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Plovdiv

Plovdiv (Пловдив, ) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, 93 miles southeast of the capital Sofia. It had a population of 346,893 and 675,000 in the greater metropolitan area. Plovdiv is a cultural hub in Bulgaria and was the European Capital of Culture in 1999 and 2019. The city is an important economic, transport, cultural, and educational centre. Plovdiv joined the UNESCO Global Network of Learning Cities in 2016.

Plovdiv is in a fertile region of south-central Bulgaria on the two banks of the Maritsa River. The city has historically developed on seven syenite hills, some of which are 250 m high. Because of these hills, Plovdiv is often referred to in Bulgaria as "The City of the Seven Hills". There is evidence of habitation in the area dating back to the 6th millennium BCE, when the first Neolithic settlements were established. The city was subsequently a Thracian settlement, later being conquered and ruled also by Persians, Ancient Macedonians, Celts, Romans, Byzantines, Goths, Huns, Bulgarians, Thraco-Romans, Bulgars, Slavic tribes, Crusaders, and Ottoman Turks.

Philippopolis (Greek: Φιλιππούπολις) was founded as a polis by the father of Alexander the Great, Philip the Great ((r. 359 – 336)), the king of ancient Macedonia, settling there both Thracians and 2,000 Macedonians and Greeks in 342 BCE. Control of the city alternated between the Macedonian kingdom and the Thracian Odrysian kingdom during the Hellenistic period; the Macedonian king Philip V ((r. 221 – 179)) reoccupied the city in 183 BCE and his successor Perseus ((r. 179 – 168)) held the city with the Odrysians until the Roman Republic conquered the Macedonian kingdom in 168 BCE. Philippopolis became the capital of the Roman province of Thracia. The city was at the centre of the road network of inland Thrace, and the strategic Via Militaris was crossed by several other roads at the site, leading to the Danube, the Aegean Sea, and the Black Sea. The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius ((r. 161 – 180)) built a new wall around the city.

In Late Antiquity, Philippopolis was an important stronghold, but was sacked in 250 during the Crisis of the Third Century, after the Siege of Philippopolis by the Goths led by Cniva. After this the settlement contracted, though it remained a major city, with the city walls rebuilt and new Christian basilicas and Roman baths constructed in the 4th century. The city was again sacked by the Huns in 441/442, and the walls were again rebuilt. Roman Philippopolis resisted another attack, by the Avars in the 580s, after the walls were renewed yet again by Justinian the Great ((r. 527 – 565)).

In the Middle Ages, Philippopolis fell to the Bulgars of the First Bulgarian Empire in 863, during the reign of Boris I ((r. 852 – 889)), having been briefly abandoned by the Christian inhabitants in 813 during a dispute with the khan Krum ((r. c. 803 – 814)). During the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars, the emperor Basil the Bulgar-Slayer ((r. 960 – 1025)) used Philippopolis as a major strategic fortification, governed by the protospatharios Nikephoros Xiphias. In the middle 11th century, the city was attacked by the Pechenegs, who occupied it briefly around 1090. The city continued to prosper, with the walls restored in the 12th century, during which the historian and politician Niketas Choniates was its governor and the physician Michael Italikos was its metropolitan bishop. According to the Latin historian of the Fourth Crusade, Geoffrey of Villehardouin, Philippopolis was the third largest city in the Byzantine Empire, after Constantinople (Istanbul) and Thessalonica (Thessaloniki). It suffered damage from the armies passing through the city during the Crusades as well as from sectarian violence between the Eastern Orthodox and the Armenian Orthodox and Paulician denominations. The city was destroyed by Kaloyan of Bulgaria ((r. 1196 – 1207)) in 1206 and rebuilt thereafter. In 1219, the city became the capital of the Crusader Duchy of Philippopolis, part of the Latin Empire. The Second Bulgarian Empire recovered the city in 1263, but lost it to Byzantine control before recapturing it in 1323. The Ottoman Empire conquered Philippopolis (Filibe) in 1363 or 1364. During the 500 years of Ottoman rule, Filibe served as one of the important commercial and transportation nodes in the Ottoman Balkans. It also played a role as an administrative centre of various sanjaks and eyalets.

On 4 January 1878, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), Plovdiv was taken away from Ottoman rule by the Russian army. It remained within the borders of Bulgaria until July of the same year, when it became the capital of the autonomous Ottoman region of Eastern Rumelia. In 1885, Plovdiv and Eastern Rumelia joined Bulgaria.

There are many preserved ruins such as the ancient Plovdiv Roman theatre, a Roman odeon, a Roman aqueduct, the Plovdiv Roman Stadium, the archaeological complex Eirene, and others. Plovdiv is host to a huge variety of cultural events such as the International Fair Plovdiv, the international theatrical festival "A stage on a crossroad", the TV festival "The golden chest", and many more novel festivals, such as Night/Plovdiv in September, Kapana Fest, and Opera Open. The oldest American educational institution outside the United States, the American College of Sofia, was founded in Plovdiv in 1860 and later moved to Sofia.

Etymology
Plovdiv has been given various names throughout its long history. The Odrysian capital Odryssa (, ODRYSSA ) is suggested to have been modern Plovdiv by numismatic research or Odrin. The Greek historian Theopompus mentioned it in the 4th century BCE as a town named Poneropolis ( "town of villains") in pejorative relation to the conquest by king Philip II of Macedon who is said to have settled the town with 2,000 men who were false-accusers, sycophants, lawyers, and other possible disreputables. According to Plutarch, the town was named by this king after he had populated it with a crew of rogues and vagabonds, but this is possibly a folk name that did not actually exist. The names Dulon polis (  "slaves' town") and possibly Moichopolis (  "adulterer's town") likely have similar origins.

The city has been called Philippopolis ( ΦΙΛΙΠΠΟΠΟΛΙΣ ;, in modern Greek, Philippoupoli ) or "the city of Philip", from Greek Philippos "horse-lover", most likely in honor of Philip II of Macedon after his death or in honor of Philip V, as this name was first mentioned in the 2nd century BCE by Polybius in connection with the campaign of Philip V. Philippopolis was identified later by Plutarch and Pliny as the former Poneropolis. Strabo identified Philip II's settlement of most "evil, wicked" (Gr. πονηροτάτους ponerotatous) as Calybe (Kabyle), whereas Ptolemy considered the location of Poneropolis different from the rest.

Kendrisia was an old name of the city. Its earliest recorded use is on an artifact mentioning that king Beithys, priest of the Syrian goddess, brought gifts to Kendriso Apollo; the deity is recorded to be named multiple times after different cities. Later Roman coins mentioned the name which is possibly derived from Thracian god Kendriso who is equated with Apollo, the cedar forests, or from the Thracian tribe artifacts known as the kendrisi. Another assumed name is the 1st century CE Tiberias in honor of the Roman emperor Tiberius, under whom the Odrysian Kingdom was a client of Rome. After the Romans had taken control of the area, the city was named in TRIMONTIUM, meaning "The Three Hills", and mentioned in the 1st century by Pliny. At times the name was Ulpia, Flavia, Julia after the Roman families.

Ammianus Marcellinus wrote in the 4th century CE that the then city had been the old Eumolpias/Eumolpiada, ( EVMOLPIAS, EVMOLPIADA ), the oldest name chronologically. It was named after the mythical Thracian king Eumolpos, son of Poseidon or Jupiter, who may have founded the city around 1200 BCE or 1350 BCE. It is also possible that it was named after the Vestal Virgins in the temples – evmolpeya.

In the 6th century CE, Jordanes wrote that the former name of the city was Pulpudeva ( PVLPVDEVA ) and that Philip the Arab named the city after himself. This name is most likely a Thracian oral translation of the other as it kept all consonants of the name Philip + deva (city). Although the two names sound similar, they may not share the same origin as Odrin and Adrianople do, and Pulpudeva may have predated the other names meaning "lake city" in Thracian. Since the 9th century CE the Slavic name began to appear as Papaldiv/n, Plo(v)div, Pladiv, Pladin, Plapdiv, Plovdin, which originate from Pulpudeva. As a result, the name has lost any meaning. In British English the Bulgarian variant Plòvdiv has become prevalent after World War I. The Crusaders mentioned the city as Prineople, Sinople and Phinepople. The Ottomans called the city Filibe, a corruption of "Philip", in a document from 1448.

Geography
Plovdiv is located on the banks of the Maritsa river, southeast of the Bulgarian capital Sofia. The city is in the southern part of the Plain of Plovdiv, an alluvial plain that forms the western portion of the Upper Thracian Plain. From there, the peaks of the Sredna Gora mountain range rise to the northwest, the Chirpan Heights to the east, and the Rhodope mountains to the south. Originally, Plovdiv's development occurred south of Maritsa, with expansion across the river taking place only within the last 100 years. Modern Plovdiv covers an area of 101 km2, less than 0.1% of Bulgaria's total area. It is the most densely populated city in Bulgaria, with 3,769 inhabitants per km2.

Inside the city proper are six syenite hills. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were seven syenite hills, but one (Markovo tepe) was destroyed. Three of them are called the Three Hills (Трихълмие Trihalmie), the others are called the Hill of the Youth (Младежки хълм, Mladezhki halm), the Hill of the Liberators (Хълм на освободителите, Halm na osvoboditelite), and the Hill of Danov (Данов хълм, Danov halm).

Climate
Plovdiv has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) with considerable humid continental influences. There are four distinct seasons with large temperature jumps between seasons.

Summer (mid-May to late September) is hot, moderately dry and sunny, with July and August having an average high of 33 °C. Plovdiv sometimes experiences very hot days which are typical in the interior of the country. Summer nights are mild.

Autumn starts in late September; days are long and relatively warm in early autumn. The nights become chilly by September. The first frost usually occurs by November.

Winter is normally cold and snow is common. The average number of days with snow coverage in Plovdiv is 15. The average depth of snow coverage is 2 to 4 cm, and the maximum is normally 6 to 13 cm, but some winters coverage can reach 70 cm or more. The average January temperature is -0.4 °C.

Spring begins in March and is cooler than autumn. The frost season ends in March. The days are mild and relatively warm in mid-spring.

The average relative humidity is 73% and is highest in December at 86% and the lowest in August at 62%. The total precipitation is 540 mm and is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year. The wettest months of the year are May and June, with an average precipitation of 66.2 mm, and the driest month is August, with an average precipitation of 31 mm.

Gentle winds (0 to 5 m/s) are predominant in the city with wind speeds of up to 1 m/s, representing 95% of all winds during the year. Mists are common in the cooler months, especially along the banks of the Maritsa. On average there are 33 days with mist during the year.

Antiquity

The history of the region spans more than eight millennia. Numerous nations have left their traces on the 12 m cultural layers of the city. The earliest signs of habitation in the territory of Plovdiv date as far back as the 6th millennium BCE. Plovdiv has settlement traces including necropolises dating from the Neolithic era (roughly 6000–5000 BCE) like the mounds Yasa Tepe 1 in the Philipovo district and Yasa Tepe 2 in Lauta park. Archaeologists have discovered fine pottery and objects of everyday life on Nebet Tepe from as early as the Chalcolithic era, showing that at the end of the 4th millennium BCE, there was already an established settlement there which was continuously inhabited since then. Thracian necropolises dating back to the 2nd–3rd millennium BCE have been discovered, while the Thracian town was established between the 2nd and the 1st millennium BCE.

The town was a fort of the independent local Thracian tribe Bessi. In 516 BCE during the rule of Darius the Great, Thrace was included in the Persian empire. In 492 BCE, the Persian general Mardonius subjugated Thrace again, and it nominally became a vassal of Persia until 479 BCE and the early rule of Xerxes I. The town became part of the Odrysian kingdom (460 BCE – 46 CE), a Thracian tribal union. The town was conquered by Philip II of Macedon, and the Odrysian king was deposed in 342 BCE. Ten years after the Macedonian invasion, the Thracian kings started to exercise power again after the Odrysian Seuthes III had re-established their kingdom under Macedonian suzerainty as a result of a successful revolt against Alexander the Great's rule resulting in a stalemate. The Odrysian kingdom gradually overcame the Macedonian suzerainty, while the city was destroyed by the Celts as part of the Celtic settlement of Eastern Europe, most likely in the 270s BCE. In 183 BCE, Philip V of Macedon conquered the city, but shortly after, the Thracians re-conquered it.

In 72 BCE, the city was seized by the Roman general Marcus Lucullus but was soon restored to Thracian control. In 46 CE, the city was finally incorporated into the Roman Empire by emperor Claudius; it served as the capital of the province of Thrace. Although it was not the capital of the Province of Thrace, the city was the largest and most important centre in the province. As such, the city was the seat of the Union of Thracians. In those times, the Via Militaris (or Via Diagonalis), the most important military road in the Balkans, passed through the city. The Roman times were a period of growth and cultural excellence. The ancient ruins tell a story of a vibrant, growing city with numerous public buildings, shrines, baths, theatres, a stadium, and the only developed ancient water supply system in Bulgaria. The city had an advanced water system and sewerage. In 179 a second wall was built to encompass Trimontium which had already extended out of the Three hills into the valley. Many of those are still preserved and can be seen by tourists. Today only a small part of the ancient city has been excavated.

In 250 the city was captured and looted after the Battle of Philippopolis by the Goths, led by their ruler Cniva. Many of its citizens, 100,000 according to Ammianus Marcellinus, died or were taken captive. It took a century and hard work to recover the city. However, it was destroyed again by Attila's Huns in 441–442 and by the Goths of Teodoric Strabo in 471.

An ancient Roman inscription written in Ancient Greek dated to 253 – 255 AD were discovered in the Great Basilica. The inscription refers to the Dionysian Mysteries and also mentions Roman Emperors Valerian and Gallienus. It has been found on a large stele which was used as construction material during the building of the Great Basilica.

Middle Ages
The Slavs had fully settled in the area by the middle of the 6th century. This was done peacefully as there are no records for their attacks. With the establishment of Bulgaria in 681, Philippoupolis, the name of the city then, became an important border fortress of the Byzantine Empire. It was captured by Khan Krum in 812, but the region was fully incorporated into the Bulgarian Empire in 834 during the reign of Khan Malamir. It was reconquered by the Byzantine Empire in 855–856 for a short time until it was returned to Boris I of Bulgaria. From Philippopolis, the influence of dualistic doctrines spread to Bulgaria forming the basis of the Bogomil heresy. The city remained in Bulgarian hands until 970. However, the city is described at the time of Constantine VII in the 10th century as being within the Byzantine province (theme of Macedonia). Philippopolis was captured by the Byzantines in 969, shortly before it was sacked by the ruler of Rus' Sviatoslav I of Kiev who impaled 20,000 citizens. Before and after the Rus' massacre, the city was settled by Paulician heretics transported from Syria and Armenia to serve as military settlers on the European frontier with Bulgaria. Aime de Varennes in 1180 encountered the singing of Byzantine songs in the city that recounted the deeds of Alexander the Great and his predecessors over 1300 years before.

Byzantine rule was interrupted by the Third Crusade (1189–1192) when the army of the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa conquered Philippopolis. Ivanko was appointed as the governor of the Byzantine Theme of Philippopolis in 1196, but between 1198 and 1200 separated it from Byzantium in a union with Bulgaria. The Latin Empire conquered Philippopolis in 1204, and there were two short interregnum periods as the city was twice occupied by Kaloyan of Bulgaria before his death in 1207. In 1208, Kaloyan's successor Boril was defeated by the Latins in the Battle of Philippopolis. Under Latin rule, Philippopolis was the capital of the Duchy of Philippopolis, which was governed by Renier de Trit and later on by Gerard de Strem. The city was possibly at times a vassal of Bulgaria or Venice. Ivan Asen II conquered the duchy finally in 1230 but the city had possibly been conquered earlier. Afterwards, Philippopolis was conquered by Byzantium. According to some information, by 1300 Philippopolis was a possession of Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria. It was conquered from Byzantium by George Terter II of Bulgaria in 1322. Andronikos III Palaiologos unsuccessfully besieged the city, but a treaty restored Byzantine rule once again in 1323. In 1344 the city and eight other cities were surrendered to Bulgaria by the regency for John V Palaiologos as the price for Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria's support in the Byzantine civil war of 1341–47.

Ottoman rule
In 1364 the Ottoman Turks under Lala Shahin Pasha seized Plovdiv. According to other data, Plovdiv was not an Ottoman possession until the Battle of Maritsa in 1371, after which, the citizens and the Bulgarian army fled leaving the city without resistance. Refugees settled in Stanimaka. During the Ottoman Interregnum in 1410, Musa Çelebi conquered the city killing and displacing inhabitants. The city was the centre of the Rumelia Eyalet from 1364 until 1443, when it was replaced by Sofia as the capital of Rumelia. Plovdiv served as a sanjak centre within Rumelia between 1443 and 1593, the sanjak centre in Silistra Eyalet between 1593 and 1826, the sanjak centre in Eyalet of Adrianople between 1826 and 1867, and the sanjak centre of Edirne Vilayet between 1867 and 1878. During that period, Plovdiv was one of the major economic centers in the Balkans, along with Istanbul (Constantinople), Edirne, Thessaloniki, and Sofia. The richer citizens constructed beautiful houses, many of which can still be seen in the architectural reserve of Old Plovdiv. From the early 15th century till the end of 17th century the city was predominantly inhabited by Muslims.

National revival
Under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, Filibe (as the city was known at that time) was a focal point for the Bulgarian national movement and survived as one of the major cultural centers for Bulgarian culture and tradition.

Filibe was described as consisting of Turks, Bulgarians, Hellenized Bulgarians, Armenians, Jews, Vlachs, Arvanites, Greeks, and Roma people. In the 16–17 century a significant number of Sephardic Jews settled along with a smaller Armenian community from Galicia. The Paulicians adopted Catholicism or lost their identity. The abolition of Slavonic as the language of the Bulgarian Church as well as the complete abolition of the church in 1767 and the introduction of the Millet System led to ethnic division among people of different religions. Christian and Muslim Bulgarians were subjected to Hellenization and Turkification respectively. A major part of the inhabitants was fully or partly Hellenized due to the Greek patriarchate. The "Langeris" are described as Greeks from the area of the nearby Stenimachos. The process of Hellenization flourished until the 1830s but declined with the Tanzimat as the idea of the Hellenic nation of Christians grew and was associated with ethnic Greeks.

The re-establishment of the Bulgarian Church in 1870 was a sign of ethnic and national consciousness. Thus, although there is a little doubt about the Bulgarian origin of the Gulidas, the city could be considered of Greek or Bulgarian majority in the 19th century. Raymond Detrez has suggested that when the Gudilas and Langeris claimed to be Greek it was more in the sense of "Romei than Ellines, in a cultural rather than an ethnic sense". According to the statistics by the Bulgarian and Greek authors, there were no Turks in the city; according to an alternative estimate the city was of Turkish majority.

Filibe had an important role in the struggle for Church independence which was, according to some historians, a peaceful bourgeois revolution. Filibe became the center of that struggle with leaders such as Nayden Gerov, Dr Valkovich, Joakim Gruev, and whole families. In 1836 the first Bulgarian school was inaugurated, and in 1850, modern secular education began when the "St Cyrill and Methodius" school was opened. On 11 May 1858, the day of Saints Cyril and Methodius was celebrated for the first time; this later became a National holiday which is still celebrated today (but on 24 May due to Bulgaria's 1916 transition from the Old Style (Julian) to the New Style (Gregorian) calendar). In 1858 in the Church of Virgin Mary, the Christmas liturgy was served for the first time in the Bulgarian language since the beginning of the Ottoman occupation. Until 1906 there were Bulgarian and Greek bishops in the city. In 1868 the school expanded into the first grammar school. Some of the intellectuals, politicians, and spiritual leaders of the nation graduated that school.

The city was conquered by the Russians under Aleksandr Burago for several hours during the Battle of Philippopolis on 17 January 1878. It was the capital of the Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria between May and October. According to the Russian census of the same year, Filibe had a population of 24,000 citizens, of which ethnic Bulgarians comprised 45.4%, Turks 23.1% and Greeks 19.9%.

Eastern Rumelia
According to the Treaty of San Stefano on 3 March 1878, the Principality of Bulgaria included the lands with predominantly Bulgarian population. Plovdiv which was the biggest and most vibrant Bulgarian city was selected as a capital of the restored country and for a seat of the Temporary Russian Government. Great Britain and Austria-Hungary, however, did not approve that treaty and the final result of the war was concluded in the Congress of Berlin which divided the newly liberated country into several parts. It separated the autonomous region of Eastern Rumelia from Bulgaria, and Plovdiv became its capital. The Ottoman Empire created a constitution and appointed a governor.

In the spring of 1885, Zahari Stoyanov formed the Secret Bulgarian Central Revolutionary Committee in the city which actively conducted propaganda for the unification of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. On 5 September, several hundred armed rebels from Golyamo Konare (now Saedinenie) marched to Plovdiv. In the night of 5–6 September, these men, led by Danail Nikolaev, took control of the city and removed from office the General-Governor Gavril Krastevich. A provisional government was formed led by Georgi Stranski, and universal mobilization was announced. After the Serbs were defeated in the Serbo-Bulgarian War, Bulgaria and Turkey reached an agreement that the Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia had a common government, Parliament, administration, and army. Today, 6 September is celebrated as the Unification Day and the Day of Plovdiv.

Recent history
After the unification, Plovdiv remained the second most populous city in Bulgaria after the capital Sofia. The first railway in the city was built in 1874 connecting it with the Ottoman capital, and in 1888, it was linked with Sofia. In 1892 Plovdiv became the host of the First Bulgarian Fair with international participation which was succeeded by the International Fair Plovdiv. After the liberation, the first brewery was inaugurated in the city.

The noteworthy English travel writer Patrick Leigh Fermor visited Plovdiv in the late summer of 1934 and he was charmed by the town and a local woman name Nadjeda.

In the beginning of the 20th century, Plovdiv grew as a significant industrial and commercial center with well-developed light and food industry. In 1927 the electrification of Plovdiv has started. German, French, and Belgian capital was invested in the city in the development of modern trade, banking, and industry. In 1939, there were 16,000 craftsmen and 17,000 workers in manufacturing factories, mainly for food and tobacco processing. During the Second World War, the tobacco industry expanded as well as the export of fruit and vegetables. In 1943, 1,500 Jews were saved from deportation in concentration camps by the archbishop of Plovdiv, Cyril, who later became the Bulgarian Patriarch. In 1944, the city was bombed by the British-American coalition.

Tobacco Depot workers went on strike on 4 May 1953.

On 6 April 1956 the first trolleybus line was opened and in the 1950s the Trimontsium Hotel was constructed. In the 1960s and 1970s, there was a construction boom and many of the modern neighborhoods took shape. In the 1970s and 1980s, antique remains were excavated and the Old Town was fully restored. In 1990 the sports complex "Plovdiv" was finished. It included the largest stadium and rowing canal in the country. In that period, Plovdiv became the birthplace of Bulgaria's movement for democratic reform, which by 1989 had garnered enough support to enter government.

Plovdiv has hosted specialized exhibitions of the World's Fair in 1981, 1985, and 1991.

Population
The population by permanent address for the municipality of Plovdiv in 2007 was 380,682, which makes it the second most populated in the nation. According to data from the National Institute of Statistics (NSI), the population of people who actually live in Plovdiv is 346,790. According to the 2012 census, 339,077 live within the city limits and 403,153 in the municipal triangle of Plovdiv, including Maritsa municipality and Rodopi municipality. Population of Plovdiv:

At the first census after the Liberation of Bulgaria in 1880 with 24,053 citizens, Plovdiv was the third largest city behind Stara Zagora, which had 25,460 citizens prior to being burnt to the ground as well as Ruse, which had 26,163 citizens then, and ahead of the capital Sofia, which had 20,501 citizens then. As of the 1887 census, Plovdiv was the largest city in the country for several years with 33,032 inhabitants compared to 30,428 for Sofia. According to the 1946 census, Plovdiv was the second largest city with 126,563 inhabitants compared to 487,000 for the capital.

Ethnicity and religion
In its ethnic character Plovdiv is the second or the third-largest cosmopolitan city inhabited by Bulgarians, after Sofia and possibly Varna. According to the 2001 census, out of a population of 338,224 inhabitants, the Bulgarians numbered 302,858 (90%). Stolipinovo in Plovdiv is the largest Roma neighbourhood in the Balkans, having a population of around 20,000 alone; further Roma ghettos are Hadji Hassan Mahala and Sheker Mahala. Therefore, the census number is a deflation of the number of Roma people, and they are most likely the second-largest group after the Bulgarians, most of all because the Muslim Roma in Plovdiv claim to be of Turkish ethnicity and Turkish-speaking at the census ("Xoraxane Roma"). For further information see the article Roma people in Plovdiv. Like elsewhere in the country, Roma people are subjected to discrimination and segregation (See the Bulgaria section of the article Antiziganism).

After the Wars for National Union (Balkan Wars and World War I), the city became home for thousands of refugees from the former Bulgarian lands in Macedonia, Western and Eastern Thrace. Many of the old neighbourhoods are still referred to as Belomorski, Vardarski. Most of the Jews left the city after the foundation of Israel in 1948, as well as most of the Turks and Greeks. Prior to the population exchange, as of 1 January 1885, the city of Plovdiv had a population of 33,442, of which 16,752 were Bulgarians (50%), 7,144 Turks (21%), 5,497 Greeks (16%), 2,168 Jews (6%), 1,061 Armenians (3%), 151 Italians, 112 Germans, 112 Romani people, 80 French people, 61 Russians and 304 people of other nationalities.

The vast majority of the inhabitants are Christians, mostly Eastern Orthodox, Catholics, Eastern Catholics, and Protestant trends (Adventists, Baptists and others). There are also some Muslims and Jews. In Plovdiv, there are many churches, two mosques and one synagogue (see Plovdiv Synagogue).

Some Aromanians also inhabit Plovdiv.

City government
Plovdiv is the administrative center of Plovdiv Province which consists of the Municipality of Plovdiv, the Maritsa municipality, and the Rodopi municipality. The mayor of the Municipality of Plovdiv, Kostadin Dimitrov, with the six district mayors represent the local executive authorities. The Municipal Council which consists of 51 municipal counsellors, represents the legislative power, and is elected according to the proportional system by parties' lists. The executive government of the Municipality of Plovdiv consists of a mayor who is elected by majority representation, five deputy mayors, and one administrative secretary. All the deputy mayors and the secretary control their administrative structured units.

According to the Law for the territorial subdivision of the Capital municipality and the large cities, the territory of Plovdiv Municipality is subdivided into six district administrations with their mayors being appointed following approval by the Municipal Council.

Districts and neighbourhoods
In 1969 the villages of Proslav and Komatevo were incorporated into the city. In 1987 the municipalities of Maritsa and Rodopi were separated from Plovdiv which remained their administrative center. In the last several years, the inhabitants from those villages had taken steps to rejoin the "urban" municipality.

Main sights
The city has more than 200 archaeological sites, 30 of which are of national importance. There are many remains from antiquity. Plovdiv is among the few cities with two ancient theatres; remains of the medieval walls and towers; Ottoman baths and mosques; a well-preserved old quarter from the National Revival period with beautiful houses; churches; and narrow paved streets. There are numerous museums, art, galleries and cultural institutions. Plovdiv is host to musical, theatrical, and film events. The Knyaz Alexander I Street is the main street in Plovdiv.

The city is a starting point for trips to places in the region, such as the Bachkovo Monastery at 30 km to the south, the ski-resort Pamporovo at 90 km to the south or the spa resorts to the north Hisarya, Banya, Krasnovo, and Strelcha.

Roman City
The Ancient theatre (Antichen teatur) is probably the best-known monument from antiquity in Bulgaria. During recent archaeological survey, an inscription was found on a postament of a statue at the theatre. It revealed that the site was constructed at the 90s of the 1st century CE. The inscription itself refers to Titus Flavius Cotis, the ruler of the ancient city during the reign of Emperor Domitian.

The Ancient theatre is situated in the natural saddle between two of the Three Hills. It is divided into two parts with 14 rows each divided with a horizontal lane. The theatre could accommodate up to 7,000 people. The three-story scene is on the southern part and is decorated with friezes, cornices, and statues. The theatre was studied, conserved, and restored between 1968 and 1984. Many events are still held on the scene including the Opera Festival Opera Open, the Rock Festival Sounds of the Ages, and the International Folklore festival. The Roman Odeon was restored in 2004. It was built in the 2nd–5th centuries and is the second (and smaller) antique theatre of Philipopolis with 350 seats. It was initially built as a bulevterion, an edifice of the city council, and was later reconstructed as a theatre.

The Ancient Stadium is another important monument of the ancient city. It was built in the 2nd century during the reign of the Roman Emperor Hadrian. It is situated between Danov Hill and one of the Three Hills, beneath the main street from Dzhumaya Square to Kamenitsa Square. It was modelled after the stadium in Delphi. It was approximately 240 m long and 50 m wide, and could seat up to 30,000 spectators. The athletic games at the stadium were organised by the General Assembly of the province of Thrace. In their honour, the royal mint of Philippopolis coined money featuring the face of the ruling emperor as well as the types of athletic events held in the stadium. Only a small part of the northern section with 14 seat rows can be seen today; the larger part lies under the main street and a number of buildings.

The Roman forum dates from the reign of Vespasian in the 1st century and was finished in the 2nd century. It is near the modern post office next to the Odeon. It has an area of 11 hectares and was surrounded by shops and public buildings. The forum was a focal point of the streets of the ancient city.

The Eirene Residence is in the southern part of the Three Hills on the northern part of an ancient street in the Archeological underpass. It includes remains of a public building from the 3rd–4th centuries which belonged to a noble citizen. Eirene is the Christian name for Penelopa, a maiden from Megadon, who was converted to Christianity in the 2nd century. There are colourful mosaics which have geometrical forms and figures.

On Nebet hill are the remains of the first settlement which in 12th century BCE grew to the Thracian city of Eumolpias, one of the first cities in Southeastern Europe. Massive walls surrounding a temple and a palace have been excavated. The oldest part of the fortress was constructed from large syenite blocks, the so-called "cyclopean construction".

Museums and protected sites
The Archaeological Museum was established in 1882 as the People's Museum of Eastern Rumelia. In 1928 the museum was moved to a 19th-century edifice on Saedinenie Square built by Plovdiv architect Josef Schnitter. The museum contains a rich collection of Thracian art. The three sections "Prehistory", "Antiquity", and "Middle Ages" contain precious artifacts from the Paleolithic to the early Ottoman period (15th–16th centuries). The famous Panagyurishte treasure is part of the museum's collection.

The Plovdiv Regional Historical Museum was founded in 1951 as a scientific and cultural institute for collecting, saving, and researching historical evidence about Plovdiv and the surrounding region from 16th to 20th centuries. The exhibition is situated in three buildings.

The Plovdiv Regional Ethnographic Museum was inaugurated in 1917. On 14 October 1943, it was moved to a house in the Old Town. In 1949 the Municipal House-museum was reorganized as a People's Ethnographic Museum and in 1962 it was renovated. There are more than 40,000 objects.

The Museum of Natural Science was inaugurated in 1955 in the old edifice of the Plovdiv Municipality built in 1880. It is among the most important museums in the country with rich collections in its Paleontology, Mineralogy, and Botanic sections. There are several rooms for wildlife and it contains Bulgaria's largest freshwater aquarium with 40 fish species. It has a collection of minerals from the Rhodope mountains.

The Museum of Aviation was established on 21 September 1991 on the territory of the Krumovo airbase 12 km to the southeast of the city. The museum possesses 59 aircraft and indoor and outdoor exhibitions.

The Old Town of Plovdiv is a historic preservation site known for its Bulgarian Renaissance architectural style. The Old Town covers the area of the three central hills (Трихълмие, Trihalmie). Almost every house in the Old Town has its characteristic exterior and interior decoration.

Churches, mosques and temples
There are a number of 19th-century churches, most of which follow the distinctive Eastern Orthodox construction style. They are the Saint Constantine and Saint Helena, the Saint Marina, the Saint Nedelya, the Saint Petka, and the Holy Mother of God Churches. As the city has been a gathering center for Orthodox Christians for a long period of time, Plovdiv is surrounded by several monasteries located at the foot of the Rhodope Mountains such as "St. George", "St. Kozma and Damian", St. Kirik, and Yulita (Ulita). They remain good examples of the late Middle Age Orthodox architecture and iconography masterpieces typical for the region. There are also Roman Catholic cathedrals in Plovdiv, the Cathedral of St Louis being the largest. There are several more modern Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, and other Protestant churches, as well as older style Apostolic churches.

Two mosques remain in Plovdiv from the time of Ottoman rule. The Djumaya Mosque is considered the oldest European mosque outside Moorish Spain.

The Sephardic Plovdiv Synagogue is at Tsar Kaloyan Street 13 in the remnants of a small courtyard in what was once a large Jewish quarter. Dating to the 19th century, it is one of the best-preserved examples of the so-called "Ottoman-style" synagogues in the Balkans. According to author Ruth E. Gruber, the interior of the Plovdiv Synagogue is a "hidden treasure...a glorious, if run-down, burst of color." An exquisite Venetian glass chandelier hangs from the center of the ceiling, which has a richly painted dome. All surfaces are covered in elaborate, Moorish-style, geometric designs in once-bright greens and blues. Torah scrolls are kept in the gilded Aron-ha-Kodesh.

Theatre and music
The Plovdiv Drama Theatre is a successor of the first professional theatre group in Bulgaria founded in 1881. The Plovdiv Puppet Theatre, founded in 1948, remains one of the leading institutions in this genre. The Plovdiv Opera was established in 1953.

Another pillar of Plovdiv's culture is the Philharmonic, founded in 1945. Soloists such as Dmitri Shostakovich, Sviatoslav Richter, Mstislav Rostropovich, Yuri Boukov, and Mincho Minchev have worked with the Plovdiv Philharmonic. The orchestra has toured in almost all of the European countries.

The Trakiya Folklore Ensemble, founded in 1974, has performed thousands of concerts in Bulgaria and more than 42 countries. The Trakiya Traditional Choir was nominated for a Grammy Award. The Detska Kitka Choir is one of the oldest and best-known youth choirs in Bulgaria and the winner of numerous awards from international choral competitions. The Evmolpeya choir is another girls' choir from Plovdiv, whose establishing patron, Ivan Chomakov, became the then mayor in 2006. The choir was appointed a Goodwill Ambassador and a municipal choir.

Literature
Plovdiv is among the nation's primary literary centres. In 1855 Hristo G. Danov created the first Bulgarian publishing company and printing-press. The city's traditions as a literary centre are preserved by the first public library in Bulgaria, the Ivan Vazov National Library, the 19 chitalishta (cultural centres), and by numerous booksellers and publishers. The library was founded in 1879 and named after the famous Bulgarian writer and poet Ivan Vazov who worked in Plovdiv for five years creating some of his best works. Today the Ivan Vazov National Library is the second largest national library institution with more than 1.5 million books, owning rare Bulgarian and European publications.

Arts
The city has traditions in iconography since the Middle Ages. During the Period of National Revival, a number of notable icon-painters (called in Bulgarian zografi, зографи) from all regions of the country worked in Plovdiv such as – Dimitar Zograf, his son Zafir Zograf, Zahari Zograf, Georgi Danchov, and others. After the Liberation, the Bulgarian painter of Czech origin Ivan Mrkvička came to work in the city. The Painters' Society was established there by artists from southern Bulgaria in 1912 whose members included painters Zlatyu Boyadzhiev, Tsanko Lavrenov and Sirak Skitnik.

Today the city has more than 40 art galleries with most of them being privately owned. The Art Gallery of Plovdiv was founded in the late 19th century. It possesses 5,000 pieces of art in four buildings. Since 1981, it has had a section for Mexican art donated by Mexican painters in honour of the 1,300-year anniversary of the Bulgarian State.

European Capital of Culture
On 5 September 2014, Plovdiv was selected as the Bulgarian host of European Capital of Culture in 2019. The city will co-host the event with Matera and another city (yet to be decided).

After Plovdiv was elected as European Capital of Culture in 2019, an ambitious cultural program has started its realisation. According to this program, there will be an Island of Arts in the middle of the Maritsa River in Plovdiv. The "Kapana" area (the "Trap") will become a quarter of the arts where the creative industries are going to be developed and presented. This famous area, Kapana, was renovated in 2014, restoring its authentic outlook. It has been used for a number of festivals and art events.

For 2019 the City Under the Hills is planning a number of concerts, including "Balkan Music in Plovdiv".The city will host the Plovdiv Biennale and a number of international forums, such as a meeting of collectors from Europe, a summer art school, dance projects, etc.

Economy
Although it is located in the middle of a rich agricultural region, Plovdiv's economy has shifted from agriculture to industry since the beginning of the 20th century. Food processing, tobacco, brewing, and textiles formed the pillars of the industrial economic shift. During Communist rule, the city's economy expanded and was dominated by heavy industry. After the fall of Communism in 1989 and the collapse of Bulgaria's planned economy, a number of industrial complexes were closed; production of lead and zinc, machinery, electronics, motor trucks, chemicals, and cosmetics have continued.

Plovdiv is the economic capital of Bulgaria as it has the country's largest economy and contributes 7.5% of Bulgaria's GDP. In 2014, more than 35 thousand companies operate in the region which create jobs for 285,000 people. The advantages of Plovdiv include the central geographic location, good infrastructure, and large population. Plovdiv has an international airport, terminal for intermodal transport, several connections with Trakia motorway (connecting Sofia and Burgas), proximity to Maritsa motorway (the main corridor to Turkey), and well-developed road and rail infrastructure which all led to the development of the city as the leading city in terms of industrial output in Bulgaria. Established in 1970, the Toplofikatsiya Plovdiv company provides generation of electric power and heat and heat distribution for Plovdiv.

The economy of Plovdiv has long tradition in manufacturing, commerce, transport, communications, and tourism. Apart from the industrial development of Plovdiv, there has been a significant surge in the IT and outsourcing service sector in the recent years, as well as a double-digit increase in the tourism growth in the city every year for the past 5 years.

Economic Indicators
Source: The National Statistical Institute

Industry
Industry has been the sole leader in attracting investment. Industry has been expanding since the late 1990s, with manufacturing plants being built in the city or in its outskirts mainly the municipality of Maritsa. In this period, some €500,000,000 has been invested in the construction of new factories. Trakia Economic Zone which is one of the largest industrial zones in Eastern Europe, is located around Plovdiv. Some of the biggest companies in the region include the Austrian utility company EVN, PIMK (transport), Insa Oil (fuels), Liebherr (refrigerator plant), Magna International (automotive industry), Bella Bulgaria (food manufacturing), Socotab (tobacco processing), ABB Group, Schneider Electric, Osram, Sensata Technologies, etc.

Shopping and commerce
The commercial sector is developing quickly. Shopping centers have been built mainly in the Central district and the district of Trakiya. Those include Shopping Center Grand, Market Center, and two more all on the Kapitan Raycho Street, Forum in Trakiya, Excelsior, and others. Plovdiv has three large shopping centers: the €40 million Mall of Plovdiv (opened 2009) with a shopping area of 22000 m2, 11 cinema halls, and parking for 700 cars; Markovo tepe Mall (opened 2016); and Plovdiv Plaza Mall which is 6 stories high with 127 000 m2 area, half of which is the parking lot and the rest is shopping area.

Due to the high demand for business office space, new office and commercial buildings have been built. Several hypermarkets have been built mainly on the outskirts of the city: Metro, Kaufland, Triumf, Praktiker, Billa, Mr. Bricolage, Baumax, Technopolis, Technomarket Europa, and others. The main shopping area is the central street with its shops, cafés, and restaurants. A number of cafés, craftsmen workshops, and souvenir shops are in the Old Town and the small streets in the centre, known among the locals as "The Trap" (Капана).

The Plovdiv International Fair, held annually since 1892, is the largest and oldest fair in the country and all of southeastern Europe, gathering companies from all over the world in an exhibition area of 138000 m2 located on a territory of 352000 m2 on the northern banks of the Maristsa river. It attracts more than 600,000 visitors from many countries.

The city has had a duty-free zone since 1987. It has a customs terminal handling cargo from trucks and trains.

Transport
Plovdiv's geographical position makes it an international transport hub. Three of the ten Pan-European corridors run into or near the city: Corridor IV (Dresden–Bucharest–Sofia-Plovdiv-Istanbul), Corridor VIII (Durrës-Sofia-Plovdiv-Varna/Burgas), and Corridor X (Salzburg–Belgrade-Plovdiv-Istanbul). A major tourist centre, Plovdiv lies at the foot of the Rhodope Mountains, and most people wishing to explore the mountains choose it as their trip's starting point.

The city is a major road and railway hub in southern Bulgaria with the Trakia motorway (A1) only 5 km to the north. It lies on the important national route from Sofia to Burgas via Stara Zagora. First-class roads lead to Sofia to the west, Karlovo to the north, Asenovgrad, Kardzhali to the south, and Stara Zagora and Haskovo to the east. There are intercity buses which link Plovdiv with cities and towns all over the country and many European countries. They are based in three bus stations: South, Rodopi, and North.

Railway transport in the city dates back to 1872 when it became a station on the Lyubimets–Belovo railway line. There are railway lines to Sofia, Panagyurishte, Karlovo, Peshtera, Stara Zagora, Dimitrovgrad, and Asenovgrad. There are three railway stations: – Plovdiv Central, Trakia, and Filipovo –  as well as a freight station.

Plovdiv has a large public transport system including around 30 main and 2 extra bus lines. However, there are no trams in the city, and the Plovdiv trolleybus system was closed in autumn 2012. Six bridges span the Maritsa river including a railway bridge and a covered bridge. There are important road junctions to the south, southwest, and north. Plovdiv has a well-developed cycling infrastructure which covers almost all districts of the city. The total length of the cycling roads is 60 km (48 km are completed and 12 km are under construction). The city has a total of 690 bike parkings.

The number of registered private automobiles in the city increased from 178,104 in 2005 to 234,298 in 2009. There are around 658 cars per 1,000 inhabitants Plovdiv International Airport is near the village of Krumovo, 5 km southeast of the city. It takes charter flights from Europe and has scheduled services with Ryanair to London Stansted and Dublin and S7 to Moscow. Wizz Air have services to London Luton, Dortmund, and Munich West.Many small airports are in the city's surroundings, including the Graf Ignatievo Air Base in Graf Ignatievo to the north of Plovdiv.

The BIAF Airshow is held every two years on the Krumovo airbase and is one of the biggest airshows in the Balkans.

Education
Around two thirds of the citizens (62,38%) have secondary, specialized, or higher education. That percentage increased from 1992 to 2001.

Plovdiv has 78 schools including elementary, high, foreign language, mathematics, technical, and art schools. There are also 10 private schools and a seminary. The number of pupils in 2005 was 36,964 and has been constantly decreasing since the mid-1990 due to lower birth rate. Among the most prestigious schools are the English Language School, the High School of Mathematics, the Ivan Vazov Language School, the Humanitarian High School "Saints Cyril and Methodius", the National School of Commerce, and the French High School.

The city has six universities and a number of state and private colleges and branches of other universities. Those include Plovdiv University, with 900 lecturers and employees and 13,000 students; the Plovdiv Medical University, with 2,600 students; the Medical College; the Technical University of Sofia – Branch Plovdiv; the Agricultural University – Plovdiv; the University of Food Technologies; the Academy for Music, Dance and Fine Arts; and others.

The 2009 International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI) was held at the University of Plovdiv "Paisiy Hilendarski", between 8 and 15 August 2009. The 2009 IOI Honorary Patron was Bulgarian President Georgi Parvanov.

Between 1875 and 1906, the Zariphios School was one of the local Greek educational institutions that provided elementary and secondary education.

Sports and recreation
Plovdiv Sports Complex consists of Plovdiv Stadium with several additional football fields, tennis courts, swimming pools, a rowing base with a 2 km-long channel, restaurants, and cafés in a spacious park in the western part of the city just south of the Maritsa river. There are also playgrounds for children. It is popular among the citizens and guests of Plovdiv who use it for jogging, walking, and relaxation. Plovdiv Stadium (55,000 seats) is the largest football venue in Bulgaria.

Other stadiums include Stadion Botev (19,000 seats), Lokomotiv (10,000 seats), Maritsa Stadium (5,000 seats), and Todor Diev Stadium (7,000 seats). There are seven indoor sports halls: Kolodruma, University Hall, Olimpia, Lokomotiv, Dunav, Stroitel, Chaika, Akademik, and Total Sport. In 2006, Aqualand, a water park, was opened near the city centre. Several smaller water parks are in the city as well.

Football is the most popular sport in the city; Plovdiv has four professional teams. The city has PFC Botev Plovdiv, founded in 1912 and PFC Lokomotiv, founded in 1926. Both teams are a regular fixture in the top Bulgarian league. The rivalry between them is considered to be even more fierce than the one between Levski and CSKA of Sofia. There are two other football clubs in the city – Maritsa FC (founded in 1921) and Spartak Plovdiv (1947).

Plovdiv is host of the international boxing tournament "Strandzha" which has taken place since 1949. In 2007, 96 boxers from 20 countries participated in the tournament. There is a horse racing club and a horse base near the city. Plovdiv has several volleyball and basketball teams. Three of the city's seven hills are protected natural territories since 1995. Two of the first parks in Bulgaria are located in the city center –  Tsar Simeon garden – city garden, where the very first work of the Italian sculptor Arnoldo Zocchi could be seen, and Dondukov garden – old city garden. Some of the larger parks include the Botanical garden, Beli Brezi, Ribnitsa, and Lauta.

Notable people

 * Ahmad Hilmi of Filibe – (1865–1914), writer, thinker
 * Ivan Andonov – (1934–2011), actor
 * Vladimir Arabadzhiev – (born 1984), racing driver
 * Zlatyu Boyadzhiev – (1903–1976), painter
 * Boris Christoff – (1914–1993), basso
 * Hristo G. Danov – (1828–1911), publisher
 * Dimcho Debelyanov – (1887–1916), writer
 * Samuel Finzi – (born 1966), German actor
 * George Ganchev – (1939–2019), actor, writer, politician and fencer
 * Nayden Gerov – (1823–1900), linguist, folklorist and writer
 * Ivan Evstratiev Geshov – (1849–1924), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
 * Todor Kableshkov – (1851–1876), a 19th-century Bulgarian revolutionary
 * Petko Karavelov – (1843–1903), revolutionary and former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
 * Asen Kisimov – (1936–2005), actor
 * Georgios Kleovoulos – (ca.1785-1828), Greek scholar and educator
 * Antonios Komizopoulos – (19th.C.), Greek merchant and the 4th member of Filiki Eteria
 * Milcho Leviev –  (1937–2019), musician
 * Andrey Lyapchev – (1866–1933), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
 * Aleksandar Malinov – (1867–1938), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
 * Stoika Milanova – (born 1945), classical violinist
 * Ivan Mrkvička –  (1856–1938), painter
 * Sava Mutkurov – (1852–1891), former Regent of Bulgaria, the chief architect of the Bulgarian unification
 * Kiril Petkov – (born 1980), acting Prime Minister of Bulgaria
 * Silvena Rowe – (born 1967), British chef, food writer, TV personality and restaurateur
 * Nanka Serkedzhieva –  (1925–2012), female military officer
 * Pencho Slaveykov – (1866–1912), writer and poet
 * Konstantin Stoilov – (1853–1901), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
 * Petar Stoyanov – (born 1952), former President of Bulgaria
 * Slavik Tabakov – medical physicist, President IOMP
 * Emma Tahmizian – (born 1957), pianist
 * Nayden Todorov – (born 1974), conductor
 * Christos Tsigiridis – (1877-1947), Greek electrical engineer and technological pioneer
 * Ivan Vazov – (1850–1921), writer
 * Zhan Videnov – (born 1959), former Prime Minister of Bulgaria
 * Angel Wagenstein (1922-2023), screenwriter and author
 * Sonya Yoncheva – (born 1981), opera singer
 * Yordan Yovkov – (1880–1937), writer

Sport

 * Miroslav Barnyashev – (born 1984), professional wrestler, performing under the name of Miro
 * Georgi Hristov – (born 1985), former professional footballer
 * Stefka Kostadinova – (born 1965), world-record holder in the women's high jump
 * Apostolos Nikolaidis – (1896–1980), Greek athlete
 * Tsvetana Pironkova – (born 1987), professional tennis player
 * Iva Prandzheva – (born 1972), long jumper and triple jumper
 * Hristo Stoichkov – (born 1966), football player
 * Serafim Todorov – (born 1969), boxer
 * Yordan Yovchev – (born 1973), gymnast

Twin towns – sister cities
Plovdiv is twinned with:

 * 🇹🇷 Bursa, Turkey
 * 🇨🇳 Changchun, China
 * 🇺🇸 Columbia, United States
 * 🇰🇷 Daegu, South Korea
 * 🇺🇦 Donetsk, Ukraine
 * 🇦🇲 Gyumri, Armenia
 * Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
 * 🇹🇷 Istanbul, Turkey
 * 🇷🇺 Ivanovo, Russia
 * 🇬🇷 Kastoria, Greece
 * 🇸🇰 Košice, Slovakia
 * 🇲🇰 Kumanovo, North Macedonia
 * Kutaisi, Georgia
 * 🇷🇸 Leskovac, Serbia
 * 🇨🇳 Luoyang, China
 * 🇲🇰 Ohrid, North Macedonia
 * 🇯🇵 Okayama, Japan
 * 🇯🇴 Petra, Jordan
 * 🇮🇹 Rome, Italy
 * 🇷🇺 Saint Petersburg, Russia
 * 🇺🇿 Samarkand, Uzbekistan
 * 🇨🇳 Shenzhen, China
 * Thessaloniki, Greece
 * 🇻🇪 Valencia, Venezuela
 * 🇷🇺 Yekaterinburg, Russia

Honour
The asteroid (minor planet) 3860 Plovdiv is named after the city. It was discovered by the Belgian astronomer Eric W. Elst and the Bulgarian astronomer Violeta G. Ivanova on 8 August 1986. Plovdiv Peak (1040 m) on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, is also named after Plovdiv.

title: Plovdiv


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Hugh Richardson (magistrate)

Hugh Richardson (21 July 1826 – 15 July 1913) was a stipendiary magistrate for the Assiniboia district of the North-West Territories of Canada. Richardson was the man who, at the conclusion of the 1885 trial of Louis Riel, sentenced Riel to hang, and who at the 1885 trial of Big Bear sentenced Big Bear to three years in prison.

Richardson was born in London, England in 1826 and came to York (later Toronto) with his family in 1831. He studied at Osgoode Hall Law School, was called to the bar in 1847 and set up practice in Woodstock. He was crown attorney for Oxford County from 1856 to 1862. He helped organize the local militia battalion, later becoming commander, and served at La Prairie, Canada East in 1865 with Colonel Garnet Joseph Wolseley and at Sarnia during the Fenian raids. After he was named a stipendiary magistrate in 1876, he moved to Battleford, North-West Territories; in 1883, he moved to Regina after the seat of government for the territories was moved there. He was in 1887 appointed senior judge of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories. Richardson served as acting lieutenant governor for the territories in 1897 and in 1898. He retired in 1903 and returned to Ottawa; his daughter Mary, who had married Donald Alexander Macdonald, was living there.

He died in Ottawa in 1913 and is interred in the cemetery of the St. Thomas Anglican ("Old English") Church, in St. Thomas, Ontario.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Hugh Richardson (magistrate)


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Talk:League of Nations Palestine Mandate

Hey, this is not a place for storing original documents. If you want to summarize the document or discuss its importance, that is fine. If you want to quote small portions of it, that is also fine. But to put the whole document here is less than fine. Danny 01:10 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)

/Text

Question: I deleted this mandate text from a related article, and the person who posted it decided to move the text to here. Originally I was going to delete it from here too, but then I thought I'd take a look at United States Declaration of Independence, and I noted that that article contains the full text of that document. So my question is if the full text of that document can be in Wikipedia, why shouldn't this text? Mintguy

I don't think that should be there either. We had a problem a while back with someone who kept putting in speeches by various members of Congress about fifty years ago about why the world is really Prussian. There too, the texts were removed. There can be links on the page linking to the full text, but having the full text without any interpretation or understanding of its significance would be ridiculous. There is no reason it should stop at these two texts. By extension, every single text ever written or speech ever made could be an article into itself. Danny 01:52 Feb 13, 2003 (UTC)

 * Okay, I'll delete the Mintguy

Good luck. :-) Danny

 * Providing they are free of copyright, source texts such as this can be moved to Project Sourceberg. I would do this myself, but I'm far too lazy. --Camembert
 * It just occured to me that that would be the solution, but I couldn't remember the name of sourceberg, it was ages since I looked at anything to do with it.
 * Sourceberg looks a bit piss poor at the moment. Is anybody actually using it? Mintguy

 * It's certainly very quiet, but there's a slow trickle of things that have been added recently. It's a handy place to stick texts and then link to them from some relevant wikipedia article, but certainly isn't somewhere that you'd want to browse around, at least not yet. --Camembert

I should update this - it turns out that what I linked to above is not Project Sourceberg, despite what it says there. Rather, that address is reserved for the as-yet unstarted Pashto language Wikipedia. Brion has said that source texts (or anything else not in Pashto) should not be moved there. Sourceberg remains a proposal. There is a meta page on it here, and I daresay Sourceberg could and would be set up at its own address if people wanted it to exist. --Camembert

VfD debate
Page is now a redirect to Palestine Mandate following this Votes for deletion debate. Sjakkalle 11:37, 28 May 2005 (UTC)

Mandate Revisited
I understand that there has been a vote not to have the above refered to particular document here as a full text inclusion. I was not a party to the vote, in part as I was still sort of a Jr contributor, having then only been kind of hanging around using this resource and occasionally helping out where info was requested, and didn't actually register until quite recently. However, in the light of the present troubles (July 2006) I would like to ask a couple of questions and perhaps pose a hypothetical: 1) What is the size of this document (I know I have seen it somewhere, perhaps even here, and read part of it, but I do not remember at all clearly it's size wordwise) ? 2)Why is there not at least a link to it ? (still being a bit unskilled I am still not yet doing this [linking to other outside sources] myself), could somebody who is an expert here at least provide us with a link to the 1922 Mandate of Palestine ? Hypothetical: some of us with educationss in law and diplomatic history find documents to be very very telling, one could build an entire article about it using the document as a basis. My guess is that given how quickly Wikipedia comes up when googling right now that maybe there could be a whole bunch of decision makers (or more likely their staff members) who just might have a use for this info, even a temporary post lasting only until perhaps the end of the current troubles could be a good idea.John5Russell3Finley 21:14, 18 July 2006 (UTC)


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Jewish fundamentalism

Jewish fundamentalism (Hebrew: ) refers to fundamentalism in the context of Judaism. The term fundamentalism was originally used in reference to Christian fundamentalism, a Protestant movement which emphasizes a belief in biblical literalism. Today, it is commonly used in reference to movements that oppose modernist, liberal, and ecumenical tendencies within societies as well as modernist, liberal and ecumenical tendencies within specific religions and it is often coupled with extremist ideologies and/or political movements. The use of this definition is important in a Jewish context because the two movements which are most commonly associated with Jewish fundamentalism, Religious Zionism and Haredi Judaism, stray far from biblical literalism due to the importance of the Oral Law within Judaism. In fact, Karaism, the Jewish movement which is well-known due to its emphasis on biblical literalism, is rarely considered fundamentalist.

Overview
Like other fundamentalist movements, fundamentalist Judaism usually presents itself as the only valid form of Judaism, Jewish culture, and truth. However, Religious Zionism and Haredi Judaism, the two movements which are most broadly associated with Jewish fundamentalism, differ in significant ways and historically, they have opposed each other (but recently, there has been more overlap due to the rise of the Hardal movement). Religious Zionism is more associated with political extremism while Haredi Judaism is associated with men studying torah every day and making sure all actions are in line with the will of Hashem.

Haredi Judaism
Haredi Judaism consists of groups within Orthodox Judaism that are characterized by their strict adherence to halakha (Jewish law) and traditions in opposition to modern values and practices. Its members are usually referred to as ultra-Orthodox in English; however, the term "ultra-Orthodox" is considered pejorative by many of its adherents, who prefer terms like strictly Orthodox or Haredi. Haredi Jews regard themselves as the most religiously authentic group of Jews, but other movements of Judaism disagree.

Religious Zionism
Religious Zionism is an ideology that combines Zionism and Orthodox Judaism. It primarily began with the teachings of Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook, who saw Zionism as a part of a divine scheme to return Jews to their ancestral homeland and eventually bring about the coming of the Messiah. Religious Zionism gained a new momentum after the Six-Day War in 1967, when Israel conquered the West Bank, a territory which is rich in Biblical history. The Gush Emunim movement took off under the leadership of Tzvi Yehudah Kook and it also spearheaded the proliferation of Israeli settlements in the newly conquered territory.

Religious Zionism is still a relatively broad term which encompasses both moderate and extremist elements. The extremist elements are frequently associated with anti-Arab racism, anti-Palestinianism and violence, frequently, they are associated with ideological inspiration from Kahanism. They have also been associated with terrorism against Palestinians and in some cases, they have also been associated with terrorism against the Israel Defense Forces. The Hilltop Youth movement is especially associated with the most extreme forms of Religious Zionism.

Study
Jewish fundamentalism was ignored for much of the 20th century, and it was only when it began to have an effect on Israeli politics and international relations that scholars began to study it in earnest.

title: Jewish fundamentalism


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Ami Popper

Ami Popper (עמי פופר; born June 2, 1969) is an Israeli terrorist, convicted for the killing of 7 people in Rishon Lezion on May 20, 1990. Known as the Oyoun Qara massacre to Palestinians, Popper killed and wounded Palestinians at a bus stop in Rishon Lezion, for which he was sentenced to life imprisonment, later commuted to 40 years.

Background
Ami Popper was born in 1969 in Rishon Lezion, Israel, and had served in the Israel Defense Force (IDF) until he was dishonorably discharged. Reportedly, Popper was punished for inappropriate use of weapons during his military service, where he had attempted to commit suicide, for which he was imprisoned.

Murders
On May 20, 1990, Popper stole IDF uniform trousers, an IMI Galil, and five box magazines full of ammunition from his brother, an active duty soldier. At around 6:15 a.m., Popper spotted a group of Palestinian Arab workers from the Gaza Strip at a bus stop in Rishon Lezion, who were waiting to be picked up from their laboring jobs in Israel. Suspecting they were Arab, he demanded to see their identity cards, and after confirming they were Arabs he ordered them to line up in three rows, on their knees. A group of passengers in a passing car with Gaza plates were also stopped and forced to kneel with them. Popper then opened fire with the Galil rifle, killing 7 Palestinians immediately and a further 10/11 were wounded badly, before leaving the scene in his car. Palestinian reports allege that, on arriving at the scene, Israeli police proceeded to beat up the surviving victims. Within an hour, he was arrested.

Palestinians throughout the territories protested, resulting in clashes between protesters and Israeli security forces. While suppressing the protests, a further seven people were killed, including a 14-year-old boy. After a week of clashes, 19 Palestinians were killed, while around 700 more suffered injuries. Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir dismissed the murders as an act of no political significance since Popper was "deranged", however the court found Popper sane and fit to stand trial. Popper first told police that his attacks were a reaction to the First Intifada, later claiming to have been distraught because his girlfriend had decided to leave him. He also stated that he had been raped by an Arab when he was 13 years old and had committed these killings out of shame and a desire for revenge. Two days later rabbi Meir Kahane held a celebration of his deed in Rishon LeZion.

Conviction and aftermath
Popper was charged and convicted of seven acts of murder in March 1991, and he was sentenced to seven terms of life imprisonment. While in prison Popper became devoutly religious, and in June 1993 he married a Canadian-Jewish woman from a family of Kach activists. Popper and his wife were granted conjugal visits, and they had three children. In 1999, his sentence was reduced to 40 years imprisonment by a presidential amnesty. Popper was initially imprisoned in Maasiyahu Prison, and was placed in the Torani cellblock, a special cellblock for religious inmates. Prisoners there pray three times a day and spend most of the day studying the Torah and other sacred texts. At one point, his cellmate was former minister Shlomo Benizri. After Benizri's release, Popper's influence in the Torani bloc grew, and he began harassing former President Moshe Katsav, serving a seven-year sentence for rape and other sexual offenses, as Katsav had refused Popper's request for a pardon while he was president. According to the Israel Prison Service, Popper had verbally abused Katsav and sent other inmates to harass him. In October 2012, Popper was transferred to the maximum-security Ayalon Prison. Right wing and Orthodox politicians in Israel have demanded his release along with other Israeli prisoners who were convicted of murder or other violence committed against Palestinians, in exchange for the release of Palestinian prisoners who committed murder or violence against Israelis.

On 17 January 2007, while on a 48-hour furlough from prison, Popper was involved in a car accident he caused by crossing a solid line, hitting oncoming traffic. His wife and one of his sons were killed in the accident. Popper himself was moderately injured. Police reported that Popper's driver's license had expired in 1999, and that he was driving illegally without a license. Initial reports indicate Popper's children were not wearing seatbelts in the backseat.

Popper later remarried and then divorced. In May 2013, he married his third wife, a woman known only as "M" who had previously made headlines by allegedly allowing her children to be abused. The couple was married in a small ceremony in Jerusalem, after Popper was granted a prison furlough. Popper's family has been the recipient of financial support from the Israeli NGO Honenu, and indirectly from tax deductible U.S. donations, according to journalist Uri Blau.

title: Ami Popper


text:
Talk:Rugby

?
So "Rugby Football" now redirects to "Rugby" which is itself a broken redirect to "Rugby football". Something's wrong with this picture... --AW

No. Rugby the sport was at Rugby, then someone moved it to Rugby Football, which is wrong whichever way you look at it, so I moved it back to Rugby. Then I thought what the hell, let's put it at Rugby football where it should have been all the time. I then fixed the link at Rugby Football to point to Rugby football. Ok. Mintguy

Have taken "couch rugby" out of the page Zleitzen

This page appears to be obsolete. I have removed some inappropriate and offensive content, but I'm not exactly sure of how to deal with such material. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Channellightvessel (talk • contribs)

Could this page please just be fixed and have "rugby" the subject on the "rugby" page. Rubgy fottball is just lame as you imply rugby and soccer or rugby and league. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.109.211.136 (talk • contribs)

 * I couldn't agree with you more. This is about the most unnecessary dab page I've seen since Goebbels.  Heather 23:49, 26 June 2007 (UTC)

Rugby should redirect to Rugby football
Reasons A link at the top of Rugby Football to the Rugby disambiguation page redirects anyone who wants other usages so there is no problem there. Rexparry sydney 00:15, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * 1) Views expressed on talk pages of rugby articles suggest that this is best
 * 2) The fact is that rugby football (a joint article on league and union) is the most prevalent meaning of the word 'rugby' worldwide, far outweighing other uses combined
 * 3) This set-up is used by many other articles where one usage dominates the rest
 * 4) links in other Wikipedia articles written as Rugby refer to the sport not the town or other uses.

 * A similar proposal was made some time ago and rejected (see Talk:Rugby_football). So I don't think so. G-Man  ? 00:22, 16 August 2007 (UTC)
 * Yes I saw that, and AjaxSmack was right: "But if no move, at least rugby should redirect to rugby football and not the dab page". Most of that discussion opposing the move centred on the semantics of the name and at that time there was no link to the disambiguation page at the top of the Rugby football page for those who got there by mistake and really wanted one of the towns, etc. Rexparry sydney 01:11, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Sigh. Each week, we accumulate about 20 new mistaken links to "rugby", and I try to fix them. I just got back from a one-week vacation and found 31 such links. Of this particular group, four were for the town, none for the school, two for the railway station, one for rugby football, and three for rugby league. The rest were for rugby union. This is a fairly typical distribution. My point is that non-sports use of te term is very common, so I think the redirect should be left where it is.The Rugby (sports) talk pages do not constitute an unbiased sample. -Arch dude 00:25, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Simple edit, I just removed what seemed to be a vandal containing the text : RUGZ-the conejumping machine. -StriderVM 11:14, April 23, 2008 (GMT+8)

Where's the page just about rugby the sport? This bundle of links is misleading. I'll put off Wikipedia this time and look for the answer in other sources online.167.61.63.12 (talk) 13:31, 15 January 2016 (UTC)

Union and League
I've tried to make the distinction between Union and League a bit clearer on this disambiguation page; you have to keep in mind that a wikipedia user may not have at all clear the distinction when he first lands on this page. I.e. let's suppose someone who's totally rugby-ignorant is watching a match on TV and decides he wants to know more, he'll go to rugby and be confused. I think this page should provide an easy way for anybody to determine if he's watching an Union or League match without having to count the people on the ground.

However my first try has been slowly but steadily reverted. As a compromise, I suggest that we list next to the variant the names of the main international competitions; someone who does not know about rugby will likely just watch the Wold Championships, or the Six Nations. Any comments? Noieraieri (talk) 13:06, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't support listing competitions. Links to rugby football, rugby league, rugby union and comparison of rugby league and rugby union are enough in my opinion.  LunarLander  //  talk  // 16:01, 17 April 2010 (UTC)

 * It would be better if the two pages rugby football and comparison... weren't so ridiculously divergent (it looks like the former is presided by union fans, while the latter by league fans). Yet, I drop the proposal for generalized lack of interest. Noieraieri (talk)

Requested move 11 January 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: not moved. – robertsky (talk) 07:32, 18 January 2024 (UTC)

Rugby → Rugby (disambiguation) – 'Rugby football' is the overwhelming primary meaning of 'rugby' when used by itself. As such, the latter should be a redirect to the former, and this page should be turned into a disambiguation page and simply be linked to in a hatnote at the top of 'rugby football'. Loytra (talk) 06:41, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Disambiguation has been notified of this discussion. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 08:10, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Rugby league has been notified of this discussion. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 08:11, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Rugby union has been notified of this discussion. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 08:12, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Note: WikiProject Sports has been notified of this discussion. Vanderwaalforces (talk) 08:14, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Strong oppose completely pointless move of a long term stable page, Rugby is also the name of a large and famous town, plus numerous other settlements and uses. G-13114 (talk) 08:28, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. I assume that this is a multimove, also proposing a move Rugby football → Rugby.  I don't see a primary topic here but, if there were one, it would probably be Rugby union. Certes (talk) 10:22, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Support Rugby to Rugby (disambiguation) due to name specificity, as the page is a disambiguation page. Oppose Rugby football to Rugby for the same reason. "Rugby football" is the full name of the sport, and this distinguishs it from non-sporting uses of "rugby".
 * Mn1548 (talk) 15:26, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * What would you put at the base name Rugby? WP:MALPLACED advises against making it a redirect to Rugby (disambiguation). Certes (talk) 15:59, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Oppose no clear primary topic.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 17:07, 11 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose No primary topic here. Rugbyfan22 (talk) 20:15, 11 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Rugby


text:
Talk:History of the Riksdag

I modified the history section for the Riksdag to include the prior developments in creating a parliament in Sweden before the 1865 reforms. This just helps to demonstrate that parliamentary representation has a much longer history in Swedish government than the period of Liberal reforms in the 19th century.

 * Good job! The article on the Riksdag of the Estates needs to be similarly improved to reflect the historical background. Today this article primarily deals with the period from the constitutional reforms in 1809 until dissolution in 1866. There is also a main article dealing with the instititional history of the Riksdag, which ought to span the entire period from the meeting in Arboga until present, and additions on history primarily belongs there. Mic

Riksdag building
It would be good to include something about the history of the building(s) used by the Riksdag. GagHalfrunt 2 July 2005 13:42 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of the Riksdag


text:
Talk:Shrine of the Three Kings

Untitled
What are "unknown facts"? Are they anything like "known unknowns"? Hotlorp

For my part, I'm just mystified by this article. The first sentence should declare what the article is about (I had to use "what links here" to get a clue - it's a reliquary, right?), and some explanation of the English-only reader needs to see the long quotes in foreign languages that he/she won't understand anyway... Stan 03:41 Mar 3, 2003 (UTC)

Visiting Cologne and trying to find out some info on the shrine of the magi... could someone please translate this? Maria Hale. 21.11.04

 * See also: in other languages, Deutsch, and see also: www.google.com, Language Tools ... could someone please translate this unknown facts?

 * Dietmar Scherm 23:24, 24.11.2004

I'm adding a cleanup notice to this article, it currently needs quite a bit of work. I don't know enough on the topic to do it justice, all I know is that the remains were first discovered by Helena of Constantinople. Rje 01:56, 24 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * I've translated the german quote of 1864 - trying to stick closely to both words and ductus of the original, but I'm not educated in 19th century english, so might not have made a match of contemporary english at all. Unclarities in the original are mentioned expressis verbis: "rotten or moulded" could be either or both; a generic term was used for "the crosier (bishop's crook)", so I assume the coin does not allow distinction --Purodha Blissenbach 2005 July 6 11:23 (UTC)

Provable facts about the clothing in the Cologne cathedral treasure room, taken out of the shrine of the Three Kings: Dr. Walter Schulten is writing: Eyewitness bishop Baudri had seen and is writing in 1881, a piece of material for the treasure-vault was taken out of the shrine of the Three Kings. "1881 schrieb der Kölner Weihbischof Baudri, der 1864 ebenfalls bei der Umbettung der Gebeine zugegegen war (Anmerkung von Dietmar: Sein Name steht unter dutzend anderen auch im Eröffnungsprotokoll des Schreines von 1864), daß man ein Stück eines alten byzantinischen Gewebes von Byssus (Bezeichnung für feines Leinen- oder Seidengewebe der Antike) für die Schatzkammer des Domes entnommen habe. Und: Kenner führen die Zeit dieser byzantinischen Textur in die früheste Periode der byzantinischen Herrschaft zurück. (Anmerkung von Dietmar: Insbesondere durch Franz Bock, sein Name steht auch im Protokoll.) Tatsächlich ist inzwischen der Nachweis gelungen, daß die Stoffe, in die die Gebeine gewickelt wurden, mit Sicherheit im 2. Jahrhundert, möglicherweise sogar noch früher, in Syrien gewebt worden sind.", in: Bayer-Berichte Heft 47, Leverkusen 1982, Seite 17, Autor: Schulten, Pater Dr. Walter, Der Kölner Dreikönigenstoff, Aus Seide im 2. Jahrhundert gewebt, Seiten 14-19. Pater Dr. Walter Schulten hatte ich 1992 noch persönlich im Kloster Knechtsteden gesprochen, und er sagte mir, die Stelle findet sich in der Bibliographie des Baudri über den Kölner Erzbischof und Kardinal Johannes von Geissel. 1881 hatte er nur folgendes Buch geschrieben: Baudri, Johann Anton Friedrich, Der Erzbischof von Köln Johannes Cardinal von Geissel und seine Zeit, 1881. Other very important documents about the little pieces of clothes: 2. Bayer-Berichte Heft 47, Leverkusen 1982, pages 20 - 23, Zieleskiewicz, Paula Maria: Der Kölner Dreikönigenstoff, Fadenzählen für die Forschung 3. Bayer-Berichte Heft 47, Leverkusen 1982, pages 24 -29, Wagner, Dr. Hans, Der Kölner Dreikönigenstoff: Bayer - Labor wies antiken Purpur nach 4. Organ für christliche Kunst 14, Köln 1864, pages 235 - 237, Bock, Dr. Franz, Die Eröffnung des Schreines der heiligen Dreikönige am 20. Juli 1864 5. Bock, Dr. Franz, Die textilen Byssus Reliquien, Aachen 1895, pages 5 -7 Eyewitness-report of Dr. Franz Bock: "It was found many pieces of white-yellow clothing ...with small square sample (sign), firmly connected with the bones. " You can see three different parts of this clothing in: Photo No. 169 in: http://www.deca-forum.net/e_index.htm ,image database, simple search, write above in text: dreikoenigenschrein, search, next page No. 9. For investigations, little antiquity purple was taken from the visible threads by the material piece on the top right.
 * Dietmar 15:54 August 27, 2005 ---Translation is permitted

More history?
I am a little surprised that this article begins with events in the 1100s without explaining where these relics came from, why they are presumed to be the bones of the magi, etc. Perhaps there is enough material somewhere to create an article on "Relics of the three wise men," but I doubt it, so this seems like a good place to put at least a little more historical context. --Dmz5 22:56, 26 November 2006 (UTC)

I know that there has to be history about their discovery, if not. I don't have time now to look, but the story that should be mentioned (if apocryphal or real I do not know for certain) is that they were a gift to Queen Helen (mother of Constantine) given by Armenian Christians to her upon her archeological crew's believed discovery of parts of the True cross of Jesus on Holy Cross day. She brings them to Milan. Now whether or not she was given the "real" bones of three magi or not I do not know how it could be provable. deaghaidh 64.20.189.19 13:37, 15 August 2007 (UTC)

Dating the remains - a question
How in 1864 the experts dated the remains to about 2000 years old? MathKnight 13:41, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Eyewitness-report by Franz Bock: Bei den heiligen drei Königen "waren einzelne Knochen von einem äusserst feinen Gewebe in weisslich gelblicher Farbe massenhaft umwickelt und verhüllt. Auch fanden sich grössere und kleinere Gebeine von solchen Stoffen umwickelt, die, kleinere Stäbchen formierend, so unendlich häufig übereinander gerollt waren, dass sie fast ein festes Konglomerat bildeten und mit Mühe, bei der grossen Zartheit der Gewebe, kaum voneinander geblättert werden konnten. ... Wir waren überrascht, bei näherer Untersuchung dieser altorientalischen Byssusgewebe die fernere Wahrnehmung zu machen, dass in dieser Menge von Byssusresten ein kleines quadriertes Muster, immer wiederkehrend, deutlich zu erkennen war. ... Es wurde bestimmt, dass diese seltenen textilen Ueberreste in dem Archiv des Kölner Doms, unter Glastafeln verschlossen, sorgfältig aufbewahrt werden sollten." (Bock, Franz, Die textilen Byssus-Reliquien, Aachen 1895, pages 5-7; vorhanden in: Erzbischöfliche Diözesanbibliothek Köln); Franz Bock: "In the shrine of the Three Kungs at Cologne Cathedralmany individual bones were wrapped again and again with an extremely fine textile fabric, whitish-yellow in color and mass veiled. ... Upon closer examination we were suprised to see clearly a lot of little squares in the very old tissue. ... We determined that these rare textile remains should be carefully preserved in the archives of the Cologne Cathedral, closed under glass panels." See also photo no. 169, great fragment No.1 (left), in: Image database DECA - Digital European Cathedral Archives. Requires some navigation: go to "image database", click "simple search", type "dreikoenigenschrein" in "text" field, and click "search". In the beginning of 1981, Professor Daniel de Jonghe (Royal Museums of art and history in Brussels), an internationally recognized expert in the field of ancient materials, was contacted by the Archbishop Diözesan-Museum. In his opinion and after the technological features the cologne-clothes belongs in the group of "Late silk Blöckchendamaste", which was woven in the period from 2.bis 4th Century in the Middle East. This grouping of silk Blöckchendamaste also concurs with the oldest substances, the findings from clothes in a tower in the Syrian town Palmyra which was destroyed in 272 AD. This little grave-tower is called tower of Elahbel. See also,  and a video and most important . These towers are built between 50 BC and 200 AD (not 272 AD!). Based on the research results of Pfister, the Silk fabric from the neighbour tower Iamblik (Tombeau Jamblique) (82 AD) also concurs with the               Cologne clothes full directly.  Therefore this type of cloth was already known in 1. century. In particular there are similarity to the thread count, the yarn twist, the direction by warp and weft, the Köpergrat of counter-binding and Blöckchenmuster. The weft yarn is made of wool and, with                real dyed purple. Such substances were only made in imperial workshops. Also gold was found -  a silk thread wrapped with gold foil. At the end of 1981 it was investigated by Royal Patrimoine Artistique Institute in Brussels. The institute was determined that this gold is pure gold with               only minor or admixture of silver and copper under 1 percent.                Such gold was used at the time of Christ. Of significance to the dating of the tissue was also the knowing how to dye the wool with this fragment                No.2 dyed (quite right, see photo above). This  question about dark red colour - of whether it is  indeed ancient purple, could accurately answered with help of scientists by "Bayer Leverkusen".  The antiquity purple color of antiquity was removed from the secretions of thousands of purple snails in Sidon and Tire. About 1.4 grams of pure color additive to win, had about 10,000 snails lost their lives. No wonder that purple was in the finest ancient and valuable red-purple dye. The chemical constitution of ancient Purpurs- 6.6 `Dibromindigo - was elucidated in 1909. It belongs to the application class of "Küppenfarbstoffe". A well-known color manufacturers such as Bayer Ag has the necessary experimental requirements and experience to carry out qualitative               dye analysis. Of the surveyed fragment No.2 of the Three King's clothes substance were only about 3 cm². Consequently, it was possible to analyze only very little fragments which were removed while respecting the nature of the substance No.2. This investigation offered - without doubt - the               evidence for  dark purple rope of Cologne Three King's clothes that it is ancient purple substance. -- Dietmar 15:46, 10 November 2007  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.59.225.196 (talk)

Wartime storage?
Something must have been done during WWII to protect the shrine from damage. Cologne was very heavily bombed and, according to German Wiki, the cathedral's vaulted ceilings (Deckengewölbe) collapsed. Perhaps it was stored in a vault somewhere? Sca (talk) 15:24, 14 August 2013 (UTC)

 * It was stored in castle Weißenstein. Book by Niklas Möring, 2011: Möring tells the adventurous story about transportation of Shrine of the Three Kings and altar of the patron saints. In July 1942, the Metropolitan Chapter decided the valuable pieces to store nearby Bamberg (Pommersfelden). Together with Dreikönigsaltar (faces mapped likelife) and 60 paintings from the Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, the precious cargo was brought to safety in the basement of the baroque castle "White Stone". (Im Juli 1942 beschloss das Metropolitankapitel, die wertvollen Stücke in die Nähe von Bamberg (Pommersfelden) zu schaffen. Gemeinsam mit dem Altar der Stadtpatrone und 60 Gemälden des Wallraf-Richartz-Museums wurde die wertvolle Fracht im Keller des Barockschlosses Weißenstein in Sicherheit gebracht.) -- Dietmar 11:30, 21 August 2013 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 193.159.25.137 (talk)

Free gift of the Magi gold frankincense and myrrh
My sister and my mother-in-law I have cancer breast and Ch Home I understand from my husband much research was done on call frankincense and murder. We've got Nguyen Wyles we wish the Lord to bless them and I'm going to explain to them how this works I need any suggestions also thank you Diane King Jerseygirlgirl4950 (talk) 15:38, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

Three gifts of the magi gold frankincense and myrrh
I had to rewrite this it came out incorrect my sister has breast cancer my mother-in-law has colon cancer I understand that the three oils gold frankincense and myrrh which I have purchased and hope that I can tell them how to use this and asked the good Lord to bless the oil's to help get rid of the cancer please add any suggestions that you may have. Diane King Jerseygirlgirl4950 (talk) 15:44, 16 December 2016 (UTC)

David Lowenthal's Claims
In both "The Heritage Crusade and the Spoils of History", cited here, and in his 'History & Memory' article "Fabricating Heritage", David Lowenthal claims that not only the story of the Magi's relics having been brought from Constantinople to Milan, but even their pillaging *from Milan* and movement to Cologne, were all simply fictions invented by Rainald of Dassel himself, who is normally supposed to have been the one who had them brought to Cologne, where he resided, in the first place, after they were gifted to him by Frederick Barbarossa. He also claims that neither of the two stories have any source earlier than Rainald, and that all later sources draw merely from him.

All of this he asserts unflinchingly; And moreover, with essentially no evidence cited. This is made stranger in that I have been unable to find a single source that makes the same claim, or, as of now, a single source that addresses his making the claim, save for a passing remark regarding it from the website of the 'Center for Inquiry' in America, a small atheist organisation, for the purposes of dismissing the relics, apparently haven found Lowenthal's claim by accident and knowing little on the subject.

Given that this page cites one of the works where he makes the claim, it seems to be an appropriate place to inquire as to, again, whether this claim can be found anywhere else at all, or if it has even been addressed substantially anywhere at all. Zusty001 (talk) 00:27, 23 March 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Medieval Art
— Assignment last updated by Jackhoal (talk) 23:34, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shrine of the Three Kings