text:
Piper PA-28 Cherokee

The Piper PA-28 Cherokee is a family of two-seat or four-seat light aircraft built by Piper Aircraft and designed for flight training, air taxi and personal use. The PA-28 family of aircraft comprises all-metal, unpressurized, single piston-engined airplanes with low-mounted wings and tricycle landing gear. They have a single door on the right side, which is entered by stepping on the wing.

The PA-28 is the fourth most produced aircraft in history. The first PA-28 received its type certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration in 1960 and the series remains in production to this day. Current models are the Warrior, Arrow, Archer TX and LX, the diesel-powered Archer DX and DLX,  and the Pilot 100 and 100i. The Archer was discontinued in 2009, but with investment from new company ownership, the model was put back into production in 2010.

The PA-28 series competed with the now discontinued, similarly low-winged Grumman American AA-5 series and Beechcraft Musketeer designs and continues to compete with the high-winged Cessna 172.

Piper has created variations within the Cherokee family by installing engines ranging from 140 to 300 hp (105–220 kW), offering turbocharging, retractable landing gear, constant-speed propellers and stretching the fuselage to accommodate six people. The Piper PA-32 (initially known as the "Cherokee Six") is a larger, six-seat variant of the PA-28. The PA-32R Saratoga variant was in production until 2009.

Development
At the time of the Cherokee's introduction, Piper's primary single-engined, all-metal aircraft was the Piper PA-24 Comanche, a larger, faster aircraft with retractable landing gear and a constant-speed propeller. Karl Bergey, Fred Weick and John Thorp designed the Cherokee as a less expensive alternative to the Comanche, with lower manufacturing and parts costs to compete with the Cessna 172, although some later Cherokees also featured retractable gear and constant-speed propellers. The Cherokee and Comanche lines continued in parallel production, serving different market segments for over a decade, until Comanche production was ended in 1972, to be replaced by the Piper PA-32R family.

Original design
The original Cherokees were the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 (PA-28-150 and PA-28-160), which started production in 1961 (unless otherwise mentioned, the model number always refers to horsepower).

In 1962, Piper added the Cherokee 180 (PA-28-180) powered by a 180-horsepower (134-kW) Lycoming O-360 engine. The extra power made it practical to fly with all four seats filled (depending on passenger weight and fuel loading) and the model remains popular on the used-airplane market. In 1968, the cockpit was modified to replace the "push-pull"-style engine throttle controls with quadrant levers. In addition, a third window was added to each side, giving the fuselage the more modern look seen in most recent production.

Piper continued to expand the line rapidly. In 1963, the company introduced the even more powerful Cherokee 235 (PA-28-235), which competed favorably with the Cessna 182 Skylane for load-carrying capability. The Cherokee 235 featured a Lycoming O-540 engine de-rated to 235 hp and a longer wing which would eventually be used for the Cherokee Six. It included tip tanks of 17-gallon capacity each, bringing the total fuel capacity of the Cherokee 235 to 84 gallons. The aircraft had its fuselage stretched in 1973, giving much more leg room in the rear. The stabilator area was increased, as well. In 1973, the marketing name was changed from "235" to "Charger". In 1974, it was changed again to "Pathfinder". Production of the Pathfinder continued until 1977. No 1978 models were built. In 1979, the aircraft was given the Piper tapered wing and the name was changed again, this time to Dakota.

In 1964, the company filled in the bottom end of the line with the Cherokee 140 (PA-28-140), which was designed for training and initially shipped with only two seats. The PA-28-140 engine was slightly modified shortly after its introduction to produce 150 horsepower (112 kW), but kept the -140 name.

In 1967, Piper introduced the PA-28R-180 Cherokee Arrow. This aircraft featured a constant-speed propeller and retractable landing gear and was powered by a 180-horsepower (134-kW) Lycoming IO-360-B1E engine. A 200-hp (149-kW) version powered by a Lycoming IO-360-C1C was offered as an option beginning in 1969 and designated the PA-28R-200; the 180-hp model was dropped after 1971. At the time the Arrow was introduced, Piper removed the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 from production. The Arrow II came out in 1972, featuring a five-inch fuselage stretch to increase legroom for the rear-seat passengers. In 1977, Piper introduced the Arrow III (PA-28R-201), which featured a semi-tapered wing and longer stabilator, a design feature that had previously been introduced successfully on the PA-28-181 and provided better low-speed handling. It also featured larger fuel tanks, increasing capacity from 50 to 77 gallons.

The first turbocharged model, the PA-28R-201T, was also offered in 1977, powered by a six-cylinder Continental TSIO-360-F engine equipped with a Rajay turbocharger. A three-bladed propeller was optional.

In 1979, the Arrow was restyled again as the PA-28RT-201 Arrow IV, featuring a "T" tail.

In 1971, Piper released a Cherokee 140 variant called the Cherokee Cruiser 2+2. Although the plane kept the 140 designation, it was, in fact, a 150-hp plane and was shipped mainly as a four-seat version. In 1973, the Cherokee 180 was named the Cherokee Challenger and had its fuselage lengthened slightly and its wings widened and the Cherokee 235 was named the Charger with similar airframe modifications. In 1974, Piper changed the marketing names of some of the Cherokee models again, renaming the Cruiser 2+2 (140) simply the Cruiser, the Challenger to the Archer (model PA-28-181), and the Charger (235) to Pathfinder.

Piper reintroduced the Cherokee 150 in 1974, renaming it the Cherokee Warrior (PA-28-151) and giving it the Archer's stretched body and a new, semi-tapered wing.

In 1977, Piper stopped producing the Cruiser (140) and Pathfinder (235), but introduced a new 235-hp (175-kW) plane, the Dakota (PA-28-236), based on the Cherokee 235, Charger, and Pathfinder models, but with the new semi-tapered wing.

The PA-28-201T Turbo Dakota followed the introduction of the PA-28-236 Dakota in 1979. The airframe was essentially the same as a fixed-gear Arrow III and was powered by a turbocharged Continental TSIO-360-FB engine producing 200 hp (149 kW). The aircraft did not sell well and production ended in 1980.

In 1977, Piper upgraded the Warrior to 160 hp (119 kW) PA-28-161, changing its name to Cherokee Warrior II. This aircraft had slightly improved aerodynamic wheel fairings introduced in 1978. Later models of the Warrior II, manufactured after July 1982, incorporated a gross weight increase to 2,440 pounds, giving a useful load over 900 pounds. This same aircraft, now available with a glass cockpit, was available as the Warrior III and was marketed as a training aircraft.

PA-32
In 1965, Piper developed the Piper Cherokee Six, designated the PA-32, by stretching the PA-28 design. It featured a lengthened fuselage and seating for one pilot and five passengers.

Brazilian, Argentinian and Chilean production
PA-28s were built under license in Brazil as the Embraer EMB-711A and EMB-711C Corisco (PA-28R-200), EMB-711B (PA-28R-201), EMB-711T (PA-28RT-201) and EMB-711ST Corisco Turbo (PA-28RT-201T) and the EMB-712 Tupi (PA-28-181). Argentinian production was carried out by Chincul SACAIFI of San Juan, Argentina. Chincul S. A. built 960 airplanes between 1972 and 1995, including the Cherokee Archer, Dakota, Arrow and Turbo Arrow. The PA-28-236 Dakota was also assembled under license by the Maintenance Wing of the Chilean Air Force (which later became known as ENAER). By September 1982, 20 Dakotas had been assembled in Chile.

New Piper Aircraft
The original Piper Aircraft company declared bankruptcy in 1991. In 1995, the New Piper Aircraft company was created. It was renamed Piper Aircraft once again in 2006. The company originally produced one variant, the 180-horsepower (134 kW) Archer LX (PA-28-181), and began testing two diesel versions, with 135 and 155 hp.

As of 2022, five variants of the PA-28 are in production:

 * Archer TX and LX with a 180 hp Lycoming IO-360-A4M engine, a 128 kn TAS maximum cruise speed, 522 nmi range and a Garmin G1000 avionics suite
 * Archer DX and DLX with a 155 hp Continental CD-155 engine, a 123 kn TAS maximum cruise speed, 848 nmi range and a Garmin G1000 avionics suite
 * Pilot 100i with a 180 hp Lycoming IO-360-B4A engine, a 128 kn TAS maximum cruise speed, 522 nmi range and Garmin G3X avionics.

Wing
Originally, all Cherokees had a constant-chord, rectangular planform wing, popularly called the "Hershey Bar" wing because of its resemblance to the convex, rectangular chocolate bar.

Beginning with the Warrior in 1974, Piper switched to a semi-tapered wing with the NACA 652-415 profile and a 2 ft wingspan. The constant chord is maintained from the root to mid-wing, at which point a tapered section sweeping backwards on the leading edge continues until the tip. Both Cherokee wing variants have an angled wing root; i.e., the wing chord is greater at the root, with the leading edge swept back as it leaves the fuselage body, rather than the wing meeting the body at a perpendicular angle.

Debate is ongoing about the relative benefits of the two wing shapes. According to the Cherokee's lead designer, Fred Weick, the semi-tapered wing was introduced to "improve stall characteristics and increase wingspan," and side-by-side testing of the two shapes found that with the semitapered wing, "the plane had better climb and flatter flight characteristics" The original 1974 version of the wing had a structural weakness that caused a structural failure during an aerobatic maneuver, but that was fixed for all later wings. According to Terry Lee Rogers (summarizing interviews with Weick), "the outboard wing sections had a different taper than the wing root, which permitted them to retain control even when the inboard sections were stalled."

However, designer John Thorp, who collaborated with Weick in the late 1950s on an early 180 hp version of the PA-28 (with Hershey-bar wings) and was not involved in the later semi-tapered design, publicly disagreed: "Tapered wings tend to stall outboard, reducing aileron effectiveness and increasing the likelihood of a rolloff into a spin."

Aviation journalist Peter Garrison is also in the Hershey-bar wing camp, claiming that the semitapered shape has a neutral effect on drag: "to prevent tip stall, designers have resorted to providing the outboard portions of tapered wings with more cambered airfoil sections, drooped or enlarged leading edges, fixed or automatic leading edge slots or slats and most commonly, wing twist or "washout". The trouble with these fixes is that they all increase the drag, cancelling whatever benefit the tapered wing was supposed to deliver in the first place."

Flight controls
For the Cherokee family, Piper used their traditional flight-control configuration. The horizontal tail is a stabilator with an antiservo tab (sometimes termed an antibalance tab). The antiservo tab moves in the same direction of the stabilator movement, making pitch control "heavier" as the stabilator moves out of the trimmed position. Flaps can extend up to 40° and 25° flaps are normally used for a short- or soft-field takeoff. The ailerons, flaps, stabilator and stabilator trim are all controlled using cables and pulleys.

In the cockpit, all Cherokees use control yokes rather than sticks, together with rudder pedals. The pilot operates the flaps manually using a Johnson bar located between the front seats: for zero degrees, the lever is flat against the floor and is pulled up to select the detent positions of 10, 25, and 40°.

Older Cherokees use an overhead crank for stabilator trim (correctly called an antiservo tab), while later ones use a trim wheel on the floor between the front seats, immediately behind the flap bar.

All Cherokees have a brake lever under the pilot side of the instrument panel. Differential toe brakes on the rudder pedals were an optional add-on for earlier Cherokees and became standard with later models.

Some earlier Cherokees used control knobs for the throttle, mixture, and propeller advance (where applicable), while later Cherokees use a collection of two or three control levers in a throttle quadrant.

Cherokees normally include a rudder trim knob, which actually controls a set of springs acting on the rudder pedals rather than an external trim tab on the rudder—in other words, the surface is trimmed by control tension rather than aerodynamically.

Cherokee family

 * Unbuilt design study similar to the Thorp Sky Scooter. Was to have been powered by a 65 hp engine.  Developed into the PA-28.
 * Unbuilt design study similar to the Thorp Sky Scooter. Was to have been powered by a 65 hp engine.  Developed into the PA-28.

 * Two-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-E2A or -E3D engine of 150 hp, gross weight 1950 lb. First certified on 14 February 1964. Approved as a 2150 lb gross weight four place aircraft on 17 June 1965. Built in the following variants:
 * PA-26-140 Cherokee, initial version.
 * PA-28-140-4 Cherokee, four-seat version of the PA-28-140. Introduced in 1965.
 * PA-28-140B Cherokee B, as PA-28-140 with new engine mount and instrument panel as well as minor detail changes. Introduced in 1969.
 * PA-28-140C Cherokee C, as PA-28-140B with minor cosmetic changes. Introduced in 1970.
 * PA-28-140D Cherokee D, as PA-28-140C with new cabin heat system and minor changes. Introduced in 1971.
 * PA-28-140E Cherokee E, as PA-28-140D with minor cosmetic changes. Introduced in 1972.
 * PA-28-140F Cherokee F, as PA-28-140E with tail fillet, new instrument panel and front seats, and minor cosmetic changes. Air conditioning was added as an option on this variant.  Introduced in 1973.
 * PA-28-140 Cruiser 2+2, PA-28-140B/C/D/E/F with four-seat interior and baggage area. Renamed to Cruiser in 1974.
 * PA-28-140 Flite Liner (alternatively Fliteliner), two-seat trainer variant of the PA-28-140E/F with full instrumentation. Introduced in 1971.
 * PA-28-140 Flite Liner (alternatively Fliteliner), two-seat trainer variant of the PA-28-140E/F with full instrumentation. Introduced in 1971.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-A2B or -E2A engine of 150 hp, gross weight 2150 lb. First certified on 2 June 1961. Built in the following variants:
 * PA-28-150 Cherokee, initial version.
 * PA-28-150B Cherokee B, as PA-28-150 with minor detail changes. Introduced in 1963.
 * PA-28-150C Cherokee C, as PA-28-150B with minor detail changes. Introduced in 1965.
 * PA-28-150C Cherokee C, as PA-28-150B with minor detail changes. Introduced in 1965.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-B2B or -D2A engine of 160 hp, gross weight 2200 lb. First certified on 31 October 1960. Built in the following variants:
 * PA-28-160 Cherokee, initial version.
 * PA-28-160B Cherokee B, as PA-28-160 with minor detail changes. Introduced in 1963.
 * PA-28-160C Cherokee C, as PA-28-160B with minor detail changes. Introduced in 1965.
 * PA-28-160C Cherokee C, as PA-28-160B with minor detail changes. Introduced in 1965.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear seaplane, Lycoming O-320-D2A engine of 160 hp, gross weight 2140 lb. First certified on 25 February 1963. Built in the following variants:
 * PA-28S-160B Cherokee B, PA-28-160B with EDO 2000 floats.
 * PA-28S-160C Cherokee C, PA-28-160C with EDO 2000 floats.
 * PA-28S-160C Cherokee C, PA-28-160C with EDO 2000 floats.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-360-A3A or -A4A engine of 180 hp, gross weight 2400 lb. First certified on 3 August 1962. Built in the following variants:
 * PA-28-180B Cherokee B, initial version based on the PA-28-160B. Introduced in 1963.
 * PA-28-180C Cherokee C, as PA-28-180B with streamlined engine cowling, new spinner, and minor detail changes. Introduced in 1965.
 * PA-28-180D Cherokee D, as PA-28-180C with a third window on each side and a new instrument panel, engine control console, and control column. Introduced in 1968.
 * PA-28-180E Cherokee E, as PA-28-180D with an improved engine mount and new instrument lighting. Introduced in 1970.
 * PA-28-180F Cherokee F, as PA-28-180E with rear bench seat replaced by separate seats, new fuel selector system, and minor detail changes. Air conditioning was added as an option on this variant.  Introduced in 1971.
 * PA-28-180G Cherokee G, as PA-28-180F with improved instrument panel. Introduced in 1972.
 * PA-28-180G Cherokee G, as PA-28-180F with improved instrument panel. Introduced in 1972.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear seaplane, Lycoming O-360-A3A or -A4A engine of 180 hp, gross weight 2222 lb. First certified on 10 May 1963. Built in the following variants:
 * PA-28S-180B Cherokee B, PA-28-180B with EDO 2000 floats.
 * PA-28S-180C Cherokee C, PA-28-180C with EDO 2000 floats.
 * PA-28S-180C Cherokee C, PA-28-180C with EDO 2000 floats.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-540-B1B5, -B2B5, or -B4B5 engine of 235 hp, gross weight 2900 lb. First certified on 15 July 1963 and introduced in 1964. Built in the following variants:
 * PA-28-235 Cherokee 235, initial version.
 * PA-28-235B Cherokee B, as PA-28-235 with minor detail changes. Introduced in 1966.
 * PA-28-235C Cherokee C, as PA-28-235B with a third window on each side and a new engine control console. Introduced in 1968.
 * PA-28-235D Cherokee D, as PA-28-235C with minor cosmetic changes. Introduced in 1970.
 * PA-28-235E Cherokee E, as PA-28-235D with rear bench seat replaced by separate seats and improved soundproofing. Air conditioning was added as an option on this variant.  Introduced in 1971.
 * PA-28-235F Cherokee F, as PA-28-235E with tail fillet, a new instrument panel, and minor changes. Introduced in 1972.
 * PA-28-235 Cherokee Charger, four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-540-B4B5 engine of 235 hp, gross weight 3000 lb. First certified on 9 June 1972 and introduced in 1973. Changes from the 1963 certified PA-28-235 Cherokee 235 include a five inch fuselage extension, wing span increase, larger horizontal tail, gross weight increase and other minor changes.
 * PA-28-235 Cherokee Pathfinder, four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, as Cherokee Charger but with noise reduction changes including redesigned windows. Introduced in 1974.
 * PA-28-235 Cherokee Pathfinder, four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, as Cherokee Charger but with noise reduction changes including redesigned windows. Introduced in 1974.

 * PA-28-235 built by Neiva (a subsidiary of Embraer) in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.
 * PA-28-235 built by Neiva (a subsidiary of Embraer) in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.

 * PA-28-180 built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper. Also known as the Tupi.
 * PA-28-180 built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper. Also known as the Tupi.

Warrior family

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-E3D engine of 150 hp, gross weight 2325 lb. First certified on 9 August 1973. Changes from the PA-28-150 include a tapered wing.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-E3D engine of 150 hp, gross weight 2325 lb. First certified on 9 August 1973. Changes from the PA-28-150 include a tapered wing.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-D2A or -D3G engine of 160 hp, gross weight 2325 lb. First certified on 2 November 1976. Changes from the PA-28-160 include a tapered wing. Certified on 1 July 1982 for gross weight of 2440 lb.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-D2A or -D3G engine of 160 hp, gross weight 2325 lb. First certified on 2 November 1976. Changes from the PA-28-160 include a tapered wing. Certified on 1 July 1982 for gross weight of 2440 lb.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-D3G engine of 160 hp, gross weight 2440 lb. First certified on 1 July 1994.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-D3G engine of 160 hp, gross weight 2440 lb. First certified on 1 July 1994.

 * Two-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-D2A or -D3G engine of 160 hp, gross weight 2325 lb. Replaced the PA-38 Tomahawk trainer in the late 1980s. Features the older Cherokee "2 side window" fuselage with the later tapered wing.
 * Two-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-320-D2A or -D3G engine of 160 hp, gross weight 2325 lb. Replaced the PA-38 Tomahawk trainer in the late 1980s. Features the older Cherokee "2 side window" fuselage with the later tapered wing.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, turbocharged Continental TSIO-360-FB, engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2900 lb. First certified on 14 December 1978.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, turbocharged Continental TSIO-360-FB, engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2900 lb. First certified on 14 December 1978.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-540-J3A5D engine of 235 hp, gross weight 3000 lb. First certified on 1 June 1978. Changes from the 1972 certified PA-28-235 Cherokee Pathfinder include tapered wing.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-540-J3A5D engine of 235 hp, gross weight 3000 lb. First certified on 1 June 1978. Changes from the 1972 certified PA-28-235 Cherokee Pathfinder include tapered wing.

 * PA-28-236 built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.
 * PA-28-236 built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.

Archer family

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-360-A4A or -A4M engine of 180 hp, gross weight 2450 lb. First certified on 22 May 1972. Changes from the PA-28-180 Cherokee include a five inch fuselage extension, wing span increase, larger horizontal tail, gross weight increase and other minor changes. Renamed to Archer after minor detail changes.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-360-A4A or -A4M engine of 180 hp, gross weight 2450 lb. First certified on 22 May 1972. Changes from the PA-28-180 Cherokee include a five inch fuselage extension, wing span increase, larger horizontal tail, gross weight increase and other minor changes. Renamed to Archer after minor detail changes.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-360-A4A or -A4M engine of 180 hp, gross weight 2550 lb. First certified on 8 July 1975. Changes from the PA-28-180 Archer include a tapered wing.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-360-A4A or -A4M engine of 180 hp, gross weight 2550 lb. First certified on 8 July 1975. Changes from the PA-28-180 Archer include a tapered wing.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-360-A4M engine of 180 hp, gross weight 2550 lb. First certified on 30 August 1994.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-360-A4M engine of 180 hp, gross weight 2550 lb. First certified on 30 August 1994.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-360-B4A engine of 180 hp, maximum takeoff weight 2550 lb. Produced in Archer TX trainer and Archer LX personal aircraft variants, both with Garmin G1000 NXi avionics.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, Lycoming O-360-B4A engine of 180 hp, maximum takeoff weight 2550 lb. Produced in Archer TX trainer and Archer LX personal aircraft variants, both with Garmin G1000 NXi avionics.

 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, turbocharged Continental CD-155 diesel engine of 155 hp. Introduced at AERO Friedrichshafen in April 2014. The compression-ignition engine is simpler to operate, avoiding starting difficulties, carburetor icing or propeller and mixture controls, and the liquid cooling does not suffer shock cooling in a rapid descent. The turbocharger maintains full power up to over 10,000 feet to climbs at 700 to 500 ft/min at 86 knots, and cruise fuel flow is 4.2 to 6.3 USgal/h at 50 to 75% power and a 100 to 117 kn IAS. The engine must be replaced every 2,100 hours. Produced in Archer DX trainer and Archer DLX personal aircraft variants.
 * Four-place, fixed landing gear landplane, turbocharged Continental CD-155 diesel engine of 155 hp. Introduced at AERO Friedrichshafen in April 2014. The compression-ignition engine is simpler to operate, avoiding starting difficulties, carburetor icing or propeller and mixture controls, and the liquid cooling does not suffer shock cooling in a rapid descent. The turbocharger maintains full power up to over 10,000 feet to climbs at 700 to 500 ft/min at 86 knots, and cruise fuel flow is 4.2 to 6.3 USgal/h at 50 to 75% power and a 100 to 117 kn IAS. The engine must be replaced every 2,100 hours. Produced in Archer DX trainer and Archer DLX personal aircraft variants.

 * New versions introduced in 2019 intended as low cost VFR and IFR trainers respectively, for the flight training market. Fixed landing gear, 180 hp Lycoming IO-360-B4A, Garmin G3X Touch Certified avionics. IFR version includes GFC500 autopilot. Features the 2-side-window fuselage with the later tapered wing, no baggage door, no air conditioning, no instruments on right-hand panel, all-white paint with decals, two-place seating standard on 100, rear third seat with push-to-talk and Bluetooth functions standard on 100i and optional on 100. These new versions were type certified in the US in December 2020 and in Europe in August 2021.
 * New versions introduced in 2019 intended as low cost VFR and IFR trainers respectively, for the flight training market. Fixed landing gear, 180 hp Lycoming IO-360-B4A, Garmin G3X Touch Certified avionics. IFR version includes GFC500 autopilot. Features the 2-side-window fuselage with the later tapered wing, no baggage door, no air conditioning, no instruments on right-hand panel, all-white paint with decals, two-place seating standard on 100, rear third seat with push-to-talk and Bluetooth functions standard on 100i and optional on 100. These new versions were type certified in the US in December 2020 and in Europe in August 2021.

Arrow family

 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, Lycoming IO-360-B1E engine of 180 hp, gross weight 2500 lb. First certified on 8 June 1967. Built in the following variants:
 * PA-28R-180 Cherokee Arrow, initial version.
 * PA-28R-180B Cherokee Arrow B, as PA-28R-180 with minor changes. Introduced in 1970.
 * PA-28R-180B Cherokee Arrow B, as PA-28R-180 with minor changes. Introduced in 1970.

 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, Lycoming IO-360-C1C engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2600 lb. First certified on 16 January 1969. Built in the following variants:
 * PA-28R-200 Cherokee Arrow, initial version.
 * PA-28R-200B Cherokee Arrow B, as PA-28R-200 with improved fuel system and ventilation. Autopilot added as an option on this variant.  Introduced in 1970.
 * PA-28R-200B Cherokee Arrow B, as PA-28R-200 with improved fuel system and ventilation. Autopilot added as an option on this variant.  Introduced in 1970.

 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, Lycoming IO-360-C1C or -C1C6 engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2650 lb. First certified on 2 December 1971. Changes from the 1969 certified PA-28R-200 Arrow include a five inch fuselage extension, wing span increase, larger horizontal tail, gross weight increase and other minor changes.
 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, Lycoming IO-360-C1C or -C1C6 engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2650 lb. First certified on 2 December 1971. Changes from the 1969 certified PA-28R-200 Arrow include a five inch fuselage extension, wing span increase, larger horizontal tail, gross weight increase and other minor changes.

 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2750 lb. First certified on 2 November 1976.
 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2750 lb. First certified on 2 November 1976.

 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, turbocharged Continental TSIO-360-F or -FB engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2900 lb. First certified on 2 November 1976.
 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, turbocharged Continental TSIO-360-F or -FB engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2900 lb. First certified on 2 November 1976.

 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2750 lb. First certified on 13 November 1978. Features a T tail.
 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, Lycoming IO-360-C1C6 engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2750 lb. First certified on 13 November 1978. Features a T tail.

 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, turbocharged Continental TSIO-360-FB engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2900 lb. First certified on 13 November 1978. Features a T tail.
 * Four-place, retractable landing gear landplane, turbocharged Continental TSIO-360-FB engine of 200 hp, gross weight 2900 lb. First certified on 13 November 1978. Features a T tail.

 * Prototype armed military variant developed by Chincul in Argentina with a side-by-side two-seat cockpit and a sliding canopy. Powered by a 260 hp Lycoming AEIO-540 engine and armed with a 7.62 mm gun.  Intended for service in the Argentine armed forces but not accepted.
 * Prototype armed military variant developed by Chincul in Argentina with a side-by-side two-seat cockpit and a sliding canopy. Powered by a 260 hp Lycoming AEIO-540 engine and armed with a 7.62 mm gun.  Intended for service in the Argentine armed forces but not accepted.

 * Two Piper-built prototypes of the ENAER T-35 Pillán. Military trainer with a cut-down PA-32R Saratoga fuselage with a two-seat tandem cockpit and a PA-28R Arrow wing.  Powered by a 300 hp Lycoming IO-540-K engine.  First flown on 6 March 1981, and production aircraft were sent in kit form to be built by ENAER.  The first and second prototypes were designated XBT and YBT, respectively.
 * Two Piper-built prototypes of the ENAER T-35 Pillán. Military trainer with a cut-down PA-32R Saratoga fuselage with a two-seat tandem cockpit and a PA-28R Arrow wing.  Powered by a 300 hp Lycoming IO-540-K engine.  First flown on 6 March 1981, and production aircraft were sent in kit form to be built by ENAER.  The first and second prototypes were designated XBT and YBT, respectively.

 * PA-28R-201 Arrow III built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.
 * PA-28R-201 Arrow III built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.

 * PA-28R-200 Arrow II built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.
 * PA-28R-200 Arrow II built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.

 * PA-28RT-201 Arrow IV built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.
 * PA-28RT-201 Arrow IV built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper.

 * PA-28RT-201T Turbo Arrow IV built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper. Also known as the Corisco Turbo.
 * PA-28RT-201T Turbo Arrow IV built by Neiva in Brazil from kits supplied by Piper. Also known as the Corisco Turbo.

Operators
The Cherokee series has been popular with private owners and flying clubs, with over 32,000 delivered.

Military operators

 * 🇦🇴 Angola
 * FAPA/DAA
 * Argentine Coast Guard
 * 🇨🇱 Chile
 * Chilean Air Force
 * Honduran Air Force
 * 🇮🇩 Indonesia
 * Indonesian Navy
 * 🇶🇦 Qatar
 * Qatar Emiri Air Force
 * 🇶🇦 Qatar
 * Qatar Emiri Air Force

Retired

 * Colombian Navy – Retired.
 * Finnish Air Force – 14 x Cherokee Arrow 200. Retired 2005.
 * Finnish Air Force – 14 x Cherokee Arrow 200. Retired 2005.
 * Finnish Air Force – 14 x Cherokee Arrow 200. Retired 2005.

Notable accidents and incidents

 * September 9, 1969, Allegheny Airlines Flight 853, a Douglas DC-9-31, collided with a Piper PA-28R-180 Cruiser over Fairland, Indiana, killing all aboard both planes.
 * August 28, 1972, Prince William of Gloucester was killed along with the copilot of his Piper Cherokee Arrow after crashing shortly after takeoff from Halfpenny Green in Staffordshire, England, in an air race.
 * March 23, 1976, Mitsuyasu Maeno attempted to assassinate right-wing nationalist Yoshio Kodama by flying a Piper PA-28 into Kodama's house. Maeno died in the crash, but Kodama was unharmed.
 * August 31, 1986, Aeroméxico Flight 498, a Douglas DC-9-32, collided with a Piper PA-28-181 Archer, owned by William Kramer, over Cerritos, California, killing all 67 people aboard both planes and 15 people on the ground. It was the worst air disaster in the history of Los Angeles, and resulted in regulatory changes requiring all airliners to be equipped with a traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) and all light aircraft operating in terminal control areas to be equipped with a mode C transponder.
 * On November 21, 1993, skydiver Alan Peters collided with the vertical stabilizer of a PA-28 while in freefall, after jumping from another aircraft. All four people aboard the PA-28 were killed after the plane lost control and crashed into a nearby forest. Peters was able to successfully open his parachute after the collision and survived, sustaining a fractured leg.
 * February 18, 2010, Andrew Joseph Stack III deliberately flew his Piper PA-28-236 Dakota into Building 1 of the Echelon office complex in Austin, Texas, in an apparent revenge attack on the Internal Revenue Service office located there.

 * November 17, 2011, a PA-28-180 crash four miles south of Perryville, Arkansas, claimed the life of Oklahoma State University head women's basketball coach Kurt Budke and assistant coach Miranda Serna, along with the pilot and another passenger.
 * On April 4, 2018, an Embry-Riddle student and his FAA examiner were killed when the left wing of their PA-28 (N106ER) separated as they flew west of Daytona Beach International Airport. The wing failed due to metal fatigue in the wing spar. An ERAU spokesman subsequently said that the University had stopped flying the PA-28.
 * On 27 May 2019, Brazilian singer Gabriel Diniz was killed in the crash of a Piper PA-28-180 Cherokee Archer in Estância, Brazil.
 * On 25 August 2019, award-winning music composer Jonathan Goldstein, his musician wife Hannah and their baby daughter were killed in the crash of a Piper PA-28 Arrow. They were flying from Switzerland to Italy when their aircraft crashed above the pass near the Italian border.

title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee


text:
Strong inflection

A strong inflection is a system of verb conjugation or noun/adjective declension which can be contrasted with an alternative system in the same language, which is then known as a weak inflection. The term strong was coined with reference to the Germanic verb, but has since been used of other phenomena in these and other languages, which may or may not be analogous. Note that there is nothing objectively "strong" about a strong form; the term is only meaningful in opposition to "weak" as a means of distinguishing paradigms within a single language. Nor is there any distinguishing feature common to all strong forms, except that they are always counterpoints to "weak" ones.

The Germanic strong verb, occurring in Germanic languages including German and English, is characterised by a vowel shift called ablaut. Examples in English include give/gave, come/came, fall/fell. There is nothing comparable in the German strong adjective inflections. For a full discussion of this distinction see weak inflection.

Starka verb

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Strong inflection


text:
Demos

Demos may refer to:

Computing

 * DEMOS, a Soviet Unix-like operating system
 * DEMOS (ISP), the first internet service provider in the USSR
 * Demos Commander, an Orthodox File Manager for Unix-like systems
 * plural for Demo (computer programming)

Organizations

 * Demos (UK think tank), London-based public policy research organisation and publisher
 * Demos (U.S. think tank), a public policy research and advocacy organization
 * DEMOS (Republika Srpska), a political party in Republika Srpska
 * DEMOS (Montenegro), a parliamentary political party in Montenegro
 * DEMOS (Slovenia), a coalition of democratic political parties in Slovenia
 * Demos Helsinki, a think tank in Finland
 * Demos Medical Publishing, a publisher of books on medical subjects
 * Solidary Democracy, a political party in Italy
 * Democracy and Solidarity Party, a political party in Romania

Arts and entertainment

 * Demos (film), a 1921 silent film
 * Demos (novel), an 1886 novel by George Gissing
 * Demos Journal, an Australian literary and political journal

Music

 * Demos, 1982-86, a set of recordings by Swedish pop artist Per Gessle
 * Demos (Crosby, Stills & Nash album), a 2009 album by Crosby, Stills & Nash
 * Demos (Edith Frost album), 2004 album by Edith Frost
 * Demos (Imperial Drag album), 2005 album by Imperial Drag
 * Demos (Matt Skiba album), a 2010 album by Matt Skiba
 * The Demos (Jess Moskaluke album), 2021 album by Jess Moskaluke
 * The Demos (Rebecca Hollweg album)
 * Demos, an EP by the Ramones which features four of the five demos recorded with Alan Betrock in the summer of 1975
 * The Demos (Father John Misty EP)
 * Cowboys from Hell: The Demos, by Pantera

People

 * Demos Chiang (born 1976), Taiwanese businessman
 * Demos Goumenos (born 1978), Cypriot football midfielder
 * Demos Shakarian (1913–1993), Christian businessman of Armenian origin from Los Angeles
 * George Demos (born 1976), former U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission prosecutor, and former congressional candidate

Other uses

 * Demos, the ruling body of free citizens in ancient Greek city-states, such as Athens, a root of the word democracy
 * Demos, the personification of the previous meaning, treated as a deity
 * Demos, the Greek meaning as a rhetorical term in English
 * Deme, (Greek: demos) a municipal subdivision of ancient Attica, Greece

title: Demos


text:
Suspicion

Suspicion is a feeling of mistrust.

Suspicion(s), The Suspicion, or Suspicious may also refer to:

Film

 * Suspicion (1918 film), an American silent film directed by John M. Stahl
 * Suspicion (1941 film), an American film noir directed by Alfred Hitchcock
 * Suspicion (1956 film), a French film directed by Pierre Billon
 * Suspicion (1982 film), a Japanese film directed by Yoshitaro Nomura
 * Suspicions (film), a 2010 Canadian thriller film directed by Patrick Demers

Television
Series
 * Suspicion (American TV series), a 1957–1958 mystery drama series
 * Suspicion, 1972 British TV series, with Daphne Heard
 * Suspicion (2003 TV series), a British drama thriller series
 * Suspicion (2022 TV series), a British thriller series

Episodes
 * "Suspicion" (Code Lyoko: Evolution), 2013
 * "Suspicion" (NCIS), 2007
 * "Suspicion" (Stargate Atlantis), 2004
 * "Suspicions" (Dynasty), 1986
 * "Suspicions" (Star Trek: The Next Generation), 1993

Literature

 * Suspicion (manga), a 1982 manga by Osamu Tezuka
 * Suspicion (novel) (Der Verdacht), a 1951 novel by Friedrich Dürrenmatt
 * Suspicion (Ce qui était perdu), a 1930 novel by François Mauriac
 * Isaac Asimov's Robot City: Suspicion, a 1987 novel by Mike McQuay
 * The Suspicion (novel), a 1998 Animorphs novel by K. A. Applegate

Music

 * Suspicions (album), by Houston Person, 1980
 * "Suspicion" (Les Paul song), 1948
 * "Suspicion" (Terry Stafford song), originally recorded by Elvis Presley, 1962; released by Stafford, 1964
 * "Suspicion" (R.E.M. song), 1999
 * "Suspicions" (song), by Eddie Rabbitt, 1979; covered by Tim McGraw, 2007
 * "Suspicion", a song by LP from Lost on You, 2016
 * "Suspicion", a song by Richard Marx from My Own Best Enemy, 2004
 * "Suspicious", a song by Ivy from All Hours, 2011

title: Suspicion


text:
Demo

Demo, usually short for demonstration, may refer to:

Music and film

 * Demo (music), a song typically recorded for reference rather than for release
 * Demo (Behind Crimson Eyes), a 2004 recording by the band Behind Crimson Eyes
 * Demo (Deafheaven album), a 2010 EP by Deafheaven
 * Demo (The Flatliners album), a 2002 album by the band The Flatliners
 * Demo (Miss May I album), a 2008 recording by the metalcore band Miss May I
 * "Demo", a 1990 single by Die Krupps
 * "Demo" (P-Model song), a 1979 recording by songwriters Susumu Hirasawa and Yasumi Tanaka
 * Demo (Skinless), a 1994 recording by the band Skinless
 * Demo 2004 (Year of No Light album), a 2004 recording by Year of No Light
 * Demo #2, an unreleased recording by Neutral Milk Hotel
 * Demo, 2008 debut EP by Yuna

Computing and technology

 * Demo (computer programming), a multimedia spectacle of programming skill
 * The Demo, a computer demonstration in 1968, sometimes called "the mother of all demos"
 * DEMOnstration Power Plant (DEMO), a proposed nuclear fusion power plant
 * Design & Engineering Methodology for Organizations (DEMO), an enterprise modelling methodology
 * Demo mode, a feature often found in consumer electronics
 * Game demo, a freely-distributed version of a video game
 * Game replay, or demo, a recording of a video game which is played back within the game's engine
 * Technology demo, a prototype version of a technology product

People

 * Demo (ancient Greek poet), ancient Greek poet
 * Demo (zsnes), one of the authors of the ZSNES software emulator
 * Demo Cates, Canadian musician; see Juno Awards of 1985
 * dEmo (artist), Spanish artist (born 1960)

Other uses

 * Demo (comics), a comic book series by Brian Wood and Becky Cloonan
 * A short form of Demonstration (protest)
 * Demonstration (teaching), teaching by reason or proof using examples or experiments
 * Product demonstration, a sales or marketing presentation
 * Demolition, the destruction of buildings and other structures
 * Exhibition game, a sporting event with no competitive value to any competitor
 * DEMOs, a business process design methodology by Jan Dietz
 * Demo, a daughter of the gods Celeus and Metaneira
 * DEMO conference, held annually by IDG for new technology products
 * d.e.m.o., a defunct clothing store owned by Pac Sun
 * Demoman, one of the nine playable classes in Team Fortress 2

title: Demo


text:
Talk:Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

Hello,

I moved this to 'Central Dogma of Molecular Biology' because this is what Crick called it and this is what gets the most google hits. Graft

 * But why the capitalization? This ain't a proper noun. Remember this is also a modern concept that has been worked on by many others besides Crick. Also, genetics as a field did not really exist when Crick coined the term - genetics grew from molecular biology. So of course he called it the central dogma of molecular biology since genetics really didn't exist yet. I suggest that this page be moved back. --mav

 * However, it does continue to be referred to as such (central dogma of molecular biology) amongst biologists (at least from my limited experience). I have never heard it called the central dogma of genetics (and I don't think it really is genetics, since RNA->Protein is largely outside the domain of genetics, but this is not really relevant to what we should call the article). I capitalize it because i think of it as a title given to that formulation, sort of like "Maxwell's Laws" or something. Maybe it's inappropriate. (Then again, I don't wholly understand when capitalization is appropriate, or even why it's important, given that we probably won't have both "Central dogma of molecular biology" and "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology" as articles.

 * As to moving it back, even if I agreed, I wouldn't do it myself (:P) - it was a pain in the ass moving it here. Methinks catching up redirects should be done automatically when a page is moved. Graft

title: Talk:Central Dogma of Molecular Biology


text:
Demogroup

Demogroups are teams of demosceners, who make computer based audio-visual works of art known as demos. Demogroups form a subculture collectively known as the demoscene.

Groups frequently consist of students, young computer enthusiasts who spend days coding their demos. They often have a pseudonym (called a "handle" or "nick"), usually chained together with the name of their group (in formats like "Scener of Demo Group" or "Scener/DG"). Demosceners rarely use their real names in demoscene contexts. This is a tradition originating from the demoscene's roots, where small demos were distributed along with cracked software, usually computer games.

Many demogroups have been founded by friends who already knew each other in real life. However, there have also been groups that have taken their form online via Bulletin Board Systems or the Internet. Perhaps the most important way for demogroups to communicate is IRC. Demosceners from different groups also meet each other in real life at demoparties and smaller meetings.

Demogroups often bear resemblances to corporate companies: demogroups incorporate wordmarks, logos, catchphrases, and slogans for their promotion. It is very important for a demogroup to have good PR, and major groups have dedicated group organisers who are responsible for "managing the group's human resources", i.e. nag the members who slack off. Some groups also treat the recruitment of new members with great care, often applying "trial periods" in which the new member has to prove themself to be worthy. However these practices are often just intentional exaggeration (often tongue-in-cheek), to maintain an "elite" image for the group.

A group is perhaps the most important social unit in the demoscene, and belonging to a group is often considered more or less synonymous to being a demoscener. Even individual productions, with no group activity involved, are typically associated with the group of the creative individual. There have even been several "one-man groups" when an individual demomaker with no group has wanted to release a demo or intro.

Demography
, the countries with the most active demogroups and demoparties are the Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark), Germany, the Netherlands, Hungary and France.

Due to the community-like nature of the demoscene, multi-national demogroups are not uncommon.

Demoscener functions
Demosceners specialize themselves into various categories to be able to take part in the demomaking process. A few people are able to cross over between multiple archetypes (e.g. coder-musician, musician-designer), but this is by no means a trend.

Coder
The coder is the demogroup's programmer who creates the demo's software framework and is responsible for the actual realtime state of the demo. While some coders specialize in developing system-level functionality (such as providing wrappers and APIs for other coders to base their code on), others code effects which are usually visual representations of mathematical formulas, such as fractals or metaballs.

In the 1990s, coders were most often entirely responsible for the demo's flow and arrangement, including the effect's synchronization to the music and sometimes even the design. Nowadays, software tools known as demotools are widely used, allowing this work to be done by a designer who does not have to be a coder. Many groups, however, still prefer that the coder takes most of the responsibility in the demomaking process, including the design.

In many cases, an attempt for excelling in several areas has resulted in one area outshadowing the others: for instance, coders who try to make music often come up with "coder music" which may be technically passable but lacks artistic ambitions. "Coder graphics" and "coder palettes" are similar terms for graphics and color schemes.

Graphic artist
Graphic artists (or graphicians in scene lingo) create the visual coherency behind a demo, which include still pictures, design elements, fonts, colors, 3D objects, textures and animation.

Originally, there was a single type of graphician creating typical 2D graphics (referred to as pixeled graphics because they were typically created pixel by pixel). Ever since demos started using complex (as in, much more elaborate than cubes and donuts) 3D graphics, graphicians that exclusively model 3D graphics are also around, sometimes referred to as (3D) modelers.

Musicians
Musicians are responsible for the composing, arranging, mixing and mastering (and in some cases, performing) the soundtracks and sound effects in the demo.

In the older days, musicians worked with trackers, and the world of tracked music was heavily dominated by demoscene musicians. In later times, it became possible for the PC demos to use streaming, high-quality music formats, and the musicians started to gradually change their tools to professional music sequencers. However, tracked music and other specialized formats still continue to be used in size-restricted intros as well as demos written for more restrictive platforms such as mobile devices and vintage computers.

Fake groups
Demosceners often form fake groups, which are essentially secret identities for making humorous or vulgar productions without scathing their original reputation - people in a fake group hide behind a pseudonym (which, considering their demoscene handles, usually becomes a pseudo-pseudonym). This type of masquerading is often just performed to confuse naïve newcomers to the scene; while some fake identities are never revealed for their time of activity, in most cases a large portion of unrelated people are aware of the real persons behind the spoof.

"One-man" groups
Though they are not strictly "demogroups" by definition, the scene always had various individuals who excelled in all areas of demomaking; rather than gathering various other persons to aid them in a creative process, they do all of the programming, music making and visual art themselves. While the obvious disadvantage of this type of working is the multiple of amount of work one must do with a given quality standard, one-man groups usually point out that having no others to work with gets rid of discussions and creative differences alike, and is actually a very free way of working.

One-man groups are usually treated with a mix of respect and curiosity within the scene, because they're not an extremely common phenomenon, and some of the scene marks them as an unnecessary effort for virtuosity, largely because it is virtually impossible to perform above average in all areas - one-man demos and intros usually bear obvious lacks in given areas, depending on whether the creator was more a coder, graphician or musician, who adapted other skillsets later.

Perhaps the most successful one-man army of the demoscene is Dmitry "AND" Andreev, two-time winner of the Assembly demo party in the 64k intro category.

title: Demogroup


text:
User:Joshuah

MCP - Microsoft Certified Professional

CNA - Certified Novell Administrator Pages I have started:

Pages I have worked on: List of Programing Languages (added Cold Fusion)
 * Cold_Fusion_programming_language

title: User:Joshuah


text:
Demoscene

The demoscene is an international computer art subculture focused on producing demos: self-contained, sometimes extremely small, computer programs that produce audiovisual presentations. The purpose of a demo is to show off programming, visual art, and musical skills. Demos and other demoscene productions (graphics, music, videos, games) are shared, voted on and released online at festivals known as demoparties.

The scene started with the home computer revolution of the early 1980s, and the subsequent advent of software cracking. Crackers altered the code of computer games to remove copy protection, claiming credit by adding introduction screens of their own ("cracktros"). They soon started competing for the best visual presentation of these additions. Through the making of intros and stand-alone demos, a new community eventually evolved, independent of the gaming and software sharing scenes.

Demos are informally classified into several categories, mainly of size-restricted intros. The most typical competition categories for intros are the 64k intro and the 4K intro, where the size of the executable file is restricted to 65536 and 4096 bytes, respectively. In other competitions the choice of platform is restricted; only 8-bit computers like the Atari 800 or Commodore 64, or the 16-bit Amiga or Atari ST. Such restrictions provide a challenge for coders, musicians, and graphics artists, to make a device do more than was intended in its original design.

History
The earliest computer programs that have some resemblance to demos and demo effects can be found among the so-called display hacks. Display hacks predate the demoscene by several decades, with the earliest examples dating back to the early 1950s.

Demos in the demoscene sense began as software crackers' "signatures", that is, crack screens and crack intros attached to software whose copy protection was removed. The first crack screens appeared on the Apple II in the early 1980s, and they were often nothing but plain text screens crediting the cracker or their group. Gradually, these static screens evolved into increasingly impressive-looking introductions containing animated effects and music. Eventually, many cracker groups started to release intro-like programs separately, without being attached to unlicensed software. These programs were initially known by various names, such as letters or messages, but they later came to be known as demos.

In 1980, Atari, Inc. began using a looping demo with visual effects and music to show the features of the Atari 400/800 computers in stores. At the 1985 Consumer Electronics Show, Atari showed a demoscene-style demo for its latest 8-bit computers that alternated between a 3D walking robot and a flying spaceship, each with its own music, and animating larger objects than typically seen on those systems; the two sections were separated by the Atari logo. The program was released to the public. Also in 1985, a large, spinning, checkered ball—casting a translucent shadow—was the signature demo of what the hardware was capable of when Commodore's Amiga was announced.

Simple demo-like music collections were put together on the C64 in 1985 by Charles Deenen, inspired by crack intros, using music taken from games and adding some homemade color graphics. In the following year the movement now known as the demoscene was born. The Dutch groups 1001 Crew and The Judges, both Commodore 64-based, are often mentioned among the earliest demo groups. While competing with each other in 1986, they both produced pure demos with original graphics and music involving more than just casual work, and used extensive hardware trickery. At the same time demos from others, such as Antony Crowther, had started circulating on Compunet in the United Kingdom.

Culture
The demoscene is mainly a European phenomenon. It is a competition-oriented subculture, with groups and individual artists competing against each other in technical and artistic excellence. Those who achieve excellence are dubbed "elite", while those who do not follow the demoscene's implicit rules are called "lamers"; such rules emphasize creativity over "ripping" (or else using with permission) the works of others, having good contacts within the scene, and showing effort rather than asking for help. Both this competitiveness and the sense of cooperation among demosceners have led to comparisons with the earlier hacker culture in academic computing. The demoscene is a closed subculture, which seeks and receives little mainstream public interest. , the size of the scene was estimated at some 10,000.

In the early days, competition came in the form of setting records, like the number of "bobs" (blitter objects) on the screen per frame, or the number of DYCP (Different Y Character Position) scrollers on a C64. These days, there are organized competitions, or compos, held at demoparties, although there have been some online competitions. It has also been common for diskmags to have voting-based charts which provide ranking lists for the best coders, graphicians, musicians, demos and other things.

In 2020, Finland added its demoscene to its national UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage. It is the first digital subculture to be put on an intangible cultural heritage list. In 2021, Germany and Poland also added its demoscene to its national UNESCO list of intangible cultural heritage, followed by Netherlands in 2023.

Groups

Demosceners typically organize in small groups, centered around a coder (programmer), a musician, a graphician (graphics designer) and a swapper (who spreads their own and others' creations by mail).

Groups always have names, and similarly the individual members pick a handle by which they will be addressed in the large community. While the practice of using handles rather than real names is a borrowing from the cracker/warez culture, where it serves to hide the identity of the cracker from law enforcement, in the demoscene (oriented toward legal activities) it mostly serves as a manner of self-expression. Group members tend to self-identify with the group, often extending their handle with their group's name, following the patterns "Handle of Group" or "Handle/Group".

Parties
A demoparty is an event where demosceners and other computer enthusiasts gather to take part in competitions, nicknamed compos, where they present demos (short audio-visual presentations of computer art) and other works such as digital art and music. A typical demoparty is a non-stop event spanning a weekend, providing the visitors a lot of time to socialize. The competing works, at least those in the most important competitions, are usually shown at night, using a video projector and loudspeakers.

The most important competition is usually the demo compo. The Assembly is the biggest demoscene party. The Gathering became more of a players' party, the worlds largest computerparty.

Concept
The visitors of a demoparty often bring their own computers to compete and show their works. To this end, most parties provide a large hall with tables, electricity and usually a local area network connected to the Internet. In this respect, many demoparties resemble LAN parties, and many of the largest events also gather gamers and other computer enthusiasts in addition to demosceners. A major difference between a real demoparty and a LAN party is that demosceners typically spend more time socializing (often outside the actual party hall) than in front of their computers.

64K intro
A 64K intro is a demo with an executable file size limit of 64 kibibytes, or 65,536 bytes. This is a traditional limit inherited from the maximum size of a COM file. Demos traditionally were limited by RAM size, or later by storage size. By the early 1990s, demo sizes grew, so categories were created for limited sizes that forced developers to not simply stream data from storage.

To reduce the file size, 64K intros often use executable compression and procedural generation, such as sound synthesis, mesh generation, procedural textures, and procedural animation.

fr-08, a 64k PC demo by Farbrausch released at The Party 2000 in Aars has since been claimed to mark a watershed moment in the popularity of the category. Others include Chaos Theory by Conspiracy (2006), Gaia Machina by Approximate (2012), F — Felix's Workshop by Ctrl-Alt-Test (2012) Fermi paradox by Mercury (2016), and Darkness Lay Your Eyes Upon Me by Conspiracy (2016).

Awards
Every year, awards in the demoscene celebrate the creativity, technical prowess, and artistic vision of demoscene groups and individuals:

 * The Scene.org Awards were an annual award presented by Scene.org from 2003 to 2012.
 * The Meteoriks are an annual award that happens every year since 2014. The award ceremony is held at Revision.

Influence
Although demos are a rather obscure form of art, even in traditionally active demoscene countries, the scene has influenced areas such as computer games industry and new media art.

Many European game programmers, artists, and musicians have come from the demoscene, often cultivating the learned techniques, practices and philosophies in their work. For example, the Finnish company Remedy Entertainment, known for the Max Payne series of games, was founded by the PC group Future Crew, and most of its employees are former or active Finnish demosceners. Sometimes demos even provide direct influence even to game developers that have no demoscene affiliation: for instance, Will Wright names demoscene as a major influence on the Maxis game Spore, which is largely based on procedural content generation. Similarly, at QuakeCon in 2011, John Carmack noted that he "thinks highly" of people who do 64k intros, as an example of artificial limitations encouraging creative programming. Jerry Holkins from Penny Arcade claimed to have an "abiding love" for the demoscene, and noted that it is "stuff worth knowing".

Certain forms of computer art have a strong affiliation with the demoscene. Tracker music, for example, originated in the Amiga game industry but was soon heavily dominated by demoscene musicians; producer Adam Fielding claims to have tracker/demoscene roots. Currently, there is a major tracking scene separate from the actual demoscene. A form of static computer graphics where demosceners have traditionally excelled is pixel art; see artscene for more information on the related subculture. Origins of creative coding tools like Shadertoy and Three.js can be directly traced back to the scene.

Over the years, desktop computer hardware capabilities have improved by orders of magnitude, and so for most programmers, tight hardware restrictions are no longer a common issue. Nevertheless, demosceners continue to study and experiment with creating impressive effects on limited hardware. Since handheld consoles and cellular phones have comparable processing power or capabilities to the desktop platforms of old (such as low resolution screens which require pixel art, or very limited storage and memory for music replay), many demosceners have been able to apply their niche skills to develop games for these platforms, and earn a living doing so. One particular example is Angry Birds, whose lead designer Jaakko Iisalo was an active and well-known demoscener in the 1990s. Unity Technologies is another notable example; its technical leads on iPhone, Android and Nintendo Switch platforms Renaldas Zioma and Erik Hemming are authors of Suicide Barbie demo for the Playstation Portable console, which was released in 2007.

Some attempts have been made to increase the familiarity of demos as an art form. For example, there have been demo shows, demo galleries and demoscene-related books, sometimes even TV programs introducing the subculture and its works.

The museum IT-ceum in Linköping, Sweden, has an exhibition about the demoscene.

Video game industry
4players.de reported that "numerous" demo and intro programmers, artists, and musicians were employed in the games industry by 2007. Video game companies with demoscene members on staff included Digital Illusions, Starbreeze, Ascaron, 49Games, Remedy, Techland, Lionhead Studios, Bugbear, Digital Reality, Guerrilla Games, and Akella.

The tracker music which is part of demoscene culture could be found in many video games of the late 1980s to early 2000s, such as Lemmings, Jazz Jackrabbit, One Must Fall: 2097, Crusader: No Remorse, the Unreal series, Deus Ex, Bejeweled, and Uplink.

Platforms

 * Amiga demos
 * Commodore 64 demos
 * ZX Spectrum demos
 * MacHack

Software

 * GrafX2
 * OpenMPT
 * Protracker
 * FastTracker 2

Websites

 * Demozoo
 * Scene.org
 * Mod Archive

title: Demoscene


text:
Galway Airport

Galway Airport, , is an airport located at Carnmore, 4 NM east of Galway City, County Galway, Ireland, managed by Corrib Airport Limited. Its last scheduled passenger traffic was on 31 October 2011, when Aer Arann ceased commercial operations at the airport. At 1289 m (4230 ft), the runway is too short to handle most jet airliners and so scheduled services were restricted to turboprop aircraft or small executive jets. At peak, the airport served over 300,000 passengers annually, with 16 destinations.

The airport briefly re-opened in 2015, but since then remains closed to commercial traffic, being used only by the Galway Flying Club.

In 2021, plans were announced to redevelop the site as a film studio, to launch in 2022 but as of 2023, these have not proceeded, and there have been discussions about future ownership options. The airport has been used as a site for concerts.

History
In 1918, a landing ground was built for the Royal Flying Corps at nearby Oranmore. It was later used by Aer Arann, a local flying club and airline, and private operators. However, it remained a grass strip and was virtually unusable in winter. Ernest Steiner, a German businessman, built his own strip opposite his factory at Carnmore. Aer Arann moved in also and commenced operations from there in 1974.

The runway was extended to 1,200 metres and completed on 2 March 1987. Although it could accommodate larger aircraft it remained unsuitable for jet airliners and was entirely served by regional turboprop aircraft such as the French-Italian ATR-42. The first jet arrived at the airport on 30 March from Ohio, United States. It was a 12-seater Gulf-Stream II, and many more small business jets used the airport. A terminal and runway lighting project was completed by June of that year.

In January 1988, Aer Lingus re-introduced the Dublin route; in March Ryanair launched a new route to London Luton and later re-routed it to Stansted. The two airlines went into a business war, Ryanair offering cheap flights direct to London and Aer Lingus to Heathrow, Amsterdam, and Paris on selected days via Dublin. In 1991, due to business restructuring, Ryanair withdrew their London service and Aer Lingus were soon to follow.

In 1994, Aer Arann began the Dublin route supported by the state-funded public service obligation scheme. The route operated three times daily until state funding was withdrawn in 2011 and the airline ceased services on the route. In September 2001, they launched a service to London Luton and the load factor by 2003 was at 73%. The one-millionth passenger passed through the airport in April 2002. The airport was gaining in popularity and in 2003 Aer Arann launched two more routes to Manchester and Edinburgh with two further routes to Birmingham and Lorient launched in 2004. By 2007, Galway was officially the fastest growing airport in Ireland, fast exceeding international airports with passenger growth at 63% per annum at that time. Sixteen destinations were served directly, Bristol, Cardiff, Cork, Dublin, Edinburgh, Leeds Bradford, London Luton, Lorient, Manchester, Newcastle, Belfast City, Birmingham, Southampton, Bordeaux, Faro and Málaga. That year saw a record of 309,000 passengers use the airport. The two millionth passenger also passed through in that year.

On 21 February 2007, the Government of Ireland announced that it was providing €6.3 million in capital grant money for Galway Airport. In 2008, this allocation was reduced by 50–60% as a result of national budget cutbacks. Aer Arann added a service to Amsterdam in 2008 which operated via Waterford Airport but was discontinued after a short period.

After 2008, numbers and routes dropped considerably with only Aer Arann routes to Luton, Lorient (seasonal), Manchester and Edinburgh remaining. In 2010, Manx2 added two services – Belfast International and Cork; these services were withdrawn in 2011. In March 2011, Aer Arann launched twice-daily flights to Southend Airport. An additional "Development Fee" of €10 was charged to all departing passengers aged 12 years and over.

In June 2011, the Irish government announced that funding for Galway Airport would cease by December 2011. The government stated that the decision was taken to focus on the four other regional airports, which would receive state funding for 2012. On 12 October 2011, Aer Arann announced that it was to suspend its services from Galway for the winter season, commencing on 31 October. This meant that there were no scheduled services from Galway. Airport management stated that the airport would remain open. Galway was the second Irish airport after Sligo Airport to have its scheduled services suspended in 2011. In February 2012, workers at the airport staged a sit-in to protest against the risk that their redundancy payments might not materialise after the airport's bankers had seized its working capital.

In 2013, the two local authorities, Galway City Council and Galway County Council, took control of the airport. In November 2013, it was announced that the airport's aviation licence would cease, effectively closing the facility.

In January 2015, Galway Airport briefly reopened to commercial flights. The airport was being operated under licence from Galway County Council until May 2015 by Carnmore Aviation Ltd., a company owned by the Conneely Group in Ballinasloe. The Group also owns Weston Airport near Dublin, and the staff was shared between the airports. "It is only a small step but great to have commercial aviation back at Galway Airport." The airport closed for commercial traffic in 2016, and thereafter was only used by a local flying club.

During the COVID-19 Pandemic the Irish Health Authorities used the Airport as one of the venues for their public COVID-19 testing programme.

In 2021, plans were announced to redevelop the site as a studio for film and TV production, to launch in 2022 but as of 2023, these have not proceeded, in part, apparently, due to the limited duration of the planning permission granted. There have been discussions at Galway City and County Councils about future ownership options.

General aviation
Galway Flying Club has used the airport for fixed-wing training and leisure flying.

Statistics
Passenger numbers through Galway airport. The airport ceased commercial traffic during 2011, and doesn't have any scheduled flights.

When the airport was fully operational, these were the busiest routes from Galway. All these services have ceased and no date has been announced for their resumption.

†Service shared between London Luton and London Southend in 2011

Ground transportation
The airport is located 6 km by road from Galway city centre. There are no public transport services.

title: Galway Airport


text:
User talk:Joshuah

Welcome, Joshuah! Hope you enjoy contributing to wikipedia. If you have any questions, try the help page or the village pump. I hope you decide to stay! Another web programmer won't hurt! -- Sam 23:47 Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Joshuah


text:
User:Sebastian

There are several users on Wikipedia by the name of Sebastian, including the following:
 * Sebastian Anderson
 * Sebastian Dietrich
 * Sebastian Helm (This user is the same who registered this user page and who used to edit using this account from 2003 till 2008.)
 * Sebastian Wallroth

title: User:Sebastian


text:
User:Uigrad

Name: Aron Fay

Source of handle: Graduate of the University of Illinois

Hobbies:
 * Juggling
 * Free Software
 * Music
 * Caving
 * Currency Tracking
 * Origami

title: User:Uigrad


text:
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam

Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam (機動戦士Ζガンダム) is a 1985 Japanese television anime series, the second installment in the Gundam franchise, and a sequel to the original Mobile Suit Gundam. The show was created and directed by Yoshiyuki Tomino, with character designs by Yoshikazu Yasuhiko, while the series' mechanical designs are split among Kunio Okawara, Mamoru Nagano, and Kazumi Fujita. The series was originally aired on Nagoya Broadcasting Network and its sister ANN stations between 1985 and 1986.

The plot is set in the futuristic "Universal Century" timeline and takes place eight years after the events of the original series. Zeta centers on a new conflict that is formed between two new factions - the Titans, a corrupt task force formed by the Earth Federation, and the Anti-Earth Union Group (AEUG), a rebel group that seeks to end the Titans. The show is told through the perspective of Kamille Bidan, a teenage member of the AEUG and pilot of the RX-178 Gundam Mk-II, and later the MSZ-006 Zeta Gundam. Several main characters from the previous Gundam series return in supporting roles, including Amuro Ray and his rival Char Aznable, the latter of which returns as a pilot for the AEUG under the new identity of Quattro Bajeena.

Often regarded as one of the best shows in the franchise, the series is praised for its dark themes, characters, and its improvements over its predecessor. Between 2005 and 2006, the series was reproduced and compiled into a film trilogy, Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam: A New Translation. Though still directed by Tomino, it involved many changes in the original storyline. The films were considered to be a success in Japan.

Plot
Set in the year Universal Century (UC) 0087, eight years after the events of Mobile Suit Gundam (0079), and four years after the events of Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory (0083 to 0084) the series follows a rebel group called the Anti-Earth Union Group (AEUG) as they try to defeat the Titans, an elite task force of the Earth Federation designed to hunt down Zeon remnants but which ruthlessly kills anyone demanding equal rights for the space citizens in cold blood.

The story of Zeta Gundam is told through the viewpoint of Kamille Bidan, a civilian teenager and amateur mobile suit pilot whose parents are engineers working for the Earth Federation and the Titans. While traveling to the Green Noa colony to meet his parents, Kamille is insulted by and strikes a Titans officer named Jerid Messa. Following an AEUG attack led by Quattro Bajeena on the colony to capture a trio of Gundam Mk-II mobile suits undergoing field tests, Kamille takes the opportunity to steal Messa's Mk-II to repel the attack and follows Quattro back to the AEUG mothership Argama. The Titans, under the order of Bask Om, take Kamille's parents in an attempt to force the return of the stolen Gundam Mk-IIs. Jerid, unaware of the hostage plot, mistakenly kills Kamille's mother. Because of this, and many other reasons, Kamille eventually joins the AEUG.

As the war escalates, Kamille encounters people from all sides of the conflict, including brainwashed Titans, artificial Newtypes, and the leaders of Anaheim Electronics, who are secretly funding the AEUG. The AEUG eventually launch a full-scale attack on the Earth Federation's assembly at Dakar, leading to an Earth Sphere civil war. Quattro reveals himself to be Char Aznable and presents evidence of the Titans' tyranny including using G3 nerve gas on a defenseless colony. The Earth Federation court soon rules the Titans' actions to be illegal and backs the AEUG in hunting down the Titans' leader Jamitov Hymem.

After losing the support of the Earth Federation, the Titans turn to their original enemy, remnants of the Principality of Zeon now known as the Axis Zeon, to form an alliance to regain control of the Earth Sphere. Axis Zeon's leader Haman Karn contacts the AEUG, using the civil war of the Earth Federation at hand to politically ask for the control of Side 3, the former Zeon colony.

Axis involvement and Jamitov's assassination by Jupiter Fleet commander Paptimus Scirocco soon lead to a battle over the colony headquarters of the Titans, Gryps, which has been modified to be a colony laser. The war ends when Kamille, piloting the titular mobile suit Z Gundam, kills Scirocco in battle and the AEUG sinks Scirocco's flagship and most of the Titans' fleet. However, Kamille himself is psychologically broken and although survives without any physical harm to him or the Zeta Gundam, becomes mentally unstable with signs of memory lapse and/or insanity.

The series concludes with both the AEUG and Earth Federation, after suffering considerable losses over the course of the war, facing the full force of Axis Zeon, leading into Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ.

Production
Director Tomino actually started planning for a Gundam sequel in February 1984. The first memo dated February 20 included themes related to staff work, such as "What is missing?/What do you really want to do?". From February to May is a period of trial and error, with the "Zeta Gundam" proposal set in the future U.C.0111 (Triple One) and the "Mobile Suit His Alpha Gundam" proposal set in the past U.C.0045. is written. In the "Zeta Gundam" proposal, there is an idea that goes beyond the Newtype, "Gather Stime," which allows you to gain mental identity with others. Isn't it?". Around the beginning of June, a story line close to its current form began to come together, and since then, it has been refined repeatedly based on it. On August 20th, the basic background titled "Situation 7 years later..." and a plot memo for one course will be completed. In November 1984, it was officially announced.

Despite the considerable preparation period for a TV anime, the design decision and commercialization of the main character Z Gundam were delayed due to its complicated design and deformation mechanism. Due to the participation of multiple designers, the actual design work took an unexpectedly long time, and the appearance on the show was delayed until the third cour in the second half. For this reason, the need for a Gundam to play the leading role in the first two courses until the appearance of the Zeta Gundam arose, and the appearance of the Gundam Mk-II was decided. Under the order from Bandai that "Mk-II is a descendant of MSV", from RX-78 Full Armor Gundam and Heavy Gundam. which is downstream of the flow to and was designed with consideration for "movability".

Also, with an offer from Bandai saying, "Since the main Zeta Gundam won't appear until after episode 20, we'd like you to put out an MSV as a bridge between them," it was decided that the MSV, which until then had only been developed as a plastic model, would appear in the main story. In the first place, MSV was originally developed by Bandai because Sunrise was reluctant to make a sequel to Gundam.

In order to train the younger generation, which was one of Director Tomino's requests to "break Gundam's shell" and one of the challenges, the staff ended up with [Yasuhiko Yoshikazu], the character who was responsible for the world view of the previous work. While the mecha Kunio Okawara participated, it became a system where young people solidified around him.

For the first time in a Sunrise work, a mechanical animation director was appointed, and Yunhisa Uchida was adopted and credited in the program. Yoshikazu Yasuhiko, the designer of the previous game, was in charge of character design. Work began in September 1984, and based on the plot and memo sentences delivered by director Yoshiyuki Tomino, the design was given priority to the image. However, there were many misunderstandings in this method, and some were redrawn according to their roles after the design was completed. In later years, Yasuhiko said that in the previous work, he had a relationship that could be called a "comrade" with Tomino, but in this work, it changed completely and he only felt bad, and he was able to meet directly and have a meeting without an appointment. In addition, it was decided that Yasuhiko would only work on the design and not the drawing, and the pillar of the actual drawing was the three-dimensional drawing that contrasted with Yasuhiko, who has a soft pattern with nuances. It was Hiroyuki Kitazume who was influenced by Tomoken Kogawa with a solid pattern.

Yoshiyuki Tomino crammed his frustrations into Zeta Gundam. He created the anime with the idea of telling viewers "Hey, watch my new Gundam, youngsters. Why are you not so lively like them in Z?" Tomino has mixed feelings about Zeta Gundam. Tomino did not like the series and believes he should have ended the story in the first TV series. However, at the same time, he noted that thanks to Zeta the franchise became more popular.

Soundtrack
A majority of the series background music was written by Japanese composer Shigeaki Saegusa. The melodies of the two opening themes and sole ending theme were written by American pop singer/songwriter Neil Sedaka. The first opening song used is called Zeta - Toki wo Koete (Z・刻をこえて) which was performed by Mami Ayukawa, and used for the first twenty-three episodes. Zeta - Toki wo Koete was based upon the song "Better Days are Coming" from Sedaka's 1972 album Solitaire. The second opening song used is entitled Mizu no Hoshi e Ai wo Komete (水の星へ愛をこめて) and was performed by Hiroko Moriguchi, this second opening song is used in episodes twenty-four to fifty. The song "Mizu no Hoshi e Ai wo Komete" was derived from an unreleased song entitled "For Us to Decide".

The sole ending song used for the series is called Hoshizora no Believe (星空のBelieve) which was sung by Mami Ayukawa. "Hoshizora no Believe" was adapted from the song "Bad and Beautiful" from the 1976 album Steppin' Out. In addition to the opening/ending songs an insert song was also made called Gin'iro Doresu (銀色ドレス). This song is sung by Hiroko Moriguchi and is used in episode twenty.

The opening and ending songs differed for the International release version, as well as Japanese streaming versions, as opposed to the original. The opening song used is called Zeta no Kodō ~ Zeta Gundam (Ζの鼓動～Ζガンダム) which was composed by Saegusa, while the song used for the endings entitled Gurīn Noa no Shōnen ~ Arata na Sekai (グリーン・ノアの少年～新たな世界) was also written by Saegusa.

The songs used for the three films that came out of Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam were all performed by Gackt, and were compiled and released on his tribute album 0079-0088. The first film Heirs To The Stars uses two songs; Metamorphoze is used as the opening song while Kimi ga Matteiru Kara (君が待っているから) is used for the ending. The second film Lovers uses just one new song called Mind Forest for the ending song. Mind Forest is also featured on Gackt's album called "Crescent". The final film made Love is the Pulse of the Stars uses two new songs. Love Letter is used as an insert song followed by the song Dybbuk which is used as the ending song.

International release
The show has been placed on rerun on the anime satellite television network, Animax, across Japan and later its respective networks worldwide, including East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, and other regions.

In 2004, after almost 2 years of delays and failed television and merchandising deals, Bandai released a limited edition Zeta Gundam boxset with dubbed English and original Japanese audio tracks. The box-set includes pencil sharpener collectibles and a 48-page booklet and poster. The English dub was done by Ocean Production's Blue Water Studio based in Calgary in Canada. Due to Bandai not having rights to the theme songs outside of Asia, the opening and closing sequences were altered.

The English subtitles were criticized as inaccurate and appeared to be based on the script for the English dub, rather than a direct translation of the original Japanese script. Bandai corrected the subtitles to a properly translated version for later DVD releases in 5 cases with 2 discs each. Each disc contained five episodes.

In 2006, Bandai Entertainment acquired the rights to the US release of the "A New Translation" film trilogy, originally slated for release on June 22, 2010, but was later changed to July 6. The series and films have been out of print, following the closure of Bandai Entertainment.

On October 11, 2014, at their 2014 New York Comic Con panel, Sunrise announced they will be releasing all of the Gundam franchise, including the Zeta Gundam TV series and films in North America through distribution from Right Stuf Inc., beginning in Spring 2015.

Manga
A manga adaptation of the series by Kazuhisa Kondo was released by Kodansha in Comic BomBom from March 1985 to February 1986 issues, and compiled into three volumes. A manga remake was also made entitled Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam Define (機動戦士Ζガンダム Define). This remake was written and illustrated by Hiroyuki Kitazume and began serialiation in Gundam Ace on June 25, 2011.

Compilation films
In celebration of Gundam's 25th anniversary (and also the 20th anniversary of Zeta Gundam), the 50-episode series was compiled into a film trilogy called Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam: A New Translation. According to Tomino, the films were created to fix some of the problems he identified in the television series and to bring it into a 21st-century context for a new generation now experiencing the increasingly commercialized series, such as Mobile Suit Gundam SEED. The first film, Heirs to the Stars, opened on May 28, 2005, followed by Lovers on October 29, 2005, and Love is the Pulse of the Stars on March 6, 2006.

The compilations digitally remastered the television series of Zeta Gundam with new footage. Around 33% of "Heir to the Stars" was newly animated footage, with 70% for "Lovers" and almost 80% for "Love is the Pulse of the Stars". However, several major plot events from the TV series were either edited or removed to allow the films to flow more smoothly, unlike Tomino's previous Gundam film compilations. Likewise, the fate of some characters in the television version was entirely changed, notably Kamille's — in the original, his final battle renders him into a vegetative state, while he remains physically and mentally fit by the end of the film trilogy. In addition, mobile suits belonging to the Gundam timeline, but designed after the television broadcast of Zeta Gundam, were also placed into the films.

Shigeaki Saegusa's musical score from the TV series was reused for the films, with the addition of new songs by Japanese singer-songwriter Gackt. A music video for the first film's opening theme "Metamorphoze" featured Gackt singing inside a mobile suit cockpit during battle.

The majority of the original TV voice cast returned to reprise their respective roles. Yō Inoue, who died in 2003 - was posthumously credited, as an archived recording of her voice was used for a cameo appearance of Sayla Mass in the third film. There were some changes to the voice cast - namely Yukana replacing Saeko Shimazu as Four Murasame, Satomi Arai replacing Miyuki Matsuoka as Fa Yuiry and a few others. This change sparked controversy among fans, who suspected that Yukana used her relationship with sound director Sadayoshi Fujino to land her role. The films were a box office success in Japan.

Games
In 1985, Bandai released a special board game based on the series. Designed for two to four players, Mobile Suit Gundam: Take Off MKII has a paper map and 12 miniatures of various AEUG and Titans mobile suits, plus game rules and mission files. Kidō Senshi Z-Gundam: Hot Scramble followed in 1986. the first Gundam video game for home consoles, Hot Scramble featured first-person and side-scrolling stages. this would be followed by a 3D-fighting game, Mobile Suit Z Gundam, for the Sony PlayStation in 1997. Featuring remastered cutscenes from the series, it comes on two discs, allowing players to experience the series from the viewpoints of Kamille and Char. Bandai later added the series' mobile suits as part of Gundam Vs. Zeta Gundam in 2004.

In addition, Tecmo Koei and Namco Bandai have co-published the Dynasty Warriors: Gundam franchise since 2007.

Critical reception
Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam is praised by fans of the Universal Century sect of the franchise, with many lauding it for its bleak tone, character development, and its complicated expression of war. Even the series' director, Yoshiyuki Tomino, has expressed not liking the show.

The review website Mania.com gave the anime an overall 'B+' rating, regarding it as "one of Yoshiyuki Tomino's greatest works." They stated that the "lack of an A/A+ is that this is recommended for fans who are already familiar with the Universal Century storyline," recommending that audiences view "the original film trilogy" first before watching Zeta Gundam. The reviewer Chris Beveridge of Mania.com gave certain volumes of the series a full 'A' rating, describing the last ten episodes as being "the huge payoff episodes" where "you can almost feel the characters being rushed around a bit and moved through the paces. But at the same time, it all comes so fast that it's simply enjoyable to watch so much happen and change so quickly."

Beveridge would later review the Blu-Ray releases of the series for The Fandom Post, giving both sets of Blu-Rays an 'A−' rating. Beveridge writes in the review for the first set, "It’s hard to believe that it’s been almost ten years since I last saw this series as you realize just how much anime you consume. But it also makes you realize which ones truly stand out over the course of time and this one is definitely one of them." Beveridge found the second half of the series weaker, though still claims that the show "hits most things right".

While reviewing for the Blu-ray release of the series, Ollie Barder of Forbes gave the show a rave review, even titling it as "Possibly The Greatest 'Gundam' Series Ever Made". Barder praised the series' more realistic approach to war and its striking designs for the many different robots, though did find the transforming mechas out of place in Zeta's more grounded reality. Lauren Orsini of Anime News Network also praised the series in a review for the first Blu-ray release, giving the dub for the first set a 'B', praising it for its powerful storytelling. Orsini was more critical of the second half of the series, finding the plot too chaotic and calling it Gundam's "awkward coming-of-age". But Orsini still praised the second half for its mecha designs and strong emotional payoffs, ultimately giving the subtitle version of the series a 'B'.

Comic Book Resources listed Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam as the best Gundam anime in their 2020 list, and the series was later ranked as the highest-rated Gundam show on IMDb. Bluefin Brand, one of the biggest distributors of Gunpla model kits and other Japanese branded toys in the west, had Zeta Gundam the top show to watch in the franchise. WatchMojo listed Zeta Gundam as the third-best anime of the pre-90s, only below the original Dragon Ball show and the 1988 version of Legend of the Galactic Heroes.

In the NHK's 2018 mega "All Gundam Poll", Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam was placed as the second-best anime in the Gundam franchise, only behind the original 1979 Gundam show. The Zeta Gundam mecha was voted as the second-best mobile suit in the same poll, only behind the RX-93 ν Gundam (also known as the Nu Gundam) from Char's Counterattack. The second opening song, Mizu no Hoshi e Ai wo Komete (水の星へ愛をこめて), was also voted the best Gundam song in the franchise. Hiroko Moriguchi, the original singer of Mizu no Hoshi, re-recorded a new version of the song in Gundam Song Covers, along with the nine other songs in the top ten of NHK's poll. A music video of Moriguchi's new version of Mizu no Hoshi was released in 2019. The NHK reported that there was a total of 1,740,280 votes in the poll, with 46% of the votes for Zeta coming from voters between the ages 40 to 46.

title: Mobile Suit Zeta Gundam