text:
Advanced Linux Sound Architecture

Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) is a software framework and part of the Linux kernel that provides an application programming interface (API) for sound card device drivers.

Some of the goals of the ALSA project at its inception were automatic configuration of sound-card hardware and graceful handling of multiple sound devices in a system. ALSA is released under GPL-2.0-or-later and LGPL-2.1-or-later.

On Linux, sound servers, like sndio, PulseAudio, JACK (low-latency professional-grade audio editing and mixing) and PipeWire, and higher-level APIs (e.g OpenAL, SDL audio, etc.) work on top of ALSA and its sound card device drivers. ALSA succeeded the older Linux port of the Open Sound System (OSS).

History
The project to develop ALSA was led by Jaroslav Kysela, and was based on the Linux device driver for the Gravis Ultrasound sound card. It started in 1998 and was developed separately from the Linux kernel until it was introduced in the 2.5 development series in 2002 (2.5.4–2.5.5).

In the 2.6 version, it replaced the previous system, Open Sound System (OSS), by default (although a backwards-compatibility layer does exist).

ALSA has a larger and more complex API than OSS, so it can be more difficult to develop an application that uses ALSA as its sound technology. While ALSA may be configured to provide an OSS emulation layer, such functionality is no longer available or is not installed by default in many Linux distributions.

Features
ALSA was designed with some features which were not, at the time of its conception, supported by OSS:
 * Hardware-based MIDI synthesis.
 * Hardware mixing of multiple channels.
 * Full-duplex operation.
 * Multiprocessor-friendly, thread-safe device drivers.

Besides the sound device drivers, ALSA bundles a user-space library for application developers who want to use driver features through an interface that is higher-level than the interface provided for direct interaction with the kernel drivers. Unlike the kernel API, which tries to reflect the capabilities of the hardware directly, ALSA's user-space library presents an abstraction that remains as standardized as possible across disparate underlying hardware elements. This goal is achieved in part by using software plug-ins; for example, many modern sound cards or built-in sound chips do not have a "master volume" control. Instead, for these devices, the user space library provides a software volume control using the "softvol" plug-in, and ordinary application software need not care whether such a control is implemented by underlying hardware or software emulation of such underlying hardware.

Applications
Additional to the software framework internal to the Linux kernel, the ALSA project also provides the command-line tools  and utilities ,  ,   and  , an ncurses-based TUI.

There also are GUIs programmed by third-party developers, such as GNOME-ALSAmixer (using GTK), Kmix, XFCE4-mixer, LXpanel, QasHctl, QasMixer, Pavucontrol, AconnectGUI, tapiir, polarbear, ALSAmixerGUI (using FLTK), ZynAddSubFX, Yoshimi, and even more.

Concepts
This section provides an overview of basic concepts pertaining to ALSA.

Typically, ALSA supports up to eight cards, numbered 0 through 7; each card is a physical or logical kernel device capable of input and output. Furthermore, each card may also be addressed by its id, which is an explanatory string such as "Headset" or "ICH9".

A card has devices, numbered starting at 0; a device may be of playback type, meaning it outputs sound from the computer, or some other type such as capture, control, timer, or sequencer; device number 0 is used by default when no particular device is specified.

A device may have subdevices, numbered starting at 0; a subdevice represents some relevant sound endpoint for the device, such as a speaker pair. If the subdevice is not specified, or if subdevice number −1 is specified, then any available subdevice is used.

A card's interface is a description of an ALSA protocol for accessing the card; possible interfaces include: hw, plughw, default, and plug:dmix. The hw interface provides direct access to the kernel device, but no software mixing or stream adaptation support. The plughw and default enable sound output where the hw interface would produce an error.

An application typically describes sound output by combining all of the aforementioned specifications together in a device string, which has one of the following forms (which are case-sensitive):
 * interface:card,device,subdevice
 * interface:CARD=1,DEV=3,SUBDEV=2.

An ALSA stream is a data flow representing sound; the most common stream format is PCM that must be produced in such a way as to match the characteristics or parameters of the hardware, including:
 * sampling rate: often 44.1 kHz on home stereos, or 48 kHz on home theaters, yet up to 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz, or even 192 kHz for hi-fi audio production or reproduction.
 * sample width: measured in some number of bits per sample (such as 8, 16, 24, or 32 bits/sample)
 * sample encoding: such as endianness
 * number of channels: 1 for mono, 2 for stereo, or 6 for AC-3/IEC958

Implementations
The ALSA System on Chip (ASoC) layer aims to provide better support for ALSA on embedded systems that use a system-on-chip (SoC) design.

Open Sound System version 4 is able to emulate ALSA.

QNX uses a sound system derived from, but not directly compatible with ALSA. The header file and library names are still "asound", same as the ALSA names. ALSA API uses calls in a way not allowed in the QNX kernel.

title: Advanced Linux Sound Architecture


text:
Talk:List of kings of the Picts

Questions on Naming
Hmm, I have a problem, not with the dates, as they will be varied from source to source, but I have a problem with names, the source i got this from gives slightly different names to one i am looking at on the net, I think it's due to translation, but it shows that all the Drest's were called Drust, which affect the numbering; here is the source:.

I think I will use the above website, as it's what i am using for the kings of Dalriada. I also believe the website is quite accurate. -fonzy

Drest/Drust and Bridei/Bruide are just spelling differences in this case, not word differences. You should also be aware that some scholars think that the words "Brude" and "Drust" may actually be titles rather than names but no one is very sure about it. -- Derek Ross
 * They're probably language differences actually (Bridei/Drust being Pictish; Bruide/Drest being Scottish). - Calgacus 22:54, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Surely these names should be rendered in Pictish since the names of Gaelic monarchs are renderd in Gaelic?
 * 84.135.196.115 17:48, 10 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Since surviving documentary sources are almost entirely in Old Irish, Middle Irish, Latin, and Middle French, this isn't really an option. The only king names found on monumental sources, from memory, are forms of Drost[en], Custantin, Talorg[an], Nechtan and Ferat, and only Onuist/Ungus and Bruide are convincingly recoverable from documentary sources. Anyway, by either of the competing theories concerning kings from 761 to 839, the great majority of rulers after 696 were of part-Gaelic origin. Then you'd need to consider the ones who were part Anglian (Talorgan f. Eanfrith and Bridei f. Bili at least). In my opinion, which counts as original research, Pictland and Picts are misleading constructs, and the Pictish language was only a group of dialects of Insular Celtic languages. Angus McLellan (Talk) 00:25, 11 January 2007 (UTC)

Poppleton Pictish Kinglist
Here is the list of Pictish kings from Óengus I mac Fergusa (i.e. Onuist, son of Urgust), with the names and year lengths as they appear in the text. I was wondering where good old Bred was?

 * ''Onuist filius Urguist, xxx regnauit
 * ''Bredei filius Uirguist, ii
 * ''Ciniod filius Uuredech, xij
 * ''Elpin filius Uuroid, iij
 * ''Drest filius Talorgen, iiij. uel v
 * ''Canaul filius Tarl'a, v
 * ''Castantin filius Uurguist, xxx.v
 * ''Unuist filius Uurguist, xii.
 * ''Drest filius Constantini et Talorgen filius Uuthoil, xii conregnauerunt
 * ''Uuen filius Unuist iij.
 * ''Uurad filius Bargoit, iii
 * Bred, i

(the list has been cut off here, were Ciniod filius Elpin would have appeared).

 * It's generally accepted that Bred is an alternate name for Bridei VI of the Picts. Since this text was written in Latin and possible translated from the Scottish language with Gaelic language intrusions, it is very possible that they are variants of the same name.  I used the Poppleton text for the compiling of this list of Pictish kings.  The link at the bottom of the main article goes to a very good translation of it and compares it to the Latin text, also listed. –Whaleyland 23:02, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

List of Kings in the Lebor Bretnach, a Gaelic translation (with additions) written in Scotland
This is a Pictish kinglist, going from Bridei, the first historical king from other sources. It was inserted into the Lebor Bretnach in the 2nd half of the 11th century, when the Lebor Bretnach was composed (probably at Abernethy; which held a king-list):

 * Bruide mac Maelcon .xxx. a. r. Mochtaauuo anno regni eit baibtizatus est. Esancto Columba.
 * Gartnait f. Domnach .xi. a. r.
 * Neachtan nepo. Uerp .xx. a. r.
 * Cinhoint f. Luitriu .xix. a. r.
 * Gartnait mac Uiud .u. a. r.
 * Tolorc frater eorum duodeicim a. r.
 * Tolorcan f. Enfret .iiii.
 * Gartnairt f. Donuel .ui. a. r. & deimidium anni.
 * Drusc frater eius .uii. a. r.
 * Bride f. Fle .xx. a. r.
 * Taran f. En Fidaid .iiii.
 * Brei f. Deirilei .xi. a. r.
 * Nechtan f. Deirile .x. a. r.
 * Drest & Elpen conneganaueint .u. a. r.
 * Onbes f. Urgurt .xxx. a. r.
 * Breite f. Uugut .xu. a. r.
 * Ciniod f. Iuuredeg .xu. a. r.
 * Alpin f. Uuoid .iii. annis regnauit & dimidon regni.
 * Drest f. Talorcan .i. a. r.
 * Talorcan f. Drostan u uel .u. deg.
 * Talorcen f. Onust .xii. & dimidoin a. r.
 * Canul f. Tang .u. a. r.
 * Cuastantin f. Uurguist .xxxu.
 * Uidnust f. Uurgust .xii. an. r.
 * Drost f. Consatin & Tolorc f. Uuthoil .iii. a. r. conregnauerunt.
 * Unen f. Unest .iii.
 * Urad f. Bargoit .iii. a. & Brod .io. a. r.
 * Cinaed f. Ailpin .xui. a. r.
 * Domnall f. Ailpin .iiii. r. & Custantan f. Cinaeda .xx. a. r.
 * Aed f. Cinaed .io. a. r.
 * Girig mac Dungaile .xi. uel .iii. a. r.
 * Domnall f. Consantin .xi. a. r.
 * Constantin f. Aed .xlu. a. r.
 * Maelcolaim f. Domnaill .ix. a. r.
 * Cuilein f. Ildoilb f. Constandtin .iiii. a. r.
 * Cinaed, uel Dub, f. Mailcolaim .uii. a. r.
 * Cuilein .i. dimidoin r..
 * Cinaed f. Duib. ocht a. r.
 * Maelcolaim mac Cinaeda .xxx. a. reg.
 * Dondchad ua Mailcolaim .uii. r.
 * Macbeathad mac Fin mic Laig .xui. a. r.
 * Lulach .u. mis.
 * Maelcolaim mac Colaim mic Donncaid iar sin.

I notice that Bred (as Brod) is mentioned again, reigning with Urad. - Calgacus 23:09, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

 * This list does not seem to contradict any of the previous lists of Pictish kings, including that on the main page. The name Bred/Brod is the only real inconsistancy as the names begin with the kings of Alba thereafter.  The Pictish Chronicle states that the last three kings of the Picts were against Kenneth I of Scotland, an account that seems to parallel this list considering there are two kings simultaneously. –Whaleyland 00:11, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

"Pictish kings" in the (mainly Irish) Annals
Here's something bodged up from material on the CELT site (Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, Innsfallen & the Four Masters, Chronicon Scotorum) which may be of assistance to anyone editing articles on Pictish kings. It is surely not exhaustive. There are translations on CELT, which would presumably be under copyright, of all but the Annals of Tigernach. The EH and CB entries are from the etext (pdf) of Sellar's translation at CCEL.

 * AU580: Cennalath, rex Pictorum, moritur.
 * AT581: Mors Bruidhe maic Maelchon, rig Cruithneach.
 * AI583: Mors Bruidi m. Máelcon.
 * AU584: Mors Bruide mc. Maelcon regis Pictorum
 * AT597: Bass Gartnaidh regis Pictorum.
 * AU606: Mors Aedhain m. Gabrain mc. Domangairt righ Alban
 * AU629: Mors Echdach Buidhe, regis Pictorum, filii Aedain. Sic in Libro Cuanach inueni.
 * AU631: ... mors Cinedon filii Lugthreni, regis Pictorum.
 * CS631: Mors Cineda meic Luchtren regis Pictorum.
 * AI633: Mors Cinaeda, ríg Alban
 * AT633: Bas Cínaetha maic Luchtren, regis Pictorum.
 * AU635: Mors Gartnain m. Foith.
 * CS641: ... bas Bruide meic Foith.
 * AT656: Bas Tolorcain maic Ainfrith, ríg Cruithne.
 * AT672: Expulsió Drostó de reghno
 * AU672: Expulsio Drosto de regno
 * EH685: Egfrid, king of the Northumbrians, was slain.
 * AI691: Quies ... (Bruidi m. Bili), rig Cruithnech.
 * AT693: Bruidhe mac Bile rex Fortrend moritur et Ailpin mac Nechtain.
 * AU693: Bruide m. Bili, rex Fortrend, moritur, & Alphin m. Nectin.
 * AT698: Cath eter Saxones et Pictos, uibi cecidit filius Berníth, qui dicebatur Brechtraidh.
 * AU698: Bellum inter Saxones & Pictos ubi cecidit filius Bernith qui dicebatur Brectrid.
 * AU703: Fergussan m. Maelcon moritur.
 * AT706: Bruide mac Der Ile mortuus est.
 * AU706: Bruide m. Der Ili moritur.
 * AT711: Strages Pictorum in Campo Manand apud Saxonés, uibi Findgaíne mac Deleroith inmatura morte iacuit.
 * AU711: Strages Pictorum in Campo Manonn apud Saxones ubi Finnguine filius Deile Roith inmatura morte iacuit.
 * EH711: the commander Bertfrid fought with the Picts.
 * AT713: Cinaedh mac Der Ili et filius Mathgernan iugulati sunt.
 * AU713: Ciniod m. Der Ili, & filius Maithgernain iugulati sunt.
 * AT713: Tolarg mac Drostain ligatur apud fratem suum Nechtan regem.
 * AU713: Tolargg filius Drostain ligatur apud fratrem suum Nectan regem.
 * AT717: Expulsio familiae Íe trans Dorsum Britanie a Nectano rege.
 * AU717: Expulsio familie Ie trans Dorsum Brittanie a Nectano rege.
 * AT724: Clericatus Neactain reigis Pictorum. Drust postea regnat.
 * AT725: Simal filius Druist constringuitur.
 * AU725: Simul filius Druis constringitur.
 * AT726: Nechtan mac Der Ili constringuitur apud Druist regem.
 * AU726: Nectan m. Deir Ile constringitur apud Druist regem.
 * AU726: Tolarggan Maphan moritur.
 * AM726: Neachtan, mac Der Ili d'écc.
 * AT728: Cath Monaidh Craebi iter Picardachaib fein Aengus & Alpine, is siat tuc in cath, & ro memaidh ria n-Aengus, & ro marbad mac Ailpin and, & ro gab Aengus nert.
 * AU728: Bellum Mónidchroibh inter Pictores inuicem, ubi Oenghus uictor fuit & multi ex parte Eilpini regis perempti sunt. Bellum lacrimabile inter eosdem gestum est iuxta Castellum Credi, ubi Elpinus efugit.
 * AT728: Cath truagh iter Picardachaib ac Caislen Credhi, & ro memaidh ar in Ailphin cetna, & ro benadh a cricha & a daine de uile, & ro gab Nechtain mac Der Ili ríghi na Picardach.
 * AT729: Cath Droma Deirg Blathuug eter Piccardaib Drust & Aengus rí na Piccardach, & ro marbad Drust &, in dara la deg do mis Aughuist.
 * AU729: Bellum Monith Carno iuxta Stagnum Loogde inter hostem Nectain & exercitum Oengusa & exactatores Nectain ceciderunt; hoc est: Biceot m. Moneit & filius eius, Finguine m. Drostain, Feroth m. Finnguine & quidam multi, & familia Oengussa triumphauit.
 * AU729: Bellum Dromo Dergg Blathuug in regionibus Pictorum inter Oengus & Drust regem Pictorum, & cecidit Drust.
 * AT731: Cath eter mac Aengusa & mac Congusa sed Brudheus uicit Talorcum fugientem.
 * AU731: Bellum inter filium Oengussa & filium Congussa, sed Bruideus uicit Talorcum fugientem.
 * AT732: Nechtan mac Der Ile moritur.
 * AT734: Tolarg mac Congusa a brathair fen dia gabail & tuc i l-laim na Piccardach, & ro báidhedh leo-siden h-e.
 * AU734: Talorgg m. Congusso a fratre suo uinctus est, traditur in manus Pictorum & cum illis in aqua demersus est.
 * AU734: Talorrggan filius Drostain conprehensus alligatur iuxta Arcem Ollaigh.
 * AT736: Aengus mac Fergusa, rex Picctorum uastauit regiones Dail Riata, et obtenuit Dun Ad, et combussit Creic, et duos filios Selbaich catenis alligauit Dondgal & Feradhach, et pauló post Brudeus mac Aengusa maic Fergusa obit.
 * AU736: Oengus m. Fergusso, rex Pictorum, uastauit regiones Dail Riatai & obtenuit Dun At & combussit Creic & duos filios Selbaich catenis alligauit, Donngal & Feradach; & paulo post Brudeus m. Oengusa filii Fergusso obiit.
 * AT739: Tolarcan mac Drostan, rex Athfhotla, a bathadh la h-Aengus.
 * AU739: Talorggan m. Drostain, rex Athfoitle, dimersus est
 * AT750: Cath eter Pictones et Britones, i testa Tolargan mac Fergusa & a brathair, & ár Picardach imaille friss.
 * AU750: Bellum Catohic inter Pictones & Brittones in quo cecidit Talorggan mc. Forggussa, frater Oengussa.
 * AU750: Aithbe flatho Oengussa.
 * AT752: Cath Asreith in terra Circin inter Pictones inuicem, in quo cecidit Bruidhi mac Maelchon.
 * AT759: Aengus rí Alban moritur.
 * AT761: Aengus mac Fergusa, rex Pictorum, moritur.
 * AU761: Mors Oengusa m. Fherghussa regis Pictorum.
 * CB761: Oengus, king of the Picts, died; who from the beginning to the end of his reign, continued to be a blood-stained and tyrannical butcher
 * AT763: Bruidhi rí Fortrenn mortuus est.
 * AU763: Bruide, rex Fortrenn, moritur.
 * AU768: Bellum i Fortrinn iter Aedh & Cinaedh.
 * AM771: Aodh Finn, tighearna Dál Riada, d'eug.
 * AU778: ... & Aedh Finn m. Echdach rex Dal Riati, omnes mortui sunt.
 * AU780: Eilpin, rex Saxonum, moritur.
 * AU781: ... & Fergus m. Ecach ri Dal Riati, omnes defuncti sunt.
 * AU782: ... & Dub Tholargg rex Pictorum citra Monoth ... omnes perierunt.
 * AU789: Bellum inter Pictos ubi Conall m. Taidhg uictus est & euassit; & Constantin uictor fuit.
 * AU790: Bellum Conaill & Custantin hic scriptum est in aliis libris.
 * AU792: ... Donn Corci rex Dal Riatai ... obierunt.
 * AU794: Uastatio omnium insolarum Britannie a gentilibus.
 * AU802: I Columbe Cille a gentibus combusta est.
 * AI807: Guin Congail m. Thaidg i n-Albain.
 * AU807: Iugulatio Conaill m. Taidhg o Chonall m. Aedhaein i Ciunn Tire.
 * AI820: Mors Causantín meicc Fergussa, rig Alban.
 * AU820: Custantin m. Fergusa, rex Fortreinn, moritur.
 * AU831: Diarmait do tiachtain i nh-Erinn co mindaibh Coluim Cille.
 * AU834: Oengus m. Fergusa, rex Fortrenn, moritur.
 * AM835: Gofraidh, mac Ferghusa, toiseach Oirghiall do imthecht go h-Albain do nertughadh Dhail Riada, tré fhorchongradh Chionathe mic Ailpin.
 * AU839: Bellum re genntib for firu Fortrenn in quo ceciderunt Euganan m. Oengusa & Bran m. Oengussa & Ed m. Boanta & alii pene innumerabiles ceciderunt.
 * AU849: Indrechtach, abbas Iae, do thiachtain dochum n-Erenn co mindaibh Coluim Cille.
 * AI858: Cináed macc Alpín, ri Alban.
 * AU858: Cinaedh m. Ailpin rex Pictorum & ... mortui sunt.

Feel free to revise this if you see any errors or omissions, thanks ! Angus McLellan 14:18, 24 January 2006 (UTC)

 * As far as copyright is concerned, I don't see this (on the main page) as too much of a problem, as we'll be putting them into the table anyway. Self-described Sophist (talk) 23:47, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

Kineth Ciniod and Cinaed
Can I suggest that Kineth of the Picts be renamed Ciniod II of the Picts or Cináed II of the Picts; Kineth is Norman corruption (pre-Norman Insular languages do not use k, except in a few exceptional Latin words, like Kalends). - Calgacus 15:59, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Seemed good to me, so I did it. Ciniod II of the Picts it is. Which leaves Uurad of the Picts sticking out like a sore thumb. The PC lists in the back of Cummins The Age of the Picts give his name (assuming that all refer to him) as Wrad, Ferat and Ferech once each, and as Ferach twice. Ungus is at Óengus, the Drusts are Drests, the Brudes are Brideis. Why is poor Ferach mac (hmm, what is the OI name corresponding to Bargoit, if any ?) treated differently ? Angus McLellan 18:09, 26 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Wrad is exactly the same as Uurad, and it's generally better (and preferred by Celticists) to render it Uu rather than W, because W makes it look like an English consonant or a Welsh vowel. Many would think that all Drests should be Drusts, and names generally kept Pictish, even if it is relatively clear that they used the Gaelic language. Why are they treated differently? Arbitrariness, reflecting the incremental nature of the wiki editing. Bargoit, if it isn't Gaelic, doesn't seem to have any Pictish form. The only place I can find him is the Pictish king lists, and if this is the only source for his name, this makes his name very unreliable. - Calgacus 18:27, 26 January 2006 (UTC)

Argh! My eyes!
I'm glad there's a table now, and the information in it looks useful and interesting, But the neon colourscheme really is very extreme. At the very least we should tone it down to more pastel shades, like Tallest structures in Paris. Moreover, most of the featured lists (of those that use tables) don't use colour simply to aid readability by alternating - while Tallest structures in Paris does, most (e.g. List of notable brain tumor patients, List of Northwest Territories general elections, List of signatories of the United States Constitution, List of United States Senate committees, and List of Portuguese monarchs) don't. I think we shouldn't use colour where it isn't meaningful. If we could ascribe some meaning to it (such as different colours for different noble houses) we should still use a more muted scheme, like Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their natural satellites. -- Finlay McWalter | Talk 20:32, 20 May 2006 (UTC)
 * I agree. The color scheme seems quite unencyclopedic and un-Wikipedia-ish.  But I note that 20 months-on from Finlay McWalters comment, no editor has yet stepped up to modify it.  N2e (talk) 14:59, 14 January 2008 (UTC)

Earlier King List Found
Hi I came across this very interesting article by R David here Picts with sources and he states that genealogical chart[s] are available any thoughts anyone?--Navops47 (talk) 07:54, 27 April 2014 (UTC)

c 75-83 01. Calgacus (Calgaich) (Gilgidi)

c 85-95 02. Tarain (Tharin), son of Calgacus' elder sister

c 95-120 3A Morleo, son of Tarain's elder sister

c 95-120 3B Dinortechest (Dinorthetisi), son of Calgacus' younger sister

120-142 04. Duchil (Deocilinon), son of Dinortechest's elder sister

142-148 05. Cinit (Quintus), son of Tarain's younger son

148-158 06. Durgal (Duordeghel), bro of Duchil

158-162 07. Dart (Deorot; Deoord), son of Dinortechest's younger sister

162-177 08. Blieblith (Blieiblituthu; Blieiblitirth), son of Duchil's & Durgal's sister

177-184 09. Carvorst (Corb[ed]) (Corvus), son of Morleo's elder sister

185-195 10. Crud "Bolg" (Crateric), son of Dart's sister

195-205 11. Caranrog (Caranathrecht), son of Blieblith's elder sister

205-210 12. Tethra (Tethothrect) (Deototeric), son of Blieblith's younger sister

210-225 13. Uscbut (Ucombust), son of Caranrog's sister

X(225)X 14. Art "Vroisc", son of daughter of Morleo's younger sister

X(230)X 15. Uist, son of Crud Bolg's sister

X(240)X 16. Roig, sister's son

X(250)X 17. Uere, sister's son

X(258)X 18. Garnot I "Bolg" (Gartnait), son of Uscbut's sister

X(275)X 19. Bridei (Breth; Brath), son of Muthut & Garnot I Bolg's sister

X(285)X 20. Uipoig[namet] (Vepogenus) (Wypopnech) (Umpopwall), sister's son

295-305 21. Fyahor "Albus", son of Fergus "Fogae" & Uipoig's elder sister

305-335 22. Canutulachmet (Canutalachama), son of Cathluan & Uipoig's younger sister

335-337 23. Blaire "Hasert", son of Fyahor Albus' elder sister

337-343 24. Tallad "Amfrud", son of Fyahor Albus' younger sister

343-351 25. Dongart "Netelic" ("Uetalec"), son of Fingal & Canutulachmet's elder sister

351-361 26. Wradech "Vechta" [Feradech "Finlegh"], bro

361-369 27. Hungus, son of Fergus & Canutulachmet's younger sister

369-398 28. Garnot II "Dives" ("Diuperr") [Garnaichai "Uber"], son of Dormach & Hungus' sister

398-414 29. Talorg I, son of Achuir [or Ceodar] & Garnot II Dives' sister

414-457 30. Drust I "Iron-Fist" or "The Great", son of Erb [Seirb] & Talorg I's elder sister;

well-known in legend as the hero of a hundred battles

457-461 31. Talorg II, son of Aniel & Talorg I's younger sister

461-486 32. Nectan I "Morbet" &/or "Celchamoch" (Naiton; Neiton), son of Urban [Erbin] & Drust I Iron-Fist's elder sister

486-493 33. Drust II "Gurthinmoch", son of Cynvar & Talorg II's elder sister

493-506 34. Galam I "Erilich" ("Erilith") &/or "Avetelach", son of Nectan I Morbet's sister

506-511 35. Neiton II "The Saint", bro of Drust II; founded church of Abernethy

511-515 36. Drust III, son of Udrost & Talorg II's younger sister

515-523 37. Drust IV, son of Girom & Drust I Iron-Fist's younger sister

523-530 38. Garnot III (Guitard), bro

530-531 39. Celtran, bro

531-542 40. Talorg III, son of Mordoloic of Ulster & Drust III's sister

542-543 41. Drust V, son of Munait [Moneth] & Talorg III's elder sister

interregnum

552-556 42. Galam II "Cennaleph", dep, d581, son of Aleth & Talorg III's younger sister

555-584 43. Brude I (Bridei), son of Maelgwn "Gwynedd" & Drust V's sister;

in 565 St. Columba traveled across Scotland to King Brude's citadel at Inverness. The saint was opposed at King Brude's Court by the High-Druid, Broichan. St. Columba converted King Brude to Christianity and baptized him and others of his court at Loch Ness. King Brude gave St. Columba land on the Isle of Mona to build a church.

584-597 44. Garnet IV, son of Domlech [Donath; Domnach] & Brude I's sister

597-613 45. Neiton III, dep, d621, son of Cano & Garnet IV's elder sister

613-631 46. Kinioc (Cinioch), son of Luchtrin [Lugthreni], Earl of Albanacht, & Garnet IV's younger sister;

was considerable tension between Kinioc and King Edwin of Northumbria

631-635 47. Garnet V, son of Gwid [Fothe] of Strathclyde & Kinioc's sister

were border skirmishes between he and (a) the Britons of Strathclyde, (b) the Scots of Dalriada, and (c) the Angles of Northumbria

635-641 48. Brude II, bro

defeated Domnall I "Brecc", King of Dalriada, in 638 in battle at Glenn Mureson, soon after Domnall's disastrous campaign in Ireland (637)

641-653 49. Talorg IV, bro

653-657 50. Talorcan I (Talargen), son of Eanfrit [Enfret] of Bernicia & Garnet V's, Brude II's, & Talorg IV's sister

657-664 51. Garnet VI, son of Donald I "Brecc" & Talorcan I's sister [her 1st =]

664-672 52. Drust VI, dep, bro

was expelled in a rebellion of his people after his disastrous defeat in 672 fighting Ecgfrith of Northumbria and the massacre of the Pictish army following the battle

672-693 53. Brude III, son of Bile of Fortrenn & Talorcan I's sister [her 2nd =]

turned back the invasion of Ecgfrith of Northumbria, whom he slew in battle at Nechtansmere [modern Dunnichen Moss, near Forfar] in 685, and pursued the Northumbrians back across the border

693-697 54. Tarachin, dep, son of Entifidach [Ainfrech] & Brude III's sister

697-706 55. Brude IV, son of Derile & Garnet VI's & Drust VI's sister;

the [9th] Abbot of Iona, i.e., Head of the Scottish Church, St. Adomnan, attempts to persuade the Pictish king to adopt Roman usage

706-724 56. Nectan IV, abd, 1st time, bro

was defeated in battle in 711 on the plain of Manaw in Lothian fighting Osred of Northumbria; recognized the authority of the See of Rome in 717; in 724 was forced to retire into a monastery by his successor, however, in 726 sought to regain his throne and was defeated in battle and imprisoned by King Drust

724-726 57. Drust VII, dep, 1st time, son of Eochaid II of Dalriada & Brude IV's & Neiton IV's sister;

forced the retirement of his predecessor, and later was deposed by his successor

726-728 58. Elphin I, dep, d736, bro

defeated Drust VII and drove him into exile; was himself defeated in battle at Monid Croib by Onuist [I], another candidate; endeavored to hold onto power, but was defeated in battle at Moncrieffe Hill by the ex-king Nectan IV, who regained his throne; he fled to Dalriada where he succeeded to the kingdom on the death of his brother in 733, but opposition from Muredach, another candidate, erupted in a three-year civil war among the Scots

728-729 (56) Nectan IV, 2nd time, dep, d732

was defeated in battle at Monith Carno by Onuist [I], another candidate for the throne, upon which he was again deposed and was forcibly retired into a monastery where he died three years later

729 59. Onuist I, 1st time, son of Urges & Tarachin's elder sister;

expelled by various factions which supported their own candidates

729 (57) Drust VII, 2nd time

returned from exile, and fought three closely contested battles with Onuist I

729-761 (59) Onuist I, 2nd time

defeated Drust VII in battle, and re-took the throne. He conducted a series of raids in Dalriada from 731-736. In 736 Onuist I stormed the citadel at Dunadd and occupied the city. King Alpin [Elphin] of Dalriada was killed in the battle for the city; while Muredach, the rival-king, was chased out of the country and fled to Ireland for refuge. He was pursued by the Pictish King Onuist who caught up with him in Ulster and there slew him, and defeated the rebel Dalriadan forces. His son, Eogan [II], submitted to the Pictish King Onuist who made him a vassal-king under his overlordship, however, in 739 King Onuist deposed Eogan II, and annexed Dalriada to the Pictish kingdom. In 741 King Onuist quelled a rebellion in Dalriada led by the anti-king Indrechtach, whom he slew in battle. The war against Strathclyde from 744-756 went badly for the Picts, which encouraged another uprising in Dalriada. The defeat of the Pictish Army against Strathclyde in 750 caused a rebellion in Albany during which King Onuist lost control of his kingdom for two years (750-752); during which the Scots expelled the Pictish Army from their kingdom and regained their independence. King Onuist recovers his kingdom and renews the struggle against Strathclyde in 752. The war ends disastrously for King Onuist in 756 with the defeat of the Pictish Army in a terrible slaughter.

761-763 60. Brude V, bro

763-775 61. Ciniod I (Kiniod), son of Feradoch of Lorne & Onist I's & Brude V's elder sister;

was defeated in battle by King Aedh "Find" of Dalriada, which assured Scottish independence

775-779 62. Elphin II, dep, d780, son of Uurad [Wroid] & Tarachin's younger sister

779-780 63. Drust VIII, son of Talorgen & Onist I's & Brude V's younger sister

780-782 64. Talorcan II, son of Drust VII & Elphin II's elder sister

782-785 65. Talorcan III, son of Onist I & Elphin II's younger sister

785-789 66. Canaul, dep, d807 [Conall III of Dalriada], son of Teige [Tadhg] & Ciniod I's elder sister

was defeated by Constantine in 789 and fled to Dalriada where sought refuge, and succeeded to that kingdom on the death of his cousin [Donald III] in 705

789-820 67. Constantine, son of Fergus [Urgust] & Ciniod I's younger sister

[note: his sister Urguisticc was wife of Eochaid IV of Dalriada & mother of Alpin of Kyntyre]

succeeded to the kingdom of Dalriada on the death of his cousin [Conall IV] in 811, and took steps towards the unification of the two kingdoms. The Vikings began their attacks on Scotland during his reign. He built a new citadel for himself at Forteviot in Perthshire, and nearby founded a new church at Dunkeld. Some of the monks at Iona moved there after the repeated attacks by the Vikings in 795, 802, and 806, though the majority of them took up residence in Ireland at Kells.

820-834 68. Onuist II, bro

rebuilds the church at St. Andrews' on the site of the older church

834-837 69. Drust IX, son of Constantine & daughter of Drust VIII's elder sister

837 70. Talorg V, son of Uthoil [Fethal; Fochel] & Canaul's elder sister

837-839 71. Uven (Eoganan), son of Onist II & daughter of Drust VIII's younger sister;

was killed fighting the Vikings along with most of the Pictish aristocracy in the "1st" Battle of Forteviot

839-842 72. Ferat (Uurad), son of Bargot & Canaul's younger sister;

was murdered, upon which his sons Brude and Kinat claimed the throne

842-843 73. Brude VI, son of Ferat [Uurad] & Drust IX's elder sister;

was murdered; reigned only one month

843 74. Ciniod II, id. with Kenneth MacAlpin, 1st King of Scotland 848, son of Alpin of Kyntyre & Drust IX's younger sister

843-844 75. Kinat (Kineth), bro of Brude VI

reigned for only a year when another claimant Brude [VII] made his bid for the throne

844-845 76. Brude VII, dep, bro of Talorg V

was deposed by his successor

845-848 77. Drust X, bro of Brude VI & Kinat

the last Pict king, under attack by Gaels, Angles, and Danes, was eventually overcome fighting Scots under Kenneth MacAlpin in the "2nd" Battle of Forteviot, in Perthshire, ending the long line of Pictish kings

 * The "mysterious" nature of the Picts attracts a lot of people and many of them write a lot of rubbish. Unfortunately it can be difficult for the lay person to tell the difference between them and high quality sources. Katherine Forsyth (who is a respected expert on Pictish history) talks about this in *.

 * The website you found cannot be regarded as a reliable source. I daresay it looks impressive enough to somebody who knows nothing of this period of Scottish history but if the wild and bizarre claims made in it aren't obvious enough it's been published on Angelfire and links to an AOL email address... this would be highly unusual for a credible study. I have no idea who the author is but he apparently is also into Atlantis conspiracy theory.

 * A better source for the Pictish king-list is  Catfish   Jim  and the soapdish  08:56, 16 June 2014 (UTC)

Inclusion of Ougen/Oweyn/Owinus in the Annales Cambriae.
The Annales Cambriae mention a king called "Ougen", "Owinus" or "Oweyn" dyïng in 736, with the entry for the year in all 3 versions containing the particular version of the name used in the version followed by "rex pictorum obiit" (Ougen. This is the same year the list currently says Talargan ascended the throne.  It seems that the versions a-c of the Annales Cambriae don't use the same names as this list.  I was wondering if anybody might have more on this king to add him to the list.  Particularly, some sort of date of accession, as the copy of the annales I've used does not mention any Pictish kings in any of the years before 736. Self-described Sophist (talk) 23:45, 30 June 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of kings of the Picts


text:
Open Sound System

The Open Sound System (OSS) is an interface for making and capturing sound in Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is based on standard Unix devices system calls (i.e. POSIX read, write, ioctl, etc.). The term also sometimes refers to the software in a Unix kernel that provides the OSS interface; it can be thought of as a device driver (or a collection of device drivers) for sound controller hardware. The goal of OSS is to allow the writing of sound-based applications that are agnostic of the underlying sound hardware.

OSS was created by Hannu Savolainen and is distributed under four license options, three of which are free software licences, thus making OSS free software.

API
The API is designed to use the traditional Unix framework of open, read, write, and ioctl, via device files. For instance, the default device for sound input and output is /dev/dsp. Examples using the shell:

cat /dev/random > /dev/dsp # plays white noise through the speaker cat /dev/dsp > a.a # reads data from the microphone and copies it to file a.a

OSS implements the /dev/audio interface. Detailed access to individual sound devices is provided via the directory. OSS also has MIDI support in, (both legacy) and.

On Linux, OSS4 is also able to emulate ALSA, its open-source replacement.

History
OSS was originally "VoxWare", a Linux kernel sound driver by Hannu Savolainen. Savolainen made the code available under free software licenses, GPL for Linux and BSD for BSD distributions. Between November 1993 (and Linux 1.00) and 1997, OSS was the sole choice of sound system in FreeBSD and Linux. This was changed when Luigi Rizzo wrote a new "pcm" driver for FreeBSD in 1997, and when Jaroslav Kysela started Advanced Linux Sound Architecture in 1998.

In 2002, Savolainen was contracted by the company 4Front Technologies and made the upcoming OSS 4, which includes support for newer sound devices and improvements, proprietary. In response, the Linux community abandoned the OSS/free implementation included in the kernel and development effort switched to the replacement Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA). FreeBSD by this time had switched to a "newpcm" project started in 1999 and was not affected.

In July 2007, 4Front Technologies released sources for OSS under CDDL-1.0 for OpenSolaris and GPL-2.0-only for Linux. Drivers for some soundcards remained closed-source and were not included in the release. In January 2008, 4Front Technologies released OSS for FreeBSD (and other BSD systems) under the BSD-2-Clause.

Code
OSS4 now exists mostly as a standalone piece of software, not integrated into the kernel source code. The exception is Solaris and OpenSolaris, which use a fork of OSS4 called Boomer. It combines the OSS4 framework (audio and mixer) together with Sun's earlier SADA (/dev/audio) API.

Although Linux distributions such as Ubuntu made OSS4 available as a software package after it was made free software, they have chosen to ignore any bugs filed against these packages.

API
The OSS API has remained influential despite the obscurity of the original library. NetBSD's documentation describes it as "the preferred API in FreeBSD and Solaris".

FreeBSD contains an independently developed implementation of the OSS API, which includes, among other things, in-kernel resampling, mixing (vchans), equalizer, surround sound, and independent volume control for each application. It also supports bit-perfect mode. It gradually evolved from the "newpcm" replacement written in 1999 and caught up with OSS4 API around 2005.

NetBSD supports a compatibility mode for the OSS API, by providing the  header file and the   library, which internally operate using the native Sun-like audio interface. The replacement was first seen in NetBSD 1.3 of 1998.

Linux had, as aforementioned, switched to Advanced Linux Sound Architecture since 2003 (kernel 2.6). ALSA provides an optional, in-kernel, OSS emulation mode that appears to programs as if it were OSS. ALSA also has a aoss userspace program that works by intercepting systems calls directed to the OSS device files.

OSS/3D
OSS/3D is a plugin for music players, which acts as an audio postprocessing engine. Supported players include Winamp, Windows Media Player (9 or later), musicmatch, Sonique, Foobar2000, JetAudio, XMMS. It is ported to Windows and Linux platforms. Unlike the OSS, it is shareware.

4Front OSS3D was later renamed to Joesoft Hear.

Criticism
OSS both as API and as software has been criticized by some developers, such as Paul Davis (of JACK Audio Connection Kit) and Lennart Poettering (of competing PulseAudio).

title: Open Sound System


text:
LADSPA

The Linux Audio Developer's Simple Plugin API (LADSPA) is an application programming interface (API) standard for handling audio filters and audio signal processing effects, licensed under LGPL-2.1-or-later. Originally designed through consensus on the Linux Audio Developers mailing list, it now works on a variety of platforms. It is used in many free audio software projects, and there is a wide range of LADSPA plug-ins available.

LADSPA exists primarily as a header file written in the programming language C.

There are many audio plugin standards and most major modern software synthesizers and sound editors support a variety. The best known standard is probably Steinberg's Virtual Studio Technology. LADSPA is unusual in that it attempts to provide only the "Greatest Common Divisor" of other standards. This means that its scope is limited, but it is simple and plugins written using it are easy to embed in many other programs. The standard has changed little with time, so compatibility problems are rare.

DSSI extends LADSPA to cover instrument plugins.

LV2 is a successor, based on LADSPA and DSSI, but permitting easy extensibility, allowing custom user interfaces, MIDI messages, and custom extensions.

Competing technologies

 * Apple Inc.'s Audio Units
 * Digidesign's Real Time AudioSuite
 * Avid Technology's Avid Audio eXtension
 * Microsoft's DirectX plugin
 * Steinberg's Virtual Studio Technology
 * CLever Audio Plug-in (Open Source)

title: LADSPA


text:
Alpín mac Echdach

Alpín mac Echdach was a supposed king of Dál Riata, an ancient kingdom that included parts of Ireland and Scotland.

Alpín was included in a pedigree chart created in the 10th century to connect the kings of Alba (Scotland) to legendary Dál Riatan and Irish ancestors. In this pedigree, Alpín's father is Eochaid, an Irish name, yet he becomes the father of Cináed (Kenneth MacAlpin) and Domnall mac Ailpín.

Cináed and Alpín are the names of Pictish kings in the 8th century: the brothers Ciniod and Elphin who ruled from 763 to 780. Alpín's alleged father Eochaid IV is not mentioned in any contemporary source.

Parentage and death
The Chronicle of the Scottish historian John of Fordun records the succession of "Alpin the son of Achay" in 831, his reign of three years, and his defeat by the Picts "20 July". The 12th century Cronica Regum Scottorum lists "Alpin filius Eochal venenosi iii, Kynedus filius Alpini primus rex Scottorum xvi…" as kings, dated to the 9th century. Alpín's parentage is not stated in the earlier chronicles.

Alpín's mother was the sister and heiress of Causantín mac Fergusa, King of the Picts. Alpín married a 'Scottish Princess' and fathered two sons.

Alpín is chiefly remembered for his fatal war with the Picts, who had seized upon and arrogated the kingdom. Alpín resolved to remove the king and met him with his forces near a village of Angus, where the fight was maintained with great obstinacy until the Pictish king was slain, whereby the Scots won. However, a new king of "high descent and noble achievements" (possibly Drest) was elected king of the Picts, turned the scale, and at Galloway defeated and took King Alpín, anno 834, and put him with many of his nobles to death. It is said that Alpín's head was fastened to a pole, and carried about the Pictish army, and at last set up for spectacle in Abernethy, their chief town, which was afterwards severely revenged by the Scots, who called the place where he was slain Bas Alpin.

Alpín died on 20 July or in August 834 when he was either killed while fighting the Picts in Galloway or beheaded after the battle. His place of burial is not recorded. His son Kenneth MacAlpin succeeded him.

title: Alpín mac Echdach


text:
User:Pigpogm

Michael Randall - http://pigpog.com/michael/

PigPog - http://pigpog.com

title: User:Pigpogm


text:
Earl of Derby

Earl of Derby is a title in the Peerage of England. The title was first adopted by Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby, under a creation of 1139. It continued with the Ferrers family until the 6th Earl forfeited his property toward the end of the reign of Henry III and died in 1279. Most of the Ferrers property and (by a creation in 1337) the Derby title were then held by the family of Henry III. The title merged in the Crown upon Henry IV's accession to the throne in 1399.

The title was created again, this time for the Stanley family, in 1485. Lord Derby's subsidiary titles are Baron Stanley of Bickerstaffe in the County Palatine of Lancaster (created 1832), and Baron Stanley of Preston in the County Palatine of Lancaster (1886). The courtesy title of the heir apparent is Lord Stanley. The 1st to 5th Earls also held an earlier Barony of Stanley, created for the 1st Earl's father in 1456 and currently abeyant; the 2nd to 5th Earls held the Barony of Strange created in 1299, currently held by the Viscounts St Davids; and the 7th to 9th Earls held another Barony of Strange, created in error in 1628 and currently held independently of other peerages.

Several successive generations of the Stanley Earls, along with other members of the family, have been prominent members of the Conservative Party, and at least one historian has suggested that this family rivals the Cecils (Marquesses of Salisbury) as the single most important family in the party's history. They were at times one of the richest landowning families in England.

The Earls of Derby have given their name to a number of sporting events: the Epsom Derby (usually known simply as the Derby) in horse racing, named for the 12th Earl; the Stanley Cup, the championship trophy of the National Hockey League, presented to the Dominion of Canada in 1892 by the 16th Earl, during his tenure as Governor General of Canada; and the Lord Derby Cup, contested by French rugby league clubs, donated by the 17th Earl, a former British ambassador to Paris.

The family seat is Knowsley Hall, near Liverpool, Merseyside.

Ferrers Creation
Ferrières in Normandy, the hometown of the de Ferrers family, was an important centre for iron (fer) and takes its name from the iron ore mines used during the Gallo-Roman period. Lord of Longueville, Normandy, and a Domesday Commissioner; he built Tutbury Castle and Duffield Castle and had large holdings in Derbyshire as well as 17 other counties.

Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby (1062–1139) was created Earl of Derby by King Stephen in 1138 for his valiant conduct at the Battle of Northallerton. He was married to Hawise de Vitre and died in 1139.

His son Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby (?–bef.1160) became the next earl and was married to Margaret Peverel. He founded Darley Abbey and Merevale Abbey.

His son William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby (died 1190) was married to Sybil de Braose. He rebelled against King Henry II and was imprisoned at Caen, Normandy. He died in the Crusades at the Siege of Acre.

He was succeeded by his son William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby (died 1247) who married Agnes de Kevelioc (also known as Agnes of Chester), daughter of Hugh de Kevelioc, 3rd Earl of Chester.

He was succeeded by his son William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby (died 1254) who married Sibyl Marshall and then Margaret de Quincy with whom he had his son and heir Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby (1239–1279), who became the next Earl.

He rebelled against King Henry III and was arrested and imprisoned first in the Tower of London, then in Windsor Castle and Wallingford Castle, and in 1266 his lands and earldom were forfeited, including Tutbury Castle which still belongs to the Duchy of Lancaster. Through one line the descent of the Earls of Derby eventually gave rise to the Earls Ferrers. Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl Ferrers, was the only peer of the realm to be hanged for murder. Another familial line takes in the Baron Ferrers of Chartley descent.

NOTE HOWEVER: This lineage conflicts with Burke (1831) (pp.192-194)

In that volume he gives the lineage as:
 * Robert de Ferrers - created 1st Earl after the Battle of the Standard.
 * Robert de Ferrers - 2nd Earl.
 * William de Ferrers - 3rd Earl who married Margaret, d. and heiress of William Peverel, of Nottingham.
 * Robert de Ferrers - 4th Earl who married Sybilla, daughter of William de Braose. It was Robert who rebelled against Henry II.
 * William de Ferrers - 5th Earl who accompanied Richard I on Crusade and died at the siege of Acre.
 * William de Ferrers - 6th Earl who was closely associated with William Marshall (Earl of Pembroke); and then his son -
 * William de Ferrers - 7th Earl who had livery of Chartley Castle and married the d. of William Marshall with whom he had seven daughters.

Creation of Edward III
The large estates which were taken from Robert in 1266 were given by Henry III to his son, Edmund Crouchback; and his son, Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, also called himself Earl Ferrers. In 1337 Edmund's grandson, Henry of Grosmont (c. 1310 – 1361), afterwards Duke of Lancaster, was created Earl of Derby, and this title was taken by Edward III's son, John of Gaunt, who had married Henry's daughter, Blanche. John of Gaunt's son and successor was Henry Bolingbroke, who acceded to the throne as Henry IV in 1399. The title Earl of Derby then merged in the Crown.

The Stanley Creation

The Stanley family was descended from Ligulf of Aldithley, who was also the ancestor of the Audleys (see Audley-Stanley family). One of his descendants married an heiress whose marriage portion included Stoneley, Staffordshire – hence the name Stanley. Sir Thomas Stanley served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland and represented Lancashire in the House of Commons. In 1456 he was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Stanley. His eldest son Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley, married Lady Margaret Beaufort, the mother of King Henry VII, and also Eleanor Nevill. The title of Earl of Derby was conferred on him in 1485 by his stepson Henry VII after the Battle of Bosworth Field where Thomas decided to betray King Richard III. The title may derive from the family's extensive lands in the hundred of West Derby, Lancashire, rather than the county or city of Derby.

His eldest son and heir apparent George Stanley, Lord Stanley (commonly called Lord Strange), married Joan Strange, 9th Baroness Strange and 5th Baroness Mohun, and was summoned to the House of Lords as Lord Strange in right of his wife. Lord Derby was succeeded by his grandson Thomas, the eldest son of Lord Strange. He had already succeeded his mother as tenth Baron Strange and sixth Baron Mohun. He married Anne Hastings, daughter of Lord Hungerford and Hastings. The second Earl's son Edward became the 3rd Earl. He notably served as Lord High Steward at the coronation of Queen Mary of England in 1553 and was Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire and Lancashire.

Lord Derby was married four times. His second wife Dorothy Howard, daughter of Thomas Howard, 2nd Duke of Norfolk, supplied his heir Henry, the fourth Earl. He served as Ambassador to France and was one of the peers at the trial of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1586. Lord Derby married Margaret Clifford, daughter of Henry Clifford, 2nd Earl of Cumberland, and his wife Eleanor, younger daughter of Charles Brandon, 1st Duke of Suffolk, and his wife Mary Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII. Both Lord Derby's sons succeeded to the earldom. The eldest son Ferdinando, the fifth Earl, was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Strange in 1589. He also built Leasowe Castle, probably as an observation platform for watching horse races on the nearby sands. Lord Derby married Alice Spencer but was without male issue. He died under mysterious circumstances and some have claimed that he was poisoned to prevent him from staking a claim to the throne of England through his maternal grandmother. On his death, the baronies of Stanley, Strange and Mohun fell into abeyance between his three daughters.

He was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother William, the sixth Earl. He was Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire and Cheshire and purchased from his nieces their claims in the Isle of Man. William married Elizabeth de Vere daughter of Edward de Vere, 17th Earl of Oxford. Their son James succeeded to the earldom on his father's death. In 1628, during his father's lifetime, he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration as Lord Strange, as it was believed that his father held this title. When it was discovered that this was a mistake, the House of Lords decided that there were two baronies of Strange, the original 1299 creation and the new, 1628 creation. James was a staunch Royalist. In 1643 he moved to the Isle of Man and established it as a Royalist stronghold. He was beheaded in Bolton, Lancashire by the Parliament forces in 1651. His wife was Charlotte de la Trémouille, daughter of Claude de la Trémoille, Duc de Thouars, who is known as the heroine who defended Lathom House in 1644 and the Isle of Man in 1651.

Their son Charles became the 8th Earl. He served as Lord Lieutenant of both Cheshire and Lancashire. Lord Derby married Dorothea Helena Kirkhoven, daughter of Jehan Kirkhoven, Lord of Heenvliet (in South Holland) and Baron de Rupa of the Netherlands. They had two sons who both succeeded to the earldom. The 8th Earl's eldest son William Richard George became the 9th Earl. He was also Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire and Lancashire. He married Elizabeth Butler, daughter of Thomas Butler, Earl of Ossory, and sister of James Butler, 2nd Duke of Ormonde. He had two daughters and one son. He outlived his son and on his death in 1702, the barony of Strange fell into abeyance between his daughters. He was succeeded in the earldom by his younger brother, James, the tenth Earl. He was a politician and served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and as Captain of the Yeomen of the Guard. Like many of his predecessors, he was also Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire and Lancashire. In 1732 he succeeded his great-niece as 6th Baron Strange. Lord Derby was childless and on his death in 1736, the male line of the second Earl died out. He was succeeded in the barony of Strange, which could be passed on through female lines, by his first cousin once removed, James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl.

The earldom was inherited by his distant relative Sir Edward Stanley, 5th Baronet, of Bickerstaffe, a descendant of a younger brother of the second Earl, who became the 11th Earl of Derby (see below for earlier history of the Baronetcy). He had previously represented Lancashire in Parliament and after he succeeded in the earldom he served as Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire. Lord Derby married Elizabeth Hesketh. His residence was Bickerstaffe Hall near Ormskirk, Lancashire. The 11th Earl's younger brother was the Hon. and Rev. John Stanley, Rector of Bury Parish Church 1743–1778. Edward's eldest son, James, Lord Stanley, was commonly called Lord Strange. Edward outlived James (who died in 1771) and was succeeded by James' son Edward, the 12th Earl. He held political office as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and also founded The Derby horse-race. Lord Derby married Lady Elizabeth Hamilton, daughter of James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton. His second marriage was to a Drury Lane actress, Elizabeth Farren.

The 12th Earl's first marriage produced his heir Edward, the thirteenth Earl. He represented Preston and Lancashire in the House of Commons and in 1832, two years before he succeeded his father, he was raised to the peerage in his own right as Baron Stanley, of Bickerstaffe in the County Palatine of Lancaster. Lord Derby was also a natural historian and his zoological collections were founded Liverpool Museum. He was also a patron of the arts, especially of the poet Edward Lear who wrote The Owl and the Pussycat for the Earl's children. He was married to Charlotte Hornby. In 1844, he had a church built on the Knowsley Estate, St. Mary the Virgin, where several Stanleys found their final resting place.

His son, Edward, succeeded him to become the 14th Earl. He is the most famous of the Earls of Derby. Known as a great parliamentary orator, he sat as Member of Parliament for Stockbridge, a seat bought by his father, Windsor and Lancashire North. In 1844 he was summoned to the House of Lords through a writ of acceleration in his father's junior title of Baron Stanley. Although at first a Whig, he later became a Tory and served three times Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. Lord Derby was married to Emma Wilbraham daughter of Edward Bootle-Wilbraham, 1st Baron Skelmersdale. They had a daughter and two sons, both of whom succeeded to the earldom. The eldest son Edward Henry, was a prominent politician and served under his father as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and Foreign Secretary. He became Foreign Secretary again under Benjamin Disraeli. In 1880 he joined the Liberal Party and was Colonial Secretary under William Gladstone between 1882 and 1885.

His younger brother and successor, Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby, was a Conservative politician and held office as Secretary of State for War, as Colonial Secretary and as President of the Board of Trade. In 1886, seven years before succeeding his brother, he was raised to the peerage in his own right as Baron Stanley of Preston, in the County Palatine of Lancaster. He was also Governor-General of Canada between 1888 and 1893. In 1892, he purchased and donated the Stanley Cup, to be awarded to the "championship hockey club of the Dominion of Canada" each year. Lord Derby was married to Lady Constance Villiers, daughter of George William Villiers, 4th Earl of Clarendon.

He was succeeded by his son Edward, the seventeenth Earl. Like many of his ancestors he was a politician and notably served as Secretary of State for War. He was also Ambassador to France, and during this time followed his father's lead by donating the Lord Derby Cup, given each year to the winners of the French rugby league knockout competition. Lord Derby married Alice Montagu daughter of William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester. A pair of Memorial Gates were erected in 1958 on Knowsley Lane on the Knowsley Estate in his memory. His two sons, Edward Stanley, Lord Stanley, and the Hon. Oliver Stanley both became Conservative politicians and served together in the same cabinet in 1938. Lord Derby outlived his eldest son and was succeeded by his grandson Edward, the eldest son of Lord Stanley, who became the 18th Earl. He was Lord Lieutenant of Lancashire and also established Knowsley Safari Park in 1971. He married Isabel Miles-Lade but died childless. the titles are held by his nephew Edward Richard William Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby. He is the son of Hugh Henry Montagu Stanley, younger brother of the 18th Earl.

The Stanley Baronetcy, of Bickerstaffe in the County Palatine of Lancaster, was created in the Baronetage of England in 1627 for Edward Stanley. He was the great-grandson of the Hon. Sir James Stanley, of Cross Hall, Lathom, younger brother of the second Earl of Derby. This branch of the family is known as the "Stanleys of Bickerstaffe". Sir Edward Stanley's great-grandson, the fourth Baronet, represented Preston in Parliament. His son, the aforementioned fifth Baronet, succeeded as eleventh Earl of Derby in 1736. For further history of the baronetcy, see above.

James Stanley, son of the first Earl, became Bishop of Ely in 1506. He sent a small army into the Battle of Flodden, commanded by his alleged son Sir John Stanley who later entered the monastery of Westminster Abbey.

Edward Stanley, a descendant of Peter Stanley, younger son of the second Baronet, sat as Member of Parliament for Somerset West and Bridgwater.

The Earl of Derby owns Knowsley Hall and Greenhalgh Castle; they were the Lords of Mann, i.e. of the Isle of Man from 1405 until 1594.

Several Earls of Derby are buried in St. Mary's Church, Knowsley. Others are buried in the Derby Chapel at Ormskirk Parish Church.

The Barons Stanley of Alderley are members of another branch of the Stanley family. They are descended from the Hon. Sir John Stanley, third son of the first Baron Stanley. Also, Edward Stanley, 1st Baron Monteagle, was the younger son of the first Earl of Derby.

A boarding house of Wellington College was named 'Stanley' in honour of the 14th Earl. During his time at Wellington, the 17th Earl was a pupil of this house.

Earls of Derby, first Creation (1138)

 * Robert de Ferrers, 1st Earl of Derby (died 1139)
 * Robert de Ferrers, 2nd Earl of Derby (died 1162)
 * William de Ferrers, 3rd Earl of Derby (died 1190)
 * William de Ferrers, 4th Earl of Derby (died 1247)
 * William de Ferrers, 5th Earl of Derby (died 1254)
 * Robert de Ferrers, 6th Earl of Derby (1239–1266)
 * Edmund "Crouchback", Earl of Derby (1266–1296)

Earls of Derby, second Creation (1337)

 * Henry of Grosmont, 1st Earl of Derby (died 1361); also Duke of Lancaster (1351) and Earl of Leicester (1345)
 * John of Gaunt, 2nd Earl of Derby (1340–1399)
 * Henry (of) Bolingbroke, 3rd Earl of Derby (1367–1413; became King Henry IV in 1399)

Barons Stanley (1456)

 * Thomas Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley (1405–1459)
 * Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baron Stanley (c. 1435 – 1504; created Earl of Derby in 1485)

Earls of Derby, third Creation (1485)

 * Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby (c. 1435–1504)
 * Thomas Stanley, 2nd Earl of Derby (1477–1521)
 * Edward Stanley, 3rd Earl of Derby (c. 1508 – 1572)
 * Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby (1531–1593)
 * Ferdinando Stanley, 5th Earl of Derby (1559–1594)
 * William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby (bef. 1584–1642)
 * James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby (1607–1651)
 * Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby (1628–1672)
 * William Richard George Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby (1655–1702)
 * James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby (1664–1736)
 * Edward Stanley, 11th Earl of Derby (1689–1776)
 * Edward Smith-Stanley, 12th Earl of Derby (1752–1834)
 * Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby (1775–1851)
 * Edward Geoffrey Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby (1799–1869)
 * Edward Henry Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby (1826–1893)
 * Frederick Arthur Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby (1841–1908)
 * Edward George Villiers Stanley, 17th Earl of Derby (1865–1948)
 * Edward John Stanley, 18th Earl of Derby (1918–1994)
 * Edward Richard William Stanley, 19th Earl of Derby (born 1962)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son, Edward John Robin Stanley, Lord Stanley (born 1998).

Stanley Baronets, of Bickerstaffe (1627)
For further Baronets, see above
 * Sir Edward Stanley, 1st Baronet (died 1640; great-great-grandson of 1st Earl of Derby)
 * Sir Thomas Stanley, 2nd Baronet (1616–1653)
 * Sir Edward Stanley, 3rd Baronet (1643–1671)
 * Sir Thomas Stanley, 4th Baronet (1670–1714)
 * Sir Edward Stanley, 5th Baronet (1689–1776; succeeded as 11th Earl of Derby in 1736)

Barons Stanley of Preston (1886)
For further Barons, see above
 * Frederick Arthur Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley of Preston (1841–1908; succeeded his brother as 16th Earl of Derby in 1893)

title: Earl of Derby


text:
Software synthesizer

A software synthesizer or softsynth is a computer program that generates digital audio, usually for music. Computer software that can create sounds or music is not new, but advances in processing speed now allow softsynths to accomplish the same tasks that previously required the dedicated hardware of a conventional synthesizer. Softsynths may be readily interfaced with other music software such as music sequencers typically in the context of a digital audio workstation. Softsynths are usually less expensive and can be more portable than dedicated hardware.

Types

Softsynths can cover a range of synthesis methods, including subtractive synthesis (including analog modeling, a subtype), FM synthesis (including the similar phase distortion synthesis), physical modelling synthesis, additive synthesis (including the related resynthesis), and sample-based synthesis.

Many popular hardware synthesizers are no longer manufactured but have been emulated in software. The emulation can even extend to having graphics that model the exact placements of the original hardware controls. Some simulators can even import the original sound patches with accuracy that is nearly indistinguishable from the original synthesizer. Popular synthesizers such as the Moog Minimoog, Yamaha DX7, Korg M1, Sequential Prophet-5, Oberheim OB-X, Roland Jupiter 8, ARP 2600 and dozens of other classics have been recreated in software. Software Synth developers such as Arturia offer virtual editions of analog synths like the Minimoog, the ARP 2600, as well as the Yamaha CS-80. Gforce produces a Minimoog with sounds designed by Rick Wakeman and version of the ARP Odyssey.

Some softsynths are sample-based, and frequently have more capability than hardware units, since computers have fewer restrictions on memory than dedicated hardware synthesizers. Sample libraries may be many gigabytes in size. Some are specifically designed to mimic real-world instruments such as pianos. Sample libraries' formats include .wav, .sf or .sf2.

Often a composer or virtual conductor will want a "draft mode" for initial score editing and then use the "production mode" to generate high-quality sound as one gets closer to the final version. The draft mode allows for quicker turn-around, perhaps in real time, but will not have the full quality of the production mode. The draft render is roughly analogous to a wire-frame or "big polygon" animation when creating 3D animation or CGI. Both are based on the trade-off between quality and turn-around time for reviewing drafts and changes.

Software instrument
[[Image:Cubase 6 feature - software instruments and software effects.svg|thumb|top: [[Software synthesizer#Software instrument|Software instrument]]s • HALion Sonic SE sample player

• Groove Agent ONE drum sample player bottom: Software effect processors on Cubase 6 (CC-BY-SA-3.0 image)]]

A software instrument can be a synthesized version of a real instrument (like the sounds of a violin or drums), or a unique instrument, generated by computer software. Software instruments have been made popular by the convergence of synthesizers and computers, as well as sequencing software like GarageBand, Logic Pro, and Ableton Live. Also of note is software like Csound and Nyquist, which can be used to program software instruments.

title: Software synthesizer


text:
Virtual instrument

Virtual instrument may refer to:

 * A Software synthesizer, a computer program or plug-in that generates digital audio
 * A program that implements functions of an instrument by computer, sensors and actuators, see Virtual instrumentation

title: Virtual instrument


text:
Joseph Justus Scaliger

Joseph Justus Scaliger (5 August 1540 – 21 January 1609) was a Franco-Italian Calvinist religious leader and scholar, known for expanding the notion of classical history from Greek and Ancient Roman history to include Persian, Babylonian, Jewish and Ancient Egyptian history. He spent the last sixteen years of his life in the Netherlands.

Early life
In 1540, Scaliger was born in Agen, France, to Italian scholar and physician Julius Caesar Scaliger and his wife, Andiette de Roques Lobejac. His only formal education was three years of study at the College of Guienne in Bordeaux, which ended in 1555 due to an outbreak of the bubonic plague. Until his death in 1558, Julius Scaliger taught his son Latin and poetry; he was made to write at least 80 lines of Latin a day.

University and travels
After his father's death, Scaliger spent four years at the University of Paris, where he studied Greek under Adrianus Turnebus. After two months he found he was not in a position to profit from the lectures of the greatest Greek scholar of the time. He read Homer in twenty-one days, and afterwards read other classical Greek poets, orators, and historians, forming a grammar for himself as he went along. At the suggestion of Guillaume Postel, after learning Greek he learned Hebrew, and then Arabic, becoming proficient in both.

His most important teacher was Jean Dorat, who was able not only to impart knowledge but also to kindle enthusiasm in Scaliger. It was to Dorat that Scaliger owed his home for the next thirty years of his life, for in 1563 the professor recommended him to Louis de Chasteigner, the young lord of La Roche-Posay, as a companion in his travels. The two young men formed a close friendship which remained unbroken until Louis's death in 1595. The travellers first went to Rome. Here they found Marc Antoine Muret, who, when at Bordeaux and Toulouse, had been a great favourite and occasional visitor of Julius Caesar Scaliger at Agen. Muret soon recognized the young Scaliger's merits and introduced him to many contacts well worth knowing.

After visiting a large part of Italy, the travellers moved on to England and Scotland, passing through the town of La Roche-Posay on their way. During his time in the British Isles, Scaliger formed an unfavourable opinion of the English. Their inhumane disposition and inhospitable treatment of foreigners especially made a negative impression on him. He was also disappointed at finding only a few Greek manuscripts and, in his opinion, few learned men. It was not until a much later period that he became intimate with Richard Thomson and other Englishmen. Over the course of his travels, he became a Protestant.

France, Geneva, and back to France
On his return to France, he spent three years with the Chastaigners, accompanying them to their different châteaux in Poitou, as the calls of the civil war required. In 1570 he accepted the invitation of Jacques Cujas and proceeded to Valence to study jurisprudence under the greatest living jurist. Here he remained three years, profiting not only by the lectures but even more by the library of Cujas, which filled no fewer than seven or eight rooms and included five hundred manuscripts.

The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre – which occurred just before he was to accompany the bishop of Valence on an embassy to Poland – caused Scaliger to flee, alongside other Huguenots, to Geneva, where he was appointed a professor at the Academy of Geneva. While there, he lectured on Aristotle's Organon and Cicero's De Finibus to much satisfaction for the students, but not appreciating it himself. He hated lecturing and was bored with the persistence of the fanatical preachers, accordingly in 1574 he returned to France and made his home for the next twenty years with Chastaigner.

Of his life during this period we have interesting details and notices in the Lettres françaises inédites de Joseph Scaliger, edited by Tamizey de Larroque (Agen, 1881). Constantly moving through Poitou and the Limousin, as the exigencies of the civil war required, occasionally taking his turn as a guard, at least on one occasion trailing a pike on an expedition against the Leaguers, with no access to libraries, and frequently separated even from his own books, his life during this period seems most unsuited to study. He had, however, what so few contemporary scholars possessed – leisure and freedom from financial cares.

Academic output
It was during this period of his life that he composed and published his books of historical criticism. His editions of the Catalecta (1575), of Festus (1575), of Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius (1577), are the work of a man determined to discover the real meaning and force of his author. He was the first to lay down and apply sound rules of criticism and revision, and to change textual criticism from a series of haphazard guesses into a "rational procedure subject to fixed laws" (Mark Pattison).

These works, despite proving Scaliger's skill among his contemporaries as a Latin scholar and critic, did not go beyond simple scholarship. It was reserved for his edition of Manilius (1579), and his De emendatione temporum (1583), to revolutionize perceived ideas of ancient chronology—to show that ancient history was not confined to that of the Greeks and Romans, but also comprises that of the Persians, the Babylonians and the Egyptians, hitherto neglected, and that of the Jews, hitherto treated as a thing apart; and that the historical narratives and fragments of each of these, and their several systems of chronology, must be critically compared. It was this innovation that distinguished Scaliger from contemporary scholars. Neither they nor those who immediately followed seem to have appreciated his innovation. Instead, they valued his emendatory criticism and his skill in Greek. His commentary on Manilius is a treatise on ancient astronomy, and it forms an introduction to De emendatione temporum; in this work, Scaliger investigates ancient systems of determining epochs, calendars and computations of time. Applying the work of Nicolaus Copernicus and other modern scientists, he reveals the principles behind these systems.

In the remaining twenty-four years of his life, he expanded on his work in the De emendatione. He succeeded in reconstructing the lost Chronicle of Eusebius—one of the most valuable ancient documents, especially valuable for ancient chronology. This he printed in 1606 in his Thesaurus temporum, in which he collected, restored, and arranged every chronological relic extant in Greek or Latin.

The Netherlands
When Justus Lipsius retired from the University of Leiden in 1590, the university and its protectors, the States-General of the Netherlands and the Prince of Orange, resolved to appoint Scaliger as his successor. He declined; he hated lecturing, and there were those among his friends who erroneously believed that with the success of Henry IV learning would flourish, and Protestantism would be no barrier to his advancement. The invitation was renewed in the most flattering manner a year later; the invitation stated Scaliger would not be required to lecture, and that the university wished only for his presence, while he would be able to dispose of his own time in all respects. This offer Scaliger accepted provisionally. Midway through 1593, he set out for the Netherlands, where he would pass the remaining sixteen years of his life, never returning to France. His reception at Leiden was all that he could have wished for. He received a handsome income; he was treated with the highest consideration. His supposed rank as a prince of Verona, a sensitive issue for the Scaligeri, was recognized. Leiden lying between The Hague and Amsterdam, Scaliger was able to enjoy, besides the learned circle of Leiden, the advantages of the best society of both these capitals. For Scaliger was no hermit buried among his books; he was fond of social intercourse and was himself a good talker.

During the first seven years of his residence at Leiden, his reputation was at its highest point. His literary judgment was unquestioned. From his throne at Leiden he ruled the learned world; a word from him could make or mar a rising reputation, and he was surrounded by young men eager to listen to and profit from his conversation. He encouraged Grotius when only a youth of sixteen to edit Martianus Capella. At the early death of the younger Douza, he wept as at that of a beloved son. Daniel Heinsius, at first his favourite pupil, became his most intimate friend.

At the same time, Scaliger had made numerous enemies. He hated ignorance, but he hated still more half-learning, and most of all dishonesty in argument or quotation. He had no toleration for the disingenuous argument and the misstatements of facts of those who wrote to support a theory or to defend an unsound cause. His pungent sarcasm soon reached the ears of the persons who were its object, and his pen was not less bitter than his tongue. He was conscious of his power, and not always sufficiently cautious or sufficiently gentle in its exercise. Nor was he always right. He trusted much to his memory, which was occasionally treacherous. His emendations, if often valuable, were sometimes absurd. In laying the foundations of a science of ancient chronology he relied sometimes on groundless or even absurd hypotheses, often based on an imperfect induction of facts. Sometimes he misunderstood the astronomical science of the ancients, sometimes that of Copernicus and Tycho Brahe. And he was no mathematician.

Disagreements with the Jesuits
But his enemies were not merely those whose errors he had exposed and whose hostility he had excited by the violence of his language. The results of his method of historical criticism threatened the Catholic controversialists and the authenticity of many of the documents on which they relied. The Jesuits, who aspired to be the source of all scholarship and criticism, saw the writings and authority of Scaliger as a formidable barrier to their claims. Muret in the latter part of his life professed the strictest orthodoxy, Lipsius had been reconciled to the Church of Rome, Isaac Casaubon was supposed to be wavering, but Scaliger was known to be an irreconcilable Protestant. As long as his intellectual supremacy was unquestioned, the Protestants had the advantage in learning and scholarship. His enemies therefore aimed, if not to answer his criticisms or to disprove his statements, yet to attack him as a man and destroy his reputation. This was no easy task, for his moral character was absolutely spotless.

Veronese descent

After several attacks purportedly by the Jesuits, in 1607 a new attempt was made. In 1594 Scaliger had published his Epistola de vetustate et splendore gentis Scaligerae et JC Scaligeri vita. In 1601 Gaspar Scioppius, then in the service of the Jesuits published his Scaliger Hypobolimaeus ("The Supposititious Scaliger"), a quarto volume of more than four hundred pages. The author purports to point out five hundred lies in the Epistola de vetustate of Scaliger, but the main argument of the book is to show the falsity of his pretensions to be of the family of La Scala, and the narrative of his father's early life. "No stronger proof," says Pattison, "can be given of the impressions produced by this powerful philippic, dedicated to the defamation of an individual, than that it had been the source from which the biography of Scaliger, as it now stands in our biographical collections, has mainly flowed."

To Scaliger, the publication of Scaliger Hypobolimaeus was crushing. Whatever his father Julius had believed, Joseph had never doubted himself to be a prince of Verona, and in his Epistola had put forth all that he had heard from his father. He wrote a reply to Scioppius, entitled Confutatio fabulae Burdonum. In the opinion of Pattison, "as a refutation of Scioppius it is most complete"; but there are certainly grounds for dissenting from this judgment. Scaliger purported that Scioppius committed more blunders than he corrected, claiming that the book made untruthful allegations, but he did not succeed in adducing any proof either of his father's descent from the La Scala family, or of any of the events narrated by Julius before he arrived at Agen. Nor does Scaliger attempt a refutation of the crucial point, namely, that William, the last prince of Verona, had no son Nicholas, who would have been the alleged grandfather of Julius.

Complete or not, the Confutatio had little success; the attack attributed to the Jesuits was successful. Scioppius was wont to boast that his book had killed Scaliger. The Confutatio was Scaliger's last work. Five months after it appeared, on 21 January 1609, at four in the morning, he died at Leiden in the arms of his pupil and friend Heinsius. In his will Scaliger bequeathed his renowned collection of manuscripts and books (tous mes livres de langues étrangères, Hebraiques, Syriens, Arabiques, Ethiopiens) to Leiden University Library.

title: Joseph Justus Scaliger