text:
Talk:Australian Senate

Adjust senate member numbers per Sam McMahon resignation from party
Sam McMahon |announced her resignation from the Country Liberal Party, which ends her association with the coalition, effectively becoming IND. It's not yet known if she'll be joining any other party prior to election. Can someone please help properly adjust the article to reflect this? 119.18.0.9 (talk) 21:17, 28 January 2022 (UTC)

Babet and UAP deregistration
Babet has not become an independent. Recognition of party membership is determined by the Senate separately from the party registration system and the fact that the UAP is now unregistered does not make him an independent unless the Senate later recognises him as such. He remains a UAP Senator for the time being because generally the Senate accepts people as members of parties who they say they are members of, eg see Practice here: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Senate/Powers_practice_n_procedures/Odgers_Australian_Senate_Practice/Chapter_06 (Likewise the Senate accepts Pocock as an independent although he is the Senator relied upon for registration of the David Pocock party.)  I would edit the sidebar to return him to UAP but I couldn't see how. One of the media reports that said he had become an independent was later edited to correct the error. Therealsleepycat (talk) 12:29, 10 September 2022 (UTC)

Fatima Payman's Suspension from Labor
The Sydney Morning Harald Reported as of 2pm AWST that "Senator Payman is suspended from the right to participate in federal parliamentary Labor Party caucus meetings and processes." In terms of the composition of the Senate does this mean she is technically an Independent Labour member? If not, is she still considered to be a Labor member if she is not invited to the Labor Party Caucus? i2n 2z  07:12, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * We should defer to how Payman describes herself and how she is described in official sources. In terms of precedent, George Georges was suspended from the ALP caucus in early 1986 . More recently I note Tony Smith absented himself from the Liberal partyroom during his tenure as speaker, and I believe earlier speakers have done similar. Typically I think we wait until someone actually leaves/is expelled from a party before changing their label. ITBF (talk) 09:40, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Independent Labor (Australia) is defined as anyone who's a member of the Labor Party, but doesn't take part of the Labor Party Room Caucus. That is by definition what Senator Payman is. She doesn't have to leave or be expelled from the Party to be Independent Labor, otherwise she'd just be Independent. I'd cite Darren Cheeseman and Will Fowles as two rank-and-file members who were suspended or expelled from Caucus who are both described as Independent Labor. – GlowstoneUnknown   (Talk)  10:28, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Where does that definition come from? That article was created last year and relies on primary sources. It seems to be an attempt to impose a UK definition on Australia that isn't used in practice. ITBF (talk) 12:34, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I wrote that page and the intro, was basing it off some readings (including David O’Byrne which was a clear case of being out of the caucus but still a member and described as IndLab)
 * Admittedly I was't as good at adding enough clear sources when I wrote that so happy to add some more sources anyway Totallynotarandomalt69 (talk) 12:37, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Possibly a footnote in the infobox would be a good way of dealing with this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by ITBF (talk • contribs) 09:40, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I wouldn't change anything regarding how we refer to their party affiliation until such time that reliable sources do. TarnishedPathtalk 10:07, 30 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Support the very definition of Independent Labor perfectly describes Senator Payman. A full member of the party, excluded from Caucus meetings. Any source detailing her indefinite suspension is sufficient to describe her as Independent Labor. She's independent Labor until she either leaves the party or is included in the Caucus again. – GlowstoneUnknown   (Talk)  10:29, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose All reliable sources as of 10pm AEST on 1 July 2024 continue to call her a "Labor senator", it's jumping the gun Totallynotarandomalt69 (talk) 11:58, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * ABC: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-07-01/fatima-payman-banished-rebuked-some-support/104042540
 * Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/article/2024/jul/01/fatima-payman-suspension-palestine-anthony-albanese
 * Nine: https://www.smh.com.au/national/australia-news-live-labor-senator-suspended-after-vowing-to-cross-the-floor-again-on-palestine-tax-reform-needed-to-stop-climb-20240701-p5jpzn.html
 * It's all "Labor senator Fatima Payman" Totallynotarandomalt69 (talk) 12:00, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * She's a "Labor Senator" because she's still a member of the party, that's why the proposal isn't to change it to "Independent". The definition of "Independent Labor" is simply anyone who's a member of the party, but doesn't participate in the Caucus. That's Fatima, as is supported by your articles. – GlowstoneUnknown   (Talk)  12:05, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I tend to agree but it feels like we're in a bit of uncharted territory here, not sure how many members have been suspended from caucus for an indefinite period before
 * Just feels like given reliable sources still saying "Labor senator" (and I understand your reasoning there) all we're gonna do is get into a back and forth
 * Is it worth waiting a bit? Seems her quitting or being expelled isn't out of the question in the coming days so that might end up solving this Totallynotarandomalt69 (talk) 12:08, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Agree with waiting, I think something dramatic will probably happen soon and we'll get a decisive answer. GraziePrego (talk) 12:13, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * Fair enough, I just feel like ITBF's remark of "wait until she's expelled or leaves before changing anything" is too far in the other direction. Darren Cheeseman, is also only described on his page as "suspended". But I'm okay to wait a little while. – GlowstoneUnknown   (Talk)  12:14, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * If we go say, a fortnight (or less idk) and this limbo situation continues then I'd lean towards supporting using the IndLab label
 * But yeah as @GraziePrego said something might happen very soon Totallynotarandomalt69 (talk) 12:15, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
 * User:GlowstoneUnknown my first remark was "We should defer to how Payman describes herself and how she is described in official sources". We should not be inventing labels for people. ITBF (talk) 12:33, 1 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Australian Senate


text:
Ken Buchanan

Ken Buchanan (28 June 1945 – 1 April 2023) was a Scottish professional boxer who competed between 1965 and 1982. He held multiple championships at lightweight; the World Boxing Association (WBA) and Ring magazine titles from 1970 to 1972; and the World Boxing Council (WBC) title in 1971, briefly reigning as undisputed champion until being stripped of the WBC title four months later. At regional level he held the British title twice in 1968 and 1973, and the European title from 1974 to 1975.

Early career
Before turning pro, Buchanan was the 1965 ABA featherweight champion. He started boxing professionally on 20 September 1965, beating Brian Tonks by a knockout in the second round in London. He spent much of the early parts of his career fighting undistinguished opponents in England. His Scottish debut came in his 17th fight, when he outpointed John McMillan over 10 rounds on 23 January 1967. Prior to that, he had also beaten Ivan Whiter by a decision in eight rounds.

Lightweight challenger
Buchanan extended his winning streak to 23 consecutive bouts before challenging Maurice Cullen on 19 February 1968 for the British lightweight title in London. He knocked Cullen out in the 11th round and became a world classified lightweight challenger.

He continued his way up the world lightweight rankings by defeating Leonard Tavarez, Angel Robinson Garcia and Whiter (in a rematch) among others, but on 29 January 1970, he found his first stone on the boxing road when he challenged future WBC junior welterweight champion Miguel Velasquez in Madrid, for the European lightweight title. Buchanan lost a 15-round decision to Velazquez, but nevertheless, he continued his ascent towards the number one spot in the rankings by beating Tavarez in a rematch, Chris Fernandez and Brian Hudson, the latter of whom was beaten by a knockout in five in a defence of the British lightweight title.

World champion
In September of that year, Buchanan travelled to Puerto Rico, where he would meet Ismael Laguna, the world lightweight champion from Panama, on 26 September 1970. Many experts believed San Juan's warm weather would affect Buchanan, but he upset those who thought that way and beat Laguna by a 15-round decision to become world's lightweight champion.

At that time, the WBA and the British Boxing Board of Control (BBBC), were in the middle of a feud, and Buchanan was not allowed to defend the WBA title fight in Great Britain. He finished 1970 beating Donato Paduano by a 10-round decision in a non-title bout on 7 December 1970.

Buchanan defeated Rubén Navarro in Los Angeles on 12 February 1971, defended the WBA championship, and acquired the vacant WBC championship.

And thus he became the undisputed world lightweight champion.

After that, Buchanan was allowed to defend the world championship fight in Great Britain. Buchanan defeated former world junior welterweight champion Carlos Morocho Hernández by knockout in round eight of a non-title bout, in Wembley on 11 May 1971.

Stripping of title
He was stripped of the WBC title for failing to defend against Pedro Carrasco on 25 June 1971.

Despite this setback, he remained the WBA world lightweight champion. Then, he flew to New York City to meet Laguna again, this time defending his world title. Buchanan retained the title with another decision over Laguna on 13 September 1971.

His next fights were a couple of non-title affairs, one in London and one in South Africa. The South African fight against Andries Steyn in Johannesburg was a mismatch with his opponent's corner throwing in the towel in the third round on 29 April 1972.

His next defence came on 26 June 1972, against Panama's greatest, the then undefeated Roberto Durán at the Madison Square Garden (MSG) in New York, in a bout which had a highly controversial ending. Durán was ahead on all three cards at the end of the 13th round, when both fighters exchanged punches after the bell. Buchanan went down, writhing in pain from a low blow, that Buchanan's trainer, Gil Clancy, said was caused by a knee to the groin. Referee Johnny LoBianco awarded the fight to Durán, insisting that the blow that took down Buchanan was "in the abdomen, not any lower" and that he felt that Buchanan would be unable to continue fighting.

The New York Times columnist Red Smith wrote that LoBianco had to award the victory to Durán, even if the punch was a low blow, as "anything short of pulling a knife is regarded indulgently" in American boxing.

Durán's refusal to honour the contract to face Buchanan
In his next fight, Buchanan beat former three-time world champion Carlos Ortiz by a knockout in six, also at Madison Square Garden on 20 September 1972.

Buchanan finished 1972 with a win over Chang Kil Lee on 4 December 1972.

On 28 June 1972, Roberto Durán signed to defend it against Buchanan on 20 October 1972. However, Durán broke that agreement when the Panamanian Government insisted he make his first defence in Panama. He did, knocking out Jimmy Robertson on 20 January 1973.

Durán also had signed a second contract with the MSG on 25 October 1972, to defend against Buchanan on or before 30 June 1973.

Once again Durán broke the agreement, and subsequently had his licence suspended by the New York State Athletic Commission on 4 April 1973. The commission also warned Durán that his title recognition would be withdrawn.

The New York State Athletic Commission had been attempting for two years (1972–1974) to get Durán to honour an agreement to fight Buchanan. But Durán refused to honour the contract.

Later career
In 1973, Buchanan started out by beating future world lightweight champion Jim Watt by a decision after 15 rounds, to regain the British lightweight title. Soon, he embarked on another international tour that included more fights in the United States, several fights in Denmark, and one fight in Canada. He won each of those fights, leading towards a challenge of European lightweight champion Antonio Puddu in Italy, and Buchanan added the European lightweight championship belt to his shelf by defeating Puddu by a decision in 15 rounds.

He retained the title by beating Tavarez for the third time, this time by a knockout in 14 at Paris, and then he travelled to Japan to fight for the world title again. This time, however, he was defeated by a decision in 15 rounds by the WBC's world champion, Guts Ishimatsu.

Buchanan re-grouped once again, and won in a defence of the European lightweight title against Giancarlo Usai by a knockout in 12. But he retired from 1976 to 1978, leaving the European lightweight title vacant.

When he returned to professional boxing in 1978, he won two straight bouts, but everything else started going backwards for him. Challenging Charlie Nash in Copenhagen, he lost by a decision in twelve. In 1980, he won two bouts in a row, but after that, he lost five bouts in a row, finally retiring for good after losing to George Feeney by a decision in eight on 25 January 1982. In 2000, he was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame. In 2002 he was inducted into the Scottish Sport Hall of Fame.

Death
Buchanan died on 1 April 2023, at the age of 77. He had been suffering from dementia.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Ken Buchanan


text:
Ios

Ios, Io or Nio (Ίος, ; Ἴος ; locally Nios, Νιός) is a Greek island in the Cyclades group in the Aegean Sea. Ios is a hilly island with cliffs down to the sea on most sides. It is situated halfway between Naxos and Santorini. It is about 18 km long and 10 km wide, with an area of 109.024 km². Population was 2,299 in 2021 (down from 3,500 in the 20th century). Ios is part of the Thira regional unit.

Chora
The Port of Ios is at the head of the Ormos harbour in the northwest. There is a path up the nearby hill to Chora, named after the Greek word for the main village on an island. Chora is a white and cycladic village, full of stairs and narrow paths that make it inaccessible for cars. Today, the main path through this village is completely taken over by tourism with restaurants, boutiques, bars and discothèques catering to visitors. Apart from the port and the village of Chora, Ios has a few small settlements that consist of groups of spread out houses in the background of major beaches (Theodoti, Kalamos, Manganari). Since the 1990s, the island mayor Pousseos has worked on Ios' development towards attracting different types of tourists. With the help of European Community funds some roads have been built, all of them paved, and a scenic amphitheatre was created by the German architect Peter Haupt at the top of the village hill.

Name
According to Plutarch, it is thought that the name has derived from the Ancient Greek word for violets, "ἴα", (ia) because they were commonly found on the island and it is the most accepted etymology. It is also posited that the name was derived from the Phoenician word iion, meaning "pile of stones". Pliny the Elder also wrote that the name comes from the Ionians who lived on the island. In the Ottoman period the island was called Anza or Aina, and its present name was officially established in the 19th century after over 2000 years of usage. During the ancient times the island was also called "Φοινίκη" (Phiniki), named after and by the Phoenicians and in the 3rd century, when the island joined League of the Islanders, was likely temporarily named Arsinoe after the wife of Ptolemy II Today the inhabitants of the Cycladic Islands call the island Nio, a name deriving from the Byzantine Era. The name Little Malta, which is found in texts of travelers during the Ottoman domination, is related to the permanent presence of pirates on the island. In languages with Latin script, the island name is Nio or Io.

Geography and geology
The shape of Ios resembles a rectangle, with an average side size of 15 km (9.3 mi) and 7 km (4.3 mi) respectively. The longest axis is in the NW direction, from the Karatza cape to the Achlades Peninsula and is 17.5 km (10.9 mi) long, while the longest axis, in the AD direction, is 14 km (8.6 mi) long. Ios has 86 km (53.4 mi) of coastline, of which 32 km (19.9 mi) are sandy beaches.

The highest elevation (723 m, 2372 ft) is the Kastro (Κάστρο) peak also called Pyrgos (Πύργος), located in the center of the island, while around the Kastro are the next three Highest peaks: Xylodema (Ξυλόδεμα) (660 m, 2165 ft), Kostiza (Κοστίζα) (586 m, 1923 ft) and Prophetis Elias (Προφήτης Ηλίας) (490 m, 951 ft).

Ios consists almost entirely of metamorphic rocks, on which lie limited quaternary appearances.

Plan Homer
In case of extreme events like earthquakes and wildfires, the Municipality of Ios had prepared a general plan called Homer (Greek: Όμηρος) which includes the cooperation of all Iitians.

Demographics
According to the Greek census 2011, 2084 people live in Ios. 1754 of which live in the capital town of Chora. From the 1940s to the early 1970s, the population of the island reduced consistently. The main causes of this phenomenon were the migration movement, the epidemiological conditions of the time and to a lesser extent, the loss of men aged between 18 and 45 during the war.

Food
The island is famous for its local cheeses. They are mainly made in the municipal creamery using milk from goats or sheep. The most famous one is the "skotíri" (σκοτύρι), a sour cheese with the smell of summer savory. Popular dishes of Ios are the "tsimediá" (τσιμεντιά, pumpkin flowers stuffed with rice) and "mermitzéli" (μερμιτζέλι, handmade barley).

Education
In 1827 the local leaders of Ios wrote a letter to the revolutionary government of Greece requesting a school to open in the island. During the 1850s the first school opened which housed a small number of students of all ages. The type of school that operated was called Skolarcheion (Greek: Σχολαρχείον) and was equivalent to an elementary school with some high school basic courses. Most students at the time didn't graduate as their time was occupied helping their families in the fields. This resulted in a large percentage of illiterate children. The richer families sent their children to schools of the nearby islands. From 1936 the first elementary school was founded. In 1972 the first kindergarten was opened and in 1980 the first high school that had some senior high school courses. Today, in Chora there is a kindergarten, a high school, a senior high school and an EPAL high school.

Prehistory

Ios from the prehistoric era and thanks to its safe natural harbour played an important role on the sea roads to Crete. The early Cycladic settlement on Skarkos hill and other prehistoric sites on the island have been found by archaeologists. Ios was under the influence of the Minoan and then of the Mycenaean civilisation. The Phoenicians most likely arrived on the island and maintained their presence until the 9th century BC.

Ios became Ionian at some point after, as testified by its membership in the Delian Amphictyony. From 534 BC the island paid taxes to Athens.

Classical and Hellenistic times
Ios was an important and strong city in Classical and Hellenistic times. Its decline began with the Roman occupation, when it was used as a place for exile, and continued in Byzantine times. The island experienced a recovery at the time of the Duchy of Naxos, but the Ottoman domination interrupted it. Palaiokastro, a ruined Venetian castle from the 15th century lies on the northern part of the island. Ios was important enough in the Roman province of Insulae to become a suffragan see of the Metropolis of Rhodes, but later faded and disappeared.

Numismatics
During the 3rd and 2nd century BC as Ios became part of the league of the islanders, she minted her own coins, most of them can be found in the Berlin Archaeological Museum and British Museum. There are 28 known different coins. They depict Homer, a palm tree or Athena, as she was worshiped on the island. Most of them had the writing ΙΗΤΩΝ meaning of the people of Ios.

Middle Ages
Albanians settled in Ios either by invitation of the Crispi family or later in 1579 to repopulate the island as its inhabitants had been sold into slavery in 1558. The Albanians of Ios were linguistically assimilated in the second half of the 18th century as Greeks settled in the island.

1820s
Although Ios did not have a strong naval force, it was one of the first islands to raise the flag of revolution in when the Greek War of Independence began in 1821. Ios took part in the naval battle at Kuşadası on July 9, 1821, as well as in the Second National Assembly at Astros in 1823 and in the Third National Assembly at Troezen in 1827.

Modern times
In a modern era, the island began to emerge in the 1970s as an increasingly popular tourist destination for young people in Europe. Today Ios retains its reputation as an island of youth and entertainment, with excellent tourist infrastructure, an organised marina at its harbour and an adequate road network.

Ecclesiastically, its territory is now part of the Greek Orthodox Metropolis of Thera, Amorgos and the Islands of the Church of Greece.

The legend
The island is very strongly connected with Homer, because according to the legend, Homer died in Ios. Considered the greatest epic poet of the Greeks, the legend accounts that he died because he violated a Pythian oracle. According to Pausanias, Homer visited the Delphi oracle to ask Pythia about his parents and origins. Pythia replied with the oracle "Your mother's home is the island of Ios, which will accept you when you die, but you should be careful of the enigma of the young children." The poet, however, broke the oracle and traveled to Ios. There he saw some small children fishing on the coast. He asked what they had caught and the children replied: "Whatever we get we leave it and whatever we don't get we take it with us". The children were talking about lice. Those who found them, killed them, but those who did not find them, had them to their heads. Homer did not find the answer, but he remembered the warning of Pythia. He was horrified and ran away quickly. The road was muddy and the poet in his hurry slipped and fell, hitting his head and dying almost instantaneously.

According to another version, Homer died from his sadness that he did not solve the puzzle, while a third version says he was already seriously ill and went to Ios because he knew he would die. Of course, the death of Homer is not based on historical records, but on myths and traditions that circulated from oral tradition. Pausanias simply recorded a popular narrative.

Count Pasch de Krienen's expedition
In 1771, a Dutch count named Pasch di Krienen after having read the narrative, came to Ios in order to find the grave. He was informed by a local priest of the Saint Aikaterini Chapel that there is a place with marbles and some of which had inscriptions. He was told that they were constructed long after Homer's death but he persisted and with the help of Spyridon Valetas he found three graves and the last one had inscriptions about Homer including Ενθάδε την ιερήν κεφαλήν κατά γαία καλύπτει ανδρών ηρώων κοσμήτορα θείον Όμηρον which means here under the earth lies the sacred head of heroic Homer. When he found this, Pasch was sure that the grave belonged to the epic poet but he spotted some grammatical mistakes on the gravestone and he began doubting its authenticity. After having spent considerable time and money, he decided to give up after having also found two graves at Agia Theodoti

On 25 January 1884 the alleged tomb of Homer was visited by Theodore and Mabel Bent during their tour of the Cyclades.

Beaches
Ios attracts a large number of young tourists, many of whom used to sleep on their sleeping bags during the 1970s on the popular beach of Mylopotas after partying through the night. Today Mylopotas beach has been developed to an equivalent mass package tourism resort like Platys Gialos and Paradise Beach of Mykonos.

Climate
Ios has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh). Similar to other Cyclades islands, there is an almost constant breeze from the north during summer, known as meltemi, which moderates temperatures.

Ancient

 * Critheïs, mother of Homer

Modern

 * Spyridon Valetas (1779–1843), scholar, member of Filiki Eteria
 * Lakis Nikolaou (1949– ), footballer
 * Jean-Marie Drot (1929-2015), writer and cinematographer who loved the island and also founded The Jean Marie Drot Museum in Ios

title: Ios


text:
Talk:Marguerite Yourcenar

Untitled
privately published seems self-contradictory. Shouldn't it rather be privately printed? S.

I might be wrong, but I remember that Marguerite Yourcenar died recently; I would say 2003 or 2004, certainly not 1987. Positron

According to http://www.booksfactory.com/writers/yourcenar.htm, the date of death is correct. RickK 22:06, Jun 26, 2004 (UTC)

Sorry, you are right. What I heard of in 2003 was the centenary celebration. Positron

==Sexuality?== Where does the information about Yourcenar's bisexuality come from? Her only liaison was with a woman so she was probably lesbian not bisexual. (A Gnostik (talk) 21:32, 6 October 2012 (UTC))

"Antinous"
I would guess that "Antinous" is actually Antoninus Pius. So is the novel in the form of a letter to Antoninus Pius, or to Marcus Aurelius? -- Jmabel 07:39, Jun 27, 2004 (UTC)
 * I believe it starts "Mon cher Marc", and does not specifically address anyone else, but I need to confirm this. martin

Antinous is the youth who receives Hadrian affection, not Antoninus Pius.

Time spent on Hadrian's Memoirs
In Yourcenar's own afterword to Hadrian, I think she says she spent several decades on the book. Again--this is something to verify. martin (June 2005)

French and English titles
I've done my best to line up the French and English titles of works. I suspect that a few more of the English titles may correspond to specific works published in French, but I've done what I could sort out. - Jmabel | Talk 04:09, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Distracting orange message
The big orange message at the top of the page is very distracting to people who are only reading.

I thought it reffered to me, a casual and random reader.

Better state who you are referring to specifically.

Thanks.

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one article was rated and this bot brought all the other ratings up to at least that level. BetacommandBot 07:23, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Yourcenar is born in Brussels
I've changed the nationality of Yourcenar in Belge for she was borne in Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium. I'm not sure what here native language was, but the nobility of Belgium (She came out a nobel family) usually spoke/speaks French.

However it should be noted that here real name Cleenewerck de Crayencour is actually typical Flemish (A Dutch dialect). Her first name Marguerite is very typical for Belgic women and goes back to the nobel family of Karel Van Gent-Habsburg (in Spanish Carlo V), who was also king of Spain, besides Count of Flanders and Holland. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.146.146.230 (talk) 18:49, 21 March 2008 (UTC)

She is born in Brussels, but she was french
His parents were french, she had the french nationality, she changed and came to the States, and at the end of her life, she took the french nationality to enter at the Academie Française. But she is french

Untranslated quotations in French
Why are these here ? I work as a professional translator, but I obviously realize that not everyone has the luxury of speaking a second language. The quotation is not at all famous or instructive about anything not mentioned before in the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.65.202.43 (talk) 05:49, 16 November 2010 (UTC)

The name Yourcenar.
The article says she was born Marguerite Antoinette Jeanne Marie Ghislaine Cleenewerck de Crayencour, but I can see no explanation of how she acquired the name Yourcenar. — Preceding unsigned comment added by JO 24 (talk • contribs) 08:09, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Yourcenar's sexuality: bisexual or total lesbian?
The article states Yourcenar was "bisexual". However her so-called "affairs" with men seemed to have concerned only two gay men (André Fraigneau and Jerry Wilson) and they were completely platonic relationships... Instead she had actual, carnal affairs with Lucia Kyriakos (in the 1930s) and later with Grace Frick, this one for a lifetime (1937-1979). Interestingly enough, lesbianism is hardly alluded to in her work. Like another lesbian writer (Mary Renault), she preferred to write about male homosexuality instead (Alexis, Memoirs of Hadrian or in Mishima: A Vision of the Void). Yourcenar never "came out" and was quite a private woman.—Ana Bruta (talk) 19:48, 30 June 2014 (UTC)

Academie Francaise
...the seventeenth person to occupy seat 3
 * What is the significance of the seat numbering? I can find nothing on this in the article (so it shouldn't be in the lede), or in the Academie's own website. Valetude (talk) 22:32, 6 May 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marguerite Yourcenar


text:
Talk:History of Saxony-Anhalt

Early comments
Was this scanned in? Lots of words are missing in the middle, particularly at the beginnings of lines, while other words have strange letters in the middle. By the way, is it a grand ducry or duchy? Danny

Grand Duchy is the correct term. I'd be happy to clean this article - time permitting this evening Richhill

Baden, Germany
From History of Germany: After Bismarck provoked France, the Franco-Prussian War broke out in 1870 and the southern German states, viewing France as the aggressor, joined the North German Confederation.

From History of Baden, Germany: By the treaty under which Baden had become an integral part of the German Empire in 1871,

From German Empire: The German Empire (in German, Deutsches Reich) was the official name for Germany from January 1871 until the overthrow of the Emperor (Kaiser) Wilhelm II of Germany in November 1918.

It seems Baden was no longer a sovereign state after 1870 or 1871 (and presumably at times in the past) -( 08:40 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * I included something about this in the intro -( 20:15 Feb 16, 2003 (UTC)

Baden
I think, its better to move the article Baden to Baden_Germany, because there's some Baden more. The main page of Baden, I mean have to be Baden (disambiguation) Then Baden-Germany is not more important than others. example Baden, Switzerland has got a big and very important history. And nobody can say this is more important than example Baden, Lower Saxony.

What you think about a moving? --Viperch 20:54, 11 August 2005 (UTC)

 * I moved this article now, because nobody got a mind about this problem and I think there's got a many Baden, and no one is more important --Viperch 20:29, 6 September 2005 (UTC)

Proposed move (2005)
"Baden Germany" is a title that is not in line with normal Wikipedia naming and disambiguation conventions. The page should be moved back to Baden, which is a disambig page that now largely duplicates the content of Baden (disambiguation). The content at Baden Germany refers to the most important use of the name. Martg76 16:53, 18 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support. "Baden Germany" is bad, so is "Baden., Germany", the previous version. "Baden (state)" was OK IMO, but I agree that the state Baden is historically and culturally a lot more important than the other places, so let's move it to "Baden". Markussep 09:59, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose use "Baden (state)". avoid discussions about importance. If there are so many other things, its nice to see this. Also assures that links are correct in the long run. state links to state. Tobias Conradi (Talk) 17:58, 19 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Actually I would prefer it moved to Baden (Germany), like the Australian state of Victoria is at Victoria (Australia). – AxSkov ( ☏ ) 07:31, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * The state is not the only place in Germany called Baden, there's also a town near Bremen, and Baden-Baden. I'd prefer Baden (state). Markussep 09:04, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

 * Support move, --Irpen 23:06, 22 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Support just about any move from this abomination of a title. I would prefer having it at "Baden", but wouldn't object to "Baden (state)", either. -- Jao 19:43, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Coming to think of it, if it is possible to write two separate articles Margravate of Baden and Grand Duchy of Baden without needing to duplicate too much information, that might be even better. -- Jao 20:39, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Baden germany isn't more important than Baden-Baden today, or for the swiss history is Baden, Switzerland a very important city, then this was a capital for 1-2 years of switzerland. And there's many other Baden who has got a very important place in the history of this world. I think, every Baden must have the same important level. On a disambiguation page has to be a good description about the diferent citys. I think, a good disambiguation page is very important for the project wikipedia and not the question, which baden is more important! Example: Under River there isn't standing only about the mississippi. I think thats the same problem.
 * At last: Baden is a word in german, too! Baden in the german version of wikipedia: Wikipedia German Version (Baden) --Viperch 20:54, 26 September 2005 (UTC)
 * Your arguments about Mississippi and the German verb "baden" are really irrelevant. And no, not every "Baden" is equally important. Baden-Baden already has a disambiguated name, so that's irrelevant as well. But, I think the old situation with "Baden (state)" for the region and "Baden" as disambiguation is preferable to most, so let's do that and clean up the mess. Markussep 11:23, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

 * This title is an abomination. Support strongly.  To be honest, this move was carried out on one person's say so.  I'm going to move to Baden (state) so that at least we keep away from this nonsense.  I still think Baden is the proper title, though. john k 21:18, 2 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I also strongly support this proposed move. The former grand duchy is by far the most likely topic to be meant by "Baden"; a quick look at Special:Whatlinkshere/Baden clearly supports this.
 * In outline, the articles should be something like:
 * Baden for the former grand duchy and the inter-war Land
 * Baden (state) for the short-lived West German Bundesland (this should be kept separate, as the state was not a direct successor of the former entity; cf. Württemberg-Baden)
 * County of Baden for the historic state in what is now northern Switzerland
 * Baden (disambiguation) as the disambig page
 * Baden, Switzerland for the town in the Aargau
 * Baden-Baden and Baden, Lower Saxony for the two German towns
 * Baden bei Wien for the Austrian town
 * Baden, Germany should either be a disambig page, or should redirect to Baden (disambiguation)
 * I'm quite happy after any move to help go through all relevant articles and sort out the links.
 * Silverhelm 04:19, 7 October 2005 (UTC).

 * Support, although I have just made Baden (disambiguation) redirect to Baden, I think the best solution is to have Baden be about the historical region in Germany, with other places accessible through Baden (disambiguation). Baden is not just a now-defunct margravate and grand duchy, it's still very much a distinct cultural region in Germany. I suspect very few people from Baden-Württemberg think of themselves as Baden-Württemberger; they think of themselves as either Badeners or Swabians. (And woe betide the person who calls a Badener a Swabian!) --Angr/undefined 08:13, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

One of the Baden disambiguation Pages has to deleted. But which? I think when somebody is typing Baden, has to come the Baden disambiguation Page. Baden is at the moment the newer one. --Viperch 11:08, 20 September 2005 (UTC)
 * There's a lot more history at "Baden (disambiguation)", but I don't think that's very important in this case. If the consensus is that the state should be at "Baden (state)", not "Baden", then "Baden" can be the disambiguation page, and "Baden (disambiguation)" a redirect to "Baden". But due to all this moving around we need admin assistance now, and someone who wants to fix all the messed up links. Markussep 12:35, 20 September 2005 (UTC)

As a first step, I'm merging Baden (disambiguation) to Baden (itself a disambiguation page), because having two disambig pages is unacceptable. Once consensus is reached, names can be moved around again if necessary. --Angr/undefined 07:45, 13 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Comment: Seven votes to three, so there's a clear consensus to go back to Baden. I'd be happy to do the moves, but could someone else take care of the "What links here" for the two pages, fix the double redirects, etc? –Hajor 01:55, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Decision
It was requested that this article be renamed but there was no consensus for it to be moved. Ryan Norton T 01:29, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * On the contrary, as Hajor said, seven votes to move vs. three not to looks like broad consensus. --Angr/undefined 06:26, 15 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I concur with Angr. Does Ryan Norton's "discision" have any formal meaning for the voting process? Martg76 07:06, 15 October 2005 (UTC)

 * BD2412 has also agreed with the move, making it effectively 8 to 3, so I'm moving it now. --Angr/undefined 21:01, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Name change
Okay, the article about the region in Germany is now at Baden. The disambig page is at Baden (disambiguation). Double redirects have been fixed. I also created a tiny stub called Canton of Baden because I didn't think that should redirect to either Baden or Baden (disambiguation), so if anyone knows anything about the former Swiss canton of Baden, please expand that stub! --Angr/undefined 21:20, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

Pickles
Gundlsheim is noted for their world famus pickles. pickles should be included in the foodstuff that came from Baden 66.194.72.10 09:44, 8 June 2006 (UTC)

EB1911
21:59, 16 July 2006 (UTC)

map
the geographical names are in french, cant that somehow be changed to german or english?--Tresckow 12:50, 15 November 2006 (UTC) did it myself--Tresckow 12:54, 15 November 2006 (UTC)

This article just for the Grand Duchy? Bad idea.
Since this article is simply entitled "Baden", it makes a lot more sense to use it to describe the whole length of Baden's history. That is, from the 12th century (Margraviate, or earlier if there was any other state in the area named Baden) to 1952 (South Baden (1945-1952) was legally declared to be the official "Baden" state). Using this article to describe only the grand duchy (and discarding non-grand duchy information) is misleading - if you want to make an article describing just the grand duchy, then use Grand Duchy of Baden. For an example of what I mean, see Prussia. - 52 Pickup 11:02, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * You are right, the article title is simply Baden. But then the infobox title is misleading. As well, there is already an article Republic of Baden covering the state's history since 1919. Therefore I am not sure what is the best solution? Maybe to merge the articles Baden and Republic of Baden? Or to move this article to Grand Duchy of Baden and create a new one to cover the Margraviate? The status quo is redundant, because Baden should also cover the Republic since 1919. Do you have a suggestion, what to do? Blinder Seher 13:30, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * In the case of the Prussia article, it covers all states from the Duchy of Prussia (established 1525) to the Free State of Prussia (abolished 1947). Each different state has its own more detailed article but still fits within the main article. I was thinking that the same should be done for Baden - which is why I made up the articles Republic of Baden, South Baden and Württemberg-Baden. Making the Grand Duchy of Baden article would eventually come next, then the Margraviate, and in the end the Baden article itself would be redone in a similar style to the main Prussia article, and similar to the German wiki article de:Baden (Land). I believe that breaking the articles down like this is necessary to prevent confusion, and the Baden article in its current form is confusing - which is why I've been avoiding working on it. For the moment, my suggestion is that the infobox currently here be removed. Then a Grand Duchy article be started up. Once that is done, a lot of the text in the current Baden article can then be removed, making it possible for us to start the article afresh - utilising the links to the more in-detail articles. - 52 Pickup 14:00, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree with your suggestion. I think, the first step would be, to create an article Grand Duchy of Baden. And the second step to consolidate this one. Afterwards there should be an article about the Margraviate as well. Blinder Seher 19:42, 16 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I added the infobox over the weekend, intending this article to cover everything from the Margraviate through to the Grand Duchy (it never covered only the Grand Duchy, I merely needed to give the infobox a single title!). I didn't include the Republic, as it already had its own article. I definitely don't think this article should include South Baden or Württemberg-Baden, as those are not the same state (they are successor states, but not the sole successor state).
 * I'm not likely to be able to do a lot more on this at the moment, but should be able to do some more over the weekend. I definitely don't like that the article currently spans over into the 1950s, which doesn't make sense (not the same entity as the Margraviate), but would like it to go from the Margraviate through to the Republic.
 * I'm not sure I like all the changes that've been made to the infobox either, but I'll give them some thought and post about them sometime when I'm not at work ;o)  — OwenBlacker 14:29, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I know that the article didn't just cover the grand duchy - it covered a lot of versions, but the content was pretty mixed up. This is why I've been making separate articles, with the plan of coming back to this main article last to describe the entire length of Baden's history (similar to de:Baden (Land)). Even though your placement of the infobox was well-intentioned, I just wanted this article to not become solely concerned with the grand duchy, and I simply wanted to make my feelings known before a lot of information was prematurely deleted by accident. Including the post-1945 articles in the infobox might not be right, so I've deleted them for the moment. Even though South Baden did rename itself "Baden" (and South Baden did declare itself to be the sole successor state, Württemberg-Baden did not), most Germans only consider the pre-1945 Baden to be the real one. I don't know yet. For future reference, when covering different government types in a single infobox (monarchy+republic+etc), say "government_type=various" - this keeps the infobox clean without any error statements of funny categorisations. - 52 Pickup 15:17, 17 July 2007 (UTC)

Ah cool, that makes sense.

I think it's misleading to consider South Baden to be the sole successor state, as a considerable chunk of the Republic of Baden ended up in Württemberg-Baden; I think it's worth breaking the longevity of this state at 1945, so we have this article covering everything from the Margraviate to 1945 (with main links to each of the individual articles on the Margraviate, the Grand Duchy and the Republic (I'd suggest the Electorate should be considered the same article as the Margraviate, given (a) it only existed for three years and (b) Electoral dignity isn't the same as the territory having been raised to a Grand Duchy — the monarch was the Margrave-Elector, rather than ceasing to be a margrave). Dontcha think? :o)

is worth remembering; thanks! I assume that means I'd have to add the categories (for former principalities, republics and monarchies of Europe, in this case) manually then, right?

Thanks again for your help tidying this one up, though; 's an awkward bugger, isn't it? *GRIN* — OwenBlacker 17:51, 19 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Only South Baden declared itself to be the sole successor in its constitution - although this was done 2 years after the division of Baden, so yes, it is probably best to say that Baden lasted until 1945. I wouldn't bother with placing extra monarchy/republic categories on this page - better to leave that to the separate entries where the infobox will do it anyway (otherwise, the articles will appear twice in each category). You are right: having a separate article for the Electorate makes little sense, so putting it with the Margraviate article would be the way to go. Having a series of main templates between articles has proven a good way to organise things (see Prussia). I just noticed that there is also a rather length article History of Baden, which should not be forgotten. The "various" value is not advertised in the infobox instructions because I can see that it could be abused, but if used in measured doses it can be very handy. - 52 Pickup 20:03, 19 July 2007 (UTC)
 * While it is right that there is no state with the name Baden anymore since 1945, the region still identifies itself with that name. For many people in Baden-Württemberg, it is very important to know from whihc side of "the border" you come from (where Baden is identified by the borders of the grand duchy). There is a lot of rivalry and political friction between the two parts of Baden-Württemberg. With this in mind, Baden as a cultural entity is still very much alive today. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.181.54.62 (talk) 15:49, 7 June 2009 (UTC)

Coat of Arms
The coat of arms of the Duchy of Swabia shows a crown and three lions - this is wrong, but I don't know how to change it cld somebody edit the pic and replace it with a pic showing the coat of arms of the Duchy of Swabia ( a yellow coat of arms with three lions, no crown)? The crown is part of the coat of arms of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and symbolizes the souvereignty of the people - this was definitely not the case in the Duchy of Swabia in the 10th and 11th century. --Johnny2323 (talk) 05:02, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

Adjective?
What is the English word for the adjective of "Baden"? For some reason, I don't think that it is "Badische" or "Badener" but I can't find an alternative. - 52 Pickup (talk) 14:53, 3 January 2008 (UTC)

Adjective?
I think badish would be right, but it's my creation - sounds like bad + ish, you only gotta make shure that the "a" is spoken like the first "a" in narrator.

Alternative:

The Latin Name is Badenia and the adjective would be Badenian - like Bretonia and Bretonian.Johnny2323 (talk) 17:56, 10 February 2008 (UTC)

Badisch/Badish
'Badisch' redirects to here. Shouldn't it be a separate article to distinguish the differences between Swabian and Badish? MathiasFox (talk) 09:39, 23 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Badish redirects here, but the proper adjective would be Badenian. The differences between Swabian and Badenian are not subject of this article. Both words are adjectives and refer to two different states/territories of different periods. (Swabian -> Swabia; Badish -> Baden (proper adjective would be Badenian). Why don't you start an article containing the differences if you think it's important?

What you are writing 'bout seems to be the dispute between the people living in the German Federal State of Baden-Wuertemberg. A friend of mine lives in Bavaria and all he told me was that Baden was a Catholic region while Wuertemberg was Protestant.. The second difference I can remember is that people in Wuerttemberg speak a dialect called Swabian and people in Baden speak (prior to 1925) various different dialects. Since 1952 they live in the same German federal state, but the different dialects and religions are still a source of disputes.Johnny2323 (talk) 17:32, 8 February 2009 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress (2012)
There is a move discussion in progress which affects this page. Please participate at Talk:Baden (disambiguation) - Requested move and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RM bot 20:40, 15 January 2012 (UTC)

eh?
What the hell is going on here? Did I step into the middle of something? What has GD Baden got to do with Anhalt?! —Tamfang (talk) 04:17, 23 March 2014 (UTC)

Kaiser Kitkat (talk) 16:56, 11 October 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Saxony-Anhalt


text:
Koreatown, Manhattan

Koreatown, or K-Town, is an ethnic Korean enclave in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, centered on 32nd Street between Madison Avenue and the intersection with Sixth Avenue and Broadway, which is known as Greeley Square. The neighborhood in Midtown South features over 150 businesses of various types and sizes, ranging from small restaurants and beauty salons to large branches of Korean banking conglomerates. Koreatown, Manhattan, has become described as the "Korean Times Square" and has emerged as the international economic outpost for the Korean chaebol.

History
Historically, Manhattan's Koreatown has been part of the Garment District. In the 1980s, a Korean bookstore and a handful of restaurants were founded in the area. Their success drew other Korean-owned businesses, sustained by increased immigration from Korea and the high levels of tourist traffic stemming from nearby Midtown Manhattan landmarks like the Empire State Building, Macy's Herald Square, the United Nations Headquarters, Penn Station, Madison Square Garden, the Garment District, and the Flower District. Today, Koreatown is primarily a Korean business district, but the resident Korean population in the area has grown as well. More broadly, Koreatown is attracting new Korean residents to the adjacent Manhattan neighborhoods of Murray Hill, Kips Bay, and Rose Hill.

Demographics
From 2000 to 2010, the Korean population of Manhattan (co-extensive with New York County) nearly doubled, to about 20,000, according to the 2010 United States Census. Along with the Koreatowns in nearby Bergen County, New Jersey (in Palisades Park and Fort Lee) and Long Island (extending eastward from Flushing, Queens) in New York City, Manhattan's Koreatown serves as the cultural nexus for an overall Korean American population of 218,764 people in the New York City Metropolitan Area, the second-largest population of ethnic Koreans outside of Korea.

Korea Way
The heart of Koreatown is the segment of 32nd Street between Fifth Avenue and Sixth Avenue, officially nicknamed Korea Way. Korea Way features stores and restaurants on multiple stories, with independently run establishments reaching up to higher floors, exuding an ambience of Seoul itself. The New York City Korean Chamber of Commerce estimates there to be more than 100 small businesses on Korea Way. Signage in Hangul is ubiquitous. Koreatown's central location and high density of crowded restaurants, bars, karaoke clubs, and spas on Korea Way have rendered it a major tourist attraction and a center of nightlife in Manhattan.

Korea Way features numerous restaurants that serve both traditional and/or regional Korean cuisine and Korean fusion fare (including Korean Chinese cuisine ), several bakeries, grocery stores, supermarkets, bookstores, consumer electronics outlets, video rental shops, tchotchke and stationery shops, hair and nail salons, noraebang singing bars, nightclubs, as well as cell phone service providers, internet cafés, doctors' offices, attorney offices, banks, and hotels. Numerous Japanese restaurants have also emerged in Manhattan's Koreatown. Although Korea Way continues to represent the heart of Koreatown, situated between Broadway, Sixth Avenue, and Fifth Avenue, Koreatown itself as of 2015 has been expanding further eastward from Fifth Avenue along East 32nd Street, toward Madison Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, in the direction of Queens and Nassau County.

Development as a Korean dining destination

Some 24/7 restaurants conduct business on Korea Way. Korean restaurants in the district have had to expand or stay open around the clock to meet rising commercial rents and stay financially viable, given the growing customer volume generated by foot traffic in and greater investment and involvement by the Korean chaebol. Manhattan's Koreatown, historically known as a more tourist-oriented alternative to Flushing and Murray Hill, Queens (part of the Long Island Koreatown), has since developed a reputation as an authentic Korean dining destination.

title: Koreatown, Manhattan


text:
Euston railway station

Euston railway station (or London Euston) is a major central London railway terminus managed by Network Rail in the London Borough of Camden. It is the southern terminus of the West Coast Main Line, the UK's busiest inter-city railway. Euston is the tenth-busiest station in Britain and the country's busiest inter-city passenger terminal, being the gateway from London to the West Midlands, North West England, North Wales and Scotland.

Intercity express passenger services to the major cities of Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Glasgow and Edinburgh, and through services to Holyhead for connecting ferries to Dublin are operated by Avanti West Coast. Overnight sleeper services to Scotland are provided by the Caledonian Sleeper. London Northwestern Railway provide commuter and regional services to the West Midlands, whilst London Overground provide local suburban services in the London area via the Watford DC Line which runs parallel to the West Coast Main Line as far as Watford Junction. Euston tube station is connected to the main concourse and Euston Square tube station is nearby. King's Cross and St Pancras railway stations are about 1/2 mile east along Euston Road.

Euston, the first inter-city railway terminal in London, was planned by George and Robert Stephenson. It was designed by Philip Hardwick and built by William Cubitt, with a distinctive arch over the station entrance. The station opened as the terminus of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR) on 20 July 1837. Euston was expanded after the L&BR was amalgamated with other companies to form the London and North Western Railway, and the original sheds were replaced by the Great Hall in 1849. Capacity was increased throughout the 19th century from two platforms to fifteen. The station was controversially rebuilt in the mid-1960s when the Arch and the Great Hall were demolished to accommodate the electrified West Coast Main Line, and the revamped station still attracts criticism over its architecture. Euston is to be the London terminus for the planned High Speed 2 railway and the station is being redeveloped to accommodate it.

Name and location
The station is named after Euston Hall in Suffolk, the ancestral home of the Dukes of Grafton, the main landowners in the area during the mid-19th century. It is set back from Euston Square and Euston Road on the London Inner Ring Road, between Cardington Street and Eversholt Street in the London Borough of Camden. It is one of 20 stations managed by Network Rail. As of the 2022-23 estimates of station usage, it is the tenth-busiest station in Britain It is the eighth-busiest terminus in London by entries and exits. Euston bus station is in front of the main entrance.

History
Euston was the first inter-city railway station in London. It opened on 20 July 1837 as the terminus of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR). It was demolished in the 1960s and replaced with the present building in the international modern style.

The site was chosen in 1831 by George and Robert Stephenson, engineers of the L&BR. The area was mostly farmland at the edge of the expanding city, and adjacent to the New Road (now Euston Road), which had caused urban development. The name Euston came from Euston Hall, the seat of the duke of Grafton, who owned the locality.

The station and railway have been owned by the L&BR (1837–1846), the London and North Western Railway (LNWR) (1846–1923), the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) (1923–1948), British Railways (1948–1994), Railtrack (1994–2002) and Network Rail (2002–present).

Old station

The plan was to construct a station near the Regent's Canal in Islington to provide a connection for London dock traffic. An alternative site at Marble Arch, proposed by Robert Stephenson, was rejected by a provisional committee, and a proposal to end the line at Maiden Lane was rejected by the House of Lords in 1832. A terminus at Camden Town, announced by Stephenson the following year, received royal assent on 6 May, before an extension was approved in 1834, allowing the line to reach Euston Grove where the original station was built by William Cubitt.

Initial services were three trains to and from Boxmoor with journeys taking just over an hour. On 9 April 1838, they were extended to a temporary halt at Denbigh Hall near Bletchley where a coach service was provided to Rugby. The line to Curzon Street station in Birmingham opened on 17 September 1838, the journey of 112 miles took around $5 1/4$ hours.

The incline from Camden Town to Euston involved crossing the Regent's Canal on a gradient of more than 1 in 68. Because steam trains at the time could not climb such an ascent, they were cable-hauled on the down line towards Camden until 1844, after which bank engines were used. The L&BR's act of Parliament prohibited the use of locomotives in the Euston area, following concerns of residents about noise and smoke from locomotives toiling up the incline.

The station was built with space left vacant for extra platforms, as it was originally planned for the Great Western Railway (GWR) to use Euston, as the terminus of the Great Western Main Line. In the event, the GWR chose to build their own terminus at Paddington. The spare land was instead used for more platforms for ever expanding services as the railway network grew.

The station building, designed by the classically trained architect Philip Hardwick, had a 200 ft trainshed by structural engineer Charles Fox. It had two 420 ft platforms, one each for departures and arrival. The main entrance portico, the Euston Arch, also by Hardwick, symbolised the arrival of a major new transport system and was "the gateway to the north". It was 72 ft high, supported on four 44 ft by 8 ft hollow Doric propylaeum columns of Bramley Fall stone, the largest ever built. It was completed in May 1838 and cost £35,000 (now £). The old station building was probably the first one in the world with all-wrought iron roof trusses.

The first railway hotels in London were built at Euston. Two hotels designed by Hardwick opened in 1839 on either side of the Arch; the Victoria on the west had basic facilities while the Euston on the east was designed for first-class passengers.

Between 1838 and 1841, parcel handling grew from 2,700 parcels a month to 52,000. By 1845, 140 staff were employed but trains began to run late because of a lack of capacity. The following year, two platforms (later 9 and 10) were constructed on vacant land to the west of the station that had been reserved for Great Western Railway services. The L&BR amalgamated with the Manchester & Birmingham Railway and the Grand Junction Railway in 1846 to form the LNWR. The company headquarters were established at Euston requiring a block of offices to be built between the Arch and the platforms.

The station's facilities were expanded with the opening of the Great Hall on 27 May 1849 replacing the original sheds. The Great Hall was designed by Hardwick's son Philip Charles Hardwick in classical style. It was 125 ft long, 61 ft wide, and 62 ft high with a coffered ceiling and a sweeping double flight of stairs leading to offices at its northern end. Architectural sculptor John Thomas contributed eight allegorical statues representing the cities served by the line. The station faced Drummond Street, further back from Euston Road than the front of the modern complex; Drummond Street now terminates at the side of the station but then ran across its front. A short road, Euston Grove, ran from Euston Square towards the arch.

A bay platform (later platform 7) for local services to Kensington (Addison Road) opened in 1863. Two new platforms (1 and 2) were added in 1873 along with an entrance for cabs from Seymour Street. At the same time, the station roof was raised by 6 ft to accommodate smoke from the engines.

The continued growth of long-distance railway traffic led to major expansion along the station's west side starting in 1887. It involved rerouting Cardington Street over part of the burial ground (later St James's Gardens) of St James's Church, Piccadilly, which was located some way from the church. To avoid public outcry, the remains were reinterred at St Pancras Cemetery. Two more platforms (4 and 5) opened in 1891. Four departure platforms (now platforms 12–15), bringing the total to 15, and a booking office on Drummond Street opened on 1 July 1892.

The line between Euston and Camden was doubled between 1901 and 1906. A new booking hall opened in 1914 on part of the cab yard. The Great Hall was redecorated and refurbished between 1915 and 1916 and again in 1927. The station's ownership was transferred to the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in the 1923 grouping.

Apart from the lodges on Euston Road and statues now on the forecourt, few relics of the old station survive. The National Railway Museum's collection at York includes Edward Hodges Baily's statue of George Stephenson from the Great Hall; the entrance gates; and a turntable from 1846 discovered during demolition.

London, Midland and Scottish Railway redevelopment
By the 1930s Euston was again congested and the LMS considered rebuilding it. In 1931 it was reported that a site for a new station was being sought, the most likely option was behind the existing station in the direction of Camden Town. The LMS announced in 1935 that the station (including the hotel and offices) would be rebuilt using a government loan guarantee.

In 1937 it appointed the architect Percy Thomas to produce designs. He proposed an American-inspired station that would involve removing or resiting the arch, and included office frontages along Euston Road and a helicopter pad on the roof. Redevelopment began on 12 July 1938, when 100000 LT of limestone was extracted for the building and new flats were constructed to rehouse people displaced by the works. The project was shelved indefinitely because of World War II.

The station was damaged several times during the Blitz in 1940. Part of the Great Hall's roof was destroyed, and a bomb landed between platforms 2 and 3, destroying offices and part of the hotel.

New station

Passengers considered Euston to be squalid and covered in soot and it was restored and redecorated in 1953, when an enquiry kiosk in the middle of the Great Hall was removed. Ticket machines were modernised. By this time the Arch was surrounded by property development and kiosks and in need of restoration.

British Railways announced that Euston would be rebuilt to accommodate the electrification of the West Coast Main Line in 1959. Because of the restricted layout of track and tunnels at the northern end, enlargement only could be accomplished by expanding southwards over the area occupied by the Great Hall and the Arch. Permission to demolish the Arch and Great Hall was sought from London County Council and it was granted on condition that that the Arch would be restored and re-sited. BR estimated it would cost at least £190,000 (now £) and was not viable.

The Arch's demolition, announced by the Minister of Transport, Ernest Marples in July 1961, drew objections from the Earl of Euston, the Earl of Rosse and John Betjeman. Experts did not believe the work would cost £190,000 and speculated it could be done more cheaply by foreign labour. On 16 October 1961, 75 architects and students staged a demonstration against its demolition inside the Great Hall and a week later Sir Charles Wheeler led a deputation to speak with the Prime Minister Harold Macmillan. Macmillan replied that as well as the cost, there was nowhere large enough to relocate the Arch in keeping with its surroundings.

Demolition began on 6 November and was completed within four months. The station was rebuilt by Taylor Woodrow Construction to a design by London Midland Region architects of British Railways, William Robert Headley and Ray Moorcroft, in consultation with Richard Seifert & Partners. Redevelopment began in summer 1962 and progressed from east to west, the Great Hall was demolished and an 11000 sqft temporary building housed ticket offices and essential facilities. Euston worked to 80% capacity during the works with at least 11 platforms in operation at any time. Services were diverted elsewhere where practical and the station remained operational throughout the works.

The first phase of construction involved building 18 platforms with two track bays to handle parcels above them, a signal and communications building and various staff offices. The parcel deck was reinforced using 5,500 tons of structural steelwork. Signalling on the routes leading out of the station was reworked along with the electrification of the lines, including the British Rail Automatic Warning System. Fifteen platforms had been completed by 1966, and the electric service began on 3 January. An automated parcel depot above platforms 3 to 18 opened on 7 August 1966. The station was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 14 October 1968.

The station is a long, low structure, 200 ft wide and 150 ft deep under a 36 ft high roof. It opened with integrated automatic ticket facilities and a range of shops; the first of its kind for any British station. The plan to construct offices above the station whose rents would help fund the cost of the rebuilding was scrapped after a government White Paper was released in 1963 that restricted the rate of commercial office development in London.

In 1966, a "Whites only" recruitment policy for guards at the station was dropped after the case of Asquith Xavier, a migrant from Dominica, who had been refused promotion on those grounds, was raised in Parliament and taken up by the Secretary of State for Transport, Barbara Castle.

A second development phase by Richard Seifert & Partners began in 1979, adding 405000 sqft of office space along the station frontage in the form of three low-rise towers overlooking Melton Street and Eversholt Street. The offices were occupied by British Rail, then by Railtrack, and by Network Rail which has now vacated all but a small portion of one of the towers. The offices are in a functional style; the main facing material is polished dark stone, complemented by white tiles, exposed concrete and plain glazing.

The station has a large concourse separate from the train shed. Originally, no seats were installed there to deter vagrants and crime, but were added after complaints from passengers. Few remnants of the older station remain: two Portland stone entrance lodges, the London and North Western Railway War Memorial and a statue of Robert Stephenson by Carlo Marochetti, from the old ticket hall, stands in the forecourt.

A large statue by Eduardo Paolozzi named Piscator dedicated to German theatre director Erwin Piscator is sited at the front of the courtyard, which as of 2016 was reported to be deteriorating. Other pieces of public art, including low stone benches by Paul de Monchaux around the courtyard, were commissioned by Network Rail in 1990. The station has catering units and shops, a large ticket hall and an enclosed car park with over 200 spaces. The lack of daylight on the platforms compares unfavourably with the glazed trainshed roofs of traditional Victorian railway stations, but the use of the space above as a parcels depot released the maximum space at ground level for platforms and passenger facilities.

Since 1996, proposals have been formulated to reconstruct the Arch as part of the redevelopment of the station, and its use as the terminus of the High Speed 2 line.

Privatisation
Ownership of the station transferred from British Rail to Railtrack in 1994, passing to Network Rail in 2002 following the collapse of Railtrack. In 2005 Network Rail was reported to have long-term aspirations to redevelop the station, removing the 1960s buildings and providing more commercial space by using the "air rights" above the platforms.

In 2007, British Land announced that it had won the tender to demolish and rebuild the station, spending some £250 million of its overall redevelopment budget of £1 billion for the area. The number of platforms would increase from 18 to 21. In 2008, it was reported that the Arch could be rebuilt. In September 2011, the demolition plans were cancelled, and Aedas was appointed to give the station a makeover.

In July 2014 a statue of navigator and cartographer Matthew Flinders, who circumnavigated the globe and charted Australia, was unveiled at Euston; his grave was rumoured to lie under platform 15 at the station, but had been relocated during the original station construction and in 2019 was found behind the station during excavation work for the HS2 line.

High Speed 2
In March 2010 the Secretary of State for Transport, Andrew Adonis announced that Euston was the preferred southern terminus of the planned High Speed 2 line, which would connect to a newly built station near Curzon Street and Fazeley Street in Birmingham. This would require expansion to the south and west to create new sufficiently long platforms. These plans involved a complete reconstruction, involving the demolition of 220 Camden Council flats, with half the station providing conventional train services and the new half high-speed trains. The Command Paper suggested rebuilding the Arch, and included an artist's impression.

The station is to have seven new platforms dropped from an original planned eight, taking the total to 23, with 10 dedicated to HS2 services and 13 to conventional lines at a low level. The flats demolished for the extension would be replaced by significant building work above. The Underground station would be rebuilt and connected to adjacent Euston Square station. As part of the extension beyond Birmingham, the Mayor of London's office believed it will be necessary to build the proposed Crossrail 2 line via Euston to relieve 10,000 extra passengers forecast to arrive during an average day.

To relieve pressure on Euston during and after rebuilding for High Speed 2, HS2 Ltd has proposed the diversion of some services to Old Oak Common (for Crossrail). This would include eight commuter trains per hour originating/terminating between Tring and Milton Keynes Central inclusive. In 2016, the Mayor Sadiq Khan endorsed the plans and suggested that all services should terminate at Old Oak Common while a more appropriate solution is found for Euston.

The current scheme does not provide any direct access between High Speed 2 at Euston and the existing High Speed 1 at St Pancras. In 2015, plans were announced to link the two stations via a travelator service. Platforms 17 and 18 closed in May and June 2019 for High Speed 2 preparation work.

The Euston Downside Carriage Maintenance Depot was demolished in 2018 in preparation for the start of tunnelling. The two office towers in front of the station were demolished between January 2019 and December 2020. The third tower at 1 Eversholt Street is not part of these plans. Two hotels on Cardington Street adjacent to the west of the station were also demolished.

In August 2019, the Department for Transport (DfT) ordered an independent review of the project, chaired by the British civil engineer Douglas Oakervee. The Oakervee Review was published by the Department for Transport the following February, alongside a statement from the Prime Minister Boris Johnson confirming that HS2 would go ahead in full, with reservations. The review said the rebuild was "not satisfactory" and called the management "muddled" and recommended a change of governance. In Summer 2020, the government asked Network Rail's chairman, Sir Peter Hendy, to lead an oversight board; in October 2020, the Architects' Journal reported that more than £100m had already been spent on engineering and architectural design fees.

In October 2023, the Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced that construction of the Euston terminus and approach tunnel would not be government funded and that it could only go ahead with private sector investment. Transport for London commissioner Andy Lord was sceptical that the private sector would pay for the link to Old Oak Common.

Criticism
Euston's 1960s style of architecture has been described as "a dingy, grey, horizontal nothingness" and a reflection of "the tawdry glamour of its time", entirely lacking in "the sense of occasion, of adventure, that the great Victorian termini gave to the traveller". Writing in The Times, Richard Morrison stated that "even by the bleak standards of Sixties architecture, Euston is one of the nastiest concrete boxes in London: devoid of any decorative merit; seemingly concocted to induce maximum angst among passengers; and a blight on surrounding streets. The design should never have left the drawing-board – if, indeed, it was ever on a drawing-board. It gives the impression of having been scribbled on the back of a soiled paper bag by a thuggish android with a grudge against humanity and a vampiric loathing of sunlight". Michael Palin, explorer and travel writer, in his contribution to Great Railway Journeys titled "Confessions of a Trainspotter" in 1980, likened it to "a great bath, full of smooth, slippery surfaces where people can be sloshed about efficiently".

Access to parts of the station is difficult for people with physical disability. The introduction of lifts in 2010 made the taxi rank and underground station accessible from the concourse, though some customers found them unreliable and frequently broken down. Wayfindr technology was introduced to the station in 2015 to help people with visual impairment to navigate the station.

The demolition of the original buildings in 1962 was described by the Royal Institute of British Architects as "one of the greatest acts of Post-War architectural vandalism in Britain" and was approved directly by Harold Macmillan. The attempts made to preserve the earlier building, championed by Sir John Betjeman, led to the formation of the Victorian Society and heralded the modern conservation movement. This movement saved the nearby high Gothic St Pancras station when threatened with demolition in 1966, ultimately leading to its renovation in 2007 as the terminus of HS1 to the Continent.

Incidents
On 26 April 1924, an electric multiple unit collided with the rear of an excursion train carrying passengers from the FA Cup Final in Coventry. Five passengers were killed. The accident was blamed on poor visibility owing to smoke and steam under the Park Street Bridge.

On 27 August 1928, a passenger train collided with the buffer stops. Thirty people were injured.

On 10 November 1938, a suburban service collided with empty coaches after a signal was misinterpreted. 23 people were injured.

On 6 August 1949, an empty train was accidentally routed towards a service for Manchester, colliding with it at about 5 mph. The accident was blamed on a lack of track circuiting and no proper indication of when platforms were occupied.

1973 IRA attack
Extensive but superficial damage was caused by an IRA bomb that exploded close to a snack bar at approximately 1:10 pm on 10 September 1973, injuring eight people. A similar explosive had detonated 50 minutes earlier at King's Cross. The Metropolitan Police had received a three-minute warning, and were unable to evacuate the station completely, but British Transport Police managed to clear much of the area just before the explosion. In 1974, the mentally ill Judith Ward confessed to the bombing and was convicted of this and other crimes, despite the evidence against her being highly suspect and Ward retracting her confessions. She was acquitted in 1992; the true culprit has yet to be identified.

National Rail services
Euston has services from four different train operators:

Avanti West Coast operates InterCity West Coast services:
 * 2 tph (trains per hour) to Birmingham New Street via Coventry, extended to/from Wolverhampton (at peak hours), of which:
 * 1 tph extends to Preston via Warrington Bank Quay and Wigan North Western
 * 2 trains per day (tpd) run further to Blackpool North only, with 1 train every 2 hours running to Edinburgh Waverley and 4 tpd running to Glasgow Central. Services to Scotland run via Carlisle.
 * 1 tpd extends to
 * 1 tph to Chester via Crewe, with certain trains extended along the North Wales Main Line to Bangor or Holyhead for the ferries to Ireland, such as Irish Ferries as well as Stena Line to Dublin Port, one train on Mon-Fri to Wrexham General
 * 3 tph to Manchester Piccadilly via Stockport, of which:
 * 2 tph operate via Stoke-on-Trent
 * 1 tph operate via Stafford, Crewe and Wilmslow
 * 1 tph to Liverpool Lime Street via Crewe and Runcorn
 * 1 tph to Glasgow Central via Preston. Additional services operate to/from Preston, Lancaster and Carlisle during peak times.

London Northwestern Railway operates regional and commuter services.
 * 2 tph to Tring via Watford Junction
 * 1 tph to Milton Keynes Central
 * 2 tph to Birmingham New Street via Northampton
 * 1 tph to Crewe via Nuneaton and Stafford

London Overground operates local commuter services.
 * 4 tph to Watford Junction via the Watford DC line/Lioness line

Caledonian Sleeper operates two nightly services to Scotland from Sunday to Friday inclusive.
 * Highland sleeper to Aberdeen via Kirkcaldy and Dundee, Fort William via Dalmuir, Fort William via Glasgow Queen Street and Inverness via Stirling and Perth
 * Lowland sleeper to Glasgow Central and Edinburgh Waverley via Carlisle

London Underground
Euston was poorly served by the early London Underground network. The nearest station on the Metropolitan line was Gower Street, around five minutes' walk away. A permanent connection did not appear until 12 May 1907, when the City & South London Railway opened an extension west from Angel. The Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway opened an adjacent station on 22 June in the same year; these two stations are now part of the Northern line. Gower Street station was quickly renamed Euston Square in response. A connection to the Victoria line opened on 1 December 1968.

The underground network around Euston is planned to change depending on the construction of High Speed 2. Transport for London (TfL) plans to change the safeguarded route for the proposed Chelsea–Hackney line to include Euston between Tottenham Court Road and King's Cross St Pancras. As part of the rebuilding work for High Speed 2, it is proposed to integrate Euston and Euston Square into a single tube station.

title: Euston railway station


text:
Winkler titration

The Winkler test is used to determine the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water samples. Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) is widely used in water quality studies and routine operation of water reclamation facilities to analyze its level of oxygen saturation.

In the test, an excess of manganese(II) salt, iodide (I−) and hydroxide (OH−) ions are added to a water sample causing a white precipitate of Mn(OH)2 to form. This precipitate is then oxidized by the oxygen that is present in the water sample into a brown manganese-containing precipitate with manganese in a more highly oxidized state (either Mn(III) or Mn(IV)).

In the next step, a strong acid (either hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid) is added to acidify the solution. The brown precipitate then converts the iodide ion (I−) to iodine. The amount of dissolved oxygen is directly proportional to the titration of iodine with a thiosulfate solution. Today, the method is effectively used as its colorimetric modification, where the trivalent manganese produced on acidifying the brown suspension is directly reacted with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid to give a pink color. As manganese is the only common metal giving a color reaction with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, it has the added effect of masking other metals as colorless complexes.

History
The test was originally developed by Ludwig Wilhelm Winkler, in later literature referred to as Lajos Winkler, while working at Budapest University on his doctoral dissertation in 1888. The amount of dissolved oxygen is a measure of the biological activity of the water masses. Phytoplankton and macroalgae present in the water mass-produce oxygen by way of photosynthesis. Bacteria and eukaryotic organisms (zooplankton, fish) consume this oxygen through cellular respiration. The result of these two mechanisms determines the concentration of dissolved oxygen, which in turn indicates the production of biomass. The difference between the physical concentration of oxygen in the water (or the theoretical concentration if there were no living organisms) and the actual concentration of oxygen is called the biochemical demand in oxygen. The Winkler test is often controversial as it is not 100% accurate and the oxygen levels may fluctuate from test to test despite using the same constant sample.

Chemical processes
In the first step, manganese(II) sulphate (at 48% of the total volume) is added to an environmental water sample. Next, potassium iodide (15% in potassium hydroxide 70%) is added to create a pinkish-brown precipitate. In the alkaline solution, dissolved oxygen will oxidize manganese(II) ions to the tetravalent state.

 * 2 Mn2+(aq) + O2(aq) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 MnO(OH)2(s)

Mn has been oxidised to 4+, and MnO(OH)2 appears as a brown precipitate. There is some uncertainty about whether the oxidised manganese is tetravalent or trivalent. Some sources claim that Mn(OH)3 is the brown precipitate, but hydrated MnO2 may also give the brown colour.

 * 4 Mn(OH)2(s) + O2(aq) + 2 H2O → 4 Mn(OH)3(s)

The second part of the Winkler test reduces (acidifies) the solution. The precipitate will dissolve back into solution as the H+ reacts with the O2− and OH− to form water.

 * MnO(OH)2(s) + 4 H+(aq) → Mn4+(aq) + 3 H2O(l)

The acid facilitates the conversion by the brown, Manganese-containing precipitate of the Iodide ion into elemental Iodine.

The Mn(SO4)2 formed by the acid converts the iodide ions into iodine, itself being reduced back to manganese(II) ions in an acidic medium.

 * Mn(SO4)2 + 2 I−(aq) → Mn2+(aq) + I2(aq) + 2 (aq)

Thiosulfate is used, with a starch indicator, to titrate the iodine.

 * 2 (aq) + I2 → (aq) + 2 I−(aq)

Analysis
From the above stoichiometric equations, we can find that:

 * 1 mole of O2 → 2 moles of MnO(OH)2 → 2 mole of I2 → 4 mole of

Therefore, after determining the number of moles of iodine produced, we can work out the number of moles of oxygen molecules present in the original water sample. The oxygen content is usually presented in milligrams per liter (mg/L).

Limitations
The success of this method is critically dependent upon the manner in which the sample is manipulated. At all stages, steps must be taken to ensure that oxygen is neither introduced to nor lost from the sample. Furthermore, the water sample must be free of any solutes that will oxidize or reduce iodine.

Instrumental methods for measurement of dissolved oxygen have widely supplanted the routine use of the Winkler test, although the test is still used to check instrument calibration.

BOD5
To determine five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), several dilutions of a sample are analyzed for dissolved oxygen before and after a five-day incubation period at 20 °C in the dark. In some cases, bacteria are used to provide a standardized community to uptake oxygen while consuming the organic matter in the sample; these bacteria are known as "seed". The difference in DO and the dilution factor are used to calculated BOD5. The resulting number (usually reported in parts per million or milligrams per liter) is useful in determining the relative organic strength of sewage or other polluted waters.

The BOD5 test is an example of analysis that determines classes of materials in a sample.

Winkler bottle
A Winkler bottle is a piece of laboratory glassware specifically made for carrying out the Winkler test. These bottles have conical tops and a close fitting stopper to aid in the exclusion of air bubbles when the top is sealed. This is important because oxygen in trapped air would be included in the measurement and would affect the accuracy of the test.

title: Winkler titration