text:
History of the Cape Colony before 1806

The written history of the Cape Colony in what is now South Africa began when Portuguese navigator Bartolomeu Dias became the first modern European to round the Cape of Good Hope in 1488. In 1497, Vasco da Gama sailed along the whole coast of South Africa on his way to India, landed at St Helena Bay for 8 days, and made a detailed description of the area. The Portuguese, attracted by the riches of Asia, made no permanent settlement at the Cape Colony. However, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) settled the area as a location where vessels could restock water and provisions.

First settlement
The Dutch East India Company settlement in the area began in March 1647, with the shipwreck of the Dutch ship Nieuwe Haarlem. The shipwreck victims built a small fort that they named the "Sand Fort of the Cape of Good Hope." They stayed for nearly one year, until they were rescued by a fleet of 12 ships under the command of W. G. de Jong.

After their return to Holland some of the shipwrecked crewmates tried to persuade the Dutch East India Company to open a trading center at the Cape.

A Dutch East India Company expedition of 90 Calvinist settlers, under the command of Jan van Riebeeck, founded the first permanent settlement near the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Jan van Riebeeck was on one of the rescue ships that had come to rescue the shipwrecked sailors, and upon seeing the land, he decided to return. They arrived in the harbour of modern-day Cape Town on 6 April 1652 with five ships:

 * 1) Reijger,
 * 2) Oliphant,
 * 3) Goede Hoop,
 * 4) Walvisch,
 * 5) Dromedaris.

The settlers initially built a clay and timber fort, which was replaced between 1666 and 1679 by the Castle of Good Hope, which is now the oldest building in South Africa. The Colony began properly in 1671 with the first purchase of land from the Khoikhoi (called "Hottentots" by the settlers) beyond the original limits of the fort built by van Riebeeck.

A long term policy of the VOC was to limit the growth of the colony to a small clearly defined area. Initially the VOC had hoped to employ a small number of servants and employees to produce food close to the fortress whilst obtaining cattle from the local Khoikhoi. However repeated crop failures convinced company officials to release nine servants to become semi-independent burgers who would produce food on free hold farms. Land grants were limited until the arrival of the colony's new commander Simon van der Stel in 1679.

van der Stel pursued an expansionist agricultural policy which was continued by his son William thereby increasing the number of farms in the colony to 258 by 1705. The number of free hold farms almost doubled by 1731 to 435 farms. Income inequality increased rapidly in the early years of the colony's development and by 1731 only 7% of the colony's small free settler population controlled over half of all the private property in the colony.

The earliest colonists were, for the most part, from the lower, working class and displayed an indifferent attitude towards developing the colony, but after a commissioner that was sent out in 1685 to attract more settlers, a more dedicated group of immigrants began to arrive. French refugees began to arrive in the Cape after leaving their country after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. This small body of immigrants had a marked influence on the character of the Dutch settlers. Owing to the policy instituted in 1701 of the Dutch East India Company which dictated that schools should teach exclusively in Dutch and strict laws of assembly, the Huguenots ceased by the middle of the 18th century to maintain a distinct identity, and the knowledge of French disappeared. By the late 1700s the Cape Colony was one of the best developed European settlements outside Europe or the Americas.

Economy
The two pillars of the Cape Colony's economy for almost the entirety of its history were shipping and agriculture. Its strategic position meant that prior to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 almost every ship sailing between Europe and Asia stopped off at the colony's capital Cape Town. The supplying of these ships with fresh provisions, fruit, and wine provided a very large market for the surplus produce of the colony.

Further expansion
The Cape colonists gradually acquired all of the land of the Khoikhoi to the north and east of their base at Cape Town. Besides those who died in warfare, whole tribes of Khoikhoi were severely disrupted by smallpox epidemics in 1713 and 1755. A few remaining tribes maintained their independence, but the majority of the Khoikhoi took jobs with the colonists as herdsmen. The Dutch East India Company government passed a law in 1787 subjecting the remaining nomadic Khoikhoi to certain restrictions. The direct effect of this law was to make the Khoikhoi even more dependent upon the farmers, or to compel them to migrate northward beyond the colonial border. Those who chose the latter encountered the hostility of their old foes, the San, who inhabited the plains from the Nieuwveld and Sneeuwberg mountains to the Orange River.

Conflicts with the Dutch East India Company
Neither the hostility of the natives, nor the struggle to make agriculture profitable on Karoo or veld, slowed the progress made by the colonists as much as the narrow and tyrannical policy adopted by the Dutch East India Company. The Company stopped the colony's policy of open immigration, monopolised trade, combined the administrative, legislative and judicial powers into one body, told the farmers what crops to grow, demanded a large percentage of every farmer's harvest, and harassed them. This tended to discourage further development of industry and enterprise. From these roots sprung a dislike of orderly government, and libertarian view-point that has characterised the "boers" or Dutch farmers for many generations. Seeking largely to escape the oppression of the Dutch East India Company, the farmers trekked farther and farther from the seat of government. The company, to control these emigrants, established a magistracy at Swellendam in 1745 and another at Graaff Reinet in 1786. The authorities declared the Gamtoos River as the eastern frontier of the colony, but the trekkers soon crossed it. To avoid collision with the bantu tribes advancing south and west from east central Africa, the Dutch agreed in 1780 to make the Great Fish River the boundary of the colony. In 1795 the heavily taxed boers of the frontier districts, who received no protection against the Africans, expelled the officials of the Dutch East India Company, and established independent governments at Swellendam and at Graaff-Reinet.

The Netherlands fell to the French army under the leadership of Napoléon Bonaparte in 1795. Reacting to the weakness of the Dutch East India Company holdings, a British force under Sir James Henry Craig set out for Cape Town to secure the colony for the Stadtholder Prince William V of Orange against the French. The governor of Cape Town refused at first to obey any instructions from the prince, but after Craig threatened to use force, he capitulated. The boers of Graaff Reinet did not surrender until an army had been sent against them, and in 1799 and again in 1801 they rose in revolt. In February 1803, as a result of the Peace of Amiens, the colony came under the control of the Batavian Republic.

title: History of the Cape Colony before 1806


text:
Talk:1995 in film

Untitled
I'm having a hard time believing that these are the top grossing films of '95. What is the source for these numbers? I'm especially skeptical of Jerky Boys, Napoleon, the Santa Clause, and Congo.

 * 1) Tommy Boy (Paramount)
 * 2) Jerky Boys: The Movie (Touchstone)
 * 3) Toy Story (Disney)
 * 4) Batman Forever (Warner)
 * 5) Napoleon (MGM)
 * 6) Babe (Universal)
 * 7) The Santa Clause (Disney)
 * 8) Congo (Paramount)

According to the IMDB, the top 10 in the U.S. were
 * 191,800,000  Toy Story (1995)
 * 184,031,112  Batman Forever (1995)
 * 172,071,312  Apollo 13 (1995)
 * 141,600,000  Pocahontas (1995)
 * 108,344,348  Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls (1995)
 * 106,600,000  GoldenEye (1995)
 * 100,328,194  Casper (1995)
 * 100,200,000  Jumanji (1995)
 * 100,125,000  Se7en (1995)
 * 100,012,500  Die Hard: With a Vengeance (1995)

We're going to want to go for worldwide ticket sales I assume, but I'd imagine the U.S. list is close to the worldwide list as well. -Jazz77

Yes, because the U.S. always sets the precedent, right? Get over yourself. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.38.154.95 (talk) 01:50, 10 September 2007 (UTC)

Other Movies
You Do know you are moissing a lot of movies of this time, your probly missing more movies in the othe days also so i think im going to quit using wikipedia unless i have no other choose!! Your website is unreliable Just to let you know!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.5.30.112 (talk) 03:10, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

Great point! I agree the same --- where is my favorite movie Pride and Prejudice? That was very popular and famous! You are missing a lot of movies! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 162.194.169.89 (talk) 12:56, 31 May 2016 (UTC)

Chicken Little
A Walt Disney 3D Animated film that came out in the same year as Pixar's début? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jesse96 (talk • contribs) 13:05, 15 August 2015 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:1995 in film


text:
Charo

María Rosario Pilar Martínez Molina Baeza (born 15 January 1951), professionally known by her stage name Charo, is a Spanish-born actress, singer, comedian, and flamenco guitarist who rose to international prominence in the 1960s on American television, as well as starring in several films.

Charo began playing classical (Spanish-style) guitar at the age of nine, training under the famed guitarist Andrés Segovia. In 1966, she married 66-year-old bandleader Xavier Cugat and moved to the United States with him. In the late 1960s and 1970s, she became a ubiquitous presence on American television, frequently appearing as a guest star on series such as Laugh-In, Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, and The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. She is known for her uninhibited and exuberant manner, high energy levels, vague age, heavy Spanish accent, and catchphrase "cuchi-cuchi". She frequently pokes fun at herself, while also pointing out the potential judgment of others, through her accent.

As a musician, Charo has performed and recorded in various styles for five decades. She released a series of disco recordings in the 1970s with Salsoul Records, most notably Dance a Little Bit Closer (1977). In 1995 her flamenco album Guitar Passion (1994) was awarded Female Pop Album of the Year at the Billboard International Latin Music Conference, and was named Best Female Latin Pop Album by Billboard Magazine. In an interview, Charo has said, "Around the world I am known as a great musician. But in America I am known as the cuchi-cuchi girl. That's okay, because cuchi-cuchi has taken me all the way to the bank."

Early life
Charo was born in the city of Murcia, Spain. Her birth date has been a matter of some dispute (see 'Birth year controversy' below). Her Spanish passport gives her name as María del Rosario Mercedes Pilar Martínez Molina Baeza.

Charo has claimed she was enrolled in a convent school until the age of 15, when a nun told her that she belonged in show business. In the most colorful version of her childhood, Charo's grandmother hired a music professor to give her weekly classical guitar lessons, and he became the first man to enter the convent.

In a 2005 interview, she reminisced: "'The institution had great young teachers and students. Everything was a charity. Mr. Segovia, between concerts that's when he'd come, and if you'd been there a year and you weren't good, you'd go out and they would give your place to another young kid.'" Charo has stated in several interviews that she graduated with honors at age 16.

Bandleader Xavier Cugat "discovered" her while in Spain filming a television special in 1964. They wed on August 7, 1966. An April 1966 column by Earl Wilson on the couple's wedding plans announced: "'Sixty-year-old Xavier Cugat and his 20-year-old Spanish girlfriend and singing star Charo hope to marry in San Cugat, Spain, in a few days if Cugat can convince church authorities his two divorces should not be counted against him since he wasn't married in church.'"

They were the first couple to be wed at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas. Charo later claimed that her marriage to Cugat was merely a business contract, a way for him to legally bring her to the United States.

Birth year controversy
Charo's year of birth is the subject of dispute. Her Spanish birth certificate and passport, as well as her American naturalization papers, give her birthdate as March 13, 1941. She later claimed she was born in 1947, then changed it to 1949. In 1977, she asserted in a court hearing that her passport and naturalization papers were incorrect and that her birthdate was January 15, 1951.

Several newspaper articles around the time of her 1966 wedding to Cugat gave Charo's age as 17. Others referred to her as Cugat's "18-year-old protégée". An April 1966 column on the wedding plans stated that she was 20 and Cugat was 60. Many sources identified her as 21 on the day of her wedding.

Later, when asserting her birthdate was 1951, she claimed her parents allowed her to falsify her age to appear older when marrying Cugat. However, that would have made her 15 at the time, contradicting her claim to have graduated from school at 16, not yet having begun her performing career. She has never clarified the discrepancy.

In October 1977, the same year in which Charo filed for divorce from Cugat and became a naturalized American citizen, judge Roger Foley in Las Vegas adjudicated the 1951 birth year to be official. Charo provided sworn affidavits from her parents, although the claim has been viewed with skepticism. Commenting on the disputes over her age, she has said that the public's disbelief could prove advantageous: "'But if people really believe I'm older, that's fine. Don't be surprised if I come out with my own cosmetics, a new energy bar, and maybe some vitamins.'"

Career
Charo was highly visible throughout the 1970s, appearing ten times on The Love Boat, and on variety and talk shows such as Donny & Marie, Tony Orlando and Dawn, The Captain and Tennille, The John Davidson Show, The Mike Douglas Show (which she guest-hosted at least once) and the short-lived The Brady Bunch Variety Hour.

In 1975, Dallas Morning News critic Harry Bowman wrote that the ABC network had "penciled in . . . a half-hour comedy starring the uninhibited wife of Xavier Cugat" and commented, "This is probably the worst idea of the season." By October of that year, Charo was promoting a TV special slated for November, but it did not actually appear until May 1976.

A TV listing for August 24, 1976, shows what appears to be an unsold pilot airing on ABC at 8:30 p.m. CST: "Charo and the Sergeant—Situation comedy starring Charo Cugat. Charo's first U.S. job is to be a dancer at an off-limits nightclub, and her conservative Marine Corps husband finds out. The few episodes that were taped ended up being broadcast on the American Armed Forces Network overseas."

By the late 1970s, Charo was being mentioned as an example of how overexposure could damage a celebrity. One such article quoted the "Q score" of Performer Q, Steve Levitt's celebrity popularity rating service, to show that her popularity declined slightly even as her familiarity increased:"Before she gained national fame on talk shows in 1975, bosomy Latina starlet Charo was 'recognized' by 57 percent of Levitt's national television sample and had a 'popularity quotient' of 9 percent. Today, known by 80 percent, a figure as high as Clint Eastwood's 80 percent, Charo's popularity is 8 percent. 'If she was known by 100 percent of the world, chances are her popularity might go down to 7 or 6 percent,' Levitt says coolly. That paradox makes some performers think twice when invitations to talk shows come in."

She was named Best Flamenco Guitarist in Guitar Player Magazine's readers' poll twice.

Charo returned to the dance-music scene in June 2008 with the single "España Cañi", which was released through Universal Wave Records.

On March 1, 2017, Charo was revealed a contestant for Season 24 of Dancing with the Stars, paired with professional dancer Keo Motsepe. On April 3, 2017, they were the second couple eliminated from the competition and finished in 11th place.

Personal life
In 1977, she became a naturalized citizen of the United States. That year, she filed for divorce from Cugat, which was granted on April 14, 1978.

On August 11, 1978, she married her second husband, producer Kjell Rasten, in South Lake Tahoe, California. He soon became her manager. They have one child, son Shel Rasten (born 1981), who is the drummer for the heavy metal band Treazen. He is also an actor and producer, known for The Boulevard (2013), FAMOUS (and on the List) (2010) and CSI: Miami (2002).

They moved to Hawaii, but eventually moved back to Beverly Hills.

Rasten died by suicide on February 18, 2019, at the age of 78. Charo publicly stated: "In recent years, his health began to decline and he developed a rare and horrible skin disease called bullous pemphigoid. He also became very depressed. That, along with the many medications he needed to take, became too much for him, and he ended his suffering."

Albums

 * Cuchi-Cuchi (1977) (with the Salsoul Orchestra)
 * Olé Olé (1978) (with the Salsoul Orchestra)
 * Bailando con Charo (Dancing with Charo, 1981) (with the Salsoul Orchestra)
 * Guitar Passion (1994)
 * Gusto (Pleasure, 1997)
 * Charo and Guitar (2005)

Singles

 * 1976: "La Salsa"
 * 1977: "Dance a Little Bit Closer" – US Dance No. 18; UK No. 44
 * 1978: "Mamacita, ¿dónde está Santa Claus?" ("Mommy, Where's Santa Claus?")
 * 1978: "Olé Olé" – US Dance No. 36
 * 1979: "Sha Na Na"
 * 1979: "Stay with Me" – US Dance No. 55
 * 1979: "Hot Love"
 * 1981: "La Mojada (Wet Back)"
 * 2003: "Prisionera De Tu Amor" (with Seductive Souls)
 * 2008: "España Cañi" – US Dance No. 14
 * 2011: "Sexy Sexy" – US Dance No. 24
 * 2013: "Dance a Little Bit Closer" (Charo & the Salsoul Orchestra vs. the Cube Guys Remix)

Television

 * The Danny Kaye Show (October 6, 1965)
 * The Ed Sullivan Show (four episodes; 1965–67)
 * Ironside (one episode; S05E19 "Find a Victim", 1972)
 * The Carol Burnett Show
 * The Cher Show (May 14, 1975)
 * The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson
 * Rowan & Martin's Laugh In
 * ''Donny & Marie 1976
 * The Hollywood Squares (semiregular panelist; 1972–78, 1986–89, 1998–2004)
 * The Charo Show (1976; unsold pilot for variety series)
 * Chico and the Man (cast member from 1977 to 1978) -- Aunt Charo
 * Sha Na Na, Season 3
 * The Love Boat (guest-starred in 10 episodes, 1977–84) -- April Lopez
 * Flying High (guest-starred in episode #9, 1978–1979)
 * Fantasy Island (guest-starred in four episodes, 1981–84)
 * The Facts of Life (guest appearance in 1985)
 * The Jeffersons  (January 8, 1985)
 * Marblehead Manor (February 18, 1988)
 * Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special (guest star; 1988)
 * Mickey Mouse Works (special guest voiceover)
 * That '70s Show (special guest appearance: "Red Sees Red" in 2000)
 * The Brak Show (special guest star; 2001)
 * The Surreal Life (cast member; 2004)
 * So NoTORIous (Season 1, Episode 5 in 2006)
 * I Love the '70s: Volume 2 (appearances in 2006)
 * Chappelle's Show (guest appearance in 2006)
 * Las Vegas
 * Viva Hollywood! (new reality show on VH1; May 11, 2008)
 * The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (special appearance April 17, 2008)
 * Chelsea Lately (special appearance; July 24, 2008)
 * The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (special appearance; December 18, 2008)
 * RuPaul's Drag Race (guest performer; March 9, 2009)
 * The Suite Life on Deck (special appearance as Esteban's mother; 2010)
 * The Wendy Williams Show (Episode 363; aired October 5, 2010)
 * Don't Trust the B in Apartment 23 (special appearance May 17, 2013)
 * Hell's Kitchen (dining-room guest; May 26, 2015)
 * Celebrity Wife Swap (aired June 17, 2015)
 * Jane The Virgin (special appearance March 28, 2016)
 * RuPaul's Drag Race (special appearance April 4, 2016)
 * Dancing With the Stars (contestant during Season 24, 2017)
 * RuPaul's Drag Race (special appearance March 13, 2020)
 * RuPaul's Drag Race (special appearance March 3, 2023: "50/50's Most Gagworthy Stars")
 * Generation Gap (special appearance September 21, 2023)

title: Charo


text:
CHSH inequality

In physics, the CHSH inequality can be used in the proof of Bell's theorem, which states that certain consequences of entanglement in quantum mechanics cannot be reproduced by local hidden-variable theories. Experimental verification of the inequality being violated is seen as confirmation that nature cannot be described by such theories. CHSH stands for John Clauser, Michael Horne, Abner Shimony, and Richard Holt, who described it in a much-cited paper published in 1969. They derived the CHSH inequality, which, as with John Stewart Bell's original inequality, is a constraint—on the statistical occurrence of "coincidences" in a Bell test—which is necessarily true if an underlying local hidden-variable theory exists. In practice, the inequality is routinely violated by modern experiments in quantum mechanics.

Statement
The usual form of the CHSH inequality is

where

$$a$$ and $$a'$$ are detector settings on side $$A$$, $$b$$ and $$b'$$ on side $$B$$, the four combinations being tested in separate subexperiments. The terms $$E(a,b)$$ etc. are the quantum correlations of the particle pairs, where the quantum correlation is defined to be the expectation value of the product of the "outcomes" of the experiment, i.e. the statistical average of $$A(a) \times B(b)$$, where $$A,B$$ are the separate outcomes, using the coding +1 for the '+' channel and −1 for the '−' channel. Clauser et al.'s 1969 derivation was oriented towards the use of "two-channel" detectors, and indeed it is for these that it is generally used, but under their method the only possible outcomes were +1 and −1. In order to adapt to real situations, which at the time meant the use of polarised light and single-channel polarisers, they had to interpret '−' as meaning "non-detection in the '+' channel", i.e. either '−' or nothing. They did not in the original article discuss how the two-channel inequality could be applied in real experiments with real imperfect detectors, though it was later proved that the inequality itself was equally valid. The occurrence of zero outcomes, though, means it is no longer so obvious how the values of E are to be estimated from the experimental data.

The mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics predicts that the value of $$S$$ exceeds 2 for systems prepared in suitable entangled states and the appropriate choice of measurement settings (see below). The maximum violation predicted by quantum mechanics is $$2 \sqrt{2}$$ (Tsirelson's bound) and can be obtained from a maximal entangled Bell state.

Experiments
Many Bell tests conducted subsequent to Alain Aspect's second experiment in 1982 have used the CHSH inequality, estimating the terms using (3) and assuming fair sampling. Some dramatic violations of the inequality have been reported.

In practice most actual experiments have used light rather than the electrons that Bell originally had in mind. The property of interest is, in the best known experiments,  the polarisation direction, though other properties can be used. The diagram shows a typical optical experiment. Coincidences (simultaneous detections) are recorded, the results being categorised as '++', '+−', '−+' or '−−' and corresponding counts accumulated.

Four separate subexperiments are conducted, corresponding to the four terms $$E(a, b)$$ in the test statistic S ($$, above). The settings $a = 0°$, $a′ = 45°$, $b = 22.5°$, and $b′ = 67.5°$ are generally in practice chosen—the "Bell test angles"—these being the ones for which the quantum mechanical formula gives the greatest violation of the inequality.

For each selected value of $$a,b$$, the numbers of coincidences in each category $$\left\{ N_{++}, N_{--}, N_{+-}, N_{-+} \right\}$$ are recorded. The experimental estimate for $$E(a, b)$$ is then calculated as:

Once all the $$'s have been estimated, an experimental estimate of S (Eq. $$) can be found. If it is numerically greater than 2 it has infringed the CHSH inequality and the experiment is declared to have supported the quantum mechanics prediction and ruled out all local hidden-variable theories.

The CHSH paper lists many preconditions (or "reasonable and/or presumable assumptions") to derive the simplified theorem and formula. For example, for the method to be valid, it has to be assumed that the detected pairs are a fair sample of those emitted. In actual experiments, detectors are never 100% efficient, so that only a sample of the emitted pairs are detected. A subtle, related requirement is that the hidden variables do not influence or determine detection probability in a way that would lead to different samples at each arm of the experiment.

The CHSH inequality has been violated with photon pairs, beryllium ion pairs, ytterbium ion pairs, rubidium atom pairs, whole rubidium-atom cloud pairs, nitrogen vacancies in diamonds, and Josephson phase qubits.

Derivation
The original 1969 derivation will not be given here since it is not easy to follow and involves the assumption that the outcomes are all +1 or −1, never zero. Bell's 1971 derivation is more general. He effectively assumes the "Objective Local Theory" later used by Clauser and Horne. It is assumed that any hidden variables associated with the detectors themselves are independent on the two sides and can be averaged out from the start. Another derivation of interest is given in Clauser and Horne's 1974 paper, in which they start from the CH74 inequality.

Bell's 1971 derivation
The following is based on page 37 of Bell's Speakable and Unspeakable, the main change being to use the symbol ‘E’ instead of ‘P’ for the expected value of the quantum correlation. This avoids any suggestion that the quantum correlation is itself a probability.

We start with the standard assumption of independence of the two sides, enabling us to obtain the joint probabilities of pairs of outcomes by multiplying the separate probabilities, for any selected value of the "hidden variable" λ. λ is assumed to be drawn from a fixed distribution of possible states of the source, the probability of the source being in the state λ for any particular trial being given by the density function ρ(λ), the integral of which over the complete hidden variable space is 1. We thus assume we can write: $$E(a, b) = \int \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \rho(\lambda) d\lambda$$ where A and B are the outcomes. Since the possible values of A and B are −1, 0 and +1, it follows that:

Then, if a, a′, b and b′ are alternative settings for the detectors,
 * $$\begin{align}

&E(a, b) - E\left(a, b'\right) \\

={} &\int \left[ \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) - \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda \\

={} &\int \left[ \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) - \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \pm \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \mp \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda\\

={} &\int \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \left[1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda - \int \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \left[1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda \end{align}$$

Taking absolute values of both sides, and applying the triangle inequality to the right-hand side, we obtain

 * $$\left| E(a, b) - E\left(a, b'\right) \right| \leq \left| \int \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \left[ 1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda \right| + \left| \int \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \left[1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda \right|$$

We use the fact that $$ \left[ 1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \right] \rho(\lambda) $$ and $$ \left[ 1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \right] \rho(\lambda) $$ are both non-negative to rewrite the right-hand side of this as $$ \int \left| \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \right| \left| \left[ 1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right)\right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda \right| + \int \left| \underline{A}(a, \lambda) \underline{B}(b', \lambda) \right| \left| \left[ 1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda \right| $$

By ($$), this must be less than or equal to $$\int \left[ 1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda + \int \left[ 1 \pm \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \right] \rho(\lambda) d\lambda$$ which, using the fact that the integral of $ρ(λ)$ is 1, is equal to $$2 \pm \left[ \int \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}\left(b', \lambda\right) \rho(\lambda) d\lambda + \int \underline{A}\left(a', \lambda\right) \underline{B}(b, \lambda) \rho(\lambda) d\lambda \right]$$ which is equal to $$2 \pm \left[ E\left(a', b'\right) + E\left(a', b\right) \right]$$.

Putting this together with the left-hand side, we have: $$\left| E(a, b) - E\left(a, b'\right) \right| \; \leq 2 \; \pm \left[ E\left(a', b'\right) + E\left(a', b\right) \right]$$ which means that the left-hand side is less than or equal to both $$2 + \left[ E\left(a', b'\right) + E\left(a', b\right) \right]$$ and $$2 - \left[ E\left(a', b'\right) + E\left(a', b\right) \right]$$. That is: $$\left| E(a, b) - E\left(a, b'\right) \right| \; \leq \; 2 - \left| E\left(a', b'\right) + E\left(a', b\right) \right|$$ from which we obtain $$2 \;\geq\; \left| E(a, b) - E\left(a, b'\right) \right| + \left| E\left(a', b'\right) + E\left(a', b\right) \right| \;\geq\; \left| E(a, b) - E\left(a, b'\right) + E\left(a', b'\right) + E\left(a', b\right) \right| $$ (by the triangle inequality again), which is the CHSH inequality.

Derivation from Clauser and Horne's 1974 inequality
In their 1974 paper, Clauser and Horne show that the CHSH inequality can be derived from the CH74 one. As they tell us, in a two-channel experiment the CH74 single-channel test is still applicable and provides four sets of inequalities governing the probabilities p of coincidences.

Working from the inhomogeneous version of the inequality, we can write: $$- 1 \; \leq \; p_{jk}(a, b) - p_{jk}(a, b') + p_{jk}(a', b) + p_{jk}(a', b') - p_{jk}(a') - p_{jk}(b) \; \leq \; 0$$ where j and k are each '+' or '−', indicating which detectors are being considered.

To obtain the CHSH test statistic S ($E$), all that is needed is to multiply the inequalities for which j is different from k by −1 and add these to the inequalities for which j and k are the same.

Optimal violation by a general quantum state
In experimental practice, the two particles are not an ideal EPR pair. There is a necessary and sufficient condition for a two-qubit density matrix $$\rho$$ to violate the CHSH inequality, expressed by the maximum attainable polynomial Smax defined in $$. This is important in entanglement-based quantum key distribution, where the secret key rate depends on the degree of measurement correlations.

Let us introduce a 3×3 real matrix $$T_{\rho}$$ with elements $$t_{ij} = \operatorname{Tr}[\rho\cdot(\sigma_i \otimes \sigma_j)]$$, where $$\sigma_1, \sigma_2, \sigma_3$$ are the Pauli matrices. Then we find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the real symmetric matrix $$U_\rho = T_\rho^\text{T} T_\rho$$, $$ U_\rho \boldsymbol{e}_i = \lambda_i \boldsymbol{e}_i, \quad |\boldsymbol{e}_i| = 1, \quad i=1,2,3, $$ where the indices are sorted by $$\lambda_1 \geq \lambda_2 \geq \lambda_3$$. Then, the maximal CHSH polynomial is determined by the two greatest eigenvalues, $$ S_\text{max}(\rho) = 2\sqrt{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2}. $$

Optimal measurement bases
There exists an optimal configuration of the measurement bases a, a', b, b' for a given $$\rho$$ that yields Smax with at least one free parameter.

The projective measurement that yields either +1 or −1 for two orthogonal states $$|\alpha\rangle, |\alpha^\perp\rangle$$ respectively, can be expressed by an operator $$\Alpha = |\alpha\rangle\langle\alpha| - |\alpha^\perp\rangle\langle\alpha^\perp|$$. The choice of this measurement basis can be parametrized by a real unit vector $$\boldsymbol{a} \in \mathbb{R}^3, |\boldsymbol{a}|=1$$ and the Pauli vector $$\boldsymbol{\sigma}$$ by expressing $$\Alpha = \boldsymbol{a} \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma}$$. Then, the expected correlation in bases a, b is $$ E(a,b) = \operatorname{Tr}[\rho(\boldsymbol{a} \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma})\otimes(\boldsymbol{b} \cdot \boldsymbol{\sigma})] = \boldsymbol{a}^\text{T} T_\rho \boldsymbol{b}. $$ The numerical values of the basis vectors, when found, can be directly translated to the configuration of the projective measurements.

The optimal set of bases for the state $$\rho$$ is found by taking the two greatest eigenvalues $$\lambda_{1,2}$$ and the corresponding eigenvectors $$\boldsymbol{e}_{1,2}$$ of $$U_\rho$$, and finding the auxiliary unit vectors $$ \begin{align} \boldsymbol{c} &= \boldsymbol{e}_1 \cos\varphi + \boldsymbol{e}_2 \sin\varphi, \\ \boldsymbol{c}' &= \boldsymbol{e}_1 \sin\varphi - \boldsymbol{e}_2 \cos\varphi, \end{align} $$ where $$\varphi$$ is a free parameter. We also calculate the acute angle $$ \theta = \operatorname{arctan} \sqrt{\frac{\lambda_2 + \lambda_1 \tan^2{\varphi}}{\lambda_1 + \lambda_2 \tan^2{\varphi}}} $$ to obtain the bases that maximize $$, $$ \begin{align} \boldsymbol{a} &= T_\rho \boldsymbol{c}' / |T_\rho \boldsymbol{c}'|, \\ \boldsymbol{a}' &= T_\rho \boldsymbol{c} / |T_\rho \boldsymbol{c}|, \\ \boldsymbol{b} &= \boldsymbol{c} \cos\theta + \boldsymbol{c}' \sin\theta, \\ \boldsymbol{b}' &= \boldsymbol{c} \cos\theta - \boldsymbol{c}' \sin\theta. \end{align} $$

In entanglement-based quantum key distribution, there is another measurement basis used to communicate the secret key ($$\boldsymbol{a}_0$$ assuming Alice uses the side A). The bases $$\boldsymbol{a}_0, \boldsymbol{b}$$ then need to minimize the quantum bit error rate Q, which is the probability of obtaining different measurement outcomes (+1 on one particle and −1 on the other). The corresponding bases are $$ \begin{align} \boldsymbol{a}_0 &= T_\rho \boldsymbol{e}_1 / |T_\rho \boldsymbol{e}_1|, \\ \boldsymbol{b} &= \boldsymbol{e}_1. \end{align} $$ The CHSH polynomial S needs to be maximized as well, which together with the bases above creates the constraint $$\varphi = \pi/4$$.

CHSH game
The CHSH game is a thought experiment involving two parties separated at a great distance (far enough to preclude classical communication at the speed of light), each of whom has access to one half of an entangled two-qubit pair. Analysis of this game shows that no classical local hidden-variable theory can explain the correlations that can result from entanglement. Since this game is indeed physically realizable, this gives strong evidence that classical physics is fundamentally incapable of explaining certain quantum phenomena, at least in a "local" fashion.

In the CHSH game, there are two cooperating players, Alice and Bob, and a referee, Charlie. These agents will be abbreviated $$A, B, C$$ respectively. At the start of the game, Charlie chooses bits $$x,y \in \{0,1\}$$ uniformly at random, and then sends $$x$$ to Alice and $$y$$ to Bob. Alice and Bob must then each respond to Charlie with bits $$a,b \in \{0,1\}$$ respectively. Now, once Alice and Bob send their responses back to Charlie, Charlie tests if $$a \oplus b = x \land y$$, where ∧ denotes a logical AND operation and ⊕ denotes a logical XOR operation. If this equality holds, then Alice and Bob win, and if not then they lose.

It is also required that Alice and Bob's responses can only depend on the bits they see: so Alice's response $$a$$ depends only on $$x$$, and similarly for Bob. This means that Alice and Bob are forbidden from directly communicating with each other about the values of the bits sent to them by Charlie. However, Alice and Bob are allowed to decide on a common strategy before the game begins.

In the following sections, it is shown that if Alice and Bob use only classical strategies involving their local information (and potentially some random coin tosses), it is impossible for them to win with a probability higher than 75%. However, if Alice and Bob are allowed to share a single entangled qubit pair, then there exists a strategy which allows Alice and Bob to succeed with a probability of ~85%.

Optimal classical strategy
We first establish that any deterministic classical strategy has success probability at most 75% (where the probability is taken over Charlie's uniformly random choice of $$x,y$$). By a deterministic strategy, we mean a pair of functions $$f_A, f_B: \{0,1\} \mapsto \{0,1\}$$, where $$f_A$$ is a function determining Alice's response as a function of the message she receives from Charlie, and $$f_B$$ is a function determining Bob's response based on what he receives. To prove that any deterministic strategy fails at least 25% of the time, we can simply consider all possible pairs of strategies for Alice and Bob, of which there are at most 8 (for each party, there are 4 functions $$\{0,1\} \mapsto \{0,1\}$$). It can be verified that for each of those 8 strategies there is always at least one out of the four possible input pairs $$(x, y) \in \{0,1\}^2$$ which makes the strategy fail. For example, in the strategy where both players always answer 0, we have that Alice and Bob win in all cases except for when $$x=y=1$$, so using this strategy their win probability is exactly 75%.

Now, consider the case of randomized classical strategies, where Alice and Bob have access to correlated random numbers. They can be produced by jointly flipping a coin several times before the game has started and Alice and Bob are still allowed to communicate. The output they give at each round is then a function of both Charlie's message and the outcome of the corresponding coin flip. Such a strategy can be viewed as a probability distribution over deterministic strategies, and thus its success probability is a weighted sum over the success probabilities of the deterministic strategies. But since every deterministic strategy has a success probability of at most 75%, this weighted sum cannot exceed 75% either.

Optimal quantum strategy
Now, imagine that Alice and Bob share the two-qubit entangled state: $|\Phi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|00\rangle + |11\rangle)$, commonly referred to as an EPR pair. Alice and Bob will use this entangled pair in their strategy as described below. The optimality of this strategy then follows from Tsirelson's bound.

Upon receiving the bit $$x$$ from Charlie, Alice will measure her qubit in the basis $$\{|0\rangle, |1\rangle\}$$ or in the basis $$\{|+\rangle, |-\rangle\}$$, conditionally on whether $$x=0$$ or $$x=1$$, respectively. She will then label the two possible outputs resulting from each measurement choice as $$a=0$$ if the first state in the measurement basis is observed, and $$a=1$$ otherwise.

Bob also uses the bit $$y$$ received from Charlie to decide which measurement to perform: if $$y=0$$ he measures in the basis $$\{|a_0\rangle, |a_1\rangle\}$$, while if $$y=1$$ he measures in the basis $$\{|b_0\rangle, |b_1\rangle\}$$, where$$\begin{aligned} &|a_0\rangle = \cos\theta\,|0\rangle + \sin\theta\,|1\rangle, \qquad &|b_0\rangle = \cos\theta\,|0\rangle - \sin\theta\,|1\rangle, \qquad \end{aligned}$$with $$\theta=\pi/8$$.
 * a_1\rangle = -\sin\theta\,|0\rangle + \cos\theta\,|1\rangle, \\
 * b_1\rangle = \sin\theta\,|0\rangle + \cos\theta\,|1\rangle,

To analyze the success probability, it suffices to analyze the probability that they output a winning value pair on each of the four possible inputs $$(x,y)$$, and then take the average. We analyze the case where $$x=y=0$$ here: In this case the winning response pairs are $$a = b = 0$$ and $$a=b=1$$. On input $$x=y=0$$, we know that Alice will measure in the basis $$|0\rangle, |1\rangle$$, and Bob will measure in the basis $$|a_0\rangle, |a_1\rangle$$. Then the probability that they both output 0 is the same as the probability that their measurements yield $$|0\rangle, |a_0\rangle$$ respectively, so precisely $|(\langle 0|\otimes \langle a_0|) |\Phi \rangle|^2 = \frac{1}{2}\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)$. Similarly, the probability that they both output 1 is exactly $|(\langle 1|\otimes \langle a_1|) |\Phi \rangle|^2 = \frac{1}{2}\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)$. So the probability that either of these successful outcomes happens is $\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)$.

In the case of the 3 other possible input pairs, essentially identical analysis shows that Alice and Bob will have the same win probability of $$\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)$$, so overall the average win probability for a randomly chosen input is $\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)$. Since $\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right) \approx 85\%$, this is strictly better than what was possible in the classical case.

Modeling general quantum strategies
An arbitrary quantum strategy for the CHSH game can be modeled as a triple $$\mathcal{S} = \left(|\psi\rangle, (A_{0}, A_1), (B_0, B_1)\right)$$ where The optimal quantum strategy described above can be recast in this notation as follows: $$|\psi\rangle \in\mathbb{C}^2\otimes\mathbb{C}^2$$ is the EPR pair $|\psi\rangle = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(|00\rangle + |11\rangle)$, the observable $$A_0 = Z$$ (corresponding to Alice measuring in the $$\{|0\rangle, |1\rangle\}$$ basis), the observable $$A_1 = X$$ (corresponding to Alice measuring in the $$\{|+\rangle, |-\rangle\}$$ basis), where $$X$$ and $$Z$$ are Pauli matrices. The observables $B_{0} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(X+Z)$ and $B_{1} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(Z-X)$  (corresponding to each of Bob's choice of basis to measure in). We will denote the success probability of a strategy $$\mathcal{S}$$ in the CHSH game by $$\omega^*_{\text{CHSH}}(\mathcal{S})$$, and we define the bias of the strategy $$\mathcal{S}$$ as $$\beta^*_{\text{CHSH}}(\mathcal{S}) := 2\omega^*_{\text{CHSH}}(\mathcal{S}) - 1$$, which is the difference between the winning and losing probabilities of $$\mathcal{S}$$.
 * $$|\psi\rangle \in \mathbb{C}^d \otimes \mathbb{C}^d$$ is a bipartite state for some $$d$$,
 * $$A_{0}$$ and $$A_{1}$$ are Alice's observables each corresponding to receiving $$x\in\{0,1\}$$ from the referee, and
 * $$B_{0}$$ and $$B_{1}$$ are Bob's observables each corresponding to receiving $$y\in\{0,1\}$$ from the referee.

In particular, we have $$ \beta^*_{\text{CHSH}}(\mathcal{S}) = \frac{1}{4} \sum_{x,y \in \{0,1\}} (-1)^{x\wedge y} \cdot \langle \psi | A_x\otimes B_y |\psi\rangle. $$ The bias of the quantum strategy described above is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$.

Tsirelson's inequality and CHSH rigidity
Tsirelson's inequality, discovered by Boris Tsirelson in 1980, states that for any quantum strategy $$\mathcal{S}$$ for the CHSH game, the bias $\beta^*_{\text{CHSH}}(\mathcal{S}) \leq \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$. Equivalently, it states that success probability $$\omega^*_{\text{CHSH}}(\mathcal{S}) \leq \cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right) = \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{2\sqrt{2}}$$ for any quantum strategy $$\mathcal{S}$$ for the CHSH game. In particular, this implies the optimality of the quantum strategy described above for the CHSH game.

Tsirelsen's inequality establishes that the maximum success probability of any quantum strategy is $\cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right)$, and we saw that this maximum success probability is achieved by the quantum strategy described above. In fact, any quantum strategy that achieves this maximum success probability must be isomorphic (in a precise sense) to the canonical quantum strategy described above; this property is called the rigidity of the CHSH game, first attributed to Summers and Werner. More formally, we have the following result:

$$

Informally, the above theorem states that given an arbitrary optimal strategy for the CHSH game, there exists a local change-of-basis (given by the isometries $$V, W$$) for Alice and Bob such that their shared state $$|\psi\rangle$$ factors into the tensor of an EPR pair $$|\Phi\rangle$$ and an additional auxiliary state $$|\phi\rangle$$. Furthermore, Alice and Bob's observables $$(A_0, A_1)$$ and $$(B_0, B_1)$$ behave, up to unitary transformations, like the $$Z$$ and $$X$$ observables on their respective qubits from the EPR pair. An approximate or quantitative version of CHSH rigidity was obtained by McKague, et al. who proved that if you have a quantum strategy $$\mathcal{S}$$ such that $\omega_{\text{CHSH}}(\mathcal{S}) = \cos^2\left(\frac{\pi}{8}\right) - \epsilon$ for some $$\epsilon > 0$$, then there exist isometries under which the strategy $$\mathcal{S}$$ is $$O(\sqrt{\epsilon})$$-close to the canonical quantum strategy. Representation-theoretic proofs of approximate rigidity are also known.

Applications
Note that the CHSH game can be viewed as a test for quantum entanglement and quantum measurements, and that the rigidity of the CHSH game lets us test for a specific entanglement as well as specific quantum measurements. This in turn can be leveraged to test or even verify entire quantum computations—in particular, the rigidity of CHSH games has been harnessed to construct protocols for verifiable quantum delegation, certifiable randomness expansion, and device-independent cryptography.

title: CHSH inequality


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User:Gene Poole

I'm a 40-something year-old male, currently dividing my time between Sydney and rural New South Wales.

I made made my first anonymous edits to Wikipedia in late 2002, and have been a registered contributor since January 2003.

Feel free to contact me privately via email: [mailto:georgivs@nospam.com.au]

title: User:Gene Poole


text:
Jimmy Wilde

William James Wilde (12 May 1892 – 10 March 1969) was a Welsh professional boxer who competed from 1911 to 1923. He simultaneously held the National Sporting Clubs British flyweight title and the World Flyweight championship from 1916 to 1923.

Often regarded as the greatest British fighter of all time, he was the first official world flyweight champion and was rated by American boxing writer Nat Fleischer, as well as many other professionals and fans including former boxer, trainer, manager, and promoter, Charley "Broadway" Rose, as "the Greatest Flyweight Boxer Ever". Wilde earned various nicknames, such as "The Mighty Atom", "Ghost with the Hammer in His Hand", and "The Tylorstown Terror" due to his bludgeoning punching power. While reigning as the world's greatest flyweight, Wilde would take on bantamweights and even featherweights, and knock them out.

Early years
Jimmy Wilde's birth certificate states that he was born in the Taff Bargoed Valley community of Pentwyn Deintyr) (now known as the Graig), Quakers Yard, Treharris, Wales, in the county borough of Merthyr Tydfil. His parents later moved to the village of Tylorstown in the Rhondda Valley when Wilde was around 6 years old. In the 1901 census eight year old William James Wilde, his parents and his three sisters were all recorded as speaking only Welsh. His father was a coal miner and Jimmy later worked in the pits himself, being small enough to crawl through gullies impassable to most of his colleagues. He started boxing at the age of sixteen in fairground boxing booths, where crowds were amazed by his toughness and ability to knock down much larger opponents, most of whom were local men weighing around 200 lbs. In 1910, Wilde married his wife Elizabeth and was a father the same year. He left Tylorstown Colliery in 1913.

Professional career
The record books often show that Wilde started boxing professionally in 1911, but it is widely assumed (and later confirmed by boxing analysts) that he had been fighting professionally for at least four years before that. His claim that he had at least 800 fights is probably greatly exaggerated, but it was certainly more than the 152 shown in Boxrec and elsewhere. His officially listed debut was on 26 December 1910, when he fought Les Williams to a no-decision in three rounds.

Managed by Teddy Lewis, (reserve captain of the local rugby club, Pontypridd RFC) Wilde went undefeated in 103 bouts, all of which were held in Britain, a remarkable achievement. In the middle of that streak, on 31 December 1912, he won the British 7 stone championship by beating Billy Padden by an eighteenth-round knockout in Glasgow. He finally lost his undefeated record when he challenged Tancy Lee for the vacant British and Europe Flyweight Championship on 15 January 1915 in London. Ignoring his handlers advice to postpone the fight because he was suffering from Influenza, a weakened Wilde was knocked out in the seventeenth round (of twenty). In 1915, Wilde was hospitalized, requiring an operation for "an internal complaint". After a sixteen-fight knockout streak, on 14 February 1916 he won the British flyweight title by beating Joe Symonds by a knockout in round twelve at the National Sporting Club in London. On 13 May, he had two fights on the same day at Woolwich barracks winning both by knockout, both fights combined lasted less than five rounds. On 26 June Wilde returned to the National Sporting Club to take his revenge on Tancy Lee with an eleventh-round knockout. On 18 December, Wilde became the first World Flyweight Champion when he defeated Young Zulu Kid of the United States, knocking him out in the eleventh round of their bout at the Holborn Stadium.

In late December 1916, after being rejected on two previous occasions due to an old leg problem from a colliery accident and for being underweight, Wilde was accepted into the British Army and while never seeing active service, became an Physical Training Instructor at Aldershot.

In 1917, he retained the British title by beating George Clarke by a fourth round KO. He kept fighting and winning, and in 1919, he beat American bantamweight Joe Lynch who would later win the World bantamweight title.

Wilde travelled to the United States for a series of fights and on 6 December 1919, lost to "Little" Jackie Sharkey in a controversial ten-round newspaper decision. According to the Milwaukee Journal (before a crowd close to 8,000 at the Auditorium in Milwaukee Wisconsin) Sharkey was considered to have won eight of the ten rounds according to the newspapermen at ringside. Sharkey's blows were said to land more frequently and with greater force. Sharkey's win was at least a minor upset as Wilde led in the early betting 2 to 1.

In 1920, Wilde went undefeated in 10 fights, but lost by a knockout in 17 rounds to former World Bantamweight Champion Pete Herman, who outweighed him by more than a stone (14 pounds), in 1921. The bout was originally scheduled as a title defence, but Herman had lost his championship to Lynch the month before. Herman easily regained the Bantamweight title from Lynch in July 1921, leading some to suspect that he had left the title behind with Lynch in America intentionally. That was the fight that marked his return to Britain after touring the United States all of 1920.

American promoter Tex Rickard (who promoted the Philipine sensation Pancho Villa) lured Wilde out of retirement with a promise of a £15,000 payday which was, at that time, a fortune. On 18 June 1923 at the Polo Grounds in New York, Wilde was knocked out in the seventh round by his younger opponent. Villa became the Philippines' first ever world champion. Wilde announced his retirement before returning to England, confirming his decision on 1 January 1924.

In 1927, at the age of 35, Wilde was reportedly considering making a comeback, but after consulting a specialist in head trauma, never returned to competitive boxing. For a while he ran a successful Cinema and cafe in Cardiff.

Retirement
Wilde published a ghost-written autobiography in 1938 entitled Fighting Was My Business.

In the early 1930s Wilde's son David had a short career in professional boxing without any great success. He gave up boxing to run a hairdressers in north London.

In the 1930s Wilde lived in Hocroft Court, Cricklewood, from where almost all of his boxing trophies and medals were stolen in a 1936 burglary. He became a boxing referee, including in 1936 refereeing every bout of a boxing tournament at the Hastings Pier Pavilion. and he wrote an incisive weekly boxing column in the News of the World for nigh on two decades. In December 1936 he was injured after being thrown from his car when it collided with a van near Hampstead and suffered severe concussion.

After the War Wilde lived in Cadoxton, Barry, South Wales. In 1960, Wilde suffered facial injuries after being mugged at a train station in Cardiff. His wife, Elizabeth, died in 1967, and two years later Wilde, who was suffering from Diabetes and Dementia died at Whitchurch Hospital. He was buried alongside his Wife in Barry Cemetery.

Awards and recognition
With the longest unbeaten streak in boxing history, he went 103 fights before his first loss. Wilde had a record of 139 wins, 3 losses, 1 draw and 5 no-contests, with an impressive 99 wins by knockout. Ring Magazine, named him both the 3rd greatest puncher of all time, and the greatest flyweight of all time, and rated him as the 13th greatest fighter of the 20th century.

In 1990, he was elected to the inaugural class of the International Boxing Hall of Fame and in 1992, the Welsh Sports Hall of Fame.

He was ranked as the top flyweight of all-time by the International Boxing Research Organization in 2006.

Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.

Official record
All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as “no decision” bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.

Unofficial record
Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.

title: Jimmy Wilde


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The Vines (band)

The Vines are an Australian rock band formed in Sydney in 1994. Their sound has been described as a musical hybrid of 1960s garage rock and 1990s alternative rock. The band has been through several line-up changes, with vocalist/guitarist Craig Nicholls serving as the sole constant throughout the band's history.

The Vines' success in the Australian recording industry resulted in winning the ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist – Single for "Get Free" and receiving five other nominations for their debut album Highly Evolved, plus two further nominations in subsequent years. In 2003, the album went platinum in Australia, and since then the band has released four albums and a best-of compilation from their time at Capitol Records. The Vines have released seven studio albums.

Formation and early years (1994–2001)
In 1991, Craig Nicholls met Patrick Matthews while working at their local McDonald's in the suburb of South Hurstville, New South Wales. Bonded over a shared love of rock music, they began playing together at Matthews' home, with Nicholls on guitar and vocals and Matthews on bass. They were later joined by Matthews' school friend David Olliffe on drums.

Band name
Originally called "Rishikesh", a name suggested by Olliffe, which refers to the Indian city where the Beatles visited an ashram in 1968, they played a couple of small gigs in pubs. The local newspapers regularly misprinted the name as "Rishi Chasms", so Nicholls suggested a new name, "the Vines", as an homage to his father, who fronted a local band called the Vynes.

Early demo recordings and live shows
In October 1994, Patrick, Craig and David played their first gig as The Vines at an 18th birthday party at Hurtville RSL Memorial Bowling Club. They covered songs by Nirvana, You Am I, and others. Back in the shed, meanwhile, the three had started developing their own sound on a four-track recorder, with Nicholls soon emerging as the band's primary songwriter.

By late 1998, The Vines only played a handful of gigs over the course of six years. One of them was at The Iron Duke pub in Sydney. Supporting local band Starky, it was the first time they were called back onstage for an encore.

In April 1999, The Vines entered a studio for the first time to record their debut demos with high-school friend Glenn Santry as the engineer. In two quick sessions at A# Studios in Riverwood, they recorded six tracks, including early versions of "In the Jungle" and "Winning Days".

Increased exposure and early releases
In 2000, the "In the Jungle" demo was played on FBi Radio Sydney, catching the ear of Ivy League Records' Andy Cassell. Ivy League's management company Winterman and Goldstein soon signed The Vines and encouraged them to record further demos and play more shows.

In early 2001, The Vines embarked on their first national tour of Australia as supporting act for You Am I and Eskimo Joe. During their gigs, the band gave away 5-track demo CDs featuring early recordings of songs like "Highly Evolved" and "Mary Jane". In the same year, their Australia debut single "Hot Leather/Sunchild" was released through independent label Illustrious Artists, run by Russell Hopkinson from You Am I.

Meanwhile, Rex Records put out what was to be their UK debut single, "Factory", as a limited seven-inch single. The release became NME ' s Single of the Week in November 2001.

Highly Evolved (2001–2003)
By the beginning of 2001, The Vines had compiled a collection of songs. Winterman and Goldstein approached the Australian artist development company Engineroom with a 19-song demo tape. Impressed by their potential, Engineroom signed the band, funded the recording of more demos and negotiated deals with British and American labels, bypassing Australia.

American producer Rob Schnapf became impressed with The Vines after receiving a demo CD, leading him to express interest in collaborating with the band by sending an email filled with the phrase "The Vines!". In July 2001, the band flew to Los Angeles, to begin recording their debut album, Highly Evolved, with Schnapf at Sunset Sound Studios. Running into money issues, the originally planned eight-week recording session extended to six months. Faced with pressure from the label, David Olliffe returned to Australia halfway through the recording, leading to the recruitment of session players such as Joey Waronker and Pete Thomas.

The band signed to Heavenly Records in the UK in December 2001 and EMI in Australia in April 2002. While mixing the record Highly Evolved, The Vines signed with Capitol Records.

In early 2002, The Vines embarked on a pre-release tour in the United Kingdom to promote their highly anticipated album, Highly Evolved. As they took to the stage, the band introduced a new drummer, Hamish Rosser, who replaced David Olliffe. Additionally, The Vines welcomed Ryan Griffiths, a longtime friend and schoolmate of Nicholls, as a second guitarist.

The first single off the album, "Highly Evolved", earned them more critical acclaim as NME made it a Single of the Week in March 2002. The single charted in the UK at number 32 on the singles chart and on Australia's ARIAnet top 100 singles chart.

Highly Evolved was released on July 14, 2002. It reached number 11 in the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 albums chart and sold 1.5 million copies throughout the world with distribution through Capitol Records. By end of 2003, the album went platinum in Australia.

In August, 2002, The band played high-profile slots on the Late Show with David Letterman and the MTV Video Music Awards. They won the ARIA Award for Breakthrough Artist – Single for "Get Free" in 2002, and were nominated for five other awards.

The Vines gained significant recognition in 2002, appearing on the cover of Rolling Stone in September 2002 with the words "Rock is Back: Meet the Vines" boldly emblazoned underneath. Referred to as the 'The' bands, the Strokes, the Hives, the White Stripes, and the Vines combined "old fashioned punk and adrenaline fuelled riffs" to be ushered in at the beginning of 2002 as the "saviors of rock".

In 2002, The Vines appeared three times on the cover of NME in June, July, and October, hailed as the future of rock & roll. Their US debut single "Get Free" was listed as number 38 on NME's "The 100 Greatest Singles of All Time."

Winning Days (2004–2005)
In May 2003, the band went into a studio in Woodstock, New York, with Rob Schnapf again on production. While Craig Nicholls had talked of having a highly produced album, he told the Australian edition of Rolling Stone in March 2004 that they decided to stick to a less-is-more philosophy. "I wanted it to be – in my head – something grand, with big ideas and that vision sort of thing. But at the same time, that doesn't mean that something can't be special if it's just simple. Because I think that the songs are the main thing". Their second album, Winning Days, was released on 29 March 2004 and rose to number 23 in the US. "Ride" and "Winning Days" were released as singles in Australia (where they did not chart) and the UK.

Vision Valley (2006–2007)
In mid-2005, the group announced they were working on their third album, with producer Wayne Connolly. Andy Kent of fellow Australian band You Am I filled in on bass playing duties. In November of that year, the band's management announced they had finished recording all the songs that would appear on the album.

"Don't Listen to the Radio" was released as the album's first single, and was made available for digital download on 7 March on iTunes. The song was used on the soundtrack for the video game FlatOut 2. "Gross Out" was made available for digital download on 18 March, and was the first song leaked from the album. Vision Valley was released on 1 April 2006 in Australia, 3 April in Europe, and 4 April in the United States.

Vision Valley consisted of short, immediate songs; the album running little over 30 minutes in length. "Anysound" was the second official single from the album, and an animated music video was released exclusively through YouTube. The song was included as a track heard on the in-game radio in the 2007 LucasArts published Thrillville: Off The Rails. "Dope Train" was released as a third single, with a music video composed of live footage of the band from Big Day Out in 2007.

On 19 July 2006, the Vines played a gig at the Annandale Hotel under the name "Joe Dirt", with a new bassist, Brad Heald, after Patrick Matthews departed the group. Matthews had left in response to an outburst Nicholls had while the group played a promotional show for Triple M radio.

Melodia (2007–2008)
In 2007, the Vines signed to Ivy League Records for an Australian album deal. The first single preceding the album Melodia was "He's a Rocker", which was released through iTunes on 3 June 2008 along with two bonus tracks. "MerryGoRound" was released as a follow-up single for radio airplay in Australia during August 2008. "MerryGoRound" only received support and backing from Triple J radio. "Get Out" was released as the third single from Melodia in September 2008 for radio airplay, and a music video was released to coincide with the release of "Get Out" as a single by Ivy League Records on YouTube. "Get Out" was featured on the in-game soundtrack of Midnight Club: Los Angeles released in late October 2008 on Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 gaming platforms.

In October 2008, the Vines commenced a national Australian tour in support of Melodia, playing small venues throughout Australia. In November 2008, the Vines were announced as being part of the line-up for the 2009 Australian Big Day Out, but the band cancelled.

Future Primitive (2009–2012)
On 14 November 2009, the Vines played at the Annandale Hotel, under the alias of the Crimes. They had a support slot with You Am I, playing their back catalogue and a new song from an album due in 2011.

A music video for "Gimme Love" wrapped filming on 1 March 2011, with the completed video surfacing online through YouTube on 27 March. The music video pays homage to the 2010 film Scott Pilgrim vs. the World.

Over a year after its completion, Future Primitive received an official release date through The Daily Telegraph on 3 June 2011. Because the Vines did not have a label at the time of recording, the band members funded the album's recording themselves. Upon the album's completion, the band approached various record labels to see if any were interested in signing the band for its release, explaining the year-long delay between recording and release.

On 26 November 2011, rumours on the band's Facebook page suggested that the band had "pushed out" two of its members. At the 2011 Homebake music festival, the Vines emerged on the main-stage as a three piece, consisting of Nicholls, Heald and drummer Murray Sheridan. The departure of both Griffiths and Rosser was confirmed by Channel V presenter Jane Gazzo, who wrote that the two had been "sacked" in a Twitter post.

Craig's sister, Jess Nicholls, also confirmed their departure via the band's official forum. "If any of you were at Homebake yesterday, I'm sure you can agree the set was amazing and sounded better than ever," she wrote. "The band has made a creative decision to revert back to a three piece, as they originally started. I know you will probably have a lot of questions but just wanted to say don't fear, this is in no way the end of the Vines!!" Nicholls, Heald and Sheridan performed again at Southbound music festival in Perth on 8 January 2012.

On 16 March 2012, Rosser announced that he had joined Australian rock band Wolfmother, as their new drummer, on the Faster Louder website. He also claimed that the band had "broken up", although "Craig [Nicholls] will always write great music in the future and he may choose to carry on under the Vines' name."

Wicked Nature (2012–2015)
Heald confirmed his departure from the band in 2012. A new line-up, consisting of Nicholls, drummer Lachlan West and bassist Tim John, entered the studio to record their sixth album on 20 August 2012 in Sydney's 301 Studio and completed the mixing of the album at the end of 2012.

West revealed in a June 2013 interview with his other band, Something With Numbers, that two producers have worked on the forthcoming Vines release. Paul McKercher produced the first half of the record and Lachlan Mitchell, who also produced the latest Something With Numbers record, worked on the second half based upon West's recommendation to Nicholls. The article also stated that the new Vines album was "due for release in the latter half of this year (2013)". According to a June 2014 Faster Louder article, in addition to the anticipated sixth album, a seventh album was recorded with the new line-up.

At the beginning of July 2014, the Vines created a PledgeMusic page for their sixth record Wicked Nature, a double album which was released on 2 September 2014. The lead single "Metal Zone" was released on 14 July. Its music video premiered on Noisy on 11 July.

In spring of 2015, it was announced that Craig Nicholls started a side project called White Shadows, which focused on electronic music. A debut album for the project, titled Secret of Life, was later released that year. Its lead single, "Give Up Give Out Give In", was released on 9 April 2015 with a music video produced. The album featured over 70 different guest musicians.

In Miracle Land and classic line-up reunion (2016–2018)
On 1 April 2016, The Vines released the single "In Miracle Land". On 14 April 2016, Craig Nicholls performed a solo show at Sydney's Newtown Social Club. The band supported the upcoming album with a brief "In Miracle Land" tour, playing three dates in October 2016.

In 2017, The Vines re-issued their debut album, Highly Evolved, in celebration of its 15th anniversary.

On 28 April 2018, Nicholls performed with The Killers in Sydney, joining them for "When We Were Young" and "Get Free." In May 2018, the original line-up from 2002 to 2004 reunited for two shows at the Enmore and Metro Theatre. This marked Patrick Matthews' first performance with The Vines in 14 years and the first for Ryan Griffiths and Hamish Rosser in seven years.

The album In Miracle Land was released on 29 June 2018, featuring the same line-up as their previous album Wicked Nature, with Tim John on bass and Lachlan West on drums.

Eighth Studio Album (2018–present)
On 30 March 2024, in a YouTube interview, Hamish Rosser confirmed his return to The Vines, mentioning that new music is in progress and awaiting finalization and release. Rosser mentioned Autumn Shade V as one of the new songs.

Musical style
"Unlike many other pop post-modernists, the Vines never sound weighed down by all the influences they include in their music—it's as if they're so excited by everything they hear, they can't help but recombine it in unique ways."

Ex-bassist Matthews believed that Winning Days was a step in a different direction for the band. "The themes are more introspective and less wild rock'n'roll". Their music also was described by Chart Attack as having "neo-psychedelic arrangements".

Reception
Upon the release of their debut album, the Vines were hailed as "the second coming of Nirvana" by the British press; their grungy sound was considered reminiscent of the Seattle scene c. 1991 and Nicholls' erratic on-stage behaviour and raw vocals drew comparisons between him and Kurt Cobain. Highly Evolved became a huge success and their accompanying live shows in the early years were praised as "electrifying" and "sensational".

Critical reactions to 2004's Winning Days were mixed. Pitchfork's Chris Ott described it as being "nothing more than boring and harmlessly vapid" and showing "only mild promise". Conversely, Rolling Stone ' David Fricke said it was "a leap forward in style and frenzy".

In June 2021, Double J's Al Newstead wrote an op-ed in support of the band. "Their legacy isn't clean cut," he wrote, "but it's still remarkable to see what The Vines achieved, and chiefly what Nicholls survived."

Legacy
The Vines gained notoriety in the early 2000s as one of the leading bands of the garage rock revival scene. Their debut album Highly Evolved was named number two album of the year by NME and listed in Rolling Stone Australia's 200 Greatest Australian Albums of All Time.

In 2002, The Vines became the first Australian musical act to be featured on the cover of US Rolling Stone magazine since Men at Work in 1983; this helped revive international interest in the Australian music scene, which numerous artists have continued to benefit from in subsequent years.

The Vines are considered an influential group in the development of 2000s indie rock, with a number of bands and musicians citing them as an inspiration or influence. Alex Turner, frontman of Arctic Monkeys, credits The Vines as a major influence in Arctic Monkeys' early years, stating: "One of the reasons we formed the band was because of the Vines". Turner also named Craig Nicholls' live performances as a powerful early inspiration and described The Vines as "collectively our favorite band at the time." Kevin Parker of Tame Impala and his bandmates remarked that they were "super massive fans" and idolised The Vines and Craig Nicholls when they were younger. Wolf Alice cited The Vines as an early inspiration and named The Vines' second album Winning Days as one of the group's most vital influences. While performing on stage in 2018, The Killers directly attributed The Vines with "blowing open" the doors for other indie bands like themselves to achieve mainstream success. Other artists who have cited The Vines as an influence include Violent Soho, British India and VANT.

Band members

 * Current members
 * Craig Nicholls – lead vocals, lead guitar (1994–present)
 * Ryan Griffiths – rhythm guitar, backing vocals (2002–2011, 2018, 2023–present)
 * Hamish Rosser – drums, backing vocals (2002–2011, 2018, 2023–present)

 * Former members
 * David Olliffe – drums (1994–2002)
 * Patrick Matthews – bass guitar, backing vocals (1994–2004, 2018)
 * Brad Heald – bass guitar, backing vocals (2006–2012)
 * Lachlan West – drums, backing vocals (2012–2018)
 * Tim John – bass guitar, backing vocals (2012–2018)

 * Former session/touring musicians
 * Andy Kent – bass guitar (2006)
 * Murray Sheridan – drums (2011–2012)

Discography

 * Highly Evolved (2002)
 * Winning Days (2004)
 * Vision Valley (2006)
 * Melodia (2008)
 * Future Primitive (2011)
 * Wicked Nature (2014)
 * In Miracle Land (2018)

ARIA Music Awards
The ARIA Music Awards is an annual awards ceremony that recognises excellence, innovation, and achievement across all genres of Australian music. They commenced in 1987.

! Ref.
 * rowspan="6"| 2002
 * rowspan="2"| "Get Free"
 * Breakthrough Artist - Single
 * Won
 * rowspan="6"|
 * Single of the Year
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3"| Highly Evolved
 * Breakthrough Artist - Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Rock Album
 * Nominated
 * Best Group
 * Nominated
 * Craig Nicholls for The Vines' Highly Evolved
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * 2004
 * James Bellesini and Love Police – The Vines Winning Days
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * 2004
 * James Bellesini and Love Police – The Vines Winning Days
 * Best Cover Art
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

NME Awards
! Ref.
 * rowspan="5"| 2003
 * "Get Free"
 * Best Single
 * Won
 * rowspan="5" |
 * Highly Evolved
 * Best Album
 * Nominated
 * rowspan="3" |The Vines
 * Best International Band
 * Nominated
 * Best New Band
 * Nominated
 * Best Live Band
 * Nominated
 * Best New Band
 * Nominated
 * Best Live Band
 * Nominated
 * Nominated

title: The Vines (band)


text:
Hive

A hive may refer to a beehive, an enclosed structure in which some honey bee species live and raise their young.

Hive or hives may also refer to:

Arts

 * Hive (game), an abstract-strategy board game published in 2001
 * "Hive" (song), a 2013 song by Earl Sweatshirt featuring Vince Staples and Casey Veggies
 * Hive (album), a 2022 album by alternative singer, producer, songwriter Sub Urban
 * "Hives", a song by IBOPA and later covered by Xiu Xiu as "Hives Hives" on the album Knife Play
 * H.I.V.E. ("Hierarchy of International Vengeance and Extermination"), a DC Comics villain organization
 * H.I.V.E. (series) ("Higher Institute of Villainous Education"), a series of young-adult novels
 * Hive Propolis, stylized as hive | Propolis, a science fiction transmedia series
 * Hive (comics), a Marvel Comics villain and character on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
 * The Hives, a Swedish rock band

Business

 * Hive (artificial intelligence company), services for businesses, known for content moderation
 * HIVE (ISP), an ISP in Iceland, founded in 2004
 * Hive Social, a social network

Film and television

 * The Hive (2008 film), a 2008 film
 * The Hive (2014 film), a 2014 film
 * Hives (film), a 2012 Croatian film
 * Hive (film), a 2021 Kosovan film
 * MTV Hive, a former web portal operated by MTV
 * The Hive, an online component of Vanity Fair (magazine)
 * The Hive, an alien race in the television series Dark Skies
 * "Hive", a season 3 episode of Servant (TV series)

People

 * Hives (surname)

Places

 * Hive, East Riding of Yorkshire, England
 * Vestfold University College (Høgskolen i Vestfold, HiVe), a Norwegian university college

Medicine

 * Hives, also called urticaria, a common form of skin rash
 * HIVE, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) encephalitis

Technology

 * Hive, a highest-level logical section in the Windows Registry
 * Apache Hive, a data warehouse infrastructure built on top of Hadoop
 * Hive Connected Home, a home automation platform
 * High-performance Integrated Virtual Environment, a computing environment used to process biological data
 * HIVE (virtual environment), a research project at Miami University
 * Hive UI, a custom ROM for the Android operating system

Other

 * Hive (1820), a 485-ton sailing ship built in 1820 at Deptford, England
 * Hive (ransomware), a ransomware as a service (RaaS) operation

title: Hive


text:
The Hives

The Hives are a Swedish rock band formed in Fagersta in 1993. After gaining traction in Sweden through the 1990s, they rose to worldwide prominence in the early 2000s during the garage rock revival. The band's line-upconsisting of Howlin' Pelle Almqvist (vocals), Nicholaus Arson (lead guitar, backing vocals), Vigilante Carlstroem (rhythm guitar, backing vocals), Dr. Matt Destruction (bass), and Chris Dangerous (drums)remained unchanged from 1993 until 2013, when Matt Destruction retired for health reasons and was replaced by The Johan and Only, the former Randy bassist.

The Hives have released six studio albums: Barely Legal (1997), Veni Vidi Vicious (2000), Tyrannosaurus Hives (2004), The Black and White Album (2007), Lex Hives (2012), and The Death of Randy Fitzsimmons (2023). They have also released the compilation album Your New Favourite Band (2001), the live DVD Tussles in Brussels (2005), and the live album Live at Third Man Records (2020). Their mainstream success came with the release of Veni Vidi Vicious and its single "Hate to Say I Told You So", considered their signature song. They are known for always dressing in matching black-and-white tuxedos and for their energetic and eccentric live shows, with critics hailing them as one of the best live rock bands of the last two decades.

Beginnings of the Hives (1993–1999)
The Hives was formed in 1993 by brothers Per "Pelle" Almqvist (Howlin' Pelle Almqvist) and Niklas Almqvist (Nicholaus Arson) in Fagersta. Friends of the brothers, Mikael Karlsson (Vigilante Carlstroem), Mattias Bernvall (Dr. Matt Destruction) and Christian Grahn (Chris Dangerous), soon joined the band and took punk rock-inspired stage names like the brothers. Drummer Dangerous suggested the name "Hives" for the band as he had read the word for the skin disease in a dictionary. The other members misunderstood the condition based on his description of it, as Howlin' Pelle later explained, "we thought it was a way more lethal disease, for one, and we thought it was way more contagious. So, we figured that we’d spread like a deadly disease across the land". The band went by the name Hives for some time before they realized that "all good band names are plurals", and added a 'the' to their name.

The band's first recording was a 1994 demo titled Sounds Like Sushi. In 1995, the band signed with Burning Heart Records, a Swedish independent record label. The following year they released their debut EP Oh Lord! When? How? In 1997, the band released their debut studio album, Barely Legal, and embarked on a tour in support of it. The album's track "The Stomp" was later featured on the soundtrack of the film RocknRolla. In 1998, the band released their second EP, A.K.A. I-D-I-O-T. Burning Heart signed a deal with Epitaph Records to distribute the band's material in the United States during that same year.

Veni Vidi Vicious and Your New Favourite Band (2000–2002)
The Hives released their second studio album, Veni Vidi Vicious, in April 2000 through Burning Heart Records. The band members described the album as being like "a velvet glove with brass knuckles, both brutal and sophisticated at the same time". The album yielded the singles "Hate to Say I Told You So", "Main Offender", "Die, All Right!", and "Supply and Demand". The album track "The Hives – Introduce the Metric System in Time" was included on the punk rock compilation album Punk-O-Rama Volume 5 from Epitaph later that year. "Hate To Say I Told You So" was later included on the soundtrack for Spider-Man, and also featured in the video game Forza Horizon. The track "Main Offender" was featured in the video game Rock Band while "Die, All Right!" was released as downloadable content in the game's digital music store.

After seeing the video for "Hate to Say I Told You So" on German television, industry executive Alan McGee decided to sign the band to his newly formed Poptones label. Poptones released the 'best of' compilation Your New Favourite Band in 2001, which proved to be the band's breakthrough record, reaching number seven on the UK album charts. Following the success of the album, the band re-released the singles "Hate to Say I Told You So" and "Main Offender", which reached number 23 and 24 respectively on the UK Singles chart. The band also re-released Veni Vidi Vicious in the US.

During the promotion of Veni Vidi Vicious and Your New Favourite Band, the Hives signed a record deal with Universal Music, reportedly worth $10 million. The signing was a result of Epitaph selling the rights to the band's material in the US to Warner Bros. Records without informing the members beforehand. A dispute followed between the Hives and the labels, who claimed that the band were still contracted for one more album, in which a lawsuit was filed against the band and settled out of court.

Tyrannosaurus Hives (2003–2006)
After extensive touring and winning awards for "Best International Band" and "Best Dressed Band" at the NME awards in 2003, the band retreated to Fagersta to record their third album.Tyrannosaurus Hives was released in 2004 and included the singles "Walk Idiot Walk", which debuted at number 13 on the UK singles charts, "Two-Timing Touch and Broken Bones", a top 50 hit, and "A Little More for Little You". The tracks "B is for Brutus" and "Uptight" were featured in the video game Gran Turismo 4, while "No Pun Intended" was featured in the video games SSX on Tour and Motorstorm: Pacific Rift.

In 2005, the band won five Swedish Grammis awards in the categories "Artist of the Year", "Rock Group of the Year", "Album of the Year", "Producer of the Year" (with collaborator, Pelle Gunnerfeldt), while the video for "Walk Idiot Walk" won the MTV "Best Music Video" award.

The Black and White Album (2007–2011)
The Hives announced their new album in August 2007 along with the album's first single, "Tick Tick Boom". The Black and White Album was released on 15 October in the UK and on 13 November in the US. It was mostly recorded in Oxford, Mississippi, Miami, and Sweden. The bonus track "Fall Is Just Something Grownups Invented" was used as the theme for Cartoon Network's fall season while the band performed in commercials featuring the song.

"Return The Favour" was featured in a Nike commercial, while "Tick Tick Boom" was used in the films Jumper, Taken, MacGruber, and Get Smart, as the theme song for WWE Survivor Series 2007, in advertisements for the 2007 season of the NFL Network and Finish Line, and included in the video games Lego: Rock Band, Madden NFL 07, Madden NFL 11 and Motorstorm: Arctic Edge. The track "Try It Again" was later used in the trailer for the film Get Him to the Greek. In 2008, specific songs from the band's catalog was remixed and compiled into a track titled "Black, White and Run" for the Nike+ Original Run series.

In January 2008, the band received the "Best Live Act" award at the Swedish Grammis and performed at the 2008 NHL All-Star Game in Atlanta, performing "Tick Tick Boom" during the players' presentation. In July 2010, the band released an EP titled Tarred and Feathered, which consisted of the cover songs "Civilization's Dying" by Zero Boys, "Nasty Secretary" by Joy Rider & Avis Davis and "Early Morning Wake Up Call" by Flash and the Pan. "Nasty Secretary" was later included on the video game Gran Turismo 5 's soundtrack. In January 2011, guitarist Arson wrote a short diary entry on the band's website stating that they had recorded some new songs before Christmas, and were planning to continue recording throughout month.

Lex Hives and Destruction's departure (2012–2023)
In March 2012, the band announced their fifth studio album, Lex Hives, and released the first single from the album "Go Right Ahead". The song was performed live during an appearance at the Norwegian-Swedish talk show Skavlan on 30 March. After a run of live shows in California and two weekend shows at Coachella, the band performed on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on 23 April.

Lex Hives was released on the band's own label, Disque Hives, in June and included twelve self-produced tracks, with a deluxe version containing two bonus tracks produced by Queens of the Stone Age frontman Josh Homme. The album track "Come On!" was used as the theme for Xbox One's "Invitation" commercials, and featured in an episode of Workaholics and the documentary The Crash Reel, while the song "1000 Answers," was included on the soundtrack of the video game FIFA 12.

Due to health reasons, Dr. Matt Destruction left the band in late 2013 and was replaced by Randy bassist Johan Gustafsson, who took the stage name The Johan and Only. On 13 February 2015, the band released the stand-alone single "Blood Red Moon". The band's activity became limited between 2015 and 2019, with appearances largely reduced to occasional festival appearances. These included Riot Fest, Rock am Ring, Lollapalooza Paris and Download Festival.

In May 2019, the band released the single "I'm Alive" and followed it up with another single titled "Good Samaritan" a month later. The band toured the US in 2019 alongside fellow Swedish band Refused, with the run of dates dubbed the Scream Team Tour. Drummer Dangerous took a hiatus from the band during this period in order to recover from surgery and was replaced on the tour by former Queens of the Stone Age drummer Joey Castillo. While on tour, the Hives recorded their first live album, Live at Third Man Records, which was later released on 25 September 2020.

After being unable to tour in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the band created a virtual world tour in January 2021 titled the World's First World Wide Web World Tour which saw them perform live-streamed sets at country-specific times, with "shows" in Berlin, London, New York City, Sydney, São Paulo and Stockholm. The band returned to real-life touring later in 2021, serving as the opener on The Offspring's UK and European tour dates.

The Death of Randy Fitzsimmons (2023–present)
In January 2023, the band shared a series of photos in which Howlin' Pelle held up protest signs on Hollywood Boulevard that read "The Hives Must Album Now!" and "Honk If You Want a New The Hives Album". A new series of merch was also shared, featuring both the former slogan and one that read "The Hives! Make Records or Go Home!" A second set of photos was shared in early February, with Almqvist now holding a sign that read "Where Is the New The Hives Album". The campaign continued with photos of Arson, Carlstroem and Dangerous "joining the protest" and wearing the new merch.

In May 2023, the band confirmed that their sixth studio album, The Death of Randy Fitzsimmons, would be released on 11 August 2023. The band also shared the album's lead single "Bogus Operandi", marking their first new release in four years. That same month, the band began a tour of the UK and Ireland in support of Arctic Monkeys. A second single from the album, "Countdown to Shutdown", followed in June 2023. Its music video featured a cameo from the band's former bassist Dr. Matt Destruction, who played an office worker. Prior to the release of the album, the Hives released a further three singles: "Rigor Mortis Radio", "Trapdoor Solution", and "The Bomb". The Hives later embarked on a global tour in support of the album throughout Europe and America that concludes in 2024.

Collaborations
In 2006, Almqvist collaborated with Swedish rock artist Moneybrother on a cover of the Operation Ivy song "Freeze Up" for his cover album Pengabrorsan. The duo replaced the song's original lyrics with Swedish lyrics and retitled it to "Jag Skriver Inte På Nåt" (Swedish for "I Won't Sign Anything"). The Hives collaborated with hip-hop producer Timbaland on the track "Throw It On Me" from his 2007 album Shock Value. The band also featured in the track's music video. During that same year, Howlin' Pelle posted in the online diary on the band's website that he had recorded footsteps with Jack White for the Raconteurs new album.

In 2008, the Hives contributed to the tracks "Time For Some Action" and "Windows" from N.E.R.D.'s album Seeing Sounds, with Almqvist providing guest vocals on the former. The members are credited by their real names on the album instead of the pseudonyms they use within the band. Later that year, the band recorded a Christmas duet entitled "A Christmas Duel" with Cyndi Lauper, which was available as a free download from their website on 28 November.

In 2018, the Almqvist brothers gifted the song "Let the Punishment Fit the Behind" to the Norwegian rock band Turbonegro for their album RockNRoll Machine. Howlin' Pelle performed the song live with the band during their concert in Stockholm on 9 March. In 2019, the singer contributed backing vocals to the track "Turn the Cross" from Swedish punk band Refused's album War Music.

Style and onstage performance
All songwriting except covers on the band's albums are credited to "Randy Fitzsimmons". The band claim Fitzsimmons was an honorary "sixth Hive", who along with writing their music, discovered and managed the band. The band has included hidden references to a sixth member of the band, including a hidden sixth pair of legs on the back cover of the Tyrannosaurus Hives album art. Randy Fitzsimmons is a registered pseudonym for guitarist Niklas Almqvist.

The Hives are renowned for their energetic and highly rated live shows, with Spin ranking them number eight on their list of best live bands in 2006 and frontman Howlin' Pelle receiving particular praise for his showmanship. When asked about their efforts to connect with the audience, drummer Dangerous replied that "there are so many bands out there that don't say a word to the crowd. I don't get it. They don't even look at the audience and that's ridiculous". In 2023, Howlin' Pelle commented on the effects of their live shows saying "we give so much energy and then it kind of bounces right back. So on one hand your body gets tired but your soul feels better and better. So it’s not just tiring, like it also gives you a lot of energy". The Hives always dress in matching black-and-white tuxedos because "it makes [them] look like [they] belong together".

Band members
Current members
 * Howlin' Pelle Almqvist (Per Almqvist) – lead vocals (1993–present)
 * Nicholaus Arson (Niklas Almqvist) – lead guitar, backing vocals (1993–present)
 * Vigilante Carlstroem (Mikael Karlsson) – rhythm guitar, organ, backing vocals (1993–present)
 * Chris Dangerous (Christian Grahn) – drums, percussion (1993–present; hiatus 2019)
 * The Johan and Only (Johan Gustafsson) – bass guitar (2013–present)

Former members
 * Dr. Matt Destruction (Mattias Bernvall) – bass guitar (1993–2013)

Former touring musicians
 * Joey Castillo – drums (2019)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Barely Legal (1997)
 * Veni Vidi Vicious (2000)
 * Tyrannosaurus Hives (2004)
 * The Black and White Album (2007)
 * Lex Hives (2012)
 * The Death of Randy Fitzsimmons (2023)

title: The Hives


text:
Talk:Far right/tributary

''Please do not delete. This page exists only to preserve the history of a "tributary" now merged into Far right.'' -- Jmabel | Talk 02:23, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Far right/tributary


text:
Talk:Queen Catherine

Please stop mucking up this disambiguation page. Your contributions of new information are welcome, but your changing the existing information to make it contrary to Wikipedia conventions is malicious. Before you add something, please review the naming and other conventions and either make your new material consistent with the existing entries or change all the existing entries to make them consistent with your new format. In particular:
 * We use the most common English version, and that's "Ekaterina", not "Yekaterina" (check it on Google if you don't already know that) -- this is not the place to make an ass of yourself if you don't like those conventions.
 * This is a disambiguation page, so don't put in alternative names and other info -- that goes in the article for the person.
 * There are plenty of webpages that call the Russian ones "Queen Catherine", so they go on this list to disambiguate them, but if you insist on taking out the "queen", then take them off the list, because the list is of "Queen Catherine"s, not "Empress Catherine"s or "Czarina Catherine"s.
 * They're in chronological order by birthdate, not the order they married Henry VIII in, because the idea is for someone who doesn't yet know who they are can find them.
 * Don't create links on them if you don't have enough info to make an article for them, because they probably don't merit one, and if they already have links, use them. -- Isis09:29 Jan 15, 2003 (UTC)

Look, you are once again seeing "malice" where none exist. It is you who is making an jackass of herself.

I've checked Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (anglicization) - what I had there was entirely consistent with what was written there.

Yekatarina is the name used elsewhere in Wikipedia. For example, check out the Romanov article. I see nothing wrong with listing her alternate name here.

The two Catherines of Russia were Empresses, and stating that they were queens is quite simply wrong.

Just accept the changes, OK? Arno

title: Talk:Queen Catherine