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Jena

Jena is a city in Germany and the second largest city in Thuringia. Together with the nearby cities of Erfurt and Weimar, it forms the central metropolitan area of Thuringia with approximately 500,000 inhabitants, while the city itself has a population of about 110,000. Jena is a centre of education and research; the university (now Friedrich Schiller University) was founded in 1558 and had 18,000 students in 2017 and the Ernst-Abbe-Fachhochschule Jena counts another 5,000 students. Furthermore, there are many institutes of the leading German research societies.

Jena was first mentioned in 1182 and stayed a small town until the 19th century, when industry developed. For most of the 20th century, Jena was a world centre of the optical industry around companies such as Carl Zeiss, Schott and Jenoptik (since 1990). As one of only a few medium-sized cities in Germany, it has some high-rise buildings in the city centre, such as the JenTower. These also have their origin in the former Carl Zeiss factory.

Between 1790 and 1850, Jena was a focal point of the German Vormärz as well as of the student liberal and unification movement and German Romanticism. Notable persons of this period in Jena were Friedrich Schiller, Alexander von Humboldt, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Novalis, and August Wilhelm Schlegel.

Jena's economy is largely built upon its high-technology infrastructure and research. The precision optical instruments industry is its leading branch to date, although software engineering, other digital businesses, and biotechnology are of growing importance. Furthermore, Jena is also a service hub for its regional environs.

Jena lies in a hilly landscape in the east of Thuringia, within the wide valley of the Saale river. Due to its rocky landscape, varied substrate and mixed forests, Jena is known in Germany for the wide variety of wild orchids which can be found within walking distance of the town. Local nature reserves are maintained by volunteers and NABU.

Middle Ages
Until the High Middle Ages, the Saale was the border between Germanic regions in the west and Slavic regions in the east. Owing to its function as a river crossing, Jena was conveniently located. Nevertheless, there were also some more important Saale crossings such as the nearby cities of Naumburg to the north and Saalfeld to the south, so that the relevance of Jena was more local during the Middle Ages. The first unequivocal mention of Jena was in an 1182 document. The first local rulers of the region were the Lords of Lobdeburg with their eponymous castle near Lobeda, roughly 6 km south of the city centre on the eastern hillside of the Saale valley.

In the 13th century, the Lords of Lobdeburg founded two towns in the valley: Jena on the west bank and Lobeda – which is one of Jena's constituent communities today – 4 km to the south on the east bank. Around 1230, Jena received town rights and a regular city grid was established between today's Fürstengraben, Löbdergraben, Teichgraben and Leutragraben. The city got a marketplace, main church, town hall, council and city walls during the late 13th and early 14th centuries making it into a full-fledged town. In this time, the city's economy was based mainly on wine production on the warm and sunny hillsides of the Saale valley. The two monasteries of the Dominicans (1286) and the Cistercians (1301) rounded out Jena's medieval appearance.

As the political circumstances in Thuringia changed in the middle of the 14th century, the weakened Lords of Lobdeburg sold Jena to the aspiring Wettins in 1331. Jena obtained the Gotha municipal law and the citizens strengthened their rights and wealth during the 14th and 15th centuries. Moreover, the Wettins were more interested in their residence in the nearby city of Weimar, and so Jena could develop itself relatively autonomously.

Early modern period
The Protestant Reformation was brought to the city in 1523. Martin Luther visited the town to reorganize the clerical relations and Jena became an early centre of his doctrine. In the following years, the Dominican and the Carmelite convents were attacked by the townsmen and abolished in 1525 (Carmelite) and 1548 (Dominican).

An important step in Jena's history was the foundation of the university in 1558. Ernestine Elector John Frederick the Magnanimous founded it, because he had lost his old university in Wittenberg to the Albertines after the Schmalkaldic War. During the Little Ice Age, wine-growing declined in the 17th century, so that the new university became one of the most important sources of income for the city. The same century brought a boom in printing business caused by the rising importance of books (and the population's ability to read) in the Lutheran doctrine, and Jena was the second-largest printing location in Germany after Leipzig.

The list of the so-called "Seven Wonders of Jena" was composed by students of the university at this time, supposedly as a test of local knowledge in order to confirm that a person who claimed to have studied in Jena was actually familiar with the city.

Beginning in the 16th century, the Ernestine dynasty saw many territorial partitions. Initially, Jena remained a part of Saxe-Weimar, but in 1672 it became the capital of its own small duchy (Saxe-Jena). In 1692, after two dukes (Bernhard II and Johann Wilhelm), the dukes of Saxe-Jena died out and the duchy became part of Saxe-Eisenach and, in 1741, of the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar, to which it belonged until 1809. From 1809 to 1918, Jena was part of the Duchy (from 1815 Grand Duchy) of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, which from 1871 was also part of the German Empire.

18th century
Around 1790, the university became the largest and most famous one among the German states and made Jena the centre of the self-centred, idealist philosophy of ‘Ich' (with professors such as Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Friedrich Schiller, and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling). It was also home to the early Romanticism (with poets such as Novalis, the brothers August and Friedrich Schlegel, and Ludwig Tieck).

In 1794, the poets Goethe and Schiller met at the university and established a long lasting friendship, based on their love of Shakespeare. Consequently, the reputation of the University and the Duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach as liberal and open-minded, but severely self-absorbed, was established and enhanced.

19th century
On 14 October 1806, Napoleon fought and defeated the Prussian army here in the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, near the district of Vierzehnheiligen. Resistance against the French occupation was strong, especially among the students. Many of the students fought in the Lützow Free Corps in 1813. Two years later, the Urburschenschaft fraternity was founded in the city.

During the later 19th century, the famous biologist Ernst Haeckel was professor at the university. The expansion of science and medicine faculties was closely linked to the industrial boom that Jena saw after 1871. The initial spark of industrialization in Jena was the (relatively late) connection to the railway. The Saal Railway (Saalbahn, opened in 1874) was the connection from Halle and Leipzig along the Saale valley to Nuremberg and the Weimar–Gera railway (opened 1876) connected Jena with Frankfurt and Erfurt in the west as well as Dresden and Gera in the east. Famous pioneers of the Jenaer industry were Carl Zeiss and Ernst Abbe (with their Carl Zeiss AG) as well as Otto Schott (Schott AG). Since that time, production of optical items, precision machinery and laboratory glassware have been the main branches of Jena's economy; Jena glass is even named after the city. Zeiss, Abbe and Schott worked also as social reformers who wanted to improve the living conditions of their workers and the local wealth in general. When Zeiss died in 1889, his company passed to the Carl-Zeiss-Stiftung, which uses great amounts of the company's profits for social benefits such as research projects at universities etc. This model became an example for other German companies (e.g. the Robert Bosch Stiftung). In 1898 it was agreed on with several personalities from the Jenaer industrial sector that the city was in need of an electricity generator and in the first years of the 1900s an electrified tramway was founded in Jena.

20th century
Industrialization fundamentally changed the social structure of Jena. The former academic town became a working-class city; the population rose from 8,000 around 1870 up to 71,000 at the beginning of World War II. The city expanded along the Saale valley to the north and the south and its side valleys to the east and the west. In 1901, the tram system started its operation and the university got a new main building (established between 1906 and 1908 on the former castle's site). After the foundation of Thuringia in 1920, Jena was one of the three biggest cities (together with Weimar and Gera, while Erfurt remained part of Prussia) and became an independent city in 1922. The modern optical and glass industry kept booming and the city grew further during Weimar times.

During the Nazi period, conflicts deepened in Jena between the influential left-wing milieus (communists and social democrats) and the right-wing Nazi milieus. On the one hand, the university suffered from new restrictions against its independence, but on the other hand, it consolidated the Nazi ideology, for example with a professorship of social anthropology (which sought to scientifically legitimize the racial policy of Nazi Germany). Kristallnacht in 1938 led to more discrimination against Jews in Jena, many of whom either emigrated or were arrested and murdered by the German government. This weakened the academic milieu, because many academics were Jews (especially in medicine). During World War II, the Germans operated two subcamps of the Buchenwald concentration camp in the city, and a subcamp of the prison in Sieradz in German-occupied Poland.

In 1945, toward the end of World War II, Jena was repeatedly targeted by Allied bombing raids. 709 people were killed, 2,000 injured, and most of the medieval town centre was destroyed, but in parts restored after the end of the war. No other Thuringian city suffered worse damage, except Nordhausen, whose destruction was utter. Today most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. Jena was occupied by American troops on 13 April 1945 and was left to the Red Army on 1 July 1945.

Jena fell within the Soviet zone of occupation in post-World War II Germany. In 1949, it became part of the new German Democratic Republic (GDR). The Soviets dismantled great parts of the Zeiss and Schott factories and took them to the Soviet Union. On the other hand, the GDR government founded a new pharmaceutical factory in 1950, Jenapharm, which is part of Bayer today. In 1953, Jena was a centre of the East German Uprising against GDR policy. The protests with 30,000 participants drew fire from Soviet tanks.

The following decades brought some radical shifts in city planning. During the 1960s, another part of the historic city centre was demolished to build the Jen Tower. The Eichplatz in front of the tower is still unbuilt and its future is still the subject of ongoing heated discussion. Big Plattenbau settlements were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, because the population was still rising and the housing shortage remained a perpetual problem. New districts established in the north (near Rautal) and in the south (around Winzerla and Lobeda). The opposition against the GDR government was reinforced during the late 1980s in Jena, fed by academic and clerical circles. In autumn 1989, the city saw the largest protests in its history before the GDR government was dissolved.

After 1990, Jena became part of the refounded state of Thuringia. Industry came into a heavy crisis during the 1990s, but finally it managed the transition to the market economy and today, it is one of the leading economic centres of eastern Germany. Furthermore, the university was enlarged and many new research institutes were founded.

Especially between 1995 and 1997 several far-right crimes were committed in Jena. The city's far-right scene of the 1990s gave rise to the National Socialist Underground (NSU) terror group. However, the city is no longer considered a far-right hotspot.

Topography
Jena is situated in a hilly landscape in eastern Thuringia at the Saale river, between the Harz mountains 85 km in the north, the Thuringian Forest/Thuringian Highland 50 km in the southwest and the Ore Mountains, 75 km in the southeast. The municipal terrain is hilly with rugged slopes at the valley's edges. The city centre is situated at 160 m of elevation, whereas the mountains on both sides of Saale valley rise up to 400 m. On the eastern side those are (from north to south): the Gleisberg near Kunitz, the Jenzig near Wogau, the Hausberg near Wenigenjena, the Kernberge near Wöllnitz, the Johannisberg near Lobeda and the Einsiedlerberg near Drackendorf. On the western side, there are the Jägersberg near Zwätzen, the Windknollen north of the city centre, the Tatzend west of the city centre, the Lichtenhainer Höhe near Lichtenhain, the Holzberg near Winzerla, the Jagdberg near Göschwitz and the Spitzenberg near Maua. The mountains belong to the geological formation of Ilm Saale Plate (Muschelkalk) and are relatively flat on their peaks but steep to the valleys in between. Due to its jagged surface, the municipal territory isn't very suitable for agriculture all the more since the most flat areas along the valley were built on during the 20th century. At the mountains is some forest of different leaf trees and pines.

Ecology
32 species of native orchids can be found in the Jena area. One of the best places to see them is Leutratal, to the south of the town. Bee orchid (Ophrys apifera) even grows at a few locations within the town. On the Hausberg close to Ziegenhain a few specimens of the rare true service tree (Cormus domestica) can be found. Firefly can be seen in the meadows in Paradiespark as well as a variety of native wildflowers. Wildlife on the surrounding mountains includes raven, sand lizard and wood ants. Heron, beaver and muskrat have been seen on the Saale, within the town. Pine martens sometimes come into the town at night, from the mountains, to raid bins. It is documented that the European wildcat occurs near Jena.

Climate
Jena has a humid continental climate (Dfb) or an oceanic climate (Cfb) according to the Köppen climate classification system. Summers are warm and sometimes humid; winters are relatively cold. The city's topography creates a microclimate caused through the basin position with sometimes inversion in winter (quite cold nights under -20 C) and heat and inadequate air circulation in summer. Annual precipitation is 585 mm with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through February, but snow cover does not usually remain for long. During the Middle Ages, Jena was famous for growing wine on its slopes. Nowadays, the next commercial wine-growing areas are situated 20 km down Saale river. Due to its distance to coastal areas and position in the Saale valley, wind speeds tend to be very low; predominant direction is SW.

Administrative division
Jena abuts the district of Saale-Holzland with the municipalities of Lehesten, Neuengönna, and Golmsdorf in the north, Jenalöbnitz, Großlöbichau, and Schlöben in the east and Laasdorf, Zöllnitz, Sulza, Rothenstein, Milda, and Bucha in the south and the district of Weimarer Land with the municipalities of Döbritschen, Großschwabhausen, and Saaleplatte in the west.

The city is divided into 30 districts. The inner-city districts are Zentrum, Nord, West, Süd, Wenigenjena (east of Saale, incorporated in 1909), and Kernberge, other big districts are Lobeda (incorporated in 1946) and Winzerla (incorporated in 1922) in the south with large housing complexes.

The residual districts are from a more rural constitution:

Demographics

Over the centuries, Jena had mostly been a town of 4,000 to 5,000 inhabitants. The population growth began in the 19th century with an amount of 6,000 in 1840 and of 8,000 in 1870. Then, a demographic boom occurred with a population of 20,000 in 1900, 50,000 in 1920, 73,000 in 1940, 81,000 in 1960 and 104,000 in 1980. The peak was reached in 1988 with a population of 108,000. The bad economic situation in eastern Germany after the reunification resulted in a decline in population, which fell to 99,000 in 1998 before rising again to 107,000 in 2012.

The average population growth between 2009 and 2012 was approximately 0.47% p. a, whereas the population in bordering rural regions is shrinking with accelerating tendency. Suburbanization played only a small role in Jena. It occurred after the reunification for a short time in the 1990s, but most of the suburban areas were situated within the administrative city borders.

The birth surplus was 62 in 2012, or +0.6 per 1,000 inhabitants (Thuringian average: -4.5; national average: -2.4). The net migration rate was +4.0 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2012 (Thuringian average: -0.8; national average: +4.6). The most important regions of origin of Jena migrants are rural areas of Thuringia, Saxony-Anhalt and Saxony as well as foreign countries such as Poland, Russia, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia, Romania, and Bulgaria.

Like many other eastern German cities, Jena has a small foreign-born population: circa 4.0% are non-Germans by citizenship and overall 6.2% are migrants (according to 2011 EU census). Differing from the national average, the biggest groups of migrants in Jena are Russians, Chinese and Ukrainians. During recent years, the economic situation of the city has improved: the unemployment rate declined from 14% in 2005 to 7% in 2013. Due to the official policy of atheism in the former GDR, most of the population is non-religious. 15.9% are members of the Evangelical Church in Central Germany and 6.6% are Catholics (according to 2011 EU census).

Museums
Jena has a great variety of museums:
 * The Optical Museum Jena at Carl-Zeiß-Platz shows the history of optical instruments such as glasses, microscopes, cameras, and telescopes.
 * The Phyletisches Museum at Neutor hosts a natural history exhibition with focus on evolution and fossils.
 * The Stadtmuseum & Kunstsammlung at Markt square shows the city history of Jena and hosts furthermore an exhibition of modern and contemporary art.
 * The Botanischer Garten (botanic garden) at Fürstengraben is one of the oldest botanic gardens in Germany (established in 1794) and hosts 12,000 plants from all over the world.
 * The Romantikerhaus at Unterm Markt street hosts an exhibition about the epoque of Jena romantics in German literature.
 * Schillers Gartenhaus at Schillergässchen is the former summer house of Friedrich Schiller and shows an exhibition of his life and his connection to Jena.
 * The Goethe-Gedenkstätte at Fürstengraben shows an exhibition about the links between Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Jena (only in summer).
 * The Ernst-Haeckel-Haus at Berggasse is the former house of biologist Ernst Haeckel and hosts an exhibition about his life.
 * The Schott Glasmuseum at Otto-Schott-Straße shows the life of Otto Schott and the history of his glass factory, the Schott AG.
 * The Museum 1806 at Cospeda district hosts an exhibition about the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt during the Napoleonic wars.
 * The University of Jena hosts some important scientific collections, like the collection of pre- and protohistoric artifacts. While the collections of antiques and minerals are public, the oriental coins are only accessed for research.

Cityscape
Most of the city consists of buildings from before World War II. The historic city centre is located inside the former wall (which is the area between Fürstengraben in the north, Löbdergraben in the east, Teichgraben in the south and Leutragraben in the west). There are only a few historic buildings in this area (e.g. at Oberlauengasse), due to the destruction during World War II and modernization projects in the following decades. The Eichplatz, a big sub-used square covering a large amount of the centre, has not been built on since the 1960s and the discussion about its future is still in process. The wall's defortification took place relatively early in the 18th century – and the first suburbs developed in front of the former city gates. In these areas, some historic building structures from the 18th and early 19th century remained in western Bachstraße and Wagnergasse, in northern Zwätzengasse and in southern Neugasse.

The later 19th and early 20th centuries brought a construction boom to Jena, with the city enlarged to the north and south along the Saale valley, to the west along Mühltal and on the Saale's east side in former Wenigenjena. Compared with the city centre, later substantial losses were much slighter in this areas. During the interwar period, the construction of flats stayed on a high level but suitable ground got less, so that new housing complexes were set up relatively far away from the centre – a problem that remained until today with long journeys and high rents as consequences. Today's Jena is not as compact as other cities in the region, and urban planning is still a challenge.

A peculiarity of Jena is the presence of a second old town centre with a market square, town hall, and castle in the former town of Lobeda, which is a district since 1946, located approximately 4 km to the south of Jena's centre.

Churches

 * The main church, St. Michael's, is one of the biggest Gothic monuments in Thuringia and was built between 1422 and 1557. It has a bronze slab of Martin Luther's tomb.
 * The St. John's Church was the church of the extinct village Leutra west of Jena and later used as the city's cemetery chapel. Since 1811, the Gothic building is the catholic church of Jena.
 * The Peace Church was built between 1686 and 1693 as new cemetery chapel and is a Baroque evangelical church today.
 * The Schiller Church east of Saale river is the evangelical parish church of the former village and today's quarter Wenigenjena. Friedrich Schiller married here in 1790.
 * The St. Peter's Church is the former city church of Jena's southern district Lobeda. The Gothic church was built around 1480.
 * The parish church of Vierzehnheiligen (dedicated to the Fourteen Holy Helpers) is a Gothic-style former pilgrimage church established during the 1460s.
 * The St. Mary's Church in Ziegenhain is a former pilgrimage church in Gothic style, built in the 15th century.

Other sights

 * The medieval city wall is preserved in parts (Anatomieturm and Roter Turm), the largest one is the complex around Johannistor and Pulverturm near Johannisplatz.
 * The town hall at Markt square was built around 1412 and is one of only few Gothic town halls in Germany. It has an astronomical clock featuring the "Snatching Hans" ("Schnapphans").
 * The planetarium opened in 1926 and was the first large planetarium in the world, with technology developed by Carl Zeiss.
 * The University Main Building stands at the former castle's place and was established in 1908 in early-modern style (Theodor Fischer/Bruno Taut).
 * The Abbeanum is a university building by Ernst Neufert in Bauhaus style, built in 1930.
 * The Jen Tower is the city's highest skyscraper, built between 1969 and 1972, with a viewing platform and a sky restaurant.
 * The Haus Auerbach is the former house of physicist Felix Auerbach, built by Walter Gropius and Adolf Meyer in Bauhaus style in 1924. Near is the Haus Zuckerkandl, another mansion built by Gropius in 1929.
 * The former Carl Zeiss Factory in the city centre hosts interesting technical architecture from the period between 1880 and 1965, including Germany's first high-rise building, the Bau 15 from 1915.
 * The monument to John Frederick the Magnanimous (built in 1858) at the Markt square is a landmark of Jena called "Hanfried".
 * The monument to Ernst Abbe is a building of early-modern architecture by Henry van de Velde (1910).
 * The Lobdeburg is a castle ruin above Lobeda district and the former seat of the lords of Lobdeburg, founders of Jena.
 * Naturschutzgebiet Leutratal und Cospoth is an important nature reserve to the southwest.

Theatre and music
Jena has its own theatre and orchestra, the Jenaer Philharmonie.

Sports
Jena is home to professional football club FC Carl Zeiss Jena. The club won the DDR-Oberliga three times, the FDGB Cup four times, and reached the final of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup once. Post-unification the club have been less successful and they currently compete in Regionalliga Nordost. In women's football, FF USV Jena is a member of the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga. Both clubs' home stadium is the Ernst-Abbe-Sportfeld. Also, the city's basketball team, Science City Jena played in Basketball Bundesliga in 2007–2008 season and returned to top level in 2015–16 season. In addition, since 2000, the university of Jena has a rugby team. Since 2012, the USV Rugby Jena team has been playing in the 2. Rugby-Bundesliga.

Current men's javelin throw world record (98.48) by Jan Železný was achieved in Jena.

Agriculture, industry and services
Agriculture plays a small role in Jena, only 40% of the municipal territory are in use for farming (compared to over 60% in Erfurt and nearly 50% in Weimar). Furthermore, the Muschelkalk soil is not very fertile and is often used as pasture for cattle. The only large agricultural area is situated around Isserstedt, Cospeda and Vierzehnheiligen district in the northwest. Wine-growing was discontinued during the Little Ice Age around 1800, but is now possible again due to global warming. Nevertheless, the commercial production of wine hasn't yet resumed.

Industry is a great tradition in Jena, reaching back to the mid-19th century. In 2012, there were 80 companies in industrial production with more than 20 workers employing 8,300 persons and generating a turnover of more than 1,5 billion Euro. The most important branches are precision machinery, pharmaceuticals, optics, biotechnology and software engineering. Notable companies in Jena are the traditional Carl Zeiss AG, Schott AG, Jenoptik and Jenapharm as well as new companies such as Intershop Communications, Analytik Jena, and Carl Zeiss Meditec. Jena has the most market-listed companies and is one of the most important economic centres of east Germany.

With companies such as Intershop Communications, Salesforce.com (after the acquisition of Demandware) and ePages as well as several web agencies, Jena is a hub for E-commerce in Germany. Other IT players with regional offices include Accenture or ESET. Jena-Optronik, a subsidiary of the Airbus Group, develops components for spaceflight or satellites in Jena.

The city is among Germany's 50 fastest growing regions, with many internationally renowned research institutes and companies, a comparatively low unemployment and a young population structure. Jena was awarded the title "Stadt der Wissenschaft" (city of science) by the Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft, a German science association, in 2008.

Jena is also a hub of public and private services, specially in education, research and business services. Other important institutions are the High Court of Thuringia and Thuringia's solely university hospital. Furthermore, Jena is a regional centre in infrastructure and retail with many shopping centres.

Together with the photonics lab Lichtwerkstatt and the Krautspace there are makerspaces and hackerspaces enabling start-ups to create their product ideas and realizing their first prototype and business models as well as networking.

By rail
Jena has no central railway station with connection to all the lines at one point. What is relatively common in many countries is quite unusual for a German city and caused on the one hand by the city's difficult topography and on the other hand by the history, because the two main lines were built by two different private companies. The connection in north–south direction is the Saal Railway with ICE trains running from Berlin in the north to Munich in the south once a day stopping at Paradies station and local trains to Naumburg and Saalfeld stopping at Zwätzen, Saalbahnhof, Paradies and Göschwitz. The connection in west–east direction is the Weimar–Gera railway with regional express trains to Göttingen (via Erfurt and Weimar) and Zwickau, Glauchau, Altenburg or Greiz (via Gera) and local trains between Weimar, Jena and Gera. The express trains stop at West station near the city centre and Göschwitz, the local trains furthermore at Neue Schenke. The junction between both lines is the Göschwitz station, approx. 5 km south of the city centre.

When the Nuremberg–Erfurt high-speed railway opened in 2017, the city lost its connection to the long-distance train network. As compensation, there are new regional express train services to Halle and Leipzig in the north, and to Nuremberg in the south.

By road
The two Autobahnen crossing each other nearby at Hermsdorf junction are the Bundesautobahn 4 (Frankfurt–Dresden) and the Bundesautobahn 9 (Berlin–Munich), which were both built during the 1930s. The A 4 runs quite next to the Lobeda housing complexes and the Leutra district. Therefore, it was rebuilt in the 2000s and got two tunnels to protect the residents and the environment against noise and air pollution. Furthermore, there are two Bundesstraßen crossing in Jena: the Bundesstraße 7 is a connection to Weimar in the west and Gera in the east and the Bundesstraße 88 is a connection along Saale valley to Naumburg in the north and Rudolstadt in the south. Furthermore, there are some roads to Apolda via Isserstedt, Blankenhain via Ammerbach and Stadtroda via Lobeda. Most parts of city centre inside the former walls are pedestrian areas.

By aviation
The next local airports to Jena are the Erfurt–Weimar Airport, approx. 50 km to the west and the Leipzig/Halle Airport, approx. 80 km to the northeast, which both serve mostly for holiday flights to the Mediterranean and other touristic regions. The next major airports are Frankfurt Airport, Berlin Brandenburg Airport and Munich Airport.

By bike
Despite the hilly terrain in some parts, Jena is a cycling city, due to the many students. Cycling has become more popular in Jena since the 1990s when good quality bike paths began to be built. There are bike lanes along some main streets, though, in comparison to other cities in Germany, there are deficits.

For bicycle touring there is the "Saale track" (Saale-Radweg) and the "Thuringian city string track" (Radweg Thüringer Städtekette). Both of these connect points of tourist interest: the former along the Saale valley from Fichtel Mountains in Bavaria to the Elbe river near Magdeburg, while the latter follows the medieval Via Regia closely and runs from Eisenach via Erfurt, Weimar and Jena to Altenburg via Gera.

Trams and buses
The Jena tramway network was established in 1901 and enlarged after the German reunification. It connects the major districts with the city centre; there are 5 ordinary lines served in different intervals between 7,5 and 20 minutes. Nevertheless, there are some old single-track segments interfering the services. Furthermore, there is an extensive network of buses, run (such as the trams) by the "Jenah" organization, a pun on Jena and the German lit. 'public transport'. Buses of the JES Verkehrsgesellschaft connect Jena with cities and villages in the region.

Education and research
After reunification, the educational system was realigned. The University of Jena, established in 1558, was largely extended. Today there are approximately 21,000 students at this university. Another college is the Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena, a University of Applied Sciences founded in 1991 which offers a combination of scientific training and its practical applications. There are also nearly 5,000 students.

Further there are six Gymnasiums, five state-owned and one Christian (ecumenical). One of the state-owned is a Sportgymnasium, an elite boarding school for young talents in athletics or football. Another state-owned Gymnasium (the Carl-Zeiss-Gymnasium Jena) offers a focus in sciences also as an elite boarding school additionally to the common curriculum.

The various research institutes based in Jena include:
 * The Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology is an important research center and offers a Ph.D. program
 * The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
 * The Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
 * The Institute of Photonic Technology
 * The Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (IOF)
 * The Leibniz Institute for Age Research, a research center with a Ph.D. program
 * INNOVENT - a private research center
 * The Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology
 * Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Bacterial Infections and Zoonoses
 * Friedrich-Löffler-Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis
 * The Jena Center for Bioinformatics

Quality of life
In 2013, according to a study by Kieler Institut für Weltwirtschaft, Jena was ranked as the fifth-most livable city in Germany.

According to the 2019 study by Forschungsinstitut Prognos, Jena is one of the most dynamic regions in Germany. It ranks at number 29 of all 401 German regions.

Mayor and city council
The first freely elected mayor after German reunification was Peter Röhlinger of the Free Democratic Party (FDP), who served from 1990 to 2006. In 2006 he was succeeded by Albrecht Schröter of the Social Democratic Party (SPD). Schröter was defeated seeking re-election in 2018 by Thomas Nitzsche of the FDP, who has since served as mayor. The most recent mayoral election was held on 15 April 2018, with a runoff held on 29 April, and the results were as follows:

! rowspan=2 colspan=2| Candidate ! rowspan=2| Party ! colspan=2| First round ! colspan=2| Second round ! Votes ! % ! Votes ! % ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 44,736 ! 99.5 ! 39,481 ! 99.3 ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 210 ! 0.5 ! 294 ! 0.7 ! colspan=3| Total ! 44,946 ! 100.0 ! 39,775 ! 100.0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 85,401 ! 52.6 ! 85,220 ! 46.7
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Thomas Nitzsche
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party
 * 12,046
 * 26.9
 * 24,982
 * 63.3
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Albrecht Schröter
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party
 * 10,965
 * 24.5
 * 14,499
 * 36.7
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Benjamin Koppe
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union
 * 6,314
 * 14.1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Martina Flämmich-Winckler
 * align=left| The Left
 * 4,999
 * 11.2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Denny Jankowski
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany
 * 3,444
 * 7.7
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Denis Peisker
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens
 * 3,377
 * 7.5
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Heidrun Jänchen
 * align=left| Pirate Party Germany
 * 2,076
 * 4.6
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Sandro Dreßler
 * align=left| Independent
 * 918
 * 2.1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Arne Petrich
 * align=left| Independent
 * 597
 * 1.3
 * align=left| Independent
 * 918
 * 2.1
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Arne Petrich
 * align=left| Independent
 * 597
 * 1.3
 * 1.3
 * colspan=7| Source: Wahlen in Thüringen
 * }
 * }

The most recent city council election was held on 26 May 2019, and the results were as follows:

! colspan=2| Party ! Lead candidate ! Votes ! % ! +/- ! Seats ! +/- ! colspan=3| Valid votes ! 52,540 ! % ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Invalid votes ! 1,121 ! % ! ! ! ! colspan=3| Total ! 53,661 ! 100.0 ! ! 46 ! ±0 ! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout ! 84,990 ! 63.1 ! 11.6 ! !
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| The Left (Die Linke)
 * align=left| Lena Saniye Güngör
 * 31,728
 * 20.4
 * 3.6
 * 9
 * 2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alliance 90/The Greens (Grüne)
 * align=left| Margret Franz
 * 30,189
 * 19.4
 * 8.1
 * 9
 * 4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Democratic Party (FDP)
 * align=left| Alexis Taeger
 * 20,003
 * 12.8
 * 8.0
 * 6
 * 4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Social Democratic Party (SPD)
 * align=left| Katja Glybowskaja
 * 19,665
 * 12.6
 * 8.2
 * 6
 * 4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
 * align=left| Guntram Wothly
 * 19,649
 * 12.6
 * 9.6
 * 6
 * 4
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Alternative for Germany (AfD)
 * align=left| Denny Jankowski
 * 15,617
 * 10.0
 * New
 * 5
 * New
 * align=left| Citizens for Jena (BfJ)
 * align=left| Jürgen Häkanson-Hall
 * 11,677
 * 7.5
 * 2.9
 * 3
 * 2
 * bgcolor=|
 * align=left| Free Voters Jena
 * align=left| Ulrich Schubert
 * 5,345
 * 3.4
 * New
 * 1
 * New
 * align=left| Die Guten
 * align=left| Anne Neumann
 * 2,032
 * 1.3
 * 0.6
 * 1
 * ±0
 * 1
 * New
 * align=left| Die Guten
 * align=left| Anne Neumann
 * 2,032
 * 1.3
 * 0.6
 * 1
 * ±0
 * 1
 * ±0
 * colspan=8| Source: Wahlen in Thüringen
 * }
 * }

Notable people

 * Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), physicist, social reformer, partner of Carl Zeiss and Otto Schott
 * Andreas Bauer Kanabas, classical bass
 * Johannes R. Becher (1891–1958), poet and politician
 * Hans Berger, discoverer of human EEG
 * Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld
 * Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, naturalist, doctor, comparative anatomist, and physiologist
 * Walter von Boetticher (1853–1945), historian, and physician, studied medicine at Jena
 * Martin Dwars (born 1987), retired footballer (goalkeeper)
 * Johann Gottfried Eichhorn (1752–1827), orientalist and Protestant theologian of the Enlightenment
 * Robert Enke (1977–2009), footballer (goalkeeper)
 * Walter Eucken (1891–1950), founder of neoliberal economic theory
 * Rudolf Eucken (1846–1926), philosopher and winner of the 1908 Nobel Prize for Literature
 * Johann Gottlieb Fichte, philosopher and early German nationalist
 * Gottlob Frege (1848–1925), mathematician, logician, and philosopher
 * Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel, inventor of the kindergarten

 * Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), poet and writer
 * John B. Goodenough (1922–2023), materials scientist, solid-state physicist, and Nobel laureate in chemistry
 * Klara Griefahn (1897–1945), physician
 * Otto Günsche (1917–2003), commander in the Waffen-SS during the Second World War
 * Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919), evolutionary biologist and zoologist
 * G. W. F. Hegel (1770–1831), philosopher
 * Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843), poet
 * Albert Woldemar Hollander (1796–1868), educator and pedagog
 * Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716), polymath and philosopher
 * Martin Luther (1483–1546), professor of theology, priest, author, composer, Augustinian friar, and seminal figure in the Reformation
 * August Eduard Martin (1847–1933), obstetrician and gynecologist
 * Karl Marx (1818–1883), philosopher and economist
 * Tilo Medek (1940–2006), composer
 * Philipp Melanchthon, theologian
 * Johann Karl August Musäus (1735–1787), author
 * Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844–1900), philosopher
 * Novalis (1772–1801), poet
 * Max Reger, composer, pianist, professor, and conductor
 * Friedrich Schelling, philosopher
 * Friedrich Schiller, poet and writer
 * Caroline Böhmer Schlegel Schelling, Universitätsmamsell and Jena Romanticist intellectual
 * Stefan Schuster, professor of bioinformatics at the University of Jena
 * Wilhelm Schlegel, philosopher
 * Sahra Wagenknecht (born 1969), German politician
 * Bernd Schneider (born 1973), footballer
 * Otto Schott, inventor of fireproof glass, founder of the Schott glass works
 * Reinhard Johannes Sorge, poet, dramatist, and Roman Catholic convert
 * Johann Gustav Stickel, orientalist
 * Kurt Tucholsky, writer
 * Tim Wuttke, (born 1987), retired footballer
 * Carl Zeiss (1816–1888), founder of the Zeiss company

title: Jena


text:
Talk:Israel Shahak

ottolenghi
"Emanuele Ottolenghi argued that Jews such as Prof. Israel Shahak act as enablers for anti-Semites, because the rhetoric of anti-semitic Jews plays a 'crucial role... in excusing, condoning, and — in effect — abetting anti-Semitism.' In his opinion, 'Anti-Semites rely on Jews to confirm their prejudice: If Jews recur to such language, and advocate such policies, how can anyone be accused of anti-Semitism, for making the same arguments?... The mechanism through which an anti-Semitic accusation becomes respectable once a Jew endorses it is not limited to Israel's new historians.... Israel Shahak made the comparison between Israel and Nazism respectable — all the while describing Judaism according to the medieval canons of the blood libel'."

The source is lacking. It happens to be  The War of the Jews The National Review 20 September 2006

I've removed it because the Ottolenghi is writing about what the aforementioned book by Paul Bogdanor and Edward Alexander >(eds) The Jewish Divide over Israel: Accusers and Defenders.

Anyone who wants to restore it should rewrite what we have. The source mentions Shahak, George Steiner, Tanya Reinhart, Tony Judt, Avi Shlaim,   Seymour Hersh,  Daniel Boyarin

and then goes on "But two main themes emerge that deserve scrutiny. The first is the claim, made by so many Jewish intellectuals, to be the authentic expression of Judaism’s prophetic tradition in their crusade against Israel and Zionism. And the second is the crucial role their rhetoric plays in excusing, condoning, and — in effect — abetting anti-Semitism. --Even as their distance from Jewish values demonstrates that they are not legitimate heirs of the Jewish prophets, their role in providing cover for anti-Semitism cannot be dismissed or underestimated. The only Jew anti-Semites can tolerate in their midst is a Jew who has abandoned all the vestiges of Judaism and shows no traces of identification with the Jewish people. Promoting the abandonment of Judaism has always been high on the agenda of Jew-haters: From conversion to assimilation, no version of anti-Jewish sentiment has ever left the Jews with the option of defining their own identity on their own terms. If they wanted to survive, they had to accept what the outside world wanted them to be. And even as our age celebrates cultural diversity and religious freedom, the Jews are nonetheless barred from defining themselves in national terms. Some Jewish intellectuals, therefore, embrace anti-Zionism in order to become accepted in their liberal and progressive circles, where hatred for Israel is most rampant."

I may do this myself, if time permits.Nishidani (talk) 20:23, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

Add anti-judaism as a category for this article
Add-Anti Judaism as a category for this article. His book Jewish History, Jewish Religion: The Weight of Three Thousand Years is a quintessential example of Anti-Judaism Zifrs69 (talk) 21:49, 10 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: please provide reliable sources that support the change you want to be made. ScottishFinnishRadish (talk) 22:14, 10 May 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Israel Shahak


text:
Eyewitness to History

Eyewitness to History was a Friday night CBS Television Network public affairs program. It was initially hosted by veteran broadcaster Charles Kuralt (1960–61), followed by Walter Cronkite (1961–62), and then Charles Collingwood (1962–63). It aired from September 30, 1960 through July 26, 1963 in the 10:30 pm time slot. Sponsored by the Firestone Tire and Rubber Company, the series concentrated on the most significant news story or stories of the previous week. Major events reviewed included the Kennedy-Nixon 1960 Presidential campaign, highlights of the Kennedy administration, the Bay Of Pigs invasion, the space race, the Cuban Missile Crisis and the civil rights movement.

The show's title was shortened to Eyewitness in 1961. Coincidentally, many local CBS affiliates adopted the branding "Eyewitness News" for their local newscasts in the 1960s.

Leslie Midgley and John Sharnik were the producers.

One of the show's producers, Av Westin, went on to become executive producer of ABC Evening News and, later, 20/20.

title: Eyewitness to History


text:
Spynet

Spynet is a CBC Television children's show, which features Sam, played by Kim Schraner, as a spy operative for a fictional Canadian spy agency, the National Espionage Task-Force (NET). It started as an ultra-low budget segment, of short length, but increased modestly in budget and length, to a half-hour format. It aired on February 25, 2002 to 2004 and is directed by Michael Kinney

The episodes, built to be educational with a plot, vary in their content-action ratio.

Show format
Originally, the show had only one visible regular, known under her code name of Sam. However, as the budget and length of the show increased, a number of recurring characters appeared, although the focus is still heavily on Sam. Sam works in a white, windowless van parked in an anonymous city, which she hops around, trying to stop crime. The van is filled with lots of high-tech spy gadgets and computer equipment. The show is mainly filmed in downtown Toronto, and makes great use of the CBC's extensive, private building, which many of the scenes are filmed in.

When started, the show had a fairly standard format, geared to education. Each episode, Pendleton's voice is heard over a speaker, introducing the mission. She talks briefly on what she expects from the mission; this is to encourage students to evaluate and plan. The mission will then lead to Sam calling up a training video or NET file archive interview, relating to the topic that the mission indirectly deals with. Often she, shows another clip, to continue the preparation. She then heads off on her mission, in which is acted normally without interaction with the viewer; another clip will then be shown, and she will wrap up her espionage. Back in the van, she reflects on the mission in her web-cam video diary; this is to encourage students to reflect on work and stories, and identify their mistakes or weaknesses. She then talks directly to the viewer once more, continuing to reflect, and wraps up the episode, usually drawing conclusions on the subject that the show was themed to.

The short documentary-like videos help give background information to the viewers, without Sam divulging a lecture on the topic. The videos cover both espionage tactics and historical applications of the concept that it highlighted in the episode. Highlighted topics range from bugs, internal spies, codes, hidden cameras and stealth devices.

However, as the show has expanded in length, it has moved closer to a typical spy drama, and is less focused on education, and more focused on entertainment.

Sam

Graduating at the top of her NET Spy School class, Sam is especially skilled at surveillance, hand to hand combat, disguise and radio/video operations.

Her parents disappeared without a trace when she was only eight years old, their whereabouts are unknown to Sam. She has, however, received a videotape of her father, wishing her good luck with her life. It was taped shortly before he was dispatched as on a new, top secret mission. With the vanishing of her family, she moved in with an aunt, uncle and two young cousins. All of this family has been continuously scrutinized by authorities for their criminal activities. Sam maintains very little contact with this family.

To prove her worth after failing the Armed Forces Black Ops training, she successfully enrolled with the National Espionage Taskforce. She is quite eager to prove herself, making her an excellent agent; however, this same attribute also causes her to threaten security, as she tasks many unnecessary risks. In the NET, she reports to Pendleton, her Field Operatives Supervisor.

Sam's personal life also plays a role in some episodes. One mission, she is to break into an independent spy/thief's house, in order to prove or debunk the suspicion that his children are also becoming involved in the illegal trade. The family will be away for 48 hours, so she has perfect opportunity to break into their house. She finds that it is actually her uncle's abode, and finds a video in one of the children's closets in an envelope. It contains a message from her father who she hasn't seen in years. He too is a spy, and the video wishes her all the best, as he knows that this may be their last contact as he parts on a long-term mission. This then allows her to somewhat emotionally divulge her childhood loneliness, which sent her into the spy industry. The whole mission, she concludes, was staged by her boss Pendelton, to allow her the chance to receive such a sensitive VHS video tape.

In one episode, Sam was investigating a clone. She ended up discovering the clone looked exactly like her. However, it was revealed that Sam may have been a clone.

One key element to this show is how Sam never uses weapons, like MacGyver. The enemy spies and terrorists use weapons whenever appropriate, but she either lets them escape or quickly disarms them.

Pendleton
Pendleton is a Field Operatives Supervisor for the NET. He assigns cases to his operatives, including Sam. He prides

title: Spynet


text:
The Skatebirds

The Skatebirds (onscreen title: Skatebirds) is an American live-action/animated package program produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions and broadcast on CBS from September 10, 1977, to January 21, 1978.

Overview
The Skatebirds consisted of three large costumed birds on roller skates: Knock-Knock, a woodpecker (voiced by Lennie Weinrib); Satchel, a pelican (voiced by Bob Holt) and Scooter, a penguin (voiced by Don Messick). Their nemesis was a cat named Scat Cat (voiced by Scatman Crothers).

The live-action sequences featuring The Skatebirds mostly revolved around the nasty Scat Cat perpetually chasing the roller-skating trio and trying to get the best of them. Unlike the Banana Splits live-action segments, the Skatebirds were filmed in a variety of theme-park locations, rather than running around in a single studio.

The show was divided into four short segments introduced by live action wraparounds with The Skatebirds characters which included three animated segments (The Robonic Stooges, Wonder Wheels and Woofer & Wimper, Dog Detectives) and a 10-minute live-action segment (Mystery Island). The appearance of the characters and the show's format was similar to The Banana Splits. Unlike its similar predecessor and most Saturday morning children's shows produced in the 1970s, The Skatebirds did not contain a laugh track.

A total of 16 episodes of The Skatebirds were produced in its original run from September 10, 1977, to January 21, 1978. In the fall of 1979, the show returned to CBS in a shortened half-hour version with Wonder Wheels and Mystery Island segments (The Robonic Stooges and Woofer & Whimper, Dog Detectives segments had been spun off into a separate half-hour) and broadcast on Sunday mornings from September 9, 1979, until January 25, 1981. In the late 1980s, a different syndicated half-hour version of The Skatebirds with The Robonic Stooges and Wonder Wheels segments was shown on USA Cartoon Express and later resurfaced on Cartoon Network in the 1990s and Boomerang in the 2000s.

Opening and closing credits
The opening credits for the original one-hour version with voice-over narration by the show's recording director Wally Burr: ''It's Skatebird time and here come The Skatebirds –SKATEBIRDS (C) 1977 HANNA BARBERA PRODUCTIONS INC.- Knock-Knock, Scooter, Satchel and Scat Cat. Then, The Robonic Stooges, plus the spine-tingling suspense-filled excitement of Mystery Island, and the doggone it daffy doings of those dog detectives, Woofer & Whimper, and more...the unbelievable adventures of an unbelievable motorcycle, Wonder Wheels. For all-out fun, it's Satch, Knock-Knock, Scooter and Scat Cat...and for suspense, mystery and adventure, it's The Skatebirds Show!''

The opening credits for the syndicated half-hour version with voice-over narration by Ronnie Schell: ''It's Skatebird time starring Knock-Knock, Satchel and Scooter, those featheared clowns of fantasy. Along with Willie the Wheeler and the superhero cycle known as Wonder Wheels, as well as those three mechanical marbles, The Robonic Stooges. One big collection of wild, wacky and wonderful characters...The Skatebirds!''

The music featured in the closing credits is the CB Bears theme which was also later used as the ending credits for Captain Caveman and the Teen Angels.

The Robonic Stooges
The characters of The Three Stooges – Moe (voiced by Paul Winchell), Larry (voiced by Joe Baker) and Curly (voiced by Frank Welker) – as clumsy crime-fighting bionic superheroes who are given assignments via film projector from their boss Agent 000 (voiced by Ross Martin) who runs the Superhero Employment Agency.

Wonder Wheels
A high school journalist named Willie Wheeler (voiced by Micky Dolenz) and his girlfriend Dooley (voiced by Susan Davis) solve crimes with the help of his shape-shifting superhero motorcycle Wonder Wheels. Whenever Willie goes into action, his beat-up motorcycle transforms itself into a flashy version with a mind of its own.

Woofer & Wimper, Dog Detectives
A shortened and re-titled version of Clue Club featuring two talking bloodhounds – Woofer & Wimper (voiced by Paul Winchell and Jim MacGeorge) – who help solve mysteries with the Clue Club detectives: Larry (voiced by David Jolliffe), Pepper (voiced by Patricia Stitch), D.D. (voiced by Bob Hastings), and Dottie (voiced by Tara Talboy) which usually ends with the bad guys arrested by Sheriff Bagley (voiced by John Stephenson). The original half-hour episodes of Clue Club were cut-down to 10 minutes to showcase both dogs as the show's main characters.

Mystery Island
The adventures of a plane crew consisting of pilot Chuck Kelly (portrayed by Stephen Parr), computer expert Sue Corwin (portrayed by Lynn Marie Johnston), her younger brother Sandy (portrayed by Larry Volk), and their robot named P.O.P.S. (voiced by Frank Welker) who stranded on a remote island by the evil scientist Dr. Strange (portrayed by Michael Kermoyan) after he used a tractor beam to bring their airplane down onto Mystery Island. Dr. Strange hopes to capture P.O.P.S. and use it in his quest for world domination.

Broadcast history
Original CBS broadcast:
 * CBS Saturday Morning: September 10, 1977 – January 21, 1978
 * CBS Sunday Morning: September 9, 1979 – August 31, 1980 (rebroadcast)
 * CBS Sunday Morning: September 7, 1980 – January 25, 1981 (rebroadcast)

Broadcast schedules (all EDT):
 * September 10, 1977 – November 12, 1977, CBS Saturday 9:30-10:30 AM
 * November 19, 1977 – January 21, 1978, CBS Saturday 8:00-9:00 AM
 * September 9, 1979 – March 1980, CBS Sunday 7:30-8:00 AM
 * March 1980 – August 31, 1980, CBS Sunday 7:00-7:30 AM
 * September 7, 1980 – January 25, 1981, CBS Sunday 8:00-8:30 AM

Other appearances

 * The Skatebirds made a special guest appearance at a celebrity roast honoring Fred Flintstone in the TV special Hanna-Barbera's All-Star Comedy Ice Revue (1978).

Merchandise

 * A board game based on The Skatebirds was released by Milton Bradley in 1978. It was a 2–3 player game suited for children between 7–12 years of age. The board also featured the characters of Woofer and Wimper (with the Clue Club teenagers and Sheriff Bagley) and The Robonic Stooges. The game's premise was The Skatebirds are trying to organize their TV show and Scat Cat does all he can to foul up their plans: he has built a marble slide at the Treehouse and does his best to stop The Skatebirds. The first player to reach the Skatebirds' Treehouse Studio wins the game.
 * A coloring book, Skatebirds Present The Robonic Stooges, was released by Rand McNally in 1978.

title: The Skatebirds


text:
Talk:Citadel Hill (Fort George)

Gay Issue
I tried to include the fact that this place is a well known gay hangout yet the bots think I'm vandalizing. How can I put that important information in there?

 * This is actually true. It's a very popular fact in Halifax. --Zybez (talk) 04:47, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

 * The side of the hill is rumored to be a hangout for gays, but I have never noticed any significant gay activity as most activity would seem to be sunbathers or the occasional concert or rugby game on the Garrison Grounds below. -- North-44 (talk) 21:16, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

Fort's Name
The article seems to refer to the fort as Fort George a lot. Perhaps the name Citadel Hill should be more often used, with references to the old name where appropriate. It's a bit misleading to call it by the less commonly used name repeatedly, almost interchangeably at times. Is there a reason it was done this way? WarBaCoN (talk) 18:06, 6 March 2008 (UTC)

Is Citadel Hill a city, a fort, or a portion of Halifax? -- Zoe It's a fort at the center of Halifax. Will take a look at the entry -- Daniel MacKay

What do these sentences mean?:
 * City center, subterrainian and moated, the Citadel is a bulky hillock fortress with internal courtyard and clear harbour view from armoured ramparts

 * The city of Halifax has been built around it.

 * A noon gun is still sounded daily by military animators Animators? -- Zoe

 * Uh... actors? I'm not sure if Halifax puts on a show for the tourists, or if the actual city militia carries out ceremonial duties. -- Stephen Gilbert 01:56 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

They actually are called animators but maybe we should use a different word. Also, this page links completely incorrectly from "Deva" -- Daniel MacKay

But what does City center, subterrainian and moated mean? The Citadel is in the center of the city of Halifax, or its city center is subterranean and moated? -- Zoe

I have completely overhauled it, including much of the original text. Daniel MacKay

The citadel is not moated, this is a misconception. The 40 ft ditch that surronds the citadel is a 'Dry Ditch' a moat was ineffective as a defence mechanism durring this time period since armour and weapons did not burden soilders to the point that they could not swim. A dry ditch however with a musket gallery and artilary guns armed with canister shot and grapeshot directed into the ditch was a great defence mechanism since the ditch forces the enemy into a tight position where soilders can be easily targeted. How do I know this? I work there as an animator. There is not a city militia, we are in a sense 'actors' but we are called animators since we are re-enacting a certian time period, 1869 to be exact. [User:Sk00by]

Original research
The elevation has been changed from 37m to 80m by a user who has "measured it using GPS". This is obviously original reasearch WP:OR - can anybody verify this? Chillysnow (talk) 23:03, 24 August 2008 (UTC)

Moat: Was it ever filled with water?
There is a moat-like area within the final wall. Was this "moat" ever filled with water? Now, it is just plain grass. --Zybez (talk) 04:48, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

As stated above, there is a Dry Ditch surrounding the Fort. There are many reasons that it is not filled with water. There were nine soldiers barracked in each of the three ravelin, so these soldiers would need to enter the actual fort through a sally port located in the ditch. Moats were no longer as effective as they had been in times when soldiers wore heavy plate armour, since it was the heavy plate armour which prevented any chance of swimming across. Furthermore, there is a musketry gallery which extends along the inside of the exterior wall of the ditch, from which soldiers could shoot out at attackers in the ditch in relative safety. These soldiers would also need to cross the ditch to enter the musketry gallery. The ditch was also used as both a place to raise smaller livestock, such as goats and chicken and a disposal for old, broken, or outdated artillery pieces. While a convenient disposal site, the disposed artillery pieces served an additional purpose of an obstacle for anyone who may jump onto one while attacking the ditch. Landing on an old cannon could easily sprain an ankle or break a leg and cause trouble for the enemy. -- North-44 (talk) 21:09, 8 August 2009 (UTC)

More Needed on the Fort, Less tangential History
Much of the content of this article duplicates the History of HRM article and is only indirectly related to the fortification. The article needs more on the fortification itself. I have made a start but more sourced content is needed.Letterofmarque (talk) 02:24, 21 May 2013 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Citadel Hill (Fort George)


text:
John Howard (prison reformer)

John Howard FRS (2 September 1726 – 20 January 1790) was a philanthropist and early English prison reformer.

Birth and early life

Howard was born in North London, either in Hackney or Enfield. His father, also John, was a wealthy upholsterer at Smithfield Market in the city. His mother Ann Pettitt, or Cholmley, died when he was five years old, and, described as a "sickly child", he was sent to live at Cardington, Bedfordshire, some fifty miles from London, where his father owned property. His father, a strict disciplinarian with strong religious beliefs, sent the young John to a school in Hertford run by John Worsley. He went on from there to a dissenting academy run in London by John Eames.

After school, John was apprenticed to a wholesale grocer to learn business methods, but he was unhappy. When his father died in 1742, he was left with a sizeable inheritance but no true vocation, a Calvinist faith and a quiet, serious disposition.

Early travels
In 1748, Howard left England for a grand tour of the continent. On his return, he lived in lodgings in Stoke Newington, where he again became seriously ill. He was nursed back to health by his landlady, Sarah Loidore, whom he then married despite her being 30 years older than he was. She died within three years.

Howard then set out for Portugal following the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, travelling on the Hanover, which was captured by French privateers. He was imprisoned in Brest for six days before being transferred to another prison on the French coast. He was later exchanged for a French officer held by the British, and went to the Commissioners of Sick and Wounded Seamen in London to seek help on behalf of his fellow captives. It is widely believed that this personal experience generated Howard's interest in prisons.

At Cardington
Having returned from France, he settled again at Cardington, Bedfordshire to live on a 200 acre estate which was formerly two farms, the larger of which he had inherited from his grandparents. His grandmother, Martha Howard, was a relation of the Whitbread family, and he became a neighbour and close friend of his cousin, Samuel Whitbread. He spent the next two years building properties and trying to improve the lives of the tenants living on his land. Later, a survey of Cardington in 1782 found that he was paying for the teaching of 23 children. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 1756.

Prison visitor
John Howard was appointed High Sheriff of Bedfordshire in 1774, initially for a one-year period. Rather than delegating his duties to the under-sheriff, Howard inspected the county prison himself. He was shocked by what he found, and spurred into action to inspect prisons throughout England. Of particular concern to Howard were those prisoners who were held because they could not pay the jailer's fee – an amount paid to the owner or keeper of the prison for upkeep. He took this issue to parliament, and in 1774 was called to give evidence on prison conditions to a House of Commons select committee. Unusually, Howard was called to the bar of the House of Commons and publicly thanked for his "humanity and zeal".

Having visited several hundred prisons across England, Scotland, Wales and wider Europe, Howard published the first edition of The State of the Prisons in 1777. It included very detailed accounts of the prisons he had visited, including plans and maps, together with detailed instructions on the necessary improvements, especially regarding hygiene and cleanliness, the lack of which was causing many deaths. It is this work that has been credited as establishing the practice of single-celling in the United Kingdom and, by extension, in the United States. Howard's views on keeping prisoners in isolation were later unavailingly opposed by Elizabeth Fry, who believed in the value of association. The following account, of the Bridewell at Abingdon, Oxfordshire, is typical:

"Two dirty day-rooms; and three offensive night-rooms: That for men eight feet square: one of the women's, nine by eight; the other four and a half feet square: the straw, worn to dust, swarmed with vermin: no court: no water accessible to prisoners. The petty offenders were in irons: at my last visit, eight were women."

Howard viewed his work as humanitarian. Terry Carlson, in his 1990 biographical tract on Howard, remarks:

"Howard's detailed proposals for improvements were designed to enhance the physical and mental health of the prisoners and the security and order of the prison. His recommendations pertaining to such matters as the prison location, plan and furnishings, the provision of adequate water supply, and prisoner's diet promoted hygiene and physical health. Recommendations concerning the quality of prison personnel, rules related to the maintenance of standards of health and order and an independent system of inspection, reflect the need for prison personnel to set a moral example."

In April 1777, Howard's sister died, leaving him £15,000 and her house. He used this inheritance and the revenue from the sale of her house to further his work on prisons. In 1778, he was again examined by the House of Commons, who were this time inquiring into "hulks", or prison ships. Two days after giving evidence, he was again travelling Europe, beginning in the Dutch Republic.

By 1784, Howard calculated that he had travelled over 42000 mi visiting prisons. He had been awarded an honorary LLD by the University of Dublin and had been given the Freedom of the City of London. His fourth and final tour of English prisons began in March 1787 and two years later he published The State of the Prisons in England, and An Account of the Principal Lazarettos of Europe.

Death
Howard's final journey took him into Eastern Europe, and to Crimea. Whilst at Kherson, he contracted typhus on a prison visit, and died, aged 63. He was buried in a walled field at Dophinovka (Stepanovka), 6 verst to the north. Despite his request for a quiet funeral, the event was elaborate and attended by Emanuel Giani Ruset, the Prince of Moldavia, Nikolay Mordvinov, and Admiral John Priestman in the Russian service.

When news of his death reached England in February 1790, a commemorative series of John Howard halfpenny Conder Tokens were struck, including one that circulated in Bath, on the reverse showing "Go forth" and "Remember the Debtors in Gaol".

John Howard was considered eccentric by many of his contemporaries. It has been advanced by psychiatrist Philip Lucas and by mathematician Ioan Mackenzie James that Howard might have had Asperger's Syndrome.

Family
In 1758, Howard married as his second wife Henrietta Leeds, daughter of Edward Leeds (died 1758), a barrister. She died in 1765, a week after giving birth to a son, also named John, who was sent to boarding school at a very young age. The younger John was sent down from Cambridge for homosexual offences, was judged insane at the age of 21, and died in 1799 having spent thirteen years in an asylum.

Awards and honours
Howard became the first civilian to be honoured with a statue in St. Paul's Cathedral, London. A statue was also erected in Bedford, and a further one in a John Haviland-designed monument in Kherson. His bust features in the architecture of a number of Victorian prisons across the UK, such as at Shrewsbury. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1790.

Organisations
Almost eighty years after his death, the Howard Association was formed in London, with the aim of "promotion of the most efficient means of penal treatment and crime prevention" and to promote "a reformatory and radically preventive treatment of offenders". In its first annual report in 1867, the Association stated that its efforts had been focused on "the promotion of reformatory and remunerative prison labour, and the abolition of capital punishment." The Association merged with the Penal Reform League in 1921 to become the Howard League for Penal Reform. Today, the Howard League is Britain's biggest penal reform organisation.

John Howard's name was adopted by non-profit organizations in Canada which call themselves the John Howard Society of their given geographic area and each society seeks to develop effective, just and humane responses to crime and its consequences. There are currently over 60 John Howard societies spread across every province of Canada and the Northwest Territories.

The Howard Association, a benevolent organisation founded in 1855 in Norfolk, Virginia, United States, was also named after him. There is also a Howard League for Penal Reform in New Zealand. The John Howard Association of Illinois, formed in 1901, independently monitors correctional facilities, policies and practices, and advances reforms needed to achieve a fair, humane and effective criminal justice system in Illinois.

Samford University, located in the US state of Alabama, was founded by Baptists as Howard College in 1841. Samford's Howard College of Arts and Sciences remains part of the university.

Other

 * A statue to Howard is in St Paul's Cathedral, the first to a civilian, and a large bronze statue at Bedford was erected in 1890, the centenary of his death.
 * A terracotta bust of John Howard is incorporated in the gatehouse of HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs, and another bust over the entrance to Shrewsbury Prison.
 * The John Howard Pavilion at St. Elizabeths Hospital in Washington, D.C., is the Forensic Psychiatric Hospital for the District of Columbia. Its most notorious inmate was John Hinckley, Jr., failed assassin of then US president Ronald Wilson Reagan in 1981.
 * The John Howard School in Clapton, London (now Clapton Girls' Academy), was named after him.

Vegetarianism
Howard was a teetotaller and vegetarian. He became a vegetarian many years before his death. He once commented that in his London house there were "not a dozen joints of meat in seven years." He lived on a diet of milk, fruit, vegetables, butter, tea and water. As a strict vegetarian Howard had distaste for the luxuries of life. He was fond of tea and carried a kettle on his travels.

Whilst visiting Sweden, Howard found that living on a vegetarian diet was very difficult. This was because few vegetables were eaten in the winter months, and they were almost impossible to obtain. His diet was limited to coarse bread. He attributed his immunity from gaol fever found in filthy prisons that he had visited to his vegetarian diet.

title: John Howard (prison reformer)


text:
Albright

Albright may refer to:

 * Albright (surname)
 * Albright, Alberta, Canada
 * Albright, West Virginia, United States
 * Albright College, a liberal arts college located in Reading, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Albright–Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York, United States
 * Albright Memorial Building, Scranton, Pennsylvania, United States
 * Albright special, a knot

title: Albright


text:
Talk:Michel de l'Hôpital

Untitled
I've put a fair amount of effort into this; I'd like to know what the experts think!

Also, are these correct translations?

chambre des comptes = treasury

Le but de la Guerre et de la Paix, au Discours pour exhorter Charles IX à donner la paix à ses sujets (roughly, "The goal of war and peace: a Speech asking Charles IX to give peace to his subjects")

Catherine 02:17 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * I've made a couple of minor tweaks - au should have been ou (or). The translations look fine to me, though I'm not a real expert! Enchanter

Any relation of Guillaume François Antoine, Marquis de L'Hôpital, after whom L'Hopital's rule is named? I looked up some stuff about his family once, but I can't really remember what it said... -- Oliver P. 02:28 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * Sorry, Oliver, I couldn't find an answer to that in a brief period of Googling -- you'll have to ask a real historian.
 * Michel lived c.1505 - 1573 and died near Etampes in Essonne in NE France
 * Guillaume lived 1661-1704, and spent most of his life in Paris
 * If I find more, I'll be sure to add a link. -- Catherine 03:31 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, thanks for looking! I had a brief Google myself, but wasn't really expecting to find anything. The source I used to look up the mathematician's family was a very old French-language genealogical reference work which I found in a university library once, so I don't suppose many people would have easy access to it. I'll check it again one day... -- Oliver P. 10:36 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

EB 1911
This is a notice to say I have rewritten this article so that it no longer features any material from EB 1911. Sovietblobfish (talk) 16:08, 12 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Michel de l'Hôpital


text:
Hunt v. Cromartie

Hunt v. Cromartie, 526 U.S. 541 (1999), was a United States Supreme Court case regarding North Carolina's 12th congressional district. In an earlier case, Shaw v. Reno,, the Supreme Court ruled that the 12th district of North Carolina as drawn was unconstitutional because it was created for the purpose of placing African Americans in one district, thereby constituting illegal racial gerrymandering. The Court ordered the state of North Carolina to redraw the boundaries of the district.

The redrawn 12th district boundaries were then thrown out in a summary judgment by a three judge panel in Eastern District of North Carolina. When appealed to the Supreme Court, Justice Thomas wrote for all nine justices saying that the District Court erred in granting summary judgement, while Justice Stevens concurred in an opinion indicating that he and three other justices would have upheld the 12th district as a legal partisan gerrymander. After the case was sent back down, the District Court after a three-day trial again found that the 12th district was an illegal racial gerrymander, resulting in another Supreme Court appeal and the ruling Easley v. Cromartie,. (Mike Easley replaced Jim Hunt as Governor of North Carolina, resulting in the change of name.) In Easley v. Cromartie, the Supreme Court ruled that the state was able to justify the new boundaries of the 12th district by showing that it was intended to create a safe seat for Democrats, and therefore the redrawn district was a constitutional example of political gerrymandering. Justice O'Connor acted as the swing vote, satisfied with the change in reasoning since Shaw v. Reno, despite not joining Justice Stevens' concurrence in the 1999 case.

title: Hunt v. Cromartie


text:
Talk:List of Canadian television channels

And shouldn't SCN, since it doesn't broadcast over-the-air and only avaiable through cable be put into the specialty channels category like ASN.

Shouldn't APTN be added into the over-the-air category because it does transmit over-the-air in the territories?

These are networks, not channels. Channel 2 is a channel. CITY is a channel. CBC is a network. -- Zoe

CITY is a callsign; it occupies channel 57 -- Bill 19:30, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

CITY is a channel, but CityTV is a network consisting of CityTV in Toronto (CITY) and CityTV in Vancouver (CKVU). And the CityTV brand will become even larger on Aug. 2, 2005 when the A-Channel stations in Alberta and Manitboa become CityTV's, which will bring the CityTV network brand to 5 stations instead of 2.

Does Edge TV still exist? I remember a few months ago it was removed from the digital network, but I don't remember if it ceased to exist entirely or was just taken off Rogers Cable. Adam Bishop 20:38, 20 Aug 2003 (UTC)

If I understand what I was told by my cable company recently, then the currently separate lists of specialty and digital cable television station lists here need to be merged as they are not completely separate but can be one or the other or both. SD6-Agent 01:09, 16 Nov 2004 (UTC)

List of Quebec television channels should be merged into this article. WhisperToMe 04:26, 20 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Splitting up this page
This page has become too long and difficult to maintain. I am proposing that we separate this page into a few smaller pages:
 * List of Canadian over-the-air and educational channels
 * List of Canadian specialty channels
 * List of Canadian digital specialty channels

I think that this would make the page(s) easier to maintain and easier to refer to, since there wouldn't be nearly as many channels all on one page. It would also help end the debate over whether Knowledge Network or SCN are networks or specialty channels, since they would be placed into the first page as educational stations.

All that this page would have would be links to these three pages (plus List of foreign television channels available in Canada) and maybe some high-level information about how Canadian television stations/networks system are licensed.

Any opinions? I'll give everyone a few days before I go ahead with this. Veryhip 20:29, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I have to disagree that this page has gotten to long to maintain. This page is no longer then any other page on Wikipedia.  The page clearly states all the television channels and networks listed in Canada and it should stay this way, it would be too difficult to maintain 3 or 4 different pages when all the content can be listed on this one page.  I admit that this page could be cleaned up a bit but splitting them into 3 or 4 different pages is not necessary.

And personally, the debate over wheater The Knowledge Network and SCN are networks or not is simple, The Knowledge Network operates over-the-air so its a television station but SCN doesn't operate over-the-air and only on cable so its a regional speciailty channel just like ASN is. User:Cdn_boi

 * In my home in the West Kootenays, Knowledge Network is only available on Cable. Also, when a channel is available in all of the (region, province/state, country, or world), it networks individual people to that channel. In that matter, every station can be considered a network.

Edit Tamil TV
Could someone find info on Tamil TV and create an article for it, it just looks so lonely down there being the only other channel that doesn't have an article written on it, its just so sad :(

Tele-Mag
I noticed that Tele-Mag has not been added to the list of television channels. I'm not sure what Tele-Mag is actually, if its a analogue channel or if its a cable channel in Quebec. Its website is www.tele-mag.tv for information on it. I personally don't speak french so I don't know what to classify it as a ota channel or cable channel.

HD References in the Articles
Besides CTV and the speciality channels, nowhere in the ota channels that have HD channels does it mention them in the articles. Global, CBC, SRC, OMNI.1, OMNI.2, Citytv, TQS, Sun TV all have HD channels but nowhere in the srticles does it mention this. This should be mentioned in the articles!!

Disappearing Pictures
Has anyone been noticing that pictures in serveral articles have been disappearing from the articles, ie: CTV HD logo from CTV article, Encore Avenue logo from Movie Cental article, MHD logo from The Movie Network article. And when you edit the article, the file name is still listed there but there picture doesn't appear in the article. Are the pictures being deleted from Wikipedia or is there a glitch in the Wikipedia system? Maybe someone should look into it? Musimax
 * No, it has to do with the use of "non-free" (copyrighted) images. Yes, there was a time when one could go to Wikipedia and admire all of the old television station and network logos. Those days are long past, as someone determined that "Wikipedia is not an image gallery". So they were deleted. Jimj wpg (talk) 02:16, 2 November 2019 (UTC)

A Little Bit Disputable
The list of Analog specialty Television Channels is pretty accurate, but there are some minimal errors I found on the English section. The channels that I mention would go into a new category, which would be named as (or similar to) "Regional cable television stations". They are available on cable in their own area, but in most of the rest of Canada, they are only on satellite, or not available at all. Here are the three networks:

1. CLT in Alberta.

2. ASN in the Maritimes.

3. CP24 in Southern Ontario. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 206.116.248.152 (talk) 14:57, 5 May 2007 (UTC).

I agree that the page could be split up.
I do agree that this page should be split up. Although I think that my proposal is slightly different. This one is similar to the American pages:

 * List of Canadian over-the-air television networks - New Page
 * National broadcast television networks
 * English
 * French
 * Multicultural
 * Regional broadcast television systems
 * English
 * French
 * Multicultural
 * Defunct regional broadcast television systems

 * List of Regional television stations in Canada - New Page
 * Educational television systems
 * English
 * French
 * Conventional television stations
 * Multicultural
 * Religious
 * Defunct regional broadcast television stations (If Any)

 * List of Canadian specialty television channels - New Page
 * Analog specialty television channels
 * Premium television services
 * Pay-per-view services
 * Digital specialty television channels
 * Defunct cable specialty channels

Because this is for Television in Canada, I wonder if it would be a good idea to create tables for channels that share the same theme and are owned by the same company, but are in different languages? This table would include 2 columns (English and French), and a variable number of rows.
 * The examples of Groups under Analog specialty television channels by row would include:
 * CBC Newsworld, RDI
 * CPAC English, CPAC French
 * Family Channel, VRAK.TV
 * MuchMoreMusic, MusiMax
 * MuchMusic, MusiquePlus
 * Teletoon, Télétoon
 * TSN, RDS
 * The Weather Network, MétéoMédia
 * If CFRT and RTFC are included in this, it must include notification that it is not available domestically.

If this can't be split up into new pages, I think the entire article may be eligible for a complete rewrite.

Specialty channels merger proposal
List of Canadian specialty channels is little more than a copy of the list of specialty channels on this page, with the English-language channels grouped by theme. I think it should be merged into the appropriate sections on this page. The same was done in the past with the list of digital channels. Veryhip (talk) 06:53, 5 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I think it's fine the way it is now. 99.236.63.51 (talk) 20:40, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I think it should stay as is. This page list all Canadian television channels whereas the other page is a list of specialty channels only.  Like the US page, it has things grouped by theme which is a better way of organizing things rather then what is on this page where every channel (be it English, French, etc.) is lumped into one big list.  Also, I thing this tag has been on here long enough, its time for a decision to be taken by whomever is in charge of such things.HeMan5 (talk) 02:29, 2 April 2008 (UTC)