text:
Talk:Salzburg

Pic Spamming
Especially User:jonathanawhite - stop it. Too many pics, too long of descriptions, redundant pics. New gallery is a good idea. Fourdee 22:30, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

Are the authors of this article aware of the nice pic of Salzburg to the right? It was a featured pic on the commons. John Dalton 06:17, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

Very nice picture. I tried it and unfortunately it doesn't show up as well as the others at the 250px resolution. Fourdee 09:19, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Zweig had been marked by accident as being born here - no, it was Wien. Re Europrix, I moved it out of the list of peopel born here where it had somehow accidentally got attached. What is it, is it important enough to mention, do we need some more?? Nevilley 22:07 Feb 17, 2003 (UTC)

I put the fountain pic on the page but, though I took the pic myself, I didn't note the name of the Square where the fountain was situated. Can anyone tell me so that I can add that fact to the caption? Thanks Adrian Pingstone 13:16, 17 Sep 2003 (UTC)

"Nearly 70,000 of the city's inhabitants live in its suburbs." Huh? Either they are city residents or they aren't. Does this perhaps mean that the 145,000 listed as the population of the city is actually the population of an unmentioned metro area called Salzburg or perhaps the population of the state of Salzburg? Is the population of the city only 75,000 then? Rmhermen 13:49, Sep 17, 2003 (UTC)

--- The fountain is on the "Domplatz", the square in front of the main cathedral. The population of Salzburg is about 150,000, with some 20,000 living in the baroque ancient city centre. gdun 19:45, Mar 9, 2004

-- Actually this fountain is on the Residenzplatz, which is next to the Domplatz. RichardH 15:05, Nov 25, 2004

"Around 700, the Roman Empire founded Juvavum on the site of modern-day Salzburg."

-This can't be true...the Roman Empire fell in 476 AD, and wasn't around in 700 BC, so it can't be a simple mislabeling. It can't be a mislabeling referring to the Holy Roman Empire either, for it hadn't been founded yet. bob rulz 07:36, Apr 2, 2005 (UTC)

Germany or Austria?!
Salzburg (population 150,000 in 2006) is a city in western Austria and the capital of the federal state of Salzburg (population 520,000 in 2003).

The table on the right says Country: Germany.

Why is it listed as being in both countries? xgravity23 04:51, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Because the Infobox template that was just added is meant to be used for cities in Germany, not Austria. There apparently is no template for Austrian cities, I can't change it, and I don't know how to make infoboxes.  So someone who is knowledgeable in making/modifying infoboxes needs to fix it.  Cheers --DarthBinky 06:02, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

 * I had to revert to the last version without the infobox. I couldn't let it stand with it saying Germany there... --DarthBinky 06:08, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

This is the region of Austria.Vienna is capital city of Austria.Salzburg is in Austria.I don't agree that is Germany.This is Austrian city.It's listed on both countries because Germany and Austria have something in common. Ali Zogaj (talk) 20:49, 19 December 2018 (UTC)

No reason to mention czech name!
Salzburg is about 150km away from the border to the czech republic. There is no obvious reason to mention the czech name of Salzburg in the english article. It would be more logical to mention the japanese name because of the tourism, but czech... sorry but this is absolut nonsense!--Salzburger 13:21, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * We were one country, I think it is perfectly legal to add czech equivalent to the austrian cities related to the czech history.  ≈Tulkolahten≈ ≈talk≈ 14:14, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * So we would have to add the serbien, hungarian, slovenian, croatian an even italian (south tirol) name and this in each austrian city? I think when someone wants to read about Salzburg in czech, or wants to know the czech name he will take a look at the "In other languages"-box on the left hand side. Of course it would be possible to add the equivalent, but I don`t think that this is common handling in wikipedia. So far the czech article Praha doesn`t show anything about the german name "Prag" in the first lines. If you really have the opinion that the mentioning of the czech name is necessary, it could be mentioned somwhere in salzburgs history... as a compromiss!? Sorry for my bad english. Greetings, --Salzburger 14:36, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * And what about Brno for example.  ≈Tulkolahten≈ ≈talk≈ 14:40, 18 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Brno is much nearer to the austrian border than Salzburg to czech republic and, although in my opinion it would not be necessary to mention the german name in the english article, Brno really has a history which is linked to austria. In contrast to Salzburg, which has nothing to do with czech history (exept the Austria-Hungary monarchy). partly austrian history. Salzburg does`t have any czech history, salzburgs history is thight linked to bavaria. Greetings, --Salzburger 15:07, 18 January 2007 (UTC)

Expulsion of the Protestants
There is an inaccuracy. "Landowners were given 2 days to sell their lands and leave." and further in the same paragraph:"Yet those who owned land benefitted from one key advantage: the three-month deadline delayed their departure until after the worst of winter."

Since this entire section cites not one source, it is difficult to check, whether landowners had two days or three months. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Maryanntherese (talk • contribs) 20:06, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

I would say that this entire section should be either researched or removed; it stinks of anti-catholic bias (all those pathetic sounding details sound fishy to me) and as you say, has not one citation. Meh. 98.84.136.94 (talk) 03:21, 6 December 2010 (UTC)Hannah

Indeed - the original author has not come forward with further research or a citation for what is written. I'll remove the controversial section about time frames and see what I can find to back up the rest of the events, whatever they were. LTC (Ret.) David J. Cormier (talk) 15:29, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

I purposefully left some of the content that appears easier to substantiate as a springboard for the good of future researchers. LTC (Ret.) David J. Cormier (talk) 15:35, 3 September 2012 (UTC)

Population Development
I would argue that 20th century population by decade is secondary information, and should come after the history of the area. Also, there is a huge drop-off in popultion in 1961, with an almost equally dramatic rebound in 1971. Is the 1961 number in fact true? If so, I think some explanation of the cause of such wide swings should be mentioned after the data. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Maryanntherese (talk • contribs) 20:11, 16 October 2007 (UTC)

Sculpture
Right outside the Salzburg central railway station, at the centre of the station square, is an abstract sculpture consisting of various vaguely rectangular-shaped blocks. What is this sculpture called, who designed it, and when? J I P | Talk 20:21, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Gloom and doom
Surely there's a less miserable looking photo of the city centre?! --Andyf (talk) 15:44, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Looks OK to me; but you can check here for something better if you wish. Moonraker12 (talk) 11:50, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

Translation?!?
We have have written the article in German language as an featured article. Can anyone translate it completly in English? Thanks for helping. Please let me know, if anyone will translate the article. Please write your replys to --LiQuidator (talk) 14:54, 18 April 2009 (UTC) i totally agree!
 * It looks to me like a poorly translated version of the German.--Michael Goodyear (talk) 17:52, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

Needing for B-Class
The References are week and not as inline ones and the fact taht the city became what it is today due to the salt from the salt mines should be mentioned somewhere in the hisory section at least. --Stone (talk) 17:46, 1 May 2009 (UTC)

Elevation
There is a mistake in elevation, both in meters and feet, should be 10-times lower (move the decimal point to left) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.105.201.167 (talk) 22:48, 27 February 2011 (UTC)

St. Leonhard
Why does St. Leonhard redirect here? I could find no mention of it in the text. There is a passing reference to this term in the Salzburg article of the German Wikipedia, saying "Most of the drinking water comes from the wells of St. Leonhard and Glanegg", and apparently there's a St. Leonhard village 10 km from Salzburg, but that's all I could find. Crusoe704 (talk) 14:01, 17 October 2012 (UTC)

Religious Conflict
In the text "Those who settled in West Germany", shouldn't that be "Western Germany"? Masonmilan (talk) 12:15, 18 July 2013 (UTC)
 * Yes, I've made the change. Bede735 (talk) 13:11, 18 July 2013 (UTC)

"Supposed"? "School"?
What is the editorial comment intended by the word "supposed" in the following sentence?

"On 31 October 1731, the 214th anniversary of Martin Luther's supposed nailing of his 95 Theses to the Wittenberg School door"

Is there some doubt about the date? Is there doubt about nails? Are we doubting that the event happened at all?

Also, the Wikipedia article on the 95 Theses indicates they were put on a church door, not a school door. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 23.119.205.88 (talk) 00:20, 15 November 2013 (UTC)

Pronounciation
In the first line of the article there is a pronunciation given for Salzburg. The only problem with that is, that this is not the regional or even the Austrian way to pronounce it. Would it be a problem taking an Austrian recording the correct local pronounciation? I would do it myself but to be honest, I have no idea how to do it =D K.A.R.R. (talk) 21:51, 8 March 2015 (UTC)

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Yugoslavia/USSR
"Largest groups of foreign residents" - Soviet Union and Yugoslavia is listed

Last time I checked, the USSR and Yugoslavia did not exist in 2017. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.81.30.109 (talk) 20:59, 26 August 2017 (UTC)

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Talk:Hypericum perforatum

Use as liquor flavoring
In Sweden, and I presume other countries, St John's Wroth is used to flavor "Brännvin", i.e. har liquor, to make a blood-red colored snaps. This page does only discuss it's medicinal use, and it's effect on the ecology of various places. There's a lot of "rules" as how to pick the buds (as, according to the enthusiast only the bugs are good for flavoring), e.g. they shall be picked on a warm dry day, after 6 pm o' clock, one mustn't touch the buds with one's fingers as that will release hypericin (it's supposed to be saved for the liquor), etc. etc. While it may be a niche field, it's certainly the most common use for St John's worth by ordinary people (whom rarely make herbal supplements at home, I guess). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 155.4.129.166 (talk) 14:51, 25 June 2016 (UTC)

Dosage?
The article says nothing (unless I've missed it) about recommended dosage. Given that the recommended dosage differs markedly from brand to brand, some info on this would be appreciated.

Peterdwise (talk) 06:29, 26 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Per WP:PHARMMOS we usually don't give dosing information due to the fact it can be construed as personal medical advice. I think we should remove dosing information completely due to a number of reasons:

 * 1. It can, as I previously mentioned, be construed as personal medical advice. And quite honestly, what other value could it serve?
 * 2. It can be seen as giving undue weight to certain products, due to the fact it's impossible to generalise dosing to every product due to the high degree of variability in the chemical composition of products.
 * 3. Because as I previously mentioned there's a high degree of variability in available products.

 * Fuse809 (talk) 05:09, 13 December 2013 (UTC)

Antiinflammatory properties
Hi ,

We've worked together on a lot of articles and I have tremendous respect for your judgement. But its hard for me to understand your restoration of "anti-inflammatory" as a property of this herb. Yes, the references you added are secondary, and they do state that, but if you read the article the evidence they quote all seems to be in vitro, which you of all people understand is a far cry from supporting a medical claim.

Could you elaborate on your reasoning here? Many thanks Formerly 98 (talk) 23:50, 5 February 2015 (UTC)

 * We do not use in vitro data or animal studies to make any medical claims per WP:MEDRS, specifically WP:MEDANIMAL; however, this applies directly to the source in question. If a review or professional med/pharm web/book source indicates that something holds for animals or in vitro, article text must reflect this as such.  If the webpage or review indicates that this is for humans or merely implies this as is often the case (e.g., claims made without indicating a species in any paper with "Human" in the mesh terms but no other animal species or "animals" listed there), then we don't go through and examine the primary sources they cited; the statement made in the secondary source is all that matters (even if it's completely wrong), not the cited primary source.  This is reflected in the cautionary note at the bottom paragraph of WP:MEDASSESS.
 * If we excluded animal and in vitro evidence from all reviews in writing medical articles, we wouldn't have much, if any, cell signaling content in probably most of our articles.  Seppi  333  (Insert 2¢ | Maintained) 00:40, 6 February 2015 (UTC)
 * I'm not going to argue with you too much about this, we've done too many good things together. But I'd say that we do include animal and in vitro data when it has been cited in a review, but we make it very clear that it is in vitro or animal data only.  The word "anti-inflammatory" implies medical use in people to my mind. Certainly I do not think the average reader will finish that paragraph and come away with the message "it inhibits certain enzymes involved in the inflammatory cascade in vitro but god knows if the active principle is orally available or has any effect at all in people".

I realize that the review said "anti-inflammatory", but I think we have a responsibility to our readers in spite of whatever poor choice of language or ignorance is expressed by a reviewer. And I shudder to think what the EBM people here would say if we tried to call sitagliptin an anti-inflammatory based on a review that cited in vitro enzyme inhibition data.

I've said my piece, please take it into consideration. I won't pursue this further. Formerly 98 (talk) 01:00, 6 February 2015 (UTC)

There's ;itt;e mention except in passing of the main use of this herb for me, which is it's healing stimulation, using oil made from soaking the flowers in olive oil for a few weeks until it is bright pink. Wounds heal in hour instead of days, burns and scalds stop huring within minutes and don't blister. Yeah, all non scientific blah blah, except that humans have been using it for millenia for healing wounds, only recently have I see tablets containing it for depression. Are any qualified herbalists editing this page? As unless you are part of the herbalist world your knowledge won't be up to much. PetePassword (talk) 15:38, 17 June 2018 (UTC)
 * What you mean by unless you are part of the herbalist world your knowledge won't be up to much seems to be that scientific medical evidence doesn't matter for you. However, here it does, and all medical claims must be sourced to the standards of WP:MEDRS. Peter coxhead (talk) 10:27, 18 June 2018 (UTC)

Pharmacokinetic Interactions
Hello Page Owners/Experts,

As a common reader to this page, I wish to highlight some text that appeared to me to be in contradiction with the pages on 3A4/2C9.

First the quote: Pharmacokinetic interactions St John's wort has been shown to cause multiple drug interactions through induction of the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, and CYP1A2 (females only). This drug-metabolizing enzyme induction results in the increased metabolism of certain drugs, leading to decreased plasma concentration and potential clinical effect.

So, here is my concern:

If I read this quote on its own, my conclusion would be that SJW induces CYP3A4 and CYP2C9. i.e. Both. However, if I read on the pages for CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, it appears to me that SJW induces 3A4 but inhibits 2C9. i.e. I have noticed an apparent contradiction.

Please take a look, and fix or clarify as appropriate.

Thanks!

Simple in ca (talk) 03:08, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Well, the source given says nothing about CYP2C9, so I removed the reference to this in the article. Peter coxhead (talk) 11:57, 12 November 2015 (UTC)

I feel that the page needs some reorganization of the interactions section. It's a bit scattered, but I'm not sure how to approach the clean-up. If there are any users that especially agree with me and can take it upon themselves to clean up the page, please do. JCoppess18 (talk) 20:36, 6 May 2016 (UTC)

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Daily Mean Temperature
I refer to my undo earlier today. My reading of the intent of the sentence was that the problem occurred above 24 degrees at a particular time during the plants annual cycle, ie mid-summer, due to certain biological conditions. The problems would not occur in, say, autumn (even though that would presumably be not relevant because the mid summer temp would presumably also be above 24 degrees if the autumn temp was too. It seemed to me the reference to the southern hempishere was clumsy and the then editor had just copied a reference from a book published in the southern hemisphere. But, i'm no plant expert. I'm better with grammar and sentences. Roger 8 Roger (talk) 18:45, 6 November 2016 (UTC)

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In vitro research
Removed this mess as primary, mostly outdated, in vitro research as WP:PRIMARY, leading to a host of unwarranted speculation about what effects may exist in vivo. Needs WP:MEDRS reviews, which evidently do not exist. --Zefr (talk) 01:00, 22 August 2018 (UTC)

 * Hi, I noticed your similar changeset in Hyperforin and thought it was perhaps a bit overzealous (see the talk page). Any chance some of it could stay? I think it'd be a terrible shame if all of it would have to stay removed. – Erik.Bjareholt (talk) 09:28, 12 September 2018 (UTC)

Clinical evidence
added this content which I moved here per WP:BRD: Its therapeutic values have been recognized since antiquity and extracts of the flower have been used to treat a range of symptoms for over 2000 years. St John's wort is a popular herbal remedy used in the treatment of depression. While high-quality clinical evidence for its antidepressive effects remain limited, a number of studies have shown the remedy to be superior to placebo and as effective as SSRIs.

Addressing the points: 1) the Gupta article is not a systematic review of high-quality clinical trials, is 16 years out of date (see WP:MEDDATE, advising reviews of 5 years or less), and in 2003, the journal had a relatively poor reputation and low impact factor, shown here; i.e., it is not a good WP:MEDSCI source. 2) The statement "extracts of the flower have been used to treat a range of symptoms for over 2000 years" is really a perpetuation of folklore, is unverifiable exaggeration (WP:V), and has no place in the article. 3) While the 2009 Rahimi article provides a meta-analysis indicating equivalence to SSRIs, a 2017 meta-analysis and review concluded the studies were of too short duration to be conclusive of effect. Bottom line: the literature is inconclusive, does not meet WP:MEDRS, and should not be highlighted in the lede. --Zefr (talk) 19:43, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

 * a 2017 meta-analysis and review concluded the studies were of too short duration to be conclusive of effect - Did it REALLY? Lets look at what the actual review's summary of their conclusion says:

For patients with mild-to-moderate depression, St John's wort has comparable efficacy and safety when compared to SSRIs. Follow-up studies carried out over a longer duration should be planned to ascertain its benefits.

(They also mention elsewhere in the abstract that dropout & discontinuance rates are significantly lower than with SSRIs).

 * So, they recommend for the future that follow up studies for longer durations should be conducted. That's perfectly prudent and sensible advice. It also says in its conclusion the very same thing that you seem to seek to suppress. It does NOT say, as you appear to strongly suggest in your comments, that those studies ought not be considered of any value due to their "too short duration", and that the baby should be therefore be thrown out with the bathwater. Firejuggler86 (talk) 04:47, 19 March 2021 (UTC)

St. or St ?
The answer depends on WP:Engvar. St is correct in British English usage and St. is correct in American English usage. The article adopted St right from the start. Plant surfer 19:08, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

St not St.
There has been a couple of recent reverts of an edit to replace a small number, and hence inconsistent, uses of ‘St.’ with ‘St’. Reasons the latter should be used:
 * ’St’ is the recognised abbreviated form, although arguable a contraction. (See )
 * ‘St’ has always been the dominant usage in the article.
 * ‘St’ was used in the earliest version of the article (see  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C5:9313:B900:8EC:49AE:48DC:741F (talk) 19:16, 28 November 2019 (UTC)

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 * Distribution of Hypericum perforatum.png

Origin of name
This article gives two very different accounts of where the name came from. It would be nice to settle on one before this goes to DYK. Primergrey (talk) 04:30, 2 September 2021 (UTC)
 * I may have missed something, but under Description we say
 * The dots are conspicuous when held up to the light, giving the leaves the "perforated" appearance to which the plant's Latin name refers.
 * And in Etymology we say
 * The specific epithet perforatum is Latin, referring to the perforated appearance of the plant's leaves.
 * The common name "St John's wort" may refer to any species of the genus Hypericum. Therefore, Hypericum perforatum is sometimes called "common St John's wort" or "perforate St John's wort" to differentiate it.
 * St John's wort is named as such because it commonly flowers, blossoms and is harvested at the time of the summer solstice in late June, around St John's Feast Day on 24 June. The herb would be hung on house and stall doors on St John's Feast day to ward off evil spirits and to safeguard against harm and sickness to people and live-stock. The genus name Hypericum is possibly derived from the Greek words hyper (above) and eikon'' (picture), in reference to the tradition of hanging plants over religious icons in the home during St John's Day.
 * It all looks perfectly consistent to me?--Nø (talk) 09:42, 2 September 2021 (UTC)
 * In the traditional medicine section; The red, oily extract of H. perforatum has been used in the treatment of wounds, including by the Knights Hospitaller, the Order of St John, after battles in the Crusades, which is most likely where the name derived. Primergrey (talk) 13:19, 2 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm going remove the account that is kind of buried in the article. Primergrey (talk) 03:54, 4 September 2021 (UTC)

Improvements Coordination
@Fritzmann2002 and @MtBotany are working on improving the article. Fritzmann2002 is starting with Taxonomy and MtBotany is looking for some additional plant description references and possible improvements.

Some sources MtBotany found while searching https://archive.org/details/biostor-62076/page/83 Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 1976 some information about chemistry. https://archive.org/details/practicalhintsre00shie/page/6/mode/2up?q=%22Hypericum+perforatum%22 Rather lyrical description of Euspilapteryx auroguttella (as Gracilaria auroguttella) eating leaves. https://archive.org/details/medicinal-plants/who-monographs-on-selected-medicinal-plants-vol-2/page/149 WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants, contains excellent description and information about odor, flavor, how dried material can be tested. Also information on medical use to 1999.

MtBotany (talk) 21:07, 27 July 2023 (UTC)

Going to look for more sources on exact leaf size today. I'm seeing different numbers so far. MtBotany (talk) 19:01, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

@Fritzmann2002 There is a list of common names in the source I named "WHO". I don't want to step on any edits you're making to Etymology, but if you're busy with other edits I'll add in these English names leaving out all the names from other languages. devil's scourge, hardhay, klamath weed, Lord God's wonder plant, perforate St John's wort, and witches's herb.

MtBotany (talk) 21:19, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

 * https://archive.org/details/medicinal-plants/who-monographs-on-selected-medicinal-plants-vol-2/page/150/mode/1up WHO monograph on the aerial parts of the plant - great descriptions on the flowers and adjacent parts Fritzmann (message me) 15:28, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Just as an idea, a section for "similar species" under the description that tell the differences between H. perforatum and closely related plants could be very useful. Robson gives a good diagnosis of this in the 2002 reference Fritzmann (message me) 19:20, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that is a good idea. So far the only specific information I have found about telling one species from another seemed possibly unreliable due to focusing on Great Britain and being published by a religious society, but I'm continuing to look.
 * I got in with more detail distribution information today. Mostly POWO information, but I checked some with GBIF.
 * I also think we need more information about the beetles and moths that rely upon Hypericum perforatum as a food source. Most of the information I've found on that relates to biocontrol, but it seems reliable for their native habitat as well. MtBotany (talk) 20:31, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/hypper/all.html Great dataset for invasiveness, habitats, and species it grows with in the United States Fritzmann (message me) 20:15, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think we're getting close:
 * The toxicity section needs some work and a decent overhaul
 * The phytochemistry section needs a major expansion
 * The history section could use some post-Linnean info
 * The description section would benefit from looking at similar/related species
 * Other than that I'm not sure if there's anything else, I think after those are done we could probably submit for a peer review or just go straight to GAN. There's a contest going on right now so we may stand a better chance of getting a review before too long. Fritzmann (message me) 13:11, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm going to put in some more herbivores today. I also want to read over what I've done with description very closely and make sure it is both correct and flows well. I'm not a great copy editor, I'm much better at the basic research and translating from "botanese" to English, but I can at least try to improve the readability of my text. MtBotany (talk) 16:46, 4 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Anything else you think I can do? I've pretty much wrapped up the sections I was hoping to get done, I think the article is getting pretty close for a review to start. Fritzmann (message me) 00:30, 7 August 2023 (UTC)
 * @Fritzmann2002 I apologize for the radio silence. I've been distracted by having strained my back slightly. There are other things I would like to get in there. I did find some sources for differentiating between different species. Going to work on that when I can concentrate, but if you want to put it up for review before I get to that it is fine. MtBotany (talk) 19:55, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I think what I will do is put it in the queue for a Peer Review. That way we can get a third opinion on it before GAN, while also not rushing the process at all. Fritzmann (message me) 19:59, 10 August 2023 (UTC)
 * no luck on the peer review so far. I think I am going to go ahead and submit the article to GAN. I would like to get a reviewer before the drive ends; if we wait until then it could be quite some time. Even if there are some small mistakes we should be able to catch those during the review. Fritzmann (message me) 15:33, 18 August 2023 (UTC)

Greater Effects on Young Animals
I have figured out where the statement about younger animals being more susceptible than older animals to the toxicity of H. perforatum likely came from. https://archive.org/details/journalamer46ameruoft/page/152 Unfortunately it is in a section about Hypericum triquetrifolium then called Hypericum Crispum. While it is not unreasonable to assume that it may also be true for H. perforatum, I have not yet seen a reliable source stating it.

Of more relevance the same 1914 article it states that at high doses a preparation of H. perforatum "has a very toxic action on the heart" in an experiment on dogs. I'm not entirely sure if that would be a good fact to add to the article or not. It is a very old experiment. MtBotany (talk) 20:23, 5 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Hmm, possibly a very brief mention of the effect on dogs would be appropriate? But yeah I was also dubious of the claim of its effect on younger animals, that was one of the reasons I tagged the section. My vote would be to cut that claim entirely - it isn't particularly important anyways. Fritzmann (message me) 01:48, 6 August 2023 (UTC)

"ARIADNE7" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARIADNE7&redirect=no ARIADNE7] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Plantdrew (talk) 18:44, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

"ARI7" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ARI7&redirect=no ARI7] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Plantdrew (talk) 18:44, 7 November 2023 (UTC)

"APOSPORY (locus)" listed at Redirects for discussion
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Native to which countries
Unders Distribution, there is a discrepancy between the map and the text, which says that the plant is native to Sudan, for example Spacecow2021 (talk) 12:47, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the catch, I've updated the map to reflect the distribution listed at POWO, it should be accurate now. Fritzmann (message me) 13:59, 7 December 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Hypericum perforatum


text:
Talk:Ensemble (mathematical physics)

Having taught statistics at four universities, including one renowned throughout the world, I have not encountered the phrase "statistical ensemble" used in this sense. Certainly populations and samples are mentioned all the time, but when is this term ever used except by physicists? Michael Hardy 22:27 Feb 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yep, you're right, it's a physics term. Let's edit. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.158.210.242 (talk • contribs) 22:34, 17 February 2003

Statistical ensembles
Here's a suggestion to make the statistical ensemble article more consistent with the quantum statistical mechanics article. Two relevant operational notions on ensembles are

 * Testing statistical equivalence of ensembles

 * Probabilistic sampling from ensembles A, B with probability p 1- p to form the convex combination of ensembles.

Since in the quantum mechanical case, ensembles are modeled by density operators, this is a cleaner approach to the pure-state mixed-state dichotomy, because equivalence classes of ensembles have the structure of a convex set.

Moreover I like to think of the concept of ensemble as being itself operationally defined in the following sense: there is some laboratory procedure for producing systems which are instances of this ensemble. By repeating this laboratory procedure we obtain a sequence of systems X1, X2 .... Xk... Exactly how this sequential ensemble defines a state might be left out of the article, but here is an explanation: A sequential ensemble defines a state by the time average of measurements: e.g. for each quantum yes-no question E (for reference this is discussed in the article quantum logic) we obtain a sequence of measured values (e.g. by observing a dial on a gauge) Meas(E, Xn). Each one of these values is a 0 or 1. (Of course the measurement process alters the system so it no longer is an instance of the ensemble)

Assume the time average exists
 * $$ \sigma(E) = \lim_{N \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{N} \sum_{k=1}^N \operatorname{Meas}(E, X_k) $$

This is a kind of ergodicity assumption, but for explaining the operational meaning of ensemble I think this is good enough. Using Gleason's theorem this is given by a density operator S:

 * $$ \sigma(E) = \operatorname{Tr}(E S) $$ —Preceding unsigned comment added by CSTAR (talk • contribs) 06:32, 12 June 2004

 * Trying to be "operational" is a little bit philosophical. Also a little biassed.  But to point out that an alternative definition of the quantum statistical ensemble is as a mapping from observables to expectations is an excellent idea, and to mention that Gleason's theorem or whatever shows the equivalence is very good, as well. Dragging in ergodicity seems a little otiose, even worse than dragging in measurements and operationalisablitiy.... 74.102.90.54 (talk) 04:14, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

Climate prediction & Grand Ensemble
I'd like to see extra added to this page to include mention of climate prediction.

See Ensemble in BOINC Wiki

Also how about defining a grand ensemble as an ensemble of ensembles. Perhaps include a diagram such as at a)

http://www.opendemocracy.net/content/articles/2571/images/Fig_1.gif

from http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2571.jsp

In fact there is a lot of complex stuff in this article which I think would be better placed in a referenced page for Using Statistical Ensembles. Keep this page just for saying what an ensemble is. that is just MHO. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.53.104.5 (talk • contribs) 15:20, 11 June 2005

New article
The new changes to the article regard a very unusual interpretation of statistical ensemble. I am reverting. If there is indeed a usage in meteorology which is different, then this should be place in another article.--CSTAR 15:45, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Most moved to Using Statistical Ensembles
I have done this suggested move now.

Sources for new material include http://www.climateprediction.net/science/strategy_adv.php http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalization-climate_change_debate/2571.jsp http://www.climateprediction.net/science/pubs/nature_first_results.pdf. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.53.104.5 (talk • contribs) 15:49, 11 June 2005

mce, ce & gce
Whatever else, it should be possible to access the usual classical statistical ensembles used by physicists and chemists, namely:- microcanonical ensemble, canonical ensemble, grand canonical ensemble. There should be short definitions of the three here, too. This appears to have got lost (again?) Linuxlad 15:56, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Idealization and "mental" copies
Could we use a different expression other than "mental". Isn't it enough to say it is an idealization? --CSTAR 13:59, 24 October 2005 (UTC)

 * The word idealization on its own is not clear. For example, it would be an idealization to consider the system to be made up a large number of real subsystems, each statistically independent. This is the idealization used by Boltzmann in 1872 to derive the Boltzmann equation, the H-theorem and the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution.  But in 1878 Gibbs goes beyond this by considering the probability distribution for the system as a whole.  There is now no longer a population of real subsystems: there is now only one real system, in one (unknown) state.  But because it is useful to imagine probabilities in terms of drawing an individual from a population, Gibbs introduces a mental population of possibilities, which he calls an ensemble.

 * (Note also that something like the Boltzmann distribution is exact when we can consider it as a probability, ie the result of deriving it for an infinitely large mental ensemble; but only approximately correct at any one time, and subject to fluctuation, when we consider it as a fraction of a real population).

 * IMO it is thus important that the word "mental" (or something very similar) should remain in the article to flag this point. Jheald 17:57, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * OK, you make a valid point, but I still prefer a better phrasing. I don't like the association with "minds"; how about "imaginary"? or "imagined". If you do not like these, please give this some thought and try to find another expresion.  I will also think about better formulations.--CSTAR 18:01, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * "Imaginary" I don't like, because of the association with complex numbers. "Imagined" I could live with; but I think "mental" is better, because (IMO) it's simpler and more immediate.  Is there a problem in the association with "mind"? -- That is where the ensemble lives.  Jheald 20:37, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

 * I think there is a problem associating it with minds, because that suggests that if minds didn't exist then neither would ensembles. I'm not trying to be picky or argue for argument's sake; I would prefer a formulation which is consistent with other similar abstractions in statistics or mathematics. Sample space of a stochastic process, such as the Wiener process is a similar abstraction. Choosing terms carefully will have a payoff, I think. But I concede your larger point.--CSTAR 03:08, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Would "similar" or "diversified" suffice? I don't think there is a requirement for the copies to be exact, just proprogated.  GChriss 21:02, 8 February 2006 (UTC)

 * No. I think you're thinking about the practical running of an ensemble of climate models. But that's really only a derived use of the word -- fundamentally it's called an ensemble because it's supposed to be a collection of states (and dynamics) that we've dreamed up which we hope may be representative of the state the world might be in.

 * The point (at least in statistical mechanics) is that the copies are not real. They do not exist in the real world.  They are a thought-experiment, as one considers all the different states the system might be in, which defines a set you can then do analytical calculations on. -- Jheald 00:09, 9 February 2006 (UTC).

 * Right. But I still don't like "minds" in this definition :)-CSTAR 00:12, 9 February 2006 (UTC)

 * How about "virtual" or "possible"? I think "mental" is inappropriate here. It is not a "thought experiment", but a class of mathematical models. Nor are you holding those possible states of an ensemble in your mind. Finally, nobody actually uses the term "mental states". When I googled for "mental states" and "ensembles", all I got (that was remotely relevant) was some articles talking about neurodynamics and a dissertation about the quantum mechanics of a conscious observer. -- KarlHallowell (talk) 13:16, 15 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Schroedinger uses the word "mental": p. 3, Statistical Thermodynamics.  The word is pretty standard.  Standard usage should be respected in spite of one's own personal philosophical critiques.  What word does Gibbs use, anyway? 74.102.90.54 (talk) 04:11, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

comment on article.
i've made some edits and supplied a few details. the intro of the article is still rather sloppy. Since there's "mathematical" in the title, that should be the context of the article. not some stuff on, say, meterology. surely that could be mentioned as a side remark, but that should not interrupt the coherence and continuity of the mathematical presentation of the article, and that's what the non-mathematical remarks in the present version are doing. Mct mht 07:54, 24 May 2006 (UTC)

This article is badly written, full of slight grammatical errors that nevertheless produce unintelligiblity in a few crucial passages, and suffers from a serious physics error in the description of the quantum mixed state. Mixed state is a synonym for statistical ensemble, and in QM it is not a probability distribution on a set of microstates. Landau and Lifschitz explicity warn against this error in their *Statistical Physics*. See page 18 of *Fundamental Principles of Statistical Physics*, 2nd ed. There seems to be a free on-line copy somewhere. There is also carelessness in the difference between a probability distribution on a (e.g.) discrete basis of microstates, and the (continuous) space they span. 74.102.90.54 (talk) 04:22, 26 November 2015 (UTC)

 * Hi IP editor, you're referring to this passage right?
 * You're absolutely right, a generic ensemble should not be thought of as a classical probability distribution over pure states. If the article gives that impression it should certainly be corrected. (The exception is the case of equilibrium ensembles, especially thermodynamic ensembles, where it is common and convenient to represent them by a probability distribution over energy eigenstates.) Anyhow, feel free to edit the article and be bold, wikipedia is for all of us to edit. :) --Nanite (talk) 10:15, 28 November 2015 (UTC)
 * You're absolutely right, a generic ensemble should not be thought of as a classical probability distribution over pure states. If the article gives that impression it should certainly be corrected. (The exception is the case of equilibrium ensembles, especially thermodynamic ensembles, where it is common and convenient to represent them by a probability distribution over energy eigenstates.) Anyhow, feel free to edit the article and be bold, wikipedia is for all of us to edit. :) --Nanite (talk) 10:15, 28 November 2015 (UTC)

Korean
Why are there two links to the Korean version in the languages box? Does someone know how to edit this - I don't. --Eujin16 (talk) 06:25, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Fixed. Jheald (talk) 09:08, 13 March 2009 (UTC)

Title
According to the article's introduction, there are three possible titles for this article: "ensemble", "statistical ensemble" and "thermodynamic ensemble", with "ensemble" being the main one.

I have two questions about the actual title of this article:

 * Why "Statistical ensemble" instead of just "Ensemble"?
 * Why do we have the unnecessary disambiguation (the parenthetical "mathematical physics" at the end of the title - statistical ensemble redirects here)?

Brian Jason Drake 07:12, 5 May 2009 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Ensemble average into Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)
merge stub subtopic into main article fgnievinski (talk) 15:32, 28 November 2021 (UTC) Ensemble Average may not literally be a stub, but it doesn't stand alone very well. I'd support this merge and redirect; could make this content a subsection. Would also benefit after the merger from the addition of average formulas from other ensembles. Qflib, aka KeeYou Flib (talk) 18:21, 30 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Info: Ensemble average is not a stub. Widefox ; talk 17:23, 28 November 2021 (UTC)
 * It does not cite any sources. fgnievinski (talk) 17:44, 28 November 2021 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 13:53, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ensemble (mathematical physics)


text:
Ensemble

Ensemble may refer to:

Art

 * Architectural ensemble
 * Ensemble (album), Kendji Girac 2015 album
 * Ensemble (band), a project of Olivier Alary
 * Ensemble cast (drama, comedy)
 * Ensemble (musical theatre), also known as the chorus
 * Ensemble (Stockhausen), 1967 group-composition project by Karlheinz Stockhausen
 * Musical ensemble

Mathematics and science

 * Distribution ensemble or probability ensemble (cryptography)
 * Ensemble Kalman filter
 * Ensemble learning (statistics and machine learning)
 * Ensembl genome database project
 * Neural ensemble, a population of nervous system cells (or cultured neurons) involved in a particular neural computation
 * Statistical ensemble (mathematical physics)
 * Climate ensemble
 * Ensemble average (statistical mechanics)
 * Ensemble averaging (machine learning)
 * Ensemble (fluid mechanics)
 * Ensemble forecasting (meteorology)
 * Quantum statistical mechanics, the study of statistical ensembles of quantum mechanical systems

Technology

 * DAB ensemble, a group of Digital Audio Broadcasting broadcasters transmitting multiple digital radio channels on a single radio transmission
 * Geoworks Ensemble, a computer operating system.

Companies and organizations

 * Ensemble Studios, a disbanded Microsoft-owned company in the computer and video game industry
 * Ensemble Theatre, a theatre company in Australia
 * The Ensemble Theatre, a theatre company in Houston, Texas

Politics

 * Ensemble!, a political party in France
 * Ensemble, a political coalition in France led by Renaissance

Events

 * "Ensemble", the annual festival held at Watumull Institute of Electronic Engineering and Computer Technology
 * "Ensemble", the annual conference held at XLRI School of Business and Human Resources, India

title: Ensemble


text:
Talk:EQ

-- Tarquin 22:50 Feb 17, 2003 (UTC)~
 * the EverQuest thing should be a straight link, not a secondary description
 * this article should then (probably) be about the EQ that is on hifi systems, synthesizers, MP3 players etc.... or a link to whatever that EQ stands for

 * Equalization - some of my happiest hours at universtiy were spent trying to work out how the parametric equalizers worked. Ultimately, this should probably be a disambiguation page pointing to that, EverQuest and whatever else (don't have time to do it right now, tho). --Camembert

title: Talk:EQ


text:
Ralph Hartley

Ralph Vinton Lyon Hartley (November 30, 1888 – May 1, 1970) was an American electronics researcher. He invented the Hartley oscillator and the Hartley transform, and contributed to the foundations of information theory.

His legacy includes the naming of the hartley, a unit of information equal to one decimal digit, after him.

Biography
Hartley was born in Sprucemont, Nevada, and attended the University of Utah, receiving an A.B. degree in 1909. He became a Rhodes Scholar at St Johns, Oxford University, in 1910 and received a B.A. degree in 1912 and a B.Sc. degree in 1913. He married Florence Vail of Brooklyn on March 21, 1916. The Hartleys had no children.

He returned to the United States and was employed at the Research Laboratory of the Western Electric Company. In 1915 he was in charge of radio receiver development for the Bell System transatlantic radiotelephone tests. For this he developed the Hartley oscillator and also a neutralizing circuit to eliminate triode singing resulting from internal coupling. A patent for the oscillator was filed on June 1, 1915 and awarded on October 26, 1920.

During World War I Hartley established the principles that led to sound-type directional finders.

Following the war he returned to Western Electric. He later worked at Bell Laboratories. He performed research on repeaters and voice and carrier transmission and formulated the law "that the total amount of information that can be transmitted is proportional to frequency range transmitted and the time of the transmission." His 1928 paper is considered as "the single most important prerequisite" for Shannon's theory of information. After about 10 years of illness he returned to Bell Labs in 1939 as a consultant.

In spite of his illness during most of the 1930s, Hartley had formed a theoretical and experimental research group at Bell Laboratories starting in 1929 to investigate nonlinear oscillations and what later became known as parametric amplifiers. This research was mostly parallel to the work being done at the same time in Soviet Russia by Leonid Mandelstam and in Europe by Balthasar van der Pol. A short review and extensive bibliography was published by Mumford in 1960. The Bell Laboratories work was carried on under Hartley's guidance during the 1930s and 1940s by John Burton and Eugene Peterson (who themselves had begun investigations of nonlinear circuits as far back as 1917 when they had observed unusual characteristics while working with E.F.W. Alexanderson's magnetic modulators, an early form of magnetic amplifier). Peterson later got John Manley   and Harrison Rowe involved in this line of research during the 1940s which culminated in the now famous Manley–Rowe relations and several papers by the latter two authors   on the topic of parametric circuits in the mid 1950s.

During World War II he was particularly involved with servomechanism problems.

He retired from Bell Labs in 1950 and died on May 1, 1970.

Awards

 * IRE Medal of Honor, 1946, for his oscillator and information proportionality law. This was an award from the Institute of Radio Engineers which later merged into the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers; the award became the IEEE Medal of Honor.
 * Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science

Publications
Probably incomplete.
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "The Function of Phase Difference in the Binaural Location of Pure Tones," Physical Review, Volume 13, Issue 6, pp 373–385, (June 1919).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., Fry T.C.,"The Binaural Location of Pure Tones", Physical Review, Volume 18, Issue 6, pp 431 – 442, (December 1921).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "Relations of Carrier and Side-Bands in Radio Transmission", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 11, Issue 1, pp 34 – 56, (February 1923).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "Transmission of Information", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 7, Number 3, pp. 535–563, (July 1928).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "A Wave Mechanism of Quantum Phenomena", Physical Review, Volume 33, Issue 2, Page 289, (1929) (abstract only)
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "Oscillations in Systems with Non-Linear Reactance", The Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 15, Number 3, pp 424 – 440, (July 1936).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "Excitation of Raman Spectra with the Aid of Optical Catalysers", Nature, Volume 139, pg 329 - 329, (20 February 1937)
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "Steady State Delay as Related to Aperiodic Signals", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 20, Number 2, pp 222 – 234, (April 1941).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "A More Symmetrical Fourier Analysis Applied to Transmission Problems," Proceedings of the IRE, Volume 30, Number 2, pp. 144–150 (March 1942).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "Note on the Application of Vector Analysis to the Wave Equation", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 22, Issue 4, pg 511, (1950).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "The Significance of Nonclassical Statistics", Science, Volume 111, Number 2891, pp 574 – 576, (May 26, 1950)
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "Matter, a Mode of Motion", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 29, Number 3, pg 350 - 368, (July 1950).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "The Reflection of Diverging Waves by a Gyrostatic Medium", Bell System Technical Journal, Volume 29, Number 3, pp 369 – 389, (July 1950),
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "A New System of Logarithmic Units", Proceedings of the IRE, Volume. 43, Number 1, pg 97, (January 1955).
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "New System of Logarithmic Units", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 27, Issue 1, pp 174 – 176, (1955)
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "Information Theory of The Fourier Analysis and Wave Mechanics", August 10, 1955, publication information unknown.
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "The Mass of a Wave Particle", July 30, 1955, unpublished manuscript, copies available from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park MD
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "The Mechanism of Gravitation", January 11, 1956, unpublished manuscript; copies available from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park MD
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "The Mechanism of Electricity and Magnetism", June 14, 1956, unpublished manuscript, copies available from the Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park MD
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "Rotational Waves in a Turbulent Liquid", Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Volume 29, Issue 2, pp 195 – 196, (1957)
 * Hartley, R.V.L., "A Mechanistic Theory of Extra-Atomic Physics", Philosophy of Science, Volume 26, Number 4, pp 295 – 309, (October 1959)

Archival collections

 * Ralph V. L. Hartley papers, 1920-1970, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

title: Ralph Hartley


text:
Uncrewed spacecraft

Uncrewed spacecraft or robotic spacecraft are spacecraft without people on board. Uncrewed spacecraft may have varying levels of autonomy from human input, such as remote control, or remote guidance. They may also be autonomous, in which they have a pre-programmed list of operations that will be executed unless otherwise instructed. A robotic spacecraft for scientific measurements is often called a space probe or space observatory.

Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit.

The first uncrewed space mission was Sputnik, launched October 4, 1957 to orbit the Earth. Nearly all satellites, landers and rovers are robotic spacecraft. Not every uncrewed spacecraft is a robotic spacecraft; for example, a reflector ball is a non-robotic uncrewed spacecraft. Space missions where other animals but no humans are on-board are called uncrewed missions.

Many habitable spacecraft also have varying levels of robotic features. For example, the space stations Salyut 7 and Mir, and the International Space Station module Zarya, were capable of remote guided station-keeping and docking maneuvers with both resupply craft and new modules. Uncrewed resupply spacecraft are increasingly used for crewed space stations.

History
The first robotic spacecraft was launched by the Soviet Union (USSR) on 22 July 1951, a suborbital flight carrying two dogs Dezik and Tsygan. Four other such flights were made through the fall of 1951.

The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was put into a 215 by Earth orbit by the USSR on 4 October 1957. On 3 November 1957, the USSR orbited Sputnik 2. Weighing 113 kg, Sputnik 2 carried the first animal into orbit, the dog Laika. Since the satellite was not designed to detach from its launch vehicle's upper stage, the total mass in orbit was 508.3 kg.

In a close race with the Soviets, the United States launched its first artificial satellite, Explorer 1, into a 193 by orbit on 31 January 1958. Explorer I was an 80.75 in long by 6.00 in diameter cylinder weighing 30.8 lb, compared to Sputnik 1, a 58 cm sphere which weighed 83.6 kg. Explorer 1 carried sensors which confirmed the existence of the Van Allen belts, a major scientific discovery at the time, while Sputnik 1 carried no scientific sensors. On 17 March 1958, the US orbited its second satellite, Vanguard 1, which was about the size of a grapefruit, and which remains in a 360 by orbit.

The first attempted lunar probe was the Luna E-1 No.1, launched on 23 September 1958. The goal of a lunar probe repeatedly failed until 4 January 1959 when Luna 1 orbited around the Moon and then the Sun.

The success of these early missions began a race between the US and the USSR to outdo each other with increasingly ambitious probes. Mariner 2 was the first probe to study another planet, revealing Venus' extremely hot temperature to scientists in 1962, while the Soviet Venera 4 was the first atmospheric probe to study Venus. Mariner 4 1965 Mars flyby snapped the first images of its cratered surface, which the Soviets responded to a few months later with images from on its surface from Luna 9. In 1967, America's Surveyor 3 gathered information about the Moon's surface that would prove crucial to the Apollo 11 mission that landed humans on the Moon two years later.

The first interstellar probe was Voyager 1, launched 5 September 1977. It entered interstellar space on 25 August 2012, followed by its twin Voyager 2 on 5 November 2018.

Nine other countries have successfully launched satellites using their own launch vehicles: France (1965), Japan and China (1970), the United Kingdom (1971), India (1980), Israel (1988), Iran (2009), North Korea (2012), and South Korea (2022).

Design
In spacecraft design, the United States Air Force considers a vehicle to consist of the mission payload and the bus (or platform). The bus provides physical structure, thermal control, electrical power, attitude control and telemetry, tracking and commanding.

Subsystems
JPL divides the "flight system" of a spacecraft into subsystems. These include:

Structure
The physical backbone structure, which
 * provides overall mechanical integrity of the spacecraft
 * ensures spacecraft components are supported and can withstand launch loads

Data handling
This is sometimes referred to as the command and data subsystem. It is often responsible for:
 * command sequence storage
 * maintaining the spacecraft clock
 * collecting and reporting spacecraft telemetry data (e.g. spacecraft health)
 * collecting and reporting mission data (e.g. photographic images)

Attitude determination and control
This system is mainly responsible for the correct spacecraft's orientation in space (attitude) despite external disturbance-gravity gradient effects, magnetic-field torques, solar radiation and aerodynamic drag; in addition it may be required to reposition movable parts, such as antennas and solar arrays.

Entry, descent, and landing
Integrated sensing incorporates an image transformation algorithm to interpret the immediate imagery land data, perform a real-time detection and avoidance of terrain hazards that may impede safe landing, and increase the accuracy of landing at a desired site of interest using landmark localization techniques. Integrated sensing completes these tasks by relying on pre-recorded information and cameras to understand its location and determine its position and whether it is correct or needs to make any corrections (localization). The cameras are also used to detect any possible hazards whether it is increased fuel consumption or it is a physical hazard such as a poor landing spot in a crater or cliff side that would make landing very not ideal (hazard assessment).

Landing on hazardous terrain
In planetary exploration missions involving robotic spacecraft, there are three key parts in the processes of landing on the surface of the planet to ensure a safe and successful landing. This process includes an entry into the planetary gravity field and atmosphere, a descent through that atmosphere towards an intended/targeted region of scientific value, and a safe landing that guarantees the integrity of the instrumentation on the craft is preserved. While the robotic spacecraft is going through those parts, it must also be capable of estimating its position compared to the surface in order to ensure reliable control of itself and its ability to maneuver well. The robotic spacecraft must also efficiently perform hazard assessment and trajectory adjustments in real time to avoid hazards. To achieve this, the robotic spacecraft requires accurate knowledge of where the spacecraft is located relative to the surface (localization), what may pose as hazards from the terrain (hazard assessment), and where the spacecraft should presently be headed (hazard avoidance). Without the capability for operations for localization, hazard assessment, and avoidance, the robotic spacecraft becomes unsafe and can easily enter dangerous situations such as surface collisions, undesirable fuel consumption levels, and/or unsafe maneuvers.

Telecommunications
Components in the telecommunications subsystem include radio antennas, transmitters and receivers. These may be used to communicate with ground stations on Earth, or with other spacecraft.

Electrical power
The supply of electric power on spacecraft generally come from photovoltaic (solar) cells or from a radioisotope thermoelectric generator. Other components of the subsystem include batteries for storing power and distribution circuitry that connects components to the power sources.

Temperature control and protection from the environment
Spacecraft are often protected from temperature fluctuations with insulation. Some spacecraft use mirrors and sunshades for additional protection from solar heating. They also often need shielding from micrometeoroids and orbital debris.

Propulsion
Spacecraft propulsion is a method that allows a spacecraft to travel through space by generating thrust to push it forward. However, there is not one universally used propulsion system: monopropellant, bipropellant, ion propulsion, etc. Each propulsion system generates thrust in slightly different ways with each system having its own advantages and disadvantages. But, most spacecraft propulsion today is based on rocket engines. The general idea behind rocket engines is that when an oxidizer meets the fuel source, there is explosive release of energy and heat at high speeds, which propels the spacecraft forward. This happens due to one basic principle known as Newton's Third Law. According to Newton, "to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction." As the energy and heat is being released from the back of the spacecraft, gas particles are being pushed around to allow the spacecraft to propel forward. The main reason behind the usage of rocket engine today is because rockets are the most powerful form of propulsion there is.

Monopropellant
For a propulsion system to work, there is usually an oxidizer line and a fuel line. This way, the spacecraft propulsion is controlled. But in a monopropellant propulsion, there is no need for an oxidizer line and only requires the fuel line. This works due to the oxidizer being chemically bonded into the fuel molecule itself. But for the propulsion system to be controlled, the combustion of the fuel can only occur due to a presence of a catalyst. This is quite advantageous due to making the rocket engine lighter and cheaper, easy to control, and more reliable. But, the downfall is that the chemical is very dangerous to manufacture, store, and transport.

Bipropellant
A bipropellant propulsion system is a rocket engine that uses a liquid propellent. This means both the oxidizer and fuel line are in liquid states. This system is unique because it requires no ignition system, the two liquids would spontaneously combust as soon as they come into contact with each other and produces the propulsion to push the spacecraft forward. The main benefit for having this technology is because that these kinds of liquids have relatively high density, which allows the volume of the propellent tank to be small, therefore increasing space efficacy. The downside is the same as that of monopropellant propulsion system: very dangerous to manufacture, store, and transport.

Ion
An ion propulsion system is a type of engine that generates thrust by the means of electron bombardment or the acceleration of ions. By shooting high-energy electrons to a propellant atom (neutrally charge), it removes electrons from the propellant atom and this results the propellant atom becoming a positively charged atom. The positively charged ions are guided to pass through positively charged grids that contains thousands of precise aligned holes are running at high voltages. Then, the aligned positively charged ions accelerates through a negative charged accelerator grid that further increases the speed of the ions up to 90,000 mph. The momentum of these positively charged ions provides the thrust to propel the spacecraft forward. The advantage of having this kind of propulsion is that it is incredibly efficient in maintaining constant velocity, which is needed for deep-space travel. However, the amount of thrust produced is extremely low and that it needs a lot of electrical power to operate.

Mechanical devices
Mechanical components often need to be moved for deployment after launch or prior to landing. In addition to the use of motors, many one-time movements are controlled by pyrotechnic devices.

Robotic vs. uncrewed spacecraft
Robotic spacecraft are specifically designed system for a specific hostile environment. Due to their specification for a particular environment, it varies greatly in complexity and capabilities. While an uncrewed spacecraft is a spacecraft without personnel or crew and is operated by automatic (proceeds with an action without human intervention) or remote control (with human intervention). The term 'uncrewed spacecraft' does not imply that the spacecraft is robotic.

Control
Robotic spacecraft use telemetry to radio back to Earth acquired data and vehicle status information. Although generally referred to as "remotely controlled" or "telerobotic", the earliest orbital spacecraft – such as Sputnik 1 and Explorer 1 – did not receive control signals from Earth. Soon after these first spacecraft, command systems were developed to allow remote control from the ground. Increased autonomy is important for distant probes where the light travel time prevents rapid decision and control from Earth. Newer probes such as Cassini–Huygens and the Mars Exploration Rovers are highly autonomous and use on-board computers to operate independently for extended periods of time.

Space probes and observatories
A space probe is a robotic spacecraft that does not orbit Earth, but instead, explores further into outer space. Space probes have different sets of scientific instruments onboard. A space probe may approach the Moon; travel through interplanetary space; flyby, orbit, or land on other planetary bodies; or enter interstellar space. Space probes send collected data to Earth. Space probes can be orbiters, landers, and rovers. Space probes can also gather materials from its target and return it to Earth.

Once a probe has left the vicinity of Earth, its trajectory will likely take it along an orbit around the Sun similar to the Earth's orbit. To reach another planet, the simplest practical method is a Hohmann transfer orbit. More complex techniques, such as gravitational slingshots, can be more fuel-efficient, though they may require the probe to spend more time in transit. Some high Delta-V missions (such as those with high inclination changes) can only be performed, within the limits of modern propulsion, using gravitational slingshots. A technique using very little propulsion, but requiring a considerable amount of time, is to follow a trajectory on the Interplanetary Transport Network.

A space telescope or space observatory is a telescope in outer space used to observe astronomical objects. Space telescopes avoid the filtering and distortion of electromagnetic radiation which they observe, and avoid light pollution which ground-based observatories encounter. They are divided into two types: satellites which map the entire sky (astronomical survey), and satellites which focus on selected astronomical objects or parts of the sky and beyond. Space telescopes are distinct from Earth imaging satellites, which point toward Earth for satellite imaging, applied for weather analysis, espionage, and other types of information gathering.

Cargo spacecraft
Cargo or resupply spacecraft are robotic spacecraft that are designed specifically to carry cargo, possibly to support space stations' operation by transporting food, propellant and other supplies. This is different from a space probe, whose missions are to conduct scientific investigations.

Automated cargo spacecraft have been used since 1978 and have serviced Salyut 6, Salyut 7, Mir, the International Space Station and Tiangong space station.

As of 2024, four different cargo spacecraft are used to supply the International Space Station: Russian Progress, American SpaceX Dragon 2, Cygnus, and Dream Chaser. Chinese Tianzhou is used to supply Tiangong space station.

title: Uncrewed spacecraft


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Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction

The Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction is one of the seven American Pulitzer Prizes that are awarded annually for the "Letters, Drama, and Music" category. The award is given to a nonfiction book written by an American author and published during the preceding calendar year that is ineligible for any other Pulitzer Prize. The Prize has been awarded since 1962; beginning in 1980, one to three finalists have been announced alongside the winner.

Recipients
An additional one to three finalists have been announced alongside the winner beginning in 1980. Two authors have won multiple prizes: Barbara W. Tuchman in 1963 and 1972, and Edward O. Wilson in 1979 and 1991. Additionally, two authors have been finalists multiple times: Steven Pinker (1998, 2003) and John McPhee (1982, 1987, 1991); McPhee won the Prize in 1999. Three winning works were also finalists for the Pulitzer Prize for History: A Bright Shining Lie: John Paul Vann and America in Vietnam by Neil Sheehan (1989), Lincoln at Gettysburg: The Words That Remade America by Garry Wills (1993), and The End of the Myth: From the Frontier to the Border Wall in the Mind of America by Greg Grandin (2020).

title: Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction


text:
Danny Carey

Daniel Edwin Carey (born May 10, 1961) is an American musician and songwriter who is the drummer for the progressive metal band Tool. He has also contributed to albums by artists such as Zaum, Green Jellö, Pigface, Skinny Puppy, Adrian Belew, Carole King, Collide, Meat Puppets, Lusk, and the Melvins.

He was ranked among the 100 greatest drummers of all time by Rolling Stone magazine, occupying the 26th position, in addition to being frequently considered by other magazines.

Biography
Born in Lawrence, Kansas, Carey's first encounter with the drums began at the age of ten when he joined the school band and began taking private lessons on the snare drum. Two years later, Carey began to practice on a drum set. In his senior year of high school in Paola, Kansas, Carey joined the high school jazz band. Carey also played basketball. Jazz would later play a huge role in his signature approach to the drum set in a rock setting. As Carey progressed through high school and later college at the University of Missouri–Kansas City, he began expanding his studies in percussion with theory into the principles of geometry, science, and metaphysics as well as delving into the occult. Carey also played jazz while attending college and got to experience the jazz scene in Kansas City.

After college, a friend and bandmate convinced Carey to leave Kansas for Portland, Oregon, where he played briefly in various bands before moving to Los Angeles, where he was able to perform as a studio drummer with Carole King and perform live sets with Pigmy Love Circus. He also played in Green Jellö as "Danny Longlegs" and recorded the album Cereal Killer. He would later find his way to Tool after coming to know singer Maynard James Keenan and guitarist Adam Jones and practicing with them in place of drummers the two had requested but had never shown up. Besides Tool, Carey also finds time for other projects new and old such as Legend of the Seagullmen, Pigmy Love Circus, Volto!, and Zaum.

Carey was arrested at the Kansas City International Airport on December 12, 2021 after allegedly using a homophobic slur and repeatedly jabbing someone in the chest with two fingers. He was charged with a municipal assault violation. The charges were dropped in January 2023.

Influences
Carey's drumming influences include Neil Peart, Billy Cobham, Buddy Rich, Bill Bruford, Lenny White, Tony Williams, John Bonham, Barriemore Barlow and Tim Alexander.

Equipment
Danny Carey uses the wood tip version of his own signature model of drumstick made by Vic Firth. He previously had endorsed a signature model with Trueline Drumsticks (now Trueline's Tribal Assault model). Carey also uses Sonor drums, Paiste cymbals, Evans drumheads, Hammerax, and electronic devices such as Mandala, Korg and Roland.

Paiste and Jeff Ocheltree (noted drumtech for Billy Cobham, John Bonham, Lenny White, etc) teamed up in the late 90s to develop an entire drumset made out of recycled cymbals. The final product was a melted down Paiste's Signature bronze custom cast cymbals. Danny Carey used the kit during the Lateralus 2002 tour and during some drum clinics through the years.

Only three versions of this kit were ever created. Two are owned by Danny Carey and Carl Palmer and other one is located in Paiste's Switzerland headquarters.

At the 2009 Winter NAMM Show Sonor released a Danny Carey signature snare drum, which is a 1 mm thick bronze 14x8" snare with laser etched talisman symbols and his signature engraved around the vent hole.

In 2016 Paiste released a Danny Carey signature ride cymbal called "Dry Heavy Ride - Monad" based on their discontinued model that Carey always used since becoming a Paiste artist. The cymbal has a purple color and sigils printed on. It is named "Monad" because the main print is an esoteric glyph from John Dee.

During 2019, builder Alan Van Kleef from VK Drums was contacted by Carey to create a drum kit and a snare drum. After much debate Alan developed the set called "Monad", made by hand in Sheffield, England. Shortly after the completion of the Monad set, it was announced that a snare drum replica called "7empest" (after Tool's grammy award winning song) would be made available as part of a limited collection of 33 individual pieces. At the same time that the 7empest snare was launched, Alan was also developing the first complete 7empest drum set. Like the snare, the 7empest drums is a Monad replica in almost every way, except for the engravings.

Drumming techniques
Carey's popularity among drummers and non-drummers alike stems from the diversity of his sound and dynamics through his years of learning jazz music, his technical ability, frequent use of odd time signatures, polyrhythms, and polymeters. He has stated in interviews that he effectively treats his feet as he does his hands: he practices rudiments (used for sticking techniques) and even snare drum solos with his feet to improve his double bass drumming, hi-hat control, and foot independence.

In search of new techniques, Carey has studied tabla with Aloke Dutta, who can be heard playing on the live version of the song "Pushit" (from Salival). This is especially apparent on tracks such as "Disposition" (Lateralus) or "Right in Two" (10,000 Days), for which Carey has recorded the tabla parts himself in the studio. The tabla (and other percussive instruments) used in Tool's music are replicated live using the Mandala pads (in fact the pads are also used when recording in the studio, a notable example being the tabla solo of "Right in Two").

He has also stated that when he is playing to an odd time signature, he tries to drum to the "feel" of the song and establish general "inner pulse" for the given time signature instead of fully counting it out.

Carey has been featured in many drum and music magazines.

Side projects and other musical endeavors
In his time away from Tool, Carey has contributed (and still regularly does) to a vast number of projects:
 * Fusion band Volto!, which regularly plays shows in the Los Angeles area, consisting of both covers and original material
 * Pigmy Love Circus, which has recorded several albums
 * Electronica-oriented project Zaum
 * Green Jellö
 * Pigface
 * Drums on the track "Use Less" from the album The Greater Wrong of the Right by Skinny Puppy
 * Contributed to Adrian Belew's Side One and Side Three projects with bassist Les Claypool
 * Drums on certain tracks of the Carole King album Colour of Your Dreams (as a session drummer) with Guns N' Roses guitarist Slash playing on select tracks
 * Drums on the track "Somewhere" from the Collide album Some Kind of Strange and several tracks from Two Headed Monster
 * Made an appearance on the 1997 album Free Mars by former Tool bassist Paul D'Amour's band Lusk
 * Drums on the track "Bird's Eye", (2008, from the movie Body of Lies): Serj Tankian (System Of A Down, vocals), Mike Patton (Faith No More, vocals), Daron Malakian (guitar), Les Claypool (bass)
 * Drums on the track "The Fourth" on the self-titled album from Feersum Ennjin, the band of former Tool Bassist Paul D'Amour
 * Drums with psychedelic rock supergroup Legend of the Seagullmen along with Brent Hinds of Mastodon, Jimmy Hayward and others. Their eponymous debut album was released in February 2018, on Dine Alone Records
 * Drums on Forever Love's Fool, a 22-minute progressive rock track recorded with Canadian musician Daniel Romano
 * Touring North America in 2024 with the supergroup 'Beat', who are playing the music of 1980's King Crimson. The group consists of Carey, Steve Vai, Adrian Belew, and Tony Levin.

title: Danny Carey


text:
Armenian numerals

Armenian numerals form a historic numeral system created using the majuscules (uppercase letters) of the Armenian alphabet.

There was no notation for zero in the old system, and the numeric values for individual letters were added together. The principles behind this system are the same as for the ancient Greek numerals and Hebrew numerals. In modern Armenia, the familiar Arabic numerals are used. In contemporary writing, Armenian numerals are used more or less like Roman numerals in modern English, e.g. Գարեգին Բ. means Garegin II and Գ. գլուխ means Chapter III (as a headline).

The final two letters of the Armenian alphabet, "o" (Օ) and "fe" (Ֆ), were added to the Armenian alphabet only after Arabic numerals were already in use, to facilitate transliteration of other languages. Thus, they sometimes have a numerical value assigned to them.

Notation
As in Hebrew and ancient notation, in Armenian numerals distinct symbols represent multiples of powers of 10, from 1 to 9, 10 to 90, 100 to 900, 1,000 to 9,000, and 10,000 and 20,000. A number is written from left to right, composed from at most one of these symbols for each power of 10, arranged in descending order by magnitude. There is no symbol for zero: for a number like 600 or 9,007, missing powers of ten are simply not represented.

To write numbers greater than 9,999, it is necessary to have numerals with values greater than 9,000. This is done by drawing a line over them, indicating that their value is to be multiplied by 10,000. This is similar to Roman numerals, where a line over a character means multiplying the corresponding value by 1,000.

Examples

 * ՌՋՀԵ. = 1975 = 1000 + 900 + 70 + 5
 * ՍՄԻԲ. = 2222 = 2000 + 200 + 20 + 2
 * ՃԻ. = 120 = 100 + 20
 * ՍԴ. = 2004 = 2000 + 4
 * Ծ. = 50
 * Ա . = 10,000 = 1 × 10,000
 * Ջ . = 9,000,000 = 900 × 10,000
 * ՌՃԽԳ ՌՄԾԵ. = 11,431,255 = 1,143 × 10,000 + 1,255

title: Armenian numerals


text:
Talk:Armenian numerals

Untitled
Like many people, I don't have an Armenian character set on my computer... perhaps someone could make pictures of these numerals and upload them in place of the text? -- Goatasaur 23:09 Feb 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * If anyone does this, it should be in addition to the text rather than in place of it. Some of us do have armenian character sets, and the number will doubtless grow in the future. Bryan

 * Why in addition to? I'm not sure of the benefits of having a character set that many people won't be able to see, next to pictures that nearly everyone can.  For those of us who don't have Armenian character sets it would make the page look cluttered and ugly. -- Goatasaur

 * A native text character can be cut and paste, can be resized to match the font the rest of the page is displayed in, and can be searched for. Those are just off the top of my head. Bryan

 * If it's possible to download the character set, I for one would like to. Is it possible?  (note: I have a Mac). Tuf-Kat
 * eg. Windows' font 'Arial Unicode MS' supports Armenian. It's may be installed with Windows (when selected to install all strange charsets or with Office when selected so)

 * The character set is supplied in Win2K/XP as "Sylfaen." However, it is difficult to find Unicode-compliant Armenian fonts as most conform to an older standard, mapping Armenian characters to extended ASCII.  I think even the Armenian Parliament site uses this old standard, which is a shame. Ttoom

 * I was looking around and found this: Special characters. Part of Wikipedia's purpose is (or should be) to work on almost any computer... having the user need a special character set to view a page kind of contradicts that premise. I happen to have an Armenian character set on my home computer, but when I use another computer (eg, at the library or at work) I can't view the numerals.  My point was that this could conceivably be a problem for many people, and could easily be solved.  -- Goatasaur — Preceding undated comment added 05:13, 19 February 2003 (UTC)

Under some conditions you may download this font for free, it contains not only Armenian but also many other scripts — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.2.136.41 (talk • contribs) 08:11, 11 June 2004 (UTC)

Numbers over 9999
Please, can somebody tell me how to write numbers over 9999? thx.
 * "O" is 10000, and "$" is 20000. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.77.90.116 (talk) 13:55, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
 * That's inconsistent with the current article, which says that a line over a character multiplies it by 10000. Can someone confirm that I understood, and correctly extrapolated, the minimal examples given (i.e. that ՌՃԽԳ ՌՄԾԵ = 11431255)? What do you do for numbers > 99999999 ( ՔՋՂԹ ՔՋՂԹ )? —[  Alan M 1  (talk) ]— 11:30, 22 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Perhaps Mashtots never thought there could be more than 99 999 999 of anything? Pokajanje | Talk  03:33, 23 November 2012 (UTC)
 * Can somebody explain explicitly in the article how this works, and supply a source? Drawing a conclusion from the examples given, it seems that the writer can use either the symbols for 10,000 and 20,000 or the symbols for 1 and 2 with overlines, at their own option. If that's true, it should be noted in the text, and sourced. If it isn't true, it should also be explained explicitly, and any incorrect examples should be fixed. Largoplazo (talk) 16:52, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

Sourcing for the notation section
Can somebody please provide a source for the technical details in the prose of the Notation section? I'd reuse the Omniglot reference, but it doesn't explicitly explain the detail about how a power of ten where the multiplier would be 0 is simply skipped, distinguishing Armenian, Hebrew, and ancient Greek notation from for example, Western, Arabic, and Hindi notation. Meanwhile, I've tagged the section. Largoplazo (talk) 16:54, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Armenian numerals