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Missouri State University

Missouri State University (MSU or MO State), formerly Southwest Missouri State University, is a public university in Springfield, Missouri. Founded in 1905 as the Fourth District Normal School, it is the state's second largest university by enrollment, with an enrollment of 23,418 in the fall semester of 2023. The school also operates a two-year campus in West Plains, Missouri offering associate degrees, which had an enrollment of 1,060 in the fall semester of 2023. A bachelor's degree in business is offered at Liaoning Normal University in China. The university also operates a fruit research station in Mountain Grove, Missouri and a Department of Defense and Strategic Studies program in Fairfax, Virginia.

History
Missouri State University was formed as the Fourth District Normal School, by legislative action on March 17, 1905. Like other normal schools of the day, the school's primary purpose was the preparation of teachers for the public school system.

Classes began on June 11, 1906, with the first class totaling 543 students in an off-campus facility. The first permanent campus building was Academic Hall. Its cornerstone was laid on August 10, 1907, and construction was completed in January 1909. The building is now known as Carrington Hall, named after William T. Carrington, the first president of the State Normal School. It serves as the university's administrative center.

The Fourth District Normal School became Southwest Missouri State Teacher's College in 1919 to reflect its regional and academic emphasis. Throughout the interwar period, the college's programs expanded to include liberal arts and sciences in the curriculum, thus facilitating a name change to Southwest Missouri State College in 1945. A burgeoning student population throughout the 1950s and 1960s resulted in the establishment of residence halls, accompanied by a growth in post-graduate studies. This led to a third name change in 1972, to Southwest Missouri State University. In 1973, enrollment surpassed 10,000 students for the first time.

By 1985, SMSU had grown into the second-largest public university in the state, leading administrators to support a bill to change the name to Missouri State University, which eventually died in committee in the Missouri General Assembly. In 1990, enrollment surpassed 20,000 students for the first time, but further attempts to rename the school throughout the 1990s and early 2000s also failed. However, the state legislature did grant the university a statewide mission in Public Affairs in 1995.

In 2004, with the election of Springfield native Matt Blunt to the governorship and the approaching centennial of the university's founding, new support developed for the name change. It was opposed by the University of Missouri System (which operates the four campuses of the University of Missouri), which feared that the name change would lead to duplication of academic programs and ongoing battles for students and state funding. In 2005 the name-change bill was passed, following a late-night compromise between University of Missouri System President Elson Floyd and then-Southwest Missouri State President John Keiser, stating that Missouri State University would not duplicate certain professional programs offered by the University of Missouri. The bill to rename the university finally passed the Missouri Senate (25–7). On March 1, 2005, after more than seven hours of debate, the bill passed the Missouri House (120–35). Governor Blunt signed it into law on March 17, 2005—the centennial anniversary of the university—at the Plaster Student Union, where several student and state leaders were present.

In 2006, the university modified its nondiscrimination policy to include sexual orientation as an officially protected status. The addition reads: "... the University does not discriminate on any basis (including, but not limited to, political affiliation and sexual orientation) not related to the applicable educational requirements for students or the applicable job requirements for employees." Former university president John Keiser had firmly opposed the change, as did the Student Government Association in 2004 when Student Body President Chris Curtis moved to change the SGA constitution to mirror the university's. However, the policy was quietly changed on September 18, 2006, during a meeting held in St. Louis. It is generally believed this move was to avoid the mostly conservative citizens of Springfield and add this policy "under the radar" of the critics of the change. Missouri Governor Matt Blunt quickly released criticism of the policy change, calling it "unnecessary and bad", also saying the decision "bows to the forces of political correctness".

In 2011, the university's executive MBA program for students from China came under scrutiny after an article in the Springfield News-Leader questioned the financial relationship between Missouri State and its Hong Kong-based agent, alleging that students were paying double the amount that MSU was receiving. The executive MBA program accepts cohorts of students who come through a sponsor: a provincial or municipal government agency, a university, or a corporation. Missouri State's agent, the International Management Education Corporation (IMEC), identifies and develops relationships with sponsors, who identify and prepare students, screening them for work experience, a minimum grade-point average at the undergraduate level (2.75) and English language proficiency. IMEC then provides MSU with a cohort of a minimum of 30 students, and the sponsors send MSU the students' applications for review. The fees students pay vary by sponsor and range from $15,000 to $22,000. IMEC was contracted to pay Missouri State between $10,103 and $11,886 per student; resulting in between 20 and 55 percent of the student fee being retained by IMEC. IMEC defended the fees claiming they cover marketing/promotion/recruiting and the related overhead costs as well as additional costs including intensive English training, exams, advice on applications and documentations, visa application fees and service and orientations provided by IMEC. University officials defended the program and arrangement stating that it had allowed Missouri State to quickly grow the executive MBA program without having to spend university resources recruiting and marketing overseas. The program has had 370 students since it started in 2007. However, the chair of the Faculty Senate said professors have periodically raised questions about the quality and oversight of the various China initiatives, and had prepared a list of questions for the president in light of the article, expressing a desire to ensure that proper oversight was in place to avoid compromising quality. Following translation and re-publication of information from the News-Leader article by Chinese newspapers, MSU reported that it received calls from several program sponsor organizations in China that they would no longer participate in the program. The university continued to defend the program, arguing that mistranslations of the article had provided an incorrect view of the program's academic rigor and stating that it intended to meet with sponsors and answer any questions about the program.

"The Scotsman" was officially adopted as the university's fight song in the 1960s. The Fight Song is sung after every home football touchdown and prominent at all athletic events. The traditional alumni song of Missouri State is performed at every commencement ceremony and sometimes played at athletic events or other ceremonies. The traditions of school colors and the school mascot were established during the 1906 school year, before the first permanent building (Carrington Hall) was even constructed. A joint committee of faculty and students decided on the colors of maroon and white to represent the university. The same committee also selected the Bear as the official school mascot, basing their choice on the design of the state seal of Missouri. The colors and mascots are reflected on the school seal.

Presidents
Presidents of the college include:
 * 1) William Thomas Carrington, 1906–1918
 * 2) Clyde Milton Hill, 1918–1926
 * 3) Roy Ellis, 1926–1961
 * 4) Leland Eldridge Traywick, 1961–1964
 * 5) Arthur Lee Mallory, 1964–1971
 * 6) Duane G. Meyer, 1971–1983
 * 7) Marshal Gordon, 1983–1992 Russell Keeling (interim), 1992–1993
 * 8) John Keiser, 1994–2005
 * 9) Michael T. Nietzel, 2005–2010
 * 10) James E. Cofer, 2010–2011
 * 11) Clifton M. "Clif" Smart III, 2011–2024
 * 12) Richard "Biff" Williams, 2024-present

Academics
Missouri State University is classified as a "Doctoral/Professional" university by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching.

Divisions
Missouri State University's academic divisions include:
 * Judith Enyeart Reynolds College of Arts and Letters (RCOAL) – Art & Design; Communication; English; Media, Journalism & Film; Modern & Classical Languages; Music; Theatre & Dance
 * College of Business (COB) – School of Accountancy; Information Technology and Cybersecurity; Merchandising & Fashion; Risk Management, Finance & General Business; Management & Entrepreneurship; Marketing; Technology & Construction Management
 * College of Education – Business Education; Early Childhood & Elementary Education; Family and Consumer Sciences; Middle School Education; Special Education/Cross-Categorical; Child & Family Development; Counseling, Leadership, & Special Education; Greenwood Laboratory School; Reading, Foundations, & Technology; Literacy; Student Affairs in Higher Education; Child Life Studies; Educational Administration
 * McQueary College of Health and Human Services (MCHHS) – Biomedical Sciences; Communication Sciences & Disorders; Health, Physical Education & Recreation; Nursing; Physical Therapy; Physician Assistant Studies; Psychology; School of Social Work; Sports Medicine & Athletic Training
 * College of Humanities and Public Affairs – Criminology & Criminal Justice; Defense & Strategic Studies; Economics; History; Military Science; Philosophy; Political Science; Religious Studies; Sociology & Anthropology; Center for Archeological Research
 * College of Natural and Applied Sciences – Biology; Chemistry; Computer Science; Cooperative Engineering; Geography, Geology, & Planning; Hospitality Leadership; Mathematics; Physics, Astronomy, & Materials Science
 * Missouri State Outreach
 * Missouri State Online
 * William H. Darr College of Agriculture
 * Graduate School

The university offers more than 150 undergraduate majors and over 45 graduate programs. For the 2022 fiscal year, the university awarded 4,404 degrees. The Springfield campus had 721 full-time instructional faculty in fall 2009, of which 46 percent were female and 60 percent were tenured. The student-faculty ration is 20-to-1. Nearly 90 percent of full-time ranked faculty members have the most advanced degree available in their field. During its 2009 fiscal year, MSU received 196 grants totaling $20,901,035. Freshmen entering for the fall 2010 semester had an average ACT score of 24 and a high school grade point average of 3.60.

LNU-MSU
In June 2000, Missouri State University entered into an agreement with Liaoning Normal University of the People's Republic of China to establish the LNU-MSU College of International Business on the campus of LNU. As an educational cooperation project between the two universities, the Branch Campus received formal approval from the governing bodies of both universities, the Missouri State Board of Governors and the Bureau of Education of Liaoning Province, China. The college currently offers an Associate of Arts, in General Studies degree and a Bachelor of Science, in General Business degree. The Branch Campus programs are fully accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools as well as the Associate to Advance Collegiate Business Schools (AACSB International). Dalian has a diverse student body, with students from all over the world including Korea, Indonesia, Senegal, Nigeria, Zambia, Iran, Japan and the U.S. It is located atop a prominence on the North Campus of LNU overlooking the university to its south.

Public affairs mission
Missouri State University has a statewide mission in public affairs granted by the state legislature in 1995. The mission is stated as having three broad themes: Ethical Leadership, Cultural Competence and Community Engagement. The goal of the Ethical Leadership component has been articulated by MSU as "students will articulate their value systems, act ethically within the context of a democratic society, and demonstrate engaged and principled leadership." The stated objective of the Cultural Competence component is "students will recognize and respect multiple perspectives and cultures." Two goals have been articulated for the Community Engagement portion of the mission. They are that "students will recognize the importance of contributing their knowledge and experiences to their own community and the broader society" and "students will recognize the importance of scientific principles in the generation of sound public policy." The public affairs mission is emphasized and enhanced by designated Public Affairs Professorships and a Provost Fellow for Public Affairs, special scholarship programs, grant program, Excellence in Community Service Awards, a yearly week-long Missouri Public Affairs Academy for high school students, a campus-wide public affairs emphasis week and the annual MSU Public Affairs Conference which brings together a diverse group of speakers and panelist for public discussions of various aspects of the public affairs mission. Past conference speakers have included Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Nawal El Saadawi, Les Garland, John Edwards and Frances Hesselbein.

Campus
Missouri State University's main campus, containing over 40 buildings, is located on 225 acre in central Springfield. National Avenue forms the eastern boundary, with Kimbrough Avenue to the west, Elm Street to the north, and Grand Street to the south. John Q. Hammons Parkway bisects the campus, running north and south. Facing National Avenue is the "Historic Quadrangle," containing Carrington Hall (1908), Hill Hall (1923) and Siceluff Hall (1927), as well as Cheek Hall (1955) and Ellis Hall (1959). South of that area is Pummill Hall (1957), Karls Hall (1958) and Craig Hall (1967), which contains the Coger Theater and is the site of an annual outdoor summer tent theatre program.

In the center of campus is the Duane G. Meyer Library, constructed in 1980 and named after a former president of the university. It contains over 877,000 books, subscriptions to over 3,500 periodicals and newspapers with back issues on microfilm, microfiche, and microcard, and full text electronic access to over 20,000 periodicals. In addition, the library contains over 934,000 state, federal and United Nations government documents. The Meyer Library was renovated and expanded in 2002, and included the addition of the Jane A. Meyer Carillon, one of only 164 such instruments in the United States. In front of Meyer Library is the five-level, multi-jet John Q. Hammons Fountain (named for the MSU alumnus and hotel developer).

Missouri State's COB is housed in David D. Glass Hall, a 4-story, 185000 sqft building. Glass Hall is named in honor of MSU alumnus and former Wal-Mart CEO David Glass. Originally built in 1988, the College of Business underwent a major renovation in 2016 to update the building and provide more space for academic activities. All programs in the College of Business are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).

Other major academic buildings are located south and west of the Meyer Library. These include Blunt Hall (formerly Temple Hall) (1971), Kemper Hall (1976), and Strong Hall (1998). The majority of the north side of the campus is dedicated to student residences and recreational areas; however, Greenwood Laboratory School, a fully functioning K-12 school, is also located in this area.

Jane A. Meyer Carillon
The Jane A. Meyer Carillon is located in the center of the Missouri State University campus, at the southwest corner of the Duane G. Meyer Library. It was dedicated on April 13, 2002. The total weight of the 48 bronze bells and cast-iron clappers is 32,000 pounds, with the largest bell weighing 5,894 pounds, or nearly three tons. The complete carillon and its supporting tower structure weighs 2.5 million pounds. Funds for the purchase of the bells and keyboard and for the construction of the tower were provided by Ken and Jane Meyer, longtime friends of the university and supporters of the arts. Jane Meyer was a former organ student of the MSU Department of Music. The carillon's 48 bronze bells, cast-iron clappers and keyboard were purchased from and installed by Royal Eijsbouts, a prestigious bell making firm from the Netherlands. The carillon plays the standard Westminster chime sequence every 15 minutes, with the first of the hourly bells marking the exact start of each hour. The department of music also coordinates and presents special concerts throughout the year.

Juanita K. Hammons Hall for the Performing Arts
Juanita K. Hammons Hall for the Performing Arts is a 2,220-seat center located in the northwest corner of the campus. Juanita K. (as referred to by locals) not only hosts the university's music, dance and theatre department performances, it is home to the Springfield Symphony Orchestra. It is the Springfield area's major performance hall and presents a regular schedule of national touring companies and prominent individual performers. The hall includes multi-level boxes and moveable orchestra pit; spacious backstage facilities with individual, crew and chorus dressing rooms, cast lounge, green room, loading dock and break areas; an expansive multi-level lobby; public and private reception areas; full-service front-of-house, technical and support staff offices; an on-site computerized box office; and a 5-level parking garage adjacent to the building.

Athletic facilities

Southeast of Meyer Library is the Robert W. Plaster Sports Complex. Originally built in 1930, the athletic field became the stadium in 1941 and was known for many years as Briggs Stadium in honor of Coach A. W. Briggs, longtime head of Missouri State's athletic department. In 2014, the stadium was converted to a football-specific field surface and other renovations were made for a more intimate fan experience. The playing surface was replaced and moved closer to the west grand stand. In addition, the student side (east side) was fully replaced from the ground up and includes game day locker rooms, a new scoreboard and a party platform called "The Clif". The facility was renamed after a major expansion and renovation in the 1980s that included installation of an artificial playing surface, an all-weather track, a second level of seating, twelve racquetball courts, men's and women's locker rooms, five classrooms, and a fitness center. Immediately north of Plaster Sports Complex is McDonald Arena, built by WPA labor in 1940. It served as the university's central indoor arena until construction of the John Q. Hammons Student Center on the campus' north-west edge in 1976. That venue was in turn replaced as the primary indoor sporting venue by construction of the adjacent 11,000-seat Great Southern Bank Arena (formerly JQH Arena) in 2008.

Campus housing
The Missouri State University main campus contains nine residence halls and two apartment buildings.

Wells House, the university's first campus residence hall, is a five-story, U-shaped residence hall, designed with 2- and 4-person rooms on single-gender floors. It can house up to 490 students.

Freudenberger House (nicknamed "Freddy" by students and faculty) is a five-story, U-shaped residence hall, designed with 2-, 3- and 4-person rooms to accommodate 740 students on single-gender floors.

Woods House provides 376 students with accommodations on single-gender floors and features a 10th floor common area with views of the surrounding area.

Blair-Shannon House accommodates 729 students in a suite-style format with the living areas on co-ed floors.

Hammons House is an eight-story residence hall that can accommodate 584 students on co-ed floors.

Hutchens House, a twin residence hall of Hammons House, is an eight-story residence hall offering housing accommodations for up to 605 students on 8 co-ed floors.

Scholars House provides lodging for up to 115 students who are Honors Program participants or have transferred from another univsersity.

Heitz House is the newest residence hall, opened in August 2022. It includes seven floors, which include a first-level dining center, convenience store, three floors of parking built into the residence hall and three floors of living space, holding up to 400 students.

Monroe Apartments is an apartment facility that houses up to 125 upper class students.

Sunvilla Tower is an 18-story apartment facility that houses over 200 upper-class students in a co-ed environment.

Kentwood Hall was originally built as the luxury Kentwood Arms Hotel (1926), whose guests included President Harry S. Truman and comedian Groucho Marx. It can accommodate up to 101 students. Since being used as a quarantine facility in 2020 and 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Kentwood Hall has not been available on student housing applications.

Computer labs, laundry rooms, kitchen facilities, and public meeting/study spaces are located in every one of the university's residence halls. Available services include free laundry, Philo streaming internet protocol TV service, WI-FI, and 24-hour front desk assistance. Within select houses are floors designated as "Living-learning Communities" (or LLCs). These have a particular theme that is either academically based or interest based. All residential areas are smoke and tobacco free.

Citing the proven detrimental health effects of tobacco use, effective August 15, 2010, Missouri State University enacted a policy further restricting the use of tobacco products and smokeless tobacco on the campus.

Robert W. Plaster Student Union
The four-story Robert W. Plaster Student Union (PSU) is a student activity center located in the center of campus between the main academic and residential areas. This building provides a place for students to dine, socialize, study, shop, and see films and guest speakers in the theater. Multiple restaurant locations are located within the PSU, including Chick-Fil-A, a local business named Queen City Soul Food, Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers, Subway, Panda Express, Starbucks, and a university-based venue: the Union Club. It also houses a convenience store, a copy shop, a clothing store, and an e-sports center, which replaced the former bowling alley. A variety of meeting rooms are also located in the PSU and over 15,000 meetings are even hosted there each year. Offices located in the PSU include Student Engagement, Student Conduct, Multicultural Resources, BearPass Card (MSU's ID system), Campus Recreation, Outdoor Adventures, Citizenship and Service-Learning, Conference Services, various student organizations, the dean of students, Judicial Affairs, Disability Support Services, and Student Orientation, Advisement & Registration (SOAR). The PSU also includes the Leland E. Traywick Parliamentary Room. Dedicated on February 18, 2004, it is named to honor a former MSU president and his introduction of shared governance, including the establishment of the Faculty Senate, during his presidency. A bronze bear statue was dedicated to the university in 1999 and stands at the student union's front entrance. Also located in front of the PSU is the North Mall, which is the location of the "Bear Paw." The Bear Paw is an outdoor plaza and performance area constructed for concerts, forums, rallies, demonstrations, and other public activities. Any member of the university community (such as students, faculty, or staff) may reserve the Bear Paw, and when not reserved, it is available for expressive activities on a first come, first served basis.

Recreation
An active intramural sports program includes competition in basketball, billiards, bowling, disc golf, dodgeball, flag football, futsal, golf, racquetball, sand volleyball, soccer, softball, table tennis, tennis, track, ultimate, volleyball, and weight lifting. Two large intramural fields with artificial turf, electronic scoreboards, and stadium lighting are located on East Harrison Street near Scholars House. A Fitness and Wellness Program offers a variety of group classes and activities to students, including classes with licensed instructors in Pilates, Yoga, Belly Dance, and Zumba. The campus Outdoor Adventures program also provides opportunity and equipment rentals for activities, such as rock climbing, caving, camping, canoeing, and kayaking in the surrounding Ozarks.

In 2012, the 100000 sqft Bill R. Foster and Family Recreation Center was opened to the public.

Campus-wide organizations
There are over 300 student organizations at Missouri State. Student organizations are grouped into eight categories according to their main purpose. These include Academic/Professional, Greek, Honorary, Religious, Service, Social, Sports, and University.

Pride Marching Band
The Pride Marching Band is the official marching band of Missouri State University. The band consists of 300 student musicians, plays at every home football game and has been featured in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City (1988, 1996, 2001), the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena (1995 and 2008), and the Orange Bowl Parade in Miami (1988). They have appeared in the Louisiana Superdome for the New Orleans Saints, in the Trans World Dome for the St. Louis Rams, at Arrowhead Stadium for the Kansas City Chiefs, and at Mile High Stadium for the Denver Broncos. In December 2005 the Pride Band traveled to London, England to be the honor band in the London New Year's Day parade, and was the Honor Band in the 2009 McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade in Chicago, Illinois.

Chorale
The university's chorale performed at the presidential inauguration of Donald Trump in 2017.

Chi Alpha
The first Chi Alpha Christian Fellowship (ΧΑ) was chartered on Missouri State University's campus in 1953. The national organization for Chi Alpha is headquartered in Springfield, MO.

News
The Standard is the university's student-run newspaper. It releases consistent online coverage of campus news and Springfield-area coverage, and also releases multiple print editions each semester, including an issue pertaining to student housing released once per semester. Included in its online content is multiple podcasts and various broadcast projects. The newspaper's content is entirely created and edited by the student staff.

"Ozarks News Journal" is a half-hour Public Affairs TV News Magazine produced fall and spring semesters by broadcast journalism students in the Media, Journalism & Film Department. The show airs weekly on Media Com cable 22 in Springfield.

Radio and television
"KSMU" 91.1 FM is the university's licensed public radio station, broadcasting National Public Radio content, local news and classical music. Its state-of-the-art studios are located in Strong Hall. The station has received numerous awards, including the 2002 National Edward R. Murrow Award from the RTNDA for News Series, the 2001 Regional Edward R. Murrow Award from the RTNDA for Feature Reporting, the 1987 National Edward R. Murrow Award from the RTNDA for Investigative Reporting, The Missouri Broadcasters Association Excellence Award in Documentary Public Affairs in 2002 and 2000, Certificates of Merit for Feature Reporting, Public Affairs Reporting, and Complete News from the Missouri Broadcasters Association, three Public Radio News Directors Incorporated Awards, and the Missouri State Teachers Association Award for Excellence in Education Reporting.

MSU is also the licensee operating Ozarks Public Television, providing PBS programming and instructional television services to 549,540 households in Southwest Missouri and the adjoining three state area. KOZK, the PBS member station in Springfield airs on digital channel 23, virtual channel 21, and a sister station, KOZJ, airs in Joplin, Missouri as digital channel 25, virtual channel 26. The stations digital signal multicasts as 21.1/26.1: OPT-High Definition; 21.2/26.2: OPT-ED (Airs telecourses from MSU as well as miscellaneous PBS programming); and 21.3/26.3: Create, a how-to/DIY network. The broadcast and studio facilities are located in Strong Hall.

Fraternity and sorority life
There are several fraternities and sororities on campus.

Varsity sports
Missouri State University sponsors 17 NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletic teams in men's and women's basketball, golf, soccer, swimming and diving; men's baseball and football; and women's beach volleyball, cross country, softball, tennis, track, and volleyball. MSU teams are nicknamed the Bears, and team colors are maroon and white. The Missouri State University Bears are members of the Missouri Valley Conference for all sports except beach volleyball (Conference USA), football (Missouri Valley Football Conference), and men's swimming and diving (Mid-American Conference). Football competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Missouri State will leave the MVC and MVFC and join Conference USA in 2025. Missouri State teams have made 52 NCAA championship appearances since moving to Division I in the 1982–83 season. The men's basketball team reached the Sweet Sixteen in 1999 and women's basketball made the Final Four in 1992 and 2001, and the Sweet Sixteen in 1993, 2019, and 2021. Baseball made the College World Series in 2003 and volleyball earned their 1000th win Nov. 17, 2006 (only the second team in NCAA history to do so). In 1974, the women's softball team won the AIAW national championship.

Club teams
Missouri State University also sponsors several club teams. The MSU Handball team has won several championships.

In 2001, Missouri State started a club Ice Hockey team, Missouri State University Ice Bears Hockey, that competes in the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) Division I Western Collegiate Hockey League. In 2009 the Ice Bears made their fourth straight ACHA Central Region post season tournament appearance in ACHA Division 2. In 2014, the Missouri State University Ice Bears won the Central Division Regionals and made their first ACHA National Championship Appearance in their 13-year existence. In 2015 the Ice Bears made their second consecutive National Championship Tournament appearance in Salt Lake City Utah. After a 30–2 vote the Ice Bears joined the WCHL in ACHA Division 1 for the 2015–16 season. Ice Bears home games are played at Mediacom Ice Park.

Additional club sports at Missouri State include a bowling team, pistol team, rodeo team, roller hockey club, water ski team, wrestling club, and men's and women's club soccer teams.

title: Missouri State University


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V.

V. is a satirical postmodern novel and the debut novel of Thomas Pynchon, published on March 18, 1963. It describes the exploits of a discharged U.S. Navy sailor named Benny Profane, his reconnection in New York with a group of pseudo-bohemian artists and hangers-on known as the Whole Sick Crew, and the quest of an aging traveler named Herbert Stencil to identify and locate the mysterious entity he knows only as "V." It was nominated for a National Book Award.

Plot summary
The novel alternates between episodes featuring Benny, Stencil and other members of the Whole Sick Crew (including Profane's sidekick Pig Bodine) in 1956 (with a few minor flashbacks), and a generation-spanning plot that comprises Stencil's attempts to unravel the clues he believes will lead him to "V." (or to the various incarnations thereof). Each of these "Stencilised" chapters is set at a different moment of historical crisis; the framing narrative involving Stencil, "V.", and the journals of Stencil's British spy/diplomat father threads the sequences together. The novel's two storylines increasingly converge in the last chapters (the intersecting lines forming a V-shape, as it were), as Stencil hires Benny to travel with him to Malta.

Chapter One: "In which Benny Profane, a schlemihl and human yo-yo, gets to an apocheir"
The opening chapter is set in Norfolk, Virginia, on Christmas Eve, 1955. Benny Profane, a recently discharged seaman, is at a local sailor bar called the "Sailor's Grave" in which every waitress is named Beatrice and the beer taps are rubber model breasts that the sailors suck on. Here Profane meets Ploy, a short violent sailor, his musician friend Dewey Gland, and the Maltese barmaid Paola Hod. Bar owner Mrs. Buffo begins to play a rendition of "It Came Upon the Midnight Clear" to celebrate Christmas only to be immediately assaulted by Ploy and the rest of the intoxicated sailors. The disorder triggers a raid by the military police. Pig Bodine, Paola, Dewey Gland and Profane escape the chaos to Pig's apartment.

Chapter Two: "The Whole Sick Crew"
The chapter opens with Rachel Owlglass confronting the plastic surgeon Shale Schoenmaker whom she accuses of manipulating her friend and roommate Esther Havitz into debt through repeated rhinoplasty. Schoenmaker responds by entering into a monologue on the nature of Jewish women and the nature of appearance.

Section II is set during a party at Rachel's apartment attended by the "Sick Crew", Paola, Esther, and Debb. This section introduces the character Herbert Stencil, a troubled man who is obsessed with his father's mysterious death in Malta (even more mysterious as Sidney Stencil, Herbert's father, was a British secret agent) and the identity of "V", a woman mentioned in his journal.

Chapter Three: "In which Stencil, a quick-change artist, does eight impersonations"
This chapter, set among the British community in Egypt toward the end of the 19th century, consists of an introduction and a series of eight relatively short sections, each of them from the point of view of a different person. The eight sections come together to tell a story of murder and intrigue, intersecting the life of a young woman, Victoria Wren, the first incarnation of V. The title is a hint as to how this chapter is to be understood: Stencil imagines each of the eight viewpoints as he reconstructs—we do not know on how much knowledge and how much conjecture—this episode. This chapter is a reworking of Pynchon's short story "Under the Rose", which was first published in 1961 and is collected in Slow Learner (1984). In the Slow Learner introduction, Pynchon admits he took the details of the setting ("right down to the names of the diplomatic corps") from Karl Baedeker's 1899 travel guide for Egypt. Stencil's reconstruction follows the same basic conflict as "Under the Rose", but it gives the non-European characters much more personality.

Chapter Four: In Which Esther Gets a Nose Job
Section I details the history of Shale Schoenmaker, M.D. and how he began his career as a plastic surgeon. During World War I he eagerly enlists in the A.E.F. hoping to become a pilot but, is instead given a position as an engineer. While serving he witnesses Evan Godolphin, a handsome pilot whom he idealized, become horribly disfigured during an air raid. A month later Schoenmaker visits Godolphin in the hospital while he is recovering from reconstructive surgery, discovering that an incompetent surgeon, Halidom, treated him using the archaic method that would inevitably lead to further disfigurement by infection. This event traumatizes Schoenmaker, causing him to now see it as his mission to help people like Godolphin, a conviction that slowly decays over time.

Stencil comes across Schoenmaker in his search for V. and refers Esther to him for her nose job. At a follow-up appointment Esther and Schoenmaker become lovers.

Chapter Five: In Which Stencil Nearly Goes West with an Alligator
Only marginally part of the Stencil/V. material, this chapter follows Benny and others, as Benny has a job hunting alligators in the sewers under Manhattan. It figures in the Stencil/V. story in that there is a rat named "Veronica" who figures in a subplot about a mad priest — Father Linus Fairing, S.J. — some decades back, living in the sewers and preaching to the rats; we hear from him in the form of his diary. Stencil himself makes a brief appearance toward the end of the chapter.

Chapter Six: In which Profane returns to street level
The chapter follows Profane, Geronimo, Angel, and his sister Josephine "Fina" into the city over several nights of drinking. Fina and Profane's relationship develops amid concerns over her status within a local mercenary street gang known as the Playboys, who see her as a spiritual figurehead. The chapter ends amid a massive brawl, nearby which Fina is found lying naked and smiling.

Chapter Seven: She hangs on the western wall
In Florence in 1899, Victoria appears again, briefly, but so does the place name "Vheissu", which may or may not stand for Vesuvius, Venezuela, a crude interpretation of wie heißt du, translating into who are you in the German language, or even (one character jokes) Venus. The chapter also revolves around an attempted burglary of Botticelli's The Birth of Venus by Hugh Godolphin through the Venezuelan consulate.

Chapter Eight: In which Rachel gets her yo-yo back, Roony sings a song, and Stencil calls on Bloody Chiclitz
The chapter begins with Benny Profane, freshly unemployed after being laid-off from sewer-alligator hunting, in search of a job in Manhattan. After briefly contemplating the nature of money on a park bench, he, by chance, looks at an advertisement issued by The Time/Space Employment Agency. Once arriving at the agency he finds, much to his annoyance, that the secretary is his former lover Rachel Owlglass. In section IV Stencil continues his investigation of the perplexing "V." (whom he now believes is either Victoria or the rat Veronica) meeting up with a Yoyodyne engineer Kurt Mondaugen.

Chapter Nine: Mondaugen's story
Kurt Mondaugen, who will appear again in Gravity's Rainbow, is the central character in a story set in South West Africa (now Namibia) partly during a siege in 1922 at which one Vera Meroving is present, but most notably in 1904, during the Herero Wars, when South West Africa was a German colony.

Chapter Ten: In which various sets of young people get together
McClintic Sphere, an alto sax player in a jazz band, returns home to his boarding house in Harlem. The previous week, spent playing primarily for condescending, snobby Ivy League students, has left him exhausted, and he relaxes in his room with a prostitute named Ruby. Benny, meanwhile, finally gets a job at Anthroresearch Associates, where he's introduced to SHROUD, a synthetic humanoid with whom he holds imaginary conversations. Pig Bodine and Roony Winsome get into a fight, based on Roony's suspicion that Pig is involved with his (Roony's) wife, Mafia. Meanwhile, Mafia aggressively pursues sex with Benny, who declines. Schoenmaker and Esther get into a few arguments because he says he wants to bring out her inner beauty by performing more plastic surgery on her. The chapter finishes out with the Whole Sick Crew hanging out in various places: Sheridan Square, the Rusty Spoon, Slab in front of his Cheese Danish No. 35 canvas. Stencil, looking for Rachel at her apartment, comes upon Paola who gives him the Confessions of Fausto Maijstral.

Chapter Eleven: Confessions of Fausto Maijstral
Fausto Maijstral, Maltese civilian suffering under the German bombardment and working to clear the rubble during World War II writes a long letter to his daughter Paola, who figures in the Benny Profane story; the letter comes into Stencil's hands. The letter includes copious quotations from Fausto's diary. Besides the place name Valletta, V. figures in the story as an old — or possibly not-so-old — woman crushed by a beam of a fallen building.

Chapter Twelve: In which things are not so amusing
Roony and Mafia continue fighting, so Roony meets up with McClintic at the V-Note, and they travel to Lenox, Massachusetts. Returning to Matilda's boardinghouse, they meet up with Ruby, who Roony recognizes as being a member of the Crew in disguise. Esther tells Slab she is pregnant. He wants to send her to Cuba to get an abortion, and raises the money by announcing his intentions and asking for money at a party the Crew is throwing in an abandoned warehouse. Roony's attempts to deal with his wife then take a dark turn, but he is saved by Pig. At an airport, Esther and Slab attempt to catch Esther a flight to Cuba, but meet some resistance. Paola, traveling with McClintic, reveals her true identity to him. He delivers the line, "Keep cool, but care," considered the novel's central theme, as they drive off into the Berkshires.

Chapter Thirteen: In which the yo-yo string is revealed as a state of mind
Benny loses his job at Anthroresearch Associates by sleeping in and not being at work to notify the attendant technician that several calamities have occurred in the lab. Rachel nudges him to get a new job, and says that she will find one for him herself. An amusing story unfolds about Benny and Pig during their Scaffold days. Benny, unable and unwilling to get work, instead takes a self-described vacation and chooses to spend his spare time at the Rusty Spoon. He gets drunk with Stencil, who relates the entirety of his knowledge of V. as it stands to this point in the novel. Valletta being the last place on Stencil's journey to find information about V., he asks Benny to accompany him and Paola to the island. Benny and Stencil commit a robbery in perilous circumstances, and then, in late September, they embark for Malta with Paola on board the Susanna Squaducci.

Chapter Fourteen: V. in love
In this chapter, V. is entranced by a young ballerina, Mélanie l'Heuremaudit. The story centers on a riotous ballet performance, almost certainly modeled in part on the premiere of Igor Stravinsky's The Rite of Spring. The performance centers on a virgin sacrifice by impalement. The young ballerina fails to wear her protective equipment and actually dies by impalement in the course of the performance; everyone assumes her death throes simply to be an uncharacteristically emotional performance.

Chapter Fifteen: Sahha
Benny and Pig Bodine have one last adventure with two girls, Flip and Flop, as they all get drunk and wander around Washington D.C.. There are two going away parties for Benny, and the chapter ends with Benny, Stencil, and Paola leaving for Malta aboard the Susanna Squaducci as the Crew looks on and says goodbye.

Chapter Sixteen: Valletta
As the Royal Navy mass on Malta in the early stages of the Suez Crisis, Stencil arrives with Benny in tow, searching for Fausto Maijstral. (As always, Kilroy was here first, and Pynchon proposes a novel origin for the face: that Kilroy was originally a schematic for part of a band-pass filter.)

Epilogue
The last chapter is a flashback to Valletta when Stencil, Sr. was still alive. After World War I he is sent to Malta to observe the various crises going on involving the natives and their desire for independence. He is implored by Maijstral's wife (who is pregnant with Fausto) to relieve him of his duties as a double agent because she fears for his life. Stencil, Sr. meets Veronica Manganese or V and implicitly has sex with her (she is now largely made up of artificial limbs). It is revealed they had trysted in Florence after the riots. He finds out that Maijstral is having an affair with her as well.

Linus Fairing is also working as a double agent for Stencil, and when he leaves for America, having tired of the life of a spy, Stencil's purpose for being in Malta is null.

V releases Stencil from her auspices and Maijstral as well.

Stencil sails off into the Mediterranean and a waterspout blows the ship up into the air, then down into the depths, not too dissimilar from the conclusion of another American masterpiece, Moby-Dick, also a sailor's story.

Major characters

 * Benny Profane – The protagonist and a self-proclaimed human yo-yo
 * Rachel Owlglass – An upper-class woman from the affluent Five Towns on the south shore of Long Island
 * Herbert Stencil – A troubled Englishman who is obsessed with the identity of "V." a woman who is mentioned in his father's journal written shortly before he disappeared in Malta. Stencil speaks almost exclusively in the third person.

Minor characters

 * Clayton "Bloody" Chiclitz, the founder of Yoyodyne Inc.
 * Angel – Puerto Rican sewer alligator hunter and friend of Profane
 * Fina – Angel's sister, she acts as a saint to the Playboy gang, often quelling disputes between them and other gangs over territory. In chapter six it is heavily implied that she is raped by the same gang.
 * Geronimo
 * Slab
 * Melvin
 * Raoul
 * Debb Sensay
 * Brad
 * Roony Winsome
 * Mafia Winsome
 * Paola Maijstral – Maltese immigrant who Profane estimates to be roughly sixteen. Sometime during World War II, Paola marries Pappy Hod to gain entrance to the United States.
 * Esther Harvitz – Rachel's Jewish roommate whom Rachel financially supports.
 * McClintic Sphere
 * Fergus Mixolydian – An "Irish Armenian Jew" and the "laziest living being in Nueva York". Fergus is so lethargic that the only activity that he takes part in excluding television is once a week "to fiddle around at the kitchen sink with dry cells, retorts, alembics, salts solutions."
 * Shale Schoenmaker, M.D. – a Jewish plastic surgeon who specializes in rhinoplasty. Schoenmaker decides to become a plastic surgeon during World War I while working as an engineer in the Aviation Section. During this time he witnesses pilot Evan Godolphin become disfigured after a mission in which his plane was heavily damaged.
 * Dudley Eigenvalue, D.D.S, -- Stencil's dentist and "psychodontist" in whom he confides. Eigenvalue also possesses a prized pair of titanium dentures in a museum display case in his offices.
 * Ploy – An engineer on the mine sweeper Impulsive. Standing five feet tall in boots, Ploy has an extremely violent temperament, oftentimes attempting to start fights with the largest sailors. Ten months before the beginning of the first chapter Ploy's teeth are removed by the Navy, being replaced by a pair of dentures. Ploy entertains himself by biting barmaids at the Sailor's Grave on the buttocks.
 * Pig Bodine – A perverted member of the Sick Crew. Prior to joining the crew, Bodine was enlisted on the U.S.S. Scaffold where he operated a pornographic lending library and would write fetish erotica using the ship telegraph. Bodine's knees have the odd ability to lock in place allowing him to effectively sleep while standing, much to the astonishment of the navy physicians.
 * Kurt Mondaugen – An engineer who works at Yoyodyne who is interviewed by Stencil.

Analysis and reception
Time wrote "In this sort of book, there is no total to arrive at. Nothing makes any waking sense. But it makes a powerful, deeply disturbing dream sense. Nothing in the book seems to have been thrown in arbitrarily, merely to confuse, as is the case when inept authors work at illusion. Pynchon appears to be indulging in the fine, pre-Freudian luxury of dreams dreamt for the dreaming. The book sails with majesty through caverns measureless to man. What does it mean? Who, finally, is V.? Few books haunt the waking or the sleeping mind, but this is one. Who, indeed?"

Tony Tanner considered the novel an exploration of the plots individuals ascribe to the ambivalent universe they have no choice but to confront, during a 20th-century period in which genuine communication between individuals has been eroded and in which ambiguous societal forces are at work (intentionally or inadvertently) towards a state of entropy; "SHROUD asks, 'Has it occurred to you there may be no more standards for crazy or sane, now that it's started?' And Benny answers, 'What, for Christ's sake?' What the 'it' is that has started (if there is an 'it'), what common process links remote imperialist incidents with contemporary automation, tourism, Hitler, and the Whole Sick Crew (if there is any linking common process)—this is what the whole book is about."

Writing in The New York Times, George Plimpton called Pynchon "a young writer of staggering promise", lauding his "vigorous and imaginative style", "robust humor" and "tremendous reservoir of information".

In 1964, the novel was awarded a William Faulkner Foundation Award for best debut novel.

There is an interesting connection to So Many Doors, a 1951 crime novel written by Oakley Hall, an author for whom Pynchon has expressed admiration. In that novel a character named Vasilia Baird is murdered and it is revealed that many suspects knew her only as "V."

Editions
In 2012, it emerged that there were multiple versions of V. in circulation. This was due to the fact that Pynchon's final modifications were made after the first edition was printed and thus were only implemented in the British, or Jonathan Cape, edition and the Bantam paperback. The fact was forgotten soon after in the U.S., so most US editions, including the newly released eBook, follow the first printing and are therefore unauthorized versions of the text, while the British editions, which follow the first edition printed by Jonathan Cape, contain Pynchon's final revisions.

In popular culture

 * The line "Yesterday's headlines blown by the wind" in English rock band Radiohead's 2003 song "Scatterbrain" was inspired by a passage from the novel.
 * Mimi and Richard Fariña's 1965 debut album, Celebrations for a Grey Day, includes an instrumental entitled "V." which is linked directly to the novel in the liner notes.
 * A suite of songs on the 1969 album Volume Two by Soft Machine is titled "Esther's Nose Job", referring to Chapter 4: "In which Esther gets a nose job."
 * The English band Benny Profane took their name from Pynchon's character.
 * The Insect Trust's 1970 album Hoboken Saturday Night includes the song "Eyes of a New York Woman", with lyrics taken from the novel. The same lyrics form the basis of a different song, "V. in Love", from the album Colour Out of Space by Favorite Color.
 * Alan Moore's V for Vendetta includes the title character V quoting and reading from Pynchon's book.
 * Some aspects of Paul Thomas Anderson's The Master (2012) are based on V., such as the protagonist being a discharged sailor and his connection with a cult-like group of individuals.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: V.


text:
User:Katrinharvey

Katrin Harvey is a 23 year old student in Austria. She studies English and International Development at the University of Vienna. She has a younger brother, David, 21.

title: User:Katrinharvey


text:
1869 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1869.

Events

 * February 28 – The premiere of Brahms' Rinaldo took place in Vienna at a concert of the Akademischer Gesangverein. The composer conducted, with the tenor Gustav Walter, a student chorus numbering 300, and the Court Opera orchestra.
 * April 3 – Edvard Grieg's Piano Concerto is premiered at Copenhagen's Casino.
 * May 25 – The Vienna State Opera is inaugurated with a performance of Mozart's Don Giovanni.
 * September 22 – Richard Wagner's opera Das Rheingold debuts at the Königlich Hof- und Nationaltheater in Munich.
 * Approximate date – Start of "golden age" of flamenco.
 * Tchaikovsky completes the initial version of Romeo and Juliet. It will be revised the next year and in 1880.

Published popular music

 * "The Little Brown Jug" by J. Eastburn Winner
 * "Now the Day is Over" w. Sabine Baring-Gould m. Joseph Barnby
 * "Shoo Fly, Don't Bother Me" attributed to T. Brigham Bishop (possibly w. Billy Reeves m. Frank Campbell)
 * "Sweet Genevieve" w. George Cooper m. Henry Tucker

Classical music

 * Mili Balakirev – Islamey an "Oriental Fantasy" for piano.
 * Johannes Brahms
 * Ein deutsches Requiem
 * Hungarian Dances
 * Anton Bruckner
 * Mitternacht, WAB 80
 * Symphony in D minor ("Die Nullte")
 * Teresa Carreño – Un bal en rêve, Op.26
 * Henri Duparc
 * Feuilles volantes, Op.1
 * Soupir
 * Louis Moreau Gottschalk – Grande fantaisie triomphale sur l'hymne national brésilien, Op.69
 * Louis James Alfred Lefébure-Wély – Vade-mecum de l'organiste, Op. 187
 * Heinrich Lichner – Figurinen, Op.57
 * Joachim Raff – Fantaisie, Op.142
 * Camille Saint-Saëns
 * Orient et occident, Op. 25
 * La coccinelle
 * Paraphrase sur Mandolinata de Paladilhe
 * George Stephanescu – Symphony in A
 * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky –  Six Romances, Op. 6 including None but the lonely heart

Opera

 * Frederic Clay – Ages Ago
 * Karel Miry – Een engel op wacht (opera in 1 act, libretto by P. Geiregat, premiered on December 8 in Brussels)
 * Richard Wagner – Das Rheingold

Births

 * January 20 – George Hamlin, American opera singer (d. 1923)
 * February 1 – Kerry Mills, American violinist and songwriter (d. 1948)
 * February 3 – Giulio Gatti-Casazza, opera manager (d. 1940)
 * February 12 – Theodor Bertram, German opera singer (d.1907)
 * March 3 – Henry Wood, conductor (d. 1944)
 * May 5 – Hans Pfitzner, composer (d. 1949)
 * June 6 – Siegfried Wagner, composer (d. 1930)
 * July 9 – Arnold Volpe, composer (d. 1940)
 * July 13 – Florence Perry, opera singer (d. 1949)
 * August 14 – Armas Järnefelt, Finnish composer and conductor (d. 1958)
 * September 2 – Carlos Hartling, composer of the national anthem of Honduras (d. 1920)
 * September 6 – Walford Davies, British composer and organist, Master of the King's Musick (d. 1941)
 * September 21 – Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński, Polish composer, pianist, conductor, and teacher (d. 1928)
 * September 30 – E. A. Couturier, American cornet virtuoso, composer, inventor and instrument manufacturer (d. 1950)
 * October 8 (September 26 O.S.) – Komitas, born Soghomon Soghomonian, Turkish Armenian priest and ethnomusicologist (d. 1935)
 * date unknown
 * Kate Carney, born Catherine Pattinson, English music hall singer (d. 1950)
 * Maximilian Maksakov, born Max Schwartz, Austro-Russian operatic baritone (d. 1936)

Deaths

 * January 10 – Joan Aulí, organist and composer (b. 1796)
 * January 17 – Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Russian composer (b. 1813)
 * January 30 – Charlotte Alington Barnard ('Claribel'), English ballad composer (b. 1830)
 * March 8 – Hector Berlioz, composer (b. 1803)
 * March 23 – Charles Lucas, cellist (b. 1808)
 * April 1 – Alexander Dreyschock, pianist and composer (b. 1818)
 * April 12 – Antonie Brentano, friend of Beethoven (b. 1780)
 * April 15 – August Wilhelm Bach, German composer and organist (b. 1796)
 * April 20 – Carl Loewe, composer, baritone, conductor (b. 1796)
 * May 10 – Bernhard Molique, German violinist and composer (b. 1802)
 * June 4 – Joseph Ascher, pianist and composer (b. 1829)
 * June 15 – Albert Grisar, composer (b. 1808)
 * July 18 – Louis Bouilhet, lyricist (born 1822)
 * August 13 – Giuseppe Persiani, opera composer (b. 1799)
 * August 24 – Macedonio Alcalá, pianist, violinist and songwriter (b. 1831)
 * November 29 – Giulia Grisi, opera singer (b. 1811)
 * December 18 – Louis Moreau Gottschalk, composer and pianist (b. 1829) (overdose of quinine)
 * December 23 – Julian Fontana, pianist (b. 1810)
 * December 31 – Louis James Alfred Lefébure-Wély, organist (b. 1817)

title: 1869 in music


text:
1868 in music

Events

 * January 5 – Max Bruch's Violin Concerto no. 1 in G minor is first performed in its revised version by Joseph Joachim in Bremen with Karl Martin Rheinthaler conducting.
 * February 3 – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's Symphony No. 1 ("Winter Daydreams") is first performed in Moscow at a Russian Musical Society concert (having been premièred in Saint Petersburg).
 * April 10 (Good Friday) – The six movement version of Brahms' A German Requiem (Ein deutsches Requiem) is premièred in Bremen Cathedral with Brahms conducting and Julius Stockhausen as the baritone soloist.
 * June 21 – Richard Wagner's opera Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg debuts at the Königliches Hof- und National-Theater, Munich with Hans von Bülow conducting.
 * August 15 – Teatro Giuseppe Verdi opens in Busseto, Italy.
 * October – Modest Mussorgsky begins work on his opera Boris Godunov, which is completed six years later.
 * December 21 – The newly rebuilt Gaiety Theatre, London (in the West End) reopens with operatic parodies, including the burlesque Robert the Devil, or The Nun, the Dun, and the Son of a Gun, setting new lyrics by W. S. Gilbert to popular continental opera tunes.
 * Aristide Cavaillé-Coll's organ at Notre-Dame de Paris is dedicated.
 * Edvard Grieg writes his Piano Concerto while staying on Zealand.

Published popular music

 * "Captain Jinks"
 * "Come Back To Erin" by Claribel
 * "Crown Him with Many Crowns" w. Matthew Bridges (1851) m. George Job Elvey (1868)
 * "Her Bright Smile Haunts Me Still" w. J.E. Carpenter m. W.T. Wrighton
 * "I Cannot Sing The Old Songs"     w.m. Claribel
 * "Little Footsteps" w. Michael Bennett Leavitt m. James A. Barney
 * "The Man on the Flying Trapeze" by George Leybourne, Gaston Lyle, & Alfred Lee (first published the previous year)
 * "The Sweet By and By" w. S. Fillmore m. Joseph P. Webster
 * "Walking In The Zoo" w. Hugh Willoughby Sweny  m. Alfred Lee
 * "What a Friend We Have in Jesus" w. Joseph M. Scriven (1855) m. Charles C. Converse (1868)
 * "The Whispering Hope" by Septimus Winner
 * "The Widow In The Cottage By The Sea"    w.m. Charles A. White
 * "Yield Not To Temptation" w.m. Horatio R. Palmer

Classical music

 * Jean-Baptiste Accolay – Concerto for Violin No. 1 in A minor
 * Georges Bizet – Variations chromatiques de concert for piano
 * Ignaz Brüll – Piano Concerto No. 2 in C, op. 24
 * Johannes Brahms
 * Ein deutsches Requiem, op. 45
 * 5 Lieder, op. 49
 * Anton Bruckner - Symphony No. 1
 * Camille Saint-Saëns – Piano Concerto No. 2
 * Johann Strauss II – Tales from the Vienna Woods
 * Peter Tchaikovsky
 * Songs Without Words
 * Fatum

Opera

 * Arrigo Boito – Mefistofele
 * Gaetano Braga – Ruy Blas
 * John Thomas Douglass – Virginia's Ball performed (once) at the Stuyvesant Institute on Broadway in New York City, generally regarded as the first opera written by a black composer
 * Gialdino Gialdini – Rosmunda premiered March 5 at the Teatro Pergola, Florence
 * Jacques Offenbach – The Island of Tulipatan
 * Richard Wagner – Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg, premièred in the Königliches Hof- und National-Theater, Munich

Musical theatre

 * La Belle Hélène (Music by Jacques Offenbach Libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy) New York production opened at Pike's Opera House on November 2 and ran for 14 performances
 * Ixion Broadway production opened at Wood's Museum and Metropolitan on September 28 and ran for 120 performances. Starring Lydia Thompson.
 * The White Fawn Broadway production opened at Niblo's Garden on January 17 and ran for 176 performances

Births

 * January 6 – Vittorio Monti, Italian violinist, composer and conductor (d. 1922)
 * January 24 – Frank Peabody Atherton, composer, educator (d. 1911)
 * January 26 – Juventino Rosas, composer, band leader (d. 1894)
 * April 13 – John Blackwood McEwen, composer, educator (d. 1948)
 * April 19 – Max von Schillings, composer, conductor (d. 1933)
 * April 22 – José Vianna da Motta, composer, pianist (d. 1948)
 * July 19 – Florence Foster Jenkins, soprano (d. 1944)
 * August 7 – Granville Bantock, composer (d. 1946)
 * August 21 – Vess Ossman, ragtime banjo player (d. 1923)
 * September 8 – Seth Weeks, African American jazz mandolinist, composer, arranger and bandleader (d. 1953)
 * September 12 – Jan Brandts Buys, composer (d. 1933)
 * November 30 – Ernest Newman, critic (d. 1959)
 * Early? (or November 24?) – Scott Joplin, African American ragtime composer, pianist (d. 1917)

Deaths

 * January 3 – Moritz Hauptmann, composer (b. 1792)
 * February 25 – Sophie Schröder, actress and singer (b. 1781)
 * March 2 – Carl Eberwein, composer (b. 1786)
 * April 3 – Franz Berwald, composer (b. 1796)
 * April 26 – Karel Strakatý, singer (b. 1804)
 * June 5 – Anselm Hüttenbrenner, composer (b. 1794)
 * July 6 – Samuel Lover, songwriter (b. 1797)
 * August 11 – Halfdan Kjerulf, composer (b. 1815)
 * November 13 – Gioacchino Rossini, composer (b. 1792)
 * November 25 – Franz Brendel, music critic (b. 1811)
 * December 23 – Karl Ferdinand Adam, composer and cantor (b. 1806)
 * date unknown
 * Berl Broder, singer and troubadour (b. 1815)
 * Erik Jonsson Helland, Hardanger fiddle maker (b. 1816)

title: 1868 in music


text:
1863 in music

Events

 * January 6 – Johannes Brahms' Piano Sonata no. 3 is premiered in Vienna, played by the 29-year-old composer. Richard Wagner is among the audience.
 * January 29 – Established composer Giacomo Meyerbeer presents the young Jacques Offenbach to Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, the queen consort of Prussia.
 * February 8 – Richard Wagner conducts a concert of his own music in Prague; Antonín Dvořák is a member of the orchestra.
 * February-April – Richard Wagner conducts a concert of his own music in Saint Petersburg. Tchaikovsky and César Cui attend.  Works performed included excerpts from Tristan und Isolde, Das Rheingold, Die Walküre and the overture to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg.
 * February 25 – Johann Strauss II is appointed musical director of the Hofball.
 * March 15 – In Vienna, Franz Schubert's Der Entfernten D.331 for a male vocal quartet is performed in public for the first time, 35 years after the composer's death.
 * April 19 – Hector Berlioz is presented with the Cross of the Order of Hohenzollern.
 * May 10 – Violinist Joseph Joachim marries contralto Amalie Schneeweiss.
 * May 12 – Richard Wagner takes up residence at Penzing, near Vienna.
 * June 20 – Franz Liszt takes up residence at the Dominican monastery of the Madonna del Rosario, Monte Mario, near Rome.
 * July 11 – Pope Pius IX visits Franz Liszt at Monte Mario, and the two hold an impromptu concert.
 * August 3 – 21-year-old Jules Massenet is awarded the First Grand Prix de Rome for his setting of the cantata David Rizzio.
 * September 30 – Georges Bizet's opera, Les pêcheurs de perles receives its première at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris.
 * November 2 – John Knowles Paine performs at the inauguration of a new organ at the Music Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
 * November 4 – Les Troyens, opera by Hector Berlioz, debuts, also at the Théâtre Lyrique
 * December 13 – Modest Mussorgsky becomes collegiate secretary at the chief engineering department of the Russian Ministry of Communications. In the same year, he begins work on an opera, Salammbô, which is never finished.

Published popular music

 * "All Quiet Along the Potomac Tonight"    w. Ethel Lynn Beers m. John Hill Hewitt
 * "Eton Boating Song" w. William Johnson Cory m. Capt. Algernon Drummond
 * "For the Dear Old Flag I Die" by Stephen Foster
 * "Just Before the Battle, Mother" by George F. Root
 * "Katy Bell" by Stephen Foster
 * "Mother Would Comfort Me" w.m. Charles C. Sawyer
 * "My Wife Is a Most Knowing Woman" by Stephen Foster
 * "Oh My Darling, Clementine" by Percy Montrose & H S. Thompson
 * "Sweet and Low" words by Alfred Tennyson, music by Joseph Barnby
 * "Tenting on the Old Camp Ground" w.m. Walter Kittredge
 * "Weeping Sad And Lonely" w. Charles Carroll Sawyer m. Henry Tucker
 * "When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again" w.m. 'Louis Lambert' (Patrick Gilmore) (copyrighted September 26)
 * "When This Dreadful War Is Ended" by Stephen Foster
 * "You Are Going to the Wars, Willie Boy!"    w.m. John Hill Hewitt
 * "The Young Volunteer"    w.m. John Hill Hewitt

Classical music

 * Mily Balakirev – On the Volga
 * Max Bruch – 10 Songs for Voice and Piano, Op.17
 * Anton Bruckner – Study Symphony in F minor
 * Edvard Grieg
 * Poetic Tone-Pictures, Op.3
 * 4 Songs for Male Voices, EG 160
 * Halfdan Kjerulf – 4 Sange, Op.10
 * Franz Liszt
 * Salve Polonia (S 518)
 * Rhapsodie espagnole (S 254)
 * 'Venezia e Napoli' – Tarantella
 * St Francis of Paule walking on the waves
 * Camille Saint-Saëns
 * Piano Trio No. 1 in F major opus 18,
 * Spartacus overture in E♭ major
 * Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso Op. 28
 * Johannes Brahms – Variations on a Theme of Paganini
 * William Stanley – New South Wales volunteer Rifles Quick March
 * Joachim Raff
 * Suite No.1 for Orchestra, Op.101
 * Piano Trio No.2, Op.112
 * Henrik Rung – Det Svundne og det Vundne

Opera

 * Hector Berlioz – Les Troyens
 * Georges Bizet – Les pêcheurs de perles (The Pearl Fishers)
 * Charles Gounod – Mireille (opera)
 * Giovanni Pacini – Carmelita (not performed)
 * Jacques Offenbach – Il signor Fagotto
 * Semen Hulak-Artemovsky – Zaporozhets za Dunayem

Musical theater

 * Ixion London production opened at the Royalty Theatre on September 28 and ran for 153 performances

Births

 * February 4 – Pauline de Ahna, operatic soprano (died 1950)
 * February 5 – Armand Parent, composer (died 1934)
 * February 13 – Hugo Becker, composer (died 1941)
 * February 19 – Emánuel Moór, composer (died 1931)
 * February – George J. Gaskin, tenor (died 1920)
 * March 20 – Ernesto Nazareth, pianist and composer (died 1934)
 * March 21 – Hugo Kaun, conductor, composer and music teacher (died 1932)
 * April 3 – Wilhelm Middelschulte, composer (died 1943)
 * April 4 – Blanche Marchesi, operatic contralto (died 1940)
 * April 9 – Ernst Heuser, German composer (died 1942)
 * April 19 – Felix Blumenfeld, Russian composer, pianist (died 1931)
 * May 10
 * Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury, Bengali writer, painter, violin player and composer (died 1915)
 * Charles René, composer (died 1935)
 * May 12
 * Charles Bordes, composer (died 1909)
 * Henry Expert, musicologist (died 1952)
 * June 2 – Felix von Weingartner, composer, conductor (died 1942)
 * June 5
 * Arthur Somervell (died 1937)
 * Adolf Schuppan, composer (died c. 1931)
 * June 13 – Josef Venantius Wöss, composer (died 1943)
 * June 16 – Paul Antonin Vidal, composer (died 1931)
 * July 20 – W. H. Neidlinger, composer (died 1924)
 * July 28 – Carl Adolph Preyer, composer, pianist (died 1947)
 * August 11 – Árpád Szendy, composer (died 1922)
 * August 16 – Gabriel Pierné, composer (died 1937)
 * September 2 – Isidor Philipp, composer (died 1958)
 * September 15 – Horatio Parker, composer (died 1919)
 * November 1 – Alfred Reisenauer, composer (died 1907)
 * December 7 – Pietro Mascagni, composer (died 1945)
 * December 17 – Ion Vidu, composer (died 1931)
 * December 24 – Enrique Fernández Arbós, violinist, conductor and composer (died 1939)

Deaths

 * February 4 – Giuseppe Lillo, composer, 38
 * February 25 – Laure Cinti-Damoreau, operatic soprano, 62
 * March 23 – Charles William Glover, composer (born 1806)
 * April 8 – Joseph Netherclift, composer, 70
 * May 14
 * Ferdinand Beyer, composer (born 1803)
 * Émile Prudent, composer, 46
 * June – Filippo Colini, operatic baritone, 51
 * June 7 – Franz Xaver Gruber, composer of "Silent Night", 75
 * June 12 – Pietro Alfieri, Roman Catholic music writer, 61
 * June 20 – Luigi Felice Rossi, composer, 57
 * June 22 – Carl Schuberth, composer (born 1811)
 * July 23 – Sophie Lebrun, pianist and composer, 82
 * August 5 – Adolf Friedrich Hesse, composer, 53

title: 1863 in music


text:
Talk:Nickel

Cuban Nickel
major production areas include should mention Cuba's mines which constitute a double digit portion of global production 64.179.189.25 (talk) 17:11, 23 March 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nickel


text:
1864 in music

Events

 * January 13 – American songwriter Stephen Foster ("Oh! Susanna", "Old Folks at Home") dies aged 37 in New York City leaving a scrap of paper reading "Dear friends and gentle hearts". His parlor song "Beautiful Dreamer" is published in March.
 * February 24 – Bedřich Smetana's symphonic poem Hakon Jarl is premiered in Prague.
 * February 29 – Composer Gioachino Rossini celebrates his 72nd (17th) birthday with a party. It is 32 years since his last opera.
 * May – Richard Wagner meets his new patron, the young Ludwig II of Bavaria, in Munich.
 * December 17 – Jacques Offenbach's operetta La Belle Hélène receives its first performance at the Paris Variétés
 * Hans von Bülow takes over from Franz Lachner at the Munich opera.
 * Mili Balakirev begins sketching his Symphony No. 1. It will not be performed till 1898.

Published popular music

 * "Beautiful Dreamer" by Stephen Foster
 * "Der Deitcher's Dog" ("O Where, O Where Has My Little Dog Gone?") by Septimus Winner
 * "The Picture on the Wall" by Henry Clay Work
 * "Pretty Polly Perkins of Paddington Green" w. Harry Clifton m. traditional?
 * "Shall We Gather at the River?" w.m. Robert Lowry
 * "Somebody's Darling" w.m. John Hill Hewitt
 * "Tramp! Tramp! Tramp! (The Boys Are Marching)" by George F. Root

Classical music

 * Gaetano Braga – Souvenir du Rhin
 * Johannes Brahms
 * 9 Lieder and Songs, Op.32
 * Piano Quintet Op. 34
 * Anton Bruckner
 * Mass No.1 in D minor, WAB 26
 * Herbstlied, WAB 73
 * Um Mitternacht, WAB 89
 * Aleksandr Dargomyzhsky – Kazachok
 * Félicien David – Allegretto agitato
 * Niels Gade – 3 Fantasie pieces for clarinet and piano, Op. 43
 * Hermann Goetz – Frühlings-Ouvertüre, Op.15
 * Louis Gottschalk – The Dying Poet
 * Ferdinand Hiller
 * Operette ohne Text, Op.106
 * 12 Lieder (Hiller Album), Op.111
 * Salomon Jadassohn – Symphony No.2, Op.28
 * Adolf Jensen
 * Präludium und Romanze, Op.19
 * 7 Gesänge aus dem spanischen Liederbuche, Op.21
 * 6 Lieder, Op.24
 * Piano Sonata, Op.25
 * Friedrich Kiel – Piano Concerto
 * Heinrich Lichner – 3 Piano Sonatas, Op.4
 * William Mason – Ballade et barcarole, Op.15
 * Josef Rheinberger – 5 Motets, Op.40
 * Gioachino Rossini – Petite messe solennelle
 * Ernst Rudorff – String Sextet, Op.5
 * Camille Saint-Saëns – Piano Trio No.1, Op.18
 * Franz Strauss – Nocturno for Horn and Piano
 * Peter Tchaikovsky – The Storm
 * Thomas Tellefsen – Trio for piano, violin and cello (Opus 31)
 * Stanislas Verroust – Solo de concert No.11, Op.85
 * Pauline Viardot – 12 Poems by Pushkin, Fet and Turgenev
 * Robert Volkmann – Symphony no. 2
 * Władysław Żeleński
 * Valse-caprice, Op.9
 * 2 Morceaux de salon, Op.11

Opera

 * Daniel François Esprit Auber – La fiancée du roi de Garbe (premiered January 11 in Paris)
 * Flor van Duyse – Rosalinde (libretto by Karel Versnaeyen, premiered in Antwerp)
 * Charles Gounod - Mireille, opera premiered on March 19, in Paris
 * Karel Miry – Bouchard-d'Avesnes (opera in 5 acts, libretto by Hippoliet van Peene, premiered on March 6 in Ghent)
 * Jacques Offenbach – Die Rheinnixen (The Rhine Fairies)
 * George Alexander Macfarren – Helvellyn, (opera in 4 acts, libretto by John Oxenford, premiered on November 3 in London)

Musical theatre

 * La Belle Hélène (Lyrics: Henri Meilhac & Ludovic Halévy Music: Jacques Offenbach) opens at the Théâtre des Variétés, Paris, on December 17.

Births

 * February 6 – John Henry Mackay, lyricist (died 1933)
 * February 7
 * Ricardo Castro, Mexican concert pianist and composer (d. 1907)
 * Arthur Collins, singer (d. 1933)
 * February 9 – Miina Härma, Estonian organist, composer, and conductor (d. 1941)
 * March 12 – Alice Tegnér, organist, composer (d. 1943)
 * April 10 – Eugen d'Albert, composer, pianist (d. 1932)
 * May 23 – Louis Glass, composer (d. 1936)
 * June 11 – Richard Strauss, composer, conductor (d. 1949)
 * July 6 – Alberto Nepomuceno, composer and conductor (d. 1920)
 * July 20 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, lyricist (died 1931)
 * August 18 – Gemma Bellincioni, operatic soprano (d. 1950)
 * October 7 – Louis F. Gottschalk, composer (d. 1934)
 * date unknown – Alice Esty, operatic soprano (d. 1935)

Deaths

 * January 13 – Stephen Foster, songwriter (b. 1826)
 * January 15 – Isaac Nathan, English-born composer and musicologist, "father of Australian music" (b. c.1791)
 * January 26 – Otto Lindblad, composer (b. 1809)
 * February 16 – Václav Jindřich Veit, lawyer and composer (b. 1806)
 * March 30 – Louis Schindelmeisser, clarinettist, conductor and composer (b. 1811)
 * May 2 – Giacomo Meyerbeer, composer (b. 1791)
 * June 3 – Anna Maria Sessi, opera singer (b. 1790)
 * July 28 – Johann Hermann Kufferath, composer (born 1797)
 * August 13 – Berthold Sigismund, lyricist (born 1819)
 * September 4 – Manuel Antonio Carreño, Venezuelan musician, teacher and diplomat (b. 1812)
 * October 1 – Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann, musical instrument maker (b. 1805)
 * October 7 – Apollon Grigoryev, poet and songwriter (b. 1822) (alcoholism)
 * December 20 – Josef Proksch, pianist and composer (b. 1794)

title: 1864 in music


text:
1865 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1865.

Events

 * January 1 – Hector Berlioz completes his Memoirs.
 * April 20 – Crosby's Opera House (Chicago, Illinois) opens
 * April 28 – Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera L'Africaine is premiered in Paris at the Grand Opéra, after the composer's death.
 * June 10 – Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde debuts in Munich at the Königliches Hof- und Nationaltheater.
 * September 9 – Franz von Suppé's operetta Die schöne Galathee debuts in Vienna's Carl-Theater.
 * September 11 – Johann Strauss II conducts a performance of 'Characteristic Dances' by Peter Tchaikovsky at Pavlovsk Park. It is the first public performance of Tchaikovsky's music. The piece would later become the 'Dances of the Hay Maidens', in The Voyevoda.
 * December 17 – Franz Schubert's Unfinished Symphony debuts in Vienna, 43 years after of its composition.
 * Philipp Scharwenka relocates to Berlin.
 * Joseph Parry is admitted to the Gorsedd of bards at the National Eisteddfod of Wales.

Published popular songs

 * "Follow the Flag" m. John Rogers Thomas
 * "Jeff in Pettycoats" by Henry Tucker
 * "Marching Through Georgia" w.m. Henry Clay Work
 * "Roll, Jordan, Roll" traditional spiritual
 * "The Ship That Never Returned" w.m. Henry Clay Work

Classical music

 * Elfrida Andrée – Piano Quintet in E minor
 * Antonio Bazzini – String Quartet in F major
 * Johannes Brahms
 * Piano Quintet, Op.34
 * String Sextet No. 2 Op. 36
 * Cello Sonata No. 1 Op. 38
 * Sixteen Waltzes, Op. 39
 * Trio for violin, horn and piano Op. 40
 * Anton Bruckner
 * Military March in E-flat major, WAB 116
 * Trauungschor ("Wedding chorus")
 * Hans von Bulow – 3 Valses caractéristiques, Op.18
 * Felix Draeseke – Lacrimosa
 * Antonín Dvořák
 * Cello concerto No. 1 in A major (later reconstructed by Günter Raphael,
 * Symphony No. 1 (The Bells of Zlonice) and later by Jarmil Burghauser)
 * Symphony No. 2
 * Gabriel Fauré – Cantique de Jean Racine
 * César Franck – Quare fremuerunt gentes
 * Herman Goetz – Sonata for Piano (Four Hands), Op.17
 * Carl Goldmark – Sakuntala, Op.13
 * Edvard Grieg
 * Piano sonata Op. 7 in E minor
 * Violin sonata No. 1 Op. 8
 * Franz Liszt – Missa Choralis
 * Jules Massenet – Suite No.1, Op.13
 * Modest Mussorgsky
 * Prayer, Op.5
 * Cradle Song, Op.16
 * Memories of Childhood
 * Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov – Symphony No. 1
 * Camille Saint-Saëns – Serenade in E flat major, Op. 15
 * Pablo de Sarasate – Souvenirs de Faust
 * Johan Svendsen
 * String Quartet, Op. 1
 * 2 Songs (Male Chorus), Op. 2
 * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 * Overture in F major
 * Piano Sonata in C-sharp minor
 * Quartet Movement in B-flat major
 * Henri Wieniawski – Fantasia on Themes from 'Faust', Op.20

Opera

 * François Bazin – Le voyage en Chine
 * Giacomo Meyerbeer – L'Africaine
 * Stanislaw Moniuszko – The Haunted Manor
 * Camille Saint-Saëns – Le timbre d'argent
 * Richard Wagner – Tristan und Isolde

Musical theater

 * Orpheus In The Underworld, London production opened at Her Majesty's Theatre on December 26 and ran for 76 performances

Births

 * May 9 – August de Boeck, Belgium Composer (d. 1937)
 * June 9
 * Carl Nielsen, composer (d. 1931)
 * Albéric Magnard, composer (d. 1914)
 * June 13 – William Butler Yeats, lyricist (died 1939)
 * June 14 – Auguste Sérieyx, composer (died 1949)
 * July 8 – Rita Strohl, composer (died 1941)
 * July 21 – Robert Kahn, composer (d. 1951)
 * August 10 – Alexander Glazunov, composer (d. 1936)
 * October 1 – Paul Dukas, composer (d. 1935)
 * October 13 – Jón Laxdal, Icelandic composer (d. 1928)
 * October 15 – Charles W. Clark, American baritone (d. 1925)
 * December 3 – Gustav Jenner, composer (d. 1920)
 * December 8 – Jean Sibelius, composer (d. 1957)
 * December 25 – Fay Templeton, US singer and actress

Deaths

 * January 23 – Josef Leopold Zvonař, composer and music critic (b. 1824)
 * January 27 – Giuseppe Rocca, violin maker (b. 1807)
 * January 28 – Felice Romani, librettist for Donizetti and Bellini (b. 1788)
 * February 20 – Pierre-Louis Dietsch, French composer and conductor (b. 1808)
 * April 1 – Giuditta Pasta, operatic soprano (b. 1797)
 * April 2 – John Cassell, music publisher (born 1817)
 * August 1 – François Xavier Bazin, bow-maker (b. 1824) (cholera)
 * September 10 – George Linley, poet and composer (b. 1798)
 * October 8 – Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst, violinist and composer (b. 1814)
 * October 12 – William Vincent Wallace, composer (b. 1812)
 * December 6 – Sebastián Iradier, composer (b. 1809)
 * December 18 – Francisco Manuel da Silva, songwriter and music professor (b. 1795)

title: 1865 in music


text:
1866 in music

Events

 * January – Gabriel Fauré becomes organist at the Church of Saint-Sauveur, at Rennes in Brittany.
 * March–December – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky writes his Symphony No. 1, Winter Daydreams.
 * May 30 – Bedřich Smetana's opera The Bartered Bride (Prodana Nevesta) debuts at the Provisional Theatre (Prague).
 * August – Sir William Sterndale Bennett becomes Principal of the Royal Academy of Music in London.
 * August 4 – First performance of Gabriel Fauré's Cantique de Jean Racine.
 * August 9 – Marie Trautmann marries fellow musician Alfred Jaëll.
 * October 21 – Jacques Offenbach's operetta La Vie parisienne debuts in Paris at the Théâtre du Palais Royale.
 * November 17 – Ambroise Thomas's opera Mignon debuts in Paris at the Opéra-Comique.
 * Theodore Thomas conducts the New York Philharmonic in the American premiere of the Prelude to Act 1 of Wagner's Tristan und Isolde.
 * Mily Balakirev publishes his Collection of Russian Folksongs, including "The Song of the Volga Boatmen".
 * Georges Bizet completes the opera La jolie fille de Perth; it is premiered the following year.

Published popular music

 * "Beautiful River"
 * "Come Back To Erin" w.m. Claribel
 * "Father's a Drunkard and Mother Is Dead" w. Stella m. Mrs. E. A. Parkhurst
 * "We Parted By The River" w.m. William Shakespeare Hays
 * "When You and I Were Young, Maggie" by James A. Butterfield & George Washington Johnson
 * "Write Me A Letter Home"    w.m. Will S. Hays
 * "You Naughty, Naughty Men" (in The Black Crook) w. T. Kennick m. G. Bickwell

Classical music

 * Felix Draeseke – Fantasie on Themes from Boieldieus "Weisse Dame"
 * Johann Gottfried Piefke – Königgrätzer Marsch
 * Amilcare Ponchielli – Concerto for Trumpet in F major
 * Arthur Sullivan – Irish Symphony
 * Franz von Suppé - Light Cavalry Overture
 * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - Symphony No. 1 "Winter Dreams"

Opera

 * Karel Miry
 * Maria van Boergondië (opera in 4 acts, libretto by N. Destanberg, premiered on August 28 in Ghent)
 * De Keizer bij de Boeren (opera in 1 act, libretto by N. Destanberg, premiered on October 29 in Ghent)
 * De occasie maakt den dief (opera in 1 act, libretto by N. Destanberg, premiered on December 24 in Ghent)
 * Bedřich Smetana- The Bartered Bride
 * Franz von Suppé – Leichte Kavallerie

Musical theater

 * La Belle Hélène (Lyrics: Henri Meilhac & Ludovic Halévy Music: Jacques Offenbach) London production opened at the Adelphi Theatre on June 30
 * The Black Crook – the first "book musical". Broadway production opened at Niblo's Garden on September 12 and ran for 474 performances

Births

 * January 13 – Vasily Kalinnikov, composer (d. 1901)
 * March 10 – Amanda Aldridge, opera singer, teacher and composer (d. 1956)
 * April 1 – Ferruccio Busoni, pianist, composer (d. 1924)
 * April 13 – Carl Valentin Wunderle, violinist (d. 1944)
 * May 17 – Erik Satie, composer (d. 1925)
 * June 15 – Charles Wood, composer (d. 1926)
 * June 29 – George Frederick Boyle, composer (d. 1948)
 * July 13 – La Goulue, can-can dancer (d. 1929)
 * July 23 – Francesco Cilea, composer (d. 1950)
 * September 26 – George H. Clutsam, pianist, composer and writer (d. 1951)
 * November 7 – Paul Lincke, composer (d. 1946)
 * date unknown
 * Annibale Fagnola, violin maker (d. 1939)
 * Dorothea Ruggles-Brise, née Stewart-Murray, collector of traditional Scottish music (d. 1937)

Deaths

 * January 25 – Minna Wagner, estranged wife of Richard Wagner, 56 (heart attack)
 * February 6 – Anna Liszt, pianist and mother of Franz Liszt, 77
 * March 20 – Rikard Nordraak, composer, 21 (tuberculosis)
 * July 25 – Aloys Schmitt, composer, pianist and music teacher, 77
 * October 2 – Adam Darr, guitarist, singer and composer, 55 (suicide by drowning)
 * November 26 – Adrien-Francois Servais, cellist, 59
 * November 29 – Sophie Löwe, operatic soprano, 51
 * December 1 – Jules Demersseman, flautist and composer, 33 (tuberculosis)
 * December 3 – Jan Kalivoda, violinist, conductor and composer, 65

title: 1866 in music


text:
1867 in music

This article is about music-related events in 1867.

Events

 * January 2 – The Royal Danish Academy of Music opens in Copenhagen under the direction of Niels Gade.
 * February 15 – First performance of Johann Strauss II's waltz "The Blue Danube" (An der schönen blauen Donau, composed 1866) at a concert of the Vienna Men's Choral Association (Wiener Männergesang-Verein). Strauss adapts it into its popular purely orchestral version for the International Exposition in Paris later this year.
 * April 4 Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso by Saint-Saens is given its first performance at the Champs-Élysées, with Pablo de Sarasate playing the solo part and the composer conducting.
 * April 22 – The Hyers Sisters make their professional debut at Sacramento's Metropolitan Theater.
 * April 27 – Charles Gounod's opera Roméo et Juliette premiers in Théâtre Lyrique, Paris
 * May 11 – The first comic opera with a score by Arthur Sullivan to be publicly performed, the one-act Cox and Box with libretto by F. C. Burnand, opens at the Adelphi Theatre in London and runs for 300 performances. It is followed by the two-act The Contrabandista, or The Law of the Ladrones by the same partnership which opens on December 18 at St. George's Hall, London.
 * June 11 – Soprano Nina Grieg marries her cousin, composer Edvard Grieg, in Copenhagen.
 * September – Premiere of the opera O ypopsifios (The Parliamentary Candidate) (music: Spyridon Xyndas, libretto: Ioannis Rinopoulos), the first full-scale opera in Greek.
 * December 1 – Johann von Herbeck conducts the first three movements of Brahms' A German Requiem in Vienna.
 * Copyright restrictions in the new North German Confederation are lifted for composers dead for more than 30 years, leading to the introduction of popular editions of scores by Leipzig publishers Breitkopf & Härtel and Edition Peters.
 * "The Maple Leaf Forever" is written in Canada by Alexander Muir.

Published popular music

 * "The Blue Danube" (waltz) m. Johann Strauss II w. Joseph Weyl
 * "Champagne Charlie" by Alfred Lee & H. J. Whymark
 * "Croquet" w. C.H. Webb m. John Rogers Thomas
 * "Johnny I Hardly Knew Ye" by Joseph B. Geoghegan
 * "The Lambton Worm" by Clarence M. Leumane
 * "The Man on the Flying Trapeze" by George Leybourne, Gaston Lyle & Alfred Lee
 * "Not For Joseph" w.m. Arthur Lloyd
 * "The Moon Is Out To Night, Love" w.m. Will S. Hays
 * "Waiting" w. Ellen H. Flagg m. Harrison Millard

Classical music

 * Sir William Sterndale Bennett – The Woman of Samaria (cantata)
 * Felix Draeseke
 * Zwei Konzertwalzer, Op, 4: No. 1 in E-flat; No. 2 in D-flat
 * Ballade for Cello and Piano in B
 * Henri Duparc – Sonata for Cello and Piano
 * Hermann Goetz – Concerto for Piano no 2 in B-flat major
 * Edvard Grieg – Book 1 (Op. 12) of the Lyric Pieces for piano.
 * Modest Mussorgsky – Night on Bald Mountain
 * Joachim Raff
 * String Quartet No. 4 in A minor, Op. 137
 * String Quartet No. 5 in G major, Op. 138
 * Festival March, Op. 139, for orchestra
 * Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov – Sadko
 * Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
 * Souvenir de Hapsal, suite of three pieces for piano.
 * Scherzo à la russe, first of Two Pieces for Piano, Op. 1.
 * Franz Liszt – Marche funèbre, En mémoire de Maximilian I, Empereur du Mexique

Opera

 * Georges Bizet – La jolie fille de Perth (26 December 26, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris)
 * Charles Gounod – Roméo et Juliette (27 April, Théâtre Lyrique, Paris)
 * Jacques Offenbach – La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein (12 April, Théâtre des Variétés, Paris)
 * Giuseppe Verdi – Don Carlos (11 March, Paris Opéra's Salle Le Peletier)
 * Édouard Lalo – Fiesque
 * Jules Massenet – La Grand'Tante
 * Karel Miry
 * Frans Ackermann (opera in 4 acts, libretto by N. Destanberg, premièred on October 13, in Brussels)
 * Brutus en Cesar (opera in 1 act, libretto by P. Geiregat, premièred on October 14, in Ghent)
 * Le Mariage de Marguerite (opera in 1 act, libretto by M. de Wille, premièred on November 27, in Ghent)

Musical theater

 * Arthur Sullivan (libretti by F. C. Burnand)
 * The Contrabandista
 * Cox and Box

Births

 * January 28 – Eugène Goossens, fils, violinist and conductor (d. 1958)
 * March 24
 * Guido Menasci, librettist (d. 1925)
 * Martinus Sieveking, pianist and composer (d. 1950)
 * March 25 – Arturo Toscanini, noted conductor (d. 1957)
 * May 6 – Nora Clench, violinist (d. 1938)
 * June 3 – Béla Szabados, composer (d. 1936)
 * June 27 – Ewald Straesser, composer (d. 1933)
 * July 10 – Jules Mouquet, composer (d. 1946)
 * July 27 – Enrique Granados, composer (d. 1916)
 * August 28 – Umberto Giordano, opera composer (d. 1948)
 * September 5 – Amy Beach, composer (d. 1944)
 * September 7 – Evan Williams, operatic tenor (d. 1918)
 * October 12 – Herbert L. Clarke, cornet virtuoso and composer (d. 1945)
 * November 24 – Scott Joplin, ragtime composer (d. 1917)
 * November 27
 * Charles Koechlin, composer, teacher and writer on music (d. 1950)
 * Margaret Ruthven Lang, composer (d. 1972)
 * December 27 – Henri Christiné, composer (d. 1941)

Deaths

 * February 23 – Sir George Thomas Smart, multi-instrumentalist and conductor (b. 1776)
 * March 16 – Benjamin Hanby, songwriter (b. 1833)
 * March 24 – Alfred Mellon, violinist, conductor and composer (b. 1820)
 * May 3 – Fanny Tacchinardi Persiani, operatic soprano (b. 1812)
 * May 6 – Johann Caspar Aiblinger, composer (b. 1779)
 * September 7 – Henriette Méric-Lalande, operatic soprano (b. 1798)
 * September 10 – Simon Sechter, organist, conductor and composer (b. 1788)
 * September 27 – Louis Desiré Veron, opera manager (b. 1798)
 * October 3 – Hedda Hjortsberg, ballerina (b. 1777)
 * October 5 – Thomas Täglichsbeck, violinist and composer (b. 1799)
 * October 9 – Ignacy Feliks Dobrzyński, pianist and composer (b. 1807)
 * December 2 – Nadezhda Repina, singer and actress (b. 1809)
 * December 6 – Giovanni Pacini, composer (b. 1796)
 * date unknown – Charles Frederick Hempel, organist and composer (b. 1811)

title: 1867 in music


text:
1862 in music

Events

 * March 17 – Anton Rubinstein is named first director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory in Russia, which opens in September. Tchaikovsky is in the first incoming class.
 * March 24 – Fromental Halévy's funeral, in Paris, is attended by an estimated 15,000 people.
 * April 24 – A letter from Giuseppe Verdi is published in The Times of London complaining about the rejection of a work commissioned from him for the Great Exhibition.
 * May 17 – Teatro Comunale Florence inaugurated as an open-air amphitheatre, the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele, with a production of Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor.
 * May 21 – Edvard Grieg gives his first concert in his home town of Bergen, Norway.
 * August 4 – Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray wins the Prix de Rome in the Musical Composition category. Jules Massenet is one of the runners-up.
 * August 9 – The première of Hector Berlioz's opera Béatrice et Bénédict inaugurates the new Theater Baden-Baden.
 * November 2 – The Ride of the Valkyries and the overture to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg by Richard Wagner are publicly performed in Leipzig, conducted by the composer.
 * November 10 (November 22 N.S.) – Giuseppe Verdi's opera La forza del destino is first performed, in the Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre of Saint Petersburg, Russia.
 * November 18 – Antonín Dvořák is a member of the orchestra at the opening of the Provisional Theater in Prague.
 * date unknown
 * Johannes Brahms and Johann Strauss II meet, at Baden-Baden.
 * Stephen Heller and Charles Hallé perform Mozart's E-flat concerto for two pianos at The Crystal Palace in London.
 * Ludwig von Köchel publishes Chonologisch-thematisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amadé Mozarts (Catalogue of Mozart's Works or "The Köchel Catalog").

Published popular music

 * "Battle Cry of Freedom" – George Frederick Root
 * "The Battle Hymn of the Republic" – Julia Ward Howe, published in Atlantic Monthly (February 1).
 * "Here's Your Mule" – C. D. Benson
 * "Kingdom Coming" – Henry C. Work
 * "The Merry, Merry Month of May" – Stephen Foster
 * "We Are Coming, Father Abra'am, 300,000 More", a poem  by James S. Gibbons, set to music by eight different composers, including Stephen Foster.
 * Tyneside Songs – Thomas Allan (publisher)

Classical music

 * Alexander Borodin – Piano Quintet in C minor
 * Johannes Brahms - First two movements of the Cello Sonata No. 1
 * Emanuel Chabrier – Souvenirs de Brunehaut
 * Felix Draeseke – Fantasiestücke in Walzerform, opus 3: Nr. 1 in B; Nr. 2 in A-flat
 * Louis Moreau Gottschalk
 * Union, Op. 48
 * Home Sweet Home, Op.51
 * Le Papillon
 * Asger Hamerik – Quintet
 * Ferdinand Laub – Concert-Polonaise, Op. 8
 * Karol Józef Lipiński – 2 Impromptus, Op.34 (published posthumously)
 * Franz Liszt – Phantasiestück über Motive aus 'Rienzi', S. 439
 * Henry Charles Litolff – Scherzo, Op. 115
 * Giacomo Meyerbeer – Fest-Ouvertüre im Marschstyl
 * Cesare Pugni – The Pharaoh's Daughter, ballet
 * Joachim Raff – Piano Quintet, Op. 107 in A minor
 * Napoleon Henri Reber – Piano Trio No. 4 'Sérénade', Op. 25
 * Camille Saint-Saëns – Mazurka No. 1 for piano in G minor, Op. 21
 * Henri Vieuxtemps – Violin Concerto No. 5, Op. 37
 * Giuseppe Verdi - Hymn of the Nations
 * Henri Wieniawski
 * Etudes-Caprices, Op. 18
 * Fantaisie orientale, Op. 24

Opera

 * Julius Benedict – The Lily of Killarney
 * Hector Berlioz – Béatrice et Bénédict
 * Frederic Clay – Court and Cottage (libretto by Tom Taylor)
 * Charles Gounod – La reine de Saba
 * Franz von Suppé – Die Kartenschlägerin
 * Giuseppe Verdi – La forza del destino

Births

 * January 29 – Frederick Delius, composer (d. 1934)
 * January 30 – Walter Damrosch, conductor (d. 1950)
 * February 13 – Karel Weis, composer (d. 1944)
 * February 17 – Edward German, composer (d. 1936)
 * March 21 – Elmer Samuel Hosmer, composer (d. 1945)
 * April 5 – Louis Ganne, conductor (died 1923)
 * May 2 – Maurice Emmanuel, composer (d. 1938)
 * June 3 – Joseph Humfrey Anger, composer (died 1913)
 * June 27 – May Irwin, actress and singer (d. 1938)
 * August 10 – Ernest Richard Kroeger, composer (died 1934)
 * August 11 – Carrie Jacobs-Bond, US songwriter (d. 1946)
 * August 22 – Claude Debussy, composer (d. 1918)
 * August 29 – Maurice Maeterlinck, lyricist (died 1949)
 * September 25 – Léon Boëllmann, composer and organist (d. 1897)
 * October 10 – Arthur De Greef, composer and pianist (d. 1940)
 * October 15 – Conrad Ansorge, composer (died 1930)
 * November 1 – Johan Wagenaar, organist and composer (d. 1941)
 * December 9 – Karel Kovařovic, composer (died 1920)
 * December 18 – Moriz Rosenthal, pianist (d. 1946)
 * December 23 – Hans Wessely, composer (died 1926)
 * date unknown – Marcelle Lender, French singer-dancer and entertainer (d. 1926)

Deaths

 * February 5 – Ignaz Franz Castelli, dramatist and songwriter (b. 1780)
 * February 7 – František Škroup, composer (b. 1801)
 * February 16 – Leopold Schefer, composer and poet (b. 1784)
 * March 17 – Fromental Halévy, composer (b. 1799)
 * April 7 – Sydney Nelson, composer and arranger (born 1800)
 * May 21 – Edwin Pearce Christy, founder of Christy's Minstrels (b. 1815) (suicide)
 * May 23 – Friedrich Ruthardt, oboist and composer (b. 1800)
 * May 25 – Johann Nestroy, singer and actor (b. 1801)
 * July 2 – Charles Mayer, pianist and composer (b. 1799)
 * August 31 – Ignaz Assmayer, composer (b. 1790)
 * November 1 – Eleonora Zrza, Danish opera soprano (b. 1797)
 * December 2 – Marius Gueit, French organist, cellist and composer (b. 1808)
 * December 24 – Joseph Funk, composer and music teacher (b. 1778)
 * date unknown
 * Joseph Fonclause, bow-maker (b. 1799)
 * Jon Eriksson Helland, Hardanger fiddle maker (b. 1790)
 * Luigi Piccioli, singer and music teacher (b. 1812)
 * Geltrude Righetti, operatic contralto (b. 1793)

title: 1862 in music


text:
Card standards

Card standard(s) may refer to any amount of numbers of ISO standards related to smartcards.
 * ISO/IEC 7810 Identification cards — Physical characteristics
 * ISO/IEC 7812 Identification cards — Identification of issuers
 * ISO/IEC 7816 Identification cards — Integrated circuit cards
 * ISO/IEC 14443 Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit cards — Proximity cards

title: Card standards


text:
ISO/IEC 7810

ISO/IEC 7810 Identification cards — Physical characteristics is an international standard that defines the physical characteristics for identification cards.

The characteristics specified include:
 * Physical dimensions
 * Resistance to bending, chemicals, temperature, and humidity
 * Toxicity

The standard includes test methods for resistance to heat.

Card sizes
The standard defines four card sizes: ID-1, ID-2, ID-3 and ID-000.

All card sizes have a thickness of $760 µm$, i.e. minimum 0.68 mm and maximum 0.84 mm.

The standard defines both metric and imperial measurements, noting that:

ID-1
The ID-1 format specifies a size of 85.60 × and rounded corners with a radius of 2.88–3.48 mm (about $1/8$ in). This format is also referred to as CR-80 and, for travel documents, TD1. It is commonly used for payment cards (ATM cards, credit cards, debit cards, etc.). Today it is also used for driving licences and personal identity cards in many countries, automated fare collection system cards for public transport, in retail loyalty cards, and even crew member certificates (particularly for aircrew ).

ID-2
The ID-2 format is 105 ×, and travel documents in this format are also referred to as TD2. This length and width are those of A7 paper. The ID-2 format is used, for example, for visas. It was previously used for the Romanian, Icelandic, German, French and many other identity cards. As of 2024, all European standard identity cards are issued in the ID-1 format. ID-2 was previously also used for driving licences (including Finnish, Swedish and Icelandic) before those changed to the ID-1 format.

ID-3
The ID-3 format is 125 ×, and travel documents in this format are also referred to as TD3. This length and width are those of B7 paper. This format is commonly used for passport booklets.

ID-000
ID-000 specifies a size of 25 ×, with one corner slightly (3 mm) bevelled. The ID-000 size was first defined by ENV 1375–1, Identification card systems — Intersector integrated circuit(s) card additional formats — Part 1: ID-000 card size and physical characteristics.

This size is used for the mini-SIM format, the second-generation format of Subscriber Identity Modules.

ID-000 size card as part of ID-1 size card
An "informative" (i.e. non-mandatory) annex describes how an ID-000 sized card may be included in an ID-1 size card for processing (e.g. in an ID-1 reader), but with "relief areas around the perimeter of the ID-000 size card to allow it to be removed from the ID-1 size card without punching tools". An ID-1 size card containing an ID-000 size card is denoted as ID-1/000. This was the common design of SIMs when mini-SIMs were common, usually being issued as standard SIMs, i.e. in ID-1 format, with a removable ID-000 section that, when removed, was a mini-SIM.

Card characteristics
The standard specifies requirements for such physical characteristics as:
 * Bending stiffness
 * Toxicity
 * Resistance to chemicals
 * Card dimensional stability and warpage with temperature and humidity
 * Resistance to deterioration from exposure to light and heat
 * Durability

title: ISO/IEC 7810