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Talk:List of World Chess Championships

Flags
World Chess Championship 1886 claims that Steinitz wanted the US flag placed beside him. Did he get it?

If he did, then there is an inconsistency with regards to flags: Nepomniachtchi 2021 is not given the Russian flag, because even though he's Russian he didn't play under it; but Steinitz 1886 is given the Austro-Hungarian flag, which he didn't play under despite that being his country. Of course, if he didn't, then there's no problem. Double sharp (talk) 10:04, 9 December 2021 (UTC)

 * I don't know if this is the right place to put this, but under "Other", in the 1992 match with Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer, Spassky has a French flag instead of a Russian one. A fenian (talk) 02:15, 2 May 2023 (UTC)
 * That's correct: Spassky became a French citizen in 1978. Double sharp (talk) 04:25, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I've been mulling over how to best present the flags. In any case, would it be uncontroversial that we should probably not primarily display the FIDE flag for country-punishing purposes? Remsense  聊  18:08, 23 November 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that we should be consistent about always showing the flag the players actually played with. So the recent championships should show Nepo with the FIDE flag, but Steinitz 1886 should also get the USA flag and Kasparov 1990 the Russian tricolour. Double sharp (talk) 05:12, 24 November 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, as long as it's consistent to some schema. That would be the easiest, I would support that. Remsense  聊  19:07, 24 November 2023 (UTC)

W, L, D vs. (W + D/2), GP
So, I am genuinely conflicted as to whether the scores (at least for the matches) should be presented as columns of W, L, and D, or as a traditional score column, plus a 'games played' column. i think the latter is arguably more helpful to those familiar with chess, but the former requires only trivial calculation to get the information of the latter out. thoughts? Remsense 留  23:57, 15 December 2023 (UTC)
 * "Euwe | 15½–14½ | Alekhine | 30 GP" versus
 * "Euwe | Alekhine | 9W | 8L | 13D"
 * Right now you have a W column, an L column, and a D column, and that is normally fine (for me).
 * However, your notation for tiebreaks is something I've never seen before. For instance, for Kramnik vs. Topalov 2006, you have 3+2 W, 3+1 L, 6+1 D.  Besides being hard to comprehend, this is unfamiliar.  I suggest instead something like
 * 3 3 6
 * 2 1 1 (tiebreak)
 * Bruce leverett (talk) 05:03, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * I agree—I'm currently tweaking the table columns in my userspace, and of course there are enough edge cases where nothing quite fits right. Remsense  留  05:43, 16 December 2023 (UTC)
 * @Bruce leverett and anyone else, what do you think of the new presentation at the top of this page? Remsense  留  19:53, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Sorry for the late response, been busy, I plan to comment on this. Bruce leverett (talk) 22:00, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Bruce leverett, no rush! Take your time. Remsense  留  22:12, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Some comments:
 * The G column seems redundant in most cases. What is the point of it?
 * For a knockout tournament of matches like 1999, it is obtuse to give Khalifman's total score in individual games. All that mattered was that he won all his matches.  Perhaps there were rivals who scored more points, by virtue of having played longer matches.  By the way, it looks to me like he played 36 games, not 32, and got 22 points, not 18½.
 * I haven't thought of a suggestion for how to concisely summarize the winner's performance in such a format. Most likely more, and at any rate different, columns will be needed.
 * The choice between, say, 6-4 and 6/10 seems to me to be arbitrary, that is, they both convey the same information. I don't see why you have sometimes used one and sometimes used the other.  Alert readers will try to read something into this choice.  I recommend consistently use one of them.  I am a bit more comfortable with 6-4, but I can't put my finger on why, so that's not a strong recommendation.
 * There's no explanation, in the "Key" section, for the superscripted number in parentheses next to the loser's name in 2012, 2016, 2018, 2023. Hmm, I see that it has to do with tiebreaks.  I don't like this:  in, for example, 2018, we see a score of 9-6, with the superscript notation indicating that there were three tiebreaks.  It is confusing to combine the 6-6 score in the classical games with the 3-0 score in tiebreak rapid games.  I don't think you will find any of our sources that summarizes the match score(s) in this way.  You may need more columns here.
 * I'll try to find time for more of this, but it's late at night. Bruce leverett (talk) 05:44, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much for your insight!
 * I've attempted what I've understood to be the usual presentation of match results (with an en dash) and tournament results (with a slash). But you are right, that's totally redundant. Would you say I should just use the en dash (since it's more legible with the ½?
 * The G column is likely also redundant. I thought about the slightly novel use of something like the template to get a result like 20$10 5$ for 10W-5L-5D, but that's getting way too cute. There's just enough edge cases that it's driving me a little crazy!
 * Thank you regarding Khalifman etc., I knew I would miscount somewhere.
 * Remsense 留  06:29, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Aha! I think I solved the biggest issue, as is now reflected—I've put the tiebreaks below a dashed line in the cell—it seems intuitive and inline with the presentation on individual championship articles. I think I'm about ready to transfer the new presentation over to the mainspace article if no one objects. what do you think? Remsense  留  23:02, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Looks much better.
 * The things in the Format column are not complete sentences, and so don't have to end with periods.
 * The "Other" table needs more explanation of what things are doing there. Bruce leverett (talk) 20:52, 6 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Agreed. I'll be going through every item and removing the ones that I can't source, and nuancing the ones that need as such. Thanks for the help! Remsense  留  20:59, 6 January 2024 (UTC)

Time control
Should time control be included in the "Format" column? I had a hard enough time sourcing the locations of every game, but at least time controls wouldn't change from match to match. Remsense  诉  08:20, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

Sources?
The section headers for Predecessor events, Privately organized matches, Fide World Championships (1948-1990), Split title, and Fide World Championships (2006-present) have, between them, approximately zero citations, but lots of material that could be challenged. Bruce leverett (talk) 21:59, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Bruce leverett, I allowed myself to write the prose extemporaneously and cite it later, though it's a bad habit—I was just getting to putting citations in as we speak. — Remsense  诉  22:05, 15 January 2024 (UTC)
 * @Bruce leverett, I think I'm almost ready to submit it as a FLC. What do you think? — Remsense  诉  04:18, 16 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Much improved. Bruce leverett (talk) 16:49, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

World Chess Championship 1978
The event happened in the City of Baguio not Manila, get it right. 120.29.69.128 (talk) 02:58, 7 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. You are correct and the page has been updated. Quale (talk) 05:10, 7 March 2024 (UTC)

archivebot
What is the story of the recent archiving and reversion? Where is "archivebot" set to "disallow", and why? I am asking because the same archiving just happened over at History of chess. Bruce leverett (talk) 13:26, 15 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of World Chess Championships


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Talk:Manila

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 08:07, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Avenida Rizal, Manila in the 1970s.jpg

COVID-19 Pandemic
Should we have COVID-19 pandemic subtitle as part of health or history? Sarge Da2 (talk) 14:30, 18 September 2022 (UTC)

"Maynilad" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maynilad&redirect=no Maynilad] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 10:33, 22 March 2023 (UTC)

Rename article to "Manila City"
I'm aware that there is already a disclaimer at the beginning of the article, but wouldn't it make more sense to add the "City" designation next to it so that readers avoid confusing it for NCR as a whole? Just Your Average Stellaron Hunter (talk) 08:34, 18 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Not a WP:COMMONNAME. HueMan1 (talk) 10:29, 18 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Manila


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Talk:Manila hemp

I think the fiber itself is called "Manila hemp." —seav

Confusing
This article needs work. It states that manila is not hemp and then that it was banned with hemp. It gives no history or use. The 3rd paragraph looks like it was copied from the hemp page and not adapted for this one. --Karuna8 02:35, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

The article should be deleted in favour of the article on Abaca - abaca is the same fibre, and the article on abaca is more comprehensive. Manila is a rather outdated name, and it never has been hemp. Obviously there should be an appropriate redirect. Natural fibre (talk) 16:21, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Also the statement that it is mostly used to make rope is not correct - this was the case 50 years ago, but now most of this fibre is pulped, a small (rather variable) quantity is used for rope, mainly for use by the US navy. Natural fibre (talk) 16:25, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Do you have a reference for this? The article states that it is a small quantity but if you go to any hardware store you can still find Manila Rope.  So which is it?  Is it only used for the Navy or is it a small quantity?  Sales must be strong enough if you can still find it in stores - even Walmart has it!  I think you are confusing Manila Rope with Hemp Rope which is mostly used now in nautical circles (U.S. Navy included).Dbroer (talk) 17:17, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

Veronica Mars
This article was referenced in the Veronica Mars episode that aired on January 23, 2007. Veronica and her dad wonder what "manila" is as they are filing papers. A few seconds later, Veronica says "according to Wikipedia ..." and then continues to quote this articles information about what manila paper is. -- User:Konky2000

Proposed merge of Abacá with Manila hemp
Two articles on the same topic; no opinion on which title should be used fro the resulting page – abacá is older, Manila hemp is English Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 21:06, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * These are duplicate articles titled under synonyms, that much is obvious. This can not be the merger destination because the other article is much more developed. That, more developed, article has to be the destination. The issue of whether Abacá should be moved to Manila hemp is then an issue for a requested move discussion. I think that there are two options: (1) we just boldly do the merge without waiting for further input because of how obvious this is, or: (2) this discussion gets moved to the appropriate page, which is Talk:Abacá. —Alalch E. 16:35, 6 April 2023 (UTC)
 * OK, . I'm not sure where the "much more developed" reasoning comes from, but as I said I've no opinion on which title the final page should sit at. This discussion is on an appropriate page, the talk-page of one of the articles for which a merge is proposed, but where no target page is specified; the merge notice at Abacá links correctly to this discussion (I've just checked). It's fine with me if you want to go ahead and carry out the merge, and I think there's been a reasonable amount of time for others to comment (unless we have some hard-and-fast rule that I don't know about about how long a merge proposal needs to stay open?). Regards, Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 18:31, 6 April 2023 (UTC)

I went ahead and merged it. There's nothing in this article really that needed to be merged anyway. So it's fairly uncontroversial. Everything was a duplicate. The topic is the same thing. I just migrated the sources and tweaked the wording in the lead in Abaca.-- OBSIDIAN  †  SOUL  15:52, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you very much.—Alalch E. 21:27, 29 May 2023 (UTC)
 * Indeed, thanks to both and ! Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 22:01, 29 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Manila hemp


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Gros Morne National Park

Gros Morne National Park is a Canadian national park and World Heritage Site located on the west coast of Newfoundland. At 1805 km2, it is the second largest national park in Atlantic Canada after Torngat Mountains National Park, which has an area of 9700 km2.

The park takes its name from Newfoundland's second-highest mountain peak (at 806 m) located within the park. Its French meaning is "large mountain standing alone," or more literally "great sombre." Gros Morne is a member of the Long Range Mountains, an outlying range of the Appalachian Mountains, stretching the length of the island's west coast. It is the eroded remnants of a mountain range formed 1.2 billion years ago. In 1987, the park was awarded World Heritage Site status by UNESCO because "The park provides a rare example of the process of continental drift, where deep ocean crust and the rocks of the earth's mantle lie exposed."

The Gros Morne National Park Reserve was established in 1973, and was made a national park on October 1, 2005.

The park was the subject of a short film in 2011's National Parks Project.

Geology
The park's rock formations, made famous by Robert Stevens and Harold Williams, include oceanic crust and mantle rock exposed by the obduction process of plate tectonics, as well as sedimentary rock formed during the Ordovician, Precambrian granite and Palaeozoic igneous rocks. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Tremadocian stage and the all Ordovician system is defined in the Green Point section within this park.

The park is located in the Great Northern Peninsula of Western Newfoundland. This peninsula is referred to as the Humber Zone, a Miogeocline, the Highlands of which contain the largest external basement massif of the Grenville Orogeny in the Appalachian Orogen. This Precambrian basement is known as the Long Range Inlier, Long Range Complex or Basement Gneiss Complex, consisting of quartz–feldspar gneisses and granites that are up to 1550 Ma in age. Mt. Gros Morne and Mt. Big Level lie within this Inlier. The western boundary of this inlier (along Western Brook Pond, St. Pauls Inlet, and south of Portl Creek Pond) consists of Devonian and Ordovician thrust faults, where crystalline rocks thrust over Cambrian–Ordovician carbonate rocks and the Lower Paleozoic Humber Arm Allochthon. The Rocky Harbour mélange is a Lower–Middle Ordovician collection of greywacke, quartzite, dolomite shale, chert, limestone blocks within a black, green, and red scaly shale matrix, which occurs along the shore from West Brook Pond to Humber Arm (Bay of Islands). The south portion of the park, Table Mtn. (Tablelands) and North Arm Mtn., consists of Upper Cambrian and Lower Ordovician ophiolites known as the Bay of Islands Complex, Little Post Complex, and Old Man Cove Formation. Finally, a Pleistocene ice cap flowed radially across the island, developing fjords such as Bonne Bay.

Tablelands
The Tablelands, found between the towns of Trout River and Woody Point in south west of Gros Morne National Park, look more like a barren desert than traditional Newfoundland. This is due to the ultramafic rock – peridotite – which makes up the Tablelands. It is thought to originate in the Earth's mantle and was forced up from the depths during a plate collision several hundred million years ago. Peridotite lacks some of the usual nutrients required to sustain most plant life and has a toxic quality, hence its barren appearance. Peridotite is also high in iron, which accounts for its brownish colour (rusted colour). Underneath this weathered zone, the rock is really a dark green colour.

Soils
The many soil associations mapped in the park reflect the wide variety of bedrock. The Silver Mountain soil association, dominant in the northeastern area, is a very stony sandy loam developed on glacial till overlying granite, granitic gneiss and schist. Similar rocks underlie the St. Paul's Inlet association farther west. Sedimentary rocks (including some dolomitic limestone) in the southeastern sector support the North Lake association of stony sandy loam. An association of mostly-shallow loam, the Cox's Cove, occupies a discontinuous band over shale, slate, limestone and sandstone near the coast. The coastal strip north of Bonne Bay is mostly underlain by the peaty Gull's Marsh association and the coarse Sally's Cove association except for an area of clay (Wood's Island association) around Rocky Harbour. The stony infertile soils of the ultramafic tablelands south of Bonne Bay belong to the Serpentine Range association.

Western Brook Pond – Fjord
Western Brook Pond is a fresh water fjord which was carved out by glaciers during the most recent ice age from 25,000 to about 10,000 years ago. Once the glaciers melted, the land, which had been pushed down by the weight of the ice sheet, rebounded and the outlet to the sea was cut off. The 16 km long narrow "pond" then filled in with fresh water. The water in the fjord is extremely pure and is assigned the highest purity rating available for natural bodies of water. Pissing Mare Falls, the highest waterfall in eastern North America and 199th highest in the world, flows into Western Brook Pond. Sedimentary rocks, some of them calcareous, underlie the westernmost shores. Elsewhere, granitic gneiss is dominant.

Nature and wildlife
The most notable animal in the park is the moose, part of a booming population that was introduced to Newfoundland around 1900. Other common wildlife in the park include red foxes and Arctic foxes, an ecotype of caribou (R.t caribou), black bears, snowshoe hares, red squirrels, lynxes, river otters and beavers. Harbour seals are common in St. Pauls inlet, and cetaceans (minkes, humpbacks, fins, pilots, orcas, atlantic white-sided dolphins, harbour porpoises) may be in the area especially during the capelin season in early summer. Many bird species can be found in the park, from shorebirds along the ocean to birds of the bogs and interior forests.

World Heritage Site
In 1987, the park was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site for both its geological history and its exceptional scenery. The geology of the park in particular illustrates the concept of plate tectonics, and has shed important light on geological evolution and its processes.

In respect of its key role in the development of an understanding of plate tectonics, the Mohorovičić discontinuity at Gros Morne was included by the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022.

Trails
Hiking the trails is a popular activity at Gros Morne. There are about 20 marked day trip trails, exploring coastal and interior areas of the park. One of the more strenuous dayhikes is the 16 km hike over Gros Morne Mountain. This trail is also called the James Callaghan Trail after the former British Prime Minister, who visited in 1976, in recognition of his conservation efforts. A small controversy arose after Callaghan did not visit the trail that had been named in his honour.

The interior of the park can also be accessed, notably through the multi-day Long Range Traverse between Western Brook Pond and Gros Morne Mountain.

Arts and culture
The park is home to many arts festivals, including Gros Morne Theatre Festival, Writers at Woody Point, Gros Morne Summer Music, and Trails, Tales and Tunes.

title: Gros Morne National Park


text:
Leapfrog

Leapfrog is a children's game in which players vault over each other's stooped backs.

History
Games of this sort have been called by this name since at least the late sixteenth century.

Rules
The first participant rests their hands on knees and bends over sideways, which is called giving a back. The next player places hands on the first's back and leaps over by straddling legs wide apart on each side. On landing he stoops down and a third leaps over the first and second, and the fourth over all others successively. When all the players are stooping, the last in the line begins leaping over all the others in turn. The number of participants is not fixed.

Variations
The French version of this game is called saute-mouton (literally "leapsheep"), and the Romanian is called capra ("mounting rack" or "goat"). In India it is known as "Aar Ghodi Ki Par Ghodi" (meaning "horseleap"). In Italy the game is called "la cavallina" (i.e. "small or baby female horse"). In Dutch it is called "bokspringen" (literally "goatjumping"; a 'bok' is a male goat) or "haasje-over" (literally "hare-over").

In China this game is known as "跳山羊"(literally "leap goat"), which is played in pairs. One player, acting as "the goat", leaps over the back of the other player, who plays the role of "the rock/mountain". Then they switch roles, and "the rock" rises a bit each time they switch. Both players continue playing until one "goat" fails leaping "the rock/mountain" as the result of its rising. In the Filipino culture, a similar game is called luksóng báka (literally "leap cow"), in which the "it" rests his hands on his knees and bends over, and then the other players—in succession—place their hands on the back of the “it” and leaps over by straddling legs wide apart on each side; whoever's legs touch any part of the body of the “it” becomes the next “it.” In the Korean and Japanese versions (말뚝박기 lit. "piledriving" and 馬跳び うまとび umatobi, lit. "horseleap", respectively), one player 'leaps' over the backs of the other players who stoop close enough to form a continuous line, attempting to cause the line to collapse under the weight of the riders.

title: Leapfrog


text:
Landscape architect

A landscape architect is a person who is educated in the field of landscape architecture. The practice of landscape architecture includes: site analysis, site inventory, site planning, land planning, planting design, grading, storm water management, sustainable design, construction specification, and ensuring that all plans meet the current building codes and local and federal ordinances.

The practice of landscape architecture dates to some of the earliest of human cultures and just as much as the practice of medicine has been inimical to the species and ubiquitous worldwide for several millennia. However, this article examines the modern profession and educational discipline of those practicing the design of landscape architecture.

In the 1700s, Humphry Repton described his occupation as "landscape gardener" on business cards he had prepared to represent him in work that now would be described as that of a landscape architect.

The title, "landscape architect", was first used by Frederick Law Olmsted, the designer of New York City's Central Park in Manhattan and numerous projects of large scale both public and private. He was the founder of a firm of landscape architects who employed highly skilled professionals to design and execute aspects of projects designed under his auspices.

Depending on the jurisdiction, landscape architects who pass state requirements to become registered, licensed, or certified may be entitled to use the postnominal letters PLA. In the US, all 50 states have adopted licensure. The American Society of Landscape Architects endorses the postnominal letters PLA, for Professional Landscape Architect.

Australia
The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) states that "Landscape Architects research, plan, design, and advise on the stewardship, conservation, and sustainability of development of the environment and spaces, both within and beyond the built environment". This definition of the profession of landscape architect is based on the International Standard Classification of Occupations, International Labour Office, Geneva.

Some notable Australian landscape architects include Catherin Bull, Kevin Taylor, Richard Weller, Peter Spooner, Sydney based writer and designer (Doris) Jocelyn Brown, Grace Fraser, Bruce Mackenzie, Mary Jeavons, Janet Conrad, Dr Jim Sinatra, William Guilfoyle, Ina Higgins, Edna Walling, and Ellis Stones.

To become a recognised professional landscape architect in Australia, the first requirement is to obtain a degree in landscape architecture accredited by the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects. After at least two years of recognised professional practice, graduates may submit for further assessment to obtain full professional recognition by AILA.

Canada
The Canadian Society of Landscape Architects (CSLA) is the country's professional association of landscape architects. Some notable Canadian landscape architects include Cornelia Oberlander, Claude Cormier, Peter Jacobs, Janet Rosenberg, Marc Ryan, and Michael Hough.

United Kingdom
The Landscape Institute is the recognised body relating to the field of Landscape Architecture throughout the United Kingdom. To become a recognised landscape architect in the UK takes approximately seven years. To begin the process, one has to study an accredited course by the Landscape Institute to obtain a bachelor's degree in landscape architecture or a similar field. Following this one must progress onto a postgraduate diploma in the field of landscape architecture covering the subject in far greater detail such as mass urban planning, construction, and planting. Following this, the trainee must complete the Pathway to Chartership, a challenging program set out by the Landscape Institute. Following this, one is awarded a full landscape architect title and membership among the Chartered Members of the Landscape Institute (CMLI).

United States
The United States is the founding country of the formal profession entitled landscape architecture. Those in this field work both to create an aesthetically pleasing setting and also to protect and preserve the environment in an area. In the U.S., a need to formalize the practice and a name for the profession was resolved in 1899 with the formation of the American Society of Landscape Architects. A few of the many talented and influential landscape architects who have been based in the United States are: Frederick Law Olmsted, Beatrix Farrand, Jens Jensen, Ian McHarg, Thomas Church, Arthur Shurtleff, Ellen Biddle Shipman John Nolen, Lawrence Halprin, Charles Edgar Dickinson, Iris Miller, and Robert Royston.

Royston summed up one American theme: "Landscape architecture practices the fine art of relating the structure of culture to the nature of landscape, to the end that people can use it, enjoy it, and preserve it."

Work scope
The following is an outline of the typical scope of service for a landscape architect:
 * 1) Developing new or improved theories, policy, and methods for landscape planning, design, and management at local, regional, national, and multinational levels
 * 2) Developing policies and plans and implementing and monitoring proposals for conservation and recreation areas such as national parks
 * 3) Developing new or improved theories and methods to promote environmental awareness and undertaking planning, design, restoration, management, and maintenance of cultural and historic landscapes, parks, sites, and gardens.
 * 4) Planning, design, management, maintenance, and monitoring functional and aesthetic layouts of built environment in urban, suburban, and rural areas including private and public open spaces, parks, gardens, streetscapes, plazas, housing developments, burial grounds, memorials; tourist, commercial, industrial and educational complexes; sports grounds, zoos, botanic gardens, recreation areas, and farms
 * 5) Contributing to the planning, aesthetic and functional design, location, management, and maintenance of infrastructure such as roads, dams, wind farms, and other energy and major development projects
 * 6) Undertaking landscape assessments including environmental and visual impact assessments to prepare policies or inform new developments
 * 7) Inspecting sites, analyzing factors such as climate, soil, flora, fauna, surface and subsurface water and drainage; and consulting with clients and making recommendations regarding methods of work and sequences of operations for projects related to the landscape and built environment
 * 8) Identifying and developing appropriate solutions regarding the quality and use of the built environment in urban, suburban, and rural areas and making designs, plans, and working drawings, specifications of work, cost estimates, and time schedules
 * 9) Monitoring the realisation and inspecting the construction of proposals to ensure compliance with plans, specifications of work, cost estimates, and time schedules
 * 10) Conducting research, preparing scientific papers, and technical reports, developing policy, teaching, and advising on aspects regarding landscape architecture such as the application of geographic information systems, remote sensing, law, landscape communication, interpretation, and landscape ecology
 * 11) Project management of large scale landscape planning and design projects including management of other consultants such as engineers, architects, and planners
 * 12) Acting as an expert witness in development and environment courts

title: Landscape architect


text:
Slacker

A slacker is someone who habitually avoids work or lacks work ethic.

Origin
According to different sources, the term slacker dates back to about 1790 or 1898. "Slacker" gained some recognition during the British Gezira Scheme in the early to mid 20th century, when Sudanese labourers protested their relative powerlessness by working lethargically, a form of protest known as "slacking".

World Wars

In the United States during World War I, the word "slacker" was commonly used to describe someone who was not participating in the war effort, specifically someone who avoided military service, equivalent to the later term draft dodger. Attempts to track down such evaders were called slacker raids. During World War I, U.S. Senator Miles Poindexter discussed whether inquiries "to separate the cowards and the slackers from those who had not violated the draft" had been managed properly. A San Francisco Chronicle headline on 7 September 1918, read, "Slacker is Doused in Barrel of Paint". The term was also used during the World War II period in the United States. In 1940, Time quoted the U.S. Army on managing the military draft efficiently: "War is not going to wait while every slacker resorts to endless appeals."

Evolution
The shift in the use of "slacker" from its draft-related meaning to a more general sense of the avoidance of work is unclear. In April 1948, The New Republic referred to "resentment against taxes levied to aid slackers". An article tracking the evolution of the meaning of the term "Slacker" in defamation lawsuits between World War I and 2010, entitled When Slacker Was a Dirty Word: Defamation and Draft Dodging During World War I, was written by Attorney David Kluft for the Trademark and Copyright Law Blog.

Late 20th century and onward
The term achieved renewed popularity following its use in the 1985 film Back to the Future in which James Tolkan's character Mr. Strickland chronically refers to Marty McFly, his father George McFly, Biff Tannen, and a group of teenage delinquents as "slackers". It gained subsequent exposure from the 1989 Superchunk single "Slack Motherfucker", and the 1990 film Slacker. The television series Rox has been noted for its "depiction of the slacker lifestyle ... of the early '90s".

Slacker became widely used in the 1990s to refer to a type of apathetic youth who were cynical and uninterested in political or social causes and as a stereotype for members of Generation X. Richard Linklater, director of the aforementioned 1990 film, commented on the term's meaning in a 1995 interview, stating that "I think the cheapest definition [of a slacker] would be someone who's just lazy, hangin' out, doing nothing. I'd like to change that to somebody who's not doing what's expected of them. Somebody who's trying to live an interesting life, doing what they want to do, and if that takes time to find, so be it."

The term has connotations of "apathy and aimlessness". It is also used to refer to an educated person who avoids work, possibly as an anti-materialist stance, who may be viewed as an underachiever.

"Slackers" have been the subject of many films and television shows, particularly comedies. Notable examples include the films Slacker, Slackers, Clerks, Hot Tub Time Machine, Bio-Dome, You, Me and Dupree, Bachelor Party, Stripes, Withnail and I, Old School, Ferris Bueller's Day Off, Trainspotting, Animal House, and Bill and Ted as well as the television shows Freaks and Geeks, Spaced, and The Royle Family.

The Idler, a British magazine founded in 1993, represents an alternative to contemporary society's work ethic and aims "to return dignity to the art of loafing".

title: Slacker


text:
Radford University

Radford University is a public university in Radford, Virginia, United States. It is one of the state's eight doctorate-granting public universities. Founded in 1910, Radford offers curricula for undergraduates in more than 100 fields, graduate programs including the M.F.A., M.B.A., M.A., M.S., Ed.S., Psy.D., M.S.W., and specialized doctoral programs in health-related professions. It is classified among "Doctoral/Professional Universities".

History
The State Normal and Industrial School for Women at Radford was founded in Radford as a women's college in 1910. In 1924, the school was renamed the State Teachers College at Radford, with the primary intent of training teachers in the Appalachian region. In 1943, as part of the state's consolidation movement, the college merged with the Virginia Polytechnic Institute in nearby Blacksburg, serving as the then predominately male land-grant college's women's campus. The merger dissolved in 1964 and Radford College became a coeducational institution in 1972. Following a period of sustained and significant growth, Radford College was granted university status in 1979. In 2008, the Virginia General Assembly authorized three doctoral programs at Radford University, and the first doctoral degrees were awarded in 2011.

Presidents
Radford University's current president is Bret S. Danilowicz, who took this role on July 1, 2022. The university's administration is overseen by a 15-member board, whose members are appointed by the Governor of the Commonwealth and serve four-year terms. Each year, the board also selects a student and a faculty member to serve as advisory representatives.

List of presidents:

 * John Preston McConnell, 1911–1937
 * David Wilbur Peters, 1938–1951
 * Charles Knox Martin Jr., 1952–1972, Chancellor, 1972–73, President Emeritus
 * Donald Newton Dedmon, 1972–1994
 * Douglas Covington, 1995–2005, President Emeritus
 * Penelope Ward Kyle, 2005–2016, President Emeritus
 * Brian Hemphill, 2016-2021
 * Carolyn Ringer Lepre, (interim) 2021-2022
 * Bret S. Danilowicz, 2022–present

Academics
Radford University's undergraduate programs emphasize the liberal arts, business, sciences, and teacher education. The graduate and undergraduate programs in business administration offered by the College of Business and Economics at Radford University are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).

The university has a student/faculty ratio of 14:1 with an average class size of 19.

More than 80 percent of faculty members hold doctorates or other terminal degrees (M.F.A., M.B.A., Ph.D., J.D., etc.) in their fields. Special programs include Study Abroad, Honors Academy, RU Connections freshmen living/learning communities, internships, co-ops, practical and service learning, Army ROTC, leading to commissions in the U.S. Army, and undergraduate research opportunities.

Radford University and Northern Virginia Community College signed a Guaranteed Transfer Partnership Agreement on August 28, 2017.

Undergraduate and graduate colleges
The university is organized into seven undergraduate colleges and schools, and one graduate college:

 * College of Humanities and Behavioral Sciences
 * Davis College of Business and Economics
 * College of Education and Human Development
 * Waldron College of Health and Human Services
 * Artis College of Science and TechnologyWhitt12.jpg
 * College of Visual and Performing Arts
 * School of Nursing
 * College of Graduate Studies and Research

The College of Graduate Studies and Research offers eighteen-degree programs in fields such as art, business, communication, counseling, criminal justice, education, English, music, nursing, occupational therapy, physical therapy, psychology, and social work. The State Council of Higher Education for Virginia has authorized three doctoral programs at Radford in counseling psychology, physical therapy, and nursing practice. The Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) program in Counseling Psychology admitted its first students in the fall of 2008. The doctorate in physical therapy program began in the summer of 2009. The first Doctor of Nursing Practice students began their studies in an online program in the fall of 2010.

Campus and community

Radford University is an 211 acre campus located in a residential area of Radford, Virginia. The town is located in the Virginia Highlands, between the Blue Ridge and Allegheny mountains at a double bend in the New River. Nearly all of the 31 administrative, academic, student services, and residence halls, some built in a red-brick Georgian style, are located on a main lawn and two quadrangles and a pedestrian thoroughfare in a 76 acre area, while a large adjoining area along the New River separated from the main campus by U.S. Route 11 and the Norfolk Southern railroad holds the university's athletic facilities, student parking lots, and student apartments. The university opened a new COBE building (College of Business and Economics) in 2012. In 2014 a New Student Fitness Center opened. A new Center for Sciences opened during the spring semester of 2016. The following fall semester, the new CHBS (College of Humanities and Behavioral Sciences) Building opened its doors. As of 2016, nearly all dorms at Radford have been renovated. Renovations are currently ongoing for several buildings on campus. Radford is located on exits 105 and 109 of Interstate 81, with accessibility to nearby I-77.

Bordering the Little River, and about five miles from campus, is the Selu Conservancy, a 376 acre reserve, observatory, retreat, and conference center owned by the University Foundation.

Radford University is also home to the Radford University planetarium – a permanent planetarium with a 10-meter dome, running the Digistar 5 planetarium software. The planetarium is primarily operated by work-study students and is maintained by the physics department. All shows are free for all attendees.

Student life

Around 3,800 of Radford's students live on campus in 15 residence halls.

Radford University offers more than 250 student clubs and organizations including service organizations, cultural and international groups, service and social action, leadership development, performing arts, spiritual and religious groups, sports and games clubs, honors organizations, and so much more!

Radford University is also home to Highlander Student Media (RUHSM), with a variety of student media organizations, such as The Tartan (student-run newspaper), Radio Free Radford, The Beehive (yearbook/magazine), Exit 109 (literary magazine), ROC-TV, a.k.a. "Radford On Camera" (student TV station), and Whim (online magazine)

Radford also has a variety of Greek life fraternities and sororities. More than 17 religious organizations are part of the Radford University Campus Ministers' Association (RUCMA). They hold religious events, masses, and ceremonies throughout the academic year.

Athletics

The university's teams are known as the Highlanders (in honor of the region's Scots-Irish heritage) and compete in the Big South Conference. Radford offers 16 NCAA varsity sports for men and women. The Radford men's basketball team won the Big South Conference tournament in 1998, 2009, and 2018. Radford also won the Big South Conference Men's Tennis Championship in 2007, 2008, and 2009 as well as the Big South Softball Championship in 2009.

The Radford baseball team has won the Big South Conference Championship in 2015, and 2017. In 2015, they defeated the Chanticleers of Coastal Carolina with a walk-off single by Hunter Higgerson. The team finished with a final record of 45–16. The team was selected to compete in the Nashville Regional where they went 2–2, with wins against Lipscomb University and Indiana University, before losing to the 2015 National Runner-up Vanderbilt University, in the Regional Finals.

The Radford men's rugby club team won the Division II National Championship in 2003 and 2008.

Student athletes have exclusive use of the Dedmon Center, a recreational and convocation complex that opened in 1981. The Dedmon Center features a 1/6-mile indoor jogging track, a weight-training room, locker rooms, and several team rooms. The main arena features a basketball floor and a secondary volleyball arena for intercollegiate competition with four recreational courts for basketball or volleyball. Adjoining facilities include intramural soccer, football, softball fields, and intercollegiate fields and courts for baseball, softball, field hockey, and tennis. The Patrick D. Cupp Stadium adds an intercollegiate soccer, lacrosse, and track and field complex.

Notable alumni

 * Lynne Agee (born 1948) – women's college basketball coach with 600+ wins
 * Belinda C. Anderson – 11th president of Virginia Union University
 * Frank Beamer (born 1946) – former head coach of Virginia Tech's football program
 * Eddie Butler (born 1991) – former MLB player with the Colorado Rockies, Chicago Cubs, and the Texas Rangers
 * Kiera Cass (born 1981) – author
 * Javonte Green (born 1993) – NBA player for the Chicago Bulls
 * Spencer Horwitz (born 1997) – Major League Baseball first baseman for the Toronto Blue Jays
 * Randal J. Kirk (born 1954) – founder of New River Pharmaceuticals and CEO of Intrexon
 * Scott Long – human rights activist focusing on LGBT people at Human Rights Watch
 * Marylynn Magar – Florida House of Representatives
 * Nick Mayhugh – track & field gold medalist at the 2020 Summer Paralympics
 * Jayma Mays – actress and singer
 * Ryan Meisinger (born 1994) – MLB player for the St. Louis Cardinals
 * Artsiom Parakhouski (born 1987) – Belarusian basketball player
 * Politicks – rock band
 * Steve Robinson – University of Arizona assistant head coach
 * Marty Smith (born 1976) – ESPN commentator and host of Marty Smith's America
 * Joseph Yost (born 1986) – Virginia House of Delegates (R); indicted for embezzlement charges in January 2022

title: Radford University


text:
Talk:Lists of men's association football players

Initial discussion

 * (1) Soccer is used in the US, Canada and Australia - i.e., most of the English-speaking world. (2) Who said anything about "association soccer" anyway? (3) "Others are either given qualifiers or other names" Sez who? Everybody around the world says "football", the majority mean American football by the term, but that doesn't mean that we should exclude all other groups by arrogantly appropriating the term "football" to American football either. Tannin

1. You mean most of the native English-speaking world. Wikipedia is for everyone who speaks English, not just native speakers.

2. No one said anything about "associatation soccer" other than me, and it was an error. Replace "soccer" with "football" in that sentence.

3. Simply not true. Americans mean American football, Canadians mean Canadian football, Australians mean Australian football, and everyone else means "association football".

I think this can be brought down to one central problem: the sport in question has two commonly-used names: football and soccer. "Football" is a problem because there are a variety of other sports that use that name. Normally, we would create a disambiguation page. However, the other name, "soccer" is only commonly used in a couple countries. So, what are some proposals? -- Stephen Gilbert

Mintguy still hasn't answered any of the problems many users have thrown up, just ignored them and kept on repeating his own argument over and over and. . ..

They are:

 * 'football' is a term used by many sports in many counties. For example, a google search produced vast numbers of references to football, as he constantly keeps mentioning, But if you look a little closer, you find they aren't all references to 'association football but also tons of pages about American football, endless lists of references to rugby clubs, pages and pages about gaelic football, numerous references to Australian Rules football. In other word there is no such thing as football. There are different codes of football, meaning that what Mintguy automatically thinks of as football is not what Mav automatically thinks when he hears the word. And what Mav thinks of as the sport it is referring to is not what I automatically think of a football, and what I mean by football isn't what someone from Australia thinks of when the hear the word 'football.'  etc etc. Yet Mintguy still seems insistent that what he thinks of as football is football. The google search shows he is wrong. Many millions would agree with him. Equally many millions wouldn't. Which means, by definition, you cannot then use football as referring to one sport when it actually can mean any one of a number;

 * Most of the people who have contributed here agree that giving ownership of the disputed term 'football' to association football is not on. What we have to find is an alternative description. Personally, though 'Association football' is the technically correct term it is rarely used so unless we cannot find something better, I'd leave it to one side. One of the most common terms used is soccer. Claims by Mintguy that it is slang is wrong. According to the Oxford english dictionary, (and I quote again, as Mintguy ignored it the first time) soccer / noun Association Football. That is from a British dictionary that does not include slang. So what word does it use: soccer. Pure and simple. A word used in the US. In Ireland. In Britain (yes it does, Mintguy - I went through the weekend British tabloids last night. It featured in all but one.) Contrary to what has been said, it is sometimes used in Europe. It has been used to me by Belgian and German friends (we were speaking english at the time, so many they don't use it speaking in their native language, but they sure as hell used it speaking english. - actually, just remembered, Klaus began discussing 'soccer' with another guy at the bar in german, so it obviously is used there too. Many not as widespread as in the US, Ireland (+ UK) but it is used. JTD

 * Hold your horses there. As the name of the Irish game is Gaelic football, you are bound to find references to it when you search for football Similarly for the other sports. So I really don't get your pint here. But if you insist we'll look it at the first 10 hits for football on google.

 * 1) NFL.com - American football (not surprising seeing at most of the web is US)
 * 2) FIFA - Ok 1 for me.
 * 3) football.com - American football again
 * 4) football365.com all the latest Premiership, Champions League and Uefa Cup news - 2 for me
 * 5) The Football Association = 3 for me
 * 6) www.ncaafootball.net  American football again
 * 7) Guardian Unlimited Football - 4 for me
 * 8) Canadian Football League
 * 9) footballasia.com - All Football All Asia - 5 for me
 * 10) Australian Football League - Aussie rules

So that's 5 out of 10 of the top 10 hits for what you like to call soccer.
 * Mintguy 21:20 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * Most of the people who have contributed here agree that giving ownership of the disputed term 'football' to association football is not on. What we have to find is an alternative description. Personally, though 'Association football' is the technically correct term it is rarely used so unless we cannot find something better, I'd leave it to one side. One of the most common terms used is soccer. Claims by Mintguy that it is slang is wrong. According to the Oxford english dictionary, (and I quote again, as Mintguy ignored it the first time) soccer / noun Association Football. That is from a British dictionary that does not include slang. So what word does it use: soccer. Pure and simple. A word used in the US. In Ireland. In Britain (yes it does, Mintguy - I went through the weekend British tabloids last night. It featured in all but one.) Contrary to what has been said, it is sometimes used in Europe. It has been used to me by Belgian and German friends (we were speaking english at the time, so many they don't use it speaking in their native language, but they sure as hell used it speaking english. - actually, just remembered, Klaus began discussing 'soccer' with another guy at the bar in german, so it obviously is used there too. Many not as widespread as in the US, Ireland (+ UK) but it is used.

 * For Soccer - You and Mav and Tokerboy and Tannin. Against the word Soccer we've got Me, Stephen Gilbert, Dhum Dhum, WojPob. That looks like a draw to me. How is that bost people are against? -- later edit.... I forgot about the Anome. So it's 5 vs 4 for for not using the word soccer.

 * As someone who has contributed to the OED I'd just like to point out that the OED covers all forms of English, not just British English, and it also includes slang terms. See http://www.oed.com/public/readers/research.htm for details. --Imran 18:14 Feb 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * Slight misrepresentation here. I'm not for "soccer". I guess if I was naming the page myself I'd probably use "soccer" because a lot of people don't know what "association football" is, or maybe use I'd "association football" with a redir from "soccer" because it's the formally correct name. Or "footcall (association)" - whatever. But I don't care what it gets called, so long as it's not "football" Tannin

 * Claims that the word is slang - It is slang. I've got the Cassell encyclopaedia/dictionary open before me and it lists soccer as a colloquilism.

 * Tabloids - You looked at the Irish edition of these tabloids I take it?

 * Europeans - Dhum Dhum, WojPob both say they never use the word soccer, only to accomodate American guest someone said (apologies to whoever it was).
 * Mintguy 21:20 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

PS: I've just gone through some official 'football (ie association football' websites. And yes, they interchangably call it soccer. The FAI website mentions soccer. Oh, and in 1978 when Pope John Paul I was being inaugurated, his inauguration was held on the morning because, according to an official press release, he didn't want an afternoon ceremony to 'interrupt Italian soccer coverage'. (The Vatican's words, not mine!) JTD 19:28 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * Who was the Vatican addressing? The vast US Catholic audience perhaps?
 * Final point. How come if it's ok for the Encylopaedia Britannica (An American publication) to list the game under football and not soccer, it isn't for us eh? Mintguy

 * British and Irish newspapers. JTD 22:21 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * Football (soccer) seems like a good choice to me. It neatly sidesteps the appearance of American bias, allows the use of "football" in the title without having to resort to "association football" (which is confusing to people like me who have never heard the term before), and lets us put a disambiguation page to take care of the mess that is currently at football. -- Stephen Gilbert

 * Even if I don't like the word "soccer", I think Football (soccer) is probably the best solution. It suits me because of the reasons mentioned above and it should be clear for everyone what the article is about. D.D. 20:43 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * Folks, it looks like we have reached a workable compromise -- and without a single name being thrown! Maybe this is because football involves less throwing than, say, basketball? --Uncle Ed

I know when I've lost an argument. All I can say is that I'm bitterly disappointed. Mintguy

I think it is the best solution is to use [Football (soccer)]. It means that the majority of people who, as Mintguy states, take football to to mean 'association football', will immediately recognise the site. The many others who know it as 'soccer' with recognise it too. It struct me, thinking about it, that soccer seems to be prevalent in those states where 'football' means something else Ireland where it means gaelic football; Australia where it means Australian Rules football, the US, where it means American football. Add to that Britain, where while the word soccer may originally have been a nickname like 'rugger' as the OED shows it is now an accepted noun, and it appears in Europe where people perhaps when using english use the word. And those who use 'football' to mean another sport will recognise the page So a combination of both seems the best solution. So can I take it that we have clear agreement on the move? Does anyone have any problem with the move? JTD

 * I would like to see what Mintguy has for the history he is working on first. Until then we can turn Football (soccer) into a redirect to Football and change all the links meaning to go to soccer into  . --mav

Hm. Football (soccer) looks good to me. It is unambiguous, you can use the pipe trick and it is short. --mav 22:23 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

I'm not trying to reopen this argument, you've made up your mind to move it, and I know that no more argument is going to change your mind. If there has to be a compromise (and I still can't see why there should be if it's good enough for the Encyclopaedia Britannica) then 'football (soccer)' may be (extremely grudgingly) the 'least worst' option. I just want to clarify some misrepresentations made by other parties who shall remain nameless.

The word 'soccer' was coined by a bunch of toffs (to put it bluntly) and has never been used by the man on the street to describe football in Britain, and most definitely not in Scotland where if you went into a Glasgow pub and said - "Did anyone see the soccer game last night?" - you're likely to be punched in the face or worse. The OED lists words in common American usage as well as in Britain so it's no surprise that it lists the word 'soccer' as a noun. The Cassells dictionary is a British dictionary and lists 'soccer' as a colloquialism.

Because Google is a US based organization they use the word 'soccer' for football. In order to get your page on football listed on Google in the right place you have to feature the word 'soccer'. Thus the word is likely to appear dramatically more than you would normally expect. This solves something which I found to be a bit of a mystery before, in that I now understand why the English language hit count for 'soccer' exceeded the hit count for football. This fact only struck me as I was carrying out an investigation of the top 100 sites listed on Google under the word "football". As I already outlined above, 5 out of the top 10 websites listed by Google are about the game you wish to call 'soccer'. Of the rest 3 are US football, 1 is Aussie rules and 1 is Canadian football. Further investigation of the next 90 websites shows that another 42 feature 'Association football' for a total of 47 out of 100 websites devoted to "the beautiful game" (I'd rather is was called that than 'soccer'). The 97th page on that list was the Irish Rugby Football Union's official website. A quick look at this page and a search of the site shows that the only reference to the word "football" outside the name of the body is regarding a request from the Football Association of Ireland (the governing body of Association football in Ireland) to use Landsdowne Road for their bid to host the 2008 European Football Championships.

 * "illegitimis non carborundum" Mintguy

Not wanting to get too involved and evangelistic, but I do agree with the above posting. "Soccer" is a complete non-word and even the OED seems to think it's a bit of a mystery. Football is football and it is the game you play with your feet. In the UK we have Rugby, and that is quite often referred to as Rugby Football, but on its own, football is not used in the context of rugby. In Brazil it is futebol and in Spain it is futbol, (or balompie, which is just a spanish version of ... football).

Very tricky, really. I work with many people from the US who regularly talk about "football" and they actually mean American Football, which is a game sort of like rugby. I know this can degenerate into meaningless argument, unfortunately.

In summary, there is no way that American Football should have a claim on the word football. If we have to use a different phrase because the majority of queries will expect football to be American Football (unlikely) then I suppose the soccer one will do, but it is pretty awful. I would place my vote for football to mean football and have a synonym leading to it from soccer. I think football in the US is American Football. It's very biased, I suppose, but there is prior art to consider ... MrH

The problem, Mr H, is that not everyone in the english speaking world, means association football when you say 'football'. Most people in the world say 'America' when they mean the United States. But that wouldn't justify Wikipedia using America when referring to the US. Vast numbers equate the 'queen' with the British queen, 'monarchy' with the British monarchy, the church with the Roman Catholic Church, the 'president; with the US president. But Wikipedia can't because millions of others don't. Millions of potential readers and users of Wiki mean other sports when you write 'football'. Are you suggesting that Wiki say to those people - 'shag off and get your own word. Football means association football and nothing else' because that has been what Mintguy has been saying in effect for days. There is no problem using football in languages where there is only one meaning for it. But in english, football means a number of different games. As to Mintguy's snide dislike of the word 'soccer' and insistence that it was the invention of toffs, I suppose that is why it is regularly used by the tabloid press, the broadsheet press, BBC sport, the sports desks of many local newspapers, websites from numerous association football websites, etc. That is why a guy I know who used to work in soccer commentating was accredited on his card by a British TV station as a soccer commentator.

The reality is no one game 'owns' the name. Names like that on Wiki that have multiple meanings are not 'given' to one meaning alone. Some say soccer. A lot say football. A lot of others mean something else when they say football. That is the real world that Wikipedia has to deal with in naming pages. That's why I suggested the use of the name [football (soccer)], to create a terminology that uses both words so that everyone knows what the page is about, while acknowledging that many many many people do not mean association football when they use the word football. And that is why most people felt it was the best compromise. Except Mintguy, who won't accept was most people here as perfectly logical. The name football should be used for his history of the various football codes, which in itself sounds like it will a fasinating article. But when it comes to specific codes of football, we have got to remember Wikipedia isn't just used in the UK where according to Mintguy nobody ever says soccer (which sure as hell ain't my experience!). It is read by millions in the US where football means American football (and Assocation football is called soccer) by millions in Ireland where football means gaelic football or rugby football (and association football is regularly called soccer), or in Australia where football means for most people Australian rules, for some rugby, for some gaelic football (which is played there) and yes, association football. JTD 01:54 Feb 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * I raised the white flag on this issue some time ago JTD, there's no need to get snippy. Mintguy

Yep, I know we have to pick something and I would agree that a search for plain "football" should go to a disambiguation/history page (which I don't think anyone's arguing). Your suggestion of football (soccer) seems fair. Rather than an invention of toffs, I think the word soccer might've been coined by the marketeers trying to sell the game in the US. Still doesn't make me like the word, though (and I'd disagree on one of your latter points--I haven't ever heard anyone in the UK use it). MrH.

 * You might be right MrH: today I listened to the BBC World Service and in connection to Paul Gascoine and Bobby Robson they spoke solely about "football". D.D. 13:25 Feb 22, 2003 (UTC)

Yet the tabloids constantly use the word soccer (eg, page 3 of the Sunday People on Feb 16:
 * England soccer star David James is battling to save his marriage after being caught playing away with his Friends United sweetheart, the People can reveal.

It may not be the main word used, but it is regularly used, which papers wouldn't do if it was not a regularly used and clearly understood term. JTD 21:05 Feb 22, 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't think anyone ever suggested that the word soccer was unknown. But it's rarely used in Britain and certainly not used by fans of the sport. Soccer star is tabloid alliteration. For what it's worth.. I bought the Guardian today, and I read the Sun and the Star in a pub and the word soccer didn't appear any of the three papers once. Mintguy

-- I've done some statistical calculations, in tabaloid newspapers the ratio between football to soccer is roughly 5:1. In UK newsgroups the ratio is about 54:1. --Imran 00:26 Feb 23, 2003 (UTC)

--

For the amount of debate this page has provoked it might be nice if it was slightly more useful. I think it would be useful to have a short biography of each player, something along the lines of;

 * Bobby Charlton (Born January 1, 1940) - English striker. Played for England between 1958 and 1969. Won 106 caps, 17 as captain, scoring 49 goals. Currently holds the record for the number of goals scored for the English national side.

i.e. (born, died), nationality and position, dates of playing, no. caps, no. caps as captain if relevant, no. of goals (no. of clean sheets for goalkeepers?), one or two major facts.

(The above Bobby Charlton info isn't all correct..)

Also, should we break the list down into sub-categories, i.e. by country or by date of birth/first cap? Obviously my above suggestion could be changed a bit according to what was chosen.

What do people think?

Ams80 18:58 Feb 24, 2003 (UTC)

-

This list would be more useful if it also included: dates of birth (or death), country played for, and/or club/s played for. As it stands it's nothing but a long list of names without context. 129.78.228.114 05:42, 23 Oct 2003 (UTC)

- It has been very nearly 12 months since this page was moved from List of footballers and since then, whilst this page has received an awful lot of attention, the pages List of footballers (Canadian football), List of footballers (Australian Rules football), List of footballers (Rugby Union), List of footballers (Rugby League), List of footballers (Gaelic football) and List of footballers have received virtually no attention whatsoever. The term "footballer" as opposed to "football player" is almost exclusively used in conjunction with the sport of Association Football (it certainly isn't used in American Football). Isn't it about time that this page was moved back to where I wanted to put it in the first place before all of the brouhaha erupted about the naming of football (soccer)? Mintguy (T) 15:55, 12 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Agree with you Mintguy. Most of the world knows the word football as being of the association football type. United States and Australia does not represent the majority of the world. Soccer is in fact a slang term. And I also repeat that the list would be far better to include information about the players rather than being an endless stream of names. Iam 00:49, Jan 22, 2004 (UTC)

 * Doesn't matter since football is ambiguous. Name titles follow common usage by English speakers, and the U.S. makes-up a very substantial part of that crowd. But the word "footballer" is not used in the U.S. for American football players. I can't speak for other football sports. --mav 08:50, 22 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * And despite English not being their first-language there are more English speakers in China and India than the United States. Only 20% of English speakers live in the United States. In China and India, football refers to association football. Iam 04:16, Jan 23, 2004 (UTC)

 * Only 20%? You are talking about nearly 300 million people - most of whom are native speakers. And in the U.S. football = American Football. Since the usage of football greatly differs between different English language dialects, we cannot have association football at football any more than we could have American football at football. The word football by itself is ambiguous in our context since a very large part of our readers use the term to refer to a different sport. Thus no single sport can lay claim to the simple name football. If you don't like (soccer) as a disambiguator, then use term "association football." See Naming conventions (precision) and Disambiguation. But that has little to do with the name of this page since footballer is not a term used in the U.S. (or anywhere I know of) to refer to American football players. --mav 07:49, 23 Jan 2004 (UTC)

 * "Only 20%? You are talking about nearly 300 million people" - There were over 700 million people that speak English (based on 1980s figures). That figure would have substantially increased in line with the world population increase and the spread of English as an international language. The United States does not equal the world population of English speakers. With over 5.5 billion people in the world, English speakers would therefore be less than 10% of global population and most of that percentage would live *outside* the United States. There are according to the last statistics 281,421,906 people living in the United States, and a percentage of that speak Spanish as a first language, particularly in California. See also which has a list of countries which speak English. Iam 00:11, Jan 24, 2004 (UTC)
 * Mav wasn't trying to prove that a majority of English speakers are in the States. He was saying that even it is only 20%, it is still 250-300m people - that is a very significant number, albeit if not a majority. Thus we cater to both groups and so football is a disambiguation page. Given List of footballers is less used maybe the content of List of footballers (soccer) should be there - I am inclined to say not to bother with that - currently the symmetric set-up between football and list of footballers seems ok. Pete/Pcb21 (talk) 10:27, 24 Jan 2004 (UTC)

So does that mean we can move it to footballers or not? I'm not going to do anything myself because the last time I caused themother of all arguments that only led to everyone getting upset. Mintguy (T) 11:19, 20 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Suggestion for page move
I suggest moving this page to "List of football (soccer) players". Rationale is that "footballer" is unheard-of in the US, while "football player" is usual in both the US and elsewhere. Responses? [[User:Poccil|Peter O. (Talk)]] 02:05, Nov 28, 2004 (UTC)

David Icke
I know David "the lizards are coming to get me!" Icke used to be a Goalie with Coventry City, but he had to retire at just 21 years of age due to a back injury. He then went on to become the crackpot conspiracy theorist he's well known for.

Yes, he's famous. Yes, he used to play football. BUT he isn't famous for playing football. So should he be removed from this list? (cos you can't have EVERYbody who played football on here) or should he stay (cos it's interesting to note he used to play soccer)

US women players?
Why has someone found it necessary to include every single player from the us women's team? I bet most football fans have never heard of any of them. They may be famous with a fringe group but don't belong in a list of greats like Maradona, Pele, Cruijff etc. —Preceding unsigned comment added by User: (talk • contribs)

 * Only some of the players from that team have been listed. The readers of sports magazine whose cover featured those players might disagree with you.  Please refrain from inflamtory remarks on talk pages.  Deebki 01:11, 7 May 2006 (UTC)

List of all footballers, renowned footballers, and footballers by position
You may be interested to find discussion on whether and how to keep this and similar lists at WikiProject Football. --Pkchan 03:45, 12 May 2006 (UTC)

Longest Article in Wikipedia
The four longest pages on wikipedia are:
 * Lists of association football players [358,552 bytes]
 * Line of succession to the British Throne [322,666 bytes]
 * List of England international footballers (alphabetical) [268,516 bytes]
 * List of jōyō kanji [267,771 bytes]
 * As almost everyting in the 'lists' is also in the template in the bottom, I propose eliminating the duplication by cutting the lists part. If its not in the template I will leave the list where it is. I also propose moving the template up to either the top or primary section of the page. Please discuss before reverting.--mitrebox (talk) 21:38, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

I am conducting an analysis before I change anything.
 * Of all the groups the only thing not in the template (other than the other section) is 'Dual Irish international'

Therefore I am going to:
 * move Dual Irish to the 'other section'
 * move the template to the top of the article

--mitrebox (talk) 21:43, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

i think this page should be move to "lists of association footballers" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.118.242.192 (talk) 22:44, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

top 10 football players in the world

 * 1) 01 lionel messi

 * 1) 02 cristiano ronaldo

 * 1) 03 kaka

 * 1) 04 ibrahimovic

 * 1) 05 vidic

 * 1) 06 iniesta

 * 1) 07 torres

 * 1) 08 ribery

 * 1) 09 casilas

 * 1) 10 gerrard

some other players only just missed out like david villia, eto'o, sneijder, rooney, xavi, ferdinand.... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.148.254.123 (talk) 21:54, 16 December 2009 (UTC)


text:
Aho–Corasick algorithm

In computer science, the Aho–Corasick algorithm is a string-searching algorithm invented by Alfred V. Aho and Margaret J. Corasick in 1975. It is a kind of dictionary-matching algorithm that locates elements of a finite set of strings (the "dictionary") within an input text. It matches all strings simultaneously. The complexity of the algorithm is linear in the length of the strings plus the length of the searched text plus the number of output matches. Note that because all matches are found, there can be a quadratic number of matches if every substring matches (e.g. dictionary = a, aa, aaa, aaaa and input string is aaaa).

Informally, the algorithm constructs a finite-state machine that resembles a trie with additional links between the various internal nodes. These extra internal links allow fast transitions between failed string matches (e.g. a search for cart in a trie that does not contain cart, but contains art, and thus would fail at the node prefixed by car), to other branches of the trie that share a common suffix (e.g., in the previous case, a branch for attribute might be the best lateral transition). This allows the automaton to transition between string matches without the need for backtracking.

When the string dictionary is known in advance (e.g. a computer virus database), the construction of the automaton can be performed once off-line and the compiled automaton stored for later use. In this case, its run time is linear in the length of the input plus the number of matched entries.

The Aho—Corasick string-matching algorithm formed the basis of the original Unix command fgrep.

Example
In this example, we will consider a dictionary consisting of the following words: {a, ab, bab, bc, bca, c, caa}.

The graph below is the Aho–Corasick data structure constructed from the specified dictionary, with each row in the table representing a node in the trie, with the column path indicating the (unique) sequence of characters from the root to the node.

The data structure has one node for every prefix of every string in the dictionary. So if (bca) is in the dictionary, then there will be nodes for (bca), (bc), (b), and. If a node is in the dictionary then it is a blue node. Otherwise it is a grey node.

There is a black directed "child" arc from each node to a node whose name is found by appending one character. So there is a black arc from (bc) to (bca).

There is a blue directed "suffix" arc from each node to the node that is the longest possible strict suffix of it in the graph. For example, for node (caa), its strict suffixes are (aa) and (a) and. The longest of these that exists in the graph is (a). So there is a blue arc from (caa) to (a). The blue arcs can be computed in linear time by performing a breadth-first search [potential suffix node will always be at lower level] starting from the root. The target for the blue arc of a visited node can be found by following its parent's blue arc to its longest suffix node and searching for a child of the suffix node whose character matches that of the visited node. If the character does not exist as a child, we can find the next longest suffix (following the blue arc again) and then search for the character. We can do this until we either find the character (as child of a node) or we reach the root (which will always be a suffix of every string).

There is a green "dictionary suffix" arc from each node to the next node in the dictionary that can be reached by following blue arcs. For example, there is a green arc from (bca) to (a) because (a) is the first node in the dictionary (i.e. a blue node) that is reached when following the blue arcs to (ca) and then on to (a). The green arcs can be computed in linear time by repeatedly traversing blue arcs until a blue node is found, and memoizing this information.

At each step, the current node is extended by finding its child, and if that doesn't exist, finding its suffix's child, and if that doesn't work, finding its suffix's suffix's child, and so on, finally ending in the root node if nothing's seen before.

When the algorithm reaches a node, it outputs all the dictionary entries that end at the current character position in the input text. This is done by printing every node reached by following the dictionary suffix links, starting from that node, and continuing until it reaches a node with no dictionary suffix link. In addition, the node itself is printed, if it is a dictionary entry.

Execution on input string abccab yields the following steps:

Dynamic search list
The original Aho–Corasick algorithm assumes that the set of search strings is fixed. It does not directly apply to applications in which new search strings are added during application of the algorithm. An example is an interactive indexing program, in which the user goes through the text and highlights new words or phrases to index as they see them. Bertrand Meyer introduced an incremental version of the algorithm in which the search string set can be incrementally extended during the search, retaining the algorithmic complexity of the original.

title: Aho–Corasick algorithm


text:
Wikipedia talk:Sites using MediaWiki

Would it be appropriate for sites in the process of setting up PaediWiki based sites to list themselves (under an appropriate heading?)

 * I can't see why not. But what would be the point? Giving exposure to a non-existent site won't help you much. --Eloquence 01:41 Feb 18, 2003 (UTC)

Move to meta
I will move this page to meta unless there are objections within the next hour. Reason: This is not related specifically to the English Wikipedia, and should be linked from the MediaWiki homepage, where there is currently a separate list.—Eloquence 8 Aug 2003.

 * I just wanted to move it, but hesitate: there are many links to Wikipedia articles. The links would have to be adapted (not a problem), but also "What links here" would not show this page anymore from those articles. Just copying has also disadvantages: edits would have to be made twice. There are more pages for which this question arises. Any thoughts? - Patrick 09:03, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, the links and the translations are the reason I ended up not moving it.—Eloquence 11:21, Sep 25, 2003 (UTC)

Possible copyvio -- from Wikipedia
Anonymous User:219.95.184.250 added in site trutheism.com, and I noticed there appear to be some duplicates of Wikipedia articles without attribution or notice of rights as required under the GNU Free Documentation License. (See, for example, Vegetarian.) Can anyone tell me where to report this? Also, if this site intends to be an encyclopedic-type work using Wikipedia content, it should probably be listed as a Wikipedia project fork rather than simply a public wiki. Jdavidb 14:49, 7 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Updated. They've already stated the software gnu at the bottom of screen. =)

What is the difference between public wiki vs project fork?

Mannchina
I removed every single link to http://www.mannchina.com. As I am unable to read Chinese, I am unable to confirm that the site is indeed a wiki and is based off of Mediawiki. I would not remove it for that reason alone except that the site was listed in every category -- including Wikipedia project forks, Official Wikimedia projects, personal public wiki installations, other, and links to internationalized versions of this article in other language Wikipedia editions. Obviously the site belongs in only one of these, or none. It very definitely is not an official Wikipedia project, so it does not belong there. It is also very definitely not a translation of this page in an official other-language edition of Wikipedia, so it does not belong there. I seriously doubt the page is a fork of Wikipedia, but it could be.

Owner of mannchina, if you wish your site to be listed, please confirm that it is a wiki, that it is running Mediawiki software, and choose ONE and only one category to list it in. Jdavidb 14:06, 9 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Are private companies required to use GFDL?
I see on the page this discussion relates to that there are several companies using MediaWiki internally. Are the content of these internal Wiki's licensed under the GFDL? If so, doesn't that limit the usefulness of an internal Wiki, since it may prevent the addition of certain information (e.g. company confidential items)? While I agree that the GFDL is entirely appropriate (and desirable) for efforts like Wikibooks, would it make the MediaWiki engine more useful to others if they could choose an alternate license (possibly from a list of acceptable ones)?

 * I'm not a lawyer, but I don't believe there's any reason that companies would have to licence under the GFDL, even if they're using MediaWiki. It can still be used for proprietary work created on it (similarly, MS Word is copyrighted, but I can write a story on it and release it under the GFDL or into the public domain). Best, [[User:Meelar|Meelar (talk)]] 15:21, 2004 Jul 23 (UTC)

 * There is no requirement to use GFDL with MediaWiki. There are, in fact, a lot of public MediaWiki's using other licenses, most commonly the Creative Commons licenses.  The only reason GFDL applies to Wikipedia (not MediaWiki, Wikipedia) is because the people running this wiki (the original one) decided to require that all contributions to the wiki be licensed under GFDL.  If you're running a Wiki, you can decide that for yourself. Jdavidb 15:41, 23 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the clarification. I thought that was (or should) be the case, but was surprised to find references to the licensing apparently hard-coded into the MediaWiki PHP scripts (at least for version 1.2.6). I guess I need to look at the 1.3.x source to see if it's time to put my coding hat on and tweak things! :-) RichardJFoster 12:14, 26 Jul 2004 (UTC)

title: Wikipedia talk:Sites using MediaWiki


text:
CSS Grampus

CSS Grampus was a stern-wheel river steamer built in 1856 at McKeesport, Pennsylvania, for civilian employment. Taken by the Confederate Army in early 1862, she served as a scout boat and transport on the Mississippi River. Late in March 1862, Captain Marsh Miller in command, she took an active part in the defense of Island No. 10 where the Confederates finally sank her to prevent capture, on 7 April. The Union Gunboat Flotilla set out to raise her during May 1862 and did so, but she is believed to be the Grampus No. 2 which burned the following 11 January.

title: CSS Grampus


text:
William Norris (CEO)

William Charles Norris (July 14, 1911, near Red Cloud, Nebraska – August 21, 2006) was an American business executive. He was the CEO of Control Data Corporation, at one time one of the most powerful and respected computer companies in the world. He is famous for taking on IBM in a head-on fight and winning, as well as being a social activist who used Control Data's expansion in the late 1960s to bring jobs and training to inner cities and disadvantaged communities.

Early life
Norris was born and raised on a cattle farm in Nebraska, attending a tiny school in Inavale, Nebraska, and operating a ham radio. He attained a degree in electrical engineering from the University of Nebraska in 1932. He spent two years on his family's farm after graduation, helping weather the Great Depression and a significant drought in the Midwest by risking the use of Russian thistle as cattle feed.

Military career
Norris served in the United States Navy as a codebreaker, attaining the rank of lieutenant commander while working at the Navy's Nebraska Avenue Complex in Washington, D.C. His technical accomplishments included advancing methods for identifying U-boats.

Professional career
Before entering military service, Norris sold X-Ray equipment for the Westinghouse Corporation in Chicago, then worked for the Bureau of Ordnance as a civil servant engineer until signing with the Naval Reserve.

Norris entered the computer business just after World War II, when along with Howard Engstrom and other US Navy cryptographers he formed Engineering Research Associates (ERA) in January, 1946 to build scientific computers. He hired forty of the members of his codebreaking team and set up shop in a glider factory with Northwestern Aeronautical, a major government contractor. ERA was fairly successful, but in the early 1950s a lengthy series of government probes into "Navy funding" drained the company and it was sold to Remington Rand. They operated within Remington Rand as a separate division for a time, but during the later merger with Sperry Corporation that formed Sperry Rand, their division was merged with UNIVAC. This resulted in most of ERA's work being dropped. As a result, several employees left and set up Control Data, unanimously selecting Norris as president.

Control Data started by selling magnetic drum memory systems to other computer manufacturers, but introduced their own mainframe, the CDC 1604, in 1958. Designed primarily by Seymour Cray, the company soon followed the 1604 with a series of increasingly powerful machines. In 1965 they introduced the CDC 6600, the first supercomputer, and CDC was suddenly in the leadership position with a machine ten times faster than anything on the market.

This was a significant threat to IBM's business, and they quickly started a project of their own to take back the performance crown from CDC. In the meantime they announced an advanced version of the IBM System/360, called the ACS-1, that was to be faster than the 6600. However, the machine didn't yet exist, and after carefully documenting sales lost to the IBM project, Norris launched a massive lawsuit against them in 1968. IBM was unable to finish its "6600 killer," and CDC eventually won the suit, and was awarded $600 million in damages.

In 1967 Norris attended a seminar for CEOs where Whitney Young, head of the National Urban League, spoke about the social and economic injustices in the lives of young black Americans. This speech, along with a summer of violence in Norris's hometown of Minneapolis, greatly disturbed him. He became a champion of moving factories into the inner-cities, providing stable incomes and "high-tech" training to thousands of people who would otherwise have little chance at either.

Another CDC project that Norris championed was the PLATO system, an online teaching and instruction system developed at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. The university developed most of the system on a CDC-1604 machine driving graphics terminals of their own design. In 1974 they reached an agreement with CDC to allow CDC to sell PLATO in exchange for free machines on which to run it. PLATO was released in 1975, but saw almost no use due to its high costs and complex maintenance. In the end PLATO did see some use as an employee training tool in large companies, but was never a success in the education market.

Norris continually purchased new companies to fold into CDC, and eventually returned to the peripheral market in the 1970s. This move proved particularly wise. During the early 1970s, Seymour Cray left to form his own company, which quickly drove CDC out of its leadership position in the supercomputer market. This left CDC in second place in a market for a small number of machines. Soon large Japanese companies were gobbling up what Cray didn't. CDC tried to regain its footing in the supercomputer market by spinning off ETA Systems, in order to allow the developers to escape an increasingly ossified management structure inside CDC. However this effort failed and CDC gave up on the market entirely.

In the 1980s CDC was left primarily as a hard disk manufacturer, and their series of SCSI drives were particularly successful. But at this point the rest of the company crashed, and the board started pressuring Norris to step down. They were particularly harsh in blaming his social programs for their problems, although any connection is difficult, if not impossible, to find. He eventually realized there was little he could do to stop this course of action, and started an effort to place the company under the leadership of two hand-picked replacements. The stockholders didn't go along with this, and Norris subsequently retired in January 1986. His successor as Control Data CEO was Robert M. Price.

William Norris died on August 21, 2006, in a nursing home in Bloomington, Minnesota, after a long battle with Parkinson's disease. He was survived by his wife Jane Malley Norris, eight children, sons William, George, Daniel, Brian, Roger and David, and daughters Constance Van Hoven and Mary Keck, 21 grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren.

title: William Norris (CEO)