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Great White

Great White is an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1977. The band peaked with several albums during the mid-to-late 1980s, including the platinum-selling records Once Bitten (1987) and ...Twice Shy (1989), and those albums' singles "Rock Me" and "Once Bitten, Twice Shy" received considerable airplay through radio and MTV. They charted two Top 40 hit singles on the Billboard Hot 100, with "Once Bitten, Twice Shy" and "The Angel Song." They continued to release new material into the 1990s. The band is named after both the shark with the same name, and Mark Kendall’s former stage nickname.

Great White disbanded in 2001; over the next few years, the band performed as Jack Russell's Great White, which also made headlines when, in 2003, their show pyrotechnics set a Rhode Island nightclub on fire, leading to the deaths of 100 people, including band member Ty Longley. By 2006, Jack Russell's Great White had reverted to its original name Great White. After more than three decades as their singer, Russell left the band in 2011, again using the moniker Jack Russell's Great White. Great White has since continued on without Russell, who was first replaced by XYZ vocalist Terry Ilous, who stayed in the band until 2018 when Mitch Malloy replaced him. Malloy left in 2022 and was replaced by Andrew Freeman, later followed by Brett Carlisle the same year.

As of August 2008, Great White estimated they had sold around eight million records worldwide.

Early career and first two albums (1977–1986)
Vocalist Jack Russell met guitarist Mark Kendall in 1977, and Kendall asked Russell to join his band. They decided to form a band together and they called it Highway later changing it to Livewire and then played one final show as Wires. Then in 1979, Russell was arrested for shooting a live-in maid in a botched robbery attempt, and sentenced to eight years in prison. The band went its separate ways and Kendall was left to start over. He recruited bassist Don Costa (later a one-time member of Ozzy Osbourne and also briefly in W.A.S.P. ) and drummer Tony Richards (later a member of W.A.S.P.). They auditioned several singers including John Bush from Armored Saint. They then got a singer named Butch Say whose style was similar to that of Rob Halford, but finally settled on a female singer Lisa Baker. The name they decided to go with was Dante Fox. They played their first gig in 1979 with singer Lisa Baker and played around Orange County and the Los Angeles area for six months with Lisa, until she joined George Lynch's band Xciter and Butch rejoined briefly. Later they found out that Russell was released from prison after serving only 18 months of his sentence and Russell talked Kendall into an audition and he got in the band by a two to one band vote. They played their first gig with Russell at The Troubadour in Hollywood, California. After recording several demos, the band chose as manager Alan Niven, who had worked for the independent distributor Greenworld in Torrance, California, and had dealt with Mötley Crüe's debut self-release. Niven suggested the name change from Dante Fox after seeing Kendall stick his head out of a car window while driving by the Troubador and some kid in the crowd said "there goes Great White". Kendall got the nickname due to his naturally white-blonde hair, white Fender Telecaster guitar, white jumpsuit, and white Capezio shoes. In 1982, the members by this time (as Costa and Richards had left) were Mark Kendall, Jack Russell, drummer Gary Holland, and bassist Lorne Black. They were soon in the studio and they recorded and released a 5-song EP, Out of the Night, on the independent label Aegean formed by Niven. Niven then convinced the Los Angeles radio station KMET to begin adding songs from the EP to its playlist in heavy rotation. KLOS-FM soon did the same. The band suddenly went from drawing 100 people to a local club to drawing thousands in L.A. concert halls such as Perkins Palace in Pasadena, The Palace in Hollywood and the Country Club in Reseda. As an unsigned act, Great White headlined at Six Flags Magic Mountain in Valencia playing to 6,250 people. Near the end of 1983, EMI America signed the band and subsequently released Great White's eponymous debut album in early 1984. The band immediately toured the UK supporting Whitesnake's Slide It In tour and the entire US and Canada opening for Judas Priest's Defenders of the Faith tour. They also supported Kiss on their Lick It Up tour. Shot in the Dark, their follow-up independent release, marked the arrival of drummer Audie Desbrow after the firing of Holland on December 27, 1984. By the time Capitol Records signed the band and reissued Shot in the Dark, keyboardist-guitarist Michael Lardie, who had played on that album as a session musician, had come aboard as a full member. After the release of Shot in the Dark, Great White hit the road with Dokken for 5 shows and was on the verge of even bigger success.

Mainstream success (1987–1992)
The band hit the mainstream in 1987 when they released their third album Once Bitten, accompanied by the hits "Rock Me", "Save Your Love" and "Lady Red Light", all of which received significant airplay on mainstream rock radio stations such as KNAC and Z Rock. The model Tracy Martinson appeared on the cover of the album and also appeared in the video for "Save Your Love". In late 1987, Great White parted ways with bassist Lorne Black and replaced him with Tony Montana (Tony Cardenas). Once Bitten... was certified platinum in April 1988, and a year-long tour in support of the album cemented Great White's popularity worldwide, performing with Guns N' Roses, Twisted Sister, Whitesnake, David Lee Roth and TNT, and appearing on several dates as part the European Monsters of Rock tour in the summer of 1988 with several acts such as Kiss, Iron Maiden, Guns N' Roses, David Lee Roth, Megadeth, Helloween, Anthrax and Testament.

The band followed up with ...Twice Shy in 1989. The album included their biggest hit, "Once Bitten, Twice Shy", a cover of a UK hit single by Ian Hunter; this is Great White's only single to date that has achieved gold certification. The model Bobbie Brown (also known for being in Warrant's "Cherry Pie" video) appeared in the video for "Once Bitten, Twice Shy". Other songs from the album, including "The Angel Song", "House of Broken Love", "Mista Bone" and "Move It", received significant attention as well, through radio airplay or otherwise. ...Twice Shy was certified platinum in July 1989, then double platinum in September two months later, and received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance. The album was supported by a successful world tour that saw Great White performing at arenas and stadiums, including sharing the stage with Bon Jovi, Ratt, Tesla, Kix, Warrant, Badlands and Britny Fox, and supporting Alice Cooper on his Trash tour.

In 1990, the band featured in the heavy metal video series Hard 'N' Heavy containing music, concert footage and interviews. The video included Slash and Duff from Guns N' Roses appearing with the band at a Children of the Night Benefit concert in L.A., the performance helping to raise money for housing abused homeless children. Both bands shared the same manager, Alan Niven, at the time.

The band continued into the next decade performing the song "House of Broken Love" at the American Music Awards in January 1990. In March, Great White embarked on their first tour of Japan. They returned to the United States for the Memorial Day weekend festival dubbed The World Series of Rock, which featured Whitesnake, Skid Row, Bad English, and Hericane Alice. Great White recorded two more albums for Capitol Records, Hooked, which was certified gold, and Psycho City. In support of Hooked, Great White did a tour as opener for the German metal band Scorpions and traveled to Europe and Japan. During this tour Mark Kendall was hospitalized for a hiatal hernia for 3 weeks and then returned. Guitarist Al Pitrelli was asked to fill in for Mark during his absence. Psycho City was followed by a US tour with Kiss.

Years of commercial decline and disbandment (1993–2001)
Capitol issued the compilation The Best of Great White: 1986–1992 in 1993, when Great White had already departed the label to begin work on their next studio release, Sail Away. Before the release of the album, Great White spent seven months on the road headlining clubs. According to Lardie, it was "the longest stint we ever did without a break". Great White kept up the pace once Sail Away was released on Zoo Records in 1994, touring the US several times over the following year and a half. Their next release, Let It Rock, was released in 1996 through yet another label, Imago Records.

In 1999, the band released Can't Get There from Here and embarked on a tour with Ratt, Poison, and L.A. Guns. The album featured the single "Rollin' Stoned", which managed to chart at No. 8 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart.

In a memo dated January 20, 2000, Mark Kendall announced he was taking a hiatus from Great White. Shortly thereafter both Audie Desbrow and Sean McNabb left Great White. Russell would continue to tour with only Michael Lardie staying. Desbrow, clearly very unhappy with the financial state of the band and Russell's relapse in addiction, posted a tirade on his website lambasting Jack Russell while claiming to have been "fired" from Great White. Meanwhile, it was rumored that Sean McNabb was fired for going to management and asking to see the accounting books, though this was debunked by Desbrow, who stated that both he and Mcnabb had done so several times before getting fired. Mcnabb would later on state that his reason for being fired was because of his own addiction problems. The band announced plans to begin work on a new album in late 2000. Early in the process, some of the new songs were played for John Kalodner at Columbia Records. It was mutually agreed that the band needed a break and wanted to do outside projects. Kendall went on to make two solo albums. They subsequently left Columbia Records, curtailing any further work on the new album. On November 5, 2001, Jack Russell (following the passing of his father) announced the end of Great White, stating that he was moving on, and that Great White would play a final string of dates, the final show on December 31, 2001, at the Galaxy Theatre in Santa Ana, California. Both Kendall and McNabb appeard for the farewell show (though they had already re-joined in August), recorded for a live CD titled Thank You...Goodnight! released by Knight Records. The live album includes two new tracks, "Back to the Rhythm" and "Play On" from their discontinued studio sessions, both of which would ultimately wind up on their reunion album Back to the Rhythm in 2007.

Reunion, the Station nightclub fire incident and aftermath (2002–2009)
By late 2002, following a relatively unsuccessful change in music direction with his second solo album, Jack Russell contacted Kendall, who was struggling with irrelevancy. Kendall agreed to play some dates with Russell's band. Billed as "Jack Russell's Great White", the tour was to consist primarily of classic songs from the Great White catalog with some of Russell's solo work mixed in. Eventually, more dates were added and the tour extended through the early months of 2003.

The band returned to the national spotlight on February 20, 2003. At the beginning of a Great White performance at The Station night club in Rhode Island, pyrotechnics used by the band's crew created a spray of sparks that ignited the makeshift and unapproved, unlisted foam soundproofing material affixed to the walls and ceiling around the stage. The soundproofing material was installed to help alleviate area neighbor noise complaints prior to the fire. One hundred people, including guitarist Ty Longley, died in the fire that followed. Approximately 115 survivors were badly burned, maimed, and permanently disfigured. In 2008, Jack Russell Touring INC., agreed to pay $1 million to survivors and victims' relatives of the fire while admitting to no wrongdoing. This amount also covers former tour manager Daniel Biechele along with the band members, record label, and management as it existed at the time of the fire. The settlement was the maximum allowed under the band's insurance plan. On the two-year anniversary of the fire, Jack Russell and Mark Kendall, along with Jack Russell's attorney, Ed McPherson, appeared on Larry King Live with three of the victims of the fire and the father of Ty Longley, to discuss some of the healing that had taken place over the previous two years and some of the permanent scars that remained. Victims had previously received $3.8 million raised by United Way of America.

Though the media referred to the band as Great White following the tragedy in Rhode Island, the band was still officially performing under the moniker of Jack Russell's Great White at the time of the incident. Prior to the fire, the band's official website posted a message stating that Great White had not re-formed.

Jack Russel's Great White played their first full show following the Rhode Island tragedy on July 22, starting a benefit tour for the survivors and victims of the fire. The band toured until 2005 to raise funds for the Station Family Fund, which had been set up to help the victims of the tragedy. In late 2005, citing "medical reasons", the band canceled the second half of their summer tour. The "medical reasons" were claimed to have been related to Russell's relapses in alcohol and cocaine. This was the end of this version of Great White, as Jack Russell entered rehabilitation and did not perform again until 2007. Russell used the year of 2006 to get sober and get a facelift that was detailed on Extra. Russell later referred to this incarnation of Great White as "Fake White", saying "It still sounded like Great White, but not – almost like we were doing a cover of ourselves."

Talk of a reunion of Great White began in a 2004 interview, where Jack Russell told Metal Express Radio: "I spoke with Michael [Lardie], we threw that around a bit, and thought that sounds like a cool idea, it'd be fun. I'm pretty positive it's gonna happen... probably next year ... We talked to some other people, and [former drummer] Audie [Desbrow] would not be a person I would want to play with ever again in my life. There were some bridges burned there that I just can't forgive, and I'm a very forgiving person. I just can't let that one go. I have to stand up for myself..." Russell's stance towards Desbrow had significantly changed by 2006 when he told Mitch Lafon: "I talked to Michael Lardie the other day and he is into doing it. I just want to get hold of Tony Montana and Audie Desbrow. I think that would be very special for our 25th anniversary tour to have the same guys... we haven't played together in a very long time." Later in 2006, guitarist Mark Kendall officially announced that Great White had re-formed. The re-formed lineup of Russell, Kendall, Lardie, McNabb and Desbrow (the lineup from 1996-2000) played their first date together in more than 5 years on January 27, 2007, at the Keyclub in Hollywood performing in the Harpseals.org Benefit Concert for the Seals 2007. The band continued to tour throughout the rest of the year.

In 2008, bassist Sean McNabb left Great White to concentrate on a career in theater and acting. McNabb was promptly replaced with Scott Snyder (Ramos, Accomplice). McNabb then joined the band Dokken.

Great White released their album Rising on March 13, 2009, in Europe via Frontiers Records, and on April 21 in the US through Shrapnel Records. They then embarked on a supporting tour.

Split with Jack Russell and rotating singers (2010–present)
In 2010, Jani Lane of Warrant began filling in for Jack Russell, while Russell recuperated from surgery after suffering a perforated bowel. Terry Ilous (XYZ) replaced Jack Russell at the Coach House during the summer of 2010, and Paul Shortino (Rough Cutt, Quiet Riot, King Kobra) filled in for Russell when Great White performed at Stockholm Rock Out Festival in September.

By 2011, Great White was touring regularly with Ilous fronting the band, as they continued waiting for Russell to fully recover and return as lead singer. The band appeared to be on good terms with Russell even as late as August 2011, when Kendall stated in an interview that the group were still actively awaiting his return to the stage, further indicating that Russell was not only supportive of the current situation, but even checking in with Ilous on occasion to give the latter encouragement and thank him for doing such a great job singing Great White's songs. However, Kendall did also state during this interview that while he and his bandmates were eager for Russell to rejoin, they did want to make sure the time was right and that "when he's back[,] he's back all the way." A later interview with Kendall provided additional detail, indicating that the band had initially hoped Russell would rejoin by the early summer of 2011, but that he was not in any condition to return at that time. Kendall also mentioned that the band had several stipulations that Russell would need to meet to return to the lineup, and that Russell himself had set a new target return date of February 2012, meaning he would not be performing with Great White for the remainder of 2011.

Before the year's end, however, Russell had apparently become impatient or disenchanted with this arrangement. In December 2011, just days after informing the band that (on advice from his doctor) he would not be able to rejoin by the February target date, he obtained a licensing agreement from Great White, and formed a new incarnation of Great White with a brand-new lineup under the name of Jack Russell's Great White. The other band members immediately voiced their surprise and strong objection to this move and said that "Jack Russell does not have the right to start his own Great White or use the name without our names in the lineup. We will litigate any promoter that books 'Jack Russell's Great White' or uses any logo featuring the name Great White." In September 2013, the parties finally reached an agreement in Federal Court that legally Jack Russell will turn all his rights to the "Great White" name over to Kendall, Lardie, and Desbrow. They in turn leased a way for Russell to make a living using the name Jack Russell's Great White with his own band, while the other original members would continue to tour with Terry Ilous, using the official name Great White.

On March 18, 2012, Great White announced their first new album with Ilous, Elation, to be released in May that year, along with a live album (Great White: 30 years – Live On the Sunset Strip) and a concert DVD of the band's 30th-anniversary show at the Key Club in Hollywood on March 22.

Meanwhile, Russell continued to front his own version of the group as Jack Russell's Great White. In July 2013, bassist Dario Seixas (Who had been in the band when Russell formed his separate band) left the group and was replaced by Great White's former bassist Tony Montana, who returned to a Great White–associated lineup after an absence of more than 20 years.

Lorne Black, Great White's original bassist, who performed and recorded with the group up through the Once Bitten album, died on September 27, 2013. He was 50 years old.

In a November 2015 interview with Dayton Daily News, Michael Lardie stated that Great White was "hoping to get into the studio in February or March to at least flesh out some ideas" for their next album. In October 2016, it was reported that Great White would enter WireWorld Studio in Mount Juliet, Tennessee, on January 2, 2017, to begin recording their new album with producer Michael Wagener, whose collaboration with the band dates back to their 1983 EP Out of the Night and 1984 self-titled debut album. On June 2, 2017, Great White released their most recent studio effort, Full Circle, on Bluez Tone Records, with Wagener as the producer. The song "Big Time" was released as the first single and video. This was the last studio effort featuring Terry Ilous on lead vocals before his replacement in 2018 by Mitch Malloy.

Meanwhile, Jack Russell's Great White released the single "Hard Habit" on December 19, 2014. On July 19, 2016, the group signed with Frontiers Music. The first single with Frontiers, "Blame It On The Night", was released November 30, 2016. The second single "She Moves Me" was released on December 14, 2016. On January 5, 2017, they premiered their third single "Love Don't Live Here". Jack Russell's Great White released the music video for the song "Sign of the Times" on January 18, 2017. The debut album He Saw It Comin' released on January 27, 2017.

In February 2017, it was announced that Great White would appear at Rockingham Festival 2017, to be held at Nottingham Trent University, UK, between October 20 and 22, 2017, the band scheduled to appear on Sunday 22nd. In late June, it was announced that Jack Russell's Great White would celebrate the 30th anniversary of 1987's Once Bitten by announcing a tour and a new acoustic album titled Once Acoustically Bitten, which was released on July 14, 2020. They performed material from both albums with the former being performed in its entirety on some shows. Prior to the tour, the band previewed material from the acoustic album on June 29 at the Guitar Center in Los Angeles.

On July 9, 2018, Great White announced that they had parted ways with Terry Illous as their singer, a situation that he was not aware of until he found out "through an e-mail and the Internet", and he was replaced by Mitch Malloy. Guitarist Mark Kendall later claimed that one of the reasons the band had parted ways with Illous was because the chemistry "wasn't working", and added that they "were kind of growing apart from Terry a little bit — not really for any reason. Nothing like big fights or anything."

On July 9, 2020, amidst growing COVID-19 numbers, Great White played an outdoor show in Malloy's birthplace, Dickinson, North Dakota, as part of "First on First Dickinson Summer Nights". While numerous events have been imposing restrictions, such as wearing masks and social distancing, "First on First" has no such rules in place. The concert did draw attention for the lack of safety measures during the pandemic, after which the band released a public apology statement.

On May 31, 2022, Great White announced they had parted ways with Mitch Malloy and replaced him with vocalist Andrew Freeman of Last in Line, and shortly thereafter, the band embarked on its first major tour with Freeman. The new lineup also intends to work on new music in the future. On October 19, it was announced that Brett Carlisle (who filled in for Freeman a month prior on several dates) was the new vocalist of the band, due to Freeman's commitment with Last in Line.

On July 17, 2024, Jack Russell announced that he was retiring from touring, following "a recent diagnosis of Lewy body dementia and multiple system atrophy" from May of that year.

Members

 * Great White
 * Mark Kendall – lead guitar, percussion, backing vocals (1977–2000, 2001, 2002–2005, 2006–present), rhythm guitar (1977–1986)
 * Audie Desbrow – drums, percussion (1985–2000, 2006–present)
 * Michael Lardie – rhythm guitar, banjo, electric sitar, keyboards, percussion, harmonica, backing vocals (1987–2001, 2006–present; session 1986)
 * Scott Snyder – bass guitar, backing vocals (2008–present; not touring 2024)
 * Brett Carlisle – lead vocals (2022–present)

 * Jack Russell's Great White
 * Jack Russell – lead vocals, percussion (1977–2001, 2002–2005, 2006–2010, 2011–2024) ,
 * Tony Montana – bass guitar, backing vocals (full-time from: 1987–1992, 2013–2014; occasionally from: 2014–2016); rhythm guitar, backing vocals, keyboards, harmonica (2014–present)
 * Robby Lochner – lead guitar, backing vocals (2011–present)
 * Dan McNay – bass guitar, backing vocals (2016–present)
 * Ken Mary – drums, backing vocals (2022–present)

Discography

 * Great White (1984)
 * Shot in the Dark (1986)
 * Once Bitten (1987)
 * ...Twice Shy (1989)
 * Hooked (1991)
 * Psycho City (1992)
 * Sail Away (1994)
 * Let it Rock (1996)
 * Can't Get There from Here (1999)
 * Back to the Rhythm (2007)
 * Rising (2009)
 * Elation (2012)
 * Full Circle (2017)

title: Great White


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List of Missouri state parks

Map of Missouri State Parks ( red ) and State Historic Sites ( blue ) This is a list of state parks and state historic sites in Missouri. In the U.S. state of Missouri both state parks and state historic sites are administered by the Division of State Parks of the Missouri Department of Natural Resources. As of 2017 the division manages a total of 92 parks and historic sites plus the Roger Pryor Pioneer Backcountry, which together total more than 200000 acre. According to the state, its parks system includes approximately 3,500 campsites, 194 cabins, and 1000 mi of trails, including the longest developed rails-to-trails project in the nation.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Missouri state parks


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1918 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1918.

Events

 * January 1 – The English novelist and wartime propagandist Hall Caine is made a Knight of the Order of the British Empire (KBE).
 * January 2 – The English novelist Marie Corelli is convicted under wartime legislation against hoarding food.
 * January 18 – The first edition of Aussie: The Australian Soldiers' Magazine appears.
 * January 23 – The English poet Robert Graves marries the painter Nancy Nicholson in London. The wedding guests include Wilfred Owen, whose first nationally published poem appears three days later ("Miners" in The Nation). He will be killed by the end of the year.
 * March
 * The Telemachus episode in James Joyce's Ulysses is published in serialized form in the U.S. journal The Little Review.
 * The English novelist Alec Waugh is taken prisoner of war. He will be incarcerated in Mainz Citadel with the monologist J. Milton Hayes, also taken prisoner this year, and Hugh Kingsmill.
 * April
 * Hu Shih, chief advocate of the use of the vernacular in Chinese literature at the time, publishes an essay, "Constructive Literary Revolution – A Literature of National Speech" in the magazine New Youth (Xin Qingnian) proposing a four-point reform program.
 * The English writer May Sinclair introduces the term "Stream of consciousness" to describe a narrative mode, in a discussion of Dorothy Richardson's novel sequence Pilgrimage in The Egoist.
 * May 3 – The New Zealand writer and poet Katherine Mansfield marries her long-time partner John Middleton Murry at Kensington register office in London.
 * June
 * The 2nd annual Pulitzer Prizes are awarded in the United States, including the first award for a novel.
 * The English poet Basil Bunting is imprisoned as a conscientious objector.
 * August 17 – The poets Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon meet for the last time, in London, and spend what Sassoon will recall as "the whole of a hot cloudless afternoon together."
 * October 3 – Siegfried Sassoon visits his mentor Robbie Ross for the last time. Sassoon will write later that Ross's goodbye gave him a "presentiment of final farewell."
 * November 4 – Wilfred Owen is killed in action aged 25, at the Sambre–Oise Canal, with only five of his poems published. News of his death reaches his parents in Shrewsbury a week later on Armistice Day. He is awarded a posthumous Military Cross a year later.
 * December – The Poems of Gerard Manley Hopkins (died 1889, including The Wreck of the Deutschland, 1875/1876) are published through Robert Bridges. Few were published in Hopkins' lifetime, so that this introduces his innovative sprung rhythm and imagery to many readers.
 * December 28 – Emperor Khải Định of Vietnam declares the traditional Chữ nôm script for the Vietnamese language to be replaced by the Latin script Vietnamese alphabet.
 * Winter – Parisian farceur Georges Feydeau contracts tertiary syphilis.

Fiction

 * Ryūnosuke Akutagawa – "Hell Screen" (地獄変, Jigokuhen; short story)
 * Arnold Bennett – The Roll-Call
 * Victor Bridges – The Lady from Long Acre
 * Willa Cather – My Ántonia
 * Blaise Cendrars
 * I Have Killed (J'ai tué)
 * The Severed Hand (La Main coupée)
 * J. Storer Clouston – The Man from the Clouds
 * Marie Corelli – The Young Diana
 * Grazia Deledda – L'incendio nell'oliveto (The fire in the olive-grove)
 * Ethel M. Dell – Greatheart
 * Alfred Döblin – Wadzeks Kampf mit der Dampfturbine (Wadzek's Struggle with the Steam Turbine)
 * Sarah Lee Brown Fleming – Hope's Highway
 * Mary E. Wilkins Freeman – Edgewater People
 * August Gailit – Fairyland
 * Owen Gregory – Meccania the Super-State
 * Thea von Harbou – Das indische Grabmal
 * Frederic S. Isham – Three Live Ghosts
 * Herbert George Jenkins – Patricia Brent, Spinster
 * Wyndham Lewis – Tarr (in book form)
 * Lu Xun – "Diary of a Madman" (狂人日記, "Kuángrén Rìjì", short story)
 * Compton Mackenzie – The Early Life and Adventures of Sylvia Scarlett
 * Brinsley MacNamara (John Weldon writing as Oliver Blyth) – The Valley of the Squinting Windows
 * Heinrich Mann – Der Untertan
 * Frans Masereel – 25 Images of a Man's Passion (wordless novel)
 * André Maurois – Les Silences du Colonel Bramble
 * George Moore – A Story-Teller's Holiday
 * Baroness Orczy
 * Flower o' the Lily
 * The Man in Grey
 * Leo Perutz – From Nine to Nine (Zwischen neun und neun, originally Freiheit)
 * Henry De Vere Stacpoole – The Man Who Lost Himself
 * Junichiro Tanizaki (谷崎 潤一郎) – Gold and Silver (金と銀)
 * Booth Tarkington – The Magnificent Ambersons
 * Edgar Wallace
 * The Clue of the Twisted Candle
 * Down Under Donovan
 * The Man Who Knew
 * Those Folk of Bulboro
 * Mary Augusta Ward – The War and Elizabeth
 * Rebecca West – The Return of the Soldier
 * Edith Wharton – The Marne
 * Francis Brett Young – The Crescent Moon

Musical Theatre

 * Harry Carroll and Joseph McCarthy – Oh, Look!

Children and young people

 * Elsa Beskow – Tant Grön, tant Brun och tant Gredelin (Aunt Green, Aunt Brown and Aunt Lavender)
 * Edgar Rice Burroughs – Tarzan and the Jewels of Opar
 * May Gibbs – Tales of Snugglepot and Cuddlepie: their adventures wonderful
 * Johnny Gruelle – Raggedy Ann Stories
 * Norman Lindsay – The Magic Pudding: Being The Adventures of Bunyip Bluegum and his friends Bill Barnacle and Sam Sawnoff
 * Ferenc Móra – Kincskereső kisködmön (A Little Fortune-Hunting Frock Coat)
 * Beatrix Potter – The Tale of Johnny Town-Mouse

Drama

 * Bertolt Brecht – Baal (written)
 * John Drinkwater – Abraham Lincoln
 * Marcel Gerbidon and Paul Armont – School for Coquettes (L'École des cocottes)
 * Susan Glaspell – Tickless Time
 * Walter C. Hackett – The Freedom of the Seas
 * Hugo von Hofmannsthal – The Difficult Man
 * James Joyce – Exiles
 * Georg Kaiser – Gas
 * Alice Dunbar Nelson – Mine Eyes Have Seen
 * Gregorio Martínez Sierra – Sueño de Una Noche de Agosto (Dream of an August Night)
 * Vladimir Mayakovsky – Mystery-Bouffe («Мистерия-Буфф», Misteriya-Buff)
 * Emma Orczy (Baroness Orczy) – The Legion of Honour (adaptation of A Sheaf of Bluebells)
 * Luigi Pirandello
 * But It's Nothing Serious (Ma non è una cosa seria)
 * The Rules of the Game (Il giuoco delle parti, literally The Game of Rôles)

Poetry

 * Guillaume Apollinaire – Calligrammes: Poems of Peace and War, 1913-1916
 * Laurence Binyon – The New World: Poems
 * Vera Brittain – Verses of a VAD
 * Toirdhealbhach Mac Suibhne (Terence MacSwiney) – Battle-cries
 * Walter de la Mare – The Marionettes
 * Siegfried Sassoon – Counter-Attack and Other Poems
 * Edward Thomas (posthumous) – Last Poems
 * Tristan Tzara – Vingt-cinq poèmes

Non-fiction

 * Henry Adams – The Education of Henry Adams
 * Enid Bagnold – A Diary Without Dates
 * Karl Barth – The Epistle to the Romans (dated 1919)
 * Clive Bell – Pot-boilers
 * Laurence Binyon – For Dauntless France
 * François-Marie-Joseph Gourdon – An Account of the Entry of the Catholic Religion into Sichuan
 * William Inge – The Philosophy of Plotinus
 * Daniel Jones – An Outline of English Phonetics
 * Federico García Lorca – Impressiones y Paisajes (Impressions and Landscapes)
 * Walther Rathenau – An Deutschlands Jugend
 * Oswald Spengler – The Decline of the West (Der Untergang des Abendlandes)
 * Dr Marie Stopes
 * Married Love
 * Wise Parenthood
 * Lytton Strachey – Eminent Victorians
 * Mary Augusta Ward – A Writer's Recollections

Births

 * January 11 – Robert C. O'Brien, American novelist (died 1973)
 * January 16
 * Philip José Farmer, American science fiction writer (died 2009)
 * Stirling Silliphant, American writer, producer (died 1996)
 * January 30 – Bazilije Pandžić, Croatian historian, archivist and orientalist (died 2019)
 * February 1 – Muriel Spark, Scottish novelist (died 2006)
 * February 6 – Lothar-Günther Buchheim, German novelist, war correspondent and painter (died 2007)
 * March 9 – Mickey Spillane, American mystery writer (died 2006)
 * March 10 – Theodore Cogswell, American science fiction author (died 1987)
 * March 15 – Richard Ellmann, American literary biographer (died 1987)
 * April 23
 * Maurice Druon, French historical novelist (died 2009)
 * James Kirkup, English poet (died 2009)
 * May 16 – Juan Rulfo, Mexican author (died 1986)
 * June 9 – Bidhyanath Pokhrel, Nepali poet (died 1994)
 * July 9 – John Heath-Stubbs, English poet and translator (died 2006)
 * July 14 – Arthur Laurents, American novelist and screenwriter (died 2011)
 * July 24 – Antonio Candido, Brazilian literary critic (died 2017)
 * August 9 – Robert Aldrich, American writer and filmmaker (died 1983)
 * August 20 – Jacqueline Susann, American novelist (died 1974)
 * August 27 – Leon Levițchi, Romanian translator (died 1991)
 * September 19 – Penelope Mortimer, Welsh-born English novelist and biographer (died 1999)
 * October 19 – Louis Althusser, French Marxist philosopher (died 1990)
 * October 22 – René de Obaldia, French playwright and poet (died 2022)
 * October 29 – Ștefan Baciu, Romanian and Brazilian poet, novelist and literary promoter (died 1993)
 * November 2 – Roger Lancelyn Green, English biographer (died 1987)
 * November 16 – Nicholas Moore, English poet (died 1986)
 * November 20 – Naomi Frankel, German-born Israeli novelist (died 2009)
 * November 25 – Peter Opie, English writer on children's literature and lore (died 1982)
 * November 29 – Madeleine L'Engle, American writer for children and teens (died 2007)
 * December 7 – Liu Yichang, Chinese novelist, editor and publisher (died 2018)
 * December 11 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, Russian novelist (died 2008)
 * December 30 – Al Purdy, Canadian poet (died 2000)

Deaths

 * January 1 – William Wilfred Campbell, Canadian poet (born 1860)
 * January 6 – Dora Sigerson Shorter, Irish poet, novelist and sculptor (born 1866)
 * January 28 – John McCrae, Canadian military surgeon and war poet (pneumonia, born 1872)
 * February 8 – Lascăr Vorel, Romanian visual artist and short story writer (kidney disease, born 1879)
 * February 9 – E. J. Richmond, American novelist and children's writer (born 1825)
 * March 19 – Florence Anderson Clark, American author, newspaper editor, librarian, and university administrator (born 1835)
 * April 1 – Isaac Rosenberg, English poet and artist (killed in action, born 1890)
 * April – William Hope Hodgson, English author and essayist (killed in action, born 1877)
 * May 8 – Ernst von Hesse-Wartegg, Austrian writer and traveller (born 1851)
 * May 27 – Francis George Fowler, English grammarian (tuberculosis contracted on military service, born 1871)
 * June 10 – Arrigo Boito (Tobia Gorio), Italian poet and composer (born 1842)
 * June 26 – Peter Rosegger, Austrian poet (born 1843)
 * June 28 – Alexander Turnbull, New Zealand bibliophile (born 1868)
 * July 22 – Helen Stuart Campbell, American author, novelist and economist (born 1839)
 * July 26 – Helen Taggart Clark, American columnist, short story writer, and poet (born 1849)
 * July 30 – Joyce Kilmer, American poet (killed in action, born 1886)
 * August 3 – Maria Fetherstonhaugh, English novelist, born 1847)
 * October 5 – Robbie Ross, journalist (heart failure; born 1869)
 * October 21 – Jennie O. Starkey, journalist (pneumonia after influenza; born ca. 1856)
 * November 4
 * Wilfred Owen, English poet (killed in action, born 1893)
 * Andrew Dickson White, American diplomat and author (born 1832)
 * November 9 – Guillaume Apollinaire, French poet, dramatist, novelist and critic (influenza, born 1880)
 * November 14 – Seumas O'Kelly, Irish journalist and author (born 1881)
 * November 24 – Annie Hall Cudlip, English novelist, journalist and editor (born 1838)
 * December 1 – Margit Kaffka, Hungarian novelist, short story writer and poet (influenza, born 1880)
 * December 2 – Edmond Rostand, French poet and dramatist (influenza; born 1868)
 * December 15 – Salvatore Farina, Italian novelist (born 1846)
 * unknown date — Eva Kinney Griffith, American journalist, temperance activist, novelist, newspaper editor, and journal publisher (born 1852)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize in Literature: not awarded
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Jesse Lynch Williams, Why Marry?
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Sara Teasdale, Love Songs
 * Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: Ernest Poole, His Family

title: 1918 in literature


text:
Joe Krol

Joseph "King" Krol (February 20, 1919 – December 16, 2008) was a Canadian football quarterback, running back, defensive back, and placekicker/punter from 1942 to 1953 and 1955. Considered as possibly the most versatile player in Canadian football history as a triple-threat to pass, run, and kick, he was one of Canada's greatest athletes and also famously known as a "Gold Dust Twin" for his teamwork with Royal Copeland. Joe Krol was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1996. After suffering from a fall in his apartment, Krol died in a Toronto hospital on December 16, 2008.

Early life
Krol was born on February 20, 1919, in Hamilton, Ontario. He was commonly nicknamed "King". He said in 1999, "My parents are Polish and the name was actually Krul. I guess in Polish, Krol means king. It also means rabbit, but I think I prefer king."

Krol began playing Canadian football in high school at Kennedy Collegiate Institute in Windsor, Ontario in 1932, with which he won several secondary school championships. He went to the University of Western Ontario in London, Ontario and played Intercollegiate Football for the Western Ontario Mustangs from 1938 to 1942 including the Intercollegiate championship in 1939.

Professional career
Krol joined the Hamilton Flying Wildcats, an Ontario Rugby Football Union precursor to the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, following university in 1942. In the 1943 season, he led the Flying Wildcats to a surprise victory to win his first of six Grey Cups. His performance, with a 30-yard pass for a touchdown, a field goal, and a rouge, made him the star of the game. The Wildcats returned to the Grey Cup final in the 1944 season but lost. In that game, Krol fumbled the ball to the St. Hyacinthe-Donnacona Navy team after a hard hit on a run in the second quarter. Krol went on to play two games with the Detroit Lions in 1945 before joining the Toronto Argonauts for the remainder of the 1945 Canadian football season. The Canadian Press voted him Canada's male athlete of the year in 1946 and 1947.

Krol won six Grey Cups, five with the Toronto Argonauts. His No. 55 jersey is one of only four that has been retired by the Boatmen. He was awarded the Lou Marsh Trophy as Canada's top athlete in 1946. He was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1963 and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame in 1975.

Krol and Royal Copeland (Argonauts and Calgary Stampeders 1944–1956) became known as the Gold Dust Twins. Although official statistics were not kept for the Eastern teams until 1954, according to the 2001 Unofficial Canadian Football Encyclopedia, Krol completed ten passes for 147 yards and threw four touchdowns during the 1946 season.

In November 2006, Krol was voted one of the CFL's top 50 players (No. 46) in a poll conducted by Canadian sports network TSN.

Joe Krol was also one of the owners of the Mercury Night club with Harry Eckler of the Softball Canada Hall of Fame and Sam Luftspring of the Boxing Hall of Fame.

title: Joe Krol


text:
Russ Jackson

Russell Stanley Jackson (born July 28, 1936) is a former professional Canadian football player. Jackson spent his entire 12-year professional football career with the Ottawa Rough Riders of the Canadian Football League (CFL). He is a member of the Order of Canada, the Canadian Football Hall of Fame, and Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, and has been described as the best Canadian-born quarterback to play in the CFL. In 2006, Jackson was voted one of the CFL's Top 50 players (#8) of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN, the highest-ranked Canadian-born player on the list.

Early life and university career
Jackson went to Westdale Secondary School in Hamilton, Ontario. After a stellar college career as both a basketball and football player, he graduated from McMaster University in 1958 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Mathematics. He was the McMaster nominee for a Rhodes Scholarship, but did not pursue an interview for the scholarship, deciding to play professionally.

Professional career
Jackson was drafted in the first round, sixth overall, by the Ottawa Rough Riders in the 1958 CFL draft as a halfback. In his rookie year, he also played quarterback and eventually became the starter and led the Rough Riders to three Grey Cup victories (48th, 56th, and 57th Grey Cups).

Jackson was the dominant CFL quarterback of the 1960s. Referred to as the "Y. A. Tittle of the North", he was honoured many times during his CFL career. He won the CFL's Most Outstanding Player Award in the 1963, 1966, and 1969 seasons. He was also a four-time winner of the CFL's Most Outstanding Canadian Award (1959, 1963, 1966, 1969). He was a six-time Eastern Conference All-Star quarterback (1962, 1963, 1966–1969) and the CFL All-Star quarterback in the 1966, 1968, and 1969 seasons.

Russ Jackson was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame in 1973. Many consider him one of the best Canadian-born players to play in the CFL, while most consider him to be the best Canadian to play the quarterback position. In November 2006, Jackson was voted one of the CFL's top 50 players (No. 8) of the league's modern era by Canadian sports network TSN.

Jackson ended his career with 24,593 passing yards, with 1,356 completions on 2,530 attempts (53.6%), 124 interceptions, 185 touchdowns, and an efficiency rating of 91.2. He was also a mobile quarterback, gaining 5,045 yards on the ground on 738 rushes, with 54 touchdowns. Among the few Canadian-born quarterbacks to play in the CFL, Jackson is the only one to pass for over 10,000 yards.

He holds the record for throwing the most passing touchdowns in a Grey Cup game with four (set in the 1969 game) and highest career passer rating in Grey Cup games with 118.4.

Ottawa Journal sports editor Eddie MacCabe wrote a biography for Jackson's career in Ottawa, titled Profile of a Pro: The Russ Jackson Story and first published in 1969.

Teaching
After retiring from football, Jackson returned to teaching, having been a mathematics teacher from 1959 to 1961 and head of the Department of Mathematics at Rideau High School in Ottawa, Ontario from 1961 to 1966. He was the principal of Canterbury High School in Ottawa from 1973 to 1975. He later became a vice-principal and principal at secondary schools in Ottawa and Mississauga. He also became principal at Brampton Centennial Secondary School, John Fraser and T.L. Kennedy secondary schools.

Broadcasting
Jackson served as colour commentator for the CFL on CBC broadcasts from 1971 to 1973 and again from 1977 to 1980. From 1996 to 2001, Jackson was the colour commentator CHML-AM's coverage of the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.

Coaching
Jackson briefly left teaching in 1975, spending two years as head coach of the Toronto Argonauts. Jackson compiled a 12–18–2 regular season record in two seasons as the Argos' head coach, not reaching the playoffs in either season. Jackson was replaced by Leo Cahill, in his second tenure as the Argos' head coach, prior to the 1977 CFL season.

Honours
Jackson is an Officer of the Order of Canada and was awarded an honorary doctoral degree in law by McMaster University in 1989. He was added to Canada's Walk of Fame in 2012.

In 1986, the Russ Jackson Award was created in his honour to recognize the university football player who best exhibits athletic ability, academic achievement, and devoted citizenship.

Russ Jackson was inducted into the Ontario Sports Hall of Fame in 1995.

title: Russ Jackson


text:
Republican Revolution

The "Republican Revolution", "Revolution of '94", or "Gingrich Revolution" are political slogans that refer to the Republican Party's (GOP) success in the 1994 U.S. mid-term elections, which resulted in a net gain of 54 seats in the House of Representatives, and a pick-up of eight seats in the Senate. It was led by Newt Gingrich.

History
Rather than campaigning independently in each district, Republican candidates chose to rally behind a single national program and message fronted by Georgia congressman and House Republican whip Newt Gingrich. They alleged that President Bill Clinton was not the "New Democrat" he claimed to be during his 1992 campaign, but was a "tax and spend" liberal. The Republicans offered an alternative to Clinton's policies in the form of the Contract with America.

The gains in seats in the mid-term election resulted in the Republicans gaining control of both the House and the Senate in January 1995. Republicans had not held the majority in the House for 40 years, since the 83rd Congress (elected in 1952). From 1933 to 1995, Republicans had controlled both House and Senate for only four years. From 1933 into the early 1970s, most white conservatives in the South belonged to the Democratic Party, and created the Solid South bloc in Congress. Most African Americans in the South were disenfranchised in those years, based on anti-Black laws and subjective administration of voter registration practices.

By the mid-1990s, white conservatives from the South joined Republicans in other parts of the country, leading to the change in Congress. Large Republican gains were made in state houses as well when the GOP picked up twelve gubernatorial seats and 472 legislative seats. In so doing, it took control of 20 state legislatures from the Democrats. Prior to this, Republicans had not held the majority of governorships since 1970. In addition, this was the first time in 50 years that the GOP controlled a majority of state legislatures.

Discontent with Democratic candidates was foreshadowed by a string of elections after 1992, including Republicans winning the mayoralties of New York and Los Angeles in 1993. In that same year, Christine Todd Whitman won the New Jersey governorship. Bret Schundler became the first Republican mayor of Jersey City, New Jersey, which had been held by the Democratic Party since 1917.

Republican George Allen won the 1993 Virginia gubernatorial election, and Texas Republican Kay Bailey Hutchison won a U.S. Senate seat from the Democrats in the 1993 special election. Republicans also picked up three congressional seats from Democrats in Oklahoma and Kentucky in May 1994.

On November 9, 1994, the day after the election, Senator Richard Shelby of Alabama, a conservative Democrat, changed parties, becoming a Republican; on March 3, 1995, Colorado Senator Ben Nighthorse Campbell switched to the Republican side as well, increasing the GOP Senate majority.

Effect
When the 104th United States Congress convened in January 1995, House Republicans voted former Minority Whip Newt Gingrich—the chief author of the Contract with America—to become Speaker of the House. The new senatorial Republican majority chose Bob Dole, previously Minority Leader, as Majority Leader. Republicans pursued an ambitious agenda, but were often forced to compromise with Democratic president Bill Clinton, who wielded veto power.

The 1994 election also marked the end of the conservative coalition, a bi-partisan coalition of conservative Republicans and Democrats (often referred to as "boll weevil Democrats", for their association with the South). This white conservative coalition had often managed to control Congressional outcomes since the end of the New Deal era.

Pick-ups
Numerous Republican freshmen entered Congress. Of the 230 Republican House members of the 104th Congress, almost a third were new to the House. In the Senate, 11 of 54 (20%) Republicans were freshmen.

title: Republican Revolution


text:
User:SeanO

Hello, SeanO here.

I live in Chicago, Illinois. I'm a bureaucrat by trade. A jazz singer by avocation.

WEB: Officemonkey.org. AIM: I'm at "lifegoestoaparty".

I came here from Ward Cunningham's WikiWikiWeb and the Bookshelved Wiki.

I created this page here in February, 2003, but I edited several pages earlier than that.

FEMA Project
My latest fixation is to write articles for every FEMA director. See my contributions at:

 * John Macy
 * Louis O. Giuffrida
 * Julius W. Becton, Jr.
 * Wallace Stickney
 * John Magaw
 * James Lee Witt
 * R. David Paulison

"Sure, anyone can write a Wikipedia article on Mike Brown, but how many people can write one on John Macy??"

Jazz Project
Pages I'm proud to have contributed to:

 * Benny Goodman
 * Louis Armstrong
 * Lionel Hampton
 * Nat King Cole
 * Fletcher Henderson
 * Harold Arlen -- so far, I'm the sole author...
 * Nellie Lutcher -- ditto.
 * King Pleasure -- ditto.
 * Johnny Hodges
 * Illinois Jacquet
 * Artie Shaw
 * Sammy Davis, Jr.
 * Joe Williams (jazz singer)
 * Bessie Smith
 * Dashiell Hammett
 * Nina Simone
 * Bubber Miley
 * Tricky Sam Nanton

Perhaps you can tell I like Jazz.

User:SeanO/jazzwanted

Armstrong Number
My Armstrong Number is three. I've defined the Armstrong Number to be similar to the Erd&, except using Louis Armstrong and jazz performance as criteria.

Louis Armstrong (0) -> Barrett Deems (1) -> Mark Sonksen (2) -> SeanO (3).

I also have a Bacon number of three.

Kevin Bacon (0) -> Steve Guttenberg (1) -> Colin Quinn (2) -> SeanO (3) (I appeared in the MTV game show Remote Control in the late 1980s.)

Sadly, I don't have an Erd&, but I know someone that does.

title: User:SeanO


text:
Lili (1953 film)

Lili is a 1953 American film released by MGM. It stars Leslie Caron as a touchingly naïve French girl whose emotional relationship with a carnival puppeteer is conducted through the medium of four puppets. The film won the Academy Award for Best Original Score, and was also entered in the 1953 Cannes Film Festival. It was later adapted for the stage under the title Carnival! (1961).

Lili's screenplay, written by Helen Deutsch, was based on a short story and treatment titled "The Seven Souls of Clement O'Reilly" written by Paul Gallico, which in turn was based upon "The Man Who Hated People," a short story by Gallico that appeared in the October 28, 1950 issue of The Saturday Evening Post. After the film's success, Gallico expanded his story into a 1954 novella entitled Love of Seven Dolls.

Plot
Naive country girl Lili arrives in a provincial town in hopes of locating an old friend of her late father, only to find that he has died. A local shopkeeper offers her employment, then tries to take advantage of her. She is rescued by a handsome, smooth-talking, womanizing carnival magician, Marc, whose stage name is Marcus the Magnificent. Lili is infatuated with him and follows him to the carnival, where on learning that she is 16, he helps her get a job as waitress. Lili is fired on her first night when she spends her time watching the magic act instead of waiting tables. When Lili consults the magician for advice, he tells her to go back to where she came from. Homeless and heartbroken, she contemplates suicide, unaware that she is being watched by the carnival's puppeteer Paul. He strikes up a conversation with her through his puppets—a brash red-haired boy named Carrot Top, a sly fox, Reynardo, a vain ballerina, Marguerite, and a cowardly giant, Golo. Soon, a large group of carnival workers is enthralled watching Lili's interaction with the puppets, as she is seemingly unaware that there is a puppeteer behind the curtain. Afterwards, Paul and his partner Jacquot offer Lili a job in the act, talking with the puppets. She accepts, and her natural manner of interacting with the puppets becomes the most valuable part of the act.

Paul was once a well-known dancer, but suffered a leg injury in World War II. He regards the puppet show as far inferior to his old career, which embitters him. Lili refers to him as "the Angry Man". Although he falls in love with Lili, he can only express his feelings through the puppets. Fearing rejection due to his physical impairment, he keeps his distance by being unpleasant to her. Lili continues to dream about the handsome magician, wishing to replace his assistant Rosalie.

Soon, Marcus receives an offer to perform at the local casino and decides to leave the carnival, to the joy of Rosalie, who announces to everyone that she is his wife. Lili is heartbroken and innocently invites Marc to her trailer. His lecherous plans are interrupted by Paul, and he leaves. When Lili finds Marc's wedding ring in the seat cushions and tries to chase him, Paul stops her, calls her a fool, and slaps her.

Two impresarios from Paris who have been scouting the show come to see Paul and Jacquot. They recognize Paul as the former dancer and tell him that his act with Lili and the puppets is ingenious. Paul is ecstatic about this and the offer, but Jacquot tells the agents that they will have to let them know. He then tells Paul that Lili is leaving.

Lili takes the wedding ring to Marc and tells him that every little girl has to wake up from her girlish dreams. She has decided to leave the carnival. On her way out, she is stopped by the voices of Carrot Top and Reynardo, who ask her to take them with her. As they embrace her, she finds they are shaking. She remembers somebody is behind the curtain and pulls it away to see Paul. Instead of telling her how he feels, he tells her of the agents' offer. She confronts him about the difference between his real self, seemingly incapable of love, and his puppets. Paul tells her he is the puppets, a creature of many facets and many flaws. He concludes by telling her, "This is business." "Not any more," retorts Lili, who walks away.

Walking out of town, she imagines that the puppets, now life-sized, have joined her. As she dances with each puppet in turn, they all turn into Paul. Coming back to reality, Lili runs back to the carnival and into Paul's arms. They kiss passionately as the puppets applaud.

Cast

 * Leslie Caron – Lili Daurier
 * Mel Ferrer – Paul Berthalet
 * Jean-Pierre Aumont – Marc
 * Zsa Zsa Gabor – Rosalie
 * Kurt Kasznar – Jacquot
 * Amanda Blake – Peach Lips
 * Alex Gerry – Proprietor
 * Ralph Dumke – Mr. Corvier
 * Wilton Graff – Mr. Tonit
 * George Baxter – Mr. Enrique

Puppets
Walton and O'Rourke, famous in puppeteering circles, made the puppets. They mostly worked in cabarets and did not appear on television. Lili is among the few known filmed records of their work which also includes the Walter Lantz cartoon and live action short film, Oswald the Lucky Rabbit: Puppet Show (1936).

Walton and O'Rourke manipulated Marguerite and Reynardo, George Latshaw was responsible for Carrot Top, and Wolo Von Trutzschler handled Golo the Giant. Burr Tillstrom was approached to create puppets for the film, but turned it down.

Music
The score was composed by Bronisław Kaper and conducted by Hans Sommer, with orchestrations by Robert Franklyn and Skip Martin. Kaper's music received the Oscar for "Best Music, Scoring of a Dramatic or Comedy Picture."

Lyrics for the song "Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo" were written by Helen Deutsch for her previously published short story "Song of Love". Kaper's setting of the song was performed by Caron and Mel Ferrer in the film; the performance was released on record and reached number 30 in the American charts.

Four excerpts from the score were first issued by MGM Records at the time of the film's release. The complete score was issued on CD in 2005, on Film Score Monthly records.

Responses and box-office
The New York Times included it in its 2004 Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made, as did Angie Errigo and Jo Berry in a 2005 compilation of Chick Flicks: Movies Women Love.

Bosley Crowther, reviewing the film at its opening, had nothing but praise for the movie, rejoicing that "at last Leslie Caron's simplicity and freshness...have been captured again in the film." He showered other encomia on Caron, calling her "elfin", "winsome", the "focus of warmth and appeal", praising her "charm, grace, beauty, and vitality." He said screenwriter Helen Deutsch had "put together a frankly fanciful romance with clarity, humor, and lack of guile," and admires the choreographer, sets, music, and title song.

The film was not universally liked, though; Pauline Kael called it a "sickly whimsy" and referred to Mel Ferrer's "narcissistic, masochistic smiles."

According to MGM records, the film earned $2,210,000 in the U.S. and Canada and $3,183,000 overseas, resulting in a profit of $1,878,000, making it MGM's most popular musical of the year.

The Man Who Hated People (short story)
The Man Who Hated People appeared in the October 28, 1950 issue of The Saturday Evening Post. It is lighter in tone than other versions of the story. In particular, the abuse heaped by the puppeteer on the innocent "girl" is emotional and verbal. Unlike the novel The Love of Seven Dolls, the short story does not even hint at physical or sexual abuse.

The story opens in a New York City television studio where Milly, a "sweet-faced girl with [a] slightly harassed expression," is about to make her farewell appearance on the Peter and Panda show.

Peter and Panda are part of an ensemble of puppets; they are a leprechaun and a panda respectively; other puppets include Arthur, a "raffish crocodile;" Mme Robineau, a French lady "of indeterminate age with dyed hair;" Doctor Henderson, a penguin; and Mr Tootenheimer, a toymaker. They are all operated by a single puppeteer, named Crake Villeridge. Despite being a puppet show, it has, like the real-life Kukla, Fran and Ollie TV show, a huge audience of all ages. Also like Kukla, Fran and Ollie, there is no script: "it's all ad-libbed". (In fact, the illustration included with the story features the actual stage used for Kukla, Fran and Ollie.) At the end of the show, "millions watching felt a sense of loss as though a family close to them were breaking up."

Milly has been with the show two years, and, as in other versions of the story, she interacts in a spontaneous way directly with the personae of the puppets. In a flashback, during her audition, she had met and talked to the puppets before meeting any human being. Not realizing that this encounter was her audition, she is surprised when a station representative meets her and tells her "Your performance this afternoon came closest to what [Mr Villeridge] wants." She says "But it actually wasn't a performance", and is told "Exactly. The first time you start giving a performance, you're through."

Villeridge, we learn, is French Canadian, and had once been headed for a serious career as a hockey player. In an accident, two men "skated over the side of his face," ending his hockey career, and seriously and permanently disfiguring him.

She soon learns that Villeridge is emotionally an abuser. She loves the on-air performances, loves the puppets and their personalities, and finds Mr Tootenheimer, the wise old toymaker, particularly comforting, but she hates Villeridge and what he does to her in rehearsal and after the show. He shouts at her, demeans her, criticizes everything she has done, and humiliates her in front of the staff. When she meets a nice man named Fred Archer and believes she is "a little in love" with him, she decides she can no longer stand Villeridge and his tyrannical ways. She announces that she is marrying Archer and gives notice.

After her farewell show, she changes into her street dress. She waits for everyone else to leave the studio, afraid of encountering Villeridge, who "might be waiting for her with one last attack." As she leaves, she hears the voice of Arthur, the puppet, who says, "I stayed behind. Milly, take me with you." Soon she is talking to Arthur and the other puppets. Mr Tootenheimer, the "old philosopher", explains to her that every man is composed of many things, and that the puppets represent aspects of Villeridge's real personality:

 * And if a man who has been cut and scarred and is ashamed of his appearance, who loved you from the first time his eyes rested upon your face, could be a brutal fool, believing that if you could be made to love all of the things he really was, you would never again recoil from the things he seemed to be.

Millie cries "Crake! Crake! come to me." They embrace, and Milly decides to say goodbye to "the outside world—reality—Fred Archer" and live with Villeridge and his created "Never-Never Land of the mind."

Love of Seven Dolls
"In Paris in the spring of our times, a young girl was about to throw herself into the Seine." Thus opens the novella from which the film Lili and the musical Carnival was drawn.

The Paul Gallico short story from which Lili was adapted was published in expanded form in 1954 as Love of Seven Dolls, a 125-page novella. The New York Times review of the book opens "Those audiences still making their way to see Lili may now read the book from which this motion picture was adapted." The original short story was clearly based on the popular television puppet show Kukla, Fran and Ollie, as it takes place in a television studio (not a carnival as in the film and book), and has many characters based on the Kuklapolitans. The novella was more mystical and magic than the short story. Brettonais from the village of Plouha..."Wretched though she was, some of the mystery of that mysterious land still clung to her...the gravity of her glance, the innocence and primitive mind...there were dark corners of Celtic brooding...a little scarecrow."

Gallico's book is far darker in tone. In the book, the girl's nickname is Mouche ("fly") rather than Lili. The puppeteer is named Michel Peyrot, stage name Capitaine Coq, rather than Paul Berthalet.

The puppeteer's assistant is a "primitive" Senegalese man named Golo, rather than the movie's amiable Frenchman, Jacquot. He shares with Mouche a sense of primitive magic, and with her believes in the reality of the puppets.

The first four puppets she meets correspond closely to those in the film and are a youth named Carrot Top; a fox, Reynardo; a vain girl, Gigi; and a "huge, tousle-headed, hideous, yet pathetic-looking giant" Alifanfaron. The latter two are named "Marguerite" and "Golo" in the movie (i.e. the name of the puppeteer's assistant in the book becomes the name of a puppet in the movie). The book includes three additional puppets: Dr. Duclos, a penguin who wears a pince-nez and is a dignified academic; Madame Muscat, "the concierge", who constantly warns Mouche that the others are "a bad lot"; and Monsieur Nicholas, "a maker and mender of toys" with steel-rimmed spectacles, stocking cap, and leather apron.

The core of both book and movie is the childlike innocence of Mouche/Lili and her conviction that she is interacting directly with the puppets themselves, which have some kind of existence separate from the puppeteer. This separation is explicit in the book. It says that Golo was "childlike...but in the primitive fashion backed by the dark lore of his race" and looked upon the puppets "as living, breathing creatures", but "the belief in the separate existence of these little people was even more basic with Mouche for it was a necessity to her and a refuge from the storms of life with which she had been unable to cope."

In the movie, the puppeteer, Paul Berthalet, is gruff, unhappy, and emotionally distant. Although Lili refers to him as "the Angry Man", he is not very cruel or menacing. His bitterness is explained by his identity as a former ballet dancer, disabled by a leg injury and "reduced" to the role of puppeteer.

Gallico's Peyrot, however, is more vicious. No ballet dancer, he was "bred out of the gutters of Paris" and by the age of fifteen was "a little savage practiced in all the cruel arts and swindles of the street fairs and cheap carnivals." He has "the look of a satyr." "Throughout his life no one had ever been kind to him, or gentle, and he paid back the world in like. Wholly cynical, he had no regard for man, woman, child, or God ... He would, if he could, have corrupted the whole world."

In both book and movie, Mouche/Lili is tempted by a superficial attraction to a handsome man—an acrobat named Balotte in the book, the magician Marc in the movie—but returns to the puppeteer. In the movie, Marc's relation with Lili is exploitative. In the book, however, Peyrot is the exploitative and abusive one, and the relationship with BalottMouche "passed in that moment over the last threshold from child to womanhood" and knew "the catalyst that could save him. It was herself." She tells Peyrot "Michel...I love you. I will never leave you." Peyrot does not respond, but he weeps; Mouche holds his "transfigured" head and knows "they were the tears of a man...who, emerging from the long nightmare, would be made forever whole by love." If this is a happy ending, it is not the simple happy ending of the movie.

Reviewing the book on its publication, Andrea Parke says Gallico creates "magic...when he writes the sequences with Mouche and the puppets." But "when he writes the love story of Mouche as the ill-treated plaything of the puppet master, the story loses its magic. The mawkish realism of the passages has an aura of bathos that is not only unreal but unmoving."

Legacy
The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2004: AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs:
 * "Hi-Lili, Hi-Lo"—Nominated

title: Lili (1953 film)


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Mogambo

Mogambo is a 1953 Technicolor adventure/romantic drama film directed by John Ford and starring Clark Gable, Ava Gardner, and Grace Kelly, and featuring Donald Sinden. Shot on location in Equatorial Africa, with a musical soundtrack consisting entirely of actual African tribal music recorded in the Congo, the film was adapted by John Lee Mahin from the play Red Dust by Wilson Collison. The picture is a remake of Red Dust (1932), which was set in Vietnam and also starred Gable in the same role.

Although the original trailer for the film explains that "Mogambo" means "the Greatest," in fact, the word "Mogambo" has no meaning at all. Producer Sam Zimbalist came up with the title by altering the name of the Mocambo, a famous Hollywood nightclub.

Plot
New York socialite Eloise "Honey Bear" Kelly arrives at a remote African outpost, looking for a rich maharajah acquaintance, only to find he has cancelled his trip owing to unrest in his realm. While waiting for the next river boat out, she spars with hardworking big game hunter and wild animal catcher Victor Marswell from the United States, who initially views her as disreputable. Marswell's business partner is plucky Englishman and big game hunter John Brown-Pryce, known as "Brownie." "Brownie" is sympathetic to Kelly, and believes that her "scars aren't visible, but they're there." Marswell also has a semi-hostile relationship with his employee, the gruff Russian Leon Boltchak. Kelly and Marswell later develop a mutual attraction and make love. Then the river boat brings London couple Donald Nordley and his wife Linda. Honey Bear takes the steamer out with the British skipper at Marswell's urging, although she would prefer to stay with Marswell and he expresses some regret at their parting. The Nordleys wish to go on safari to record the cries of gorillas. Marswell declines to guide them there due to the difficulties involved and insists that they be guided on the agreed route by his assistant, despite the Nordleys' protests. Honey Bear rejoins the group after the steamer suffers engine failure and subsequently runs aground. Marswell rescues Linda from a panther, and Honey Bear sees that they are attracted to one another. After Marswell talks to Linda privately, he agrees to take the Nordleys into gorilla country, while also taking Honey Bear part of the way to join the district commissioner, who can then take her back to civilization. However, they find the commissioner mortally wounded by recently belligerent Samburu tribesmen. With reinforcements days away, the small party narrowly escapes, taking the commissioner with them. Meanwhile, a serious romance is developing between Marswell and Linda. Only Donald is blind to the situation. Marswell plans to tell him about how he and Linda feel, but has second thoughts after realizing how much Donald loves his wife and perhaps how she would be better off remaining with him. The situation is aggravated when Marswell reluctantly shoots a gorilla to save Donald, blowing a chance to capture a baby gorilla. Marswell goes back to camp, depressed, and begins drinking heavily in his tent. Honey Bear joins him.

When Linda appears, she finds them cuddling. Marswell decides he can fix everything by making Linda hate him and makes a show of this cuddling followed by dismissive remarks about Linda's infatuation with "the White Hunter" to enrage her. Unfortunately, his ploy works too well when Linda shoots him with his own pistol, wounding him in the arm. Honey Bear lies to the others, telling them that Marswell had been making advances to Linda for some time, finally forcing Linda to shoot him in his drunken state. The next day, the party breaks camp to head back, leaving Marswell behind to try to capture young gorillas to pay for the safari. Marswell, acknowledging to himself his feelings for Honey Bear, asks her to stay and then proposes to her, but she rebuffs him. As the canoes set off, however, she suddenly jumps into the water and wades her way back to him.

Cast

 * Clark Gable as Victor Marswell
 * Ava Gardner as Eloise "Honey Bear" Kelly
 * Grace Kelly as Linda Nordley
 * Donald Sinden as Donald Nordley
 * Philip Stainton as John Brown-Pryce
 * Eric Pohlmann as Leon Boltchak
 * Laurence Naismith as Skipper
 * Denis O'Dea as Father Josef

Development
In 1946, the Los Angeles Times reported MGM was considering remaking Red Dust with Marilyn Maxwell as a possible star. In March 1948, Marie McDonald reportedly screen tested for the Jean Harlow part. In May 1949, Maxwell and Gene Kelly were being considered for lead roles.

The studio had a great deal of success with color remakes of older films shot on location overseas, including King Solomon's Mines (1950) and Quo Vadis (1951). In August 1951, MGM announced it would make Mogambo, shot on location in Africa. The producer would be Sam Zimbalist who had made King Solomon's Mines, and the star would be Clark Gable.

In February 1952, Zimbalist scouted locations in Africa for six weeks. In June, John Ford agreed to direct.

Casting
Shelley Winters was mentioned as a possible co-star. Patricia Neal also was discussed. In June 1952, Ava Gardner signed.

Grace Kelly was not the first choice for the role of Linda Nordley. Gene Tierney withdrew because she did not want to leave Aly Khan in Paris.

Shooting
Gable arrived in Kenya on 1 November 1952 and was given an armed guard due to the Mau Mau Uprising.

Filming started 17 November. It was done on location in Okalataka, French Congo; Mount Kenya, Thika, Kenya — Mt Longonot, and Lake Naivasha, both in the Kenyan Rift Valley and Fourteen Falls near Thika are seen as backdrops — Kagera River, Tanganyika; Uganda. Samburu were filmed in front of Mount Sabachi near Archer's Post and Isiolo. Interiors were shot at the MGM-British Studios, in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, England.

Frank Allen and his wife were guides during the six week-safari that constituted location filming.

The shoot was difficult. There was a rumor Clark Gable was going to be assassinated by the Mau Mau, so John Ford moved a location. Two of the crew were revealed to be Mau Mau. The unit was plagued by rain and had a deleterious effect on the already poor quality of the roads. Three of the crew were killed in road accidents, including assistant director John Hancock.

Donald Sinden, then a contract star for the Rank Organisation at Pinewood Studios, recalled: "Ten White Hunters were seconded to our unit for our protection and to provide fresh meat. Among them were Viscount Mandeville and Marcus, Lord Wallscourt, a delightful man whom Ford treated abysmally - sometimes very sadistically. In Ford's eyes the poor man could do nothing right and was continually being bawled out in front of the entire unit (in some ways he occasionally took the heat off me). None of us could understand the reason for this appalling treatment, which the dear kind man in no way deserved. He himself was quite at a loss. Several weeks later we discovered the cause from Ford's brother-in-law: before emigrating to America, Ford's grandfather had been a labourer on the estate in Ireland of the then Lord Wallscourt: Ford was now getting his own back at his descendant. Not a charming sight.

Before leaving camp on the first morning [of shooting] I had been told to report to the hair-dressing departments tent, where I found the make-up men armed with electric clippers: 'I have to remove the hair from your chest.' 'Whatever for?' I asked, 'Orders.' It transpired that Clark [Gable], whose chest was completely devoid of hair, had always insisted that no other actor should appear on film exposing a hirsute breast. This included any member of the crew not wearing a shirt as well. He considered it a slight on his masculinity. We now had to return to the MGM Studios in London to shoot all the interior scenes. Someone must have pointed out to Ford that he had been thoroughly foul to me during the entire location shoot and when I arrived for my first day's work I found that he had caused a large notice to be painted at the entrance to our sound stage in capital letters reading "BE KIND TO DONALD WEEK". He was as good as his word - for precisely seven days. On the eighth day he ripped the sign down and returned to his normal bullying behaviour."

Post-production
The music featured in the film was performed by local native tribes (except for Gardner accompanied by player piano), unusual for Hollywood, and the film records a traditional Africa and safari style.

Francoist Spanish censors would not allow adultery to be shown onscreen. For this reason, they changed the relationship of the characters of Linda Nordley (Kelly) and Donald Nordley (Sinden) from wife and husband to sister and brother in the dubbed version released in Spain, thus necessitating the removal of a bedroom scene in which only one bed is present.

Reception
The film was a hit — according to MGM records it made $4,576,000 in the US and Canada and $3,692,000 elsewhere, resulting in a profit of $2,026,000. It currently has a 77% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews.

Awards and honors
Grace Kelly won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress, and the film was nominated for two Oscars: Best Actress in a Leading Role (Gardner) and Best Actress in a Supporting Role (Kelly). The film also was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Film.

title: Mogambo