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Xander Harris

Alexander Lavelle Harris is a fictional character created for the action-horror/fantasy television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003). He was developed by Joss Whedon and portrayed throughout the television series by Nicholas Brendon and in two episodes by his twin brother, Kelly Donovan. He was conceived as an everyman and a male character for series heroine Buffy Summers (Sarah Michelle Gellar) to interact with, and to provide comic relief in the series. Xander is one of several friends of Buffy who assist her in saving the world against numerous supernatural events that plague Sunnydale, California, a town built over a doorway to hell.

Xander is based in part on Whedon himself, particularly in his high school years; as such, he is often the most geeky as well as witty and verbose of Buffy ' s characters. The character's overriding arc through the series has been his struggle towards maturity and earning the respect of others. In the canonical comic book continuation of the series, Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight (2007–2011), Xander comes to achieve these goals in becoming the tactical leader of a global army of Vampire Slayers alongside Buffy.

Academic attention to the character has frequently come in the form of gender studies or with a focus on social class, reflecting Xander's working class home life and his fears of inadequacy. However, Xander's unique position as both outside and within the main group enhances his insight into the other characters, especially as the series continues; in Season Eight, he is Buffy's unofficial "Watcher", who watches over her and has a clear perspective. Critics have noted that although Xander frequently exhibits a struggle of masculinity, his storylines often focus on his romantic conquests. Following his unreciprocated love for Buffy, these include the tumultuous relationship with rich girl Cordelia Chase (Charisma Carpenter), brief fling with his best friend Willow (Alyson Hannigan) and his long-term relationship with ex-demon Anya (Emma Caulfield). In Season Eight, the character's older-brother relationship with Buffy's little sister Dawn (Michelle Trachtenberg) also develops along romantic lines, too late for Buffy to realize her compatibility with Xander.

The character of Xander Harris also appears in numerous items in the series Expanded Universe, such as comic books, tie-in novels and video games.

Television
Xander Harris is introduced in season one's (1997) two-part premiere "Welcome to the Hellmouth"/"The Harvest". Xander meets Buffy Summers (Gellar), the Slayer, on her first day at Sunnydale High, as well as her Watcher Rupert Giles (Anthony Head). While in the library, he secretly listens in on a and conversation between Buffy and Giles in which she identifies herself as, the Slayer. After his friend Jesse (Eric Balfour) is made a vampire, Xander accidentally kills him, resulting in him resenting vampires. Xander and his best friend Willow (Hannigan) become Buffy's reliable sidekicks. He pines for Buffy's romantic affection, oblivious to Willow's affections for him, and distrusts Buffy's boyfriend, the ensouled vampire Angel (David Boreanaz). In the season finale, "Prophecy Girl", Xander saves Buffy's life by administering CPR after she is drowned by the Master (Mark Metcalf).

In season two (1997-8), Xander begins a turbulent and ambiguous relationship with popular girl Cordelia Chase (Carpenter) after they are thrown together in several life-or-death situations. He tells Willow that she is his best friend but that he has no romantic feelings for her, to Willow's dismay. Xander is briefly turned into a soldier in the episode "Halloween", and retains extensive military knowledge and training thereafter; in "Innocence", this knowledge proves essential to helping Buffy defeat a demon known as The Judge who had been believed practically invincible. In times, Xander gradually honed his fighting capabilities after a chain of events against supernatural and human threats. When Cordelia decides she needs to break up to preserve her social status, Xander coerces witch Amy Madison (Elizabeth Anne Allen) to cast a love spell, which misfires; Cordelia is unaffected but, seeing how much Xander loves her, reunites with him in defiance of her former friends, in "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered". The episode "Go Fish" focuses on Xander, after he joins the swim team to investigate the disappearances of Sunnydale High swimmers. In the season finale "Becoming, Part Two", Xander decides not to tell Buffy about Willow's plan to re-ensoul Angel—who has lost his soul, reverted to his vampire persona Angelus, and is going to bring about the apocalypse— so that she will not hesitate to kill him in order to save the world. Buffy is surprised and grief-stricken when Angel regains his soul moments before she must kill him.

Season three (1998-9) begins with Xander and his friends slaying demons since Buffy ran away to Los Angeles. Some time after Buffy's return, Xander sees Angel and Buffy together and rushes to tell Giles of Angel's return in "Revelations". Xander and the others confront Buffy, angry that she concealed Angel's return. While still angry, Xander tells Faith that Angel is alive. When Faith decides to slay Angel, Xander is eager to join her. When Cordelia catches Xander kissing Willow in "Lovers Walk", she dumps him. They ultimately part as friends, although only after an extended period of mutual antagonism. "The Zeppo" is a comedic episode focusing on Xander: the episode begins with Cordelia mocking him as a "loser", which upsets him. A solo adventure begins when the rest of the Scoobies insist he stay away from the dangerous fight with the Sisterhood of Jhe; he borrows his uncle's classic car, loses his virginity to mentally unstable rogue Slayer Faith (Eliza Dushku), and single-handedly stops a band of zombies from destroying Sunnydale High School. His calm handling of the incident significantly enhances his self-confidence and, when again mocked by Cordelia, is unperturbed. Xander takes Anya (Caulfield), formerly vengeance demon Anyanka, to his prom in "The Prom", and his retained military training proves useful in defeating the evil Mayor (Harry Groener) in season finale "Graduation Day".

In season four (1999–2000), Xander's feelings of inferiority and isolation increase, as he has not enrolled in college with his friends. Outside the core group, Xander strengthens his relationship with Anya and the two eventually fall in love. In the season four climax "Primeval", Xander becomes the "Heart" in the spell, which conjoins him with Buffy, Willow and Giles to defeat Adam (George Hertzberg), a part-demon, part-human cyborg monster. Finale episode "Restless" delves into the characters' psyches through dream sequences; Xander's dream involves his erotic attraction to Buffy's mom (Kristine Sutherland), Willow and her girlfriend Tara (Amber Benson), his fear of his abusive father, and features a re-enactment of 1979 film Apocalypse Now.

In season five (2000-1), Xander matures. He becomes a carpenter and construction worker, and moves into his own apartment with Anya. He comes under the thrall of Dracula in premiere episode "Buffy vs. Dracula", becoming his Renfield. The episode "The Replacement" focuses on the two aspects of Xander: the emotionally sensible, driven man, and the comedic buffoon. Xander-centric episode "Triangle" sees him defend Willow and Anya equally from Anya's ex-boyfriend Olaf the Troll (Abraham Benrubi) when ordered to choose between them. In the season finale, he asks Anya to marry him, and in the final battle he uses a wrecking ball to assist Buffy in defeating the season's villain, hell-goddess Glory (Clare Kramer).

In season six (2001-2), Xander and his friends resurrect Buffy, who had sacrificed herself to close the portal between dimensions opened by Glory. This has consequences; Buffy sinks into depression. Xander's doubts about his future with Anya are expressed when he summons the all-singing demon Sweet (Hinton Battle), in the musical episode "Once More, with Feeling". A demon exploits these fears in "Hell's Bells"; Xander leaves Anya heartbroken at the altar, and she resumes working as a vengeance demon. In the season finale, when a grief-stricken Willow tries to end the world, only Xander's compassion and love for her is able to stop that apocalypse.

In season seven (2002-3), when Buffy's little sister Dawn (Michelle Trachtenberg) mistakenly believes herself to be a Potential Slayer, Xander empathizes with her disappointment over not being the one in the spotlight, in "Potential". Season seven episode "Conversations with Dead People" is the only Buffy episode in which Xander does not appear. In the episode "Dirty Girls", Xander's left eye is gouged out by the evil preacher Caleb (Nathan Fillion), and he begins wearing an eyepatch. Though he and Anya get back together, in the series finale, "Chosen", Anya is killed by a Bringer's sword. Andrew (Tom Lenk), the only witness to her death, tells him Anya died saving his life. Xander responds, "That's my girl. Always doing the stupid thing."

Though Brendon does not portray Xander again subsequent to "Chosen", the Angel episode "Damage" (2004) mentions that Xander is in Africa, recruiting newly activated Slayers for Buffy's team. Between 2001 and 2004, Joss Whedon and Jeph Loeb developed a 4-minute pilot episode for Buffy the Animated Series, which was set during the show's first season. Had the series been picked up by a network, it would have featured Xander (voiced by Nicholas Brendon) in more adventures set during Buffy's first season. Following a 2008 leak of the pilot to YouTube, Loeb expressed some hope that the series may be resurrected in some form.

Literature
Concurrent with the television series, Xander appears in canonical tie-ins to the television series. Xander appears in most Buffy comics and novels (those set within Buffy's Sunnydale years), and is the featured character of several. The Xander Years, Vol 1. and Vol. 2 for instance are each novelization of three key Xander episodes from the show's first three seasons, spanning "Teacher's Pet" to "The Zeppo".

The 2004 comic "Antique" depicts Xander resuming his position as Dracula's loyal manservant at the vampire's Translyvanian castle for several months, before Buffy and two new Slayers rescue Xander. Subsequently, the character appears three years later in the Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight series of comic books. Xander appears from the premiere issue, "The Long Way Home" (2007) by Joss Whedon. In Season Eight, Xander leads the Slayers and operates their central command in Scotland; Buffy describes him as her unwilling "Watcher". Xander invites comparison to Marvel Comics' character Nick Fury. Xander's new relationship with Slayer Renée is cut short when she is killed in "Wolves at the Gate" (2008) by Drew Goddard. Goddard's story is also a continuation to "Antique"; Xander ends his friendship with Dracula. In Jane Espenson's "Retreat" story arc (2009), as Buffy begins to realize she has developed a romantic attraction to Xander, she discovers his newfound romantic relationship with Dawn; Xander had previously been her confidante throughout Season Eight. Buffy tries to explain her feelings to Xander in Joss Whedon's "Turbulence" (2010), though he dismisses these feelings as her need for stability; Xander admits to Buffy, that he truly loves Dawn. In its final arc, "Last Gleaming" (2011), Xander witnesses a possessed Angel kill Giles in the ruins of Sunnydale, as well as Buffy's destruction of the source of all magic. Subsequently, he and Dawn settle down and move to San Francisco, where they allow Buffy to stay with them while she waitresses and hunts vampires by night.

In the follow-up comic book, Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Nine (2011–14), Buffy has moved out of Xander and Dawn's home, and they have less contact with her than before. Following the events of Season Eight, Xander struggles to control his anger. In "Welcome to the Team" (2012–13), Dawn falls ill and begins to die as a result of magic's absence. What's more, the world, including Xander and Buffy, is slowly forgetting she ever existed. In "The Watcher" (2013), the season's villains, mystical 'Siphon' Severin and rogue Slayer Simone persuade Xander to assist them in their plot to turn back time and avert Twilight. In the final arc, "The Core," Xander supplies them with information from an ancient tome on vampires Buffy owns. Acting on the same information, Buffy and Willow decide that the Deeper Well in England—a prison for ancient demons—may contain enough magic to save Dawn, and Xander travels with them. While entering the Well, Xander confesses his betrayal to Buffy and informs her of Severin's plan to use the magic in the Well to turn back time, which could destroy the universe. He stands beside Buffy when they discover Simone's ulterior motive for entering the Well; she has allowed herself to be sired by the very demon which created the first vampire, transforming herself into a powerful vampire/Slayer hybrid. During battle in the Well Severin dies as he explodes with power. The energy is absorbed by the new Seed of Wonder Willow had created, restoring magic to the world. Buffy dusts Simone and Willow returns everyone to San Francisco and saves Dawn with magic and Buffy's blood. Xander thinks Dawn feels different and is guiltily convinced she somehow knows about his betrayal, despite Buffy forgiving him and telling him he is being too hard on himself.

In Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Ten (2014–16), Xander has more of a starring role, and the first arc, "New Rules," is co-written by his former portrayer, Nicholas Brendon. Following Season Nine, Xander and Dawn's relationship is strained. Xander, wracked with guilt, is convinced something is odd about her, and has begun talking to possibly hallucinated visions of his ex-girlfriend Anya. He does not know, as Dawn later confesses to Buffy, that she is experiencing intense emotional anguish from reliving her entire life at the moment Willow brought her back. When Dracula rolls in to town to help the Slayer combat the threat of new, more powerful vampires with powers like his, Xander slips back into the manservant role and confesses to Dawn that he knows she does not really love him, which Dawn tearfully admits is true. After Xander is freed from Dracula's influence Dawn admits the truth of her emotional state to him and they agree to end their relationship. However, Xander pledges he will get Dawn to fall in love with him once again.

Video games
Xander appears in video games based on Buffy. Brendon lent his voice for Xander in the 2002 Buffy game for Xbox and the multi-console 2003 video game Buffy the Vampire Slayer: Chaos Bleeds, in which Xander is a playable character. In the 2002 game, Xander is not a playable character, but Buffy can acquire weapons from him over the course of the game. Chaos Bleeds is set in season five of the television series; in Xander's levels, he is sent to an alternate universe. After the level at Sunnydale High, he has to do battle with an alternate universe Anyanka, the level's boss; a magical tophat that releases rabbits evens their playing field slightly. Following the level at the zoo featured in "The Pack", Buffy battles against an evil alternate reality version of Giles, styled "Ripper". Chaos Bleeds prompted prequel comic books published by Dark Horse and a novelisation, which treats it as a "lost" episode of season five.

Casting
Nicholas Brendon's twin brother Kelly Donovan would often stunt double for Xander in the series, most notably in the episode "The Replacement", where dual Xanders appear on-screen at the same time. They both use stage names; their surname is Shultz; as children, they were inseparable. Before landing the role of Xander, Brendon had hit "rock bottom": his girlfriend had left him, he was working as a waiter and could barely afford his rent, and had almost given up on getting good work. After buying the wrong kind of Pop Tarts for his co-workers, his boss fired him and told him "You should be acting." Brendon was attracted to the pilot script for Buffy because of how much he had hated high school. Brendon recognised that Xander was based on Joss Whedon when he had attended high school, accounting for why Xander "gets all the good lines". Brendon did not get much acting work after Buffy finished, and went into an alcoholism rehabilitation centre in 2004. As of 2007, as Niki Stafford notes in her Unofficial Guide, the actor has had comparatively more work since with stage productions.

For the season five episode "The Replacement", where a demon splits Xander into two people along the lines of his immature and his more adult characteristics, Donovan is cast to play the "other" Xander in scenes where both appear onscreen together. Both actors found playing the character together to be a fun experience.

Analysis
One academic analysis of the series finds that Xander has much in common with the Harry Potter character Ron Weasley. The writer cites his proximity to the main character, his comparative working class status to best friend Willow (as with Weasley and Hermione), his status as an object of mockery in school. For both Xander and Ron, their comparative lack of special gifts "accentuates the loyalty and bravery... [each] offers as a friend" given that the characters often place themselves in mortal danger. Cordelia's statement to Xander in "The Zeppo," which compares him to Superman character Jimmy Olsen, is noted as another example qualifying Xander's everyman status.

Though Xander is often "the heart" of the Scooby Gang, in "The Zeppo" he is excluded from their battle against a hydra-like demon. Through the use of jump cuts between melodramatic scenes with Buffy, and for instance, informant Willy the Barkeeper (Saverio Guerra) to Xander and a gang of zombies in a drunken car journey, Xander is used as a vehicle to point out the ways in which Buffy ordinarily avoids being "over the top" by integrating Xander (as the show's source of humour) into the main narrative rather than separating the two. His loss of his virginity to Faith, for example, is musically cued as an anti-romantic parallel to the swelling, symphonic romance scene that Xander oversees between Buffy and Angel; on his departure from the carnal bed, the music is re-cued. The episode depicts Xander single-handedly saving the school, and potentially the world (given the Hellmouth beneath it) from an explosion in simultaneity against glimpses of the other Scoobies' struggles with the hydra demon. As the episode draws to a climax, the two settings begin to erode into one, as the demon breaks through walls in the basement and enters into the episode's Xander scenes. Stevenson notes that it is fitting for the character to have his most heroic moment in the school basement, given that in season four he will be reduced to living in his parents'; Xander's fears in "Restless" explore his feeling of being "trapped" in that basement. Wilcox argues that the basement is a representation of the subconscious, and that young carefree zombie Jack O'Toole (Channon Roe) represents Xander's id, his inner desires. The episode brings to light how the basis for heroism rests in the subconscious, and also how as the two battles increasingly merge, his friends cannot hope to save the world and save others unless Xander's battle with the Self is also won. In his confrontation with Jack, just as in his confrontation with Dark Willow in season six's "Grave", Xander saves the world through his words. As the "warrior of words", Wilcox feels that this makes Xander the character who most clearly represents series creator Joss Whedon.

Throughout the series, Xander's family are seen to be highly dysfunctional and composed of alcoholics. In "Homecoming", he admits to swallowing his pride to borrow a tuxedo from his cousin Rigby, from a wealthier branch of the family, who, as Xander puts it "shun us... as they should". Xander relates in "Amends" that he sleeps outside at Christmas to avoid the family quarrels. This leads him to seek a surrogate family in his friendships with Buffy, Willow and Giles. Xander lacks Giles's and Willow's academic intelligence, and Buffy's physical prowess. Cordelia is initially ashamed to be Xander's girlfriend. Throughout the series, Xander struggles to contribute meaningfully to the group dynamic. His dissatisfaction reaches a nadir in season four: Xander's physical dislocation from his friends, who are now in college, leads to a profound sense of being useless. In "Restless", his menial jobs and degrading habitat rise to the surface of his dream narrative. Before falling asleep, he begins to watch Apocalypse Now with Willow, Buffy and Giles, who comments, "Oh, I'm beginning to understand this now. It's all about the journey, isn't it." Xander's dream, in turn, is one of intense self-exploration. In his dream, Xander goes to use the bathroom, and is emasculated and infantilized by Buffy asking him if he needs any help: this scene shows Xander's "sense of insecurity and powerlessness". Nevertheless, he becomes lost and finds himself in his parents' basement. From there, he finds himself in his ice cream truck, where Anya asks if he knows what he is doing, underlining the aimlessness of his journey; he is in the basement once again. When suddenly he is in the army and Principal Snyder (as a character in Apocalypse Now) asks where he comes from, he says, "The basement, mostly." He fears that his military interrogator is correct in saying that he is "the whipping boy" and "set on a sacrificial stone". (This position of being less "chosen" for social inclusion and great things than his peers makes him uniquely able to comfort Dawn in season seven's "Potential".)

Although "The Replacement" sets up its narrative as an evil twin television narrative trope, its catch is that both Xanders are in fact the real Xander. In this episode, Xander uncovers that he has the power within himself to be the adult, suave and confident man whom he had spent the episode envying. "The dual Xanders", Stephens argues, "represents the duality in all of us." The episode demonstrates that Xander is not defined by his weaker personality traits but by the core personality that is a merger of his stronger and weaker traits. Xander's costume choices in various Halloween episodes show the audience his desire for macho credence: he comes, variously, as a cowboy, a soldier and as James Bond. As a soldier, he was in fact magically turned into his costume, and got to retain his macho status along with the useful military knowledge. Following this incident, his choice of costume represents explicitly whom he would like to actually become. Various episodes highlight Xander's intense bravery; for example, he faces down evil Angelus (Boreanaz) at Buffy's hospital door in the episode "Killed by Death", and he offers his life in place of Willow's in "Inca Mummy Girl". When Buffy prepares to face Angelus in the season two finale, he arrives with a rock in hand saying "Cavalry's here. Cavalry's a frightened guy with a rock, but it's here." Stephens argues that this makes up the essence of Xander's character; though powerless, he is always both loyal and brave. As his relationship with Dawn in "Potential" and his support of Buffy show, Xander finds that his real calling seems to be in his role as the "eternal supporter". One journalist describes the character as a modern-day Greek Chorus, always an outsider looking in, and a version of Joss Whedon himself. One author writes that the focus of Xander's character development has always been his quest for maturity.

While their characters were an item, Brendon was close friends with Charisma Carpenter, who portrays Cordelia. When they broke up on the show, and Cordelia transitioned to the spin-off Angel, he commented that they had hardly spoken due to being in different scenes all the time. This felt like a real-life breakup in many ways. When Xander got to become serious with Anya in season five, the actor commented that it was nice to see Xander mature after four years of playing the "nerd". Lorna Jowett feels that Xander's romances throughout the season almost seem to "make up" for the character's shortcomings, which Stafford attributes to Xander's origin as Whedon's author surrogate in the show. Anya comments that Xander is "a Viking in the sack" in "The Yoko Factor", indicating not just masculinity but also virility. Within the show, gay character Larry mistakes Xander for being gay, and Xander's unguarded comments towards Spike have led some fans who write fan fiction to depict Xander as being gay. Jowett attributes this to Xander's internal struggles (which concern a crisis of masculinity and his role amongst his friends) do not contain a readily accessible solution for viewers to hold onto. She argues that some fans see this as a "stumbling block", perhaps unconsciously, to recognising the character's masculinity and at a wider level, in constructing a notion of contemporary masculinity.

In the DVD commentary for the episode "Dirty Girls", writer Drew Goddard mentions there was talk of killing off Xander towards the end of Season Seven and having the First Evil assume Xander's appearance when conversing with Buffy for the remainder of the season. This was ultimately rejected since Xander was thought to be too important to the series, and his death occurring so late in the season would leave little time to deal with it correctly, and that throughout the series' run, Xander was the one character who never wavered, and to punish that characteristic with death would send a message the staff wasn't trying to convey. Instead of killing Xander, he was blinded in one eye.

Reception
For his role as Xander, Brendon was nominated for Saturn Award in 1998 and 1999 for Best Genre TV Actor and in 2000 for the Supporting Actor. At least one later critique of Xander's character regarded him less sympathetically as a "Nice Guy™".

Impact
"The Zeppo" in season three was a Xander-centric episode, which only featured the other characters in humorous aside glimpses of their struggle to save the world. This episode has proved very influential on later television writers. In his "Production Notes: Doodles in the Margins of Time" in 2007, Doctor Who executive producer Russell T Davies cites "The Zeppo" along with Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Lower Decks" as an influence on his 2006 Doctor Who episode "Love & Monsters". The episode provided a television format that came to be known as the "Doctor-lite episode", an annual tradition for Doctor Who from 2006 to 2008, often featuring a significant guest star carrying the bulk of the acting responsibilities as Doctor Who has a much smaller cast than Buffy.

title: Xander Harris


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Hogan's Alley

Hogan's Alley may refer to

Popular culture

 * Hogan's Alley (comic strip), an 1890s comic strip that featured the character The Yellow Kid
 * Hogan's Alley (video game), a 1984 video game from Nintendo
 * Hogan's Alley (magazine), a magazine about the cartoon arts

 * Hoagie's Alley is the place where Top Cat lives, a pun on Hogan's Alley
 * Hogan's Alley (film), a lost 1925 Warner Brothers film starring Monte Blue
 * Hogan's Alley is where the Dugan family lives in the early continuity of the Depression era comic strip Show Girl (later named after its lead character Dixie Dugan).

Places

 * Hogan's Alley (FBI), an FBI training facility located in Quantico, Virginia
 * Hogan's Alley (Vancouver), a nickname for an alley between Prior and Union streets in Vancouver that had been the city's small African-Canadian neighbourhood and jazz district until demolished for an off-ramp for the Georgia Viaduct
 * "Hogan's Alley", a nickname for the Riviera Country Club because of Ben Hogan's success there
 * "Hogan's Alley", a nickname for the Colonial Country Club because of Ben Hogan's success there in the annual PGA Tour event, which he won a record five times
 * "Hogan's Alley", name for a berthing space located in the After Battery Compartment of a World War II diesel electric submarine.
 * "Hogan's Alley",name for an alley in the Bowery,NYC where a murder takes place in the film Docks of New York (1945) starring Leo Gorcey,Huntz Hall and the Eastside Kids.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hogan's Alley


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Children of the Mind

Children of the Mind (1996) is a novel by American author Orson Scott Card, the fourth in his successful Ender's Game series of science fiction novels that focus on the character Ender Wiggin. This book was originally the second half of Xenocide, before it was split into two novels.

Plot summary
At the start of Children of the Mind, Jane, the evolved computer intelligence, is using her newly discovered abilities to take the races of buggers, humans and pequeninos outside the universe and back instantaneously. She uses these powers to move them to distant habitable planets for colonization. She is losing her memory and concentration as the vast computer network connected to the ansible is being shut down. If she is to survive, she must find a way to transfer her aiúa (or soul) to a human body.

Peter Wiggin and Si Wang-Mu travel to the worlds of Divine Wind and Pacifica to persuade the Japanese-led swing group of the Starways Congress to revoke their order to destroy Lusitania. By tracing the decision-making trail backwards, they are able to show a philosopher his influence on the Starways Congress. After several complications, the philosopher persuades the Tsutsumi clan to exert their influence with the Necessarian faction in the Starways Congress to stop the Lusitania fleet. The admiral at the head of the Lusitania fleet, however, disobeys the Congress's order and does what he believes Ender Wiggin, the perpetrator of the first Xenocide, would have done and fires a missile containing the Molecular Disruption Device (MDD).

Upon Ender Wiggin's death, Jane guides his aiúa to Peter's body, while she is granted possession of Young Val's body, and thus is not destroyed when the ansible shuts down. She is then able to continue transporting starships instantaneously by borrowing the vast mental capacity of the simple-minded Pequenino mother-trees. She transports a ship with Peter and Wang-Mu around the missile, then transports the missile and them to inside of the Lusitania fleet, where it is then disarmed and disabled. Peter and Wang-Mu's efforts finally come to fruition, and the destruction of Lusitania is averted.

Jane falls in love with Miro, and Peter with Wang-mu. Both couples are married under one of the mother-trees of the pequeninos on the same day as Ender's funeral.

title: Children of the Mind


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Adolphe Quetelet

Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet FRSF or FRSE (22 February 1796 – 17 February 1874) was a Belgian astronomer, mathematician, statistician and sociologist who founded and directed the Brussels Observatory and was influential in introducing statistical methods to the social sciences. His name is sometimes spelled with an accent as Quételet.

He also founded the science of anthropometry and developed the body mass index (BMI) scale, originally called the Quetelet Index. His work on measuring human characteristic to determine the ideal l'homme moyen ("the average man"), played a key role in the origins of eugenics.

Biography
Adolphe was born in Ghent (which, at the time was a part of the new French Republic). He was the son of François-Augustin-Jacques-Henri Quetelet, a Frenchman and Anne Françoise Vandervelde, a Flemish woman. His father was born at Ham, Picardy, and being of a somewhat adventurous spirit, he crossed the English Channel and became both a British citizen and the secretary of a Scottish nobleman. In that capacity, he traveled with his employer on the Continent, particularly spending time in Italy. At about 31, he settled in Ghent and was employed by the city, where Adolphe was born, the fifth of nine children, several of whom died in childhood.

Francois died when Adolphe was only seven years old. Adolphe studied at the Ghent Lycée, where he afterwards started teaching mathematics in 1815 at the age of 19. In 1819, he moved to the Athenaeum in Brussels and in the same year he completed his dissertation (De quibusdam locis geometricis, necnon de curva focal – Of some new properties of the focal distance and some other curves).

Quetelet received a doctorate in mathematics in 1819 from the University of Ghent. Shortly thereafter, the young man set out to convince government officials and private donors to build an astronomical observatory in Brussels; he succeeded in 1828. He became a member of the Royal Academy in 1820. He lectured at the museum for sciences and letters and at the Belgian Military School. In 1825, he became a correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, in 1827 he became a member. In 1839, he was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society. From 1841 to 1851, he was a supernumerary associate in the institute, and when it became Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences he became foreign member. In 1850, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Quetelet also founded several statistical journals and societies, and was especially interested in creating international cooperation among statisticians. He encouraged the creation of a statistical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA), which later became the Royal Statistical Society, of which he became the first overseas member. In 1853 he chaired both the International Maritime Conference and the First International Statistical Congress. He was a founding member of the first Société des douze.

In 1855, Quetelet developed apoplexy, which diminished but did not end his scientific activity.

He died in Brussels on 17 February 1874, and is buried in the Brussels Cemetery.

In 1825, he married Cécile-Virginie Curtet.

Work
His scientific research encompassed a wide range of different scientific disciplines: meteorology, astronomy, mathematics, statistics, demography, sociology, criminology and history of science. He made significant contributions to scientific development, but he also wrote several monographs directed to the general public. He founded the Royal Observatory of Belgium, founded or co-founded several national and international statistical societies and scientific journals, and presided over the first series of the International Statistical Congresses. Quetelet was a liberal and an anticlerical, but not an atheist or materialist nor a socialist.

Social physics
The new science of probability and statistics was mainly used in astronomy at the time, where it was essential to account for measurement errors around means. This was done using the method of least squares. Quetelet was among the first to apply statistics to social science, planning what he called "social physics". He was keenly aware of the overwhelming complexity of social phenomena, and the many variables that needed measurement. His goal was to understand the statistical laws underlying such phenomena as crime rates, marriage rates or suicide rates. He wanted to explain the values of these variables by other social factors. These ideas were rather controversial among other scientists at the time who held that it contradicted the concept of freedom of choice.

His most influential book was Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale, published in 1835 (In English translation, it is titled Treatise on Man, but a literal translation would be "On Man and the Development of his Faculties, or Essay on Social Physics"). In it, he outlines the project of a social physics and describes his concept of the "average man" (l'homme moyen) who is characterized by the mean values of measured variables that follow a normal distribution. He collected data about many such variables. Quetelet wrote about these values as "ideals" with deviations from them as being less than or more than ideal. He saw the average body as an ideal beauty and something to be desired and his work was influential on Francis Galton who coined the term eugenics.

Quetelet's student Pierre François Verhulst developed the logistic function in the 1830s as a model of population growth; see for details.

When Auguste Comte discovered that Quetelet had appropriated the term 'social physics', which Comte had originally introduced, Comte found it necessary to invent the term 'sociologie' (sociology) because he disagreed with Quetelet's notion that a theory of society could be derived from a collection of statistics.

Adolphe Quetelet also had a significant influence on Florence Nightingale who shared with him a religious view of statistics which saw understanding statistics as revealing the work of God in addition to statistics being a force of good administration. Nightingale met Quetelet in person at the 1860 International Statistical Congress in London, and they corresponded for years afterwards.

Criminology
Quetelet was an influential figure in criminology. Along with Andre-Michel Guerry, he helped to establish the cartographic school and positivist schools of criminology which made extensive use of statistical techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into the relationships between crime and other social factors. Among his findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well as gender and crime. Other influential factors he found included climate, poverty, education, and alcohol consumption, with his research findings published in Of the Development of the Propensity to Crime.

Anthropometry
In his 1835 text on social physics, he presented his theory of human variance around the average, showing human traits were distributed according to a normal curve. The existence of such variation provided the basis for later writers, including Darwin, to argue that natural populations contained sufficient variability for artificial or natural selection to operate.

In terms of influence over later public health agendas, one of Quetelet's lasting legacies was the establishment of a simple measure for classifying people's weight relative to an ideal for their height. His proposal, the body mass index (or Quetelet index), has endured with minor variations to the present day. Anthropometric data is used in modern applications and referenced in the development of every consumer-based product.

Awards and honours
Quetelet was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1839.

The asteroid 1239 Queteleta is named after him. The title of Quetelet professor at Columbia University is awarded in his name.

Publications

 * 1823. ''Relation d'un voyage fait à la grotte de Han au mois d'août 1822'. 'With M.M. Kickx.
 * 1827. Recherches sur la population, les naissances, les décès, les prisons, les dépôts de mendicité, etc., dans le royaume des Pays-Bas.
 * 1829. Recherches statistiques sur le royaume des Pays-Bas.
 * 1831. The Propensity to Crime.
 * 1834. Astronomie élémentaire.
 * 1835. Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale. 2 volumes.
 * 1838. De l'influence des saisons sur la mortalité aux différens âges dans la Belgique.
 * 1839. Catalogue des principales apparitions d'étoiles filantes.
 * 1842. A Treatise on Man and the Development of His Faculties.
 * 1843. Sur l'emploi de la boussole dans les mines.
 * 1845–1851. Sur le climat de la Belgique. 2 volumes.
 * 1848. Du système social et des lois qui le régissent.
 * 1848. Sur la statistique morale et les principes qui doivent en former la base.
 * 1850. Mémoire sur les lois des naissances et de la mortalité à Bruxelles.
 * 1853. Mémoire sur les variations périodiques et non périodiques de la température, d'après les observations faites, pendant vingt ans, à l'observatoire royal de Bruxelles.
 * 1864. Histoire des sciences mathématiques et physiques chez les Belges.
 * 1867. Météorologie de la Belgique comparée à celle du globe.
 * 1867. Sciences mathématiques et physiques au commencement du XIXe siècle.
 * 1869. Sur la physique du globe en Belgique.
 * 1870. Anthropométrie, ou Mesure des différentes facultés de l'homme.

title: Adolphe Quetelet


text:
Watcher

Watcher or Watchers may refer to:

Books

 * Watcher, a 1997 World of Darkness novel by Charles L. Grant
 * Watcher, a 2012 novel by L.A. Weatherly
 * Watchers (novel), a 1987 novel by Dean Koontz
 * Watchers, a 1998-99 series of novels by Peter Lerangis
 * Watchers, a 2013 novel by Philip Caveney
 * The Watcher and Other Weird Stories, an 1894 short story collection by Sheridan Le Fanu
 * "The Watcher", an 1847 short story by Le Fanu
 * The Watcher, a 1936 novel by Gerald Verner
 * The Watcher, a 1959 novel by Dolores Hitchens
 * The Watcher and Other Stories, a 1971 short story collection by Italo Calvino
 * The Watcher, a 1978 Frank Hastings novel by Collin Wilcox
 * The Watcher, a 1981 novel by Kay Nolte Smith
 * The Watcher, a 1982 novel by J. Robert Janes
 * The Watcher, a 1986 speculative fiction novel by Jane Palmer
 * The Watcher, a 1994 novel in the Point Horror series by Lael Littke
 * The Watcher, a 1997 novel by James Howe
 * The Watcher, a 1999 novel by Melinda Metz, the fourth installment in the Roswell High series
 * The Watcher, a 2000 novel by Margaret Buffie, the first installment in the Watcher's Quest trilogy
 * The Watcher, a 2004-20 series of novels Lilith Saintcrow
 * The Watcher, a 2007 novel by Jeanne C. Stein, the third installment in the Anna Strong, Vampire series
 * In the Dark, a 2008 Jonathan Stride novel by Brian Freeman, published in the UK as The Watcher
 * The Watcher, a 2008 novel by Beverly Barton
 * The Watcher, a 2011 novel by Charlotte Link
 * The Watchers, an 1899 novel by A. E. W. Mason
 * The Watchers, a 1975 novel by Jane Louise Curry, the fifth installment in the Abaloc series
 * The Watchers, a 1987-90 trilogy of novels by Stuart Gordon
 * The Watchers, a 1991 novel by Tahar Djaout
 * The Watchers: A Mystery at Alton Towers, a 1993 novel by Helen Cresswell
 * The Watchers, a 2002-03 series of novels by Caiseal Mór
 * The Watchers: The Rise of America's Surveillance State, a 2010 book by Shane Harris
 * The Watchers, a 2011 novel by Jon Steele
 * The Watchers, a 2015 novel by Neil Spring

Subjects

 * Watcher (angel) or Grigori, a class of fallen angels in Biblical apocrypha
 * Watcher (comics), an extraterrestrial species who watches the universe in Marvel Comics
 * Uatu, the Watcher

In television

 * Watcher (TV series), a South Korean TV series
 * The Watcher (1995 TV series), a UPN TV series starring Sir Mix-a-Lot
 * The Watcher (2022 TV series), a Netflix original limited series

TV elements

 * Watcher (Doctor Who), a character in the 1981 Doctor Who serial Logopolis
 * Watcher (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a member of the Watcher's Council in the Buffy and Angel television series
 * Watcher (Highlander), a secret organization that watches the Immortals in the Highlander series
 * "The Watcher", first episode of the 1965 Doctor Who serial The Time Meddler

In film

 * Watcher (film), Emirati-American-Romanian psychological thriller film directed by Chloe Okuno
 * Watchers (film), directed by Jon Hess based on the novel by Koontz
 * The Watcher (2000 film), a film directed by Joe Charbanic
 * The Watcher (2016 film), an American horror film directed by Ryan Rothmaier
 * The Watchers (film), a 2024 horror film directed by Ishana Night Shyamalan

In music

 * The Watchers (album), a 2001 album by Royal Hunt
 * "The Watcher" (song), a song by Dr. Dre on his 1999 album The Chronic 2001
 * "Watcher", a song by Bury Tomorrow from their 2014 album Runes
 * "The Watcher", a song by Enslaved from their 2008 album Vertebrae
 * "The Watcher", a song by Hawkwind from their 1972 album Doremi Fasol Latido
 * "The//Watcher", a song by Lorna Shore from their 2017 album Flesh Coffin

Other uses

 * Watcher (presence), a subscriber for presence information
 * In the video game Dark Void, the Watchers appear as reptilians or the Annunaki
 * Watcher Entertainment, a digital media studio

title: Watcher


text:
Otto II of Lippe

Otto of Lippe was a son of Bernhard II, Lord of Lippe. He was bishop of Utrecht as Otto II from 1216 to 1227. Several of his brothers also held high ecclesiastical offices in the Rhineland. He likely participated in the foundation of the Teutonic Order.

During the Fifth Crusade, Otto visited Palestine.

In 1227, Otto was joined by his former enemy, count Floris IV, Count of Holland, to suppress a rebellion by the people of Drenthe, led by Rudolph van Coevorden. He died in the Battle of Ane (a town close to Hardenberg) on 28 July 1227.

title: Otto II of Lippe


text:
Talk:Record producer

Needs section for women record producers
'''There's no mention of women producers in the article and the list of influential producers contains none. There's a subcategory of Women Record Producers with over 300 names so it is relevant. Also should distinguish the difference between "record producer" by title and a recording artist. Actaudio (talk) 06:57, 10 February 2019 (UTC)
 * There doesn't need to be an entire section on women record producers. This would be better suited for the Women_in_music article. It would be sufficient I think to simply add the names of some of these female producers to the main list instead of make it an entirely seperate section. I have noticed this same issue on the Audio Engineer page. The demographic discrepancies of every professional field does not need to be included in every article about a given profession. Leave this information for the appropriate articles. This type of focus on identity groups is going to lead to an inevitable case where we have to break down the percentage of producers who are black or gay or hispanic or disabled, as to not leave out any group. Wikipedia is supposed to have an WP:NPOV. Burtre26 (talk) 01:41, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Oh come on--this is crap. Because not every article has a section on gender or whatever, the section is to be tagged "POV"? No--the writing is neutral, neutral enough. It appears you are on a crusade, as with Audio engineer. Drmies (talk) 02:25, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * A crusade, eh? No, just trying to clean up unnecessary content from Wikipedia. This information should be in the Women_in_music article. Not here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Burtre26 (talk • contribs) 02:34, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Being objective here (like if we were having a respectful discussion about an article for deletion): It is overgeneralizing to say "The demographic discrepancies of every professional field does not need to be included in every article about a given profession." This discussion is specific to record producers (and audio engineers), not to other fields of engineering or the music field in general. Beyond that, the lack of women in audio is well-documented by reputable news sources and is a specific initiative taken on by the Recording Academy this year (as stated in the article). The Recording Academy is probably one of the most respected and notable organizations related to audio engineers and producers. So, this isn't one opinion vs the other - the section is providing information that 100% meets notability requirements. Does this section need to be second from the top? Absolutely not - and I will probably move this shortly. Actaudio (talk) 02:54, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * , I'm biting my tongue here over this rather ignorant tagging and deletion of content. The argument Burtre presents is very poor, but their zeal is just as strong. Drmies (talk) 02:57, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * This is you biting your tongue, Drmies? Jesus, I'd hate to see you when you get worked up. Well, it appears that there are plenty of people riding this particular hobby horse. You go right ahead and do whatever you see fit. I just hate see the overt politicization of what is supposed to be an online encyclopedia. Just because something is verifiable does not make it appropriate for a given article. Also, articles are supposed to be written from a neutral point of view, not one with a political agenda aimed at "promoting gender diversity". But like I said, you guys go right ahead. I've been going back and forth with User:Drmies user for a while now and frankly I'm bored of it. I was accused of mansplaining by Drmies. If this doesn't prove its a political hobby horse, than I don't know what will. Have fun. Burtre26 (talk) 03:05, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * "Plenty of people riding this hobby horse"--OK, sure. You have no consensus for your tag and your unwarranted removal of content. Thanks. Drmies (talk) 03:07, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I have zero interest in engaging in where this conversation is going. I gave my objective and fact-based opinion above. Actaudio (talk) 03:13, 26 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Much of the content in this section is misleading and inaccurate. The second paragraph started off by saying that only 2 percent of women of were producers which is false because the subset used only consisted of the top 300 songs from 2007 and 2017 as it's primary condition. There are female record producers and awards all over the world, yet this article seem to focus on just the American ones, the Recording Academy and it's subsequent Grammy Awards. If this section needs to exist on this page it should not revolve solely around this limited subset, as it would not be neutral the topic of Record Producers. As someone else stateed this is better off suited for the Women_in_music article or possibly a stub redirecting to it's own page with more research and references. A more proper title would be American Women and Record Producing since Women and Record Producer implies that the sections information is all encompassing, which it is not. MontclairReality (talk) 13:58, 3 June 2019 (UTC) (talk) 09:48, 6 June 2019 (UTC)

I agree with MontclairReality's stated solution. Burtre26 (talk) 09:28, 22 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Wow, I just reread the American Women and Recording Producing section. Holy crap, someone rewrote it and did a hell of a fine job. Great work, Wikipedians! Burtre26 (talk) 09:50, 22 June 2019 (UTC)

Female Producers
Ariana grande is also a female producer, she's basically a producer/editor/vocal arranger/producer/audio engineer like she said in her recent interview and she's been credited for doing it in her last album,she produced her live album and her EP "Christmas and chill". Here's a source https://uproxx.com/pop/ariana-grande-stuck-with-u-behind-the-scenes-production/ Moonlight Entm (talk) 23:14, 31 October 2020 (UTC)

 * No she’s not. There’s a discussion happening on Talk:Ariana Grande. She is a singer and actress. That is all. She is not a songwriter nor a producer. D🐶ggy54321 (let's chat!) 12:35, 3 November 2020''' 'Italic text'(UTC)

misleading photo
I thought this article was about producers, not engineers. The person in the picture is described as an engineer, not a producer. There is a difference and many producers never touch a mixing console. The first paragraph well describes this. It's not enough so say some do both. I'm tempted to just delete it because it's so blatantly incorrect. It is admittedly wrong. They are 2 different jobs. The article well describes the job of a producer so why is there a photo of an engineer here. Put that on the engineer page. Find a photo of an actual producer standing behind the engineer or a photo of a producer out in the studio talking to a band, and you'll have a better depiction than this extremely misleading photo. But frankly, I'm sick of ending up against the 3 revert rule after I delete, someone makes a lame comment in defense and reverts, then I point out the lameness of the argument and revert again and the same person comes back again and reverts, often without comment and BANG! Up against it. So, as another frustrated editor who had made a very logical comment said on this talk page... have fun. Jackhammer111 (talk) 23:04, 22 July 2022 (UTC)

 * Dobre ste ma potešili ste ma informovali v tom čase sa však na Slovensku s tebou súhlasím so spracovaním osobných údajov v zmysle zákona o dani z príjmov fyzickej osobe alebo právnickej osoby na to help you 95.102.242.107 (talk) 19:06, 3 June 2024 (UTC)

Shopping markel max
Artiste solide 169.255.206.217 (talk) 21:59, 12 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Record producer


text:
Flag of the Republic of China

The flag of the Republic of China, commonly called the flag of Taiwan, consists of a red field with a blue canton bearing a white disk surrounded by twelve triangles; said symbols symbolize the sun and rays of light emanating from it, respectively.

The flag was originally designed by the anti-Qing group, Revive China Society, in 1895 with the addition of the red field component in 1906 by Sun Yat-sen in his speech. This was first used in mainland China as the Navy flag in 1912, and was made the official national flag of the Republic of China in 1928 by the Nationalist government and was also used by the Japanese-backed Chinese Republic from 1943. It was enshrined in the sixth article of the ROC constitution when it was promulgated in 1947. The flag is no longer used in mainland China due to the ROC defeat in the Chinese Civil War and the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. The ROC national flag has since then remained in use within the "Free Area", which includes the islands of Taiwan and Penghu, as well as some remaining offshore islands off the Fujian coast and some of the South China Sea Islands under ROC control.

The public display of this flag is still seen in historical museums and war cemeteries across mainland China, but its use remains illegal due to its history as a symbol of opposition to communism. Some supporters of Taiwanese independence reject the flag due to its association with Chinese nationalism and as a statement of opposition against the Kuomintang, although supporters of the Democratic Progressive Party and its leaders still retain and use the current flag both domestically and abroad.

History

The canton (upper corner on the hoist side) originated from the "Blue Sky with a White Sun flag" designed by Lu Haodong, a martyr of the First Guangzhou Uprising of 1895. He presented his design to represent the revolutionary army at the inauguration of the Society for Regenerating China, an anti-Qing society in Hong Kong, on 21 February 1895. This design was later adopted as the KMT party flag and the coat of arms of the Republic of China. The "red Earth" portion was added by Sun Yat-sen in winter of 1906, bringing the flag to its modern form. According to George Yeo, the Foreign Minister of Singapore, in those days the Blue Sky with a White Sun flag was sewn in the Sun Yat Sen Villa or Wan Qing Yuan in Singapore by Teo Eng Hock and his wife.

During the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 that heralded the Republic, the various revolutionary armies had different flags. Lu Hao-tung's "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag was used in the provinces of Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. In Jiujiang, the "Blue Sky, White Sun, and a Wholly Red Earth" flag was used on ships during a naval uprising. In Wuhan, a flag with 18 yellow stars was used to represent the 18 administrative divisions at the time of the Wuchang Uprising. In Shanghai and northern China, a "Five-coloured Flag" (Five Races Under One Union flag) was used of five horizontal stripes representing the five major ethnicities of China: the Han (red), the Manchu (yellow), the Mongol (blue), the Hui (white), and the Tibetan (black).

When the government of the Republic of China was established on 1 January 1912, the "Five-coloured Flag" was selected by the provisional Senate as the national flag. The "18-Star Flag" was adopted by the army and the modern flag was adopted as a naval ensign. Sun Yat-sen, however, did not consider the five-coloured flag appropriate, reasoning that horizontal order implied a hierarchy or class like that which existed during dynastic times.

After President Yuan Shikai assumed dictatorial powers in 1913 by dissolving the National Assembly and outlawing the KMT, Sun Yat-sen established a government-in-exile in Tokyo and employed the modern flag as the national ROC flag. He continued using this design when the KMT established a rival government in Guangzhou in 1917. The modern flag was made official by National Emblem and National Flag of the Republic of China Act on 17 December 1928, after the successful Northern Expedition that toppled the Beiyang government, though the Five-coloured Flag still continued to be used by locals in an unofficial capacity. One reason for this discrepancy in use was lingering regional biases held by officials and citizens of northern China, who favored the Five-coloured Flag, against southerners such as the Cantonese/Hakka Sun Yat-sen.

During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the invading Japanese established a variety of puppet governments using several flag designs. The Reformed Government was established in March 1938 in Nanjing to consolidate the various puppet governments employed the Five-coloured Flag. When Wang Jingwei was slated to take over the Japanese-installed government in Nanjing in 1940, he demanded to use the modern flag as a means to challenge the authority of the Nationalist Government in Chongqing under Chiang Kai-shek and position himself as the rightful successor to Sun Yat-sen. However, the Japanese preferred the Five-coloured flag. As a compromise, the Japanese suggested adding a triangular yellow pennant on top with the slogan "Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction" in black, but this was rejected by Wang. In the end, Wang and the Japanese agreed that the yellow banner was to be used outdoors only, until 1943 when the banner was abandoned, leaving two rival governments with the same flag, each claiming to be the legitimate Nationalist government of China.

The national flag was specified in Article Six of the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China. The flag was also used in Communist-held areas until 1949. After the Chinese Civil War began to ease, the government of Chiang Kai-shek relocated the Republic of China to the island of Taiwan, whose administration was handed over to the ROC from Japan in 1945. On the mainland, the communist forces of Mao Zedong established the People's Republic of China and adopted their own national flag.

On 23 October 1954, the latest amendment to the National Emblem and National Flag of the Republic of China Act was promulgated by the Legislative Yuan to specify the size, measure, ratio, production, and management of the flag.

Symbolism
The "Blue Sky with a White Sun" flag of Lu Hao-tung was unveiled in February 1895 in Hong Kong. The twelve rays of the white Sun symbolize the twelve months and the twelve traditional shichen, a traditional unit of time which corresponds to two modern hours. Sun Yat-sen added the "Red Earth" to the flag to signify the blood of the revolutionaries who sacrificed themselves in order to overthrow the Qing dynasty and create the ROC. Together, the three colours of the flag correspond to the Three Principles of the People: Blue represents nationalism and liberty; White represents democracy and equality; and Red represents the people's livelihood and fraternity. President Chiang Kai-shek proclaimed on the National Day in 1929, "As long as a national flag with Blue Sky, White Sun, and a Wholly Red Earth flies in the land of China, it will symbolize the independence and liberty of the descendants of the Huang Emperor".

The blue-and-white canton of the ROC flag is often used as the party flag of the KMT. The flag has developed a great deal of additional symbolism due to the unique and controversial political status of Taiwan. At one level, the flag represents a clear symbol that Taiwan is not governed by the same government as mainland China, as this flag is different from the flag of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

Meanwhile, because it was formerly used as the flag over all of China, the flag has become a symbol of continuity with the ideals of the Chinese nationalism and Chinese unification movements, and has become a symbol of a connection both historical and current with mainland China. In addition, the flag is derived from the seal of the KMT, and the colour of the field of the flag is associated with the KMT party colours.

Some Chinese see the flag as an expression of Chinese nationalism and pride combined with simultaneous disapproval for the current communist regime. Additionally, the flag may symbolize identification with, and admiration for the political thoughts of Sun Yat-sen, and his Three Principles of the People.

One irony is that given the association of the flag with Chinese nationalism in opposition to Taiwan independence, the ROC flag has found an unexpected ally in the People's Republic of China. The PRC has criticized Taiwan independence groups for wishing to change or abolish the ROC flag, and has implied that legal steps to do so would bring a strongly negative reaction from the PRC.

However, the presence of the ROC flag in Taiwan also distinguishes the fact that Taiwan and ROC territorial islands elsewhere fall under jurisdiction of a country separate from that of mainland China, the People's Republic of China (PRC). The hoisting of the ROC flag is even advocated by the most extreme Taiwanese independence supporters, such as Taiwan Solidarity Union members when emphasizing the separate and independently governed systems and territories of the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China in mainland China.

Construction details
The specific designs of the flag are located in the National Emblem and National Flag of the Republic of China Act from 1928. The ratio of the flag is 2:3, with most of it being red. One-fourth of the flag is blue, which contains the 12 pointed sun. Each sun ray is 30 degrees, so the total sun rays will make up a complete 360 degree circle. Inside the sun, the blue ring is the diameter of the white sun divided by 15.

In later years, more details regarding of the canton area (also used as the flag of the KMT), were codified into law. In the drawing released in Act on the Party and National Flag Manufacturing and Usage Methods (黨旗國旗之製造及使用辦法), the sun was drawn in more specific detail and mathematical values were given to all elements in the flag. In the law, the canton still had a ratio of 2:3, but the math values given were 24 × 36 meters. The diameter of the sun with rays is $6/8$ of height of the canton, so in this case, it will be 18. The diameter of the white sun without the sun rays is $1/undefined$ of the width of the canton, so it is 9. The blue ring that is on top of this sun and part of the rays is $1/undefined$ diameter of the white sun, so the size will be 0.6. The angle of the rays, 30 degrees, and the total number of rays have not changed.

The colours of the national flag are dark red, white and dark blue. However, the KMT party flag only uses white and dark blue; both flags are to be topped with a golden finial. The law does not list any specific colour processes, such as Pantone, to manufacturing or drawing the flag. The Ministry of the Interior provides colours only for reference. Other publications, such as the Album des pavillons nationaux et des marques distinctives, have given approximations for Pantone colours: the dark blue as Pantone 301 C and the dark red as Pantone 186 C. Album des pavillons also gave the approximate CMYK colours for the flag; dark blue is 100-45-0-10 and dark red is 0-90-75-5.

Colours
The colours approximation in other colour spaces are listed below:

Uses
In the early years of the Republic, under the KMT's political tutelage, the flag shared the same prominence as the KMT party flag. A common wall display consisted of the KMT flag perched on the left and the ROC flag perched on the right, each tilted at an angle with a portrait of Father of the Nation Sun Yat-sen displayed in the center. For the summits held between the KMT and Communist Party during the Chinese Civil War, the ROC flag was displayed at an equal position to the flag of the Chinese Soviet Republic (Jiangxi Soviet). Later, the flag law specified a horizontal display of the flag with the portrait of Sun Yat-sen in a portion of the red field at the center position. This display can be found in numerous government offices in Taiwan and is that which the president and vice president face to take the oath of office.

The flag has a ubiquitous presence in Taiwan. The hoisting and lowering of the flag are ceremoniously accompanied by the National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China while those present stand at attention to give a standard salute with the right hand, held flat, to the right eyebrow. Schoolchildren have traditionally been required to attend morning rallies where the flag is raised after a rendition of the National Anthem of the Republic of China. Before martial law was lifted in 1987 in Taiwan, it was required that all vehicles be halted when passing by a flag ceremony.

Instead, the ROC is usually represented under a pseudonym (usually "Chinese Taipei"). The symbolism of the ROC flag began to shift in the early 21st century as there was a warming of relations between the pan-Blue coalition in Taiwan and the Chinese Communist Party on mainland China. The flag of the Republic of China has begun to symbolize a common shared history between both mainland China and Taiwan, and as such the government of the PRC has made it clear that for Taiwan to change the flag would be a major provocation in favor of Taiwan independence. The ambiguity surrounding the flag was made apparent during the trip of Kuomintang Chairman Lien Chan to mainland China in April 2005, during which the flag was very prominently displayed at ceremonies honoring Sun Yat-Sen at which both KMT party officials and government officials from the PRC were in attendance. One place in mainland China where the White Sun emblem is still prominently displayed in public is the ceiling mosaic within Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in Nanjing.

The use of the flag in Taiwan reflects the controversy behind its symbolism. Although supporters of Taiwan independence, such as former president Chen Shui-bian, will display and salute the flag on formal official state occasions, it is never seen at political rallies of the Democratic Progressive Party. This is not only because of its association with mainland China but also because the flag contains design elements of the KMT party flag. By contrast, the ROC flag is always extremely prominent at political rallies of the pan-Blue coalition. This difference extends to the colours seen at the rallies. Rallies of the pan-Blue coalition give prominence to the colours of the ROC flag, with very large amounts of blue and smaller amounts of red. Rallies of independence-leaning parties are filled with green, with no blue or red at all.

Some supporters of Taiwan independence, including former president Lee Teng-hui, have called for the abandonment of the flag, and there are a number of alternative designs for a specifically Taiwanese flag. However, the prospects for this are not high given that changing the flag requires a constitutional amendment; that the current flag has a huge amount of support among pan-Blue supporters and grudging acceptance among moderate independence supporters; and because changing the flag might cause political tension with the PRC. During the 2004 ROC legislative elections, it was briefly suggested that if the pan-green coalition won the elections that it would force the KMT to change the party emblem to be different from the flag. This proposal generated a few days of controversy and was then quickly forgotten.

Chinese diaspora
There has been disagreement in the overseas Chinese community on which flag to fly to represent themselves, supporters and organizations of the Chinese democracy movement often fly the ROC flag rather than the PRC flag to symbolize opposition to Communist rule.

Some Hong Kongers have historically flown the ROC flag to demonstrate their shared opposition to the PRC's policies, as well as to honor the legacy of Sun Yat-sen, as part of the pro-ROC and pro-democracy camps. In recent years, however, due to the PRC's tightening of state control over Hong Kong, supporters of the ROC have faced severe restrictions in expressing their political support, especially in publicly flying the ROC flag or celebrating the National Day of the Republic of China on October 10th every year.

Desecration
Under Articles 118 and 160 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of China, it is a criminal offence to insult either the national flag or the national emblem of any country. If it is a national flag or emblem of a foreign country being insulted, the name of the offence would be 'obstructing state diplomacy'; if it is the ones of the Republic of China, the offence would be 'disturbing the order'. Besides, insulting or damaging the portrait of Sun Yat-sen is also punishable as 'disturbing the order'. The penalty can be either incarceration for one year or less, or a fine of $9,000 NTD or less.

title: Flag of the Republic of China


text:
Philatelic literature

Philatelic literature is written material relating to philately, primarily information about postage stamps and postal history.

Background to philatelic literature
Philatelic literature is held by stamp collectors and dealers, philatelic societies, and general and specialist libraries. The holdings of the British Library, for instance, are estimated at 30–35,000 works.

Main types of philatelic literature
Philatelic literature is generally divided into the following categories:
 * Stamp catalogues
 * Single country catalogues
 * Worldwide catalogues
 * Geographic area catalogues (e.g. Africa)
 * Time period catalogues (e.g. Reign of King George V)
 * Specialized catalogues (e.g. postmarks, plate blocks, perfins, etc.)
 * Periodicals
 * Journals
 * Society newsletters
 * Auction catalogues
 * Books
 * Bibliographies of philatelic literature
 * Background material - Non philatelic material useful to stamp collectors. For example, currency exchange rates, maps, newspapers etc.

Stamp catalogues
Perhaps the most basic sort of literature is the stamp catalogue. This is basically a list of types of postage stamps along with their market values.

The first stamp catalogue was published in France by Oscar Berger-Levrault on 17 September 1861 and the first illustrated catalogue by Alfred Potiquet in December 1861 (based on the earlier work).

The first catalogues in Great Britain were published in 1862 by Frederick Booty, Mount Brown, and Dr. John Edward Gray. The first in the United States was The Stamp Collector's Manual by A.C. Kline (a pseudonym for John William Kline), also 1862.

Some catalogues, like the Michel catalogue and various one-country catalogues, offer a great deal of information going beyond the basic properties of each stamp type.

Single country books
Another common sort of book is the comprehensive "Stamps and Postal History" of a single country. These go beyond the basic date, denomination, and market price seen in the catalogues, explaining why particular stamps were issued, where and how they used, and more generally how the country's postal system worked in various periods.

Specialised studies
The next level of specialization is remarkable both for the level of minutiae and the number of works that have been published. Specialists write monographs summarizing everything that is known about a single type of stamp - the history of its design, the printing process, when and where the stamp was sold to the public, and all the ways it was used on mail. If the stamps is particularly rare (the Inverted Jenny or the missionary stamps of Hawaii), the book may actually include a census of every single copy known to exist. As might be expected, the audience is small, and the print runs of these books are small too. Classic works out of print may be much-sought-after, sometimes even more than the stamps they are describing!

Other kinds of specialized work include comprehensive studies of postal usage in limited areas and times, perhaps mail in Montana Territory before it became a state, or mail from missionaries in Uganda before it became a British colony.

Philatelic journals

In addition to books, there are a great number of philatelic journals. The first stamp magazine was the Monthly Intelligencer from Birmingham, England, followed shortly by many others. The journals and newsletters of clubs and societies also have an important role in philatelic literature. Many journals only run for a few numbers and then cease but they often contain information found nowhere else and therefore are valuable sources for philatelists.

Some popular philatelic periodicals are:
 * The American Philatelist – worldwide topics with a focus on USA
 * Canadian Stamp News – worldwide topics with a focus on Canada
 * Deutsche Briefmarken Zeitung (Germany)
 * Gibbons Stamp Monthly (UK) – worldwide topics with a focus on Great Britain and the British Commonwealth
 * Linn's Stamp News (USA) – worldwide topics with a focus on USA

Philatelic bibliography
The scale and complexity of philatelic literature is such that it has its own journal, the Philatelic Literature Review, published quarterly by the American Philatelic Research Library.

There are also a number of libraries devoted solely to philatelic literature. (see link below)

title: Philatelic literature


text:
User talk:TUF-KAT

Old talk at Archive 1, Archive 2, Archive 3, Archive 4, Archive 5, Archive 6, Archive 7, Archive 8, Archive 9, Archive 10, Archive 11, Archive 12, Archive 13, Archive 14, Archive 15

Good article reassessment for Music of Italy
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title: User talk:TUF-KAT


text:
User:TUF-KAT

My name is Tuf-Kat, and I was an admin and a long-time Wikipedian. I live in the US. I write a lot about music, but occasionally work on other subjects. One of these days, I will make this userpage cool. Maybe.

My favorite band is probably the Violent Femmes; other favorites include Bob Dylan, OutKast and the Red Hot Chili Peppers.

My first edit to Wikipedia was at 10:17:30 on August 27, 2002.

Articles and lists
Articles and lists I have had a significant hand in getting to featured-level include:

 * 1) blues
 * 2) hip hop music
 * 3) list of calypso-like genres
 * 4) list of Caribbean membranophones
 * 5) music of Athens, Georgia
 * 6) music of the Lesser Antilles
 * 7) music of Maryland
 * 8) music of Minnesota
 * 9) music of Nigeria
 * 10) music of the United States
 * 11) salsa music

Links to subpages I may use soon
See User:TUF-KAT/List of genres of music by region, User:TUF-KAT/List of music areas, User:TUF-KAT/List of genres of music by people, User:TUF-KAT/Timeline of trends in music revamp, User:TUF-KAT/First featured article, User:TUF-KAT/MotUS, User:TUF-KAT/World music goals, User:TUF-KAT/Topics by country, User:TUF-KAT/Classical music by country, User:TUF-KAT/Popular music by country, User:TUF-KAT/List of types of musicians, User:TUF-KAT/list of kinds of music, User:TUF-KAT/saudade, User:TUF-KAT/MUSTARD, User:TUF-KAT/Template sandbox, User:TUF-KAT/countrymusicbox, User:TUF-KAT/countrymusicboxtemplate, User:TUF-KAT/List of drums, User:TUF-KAT/music history of the United States, User:TUF-KAT/List of classical music traditions, User:TUF-KAT/Wikipedia Treasure Hunt, User:TUF-KAT/Copyediting, User:TUF-KAT/Hornbostel-Sachs, User:TUF-KAT/Hornbostel-Sachs index

Licensing
I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:TUF-KAT


text:
All My Trials

"All My Trials" is a folk song which became popular during the social protest movements of the late 1950s and 1960s. Alternative titles it has been recorded under include "Bahamian Lullaby" and "All My Sorrows." The origins of the song are unclear, as it appears to not have been documented in any musicological or historical records (such as the Roud Folk Song Index, Archive of American Folk Song, or an ethnomusicologist's field recordings or notes) until after the first commercial recording was released (as "Bahamian Lullaby") on Bob Gibson's 1956 debut album Offbeat Folksongs.

History
In the first commercial release on the 1956 album Offbeat Folksongs, Gibson did not mention the history of the song. The next two artists to release it, Cynthia Gooding (as "All My Trials" in 1957 ) and Billy Faier (as "Bahaman Lullaby" in 1959 ), both wrote in their albums' liner notes that they each learned the song from Erik Darling. Gooding explained it was "supposed to be a white spiritual that went to the British West Indies and returned with the lovely rhythm of the Islands," presumably as told to her by Darling. Faier wrote that he heard Darling sing the song "four or five times in spring 1954," when Darling would have been performing with his folk group The Tarriers. However, bibliographic folk song indexes, such as the Traditional Ballad Index do not mention the Bahamas as an origin, listing it as unknown.

The Joan Baez Songbook (published 1964; Baez released the song as "All My Trials" in 1960) suggests it began as a pre–Civil War era American Southern gospel song, which was introduced to the Bahamas where it became a lullaby, and was forgotten in the US until it was brought back from the Bahamas and popularized during the roots revival.

Analysis
The song tells the story of a mother on her death bed, comforting her children, "Hush little baby, don't you cry./You know your mama's bound to die," because, as she explains, "All my trials, Lord,/Soon be over." The message—that no matter how bleak the situation seemed, the struggle would "soon be over"—propelled the song to the status of an anthem, recorded by many of the leading artists of the era.

The song is usually classified as a Spiritual because of its biblical and religious imagery. There are references to the "Lord", "a little book" with a message of "liberty", "brothers", "religion", "paradise", "pilgrims" and the "tree of life" awaiting her after her hardships, referred to as "trials". There is an allegory of the river Jordan, the crossing of which represents the Christian experience of death as something which "...chills the body but not the soul." The river/death allegory was popularized by John Bunyan in his classic, The Pilgrim's Progress and the wording echoes the teaching of Jesus, to "...fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul." (Matthew 10:28)

Chart appearances

 * In February 1964, Dick and Dee Dee's debuted at No. 89 on the Billboard Hot 100 and stayed on the chart for three weeks.
 * In August 1971, Ray Stevens released a version of the song which stayed on the Hot 100 for six weeks, peaking at No. 70 and stayed on the Easy Listening charts for eight weeks, peaking at No. 6.
 * In December 1990, Paul McCartney's live version of "All My Trials" debuted at No. 35 and spent six weeks on the UK Singles Chart.

Versions

 * The song was recorded numerous times by folk artists, including Harry Belafonte, Bob Gibson, Pete Seeger, Dave Van Ronk, Anita Carter, Joan Baez, The Seekers, Peter, Paul and Mary, Nick and Gabrielle Drake, and The Kelly Family among many others.
 * Pop and rock artists have also released interpretations of the song, including Paul McCartney (1990; issued as a single and included on the British "Highlights" version of the Tripping the Live Fantastic live album), Dick and Dee Dee, Ray Stevens, and Cerys Matthews
 * Another version of the song, "All My Sorrows", was made popular by the Kingston Trio, who recorded it in 1959, followed by The Shadows in 1961 and The Searchers in 1963 on Sugar and Spice
 * The melody and chord changes were used as the basis of the Brandywine Singers' "Summer's Come and Gone" (Billboard No. 129, 1963).
 * Swedish folk group The Hootenanny Singers released a Swedish language version titled "Stanna en stund" ("Pause for a moment") in 1964.
 * A fragment of the song is used in the Mickey Newbury anthem "An American Trilogy", also recorded by Elvis Presley.
 * Fleetwood Mac guitarist Lindsey Buckingham did his own arrangement of the Kingston Trio's "All My Sorrows" on his 1992 solo album Out of the Cradle.
 * Swedish folk duo First Aid Kit released a version as a bonus track on their 2010 album The Big Black and the Blue.
 * Syrian-American musician Bedouine released a single version "All My Trials" in 2020.
 * Words exist to the tune in French (La fin du voyage [journey's end]) and German (Am Ziel meiner Reise [my journey's goal]); Nana Mouskouri has recorded all three (English in 1985, the other two in 1984).

title: All My Trials


text:
Talk:Structuralism

Plato's Statesman
Is Plato's dialogue Statesman a primitive example of Structuralism in practice? I don't know enough about Structuralism to answer this question, but the manner in which the Stranger from Elea analyzes the subject in an attempt to home in on the precise definition of the Statesman seems to be a curious anticipation of modern Structuralism. Eroica (talk) 15:43, 19 September 2019 (UTC)

Confusion
Structuralism is a well-established concept in human and social studies, and for the most part this article takes the correct point of view. However, there is some confusion caused by the fact that the term 'structuralism' itself has been used in other sciences, too. The reference in this context should be sociological. Additionally, the concept of 'structuralism' is different in mathematics, biology, and psychology. It is best to use Dosse's two-volume work (vol. 1 and vol. 2) and related sources. Four main points: EFK Koerner examined a large number of 19th century German grammars and related literature. As part of his historiography, he points out major confusion in some sources, and splits the classical approaches in two:
 * Chomsky and generative grammar or generative "formalism" is not a structuralist approach in the sociological sense. Any such idea is rejected by Dosse among others.
 * Saussure's sociological approach is not derived from Wundt's Völkerpsychologie ("structural psychology").
 * The Bloomfieldian school or so-called 'American structuralism' (as also discussed by Dosse) is not derived from Saussure and does not represent a Saussurean structuralist or sociological view of language.
 * As such, Chomsky's rejection of (American) "structuralism" does not relate to Saussure or structuralism proper in any meaningful way. What Chomsky argued against was behavioral psychology which is not related to this article
 * 1) The philosophical-psychological approach or 'Humboldtian trend': Humboldt, Steinthal, Misteli, Gabelentz, Finck. These are opposed to the historical linguists, and their 'current' is described as "static" by Mathesius. Chomsky can arguably be added here.
 * 2) The neo-grammarian current of the Indo-Europeanists. Notice that these are historical linguists: Bopp, Paul, Saussure and his followers. Saussure himself cites Bopp, Grimm, Paul and Leskien; and of course Schleicher, Müller and Curtius, who formed their own trend within historical-comparative linguistics. So now we have three major 19th century schools of linguistic thought: (1) the 'universal' group; (2) the sociological group; (3) the social Darwinists. Weidorje (talk) 13:39, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

To what is said above, I know that some Indian scholars are trying to argue that Saussure created a formal theory of language based on Panini's method, which was further developed by Bloomfield and Chomsky. I don't suppose any of it is true. In fact, the final conclusion here seems reasonable. I would suggest removing Panini as irrelevant to this article unless there's evidence. Weidorje (talk) 13:55, 26 January 2021 (UTC)

Wundt is not discussed by Dosse, Koerner or Saussure, suggesting he is completely irrelevant to structuralism proper. However, it is well known that Wundt's Völkerpsychologie is a continuation of Steinthal's Völkerpsychologie per which he is placed into the 'static' group of Humboldt & Co., as opposed to the dynamic view of language of Saussure & Co. Weidorje (talk) 17:09, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I believe there is some considerable amount of OR in the essay above, but as long as all the changes suggested and/or finally made to the article are dully referred to Francois Dosse's 2 volumes cited above, paraphrasing his own arguments with page numbers, etc., they should be OK. I.e., I believe Dosse is indeed a reliable source for this article. Thank you, warshy (¥¥) 17:29, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Thanks, Warshy. I will remove all non-canonical elements (Panini, Wundt, Chomsky, Bloomfield etc.). I'll be back with improvements from Dosse later. Weidorje (talk) 08:14, 27 January 2021 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Psychology Capstone
— Assignment last updated by Rahneli (talk) 18:42, 18 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Structuralism