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Talk:Electrical element

Heron, you jumped right on it.

I had just submitted an initial version and was in the process of polishing it up when you started making edits...

Well, since they seem to be real improvements, I'm going to leave it to you!

 * Don't let me stop you editing. There's plenty of room for both of us.  -- Heron

 * Maybe they should implement a temporary lock mechanism so two editors don't trounce one another Steve

Hey - Inductance is measured in Henrys - because its the name of soemone, y plural does not become ies! minor blip
 * Not really. Inductance is measured in henry: lower case henry, singular henry. Henry_%28unit%29 Davide Andrea 13:33, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Merge
An electric circuit, or electrical network, consists of electrical elements or components connected by conductors. 204.56.7.1

Don't forget that an electrical 'element' can also be interpreted as a stove/water heater/kettle heating element. As per dictionary.com: Element # 6. The resistance wire in an electrical appliance such as a heater or an oven. Chapmeister

Requested merge
I suggest a merge, Electrical_element → electronic component because they are different terms for the same thing. If, however, people feel they should remain separate, then, I'd add an explanation of the difference in both entries. See below for a discussion of "electric" vs "electronic".Davide Andrea 13:32, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Voting

 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one-sentence explanation, then sign your vote with ~

Discussion
Upon further reflection, I believe that the original reason for which I suggested a merge is that this article seems to confuse "Electric Element" as an item in an electric schematic, with a Physical Component. I say that for 2 reasons:
 * 1) The article "Electric Component" redirects to this article, "Electric Element". That doesn't seem right: the former is a physical component, the latter is a theoretical element. It would be more appropriate for "Electric Component" to redirect to "Electronic Component"
 * 2) The "Elements and Components" section inside this "Electric Element" article is not talking about Electric Element at all. Instead, it's simplified, incomplete rehash of the material already covered under "Electronic Component"

Therefore, what I am more inclined to do now, is to suggest that:
 * 1) The "Electric Component" article redirects to the "Electronic Component" article instead
 * 2) Remove the "Elements and Components" section from this "Electric Element" article, and merge its contents with the "Electronic Component" article
 * 3) In this "Electric Element" article emphasize that it's not talking about physical components.

Davide Andrea 15:23, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Result
Having received no feedback, I implemented the change. Davide Andrea 15:00, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Redirected the "Electrical Component" and "Electrical Components" articles to the "Electronic Component" article instead of the "Electrical Element" article
 * 2) Rewritten this article to clarify what an electrical element is, and differentiated it from Electrical Component
 * 3) Moved any text about components out of this article and into the Electrical Component article
 * 4) Removed the merge suggestions from this article and from the Electrical Component article

Further implications
The Category:Electrical components needs to be cleaned up and possibly renamed to reflect whatever is decided here. --RichardVeryard 01:15, 31 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'll see if I can help. Davide Andrea 15:01, 8 September 2007 (UTC)

Electrical or electronic
What exactly is the difference between an electrical component and an electronic component? Please explain or merge. --RichardVeryard 08:28, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * For passivecomponents, it has to do with who is using the term: an eletrician will call a relay and "electrical component", while someone in the electronic industry will call it an "electronic component". Having said that, active components are always considered "electronic components". Davide Andrea 13:30, 30 August 2007 (UTC)

Nine?
I reckon four elements will suffice: the resistor, either of the two reactive components, the gyrator and any one of the four sources. --catslash (talk) 17:52, 1 December 2010 (UTC)

 * Quite right, although the description of the gyrator in the article already (partially) addresses this. Gyrators are usually not introduced at the beginning of analysis partly because introductory analysis is all in terms of one-ports whereas the gyrator is a two-port.  More importantly, while there is obviously such a thing as a gyrator circuit, the gyrator is not the idealised representation of any real element, whereas the others all have a real-world non-ideal counterpart.  Sp in ni  ng  Spark  11:49, 20 December 2010 (UTC)

Memristors and time-(in)dependence
The article says the memristor "only has any meaning as a time-dependent non-linear element; as a time-independent linear element it reduces to a regular resistor." I find the second clause confusing. In an ideal memristor, any application of voltage changes the element's resistance because the resistance is a function of the integral over flux. So doesn't that make the idea of time-independence meaningless? Is there a better way of saying what was meant, or am I missing something (quite likely!). Thanks. p.r.newman (talk) 18:14, 8 May 2013 (UTC)

Merge Nonlinear element and Linear element here?
I suggest Nonlinear element and Linear element be merged into this article. They are stubs which cover complimentary aspects of the same subject, which is also covered in this article in the Non-linear elements section (although this section could be improved). If these were expanded into adequate articles they would contain a lot of redundant explanations. We also have Linear circuit covering this subject. -- Chetvorno TALK 21:56, 4 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I would support a merge. While you're at it, can you think up a better title for the merged article?  Electrical element?  Like in an electric kettle for instance?  The article is talking about elements of circuit analysis, not elements of kettles.  Electrical circuit elements, or Electrical analysis elements would be good (and yes, I do think it should be plural, like in Orbital elements). SpinningSpark 01:31, 5 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Yeah, that's a good point. Electrical circuit elements sounds good to me; "circuit elements" seems to be the common term in textbooks, . They are technically lumped circuit elements, but of course this qualifier isn't needed. I support a name change. -- Chetvorno TALK 17:10, 5 September 2015 (UTC)
 * Circuit elements would be good, but it needs disambiguating because we also have articles on mechanical networks. So it would have to be Circuit elements (electrical) or else the article would have to include the mechanical elements (which I don't recommend). SpinningSpark 17:43, 6 September 2015 (UTC)

Agreed that a merge makes sense. Seeing the above, I merged nonlinear element as a start, but Spinningspark reverted without improvement. What's up? cc Chetvorno – SJ  +  22:43, 30 October 2017 (UTC)

Short description
I've removed (and re-removed) the short description imported from Wikidata. "(Smallest) fundamental unit regarded as part of an electrical circuit". Koavf, if you have a source that so describes electrical elements, then please present it. If you have just blindly copied this from Wikidata, then please defer to those who know something. It is not my responsibilty to clean up the misinformation coming out of Wikidata (of which there has been a great deal in this subject area), it is for you to provide a citation per WP:CHALLENGE. I have been improving some of these, but I have come to the conclusion that the information over there is uniformly bad, or at least unreliable, so I've stopped doing it. No information is preferable to wrong information. Get it right, or leave a short description to someone who can. SpinningSpark 18:28, 25 June 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Electrical element


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Talk:List of people from the Dominican Republic

Susie Castillo
Although Susie Castillo's father was Dominican, he is also a absentee father. Susie was raised by her Puerto Rican mother and considers herself more connected to her Puerto Rican ancestry due to his absentee parenting. She has said this in interviews with the press --XLR8TION 01:24, 5 June 2006 (UTC)

I agree with that on the grounds that if she was born in the US, she cannot be considered Dominican. Corrected. --- philosopher2king 4/13/08 —Preceding unsigned comment added by Philosopher2king (talk • contribs) 23:40, 13 April 2008 (UTC)

Ashanti
Ashanti is not Dominican. Let's be real. Her mother may be 3/4 dominican (whatever that means) but I doubt she considers herself Dominican. Let's try to keep this list only to people actually born Dominican and perhaps place an asterisk on quasi-Dominicans.

List Maintenance

 * This list has been cleaned up and alphabetized. Please keep it in a clean, concise manner. Please only add notable names and not names of local individuals who have not made a significant contribution to the country, --XLR8TION 00:41, 23 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Names on the list will be checked for vailidity. Please only list names in alphabetical order ONLY! (por favor ponen nombres en orden alfabetico). --XLR8TION 02:25, 15 August 2006 (UTC)

Trinitarios
Julio Marine is a very important part of Dominican culture...he's the leader and founder of the largest Dominican gang right now and the fastest growing gang in New York.

I don't understand why he wouldn't be allowed on the list?

 * Gang leaders are not notable. Each entry must have an article with several verifiable news sources showing entry's notability and heritage. If there are no articles that show importance or heritage, entry will not be included into list.--XLR8TION (talk) 02:22, 12 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Once again, ALL ENTRIES MUST HAVE AN ARTICLE for inclusion to the list. NO ARTICLE = NO INCLUSION. An article with respectable references such as a major newspaper (New York Times, Le Monde, The Toronto Star, etc.) and not from blogs, social networks, etc. are acceptable. Please do not add non-notable entries with no articles.--XLR8TION (talk) 03:38, 17 November 2009 (UTC)

I see 1 reference for this whole list, I gave you references also and they were deleted. How would you delete El Lapiz and not say he's Dominican? And Big Mato also is Dominican.
 * And Gang Leaders aren't Notable? But a Drug Dealer is? And because he was a huge Drug dealer? Trinitarios is a Big gang, it was on Gangland, it's the fastest rising street gang on the Eastcoast, I also gave reference and it was deleted. No one here is lying or putting up false people.
 * Everyone I put up is Official, if you want look them up yourselves...DominicanPatria (talk) 23:47, 17 November 2009 (UTC)
 * Polanco (drug dealer) has an article with many verifiable references. He has been covered by New York Times. Your entries DO NOT even have a reference after Googling their names. In other words, they ARE NOT NOTABLE and therefore ARE NOT INCLUSABLE TO THE LIST.--XLR8TION (talk) 03:08, 18 November 2009 (UTC)

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List of people with paraplegia

Paraplegia is an impairment in motor or sensory function of the lower extremities. The word comes from Ionic Greek (παραπληγίη) "half-stricken". It is usually caused by spinal cord injury or a congenital condition that affects the neural (brain) elements of the spinal canal. The area of the spinal canal that is affected in paraplegia is either the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral regions. If four limbs are affected by paralysis, tetraplegia or quadriplegia is the correct term. If only one limb is affected, the correct term is monoplegia. Spastic paraplegia is a form of paraplegia defined by spasticity of the affected muscles, rather than flaccid paralysis.

Notable people with paraplegia

 * Greg Abbott, Governor of Texas; former Texas Attorney General (paraplegic due to a 1984 freak accident when a falling oak tree hit him in the back)
 * Peter Berry, American wheelchair basketball player for Alabama Crimson Tide
 * Paul Darke, British academic and disability rights activist born with spina bifida.
 * Deng Pufang, Chinese politician, son of Deng Xiaoping
 * Daniel Dias, a Brazilian Paralympic swimmer.
 * John Porter East (1931–1986), US politician who was partially paralyzed by polio in 1955
 * Frank Gardner (journalist) (born 1961), prominent BBC journalist who became paralysed after being shot six times at close range by an Al-Qaeda gunman in Saudi Arabia
 * Chuck Graham (1965–2020), United States politician injured in an automobile accident at age 16
 * Tanni Grey-Thompson, paralympian born with spina bifida
 * Rick Hansen, Canadian Paralympian who was paralyzed in a car crash at age 15
 * John Hockenberry (born 1956), journalist and blogger
 * Paul Johnson (producer) (1971–2021), American record producer and disc jockey who was shot accidentally
 * Sharry Konopski (1967–2017), model and actress injured in a car accident
 * Charles Krauthammer (1950–2018), conservative columnist and commentator
 * Boris Kustodiev (1878–1927), Russian painter who became paraplegic due to tuberculosis of the vertebral column.
 * James Langevin, US Congressman from Rhode Island who was shot accidentally at age 16.
 * Linda Laubenstein (1947–1992), American physician who was left paraplegic after a childhood polio infection
 * Craig Hart Neilsen (1941–2006), American gaming executive who founded Ameristar Casinos, Inc. and formed the Craig H. Neilsen Foundation to fund scientific research and quality-of-life programs for people living with spinal cord injuries.
 * Nicole Niquille, Swiss mountaineer, mountain guide and humanitarian for Nepalese women's health.
 * Ajith C. S. Perera (1956–2020), a Sri Lankan disability rights activist and former cricket umpire, who was paralyzed when a tree fell onto his moving car.
 * Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), former president of the United States who, at the age of 39, was partially paralyzed by polio
 * Wolfgang Schäuble, German politician injured in an assassination attempt in 1990
 * Iyad Shalabi (born 1987), Israeli Paralympic champion wimmer
 * Liesl Tesch (born 1969), an Australian wheelchair basketball player.
 * George Corley Wallace, governor of Alabama and former candidate for the Democratic presidential nomination
 * Colt Wynn, American bodybuilding champion
 * Zhang Haidi, Chinese woman writer and translator, president of the China Disabled Persons' Federation (2008-).

title: List of people with paraplegia


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United States abortion-rights movement

The United States abortion-rights movement (also known as the pro-choice movement) is a sociopolitical movement in the United States supporting the view that a woman should have the legal right to an elective abortion, meaning the right to terminate her pregnancy, and is part of a broader global abortion-rights movement. The movement consists of a variety of organizations, with no single centralized decision-making body.

A key point in abortion rights in the United States was the U.S. Supreme Court's 1973 decision in Roe v. Wade, which struck down most state laws restricting abortion, thereby decriminalizing and legalizing elective abortion in a number of states. On June 24, 2022, Roe v. Wade was overruled in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization.

On the other side of the abortion debate in the United States is the anti-abortion movement (self-described as a “pro-life” movement), which holds the belief that human embryos and fetuses have a right to life, and abortion violates this right and should be outlawed or otherwise restricted. Within this group, many argue that human personhood begins at conception, a position rejected by many abortion rights groups.

Overview
Abortion-rights advocates argue that whether or not a pregnant woman continues with a pregnancy should be her personal choice, as it involves her body, personal health, and future. They also argue that more availability of legal abortions reduces the exposure of women to the risks associated with illegal abortions. More broadly, abortion-rights advocates frame their arguments in terms of individual liberty, reproductive freedom, and reproductive rights. The first of these terms was widely used to describe many of the political movements of the 19th and 20th centuries (such as in the abolition of slavery in Europe and the United States, and in the spread of popular democracy) whereas the latter terms derive from changing perspectives on sexual freedoms and bodily integrity.

Abortion-rights supporters rarely consider themselves "pro-abortion" because they consider termination of a pregnancy as a bodily autonomy issue, and find forced abortion to be as legally and morally indefensible as the outlawing of abortion. Indeed, some who support abortion rights consider themselves opposed to some or all abortions on a moral basis, but believe that abortions would happen in any case such that legal abortion under medically controlled conditions is preferable to illegal back-alley abortion without proper medical supervision. Such people believe the death rate of women due to such procedures in areas where abortions are only available outside of the medical establishment is unacceptable.

Some who argue from a philosophical viewpoint believe that an embryo has no rights as it is only a potential, not actual, person and that it should not have rights that override those of the pregnant woman at least until it is viable.

Many abortion-rights campaigners also note that some anti-abortion activists also oppose practices that correlate with less demand for abortion, namely sex education and the ready availability of contraception. Proponents of this argument point to cases of areas with limited sex education and contraceptive access that have high abortion rates, either legal or illegal. Some women also travel to another jurisdiction or country where they may obtain an abortion. For example, a large number of Irish women would visit the United Kingdom for abortions. For instance, Belgian women who travelled to France before Belgium legalized abortion. Similarly, women would travel to the Netherlands when it became legal to have abortions there in the 1970s.

The majority of Americans, despite what side of politics they are on, believe that abortion should be legal circumstantially. Some people who support abortion rights see abortion as a last resort and focus on situations where they feel abortion is a necessary option. Among these situations are those where the woman was raped, her health or life (or that of the fetus) is at risk, contraception was used but failed, the fetus has acute congenital disorder and defects, incest, financial constraints, or she feels unable to raise a child. One common reason women give for terminating unintended pregnancies is that having a baby would prevent them from achieving goals, such as pursuing an education. Some abortion-rights moderates, who would otherwise be willing to accept certain restrictions on abortion, feel that political pragmatism compels them to oppose any such restrictions, as they could be used to form a slippery slope against all abortions. On the other hand, even some abortion rights advocates feel uncomfortable with the use of abortion for sex-selection, as is practiced in some countries, such as India.

History

Prior to 1973, abortion rights in the United States were not seen as a constitutional issue. Abortion was seen as a purely state matter, all of which had some type of restrictions. The first legal restrictions on abortion appeared in the 1820s, forbidding abortion after the fourth month of pregnancy. A number of early feminists expressed skepticism about outlawing abortion. They disliked abortion but thought anti-abortion laws did not apply "the proper remedies", according to one nineteenth-century women's rights pioneer. By 1900, legislators at the urgings of the American Medical Association (AMA) had enacted laws banning abortion in most U.S. states. The AMA played a vital role in stigmatizing abortions by using their status and power to create a moral stance against abortion. The AMA viewed abortion providers as unwanted healthcare competitors. Due to the high maternal morbidity and mortality rates caused by back alley abortions, physicians, nurses, and social workers pushed for legalization of abortion from a pro-public health perspective. Support for abortion rights went beyond feminists and medical professions. The broad support for legalizing abortion in the 1960s also derived from certain religious leaders. For example, there were 1,400 clergy operating on the East Coast for the Clergy Consultation Service on Abortion—an underground network that connected women seeking abortions to doctors—during the 1960s. As the historian Christine Stansell explained, many religious leaders came to approach the abortion rights argument from a position of individual conscience instead of from dogma by witnessing the "strains unwanted pregnancies put on members of their congregations".

In its landmark 1973 case Roe v. Wade, in which a woman challenged the Texas laws criminalizing abortion, the U.S. Supreme Court reached two important conclusions:

The outcome of Roe V. Wade divided Americans over the issue of abortion and the laws surrounding it. The issue became highly politicized as the Democratic and Republican parties took more polarized positions on abortion policy. The Democratic party advocated for abortion rights, while the Republican party supported the anti-abortion side.
 * That state abortion laws are subject to the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution; and
 * That the procurement of an abortion was a constitutional right during the first and second trimesters of a pregnancy based on the constitutional right to privacy, but that the state's interest in protecting "potential life" prevailed in the third trimester unless the woman's health was at risk. In subsequent rulings, the Court rejected the trimester framework altogether in favor of a cutoff at the point of fetal viability (cf. Planned Parenthood v. Casey).

In the 2010s, the Abortion-rights movement faced setbacks as more anti-abortion policies were beginning to be passed across various state legislatures. In 2015, the successes of the anti-abortion movement generated more anti-abortion policies in various states. During the first quarter of 2015, 322 provisions were introduced in multiple state legislatures. These new provisions included implementing existing laws like Targeted Restrictions on Abortion Providers laws (TRAP) that require abortion providers to meet the standards of an ambulatory surgical, prohibit state fund use on abortions, mandate counseling before an abortion, require waiting periods, parental involvement for minors, and restriction of abortion coverage in private insurance. Since 2000, the number of states that enacted more restrictive abortion abortion has grown from 13 to 27 in 2013. The anti-abortion movement assisted in electing governors and policymakers that are more favorable towards their viewpoint. The election of these officials helped solidify party control of anti-abortion Republicans in both houses of state legislatures. In 2015, 31 of the 50 governors in the U.S. and two-thirds of the state legislatures they controlled held strong favorability towards anti-abortion policy. The majority of these anti-abortion states were concentrated in the southern and midwestern regions of the United States.

The outcome of the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization case in 2022 led to trigger laws being enacted and the formation of new laws that involve anti-abortion policy. More than 470 abortion restriction policies were passed compared to 70 abortion protective policies that were passed across various state legislatures after the Dobbs case. Restrictive state abortion policy varied across the country, but a majority of laws heavily restricting or banning abortion were enacted in the southern and midwestern regions of the United States. Indiana was the first state in the country to ban abortion at zero weeks. States that have implemented new laws present new legal challenges for patients and clinicians.

Abortion-rights groups are active in all American states and at the federal level, campaigning for legal abortion and against the reimposition of anti-abortion laws, with varying degrees of success. Only a few states allow abortion without limitation or regulation, but most do allow various limited forms of abortion.

In the wake of extreme abortion restrictions in states like Georgia, Alabama, Missouri and Ohio, transgender, intersex and other gender-nonconforming people felt forgotten in this movement.

Abortion is one of the most common medical interventions undergone by women aged 15–44. In the US, childbirth carries a risk of death about 14 times higher than abortion.

The Democratic Party's platform endorses the abortion-rights position, stating that abortion should be "safe and legal". Not all Democrats agree with the platform, however, and there is a small anti-abortion faction within the party, expressed in such groups as Democrats for Life of America. Similarly, there is a small abortion-rights faction within the Republican Party. The Libertarian Party platform holds "that government should be kept out of the matter" of abortion.

Roe v. Wade
Roe v. Wade was an essential court case in the U.S abortion rights movement. The case was first tried in June 1970 by a Texas district court. The court ruled that Texas' law for abortions was unconstitutional and was appealed to the United States Supreme Court. This particular law made it a crime to have an abortion unless the mother's life would be in danger if she had the child. This issue was brought to the U.S. Supreme Court when a woman in Texas by the name of Norma McCorvey wanted to get an abortion. In the case, she was given the pseudonym "Jane Roe", and Henry Wade was the district attorney of Dallas County who the case was against. A lawsuit was filed on behalf of McCorvey by her lawyers, Linda Coffee and Sarah Weddington, claiming that particular articles for the Texas penal code, 1191-1194 and 1196, were unconstitutional. The lawyers' stance was that these articles took away a women's right to choose which went against the U.S. Constitution's Ninth Amendment.

On January 22, 1972, the United States Supreme Court ruled in favor of Jane Roe and banned the law in Texas that only allowed abortions if the mother's life was at stake. This was a monumental decision impacting the entire country, legalizing abortions nationwide. The court's decision was decided and based on the three different trimesters in pregnancy. The ruling allowed for women to have the choice to have an abortion in the first trimester, without any government regulation. Once a woman enters the second trimester, the government would be allowed to regulate any abortions. The government's interference at this stage does not mean that abortions are banned, but that they have the power to decide if a woman should be able to get an abortion if her health is at stake. Once a woman enters the third trimester, the state has the authority to approve or deny a woman having an abortion. This decision by the state is based on whether the fetus can survive outside the womb. If it can, then the state will not approve of the abortion unless the mother's life and/or health is at stake.

Roe v. Wade has had a major impact on the United States abortion rights movement. Before this Supreme Court case, some women had to resort to having unsafe and illegal abortions that could cost them their health or lives. This case allowed women to have more of a choice in deciding to have an abortion or not. Since its ruling, states have been creating laws that make it difficult for women to have the choice to get an abortion.

Organizations and individuals
The abortion rights movement includes a variety of organizations, with no single centralized decision-making body. Many more individuals who are not members of these organizations also support their views and arguments.

Planned Parenthood, Reproductive Freedom for All, the National Abortion Federation, the National Organization for Women, and the American Civil Liberties Union are the leading abortion-rights advocacy and lobbying groups in the United States. Most major feminist organizations also support abortion-rights positions, as do the American Medical Association, the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and pro-abortion rights physicians such as Eugene Gu and Warren Hern who have fought political opposition from anti-abortion Senator Marsha Blackburn. Faith-based groups that advocate for abortion rights include notably the Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice and Catholics for Choice.

Planned Parenthood
Planned Parenthood was founded on October 16, 1916, in Brownsville, New York City, New York. This organization was created so that women could have access to healthcare services and information that could help them live strong and healthy lives. Planned Parenthood is important to the United States abortion rights movement because their members are advocates for abortion access, as they believe that it is a healthcare right. Some of the issues surrounding abortion that this organization are advocating against include bans on abortion at 20 weeks, bans on abortions at 6 weeks, and the Hyde Amendment.

On July 1, 1976, the Planned Parenthood v. Danforth case was taken to the United States Supreme Court. The Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri, Dr. David Hall, and Dr. Michael Freiman challenged a Missouri law for abortion, known as House Bill 1211. Bill 1211 regulated that women who were married had to receive consent from their husband for an abortion, or consent from the parents if they were a minor and not married. Attorney Frank Susman represented Planned Parenthood in the case. Hall, Freiman, Susman, and Planned Parenthood argued against House Bill 1211 and its definition of viability. They argued that it gave a vague definition of viability that allowed for any fetus to be considered viable, essentially making abortions illegal. It was also argued that the passage of House Bill 1211 was targeting specifically individuals who wanted an abortion by requiring consent from the husband or parents for abortions, but not for other medical procedures. Frank Susman also challenged the ban on saline amniocentesis, a procedure to induce abortions, and the regulation of doctors who performed abortions. This regulation required that the doctor care for the fetus as if it were delivered normally to save its life. John Danforth, who was the general attorney for Missouri in the case, argued that the Missouri law, House Bill 1211, was constitutional. His views were that the consent allowed for the women to properly understand and make a cautious decision about the abortion.

The Court came to a decision and kept some parts of House Bill 1211, while omitting others. The definition of fetal viability and the recordkeeping requirements were upheld. The Court decided to omit the requirement of written consent for the procedure, the requirement of doctors to care for the fetus after the abortion as if it was a conventional delivery, and the ban of saline amniocentesis.

Other than Planned Parenthood's advocacy efforts for the abortion rights movement, their members also provide information at their clinics and website for the public. Regarding abortions, they provide information for people who may be considering abortions, information on the abortion pill, where to find abortion clinics and what to expect when experiencing abortions.

NARAL Pro-Choice America
The NARAL Pro-Choice America Foundation advocates for access to abortion, birth control, and paid parental leave, and against discrimination toward pregnant women. Their members provide education about the adverse effects of policies that go against a woman's choice, advocate for the group's policies, and advocate voting for government officials who support those policies. Another sector of this organization, NARAL Pro-Choice America PAC, focuses on endorsing political candidates who are pro-choice and willing to defend the right to abortion.

The NARAL Pro-Choice America Foundation advocates against targeted regulation of abortion providers (TRAP) laws, legislative restriction on access to abortions, and abortion refusal laws. They also have been a part of successful campaigns that included support for the EACH Woman Act and Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt. The EACH Woman Act is legislation that was created to eliminate the Hyde amendment. This amendment prohibits women on government health care programs, such as Medicaid, from receiving funds to pay for an abortion. In support of the EACH Woman act, the NARAL Pro-Choice Foundation gathered petition signatures. In the Supreme Court case Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt the NARAL Pro-Choice Foundation advocated for this case. This particular case was taken to court because restrictions in Texas made it difficult for women to have access to abortions. The Court ruled that this was unconstitutional.

The National Abortion Federation
The National Abortion Federation supports providers who perform abortions with delivering patient care. Their members advocate for women to have a choice when it comes to having an abortion, ensuring quality abortion care, and providing a platform where providers and patients can share their personal experiences regarding abortions. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the National Abortion Federation advocated for abortion clinics to remain open, deeming it an essential service. The National Abortion Federation also provides a Hotline that helps patients have access to abortions and financial assistance. They provide a Patient Partnership program that allows people who have had abortions to share their personal experiences and stories to lawmakers.

Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice
The Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice (RCRC) is a national nonprofit organization that was founded in 1973 shortly following the Roe v. Wade ruling. Founders of the Coalition included clergy and lay leaders from many mainstream religions. Many of these leaders had previously helped women find abortion services before the Supreme Court's ruling.

The organization's website provides several resources to people in need. Four specific issues of interest are listed and delved into: the moral case, reproductive health, reproductive rights, and reproductive justice. Beyond this, the organization offers religious resources and services to those who are considering or recovering from an abortion, as well as clinics and practitioners. Some services that are offered include clinic blessings, workshops, "Compassion School", and advocacy. Several states have a state-level coalition with varying amounts of resources:
 * Colorado has a website dedicated to RCRC called Colorado Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice. Apart from having similar resources as the parent website, the Colorado RCRC website offers "all options counseling" with a promise to help all pregnant women who are seeking advice
 * Kentucky has a website dedicated to RCRC called Kentucky Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice. Here, the organization shares important updates on the EMW Clinic, the state's only remaining abortion clinic. KRCRC is one of many organizations that continuously advocates to keep the clinic's doors open. Volunteers from the organization also provide escorting to people who are utilizing the clinic's services.
 * Minnesota does not have an independent for RCRC, but there is a Facebook group dedicated to the cause. It is titled "Minnesota Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice" and focuses on many of the same issues that the parent RCRC organization highlights.
 * New Mexico has a website specifically dedicated to its state RCRC. In addition to the resources offered by the parent website, New Mexico also offers letters of support from clergy members and an abortion fund to assist those who cannot afford the procedure. NMRCRC also lists volunteer opportunities such as being a legal observer or a patient host and/or driver.
 * Ohio's independent RCRC website is called Ohio Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice. The organization focuses on the same general goals as its parent organization as well as bringing local issues to light. Ohio RCRC highlights issues such as sidewalk harassment (people against abortion lobbying outside of abortion clinics) and provides resources such as abortion care packages and patient advocates.
 * The Pennsylvania RCRC website includes a list of clergy members from all across the state who support the organization. It also provides a link to the parent website and several songs and prayers for reproductive justice.
 * Wisconsin's RCRC does not have a website, but its supporters have organized a Facebook group titled "Wisconsin Religious Coalition for Reproductive Choice". Here, members share articles that highlight issues that are of interest to the organization.
 * California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Nebraska, and Oklahoma also have coalitions, but these states do not have websites or Facebook groups dedicated to their state coalitions.

Catholics for Choice
Catholics for Choice is a nonprofit that supports reproductive freedom, including abortion rights. The organization asserts that abortion is a matter that should be decided by the individual's own conscience. Members of the organization push for abortion services to be available to everyone so people have the ability to make that choice. The organization also asserts that the majority of U.S. Catholics view abortion as a social justice value, not a religious value.

Books

 * Ninia Baehr, Abortion without Apology: A Radical History for the 1990s South End Press, 1990.
 * Ruth Colker, Abortion & Dialogue: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and American Law Indiana University Press, 1992.
 * Donald T. Critchlow, The Politics of Abortion and Birth Control in Historical Perspective University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996.
 * Myra Marx Ferree et al., Shaping Abortion Discourse: Democracy and the Public Sphere in Germany and the United States Cambridge University Press, 2002.
 * Marlene Gerber Fried, From Abortion to Reproductive Freedom: Transforming a Movement South End Press, 1990.
 * Beverly Wildung Harrison, Our Right to Choose: Toward a New Ethic of Abortion Beacon Press, 1983.
 * Suzanne Staggenborg, The Pro-Choice Movement: Organization and Activism in the Abortion Conflict, Oxford University Press, 1994.
 * Raymond Tatalovich, The Politics of Abortion in the United States and Canada: A Comparative Study M.E. Sharpe, 1997.
 * Katie Watson, Scarlet A: The Ethics, Law, and Policies of Ordinary Abortion Oxford University Press, 2018.

Articles and journals

 * Mary S. Alexander, "Defining the Abortion Debate" in ETC.: A Review of General Semantics, Vol. 50, 1993.
 * David R. Carlin Jr., "Going, Going, Gone: The Diminution of the Self" in Commonweal Vol.120. 1993.
 * Vijayan K. Pillai, Guang-Zhen Wang, "Women's Reproductive Rights, Modernization, and Family Planning Programs in Developing Countries: A Causal Model" in International Journal of Comparative Sociology, Vol. 40, 1999.
 * Suzanne Staggenborg, "Organizational and Environmental Influences on the Development of the Pro-Choice Movement" in Social Forces, Vol. 68, 1989.

title: United States abortion-rights movement


text:
Local anesthetic

A local anesthetic (LA) is a medication that causes absence of all sensation (including pain) in a specific body part without loss of consciousness, providing local anesthesia, as opposed to a general anesthetic, which eliminates all sensation in the entire body and causes unconsciousness. Local anesthetics are most commonly used to eliminate pain during or after surgery. When it is used on specific nerve pathways (local anesthetic nerve block), paralysis (loss of muscle function) also can be induced.

Classification
LAs are of 2 types:
 * Clinical LAs:
 * amino amide LAs
 * amino ester LAs
 * Synthetic LAs
 * Cocaine derivatives

Synthetic cocaine-derived LAs differ from cocaine because they have a much lower abuse potential and do not cause hypertension vasoconstriction (with few exceptions).

The suffix "-caine" at the ends of these medication names is derived from the word "cocaine", because cocaine was formerly used as a local anesthetic.

Examples
Short Duration of Action and Low Potency

 * Benzocaine
 * Procaine
 * Chloroprocaine

Medium Duration of Action and Medium Potency

 * Lidocaine
 * Prilocaine

High Duration and High Potency

 * Tetracaine
 * Bupivacaine
 * Cinchocaine
 * Ropivacaine

Medical uses
Local anesthetics may be used to prevent and/or treat acute pain, to treat chronic pain, and as a supplement to general anesthesia.

They are used in various techniques of local anesthesia such as:
 * Topical anesthesia (surface anesthesia)
 * Topical administration of cream, gel, ointment, liquid, or spray of anesthetic dissolved in DMSO or other solvents/carriers for deeper absorption
 * Infiltration
 * Brachial plexus block
 * Epidural block (extradural)
 * Spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid block)
 * Iontophoresis
 * Diagnostic purposes (e.g. dibucaine)
 * Anti-arrhythmic agents (e.g. lidocaine).

Acute pain
Even though acute pain can be managed using analgesics, conduction anesthesia may be preferable because of superior pain control and fewer side effects. For purposes of pain therapy, LA drugs are often given by repeated injection or continuous infusion through a catheter. LA drugs are also often combined with other agents such as opioids for synergistic analgesic action. Low doses of LA drugs can be sufficient so that muscle weakness does not occur and patients may be mobilized.

Some typical uses of conduction anesthesia for acute pain are:

Chronic pain
Chronic pain is a complex and often serious condition that requires diagnosis and treatment by an expert in pain medicine. LAs can be applied repeatedly or continuously for prolonged periods to relieve chronic pain, usually in combination with medication such as opioids, NSAIDs, and anticonvulsants. Though it can be easily performed, repeated local anesthetic blocks in chronic pain conditions are not recommended as there is no evidence of long-term benefits.

Surgery
Virtually every part of the body can be anesthetized using conduction anesthesia. However, only a limited number of techniques are in common clinical use. Sometimes, conduction anesthesia is combined with general anesthesia or sedation for the patient's comfort and ease of surgery. However, many anesthetists, surgeons, patients and nurses believe that it is safer to perform major surgeries under local anesthesia than general anesthesia. Typical operations performed under conduction anesthesia include:

Diagnostic tests
Diagnostic tests such as bone marrow aspiration, lumbar puncture (spinal tap) and aspiration of cysts or other structures are made to be less painful upon administration of local anesthetic before insertion of larger needles.

Other uses
Local anesthesia is also used during insertion of IV devices, such as pacemakers and implantable defibrillators, ports used for giving chemotherapy medications and hemodialysis access catheters.

Topical anesthesia, in the form of lidocaine/prilocaine (EMLA) is most commonly used to enable relatively painless venipuncture (blood collection) and placement of intravenous cannulae. It may also be suitable for other kinds of punctures such as ascites drainage and amniocentesis.

Surface anesthesia also facilitates some endoscopic procedures such as bronchoscopy (visualization of the lower airways) or cystoscopy (visualization of the inner surface of the bladder)

Localized side effects
Edema of tongue, pharynx and larynx may develop as a side effect of local anesthesia. This could be caused by a variety of reasons including trauma during injection, infection, an allergic reaction, haematoma or injection of irritating solutions such as cold-sterilization solutions. Usually there is tissue swelling at the point of injection. This is due to puncturing of the vein which allows the blood to flow into loose tissues in the surrounding area. Blanching of the tissues in the area where the local anesthetic is deposited is also common. This gives the area a white appearance as the blood flow is prevented due to vasoconstriction of arteries in the area. The vasoconstriction stimulus gradually wears off and subsequently the tissue returns to normal in less than two hours.

The side effects of inferior alveolar nerve block include feeling tense, clenching of the fists and moaning.

The duration of soft tissue anesthesia is longer than pulpal anesthesia and is often associated with difficulty eating, drinking and speaking.

Risks
The risk of temporary or permanent nerve damage varies between different locations and types of nerve blocks.

There is risk of accidental damage to local blood vessels during injection of the local anesthetic solution. This is referred to as haematoma and could result in pain, trismus, swelling and/or discolouration of the region. The density of tissues surrounding the injured vessels is an important factor for haematoma. There is greatest chance of this occurring in a posterior superior alveolar nerve block or in a pterygomandibular block.

Giving local anesthesia to patients with liver disease can have significant consequences. Thorough evaluation of the disease should be carried out to assess potential risk to the patient as in significant liver dysfunction, the half-life of amide local anesthetic agents may be drastically increased thus increasing the risk of overdose.

Local anesthetics and vasoconstrictors may be administered to pregnant patients however it is very important to be extra cautious when giving a pregnant patient any type of drug. Lidocaine can be safely used but bupivacaine and mepivacaine should be avoided. Consultation with the obstetrician is vital before administering any type of local anesthetic to a pregnant patient.

Recovery
Permanent nerve damage after a peripheral nerve block is rare. Symptoms are likely to resolve within a few weeks. The vast majority of those affected (92–97%) recover within four to six weeks; 99% of these people have recovered within a year. An estimated one in 5,000 to 30,000 nerve blocks results in some degree of permanent persistent nerve damage.

Symptoms may continue to improve for up to 18 months following injury.

Potential side effects
General systemic adverse effects are due to the pharmacological effects of the anesthetic agents used. The conduction of electric impulses follows a similar mechanism in peripheral nerves, the central nervous system, and the heart. The effects of local anesthetics are, therefore, not specific for the signal conduction in peripheral nerves. Side effects on the central nervous system and the heart may be severe and potentially fatal. However, toxicity usually occurs only at plasma levels which are rarely reached if proper anesthetic techniques are adhered to. High plasma levels might arise, for example, when doses intended for epidural or intrasupport tissue administration are accidentally delivered as intravascular injection.

Emotional reactions
When patients are emotionally affected in the form of nervousness or fear, it can lead to vasovagal collapse. This is the anticipation of pain during administration that activates the parasympathetic nervous system while inhibiting the orthosympathetic nervous system. What results is a dilation of arteries in muscles which can lead to a reduction in circulating blood volume inducing a temporary shortness of blood flow to the brain. Notable symptoms include restlessness, visibly looking pale, perspiration and possible loss of consciousness. In severe cases, clonic cramps resembling an epileptic insult may occur.

On the other hand, fear of administration can also result in accelerated, shallow breathing, or hyperventilation. The patient may feel a tingling sensation in hands and feet or a sense of light-headedness and increased chest pressure.

Hence, it is crucial for the medical professional administrating the local anesthesia, especially in the form of an injection, to ensure that the patient is in a comfortable setting and has any potential fears alleviated in order to avoid these possible complications.

Central nervous system
Depending on local tissue concentrations of local anesthetics, excitatory or depressant effects on the central nervous system may occur.

Initial symptoms of systemic toxicity include ringing in the ears (tinnitus), a metallic taste in the mouth, tingling or numbness of the mouth, dizziness and/or disorientation.

At higher concentrations, a relatively selective depression of inhibitory neurons results in cerebral excitation, which may lead to more advanced symptoms include motor twitching in the periphery followed by grand mal seizures. It is reported that seizures are more likely to occur when bupivacaine is used, particularly in combination with chloroprocaine.

A profound depression of brain functions may occur at even higher concentrations which may lead to coma, respiratory arrest, and death. Such tissue concentrations may be due to very high plasma levels after intravenous injection of a large dose.

Another possibility is direct exposure of the central nervous system through the cerebrospinal fluid, i.e., overdose in spinal anesthesia or accidental injection into the subarachnoid space in epidural anesthesia.

Cardiovascular system
Cardiac toxicity can result from improper injection of agent into a vessel. Even with proper administration, it is inevitable for some diffusion of agent into the body from the site of application due to unforeseeable anatomical idiosyncrasies of the patient. This may affect the nervous system or cause the agent to enter into general circulation. However, infections are very seldom transmitted.

Cardiac toxicity associated with overdose of intravascular injection of local anesthetic is characterized by hypotension, atrioventricular conduction delay, idioventricular rhythms, and eventual cardiovascular collapse. Although all local anesthetics potentially shorten the myocardial refractory period, bupivacaine blocks the cardiac sodium channels, thereby making it most likely to precipitate malignant arrhythmias. Even levobupivacaine and ropivacaine (single-enantiomer derivatives), developed to ameliorate cardiovascular side effects, still harbor the potential to disrupt cardiac function. Toxicity from anesthetic combinations is additive.

Endocrine
Endocrine and metabolic systems only have slightly adverse effects with most cases being without clinical repercussions.

Immunologic allergy
Adverse reactions to local anesthetics (especially the esters) are not uncommon, but legitimate allergies are very rare. Allergic reactions to the esters is usually due to a sensitivity to their metabolite, para-aminobenzoic acid, and does not result in cross-allergy to amides. Therefore, amides can be used as alternatives in those patients. Nonallergic reactions may resemble allergy in their manifestations. In some cases, skin tests and provocative challenge may be necessary to establish a diagnosis of allergy. Also cases of allergy to paraben derivatives occur, which are often added as preservatives to local anesthetic solutions.

Methemoglobinemia
Methemoglobinemia is a process where iron in hemoglobin is altered, reducing its oxygen-carrying capability, which produces cyanosis and symptoms of hypoxia. Exposure to aniline group chemicals such as benzocaine, lidocaine, and prilocaine can produce this effect, especially benzocaine. The systemic toxicity of prilocaine is comparatively low, but its metabolite, o-toluidine, is known to cause methemoglobinemia.

Second-generation effects
Application of local anesthetics during oocyte removal during in vitro fertilization has been up to debate. Pharmacological concentrations of anesthetic agents have been found in follicular fluid. Clinical trials have not concluded any effects on pregnant women. However, there is some concern with the behavioral effects of lidocaine on offspring in rats.

During pregnancy, it is not common for local anesthetics to have any adverse effect on the fetus. Despite this, risks of toxicity may be higher in pregnancy due to an increase in unbound fraction of local anesthetic and physiological changes increase the transfer of local anesthetic into the central nervous system. Hence, it is recommended that pregnant women use a lower dose of local anesthetic to reduce any potential complications.

Treatment of overdose: "Lipid rescue"
Lipid emulsion therapy or lipid rescue is a method of toxicity treatment was invented by Dr. Guy Weinberg in 1998, and was not widely used until after the first published successful rescue in 2006. Evidence indicates Intralipid, a commonly available intravenous lipid emulsion, can be effective in treating severe cardiotoxicity secondary to local anesthetic overdose, including human case reports. However, the evidence at this point is still limited.

Though most case reports to date have recorded most common use of Intralipid, other emulsions, such as Liposyn and Medialipid, have also been shown effective.

Ample supporting animal evidence and human case reports show successful use of lipid rescue in this way. In the UK, efforts have been made to publicize lipid rescue more widely. In 2010, lipid rescue had been officially promoted as a treatment of local anesthetic toxicity by the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. One published case has been reported of successful treatment of refractory cardiac arrest in bupropion and lamotrigine overdose using lipid emulsion.

The design of a 'homemade' lipid rescue kit has been described.

Although lipid rescue mechanism of action is not completely understood, the added lipid in the blood stream may act as a sink, allowing for the removal of lipophilic toxins from affected tissues. This theory is compatible with two studies on lipid rescue for clomipramine toxicity in rabbits and with a clinical report on the use of lipid rescue in veterinary medicine to treat a puppy with moxidectin toxicosis.

Mechanism of action
All LAs are membrane-stabilizing drugs; they reversibly decrease the rate of depolarization and repolarization of excitable membranes (like nociceptors). Though many other drugs also have membrane-stabilizing properties, not all are used as LAs (propranolol, for example, though it has LA properties). LA drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the neuronal cell membrane, in particular the so-called voltage-gated sodium channels. When the influx of sodium is interrupted, an action potential cannot arise and signal conduction is inhibited. The receptor site is thought to be located at the cytoplasmic (inner) portion of the sodium channel. Local anesthetic drugs bind more readily to sodium channels in an activated state, thus onset of neuronal blockade is faster in rapidly firing neurons. This is referred to as state-dependent blockade.

LAs are weak bases and are usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt to render them water-soluble. At a pH equal to the protonated base's pKa, the protonated (ionized) and unprotonated (unionized) forms of the molecule exist in equimolar amounts, but only the unprotonated base diffuses readily across cell membranes. Once inside the cell, the local anesthetic will be in equilibrium, with the formation of the protonated (ionized) form, which does not readily pass back out of the cell. This is referred to as "ion-trapping". In the protonated form, the molecule binds to the LA binding site on the inside of the ion channel near the cytoplasmic end. Most LAs work on the internal surface of the membrane - the drug has to penetrate the cell membrane, which is achieved best in the nonionised form. This is exemplified by the permanently ionised LA RAC 421-II which cannot diffuse across the cell membrane but, if injected into the cytosol of a nerve fibre, can induce NaKATPase blockage and anesthetic effects.

Acidosis such as caused by inflammation at a wound partly reduces the action of LAs. This is partly because most of the anesthetic is ionized and therefore unable to cross the cell membrane to reach its cytoplasmic-facing site of action on the sodium channel.

Sensitivity of nerve fibers to local anesthetics
For most patients, administration of local anesthetics causes the sensation of pain to be lost first, followed by temperature, touch, deep pressure, and finally motor function. The sensitivity of nerve fibers to blockade depends on a combination of diameter and myelination. Their different sensitivities to LA blockade is termed differential blockade. Myelinated fibers are more sensitive to blockade as they are interrupted by nodes of Ranvier, thus interruption of only consecutive nodes of Ranvier will prevent action potential propagation. In turn, in unmyelinated nerves, an entire length needs to be blocked. Regarding diameter, the generally accepted principle is that susceptibility to local anesthesia depends inversely on fiber diameter.

In general, autonomic fibers Type B fibers, small unmyelinated type C (pain sensation), and small myelinated Aδ fibers(pain and temperature sensations) are blocked before the larger myelinated Aγ, Aβ, and Aα fibers (mediating postural, touch, pressure, and motor information).

Techniques
Local anesthetics can block almost every nerve between the peripheral nerve endings and the central nervous system. The most peripheral technique is topical anesthesia to the skin or other body surface. Small and large peripheral nerves can be anesthetized individually (peripheral nerve block) or in anatomic nerve bundles (plexus anesthesia). Spinal anesthesia and epidural anesthesia merge into the central nervous system.

Injection of LAs is often painful. A number of methods can be used to decrease this pain, including buffering of the solution with bicarbonate and warming.

Clinical techniques include:
 * Surface anesthesia is the application of an LA spray, solution, or cream to the skin or a mucous membrane; the effect is short lasting and is limited to the area of contact.
 * Infiltration anesthesia is infiltration of LA into the tissue to be anesthetized; surface and infiltration anesthesia are collectively topical anesthesia
 * Field block is subcutaneous injection of an LA in an area bordering on the field to be anesthetized.
 * Peripheral nerve block is injection of LA in the vicinity of a peripheral nerve to anesthetize that nerve's area of innervation.
 * Plexus anesthesia is injection of LA in the vicinity of a nerve plexus, often inside a tissue compartment that limits the diffusion of the drug away from the intended site of action. The anesthetic effect extends to the innervation areas of several or all nerves stemming from the plexus.
 * Epidural anesthesia is an LA injected into the epidural space, where it acts primarily on the spinal nerve roots; depending on the site of injection and the volume injected, the anesthetized area varies from limited areas of the abdomen or chest to large regions of the body.
 * Spinal anesthesia is an LA injected into the cerebrospinal fluid, usually at the lumbar spine (in the lower back), where it acts on spinal nerve roots and part of the spinal cord; the resulting anesthesia usually extends from the legs to the abdomen or chest.
 * Intravenous regional anesthesia (Bier's block) is when blood circulation of a limb is interrupted using a tourniquet (a device similar to a blood-pressure cuff), then a large volume of LA is injected into a peripheral vein. The drug fills the limb's venous system and diffuses into tissues, where peripheral nerves and nerve endings are anesthetized. The anesthetic effect is limited to the area that is excluded from blood circulation and resolves quickly once circulation is restored.
 * Local anesthesia of body cavities includes intrapleural anesthesia and intra-articular anesthesia.

 * Transincision (or transwound) catheter anesthesia uses a multilumen catheter inserted through an incision or wound and aligned across it on the inside as the incision or wound is closed, providing continuous administration of local anesthetic along the incision or wounds

Dental-specific techniques include:

Vazirani–Akinosi technique
The Vazirani–Akinosi technique is also known as the closed-mouth mandibular nerve block. It is mostly used in patients who have limited opening of the mandible or in those that have trismus; spasm of the muscles of mastication. The nerves which are anesthetised in this technique are the inferior alveolar, incisive, mental, lingual and mylohyoid nerves.

Dental needles are available in two lengths, short and long. As Vazirani–Akinosi is a local anesthetic technique which requires penetration of a significant thickness of soft tissues, a long needle is used. The needle is inserted into the soft tissue which covers the medial border of the mandibular ramus, in region of the inferior alveolar, lingual and mylohyoid nerves. The positioning of the bevel of the needle is very important as it must be positioned away from the bone of the mandibular ramus and instead towards the midline.

Intraligamentary Infiltration
Intraligamentary infiltration, also known as periodontal ligament injection or intraligamentary injection (ILI), is known as "the most universal of the supplemental injections". ILIs are usually administered when inferior alveolar nerve block techniques are inadequate or ineffective. ILIs are purposed for:

1. Single-tooth anesthesia

2. Low anesthetic dose

3. Contraindication for systemic anesthesia

4. Presence of systemic health problems

ILI utilization is expected to increase because dental patients prefer fewer soft tissue anesthesia and dentists aim to reduce administration of traditional inferior alveolar nerve block (INAB) for routine restorative procedures.

Injection methodology: The periodontal ligament space provides an accessible route to the cancellous alveolar bone, and the anesthetic reaches the pulpal nerve via natural perforation of intraoral bone tissue.

Advantages of ILI over INAB: rapid onset (within 30 seconds), small dosage required (0.2–1.0 mL), limited area of numbness, lower intrinsic risks such as neuropathy, hematoma, trismus/jaw sprain and self-inflicted periodontal tissue injury, as well as decreased cardiovascular disturbances. Its usage as a secondary or supplementary anesthesia on the mandible has reported a high success rate of above 90%.

Disadvantages: Risk of temporary periodontal tissue damage, likelihood of bacteriemia and endocarditis for at-risk populations, appropriate pressure and correct needle placement are imperative for anesthetic success, short duration of pulpal anesthesia limits the use of ILIs for several restorative procedures that require longer duration, postoperative discomfort, and injury on unerupted teeth such as enamel hypoplasia and defects.

Technique description:
 * All plaque and calculus to be eradicated, optimally before the operative visit to assist gingival tissue healing.
 * Before injection, disinfect gingival sulcus with 0.2% chlorhexidine solution.
 * Administration of soft tissue anesthesia is recommended prior to ILI administration. This helps to enhance patient comfort.
 * Needle gauges of sizes 27-gauge short or 30-gauge ultra-short needle are usually utilized.
 * The needle is inserted along the long axis, at a 30 degree angle, of the mesial or distal root for single rooted teeth and on the mesial and distal roots of multi-rooted teeth. Bevel orientation toward the root provides easier advancement of the needle apically.
 * When the needle reaches between the root and crestal bone, significant resistance is experience.
 * Anesthetic deposition is recommended at 0.2 mL, per root or site, over minimally 20 seconds.
 * For its success, the anesthetic must be administered under pressure. It must not leak out of the sulcus into the mouth.
 * Withdraw needle for minimally 10–15 seconds to permit complete deposition of solution. This can be slower than other injections as there is pressure build-up from the anesthetic administration.
 * Blanching of the tissue is observed and may be more evident when vasoconstrictors are used. It is caused by a temporary obstruction of blood flow to the tissue.

Syringes:
 * Standard syringes can be used.
 * The intraligamentary syringe offers mechanical advantage by using a trigger-grasp or click apparatus to employ a gear or lever that improves control and results in increased force to push the anesthetic cartridge's rubber stopper forward for medication deposition with greater ease.
 * C-CLADs (computer controlled local anesthetic delivery devices) can be used. Its usage of computer microprocessors allows for control of fluid dynamics and anesthetic deposition. This minimizes subjective flow rates and variability in pressure. This thereby results in enhanced hydrodynamic diffusion of solution into bone or the target area of deposition, thus permitting larger amounts of anesthetic solution to be delivered during ILIs without increased tissue damage.

Things to note:
 * ILIs are not recommended for patients with active periodontal inflammation.
 * ILIs should not be administered at tooth sites with 5 mm or more of periodontal attachment loss.

Gow-Gates Technique
Gow-Gates technique is used to provide anesthetics to the mandible of the patient's mouth. With the aid of extra and intraoral landmarks, the needle is injected into the intraoral latero-anterior surface of the condyle, steering clear below the insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle. The extraoral landmarks used for this technique are the lower border of the ear tragus, corners of the mouth and the angulation of the tragus on the side of the face.

Biophysical forces (pulsation of the maxillary artery, muscular function of jaw movement) and gravity will aid with the diffusion of anesthetic to fill the whole pterygomandibular space. All three oral sensory parts of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve and other sensory nerves in the region will come in contact with the anesthetic and this reduces the need to anesthetise supplementary innervation.

In comparison to other regional block methods of anestheising the lower jaw, the Gow-Gates technique has a higher success rate in fully anesthetising the lower jaw. One study found that out of 1,200 patients receiving injections through the Gow-Gates technique, only 2 of them did not obtain complete anesthesia.

Types
Local anesthetic solutions for injection typically consist of:
 * The local anesthetic agent itself
 * A vehicle, which is usually water-based or just sterile water
 * Vasoconstrictor possibly (see below)
 * Reducing agent (antioxidant), e.g. if epinephrine is used, then sodium metabisulfite is used as a reducing agent
 * Preservative, e.g. methylparaben
 * Buffer

Esters are prone to producing allergic reactions, which may necessitate the use of an amide. The names of each locally clinical anesthetic have the suffix "-caine". Most ester LAs are metabolized by pseudocholinesterase, while amide LAs are metabolized in the liver. This can be a factor in choosing an agent in patients with liver failure, although since cholinesterases are produced in the liver, physiologically (e.g. very young or very old individual) or pathologically (e.g. cirrhosis) impaired hepatic metabolism is also a consideration when using esters.

Sometimes, LAs are combined, e.g.:
 * Lidocaine/prilocaine (EMLA, eutectic mixture of local anesthetic)
 * Lidocaine/tetracaine (Rapydan)
 * TAC

LA solutions for injection are sometimes mixed with vasoconstrictors (combination drug) to increase the duration of local anesthesia by constricting the blood vessels, thereby safely concentrating the anesthetic agent for an extended duration, as well as reducing hemorrhage. Because the vasoconstrictor temporarily reduces the rate at which the systemic circulation removes the local anesthetic from the area of the injection, the maximum doses of LAs when combined with a vasoconstrictor is higher compared to the same LA without any vasoconstrictor. Occasionally, cocaine is administered for this purpose. Examples include: One combination product of this type is used topically for surface anaesthesia, TAC (5–12% tetracaine,1/2000 (0.05%, 500 ppm, $1/2$ per mille) adrenaline, 4 or 10% cocaine).
 * Prilocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine (trade name Citanest Forte)
 * Lidocaine, bupivacaine, and epinephrine (recommended final concentrations of 0.5, 0.25, and 0.5%, respectively)
 * Iontocaine, consisting of lidocaine and epinephrine
 * Septocaine (trade name Septodont), a combination of articaine and epinephrine

Using LA with vasoconstrictor is safe in regions supplied by end arteries. The commonly held belief that LA with vasoconstrictor can cause necrosis in extremities such as the nose, ears, fingers, and toes (due to constriction of end arteries), is invalidated, since no case of necrosis has been reported since the introduction of commercial lidocaine with epinephrine in 1948.

Ester group

 * Benzocaine
 * Chloroprocaine
 * Cocaine
 * Cyclomethycaine
 * Dimethocaine (Larocaine)
 * Piperocaine
 * Propoxycaine
 * Procaine (Novocaine)
 * Proparacaine
 * Tetracaine (Amethocaine)

Amide group

 * Articaine
 * Bupivacaine
 * Cinchocaine (Dibucaine)
 * Etidocaine
 * Levobupivacaine
 * Lidocaine (Lignocaine)
 * Mepivacaine
 * Prilocaine
 * Ropivacaine
 * Trimecaine

Naturally derived

 * Saxitoxin
 * Neosaxitoxin
 * Tetrodotoxin
 * Menthol
 * Eugenol
 * Cocaine
 * Spilanthol

Most naturally occurring local anesthetics with the exceptions of menthol, eugenol and cocaine are neurotoxins, and have the suffix -toxin in their names. Cocaine binds the intracellular side of the channels while saxitoxin, neosaxitoxin and tetrodotoxin bind to the extracellular side of sodium channels.

History
In Peru, the ancient Incas are believed to have used the leaves of the coca plant as a local anesthetic in addition to its stimulant properties. It was also used for slave payment and is thought to play a role in the subsequent destruction of Incas culture when Spaniards realized the effects of chewing the coca leaves and took advantage of it. Cocaine was first used as a local anesthetic in 1884. The search for a less toxic and less addictive substitute led to the development of the aminoester local anesthetics stovaine in 1903 and procaine in 1904. Since then, several synthetic local anesthetic drugs have been developed and put into clinical use, notably lidocaine in 1943, bupivacaine in 1957, and prilocaine in 1959.

The invention of clinical use of local anaesthesia is credited to the Vienna School which included Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), Carl Koller (1857-1944) and Leopold Konigstein (1850–1942). They introduced local anaesthesia, using cocaine, through 'self-experimation' on their oral mucosa before introducing it to animal or human experimentation. The Vienna school first started using cocaine as local anaesthesia in ophthalmology and it was later incorporated into ophthalmologic practice. Dr. Halsted and Dr. Hall, in the United States in 1885 described an intraoral anesthetic technique of blocking the inferior alveolar nerve and the antero-superior dental nerve using 4% cocaine.{

Shortly after the first use of cocaine for topical anesthesia, blocks on peripheral nerves were described. Brachial plexus anesthesia by percutaneous injection through axillary and supraclavicular approaches was developed in the early 20th century. The search for the most effective and least traumatic approach for plexus anesthesia and peripheral nerve blocks continues to this day. In recent decades, continuous regional anesthesia using catheters and automatic pumps has evolved as a method of pain therapy.

Intravenous regional anesthesia was first described by August Bier in 1908. This technique is still in use and is remarkably safe when drugs of low systemic toxicity such as prilocaine are used.

Spinal anesthesia was first used in 1885, but not introduced into clinical practice until 1899, when August Bier subjected himself to a clinical experiment in which he observed the anesthetic effect, but also the typical side effect of postpunctural headache. Within a few years, spinal anesthesia became widely used for surgical anesthesia and was accepted as a safe and effective technique. Although atraumatic (noncutting-tip) cannulae and modern drugs are used today, the technique has otherwise changed very little over many decades.

Epidural anesthesia by a caudal approach had been known in the early 20th century, but a well-defined technique using lumbar injection was not developed until 1921, when Fidel Pagés published his article "Anestesia Metamérica". This technique was popularized in the 1930s and 1940s by Achile Mario Dogliotti. With the advent of thin, flexible catheters, continuous infusion and repeated injections have become possible, making epidural anesthesia still a highly successful technique. Besides its many uses for surgery, epidural anesthesia is particularly popular in obstetrics for the treatment of labor pain.

title: Local anesthetic


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Zero insertion force

Zero insertion force (ZIF) is a type of IC socket or electrical connector that requires very little (but not literally zero) force for insertion. With a ZIF socket, before the IC is inserted, a lever or slider on the side of the socket is moved, pushing all the sprung contacts apart so that the IC can be inserted with very little force - generally the weight of the IC itself is sufficient and no external downward force is required. The lever is then moved back, allowing the contacts to close and grip the pins of the IC. ZIF sockets are much more expensive than standard IC sockets and also tend to take up a larger board area due to the space taken up by the lever mechanism. Typically, they are only used when there is a good reason to do so.

Design
A normal integrated circuit (IC) socket requires the IC to be pushed into sprung contacts which then grip by friction. For an IC with hundreds of pins, the total insertion force can be very large (hundreds of newtons), leading to a danger of damage to the device or the circuit board. Also, even with relatively small pin counts, each pin extraction is fairly awkward and carries a significant risk of bending pins, particularly if the person performing the extraction hasn't had much practice or if the board is crowded. Low insertion force (LIF) sockets reduce the issues of insertion and extraction, but because of its lower insertion force than a conventional socket, are likely to produce less reliable connections.

Large ZIF sockets are only commonly found mounted on PC motherboards, being used from about the mid 1990s forward. These CPU sockets are designed to support a particular range of CPUs, allowing computer retailers and consumers to assemble motherboard/CPU combinations based on individual budgets and requirements. The rest of the electronics industry has largely abandoned sockets (of any kind) and instead moved to the use of surface mount components soldered directly to the board.

Smaller ZIF sockets are commonly used in chip-testing and programming equipment, e.g., programming and testing on EEPROMs, Microcontrollers, etc.

Universal test sockets
Standard DIP packages come in a number of widths (measured between pin centers), with 0.3 in (7.62 mm) and 0.6 in (15.24 mm) being the most common. To allow the design of programmers and similar devices that support a range of devices universal test sockets are produced. These have wide slots into which the pins drop allowing devices of differing widths to be inserted.

Ball grid array sockets
ZIF sockets can be used for ball grid array chips, particularly during development. These sockets tend to be unreliable, failing to grab all the solder balls. Another type of BGA socket, also free of insertion force but not a "ZIF socket" in the traditional sense, does a better job by using spring pins to push up underneath the balls.

ZIF wire-to-board connectors
ZIF wire-to-board connectors are used for attaching wires to printed circuit boards inside electronic equipment. An example would be the cable between the LCD screen and motherboard in laptops. The wires, often formed into a ribbon cable, are pre-stripped and the bare ends are placed inside the connector. The two sliding parts of the connector are then pushed together, causing it to grip the wires. The most important advantage of this system is that it does not require a mating half to be fitted to the wire ends, therefore saving space and cost inside miniaturised equipment. See flexible flat cable.

Hard disk drives
ZIF tape connections are used for connecting Parallel ATA and Serial ATA disk drives (mostly drives in the 1.8-inch form factor). PATA hard drives with ZIF-style connectors were used primarily in the design of ultra-portable notebooks. They have since been phased out, as SATA has a relatively small-form-factor connector by default. Mini-SATA (mSATA) can be used where even smaller form factors are required.

Internally, nearly all hard drives use ZIF tape to connect their circuit board to their platter motor. ZIF tape connections are also heavily used in the design of the iPod range of portable media players, not just for the hard drive but also for other connections from the main circuit board. Three types of ZIF connectors are known to exist on 1.8 inch PATA drives. ZIF-24, ZIF-40, and ZIF-50 have 24, 40, and 50 pins respectively.

title: Zero insertion force


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Amay

Amay (Ama) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Amay had a total population of approximately 14,231. The total area is 27.61 km2 which gives a population density of approximately 476 inhabitants per km2. It owes its site to a ford of the Meuse that was still in use in the Middle Ages but had begun as a Gallo-Roman vicus of the civitas Tungrorum (Tongeren).

The municipality consists of the following districts: Amay, Ampsin, Flône, Jehay, and Ombret-Rawsa.

Places of interest

 * Castle of Jehay-Bodegnée, a 16th-century castle

Famous inhabitants

 * François Walther de Sluze (1622–1685), mathematician and abbot of Amay
 * Zénobe Gramme (1824-1902), inventor of the dynamo

title: Amay


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Anthisnes

Anthisnes (Antene) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Anthisnes had a total population of 3,998. The total area is 37.08 km2 which gives a population density of 108 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Anthisnes, Hody, Tavier, and Villers-aux-Tours.

Famous inhabitants

 * Marc Tarabella, mayor, member of the European Parliament.

title: Anthisnes


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Clavier, Liège

Clavier (Clavir) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Clavier had a total population of 4,172. The total area is 79.12 km² which gives a population density of approximately 53 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bois-et-Borsu, Clavier, Les Avins, Ocquier, Pailhe, and Terwagne.

The Castel du Val d'Or is an inn with 15 rooms located within Clavier. It dates back to 1654.

title: Clavier, Liège


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Engis

Engis (Indji) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Engis had a total population of 5,686. The total area is 27.74 km2 which gives a population density of 205 inhabitants per km2.

As of 2022, the population is estimated at approximately 6,269.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Clermont-sous-Huy, Engis and Hermalle-sous-Huy.

In 1829, in this village, Philippe-Charles Schmerling discovered the first Neanderthal ever, Engis 2, the damaged skull of a young child. This was before the 1856 discovery of the Neanderthal type specimen in the Neander Valley. Its importance was not recognised until 1936.

Pollution fatalities
In late 1930 and early 1931, several thousand cases of acute pulmonary attacks occurred in the Meuse valley, centered on Engis, and 60 people died. A commission of inquiry set up by the Belgian government concluded that the cause was poisonous waste gases, primarily sulfur dioxide, emitted by the many factories in the valley and the furnaces used by the population, in conjunction with unusual climatic conditions coupled with the unique topographic characteristics of the area. Others have claimed that the deaths were the result acute fluorine intoxication.

Notable residents

 * Johann Hermann Janssens (1783–1853), theologian, died in Engis

title: Engis


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Ferrières

Ferrière or Ferrières may refer to:

 * Château Ferrière, a Bordeaux wine producer in Margaux
 * Château de Ferrières, in the Seine-et-Marne département of France
 * Ferrières Abbey in Ferrières-en-Gâtinais

Belgium

 * Ferrières, Belgium, a municipality of Wallonia in the province of Liège

France

 * Ferrière-et-Lafolie, in the Haute-Marne département
 * Ferrière-la-Grande, in the Nord département
 * Ferrière-la-Petite, in the Nord département
 * Ferrière-Larçon, in the Indre-et-Loire département
 * Ferrière-sur-Beaulieu, in the Indre-et-Loire département
 * Ferrières, Charente-Maritime, in the Charente-Maritime département
 * Ferrières, Manche, in the Manche département
 * Ferrières, Meurthe-et-Moselle, in the Meurthe-et-Moselle département
 * Ferrières, Oise, in the Oise département
 * Ferrières, Hautes-Pyrénées, in the Hautes-Pyrénées département
 * Ferrières, Somme, in the Somme département
 * Ferrières, Tarn, in the Tarn département
 * Ferrières-en-Bray, in the Seine-Maritime département
 * Ferrières-en-Brie, in the Seine-et-Marne département
 * Ferrières-en-Gâtinais, in the Loiret département
 * Ferrières-Haut-Clocher, in the Eure département
 * Ferrières-la-Verrerie, in the Orne département
 * Ferrières-le-Lac, in the Doubs département
 * Ferrières-les-Bois, in the Doubs département
 * Ferrières-lès-Ray, in the Haute-Saône département
 * Ferrières-lès-Scey, in the Haute-Saône département
 * Ferrières-les-Verreries, in the Hérault département
 * Ferrières-Poussarou, in the Hérault département
 * Ferrières-Saint-Hilaire, in the Eure département
 * Ferrières-Saint-Mary, in the Cantal département
 * Ferrières-sur-Ariège, in the Ariège département
 * Ferrières-sur-Sichon, in the Allier département

People

 * Alexandre de Ferrière (died after 1845), French playwright, journalist, printer, publisher and writer
 * Charles de Ferrieres (1823–1908), British Member of Parliament
 * Charles Grangier de la Ferrière (1738–1794), French general of the War of the First Coalition
 * Jean-Michel Ferrière (born 1959), French footballer
 * Raoul de Ferrières, Norman nobleman and trouvère

title: Ferrières


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Burdinne

Burdinne (Beurdene) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Burdinne had a total population of 2,824. The total area is 32.57 km2 which gives a population density of 87 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Burdinne, Hannêche, Lamontzée, Marneffe, Oteppe, and Vissoul.

Notable residents

 * Félix Scalais (1904–1967), first archbishop of Léopoldville (current-day Kinshasa), born in Burdinne

title: Burdinne


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Hamoir

Hamoir (Hamwer) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006, Hamoir had a total population of 3,592. The total area is 27.80 km2 which gives a population density of 129 inhabitants per km2. Hamoir is situated on the river Ourthe.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Comblain-Fairon, Filot, and Hamoir.

title: Hamoir


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Héron

Héron (Héron) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

Geography
Héron is located on the river Mehaigne.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Couthuin, Héron, Lavoir, and Waret-l'Évêque.

Demography
On 1 January 2006 Héron had a total population of 4,534. The total area is 38.32 km2 which gives a population density of 118 inhabitants per km2.

Facilities
Héron is home to Couthuin Airport.

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Huy

Huy ( or ; Hoei, ; Hu) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium. Huy lies along the river Meuse, at the mouth of the small river Hoyoux. It is in the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia, home to the Walloon population.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Ben-Ahin, Huy, Neuville-sous-Huy, and Tihange.

History
The first village originated around the Roman castrum, an early fortress located on the right bank of the river Meuse. The village was evangelized by Saint Domitian, bishop of Tongeren in the 6th century and the town is mentioned for the first time in a 7th-century testament (as Hoius vicus, taking its name from the river Hoyoux).

In the early Middle Ages, Huy was one of the most prosperous cities on the Meuse, with a flourishing economy based mostly on metallurgy, but also on tanning, sculpting, woodworking, and wine-making. In the 10th century, Huy was promoted to county status, but soon became part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, with which it would share its history for more than eight centuries. Huy was the recipient of the first historically known charter north of the Alps, confirming it as a city in 1066. It is around that time that Peter the Hermit harangued the locals and persuaded them to participate in the First Crusade, having already participated himself in the People's Crusade and the Rhineland massacres in 1096.

In the 13th and 14th centuries, the economy boomed thanks to the cloth industry. The castle on a hill right in the middle of town, was used in times of war and strengthened accordingly. By the 15th century, it had become the symbol of the city. The following two centuries, however, witnessed a gradual decline in the city's fortunes, due in large part to the strategic value of its location on the Meuse. In the latter part of the 17th century, Louis XIV's wars caused the city to be repeatedly attacked and put to the sword, to the point that the frustrated inhabitants dismantled their own castle, source of their miseries, in 1715.

A new fortress was built by the Dutch in 1818 at the same strategic location above the town. The 19th century was a period of relative prosperity based on the paper and other industries. The decline of heavy industry in the 20th century was felt here, as in other parts of Wallonia. Today, the city has started to prosper again, thanks in part to its tin products and tourist activity.

In 1970, the Tihange Nuclear Power Station was built nearby.

Folklore
Every seven years, a religious procession takes place in the so-called 'septennial festivities' in commemoration of the end of a drought in 1656. The last one took place on 15 August 2019.

Main sights
The four 'wonders of Huy' are (in Huy dialect):
 * Li Pontia, the bridge over the River Meuse
 * Li Rondia, the rose window of the Gothic Notre-Dame collegiate church
 * Li Bassinia, the 15th-century fountain that stands in the middle of the Grand Place
 * Li Tchestia or the Citadel of Huy, the 1818 fortress that dominates the city

Cycling
Huy is home to the finish of La Flèche Wallonne (English: Walloon Arrow; Dutch: Waalse Pijl), an important 1-day cycling race held midweek in mid-April. The race traverses, and finishes, at the summit of the Mur de Huy (English: Wall of Huy), a climb of about 1 kilometer with an average gradient of 10%, with sections of 20%. Huy has also been used in the Tour de France four times: 1995, 2001, 2006 and 2015.

In popular culture
Huy was used as a location for the first series of the 2014 BBC television drama series The Missing.

Famous persons

 * Renier de Huy, metalworker (first half of the 12th century)
 * Yvette of Huy, anchoress (1158-1228)
 * Joseph Lebeau, politician (1794-1865)
 * Anne-Marie Lizin, politician (1949-2015)
 * Christophe Lombardi, poet (born in 1978)
 * André Malherbe, three-time motocross world champion (born in 1956)
 * Meingold of Huy, Roman Catholic saint (died 892)
 * John Joseph Merlin, inventor of the roller skate (17 September 1735 in Huy - 4 May 1803 in London)
 * Peter the Hermit, instigator of the First Crusade (1050 in Amiens - 1115 in Huy)
 * Le Père Pire, recipient of the 1958 Nobel Peace Prize, lived in Huy (10 February 1910 in Dinant - 30 January 1969)
 * Alizée Poulicek
 * Patrick Sarsfield, 1st Earl of Lucan, (1660 – 21 August 1693). Cavalry commander of Jacobite forces at the Siege of Limerick, Ireland, General in French Army following "Flight of the Wild Geese" is buried here, in the graveyard of St. Martin's Church.
 * Léon Lhoist, businessman
 * Simon Jammar, singer songwriter
 * Simon Angell, king of Chateau Neuville

Twin towns – Sister cities
Huy is twinned with:

title: Huy


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Marchin

Marchin (Mårcin) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Marchin had a total population of 5,114. The total area is 30.00 km2 which gives a population density of 170 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Marchin, and Vyle-et-Tharoul.

title: Marchin


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Modave

Modave (Modåve) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Modave had a total population of 3,722. The total area is 40.37 km2 which gives a population density of 92 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Modave, Outrelouxhe, Strée, and Vierset-Barse. The hamlet of Limet is also part of Modave municipality.

The Château des Comtes de Marchin or Modave Castle is situated near the village of Modave. Rennequin Sualem built here what became the model for the famous Machine de Marly, which he invented.

title: Modave


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Nandrin

Nandrin is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Nandrin had a total population of 5,539. The total area is 35.90 km2 which gives a population density of 154 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Nandrin, Saint-Séverin-en-Condroz, Villers-le-Temple, and Yernée-Fraineux.

Notable residents

 * Ovide Musin (1854–1929), violinist and composer, born in Nandrin

title: Nandrin


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Ouffet

Ouffet (Oufet) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Ouffet had a total population of 2,529. The total area is 40.22 km2 which gives a population density of 63 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Ellemelle, Ouffet, and Warzée.

title: Ouffet


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Tinlot

Tinlot is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006 Tinlot had a total population of 2,346. The total area is 37.12 km2 which gives a population density of 63 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Abée, Fraiture, Ramelot, Seny, and Soheit-Tinlot.

title: Tinlot


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Socket 7

Socket 7 is a physical and electrical specification for an x86-style CPU socket on a personal computer motherboard. It was released in June 1995. The socket supersedes the earlier Socket 5, and accepts P5 Pentium microprocessors manufactured by Intel, as well as compatibles made by Cyrix/IBM, AMD, IDT and others. Socket 7 was the only socket that supported a wide range of CPUs from different manufacturers and a wide range of speeds.

Differences between Socket 5 and Socket 7 are that Socket 7 has an extra pin and is designed to provide dual split rail voltage, as opposed to Socket 5's single voltage. However, not all motherboard manufacturers supported the dual voltage on their boards initially. Socket 7 is backwards compatible; a Socket 5 CPU can be inserted and used on a Socket 7 motherboard.

Processors that used Socket 7 are the AMD K5 and K6, the Cyrix 6x86 and 6x86MX, the IDT WinChip, the Intel P5 Pentium (2.5–3.5 V, 75–200 MHz), the Pentium MMX (166–233 MHz), and the Rise Technology mP6.

Socket 7 typically uses a 321-pin (arranged as 19 by 19 pins) SPGA ZIF socket or the very rare 296-pin (arranged as 37 by 37 pins) SPGA LIF socket. The size is 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm).

An extension of Socket 7, Super Socket 7, was developed by AMD for their K6-2 and K6-III processors to operate at a higher clock rate and use AGP.

Socket 7 and Socket 8 were replaced by Slot 1 and Slot 2 in 1999.

title: Socket 7


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Verlaine

Verlaine (Verlinne) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Verlaine had a total population of 3,507. The total area is 24.21 km2 which gives a population density of 145 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bodegnée, Chapon-Seraing, Seraing-le-Château and Verlaine.

title: Verlaine


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Villers-le-Bouillet

Villers-le-Bouillet (Viyé-l'-Boulet) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Villers-le-Bouillet had a total population of 6,051. The total area is 32.71 km2 which gives a population density of 185 /km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Fize-Fontaine, Vaux-et-Borset, Vieux-Waleffe, Villers-le-Bouillet, and Warnant-Dreye.

In 1982–1988, it was the first Belgian municipality with a Black alderman (échevin), Donat Ajanohun, born in Benin in 1948.

title: Villers-le-Bouillet


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Wanze

Wanze (Wônse) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

Municipality
The municipality consists of the following districts: Antheit, Bas-Oha, Huccorgne, Moha, Vinalmont, and Wanze.

Economy
Wanze Sugar Factory is a very important company in the area.

Notable residents

 * Paul Delvaux (1897–1994), painter, born in Antheit
 * Frédéric François (born 1950), singer, resident of Antheit

title: Wanze


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Beta Arietis

Beta Arietis (β Arietis, abbreviated Beta Ari, β Ari), officially named Sheratan, is a star system and the second-brightest star in the constellation of Aries, marking the ram's second horn.

Nomenclature
Beta Arietis is the star's Bayer designation. It also bears the Flamsteed designation 6 Arietis.

The traditional name, Sheratan (or Sharatan, Sheratim), in full Al Sharatan, is from the Arabic الشرطان aš-šaraţān "the two signs", a reference to the star having marked the northern vernal equinox together with Gamma Arietis several thousand years ago. In 2016, the International Astronomical Union organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalogue and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Sheratan for this star on 21 August 2016 and it is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.

In Chinese, 婁宿 (Lóu Xiù), meaning Bond (asterism), refers to an asterism consisting of β Arietis, γ Arietis and α Arietis. Consequently, the Chinese name for β Arietis itself is 婁宿一 (Lóu Su yī, the First Star of Bond).

Properties
Beta Arietis has an apparent visual magnitude of 2.66. Based on parallax measurements, it is located at a distance of 59.6 ly from Earth. This is a spectroscopic binary star system consisting of a pair of stars orbiting around each other with a separation that can not currently be resolved with a conventional telescope. However, the pair have been resolved using the Mark III Stellar Interferometer at the Mount Wilson Observatory. This allows the orbital elements to be computed, as well as the individual masses of the two stars. The stars complete their highly elliptical orbit every 107 days.

The primary star has a stellar classification of A5 V, which means it is an A-type main-sequence star that is generating energy through the thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen in its core region. The NStars project gives the star a spectral type of kA4 hA5 mA5 Va under the revised MK spectral classification system. The spectrum of the secondary star has not been determined, but, based on the mass, it may have a stellar classification of F5 III–V or G0 V. It is about four magnitudes fainter than the primary; hence the energy output from the system is dominated by the primary star. In a few million years, as the primary evolves toward a red giant, significant amounts of mass transfer to the secondary component is expected.

The primary has been classified as a rapid rotator, with a projected rotational velocity of 73 km/s providing a lower bound on the azimuthal rotational velocity along the equator. It may also be a mildly Am star, which is a class of stars that show a peculiar spectrum with strong absorption lines from various elements and deficiencies in others. In β Arietis, these absorption lines are broadened because of the Doppler effect from the rotation, making analysis of the abundance patterns difficult.

This system has been examined with the Spitzer Space Telescope for the presence of an excess emission of infrared, which would indicate a disk of dust. However, no significant excess was detected.

title: Beta Arietis