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Joe Palooka

Joe Palooka is an American comic strip about a heavyweight boxing champion, created by cartoonist Ham Fisher. The strip debuted on April 19, 1930 and was carried at its peak by 900 newspapers. It was cancelled in 1984.

The strip was adapted to a 15-minute CBS radio series, 12 feature-length films (chiefly from Monogram Pictures), nine Vitaphone film shorts, a 1954 syndicated television series (The Joe Palooka Story), comic books and merchandise, including a 1940s board game, a 1947 New Haven Clock & Watch Company wristwatch, a 1948 metal lunchbox featuring depictions of Joe, Humphrey and Little Max, and a 1946 Wheaties cereal box cut-out mask. In 1980, a mountain in Pennsylvania was named for the character.

Publication history
In his home town of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, Fisher devised the character in 1921 after he met a boxer, Pete Latzo, outside a poolroom. As Fisher explained in an article in Collier's: "Here, made to order, was the comic strip character I had been looking for—a big, good-natured prize fighter who didn't like to fight; a defender of little guys; a gentle knight. I ran back to the office, drew a set of strips and rushed to the newspaper syndicates."

Many rejections followed before Fisher's strip was finally syndicated by the McNaught Syndicate after Fisher, while employed as a McNaught salesman, sold it to over 20 newspapers. It debuted April 19, 1930, and by 1948, it was ranked as one of the five most popular newspaper comic strips.

After Fisher committed suicide in 1955, his assistant Moe Leff drew the strip for four years. Leff had been ghosting on the strip's art since the late 1930s; his first credited strip was September 17, 1956. Lank Leonard recommended Tony DiPreta, who stepped in starting September 7, 1959, to illustrate scripts by Morris Weiss (early 1960s to early 1970s) and Ed Moore (mid 1970s on). DiPreta stayed with the strip for 25 years until it ended its run November 24, 1984, when it had dropped to only 182 newspapers. DiPreta then moved on to draw Rex Morgan, M.D.

Toppers
The Joe Palooka Sunday page had many different toppers over the course of the run.

One of the early toppers was Fisher's Looney Legends, which ran from January 10, 1932 to August 27, 1933. During this run, the strip had many alternate titles, including Fisher's Dopey Dramas, Fisher's Foolish Fables, Fisher's Historical Hysteria, Fisher's Neolithic Narratives, Fisher's Nursery Rhymes and Fisher's Poet's Corner. This was replaced by three longer features: Fisher's History of Boxing (Sept 3, 1933 – June 20, 1937), Joe Palooka's Boxing Course (June 27, 1937 – May 1, 1938) and Joe Palooka's Album (May 8, 1938 – Nov 14, 1943).

From 1943–1946, the topper strip rotated between a variety of different features. The most often used titles during this period were War Time Anecdotes aka Fisher's Wartime Whoppers (Nov 21, 1943 – Sept 9, 1945), Miss Jones aka The Estimable Miss Jones (March 12, 1944 – Nov 11, 1945), After It's Over (April 8 – Oct 7, 1945), Sidewalks of Manhattan (Nov 18, 1945 – Feb 24, 1966), Charlie the Cook (Oct 15, 1944 – Sept 23, 1945), and Lady De Van (March 3 – July 7, 1946). Other titles used during this period include The Atom Age, Captain Tommy, Could Be, Guy Who Married a WAC Sergeant, Fisher's Follies, How To Be Popular?, Letter From Home, Mebbe I'm Wrong, Now That It's Over, Smythe the Murp's Ex-Butler, and Two Thousand A.D.

Characters and story
Fisher originally changed the appearance of Palooka to fit each reigning real-life champ – until the coming of African-American Joe Louis in the 1930s, at which time the image of the cowlicked blond Palooka remained unchanged. Though his adventures were mostly low-key, he was pumped up by a supporting cast led by girlfriend Ann Howe, boxing manager Knobby Walsh, his mute orphan sidekick Little Max, Smokey, his black valet and later sparring partner, and lovable giant Humphrey Pennyworth, a smiling blacksmith who wielded a 100-pound (45 kg) maul. Like Ozark Ike McBatt in baseball, Joe Palooka was intended to exemplify the sports hero in an age when uprightness of character was supposed to matter most. The character was part of an effort among top newspaper cartoonists to sell World War II-era Series E bonds to the public as a wartime financing initiative.

The strip garnered much publicity when cheese heiress Ann Howe and Joe were married on June 24, 1949. The engraved invitations for the event, sent to a select list of celebrities, read: "Mr. Ham Fisher requests the honour of your presence at the marriage of Ann Howe to Mr. Joe Palooka on the afternoon of June 24th in your favorite newspaper." Fisher received formal acceptances from Chief Justice Fred M. Vinson, General Omar Bradley and Attorney General Tom C. Clark. At the time, the strip was carried in 665 American newspapers and 125 foreign papers.

Etymology
Of uncertain origin, the word palooka was found in print as early as 1923 and widely used to mean a lout or an inept fighter.

Comic books
Over decades, Joe Palooka appeared in comic books from several comic book publishers. Early comic books offered strip reprints, but eventually the character was seen in original comic book stories. Secondary characters Little Max and Humphrey Pennyworth each had their own Harvey Comics series.

Joe Antonacci owns the trademark to and has recreated Joe Palooka. A brand new comic book version of the character created by Antonacci and his creative team was published by IDW Publishing in 2012. Palooka is reborn as a mixed martial arts (MMA) fighter. Antonacci's team has also created a sister series of MMA-themed comic books entitled Legion of Combat.

Radio series
On radio, Joe Palooka was broadcast on CBS from April 12 to August 18, 1932. With Teddy Bergman in the title role, the 15-minute series was heard on Tuesdays and Thursdays, sponsored by Heinz Rice Flakes. Elmira Roessler, Elsie Hitz and Mary Jane Higby played Ann Howe. Knobby Walsh was portrayed by Frank Readick and Hal Lansing. Others in the cast: Karl Swenson and Norman Gottschalk. The announcer was Harry von Zell.

Films and television
Joe Palooka made his film debut in Palooka (1934) with Stuart Erwin in the title role, Jimmy Durante as Knobby, Lupe Vélez as Nina Madero, and Marjorie Rambeau as Mayme Palooka. Now in the public domain, the film can be seen online. Palooka was followed by a series of nine two-reel Vitaphone shorts (1936–37) starring Robert Norton as Joe and Shemp Howard as Knobby.

He returned to feature-length films in 1946, when Monogram Pictures launched a series of 11 low-budget films starring Joe Kirkwood, Jr. as Joe, Leon Errol as Knobby and Elyse Knox as Ann Howe. The first in the series was Joe Palooka, Champ (1946); the series ended 1951, with Joe Palooka in Triple Cross.

The Joe Palooka Story, popularly known simply as Joe Palooka, was a 1954 syndicated television series starring Kirkwood and featuring former boxing champion Maxie Rosenbloom as Humphrey Pennyworth.

Cultural legacy
South of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania on the way to the town of Mountain Top, Pennsylvania is Joe Palooka Mountain, named in the early 1980s by then-Mayor of Wilkes-Barre Thomas McLaughlin. A granite monument with the likeness of Joe Palooka is located at the base of the mountain at the intersection of PA 309 and PA 437 between Wilkes-Barre and the town of Mountain Top.

In September 1948, a limestone Joe Palooka statue (in a flowing cape) was erected on a hill overlooking Indiana State Road 37. In 1984, the nine-foot high, ten-ton statue and its base were moved and rededicated to the Town Hall in Oolitic, Indiana.

In The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor, sailor Luis Alejandro Velasco refers to a "Joe Palooka" tavern at a port in Mobile, AL, United States, where he and his shipmates, while on leave, went to drink whisky and threw a fight from time to time.

In Sometimes a Great Notion, Ken Kesey skewers one of his characters with this paragraph: "'Tsk, tsk,' said Brother Walker. And, as he had learned the comment from Joe Palooka, it came out 'tisk tisk', the way he assumed it was pronounced."

In the 1977 film Smokey and the Bandit, after having been drawn into a fight and taking a beating, character Cledus "Snowman" Snow (Jerry Reed) tells his friend Bo "Bandit" Darville (Burt Reynolds) over the CB radio, "Look, you ain't gonna believe this, but I just did my imitation of Joe Palooka."

Filmography

 * 1) Palooka (1934)
 * 2) Joe Palooka, Champ (1946)
 * 3) Gentleman Joe Palooka (1946)
 * 4) Joe Palooka in the Knockout (1947)
 * 5) Joe Palooka in Fighting Mad (1948)
 * 6) Joe Palooka in Winner Take All (1948)
 * 7) Joe Palooka in the Big Fight (1949)
 * 8) Joe Palooka in the Counterpunch (1949)
 * 9) Joe Palooka Meets Humphrey (1950)
 * 10) Joe Palooka in Humphrey Takes a Chance (1950)
 * 11) Joe Palooka in the Squared Circle (1950)
 * 12) Joe Palooka in Triple Cross (1951)

Vitaphone two-reelers
(made for Warner Brothers)
 * 1) For the Love of Pete (March 14, 1936)
 * 2) Here's Howe (June 6, 1936)
 * 3) Punch and Beauty (August 6, 1936)
 * 4) The Choke's on You (September 12, 1936)
 * 5) The Blonde Bomber (November 28, 1936)
 * 6) Kick Me Again (February 6, 1937)
 * 7) Taking the Count (April 24, 1937)
 * 8) Thirst Aid (June 12, 1937)
 * 9) Calling All Kids (November 20, 1937)

All directed by Lloyd French and starring Robert Norton and Shemp Howard (except the last two with Beverly Phalon and Johnny Burkes).

title: Joe Palooka


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Musket

A musket is a muzzle-loaded long gun that appeared as a smoothbore weapon in the early 16th century, at first as a heavier variant of the arquebus, capable of penetrating plate armour. By the mid-16th century, this type of musket gradually disappeared as the use of heavy armour declined, but musket continued as the generic term for smoothbore long guns until the mid-19th century. In turn, this style of musket was retired in the 19th century when rifled muskets (simply called rifles in modern terminology) using the Minié ball (invented by Claude-Étienne Minié in 1849) became common. The development of breech-loading firearms using self-contained cartridges (introduced by Casimir Lefaucheux in 1835) and the first reliable repeating rifles produced by Winchester Repeating Arms Company in 1860 also led to their demise. By the time that repeating rifles became common, they were known as simply "rifles", ending the era of the musket.

Etymology
According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, firearms were often named after animals, and the word musket derived from the French word mousquette, which is a male sparrowhawk. An alternative theory is that derives from the 16th-century French mousquet, -ette, from the Italian moschetti, -etta, meaning the bolt of a crossbow. The Italian moschetti is a diminutive of mosca, a fly.

Terminology
The first recorded usage of the term "musket" or moschetti appeared in Europe in the year 1499. Evidence of the musket as a type of firearm does not appear until 1521 when it was used to describe a heavy arquebus capable of penetrating heavy armour. This version of the musket fell out of use after the mid-16th century with the decline of heavy armour; however, the term itself stuck around as a general descriptor for "shoulder arms" fire weapons into the 19th century. The differences between the arquebus and musket post-16th century are therefore not entirely clear, and the two have been used interchangeably on several occasions. According to historian David A. Parrot, the concept of the musket as a legitimate innovation is uncertain and may consist of nothing more than a name change.

Parts of a musket

Trigger guards began appearing in 1575.

Bayonets were attached to muskets in several parts of the world from the late 16th to 17th centuries.

Locks came in many different varieties. Early matchlock and wheel lock mechanisms were replaced by later flintlock mechanisms and finally percussion locks. In some parts of the world, such as China and Japan, the flintlock mechanism never caught on and they continued using matchlocks until the 19th century when percussion locks were introduced.

In the latter half of the 18th century, several improvements were added to the musket. In 1750, a detent was added to prevent the sear from catching in the half-cock notch. A roller bearing was introduced in 1770 to reduce friction and increase sparks. In 1780, waterproof pans were added.

The phrase "lock, stock, and barrel" refers to the three main parts of a musket.

Ammunition
Sixteenth- and 17th-century musketeers used bandoliers which held their pre-measured charges and lead balls.

The Minié ball, which despite its name was actually bullet-shaped and not ball-shaped, was developed in the 1840s. The Minié ball had an expanding skirt which was intended to be used with rifled barrels, leading to what was called the rifled musket, which came into widespread use in the mid-19th century. The Minié ball was small enough in diameter that it could be loaded as quickly as a round ball, even with a barrel that had been fouled with black powder residue after firing many shots, and the expanding skirt of the Minié ball meant that it would still form a tight fit with the barrel and impart a good spin into the round when fired. This gave the rifled musket an effective range of several hundred yards, which was a significant improvement over the smooth bore musket. For example, combat ranges of 300 yd were achievable using the rifled muskets during the American Civil War.

Musketeers often used paper cartridges, which served a purpose similar to that of modern metallic cartridges in combining bullet and powder charge. A musket cartridge consisted of a pre-measured amount of black powder and ammunition such as a round ball, Nessler ball or Minié ball all wrapped up in paper. Cartridges would then be placed in a cartridge box, which would typically be worn on the musketeer's belt during a battle. Unlike a modern cartridge, this paper cartridge was not simply loaded into the weapon and fired. Instead, the musketeer would tear open the paper (usually with his teeth), pour some of the powder into the pan and the rest into the barrel, follow it with the ammunition (and the paper as wadding if not using a Minié ball), then use the ramrod as normal to push it all into the barrel. While not as fast as loading a modern cartridge, this method did significantly speed up the loading process since the pre-measured charges meant that the musketeer did not have to carefully measure out the black powder with every shot.

Accessories

Some ramrods were equipped with threaded ends, allowing different attachments to be used. One of the more common attachments was a ball screw or ball puller, which was a screw that could be screwed into the lead ball to remove it if it had become jammed in the barrel, similar to the way that a corkscrew is used to remove a wine cork. Another attachment was called a worm, which was used to clear debris from the barrel, such as paper wadding that had not been expelled. Some worm designs were sturdy enough that they could be used to remove stuck ammunition. The worm could also be used with a small piece of cloth for cleaning. A variation on the worm called the "screw and wiper" combined the typical design of a worm with a ball puller's screw.

Heavy arquebus
The heavy arquebus known as the musket appeared in Europe by 1521. In response to firearms, thicker armour was produced, from 15 kg in the 15th century to 25 kg in the late 16th century. Armour that was 2 mm thick required nearly three times as much energy to penetrate as did armour that was only 1 mm thick. During the siege of Parma in 1521, many Spanish soldiers reportedly used an "arquebus with rest", a weapon much larger and more powerful than the regular arquebus. However, at this point, long-barrelled, musket-calibre weapons had been in use as wall-defence weapons in Europe for almost a century.

The musketeers were the first infantry to give up armour entirely. Musketeers began to take cover behind walls or in sunken lanes and sometimes acted as skirmishers to take advantage of their ranged weapons. In England, the musket barrel was cut down from 4 ft to 3 ft around 1630. The number of musketeers relative to pikemen increased partly because they were now more mobile than pikemen.

Muskets of the 16th to 19th centuries were accurate enough to hit a target of 50 cm in diameter at a distance of 100 m. At the same distance, musket bullets could penetrate a steel bib about 4 mm thick, or a wooden shield about 130 mm thick. The maximum range of the bullet was 1100 m. The speed of the bullets was between 450 and 540 m/s, and the kinetic energy was 3000–4000 J.

Flintlock musket

The heavy musket went out of favour around the same time the snaphance flintlock was invented in Europe, in 1550. The snaphance was followed by the "true" flintlock in the late 17th century. While the heavy variant of the arquebus died out due to the decline of heavy armour, the term "musket" itself stuck around as a general term for 'shoulder arms' fireweapons, replacing "arquebus," and remained until the 1800s. The differences between the arquebus and musket post-16th century are therefore not entirely clear, and the two have been used interchangeably on several occasions. Flintlocks are not usually associated with arquebuses.

A variation of the musket known as the caliver, a standardized "calibre" (spelled "caliber" in the US), appeared in Europe around 1567–9. According to Jacob de Gheyn, the caliver was a smaller musket that did not require a fork rest. Benerson Little described it as a "light musket".

Asia

Matchlock firearms were used in India by 1500, in Đại Việt by 1516, and in Southeast Asia by 1540. According to a Burmese source from the late 15th century, King Minkhaung II would not dare attack the besieged town of Prome due to the defenders' use of cannon and small arms that were described as muskets, although these were probably early matchlock arquebuses or wall guns.

South Asia
The Portuguese may have introduced muskets to Sri Lanka during their conquest of the coastline and lowlands in 1505, as they regularly used short barrelled matchlocks during combat. However, P. E. P. Deraniyagala points out that the Sinhalese term for gun, 'bondikula', matches the Arabic term for gun, 'bunduk'. Also, certain technical aspects of the early Sri Lankan matchlock were similar to the matchlocks used in the Middle East, thus forming the generally accepted theory that the musket was not entirely new to the island by the time the Portuguese came. In any case, soon native Sri Lankan kingdoms, most notably the Kingdom of Sitawaka and the Kingdom of Kandy, manufactured hundreds of Lankan muskets, with a unique bifurcated stock, longer barrel and smaller calibre, which made it more efficient in directing and using the energy of the gunpowder. These were mastered by the Sri Lankan soldiers to the point where, according to the Portuguese chronicler, Queirós, they could "fire at night to put out a match" and "by day at 60 paces would sever a knife with four or five bullets" and "send as many on the same spot in the target."

Middle East
Despite initial reluctance, the Safavid Empire of Persia rapidly acquired the art of making and using handguns. A Venetian envoy, Vincenzo di Alessandri, in a report presented to the Council of Ten on 24 September 1572, observed:

"They used for arms, swords, lances, arquebuses, which all the soldiers carry and use; their arms are also superior and better tempered than those of any other nation. The barrels of the arquebuses are generally six spans long and carry a ball little less than three ounces in weight. They use them with such facility that it does not hinder them drawing their bows nor handling their swords, keeping the latter hung at their saddle bows till occasion requires them. The arquebus is then put away behind the back so that one weapon does not impede the use of the other."

Japan

During the Sengoku period of Japan, arquebuses were introduced by Portuguese merchantmen from the region of Alentejo in 1543 and by the 1560s were being mass-produced locally. By the end of the 16th century, the production of firearms in Japan reached enormous proportions, which allowed for a successful military operation in Korea during the Japanese invasions of Korea. Korean chief state councillor Ryu Seong-ryong noted the clear superiority of the Japanese musketeers over the Korean archers:

"In the 1592 invasion, everything was swept away. Within a fortnight or a month the cities and fortresses were lost, and everything in the eight directions had crumbled. Although it was [partly] due to there having been a century of peace and the people not being familiar with warfare that this happened, it was really because the Japanese had the use of muskets that could reach beyond several hundred paces, that always pierced what they struck, that came like the wind and the hail, and with which bows and arrows could not compare."

China
Arquebuses were imported by the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) at an uncertain point, but the Ming only began fielding matchlocks in 1548. The Chinese used the term "bird-gun" to refer to arquebuses and Turkish arquebuses may have reached China before Portuguese ones. In Zhao Shizhen's book of 1598 AD, the Shenqipu, there were illustrations of Ottoman Turkish musketeers with detailed illustrations of their muskets, alongside European musketeers with detailed illustrations of their muskets. There was also illustration and description of how the Chinese had adopted the Ottoman kneeling position in firing while using European-made muskets, though Zhao Shizhen described the Turkish muskets as being superior to the European muskets. The Wu Pei Chih (1621) later described Turkish muskets that used a rack and pinion mechanism, which was not known to have been used in any European or Chinese firearms at the time.

Korea

In Korea, the Joseon dynasty underwent a devastating war with the newly unified Japan that lasted from 1592 to 1598. The shock of this encounter spurred the court to undergo a process of military strengthening. One of the core elements of military strengthening was to adopt the musket. According to reformers, "In recent times in China they did not have muskets; they first learned about them from the Wokou pirates in Zhejiang Province. Qi Jiguang trained troops in their use for several years until they [muskets] became one of the skills of the Chinese, who subsequently used them to defeat the Japanese." By 1607 Korean musketeers had been trained in the fashion which Qi Jiguang prescribed, and a drill manual had been produced based on the Chinese leader's Jixiao Xinshu. Of the volley fire, the manual says that "every musketeer squad should either divide into two musketeers per layer or one and deliver fire in five volleys or in ten." Another Korean manual produced in 1649 describes a similar process: "When the enemy approaches to within a hundred paces, a signal gun is fired and a conch is blown, at which the soldiers stand. Then a gong is sounded, the conch stops blowing, and the heavenly swan [a double-reed horn] is sounded, at which the musketeers fire in concert, either all at once or in five volleys (齊放一次盡擧或分五擧)." This training method proved to be quite formidable in the 1619 Battle of Sarhu, in which 10,000 Korean musketeers managed to kill many Manchus before their allies surrendered. While Korea went on to lose both wars against the Manchu invasions of 1627 and 1636, their musketeers were well respected by Manchu leaders. It was the first Qing emperor Hong Taiji who wrote: "The Koreans are incapable on horseback but do not transgress the principles of the military arts. They excel at infantry fighting, especially in musketeer tactics."

Afterwards, the Qing dynasty requested Joseon to aid in their border conflict with Russia. In 1654, 370 Russians engaged a 1,000-man Qing-Joseon force at the mouth of the Songhua River and were defeated by Joseon musketeers. In 1658, five hundred Russians engaged a 1,400-strong Qing-Joseon force and were defeated again by Joseon musketeers. Under the Three Branch System, similar to the Spanish Tercio, Joseon organized their army under firearm troops (artillery and musketeers), archers, and pikemen or swordsmen. The percentage of firearms in the Joseon army rose dramatically as a result of the shorter training period for firearms. In addition, the sulphur mines discovered in Jinsan reduced the expense of producing gunpowder. Under the reign of Sukjong of Joseon (1700s), 76.4% of the local standing army in Chungcheong were musketeers. Under the reign of King Yeongjo, Yoon Pil-Un, Commander of the Sua-chung, improved on firearms with the Chunbochong (천보총), which had a greater range of fire than the existing ones. Its usage is thought to have been similar to the Afghan jezail or American long rifle.

Outside Eurasia
During the Musket Wars period in New Zealand, between 1805 and 1843, at least 500 conflicts took place between various Māori tribes—often using trade muskets in addition to traditional Māori weapons. The muskets were initially cheap Birmingham muskets designed for the use of coarse grain black powder. Maori favoured the shorter barrel versions. Some tribes took advantage of runaway sailors and escaped convicts to expand their understanding of muskets. Early missionaries—one of whom was a trained gunsmith—refused to help Māori repair muskets. Later, common practice was to enlarge the percussion hole and to hold progressively smaller lead balls between the fingers so that muskets could fire several shots without having to remove fouling. Likewise, Māori resorted to thumping the butt of the musket on the ground to settle the ball instead of using a ramrod. Māori favoured the use of the double-barrel shot gun (Tuparra – two barrel) during fighting often using women to reload the weapons when fighting from a Pā (fortified village or hillfort). They often resorted to using nails, stones or anything convenient as "shot". From the 1850s, Māori were able to obtain superior military style muskets with greater range. One of the authors was a Pakeha (European) who lived among Māori, spoke the language fluently, had a Māori wife and took part in many intertribal conflicts as a warrior.

Replacement by the rifle

The musket was a smoothbore firearm and lacked rifling grooves that would have spun the bullet in such a way as to increase its accuracy. The last contact with the musket barrel gives the ball a spin around an axis at right angles to the direction of flight. The aerodynamics result in the ball veering off in a random direction from the aiming point. The practice of rifling, putting grooves in the barrel of a weapon, causing the projectile to spin on the same axis as the line of flight, prevented this veering off from the aiming point. Rifles already existed in Europe by the late 15th century, but they were primarily used as sporting weapons and had little presence in warfare. The problem with rifles was the tendency for powder fouling to accumulate in the rifling, making the piece more difficult to load with each shot. Eventually, the weapon could not be loaded until the bore was wiped clean. For this reason, smoothbore muskets remained the primary firearm of most armies until the mid-19th century. It was not until 1611 that rifles started seeing some limited usage in warfare by Denmark. Around 1750, rifles began to be used by skirmishers of Frederick the Great, recruited in 1744 from a Jäger unit of game-keepers and foresters, but the rifle's slow rate of fire still restricted their usage.

The invention of the Minié ball in 1849 solved both major problems of muzzle-loading rifles. Rifled muskets of the mid-19th century, like the Springfield Model 1861 which dealt heavy casualties at the Battle of Four Lakes, were significantly more accurate, with the ability to hit a man-sized target at a distance of 500 yd or more. The smoothbore musket generally allowed no more than 300 yd with any accuracy.

The Crimean War (1853–1856) saw the first widespread use of the rifled musket for the common infantryman and by the time of the American Civil War (1861–1865) most infantry were equipped with the rifled musket. These were far more accurate than smoothbore muskets and had a far longer range, while preserving the musket's comparatively faster reloading rate. Their use led to a decline in the use of massed attacking formations, as these formations were too vulnerable to the accurate, long-range fire a rifle could produce. In particular, attacking troops were within range of the defenders for a longer period of time, and the defenders could also fire at them more quickly than before. As a result, while 18th-century attackers would only be within range of the defenders' weapons for the time it would take to fire a few shots, late-19th-century attackers might suffer dozens of volleys before they drew close to the defenders, with correspondingly high casualty rates. However, the use of massed attacks on fortified positions were not immediately replaced with new tactics, and as a result, major wars of the late 19th century and early 20th century tended to produce very high casualty figures.

Operation
Many soldiers preferred to reduce the standard musket reloading procedures to increase the speed of fire. This statement is from Thomas Anburey who served as a lieutenant in Burgoyne's army: "Here I cannot help observing to you, whether it proceeded from an idea of self-preservation, or natural instinct, but the soldiers greatly improved the mode they were taught in, as to expedition. For as soon as they had primed their pieces and put the cartridge into the barrel, instead of ramming it down with their rods, they struck the butt end of the piece upon the ground, and bringing it to the present, fired it off". This practice was known as 'tap-loading'.

Countermarch
As muskets became the default weapon of armies, the slow reloading time became an increasing problem. The difficulty of reloading—and thus the time needed to do it—was diminished by making the musket ball much smaller than the internal diameter of the barrel, so as the interior of the barrel became dirty from soot from previously fired rounds, the musket ball from the next shot could still be easily rammed. To keep the ball in place once the weapon was loaded, it would be partially wrapped in a small piece of cloth. However, the smaller ball could move within the barrel as the musket was fired, decreasing the accuracy of musket fire (it was complained that it took a man's weight in lead musket balls to kill him).

The development of volley fire—by the Ottomans, the Chinese, the Japanese, and the Dutch—made muskets more feasible for widespread adoption by the military. The volley fire technique transformed soldiers carrying firearms into organized firing squads with each row of soldiers firing in turn and reloading in a systematic fashion. Volley fire was implemented with cannons as early as 1388 by Ming artillerists, but volley fire with matchlocks was not implemented until 1526 when the Ottoman Janissaries used it during the Battle of Mohács. The matchlock volley fire technique was next seen in mid-16th-century China as pioneered by Qi Jiguang and in late-16th-century Japan. Qi Jiguang elaborates on his countermarch volley fire technique in the Jixiao Xinshu:

"All the musketeers, when they get near the enemy are not allowed to fire early, and they're not allowed to just fire everything off in one go, [because] whenever the enemy then approaches close, there won't be enough time to load the guns (銃裝不及), and frequently this mismanagement costs the lives of many people. Thus, whenever the enemy gets to within a hundred paces' distance, they [the musketeers] are to wait until they hear a blast on the bamboo flute, at which they deploy themselves in front of the troops, with each platoon (哨) putting in front one team (隊). They [the musketeer team members] wait until they hear their own leader fire a shot, and only then are they allowed to give fire. Each time the trumpet gives a blast, they fire one time, spread out in battle array according to the drilling patterns. If the trumpet keeps blasting without stopping, then they are allowed to fire all together until their fire is exhausted, and it's not necessary [in this case] to divide into layers."

Frederick Lewis Taylor claims that a kneeling volley fire may have been employed by Prospero Colonna's arquebusiers as early as the Battle of Bicocca (1522). However, this has been called into question by Tonio Andrade who believes this is an over interpretation as well as mis-citation of a passage by Charles Oman suggesting that the Spanish arquebusiers kneeled to reload, when in fact Oman never made such a claim. This is contested by Idan Sherer, who quotes Paolo Giovio saying that the arquebusiers kneeled to reload so that the second line of arquebusiers could fire without endangering those in front of them.

European gunners might have implemented countermarch to some extent since at least 1579 when the Englishman Thomas Digges suggested that musketeers should, "after the old Romane manner make three or four several fronts, with convenient spaces for the first to retire and unite himselfe with the second, and both these if occasion so require, with the third; the shot [musketeers] having their convenient lanes continually during the fight to discharge their peces." The Spanish too displayed some awareness of the volley technique. Martín de Eguiluz described it in the military manual, Milicia, Discurso y Regla Militar, dating to 1586: "Start with three files of five soldiers each, separated one from the other by fifteen paces, and they should comport themselves not with fury but with calm skillfulness [con reposo diestramente] such that when the first file has finished shooting they make space for the next (which is coming up to shoot) without turning face, countermarching [contrapassando] to the left but showing the enemy only the side of their bodies, which is the narrowest of the body, and [taking their place at the rear] about one to three steps behind, with five or six pellets in their mouths, and two lighted matchlock fuses ... and they load [their pieces] promptly ... and return to shoot when it's their turn again." Most historians, including Geoffrey Parker, have ignored Eguiluz, and have erroneously attributed the invention of the countermarch to Maurice of Nassau, although the publication of the Milicia, Discurso y Regla Militar antedates Maurice's first letter on the subject by two years. Regardless, it is clear that the concept of volley fire had existed in Europe for quite some time during the 16th century, but it was in the Netherlands during the 1590s that the musketry volley really took off. The key to this development was William Louis, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg who in 1594 described the technique in a letter to his cousin:

"I have discovered ... a method of getting the musketeers and soldiers armed with arquebuses not only to keep firing very well but to do it effectively in battle order ... in the following manner: as soon as the first rank has fired together, then by the drill [they have learned] they will march to the back. The second rank, either marching forward or standing still, [will next] fire together [and] then march to the back. After that, the third and following ranks will do the same. Thus before the last ranks have fired, the first will have reloaded."

Light infantry
In the 18th century, regular light infantry began to emerge. In contrast to the front-line infantry, they fought in the loose formation, used natural shelters and terrain folds. In addition, they were better prepared to target single targets. This type of troops was designed to fight against irregular enemy troops, such as militia, guerrillas and natives. At the beginning of the 19th century, the number of light infantry increased dramatically. In the French army, light infantry accounted for 25% of the infantry. In the Russian Army, 50 light infantry regiments and one company in each battalion were formed, which accounted for about 40% of light infantry in the entire infantry.

Attack column
In the 19th century, a new tactic was devised by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars. This was the ' colonne d'attaque', or attack column, consisting of one regiment up to two brigades of infantry. Instead of advancing slowly all across the battlefield in line formations, the French infantry were brought forward in such columns, preceded by masses of skirmishers to cover and mask their advance. The column would then normally deploy into line right before engaging the enemy with either fire or bayonet. This allowed the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic infantry a much greater degree of mobility compared to their Ancien Régime opponents, and also allowed much closer cooperation of infantry with cavalry and artillery, which were free to move in between the infantry columns of the former rather than being trapped in between the linear formation of the latter. The colonne d'attaque was henceforth adopted by all European armies during and after the Napoleonic Wars. While some British historians, such as Sir Charles Oman, have postulated that it was the standard French tactic to charge enemy lines of infantry head on with their columns, relying on the morale effect of the huge column, and hence were often beaten off by the devastating firepower of the redcoats, more current research into the subject has revealed that such occasions were far from the norm, and that the French normally tried deploying into lines before combat as well.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Musket


text:
Coining (metalworking)

Coining is a form of precision stamping in which a workpiece is subjected to a sufficiently high stress to induce plastic flow on the surface of the material. A beneficial feature is that in some metals, the plastic flow reduces surface grain size, and work hardens the surface, while the material deeper in the part retains its toughness and ductility. The term comes from the initial use of the process: manufacturing of coins.

Coining is used to manufacture parts for all industries and is commonly used when high relief or very fine features are required. For example, it is used to produce coins, badges, buttons, precision-energy springs and precision parts with small or polished surface features.

Coining is a cold working process similar in other respects to forging, which takes place at elevated temperature; it uses a great deal of force to elastically deform a workpiece, so that it conforms to a die. Coining can be done using a gear driven press, a mechanical press, or more commonly, a hydraulically actuated press. Coining typically requires higher tonnage presses than stamping, because the workpiece is elastically deformed and not actually cut, as in some other forms of stamping. The coining process is preferred when there is a high tonnage.

Coining in electronic industry
In soldering of electronic components, bumps are formed on bonding pads to enhance adhesion, which are further flattened by the coining process. Unlike typical coining applications, in this case the goal of coining is to create a flat, rather than patterned, surface.

title: Coining (metalworking)


text:
Talk:Cave painting

History of discovery section
Doesn't contain a single word about the history of any of these caves' discovery. That's odd. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.147.139.206 (talk) 11:19, 9 May 2018 (UTC)

Untitled
A new dating method just found the Spanish cave paintings to be over 40 000 years old - ten thousand years older than the French cave paintings: http://www.ajc.com/news/nation-world/spanish-cave-paintings-shown-1458067.html Can someone edit the article to reflect this?76.110.169.129 (talk) 07:15, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

Coa Valley in Portugal
I think the Coa Valley should be included in the European section. It is featured in the UNESCO World Heritage site (http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/866)

Ruimiguelvieira (talk) 09:27, 6 July 2011 (UTC)

cave painting with children
just saw this in the news sky news bbc with video lots of other hits on a google news search for cave painting at the moment. EdwardLane (talk) 17:13, 30 September 2011 (UTC)

Paint manufacture
Prehistoric paint manufacture NY times report here and a google search with a tack more articles here. EdwardLane (talk) 20:25, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

Expanding on this thought, shouldn't there be a brief overview in its own section of their manufacture? Currently most of it is under the section entitled "1.2 Subjects, themes and patterns". A new section would focus on the materials used to make the art (charcoal, pigment sources as mentioned, grinding, mixing and any heating of pigments, what colors they had to work with, etc.), where they get them from (nearby rocks, animals, etc.), and different methods of painting (finger fluting, brushes, any drying period needed, etc. -- this would include integrating both mentions on hand stencils in this page here) I realize finger fluting for instance has its own page, but a simple line about it seems in order. Skingski (talk) 00:16, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

File:20,000 Year Old Cave Paintings Hyena.gif Nominated for Deletion
The result was Keep EdwardLane (talk) 10:03, 15 June 2012 (UTC)

Verify source request for Guthrie
Requested verification for the following statement: "He hypothesizes that the main themes in the paintings and other artifacts (powerful beasts, risky hunting scenes and the representation of women in the Venus figurines) are the fantasies of adolescent males, who constituted a large part of the human population at the time."

Review of the excerpt in the link provided does not support the statement as is. Specifically, Guthrie states: "My main conclusion is that preserved Paleolithic art, unlike most 'tribal art,' is a graphic expression whose articulation we can largely comprehend, and that the perspective of natural history offers an essential dimension to that appreciation; it is the 'code-breaker.'"

This is quite different from blankly attributing the art to "the fantasies of adolescent males", although that's part of it. If the work elsewhere supports the claim in the article, a page number is needed. Else, the article should be reworded. Richigi (talk) 00:56, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

Painted "Venus" figures
This article claims (under the Themes and patterns section) that the Venus figurine has no equivalent in cave paintings. The Chauvet article, however, describes a partial Venus. While the occurrence admittedly seems rare, can it be discarded? Or is the Chauvet article stretching a point? There's no inline citation for either claim. Richigi (talk) 01:07, 31 December 2012 (UTC)

Gobustan National Park
I think the Gobustan National Park should be included in this article. It was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site considered to be of "outstanding universal value" for the quality and density of its rock art engravings in 2007. Shahin44 (talk) 05:03, 21 January 2013 (UTC)
 * Shahin44, the Gobustan site is important, but this article is about cave painting. I believe the Gobustan art is petroglyphs on boulders; it's mentioned in the petroglyph article. Richigi (talk) 02:04, 7 March 2013 (UTC)

Earliest cave paintings
My preference would be to identify Chauvet as the earliest cave paintings in the lead. Maybe we could specify "earliest figurative cave paintings." I understand that the El Castillo paintings are earlier, but when most people think of paintings, they think of the figurative art as at Chauvet, Lascaux, and Altamira. It seems like the "paintings" at El Castillo are more like scribbles. TimidGuy (talk) 10:20, 17 October 2013 (UTC)

Hand Stencils
Any support for a separate section or article for primitive hand stencils? Kortoso (talk) 17:53, 9 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Given the recent dating by Aubert at Maros in Sulawesi, I think there's a good case for a separate section, because of their significance. Except that the current arrangement here by geographic location is very neat. Martinevans123 (talk) 17:57, 9 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure what you mean by "neat". Hand stencils appear to be mixed in with the other art. Kortoso (talk) 23:13, 9 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Sorry, I meant that the main bulk of the article is organised by geographic location, in a very logical way. But there is no reson why a new sub-section could not be added under "Themes and patterns". Martinevans123 (talk) 11:18, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * A paragraph in that section would be fine, and enough. There are many other sites where only they and small patterns appear. Johnbod (talk) 14:12, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Good suggestion. We do need to add this discovery to the article and to change the lead. Unlike El Castillo, Maros has figurative art. Would be nice if we could still include Chauvet in the second sentence of the lead while adding Maros. TimidGuy (talk) 14:16, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

 * A decent site to cite: http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/hands/ Kortoso (talk) 16:37, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Done that. Johnbod (talk) 18:09, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * We (and the press headlines) are not yet quite right here. I've added researcher quotes to the refs, but the text needs to reflect these properly:

 * Sulawesi: Ghosh, Pallab. "Cave paintings change ideas about the origin of art". BBC News. BBC News. "The minimum age for (the outline of the hand) is 39,900 years old, which makes it the oldest hand stencil in the world," said Dr Aubert. "Next to it is a pig that has a minimum age of 35,400 years old, and this is one of the oldest figurative depictions in the world, if not the oldest one," he told BBC News. There are also paintings in the caves that are around 27,000 years old, which means that the inhabitants were painting for at least 13,000 years."

 * Spain: Pike, A. W. G.; Hoffmann, D. L.; García-Diaz, M.; Pettitt, P. B.; Alcolea, J.; De Balbín, R.; González-Sainz, C.; de las Heras, C.; Lasheras, J. A.; Zilhão, J. (15 June 2012). Science 336 (6087). pp. 1409–1413. doi:10.1126/science.1219957. Abstract: "... minimum ages of 40.8 thousand years for a red disk, 37.3 thousand years for a hand stencil, and 35.6 thousand years for a claviform-like symbol".

So the Spanish red disk is still ahead by a nose, but Sulawesi has the oldest animal. Note these datings change all the time - both refs are from the last 2 years. Johnbod (talk) 18:09, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * I think sorted now. Johnbod (talk) 18:54, 10 October 2014 (UTC)
 * The article still calls them thus: ".. hand prints. About 1500 negative handprints.. " - should this say "hand stencil"? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 19:01, 10 October 2014 (UTC)

Coliboaia Cave in Romania
I removed a statement from the lead placing these paintings among the earliest, along with Chauvet, because my understanding is that they haven't yet been dated. The only dating I could find in Google Scholar was a speculative statement by Clottes. And even that was very general. TimidGuy (talk) 10:16, 24 December 2014 (UTC)

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Article needs a rewrite
Based on these new important events ( http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6378/912 ) someone updated the article in the "Age" section, but the intro is still the old one. I think it needs a complete overhaul with the new info. 92.56.37.129 (talk) 20:05, 6 March 2018 (UTC)

This has more implications for Neanderthal behavior than for cave painting. The fact that we may have found a hand stencil made by Neanderthals does not change the bulk of information to be discussed under "cave art", as the article topic is not "which is the oldest dated cave art", but "give an overview of all notable traditions of cave art worldwide, from the Paleolithic to recent times". --dab (𒁳) 06:09, 30 August 2018 (UTC)

"right hand"?

a left hand looks just like the "right hand" stencil, when looking at its front. In the Cave_painting#East_and_Southeast_Asia section, I deleted "the stencils of right hands shown" for this reason. 2A01:E0A:1DC:4570:FD72:89DB:28C1:7C15 (talk) 04:43, 9 April 2024 (UTC)

 * Yes, that claim seems not to have been sourced. But what about these claims, under "South America":
 * Most of the hands are left hands, which suggests that painters held the spraying pipe with their right hand. Expert analysis must be able to determine which had was used? Thanks. Martinevans123 (talk) 08:25, 9 April 2024 (UTC)
 * unfortunately (or not) we have a policy to NOT discuss even obvious bullshit as long as it is published under university umbrella (assuming the provided reference actually says that, as quite often it doesn't, or with caveat; I even came across situation where the provided ref told the very opposite). It would require some opposing university reference, that I cannot provide.
 * But we can rephrase in a less affirmative tone 2A01:E0A:1DC:4570:FD72:89DB:28C1:7C15 2A01:E0A:1DC:4570:B10E:1AE6:E159:1BD7 (talk) 21:44, 10 April 2024 (UTC)

New oldest animal cave painting
New oldest animal cave painting found yesterday! Can't edit lately, so I'll do a source dump here.

https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/04/science/indonesia-oldest-narrative-cave-art-scn-intl-hnk/index.html

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/worlds-oldest-cave-painting-least-51200-years-old-scientists-say-rcna160304

https://www.theguardian.com/science/article/2024/jul/03/oldest-picture-story-cave-painting-indonesia-record-51000-years

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07541-7

TheWikiToby (talk) 17:08, 4 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cave painting


text:
Julius Knipl, Real Estate Photographer

Julius Knipl, Real Estate Photographer was a weekly comic strip written and drawn by Ben Katchor from 1988 to 1998. It was first published in The New York Press and subsequently self-syndicated to various alternative weekly newspapers including The Washington DC City Paper, Chicago NewCity, Philadelphia City Paper, San Francisco Weekly, The Forward (English-language), The Village Voice and others.

Katchor embodies his love of the fading small-business community in an imaginary East Coast city in the title character, a small businessman who wanders the streets taking pictures and being sidetracked into surreal escapades. Strips often depict Knipl's chance encounters with obscure, marginal businesses (e.g. a company that distributes newspaper weights to newsstands), eccentric hobbyists, and enigmatic details of the urban landscape. There is rarely continuity between the strips, and Knipl is the only recurring character.

A collection of Julius Knipl strips was published in 1991 by Penguin Books (as a RAW One-Shot) as Cheap Novelties: The Pleasures of Urban Decay. Another collection was published in 1996 by Little, Brown and Company under the title Julius Knipl, Real Estate Photographer: Stories. Pantheon Books published a third volume of strips, The Beauty Supply District, in 2000. Each book includes one long story in addition to the self-contained weekly strips. Translated collections of the strip in French and Japanese have also been released.

NPR's Weekend Edition Saturday ran audio versions of several Julius Knipl stories in 1995 and 1996, narrated by Katchor and starring Jerry Stiller in the title role.

The word knipl means roughly "nest egg" or housewife hidden savings in Yiddish.

Publication
In 1988 publisher Russ Smith approached Raw co-editor Art Spiegelman about comic strips for the weekly alternative newspaper New York Press. Spiegelman recommended Katchor, whom he had published in Raw. Katchor has since produced the strip weekly, and it has been carried by other alternative weeklies as well, such as The Forward and The Village Voice.

When the Village Voice canceled the strip in 1995, Katchor set up an illuminated "Julius Knipl Reading Box" for the public to read his new installments, on display in the window of a B&H Dairy or outside his neighborhood Papaya King.

Strips from the series have appeared in the collections Cheap Novelties: The Pleasures of Urban Decay (1991), Julius Knipl, Real Estate Photographer: Stories (1996), Julius Knipl, Real Estate Photographer: The Beauty Supply (2000).

Style and analysis
Katchor draws the strip in a loose, sketchy pen-and-ink style overlaid with a gray watercolor wash. The backgrounds are detailed and drawn from a wide variety of shifting perspectives. A typical strip is made up of eight or nine panels captioned with crooked, hand-lettered boxes. The captions and drawings often follow independent narrative threads, sometimes with ironic effects, with the captions contradicting or reinforcing the visuals.

The dreamlike strip displays a nostalgic tone for an imaginary East Coast city, and its working class, immigrant population in particular. The strip's city is populated with small businesses that had never existed and that are often implausible, but reminiscent of a New York in the days of large numbers of immigrants before the dominance of large corporate chains.

title: Julius Knipl, Real Estate Photographer


text:
Huntley Gordon

Huntley Ashworth Gordon (October 8, 1879 – December 7, 1956) was a Canadian actor who began his career in the Silent Film era.

Profile
Gordon was born in Montreal, Quebec, educated in both Canada and England. He had various jobs including working in a bank, in a silver mine, contracting, as a commercial traveller, and being a cigarette factory owner before settling on the stage and at one time acted with Ethel Barrymore. His Broadway credits included Life (1914) and Our Mrs. McChesney (1915).

He began his screen career in 1916 when given a chance by Thomas Ince. Gordon was once a model for Arrow Collars; he was once painted by American commercial illustrator J. C. Leyendecker.

He served in the Canadian Army during World War I and began a career in motion pictures in England where he had been stationed during the war. With his suave manner and classic good looks he was sought out in Hollywood, California where he acted in both silent and talking films.

In Hollywood, he appeared in numerous films including starring opposite Gloria Swanson in the 1923 film Bluebeard's 8th Wife. That same year he starred in The Wanters with Norma Shearer and Marie Prevost.

For most of his career, Gordon traveled between America and Britain, making films in both countries, appearing in more than 120 films. He was with MGM studios when he retired from film in 1940 and invested in the manufacture of silk stockings, a lucrative business at a time when Canadian and British women could not get them due to the rationing brought on by the Second World War. Although he no longer made motion pictures, Huntley Gordon remained active in the world of network radio.

Gordon died of a heart attack in Van Nuys, California, and was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.

Partial filmography

 * The Conflict (1916)
 * The Eleventh Commandment (1918)
 * Men (1918)
 * The Common Cause (1919)
 * The Unknown Quantity (1919)
 * The Glorious Lady (1919)
 * Atonement (1919)
 * Out Yonder (1919)
 * Out of the Snows (1920)
 * The Frisky Mrs. Johnson (1920)
 * Red Foam (1920)
 * Enchantment (1921)
 * Chivalrous Charley (1921)
 * Society Snobs (1921)
 * Tropical Love (1921)
 * The Girl from Nowhere (1921)
 * At the Stage Door (1921)
 * Beyond the Rainbow (1922)
 * What Fools Men Are (1922)
 * When the Desert Calls (1922)
 * Reckless Youth (1922)
 * What's Wrong with the Women? (1922)
 * Why Announce Your Marriage? (1922)
 * His Wife's Husband (1922)
 * The Famous Mrs. Fair (1923)
 * Your Friend and Mine (1923)
 * Bluebeard's 8th Wife (1923)
 * Chastity (1923)
 * The Social Code (1923)
 * The Wanters (1923)
 * Pleasure Mad (1923)
 * Shadows of Paris (1924)
 * True as Steel (1924)
 * The Enemy Sex (1924)
 * Wine (1924)
 * Daring Love (1924)
 * Married Flirts (1924)
 * So This Is Marriage (1924)
 * The Great Divide (1925)
 * Never the Twain Shall Meet (1925)
 * Her Second Chance (1926)
 * Silken Shackles (1926)
 * The Gilded Butterfly (1926)
 * The Golden Web (1926)
 * Lost at Sea (1926)
 * Sensation Seekers (1927)
 * Don't Tell the Wife (1927)
 * Gypsy of the North (1928)
 * A Certain Young Man (1928)
 * Name the Woman (1928)
 * Our Dancing Daughters (1928)
 * Outcast (1928)
 * Sinners in Love (1928)
 * Melody Lane (1929)
 * The Marriage Playground (1929)
 * New Movietone Follies of 1930 (1930)
 * Sally of the Subway (1932)
 * Night World (1932)
 * Broadway to Cheyenne (1932)
 * The Phantom Express (1932)
 * Speed Madness (1932)
 * Midnight Warning (1933)
 * Secrets (1933)
 * The World Gone Mad (1933)
 * Corruption (1933)
 * She Had to Choose (1934)
 * Their Big Moment (1934)
 * Dancing Man (1934)
 * Murder by Television (1935)
 * Daniel Boone (1936)
 * China Passage (1937)
 * Stage Door (1937)
 * Idol of the Crowds (1937)
 * Gangster's Boy (1938)
 * Mr. Wong in Chinatown (1939)
 * Phantom Of Chinatown (1940)

title: Huntley Gordon


text:
Swinfen

Swinfen is a small community about two miles south of Lichfield in the civil parish of Swinfen and Packington, Staffordshire.

Swinfen is referred to in the Domesday Book of 1086 when the Manor was held by the Bishop of Lichfield.

The present building known as Swinfen Hall Hotel was built as the Manor House in 1757.

Swinfen Hall Prison complete with staff accommodation, and a country craft centre, stands adjacent to the entrance to Swinfen Hall Hotel.

title: Swinfen


text:
Sweater

A sweater (North American English) or pullover, also called a jersey or jumper (British English and Australian English), is a piece of clothing, typically with long sleeves, made of knitted or crocheted material that covers the upper part of the body. When sleeveless, the garment is often called a slipover, tank top, or sweater vest. '''

Sweaters are worn by adults and children, often over a shirt, blouse, T-shirt, or another top, but sometimes next to the skin. Sweaters were traditionally made from wool but can now be made of cotton, synthetic fibers, or any combination of these. There are also seasonal sweaters, which around Christmas are often called "ugly sweaters".

Etymology
According to British dictionaries, "sweater" is used in British English in the same sense as in American English but "jumper" is commonly used instead (though some say that "sweater" is used for heavier ones worn for warmth). The Oxford English Dictionary states that in British usage sweaters are always pulled over the head and jumpers are not necessarily,  whereas most or all other British dictionaries disagree and say that sweaters are not necessarily pullovers or even say that jumpers are always pullovers, i.e. never open in front.

The Oxford English Dictionary gives "sweater" as appearing in 1882 and gives its definition as "A woolen vest or jersey worn in rowing or other athletic exercises, originally... to reduce one's weight; now commonly put on also before or after exercise to prevent taking cold. Hence a similar garment for general informal wear; a jumper or pullover"

According to most British dictionaries, British usage agrees with what American dictionaries describe as American English usage, according to which a sweater is either a pullover or a cardigan (which opens at the front). Almost all British dictionaries include cardigans as a type of sweater but at least one includes cardigans as a type of jumper (i.e. most British dictionaries consider "sweater" – and at least one considers "jumper" – to be a hypernym for both pullovers and cardigans). Colloquial and informal usage common in Britain is using the term “cardie” for a cardigan which usually refers to a button-front sweater.

Types and design
The term "sweater" is a catch-all for a variety of knit garments. Although the term often refers to a pullover, it can also refer to a cardigan, a garment that opens and fastens down the front. Within either group, there is a great variety of designs. Various necklines are found, although the V-neck, turtleneck, and crew neck are the most popular. The hemline is typically at hip height or slightly longer, just overlapping the waist of one's pants or skirt, but can vary significantly. It can range from just below the bust in women's garments to mid-thigh in either sex or even longer in a knitted variation of the poncho shirtdress. The sleeve length is also variable, ranging from full-length or three-quarters to short-sleeved, cap sleeves or sleeveless. The front seam or opening of a cardigan allows for further different styles, such as a surplice or a bolero jacket. All hems may have various types of borders, such as picots, ribbing, and frills.

Knitted fabrics are generally somewhat elastic and have a softer hand (feel or drape) than woven fabric. Sweaters that are more tightly fitted or have a soft drape may conform well to the body without requiring tailoring necessary in a woven garment such as darts, flares, and gores. Even when such shaping is used, it can be knit into the fabric itself, without requiring seams.

Another type is a sweater vest.

Nomenclature
A sweater with an open front fastened by buttons or a zipper is generally called a cardigan, but the nomenclature for other styles in different dialects can be quite confusing. In British English, a sweater may also be called a pullover, jumper, or jersey. In the United States, however, "jumper" refers to a style of women's sleeveless dress, worn over a blouse or shirt, and "jersey" refers to a knit shirt, especially if part of an athletic uniform. If sleeveless, such a garment may be called a "slipover" or "tank top" in British English, while "tank top" in US English refers to a sleeveless shirt or undershirt.

In the U.S. a sleeveless sweater may also be called a sweater vest, especially if it has a V-neck and somewhat formal appearance resembling a formal vest, a garment known as a waistcoat in the UK. In British English, "vest" refers to an undershirt. In South African English, a knitted sweater is always called a jersey, while sweater, when used, refers to a sweatshirt. In the sport of ice hockey, the top of a hockey player's uniform had traditionally been a sweater; and even though modern hockey uniform tops are more commonly a jersey they are typically referred to as a "hockey sweater," regardless of the style, but frequently, in the U.S. it is called a hockey "jersey".

See also:
 * List of American words not widely used in the United Kingdom
 * List of British words not widely used in the United States
 * List of words having different meanings in American and British English: A–L
 * List of words having different meanings in American and British English: M–Z

Customary wear
Thin sweaters may be worn tucked into the waistband of trousers; but otherwise, men's sweaters are worn untucked. Nonetheless, some individuals, including some television and film actors, have been known for wearing tucked-in sweaters.

Sweaters are a versatile item of clothing and can be worn on top of almost any outfit. Sports sweaters are often worn on tops of sports kit while traveling to or from a sports ground. Sweaters can be worn with a dress shirt underneath (and optionally a tie), which has the advantage of allowing the wearer to have the option of removing the sweater when it is uncomfortably warm and still looking presentable in many situations. Layering and the ease with which it allows for temperature regulation is a major benefit of the sweater as an article of clothing. Various methods have evolved for conveniently carrying a sweater, once removed. The three most common approaches are: around the waist (either loin cloth or knotted in front style) and over the shoulder.

In the late 20th century, the sweater increasingly came to be worn as an alternative to a shirt when finer materials made them more comfortable next to the skin.

Some people enjoy wearing Christmas-related sweaters around Christmas time to get into the festive spirit. Some women's sweaters are meant to be worn belted; a belt or drawstring is sometimes knitted into the sweater itself. Leggings are commonly worn with long sweaters or sweater dresses.

Care
Sweaters are often maintained by washing or dry cleaning and the use of a lint roller or pill razor. But airing (and rinsing in pure water if necessary) is considered better than washing with soap or another detergent, especially when not all of the natural oil (lanolin) has been removed from the wool. The use of detergent is in fact detrimental because it removes the lanolin, which helps the wool to repel and shed dirt as well as water. In fact, sweaters made from unscoured wool, such as some Irish Aran jumpers, remain wearable even when wet.

Ice hockey
The uniforms that present-day ice hockey players wear are referred to as "sweaters". This is because original uniforms were simply sweaters with the team's crest stitched on the front. However, as technology changed, so did the uniforms as actual sweaters absorbed too much moisture and became weighed down and cumbersome throughout the course of a game.

title: Sweater


text:
Del Lord

Delmer "Del" Lord (October 7, 1894 – March 23, 1970) was a Canadian film director and actor best known as a director of Three Stooges films.

Career
Delmer Lord was born in the small town of Grimsby, Ontario, Canada. Interested in the theatre, he traveled to New York City, then when fellow Canadian Mack Sennett offered him a job at his new Keystone Studios, Lord went on to work in Hollywood, California. There he played the driver of the Keystone Cops police van, appearing in many of the Cops' successful films.

Given a chance to direct, Del Lord became a specialist in automotive gags, rigging cars to explode, crash, fall apart, or dangle in precarious positions. Lord was responsible for a number of very successful comedies for Keystone and directed two feature films for Universal Pictures. However, the Great Depression plagued the film industry with budget cuts, and Sennett was forced to close his studio in 1933. Hal Roach launched a brief series of slapstick comedies with "The Taxi Boys" (Clyde Cook, Billy Gilbert, Billy Bevan, and other expressive comedians), and these films required outlandish visual gags and a fleet of crazy cars. Del Lord was the ideal man to direct, and he worked on these comedies exclusively for a year. After leaving Roach, Lord joined producer Phil Ryan's short-comedy unit at Paramount Pictures. During the summer of 1934 Lord took a job selling used cars at a relative's automobile agency. Producer Jules White, shopping for a Buick, encountered Lord at the agency and hired him to work at Columbia Pictures.

From 1935 to 1945, Lord directed some of Columbia's fastest and funniest two-reelers and is credited with developing the unique comic style of the Three Stooges. In addition to more than three dozen Stooges films, he directed or co-produced more than 200 motion pictures.

In 1936 a Canadian law required that American studios would have to release a certain quota of Canadian-made films in order to distribute their own Hollywood productions in Canada. Columbia sent some of its actors and crew members to Canada, including its Canadian-born employees. Del Lord made one feature film there, What Price Vengeance (1937).

Columbia promoted Lord to feature films in 1944. Curiously, most of Lord's Columbia features are action melodramas rather than slapstick comedies; he may have gotten these assignments based on his handling of his one previous Columbia feature, What Price Vengeance.

Lord worked briefly for Monogram Pictures in 1946, and returned to Columbia in 1948. In 1952 he directed Buster Keaton in an industrial featurette, A Paradise for Buster. Del Lord can be seen in an episode of TV's This Is Your Life, honoring Lord's old boss Mack Sennett.

Death
Del Lord died on March 23, 1970, in Calabasas, California, and is interred in the Olivewood Memorial Park, in Riverside, California.

Popular culture
Two rock bands took their names from the Stooges' frequently credited director: the Del-Lourds (of New Jersey, 1963) and the Del Lords (of New York, 1983-90 and 2010-13).

Selected filmography

 * Lizzies of the Field (1924)
 * Topsy and Eva (1927)
 * Lost at the Front (1927)
 * Barnum Was Right (1929)
 * The Loud Mouth (1932)
 * Oh, My Nerves (1935)
 * Three Stooges shorts (1935–1948, more than three dozen films)
 * Trapped by Television (1936)
 * Vengeance (1937)
 * Kansas City Kitty (1944)
 * Let's Go Steady (1945)
 * I Love a Bandleader (1945)
 * Rough, Tough and Ready (1945)
 * Singin' in the Corn (1946)
 * In Fast Company (1946)
 * It's Great to Be Young (1946)

title: Del Lord


text:
Sidney Olcott

Sidney Olcott (born John Sidney Allcott; September 20, 1872 – December 16, 1949) was a Canadian-born film producer, director, actor and screenwriter.

Biography
Born John Sidney Allcott in Toronto, he became one of the first great directors of the motion picture business. With a desire to be an actor, a young Sidney Olcott went to New York City where he worked in the theatre until 1904 when he performed as a film actor with the Biograph Studios.

In 1907, Frank J. Marion and Samuel Long, with financial backing from George Kleine, formed a new motion picture company called the Kalem Company and were able to lure the increasingly successful Olcott away from Biograph. Olcott was offered the sum of ten dollars per picture and under the terms of his contract, Olcott was required to direct a minimum of one, one-reel picture of about a thousand feet every week. After making a number of very successful films for the Kalem studio, including Ben Hur (1907) with its dramatic chariot race scene, and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908),

Olcott became the company's president and was rewarded with one share of its stock. In 1910, Olcott went to Ireland where he made a film called A Lad from Old Ireland. He would go on to make more than a dozen films there and later on only the outbreak of World War I prevented him from following through with his plans to build a permanent studio in Beaufort, County Kerry, Ireland. The Irish films led to him taking a crew to Palestine in 1912 to make the first five-reel film ever, titled From the Manger to the Cross, the life story of Jesus.

The film concept was at first the subject of much scepticism but when it appeared on screen, it was lauded by the public and the critics. Costing $35,000 to produce, From the Manger to the Cross earned the Kalem Company profits of almost $1 million, a staggering amount in 1912. The motion picture industry acclaimed him as its greatest director and the film influenced the direction many great filmmakers would take such as D.W. Griffith and Cecil B. DeMille. From the Manger to the Cross is still shown today to film societies and students studying early film making techniques. In 1998, the film was selected for the National Film Registry of the United States Library of Congress.

Despite making the studio owners very rich men, they refused to increase his salary beyond the $150 a week he was then earning. From the enormous profits made for his employers, Olcott's dividend on the one share they had given him amounted to $350. As a result, Olcott resigned and took some time off, making only an occasional film until 1915 when he was encouraged by Mary Pickford to join her at Famous Players–Lasky, later Paramount Pictures. The Kalem Company never recovered from the mistake of losing Olcott and a few years after his departure, the operation was acquired by Vitagraph Studios in 1916. Olcott was a founding member of the East Coast chapter of the Motion Picture Directors Association, a forerunner to today's Directors Guild of America and would later serve as its president. Olcott married actress Valentine Grant, the star of his 1916 film, The Innocent Lie.

During World War II, Olcott opened his home to visiting British Commonwealth soldiers in Los Angeles. In his book titled Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood, writer Charles Foster tells of this period in Olcott's life, and of how he was introduced to many members of Hollywood's Canadian community through Olcott. Olcott died in Hollywood, California, in the house of his friend Robert Vignola where he lived after the death of Valentine Grant. Wanting to be buried in Canada, he is buried in Park Lawn cemetery in Toronto, Ontario.

1907

 * A Runaway Sleighbelle (1907)
 * The Dog Snatcher (1907)
 * Bowser's House Cleaning (1907)
 * The Gentleman Farmer (1907)
 * A Hobo Hero (1907)
 * The Pony Express (1907)
 * The New Hired Girl (1907)
 * The Tenderfoot (1907)
 * Off for the Day (1907)
 * The Sea Wolf (1907)
 * The Parson's Picnic (1907)
 * The Book Agent (1907)
 * A One Night Stand (1907)
 * Who'll Do The Washing (1907)
 * Peggy's Camping Party (1907)
 * The Wooing of Miles Standish (1907)

 * Nature Fakirs (1907)
 * The Amateur Detective (1907)
 * The Red Man's Way (1907)
 * Chinese Slave Smuggling (1907)
 * The Spring Gun (1907)
 * Nathan Hale (1907)
 * The Goldbrick (1907)
 * It Was Mother-in-Law (1907)
 * The Rival Motorists (1907)
 * Bill Butt-in and the Burglar (1907)
 * Troubles of a Tramp (1907)
 * The Lost Mine (1907)
 * Woman Cruel Woman (1907)
 * A Dramatic Rhearsal (1907)
 * School Days (1907)
 * Ben Hur (1907)

1908

 * Days of '61 (1908)
 * Back to Farm (1908)
 * Mountainers (1908)
 * Dogs of Fashion (1908)
 * Quack Doctors (1908)
 * Under the Star Splanged Banner (1908)
 * Evangeline (1908)
 * The Stowanay (1908)
 * College Days (1908)
 * The Banan'Man (1908)
 * Henry Hudson (1908)
 * Way Down East (1908)
 * Washington at Valley Forge (1908)
 * The Scarlet Letter (1908)
 * Captain Kid (1908)
 * The Moonshiner's Daughter (1908)
 * Night Riders (1908)
 * The Under Dog (1908)
 * Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1908)
 * Kidnapped for Hate (1908)
 * Dolly the Circus Queen (1908)
 * The White Squaw Man (1908)
 * The Man Hunt (1908)
 * Enoch Arden (1908)
 * Lady Audley's Secret (1908)
 * Held by Bandits (1908)
 * The Little Madcap (1908)
 * Mrs Gunness, the Female Bluebeard (1908)

 * Dynamite Man (1908)
 * The Renegade (1908)
 * The New Hired Girl (1908)
 * A Gipsy Girl's Love (1908)
 * The Walls of Sing Sing (1908)
 * The Girl Nihilist (1908)
 * Robin Hood (1908)
 * The Frontiersman's Bride (1908)
 * As You Like It (1908)
 * The Great Yellowstone Park Hold Up (1908)
 * The Old Sleuth Detective (1908)
 * The Padrone (1908)
 * The Mystery of the Bride in White (1908)
 * The Girl I Left Behind Me (1908)
 * Caught in the Web (1908)
 * The Half Breed (1908)
 * Jerusalem in the Time of Christ (1908)
 * David and Goliath (1908)
 * Fire at Sea (1908)
 * Humpty Dumpty Circus (1908)
 * The Railroad Detective (1908)
 * Hannah Dustin (1908)
 * A Ragged Hero (1908)
 * Maggie, the Dock Rat (1908)
 * For Love of Country (1908)
 * The Molly Maguires (1908)
 * Red Cloud (1908)
 * Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1908) starring Frank Oakes Rose.

1909

 * The Trail of the White Man (1909)
 * A Florida Feud (1909)
 * The Girl at the Old Mill (1909)
 * The Octoroon (1909)
 * The Detectives of the Italian Bureau (1909)
 * The High Diver (1909)
 * Sporting Days in the South (1909)
 * The Making of a Champion Pugilist (1909)
 * The New Minister (1909)
 * The Old Soldier's Story (1909)
 * The Seminomle's Vengeance (1909)
 * The Crackers Bride (1909)
 * Hungry Hank's Hallucination (1909)
 * The Mysterious Double (1909)
 * The Fish Pirates (1909)
 * The Orange Grower's Daughter (1909)
 * The Northern Schoolmaster (1909)
 * The Artist and the Girl (1909)
 * Love's Triumph (1909)
 * Good for Evil (1909)
 * The Girl Spy: An Incident of the Civil War (1909)
 * A Poor Wife's Devotion (1909)
 * A Pig in a Poke (1909)
 * A Child of the Sea (1909)
 * The Omnibus Taxiclub (1909)
 * $5000 Reward (1909)
 * The Little Angel of Roaring Springs (1909)
 * The Mystic Swing (1909)
 * A Priest of the Wilderness (1909)
 * Mardi Gras in Havana (1909)
 * The Japanese Invasion (1909)

 * Famine in the Forest (1909)
 * A Soldier of US Army (1909)
 * The Escape from Andersonville (1909)
 * The Tom-Boy (1909)
 * Tickle Mary (1909)
 * Factory Girl (1909)
 * Traced by Kodak (1909)
 * Out of Work (1909)
 * The Queen of the Quarry (1909)
 * The Conspirators - An Incident of a South American Revolution (1909)
 * The Pay Car (1909)
 * Hiram's Bride (1909)
 * The Story of a Rose (1909)
 * Winning a Diner (1909)
 * The Winning Boat (1909)
 * The Mystery of Sleeper Trunk (1909)
 * The Hand Organ Man (1909)
 * The Man and the Girl (1909)
 * A Brother's Wrong (1909)
 * The Girl Scout (1909)
 * The Cattle Thieves (1909)
 * Dora (1909)
 * Pale Face's Wooing (1909)
 * The Governor's Daughter (1909)
 * Judgement (1909)
 * The Geisha Who Saved Japan (1909)
 * Rally 'Round the Flag (1909)
 * The Law of the Mountains (1909)
 * The Card Board Baby (1909)
 * A Slave to Drink (1909)

1910

 * The Deacon's Daughter (1910)
 * The Romance of a Trained Nurse (1910)
 * The Man Who Lost (1910)
 * The Step-Mother (1910)
 * The Confederate Spy (1910)
 * The Feud (1910)
 * The Fisherman's Granddaughter (1910)
 * The Miser's Child (1910)
 * The Girl Thief (1910)
 * Her Soldier Sweetheart (1910)
 * The Seminole's Trust (1910)
 * The Girl and the Bandit (1910)
 * The Further Adventures of the Girl Spy (1910)
 * The Old Fiddler (1910)
 * The Forager (1910)
 * The Bravest Girl of the South (1910)
 * The Sacred Turquoise of the Zuni (1910)
 * The Love Romance of the Girl Spy (1910)
 * The Egret Hunter (1910)
 * Between Love and Duty (1910)
 * The Aztec Sacrifice (1910)

 * The Seminole Halfbreeds (1910)
 * The Cliff Dwellers (1910)
 * Friends (1910)
 * The Castaways (1910)
 * The Wanderers (1910)
 * The Navajo's Bride (1910)
 * The Miner's Sacrifice (1910)
 * Grandmother (1910)
 * A Daughter of Dixie (1910)
 * A Colonial Belle (1910)
 * The Perversity of Fate (1910)
 * The Cow Puncher's Sweetheart (1910)
 * Leap for Life (1910)
 * The Conspiracy of Pontiac (1910)
 * The Heart of Edna Leslie (1910)
 * The Way of Life (1910)
 * The Lad from Old Ireland (1910)
 * Seth's Temptation (1910)
 * The Little Spreewald Maiden (1910)
 * When Lovers Part (1910)
 * The Girl Spy Before Vicksburg (1910)
 * The Stranger (1910)
 * The Education of Elizabeth (1910)

1911

 * For the Love of an Enemy (1911)
 * The Secret of the Still (1911)
 * Her Chum's Brother (1911)
 * The Little Sister (1911)
 * Grandmother's War Story (1911)
 * The Open Road (1911)
 * Sailor Jack's Reformation (1911)
 * The Irish Honeymoon (1911)
 * The Diver (1911)
 * A War Time Escape (1911)
 * A Sawmill Hero (1911)
 * The Lass Who Couldn't Forget (1911)
 * By a Woman's Wit (1911)
 * In Old Florida (1911)
 * The Fiddle's Requiem (1911)
 * When the Dead Return (1911)
 * The Carnival (1911)

 * In Blossom Time (1911)
 * Tangled Lives (1911)
 * The Railroad Raiders of '62 (1911)
 * The Little Soldier of '64 (1911)
 * To the Aid of Stonewall Jackson (1911)
 * Hubby's Day at Home (1911)
 * The Colonel's Son (1911)
 * The Romance of a Dixie Belle (1911)
 * Special Messenger (1911)
 * Rory O'More (1911)
 * Losing to Win (1911)
 * The Colleen Bawn (1911)
 * The Fishermaid of Ballydavid (1911)
 * Among the Irish Fisher Folk (1911)
 * The Franciscan Friars of Killarney (1911)
 * Arrah-na-Pogue (1911)

1912

 * Driving Home the Cows (1912)
 * A Southern Boy of '61 (1912)
 * The O'Neill (1912)
 * His Mother (1912)
 * The O'Kalems Visit Killarney (1912)
 * The Vagabonds (1912)
 * Far From Erin's Isle (1912)
 * You Remember Ellen (1912)
 * A Visit to Madeira (1912)
 * The Kalemites Visit Gibraltar (1912)
 * Along the Mediterranean (1912)
 * The Potters of the Nile (1912)
 * American Tourists Abroad (1912)
 * Egypt the Mysterious (1912)
 * Egypt as it Was in the Time of Moses (1912)
 * The Fighting Dervishes of the Desert (1912)
 * Luxor Egypt (1912)
 * Missionaries in Darkest Africa (1912)
 * Making Photoplays in Egypt (1912)
 * A Pet of the Cairo Zoo (1912)
 * An Arabian Tragedy (1912)

 * Captured by Bedouins (1912)
 * Tragedy of the Desert (1912)
 * Winning a Widow (1912)
 * Egyptian Sports (1912)
 * A Prisoner of the Harem (1912)
 * Easter Celebration at Jerusalem (1912)
 * Palestine (1912)
 * From Jerusalem to the Dead Sea (1912)
 * Down Through the Ages (1912)
 * The Ancient Port of Jaffa (1912)
 * Along the River Nile (1912)
 * Ancient Temples of Egypt (1912)
 * The Poacher's Pardon (1912)
 * From the Manger To the Cross (1912)
 * The Kerry Gow (1912)
 * The Mayor From Ireland (1912)
 * Conway, the Kerry Dancer (1912)
 * Ireland, the Oppressed (1912)
 * The Shaughraun (1912)

1913

 * The Wives of Jamestown (1913)
 * The Lady Peggy's Escape (1913)
 * A Daughter of the Confederacy (1913)
 * The Mystery of Pine Creek Camp (1913)

 * When Men Hate (1913)
 * In the Power of the Hypnotist (1913)
 * In the Clutches of the Ku Klux Klan (1913)

1914

 * For Ireland's Sake (1914)
 * Come Back To Erin (1914)
 * When Men Would Kill (1914)
 * In the Hands of a Brute (1914)
 * The Eye of the Government (1914)

 *  A Mother of Men (1914)
 *  The Idle Rich (1914)
 * Tricking the Government (1914)
 * The Little Rebel (1914)

1915

 * The Moth and the Flame (1915)
 * All For Old Ireland (1915)
 * Bold Emmett Ireland's Martyr (1915)
 * Seven Sisters (1915)
 * The Irish in America (1915)

 * Nan O' the Backwoods (1915)
 * Madame Butterfly (1915)
 * The Ghost of Twisted Oaks (1915)
 * The Taint (1915)

1916

 * Poor Little Peppina (1916)
 * My Lady Incog (1916)
 * Diplomacy (1916)

 * The Innocent Lie (1916)
 * The Smugglers (1916)
 * The Daughter of MacGregor (1916)

1918

 * The Belgian (1918)

1919

 * Marriage for Convenience (1919)

1920

 * Scratch My Back (1920)

1921

 * The Right Way (1921)
 * God's Country and the Law (1921)
 * Pardon My French (1921)

1922

 * Timothy's Quest (1922)

1923

 * The Green Goddess (1923)
 * Little Old New York (1923)

1924

 * The Humming Bird (1924)
 * Monsieur Beaucaire (1924)
 * The Only Woman (1924)

1925

 * Salome of the Tenements (1925)
 * The Charmer (1925)
 * Not So Long Ago (1925)
 * The Best People (1925)

1926

 * The White Black Sheep (1926)
 * Ranson's Folly (1926)
 * The Amateur Gentleman (1926)

1927

 * The Claw (1927)

title: Sidney Olcott


text:
Cannock Chase

Cannock Chase, often referred to locally as The Chase, is a mixed area of countryside in the county of Staffordshire, England. The area has been designated as the Cannock Chase Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and is managed by Forestry England. The Chase gives its name to the Cannock Chase local government district. It is a former Royal forest.

Geology
With the exception of the southeastern area, the Chase is almost wholly underlain by sandstones and conglomerates of the Chester Formation dating from the Triassic period. Formerly known as the Cannock Chase Formation, these form a part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group. Overlying these rocks in the Rugeley area are the, often pebbly, sandstones of the Helsby Sandstone Formation, formerly referred to in this area as the Bromsgrove Sandstone. Older literature will often refer to the bunter sandstone, a name which geologists no longer apply to the New Red Sandstone of Britain. Southeast of Rugeley Road the bedrock is provided by the mudstones, siltstones and sandstones of the Pennine Middle Coal Measures Formation, a succession dating from the end of the Carboniferous period, and which is separated from the overlying New Red Sandstone rocks by an unconformity. The Hednesford Hills are formed by the Chester Formation sandstones.

A ‘humped profile’ dry valley running west–east, and followed by the bridleway between Brocton and Beggar's Hill is interpreted as a glacial overflow channel, operative during the ice age. An expanse of glacial till underlies Haywood Warren with smaller patches mapped elsewhere. Sand and gravel have been quarried in different parts of the Chase over the years, as at Wolseley today.

Landscape, flora and fauna
The Chase is located between Hednesford, Huntington, Lichfield, Rugeley, Brocton, Milford and Stafford. It comprises a mixture of natural deciduous woodland, coniferous plantations, open heathland, small lakes and the remains of early industry, such as coal mining. The Chase was designated as an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) on 16 September 1958 and is the smallest area so designated in mainland Britain, covering 68 km2. Much of the area is also designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). Despite being relatively small in area, the chase provides a remarkable range of landscape and wildlife, including a herd of around 800 fallow deer and a number of rare and endangered birds, including migrant nightjars.

Efforts are underway to increase the amount of heathland on the chase, reintroducing shrubs such as heather in some areas where bracken and birch forest have crowded out most other plants. The local flora also includes several species of Vaccinium, including the eponymous Cannock Chase berry (Vaccinium × intermedium Ruthe). In January 2009, an outbreak of the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum was discovered on the chase, at Brocton Coppice. Various restrictions were put in place in an attempt to prevent its spread.

Visitor sites and landmarks
There are a number of visitor centres, museums and waymarked paths, including the Heart of England Way and the Staffordshire Way. There are also accessible trails to enable people to experience the health benefits of the Chase, such as The Route to Health. Additionally, there are many unmarked public paths. On the north-eastern edge of the Chase can be found Shugborough Hall, ancestral home of the Earls of Lichfield. At its southern edge are the remains of Castle Ring, an Iron Age hill fort, which at 242 m / 794 ft is the highest point on the Chase. Several glacial erratic boulders are also found on the Chase, remnants of glaciation. One is mounted on a plinth.

The Chase has several war memorials, including German and Commonwealth war cemeteries. A memorial to the victims of the Katyn massacre was unveiled by Stefan Staniszewski, whose father Hillary, Zygmunt Staniszewski, died in the massacre. Preserved below the memorial are phials of soil from both Warsaw and the Katyn forest. Freda, the Harlequin Great Dane mascot of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade (Earl of Liverpool's Own) is also buried on the chase marked with a memorial marble headstone.

Mountain biking
The Chase is popular with cross-country mountain bike users. The purpose-built XC 'Follow the Dog' trail is an 11 km technically challenging route, opened in 2005, starting and finishing at the Birches Valley Visitors/Cycle Centre. It is open to all; however, it is not recommended for beginners. A new section of XC trail was opened in April 2010. The 'Monkey Trail' (11.2 km) is a more technical trail that splits from 'Follow the Dog' at about the halfway point, then rejoins slightly further on. There are several features mountain bikers can look out for when riding on the chase, such as Kitbag Hill, Rabbit Hill, Quagmire Bridge, Roots Hall and Brocton Shorts.

Increasing popularity of the MTB trails led Network Rail to install a cycle bridge in 2013 at Moors Gorse to replace the previous pedestrian level crossing where multiple near misses indicated a high risk to cyclists.

Entertainment
Since 2006, the forest has been used as an open-air music venue as part of the Forestry England nationwide Forest Live, with acts such as The Zutons, The Feeling, Status Quo and Jools Holland playing in a forest clearing.

Cannock Chase murders
The area gained notoriety in the late 1960s when the Cannock Chase murders made national headlines. The remains of three young girls were found on the Chase after going missing from areas along the A34 road between there and Birmingham. Raymond Leslie Morris, a motor engineer from Walsall, was found guilty at Stafford assizes of one of the murders in 1968 and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He died in prison in March 2014, aged 84, after serving 45 years.

Model WW I battlefield
In September 2013 Staffordshire County Council allowed a team of local archaeologists and volunteers to excavate the World War I model battlefield near Brocton, which had been constructed by German prisoners of war held in a camp on nearby Cannock Chase and guarded by soldiers of the New Zealand Rifle Brigade. The model of the village and surrounding area of Messines in Belgium, which included replica trenches and dugouts, railway lines, roads, and accurate contours of the surrounding terrain, was open to public view for a few weeks before being buried again to ensure its preservation. The excavation revealed many new details of the well-preserved 40 metre square battlefield. Staffordshire County Council used laser-scanning technology to recreate the site as a 3D interactive model that can be explored online.

The Chase Through Time
The Chase Through Time project (2016–18) explored two thousand years of the history of the landscape of Cannock Chase AONB. It was a partnership between Staffordshire County Council, Historic England and the Heritage Lottery Fund.

An archaeological survey using lidar which enabled researchers to see beneath trees coverage, and map usually unseen archaeological features in combination with historic aerial photographs, which illustrated changes to the landscape over the last 70 years. The project mapped archaeology from prehistoric burnt mounds, medieval and later coal mining, post medieval land division showing the early land management of the Chase, and aspects of the landscape's use in the First World War. 565 archaeological sites were mapped, with 436 of these sites new to the record.

In popular culture
Since the 1970s, sightings of Black Eyed Kids, Black Dogs, Werewolves, British big cats, UFOs, and even Bigfoot have been reported in the local press. However no conclusive evidence has ever been produced verifying these claims, and they may best be thought of as forming part of local folklore.

The 1972 Labi Siffre album Crying Laughing Loving Lying features a track, written on Cannock Chase, and named after it.

title: Cannock Chase