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Talk:Pet Shop Boys

The Economist references Pet Shop Boys
An article on homosexual lives around the world used section headers that were Pet Shop Boys song titles.

http://www.economist.com/news/letters/21629213-letters-editor

Might be useful to demonstrate their influence. Mdnahas (talk) 15:53, 14 July 2016 (UTC)

Not gay?
If they weren't gay, and their lyrics were gender neutral, why not display 'New York City Boy' in their discography? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.140.111.29 (talk) 05:06, 23 November 2018 (UTC)

missing references, old ref's, 'best duo's ever '?
The link to the Guinness book of records reference (reference 9) actually takes you to the Wikipedia page about the Guinness book of records, which (obv) contains no mention of the Pet Shop Boys. In-line references, which link to other Wikipedia pages, should be made using two square brackets at the start and end of the term; ie name of referenced page. If that page exists, that link will turn blue. If not, it will turn red, like the example above.

The existence of a wiki page about a general topic (in this case, about the Guinness book of records) does not count as proof of any specific references or quotes derived from inside the GBOR. It's impossible to check whether the info given is actually correct without a proper reference or link.

In any case, the point the reference is supposed to prove (about the success of the Pet Shop Boys) was apparently derived from the 1999 edition of the GBOR (ie 20 years ago). Any world records from that time will almost certainly have been broken or superseded since then, and if not, the particular world record\s they hold should be specified.

The GBOR does not usually make generalised comments or personal judgments like those quoted on this page, ie that the Pet Shop Boys are "..one of the best duos worldwide ever" or even "one of the bestselling duos". They're either the bestsellers in the world (so hold the record) or they're not (and don't). Im prepared to be proven wrong there, should appropriate refs can be provided. If not, those sections should (and will!) be removed. Thanks Codeye (talk) 04:56, 9 September 2019 (UTC)

No use of article?
Why is it not The Pet Shop Boys? Wolf O'Donnel (talk) 18:09, 26 April 2021 (UTC)

 * You'd have to ask them. They don't use "The" on their records. -- Beardo (talk) 13:58, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

Not New Wave
On Wikipedia, none of their singles, albums, or any other releases are labeled with the new wave genre.

The same is true for all of their releases on Discogs, Rate Your Music, and AllMusic.

Here is a quote from Discogs:

'The synth-pop genre, though, primarily originates in late 1970s/early 1980s New Wave, the post-punk "alternative" rock movement that encompasses a wide range of styles and attitudes. There are some non-New Wave synth-pop bands like Pet Shop Boys, but on the whole, the synth-pop scene of the 1980s was dominated by a faction of New Wave bands that embraced the use of electronic instruments and relatively light, dance-oriented songwriting, yet still retained a fairly typical four-piece rock-band structure (percussion, lead instrument, bass instrument, vocal).'

Source: https://www.discogs.com/style/synth-pop — Preceding unsigned comment added by Msftwin95 (talk • contribs) 05:52, 4 June 2022 (UTC)

 * Actually, Actually is shown as new wave, with a citation. -- Beardo (talk) 13:57, 4 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Oh, the last time I checked it wasn't but you're right. @Hiddenstranger added it on 15 May. If you look on his Talk page he's been criticized for disruptively adding new wave to genre lists for over a decade. Even if he can find sources for his opinions, I don't think the point of view of one user should determine what is and isn't new wave across Wikipedia, especially since his edits tend to put Wikipedia pages in conflict with most every other online music database on the Internet. Msftwin95 (talk) 21:06, 5 June 2022 (UTC)

 * @Msftwin95 Thanks for starting a discussion, but please do not exaggerate with your deceitful claims that I've "been criticized for disruptively adding new wave to genre lists for over a decade" which is totally not true at all. You saw just the one title on my talk page from 2010 - "New Wave List - Request You Slow Down" - that was for the page List of new wave artists which lists new wave artists, not genres, so that discussion was not about me adding the genre "new wave" to genre lists, as you claim. I was still new to Wikipedia that time and the user said "Even though what you are doing is being done in good faith..." and later commended me saying "Good new additions to the list" which means every entry I added to that list were reliably sourced. This is the same with my additions to the Pet Shop Boys (or any other article) - if I added new wave, it is because citations to reliable sources exist. It's right to start a discussion for consensus, but you can't feel the need to start removing reliably sourced material just to suit your own point of view. I presume you know Wikipedia rules, one of those being that genres must be reliably sourced, so there's nothing I'm doing which goes against. And it is not my own opinion; there are many sources out there that support my addition of the new wave genre to such articles. Also you can't use Discogs and Rate Your Music to back up your argument - those are user-generated and cannot be used on Wikipedia. By the way I just added the genre to "West End Girls" - see the sources provided. Hiddenstranger (talk) 02:30, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Ok, but I'd like to ask you what exactly you're getting out of all this. Are you trying to make new wave and synth-pop synonymous? Is that your goal? Many synth-pop bands are closer to disco music than new wave; Neil Tennant himself has repeatedly referred to the Pets as a disco group but has never referred to his music as "new wave" as far as I can tell. Continue adding new wave to pages where it doesn't belong all you like, but each time I will add the correct genre (usually disco/hi-nrg/dance-pop) and place it in front. Msftwin95 (talk) 20:05, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Rather than quizzing others on what they are trying to prove, why don't you acknowledge that Wikipedia is intended to summarize the literature? The literature plainly states that the Pet Shop Boys are known as a new wave group, even describing them as "defining", which is huge. Our job as editors is to determine the proper weight of genres, not as determined by individual editors who don't like something they see in print. Binksternet (talk) 21:26, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Sure, but they were also described as disco/hi-NRG at least as often by themselves and by contemporaries, so if Hiddenstranger intends to add (mostly 21st century) sources describing the Boys and their songs as new wave, then I can and will find sources describing them as hi-NRG/disco (as they were in fact known at the time). Msftwin95 (talk) 21:36, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Your source for Hi-NRG in the "West End Girls" article was just talking about how previous Hi-NRG songs inspired the writing of "West End Girls". That is nowhere near strong enough to establish a musical genre for the song, so I removed it. Do you have a stronger source for Hi-NRG here? Binksternet (talk) 00:30, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Not at the moment, but I may find one yet. Msftwin95 (talk) 01:02, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Also, whether the Pet Shop Boys described themselves as this or that genre is not definitive. WP:SECONDARY sources define the topic. The opinion of the musical artist is interesting to the reader but not defining to the topic.
 * Retrospective reviews are generally valued higher than contemporary reviews which are blind to later developments. The viewpoints of 21st century critics should be given somewhat higher weight. Binksternet (talk) 00:36, 7 June 2022 (UTC)

I've noticed that the List of new wave artists links to Pet Shop Boys, but the reverse isn't true, nor do Pet Shop Boys discography, Please (Pet Shop Boys album), and New wave music link back to said list. I didn't feel comfortable creating a § See also just for one link. What are your thoughts? — CJDOS, Sheridan, OR (talk) 18:12, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I have no problem with a relevant link added to "See also", as long as the link isn't already present in the article. Binksternet (talk) 18:29, 23 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Hi, I wanted to pipe in here. Not to condone the actions of the anonymous editor who removed a sourced genre, but I think this is a case of the different understandings of 'New Wave' in the UK and USA. To a British reader, calling the Pet Shop Boys 'New Wave' seems frankly bizarre (also see @Ceoil's comment), just as it would to call Bronski Beat or Wham! thusly. In the UK, the 'New Wave' basically referred to punk artists from the late Seventies who had a more pop-friendly style. In Britain, the defining New Wave band was probably the The Jam, whose page I edited recently to make this distinction clear.  The term 'New Wave' largely went into disuse after 1980, in favour of the New Romantics and synth-pop (which were quite distinct from the New Wave, in fact, as I've tried to demonstrate). For more on this, I wrote about what 'New Wave' meant to Britons as opposed to Americans here and here. As @Msftwin95 (I quote them despite some past disagreements) alluded to, there are many interviews of Neil Tennant from the Eighties where he talks about how he went from being a Clash and Elvis Costello-listening 'New Wave snob' to a Disco fanatic and singer for a disco group (the PSBs) thanks to Chris Lowe, so I'm sure Tennant would be rather bemused as well to see his disco/pop band described as 'New Wave'. All in all, since the PSBs are an English rather than an American artist, I think the UK perspective should be prioritised, or at least included alongside the American one. Looking at the edit history, it seems the anonymous editor added Hi-NRG in place of New Wave, seemingly using one of the sources on the List of Hi-NRG artists and songs page. Based on how they were perceived in the UK, this is in fact a much more accurate description of the group's style than New Wave, so in my view it would not be unreasonable to make this change, and then place New Wave in a newly created musical style section for the page (which is currently lacking). Or, since this is usually done in order to limit the number of infobox genres to four, perhaps it would be best to return to the four genres listed on the AllMusic page (synth-pop, dance-pop, disco, and house) and put the others in the musical style section? Thoughts @Binksternet? Janglyguitars (talk) 19:16, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * You have this UK/US difference theory which is not supported widely by sources. You have shared your theory several times before, but it still doesn't have support. So no, I don't believe we should follow your suggestion. Binksternet (talk) 20:29, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, the main page for New Wave actually used to talk about the difference between the US and UK definitions, but I guess it must have been scrubbed out at some point. All I can say is that whatever New Wave meant to British people who lived through the time, it most certainly did not mean the Pet Shop Boys, but for whatever reason many Americans seem to have thought so, and I haven’t seen any better explanation for why this and many similar discrepancies exist than mine. In any case, since the Hi-NRG addition actually did contain proper sourcing, I will add it back in. Janglyguitars (talk) 20:56, 25 August 2023 (UTC)
 * There was a problem with one of the hi-NRG sources not actually calling the group hi-NRG. Rather, it said that previous hi-NRG songs inspired the group. So let's not use that source to define a genre. Binksternet (talk) 22:17, 25 August 2023 (UTC)

Yes new wave
Plenty of sources point to new wave. Listed below. Binksternet (talk) 02:52, 6 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Apple says "Tennant’s reserved vocals and Lowe’s crisp instrumentation added a sardonic existentialism to New Wave."
 * Rolling Stone says "New Order and Pet Shop Boys—two of the defining acts of the U.K. post-punk and new wave scene"
 * Los Angeles Times says "They have one foot in early ‘80s New Wave and the other on the dance floor. Other British groups have tried to marry New-Wavish rock with disco, but only the Pet Shop Boys have done it consistently well."
 * Consequence magazine says "New Order and Pet Shop Boys... The new wave legends"
 * CNN wrote "Pet Shop Boys hit the music sales charts on both sides of the Atlantic with the New Wave single 'West End Girls.'"
 * Anthony Savona says on page 97 of his book Console Confessions that "...Pettibone found himself in the eye of the pop hurricane, where New Wave acts such as Pet Shop Boys, Thompson Twins, New Order, and Erasure were spinning out an enormous web of dance songs..."
 * Jake Brown says on page 152 of his book Behind the Boards that "...constructing synth-pop/new wave dance hits with groups like the Pet Shop Boys and New Order..."
 * Alistair Lawrence says on page 171 of his book Abbey Road: The Best Studio in the World that "British duo Pet Shop Boys and Swedish trio a-ha were two examples of the new wave of electronic pop..." Binksternet (talk) 02:52, 6 June 2022 (UTC)

No, no-wave

 * Hi Binksternet, New Wave is obv the American term for what is now described in the UK as post-punk. I'm not convinced by those links; maybe part of the new wave of "electro pop"...as their roots are very different to say Talking Heads, and more to do with Kraftwerk presentaion/melodies and Giorgio Moroder basslines. Re your links, Joy Division and early New Order were post-punk, mid period new order were electro; since 1994 they are just light weight indie (imo). Ceoil (talk) 12:01, 23 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Yeah, I'm not convinced either. New Wave is a notoriously misused term, especially among Americans. The Pet Shop Boys' AllMusic biography describes them as synth-pop, dance-pop, disco, and house but makes no mention of New Wave. AllMusic biographies are considered authoritative and are one of the most common references used for sourcing music genres, so I'll change the Wikipedia page to match. Let's hope it stays. Msftwin95 (talk) 17:24, 20 September 2022 (UTC)
 * New Wave implies lineage from Ramones/talking heads etc; PTB come from Disco, Hi-NRG and early 70s electro. Ceoil (talk) 01:51, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Page blurb/preview pranked
I'm not an editor, and don't know where to fix this, but if you Google "Pet Shop Boys", the Wikipedia result's preview text mentions the band "sticks hamsters up their arse". There is no authorized source I could find that confirms the band members share just one ass, so I believe this could be erroneous. 99.89.47.148 (talk) 20:25, 3 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Disregard it. Someone probably vandalized the page, and then a web browser happened to cache it while the vandalism was displayed. Wikipedia will display the live version of its articles. If you need to review a previous edit, see the View history tab at the top. Thank you for your concerns. — CJDOS, Sheridan, OR (talk) 17:55, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Why ‘The’ Pet Shop Boys
Other articles don’t begin ‘The Duran Duran’ or ‘The U2’ so why does this begin ‘The Pet Shop Boys’? It should just be ‘Pet Shop Boys are………’ 2A00:23C6:D000:1C01:19DE:5008:627B:8A0B (talk) 23:12, 11 November 2023 (UTC)
 * It's just how English works. DuncanHill (talk) 23:27, 11 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pet Shop Boys


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Málaga

Málaga is a municipality of Spain, capital of the Province of Málaga, in the autonomous community of Andalusia. With a population of 578,460 in 2020, it is the second-most populous city in Andalusia and the sixth most populous in the country. It lies in Southern Iberia on the Costa del Sol ("Coast of the Sun") of the Mediterranean, primarily in the left bank of the Guadalhorce. The urban core originally developed in the space between the Gibralfaro Hill and the Guadalmedina.

Málaga's history spans about 2,800 years, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Western Europe. According to most scholars, it was founded about 770BC by the Phoenicians from Tyre as Malaka. From the 6th centuryBC the city was under the hegemony of Ancient Carthage, and from 218BC, it was under Roman rule, economically prospering owing to garum production. In the 8th century, after a period of Visigothic and Byzantine rule, it was placed under Islamic rule. In 1487, the Crown of Castile gained control in the midst of the Granada War. In the 19th century, the city underwent a period of industrialisation followed by a decay in all socioeconomic parametres in the last third of the century.

The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism, construction and technology services, but other sectors such as transportation and logistics are beginning to expand. Málaga has consolidated as a tech hub, with companies mainly concentrated in the Málaga TechPark (Technology Park of Andalusia). It hosts the headquarters of the region's largest bank, Unicaja, and it is the fourth-ranking city in Spain in terms of economic activity behind Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia. Regarding transportation, Málaga is served by the Málaga–Costa del Sol Airport and the Port of Málaga, whereas the city is connected to the high-speed railway network since 2007.

History

Phoenicians from Tyre founded a colony named Málaka (Μάλακα) or Malake about 770BC. The town controlled access to the Guadalmedina and served as a waypoint on trade routes between Phoenicia and the Strait of Gibraltar. Like other Phoenician colonies, it fell under Carthaginian rule during the 6th or 5th centuryBC. The Phoenician and Later Roman urban core developed around an area running from the Gibralfaro Hill to the mouth of the Malaca flumen (Guadalmedina).

After the Punic Wars, the Roman Republic took control of the town known to them as Malaca. By the 1st century BC, Strabo alluded to its Phoenician profile, in contrast to the hellenized characteristics of the neighbouring settlement of Mainake.

Transformed into a confederated city, it was under a special law, the Lex Flavia Malacitana. A Roman theatre was built at this time. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, it was ruled first by the Visigoths. The city was taken c. 552 by the Byzantine Empire; either Malaca or Carthago Nova possibly then becoming the capital of the province of Spania. The Byzantines restored and expanded the docks, thus consolidating the fishing and trading tradition the city already enjoyed. The city was retaken by the Visigoth King Sisebuto in 615. The Islamic conquest of Málaga (rendered as مالقة—Mālaqah—in Arab sources) by Arab and Berber forces took place in 711 or perhaps 713. Following a period of diminished importance during the early stages of the emiral period already in force since before the conquest, Málaga was fully Islamized by the end of the aforementioned period in the wake of Muhammad I's attributed intervention in the urban configuration as a medina.

The consolidation of the city's importance after 930 (under the Caliphate of Córdoba) ran parallel to the diminishing fortune of Archidona, the latter of which Málaga replaced as the capital of the corresponding kura of Rayya. The early 10th-century chronicle of Aḥmad al-Rāzī mentions the vineyards of Málaga, extolling the unparalleled quality of its raisins. In the 11th century, following the unravelling of Umayyad authority across the caliphate, Málaga became a centre of power of the Hammudids, who established a petty kingdom (nominally also a caliphate) in the city, the taifa of Málaga, complemented by the also Hammudid sister dominion in Ceuta across the Strait of Gibraltar. The city was seized away from the Hammudids by the Granadan Zirids in 1056 or 1057, and also underwent an ephemeral spell under the Sevillian Abbadids by 1066 before returning to the former. By the late 11th century, the Zirids lost the city to the North-African Almoravids.

The traveller Ibn Battuta, who passed through around 1325, characterised it as "one of the largest and most beautiful towns of Andalusia [uniting] the conveniences of both sea and land, and... abundantly supplied with foodstuffs and fruits". He praised its grapes, figs, and almonds; "its ruby-coloured Murcian pomegranates have no equal in the world." Another exported product was its "excellent gilded pottery". The town's mosque was large, with "exceptionally tall orange trees" in its courtyard. After the formation of the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada in the 13th century, Málaga became a part of it. The export-oriented harbour traded silk fabrics, dry nuts (raisins, almonds and the famous Rayya figs, reportedly exported to as far as China), vine, cutlery, leather and the famous regional lustreware.

In the 15th century, Málaga was the main Nasrid port (followed by Almería), featuring a notable presence of Genoese merchants. It played a role both as stopover of the Atlantic international trade (as part of the routes connecting the Central Mediterranean to the North Atlantic) and as regional trading cog of the Kingdom of Granada. By the last rales of Nasrid rule, the city had a population of about 15,000.

Málaga was seized by Christian forces on 18 August 1487, after a 3-month 11 days siege, in what was the most violent episode of the Granada War. The Muslim inhabitants resisted assaults and artillery bombardments before hunger forced them to surrender; practically the entire remaining population (around 11,000 people) became war captives and were sold into slavery in other Andalusian cities as well as Valencia and Barcelona. Only a minority of around 50 people led by merchant Alí Dordux were allowed to remain in the city.

The city's Muslim population was converted to Catholic Christianity and the city was swiftly repopulated by Christian settlers coming from different locations of the Iberian Peninsula. Málaga became an exporting centre for Andalusia via the link of the city with Antequera and Córdoba, maintaining its trading character despite the nearly complete replacement of the population. The city did not escape a series of typhus fever outbreaks following its annexation to the Crown of Castile.

Following the death of regent Ferdinand the city rose in revolt in 1516 on the occasion of the installment of a new court controlled by the Admiral of Castile. It was only on 2 December 1530 when Málaga was freed from the influence of the Admiralty for good, confirming the privileges granted in the past by the Catholic Monarchs. As of 1625, Málaga may have had a population of around 36,000.

On 24 August 1704 the indecisive Battle of Málaga, the largest naval battle in the War of the Spanish Succession, took place in the sea south of Málaga.

The city's economy profited from an early industrialisation in the first third of the 19th century and the population steadily increased until the last years of the century, when the population decreased between 1887 and 1897 due to Phylloxera plague in Málaga induced by the Phylloxera grapevine pest. The century saw the accumulation of capital in an enriched bourgeoisie class, that invested in the incipient industrial development.

The municipality of Málaga annexed the coastal town of Torremolinos in 1924.

After the coup of July 1936 the government of the Second Republic retained control of Málaga. Its harbour was a base of the Republican navy at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. It suffered heavy bombing by Italian warships which took part in breaking the Republican navy's blockade of Nationalist-held Spanish Morocco and took part in naval bombardment of Republican-held Málaga. After the Battle of Málaga and the Francoist takeover in February 1937, over seven thousand people were killed, as they were trying to flee the city through the road to Almería.

Torremolinos—originally a small coastal town—greatly developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s, becoming an international tourist centre. The first gay bar in Spain was opened in Torremolinos in 1962 (and the first lesbian club in 1968), and the place acquired a lively LGBT life, to the point of being described as "the most 'cosmopolitan' and gay-friendly place in all of Spain". Nearly a decade after, in 1971, a policial crackdown seeking to curb "offences against public morality and decency" largely put an end to the appeal of the place, only regaining its status as hub of LGBT leisure and tourism after the death of the dictator.

Torremolinos became independent from the municipality of Málaga in September 1988.

Location

Málaga is located in the south of the Iberian Peninsula, on the Costa del Sol (Coast of the Sun) on the northern side of the Alboran Sea (the westernmost portion of the Mediterranean Sea). It lies about 100 km east of the Strait of Gibraltar and about 130 km east of Tarifa (the southernmost point of continental Europe) and about 130 km to the north of Africa.

The Montes de Málaga mountain range (part of the Penibaetic System) is located in the northeast of the municipality. The highest point in the range (and in the municipality) is the Pico Reina, rising up to 1031 m above sea level.

The city centre is located around the mouth of the Guadalmedina and close to the Guadalhorce's mouth (where the airport is located). The Totalán Creek constitutes the eastern boundary of Málaga with the municipality of Rincón de la Victoria.

The Gibralfaro is a 130 m high foothill from which the Gibralfaro Castle and the Alcazaba fortress overlook the city.

Climate
Málaga's climate is a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa) with mild winters, during which most of the year's rainfall occurs, and hot summers with very little rainfall. Summer to mid-autumn tends to be fairly humid, due to the evaporation of warm water off the adjacent Mediterranean Sea being blown on shore by a sea breeze. This humidity is most pronounced at this time of year as the sea water is at its warmest in relation to the rest of the year and during this summer, to mid-autumn period, the apparent temperature often feels higher than the actual temperature would suggest, especially when the wind is light. When the wind is stronger, this effect is lessened somewhat, and the heat feels more manageable. Málaga enjoys plenty of sunshine throughout the year, with an average of about 300 days of sunshine and only about 40–45 with precipitation annually. Málaga has very long mild winters, very short warm springs, long hot summers and very short warm falls.

Málaga experiences the warmest winters of any European city with a population over 500,000. The average maximum temperature during the day in the period from December to February is 17 - 18 C. During the winter, the Málaga Mountains (Montes de Málaga) block the passage of cold winds from the north. Its average annual temperature is 23.3 °C during the day and 13.7 °C at night. In the coldest month, January, the temperature ranges from 14 to 20 C during the day, 5 to 10 C at night and the average sea temperature is 16 C. In the warmest month, August, the temperature ranges from 26 to 34 C during the day, above 20 °C at night and the average sea temperature is 23 °C.

Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded at the airport was 44.2 °C on 18 July 1978, equalled on 19 July 2023. In August 1881, the average reported daytime maximum temperature was a record 34.8 °C. The lowest temperature ever recorded was -3.8 °C on 4 February 1954. The highest wind speed ever recorded was on 16 July 1980, measuring 119 km/h. Snowfall is virtually unknown; since the beginning of the 20th century, Málaga city has only recorded snow on one day, on 2 February 1954.

Annual average relative humidity is 65%, ranging from 58% in June to 72% in December. Yearly sunshine hours average between 2,800 and 3,000 per year, from 5–6 hours of sunshine per day in December to average 11 hours of sunshine per day in July.

At Málaga Airport weather station, annual wind speeds average from 14 km/h in December, January and February, to 10 km/h in September and October. Atmospheric pressure averages from 1015 mbar in July and August to 1023 mbar in January. Visibility averages either 11 or 12 km in all months. The strongest gust of wind recorded at this station was 130 km/h on 27 January 1948 at 02:30. On 12 December 2023, Málaga broke Spain's and Europe's all-time December temperature record, settling a new record of 29.9 C at the AEMET station of Málaga and 29.6 C at the airport of Málaga.

Subdivisions
Málaga is divided into 11 municipal districts.

Main sites
The old historic centre of Málaga reaches the harbour to the south. In the north it is surrounded by mountains, the Montes de Málaga (part of the Baetic Cordillera) lying in the southern base of the Axarquía hills, and two rivers, the Guadalmedina – the historic center is located on its left bank – and the Guadalhorce, which flows west of the city into the Mediterranean, in the Churriana district.

The oldest architectural remains in the city are the walls of the Phoenician city, which are visible in the cellar of the Museo Picasso Málaga.

The Roman theatre of Málaga, which dates from the 1st century BC, was rediscovered in 1951.

The Moors left posterity the dominating presence of the Castle of Gibralfaro, which is connected to the Alcazaba, the lower fortress and royal residence. Both were built during the Taifa period (11th century) and extended during the Nasrid period (13th and 14th centuries). The Alcazaba stands on a hill within the city. Originally, it defended the city from the incursions of pirates. Later, in the 11th century, it was completely rebuilt by the Hammudid dynasty. Occupying the eastern hillside that rises from the sea and overlooks the city, the Alcazaba was surrounded by palms and pine trees.

Like many of the military fortifications that were constructed in Islamic Spain, the Alcazaba of Málaga featured a quadrangular plan. It was protected by an outer and inner wall, both supported by rectangular towers, between which a covered walkway led up the slope to the Gibralfaro (this was the only exchange between the two sites). Due to its rough and awkward hillside topography, corridors throughout the site provided a means of communications for administrative and defensive operations, also affording privacy to the palatial residential quarters.

The entrance of the complex featured a grand tower that led into a sophisticated double bent entrance. After passing through several gates, open yards with gardens of pine and eucalyptus trees, and the inner wall through the Puerta de Granada, one finds the 11th- and 14th-century Governor's palace. It was organised around a central rectangular courtyard with a triple-arched gateway and some of the rooms have been preserved to this day. An open 11th-century mirador (belvedere) to the south of this area affords views of the gardens and sea below. Measuring 2.5 m2, this small structure highlighted scalloped, five-lobed arches. To the north of this area were a waterwheel and a Cyclopean well (penetrating 40 m below ground), a hammam, workshops and the monumental Puerta de la Torre del Homenaje, the northernmost point of the inner walls. Directly beyond was the passage to the Gibralfaro above.

The Church of Santiago (Saint James) is an example of Gothic vernacular Mudéjar, the hybrid style that evolved after the Reconquista incorporating elements from both Christian and Islamic tradition. Also from the period is the Iglesia del Sagrario, which was built on the site of the old mosque immediately after the city fell to Christian troops. It boasts a richly ornamented portal in the Isabeline-Gothic style, unique in the city.

The Cathedral and the Episcopal Palace were planned with Renaissance architectural ideals but there was a shortfall of building funds and they were finished in Baroque style.

The Basílica y Real Santuario de Santa María de la Victoria, built in the late 17th century, has a chapel in which the vertical volume is filled with elaborate Baroque plasterwork.

Other sights include:
 * Walls. Phoenician, Roman, Byzantine, Arab and Spanish remains of the defensive compounds of the city.
 * Church of the Sacred Heart.
 * San Felipe Neri Church.
 * Church of the Holy Martyrs.
 * La Concepción, botanical and historical garden.
 * Atarazanas Market.
 * Anglican Cemetery of St. George.
 * Palm grove and Muelle Uno. Port of Málaga.
 * San Miguel Cemetery.
 * La Malagueta bullring.
 * Pedregalejo, old fishing district.
 * Calle Marques de Larios, the main shopping street of the city.

Demographics
As of 2018, the population of Málaga is 571,026, accounting for 527,463 Spanish nationals and 43,563 foreign citizens.

The number of resident foreign nationals has risen significantly in Málaga since the 1970s. As of 2020, Málaga has a foreign population of 50,080.

The urban area, stretching mostly along a narrow strip of coastline, has a population of 1,066,532 on 827.33 km2 (density 1,289 inhabitants/km2 – 2012 data). It is formed by Málaga proper together with the following adjacent towns and municipalities: Rincón de la Victoria, Torremolinos, Benalmádena, Fuengirola, Alhaurín de la Torre, Mijas, Marbella and San Pedro Alcántara. The Málaga metropolitan area includes additional municipalities located mostly in the mountains area north of the coast and also some on the coast: Cártama, Pizarra, Coín, Monda, Ojén, Alhaurín el Grande and Estepona on west; Casabermeja on north; Totalán, Algarrobo, Torrox and Vélez-Málaga eastward from Málaga; centered Málaga urban area (Málaga, Rincón de la Victoria, Torremolinos, Benalmádena, Fuengirola, Marbella, Mijas) and Alhaurín de la Torre.
 * Metropolitan area

Together about 1.3 million (max. 1.6 million) people live in the Málaga metropolitan area and the number grows every year as all the municipalities and cities of the area record an annual increase in population.

Politics and administration
Málaga is a municipality, the basic local administrative division in Spain. The Ayuntamiento is the body charged with the municipal government and administration. The Plenary of the ayuntamiento is formed by 31 elected municipal councillors, who in turn invest the mayor. The last municipal election took place on 26 May 2019. The current mayor is Francisco de la Torre (People's Party), who has won several mandates since becoming mayor in 2000. The city hall is located at the Casona del Parque, a Neo-Baroque building inaugurated in 1919.

Economy
Málaga is the fourth-ranking city in economic activity in Spain behind Madrid, Barcelona and Valencia.

The most important business sectors in Málaga are tourism, construction and technology services, but other sectors such as transportation and logistics are beginning to expand. The Andalusia Technology Park (PTA) (In Spanish, "Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía"), located in Málaga, has enjoyed significant growth since its inauguration in 1992 by the King of Spain. In 2018, this high-tech, science and industrial park employs over 16,774 workers, according to its own numbers.

In line with the city's strategic plan, the campaign "Málaga: Open for Business" is directed towards the international promotion of the city on all levels but fundamentally on a business level. The campaign places a special emphasis on new technologies as well as innovation and research in order to promote the city as a reference and focal point for many global business initiatives and projects.

Málaga is a city of commerce and tourism has been a growing source of revenue, driven by the presence of a major airport, the improvement of communications, and new infrastructure such as the AVE and the maritime station, and new cultural facilities such as the Picasso Museum, the Contemporary Art Centre and Trade Fair and Congress, which have drawn more tourists.

The city hosts the International Association of Science and Technology Parks (IASP) (Asociación Internacional de Parques Tecnológicos), and a group of IT company executives and business leaders has launched an information sector initiative, Málaga Valley e-27, which seeks to make Málaga the Silicon Valley of Europe. Málaga has had strong growth in new technology industries, mainly located in the Technological Park of Andalusia, and in the construction sector. The city is home to the largest bank in Andalusia, Unicaja, and such local companies as Mayoral, Charanga, Sando, Vera, Ubago, Isofoton, Tedial, Novasoft, Grupo Vértice and Almeida viajes, and other multinationals such as Fujitsu Spain, Pernod Ricard Spain, Accenture, Epcos, Oracle Corporation, Huawei and San Miguel. In February 2021, Google decided to install a centre of excellence in cybersecurity in the city, slated for a 2023 opening. Also in 2021, Vodafone chose Málaga for the installment of a research, development and innovation centre.

Feasts and festivals

 * Holy Week

Holy Week has been observed for five centuries in Málaga. Processions start on Palm Sunday and continue until Easter Sunday. Images depicting scenes from the Passion are displayed on huge ornate tronos (floats or thrones), some weighing more than 5000 kg. Famous is the royal archbrotherhood of Our-Lady of Hope Nuestra Señora de la Esperanza. They have more than 5,000 members and 600 Nazareno (Holy Week). These tronos highlight the processions that go through the streets led by penitents dressed in long robes, with capirote, followed by women in black carrying candles. Drums and trumpets play music and occasionally someone spontaneously sings a mournful saeta dedicated to the floats as they make their way slowly round the streets. Some Holy Week tronos are so huge that they must be housed in places outside the churches, as they are taller than the entrance doors. Famous is the military procession of "la legion" (Royal congregation of Mena) playing marches and singing their anthem (El Novio de la Muerte) during procession.

 * Feria de Agosto

During the celebration of the Feria de Málaga in August, the streets are transformed into traditional symbols of Spanish culture and history, with sweet wine, tapas, and live flamenco shows. The day events consist of dancing, live music (such as flamenco or verdiales, traditional music from Málaga) and bullfights at La Malagueta, while the night fair is moved to the Recinto Ferial, consisting of restaurants, clubs, and an entire fair ground with rides and games.

 * Málaga Film Festival

The Málaga Film Festival (Festival de Málaga Cine Español; FMCE), dedicated exclusively to films produced in Spain, is one of the most important film festivals in the country. It is held annually during a week in March or April.

The Fiesta Mayor de Verdiales takes place every year on 28 December during which Spain's April Fools' Day is celebrated.
 * Other

The Fiestas de Carnaval, in which people dress in all types of costumes, takes place prior to the holy 40 days of Lent every February. A contest is held in the Teatro Cervantes between groups of singers, quartets and choirs who compete in the singing of ironic songs about social and political issues. The Carnival takes to the streets of Málaga on the week before Ash Wednesday, ending on Malagueta beach with the burial of the anchovy (entierro de la sardina).

Gastronomy
The cuisine of Málaga and the wider Costa del Sol is known for its espetos, fish (most often sardines) grilled over open fires in the chiringuitos located near the beaches. The espeto has been proposed as a candidate for designation by UNESCO as an intangible cultural heritage.

Religion
Most of the population of Málaga professes Roman Catholicism as its religion, although not many are practising Catholics. Protestants also have a presence in Málaga: one of seven congregations of the Reformed Churches in Spain is based in the city and is the only one that permits paedocommunion.

Islam is represented by a growing number of immigrants and a mosque, while the Jewish community (primarily Sephardi) is represented by its synagogue and the Jewish Association.

Sports
Málaga is home to three major professional sports teams. These include:
 * Málaga CF – football club plays in Segunda División. Honours: UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2002, UEFA Cup: 2003 (quarter-finals), UEFA Champions League: 2013 (quarter-finals).
 * CB Málaga – basketball club plays in ACB League. Honours: Spanish Championship: 2006, runner-up: 1995, 2002; Spanish Cup: 2005, 2023, runner-up: 2009, 2020; Spanish Super-Cup: runner-up: 2006, 2015, 2023; Korać Cup: 2001, runner-up: 2000; Euroleague: third place: 2007; EuroCup: 2017
 * CD El Palo – football club plays in third level of Spanish football: Segunda Division B
 * Club Atlético Málaga – women's football club plays in Superliga Femenina, Honours: Spain Cup: 1998, runner-up: 1997; Spain Supercup: 1999

The city has four large sports facilities:
 * La Rosaleda Stadium – football stadium, with a capacity of 30,044. One of the arenas of Segunda División (for Málaga CF) and 1982 FIFA World Cup. Final of UEFA Intertoto Cup 2002.
 * Palacio de Deportes José María Martín Carpena – sports arena, with a maximum capacity of 14,000. It is home of CB Málaga and arena of Spanish Cup 2001, 2007, 2014; Spanish Super-Cup 2004, 2006, 2015; NBA Europe Live Tour 2007;
 * Estadio Ciudad de Málaga – athletics stadium with a capacity of 7,500. Place where the European Cup 2006 was celebrated; 2006 Vuelta a España; Spain Athletics Championships 2005 and 2011;
 * Centro Acuático de Málaga (Málaga Aquatic Centre) – water arena, with a capacity of 17,000. Arena of European Water Polo Championship 2008.

In the city, people can engage in many sports, for example: surfing, windsurfing, kitesurfing, swimming, diving, skydiving, paragliding, running, cycling, rowing, tennis and golf.

The city hosted the 21st World Transplant Games from 25 June to 2 July 2017.

Málaga is the 2020 EU Sports Capital.

Tourism
The city is an important tourist destination, known as "the capital of the Costa del Sol". An estimated 6 million tourists visit the city each year. Tourists usually visit the birthplace of Pablo Picasso and the Museo Picasso Málaga, the Carmen Thyssen Museum, the old town or the beaches. The Málaga harbour is also the second busiest cruise port of the Iberian Peninsula.

A popular walk leads up the hill to the Gibralfaro castle (a Parador), offering panoramic views over the city. Mamahuevo. The castle is next to the Alcazaba, the old Muslim palace, which in turn is next to the inner city of Málaga. Other nearby attractions are the Roman Theatre, the old Jewish quarter (or judería), the cathedral, and the Church of Santiago in mudéjar style. A popular walk follows the Paseo del Parque (a promenade that runs alongside a grand park with many palm trees and statues) to the harbour, ending in Calle Larios, the main commercial street of the city. There is also a curious museum, the Museum of the Holy Week, which includes an impressive display of Baroque ecclesiastical items.

Museums
In the early part of the 21st century, the city of Málaga invested heavily (more than 100 million euros in 10 years) in the arts to draw tourists and establish itself as a cultural Andalucia destination with 28 museums. Some notable and recently opened museums include the Museo Municipal de Málaga, the Museo de Málaga (Fine Arts and Archeology museum) at the Palacio de la Aduana, Carmen Thyssen Museum, opened in 2011, located at Palacio de Villalón, the Museo Picasso Málaga (opened in 2003, at the Palacio de los Condes de Buenavista) near the cathedral, the Centre Pompidou Málaga (opened in 2015, located in El Cubo), the Fundación Picasso and Picasso Birthplace Museum, the Colección del Museo Ruso (Collection of the Russian Museum) Saint Petersburg/Málaga, (opened in 2015, located in the Tabacalera building), the Museum Jorge Rando (opened in 2015), the Museo de Artes y Costumbres Populares (Museum of Arts and Popular Traditions), and the Centro de Arte Contemporáneo de Málaga (CAC Málaga; opened 2003, near the Alameda train station).

Bilingual education in schools
Since the launch of the 'Plan de Fomento del Plurilingüismo' in 2005, 169 schools in Málaga have included bilingual education in their programmes. Although English is the most usual second language, many other primary and secondary schools in Málaga offer the choice of French, German, Arabic, Portuguese or Chinese. This first action has been followed by a second project run by the Junta de Andalucia. The so-called "Plan Estratégico de Desarrollo de las Lenguas en Andalucía" intends to provide pupils with a basic level (B1) of at least one foreign language.

Artistic training
Dance, music, drama, visual arts and crafts also have a place in the public education system of Málaga. Some of the most relevant artistic schools are:
 * Escuela de Arte San Telmo: Arts and Crafts, vocational and high-school education.
 * Conservatorio Profesional de Musica Manuel Carra: music, vocational training.
 * Conservatorio Profesional de Danza de Málaga: dance, vocational training.
 * Conservatorio Superior de Música de Málaga: Bachelor and Master level.
 * Escuela Superior de Artes Escénicas de Málaga (Bachelor and Master level).

Spanish as a foreign language
Málaga has become one of the leading destinations for Spanish courses. In 2017, 16,692 students visited Málaga to enroll in Spanish courses, 17.6% more than 2016.

Universities in Málaga
The public University of Málaga (UMA) was created in 1972. Earlier in the 20th-century a branch of the University of Granada (a Faculty of Economic and Business Sciences) had been opened in the city in 1963.

The campus of the UMA is located in the Western neighbourhood of Teatinos.

International schools in Málaga city

 * British School, Málaga (British school)
 * Lycée Français de Málaga (French school)
 * Swedish School in Málaga

Airport
The city is served by Málaga-Costa del Sol Airport, one of the first in Spain and the oldest still in operation. In 2008, it handled 12,813,472 passengers, making it the fourth-busiest in Spain. It is the international airport of Andalusia, accounting for 85 percent of its international traffic. The airport, connected to the Costa del Sol, has a daily link with twenty cities in Spain and over a hundred cities in Europe (mainly in the United Kingdom, Central Europe and the Nordic countries but also the main cities of Eastern Europe: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Budapest, Sofia, Warsaw or Bucharest), North Africa, Middle East (Riyadh, Jeddah and Kuwait) and North America (New York City, Toronto and Montreal).

The airport is connected to the city centre and surrounding areas through a transport hub, which includes the bus system and suburban trains  and car parks.

Seaport
The Port of Málaga is the city's seaport, operating continuously at least since 600 BC. The port is one of the busiest ports on the Mediterranean Sea, with a trade volume of over 428,623 TEU and 642,529 passengers in 2008.

The port has a ferry connection to the Port of Melilla, playing a role in the so-called Operación paso del estrecho ("Operation Pass of the Strait"), the planned seasonal transit of passengers during the summer months from Europe to North-Africa (and back to Europe).

High-speed train
The Málaga María Zambrano railway station is served by the AVE high-speed rail system, and is operated by the state-owned rail company Renfe.

Roads and highways
The A45 road leads north to Antequera and Córdoba. The Autovía A-7 parallels the N-340 road, both leading to Cádiz to the west through the Costa del Sol Occidental and Barcelona to the east through the Costa del Sol Oriental.

Public transportation
Empresa Malagueña de Transportes buses are the main form of transport around the city. Málaga's bus station is connected with the city by the bus line number 4, although it is only ten minutes' walk to the Alameda from there.
 * Urban bus

The buses of the Málaga Metropolitan Transport Consortium (Consorcio de Transporte Metropolitano del Área de Málaga) are the main mean of transportation around the city of Málaga and the surrounding municipalities.
 * Metropolitan bus

The city has two commuter train lines Cercanías departing from the Centro-Alameda station and a semi-metro system.
 * Mass transit

Málaga Public Transportation statistics
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Málaga, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 49 min. 6% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 9 min, while 8% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 4.1 km, while 1% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.

Notable people

 * Solomon ibn Gabirol (1021–1058), Jewish philosopher and poet
 * Ibn al-Baytar (1188–1248), botanist and pharmacist
 * Ruy López de Villalobos (1500–1544), explorer
 * Diego de Montemayor (1530–1611), founder of Monterrey, Mexico and governor of Nuevo León
 * Francisco de Leiva (1630–1676), playwright
 * Luis de Unzaga (1721–1790), politician
 * Bernardo de Gálvez (1746–1786), Count of Gálvez and Viscount of Galveston, military and colonial administrator
 * María Manuela Kirkpatrick de Grevignée (1794–1879), aristocrat
 * José de Salamanca (1811–1883), Marquis of Salamanca and Count of Los Llanos, businessman and politician
 * Antonio Cánovas del Castillo (1828–1897), Prime Minister of Alfonso XII
 * José Denis Belgrano (1844–1917), painter
 * José Moreno Carbonero (1858–1942), painter
 * Pablo Picasso (1881–1973), artist, born in Málaga
 * José Moreno Villa (1887–1955), painter and writer
 * Bernardo Giner de los Ríos (1888–1970), architect and politician
 * Victoria Kent (1898–1987), lawyer and politician
 * Luis Bolín (1894–1969), lawyer and journalist
 * Emilio Prados (1899–1962), poet
 * Manuel Altolaguirre (1905–1959), poet
 * Antonio Molina (1928–1992), singer
 * Jesús Franco (1930–2013), film director and musician
 * Chiquito de la Calzada (1932–2017), comedian
 * Antonio Luque (1941–), engineer and photovoltaics pioneer
 * Jorge Rando (1941–), artist
 * Juan Madrid (1943–), writer and journalist
 * Pepe Romero (1944–), classical and flamenco guitarist
 * Marisol or Pepa Flores (1948–), singer and actress
 * Amparo Muñoz (1954–2011), Miss Universe Spain 1974, Miss Universe 1974
 * Antonio Soler (1956-), novelist
 * Antonio Banderas (1960–), actor
 * Miguel Ángel Jiménez (1964–), professional golfer
 * Carlos Álvarez (1966–), baritone
 * Antonio de la Torre (1968–), actor
 * María del Mar Rodríguez Carnero, La Mari (1975–), singer
 * Miguel de Miguel (1975–), actor
 * Dani Rovira (1980–), comedian and actor
 * Juan García Postigo (1981–), Mister World 2007
 * Pablo López (1984–), singer
 * Azahara Muñoz (1987–), professional golfer
 * Ana López Rodríguez, Anni B Sweet (1987–), singer
 * Pablo Alborán (1989–), singer
 * Vanesa Martín (1980–), singer
 * Joe Atlan (1989–), musician
 * María Dávila (1990–), painter
 * Isco Alarcón (1992–), footballer
 * Miguel Herrán (1996–), actor
 * Domantas Sabonis (1996–), NBA basketball player

Twin towns and sister cities
Málaga is twinned with:

 * Mobile (United States); since 23 February 1965.
 * Popayán (Colombia); since October 1979.
 * Passau (Germany); since September 1987.
 * Tyre (Lebanon); since 2016.
 * Zacatecas (Mexico); since 17 June 1988.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Málaga


text:
The Jerusalem Post

The Jerusalem Post is a broadsheet newspaper based in Jerusalem, founded in 1932 during the British Mandate of Palestine by Gershon Agron as The Palestine Post. In 1950, it changed its name to The Jerusalem Post. In 2004, the paper was bought by Mirkaei Tikshoret, a diversified Israeli media firm controlled by investor Eli Azur (who in 2014 also acquired the newspaper Maariv). The Jerusalem Post is published in English. Previously, it also had a French edition.

Originally a left-wing newspaper, it underwent a noticeable shift to the political right in the late 1980s. From 2004 onward, editor David Horovitz moved the paper to the center, and his successor in 2011, Steve Linde, pledged to provide balanced coverage of the news along with views from across the political spectrum. In April 2016, Linde stepped down as editor-in-chief and was replaced by Yaakov Katz, a former military reporter for the paper who previously served as an adviser to former Prime Minister Naftali Bennett.

In March 2023, Katz stepped down as editor-in-chief and was replaced by Avi Mayer. Nine months later, Mayer was replaced by Zvika Klein.

The paper professes to be in the Israeli political center, yet is considered to be on the political right; its editorial line is critical of political corruption, and supportive of the separation of religion and state in Israel. It is also a strong proponent of greater investment by the State of Israel in World Jewry and educational programs for the Jewish diaspora.

1925–1950
The first attempt to establish an English-language newspaper in Jerusalem was The Jerusalem News, established in 1919 under the auspices of the Christian Science movement, but this had no relationship to The Jerusalem Post. The direct journalistic ancestry of The Jerusalem Post can be traced to The Palestine Bulletin, which was founded in January 1925 by Jacob Landau of the Jewish Telegraphic Agency. It was owned by the Palestine Telegraphic Agency, which was in practice part of the JTA even though it was legally separate.

On 1 November 1931, editorship of the Bulletin was taken over by Gershon Agronsky (later Agron), a Jewish journalist who had immigrated to Palestine from the United States. In March 1932, a dispute arose between Landau and Agronsky, which Agronsky resolved to settle by establishing an independent newspaper. Landau and Agronsky instead came to an agreement to transform the Bulletin into a new, jointly owned newspaper. Accordingly, the Palestine Bulletin published its last issue on 30 November 1932 and The Palestine Post Incorporating The Palestine Bulletin appeared the following day, 1 December 1932. On 25 April 1933, the masthead was reduced to just The Palestine Post although its founding year still appeared as 1925. It appeared on 24 August 1934 but not in the following issue, 26 August, or later.

During its time as The Palestine Post, the publication supported the struggle for a Jewish homeland in Palestine and openly opposed British policy restricting Jewish immigration during the Mandate period. According to one commentator, "Zionist institutions considered the newspaper one of the most effective means of exerting influence on the British authorities."

1948 bombing
On the evening of 1 February 1948, a stolen British police car loaded with half a ton of TNT pulled up in front of the Jerusalem office of the Palestine Post; the driver of a second car arrived a few minutes later, lit the fuse and drove off. The building also contained other newspaper offices, the British press censor, the Jewish settlement police, and a Haganah post with a cache of weapons. Arab leader Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni claimed responsibility for the bombing, but historian Uri Milstein reported that the bomb had been prepared by the Nazi-trained Fawzi el-Kutub, known as "the engineer", with the involvement of two British army deserters, Cpl. Peter Mersden and Capt. Eddie Brown. Four people were killed in the bombing, including three Post employees. According to the Palestine Post at the time, a newspaper typesetter and two people who lived in a nearby block of flats died. Dozens of others were injured and the printing press was destroyed. The morning paper came out in a reduced format of two pages, printed at a small print shop nearby.

1950–present
In 1950, two years after the State of Israel was declared, the paper was renamed The Jerusalem Post.

The broadsheet newspaper is published daily Sunday to Friday, except for Jewish religious holidays and Independence Day, with no edition appearing on Saturday (the Jewish Sabbath). Regular opinion columnists write on subjects such as religion, foreign affairs and economics. the owner of the paper is Eli Azur, editor-in-chief is Yaakov Katz and the managing editor is David Brinn.

In January 2008, the paper announced a new partnership with The Wall Street Journal, including joint marketing and exclusive publication in Israel of The Wall Street Journal Europe.

The Jerusalem Post also publishes a monthly magazine, IVRIT, edited by Sarit Yalov. Its target audience is people learning the Hebrew language and it is described as "an easy-Hebrew" publication, meant for improving basic Hebrew reading skills. It uses the vowel notation system to make comprehension of the Hebrew abjad simpler. The Jerusalem Report, now edited by Steve Linde, is a fortnightly print and online glossy newsmagazine.

Since 2012, the newspaper has held an annual conference in New York, The Jerusalem Post Conference, with the participation of senior figures in the Israeli government and the Jewish world. The conference was founded by the media entrepreneur Ronen Lefler, and is currently managed by the CEO of the Jerusalem Post Group, Inbar Ashkenazi.

In 2020, Reuters reported that The Jerusalem Post, along with Algemeiner, The Times of Israel and Arutz Sheva, had published op-eds written by non-existent people. In 2020, The Daily Beast identified a network of false personas used to sneak opinion pieces aligned with UAE government policy to media outlets such as The Jerusalem Post. Twitter suspended some of the accounts of these fake persons on its own platform.

In January 2022, The Jerusalem Post's website was hacked by pro-Iranian actors. The JPost.com website homepage was replaced with an image depicting a bullet shot from a red ring on a finger (likely in reference to the ring worn by the Iranian General Qasem Soleimani) and the caption "we are close to you where you do not think about it". The hack occurred on the second anniversary of the Assassination of Qasem Soleimani and is largely seen as a threat towards Israel.

The Jerusalem Post has been publishing an annual list of the world's "50 most influential Jews" since 2010. The list is released on Rosh Hashanah. In 2023, The Jerusalem Post announced the launch of a "50 most influential Jews" congress, including an awards ceremony for the honorees.

Ownership changes
Until 1989, the paper supported the Labor Party. In 1989, the paper was purchased by Hollinger Inc., owned by Conrad Black. A number of journalists resigned from the Post after Black's takeover and founded The Jerusalem Report, a weekly magazine eventually sold to the Post.

Under editor-in-chief David Makovsky, from 1999 to 2000, the paper took a centrist position on defense, but began to reject socialism. In 2002, Hollinger hired the politically conservative Bret Stephens of The Wall Street Journal as editor-in-chief. David Horovitz took over as editor-in-chief on 1 October 2004. On 16 November 2004, Hollinger sold the paper to Mirkaei Tikshoret Limited, a Tel Aviv-based publisher of Israeli newspapers. CanWest Global Communications, Canada's biggest media concern, had announced an agreement to take a 50 percent stake in The Jerusalem Post after Mirkaei bought the property, but the deal soured. The two sides went to arbitration, and CanWest lost.

In 2011, Horovitz was succeeded by the paper's managing editor, Steve Linde, who professed to maintain political moderation and balance. Yaakov Katz, the paper's former military analyst and a fellow at the Nieman Foundation for Journalism, succeeded Linde in April 2016.

JPost.com
JPost.com was launched in December 1996. Its current version also contains an ePaper version of the daily newspaper, a range of magazines and other web versions of the Group's products.

The site is an entity separate from the daily newspaper. While sharing reporters, it is managed by different teams. Its staff is based in Tel Aviv, while the newspaper offices are located in Jerusalem.

The site contains archives that go back to 1989, and the default search on the site sends users to archive listings, powered by ProQuest, where articles can be purchased. Free blurbs of the article are available as well, and full articles are available when linked to directly from navigation within JPost.com or from a search engine.

JPost.com includes the "Premium Zone", a pay-wall protected area, containing additional Jerusalem Post articles and special features. The site, which was given a graphic facelift in September 2014, recently relaunched its mobile and tablet applications, as well as its special edition for mobile viewing.

Editors

 * Gershon Agron (1932–1955)
 * Ted Lurie (1955–1974)
 * Lea Ben Dor (1974–1975)
 * Ari Rath and Erwin Frenkel (1975–1989)
 * N. David Gross (1990–1992)
 * David Bar-Illan (1992–1996)
 * Jeff Barak (1996–1999)
 * David Makovsky (1999–2000)
 * Carl Schrag (2000)
 * Jeff Barak (2000–2002)
 * Bret Stephens (2002–2004)
 * David Horovitz (2004–2011)
 * Steve Linde (2011–2016)
 * Yaakov Katz (2016–2023)
 * Avi Mayer (2023)
 * Zvika Klein (2023- )

Agron family
Gershon Agron founded the newspaper and served as its editor until he went into public service. One of his early reporters was his nephew Martin Agronsky, who later became a famous American political journalist. Agronsky left the paper after only a year. He felt he had been hired out of nepotism and didn't like this, wanting to earn his jobs.

Agron's son Dani Agron worked for the newspaper, serving as its business manager in the 1970s, while his wife Ethel wrote for Hadassah Magazine. Martin Agronsky's son Jonathan Agronsky became a journalist in the United States.

title: The Jerusalem Post


text:
Talk:Ethnomusicology

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 17 August 2020 and 3 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Fatherfruit89 CAPTCHA.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 20:55, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Policies
(For lack of a better heading?)

Generally, do not copy and paste long sections from other sources (e.g., term papers or blog posts) into this article without taking the time to fit the section into the article in an appropriate way - synthesized, summarized, and copy edited. The article has become strangely proportioned. For example, a paragraph devoted to Said's Orientalism (entirely appropriate for the page devoted to that topic and book) with no connection to ethnomusicology is not appropriate. Morskyjezek (talk) 19:45, 2 August 2014 (UTC)

Update Further Reading section
The further reading section should reflect items that speak to the field of ethnomusicology in general, its scope, methods, development, and major trends. Specific works or articles that illustrate significant theoretical insertions or developments in the field would also be appropriate, but the following do not. Therefore I removed the two below citations and added Merriam 1964. Further citations should be added as well.

Removed citations:
 * Cooley, Timothy J. Making Music in the Polish Tatras: Tourists, Ethnographers, and Mountain Musicians. Indiana University Press, 2005 (Hardcover with CD). ISBN 0-253-34489-1
 * Czekanowska, Anna. Polish Folk Music: Slavonic Heritage - Polish Tradition - Contemporary Trends. Cambridge Studies in Ethnomusicology, Reissue 2006 (Paperback). ISBN 0-521-02797-7

These would be excellent for an article or reading list on East European slavic music, but not a general article. Morskyjezek (talk) 23:42, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
I'm very unsure about the last paragraph which somebody just added. I mean, man isn't the only creature to have music - what about birdsong, or various apes drumming on bits of wood? And I'm not sure how the whole thing relates to ethnomusicology at all, really. Don't have time to look at it properly now (though I suspect I'll end up just taking it out), but I'l return later. All comments welcome, of course, especially from whoever added that part. --Camembert

Hi Camembert, I wrote this article. Maybe the last paragraph is just in the wrong context here, but it would be very kind of you if you wouldn´t take it out but instead put it somewhere where it fits better.

 * Hmm, I'd like to put it somewhere better, but as I suggested above, I'm not sure it's really correct. For instance:

 * In the evolution of mankind music developped as a means of communicating feelings to fellow humans.

 * This is rather speculative - we don't really know why or how music developed.

 * By having the need for music, humans distinguish themselves from gorillas or chimpanzees.

 * This is probably demonstrably false: various apes do use music, in the form of drum signals. Sorry, but I'm going to move the last paragraph to the talk page here. --Camembert

''In the evolution of mankind music developped as a means of communicating feelings to fellow humans. Thus our ancestors were forced to live in groups and not alone or in couples. By having the need for music, humans distinguish themselves from gorillas or chimpanzees. In the modern world, with the invention of walkmen or the like, music is in part freed from its social purpose.''

I'm removing/rewriting this:

 * It is often thought of as a study of non-Western musics, but may include the study of Western music from an etic perspective.

First off, "etic" is a jargony word - I don't know it, and I doubt many other people will. We should use simpler terms if we can, and I think we can. Second, I'm not convinced the word is appropriate anyway. says that "etic" means:

 * Of or relating to features or items analyzed without considering their role as a structural unit in a system, as in behavioral science or linguistics.

I don't think ethnomusicology could be described in that way, since many ethnomusicological studies do go into the social role of music. As far as I can tell, "etic" is exactly what most ethnomusiciology isn't. --Camembert

First of all: ETIC means OUTSIDER in terms of cultural perspective. The opposite is EMIC that means INSIDER. Secondly: I have many problems with the entry regarding the scope, method & meaning of Ethnomusicology, most obviously problematic is the sentence about the study of "oral traditions". This might have been the case until the 1970's but, because of its colonial weight contained within, this is no longer the case. Where until recently (thanks to Nettl) etic study was applauded; the recognition of EMIC studies has finally come to the fore. Thus we find the majority of ethnomusicologists now work within an urban context. Personally I work within Jazz and Electronica.

John Baily (who studied under John Blacking) wrote (1994) that it is "the study of any sonic (or movement) structure and the culture that surrounds it". This is still the closest I can get to the scope & nature of Ethnomusicology.

Thus: is there any chance ofchanging this entry to the contemporary meaning of the word?

 * Of course: go to the article and click "Edit this page" - be bold in updating pages! Consider, however, that if you use terms like "etic" without any explanation, they are not likely to be understood - the Wikipedia isn't a specialist publication, and if you don't clearly explain terms such as that, it's just going to cause confusion. I've done a bit of reading up since my previous comments, and I think I understand more now - I'd put a little about the etic/emic distinction in the article myself, but I'm sure you're in a better position to do so. --Camembert

Minor edit
"People who have done well known ethnomusicological work have sometimes been previously trained as anthropologists studying many other aspects of a society as well as their music. "

I changed this a little bit to make it more fluid. Nothing drastic; just caught my eye. I'd like to contribute a lot more to this article when I have more time.

Also, the link to the young ethnomusicologist is broken. Should it be removed?--JEMathews 21:27, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Possible expansions
Potentially also include brief description of regional traditions and major studies covering world areas. This may not fit current trends, but it does reflect an important period of the field. Morskyjezek (talk) 03:45, 8 August 2014 (UTC)

Should also include other formative strands in ethnomusicology, founding of Wesleyan program, "world music" and Bob Brown, founding of IMS and SEM, ICTM, influences of folklore, as well as influences from music composition and performance in addition to UCLA. Morskyjezek (talk)

The section on "scholarly relevance" is sorely outdated and should be changed. Mantle Hood's 1971 book The Ethnomusicologist is an important work in the field, but it does not reflect the current state of the field, nor do the statements in the paragraph reflect much about the relevance of the field. Perhaps the section is actually referring to something more like "scholarly maturity" or "academic recognition"? The subtitle should probably be changed or else the content of the section updated. Morskyjezek (talk) 23:32, 18 January 2014 (UTC)

I'd be very interested in expansions on this topic, but don't yet know enough about it to write with much authority. Two things come to mind: Delmonte 22:02, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * what sort of quantitative and/or objective systems have been devised for looking at differences between cultures in musical expression? The only instance I can find is Alan Lomax's cantometrics approach, which doesn't seem to be well-regarded among ethnomusicologists as far as I can tell.
 * the article as it stands suggests that most ethnomusicology is practiced as a subdiscipline of cultural anthropology. Are there any field researchers who have applied principles of evolutionary anthropology to the same topics?  The only work I can find on this is in "the origins of music" (eds. Wallin, Merker, & Brown) and doesn't have a lot of anthropological data to back it up.

There is a growing field of "biomusicology," but it separate from ethnomusicology and has always positioned itself as such. That said, there are so many approaches to ethnomusicology which are not directly indebted to cultural anthropology: linguistic approaches, sociological approaches, psychological approaches, perception/cognition approaches, performativity approaches, etc. In terms of breadth and depth, I find the article as it stands to be thoroughly inadequate as an assessment of the field; present, past, or future (and I say this not to chastise the authors who have contributed to this wiki, thanks for your good work, but the result is a portrayal of only a small subset of the field!) I'll try to contribute by editing this article in the future, but am swamped at the moment. eliotbates (talk) 03:13, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Sorry to hear you're swamped. It's unfortunate that you and other active scholars in the field don't see wikipedia articles such as this one a useful avenue to increase public knowledge about the discipline. This article could use you! Morskyjezek (talk) 19:04, 2 August 2014 (UTC)

Centers of Study
About the paragraph on notable centers of the study of ethnomusicology: How is this list being composed? As I am currently studying ethnomusicology at UC Santa Cruz, I was at first happy to see so many UC's on the list and then dissapointed to find out UCSC was not on that list. It doesn't surprise me, per se, but I would like to know how the list is being composed. Erich Blume 04:17, 4 December 2006 (UTC)

I'm editing the list to include all institutions that grant undergraduate and graduate degrees, or in the case of specialty graduate-only schools, ones with several dedicated faculty members specializing in ethnomusicology. I'm also putting it in alphabetical order to remove inter-school bias. The best source for this is SEM- Guide to programs. eliotbates (talk) 08:55, 30 January 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposed (Dance ethnology)
The result was: No merger at this time. I will add the references. Let's hope that someone expands the article. --B. Wolterding 10:14, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

I propose to merge the content of Dance ethnology into here, since the notability of that article has been questioned. Actually the article is a very short, unexpanded stub that might easily fit in here.

Please add your comments below. Proposed as part of the Notability wikiproject. --B. Wolterding 14:38, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

 * "Dance ethnology" and "ethnomusicology" are different things and notability can be easily proven though it is relatively new ethnic science in comparison w/ ethnomusicology . I believe there is much to say in Dance ethnology article. There's much to say about its scope in both a strict sense and a broader oen. Add to that its historical development and the contexts surrounding that. "Anthropology and the Dance: Ten Lectures" (ISBN 0-2520-7134-4), "Anthropological Perspectives of Movement" (ISBN 0-4050-6201-X) among other books can be useful for the article. I'd really give a chance to such an article to survive independently. -- FayssalF  -  Wiki me up®  19:34, 19 October 2007 (UTC)

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Analytical methodology problems
In the section, the second and longer paragraph needs a rewrite.

Problems I see:
 * 1) It distinguishes between "objective" and "subjective" approaches, which it supports, oddly, by statements about scholars who distinguish between "analytic" and "synthetic" approaches.  These are two distinct dichotomies and the present paragraph can only confuse readers.
 * 2) The definition and opposition of analytical and synthetic methods does not originate, as the present paragraph might seem to imply, with Herndon, but is fundamental to logic studies dating back to the Ancient Greeks.
 * 3) Possible undue weight.  Although I'm sure the debate between Mieczyslaw Kolinski and Marcia Herndon makes fascinating reading, the fact that both wikilinked names remain redlinks suggests
 * 4) * that the opinions of other, better-known experts might carry more weight, or
 * 5) * that the problems they address are of relatively minor importance in the discipline, or
 * 6) * that both the above are true. (I don't know enough to say which, if any, of these possibilities applies.)
 * 7) Possibly incomplete.  Surely the discipline is old enough to have created other disputes about which methods of analysis are appropriate?

yoyo (talk) 06:42, 7 May 2019 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Black American Music
— Assignment last updated by Isha0323 (talk) 19:31, 27 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ethnomusicology


text:
Winterberg

Winterberg (Westphalian: Winnenmerg) is a town in the Hochsauerland district of North Rhine-Westphalia, central Germany and a major winter sport resort of the Wintersport Arena Sauerland.

Geography
Winterberg is located in the middle of the Sauerland, at the source of the Ruhr and Lenne rivers.

Neighbouring municipalities

 * Bad Berleburg
 * Hallenberg
 * Medebach
 * Olsberg
 * Schmallenberg

Division of the town
After the local government reforms of 1975 Winterberg consists of 15 districts:

 * Altastenberg
 * Altenfeld
 * Elkeringhausen
 * Grönebach
 * Hildfeld
 * Hoheleye
 * Langewiese
 * Lenneplätze
 * Mollseifen
 * Neuastenberg
 * Niedersfeld
 * Siedlinghausen
 * Silbach
 * Winterberg
 * Züschen

Climate
Winterberg experiences a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) like most of Germany, however also bordering on subarctic climate (Dfc), thanks to its altitude, with only having an average temperature above 10 °C and September only being barely above it. The summers are short and cool, while the winters are cold, but warmer than winters in the Alps or in the Ore Mountains. The growing season nonethless lasts for only 100 days.

Depending on the definition the climate can also described as oceanic (Cfb), bordering on a subpolar oceanic climate (Cfc).

Town Origin
Winterberg was declared a city by Archbishop Konrad von Hochstaden (1238-’61) about 1270. The foundation of the city of Winterberg was presumably carried out together with the cloister in Küstelberg. Here indicates a document of 1276 in which the rights are regulated in the town between archbishop and cloister. In this document a church is mentioned in Winterberg whose precursor presumably goes back till the time about 1225. The city fortification seems to have granted in the 14th century first only very much restricted protection. The count von Waldeck conquered the town 1321. About 1357 Winterberg became destroyed by Gottfried IV. von Arnsberg during his war with the Cologne archbishop Wilhelm von Gennep. For the reconstruction the archbishop granted an at first ten-year-old tax freedom. This was extended in 1370 and 1374 in each case by other five years. At this time Winterberg owned the same town right like Hallenberg. Winterberg was a member of the Hanseatic League from the 13th until the 17th century. The town was in the middle of two trade roads, Heidenstrasse between Cologne and Kassel and Heerstrasse between Frankfurt am Main and Soest. The bad agricultural conditions led to the fact that trade played a central role as a life basis of the town.

Deserted Medieval Town
Between 1350 and 1500 the surrounding settlements of Wernsdorf, Merleheim, Haarfeld, Günninghausen and Elkeringhausen were abandoned by their inhabitants. They often moved to Winterberg while they maintained the possession rights on their land. The abandonment of the old settlements is likely related to the plague and also to the frequent feuds and lootings of the time, since bigger towns offered a better protection against enemy troops. Only the cities/towns of Winterberg, Hallenberg, Schmallenberg and Medebach were presumably inhabited at this time. The surrounding areas were most likely left completely deserted.

Modern times 'til the end of the Thirty Years' War (1500–1650)
By the acquisition of region "Marken" the area of Winterberg strongly extended. There were similar trends in neighbouring towns. At the beginning of the 16th century Winterberg expanded her farmland in the area of Astenberg. Thereby they got during conflict with the count of von Waldeck who owned rights in the neighbouring village Nordenau. From southwest her territorial claims overlapped with the county Wittgenstein. This quarrel stretched with both opponents up to the end of the 18th century. In a comparison with Wittgenstein 1783 the debatable area was split. During the Thirty Years' War the neighbouring town Medebach and Hallenberg were 1634 destroyed by Hessian troops. Both had to suffer very much from contributions, lootings and murders. Besides, still the plague broke out soon afterwards. Both towns thereby had to register big population losses. This destiny seems to have remained saved to the city of Winterberg to a great extent. An important clue for this is that in 1638/39 the town council could buy a new organ for 240 imperial talers. Vice versa this could be the trigger for a vain siege of the town about 1640. The Winterberger shooters repulsed therefore attacking Hessen and Sweden successfully.

Witch hunts
As in many other places in the Duchy of Westphalia, between the 16th and 18th centuries, witch trials and executions took place in Winterberg. The exact number is unknown because the source material is extremely poor. Documented witch trials took place in 1523, probably 1562, 1629 and possibly 1728. On November 19, 1993, at the site of the "Winterberger Halsgerichts" a monument was opened as a memorial to the victims of the 16th century witch hunts.

Points of interest
The second highest mountain of the Sauerland, the Kahler Asten in the Rothaargebirge, is located in the city area, which also contains the spring of the Lenne and Ruhr rivers.

Sport
The city is one of the winter sports centers of the Sauerland, best known probably for the bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track. In 2003, there were the first official World Wok Championships, initiated by Stefan Raab.

Coat of arms
The arms show the city (the city walls only existed between 1261 and 1266) behind the patron of the city, Saint James, as Winterberg is located on one of the Ways of St. James.

International relations
Winterberg is twinned with:
 * Flag of France.svg Le Touquet (France) -- since 1974
 * Flag of the Netherlands.svg Rijssen - Holten (Netherlands) -- since 1974
 * Flag of Belgium.svg Rixensart (Belgium) -- since 1989
 * Flag of Germany.svg Oberhof (Germany) -- since 1990
 * Flag of Austria.svg Sölden (Austria) -- since 2018
 * Flag of Norway.svg Holmenkollen (Norway) -- since 2018
 * Flag of Argentina.svg Bariloche (Argentina) -- since 2018

title: Winterberg


text:
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies

Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies is the Department of Management Studies of the University of Mumbai. The institute is named after industrialist and philanthropist Jamnalal Bajaj.

Programmes
JBIMS offers full-time Masters in Management Studies programme. In addition to MMS, the institute offers full-time course of Masters in Finance (MSc Finance), Master in Human Resource Development Management (MHRD),part-time courses and a doctoral PhD programme. In addition to the regular academics, guest lectures are organised from time to time.

Masters in Management Studies (MMS)
Masters in Management Studies is the flagship course of Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies. It is a two-year full-time post-graduate degree course in management. Started as early as 1965, the institute offers specializations in the second year of the MMS course. The title of the programme as MMS, instead of the usual MBA, is to emphasise that the principles and practices of management studies are applicable to all types of organisation and not only to business organisations.

Students can specialize in:
 * Finance
 * Marketing
 * Personnel (HR)
 * Operations
 * Systems

Masters in Finance (MSc Finance)
Started in 2013, on the recommendations of the Prime Minister's Office, the course was started as the first master's degree in finance by a college in India. The course is two-years full-time and covers a wide range of topics in Finance, Quantitative Studies, Economics among others.

Master of Business Administrations (Part-time)
JBIMS offers part-time courses that include:
 * Masters in Marketing Management
 * Masters in Finance Management
 * Masters in Information Management
 * Masters in Human Resource Development and Management

Master in Human Resource Development (MHRD)
The institute offers a 2-year full time master's degree program “Master in Human Resource Development (MHRD)”. Areas of focus include Talent Attraction, Compensation Administration, Human Resource Management, Performance Management, Welfare and Industrial Relations and Labour laws, Human Resources Information Systems, Learning and Development.

Rankings
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies has been consistently ranked in the list of the top 10 business schools in India. Economic Times has ranked it at No. 9 in India.

Notable alumni
Owing to the extensive list of its alumni who've reached top positions in various MNCs, JBIMS is also known as the 'CEO Factory'.
 * Uday Kotak, Founder, MD and CEO of Kotak Mahindra Bank
 * Ajay Piramal, chairman of Piramal Healthcare
 * Chanda Kochhar, Former MD & CEO, ICICI Bank, India
 * Harish Bhimani, Voice-Over Artist
 * Harish Manwani, Ex-Global COO, Unilever PLC, Senior Operating Partner, Blackstone,
 * Lalita D. Gupte, chairperson, ICICI Venture Funds Management Company
 * Mani Ratnam, Indian Filmmaker
 * Dhvani Desai, Animation Filmmaker
 * Nitin Paranjpe, CEO & MD, Hindustan Unilever Ltd.
 * Raja Krishnamoorthy, Indian Film & TV Director
 * Sam Balsara, Founder, chairman and MD of Madison World
 * Satish Modh, Director of Vivekananda Education Society Institute of Management, Mumbai
 * Siddharth Roy Kapur, CEO of UTV Motion Pictures, 1997
 * Suresh Kumar, Assistant Commerce Secretary for Trade Promotion and Director-General of the U.S. Foreign Commercial Service
 * Vinita Bali, Ex-MD of Britannia Industries