text:
User talk:Marumari

I've installed PHPA on the server. It hasn't exploded yet. ;) After it's run for a bit I'll compare load / pages served before and after and see if it's helping. --Brion

 * why do you use a user name so different from your email name ? That's very confusing :-) What is the history of your user name ? It sounds asian. Mine is there

User:anthere

Ok. That's a nice origin. Tough user name to remember right though :). See ya. Ant

POOF, you're a sysop. --LDC

Rabbit

Suit yourself, remove it if you wish. I had thought that the article could benefit from a photo of the species as it is seen in nature, since such animals are far more common than the relative handful of pets. I try to avoid layout and copy editing because I do not have the talent or the knowledge for them; the photo is one I had in the drawer that I thought could be of some use.

Kat 20:04, 5 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I thought you could ban user accounts? It wasn't the ip address that was a problem. It was the user account "User:67.121.169.17 (Michael)." MB 15:27, Aug 6, 2003 (UTC)

Hi there,

Just noticed your alogia entry (which is great by the way). You might be interested in WikiProject Psychopathology which really just involves adding WikiProject Psychopathology/Review to your watch list and checking out any new entries that get added, or perhaps adding any to the list that you create.

Cheers - Vaughan 21:16, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Hello again,

From my talk page:

Should I add the articles I have done to Wikipedia:WikiProject Psychopathology, or just new ones in the future?

Either is fine, and thanks for adding the entries ! I'm away at the moment but I'll look forward to reading them through when I get back and have more wiki time. - Vaughan 15:41, 26 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Minneapolis meetup
Hello Marumari. I'm contacting you since you are listed at Wikipedians/Minnesota. I'm going to be at a conference in Minneapolis and am planning a Wikipedia meetup for October 8. If you are near Minneapolis at that time, please see Meetup/Minneapolis. Angela. 20:50, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Dead External Links
Hi there. I've been contributing to this project and was thinking that it might be time to have a more up-to-date list to work on. It's just an idea though - it's not like we're running out of dead links to fix or anything. --Spondoolicks 17:52, 29 November 2005 (UTC)

Totally Unrelated Roller Derby Question
...you coming to the Dust Devil? Onlyemarie 08:14, 17 February 2006 (UTC)
 * I can't make it this year, sigh. I'm moving to San Francisco in June, and I need to save all the money I can.  My league isn't a member of the WFTDA anyways (long story) so I wouldn't be able to skate, anyways.  :(  But the Bay Area Derby Girls are, so hopefully next year, I'll be able to skate in the tourney. -- Marumari 15:06, 17 February 2006 (UTC)

Dead external links
Hello there, Do you think you would have time to regenerate the files for the dead external links project? Not that we finished them all, but they are feeling a little stale. Thanks so much Open2universe 12:21, 1 March 2006 (UTC)

Could you please help me
If you would please take a few moments and help me understand why you created the ciswoman and cisman redirect pages...

What was the motivation/logic behind creating them? What is the source of a definition for the words that made you link them to cisgender? —Preceding unsigned comment added by FemVoice (talk • contribs) 15:35, 11 June 2006

Further Help Changing a Username
I've had an ongoing issue with changing my username here on Wikipedia and was recently pointed to contact a developer. All of the information about the case can be found here [] and here [] but allow me to quickly summarize. I registered the account user:Mvelinder awhile ago but I failed to associate an email address with the account, taking away the possibility of me being able to retrieve it. I'm hoping a developer can finally resolve this issue for me and allow me to remain consistent with usernames across the internet by reverting back to my old account of user:Mvelinder. So in the end, I'm asking for the username of user:Mvelinder2 to be changed to user:Mvelinder. Thanks for the help. Mvelinder2 21:12, 21 June 2006 (UTC)

I was able to contact an admin who resolved the issue for me. Thanks to everyone who helped. Issue resolved, feel free to archive this. Mvelinder 15:33, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedian Rollergirls
I removed the roller derby article from that category, which is just for Wikipedia users who are rollergirls. We could make it a 'See also', though. If you do that, put a colon in front of it, like this:. That will cause it to link to the category rather than making the article be in the category. —mjb 00:56, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I'll think about how I want to approach this a while, and either leave it out or move it elsewhere. -- Marumari 01:07, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * One thing I haven't gotten around to is linking to the various derby related Y! Groups, other than bankedtracknews… do you want to do that? Also, I'm working with Cat O'Ninetails on the DMOZ links. You wouldn't happen to have an editor account on there, would you? We could use some help… before we ask about the right way to set up a regional hierarchy, we need to get the descriptions of each league site updated to indicate what kind of content is on that site. There are a lot of sites to check; I added a ton of them somewhat blindly, just making sure they loaded but not reviewing their content. —mjb 01:28, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Nice Photos
Hi Marumari! Nice to see your addition to FPC, I've had a look through your other pix and they look pretty good! These are my favs: Image:Swallowtail dying.jpg, Image:Pivoting king vulture.jpg, Image:Mexican wolf lounging.jpg (I'd even try feature the mexican wolf one). Well done, but I wonder if I could ask you to upload in higher res? Thanks, --Fir0002 06:22, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Question
If I uploaded Image:Floating on water.jpg to the Diffraction article, would you support? BTW, what caption should I add if i were to put it on that article?Nnfolz 22:01, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Flotation devices
Just have to say that that comment brightened up my day. —Vanderdecken∴ ∫ξφ 11:51, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * Once again, breasts cheer up another person's day. They are such enthusiastic little critters! --Marumari 14:31, 19 July 2006 (UTC)
 * And that was almost better. Have a nice one, although I can't. It's 100F over here... —Vanderdecken∴ ∫ξφ 15:56, 19 July 2006 (UTC)

Zebra Heliconian
Marumari - I'm getting ready to nominate your Zebra Heliconian image. Given the current tension on the FPC page and my tendency to be a stickler on image quality, I have a feeling any nomination I make will be heavily scrutinized by some of the participants. I have no problem with 1000 pixel images -- all of mine were 1000x667 originally, until I was strongly encouraged to go larger. I just think it would be prudent to go a little bigger with your Zebra Heliconian image prior to nomination, especially given the comments made about the resolution of your Mexican Wolf image.

Also, I'm thinking it could be improved with a bit of edge sharpening. If you'd like, I could give it a go... just supply me with a file to work from. (I can handle pretty much any format, RAW included.) If the thought of somebody else working on your images bothers you, then just let me know if you will be making a bigger version available. Thanks... -- moondigger 22:32, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * BTW, I've been moving this week (and for the next week or so.) Let's deal with the Zebra Heliconian thing when I get back. Thanks! --Marumari 13:22, 26 July 2006 (UTC)

 * I apologize for not getting back to you sooner. Life has been kind of crazy for me lately, and I've only had time to contribute a few comments here and there on the FPC page.  I will be away from Wikipedia for a while starting tomorrow (July 29); when I return I'll nominate your photo if it hasn't already been nominated.  Again, sorry about the lack of communication. -- Moondigger 14:39, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

Featured Picture
Congratulations, and thanks for taking it for us. Raven4x4x 09:44, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

This is to let you know the Featured Picture you uploaded and/or nominated Image:Mexican wolf lounging.jpg is scheduled to be Picture of the day on September 23, 2006, when it will be featured on the Main Page. Congratulations!  howch e  ng   {chat} 17:09, 19 September 2006 (UTC)

Hummingbird Hawk-moth FPC
Hi! You supported the Hummingbird Hawk-moth FPC (like everyone else who commented), but HighInBC uploaded an edit that absolutely no-one commented on. I can't promote the image without knowing which version to promote, so now I have to ask everyone which version they prefer. Would you mind specifying which image you are supporting? Thanks. Raven4x4x 09:28, 1 August 2006 (UTC)

Move / Zebra heliconian nom
So, are you around? How did the move go? I'd like to nominate your Zebra heliconian shot as a featured picture soon. As previously mentioned, you're likely to see some resistance to a 1000-pixel wide image. (I'm seeing some resistance to a 1200 pixel image right now.) Any chance you could upload a larger version, maybe with some edge sharpening applied? There's a good page about various sharpening techniques here (scroll almost to the bottom of the page to find the section on edge sharpening): http://www.bythom.com/sharpening.htm -- Moondigger 20:08, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Glad to hear the move went well. I can handle pretty much any format, PNG, PSD, TIFF, RAW, whatever - so send a file if you want to. My e-mail address registered here works fine. Otherwise I can nominate it later, when you're fully unpacked and set up.  I just didn't want you to think I forgot about it.   -- Moondigger 00:41, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia:Dead external links
Hi, I noticed that you seem to have taken a major role in Dead external links. Are you still involved in this? This project is still working off a database dump from 8 months ago, which is ancient by wikipedia standards, wikipedia has almost doubled in size since then. Any chance of your updating this? I was thinking of doing some work on the dead links, but I'd really rather be working off an up to date list. --Xyzzyplugh 20:06, 24 August 2006 (UTC)

Minnesota meetup
A meetup of Wikipedians in Minnesota is proposed: please stop by the discussion page if interested. Jonathunder 02:16, 3 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Reminder: Meetup October 29, one o'clock, Mall of America. Jonathunder 16:45, 28 October 2006 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late notice, but there is a change within the mall for the meetup location today: see this page. Jonathunder 15:30, 29 October 2006 (UTC)

It was good meeting you the other day. I hope we can get together again soon - maybe in a place where it's easier to talk. Your photography is awesome! Appraiser 04:42, 31 October 2006 (UTC)

Hi back!
Hi there! It's so funny you stumbled across my user page; just a few days before I had stumbled across *yours*! It was so nice of you to introduce yourself! It does seem like there aren't many of us. Nice to know there's another Minnesota woman around. :) BTW, I found your page because I LOVE your Mexican wolf featured picture. (I like to check out the MN Zoo pics when I see them.) It is just gorgeous! Thanks again for the greeting; hello back! Estreya 14:12, 4 October 2006 (UTC)
 * It was really a pleasure to meet you today! Seemed like a whirlwind meetup and I didn't really have enough time to get to chat with everyone I would have liked to. I hope we can get together again to talk more sometime! Seems like we have a lot in common. ;) Estreya 00:23, 30 October 2006 (UTC)

That Blue Jay Picture Of Yours . ..
Hi Marumari -

This is User: I The Bluejay and I just wanted to ask permission for that bluejay picture you took. I'm rather new and I'm afraid the other admin are out to get me, so I thought asking permission would be a safe route. Thanks and please feel free to talk to me anytime.

I The Bluejay

Discussion about Congress
Would you be so kind as to go here and weigh in on the discussion? Thanks --Appraiser 15:40, 19 January 2007 (UTC)

Sidebar redesign
Hello Marumari! Since you're a developer and everything, I was wondering if you could let me know about the feasibility of a sidebar redesign? — Jack · talk · 03:16, Monday, 19 March 2007

FYi
FYI Minnesota RollerGirls got created, and could use some work. -Ravedave 03:31, 7 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Hi! I'm wondering why you added the notability tag. It clearly seems to qualify to me. --Appraiser 20:51, 25 June 2007 (UTC)

Minnesota RollerGirls
Wow, nice photo! How fun. -Susanlesch 00:18, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the note on my user page. I'll feel free to pillage the article Minnesota RollerGirls at will now. I noticed your user page when there was still a category for rollergirl wikipedians. For an administrator you seem okay.Michael J Swassing 04:44, 25 October 2007 (UTC)

Thanks for the note on my user page, too! The MNRG article looks good. You asked for some feedback, so here are a few minor suggestions:
 * Wikify the dates in the table
 * Avoid redirects in wikilinks for LLC and city+state combos
 * Italicize newspaper/magazine names
 * Use en dash in scores and win-loss records

I suggest changing the Teams section to qualify that it's "as of 2007" (since there are no references). Did they always have 4 teams, or did they start with two and add two later?

Who founded the league? Were there any splits?

For its LLC status you can use this URL as a reference, but the not-for-profit philosophy is more difficult to verify. I'd add a "According to the league's Web site…" to any such claim, if you can't find a reference for 501(c) tax-exempt status or a disclosure of the league's articles of organization, since normally Minnesota Statute 322B.326 would apply, which says that an LLC's profits and losses are distributed among the corporation's members.

The sentence Playing and practicing at the Roy Wilkins Auditorium since 2005, spectator attendance levels average 2000 has a grammar problem: it sounds like the attendance levels were playing and practicing. Also, "levels" is superfluous. I would say Since 2005, the league has played and practiced at the Roy Wilkins Auditorium, where spectator attendance averages around 2,000 per bout.

In the phrase help benefit women, "help" is superfluous.

There are 80 skaters on the roster, and the league "is composed of" four home teams with max. 20 players each, but are there additional Minnesota RollerGirls-in-training who are not on teams? Or is everyone in the organization on a team?

Does the all-star team have a name?

The all-star team's record is given from the beginning of '06, but did they play before that, too? If not, instead of Since the beginning of 2006, I'd say Since the team's formation at the beginning of 2006.

Near the end of the roller derby article, there's a mention of the Right Guard and Aleve commercials. Can you please add the Coca-Cola/NASCAR commercial to that same list item? Thanks!

That should do ya. :) —mjb 18:57, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Oh, here's another issue: the home teams have been playing interleague bouts. The article currently implies that only the interleague team does that.

The ones I know about:
 * June 16, 2007: Cincinnati Rollergirls All-Stars 140, MNRG Garda Belts 121
 * October 20, 2007: MNRG Dagger Dolls 80, No Coast Derby Girls Hood Ratz 26
 * October 20, 2007: Cincinnati Rollergirls All-Stars 119, MNRG Garda Belts 51
 * November 10, 2007: Denver Roller Dolls Mile High Club 117, MNRG Atomic Bombshells 71
 * November 10, 2007: Duke City 81, MNRG Rockits 76

You should clarify that the table covers only the interleague games played by the all-star team (is that correct?) or add these other games in. —mjb 18:46, 12 November 2007 (UTC)

Article to be deleted
Emily Hagins' article will probably be deleted. Please weigh in here if you are interested. Thanks.--Appraiser 20:50, 28 June 2007 (UTC)

Category
Category:Wikipedian RollerGirls is up for deletion. As you are one of the 2 members of that category, you may wish to comment at DGG (talk) 07:34, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

Meetup RSVP
 Minnesota Meetup Sunday, 2007-10-07, 1:00 p.m. (13:00) Pracna on Main 117 Main SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota Map Please pass this on! RSVP here.  Spam delivered by -Susanlesch 15:03, 30 September 2007 (UTC)
 * We missed you at the Meetup; next time we'll have to check your soccer schedule :)--Appraiser 21:10, 24 October 2007 (UTC)
 * You're going to make me blush. A B-class means "A casual reader flipping through articles would feel that they generally understood the topic." (from Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Assessment) I think it qualifies.--Appraiser 22:11, 24 October 2007 (UTC)

Portal:Minnesota
Portal:Minnesota is at Wikipedia:Featured_portal_candidates if you can find a minute to vote. From memory, you are both an administrator (someone with knowledge of Wikipedia), and a member of WikiProject Minnesota (someone on the list of participants). The most recent portal promotions had only a few more votes than Minnesota has now. Thank you kindly. -Susanlesch (talk) 01:46, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Meetup/Minneapolis
How's your soccer schedule looking? It would be good to see. you.--Appraiser (talk) 17:26, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Minneapolis Meetups
Town Hall Brewery maps.google.com 1430 Washington Ave S Minneapolis, MN 55454 (612) 339-8696 October 11, 2008 Saturday at 12:00 noon (midday) Meetup RSVP

Muddy Waters maps.google.com 2401 Lyndale Ave S Minneapolis, MN 55405 (612) 872-2232 October 10, 2008 Friday at 10:00 PM (at night) Alternate meetup RSVP

Hope you can make it. Feel free to pass along these invitations. -SusanLesch (talk) 17:53, 8 October 2008 (UTC)

Minnesota Meetup
 2009 Proposed date: Saturday, October 10. Details under discussion. Please share this with anyone who may be interested.  Delivered by Jonathunder (talk) 21:33, 18 September 2009 (UTC)
 * Update: the meetup will be at 1 p.m. Sunday, October 11, in St. Paul. Click here for more details and to R.S.V.P. Jonathunder (talk)

File:Hybrid tea double delight.jpg
Hello Marumari, is it ok for you if I transfer this image to commons? It's a nice shot and would be useful on other wiki-projects too... Best wishes, --Anna reg (talk) 07:58, 27 August 2010 (UTC)

Meetup
Hello, April. Discussion of a 2010 Minnesota Wikipedia Meetup has begun. Please see the talk page. Jonathunder (talk) 23:23, 27 September 2010 (UTC)

Suggestions for next Minnesota meetup?
Hi, April, do you have any suggestions for a next date or place for a Minnesota meetup? I was disappointed to miss last Sunday's meetup once a work meeting coincided with the time announced for the meetup. I would be happy to arrange a meetup soon. -- WeijiBaikeBianji (talk, how I edit) 14:22, 3 November 2010 (UTC)

Edit-a-thon at Hennepin County Library
The Minnesota Wikipedia community and local historians are invited to edit entries in Wikipedia on Minneapolis history. Please help increase the depth of information on Minneapolis history topics by utilizing materials in the Minneapolis Collection. Find your own Minneapolis History topics to edit or work from a list developed by Special Collections Librarians.
 * Minneapolis History edit-a-thon

Where: Minneapolis Central Library, 300 Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis

When: Saturday, February 25, 2012, 10-5 pm

10 am - 11 am Orientation to Minneapolis Collection

11 am - 5 pm Edit-a-thon Website: Hennepin County Library, Special Collections, Map & Directions

Parking: Metered street parking or pay ramp in basement, enter on 4th Ave

For more information see Wikipedia talk:Meetup/Minnesota. —innotata 00:25, 9 February 2012 (UTC)

Wikipedia Loves Libraries event
In the area? You are invited to Wikipedia Loves Libraries in Minneapolis.

Hennepin County Library's Special Collections is hosting a Minneapolis history editathon on November 3. Help increase the depth of information on Minneapolis history topics by using materials in the Minneapolis Collection. Find your own topics to edit or work from a list developed by Special Collections librarians.

There will also be an intro for people new to Wikipedia, and tours of Special Collections.

Where: Minneapolis Central Library, 300 Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis

Special Collections (4th floor)

When: 10am-4:30pm, Saturday, November 3, 2012

For more info and to sign up (not required), see the meetup talk page. —innotata 14:50, 4 October 2012 (UTC)

Upcoming Wikipedia meetups
In the area? You are invited to the upcoming Minnesota meetups.

To kick-off monthly meetups in the Twin Cities, two events will be held in Special Collections at Minneapolis Central Library this summer. These are mostly planned as opportunities for Wikipedians to discuss editing, but all are welcome!

Special Collections contains many valuable historical resources, including the Minneapolis Collection, consisting of files on hundreds of topics related to Minneapolis from neighborhoods to politicians (it's best to call or email in advance to request materials). Free wifi and several public computers are available.

Place: Minneapolis Central Library, 300 Nicollet Mall, Minneapolis

Special Collections (4th floor)

Dates: Saturday, June 1

Saturday, July 6

Time: 12:30pm–2:30pm+

For more info and to sign up (not required), see the meetup talk page.

This invitation was sent to users who were interested in past events. If you don't want to receive future invitations, you can remove your name from the invite list. —innotata 14:09, 24 May 2013 (UTC)

Great American Wiknic
In the area? You're invited to the Great American Wiknic.

Place: north of Minnehaha Falls in Minnehaha Park, Minneapolis

Date: Saturday, June 22, 2012

Time: 12–4 pm

 * Accessible from the Minnehaha Park METRO station, bus, walk, bike, or car
 * If driving, free parking available on 46th Ave. S, and pay parking in the park
 * Food and drink options nearby, or bring your own... maybe even to share!

For more, and to sign up (encouraged, not required) go to the meetup talk page.

This invitation was sent to users who were interested in past events. If you don't want to receive future invitations, you can remove your name from the invite list. —innotata 03:04, 13 June 2013 (UTC)

Minnesota Wikipedia Meetup on August 3
In the area? You are invited to the upcoming Minnesota monthly meetup on August 3.

Place: Lavvu Coffee House

813 4th St SE, Minneapolis 55414

Date: Saturday, August 3

Time: 1:00pm-3:00pm+

For more info and to sign up (not required), see the meetup talk page.

This invitation was sent to users who were interested in past events. If you don't want to receive future invitations, you can remove your name from the invite list.

—innotata 23:47, 24 July 2013 (UTC)

Wikipedia Day Meetup on January 18
In the area? You are invited to the upcoming Minnesota meetup in commemoration of Wikipedia Day.

 * Place: Seward Cafe

 * 2129 E Franklin Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55404

 * Date: Saturday, January 18, 2014

 * Time: noon

For more info and to sign up (not required), see the meetup talk page.

This invitation was sent to users who were interested in past events. If you don't want to receive future invitations, you can remove your name from the invite list. —innotata 04:11, 10 January 2014 (UTC)

Request for comment
Hello there, a proposal regarding pre-adminship review has been raised at Village pump by. Your comments here is very much appreciated. Many thanks. Jim Carter through MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 06:46, 28 May 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

Invite to an edit-a-thon at the Loft Literary Center

 * We have also recently formed a user group for Minnesota editors. If you would like to join, please add your name to our page on meta. Thank you, gobonobo  + c 23:18, 6 February 2016 (UTC)

Two-Factor Authentication now available for admins
Hello,

Please note that TOTP based two-factor authentication is now available for all administrators. In light of the recent compromised accounts, you are encouraged to add this additional layer of security to your account. It may be enabled on your preferences page in the "User profile" tab under the "Basic information" section. For basic instructions on how to enable two-factor authentication, please see the developing help page for additional information. Important: Be sure to record the two-factor authentication key and the single use keys. If you lose your two factor authentication and do not have the keys, it's possible that your account will not be recoverable. Furthermore, you are encouraged to utilize a unique password and two-factor authentication for the email account associated with your Wikimedia account. This measure will assist in safeguarding your account from malicious password resets. Comments, questions, and concerns may be directed to the thread on the administrators' noticeboard. MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 20:33, 12 November 2016 (UTC)

A new user right for New Page Patrollers
Hi.

A new user group, New Page Reviewer, has been created in a move to greatly improve the standard of new page patrolling. The user right can be granted by any admin at PERM. It is highly recommended that admins look beyond the simple numerical threshold and satisfy themselves that the candidates have the required skills of communication and an advanced knowledge of notability and deletion. Admins are automatically included in this user right.

It is anticipated that this user right will significantly reduce the work load of admins who patrol the performance of the patrollers. However,due to the complexity of the rollout, some rights may have been accorded that may later need to be withdrawn, so some help will still be needed to some extent when discovering wrongly applied deletion tags or inappropriate pages that escape the attention of less experienced reviewers, and above all, hasty and bitey tagging for maintenance. User warnings are available here but very often a friendly custom message works best.

If you have any questions about this user right, don't hesitate to join us at WT:NPR. (Sent to all admins) .MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 13:47, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

Administrators' newsletter - February 2017
News and updates for administrators from the past month (January 2017). This first issue is being sent out to all administrators, if you wish to keep receiving it please subscribe. Your feedback is welcomed.

Administrator changes
 * Gnome-colors-list-add.svg NinjaRobotPirate • Schwede66 • K6ka • Ealdgyth • Ferret • Cyberpower678 • Mz7 • Primefac • Dodger67
 * Gnome-colors-list-remove.svg Briangotts • JeremyA • BU Rob13

Guideline and policy news
 * A discussion to workshop proposals to amend the administrator inactivity policy at Wikipedia talk:Administrators has been in process since late December 2016.
 * Pending changes/Request for Comment 2016 closed with no consensus for implementing Pending changes level 2 with new criteria for use.
 * Following an RfC, an activity requirement is now in place for bots and bot operators.

Technical news
 * When performing some administrative actions the reason field briefly gave suggestions as text was typed. This change has since been reverted so that issues with the implementation can be addressed. (T34950)
 * Following the latest RfC concluding that Pending Changes 2 should not be used on the English Wikipedia, an RfC closed with consensus to remove the options for using it from the page protection interface, a change which has now been made. (T156448)
 * The Foundation has announced a new community health initiative to combat harassment. This should bring numerous improvements to tools for admins and CheckUsers in 2017.

Arbitration
 * The Arbitration Committee released a response to the Wikimedia Foundation's statement on paid editing and outing.

Obituaries
 * JohnCD (John Cameron Deas) passed away on 30 December 2016. John began editing Wikipedia seriously during 2007 and became an administrator in November 2009.

Discuss this newsletter • Subscribe • Archive

13:36, 1 February 2017 (UTC)

Hiya!
I have fixed a typo on your userpage. Hope you don't mind. Please forgive me. (((The Quixotic Potato))) (talk) 18:17, 5 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Totally fine, thank you so much! Marumari (talk) 18:20, 5 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Is the link to your website a bit outdated? The current domain seems to be "poke in the I/O". (((The Quixotic Potato))) (talk) 22:32, 5 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Fixed, thanks for that. Also touched it up a bunch. Marumari (talk) 22:22, 6 February 2017 (UTC)

ArbCom 2019 special circular

This message was sent to all administrators following a recent motion. Thank you for your attention. For the Arbitration Committee, Cameron11598 02:15, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Administrator account security (Correction to Arbcom 2019 special circular)
ArbCom would like to apologise and correct our previous mass message in light of the response from the community.

Since November 2018, six administrator accounts have been compromised and temporarily desysopped. In an effort to help improve account security, our intention was to remind administrators of existing policies on account security — that they are required to "have strong passwords and follow appropriate personal security practices." We have updated our procedures to ensure that we enforce these policies more strictly in the future. The policies themselves have not changed. In particular, two-factor authentication remains an optional means of adding extra security to your account. The choice not to enable 2FA will not be considered when deciding to restore sysop privileges to administrator accounts that were compromised.

We are sorry for the wording of our previous message, which did not accurately convey this, and deeply regret the tone in which it was delivered.

For the Arbitration Committee, -Cameron11598 21:03, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Invitation to join the Fifteen Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Fifteen Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for fifteen years or more.

Best regards, Urhixidur (talk) 16:18, 9 May 2019 (UTC)

Administrators will no longer be autopatrolled
A recently closed Request for Comment (RFC) reached consensus to remove Autopatrolled from the administrator user group. You may, similarly as with Edit Filter Manager, choose to self-assign this permission to yourself. This will be implemented the week of December 13th, but if you wish to self-assign you may do so now. To find out when the change has gone live or if you have any questions please visit the Administrator's Noticeboard. 20:06, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

How we will see unregistered users
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin will still be able to access the IP. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on better tools to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can read more on Meta. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can subscribe to the weekly technical newsletter.

We have two suggested ways this identity could work. We would appreciate your feedback on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can let us know on the talk page. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. /Johan (WMF)

18:12, 4 January 2022 (UTC)

New administrator activity requirement
22:53, 15 April 2022 (UTC)

Pending suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
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 * Thanks for the updates. Marumari (talk) 15:26, 14 October 2022 (UTC)

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Suspension of administrative permissions due to inactivity
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title: User talk:Marumari


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Talk:Lord Kitchener

What about the pointy-finger poster dude? -- Tarquin 23:36 Feb 14, 2003 (UTC)

 * I have no idea -- a google search reveals what you're talking about, but raises some questions as at least one biography concerning Lord Kitchener the poster guy and not the calypso guy says he was born in Ireland and not Trinidad, though they are apparently the same person. I have no idea which one is right. Tokerboy

Lord Kitchener, the British general was definitely a completely different person from Aldwyn Roberts the Calypsonion whose sobriquet was Lord Kitchener. The general was British and died c 1916. You'll find his entry at Horatio Kitchener. James Fryer

I reccomend this article be moved to something like Lord Kitchener (calypsonian), and the Lord Kichener article made into a disambiguation page. The Calypso Lord Kitchener took his pseudonym as a reference to the other then very famous Lord Kitchener. -- Infrogmation 22:05 9 Jun 2003 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Lord Kitchener


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Mount Hood

Mount Hood is an active stratovolcano in the Cascade Volcanic Arc. It was formed by a subduction zone on the Pacific coast and rests in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located about 50 mi east-southeast of Portland, on the border between Clackamas and Hood River counties. In addition to being Oregon's highest mountain, it is one of the loftiest mountains in the nation based on its prominence, and it offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America.

The height assigned to Mount Hood's snow-covered peak has varied over its history. Modern sources point to three different heights: 11249 ft, a 1991 adjustment of a 1986 measurement by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey (NGS), 11240 ft based on a 1993 scientific expedition, and 11239 ft of slightly older origin. The peak is home to 12 named glaciers and snowfields. It is the highest point in Oregon and the fourth highest in the Cascade Range. Mount Hood is considered the Oregon volcano most likely to erupt, though based on its history, an explosive eruption is unlikely. Still, the odds of an eruption in the next 30 years are estimated at between 3 and 7%, so the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) characterizes it as "potentially active", but the mountain is informally considered dormant.

Establishments

Timberline Lodge is a National Historic Landmark located on the southern flank of Mount Hood just below Palmer Glacier, with an elevation of about 6000 ft.

The mountain has four ski areas: Timberline, Mount Hood Meadows, Ski Bowl, and Cooper Spur. They total over 4600 acre of skiable terrain; Timberline, with one lift having a base at nearly 6940 ft, offers the only year-round lift-served skiing in North America.

There are a few remaining shelters on Mount Hood still in use today. Those include the Coopers Spur, Cairn Basin, and McNeil Point shelters as well as the Tilly Jane A-frame cabin. The summit was home to a fire lookout in the early 1900s; however, the lookout did not withstand the weather and no longer remains today.

Mount Hood is within the Mount Hood National Forest, which comprises 1067043 acre of land, including four designated wilderness areas that total 314078 acre, and more than 1200 mi of hiking trails.

The most northwestern pass around the mountain is called Lolo Pass. Native Americans crossed the pass while traveling between the Willamette Valley and Celilo Falls.

Indigenous names
The name Wy'east has been associated with Mount Hood for more than a century, but no evidence suggests that it is a genuine name for the mountain in any indigenous language. The name was possibly inspired by an 1890 work of author Frederic Balch, although Balch does not use it himself. The name may have been popularized by his story being combined with a play around 1911 at Pacific College. It is also possible it was 'invented' by scholars in the 20th century or even a minister hearing it second-hand around the same time the play was happening.

In one version of Balch's story, the two sons of the Great Spirit Sahale fell in love with the beautiful maiden Loowit, who could not decide which to choose. The two braves, Wy'east and Pahto (unnamed in his novel, but appearing in a later adaptation), burned forests and villages in their battle over her. Sahale became enraged and smote the three lovers. Seeing what he had done, he erected three mountain peaks to mark where each fell. He made beautiful Mount St. Helens for Loowit, proud and erect Mount Hood for Wy'east, and the somber Mount Adams for the mourning Pahto.

There are other versions of the legend. In another telling, Wy'east (Hood) battles Pahto (Adams) for the fair La-wa-la-clough (St. Helens). Or again Wy'east, the chief of the Multnomah tribe, competed with the chief of the Klickitat tribe. Their great anger led to their transformation into volcanoes. Their battle is said to have destroyed the Bridge of the Gods and thus created the great Cascades Rapids of the Columbia River.

The mountain sits partly inside the reservation of the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs. Three languages are spoken among this confederacy: Sahaptin, Upper Chinook/Kiksht (Wasco) and Numu (Paiute). Therefore, any attempt to restore the mountain's original indigenous name would require agreement on which language's name to use.

Current name
The mountain was given its present name on October 29, 1792, by Lt. William Broughton, a member of Captain George Vancouver's exploration expedition. Lt. Broughton observed its peak while at Belle Vue Point of what is now called Sauvie Island during his travels up the Columbia River, writing, "A very high, snowy mountain now appeared rising beautifully conspicuous in the midst of an extensive tract of low or moderately elevated land [location of today's Vancouver, Washington] lying S 67 E., and seemed to announce a termination to the river." Lt. Broughton named the mountain after Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood, a British admiral. Lewis and Clark spotted the mountain on October 18, 1805. A few days later at what would become The Dalles, Clark wrote, "The pinnacle of the round topped mountain, which we saw a short distance below the banks of the river, is South 43-degrees West of us and about 37 mi. It is at this time topped with snow. We called this the Falls Mountain, or Timm Mountain." Timm was the native name for Celilo Falls. Clark later noted that it was also Vancouver's Mount Hood.

Two French explorers from the Hudson's Bay Company may have traveled into the Dog River area east of Mount Hood in 1818. They reported climbing to a glacier on "Montagne de Neige" (Mountain of Snow), probably Eliot Glacier.

Namesakes

There have been two United States Navy ammunition ships named for Mount Hood. USS Mount Hood (AE-11) was commissioned in July 1944 and was destroyed in November 1944 while at anchor in Manus Naval Base, Admiralty Islands. Her explosive cargo ignited, resulting in 45 confirmed dead, 327 missing and 371 injured. A second ammunition ship, AE-29, was commissioned in May 1971 and decommissioned in August 1999.

Volcanic activity
The glacially eroded summit area consists of several andesitic or dacitic lava domes; Pleistocene collapses produced avalanches and lahars (rapidly moving mudflows) that traveled across the Columbia River to the north. The eroded volcano has had at least four major eruptive periods during the past 15,000 years.

The last three eruptions at Mount Hood occurred within the past 1,800 years from vents high on the southwest flank and produced deposits that were distributed primarily to the south and west along the Sandy and Zigzag rivers. The last eruptive period took place around 220 to 170 years ago, when dacitic lava domes, pyroclastic flows and mudflows were produced without major explosive eruptions. The prominent Crater Rock just below the summit is hypothesized to be the remains of one of these now-eroded domes. This period includes the last major eruption of 1781 to 1782 with a slightly more recent episode ending shortly before the arrival of the explorers Lewis and Clark in 1805. The latest minor eruptive event was thought to have occurred in August 1907, but has been discredited as "an observation of non-eruptive fumarolic activity."

The glaciers on the mountain's upper slopes may be a source of potentially dangerous lahars when the mountain next erupts. There are vents near the summit that are known for emitting gases such as carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide. Prior to the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, the only known fatality related to volcanic activity in the Cascades occurred in 1934, when a climber suffocated in oxygen-poor air while exploring ice caves melted by fumaroles in Coalman Glacier on Mount Hood.

Since 1950, there have been several earthquake swarms each year at Mount Hood, most notably in July 1980 and June 2002. Seismic activity is monitored by the USGS Cascades Volcano Observatory in Vancouver, Washington, which issues weekly updates (and daily updates if significant eruptive activity is occurring at a Cascades volcano).

The most recent evidence of volcanic activity at Mount Hood consists of fumaroles near Crater Rock and hot springs on the flanks of the volcano.

Monitoring controversy
A conflict exists between protecting public safety and protecting the environment. In 2014, a USGS employee, Dr. Seth Moran, proposed installing new instruments on Mount Hood to warn of volcanic activity. The instruments were installed at four different locations on the mountain, including: The proposed locations were in a protected wilderness area, tightly controlled by the United States Forest Service. The project was opposed by Wilderness Watch, a conservation group.
 * three seismometers to measure earthquakes,
 * three Global Positioning System (GPS) instruments to measure ground movement,
 * one instrument to measure gas emissions.

Three monitoring stations were eventually installed on Mount Hood in 2020.

Elevation
Mount Hood was first seen by European explorers in 1792 and is believed to have maintained a consistent summit elevation, varying by no more than a few feet due to mild seismic activity. Elevation changes since the 1950s are predominantly due to improved survey methods and model refinements of the shape of the Earth (see vertical reference datum). Despite the physical consistency, the estimated elevation of Mount Hood has varied substantially over the years, as seen in the following table:

Early explorers on the Columbia River estimated the elevation to be 10000 to 12000 ft. Two people in Thomas J. Dryer's 1854 expedition calculated the elevation to be 18361 ft and the tree line to be at 11250 ft. Two months later, a Mr. Belden claimed to have climbed the mountain during a hunting trip and determined it to be 19400 ft upon which "pores oozed blood, eyes bled, and blood rushed from their ears." Sometime by 1866, Reverend G. H. Atkinson determined it to be 17600 ft. A Portland engineer used surveying methods from a Portland baseline and calculated a height of between 18000 and 19000 ft. Many maps distributed in the late 19th century cited 18361 ft, though Mitchell's School Atlas gave 14000 ft as the correct value. For some time, many references assumed Mount Hood to be the highest point in North America.

Modern height surveys also vary, but not by the huge margins seen in the past. A 1993 survey by a scientific party that arrived at the peak's summit with 16 lb of electronic equipment reported a height of 11240 ft, claimed to be accurate to within 1.25 in. Many modern sources likewise list 11240 ft as the height. However, numerous others place the peak's height one foot lower, at 11239 ft. Finally, a height of 11249 ft has also been reported.

Glaciers
Mount Hood is host to 12 named glaciers or snow fields, the most visited of which is Palmer Glacier, partially within the Timberline Lodge ski area and on the most popular climbing route. The glaciers are almost exclusively above the 6000 ft level, which also is about the average tree line elevation on Mount Hood. More than 80 percent of the glacial surface area is above 7000 ft.

The glaciers and permanent snow fields have an area of 3331 acre and contain a volume of about 282000 acre.ft. Eliot Glacier is the largest glacier by volume at 73000 acre.ft, and has the thickest depth measured by ice radar at 361 ft. The largest glacier by surface area is the Coe-Ladd Glacier system at 531 acres.

Glaciers and snowfields cover about 80 percent of the mountain above the 6900 ft level. The glaciers declined by an average of 34 percent from 1907 to 2004. Glaciers on Mount Hood retreated through the first half of the 20th century, advanced or at least slowed their retreat in the 1960s and 1970s, and have since returned to a pattern of retreat. The neo-glacial maximum extents formed in the early 18th century.

During the last major glacial event between 29,000 and 10,000 years ago, glaciers reached down to the 2600 to 2300 ft level, a distance of 9.3 mi from the summit. The retreat released considerable outwash, some of which filled and flattened the upper Hood River Valley near Parkdale and formed Dee Flat.

Older glaciation produced moraines near Brightwood and distinctive cuts on the southeast side; they may date to 140,000 years ago.

Hiking

The Mount Hood forest is home to approximately 1,000 mi of trails. The Coopers Spur trail leads to 8,510 ft in elevation, the highest reachable point one can gain on the mountain without requiring mountaineering gear.

The Timberline Trail, which circumnavigates the entire mountain and rises as high as 7,300 ft, was built in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps. Typically, the 40.7 mi hike is snow-free from late July until the autumn snows begin. The trail includes over 10,000 ft of elevation gain and loss and can vary in distance year to year depending on river crossings. There are many access points, the shortest being a small walk from the Timberline Lodge. A portion of the Pacific Crest Trail is coincident with the Timberline Trail on the west side of Mount Hood.

The predecessor of the Pacific Crest Trail was the Oregon Skyline Trail, established in 1920, which connected Mount Hood to Crater Lake.

Climbing
Mount Hood is Oregon's highest point and a prominent landmark visible up to 100 mi away. About 10,000 people attempt to climb Mount Hood each year. It has convenient access, though it presents some technical climbing challenges. There are no trails to the summit, with even the "easier" southside climbing route constituting a technical climb with crevasses, falling rocks, and often inclement weather. Ropes, ice axes, crampons and other technical mountaineering gear are necessary. Peak climbing season is generally from April to mid-June. There are six main routes to approach the mountain, with about 30 total variations for summiting. The climbs range in difficulty from class 2 to class 5.9+ (for Acrophobia). The most popular route, dubbed the south route, begins at Timberline Lodge and proceeds up Palmer Glacier to Crater Rock, the large prominence at the head of the glacier. The route goes east around Crater Rock and crosses the Coalman Glacier on the Hogsback, a ridge spanning from Crater Rock to the approach to the summit. The Hogsback terminates at a bergschrund where the Coalman Glacier separates from the summit rock headwall. The route continues to the Pearly Gates, a gap in the summit rock formation, then right onto the summit plateau and the summit proper.

Technical ice axes, fall protection, and experience are now recommended in order to attempt the left chute variation or Pearly Gates ice chute. The Forest Service recommends several other route options due to these changes in conditions (e.g. "Old Chute," West Crater Rim, etc.).

Climbing accidents
As of May 2002, more than 130 people had died in climbing-related accidents since records have been kept on Mount Hood, the first in 1896. Incidents in May 1986, December 2006, and December 2009 attracted intense national and international media interest. Though avalanches are a common hazard on other glaciated mountains, most Mount Hood climbing deaths are the result of falls and hypothermia. Around 50 people require rescue per year. 3.4 percent of search and rescue missions in 2006 were for mountain climbers.

Climate
The summit of Mount Hood has a typical dry-summer alpine climate (Köppen: ETs), with temperatures below 32 F eight months of the year and no month with an average temperature above 50 F. Even in the hottest months, nightly average temperatures often dip below 32 F, and frost occurs almost every day, even in summer or the hottest time of year. Otherwise, all months have a dew point below 32 F.

title: Mount Hood


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Ambidexterity

Ambidexterity is the ability to use both the right and left hand equally well. When referring to objects, the term indicates that the object is equally suitable for right-handed and left-handed people. When referring to humans, it indicates that a person has no marked preference for the use of the right or left hand.

Only about one percent of people are naturally ambidextrous, which equates to about 80,000,000 people in the world today. In modern times, it is common to find some people considered ambidextrous who were originally left-handed and who learned to be ambidextrous, either by choice or as a result of training in schools or in jobs where right-handedness is often emphasized or required. Since many everyday devices such as can openers and scissors are asymmetrical and designed for right-handed people, many left-handers learn to use them right-handedly due to the rarity or lack of left-handed models. Thus, left-handed people are more likely to develop motor skills in their non-dominant hand than right-handed people.

Etymology
The word "ambidextrous" is derived from the Latin roots ambi-, meaning "both", and dexter, meaning "right" or "favorable". Thus, ambidextrous is literally "both right" or "both favorable". The term ambidexter in English was originally used in a legal sense of jurors who accepted bribes from both parties for their verdict.

Writing
Some people can write with both hands. Famous examples include Albert Einstein, Benjamin Franklin, Nikola Tesla, James A. Garfield, and Leonardo da Vinci.

In India's Singrauli district there is a unique ambidextrous school named Veena Vadini School in Budhela village, where students are taught to write simultaneously with both hands.

Baseball
Ambidexterity is highly prized in the sport of baseball. "Switch hitting" is the most common phenomenon, and is highly prized because a batter usually has a higher statistical chance of successfully hitting the baseball when it is thrown by an opposite-handed pitcher. Therefore, an ambidextrous hitter can bat from whichever side is more advantageous to them in that situation. Pete Rose, the record holder for most hits in Major League Baseball, was a switch hitter.

Switch pitchers, comparatively rare in contrast to switch hitters, also exist. Tony Mullane won 284 games in the 19th century. Elton Chamberlain and Larry Corcoran were also notable ambidextrous pitchers. In the 20th century, Greg A. Harris was the only major league pitcher to pitch with both his left and his right arm. A natural right-hander, by 1986 he could throw well enough with his left hand that he felt capable of pitching with either hand in a game. Harris was not allowed to throw left-handed in a regular-season game until September 1995 in the penultimate game of his career. Against the Cincinnati Reds in the ninth inning, Harris (then a member of the Montreal Expos) retired Reggie Sanders pitching right-handed, then switched to his left hand for the next two hitters, Hal Morris and Ed Taubensee, who both batted left-handed. Harris walked Morris but got Taubensee to ground out. He then went back to his right hand to retire Bret Boone to end the inning.

In the 21st century there is only one major league pitcher, Pat Venditte of the Seattle Mariners, who regularly pitches with both arms. Venditte became the 21st century's first switch pitcher in the major leagues with his debut on June 5, 2015, against the Boston Red Sox, pitching two innings, allowing only one hit and recording five outs right-handed and one out left-handed. During his career, an eponymous "Venditte Rule" was created restricting the ability of a pitcher to change arms in the middle of an at-bat.

Billy Wagner was a natural right-handed pitcher in his youth, but after breaking his throwing arm twice, he taught himself how to use his left arm by throwing nothing but fastballs against a barn wall. He became a dominant left-handed relief pitcher, most known for his 100+ mph fastball. In his 1999 season, Wagner captured the National League Relief Man of the Year Award as a Houston Astro.

St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Brett Cecil is naturally right-handed, but starting from a very early age, threw with his left. As such, he writes and performs most tasks with the right side of his body, but throws with his left.

Basketball
In basketball a player may choose to make a pass or shot with the weaker hand. NBA stars Larry Bird, Kyrie Irving, Carlos Boozer, David Lee, John Wall, Derrick Rose, Chandler Parsons, Andrew Bogut, John Henson, Michael Beasley, and Jerryd Bayless are ambidextrous players, as was Kobe Bryant. Bogut and Henson are both stronger in the post with their left-handed hook shot than they are with their natural right hands. Brothers Marc and Pau Gasol can make hook shots with either hand while the right hand is dominant for each. Bob Cousy, a Boston Celtics legend was forced to play with his left hand in high school when he injured his right hand, thus making him effectively ambidextrous. Mike Conley shoots left-handed, but has preferred to shoot floaters right handed, as he does everything else right-handed off the court. Ben Simmons and Luke Kennard are also natural right-handers shooting left-handed. Tristan Thompson is a natural left-hander, and was a left-handed shooter, but has shot right-handed since the 2013–2014 season. He does perform left-handed hook shots more often. Los Angeles Lakers center DeAndre Jordan who is left-handed, shoots with his left hand but has been known to dunk with his right hand, spin clockwise in his 360 dunks, and shoot right handed hook shots more accurately and from further out. Charlotte Hornets power forward Miles Bridges is a left-handed shooter; however, he dunks the ball and blocks shots more frequently with his right hand. Former Los Angeles Lakers center Roy Hibbert shoots his hook shots equally well with either hand. Former Oklahoma City Thunder left-handed point guard Derek Fisher used to dunk with his right hand in his early years. Candace Parker, forward for the Chicago Sky, also has equal dominance with either hand. Los Angeles Lakers superstar Kobe Bryant shot with either hand, although his right hand was dominant: due to an injury to the right hand, he was forced to shoot with his left. Paul George, Tracy McGrady and Vince Carter are all noted to be right-handed, but rotates clockwise for dunks, but Carter is able to also spin counterclockwise, as he did during high school. McGrady also spins anti-clockwise for his baseline dunks. Larry Bird, LeBron James, Paul Millsap, Russell Westbrook, Danny Ainge and Gary Payton shoot right-handed, but do almost everything left-handed off the courts, but Bird once had a game in which he only shot left-handed running hook shots, cross passes and layups. Ronnie Price, however has a tendency to dunk with his left hand, but he is a right-handed shooter. Josh McRoberts is known to be a left handed shooter but does everything with his right hand such as his famous dunks. Ivica Zubac is a right handed shooter, but can shoot hook shots with both hands, and is more accurate with his left handed hooks. Greg Monroe is also a left-handed shooter but does right handed jump hooks and everything else right handed off the court.

Trevor Booker is left handed for shooting a basketball but writes with his right hand. Ben Simmons shoots jumpers and free throws left-handed, but does everything else right-handed, including dunking, throwing long passes and writing. He also shoots more right-handed non-jumpers (layups, floaters and hook shots).

Board sports
In skateboarding, being able to skate successfully with not only one's dominant foot forward but also the less dominant one is called "switch skating", or "skating goofy", and is a prized ability. To illustrate the stances further; there is "Regular" which is left shoulder and foot towards the front of the board and the opposite (right shoulder foot towards the front) is referred to as goofy. These terms hold true to surfing and snowboarding. With skateboarding, whether one pushes with their front or back foot determines whether they are considered regular v. regular-mongo or goofy v. goofy-mongo. The ability to ride both regular and goofy is considered to be "switch stance". Notable switch skateboarders include Rodney Mullen, Eric Koston, Guy Mariano, Paul Rodriguez Jr., Mike Mo Capaldi, and Bob Burnquist. Similarly, surfers who ride equally well in either stance are said to be surfing "switch”. Also, snowboarding at the advanced level requires the ability to ride equally well in either.

Combat sports
In combat sports fighters may choose to face their opponent with either the left shoulder forward in a right-handed stance ("orthodox") or the right shoulder forward in a left-handed stance ("south-paw"), thus a degree of cross dominance is useful. In boxing, Manny Pacquiao has a southpaw stance in the ring even though he is really ambidextrous outside the ring. Also, in mixed martial arts, many naturally left-handed strikers like Lyoto Machida and Anderson Silva will switch stances in order to counter opponent's strikes or takedown attempts to stay standing. Additionally, some fighters actually choose to fight in a southpaw stance despite their dominant hand being their right, one such fighter being Vasyl Lomachenko. This is done as it gives access to a strong and precise jab from the lead hand, which is arguably the most important strike in boxing for setting up combos and interrupting your opponent during their attacks. Bruce Lee also practiced this same method of fighting with his dominant hand forward. Left handed fighters such as Oscar De La Hoya, Miguel Cotto, Andre Ward, and Gerry Cooney fought in orthodox. This made their left hooks their most powerful weapons, along with enhancing the strength of their jab.

Cricket
In cricket, it is also beneficial to be able to use both arms. Ambidextrous fielders can make one-handed catches or throws with either hand. Sachin Tendulkar uses his left hand for writing, but bats and bowls with his right hand, it is the same with Kane Williamson. There are many players who are naturally right-handed but bat left and vice versa. Sourav Ganguly, Thisara Perera uses his right hand for writing and bowls with the right hand, too, but bats with his left hand. Players due to injuries may also switch arms for fielding. Zaheer Khan bowls left-arm fast-medium but bats right handed. Phillip Hughes batted, bowled, and fielded left-handed before a shoulder injury. Australian batsman George Bailey also due to sustaining an injury, taught himself to throw with his weaker left arm. He is now often seen throughout matches switching between arms as he throws the ball. See also reverse sweep and switch hitting. David Warner has batted right-handed in high school, and has practiced right-handed as well, when he is normally a left-handed switch-hitter. Alastair Cook, Jimmy Anderson, Stuart Broad, Ben Dunk, Ben Stokes, Adam Gilchrist, Eoin Morgan and Kagiso Rabada are natural right-handers, but bat left-handed.

Akshay Karnewar is an ambidextrous bowler. Originally, he only bowled with his right hand, but since he does everything else with his left hand, he was taught to bowl left-handed as well but needs to signal to the umpire when he switches hands when bowling to allow for the field to change. He is a left-handed batsman. As an off-spinner and left-arm orthodox spin, the ball will always spin towards the batsman (OB vs. RHB; SLO vs. LHB), or away from opposite-handed batsmen, which is the predominant role of switch-handed spinners.

Sri Lankan Kusal Perera started his cricket as a right hand batsman, until he changed to left hand to mimic his favourite cricketer Sanath Jayasuriya. Another Sri Lankan Kamindu Mendis is also a handy ambidextrous bowler. He can bowl orthodox left-arm spin and he can bowl right-arm offspin as well. Yasir Jan, however is a fast bowler both right and left handed and tops over 140 km/h with both hands, with his right arm being faster.

Jofra Archer warms up with slow orthodox left-arm spin, and Jos Buttler practiced left-handed as a club cricketer.

Cue sports
In cue sports, players can reach farther across the table if they are able to play with either hand, since the cue must either be placed on the left or the right side of the body. English snooker player Ronnie O'Sullivan is a rarity amongst top snooker professionals, in that he is able to play to world-class standard with either hand. While he lacks power in his left arm, his ability to alternate hands allows him to take shots that would otherwise require awkward cueing or the use of a rest. When he first displayed this ability in the 1996 World Championship against the Canadian player Alain Robidoux, Robidoux accused him of disrespect. O'Sullivan responded that he played better with his left hand than Robidoux could with his right. O'Sullivan was summoned to a disciplinary hearing in response to Robidoux's formal complaint, where he had to prove that he could play to a high level with his left hand.

Figure skating
In figure skating, most skaters who are right-handed spin and jump to the left, and vice versa for left-handed individuals, but it also down to habit for ballerinas. Olympic Champion figure skater John Curry notably performed his jumps in one direction (anti-clockwise) while spinning predominantly in the other. Very few skaters have such an ability to perform jumps and spins in both directions, and it is now considered a "difficult variation" in spins under the ISU Judging System to rotate in the non-dominant direction. Michelle Kwan used an opposite-rotating camel spin in some of her programs as a signature move. No point bonus exists for opposite direction jumps or bi-directional combination jumps, despite their being much harder to perfect. Nobody can perform a jump sequence (because it requires change of edge, whereas a combo is maintained on the same edge) from clockwise to anti-clockwise, or vice versa.

Association football
In association football, being able to kick with either foot provides more options for both passing and scoring, as well as the ability to play on either side of the pitch. Therefore, players with the ability to use their weaker foot with proficiency are valuable in any team. Examples of ambidextrous footballers include Andreas Brehme, Johan Cruyff, Obafemi Martins, Santi Cazorla, Adam Lallana, Diogo Jota, Adriano Correia, Pedro Rodriguez, Diego Forlán, Glenn Hoddle, Alfredo Di Stéfano, Sócrates, Paolo Maldini, George Best, Michael Laudrup, Pelé, Marc Overmars, Michel Platini, Roberto Baggio, Carlos Valderrama, Bobby Charlton, Zico, Tom Finney, John Barnes, John Charles, Ousmane Dembélé, Mason Greenwood, Ronaldo Nazário, Cristiano Ronaldo, Zinedine Zidane, Kevin De Bruyne, Han Kwang-song Most of them were actually left-footed or right-footed, but have developed proficiency on both feet. Former goalkeeper Gianluca Pagliuca was cross-dominant. He punched and threw with his right, but kicked with his left.

American football
In American football, it is especially advantageous to be able to use either arm to perform various tasks. Ambidextrous receivers can make one-handed catches with either hand; linemen can hold their shoulders square and produce an equal amount of power with both arms; and punters can handle a bad snap and roll out and punt with either leg, limiting the chance of a block. Naturally right-handed quarterbacks may have to perform left-handed passes to avoid sacks. Chris Jones is cross-dominant. Although he is a left-footed punter, he throws with his right. Chris Hanson was dual-footed, able to punt with either foot.

Golf
Some players find cross-dominance advantageous in golf, especially if a left-handed player utilizes right-handed clubs. Having more precise coordination with the left hand is believed to allow better-controlled, and stronger drives. Mac O'Grady was a touring pro who played right-handed, yet could play "scratch" (no handicap) golf left-handed. He lobbied the USGA for years to be certified as an amateur "lefty" and a pro "righty" to no avail. Although not ambidextrous, Phil Mickelson and Mike Weir are both right-handers who golf left-handed; Ben Hogan was the opposite, being a natural left-hander who played golf right-handed, as is Cristie Kerr. This is known as cross-dominance or mixed-handedness.

Hockey
Ice hockey players may shoot from the left or right side of the body. For the most part, right-handed players shoot left and, likewise, most left-handed players shoot right as the player will often wield the stick one-handed. The dominant hand is typically placed on the top of the stick to allow for better stickhandling and control of the puck. Gordie Howe was one of few players capable of doing both, although this was at a time when the blade of the stick was not curved.

Another ice hockey goaltender Bill Durnan, had the ability to catch the puck with either hand. He won the Vezina Trophy, then for the National Hockey League's goalie with the fewest goals allowed six times out of only seven seasons. He had developed this ability playing for church-league teams in Toronto and Montreal to make up for his poor lateral movement. He wore custom gloves that permitted him to hold his stick with either hand. Most goaltenders nowadays choose to catch with their non-dominant hand.

Field hockey players are forced to play right-handed. The rules of the game denote that the ball can only be struck with the flat side of the stick. Only one player Laeeq Ahmed on Pakistan National Hockey team, played with unorthodox left hand below and right hand up side of stick grip with full command. He played from 1991 to 1992 for the national team. Perhaps to avoid confusing referees, there are no left-handed sticks. In floorball, like ice hockey, right-handed players shoot left and, likewise, most left-handed players shoot right as the player will often wield the stick one-handed. Floorball goalkeepers do not use a stick, so they have two glove hands, and act much like a soccer goalkeeper, but with an ice hockey helmet. When they venture out of the goal box, they act just like an outfield soccer player.

Lacrosse
In field lacrosse, which is more popular in the United States, it is extremely advantageous to be able to use both hands, as players can play on both sides of the field and are harder to defend against. Usually in field lacrosse, all players except goalies, but especially offensive players, are expected to be able to catch and throw with their weak hand. However, in box lacrosse, which is more popular in Canada, players often only use their dominant hand, like in hockey.

Martial arts
The traditional martial arts tend to feature a larger number of practitioners who have intentionally developed ambidexterity to a high degree, compared to athletes in combat sports. This is because unlike sports, which have structured rules and common player preferences, traditional martial arts are intended for situations such as self-defense, in which a wider array of physical challenges may occur.

Some arts and schools practice all or most techniques and movements with both sides, while others emphasize that some techniques should only be trained on the right or the left (though both sides tend to eventually receive nearly equal attention). This may be for a number of reasons. Some of these arts rely on the tendency of right-handed people to move differently with the left side than with the right, and attempt to take advantage of this. Similarly, certain weapons are more often carried on one side. For instance, most weapons in ancient China were wielded primarily with the right hand and on the right side; this habit has carried on to the practice of those weapons in modern times. As an example, in xingyiquan, most schools that teach spear-fighting only practice on the right side, although much of the rest of the art is ambidextrous in practice.

Professional wrestling
Shawn Michaels is ambidextrous. He typically kicks with his right leg in Sweet Chin Music, but uses either arm for his signature elbow drop, depending on the position.

Racing
In professional sports car racing, drivers who participate in various events in both the United States and Europe will sometimes encounter machines with the steering wheel mounted on different sides of the car. While steering ability is largely unaffected, the hand used for shifting changes is. due to the fact that the shift pattern relative to the driver changes, e.g. a gear change that requires moving the lever toward the driver in a left-hand-drive vehicle becomes a movement away from the driver in a right-hand-drive vehicle. A driver skilled in shifting with the opposite hand is at an advantage.

Racket sports
In tennis, a player may be able to reach balls on the backhand side more easily if they're able to use the weaker hand. An example of a player who is ambidextrous is Luke Jensen. Due to a physical advantage on the space of time needed when matching the ball with the racket simultaneously with tagging the opponent's movement, being laterality-crossed on eyedness with handedness may be a decisive factor for outstanding performance, since the hand which strikes the ball can do it while the overriding eye, matching with this hand, can be tagging the opponent's movement-decisions. Such have the case of Rafael Nadal who uses his right hand for writing, but plays tennis with left. There are many players who are naturally right handed but play lefty and vice versa. Evgenia Kulikovskaya is also an ambidextrous player, Kulikovskaya played with two forehands and no backhand, switching her racket hand depending on where the ball was coming. Jan-Michael Gambill is the opposite case of Kulikovskaya, since he played with a two handed forehand and backhand, although he served with his right hand. Other famous examples of a two handed forehand are Fabrice Santoro and Monica Seles. Seles' playing style was unusual in that she hit with two hands on both sides and, at the same time, always kept her (dominant) left hand at the base of her racket. This meant that she hit her forehand cross-handed. Maria Sharapova is also known to be ambidextrous. Cheong-eui Kim is a truly ambidextrous player with no backhand, and can serve left-handed as well as right-handed.

Some table tennis players have used their ability to hit with their non-dominant hand to return balls out of reach of their dominant hand's backhand, most notably Timo Boll, a former world #1 player.

Although it is quite uncommon, in badminton, ambidextrous players are able to switch the racquet between their hands, often to get to the awkward backhand corner quickly. As badminton can be a very fast sport, at professional levels of play, players might not have time to switch the racquet, as this disrupts their reaction time.

Rugby
In rugby league and rugby union being ambidextrous is an advantage when it comes to passing the ball between teammates as well as being able to use both feet by the halves is an advantage in gaining field position by kicking the ball ahead. Jonny Wilkinson is a prime example of a union player who is good at kicking with both feet, he is left handed and normally place kicks using his left, but he dropped the goal that won the Rugby World Cup in 2003 with his right. Dan Carter is actually right handed, but kicks predominantly with his left, sometimes with his right.

Volleyball
A volleyball player has to be ambidextrous to control the ball to either direction and performing basic digs. On the other hand, the setter has to be proficient in performing dump sets with either hand to throw off blockers. Wing spikers that can spike with either hand can alter trajectories to throw off receivers' timing.

In art
Although most artists have a favored hand, some artists use both of their hands for arts such as drawing and sculpting. It is believed that Leonardo da Vinci utilized both of his hands after an injury to his right hand during his early childhood.

A contemporary artist, Gur Keren, can draw with both his hands and even feet. Thea Alba was a well-known German who could write with all ten fingers.

Tribalogy is the artistic study of creating abstract lines and shapes on a surface using both hands at the same time. An artist who studies tribalogy is referred to as a tribalogist.

In music
In drum and bugle corps (and drum and bell corps), snare drummers, quads (tenors), and bass drummers need to be somewhat ambidextrous. Since they have to abide by what the composer/arranger has written, they have to learn to play evenly in terms of dynamics and speed with their right and left hands. Former Beatles member Paul McCartney is left-handed (guitar and bass guitar) and played left-handed when performing (as can be seen in many photos and videos throughout his musical career). The drummer of The Beatles, Ringo Starr, is left-handed as well, but he plays a right-handed drum kit. American instrumental guitarist Michael Angelo Batio is known for being able to play both right-handed and left-handed guitar proficiently. The ambidexterity of Jimi Hendrix has been explored in a psychology, but he was known for playing a standard right-handed guitar with his left hand. The guitarist Duane Allman was the reverse of Hendrix, playing right-handed but left-handed in all other tasks. Shara Lin is naturally left-handed, but plays the violin and guitar right handed. She can also play the piano with her left hand while playing the zither with her right. Also, naturally left-handed musicians have to play with right-handed-only instruments (violin, viola, cello).

Kurt Cobain, frontman of Nirvana, was naturally ambidextrous. He grew up having a slight preference for his left-hand (as can be seen in many of his childhood photographies), but as an adult he wrote right-handed. He played guitar exclusively left-handed.

Tools
With respect to tools, ambidextrous may be used to mean that the tool may be used equally well with either hand; an "ambidextrous knife" refers to the opening mechanism and locking mechanism on a folding knife. It can also mean that the tool can be interchanged between left and right in some other way, such as an "ambidextrous headset," which can be worn on either the left or right ear. Many tools and implements are made specifically for use in the right hand, and will not work properly if used in the other hand. There exist shops dedicated to selling implements and tools made specifically for left-handed use. For example, left-handed, and ambidextrous, scissors are available.

Many knives are sold sharpened asymmetrically for right-hand use, and resharpened in the same way. It is possible to buy knives sharpened for left-handed use, and to sharpen any knife in that way.

Medicine and surgery
A degree of ambidexterity is required in surgery because surgeons must be able to tie with their left and right hands in either single or double knots. This is usually due to factors like the positioning of the surgeon, whether they have an assistant and the angle required to throw and secure the knot.

Ambidexterity is also useful after surgery on a dominant hand or arm, as it allows the patient to use their non-dominant hand with equal facility as the limb which is recovering from surgery.

Ambisinistrality
A related variation to one that is ambidextrous is a person who displays "ambisinistrality" or is "ambisinistrous". This term is a near inverse to ambidexterity as Latin root of the word ambi- means both and the Latin root of the word -sinistral means "left", being derived from the word sinister. The term "ambisinistral" can be directly interpreted as "both left" or "both sinister".

The term is used in non-scientific manners to describe individuals who have two non-dominant hands, as both hands are either clumsy or insufficient in motor skill and are therefore used equally as much. In an 1992 New York Times Q&A article on ambidexterity, the term was used to describe people "...with both hands as skilled as a right-hander's left hand."

title: Ambidexterity


text:
Penny-farthing

The penny-farthing, also known as a high wheel, high wheeler or ordinary, is an early type of bicycle. It was popular in the 1870s and 1880s, with its large front wheel providing high speeds, owing to it travelling a large distance for every rotation of the wheel. These bicycles had solid rubber tires and as a consequence the only shock absorption was in the saddle.

It became obsolete in the late 1880s with the development of modern bicycles, which provided similar speed, via a chain-driven gear train, and comfort, from the use of pneumatic tires. They were marketed as "safety bicycles" because of the greater ease of mounting and dismounting, the reduced danger of falling, and the reduced height to fall, in comparison to penny-farthings.

The name came from the British penny and farthing coins, the penny being much larger than the farthing, so that the side view of the bicycle resembles a larger penny (the front wheel) leading a smaller farthing (the rear wheel). Although the name "penny-farthing" is now the most common, it was probably not used until the machines had been almost superseded. The first recorded print reference is from 1891 in Bicycling News. For most of their reign, they were simply known as "bicycles", and were the first machines to be so called, although they were not the first two-wheeled, pedalled vehicles. In the late 1890s, the name "ordinary" began to be used, to distinguish them from the emerging safety bicycles, and that term, along with "hi-wheel" and variants, are preferred by many modern enthusiasts.

Following the popularity of the boneshaker, Eugène Meyer, a Frenchman, invented the high-wheeler bicycle design in 1869 and fashioned the wire-spoke tension wheel. Around 1870 English inventor James Starley, described as the father of the bicycle industry, and others, began producing bicycles based on the French boneshaker but with front wheels of increasing size, because larger front wheels, up to 5 ft in diameter, enabled higher speeds on bicycles limited to direct-drive. In 1878, Albert Pope began manufacturing the Columbia bicycle outside Boston, starting their two-decade heyday in the United States.

Although the trend was short-lived, the penny-farthing became a symbol of the late Victorian era. Its popularity also coincided with the birth of cycling as a sport.

Origins and development
Eugène Meyer of Paris is now regarded as the father of the high bicycle by the International Cycling History Conference in place of James Starley. Meyer patented a wire-spoke tension wheel with individually adjustable spokes in 1869. They were called "spider" wheels in Britain when introduced there. Meyer produced a classic high bicycle design during the 1880s.

James Starley in Coventry added the tangent spokes and the mounting step to his famous bicycle named "Ariel". He is regarded as the father of the British cycling industry. Ball bearings, solid rubber tires and hollow-section steel frames became standard, reducing weight and making the ride much smoother.

Penny-farthing bicycles are dangerous because of the risk of headers (taking a fall over the handlebars head-first). Makers developed "moustache" handlebars, allowing the rider's knees to clear them, "Whatton" handlebars that wrapped around behind the legs, and ultimately (though too late, after development of the safety bicycle), the American "Eagle" and "Star" bicycles, whose large and small wheels were reversed. This prevented headers but left the danger of being thrown backwards when riding uphill. Other attempts included moving the seat rearward and driving the wheel by levers or treadles, as in the "Xtraordinary" and "Facile", or gears, by chain as in the "Kangaroo" or at the hub, as in the "Crypto"; another option was to move the seat well back, as in the "Rational".

Even so, bicycling remained the province of the urban well-to-do, and mainly men, until the 1890s, and was a salient example of conspicuous consumption.

Attributes

The penny-farthing used a larger wheel than the velocipede, thus giving higher speeds on all but the steepest hills. In addition, the large wheel gave a smoother ride, important before the invention of pneumatic tires.

An attribute of the penny-farthing is that the rider sits above the front axle. When the wheel strikes rocks and ruts, or under hard braking, the rider can be pitched forward off the bicycle head-first. Headers were relatively common and a significant, sometimes fatal, hazard. Riders coasting down hills often took their feet off the pedals and put them over the tops of the handlebars, so they would be pitched off feet-first instead of head-first.

Penny-farthing bicycles often used similar materials and construction as earlier velocipedes: cast iron frames, solid rubber tires, and plain bearings for pedals, steering, and wheels. They were often quite durable and required little service. For example, when cyclist Thomas Stevens rode around the world in the 1880s, he reported only one significant mechanical problem in over 20000 km, caused when the local military confiscated his bicycle and damaged the front wheel.

End of an era
The well-known dangers of the penny-farthing were, for the time of its prominence, outweighed by its strengths. While it was a difficult, dangerous machine, it was simpler, lighter, and faster than the safer velocipedes of the time. Two new developments changed this situation, and led to the rise of the safety bicycle. The first was the chain drive, originally used on tricycles, allowing a gear ratio to be chosen independent of the wheel size. The second was the pneumatic bicycle tire, allowing smaller wheels to provide a smooth ride. The nephew of one of the men responsible for popularity of the penny-farthing was largely responsible for its demise. James Starley had built the Ariel (spirit of the air) high-wheeler in 1870; but this was a time of innovation, and when chain drives were upgraded so that each link had a small roller, higher and higher speeds became possible without the need for a large front wheel.

In 1885, Starley's nephew John Kemp Starley took these new developments to launch the modern bicycle, the Rover safety bicycle, so-called because the rider, seated much lower and farther behind the front wheel contact point, was less prone to a header.

In 1888, when John Dunlop re-invented the pneumatic tire for his son's tricycle, the high wheel was made obsolete. The comfortable ride once found only on tall wheels could now be enjoyed on smaller chain-driven bicycles. By 1893, high-wheelers were no longer being produced. Use lingered into the 1920s in track cycling until racing safety bicycles were adequately designed.

Modern usage
Today, enthusiasts ride restored penny-farthings, and a few manufacturers build new ones with modern materials. Manufacturers include Richards of England (Hull, UK), Rideable Bicycle Replicas (US), Trott & Sons (UK) and UDC (Taiwan). One of these manufacturers, UDC Penny Farthings, the largest penny-farthing retailer in the United Kingdom, recorded record sales of penny-farthings in 2020 during the COVID-19 lockdown.

The Penny Farthing Club is a cycling club that was founded in 2013 by Neil Laughton. The club offers rider training, bike tours of London and other UK cities, and hosts club events such as penny-farthing polo.

Characteristics
The penny-farthing is a direct-drive bicycle, meaning the cranks and pedals are fixed directly to the hub. Instead of using gears to multiply the revolutions of the pedals, the driven wheel is enlarged so the radius from the hub to the outer wheel is comfortable for the rider to reach the pedals fixed to the hub. But the rider needs to be able to both mount the saddle and reach the pedals. If the wheel is too large, this will not be achievable. For instance a 5'9" cyclist due to their leg length could at best ride a 50"-54" high wheel depending on the height of the saddle.

Construction
The frame is a single tube following the circumference of the front wheel, then diverting to a trailing wheel. A mounting peg is above the rear wheel. The front wheel is in a rigid fork with little if any trail. A spoon brake is usually fitted on the fork crown, operated by a lever from one of the handlebars. The bars are usually mustache shaped, dropping from the level of the headset. The saddle mounts on the frame less than 18 in behind the headset.

One particular model, made by Pope Manufacturing Company in 1886, weighs 36 lb, has a 60-spoke 53 inch front wheel and a 20-spoke 18 inch rear wheel. It is fitted with solid rubber tires. The rims, frame, fork, and handlebars are made from hollow, steel tubing. The steel axles are mounted in adjustable ball bearings. The leather saddle is suspended by springs.

Another model, made by Humber and Co., Ltd., of Beeston, Nottingham, weighs only 24 lb, and has 52 in and 18 in wheels. It has no step and no brakes, in order to minimize weight.

A third model, also made by Pope Manufacturing Company, weighs 49 lb and has forged steel forks. A brake lever on the right of a straight handlebar operates a spoon brake against the front wheel.

All three have cranks that can be adjusted for length.

Operation
Mounting and dismounting a penny-farthing take practice, but can be learned in about an hour or two. Mounting is generally achieved on flat, level ground. It's possible to mount a penny-farthing on a slight incline, but more challenging as you need to maintain momentum. Once the penny-farthing stops rolling, the rider will fall over if they have not mounted by that point. Dismounting on an incline is also to be avoided and one's ability to successfully reach the top needs to be considered before even attempting it.

Once mounting and dismounting have been mastered, speed moderation is the next key skill to learn. If you never cycle faster than you can react to potential hazards, then you can avoid disaster. For instance, don't freewheel (feet off the pedals) down a steep hill which leads to a busy juncture/roundabout or has a blind bend where you can't see if there is a stopped vehicle or other obstruction. Slow-pedaling is a key skill to master. If you can slow-pedal up to a red light, you can stage your approach so when you arrive it is hopefully green, so you don't have to dismount. When cycling downhill, you must start braking at the top of the hill. Start applying resistance on the pedals at the top and through the descent. Also, never brake sharply if using a mechanical brake or you risk going over the handlebars.

The last key skill needed to ride a penny-farthing safely is learning to change direction. Never turn the handlebars too sharply or you risk a headover. Turns should be wide and gentle. Also, in respect to changing direction, skill and care must be exercised when approaching junctures and roundabouts. This is where speed moderation becomes important: you need to stage your approach so you can time arriving at the juncture or roundabout when a gap in traffic permits you to safely join the flow of traffic. This is also true for turning in front of opposing lane traffic: you need to be able to stage your approach to reach the turn when a gap enables you to do so. When approaching any juncture/roundabout, if you cannot enter safely, you must stop and dismount.

When learning, do not cycle a penny-farthing on busy roads: you will not have the skills to stay safe. Only venture onto the roads when you can mount/dismount reflexively and have mastered speed moderation or you risk serious injury or death.

In most other respects, once mounted, riding a penny-farthing is much like riding any other bicycle in respect to anticipating hazards, signaling, and defensive cycling. Penny-farthings are legal to ride on UK roads, but one must check the laws in the country they want to ride their penny-farthing

Performance
Frederick Lindley Dodds, of Stockton-on-Tees, England, is credited with having set the first hour record, covering an estimated distance of 15 miles and 1,480 yards (25.493 kms) on a high-wheeler during a race on the Fenner's Track, Cambridge University on March 25, 1876.

The furthest (paced) hour record ever achieved on a penny-farthing bicycle was 22.09 miles by William A. Rowe, an American, in 1886.

The record for riding from Land's End to John o' Groats on a penny-farthing was set in 1886 by George Pilkington Mills with a time of five days, one hour, and 45 minutes. This record was broken in 2019 by Richard Thoday with a time of four days, 11 hours and 52 minutes.

Until the 21st century, the last paced hour record to be set on a penny-farthing was probably BW Attlee's 1891 English amateur record of 21.10 miles. This was beaten by Scots cyclist Mark Beaumont at Herne Hill Velodrome on 16 June 2018 when he covered 21.92 miles.

In 1884, Thomas Stevens rode a Columbia penny-farthing from San Francisco to Boston —the first cyclist to cross the United States. In 1885–86, he continued from London through Europe, the Middle East, China, and Japan, to become the first to ride around the world.

Tremendous feats of balance were reported, including negotiating a narrow bridge parapet and riding down the U.S. Capitol steps with the American Star Bicycle which has the small wheel in front.

In popular culture
The bike, with the one wheel dominating, led to riders being referred to in America as "wheelmen", a name that lived on for nearly a century in the League of American Wheelmen until renamed the League of American Bicyclists in 1994. Clubs of racing cyclists wore uniforms of peaked caps, tight jackets and knee-length breeches, with leather shoes, the caps and jackets displaying the club's colors. In 1967 collectors and restorers of penny-farthings (and other early bicycles) founded the Wheelmen, a non-profit organization "dedicated to keeping alive the heritage of American cycling".

The high-wheeler lives on in the gear inch units used by cyclists in English-speaking countries to describe gear ratios. These are calculated by multiplying the wheel diameter in inches by the number of teeth on the front chain-wheel and dividing by the teeth on the rear sprocket. The result is the equivalent diameter of a penny-farthing wheel. A 60-inch gear, the largest practicable size for a high-wheeler, is nowadays a middle gear of a utility bicycle, while top gears on many exceed 100 inches. There was at least one 64 inch Columbia made in the mid-1880s, but 60 was the largest in regular production.

A penny-farthing is the logo of The Village in the cult 1960s television series The Prisoner, and is also featured in the show's closing titles. Co-creator and star Patrick McGoohan stated that the bike represented slowing down the wheels of progress.

The penny-farthing is a symbol of the cities of Sparta, Wisconsin; Davis, California; and Redmond, Washington.

Events

 * Each February in Evandale, Tasmania, penny-farthing enthusiasts from around the world converge on the small village for a series of penny-farthing races, including the national championship.
 * In October there is a bicycle ride from the 30 ft statue of an 1890s bicyclist on a penny-farthing in Port Byron, Illinois named "Will B. Rolling" to a similar statue in Sparta, Wisconsin named "Ben Bikin'".
 * In 2004, British leukemia patient and charity fundraiser Lloyd Scott (43) rode a penny-farthing across the Australian outback to raise money for a charitable cause.
 * In November 2008, Briton Joff Summerfield completed a 22000 mile round-the-world trip on a penny-farthing. Summerfield spent two-and-a-half years cycling through 23 countries, visiting locations including the Taj Mahal, Angkor Wat and Mount Everest.
 * Knutsford in England has hosted the Knutsford Great Race every 10 years since 1980. The 1980 race had 15 team entries, and there were 16 in 1990 and 2000. The 2010 race was limited to 50 teams and was in aid of the ShelterBox charity.
 * In 2012, the first Clustered Spires High Wheel Race took place in Frederick, Maryland, USA. This is the country's only race of its kind - a one-hour criterium race around a 0.4 miles course through the historic downtown district.

title: Penny-farthing