text:
Talk:Unicode and HTML

Character chart links
For the Unicode character charts, reverted the URL from http://www.unicode.org/charts/normalization/ back to http://www.unicode.org/charts/. The normalization charts only display the characters if you have the font already installed and do not seem to be as complete as the full charts available on the other URL. --Nate 15:37 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

Decimal vs hexadecimal
Hmm, I wasn't sure whether it was really more "intuitive" to use decimal instead of hexadecimal. I mean, both alternatives obscure the character, and the argument that "older web browsers" fail to parse hexadecimal is moot IMO since those web browsers will have a problem with non-8-bit characters anyway. I felt NPOV would dictate to say that in HTML, both hexadecimal and decimal can be used, so I changed that. Djmutex 10:51 May 2, 2003 (UTC)

Official 'character set'
The intro says: HTML 4.0 uses Unicode as its official character set.

Does somebody have a link to the place in the specification where this is stated? -- Hirzel

 * Section 5.1. The use of the term "character set" is misleading because it is so overloaded, but it is accurate. An HTML document must consist of Unicode characters. Those characters are, in turn, encoded (as iso-8859-1, utf-8, etc.). Today I added some text to the article to clarify this point. - mjb 23:48, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe that statement is wrong. If I understand http://www.w3.org/TR/html401/charset.html#encodings correctly, it explicitly says that there is no "default" encoding. Instead, "conforming user agents" must be able to map any HTML document to Unicode (for example, to support all defined HTML named entities), and may apply heuristics on the HTML document if no charset is specified explicitly (either in the HTTP header, or a META tag, or a "charset" attribute on a specific element.) -- djmutex 21:20 10 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Re myself, the statement isn't really wrong, but it might be misleading. All Unicode characters must be supported by a browser, but there is no "default" character set. As a result, Unicode is the "official" character set, but it's not the default. djmutex 21:23 10 Jun 2003 (UTC)

 * Well, sorta, but not really. There is confusion resulting from the unfortunate use of the overloaded term "character set" and your apparent misunderstanding that Unicode is itself an encoding in the same sense as a "charset" (it's not).

 * HTML documents are indeed comprised of Unicode characters, always, but Unicode characters are abstract concepts: just "the idea of" a unit in a writing system, mapped to a similarly abstract concept of a non-negative integer number, its "code point". An HTML or XML document is defined as being a sequence of such characters, and therefore is itself an abstract entity. It is only when the document manifests as a sequence of bits/bytes on the network, on disk, or in memory that it has an encoding associated with it. The encoding maps the characters/code points to sequences of bits. You're right that there is no default encoding, at least in the HTML spec itself, but depending on how the document is transmitted, there may be a default of us-ascii or iso-8859-1 (RFCs 2616 and 3023 address this topic). I've modified the article somewhat to explain this without going into too much detail; there are articles devoted to these topics and we don't need to repeat them in depth here. -- mjb 23:48, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Unicode display in Windows MSIE

 * Some multilingual web browsers that dynamically merge the required font sets on demand, e.g., Microsoft's Internet Explorer 5.0 and up on Windows, or Mozilla/Netscape 6 and up cross-platform, are capable of displaying all the Unicode characters on this page simultaneously after the appropriate "text display support packs" are downloaded. MSIE 5.5 would prompt the users if a new font were needed via its "install on demand" feature.

All of the characters in the table display correctly on my Mac's Safari and Firefox (thanks partly to Code2000 and Code2001 fonts). But my stock Windows XP installation doesn't show the last six letters in MSIE 6.0 or Firefox 1.0, and doesn't prompt me to do anything. Is the above passage incorrect, or is there something wrong with my Windows or Explorer? —Michael Z. 00:35, 2005 Jan 20 (UTC)

What is a "text display support pack". That phrase doesn't appear on the Internet, except for this page. —Michael Z. 14:20, 2005 Jan 20 (UTC)

 * The sentence in the article only states, that the browsers are able to switch between fonts, if these are installed. So your stock XP system doesn't have enough or the right fonts, I assume.
 * Also note, that the method the Mozilla switches, is more flexible. It will switch for a single missing diacrical character to another font if necessary. Ugly but better than nothing. See the Nirvana article for examples.
 * About the exact meaning of "" I'm wondering myself.
 * Pjacobi 21:47, 2005 Jan 20 (UTC)

 * I'm still confused about that passage. I've been editing pages with Old Cyrillic and IPA characters on them.  Windows users complain that they can't see some of the characters unless we put them in a <span> with Arial Unicode MS as the first font choice.  The characters are supported by a font present in Windows, but I see no "dynamic merging on demand", and no "install on demand" prompting.  I would rewrite the description, but I don't know much about Windows and maybe the original author knows something that I don't know.

 * In the Nirvana article MSIE/Win shows the a-macrons. Firefox/Win also shows the n-dots and m-dots, but the font seems to match up with the rest of the page just fine.  Both Mac browsers show all of that, plus the Chinese.  But on the Mac, the n-dot in isn't bold-faced where it should be—like the Moz method you describe.

 * —Michael Z. 00:45, 2005 Jan 21 (UTC)

 * AFAIK the "dynamic font switching" in MSIE is only a lookup up code ranges and languages to fonst. Fonts which aren't in these lookup tables are never considered for display. Now, if a poor piece of text is mapped to font X by these MSIE tables, all codepoints not covered in X will just not display! So, for a bad solution of this problem, MSIE users want an explicit font tag.
 * In contrast Mozilla switches based on Codepoint availability in the font. I have a rather plain default font set, and the b-dots an dm-dots in Nirvana are displayed in the also installed Code 2000 by Moz.
 * Pjacobi 08:50, 2005 Jan 21 (UTC)

 * So MSIE/Win just chooses fonts based on the page's charset, or the specified lang? Does it honour lang attributes on DIVs, SPANs or other elements?

 * In contrast, Moz chooses fonts based on every single character on the page. Once I figure this out, I'll rewrite that paragraph, because the two browser's behaviour definitely can't be summed up as the same thing.  —Michael Z. 2005-01-21 17:32Z

 * It's still a bit guesswork, so some tests or a really knowledgeable source is needed. My current hypothesis: MSIE/Win can mix different fonts on page, using explicit fonts and (I suppose lang tags). And (IMHO) it looks at the actual characters, but not to find a font really including them (I'd say it never asks a font which characters it supports), but only to switch to the correct "block". A chinese character will switch it to the font configured for chinese (without looking whether that character is really included), but an m-underdot, if at all, only switches to the standard Unicode font. Sorry for the confusion, but at least, I haven't programmed it. --Pjacobi 22:52, 2005 Jan 21 (UTC)

"IE5 was the first to use glyphs from 'best available' fonts"
Mjb, I don't know what Microsoft calls it, but it doesn't pick the right fonts to display all the characters on the page, the way other modern browsers do.

You'll notice that in many places in Wikipedia editors have added code like  to tables displaying Unicode characters. We have had to develop Template:IPA (documentation) and Template:Polytonic to display IPA and Polytonic Greek characters in MSIE. These are all hacks, aimed only at MSIE on Windows. On a stock Mac or Windows system the necessary fonts are present, and Safari and Firefox display all these characters. But MSIE displays little squares, unless web authors guess which fonts the system might have and specify them in each and every instance where these Unicode characters appear.

Example: Some IPA and obscure Cyrillic characters. Both lines look the same in a stock Mac OS X or Windows XP system in Firefox or Safari. In Explorer, the top line shows squares; the second line works, because Template:IPA explicitly tells it to use Lucida Unicode MS font.

un-formatted: ѫ ѣ ʃ ʒ

in template:IPA:

—Michael Z. 2005-01-31 07:22 Z

 * Hi. Yes, I see that IE is having trouble with unformatted text in your example.

 * I based my assertion on the mention of "font linking" in this paper, presented at the 16th International Unicode Conference back in 2000: New International features of Internet Explorer. I did not research the issue beyond this, but it does appear that IE has at least some support in this regard, and has it it in a less capable form since IE 4.0 days.

 * Researching a bit just now, I found another description of the technology: "Font linking is basically the technology that Internet Explorer uses to be able to display characters from multiple languages within a single page at once. So for example, you can have Japanese and Chinese and Korean and Arabic and Devanagari and whatever character set you want, all on the same page. And there are some neat pages of that on the Internet that actually demonstrate this capability. What Internet Explorer does is it looks up certain fonts within the operating system that support this ability called font linking. What that means is that these fonts have the ability, if a character is not within that current font, to be able to look up a character and an associated font. So, for example, you could set your page to display to Japanese and set the font to Mincho, a popular Japanese font. Now let's say you have Korean within the same page. Because of the way Internet Explorer handles this, and the way it keys off this font linking capability, it can identify that the Korean characters aren't within the Mincho font, but it can get references to a Korean font that will handle those characters. And so if you look up a page with both Japanese and Korean, you'll see the Japanese page using the Mincho font and the Korean part of the page will be using GulimChe, or another Korean font."

 * This makes it sound perfect, and rather automatic, doesn't it? And in fact, on my system, with IE6 on Windows XP SP2, I have no problem rendering this test page. So I would conclude from this that IE is doing the same thing as other browsers; the others apparently just do it better or 'more thoroughly'. Someone will have to do further research in order to determine what the quirks are in IE's built-in font linking. Anyway, I don't think it was correct to assert that IE doesn't do it at all, while these others do.

 * Various other links I found via Google make it sound like "font linking" is something that one can also do when coding one's own apps (browser-based or standalone) by scripting an IE-specific COM object (MLang) in order to render multilingual text . - mjb 02:34, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * I have a stock XP system for testing web sites, and I loaded that test page in my browsers. None displayed the Kanji or Hankaku, presumably because I haven't added any fonts to the system.  Firefox displayed the three lines labelled Romanj, but MSIE 6 and Opera 7.5 only showed squares there.

 * MSIE 6 is ahead of Netscape 4, in that it can display Unicode from multiple encodings on one page. But I have yet to see any instance where it chooses a font other than what is specified in a web page (in very little testing, I admit).  I'm curious to know how the font linking works.  But in the mean time, in terms of multi-Unicode block display, it's the one browser that I have to do extra work for (as it also is in terms of CSS rendering).  —Michael Z. 2005-02-1 04:27 Z

 * Unicode from multiple scripts (writing systems), you mean. Yes, I am curious about it, too. Like I said, "works for me," but I do have Japanese lanaguage support installed. (Control Panel > Regional and Language Options > Languages > Install files for East Asian Languages).

 * The "Romanj" (romaji, I think it's supposed to be… I'm sure there are better example pages out there) lines are using characters from the CJK Fullwidth Forms (U+FF01 to U+FFE5 or so), which are in the Adobe Glyph List. You would think that it is therefore likely that you'd have a font that supports them, but perhaps not. It is possible that you don't, and Firefox is instead "cheating" by substituting glyphs that in the font files are actually mapped to the Latin-1 range.

 * For purposes of the article, I think we should stop naming and comparing browsers entirely, so as to avoid getting further into advocacy / POV issues, and also because statements about current capabilities of popular browsers do not have much of a shelf life in general. Instead, I think we should just acknowledge that simultaneous display of characters from different scripts is dependent upon the user's installed fonts, and is subject to other technological limitations (e.g., console-based browsers don't even have access to fonts), so naturally, browsers, including the most popular ones, will almost inevitably have varying levels of support for it. - mjb 06:17, 1 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Good points. I was just reacting to a few statements in the article, and hadn't really been thinking of doing any real writing here.  You got it right: some browsers are way past their shelf life.

 * Interestingly, Lynx (browser) has an amazing transliteration engine in it. You can view all kinds of Unicode pages.  It does a passable job of rendering Cyrillic and even IPA in Latin characters.   I believe it supports straight Unicode too, I think, but I haven't been able to get mine configured right.  —Michael Z. 2005-02-1 07:45 Z

 * don't throw the information out with the POV. We need to stick to facts and we need to qualify those facts with version numbers. It doesn't help that IE is bloody unpridictable (ie i made at least one page that broke on IE for me but didn't for other people.
 * My guess is IE does use other fonts from those specified when rendering glyphs but ONLY by mapping specific code points to specific fonts not by searching for a font that can render the charaters it wan'ts. There may well be a configuration controlling this but if there is i don't know where. Plugwash 19:54, 14 July 2005 (UTC)
 * I did some more digging and I think what's going on is that it actually does look at other fonts. The problem is that is that those other fonts must be explicitly associated with the current base font in the registry (look for a key containing 'FontLink', like HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\FontLink\SystemLink). It may be a matter of careful use of language tags in the HTML to make sure a good base font is chosen, and then having the right mappings in the registry to associate that font with the fonts to fall back on. But there are still some nuances to base font selection that I don't understand. Anyone with more experience in this area, please comment! — mjb 20:56, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

This sounds promising: per IEBlog, Microsoft's Advanced Technology Center in Beijing is working on improvements to font linking and fallback for IE7. — mjb 08:22, 26 September 2005 (UTC)

Editing Forms and Encoding
Is it true that only Mozilla based browsers convert characters – not given in the default encoding – to unicode entities? Shouldn't this be mentioned in the article? --Hhielscher 09:32, 27 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * in firefox i know i can just paste in charactors outside latin1 and they end up as entities. I just tried doing the same in IE and it did seem to convert it to an entity (though its not impossible that this was a hack performed by mediawiki rather than IE doing the right thing.

Character entity groups
While it is true that the character entities are divided into 3 groups, it does not help the reader's understanding of the relationship between Unicode and HTML to explain this to them. The groupings are basically arbitrary and exist as historical artifacts from the standardization processes that went into defining them (I had a hand in this, albeit very minor). If groupings are to be explained, it'd be better achieved by basing them on the comments from the .ent files, which go to a more precise level of detail that is aligned with the names of Unicode ranges.

I am also tired of cleaning up edits that, while detailed, take a very conversational, not encyclopedic, tone and are rife with errors in spelling, capitalization, punctuation and grammar. If I continue to see these, I am increasingly likely to revert them wholesale, regardless of what useful content they may include. Sorry to be surly, but I get the feeling that some are taking excessive advantage of others' willingness to clean up these mistakes. — mjb 19:45, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Same characters?
Is the character encoded by an HTML number the same character that is encoded by Unicode by the same number? For example, is character number 2343 in HTML the same as 2343 in Unicode? --Abdull 14:31, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes, it is, by definition (HTML does not define the meaning for the character numbers; it instead defers to unicode). --cesarb 15:36, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * yes the numbers do reffer to unicode code points. However most html entities are decimal (you can do hexadecmial ones but they aren't seen much) whilst unicode gennerally use hexadecimal when reffering to code points. Plugwash 16:30, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

 * Is there any reference to know since which version each browser supports hexadecimal entities, and which are the browsers that still don't support it? Because hexadecimal is so natural when so many charmap viewers give only hexadecimal unicode code… Lacrymocéphale —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.195.19.145 (talk) 13:02, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

I don't want to use that font!
'''Some web browsers, such as Mozilla Firefox, Opera, and Safari, are able to display multilingual web pages by intelligently choosing a font to display each individual character on the page. They will correctly display any mix of Unicode blocks, as long as appropriate fonts are present in the operating system.'''

Code2000 is a great font with many characters, but some characters are pretty badly resembled with Code2000, for example the IPA characters. Since installing Code2000 on my Windows XP, Mozilla Firefox always uses Code2000 for every special character there is to be displayed. How do I tell Firefox to use another font for IPA? Actually, how does Firefox decide what font to use for special characters if there are four different to choose? --Abdull 14:31, 19 August 2005 (UTC)
 * try posting on a mozilla forum your likely to get better support there. Plugwash 21:19, 19 August 2005 (UTC)

Combiners
Is it possible to express combiners in escaped html? Eg 0041+0308 --207.109.251.117 03:43, 4 November 2005 (UTC)
 * of course, why wouldn't it be? Plugwash 00:25, 16 November 2005 (UTC)

Internet Explorer
On the page it says: "Internet Explorer is capable of displaying the full range of Unicode characters, but can't automatically make the necessary font choice. Web page authors must guess which appropriate fonts might be present on users' systems, and manually specify them for each block of text with a different language or Unicode range. A user may have another font installed which would display some characters, but if the web page author hasn't specified it, then Explorer will fail to display them, and show placeholder squares instead." What is the proper font choice and how would you change it? (I have Internet Explorer and access lots of the math pages on Wikipedia and see lots of "placeholder squares" .)--SurrealWarrior 01:33, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Browser support - entities or no entities?
Is there any difference in browser support for, e.g.,

 * 1) Character X represented as a named/numeric entity  versus
 * 2) Character X as an actual utf-8 character, in a utf-8 encoded HTML document, properly served?

 * Not with any modern browser afaict but i think NS4 may have some strange behaviours regarding this. Most of the remaining problems with browser unicode support have to do with font selection and rendering complex text. Plugwash 17:44, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

What about IE 7 ?
I've been having a look at this page because I wondered whether the new IE 7 still has that annoying bug of not being able to choose an appropriate font. However, the page only mentions IE 6. Can anybody verify how it is on IE 7? Thanks.

Worst written Document I've ever come across
This is by far the worst document I've ever come across. I won't say it's greek because I can read greek, this is just complete utter rubbish. To say an HTML page is unicode is a bit like saying a cat is a dog. I create html pages using notepad and I know that my html pages can only have a very limited set of characters. At what point does the 8bit coding of my document turn into the ??bit coding needed for unicode? Or does unicode mean "any character defined by a number" as seems to be the definition used in the opening paragraph.

I was going to make it all a lot more readable by simply removing the whole first paragraph and useless to anyone except someone wanting a laugh. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.79.206.183 (talk) 11:19, 23 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Unicode defines a (large) set of numbers known as "code points" and what characters they represent (note however than in some cases unicode code points do not have a 1:1 mapping to user visible characters due to the presence of combining and control characters).
 * When you write a HTML document you are supposed to* specify what "charset" you are using. This charset defines how the sequence of bytes in your HTML file are interpreted.
 * The key to understanding the relationship between unicode and HTML is to understand that HTML regards all charsets as encodings of a subset of unicode. If you write your html documents in WINDOWS-1252 then you can only directly represent characters that are in WINDOWS-1252 but you can still indirectly represent any unicode character through an entity reference. Alternatively you can write your HTML document in UTF-8 and represent almost all** characters directly.
 * * if you don't specify what charset you are using the browser will likely make a default assumption which may or may not match the charset you actually used.
 * ** A handful characters (which varies slightly by context) can't be represented directly because they are "markup sensitive"
 * -- Plugwash (talk) 01:35, 17 February 2012 (UTC)

unicode (UTF-8): about 50% of the web in 2010
It looks like unicode (UTF-8) is about 50% of the web in 2010 (Source: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_7ZYqYi4xigk/S2Hcx0fITQI/AAAAAAAAFmM/ifZX2Wmv40A/s1600-h/unicode.png and http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/unicode-nearing-50-of-web.html ) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 84.99.17.74 (talk) 20:30, 13 June 2011 (UTC)

 * 60% and 80% with ASCII in 2012 http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/02/unicode-over-60-percent-of-web.htmlhttp://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/02/unicode-over-60-percent-of-web.html — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.69.108.41 (talk) 23:53, 16 February 2012 (UTC)

The section Frequency of usage says "the UTF-8 Unicode encoding became the most frequently used encoding on web pages, overtaking both ASCII (US) and 8859-1/1252", which is a quote from the cited Google page. But it doesn't make any sense, given that ASCII is a subset of UTF-8. I'm guessing maybe the Google author was referring to the stated charset of the pages, does anybody know? (Old now, I know...)Mcswell (talk) 01:13, 23 April 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Unicode and HTML


text:
Worldwide Pants

Worldwide Pants Incorporated is an American television and film production company founded and owned by comedian and talk show host David Letterman.

The company was formerly headquartered at the Ed Sullivan Theater building in New York City, but has since moved to Los Angeles following the ending of the Late Show with David Letterman. The president and CEO is former Late Show executive producer Rob Burnett. Peter Lassally, a former The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson and Late Show executive producer, was the senior vice-president until his retirement.

1990s
A predecessor company, Space Age Meats, produced Letterman's first television talk show, The David Letterman Show in 1980. This company was also credited with producing Late Night with David Letterman, produced in partnership with NBC and Johnny Carson's Carson Productions from 1982 to 1990 (Carson would continue to be credited with production of that show until his retirement in 1992).

Worldwide Pants' first production credit was for Late Night in 1991, shortly after its formation. The company, then known as Worldwide Pants Productions, shared a 1991 Peabody Award, for their ability to "take one of TV's most conventional and least inventive forms—the talk show—and infuse it with freshness and imagination."

In 1993, the company produced two shows: one was the sitcom The Building, starring Bonnie Hunt, and the other was the new late night program Late Show with David Letterman, both on CBS. Although the former flopped, the latter went on to succeed, for a whopping 22-year run until 2015. In 1995, Worldwide Pants launched The Late Late Show franchise, starting with one hosted by Tom Snyder, then with Craig Kilborn, and then with Craig Ferguson. Worldwide Pants produced these Late Late Show iterations until 2015. Also that year, it teamed up with Bonnie Hunt again to start out Bonnie, which went on to last one season on the air on CBS.

In 1996, Worldwide Pants went on to greater success in primetime with the launch of Everybody Loves Raymond, which went on to be successful and critically acclaimed, went on for nine seasons. In 1997, David Kissinger, who was senior vice president of comedy and drama series department of Walt Disney Television, joined Worldwide Pants as vice president of the studio.

2002–2006
A 2002 Forbes article comments on the approach Letterman takes for Worldwide Pants television productions:
 * Letterman's approach is to nurture an idea with seed money from his production company, then get someone else to pay for the rest of it. He isn't particularly hands-on once the programs get past the initial stages, but his imprimatur carries weight with network buyers. "They've got a point of view about everything they do," says Chris Albrecht, president of original programming at HBO. "These guys are making television every night and have been for a long time. You feel more comfortable with them."

The company produced its first film, Strangers with Candy, a prequel to the TV show of the same name. The film premiered at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival, within the "Park City at Midnight" category. Warner Independent Pictures subsequently signed up as North American distributor of the film, before ThinkFilm acquired the rights from Warner, giving it a limited release in summer 2006. The film grossed slightly more than $2 million, on a $2 million production budget and $1.5 million prints and advertising budget.

In April 2005 the Sci-Fi Channel announced that Worldwide Pants would produce a half-hour animated ensemble comedy for the channel from Brendon Small, called Barbarian Chronicles. A subsequent interview with Small confirmed there were no plans to go through with the deal.

2007 WGA strike
Production of new episodes of the company's two late-night CBS talk shows ceased on November 5, 2007, when the Worldwide Pants writers joined the strike against the Alliance of Motion Picture and Television Producers (AMPTP), the trade association of which Worldwide Pants is a member.

During the first part of the strike reruns of Worldwide Pants shows were aired. This changed when Worldwide Pants broke ranks with the AMPTP by negotiating an independent, interim collective bargaining agreement with the Writers Guild of America in which Worldwide Pants essentially agreed to operate in accordance with the contract demands of the WGA for the duration of the labor dispute. The agreements automatically reverted to the final contract terms that the guild reached with the AMPTP at the end of the strike. The agreement allowed both the Late Show with David Letterman and The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson to return to the airwaves with their full writing staffs on January 2, 2008.

The agreement gave Worldwide Pants and CBS a perceived advantage over their rivals at NBC. The latter network was unable to make similar arrangements for its late night programming because NBC had retained control of production operations for both The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Unlike CBS, NBC would have had to negotiate an agreement covering the entire network in order to have writers work on the two late night shows. NBC aired new episodes of its late night shows on the same night as CBS, but without writers. This meant, among other things, that Leno and O'Brien were unable to perform their traditional monologues without violating strike rules and were unable to secure the appearance of most celebrities, who refused to cross a picket line.

2007–2015
In October 2007, the media announced that Worldwide Pants would co-produce its first non-comedy project, a documentary about young adults running for public office. The documentary, titled The Youngest Candidate, was written and directed by Jason Pollock and premiered July 2008 at the Traverse City Film Festival.

In March 2008, Eco Media announced a "content partnership" with Worldwide Pants to "create original, unscripted, environment-related content, in the style of The Late Show remote segments, for television and Internet distribution."

In 2008 Worldwide Pants signed a product placement deal with Ford to promote the Ford Flex during The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, using a series of weekly custom-written skits in which Ferguson played the leader of a band riding in a Flex as they traveled from Los Angeles International Airport to the CBS Studio.

In April 2010, Worldwide Pants started Clear Entertainment, a.k.a. C.E. Music, a record label and announced the signing of their first band Runner Runner, a pop-punk group from Huntington Beach, California.

In April 2012, CBS announced that it would begin co-producing The Late Late Show with Worldwide Pants, part of a deal that included extending Ferguson's contract until 2014.

In October 2012, Worldwide Pants and B&B Productions—a subsidiary of Worldwide Pants created by Rob Burnett and Jon Beckerman—announced they had secured the rights to adapt Jonathan Evison's novel The Revised Fundamentals of Caregiving as a feature film.

The company's principal property, Late Show with David Letterman, wrapped up production in 2015. Its production of The Late Late Show also ended once James Corden's version of the franchise launched in March 2015, though Worldwide Pants did continue to produce the show while it was fronted by a series of guest hosts between the departure of Craig Ferguson at the end of 2014 and Corden's premiere. The company is not producing either The Late Show with Stephen Colbert or The Late Late Show with James Corden, both of which are owned outright by CBS.

Post-Late Show (2015–present)
The company didn't shut down with Letterman's retirement from late night television; however, its future direction was unclear at the time of Letterman's finale. CEO Rob Burnett said at the time of Late Show ' s finale: "I honestly don't know what the future of Worldwide Pants will be... We've built a brand here. There is value. Ultimately it will be to Dave to decide what he wants to do with that." Burnett indicated that he will likely step down as CEO in order to focus on his own projects once matters dealing with Late Show's winding down are concluded. The company moved out of the 13 story office building above the Ed Sullivan Theater, its home for 22 years, and relocated to Los Angeles.

In early 2017, Worldwide Pants won a lawsuit over royalties.

In an interview with New York magazine published in March 2017, Letterman said of the company: "Worldwide Pants is now on pause. Years ago, I wanted Worldwide Pants to be an ongoing organism whereby we could continue to employ people and develop material. In the meantime, things changed out from under us. It was explained to me that that production model doesn’t hold up anymore. So Worldwide Pants ran out of steam for lack of opportunity. But we are trying to put it back together. It would be fun not to be involved in traditional ABC, NBC, CBS television. There’s a billion different places to put something now."

Due to its ownership of Late Show with David Letterman and various iterations of The Late Late Show, Worldwide Pants is also the owner of a considerable library of archival footage from both programs which, according to Burnett, "is extremely valuable if handled correctly". Worldwide Pants made excerpts from Late Show and Late Night (licensed from NBC) available on YouTube in 2022, coinciding with Late Night's launch 40 years ago.

Worldwide Pants is currently the co-producer with RadicalMedia of Letterman's Netflix series My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman.

CBS

 * Late Show with David Letterman (1993–2015)
 * The Building (1993)
 * Bonnie (1995–1996)
 * The Late Late Show with Tom Snyder (1995–1999)
 * Welcome to New York (2000–2001)
 * Everybody Loves Raymond (1996–2005, co-produced with Where's Lunch and HBO Independent Productions)
 * The Late Late Show with Craig Kilborn (1999–2004)
 * The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson (2005–2014, co-produced with CBS Television Studios 2012–2014)
 * The Late Late Show (guest hosts) (January–March 2015, co-produced with CBS Television Studios)

ABC

 * The Knights of Prosperity (2007, co-produced with B&B Productions and Touchstone Television)

HBO

 * The High Life (1996)
 * Foo Fighters Sonic Highways (2014, co-produced with Roswell Films, Therapy Content and Diamond Docs)

NBC

 * Late Night with David Letterman (1982–1993, co-produced with Carson Productions)
 * Ed (2000–2004, co-produced with Viacom Productions)

PBS

 * Coming Home: Military Families Cope with Change (2009, co-produced with Sesame Workshop and Lookalike Productions)
 * Families Stand Together: Feeling Secure in Tough Times (2009, co-produced with Sesame Workshop and Lookalike Productions)
 * Sesame Street: When Families Grieve (2010, co-produced with Sesame Workshop and Lookalike Productions)

Netflix

 * The Fundamentals of Caring (2016)
 * My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman (2018–present, co-produced with RadicalMedia)
 * That's My Time with David Letterman (2022)

TBS

 * Stupid Pet Tricks (2024)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Worldwide Pants


text:
NDA

NDA may stand for:

Military

 * National Defence Academy (India), a military academy in India
 * National Defence Act, legislation for organizing and funding Canada's military
 * National Defense Academy of Japan, a military academy in Japan
 * Nigerian Defence Academy, a military academy in Nigeria
 * Niger Delta Avengers, a militant group in Nigeria's Niger Delta

Politics

 * National Democratic Alliance, a coalition of political parties in India

Organizations

 * National Dance Alliance, sister company of the National Cheer Association
 * National Dance Association, defunct association of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance
 * National Dental Association, an association for African-American dentists
 * Net Daemons Associates, a computer network and systems administration company
 * New Dutch Academy, an orchestra in The Hague, Netherlands
 * National Democratic Assembly, the English name of the Israeli political party Balad
 * National Disability Authority, an agency of the Irish Department of Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth
 * Northern Domestic Airspace, a Canadian aviation organization
 * Nuclear Decommissioning Authority, an entity of the UK government

Music

 * "NDA" (song), a 2021 song by Billie Eilish
 * "NDA", a song by Megan Thee Stallion from the album Traumazine, 2022

Other

 * National Design Awards, awards given by the American National Design Museum
 * New Drug Application, to get a new drug approved in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration
 * Non-destructive analysis, a way to evaluate a material's properties without destroying it
 * Non-disclosure agreement, a legal contract regarding confidentiality
 * Notre Dame Academy, Patna, a girls' Roman Catholic secondary school in Patna, India
 * Najran Domestic Airport, an airport in Najran, Saudi Arabia
 * Nicolas Dupont-Aignan, a French politician

title: NDA


text:
George Bickham the Younger

George Bickham the Younger (c. 1706–1771) was an English etcher and engraver, a printseller, and one of the first English caricaturists. He produced didactic publications, political caricatures, and pornographical prints. He was the son of the engraver George Bickham the Elder (1684–1758), who published the Universal Penman (1733–41).

title: George Bickham the Younger


text:
The Connoisseur (newspaper)

The Connoisseur (by Mr. Town [pseud.], Critic, and Censor-General. 2 vols. 140 nos. (31 January 1754 – 30 September 1756)), was a London weekly eighteenth century newspaper founded and chiefly run by George Colman the Elder and the parodist Bonnell Thornton as a 'plebeian' counterpart to Edward Moore's The World, a periodical of about the same time, which dealt more with the interests of aristocrats. James Boswell says in his Life of Johnson: I mentioned the periodical paper called 'THE CONNOISSEUR'. He said it wanted matter. – No doubt it had not the deep thinking of Johnson's writings. But surely it has just views of the surface of life, and a very sprightly manner. His opinion of 'THE WORLD' was not much higher than of 'THE CONNOISSEUR'.

title: The Connoisseur (newspaper)


text:
User:Yaronf

Hi!

I am Yaron Sheffer.

I know a few things about computers (computer security, low level programming and binary translation, telephony), some stuff about Israel - where I happen to live, and absolutely nothing about most of the remaining universe.

My life is sometimes on http://www.sheffer.org

I agree to multi-license all my contributions, with the exception of my user pages, as described below:

title: User:Yaronf


text:
Iraq War (disambiguation)

The Iraq War began in 2003 and involved a two-phase conflict comprising an initial invasion of Iraq led by U.S. and UK forces and a longer, eight-year phase of occupation and fighting with insurgents.

Various wars and insurgencies have engulfed large parts of Iraq almost continuously for many decades. Since the breakup of the Ottoman Empire, each of the following wars killed at least one thousand persons in less than one year or resulted in hundreds of thousands of refugees or internally displaced persons:
 * Mesopotamian campaign (1914–1918)
 * Iraqi revolt of 1920 against the British
 * Simele massacre (August 1933)
 * Anglo-Iraqi War and Farhud (1941)
 * 1959 Mosul uprising
 * First Iraqi–Kurdish War (1961–1970)
 * Ramadan Revolution (February 1963)
 * Second Iraqi–Kurdish War (1974–1975)
 * 1974–75 Shatt al-Arab conflict
 * Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq (1978–1979)
 * 1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
 * Iran–Iraq War (1980–1988)
 * 1983–1986 Kurdish rebellions in Iraq
 * Anfal campaign (1986–1989)
 * Iraqi invasion of Kuwait (1990)
 * Sanctions against Iraq (1990–2003), which devastated the civilian economy of Iraq; an especially repressive government publicly attributed deaths of a half-million civilian children to the sanctions.
 * Gulf War (1991)
 * 1991 Iraqi uprisings
 * Operation Northern Iraq (1992)
 * Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997)
 * 1998 bombing of Iraq
 * The Iraqi conflict included various phases of insurgency and open conflict:
 * 2003 invasion of Iraq
 * Iraq War (2003–2011)
 * Iraqi insurgency (2003–2006)
 * Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)
 * Iraqi civil war (2006–2008), civil war mainly among Islamic State of Iraq, other sectarian militant groups, and Iraqi forces and their respective allies
 * Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013), the surge in violence involving the Islamic State of Iraq that occurred immediately following the end of the 2003 to 2011 Iraq War
 * War in Iraq (2013–2017), conflict with Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant that began when the initial two-year-long insurgency escalated in December 2013
 * Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present), low-level ISIL insurgency following territorial defeat of ISIL in Iraq in 2017
 * 2017 Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
 * 2019–2021 Iraqi protests
 * 2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis
 * 2023 attacks on U.S. bases in Iraq and Syria

title: Iraq War (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Fruit

Propose removing Venn Diagram
Asking on here before removing as it's been subject of talk before.

I think we should remove the 'Venn diagram because' it doesn't really illustrate "Some botanical fruit are vegetables" any better than the text.

All it actually shows is that "tomatoes are a culinary vegetable and a botanical fruit," with 5 arbitrary images, which are too small to discern properly; I think the photograph showing the selection of 'fruit often known as vegetables' (which also includes tomatoes)  covers this information already and better.

JeffUK (talk) 09:59, 9 October 2021 (UTC) Recent studies show rocks from the U.S. can be grown into various fruits and vegetables. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2604:2D80:A20C:F600:6D57:8756:D92B:A052 (talk) 17:48, 6 September 2022 (UTC)

"Pod types" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Pod types and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 19 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 20:39, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

"Fruiting Shrubs" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Fruiting Shrubs and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 19 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Steel1943 (talk) 20:42, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 April 2022
Propose that:

"In botanical usage, the term "fruit" also includes many structures that are not commonly called "fruits", such as nuts, bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains."

is changed to:

"In botanical usage, the term "fruit" also includes many structures that are not commonly called "fruits" in everyday language, such as nuts, bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains."

This is in order to make a clearer contrast. 2A00:23C8:7B09:FA00:44E5:151C:28DC:5DD (talk) 08:01, 23 April 2022 (UTC)
 * ✅ Seems a useful clarification to me. Peter coxhead (talk) 16:15, 23 April 2022 (UTC)

Some seedless fruits
In the corresponding image the kiwi definitely has seeds, they are visible. The apple also likely has seeds. Thus the image description is misleading.--Reciprocist (talk) 16:50, 13 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Agree and removed. Zefr (talk) 17:10, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

Accessory fruits
The table in the "Table of fleshy fruit examples" section has stone fruit listed as an example of accessory fruit. To my knowledge no stone fruit has accessory tissue. I propose removing this from the examples.Michaplot (talk) 22:12, 28 May 2022 (UTC)

Useless Sentence
"In culinary language, a fruit is the sweet- or not sweet- (even sour-) tasting produce of a specific plant (e.g., a peach, pear or lemon)." This translates to, "A fruit is the product of a plant." Does this sentence have any merit? OrewaTel (talk) 02:37, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Well, I think it's trying, but failing, to express something tricky, i.e. that plant products that are not botanically fruits can be used as such – rhubarb is perhaps the prime example. So while I agree that the sentence is not useful, it needs to be fixed, not removed. Peter coxhead (talk) 14:45, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * If you eat it with custard it's fruit. If it goes well with gravy then it's a vegetable. OrewaTel (talk) 20:53, 7 June 2022 (UTC)
 * We agree, but is there a reliable source? :-) Peter coxhead (talk) 06:06, 8 June 2022 (UTC)

Including Watermelons as a vegetable example is incorrect
I propose we remove watermelon as an example of a vegetable. In the section covering the difference between a botanical fruit and a culinary fruit, watermelons are given as an example of a kind of a vegetable based off the ruling in Nix vs. Hedden which ruled that tomatoes are legally vegetables. However, per the line's reference, the logic behind the ruling was that tomatoes "should be classified under the customs regulations as a vegetable, based on the ways in which it is used, and the popular perception to this end." "Botanically speaking, tomatoes are the fruit of a vine, just as are cucumbers, squashes, beans, and peas. But in the common language of the people, whether sellers or consumers of provisions, all these are vegetables which are grown in kitchen gardens, and which, whether eaten cooked or raw, are, like potatoes, carrots, parsnips, turnips, beets, cauliflower, cabbage, celery, and lettuce, usually served at dinner in, with, or after the soup, fish, or meats which constitute the principal part of the repast, and not, like fruits generally, as dessert." Popular perception of a watermelon is as a fruit, not a vegetable, and it's a common summertime dessert so this is an incorrect assertion for this article to make. Risjb (talk) 22:54, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Agree Peter coxhead (talk) 06:03, 27 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed watermelon is a fruit not a vegetable. You are correct, fruits like tomatoes that have a more savory flavor are classified as vegetables in cooking rather than a fruit,  however botanically speaking they are fruits as you stated. Woolmadj (talk) 20:33, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * note; The  was something I accidentally added at the last second while fixing my grammar. I do not know how I put it there though. Woolmadj (talk) 20:36, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

Pollinators deserve mention
There is mention of pollination and of symbiotic relationship with animals, but sorely missing is the critical dependence of many fruit species upon pollinators. Can anyone take up this task? --Gregrwm (talk) 17:00, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

Incorrect text
Under "Food Uses" carrots are not a dry fruit and Rice is a grain not a dry fruit, there is no reason for these to be here they are pointless and incorrect. Woolmadj (talk) 20:26, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

 * By botanical definition, they are all fruits. Zefr (talk) 20:34, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * A carrot is a root. It is not a fruit by any definition. OrewaTel (talk) 07:04, 18 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Carrot seeds are a biological fruit but are not a culinary fruit. So while carrot seeds have a mention in the biological section, neither carrots nor carrot seeds (nor carrot tops) belong in the culinary section. OrewaTel (talk) 07:12, 18 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes I realize that a carrot has a fruit same with potatoes, beats, radishes, etc ,however, it simply said carrot not carrot fruit when people say carrot most of the population will think carrot root, but thank you for correcting me on this topic. Woolmadj (talk) 15:43, 5 April 2023 (UTC)

Strawberry is botanically not a fruit
The seeds are on the outside, so it's an accessory fruit. 31.161.138.94 (talk) 09:39, 9 July 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 27 August 2023
v — Preceding unsigned comment added by TcfMacleod651 (talk • contribs) 12:00, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
 * Do tell OrewaTel (talk) 22:21, 27 August 2023 (UTC)

Apples are not true fruits.
Apples are listed as a fruit which is not univerally agreed upon, section below - "For example, in botany, a fruit is a ripened ovary or carpel that contains seeds, e.g., an apple"

Apples are often considered a false fruit as they develop atleast in part from the receptacle not the ovary.

I would cite the below,

"False fruits arise from inferior ovaries. In apples (Malus domestica) and pears (Pyrus communis) the mesocarp merges together with the receptacle with no discernible exocarp, because the carpels fuse with receptacle tissues during fruit development."

from this source

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/malus-domestica

Therefore i would remove it in favour of clearer examples of true fruits. Hortic07 (talk) 15:01, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
 * This is in the section Botanical vs Culinary? Agreed apples are not the best example of a botanical fruit. I've substituted orange. OrewaTel (talk) 12:54, 19 November 2023 (UTC)

The definition of a botanical vegetable is not well defined
Main dictionaries, e.g. Oxford, Cambridge and Britanica only list a single definition of fruit. See e.g. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/fruit. The wikipedia page is not consistent with this and instead defines the notion of a botanical vegetable, classifying e.g. tomato in this. No consistent definition of this is provided. As assertion is made "In culinary language, a fruit is the sweet- or not sweet- (even sour-) tasting produce of a specific plant" but that does not match with the dictionary definitions. The mis-classification of tomato is a common mistake not a culinary definition.

A reference is made to the supreme court case of Nix v. Hedden. However it is unclear why the US changing the legal definition of a tomato should mean that a non-dictionary definition should be used on the global Wikipedia page. A clear cut definition of a culinary vegetable should be included if it exists not simply a list of vegetables. I maintain that such a definition does not exist. If it does a links to a reputable dictionary with this definition should be included. Hallomotocar (talk) 18:19, 21 December 2023 (UTC)

 * There is no definition of a botanic vegetable. (If it existed then it would include everything from the plant kingdom.) There is a definition of a botanical fruit and consequently a definition of a botanical non-fruit can be constructed. Unfortunately in common speech we use a different meaning of fruit that is best described by giving a list. (Tomatoes and Bell Peppers are not fruits but strawberries are. Even Rhubarb stalks are sometimes called fruits.) Many dictionaries are not helpful. They conflate the jargon botanical definition with the everyday culinary usage.
 * The US court case is useful because the justices were testing the normal (non-dictionary) definition of fruit. They asked industry-insiders questions such as, "Have you ever heard tomato described as a fruit?" Meanwhile our definition of a culinary fruit is pathetic. (Sweet or not sweet produce of a specific plant) The best definition I have heard is, "If you serve it with jelly (US Jello) and custard then it's a fruit." Perhaps we can make up a better definition and then add some inevitable exceptions. OrewaTel (talk) 12:13, 23 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fruit


text:
Talk:Iraq disarmament crisis timeline

There is an individual who continues to replace one poorly written and unsubstanted assertion into one section of this timeline. He continues to assert that "The memo's authenticity was questioned by many within the US, including conservative pundit Matt Drudge", without describing 1) who these other people were, or 2) what the basis of their doubts were. To claim that others, independently of Matt Drudge, came up with a set of objections to the Observer report, without specifying any details about the nature of those doubts, is incredibly shoddy writing and unnecessarily vague. If there are people who publicly raised doubts independently of Drudge, then they should be cited and their doubts should be posted. Otherwise, his text should be replaced, as I have done, with something more accurate and precise. What I have attempted to do, but without success because this invididual keeps undoing this effort, is to describe the fact that Drudge raised specific objections, which then made their way in the news media and were cited elsewhere. It is not the business of this encyclopedia to allude to vague and unspecified objections without giving the reader a chance to evaluate them for themselves. The fact is that you can find "many people" who doubt anything, including the moon landing, but that is no reason to make such a vague reference here. Unfortunately, as one who actually has a life and who doesn't go around checking this article every half hour, I actually don't have the will or the inclination to engage in a petty edit war 50 time during the day. But would hope that others who participate in this encyclopedia will be take note of this matter.

Originally, I might add, this individual attributed the doubts originally to a Washington Times report. However, the Washington Times was only citing Matt Drudge's originally published objections, so I made a change to correct this point. When this individual cited in a general sense the nature of Drudge's objections, I again edited the article to describe specifically what those objections were, so that the reader could judge them for themselves and decide how credible Drudge's concerns were. Yet now this person insists on refering to some mystery "many others" who came up with concerns independently of Drudge, without saying what their objections were or who these people were. I am therefore going to change this text one more time, hoping that others will be alerted to the situation once this person inevitably comes in and replaces the improved text with an inferior one. Thanks. soulpatch

title: Talk:Iraq disarmament crisis timeline


text:
Esperanto literature

Literature in the Esperanto language began before the first official publication in Esperanto in 1887: the language's creator, L. L. Zamenhof, translated poetry and prose into the language as he was developing it as a test of its completeness and expressiveness, and published several translations and a short original poem as an appendix to the first book on the language, Unua Libro. Other early speakers wrote poetry, stories, and essays in the language; Henri Vallienne was the first to write novels in Esperanto. The first female Esperanto novelist was Edith Alleyne Sinnotte with her book Lilio published in 1918. Except for a handful of poems, most of the literature from Esperanto's first two decades is now regarded as of historical interest only.

Between the two World Wars, several new poets and novelists published their first works, including several recognized as the first to produce work of outstanding quality in the still-young language: Julio Baghy, Eŭgeno Miĥalski, Kálmán Kalocsay, Heinrich Luyken, and Jean Forge.

Modern authors include Claude Piron and William Auld, who was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature,, Trevor Steele, , Julia Sigmund, Sen Rodin, Eugène de Zilah, , Manuel de Seabra, Baldur Ragnarsson, Jorge Camacho, Victor Sadler, , , Benoît Philippe and others.

Esperanto has seen a solid production of material in braille since the work of the blind Russian Esperantist Vasili Eroshenko, who wrote and taught in Japan and China in the 1910s and 1920s, and Harold Brown wrote several modern plays in Esperanto.

The largest Esperanto book service at the Universal Esperanto Association offers around 4,000 books in its catalog. About 130 novels have been published originally in Esperanto. Two major literary magazines: Literatura Foiro, and , are published regularly; some other magazines, such as Monato, also publish fiction.

The most comprehensive guide to the literature of the language is Geoffrey Sutton's Concise Encyclopedia of the Original Literature of Esperanto, published under the auspices of the Esperanto-speaking Writers' Association by Mondial.

Notable writers
Some of the major figures of Esperanto literature:
 * Edith Alleyne Sinnotte
 * Marjorie Boulton
 * William Auld
 * Julio Baghy
 * Kazimierz Bein (translations)
 * Jorge Camacho
 * Vasili Eroshenko
 * Antoni Grabowski (mainly translations)
 * Kálmán Kalocsay
 * Nikolai Vladimirovich Nekrasov
 * Mauro Nervi
 * Claude Piron
 * Frederic Pujulà i Vallès
 * Baldur Ragnarsson
 * Raymond Schwartz
 * Trevor Steele
 * Vladimir Varankin
 * Vladimir Varankin

title: Esperanto literature


text:
William Auld

William Auld (6 November 1924 – 11 September 2006) was a British poet, author, translator and magazine editor who wrote chiefly in Esperanto.

Life
Auld was born at Erith in Kent, and then moved to Glasgow with his parents, attending Allan Glen's School. After wartime service as a spitfire pilot in the Royal Air Force, he studied English literature at Glasgow University, and then qualified as a teacher.

In 1952 he married his childhood sweetheart Margaret (Meta) Barr Stewart, also an Esperantist, and had two children. In 1960, he was appointed to a secondary school in Alloa and he remained there for the rest of his life. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1999, 2004, and 2006, making him the first person nominated for works in Esperanto.

His masterpiece, La infana raso (The Infant Race), is a long poem that, in Auld's words, explores "the role of the human race in time and in the cosmos," and is partly based on The Cantos by Ezra Pound.

Auld began to learn Esperanto in 1937 but only became active in the propagation of the language in 1947, and from then on wrote many works in Esperanto. He edited various magazines and reviews, including Esperanto en Skotlando (1949–1955), Esperanto (1955–1958, 1961–1962), Monda Kulturo (1962–1963), Norda Prismo (1968–1972), La Brita Esperantisto (1973–1999) and Fonto (1980–1987).

He was Vice President of the Universal Esperanto Association (1977–1980), President of the Academy of Esperanto (1979–1983), and President of the Esperanto PEN Centre (1999–2005). He donated his personal collection of nearly 5000 books in and about Esperanto to the National Library of Scotland, where it is now housed, in 2001.

He died in Dolair/Dollar, Clackmannanshire, and is buried in Dollar churchyard. The grave lies on the approach path to the church from the main road.

Collected poetry

 * Spiro de l' pasio (in Kvaropo, 1952)
 * La infana raso (1956)
 * Unufingraj melodioj (1960)
 * Humoroj (1969)
 * Rimleteroj (with Marjorie Boulton, 1976)
 * El unu verda vivo (1978)
 * En barko senpilota (Edistudio, 1987)
 * Unu el ni (1992)

Anthologies

 * Angla antologio 1000–1800 (poetry editor, 1957)
 * Esperanta antologio (1958/1984)
 * 25 jaroj (poetry editor, 1977)
 * Skota antologio (associate editor, 1978)
 * Sub signo de socia muzo (1987)
 * Nova Esperanta Krestomatio (1991)
 * Plena poemaro: Miĥalski (ed. 1994)
 * Tempo fuĝas (1996)

Translations from English

 * La balenodento, by Jack London (1952)
 * Epifanio, by Shakespeare (1977)
 * La urbo de terura nokto, by James Thomson (1977)
 * Don Johano, Kanto 1, by Lord Byron (1979)
 * La robaioj de Omar Kajam, by Edward Fitzgerald (1980)
 * La sonetoj, de Shakespeare (Edistudio, 1981)
 * Fenikso tro ofta, by Christopher Fry (1984)
 * Montara vilaĝo, by Chun-chan Je (1984)
 * La graveco de la Fideliĝo, by Oscar Wilde (1987)
 * La komedio de eraroj, by Shakespeare (with Asen M. Simeonov, 1987)
 * Omaĝoj. Poemtradukoj (1987)
 * Gazaloj, by Hafiz (1988)
 * Spartako, by Leslie Mitchell (1993)
 * La stratoj de Aŝkelono, by Harry Harrison (1994)
 * Teri-strato, by Douglas Dunn (1995)
 * La kunularo de l' ringo, by J. R. R. Tolkien (1995)
 * La du turegoj, by J. R. R. Tolkien (1995)
 * La reveno de la reĝo, by J. R. R. Tolkien (1997)
 * La hobito, by J. R. R. Tolkien (poems and songs; with Christopher Gledhill, 2000)
 * La Hobito, aŭ Tien kaj Reen, by J. R. R. Tolkien (poems and songs; with Christopher Gledhill, Evertype 2015, ISBN 9781782011101, ISBN 9781782011095)
 * Kantoj, poemoj kaj satiroj, by Robert Burns (with Reto Rossetti, 1977)
 * Jurgen, by James Branch Cabell (2001)

Translations

 * Aniaro, by Harry Martinson (from Swedish with Bertil Nilsson, 1979)
 * Julia on Pandataria

Song collections

 * Floroj sen kompar '  (with Margaret Hill, 1973), British folksongs translated into Esperanto
 * Kantanta mia bird '  (with Margaret Hill, 1973), British folksongs translated into Esperanto
 * Dum la noktoj (with Margaret and David Hill, 1976), original songs

Textbooks

 * Esperanto: A New Approach; (1965)
 * Paŝoj al plena posedo (1968)
 * A first course in Esperanto (1972)
 * Traduku!  (1993)

Bibliographies

 * Bibliografio de tradukoj el la angla lingvo (with E. Grimley Evans, 1996)

Essay collections

 * Facetoj de Esperanto (1976)
 * Pri lingvo kaj aliaj artoj (1978)
 * Enkonduko en la originalan literaturon de Esperanto (1979)
 * Vereco, distro, stilo (1981)
 * Kulturo kaj internacia lingvo (1986)
 * La fenomeno Esperanto (1988)
 * La skota lingvo, hodiaŭ kaj hieraŭ (1988)

Miscellaneous literature

 * Pajleroj kaj stoploj: elektitaj prozaĵoj (1997)

authors: Огненный ангел

title: William Auld


text:
Stamen

The stamen (: stamina or stamens) is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively, the stamens form the androecium.

Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filament and an anther which contains microsporangia. Most commonly anthers are two-lobed (each lobe is termed a locule) and are attached to the filament either at the base or in the middle area of the anther. The sterile tissue between the lobes is called the connective, an extension of the filament containing conducting strands. It can be seen as an extension on the dorsal side of the anther. A pollen grain develops from a microspore in the microsporangium and contains the male gametophyte. The size of anthers differs greatly, from a tiny fraction of a millimeter in Wolfia spp up to five inches (13 centimeters) in Canna iridiflora and Strelitzia nicolai.

The stamens in a flower are collectively called the androecium. The androecium can consist of as few as one-half stamen (i.e. a single locule) as in Canna species or as many as 3,482 stamens which have been counted in the saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea). The androecium in various species of plants forms a great variety of patterns, some of them highly complex. It generally surrounds the gynoecium and is surrounded by the perianth. A few members of the family Triuridaceae, particularly Lacandonia schismatica and Lacandonia braziliana, along with a few species of Trithuria (family Hydatellaceae) are  exceptional in that their gynoecia surround their androecia.

Etymology

 * Stamen is the Latin word meaning "thread" (originally thread of the warp, in weaving).
 * Filament derives from classical Latin filum, meaning "thread"
 * Anther derives from French anthère, from classical Latin anthera, meaning "medicine extracted from the flower"  in turn from Ancient Greek ἀνθηρά,  feminine of ἀνθηρός  meaning "flowery", from ἄνθος  meaning "flower"
 * Androecium (: androecia) derives from Ancient Greek ἀνήρ meaning "man", and οἶκος  meaning "house" or "chamber/room".

Variation in morphology
Depending on the species of plant, some or all of the stamens in a flower may be attached to the petals or to the floral axis. They also may be free-standing or fused to one another in many different ways, including fusion of some but not all stamens. The filaments may be fused and the anthers free, or the filaments free and the anthers fused. Rather than there being two locules, one locule of a stamen may fail to develop, or alternatively the two locules may merge late in development to give a single locule. Extreme cases of stamen fusion occur in some species of Cyclanthera in the family Cucurbitaceae and in section Cyclanthera of genus Phyllanthus (family Euphorbiaceae) where the stamens form a ring around the gynoecium, with a single locule. Plants having a single stamen are referred to as "monandrous."

Pollen production
A typical anther contains four microsporangia. The microsporangia form sacs or pockets (locules) in the anther (anther sacs or pollen sacs). The two separate locules on each side of an anther may fuse into a single locule. Each microsporangium is lined with a nutritive tissue layer called the tapetum and initially contains diploid pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis to form haploid spores. The spores may remain attached to each other in a tetrad or separate after meiosis. Each microspore then divides mitotically to form an immature microgametophyte called a pollen grain.

The pollen is eventually released when the anther forms openings (dehisces). These may consist of longitudinal slits, pores, as in the heath family (Ericaceae), or by valves, as in the barberry family (Berberidaceae). In some plants, notably members of Orchidaceae and Asclepiadoideae, the pollen remains in masses called pollinia, which are adapted to attach to particular pollinating agents such as birds or insects. More commonly, mature pollen grains separate and are dispensed by wind or water, pollinating insects, birds or other pollination vectors.

Pollen of angiosperms must be transported to the stigma, the receptive surface of the carpel, of a compatible flower, for successful pollination to occur. After arriving, the pollen grain (an immature microgametophyte) typically completes its development. It may grow a pollen tube and undergo mitosis to produce two sperm nuclei.

Sexual reproduction in plants
In the typical flower (that is, in the majority of flowering plant species) each flower has both carpels and stamens. In some species, however, the flowers are unisexual with only carpels or stamens. (monoecious = both types of flowers found on the same plant; dioecious = the two types of flower found only on different plants). A flower with only stamens is called androecious. A flower with only carpels is called gynoecious.

A pistil consists of one or more carpels. A flower with functional stamens but no functional pistil is called a staminate flower, or (inaccurately) a male flower. A flower with a functional pistil but no functional stamens is called a pistillate flower, or (inaccurately) a female flower.

An abortive or rudimentary stamen is called a staminodium or staminode, such as in Scrophularia nodosa.

The carpels and stamens of orchids are fused into a column. The top part of the column is formed by the anther, which is covered by an anther cap.

Terminology
Stamens can also be adnate (fused or joined from more than one whorl): They can have different lengths from each other: or respective to the rest of the flower (perianth): They may be arranged in one of two different patterns: They may be arranged, with respect to the petals:
 * Stamen
 * epipetalous: adnate to the corolla
 * epiphyllous: adnate to undifferentiated tepals (as in many Liliaceae)
 * didymous: two equal pairs
 * didynamous: occurring in two pairs, a long pair and a shorter pair
 * tetradynamous: occurring as a set of six stamens with four long and two shorter ones
 * exserted: extending beyond the corolla
 * included: not extending beyond the corolla
 * spiral; or
 * whorled: one or more discrete whorls (series)
 * diplostemonous: in two whorls, the outer alternating with the petals, while the inner is opposite the petals.
 * haplostemenous: having a single series of stamens, equal in number to the proper number of petals and alternating with them
 * obdiplostemonous: in two whorls, with twice the number of stamens as petals, the outer opposite the petals, inner opposite the sepals, e.g. Simaroubaceae (see diagram)

Where the connective is very small, or imperceptible, the anther lobes are close together, and the connective is referred to as discrete, e.g. Euphorbia pp., Adhatoda zeylanica. Where the connective separates the anther lobes, it is called divaricate, e.g. Tilia, Justicia gendarussa. The connective may also be a long and stalk-like, crosswise on the filament, this is a distractile connective, e.g. Salvia. The connective may also bear appendages, and is called appendiculate, e.g. Nerium odorum and some other species of Apocynaceae. In Nerium, the appendages are united as a staminal corona.
 * Connective

A column formed from the fusion of multiple filaments is known as an androphore. Stamens can be connate (fused or joined in the same whorl) as follows:
 * Filament
 * extrorse: anther dehiscence directed away from the centre of the flower. Cf. introrse, directed inwards, and latrorse towards the side.
 * monadelphous: fused into a single, compound structure
 * declinate: curving downwards, then up at the tip (also – declinate-descending)
 * diadelphous: joined partially into two androecial structures
 * pentadelphous: joined partially into five androecial structures
 * synandrous: only the anthers are connate (such as in the Asteraceae). The fused stamens are referred to as a synandrium.

Anther shapes are variously described by terms such as linear, rounded, sagittate, sinuous, or reniform.
 * Anther

The anther can be attached to the filament's connective in two ways:
 * basifixed: attached at its base to the filament
 * pseudobasifixed: a somewhat misnomer configuration where connective tissue extends in a tube around the filament tip
 * dorsifixed: attached at its center to the filament, usually versatile (able to move)

title: Stamen