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Bathurst, New Brunswick

Bathurst is a city in northern New Brunswick with a population of  12,157  and the 4th largest metropolitan area in New Brunswick as defined by Census Canada with a population of 31,387 as of 2021. The City of Bathurst overlooks Nepisiguit Bay, part of Chaleur Bay and is at the estuary of the Nepisiguit River.

On January 1, 2023, Bathurst annexed parts of the local service districts of the parish of Bathurst, Big River, New Bandon-Salmon Beach, and North Tetagouche. The names of communities in the annexed areas remain in use for address purposes. Revised census figures based on the 2023 local governance reforms have not been released.

Geography
Bathurst is situated on Nepisiguit Bay, which is part of Chaleur Bay, at the mouth of four rivers: the Nepisiguit River, the Middle River, Little River, and the Tetagouche River. Two spits of land, Carron Point and Alston Point, form the enclosure for the harbour. Youghall Beach Park lies to the north of town. Bathurst is located 90 km south of Dalhousie, and 90 km north of Miramichi.

The refuse facility of Bathurst is located south of the city, in Allardville. The so-called Red Pine solid waste facility provided by the Chaleur Regional Service Commission serves, in addition to Bathurst, municipalities all over north-eastern New Brunswick. The city's sewage treatment plant is located within the harbor, at the northern end of Riverside Drive, behind the Canadian Tire. City water comes from the Middle River.

Several of the salt marshes around Bathurst Harbour play host to a Chaleur Bay-specific butterfly: the Maritime Ringlet, which flies late July to late August.

Attractions

 * La Promenade Waterfront is cluster of shops, art, boutiques, a visitor information centre, and an outdoor pavilion that hosts a variety of activities throughout the year. There are boardwalks with views of the Nepisiguit Bay.
 * Youghall Beach Park offers swimming, volleyball, and windsurfing. The Bathurst Marina is also located next to the beach.
 * Bathurst has a pair of golf courses.
 * Bathurst Hospitality Days is a week-long festival with many activities for the young and old. It includes four nights of concerts, featuring a mix of classic rock, Acadian and maritime music.
 * Bathurst Chamber Music Festival is an annual week-long classical music festival which features over 30 emerging musicians and composers from around Canada and abroad. It was created to help build appreciation, as well as to create a necessity for classical music within the community.
 * Bathurst is home to the Acadie–Bathurst Titan of the Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League.
 * Bathurst is home to the Bathurst Bears of the Eastern Canadian Basketball League.

Government and politics
Bathurst has a Mayor–council form of government, with seven at-large councillors. Elections are held quadrennially in May, as are all since 2004 local governments in New Brunswick. Mayor Fongemie won over a field of four candidates with 3,064 votes; the next candidate garnered 1,831 votes. In 2016, 21 candidates put their names on the ballot. The minimum number of votes needed for election was 2,347. Councillor Stever won more votes than the Mayor.

At the 2014 New Brunswick general election, 4,367 residents of Bathurst West-Beresford elected Brian Kenny, while 4,431 residents in Bathurst East-Nepisiguit-Saint-Isidore chose Denis Landry. Both are member of the New Brunswick Liberal Association, and both are cabinet ministers in the Brian Gallant government.

Bathurst is a part of the Acadie—Bathurst federal riding, and represented since 2015 in the House of Commons of Canada by Liberal Party of Canada member Serge Cormier.

Bathurst is the county seat of Gloucester County, New Brunswick. As such it is home to the county court house and houses much of the province's regional administration.

Primary

 * École Place-des-Jeunes (6 - 8)
 * Superior Middle School (6 - 8)
 * Académie Assomption (K - 5)
 * École Cité-de-l'Amitié (K - 5)
 * Terry Fox Elementary School (K - 5)
 * Parkwood Heights Elementary School (K - 5)

Secondary

 * Bathurst High School (BHS): in English, grades 9 - 12 are taught at BHS. The school district is known administratively as "Anglophone North Subdistrict 3", and Sheila Rogers was acclaimed to it in May 2016.
 * École Secondaire Népisiguit (ESN): in French, grades 9 - 12 are taught at ESN. The school district is known administratively as "Francophone Nord-est - Subdistrict 4", and Danny Comeau was acclaimed to it in May 2016.

Post-secondary
Post-secondary education in French is located at the Bathurst campuses of College communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick (CCNB-NBCC). Although some few courses are offered in English at night school, many Anglophones study elsewhere; the nearest campus of NBCC lies at Miramichi.

Health sector
Chaleur Regional Hospital looks after the needs of the community at 1750 Sunset Drive Bathurst, E2A 4L7, in the north of town. It was given in 2013 a rating of 'A+' by the CBC's The Fifth Estate programme in a national survey of 66 hospitals.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Bathurst had a population of $12,157$ living in $5,824$ of its $6,445$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $11,897$. With a land area of 91.62 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Language
Bathurst is officially bilingual, (English and French) with English, French, Irish and Scottish heritage. The city is also home to Míkmaq natives, with the Pabineau First Nations (Kekwapskuk) community located on the outskirts of the city.

Community organizations and churches
Bathurst has many community-based organisations, including:
 * Synergies Chaleur
 * Royal Canadian Legion, Branch No. 18
 * New Brunswick Association for Community Living
 * Maison Doucet Hennessy House (an architectural heritage project)
 * St. George's Anglican Church
 * Holy Family Catholic Church
 * Bathurst Pastoral Charge First United Church
 * Evangel Bathurst Church

Legend of the Phantom Ship
The Bay of Chaleur is known for its phantom ship legend, which dates back more than two centuries. The story claims that a sail ship burned in the waters north of the city - possibly from the Battle of the Restigouche - and that the ghost of the vessel and its crew is visible on the water in certain weather and light conditions to this day. Though some believe it is a ghost ship from the Battle of the Restigouche, others believe it is merely caused by heat waves, reflections, or hallucinations. A drawing of a ghost wielding an anchor and two menacing sailors could be seen on the city's old welcome sign.

Climate
In spite of its coastal position, Bathurst experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) with vast seasonal differences in temperature. Summers are warm and humid. Winters are often cold, windy and snowy. Spring and Fall bring chilly to warm temperatures. In fall, late heat waves known as "Indian summer" are a common occurrence.

During winter, snow generally stays on the ground from December until April.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Bathurst was 37.6 C on 19 June 2024, which is also the warmest June temperature ever recorded in the province of New Brunswick. The coldest temperature ever recorded was -37.2 C on 9 January 1887 and 19 January 1925.

History
Bathurst had been the location of the annual Mi'kmaq summer coastal community of Nepisiguit prior to European settlement. Europeans first reached the shores of the Baie des Chaleurs when in 1534 it was named by Jacques Cartier. Early settlers from France came to the area in the 17th century in what became part of the colony of Acadia. In 1607 Samuel de Champlain sailed into the Miramichi, and in 1636, Nicolas Denys was granted a seignory by the French crown, apparently the third grant in the colony of Acadie. Jean Jacques Enaud, who hailed from the French Basque Country, was granted in 1638 the seignory at the southeastern gap of the harbor later named Alston Point. Remark is made on William Francis Ganong's map of Bathurst Harbour, depicted here at left, of the residence of Nicolas Denys and the seignory of Gobin.

Little is known about the region between the death of Nicholas Denys in 1688 and the Treaty of Utrecht (1713), whereby Louis XIV ceded the territory of Acadia to Anne, Queen of Great Britain. Although it was marked as an inlet, the Nepisiguit river was not noted in a British map dated 1744, although by 1755 Thomas Jefferys illustrates the "Nipisiki River" and "Nipisighit Bay". Historians remark the Battle of the Restigouche in June 1760 (one of the final events in the Seven Years' War) in the Baie des Chaleurs, and various other incidents as the colony of Nouvelle France expired.

According to Gamaliel Smethurst, a trader who supposedly was permitted there by Governor Murray, the British attempted to remove the remaining scattered Acadians from the Nepisiguit basin and Caraquet in late October 1761. Following the formal fall of this part of Acadia to British control in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris, the region saw the arrival of numerous English and Scottish settlers, eager to exploit the region's natural resources. Some grants were rewards for good and loyal service with the King's arms: for example, Captain Arthur Goold of the Royal Marines was granted 2,000 acres on both sides of the Nepisiguit River mouth on 9 September 1784 in what is now known as East Bathurst.

1800s
One of the Scotsmen was Hugh Munro, who arrived in 1794. By 1800, he was the founder of "the first and most ancient establishment" in the timber trade of Nepisiguit Bay. In 1807 Munro was appointed a justice of the peace and judge of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for Northumberland County, He was first elected as one of the members of the Legislative Assembly for Northumberland County at the general election of 1820, and maintained that office until the dissolution of that body in 1827. In 1828 he was elected to sit in the 9th New Brunswick Legislature when the county of Gloucester was given its first representative.

It seems that the great 1825 Miramichi Fire had a significant impact on the fortunes of Bathurst, for the devastation of 6,000 acres forced northwards many displaced people. This incident was the reason for the subdivision of two new counties, Kent and Gloucester, out of what had been Northumberland County, and in 1826, St. Peter's harbour was renamed in honour of the Colonial Secretary, Lord Bathurst.

The first St. George's Anglican Church was built in 1825 and consecrated as a place of worship in 1836. The Anglican burial ground near the old post office dates to 1823. The more recent St. George's church, which was built in 1864, on King avenue below St. Andrew Street is a nice example of Carpenter Gothic architecture.

The community, which up to 1828 had been named St. Peters, was renamed by the governor, Sir Howard Douglas (1823–1831), in honor of Henry Bathurst, 3rd Earl Bathurst (1762–1834), Secretary of State for the Colonies of the British government.

A man named Cooney wrote in May 1832 that in 1828, Bathurst only contained a few houses, but that four years' hence it had sprouted a brick courthouse roofed with slate, a gaol, a post office, a few mercantile establishments, and more than 30 homes. What we now know as Riverside Drive was populated by several Francophone families (who are assumed to be the remnants of Captain MacKenzie's evacuation) and their "neat little Chapel... and two or three rustic windmills", presumably for grinding grain. He estimated the population of Bathurst and its harbor area to be more than 600 souls. Economic activities included farming, lumbering, and fishing.

Joseph Cunard, attracted by the county's timber resources, set up a branch of his family's shipbuilding firm here at some time after the great fire in Miramichi of 1825. By 1828, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick as representative for Northumberland County, and was variously a justice of the peace and served on the board of health. Joseph's brother Samuel Cunard was also a landowner in Bathurst. Cunard purchased the Gould grant in 1837 and his production of ships in Bathurst harbor began in earnest. The age of timber ships began its decline in 1848 with the 1848 launch of Brunel's SS Great Britain, the revolutionary iron-hulled steamship. This event caused Joseph's shipbuilding firm to founder, and with it went New Brunswick's economy. Samuel went on to manage the Cunard Line. A shipbuilder who followed in Cunard's wake by the name of John O'Brien built more than 60 ships from 1858 to 1877. Ship's carpenters, spar and mast makers, adzemen and other tradesmen were paid up to five dollars per day. It was not unusual during the heyday of Bathurst shipbuilding to see anywhere from five to fifteen ships in various stages of construction along the waterfront.

A stagecoach service between Bathurst and Chatham was launched by James Foran in 1832. Others, like James Waitt, James MacBeath, William Branch and John Rennie soon opened competition.

"Delirium tremens occasioned by the abuse of ardent spirits" caused at least one untimely death in 1831. So it was in 1832 that a Temperance Society was organized in New Bandon, a small town east of Bathurst. Upwards of 50 persons attended.

The first full-time local doctor, Sam Bishop, arrived in 1833; a contemporary of his was known as Robert Gordon. Bishop and Gordon would conduct vaccination clinics throughout the county in 1841 when an epidemic of small pox struck. The third doctor to set up a local practice (but not until 1871) was Gideon Mitchell Duncan.

The Gloucester County Grammar School, later known as the Bathurst Grammar School, opened its doors on 1 October 1835 under the direction of Charles Lloyd. He provided room and board for 24 pounds per annum if the student was under 10 years of age; older students were charged two pounds more. At least two private schools were active elsewhere in the county during the same era.

The town map of 1836 shows "public landing" government docks at the water end of the four downtown streets, Douglas, King, Murray, and Black (now Main), as well as the western end of Water (now Main) Street. The town extends as far south as Munro Street; glebe lots were located between King and Murray, south of Munro.

In the mid-19th century Gloucester County, settlers who petitioned the province for 50 or 100-acre parcels of land were required in order to obtain their grant: to homestead this land for three years, that is, to build a house on it and eventually to cultivate four acres on it.

Charles Lanman wrote in 1856 of fly fishing for salmon in the Nepisiguit that "It has not its superior in the world. It is a marvelous river." The hire in that era of a river guide with expert local knowledge cost one dollar a day. For this sum, the employers would be transported with their bags to the salmon pools, would have their meals cooked for them, flies tied for them, rods repaired for them, and clothes washed for them. Presumably, their tents would be pitched for them as well.

Samuel Napier, who had grown up in Bathurst, discovered on 14 August 1857 the 145-pound gold "Napier Nugget" somewhere in the Australian state of Victoria. He later represented Gloucester County in the Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick from 1870 to 1874, replacing shipbuilder John Meahan.

The estimated population of the Parish of Bathurst in 1847, the year before the bankruptcy of Joseph Cunard, was 2,605. By 1871 it had apparently shrunk to 600.

One report from 1851 states that 2,000 tons of hay; 3,500 bushels of wheat; 1,500 bushels of barley; 16,700 bushels of oats, 700 bushels of buckwheat; and 10 bushels of Indian corn were produced in the area.

It appears that electors from Bathurst and the wider Gloucester County were not in favour of Confederation. Residents of a harbour that in addition thrived as a shipbuilding center could see little advantage in tying themselves to the anchor that was at the time the United Provinces of Canada. They were instead focused on trade with the United Kingdom and its Atlantic colonies, in addition to any nation which had an Atlantic seaport, including especially the American seaboard states; shipments of lumber, deals or laths were common enough to Manhattan NY.

In the 19th century, men were eager to fell trees in the forest around Bathurst all winter long from sunup to sundown (Sundays excepted) for eight to ten dollars a month. Timber camps typically housed 50 men, who were each employed in one of several job descriptions. The telephone was but a distant dream, and weekends were spent at the camp. Spare time was kept to a minimum, but fiddlers and other musicians developed nonetheless by dint of isolation.

The population of the Parish of Bathurst in 1861 was 3,771 souls, of whom 292 were farmers, and 1,071 were children between the ages of six and sixteen. Eighty years before the introduction of mandatory attendance, only 483 of these attended school. Agriculture was the primary occupation of the denizens, and potatoes were the crop of choice. There were one hydraulic grist mill, and one saw mill. The Anglican faith counted 569 devotees, the Presbyterian 573, the Methodist 241, and the Roman Catholic 2,371.

The Annual Report of the Department of Fisheries for 1868 lists a so-called "Marine Hospital" located in Bathurst, and the place of work for a Fisheries Officer. Bathurst once had a fish processing plant. Navigation in this County consisted of the carrying of wood, fish and grindstones from Bathurst to Britain, ports of the Dominion, Newfoundland, Miquelon, the United States, South America and Italy. In the wood trade, Bathurst employed in 1868 vessels of from 50 to 1,200 tons. The beacons at that time were unlit, a cause of some concern.

In 1871 Bathurst had a population of 600.

On 14 December 1872, Justice William End was assassinated, likely by a ruffian whom he had earlier jailed for four months. The suspect left Bathurst soon afterwards and was never apprehended.

Bathurst Grammar School became graded in 1874.

Hollywood film actor Sam de Grasse was born here in 1875.

The opening of the Intercolonial Railway of Canada in 1876 (shown at the left hand side in the Ganong map) provided a fast connection from the port of Bathurst to the rest of North America which was essential for developing the region's principal industries in forestry and zinc mining. For example, the St. Lawrence Lumber Co., which is depicted in the Ganong map at the mouth of the Nepisiguit River, was managed in the late 19th century by Kennedy Francis Burns of Miramichi.

W.J. Kent opened his eponymous department store in 1884 on Main Street.

In 1886, after a fire had destroyed its Temperance Hall, the Roman Catholic Church began construction of what is now known as the Sacré-Coeur Cathedral. The diocese of Chatham was removed to Bathurst in 1938, and what had been up til then a church now became a cathedral.

1900s
Even as late as 1900, the Sacred Heart Academy had outdoor toilets; modern water facilities from Carter's Brook to a 200 ft AMSL tank on Murray Avenue were provided to the newly formed Town only after August 1916; a sewer system was installed at the same time, although the date of sanitary service installation at the Academy is unknown.

The imposing (county) courthouse and jail at St. Patrick Street—built from the same Connolly (Nepisiquit) quarry granite as other official buildings of the period—dates from 1900. This replaced an earlier, and more modest, wood-frame building. The jail function has been decommissioned for some years, in favour of the provincial facility at Dalhousie. In 1904 Bathurst was a seaport, a port of entry on the Intercolonial Railway and the Caraquet and Gulf Shore Railway and a town with a post office, 35 stores, six hotels, a steam sawmill, a shingle mill, a flour mill, three fish freezers, two carriage factories, a printing shop, three churches and a population of 3,000. A boy of fifteen, fresh out of school, could earn $18.00 per month "to work in the woods". That year, John P. Leger formed a private venture called the Bathurst Electric and Water Power Company, with aim to erect and operate at Tetagouche River Falls a hydro-electric plant. Electricity had arrived in Bathurst, twenty-two years after the Pearl Street Station had illuminated New York.

The Northern New Brunswick and Seaboard Railway can lay claim to be the railway company with the fewest miles of standard gauge track in history. The province empowered it in 1904 to lay track between Nepisiguit Junction and Grand Falls, a distance of 16 miles, to serve the short-lived Drummond Iron Mines. It would serve, for several years from 1920, to ferry construction materials to the (Nepisiguit) Grand Falls hydroelectric power dam.

The Annie R. plied her trade between Bathurst, Carron Point and Youghall Beach early in the 20th century (before private motorized transport became the norm) under the command of Jack Stever. The return fare from Bathurst to either of the points was a quarter. She was equipped with a steam boiler, was 36 feet long with a beam of eight feet and built in Bathurst. Owned by John Rennie, then foreman of the Caraquet Railway, the boat was built in George Eddy's mill by Joe Stackhouse of Saint John while he was engaged in the construction of the Nepisiguit Lumber Co. sawmill.

In 1911, James Hamet Dunn, who was born in West Bathurst in 1874, returned to Bathurst to endow its first hospital, located on the Riverside Drive grounds of what was once a Doctor's office. It burned to the ground in 1917, and an expanded 35-bed structure was rebuilt in its place. The hospital eventually would grow to 60 bed capacity, and house a school of nursing. Damaged by fire in January 1951, the Dunn Hospital would pass into collective memory.

Bathurst was incorporated as a town in 1912, following a poll of ratepayers and property holders conducted on 30 May that year in which a majority vote of 195 to 54 determined the outcome. The first election occurred on 11 September, and the budget for the first year was fixed at $8 million. The town of Bathurst's first mayor was Patrick J. Burns, who has a street (along Coronation Park) named after him.

The civic expansion happened just prior to the closure in 1913 of the decade-old Drummond Mines Limited iron mine at the Bathurst Mining Camp. The arrival of water and sewer service to individual residences occurred in 1915, too late for the blaze on 28 April 1914 that consumed 35 buildings. Most of downtown was a blackened disaster zone. The Drummond Mine property was eventually acquired by the Dominion Steel and Coal Company, who operated it more successfully.

The Bathurst Power and Paper Company Ltd. built a mill in Bathurst, New Brunswick in 1914. Majority control of the company was obtained in the late 1930s by Arthur J. Nesbitt and his partner Peter A. T. Thomson through their holding company, Power Corporation of Canada. In the early 1960s, Power Corporation bought the Consolidated Paper Company. When Paul Desmarais acquired control of Power Corporation in 1968, the two companies were merged to become Consolidated-Bathurst Inc. By far the largest private employer in the city for many years, Consolidated-Bathurst in 1977 employed 586 people. In 1989, the company was sold to Stone Container Corporation of Chicago, Illinois who renamed it Stone Consolidated Inc.

Herman Good, by then a corporal in the Royal Highlanders, earned a Victoria Cross in the Battle of Amiens on 8 August 1918.

A man employed by the Bathurst Company Limited to saw shingles could earn $1 an hour during the 1920s. By the height of the depression in 1933 a project to pave Main Street paid the same worker $2 a day.

Peter Veniot, the owner since 1891 of Bathurst's French-language newspaper was the first Acadian premier of the province of New Brunswick. He succeeded upon resignation Walter Foster as Premier in 1923, after a varied career in provincial government and as a civil servant. As Minister of Public Works in the Foster cabinet, Veniot was responsible for the creation of the New Brunswick Electric Power Commission, latterly NB Power. He was a supporter of the Maritime Rights Movement, which advocated more power for the Maritime provinces in Canadian confederation. His government was defeated in the 1925 provincial election, and he went on to become a Minister in the cabinet of Mackenzie King. All that remains of the newspaper which for a time he owned—the Courier des Provinces Maritimes—is a nameplate on its building at 174 St. Andrew Street, which was latterly converted to a rooming house.

In 1921 the College Sacre-Coeur, a Roman Catholic residential high school for Acadians, was relocated to Bathurst from its previous home in Caraquet. The anglophone Bathurst High School was founded in 1926, with the closure of the Grammar School which had outgrown its premises on St. Andrew Street.

Bathurst Harbour was a busy place early in the Twentieth century. One might find schooners or ships in port, likely as not to board grindstones from the Reid firm, or milled lumber. Tugboats were employed to haul quarried limestone, or timber, which floated behind them between booms, from the Gaspe peninsula. A steel tug, the Ste. Anne, in one trip could haul as many as 6,000 cords to its home at the pulp mill. She measured 135 feet with a beam of 29 feet and a draft of 16 feet making 465 tons. She was powered by a 1,200 horsepower coal-fired steam engine. The Francis Huntley, a wooden tug, was owned by a partnership between the Gloucester Lumber Company and White & Rogers Co, and was used to boom timber from the mouth of the Bass River to a mill located at White's Wharf.

A sanatorium for the care of tuberculosis patients was opened in May 1931. Named Our Lady of Lourdes of the Lady Dunn Institution, it was endowed by Sir James Dunn (as he then was called) and his wife. It was entrusted by deed to the Religious Hospitallers of St. Joseph, and located at Vallee Lourdes just north of the town on a 1,000 acre farm which today houses the Chaleur Regional Hospital.

The village bridge, which was badly in need of repair, was reconstructed at the height of Great Depression by the province.

Sail power was employed for commercial purposes even as late as the 1930s for shipments whose origin was Bathurst, such as lumber.

On 27 September 1943, German spy Wolfgang Heyda, who had been interned in Bowmanville, Ontario, evaded capture in Montreal and Bathurst, but finally was caught in Grande-Anse. He had been scheduled to rendez-vous at the Maisonette lighthouse with a German U-boat, but the plan was foiled by the military, whose intelligence services had alerted them to the German plan. In the end, the U-boat got away.

For several years during the 1940s, Bathurst was home to Louis Robichaud, while he studied at the College Sacre-Coeur, in order to study for the Juvénat Saint-Jean-Eudes. He demurred from the priestly vocation and, after a period at Laval University, instead studied law by correspondence at UNB while he articled at a Bathurst law firm. He met the woman who later became his wife in 1950 here at a wedding.

Princess Elizabeth, as she then was, visited Bathurst on her cross-Canada tour in 1951. The same year saw the installation of an artificial ice surface at the hockey barn near the paper mill: a levy was voted for this purpose at the special meeting of Town Council on 11 September, which followed a plebiscite on the issue.

In April 1954, a new 80-foot antenna broadcast CHSJ signals to Bathurst from New Brunswick's only television station in Saint John. From 1958 onwards, the francophone CHAU station would broadcast on Channel 5 from its transmitter on Mount St. Joseph near Carleton, Quebec. Radio came to Bathurst in 1955, on CKBC run by the Bathurst Broadcasting Company.

Sacred Heart University awarded "local boy made good" Sir James Dunn an honorary Social Science doctorate in May 1954. The institution had been granted the power to confer degrees by a 1940 Act of Parliament, which lasted until in 1974 the Board of Directors transferred control to the provincial government of Richard Bennett Hatfield, and it became known as the Bathurst Community College. Immature students and malcontented professors had in effect forced this change on the Board.

The fill for the Queen street causeway was obtained from the excavations of the lower reservoir. The Town of Bathurst provided one third of the funds, while the government of Hugh John Fleming provided the other two thirds. The project, which begun in 1955, took two years to complete.

Edward Byrne, KC, who had been Mayor of Bathurst from April 1949 to April 1951, was asked to chair the Royal Commission on Finance and Municipal Taxation in New Brunswick in 1960 by Robichaud, who then was Premier. He completed his report on November 4, 1963, and Robichaud later used his work to justify monumental changes in how the province is run.

A petition was presented to the provincial government on 15 March 1960 to request the transformation of the town into a city, after an affirmative vote was produced by ratepayers within the town and outlying districts.

Construction of the present airport near South Tetagouche was begun in 1964 as a project funded by the Town of Bathurst and Gloucester county municipalities. Lights were installed along the 4,000 by 75 foot paved runway in 1968. Bathurst was meanwhile incorporated as a city, the province's sixth, in 1966; hunters were dismayed because the increased size of the city meant, ipso facto, that they were expropriated.

In 1972, the Bathurst Alpine Papermakers won the Hardy Cup, defeating The Rosetown Red Wings 3–0 at the old Bathurst Arena. The Hardy cup was the Canadian national Intermediate "A" ice hockey championship from 1967 until 1984.

The area of the City in 1978 was 23,150 acre, while the taxable area was 15,600 acres; the city counted 154 people as employees. The mill rate was 1.0123, the number of water meters was 2,480, and the population was 16,301. The city in 1978 had about 178,000 feet of pipe in its water network. Storm and sanitary sewers were, at the time, combined in some areas. Septic tanks were, and are still, used in some outlying areas.

In 1998, the decrepit 1920s-vintage hockey barn near the pulp mill was torn down, and replaced by a modern facility named the K. C. Irving Centre. Laval Titan QMJHL franchise relocated to Bathurst, taking the name Acadie–Bathurst Titan.

2000s
The Nepisiguit Centennial Museum/Cultural Centre (established 1967) was designated in October 2005 a local historic place under the provincial Community Planning Act. The Herman J. Good V.C Branch No.18 Royal Canadian Legion War Museum (established 1956) was designated in December 2005 a local historic place.

On the evening of 27 March 2015, the Munro St. home of the Bathurst Agricultural Society—which had celebrated its 125th anniversary the previous year —was destroyed by fire. The society had been formed on 3 May 1853 to assist farmers by providing education, seeds and purebred livestock, and in as of 2014 sold a variety of agricultural-related products including livestock feed. The Bathurst Farmer's Market, which had been housed in the same building, eventually moved to near the old Post Office building on Main St. The Society was quickly re-housed in the former location of Save Easy on Rough Waters Drive.

On the evening of 27 November 2015, a fire destroyed four historic commercial buildings at the corner of Main Street and King Avenue. Fifty people in apartments above the stores lost everything and prominent office space was destroyed, including buildings that housed Birds Eye View pet store, Au Cafe Gourmet, local fabric store Christie's, the old stone-faced Bank of Montreal, and a wine bar. All the animals in the pet store perished, and electricity service was temporarily suspended to about 450 NB Power customers in the area. Mayor Stephen Brunet said it was a busy and successful corner: "Every building was part of the history of downtown and there for many, many years. It's going to be a big hole in downtown." The previous week, an abandoned building down the street on King Avenue was destroyed by fire, causing Mayor Brunet concerns. The Downtown Bathurst Revitalization Corporation and the local chapter of the Canadian Red Cross were active in the efforts to support the afflicted. The fire was believed to have started at the back of the pet shop. On 5 August 2016, 53-year-old Perry Kinsman was arrested and charged with one count of arson after over nine months of investigation.

Economy
The Bathurst Mining Camp provided for almost 50 years a lot of jobs to the regional economy. The Brunswick Mine facility closed in April 2013. Unemployment hit over 20% in northern New Brunswick in March 2013 as a result.

Bathurst is located, and has a station, on the Canadian National railway line. Via Rail provides a Wednesday, Friday and Sunday passenger service in both directions. The economy is primarily focused on mining, fishing and forestry. Other sectors include: tourism, phone call centres, manufacturing, and provincial and federal government. The service sector is the city's largest employer. The city is serviced by one health care facility, Chaleur Regional Hospital.

A regional Tax Services Canada and a Transport Canada Marine Safety Service centre are located in the old downtown. Bathurst Marina is listed as an official Port of Entry for small vessels. It is listed as a non-compulsory pilotage zone. The port authority was transferred in February 2003 to a private consortium, after which on 21 September 2006 the port was delisted from the Canada Marine Act along with other ports on the North Shore of the province which by then had fallen into disuse. Bathurst is located 50 km south of the deep-water Port of Belledune, where a petroleum tank farm and a coal-fired electrical generating station are located.

On December 17, 2010, it was determined that an environmental assessment was required in relation to an expansion of a sawmill project because the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency considered providing financial assistance to the proponent. The project consists of building an expansion of approximately 297 square meters (m2) that will be added to the existing building of approximately 372 m2.

Bathurst Airport accommodates general aviation.

The Smurfit-Stone paper mill (formerly part of the Power Corporation of Canada empire) ceased operations in 2009, and the plant is in process of being demolished. The 225ac of industrial wasteland was sold on in January 2010 to the Green Investment Group partners. Their goal is to create innovative, alternative energy projects that enhance the Bathurst region and Northern New Brunswick. The plan anticipates attracting companies that utilize technologies focusing on energy generation, alternative fuels and waste-to-energy conversion. The property was as of July 2015 in violation of the city's dangerous and unsightly premises bylaw, but the owner is located outside the country, and was unwilling to deal with the property despite being given final notice by the city. There were almost $1 million in back taxes and environmental reclamation costs associated with the former mill site as of July 2015. The provincial Department of Environment and Local Government Minister, Brian Kenny, issued a ministerial order, which required the company to clean up the site within 120 days, but the deadline passed on 14 August, so the file was passed on to the Attorney-General in order to determine whether charges would be laid.

GDF Suez operates the inland Caribou Wind Park energy farm approximately 70 km west of Bathurst under a power purchase agreement scheme contracted with NB Power, with a nominal power output of 100MW.

Notable people
The BBC's chief international news correspondent Lyse Doucet and her sister, the sociologist Andrea Doucet, are natives of Bathurst. Sir James Dunn, of Algoma Steel and Canada Steamship Lines fame, was born in West Bathurst.

External relations
The city of Bathurst is twinned with:
 * Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados - many soldiers of the North Shore (New Brunswick) Regiment gave their lives on D-day in the Normandy campaign of the Second World War; it was the fulcrum between Juno beach and Sword beach.
 * Houma, Louisiana, in Terrebonne Parish is one location of the Acadian diaspora, that eventually grew into the Cajun culture of the American south.

title: Bathurst, New Brunswick


text:
Talk:Demographics of Russia

Extermination of Russians by West
It should be stressed that current demographic situation is result of extermination of Russians by West (compare with Native Americans etc.). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.165.173.131 (talk) 13:26, 9 February 2020 (UTC)

 * Huh? Without sources, this would not belong in Wikipedia.  Should you have reliable sources, then feel free to edit the article.  After all, anyone can edit Wikipedia.  N2e (talk) 01:15, 11 May 2023 (UTC)
 * yep, kgb speaking. 81.162.244.139 (talk) 08:43, 14 January 2024 (UTC)
 * You have daily speeches from US and EU politicians that Russia must be destroyed and Russians exterminated, what else do you need? 2A02:A45E:72A7:1:DABB:C1FF:FEAC:7283 (talk) 10:11, 31 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Then what does this have to do with this article? It's about the people living, giving birth, receiving education, aging, dying IN RUSSIA. If the US overtakes Russia someday, those issues may be relevant with this article. But clearly it's not today. Hoeyonus Koqus (talk) 13:45, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

hiv
Here's this bit the U.S. Department of State had with the "HIV/AIDS" and "population aging" sections:
 * The high growth rate of AIDS cases will have negative economic consequences, as investment will suffer from the diversion of private and government funds to AIDS treatment. The problems of population aging will be magnified, especially since about 60% of infected individuals in Russia are between 20 and 30 years of age.

Feel free to add it if you can find a way to do it without feeling like a callous bastard for reducing terminal illness to negative economic consequences. signed, the typically aspiring-to-logic-and-NPOV Koyaanis Qatsi
 * Adding a comment so section ends with a date, so can eventually be archived by the archive bot. N2e (talk) 01:26, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Cross time analysis
I saw a table for France which shows the population of the region dating back to 50 B.C. How it went from a pop. of 2 million to current standards. Is it at all possible to add a table like that for Russia? Chicken

-#russiaisachickendudis

 * Adding a comment so section ends with a date, so can eventually be archived by the archive bot. N2e (talk) 01:26, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Cholera in Russia?
I live in Russia and I've never heard of any major cholera outbreak, and the few minor outbreaks that occurred were treated with utmost resolution. Cholera is not a significant risk for any region of Russia I've been to (can't say for remote ones). Either provide credible statistics or get your facts straight. dscsdacadsdc

 * What specific statement are you talking about? If you've got sources, just edit the article yourself.  anyone can edit Wikipedia. N2e (talk) 01:26, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Educashun
Umm, you're education figures don't add up: (99.99 + 97.01)/2 != 98! It's more like 98.5%. I took the liberty to change that. On the other hand, very nice picture of Church of Christ Our Saviour. Whoever put that in, (and I don't usually compliment Wikipedians) but you rock dude/dudette! Very nice image.

- User ABC

 * Adding a comment so section ends with a date, so can eventually be archived by the archive bot. N2e (talk) 01:26, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Axxn 06:03, 29 March 2007 (UTC)
Can anyone explain why there are so many of Siberian people in Ukraine??? (Orocks,Negidals,Nivkh.etc). Is this because Ukranians falsely identifying as Siberians? See This

 * Adding a comment so section ends with a date, so can eventually be archived by the archive bot. N2e (talk) 01:26, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

jewish
Becouse of antisemtism exact numbers isn't know. But real numbers are much more higher, than official statistics. Same goes for tatars and other minorities, becouse of fear of xenophobia exact official numbers are greatly smaller than real.

 * Adding a comment so section ends with a date, so can eventually be archived by the archive bot. N2e (talk) 01:26, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

density
Maybe a nice attribution would be if someone made a map that shows the population density in Russia, there's a few examples.

 * Adding a comment so section ends with a date, so can eventually be archived by the archive bot. N2e (talk) 01:26, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

TFR for 2011
I have created maps showing TFR for 2011.

 * Adding a comment so section ends with a date, so can eventually be archived by the archive bot. N2e (talk) 01:26, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

Geographical limits in historical data
The article should be much clearer on what areas are included in the older data. Does "Russia" in 1927, 1939 etc mean the RSFSR (essentially = modern-day Russia), or the Soviet Union? Where do I go if I want to find out the population growth of Imperial Russia (in its entirety) up till 1914? 195.67.149.169 (talk) 08:03, 27 September 2018 (UTC)

Concur. This is important and we can hope editors come along who are interested in fixing this. N2e (talk) 01:26, 11 May 2023 (UTC)

How 'bout the birth rate after late 2022?
Do we have any good statistical data on the Russian birth rate after the events of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the resultant sanctions on Russia, and the stepped up emigration? Seems there are some marked changes in the socio/cultural environment year-on-year, but I've not been able to locate any good data on the monthly birth rates after the start of the war.

I see some debate in the previous section about 2022 total population... but nothing on what the birth rate has been doing the past five or six months. N2e (talk) 02:30, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

 * If there is going to be information there would be most definitely be on Russia's statistical website of ROSSTAT (recommend getting Chrome if you don't have it as it offers translation features for non-English web pages). I don't have much time at the moment to do a full deep dive of the data or if there exists any better sources with more up to date stuff but on ROSSTAT anyway for the birth rate it comes under (google translated) 'Vital movement of the population' (Естественное движение населения) and goes up to 2021 (not sure if that is the latest on this page anyway). Tweedle (talk) 13:42, 14 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Tweedle. I suppose the with most of this nation state statistical info, we're mostly stuck with what the government publishes.  Do we know if Russian institution at ROSSSTAT tend to just report real data?  Or do they get their "data" filtered through a Siloviki handler?  I would assume there might be some western intelligence data that also reports on Russian statistics, but it all gets kind of complicated to chase down. N2e (talk) 03:05, 15 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I would not have a clue on that front no sorry. Usually births and deaths are calculated (and thus the crude birth/death rate) by collections via the registry (of said country) of registered deaths and births for said period, whether that's handled by one of those people I am not sure but I would assume not on lists of ministries noted down? I can't say for certain sadly.
 * On the point of secondary sources, usually you can additionally go off of stuff provided and calculated by higher international bodies such as the UN and their World Population Prospects for example in this case, however I usually would say it is best to wait intill the government of respective nation states put stuff out unless its an exceedingly long period of time they have not updated such stuff. There are currently estimates on the WPP if you would like to have a look anyway (last update for it was in November 2022).
 * On your article linked, try here (you can usually circumvent such stuff via archive.today but you didn't hear that from me :) ). There seems to be good emigration figures on there if you want to add them anyway, additionally on here as well which covers it in more detail. Tweedle (talk) 13:02, 15 March 2023 (UTC)

 * This source might have something, but its behind a paywall so I cannot read all of it. Russia’s population crisis is making Putin more dangerous, Washington Post, 14 March 2023. N2e (talk) 03:05, 16 March 2023 (UTC)
 * If Russia's statistics office counts the annexed areas in their population figure, I'd say that number should go into the article, but we have to have a note that explains this and notes that the annexations aren't internationally recognized. Ideally, the number of people that were added by counted the annexed areas should also be shown. I will add a note that annexed areas may not be included and that the annexations aren't recognized by most countries. We have that note for Crimea anyway already, so I hope everyone will be ok with this. Thanks everyone! --Chaptagai (talk) 09:15, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I now added a neutral note. I hope everyone is ok with this. --Chaptagai (talk) 09:35, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * That's perfectly fine @Chaptagai, I was meant to respond to this and apologies for not. Also fixed the population amount that was changed on the edit previous to yours. Tweedle (talk) 19:28, 5 June 2023 (UTC)

Population up in 2022?
I have noticed that the population in 2022 ticked up despite a birth deficit, war deaths and emigration. Is this because the annexed areas are counted in the Russian population? I wouldn't say that's necessarily wrong if Russia's statistics office counted them at the end of 2022, but there would have to be a note explaining this and also noting that the annexation is not recognized by the vast majority of countries worldwide. Chaptagai (talk) 09:09, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I noticed that I asked the same question before, LOL, so this can be deleted or archived. Sorry for the inconvenience. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chaptagai (talk • contribs) 09:12, 4 June 2023 (UTC)

Population "excluding Crimea" in the infobox
The infobox gives a population of "144,699,673 (excluding Crimea)" I would suggest to change that into "(pre-2014 borders)" or something to that effect, because Russia has annexed more regions in addition to Crimea and I suppose these aren't included as well. Chaptagai (talk) 19:19, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Crimea should be completely excluded as the absolute majority of United Nations member countries recognize this as Ukrainian territory under temporary occupation. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.162.244.139 (talk) 08:49, 14 January 2024 (UTC)

Infobox issues
Growth rate: -0.39 (2020) -- What are the units here? I assume it is people but is that per day/month/year/decade/census period?

Increase/Decrease arrows -- as compared to ??? Is that from previous years numbers, some previous Census numbers?

Ender8282 (talk) 14:48, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

 * All would be annual, considering it is taken from the vital statistics yearbook produced annually, see here Tweedle (talk) 18:24, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

Regarding 'coloring' matters at Vital statistics section
If you have reasons to why it need 'coloring' red and blue color on 'specific' columns or rows, please provide it below. EdhyRa (talk) 01:02, 21 September 2023 (UTC)

Credibility of Russian statistics

Are current birth and death numbers credible? Certainly not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.187.87.88 (talk) 21:39, 21 November 2023 (UTC)

Isn’t it redundant?
________ Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, the demographic crisis in the country has deepened, as the country has reportedly suffered high military fatalities while facing renewed brain drain and human capital flight ————

I would change it to: ________ While facing renewed human capital flight (brain drain). —————— Noth1998 (talk) 21:30, 20 November 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Demographics of Russia


text:
Whooping cough

Whooping cough, also known as pertussis or the 100-day cough, is a highly contagious, vaccine-preventable bacterial disease. Initial symptoms are usually similar to those of the common cold with a runny nose, fever, and mild cough, but these are followed by two or three months of severe coughing fits. Following a fit of coughing, a high-pitched whoop sound or gasp may occur as the person breathes in. The violent coughing may last for 10 or more weeks, hence the phrase "100-day cough". The cough may be so hard that it causes vomiting, rib fractures, and fatigue. Children less than one year old may have little or no cough and instead have periods where they cannot breathe. The incubation period is usually seven to ten days. Disease may occur in those who have been vaccinated, but symptoms are typically milder.

Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis, which is spread easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person. People are infectious from the start of symptoms until about three weeks into the coughing fits. Diagnosis is by collecting a sample from the back of the nose and throat. This sample can then be tested either by culture or by polymerase chain reaction.

Prevention is mainly by vaccination with the pertussis vaccine. Initial immunization is recommended between six and eight weeks of age, with four doses to be given in the first two years of life. Protection from pertussis decreases over time, so additional doses of vaccine are often recommended for older children and adults. Vaccination during pregnancy is highly effective at protecting the infant from pertussis during their vulnerable early months of life, and is recommended in many countries. Antibiotics may be used to prevent the disease in those who have been exposed and are at risk of severe disease. In those with the disease, antibiotics are useful if started within three weeks of the initial symptoms, but otherwise have little effect in most people. In pregnant women and children less than one year old, antibiotics are recommended within six weeks of symptom onset. Antibiotics used include erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Evidence to support interventions for the cough, other than antibiotics, is poor. About 50% of infected children less than a year old require hospitalization and nearly 0.5% (1 in 200) die.

An estimated 16.3 million people worldwide were infected in 2015. Most cases occur in the developing world, and people of all ages may be affected. In 2015, pertussis resulted in 58,700 deaths – down from 138,000 deaths in 1990. Outbreaks of the disease were first described in the 16th century. The bacterium that causes the infection was discovered in 1906. The pertussis vaccine became available in the 1940s.

Signs and symptoms
The classic symptoms of pertussis are a paroxysmal cough, inspiratory whoop, and fainting, or vomiting after coughing. The cough from pertussis has been documented to cause subconjunctival hemorrhages, rib fractures, urinary incontinence, hernias, and vertebral artery dissection. Violent coughing can cause the pleura to rupture, leading to a pneumothorax. Vomiting after a coughing spell or an inspiratory whooping sound on coughing almost doubles the likelihood that the illness is pertussis. The absence of a paroxysmal cough or posttussive emesis, though, makes it almost half as likely.

The illness usually starts with mild respiratory symptoms include mild coughing, sneezing, or a runny nose (known as the catarrhal stage). After one or two weeks, the coughing classically develops into uncontrollable fits, sometimes followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound, as the person tries to inhale. About 50% of children and adults "whoop" at some point in diagnosed pertussis cases during the paroxysmal stage.

This stage usually lasts up to 3 months, or sometimes longer. A gradual transition then occurs to the convalescent stage, which usually lasts one to four weeks. This stage is marked by a decrease in paroxysms of coughing, although paroxysms may occur with subsequent respiratory infection for many months after the onset of pertussis.

Symptoms of pertussis can be variable, especially between immunized and non-immunized people. Those that are immunized can present with a more mild infection; they may only have the paroxysmal cough for a couple of weeks, and it may lack the "whooping" characteristic. Although immunized people have a milder form of the infection, they can spread the disease to others who are not immune.

Incubation period
The time between exposure and the development of symptoms is on average 7–14 days (range 6–20 days), rarely as long as 42 days.

Cause
Pertussis is caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne disease (through droplets) that spreads easily through the coughs and sneezes of an infected person.

Host species
Humans are the only host species of B. pertussis. Outbreaks of whooping cough have been observed among chimpanzees in a zoo, and among wild gorillas; in both cases it is considered likely that the infection was acquired as a result of close contact with humans. Several zoos have a long-standing custom of vaccinating their primates against whooping cough.

Mechanism
After the bacteria are inhaled, they initially adhere to the ciliated epithelium in the nasopharynx. Surface proteins of B. pertussis, including filamentous hemaglutinin and pertactin, mediate attachment to the epithelium. The bacteria then multiply. In infants, who experience more severe disease, the bacteria spread down to the lungs.

The bacteria secretes a number of toxins. Tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), a fragment of peptidoglycan, kills ciliated epithelial cells in the airway and thereby inhibits the mechanism which clears the airways of mucus and debris. TCT may contribute to the cough characteristic of pertussis. Pertussis toxin causes lymphocytosis by an unknown mechanism. The elevated number of white blood cells leads to pulmonary hypertension, a major cause of death by pertussis. In infants who develop encephalopathy, cerebral hemorrhage and cortical atrophy occur, likely due to hypoxia.

Based on symptoms
A physician's overall impression is most effective in initially making the diagnosis. Single factors are much less useful. In adults with a cough of less than 8 weeks, vomiting after coughing or a "whoop" is supportive. If there are no bouts of coughing or there is a fever the diagnosis is unlikely. In children who have a cough of less than 4 weeks vomiting after coughing is somewhat supportive but not definitive.

Lab tests
Methods used in laboratory diagnosis include culturing of nasopharyngeal swabs on a nutrient medium (Bordet–Gengou medium), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), direct fluorescent antibody (DFA), and serological methods (e.g. complement fixation test). The bacteria can be recovered from the person only during the first three weeks of illness, rendering culturing and DFA useless after this period, although PCR may have some limited usefulness for an additional three weeks.

Serology may be used for adults and adolescents who have already been infected for several weeks to determine whether antibody against pertussis toxin or another virulence factor of B. pertussis is present at high levels in the blood of the person.

Differential diagnosis
A similar, milder disease is caused by B. parapertussis.

Prevention
The primary method of prevention for pertussis is vaccination. Evidence is insufficient to determine the effectiveness of antibiotics in those who have been exposed, but are without symptoms. Preventive antibiotics, however, are still frequently used in those who have been exposed and are at high risk of severe disease (such as infants).

Vaccine
Pertussis vaccines are effective at preventing illness and are recommended for routine use by the World Health Organization and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The vaccine saved an estimated half a million lives in 2002.

The multicomponent acellular pertussis vaccine is 71–85% effective, with greater effectiveness against more severe strains. However, despite widespread vaccination, pertussis has persisted in vaccinated populations and is today "one of the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in Western countries". The 21st-century resurgences in pertussis infections is attributed to a combination of waning immunity and bacterial mutations that elude vaccines.

Immunization does not confer lifelong immunity; a 2011 CDC study indicated that protection may only last three to six years. This covers childhood, which is the time of greatest exposure and greatest risk of death from pertussis.

An effect of widespread immunization on society has been the shift of reported infections from children aged 1–9 years to infants, adolescents, and adults, with adolescents and adults acting as reservoirs for B. pertussis and infecting infants who have had fewer than three doses of vaccine.

Infection induces incomplete natural immunity that wanes over time. A 2005 study said estimates of the duration of infection-acquired immunity range from 7 to 20 years and the different results could be the result of differences in levels of circulating B. pertussis, surveillance systems, and case definitions used. The study said protective immunity after vaccination wanes after 4–12 years. One study suggested that the availability of vaccine exemptions increases the number of pertussis cases.

Some studies have suggested that while acellular pertussis vaccines are effective at preventing the disease, they have a limited impact on infection and transmission, meaning that vaccinated people could spread pertussis even though they may have only mild symptoms or none at all. Pertussis infection in these persons may be asymptomatic, or present as illness ranging from a mild cough to classic pertussis with persistent cough (i.e., lasting more than 7 days). Even though the disease may be milder in older persons, those who are infected may transmit the disease to other susceptible persons, including unimmunized or incompletely immunized infants. Older persons are often found to have the first case in a household with multiple pertussis cases, and are often the source of infection for children.

Treatment
The antibiotics erythromycin, clarithromycin, or azithromycin are typically the recommended treatment. Newer macrolides are frequently recommended due to lower rates of side effects. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) may be used in those with allergies to first-line agents or in infants who have a risk of pyloric stenosis from macrolides.

A reasonable guideline is to treat people age >1 year within 3 weeks of cough onset and infants age <1 year and pregnant women within 6 weeks of cough onset. If the person is diagnosed late, antibiotics will not alter the course of the illness, and even without antibiotics, they should no longer be spreading pertussis. When used early, antibiotics decrease the duration of infectiousness, and thus prevent spread. Short-term antibiotics (azithromycin for 3–5 days) are as effective as long-term treatment (erythromycin 10–14 days) in eliminating B. pertussis with fewer and less severe side effects.

People with pertussis are most infectious during the first two weeks following the onset of symptoms.

Effective treatments of the cough associated with this condition have not been developed. The use of over the counter cough medications is discouraged and has not been found helpful.

Prognosis

While most healthy older children and adults fully recover, infection in newborns is particularly severe. Pertussis is fatal in an estimated 0.5% of US infants under one year of age. First-year infants are also more likely to develop complications, such as: apneas (31%), pneumonia (12%), seizures (0.6%) and encephalopathy (0.15%). This may be due to the ability of the bacterium to suppress the immune system.

Epidemiology
[[File:Whooping cough deaths per million by country 2019.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|Whooping cough deaths per million persons in 2019

{{legend|#fef001|0.00 - 1.49}} {{legend|#fcce02|1.50 - 2.99}} {{legend|#faad03|3.00 - 5.99}} {{legend|#f88b03|6.00 - 9.99}} {{legend|#f44804|10.00 - 19.99}} {{legend|#f22705|20.00 - 39.99}} {{legend|#f00505|40.00 - 59.99}} {{legend|#a80404|60.00 - 99.99}} {{legend|#600202|100+}} ]] Pertussis is endemic worldwide. More than 151,000 cases were reported globally during 2018. However not all cases are reported or correctly diagnosed, especially in developing countries. Pertussis is one of the leading causes of vaccine-preventable deaths worldwide. A study in 2017 estimated the global burden of the disease to be 24 million cases per year with 160,000 deaths among young children, with about 90% of all cases occurring in developing countries.

Before vaccines, an average of 178,171 cases was reported in the U.S., with peaks reported every two to five years; more than 93% of reported cases occurred in children under 10 years of age. The actual incidence was likely much higher. After vaccinations were introduced in the 1940s, pertussis incidence fell dramatically to approximately 1,000 by 1976. Incidence rates have increased since 1980. In 2015, 20,762 people were reported to have been infected in the United States. Pertussis is the only vaccine-preventable disease that is associated with increasing deaths in the U.S. The number of deaths increased from four in 1996 to 17 in 2001, almost all of which were infants under one year. In the U.S. pertussis in adults has increased significantly since about 2004.

Epidemics of the disease occur cyclically, every three to 5 years, both in areas with vaccination programs and those without. Over time, immunity declines in those who have either been vaccinated or have recovered from infection. In addition, infants are born who are susceptible to infection. An epidemic can occur once herd immunity reduces below decreases below a certain level. It is also possible that the bacterium is evolving to evade vaccine-induced immunity.

Discovery
B. pertussis was discovered in 1906 by Jules Bordet and Octave Gengou, who also developed the first serology and vaccine. Efforts to develop an inactivated whole-cell vaccine began soon after B. pertussis was cultured that year. In the 1920s, Louis W. Sauer developed a weak vaccine for whooping cough at Evanston Hospital (Evanston, IL). In 1925 Danish physician Thorvald Madsen was the first to test a whole-cell vaccine on a wide scale. Madsen used the vaccine to control outbreaks in the Faroe Islands in the North Sea.

Vaccine
In 1932, an outbreak of whooping cough hit Atlanta, Georgia, prompting pediatrician Leila Denmark to begin her study of the disease. Over the next six years, her work was published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, and in partnership with Emory University and Eli Lilly & Company, she developed the first pertussis vaccine. In 1942, American scientists Grace Eldering, Loney Gordon, and Pearl Kendrick combined the whole-cell pertussis vaccine with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids to generate the first DTP combination vaccine. To minimize the frequent side effects caused by the pertussis component, Japanese scientist Yuji Sato developed an acellular vaccine consisting of purified haemagglutinins (HAs: filamentous strep throat and leukocytosis-promoting-factor HA), which are secreted by B. pertussis. Sato's acellular pertussis vaccine was used in Japan starting in 1981. Later versions of the acellular vaccine in other countries consisted of additional defined components of B. pertussis and were often part of the DTaP combination vaccine.

title: Whooping cough


text:
Talk:Telecine

Images available
I have images of the Marconi B3410 telecine which is maintained in working order as part of the Marconi collection at the Sandford Mill Museum in Chelmsford, UK. Images include closeups of the optical block and a line array sensor. I am happy to donate these images to improve this article if someone can tell me where to send them. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.174.174.235 (talk) 11:44, 4 April 2020 (UTC)

Merger with telecine
The pulldown information for film-->video transfer should be summarized in 24p, and the bulk of that info should be in telecine. However, 24p video-specific pulldown methods such as advanced pulldown belong in 24p. Glennchan 05:22, 20 October 2006 (UTC)

Ok, let's talk about this and get rid of the tags. I don't think there should be a merger since the two articles cover two distinctly different topics. 24p refers to video running at 24fps framerate. Telecine refers to transferring film to video. Glennchan 23:41, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

 * 'I don't think there should be a merger since the two articles cover two distinctly different topics.' I agree. Telecine Guy 06:47, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pulldown
I added a piece regarding the newer method of PAL telecine. Does anyone know if it has a proper name? Is this a decent technical explanation for it? -- Lmb71

@Lmb71, above: It is a known method, that's for sure, but the best reference I could find is the MPlayer homepage... It's known as 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 telecine there. Although the technical name is unknown at this stage, I did add the information, in an attempt to make the article more general. Niek Bergboer 17:34, 17 July 2006 (UTC)

My statement regarding this method being employed in more movies for PAL playback has a citation request. I cannot find anything online specifically that would verify this statement. I have only personal experience. For example, "About A Boy" starring Hugh Grant, Toni Collette and Nicholas Hoult has been telecined this way, obviously because it has such a great soundtrack. Lmb71 (talk) 13:16, 10 February 2009 (UTC)

People are using the term Euro pulldown. Seems appropriate. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.151.215.75 (talk) 00:22, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Misc
Is this original work? Any chance it could be wikified, if it is? -- Zoe

It is original, as good as my word is for it. -- iluvcapra

"is photographed at 25 frames per second, and the PAL video standard broadcasts at 25" and what' done for movie films at 24 fps this make +4% is it acceptable ? Ericd

The speeding-up of the motion is no big deal, but a bigger issue is the pitch shift. Actors with recognizable voices can pitch up and sound unrecognizeable, or at least recognizeably bad. I worked with a UK crew recently and they told me all UK theatrical features were shot 24fps and projected so, and that only the TV version would suffer. Pitch shifters are sometimes installed in European theaters for when they project American films, but only if they happen to use a 25 fps projector. It's apparently a huge mess but nobody seems to mind, since sync doesn't suffer. Holman covers the issue better in Sound for Film and Television. -- iluvcapra

Great picture!!! iluvcapra

This paragraph seems dubious:

 * "3:2 pulldown" creates motion artifacts in the video signal that can be clearly seen in the above image. This is one reason why NTSC telecine viewed at home appears to lack smoothness in motion compared to viewing actual film in a cinema.

The fields are displayed in chronological order: A1, A2, B1, B2, B3, C1, C2, D1, D2, D3. Each film frame stays on screen for either 2 or 3 fields, for an overall average rate of 2.5 fields. (2.5*24=60) I can't say this has ever seemed very uneven or non-smooth to me; is that what's being referred to, or the artifacts of freeze-framing on one of the video frames consisting of fields from two film frames? --Brion 20:23, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

The original version of that para was added here, and sounds even more dubious. What it seems to be trying to say is covered in more detail in the reverse telecine section below it, so I'm removing it. --Brion 20:32, August 27, 2005 (UTC)

I simply do not understand why so many movies are still made at 24fps if most of their viewers are watching them on DVD and Video, which operate a higher framerates. On photographic film I can see a rational reason, it saves film. But why do even digital movies still stick to this framerate. And, if 100+ line tv was techically possible even way back in the 1940s, why didn't a 100+ lines analong video format replace cine-film over a decace before digital video was a reality? And what is the origin of the 24p framerate?

Questioner, please leave your name! We still shoot films at 24fps for many reasons. First, all the projectors on earth are built to run at 24fps, and adjusting most of them would be technically non-trivial. As well, movies shot at 30fps would, of course, consume 20% more footage and so be that much more expensive to develop, print, and ship for the same length movie, without a significant gain in motion rendition. Digital movies shoot at 24 because it's guaranteed to transfer to 35mm film without visible artifacts (it's much easier to do frame conversions from film to a lesser medium, like NTSC, than it is to go to it.) As well, you need at least a 2000 lines to begin to approach film's rendition, as opposed to 100+, and analogue video can approach this, as you say even in the 50s and 60s (in labs), but the issue was being able to reliably record such a signal and disseminate it on a reasonable piece of bandwidth, which was not practical until recently, with the advent of digital transmission. --iluvcapra

"HD advanced telecine"
Could you talk about HD Advanced Telecine? a.k.a 1080p 24f --Jack Zhang 20:30, Feb 9, 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm not familiar with the phrase "HD advanced telecine". Regardless... there is a 24Psf (23.98fps) format for HDCAM tape.  In this format, no pulldown is required since it's 24fps.  There is also a 24psf format for HD-SDI.  Glennchan 23:41, 7 December 2006 (UTC)

Pronunciation
The first pronunciation given on the page "tele-seen" is wrong in my experience; saying it that way in LA is the mark of a total noob. I'll change it unless someone wishes to attest otherwise.Iluvcapra 06:57, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * On the east coast pronouncing it any other way is seen as pretentious snobbery. I guess to remain impartial we should include both. In my opinion its a To-MAY-to To-MAH-to thing.  ALKIVAR ™[[Image:Radioactive.svg|18px|]] 06:47, 11 December 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree that "tele-seen" is wrong. I have never heard this pronunciation ever used by colorists (the operators of professional telecines), manufacturers of the machines, or film laboratories anywhere in the USA or England. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Special:Contributions/ (talk)

 * On the east coast, I've also heard "tele-seen," and it doesn't seem there is reason to not include that based on the discussion here (but my experience is in projection and not cinematography). Curiously, that pronounciation was removed by User:Monotonehell on 15:44, 24 December 2006 with this edit summary: "Adding alternative pronounciation. RM non MoS pronounciation guide. See WP:PRON." That revision replaced the IPA pronounciation of "tele-seen" with two IPA pronounciations for "tel-e-Sin-ee", and removed the references to "tele-seen" and "tel-e-Sin-a."
 * WP:PRON does not prohibit phonetic pronounciations, it indicates IPA is desired and recognizes that phonetic can be helpful for people who don't understand IPA (see Other transcription systems).
 * So, I've added back the phonetics, ordering "tele-seen" last based on the above discussion. HELP: Can someone better versed in IPA add the IPA version of "tel-e-Sin-a"? Jhawkinson 15:05, 4 March 2007 (UTC)
 * I added for "tel-e-Sin-a" and changed "tele-seen" to  ( is more like Tel-ee-Sin). Are  and  both needed? If so the non-IPA pronunciations should be updated (the former corresponds to Tel-e-sin-ee and the latter to tel-e-Sin-ee). DopefishJustin 04:04, 19 March 2007 (UTC)

I have been advised via my talk page that my removal of the incorrect pronunciation "tele-seen" has been reverted because it had been discussed here previously. The advisory noted "[...]contribute there if you can substantiate the invalidity of the pronounciation. ". Unfortunately, I'm afraid that this is a misconstrual of how Wikipedia, and encyclopedias in general, work. I was previously aware of this discussion. That some people contend that their - or others' - mispronunciations exist, does not constitute verifiable proof that this mispronunciation is a valid pronunciation. The onus is upon those who contend that this mispronunciation is valid to produce documentary proof from reliable sources to substantiate it. Discussion here, absent some citation from a reliable source, is meaningless.

I realize this may seem contentious, but the reality is, many people routinely refer to realtors as "real-a-tors". That they do this does not validate their mispronunciation by repetition; it merely means that they are mispronouncing the word repeatedly.

I am removing 'tele-seen'. Absent a citation from a reliable source, other than one found via google that ultimately winds up pointing back to this article, then feel free to restore it. Anastrophe 03:12, 2 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Anastrophe, with modern jargon it is often difficult to come up with reliable sources. Language is a moving target, and especially so with technical jargon. Your example with "realtors" doesn't extend well here, because that word has been in the language since 1916 and has seen widespread use in common parlance. What is your reliable source for the two pronounciations of telecine that you have left remaining? I hesitate to nominate a dictionary that I think is appropriate for pronounciation of modern technical jargon. jhawkinson 15:07, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

 * that is an excellent point! i'm demanding citation for one pronunciation, but accepting uncritically the others. i'm basing my judgement on the roughly a decade i spent working in a film/video lab in the 1980's, where the device was referred to as a 'tele-sinny' by everyone, including the operators. and that constitutes - tada! - original research. having never once heard it referred to as a 'tele-seen' until about a week ago (before reading this article), i could see no other possibility. ...so, i will attempt to track down a reliable source for all pronunciations. i still maintain that the only correct pronunciation is 'tele-sinny', because - as is noted - the root is the same as cinema, and *nobody* pronounces that "sign-ma". Anastrophe 16:58, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

3:2 pulldown section
I think that this section would be much easier to understand if it discussed the principle in isolation first, and then added in the complexity due to interlace and the 59.94 frame rate. Certainly it makes the illustration easier to understand:

Also, IMHO the other version of the image gives too much emphasis to the idea of two video fields making a frame. Since fields are exposed and viewed one at a time on normal screens it is them, not frames, that are important when discussing fluidity of motion.

—Preceding unsigned comment added by Algr (talk • contribs) 07:33, 29 January 2006

 * Fields are not viewed one-at-a-time, they are viewed two-at-a-time. One field represents the odd lines on the screen, and the next represents the even lines, alternating. So, it's quite important to show that the image on the screen as seen by a human is made up of two fields. Jhawkinson 13:04, 4 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Which makes me wonder - why not do 3:2:2:3 or 2:3:3:2, to (perhaps) avoid at least some of the judder? --moof 08:52, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Fields on a CRT ARE viewed one at a time. The phosphor dims within about 1/600th of a second, so the first field is long gone before the second one is scanned.  Also, the choice of "First" and "Second" fields is arbitrary - Each field appears in the gaps left by the previous one.  Algr (talk) 14:39, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

Pirating?
I'm disturbed that a reference to "telecine" as a pirating term is placed in the introduction to this article. It should be no more than a footnote - at the very most given its own section at the bottom of the story as an "also" - not given a spotlight in the introduction. Nearly every movie ever photograhed on film undergoes a telecine process, now with the advent of digital intermediates, even theatrical releases ON film have been "telecine'd." The fact that - very rarely - a telecine can be utilized to make pirated copies of movies should be an afterthought. In addition, this is taken to the exteme that the article is CATEGORIZED as an article about pirating. As a professional involved in the images of motion pictures, this is offensive. I can't imagine I'm alone with that. This would be like adding a reference to the Mafia in the introduction to the article on Italian Americans. As I work on the color grading article, this will be a revision for the near future. LACameraman 08:33, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Because many of the editors of WIkipedia are kids (physically or mentally), Wiki accumulates a lot of cruft from the sorts of people who spend their time downloading illegal MP3s and ripping DVDs. You are absolutely correct: An article about Telecine should be about the process that the industry recognizes, not about something somebody's doing in the basement of their parent's house or sitting in a movie theatre in the dark with their video camera. Please be bold and make those changes to the article that you believe are needed.

 * Atlant 11:02, 30 June 2006 (UTC)

 * This seems to've been solved with the "Telecine with regards to piracy" section, and I've just edited that to shift the emphasis away from pirate slang and fix some mis-statements, though I'm afraid "telesync" probably has to stay, just because the word is similar enough to engender confusion. I'm a bit more disturbed to see that this is "Category:Warez", and I'm not sure what to do about that. It really tars the entire article with a pretty negative brush, but it probably can't be removed. Would it be appropriate to consider splitting off the piracy term into a seperate article so the "Warez" tag can be removed from here? Jhawkinson 15:40, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

 * There could be a disambiguation page that differentiates between telecine and telesync. I agree with LACameraman, that stuff should absolutely be moved into its own page.  Glennchan 03:35, 4 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Just describe the phenomenen, okay! Don't get confused about moral issues. Describe the world. Kind regards, [search for 'telecine' and 'torrent'] Ottfried 15:21 GMT+1, 4 april 2007
 * Telecine is not the same as Telesync in the pirating vocabulary. Also you can't exclude content from wikipedia simply because it explains an illegal activity.  There are many articles on wikipedia, many about much worse crimes such as murder etc.--Jackaranga 01:46, 5 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The intent is not to exclude, but to seperate. I'm going to go ahead and make this change. jhawkinson 02:07, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Separate 'Reverse Telecine' article needed
The Reverse Telecine article absolutely needs to be split off into a separate article - it is a massively big subject in the audiovisual industry. There also needs to be more information about the close relationship between reverse telecine (3:2 pulldown removal) and deinterlacing. Sometimes these two are even confused. However, 3:2 pulldown removal applies to movies broadcast as video, while deinterlacing applies to video broadcast as video. Because both movies and video are broadcast, many modern devices (line doublers, upconversion in HDTV sets, some progressive scan DVD players, etc) automatically switch between reverse telecine (3:2 pulldown removal) and deinterlacing, based on algorithms that automatically analyze the video for the prescence of a pulldown sequence in the video. Chips such as DCDi perform this task. As proof, there are over 70,000 search results that cover both "3:2 pulldown" and "deinterlacing" on the same page: |Google Search ... therefore more consistency needs to exist between the deinterlacing article and the reverse telecine section in the telecine article. I've added a few sentences to refer to each other, as a result, because of the close relationship that exists here (especially in the explosion of modern end-user video equipment, such as HDTV sets which, when upconverting NTSC 480i material to high-def, automatically do both either deinterlacing or reverse telecine, depending on the video material being displayed). Mdrejhon 22:54, 7 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Reverse Telecine and deinterlacing is pretty much the same thing, dealing with interlaced-to-progressive conversion. Reverse Telecine is also called film-mode deinterlacing and is considered a lossless deinterlacing scheme in that no temporal or spatial resolution is lost. Color resolution may be lost depending on how color was encoded during telecine process.

 * Reverse delecine for 60Hz systems restores 24fps content that has been recorded with 2-3 pulldown. I have a question to those in the industry: what do you call a process that restores 25fps content that has been recorded into 50Hz stream with either 2-2 pulldown or Progressive segmented Frame? These encoding options are similar, but PsF does not use vertical filter to reduce filter. So, what do you call it, when a European DVD player outputs true 25p, is it Reverse Telecine or deinterlacing?

 * Similarly, the question to 60Hz users, what do you call a process that restores 30fps progressive content that has been recorded into 60Hz stream with either 2-2 pulldown or Progressive segmented Frame?

 * Deinterlacing of native interlaced video is also called video-mode deinterlacing. This, both IVTC and traditional deinterlacing are just two sides of a bigger process. But I agree that the details have to be spelled out. Mikus (talk) 19:30, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

Telecine pirating
From the article:

"...this process requires not only a print of the movie on film, which cannot be obtained legally by an individual..."

Huh? It's illegal for people to own films? That can't be right, even in theory. —Chowbok 19:22, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

 * An individual (e.g., Sumner Redstone) can own a theatre chain (e.g., National Amusements). A theatre chain can possess (not own, but legally posess for a period of time) a print of a movie for public display. Ergo, an individual can legally posess (blah blah blah) a print of a movie.

 * An individual can't legally rip a print into an MP3 (etc.) though, without permission of the copyright owner. ;-)

 * Atlant

It is approximately the case that theft is involved in an individual obtaining a 35mm film print. The major studios do not sell them or give them away, so aside from renting them (and putting aside those rare individuals who might rent 35mm films), the gist here is correct. At this point the text has been changed to "which often cannot be obtained legally," it is more correct now. Jhawkinson 12:47, 4 March 2007 (UTC)

Proposed merge from Motion picture film scanner
No. It should not be moved to Telecine. Telecine are real time scanning to SDTV or HDTV. Scanners can be real time or as slow as a a few frames per second and go to data files (DPX). Telecine Guy 06:20, 16 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Can we keep this discussion in one place? The merge tags specify the discussion location as Talk:Motion picture film scanner. Thanks. jhawkinson 05:49, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Fine with me. Talk:Motion picture film scanner it is. Telecine Guy 06:52, 17 April 2007 (UTC)

Frame rate differences
In this revision, 84.56.228.131 (talk) changed the justification for 2^11:3 pulldown from based on pitch to based on avoiding the shortening of runtime by 4%. Is there some justification? In my experience (having some 25fps 35mm projectors), the pitch change (and action changes) is quite noticable. But few people care about the runtime changing (especially when it gets shorter! More stuff to program, more commercials, etc.) for its own sake. Can someone justify the change? jhawkinson 00:11, 20 April 2007 (UTC)
 * hearing nothing, it's gone. jhawkinson 22:52, 7 June 2007 (UTC)

PAL DVDs using 2:3 pulldown?

 * In the case of PAL DVDs using 2:3 pulldown, either soft or hard telecining may be applied.

What PAL DVDs use 2:3 pulldown? That implies the original framerate was something like 21fps. David 18:37, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Least common multiple (120fps) instead of Pulldown
One of the alternatives to method to pulldown is finding the least common multiple frame rate, and use that as as a sample: 24 fps => 120 fps => 30 fps. Is this ever used in the film industry or just for hobbyists? If it is should it be mentioned? --Voidvector 08:41, 8 November 2007 (UTC)

 * No, that's not a common method bc there's no standard broadcast signal that accomodates it. The video frame rates are largely a function of the 50 and 60 Hz mains frequencies, which explains the 25 and 30 fps (29.97 is a technical slowdown to accommodate the color subcarrier in the NTSC system). Whereas 24 fps was an economic speed choice for worldwide sound prints, as it was considered the slowest framerate that the available sound-on-film technology could be played at and create an acceptable sound quality - producers wanted the slowest possible speed so as to save on the cost of film stock. Girolamo Savonarola 21:26, 8 November 2007 (UTC)
 * Correction: 24fps was the slowest frame rate for silent movies to look natural. Anything slower looked awkward, jerky and disorienting.  Kakomu (talk) 16:33, 24 December 2007 (UTC)
 * That's not true, many pre-sound films were recorded at 12 or 16 fps. Maury (talk) 16:41, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * And did they look natural? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.96.219.253 (talk) 17:00, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

2^12:3, or 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pulldown
Shouldn't the title of this section be 2^11:3, or 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pulldown, because I count the 2 being repeated eleven times, not twelve, but maybe there's something I'm missing here. Thanks! ☆ CieloEstrellado 19:54, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * There's a note at the end that says that "for convenience" the article will refer to this method as "2^12:3." Isn't this original research? ☆ CieloEstrellado 20:22, 11 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I think I'm taking out the "2^12:3" as original research. ☆ CieloEstrellado 20:26, 11 January 2008 (UTC)

Information about 5:5
Could someone add something about 5:5 if it makes sense? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Frankk74 (talk • contribs) 18:47, 29 September 2008 (UTC)
 * This is not relevant to encoding process and to the subject of this article. This is how some modern 120Hz TVs display 24p: 24 * 5 = 120. They display 30p as 30 * 4 = 120, so that would be 4:4. 60p is displayed as 60 * 2 = 120, so it is 2:2. Sadly, 25p/25i/50p are not accomodated by this scheme.

 * There is also 2:2 scheme for 24p in Panasonic's 48Hz film mode, and 3:3 scheme in Pioneer's 72Hz movie mode. Regular 60Hz progressive-scan TVs display movies with the same 2:3 pattern, but on a frame level, not on a field level.Mikus (talk) 19:37, 22 May 2009 (UTC)

TK
Wouldn't the origin of the "TK" abbreviation, already noted in contrast with TC for timecode, be likely related to kinescope and/or kinema? Citation needed, obviously (WP:OR). ENeville (talk) 16:51, 28 May 2009 (UTC)

16fps NTSC = 15.985 or 15.984?
The article reads: "16 fps (actually 15.985)" but my understanding is that NTSC framerates involve dropping a frame every 1000 frames, or division by 1001, and 16000 / 1001 is roughly 15.984, not 15.985! The other quoted frame rates follow this pattern. Is there something I'm missing? C xong (talk) 02:18, 9 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I suppose it should be 15.984. There is just this thing that 14.985 x 2 is 29.97 and people may have used that, after all 30/1.001 is 29.97003. 109.252.90.143 (talk) 07:05, 11 August 2021 (UTC)

2:3 pulldown image is wrong
It suggests that images A B and D are shown clearly but C is only shown blended, but A isn't shown any more clearly than C.

The sequence is AABBBCCDDD which, assuming the previous frame ‘persists’ one frame, yields AxBBxCxDDx where x is a blended picture. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.139.81.0 (talk) 02:12, 10 June 2012 (UTC)

It's correct. The first C resides in the second field of previous B frame, and the second in the first of D's. Thus blended. Dannyniu (talk) 02:14, 16 July 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Telecine