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Talk:Symbolism (arts)

Separating symbolist literature and art
As has been argued below, symbolist literature and symbolist art are, to a significant extent, different aesthetics. The mixing of the two in 2006 diminished the quality of this article. Statements that are true about symbolist art often do not hold for symbolist literature and vice-versa.

 * Symbolist poetry largely begins with Les Fleurs du mal (Flowers of Evil) by Charles Baudelaire, and Baudelaire, in turn, was deeply influenced in his literary theories by the poems and stories of Edgar Allan Poe, whom he translated into French. In this sense, Symbolism is the first major literary movement that had its roots in the United States of America.

An interesting theory but the corollary of which is under determined by the facts. The symbolist movement did not ultimately devolve purely from the work of Baudelaire, significant though he may have been. To what extent Baudelaire was influential (& by extension Poe) on the likes of Verlaine, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, etc can be debated ad nauseam, but certainly Baudelaire is no Poe clone and moreover symbolism as a form definitely pre-existed Poe. This kind of Americano-centric nonsense makes precisely the point I have reiterated over and over: it is the steady trickle of US Minitruth propaganda of the most revolting kind. user:sjc

 * The roots of Symbolism in the USA are striking mostly because so few literary movements or schools started here, especially in the 19th century. I am not at all certain that symbolism is a form; it is a school, a set of shared poetic aims, mannerisms, and stock tropes.  Symbolism, in one sense, represents the continuation of the more Gothic and pessimistic side of Romanticism, and a such Poe would merit a mention in any case.  Almost all Symbolist poets I have metion Poe in their verse at one point or another, or allude to a Poe story or theme. ---Ihcoyc

I have no problem with Poe being cited as influential, and indeed I would say that the work of Baudelaire was to a great extent coloured by his reading and translations of Poe, but nowhere nearly as much as some critics would like to suggest. To suggest that Symbolism is a school however is to entirely misrepresent it. Symbolism represents a particular aesthetic take on things which is beyond the simplicitudes of allegiance and expediency: you either subscribe to the symbolist take or you don't, which is why poets who are capable of spanning the dichotomous chasm are such a rarity e.g. Marina Tsvetaeva. Symbolism, moreover, has obvious European antecedents which predate Poe such as e.g. Blake. user:sjc

 * FWIW, I sought to underline antecedents to Symbolism in the USA, not to promote the cultural primacy of the USA, but rather to suggest a counternarrative to the standard model of "American Literature," which is strongly biased in favour of social realism. The Symbolist stream flourished here --- what would all of those silent movie producers have done w/o Symbolist imagery? --- but the standard academic narrative says something else.  Symbolism is more respected elsewhere in the Americas --- J. L. Borges owes much to Symbolism, as do Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Isabel Allende, and for that matter the Hernandez brothers --- but in Poe's own native land, our most "important" native writer is  not given the respect he deserves.  That was what I meant by seeking to magnify Poe as a source of Symbolism, not to promote some version of "everything was invented in the USA."  --- Ihcoyc

I take on board what you are saying Ihcoyc. The only reason I was a bit tetchy is because it so commonly is the situation that US writers want to grab the credit for everything, including the signing of the Magna Carta, besides claiming the authorship of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles and the Epic of Gilgamesh :-). Borges is actually another interesting anomaly btw, half symbolist, half not. user:sjc

anglophone symbolists
not getting into the poe discussion here, but I scanned the original page and I just wanted to point out that there were English-speaking and -writing Symbolists more or less contemporary with the rest of the European symbolists. Two of them are Canadians, although the Americans like to try and annex them as well: Bliss Carmen and Charles G.D. Roberts (I could have the GD initials wrong but cross reference with animal stories and you'll find the right fellow.)

Astonished. hy

 * Probably should be added; I've tried to make it clear that although it began as a French movement, it was not exclusively French. Some of the more important writers were Belgians writing in French.  I wonder if we have articles yet on Olive Custance, Max Beerbohm, Richard Le Gallienne, or Ernest Dowson; them and the Yellow Book crowd are the names I think of first when considering Symbolist writing in English. Smerdis of Tlön 18:01, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

-- The label "Symbolist poets" could/should be changed to "Symbolist writers" or "Symbolist authors." This would allow for the inclusion of Paul Adam, who wrote a few poems, but is better known for his novels. Remy de Gourmont would fit better as he is best known for his prose works. In either case, I would delete Jean Lorrain. He did publish some poems, but is principally a prose writer whose esthetic falls clearly outside of Symbolism.

 * I know that Lorrain hung out with the same crowd; there's a famous portrait of him painted by I think Fantin-Latour, a Symbolist painter. I would be sceptical that his work is within the mainstream of Symbolism, but poems by him appear in several Symbolist anthologies, including Delvaille's and the Houston's.  Smerdis of Tlön 18:01, 29 Mar 2004 (UTC)

--- It may be a good idea to separate Symbolism in the arts and Symbolism as a literary movement. The two overlap in some ways but are different in many others. For example, the statement about Symbolist works having "a sense of the malign power of sexuality" doesn't hold for the literary movement.

Symbolism in literature is esthetically closer to many aspects of neoimpressionism than Symbolist painting.

 * Oscar Wilde's Salome doesn't convey a sense of the malign power of sexuality? DionysosProteus (talk) 23:47, 3 October 2008 (UTC)

--- Delvaille's anthology is problematic to say the least. The scholarship of the preface leaves a good bit to be desired. Although Delvaille indicates the fluid nature of what Symbolism is, I don't believe he actually defines what it is. (Perhaps I missed something.)

Baudelaire is not a Symbolist. He provided the foundation for the esthetic and is the main precursor. Lautreamont is not a Symbolist. He too may have had some influence on the movement, but that is debatable. Jean Lorrain did hang out with some of the Symbolists, but, to my knowledge, never considered himself a Symbolist nor was he considered a Symbolist by the Symbolists. Renée Vivien can be said to be influenced by Symbolism (as the article on her judiciously states), but was not part of the movement.

In literature, it can be helpful to distinguish between a Symbolism as an esthetic and as a movement. The movement "formally" begins with Moréas' manifesto in 1886. The esthetic is formulated in part by Baudelaire in the 1850s. There are many writers who are not part of the movement, but who are influenced by the esthetic. I think that Vivien would best fit in such a category.

No literary movement has exact limits. This is certainly true for Symbolism. However, a critical consensus does exist about many authors. Many of Delvaille's judgments lie outside of this consensus. It would be preferable for a general article such as this to have it correspond as much as possible to mainstream understandings of Symbolism.

Symbolism in theatre
This article seems to cover the literature of the symbolists, but I would like to know why the theatre aspect hasn't been treated in this artical. I am talking about theatre directors, theatres dedicated to giving symbolist plays, symbolist performances, and symbolist "theatre language", not so much the theatre authors. I know this was a very small chapter of history, consisted of private theatres that met with failure, and yet for theatre students it's a chapter to be taken to consideration. Is there any reason why this aspect hasn't been included in this article?

 * Lack of information? I don't know a great deal about Symbolist theatre, apart from Pelleas et Melisande and Villiers de l'Isle-Adam's Axel.  FWIW, his article is also a pitiful sub-stub.  Smerdis of Tlön 02:03, 6 Nov 2004 (UTC)

I'll see what I can do about it seeing I've been studying symbolisme in theatre.

 * Symbolism is a major part of twentieth-century theatre; not just Maurice Maeterlinck, Oscar Wilde's Salome, or Yeats's plays, but Edward Gordon Craig many, many Russians. It's a major part of Constantin Stanislavski's development, and you could trace the origin of his 'system to the inner-directed influence of his experiments with Symbolist staging. Vsevolod Meyerhold developed Symbolist theatre before he turned to constructivism. This section needs much more development and probably ought to spawn its own article. Added to the to-do list, but might be a while. DionysosProteus 23:13, 6 October 2007 (UTC)

Modernism template
I've added a template feel free to add new articles to it. Stirling Newberry 00:33, 3 Jan 2005 (UTC)

Michael Jackson?

 * As example of symbolism's influence on contemporary mass culture, it should be noted that prominent postmodern artist Michael Jackson, who named Claude Debussy as one of the sources of his inspiration, composed works that have traits of symbolism and impressionism (for example, Stranger In Moscow, 1995).

I moved this to talk, because I suspect it's original research. The claim that Jackson claims to have been influenced by Debussy is something I'd like to see some kind of source for; as is Jackson's relationship with "postmodernism", whatever that meant.

Jackson's life strikes me ans being decadent, surreal, and full of odd twists; I'm not entirely closed-minded about some kind of referenced allusion to Jackson in the article. He does strike me like someone that Oscar Wilde should have written a novel about. If Jackson belongs at all, he probably ought to appear in the Aftermath section. Mass culture that relates to Symbolism in a more sure-footed way would include the recordings of Patti Smith, who's still going on about Rimbaud; and the goth movement might be an echo of some aspects of Symbolism. Smerdis of Tlön 23:11, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Proposed merger from Symbolist painters
I have think that the Symbolist painters page is redundant. At one time, this article was focused exclusively on Symbolism as a movement in poetry; it has expanded to compass Symbolist theatre, Symbolist influence in music, and as such I tend to feel that having the Symbolist painters as a separate article is no longer strictly necessary, especially given that the Symbolist painters, like the poets, are often identified simply as "Symbolists."

Unless anyone has strong objections I propose to merge and redirect them. Smerdis of Tlön 15:45, 19 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Good job, Ihcoyc: a wise merge, to bring to bear in one article all the media through which symbolism was manifest. --Wetman 16:31, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Symbolism's presentation
The way symbolism is presented in this article may have to be adjusted. I'm thinking of a perspective that is more chronological, rather than after-the-fact. I find this chronological perspective in works such as Arnold Hauser's The Social History of Art. Quote:

 * "After 1890 the word "decadence" loses its suggestive note and people begin to speak of "symbolism" as the leading artistic trend. Moreas introduces the term and defines it as the attempt to replace reality in poetry by the "idea" (Le Figaro, 18th September 1886). The new terminology is in accordance with Mallarme's victory over Verlaine and the shift of emphasis from sensualistic impressionism to spiritualism."

I think such a chronological treatment would be better, emphasizing for example that many of these poets (Baudelaire, Nerval, Rimbaud, early Verlaine etc.) were writing before any such "symbolist movement" existed. Rimbaud was essentially appropriated by the Symbolists. A is putting the smack down (talk) 07:19, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Influence on literary surrealism and beat
I was planning on adding something about Symbolism's impact on the Beat Generation especially Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac. I wanted to get a good source first, just ran out of time, so I figured I'd post it here in case there are any objections before, as is often the case, somebody erases it without explanation. Also, and probably more significantly, I wanted to put something in about literary surrealism. There's a mention of surrealism in the visual arts, but, as anyone beyond a casual observer should know, surrealism started as a literary movement very heavily influenced by symbolism. Symbolism is, arguably, the movement most directly labeled as an influence on surrealism by Andre Breton -- especially if you add in Jarry and Lautreamont (though I didn't personally think of them as being symbolists, but I won't argue). The phrasing of the section where surrealism in the visual arts is mentioned doesn't lend itself easily to re-editing. I would think putting surrealism with modernism would make sense but modernism is separated from visual arts by big chunks about symbolism's impact on other countries. I would suggest putting the visual arts section right after the modernism section, but then it's splitting up the lit. Any suggestions for how to more logically reorganize this so that we can include literary surrealism (which I would argue is one of the most significant ommissions from the page).F. Simon Grant (talk) 16:55, 3 March 2010 (UTC)

Why is this not just allegory?
I think this article could be considerably improved by adding an explanation of why symbolism in literature (I'm only interested in prose) is not just another name for allegory - the representation of an abstract idea, principle or concept by a character, figure or event in a narrative. How does Symbolism differ from that?  Cottonshirt  τ   12:11, 6 December 2012 (UTC)

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Wiki Education assignment: Honors English 250H VL1
— Assignment last updated by Englishbulldog2023 (talk) 00:45, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Symbolism (arts)


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Vehicle dynamics

Vehicle dynamics is the study of vehicle motion, e.g., how a vehicle's forward movement changes in response to driver inputs, propulsion system outputs, ambient conditions, air/surface/water conditions, etc. Vehicle dynamics is a part of engineering primarily based on classical mechanics. It may be applied for motorized vehicles (such as automobiles), bicycles and motorcycles, aircraft, and watercraft.

Factors affecting vehicle dynamics
The aspects of a vehicle's design which affect the dynamics can be grouped into drivetrain and braking, suspension and steering, distribution of mass, aerodynamics and tires.

Drivetrain and braking

 * Automobile layout (i.e. location of engine and driven wheels)
 * Powertrain
 * Braking system

Suspension and steering
Some attributes relate to the geometry of the suspension, steering and chassis. These include:
 * Ackermann steering geometry
 * Axle track
 * Camber angle
 * Caster angle
 * Ride height
 * Roll center
 * Scrub radius
 * Steering ratio
 * Toe
 * Wheel alignment
 * Wheelbase

Distribution of mass
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely due to mass and its distribution. These include:
 * Center of mass
 * Moment of inertia
 * Roll moment
 * Sprung mass
 * Unsprung mass
 * Weight distribution

Aerodynamics
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely aerodynamic. These include:
 * Automobile drag coefficient
 * Automotive aerodynamics
 * Center of pressure
 * Downforce
 * Ground effect in cars

Tires
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics can be attributed directly to the tires. These include:
 * Camber thrust
 * Circle of forces
 * Contact patch
 * Cornering force
 * Ground pressure
 * Pacejka's Magic Formula
 * Pneumatic trail
 * Radial Force Variation
 * Relaxation length
 * Rolling resistance
 * Self aligning torque
 * Skid
 * Slip angle
 * Slip (vehicle dynamics)
 * Spinout
 * Steering ratio
 * Tire load sensitivity

Vehicle behaviours
Some attributes or aspects of vehicle dynamics are purely dynamic. These include:
 * Body flex
 * Body roll
 * Bump Steer
 * Bundorf analysis
 * Directional stability
 * Critical speed
 * Noise, vibration, and harshness
 * Pitch
 * Ride quality
 * Roll
 * Speed wobble
 * Understeer, oversteer, lift-off oversteer, and fishtailing
 * Weight transfer and load transfer
 * Yaw

Analysis and simulation
The dynamic behavior of vehicles can be analysed in several different ways. This can be as straightforward as a simple spring mass system, through a three-degree of freedom (DoF) bicycle model, to a large degree of complexity using a multibody system simulation package such as MSC ADAMS or Modelica. As computers have gotten faster, and software user interfaces have improved, commercial packages such as CarSim have become widely used in industry for rapidly evaluating hundreds of test conditions much faster than real time. Vehicle models are often simulated with advanced controller designs provided as software in the loop (SIL) with controller design software such as Simulink, or with physical hardware in the loop (HIL).

Vehicle motions are largely due to the shear forces generated between the tires and road, and therefore the tire model is an essential part of the math model. In current vehicle simulator models, the tire model is the weakest and most difficult part to simulate. The tire model must produce realistic shear forces during braking, acceleration, cornering, and combinations, on a range of surface conditions. Many models are in use. Most are semi-empirical, such as the Pacejka Magic Formula model.

Racing car games or simulators are also a form of vehicle dynamics simulation. In early versions many simplifications were necessary in order to get real-time performance with reasonable graphics. However, improvements in computer speed have combined with interest in realistic physics, leading to driving simulators that are used for vehicle engineering using detailed models such as CarSim.

It is important that the models should agree with real world test results, hence many of the following tests are correlated against results from instrumented test vehicles.

Techniques include:
 * Linear range constant radius understeer
 * Fishhook
 * Frequency response
 * Lane change
 * Moose test
 * Sinusoidal steering
 * Skidpad
 * Swept path analysis

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Vehicle dynamics


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New York Liberty

The New York Liberty are an American professional basketball team based in the New York City borough of Brooklyn. The Liberty compete in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) as part of the league's Eastern Conference. The team was founded in 1997 and is one of the eight original franchises of the league. The team is owned by Joe Tsai and Clara Wu Tsai, the majority owners of the NBA's Brooklyn Nets. The team's home games are played at Barclays Center.

The Liberty have qualified for the WNBA playoffs in seventeen of its twenty-six years. The franchise has been home to many well-known players such as Teresa Weatherspoon, Rebecca Lobo, Becky Hammon, Leilani Mitchell, Essence Carson, Cappie Pondexter, Tina Charles, the team's first-ever No.1 overall draft pick Sabrina Ionescu, Breanna Stewart, Jonquel Jones, and Courtney Vandersloot. The Liberty have three conference championships and have played in the WNBA Finals five times, falling to the Houston Comets in 1997, 1999, and 2000, losing to the Los Angeles Sparks in 2002 and losing to the Las Vegas Aces in 2023. They have the most appearances in the WNBA Finals without a championship and are the only remaining original franchise in the WNBA without a championship.

Early success (1997–2002)
Prior to the team's first season, to avoid potential trademark infringement, the team purchased the trademarks of the defunct Liberty Basketball Association.

When the WNBA opened in 1997, the Liberty were one of the first teams to choose a player, and they signed college superstar Rebecca Lobo (UConn) to a contract. Lobo was a starter for two seasons, but was injured in 1999. Her injuries eventually led to her retirement several seasons later. Point guard Teresa Weatherspoon emerged as a star, and the Liberty made it to the 1997 championship game, where the team lost to the Houston Comets. In 1999, they added Crystal Robinson with the 6th overall pick and returned to the WNBA Finals, where they again faced the Comets. In Game 2, Teresa Weatherspoon's halfcourt shot at the buzzer gave the Liberty a one-point road win that tied the series at a game apiece. However, the Liberty lost the third game of the series and the Comets became champions for a third straight time.

In 2000, the Liberty traded for Tari Phillips who blossomed in New York and made four straight All-Star teams. In 2001, Weatherspoon became the WNBA's all-time assist leader. Teamed with Robinson, Phillips and an emerging Sue Wicks, who was once a back-up to Lobo at forward but made the 2000 All-Star game, Weatherspoon and the Liberty subsequently returned to the finals in 2000 and 2002, but lost once again to the Comets and to the Los Angeles Sparks, respectively. The Liberty also advanced to the WNBA Eastern Conference Finals in 2001.

The New York Liberty introduced their Mascot, Ellie the Elephant in 2021.

Transition seasons (2003–2009)
The 2003 season marked a transition for the Liberty and with team leader Teresa Weatherspoon's WNBA career winding down, fan favorite Becky Hammon emerged as a star player. The 2004 season saw Hammon replacing Weatherspoon as the team's starting point guard.

The Liberty played six of their home games during the 2004 season at Radio City Music Hall as Madison Square Garden was hosting the 2004 Republican National Convention. These games marked the first time Radio City had hosted a professional sporting event since the Roy Jones Jr. boxing match held in 1999.

With team leader Tari Phillips being signed away to the Houston Comets, Ann Wauters emerged as a force at the team's starting center position in 2005. However, she was injured midway through the season. The loss of Wauters was felt as the team was swept two games to none by the Indiana Fever in the first round of the playoffs.

The Liberty had a poor 2006 season, winning only 11 games, the fewest in franchise history.

At the beginning of the 2007 WNBA season, the team traded Becky Hammon to the San Antonio Silver Stars for Jessica Davenport, a first round pick in the 2007 WNBA draft. They also acquired center Janel McCarville through the dispersal draft associated with the dissolution of the Charlotte Sting. The 2007 Liberty started out 5–0, then lost 7 straight games, then rallied at the end of the season to get the last playoff spot by winning 3 out of their last 4 games, beating the Washington Mystics on the tiebreaker of head-to-head record. In the Eastern Conference semifinals, the Liberty, as huge underdogs, faced the defending champion Detroit Shock in a best-of-three series. The Liberty defeated the Shock in game 1 in New York. In games 2 and 3 the Liberty lost both games to the Shock in Detroit, 76–73 and 71–70 (OT), respectively.

In 2008, the Liberty drafted former Rutgers shooting guard Essence Carson and former North Carolina forward Erlana Larkins, and signed former Utah point guard Leilani Mitchell during the preseason. Despite having the youngest average age of any WNBA team, the Liberty managed to win 19 regular season games in 2008, to defeat the Connecticut Sun in the first round of playoff action, and to come within two points of defeating the Detroit Shock in the third and last game of the Eastern Conference Finals. Again, the Detroit series entailed a Liberty victory at home in Game 1, followed by narrow defeats away in Games 2 and 3. The 2008 season also featured the "Liberty Outdoor Classic", the first ever professional regular season basketball game to be played outdoors, on July 19 at Arthur Ashe Stadium of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center. The Indiana Fever defeated the Liberty in the Outdoor Classic.

In the 2009 WNBA draft, the Liberty selected local favorite Kia Vaughn from Rutgers. With a solid core group, the Liberty looked to be a contender in the East yet again.

In the 2009 season, however, they never proved to be a contender and the team fired head coach Pat Coyle. To replace Coyle, the Liberty hired then-Liberty assistant coach Anne Donovan on an interim basis. Despite the coaching change, the franchise continued to struggle, finishing 13–21, their second worst record in franchise history.

The Cappie Pondexter era (2010–2014)
The New York Liberty fared better in 2010, during Donovan's first and only full season as head coach. Led by newly signed high scorer Cappie Pondexter (formerly of the Phoenix Mercury) and the 2010 Most Improved Player Award winner Leilani Mitchell, the team made it all the way to the Eastern Conference Finals, where they lost to the Atlanta Dream.

The team had high hopes for 2011, after the hiring of former WNBA champion head coach John Whisenant. Janel McCarville did not report to training camp, seeking time with her family, and as such, was suspended for the duration of the 2011 season. This caused division and discord within the New York Liberty fanbase. Kia Vaughn was unexpectedly thrust into the role of starting Center.

The Liberty were originally scheduled to be displaced from their usual home court due to renovations at Madison Square Garden scheduled to begin in 2009. However, the renovation plans were delayed, and the Liberty played at the Garden in 2009 and 2010. The Liberty ended up playing in the Prudential Center in Newark, New Jersey, for their 2011, 2012, and 2013 seasons while the renovations were ongoing.

Pondexter and Plenette Pierson, along with improved play from Vaughn, allowed New York to be competitive early in the 2011 season. The team went into the All-Star break in third place in the Eastern Conference. In August, Sidney Spencer was traded to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton. By maintaining a fairly even standard of play, the Liberty made their way into the WNBA playoffs. However, the Liberty fell to the Indiana Fever in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.

Just before the 2014 WNBA draft, the New York Liberty traded Kelsey Bone, the fourth overall pick in the 2014 WNBA draft (Alyssa Thomas) and the fourth overall pick in the 2015 WNBA draft to the Connecticut Sun for WNBA All-Star Tina Charles, who had requested a trade.

In February 2015, Pondexter was traded to the Chicago Sky for Epiphanny Prince.

The Isiah Thomas era (2015–2018)
On May 5, 2015, the Liberty hired Thomas as team president overseeing all business and basketball operations of the franchise. Under Thomas' leadership as team president and the coaching staff led by Bill Laimbeer as head coach, the Liberty finished first in the Eastern Conference during the 2015 season.

On August 2, 2015, during halftime at the game against the Seattle Storm, the New York Liberty inducted WNBA legend Becky Hammon into the Liberty's Ring of Honor. Thomas presented Hammon with her ring during the induction ceremony at Madison Square Garden. Hammon is currently the head coach of the WNBA's Las Vegas Aces.

After qualifying for the 2016 WNBA playoffs, the Liberty lost to the Phoenix Mercury in the second round. The Liberty lost to the Washington Mystics in the second round of the 2017 WNBA playoffs.

In November 2017, the Madison Square Garden Company and James L. Dolan announced they were actively looking to sell the franchise. After not immediately finding a buyer, MSG relocated most of the Liberty's 2018 home games to Westchester County Center in nearby White Plains, New York, the home of MSG's NBA G League team the Westchester Knicks, while still continuing to pursue a sale. In 2018, the Liberty failed to make the playoffs, with a 7–27 record.

The Tsai era (2019–present)
On January 23, 2019, the Liberty were sold to Joseph Tsai, co-founder of the Alibaba Group, a Chinese internet company, who then owned 49% of the NBA's Brooklyn Nets, and Clara Wu Tsai, an American businesswoman and founder of nonprofit organization Reform Alliance. Isiah Thomas was relieved of his duties a month later, on February 21, 2019. During the 2019 season, the Liberty played two games in Brooklyn at the Nets' home of the Barclays Center, with the rest still in White Plains. Later that year, Joseph Tsai became the sole owner of the Nets and the Barclays Center. For the 2020 season, the Tsais relocated the Liberty to Brooklyn on a full-time basis.

The Liberty were major players in the 2020 WNBA draft, entering that draft with three first-round picks plus two in the early second round. Shortly before the draft, they traded former league MVP Tina Charles to the Washington Mystics in a deal that also involved the Dallas Wings. They chose Sabrina Ionescu as the first pick, with Megan Walker and Jazmine Jones selected later in that round. The team also introduced a new logo, featuring a simplified version of their Statue of Liberty branding. The color black was also made one of the primary colors, echoing the aesthetic of their NBA brother squad, the Brooklyn Nets.

The Liberty began the 2020 season, held in a "bubble" in Bradenton, Florida, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with seven rookies on their opening-night roster. The team suffered a major blow in their third game, in which Ionescu suffered a severe ankle sprain that ultimately ended her season. The Liberty ended the season with a league-worst 2–20 record. Despite the lack of wins, one of the first-year players, 12th overall pick Jazmine Jones, was named to the Associated Press and WNBA's All-Rookie teams.

The Liberty made major splashes during the 2021 offseason. Prior to its first season as full-time tenants of Barclays Center, the Liberty added WNBA champions Natasha Howard and Sami Whitcomb in a multi-team trade that sent Kia Nurse and Megan Walker to the Phoenix Mercury and signed Betnijah Laney, the league's 2020 Most Improved Player Award winner. The team then added Michaela Onyenwere and DiDi Richards in the 2021 WNBA draft. Laney would represent the Liberty at the 2021 WNBA All-Star Game while Onyenwere won the Associated Press' Rookie of the Year Award. New York finished the year with a 12–20 record but the 10-game improvement in the win column was enough to push the team into the WNBA playoffs for the first time since 2017. Seeded eighth, the Liberty put up a valiant effort against No. 5 Phoenix in the opening but fell by an 83–82 final.

On December 6, 2021, the Liberty and head coach Walt Hopkins Jr. parted ways. The team would hire former Phoenix head coach Sandy Brondello in his place just over a month later on January 7, 2022. On the roster, the team brought in Stefanie Dolson of the defending champion Chicago Sky and drafted Nyara Sabally fifth overall, though the latter would miss her whole rookie season with an injury. In Brondello's first season at the helm, the team was forced to overcome an early injury to Laney and got off to a 1–7 start. But the All-Star efforts of Ionescu and Howard kept the team afloat and they would end the season on a three-game winning streak to secure its second consecutive playoff berth. In the ensuing postseason, the Liberty won the opening game of a best-of-three set with the Chicago Sky but dropped the latter pair.

In 2023, the Liberty made several major transactions that turned them into immediate contenders: the team acquired 2021 WNBA MVP Jonquel Jones from the Connecticut Sun in a three-team deal that also obtained reserve Kayla Thornton from the Dallas Wings. The Liberty then added the equally accomplished Breanna Stewart and Courtney Vandersloot in free agency. Over the ensuing season, the Liberty won a franchise-record 32 games and defeated the Las Vegas Aces in the Commissioner's Cup in-season competition, with Jones securing MVP honors. The Liberty then took down the Washington Mystics and Connecticut Sun in the WNBA playoffs to earn their first WNBA Finals berth since 2002. Las Vegas, however, took revenge and the best-of-five series in four games.

Former players

 * Elena Baranova (2003–2005)
 * Sherill Baker (2006–2007)
 * Kelsey Bone (2013)
 * Essence Carson (2008–2015)
 * Swin Cash (2014–2016)
 * Tina Charles (2014–2019), currently with the Atlanta Dream
 * Shameka Christon (2004–2009)
 * Jessica Davenport (2007–2008)
 * Barbara Farris (2006–2007)
 * Kisha Ford (1997–1998) [[Image:MSG-liberty 2007.JPG|thumb|300px|Madison Square Garden was home to the Liberty from 1997 until 2018, except for the 2011, 2012, and 2013 seasons due to summer renovations.]]
 * Becky Hammon (1999–2006), current head coach of the Las Vegas Aces
 * Kym Hampton (1997–1999), current Fan Development Leader for the Liberty
 * Lindsey Harding (2016), current head coach of the Stockton Kings
 * Tiffany Jackson Jones (2007–2010)
 * Vickie Johnson (1997–2005), current assistant coach of the Atlanta Dream
 * Cathrine Kraayeveld (2005–2009)
 * Rebecca Lobo (1997–2001), current ESPN analyst
 * Janel McCarville (2007–2010)
 * Taj McWilliams-Franklin (2010)
 * DeLisha Milton-Jones (2013–2014), current head coach of Old Dominion
 * Leilani Mitchell (2008–2013)
 * Loree Moore (2005–2009)
 * Tari Phillips (2000–2004)
 * Cappie Pondexter (2010–2014)
 * Crystal Robinson (1999–2005)
 * Katie Smith (2013), currently an assistant coach with the Minnesota Lynx and a former head coach of the Liberty
 * Erin Thorn (2003–2008)
 * Teresa Weatherspoon (1997–2003), current head coach of the Chicago Sky
 * Tamika Whitmore (1999–2003)
 * Sue Wicks (1997–2002)
 * Sophia Witherspoon (1997–1999)
 * Amanda Zahui B. (2016–2020)

Owners

 * Cablevision, owner of the New York Knicks (1997–2009)
 * Madison Square Garden, Inc., owner of the New York Knicks (2010–2019)
 * Joe Tsai (2019–present)

General Managers

 * Carol Blazejowski (1996–2010)
 * John Whisenant (2011–2012)
 * Bill Laimbeer (2013–2014, 2017)
 * Kristin Bernert (2015–2016)
 * Jonathan Kolb (2019–present)

Assistant coaches

 * Melissa McFerrin (1997–1998)
 * Pat Coyle (1998–2004)
 * Jeff House (1999–2004)
 * Marianne Stanley (2004–2006)
 * Nick DiPillo (2005–2008)
 * Bruce Hamburger (2007–2008)
 * Anne Donovan (2009)
 * Laurie Byrd (2009–2010)
 * Monique Ambers (2011–2012)
 * Lady Grooms (2011–2012)
 * Norm Ellenberger (2012)
 * Barbara Farris (2013–2014, 2018–2019)
 * Taj McWilliams-Franklin (2013)
 * Katie Smith (2014–2017)
 * Herb Williams (2015–2019)
 * Charmin Smith (2019)
 * Kelly Schumacher (2020)
 * Shelley Patterson (2020–2021)
 * Dustin Gray (2020–2021)
 * Jacki Gemelos (2021)
 * Olaf Lange (2022–present)
 * Roneeka Hodges (2022–present)
 * Zach O'Brien (2022–present)

Home arenas

 * Barclays Center; Brooklyn (2019, 2021–present)
 * Westchester County Center; White Plains (2018–2019)
 * Madison Square Garden; Manhattan (1997–2010, 2014–2017)
 * Prudential Center; Newark (2011–2013)
 * Arthur Ashe Stadium; Queens (2008)
 * Radio City Music Hall; Manhattan (2004)

Regular season attendance

 * A sellout for a basketball game at Madison Square Garden (1997–2010) is 19,563.
 * A sellout for a basketball game at Prudential Center (2011–2013) is 18,711.
 * A sellout for a basketball game at Madison Square Garden (2013–2017) is 19,812.
 * A sellout for a basketball game at Westchester County Center (2018–2019) is 5,000.
 * A sellout for a Liberty game at Barclays Center (2021–present) is considered to be 8,575, the team's initial cap on ticket sales at that venue. The full capacity for basketball is 17,732.

Draft picks

 * 1997 Elite: Kym Hampton (4), Vickie Johnson (12)
 * 1997: Sue Wicks (6), Sophia Witherspoon (11), Trena Trice (22), Kisha Ford (27)
 * 1998: Alicia Thompson (9), Nadine Domond (19), Albena Branzova (29), Vanessa Nygaard (39)
 * 1999: Crystal Robinson (6), Michele Van Gorp (18), Tamika Whitmore (30), Carolyn Jones-Young (42)
 * 2000: Olga Firsova (13), Desiree Francis (29), Jessica Bibby (45), Natalie Porter (61)
 * 2001: Taru Tuukkanen (57), Tara Mitchem (60)
 * 2002: Linda Frohlich (26), Tracy Gahan (46), Dee Dee Warley (62)
 * 2003 Miami/Portland dispersal draft: Elena Baranova (11)
 * 2003: Molly Creamer (10), Erin Thorn (17), Sonja Mallory (24), Kristen Brook Sharp (26), Nicole Kaczmarski (39)
 * 2004 Cleveland dispersal draft: Ann Wauters (4)
 * 2004: Shameka Christon (5), Amisha Carter (17), Cathy Joens (30)
 * 2005: Loree Moore (10), Tabitha Pool (23), Rebecca Richman (36)
 * 2006: Sherill Baker (12), Brooke Queenan (23), Christelle N'Garsanet (37)
 * 2007 Charlotte dispersal draft: Janel McCarville (3)
 * 2007: Tiffany Jackson (5), Shay Doron (16), Martina Weber (29)
 * 2008: Essence Carson (7), Erlana Larkins (14), Wanisha Smith (27), Alberta Auguste (35)
 * 2009 Houston dispersal draft: selection waived
 * 2009: Kia Vaughn (8), Abby Waner (21)
 * 2010 Sacramento dispersal draft: Nicole Powell (1)
 * 2010: Kalana Greene (13), Ashley Houts (16), Cory Montgomery (25)
 * 2011: Alex Montgomery (10), Angel Robinson (22), Mekia Valentine (34)
 * 2012: Kelley Cain (7), Katelan Redmon (36)
 * 2013: Kelsey Bone (5), Toni Young (7), Kamiko Williams (15), Shenneika Smith (25), Olcay Çakır (27)
 * 2014: Alyssa Thomas (4), Tyaunna Marshall (14), Meighan Simmons (26)
 * 2015: Brittany Boyd (9), Kiah Stokes (11), Amber Orrange (23), Laurin Mincy (27), Michala Johnson (28)
 * 2016: Adut Bulgak (12), Ameryst Alston (24), Shacobia Barbee (36)
 * 2017: Lindsay Allen (14), Kai James (34)
 * 2018: Kia Nurse (10), Mercedes Russell (22), Leslie Robinson (34)
 * 2019: Asia Durr (2), Han Xu (14), Megan Huff (26)
 * 2020: Sabrina Ionescu (1), Megan Walker (9), Jazmine Jones (12), Kylee Shook (13), Leaonna Odom (15), Erica Ogwumike (26; traded to Minnesota)
 * 2021: Michaela Onyenwere (6), DiDi Richards (17), Valerie Higgins (25), Marine Fauthoux (29)
 * 2022: Nyara Sabally (5), Sika Koné (29)
 * 2023: Okako Adika (30)
 * 2024: Marquesha Davis (11), Esmery Martinez (17), Jessika Carter (23), Kaitlyn Davis (35)

Trades

 * December 15, 1999: The Liberty acquired Michele Van Gorp from the Portland Fire in exchange for Portland agreeing to select Sophia Witherspoon and Coquese Washington in the expansion draft.
 * May 28, 2000: The Liberty traded Carolyn Jones-Young to the Portland Fire in exchange for Tari Phillips.
 * February 24, 2006: The Liberty traded the 9th overall pick in the 2006 draft to the Indiana Fever in exchange for Kelly Schumacher and the 12th overall pick in the 2006 draft.
 * April 4, 2007: The Liberty traded Becky Hammon and a second-round pick in the 2008 draft to the San Antonio Silver Stars in exchange for draft rights to Jessica Davenport and a first-round pick in the 2008 draft.
 * June 20, 2007: The Liberty traded Sherill Baker to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Lisa Willis.
 * May 7, 2008: The Liberty traded a third-round pick in the 2009 draft to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Leilani Mitchell.
 * May 5, 2009: The Liberty traded a first-round pick in the 2010 draft to the Los Angeles Sparks in exchange for Sidney Spencer.
 * March 30, 2010: The Liberty traded Shameka Christon and Cathrine Kraayeveld to the Chicago Sky in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2010 draft and Cappie Pondexter and Kelly Mazzante from the Phoenix Mercury. Phoenix received Candice Dupree from Chicago as part of this trade.
 * April 11, 2011: The Liberty traded Angel Robinson to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Jessica Breland and a second-round pick in the 2012 draft.
 * April 11, 2011: The Liberty traded Kalana Greene to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Sydney Colson.
 * May 27, 2011: The Liberty acquired Quanitra Hollingsworth from the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the right to swap third-round picks in the 2012 draft.
 * August 4, 2011: The Liberty traded Sidney Spencer to the Phoenix Mercury in exchange for Kara Braxton.
 * February 27, 2013: The Liberty traded Kia Vaughn to the Washington Mystics in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2013 draft.
 * March 1, 2013: The Liberty traded Janel McCarville to the Minnesota Lynx and Nicole Powell plus a third-round pick in the 2013 draft to the Tulsa Shock. In exchange, the Liberty received Deanna Nolan, a second-round pick in the 2013 draft, and a third-round pick in the 2013 draft.
 * April 15, 2013: The Liberty traded Quanitra Hollingsworth to the Washington Mystics in exchange for the 25th overall pick in the 2013 draft.
 * April 14, 2014: The Liberty traded Kelsey Bone, Alyssa Thomas and a first-round pick in the 2015 draft to the Connecticut Sun in exchange for Tina Charles.
 * July 9, 2014: The Liberty traded DeLisha Milton-Jones to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Swin Cash.
 * February 16, 2015: The Liberty traded Cappie Pondexter to the Chicago Sky in exchange for Epiphanny Prince.
 * April 16, 2015: The Liberty traded Alex Montgomery to the San Antonio Stars in exchange for the 9th overall pick in the 2015 draft. The Liberty also traded Anna Cruz and 16th and 35th overall picks to the Minnesota Lynx in exchange for the 11th, 23rd and 28th overall picks in the 2015 draft.
 * May 2, 2016: The Liberty traded a second-round pick in the 2017 draft to the Atlanta Dream in exchange for Shoni Schimmel.
 * May 11, 2016: The Liberty traded a first-round pick in the 2017 draft to the Dallas Wings in exchange for Amanda Zahui B. and a second-round pick in the 2017 draft.
 * January 30, 2017: The Liberty traded Carolyn Swords and a first-round pick in the 2017 draft to the Seattle Storm in exchange for Kia Vaughn and Bria Hartley.
 * April 11, 2019 : The Liberty traded their second round pick in the 2020 draft to Minnesota Lynx in exchange for Tanisha Wright.
 *  April 11, 2020: The Liberty engaged in a three team trade where the team acquired the 13th pick in the 2020 draft and sent Sugar Rodgers to Las Vegas.
 * April 17, 2020: The Liberty traded the draft rights to Erica Ogwumike to Minnesota in exchange for Stephanie Talbot.
 * April 17, 2020: The Liberty acquired the draft rights for Jocelyn Willoughby from Phoenix in exchange for Shatori Walker-Kimbrough.
 * February 10, 2021: The Liberty traded Kia Nurse and Megan Walker to Phoenix in exchange for the 6th pick in the 2021 draft and the Mercury's first-round pick in the 2022 draft.
 * February 10, 2021: The Liberty traded the 1st overall pick in the 2021 draft, a second-round pick in the 2022 draft, and their second-round 2022 Draft pick to Seattle in exchange for Natasha Howard.
 * February 10, 2021: The Liberty traded the rights to Stephanie Talbot to Seattle in exchange for Sami Whitcomb.
 * April 11, 2022: The Liberty traded their Second Round pick in the 2023 draft to Seattle in exchange for the rights to Lorela Cubaj.
 * June 8, 2022: The Liberty traded Asia Durr to Atlanta in exchange for Megan Walker and the rights to Raquel Carrera.
 * January 16, 2023 The Liberty traded Rebecca Allen, the 6th pick in the 2023 draft, Natasha Howard, and Crystal Dangerfield as part of a three team trade and received Jonquel Jones and Kayla Thornton.
 * February 11, 2023 The Liberty traded Michaela Onyenwere as part of a four team trade and received the rights to Leonie Fiebich, Chicago's second round pick in the 2024 draft, and the rights to swap first-round picks in the 2025 draft with Phoenix.

All-Stars

 * 1999: Kym Hampton, Vickie Johnson, Rebecca Lobo, Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 2000: Tari Phillips, Teresa Weatherspoon, Sue Wicks
 * 2001: Vickie Johnson, Tari Phillips, Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 2002: Tari Phillips, Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 2003: Becky Hammon, Tari Phillips, Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 2004: Becky Hammon
 * 2005: Becky Hammon, Ann Wauters
 * 2006: None
 * 2007: None
 * 2008: No All-Star Game
 * 2009: Shameka Christon
 * 2010: Cappie Pondexter
 * 2011: Essence Carson, Cappie Pondexter
 * 2012: No All-Star Game
 * 2013: Cappie Pondexter
 * 2014: Tina Charles, Cappie Pondexter
 * 2015: Tina Charles
 * 2016: No All-Star Game
 * 2017: Tina Charles, Sugar Rodgers
 * 2018: Tina Charles
 * 2019: Tina Charles, Kia Nurse
 * 2020: No All-Star Game
 * 2021: Betnijah Laney
 * 2022: Natasha Howard, Sabrina Ionescu
 * 2023: Sabrina Ionescu, Breanna Stewart, Courtney Vandersloot
 * 2024: Sabrina Ionescu, Jonquel Jones, Breanna Stewart

Olympians

 * 2016: Tina Charles
 * 2020: Rebecca Allen (AUS), Han Xu (CHN), Marine Johannès (FRA)
 * 2024: Sabrina Ionescu, Breanna Stewart, Leonie Fiebich (GER), Nyara Sabally (GER)

Honors and awards

 * 1997 All-WNBA Second Team: Rebecca Lobo
 * 1997 All-WNBA Second Team: Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 1997 Defensive Player of the Year: Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 1998 All-WNBA Second Team: Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 1998 Defensive Player of the Year: Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 1999 All-WNBA Second Team: Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 2000 All-WNBA Second Team: Teresa Weatherspoon
 * 2000 Most Improved Player: Tari Phillips
 * 2001 Kim Perrot Sportsmanship Award: Sue Wicks
 * 2002 All-WNBA Second Team: Tari Phillips
 * 2005 All-WNBA Second Team: Becky Hammon
 * 2007 Most Improved Player: Janel McCarville
 * 2007 All-Defensive Second Team: Loree Moore
 * 2010 All-WNBA First Team: Cappie Pondexter
 * 2010 Most Improved Player: Leilani Mitchell
 * 2010 All-Defensive First Team: Cappie Pondexter
 * 2010 All-Rookie Team: Kalana Greene
 * 2011 All-WNBA Second Team: Cappie Pondexter
 * 2011 Most Improved Player: Kia Vaughn
 * 2012 All-WNBA First Team: Cappie Pondexter
 * 2013 All-Rookie Team: Kelsey Bone
 * 2014 All-WNBA Second Team: Tina Charles
 * 2015 Coach of the Year: Bill Laimbeer
 * 2015 All-Rookie Team: Brittany Boyd
 * 2015 All-Rookie Team: Kiah Stokes
 * 2015 All-Defensive Second Team: Tina Charles
 * 2015 All-Defensive Second Team: Kiah Stokes
 * 2015 All-Defensive Second Team: Tanisha Wright
 * 2015 All-WNBA First Team: Tina Charles
 * 2015 All-WNBA Second Team: Epiphanny Prince
 * 2016 Peak Performer (Points): Tina Charles
 * 2016 Peak Performer (Rebounds): Tina Charles
 * 2016 All-Defensive Second Team: Tanisha Wright
 * 2017 WNBA Sixth Woman of the Year: Sugar Rodgers
 * 2020 All-Rookie Team: Jazmine Jones
 * 2021 All-Rookie Team: Michaela Onyenwere
 * 2021 All-Rookie Team: DiDi Richards
 * 2021 Rookie of the Year: Michaela Onyenwere
 * 2022 All-WNBA Second Team: Sabrina Ionescu
 * 2023 Peak Performer (Assists): Courtney Vandersloot
 * 2023 All-Defensive first team: Breanna Stewart
 * 2023 All-Defensive second team: Betnijah Laney
 * 2023 WNBA MVP: Breanna Stewart
 * 2023 All-WNBA First Team: Breanna Stewart
 * 2023 All-WNBA Second Team: Sabrina Ionescu
 * 2023 WNBA Executive of the Year: Jonathan Kolb

Media coverage
On March 12, 2024, it was announced that Liberty games would be broadcast on WNYW and WWOR beginning with the 2024 season.

On June 4, 2024, the Liberty launched their direct-to-consumer service "Liberty Live", which would be the streaming home of the New York Liberty.

Previously, games had been broadcast on MSG Network and the YES Network. Broadcasters for the Liberty games are Chris Shearn and Julianne Viani.

Some Liberty games are broadcast nationally on CBS, CBS Sports Network, Ion Television, ESPN, ESPN2 and ABC.

title: New York Liberty


text:
Baikonur Cosmodrome

The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.

Situated in the Kazakh Steppe, some 90 m above sea level, it is 200 km to the east of the Aral Sea and north of the Syr Darya. It is close to Töretam, a station on the Trans-Aral Railway. Russia, as the official successor state to the Soviet Union, has retained control over the facility since 1991; it originally assumed this role through the post-Soviet Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), but ratified an agreement with Kazakhstan in 2005 that allowed it to lease the spaceport until 2050. It is jointly managed by Roscosmos and the Russian Aerospace Forces.

In 1955, the Soviet Ministry of Defence issued a decree and founded the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was originally built as the chief base of operations for the Soviet space program. The Cosmodrome served as the launching point for Sputnik 1 and Vostok 1. The launchpad used for both missions was renamed "Gagarin's Start" in honour of Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, who piloted Vostok 1 and became the first human in outer space. Under the current Russian management, Baikonur remains a busy spaceport, with numerous commercial, military, and scientific missions being launched annually.

Soviet era

The Soviet government issued Scientific Research Test Range No. 5 (NIIP-5; 5-й Научно-Исследовательский Испытательный Полигон, Pyatyy Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Ispytatel'nyy Poligon) on 12 February 1955. It was actually founded on 2 June 1955, originally a test center for the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), the R-7 Semyorka. NIIP-5 was soon expanded to include launch facilities for space flights. The site was selected by a commission led by General Vasily Voznyuk, influenced by Sergey Korolyov, the Chief Designer of the R-7 ICBM, and soon the man behind the Soviet space program. It had to be surrounded by plains, as the radio control system of the rocket required (at the time) receiving uninterrupted signals from ground stations hundreds of kilometres away. Additionally, the missile trajectory had to be away from populated areas. Also, it is advantageous to place space launch sites closer to the equator, as the surface of the Earth has higher rotational speed in such areas. Taking these constraints into consideration, the commission chose Tyuratam, a village in the heart of the Kazakh Steppe. The expense of constructing the launch facilities and the several hundred kilometres of new road and train lines made the Cosmodrome one of the most costly infrastructure projects undertaken by the Soviet Union. A supporting town was built around the facility to provide housing, schools, and infrastructure for workers. It was raised to city status in 1966 and named Leninsk (Ленинск).

The American U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range for the first time on 5 August 1957.

In April of 1975, in preparation for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the first NASA astronauts were allowed to tour the cosmodrome. Upon their return to the United States, the crews commented that on their evening flight to Moscow they had seen lights on launch pads and related complexes for more than 15 minutes, and according to astronaut Thomas Stafford, "that makes Cape Kennedy look very small."

Name
According to most sources, the name Baikonur was deliberately chosen in 1961 (around the time of Gagarin's flight) to misdirect the Western Bloc to a place about 320 km northeast of the launch center, the small mining town and railway station of Baikonur near Jezkazgan. Leninsk, the closed city built to support the cosmodrome, was renamed Baikonur on 20 December 1995 by Boris Yeltsin.

According to NASA's history of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, the name Baikonur was not chosen to misdirect, but was the name of the Tyuratam region before the establishment of the cosmodrome.

Environmental impact
Russian scientist Afanasiy Ilich Tobonov researched mass animal deaths in the 1990s and concluded that the mass deaths of birds and wildlife in the Sakha Republic were noted only along the flight paths of space rockets launched from the Baikonur cosmodrome. Dead wildlife and livestock were usually incinerated, and the participants in these incinerations, including Tobonov himself, his brothers and inhabitants of his native village of Eliptyan, commonly died from stroke or cancer. In 1997, the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation changed the flight path and removed the ejected rocket stages near Nyurbinsky District, Russia.

Scientific literature collected data that indicated adverse effects of rockets on the environment and the health of the population. UDMH, a fuel used in Russian rocket engines, is highly toxic. It is one of the reasons for acid rains and cancers in the local population, near the cosmodrome. Valery Yakovlev, a head of the laboratory of ecosystem research of the State scientific-production union of applied ecology "Kazmechanobr", notes: "Scientists have established the extreme character of the destructive influence of the "Baikonur" space center on environment and population of the region: 11 000 tons of space scrap metal, polluted by especially toxic UDMH is still laying on the falling grounds". Scrap recovery is part of the local economy.

Importance
Many historic flights lifted off from Baikonur: the first operational ICBM; the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957; the first spacecraft to travel close to the Moon, Luna 1, on 2 January 1959; the first crewed and orbital flight by Yuri Gagarin on 12 April 1961; and the flight of the first woman in space, Valentina Tereshkova, in 1963. 14 cosmonauts of 13 other nations, including Czechoslovakia, East Germany, India and France have launched from Baikonur under the Interkosmos program as well. In 1960, a prototype R-16 ICBM exploded before launch, killing over 100 people. Baikonur is also the site from which Venera 9 and Mars 3 were launched.

Post-Soviet era

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian space program continued to operate from Baikonur under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Russia wanted to sign a 99-year lease for Baikonur, but agreed to a US$115 million annual lease of the site for 20 years with an option for a 10-year extension. On 8 June 2005, the Russian Federation Council ratified an agreement between Russia and Kazakhstan extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050. The rent price—which remained fixed at US$115000000 per year – is the source of a long-running dispute between the two countries. In an attempt to reduce its dependency on Baikonur, Russia built the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Amur Oblast.

Baikonur has been a major part of Russia's contribution to the International Space Station (ISS), as it is the only spaceport from which Russian missions to the ISS are launched. It is primarily the border's position (but to a lesser extent Baikonur's position at about the 46th parallel north) that led to the 51.6° orbital inclination of the ISS; the lowest inclination that can be reached by Soyuz boosters launched from Baikonur without flying over China. With the conclusion of NASA's Space Shuttle program in 2011, Baikonur became the sole launch site used for crewed missions to the ISS until the launch of Crew Dragon Demo-2 in 2020.

In 2019, Gagarin's Start hosted three crewed launches, in March, July and September, before being shut down for modernisation for the new Soyuz-2 rocket with a planned first launch in 2023. The final launch from Gagarin's Start took place 25 September 2019. Gagarin's Start failed to receive funding (in part due to Russian invasion of Ukraine) to modernize it for the slightly larger Soyuz-2 rocket. In 2023, it was announced that the Russian and Kazakhstan authorities plan to deactivate the site as a space launch pad and turn it into a museum (in part for tourism purposes).

On 7 March 2023, the Kazakh government seized control of the Baiterek launch complex, one of the launch sites at Baikonur Cosmodrome, banning numerous Russian officials from leaving the country and preventing the liquidation of assets by Roscosmos. One of the reasons for the seizure was due to Russia failing to pay a $29.7 million debt to the Kazakh government. The seizure comes after Russia's relations with Kazakhstan became tense due to the ongoing war in Ukraine.

Features
Baikonur is fully equipped with facilities for launching both crewed and uncrewed spacecraft. It has supported several generations of Russian spacecraft: Soyuz, Proton, Tsyklon, Dnepr, Zenit and Buran.

Downrange from the launchpad, spent launch equipment is dropped directly on the ground in the Russian far east where it is salvaged by the workers and the local population.

List of launchpads

 * Pad 1/5 (Gagarin's Start) (1957-2019): Soyuz-Soyuz, Soyuz-Progress, Soyuz-Ikar – 45.92°N, 63.342°W
 * Pad 31/6: Soyuz-Kosmos, Soyuz-Fregat – 45.996°N, 63.564°W
 * Pad 41/3: R-16 (Destroyed in 1960 explosion) – 45.975°N, 63.66°W
 * Pad 41/4 : R-16 (1961–67) – 45.976°N, 63.665°W
 * Pad 41/15: R-16, Kosmos 3 (1963–68) – 45.976°N, 63.669°W
 * Pad 45/1: Zenit-2, Zenit-2M, Zenit-3M – 45.943°N, 63.653°W
 * Pad 45/2 (Destroyed in 1990 explosion): Zenit 2 – 45.94°N, 63.655°W
 * Pad 51: R-9 (1961–62) – 45.924°N, 63.341°W
 * Pad 60/6: R-16 (1963–66) — 46.019°N, 64.016°W
 * Pad 60/7: R-16 (1963–67) — 46.018°N, 64.018°W
 * Pad 60/8: R-16 (1962–66) — 46.017°N, 64.018°W
 * Pad 67/21: Tsyklon, R-36M, R-36O, MR-UR-100 Sotka (1963–72) – 45.989°N, 63.705°W
 * Pad 67/22: Tsyklon, R-36, R-36O (1964–66) — 45.99°N, 63.707°W
 * Pad 69: Tsyklon-2
 * Pad 70 (Destroyed in 1963 explosion): R-9 – 46.033°N, 63.096°W
 * Pad 75: R-9 — 45.9636°N, 63.20192°W
 * Pad 80/17: Tsyklon (1965) — 46.007°N, 64.02°W
 * Pad 81/23 (81L) (inactive >2004): Proton-K – 46.074°N, 62.978°W
 * Pad 81/24 (81P): Proton-K, Proton-M – 46.071°N, 62.985°W
 * Pad 90/19 (90L) (inactive >1997): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – 46.081°N, 62.932°W
 * Pad 90/20 (90R) (inactive >2006): UR-200, Tsyklon-2 – 46.08°N, 62.935°W
 * Pad 101: R-36M (1973–76) — 45.9515°N, 63.42734°W
 * Pad 102: R-36M (1978) — 45.93281°N, 63.43501°W
 * Pad 103: R-36M (1973–77) — 45.952°N, 63.445°W
 * Pad 104: R-36M (1972–74) — 45.988°N, 63.42°W
 * Pad 105: R-36M (1974–77) — 45.95°N, 63.496°W
 * Pad 106: R-36M (1974–83) — 45.951°N, 63.497°W
 * Pad 107: R-36 — 46.23749°N, 63.89204°W
 * Pad 108: R-36 — 46.23891°N, 63.8947°W
 * Pad 109/95: R-36M, Dnepr – 45.951°N, 63.497°W
 * Pad 110/37 (110L) (inactive >1988): N-1, Energia-Buran – 45.965°N, 63.305°W
 * Pad 110/38 (110R) (inactive >1969): N-1 – 45.962°N, 63.31°W
 * Pad 130: UR-100 (1965) – 46.08592°N, 62.91552°W
 * Pad 131: UR-100N, UR-100, Rokot (1965–90) — 46.072°N, 62.956°W
 * Pad 132: UR-100NU (2001–02) — 46.03672°N, 63.0478°W
 * Pad 140/18: R-36 (1965–78) — 45.99664°N, 63.55352°W
 * Pad 141: R-36 — 45.91005°N, 63.34912°W
 * Pad 142/34: R-36 (three silo complex) — 45.94069°N, 63.46231°W
 * Pad 160: R-36O — 46.07771°N, 62.94215°W
 * Pad 161/35: Tsyklon (1967–73) — 46.034°N, 63.063°W
 * Pad 162/36: Tsyklon (1966–75) — 46.032°N, 63.067°W
 * Pad 163: R-36O — 46.01369°N, 63.16912°W
 * Pad 164: R-36O — 45.94432°N, 63.06382°W
 * Pad 165: R-36O — 45.99102°N, 62.91874°W
 * Pad 170: UR-MR-100 (1976–79) — 45.94805°N, 63.02563°W
 * Pad 171: UR-100, UR-100N — 46.10371°N, 63.00805°W
 * Pad 172: UR-MR-100 (1978–81) — 46.065°N, 63.092°W
 * Pad 173: UR-MR-100 (1972–78) — 46.02948°N, 63.13073°W
 * Pad 174: UR-100, UR-100K — 46.08177°N, 62.91808°W
 * Pad 175/2: UR-100NU, Rokot, Strela – 46.051°N, 62.987°W
 * Pad 175/59: Rokot, Strela — 46.052°N, 62.986°W
 * Pad 176: UR-100 — 46.02275°N, 63.04661°W
 * Pad 177: UR-MR-100, UR-MR-100U (1973–78) — 45.97986°N, 63.10051°W
 * Pad 178: UR-100 — 46.02523°N, 62.89112°W
 * Pad 179: UR-100 — 45.98937°N, 62.96389°W
 * Pad 181: UR-MR-100U (1978–79) — 46.05703°N, 63.03197°W
 * Pad 191/66: R-36O (1969–71) — 45.97°N, 63.197°W
 * Pad 192: R-36O — 46.02426°N, 63.29972°W
 * Pad 193: R-36O — 45.9531°N, 63.38915°W
 * Pad 194: R-36O — 45.86527°N, 63.28649°W
 * Pad 195: R-36O — 45.79293°N, 63.27463°W
 * Pad 196: R-36O — 45.82813°N, 63.14736°W
 * Pad 200/39 (200L): Proton-M/Proton-K – 46.04°N, 63.032°W
 * Pad 200/40 (200R): Proton-K (inactive >1991) – 46.036°N, 63.038°W
 * Pad 241: R-36O — 45.85836°N, 63.45569°W
 * Pad 242: R-36O — 45.94533°N, 63.48127°W
 * Pad 243: R-36O — 45.85487°N, 63.73697°W
 * Pad 244: R-36O — 45.84024°N, 63.6344°W
 * Pad 245: R-36O — 45.81759°N, 63.52683°W
 * Pad 246: R-36O — 45.7656°N, 63.42344°W
 * Pad 250 (inactive >1987): Energia – 46.008°N, 63.305°W

Buran facilities
As part of the Buran programme, several facilities were adapted or newly built for the Buran-class space shuttle orbiters:

 * Site 110 – Used for the launch of the Buran-class orbiters. Like the assembly and processing hall at Site 112, the launch complex was originally constructed for the Soviet lunar landing program and later converted for the Energia-Buran program.
 * Site 112 – Used for orbiter maintenance and to mate the orbiters to their Energia launchers (thus fulfilling a role similar to the VAB at KSC). The main hangar at the site, called MIK RN or MIK 112, was originally built for the assembly of the N1 Moon rocket. After cancellation of the N-1 program in 1974, the facilities at Site 112 were converted for the Energia-Buran program. It was here that Orbiter K1 was stored after the end of the Buran program and was destroyed when the hangar roof collapsed in 2002.
 * Site 251 – Used as Buran orbiter landing facility, also known as Yubileyniy Airfield (and fulfilling a role similar to the SLF at KSC). It features one runway, called 06/24, which is 4500 m long and 84 m wide, paved with "Grade 600" high quality reinforced concrete. At the edge of the runway was a special mating–demating device, designed to lift an orbiter off its Antonov An-225 Mriya carrier aircraft and load it on a transporter, which would carry the orbiter to the processing building at Site 254. A purpose-built orbiter landing control facility, housed in a large multi-store office building, was located near the runway. Yubileyniy Airfield was also used to receive heavy transport planes carrying elements of the Energia-Buran system. After the end of the Buran program, Site 251 was abandoned but later reopened as a commercial cargo airport. Besides serving Baikonur, Kazakh authorities also use it for passenger and charter flights from Russia.
 * Site 254 – Built to service the Buran-class orbiters between flights (thus fulfilling a role similar to the OPF at KSC). Constructed in the 1980s as a special four-bay building, it also featured a large processing area flanked by several floors of test rooms. After cancellation of the Buran program it was adapted for pre-launch operations of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft.

Intra-site railway

All Baikonur's logistics are based on its own intra-site gauge railway network, which is the largest industrial railway on the planet. The railway is used for all stages of launch preparation, and all spacecraft are transported to the launchpads by the special Schnabel cars. Once part of the Soviet Railroad Troops, the Baikonur Railway is now served by a dedicated civilian state company. There are several rail links connecting the Baikonur Railway to the public railway of Kazakhstan and the rest of the world.

On-site airports
The Baikonur Cosmodrome has two on-site multi-purpose airports, serving both the personnel transportation needs and the logistics of space launches (including the delivery of the spacecraft by planes). There are scheduled passenger services from Moscow to the smaller Krayniy Airport, which however are not accessible to the public. The larger Yubileyniy Airport (Юбилейный аэропорт) was where the Buran orbiter was transported to Baikonur on the back of the Antonov An-225 Mriya cargo aircraft.

ICBM testing
Although Baikonur has always been known around the world as the launch site of Soviet and Russian space missions, from its outset in 1955 and until the collapse of the USSR in 1991 the primary purpose of this center was to test liquid-fueled ballistic missiles. The official (and secret) name of the center was State Test Range No. 5 or 5 GIK. It remained under the control of the Soviet and Russian Ministry of Defense until the second half of the 1990s, when the Russian civilian space agency and its industrial contractors started taking over individual facilities.

In 2006, the head of Roscosmos, Anatoly Perminov, said that the last Russian military personnel would be removed from the Baikonur facility by 2007. However, on 22 October 2008, an SS-19 Stiletto missile was test-fired from Baikonur, indicating this may not be the case.

Future projects
On 22 December 2004, Kazakhstan and Russia signed a contract establishing the "Russia–Kazakhstan Baiterek JV" joint venture, in which each country holds a 50% stake. The goal of the project is the construction of the Bayterek ("poplar tree") space launch complex, to facilitate operations of the Russian Angara rocket launcher. This will allow launches with a payload of 26 tons to low Earth orbit, compared to 20 tons using the Proton system. An additional benefit will be that the Angara uses kerosene as fuel and oxygen as the oxidiser, which is less hazardous to the environment than the toxic fuels used by older boosters. The total expenditure on the Kazakh side will be US$223 million over 19 years. As of 2010, the project was stalling due to insufficient funding. It was thought that the project still had good chances to succeed because it will allow both parties – Russia and Kazakhstan – to continue the joint use of Baikonur even after the Vostochny Cosmodrome is commissioned. The first scheduled launch of the Baiterek Rocket and Space Complex is scheduled for 2025.

Baikonur Museum

The Baikonur Cosmodrome has a small museum, next to two small cottages, once residences of the rocket engineer Sergei Korolev and the first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin. Both cottages are part of the museum complex and have been preserved. The museum is home to a collection of space artefacts. A restored test article from the Soviet Buran programme sits next to the museum entrance. The only completed orbiter, which flew a single orbital test mission in 1988, was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002. For a complete list of surviving Buran vehicles and artefacts, see Buran programme § List of vehicles.

The museum also houses photographs related to the cosmodrome's history, including images of all cosmonauts. Every crew of every expedition launched from Baikonur leaves behind a signed crew photograph that is displayed behind the glass.

Baikonur's museum holds many objects related to Gagarin, including the ground control panel from his flight, his uniforms, and soil from his landing site, preserved in a silver container. One of the museum rooms also holds an older version of the Soyuz descent capsule.

In 2021, the Baikonur space complex was named as one of the top 10 tourist destinations in Kazakhstan.

In 2023, a plan was announced to add the Gagarin's Start launch complex to the museum complex at Baikonur.

In popular culture
The Baikonur Cosmodrome was featured prominently in the 2010 video game Call of Duty: Black Ops. In one mission in the campaign, the main character is tasked by John F. Kennedy with destroying a Soyuz spacecraft and eliminating several high-value targets at the launch complex.

The Baikonur Cosmodrome also serves as the inspiration for a location in the 2014 videogame Destiny.

The Baikonur Cosmodrome and its surroundings serve as the setting of the 2022 French TV miniseries Infiniti.

The Baikonur Cosmodrome, the city of Baikonur, and the surrounding areas (including the Aral Sea) are featured heavily in Terry Hayes' 2023 spy/thriller novel The Year Of The Locust.

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Talk:Hercules (constellation)

Glory of Hera
I don't like the translation of Herakles as "glory of Hera". It is accurate, but confusing in this context, because it's not clear that it is the mere literal meaning of the name. I prefer the old explanation "the hero".

However I don't dare to revert without knowing thirds' opinions. – Torsten Bronger 19:19, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * I changed it because I was not sure that Hercules meant hero in any sense other than Heracles being a hero. But I could like to change it back, too. — Sverdrup (talk) 20:37, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

 * Don't get me wrong: Although I didn't know so far, Heracles of course means "glory of Hera". But I think that this is very special information.  The description of the constellation in this article should use a concise catchphrase for Heracles, and this is "the hero" in my opinion.  It is even worth a thought to translate it to English with "Hercules, the hero".  (I don't know, but I don't believe that "Cassiopeia" means "queen" for example.)

 * That's reasonable, and approximately what I though when typing "the hero" first. I'll change it back. — Sverdrup (talk) 22:16, 28 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Was there any discussion of this move? Hercules (constellation) seems much better to me. john k 22:53, 29 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I agree with you. – Torsten Bronger 10:35, 31 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Vandalised
This article has been vandalised by 199.216.204.250.

'''== Hercules ==

In my science class we had to choose and reserch a constellation so I chose Hercules.

Problematic formatting
The following two sections read poorly and appear to have originally been combined differently. In particular, the 2nd paragraph of the 1st section (placed in bold) appears to refer to elements in the 2nd section. However, I'm not correcting it because I don't know which visualization is being referred to: RandomCritic 18:30, 22 May 2006 (UTC)

Mythology
Hercules (Roman, Herakles in Greek mythology) was the demigod son of Zeus and Alcmene. One of the most widely known of the Greek heroes, he is best known for his superhuman strength, strong emotions, quickness to act, and often poorly thought out plans. Many stories are told of his life, the most important of which is the story of The Twelve Labours.

'''However, such visualisation was much later, as some parts require quite faint stars to be included, including those which have Flamsteed numbers but not Bayer designations. Earlier views of the constellation held it to be various things, predominantly a stag. Together with the constellation Sagitta, and the association of this area of the sky (the Zodiac of Scorpio) with Artemis, this may be the origin of the myth of the Cerynian Hind, one of The Twelve Labours of Herakles.'''

Graphic visualization

The stars of the constellation Hercules can be connected in an alternative way, which graphically shows the hero in an athletic pose and holding a club.

The hero's head is traced by a quadrangle of stars: π Her, η Her, ζ Her and ε Her known as the "Keystone" asterism. This quadrangle lies between two very bright stars: Vega in the constellation Lyra and α CrB (Gemma, or Alphecca) in the constellation Corona Borealis.

The hero's right leg contains two bright stars of the third magnitude: α Her (Ras Algethi) and δ Her (Sarin). The latter is the right knee.

The hero's left leg contains dimmer stars of the fourth magnitude which do not have Bayer designations but which do have Flamsteed numbers.

The star β Her belongs to the hero's outstretched right hand, and is also called Kornephoros.

The Globular Cluster M13 lies on the top of the hero's head, between the stars η Her and ζ Her. It is dim, but may be detected by the unaided eye on a very clear night. unsigned post manually signed by User:Rursus

 * Interesting! But don't use it in the articles. There's a long tradition of depicting constellations a certain way from 200 BC to today. The star names are named after those traditional depictions, H.A. Reys childish and pretty unnatural depictions disrupts the recognition of the constellations and confuses more than it adds. Rursus dixit. ( m bork3 !) 12:18, 13 August 2010 (UTC)

File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Hercules and Corona Borealis.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Hercules and Corona Borealis.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on July 6, 2016. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2016-07-06. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page. — Chris Woodrich (talk) 23:58, 20 June 2016 (UTC)

HD164595b
Is a planet in a starsystem that is currently talked about in the news (with the 11 GHz signal SETI). I did some research and found it to be in constellation Hercules... http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=HD+164595+b&type=CONFIRMED_PLANET Perhaps it needs mentioning? I'm sure people will want to see it mentioned. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 93.104.35.244 (talk) 15:13, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

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Brightest globular cluster in the northern hemisphere
In the article is written that M13 is the brightest globular cluster in the northern hemisphere. However, Messier 5 is slightly brighter (M13 is mag 5.8, while M5 is mag 5.6 ) and located north of the celestial equator. C messier (talk) 17:08, 30 June 2023 (UTC)

Dionysius of Halicarnassus "quote"
The story by Dionysius of Halicarnassus isn't supported by the original text. It was added in this edit, and appended with the comment "The story, among others, is described by Dionysius of Halicarnassus and Hyginus" in this edit.

Dionysius of Halicarnassus mentions the myth (Roman Antiquities 1.42, in Loeb), but doesn't connect it with the constellation. De astronomia (attributed to Gaius Julius Hyginus) connects the same myth to the constellation, but I can't find any public domain translations. Both cite Aeschylus' Prometheus Unbound (a lost play).

So what's now presented as a quote from Dionysius of Halicarnassus, looks like it's a retelling of the myth, drawn from various sources, which was connected to Hercules either by Aeschylus or De astronomia. I'll try to rewrite it to explain this. -- Yodin T 12:38, 5 May 2024 (UTC)

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Baikonur

Baikonur (Байқоңыр, Baiqoñyr, ; Байконур, ), formerly known as Leninsk, is a city in Kazakhstan on the northern bank of the Syr Darya river. It is currently leased and administered by the Russian Federation as an enclave until 2050. It was constructed to service the Baikonur Cosmodrome and was officially renamed Baikonur by Russian president Boris Yeltsin on December 20, 1995. During the Soviet period, it was sometimes referred to as Zvezdograd (Звездоград), Russian for Star City.

The rented area is an ellipse measuring 90 km east to west by 85 km north to south, with the cosmodrome situated at the area's centre.

Foreign visitors and tourists can visit the cosmodrome and city but need to obtain a specific permit from Roscosmos.

History
The original Baikonur (Kazakh for "wealthy brown", i.e. "fertile land with many herbs") is a mining town 320 kilometres northeast of the present location, near Dzhezkazgan in Kazakhstan's Karagandy Region. Starting with Vostok 1 in April 1961, the launch site was given this name to cause confusion and keep the location secret. (The original Baikonur's residents took advantage of the confusion by ordering and receiving many scarce materials before government officials discovered the deception.) Baikonur's railway station predates the base and retains the old name of Tyuratam. This was the original Soviet railway station (railhead) on the Moscow to Tashkent Railway that the Cosmodrome was initially named after.

The fortunes of the city have varied according to those of the Soviet or Russian space program and its Baikonur Cosmodrome.

Due to the city's military and scientific significance, it was closed off by Soviet authorities. It did not appear on maps available to the general public during the Soviet period prior to perestroika.

The Soviet government established the Nauchno-Issledovatel'skii Ispytatel'nyi Poligon N.5 (NIIIP-5), or Scientific-Research Test Range N.5 by its decree of 12 February 1955. The U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance plane found and photographed the Tyuratam missile test range (cosmodrome Baikonur) for the first time on 5 August 1957.

The town has unique ties with space, and hence the history of the rocket building and space binds all the sights in the area and the cosmodrome. However, there are only a few exceptions: old locomotive, an Orthodox Church and a new mosque.

The city administratively belongs to the Odintsovsky District of Moscow Oblast.

Climate
Baikonur features a cold desert climate (BWk). Summers are hot with July highs averaging slightly over 34 C, while winters are cold, with longer periods of sustained below-freezing temperatures.

Places of interest
South of city center, near the Syr Darya River there is a large park with several sports and amusement facilities. Among these is a ferris wheel, which is no longer in use. The park is located at coordinates 45.61167°N, 63.31833°W.

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Contributions Sandbox Utilities ISBN Special:Booksources/0345353781

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User talk:Ducker

Thanks for the help on vandal patrol. :-) I don't think we have to revert this guy in real-time anymore. I'll periodically revert all vandalisms so that I can get some other work done. --mav 10:23 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for reverting my user page! olivier 11:46 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * No problem, OCD and Vicodin, for an extracted tooth, make clicking the links kinda fun... ;) Ducker

Man, you're fast! I barely have time to re-edit an entry before you've already restored it! What's your secret - do you have an editing script or something? (I wanna help!) -- Modemac

If you like you can continue - but I can revert a lot of entries all at once so I like to do them in large batches. The problem is that sometimes I revert other people who are reverting or they revet my revert (which results in the vandal's version bein the top one). But if you are having fun I'll step aside. :) --mav 12:25 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * Does your reverter allow you to do multiple versions back, since this childs "new" strategy seems to be doing a series of edits at once... ?   Ducker

 * It reverts to the last edit made by a non-top edit user. The age of the text really isn't an issue. --mav

 * So does that mean if its: user1, user1, then user2, that it reverts to user2? Because, since I'm using the non-admin method of go to older page and edit-then-save, I'm assured of always getting the most recent "good" version.

 * Your way has fewer problems about whether or not you are doing the correct thing. My way is a lot faster. Both have advantages and disadvantages. Currently the 'rollback' feature isn't too bright - it rolls back the edits made by whoever is the user at the top edit. That means that if you reverted an article to an unvandalised version a split second before I hit rollback then I revert your edit and restore the vandal's work. --mav 12:38 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't suppose you've got a tool that'll just wipe out everything from a single given user? That seems like it would be, maybe with a time framing option, fairly close to ideal for these sorts of situations.  Anyway, the Vicodin side of the equation is starting to wear me down so I'll be dropping out in just a few minutes, but something tells me modemac is eager for the sport ;)   Ducker

 * And when he gets tired, I'm next in line. Thanks for your help, Ducker. Tannin 13:00 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * Theoretically a developer could write a script (or even SQL query) to undo all the top edits of any user but I'm not aware of this ever being attempted. --mav

Ducker, Thanks for the clean-ups on the Hanno images. I'm a little backward on using images here, and also have not the keenest eye, so if the best images are not the ones currently on the page feel free to change them! -- Someone else 11:08 Feb 23, 2003 (UTC)

Good work on User talk:BuddhaInside. FearÉIREANN 23:04, 14 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Thanks for helping revert the vandal on Girls Scouts of America. It felt good to know someone else was aware of the matter. Guppy 14:27, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)
 * No prob. Ducker 14:37, 25 Sep 2003 (UTC)

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Montagu C. Butler Library

The Montagu Butler Library is one of the world’s major collections in and about Esperanto.

It is named after Montagu C. Butler, author of a number of works including Step by Step in Esperanto and the comprehensive Esperanto-English Dictionary.

The collections started with Butler's personal collection and the library of the Esperanto Association of Britain.

It is housed in purpose-built premises at the offices of the Esperanto Association of Britain which are now located at the Wedgwood Memorial College, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, having moved from Holland Park, London in April 2001 due to financial pressures.

Collections
The library collects Esperanto literature, writings about Interlinguistics, and archival materials related to the history of Esperanto. There are approximately 13000 books in its collection; there are also other materials.

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User talk:SwordOfJustice

I don't think this guy is going to give-up anytime soon so I'm just waiting for several minutes inbetween reverts. Since I'm an Admin I can do several reverts a second. So please don't burn yourself out on this person -- I'll stay-up all night if needed. :-) --mav

OK and thanks. Good luck. :)

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Heptagram

A heptagram, septagram, septegram or septogram is a seven-point star drawn with seven straight strokes.

The name heptagram combines a numeral prefix, hepta-, with the Greek suffix -gram. The -gram suffix derives from γραμμῆ (grammē) meaning a line.

Geometry
In general, a heptagram is any self-intersecting heptagon (7-sided polygon).

There are two regular heptagrams, labeled as {7/2} and {7/3}, with the second number representing the vertex interval step from a regular heptagon, {7/1}.

This is the smallest star polygon that can be drawn in two forms, as irreducible fractions. The two heptagrams are sometimes called the heptagram (for {7/2}) and the great heptagram (for {7/3}).

The previous one, the regular hexagram {6/2}, is a compound of two triangles. The smallest star polygon is the {5/2} pentagram.

The next one is the {8/3} octagram and its related {8/2} star figure (a compound of two squares), followed by the regular enneagram, which also has two forms: {9/2} and {9/4}, as well as one compound of three triangles {9/3}.

Flags and heraldry

 * The seven-pointed star is incorporated into the flags of various bands of Cherokee Indians and the badges of Navajo Nation Police (as well as other police).
 * The Bennington flag, a historical American Flag, has thirteen seven-pointed stars along with the numerals "76" in the canton.
 * The Flag of Jordan contains a seven-pointed star.
 * The Flag of Australia employs five heptagrams and one pentagram to depict the Southern Cross constellation and the Commonwealth Star.
 * Some old versions of the coat of arms of Georgia (country) including the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic used the {7/2} heptagram as an element.
 * A seven-pointed star is used as the badge in many sheriff's departments and some smaller-community police departments.
 * A seven-pointed star is used in the otherkin pride flag.

Religious and occult symbolism

 * The heptagram became a traditional symbol for warding off evil in Catholicism.
 * The symbol is also used in Kabbalist Judaism.
 * In Islam, the heptagram is used to represent the first seven verses in the Quran.
 * The heptagram is used in the symbol for Babalon in Aleister Crowley's occult system Thelema.
 * The heptagram is known among neopagans as the Elven Star or Fairy Star. It is treated as a sacred symbol in various modern pagan and witchcraft traditions. Blue Star Wicca also uses the symbol, where it is referred to as a septegram. The second heptagram is a symbol of magical power in some pagan spiritualities.
 * In alchemy, a seven-sided star can refer to the seven planets which were known to early alchemists, and also, the seven alchemical substances: fire, water, air, earth, sulphur, salt and mercury.
 * In Polynesia, the seven-pointed star is used often in imagery, basket making, tattoos, and is considered to be a symbol of Kanaloa, the first Polynesian navigator.
 * The seven-sided star is an important symbol of the Cherokee people of southern Appalachia, representing the seven clans of the Cherokee and the sacred number seven.

In popular culture

 * The logo of American shoe brand DC Shoes features a 7/3 heptagram in the letter C.
 * The seven-pointed star is used as the logo for the international Danish shipping company A.P. Moller–Maersk Group, sometimes known simply as Maersk.
 * In George R. R. Martin's novel series A Song of Ice and Fire and its TV version Game of Thrones, a seven-pointed star serves as the symbol of the Faith of the Seven.
 * In the manga series MeruPuri, a magical mirror/ portal is in the shape of a heptagram. The symbol is also seen during spellcasting.
 * Finnish rock band HIM used a heptagram on the cover of their eighth studio album Tears on Tape.
 * American heavy metal band Darkest Hour used a heptagram on the cover of their eighth studio album Darkest Hour.
 * English Singer Damon Albarn uses a heptagram as a symbol in his solo performances and with his band Blur.
 * The {7/3} heptagram is used by some members of the otherkin subculture as an identifier.
 * The American Progressive Rock Metal Band “Tool” uses an ‘open’ seven pointed symbol for their fan group. It is ‘open’ to signify an invitation into the collective unconscious.
 * An alternate logo of Chicago-based Children's Press from 1945 to 1970, having the slogan "Children's Books Are Important".

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Esperanto Association of Britain

The Esperanto Association of Britain (EAB) is a registered educational charity whose objective is to advance education in and about the international language Esperanto and to preserve and promote the culture and heritage of Esperanto for the educational benefit of the general public. The organisation was established in 1904.

Among its activities it publishes, provides and distributes information about the language and organises educational courses, lectures and conferences. It also provides a comprehensive bookshop with material from around the world.

Publications
In January 1905, the British Esperanto Association launched its official organ, The British Esperantist. as a monthly publication. The publication was retitled as La Brita Esperantisto (and for a short while LBE for 2010 to 2014). The frequency of the publication varied. Initially it was a monthly and later on starting World War II as once every two months. It turned into a quarterly in 1991, then semi-annually with two issues (Autumn and Spring).

Other regular publications include Update (a newsletter mainly in English with news of activities related to the language).

Offices
In earlier years, the offices of EAB were located at 17 Hart Street, London WC1, then 140 Holland Park Avenue, London W11. However, in April 2001, due to the cost of maintaining the building, the offices were relocated to a converted outbuilding at the Wedgwood Memorial College, Barlaston, Staffordshire, where they remain today, and where one of the largest and most important collections of material in and about Esperanto is to be found in the Montagu Butler Library.

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User talk:Bolero~enwiki

Hi Bolero,

please stop vandalizing pages on Wikipedia. As you may have noticed, we can quickly revert all your edits. No matter what you do, any damage you create will only be short term. However, if you persist,

 * 1) you will be permanently banned from Wikipedia,
 * 2) legal action may be brought against you.

There is nothing you can prove here.

Also, if you think this is a revenge for an edit war, then you're doing the wrong thing. By vandalizing pages, you will have every Wikipedian turn against you, and lose any hope that you may yet get your opinion properly represented in the article. We have a special page dedicated to mediating in Edit wars: Edit wars in progress. Try an open debate, and it might get you somewhere. --Eloquence 12:02 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

If you have anything to prove or to state here, why don't you simply write it on your user's page? That will be much more efficient, even for YOU, than barking mad with your hopeless vandalism. olivier 12:06 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

The last revision seems to be pretty strong grounds for quick banning, don't you think? --Modemac

 * See Vandalism in progress. olivier 12:11 Feb 8, 2003 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Bolero. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Bolero~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:42, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 11:10, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Bolero~enwiki


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User:Murijja

vandal

title: User:Murijja


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User:Boldone

BOLDONE IS NO FRENCH

title: User:Boldone


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User:NEWONE

(tag removed) merge|Newone}}

title: User:NEWONE