltimore
 * St. Peter the Apostle Church, Roman Catholic church in Baltimore
 * St. Peter's Church (Queenstown, Maryland), Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Chapel, Episcopal church in Solomons

Massachusetts

 * St. Peter Parish, Norwood, Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church-St. Mary's School, Southbridge
 * St. Peters Catholic Church (Worcester, Massachusetts)

Missouri

 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Harrisonville, Missouri)
 * St. Peter's Church (Kansas City, Missouri), Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Catholic Church (Rensselaer, Missouri)
 * St. Peter's Catholic Church (St. Charles, Missouri)

New Jersey

 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Clarksboro, New Jersey)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Freehold Borough, New Jersey)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Morristown, New Jersey)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Perth Amboy, New Jersey)
 * Saint Peter’s Roman Catholic Church, Belleville, New Jersey
 * St. Peters Church and Buildings, Episcopal church in Spotswood, New Jersey

New York

 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Albany, New York)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church Complex (Auburn, New York)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Bloomfield, New York)
 * St. Peter's Church, Chapel and Cemetery Complex, Episcopal church in the Bronx, New York
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Geneva, New York)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church Complex (Hobart, New York)
 * St. Peter's Church (Hyde Park, New York), Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Church (Staten Island), Roman Catholic church in New York
 * St. Peter's Church (Manhattan), Roman Catholic church in New York
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Manhattan), New York
 * St. Peter's Lutheran Church under the Citigroup Center in Manhattan, New York
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Niagara Falls, New York)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Peekskill, New York)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Port Chester, New York)
 * Evangelical Lutheran Church of St. Peter, Rhinebeck, New York
 * St. Peter's Lutheran Church and School, Sanborn, New York
 * St. Peter's Presbyterian Church, Spencertown, New York
 * Old St. Peter's Church (Van Cortlandtville, New York), Episcopal church
 * St. Peter's Lutheran Church and School, Walmore

Ohio

 * St. Peter's Catholic Church (Canton, Ohio)
 * Cathedral Basilica of St. Peter in Chains, Cincinnati, Ohio
 * St. Peter Church (Cleveland, Ohio), Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Lancaster, Ohio)
 * St. Peter's Church (Mansfield, Ohio), Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Versailles, Ohio)

Pennsylvania

 * St. Peter's Church (Brownsville, Pennsylvania), Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Anglican Church (Butler, Pennsylvania)
 * St. Peter's Kierch, Lutheran church in Middletown, Dauphin County
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Philadelphia)
 * St. Peter's Church in the Great Valley, Episcopal church in Phoenixville
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Pittsburgh)
 * St. Peter's Anglican Church (Uniontown, Pennsylvania)

Texas

 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church (Boerne, Texas)
 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church (Lindsay, Texas)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (McKinney, Texas)

Virginia

 * St. Peter's Church and Mount St. Joseph Convent Complex, Roman Catholic complex in Rutland
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Norfolk, Virginia)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Oak Grove, Virginia)
 * St. Peter's Church (Richmond, Virginia), Roman Catholic church
 * St. Peter's Church (Talleysville, Virginia), Episcopal church

Wisconsin

 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church (Ashton, Wisconsin)
 * St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church (Milwaukee, Wisconsin)
 * St. Peter's and St. Joseph's Catholic Churches, Oconto
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Ripon, Wisconsin)
 * St. Peter's Church (West Bend, Wisconsin), Roman Catholic church

Other US states

 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Seward, Alaska)
 * St. Peter's Church (Sitka, Alaska)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Lewes, Delaware)
 * St. Peter's Church (Washington, D.C.)
 * Cathedral of Saint Peter (Kansas City, Kansas)
 * St. Peter's AME Church, Harrodsburg, Kentucky
 * St. Peter's Lutheran Church (Kinde, Michigan)
 * Saint Peter's Church (Mendota, Minnesota)
 * Saint Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church (St. Peter, Minnesota)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Oxford, Mississippi)
 * St. Peter's Mission Church and Cemetery, Montana
 * St. Peter's Catholic Church (Wibaux, Montana)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Neligh, Nebraska)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Carson City, Nevada)
 * St. Peter's Catholic Church (Charlotte, North Carolina)
 * St. Peter's AME Zion Church, New Bern, North Carolina
 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church (The Dalles, Oregon)
 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church (Echo, Oregon)
 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church (Columbia, South Carolina) or Basilica of St. Peter
 * St. Peter's Lutheran Church (Dell Rapids, South Dakota)
 * St. Peter's Catholic Church (Jefferson, South Dakota)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Columbia, Tennessee)
 * St. Peter's Church (Tacoma, Washington)
 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church (Harpers Ferry, West Virginia)
 * St. Peter's Episcopal Church (Sheridan, Wyoming)

Other countries in the Americas

 * St. Peter's Church, St. George's, Bermuda
 * St. Peter's Church, Lima, Peru

Israel

 * St. Peter's Church, Capernaum
 * St. Peter's Church, Jaffa
 * St. Peter's Church, Tiberias

Philippines

 * Archdiocesan Shrine of Saints Peter and Paul, Bantayan, Cebu
 * Saints Peter and Paul Parish, Ormoc, Leyte
 * Saints Peter and Paul Parish, Makati
 * Saints Peter and Paul Parish Church (Siniloan)
 * Loboc Church (San Pedro Apostol Parish Church), Loboc, Bohol

Other Asian countries

 * Saint Peter's Church, Shanghai, China
 * St. Peter's Church, Royapuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
 * Saint Peter Church, Tehran, Iran
 * St. Peter's Church (Melaka), Malaysia
 * St. Peter's Church, Karachi, Pakistan
 * Church of Saints Peter and Paul, Singapore
 * St. Peter's Church, Colombo, Sri Lanka
 * Church of Saint Peter, Antioch, Turkey

Belgium and the Prince-Bishopric of Liège

 * St. Peter's Church, Leuven
 * St Peter's Church, Liège
 * St. Peter's Church, Melreux

Denmark

 * St. Peter's Church, Bornholm
 * St. Peter's Church, Copenhagen
 * St. Peter's Church, Næstved, Zealand
 * Saint Peter's Church, Slagelse

France

 * St Peter's Church, Le Crotoy, Picardy
 * St Peter's Church, Liverdun, Lorraine
 * Old Saint Peter's Church, Strasbourg
 * Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Catholic Church, Strasbourg
 * Saint-Pierre-le-Jeune Protestant Church, Strasbourg

Germany

 * Cathedral Church of Saint Peter, commonly known as Cologne Cathedral
 * St. Peter am Perlach, Augsburg
 * St Peter's Church (Cologne)
 * St. Peter, Syburg, Dortmund-Syburg
 * Saint Peter's Church, Fritzlar
 * St. Peter's Church, Hamburg
 * St. Peter's Church, Heidelberg
 * Peterskirche, Leipzig
 * St. Peter's Church, Mainz,
 * St. Peter's Church, Munich
 * St. Peter's Church, Rostock
 * St. Peter's Church, Straubing
 * St Peter's Dom, Worms

Ireland

 * St. Peter's Church, Aungier Street, Dublin
 * St Peter's Church, Phibsborough, Dublin
 * St. Peter's Church, Ennisnag, Kilkenny
 * St. Peter's Church, Laragh, County Monaghan
 * St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Drogheda, County Louth

Italy and the Papal States

 * Church of St. Peter (Portovenere)
 * Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome
 * San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome

Netherlands

 * St. Peter's Church, Leiden
 * Protestant church of Jistrum or St. Peter's Church
 * St. Peter's Church, Utrecht

Spain

 * Church of San Pedro Apóstol (Vitoria)
 * Church of St Peter ad Vincula, Madrid
 * San Pedro el Real, Madrid
 * St. Peter's Church, Teruel
 * St. Peter's Church, Valdunquillo, Valladolid

England
Cambridgeshire
 * St Peter's Church, Cambridge
 * St Peter's Church, Duxford
 * St Peter's Church, Offord D'Arcy
 * St Peter-in-Ely
 * St Peter's Church, Prickwillow
 * St Peter's Church, Wisbech

Cheshire
 * St Peter's Church, Aston-by-Sutton
 * St Peter's Church, Chester
 * St Peter's Church, Congleton
 * St Peter's Church, Crewe
 * St Peter's Church, Delamere
 * St Peter's Church, Hargrave
 * St Peter's Church, Little Budworth
 * St Peter's Church, Macclesfield,
 * St Peter's Church, Minshull Vernon
 * St Peter's Church, Oughtrington
 * St Peter's Church, Plemstall
 * St Peter's Church, Prestbury
 * St Peter's Church, Swettenham
 * St Peter's Church, Tabley,
 * St Peter's Church, Waverton

Cumbria
 * St Peter's Church, Camerton
 * St Peter's Church, Field Broughton
 * St Peter's Church, Finsthwaite
 * St Peter's Church, Heversham
 * St Peter's Church, Kirkbampton
 * St Peter's Church, Mansergh
 * St Peter's Church, Martindale

Derbyshire
 * St Peter's Church, Belper
 * St Peter's Church, Derby
 * St Peter's Church, Edensor
 * St Peter's Church, Hope
 * St Peter's Church, Netherseal
 * St Peter's Church, Parwich,
 * St Peter's Church, Snelston
 * St Peter's Church, Stonebroom

Devon
 * St Peter's Church, Barnstaple
 * St Peter's Church, Rose Ash, by architect James Piers St Aubyn
 * St Peter's Church, Tiverton

Dorset
 * St Peter's Church, Bournemouth
 * St Peter's Church, Langton Herring
 * St Peter's Church, Portesham
 * St Peter's Church, Portland
 * St Peter's Church, Winterborne Came

County Durham
 * St Peter's Church, Bishopton
 * St Peter's Church, Redcar
 * St Peter's Church, Stockton-on-Tees

East Sussex
 * St Peter's Church, Aldrington
 * St Peter's Church, Brighton
 * St Peter's Church, Preston Village, Brighton
 * St Peter's Church, St Leonards-on-Sea
 * St Peter's Church, West Blatchington
 * St Mary and St Peter's Church, Wilmington
 * St Peter's Church, Rodmell

Essex
 * Church of St Peter-on-the-Wall, Bradwell-on-Sea
 * St Peter's Church, Roydon
 * St Peter's Church, Wickham Bishops

Gloucestershire
 * St Peter's Church, Gloucester
 * St Peter's Church, Leckhampton
 * St Peter's Church, Southrop

Greater Manchester
 * St Peter's Church, Ashton-under-Lyne
 * St Peter's Church, Bolton
 * St Peter's Church, Hindley
 * St Peter's Church, Stockport
 * St Peter's Church, Westleigh, Greater Manchester

Hampshire
 * St Peter's Church, Petersfield
 * St Peter's Church, Titchfield
 * St Peter's Church, Chesil, Winchester
 * St Peter's Church, Winchester

Isle of Wight
 * St Peter's Church, Havenstreet
 * St Peter's Church, Seaview
 * St Peter's Church, Shorwell

Kent
 * St Peter's Church, Boughton Monchelsea
 * St Peter's Church, Maidstone
 * St Peter's Church, Sandwich
 * St Peter's Church, Swingfield

Lancashire
 * St Peter's Church, Burnley
 * St Peter's Church, Darwen
 * St Peter's Church, Fleetwood
 * St Peter's Church, Heysham
 * St Peter's Church, Leck
 * St Peter's Church, Mawdesley
 * St Peter's Church, Preston, Lancashire
 * St Peter's Church, Scorton

Lincolnshire
 * St Peter's Church, Barton-upon-Humber
 * St Peter's Church, Kingerby
 * St Peter's Church, Normanby by Spital
 * St Peter's Church, Ropsley
 * St Peter's Church, Saltfleetby
 * St Peter's Church, South Somercotes
 * St Peter's Church, Trusthorpe

London
 * St Peter's Church, Arkley
 * St Peter's Church, Belsize Park, by architect James Piers St Aubyn
 * St Peter's, Bethnal Green
 * St Peter's Church, Ealing
 * St Peter's Church, Eaton Square
 * St Peter's Church, Hammersmith
 * St Peter's, London Docks
 * St Peter's Church, Petersham
 * St Peter's Church, Streatham
 * St Peter's Church, Upton Cross
 * St Peter's Church, Vauxhall
 * St Peter's Church, Walworth
 * Westminster Abbey or The Collegiate Church of St Peter
 * St Peter's Italian Church
 * St Peter upon Cornhill
 * St Peter-in-the-Forest

Merseyside
 * St Peter's Church, Birkdale
 * St Peter's Church, Formby
 * St Peter's Church, Heswall
 * St Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Liverpool
 * St Peter's Church, Liverpool
 * St Peter's Church, Parr
 * St Peter's Church, Rock Ferry
 * St Peter's Church, Woolton, Liverpool

North Yorkshire
 * Church of St Peter, Croft-on-Tees
 * St Peter's Church, Harrogate
 * St Peter's Church, Redcar
 * St Peter's Church, Rylstone
 * St Peter's Church, Scarborough
 * St Peter's Church, Stainforth
 * St Peter's Church, Walpole St Peter
 * St Peter's Church, Wintringham

Northamptonshire
 * St Peter's Church, Deene
 * St Peter's Church, Lowick
 * St Peter's Church, Northampton
 * St Peter's Church, Raunds

Nottinghamshire
 * St Peter's Church, Clayworth
 * St Peter's Church, East Bridgford
 * St Peter's Church, Farndon
 * St Peter's Church, Flawford
 * St Peter's Church, Gamston
 * St Peter's Church, Hayton
 * St Peter's Church, Headon-cum-Upton
 * St Peter's Church, Laneham
 * St Peter's Church, Nottingham
 * St Peter's Church, Radford
 * St Peter's Church, Ruddington

Shropshire
 * St Peter's Church, Adderley
 * St Peter's Church, Chelmarsh
 * St Peter's Church, Cound
 * St Peter's Church, Edgmond

Somerset
 * St Peter's Church, Exton
 * Church of St Peter, Marksbury
 * St Peter's Church, Treborough

Staffordshire
 * St Peter's Church, Alstonefield
 * St Peter's Church, Elford
 * St Peter's Church, Marchington
 * Church of St Peter, Yoxall

South Yorkshire
 * St Peter's Church, Barnburgh
 * St. Peter's Parish Church, Edlington
 * St Peter's Church, Letwell

Suffolk
 * St Peter's Church, Claydon
 * St Peter's Church, Carlton Colville
 * St Peter's Church, Henley
 * St Peter's Church, Ipswich
 * St Peter's Church, Sudbury
 * St Peter's Church, Theberton

Warwickshire
 * St Peter's Church, Binton
 * St Peter's Church, Leamington Spa
 * St Peter's Church, Wolfhampcote

West Midlands
 * St Peter's Church, Bickenhill
 * St Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Bloxwich
 * St Peter's Church, Dale End
 * St Peter's Church, Hall Green
 * St Peter's Church, Handsworth
 * St Peter's Church, Harborne
 * St Peter's Church, Spring Hill
 * St Peter's Church, Walsall
 * St Peter's Collegiate Church, Wolverhampton

West Sussex
 * St Peter's Church, Ardingly
 * St Peter's Church, Selsey
 * St Peter's Church, Shoreham-by-Sea
 * St Peter's Church, Twineham

West Yorkshire
 * Leeds Minster, Minster and Parish Church of Saint Peter-at-Leeds
 * St Peter's Church, Addingham
 * St Peter's Church, Birstall
 * St Peter's Church, Huddersfield
 * St Peter's Church, Thorner
 * St Peter's Church, Walton, Leeds

Wiltshire
 * Church of St Peter, Clyffe Pypard
 * St Peter's Church, Devizes
 * St Peter's Church, Everleigh

Other
 * St Peter's Church, Bedford, Bedfordshire
 * St Peter's Church, Caversham, Berkshire
 * St Peter's Church, Bishopsworth, Bristol
 * St Peter's Church, Castle Park, Bristol
 * St Peter's Church, Burnham, Buckinghamshire
 * Church of St Peter, Great Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire
 * St. Peter's Church, St. Albans, Hertfordshire
 * St Peter's Church, Allexton, Leicestershire
 * St Peter's Church, Leicester, Leicestershire
 * St Peter's Church, Hockwold, Norfolk
 * Saint Peter’s Church, North Barningham, Norfolk
 * St Peter's Church, Yaxham, Norfolk
 * St Peter-in-the-East, Oxford, Oxfordshire
 * St Peter's Church, Wallingford, Oxfordshire
 * St Peter's Church, Old Woking, Surrey
 * St Peter's Church, Wrecclesham, Surrey
 * St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, Tyne and Wear
 * St Peter's Church, Wallsend, Tyne and Wear

Northern Ireland

 * St Peter's Church, Belfast

Scotland

 * St Peter's Church, Aberdeen
 * St Peter's Church, Edinburgh
 * Old St Peter's Church, Peterhead
 * St Peter's Church, Sandwick, Orkney
 * Old St Peter's Church, Thurso

Wales

 * Old St. Peter's Church, Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd, North Wales
 * St Peter's Church, Llanbedr Dyffryn Clwyd, Denbighshire
 * St Peter's Church, Bryngwyn, Monmouthshire, Wales
 * St Peter's Church, Carmarthen, South Wales
 * St Peter's Church, Dixton
 * St Peter's Church, Llanbedrgoch
 * St Peter's Church, Newborough, Anglesey
 * St Peter's Church, Pentre, South Wales
 * St Peter's Church, Peterston-super-Ely, Vale of Glamorgan
 * Collegiate and Parochial Church of St Peter, Ruthin, North Wales
 * St Peter's Church, Wentlooge

Other European countries

 * Peterskirche, Vienna, Austria
 * St Peter's Church, Tartu, Estonia
 * St. Peter's Church (Siuntio), Finland
 * St. Peter's Church, Akureyri, Iceland
 * St. Peter's Basilica Church, Stari Trg, Kosovo
 * St. Peter's Church, Riga, Latvia
 * St Peter's Church and Monastery, Mdina, Malta
 * St Peter's Chapel, Qormi, Malta
 * St. Peter's Church, Halden, Norway
 * Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul, St. Petersburg, Russia
 * St. Peter's Church, Ras, Serbia
 * St. Peter's Church, Ljubljana, Slovenia
 * St. Peter's Church, Malmö, Sweden
 * St. Peter's Church, Stockholm, Sweden
 * St. Peter, Zürich, Switzerland

Australia

 * St Peters Church, St Peters, Anglican church in Sydney, New South Wales
 * St Peter's Cathedral, Adelaide, Anglican church in Adelaide, South Australia
 * St. Peter's Lutheran Church, Hobart, Tasmania
 * St Peter's, Eastern Hill, Melbourne, Victoria

New Zealand

 * St Peter's Anglican Church, Onehunga, Auckland
 * St Peter's Church, Riccarton, Anglican church in Christchurch

title: St. Peter's Church


text:
IAS

IAS may refer to:

Science

 * Institute for Advanced Study, in Princeton, New Jersey, United States
 * Image Analysis & Stereology, the official journal of the International Society for Stereology & Image Analysis.
 * Iowa Archeological Society, United States
 * Iranian Arachnological Society, for the study of arachnids in Iran
 * International AIDS Society, an association of HIV/AIDS professionals
 * Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, in India
 * Institute for Advanced Study at University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Institute of Advanced Study (Durham) in Durham, North East England
 * IEEE Industry Applications Society

Government

 * Indian Administrative Service, the Indian administrative civil service
 * Intergovernmental Affairs Secretariat (Canada)

Finance

 * International Accounting Standards
 * Internal Audit Service (European Commission)
 * Investment Analysts Society of Southern Africa
 * various numbered International Financial Reporting Standards

Religion

 * International Association of Scientologists
 * International Association of Sufism

Politics

 * Institute for Anarchist Studies
 * Izquierda Asturiana, a political party in Spain
 * Immunisation Awareness Society, a New Zealand anti-vaccination group
 * International Aviation and Shipping emissions, specifically greenhouse gas emissions arising from those sectors (the term also used in the United Kingdom Climate Change Act 2008)

Aeronautics

 * Indicated airspeed
 * Institute of Aerospace Sciences, in the United States
 * Institut aéronautique et spatial, in France
 * Iași International Airport, IATA designation for the airport in Iași, Romania
 * IAS Cargo Airlines, a British airline

Computing

 * IAS machine, the first electronic computer built at the Institute for Advanced Study
 * Interactive Application System, a DEC PDP-11 operating system
 * Internet Application Server, alternate name for Oracle Application Server
 * Internet Authentication Service, a component of Windows Server

Other uses

 * Instituto Ayrton Senna, an NGO in Brasil
 * Insulin autoimmune syndrome, a rare cause of reversible autoimmune hypoglycemia
 * Integral Ad Science, an American technology company that analyzes the value of digital advertisements
 * International American School of Warsaw, a preK–12 school in Poland
 * International Automated Systems, an American company
 * IAS Limited an Australian-based gambling company
 * Internal anal sphincter, human anatomy

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: IAS


text:
List of minimalist artists

Minimalism was an art movement that began during the 1960s. This list of minimalist artists are primarily artists whose works were done in the 1960s, and are considered minimal, although some artists subsequently radically changed their work in the 1970s and in subsequent decades. This list is incomplete.

Artists to whom the term minimalist was originally applied

 * Carl Andre (1935-2024), American sculptor
 * Jo Baer (born 1929), American artist, associated with minimalist art
 * Larry Bell (born 1939), American sculptor
 * Ronald Bladen (1918–1988), American sculptor
 * Dan Flavin (1933–1996), American installation artist, fluorescent light sculpture
 * Donald Judd (1928–1994), American sculptor
 * Sol LeWitt (1928–2007), American installation artist
 * Robert Mangold (born 1937), American painter
 * Agnes Martin (1912–2004), Canadian/American painter
 * John McCracken (1934–2011), American sculptor
 * Robert Morris (1931-2018), American sculptor
 * Robert Ryman (1930-2019), American painter
 * Fred Sandback (1943–2003), American installation artist
 * Tony Smith (1912–1980), pioneer of minimalist sculpture
 * Frank Stella (born 1936), American painter/sculptor

Other artists whose work might be regarded as related to minimalist art

 * Anne Truitt (1921–2004), American sculptor
 * Frederick Spratt (1927–2008), American painter/sculptor
 * Anthony Caro (1924–2013), British sculptor
 * Ellsworth Kelly (1923–2015), American painter/sculptor
 * Richard Serra (1938–2024), American sculptor
 * Bob Law (1934–2004), British painter/sculptor
 * James Lee Byars (1932–1997), American sculptor/performance artist

Other artists whose work might be regarded as proto-minimalist

 * Geraldo de Barros (1923-1998),painter and photographer,was known for his trailblazing work in experimental abstract photography and modernism
 * Piet Mondrian (1872–1944), Dutch painter
 * Kasimir Malevich (1878–1935), Russian painter, pioneer of abstract art
 * Josef Albers (1888–1976), German-American painter
 * Giorgio Morandi (1890–1964), Italian Still-life painter, proto-Minimalist
 * Barnett Newman (1905–1970), American painter, abstract expressionist
 * David Smith (1906–1965), pioneer of geometric and minimalist sculpture
 * Ad Reinhardt (1913–1967), American painter, abstract expressionist

Musical artists whose work might be regarded as minimalist

 * John Adams (born 1947)
 * Roberto Carnevale (born 1966)
 * John Cage (1912–1992)
 * Lawrence Chandler (born 1961)
 * Kyle Bobby Dunn (born 1986)
 * Morton Feldman (1926–1987)
 * Jon Gibson (1940–2020)
 * Philip Glass (born 1937)
 * Tom Johnson (born 1939)
 * Alvin Lucier (1931-2021)
 * Charlemagne Palestine (born 1947)
 * Steve Reich (born 1936)
 * Terry Riley (born 1935)
 * Erik Satie (1866–1925)
 * Howard Skempton (born 1947)
 * Simeon ten Holt (1923–2012)
 * Yann Tiersen (born 1970)
 * La Monte Young (born 1935)

title: List of minimalist artists


text:
Agnes Martin

Agnes Bernice Martin (March 22, 1912 – December 16, 2004) was an American abstract painter known for her minimalist style and abstract expressionism. Born in Canada, she moved to the United States in 1931, where she pursued higher education and became a U.S. citizen in 1950. Martin's artistic journey began in New York City, where she immersed herself in modern art and developed a deep interest in abstraction. Despite often being labeled a minimalist, she identified more with abstract expressionism. Her work has been defined as an "essay in discretion, inwardness and silence."

Growing up in rural Canada and influenced by the New Mexico desert, Martin's art was characterized by serene compositions featuring grids and lines. Her works were predominantly monochromatic, employing subtle colors like black, white, and brown. Martin's minimalist approach conveyed tranquility and spirituality, and her paintings often carried positive names reflective of her philosophy.

Her career included numerous exhibitions, totaling over 85 solo shows, and participation in major events such as the Venice Biennale and Documenta. Martin's work earned recognition for its unique contribution to contemporary art, and she received awards like the National Medal of Arts from the National Endowment for the Arts in 1998. She was elected to the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts in 2004.

Despite personal struggles with schizophrenia, Martin's dedication to her art persisted, and her legacy continues to inspire contemporary artists. Documentaries and films have explored her life and work, shedding light on her artistic process and impact. Beyond the art world, her influence extends to popular culture, as seen in a Google doodle and a song dedicated to her. Martin's artistic vision, blending minimalism and spirituality, remains an enduring and influential force in the realm of abstract art.

Early life
Agnes Bernice Martin was born in 1912 to Scottish Presbyterian farmers in Macklin, Saskatchewan, one of four children. From 1919, she grew up in Vancouver. She moved to the United States in 1931 to help her pregnant sister, Maribel, in Bellingham, Washington. :29 She preferred American higher education and became an American citizen in 1950. Martin studied at Western Washington University College of Education, Bellingham, Washington, prior to receiving her B.A. (1942) from Teachers College, Columbia University. It was while living in New York that Martin became interested in modern art and was exposed to artists such as Arshile Gorky (1904–1948), Adolph Gottlieb (1903–1974), and Joan Miró (1893–1983). She took a multitude of studio classes at Teachers College and began to seriously consider a career as an artist.

In 1947, she attended the Summer Field School of the University of New Mexico in Taos, New Mexico. After hearing lectures by the Zen Buddhist scholar D. T. Suzuki at Columbia, she became interested in Asian thought, not as a religious discipline, but as a code of ethics, a practical how-to for getting through life. A few years following graduation, Martin matriculated at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, where she also taught art courses before returning to Columbia University to earn her M.A. (1952) in modern art. She moved to New York City in 1957 and lived in a loft in Coenties Slip in lower Manhattan. The Coenties Slip was also home to several other artists and their studios. There was a strong sense of community although each had their own practices and artistic temperaments. The Coenties Slip was also a haven for the queer community in the 1960s. It is speculated that Martin was romantically involved with the artist Lenore Tawney (1907–2007) during this time. A pioneer of her time, Martin never publicly expressed her sexuality, but has been described as a "closeted homosexual." The 2018 biography Agnes Martin: Pioneer, Painter, Icon describes several romantic relationships between Martin and other women, including the dealer Betty Parsons. She often employed a feminist lens when she critiqued fellow artists' work. Jaleh Mansoor, an art historian, stated that Martin was "too engaged in a feminist relation to practice, perhaps, to objectify and label it as such." It is worth noting that Martin herself did not identify as a feminist and even once told a New Yorker journalist in an interview that she thought "the women's movement had failed."

Martin was publicly known to have schizophrenia, although it was undocumented until 1962. She even once opted for electric shock therapy for treatment at Bellevue Hospital in New York. Martin did have the support of her friends from the Coenties Slip, who came together after one of her episodes to enlist the help of a respected psychiatrist, who as an art collector was a friend to the community. However, her struggle was a largely private and individual one, and the full effect of the mental illness on her life is unknown.

Martin left New York City abruptly in 1967, disappearing from the art world to live alone. After eighteen months on the road camping across both Canada and the western United States, Martin settled in Mesa Portales, near Cuba, New Mexico (1968-1977). She rented a 50-acre property and lived a simple life in an adobe home that she built for herself, adding four other buildings over the years. During these years she did not paint, until 1971, when she was approached by curator Douglas Crimp who was interested in organizing her first solo non-commercial exhibition. Subsequently, Martin started to write and lecture at various universities about her work. Slowly Martin's interest in painting renewed as well. She approached Pace Gallery about her work and the gallery's founder Arne Glimcher (b.1938) became her lifelong dealer. Finally able to own her own property, she moved to Galisteo, New Mexico, where she lived until 1993. She built an adobe home there too, still choosing an austere lifestyle. Although she still preferred solitude and lived alone, Martin was more active in the art world, travelling extensively and showing in Canada, the United States, and internationally. In 1993 she moved to a retirement residence in Taos, New Mexico, where she lived until her death in 2004.

Many of her paintings bear positive names such as Happy Holiday (1999) and I Love the Whole World (2000). In an interview in 1989, discussing her life and her painting, Martin said, "Beauty and perfection are the same. They never occur without happiness."

Career
Her work is most closely associated with Taos, with some of her early work visibly inspired by the desert environment of New Mexico. However, there is also a strong influence from her young upbringing in rural Canada, particularly the vast and quiet Saskatchewan prairies. While she described herself as an American painter, she never forgot her Canadian roots, returning there after she left New York in 1967, as well as during her extensive travels in the 1970s. Some of Martin's early works have been described as simplified farmer's fields, and Martin herself left her work open to interpretation encouraging comparisons of her unembellished, monochromatic canvases to landscapes.

She moved to New York City at the invitation of the artist/gallery owner Betty Parsons in 1957 (the women had met prior to 1954). That year, she settled in Coenties Slip in lower Manhattan, where her friends and neighbors, several of whom were also affiliated with Parsons, included Robert Indiana, Ellsworth Kelly, Jack Youngerman, and Lenore Tawney. Barnett Newman actively promoted Martin's work, and helped install Martin's exhibitions at Betty Parsons Gallery beginning in the late 1950s. Another close friend and mentor was Ad Reinhardt. In 1961 Martin contributed a brief introduction to a brochure for her friend Lenore Tawney's first solo exhibition, the only occasion on which she wrote on the work of a fellow artist. In 1967, Martin famously abandoned her life in New York. Cited reasons include the death of her friend Ad Reinhardt, the demolition of many buildings on Coenties Slip, and a breakup with the artist Chryssa whom Martin had dated off and on throughout the 1960s. In her ten years living in New York Martin was frequently hospitalized to control symptoms of schizophrenia which manifested in the artist in a number of ways, including aural hallucinations and states of catatonia: on a number of occasions she received electroconvulsive therapy at Manhattan's Bellevue Hospital. After Martin left New York, she drove around the western US and Canada, settling in Cuba, New Mexico for a few years (1968-1977), then settling in Galisteo, New Mexico (1977-1993). In both New Mexico homes, she built adobe brick structures herself. She did not return to art until 1973 and consciously distanced herself from the social life and social events that brought other artists into the public eye. She collaborated with architect Bill Katz in 1974 on a log cabin she would use as her studio. That same year, she completed a group of new paintings and from 1975 they were exhibited regularly.

In 1976 she made her first film, Gabriel, a 78-minute landscape film which features a little boy going for a walk. A second movie, Captivity, was never completed after the artist threw the rough cut into the town dump.

According to a filmed interview with her that was released in 2003, she had moved from New York City only when she was told her rented loft/workspace/studio would be no longer available because of the building's imminent demolition. She went on further to state that she could not conceive of working in any other space in New York. When she died at age 92, she was said not to have read a newspaper for the last 50 years. Essays in the book dedicated to the exhibition of her work in New York at The Drawing Center (traveling to other museums as well) in 2005 – 3x abstraction – analyzed the spiritual dimension in Martin's work. The 2018 biography Agnes Martin: Pioneer, Painter, Icon was the first book to explore her relationship with women and her early life in substantial detail, and was written in collaboration with Martin's family and friends.

Artistic style
In addition to a couple of self-portraits and a few watercolor landscapes, Martin's early works included biomorphic paintings in subdued colors made when the artist had a grant to work in Taos between 1955 and 1957. However, she did her best to seek out and destroy paintings from the years when she was taking her first steps into abstraction.

Martin praised Mark Rothko for having "reached zero so that nothing could stand in the way of truth". Following his example Martin also pared down to the most reductive elements to encourage a perception of perfection and to emphasize transcendent reality. Her signature style was defined by an emphasis upon line, grids, and fields of extremely subtle color. Particularly in her breakthrough years of the early 1960s, she created 6 × 6 foot square canvases that were covered in dense, minute and softly delineated graphite grids. In the 1966 exhibition Systemic Painting at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Martin's grids were therefore celebrated as examples of Minimalist art and were hung among works by artists including Sol LeWitt, Robert Ryman, and Donald Judd. While minimalist in form, however, these paintings were quite different in spirit from those of her other minimalist counterparts, retaining small flaws and unmistakable traces of the artist's hand; she shied away from intellectualism, favoring the personal and spiritual. Her paintings, statements, and influential writings often reflected an interest in Eastern philosophy, especially Taoist. Because of her work's added spiritual dimension, which became more and more dominant after 1967, she preferred to be classified as an abstract expressionist.

Martin worked in only black, white, and brown before moving to New Mexico. The last painting before she abandoned her career, and left New York in 1967, Trumpet, marked a departure in that the single rectangle evolved into an overall grid of rectangles. In this painting the rectangles were drawn in pencil over uneven washes of gray translucent paint. In 1973, she returned to art making, and produced a portfolio of 30 serigraphs, On a Clear Day. During her time in Taos, she introduced light pastel washes to her grids, colors that shimmered in the changing light. Later, Martin reduced the scale of her signature 72 × 72 square paintings to 60 × 60 inches, and shifted her work to use bands of ethereal color. Another departure was a modification, if not a refinement, of the grid structure, which Martin has used since the late 1950s. In Untitled No. 4 (1994), for example, one viewed the gentle striations of pencil line and primary color washes of diluted acrylic paint blended with gesso. The lines, which encompassed this painting, were not measured by a ruler, but rather intuitively marked by the artist. In the 1990s, symmetry would often give way to varying widths of horizontal bands.

Lawrence Alloway noted that Martin is in the first generation of the Abstract Expressionism style, which is significant and "shows her commitment to exalted subject matter" and her ability to "transform it into the language of painting which gives the works their aura of silent dignity."

Exhibitions
Since her first solo exhibition in 1958, Martin's work has been the subject of more than 85 solo shows and two retrospectives including the survey, Agnes Martin, organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art, New York, which later traveled to Jamaica (1992–94) and Agnes Martin: Paintings and Drawings 1974–1990 organized by the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, with subsequent venues in France and Germany (1991–92). In 1998, the Museum of Fine Arts in Santa Fe, New Mexico mounted Agnes Martin Works on Paper. In 2002, the Menil Collection, Houston, mounted Agnes Martin: The Nineties and Beyond. That same year, the Harwood Museum of Art at the University of New Mexico, Pandora, organized Agnes Martin: Paintings from 2001, as well as a symposium honoring Martin on the occasion of her 90th birthday.

In addition to participating in an international array of group exhibitions such as the Venice Biennale (1997, 1980, 1976), the Whitney Biennial (1995, 1977), and Documenta, Kassel, Germany (1972), Martin has been the recipient of multiple honors including the Lifetime Achievement Award on behalf of the Women's Caucus for Art of the College Art Association (2005); Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1992); the Governor's Award for Excellence and Achievement in the Arts given by Governor Gary Johnson, Santa Fe, New Mexico (1998); the National Medal of Arts awarded by President Bill Clinton and the National Endowment for the Arts (1998); the Distinguished Artist Award for Lifetime Achievement by the College Art Association (1998); the Golden Lion for Contribution to Contemporary Art at the Venice Biennale (1997); the Oskar Kokoschka Prize awarded by the Austrian government (1992); the Alexej von Jawlensky Prize awarded by the city of Wiesbaden, Germany (1991); and election to the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, New York (1989).

Exhibitions continue to be mounted since her death in 2004, including Agnes Martin: Closing the Circle, Early and Late from February 10, 2006 to March 04, 2006 at Pace Gallery. Other exhibitions have been held in New York, Zurich, London, Dublin, Edinburgh, Cambridge (England), Aspen, Albuquerque, British Columbia in Canada. In 2012, The Harwood Museum of Art in Taos, New Mexico, University of New Mexico launched a museum-wide exhibition titled Agnes Martin Before the Grid in honor of her centennial year. This exhibit was the first to focus on the work and life of Martin prior to 1960. The exhibit focused on many, never seen before, works Martin created at Columbia, Coentis Slip and early years in New Mexico. It was also the first to consider Martins struggle with mental health, sexuality and Martin's important relationship with Ad Reinhardt. In 2015, Tate Modern ran a retrospective of her life and career from the 1950s until her last work in 2004, which will travel to other museums after the show in London. At the University of Michigan Museum of Art, Martin was featured in the exhibition Reductive Minimalism: Women Artists in Dialogue, 1960-2014 which examined the two generations of Minimalist art side by side, from October 2014 through January 2015. The exhibition included Anne Truitt, Mary Corse, and contemporary artists Shirazeh Houshiary and Tomma Abts.

She was also featured in White on the White: Color, Scene, and Space in Hiroshima City Museum of Contemporary Art. From October 2015 through April 2016, Martin was exhibited in Opening the Box: Unpacking Minimalism at The George Economou Collection in Athens, Greece alongside Dan Flavin and Donald Judd. From 2015 to 2017 she had numerous solo exhibitions, some being at the Aspen Art Museum in Aspen Colorado, Tate Modern in London, K20, Kunstsammlung Nordhein-Westfalen in Düsseldorf, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA) in Los Angeles, Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in the Upper East Side, at the Palace of Governors, The New Mexico Museum of History in Santa Fe. She has featured in the ongoing exhibition Intuitive Progression at the Fisher Landau Center for Art in Long Island City, New York from February 2017 to August 2017.

In 2016, a retrospective exhibition of her works from the 1950s through 2004 was presented at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York. In 2016 she was also featured in the Dansaekhwa and Minimalism Exhibition at Blum & Poe, Los Angeles and earlier in the year in the show titled Aspects of Minimalism: Selections from East End Collections at the Guild Hall Museum in East Hampton, New York.

She was also featured in Making Space: Women Artists and Postwar Abstraction at The Museum of Modern Art in Midtown, New York which shined a light on women artists who worked post World War II and before the start of the Feminist movement. The exhibition went from April 2017 to August 2017 and featured Lee Krasner, Helen Frankenthaler, and Joan Mitchell, Lygia Clark, Gego, Magdalena Abakanowicz, Louise Bourgeois, and Eva Hesse.

Collections
Martin's work can be found in major public collections in the United States, including the New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, NM; Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, NY; The Chinati Foundation, Marfa, TX; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art; The Menil Collection, Houston, TX; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; The Museum of Modern Art, New York; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.; Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City; San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art, Hartford; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; and Des Moines Art Center, Des Moines, IA, among others. Her work is on "long-term view" and part of the permanent holdings of Dia Art Foundation, Beacon, New York.

International holdings of Martin's work include the Tate, London and Magasin 3 Stockholm Konsthall, Stockholm, Sweden.

Art market
In 2007, Martin's Loving Love (2000) was sold for $2.95 million at Christie's, New York. In 2015, Untitled #7 (1984), a white acrylic painting with geometric pencil lines, sold for $4.2 million at Phillips in New York. In 2016, her Orange Grove sold at auction for $13.7 million, the same year as the Guggenheim held a retrospective of her work.

Legacy
Martin became an inspiration to younger artists, from Eva Hesse to Ellen Gallagher.

Her image is included in the iconic 1972 poster Some Living American Women Artists by Mary Beth Edelson.

In 1994, the Harwood Museum of Art in Taos, part of the University of New Mexico, announced that it would renovate its Pueblo-revival building and dedicate one wing to Martin's work. The gallery was designed according to the artist's wishes in order to accommodate Martin's gift of seven large untitled paintings made between 1993 and 1994. An Albuquerque architectural firm, Kells & Craig, designed the octagonal gallery with an oculus installed overhead, and four yellow Donald Judd benches placed directly under the oculus. The gift of the paintings and gallery's design and construction were negotiated and overseen by Robert M. Ellis, the Harwood's director at the time and a close friend of Martin's. Today, the Agnes Martin Gallery attracts visitors from all over the world and has been compared by scholars to the Chapelle du Rosaire de Vence (Matisse Chapel), Corbusier's Chapel of Notre Dame du Haut in Ronchamp, and the Rothko Chapel in Houston.

Films about Martin

 * 2000: Thomas Luechinger: On a Clear Day – Agnes Martin. Documentary, 52 minutes.
 * 2002: Mary Lance: Agnes Martin: With my Back to the World. Documentary, 57 minutes.
 * 2002/2016 (re-edited): Leon d'Avigdor: Agnes Martin: Between the Lines. Documentary, 60 minutes.
 * 2016: Kathleen Brennan and Jina Brenneman: Agnes Martin Before the Grid. Documentary, 56 minutes.

In popular culture
Composer John Zorn's Redbird (1995) was inspired by and dedicated to Martin.

Wendy Beckett, in her book American Masterpieces, said about Martin: "Agnes Martin often speaks of joy; she sees it as the desired condition of all life. Who would disagree with her?... No-one who has seriously spent time before an Agnes Martin, letting its peace communicate itself, receiving its inexplicable and ineffable happiness, has ever been disappointed. The work awes, not just with its delicacy, but with its vigor, and this power and visual interest is something that has to be experienced."

Poet Hugh Behm-Steinberg's poem "Gridding, after some sentences by Agnes Martin" discusses patterns in the natural world, makes a parallel between writing and painting, and ends with a line about the poet's admiration of Martin's work.

Her work inspired a Google doodle on the 102nd anniversary of her birth on March 22, 2014. The doodle takes color cues from Martin's late work which is marked by soft edges, muted colors and distinctly horizontal bands, turned to six vertical bars, one for each letter of the Google logo.

The song "Agnes Martin" by American rock band Screaming Females, from their album All at Once, is an ode to the artist.

Poet Victoria Chang's work With My Back to the World (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2024) is in conversation with both Martin's artwork and writings.

title: Agnes Martin


text:
Shangdu

Shangdu (Шанду, Šandu), more popularly known as Xanadu, was the summer capital of the Yuan dynasty of China before Kublai moved his throne to the former Jin dynasty capital of Zhōngdū  which was renamed Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Shangdu is located in the present-day Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia. In June 2012, it was made a World Heritage Site for its historical importance and for the unique blending of Mongolian and Chinese culture.

Venetian traveller Marco Polo described Shangdu to Europeans after visiting it in 1275. It was conquered in 1369 by the Ming army under Chang Yuchun. Historical accounts of the city inspired the famous poem Kubla Khan, written by English Romantic poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge in 1797.

Descriptions
Shangdu was located in what is now Shangdu Town, Zhenglan Banner, Inner Mongolia, 350 km north of Beijing. It is about 28 km northwest of the modern town of Duolun. The layout of the capital is roughly square shaped with sides of about 2.2 km. It consists of an "outer city", and an "inner city" in the southeast of the capital which has also roughly a square layout with sides about 1.4 km, and the palace, where Kublai Khan stayed in summer. The palace has sides of roughly 550 m, covering an area of around 40% the size of the Forbidden City in Beijing. The most visible modern-day remnants are the earthen walls though there is also a ground-level, circular brick platform in the centre of the inner enclosure.

The city, originally named Kaiping (, Kāipíng, "open and flat"), was designed by Chinese architect Liu Bingzhong from 1252 to 1256, and Liu implemented a "profoundly Chinese scheme for the city's architecture". In 1264 it was renamed Shangdu by Kublai Khan. At its zenith, over 100,000 people lived within its walls. In 1369 Shangdu was occupied by the Ming army, put to the torch and its name reverted to Kaiping. The last reigning Khan Toghun Temür fled the city, which was abandoned for several hundred years.

In 1872, Steven Bushell, affiliated with the British Legation in Beijing, visited the site and reported that remains of temples, blocks of marble, and tiles were still to be found there. By the 1990s, all these artifacts were completely gone, most likely collected by the inhabitants of the nearby town of Dolon Nor to construct their houses. The artwork is still seen in the walls of some Dolon Nor buildings.

Today, only ruins remain, surrounded by a grassy mound that was once the city walls. Since 2002, a restoration effort has been undertaken.

By Marco Polo (1278)
The Venetian explorer Marco Polo is widely believed to have visited Shangdu in about 1275. In about 1298–99, he dictated the following account: "And when you have ridden three days from the city last mentioned, between north-east and north, you come to a city called Chandu, which was built by the Khan now reigning. There is at this place a very fine marble palace, the rooms of which are all gilt and painted with figures of men and beasts and birds, and with a variety of trees and flowers, all executed with such exquisite art that you regard them with delight and astonishment.

Round this Palace a wall is built, inclosing a compass of 16 miles, and inside the Park there are fountains and rivers and brooks, and beautiful meadows, with all kinds of wild animals (excluding such as are of ferocious nature), which the Emperor has procured and placed there to supply food for his gerfalcons and hawks, which he keeps there in mew. Of these there are more than 200 gerfalcons alone, without reckoning the other hawks. The Khan himself goes every week to see his birds sitting in mew, and sometimes he rides through the park with a leopard behind him on his horse's croup; and then if he sees any animal that takes his fancy, he slips his leopard at it, and the game when taken is made over to feed the hawks in mew. This he does for diversion.

Moreover at a spot in the Park where there is a charming wood he has another Palace built of cane, of which I must give you a description. It is gilt all over, and most elaborately finished inside. It is stayed on gilt and lacquered columns, on each of which is a dragon all gilt, the tail of which is attached to the column whilst the head supports the architrave, and the claws likewise are stretched out right and left to support the architrave. The roof, like the rest, is formed of canes, covered with a varnish so strong and excellent that no amount of rain will rot them. These canes are a good 3 palms in girth, and from 10 to 15 paces in length. They are cut across at each knot, and then the pieces are split so as to form from each two hollow tiles, and with these the house is roofed; only every such tile of cane has to be nailed down to prevent the wind from lifting it. In short, the whole Palace is built of these canes, which I may mention serve also for a great variety of other useful purposes. The construction of the Palace is so devised that it can be taken down and put up again with great celerity; and it can all be taken to pieces and removed whithersoever the Emperor may command. When erected, it is braced against mishaps from the wind by more than 200 cords of silk.

The Khan abides at this Park of his, dwelling sometimes in the Marble Palace and sometimes in the Cane Palace for three months of the year, to wit, June, July and August; preferring this residence because it is by no means hot; in fact it is a very cool place. When the 28th day of [the Moon of] August arrives he takes his departure, and the Cane Palace is taken to pieces. But I must tell you what happens when he goes away from this Palace every year on the 28th of the August [Moon]...'"

By Toghon Temur (1368)
The lament of Toghon Temur Khan (the "Ukhaant Khan" or "Sage Khan"), concerning the loss of Daidu (Beijing) and Heibun Shanduu (Kaiping Xanadu) in 1368, is recorded in many Mongolian historical chronicles. The Altan Tobchi version is translated as follows:

By Samuel Purchas (1625)
In 1614, the English clergyman Samuel Purchas published Purchas his Pilgrimes – or Relations of the world and the Religions observed in all ages and places discovered, from the Creation unto this Present. This book contained a brief description of Shangdu, based on the early description of Marco Polo: "In Xandu did Cublai Can build a stately Pallace, encompassing sixteen miles of plaine ground with a wall, wherein are fertile Meddowes, pleasant Springs, delightfull streames, and all sorts of beasts of chase and game, and in the middest thereof a sumpuous house of pleasure, which may be moved from place to place."

In 1625 Purchas published an expanded edition of this book, recounting the voyages of famous travellers, called Purchas his Pilgrimes. The eleventh volume of this book included a more detailed description of Shangdu, attributed to Marco Polo and dated 1320:

"This Citie is three dayes journey Northeastward to the Citie Xandu, which the Chan Cublai now reigning built; erecting therein a marvellous and artificiall Palace of Marble and other stones, which abutteth on the wall on one side, and the midst of the Citie on the other. He included sixteene miles within the circuit of the wall on that side where the Palace abutteth on the Citie wall, into which none can enter but by the Palace. In this enclosure or Parke are goodly meadows, springs, rivers, red and fallow Deere, Fawnes carrying thither for the Hawkes (of whom are three mewed above two hundred Gerfalcons which he goeth once a week to see) and he often useth one Leopard or more, sitting on Horses, which he setteth upon the Stagges and Deere, and having taken the beast, giveth it to the Gerfalcons, and in beholding this spectacle he taketh wonderful delight. In the middest in a faire wood he hath a royall House on pillars gilded and varnished, on every inch of which is a Dragon all gilt, which windeth his tayle about the pillar, which his head bearing up the loft, as also with his wings displayed on both sides; the cover also is of Reeds gilt and varnished, so that the rayne can doe it no injury; the reeds being three handfuls thick and ten yards log, split from knot to knot. The house itselfe also may be sundered, and taken downe like a Tent and erected again. For it is sustained, when it is set up, with two hundred silken cordes. Great Chan useth to dwell there three moneths in the yeare, to wit, in June, July and August."

By Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1797)
In 1797, according to his own account, the English poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge was reading about Shangdu in Purchas his Pilgrimes, fell asleep, and had an opium-inspired dream. The dream caused him to begin the poem known as 'Kubla Khan'. Unfortunately Coleridge's writing was interrupted by an unnamed "person on business from Porlock", causing him to forget much of the dream, but his images of Shangdu became one of the best-known poems in the English language.

Coleridge described how he wrote the poem in the preface to his collection of poems, Christabel, Kubla Khan, and the Pains of Sleep, published in 1816:

"In the summer of the year 1797, the Author, then in ill health, had retired to a lonely farm-house between Porlock and Linton, on the Exmoor confines of Somerset and Devonshire. In consequence of a slight indisposition, an anodyne had been prescribed, from the effects of which he fell asleep in his chair at the moment that he was reading the following sentence, or words of the same substance, in 'Purchas's Pilgrimes':

'Here the Khan Kubla commanded a palace to be built, and a stately garden thereunto. And thus ten miles of fertile ground were inclosed with a wall.'

The Author continued for about three hours in a profound sleep, at least of the external senses, during which time he has the most vivid confidence, that he could not have composed less than from two to three hundred lines; if that indeed can be called composition in which all the images rose up before him as things with a parallel production of the correspondent expressions, without any sensation or consciousness of effort. On awakening he appeared to himself to have a distinct recollection of the whole, and taking his pen, ink, and paper, instantly and eagerly wrote down the lines that are here preserved. 'A person on business from Porlock' interrupted him and he was never able to recapture more than 'some eight or ten scattered lines and images.'"

Coleridge's poem opens similarly to Purchas's description before proceeding to a vivid description of the palace's varied pleasures:

Astronomy
In 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) gave a continent-sized area of Saturn's moon Titan the name Xanadu, referring to Coleridge's poem. Xanadu raised considerable interest in scientists after its radar image showed its terrain to be quite similar to earth's terrain with flowing rivers (probably of methane and ethane, not of water as they are on Earth), mountains (of ice, not conventional rock) and sand dunes.

title: Shangdu


text:
Talk:5th millennium BC

Comments
I'm not entirely happy with this bit: "Creation of the world, according to a literal interpretation of the genealogy of early mankind given in the Old Testament of the Christian Bible." As far as I can recall, the genealogy alone is not enough to deduce the date of the Creation. I remember from trying to work it out myself, several years ago, that there is enough information to deduce that Abraham lived about 2,000 years after the Creation, but beyond Genesis, the timing beomes more vague, and so different people have dated Abraham to different periods. This results in differing estimates of the date of the Creation. According to the Hebrew calendar, for example, the Creation took place in 3761 BC (4th millennium BC). -- Oliver P. 17:53 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Obviously one needs to estimate the average "length" (in years) of a generation, so one can only ever get an approximate date this way. My main source actually states "around 4000 BC", and another book I once got from the library said 4200 BC IIRC. Interesting about the exact year in Jewish tradition; I did not know that. Do you know how that was determined? At any rate, it's within a few hundred years (less than 10%) of the other sources, which is what I'd expect the +/- uncertainty of a genealogical determination to be.
 * I'd suggest giving the range of estimates or, if it turns out that the 3761 BC figure is backed by more than just genealogy, placing it there in the wikipedia timeline. Mkweise 18:34 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Within Genesis itself, the lengths of each and every generation is given in years! One can add up all the generation lengths to get Abraham's birth as something like 1948(ish) years after the Creation. Except that since the ages are given as integer numbers of years, even a literal interpretation should take into account the idea of rounding errors, so I suppose this would have to be plus or minus a few dozen years. I suspect that the people doing the calculations ignored this problem. I don't know how any of them extended the chronology beyond Genesis, I'm afraid. I might have to look into it, and do an article on Estimates of the date of Creation! -- Oliver P. 18:51 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * If you assume that the whole years are the precise figures rounded to the nearest whole years (not necessarily a valid assumption), then statistically the rounding errors should tend to balance out, so that any such calculated date should, in theory, be pretty close. As for extending beyond Abraham, there are other Biblical references to lengths of time that allow extending the dating up to the end of the times of the kings, although a few of the references here are ambiguous and there is still some flexibility in the figures of, say, a couple of hundred years.  Philip J. Rayment 15:18, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Some Trinity College, Dublin academic actually 'calculated' not merely the actual date of creation, but even specified a time, 9am on the particular date. I forget the guy's name, but I think it was in the eighteenth century. I can do some checking, but someone else might know the details. JTD 18:59 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)~

 * I think you must mean Bishop Ussher. He did give an exact time and date, although his article only gives the year. I'll go and put the exact time and date into his article! -- Oliver P. 19:17 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * Oops. My mistake. Apparently Ussher didn't give an exact time. This page says that the date of "October 23, 4004 B.C., at nine o'clock in the morning" has been attributed to John Lightfoot (1602 - 1675), Vice-Chancellor of Cambridge University. -- Oliver P.

I though that the purpose of the timelines was to include the facts that actually took place, not those that should have occurred had a certain theory been true. Are we willing to include every single important event predicted (or "retrodicted") by all the known religions, cults, false scientific theories and artistic or literary creations? That would be quite confusing, and hardly useful. -- Sir Paul

 * It's a significant date that has been much discussed. So I think it should stay in. As for other made-up dates, I think we should only include them if they are particularly significant. Although what that might mean, I have no idea. -- Oliver P. 10:10 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * The non-biblical dates given are not facts, but dates derived from calculations based on various theories and assumptions, such as whether or not the Egyptian dates are reliable, whether various archaeologists' ideas are valid, etc. etc., and particularly on the assumption that the biblical dates are not reliable. The only ones that are 'facts' are those for which there is reliable documented contemporary evidence that dates a particular event to a known reliable base date.  Depending on your views of the reliability of the Bible, the biblical dates actually fit this criterion best.  Philip J. Rayment 15:18, 16 Oct 2004 (UTC)

And can we really be so precise about when the plough was introduced into Europe? Dating to the nearest century seems a bit too precise when talking about what was still prehistory. Can anyone attribute this date to any source? -- Oliver P. 18:33 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

Time line
Sorry to interrupt ya all, but my Assyrian friend here in Iraq has the current year in there calendar as 6756 ( 1 April 2006). That seems to make a bit of a mockery out of your timelines

The whole thing about Bedazzled should be taken out in my opinion, but I'm not gonna take the responsibility of doing so... Anyone wanna help me?

the articles, this and 40th century bc
I think some people have trouble misunderstanding human history. Alot of people mostly because of the differences that evolution has made in how man looks at himself and the universe. Regardless of what the infidels think. How valid are the ideas that human history started in the garden of eden, or that the world was repopulated by the sons of Noah. Where is mankinds Cradle of Humanity is what im trying to sayPortillo 09:11, 18 May 2007 (UTC).

Mythology
I've created a new section called "Mythology" and moved the entry for 4004 there. 4004 is not used by any modern chronologies as it's simply a date calculated by somebody by reference to a creation myth and a biblical chronology. It's part of a belief system rather than a historical chronology. --TS 06:45, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Population estimates?
This article says world population is "roughly" 40 million, citing Biraben (1979). World population estimates cites a source by Biraben a year later, but does not show any number from it in the table for -5000, and the other estimates listed are 18M, 5M, and 5-20M - half as much as the number given on this page. I don't doubt that 40M may be as good an estimate max as 20M, but it would perhaps be nice if there was consistency between this page and the page on population estimates. --Lasse Hillerøe Petersen (talk) 19:08, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:5th millennium BC


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First minister

A first minister is any of a variety of leaders of government cabinets. The term literally has the same meaning as "prime minister" but is typically chosen to distinguish the office-holder from a superior prime minister. Currently the title of first minister is used to refer to the political leader of a devolved national government, such as the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, or of a dependent territory.

Canada
In Canada, a first minister is any of the Canadian first ministers of the Crown, otherwise known as heads of government, including the Prime Minister of Canada and the provincial and territorial premiers. The title is used in such formulae as "first ministers' meetings".

In Newfoundland and Labrador, the Inuit self-governing region of Nunatsiavut provides for a first minister responsible to the Nunatsiavut Assembly.

Norway
The head of government of Norway was called first minister (førstestatsråd) between 1814 and 1873, while it was in personal union with Sweden. In 1893, 12 years prior to the dissolution of the union, it was changed to prime minister (statsminister).

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, the term first minister was once used interchangeably with prime minister, such as when Winston Churchill stated: "I did not become His Majesty's First Minister so that I might oversee the liquidation of the British Empire!"

Nowadays, the term is used to describe the leaders of the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. See

 * List of first ministers
 * First Minister of Scotland
 * First Minister of Wales
 * First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland

Other
In Australia, the premiers and chief ministers are the first ministers of the states and territories respectively.

In Germany, the first minister in each federal state is known as the Minister President (Ministerpräsident). A similar term exists in countries with some historic German influence, e.g. Latvia, the Netherlands etc.

In Malaysia, the first minister for each state with a Malay ruler is known as the Menteri Besar. Meanwhile, the heads of government in the four states without a monarch are called chief ministers.

George Price held the office of First Minister of British Honduras from 1961 until 1964, when it became self-governing and the title was changed to Premier. He continued as Premier after the colony changed its names to Belize, and then as Prime Minister after Belize gained full independence in 1981.

title: First minister


text:
Submitochondrial particle

A submitochondrial particle (SMP) is an artificial vesicle made from the inner mitochondrial membrane. They can be formed by subjecting isolated mitochondria to sonication, freezing and thawing, high pressure, or osmotic shock. SMPs can be used to study the electron transport chain in a cell-free context.

The process of SMP formation forces the inner mitochondrial membrane inside out, meaning that the matrix-facing leaflet becomes the outer surface of the SMP, and the intermembrane space-facing leaflet faces the lumen of the SMP. As a consequence, the F1 particles which normally face the matrix are exposed. Chaotropic agents can destabilize F1 particles and cause them to dissociate from the membrane, thereby uncoupling the final step of oxidative phosphorylation from the rest of the electron transport chain.

title: Submitochondrial particle


text:
User:Duckie

I first planed to concentrate on accounting-related articles but now I edit whatever I'm interested.

I've lived in Japan, United States, and Germany and have spent enough time to be fluent in the languages spoken in the two former countries. The experiences living with German- and Spanish-speaking families were not long enough so I only understand some of those languages.

I try to input world news from Japanese sources into Current events. By the way, I like to link to whatever articles exist. See oyakodon for example.

title: User:Duckie


text:
Talk:Viktor Korchnoi

Best player ?
I've inserted "sometimes" into the assertion that Korchnoi is reckoned to be the best player never to be world champ - plenty of others have been called that (Keres and Rubinstein are the two that come immediately to mind, I'm sure there are more). Also, were Korch and Karpov really "friends" when they played in '74? I thought they'd always been mortal enemies, but I could well be wrong. --Camembert
 * Malathion 22:31, 15 Apr 2005 (UTC) I think it's pretty clear that Anand is the strongest player never to be world champion, although I guess that has yet to be determined. I'm removing this line, as it seems to be too controversial.
 * Isofarro 17:06, 25 Feb 2005 (GMT) Karpov and Korchnoi had a private training match together before the the 1972/4 candidates cycle (Korchnoi was invited by Karpov/his group). That would suggest they were on good terms at that point (I remember reading about this in a chessbook about Karpov or Korchnoi, but can't remember which one!). Correction: From Anatoly Karpov - Chess is my life p52: "I appeared in my second USSR Championship after winning one of the Semi-Finals in the Latvian town of Daugavpils [1971]. That qualifying tournament had shown that I was clearly superior to the semi-final level, and was no longer a novice grandmaster, but a real, fully-fledged one. In addition, I had behind me a secret training match with Korchnoi. A match, which had ended in a draw, and shown me things were not as difficult as might have been expected."
 * Something interesting just cropped up in Korchnoi's "Chess is my Life" autobiography. Karpov and Korchnoi played a secret training match, where Korchnoi had White in one game, and Black in the other five games of the six game match. I wonder if that is the same match as identified above? As far as I can tell both players won a game, with the rest drawn. Korchnoi also informed Karpov of the exact variation he would play, allowing Karpov to study that variation. This was part of a match designed to improve Korchnoi's match playing style. That's an interesting twist. Isofarro 11:31 30 April 2006.
 * Isofarro 17:06, 25 Feb 2005 (GMT) As far as I can identify, the relationship starting cooling rapidly on the 1974 Candidates final when Karpov was favoured by the Soviet authorities and thus benefitting from better living quarters and his own choice of seconds. (Source: Korchnoi vs Spassky, Chess Crisis, by Raymond Keene, p12) There is also the accusations that Korchnoi received threats from angry chess fans, during that match, when he was close to winning the match - but I saw no evidence to suggest this was linked to Karpov.
 * I'de say he's quite possibly the strongest non champion, but it's so hard to tell, for it could also be Keres, Rubinstein, Najdorf, Larsen, Short, Reschevsky, Chigorin, Marshall, Schlechter, Tarrasch, Nimzovitch, Reuben Fine, or Flohr. 24.226.77.23 (talk) 12:33, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

I know, as the article says, that it is "oft repeated", and I'm not really doubting its veracity, but could we perhaps give a source supporting the "can I castle when my rook is attacked" story? In particular, could we give the source in which Korchnoi himself confirmed the story? --Camembert
 * Its mentioned hear. 12.220.47.145 22:25, 30 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Game 21 of the 1974 Candidates Final, Korchnoi won in 19 moves. References and  -- Isofarro 17:36 25 Feb 2006
 * In Korchnoi's Best Games, volume 1: Games with White, Game 19 is this win against Karpov. The annotation before 18. O-O! "The last trap: ...Nf3+ is threatened, and White must remove his king from the centre. Fortunately, castling when the rook is en prise is permitted..." which is a tantalysing clue, if not a complete reference! Isofarro 17:51 25 Feb 2006
 * I'm pretty sure that the GM who got confused about the rules was Averbakh, not Korchnoi . I semi-remember CJS Purdy's "Life and Games" book mentioning the incident, but I'm not sure of that.  Phr 16:11, 21 April 2006 (UTC)
 * I've just got back from the Chess & Bridge book signing with Victor Korchnoi. I asked him specifically about the annotation above and whether that was the point he asked the match referee on whether he could castle in that position. Korchnoi confirmed that he did ask the match referee whether he could castle - he asked because the chess rules he grew up with were a bit unclear in whether castling was permitted when the rook was being attacked. There was a lot of anxiety around the game itself, so Korchnoi wanted to be sure before making the move - which was 18. O-O. Korchnoi's lecture later went through this game (21st game of Candidates Final, against Karpov), and retold the story, including the detail that the match referee he approached was Salo Flohr. Essentially, he'd never played in a position where this situation occurred before. Isofarro 16:00 29 April 2006
 * My notes of the lecture are here: http://www.chessvault.com/2006/04/29/victor-korchnoi-at-the-chess-bridge/ Isofarro 11:26 30 April 2006

Karpov said his relationship with Korchnoi depended of Viktor's mood.

Layout
This article needs some help with sections and layout, rather than just being one big block of text. 64.38.194.13 17:16, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Wife?
Did his wife ever leave the Soviet Union? The article only talks about his son. AxelBoldt 00:28, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

Bias
Korchnoi took the opportunity of the match to publicize the situation of his wife and son, drafting an open letter to the Soviet government to release them both. This continuing effort likely led to his dismal performance as Karpov swept to victory in what was dubbed the "Massacre in Merano".

likely?

 * Good point. I've removed the linkage between the two events. Rocksong 04:15, 26 April 2007 (UTC)

Importance
I believe that the Korchnoi piece deserves "Top" importance rather than "High" on wiki's scale for chess. Bronstein and Keres also deserve "Top" importance, rather than "High", in my view, based on their achievements and status. And Portisch (which I am adding to) deserves to be boosted from "Mid" to "High", since Portisch was a top player for a very long period, with many impressive achievements.

Frank Dixon 14:02 (GMT +5), 22 August 2007 (UTC)

Nah, 'High' is about right for Korchnoi. He's no Capablanca or Kasparov. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.210.51.222 (talk) 05:01, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

defection - soviet grandmasters condemning it
There is no mention of the open letter from a number of proeminent soviet grandmasters (except bronstein, spassky and botvinnik, who refused to sign it - see David Bronstein) that condemned korchnoi for defecting. I think this is something interesting for the "defection" section, but sources needs to be found. 195.207.160.202 (talk) 14:40, 9 January 2008 (UTC) Wow. he switched over to play for the swiss... he's cool. this shame should definitely be mentioned in his history.
 * I agree. This would be a good thing to cover in the article. Quale (talk) 20:25, 9 January 2008 (UTC)
 * This was first mentioned, so far as I know, in an interview I read in Chess Life & Review just after Korchnoi left the USSR, but I can't actually cite a source, so will leave it alone for the time being. Hushpuckena (talk) 05:07, 16 September 2009 (UTC)
 * There are two sources for the open letter : Korchnoi, Chess is my Life and Bronstein, The Sorcerer Apprentice.--Cbigorgne (talk) 07:56, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

This Article Needs Attention
A good place to begin is at the very start- Korchnoi and Karpov played two official matches for the title, not three, though I'll agree with anyone who recognises the 1974 candidates final as a de facto title bout.

There are numerous POV statements and instances of weasel words in text, which are apparent to me, even as I acknowledge that Korchnoi is one of my favourite players. Time for a heavy dose of NPOV for this piece. Hushpuckena (talk) 05:02, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Also missing is much of his personal life outside of the world of Chess. --66.227.152.21 (talk) 03:54, 7 June 2016 (UTC)

Importance Level?
This article is rated High-Importance. In my opinion, it should be rated Top-Importance, unless there is a policy that only World Champions or the equivalent (Adolf Anderssen, Howard Staunton, Philidor) can be Top-Importance. Korchnoi played two matches for the World Championship (1978 and 1981), and a third de facto World Championship match in 1974, all against Karpov (Fischer forfeited his title after the 1974 K-K match, making Karpov the champion). He came within a hair's-breadth of winning, and thereby becoming World Champion, in 1974 and 1978. Chessmetrics ranks Korchnoi No. 1 in the world for four months at the end of 1965, and in the top 10 almost continuously from May 1956 to November 1990, a longevity record that no one besides the immortal Emanuel Lasker can touch. Krakatoa (talk) 13:19, 11 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, should be Top-Importance. --MrsHudson (talk) 13:33, 11 November 2009 (UTC)
 * It somewhat depends where you draw the line in the sand between Top and High. I do not care which side of the importance line this is in, although looking at criteria: "Top - Extremely important, even crucial, to its field, and very significant beyond it". crucial? Most likely not. Was his defection very signnificant? Similiar chess players are Aaron Nimzowitsch, Judith Polgar, Paul Keres. All high. High seems fine to me. SunCreator (talk) 14:31, 11 November 2009 (UTC)

More info on why Korchnoi was treated badly by the Soviet establishment?
The article refers to this but doesn't really say why Korchnoi went out of favor. Guessing that it was because Karpov was well connected politically. Can anyone shed more light on this? ty66.25.177.117 (talk) 17:24, 1 November 2012 (UTC)

Wife and son?
Did he ever see them again? Kingturtle = (talk) 02:53, 17 November 2013 (UTC)

Effect of the Siege of Leningrad on Korchnoi
The article Effect of the Siege of Leningrad on the city mentions Korchnoi as a survivor of the siege but his Wiki page has no mention of it. Other sources mention the fact, but go into little detail on how the siege affected his life, play, or ambition.. This passage seems apropos:

It is not difficult to trace the roots of this voracious hunger. As a boy, Korchnoi lost his father in the war, and then had to survive the grotesque privations of the Siege of Leningrad. “A youngster can live anywhere because it’s his life, he has not seen anything else,” he says. “But it did get into my blood that I have to be alert, have to fight – whether against difficult conditions in life, or against authority. From the very beginning, I was forced to become a fighter. A fighter in life, and so a fighter in chess.”

Is there a place for such info on his Wiki page? Joel.sbateman (talk) 05:44, 30 January 2015 (UTC)

Source for his death
Could those editing the article to say that Korchnoi has died today please provide a source? I believe it's customary to do so. I have done a quick Google search but could not find anything.--Pawnkingthree (talk) 16:02, 6 June 2016 (UTC)
 * As usual it's all over twitter before the mainstream news outlets report it, but there's this. . More will follow, no doubt. MaxBrowne (talk) 16:14, 6 June 2016 (UTC)

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Family, etc.
The following have more details about his wives, son and step-mother:

https://www.nytimes.com/1982/01/30/world/mrs-korchnoi-a-pawn-in-a-soviet-power-game.html?pagewanted=all

https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/15/The-son-of-self-exiled-chess-grand-master-Viktor-Korchnoi/4788390283200/

https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/07/04/The-wife-son-and-step-mother-of-defected-Russian-chess/9247394603200/

http://www.chessdiagonals.ch/402840512

https://apnews.com/4eeeaf7cc60e4853a8766118e0db3c18

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-korchnoi/soviet-defector-korchnoi-challenger-for-world-chess-title-dies-at-85-idUSKCN0YS25Y

http://theweekinchess.com/chessnews/obituaries/viktor-korchnoi-1931-2016 (includes links to 7 other obituaries)

Press Association obit.: https://www.independent.ie/world-news/victor-korchnoi-chess-grandmaster-who-defected-from-soviet-union-dies-aged-85-34777283.html

Perhaps more can be added to the article from some of them. Mcljlm (talk) 02:53, 26 May 2018 (UTC)

Any proof yet ?
Over decades I have read the statement that Korchnoi was being fought by the Soviet State to make him step back against Karpov many many times. It is also presented that way in this article - with a "citation needed" attached. The whole article is full of citations, but this very cornerstone of the entire "Korchnoi saga" misses one ? Personally I do not know any better, but I wonder if that statement and from there the entire logic can remain unchallenged in Wikipedia if this cannot be proven. In the Cold War it was of course very nice for some to have this thorn in the side of soviet chess, but I would not call them objective sources. Obviously the same argument works the other way for soviet contemporary sources. So I wonder if there isn't anything which was released after 1990 that can shed objective light on all of this. Otherwise I think those sentences need to be rephrased in order to better show the ambiguity. JB. --92.193.254.211 (talk) 17:32, 9 February 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Viktor Korchnoi


text:
User:Abcd~enwiki

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title: User:Abcd~enwiki


text:
User talk:Abcd~enwiki

Note: User:Abcd appears to have the same interests as User:DrFreud, namely White slave trade (see the history for this redirect) and histrionic personality disorder. Could there be a connection?

Same person, in my opinion. He's banned. Jimbo Wales 18:22 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
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title: User talk:Abcd~enwiki