text:
Talk:J. A. Hobson

Untitled
The first paragraph of this article is uncomfortably close to this:

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0823869.html

As to the rest of it, I don't know Hobson well enough to criticise the details of the content, but I also don't feel like I've learned a lot about Hobson from reading it. It seems to be about various people's views on New Imperialism (and indeed duplicates material from that much-disputed article), of whom Hobson just happens to be one. Towards the end it presents various arguments on the subject without really attributing them to anybody, and ends with a conclusion as to what the causes of New Imperialism were, which is both POV and not really the topic of the article. I feel like this was written for some purpose other than an encyclopedia article on Hobson, and it doesn't really do the job very well. --rbrwr —Preceding undated comment added by Rbrwr (talk • contribs) 23:22, 2 January 2003 (UTC)
 * The first paragraph is definitely copy-pasted with a few word changes. --Mrwojo 00:41 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

Major Edit
I've just added numerous paragraphs regarding Hobson's life and work, improved the bibliography, added the source for most of the material, and improved general formatting. I decided to contribute to this article because I have recently acquired an interest in Hobson's work. Any questions or comments your free to leave on my talk page. --Begebies 03:04, 24 September 2005 (UTC)

I edited the erroneous assertion that Hobson was a Fabian, and in the process added a small paragraph that covers the inital inception of underconsumption, A.F. Mummery's contribution and the academic community's rejection of Hobson. Kairoi 08:54, 25 April 2006 (UTC)Kairoi --204.52.215.95 08:50, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Also, added the full bibliography of book length works. --Kairoi 09:27, 25 April 2006 (UTC)

Name
I'd propose moving the page to J. A. Hobson per WP:NCP - that is the name he's most commonly known by. See, for example, A. J. P. Taylor or C. S. Lewis. -- Lincolnite 22:44, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

J.A. Hobson is how I know him. Ditto on marxists.org. I support the change.--Dylanfly 21:26, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

I support moving the article to J. A. Hobson too.--Johnbull (talk) 20:24, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Does anyone else find the mention of Hobson's sexuality slightly odd? Especially the uncited assertion that he was 'confused' and Christianity helped him? 163.1.99.253 (talk) 19:34, 26 May 2009 (UTC)

Assess
This is a B but lacks in-line citations ... is it too late? Victuallers 11:13, 30 October 2007 (UTC)

Anti-Semitism
Is there a better source for accusations of anti-Semitism? The source currently there is very bad indeed- a quote from Arendt taken out of context, that includes a quote from Hobson taken out of context. Are we to assume uncritically that Hobson's use of "fangs" in a 1900 essay is indeed "Hitlerite rhetoric" and should be seen as significant? It's no falsity that a disproportionate number of financiers were Jews- there are reasons for this that don't have anything to do with anti-semitism, the fact that they couldn't own land and that other professions were declared out of bounds for Jewish people, for instance. There are historians who have laid out the idea that Jewish financiers, like Bleichroder under Bismarck, were among the more pro-Imperialist of the lot because of the anti-semitism of the societies they lived in, they had to be seen as especially supportive of their nation.

So it boils down to an anti-Imperialist likening Imperialists to vampires, sucking their target countries dry. This isn't rhetoric that he confined only to Jewish financiers, this is common anti-Imperialist rhetoric. "The Open Veins of Latin America" comes to mind as a recent example. 89.240.77.88 (talk) 18:33, 13 November 2009 (UTC)
 * There are several academic sources covering Hobson's antisemitism.    Icewhiz (talk) 07:30, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

 * Excellent work, Icewhiz. Philip Cross (talk) 08:40, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Does Philip Cross editing this article conflict with his ban on editing articles about British public figures. Just asking because it seems pretty clear he hurried to edit this article so anyone looking it up after the story about Corbyn writing a foreword about Hobson's book will see his edits. Is there another reason all these edits were made on a certain day? 83.218.151.178 (talk) 08:47, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * See WP:VOLUNTEER and WP:WORKINPROGRESS. In any case, we generally follow reliably published academic sources. Icewhiz (talk) 09:48, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah I saw your Google Books search. You forgot to take out the search terms you used. Just a reminder for the future. Cheers 83.218.151.178 (talk) 12:41, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

See also New Liberalism, Old Prejudices: J. A. Hobson and the "Jewish Question" John Allett Jewish Social Studies Vol. 49, No. 2 (Spring, 1987), pp. 99-114 which I have added as a ref. NBeale (talk) 14:07, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I think the criticism goes way back - more than the 80s - e.g. Mitchell, Harvey. "Hobson revisited." Journal of the History of Ideas (1965): 397-416. has lots and lots of stuff on his attitude to the Jews (a major part of the text). I suspect the criticism dates back a century at least.Icewhiz (talk) 14:10, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Feel free (of course) to add this to my citation in the initial sentence. NBeale (talk) 14:38, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Per my edit summary and WP:BRD, it is you that must establish a consensus for your recent changes. It isn't for another user to establish a consensus in favour of reverting the changes you made only a few hours ago. Endymion.12 (talk) 14:45, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

Just to point out that the material from icewhiz on anti-semitism first appeared on the morning the Corbyn controversy was whipped up by the British media. Then Philip Cross steps in ... Know thy Wikipedia. Shtove 21:37, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:RECENTISM. We should be using well established academic source, which were are. The sources added were written between 1965 and 2016 - well prior to any recent scandal. Icewhiz (talk) 05:20, 2 May 2019 (UTC)

Mention in General Theory
Added the fact that John A. Hobson was mentioned by Keynes in The General Theory....Please feel free to add on as this poor guy has been treated poorly by history. Recently acquired one of his books "The Evolution of Capitalism" (1894) and he was a heretic way ahead of his time. The book reads smooth and very "modern"..--Oracleofottawa (talk) 03:12, 16 November 2009 (UTC) Heretics are so much more interesting...--Oracleofottawa (talk) 05:22, 16 November 2009 (UTC)

thrift?
Classical economics didn't/doesn't emphasize thrift, mercantilism does. Read Sir James Steuart. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.241.26.8 (talk) 16:57, 3 July 2015 (UTC)

Antisemitism in the lead
It seems that Hobson's references to Jewish immigration and role in international finance in his works are more passing comments than a major part of his work on economic theory and imperialism, which he is well known for. I suppose that many people said similar things at the time. Can I suggest that it does not belong in the lead, as not particularly relevant or notable? Jontel (talk) 14:48, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Agreed. It would be inappropriate to restructure this article around a dimension of Hobson's thought for which he is not predominantly known based on recent events. Endymion.12 (talk) 14:52, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Hobson's rabid antisemitism (a language used by RSes) is clearly relevant and notable for the lede given that it is discussed in depth in several academic sources - dating 50 years - e.g. Mitchell, Harvey. "Hobson revisited." Journal of the History of Ideas (1965): 397-416. devotes a large chunk of text to Hobson's antisemitism. Hobson was, per academic sources, a rabid antisemite influential in England and on the continent, whose antisemitic diatribes had quite some impact - e.g. Hobson's anti-semitic conspiracy theories were repeated by Labour leader Keir Hardie. Regardless, on Wikipedia we follow WP:RSes (and in this case, recent news only adds weight to the multitude of academic sources - it does not detract) - which in this case cover this ugly aspect of Hobson in quite some depth. Icewhiz (talk) 14:57, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Hobson's antisemitism should be discussed in the body of the article, but such discussion should not dominate the article purely in the light of recent events. It isn't a bad thing that recent coverage has drawn attention to this particular dimension of his thought, but his influence and significance is much larger than this, as those who had heard of him before yesterday evening will be aware. Endymion.12 (talk) 15:29, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Given the volume of published work on J. A. Hobson, I should not have to explain why an aspect of Hobson's thought about which surprisingly little has been written (hence the absence of any discussion of it in this article before a few hours ago) should not feature in the opening line. Citing WP:RS entirely misses the point. Endymion.12 (talk) 15:35, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * There is copious academic sourcing on Hobson's rabid antisemitism (again - language used in 1996 Routledge book by economics Dr. professor Cowen) well prior to yesterday. Hobson gets his own full fledged entry in Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution, Volume 1, Richard S. Levy, ABC-CLIO, page 311 - published in 2005 - Yup - a full entry in an Antisemitism encyclopedia. He's often covered in academic sources as a starting point in modern British antisemitism. The multitude of academic sources (which is what we should be using) make this WP:DUE for the lede. Recent coverage in WP:NEWSORGs only increases the DUEness here. Obfuscating the hateful antisemitic diatribes of this individual is a serious WP:NPOV issue. Icewhiz (talk) 15:41, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Which is all very true, but you specifically need to justify making reference to this in a line which otherwise only describes him as "an English economist, social scientist and critic of imperialism, widely popular as a lecturer and writer", with no further reference to his views. Also, can I see some references for your claim that "He's often covered in academic sources as a starting point in modern British antisemitism". Endymion.12 (talk) 15:48, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Other aspects in the lede should be expanded as well - it is too short at present. Both Hostages of Modernization: Germany - Great Britain - France, De Gruyter, chapter by Colin Holmes, 1993, pages 326-328 and Feldman, David. "Jews and the British Empire c. 1900." History Workshop Journal. Vol. 63. No. 1. Oxford University Press, 2007. begin with Hobson.Icewhiz (talk) 16:02, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

It's clear from the above and the sources that criticism of Hobson's anti-semitism goes back many decades. I don't think this should be suppressed for political reasons. Also removing the reference in the lede broke the link to the Allett reference in the text. We should reflect the facts, including the well-documented long-standing criticism for antisemitism. And removing it requires consensus not unilateral action please NBeale (talk) 16:12, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Once again, per WP:BRD you need to obtain consensus for the changes you have made to the article, which have been reverted by two separate users. This is pushing the limits of acceptable behaviour on Wikipedia.
 * I agree that the lead could be expanded, and if this is done mentioning Hobson's antisemitism would be more appropriate. The lead as it stands now for example, in spite of NBeale's failure to adhere to BRD, is more acceptable than it was a few hours ago. Can we also all please cease with the nonsense about NPOV and "suppressing" facts for "political reasons". Endymion.12 (talk) 16:41, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I think antisemitism should have its own subsection. And the lede could use a rather big expansion. Hobson was definitely influential in imperialism (though wrong, in retrospect on very many points (not only Jewish ones), he did instigate a movement). Instead of cutting out what is rather obviously DUE (some mention of his rabid antisemitism - particularly throughout his 1890-1902 activities (first Jewish immigrants, then South African conspiracy theories)) - how about you craft an additional paragraph? 2 short sentences here is much too short and is not a good summary of the body. Icewhiz (talk) 16:48, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I am in no disagreement with anything written above. I am not proposing that we "cut out" any of the recent contributions on Hobson's antisemitism. Endymion.12 (talk) 16:51, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * :-). I think this article (body and lede) should grow, and I'm glad we see eye to eye here. Icewhiz (talk) 16:53, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I think the current lede is better than what I suggested, and has about the right balance. I would have been more worried about the 2 removals if one of them hadn't been an IP-address. NBeale (talk) 17:16, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Why not just be honest and say you want it in the lede so it appears on Google searches? 79.66.243.247 (talk) 16:55, 1 May 2019 (UTC)

Admitting half-heartedly that the lede is imbalanced and then demanding that other editors expand it is lazy and suggests a partisan interest. What the lead was saying until just now is also blatantly untrue: if anything, Imperialism is the point where Hobson ceases his antisemitism with the exception of one slip back into his nasty old habit. FNAS (talk) 10:04, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * No that's nonsense. Please don't remove a very well documented and highly significant point unless and until you have obtained a real consensus. NBeale (talk) 19:43, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Indeed. Stonewalling with a "no consensus" claim is disruptive. Hobson's antisemitism (the subject of full fledged works) is well documented and copipusly sourced. This is clearly due for the lede. We should also cover in the lede his call to genocide (well - eliminate - the word did not exist back them) the "primitive" colonial people which is also well covered.Icewhiz (talk) 03:41, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree. User:Endymon.12 has simply reverted this from the lede again. I don't think we should claim a "call to genocide" but it is wrong to try to supress his clear antismitism in the lede. I would definitely support you if you restored it - and if Endymon.12 wants to improve the article he should find better words rather than just cutting things. NBeale (talk) 09:10, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * No, WP:CONSENSUS and WP:BRD literally are policy. If there is a content dispute, it is the responsibility of the user(s) making changes to obtain consensus for these. You have between you restored this content five times against the objections of three registered users and one IP user in just over 48 hours. This actually probably is disruptive at this point. I am reverting to a stable version, and if it is restored again I'll make a post at WP:ANI so an administrator can confirm what I have just said. Endymion.12 (talk) 09:44, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Can I suggest that someone sets up an WP:RfC as a way of settling this. Endymion.12 (talk) 10:01, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Any policy based argument to support excluding antisemitism which is widely covered in sources on Hobson? You supported inclusion in the lead here previously. In terms of procedure - sure - you can assert STABLE - but you need to back that up with a good faithed policy based arguement based on RSes for your position. Hobson has entries in antisemitism encyclopedias. Whole journal articles have been devoted to his antisemitism..... The optics of your objection here (without any clear rationale) - counter to coverage here - do not look good at all.Icewhiz (talk) 10:06, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I have already explained above that previous versions of the lead were imbalanced, and you have acknowledged that I have attempted compromise over the lead. The scale of the imbalance is revealed by a google scholar search: for "Hobson imperialism" there are 23,700 results; for "Hobson unemployment", 19,700; for "Hobson Lenin", 12,000. For "Hobson antisemitism", there are 3,760 results. I am not obliged to exhaustively explain myself each time someone forces their own preferred version over the objections of others while a discussion is ongoing on the talk page. Endymion.12 (talk) 10:20, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * You are obliged to present a rationale for your objection. Stonewalling no-consensus is not a rationale for your objection - and is disruptive. Your shoddy (in the face of actual sources - a large multitude of them) GHITS arguement actually shows this is widely discussed and lede due. If you are willing to compromise - I suggest you put forward a proposed text that you are willing to compromise on. As it stands - stonewalling and editing counter to RSes on the subject's widely discussed antisemitism - do not look good at all. I do not see an attempt at compromise (e.g. by refining the text) - I see outright removal.Icewhiz (talk) 10:40, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Which I have done on two occasions now. "If you are willing to compromise - I suggest you put forward a proposed text that you are willing to compromise on": This hardly stands up given that I actually wrote the text I removed earlier today. How precisely would I go about demonstrating imbalance with reference to RSes? All I have to demonstrate is that this is something that has received little attention relative to other aspects of his thought and career. As I have explained before, unless the lead and article are expanded significantly, I believe that mentioning antisemitism and "genocide" in the lead would create an imbalance. If you disagree, please obtain a consensus, perhaps through an WP:RfC. I am not commenting any further until there is more input from other users as this is currently not productive. Refusing to agree with you, and adhering to WP:STABLE, does not amount to "stonewalling". Endymion.12 (talk) 11:01, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Again - crying STABLE is not a discussion. Adding text as a compromise - and then changing your mind and removing it - is not productive either. Your personal beliefs here really matter little (though they may merit scrutiny at a different forum) - when they fly in the face of a multitude of in-depth sources covering Hobson's antisemitism.Icewhiz (talk) 11:07, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

It's all very well for Endymion.12 to say that Google Scholar has fewer hits for "Hobson antisemitism" than "Hobson imperialism". But conversely Google News has 21k hits for Antisemitism and only 218 for Imperialism. If you are going to remove antisemitism from the lede you might as well remove imperialism. How about "Criticism of his antisemitic views dates back to at least the 1980s and became very prominent in 2019 following objections from Danny Finkelstein. NBeale (talk) 12:04, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Would you have any objections to mentioning the antisemitic content in the lead now that you have helpfully expanded the lead? Endymion.12 (talk) 12:09, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Being more specific helps with a NPOV and minimizes demonization. Also, focusing on his influence, which is what matters. So, e.g. "It has been argued that Hobson's belief that Jewish financiers and mine owners influenced the British decision to fight the Second Boer War contributed to prevailing antisemitic attiudes. Jontel (talk) 12:31, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * My preference would be for a more general comment (like the previous version), since the references in the relevant section attest to antisemitic themes more widespread than is implied by your suggestion above. Endymion.12 (talk) 13:22, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * The section could be clearer. How about: "It has been argued that Hobson's belief that Jewish financiers exerted an undue influence over government policy, notably the British decision to fight the Second Boer War, and his concern over the impact of Jewish immigration to the UK, contributed to prevailing antisemitic attiudes. Jontel (talk) 13:35, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * How about: "More recent commentaries on Hobson have noted the presence of anti-semitic language and themes in his work. Hobson's criticism of the impact of Jewish migration from Russian Poland made reference to antisemitic tropes. Hobson also blamed the influence of "Jewish financiers" in South Africa for the Second Boer War." Endymion.12 (talk) 14:02, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I don't know the original texts so do not feel I can be definite. I would say the lead should be a summary of the article, so everything in the lead should be also in the section, ideally expanded. I think the section could be improved. However, up to you. Jontel (talk) 14:50, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * "more recent" is OR. Hobson has been labelled an antisemite (and compared to Nazis in one paper) from the 60s at least (I have the journal papers, some are cited here) in an academic context - and this probably dates even further back (heck - he was probably called out at the time in some circles) - unless you have a source saying recent - it is OR. The proposed text is furthermore a gross NPOV violation - it hasn't "been argued" - every mainstream source covering Hobson simply say this (using langauge such as "rabid antisemite"). Sources argue on whether a Nazi comparison is due or not - not if this antisemitic drivel is antisemitic (or anti-Jewish, or some other synonym). The proposal above lends weight to antisemitic drivel - and is highly unacceptable. We should also cover Hobson's widely covered calls for genocide (or "elimination") of "colonial people".Icewhiz (talk) 18:46, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Here is the text of one of his books. https://www.marxists.org/archive/hobson/1902/imperialism/index.htm I think that the elimination might be achieved through selective reproduction. Jontel (talk) 21:19, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * How about my text with "More recent" removed? Endymion.12 (talk) 13:15, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * "Commentaries on Hobson have noted the presence of anti-semitic language and themes in his work. Hobson's criticism of the impact of Jewish migration from Russian Poland made reference to antisemitic tropes. Hobson also blamed the influence of "Jewish financiers" in South Africa for the Second Boer War." I would oppose mentioning the "elimination" of colonial people in the lead unless there has been significant coverage of this in secondary literature. Incidentally, I believe Sidney and Beatrice Webb held similar views about the colonies, which were quite common in progressive circles in the early 20th century. Endymion.12 (talk) 13:18, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

It might be better simply to say "Commentaries on Hobson have noted the presence of anti-semitic language and themes in his work." and make sure this is properly referenced - which I *think* it is in the relevant section. These rather specific additional details don't belong in the lede but in the body of the article. And of course any specific assertion has to be properly referenced. NBeale (talk) 13:44, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I'd support that. Jontel (talk) 14:18, 4 May 2019 (UTC)
 * I would support either. Endymion.12 (talk) 14:44, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Move?
Per WP:NCP, I believe this article should be moved to J. A. Hobson. Endymion.12 (talk) 17:07, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * How so? Are you claiming the WP:INITS form is more common? I think I see this more in older sources, with newer sources using John. Icewhiz (talk) 17:12, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Which is an Americanism. He was a British author, hence J A (not John A.) Hobson. -- 194.207.146.167 (talk) 22:52, 1 May 2019 (UTC)
 * My general impression is that the initialism is more common. This was also suggested a few years ago. Endymion.12 (talk) 12:50, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * On Google searches, I find 113,000 for J.A., 54,000 for John A. and 22,000 for John Atkinsonson. Another source might be his book covers, which seem to go more for J.A. Jontel (talk) 13:11, 2 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Should I open a request? Endymion.12 (talk) 13:30, 3 May 2019 (UTC)
 * Well, that is four in favour of the change and one ambivalent, so I would say yes. Jontel (talk) 15:40, 4 May 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 12 August 2019

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Andrewa (talk) 11:16, 19 August 2019 (UTC)

John A. Hobson → J. A. Hobson – Per rationale and consensus above. Endymion.12 (talk) 10:01, 12 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination and per sources such as this book cover. The proposed move had been raised as early as 2007 under Talk:John A. Hobson, above. —Roman Spinner (talk • contribs) 14:42, 12 August 2019 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:J. A. Hobson


text:
Stephanus of Byzantium

Stephanus or Stephen of Byzantium (Stephanus Byzantinus; Στέφανος Βυζάντιος, Stéphanos Byzántios; fl. 6th centuryAD) was a Byzantine grammarian and the author of an important geographical dictionary entitled Ethnica (Ἐθνικά). Only meagre fragments of the dictionary survive, but the epitome is extant, compiled by one Hermolaus, not otherwise identified.

Life
Nothing is known about the life of Stephanus, except that he was a Greek grammarian who was active in Constantinople, and lived after the time of Arcadius and Honorius, and before that of Justinian II. Later writers provide no information about him, but they do note that the work was later reduced to an epitome by a certain Hermolaus, who dedicated his epitome to Justinian; whether the first or second emperor of that name is meant is disputed, but it seems probable that Stephanus flourished in Byzantium in the earlier part of the sixth century AD, under Justinian I.

The Ethnica
Even as an epitome, the Ethnica is of enormous value for geographical, mythological, and religious information about ancient Greece. Nearly every article in the epitome contains a reference to some ancient writer, as an authority for the name of the place. From the surviving fragments, we see that the original contained considerable quotations from ancient authors, besides many interesting particulars, topographical, historical, mythological, and others. Stephanus cites Artemidorus, Polybius, Aelius Herodianus, Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, Strabo and other writers. He is the only writer to cite a lost work attributed to Sophaenetus.

The chief fragments remaining of the original work are preserved by Constantine Porphyrogennetos in De Administrando Imperio, ch. 23 (the article Ίβηρίαι δύο) and De thematibus, ii. 10 (an account of Sicily); the latter includes a passage from the comic poet Alexis on the Seven Largest Islands. Another respectable fragment, from the article Δύμη to the end of Δ, exists in a manuscript of the Fonds Coislin, the library formed by Pierre Séguier.

The first modern printed edition of the work was published by the Aldine Press in Venice in 1502. The complete standard edition is still that of August Meineke (1849, reprinted at Graz, 1958), and by convention, references to the text use Meineke's page numbers. A new completely revised edition in German, edited by B. Wyss, C. Zubler, M. Billerbeck, J.F. Gaertner, was published between 2006 and 2017, with a total of 5 volumes.

Editions

 * Aldus Manutius (pr.), 1502, Στέφανος. Περὶ πόλεων (Peri poleōn) = Stephanus. De urbibus ("On cities") (Venice). Google Books
 * Guilielmus Xylander, 1568, Στέφανος. Περὶ πόλεων = Stephanus. De urbibus (Basel).
 * Thomas de Pinedo, 1678, Στέφανος. Περὶ πόλεων = Stephanus. De urbibus (Amsterdam). Contains parallel Latin translation. Google Books
 * Claudius Salmasius (Claude Saumaise) and Abraham van Berkel, 1688, Στεφάνου Βυζαντίου Ἐθνικὰ κατ' ἐπιτομήν Περὶ πόλεων = Stephani Byzantini Gentilia per epitomen, antehac De urbibus inscripta (Leiden). Contains parallel Latin translation. Google Books
 * Lucas Holstenius, 1692, Notae & castigationes in Stephanum Byzantium De urbibus (Leiden). Google Books
 * Thomas de Pinedo, 1725, Stephanus de urbibus (Amsterdam). Google Books
 * Karl Wilhelm Dindorf, 1825, Stephanus Byzantinus. Opera, 4 vols, (Leipzig). Incorporating notes by L. Holsteinius, A. Berkelius, and T. de Pinedo. Google Books
 * Anton Westermann, 1839, Stephani Byzantii ethnikon quae supersunt (Leipzig). Google Books
 * Augustus Meineke, 1849, Stephani Byzantii ethnicorum quae supersunt (Berlin). Google Books
 * Margarethe Billerbeck et al. (edd), Stephani Byzantii Ethnica. 5 volumes: 2006–2017. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae 43/1)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stephanus of Byzantium


text:
Squirtle

Squirtle, known as Zenigame (ゼニガメ) in Japan, is a Pokémon species in Nintendo and Game Freak's Pokémon franchise. It was designed by Atsuko Nishida. Its name was changed from Zenigame to Squirtle during the English localization of the series in order to give it a "clever and descriptive name." In animated appearances, Squirtle is voiced in Japanese by Rikako Aikawa and in English localizations by Eric Stuart, and later Michele Knotz.

In the main series games, Squirtle can evolve into Wartortle, and can then further evolve into Blastoise. It is one of the three first partner Pokémon obtainable in Pokémon Red, Blue, and Green, the first games in the series. Squirtle has received a mostly positive reception since its debut. A group of specific Squirtle, known as the Squirtle Squad, additionally developed a strong popularity as a result of their appearance in the Pokémon anime. Squirtle has gone on to make playable appearances in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate.

Design and characteristics
Squirtle is a fictional species of Pokémon created for the Pokémon franchise. Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games Pokémon Red and Blue for the Game Boy. In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution.

Squirtle was designed as one of the starter Pokémon of Pocket Monsters Red and Green by Atsuko Nishida, who based its design on its final form, a turtle-esque Pokémon called Blastoise. Squirtle, in the games, can evolve into Wartortle and then into Blastoise. Originally called "Zenigame" in Japanese, Nintendo decided to give the various Pokémon species "cleverly descriptive names" related to their appearance or features when translating the game for western audiences as a means to make the characters more relatable to American children. Squirtle's English name is a portmanteau of the words "squirt" and "turtle." The idea to feature Squirtle and the other Red and Blue starters in a significant role in Pokémon X and Y came about a year and a half into the development of the games. The Mega Evolutions for the three Pokémon's final forms were created, and the designers decided that they should give players an opportunity to receive one of these Pokémon in order to see their Mega Evolved form. Eric Stuart and Michelle Knotz have voiced the character in English, while Rikako Aikawa, and Tomoe Hanba have voiced the character in Japanese.

Appearances
The first video game appearance of Squirtle was in Pokémon Red and Blue, alongside the other two starters Charmander and Bulbasaur. It since went on to appear in various games following this, such as Pokémon X and Y, Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!, Pokémon Sword and Shield, and Pokémon Scarlet and Violet. Outside of the main series, Squirtle appears in a wide variety of spin-offs, such as Pokémon Snap, the Pokémon Stadium series, the Pokémon Mystery Dungeon series, the Pokémon Rumble series, Pokémon Café Mix, Pokémon Masters EX, Pokémon Go, Pokkén Tournament, New Pokémon Snap, and Pokémon UNITE, among others. In Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Squirtle is a playable character under the command of the Pokémon Trainer, alongside Ivysaur and Charizard which must be switched between in order to avoid fatiguing the Pokémon. Squirtle returns as a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Ultimate for the Nintendo Switch, once again playable with Ivysaur and Charizard.

In the animated series, Ash Ketchum, Brock, and Misty encounter a gang of five Squirtle known as the Squirtle Squad in his debut episode "Here Comes the Squirtle Squad!". They first appear as delinquents, but their interactions with Ash and Co. result in them becoming honorary firefighters of their town. Ash's second female companion, May, also owned a Squirtle. Green, the original female protagonist in Pokémon Adventures, stole a Squirtle from Professor Oak's laboratory. It was not seen until Chapter fifteen, "Wartortle Wars", by which point it had evolved into a Wartortle, nicknamed Turtley, which she used as a major member of her team. Squirtle later appeared as background elements in the live action movie Detective Pikachu.

Promotion and reception
Squirtle has been featured in several forms of merchandise, including figurines, plush toys, and the Pokémon Trading Card Game. Squirtle was part of a special airplane livery. Squirtle was featured among other Pokémon as part of Burger King kids' meal cards. Analysts predicted that Squirtle, along with Pikachu, Bulbasaur, and Charmander, would lead the merchandising of the Pokémon series. Squirtle was among eleven Pokémon chosen as Japan's mascots in the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Since it appeared in the Pokémon series, Squirtle has received generally positive reception. According to Time magazine, Squirtle was considered one of the "more popular" in the original series, while IGN ranked it the 46th best Pokémon ever, noting that it was "instantly recognisable." GamesRadar editor Brett Elston noted that while Charizard and Bulbasaur get "big props" from Pokémon players, Squirtle appears to be "more popular" from people who are not fans of the series, suggesting that its appearance may be a part of it. ITmedia also ranked Squirtle as the fourth best first partner Pokémon, primarily due to its familiarity even with those not too closely associated with the franchise. Ryan Gilliam of Polygon claimed that Squirtle was the best starter Pokémon, stating that "Squirtle isn’t adorable or fierce like the Charmander line, it doesn’t breed eternal sympathy like Bulbasaur. Instead, Squirtle, Blastoise and even Wartortle are just cool dudes. They’re cool turtles that are just cool together." He highlighted its design in comparison to Bulbasaur and Charmander, praising its simplicity and personality. San Antonio Express-News editor Susan Yerkes called Squirtle "disgustingly cute". GamesRadar editor Carolyn Gudmundson commented that Squirtle was the "coolest" of the three starting Pokémon in the anime, highlighting its association with the Squirtle Squad in the anime. Pocket Gamer listed and criticized Squirtle as the worst Pokémon ever, stating that Squirtle is "just a turtle". It has been cited as more "boring" than other Pokémon due to its similarities to other Pokémon of the same type as it.

The Squirtle Squad characters have been described as fan favorites, and have acted as the subject of several Pokémon GO collaboration events. Vice writer Diana Tourjée described the initial episode featuring them as something that scared her as a child, citing that the Squirtle Squad initially appeared terrifying to her. Despite this, she highlighted in a retrospective that the Squirtle Squad's story was a powerful one that resonated with many groups of people. She stated that the attempts of the local police to paint them as a gang showed an unfair prejudice against a group that did not deserve it, and how it built the family dynamic between the Squirtle Squad members. TheGamer 's Khee Hoon Chan cited similar sentiments, stating that despite their initially menacing appearance, the Squad had a powerful backstory and a strong popularity among fans.

Gabriel Boric Font received a Squirtle plush just prior to his Inauguration as President of Chile as a gift from Japan after he stated he was a fan of the series. During a collaboration event in Pokémon GO with singer Ed Sheeran, Squirtle was a major focus event, which was stated to be due to Squirtle being Sheeran's favorite.

title: Squirtle


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Talk:Fallopian tube

Ampulla; which is DISTAL to the uterus and opens in the infundibulum (which I just like saying) is described in the "Development" section as proximal to the uterus.
Ampulla; which is DISTAL to the uterus and opens in the infundibulum (which I just like saying) is described in the "Development" section as proximal to the uterus. I checked my Taber's 22nd edition. Can I get a Wikipedian to get the anatomy right? Thanks 2601:645:E85:2A40:8504:8A82:121A:DBA9 (talk) 02:20, 14 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fallopian tube


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Snake (video game genre)

Snake is a genre of action video games where the player maneuvers the end of a growing line, often themed as a snake.

The player must keep the snake from colliding with both other obstacles and itself, which gets harder as the snake lengthens. It originated in the 1976 two-player arcade video game Blockade from Gremlin Industries where the goal is to survive longer than the other player. The concept evolved into a single-player variant where a snake gets longer with each piece of food eaten—often apples or eggs. The simplicity and low technical requirements of snake games have resulted in hundreds of versions—some of which have the word snake or worm in the title—for many platforms.

1982's Tron arcade game, based on the film, includes snake gameplay for the single-player Light Cycle segment, and some later snake games borrow the theme. After a version simply called Snake was preloaded on Nokia mobile phones in 1998, there was a resurgence of interest in snake games.

Gameplay

The original Blockade from 1976 and its many clones are two-player games. Viewed from a top-down perspective, each player controls a "snake" with a fixed starting position. The "head" of the snake continually moves forward, unable to stop, growing ever longer. It must be steered left, right, up, and down to avoid hitting walls and the body of either snake. The player who survives the longest wins. Single-player versions are less prevalent and have one or more snakes controlled by the computer, as in the light cycles segment of the 1982 Tron arcade game.

In the most common single-player game, the player's snake is of a certain length, so the tail also moves. Each item eaten by the snake causes the snake to get longer. Snake Byte has the snake eating apples. Nibbler has the snake eating abstract objects in a maze.

History

The Snake genre began with the 1976 arcade video game Blockade developed and published by Gremlin Industries. It was cloned as Bigfoot Bonkers the same year. In 1977, Atari, Inc. released two Blockade-inspired titles: the arcade game Dominos and Atari VCS game Surround. Surround was one of the nine Atari VCS launch titles in the US and was sold by Sears under the name Chase. That same year, a similar game was launched for the Bally Astrocade as Checkmate. Mattel released Snafu for the Intellivision console in 1982.

The first known home computer version, Worm, was programmed by Peter Trefonas for the TRS-80 and published by CLOAD magazine in 1978. Versions followed from the same author for the Commodore PET and Apple II. An authorized version of the Hustle arcade game, itself a clone of Blockcade, was published by Milton Bradley for the TI-99/4A in 1980.

The single-player Snake Byte was published in 1982 for Atari 8-bit computers, Apple II, and VIC-20; a snake eats apples to complete a level, growing longer in the process. In Snake for the BBC Micro (1982), by Dave Bresnen, the snake is controlled using the left and right arrow keys relative to the direction it is heading in. The snake increases in speed as it gets longer, and there is only one life.

Nibbler (1982) is a single-player arcade game where the snake fits tightly into a maze, and the gameplay is faster than most snake designs. Another single-player version is part of the 1982 Tron arcade game, themed with light cycles. It reinvigorated the snake concept, and many subsequent games borrowed the light cycle theme.

Starting in 1991, Nibbles was included with MS-DOS for a period of time as a QBasic sample program. In 1992, Rattler Race was released as part of the second Microsoft Entertainment Pack. It adds enemy snakes to the familiar apple-eating gameplay.

Legacy
In 1996, Next Generation ranked it number 41 on their "Top 100 Games of All Time", citing the need for both quick reactions and forethought. In lieu of a title for a specific version, they listed it as "Snake game" in quotes.

On November 29, 2012, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City announced that the Nokia port of Snake was one of 40 games that the curators wished to add to the museum's collection in the future.

title: Snake (video game genre)


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Falafel

Falafel (فلافل, ) is a deep-fried ball or patty-shaped fritter of Egyptian origin, featuring in Middle Eastern cuisine, particularly Levantine cuisines, and is made from broad beans, ground chickpeas, or both.

Falafel is often served in a pita, samoon, laffa, or wrapped in a flatbread known as taboon; "falafel" also frequently refers to a wrapped sandwich that is prepared in this way. The falafel balls may be topped with salads, pickled vegetables, and hot sauce, and drizzled with tahini-based sauces. Falafel balls may also be eaten alone as a snack or served as part of a meze tray (assortment of appetizers).

Falafel is eaten throughout the Middle East and is a common street food. Falafel is usually made with fava beans in Egyptian cuisine, with chickpeas in Palestinian cuisine, or either just chickpeas or a combination of both in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. It is popular with vegetarians worldwide. The Palestinian chickpea version of the falafel has been adopted into Israeli cuisine, where it features prominently and has been called a national dish of Israel, which Palestinians and other Arabs have criticized and characterized as cultural appropriation.

Etymology
The word (فلافل) is Arabic and is the plural of ' (فلفل) 'pepper', borrowed from Persian  (فلفل), cognate with the Sanskrit word ' (पिप्पली) 'long pepper'; or an earlier, from Aramaic  'small round thing, peppercorn', derived from palpēl 'to be round, roll'.

The name is used world-wide. In English (where it has been written falafel, felafel, filafel and filafil), it is first attested in 1936.

Falafel is known as (طعمية , ) in Egypt and Sudan. The word is derived from a diminutive form of the Arabic word ' (طعام, "food"); the particular form indicates "a unit" of the given root in this case ' (ط ع م, having to do with taste and food), thus meaning "a little piece of food" or "small tasty thing".

The word falafel can refer to the fritters themselves or to sandwiches filled with them.

History and distribution
The origin of falafel is uncertain. The dish most likely originated in Egypt. It has been speculated that its history may go back to Pharaonic Egypt. However, the earliest written references to falafel from Egyptian sources date to the 19th century, and oil was probably too expensive to use for deep frying in ancient Egypt.

As Alexandria is a port city, it was possible to export the dish and its name to other areas in the Middle East. The dish later migrated northwards to the Levant, where chickpeas replaced the fava beans, and from there spread to other parts of the Middle East.

Middle East
Falafel is a common form of street food or fast food in Egypt, across the Levant, and in the wider Middle East. The croquettes are regularly eaten as part of meze. During Ramadan, falafel balls are sometimes eaten as part of the iftar, the meal that breaks the daily fast after sunset. Falafel became so popular that McDonald's for a time served a "McFalafel" in its breakfast menu in Egypt. Falafel is still popular in the Coptic diet, and as such large volumes are cooked during religious holidays. Falafel is consumed as part of Lent diet by Arab Christians.

Europe
Waves of migration of Arabs and Turks took falafel through Europe to Germany in particular, where a large Turkish population had put down roots. At first it was a dish consumed principally by migrants. During the early 1970s, the appearance of Turkish food stalls and restaurants made falafel available to the Germans, resulting in a transformation of the recipe.

North America
In North America, prior to the 1970s, falafel was found only in Middle Eastern, Mediterranean and Jewish neighborhoods and restaurants. Today, the dish is a common and popular street food in many cities throughout North America.

Vegetarianism
Falafel became popular among vegetarians and vegans as an alternative to meat-based street foods. While traditionally thought of as being used to make veggie burgers, its use has expanded as more have adopted it as a source of protein. Falafel is used as a meat substitute in some vegetarian recipes for meatloaf, sloppy joes and spaghetti and meatballs.

Preparation and variations
Falafel is made from fava beans or chickpeas, or a combination of both. Falafel is usually made with fava beans in Egyptian cuisine, where it most likely originated, with chickpeas in Palestinian cuisine, or just chickpeas or a combination of both in Jordan, Lebanon and Syria and the wider Middle East. This version is the most popular in the West.

When chickpeas are used, they are not cooked prior to use (cooking the chickpeas will cause the falafel to fall apart, requiring adding some flour to use as a binder). Instead they are soaked (sometimes with baking soda) overnight, then ground together with various ingredients such as parsley, scallions, and garlic. Spices such as cumin and coriander are often added to the beans for added flavor. The dried fava beans are soaked in water and then stone ground with leek, parsley, green coriander, cumin and dry coriander. The mixture is shaped into balls or patties. This can be done by hand or with a tool called an aleb falafel (falafel mould). The mixture is usually deep-fried, or it can be oven-baked.

Falafel is typically ball-shaped, but is sometimes made in other shapes. The inside of falafel may be green (from green herbs such as parsley or green onion), or tan. Sometimes sesame seeds are added on top of the falafel before frying it.

The pita falafel sandwich was popularized after Israel's independence and in the 1950s by Jewish Yemeni immigrants. An article in The Palestine Post from 19 October 1939 is the first mention of the concept of falafels served in a pita bread as a street food. When served as a sandwich, falafel is often wrapped with flatbread or stuffed in a hollow pita bread, or it can be served with flat or unleavened bread. Tomatoes, lettuce, cucumbers, and other garnishes can be added. Falafel is commonly accompanied by tahini sauce.

Nutrition
Homemade falafel is 35% water, 32% carbohydrates, 13% protein, and 18% fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g, homemade falafel supplies 333 calories and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of folate (20% DV) and several dietary minerals, particularly manganese (33% DV) (table). Falafel is high in soluble fiber, which has been shown to be effective in lowering blood cholesterol. Falafel can be baked to avoid the high fat content associated with frying in oil.

Politico-cultural implications
Arguments over the relative importance of the dish in various cuisines is an example of gastronationalism. In particular, discussion centers around the adoption of the dish into Israeli cuisine as an example of cultural appropriation.

While, according to author Claudia Roden, falafel was “never specifically a Jewish dish” in Syria and Egypt, it was consumed by Syrian and Egyptian Jews, and was adopted in the diet of early Jewish immigrants to the Jewish communities of Ottoman Syria. As it is plant-based, Jewish dietary laws classify it as pareve and thus allow it to be eaten with both meat and dairy meals. Falafel features prominently in Israeli cuisine and has been called a national dish.

Some Palestinians and other Arabs have objected to current identification of falafel with Israeli cuisine as cultural appropriation. Palestinian author Reem Kassis wrote that the term, "Israeli food" (including falafel) has become a proxy for political conflict. Joseph Massad, a Jordanian-American professor at Columbia University, has characterized falafel and other Arab dishes description in American and European restaurants as Israeli to be part of a broader trend of "colonial conquest".

Dafna Hirsch of the Open University of Israel, wrote: "Despite Khan Bar-Adon's lament, several ingredients from the Palestinian repertoire did penetrate many Jewish kitchens by the early 1940s, mostly vegetables like olives, tomatoes, eggplants, and squashes. Prepared dishes, however, were rarely adopted, except for falafel, which became a popular street food in Tel Aviv by the late 1930s. Excluding consumption by immigrants from Arab countries, both falafel and, later, hummus seem to have been adopted mainly by the first generation of Jews born in the country." Some authors have disagreed on the politics of food and its relative merit as a topic in the conflict.

The Association of Lebanese Industrialists in 2008 brought a lawsuit against Israel seeking damages for lost revenues, claiming copyright infringement regarding the branding of Israeli falafel, hummus, tabbouleh, and other foods.

title: Falafel


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Gravity wave

In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media when the force of gravity or buoyancy tries to restore equilibrium. An example of such an interface is that between the atmosphere and the ocean, which gives rise to wind waves.

A gravity wave results when fluid is displaced from a position of equilibrium. The restoration of the fluid to equilibrium will produce a movement of the fluid back and forth, called a wave orbit. Gravity waves on an air–sea interface of the ocean are called surface gravity waves (a type of surface wave), while gravity waves that are the body of the water (such as between parts of different densities) are called internal waves. Wind-generated waves on the water surface are examples of gravity waves, as are tsunamis, ocean tides, and the wakes of surface vessels.

The period of wind-generated gravity waves on the free surface of the Earth's ponds, lakes, seas and oceans are predominantly between 0.3 and 30 seconds (corresponding to frequencies between 3 Hz and 30 mHz). Shorter waves are also affected by surface tension and are called gravity–capillary waves and (if hardly influenced by gravity) capillary waves. Alternatively, so-called infragravity waves, which are due to subharmonic nonlinear wave interaction with the wind waves, have periods longer than the accompanying wind-generated waves.

Atmosphere dynamics on Earth
In the Earth's atmosphere, gravity waves are a mechanism that produce the transfer of momentum from the troposphere to the stratosphere and mesosphere. Gravity waves are generated in the troposphere by frontal systems or by airflow over mountains. At first, waves propagate through the atmosphere without appreciable change in mean velocity. But as the waves reach more rarefied (thin) air at higher altitudes, their amplitude increases, and nonlinear effects cause the waves to break, transferring their momentum to the mean flow. This transfer of momentum is responsible for the forcing of the many large-scale dynamical features of the atmosphere. For example, this momentum transfer is partly responsible for the driving of the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation, and in the mesosphere, it is thought to be the major driving force of the Semi-Annual Oscillation. Thus, this process plays a key role in the dynamics of the middle atmosphere.

The effect of gravity waves in clouds can look like altostratus undulatus clouds, and are sometimes confused with them, but the formation mechanism is different. Atmospheric gravity waves reaching ionosphere are responsible for the generation of traveling ionospheric disturbances and could be observed by radars.

Deep water
The phase velocity $$c$$ of a linear gravity wave with wavenumber $$k$$ is given by the formula

$$c=\sqrt{\frac{g}{k}},$$

where g is the acceleration due to gravity. When surface tension is important, this is modified to

$$c=\sqrt{\frac{g}{k}+\frac{\sigma k}{\rho}},$$

where σ is the surface tension coefficient and ρ is the density.

The gravity wave represents a perturbation around a stationary state, in which there is no velocity. Thus, the perturbation introduced to the system is described by a velocity field of infinitesimally small amplitude, $$(u'(x,z,t),w'(x,z,t)).$$ Because the fluid is assumed incompressible, this velocity field has the streamfunction representation

 * $$\textbf{u}'=(u'(x,z,t),w'(x,z,t))=(\psi_z,-\psi_x),\,$$

where the subscripts indicate partial derivatives. In this derivation it suffices to work in two dimensions $$\left(x,z\right)$$, where gravity points in the negative z-direction. Next, in an initially stationary incompressible fluid, there is no vorticity, and the fluid stays irrotational, hence $$\nabla\times\textbf{u}'=0.\,$$ In the streamfunction representation, $$\nabla^2\psi=0.\,$$ Next, because of the translational invariance of the system in the x-direction, it is possible to make the ansatz

 * $$\psi\left(x,z,t\right)=e^{ik\left(x-ct\right)}\Psi\left(z\right),\,$$

where k is a spatial wavenumber. Thus, the problem reduces to solving the equation

 * $$\left(D^2-k^2\right)\Psi=0,\,\,\,\ D=\frac{d}{dz}.$$

We work in a sea of infinite depth, so the boundary condition is at $$\scriptstyle z=-\infty.$$ The undisturbed surface is at $$\scriptstyle z=0$$, and the disturbed or wavy surface is at $$\scriptstyle z=\eta,$$ where $$\scriptstyle\eta$$ is small in magnitude. If no fluid is to leak out of the bottom, we must have the condition

 * $$u=D\Psi=0,\,\,\text{on}\,z=-\infty.$$

Hence, $$\scriptstyle\Psi=Ae^{k z}$$ on $$\scriptstyle z\in\left(-\infty,\eta\right)$$, where A and the wave speed c are constants to be determined from conditions at the interface.

The free-surface condition: At the free surface $$\scriptstyle z=\eta\left(x,t\right)\,$$, the kinematic condition holds:

 * $$\frac{\partial\eta}{\partial t}+u'\frac{\partial\eta}{\partial x}=w'\left(\eta\right).\,$$

Linearizing, this is simply

 * $$\frac{\partial\eta}{\partial t}=w'\left(0\right),\,$$

where the velocity $$\scriptstyle w'\left(\eta\right)\,$$ is linearized on to the surface $$\scriptstyle z=0.\,$$ Using the normal-mode and streamfunction representations, this condition is $$\scriptstyle c \eta=\Psi\,$$, the second interfacial condition.

Pressure relation across the interface: For the case with surface tension, the pressure difference over the interface at $$\scriptstyle z=\eta$$ is given by the Young–Laplace equation:

 * $$p\left(z=\eta\right)=-\sigma\kappa,\,$$

where σ is the surface tension and κ is the curvature of the interface, which in a linear approximation is

 * $$\kappa=\nabla^2\eta=\eta_{xx}.\,$$

Thus,

 * $$p\left(z=\eta\right)=-\sigma\eta_{xx}.\,$$

However, this condition refers to the total pressure (base+perturbed), thus

 * $$\left[P\left(\eta\right)+p'\left(0\right)\right]=-\sigma\eta_{xx}.$$

(As usual, The perturbed quantities can be linearized onto the surface z=0.) Using hydrostatic balance, in the form $$\scriptstyle P=-\rho g z+\text{Const.},$$

this becomes

 * $$p=g\eta\rho-\sigma\eta_{xx},\qquad\text{on }z=0.\,$$

The perturbed pressures are evaluated in terms of streamfunctions, using the horizontal momentum equation of the linearised Euler equations for the perturbations,

 * $$\frac{\partial u'}{\partial t} = - \frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial p'}{\partial x}\,$$

to yield $$\scriptstyle p'=\rho c D\Psi.$$

Putting this last equation and the jump condition together,

 * $$c\rho D\Psi=g\eta\rho-\sigma\eta_{xx}.\,$$

Substituting the second interfacial condition $$\scriptstyle c\eta=\Psi\,$$ and using the normal-mode representation, this relation becomes $$\scriptstyle c^2\rho D\Psi=g\Psi\rho+\sigma k^2\Psi.$$

Using the solution $$\scriptstyle \Psi=e^{k z}$$, this gives

$$c=\sqrt{\frac{g}{k}+\frac{\sigma k}{\rho}}.$$

Since $$\scriptstyle c=\omega/k$$ is the phase speed in terms of the angular frequency $$\omega$$ and the wavenumber, the gravity wave angular frequency can be expressed as

$$\omega=\sqrt{gk}.$$

The group velocity of a wave (that is, the speed at which a wave packet travels) is given by

$$c_g=\frac{d\omega}{dk},$$

and thus for a gravity wave,

$$c_g=\frac{1}{2}\sqrt{\frac{g}{k}}=\frac{1}{2}c.$$

The group velocity is one half the phase velocity. A wave in which the group and phase velocities differ is called dispersive.

Shallow water
Gravity waves traveling in shallow water (where the depth is much less than the wavelength), are nondispersive: the phase and group velocities are identical and independent of wavelength and frequency. When the water depth is h,

 * $$c_p = c_g = \sqrt{gh}.$$

Generation of ocean waves by wind
Wind waves, as their name suggests, are generated by wind transferring energy from the atmosphere to the ocean's surface, and capillary-gravity waves play an essential role in this effect. There are two distinct mechanisms involved, called after their proponents, Phillips and Miles.

In the work of Phillips, the ocean surface is imagined to be initially flat (glassy), and a turbulent wind blows over the surface. When a flow is turbulent, one observes a randomly fluctuating velocity field superimposed on a mean flow (contrast with a laminar flow, in which the fluid motion is ordered and smooth). The fluctuating velocity field gives rise to fluctuating stresses (both tangential and normal) that act on the air-water interface. The normal stress, or fluctuating pressure acts as a forcing term (much like pushing a swing introduces a forcing term). If the frequency and wavenumber $$\scriptstyle\left(\omega,k\right)$$ of this forcing term match a mode of vibration of the capillary-gravity wave (as derived above), then there is a resonance, and the wave grows in amplitude. As with other resonance effects, the amplitude of this wave grows linearly with time.

The air-water interface is now endowed with a surface roughness due to the capillary-gravity waves, and a second phase of wave growth takes place. A wave established on the surface either spontaneously as described above, or in laboratory conditions, interacts with the turbulent mean flow in a manner described by Miles. This is the so-called critical-layer mechanism. A critical layer forms at a height where the wave speed c equals the mean turbulent flow U. As the flow is turbulent, its mean profile is logarithmic, and its second derivative is thus negative. This is precisely the condition for the mean flow to impart its energy to the interface through the critical layer. This supply of energy to the interface is destabilizing and causes the amplitude of the wave on the interface to grow in time. As in other examples of linear instability, the growth rate of the disturbance in this phase is exponential in time.

This Miles–Phillips Mechanism process can continue until an equilibrium is reached, or until the wind stops transferring energy to the waves (i.e., blowing them along) or when they run out of ocean distance, also known as fetch length.

title: Gravity wave


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Talk:1945 in music

Record Albums
I don't think that Bing Crosby released any "albums" in 1945. I think this piece of information is totally misleading. Have a look at vinyl record to make sure. At the end of the Second World War all the records were 78s, and one side lasted up to four minutes or so.

If, half a century later, record labels decide to cash in on the good old days and release CDs with the soundtrack of 30s movies, okay. But we certainly shouldn't call this "albums released in 1945" because it's simply wrong.

See also 1937 in music -- same there. KF 23:57 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * It's going to be the same from 1900 in music on up... so, change it if it's incorrect. Should it be "78's released"? Or what? My mother always called her 78's "albums" or "record albums".

 * I also think it's anachronistic to use the term "Top Hits" for songs first performed and/or recorded during the first decades of the 20th century. "78s released" and "Top Hits" would be more or less the same, wouldn't it?

 * Let's just bear this in mind when we edit these music pages. Whenever I do so, I'll just delete that one line that says "Albums released". I don't know where you come from, so maybe in your area what later was referred to as "singles" was called "albums", but I can't really imagine that. At least according to the entry here in Wikipedia, an album is a 33 1/3 rpm vinyl record. The album article still lacks a historical perspective, but I'm really no expert in this field. Hopefully someone else is going to join in. --KF 01:01 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * Postscript: A few months later, all this has been wonderfully explained in the entries on album and especially gramophone record. -- KF 20:49 Apr 15, 2003 (UTC)

PPS   Billboard ran a 5 position album sales chart weekly in 1945. The albums were mostly 4 78rpm discs containing 8 tracks. I will make some notes and add the information sometime in the future.

Reconstructed by me

June 30, 1945

POPULAR RECORD ALBUMS Albums listed are those selling best in the nation's retail record stores (dealers). List is based on reports received from more than 200 dealers in all sections of the the country. Albums are listed numerically according to greatest sales.

Last	This Weeks 	Week	Week

13	2	1 	Glenn Miller 		Glenn Miller and Ork 			Victor A-8

5 	4	2 	Up in Central Park	Jeanette MacDonald 			Victor M-991

15	1	3 	King Cole Trio		Collection of Favorites 		Capitol A-4

11	3	4 	After Dark		Morton Gould and Ork 			Columbia C-107

4	-	5 	Meet Me in St. Louis	Judy Garland 				Decca DA-380

11	-	5 	Song of Norway		Featuring Members Original Cast 	Decca DA-382

the hell with it! page 24

Billboard charts
In 1945, BB ran weekly best-selling, radio plays, jukebox plays, album, country and R&B charts. That's 6. The circulating chart (Whitburn) combines the first 3, taking the best result of each week, which results in 52-80 #1s for the year, which I don't like. The numerous ties are left as is, which is also no good. If you have a tie for #1, then the next position is #3, not #2. When I am done tabulating the numbers, I will post them in here first. I already did the Folk-Hillbilly chart. The popular chart I posted is a Whitburn temp, to get rid of the short chart that used RYM (a polling site), and other info we do not allow. I wish I had room to fit the songwriters. My goal is to post a decent page with semi-confirmed information and citations, so interested young people can get an idea of the year's music. All the artists and songs google and link to our other pages, which is a great reference to have. The information these pages are based on is far from perfect, which I will write about more.

Tillywilly17 (talk) 08:15, 5 May 2022 (UTC)

I am almost done loading all the chart data from Billboard to excel for 1945. That means

Best-Selling Popular Retail Records (Pop)

Most-Played Juke Box Records (Pop)

Most-Played Juke Box Race Records (R&B)

Most-Played Juke Box Folk Records (Country)

Also, on January 27 1945 BB started another Pop Chart

'Records Most-Played On the Air'

Whitburn and his fans combine all 3 pop charts into one format of their invention.

Maybe theirs is the best way to do it. Maybe it's not.

I will post raw year end charts for each category in here first. Just in case there are other Wikipedia editors that have an interest or opinion. I know there are much more important things going on in the world, but just in case, I will share my Billboard music chart research, so editors can use it. If you are interested,. My default plan for this page is to post the top 5 or so of the 3 pop charts, and also Harlem R&B. Country has it's own page. Since it's not my website and I am not a Putin-class editor, I will do whatever is decided if others get involved. We have more options now that's all. I got all the info directly from BB, and I reverse engineered whitburns formula. I believe in one #1 per week, and that the record that people buy the most is the top hit. A jukebox hit or radio fave are cool. I just object to Whitburn rewriting history, jusr like that Council of Nicea decided what books to ban from the bible 325 AD Billions of people think the bible is the word of God, but then I found out Emperor Constantine and the Pope decided what was best for us. Whitburn's books did make me aware of historical record information, but I had to educate myself to find out the truth, there were no charts until 1940 (then I found BB Hillbilly charts back to April 1939..

Artist

Song Title

BS                    Best-Selling Retail Records

DJ                    Records Most-Played On the Air

JB                    Most Played Juke Box Records

PTS                 total

1945_001

Les Brown and his Orchestra (Vocal Chorus by Doris Day)

Sentimental Journey

BS                   213

DJ                   221

JB                   189

PTS                623

1945_002 Perry Como Till The End Of Time

189 193 189 571

1945_003 Johnny Mercer On The Atchison, Topeka, And Santa Fe

182 182 192 556

1945_004 Vaughn Monroe and His Orchestra There! I've Said it Again

143 194 136 473

1945_005 Andrews Sisters Rum and Coca-Cola

179 83 207 469

1945_006 Les Brown and his Orchestra (Vocal Chorus by Doris Day) My Dreams Are Getting Better All The Time

136 106 150 392

1945_007 Sammy Kaye and His Orchestra  (v. Nancy  Norman, Billy Williams, the Kaye Choir) Chickery Chick

120 113 103 336

1945_009 Johnny Mercer, Jo Stafford, & Pied Pipers Candy

102 108 117 327

1945_008 Harry James and his Orchestra (Vocal Chorus by Kitty Kallen) It's Been a Long, Long Time

120 124 83 327

1945_010 Bing Crosby I Can't Begin to Tell You

99 50 154 303

1945_011 Johnny Mercer & Pied Pipers Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate The Positive

96 105 93 294

1945_012 Freddy Martin and His Orchestra Symphony

102 102 75 279

1945_013 Bing Crosby and Les Paul It's Been a Long, Long Time

89 70 102 261

1945_014 Carmen Cavallaro and His Orchestra Chopin's Polonaise

112 51 64 227

1945_015 Harry James and his Orchestra (Vocal Chorus by Kitty Kallen) I'm Beginning To See The Light

56 107 63 226

1945_016 Tony Pastor and His Orchestra Bell-Bottom Trousers

91 30 87 208

1945_017 Benny Goodman and His Orchestra (Vocal Benny Goodman) Gotta Be This Or That

71 104 30 205

1945_018 Hal McIntyre and His Orchestra Sentimental Journey

41 59 80 190

1945_019 Helen Forrest and Dick Haymes I'll Buy That Dream

62 52 63 177

1945_020 Stan Kenton and His Orchestra Tampico

45 64 58 167

title: Talk:1945 in music


text:
Quasi-biennial oscillation

The quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) is a quasiperiodic oscillation of the equatorial zonal wind between easterlies and westerlies in the tropical stratosphere with a mean period of 28 to 29 months. The alternating wind regimes develop at the top of the lower stratosphere and propagate downwards at about 1 km per month until they are dissipated at the tropopause. Downward motion of the easterlies is usually more irregular than that of the westerlies. The amplitude of the easterly phase is about twice as strong as that of the westerly phase. At the top of the vertical QBO domain, easterlies dominate, while at the bottom, westerlies are more likely to be found. At the $30 mb$ level, with regards to monthly mean zonal winds, the strongest recorded easterly was 29.55 m/s in November 2005, while the strongest recorded westerly was only 15.62 m/s in June 1995.

Theory
In 1883, the eruption of Krakatoa led to visual tracking of subsequent volcanic ash in the stratosphere. This visual tracking led to the discovery of easterly winds between 25 and 30 km above the surface. The winds were then called the Krakatau easterlies. In 1908, data balloons launched above Lake Victoria in Africa recorded westerly winds in the stratospheric levels of the atmosphere. These findings, at the time, were thought to contradict the 1883 findings. However, the winds that would become known as the QBO were discovered to oscillate between westerly and easterly in the 1950s by researchers at the UK Meteorological Office. The cause of these QBO winds remained unclear for some time. Radiosonde soundings showed that its phase was not related to the annual cycle, as is the case for many other stratospheric circulation patterns. In the 1970s it was recognized by Richard Lindzen and James Holton that the periodic wind reversal was driven by atmospheric waves emanating from the tropical troposphere that travel upwards and are dissipated in the stratosphere by radiative cooling. The precise nature of the waves responsible for this effect was heavily debated; in recent years, however, gravity waves have come to be seen as a major contributor and the QBO is now simulated in a growing number of climate models.

Effects
Effects of the QBO include mixing of stratospheric ozone by the secondary circulation caused by the QBO, modification of monsoon precipitation, and an influence on stratospheric circulation in northern hemisphere winter (mediated partly by a change in the frequency of sudden stratospheric warmings). Easterly phases of the QBO often coincide with more sudden stratospheric warmings, a weaker Atlantic jet stream, and cold winters in Northern Europe and the Eastern U.S. In contrast, westerly phases of the QBO often coincide with mild winters in the Eastern U.S. and a strong Atlantic jet stream with mild, wet winters in Northern Europe. In addition, the QBO has been shown to affect hurricane frequency during hurricane seasons in the Atlantic. Research has also been conducted investigating a possible relationship between ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) and the QBO.

Observation of the QBO with weather balloons
The Free University of Berlin supplies a QBO data set that comprises radiosonde observations from Canton Island, Gan, and Singapore. The plot below shows the QBO during the 1980s.

Recent observations
The first significant observed deviation from the normal QBO since its discovery in early 1950s was noted beginning in February 2016, when the transition to easterly winds was disrupted by a new band of westerly winds that formed unexpectedly. The lack of a reliable QBO cycle deprives forecasters of a valuable tool. Since the QBO has a strong influence on the North Atlantic Oscillation and thereby north European weather, scientists speculated that the coming winter could be warmer and stormier in that region. NASA scientists have been researching to test if the extremely strong 2014–2016 El Niño, climate change, or some other factor might be involved. They are trying to determine whether this is more of a once-in-a-generation event or a sign of the changing climate.

title: Quasi-biennial oscillation


text:
Talk:United States v. The Amistad

Conflicting numbers
Lead says "In 1842 the thirty-five who wanted to return to Africa, together with American Christian missionaries, were transported by ship to Sierra Leone." Aftermath and significance section says "Along with several missionaries, in 1842 the surviving 39 Africans sailed to Sierra Leone." (bold added for easy viewing) Is it 35 or 39? If 35, what happened to the other 4? MartinezMD (talk) 02:12, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
 * I found a ref for 35 and changed it. The others had died in the interim. Mojoworker (talk) 22:08, 14 June 2020 (UTC)

"South of the equator"?
The article currently says, "... the British had entered into a treaty with Spain prohibiting the slave trade south of the equator ...." How did that relate to this case? The Africans were from what is now Sierra Leone, which is north of the equator, and were taken captive and brought to Cuba, which is further north of the equator. --Metropolitan90 (talk) 22:52, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:United States v. The Amistad


text:
Secondary circulation

In fluid dynamics, a secondary circulation or secondary flow is a weak circulation that plays a key maintenance role in sustaining a stronger primary circulation that contains most of the kinetic energy and momentum of a flow. For example, a tropical cyclone's primary winds are tangential (horizontally swirling), but its evolution and maintenance against friction involves an in-up-out secondary circulation flow that is also important to its clouds and rain. On a planetary scale, Earth's winds are mostly east–west or zonal, but that flow is maintained against friction by the Coriolis force acting on a small north–south or meridional secondary circulation.

title: Secondary circulation


text:
Talk:Mercantilism

Mercantilism past/present
The focus on mercantilism as an obsolete economic policy (lead and elsewhere) is at odds with statements and references in 'Legacy' referring to active neomercantilism in recently-industrialized and industrializing states as recently as 2007. Accordingly I've changed tenses in a few places. I've also noted (though I can't cite a scholarly reference, only ephemeral news articles) the modern use of non-tariff barriers instead of the overt tariffs now discountenanced by the WTO. Given the current (2017) tensions between China and the rest of the world (https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-12-11/u-s-says-wto-losing-its-essential-focus-as-trade-cases-build) on the subject, treating mercantilism as dead does nobody any favors. I didn't like to use the above as a citation because of its transient nature, but would welcome the addition of any more solid citation of modern mercantilism. Chrismorey (talk) 22:14, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

 * Mercantilism is an economic system that was present between the 16th and the 18th century. The mercantilist dogma was revived by modern economists. Have a nice day!--Tim Stamper (talk) 15:48, 12 December 2017 (UTC)

Hello. when you say "modern economists"... do you mean Chinese economists, or EU economists. or Russian economists or North American economists or Frankfurt school economists or Austrian school economists? Who are you referring to in particular and what ideology do they subscribe to? I would appreciate more information on this matter, kind regards from UK. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.27.7.218 (talk) 13:59, 10 March 2020 (UTC)

 * (or anyone) My comprehension is that mercantilism was centered around raw materials and trade for basic real goods. It's tied to industrialization because those raw materials were used to fabricate all the new industrial machinery.  It had little relevance to the laborers (who didn't exist as a concept until mercantilism's downfall).  The financing tools we have today (that make up modern capitalism and are the primary focus for modern economics since the early 1900s) were nearly nonexistent or rarely used.  Yes? No?  It shares some, but very few, aspects with crony capitalism.  They both easily allow for abuse and corruption, as does communism.  Liberty5651 (talk) 17:36, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Hi, I appreciate your ongoing interest on this topic! I will say that perhaps it is a certain type of economist (many European trained or trained in south/central America) that uses the words as synonyms, but it also seems to me that at least some of these economists recognize (rightfully) that what happens with a Mercantilist system is that you have a government that offers favors to some merchants and some traders over others, which in turn means there is a "market" for political favors etc. This in essence is what happens with a system of crony capitalism, where there are not adequate checks and balances (such as those offered potentially by a well structured constitutional republic) to maintain the capitalism minus the cronyism. This is why as I worded the lead sentence now, I think we are properly portraying both the reality, as well as the reality as it is presented by the cited secondary source. More here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Th78blue (talk • contribs) 18:01, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I get what your saying. I won't say you're wrong.  I just think they are two different concepts (for lack of a better word).  Cronyism is a moral concept and Mercantilism is not.  It's budgetary.  It's the difference between having money and using it properly.  They're intrinsically related, but different subjects.  There are many currencies (rich or poor) and many different spending habits (good or bad).  One can apply morality to the budget, but not the other way around.  butthatsjustmeandivebeenwrongbeforeLiberty5651 (talk) 19:47, 15 October 2021 (UTC)

 * , I am glad that you see where I am coming from, and I will cede that I also see where you are coming from. I tried my best to address this by including what I still consider to be a valid synonym according to some leading economists, but also conditioning it by stating, "sometimes called, or labeled as similar to..." Hopefully this best addresses both of our concerns. Thanks! Th78blue (talk) 01:25, 16 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I see that you included crony capitalism in the "see also" section. That seems about right; apropos. Yet, I'm still not sure it should be referenced in the opening sentence.  "Mercantilism" has been the name for the topic for centuries.  If nothing else, maybe the sentence should be written as "Mercantilism, what one man called crony capitalism..." to recognize that you're relying on only one source.Liberty5651 (talk) 16:45, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I'd like to learn other people's opinions on my idea that Mercantilism is a budgetary concept and Crony Capitalism is a moral concept. Liberty5651 (talk) 16:45, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * If someone in an op-ed has equated Mercantilism with Crony Capitalism, we could maybe mention it further down, if it's due. However it should definitely not be in the lead, and in the way it was included. could you please stop reintroducing the change before any consensus about this is reached? BeŻet (talk) 17:00, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Given that this was discussed at length as you can see above. I'd ask that we consider further discussion and reach a new consensus about removing the material. Thanks Th78blue (They/Them/Theirs • talk) 17:02, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * This hasn't been discussed at length. This is a fairly new change that you made that has been contested multiple times, and above is just a very brief discussion between just two editors. It doesn't even make any exact statement about the lead. Please stop edit-warring until this change reaches a community consensus. BeŻet (talk) 17:06, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * Could you please self-revert as you have broken the three revert rule and are engaging in an edit war. BeŻet (talk) 17:09, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * "Undoing another editor's work—whether in whole or in part, whether involving the same or different material each time—counts as a revert." I never undid your work, you undid mine, and I was simply reverting it back until consensus is reached. The source cited meets verifiability, WP:NPOV, WP:V, and of course, WP:OR is not at hand here since this is simply from the source. There are other sources too that I found, I will add those as well since this one seems to not be adequate. Please leave it for a bit while I find the other sources, plus I am working on another wikiproject today related to grammar and typos, so I may fix this tomorrow. Happy to continue discussing. I know this is not a one-off POV, but a fairly well established synonym among economists (crony capitalism and mercantilism and cronyism). Th78blue (They/Them/Theirs • talk) 17:14, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

 * I'm sorry, but in that case I'm afraid I'll have to report you. BeŻet (talk) 17:15, 31 October 2021 (UTC)

Once you are ready to discuss this, please do it here and present the sources that you base your view on. Thank you. BeŻet (talk) 10:38, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

Aztec Pochteca
What's the point of having the Aztec empire section in this article? I read through the section and the main article and can't find any connection to mercantilism at all. Maybe someone can find some source to indicate that the Aztec policies with their pochteca can be compared to mercantilism in the Western world but for now, there is no connection to be found in this article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by MonoParallax (talk • contribs) 20:29, 12 September 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mercantilism


text:
User talk:AnnieKat

All right, may the flaming of *me* begin.

Huh? I didn't define it, I just added 'n' to "a apple". -phma

 * Huh. You're kidding. Who put the definition in? Eh, thanks anyway... I am going to have to find a picture for chiaroscuro, it's too hard to describe.Annie

Hi Annie. The first sentences on your user talk page are quite unusual, and rather mysterious. Normally, newcomers can read something like "Hello, welcome to Wikipedia. We hope you'll like it" etc. etc. As no one has done that before, let me welcome you now. By the way, have you already found out that Plano, Texas has its own page? All the best, KF 01:12 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the welcome... yeah, I knew about the page. It's kind of dry, though, isn't it? I suppose that's one more thing on my list of Stuff to Update. As for mysterious... eh, I'm just so often a figure of controversy, I figured people might as well have permission to flame. (I don't tolerate it directed at others, tho.) Annie

 * Mmhhh... but you'd like to be flamed by someone, don't you ? ;-) FvdP

 * Did I ever deny it? Be warned, tho... I am teh 1337 flamer. Annie

-

Annie:

My contributions have come under attack because of a series of misrepresentations and misunderstandings from various sources. Most of these contributions contain large sections of original writing that boundlessly improved each article.

If you go through them, you’d see that the contributions are commendable and fall within the Wikipedia guidelines. You’d see that each subject is now treated more even-handedly than before, and that each article conveys a far better understanding of the subject-matter.

I doubt that you would like utterly clueless people tearing part one of your contributions and making it into an incoherent, disorganized mess.

As a result, I only contribute content to articles pertaining to subjects about which I am well-versed. I expect the same from others.

172

---

 * User 172, as far as I can tell, you didn't get the message.

 * As for "utterly clueless people tearing part one of your contributions and making it into an incoherent, disorganized mess", someone just did. Someone by the username of "172" just came onto my Talk page and wrote a long, self-supporting schpeal.

 * But you're right. I _don't_ like it.

 * Once again, please blast yourself into outer space.

 * Have a nice day, Annie

The only "blasting" we do here is on the Wikipedia mailing list (please join the English one: Wikien-l). Zoe seems intent on getting 172 blocked for bad behavior and I'm beginning to see her point. Welcome to Wikipedia - I really like your contributions. :-) --mav ---

Annie:

I was trying to reconcile tensions between us, trying to foster a sort of rapprochement. Yet you continue to respond with these childish ramblings.

In yet another perhaps naïve attempt to reason with you, I’d like to urge you to go to the 172 userpage and see for yourself my invaluable contributions. You among others mock me, which is not in the interests of Wikipedia in general. The hate speech dissuades me from making further contributions.

I wouldn’t slander you. After all, that would distract you from expounding upon those articles pertaining to Pokeman.

172

-

Might I point out that my articles on Pokemon have as much cultural significance to a significant sector of the population as your articles on history do to another?

As for acting childish... I AM a child. As you'd realize if you'd looked at my user page. I'm 17 years old, and thus legally a minor. Therefore, I'm entitled to act like a child for another 4 months, 10 days and... 5 hours.

LOL! -- Zoe

Some goes on after 18. Guess who ?

 * Well, I never said I can't act like a child afterwards... but for now, I'm entitled. The Purring One

-- Hi Annie !

Ericd

Hi Annie, a belated welcome from me! Please note that our Naming conventions state regarding capitalization of titles:

 * Convention: Unless the term you wish to create a page for is a proper noun, do not capitalize second and subsequent words.

This is to make linking easier, as links are case-sensitive. I'll move the couple of pages you created. --Eloquence 23:34 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

Annie, I see you have not yet been inducted into the inner circle by those who know the entire hideous story. Let me have the pleasure/burden of being the one who helps you to understand the enormity and scope of the matter under consideration. If you will notice, Jimmy Hoffa was born in 1913 and Linda Lovelace was born in 1949. That they were born so far apart would make the plain fact of what happened seem impossible, but we are dealing with advanced technology here so please suspend disbelief until you have heard all of what I have to say. Additionaly, the fact that they were different sexes has thrown many a competent investigator off the trail of the terribleness that is the truth. In fact, both Hoffa and Lovelace were spawned as demonstrations to small groups of Earthlings, by the aliens, of the variability that can be produced if the cloning procedures they were teaching were not followed with the utmost care. If you have not come to the logical conclusion implied in what I have just said, let me spell it out for you. Jimmy Hoffa and Linda Lovelace are two clones of a single individual (whose identity has not yet been discovered). They are genetically identical persons. That Linda Lovelace was eventually to become a strident activist can be understood as her shared genotype finally showing through, even in spite of such drastic differences in her experiences from those of Jimmy Hoffa. See nature versus nurture for background information. The demonstration was not simply a warning of what to avoid however. It was also meant to demonstrate the degree to which you could influence the phenotypical characteristics of the clones produced, even though they shared a single genotype. As was noted, the sex of the individuals were made to be different and the Hoffa subject was optimized for criminality while the Lovelace subject was optimized for... well lets just say that she was optimized. Furthermore, and more to the point of clearing up the confusion about who is leading the conspiracy, the genetic engineering that was used in combination with the cloning technology gave Hoffa and Lovelace a psychic link that rendered them, in combination with their shared genetic composition, basically one and the same person. I could go on with more details but I do not like how the man in the corner is looking at me as I sit here on this public terminal in a busy library. I suspect that he is with the NSA. In order for me to have time to erradicate all evidence of this transmission and make an exit in a manner which will be most likely to result in the loss of my possible tail, I must be off. I hope this has helped you and I wish you well. --Qaz
 * I came back and reread this. It kind of spooked me :p Let me emphasize that this entry was completely facetious. --Qaz

We know, Qaz. We know. Annie

Annie, Eric didn't vandalize my page. He made changes to 172's User page which 172 took exception to, even though 172 does the same thing to other people's pages. -- Zoe

 * sighs* Well, that wasn't terribly mature, but I can definitely empathize... Besides, it looks like TheCanterburyTales did worse, so why isn't 172 targeting him/her? Annie

Articles for deletion nomination of Weyr
I have nominated Weyr, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Weyr. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message.  Them From  Space  21:06, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

Nomination of Weyr for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Weyr is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Weyr& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. TTN (talk) 21:01, 3 December 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Blastoise for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Blastoise is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Blastoise& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Bryn (talk) (contributions) 00:43, 10 July 2021 (UTC)

Nomination of Bulbasaur for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Bulbasaur is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Bulbasaur& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 06:02, 29 July 2021 (UTC)

title: User talk:AnnieKat


text:
Nauru Bwiema

"Nauru Bwiema" ("Nauru, Our Homeland" ) is the national anthem of Nauru. The lyrics were written by Margaret Hendrie, with music composed by Laurence Henry Hicks. It was adopted in 1968, upon attaining independence from the mostly Australian-administered UN Trusteeship.

History
The anthem was composed by Anglo-Australian composer and military bandmaster Laurence Henry Hicks, who was leader of the Black Watch Band. It was adopted upon independence from the UN Trust Territory of Nauru, which was mostly administered by Australia, in January 1968. The anthem did not have official lyrics at the time, but lyrics by Nauruan composer Margaret Griffith Hendrie (1935–1990) were later adopted.

title: Nauru Bwiema