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Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

The Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy is a Golden Globe Award that has been awarded annually since 1952 by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association (HFPA).

Eligibility
Eligible films must be at least 70 minutes in length, be commercially released for at least seven days in the "greater Los Angeles area", and screened for the HFPA membership. The commercial release must begin during the calendar year prior to the awards ceremony, and the screening can occur no later than one week after commercial release. For purposes of the award, a "musical" is "a comedy or a drama in which songs are used in addition to spoken dialogue to further the plot." In addition, the film must have its principal dialogue in English.

Notes and trivia
Under the 2007 revised rules of the HFPA, animated pictures are no longer eligible in this or the category of Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama, instead competing exclusively in the new category of Best Animated Feature Film; until 2023, the rule is amended following controversies of best motion picture category frustrations, as animated pictures will be still allowed to eligible in this category or Drama in the future.
 * Between 1989 and 2004, ten animated feature films were nominated for this award and three won:
 * 1) 1989 - The Little Mermaid (lost to Driving Miss Daisy)
 * 2) 1991 - Beauty and the Beast (won)
 * 3) 1992 - Aladdin (lost to The Player)
 * 4) 1994 - The Lion King (won)
 * 5) 1995 - Toy Story (lost to Babe)
 * 6) 1999 - Toy Story 2 (won)
 * 7) 2000 - Chicken Run (lost to Almost Famous)
 * 8) 2001 - Shrek (lost to Moulin Rouge!)
 * 9) 2003 - Finding Nemo (lost to Lost in Translation)
 * 10) 2004 - The Incredibles (lost to Sideways)

 * Toy Story 2 and Borat Subsequent Moviefilm are the only sequels to have won this award without their respective nominated predecessors also winning.

 * The 1961 and 2021 versions of West Side Story are the only films adapted from the same source material to win this award.


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Fiona Stanley

Fiona Juliet Stanley is an Australian epidemiologist noted for her public health work, her research into child and maternal health as well as birth disorders such as cerebral palsy. Stanley is the patron of the Telethon Kids Institute and a distinguished professorial fellow in the School of Paediatrics and Child Health at the University of Western Australia. From 1990 to December 2011 she was the founding director of Telethon Kids.

Early life and education
Fiona Juliet Stanley was born in Little Bay, New South Wales. She loved reading about people such as Marie Curie and through her father, who was a researcher on polio, she met Jonas Salk. She has said of her childhood that "In my dreams I would sail out to all the undiscovered islands and inoculate the inhabitants in a whirlwind race to conquer disease and pestilence."

In 1956, the family moved to Western Australia when Stanley's father took the Foundation Chair of Microbiology at the University of Western Australia. Stanley attended St Hilda's Anglican School for Girls before studying medicine at the University of Western Australia, graduating in 1970.

Career
Her first job, in the early 1970s, was in a paediatric clinic at Perth's former children's hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, where her patients included thin and sick Aboriginal children flown in from remote western settlements. She said of this work that "we would perform expensive 'miracles' ... and then dump them back into the environments that had caused their problems". Consequently, she says, she started travelling, with colleagues, to "every mission camp, reserve and fringe-dwelling group in Western Australia ... talking to the old people ... trying to get a handle on the health issues and the environmental issues". She began to understand the impact of life chances and living conditions on children. She also worked at the Australian Aborigine Aboriginal Clinic in East Perth.

This experience sparked an interest in epidemiology and public health. She spent six years in the United Kingdom, at the Social Medicine Unit at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, and the United States researching these areas before returning to Perth to establish research programs at the University and within the health department. She became "Part of the next trend in medicine, the move from a preoccupation with curing disease to a focus on prevention and social causal pathways".

During her career, Stanley has focussed on the importance of using population data to provide significant health, social and economic benefits to the community. In 1977, her research group established the WA Maternal and Child Health Research Database. It is a unique collection of data on births from the entire state which has proved a valuable resource in predicting trends in maternal and child health and the effects of preventive programs. Stanley's research also includes strategies to enhance health and well-being in populations; the causes and prevention of birth defects and major neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy; the causes and lifelong consequences of low birth weight; and patterns of maternal and child health in Aboriginal and Caucasian populations. "Data collected enabled Stanley and her colleagues to explore, for instance, the connection between a lack of folic acid in diets and spina bifida, and markedly reduce it". This work in 1989 confirmed that the benefit of folate in preventing spina bifida, as first shown in double blind clinical trials in the UK (Laurence et al., BMJ 282 1509–1511 (1981)), also applied in Western Australian populations.

In 1990, she became the founding director of the Telethon Kids Institute, in Subiaco, Western Australia. The institute is a multi-disciplinary research facility that investigates the causes and prevention of major childhood diseases and disabilities. Since 1995 it has received major funding from an annual telethon. It also receives federal and state funding, and monies from research foundations, grants and commercial contracts.

In 2002, due largely to her lobbying, the Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard, launched the Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth (ARACY) of which she is chairperson. The alliance has offices located in Canberra, Perth and Melbourne and aims to progress collaboration and evidence-based action to improve the wellbeing of young Australians. In her 2003 Kenneth Myer Lecture at the National Library of Australia she talked about "modernity's paradox" in which increasing wealth and opportunity has also resulted in increased social differences and more problems for children and youth, including increases in asthma, obesity, diabetes, child abuse, binge-drinking, drug abuse and mental health problems. She argued for cross-disciplinary work and said the challenge is "to intervene earlier in the causal cycles".

Stanley is a professor at the School of Paediatrics and Child Health at University of Western Australia and the UNICEF Australian Ambassador for Early Childhood Development. She was named Australian of the Year in 2003. In 2011 she was appointed to the board of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation by communications minister Stephen Conroy. Phase one of the hospital, the Fiona Stanley Hospital named in her honour, officially opened on 3 October 2014.

Awards, honours and other recognition

 * 1996: Companion of the Order of Australia (AC), "for service to maternal and child health research, particularly in perinatal and infant problems, and for her contributions to improving aboriginal and community health" in the Queen's Birthday Honours List
 * 1996: Elected a fellow of the Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia
 * 2001: Centenary Medal
 * 2002: Appointed a fellow of the Australian Academy of Science and the subject of an Australian stamp in a series of six stamps showing eminent medical Australian scientists.
 * 2003: Australian of the Year
 * 2004: the National Trust's Australian Living Treasure.
 * 2008: runner in the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay, in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 24 April 2008.

Honorary degrees

 * 1998: Honorary Doctor of Science (Hon DSc), Murdoch University
 * 2001: Honorary Doctor of the University (Hon DUniv), Queensland University of Technology
 * 2004: Honorary Fellow of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Hon FRACGP)
 * 2005: Honorary Doctor of Medicine (Hon MD), University of Sydney
 * 2006: Honorary Fellow of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (UK) (Hon FRCPCH)
 * 2008: Honorary Doctor (Hon MD), University of Melbourne
 * 2009: Honorary Bragg Member, Royal Institution of Australia
 * 2010: Honorary Doctor of Science (Hon DSc), Edith Cowan University
 * 2014: Honorary Doctor from KU Leuven for her distinguished contributions to poverty research.
 * 2015: Honorary Fellow of the Australian Academy of Health and Medical Sciences.
 * 2019: International Honorary Member - American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Personal life
Stanley married Geoffrey Shellam, who later occupied the same chair of microbiology that her father had occupied.

On 10 October 2023, Stanley was one of 25 Australians of the Year who signed an open letter supporting the Yes vote in the Indigenous Voice referendum, initiated by psychiatrist Patrick McGorry.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Fiona Stanley


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Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy is a Golden Globe Award that was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951. Previously, there was a single award for "Best Actress in a Motion Picture", but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actress – Drama.

The formal title has varied since its inception. In 2005, it was officially called "Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Comedy or Musical". , the wording is "Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy".

Winners and nominees
{{legend|#B0C4DE|indicates the winner}}

Multiple nominees

 * 10 nominations
 * Meryl Streep

 * 9 nominations
 * Shirley MacLaine

 * 8 nominations
 * Julie Andrews

 * 7 nominations
 * Goldie Hawn
 * Barbra Streisand

 * 5 nominations
 * Annette Bening
 * Audrey Hepburn
 * Bette Midler
 * Emma Stone
 * Renée Zellweger

 * 4 nominations
 * Doris Day
 * Mia Farrow
 * Diane Keaton
 * Jennifer Lawrence
 * Liza Minnelli
 * Julia Roberts
 * Maggie Smith
 * Emma Thompson
 * Kathleen Turner

 * 3 nominations
 * Amy Adams
 * Lucille Ball
 * Anne Bancroft
 * Emily Blunt
 * Sandra Bullock
 * Carol Burnett
 * Marion Cotillard
 * Jamie Lee Curtis
 * Judi Dench
 * Sally Field
 * Jane Fonda
 * Barbara Harris
 * Helen Mirren
 * Julianne Moore
 * Michelle Pfeiffer
 * Vanessa Redgrave
 * Debbie Reynolds
 * Margot Robbie
 * Rosalind Russell
 * Meg Ryan
 * Lily Tomlin
 * Reese Witherspoon

 * 2 nominations

 * Ann-Margret
 * Ingrid Bergman
 * Cate Blanchett
 * Jill Clayburgh
 * Glenn Close
 * Toni Collette
 * Geena Davis
 * Jodie Foster
 * Melanie Griffith
 * Judy Holliday
 * Anjelica Huston
 * Nicole Kidman
 * Angela Lansbury
 * Cloris Leachman
 * Sophia Loren
 * Andie MacDowell
 * Marsha Mason
 * Frances McDormand
 * Hayley Mills
 * Marilyn Monroe
 * Dolly Parton
 * Jean Simmons
 * Sissy Spacek
 * Anya Taylor-Joy
 * Charlize Theron
 * Kate Winslet
 * Natalie Wood

Multiple wins

 * 3 awards
 * Julie Andrews (2 consecutive)
 * Rosalind Russell (2 consecutive)

 * 2 awards
 * Amy Adams (consecutive)
 * Annette Bening
 * Diane Keaton
 * Nicole Kidman
 * Jennifer Lawrence
 * Shirley MacLaine
 * Bette Midler
 * Sissy Spacek
 * Emma Stone
 * Meryl Streep
 * Barbra Streisand
 * Kathleen Turner (consecutive)
 * Renée Zellweger

Firsts

 * Angela Bassett became the first actress of African descent to win when she won in 1993.
 * Marion Cotillard became the first actress to win for a non-English language performance when she won in 2007.
 * Awkwafina became the first actress of Asian descent to win when she won in 2020.
 * Rachel Zegler became the first Latina actress to win as well the youngest winner in that category at 20 years old when she won in 2022.
 * Michelle Yeoh became the first Malaysian actress to win when she won in 2023.
 * Emma Stone became the first actress to win two Academy Award for Best Actress for her two winning performances in this category in 2016 (La La Land) and 2023 (Poor Things)


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Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama

The Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama is a Golden Globe Award that was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951. Previously, there was a single award for "Best Actress in a Motion Picture", but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actress – Comedy or Musical.

The formal title has varied since its inception. In 2005, it was officially called "Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama". As of 2013, the wording is "Best Actress in a Motion Picture – Drama".

Winners and nominees
{{legend|#B0C4DE|indicates the winner}}

Firsts

 * Anouk Aimée became the first actress to win for a foreign language/non-english language performance in 1967.
 * Whoopi Goldberg became the first actress of African descent to win in 1986.
 * Marlee Matlin became the first deaf actress to win in 1987.
 * Lily Gladstone became the first actress of Native American heritage to win in 2024.


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Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy

The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy is a Golden Globe Award presented annually by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association. It is given in honor of an actor who has delivered an outstanding performance in a leading role in a musical or comedy film. Previously, there was a single award for "Best Actor in a Motion Picture", but the creation of the category in 1951 allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actor – Drama.

The formal title has varied since its inception. In 2006, it was officially called: "Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy". , the wording is "Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy".

Multiple character nominations
Winners are in bold.
 * Inspector Jacques Clouseau from The Pink Panther (Peter Sellers, 1963), The Return of the Pink Panther (Peter Sellers, 1975) and The Pink Panther Strikes Again (Peter Sellers, 1976)
 * Willy Wonka from Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory (Gene Wilder, 1971), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (Johnny Depp, 2005) and Wonka (Timothée Chalamet, 2023)


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Cēsis

Cēsis, (Wenden, Venden, Võnnu, Kieś) is a town in Latvia located in the northern part of the Central Vidzeme Upland. Cēsis is on the Gauja River valley, and is built on a series of ridges above the river, overlooking the woods below. Cēsis was selected to be one of the candidate cities for the title of the European Capital of Culture 2014 (Riga was the Latvian city that won the title).

Castle
The oldest settlement in Cēsis is the hillfort on Riekstu hill, a fortified wooden castle built by a tribe known as the Vends. The 18 m mound with its partly preserved fortification system can still be seen in the Castle Park. This settlement was located near major trade routes from west to east and dominated the regional countryside.

German crusaders known as the Livonian Brothers of the Sword began construction of a castle Wenden near the hill fort in 1209. When the castle was enlarged and fortified, it served as the residence for the Order's Master. In 1577, during the Livonian War, the garrison destroyed the castle to prevent it from falling into the control of Ivan the Terrible, who was decisively defeated in the Battle of Wenden (1578). In 1598, it was incorporated into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Wenden Voivodeship was created. In 1620 Wenden was conquered by Sweden. It was rebuilt afterwards, but destroyed again in 1703 during the Great Northern War by the Russian army and left in a ruined state. From the end of the 16th century, the premises of the Order's castle were adapted to the requirements of the Cēsis castle estate. When in 1777 the Cēsis castle estate was obtained by Count Sievers, he had his new residence house built on the site of the Eastern Block of the castle, joining its end wall with the fortification tower. Since 1949, the Cēsis History Museum has been located in the New Castle on the Cēsis Castle estate. The front yard of the New Castle is enclosed by a granary and a stable-coach house, which now houses the Exhibition Hall of the Museum. Beside the granary there is the oldest brewery in Latvia—Cēsu Alus, which was built in 1878 during the latter years of Count Sievers' residency, but its origins date back to the period of the Livonian Order.

Further on is the Cēsis castle park, which was laid out in 1812. The park has the romantic characteristic of that time, with its footpaths, exotic plants, and the waters of the pond reflecting the castle's ruins.

The town
The planning of the town of Cēsis was done in the second half of the 13th century. The marketplace with a church was in the centre of the town. The centre of housing was the stone castle of the Livonian Order, with its three fortified towers. The town was also encircled by a dolomite stone wall with eight towers and five gates. Buildings from the Middle Ages include St. John's Church (built 1281–1284), the ruins of the Order's castle, Cēsis Castle and fortification walls, fragments of which can still be seen at Vaļņu iela and Palasta iela. In addition, ancient road networks and building plots have survived from medieval times, although many of the buildings themselves have been ruined (the last destroyed in 1748). 18th century buildings can be seen at 16 and 25 Rīgas iela, while houses built in the first part of the 19th century are at 15 and 47 Rīgas iela, 6 Gaujas iela, and other streets. Cēsis was occupied by the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus in 1621 during the Polish–Swedish War.

In the second half of the 19th century, the construction of the Rīga-Pskov highway (1868) and the Rīga-Valka railway line (1889) accelerated the development of the town. Raunas iela, leading from the railway station to the Old Town, was developed as a wide, presentable street with the Latvian Society House at 10 Raunas iela (architect Augusts Malvess), the Building of the Regional Court at 14 Raunas iela (architect P. Mengelis), and other important buildings.

The Battle of Cēsis in June 1919, when Estonian and Latvian forces defeated the Germans, was one of the decisive battles in the Latvian War of Independence.

Cēsis was also developed as a health resort. Upmarket summer houses and health centres were built in the vicinity of the Gauja. 'Cīrulīši' near the Svētavots (Holy Spring) Cave is the most remarkable of them, with a spring believed to possess healing powers.

Climate
Cēsis has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb).

Notable people

 * Johann Graf von Sievers (1778–1827), Russian general
 * Emanuel Count von Sievers (1817–1909), Russian Senator
 * Heinrich Leonhard Adolphi (1852–1918), German-Baltic pastor and chess composer, Evangelical Lutheran martyr
 * Alfrēds Kalniņš (1879–1951), composer
 * Eduard Erdmann (1896–1958), German pianist and composer
 * Max Hildebert Boehm (1891–1968), sociologist
 * Adolf Rüütel (1906–1981), Estonian national football player
 * Wilhelm Theodor Georg Lenz (1906–1976), historian
 * Nina Vatatsy (1908–1997), bibliographer
 * Anita Stukāne (born 1954), long-jumper
 * Laima Vaikule (born 1954), singer
 * Edvīns Ķeņģis (born 1959), chess player
 * Ingrīda Amantova (born 1960), luger
 * Gerda Krūmiņa (born 1984), biathlete
 * Santa Dreimane (born 1985), basketball player
 * Baiba Bendika (born 1991), biathlete
 * Rodions Kurucs (born 1998), basketball player

Twin towns—sister cities
Cēsis is twinned with:

 * 🇩🇪 Achim, Germany
 * 🇦🇿 Baku, Azerbaijan
 * 🇷🇺 Gatchinsky District, Russia
 * 🇵🇱 Konstancin-Jeziorna, Poland
 * 🇪🇪 Rakvere, Estonia
 * 🇱🇹 Rokiškis, Lithuania
 * 🇸🇪 Tyresö, Sweden
 * 🇮🇹 Venafro, Italy
 * 🇺🇦 Zhovkva, Ukraine
 * 🇬🇷 Loutraki, Greece

title: Cēsis


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Robert Hanssen

Robert Philip Hanssen (April 18, 1944 – June 5, 2023) was an American Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent who spied for Soviet and Russian intelligence services against the United States from 1979 to 2001. His espionage was described by the Department of Justice as "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history".

In 1979, three years after joining the FBI, Hanssen approached the Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) to offer his services, beginning his first espionage cycle, lasting until 1981. He restarted his espionage activities in 1985 and continued until 1991, when he ended communications during the collapse of the Soviet Union, fearing he would be exposed. Hanssen restarted communications the next year and continued until his arrest. Throughout his spying, he remained anonymous to the Russians.

Hanssen sold about six thousand classified documents to the KGB that detailed U.S. strategies in the event of nuclear war, developments in military weapons technologies, and aspects of the U.S. counterintelligence program. He was spying at the same time as Aldrich Ames in the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Both Ames and Hanssen compromised the names of KGB agents working secretly for the U.S., some of whom were executed for their betrayal. Hanssen also revealed a multimillion-dollar eavesdropping tunnel built by the FBI under the Soviet Embassy. After Ames's arrest in 1994, some of these intelligence breaches remained unsolved, and the search for another spy continued. The FBI paid $7million to a KGB agent to obtain a file on an anonymous mole, whom the FBI later identified as Hanssen through fingerprint and voice analysis.

Hanssen was arrested on February 18, 2001, at Foxstone Park, near his home in the Washington, D.C., suburb of Vienna, Virginia, after leaving a package of classified materials at a dead drop site. He was charged with selling U.S. intelligence documents to the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia for more than $1.4 million in cash, diamonds and Rolex watches over twenty-two years. To avoid the death penalty, Hanssen pleaded guilty to fourteen counts of espionage and one of conspiracy to commit espionage. He was sentenced to fifteen life terms without the possibility of parole, and was incarcerated at ADX Florence until his death in 2023.

Early life
Hanssen was born in Chicago, Illinois, to a Lutheran family that lived in the Norwood Park neighborhood. He was of Norwegian descent. His father, Howard (died 1993 ), a Chicago police officer, was allegedly emotionally abusive to Hanssen during his childhood. Hanssen graduated from William Howard Taft High School in 1962 and attended Knox College in Galesburg, Illinois, where he earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry in 1966.

Hanssen applied for a cryptography job at the National Security Agency following his college graduation but was turned down due to budget setbacks. He enrolled in dental school at Northwestern University, but he switched his focus to business after three years. Hanssen received an MBA in accounting and information systems in 1971 and took a job with an accounting firm. He quit after one year and joined the Chicago Police Department as an internal affairs investigator, specializing in forensic accounting. In January 1976, Hanssen left the Chicago police to join the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).

Hanssen met Bernadette "Bonnie" Wauck, a staunch Roman Catholic, while attending dental school at Northwestern. The couple married in 1968, and Hanssen converted from Lutheranism to Catholicism.

FBI career and first espionage activities (1976–1981)
Upon becoming a special agent on January 12, 1976, Hanssen was transferred to the FBI's field office in Gary, Indiana. In 1978, he and his growing family of three (eventually six) children relocated to New York City when the bureau transferred him to its field office there. The next year, Hanssen was transferred to counterintelligence and given the task of compiling a database of Soviet intelligence for the FBI.

In 1979, Hanssen approached the Soviet Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) and offered his services. He never indicated any political or ideological motive for his actions, telling the FBI after he was caught that his only motivation was financial. During his first espionage cycle, Hanssen provided a significant amount of information to the GRU, including details of the FBI's bugging activities and lists of suspected Soviet intelligence agents. His most important leak was the betrayal of Dmitri Polyakov, a CIA informant who passed enormous amounts of information to U.S. intelligence while rising to the rank of general in the Soviet Army. Following a second betrayal by CIA mole Aldrich Ames in 1985, Polyakov was arrested in 1986 and executed in 1988. Ames was officially blamed for giving Polyakov's name to the Soviets, while Hanssen's attempt was not revealed until after his 2001 capture.

FBI counterintelligence unit, further espionage activities (1985–1991)
In 1981, Hanssen was transferred to FBI headquarters in Washington, D.C., and relocated his family to the suburb of Vienna, Virginia. His new job in the FBI's budget office gave him access to information involving many different FBI operations. This included all the FBI activities related to wiretapping and electronic surveillance, which were Hanssen's responsibility. He became known in the FBI as an expert on computers.

Three years later, Hanssen transferred to the FBI's Soviet analytical unit, responsible for studying, identifying, and capturing Soviet spies and intelligence operatives in the United States. Hanssen's section evaluated Soviet agents who volunteered to give intelligence to determine whether they were genuine or re-doubled agents. In 1985, Hanssen was again transferred to the FBI's field office in New York City, where he continued to work in counterintelligence against the Soviets. After the transfer, while on a business visit back to Washington, he resumed his espionage career.

On October 1, 1985, Hanssen sent an anonymous letter to the KGB offering his services and asking for $100,000 in cash,. In the letter, he gave the names of three KGB agents secretly working for the FBI: Boris Yuzhin, Valery Martynov, and Sergei Motorin. Although Hanssen was unaware of it, Ames had already exposed all three agents earlier that year. Yuzhin had returned to Moscow in 1982 and had been subject to an intensive investigation by the KGB due to having lost a concealed camera in the Soviet consulate in San Francisco, but he was not arrested until being exposed by Ames and Hanssen. Martynov and Motorin were recalled to Moscow, where they were arrested, charged, tried, and convicted of espionage against the Soviet government. Martynov and Motorin were executed via gunshot to the back of the head; Yuzhin was imprisoned for six years before he was released by a general amnesty to political prisoners and subsequently immigrated to the U.S. Because the FBI blamed Ames for the leak, Hanssen was neither suspected nor investigated. The October 1 letter began a long, active espionage period for Hanssen.

Hanssen was recalled yet again to Washington, D.C., in 1987. He was tasked with studying all known and rumored penetrations of the FBI to find the man who had betrayed Martynov and Motorin; this meant, in effect, that he was charged with searching for himself. Hanssen ensured that he did not reveal himself with his study, but in addition, he gave the entire study—including the list of all Soviets who had contacted the FBI about FBI moles—to the KGB in 1988. That same year, Hanssen, according to a government report, committed a "serious security breach" by revealing secret information to a Soviet defector during a debriefing. The agents working for him reported this breach to a supervisor, but no action was taken.

In 1989, Hanssen compromised the FBI investigation of Felix Bloch, a Department of State official who was suspected of espionage. Hanssen warned the KGB that Bloch was being investigated, causing the KGB to end contact with him abruptly. The FBI could not produce any good evidence, and as a result, Bloch was never charged with a crime, although the State Department later terminated his employment and denied his pension. The failure of the Bloch investigation and the FBI's investigation of how the KGB learned that they were investigating Bloch caused the mole hunt that eventually resulted in the arrest of Hanssen.

Later that year, Hanssen gave extensive information about U.S. planning for measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT), a general term for intelligence collected by a variety of electronic means, such as radar, spy satellites, and signal intercepts. When the Soviets began construction on a new embassy during 1977, the FBI dug a tunnel beneath their decoding room. The FBI planned to use it for eavesdropping but never did for fear of being caught. Hanssen disclosed this information to the Soviets in September 1989 and received a $55,000 payment the next month,. On two occasions, Hanssen gave the Soviets a complete list of American double agents.

In 1990, Hanssen's brother-in-law, Mark Wauck, who was also an FBI employee, recommended to the FBI that Hanssen be investigated for espionage because his sister, Hanssen's wife, told him that her sister, Jeanne Beglis, had found a pile of cash on a dresser in the Hanssens' house. Bonnie had previously told her brother that Hanssen once talked about retiring in Poland, then part of the Eastern Bloc. Wauck also knew that the FBI was hunting for a mole and spoke with his supervisor, who took no action.

Later FBI career, continued espionage activities (1992–2001)
When the USSR disbanded in December 1991, Hanssen, possibly worried that he could be exposed during the ensuing political upheaval, ended communications with his handlers for a time. The following year, after the Russian Federation assumed control of the defunct Soviet spy agencies, Hanssen made a risky approach to the GRU, with whom he had not been in contact in ten months. He went to the Russian embassy in person and physically approached a GRU officer in the parking garage. Hanssen, carrying a package of documents, identified himself by his Soviet code name, "Ramon Garcia", and described himself as a "disaffected FBI agent" who was offering his services as a spy. The Russian officer, who evidently did not recognize the code name, drove away. The Russians then filed an official protest with the U.S State Department, believing Hanssen to be a triple agent. Despite having shown his face, disclosing his code name, and revealing his FBI affiliation, Hanssen escaped arrest when the FBI's investigation into the incident did not advance.

Hanssen continued to take risks in 1993 when he hacked into the computer of a fellow FBI agent, Ray Mislock, printed out a classified document from Mislock's computer and took the document to Mislock, saying, "You didn't believe me that the system was insecure." Hanssen's superiors were not amused and began an investigation. In the end, officials believed his claim that he was merely demonstrating flaws in the FBI's security system. Mislock has since theorized that Hanssen probably went onto his computer to see if his superiors were investigating him for espionage and invented the document story to cover his tracks.

In 1994, Hanssen expressed interest in a transfer to the new National Counterintelligence Center, which coordinated counterintelligence activities. When told that he would have to take a lie detector test to join, Hanssen changed his mind. Three years later, convicted FBI mole Earl Edwin Pitts told the FBI that he suspected Hanssen due to the Mislock incident. Pitts was the second FBI agent to mention Hanssen by name as a possible mole, but superiors were still unconvinced, and no action was taken.

IT personnel from the National Security Division's IIS Unit were sent to investigate Hanssen's desktop computer after a reported failure. NSD chief Johnnie Sullivan ordered the computer impounded after it seemed to have been tampered with. A digital investigation found that an attempted hacking had occurred using a password cracking program installed by Hanssen, which caused a security alert and lockup. After confirmation by the FBI CART Unit, Sullivan filed a report with the Office of Professional Responsibility requesting the further investigation of Hanssen's attempted hack. Hanssen claimed he was trying to connect a color printer to his computer but needed the password cracker to bypass the administrative password. The FBI believed his story, and Hanssen was merely given a warning.

During the same period, Hanssen searched the FBI's internal computer case record to see if he was being investigated. He was indiscreet enough to type his name into FBI search engines. Finding nothing, Hanssen decided to resume his spy career after eight years without contact with the Russians. He established contact with the SVR (the successor to the Soviet-era KGB) during the autumn of 1999. He continued to perform incriminating searches of FBI files for his name and address.

Investigation and arrest
The existence of two Russian moles working in the U.S. security and intelligence establishment simultaneously—Ames at the CIA and Hanssen at the FBI—complicated counterintelligence efforts during the 1990s. Ames was arrested in 1994. His exposure explained many of the asset losses U.S. intelligence suffered during the 1980s, including the arrest and execution of Martynov and Motorin. However, two cases—the Bloch investigation and the embassy tunnel—remained unsolved. Ames had been stationed in Rome at the time of the Bloch investigation and could not have known about that case or the tunnel under the embassy, as he did not work for the FBI.

The FBI and CIA formed a joint mole-hunting team in 1994 to find the suspected second intelligence leak. They created a list of all agents known to have access to cases that were compromised. The FBI's codename for the suspected spy was "Graysuit". Some promising suspects were cleared, and the mole hunt found other penetrations, such as CIA officer Harold James Nicholson, who was arrested in 1996. However, Hanssen escaped notice, likely because these efforts concentrated on CIA agents rather than FBI agents.

By 1998, using FBI criminal profiling techniques, the pursuers suspected an innocent man: Brian Kelley, a CIA operative involved in the Bloch investigation. The CIA and FBI searched his house, tapped his telephone, and surveilled him, following him and his family everywhere. In November 1998, they had a man with a foreign accent come to Kelley's door, warn him that the FBI knew he was a spy, and tell him to show up at a Metro station the next day to escape. Kelley instead reported the incident to the FBI. In 1999, the FBI even interrogated Kelley, his ex-wife, two sisters, and three children. All denied everything. He was eventually placed on administrative leave, where he remained, falsely accused until after Hanssen was arrested.

FBI investigators later made progress during an operation where they paid disaffected Russian intelligence officers to deliver information on moles. They paid $7 million to KGB agent Alexandr Shcherbakov who had access to a file on "B". While it did not contain Hanssen's name, among the information was an audiotape of a July 21, 1986, conversation between "B" and KGB agent Aleksander Fefelov. FBI agent Michael Waguespack thought the voice was familiar, but could not remember who it was. Rifling through the rest of the files, they found notes of the mole using a quote from George S. Patton's speech to the Third Army about "the purple-pissing Japanese". FBI analyst Bob King remembered Hanssen using that same quote. Waguespack listened to the tape again and recognized the voice as belonging to Hanssen. With the mole finally identified, locations, dates, and cases were matched with Hanssen's activities during the period. Two fingerprints collected from a trash bag in the file were analyzed and proved to be Hanssen's.

The FBI surveilled Hanssen and soon discovered he was again in contact with the Russians. To bring him back to FBI headquarters, where he could be closely monitored and kept away from sensitive data, they promoted him in December 2000. They gave him a new job supervising FBI computer security. In January 2001, Hanssen was given an office and an assistant, Eric O'Neill, who, in reality, was a young FBI surveillance specialist who had been assigned to watch Hanssen. O'Neill ascertained that Hanssen was using a Palm III PDA to store his information. When the moment arrived that O'Neill was able to briefly obtain Hanssen's PDA and have agents download and decode its encrypted contents, the FBI then had obtained their decisive evidence.

During his final days with the FBI, Hanssen began to suspect something was wrong. In early February 2001, he asked his friend at a computer technology company for a job. He also believed he heard noises on his car radio that indicated it was bugged, although the FBI was later unable to reproduce the noises Hanssen claimed to have heard. In the last letter he wrote to the Russians, which was found by the FBI when he was arrested, Hanssen said that he had been promoted to a "do-nothing job ... outside of regular access to information," and that, "Something has aroused the sleeping tiger".

However, Hanssen's suspicions did not stop him from making one more dead drop. After leaving a friend at an airport on February 18, 2001, Hanssen drove to Virginia's Foxstone Park. He placed a white piece of tape on a park sign, which was a signal to his Russian contacts that there was information at the dead drop site. He then followed his usual routine, taking a package consisting of a sealed garbage bag of classified material and taping it to the bottom side of a wooden footbridge over a creek. When FBI agents observed this incriminating act, they rushed in to arrest Hanssen. Upon being arrested, Hanssen asked, "What took you so long?" The FBI waited two more days to see if any of Hanssen's SVR handlers would show up at Foxstone Park. When they failed to appear, the United States Justice Department announced the arrest on February 20.

Guilty plea and imprisonment
Represented by Washington, D.C., lawyer Plato Cacheris, Hanssen negotiated a plea bargain that enabled him to avoid the death penalty in exchange for cooperating with authorities. On July 6, 2001, he pleaded guilty to 13 counts of espionage, one count of attempted espionage, and one of conspiracy to commit espionage in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia. On May 10, 2002, Hanssen was sentenced to 15 consecutive sentences of life in prison without the possibility of parole. "I apologize for my behavior. I am shamed by it," Hanssen told U.S. District Judge Claude Hilton. "I have opened the door for calumny against my totally innocent wife and children. I have hurt so many deeply."

Hanssen was Federal Bureau of Prisons prisoner #48551-083. From July 17, 2002, until his death, he served his sentence at the ADX Florence, a federal supermax prison near Florence, Colorado, in solitary confinement for 23 hours a day.

Modus operandi
Hanssen never told the KGB or GRU his identity and refused to meet them personally, except for the abortive 1993 contact in the Russian embassy parking garage. The FBI believes that the Russians never knew the name of their source. Going by the alias "Ramon" or "Ramon Garcia", Hanssen exchanged intelligence and payments through an old-fashioned dead drop system in which he and his KGB handlers left packages in public, unobtrusive places. He refused to use the dead drop sites that his handler, Victor Cherkashin, suggested and instead chose his own. He also designated a code to be used when dates were exchanged. Six was to be added to the month, day, and time of a designated drop, so that, for example, a drop scheduled for January 6 at 1:00p.m. would be written as July 12 at 7:00p.m.

Despite these efforts at caution and security, Hanssen could sometimes be reckless. He once said in a letter to the KGB that it should emulate the management style of Mayor of Chicago Richard J. Daley—a comment that easily could have led an investigator to look at people from Chicago. Hanssen took the risk of recommending to his handlers that they try to recruit his closest friend, a colonel in the United States Army.

Personal life
According to USA Today, those who knew the Hanssens described them as a close family. They attended Mass weekly and were very active in Opus Dei. Hanssen's three sons attended The Heights School in Potomac, Maryland, an all-boys preparatory school. His three daughters attended Oakcrest School for Girls in Vienna, Virginia, an independent Roman Catholic school. Both schools are associated with Opus Dei. Hanssen's wife, Bonnie, retired from teaching theology at Oakcrest in 2020.

A priest at Oakcrest said Hanssen had regularly attended a 6:30 a.m. daily Mass for over a decade. Opus Dei member C. John McCloskey said he also occasionally attended the daily noontime Mass at the Catholic Information Center in downtown Washington, D.C.. After being imprisoned, Hanssen claimed he periodically admitted his espionage to priests in confession. He urged fellow Catholics in the FBI to attend Mass more often and denounced the Russians as "godless", even though he had been spying for them.

At Hanssen's suggestion, and without his wife's knowledge, a friend named Jack Hoschouer, a retired Army officer, would sometimes watch the Hanssens having sex through a bedroom window. Hanssen then began to videotape his sexual encounters secretly and shared the videotapes with Hoschouer. Later, he hid a video camera in the bedroom connected via a closed-circuit television line so that Hoschouer could observe the Hanssens from his guest bedroom. He also explicitly described the sexual details of his marriage on Internet chat rooms, giving information sufficient for those who knew them to recognize the couple.

Hanssen frequently visited D.C. strip clubs and spent a great deal of time with a Washington stripper named Priscilla Sue Galey. She went with Hanssen on visits to Hong Kong and the FBI training facility in Quantico, Virginia. Hanssen gave her money, jewels, and a used Mercedes-Benz but ended contact with her before his arrest when she began abusing drugs and engaging in prostitution. Galey claims that although she offered to have sex with him, Hanssen declined, saying he was trying to convert her to Catholicism.

Death
On June 5, 2023, Hanssen was found unresponsive in his prison cell and was pronounced dead after unsuccessful efforts to revive him. His autopsy listed the cause of death as colon cancer.

In the media
The Hanssen spy case was told in David Wise's book Spy: The Inside Story of How the FBI's Robert Hanssen Betrayed America, published by Random House in 2002. The investigation was further covered in Eric O'Neill's memoir Gray Day: My Undercover Mission to Expose America's First Cyber Spy, published by Penguin Random House in the spring of 2019.

Hanssen was the subject of a 2002 made-for-television movie, Master Spy: The Robert Hanssen Story, with a teleplay by Norman Mailer and starring William Hurt as Hanssen. Hanssen's jailers allowed him to watch the movie, but he was so angered by it that he turned it off. O'Neill's role in the capture of Robert Hanssen was dramatized in the 2007 movie Breach, in which Chris Cooper played the role of Hanssen and Ryan Phillippe played O'Neill. The 2007 documentary Superspy: The Man Who Betrayed the West describes the hunt to trap Hanssen.

Hanssen was mentioned in chapter 5 of Dan Brown's book The Da Vinci Code as the most noted Opus Dei member to non-members. His sexual deviancy and espionage conviction hurt the organization's reputation. The U.S. Court TV (now TruTV) television series Mugshots released an episode on the Robert Hanssen case titled "Robert Hanssen – Hanssen and the KGB". Ronald Kessler's book The Secrets of the FBI, briefly covers the case in chapter 15, "Catching Hanssen", chapter 16, "Breach", and chapter 17, "Unexplained Cash", based in part on interviews with Michael Rochford, who directed the FBI team that located the former KGB source that pointed to Hanssen after Rochford initially wrongly assumed CIA officer Brian Kelley was the master spy. Hanssen's story was featured in episode 4, under the name of "Perfect Traitor", of Smithsonian Channel's series Spy Wars, which aired at the end of 2019 and was narrated by Damian Lewis, and features Eric O'Neill as well as being mentioned in the seventh episode of The History Channel series America's Book of Secrets, as well as in the fifth episode of Netflix series Spycraft and was the subject of the 2021 documentary A Spy in the FBI. He was also the subject of the CBS News podcast detailing his life and espionage, Agent of Betrayal: The Double Life of Robert Hanssen.

References and further reading

 * ; PDF Version (Archive)
 * ; PDF Version (Archive)

title: Robert Hanssen


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Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama

The Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama is a Golden Globe Award that was first awarded by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association as a separate category in 1951. Previously, there was a single award for "Best Actor in a Motion Picture" but the splitting allowed for recognition of it and the Best Actor – Musical or Comedy.

The formal title has varied since its inception. In 2005, it was officially called: "Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama". , the wording is "Best Actor in a Motion Picture – Drama".

Multiple nominations

 * 10 nominations
 * Al Pacino

 * 9 nominations
 * Leonardo DiCaprio
 * Denzel Washington

 * 8 nominations
 * Jack Nicholson

 * 7 nominations
 * Daniel Day-Lewis
 * Paul Newman

 * 6 nominations
 * Tom Hanks
 * Jack Lemmon

 * 5 nominations
 * Richard Burton
 * Russell Crowe
 * Gene Hackman
 * Dustin Hoffman
 * Anthony Hopkins
 * Peter O'Toole
 * Gregory Peck
 * Sidney Poitier
 * Jon Voight

 * 4 nominations
 * Warren Beatty
 * Marlon Brando
 * Robert De Niro
 * Burt Lancaster
 * Will Smith
 * Spencer Tracy

 * 3 nominations
 * Javier Bardem
 * Michael Caine
 * George Clooney
 * Tom Cruise
 * Albert Finney
 * Harrison Ford
 * Fredric March
 * Steve McQueen
 * Liam Neeson
 * Nick Nolte
 * Laurence Olivier
 * Sean Penn
 * Brad Pitt
 * George C. Scott

 * 2 nominations
 * Alan Arkin
 * Alan Bates
 * Jeff Bridges
 * Bradley Cooper
 * Gary Cooper
 * Kevin Costner
 * Benedict Cumberbatch
 * Tony Curtis
 * Matt Damon
 * Kirk Douglas
 * Michael Douglas
 * Richard Farnsworth
 * Michael Fassbender
 * Peter Finch
 * Colin Firth
 * Henry Fonda
 * Morgan Freeman
 * Richard Gere
 * Ryan Gosling
 * Rex Harrison
 * Charlton Heston
 * Tom Hulce
 * William Hurt
 * Jeremy Irons
 * Ben Kingsley
 * Ian McKellen
 * Ray Milland
 * Viggo Mortensen
 * Joaquin Phoenix
 * Gary Oldman
 * Anthony Quinn
 * Eddie Redmayne
 * Geoffrey Rush
 * Maximilian Schell
 * Kevin Spacey
 * Rod Steiger
 * Forest Whitaker
 * Robin Williams

Multiple wins

 * 3 wins
 * Tom Hanks (2 consecutive)
 * Jack Nicholson (2 consecutive)

 * 2 wins
 * Marlon Brando
 * Daniel Day-Lewis
 * Leonardo DiCaprio
 * Dustin Hoffman
 * Peter O'Toole
 * Al Pacino
 * Gregory Peck
 * Jon Voight


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Philadelphia Athletics (disambiguation)

Philadelphia Athletics (1901–1954) was a baseball team in the American League.

Philadelphia Athletics may also refer to:

 * Philadelphia Athletics (1860–1876), a baseball team in the National Association 1871–1875 and National League 1876
 * Philadelphia Athletics (American Association), a baseball team in the American Association 1882–1890
 * Philadelphia Athletics (1890–1891), a baseball team in the Players' League 1890 and the American Association 1891
 * Philadelphia Athletics (softball), softball team that played in the APSPL 1978-1979, later named the South Jersey Athletics
 * Philadelphia Athletics (NFL), a football team in the National Football League in 1902
 * Philadelphia Athletics (minor league), minor league baseball teams that played between 1877 and 1900

title: Philadelphia Athletics (disambiguation)


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User:Monaca

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title: User:Monaca


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User:Edijs

with best wishes to my city :) Edijs Tanons

Edijs

title: User:Edijs


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User talk:1175

1. INTRODUCTION To be free, is it not to be slave? Here is a sentence which appears paradoxical, but when we look closer, it could be correct. Freedom is a state in which we can act without constraint nor obstacle, and which enables us to determine in all autonomy the ends of our action as well as the means of reaching that point. It’s the possibility of acting, of thinking and of being expressed according to its own choices. The man can thus control himself according to his reason, in the absence of any determinism. There are two principal types of freedom: the ‘philosophic one’ or ‘intern one’, which is defined in the possibility of choosing, and ‘the politic freedom’ or ‘extern one’, which indicates the civil rights within a society. Freedom is an important concept in our society, indeed, it is it first article of the Universal Declaration of the Humans Rights (http://www.un.org/Overview/rights.html ). To be slave, it is the dependence and/or the tender with a third thing, which can be positive in the direction where we don’t have to make any choice, one can be let guide, but that can be negative when we are subjected to a tyrannical capacity. On the contrary, the free man must deal with itself, that implies responsibilities, it must set its own limits and can thus become slave of itself. The man is free when it can carry out his desires. Freedom as absence of constraints leads to a contradiction. Without constraints, we could do all that we can desire to do, we would be subjected to our desires. And it is thus to be slave of its passions: what is well the opposite of freedom. This can give you a first impression of the ambiguity of the subject and an idea on the debates which it brought within the group. In order to - as well as possible - be able to philosophize on the subject, we took note in the manner of thinking of some large philosophers. For Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in fact refinements of civilization are at the origin of all the evils from which the humanity suffer. To cure the social evil, he wrote, in Social Contract, that only the establishment of laws can guarantee the freedom of each one. The legality and the equality, government guaranteed right, thus constitute the conditions of freedom: the men must be equal in front of the law so that there is freedom; there is freedom only if there is freedom of everybody, by all and for all. While obeying the law, which is the expression of the general will, the citizen obeys only itself. Spinoza is a rationalist philosopher and Dutch religious thinker, his thought found his most complete expression  in ‘the Ethics’ demonstrate as a geometrical method. According to this treaty, the universe is identical to God, who is the 'substance' of all things. Spinoza rejected the idea of providence and the free will, and its concept of impersonal God caused much hostility at its contemporaries. If its system did not give rise to a true movement, its influence can be compared only with that of the philosophy of Emmanuel Kant. Emmanuel Kant is a German philosopher, founder of critical philosophy. He was the first large philosopher to give a regular university education. The philosophy of Kant is a philosophy of freedom, it defends intellectual autonomy and tears off the man with the determinism of his past and nature to make it reach intellectual and moral autonomy. Freedom was created by the intelligence. Freedom thus concerns the understandable side and not the sensitive one. Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher, playwright, novelist and political journalist who was a major personality of the French intellectual life of second half of the 20th century. It will publish “the existentialism is a humanism” in which one we find the way of  existentialism is a reflection to render comprehensible to us the role and the place of freedom in the human existence. The existentialism is a humanism, a philosophy of freedom, and a philosophy of the responsibility. Here are which encloses this short description. It will enable us to give relevant opinions for our argumentation, by supporting us on one or the other thought.

2. INTERVIEW

At the time of the interview, reporter provided a list of questions, thoughts to the expert. she delivered her opinion on various points in connection with the questions, without answering it directly. When the reporter wanted to know more about one or other point of the expert, he asked her more precisely questions. The expert did not follow the thought of the authors that we analyzed. She has a thought on the subject suitable for it and with which it is completely in agreement. We are not slave of our freedom. It is necessary to fight to keep our interior freedom but freedom is not a supreme Master to which it is necessary to be subjected to continue to be free. We have multitudes of choice for each action, event of our life and it is the fact of having these choices that make us free. That goes against all the thoughts of all the authors analyzed even if the influence of certain authors is sometimes visible in her answers.

3. ARGUMENTATION AND AGAINST-ARGUMENTATION

"To be free, is it not to be slave?" Within the framework of our research, we took into account the points of view of various authors: Spinoza, Rousseau, Sartre and Kant. Spinoza has a very deterministic design of the life. He thinks that we are free but are not guided by the natural laws. A human being can fight to conquer a freedom which delivers him external pressures, but it will never enjoy a "free will”. In this direction, it is opposed to the existentialism of Sartre. Indeed, one of the great thoughts of the existentialism is "the existence precedes the essence". By there, Sartre means that the man exists initially, then by making choices he is defined and he chose what he becomes. Sartre also adds that "the man is condemned to be free". As it is obliged to make choices, it is thus obliged to be free. For Sartre, each choice that a man made does not engage only the man who makes the choice but also whole humanity. "The man, such as the existentialism conceives him, if it is not definable, he is initially nothing". The man exists initially, meets, emerges in the world, and he is defined afterwards. The man is fully responsible for what he is. He has a responsibility which beyond to the fact that we are free, the responsibility for my choices and my future. Moreover, there are a certain collective dimension, that engages the others. My choices, I do them according to my values. Thus beyond my values, there is an image of the man who takes shape. My choices engage more than me: "By choosing me, I choose the man." The philosophy of Kant, like that of Sartre, is a philosophy of freedom. Freedom was created by the intelligence. It is impossible to refer to some experiment that is. Freedom thus concerns understandable and not the sensitive one. The man does not need knowledge to be free. According to Kant, very reached with external freedom is an attack with internal freedom. We cannot remove with the man freedom to think but that to communicate well. That if we are private of our freedom of expression, we will lost in the same occasion our freedom to think. As regards knowledge the man should not be closed again on oneself but on the contrary to put his judgement to the test. To consult the judgement of the others does not mean therefore adhering to it but perhaps taking a step in the research of the truth. That’s in freedom of expression that the truth will born. In opposition with Spinoza, Rousseau considers that we are born men and free. Freedom belongs to us, we do not have the right to change it. Freedom is not single but it is present in various forms and on various levels: from the point of view of the family, the State... To give up our freedom is to give up our quality of man, the rights of humanity and even our duties. We have to remove all moralities because these blocks. For Spinoza, we only become slaves when we are  working only for the interest of  a man who orders us. But he also sees a second definition of slavery, he estimates that the individual pulled by a personal concupiscence at the point more nothing to see nor making of what its authentic interest requires is subjected in the worst case to slavery. There is thus a great difference between a slave, a son, a subject, and we will formulate the following definitions: - the slave is obliged to subject itself to orders based on the only interest of his Master - the son achieves on the order of his parents actions which are in its own interest - the subject finally achieves on the order of sovereign Puissance of the actions aiming to the general interest and which are consequently also in its particular interest. Spinoza him is declared in favor of the democracy, which corresponds at the same time, and better than any other mode, with the reality of the policy and its function. "is not to hold the man by fear and to make that it belongs to another that the State is instituted; on the contrary is to release the individual of fear, so that it lives as much as possible in safety, i.e. preserves, as well as it could be, without damage for others, his right natural to exist and act... ". "the finality of the State is thus actually freedom": a freedom of course limited in a completely given order of the things.

4. THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE GROUP Freedom was one of only the topics for which each member of the group wanted to discuss and thus it should well be said that we spent a few hours to confront our points of view. We have divergent opinions what made  possible to open our spirits on what is the important thing represented freedom. Initially, one of the only point on which we agreed all is that one cannot give a single direction to freedom. We agree on the fact of saying that there is a civil freedom and a moral. We even notice by us as by forming part of a company, one yields obligatorily a part of his freedom. As soon as the unimportant system of service between a small group of people is organized, each person depends on the others and is indebted. Moral freedom as for it was harder to be essential in our spirit. It is a concept which is rather differently approached according to authors. A second point is that freedom is never total. For us total freedom cannot be reached, the only case where would be possible it is if a being were alone in his universe, he could then decide on all what he wants including his life or his death. And still since it cannot decide events of nature, its freedom is still debatable. We thought of our situation and with our company and we concluded from it that we live in a company or freedom with a direction extremely stereotyped and where one is more aware of his true value. One should not too much move away from the subject, we read the point of view of the various authors on this subject and we then decided to analyze freedom and slavery one after the other. We spoke already a little from our point of view with regard to freedom but we are going to precise again the things. One is free if one to decide little on all that concerns us, one can decide on his destiny, one has any constraint then. But it is clear that it will be never completely possible since one cannot have control on all. However one can nevertheless regard oneself as free as from the moment or one is not under the influence of others. In addition, in the current world it is impossible to a person to be free since one belongs in a manner or another to a jurisdiction which obliges us to comply with certain rules. It is impossible to live in autarchy or living without any rule, the authorities of the territory where would stop us at this time were seen as soon as somebody violates their rules whereas one does not form part of their company. Is that normal? But we are not there to discuss in connection with that. In short we can find a freedom partial when we comply with certain rules, that resembles the word strangely that the prisoners one in the event of good control. It thus appears that finally we all are in release on probation! It would thus seem that we all are slave of a higher authority. The man always wanted to find a way of better life, he tries to find a life style which tends towards the ideal that it was determined, to improve his environment he set up a certain number of rules. Unfortunately the man understood, too late, whom each time that he set up a new law, he withdrew a little its natural freedom. We thus concluded from it that the man tends towards a freedom but that this one finally only makes be imprisoned more and more.

5. RELATIONSHIP WITH THE TRADE OF THE ENGINEER

A debate on freedom and its opposite, slavery, is particularly welcome! Indeed, which trade other than this last correspond as well as possible to the cruel combat between the good and the evil, the free man and the slave. The engineer, as an expert, is in fact made up of two facets, a scientist and a technician. The technician is a tool with the service of the superior, it is for this reason a slave, it doubles of the scientist, the man of reason, for which all must be justified, thought, reflected. Certain tasks which will be requested from the engineer, will call upon questions of a philosophical nature. Philosophy then becomes a tool for the engineer who can make use of it. Spots such as the evaluation of the relevance of a project, the staff management... are examples very speaking, they show well the human aspect. In addition to that, the engineer is very often a decision maker. That means that it must be able to give an orientation to the action when science does not make it possible to slice between several options. That supposes knowledge and the catch in consideration of parameters political, psychological, economic and social and the philosophical acceptance of impossibility of knowing what it is with certainty. Still philosophy forms integral part of the process of reflection. Lastly, it should be recalled that the engineer is not only one professional but also a person: a citizen, a father or a mother... and that for this reason, he aspires, like everybody, to reflect on the direction of his existence, to call in question the choices which it made, to direct its life like a free man. We can thus conclude from it that the engineer is unceasingly pulled about between the duty of obedience to quite strict rules, to yield with the reason to explain quantitative phenomena as much as possible. Other side, it aspires to its freedom, as a man, and as an unbounded creator. It is very important to keep this subtle balance between the two antagonistic and yet complementary tendencies.

6. CONCLUSION

Total freedom does not exist because we are limited by our biological body. The man is born free; he only decides its acts but those are influenced by the education which it received, its religion, its principles... We are slave of the laws of our countries, the acts and the desires around the men. Total freedom would exist only if we live on a deserted island. In theory, free being means "not to be slave", but since freedom with the direction first does not exist and will not never exist in our world as long as there will be several people. Because every day life shows us that one cannot be completely free because we depend on the others, of the laws, our country, and good of other things. The free man is slave of the other free men. It is for that that I am in agreement with the sentence "Being free is it not to be slave?". We met very few problems during this work because we had a very good participation and organization of the group. The forum was our principal tool which was very well used. Our principal difficulties lay in the fact of targeting our work. We thought so what was a free man and the constraints to which it was to yield.

7. PERSONS WHO HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE ELABORATION OF THE RAPPORT

bdalleme@student.fsa.ucl.ac.be, dcardon@student.fsa.ucl.ac.be, cathdufour@hotmail.com, vgoublom@student.fsa.ucl.ac.be, vgodin@student.fsa.ucl.ac.be, xhallet@student.fsa.ucl.ac.be, mleroy@student.fsa.ucl.ac.be, rslinckx@student.fsa.ucl.ac.be, gspreute@student.fsa.ucl.ac.be, valerie.vaneyll@yucom.be.

title: User talk:1175


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Patti LaBelle

Patricia Louise Holte (born May 24, 1944), known professionally as Patti LaBelle, is an American R&B singer and actress. She has been referred to as the "Godmother of Soul".

She began her career in the early 1960s as lead singer and frontwoman of the vocal group Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles. After the group's name change to Labelle in the 1970s, they released the popular number-one hit "Lady Marmalade". As a result, after the group split in 1976, LaBelle began a successful solo career, starting with her critically acclaimed debut album, which included the career-defining song, "You Are My Friend". LaBelle became a mainstream solo star in 1984 following the success of the singles "If Only You Knew", "Love, Need and Want You" (later sampled for 2002's "Dilemma"), "New Attitude" and "Stir It Up". Less than two years later in 1986, LaBelle scored a number-one album Winner in You and its number-one duet single, "On My Own", with Michael McDonald.

In 1989, the standard "If You Asked Me To" (later covered by Celine Dion) was released on Be Yourself. LaBelle won a 1992 Grammy for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for her 1991 album Burnin' , an album that featured "Somebody Loves You Baby (You Know Who It Is)", "Feels Like Another One", and "When You've Been Blessed (Feels Like Heaven)". She won a second Grammy for the live album Live! One Night Only. Her 1990s albums Burnin', Gems (1994), and Flame (1997) continued her popularity with young R&B audiences throughout the decade. She reunited with her Labelle bandmates for the album Back to Now which was followed by a well-received promotional tour.

LaBelle also has had success as an actress with a role in the Oscar-nominated film A Soldier's Story, and in TV shows such as A Different World and American Horror Story: Freak Show. In 1992, LaBelle starred in her own TV sitcom Out All Night.

In 2002, LaBelle hosted her own lifestyle TV show, Living It Up with Patti LaBelle on TV One. In 2015, LaBelle took part in the dance competition Dancing with the Stars at the age of 70. Labelle has also seen success launching her own brand of bedding, cookbooks, and food for various companies. In 2015 her Patti's Sweet Potato Pie sold millions when a YouTube video praising the product went viral. As a result, over a 72-hour period, Walmart sold one pie every second.

In a career which has spanned seven decades, LaBelle has sold more than 50 million records worldwide. She has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame, the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame, and the Apollo Theater Hall of Fame. She was included in Rolling Stone on their list of 100 Greatest Singers. LaBelle is a dramatic soprano recognized for her vocal power, modal register range and emotive delivery.

Patti LaBelle and the Bluebelles
LaBelle was born Patricia Louise Holte in the Eastwick section of Southwest Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was born the second youngest child of Henry (1919–1989) and Bertha (Robinson; 1916–1978) Holte's three children, and the next-to-youngest of five children overall. Her siblings were Thomas Hogan Jr. (1930–2013), Vivian Hogan (1932–1975), Barbara (1942–1982) and Jacqueline "Jackie" (1945–1989). Her father was a railroad worker and club performer and her mother was a domestic. Despite enjoying her childhood, LaBelle would later write in her memoirs, Don't Block the Blessings, that her parents' marriage was abusive. Shortly after her parents' divorce, when LaBelle was twelve, she was sexually molested by a family friend.

She joined a local church choir at the Beulah Baptist Church at ten and performed her first solo two years later. While she was growing up, she listened to secular music styles such as R&B and jazz music as well.

When she was 16, LaBelle won a talent competition at her high school, John Bartram High School. The success led to her first singing group, the Ordettes, in 1960 with schoolmates Jean Brown, Yvonne Hogen, and Johnnie Dawson. With LaBelle as the front woman, the group became a local attraction until two of its members left to marry, while another was forced to quit the group by her religious father. In 1962, the Ordettes included three new members, Cindy Birdsong, Sarah Dash, and Nona Hendryx, the latter two girls had sung for another vocal group which was defunct at the time. In the same year, they auditioned for local record label owner Harold Robinson. Robinson agreed to work with the group after hearing LaBelle sing the song "I Sold My Heart to the Junkman". Initially, Robinson was dismissive of LaBelle, believing her to be "too dark and too plain".

Shortly after Robinson signed them, he had them record as the Blue Belles and they were selected to promote the recording of "I Sold My Heart to the Junkman", which had been recorded by The Starlets. It was recorded as a Blue Belles single due to label conflict. The Starlets' manager sued Harold Robinson after the Blue Belles were seen performing a lip-synching version of the song on American Bandstand. After settling out of court, Robinson altered the group's name to "Patti LaBelle and The Blue Belles". Robinson gave Holte the name "LaBelle", which meant "the beautiful" in French. Initially, a Billboard ad cited the group as "Patti Bell and the Blue Bells". In 1963, the group scored their first hit single with the ballad "Down the Aisle" which became a crossover top 40 hit on the Billboard pop and R&B charts after King Records issued it.

Later in the year, they recorded their rendition of the "You'll Never Walk Alone"; the single was later re-released on Cameo-Parkway Records where the group scored a second hit on the pop charts with the song in 1964. Another charted single, "Danny Boy", was released that same year. In 1965, after Cameo-Parkway folded, the group moved to New York and signed with Atlantic Records where they recorded twelve singles for the label, including the mildly charted singles "All or Nothing" and "Take Me for a Little While". The group's Atlantic tenure included their rendition of "Over the Rainbow" and a version of the song "Groovy Kind of Love". In 1967, Birdsong left the group to join The Supremes and by 1970 the group had been dropped from Atlantic Records as well as by their longtime manager Bernard Montague.

In 1970, Vicki Wickham, producer of the UK music show Ready, Steady, Go, agreed to manage the group after Dusty Springfield mentioned signing them. Wickham's first direction for the group was for them to change their name to simply Labelle and advised the group to renew their act, going for a more homegrown look and sound that reflected funk, rock, and psychedelic soul. In 1971, the group opened for the Who in several stops on the group's U.S. tour.

Labelle

Labelle signed with Warner Bros. Records and released their self-titled debut album in 1971. The record's psychedelic soul sound and its blending of rock, funk, soul and gospel rhythms was a departure from the group's early girl-group sound. In the same year, they sang background vocals on Laura Nyro's album, Gonna Take a Miracle. A year later in 1972, the group released Moon Shadow, which repeated the homegrown gritty sound of the previous album. In 1973, influenced by glam rockers David Bowie and Elton John, Wickham had the group dressed in silver space suits and luminescent makeup.

After their third successive album, Pressure Cookin', failed to generate a hit, Labelle signed with Epic Records in 1974, releasing their most successful album to date, with Nightbirds, which blended soul, funk, glam and rock music, thanks to the work of the album's producer, Allen Toussaint. The proto-disco single, "Lady Marmalade", would become their biggest-selling single, going number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and selling over a million copies, as did Nightbirds, which later earned a RIAA gold award, for sales of a million units, which was later inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame. In October 1974, Labelle made pop history by becoming the first rock and roll vocal group to perform at the Metropolitan Opera House. Riding high on the success of "Lady Marmalade" and the Nightbirds album, Labelle made the cover of Rolling Stone in 1975.

Labelle released two more albums, Phoenix and Chameleon in 1975 and 1976, respectively. While both albums continued the group's critical success, none of the singles issued on those albums ever crossed over to the pop charts. By 1976, Patti, Nona and Sarah began arguing over the group's musical direction. Personal difficulties came to a head during a show on December 16, 1976, in Baltimore where Hendryx went backstage and injured herself during a nervous breakdown. After the incident, LaBelle advised that the group separate.

Early solo career (1977–1984)
Signing a solo contract with Epic Records in 1977, LaBelle recruited David Rubinson, producer of Chameleon, to record her self-titled debut album, which was released that year. The album was noted for the disco hits, "Joy to Have Your Love" and "Dan Swit Me" and the gospel ballad, "You Are My Friend", the latter song becoming her first career-defining single despite its low entry on the R&B chart. Three more albums were released in succession on Epic through 1980 (Tasty, It's Alright with Me, and Released), with the songs "Eyes in the Back of My Head", "Little Girls", "Music is My Way of Life", "Come What May", "Release (The Tension)" and "I Don't Go Shopping" (the latter song co-written by Peter Allen) being the most successful.

After four albums on Epic, LaBelle signed with Philadelphia International Records where she recorded a notable version of "Over the Rainbow" on the album The Spirit's in It. In 1982, she was featured on the Grover Washington duet "The Best Is Yet to Come", and earned accolades that year for starring in the Broadway musical Your Arms Too Short to Box with God. "The Best Is Yet to Come" later earned LaBelle her first Grammy Award nomination. In 1983, LaBelle released her breakthrough album I'm in Love Again which included her first top ten R&B singles, with "Love, Need and Want You" and "If Only You Knew", the latter song also becoming her first number-one single as a solo artist in early 1984. Later in 1984, she scored another hit with Bobby Womack on the song "Love Has Finally Come at Last" and made her film debut as Big Mary in the film A Soldier's Story, co-writing two original songs for the film's soundtrack.

Crossover success (1984–2009)
In 1984, LaBelle recorded the songs "New Attitude" and "Stir It Up" for the soundtrack to the Eddie Murphy film, Beverly Hills Cop. Following the release of the film, "New Attitude" was released as a single in late 1984 and became LaBelle's first crossover solo hit, reaching number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100 and becoming a signature song. "Stir It Up" found similar success on pop radio and as a staple in dance clubs. In 1985, LaBelle performed on the TV special, Motown Returns to Apollo and also as part of the all-star benefit concert, Live Aid. Her notoriety from performing on the two specials made her a pop star and led to having her own television special later that same year. Also in the same year, a video of a performance from her tour of that year was issued on VHS. During this time, LaBelle ended her contractual obligations to Philadelphia International and signed with MCA Records.

LaBelle shared a stage with Gladys Knight and Dionne Warwick for the 1986 HBO special Sisters in the Name of Love. During the same year LaBelle released her bestselling solo album Winner in You, which reached number one on the pop charts. The album included the international number-one hit, "On My Own" and the hit ballad "Oh People". The success of Winner in You would prove to be the peak of her solo success, though she continued her acclaim with the 1989 release of Be Yourself, which featured the Prince-written and produced "Yo Mister" and the hit ballad "If You Asked Me To", which had bigger success in a remake by singer Celine Dion. In August, the same year of that album's release, LaBelle performed as the Acid Queen for The Who's second all-star concert celebrating the 20th anniversary of their rock-opera Tommy at the Universal Amphitheater in Los Angeles. Later that same year LaBelle began a successful stint in a recurring role on A Different World, the success of which spawned a brief sitcom of her own, titled Out All Night, which only lasted a season.

In 1991, she recorded a hit duet version of the Babyface composition, "Superwoman" with Gladys Knight and Dionne Warwick. That same year LaBelle released the solo album, Burnin', which featured collaborations with Knight, Prince, Michael Bolton, Big Daddy Kane, and Luther Vandross, as well as a reunion with Labelle bandmates Hendryx and Dash on the track "Release Yourself." Burnin' went gold, with three successive top five singles on the R&B charts. This success led to LaBelle winning her first Grammy Award in the Best Female R&B Vocal Performance category in the 34th Annual Grammy Award Ceremony of 1992, sharing the win with singer Lisa Fischer, who won for her hit ballad, "How Can I Ease the Pain", in a rare tie in the history of the Grammys. She was also nominated in the Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal category alongside Knight and Warwick for "Superwoman."

LaBelle's 1994 album, Gems, also went gold and featured the hit, "The Right Kinda Lover". On January 29, 1995, LaBelle performed at the Super Bowl XXIX halftime show, held at the Joe Robbie Stadium (which later became Hard Rock Stadium) in Miami with Tony Bennett, Arturo Sandoval and Miami Sound Machine. LaBelle released the album, Flame, which included the dance hit, "When You Talk About Love". LaBelle released her bestselling memoirs, Don't Block the Blessings, in 1996, and released the first of five bestselling cookbooks in 1997. In 1998, she released the live album, Live! One Night Only, giving her a second Grammy win in February 1999. She was honored with the Triumphant Spirit Award for Career Achievement at the 1998 Essence Awards, featuring tributes from Michael Bolton, Mariah Carey, Whitney Houston, SWV, and Luther Vandross.

In 2000, LaBelle released her final MCA album, When a Woman Loves, before signing with Def Soul Classics to release the 2004 album, Timeless Journey. During the promotional run of the album, she headlined VH1 Divas for the first time, alongside artists like Debbie Harry and Jessica Simpson and good friends Knight and Cyndi Lauper. After the release of her 2005 covers album, Classic Moments, LaBelle was in a rivalry with Antonio "L.A." Reid over the direction of her career, leading to her leaving the label. That same year she collaborated with singer Olivia Newton-John on Newton-John's album Stronger Than Before.

In the same year, the World Music Awards recognized her years in the music business by awarding her the Legend Award. In 2006, she released her first gospel album, The Gospel According to Patti LaBelle on the Bungalo label, the album later peaking at number one on Billboard's gospel chart. LaBelle also released the book, Patti's Pearls, during this period. She returned to Def Jam in 2007 and released her second holiday album, Miss Patti's Christmas. In 2008, LaBelle briefly reunited with Nona Hendryx and Sarah Dash as Labelle on the group's first new album in more than 30 years, Back to Now.

Later career (2010–present)

On September 14, 2010, LaBelle made a return two decades after her last Broadway performance to star in the award-winning musical Fela! about Afrobeat legend Fela Anikulapo-Kuti. She replaced Tony Award-nominee Lillias White as Fela's mother, Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, and performed with the production through the end of its run on January 2, 2011.

On May 23, 2011, LaBelle appeared on "Oprah's Farewell Spectacular, Part 1" the first show in a series of three shows which was the finale of The Oprah Winfrey Show, singing "Over the Rainbow" with Josh Groban. She was honored with the Lifetime Achievement Award at the BET Awards on June 26, 2011. LaBelle and Aretha Franklin, among others, performed at the "Women of Soul: In Performance at the White House" concert hosted by President Barack Obama at the White House, recorded on March 6, 2014.

On June 10, 2014, LaBelle returned to Broadway as the cast and creative team of the Tony Award-nominated smash hit Broadway musical After Midnight, welcomed her as "Special Guest Star". In 2014, she appeared in a guest role on the fourth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story which was subtitled Freak Show.

In 2015, LaBelle was one of the celebrities who competed on the 20th season of Dancing with the Stars. She partnered with professional dancer Artem Chigvintsev. The couple was eliminated on Week 6 and finished in eighth place. She has consistently toured the United States selling out shows in various markets. In 2012 and 2014 she appeared with Frankie Beverly & Maze on cross-country U.S. tours. In 2015 LaBelle made a guest appearance on Fox's television series Empire as herself.

She appeared as a "key advisor" for Christina Aguilera on the tenth season of the NBC series The Voice.

She returned to the VH1 Divas stage in 2016, headlining a holiday-themed concert alongside Chaka Khan, Vanessa Williams, and her goddaughter Mariah Carey. Her first jazz album, Bel Hommage, was released in 2017. In 2018 she began appearing in recurring roles on the television series Daytime Divas, Greenleaf and Star.

On July 2, 2019, LaBelle was honored in Philadelphia with her very own street name Patti LaBelle Way between Locust and Spruce Street. On November 20 of the same year, LaBelle was revealed to have competed on the second season of The Masked Singer as "Flower". LaBelle continued her acting career with roles alongside Cedric the Entertainer on The Neighborhood and Dulé Hill on The Wonder Years. In September of 2020 live from The Fillmore in Philadelphia, LaBelle participated in the American webcast series Verzuz, alongside longtime friend Gladys Knight with a surprise appearance by Dionne Warwick.

On December 10, 2022, LaBelle's Christmas concert in Milwaukee, Wisconsin was disrupted when a bomb threat resulted in evacuation of the venue. While celebrating her 80th birthday in 2024, LaBelle revealed she was releasing a new album, 8065, celebrating her 80 years of life and 65 years in music. A few weeks later she announced a tour of the same name, kicking off on July 7th in Los Angeles.

Charity work, foundations and activism
LaBelle has supported numerous charities and foundations. She is strongly committed to peace by promoting access to education, healthcare, housing, employment and equality of justice. She has served on several national boards as a devoted advocate for health causes, including Diabetes, Aids, Alzheimer's, and Cancer.

In 1987, LaBelle became a spokesperson for the 'National Minority AIDS council' and promoted the "Live Long, Sugar" campaign to encourage people of color to seek treatment for AIDS. She used her influence to raise awareness around the AIDS crisis and the treatment of gay and lesbian community. She has been a vocal about her support for the LGBT community and has performed at numerous pride events.

Personal life
LaBelle dropped out of Philadelphia's John Bartram High School just a semester before graduating in 1962. LaBelle returned to the school in her mid-thirties and later earned her diploma.

LaBelle wrote that she was sexually assaulted by Jackie Wilson while at the Brevoort Theatre in Brooklyn in the 1960s. Around 1964, LaBelle was engaged to Otis Williams, founding member of The Temptations. The engagement lasted a year before Patti broke it off after fearing Williams would force her to move to Detroit and retire from the road.

On July 23, 1969, LaBelle married a longtime friend, Armstead Edwards, who was a schoolteacher. After LaBelle started her solo career, Edwards became her manager, a position he would remain in until 2000. That year, LaBelle and Edwards legally separated, with their divorce finalized in 2003. They have a son, Zuri Kye Edwards (born July 17, 1973), who is now her manager. After Zuri's birth, LaBelle suffered from postpartum depression for a year and said singer-songwriter Laura Nyro helped to take care of Zuri while LaBelle recovered. Through Zuri (whose name means "good" in Swahili), LaBelle is a grandmother of two girls and one boy.

Members of LaBelle's family died at young ages. Her mother Bertha died in October 1978 from diabetes at the age of 62. Her father, Henry Holte Jr., died of complications from emphysema and Alzheimer's disease in October 1989 at the age of 70.

All three of LaBelle's sisters died young. Eldest sister Vivian Hogan Rogers died of lung cancer in October 1975 at the age of 43. Seven years later, in October 1982, her elder sister Barbara Holte Purifoy died from complications of colon cancer at the age of 40. In July 1989, three months before her father's death, LaBelle lost her youngest sister, Jacqueline "Jackie" Holte-Padgett, to brain cancer at the age of 43. A day after the singer buried Padgett, an emotionally-wrecked LaBelle shot the music video to "If You Asked Me To" where she was seen crying in various shots; the video was shot on what would have been Padgett's 44th birthday. The singer dedicated her 1991 Burnin' album, and her famous rendition of the song "Wind Beneath My Wings" during her concert tour in 1991–92 to Padgett.

LaBelle said that because of her sisters and parents dying "before their time", she wrote in her autobiography that she feared she would not make it to 50. Once she reached that age, however, the singer said she felt her life "had just begun". A year later, LaBelle was diagnosed as having diabetes and later became a spokesperson for several organizations dedicated in fighting the disease.

She has a home in the Philadelphia suburb of Wynnewood and also has condos in Los Angeles and in Eleuthera, the Bahamas. LaBelle is an honorary member of the Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority.

Civil suits
In 2010, LaBelle yelled at a woman and spilled water on her baby; that happened in the lobby of the Trump Place Apartments in Manhattan. LaBelle agreed to a settlement of $100,000 to avoid a trial. The family donated the award to a charity.

In June 2011, a West Point cadet filed a civil suit against LaBelle after he was allegedly assaulted by her bodyguards at George Bush Intercontinental Airport in Houston, Texas. LaBelle and her entourage were on their way to a gig in Louisiana when Richard King, a 23-year-old cadet on spring break, was waiting to be picked up in the ride-share area. King alleged that Labelle's entourage attacked him, causing a concussion, Labelle's entourage said that he had provoked the attack. King lost his court case after five days of testimony. King was suspended from the U.S. Military Academy. He sued LaBelle and Holmes for assault, seeking $1 million in civil court. LaBelle filed a counter-suit. Efrem Holmes, Labelle's bodyguard, was acquitted of misdemeanor assault on November 12, 2013, stemming from the incident.

Pop culture
Patti LaBelle has been described as "the greatest gay icon of all time and a prime example of the intersection of the LGBT community and black female artists". In a 2017 interview, she said: "when I think about it, the gay fans are some of the reason–one big reason–I'm still standing, 'cause they loved me when other people tried not to. Everybody always says, "What makes gay men like you?" "I have no clue," I say. I still don't. But I know that love has lifted me up for many, many years." The New York Times called LaBelle one of three of "America's Most Beloved Divas" alongside Dolly Parton and Barbra Streisand.

LaBelle is the primary character on the popular web parody Got 2B Real. During the 2010s, her performance of "This Christmas" at the 1996 National Tree Lighting Ceremony broadcast live on C-SPAN began going viral annually during the holiday season due to LaBelle's reactions to technical difficulties and other performance challenges. The viral video is referenced in LaBelle's A Black Lady Sketch Show appearance, including the episode's title.

LaBelle made some headlines in late 2015 when James Wright (No Channel), a vlogger spoke enthusiastically on YouTube of her brand of sweet potato pies. The video quickly went viral and for a time, one pie sold every second at Walmart, selling out at stores across the country. She has appeared in two Walmart commercials also an Old Spice commercial.

Discography

 * Studio albums
 * Patti LaBelle (1977)
 * Tasty (1978)
 * It's Alright with Me (1979)
 * Released (1980)
 * The Spirit's in It (1981)
 * I'm in Love Again (1983)
 * Patti (1985)
 * Winner in You (1986)
 * Be Yourself (1989)
 * This Christmas (1990)
 * Burnin' (1991)
 * Gems (1994)
 * Flame (1997)
 * When a Woman Loves (2000)
 * Timeless Journey (2004)
 * Classic Moments (2005)
 * The Gospel According to Patti LaBelle (2006)
 * Miss Patti's Christmas (2007)
 * Bel Hommage (2017)
 * 8065 (scheduled for 2024)

Awards and nominations
Honorary Doctorates
 * Berklee College of Music (1996)
 * Temple University (2010)

title: Patti LaBelle


text:
Tantric

Tantric may refer to:

Religious beliefs, doctrines, and practices

 * Tantra massage, a form of erotic massage
 * Tantric sex, tantric practices to exercise sexuality in a ritualized or yogic context
 * Tantric yoga, a form of yoga
 * Tibetan tantric practice, tantric practices in Tibetan Buddhism

Religious faiths, traditions, and movements

 * Tantra, esoteric traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism
 * Neotantra, a Western interpretation of tantra
 * Vajrayana, also known as Tantric Buddhism

Religious texts

 * Buddhist tantric literature, texts of esoteric Buddhism
 * Hindu tantric literature, texts of esoteric Hinduism

Music

 * Tantric (band), an American rock band
 * Tantric (album), the 2001 debut album by Tantric

title: Tantric