text:
Talk:Flowers for Algernon

GA Review and suggestions
It appears a second opinion was requested on this article, and I'm offering mine. I think the article needs to be expanded, and the best way to do this is by doing some more research. Specifically, the Themes and Style sections should be expanded and perhaps a Characters section added to discuss the changes the characters exhibit throughout the story. You seem to have print references, which are good, but I would like to see Bookrags replaced with more scholarly journal articles. I wouldn't consider Bookrags a sufficient source for literary analysis. Try a public library and see what you can get there. If you can't find much, visit a college or university library - you may not need to be a student or staff to read there and make photocopies. Ask the librarian for the MLA database of literary critique - that will give you a list of articles relating to the story and novel. You'll have to hunt those down and you may not be able to find them all, but if you find a few, they will be helpful.

So from a GA standpoint, what I'm asking you to do is add more content - a significant amount, so this would make the article inherently unstable. I would de-nominate it and work on it for a while. If you would like my opinion while you're adding, I'll be happy to assist where I can. Good luck. --Moni3 (talk) 17:51, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Thanks for taking an interest in this. Someone else has made similar comments and I simply don't understand why this is being asked for as part of a GA nom. What it appears you are asking for is enough content to make it comprehensive and therefore FA status. To do this, I agree the themes and reception sections in particular need expanding. I've already done the reasearch and there isn't much more to say about style. I just don't currently have the time to collate that research into the themes and reception sections at the moment.
 * So, I'm happy to admit the article is not "finished". My difficulty is in understanding how the article as it currently stands is not broad in scope within the meaning of the GA criteria. The themes section, for example, mentions the three major themes that come up in the different texts I've read (bookrags not being my primary source, I hasten to add, it's just useful for confirming pot details). The article doesn't go into those themes in detail, but that only means it's not comprehensive. In summary, the article is broad, just not refined, and is therefore GA level (in my view), just not FA level. GDallimore (Talk) 18:03, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * This is the joy of Wikipedia peer and project reviews. Many editors have different ideas about what qualifies as a GA, despite the criteria being spelled out (we would think) pretty clearly. Novels are particularly difficult to do because each one is so different. I would look at other GA novels such as Crime and Punishment, Watership Down (that was just passed as GA), Fight Club, and I, the Supreme. If you think I'm wonky - that's ok because I am. But I would ask the particular opinions of User:Scartol, User:WillowW, User:jbmurray, and User:Awadewit. Their specialties are novels - I just wrote one really, reaallly long article about a single novel. If you haven't asked WP:NOVELS and WP:LIT, ask them as well. --Moni3 (talk) 18:18, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Another bit of info that might be useful in fleshing out the article: is there any more information on what particular aspects of the novel have led to its being challenged in schools? You mention that it was called "filthy and immoral" but there is not much in the description that seems like it would draw that criticism. Dozenthey (talk) 20:47, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * There's a lot in the Hill reference, which is fortunately an online ref. Makes for an interesting read and covers a lot of ground that will be useful for the reception section as a whole as well as some historic background on the themes, particularly the whole treatment of the disabled thing. GDallimore (Talk) 22:20, 15 May 2008 (UTC)

The last comment here was made a week ago; is the GAC review still happening? The initial review was never actually made, so I'm confused. Is it on hold? On a side note, I'd like to agree with Moni in that the BookRags refs have got to go; it's not a verifiable source and therefore goes against policy (WP:V) much in the same way that Sparknotes does. If simple plot details need to be cited, then use the novel/short story instead. María ( habla con migo ) 18:53, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * This is a good question, and I'm not sure how to answer it. It is my opinion that the book is not ready for GA. I advised GDallimore to contact some editors (of which Maria should have been included), and a few edits have been made to the article but not on the scale that I would like to see. However, another editor found it sufficient, so it seems the article is in limbo at this point. --Moni3 (talk) 19:07, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Aw, I forgive you. :) Technically, a "first" review was never done, so I would consider you the reviewer, Moni.  A passing "I think it's excellent" doesn't necessarily constitute a quality review, so grain of salt, etc.  If you don't think it's ready for GA (and, for what it's worth, I agree), perhaps it shouldn't be promoted at this time.  I notice it's still up for Peer Review at WikiProject Novels; perhaps we can ask some of the illustrious reviewers you mentioned above to make some comments there?  I would certainly contribute a thorough review, as well.  For now, the article is simply not ready and so would require significant time, which GDallimore has already stated they don't have, and energy.  So, to sum up: I suggest withdrawing the nom and getting a group of trustworthy folk to help.  María ( habla  con migo ) 19:32, 22 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm still yet to receive what I view to be a sensible answer as to why it's not GA ready. The reviewer said bits of it are too short, I explained why they are sufficient for GA and the reviewer essesntially said: you don't understand GA, which isn't very polite or helpful.
 * The themes section is a case in point: GA requires the article to be broad in coverage. That's exactly what the section is: broad - mentioning the major themes although not going into them in detail. FA requires it to be comprehensive, which it is not, so it's not FA ready.
 * The suggestion that Sparknotes is not a reliable source is laughable I'm afraid - it's a published book on the topic. It may be straightforward because it's aimed at schoolkids but that doesn't make it unreliable. Bookrags is verifiably accurate for the things it's being used for (confirming details in the book, as well as backing up statements from other sources) and is a necessary (nay, vital) source because it's online and because of the endless edit warring that there has been over Charlie's age and job caused by the fact that the novel and short story are not identical. Lots of school kids come and edit this article having only read the short story, it seems.
 * GDallimore (Talk) 09:04, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I fail to see why you are so combative, GDallimore. In my opinion, the article does not cover all bases yet.  It is neither comprehensive or broad.  Honestly, asserting that one sentence makes for a high quality, encyclopedic account of thematic elements in a novel is just absurd.  Nothing in that one sentence is qualified or explained, and I see this issue throughout the article.  The Sparknotes or Bookrags websites (as well as the so-called "books" that stem from them) are not reliable sources as they have not been written by reliable third-party publications -- see WP:RS.  Any wacko can publish a book; that you can buy it on Amazon.com does not make it notable.  Additional scholarship from reliable publications is what is needed.  Internet sources are not "vital"; I have no idea where you got that from, because it's certainly not guideline or policy.  Plot details can be cited from the book itself, as I stated before, and "other sources" can be cited once they are found.  In short, this article requires more work and I would not condone it being promoted to GA-class at this time.  I've offered my help and Moni has supplied some great ideas, so what do you say to our suggestions?  María ( habla  con migo ) 12:18, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * If you think your article is GA class and perhaps ready to go on to FAC, you might want to check out the article on The Hobbit and its Featured Article Candidacy. That article is not ready for FA at all, though it has been passed as A class. I understand your initial resistance. I worked like a dog (so I thought) to get To Kill a Mockingbird to GA, to find my work had only begun when I tried to nominate it for FA. I was very resistent to the suggestion that I needed to expand it - the way the article appears now, is twice as long as it was when it passed GA. However, the way the article is now is quite possibly the most comprehensive collection of information on the book, and around 140,000 people read it a month. If you enjoy Flowers for Algernon - and I quite understand if you do because I think it's quite a stirring piece of writing - honor it by devoting as much time and effort to the story that you can. Your respect for this piece of literature should not parallel Sparknotes and Bookrags, it should put those sources to shame. We're here to help you do it.
 * You have two editors' suggestions about what to do. There is no shame in de-nominating it for GA and working on it some more to bring it back later. If you insist that this is as complete as it needs to be, I am inclined to fail the article for lack of comprehensiveness. Let me know what you think. --Moni3 (talk) 12:44, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * It's not being combative to tell you I don't agree with your opinion, Maria, particularly when you seem to be missing the point entirely. Spark is an established study guide. Your suggestion they are not reliable is simply ridiculous. Utlimately, it's a book that is seen to appeal primarily to children and the only sources that discuss it in depth are study guides. To Kill a Mockingbird is therefore a completely false comparison because Algernon simply has not received the same level of literary analysis. Merely because there is no detailed academic study of this book does not mean a good article cannot be made from the sources that are available. If that's your requirement, then you're judging the article by the quality of the third party studies that have been done on it, not the quality of the article itself in using the sources that are available.
 * The Rag web references is vital to prevent edit warring but not to the content of the article, as I explained. Please actually read what I'm saying. Looks like you also need to read GAN. Nowhere is there a requirement for comprehensiveness. You also don't seem to understand that broad, which is the GA requirement, is different from deep.
 * The only suggestions I've had are to expand the article, to which I have repeatedly agreed. That's not the point. The point is, such expanstion is not required for GA status in view of the wording of the GA guidelines. If you really want to fail it, fine. Fail it. But your reasons for failing it have not been explained beyond "this article could be better" which is not a valid or helpful reason. GDallimore (Talk) 13:22, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * This is getting us nowhere. I won't debate the reliability of two highly disparaged cliff notes websites, but WP:RS and WP:V makes it clear where true scholarly sources can be found.  This article should be better.  According to MLA there are untapped resources that could potentially be used to improve it, so what's the problem?  Why not begin expanding and updating as per prior suggestions instead of merely arguing?  María ( habla  con migo ) 13:48, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

I was hoping the nominator would think again about improving the article. I'm removing the GA nomination instead of failing the article. I hope to see this article at GA again in the future. --Moni3 (talk) 21:51, 27 May 2008 (UTC)

Possible sources

 * Clareson, Thomas D. Understanding Contemporary American Science Fiction: The Formative Period (1926-1970). Columbia, S.C. University of South Carolina, 1992.
 * Found via NetLibrary, pages 231-233 have interesting connections between Flowers and Frankenstein, its place in Science Fiction, etc.
 * Foerstel, Herbert N. Banned in the U.S.A.: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Westport, Conn. Praeger, 2002.
 * NetLibrary, page 231 on goes into great detail about controversy surrounding the book as well as "selected challenges" it faced.
 * Kelleghan, Fiona. Classics of Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature. Pasadena, Calif. Salem Press, 2002.
 * NetLibrary, pages 216-218 have summary and history of publication.

Searching for more... María ( habla con migo ) 14:12, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * The Monomyth in Daniel Keyes's Flowers for Algernon: Keyes, Campbell, and Plato By: Palumbo, Donald; Journal of the Fantastic in the Arts, 2004 Winter; 14 (4 [56]): 427-46. (journal article)
 * Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes By: Small, Robert, Jr.. pp. 249-55 IN: Karolides, Nicholas J. (ed.); Burress, Lee (ed.); Kean, John M. (ed.); Censored Books: Critical Viewpoints. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow; 1993. xxvi, 498 pp. (book article)
 * More Flowers for Algernon By: Williams, Paul; New York Review of Science Fiction, 1989 Apr; 8: 5-6. (journal article)
 * Daniel Keyes, Flowers for Algernon (1966) By: Heuermann, Hartmut. pp. 275-94 IN: Heuermann, Hartmut (ed. & pref.); Der Science-Fiction-Roman in der Angloamerikanischen Literatur: Interpretationen. Düsseldorf: Bagel; 1986. 399 pp. (book article)
 * Hibiki to Ikari to Algernon ni Hanataba o: Giho to Monogatarisei By: Yamakawa, Etsuki. pp. 311-324 IN: Phoenix o Motomete: Eibei Shosetsu no Yukue. Tokyo: Nan'undo; 1982. 460 pp. (book article) (I'll be ok if you forego that one.)

Searching... --Moni3 (talk) 14:25, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * OK. Thanks guys/ladies. I see my problem - doubt I'll be able to get hold of any of those without heading to the British Library... Guess I'll just have to give up. GDallimore (Talk) 14:34, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

Contradiction
The synopsis of the short story contradicts itself and is wrong. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 63.145.36.242 (talk) 20:44, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Anyone can edit this encyclopedia, so do correct errors like this when you see them. I see the edit I assume you are referring to has since been reverted. So all is now fine! GDallimore (Talk) 11:55, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

IQ?
Was Charlie's IQ 68 or 70 in the beginning of the novel? In an earlier entry it is 68, though 70 is used later on. OrangeAipom (talk) 01:08, 31 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The reference to 70 later on is just an off-hand remark, whereas the value of 68 early on is the result from an actual test, so I think it's correct to say 68. From the perspective of mental retardation, I think it's important that his IQ is below 70, since that was a boundary for officially being classified "mildly retarded" according to some work just before the short story was published. GDallimore (Talk) 11:59, 2 June 2008 (UTC)

 * On page 7 of my edition (a Bantam paperback, but numbering is possibly the same in any edition) Charlie says he has an "eye-Q of 68". On page 88 he mentions having an IQ of 185, which was, I think, the peak. --JayHenry (talk) 00:35, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think 185 was the peak. An IQ of 185 is very high, but there are plenty of "exceptional" people who exceed it.  (E.g. Stephen Hawking's IQ is reputed to be in the 190s.)  An IQ score is a measure of where a person fits within the normal human range -- it would have been meaningless for Charlie.  I assumed that 185 was the score he achieved in the last test he took before the lab stopped trying to measure his IQ.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.102.142.124 (talk) 21:59, 1 October 2008 (UTC)

 * No, Charlie's IQ peak was in the 200's. After the operation, his IQ was supposed to have been tripled, which means it should be somewhere around 204. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.37.14.110 (talk) 23:58, 10 December 2011 (UTC)

Alzheimer's
Did anybody know anything about Alzheimer's disease when the book was written? 68.32.48.59 (talk) 12:47, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The Alzheimer's disease article makes it clear that although research on the disease began in the start of the 20th century, it was not until the 70s that it was realized that dementia in the elderly was not essentially different than dementia in younger folk. So that was discovered after the book was written. --Rpresser 20:30, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Another, Undiscussed, Moral to the Story
I am currently re-reading the novel and I noticed that throughout the novel that, aside from alot of the themes which have been covered, there is a strong undertone of how (and including that scene where Charlie realizes his intelligence, induced by an operation, is not permanent and denounces the scientific establishment) the psychiatrists and scientists responsible were not made to meddle in areas that they, as humans, were not supposed to. Does anyone else sense that undertone and if so, shouldn't it be reported as an additional theme in the novel? -- EmilyGreene1984 12:37, 1 July 2008 (UTC)
 * I don't entirely agree. I think that there are certain characters in the book (for example, Fanny in the bakery) who have that belief, but I don't think it qualifies as a theme that the author was trying to put across directly. I think it's more likely that the author wanted to mention and explore that sort of opposition because it is obviously present in all sorts of scientific endeavor, especially attempts to change human nature or human abilities.
 * Also, I don't think Charlie himself believes that the experiment was meddling where man shouldn't. The letter to Dr. Nemur that explains his report on the Algernon-Gordon effect specifically covers the ground of how negative results are essential to the expansion of scientific knowledge. If he believed the whole thing should never have happened, he wouldn't have made that point in his letter. --Rpresser 20:27, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

Lawnmower man
The plot of this book has a lot in common with the 1992 Sci-Fi Film "Lawnmower Man". In fact the Wikipedia page on the film references the book. Should we add this to the list of adaptations?

Rmac1961 (talk) 03:33, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

 * I removed lawnmower man and tens of other purported "adaptations" of the book from this article a few months ago. There are numerous reasons for this.
 * We need a reliable source saying it's an adaptation before we can call it an adaptation. A blog post or a personal opinion is not a reliable source.
 * Calling it an adaptation without such a source opens up the makers of LM (or whatever other story) to a suit from Daniel Keyes for adapting his work without permission.
 * Highlighting similar stories (as opposed to authorised adaptations) sounds like trivia and trivia is best avoided in an encyclopedic article.
 * The trivia problem might be resolved by finding a reliable source discussing the similarities so that we can put more than merely a list of similar stories in the article and actually comment on them. For example, if we find enough sources talking about other films, books, music etc that was inspired by Flowers for Algernon, then that could be used to expand the "inspiration" section of this article. Of course, if you can find such reliable sources, you could probably start a new article, Potrayal of mental disabilities in film and literature (for example) and link both this article and the LM article to that one from the see also section.
 * The fact that LM references this article is largely irrelevant - that may be a problem that needs fixing in that article rather than a flaw in this one. GDallimore (Talk) 09:55, 22 July 2008 (UTC)

Charley's Death?
I did not put this in the article, but it is strongly implied that Charley is aware of his own death and is telling everyone in his final entry not to worry. The book's title also makes sense in his final line, which is also his last wish: "If anywun is reeding this pleeze put some flowers on Algernon's grave in the bak yard". This means that Charley knows whatever happens to Algernon is going to happen to him. USN1977 (talk) 21:59, 30 November 2008 (UTC)
 * It might be a slight implication in the short story, but it's certainly not a strong implication in the novel where Charlie specifically decides to move back to the home - which would be silly if he thought he was about to die. Ultimately, if there are any sources that discuss this apparent implication then they could be used to expand the themes section: theme of fear of death, perhaps, or how the novel has been interpreted? GDallimore (Talk) 10:32, 2 December 2008 (UTC)

GDallimore, Charlie states that he opts for the Warren State Home because he is aware that everyone around him "feels sorry" for him, and doesn't want to live with their pity. While I agree that Keyes in no way explicitly states Charlie will die as a result of his post-operational atrophy, it is fair to say that the novel contains implicit foreboding (Charlie's proportional growth:time discovery, Algernon's death, Algernon's cerebral decay in autopsy). With regards to the final line, whilst a death wish makes for a powerful ending, ostensibly Charlie makes this request because should he be under the care of the Warren State Home, he'd no longer enjoy access Algernon's garden grave as easily. I'd add that Charlie's physical death would not significantly alter the novel's emotional impact, as the pain of loss remains irrespectively. An issue that I feel is underdiscussed is whether Charlie was truly a person before the operation. Keyes shows us that Charlie takes great pains to demonstrate to Nemur et al that he had a past and that retardation didn't preclude him from humanity; further, Charlie's search for his family is his last-ditch attempt at "proving" that he was real. Nevertheless, when Charlie begins to intuit that he is at war with adolescent, moronic Charlie over who gets to inhabit the body, a duality of self is established, with the genius Charlie avowing that he won't give up the body without a fight. When Charlie finally reverts to his mentally handicapped original self, the question (as I view it) to ask is: has Charlie gone full circle, has he "recovered" his body from a nascent but different Charlie who could only exist at a certain level of intelligence, or has Charlie managed to retain residual traits of the genius self that serve to transform the moronic Charlie? This last point: although his intelligence is as underdeveloped as in the early novel, Charlie appears to have insights into the nature of intelligence that were beyond him initially (Charlie's awareness that even though he wrote the earlier entries in the book, he can't tell that they're his). I read this novel when I was 11 and I loved it; I read it again under completely different circumstances, and it's left a mark now. Please excuse my lack of dexterity with Wikipedia, I'm not really into this. latinoeuropa —Preceding undated comment added 23:16, 14 July 2009 (UTC).

 * Hi. The point is that any and all such interpretation requires a reliable source. The plot summary is just that - a summary of the plot as set out in the book, with no personal interpretation. Adding stuff about an implicit death wish would be WP:Original research unless a reliable source can be found which discusses this intepretation. GDallimore (Talk) 09:25, 15 July 2009 (UTC)

Isn't an important implication of Algernon's death that Charlie will revert not to his previous state but be in fact worse off? That he may die? This is not explicitly mentioned in the article.--Jrm2007 (talk) 19:08, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

 * The key word there is "implication". It's not explicit and therefore discussion of this point needs to be based on reliable sources dissecting the themes of the book: something I have had a hard time finding. GDallimore (Talk) 20:29, 25 April 2010 (UTC)

Reference by Tina Fey during November 3, 2008 interview on Fresh Air
Tina Fey reference Flowers during her interview by Terry Gross on the November 3, 2008 edition of Fresh Air. It is made quickly, at approximately 6:45 minutes in the interview. I had not heard of this short or novel before, and did not quite understand the reference.==:'(==

This story has a really sad, and depressing ending.--Jumpman Jordan (talk) 01:14, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

66.193.84.3 (talk) 19:55, 8 November 2008 (UTC)

Reference to Oscar Wilde?
One of the acts of Oscar Wilde's The Importance of Being Earnest is entitled "Flowers for Algernon". Is this a coincidence? If not, perhaps the article should mention it. Paul Magnussen (talk) 23:39, 5 November 2009 (UTC)
 * It probably is since the character in the book was named after Algernon Swinburne. GDallimore (Talk) 00:29, 6 November 2009 (UTC)

Egoboo For Algernon
I have twice removed reference to egobo (or something) for Algernon. This is fan-fiction, as the source makes clear, and therefore not remotely worthy of note. GDallimore (Talk) 13:01, 12 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I guess you are refering to Egoboo For Algernon by Terry Carr. As you may notice it is written by an author notable enough to have an article. // Liftarn (talk) 22:18, 17 July 2010 (UTC)
 * But the story isn't notable enough to even be mentioned in his list of works, it seems! It doesn't matter who wrote it, it's fan-fiction, published in a fanzine and not remotely noteworthy in itself. GDallimore (Talk) 22:22, 17 July 2010 (UTC)
 * As it's a short story it is included in the compilations and not mentioned as an individual work. It is probably more notable than an album that as far as I can tell made no impact whatsoever. // Liftarn (talk) 18:11, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * If you want to remove the reference to the album, I won't complain; it has been unreferenced for years and I've only left it untouched because it clearly took some inspiration from the book given the title AND the album has its own article so is prima facie notable. As for your statement that the album isn't notable, but this fan-fic is, that's just your opinion and perhaps shows your ignorance of Japanese pop music. Talking facts, not opinions: the story is fan writing, only published in a fanzine. These facts show that it's not remotely worthy of note unless you can provide facts, not opinions, that it is noteworthy. GDallimore (Talk) 22:20, 21 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Well, perhaps I don't know much about jpop so I'll leave it alone and I guess you don't know enough about science fiction to delete the reference to Egoboo For Algernon. And for your information it has also been printed in anthologies such as The Incompleat Terry Carr (1972). Talking facts: It is a work by a notable author and it was not only published in a fanzine (altough it was probably first published there). // Liftarn (talk) 08:30, 23 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The Incompleat Terry Carr is a fanzine anthology therefore the problem with it is still that it has only ever been published in fazines. All you have to do is provide a reliable source suggesting that Egoboo is noteworthy. Surely that isn't asking for much. I'm not going to bother to reply to your irrelevant insult about my knowledge of sci-fi. I never said I knew anything about j-pop either, but the album has its own article so is prima facie noteworthy unless or until it is deleted. GDallimore (Talk) 21:56, 23 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I think you are too focused on the media where the short story was first published. As I have already stated it is written by a notable author, it undeniably is inspired by Flowers for Algernon and it has been published "properly". I don't think it's a good idea to add an article for every short story a writer has published so your parallel with the record falls. // Liftarn (talk) 21:50, 24 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm not the one drawing parallels with the album, you are. You said, if there's a dodgy album in this list, this story should be included as well. I pointed out that there is a very good reason to include the album because it has its own article. This story not only doesn't have its own article, it isn't even mentioned in the article about the author. If it's noteworthy, find a single source for it. It doesn't need to be notworthy enough for its own article (although there are plenty of noteworthy short stories out there), but one source is all that's needed mentioning the connection between the story and FforA. I don't see how being published in a fan-produced fanzine anthology is a "proper" publicaion, either.GDallimore (Talk) 15:42, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It is unlikley (and would be rather stupid) to have an article for a short story. However this does not prevent us from mentioning it in the article. If it was a work by some unknown person it would not merit inclusin, but Terry Carr was a notable author. // Liftarn (talk) 21:12, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * It is not stupid to have an article for a short story: Hugo Award Best Short Story. GDallimore (Talk) 22:18, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * And even if it weren't, I not asking for an article before I'm happy that this is appropriate for inclusion. I'm just asking for a single reliable source independent of the story which mentions it. GDallimore (Talk) 22:25, 25 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Ok, what about David Langford? Is he reliable? // Liftarn (talk) 19:14, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * The person is irrelevant. The publication is what matters, in my view. For example, I wouldn't cite the http://www.badscience.net blog directly, but I would cite Ben Goldacre's opinion pieces that get published in the Guardian. GDallimore (Talk) 19:25, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * If you can find something published at the semiprozine level, say something in Locus (magazine) or a similar level, then I'd be more than happy. GDallimore (Talk) 19:27, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * I've just done some searching. Hadn't realised ansible was so well noted. Gets ranked as a semiprozine by the hugo nominators so I guess that's good enough for me if you want to add it in with a suitable citation. GDallimore (Talk) 19:40, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Then the original citation I used when adding it should do. Note the text at the bottom. // Liftarn (talk)
 * Yes, the comments at the bottom are the only reason I added it. On second thoughts, I think I was wrong to do so. It's not a significant mention and it's only in a collection of links on the website not any sort of article of detailed review in ansible. But I can't be bothered any more. The more I search, the less notable this seems, so if anyone else watching this article wants to remove it, feel free. GDallimore (Talk) 22:34, 26 July 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I've added a reference to science fiction fandom as it fits better than fan fiction. I really can't be bothered any more either. Given the age of the story further research would have to be done on paper rather than online. // Liftarn (talk)

Real world implications - "remembering who you were" for mentally disabled, brain injury/Alzheimer's treatment
I'm throwing this idea out there for anyone who wants to run with it and see if there is indeed any published research/criticism that meets Wikipedia's citation standards: is there any research on whether the point in the book about Charley at the end, that "despite regressing to his former self, he still remembers that he was once a genius" actually occurs in real life in brain injury patients (or Alzheimer's)? Currently this would be in the "reverse" direction of Charley (regression, without any "memory of improvement) - as there are very few workable treatments for brain injury or Alzheimer's that can produce major improvements, with the possible (some would say probable) exception of HBOT - although major improvements is undeniable in a few anecdotes - which implies that something may be going on biologically in many if not all patients treated, but of course proves nothing. Rockswold 2010 ("A prospective, randomized clinical trial to compare the effect of hyperbaric to normobaric hyperoxia on cerebral metabolism, intracranial pressure, and oxygen toxicity in severe traumatic brain injury." J Neurosurg. 2010 ) suggests that significant biological changes occur, at least if HBO treatment is applied early enough.

A very few anecdotes of late improvement (Neubauer 2005, case studies, not in peer reviewed journal) raise the possibility of increased awareness of the state of brain injury and mental disability itself, as do other anecdotes. This question may come up in reference to the field of nootropics as well, and in the (possibly questionable) field of biological/metabolic treatment and "recovery" from autism. Until someone runs a very very large case series on all parents pursuing this treatment - indeed until someone figures out *how* to run such a series on a protocol that by its nature cannot be controlled as it depends on changes in the protocol based on results - whether such recovery happens remains an open question as far as mainstream literature. However, there are several claimed anecdotes of children who have recovered, and have given their own impressions of their own recovery.

If stem-cell or other biologic/cellular therapy for brain injury become available in the future, this may further will become a "real question" (primary soure] Ning Zhang, Honghai Yanb and Xuejun Wen. “Tissue-engineering approaches for axonal guidance.” Brain Res Rev 2005. 49(1): 48-64; [secondary source] “Gel heal injured brain and bone.” (secondary source) Eric Bland 2009. at http://news.discovery.com/tech/brain-injury-gel.html (accessed November 3, 2010)).

Is anyone else aware of whether this has been explored in a scholarly criticism, that might add something to the article?

216.9.143.231 (talk) 18:10, 26 November 2010 (UTC)Jim Witte (non-wikipedian)

Challenge to the above, especially exclusion of films influenced by
I get a lot of use out of wikipedia, so I am disappointed by the tone throughout this Talk page. It seems to me the standards for Novels should be comparable to the rest of wikipedia, but I get the feeling that some of those posting are treating prose as a rarefied domain.

re: stories that followed this one, especially on film. Flowers for Algernon was groundbreaking, if not the first story of its kind. It gave a boost to the science fiction genre, helping to expand the mainstream perception of what the genre could do. Cliff Robertson won an Oscar for this role, a very rare instance of an s.f. film winning a non-technical Oscar. I don't see the problem with noting that certain films have used a similar plot; Keyes's story was particularly influential (and to say this could promote a lawsuit seems over-the-top). In addition to Lawnmower Man (1992), other films with similar stories include The Outer Limits "The Sixth Finger" (broadcast a few years after the story's publication, and before the movie Charly) and Molly (1999), and the based-on-truth Awakenings (1990). Most people seeing any of these films would be reminded of Keyes's work, or vice versa: all of them mine drama and poignancy from a central character who becomes more intelligent or aware, then regresses. The article doesn't have to list every example; it could note that the story broke ground and mention a few of the major stories/films that followed. ProfessorAndro (talk) 12:24, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia standards across all articles require reliable sources. It's that simple. GDallimore (Talk) 16:03, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
 * Actually "The Sixth Finger" is based on "The Man Who Evolved" by Edmond Hamilton, first published in 1931, pre-dating Keyes' work by over 2 decades.  Leonardo da Vinci Talk  02:25, 29 January 2015 (UTC)

Removal of some "adaptations"
Several of the items appearing in the list of Adaptations were not adaptations, but either were works that were connected to Flowers only via the use of a similar plot device or which were parodies of the original work. None of them were sourced (except for the Star Trek one, which was sourced only to IMDB, and even that non-reliable source made no mention of any linkage between the television episode and Flowers for Algernon). I also moved the item about the modern-dance piece from the Adaptations section to the Inspirations section. NewYorkActuary (talk) 09:30, 4 October 2015 (UTC)
 * Agreed they are not adaptations per se, but they do seem to belong under Inspirations so I placed them there, also added NewsRadio. Didn't have any better sources to add. Puppykhan (talk) 02:23, 20 October 2015 (UTC)
 * User:Puppykhan doesn't seem to be with us anymore, but I'll comment on his actions here anyway. The discussion above (under the "Lawnmower Man" section) remains as relevant today as it was eight years ago.  We really do need to be sourcing these "inspired by" statements.  Having said that, I'll concede that if a television episode has a similar plot line and has the title "Flowers for ...", then we can wait awhile for a source to appear.  However, this doesn't apply to the Simpsons and Star Trek episodes.  I've added a source for the Simpsons (in which the scriptwriter explicitly links the episode to "Flowers").  But there is no such source for the Star Trek episode; even the IMDB cite doesn't make the connection.  So I've removed it.  NewYorkActuary (talk) 21:51, 1 November 2015 (UTC)

Place of employment
@User:Zero Serenity, @User:Fefu, @User:LowLevel73, @User:LtNOWIS, @User:GDallimore Hello, all. I've pinged you because, over the years, each of you have weighed in on the question of whether Gordon worked in a factory or a bakery. I recognize that this is a minor point, but the article keeps going through the occasional "improvement" of having the place of employment changed from one to the other. In all likelihood, the confusion exists because the place of employment varies according to the particular version of the work (i.e., short story, novel, movie, television presentation, etc.). I think the best way to put a stop to these "improvements" is to place a statement in the flush language at the start of the "Synopsis" section, stating that some details in the story vary according to the version and then explicitly stating that the place of employment is one of those details. But before I do that, I want to get my facts straight. Would each of you be so kind as to weigh in on precisely which version you were looking to, and what that version actually said about the place of employment? I'll get the ball rolling by saying that the version that I own is the English-language short story and that it has Gordon working at the Donnegan Plastic Box Company. Thanks in advance for any help you can provide. NewYorkActuary (talk) 21:04, 5 October 2015 (UTC)
 * In the short story its a factory and in the movie its a bakery. I go with the original version. Zero Serenity (talk - contributions) 03:22, 6 October 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Flowers for Algernon. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110605082209/http://www.sfwa.org/awards/archive/pastwin.htm to http://www.sfwa.org/awards/archive/pastwin.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20151006051106/http://www.creators.com/lifestylefeatures/fashion-and-entertainment/hollywood-exclusive/a-talk-with-the-simpsons-al-jean-on-the-show-s-25th-anniversary-season.html to http://www.creators.com/lifestylefeatures/fashion-and-entertainment/hollywood-exclusive/a-talk-with-the-simpsons-al-jean-on-the-show-s-25th-anniversary-season.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 21:18, 2 October 2017 (UTC)

Where he works in the story vs. novel and adaptation.
In the novel and adaptation he worked at "Donner's Bakery" but in the short story, which I have a copy in front of me says he worked at "Donnegan's Plastic Box Company" but the article for the short story still says he works at a bakery. Although it's minor I think it's something that should be corrected. — Preceding unsigned comment added by B-Movie Fan (talk • contribs) 21:05, 12 February 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Flowers for Algernon


text:
West Warwick, Rhode Island

West Warwick is a town in Kent County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 31,012 at the 2020 census.

West Warwick was incorporated in 1913, making it the youngest town in the state. Prior to 1913, the town, situated on the western bank of the Pawtuxet River, was the population and industrial center of the larger town of Warwick. The town split because local Democratic politicians wanted to consolidate their power and isolate their section of town from the Republican-dominated farmland in the east.

History
The area that is now the town of West Warwick was the site of some of the earliest textile mills in the United States situated along the banks of the north and south branches of the Pawtuxet River. These small mill villages of the Pawtuxet River Valley would play an important role in the early development of the textile industry in North America. Lippitt Mill, founded in 1809 by Revolutionary War hero Christopher Lippitt, was one of the first mills in the area.

The 1810 Lippitt Mill is on the National Register of Historic Places, and is one of the earliest textile mills in Rhode Island. It was founded in 1809 and the current dam was constructed in 1889. The Mill is one of the earliest textile mills in Rhode Island and is one of the oldest American textile mills still used for manufacturing. Another mill center, River Point, is located at the junction of the North and South branches of the Pawtuxet River, and is home to several mills which have been converted to residences, and which make up the Royal Mill Complex. The Original Bradford Soap Works, located in the Valley Queen Mill, dates back to the 1800s and is still in use today.

The Station, a nightclub and music venue on Cowesett Avenue, was destroyed in a fire on February 20, 2003, that killed 100 people and injured 230 others. The fire occurred during a concert by the rock band Great White, when a pyrotechnic display ignited packing foam that had been used to soundproof the building. The site where the Station once stood was turned into a permanent memorial, Station Fire Memorial Park, which was opened in May 2017.

In 2010, a massive rainfall caused the Pawtuxet River to rise to 21 feet, which is 12 feet above flood stage which caused flooding through much of the town.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.1 square miles (21.0 km2), of which, 7.9 square miles (20.5 km2) of it is land and 0.2 square miles (0.5 km2) of it (2.22%) is water.

The following villages are located in West Warwick:
 * Arctic, found in the center of West Warwick where most of the town municipal buildings are located
 * Birch Hill, originally an independent village, it stopped identifying as Birch Hill around the end of the nineteenth century, and is considered a part of Clyde. It was located in northern West Warwick on the opposite side of the river from Clyde Printworks.
 * Centerville, home to the second ever mill erected in the United States, and the first textile mill in West Warwick (while it was still a part of Warwick). It is found in the center of West Warwick at the crossroads of Legris Avenue, Main Street, and West Warwick Avenue.
 * Clyde
 * Crompton
 * Harris, located on the north branch of the Pawtuxet River, it has sections in both West Warwick and Coventry. It was named for Elisha Harris, who in 1822 built a new mill opposite the original wooden mill. It was also once known as Harrisville.
 * Jericho is now considered a part of Arctic
 * Lippitt, home to the historic Lippitt Mill, which was constructed in 1809
 * Natick, a neighborhood in the northeast section of the town.
 * Phenix, in the northwest corner of the town, is the site of the William B. Spencer home, built in the early 1870s, and now listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The area became in later years a mainly Portuguese area.
 * River Point, home to the historic Royal Mills and to Horgan Elementary School
 * Westcott, one of the only villages that did not grow up around a factory, it provided housing for the mill workers in neighboring Riverpoint. It is located in northern West Warwick, at the juncture of New London Avenue, Tollgate Road, and Providence Street.

The town is bordered by the city of Warwick on the east, the town of Coventry on the west, the city of Cranston on the North, and town of East Greenwich on the south.

Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were 29,581 people, 12,498 households, and 7,698 families residing in the town. The population density was 3,728.7 PD/sqmi. There were 13,186 housing units at an average density of 1,662.1 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the town was 93.78% White, 1.11% African American, 0.35% Native American, 1.42% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 1.44% from other races, and 1.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.10% of the population.

There were 12,498 households, out of which 28.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.4% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 31.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 2.97.

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.4% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 32.0% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 10 females there were 9.97 males. For every 10 females age 18 and over, there were 9.93 males.

The median income for a household in the town was $39,505, and the median income for a family was $47,674. Males had a median income of $35,128 versus $26,720 for females. The per capita income for the town was $20,250. About 9.2% of families and 11.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.9% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those age 65 or over.

Government
West Warwick has a council-manager form of government. There are five town councilors, one for each of the town's wards. Each is elected to a two-year term.

In the Rhode Island Senate, West Warwick is split in its representation between Democrats Adam J. Satchell (District 9) and Hanna M. Gallo (District 27). At the federal level, West Warwick is included in Rhode Island's 2nd congressional district and is currently represented by Democrat Seth Magaziner.

In terms of presidential politics, West Warwick has been a reliably Democratic stronghold in most elections; however, in 2016, Donald Trump became the first Republican to carry the town, albeit narrowly and with a plurality, in three decades.

Notable people

 * Wendy Davis, former Democratic Texas state senator and 2014 Democratic gubernatorial nominee
 * Robert E. Quinn, 58th Governor of Rhode Island and Judge for the Rhode Island Superior Court
 * Mike Roarke, Major League Baseball catcher and coach
 * Xavier Truss, American football guard
 * Bob Wylie, National Football League coach

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: West Warwick, Rhode Island


text:
Arc (programming language)

Arc is a programming language, a dialect of the language Lisp, developed by Paul Graham and Robert Morris. It is free and open-source software released under the Artistic License 2.0.

History
In 2001, Paul Graham announced that he was working on a new dialect of Lisp named Arc. Over the years since, he has written several essays describing features or goals of the language, and some internal projects at Graham's startup business incubator named Y Combinator have been written in Arc, most notably the Hacker News web forum and news aggregator program. Arc is written in Racket.

Motives
In the essay Being Popular Graham describes a few of his goals for the language. While many of the goals are very general ("Arc should be hackable", "there should be good libraries"), he did give some specifics. For example, he believes it is important for a language to be terse: "It would not be far from the truth to say that a hacker about to write a program decides what language to use, at least subconsciously, based on the total number of characters he'll have to type. If this isn't precisely how hackers think, a language designer would do well to act as if it were."

He also stated that it is better for a language to only implement a small number of axioms, even when that means the language may not have features that large organizations want, such as object-orientation (OO). Further, Graham thinks that OO is not useful as its methods and patterns are just "good design", and he views the language features used to implement OO as partly mistaken. At Arc's introduction in 2008, Graham stated one of its benefits was its brevity.

A controversy among Lisp programmers is whether, and how much, the s-expressions of the language should be complemented by other forms of syntax. Graham thinks that added syntax should be used in situations where pure s-expressions would be overly verbose, saying, "I don't think we should be religiously opposed to introducing syntax into Lisp." Graham also thinks that efficiency problems should be solved by giving the programmer a good profiler.

Reception
When released in 2008, Arc generated mixed reactions, with some calling it simply an extension to Lisp or Scheme and not a programming language in its own right. Others applauded Arc for stripping Lisp down to bare essentials. Shortly after its release, Arc was ported to JavaScript, and was being supported by Schemescript, an integrated development environment (IDE) based on Eclipse.

Examples
Hello world in Arc :

To illustrate Arc's terseness, Graham uses a brief program. It produces a form with one field at the url "/said". When the form is submitted, it leads to a page with a link that says "click here", which then leads to a page with the value of the original input field.

Official version
The first publicly released version of Arc was made available on 29 January 2008, implemented on Racket (named PLT-Scheme then). The release comes in the form of a .tar archive, containing the Racket source code for Arc. A tutorial and a discussion forum are also available. The forum uses the same program that Hacker News does, and is written in Arc.

Unofficial versions
Due to lack of updates in the official Arc branch, some members of the Arc community started their own repositories with unofficial modifications, extensions, and libraries. One version, Anarki, permitted anyone to submit changes to the project and has a community managed wiki.

Rainbow is an implementation of Arc in Java.

Arcadia is an implementation of Arc in C.

Arc++ is an implementation of Arc in C++.

title: Arc (programming language)


text:
Futsal

Futsal is a football-based game played on a hardcourt like a basketball court, smaller than a football pitch, and mainly indoors. It has similarities to five-a-side football and indoor football.

Futsal is played between two teams of five players each, one of whom is the goalkeeper. Unlimited substitutions are permitted. Unlike some other forms of indoor football, it is played on a hard court surface marked by lines; walls or boards are not used. It is played with a smaller, harder, lower-bounce ball than association football. The surface, ball and rules favour ball control and passing in small spaces. The game emphasizes control, improvisation, creativity and technique.

Name
Futsal comes from the Portuguese futebol de salão and from the Spanish fútbol sala or fútbol de salón (all translatable as "indoor football"). During its second world championships held in Madrid in 1985, the Spanish name fútbol sala was used. The World Futsal Association registered the name futsal in 1985, following a dispute with FIFA over the name fútbol. Since then, futsal has become the officially and internationally accepted name, and FIFA has also started using the term.

Origins
Futsal started in 1930 when Juan Carlos Ceriani, a teacher in Montevideo, Uruguay, created a version of indoor football for YMCAs.

Originally developed for basketball courts, a rule book for the new sport was published in September 1933. Association football was already highly popular in the country, and after Uruguay won the 1930 World Cup and gold medals in the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics, it attracted even more practitioners. Ceriani's goal was to create a team game similar to football that could be played indoors or outdoors.

While writing the rule book, Ceriani combined the principles of association football—where the ball may be touched with every part of the body except the hands or upper part of the arms—with rules from other sports: from basketball, the number of players (five per team) and the game's duration (40 active minutes); from water polo, the goalkeeping rules; and from team handball, the field and goal sizes.

The YMCA spread the game quickly throughout South America. It was easily played by everyone, everywhere, and in any weather condition, helping players of other sports stay in shape all year round. These reasons convinced João Lotufo, a Brazilian, to bring the game to his country and adapt it to the needs of physical education.

Initially, the rules were not uniform. In 1956, the rules were modified by Habib Maphuz and Luiz Gonzaga de Oliveira Fernandes within the YMCA of São Paulo, Brazil, to allow seniors to compete. Luiz de Oliveira wrote the Book of Rules of Futsal in 1956, then adopted also at the international level.

In 1965, the Confederación Sudamericana de Futsal (South American Futsal Confederation) was created, consisting of Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay, Peru and Argentina.

Shortly after, a tournament was organized. It attracted some interest in South American media, which regularly began to follow futsal. In particular, it was the Brazilian journalist José Antônio Inglêz who passionately contributed to the rapid spread of the game, as well as being credited as the man who coined the name "futsal".

The most attended futsal match in history was played on 7 September 2014 on Mane Garrincha Stadium in Brazil's capital Brasilia between Brazil and Argentina in front of 56,483 spectators.

Futsal today
Today, futsal is a very popular global sport, with one source estimating 12 million players across the world. Due to its easy setup, enhanced accessibility, and lower physical requirements, futsal has become an essential resource for coaches aiming to develop players.

Governing bodies
The two most important governing bodies of futsal are the Asociación Mundial de Fútsal (AMF) and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA). AMF is the successor organization to the original governing body. FIFA later took an interest in futsal. However, talks between FIFA and AMF to reconcile governance were not successful. FIFA organizes its own separate competitions.

The International Futsal Alliance (IFA) is a partnership of countries formed to offer high quality futsal tournaments throughout the world. It sees itself as ancillary rather than competing with FIFA. Its membership spans countries from North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Several tournaments have been organized under the auspices of IFA, including a world cup for men held in 2019 and one for women held in 2017.

Rules
There are currently two governing bodies: Asociación Mundial de Fútsal (AMF) and Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) which are responsible for maintaining and regulating the official rules of their respective versions of futsal.

FIFA publishes its futsal rules as the 'Laws of the Game', in which each of the 17 'laws' is a thematically related collection of individual regulations. The laws define all aspects of the game, including which may be changed to suit local competitions and leagues.

Many of the laws are similar or identical to those found in association football, or reference association football in their absence (such as a section noting that there is no offside infraction in futsal). These rules are subjective and differ from tournament to tournament.

Summary of rules

 * Length of the field
 * minimum 25 x, maximum 42 x.

 * Ball
 * Ages 13 and up: Size 4, circumference 62 - 64 cm, weight between 400 - 440 g at the start of the game.
 * Ages 9–13: Size 3, circumference 56 - 59 cm, weight between 350 - 380 g at the start of the game.
 * Dropped from a height of 2 m, the first rebound must not be lower than 50 cm or more than 65 cm.
 * The ideal futsal ball should weigh 390–490 grams.

 * Time
 * There are two periods of 20 minutes with time stopping at every dead ball. Between the two periods there is a break of 15 minutes. Each team may use one time-out per half, which lasts one minute. Some leagues and tournaments use 25 minute periods with running time.

 * Number of players
 * There are five players for each team in the field, one of them as goalkeeper, and a maximum number of 12 players that can be used each match. Substitutions are unlimited and on-the-fly.

 * Fouls
 * All direct free kicks count as accumulated fouls. A direct free kick is awarded for kicking, jumping, pushing, striking,holding, spitting, and deliberate handling. Indirect free kicks, such as playing dangerously and impeding, do not count as accumulated fouls. A team is warned by the referee when they commit five accumulated fouls in a half. All accumulated fouls after the warning result in a direct kick from the second penalty mark.

 * Cards
 * A caution can be shown for unsporting behavior, dissent, failure to respect the distance on a restart, excessive delay of a restart, persistent infringement, or incorrectly entering/leaving the field of play. A player or substitute can be sent off for serious foul play, violent conduct, spitting, illegally denying an obvious goal-scoring opportunity, abusive language, and receiving a second caution. Sent-off players are ejected from the game and their team must play short for two minutes or until the other team scores a goal.

 * Free kicks
 * Taken from the spot of the infringement or on the line of the penalty area nearest the infringement (indirect only). All opponents must be at least 5 m away from the ball. The kick must be taken within four seconds or an indirect kick is awarded to the other team.

 * Kick from the second penalty mark
 * Awarded when a team commits 6 or more accumulated fouls in a half. Second penalty mark is 10 m from the goal, opponents must be behind the ball, goalkeeper must be at least 5 m away.

 * Penalty kick
 * 6 m from the center of the goal for fouls inside the 6 m goal keeper's area.

 * Goalkeeper
 * When in possession of the ball, the goalkeeper has 4 seconds to get rid of the ball. If the ball is kept too long, the referee will give an indirect kick to the other team. The goalkeeper may play freely when in the opponent's half.

 * Goalkeeper pass-back restriction
 * Once the goalkeeper has released the ball either by kicking or throwing, the goalkeeper may not touch it again until the ball goes out of play or is touched by an opponent. The sanction for violation is an indirect free kick. The goalkeeper may receive the ball freely when on the opponent's half.

 * Kick-in
 * A kick-in is used instead of a throw-in. The player must place the ball on the touchline or outside but not more than 25 cm from the place the ball went out of play. The ball must be stationary, and the kick-in must be taken within 4 seconds from the time the player is ready. During kick-in, opponents must stand at least 5 m from the ball. If four seconds elapses or an illegal kick is taken, the referee will award a kick-in to the other team. It is not allowed to score directly from a kick-in: the goal is valid only if someone else touches the ball before it enters in goal.

 * Goal clearance
 * A goal clearance is used instead of a goal kick. The goalkeeper must throw the ball with their hands, and it must leave the penalty area within four seconds. If goal clearance is taken illegally the goalkeeper may retry, but the referee will not reset the count. If four seconds elapses, the other team gets an indirect kick on the penalty area line.

 * Corner kick
 * The ball must be placed inside the arc nearest to the point where the ball crossed the goal line and the opponent must stand on field at least 5 m from the corner arch until the ball is in play. The corner kick must be taken within 4 seconds of being ready or else a goal clearance will be awarded to the other team. The ball is in play when it is kicked and moves.

 * Referees
 * For international matches, there must be two referees: one (first referee) is positioned on the touchline near the timekeeper table and communicates with the timekeeper, while the other (second referee) is in the opposite side of the field. At the timekeeper table there is a timekeeper and a third referee, who controls the teams' benches. In minor events, the third referees and the timekeeper are not used.

Players, equipment and officials
There are five players on the field on each team, one of whom is the goalkeeper. The maximum number of substitutes allowed is nine (FIFA change 2012), with unlimited substitutions during the match. Substitutes can come on even when the ball is in play but the player coming off must leave the field before the substitute can enter the playing field. If a team has or is reduced to fewer than three players remaining, the match is abandoned and counted as a loss for the team with the lack of players.

The kit is made up of a jersey or shirt with sleeves, shorts, socks, shinguards made out of metal, plastic or foam, and shoes with rubber soles. The goalkeeper is allowed to wear long trousers and a different coloured kit to distinguish themself from the other players on the team and the referee. The goalkeeper is also allowed to wear elbow pads because the surface is about as hard as a tennis court or basketball court. Jewellery is not allowed, nor are other items that could be dangerous to the player wearing the item or to other active participants.

The match is controlled by the referee, who enforces the Laws of the Game, and the first referee is the only one who can legally abandon the match because of interference from outside the field. This referee is assisted by a second referee who typically watches over the goal lines or assists the primary referee with calls on fouls or plays. The decisions made by the referees are final and can only be changed if the referees think it is necessary and play has not restarted. There is also a third referee and a timekeeper who are provided with equipment to keep a record of fouls in the match. In the event of injury to the second referee, the third referee will replace the second referee.

The court
The futsal court is made up of wood or artificial material, or similar surface, although any flat, smooth and non-abrasive material may be used. The length of the field is in the range of 38 - 42 m, and the width is in the range of 20 - 25 m in international matches. For other matches, it can be 25 - 42 m in length, while the width can be 16 - 25 m, as long as the length of the longer boundary lines (touchlines) are greater than the shorter boundaries where the goals are placed (goal lines) (Basketball courts of 28 x can be used). The "standard" size court for an international is 40 x (the size of a handball field). The ceiling must be at least 4 m high.

A rectangular goal is positioned at the middle of each goal line. The inner edges of the vertical goal posts must be 3 m apart, and the lower edge of the horizontal crossbar supported by the goal posts must be 2 m above the ground. Nets made of hemp, jute or nylon are attached to the back of the goalposts and crossbar. The lower part of the nets is attached to curved tubing or another suitable means of support. The depth of the goal is 80 cm at the top and 1 m at the bottom.

In front of each goal is an area known as the penalty area. This area is created by drawing quarter-circles with a 6 m radius from the goal line, centered on the goalposts. The upper part of each quarter-circle is then joined by a 3.16 m line running parallel to the goal line between the goalposts. The line marking the edge of the penalty area is known as the penalty area line. The penalty area marks where the goalkeeper is allowed to touch the ball with hands. The penalty mark is six metres from the goal line when it reaches the middle of the goalposts. The second penalty mark is 10 m from the goal line when it reaches the middle of the goalposts. A penalty kick from the penalty spot is awarded if a player commits a foul inside the penalty area. The second penalty spot is used if a player commits their team's sixth foul in the opposing team's half or in their own half in the area bordered by the halfway line and an imaginary line parallel to the halfway line passing through the second penalty mark; the free kick is taken from the second penalty mark.

Any standard team handball field can be used for futsal, including goals and floor markings.

Duration and tie-breaking methods
A standard match consists of two equal periods of 20 minutes. The length of either half is extended to allow penalty kicks to be taken or a direct free kick to be taken against a team that has committed more than five fouls. The interval between the two halves cannot exceed 15 minutes.

In some competitions, the game cannot end in a draw, so away goals, extra time and kicks from the penalty mark are the three methods for determining the winner after a match has been drawn. Away goals mean that if the team's score is level after playing one home and one away game, the team which has scored more away goals wins. Extra time consists of two periods of five minutes. If no winner is produced after these methods, three kicks from the penalty mark are taken, and the team that has scored the most wins. If it is not decided after three kicks from the penalty mark, it continues to go on with one extra kick from the penalty mark to each team at a time until one of them has scored more goals than the other. Unlike extra time, the goals scored in a shoot-out do not count towards the goals scored throughout the match.

The start and restart of play
At the beginning of the match, a coin toss is used to decide who will start the match. A kick-off is used to signal the start of play and is used at the start of the second half and any periods of extra time. It is also used after a goal has been scored, with the other team starting the play. After a temporary stoppage for any reason not mentioned in the Laws of the Game, the referee will drop the ball where the play was stopped, provided that, before the stoppage, the ball was in play and had not crossed either the touch lines or goal lines.

If the ball goes over the goal line or touchline, hits the ceiling, or the play is stopped by the referee, the ball is out of play. If it hits the ceiling of an indoor arena, play is restarted with a kick-in to the opponents of the team that last touched the ball, under the place where it hit the ceiling.

Lack of offside rule
Unlike association football, there is no offside in futsal. Under the Futsal Laws of the Game, Law 11 references offside as it does in association football, but only says that there is no offside in futsal.

Misconduct
A direct free kick can be awarded to the opposing team if a player succeeds or attempts to kick or trip an opponent, jumps, charges or pushes an opponent, or strikes or attempts to strike an opponent. Holding, touching or spitting at an opponent are offenses that are worthy of a direct free kick, as are sliding in to play the ball while an opponent is playing it or carrying, striking or throwing the ball (except the goalkeeper).

These are all accumulated fouls. After five accumulated fouls in a half, the sixth accumulated foul and beyond result in a direct kick from the penalty mark where members of both teams may not make a wall prior to the kick.

The direct free kick is taken where the infringement occurred, unless it is awarded to the defending team in their penalty area, in which case the free kick may be taken from anywhere inside the penalty area. A penalty kick is awarded if a player commits one of the fouls that are worthy of a direct free kick inside their own penalty area. The position of the ball does not matter as long as it is in play but for a penalty kick, the ball must be on the outer line, perpendicular to the center of the net.

An indirect free kick is awarded to the opposing team if a goalkeeper clears the ball but then touches it with their hands before anyone else, if the goalkeeper controls the ball with hands when it has been kicked to them by a teammate, or if they touch or control the ball with hands or feet in their own half for more than four seconds.

An indirect free kick is also awarded to the opposing team if a player plays in a dangerous manner, deliberately obstructs an opponent, prevents the goalkeeper from throwing the ball with hands or anything else for which play is stopped to caution or dismiss a player. The indirect free kick is taken from the place where the infringement occurred.

Yellow and red cards are used in futsal. The yellow card is to caution players over their actions. If they get two, they are given a red card, which means they are sent off the field. A yellow card is shown if a player shows unsporting behavior, dissent, persistent infringement of the Laws of the Game, delaying the restart of play, failing to respect the distance of the player from the ball when play is being restarted, infringement of substitution procedure or entering, re-entering and leaving the field without the referee's permission. A player is shown the red card and sent off if they engage in serious foul play, violent conduct, spitting at another person, or denying the opposing team a goal by handling the ball (except the goalkeeper inside their penalty area). Also punishable with a red card is denying an opponent moving towards the player's goal a goal scoring opportunity by committing an offense punishable by a free kick or a penalty kick and using offensive, insulting or abusive language or gestures. A player who has been sent off must leave the vicinity of the field.

A substitute player is permitted to come on two minutes after a teammate has been sent off, unless a goal is scored before the end of the two minutes. If a team with more players scores against a team with fewer players, another player can be added to the team with an inferior number of players. If the teams are equal when the goal is scored or if the team with fewer players scores, both teams remain with the same number of players.

Men
There is the top 30 teams according to FIFA Futsal Men's World Ranking are:

Women
There is the top 20 teams according to FIFA Futsal Women's World Ranking are:

Discontinued competitions

 * Futsal at the Pan American Games
 * Futsal at the Lusophony Games

Euro University
5th European Universities Championship 14-19/7/2008 Wroclaw (Poland)

China International Futsal Tournament

 * 1) 2009
 * 2) 2010
 * 3) 2011
 * 4) 2012
 * 5) 2013
 * 6) 2014
 * 7) 2014
 * 8) 2015
 * 9) 2016
 * 10) 2017
 * 11) 2018
 * 12) 2019: (Men and Women)

CFA Futsal International Tournaments - Changshu Story

 A round-robin tournament determined the final standings.

Hangzhou International Futsal Tournament Story

 A round-robin tournament determined the final standings.

Tiger's Cup/World 5's Futsal

 * 1) 1997-2001
 * 2) 2003
 * 3) 2008: https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futsal_KL_Dunia_5

 A round-robin tournament determined the final standings.

Clubs

 * Intercontinental Futsal Cup
 * UEFA Futsal Champions League
 * Copa Libertadores de Futsal
 * AFC Futsal Club Championship
 * AFF Futsal Club Championship
 * CONCACAF Futsal Club Championship

Discontinued tournaments

 * Pan American Games
 * Lusophony Games

AMF World Cup (Women)
1st Women World Cup

Victory Day Women Cup

 * 1) 2010
 * 2) 2011
 * 3) 2012
 * 4) 2013
 * 5) 2014
 * 6) 2015
 * 7) 2016
 * 8) 2017
 * 9) 2018
 * 10) 2019

Nowruz Games

 * 1) 2023

Futsal Week Tournaments
Since 2013 - Ongoing

Men

 * 1) 2008
 * 2) 2010 Thailand Five's
 * 3) 2016 Thailand Five's
 * 4) 2017 Thailand Five's
 * 5) 2018 Thailand Five's
 * 6) 2020 SAT (Sports Authority of Thailand (SAT)) International Futsal Championship (Iran B)
 * 7) 2021 Continental Futsal Championship
 * 8) 2022 NSDF Futsal Invitation Championship (Iran U-19)
 * 9) 2022 Continental Futsal Championship
 * 10) 2023 NSDF Futsal Invitation Championship

 * 2022 European Universities Games

Women

 * 1) 2022

U21
1st DIFA World Deaf Futsal U-21 Championships 2022 in Malaysia (Men and Women).

Senior
World Deaf Football Championships

5th World Deaf Futsal Championships November 2023 São Paulo, Brazil (Men and Women).

2nd World Deaf Futsal Championships

The 3rd World Deaf Futsal Championships will be held in São Paulo, Brazil in November 2023.

The 1st World Deaf

The former deaf futsal world champions at a glance:

Year	Men's	Women's

2007	Ukraine	Germany

2011	IR Iran	Russia

2015	IR Iran	Russia

2019	Spain	Brazil

Asia Pacific
3rd Men and 1st Women Asia Pacific Deaf Futsal Championships 15–24 February 2019 in Bangkok, Thailand.

4th Men and 2nd Women 2023 in Iran.

Europe
Sources:

World Police Futsal Tournament
14th World Police Futsal Tournament, 3rd +35 and 5th women was held in 2008 in 🇧🇪.

title: Futsal


text:
United Kingdom Infrared Telescope

The United Kingdom Infra-Red Telescope (UKIRT) is a 3.8 metre (150 inch) infrared reflecting telescope, the second largest dedicated infrared (1 to 30 micrometres) telescope in the world. It is located on Mauna Kea, Hawai'i as part of Mauna Kea Observatory. Until 2014 it was operated by the Joint Astronomy Centre in Hilo. It was owned by the United Kingdom Science and Technology Facilities Council. UKIRT is currently being funded by NASA and operated under scientific cooperation between Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, the University of Hawaii, and the U. S. Naval Observatory. The telescope is set to be decommissioned after completion of the Thirty Meter Telescope as part of the Mauna Kea Comprehensive Management Plan.

Design
Like related telescopes on Tenerife, it is a Cassegrain device with a thin primary mirror, around 2/3 thinner than in other contemporary devices and weighing only 6.5 tonnes. When trying to view distant objects in infra-red local sources of heat must be minimised, to this end a lighter mirror requires lower power motors and control systems creating less heat. The mirror is held in a massive steel 'cell' of 20 tonnes which is linked to the supports by Serrurier trusses. The mirror's accuracy despite its very low weight and thickness was partly achieved by sitting it on concentric circles of aluminum pistons/air cells, 80 in all. Computer control of these pneumatic pistons enabled stresses in the glass to be canceled out effectively modeling the behavior of a much thicker mirror. This novel technique resulted in optical performance considerably better than the procurement specification. The instrument was mounted on an 'English Equatorial mounting' or yoke which sits on ball-bearings on steel piers, swinging east–west and rotating around north–south. The geometry of the mount limits the telescopes access to objects between +60 and −40 degrees of declination but it is extremely sturdy and free from deformation and so allows very accurate pointing. The entire structure was built on massive ball bearings held rigid by shear pins to afford earthquake protection. Pointing control of the axis was provided by pairs of printed circuit motors driven in opposition to cancel backlash controlled by a DEC PDP11/40 computer system.

History
The telescope was built between 1975 and 1978; the mechanical systems were built by Dunford Hadfields Limited of Sheffield and the optics by Grubb Parsons of Newcastle. Originally known as the Infrared Flux Collector, it began operation in October 1979.

It was built at the same time as the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility; John Jefferies of the Institute for Astronomy, which built the first telescope in the area, said "it has been sometimes a source of embarrassment ... that there are two of them at the same place at the same time. The natural question is asked, Why two? Why don't you build one and share it?".

With the delivery of the wide-field imager WFCAM in 2004, UKIRT began a revolutionary large-scale sky survey (the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey, UKIDSS). This project takes some 80% of the available telescope time in wide-field mode. Wide-field takes some 60% of the telescope; the other 40% is devoted to operations with the Cassegrain instrumentation. In December 2008 it was announced that the telescope would be moving to wide-field mode full-time.

Since December 13, 2010 UKIRT has been operated remotely from Hilo in a minimalist operation mode with no observers present. Most of the time is used by the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey, but about 60 nights per year are used by Korean institutes.

A UKIRT infrared survey was used to discover a redshift distance record breaking Quasar in 2011. The quasar could not be seen in visible light, but could in the longer wavelengths observed by UKIRT. The UKIDSS observations allowed astronomers to find the most distant quasar in 2011. It took five years to find this item but once found, other telescopes such as the VLT further analyzed it.

Instrumentation
UKIRT has four Cassegrain instruments of which 3 can be on the telescope at the same time and a wide-field imager placed forward of the Cassegrain focus.

 * CGS4 is a cooled-grating spectrometer with a 90-arcsecond long slit, at spectral resolutions between about 1,000 and 30,000.
 * Michelle is a 320x240 pixel mid-infrared imager/spectrometer operating between 10 and 20 micrometres.
 * UFTI is a 1024x1024 pixel imager operating between 0.8 and 2.5 micrometres.
 * UIST is a 1024x1024 pixel imager/spectrometer operating between 0.8 and 5 micrometres, and offering an integral field mode 3x6 arcseconds in size.
 * WFCAM (at forward Cassegrain) is a wide-field imager with four 2048x2048 arrays, each of which covers a field 13.6 arcminutes on a side, for a total field of view of about 0.2 square degrees.

Upgrades
Though it was built inexpensively, UKIRT has been extensively upgraded. A program of improvements from 1990 to 1998 greatly improved the imaging performance, and in 2001 the telescope delivered median infrared seeing ranging from 0.8 arcseconds at dusk to 0.5 arcseconds in the early morning. Between 1998 and 2003, two major software projects were undertaken – the ORAC project providing a major upgrade to the user interface and automating telescope operations, and the OMP providing a comprehensive observation database and data feedback mechanisms. Since 2003, using these two software enhancements, UKIRT has carried out highly efficient flexible scheduling – tailoring observation execution to the prevailing weather conditions. Observations are selected from the database according to the current seeing, atmospheric water vapor, sky transparency, and a science priority allocated by the telescope time allocation panel.

Research
In July 2006, UKIRT released the DR1 data set for the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope Infrared Deep Sky Survey.

Continuing operations
It was announced on 16 December 2009 that the telescope was "subject to discussions leading to managed withdrawal". In 2012, its shutdown for end of the 2013 was announced. The possibility of transfer was noted as a possibility. On October 30, 2014 the telescope ownership was transferred to the University of Hawaii. It is now operated under a Scientific Cooperation Agreement among the University of Arizona, the University of Hawaii and Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center. Funding for operations is currently being provided by the NASA Orbital Debris Program Office. Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona is responsible for daily operations and scientific productivity. Technical support is provided by the East Asian Observatory, the successor organization operating the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. In addition to NASA mission support, observing time is provided to astronomers and planetary scientists at the University of Hawaii and University of Arizona and researchers at LM-ATC. The UK continues to provide support for data pipelines and archives for the Wide-Field Camera and receives a share of the time for survey projects of joint interest.

title: United Kingdom Infrared Telescope