text:
Marty Robbins

Martin David Robinson (September 26, 1925 – December 8, 1982), known professionally as Marty Robbins, was an American singer, songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, and NASCAR racing driver. Robbins was one of the most popular and successful country and western singers for most of his nearly four-decade career,  which spanned from the late 1940s to the early 1980s. He was also an early outlaw country pioneer.

Born in Glendale, Arizona, Robbins taught himself guitar while serving in the United States Navy during World War II, and subsequently drew fame performing in clubs in and around his hometown. In 1952, he released his first No. 1 country song, "I'll Go On Alone". Four years later, he released his second No.1 hit “Singing the Blues”, and one year later, released two more No. 1 hits, "A White Sport Coat" and "The Story of My Life". In 1959, Robbins released his signature song, "El Paso", for which he won the Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording. The song began Robbins' association with western balladry, a style which would become a staple of his career. Later releases that drew critical acclaim include "Don't Worry", "Big Iron", “Devil Woman” and "Honkytonk Man", the last for which the 1982 Clint Eastwood film is named, and in which Robbins made his final appearance before his death.

Over the course of his career, Robbins recorded more than 500 songs and 60 albums, and won two Grammy Awards, was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame and Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame, and was named the 1960s Artist of the Decade by the Academy of Country Music. His songs "El Paso" and "Big Iron" were ranked by the Western Writers of America among the Top 100 Western songs of all time. Robbins was a commercial success in both the country and pop genres, and his songs were covered by many other famous artists, including Johnny Cash, the Grateful Dead and Elvis Presley. Johnny Cash noted, "there's no greater country singer than Marty Robbins." His music continues to have an influence in pop culture today, featuring prominently in several films, television shows and video games.

Early life

Robbins was born Martin David Robinson on September 26, 1925, in Glendale, a suburb of Phoenix in Maricopa County. His parents, John "Jack" Robinson (1889-1975) and Emma Robinson (1889-1970) divorced in 1937.

Among the warmer memories of his childhood, Robbins recalled having listened to stories of the American West told by his maternal grandfather, 'Texas Bob' Heckle (1847-1931), who was a traveling salesman, raconteur and local medicine man. Robbins later recalled: "He had two little books of poetry he would sell. I used to sing him church songs and he would tell me stories. A lot of the songs I've written were brought about because of stories he told me. Like 'Big Iron' I wrote because he was a Texas Ranger. At least he told me he was".

Robbins dropped out of high school in Glendale, Arizona, before his time in the Navy. Robbins would work as an amateur boxer, dig ditches, drive trucks, deliver ice, and serve as a mechanics helper.

At 17, Robbins left home to serve in the United States Navy as an LCT coxswain during World War II. He was stationed in the Solomon Islands in the Pacific Ocean. To pass the time during the war, he learned to play the guitar, started writing songs, and came to love Hawaiian music.

After his discharge from the military in 1947 and his marriage the following year, Robbins began to play at local venues in Phoenix, In the early 1950s Marty moved on to host his own show on KTYL and then his own television show "Western Caravan" on KPHO-TV in Phoenix. After Little Jimmy Dickens made a guest appearance on Robbins' TV show, Dickens got Robbins a record deal with Columbia Records.

Career
Robbins became known for his appearances at the Grand Ole Opry in Nashville, Tennessee. Music journalist Mary Harron wrote the following about him in The Guardian: "Robbins was a symbol of the Nashville establishment that younger country fans abandoned in the Seventies for the bleached-denim 'outlaw school' of Waylon Jennings and Willie Nelson. Robbins belonged to the Jim Reeves era and wore his embroidered cowboy suits proudly. Best known for the western ballad, El Paso, his career also touched the rock 'n' roll side of country in songs like White Sport Coat And A Pink Carnation, and he kept a touch of the dude about him to the end."

In 1980, Robbins appeared on the PBS music program Austin City Limits (season 5). In addition to his recordings and performances, Robbins was an avid race car driver, competing in 35 career NASCAR Grand National Series races with six top-10 finishes, including the 1973 Firecracker 400. In 1967, Robbins played himself in the car racing film Hell on Wheels. Robbins was partial to Dodges prepared by NASCAR Hall-of-Famer Cotton Owens, and owned and raced Chargers and then a 1978 Dodge Magnum. He was also the driver of the 60th Indianapolis 500 Buick Century pace car in 1976. His last race was in a Junior Johnson-built 1982 Buick Regal in the Atlanta Journal 500 on November 7, 1982, a month before his death.

Death
Robbins developed cardiovascular disease early in life. After his third heart attack on December 2, 1982, he underwent quadruple coronary bypass surgery. He did not recover and died six days later, on December 8, at St. Thomas Hospital in Nashville. He was 57 years old.

Music and honors
Although by 1960 Robbins' output was largely western (and some country) music, his initial hits like "Singing the Blues", "Knee Deep in the Blues", "The Story of My Life", "She Was Only Seventeen", and "A White Sport Coat and a Pink Carnation" were generally regarded as more pop/teen idol material than his hits from 1960 onwards ("El Paso" etc.). His 1957 recording of "A White Sport Coat and a Pink Carnation" sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold record. His musical accomplishments include the Grammy Award for his 1959 hit and signature song "El Paso", taken from his album Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs. "El Paso" was his first song to hit No. 1 on the pop chart in the 1960s. It was followed up, successfully, by "Don't Worry", which reached No. 3 on the pop chart in 1961, becoming his third, and last, Top 10 pop hit. "El Paso" was followed by one prequel and one sequel: "Feleena (From El Paso)" and "El Paso City". Also in 1961, Robbins wrote the words and music and recorded "I Told the Brook", a ballad later recorded by Billy Thorpe.

He won the Grammy Award for the Best Country & Western Recording 1961 for his follow-up album More Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs, and was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Country Song in 1970, for "My Woman, My Woman, My Wife". Robbins was named Artist of the Decade (1960–1969) by the Academy of Country Music, was elected to the Country Music Hall of Fame in 1982, was rewarded three awards at the 17th Annual Music City News Country Awards in 1983, and was given a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998 for his song "El Paso".

When Robbins was recording his 1961 hit "Don't Worry" at the Bradley Studios in Nashville, session guitarist Grady Martin accidentally created the electric guitar "fuzz" effect – his six-string bass was run through a faulty channel in the studio's mixing console. Robbins decided to keep it in the final version. The song reached No. 1 on the country chart, and No. 3 on the pop chart. Robbins was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1975. For his contribution to the recording industry, Robbins has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6666 Hollywood Boulevard.

Robbins has been honored by many bands, including the Grateful Dead who covered "El Paso" and Bob Weir & Kingfish who covered "Big Iron". The Who's 2006 album Endless Wire includes the song "God Speaks of Marty Robbins". The song's composer, Pete Townshend, explained that the song is about God deciding to create the universe just so he can hear some music, "and most of all, one of his best creations, Marty Robbins." The Beasts of Bourbon released a song called "The Day Marty Robbins Died" on their 1984 debut album The Axeman's Jazz. Both Frankie Laine and Elvis Presley, among others, recorded versions of Robbins' song "You Gave Me a Mountain", with Laine's recording reaching the pop and adult contemporary charts in 1969. Though Elvis never recorded any of Robbins' songs in the studio, he was a big fan and recorded "You Gave Me a Mountain" live in concert several times; it appeared on 15 Presley albums. Johnny Cash recorded a version of "Big Iron" as part of his American Recordings series, which is included in the Cash Unearthed box set. Cash also recorded other songs by Robbins, including "I Couldn't Keep From Crying", "Kate" and "Song Of The Patriot". He held Robbins in high esteem, having him guest several times on his network TV show. "Big Iron" was also covered by Mike Ness on his album Under the Influences, on which he paid homage to country music artists. The song, originally released on Robbins' 1959 album Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs, gained renewed popularity following its use in the 2010 video game Fallout: New Vegas.

His song "El Paso" was featured in the series finale of the AMC TV series Breaking Bad. 'El Paso' was also featured in the Only Fools and Horses prequel made by the BBC.

Robbins was awarded an honorary degree by Northern Arizona University.

In 2001, singer-songwriter Don McLean released his album, Sings Marty Robbins, which features a collection of songs recorded by Robbins in his career.

In 2016, a portion of Glendale Avenue in Robbins' hometown of Glendale, Arizona, was renamed "Marty Robbins Boulevard".

Before Robbins died, he held a performance at the White House, alongside famous American singer Frank Sinatra.

He was named Man of the Decade by the Academy of Country Music in 1970.

Political views
Robbins' political views remained firmly right-wing during his lifetime. During the 1960s as the opposition to the Vietnam War strengthened, Robbins' political views turned to the right. He supported Barry Goldwater in his 1964 United States presidential election campaign as a southern director for "Stars for Barry". Two of his songs, "Ain't I Right" and "My Own Native Land" written in the 1960s later became popular songs during the conservative resurgence in the 1980s. The lyrics of "Ain't I Right" describe anti-war protesters as fifth columnists and communists. After Columbia Records refused to publish his more politically charged songs, Robbins' band member Bobby Sykes recorded the songs for Sims Records under the name Johnny Freedom.

Racing career
Robbins loved NASCAR racing. With his musical successes, he was able to finance his avocation. Robbins always tried to run at the big race tracks (Talladega Superspeedway, Daytona International Speedway) every year and a smattering of the smaller races when time permitted. Robbins had 6 top-ten finishes in his career, with a personal best top 5 finish at the 1974 Motor State 360 in Michigan.

Robbins' cars were built and maintained by Cotton Owens. They were painted two-toned magenta and chartreuse, usually carrying car number 42 (though 6, 22, and 777 were also used). Over the years, he ran a few makes and models (Plymouths, Dodges or Fords) before buying a 1972-bodied Dodge Charger from Owens. Robbins had a few major wrecks during the 1970s, and he had Owens rebuild the car to update the sheet metal to the 1973–1974 Charger specifications, and then finally 1978 Dodge Magnum sheet metal, which he raced until the end of 1980. Robbins' final NASCAR race car was a 1981 Buick Regal that he rented and drove in a few races in 1981 and 1982.

In 1972, at the Winston 500, Robbins stunned the competition by turning laps that were 15 mph faster than his qualifying time. After the race, NASCAR tried to bestow the Rookie of the Race award, but he would not accept it. He had knocked the NASCAR-mandated restrictors out of his carburetor and admitted he "just wanted to see what it was like to run up front for once."

Robbins is credited with possibly saving Richard Childress' life at the 1974 Charlotte 500 by deliberately crashing into a wall rather than t-bone (broadside) Childress's car that was stopped across the track.

In 1983, one year after Robbins' death, NASCAR honored him by naming the annual race at Fairgrounds Speedway the Marty Robbins 420.

Robbins' Dodge Magnum was restored by Owens and donated to the Talladega Museum by his family, and was displayed there from 1983 to 2008. The car is now in private hands in Southern California and raced on the Vintage NASCAR club circuit.

In 2014, Robbins' 1969 Dodge Charger Daytona was featured on an episode of Discovery Channels TV show Fat and Furious: Rolling Thunder. In that same year, an episode of Velocity's AmeriCarna featured ex-race team owner Ray Evernham spearheading the restoration of another of Robbins' NASCAR racers, a 1964 Plymouth Belvedere.

For the 2016 Darlington throwback weekend, Kyle Larson's No. 42 NASCAR Xfinity Series car was painted purple and gold in honor of Robbins. For the 2021 Goodyear 400, Tyler Reddick's RCR #8 Nascar Cup car carries Robbins' signature magenta and chartreuse livery. For the 2022 running, Corey LaJoie’s Spire Motorsports #7 ran a throwback to Robbins’ infamous 777 car that he ran in his career.

Discography
Robbins' discography consists of 52 studio albums, 13 compilation albums, and 100 singles. In his career, Robbins charted 17 Number One singles on the Billboard Hot Country Songs charts, as well as 82 Top 40 singles.

Robbins' highest-charting album is 1959's Gunfighter Ballads and Trail Songs. It charted to #6 on the all-genre Billboard 200, and was also certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album's first single, "El Paso", became a hit on both the country and pop charts, charting to Number One on the Hot Country Songs as well as the Billboard Hot 100. While that would be his only pop Number One, in 1957, "A White Sport Coat" charted to #2, and in 1961, "Don't Worry" charted to #3.

His final Top 10 single was "Honkytonk Man" from the 1982 eponymous film in which Robbins had a role. He died shortly before its release. Since his death, four posthumous studio albums have been released, but they made no impact on the charts.

Filmography

 * The Badge of Marshal Brennan (1957, 74 minutes) as Felipe, a Mexican outlaw
 * Raiders of Old California (1957, 72 minutes) as Timothy Voyle
 * Buffalo Gun (1958, released in 1961, 74 minutes) as Marty Robbins, a lawman
 * The Ballad of a Gunfighter (1963, 84 minutes) as Marty Robbins, an outlaw
 * Country Music Caravan (1964) as Himself, singing
 * Tennessee Jamboree (1964, 75 minutes) as Himself, singing
 * The Road to Nashville (1966, 109 minutes) as Himself, singing
 * Hell on Wheels (1967, 97 minutes) as Marty, a race car driver
 * From Nashville With Music (1969, 87 minutes) as Himself, singing
 * Country Music (1972, 93 minutes) as Himself, touring as singer, and as a race car driver
 * Guns of a Stranger (1973, 91 minutes) as Mathew Roberts
 * Honkytonk Man (1982, 122 minutes) as Smoky, a recording session singer

title: Marty Robbins


text:
Trölladyngja

Situated in the Ódáðahraun lava field, Trölladyngja is the biggest of the Icelandic shield volcanoes, reaching a height of 1460 m above sea level, and rising almost 600 m above the surrounding desert and lava fields. It part of the Bárðarbunga volcanic system and has a volume of 15 km3 with some extensive lava flows to the north of Bárðarbunga.

It is about 10 kmin diameter and its inclination is 4 to 5° in the lower slopes, but 6 to 8° at higher elevations. Its oblong crater is about 1200 to 1500 m in length, 500 m broad, and about 100 m deep.

Most of its tholeiitic basalt lava fields have flowed in a northerly direction, and the definite lava field has been dated at less than 4500 years old. Composition studies allow the separation of Trölladyngja lavas with their Bárðarbunga associations from other nearby older and younger Bárðarbunga basaltic lavas. This includes a Bárðarbunga volcanic system origin lava field branch, that possibly erupted from the fissure swarm south of Trölladyngja before 8000 years ago, that reached the valley of Bárðardalur, a distance of roughly 100 km and quite close to the northern Iceland sea coast. The shield volcano itself is situated north of latitude 64.7° where the strike direction of the fissure swarms formed in the last 10 million years and the 2014 dyke intrusion from Bárðarbunga towards the north have the orientation of the Northern volcanic zone. The Bárðarbunga central volcano to the south is definitely in the Eastern volcanic zone.

Reports of an eruption in 1961 at Trölladyngja are most likely attributed to nearby Askja Caldera, which erupted the same year. A potential confusion also exists geographically as in the distant past the name Trölladyngja had been used by some when writing about the Askja (Dynjufjöll, Dyngjufjall) volcanic system The volcano can now be definitely assigned to the Bárðarbunga volcanic system. The volcano and its lava flows overlay older lava that is about 8000 years old.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Trölladyngja


text:
User:Billy Bob

Billy Bob Johnson [but evrybudy calls me Bruser Ocupastion= night shiff at the ferteliszer plant Hobbys= drinkin beer with my buddies street draggin my truck an specialy now my new compuder Taxt here= I like contry music and  stock car racin and funny paintin ever since my girfrien took me to that there  movie bowt JaCKson Pollak.. I got a grate girfriern. She sez I talk to much an sum fokes make fun of me. she don’t. Her names Jolene an she is gorgis an owns her oan paid up trailor. Shes preddy relegous tho so I hav to be reel carful bowt swarin an stuff like that trhere.. O yeh Id shure like to make new friens to. My bes t buddie is Bruno.He’s my hunderd persent pur bred Rotwiler mut. I dont like Sadem Hussain the Frenchies or wimppy Canadens My favrite politishens are Pat Buchanen cause hes so  smart and aint afrad of nobudy. He shuld be The Presedent but at lest GeorgeW got balls. Nams not a good subjuct for me ether, I aint got a lot of smarts no mor and I think this here Wikiapedia place is grate to lern frum all kines of stuff. Theire shure ar sum realy braney fokes here.wow! Marty Robbins is my alltime favrite singer. He is dead tho, My pappy checkked out with his 12 gage but lreft me a real old 45 recurd of Johnny Hortons called the battle of new Orleans. It \is realy grate to. It’s a bowt kickin Brittish but and wiinnin indipendense! I git headakes when I reed to much or trey to wreite a lot so thatsenough for now. Later dudes! Go sea my very furst Wikiapedia story I don on Marty!

title: User:Billy Bob


text:
Talk:Marty Robbins

Untitled
Thanks fer fixin up my stuff.

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Country or Western
Wouldn't Marty Robbins be Western music (North America), not Country music? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.17.140.153 (talk) 21:23, 6 January 2011 (UTC)

Citations & References
See Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the  tags Nhl4hamilton (talk) 04:47, 1 February 2008 (UTC)

Unsourced information
The following information is unsourced: Can anyone provide citations? - Tbsdy lives (talk) 10:28, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
 * The Grateful Dead performed "El Paso" live more than 385 times between 1969 and the group's 1995 disbandment.
 * Elvis Presley performed "You Gave Me A Mountain" over 500 times between 1972 and 1977
 * The University of Texas at El Paso asked for and received permission from Robbins to use a fast-paced version of "El Paso" as the university's fight song.

First popular song with electric guitar distortion?
The article says that "'Don't Worry' has what is recognized as the first popular song with electric guitar distortion effects, played as a unique sound on a malfunctioning tube amplifier." Can anyone verify that this is true? - Tbsdy lives (talk) 10:32, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes it is true. Grady Martin was the guitar player as well. Grady Martin as Grady Martin & The Slew Foot Five. (Starman005 (talk) 11:48, 15 November 2009 (UTC))
 * Both the Link Wray and Ike Turner article contradict this, describing how damaged amp speakers were used prior to 1960 for distortion. "Don't Worry" perhaps was the first with electronically produced distortion, but certainly not the first with distortion of some sort. Wschart (talk) 02:52, 3 February 2010 (UTC)

What happened to the picture of Marty Robbins ?
It was there some time back and now it's gone. (Starman005 (talk) 11:49, 15 November 2009 (UTC))

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Formatting
Shouldn't there be a separate header for illness and death? Also, it seems like it would be better to have Life and career instead of the header Biography? I believe most other celebrity pages appear in that format. Sydtrolls (talk) 22:12, 11 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marty Robbins


text:
County of Nassau

The County of Nassau was a German state within the Holy Roman Empire and later part of the German Confederation. Its ruling dynasty, the male line of which is now extinct, was the House of Nassau.

Origins
Nassau, originally a county, developed on the lower Lahn river in what is known today as Rhineland-Palatinate. The town of Nassau was founded in 915. Dudo of Laurenburg held Nassau as a fiefdom as granted by the Bishopric of Worms. His son, Rupert, built the Nassau Castle there around 1125, declaring himself "Count of Nassau". This title was not officially acknowledged by the Bishop of Worms until 1159 under the rule of Rupert's son, Walram. By 1159, the County of Nassau effectively claimed rights of taxation, toll collection, and justice, at which point it can be considered to become a state.

The Nassauers held the territory between the Taunus and the Westerwald at the lower and middle Lahn. By 1128, they acquired the bailiwick of the Bishopric of Worms, which had numerous rights in the area, and thus created a link between their heritage at the lower Lahn and their possessions near Siegen. In the middle of the 12th century, this relationship was strengthened by the acquisition of parts of the Hesse-Thüringen feudal kingdom, namely the Herborner Mark, the Kalenberger Zent and the Court of Heimau (Löhnberg). Closely linked to this was the "Lordship of Westerwald", also in Nassau's possession at the time. At the end of the 12th century, the House acquired the Reichshof Wiesbaden, an important base in the southwest.

In 1255, after the Counts of Nassau acquired the estates of Weilburg, the sons of Count Henry II divided Nassau for the first time. Walram II received the county of Nassau-Weilburg. From 1328 on, his younger brother, Otto I, held the estates north of the Lahn river, namely the County of Nassau-Siegen and Nassau-Dillenburg. The boundary line was essentially the Lahn, with Otto receiving the northern part of the county with the cities of Siegen, Dillenburg, Herborn and Haiger and Walram retaining the section south of the river, including the cities of Weilburg and Idstein.

County of Nassau-Weilburg
Walram's son Adolf became King of Germany in 1292. His son Count Gerlach abdicated in 1344 and the county was divided under his sons in 1355 fell back to Nassau-Weilburg in 1605 In 1605, all parts of Nassau-Weilburg were again unified under Count Louis II; however, after his death in 1627, his sons divided the county again After Nassau-Usingen had inherited Nassau-Ottweiler with former Nassau-Idstein and Nassau-Saarbrücken, it was reunified with Nassau-Weilburg and raised to the Duchy of Nassau in 1806.
 * County of Nassau-Weilburg, again divided from 1442 to 1574
 * County of Nassau-Saarbrücken (Elder)
 * County of Nassau-Weilburg
 * County of Nassau-Wiesbaden, again divided from 1480 to 1509
 * County of Nassau-Idstein
 * County of Nassau-Wiesbaden
 * County of Nassau-Sonnenberg, partitioned among Nassau-Wiesbaden and Nassau-Weilburg in 1405
 * County of Nassau-Idstein, fell to Nassau-Ottweiler in 1721
 * County of Nassau-Saarbrücken (Younger), divided again in 1640
 * County of Nassau-Saarbrücken, fell to Nassau-Ottweiler in 1723
 * County of Nassau-Ottweiler, fell to Nassau-Usingen in 1728
 * County of Nassau-Usingen, Principality in 1688
 * County of Nassau-Weilburg (Younger)

County of Nassau-Dillenburg
After the death of Count Otto I, his county was divided between his sons in 1303:
 * County of Nassau-Dillenburg, fell to Nassau-Siegen in 1328
 * County of Nassau-Hadamar (Elder), fell to Nassau-Dillenburg in 1394
 * County of Nassau-Siegen, called Nassau-Dillenburg from 1328 on, again got divided from 1341 to 1561:
 * County of Nassau-Beilstein (Elder)
 * County of Nassau-Dillenburg (Elder)–1606)

In 1504, Henry III of Nassau-Dillenburg inherited the county's estates at Breda in the Duchy of Brabant, while his younger brother William became Count of Nassau-Dillenburg in 1516. After the son of Henry III, René of Châlon died in 1544, Count William's eldest son William the Silent became Prince of Orange and Lord of Breda, Stadtholder in the Low Countries from 1559 on. His younger brother, John VI, again reunited all Nassau-Dillenburg possessions in 1561, though the county was again divided after his death in 1606.

 * County of Nassau-Hadamar (Younger), Principality in 1650, fell to Nassau-Diez in 1743
 * County of Nassau-Siegen, (1607–23), again got divided from 1623 to 1734:
 * County of Nassau-Siegen (Protestant), Principality in 1664, became extinct in 1734
 * County of Nassau-Siegen (Catholic), Principality, fell to Nassau-Diez in 1743
 * County of Nassau-Dillenburg, fell to Nassau-Beilstein in 1620
 * County of Nassau-Beilstein (Younger), called Nassau-Dillenburg (Younger) from 1620 on, Principality in 1652, fell to Nassau-Dietz in 1739
 * County of Nassau-Dietz, fell to Joachim Murat's Grand Duchy of Berg after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806

The Counts of Nassau-Dietz, descendants of William Frederick were stadtholders of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe and Princes of Orange from 1702 on. When they lost their Dutch possessions during the Napoleonic Wars, they were compensated with the Principality of Nassau-Orange-Fulda. Though they lost their German possessions in 1806, the House of Orange-Nassau, through female succession, was the reigning house of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg until 1890 and is still the royal house of the Netherlands.

Kings and Queens of the Netherlands (from the House of Orange-Nassau-Dietz)
Following defunct German laws that no longer have relevance due to the end of German nobility, the House of Orange-Nassau(-Dietz) has been extinct since the death of Wilhelmina (1962). Dutch laws and the Dutch nation do not consider it extinct.
 * 1815–1840: William I, also Duke and Grand Duke of Luxemburg and Duke of Limburg
 * 1840–1849: William II, also Grand Duke of Luxemburg and Duke of Limburg
 * 1849–1890: William III, also Grand Duke of Luxemburg and Duke of Limburg
 * 1890–1948: Wilhelmina
 * 1948–1980: Juliana
 * 1980–2013: Beatrix
 * 2013-present: Willem-Alexander

Grand Dukes of Luxembourg (from the House of Nassau-Weilburg)

 * 1890–1905: Adolphe
 * 1905–1912: William IV
 * 1912–1919: Marie-Adélaïde, succession through a female onwards
 * 1919–1964: Charlotte
 * 1964–2000: Jean
 * 2000–present: Henri

title: County of Nassau


text:
Nassau

Nassau may refer to:

Austria

 * Nassau (Groß Sankt Florian), incorporated village of Groß Sankt Florian

Bahamas

 * Nassau, Bahamas, capital city of the Bahamas, on the island of New Providence

Canada

 * Nassau District, renamed Home District, regional division in Upper Canada from 1788 to 1792
 * Nassau Street (Winnipeg), Manitoba
 * Nassau Street, Toronto

Cook Islands

 * Nassau (Cook Islands), one of the Northern Cook Islands

Connected with Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate

 * Nassau (region), the broader geographical and historical region comprising the former independent country of Nassau
 * Nassau, Rhineland-Palatinate, a town founded in AD 915
 * Bad Ems-Nassau, a collective municipality including the towns of Bad Ems and Nassau and its surrounding areas
 * Nassau Castle, the ancestral seat of the House of Nassau
 * Nassau Nature Park, a major nature park in Germany located within the historical state of Nassau
 * County of Nassau, a German state within the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, or one of its many successor counties
 * Duchy of Nassau, an independent German state between 1806 and 1866 and the ultimate successor of the medieval county
 * Hesse-Nassau, a Prussian province formed following their annexation of the Duchy of Nassau (along with other territories)
 * Province of Nassau, a short-lived province of Nazi Germany (1944–1945) created from the formal division of Hesse-Nassau

Other places in Germany
Nassau the Established County or State within the German Confederation or the HRE
 * Nassau, Saxony, an incorporated village of Frauenstein in the Ore Mountains, Saxony

Indonesia

 * Nassau, a subdistrict in Toba Samosir Regency, North Sumatra
 * Nassau Range, alternate name of the Sudirman Range in Indonesia

Ireland

 * Nassau Street, Dublin

Jamaica

 * Nassau Valley

Netherlands

 * Baarle-Nassau, a town in the southern Netherlands

Poland

 * Mokra, Opole Voivodeship (German: Mokrau, named Nassau O.S. 1936–1945)

Slovenia

 * Nasova (formerly German: Nassau in der Steiermark)

Taiwan

 * historic name for Taitung City

United States

 * Nassau, Delaware
 * Nassau County, Florida
 * Nassau Village-Ratliff, Florida
 * Nassau, Minnesota
 * Nassau, New York (disambiguation)
 * East Nassau, New York
 * Nassau (town), New York, in Rensselaer County
 * Nassau (village), New York
 * Nassau County, New York, on Long Island
 * Nassau Island, former name of Long Island
 * Nassau Lake in Rensselaer County
 * Nassau Lake, New York, corresponding census-designated place
 * Nassau Street (Manhattan), New York City
 * Nassau Street (Princeton, New Jersey)
 * Nassau Bay, Texas

Nobles

 * House of Nassau, a European aristocratic dynasty
 * House of Orange-Nassau, a noble dynasty from the Netherlands
 * Louis of Nassau (1538–1574), Dutch general
 * Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange (1567–1625), Dutch stadtholder
 * Sophia of Nassau (1836–1913), Queen consort of Sweden and Norway
 * William Nassau de Zuylestein, 4th Earl of Rochford (1717–1781), British courtier, diplomat, and statesman
 * House of Nassau-Siegen
 * John Maurice of Nassau (1604–1679), Dutch colonial governor
 * House of Nassau-Weilburg, a noble dynasty from Germany, monarchs of Luxembourg
 * Adolf of Nassau (disambiguation)
 * Adolph of Nassau-Weilburg (disambiguation)
 * Maria of Nassau (disambiguation)
 * William of Nassau (disambiguation)

Surname

 * Charles William Nassau (1804–1878), Presbyterian minister, president of Lafayette College

Given name

 * Nassau William Senior (1790–1864), English lawyer and economist

Ships

 * HMS Nassau, a UK Royal Navy name for many ships
 * HNLMS Johan Maurits van Nassau, ships of the Netherlands navy
 * MV Queen of Nassau, name of HMCS Canada after exiting government service
 * Nassau-class battleship, an Imperial German battleship class
 * SMS Nassau, a 1908 German battleship
 * SS Nassau, a steam turbine-driven twin-screw passenger-and-cargo ocean liner, launched in 1928
 * USS Nassau, a U.S. Navy ship name for multiple ships
 * Nassau, the first steam ferry, built by Robert Fulton

Other uses

 * Nassau (album), a 1995 album by The Sea and Cake
 * Nassau (bet), a type of bet between golfers
 * Nassau (crater), a lunar impact crater on the far side of the Moon
 * Nassau (Staten Island Railway station), United States
 * Nassau Club, a private club in Princeton, New Jersey, founded by Woodrow Wilson
 * Nassau Coliseum, an arena in Uniondale, New York, United States
 * Nassau Fjord, in Prince William Sound, Alaska
 * Nassau grouper, an endangered species of fish
 * Nassau Hall, Princeton University, New Jersey, United States
 * Nassau Light Railway, a German railway company
 * "Nassau", a song by Shakira from Las Mujeres Ya No Lloran, 2024

title: Nassau


text:
Universal Edition

Universal Edition (UE) is an Austrian classical music publishing firm. Founded in 1901 in Vienna, it originally intended to provide the core classical works and educational works to the Austrian market. The firm soon expanded to become one of the most important publishers of modernist and contemporary classical music.

20th century
Universal Edition was founded on 1 June 1901 in Vienna. It was formed by the publishers Bernhard Herzmansky (himself from the Musikverlag Doblinger firm), Adolf Robitschek and Josef Weinberger as an attempt to compete with the Leipzig-based publishers Breitkopf & Härtel and Edition Peters. UE itself describes this as an attempt to "simply to counter the predominance of the foreign music trade in Vienna with a domestic music publishing house". In a financial boost for UE, the Austrian Ministry of Education gave a 5 July 1901 decree that Austrian music schools should prefer UE editions over those by German publishers. The firm's creation was announced next month in the Neues Wiener Tagblatt:

In 1904, UE acquired Aibl publishers, and so acquired the rights to works by Richard Strauss, Max Reger, and other composers. The arrival of Emil Hertzka as managing director in 1907, who remained until his death in 1932, really pushed the firm towards new music. Under Hertzka, UE signed contracts with a number of important contemporary composers, including Béla Bartók and Frederick Delius in 1908; Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg and Franz Schreker in 1909. Mahler's Symphony No. 8 was the first work UE acquired an original copyright to. Anton Webern and Alexander von Zemlinsky were signed in 1910, Karol Szymanowski in 1912, Leoš Janáček in 1917 and Kurt Weill in 1924. Through their association with Schoenberg, it also published many works by Alban Berg.

The firm's avant garde directions continued after World War II, when UE published works by a number of significant composers, among these Luciano Berio, Pierre Boulez, Morton Feldman, Mauricio Kagel, György Kurtág, György Ligeti and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Later important additions to the catalogue include Harrison Birtwistle, Friedrich Cerha, Georg Friedrich Haas, Cristóbal Halffter, Georges Lentz, Arvo Pärt, David Sawer, Gisela Selden-Goth, and Johannes Maria Staud.

UE have also published several significant historical editions, including the complete works of Claudio Monteverdi. In collaboration with Schott, they have published the Wiener Urtext Edition series since 1972. Originally consisting of works for one or two performers by composers from Johann Sebastian Bach to Johannes Brahms, the series was later expanded to include a limited number of later works, such as the Ludus Tonalis of Paul Hindemith.

21st century
On 19 October 2007, Universal Edition entered legal proceedings against the International Music Score Library Project, an online entity which seeks to make musical scores in the public domain available digitally. In response to a cease-and-desist letter from Universal Edition demanding that certain scores still covered by Austrian copyright be removed, IMSLP closed itself voluntarily, amidst controversy that UE's demands lacked reasonable legal grounds. While Austrian copyright governs works published up to 70 years after its composer's death, IMSLP is hosted in Canada, where copyright lasts twenty years fewer. The Internet Law professor Michael Geist wrote a column for the BBC, suggesting UE's actions lacked reasonable legal ground. The International Music Score Library maintained that UE's actions lacked legal justification, and reopened on 30 June 2008.

title: Universal Edition


text:
Talk:Palmer Raids

Use of the term "database"

 * Next: Prehistoric Databases Found on the Moon takes offense to the use of the word "database" in this article. It's not clear to me whether that is in fact the term used by the original investigators so I didn't want to change it myself. Samw 03:58, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
 * From dictionary.com database: A collection of data arranged for ease and speed of search and retrieval.  Some of the things people write on the internet borders on the bizarre.   In fairness though.  I wonder what are the 1918's and 1921's.  08:12, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Young whippersnappers like this here Penraker feller might not believe this, but us old-timers managed to organize information back before there were computers. We set up systems using a product we called "paper" which we made marks on with a thing we called "ink" or sometimes a machine called a "typewriter" and then organized using a system based on the "alphabet" and stored in objects we called "file cabinets". And then we went home and hung out with our friend "Barney" while our wife "Wilma" cooked some dino-burgers for our supper. MK2 20:57, 23 May 2006 (UTC)
 * The Oxford English Dictionary does not have any quotations for the word prior to 1962. Furthermore it defines it as "A structured collection of data held in computer storage" and only by transference "any large collection of information". Thus while it is not incorrect to refer to it as a database this would not have been the term used at the time. 'Index' and 'register' are both older words, which are more likely substitutes. I have rewritten accordingly. --Tallus 11:34, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Imprecision: extremist, radical
The article states:

 * BOI agents, together with local police, orchestrated a series of well-publicized raids against apparent radicals and leftists, using the Espionage Act of 1917 and the Sedition Act of 1918.

The link for the word radical goes to the article extremist, even though there are articles about radicals. The terms are not identical, and misuse of this sort is both sloppy and perjorative. If the correct article to use is extremist, then the linking word should say extremist. If the correct word to use is radical, then the link should go to one of the definitions of radical. Richard Myers 19:29, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed. In all fairness to the author, though, it is quite likely that the linked articles were modified after the publication of those links. Article consolidation has been overzealous for quite some time; IMO you have pointed out one of the many detrimental effects such a deletionist policy has on the encyclopedia. 76.111.244.85 (talk) 13:55, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

You've just replied to someone's 2007 comment about text that does not appear in this WP entry about links to WP entries as of 2007. There is no link in this entry to the WP entry for extremist. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 14:43, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

POV tag
I'm adding a POV tag to this article. The article is heavily biased in favor of Palmer and his actions, and does not reflect the consensus among current historians that the Palmer Raids were a grotesque violation of civil rights and proper legal procedure. It also does not report on how public opinion soon turned against the raids or how Palmer was widely ridiculed after his prediction of a "revolution" on May 1, 1920 didn't materialize.

The article's most egregious paragraph was the one that opined that the raids "may have forestalled reactionary violence by the public." In fact, most current historians would probably say that Palmer's public vigilanteism and Red-scare bigotry encouraged incidents like the lynching of the IWW member that this paragraph described. I've removed this paragraph as unsourced, WP:Original research and WP:POV.

I don't know if I'll find time to research and correct this article myself, but in the meantime, until and unless someone else fixes it, the POV tag is called for. RedSpruce 18:11, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I've taken out some of the worst POV, but the article could use some serious work. For starters, it should have far more citations. RedSpruce 01:02, 28 September 2007 (UTC)

Agreed: needs more citations and to show that most historians now regard the Palmer raids as illegal and biased. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.172.113.16 (talk) 09:16, 20 January 2009 (UTC)

POV?
Here are some questionable parts: "The violent anarchist bombing campaign continued intermittently for another twelve years." -- it seems redundant to say that bombing is violent and as far as I can tell it's just used as a POV-based intensifier.
 * Good point. I removed "violent". Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 03:42, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

"Anarchist bombings in April and June 1919 carried out by Galleanists, Italian anarchists and followers of the radical anarchist Luigi Galleani, meant the threat was real." -- "radical anarchist" is redundant and suggests POV if the use of "radical" is intended as an intensifier. "The threat was real" also seems to be an attempt to justify the raids without the source asserting anything of the kind (it just backs up the report of the Galleanists' activities). Julius177 (talk) 16:37, 24 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Tried to rephrase. The phrase "threat was real" is not IMHO an attempt to justify anything. It's a way to link the fears of the establishment already described in the preceding paragraph to the events/bombings that then seemed to show that those fears were well founded. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 03:51, 25 February 2013 (UTC)

Socialist + Anarchist
These terms are not one and the same. Anarchist broken down is one that believes in a society in which there is no institution governed over, ruled over or controlled by a small group of individuals. This article seems like it could very easily lead a more naive reader into believing that socialists and anarchists are one and the same, but in reality a socialist system is run by an aristocracy as with all other forms of government. I think the writing should be altered so that this is not so mis-leading. After all, though anarchists did participate in the Russian revolution, they were not involved in the creation of the new government structures, and were actually pretty outspoken against them. Good examples can be found if you read much about Peter Kropotkin.

—Preceding comment added by the Blind God Io 21:47, 4 December 2007 (UTC)

amen brother. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.57.31.197 (talk) 22:32, 28 October 2012 (UTC)

 * You are of course correct. That said, there has for some time been a very strange fusion of the two strains of thought among radicals. Among modern anarchists, many are heavily in favor of policies of income redistribution and tarriffed trade that explicitly rely on drastic government intervention. As an American most directly confronted with modern American anarchists, I for quite some time saw this fusion as a practical matter; radical anarchists and radical leftists have some shared notions of living arrangements (for example transient shared housing) and political expression (mildly violent "black mask" style protest interventions). The strange bedfellows that marked the glorious yet tragic Spanish revolt I viewed similarly: an international magnet for radicals forced to the margins of their own society, hobbled together into an army that briefly had towns ran by local prostitutes under a black flag and a cadre of communists lead by a lesbian partial to machine guns who endeared herself to Ernest Hemingway. Further research has proven to me that the fusion of the two movements goes back for at least a hundred years, and has been the subject of a number of treatises. For example, Alexander Berkman's classic "What is Communist Anarchism" (Often mis-typed without the Communist modifier) is a direct and early attempt at such a fusion among one of the most prominent American anarchist radicals. To be frank, I find the marriage of the two ideals to be onerous and intellectually dishonest. It is simply not possible to marry a totalitarian model of government with a political philosophy whose hallmark is the absence of government; further, any attempt to do so is on its face an outrageous act of polemical acrobatics. Still, it exists and has existed for some time. Despite its absurdity, the anarchist desire to remain "leftist" is one of the hallmarks of politically active anarchism, reasons be damned. 76.111.244.85 (talk) 14:17, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

 * The relation between the two is often confused, as outside short-cuts to ease categorizing the ideologies misrepresents them into polar opposites: an anarchism of chaos and complete opposition to government and a socialism or communism of enforced order and tyrannical rule. Historically these definitions have reliably been absurd parodies in comparison to the goals and literature of the actual proponents of the respective ideals. Anarchism has actually been primarily a tendency within a larger socialist field of thought, as has communism. Thus, that one might marry the theories of anarchism and communism, for example, is not an absurd combination of polar opposites, but a re-bridging of ideals which are otherwise branched from a common base. Of course, consideration of these philosophies is greatly muddled by centuries of use and abuse by proponents and opponents alike, to the degree that even conversing about them requires prior understanding of which of the plethora of anarchisms, communisms, etc are being described. djr13 (talk) 08:12, 6 May 2014 (UTC)

Overall well put together
This article makes it sound like Palmer is some kind of hero because he arrested a great number of people, however I believe that in that arrest here didn't accomplish much but wasting every bodies time. That he stated openly that a revolution was certain to take place and one did not I think he proved how accurate all his data was. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.153.199.135 (talk) 10:56, 7 March 2008 (UTC)

This article is wrong!!
It states that a judge ended the raids in June of 1920. He didn't end the raids when the raids ended in January of 1920. They just stopped because the raids were so successful (68.195.102.206 (talk) 00:26, 28 September 2009 (UTC)JS68.195.102.206 (talk) 00:26, 28 September 2009 (UTC))

Now it says 1921? Did the raids end in June of 1920? this article is written badly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.195.102.206 (talk) 22:00, 9 October 2009 (UTC)

 * I believe I've repaired the dates sufficiently. Still much more work to do, since the raids themselves are hardly described and there is far too much background. They were clearly not "successful."

Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 23:51, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Completeness
In the interest of completeness this article should say specifically where these raids took place and how many were arrested in each place. "30 cities" etc. tells us very little. A geographic dimension is required to see what the DOJ, Palmer and Hoover were thinking. Where were the hotbeds of communism in this country post WWI? How were these raids coordinated?

I agree with the the commenter above about civil liberties. The effects of the Palmer raids on individuals should be discussed too just as they were in the McCarthy era that destroyed so many lives.

BTW, what the heck are those first comments on databases doing here. As an answer to one comment, the term "data bank" was used before "database". That must be some article on databases. Uh, "Prehistoric Databases Found on the Moon". I think I'll stay away from that one. Dangnad (talk) 02:03, 3 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I've added some details on the cities where raids occurred in 1920. There was already some material on the "geographical dimension" and I think it's clear what Palmer et al. were thinking. Coordinated? They are all the work of the DOJ. Isn't that clear? I don't buy idea that the raids can in any way be matched to "hotbeds of communism," but I hope the geography I've added is helpful. Anyone who wants to add more can find some details in Post, though even he is skeptical of some of the available data.

 * About "civil liberties." These raids aren't comparable to the McCarthy Era, which lasted for years, targeted individuals to brand them publicly, used intimidation to get people to name names, etc. These raids were few in number and targeted the working class immigrant, mostly "anonymous" individuals. The effects were deportation for some and a return to work for others. Aside from those deported, whose lives have not been studied, the other people didn't have the profiles that would expose them to blacklisting, nor did blacklisting occur. The raids themselves were a brief phenomenon and even the larger Red Scare of which they were a part produced nothing like the ongoing civil liberties issues of the McCarthy era. I think you'll find the impact of the hysteria explained on a case by case basis: striking Boston Police lost their jobs and weren't rehired, incidents of anti-labor violence, etc. Plenty of real stuff, but nothing in 1919-20 like the McCarthy Era and very little related to these raids. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 16:47, 18 January 2011 (UTC)

Reference Problems
The references in this article need to be revised to reflect correct guidelines. For example, the first reference is an ibid and is listed only as "Kennedy p. 24" with no contextual clarification. I will try to review the article history to correct this but if that is not possible such references must be replaced/removed, unfortunately. 76.111.244.85 (talk) 13:50, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

 * Try using the Bibiography. There's just one work by Kennedy there. It's not hard to make sense of this. Bmclaughlin9 (talk) 14:22, 17 April 2014 (UTC)

"Race Riots" ?
"Race riots" seems the wrong term for occurrences like the pogrom in which whites burned down the black section of Tulsa, Oklahoma, during this period. "Race riots" is a well-tuned phrase for the vilification of poor black rioting, usually after outrages carried out by whites, during the turmoil of the 1960's. Can't we come up with something to vilify the Klan with equal, though in its case more appropriate, obloquy forty years earlier? Massive arson and murder, and the more than occasional lynching, are not exactly riots; and if "race" is the accepted code word for "black," what are we to say about massive white offenses? This is important because most of the public are unaware of the fact that Jim Crow is a creation of the 20th century, not a remnant from Reconstruction and the KKK obstruction of it.

A fix might be difficult.

Would it not be incorrect to call an outrage "racist," were racism a mere incidental to social upheaval motivated by Chambers of Commerce and newspaper proprietors acting from pure, self-interested, and presumably race-neutral, motives, e.g. fear of workers organizing to protect their rights? David Lloyd-Jones (talk) 18:35, 20 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Palmer Raids


text:
Hermann Lotze

Rudolf Hermann Lotze (21 May 1817 – 1 July 1881) was a German philosopher and logician. He also had a medical degree and was well versed in biology. He argued that if the physical world is governed by mechanical laws and relations, then developments in the universe could be explained as the functioning of a world mind. His medical studies were pioneering works in scientific psychology.

Biography
Lotze was born in Bautzen, Kingdom of Saxony, the son of a physician. He was educated at the grammar school of Zittau; he had an enduring love of the classical authors, publishing a translation of Sophocles' Antigone into Latin verse in his middle life.

He attended the University of Leipzig as a student of philosophy and natural sciences, but entered officially as a student of medicine when he was seventeen. Lotze's early studies were mostly governed by two distinct interests: the first was scientific, based upon mathematical and physical studies under the guidance of E. H. Weber, Alfred Wilhelm Volkmann, and Gustav Fechner. The other was his aesthetic and artistic interest, which was developed under the care of the speculative theist Christian Hermann Weisse. Weisse also influenced his later anti-psychologistic approach to the historiography of philosophy. He was attracted both by science and by the German idealism of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel.

Lotze's first work was his dissertation De futurae biologiae principibus philosophicis, with which he gained in July 1838 the degree of doctor of medicine. In 1840 he gained the degree of doctor of philosophy with his dissertation De summis continuorum. He laid the foundation of his philosophical system in his Metaphysik (Leipzig, 1841) and his Logik (1843), short books published while still a junior lecturer at Leipzig University, whence he moved to Göttingen, succeeding Johann Friedrich Herbart in the chair of philosophy.

His two early books remained unnoticed by the reading public. He first became known to a larger circle through a series of works which aimed at establishing the study of both the physical and mental phenomena of the human organism. He applied the same general principles which had been adopted in the investigation of inorganic phenomena. These later works considered the human organism in its normal and diseased states. They included his Allgemeine Pathologie und Therapie als mechanische Naturwissenschaften (1842, 2nd ed., 1848), the articles "Lebenskraft" (1843) and "Seele und Seelenleben" (1846) in Rudolf Wagner's Handwörterbuch der Physiologie, his Allgemeine Physiologie des Körperlichen Lebens (1851), and his Medizinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele (1852).

When Lotze published these works, medical science was still under the influence of Schelling's philosophy of nature. The mechanical laws, to which external things were subject, were conceived as being valid only in the inorganic world. Mechanism was the unalterable connexion of every phenomenon a with other phenomena b, c, d, either as following or preceding it; mechanism was the inexorable form into which the events of this world are cast, and by which they are connected. The object of those writings was to establish the all-pervading rule of mechanism. But the mechanical view of nature is not identical with the materialistic. In the last of the above-mentioned works the question is discussed at great length how we have to consider mind, and the relation between mind and body; the answer is we have to consider mind as an immaterial principle, its action, however, on the body and vice versa as purely mechanical, indicated by the fixed laws of a psycho-physical mechanism.

These doctrines of Lotze, though pronounced with the distinct and reiterated reservation that they did not contain a solution of the philosophical question regarding the nature of mechanism, were nevertheless by many considered to be the last word of the philosopher, a decisive rejection of the reveries of Schelling and the idealistic theories of Hegel. Published as they were during the years when the modern school of German materialism was at its height, these works of Lotze were enrolled in the opposing camp of empirical philosophy.

The misinterpretations which he had suffered induced Lotze to publish a small polemical pamphlet (Streitschriften, 1857), in which he corrected two mistakes. His opposition to Hegel's formalism had induced some to associate him with the materialistic school, others to count him among the followers of Herbart. Lotze denied that he belonged to the school of Herbart. However, he admitted that the monadology of Leibniz could be considered the forerunner of Herbart's teachings and also of his own views.

Philosophical work
Lotze worked in a post-revolutionary time of transition between the idealistic and rationalist legacies of Leibniz, Kant and Hegel and the new materialism and scientific interpretation of reality.

He believed that everywhere in the wide realm of observation we find three distinct regions: the region of facts, the region of laws and the region of standards of value. These three regions are separate only in our thoughts, not in reality. Full understanding comes through conviction that the world of facts is the field in which those higher standards of moral and aesthetic value are being realized through the medium of laws. Such a union is, for him, only intelligible through the idea of a personal Deity, who in the creation and preservation of a world has voluntarily chosen certain forms and laws, through the natural operation of which the ends of His work are gained.

Lotze proposed a view called teleological idealism, whose central principle is the principle of teleomechanism, the idea that, in logic, metaphysics and science, mechanism is compatible with teleology.

Lotze's lectures ranged over a wide field: he delivered annually lectures on psychology and on logic (the latter including a survey of the entirety of philosophical research, Encyclopädie der Philosophie), then at longer intervals lectures on metaphysics, philosophy of nature, philosophy of art, philosophy of religion, rarely on history of philosophy and ethics. In these lectures he expounded his peculiar views in a stricter form, and during the last decade of his life he embodied the substance of those courses in his System der Philosophie, of which only two volumes have appeared (vol. I Logik, 1st ed., 1874, 2nd ed., 1880; vol. II Metaphysik, 1879). The third and concluding volume, which was to treat in a more condensed form the principal problems of practical philosophy, of philosophy of art and religion, was not completed before his death.

A problem of a purely formal character for him was to try to bring unity and harmony into the scattered thoughts of our general culture. He wanted especially to investigate those conceptions which form the initial assumptions and conditions of the several sciences, and to fix the limits of their applicability.

The investigations will then naturally divide themselves into three parts, the first of which deals with

 * those to our mind inevitable forms, or laws, in which we are obliged to think about things, if we think at all (metaphysics), the second being devoted to
 * the great region of facts, trying to apply the results of metaphysics to these, specially the two great regions of external and mental phenomena (cosmology and psychology), the third dealing with
 * those standards of value from which we pronounce our aesthetic or ethical approval or disapproval.

His goal was to form some general idea how laws, facts and standards of value may be combined in one comprehensive view.

The world of many things surrounds us; our notions, by which we manage correctly or incorrectly to describe it, are also ready made. What remains to be done is, not to explain how such a world manages to be what it is, nor how we came to form these notions, but to eliminate those abstract notions which are inconsistent and jarring, or to remodel and define them so that they may constitute a consistent and harmonious view.

The course of things and their connexion is only thinkable by the assumption of a plurality of existences, the reality of which (as distinguished from our knowledge of them) can be conceived only as a multitude of relations. This quality of standing in relation to other things is that which gives to a thing its reality. And the nature of this reality again can neither be consistently represented as a fixed and hard substance nor as an unalterable something, but only as a fixed order of recurrence of continually changing events or impressions. The things themselves which exist and their changing phases must stand in some internal connexion; they themselves must be active or passive, capable of doing or suffering.

Why not interpret at once and render intelligible the common conception originating in natural science, viz. that of a system of laws which governs the many things? But, in attempting to make this conception quite clear and thinkable, we are forced to represent the connexion of things as a universal substance, the essence of which we conceive as a system of laws which underlies everything and in its own self connects everything, but is imperceptible, and known to us merely through the impressions it produces on us, which we call things. Practical life as well as those of science are equally served if we deprive the material things outside of us of an independence, and assign to them merely a connected existence through the universal substance by the action of which alone they can appear to us. He traced material things through our scientific discovery of them, back to the culture which gave them reality through this science, and ultimately back to the values which established this culture. This method is known as "regressive analysis."

Lotze's historical position is of much interest. Though he disclaims being a follower of Herbart, his formal definition of philosophy and his conception of the object of metaphysics are similar to those of Herbart, who defines philosophy as an attempt to remodel the notions given by experience. In this endeavor he forms with Herbart an opposition to the philosophies of Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel which aimed at objective and absolute knowledge, and also to the criticism of Kant, which aimed at determining the validity of all human knowledge.

What, however, with the idealists was an object of thought alone, the absolute, for Lotze cannot be defined in rigorous philosophical language; the aspirations of the human heart, the contents of our feelings and desires, the aims of art and the tenets of religious faith must be grasped in order to fill the empty idea of the absolute with meaning. These manifestations of the divine spirit again cannot be traced and understood by reducing (as Hegel did) the growth of the human mind in the individual, in society and in history to the monotonous rhythm of a speculative schematism. The essence and worth which is in them reveals itself only to the student of detail, for reality is larger and wider than philosophy. The problem, "how the one can be many", is only solved for us in the numberless examples in life and experience which surround us, for which we must retain a lifelong interest and which constitute the true field of all useful human work.

This conviction of the emptiness of terms and abstract notions, and of the fullness of individual life, led Lotze to combine in his writings the two courses into which German philosophical thought had been moving since the death of its great founder, Leibniz. We may define these courses by the terms esoteric and exoteric. The former was the academic quest to systematize everything and reduce all our knowledge to an intelligible principle. This attempt missed the deeper meaning of Leibniz's philosophy. The latter was the unsystematized philosophy of general culture which we find in the work of the great writers of the classical period, Lessing, Winckelmann, Goethe, Schiller and Herder. All of these expressed in some degree their indebtedness to Leibniz. Lotze can be said to have brought philosophy out of the lecture-room into the market-place of life. By understanding and combining the strengths of each approach, he became the true successor of Leibniz.

The age in which Lotze lived and wrote in Germany did not appreciate the position he took up. Frequently misunderstood, yet rarely criticized, he was nevertheless greatly admired, listened to by devoted hearers and read by an increasing circle. But this circle never attained to the unity of a philosophical school.

Works in Latin and German

 * De futurae biologiae principiis philosophicis (1838). Reprinted in Kleine Schriften, 1885 . Vol. 1, pp. 1–25
 * De summis continuorum (1840).
 * Gedichte (1840).
 * Metaphysik (1841). Google (Oxford)
 * Allgemeine Pathologie und Therapie als mechanische Naturwissenschaften (1842). 2nd ed., 1848. Google (Harvard)
 * Logik (1843). Google (NYPL) 2nd ed., 1880.
 * Ueber den Begriff der Schönheit (1845). Reprint, 1847. Google (Oxford)
 * Allgemeine Physiologie des körperlichen Lebens (1851). Google (Harvard)
 * Medicinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele (1852). Google (Oxford) Google (UMich)
 * Mikrokosmus: Ideen zur Naturgeschichte und Geschichte der Menschheit (1856–64). 2nd ed., 1868–72. 4th ed. , 1884–88.
 * Volume 1, 1856. Google (Oxford) Google (UMich)
 * Volume 2, 1858. Google (Oxford) Google (UMich) Google (NYPL)
 * Volume 3, 1864. Google (Oxford) Google (NYPL)
 * Streitschriften (1857). Google (Harvard)
 * Geschichte der Aesthetik in Deutschland (1868). Google (Oxford)
 * System der Philosophie.
 * Part 1 . Logik: Drei Bücher (1874). Google (Oxford) Google (UMich) Google (UWisc). 2nd ed., 1880.
 * Part 2 . Metaphysik: Drei Bücher (1879). 2nd ed., 1884.
 * Geschichte der deutschen Philosophie seit Kant (1882). 2nd ed., 1894. Google (UWisc)
 * Grundzüge der Psychologie (1881). Google (Harvard) 2nd ed., 1882. Google (Oxford)
 * Grundzüge der Naturphilosophie (1882). Google (Oxford)
 * Grundzüge der praktischen Philosophie (1882). 2nd ed., 1884. Google (UCal)
 * Grundzüge der Religionsphilosophie (1883). 2nd ed., 1884. Google (Oxford)
 * Grundzüge der Logik und Encyclopädie der Philosophie (1883). 2nd ed., 1885. Google (UCal)
 * Grundzüge der Metaphysik (1883). Google (Oxford)
 * Grundzüge der Aesthetik (1884).
 * Kleine Schriften (1885–91).
 * Volume 1, 1885. Google (Oxford) Google (Stanford) Google (UWisc)
 * Volume 2, 1886. Google (Harvard)
 * Volume 3, 1891. Google (UWisc)

Translations in English

 * Lotze's Outlines of Philosophy
 * Part 1 . Outlines of Metaphysic (1884). IA (UCal) IA (UVictoria) 1886. Google (UMich)
 * Part 2 . Outlines of the Philosophy of Religion (1885). Google (UWisc)
 * Reprint, 1886. IA (OISE) 1895. IA (St. Michael's) 1901. Google (UWisc)
 * Part 3 . Outlines of Practical Philosophy (1885). Google (UCal)
 * Part 4 . Outlines of Psychology (1886). Google (UMich) IA (UToronto)
 * Part 5 . Outlines of Aesthetics (1886). Google (UMich) IA (UToronto)
 * Part 6 . Outlines of Logic (1887). Google (UMich) IA (UToronto) 1892. Google (Harvard)

 * Lotze's System of Philosophy
 * Part 1 . Logic: In Three Books (1884). Google (Oxford) IA (State Central) IA (UToronto).
 * 2nd ed., 1888. Volume 1 . IA (St. Basil's) IA (UIllinois) IA (Osmania) Google (Stanford)
 * 2nd ed., 1888. Volume 2 . IA (St. Basil's) IA (UIllinois).
 * Part 2 . Metaphysic: In Three Books (1884). Google (Oxford) IA (State Central) IA (UToronto)
 * 2nd ed., 1887. Volume 1 . IA (Osmania) Google (Harvard)
 * 2nd ed., 1887. Volume 2 . IA (Osmania)

 * Other works
 * Microcosmus: An Essay Concerning Man and His Relation to the World (1885).
 * Volume 1 . IA (Union) 2nd ed., 1887. IA (UCal) IA (KCPL) 3rd ed. , 1888. Google (Harvard) IA (St. Michael's)
 * Volume 2 . IA (Union) 2nd ed., 1887. IA (UCal) 3rd ed. , 1888.Google (Harvard) IA (St. Michael's)

title: Hermann Lotze