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Daughters of the American Revolution

The National Society Daughters of the American Revolution (often abbreviated as DAR or NSDAR) is a lineage-based membership service organization for women who are directly descended from a person involved in supporting the American Revolution. A non-profit group, the organization promotes education and patriotism. Its membership is limited to direct lineal descendants of soldiers or others of the American Revolution era who aided the revolution and its subsequent war. Applicants must be at least 18 years of age and have a birth certificate indicating that their gender is female. DAR has over 190,000 current members in the United States and other countries. The organization's motto is "God, Home, and Country".

History
In 1889, the centennial of President George Washington's inauguration was celebrated, and Americans looked for additional ways to recognize their past. Out of the renewed interest in United States history, numerous patriotic and preservation societies were founded. On July 13, 1890, after the Sons of the American Revolution refused to allow women to join their group, Mary Smith Lockwood published the story of patriot Hannah White Arnett in The Washington Post, asking, "Where will the Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution place Hannah Arnett?" On July 21 of that year, William O. McDowell, a great-grandson of Hannah White Arnett, published an article in The Washington Post offering to help form a society to be known as the Daughters of the American Revolution. The first meeting of the society was held August 9, 1890.

The first DAR chapter was organized on October 11, 1890, at the Strathmore Arms, the home of Mary Smith Lockwood, one of the DAR's four co-founders. Other founders were Eugenia Washington, a great-grandniece of George Washington, Ellen Hardin Walworth, and Mary Desha. They had also held organizational meetings in August 1890. Other attendees in October were Sons of the American Revolution members Registrar General Dr. George Brown Goode, Secretary General A. Howard Clark, William O. McDowell (SAR member #1), Wilson L. Gill (secretary at the inaugural meeting), and 18 other people.

The First Lady, Caroline Lavina Scott Harrison, wife of President Benjamin Harrison, lent her prestige to the founding of DAR, and served as its first President General. Having initiated a renovation of the White House, she was interested in historic preservation. She helped establish the goals of DAR, which was incorporated by congressional charter in 1896.

In this same period, such organizations as the Colonial Dames of America, the Mary Washington Memorial Society, Preservation of the Virginia Antiquities, United Daughters of the Confederacy, and Sons of Confederate Veterans were also founded. This was in addition to numerous fraternal and civic organizations flourishing in this period.

Structure
DAR is structured into three Society levels: National Society, State Society, and Chapter. A State Society may be formed in any US State, the District of Columbia, or other countries that are home to at least one DAR Chapter. Chapters can be organized by a minimum of 12 members, or prospective members, who live in the same city or town.

Each Society or Chapter is overseen by an executive board composed of a variety of officers. National level officers are: President General, First Vice President General, Chaplain General, Recording Secretary General, Corresponding Secretary General, Organizing Secretary General, Treasurer General, Registrar General, Historian General, Librarian General, Curator General, and Reporter General, to be designated as Executive Officers, and twenty-one Vice Presidents General. These officers are mirrored at the State and Chapter level, with a few changes: instead of a President General, States and Chapters have Regents, the twenty-one Vice Presidents General become one Second Vice Regent position, and the title of "General" is replaced by the title of either "State" or "Chapter". Example: First Vice President General becomes State First Vice Regent.

Historic programs
The DAR chapters raised funds to initiate a number of historic preservation and patriotic endeavors. They began a practice of installing markers at the graves of Revolutionary War veterans to indicate their service, and adding small flags at their gravesites on Memorial Day.

Other activities included commissioning and installing monuments to battles and other sites related to the War. The DAR recognized women patriots' contributions as well as those of soldiers. For instance, they installed a monument at the site of a spring where Polly Hawkins Craig and other women got water to use against flaming arrows, in the defense of Bryan Station (present-day Lexington, Kentucky).

In addition to installing markers and monuments, DAR chapters have purchased, preserved, and operated historic houses and other sites associated with the war.

DAR Hospital Corps (Spanish–American War, 1898)
In the 19th century, the U.S. military did not have an affiliated group of nurses to treat servicemembers during wartime. At the onset of the Spanish–American War in 1898, the U.S. Army appointed Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee as Acting Assistant Surgeon to select educated and experienced nurses to work for the Army. As Vice President of the DAR (who also served as NSDAR's first Librarian General), Dr. McGee founded the DAR Hospital Corps to vet applicants for nursing positions. The DAR Hospital Corps certified 1,081 nurses for service during the Spanish–American War. DAR later funded pensions for many of these nurses who did not qualify for government pensions.

Some of DAR-certified nurses were trained by the American Red Cross, and many others came from religious orders such as the Sisters of Charity, Sisters of Mercy, and Sisters of the Holy Cross. These nurses served the U.S. Army in the U.S., Cuba, and the Philippines during the war. They paved the way for the eventual establishment—with Dr. McGee's assistance—of the Army Nurse Corps in 1901.

Textbook committees
During the 1950s, statewide chapters of the DAR took an interest in reviewing school textbooks for their own standards of suitability. In Texas, the statewide "Committee on Investigations of Textbooks" issued a report in 1955 identifying 59 textbooks currently in Texas public schools that had "socialistic slant" or "other deficiencies" including references to "Soviet Russia" in the Encyclopedia Britannica.

In 1959, the Mississippi chapter's "National Defense Committee" undertook a state lobbying effort that secured an amendment to state law which added "lay" members to the committee reviewing school textbooks. A DAR board member was appointed to one of the seats.

Contemporary DAR
There are nearly 180,000 current members of the DAR in approximately 3,000 chapters across the United States and in several other countries. The organization describes itself as "one of the most inclusive genealogical societies" in the United States, noting on its website that, "any woman 18 years or older – regardless of race, religion, or ethnic background – who can prove lineal descent from a patriot of the American Revolution, is eligible for membership". The current DAR President General is Pamela Rouse Wright, the founder and owner of a jewelry and luxury goods business in Texas.

Eligibility
Membership in the DAR today is open to all women, regardless of race or religion, who can prove lineal bloodline descent from an ancestor who aided in achieving United States independence. The National Society DAR is the final arbiter of the acceptability of the documentation of all applications for membership.

Qualifying participants in achieving independence include the following:
 * Signatories of the United States Declaration of Independence;
 * Military veterans of the American Revolutionary War, including State navies and militias, local militias, privateers, and French or Spanish soldiers and sailors who fought in the American theater of war to include the Island of Cuba;
 * Civil servants of provisional or State governments, Continental Congress and State conventions and assemblies;
 * Signers of Oath of Allegiance or Oath of Fidelity and Support;
 * Participants in the Boston Tea Party or Edenton Tea Party;
 * Prisoners of war, refugees, and defenders of fortresses and frontiers; doctors and nurses who aided Revolutionary casualties; ministers; petitioners; and
 * Others who gave material or patriotic support to the Revolutionary cause.

DAR published a book, available online, with the names of thousands of minority patriots, to enable family and historical research. Its online Genealogical Research System (GRS) provides access to a database, and it is digitizing family Bibles to collect more information for research.

The organization has chapters in all 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C.. DAR chapters outside the U.S. have been founded in Australia, Austria, the Bahamas, Bermuda, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Spain, and the United Kingdom. DAR is a governing organization within the Hereditary Society Community of the United States of America, and each DAR President General has served on HSC's board since its inception.

In June 2023, at the 132nd DAR Continental Congress, the organization voted to add an amendment to their bylaws that states the chapters "may not discriminate against an eligible applicant based on race, religion, sexual orientation, national origin, age, disability, or any other characteristic protected by applicable law." DAR spokesperson Bren Landon told Newsweek that the amendment "provides additional non-discrimination language" that protects the society's tax-exempt status. She also told Newsweek that "the new language does not change the criteria for membership," and that "DAR's longstanding membership policy remains unchanged since our founding in 1890."

At Continental Congress, Jennifer Mease, a delegate and Regent of the Liberty Bell Chapter in Pennsylvania, inquired whether chapters could vote against admitting a new member "whose birth certificate has been altered by their state to indicate they are female even though they were born a male."

President General Wright responded to Mease's inquiry by stating "if a person's certified birth certificate states 'female,' they are eligible for membership, and your chapter cannot change that.. if their birth certificate says they are a female, and you vote against them based on their protected class, it's discrimination." In an official newsletter released after the congress, Wright wrote, "some have asked if this means a transgender woman can join DAR or if this means that DAR chapters have previously welcomed transgender women. The answer to both questions is, yes."

Educational programs
DAR contributes over $1 million annually to support five schools that provide for a variety of special student needs. The five supported schools are: Scholarships and funds are given to Native American youth at Chemawa Indian School in Salem, Oregon and Bacone College in Muskogee, Oklahoma.
 * Berry College in Mount Berry, Georgia
 * Crossnore School in Crossnore, North Carolina
 * Kate Duncan Smith DAR School in Grant, Alabama
 * Hillside School in Marlborough, Massachusetts
 * Hindman Settlement School in Hindman, Kentucky

Civic work
DAR members participate in a variety of veteran and citizenship-oriented projects, including:
 * Providing more than 200,000 hours of volunteer time annually to veterans in U.S. Veterans Administration hospitals and non-VA facilities
 * Offering support to America's service personnel in current conflicts abroad through care packages, phone cards and other needed items
 * Sponsoring special programs promoting the Constitution during its official celebration week of September 17–23
 * Participating in naturalization ceremonies

Exhibits and library at DAR headquarters
DAR maintains a genealogical library at its headquarters in Washington, D.C., which provides guides for individuals doing family research. Its bookstore presents scholarship on United States and women's history.

Temporary exhibits in the galleries have featured women's arts and crafts, including items from the DAR's quilt and embroidery collections. Exhibit curators provide a social and historical context for girls' and women's arts in such exhibits, for instance, explaining practices of mourning reflected in certain kinds of embroidery samplers, as well as ideals expressed about the new republic. Permanent exhibits include American furniture, silver, and furnishings.

Literacy promotion
In 1989, the DAR established the NSDAR Literacy Promotion Committee, which coordinates the efforts of DAR volunteers to promote child and adult literacy. Volunteers teach English, tutor reading, prepare students for GED examinations, raise funds for literacy programs, and participate in many other ways.

American history essay contest
DAR holds an annual national American history essay contest for students in 5th through 8th grades. A different topic is selected each year. Essays are judged "for historical accuracy, adherence to topic, organization of materials, interest, originality, spelling, grammar, punctuation, and neatness." The contest is conducted locally by DAR chapters. Chapter winners compete against each other by region and nationally; national winners receive a monetary award.

Scholarships
DAR awards $150,000 annually in scholarships to high school graduates, and music, law, nursing, and medical school students. Only two of the 20 scholarships offered are restricted to DAR members or their descendants.

Debutante balls
Certain chapters of the DAR partner with the Sons of the American Revolution to host debutante balls where daughters of members are presented to society as debutantes and sons of members are presented as "patriots". Members of the Children of the American Revolution may also be presented. The Pennsylvania State Society of the DAR hosts the annual Constitution Debutante Ball in Valley Forge. In Lafayette, Louisiana, the Galvez Chapter of the DAR hosts the annual George Washington Ball, commemorating the birthday of George Washington. Young women in the Children of the American Revolution who are either eighteen years of age or a senior in high school may be presented as debutantes at the Virginia DAR State Conference in Richmond. Debutantes are also presented at the Georgia DAR State Conference.

African Americans and DAR
In 1932, DAR adopted a rule excluding African American musicians from performing at DAR Constitution Hall in response to complaints by some members against "mixed seating," as both black and white people were attracted to concerts of black artists. In 1939, they denied permission for Marian Anderson to perform a concert. First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, a DAR member, resigned from the organization.

In her letter to the DAR, Roosevelt wrote, "I am in complete disagreement with the attitude taken in refusing Constitution Hall to a great artist...You had an opportunity to lead in an enlightened way and it seems to me that your organization has failed." Author Zora Neale Hurston criticized Roosevelt's refusal to condemn the Board of Education of Washington, D.C.'s simultaneous decision to exclude Anderson from singing at the segregated white Central High School. Hurston declared "to jump the people responsible for racial bias would be to accuse and expose the accusers themselves. The District of Columbia has no home rule; it is controlled by congressional committees, and Congress at the time was overwhelmingly Democratic. It was controlled by the very people who were screaming so loudly against the DAR. To my way of thinking, both places should have been denounced, or neither."

As the controversy grew, American media overwhelmingly backed Anderson's right to sing. The Philadelphia Tribune, an African American newspaper in Philadelphia, wrote, "A group of tottering old ladies, who don't know the difference between patriotism and putridism, have compelled the gracious First Lady to apologize for their national rudeness." The Richmond Times-Dispatch wrote, "In these days of racial intolerance so crudely expressed in the Third Reich, an action such as the D.A.R.'s ban... seems all the more deplorable." At Eleanor Roosevelt's behest, President Roosevelt and Walter White, then-executive secretary of the NAACP, and Anderson's manager, impresario Sol Hurok arranged an open-air concert on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial with a dignified and stirring rendition of "America (My Country, 'Tis of Thee)". The event attracted a crowd of more than 75,000 in addition to a national radio audience of millions.

In 1952, DAR reversed its "white performers only" policy. In 1957, however, DAR's Colorado branch refused to allow a Mexican American child to participate in an Abraham Lincoln birthday event. In 1977, Karen Batchelor Farmer (now Karen Batchelor) from Detroit, was admitted to the Ezra Parker Chapter in Royal Oak, Michigan as the first known DAR African American member. Batchelor's admission as the first known African American member of DAR sparked international interest after it was featured in a story on page one of The New York Times. In 1984, Lena Lorraine Santos Ferguson, a retired school secretary, was denied membership in a Washington, D.C. chapter of the DAR because she was Black, according to a report by The Washington Post. Ferguson met the lineage requirements and could trace her ancestry to Jonah Gay, a white man who fought in Maine. Sarah M. King, the President General of the DAR, told The Washington Post that DAR's chapters have autonomy in determining members, saying "Being black is not the only reason why some people have not been accepted into chapters. There are other reasons: divorce, spite, neighbors' dislike. I would say being black is very far down the line....There are a lot of people who are troublemakers. You wouldn't want them in there because they could cause some problems." After King's comments were reported in a page one story, outrage erupted, and the City Council threatened to revoke the DAR's real estate tax exemption. King quickly qualified her comments, saying that Ferguson should have been admitted, and that her application had been handled "inappropriately". DAR changed its bylaws to bar discrimination "on the basis of race or creed." In addition, King announced a resolution to recognize "the heroic contributions of black patriots in the American Revolution."

Since the mid-1980s, the DAR has supported a project to identify African Americans, Native Americans, and individuals of mixed race who were patriots of the American Revolution, expanding their recognition beyond soldiers.

In 2008, DAR published Forgotten Patriots: African-American and American Indian Patriots in the Revolutionary War. In 2007, the DAR posthumously honored Mary Hemings Bell, an individual enslaved by Thomas Jefferson, as a "Patriot of the Revolution." Because of Hemings Bell's declaration by the DAR to be a Patriot, all of her female descendants qualify for membership in the DAR. Wilhelmena Rhodes Kelly, in 2019, became the first African American elected to the DAR National Board of Management when she was installed as New York State Regent in June.

Living members

 * Karen Batchelor, American lawyer and genealogist and the first African American member of the DAR
 * Betsy Boze, American academic, chief executive officer and dean, Kent State University Stark
 * Ada E. Brown, first African American woman federal judge appointed by President Donald Trump and confirmed by the Senate, and first African American woman on the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas in its 140-year history. Second Native American woman to become a federal judge
 * Carol Burnett, American actress, comedian, singer, and writer
 * Laura Bush, former First Lady of the United States
 * Bo Derek, actress, former model, and veterans advocate
 * Elizabeth Dole, former U.S. Senator from North Carolina, former transportation secretary, labor secretary, American Red Cross president, Federal Trade Commissioner, presidential candidate, and presidential advisor
 * Tammy Duckworth, American Army veteran, former U.S. Representative, and from 2017, U.S. Senator from Illinois. Duckworth is depicted along with Molly Pitcher in a statue sponsored by the DAR Illinois chapter and dedicated to women veterans on the grounds of the Brehm Memorial Library in Mt. Vernon, Illinois
 * Candace Whittemore Lovely, painter
 * Dr. Donna J. Nelson, chemistry professor
 * Katie Pavlich, conservative commentator, author, blogger, and podcaster
 * Sarah Huckabee Sanders, Governor of Arkansas
 * Margaret Rhea Seddon, NASA astronaut
 * Wilma Vaught, American military officer and first woman to reach the rank of brigadier general from the comptroller field

Deceased members

 * Jane Addams, activist and Nobel Peace Prize winner
 * Mary Jane Aldrich (1833–1909), American temperance reformer and lecturer
 * Susan B. Anthony, American suffragist
 * Lillie Stella Acer Ballagh, national chairman of Colonial Relics
 * Mary Ross Banks (1846–1910), litterateur and author
 * Sarah Gertrude Banks (1839–1926), American physician and suffragist
 * Clara Barton, American Red Cross founder
 * Octavia Williams Bates (1846–1911), suffragist, clubwoman, author
 * Jennie Iowa Berry (1866–1951), National President, Woman's Relief Corps
 * Frances E. Burns (1866–1937), social leader, business executive
 * Mary Temple Bayard (1853–1916), American writer, journalist
 * Cora M. Beach, State Chairman and member of National Committee for Genealogical and Historical Research
 * Clara Bancroft Beatley (1858–1923), educator, lecturer, author
 * Fanny Yarborough Bickett (1870–1941), First Lady of North Carolina and first female president of the North Carolina Railroad
 * Ella A. Bigelow (1849–1917), author and clubwoman
 * Rosalynn Carter, former First Lady of the United States, politician, political and social activist
 * Sarah Bond Hanley, first Democratic woman to serve in the Illinois House of Representatives. She served as the Illinois State Regent.
 * Leah Belle Kepner Boyce, State Recording and Secretary of the California Daughters of the American Revolution
 * Gene Bradford (1909–1937), member of the Washington State House of Representatives
 * Alice Willson Broughton (1889–1980), First Lady of North Carolina
 * Olivia Dudley Bucknam, Hollywood chapter
 * Helen Calkins (1893–1970), American mathematician
 * Eleanor Kearny Carr (1840–1912), First Lady of North Carolina
 * Luella J. B. Case (1807–1857), author
 * Marietta Stanley Case (1845–1900), poet and temperance advocate
 * Mildred Stafford Cherry (1894–1971), First Lady of North Carolina
 * Annetta R. Chipp (1866–1961), temperance leader and prison evangelist
 * Florence Anderson Clark (1835–1918), author, newspaper editor, librarian, university dean
 * Vinnie B. Clark, established and developed the Geography Department at the San Diego State Teachers College
 * Clara Rankin Coblentz (1863–1933), social reformer
 * Sarah Johnson Cocke (1865–1944), writer and civic leader
 * Margaret Wootten Collier (1869–1947), author
 * Emily Parmely Collins (1814–1909) – suffragist, activist, writer
 * Charity Rusk Craig (1849–1913) - sixth national president of the Woman's Relief Corps
 * Lura Harris Craighead (1858–1926) - author, parliamentarian, clubwoman
 * Harriet L. Cramer (1847–1922) – newspaper publisher
 * Inez Mabel Crawford, first registrar of the General Edward Hand Chapter
 * Alice Creelman (1858–1952), artist and art dealer
 * Mary Mayo Crenshaw (1875–1951), author and civil servant
 * Ethel Sperry Crocker (1861–1934), philanthropist and art patron
 * Belle Caldwell Culbertson (1857–1934), author and philanthropist
 * Carrie Chase Davis (1863–1953), American physician, suffragist
 * Margaret B. Denning (1856–1935), missionary and temperance worker
 * Allie Luse Dick (1859–1933), music teacher
 * Estelle Skidmore Doremus, supporter of the New York Philharmonic
 * Ella Loraine Dorsey (1853–1935), author, journalist, translator
 * Fanny Murdaugh Downing (1831–1894), author and poet
 * Saidie Orr Dunbar, Executive Secretary of the Oregon Tuberculosis Association
 * Caroline B. Eager, American philanthropist who worked mainly with the Igorot people of the Philippine Islands
 * Ida Horton East (1842–1915), philanthropist
 * Mary Baker Eddy, founder of Christian Science church
 * Mary Elvira Elliott (1851–1942), writer and lecturer
 * Isabel H. Ellis, Rubidoux Chapter
 * Margaret Dye Ellis (1845–1925), social reformer and lobbyist
 * Lelia Dromgold Emig (1872–1957), genealogist
 * Infanta Eulalia of Spain, Spanish Infanta and author
 * Lena Santos Ferguson (1928–2004), secretary and second African American member of the DAR
 * Laura Dayton Fessenden (1852–1924), author
 * Inglis Fletcher, American writer
 * Mary Alice Fonda (1837–1897), American musician, linguist, author, critic
 * Abigail Keasey Frankel, prominent club and civic worker of Portland. She was the first president of the Oregon Federation of Business and Professional Women
 * Agnes Moore Fryberger (1868–1939), music educator
 * Sarah E. Fuller (1838–1913), philanthropist and social leader
 * Sarah Ewing Sims Carter Gaut (1826–1912), socialite and Confederate spy
 * Dale Pickett Gay, Wyoming clubwoman and one of the best known women of her time in the oil business
 * Wilma Anderson Gilman (1881–1971), concert pianist, music teacher, clubwoman
 * Lillian Gish, actress
 * Fannie Smith Goble, held several high offices in Daughters of the American Revolution organization
 * Isophene Goodin Bailhache, national vice chairman of Historic Spots, State Officer, Chapter Regent
 * Gene Grabeel, mathematician and cryptanalyst who founded the Venona project
 * Harriet A. Haas, attorney and member of Piedmont Board of Education
 * Sarah C. Hall (1832–1926), physician, suffragist
 * Emma Stark Hampton, fifth National President, Woman's Relief Corps
 * Inez M. Haring, American botanist
 * Ethel Hillyer Harris, author
 * Sallie Foster Harshbarger, from 1920 to 1922, State Regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution
 * Caroline Harrison, former First Lady of the United States
 * Antoinette Arnold Hawley, President, Colorado WCTU
 * L. Isabel Heald, social leader and philanthropic worker
 * Mary Hilliard Hinton, historian, painter, anti-suffragist, pro-racial segregation
 * Emily Caroline Chandler Hodgin, temperance reformer
 * Margaret Gardner Hoey, First Lady of North Carolina
 * Grace Hopper, Rear Admiral, USNR
 * Anna Morris Holstein (1825–1900), Founder First Regent D.A.R. Valley Forge Chapter, Hosted 1891 DAR National Leadership visit to Valley Forge, Prayer Desk Dedicated at VF Memorial Chapel in her honor, Founder, Regent Centennial and Memorial Association, Civil War Nurse, Author.
 * Harriet Lane Huntress (1860–1922), Deputy Superintendent Public Instruction in New Hampshire
 * Mary Anna Jackson (1831–1915), wife of Confederate General Stonewall Jackson
 * Electa Amanda Wright Johnson (1938–1929), philanthropist, writer
 * Rebecca Richardson Joslin (1846–1934), writer, lecturer, benefactor, clubwoman
 * Jennie Murray Kemp (1858–1928), temperance leader and writer
 * Sara Beaumont Kennedy (1859–1920), writer and newspaper editor
 * Mary Lewis Langworthy (1872–1949), teacher, writer, lecturer, and executive
 * Harriet Nisbet Latta (1853–1910), Founding State Regent of North Carolina
 * Nancy A. Leatherwood, national chairman of Historical and Literary Reciprocity Committee of the Daughters of the American Revolution
 * Willie Kirkpatrick Lindsay (1875–1954), educator and temperance activist
 * Colonel Westray Battle Long, Director of the Women's Army Corps
 * Harriett Lothrop (1844–1924), author and founder of the Children of the American Revolution
 * Anne Bozeman Lyon (1860–1936), writer
 * Edith Bolte MacCracken, State Regent of the Daughters of the American Revolution
 * Mary Stuart James MacMurphy (1846–1934), teacher, lecturer, clubwoman, and author
 * Virginia Donaghe McClurg, member
 * Ruth Karr McKee, member
 * Moina Michael, educator and originator of Memorial Day Poppies
 * Anne Hazen McFarland, M.D., physician and medical journal editor
 * Anita Newcomb McGee, founder of the Army Nurse Corps
 * Luella F. McWhirter, president, Indiana State Woman's Christian Temperance Union
 * Anne Rogers Minor, artist and DAR President General, 1920–1923
 * Fanny E. Minot (1847–1919), national president Woman's Relief Corps
 * Bessie Morse, founder of The Morse School of Expression, St. Louis
 * Sara E. Morse, held positions in several organizations
 * Grandma Moses, folk artist
 * Alice Curtice Moyer
 * Emma Huntington Nason (1845–1921), poet, author, and musical composer
 * Jacqueline Noel, leader in promoting the colonial history of the United States
 * Cornelia Alice Norris, socialite, genealogist, and founding regent of the Caswell-Nash Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution
 * Florence Sillers Ogden, columnist, conservative activist, and segregationist
 * Elizabeth Fry Page (?–1943), author, editor
 * Jane Marsh Parker (1836–1913), author, historian, clubwoman
 * Fannie Brown Patrick, musician and leader in civic and social affairs
 * Alice Paul, American suffragist
 * Theodora Agnes Peck (1882–1964), author and poet
 * Isabel Weld Perkins (1876–1948), heiress, socialite, and author
 * Edith Allen Phelps, twice president of the Oklahoma Library Association, the first professional in the Library Science field in the Oklahoma City system
 * Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States
 * Frances Porcher, officer of the Jefferson Chapter
 * Delia Lyman Porter (1858–1933), author, social reformer, clubwoman
 * Adele Poston, pioneer in the field of psychiatric nursing
 * Sara Agnes Rice Pryor (1830–1912), writer and community activist
 * Ada E. Purpus, member
 * Emily Lee Sherwood Ragan, author, journalist
 * Emma May Alexander Reinertsen (1853–1920), writer
 * Janet Reno, former Attorney General of the United States
 * Hester Dorsey Richardson (1862–1933), author
 * Alice Mary Robertson, educator and public servant from Oklahoma, second woman to serve in the United States Congress
 * Lelia P. Roby, regent, DAR; founder, Ladies of the Grand Army of the Republic
 * Emily Warren Roebling, engineer, known for her contribution to the completion of the Brooklyn Bridge
 * Ginger Rogers, actress and dancer
 * Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States. She resigned her membership in protest of racism.
 * Fannie Forbis Russel, one of the pioneer women of the state of Montana
 * Susan Augusta Pike Sanders, national president of the Woman's Relief Corps
 * Phyllis Schlafly, conservative political activist and writer
 * Julia Green Scott, DAR President General
 * M. Elizabeth Shellabarger, Registered Nurse, army nurse overseas during World War I and director of American Red Cross Nursing Service in Albania and Montenegro
 * Jessamine Shumate, noted artist and cartographer
 * Eva Munson Smith (1843–1915), composer, poet, author
 * Lura Eugenie Brown Smith (1864–?), journalist, newspaper editor, author
 * Margaret Chase Smith, US Congresswoman and US Senator
 * Mary Bell Smith (1818–1894), educator and temperance leader
 * Helen Norton Stevens, Lady Stirling Chapter
 * Mary Ingram Stille (1854–1935), historian, journalist, and temperance reformer
 * Lillian Carpenter Streeter (1854–1935), social reformer, clubwoman, author
 * Vera Blanche Thomas, president of the Arizona State Nurses' Association from 1927 to 1928
 * Adaline Emerson Thompson (1859–1951), benefactor and educational leader
 * Martha L. Poland Thurston (1849–1898), vice-president of the national body; also social leader, philanthropist, writer
 * Lydia H. Tilton (1839–1915), lyricist of "Old Glory", the D.A.R. national song
 * Lizabeth A. Turner (1829–1907), National President, Woman's Relief Corps
 * Gertrude Vaile (1878–1954), social worker
 * Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, sculptor, art patron and collector, and founder in 1931 of the Whitney Museum of American Art
 * Maryly Van Leer Peck, Founder of Guam Community College, first female president of a Florida Community College, first woman chemical engineer graduate from Vanderbilt University. Received the National Community Service Award from DAR.
 * Amy Robbins Ware (1877–1929), WWI veteran, author
 * Marion Margery Scranton (1884–1960), women's suffrage activist
 * Flora Warren Seymour, writer, historian, author, first woman member of the Board of Indian Commissioners
 * Florence Warfield Sillers, historian and socialite, founding member of the Mississippi Delta Chapter
 * Emily Goodrich Smith (1830–1903), newspaper correspondent
 * Jennie O. Starkey (ca. 1856 – 1918) was an American journalist
 * Elizabeth Willisson Stephen (1856–1925), author
 * Fay Webb-Gardner, First Lady of North Carolina
 * Agnes Wright Spring, member
 * Adelaide Cilley Waldron (1843–1909), author, editor, clubwoman
 * Margaret Anderson Watts (1832–1905), social reformer, temperance activist, and writer
 * Margaret Ray Wickens (1843–1918), national president of the Woman's Relief Corps
 * Helen M. Winslow (1851–1938), editor, author, publisher, and journalist
 * Grace Steele Woodward (1899–1987), writer and historian

List of DAR presidents general
The presidents general of the society have been:

* Note: During the Watkins administration, the President General and other National Officers began to be referred to by their own first names, rather than their husbands'.

Honors
A memorial to the Daughters of the American Revolution's four founders at Constitution Hall in Washington, D.C., was dedicated on April 17, 1929. It was sculpted by Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney, a DAR member.

title: Daughters of the American Revolution


text:
Steve Lamacq

Stephen Paul Lamacq (born 16 October 1964), sometimes known by his nickname Lammo (given to him by John Peel), is an English disc jockey, currently working with BBC Radio 6 Music.

Early life
Lamacq attended The Ramsey Academy from 1976, which had been formed the previous year from two grammar schools. He was brought up in the Essex village of Colne Engaine.

Early career
Lamacq cites Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark's "wonderful" 1979 single "Electricity" as his inspiration to become a disc jockey, noting that he wanted to afford air time to similar, "curious" music. Prior to launching this career, he studied Journalism at Harlow College, Essex, and worked as a junior reporter at the West Essex Gazette. In similar fashion to other music journalists who started fanzines during their teenage years, Lamacq started one called A Pack of Lies.

During his time at NME he began DJing on the pirate radio station Q102, which would become XFM. He formed a record label in 1992 with Alan James and Tony Smith, called Deceptive Records. The majority of the label's releases shared a punk-pop sensibility, with Elastica being their most successful signing, before the label eventually folded in 2001.

Between 1995 and 1997, Lamacq occasionally presented Top of the Pops on BBC One with fellow Radio 1 DJ Jo Whiley.

In a 1996 Peel session by Mogwai, the fourth item on the track listing is Mogwai Salute the brilliance of Steve Lamacq.

Lamacq is a fan of Colchester United. He visited their training ground for his 50th birthday where he trained as a goalkeeper, has written an autobiography, entitled Going Deaf for a Living and has also acted as a compere on the main stage at the Reading Festival on several occasions.

BBC Radio
In the early 1990s, Lamacq appeared regularly on the Gary Crowley show, a three-hour Sunday afternoon indie music programme on the BBC station GLR. Lamacq contributed the Gig Guide and the NME Indie Top 20.

Between 1993 and 1997 Lamacq presented The Evening Session with Jo Whiley, and then on his own until December 2002, when the programme was cancelled. Colin Murray served as a temporary replacement for six months until Zane Lowe's contract with the London station XFM ended in June 2003, where he took up a permanent position. On 28 September 2007, both he and Whiley reunited to recreate The Evening Session on the latter's show as part of Radio 1's 40th Anniversary celebrations.
 * Radio 1

He also presented the indie radio show Lamacq Live every Monday evening, beginning in July 1998 and ending on 18 September 2006. The show ended as part of a makeover in Radio 1's schedule to present a "younger image" to Radio One listeners, with Colin Murray taking over his slot.

Lamacq has also presented documentaries for the station, as well as hosting their John Peel Night special. He presented the In New Music We Trust programme every Monday night from 9 to 10pm until August 2009, when it was announced he would be leaving Radio 1 as part of a shakeup in the scheduling.

Lamacq's homepage on the 6 Music website described Lamacq Live as "the UK's most influential indie radio show". He also has a programme on the BBC's digital station, BBC Radio 6 Music, which was on Sunday afternoons, but from April 2005 he presented the daily teatime show on BBC Radio 6 Music, taking over from Andrew Collins.
 * 6 Music

In March 2010 it was announced that Lamacq and fellow Radio 1 presenter Jo Whiley would present a one-off Evening Session (the first in 13 years) on Good Friday (2 April) for BBC Radio 6 Music.

In 2016, Lamacq broadcast from the studios at BBC Radio Humberside, as part of Radio 6 Music's Independent Venue Week tour. One night of the nationwide tour was hosted at The New Adelphi Club in Hull, East Yorkshire, on 26 January 2016, with Mark Morriss as the headline act.

On 1 September 2023, it was announced that Lamacq would stand down from his weekday drive time show and present a single weekly show on Monday called Steve Lamacq’s Teatime Session from January 2024.

In addition to his regular 6 Music slot, he also presented a weekly show on BBC Radio 2 where he played his own choice of music and introduces his listeners to both new and emerging artists.
 * Radio 2 and other appearances

Beginning in April 2007, the show was originally broadcast on Wednesdays between 11:30pm and 12:30am and, from April 2008, between 11pm and 12am. At Easter 2010, as part of wider changes to the Radio 2 evening schedule, Trevor Nelson took over the Wednesday 11pm slot (having previously been on in the hour before Lamacq), with Lamacq moving to 11pm on Saturday nights. In April 2012, the show was renamed Steve Lamacq's Rock College and moved to a Thursday 11pm slot. Lamacq left regular presenting duties on Radio 2 in September 2013 as part of a reshuffle of evening presenters.

In 2007, he deputised for Bob Harris on Saturdays from 11pm to 2am, who had to receive treatment for cancer.

He has also appeared as a guest on 5live sport punditry show Fighting Talk hosted by Colin Murray.

Weekenders mix album
Weekenders is a DJ mix album mixed by Steve Lamacq and released by London Records in 1996. It has a dance and indie-alternative rock feel rolled into one with Britpop tracks such as Pulp's "Common People" and Blur's "Girls & Boys" alongside tracks by electronica artists such as The Chemical Brothers, Prodigy and Orbital.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Steve Lamacq


text:
Daughters of the Republic of Texas

The Daughters of the Republic of Texas (DRT) is a lineal association dedicated to perpetuating the memory of the founding families and soldiers of the Republic of Texas. The Daughters of the Republic of Texas is best known for its former role as caretakers of The Alamo. In early 2015, Texas Land Commissioner George P. Bush officially removed control of the Alamo to the Texas General Land Office. The DRT were also the custodians of the historic French Legation Museum until 2017, which is owned by the State of Texas and is now operated by the Texas Historical Commission. In addition, they operate a museum in Austin on the history of Texas.

Membership is limited to descendants of ancestors who "rendered loyal service for Texas" prior to February 19, 1846, the date the Republic ceased to exist and Texas handed over authority to the United States.

Beginnings
The Daughters of the Republic of Texas was formed in 1891 by cousins Betty Eve Ballinger and Hally Ballinger Bryan Perry. The organization was originally called the Daughters of the Lone Star Republic before taking its present name.

The first president of the organization in 1891 was Mary Smith Jones, widow of the Republic's last president Anson Jones. The first chapter that was chartered in DRT was the Sidney Sherman Chapter. The chapter was chartered in Galveston on November 6, 1891.

Hally's father Guy Morrison Bryan had emigrated to Texas in 1831. In March 1836, Bryan became the courier for at least one of William Barret Travis's Alamo letters from Bell's Landing to Velasco. He was an army orderly under Alexander Somervell, and in the Brazoria volunteer company under John Coffee Hays. He served in both the Texas House of Representatives and Texas State Senate. Bryan was a veteran of the American Civil War. He was a charter member and president of the Texas Veterans Association and charter member of the Texas State Historical Association.

Betty's grandfather William Houston Jack had served in the Alabama state legislature and emigrated to Texas in 1830. He was one of the authors of the Turtle Bayou Resolutions. Jack participated in the capture of Goliad, later joined Sam Houston's army and was a veteran of the Battle of San Jacinto. He served in both the Texas House of Representatives and Texas State Senate.

Saving the Alamo
By the late 1880s the historic San Antonio missions were falling into disrepair and becoming subject to vandals. Two dedicated DRT women stepped forward to restore and preserve the Alamo for future generations.

The public entrance known as the Alamo's mission chapel was already owned by the State of Texas, which had purchased the building from the Roman Catholic Church in 1883 and had given custody to the City of San Antonio. The city had made no improvements to the chapel structure, and ownership did not include the long barracks (convento).

In 1903, Adina Emilia De Zavala enlisted heiress and philanthropist Clara Driscoll to join the Daughters of the Republic of Texas and chair the De Zavala fund raising committee to negotiate the purchase of the long barracks (convento) that was owned by wholesale grocers Charles Hugo and Gustav Schmeltzer. The asking price was $75,000, most of which was donated by Clara Driscoll.

In early 1905, Samuel Ealy Johnson, Jr. drafted the Alamo Purchase Bill which included a provision that The Alamo be overseen by Daughters of the Republic of Texas. On January 26, 1905, the Texas State Legislature approved, and Governor S. W. T. Lanham signed, the Alamo Purchase Bill for state funding to preserve the Alamo property. The state reimbursed Clara Driscoll and, on October 4, 1905, the governor formally conveyed the Alamo property, including the convento and the mission church, to the Daughters of the Republic of Texas.

A divide between two factions erupted over how the long barracks property was to be used. Driscoll and others believed it was not part of the original structure and should be turned into a park. Clara offered to raze the building at her own expense. De Zavala was adamant that the long barracks was part of the original building and where the major part of the battle had occurred. In 1908 De Zavala had a stand-off with authorities inside the structure. By 1911, Governor Oscar Branch Colquitt ordered the long barracks be restored to its original condition as it was in mission days. During the 1912 restoration, workers discovered foundation work that verified De Zavala's instincts that the structure had indeed been an original part of the Alamo.

In 1931, Clara donated another $70,000 to help the state legislature purchase more city property surrounding the shrine. In 1933, she defeated an effort by city engineers who wanted to purchase a portion of the Alamo property to widen Houston Street. In 1935, the persuasive Driscoll convinced the San Antonio Fire Department to reconsider building a new fire station adjacent to the Alamo. As president of the DRT in 1936, she oversaw Centennial celebrations of the shrine.

When Clara died in 1945, her body lay in repose in the Alamo chapel. Adina died in 1955 and her casket draped with the flag of Texas was carried past the Alamo one last time.

Later years
The DRT opposed filming of the 1969 Peter Ustinov comedy Viva Max!, asking the San Antonio city council to not permit the filming.

In 2009, a division arose between current, and former members of the DRT's board of management and the Alamo Committee over the current administration's management, preservation and financial vision for the Alamo. The disagreement eventually led to the expulsions of three DRT members beginning in October 2010. Early in 2011, Texas State Senator Leticia R. Van de Putte, whose district includes The Alamo historic site, drafted legislation for increased oversight and reporting of the DRT at the Alamo. Through a lengthy investigation by Texas Attorney General Greg Abbott, an attempt blocked by Governor Rick Perry to trademark the words "The Alamo", a contract dispute to market the Alamo with William Morris Endeavor, and a failed 175th Anniversary symphony concert celebration with musician Phil Collins, the DRT maintained control of the Alamo through 2010, and most of 2011. However, Van De Putte's legislation which gained momentum throughout the 2011 Texas Legislative session, ended up as HB3726. In an extended session, House Bill 3726 was passed and signed by Texas Governor Rick Perry before leaving to begin his campaign for the 2012 Presidential election, effectively ending the DRT's 106-year reign as the sole caretakers of the Alamo. The new law placed the Alamo under the care and leadership of the Texas General Land Office (GLO). The DRT entered into an 18-month operating agreement with the GLO as a State contractor at the Alamo. The DRT's contract with the State expired June 2013.

Membership
Membership in DRT is open to women only, who must meet the following criteria:
 * at least sixteen years of age,
 * must be personally acceptable to the association
 * who can prove lineal descent from men and women who rendered loyal service to Texas prior to its annexation in 1846 by the United States. Acceptable loyal service can be obtained by one of the following four criteria:
 * colonization with Stephen Fuller Austin's "Old Three Hundred" or by the authority of the Spanish, Mexican, or Texas Republican governments,
 * military service to the Spanish, Mexican, or Texas Republican governments during the appropriate era
 * loyal citizenship of the Republic of Texas prior to annexation
 * receipt of land grants authorized by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Texas.

Notable members

 * Lynn Forney Young

title: Daughters of the Republic of Texas


text:
United Daughters of the Confederacy

The United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) is an American neo-Confederate hereditary association for female descendants of Confederate Civil War soldiers engaging in the commemoration of these ancestors, the funding of monuments to them, and the promotion of the pseudohistorical Lost Cause ideology and corresponding white supremacy.

Established in Nashville, Tennessee in 1894, the group venerated the Ku Klux Klan during the Jim Crow era, and in 1926, a local chapter funded the construction of a monument to the Klan. According to the Institute for Southern Studies, the UDC "elevated [the Klan] to a nearly mythical status. It dealt in and preserved Klan artifacts and symbology. It even served as a sort of public relations agency for the terrorist group."

The group's headquarters are in the Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy building in Richmond, Virginia, the former capital city of the Confederate States. In May 2020 the building was damaged by fire during the George Floyd protests.

Formation and purpose
The group was founded on September 10, 1894, by Caroline Meriwether Goodlett and Anna Davenport Raines as the National Association of the Daughters of the Confederacy. The first chapter was formed in Nashville. The name was soon changed to United Daughters of the Confederacy. Their stated intention was to "tell of the glorious fight against the greatest odds a nation ever faced, that their hallowed memory should never die." Their primary activity was to support the construction of Confederate memorials. The UDC has said that its members also support U.S. troops and honor veterans of all U.S. wars.

In 1896, the organization established the Children of the Confederacy to impart similar values to younger generations through a mythical depiction of the Civil War and Confederacy. According to historian Kristina DuRocher, "Like the KKK's children's groups, the UDC utilized the Children of the Confederacy to impart to the rising generations their own white-supremacist vision of the future." The UDC denies assertions that it promotes white supremacy.

The communications studies scholar W. Stuart Towns notes the UDC's role "in demanding textbooks for public schools that told the story of the war and the Confederacy from a definite southern point of view." He adds that their work is one of the "essential elements [of] perpetuating Confederate mythology."

The UDC was incorporated on July 18, 1919. Its headquarters is in the Memorial Building to the Women of the Confederacy, Richmond, Virginia, built in the 1950s.

Early work
Across the Southern United States, associations were founded after the Civil War, chiefly by women, to organize burials of Confederate soldiers, establish and care for permanent cemeteries, organize commemorative ceremonies, and sponsor impressive monuments as a permanent way of remembering the Confederate cause and tradition.

The organization was "strikingly successful at raising money to build monuments, lobbying legislatures and Congress for the reburial of Confederate dead, and working to shape the content of history textbooks." They also raised money to care for the widows and children of the Confederate dead. Most of these memorial associations gradually merged into the United Daughters of the Confederacy, which grew from 17,000 total members in 1900 to nearly 100,000 by World War I.

Monuments, memorials, and charity
The UDC was influential primarily in the early twentieth century across the South, where its main role was to preserve, uphold and romanticize the memory of the Confederate veterans, especially those husbands, sons, fathers and brothers who died in the Civil War. Memory and memorials became the central focus of the organization.

Historian Jacquelyn Dowd Hall notes that the UDC had a particular interest in the position of Southern (Confederate) women, with "a commitment to bolstering vanquished and disheartened veterans and keeping the memory of the dead alive. But it was also committed to immortalizing the heroism of Confederate women, whose valor, its leaders believed, had been every bit as important as men's." The UDC's methods were wide-ranging and ahead of their times:

"UDC leaders were determined to assert women's cultural authority over virtually every representation of the region's past. This they did by lobbying for state archives and museums, national historic sites, and historic highways; compiling genealogies; interviewing former soldiers; writing history textbooks; and erecting monuments, which now moved triumphantly from cemeteries into town centers. More than half a century before women's history and public history emerged as fields of inquiry and action, the UDC, with other women's associations, strove to etch women's accomplishments into the historical record and to take history to the people, from the nursery and the fireside to the schoolhouse and the public square."

"The number of women's clubs devoted to filiopietism and history was staggering," says historian W. Fitzhugh Brundage, noting that women were much more likely to be involved in a variety of (historical) organizations than men, who devoted their energies to fraternal societies. Brundage notes that after women's suffrage came in 1920, the historical role of the women's organizations eroded.

After 1900 the UDC became an umbrella organization coordinating local memorial groups. The UDC women specialized in sponsoring local memorials. After 1945, they were active in placing historical markers along Southern highways. The UDC has also been active in national causes during wartime. According to the organization, during World War I, it funded 70 hospital beds at the American Military Hospital on the Western front and contributed over US$82,000 for French and Belgian war orphans. The homefront campaign raised $24 million for war bonds and savings stamps. Members also donated $800,000 to the Red Cross. During World War II, they gave financial aid to student nurses.

In 1933 the Tennessee branch of UDC donated $50,000 for the construction of a Confederate memorial hall on the campus of the George Peabody College for Teachers which merged with Vanderbilt University in 1979. A university effort to remove the inscription "Confederate" from the building, resisted by the UDC, led to a 2005 Tennessee appeals court ruling that the inscription could be removed only if the UDC donation was returned at present value. In 2016 an anonymous source donated $1.2 million to the university specifically for that purpose, and the inscription was removed.

Memoirs
The UDC encouraged women to publish their experiences in the war, beginning with biographies of major southern figures, such as Varina Davis's of her husband Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederacy. Later, women began adding more of their own experiences to the "public discourse about the war," in the form of memoirs, such as those published in the early 1900s by Sara Pryor, Virginia Clopton, Louise Wright and others. They also recommended structures for the memoirs. By the turn of the twentieth century, a dozen memoirs by southern women were published. These memoirs were part of the growing public memory about the antebellum years and the Lost Cause narrative, which critics have described as white supremacist, as they vigorously defended the Confederacy and its founding principles (which included the enslavement of African Americans).

Southern Cross of Honor
The Southern Cross of Honor was a commemorative medal established by the United Daughters of the Confederacy for members of the United Confederate Veterans. It was proposed at a meeting in 1898, with 78,761 crosses issued by 1913. The medal was never authorized to be worn on the United States Army, Navy, or Marine Corps uniform.

Scholarships
During the first decades of their existence, the UDC focused on caring for Confederate soldiers and their widows. When the numbers of Confederate veterans began to dwindle, they focused on their remaining objectives. Education of the descendants of those who served the Confederacy became one of the key interests of the organization. Some state divisions within the UDC built dormitories and sponsored scholarships, but there was no coordinated support for education by the national organization. The divisions were responsible for scholarships and building dormitories for women. At the 1907 General Convention, Caroline Meriwether Goodlett spoke of the shift in the UDC's focus. As monuments were erected, she "sat by ... thinking that the monument fever would abate." She believed that "the most thoughtful and best educated women" in the organization should have realized that the "grandest monument (they) could build in the South would be an educated motherhood."

The UDC combined education with support of the military during World War II by establishing a nurses' training fund. Each scholarship provided approximately $100 per year for a three-year nursing program. When a scholarship was offered, local Chapters were encouraged to contact local schools to locate students who needed assistance to fund their education.

In addition, the UDC sponsors essay and poetry compositions, in which the participants are not to use the phrase "Civil War," "War Between the States" being the preferred term.

Children of the Confederacy
The Children of the Confederacy, also known as the CofC, is an auxiliary organization to the UDC. The official name is Children of the Confederacy of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. It comprises children from birth through the time of the Children of the Confederacy Annual General Convention following their 18th birthday. All Children of the Confederacy chapters are sponsored by UDC chapters. Children are taught Lyon Gardiner Tyler's "Catechism on the History of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865," which says that Northerners did away with slavery because the climate was unsuitable, that they had no intention of ever paying the South for its slaves after abolition, that slaves in the South were faithful to their owners, who were caring and gentle people: cruel slave owners existed only in the North.

Before 2015, the "Creed" of the CofC read: "Because we desire to perpetuate, in love and honor, the heroic deeds of those who enlisted in the Confederate Services and upheld its flag through four years of war, we, the children of the South, have united in an Organization called the 'Children of the Confederacy,' in which our strength, enthusiasm and love of justice can exert its influence. We therefore pledge ourselves to preserve pure ideals, to honor the memory of our beloved Veterans, to study and teach the truths of history (one of the most important of which is that the War Between the States was not a rebellion, nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery), and always to act in a manner that will reflect honor upon our noble and patriotic ancestors." The phrase "nor was its underlying cause to sustain slavery" was deleted by the UDC General Convention of 2015.

George Floyd protests
During the early morning hours of May 31, 2020, the Memorial to the Women of the Confederacy headquarters building in Richmond was vandalized with graffiti and set ablaze during a chain of protests across the city in the wake of the murder of George Floyd. The Richmond Fire Department extinguished the fire using nine fire trucks. The President-General of the UDC reported that the building's windows had been broken and fire was set to the curtains hanging in the building's Caroline Meriwether Goodlett Library. The fire was largely contained to the library, but there was extensive smoke and water damage throughout the building and charring on the building's Georgia marble façade. Staff reported that all the books in the building's library had incurred some damage and that library shelving had been destroyed.

"Lost Cause" and Neo-Confederate views
Meredith College history professor and former CofC member Daniel L. Fountain states that organizations like the UDC have deeply "implanted the Lost Cause's falsified version of history" in the South. "Rallying behind powerful women such as Mildred Lewis Rutherford, the UDC relentlessly lobbied legislatures for public school textbooks that presented a pro-Confederate version of regional history and successfully blacklisted" other books. "By targeting the region's middle- to upper-class children, they ensured an army of future teachers and leaders would carry forward and defend their message for decades to come. Embedding their version of Confederate history into the sacred spaces of Southern society (the home, cemeteries, churches, city squares, street names, colleges and schools) made erasing it physically difficult and personally painful."

During the period 1880–1910, the UDC was one of many groups that celebrated Lost Cause mythology and presented "a romanticized view of the slavery era" in the United States. The UDC promoted white Southern solidarity, allowing white Southerners to refer to a mythical past in order to legitimize racial segregation and white supremacy. The UDC worked to "define southern identity around images from an Old South that portrayed slavery as benign and slaves as happy and a Reconstruction that portrayed blacks as savage and immoral." In 1919 their lost cause narrative was codified in Mildred Rutherford's Measuring Rod to Test Text Books and Reference Books, which the UDC endorsed and successfully used in debates over history textbooks across the South. More recently, historian James M. McPherson has said that the UDC promotes a white supremacist and neo-Confederate agenda:

"I think I agree a hundred percent with Ed Sebesta, though, about the motives or the hidden agenda not too deeply hidden I think of such groups as the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Sons of the Confederate Veterans. They are dedicated to celebrating the Confederacy and rather thinly veiled support for white supremacy. And I think that also is the again not very deeply hidden agenda of the Confederate flag issue in several Southern states."

The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) considers the UDC as part of the Neo-Confederate movement, intrinsically white supremacist, that began in the early 1890s. The SPLC contends that the UDC promotes "a reactionary conservative ideology that has made inroads into the Republican Party from the political right, and overlaps with the views of white nationalists and other more radical extremist groups." In August 2018, its website still stated that "Slaves, for the most part, were faithful and devoted. Most slaves were usually ready and willing to serve their masters."

Ku Klux Klan
According to lawyer Greg Huffman, writing in Facing South, "perhaps nothing illuminates the UDC's true nature more than its relationship with the Ku Klux Klan. Many commentators have said the UDC simply supported the Klan. That is not true. The UDC during Jim Crow venerated the Klan and elevated it to a nearly mythical status. It dealt in and preserved Klan artifacts and symbology. It even served as a sort of public relations agency for the terrorist group." At its 1913 annual national convention, the UDC unanimously endorsed The Ku Klux Klan, or The Invisible Empire, a book written by UDC historian Laura Martin Rose, then president of the UDC's Mississippi Division, which alleged that the Klan had rescued the South from carpetbagger-inspired racial violence. Published near the height of the UDC's Confederate statue-installation and textbook-vetting efforts, the book became a supplementary reader for Southern school children. A local chapter of the UDC funded a now-vanished memorial to the Klan erected in 1926 near Concord, North Carolina. As late as 1936, the UDC's official publication featured an article which lauded the role of the Ku Klux Klan.

Notable members

 * Annie Lowrie Alexander (1864–1929), physician and educator
 * Kate Walker Behan (1851–1918), club leader
 * Georgia Benton, schoolteacher and first African-American member of the UDC in Georgia
 * Fanny Yarborough Bickett (1870–1941), First Lady of North Carolina and first female president of the North Carolina Railroad
 * Elizabeth Lee Bloomstein (1859–1927), academic and clubwoman
 * Lena Northern Buckner (1875–1939), social worker
 * Frances Boyd Calhoun (1867–1909), teacher and author
 * Florence Anderson Clark (1835–1918), author, newspaper editor, librarian, university dean
 * Virginia Clay-Clopton (1825–1915), political hostess and activist in Alabama and Washington, DC.
 * Sarah Johnson Cocke (1865–1944), writer and civic leader
 * Margaret Wootten Collier (1869–1947), author
 * Cola Barr Craig (1861–1930), president, U.D.C.; author and clubwoman
 * Amanda Julia Estill (1882–1965), writer, teacher, folklorist
 * Sarah Ewing Sims Carter Gaut (1826–1912), socialite and Confederate spy
 * Caroline Meriwether Goodlett (1833–1914), founding president of the UDC
 * Ethel Hillyer Harris (1859–1931), author
 * Laura Montgomery Henderson (1867–1940), president, Alabama Federation of Women's Clubs
 * Una B. Herrick (1863–1950), American educator, the first Dean of Women at Montana State College.
 * Mary Hilliard Hinton (1869–1961), historian, painter, anti-suffragist, and white supremacist
 * Willie Kavanaugh Hocker (1862–1944), teacher and designer of the Arkansas state flag
 * Margaret Gardner Hoey (1875–1942), First Lady of North Carolina
 * Vernettie O. Ivy (1876–1967), politician and member of the Arizona House of Representatives
 * Kitty O'Brien Joyner (1916–1993), electrical engineer and the first woman engineer at NACA, the predecessor to NASA.
 * Adele Briscoe Looscan (1848–1935), president of the Texas State Historical Association (19151925).
 * Lena B. Mathes (1861–1951), educator, social reformer, and ordained Baptist minister
 * Gertrude Dills McKee (1885–1948), politician and first woman elected to the North Carolina State Senate
 * Corinne Melchers (1880–1955), painter, humanitarian, and gardener
 * Florence Sillers Ogden (1891–1971), newspaper columnist, Jackson Clarion-Ledger, pro-segregation activist.
 * Elizabeth Fry Page (?–1943), author, editor
 * Eliza Hall Nutt Parsley (1842–1920), founder and president of the North Carolina Division & Cape Fear Chapter of the UDC
 * Edith D. Pope (1869–1947), second editor of the Confederate Veteran; president of the Nashville No. 1 chapter of the UDC from 1927 to 1930.
 * Eugenia Dunlap Potts (1840–1912), writer
 * Anna Davenport Raines (1853–1915), founding vice-president of the UDC
 * Mattie Clyburn Rice (1922–2014), second African American to be recognized as a "Real Daughter of the Confederacy"
 * Lisa Richardson, journalist
 * Laura Martin Rose (1862–1917), historian and propagandist for the Ku Klux Klan
 * Mildred Lewis Rutherford (1851–1928), educator, writer, and White Supremacist activist
 * Jennie Hart Sibley (1846–1917), president, Georgia WCTU; president, UDC for Greene County
 * Rosa Lee Tucker (1866–1946), State Librarian of Mississippi
 * Panthea Twitty (1912–1977), photographer, ceramicist, and historian.
 * Rosa Kershaw Walker (1840s–1909), author, journalist, editor
 * Fay Webb-Gardner (1885–1969), First Lady of North Carolina
 * Jane Renwick Smedburg Wilkes (1827–1913), nurse and hospital foundress
 * Angelina Virginia Winkler (1842–1911), journalist and publisher
 * Rosa Louise Woodberry (1869–1932), educator, journalist, and stenographer
 * Lynn Forney Young, lineage society leader

title: United Daughters of the Confederacy


text:
Talk:Model aircraft

Untitled
I belive there is a missing scope for model aircraft: it left the pure hobby long ago, as the discussion below indicates. For the german entry the scope was extended to scientific and military use, e.g. military drones, and simulation models. Those historic model aircrafts referenced below would be (scientific) simulation models for study of airodynamics or planned manned aircrafts.

regards PeterD

First line of first page is not true model aircraft have been around since the Phaeroes of ancient Egypt. Even in 1902 Langley flew a steam powered aerodrome across the Patomac river, aeromodelling has been around a long time and it is man who cannot fly. Carlo Godel

Thanks Carlo. I am working on including a link that will pre-date Langly. Chendrickson 01:06 Feb 10, 2003 (UTC)

Well, the article was first written as Model Airplane. But if aircraft as a whole are to be included, I guess the chane needs to be done.

Antonio Aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaggggggggggghhhhh!!!!!!!!!! Martin

I deleted:

"The Hobby is not the most popular among pilots, former pilots, or aviation afficianados. Absolutely not! However, the hobby is also available to those groups of people, and it has been widely popular among babies since its beginning. It is also becoming increasingly popular among sexy women.

Aircraft catwalk models come in a wide array of types and sizes.

" GRAHAMUK 10:37, 23 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Ertl
The section on static models states that the company Ertl is no longer in business. This is incorrect. Ertl is still very much alive, and producing all sorts of models. You can find new Ertl models at Texaco Collectibles and you can visit cricut cards to find Ertl

fast brite lens restorer

—The preceding unsigned comment was added by 12.96.65.14 (talk) 18:21, 15 March 2007 (UTC).

Technical correction
It should be noted that fuel for model glow engines is methanol-based. Nitromethane is added as a performance enhancer. Also, nitromethane is really not very volatile, being much less so than methanol. These days, synthetic oils are the lubricants of choice for most users.

HTH, Steve S

 * So fix the article aready! ;-) Graham 23:24, 19 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The nitro has a lot to do with timing, too. --David R. Ingham 01:21, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

...Out of curiosity, what about gasoline (and diesel) powered engines? I thought I read about large (1/4 scale) models sometimes using these engines (instead of glow.)

...I think I also read something about experimenters installing turbochargers/superchargers on internal-combustion engines, though that's far away from mainstream.

Actually, the air compresses a considerable amount, thus the power source is mixed.... both air AND rubber powered.

"filling a baloon"
No, that is a form of rubber power, the air doesn't compress much.

anonymous -- DOH! You're right, my brain wasn't working when i put that in there, thanks!

scale
I don't think whether they are scale has much to do with which power source they use.

--

You're right. I think choice of powerplant only makes a difference to the ambitious and advanced modeller -- the most-authentic scale-models of jet-powereed military jets (F-14, F-15, F-16,, etc.) use ducted-fans or turbines.

The article could probably go into more detail about model-types and classification. Model aircraft can be classified in many different ways. Control-type is one way -- that's already in the article! Then we also have "application" oriented classifications: "sport", "scale", "trainer" (there're probably more -- should park-flyers and '3D-flyers' count as separate categories?)

Trainers emphasize durability and stability (with the idea that a beginner will crash more often than not), sacrificing top-speed and manueverability. The structure of trainers often accomodate low-speed, low-angle crashes (rubber-band attached wings, rear-mounted propeller, etc.) "Sport" aircraft emphasize aerobatics (loops, rolls, turns, speed), which implies they are less "self-stabilizing" than trainers. "Scale" model, in the above classification, refers to model aircraft which are facsimiles (reduced size) of full-size aircraft. Since scale-models emphasize the replication of an actual aicraft's appearance (and form), scales handle very different from trainers and sports. Quite simply, aerodynamic behavior does NOT scale, and scale-models often suffer from control and stability challenges not apparent with sport models. (And it has to be said, a 1/8 scale-model won't fly anything like the full-size example!)

The flight behavior does not scale, because of the Reynolds and mach numbers. Maybe I'll try to add something aout that. --David R. Ingham 18:25, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

earliest airplane power
I am the one who said it was steam, but I am not so sure now. Perhaps Sir George Cayley used bent wood or stretched leather?

--David R. Ingham 01:25, 10 July 2005 (UTC)

 * I must admit when I read the steam mention my eyebrows went up a notch - I never heard of a practical steam-powered aircraft, and I doubt that it could work. Steam engines are at their very best, just 10% efficient, and they require water, which is very heavy, as well as the fuel... However I left it in because it would only take one example to prove me wrong, and I can't say with absolute certainty that nobody ever made it work. I daresay there were plenty of plans and proposals, but did anyone make it really work? Graham 12:49, 6 August 2005 (UTC)

Yes there were important pioneer flights powered by steam and some were before Alphonse Penaud invented rubber powered airplanes in April 1870. (Penaud sold some, which makes him the founder of the aviation industry.) John Stringfellow (mid 19th century) and Samuel Pierpont Langley (turn of the 20th century) are among those who have flown steam machines. The question is whether something else was before steam. (Aviation, the Pioneer Years, edited by Ben Mackworth-Praed, Chartwell Books, Inc.)

I'll try to add some of this to the article.

It can work, like rubber power, because of the scaling laws. It is easier to get speed and range from a piloted aircraft, but it doesn't take much to keep a small, light model in the air. The main problem must have been to get such a light engine to run at all.

In 1894, Sir Hiram Maxim did actually get off the ground under steam power in a "piloted" biplane. (The world's Strangest Aircraft, by Michael Taylor, MetroBooks, 2001)

--David R. Ingham 20:10, 7 August 2005 (UTC)

6,000-20,000 rpm
The old Cox TD I have turns 25,000. --David R. Ingham

Possible split?
Is there a case for splitting this article into separate static and flying model articles? It's now getting quite long and in reality the two hobbies have very little to do with each other. Graham 00:52, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

Maybe if it is too long, but scale flying models do connect them. They often don't fly much like their prototypes do. I have one that barely flies. --David R. Ingham 17:03, 26 July 2005 (UTC)

I went ahead and transferred most of the RC material over to the Radio controlled plane page. That way the hobbies have a level of separation, but still show commonalities. I also moved the model aerodynamics to a separate page altogether since it is necessary for both topics and it is really a topic by itself. --Brian Grayless :30 Aug 2005

 * Hrrrmmm... I think a little more consultation and thought would have been appreciated. Where has all the stuff about powering models gone? This pertains to all sorts of models, not just radio-controlled ones. Most of the material here didn't really belong in radio-controlled model, since it is of a general nature. To my mind this change has seriously ruined the article as it stands. While it was definitely becoming too long, any break-up should have been done in a much more thoughtful way than this. I will revert it back to the previous version until some CONSENSUS is arrived at - I know the idea is to be bold but the reason that this question was asked here and has stood for a while unresolved is that the best way to proceed wasn't obvious - otherwise it would have been done already. This attempt was probably one of the worst possible ways to have butchered the article. Graham 23:16, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Incidentally the more obvious break-up I had in mind was between static and flying models, which this change did not address.Graham 23:20, 30 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Perhaps I should have posed some discussion before making changes. I apologize for the confusion. I was finding all kinds of varying information in Wikipedia in regards to Radio Controlled craft. There had been discussion about splitting the article and much of the info was very specific to RC craft (some of it being useful for non-RC powered models as well), so I thought I would move it over. The great thing is that the information is very good information, but doesn't seem to all fit within model aircraft..... it just seemed too broad since "model aircraft" doesn't explicitly mean "powered" or "RC". I believe people looking for "model aircraft" will often have an interest in in powered and RC models, but the hobbies are quite different. Perhaps a mention of "powered" and "RC" should be in this article, but then link to the information where it would be more appropriate??? For example, the section about "Model Aerodynamics" is great information, and although it can be quite different from full scale aerodynamics, it is common to all model-size aircraft, so I made it into it's own article. I figured, that after making changes, this article wouldn't be in the best condition, because I am not an expert in "model aircraft", however, I also know that people that are more knowledgeable will come along and fill the gaps and add info as needed. I was hoping however, that the article would be refined by someone after me.... not reverted back. I tried to leave information about "powered" craft that was not RC specific in this article, seeing how many people make rubber powered planes and gliders without RC controls. I will hold myself back from making any more massive changes to this article, but I'd like to propose that the article be "slimmed" to adequately cover "static" model aircraft and do it well. All of the valuable RC information could then be moved over to "Radio Controlled Airplane". Then any information that is specific to "powered" model aircraft be put in it's own article, with links to relevant information at "model aircraft" and "Radio Controlled Airplane". The "Radio Controlled Airplane" article is also growing quickly and covering many potentially diverse aspects and will probably have to go through this same process soon. Opinions welcome...... --Brian Grayless :1 Sept 2005

 * I think the main problem was that so much information simply vanished altogether, or appeared to. Maybe it got moved, but the trail of where it went was non-obvious. I do think a split would be worthwhile, but we need a consensus among several contributors, not just you and me. I feel that the section on plastic/static modelling and flying models is the first starting point, since in the main these hobbies are quite different, or at least have a very different primary aim. To my mind that alone would probably cut the article down to a manageable size. The changes you propose have merit, but the problem as I see it is that there is no clear separation between RC and "the rest" because there is so much overlap - in fact RC can be considered as an extension of free flight. While there is probably no such thing as RC rubber-band power, almost any other type of powered or unpowered design could be RC, so you can't lump the power stuff in with RC, since it pertains to all types of models. So either the RC article will contain a great deal of duplication of this article, or else should be designed as a much smaller auxiliary article which only discusses the differences that are found ONLY with RC models. I guess the section on model aircraft power could be a separate article, but at this stage I think it's better left as part of this one. Graham 23:37, 1 September 2005 (UTC)

Aircraft/airplane
Model aircraft and Radio controlled airplane. Maybe we should use one term to avoid confusion? --Phatmonkey 15:15, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

More on static modelling techniques?
Nice article. I think there is much more to be said about static models, especially with regard to techniques for brush painting, Airbrush, construction, applying decals, weathering and super-detailing.

 * No, WP is an encyclopedia, not an instructional site. Such material would soon be removed - Adrian Pingstone 20:50, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

 * However, that is not to say that such items have no place here. It could do with a part like the "Construction" section for flying models.  Most of the techniques used are very different so it would not be redundant.  As it is, the article is very flying model heavy.  AviatonIsLife 23:00, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Anti-Clockwise?
In the control line section tit says the planes are flown "anti-clockwise" at least in America we say counter-clockwise. Unless it is different elsewhere I think it should be changed. Foil Fencer 15:35, 8 June 2007 (UTC)
 * It's Anti-clockwise in proper (i.e. not American) English ;-).AviatonIsLife 23:39, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Split?
Does anyone have any thoughts on splitting the page into two down the lines of Flying/non-flying? It seems the page has become unwieldy and flying model heavy. I suggest splitting into two, "Static Model Aircraft" and "Flying Model Aircraft". The latter may need a bit of integration, with this current page retained as a link to both of them. Opinions? AviatonIsLife 23:07, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree that they should be split. The two hobbies are vastly different. Static models usually focus on accuracy (historical and manufactured appearance) and attention to detail. Flying models are more of an engineering/designing hobby. For instance most, if not all, static models are models of real-life aircraft. Many flying models do replicate actual aircraft, but it seems that a lot of them are designed just for flying (that is that they don't resemble any real-world aircraft). -NatureBoyMD 17:24, 23 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Quite right, I have adjusted the definition accordingly. Thank you for your patience. 31.4.242.189 (talk) 13:21, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

"exponential reduction"
This description of rubber power seems to be based on an over-simplified physical model of the model. Looking at a wound rubber motor, one sees knots and sometimes knots of knots, so things are more complicated than for a bent spring. I am willing to agree that it becomes exponential near the end of the run, but it appears more like constant early on.

Bold texthow old is the glider when was it build who build it who helped —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.53.150.76 (talk) 22:39, 13 May 2008 (UTC)

Cleanup
I came across this article by accident. It seems at times like a enthusiasts' convention and so is in need of a clean up. As a generalised article on model aircraft, it has too much detail on specific areas. For example there is a whole paragraph on the Jaguar Wakefield aircraft without saying why this one aircraft requires such a detailed description in a general article. The most popular entry level models are described like a consumer guide and rules of team racing are also are discussed in great detail. Ducted fans get mentioned twice. JMcC (talk) 21:08, 31 March 2010 (UTC)

I have removed it. It was completely unnecessary. I agree with the first two observations, and fixed the third. The team racing is much to site specific. A model aircraft competition link, perhaps may be best.

As for ===Entry Level=== i am just learning to edit, but should there not be a Piper Cub instead od a P-51. I would much rather a young man start with a Piper because he saw it pictured as "Entry Level" A styro P-51 might be ok, but it's still a low wing. I'll do what I can. Maxchillin (talk) 08:17, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

Split the hobbies!
Maxchillin (talk) 08:35, 2 November 2010 (UTC) (newbie editor), what is most obvious to me, is that we must observe that radio controlled and static models are two distinctly different things ~ the articles could be much more concise. One model is built for viewing only, the other model is intended for actual flight. Usually with power. I consider that to be a substantial difference, as do the model car, and R/C car buffs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-controlled_car http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_car

I'll do what I can. Maxchillin (talk) 08:35, 2 November 2010 (UTC)

 * I'm agreeable, it has seemed a little forced to have the two different hobbies in a single article. I don't know how best to title the articles, the terms used overlap considerably.  In honor of my local shop, disambiguate with "(left side)" and "(right side)". :-) Stan (talk) 15:39, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
 * How about Model aircraft (flying) and Model aircraft (static), with Model aircraft disambiguating the two? __ Just plain Bill (talk) 17:20, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
 * It's better than nothing - "static" I'm not fond of because no actual human says "static". Magazines and such tend to say "scale modelling" for the non-flying types, notwithstanding that there are flying models that are also to scale. Stan (talk) 14:12, 3 November 2010 (UTC)
 * How about "display" instead of "static"? __ Just plain Bill (talk) 14:29, 3 November 2010 (UTC)
 * Does anybody say that in real life either? :-) It would work to have model aircraft (scale) or scale model aircraft and model aircraft (flying), and simply have a note at the top of the scale article mentioning that some flying models are to scale, but that this article focuses on static models. Stan (talk) 13:40, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

Pretty sure I have heard "static" in this sense, as well as "static display" both together. May not be said every day, but either one is understandable, which is the point of written (or spoken) communication. I favor Model aircraft (static) for this purpose. Even though hardly anyone says "parenthetical disambiguation," you can still get the meaning from it, especially in this context. __ Just plain Bill (talk) 14:54, 11 November 2010 (UTC)

ARF
ARF models ready to fly in under four hours? Certainly not true currently, takes considerably more time investment. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.134.162.36 (talk) 17:56, 26 August 2012 (UTC)

"flying dinosaurs"
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_aircraft#Flying_models_for_sport_(Aeromodeling) says:

 * There are also models of birds, bats and flying dinosaurs ...

Presumably "flying dinosaurs" should be changed to "pterosaurs" here, but since I don't know anything about model aircraft that's just a guess.

- 2804:14D:5C59:8833:0:0:0:1000 (talk) 17:22, 6 May 2020 (UTC)
 * Changed. Lythronaxargestes (talk | contribs) 19:02, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

"aeromodelling" v.s "aeromodeling"
The American English spelling of modeling uses only one L. The British spelling uses two L's. As neither aeromodelling nor aeromodeling, are defined in the dictionary, I believe that we should use aeromodelling over aeromodeling. This is due to the frequency of aeromodelling use over aeromodeling across the internet. However, there is a question that remains between the use of modeling and modelling by itself in this work. I opted to use modeling as that is the more common spelling, but it could be argued that we should use modelling in order to stay consistent with the spelling of aeromodelling through the rest of the page. --TheZooenator

 * Their respective frequency online is irrelevant - what is relevant is which form of English has been used so far in the article (since it isn't obviously more relevant to one over the other) - and that is what will determine which spelling is appropriate. I checked several words where the spelling differs, and the British forms were much more common, so that is where it should stay, regardless of your personal preferences (being Canadian I use a mixture of both and find some word from both grating). The rule is to leave it in the language it is already in unless the topic is specific to a country that uses a different spelling. Also, please sign your comment with four tildas ( ~ ) which adds a link to your talk page and a time/date stamp so people coming later know when you made your comment without digging.  - NiD.29 (talk) 17:24, 27 April 2021 (UTC)

 * MOS:RETAIN says we should use the variety of English that was established earliest in the article, and the very first edit used American English. I just reverted a mass-change of the spelling "airplane" to "aeroplane" made due to the "use British English" tag, which seems to have been placed there based on analysis of more recent revisions rather than the earlier revisions. I have replaced that tag to recommend US English.
 * A similar thing happened in the cider article, which started out as US English but gradually evolved to British English. That's fine, because cider has closer national ties to the UK (which produces and consumes the most). Such isn't the case in this article, however. ~Anachronist (talk) 01:17, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Flight model?
we have a red link Flight model. Is it a definable concept? If not, then the redirect should be done or red links to be unlinked Estopedist1 (talk) 20:24, 5 February 2023 (UTC)

Definitions of "aircraft" and "model aircraft"
The lead currently states that an aircraft model is an "aircraft". However, Wikipedia defines an aircraft as " a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air." Many aircraft models do not fly (and are not intended for flying). I have therefore amended the introduction as follows. If anyone objects, please discuss it here, not simply revert, please: 31.4.242.212 (talk) 16:23, 22 January 2024 (UTC) A model aircraft is a physical model of an existing or imagined aircraft. Many are replicas of real aircraft, and are built often for display, research, or amusement. Model aircraft are divided into two basic groups: flying and non-flying. Non-flying models are also termed static, display, or shelf models. The term model aircraft should not be confused with aircraft model.

title: Talk:Model aircraft


text:
Carlos Hernández (boxer)

Carlos Hernández (born January 23, 1971, in Los Angeles, California) is a retired Salvadoran American boxer. He made boxing history by becoming the IBF super featherweight champion by beating David Santos. On October 4, 2003, he retained the title against former IBF lightweight champion Steve Forbes, with an eleventh round technical decision.

Hernandez has a record of 43 wins, 8 losses and 1 draw with 24 knockouts. In previous world title tries, he had lost a decision in 12 to Genaro Hernandez and to Floyd Mayweather Jr.

Hernandez lost to Jesús Chávez on May 28, 2005, in a fight that, had he won, would have led him to another world title fight.

On October 8, 2005, he suffered a controversial loss against Bobby Pacquiao, the brother of Manny Pacquiao from the Philippines in a 10-round split decision. Pacquiao managed to drop Hernandez in the 2nd round, but Hernandez fought back consistently starting round 3 to close the fight, or even take the points by 10th. To the eyes of the fans and commentators, it should have gone the other way in favor of Carlos Hernandez, but was still a very close fight to call.

On September 28, 2006, Hernandez announced his retirement after losing by unanimous decision to Kevin Kelley; after an even first 3 rounds, he was knocked down in the 4th round, and unable to regain momentum from then on.

On retirement, Hernandez had this to say: "My time...in this career...if I'm going to get knocked down back-to-back it's time to call it a career. I don't want to get hurt in this business. I have beautiful children....I feel bad that I couldn't win, but you know, I think that everyone who saw me knows I won't get knocked out or I won't go down, I'll keep coming, I'm relentless, I persevere. That's my motto, 'perseverance pays off.' I think I'll just persevere in another career. I don't know what that may be, but I'm going to keep succeeding in life."

In his last bout, Hernandez lost a decision in a brutal war against former Olympian Vicente Escobedo.

title: Carlos Hernández (boxer)


text:
Talk:Spanish Inquisition

Henningsen-Contreras statistics
I've added the table with the data about the number of trials and executions according to the statistics of Gustav Henningsen and Jaime Contreras. Since the authors themeselves admit that their statistics is far from being complete, I've compared the numbers given by them with the numbers that appear from other available sorces for the respective tribunals. I've based primarily on William Monter, Frontiers of Heresy: The Spanish Inquisition from the Basque Lands to Sicily, Cambridge 2003. CarlosPn (discussion) 31 Oct 2008 22:15 CET

Council of Troubles
The Council of Troubles in the Netherlands was not connected to the Inquisition. It was a temporary war time committee set up in the Netherlands to root out and punish those who had led the rebellion against the king.

sailors in port
One reason why the Inquisition was hated by Renaissance Protestants, was that it claimed jurisdiction over sailors belonging to trading ships temporarily visiting Spanish ports (who had no intention of settling in Spain or proselytizing to Spaniards), which was not the normal practice in international trade at that time. AnonMoos (talk)

Origins
"Inquisition was stablished in 13th Century in the Kingdom of Aragón, under instructions from the bishop of Rome, to counteract the Albigense, Cathar heresy. In 1478 it was stablished in Castille, where it had no previous tradition, under lobbying by the Catholic kings, according to Ricardo García Cárcel (ISBN 9788420739632), in the aim of obtaining the Eclessial support for their intended 'Absolute power'. Inquisition being a Church tribunal, it acted only on those having received Baptism, and in cases of Witchcraft. In 1600, the Inquisiton told its tribunals to cease intervening in cases of 'Sodomy'. (Source in R García-Cárcel booklet, also in 'La tortura judicial en España', ISBN 9788484320296, by Francisco Tomás y Valiente). Torquemada, main inquisitor in 1492, belonging to the Preacher's order, stablished by Domingo de Guzmán (Osmán, Haussman, Guttmann), from the 'clan de los Guzmanes', landed in Teba, Malaga, this is a converse surname, came from a family of converses, the confessor of Isabel, Espina, was formerly a rabin.

Classification as antisemetism
The Inquisition affected Moriscos (converted Muslim people) as well as the Jewish people, so why is this solely in a Wikipedia series on Antisemetism? Should it not also be part of the series on Islamophobia in that case? 2A02:C7F:228D:8800:B9E2:7672:BBB3:7C2 (talk) 01:05, 13 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Spanish Inquisition