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Jacques Charles

Jacques Alexandre César Charles (12 November 1746 – 7 April 1823) was a French inventor, scientist, mathematician, and balloonist. Charles wrote almost nothing about mathematics, and most of what has been credited to him was due to mistaking him with another Jacques Charles (sometimes called Charles the Geometer ), also a member of the Paris Academy of Sciences, entering on 12 May 1785.

Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first hydrogen-filled gas balloon August 27, 1783; then December 1, 1783, Charles and his co-pilot Nicolas-Louis Robert ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) in a piloted gas balloon. Their pioneering use of hydrogen for lift led to this type of gas balloon being named a Charlière (as opposed to the hot-air Montgolfière).

Charles's law, describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was formulated by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited it to unpublished work by Charles.

Charles was elected to the Académie des Sciences in 1795 and subsequently became professor of physics at the Académie de Sciences.

Biography
Charles was born in Beaugency-sur-Loire in 1746. He married Julie Françoise Bouchaud des Hérettes (1784–1817), a creole woman 37 years younger than himself. Reportedly the poet Alphonse de Lamartine also fell in love with her, and she was the inspiration for Elvire in his 1820 autobiographical Poetic Meditation "Le Lac" ("The Lake"), which describes in retrospect the fervent love shared by a couple from the point of view of the bereaved man. Charles outlived her and died in Paris on 7 April 1823.

First hydrogen balloon
Charles conceived the idea that hydrogen would be a suitable lifting agent for balloons having studied the work of Robert Boyle's Boyle's Law which was published 100 years earlier in 1662, and of his contemporaries Henry Cavendish, Joseph Black and Tiberius Cavallo. He designed the craft and then worked in conjunction with the Robert brothers, Anne-Jean and Nicolas-Louis, to build it in their workshop at the Place des Victoires in Paris. The brothers invented the methodology for the lightweight, airtight gas bag by dissolving rubber in a solution of turpentine and varnished the sheets of silk that were stitched together to make the main envelope. They used alternate strips of red and white silk, but the discolouration of the varnishing/rubberising process left a red and yellow result.

Charles and the Robert brothers launched the world's first hydrogen filled balloon on 27 August 1783, from the Champ de Mars, (now the site of the Eiffel Tower) where Ben Franklin was among the crowd of onlookers. The balloon was comparatively small, a 35 cubic metre sphere of rubberised silk, and only capable of lifting about 9 kg (20 lb). It was filled with hydrogen that had been made by pouring nearly a quarter of a tonne of sulphuric acid onto a half a tonne of scrap iron. The hydrogen gas was fed into the balloon via lead pipes; but as it was not passed through cold water, great difficulty was experienced in filling the balloon completely (the gas was hot when produced, but as it cooled in the balloon, it contracted). Daily progress bulletins were issued on the inflation; and the crowd was so great that on the 26th the balloon was moved secretly by night to the Champ de Mars, a distance of four kilometres.

The balloon flew northwards for 45 minutes, pursued by chasers on horseback, and landed 21 kilometers away in the village of Gonesse where the reportedly terrified local peasants destroyed it with pitchforks or knives. The project was funded by a subscription organised by Barthelemy Faujas de Saint-Fond.

First crewed hydrogen balloon flight

At 13:45 (1:45 PM) on 1 December 1783, Charles and the Robert brothers launched a new crewed balloon from the Jardin des Tuileries in Paris. Charles was accompanied by Nicolas-Louis Robert as co-pilot of the 380-cubic-metre, hydrogen-filled balloon. The envelope was fitted with a hydrogen release valve and was covered with a net from which the basket was suspended. Sand ballast was used to control altitude. They ascended to a height of about 1,800 feet (550 m) and landed at sunset in Nesles-la-Vallée after a 2-hour, 5-minute flight covering 36 km. The chasers on horseback, who were led by the Duc de Chartres, held down the craft while both Charles and Nicolas-Louis alighted.

Charles then decided to ascend again, but alone this time because the balloon had lost some of its hydrogen. This time it ascended rapidly to an altitude of about 3,000 metres, where he saw the sun again. He began suffering from aching pain in his ears so he "valved" to release gas, and descended to land gently about 3 km away at Tour du Lay. Unlike the Robert brothers, Charles never flew again, although a hydrogen balloon came to be called a Charlière in his honour.

It is reported that 400,000 spectators witnessed the launch, and that hundreds had paid one crown each to help finance the construction and receive access to a "special enclosure" for a "close-up view" of the take-off. Among the "special enclosure" crowd was Benjamin Franklin, the diplomatic representative of the United States of America. Also present was Joseph Montgolfier, whom Charles honoured by asking him to release the small, bright green, pilot balloon to assess the wind and weather conditions.

This event took place ten days after the world's first crewed balloon flight by Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier using a Montgolfier brothers hot air balloon. Simon Schama wrote in Citizens: "Montgolfier's principal scientific collaborator was M. Charles, ... who had been the first to propose the gas produced by vitriol instead of the burning, dampened straw and wood that he had used in earlier flights. Charles himself was also eager to ascend but had run into a firm veto from the King, who from the earliest reports had been observing the progress of the flights with keen attentiveness. Anxious about the perils of a maiden flight, the King had then proposed that two criminals be sent up in a basket, at which Charles and his colleagues became indignant."

Further ballooning activities
The next project of Charles and the Robert brothers was to build an elongated, steerable craft that followed Jean Baptiste Meusnier's proposals (1783–85) for a dirigible balloon. The design incorporated Meusnier's internal ballonnet (air cells), a rudder and a method of propulsion.

Charles chose never to fly in this craft, but on 15 July 1784, the brothers flew for 45 minutes from Saint-Cloud to Meudon with M. Collin-Hullin and Louis Philippe II, the Duke of Chartres in La Caroline. It was fitted with oars for propulsion and direction, but they proved useless. The absence of a 'gas release valve' meant that the duke had to slash the 'ballonnet' to prevent rupture when they reached an altitude of circa 4500 m.

On 19 September 1784, the Robert brothers and M. Collin-Hullin flew for 6 hours 40 minutes, covering 186 km from Paris to Beuvry near Béthune. This was the first flight over 100 km.

Inventions
Charles developed several useful inventions, including a valve to let hydrogen out of the balloon and other devices, such as the hydrometer and reflecting goniometer, and improved the Gravesand heliostat and Fahrenheit's aerometer. In addition he confirmed Benjamin Franklin's electrical experiments.

Charles's law
Charles's law (also known as the law of volumes), describing how gases tend to expand when heated, was first published by natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802, but he credited it to unpublished work by Charles, and named the law in his honour.

Around 1787 Charles did an experiment where he filled five balloons to the same volume with different gases. He then raised the temperature of the balloons to 80 °C (not at constant temperature) and noticed that they all increased in volume by the same amount. This experiment was referenced by Gay-Lussac in 1802 when he published a paper on the precise relationship between the volume and temperature of a gas. Charles' law states that under constant pressure, an ideal gas' volume is proportional to its absolute temperature. The volume of a gas at constant pressure increases linearly with the absolute temperature of the gas. The formula he created was V1/T1 = V2/T2.

Career
Charles was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1786 and to the Académie des Sciences, in 1795. He subsequently became a professor of physics at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers.

Commemoration
A stele at Nesles-la-Vallée marks the Charles-Robert flight of the 1st of December, 1783. 49.1385°N, 2.171°W

The Coupe Charles et Robert was an international ballooning event that was run in 1983 in parallel with the Gordon Bennett Cup.

title: Jacques Charles


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Talk:Taiwanization

Move
Moved here....

 * Since accounts vary as to whether Taiwan's political split with the mainland was a secession from a majority Communist state, or was the only remnant of a still-legitimate Nationalist state, it is difficult to say whether there is a parallel to the political situation of Tibet. It remains very polarized, and can only be said to be an example of political de-centralization and localization of government in large states, rather than of secession.

The Taiwanese localization movement really has nothing to do with the political status of Taiwan (now, it did in the 1970's). It's more of a question of local cultural identity.

The other thing is that Taiwanese localization is *not* a particularly divisive issue on Taiwan or for that matter on the PRC. There isn't any major political force in 2003 that I know of that is explicitly against localization.

I changed Min Nan to the more neutral Holo as the language spoken on Taiwan differs from Fujian in accent and vocabulary. Localization is not so much about one culture of ethnic group, but rather all of them. I erased Hu Jin Tao, because his inclusion can give the false impression that his opinion somehow matters in Taiwan's policies. I modified desinicization as the term can not be proven. We are doing some work on that right now to see if the term is valid and if Taiwanese can be considered having been "sinsacized". Localization is rooted to japanese days and I suggest finding a copy of a book called Orphan of Asia or Asia's Orphan, written in 1947, the protagonist is neither accepted as Chinese or Japanese.

---

Removed based on factual research. I have seen good localization research and I have seen stuff that is wild. --User:Roadrunner

Added Hu Jintao back. Sure most people in Taiwan might not care what he thinks, but it is important that the PRC has stated that they don't oppose localization. -- User:Roadrunner

-

Need Perspectives on Early History
The article concentrates too much on things as they stand in the early 21st century. Significant oppositions to the movement existed from 1989 to 1992 and much of the Taiwan localization movement and indeed independence movement is deliberately moving in the "British constitutional evolution model" or "boiling frog recipe" by its proponents in the sense that it is building one step at a time and gradually towards the concept of the Republic of Taiwan. For instance, there was a big uproar in the mid 1990s over the proposal by Tu Cheng-sheng, then a research fellow at the Academia Sinica, of his proposal to teach history in concentric circles in senior high school (Taiwanese history first year, Chinese history second). Most people opposed at the time and it was set aside. A decade later, Tu is now the Minister of Education and he pushes a more radical proposal that only Taiwanese history is regarded as local history and merging Chinese and international history, and this time not even the deepest pan-blue supporter makes any noise for fear of backlesh among the current Taiwanese populatgion. If you recall the policies pushed by the 2007 pan-Green politicians during the early post-martial law years, they sounded exactly like what Ma Yeng-jou proposes today and which the same pan-Green politicians will bash for being too "China-centric". So I think there is a shift in goal posts in a time span over the past 20 years and we need to add more of them here. --203.152.114.104 20:09, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

Speculation
There's a lot of speculation and original research in this article, especially in the Support and opposition section. Things like "I know the PRC says they're not opposed, but they are opposed 'in truth'" need to be supported by reliable sources. Have added "unreferenced" tag. --PalaceGuard008 03:06, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The problem is there is no real collated and neutral souce on the whole topic. I only found fragments of newspaper editorials scattered throughout the Chinese-speaking world, and even references from the official Chinese Communist authorities are lacking.  So I'm afraid demanding "reliable source" may well disappoint you. --JNZ 02:26, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Desinicization discussion
The below sections are the discussion that took place on the talkpage of the pre-merged Taiwan's desinicization campaign article:

Taiwan desinicized in the 1950s?
The article says the desinicization campaign in Taiwan dates back to the 1950s. At that time Taiwan was deep in the heart of the KMT's sinicization campaign. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Readin (talk • contribs)

Propoganda peice?
"this article addresses the perspective of those who likely support the reunification of all of Greater China under a single political entity." Since when do we have articles that address only one perspective? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Readin (talk • contribs)

Rename proposal
Like other topics, I think this article should be renamed to Desinicization in Taiwan.-- Jerrch 00:00, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Would that be better than calling it "Localization in Taiwan"? What do the people actualling doing it call it?Readin (talk) 03:38, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

 * The DPP never called it "desinicization," they called it "Name Rectification Campaign" (正名運動).-- Jerrch 13:39, 8 June 2008 (UTC)

Wouldn't merging this article with Taiwanese localization movement be a good idea?-- Jerrch 01:29, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Based on my limited knowledge I think it would be. If you think it would be and no one else responds, go for it.  But if someone else objects don't make this vote the tiebreaker.  I'll want to read the two articles more carefully before making a real vote.Readin (talk) 03:26, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

sinicization
I've learned recently, I guess I kind of new part of it anyway, that many of the names in Taiwan were put in place by the KMT as part of a Sinicization plan. For example, many of the streets in Taipei had their original Japanese names replace with Chinese names by the newly arriving KMT. Anyone know where one can find sources for this information? Would this article be a good place to talk about this as background? Or perhaps would it be more appropriate information for the Taiwan and History of Taiwan articles? Readin (talk)

It should be in all of these articles. Since this is an undeniable fact, I don't think a cite would be necessary in this case. Not everything needs a cite. Feel free to take the liberty to add the information as you wish. I was very disturbed the first time I visited Taiwan by these street names. Many Taiwanese are also bothered by it and sought to rectify the street names.--Certified.Gangsta (talk) 03:55, 12 August 2008 (UTC)

CG's edits and "achieving balance"
Hi, I'm not sure Certified.Gangsta's changing of "began an effort to sinicize the population" into "began a relentless campaign to sinicize and brainwash the population by force" is a way of achieving greater balance. That was only one example of many. --Joowwww (talk) 11:04, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * CG made many efforts. The term "brainwash" is, according to www.m-w.com Meriam-Webster,

1 : a forcible indoctrination to induce someone to give up basic political, social, or religious beliefs and attitudes and to accept contrasting regimented ideas   2  : persuasion by propaganda or salesmanship
 * so in this case it is technically accurate and provides more information than what was replaced. However you are correct that the tone is not appropriate for an encyclopedic article.  I would support a correction to that sentence.
 * The reason I reverted the reversion is that overall CG's changes were positive. In most of the instances his changes represented a definite improvement.  For example, he removed "This was viewed as the government trying another angle for desinicization by removing any trace of China from Taiwan". He also changed many instances of "local" to "Taiwanese", a far more specific and appropriate word.  "Local" is the term used by the PRC to push the idea that Taiwan is just a local area of national China.  Had CG changed "local" to "national" to emphasize that Taiwan is a nation, it would have been a problem.  But he chose a neutral specific word over the previous biased word.
 * I certainly don't agree with all the changes, but the article after CG changed it is much better than the article before he changed it. Rather than reverting the whole thing it makes sense to go in and fix specific problem spots. Readin (talk) 13:59, 13 August 2008 (UTC)
 * You are right I should have just removed the edits I found which violated WP policy instead of just reverting it all. --Joowwww (talk) 15:10, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

I've looked though Certified.Gangsta's recent edits and have kept some changes, but reverted a lot. Someone who goes around "balancing" articles in this way does not deserve to call it neutralising POV. CG is attempting to rewrite both history and geography, and in extreme cases his edits are bordering on racism, xenophobia and propaganda. Certified.Gangsta, you need to realise a distinction between what is fact and what is your opinion on what fact should be. I suggest you read WP:NPOV very carefully if you already haven't, remembering that it isn't a guideline but a policy, and if you have I suggest you read it again. Remember to add references to any new content if you don't want it removed. Regards, --Joowwww (talk) 11:52, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * It's going to take me some time to fix your changes, as you're pushing a POV pretty hard too. One obvious example is your substitution of "mainland" for "China".  In the context I saw it "China" made sense as the ROC wanted to retake all of "China" however defined.  But one could read it as separating China from Taiwan, so it makes sense to change it.  However, saying "them mainland" heavily implies that Taiwan is part of China.  "mainland China", already a concession, is the neutral term. Readin (talk) 14:03, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * The term "China" is ambiguous, this is exactly the reason why the PRC article isn't at China. The reason "mainland" is NPOV is because Taiwanese people can still be considered Chinese, not as citizens of the PRC but as a greater Chinese ethnicity, something the Republic of China agrees with as it calls itself the Republic of China, and claims all of China, including its people. In as many examples as I could find I changed "in Taiwan" to "on Taiwan". "In" implies a country, "on" implies the island. Use of "mainland" as well as "on Taiwan" is completely acceptable in a geographic sense. CG was asserting that Taiwanese people aren't in any way Chinese, which is heavy POV, and adding "mainland" neutralises any hint of some editors trying to swing the article one way or another. --Joowwww (talk) 15:15, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Typical English usage is to say "in Taiwan". Changing it to "on" for a subtle reason as you've described is a POV push.  "China" is POV to you as you believe Taiwan is part of China.  Anyway, people say "in Scotland" rather than "on Scotland" even though there is no dispute about whether Scotland it part of the United Kindom.  People say "in California" and "in Hawaii" and again, there is no dispute that they are part of America.

 * "mainland" is POV to those who believe Taiwan is not part China. "mainland China" is between those two.  While it can still offend those who believe Taiwan is not part of China by some how implying that China is a "mainland", it should in no way offend those who believe Taiwan is part of China. Readin (talk) 15:27, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * My opinion is irrelevant, and I can assure you that I don't let it affect the credibility of articles I write. You clearly believe Taiwan isn't part of China judging by your defensive attitude and I could easily accuse you of POV edits with your determination to change it to "in Taiwan". What people say is also irrelevant, WP:COMMONNAMES comes and will always come second to WP:NPOV. That is Wikipedia policy. Encarta says China and Taiwan, so does Encyclopedia Britannica. Wikipedia doesn't. I will accept the use of "mainland Chinese who moved to Taiwan" and its variants.

 * After WWII, the Chinese set about Sinicizing Taiwan (hence the current attempts to de-sinicize). Terms like "waishengren" (outside province person) and "daluren"(mainlander) became common and are still common.  So I think it's acceptable to use the term "mainlander" given the awkwardness of alternatives (like "mainland Chinese who moved to Taiwan") so long as the first use explains what the term means.  For "the mainland" there is a neutral alternative that is not awkward, "mainland China" so I believe that is the term that should be used consistently.  Were I POV pushing, as seem to think I'm doing, I would be stubborn about insisting we use "China" as that is the common term for the PRC, and the fact that the KMT insists that the ROC is "China" is an instance of Undue weight.  "For example, the article on the Earth does not mention modern support for the Flat Earth concept, a view of a distinct minority."

 * I'm not sure what you mean when you say I insist on writing "in Taiwan". I have in the passed changed usages of "on Taiwan" to "in Taiwan" because "in Taiwan" is the normal English usage when talking about Taiwan and the awkward "on Taiwan" looks like an attempt to push a POV that Taiwan is only an island.  Someone has gone through and changed all the usages of "in Taiwan" to "on Taiwan".  I haven't, as you accuse me of doing, had a "determination to change it to "in Taiwan"" since I've left your edits in place.  Instead I was thinking about suggesting a compromise where the usages alternate between "in Taiwan" and "on Taiwan". Readin (talk) 15:13, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

IIRC, a compromise solution that User:Jerrch and I came up with w/r/t the article Academica sinica is to refer to the mainland as "mainland Chinese," "mainland China" etc. etc. This compromise can be a useful solution to the naming issues. Ngchen (talk) 17:11, 25 August 2008 (UTC)

A notice
I'd like to remind all editors of WP:UNDUEWEIGHT, which states that minority viewpoints shouldn't be given large amounts of mainspace coverage. I don't know very much about the level of nationalism in Taiwan, but be it low or high, the amount of WP content given to it should reflect that level. --Joowwww (talk) 15:10, 13 August 2008 (UTC)

 * In latest poll numbers I can find, 2004, 6.3% of Taiwan's citizens consider themselves just Chinese. 45.4% consider themselves Chinese and Taiwanese.  45.7% consider themselves just Taiwanese. Taipei Times  A Ministry of Foreign Affairs poll taken in 2001 "found 70% of people would support a name change to "Taiwan" if the island could no longer be referred to as the Republic of China." BBC

 * The number of people favoring Taiwanese nationalism can be read as either 45% or 70% depending on how you read the polls. The 70% number is probably closer because identifying as "Chinese" and "Taiwanese" may reflect some people using "Chinese" to denote their ancestry and cultural origins and "Taiwanese" to denote their current culture and country.

 * Therefore, when talking about Taiwan, the POV of Taiwanese nationalists should be given at least as much weight as those of Chinese colonialists. Readin (talk) 14:58, 21 August 2008 (UTC)

 * I personally find what you said highly offensive. Isn't the fact that the Han Chinese pushed indegnous Taiwanese out of their usual place of residence when they moved the taiwan from coastal chinese provinces an act of colonism? What makes those han Chinese so special that they can complain loudly about so the so called 'nationalist colonialism' without adequately considering what was being done to the indigenous people. People all live on this small island called Taiwan and people should find ways to have peaceful coexistence without placing such offensive labels on people. --123.243.102.34 (talk) 01:04, 3 September 2008 (UTC)Pyl, forgot to login

 * Taiwanese aborigines certainly have POVs that should be respected as well. However in this case WP:UNDUEWEIGHT may indeed apply since the number of people who now self-identify as Taiwanese aborigines is now so small (although recent study showed that some 80% of descendants of pre-1940s Han in Taiwan have some Taiwanese aborigines in their ancestry).  If the Taiwanese aborigine population were strongly united in a separate view and were politically active in pushing it, it would deserve more space.
 * That covers the Wikipedia part of your question. If you want to discuss the morality of the earlier Han Chinese immigration, the morality of the earlier aborigine immigrations, the morality of the 1940s immigration, or the the morality of positions of the current native Taiwanese (those whose families were present in Taiwan prior to the 1940s), then get an id and take up the question on my home page.  This talk area is for discussion about what should be the content of the article.  It's not supposed to be a forum for debate.

Merger proposal
I think the article Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign should be merged into this article, because that article is only a stub, and the same material is covered in this one.Ngchen (talk) 19:05, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Merge - Agree, it's just a content fork and can easily be covered in Taiwanization. --Joowwww (talk) 19:13, 23 August 2008 (UTC)

 * Merge - Agree --Mistakefinder (talk) 09:26, 25 August 2010 (UTC)

why so much time given to China
I was reading through the changes in th "Education and language campaign" section and noticed that a lot of space was being given to the reaction in China. However, this is a domestic issue for Taiwan. China's reaction was not as important as the reaction of Kuomintang and pan blue that had control of the legislature. The information is not totally useless, so I'm preserving it here. But for NPOV purposes and to avoid the misleading implication that the PRC controls Taiwan's internal processes, the information needs to be presented differently or at least take a back seat to the reactions of the KMT and other Taiwanese. Readin (talk)

 * These efforts were perceived in China as initial efforts towards breaking the ties between Taiwan culture and Chinese culture by downplaying the long-term Chinese cultural and historic identification in that region.

 * In mainland China, this was seen as an effort to diminish the use of standard Mandarin and its cultural influences in favor of revising the cultural and psychological foundations on the island of Taiwan by using other languages.

 * The proposals to revise Taiwan's history textbooks were condemned in February 2007 by the People's Republic of China's Taiwan Affairs Office of the State Council as being part of the desinicization campaign. In July 2007, the Taiwan Ministry of Education released a study that found 5,000 textbook terms, some relating to Chinese culture, as being "unsuitable". The Kuomintang saw this as part of a textbook censorship desinicization campaign. The proposals have not been adopted.

Readin (talk) 14:55, 31 January 2009 (UTC)
 * China's reaction is totally relevant. Don't forget that there is a mainstream POV that Taiwan is part of China's internal affairs. Your POV that it is a internal Taiwan issue is not the only POV.--pyl (talk) 17:43, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

 * I didn't say that China's reaction is completely irrelevant. The problem is one of balance.  The reaction of one of the two major parties in Taiwan, the party that could obstruct in the legislature and undo the changes when it regained the presidency, is far more important to the reaction of a government that had and has no power to change the actions.
 * To be balanced, the reaction of the KMT should be given priority over that of the PRC. Indeed, as an entity that is de facto external to the whole decision making process, the PRC reaction should likely go in separate section.
 * But you are right that the PRC reaction is relevant to some people and should be included in the article. Readin (talk) 19:10, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

what the CCP says totally does not make any sense at all, in fact the taiwanese language is CLOSER to the ancient chinese language than mandarin. mandarin was signifigantly infleunced, and spoken by non chinese speakers and peoples. this is why they'are full of lies, they are trying to make everyone speak mandarin to wipe out chinese culture. taiwanese are in fact racially closer to the ancient chinese than the CCP government up in Beijing. the original ancient chinese were pushed back by migrations during the first jin dynasty and the song dynasty and mongol invasions. southern chinese and taiwanese are the real chinese. northern people including beijing are ALIENS — Preceding unsigned comment added by 141.155.143.35 (talk • contribs)

Chen Shuibian's quotes do not belong in this article
There is no indcation in the following speech of Chen that he meant anything in regards to culture or eticity. He only voiced support for a separate political entity:

"Taiwan is an independent sovereign country, but a lot of people do not think of Taiwan as a country and do not dare to call Taiwan an independent sovereign nation, which is quite abnormal. ... Taiwan must not fall into the trap of being regarded as part of China, or become a special region of China like Hong Kong."

Iraq and Kuwait are both arab, and both separate countries. Calling Chen's speech desinicization is original research, especially since he himself said that he regarded himself as chinese and that his hometown was in china.

http://articles.cnn.com/2002-03-31/world/taiwan.nukes_1_nuclear-weapons-nuclear-posture-review-nuclear-threat?_s=PM:asiapcf

http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2006/07/02/2003316835

Many DPP leaders have visited their ancestral hometowns in Fujian in the mainland

http://www.chinapost.com.tw/print/91760.htm

Chen was in fact subjected to a stinging criticism by a "de sinicization" advocate, Li Thian-hok over here

http://www.taiwandc.org/twcom/101-no4.htm

Rajmaan (talk) 20:51, 19 December 2012 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Taiwanization


text:
University of Western Ontario

The University of Western Ontario (UWO; branded as Western University) is a public research university in London, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 455 ha of land, surrounded by residential neighbourhoods and the Thames River bisecting the campus's eastern portion. The university operates twelve academic faculties and schools.

The university was founded on 7 March 1878 by Bishop Isaac Hellmuth of the Anglican Diocese of Huron as the Western University of London, Ontario. It incorporated Huron College, which had been founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine. The university became non-denominational in 1908. Beginning in 1919, the university had affiliated with several denominational colleges. The university grew substantially in the post-World War II era, and a number of faculties and schools were added.

Western is a co-educational university, with more than 24,000 students, and over 306,000 living alumni worldwide. The university is a member of the U15, a group of research-intensive universities in Canada. Western's varsity teams, known as the Western Mustangs, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports.

History
The university was founded on 7 March 1878 by Bishop Isaac Hellmuth of the Anglican Diocese of Huron as The Western University of London, Ontario, and its first chancellor was Chief Justice Richard Martin Meredith. It incorporated Huron College, which had been founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine (London Medical College). There were originally only 15 students when classes began in 1881.

Although the university was incorporated in 1878, it was not until 20 June 1881 that it received the right to confer degrees in arts, divinity and medicine. In 1882, the name of the university was revised to The Western University and College of London, Ontario. The first convocation of graduates was held on 27 April 1883. Initially affiliated with the Church of England, the university became non-denominational in 1908.

In 1916, the university's current site was purchased from the Kingsmill family. There are two World War I memorial plaques in University College. The first lists the 19 students and graduates of the University of Western Ontario who died; the second honours the men from Middlesex County who died. A third plaque lists those who served with the No. 10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, the unit raised and equipped by UWO.

In 1923, the university was renamed as The University of Western Ontario. The first two buildings constructed by architect John Moore and Co. at the new site were the Arts Building (now University College) and the Natural Science Building (now the Physics and Astronomy Building). Classes on the university's present site began in 1924. The University College tower, one of the university's most distinctive features, was named the Middlesex Memorial Tower in honour of the men from Middlesex County who fought in World War I.

In the early 20th century, a number of institution became affiliated colleges of Western. In 1919, Brescia College was established as a Roman Catholic affiliate of Western, while Assumption College entered an affiliation agreement with the university. Other institutions that became affiliated colleges of Western includes the Waterloo College of Arts in 1925, St. Peter's College in 1939, and King's College in 1945. Waterloo College of Arts remained affiliated with Western until 1960, when the institution was reorganized into Wilfrid Laurier University; while Assumption College remained affiliated with Western until 1964, when it was reorganized into the University of Windsor. Brescia, Huron, and King's remain affiliated with Western.

Two World War II memorial honour rolls are hung on the Physics and Astronomy Building: the first lists the UWO students and graduates who served in the Second World War, and the second lists those who served with the No. 10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, the unit raised and equipped by UWO.

Although enrolment was relatively small for many years, the university began to grow after World War II. It added a number of faculties in the post-war period, such as the Faculty of Graduate Studies in 1947, the School of Business Administration (now the Ivey Business School) in 1949, the Faculty of Engineering Science (now the Faculty of Engineering) in 1957, the Faculty of Law in 1959, Althouse College (now the Faculty of Education) in 1965, and the Faculty of Music in 1968. In 2012, the university rebranded itself as "Western University" to give the school less of a regional or even national identity. "We want to be international," president Dr. Amit Chakma told The Globe and Mail. The university's legal name, however, remains "The University of Western Ontario" and is used on transcripts and diplomas.

Campus
The University of Western Ontario is in the city of London, Ontario, in the southwestern end of the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor. Most of the campus is surrounded by residential neighbourhoods, with the Thames River bisecting the campus' eastern portion. Western Road is the university's major transportation artery, travelling north to south. The central campus, which includes most of the university's student residences and teaching facilities is approximately 170.8 ha.

Student residences make up the largest part of Western's building area, with approximately 31 percent of all building space allocated for residential use. Teaching and research facilities take up the second largest portion of building space, with approximately 28 percent of all building space allocated for that use. Most of these facilities are used for research, with 48 percent of all teaching and research facilities allocated for that purpose. Approximately 27 percent of all teaching and research facilities is made up of classrooms, with the remaining 24 percent made up of instructional laboratories. The development of Western's present campus began in the 1920s. Many of the university's earliest buildings used Collegiate Gothic designs, a characteristic confirmed in Western's master building plan in 1934. As the campus expanded in the late 1960s, the university abandoned earlier commitments to Collegiate Gothic designs in favour of brutalist and modernist architectural designs. In 2000, planning for Western's central campus was re-conceptualized, with the core devoted for only academic buildings. The plan saw University College Hill as the focal point, linking the lower portion of the campus with the South Valley The 2006 campus master plan called for the protection and renewed emphasis on Western's Collegiate Gothic buildings. The university's boiler room/power plant is the oldest building on the university's central campus, opening in 1922. The oldest academic buildings within the central campus is University College and the Physics and Astronomy Building. Groundbreaking for both buildings began in 1922, and were both completed in 1924. The Amit Chakma Engineering Building is the newest academic building on campus, opening in September 2018. The Western Interdisciplinary Research Building, or WIRB, is the newest building on campus and houses state-of-the art research facilities for the study of cognitive neuroscience as well as the Brain and Mind Institute, BrainsCAN, and the Rotman Institute for Philosophy.

Library and museums
The university's library system, Western Libraries, operates six libraries that house more than 2.45 million books, as well as electronic resources including e-books, serial titles, and databases. Libraries a part of the system include the Allyn and Betty Taylor Library, C. B. Johnston Library, the D. B. Weldon Library, the Education Library, the John & Dotsa Bitove Family Law Library, and the Music Library. Allyn and Betty Taylor Library primarily services the faculties of Engineering, Health Sciences, Science, and the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, while the C. B. Johnston Library primarily serves the Ivey Business School. The D. B. Weldon Library primarily services the faculties of Arts & Humanities, Information & Media Studies, and Social Sciences. The D. B. Weldon Library also houses the university's Archives and Research Collections Centre. Western Libraries also maintains the Shared Library Catalogue, which provides common access to the collections of Western Libraries, as well as the collections from the libraries of university colleges affiliated with the Western, including Brescia University College, Huron University College, King's University College, and St. Peter's Seminary. Access to the Shared University Catalogue is provided to students and faculty of Western, and the affiliated university colleges. Western also operates two art galleries, the Artlab Gallery, and the McIntosh Gallery. Located in the John Labatt Visual Arts Centre, the Artlab Gallery showcases approximately 14 projects per year, exploring conceptual and experimental production through a wide range of media. The Artlab Gallery also aims to assist in the research and practices of students and faculty members. The McIntosh Gallery is a university-based, public art gallery, opened since 1942. The gallery is a presentation and dissemination centre for the university, as well as the London community, showcasing advanced practices and research in art history and contemporary visual art. The gallery is the oldest university art gallery in the province of Ontario, initially opened as an exhibition of paintings by war artists from the National Gallery of Canada. 683 works of the Gallery's collection were put on display throughout the university's main campus through the Gallery's ArtShare program in 2014.

Western also maintains academic and administrative links with the Museum of Ontario Archaeology. The Museum originally grew out of a collection of artifacts housed in various buildings throughout London, including Western's University College, and Middlesex College. Formally opened on 28 February 1978, its creation was facilitated by the university president and Western's Faculty of Social Science. Although the museum was incorporated as an independent charitable organization, without the ability to share capital, its directors continued to be appointed by the university's Board of Governors.

Housing and student facilities
The main campus of The University of Western Ontario offers student housing, with nine student residences housing either first-year students or upper-year students. In September 2015, 23.49 percent of the undergraduate population lived on campus, including 78.69 percent of all first-year students. Each residence operates their own Residences' Council, governed by their own constitutions. Student residence building are split between traditional-styled residences, suite-styled residences, and hybrid-style residences that incorporate elements of traditional and suite-styled residences.

Traditional-styled residences include Delaware Hall, Medway-Sydenham Hall, and Saugeen-Maitland Hall. Suite-styled residences include Alumni House, Elgin Hall, Essex Hall, and London Hall. Hybrid-styled residences include Perth Hall and Ontario Hall. Alumni House and London Hall are reserved strictly for upper-year students. The largest residential building at the university is Saugeen–Maitland Hall, which houses 1,252 first-year students. The smallest residential building is Alumni House, which houses 224 upper-year students. The university also operates three apartments on campus strictly for upper-year and graduate students. The university's apartments consist of Bayfield Hall, made up of 299 1-bedroom units, Beaver & Ausable Halls, made up of 99 2-bedroom units, and Lambton Hall, made up of 150 2-bedroom units. Starting September 2021, Lambton Hall was converted into a first-year residence; while Bayfield Hall will become a partial first-year residence in the following year. The support system in Residences at Western is made up of over 500 upper-year students who take on various roles and positions, with the goal being to assist first-year students and act as a resource for them. These positions include Residence Staff, Academic and Leadership Programmers, Community Leaders, Residence and Faculty Sophs, Residents' Council, Residence Tour Guides, and Connect-IT Staff Members. Residence Staff and Sophs live alongside first-year students across Western's various residences, and assist in building an atmosphere to allow first-year students to grow and adjust to university life.

The University Community Centre acts as Western's student activity centre, and is the university's centre of student governance and student directed social, cultural, entertainment and recreational activities. The University Community Centre contains the offices of a number of student organizations, including the undergraduate student union, the University Students' Council, as well as the graduate student union, the Society of Graduate Students. In addition, the University Community Centre also provides a number of retail and food services, as well as a variety of club space and study rooms.

Off-campus facilities
In addition to The University of Western Ontario's central campus, the university owns several other properties throughout Southwestern Ontario. Excluding Western's central campus, as well as the campuses of Western's affiliated university colleges, Western owns approximately 309.6 ha of land. Included among these properties is a number of research facilities. Managed under Western Research Parks, the facilities are clustered into three research parks. The three parks serve as a research link between academics and corporations. The oldest research park operated by Western is Discovery Park, adjacent to the university's main campus. The 16.2 ha research park was established in 1989, with tenants ranging from national government laboratories, to large-multi-industrial research centres. Discovery Park also includes a 48-room hotel and conference centre, Windermere Manor. The Advanced Manufacturing Park is another research park established through a partnership between Western, Fanshawe College and the City of London. Advanced Manufacturing Park is a 52.6 ha research park, built in an area zoned for full-scale manufacturing and large-scale research. The WindEEE Dome is among the facilities built in the Advanced Manufacturing Park. The WindEEE Dome is the world's first hexagonal wind tunnel, allowing for scientists to address certain challenges related to wind. The structure is able to accommodate replicas of buildings, and bridges to test for structural integrity in a variety of wind conditions. The facility is able to physically simulate high intensity wind systems, including tornados, and downbursts hard to replicate in other wind tunnels. In 2003, Western opened another research park known as the Sarnia-Lambton Research park, in a joint initiative with Lambton County, and Sarnia. The 32.4 ha research park is adjacent to Lambton College and is home to Canada's largest clean technology business incubator.

The university also manages several residences outside the central campus. The official residence of the university president, Gibbons Lodge, is off-campus. Completed in 1932, the Tudor Revival-styled house is north of Western's central campus. It was acquired by the university in 1960. In addition to Gibbons Lodge, the university also maintains Platt's Lane Estates, a complex of townhouses and apartments south of the university's campus. The complex was designed to accommodate upper-year, graduate, and students with families.

Sustainability
Campus sustainability at Western is managed by the President's Advisory Committee on Environment & Sustainability. The committee's mandate includes incorporating sustainability into the academic programming, engaging in research across the disciplines into issues of environmental sustainability, using ecological landscaping methods and preserving green space and building and renovating facilities in accordance with energy efficiency and sustainability principles Along with the other members of the Council of Ontario Universities, Western had signed a pledge in 2009 known as Ontario Universities Committed to a Greener World, with the objective of transforming its campus into a model of environmental responsibility. Western is also a signatory of the Talloires Declaration, a sustainability declaration created for presidents of higher education. The university campus received a B− grade from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card for 2011.

Administration
The university's governance is conducted through the Board of Governors and the Senate. The Senate was the university's first governing body, created in the university's founding document, An Act to Incorporate the Western University of London, Ontario, 1878. The Board of Governors was later established in An Act to amend the Act to incorporate the Western University of London, Ontario, 1892. The Board is responsible for the university's management, including financial matters. Ex officio governors of the Board include the university's chancellor, president, the mayor of London, the warden of Middlesex County and the secretary of the Board of Governors. The Board also consists of 26 other governors either appointed or elected by the members of the university's community and the surrounding community, including elected representatives from the student body.

The Senate is responsible for the university's academic policies. The Senate consists of 20 ex officio positions in the Senate granted to the chancellor, the president, the university's vice-presidents, the senior dean of each faculty, the university librarian and the secretary of the senate. The secretary of the senate is a non-voting ex officio member. The Senate also consists of 46 elected members from the university's faculty, 18 members from the student population, and 9 members from the Western's affiliated colleges, including their principals. The Senate also consists of 9 other members from around the university community. In all, there are 103 members of the Senate, 102 of which may vote and 10–13 official observers of the Senate.

The president and vice-chancellor acts as the university's chief executive officer, accountable to the Board of Governors and the Senate, by supervising and directing the university's academic and administrative work and its teaching and non-teaching staff. Alan Shepard is the tenth president of the university, who began his tenure as president on 1 July 2019. In 2022, Shepard was the highest paid President of any Ontario university, receiving $520,000 in salary and benefits. The chancellor of the university acts as the honorary and symbolic head of the university. The position of chancellor is a four-year, non-renewable term. The university's current chancellor is Kelly Meighen, who was appointed to the position on 1 July 2023.

Affiliated institutions
The University of Western Ontario is affiliated to three university colleges. Brescia University College is an all-women's Catholic-based university college, the only remaining women's college in Canada. Founded by the Ursulines in 1919, an affiliation agreement with Western was arranged shortly after its founding, with Brescia campus moving adjacent to Western's central campus in 1925. Huron University College was founded in 1863, originally established as Huron College, and renamed Huron University College in 2000. Huron's affiliation with Western was authorized in Western's first provincial charter, in 1878. Both Huron and Western share the same progenitor in Bishop Issac Hellmuth. Huron moved to its present location, adjacent to Western's central campus, in 1951. King's University College was founded in 1954, as a Catholic-based liberal arts college. Founded as Christ the King's College, it changed its name to King's College in 1966, and King's University College in 2004. Regardless of the university college's religious affiliation, enrolment in those institutions is not restricted based on the student's religious beliefs. In addition to the three university colleges, Western also maintains an affiliation with St. Peter's Seminary through its affiliation with King's University College. Founded in 1912, St. Peters was opened as the seminary for the Roman Catholic Diocese of London. The campuses of King's University College and St. Peter's Seminary are east of Richmond Street and the university's central campus.

Academics
Western is a publicly funded research university, and a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada. The full-time undergraduate programs comprise the majority of the school's enrolment, made up of 30,665 full-time, part-time undergraduate students and concurrent education students. The graduate student population is 5,297, including full-time students, part-time students and post-graduate medical residents. The university conferred 4,504 bachelor's degrees, 207 doctoral degrees, 1,427 master's degrees, and 1,180 second entry professional degrees in 2008–2009. Students may apply for financial aid such as the Ontario Student Assistance Program and Canada Student Loans and Grants through the federal and provincial governments. The financial aid may come in loans, grants, bursaries, scholarships, fellowships, debt reduction, interest relief, and work programs.

The university is divided into 11 faculties and schools including the Don Wright Faculty of Music, the Faculty of Arts & Humanities, Faculty of Education, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Faculty of Information & Media Studies, Faculty of Law, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Social Science, Ivey School of Business, and the Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry. In September 2016, most undergraduates at Western was enrolled in the Faculty of Social Sciences, with 7,114 full-time and part-time undergraduate students in enrolled in one of their programs. In the same year, the Faculty of Health Science held the highest enrolment among graduate students at Western, with 821 full-time and part-time graduate students enrolled in the faculty. The School Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies is the university's central administrative unit of graduate education. However, it is not considered its own faculty or academic school.

Admission requirements at Western differ depending upon the education system where the applicant originates from, due to the lack of uniformity in marking schemes. In September 2012 secondary school average for full-time first-year students at Western was 89.3 percent. For admission in the fall of 2013, there were 45,000 applications for 4,900 spaces.

The university also offers students the opportunity to earn credits while studying abroad, through student exchange programs, and internship, faculty-led international excursions, and clinical placements.

Reputation
In the 2022 Academic Ranking of World Universities rankings, the university ranked 201–300 in the world and 9–12 in Canada. The 2024 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 114th in the world and sixth in Canada. The 2023 Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked Western 201–250 in the world, and 8–10 in Canada. In U.S. News & World Report 2022–23 global university rankings, the university placed 300th in the world, and tenth in Canada. In Maclean's 2023 rankings, Western placed 11th in their Medical-Doctoral university category, tied with Université Laval. The university also ranked 13th in Maclean reputation category.

The university has also placed in a number of rankings that evaluated the employment prospects of its graduates. In QS's 2022 graduate employability ranking, the university ranked 43rd in the world, and third in Canada.

Research
Western has four primary fields of research: life sciences and the human condition, culture analysis and values, the human and physical environments, and social trends, public policy, and economic activity. In Research Infosource's 2018 ranking of Canadian research universities, Western was ranked 10th; with a sponsored research income (external funding) of $249.669 million in 2017. In 2017, members of Western's faculty averaged a sponsored research income of $166,100, while graduate students averaged a sponsored research income $41,600. The federal government is the largest source of funding providing 46% of Western's research budget, primarily through grants. Private corporations contribute 10 per cent of Western's research budget.

Western's research performance has been noted in several bibliometric university rankings, which uses citation analysis to evaluate the impact a university has on academic publications. In 2019, the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities ranked Western 197th in the world, and ninth in Canada, whereas the University Ranking by Academic Performance 2018–19 rankings placed the university 187th in the world, and ninth in Canada.

Research regarding the human brain has also become a major focus at the university. The Brain and Mind Institute focuses on research in cognitive neuroscience at Western. In 2011, the Institute discovered the blind may perform echolocation by using the visual cortex of the brain. Another 2011 study at Western suggested people who are deaf from birth may be able to reassign the area of their brain used for hearing to boost their sight. Western also is home to the Institute for Earth and Space Exploration, the first dedicated space institute providing a planetary science degree in Canada.

In 2014, the university unveiled plans for a 4,200-square-foot facility for research in medicine, science and technology, in the study of HIV and other complex human pathogens. Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry's Department of Microbiology and Immunology is globally recognized, in large part due to the groundbreaking discoveries of Dr. Chil-Yong Kang, a Western researcher clinically testing a preventive HIV/AIDS vaccine. SAV001-H is the first and only preventive HIV vaccine based on a genetically modified killed whole HIV-1 virus. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Phase I clinical trial was completed in August 2013 and reported no serious adverse effects while boosting antibodies in the volunteers. The vaccine SAV001-H holds tremendous promise, having already proven to stimulate strong immune responses in preliminary toxicology tests. It is the only HIV vaccine under development in Canada, and one of only a few in the world.

Student life
The two main student unions on administrative and policy issues is the University Students' Council for all undergraduate students and the Society of Graduate Students for graduate students. The University Students' Council recognizes more than 180 student organizations and clubs, in which more than 19,500 people are a member. These clubs and organizations cover a wide range of interests such as academics, culture, religion, social issues, and recreation. The University Students' Council also provides additional services such as the campus movie theatre (Western Film), pub/restaurant (The Spoke & Rim Tavern), clothing store (The Purple Store) and print shop. These facilities can all be found in the University Community Centre. The USC is a nonprofit organization incorporated under the Ontario Nonprofit Corporations Act. There are a number of fraternities and sororities existing throughout the student community.

The university is known for its party culture, ranking 7th in Canada by Maclean's top party school 2019 rankings.

On March 2, 2022, the University Students' Council unanimously passed a motion declaring a Sexual and Gender-Based Violence crisis on campus. This followed nationally discussed allegations of a mass drugging and widespread sexual-assault during the 2021/2022 orientation week, which culminated with the arrest and expulsion of some students.

Athletics
Athletics at Western is managed by Sports & Recreation Services, a division of the Faculty of Health Sciences. The university's varsity teams compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. The varsity teams are known as the Western Mustangs. As is mandatory for all members of U Sports, Western does not provide full-ride athletic scholarships.

The university has a number of athletic facilities open to their varsity teams and their students. The Western Student Recreation Centre, opened in January 2009, is home to Western's group fitness, drop in recreation, registered massage therapy, sport psychology, drop in recreation, intramural sports and clubs. Better known as the WSRC or the Rec Centre, this facility has an 8-lane, 50-metre pool facility. Overlooking the pool is a 3-tiered concrete viewing area. A 1-metre diving board is also available. There is over 19,000 square feet of weight, cardio, and stretching space within the WSRC. There are three gyms on the first floor, and two more on the upper level. Outside the lower gyms is the 1st floor games and activity lounge for table tennis, while outside of the upper gym spaces is cardio space as well as the destination for spin bike programming. Also on the 4th floor are two large studio spaces where the drop in fitness, clubs and dance courses take place. Western Alumni Stadium (Formerly TD Stadium) has been the university's main stadium since it opened in 2000, with a seating capacity of over 8,000 spectators. The stadium is home to the university's varsity football team, and has hosted a number of events including the World Lacrosse Championships and the Canada Games. The Thompson Recreation & Athletic Centre which houses a number of athletic venues, including an ice rink, tennis facilities and a track, is home to the varsity ice hockey teams and the varsity track and field teams. Another athletic facility at the university is Alumni Hall, which is a multipurpose venue for sports such as basketball, volleyball and other indoor events.

Many Western students take part in intramural sport leagues and tournaments. Opportunities are offered at multiple skill levels and across a variety of sports. Sports offered include traditional sports like volleyball, basketball and soccer, as well as less traditional events like dodgeball and inner tube water polo. Western also hosts secondary school football games at TD Stadium. Western has several fight songs and school songs that may be heard at varsity games, including the official school song, "Western". Written in 1930, it is most notably played at football games and other athletic events by the Western Mustang Band.

Performances
The Don Wright Faculty of Music offers almost 400 performances, masterclasses and recitals each year, most of which are open to the public. The Western University Symphony Orchestra and the Western University Chamber Orchestra perform regularly under conductor Alain Trudel. UWOpera performs a wide variety of repertoire ranging from operetta to full operatic works in the Paul Davenport Theatre (refurbished and renamed in 2009 from Talbot Theatre). There are other student-run drama groups that puts on shows every year.

Media
The university's student population operates a number of media outlets throughout the campus environment. The University Students' Council owns and operates the campus radio station CHRW-FM (94.9 FM). The first campus radio to operate at Western was in 1971, although the present day station CHRW-FM, was not established until 1979, one year after the closure of the Western's first campus radio station.

The University Students' Council previously operated a closed-circuit television station known as tvWestern.ca. The station began broadcasting in 1994, and was discontinued by the student union in 2010 after being cut from the University Students' Council's operating budget.

Newspaper
The Gazette, sometimes called the Western Gazette, is a student newspaper which has been in publication since 1906. The Gazette publishes online daily and in print on Tuesdays during the academic year. The Gazette has its roots as a hand-written literature newspaper called In Cap And Gown, which began in 1902. The In Cap And Gown was first produced in newsprint in November 1906, but changed its name to The Gazette in 1908. The Gazette ceased publishing in the spring of 1916 due to World War 1 but was revived in its old form in 1919. In 1930, 7 years after Western University changed its name to the University of Western Ontario, the paper changed its name to the University of Western Ontario Gazette. The Gazette started as monthly but in its early years appeared weekly and twice weekly. The newspaper now focuses on online-only content on a daily basis. In 2017, the Gazette began printing only once a week. The Western Gazette absorbed the assets of Western TV in 2016. Western TV was formally the Big Purple Couch and TV Western.

The Gazette has spawned several other publications in its history. One was Occidentalia, which had its roots in special convocation issues of the Gazette which included pictures of the graduating class. "Oxy" as it was known became the university's year book and it provided "an interesting record of the year's activities in all Faculties and Schools." The paper is owned and published by the University Students' Council (USC). The paper has editorial autonomy from the USC. The publications committee consists of mainly professional journalists who advise the full-time staff on editorial decisions and financial management of the paper, as well as offer an intermediary between the sometimes contentious relationship between the student politicians who are reported on by the Gazette. The paper is one of the founding members of the National University Wire. The Gazette has a long history of producing some of Canada's most well-known journalists. Gazette alumni have worked at many successful media networks including The Globe and Mail, Toronto Star, National Post, MacLean's, CBC, CTV, Al Jazeera, Sportsnet and The New York Times. Some notable alumni include: Stephen Brunt, Susan Delacourt, Kevin Donovan, Scott Feschuk, Elliotte Friedman, Kevin Newman, Carol Off, Alan Thicke, Paul Wells and Aaron Wherry.

Leadership education
The Leadership Education Program is designed to teach students how to become effective leaders, both individually and in teams. The program is split into three tiers: individual leadership, group leadership, and community leadership. To successfully complete a tier an individual must complete at least five of its seven modules.

Student exchange
The University of Western Ontario offers a student exchange program to study abroad with several other partner institutions. Almost four hundred students come to Western each year as exchange students from abroad, with more students coming to Western as international undergraduate or exchange students. The Western International Exchange Program offers its students the opportunity to study at more than 85 different institutions in 25 countries.

Sexual violence
In 2014, Stanley Dobrowolski, a former staff psychiatrist for Western students, was convicted of sexual crimes against his patients. He pleaded guilty to 18 charges (16 of sexual assault, one for voyeurism, and one for disobeying court orders) and was sentenced to four years in prison. Dobrowolski had been a psychiatrist at Western until 1995. The university issued an apology for Dobrowolski's actions on 16 March 2016.

In September 2021, several students were alleged to have been sexually assaulted during Western's orientation week. The incidents surfaced after numerous reports of sexual assault, many facilitated by drugs, surfaced on the internet. The resulting incidents has resulted in some criticism against the university for failing to protect female students from rape culture. These events took place during a period known as the "Red Zone." This is the period encompassing the first eight weeks of the university school year in which 50% of sexual-assaults take place. In the same week, a first-year Western student was killed near the university; a suspect was later charged with manslaughter in connection with the incident.

Notable people
, the University of Western Ontario has over 220,000 alumni residing in over 100 countries. Throughout Western's history, faculty, alumni, and former students have played prominent roles in many different fields and have won the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize and other awards such as the Rhodes Scholarship. Former faculty member Frederick Banting received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of insulin. Alice Munro, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2013, studied in the university's English department for two years under a scholarship and returned to Western in 1974–1975, when she held the post of writer-in-residence. She was later awarded an honorary degree. Two graduates from Western have also travelled in space, namely Bjarni Tryggvason and Roberta Bondar.

Many former students have gained local and national prominence for serving in government, such as James Bartleman, who served as Lieutenant Governor of Ontario from 2002 to 2007, and Sheila Copps who served as Deputy Prime Minister of Canada. Western's alumni also include a number of provincial premiers, including former premiers of Ontario John Robarts and David Peterson, and the former premier of Alberta, Don Getty. A number of graduates have also served prominent positions on the international level. Examples include Glenn Stevens, the Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia and Margaret Chan, the Director-General of the World Health Organization.

A significant number of prominent leaders in business and economics have also studied at Western. Examples include: Stephen Poloz, Governor, Bank of Canada, Thomas H. Bailey, founder and former chairman of Janus Capital Group, Geoff Beattie, president of The Woodbridge Company and chairman of CTVglobemedia, George Cope, president and CEO of Bell Canada Enterprise, Joseph Muncaster, president of Canadian Tire, Edward Rogers III, deputy chairman of Rogers Communications, and former president of Rogers Cable, Arkadi Kuhlmann, chairman of ING Direct, Rob McEwen, founder, chairman and former CEO of Goldcorp Inc., John Thompson, former chairman of Toronto-Dominion Bank and chancellor of Western, Prem Watsa, chairman, CEO of Fairfax Financial, Lee Seng Wee, former chairman of Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation, Galen Weston, chairman and president of George Weston Limited, Howard Lindzon, author and founder of StockTwits, businesswoman Margaret Heng, CEO of Shatec, a Singapore-based hospitality training institution, and Kevin O'Leary, television personality, venture capitalist, and former president of The Learning Company.

title: University of Western Ontario


text:
Zeelandic Flanders

Zeelandic Flanders (Zeeuws-Vlaanderen ; Zeêuws-Vlaonderen; Zêeuws-Vloandern) is the southernmost region of the province of Zeeland in the south-western Netherlands. It lies south of the Western Scheldt that separates the region from the remainder of Zeeland and the Netherlands to the north. Zeelandic Flanders is bordered to the south and to the east by Belgium.

Geography
Zeelandic Flanders is the north-eastern part of the large historical region of Flanders which today lies mostly in Belgium. It shares a land border with the Belgian provinces of East and West Flanders. It is a latitudinally oriented strip of land along the Western Scheldt, a North Sea estuary, and has no land access to the rest of the Netherlands. The area of Zeelandic Flanders is 876 km2 of which 733 km2 is land and 143 km2 is water.

The region is bordered by the Zwin nature reserve in the West and the Drowned Land of Saeftinghe in the East.

Since local government boundary reforms in 2003, Zeelandic Flanders has consisted of only three municipalities: Sluis in the west, Terneuzen in the centre and Hulst in the east.

Transport
Zeelandic Flanders is connected to Zuid-Beveland to the north by the Western Scheldt Tunnel under the Western Scheldt (estuary). The tunnel arrives 18 km east of Flushing on the Zuid-Beveland peninsula. Before the tunnel was built, there used to be two car ferries connecting Zeelandic Flanders to other parts of Zeeland, one ferry from Perkpolder to Kruiningen on Zuid-Beveland and the second one from Breskens to Flushing on Walcheren. This last ferry service still exists, but can only be used by pedestrians and cyclists nowadays.

The Ghent–Terneuzen Canal passes through Zeelandic Flanders.

A freight railway line connects Terneuzen to Gent-Dampoort railway station.

History
Except for some formerly insular areas, the region now called Zeelandic Flanders was not part of the historical County of Zeeland, but a part of the County of Flanders initially ruled by the House of Habsburg. The region was on the front line in the Eighty Years' War and was conquered by the Dutch Republic in 1604. As such, it was the only part of Flanders, which took part in the insurgency, to become part of the new republic.

Zeelandic Flanders was subsequently ruled directly by the Dutch States General (parliament) as one of the Generality Lands and called Flanders of the States (Staats-Vlaanderen). After occupation by the French in 1795, the area accrued to the département of Escaut. Before the formation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, Zeelandic Flanders was territory of the Dutch province of North Brabant for a few years, but when the present province Zeeland was formed Zeelandic Flanders became a part of it, even after the 1830 Belgian Revolution that separated the remainder of Dutch Flanders from the Netherlands.

, the population of Zeelandic Flanders was 106,522 with 145 /km2.

Disputes with Belgium
As Zeelandic Flanders was historically part of Flanders, demands and plans to annex it have been made by Belgian politicians on multiple occasions.

A famous example was when Leopold II made plans to invade the Netherlands before he became king. He also planned to annex Limburg, and had spies gain information on the Dutch military. He decided to abolish his plans after contacting France, who did not support it.

Another famous occasion was shortly after World War I. Belgium once again claimed both Zeelandic Flanders and Limburg, this time as a reconciliation. Even though the Netherlands was neutral in the war, Belgium felt the neutrality was a sign of support for Germany and suspected the Netherlands of collaborating with them.

Language
The native dialect of the western part of the region is Zeelandic Flemish, that can be considered a variety of both West Flemish and closely related Zeelandic. In the central regions, the Land-van-Axels and Land-van-Cadzands dialects of Zeelandic, itself a transition language between West Flemish and Hollandic, are spoken. In the eastern part, East Flemish with some Brabantian influence is spoken. Because some smaller areas were isolated by water, and thus being small islands, there are some dialects that differ slightly with the 'normal' dialect.

Notable people

 * Lodewijk van den Berg, astronaut
 * Willem Beukelszoon, inventor of gibbing
 * Dick Dees, politician
 * Jan Eekhout, author
 * Jacques Hamelink, author and poet
 * Willem van Hanegem, football player and coach
 * Ate de Jong, director
 * Annabel Kosten, swimmer
 * Theo Middelkamp, professional cyclist
 * Roelof Nelissen, politician and banker
 * Jos de Putter, director
 * Sandra Roelofs, First lady of Georgia (spouse of president Mikheil Saakashvili)
 * Paul Tingen, writer, journalist, musician
 * Kees Torn, comedian
 * Mathilde Willink, society figure
 * Herman Wijffels, Dutch administrator of the World Bank in Washington

title: Zeelandic Flanders


text:
Talk:V bomber

Only known combat mission?
"The only known combat mission involving V-bombers took place in the 1982 Falklands War... " Not sure it seems that Valiant dropped conventional bombs during the Suez crisis.

http://www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/valiant/history.html

Victor B1 [RR Variant]
Can't find reference to XA923; XA934 & XA 925 operating as Radar Recci Flight ["lightning motif"]on similar operations as that of the USAF U2 [RAF Wyton & RAF Alconbury] Can you advise of any references historically or otherwise.

V
So, why were they called the V-bombers? I had always assumed that it was because they were V-shaped, although only the Vulcan is a proper delta-wing. Which came first - the designs, the names, or the term 'V-bomber'? Was it a reference to Churchill? Was 'V-Bomber' a formal term at all? Ashley Pomeroy 21:29, 13 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I believe the reference is to "Vengeance" in the sense of a deterrent second-strike capability, but I don't have a source for that offhand. Cromis 20:19, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The RAF writes in a pdf at their website: "The term V-Force originiated from the bomber's names - Valiant, Vulcan and Victor"
 * http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafcms/mediafiles/F21E81DC_E902_D3CE_488720FE8488434D.pdf (page 5)
 * But of course, this doesn't explain why all the names started with V in the First place. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.182.194.94 (talk) 19:38, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * They were termed 'V Force' first, before the aircraft were given individual names, the 'V' signifying both the swept vee shape of the wings, and the 'Vengeance',i.e., non-first use aspect of the nuclear deterrent, i.e., they were retaliatory in intent. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.150.18.161 (talk) 11:36, 14 May 2017 (UTC)

This page is (in part) based on "The Vickers Valiant" version 1.1, by Greg Goebel. The original version (placed in the public domain) can be accessed at: http://www.vectorsite.net/avval.html

(Moved the above "original source" info to the talk page. If it's public domain, notice of the original source isn't relevant in the article itself. Cromis 20:19, 25 July 2005 (UTC))

"potential positive economical effects"
I removed a sentence reading "Britain had been economically bled dry by World War 2, and the potential positive economical effects were attractive." from the end of the 4th paragraph, after the note that such bombers would be more expensive but fewer in number. It wasn't clear to me what was meant - was it that the bombers would be cheaper overall than a mass bomber force, or that the development of a jet bomber would be economically useful? Cromis 20:24, 25 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The simple fact was that with the coming of atomic weapons Britain had no need for massed fleets of bombers, with nuclear weapons only ONE bomber-per target was needed, and, provided that they could as reasonably as possible guarantee that the bomber would get through, one only needed one bomber per city, with a few 'spare' to make allowances for accidents, aborts, etc. So the force was calculated as being sufficient to destroy the requisite 66% of Soviet infrastructure needed to make the Soviet Union incapable of carrying on any war that it started. This was in the days before ICBMs and guided missiles became a threat. The only possible opposition to the V Bombers would have been Soviet fighters and, as the V Bombers could all fly higher than the opposing Soviet fighters that would have been sent up to stop them, the 'ONE bomber-per target' principle was probably sound.

 * You see, because of the way the speed of sound varies with height (actually temperature) a subsonic fighter that can reach 500-550-mph can often only do this speed at one height, and this is very unlikely to be at its maximum altitude, as at say 55,000ft, the speed of sound is lower, and the fighter may well be close-to or at its critical Mach number before it gets to the height of the bomber. So an opposing Soviet fighter might have been as fast as a V Bomber, but it couldn't do that speed at the height the V Bombers would have been flying at. To reach these heights the Soviet fighter would have been forced to reduce its speed, due to the reduction in the speed of sound with height, and the fighter eventually reaching its critical Mach number. So to all intents and purposes, the V Bombers were just about un-catchable by Soviet fighters, at least during the early years

 * Any reduction in costs of a reduced number of bombers needed was purely coincidental, even if it was an advantage, but then again, this reduction of costs was probably offset by the vast additional cost of producing the nuclear weapons themselves, with the sites at Aldermaston, Burghfield and Windscale and all the corresponding nuclear-related infrastructure. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.4.57.101 (talk) 20:35, 31 December 2011 (UTC)

Added "Popular culture" section
The V-Bombers were an integral part of public culture during the Cold War. Even Alfred Hitchcock planned to make a movie based on such an airplane. Imho this is of significance for this article. And before an overeager Editor deletes this section again, I would like to see this discussed here first, ok? 89.182.194.94 (talk) 18:22, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Had a look at your popular culture addition about the book Village of Stars, it does not appear to be notable and connection from a fictional delta wing aircraft and V bomber is original research (obviously an AVRO Vulcan is not really encylopedic), the book or the author do not appear to be notable (and the film was never made) so probably more suited in article about the cold war or if you think it is notable enough an article about the book. So if its notability is not established with regard to being about V bombers and not a fictional likeness the popular culture section should be deleted. MilborneOne (talk) 21:38, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Reporting about the content of a book is not original research! Or else we couldn't have any references here. Pls check the meaning of that term, imho you are seriously mistaken. As for the book, it's a contemporary work about the role of the V-Bombers in cold war and the author, David Beaty, had expertise knowledge about this topic. Both tactical and strategical problems and policies are covered in it. Also, pls note that there is a "popular culture" section in the articles about the Vulcan bomber, too. I didn't add the information there, because Beaty didn't explicitly mention the Vulcan, but the book is relevant for the general role of V-Bombers during that time. 89.182.194.94 (talk) 22:35, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I still think your criticism is over the top, but for the sake of peace here, I removed the "obviously a Vulcan" part. However, the book explicitly mentions the plane being a V-Bomber, so it is relevant in this context. I recommend reading it, you can get it cheap at second hand stores, Amazon, or EBay. 89.182.194.94 (talk) 23:07, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * One other point: V-Bomber is a term used by the public, especially during the cold war. The RAF preferred instead the term V-Force (check the refs I've added). So, the focus of this article is explaining the term V-Bomber (not details about the planes, which can be found in the articles about Valiant, Vulvan, and Victor), and imho the usage in popular culture is an essential part of this. 89.182.194.94 (talk) 22:44, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Pls help and correct www refs
I don't know how to properly format those www refs. They look somewhat disorderly now. Would be nice if an experienced editor would correct this. 89.182.194.94 (talk) 19:30, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Btw, some pages of the Stuart Wilson book I referenced can be read at Amazon:
 * http://www.amazon.co.uk/exec/obidos/ASIN/1875671277/thunderandlightn 89.182.194.94 (talk) 20:24, 13 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Uh, is information at a TV channel website allowed as reference? Pls check this: http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/B/britains_cold_war_super_weapons/index.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.182.194.94 (talk) 21:33, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

How many V-Bombers at the peak?
I am a bit sceptical about this sentence in the intro: "The V-Bomber force reached its peak in June 1964, with 50 Valiants, 39 Victors and 70 Vulcans in service." Now, this sentence above is copied from a website about the V-Bombers, and the valifity of that claim isn't proven there. But when we look at the Avro Vulcan article, we find this: "A total of 134 production Vulcans were manufactured (45 B.1 and 89 B.2), the last being delivered to the RAF in January 1965." Now, 134 Vulcans in 1965, instead of a mere 70 in 1964 seems to shift the peak into the later year, right??? Somehting doesn't compute here, and I am inclined to delete the 'body count', as long as it isn't based on facts. Thoughts? 89.182.194.94 (talk) 13:14, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Quick look at the production list I would guess that the peak is probably due to the fact that the Vulcan B1s were withdrawn from use as the B2s were delivered and a number had been lost in accidents so the maximum at one time of 70 would seem to be reasonable.MilborneOne (talk) 19:49, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Hmm, that's a point, I have to look this up. Even though I'm flabbergasted that 45 multi million dollar planes should simply haqve been scrapped, and not upgraded or converted. I'm not totally convinced yet. 89.182.23.156 (talk) 20:31, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * On second thought - you wanna say, 19 (89-70) brandnew Vulcan B2 planes were lost in accidents in that short a time? Doesn't really make sense to me. 89.182.23.156 (talk) 20:34, 14 September 2008 (UTC)
 * It is normal for an air force to not have every plane in its fleet at operational readiness. This is because some need to be kept in to quickly fill in for other active aircraft should something go amiss, to swap out so that planes can undergo extensive maintainence but keep the active numbers steady; but also to reduce costs. It may have been detirmined that to keep some in extended readiness rather than active service would be necessary to meet financial pressures. Additionally, it was common for several of the V-bombers to be dedicated to functions other than the nuclear deterrent, experimental modifications, training and instructional roles, or even assisting in the development of engines and future aircraft could all be happening, and I can easily see 20 or so being diverted away for these auxillary 'service' roles that are important to perform, but mean those aircraft aren't available immediately for service. If there was a huge military crisis, no doubt the reserve aircraft would have been pressed back into service, budgets and reserve capacity be damned, but that obviously isn't everyday running. It's like the situation with the modern day American B-1 Lancer, less of them flying even though they're fairly new and useful as heavy bombers go, the in-service numbers have been reduced as a diplomatic act, a lesser necessity for an overly-strong display of military capability, and ultimately to save money for other functions. Likewise, if the US felt the strategic need they would all be ripped out of mothballs, but that's extremely unlikely to happen. Kyteto (talk) 19:23, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

Cuban Missile Crisis
Perhaps someone should mention that at one point during the Cuban Missile Crisis the nuclear-armed V-Force Vulcans and Victors were on the point of being sent off to attack the Soviet Union, the lead aircraft being at the end of the runways with their engines running, awaiting the signal to go. I'd add it myself but I can't remember where I read or heard it. I think it may have been a BBC Radio 4 programme not long ago, as I seem to remember several members of the crews of some of these aircraft talking about it. Apparently it was all pretty hairy, nail-biting, stuff, and it was only recently that they were given permission to talk about it. Perhaps someone here might like to do some research on it and add it to the article.

Also, some mention of the Quick Reaction Alert (QRA) system might be useful, otherwise it isn't clear how the V-force differed from some other bomber forces. The aircraft one-point start-up system springs to mind. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 213.40.251.216 (talk) 21:45, 31 October 2009 (UTC)

The V-Force normally kept 14 bombers armed and at 15-minute readiness with the crews on base and within call at all times. During the Cuban Missile Crisis all available aircraft, probably 72 of them, were put at Readiness State 15. The crews were in caravans next to the aircraft at least part of that time, though it was possible to keep RS15 while eating and sleeping in the Mess, so this state could be sustained for up to 28 days. For a few hours at most on Saturday 27 October, according to witnesses in the BBC R4 Document programme in 2008 (quoted in the cited Mail article), the force was ordered to RS05, cockpit readiness, with the crews on board and all checks complete short of engine start. It was not possible to hold RS05 for very long and the force soon reverted to RS15. Macmillan never ordered the force to their dispersal bases, as he judged this would alarm the Soviets, and crews were never ordered to RS02, which meant engine start. (On the Vulcan, certainly, you just hit the Rapid Start button and all four Olympus jets would spool up at once.) In any case, once the bombers were burning fuel, RS02 could only be held for a few minutes. Khamba Tendal (talk) 12:08, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

Operational Life
Vulcans and Victors (as tanker aircraft) were used in the 1982 Operation Black Buck missions so I am wondering why this article refers to the aircraft being in service 1958 and 1956 respectively. Three Vulcans XM597, 598 and 607 are identified in the Operation Black Buck article as being involved in operational bombing missions. The article on the Handley Page Victor states that it was retired nine years after the last Vulcan. Unfortunately, the Vulcan article does not give a last operational use date, although note should be taken that, according to the article, the last production Vulcans were delivered to the RAF in January 1965. Can someone clarify the dates and modify the dates in the relevant articles please? Vulcans and Victors must have been operational in 1982. If the Vulcans were retired immediately after the Falklands War (1982), Victors must have been operational until 1991. It seems to me that there are so many inconsistencies that clarification is essential to meet the Military History project objectives.
 * It is a little complicated, but here goes: The Vulcan was the last V-bomber flying as an actual bomber, and was retired as such in 1982. The Vulcan, and Victor, actually flew for longer, but as refuelling tankers rather than bombers. Thus, the Victor outlived the Vulcan, but it had stopped being a bomber long before the Vulcan's retirement. The Victor was operational in 1991, but it hadn't carried any bombs of any sort for around two decades at that time. Kyteto (talk) 19:27, 25 April 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
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Polaris missiles and their range:
Polaris missiles and their range: The Polaris and Poseidon missiles were absolutely, positively NOT Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBMs). Even the most advanced Polaris A-3 missile had a range of far less than "intercontinental". An ICBM must have the range to strike from the heartland of the United States (in North America) to the heartland of Russia (3formerly the USSR) in Eurasia, and vice-versa. Formerly, the U.S. Air Force and the Royal Air Force had nuclear-armed Thor Intermediate Range Ballistic Missiles - IRBMs - based in England, but that was 50+ years ago. Also, the French Air Force has a set of 18 French-made IRBMs based in the Massif Central of France, but likewise, these are long gone, and there have been various Soviet and Chinese IRBMs deployed. Likewise, the Poseidon and Trident C4 missiles, and their Soviet counterparts, were submarine-based missiles with ranges less than 3,500 miles, qualifying them as IRBMs. Just to name some real ICBMs with ranges in the neighborhood of 8,000 miles, there have been the American Atlas, Thor, Minuteman, and M-X missiles (based in places like Wyoming, Nebraska, Arizona, and Arkansas), and the Soviet "Satan" missiles and their associated models. (To use the NATO "call name" of one kind.) The Thor, Atlas, and Titan missiles have all had long service lifetimes because they evolved into the launching rockets for spacecraft. The Thor IRBM long ago acquired new upper stages and a new name: the Delta rocket, made in California.47.215.180.7 (talk) 12:30, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

 * For what it's worth, a Polaris launched from a British submarine off Northern Ireland (western Europe) could reach New York. That's from one continent to another. GraemeLeggett (talk) 19:57, 11 December 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:V bomber