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Wallace v. Jaffree

Wallace v. Jaffree, 472 U.S. 38 (1985), was a United States Supreme Court case deciding on the issue of silent school prayer.

Background
An Alabama law authorized teachers to set aside one minute at the start of each day for a moment for "meditation or voluntary prayer."

Ishmael Jaffree, an American citizen, was a resident of Mobile County, Alabama and a parent of three students who attended school in the Mobile County Public School System; two of the three children were in the second grade and the third was in kindergarten. His youngest was being made fun of by peers because he refused to say the prayers.

On May 28, 1982, Jaffree brought suit naming the Mobile County School Board, various school officials, and the minor plaintiffs' three teachers as defendants. Jaffree sought a declaratory judgment and an injunction restraining the defendants from "maintaining or allowing the maintenance of regular religious prayer services or other forms of religious observances in the Mobile County Public Schools in violation of the First Amendment as made applicable to states by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution."

Jaffree's complaint further alleged that two of his children had been subjected to various acts of religious indoctrination and that the defendant teachers had led their classes in saying certain prayers in unison on a daily basis; that as a result of not participating in the prayers his minor children had been exposed to ostracism from their peer group classmates; and that Jaffree had repeatedly but unsuccessfully requested that the prayers be stopped.

The original complaint mentioned no specific statutes, but the case later dealt with three laws for public schools in Alabama:

 * The first law (1978) created a minute of silence for meditation.
 * The second law (1981) added the option of voluntary prayer.
 * The third law (1982) authorized teachers to recite a prayer with "willing students".

Despite initially granting a preliminary injunction, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Alabama ultimately allowed the practice, found in favor of the defendants and upheld all three laws. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit also upheld the 1978 law but reversed with respect to the laws from 1981 and 1982 by holding them unconstitutional.

Decision
The Supreme Court ruled 6-3 that the Alabama laws from 1981 and 1982 violated the US Constitution, but it upheld the law from 1978 that enabled a minute of silence for meditation in public schools of Alabama. Justice John Paul Stevens wrote the majority opinion and was joined by Justices William J. Brennan, Jr., Thurgood Marshall, Harry Blackmun, and Lewis Powell. Justice Powell wrote a separate concurring opinion, and Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote an opinion concurring in the judgment. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and Associate Justices William H. Rehnquist (later Chief Justice) and Byron White each issued a dissenting opinion. Rehnquist asserted that the Court's reasoning was flawed inasmuch as it was based on the writings of Thomas Jefferson, who was not the author of the Establishment Clause.

The Court first noted that "the proposition that the several States have no greater power to restrain the individual freedoms protected by the First Amendment than does the Congress of the United States" is "firmly embedded in our constitutional jurisprudence" and that "the First Amendment was adopted to curtail the power of Congress to interfere with the individual's freedom to believe, to worship, and to express himself in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience." The "Lemon Test," which had been created by the Court to determine whether legislation violates the Establishment Clause, included as a factor that "the statute must have a secular legislative purpose." The Court further held in Jaffree that "the First Amendment requires that a statute must be invalidated if it is entirely motivated by a purpose to advance religion."

The record in the case shows that the Alabama law "was not motivated by any clearly secular purpose" but also that "indeed, the statute had no secular purpose." With no secular purpose behind the law, which expanded a previous law that already allowed for meditation so that it now explicitly included "voluntary prayer" as well, the only possible conclusion was that the new law had been passed "for the sole purpose of expressing the State's endorsement of prayer activities for one minute at the beginning of each school-day."

"Such an endorsement is not consistent with the established principle that the government must pursue a course of complete neutrality toward religion" and so the Court ruled in favor of Jaffree and upheld the Eleventh Circuit's decision.

Chief Justice Burger
In his dissent to the US Supreme Court case, Wallace v. Jaffree, Chief Justice Burger expressed several reasons for his opinion that the Court decided incorrectly. He began by pointing out that the statute authorizing a moment of silence at the beginning of a school day, which mentioned the word "prayer," did not unconstitutionally promote a religion. He maintained that the ruling against that statute was directly aggressive and intimidating to religion, which is as unconstitutional as a candid establishment of religion. Also in his first point, he contested the decision with the point that a school is constitutionally on the same level of government as state and federal legislatures and even the Supreme Court. Thus, the endorsement of a "moment of silence" with an oblique suggestion of prayer is no less constitutional as is the opening of Congress or a court session with a prayer by a publicly-funded chaplain.

In his next point, Burger emphasized the tenuousness of the Court's peripheral reasoning by specifically including the statements of the statute's sponsor and the differences between the statute and its predecessor statute. Upon the subject of the statute's sponsor's comments, he raised many points that work to invalidate the use of the statements as evidence for the original intent of the legislature at the time of the statute's enactment. Firstly, he mentioned that those statements were made by the sponsor after the legislature's vote on the bill and that the legislature did not in all likelihood know any portion of his views enough to claim his motives to be those of the entire legislature. He also brought attention to the fact that the same legislator also stated that one of his purposes was to resolve a misunderstanding that silent, individual prayer was unconstitutionally prohibited.

Next, Burger discussed the differences between the debated statute and its predecessor by bringing up the Court's opinion that the inclusion of the phrase "or voluntary prayer" endorsed and promoted religion. He stated that the Court's reasoning relied upon the removal of the phrase from its context. He compared that addition to the addition of the phrase "under God" to the Pledge of Allegiance and contested that the Court's logic would also condemn the Pledge of Allegiance as unconstitutional and so was discernibly preposterous. He suggested that when taken in context, the phrase "or voluntary prayer" was perfectly constitutional as a measure to prevent the unconstitutional prohibition of individual prayer.

Burger, in his third point, called out the Court's use of the "Lemon Test as an indolent attempt to apply a test that was "one size fits all" to a less-than-standard case. He suggested that the use of the test ignored the Court's duty to examine the statute against the ideas of the Establishment Clause and that the decision of the case clearly showed that shortcoming.

In his conclusion, Justice Burger reiterated the fact that the statute was not an unconstitutional endorsement and promotion of religion that sought to establish a state church but an entirely-constitutional measure designed to prevent truly-unconstitutional infringements upon the rights of students to pray individually as they please.

Justice Rehnquist
Justice Rehnquist's dissenting opinion relied heavily upon pointing out the faults behind the common misunderstanding of Thomas Jefferson's statements about the "wall of separation of church and state" in his letter to the Danbury Baptist Association. Rehnquist began by explaining that the Establishment Clause has been closely linked with Jefferson's letter since Everson v. Board of Education.

Rehnquist called attention to the fact that Jefferson did not write the letter until 14 years after the amendments to the US Constitution had been ratified and that Jefferson then resided in France. Thus, Rehnquist considered that Jefferson to be a less-than-ideal source of background on the Establishment Clause, regardless of Jefferson's intended meaning.

Justice Rehnquist suggested instead to turn to the actions of the Congress and James Madison's significant role in it for insight into the original intent of the Establishment Clause. He continued by referencing the debates of the colonies' ratification conventions.

He pointed out the fact that the states frequently opposed the ratification of the Constitution was the lack of a Bill of Rights. Those who upon that basis opposed ratification thought that the government, without such an enumeration of rights, had a great potential to follow the authoritarian path that they wished to avoid.

To solve the impasse, Madison urged Congress to consider his draft of amendments. After some time of debate and revision, a version what is now the First Amendment was created: "No religion shall be established by law, nor shall the equal rights of conscience be infringed."

That version was met with opposition by many representatives as it could be construed "to abolish religion altogether" or "to be taken in such latitude as to be extremely hurtful to the cause of religion." It was on that basis that the final version of the amendment was selected and ratified. Thus, Rehnquist stated that it is indisputable that the spirit in which the Congress approved the Establishment Clause was one of open-minded toleration, not hostility towards religion.

He then brings up Thomas Jefferson's reasoning for not issuing a Thanksgiving Proclamation. Jefferson said that partaking in prayer and religious exercises are acts of individual discipline and that the right to those activities can never be safer than in the hands of the people. Rehnquist maintained that the meaning of the Establishment Clause was a preventative measure to keep the government from establishing a religion, not to prevent the individual freedom to follow one's own beliefs.

In his conclusion, Rehnquist denounced the Lemon Test as "having no more grounding in the First Amendment than the wall theory created from 'separation of church and state' " in Everson v. Board of Education. He says that because it has no basis in the amendment that it is designed to interpret, it cannot yield predictably constitutional results when applied to a statute.

title: Wallace v. Jaffree


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User talk:Stevertigo/Archive 2

It certainly is literature, judging by a lot of entries I see, Two16.-Stevert

Well done on the split, Sv. Can I suggest a similar split in the draft version, because it too runs into the original problem for some browsers. The talk page is also too big for many browsers; I've had a number of messages from people saying that they cannot access it. If I enter it to archive it, my browser may chop off the bottom and I don't want to risk it. JTD 23:55 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)

Thanks mate. help appreciated. Whatever about about disagreements over analysis, I think we both agree that the famine needs to be taken seriously and Wiki is treating it with a seriousness and a detail that all too many general sourcebooks fail to. What is coming out of it all is a thought-provoking page that will be well worth reading, and doing this exceptionally complicated and important issue a service. We can all be proud of that. . :) JTD 02:13 Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)

-

Having just corrected two of your articles, I feel I should point out that the word is spelt "character", not "charachter". (Ditto for "characters", "characteristics", etc.) Hope this helps. -- Paul A 6:11 Jan 28, 2003 (UTC)

I wish to apoligize for incorrectly asserting that the period of New Imperialism lasted from 1871 - 1914 and making up shaolin chess as if it were real. As I would like to add some information on Salim I al Sabah, Kabbar, Abdul Aziz ibn Abdul Rahman ibn Saud, Najd, Faisal I, Political Titles of the Ottoman Empire, Warba, Abdulla II al Sabah, the First Kuwaiti Crisis, Abdullah ibn Hussein, Mashian, Failakah, Auhah, al Khalifa, al Jalahima, al Sabah, Abdul Karim Qasim, Jaber III al Ahmad al Sabah, Muhammad I al Sabah, the Second Kuwaiti Crisis, Zaki Arsuzi, Salah al Din Bitar, Ghazi ibn Faisal, Bakr Sidqi, Abdullah II al Sabah, Ahmad al Sabah, Abdul Ilah, and Percy Cox, as well as (obviously) the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of October 1922, the Turkish Petroleum Company, the Basra-Baghdad Highway, the Berlin-Baghdad Railroad, and the Abudllah Khor Waterway, Nuri al Said, Abdulla III al Sabah, Aramco, the Kuwait Oil Company, and the Anglo-Kuwaiti Treaty of 1899; I would like to inquire as to what objections you might have to my doing so? Vera Cruz

Hello. I like that song you posted at If You're Happy and You Know It, but I'm a little worried that the ratio of factual information to political satire in the article might be getting a bit low! Hmm. Need more facts... Do you know who wrote the second version of the "Bomb Iraq" song? It would be good to be able to credit it to someone. And on a more technical note, your verses are not coming out formatted correctly: the breaks are not appearing between lines. It's best to format lyrics by putting a colon at the beginning of each line. Have a look at the way it's done in the first two examples on that page. Hope this helps! -- Oliver P. 20:58 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC)

Only thing I can say about naming conventions unimpeachably is that every title should endeavor to be written so that it can easily used in the opening sentence.

I must compliment you on the quality of your posting and moves you make defending NPOV. Were you this smart before you learned Go? Do you know anything about pentalectic logics?

Could you a code poet: you certainly are a hyper text poet. The world is lost on those who have no love of poetry.

Satyagraha to tyrants is obedience to God.

I've stumbled on to an irrefutable line of reasoning: Any postion, which contains a logical fallacy, has the POV of of the ignorant !

I think the pump needs to be primed!

From the department of the more things change the more they stay the same:

That which "whichness" has become; not saying what it was before, And nary a chance to be mistaken, for what is gained in closing doors?

-SV

Although I still have mixed feelings, I think the redirect from semitism to judeocentrism is a real improvement. I know you have been going back and forth with another contributor on the content -- I just made some changes which left some of what (s)he wrote, while trying to frame it. If you are committed to this article, I have a suggestion: do a google search on "judeocentrism" and see if you can parse different ways the term is used by different people (meaning, people with distinct views or interests) -- it would take some time but could lead to a meaningful development of the article. Also, you should check out the article Comparing and Contrasting Judaism and Christianity, you might find it informative. Peace, Slrubenstein

 * "Yes, hostile actions. I have been under attack for more than half a year now. I don't know how long you have been under attack; I hope it is not as long. I've had Muslim friends whom I invited here to work on articles relating to Islam - but when they saw all the Semitic bias - and saw how neutral parties were slandered for attempting to remove the bias, they told me "No thanks." "

 * Well, I appreciate your input. As for the p'tak, yes - though, 'jaberring baboon' might be more appropriate. Although 'Canary' is right on - with the sad difference that P'tak doesnt serve his purpose by keeling over.-sv cont...

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Stevertigo/Archive 2


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Toyama Prefecture

Toyama Prefecture (富山県) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu. Toyama Prefecture has a population of 1,044,588 (1 June 2019) and has a geographic area of 4,247.61 km2 (1,640.01 sq mi). Toyama Prefecture borders Ishikawa Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefecture to the south, Nagano Prefecture to the east, and Niigata Prefecture to the northeast.

Toyama is the capital and largest city of Toyama Prefecture, with other major cities including Takaoka, Imizu, and Nanto. Toyama Prefecture is part of the historic Hokuriku region, and the majority of prefecture's population lives on Toyama Bay, one of the largest bays in Japan. Toyama Prefecture is the leading industrial prefecture on the Japan Sea coast and has the advantage of cheap electricity from abundant hydroelectric resources. Toyama Prefecture contains the only known glaciers in East Asia outside of Russia, first recognized in 2012, and 30% of the prefecture's area is designated as national parks.

History
Historically, Toyama Prefecture was Etchū Province. Following the abolition of the han system in 1871, Etchū Province was renamed Niikawa Prefecture, but Imizu District was given to Nanao Prefecture. In 1872 Imizu District was returned by the new Ishikawa Prefecture.

In 1876, Niikawa Prefecture was merged into Ishikawa Prefecture but the merger was void in 1881 and the area was re-established as Toyama Prefecture.

The Itai-itai disease occurred in Toyama around 1950.

Geography
Toyama Prefecture is bordered by Ishikawa Prefecture to the west, Niigata to the northeast, Nagano to the southeast, Gifu to the south and Sea of Japan to the north.

As of April 1, 2012, 30% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Chūbu-Sangaku and Hakusan National Parks; Noto Hantō Quasi-National Park; and six Prefectural Natural Parks.

Municipalities
Due to the mergers in the 2000s, Toyama has the fewest municipalities of any prefecture in Japan with 10 cities, 2 districts, 4 towns, and 1 village (before the mergers took place, the prefecture had 9 cities, 18 towns, and 8 villages).

List of governors of Toyama Prefecture (from 1947)

 * Tetsuji Tachi (館 哲二) (19 April 1947 to 15 November 1947)
 * Takekuni Takatsuji (高辻 武邦) (16 November 1947 to 30 September 1956)
 * Minoru Yoshida (吉田 実) (1 October 1956 to 1 December 1969)
 * Kōkichi Nakata (中田 幸吉) (30 December 1969 to 18 September 1980)
 * Yutaka Nakaoki (中沖 豊) (11 November 1980 to 8 November 2004)
 * Takakazu Ishii (石井 隆一) (9 November 2004 to 8 November 2020)
 * Hachirō Nitta (新田 八朗) (9 November 2020 to present)

Agriculture
In 2014 Toyama contributed approximately 2.5% of Japan's rice production and makes use of abundant water sources originating from Mount Tate. It also has many fisheries along its Sea of Japan coastline.

Manufacturing
Toyama is famous for its historical pharmaceutical industry which remains a top manufacturing industry in the prefecture in terms of manufacturing shipment value followed by electronic parts and devices (industrial robots, general machinery, etc.), and metal products (aluminum, copper etc.) manufacturing.

Energy
Kurobe Dam generates electricity for the Kansai Electric Power Company. It is located on the Kurobe River in Toyama Prefecture.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Toyama has been relatively stable since 1950.

Rail
Tokyo: 2 hr 7 min via Hokuriku Shinkansen

Osaka: 3 hr via Hokuriku Shinkansen and Thunderbird Limited Express

 * The Hokuriku Shinkansen line is scheduled to extend to Osaka in the future, and will shorten the Osaka-Toyama trip to approximately 1 hr 40 min.

Expressway

 * Tokyo: 5 hr
 * Osaka: 4 hr 10 min
 * Nagoya: 3 hr 15 min
 * Niigata: 2 hr 30 min

Air

 * Toyama Airport (TOY)

Domestic

 * Tokyo: 1 hr
 * Sapporo: 1 hr 20 min
 * Fukuoka: 1 hr 30 min

International

 * Shanghai: 2 hr 30 min via Shanghai Airlines
 * Dalian: 2 hr 30 min via China Southern Airlines
 * Seoul: 1 hr 50 min via Asiana Airlines
 * Vladivostok: 2 hr 40 min via Vladivostok Airlines

Tourist Sites

 * Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route
 * kurobe Gorge Railway
 * Unazuki Onsen
 * Gokayama (UNESCO World Heritage Site)
 * Mitsui Outlet Park, Hokuriku Oyabe

UNESCO World Heritage Cultural Sites

 * Gokayama Historical Village (Nanto City)

National Treasures of Japan

 * Zuiryū-ji Temple (Takaoka City)

Spring

 * All Japan Chindon Competition (Toyama City (Toyama Castle Park), Mid April
 * Tonami Tulip Fair (Tonami City), May
 * Marumage Festival (Himi City), May 17

Summer

 * Sassa Narimasa Sengoku Era Festival (Toyama City), Late July
 * Japan Wildlife Film Festival (Toyama Prefecture), Early August

Fall

 * Toyama Festival (Toyama City), Sept. 1
 * Owara Kaze no Bon (Toyama City (Yatsuo Area)), Sept. 1-3

Winter

 * Nanto Toga Soba Festival (Nanto City (Toga Village Area)), Mid Feb.

Regional Foods

 * Trout Sushi (Masuzushi)
 * White Shrimp (Shiro Ebi)
 * Matured Yellow Tail (Buri)
 * Firefly Squid (Hotaru Ika)
 * Fish Paste (Kamaboko)

Regional Sake

 * Tateyama (立山)
 * Narimasa (成政)
 * Masuizumi (満寿泉)
 * Sanshoraku (三笑楽)

Sports
The sports teams listed below are based in Toyama.

Football
 * Kataller Toyama (Toyama City)

Basketball
 * Toyama Grouses (Toyama City)

Baseball
 * Toyama Thunderbirds (Toyama City)

Rugby Union
 * Takaoka Mariners (Takaoka)

International Links

 * 🇨🇳, Liaoning Province - May 9, 1984
 * 🇧🇷, São Paulo State - July 18, 1985
 * 🇺🇸, Oregon State- October 19, 1991
 * 🇷🇺, Primorsky Region - August 26, 1992
 * , Basel-Stadt - October 26, 2009
 * 🇮🇳, Andhra Pradesh State - December 29, 2015

title: Toyama Prefecture


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Tottori Prefecture

Tottori Prefecture (鳥取県) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Tottori Prefecture is the least populous prefecture of Japan at 538,525 (2023) and has a geographic area of 3507.13 km2. Tottori Prefecture borders Shimane Prefecture to the west, Hiroshima Prefecture to the southwest, Okayama Prefecture to the south, and Hyōgo Prefecture to the east.

Tottori is the capital and largest city of Tottori Prefecture, with other major cities including Yonago, Kurayoshi, and Sakaiminato. Tottori Prefecture is home to the Tottori Sand Dunes, the largest sand dunes system in Japan, and Mount Daisen, the highest peak in the Chūgoku Mountains.

Etymology
The word "Tottori" in Japanese is formed from two kanji characters. The first,, means "bird" and the second, means "to get". Early residents in the area made their living catching the region's plentiful waterfowl. The name first appears in the Nihon shoki in the 23rd year of the Emperor Suinin (213 AD) when Yukuha Tana, an elder from the Izumo, visits the emperor. The imperial Prince Homatsu-wake was unable to speak, despite being 30 years of age. "'Yukuha Tana presented the swan to the emperor. Homatsu-wake no Mikoto played with this swan and at last learned to speak. Therefore, Yukaha Tana was liberally rewarded, and was granted the title of Tottori no Miyakko.' (Aston, translation)"

Early history
Tottori Prefecture was settled very early in the prehistoric period of Japan, as evidenced by remains from the Jōmon period (14,000 – 300 BC). The prefecture has the remains of the largest known Yayoi period (300 BC – 250 AD) settlement in Japan, the Mukibanda Yayoi remains, located in the low foothills of Mount Daisen in the cities of Daisen and Yonago. Numerous kofun tumuli from the Kofun period (250 – 538) are located across the prefecture. In 645, under the Taika reforms, the area in present-day Tottori Prefecture became two provinces, Hōki and Inaba.

Later history
During the Genpei War (1180–1185) between the Taira and Minamoto clans in the late-Heian period, Tottori became a base for anti-Taira forces, specifically at two temples, Daisen-ji and Sanbutsu-ji. By the beginning of the Kamakura period (1185–1333) shōen estates were established to directly support the Imperial court and various temples. Successive clans controlled the region during the Sengoku period (15th to 17th century), most notably the Yamana clan, but after the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 the region was pacified. The Tokugawa shogunate installed the Ikeda clan at Tottori Castle. The clan retained control of the area until throughout the Edo period (1603–1868) and the resources of the area financially and materially supported the shogunate.

Modern history
The two provinces remained in place until the Meiji Restoration in 1868, and the boundaries of Tottori Prefecture were established in 1888. After the occupation of Korea and Taiwan in the 20th century, and the establishment of the Manchukuo puppet state in 1932, Tottori's harbors on the Japan Sea served as an active transit point for goods between Japan and the colonial areas. Before the end of World War II the prefecture was hit by a massive magnitude 7.2 earthquake, the 1943 Tottori earthquake, which destroyed 80% of the city of Tottori, and greatly damaged the surrounding area. In the postwar period land reform was carried out in the prefecture, resulting in a great increase of agricultural production.

Geography

Tottori is home to the Tottori Sand Dunes, Japan's only large dune system. As of 1 April 2012, 14% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Daisen-Oki and Sanin Kaigan National Parks; Hiba-Dōgo-Taishaku and Hyōnosen-Ushiroyama-Nagisan Quasi-National Parks; and Misasa-Tōgōko, Nishi Inaba, and Okuhino Prefectural Natural Parks.

Mount Misumi is located within the former area of Mochigase that was merged into the city of Tottori in 2004.

Cities
Four cities are located in Tottori Prefecture:

Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district:

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, Tottori is the least populated prefecture in Japan.

Economy
Tottori Prefecture is heavily agricultural and its products are shipped to the major cities of Japan. Some of the famous products are the nashi pear, nagaimo yam, Japanese scallion, negi, and watermelon. The prefecture is also a major producer of rice.

Language
Historically, the region had extensive linguistic diversity. While the standard Tokyo dialect of the Japanese language is now used in Tottori Prefecture, several other dialects are also used. Many of them are grouped with Western Japanese, and include the Chugoku and Umpaku dialects.

Sports
The sports teams listed below are based in Tottori.

 * Football (soccer)
 * Gainare Tottori (Yonago)

Universities

 * Tottori University
 * Tottori University of Environmental Studies

Colleges

 * Tottori College
 * Tottori College of Nursing

Tottori City

 * Tottori Sand Dunes
 * Jinpūkaku, a late Meiji period residence

Daisen

 * Daisen, the highest of the Chūgoku Mountains, 1729 m

Daisen and Yonago

 * Mukibanda Yayoi remains, the largest site of Yayoi period settlement in Japan

Yonago and Sakaiminato

 * Nakaumi, a brackish lake located between Tottori Prefecture and Shimane Prefecture, fifth largest lake in Japan

Misasa

 * Misasa Onsen
 * Sanbutsu-ji, a Heian period temple designated a National Treasure of Japan

Sakaiminato

 * Kitarō Road, a street in Sakaiminato dedicated to Shigeru Mizuki's GeGeGe no Kitaro manga character
 * Lake Koyama

Iwami

 * Uradome Coast, a scenic ria coastal inlet

Chizu

 * The Ishitani Residence, an Edo period family residence designated a National Treasure of Japan

Nanbu

 * Tottori Hanakairo-Flower Park, the largest flower park in Japan

Rail

 * JR West
 * Sanin Line
 * Hakubi Line
 * Inbi Line
 * Sakai Line
 * Wakasa Railway
 * Chizu Express

Expressway and toll roads

 * Tottori Expressway
 * Yonago Expressway
 * Sanin Expressway
 * Shidosaka Pass Road
 * Tottori-Toyooka-Miyazu Road

National highways

 * Route 9
 * Route 29 (Tottori-Shiso-Himeji)
 * Route 53 (Tottori-Tsuyama-Okayama)
 * Route 178
 * Route 179
 * Route 180
 * Route 181 (Yonago-Niimi-Okayama)
 * Route 183
 * Route 313
 * Route 373
 * Route 431
 * Route 482

Ports

 * Sakaiminato Port - ferry route to Oki Island, and international container hub

Airports

 * Tottori Airport
 * Yonago Airport

Prefectural symbols
The symbol is derived from the first mora in Japanese for "と" combined with the picture of a flying bird, and symbolizes peace, liberty, and the advancement of the Tottori prefecture. It was enacted in 1968 to celebrate the 100th year from the first year of the Meiji Era.

title: Tottori Prefecture


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Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)

Liberal Judaism (formerly, until 2002: Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues) is one of the two WUPJ-affiliated denominations in the United Kingdom founded by Claude Montefiore. It is smaller and more radical in comparison with the other one, the Movement for Reform Judaism. It is considered ideologically closer to American Reform Judaism than it is to the British Reform movement. As of 2010 it was the fourth largest Jewish religious group in Britain, with 8.7% of synagogue-member households.

Belief and practice
The beliefs of Liberal Judaism are outlined in The Affirmations of Liberal Judaism, authored in 1992 by Rabbi John D Rayner, the most prominent of the movement's later theologians. Like Liberal Judaism founder Claude Montefiore, Rayner shared the ideals of worldwide Reform Judaism, also known as Progressive or Liberal Judaism. Rayner affirmed a personal God; an ongoing (or "progressive") revelation allowing all to form their own views of religiosity; mandating a critical understanding of sacred texts and the evolving nature of Judaism across the ages; the separation between the ethical and ritual aspects of Judaism, with the latter serving as an instrumental capacity of the former and having no intrinsic value; personal autonomy for the individual Jew; a belief in a messianic era of harmony instead of a personal messiah; and the rejection of bodily resurrection of the dead in favour of, at most but not necessarily, the immortality of the soul. The centrality of the Prophets' moral teachings was also stressed. As in the other branches of worldwide Reform, these convictions laid little emphasis on practical observance and regarded the mechanisms of Jewish law as basically non-binding.

British Liberal Judaism was defined by the radical purism of Montefiore, who was exceptional even among his peers worldwide in his desire to universalise and spiritualise Judaism, stripping it bare from whatever he considered overly particularist or ceremonial. Liberal liturgy in the early 20th century was drastically abridged and more than half of it was in English. Bareheaded men and women sat together, and ritual or practical observance were explicitly ignored; nonexistent levels of adherence to traditional forms were the norm in the Orthodox United Synagogue as well, but not publicly. The Election of Israel was reinterpreted in universalist terms, toning down the separateness of Jews and stressing their mission to spread the word of God among the nations. Prayers for the Messiah to restore the sacrificial cult in Jerusalem, mentions of bodily resurrection and angels, and overt Jewish particularism were removed or at least greatly reformed.

The highly sterile character of Liberal services and communal life was replaced in the postwar years, especially since the 1970s, as part of a renewed turn to tradition in the WUPJ. Many congregants sought both more tangible means of religious expression and a link with their heritage. A greater proportion of Hebrew in prayer and ceremonies of little importance but great sentimental value, like the bar mitzvah, were introduced, as well as a greater importance of pronounced Jewish uniqueness. Head coverings, prayer shawls, phylacteries, and the like became more popular. Siddur Lev Chadash, the new 1995 prayer book which replaced the older Service of the Heart from 1967, had far more Hebrew in the liturgy. Old concepts like following a kosher diet, at one point almost totally rejected, were reinstated with a stress on the autonomy of the individual and ethical implications.

The denomination was particularly noted for its incorporation of highly progressive values and great proclivity to change, while the Movement for Reform Judaism appealed to a more conservative audience and had to be more moderate. Already in the 1950s, Liberal Judaism was the first in the WUPJ to accept patrilineal descent, allowing children of a single Jewish father to inherit his Jewish status on the condition that the father had been raised Jewish. Egalitarianism, the use of gender-neutral language in prayer, LGBT participation, ordaining both female and LGBT clergy, and conducting same-sex marriages were also pioneered by British Jews within the movement. Brit Ahava ("Covenant of Love"), a guideline for LGBT Jewish weddings, was published even before same-sex marriage became legal. Liberal rabbis are allowed to perform "blessing" ceremonies for interfaith couples, with the official stance being that the non-Jewish partner is "marrying in" to Judaism rather than the Jewish partner "marrying out". Liberal Judaism was also the first to allow non-Jews to be buried alongside their Jewish spouses in Jewish cemeteries.

Organisational structure
Liberal Judaism is a national union of autonomous communities centered in England, but with a presence in other countries. As of 2010, 7,197 households were registered with the movement or 8.7% of synagogue-member families in Britain. In addition, Mumbai's Rodef Shalom Congregation (now affiliated with the WUPJ) was founded as a member of the Jewish Religious Union, Liberal Judaism's antecedent. In 2015, there were 37 fully affiliated Liberal Judaism congregations; these were all based throughout England with the exceptions of a Scottish one in Edinburgh, an Irish one in Dublin, and a Dutch one in Amsterdam.

Ruth Seager was elected to the denomination's chairperson role in 2020. Rabbi Charley Baginsky and Shelley Shocolinsky-Dwyer were appointed as joint interim directors in 2020; Baginsky became Chief Executive Officer and Shocolinsky-Dwyer Chief Operating Officer in January 2021. The president of the movement is Rabbi Dr Andrew Goldstein, who was elected in July 2013 to succeed Baroness Rabbi Julia Neuberger. The movement is steered and informed by three bodies – the Board of National Officers, the Conference of Liberal Rabbis and Cantors, and the Council. The Board of National Officers handles issues of the movement's governance and strategy; The Rabbinic Conference, composed of all the Rabbis serving Liberal synagogues, meets regularly to discuss and rule on rabbinic matters, determining courses of action or principles of faith. Liberal rabbis receive training and are ordained by Leo Baeck College, which the movement funds together with the Reform Movement (formerly the Movement for Reform Judaism). The Council is made up of representatives from synagogues, allowing them to speak on matters within the organisation that may affect them.

LJY-Netzer is the youth movement of the denomination. A progressive Zionist youth movement, it is a branch of Netzer Olami. Founded in 1947 as FLPJYG (Federation of Liberal and Progressive Jewish Youth Groups), it was renamed in 2004.

History
The denomination began with Claude Montefiore. Intending to become a minister in the West London Synagogue, he attended the Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums in 1881. There he was exposed to the work of the German founders of Reform Judaism, mainly Rabbis Abraham Geiger and Samuel Holdheim. While the religious philosophy he codified had its own original strains, his teachings were wholly reliant on theirs. He borrowed Geiger's notion of progressive revelation, accentuating it until there was very little difference between human reason and divine inspiration, and depicting it as a continuous process through history in which the People Israel grew aware of the great moral truths via God's communing with the Prophets and their own quotidian experience of the divine. Montefiore once remarked that he considered Holdheim his mentor, though he disagreed with many of his statements. He too differentiated sharply between an ethical core and ceremonial cask, regarding ritual as a means to end without much value unto itself, and regarded the Election of Israel in the terms of a universal mission to spread knowledge of God among the nations and prepare the way for a Messianic Era of harmony. His grasp of revelation also granted little importance to the divine origin of sacred texts, and Montefiore fully accepted higher criticism as to him, the human authors were influenced by God anyhow. In all this, noted Steven Bayme, he was little different from the German rabbis who initiated Reform or his contemporary Rabbi Kaufmann Kohler, Chair of Hebrew Union College; Montefiore's unique contribution was his appreciation of mysticism, the first Reform thinker to do so. In contrast, Daniel Langton has argued for the distinctly Anglo-Jewish character of Montefiore's thought, and especially in terms of engagement with what Montefiore regarded as the best of Christian scholarship and thought.

After a year in Berlin, he returned to England. Montefiore was beset by what he saw in Germany: except for the radical Reformgemeinde in Berlin, the Reform movement had stagnated since the 1870s. Communal politics and the need to accommodate conservative elements turned what was known as "Liberal Judaism" in the country into an intricate system of local arrangements, very moderate in nature. In 1882, he delivered the annual Hibbert Lecture, naming his sermon The Origin and Growth of Religion as Illustrated by the Religion of the Ancient Hebrews and presenting his ideals. Bayme added he did not change them considerably afterwards.

West London and the two other nonconformist synagogues that withdrew from the authority of Chief Rabbi Hermann Adler, which would much later be the basis for the Movement for Reform Judaism, were scarcely motivated by deep conviction. Religious life among English Jews was quite conservative, characterised by adherence to largely traditional forms on the official level, and general apathy among the masses. The rise of Unitarianism, offering a universal message to acculturated upper classes of Anglo-Jewry, was accompanied by a wave of conversions, at a time when the Suffragette movement drew attention to the marginal role of women in synagogues. Montefiore and a small circle of friends, including Lily Montagu and Israel Abrahams, were spurred into action. He served as spiritual leader, while Montagu was the main organiser and administrator.

On 16 February 1902, during a meeting attended by 70 people at the home of Ernest Louis and Henrietta Franklin, they founded the Jewish Religious Union. A first prayer was conducted on 18 October. Seating was mixed and women received a growing role. On 4 February 1911, they became institutionalised upon the opening of the Liberal Jewish Synagogue at London, in which Hebrew Union College graduate Rabbi Israel Mattuck officiated. From 500 congregants, they rose to 1,500 by the end of World War I. Two other congregations in London and one in Liverpool were founded until 1928, as well as one offshoot among Mumbai's Bene Israel, headed by sisters Leah and Jerusha Jhirad. The JRU was a founding member of the World Union for Progressive Judaism. It benefited to no significant extent from the great immigration of German Jewish refugees, who found it too radical and flocked to establish nonconformist synagogues of their own, eventually creating the Movement for Reform Judaism. In 1944, the JRU (which added the words "for the Advancement of Liberal Judaism" to its name in 1911) was reorganised as the "Union of Liberal and Progressive Synagogues". It had 11 member congregations in 1949 and continued to grow. In the postwar years, its main leader was Rabbi John D. Rayner.

In 2003, the Liberal movement began to perform same-sex marriage ceremonies; in 2005, they standardised the liturgy and announced that these ceremonies had the same status as heterosexual marriages in the eyes of Liberal rabbinical authorities.

On 17 April 2023, Liberal Judaism and the Movement for Reform Judaism announced their intention to merge as one single unified progressive Jewish movement. The new movement, Progressive Judaism, will represent about 30% of British Jewry who are affiliated to synagogues.

title: Liberal Judaism (United Kingdom)


text:
FOIA

FOIA is an abbreviation for the "Freedom of Information Act," a set of laws designed to promote transparency by offering citizens access to government records, except for a few exceptions (e.g., personal privacy, national security, and law enforcement).

Law

 * Freedom of Information Act 1982, the Australian act
 * Freedom of Information Act of 1967 (United States)
 * Freedom of Information Act 2000, the UK act
 * Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002
 * Freedom of information laws by country

Other

 * Fóia (mountain), the highest mountain of Algarve, Portugal
 * Foia Foia language of Papua New Guinea

title: FOIA


text:
Tokushima Prefecture

Tokushima Prefecture (徳島県) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Tokushima Prefecture has a population of 728,633 (1 October 2019) and has a geographic area of 4,146 km2 (1,601 sq mi). Tokushima Prefecture borders Kagawa Prefecture to the north, Ehime Prefecture to the west, and Kōchi Prefecture to the southwest.

Tokushima is the capital and largest city of Tokushima Prefecture, with other major cities including Anan, Naruto, and Yoshinogawa. Tokushima Prefecture is located on the Kii Channel, connecting the Pacific Ocean and Seto Inland Sea, across from Wakayama Prefecture on the Kii Peninsula of the island of Honshu. Tokushima Prefecture is connected to Awaji Island across the Naruto Strait by the Ōnaruto Bridge as part of the Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway, connecting the prefecture to the city of Kobe and the San'yō Expressway on Honshu.

History
Until the Meiji Restoration, Tokushima Prefecture was known as Awa Province.

Tokushima Prefecture and Myodo Prefecture
In ancient times, Tokushima City belonged to a region known as Myōdō-gun. In the first wave of government consolidation following the abolishment of the fiefdom system and construction of prefectures in 1871, it became known as Myodo Prefecture. At the time, it included the Awa region to the south and the Awaji Island regions as well. In 1873 it further incorporated the region currently occupied by Kagawa Prefecture in its borders.

In the second wave of government consolidation, on September 5, 1875, the Sanuki Region separated to form the modern day Kagawa Prefecture. On August 21, 1876, Awaji Island separated to join Hyōgo Prefecture and the Awa region separated to form Kochi Prefecture.

On March 2, 1880, Myodo Prefecture fully separated from Kochi Prefecture to be inaugurated as Tokushima Prefecture.

Post-war

 * 1945 August   – End of World War II. The Washi no Mon gate to Tokushima Castle is destroyed by fire.
 * 1946 December – The Nankai earthquake occurs, causing vast damage throughout the prefecture.
 * 1947 May      – Naruto City is inaugurated.
 * 1949 May      – Tokushima University is created.
 * 1951 June     – Komatsushima City is inaugurated.
 * 1953 November – The Prefectural Library is completed in Tokushima Park
 * 1957 November – The Nagayasuguchi Dam is completed along the Naka River
 * 1958 January  – A ferry from Komatsushima to Wakayama sinks. All passengers are lost.
 * 1958 May      – Anan City is inaugurated.
 * 1959 April    – Shikoku Hoso begins TV broadcasts.
 * 1960 May      – A tsunami caused by a quake in Chile causes damage in the prefecture's south.
 * 1961 April    – The Short Term Women's College in Tokushima is opened, later reformed into Shikoku University.
 * 1961 July     – The Lesser Naruto Bridge is opened in the Lesser Naruto Straits.
 * 1963 April    – The Tokushima Municipal Culture Center is completed.
 * 1963 July     – A new thermal electric power plant is created in Anan.
 * 1967 January  – Construction of the Tokushima Airport terminal is completed.
 * 1970 August   – Construction of the Koboke Dam on the Yoshino River is terminated.
 * 1972 January  – Use of a railway connecting the towns of Itano and Kamiita is terminated.
 * 1972 July     – Construction of Route 11 over the Yoshino River Ohashi is completed.
 * 1973 April    – A railway is opened connecting the Mugi and Kaifu regions.
 * 1974 October  – Tokushima-born Takeo Miki is elected as Prime Minister of Japan.
 * 1975 March    – Construction of the Ikeda Dam over the Yoshino River is completed.
 * 1976 July     – A ceremony is held to celebrate the beginning of construction for the Onaruto Bridge.
 * 1981 October  – The National University Naruto Kyoiku Daigaku is opened.
 * 1982 August   – Ikeda Highschool takes first place in the 64th National Baseball Championships.
 * 1985 March    – Use of the Komatsushima trainline is stopped.
 * 1985          – The Onaruto Bridge, connecting Tokushima and Hyōgo Prefectures, is completed.
 * 1989 May      – The 40th National Planting Festival is held in the Kamiyama Shirin Park.
 * 1990 January  – Plans for a seaside park in Tokushima City are called off.
 * 1990 November – Construction of the Bunka no Mori park area is completed, and the Tokushima Prefectural Library shifts grounds to here.
 * 1991 June     – Plans for a resort in the Kurozo Marsh in Ikeda-cho are called off.
 * 1992 March    – A railway is opened connecting the Kaifu and Kamoura regions.
 * 1993 August   – Route 55 is extended from Komatsushima City down to Anan City.
 * 1993 September – The 48th National Citizen's Athletics Festival, Shikoku East Summer Festival is held conjunctively with Kagawa Prefecture.
 * 1993 October  – The East Shikoku Autumna Athletics Festival is held.
 * 1993 October  – Construction of Asty Tokushima is completed.
 * 1994 March    – The first highway in the prefecture is completed, running from Aizumi to Wakimachi.
 * 1995 January  – The Kobe earthquake occurs
 * 1998 March    – The Otsuka Museum of Fine Arts is opened.
 * 1998 April    – Tokushima and mainland Japan are connected with the completion of the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge
 * 1999 July     – Construction of the Awa Odori Dance Hall is completed.
 * 2000 January  – A referendum for building a sluice-gate dam over the Yoshino River is rejected by the citizens.
 * 2000 July     – Construction of a second thermal electric power generator is completed within the prefecture.
 * 2000 October  – Construction of the Hosokawauchi Dam over the Naka River is terminated.
 * 2001 August   – The 13th National Agricultural Youth Exchange takes place.
 * 2002 March    – Governor Toshi Endo is arrested under charges of bribery.
 * 2002 October  – The Prefectural Calligraphy Hall is opened.
 * 2003 June     – The Komatsushima factory for Toyobo is shut down.
 * 2004 October  – Yoshinogawa City is inaugurated.
 * 2004 October  – The 28th National Planting Festival is held in Kamiyama's Shirin Park.
 * 2004 December – The soccer team Tokushima Vortis enters J2, making the first ever Shikoku J-league team.
 * 2005 March    – Mima City and the towns of Tsurugi and Naka are inaugurated.
 * 2005 April    – Anan City is inaugurated, and the South District Administration Bureau is created.
 * 2005 April    – The Shikoku Island League is created, and baseball team The Indigo Socks represents Tokushima.
 * 2006 March    – Miyoshi City and Higashi Miyoshi Town are inaugurated.
 * 2006 March    – The towns of Minami and Kaiyo are inaugurated.
 * 2006 April    – The West District Administration Bureau is created.
 * 2006 May      – The Tokushima Red Cross Hospital shifts location.
 * 2007 May      – The sports stadium Aguri Anan Stadium is opened.
 * 2007 October  – Tokushima becomes home for the 22nd National Culture Festival.

Geography

The Sanuki Mountains run along the northern border of the prefecture.

As of April 1, 2012, 9% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely the Setonaikai National Park; Muroto-Anan Kaigan and Tsurugisan Quasi-National Parks; and Chūbu Sankei, Dochū-Kōtsu, Hashikura, Higashi Sankei, Okumiyagawa-Uchidani, and Ōasayama Prefectural Natural Parks.

Cities
Eight cities are located in Tokushima Prefecture:

Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages in each district:

Economy and Industry
Tokushima depends on agriculture, forestry and fisheries. The percentage of agricultural workers and productivity is the second largest in Shikoku next to Kochi. Rice fields occupy the lower region of the Yoshino River and the small, narrow plains along the shore. Much of the remaining land is used for vegetables and flowers. The prefecture is the nation's largest supplier of cauliflower and lotus roots, and the fourth largest producer of carrots. Japanese indigo is only produced here.

Northern Tokushima's growth was accelerated by the completion of the Akashi Channel Bridge, which completes the road connection from Tokushima to Kobe. Industrial development continues around the Tokushima and Naruto districts. In particular, Itano District's Aizumi Town and Kitajima Town have experienced rapid growth, which has led to a proposed merger of the towns of Itano District into Itano City in the future.

In April 2023 a school of tech entrepreneurship - the first of its kind in Japan - was opened in the Tokushima town of Kamiyama. The students, aged from 15 to 20, will be taught engineering, programming and designing, as well as business skills such as marketing. They will also learn how to pitch their business plans to investors in order to raise money.

The man behind it is Chikahiro Terada, the boss of Tokyo-based start-up Sansan, which specialises in the digitalisation of business cards. These still play a huge role in Japan's corporate world.

Agriculture
Tokushima abounds in agricultural resources and is the site of large-scale production of many different types of vegetables. The plains north of the Yoshino River are particularly fertile and the produce here is often shipped to mainland Japan in the areas around Kobe, Osaka and Kyoto. Produce from Tokushima always claims top shares in markets in the Kansai region and particularly prominent are Naruto sweet potatoes, the citrus fruit "sudachi", lotus roots and strawberries.

The lack of goods heading to Tokyo has led to a relatively low national profile for local Tokushima brands. To combat this, the local Tokushima government now sends the "Fresh! Tokushima" moving display about the country with its mobile kitchen set to increase general awareness of the local food available in Tokushima Prefecture.

 * Rice – Anan City
 * Naruto Sweet Potatoes – Naruto City
 * Corn – Ishii-cho, Yoshinogawa City East
 * Sudachi – All across the prefecture, but mainly in Kamiyama-cho
 * Bamboo Shoots – Anan City
 * Spring Onions – Tokushima City
 * Lettuce – Awa City and the north shore of the Yoshino River
 * Lotus roots – Naruto City
 * Carrots – All across the prefecture, but mainly in Aizumi-cho
 * Cranshaw – All across the north shore of the Yoshino River, but mainly in Itano-cho
 * Rakkyo – Naruto City
 * Taranome – All across the West of the prefecture, but mainly in Yamashiro-cho, Miyoshi City
 * Sencha – Yamashiro-cho, Naka-cho, and the former Aioi-cho
 * Strawberries – All through the mountainous regions, but mainly in Sanagouchi-son
 * Grapes – Awa City
 * Egg plant – Naruto City
 * Satsuma mandarins – All across the prefecture, but mainly in Katsuura-cho
 * Yuzu – Naka-cho
 * Yamamomo – Komatushima City
 * Tsumamono – Kamikatsu-cho, Yamashiro-cho, Kamiyama-cho
 * Daikon radish – Naruto City
 * Japanese apricot – Awa-shi, but mainly in Misato-son

Culture

 * Awa Odori Kaikan Hall
 * Ichinomiya Castle
 * Iya Valley
 * Awa Marionette Jōruri
 * Mt. Bizan
 * Naruto whirlpools
 * Oboke Koboke Gorge
 * Otsuka Museum of Art
 * Tokushima Castle
 * Tokushima Handicraft Village
 * Tokushima Prefectural Awa Jurobei Yashiki Puppet Theater and Museum
 * Tokushima University

Sports
Tokushima hosted the official 2007 Asian Basketball Championship.

Further, the sports teams listed below are based in Tokushima.

Football (soccer)
 * Tokushima Vortis

Baseball
 * Tokushima Indigo Socks

Railway

 * JR Shikoku
 * Kotoku Line
 * Dosan Line
 * Tokushima Line
 * Mugi Line
 * Naruto Line
 * Asa Seaside Railway

Road

 * (Miyoshi)
 * (Miyoshi)
 * (Miyoshi)

Expressway

 * JP Expressway E28.svg Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway
 * JP Expressway E11.svg Takamatsu Expressway
 * JP Expressway E32.svg Tokushima Expressway
 * JP Expressway E55.svg Tokushima South Expressway

Long Distance Bus (from Tokushima)

 * Tokyo (Tokyo Station, Shinagawa, Shinjuku)
 * Tokyo Disneyland
 * Yokohama
 * Nagoya
 * Yokkaichi
 * Toyama
 * Kanazawa
 * Fukui
 * Kyoto
 * Kansai International Airport
 * Osaka (Umeda, Namba, Universal Studio Japan)
 * Kobe (Sannomiya, Maiko)
 * Sumoto
 * Takamatsu
 * Matsuyama
 * Kochi
 * Okayama
 * Hiroshima

Airport

 * Tokushima Awa-Dancing Airport

Ferry from Tokushima Port

 * Wakayama
 * Tokyo
 * Kitakyushu

Prefectural symbols
Tokushima's prefectural symbol is a stylized combination of the hiragana for to and ku, the first two characters in the hiragana spelling of the prefecture's name.

Prefectural Governor (as elected by public vote)

 * 1st – Goro Abe (阿部五郎 – April 16, 1947 – April 1, 1951
 * 2nd – Kuniichi Abe (阿部邦一) – May 21, 1951 – March 30, 1955
 * 3rd – Kikutaro Hara (原菊太郎) – April 25, 1955 – September 15, 1965
 * 4th – Yasunobu Takeichi (武市恭信) – October 9, 1965 – October 4, 1981
 * 5th – Shinzo Miki (三木申三) – October 5, 1981 – October 4, 1993
 * 6th – Toshio Endo (圓藤寿穂) – October 5, 1993 – March 15, 2002
 * 7th – Tadashi Oota (大田正) – April 30, 2002 – March 30, 2003
 * 8th – Kamon Iizumi (飯泉嘉門) – May 18, 2003 – May 17, 2023
 * 9th – Masazumi Gotoda (後藤田 正純) – May 18, 2023 – present

Prefectural Assembly

 * All data is current to May 1, 2007.

title: Tokushima Prefecture


text:
Kagawa Prefecture

Kagawa Prefecture (香川県) is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Shikoku. Kagawa Prefecture has a population of 949,358 (as of 2020) and is the smallest prefecture by geographic area at 1877 km2. Kagawa Prefecture borders Ehime Prefecture to the southwest and Tokushima Prefecture to the south.

Takamatsu is the capital and largest city of Kagawa Prefecture, with other major cities including Marugame, Mitoyo, and Kan'onji. Kagawa Prefecture is located on the Seto Inland Sea across from Okayama Prefecture on the island of Honshu, which is connected by the Great Seto Bridge. Kagawa Prefecture includes Shōdoshima, the second-largest island in the Seto Inland Sea, and the prefecture's southern land border with Tokushima Prefecture is formed by the Sanuki Mountains.

History
Kagawa was formerly known as Sanuki Province.

For a brief period between August 1876 and December 1888, Kagawa was made a part of Ehime Prefecture.

Battle of Yashima
Located in Kagawa's capital city, Takamatsu, the mountain of Yashima was the battlefield for one of the best-known struggles between the Heike and Genji clans.

Geography
Kagawa comprises the northeast corner of Shikoku, bordering Ehime Prefecture on the west and Tokushima Prefecture on the south, with a coastline on the Seto Inland Sea facing Okayama Prefecture and the Kansai. The Sanuki Mountains run along the southern border.

Kagawa is currently the smallest prefecture, by area, in Japan. Kagawa is a relatively narrow prefecture located between the mountains of Shikoku and the sea.

As of April 1, 2012, 11% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely Setonaikai National Park and Ōtaki-Ōkawa Prefectural Natural Park.

Cities

Eight cities are located in Kagawa Prefecture:

Towns
Kagawa has eight towns organized into five districts. Many were created after 1999 through mergers, as part of a national effort to reduce the number of small towns and villages.

Economy
Kagawa has a nominal GDP of approximately 3,802 billion yen. Kagawa's major export industries, in order of export value, include transportation equipment, electrical equipment, chemical products, general machinery, mineral fuels, manufactured goods, raw materials, and foodstuff.

Foods

Sanuki udon (a type of udon noodle) is the most famous local food of Kagawa Prefecture. In 2008, there were over 700 udon restaurants in this prefecture alone.

Aside from udon, Kagawa is also famous for "hone-tsuki-dori", seasoned chicken thigh cooked on the bone. Originating from Marugame City, the dish has now become a popular dish in izakaya restaurants across the country.

Olives and olive-related products have also come to be recognized as Kagawa foods. As the first place in Japan to successfully cultivate olives, Kagawa has been producing olive-related products since 1908. As well as winning both domestic and international awards for the quality of its olive oil, Kagawa has also created two offshoot food brands from its olive industry - "olive beef" and "olive yellowtail". Waste organic matter from olive pressing is used as feed for cattle and the Yellowtail Amberjack. Due to the high amount of polyphenols in the olive waste, the flesh of the respective meats does not oxidize or lose color easily.

Other local specialties include wasanbon sugar sweets, sōmen noodles and shōyu soy sauce. Rare sugar researches are thriving and have discovered mass production culture enzymes. D-tagatose 3-epimerase is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible epimerization reaction of the 3rd carbon of ketose.

Demographics
As of October 2020, Kagawa Prefecture had an estimated population of 950,244. This was .54% lower than the population in the 2000 census, being 1,022,890. The area of the prefecture is 1,877 km, and the population density is 506.3/km.

Universities

 * Kagawa University in Takamatsu
 * Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences
 * Shikoku Gakuin University in Zentsuji
 * Takamatsu University
 * Tokushima Bunri University in Sanuki

Sports
The sports teams listed below are based in Kagawa.

Baseball
 * Kagawa Olive Guyners

Basketball
 * Kagawa Five Arrows (Takamatsu)

Football (Soccer) Volleyball
 * Kamatamare Sanuki (Takamatsu)
 * Shikoku Eighty 8 Queen

Ice Hockey
 * Kagawa Ice Fellows (see Japan Ice Hockey Federation)

Tourism

 * Kotohira
 * Kanamaruza Kabuki Theatre
 * Konpira Shrine
 * Manno
 * Manno Lake
 * Sanuki Manno National Park
 * Marugame
 * Marugame Castle
 * Marugame Genichiro-Inokuma Museum of Contemporary Art
 * Sakaide
 * Kagawa Prefectural Higashiyama Kaii Setouchi Art Museum (Kaii Higashiyama`s Art Museum)
 * Mount Iino (Kagawa's Mount Fuji)
 * Kiyama (a castle ruins)
 * Shinto shrine (misasagi) (Emperor Sutoku's Tomb)
 * Fuchu Dam
 * Great Seto Bridge
 * Mitoyo
 * Chichibugahama Beach
 * Takaya Shrine
 * Higashi Kagawa
 * Hiketa Castle - A castle ruin, one of the Continued 100 Fine Castles of Japan in 2017.
 * Naoshima Island
 * Ando Museum
 * Benesse House
 * Chichu Art Museum
 * Lee Ufan Museum
 * Setonaikai National Park
 * Shikoku Pilgrimage – Zentsū-ji, Motoyama-ji, Yashima-ji, etc.
 * Shodoshima
 * Kankakei Gorge
 * Shodoshima Olive Park
 * Nakayama Senmaida
 * Takamatsu
 * Megijima and Ogijima
 * Ritsurin Garden
 * Takamatsu Castle
 * Yashima, the island on which the Battle of Yashima was foughtRitsurin.JPG
 * Teshima Island
 * Shima Kitchen
 * Teshima Art Museum
 * Kan'onji
 * Kotohiki Park
 * Zentsūji
 * Amagiri Castle

Based on its ancient name, Sanuki, Kagawa is famous for its Sanuki udon (wheat noodles). Recent years have seen an interest in Sanuki udon across Japan, and many Japanese now take day-trips to taste the many Sanuki udon restaurants in Kagawa.

Railroad

 * JR Shikoku
 * Seto-Ōhashi Line
 * Yosan Line
 * Dosan Line
 * Kotoku Line
 * Kotoden (Takamatsu Kotohira Electric Railroad)
 * Kotohira Line
 * Shido Line
 * Nagao Line

Departure from Takamatsu

 * Tokyo Station
 * Shinjuku of Tokyo
 * Tokyo Disneyland
 * Hachioji
 * Yokohama
 * Nagoya
 * Kyoto Station
 * Osaka
 * Umeda
 * Nanba
 * Kansai Int'l Airport
 * Kobe
 * Sannomiya
 * Maiko Bus Stop
 * Tokushima
 * Kōchi
 * Matsuyama
 * Yawatahama
 * Hiroshima
 * Fukuoka
 * Kokura Station
 * Hakata Station
 * Tenjin Station

Expressway

 * JP Expressway E30.svg Seto-Chūō Expressway
 * JP Expressway E11.svg Takamatsu Expressway
 * JP Expressway E11.svg Matsuyama Expressway

National Highway

 * (Tokushima-Takamatsu-Marugame-Niihama-Maysuyama)
 * (Takamatsu-Kotohira-Kochi)
 * (Takamatsu-Kotohira-Kochi)

Port

 * Port of Takamatsu – Ferry route to Uno, Tonoshō (Shōdoshima Island), Kobe, Naoshima
 * Port of Marugame
 * Port of Tadotsu
 * Port of Tonoshō – Ferry route to Okayama, Himeji, Kobe and Osaka.

Airport

 * Takamatsu Airport

In popular culture

 * Shōdoshima is the setting of the novel Twenty-Four Eyes by Sakae Tsuboi and its subsequent film adaptations.
 * In Pom Poko, the tanuki Tamasaburo Onigamori travels to Shikoku to ask the Transformation Masters to come to Tokyo to save Tama Hills from destruction, but he marries and settles there for three years.
 * The manga Teasing Master Takagi-san is also set on Shōdoshima, in Tonoshō the native place of the creator, Sōichirō Yamamoto
 * The novel Battle Royale by Koushun Takami was set in the fictional town of Shiroiwa ('Castle Rock') in Kagawa Prefecture. Okishima, the fictional island on which much of the novel takes place is placed in the Seto Inland Sea. The manga also places Shiroiwa in Kagawa, while the film moves Shiroiwa to Kanagawa Prefecture.
 * The city of Takamatsu is the main setting of the book "Kafka on the Shore" by Haruki Murakami.
 * Kan'onji is the setting of the early parts of the manga My Bride Is a Mermaid as well as the anime series Yuki Yuna is a Hero.
 * Poco's Udon World.

title: Kagawa Prefecture


text:
List of world records in chess

The world records in chess listed here are achieved in organized tournament, match, or simultaneous exhibition play.

Longest game
The longest tournament chess game (in terms of moves) ever to be played was Nikolić–Arsović, Belgrade 1989, which lasted for 269 moves and took 20 hours and 15 minutes to complete a drawn game. At the time this game was played, FIDE had modified the fifty-move rule to allow 100 moves to be played without a piece being captured in a rook and bishop versus rook endgame, the situation in Nikolić versus Arsović. FIDE has since rescinded that modification to the rule.

The longest decisive tournament game is Fressinet–Kosteniuk, Villandry 2007, which Kosteniuk won in 237 moves. The last 116 moves were a rook and bishop versus rook ending, as in Nikolić – Arsović. Fressinet could have claimed a draw under the fifty-move rule, but did not do so since neither player was keeping count, it being a rapid chess game.

The longest game played in a world championship is the 6th game of the 2021 World Chess Championship between Magnus Carlsen and Ian Nepomniachtchi, which Carlsen won in 136 moves by resignation. The game lasted for 8 hours, 15 minutes and 40 seconds.

Shortest decisive game
The fewest moves required to deliver checkmate in chess is two, in what is known as the fool's mate (1.g4 e5 2.f3 Qh4 and variants thereof). This has been known to occur in amateur play.

In a tournament game at odds of, White delivered checkmate on move 2: W. Cooke–"R____g", Cape Town Chess Club handicap tournament 1908 (remove Black's f-pawn) 1.e4 g5?? 2.Qh5#. The same game had previously been played in Leeky–Mason, Dublin 1867.

If one counts forfeited games as a loss in zero moves, then there have been many such forfeits, with some notable examples being Game 2 of the 1972 world championship match between Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer, which Fischer defaulted, and Game 5 of the 2006 world championship match between Vladimir Kramnik and Veselin Topalov, which Kramnik defaulted.

Under FIDE rules instituted around 2008, a player who is late for the beginning of a round loses the game, as does a player who has a forbidden electronic device (by default any device). The former rule was used at the 2009 Chinese Championship to forfeit Hou Yifan for arriving five seconds late for the beginning of a round. The latter rule was used to forfeit Aleksander Delchev against Stuart Conquest after the move 1.d4 in the 2009 European Team Championship.

The German grandmaster Robert Hübner also lost a game without playing any moves. In a World Student Team Championship game played in Graz in 1972, Hübner played one move and offered a draw to Kenneth Rogoff, who accepted. However, the arbiters insisted that some moves be played, so the players played the following ridiculous game: 1.c4 Nf6 2.Nf3 g6 3.Ng1 Bg7 4.Qa4 0-0 5.Qxd7 Qxd7 6.g4 Qxd2+ 7.Kxd2 Nxg4 8.b4 a5 9.a4 Bxa1 10.Bb2 Nc6 11.Bh8 Bg7 12.h4 axb4 (draw agreed). The arbiters ruled that both players must apologize and play an actual game at 7 p.m. Rogoff appeared and apologized; Hübner did neither. Hübner's clock was started, and after an hour Rogoff was declared the winner. Wang Chen and Lu Shanglei both lost a game in which they had played no moves. They agreed to a draw without play at the 2009 Zhejiang Lishui Xingqiu Cup International Open Chess Tournament held in Lishui, Zhejiang Province, China. The chief arbiter declared both players to have lost the game.

More rarely, a player might decide to protest by resigning a game rather than forfeiting. A game between Fischer and Oscar Panno, played at the Palma de Mallorca Interzonal 1970, went: 1.c4 Black resigns. Panno refused to play to protest the organizers' rescheduling of the game to accommodate Fischer's desire not to play on his religion's Sabbath. Panno was not present when the game was to begin. Fischer waited ten minutes before making his move and went to get Panno to convince him to play. Fifty-two minutes had elapsed on Panno's clock before he came to the board and resigned. (At the time, an absence of sixty minutes resulted in a forfeit.)

The shortest decisive tournament game between masters that was decided because of the position on the board (i.e. not because of a forfeit or protest) is Z. Đorđević–M. Kovačević, Bela Crkva 1984. It lasted only three moves (1.d4 Nf6 2.Bg5 c6 3.e3 Qa5+ winning the bishop), and White resigned. This was repeated in Vassallo–Gamundi, Salamanca 1998. (In a number of other games, White has played on after 3...Qa5+, occasionally drawing or even winning in this line.)

The shortest game ever lost by a grandmaster because of the position on the board was by future world champion Viswanathan Anand, who resigned on move 6 against Alonso Zapata in 1988 (1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.Nc3 Bf5?? 6.Qe2 winning a piece, since 6...Qe7 is answered by 7.Nd5 Qe6 8.Nxc7+).

Shortest draw
A game may be drawn by mutual agreement in any number of moves. Traditionally, it has been common for players to agree to a "grandmaster draw" after playing about 10–15 moves of known opening theory and making no serious effort to win. This is usually done to preserve energy in a tournament, after a devastating loss in the previous round of the tournament, or in the final round when no prize money is at stake. There has been some debate over the ethics of the practice, and recently there has been a trend away from such games, with many tournaments adopting measures to discourage short draws. If the tournament officials (unlike those at Graz and Lishui) do not object, a game may even be agreed drawn without a single move being played. Tony Miles and Stewart Reuben did the same thing in the last round of the Luton 1975 tournament, "with the blessing of the controller", in order to assure themselves of first and second places respectively.

Shortest stalemate
The shortest known stalemate, composed by Sam Loyd, involves the sequence 1.e3 a5 2.Qh5 Ra6 3.Qxa5 h5 4.Qxc7 Rah6 5.h4 f6 6.Qxd7+ Kf7 7.Qxb7 Qd3 8.Qxb8 Qh7 9.Qxc8 Kg6 10.Qe6 (diagram). The shortest stalemate with all of the pieces on the board, composed by Charles H Wheeler, occurs after 1.d4 d6 2.Qd2 e5 3.a4 e4 4.Qf4 f5 5.h3 Be7 6.Qh2 Be6 7.Ra3 c5 8.Rg3 Qa5+ 9.Nd2 Bh4 10.f3 Bb3 11.d5 e3 12.c4 f4 (minor variations are possible). The shortest known route to a position where both players are stalemated, discovered by Enzo Minerva and published in the Italian newspaper l'Unità on August 14, 2007, is 1.c4 d5 2.Qb3 Bh3 3.gxh3 f5 4.Qxb7 Kf7 5.Qxa7 Kg6 6.f3 c5 7.Qxe7 Rxa2 8.Kf2 Rxb2 9.Qxg7+ Kh5 10.Qxg8 Rxb1 11.Rxb1 Kh4 12.Qxh8 h5 13.Qh6 Bxh6 14.Rxb8 Be3+ 15.dxe3 Qxb8 16.Kg2 Qf4 17.exf4 d4 18.Be3 dxe3.

Fewest moves played in a tournament
In the Premier I group at the 2003 Capablanca Memorial tournament, Péter Székely took just 130 moves (an average of 10 moves per game) to draw all 13 of his games.

Latest first capture
In Rogoff–Williams, World Junior Chess Championship, Stockholm 1969, the first capture (94.bxc5) occurred on White's 94th move. Filipowicz–Smederevac, Polanica Zdroj 1966, was drawn in 70 moves under the fifty-move rule, without any piece or pawn having been captured.

Latest first capture in a decisive game
In the decisive game Yates–Znosko-Borovsky, Tunbridge Wells 1927, the first capture occurred on Black's 40th move.

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 Na5 9.Bc2 c5 10.d4 Qc7 11.h3 0-0 12.Nbd2 Bd7 13.Nf1 Nc6 14.d5 Nd8 15.g4 Ne8 16.Ng3 g6 17.Kh2 Ng7 18.Rg1 f6 19.Be3 Nf7 20.Rg2 Kh8 21.Qd2 Qc8 22.Rh1 Rg8 23.Rhg1 a5 24.Kh1 b4 25.c4 a4 26.Bd3 Qa6 27.Qe2 Raf8 28.Nd2 Qc8 29.f3 Ne8 30.Ndf1 Kg7 31.Bc1 h6 32.Ne3 Kh7 33.Rh2 Nh8 34.h4 Rf7 35.Nd1 Bf8 36.Nf2 Bg7 37.f4 Bf8 38.Qf3 Qd8 39.Nh3 Qe7 40.g5 (diagram) Bxh3 41.f5 hxg5 42.hxg5 Rgg7 43.Rxh3+ Kg8 44.fxg6 Rxg6 45.Nf5 Qd7 46.Rg2 fxg5 47.Rgh2 Bg7 48.Rxh8+ Bxh8 49.Qh5 Rff6 50.Qxh8+ Kf7 51.Rh7+ Ng7 52.Rxg7+ Rxg7 53.Qxg7+

Latest castling
The latest castling occurred on Black's 48th move in Neshewat-Garrison, Michigan 1994 and Somogyi-Black, New York 2002.

Theoretical novelties
The book ''1000 TN!! The Best Theoretical Novelties'' contains the games with the ten highest-ranked (TNs) that appeared in each of Volumes 11 through 110 of Chess Informant. The earliest such novelty occurred on White's fourth move in Karpov–Miles, Bugojno 1978, namely 1.c4 b6 2.d4 e6 3.d5 Qh4 4.Nc3 The latest occurred on Black's 34th move (34...Kd5!) in Shulman–Marin, Reykjavík Open 2009. The only game to receive a perfect rating from Chess Informant's panel of judges was Miles–Belyavsky, Tilburg 1986, which featured the novelty 18.f4 It received 90 points, 10 out of a possible 10 from each of the 9 judges.

Most grandmasters
Following the breakup of the Soviet Union, Russia holds the record for greatest number of grandmasters. In the November 2018 rating list, 229 of the 1645 grandmasters were from Russia.

Greatest concentration of resident grandmasters
In 2005, Reykjavík, Iceland, with eight grandmasters (Jón L. Árnason, Jóhann Hjartarson, Margeir Pétursson, Friðrik Ólafsson, Thröstur Thórhallsson, Helgi Grétarsson, Hannes Stefánsson, and Bobby Fischer) had a higher percentage of resident grandmasters per capita than any other city worldwide; the city of 114,000 had, therefore, one grandmaster per 14,000 residents.

Most rated players
As of November 2018, Germany has the highest number of active FIDE-rated players with 11,813. Russia, by comparison, has 11,313.

Strongest team
The USSR team that participated in the 13th Olympiad (Munich 1958) had been claimed as the strongest team ever. It was composed of four world champions (Mikhail Botvinnik, Vasily Smyslov, Mikhail Tal and Tigran Petrosian), one world championship challenger (David Bronstein) and Paul Keres, four times runner-up in the Candidates Tournament.

Perfect tournament scores
In top-class chess it is rare for a player to complete a tournament or match with a 100 percent score. Some notable examples are:
 * Gustav Neumann at Berlin in 1865 (34/34)
 * William Pollock at Belfast 1886 (8/8)
 * Emanuel Lasker at New York in 1893 (13/13)
 * Henry Atkins at Amsterdam 1899 (15/15)
 * José Raúl Capablanca at New York in 1913 (13/13, including one default)
 * Dawid Janowski at Paris in 1914 (9/9)
 * Alexander Alekhine at Moscow in 1919–20 (11/11)
 * Boris Kostić at Hastings 1921–22 (7/7)
 * Bobby Fischer at the US Championship of 1963/64 (11/11)
 * Alexander Beliavsky at Alicante in 1978 (13/13)
 * Sandro Mareco at Montevideo in 2017 (9/9)

William Lombardy is the only player ever to achieve a perfect score in the World Junior Chess Championship, open to players under the age of 20 as of January 1 in the year of competition. He scored 11–0 at Toronto 1957.

Vera Menchik won four consecutive Women's World Chess Championship tournaments with perfect scores, a total of 45 games (8–0 at Prague 1931, 14–0 at Folkestone 1933, 9–0 at Warsaw 1935, and 14–0 at Stockholm 1937). She only played 43 of the 45 games, since Harum, the Austrian contestant, was unable to reach Folkestone and thus forfeited all of her games in that double round robin event.

Alekhine scored 9–0 on for France at the 3rd Chess Olympiad (Hamburg, 1930), and Dragoljub Čirić scored 8–0 as second reserve (the sixth player on his team) for Yugoslavia at the 17th Olympiad (Havana, 1966), but each played only about half of the possible games. Robert Gwaze scored 9–0 on first board for Zimbabwe at the 35th Olympiad (Bled, 2002).

Valentina Gunina won the Women's section of the 2010 Moscow Blitz tournament with a 17/17 score.

Wesley So scored 9/9 in the 2011 Inter-Provincial Chess Team Championship, with a performance rating of 3037, won the gold medal in men's blitz at the SEA Games 2011 at Indonesia with a score of 9/9 and a rating performance of 3183, and won the 2013 Calgary International Blitz Championship with a score of 9/9.

The youngest player to obtain a perfect score in a National Blitz Chess Championship anywhere in the world is Jack Mizzi, who in September 2023 won 9/9 games at the Malta Open Blitz Championship, with a performance rating of 2602, when he was 17 years 4 months old.

Most tournament victories
As of December 2011, John Curdo had won 865 tournaments. When he died in 2022, he was credited with winning 1,009 tournaments.

Most wins in a national championship
As of 2017, Carlos Juárez has won the Guatemalan Chess Championship 27 times.

Most decisive Interzonal victory
The highest percentage score at an Interzonal was 82.5% (16½ points out of 20 games), scored by Alexander Kotov at the 1952 Stockholm Interzonal. The largest margin of victory was achieved by Bobby Fischer, who won the Palma de Mallorca Interzonal in 1970 with 18½ points out of 23 games, 3½ points ahead of second-place finishers Bent Larsen, Efim Geller and Robert Hübner.

Most games won
Gustav Neumann won 34 of his games, also a perfect score, at the aforementioned Berlin 1865 tournament.

Most games lost
Nicholas MacLeod holds the record for the most games lost in a single tournament: he lost 31 games at the Sixth American Chess Congress at New York 1889, while winning six and drawing one. MacLeod was only 19, and the tournament, a 20-player double-round robin, was one of the longest tournaments in chess history. The most games lost by a player who lost all of his games in a tournament was by Colonel Moreau. At Monte Carlo 1903, Moreau lost all 26 of his games.

Lost all games on time
At the Büsum 1969 tournament, Friedrich Sämisch lost all 15 games by exceeding the time control. He lost all 13 of his games at the Linköping 1969 tournament the same way.

Most world champions in a tournament
Nottingham 1936 included five past, current, and future world champions: reigning champion Max Euwe; Alexander Alekhine, who had lost the title to Euwe the prior year, and would regain it the following year; former champions Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca; and Mikhail Botvinnik, who would win the championship in 1948. This record was equaled by Moscow 1971 and the 1973 Soviet Chess Championship, each of which included former champions Vasily Smyslov, Mikhail Tal, and Tigran Petrosian; Boris Spassky, who was champion from 1969 to 1972; and future champion Anatoly Karpov.

Largest tie for first
Thirteen players tied for first with 5–1 scores at the National Open held on March 17–19, 2000 in Las Vegas: grandmasters Jaan Ehlvest, Alexander Goldin, Alexander Baburin, Pavel Blatny, Eduard Gufeld, Yuri Shulman, Alex Yermolinsky, Gregory Kaidanov, Dmitry Gurevich, Alexander Stripunsky, and Gregory Serper, and International Masters Rade Milovanovic and Levon Altounian.

Highest performance rating in a classical tournament
The highest known tournament performance rating is 3103, achieved by Karen H. Grigoryan, when he scored a perfect 9/9 at the 2019 Cidade de Famalicão tournament.

The highest known performance rating at the top level is 3098 by Fabiano Caruana at the 2014 Sinquefield Cup.

Longest consideration for a move
Before the introduction of chess clocks, it was common for players to take more than an hour to decide on a move. Among the players who had a reputation for playing particularly slowly (taking over 2 hours for a move) are Alexander McDonnell and Elijah Williams, however, it was not normal practice to time a player's moves so claims about the slowness of a player in an untimed game must be considered unverified.

In Vigo, Spain in 1980, the Brazilian International Master Francisco Trois spent 2 hours and 20 minutes over his 7th move, deciding which of two viable moves to make. After blitzing out another 21 moves in serious time trouble, he resigned. His opponent, Luis Santos asked him after the game, "How can you think for over two hours when there are only two possible moves? I don't understand." Trois replied, "Neither do I."

Perfect scores
Perfect scores were achieved in matches by:
 * Howard Staunton over Daniel Harrwitz in 1846 (7/7)
 * Wilhelm Steinitz over Joseph Henry Blackburne in 1876 (7/7)
 * Capablanca over Kostić in 1919 (5/5)
 * Fischer over Mark Taimanov in 1971 (6/6) (quarter-final Candidates Match)
 * Fischer over Bent Larsen in 1971 (6/6) (semi-final Candidates Match)

Highest percentage of draws in matches
At the World Chess Championship 2018 between Magnus Carlsen and Fabiano Caruana, all 12 classical games ended in draws (100%). Only in the tiebreaks, there were three decisive rapid games.

Consecutive wins against masters
Bobby Fischer won 20 consecutive games, all in competitions at late stages of the world championship cycle. (Some commentators give this as 19, discounting Fischer's game against Oscar Panno, who resigned after Fischer's first move as a protest.) Fischer won his last seven games at the 1970 Palma de Mallorca Interzonal (including the one-move game against Panno), then swept Mark Taimanov 6–0 in the quarterfinals followed by Bent Larsen by the same score in the semifinals. In the Candidates Match final, Fischer beat former World Champion Tigran Petrosian in the first game before Petrosian snapped the streak by winning the second match game.

Wilhelm Steinitz won his last 16 games at Vienna 1873, including a two-game playoff against Joseph Henry Blackburne at the end. He played no serious chess until an 1876 match against Blackburne that Steinitz swept 7–0. After a long period of inactivity, Steinitz played at Vienna 1882, where he won his first two games before finally ending his winning streak with a draw. Steinitz's 25-game winning streak over nine years has never been equaled.

Longest unbeaten streak
The longest confirmed unbeaten streak at an elite level belongs to Magnus Carlsen, who achieved an unbeaten streak of 125 games in the classical time format. His streak started after a loss on July 31, 2018, in the Biel tournament against Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, and ended on October 10, 2020, when he lost to Jan-Krzysztof Duda in a game at the Altibox Norway Chess Tournament. The streak consists of 42 wins and 83 draws. It includes three wins in the Norwegian Chess League against opponents rated more than 500 Elo points lower, which Carlsen prefers not to count. Carlsen's streak broke the previous record of 100 games by Ding Liren, who went unbeaten from August 2017 to November 2018. Ding in turn had taken the record from Mikhail Tal, who managed 95 games unbeaten in 1973–74.

Bogdan Lalić's unbeaten streak of 155 games (against less elite players than those Carlsen faced) is confirmed to have taken place between 2010 and 2011, according to the FIDE ratings website.

In correspondence chess, Denny Marbourg achieved an unbeaten streak of 169 games, according to the ICCF U.S.A. website.

Rating records
FIDE (chess's international governing body) adopted Elo ratings in 1970. Players who peaked before this year therefore do not feature in rating records.

Highest rating
The highest rating ever achieved is 2882, by Magnus Carlsen on the May 2014 list and once again on the August 2019 list.

 * {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:100%;"

!Player !Rating !Year-month first achieved
 * +Progression of highest rating record
 * Bobby Fischer
 * align=center | 2760
 * 1971–01
 * Bobby Fischer
 * align=center | 2785
 * 1972–01
 * Garry Kasparov
 * align=center | 2800
 * 1990–01
 * Garry Kasparov
 * align=center | 2805
 * 1993–01
 * Garry Kasparov
 * align=center | 2815
 * 1993–07
 * Garry Kasparov
 * align=center | 2820
 * 1997–07
 * Garry Kasparov
 * align=center | 2825
 * 1998–01
 * Garry Kasparov
 * align=center | 2851
 * 1999–07
 * Magnus Carlsen
 * align=center | 2861
 * 2013–01
 * Magnus Carlsen
 * align=center | 2872
 * 2013–02
 * Magnus Carlsen
 * align=center | 2881
 * 2014–03
 * Magnus Carlsen
 * align=center | 2882
 * 2014–05
 * }
 * Magnus Carlsen
 * align=center | 2872
 * 2013–02
 * Magnus Carlsen
 * align=center | 2881
 * 2014–03
 * Magnus Carlsen
 * align=center | 2882
 * 2014–05
 * }
 * 2014–05
 * }

Carlsen also holds the highest unofficial "live rating" of 2889.2, achieved on April 21, 2014.

Largest rating lead
On the July 1972 FIDE rating list, Bobby Fischer's rating of 2785 was 125 points ahead of the second-highest rated player, then-reigning World Champion Boris Spassky (2660). Kasparov's biggest lead at his peak was 82 points in January 2000. In both the January and July 1990 rating lists, Kasparov was rated 2800 while Karpov was the only player rated 2700+, with third place being at 2680 although the identity of the third-place player changed. Magnus Carlsen's biggest lead was 74 points in October 2013.

Jeff Sonas of Chessmetrics calculates that in April 1876 Wilhelm Steinitz was the top-ranked player in the world, with a rating record 199 points above that of Henry Bird, the second-ranked player.

Longest duration as number one
Garry Kasparov was the world's highest-rated player on FIDE's rating list for a record 255 months, a number that is well ahead of all other world number ones since the inception of the list. Before the list, Emanuel Lasker was the world's highest-rated player for 292 months between June 1890 and December 1926 according to Chessmetrics.

Youngest world champion

 * Youngest undisputed world champion: Garry Kasparov; 22 years, 6 months and 27 days, title won 1985
 * Youngest disputed FIDE world champion: Ruslan Ponomariov; 18 years, 3 months and 13 days, title won 2002
 * Youngest Women's World Chess Champion: Hou Yifan; 16 years, 9 months and 27 days, title won 2010

Youngest grandmaster
The youngest player to be awarded the grandmaster title by FIDE is Abhimanyu Mishra. In 2021, he qualified for the title at the age of 12 years, 4 months, and 25 days. See List of youngest grandmasters for the history of this record.

Oldest grandmaster
Several players have been awarded honorary or retrospective grandmaster titles based on their past achievements. The oldest of these was Enrico Paoli, who was awarded the title in 1996 at the age of 88.

Apart from retrospective awards, a number of players have achieved the title by winning the World Senior Championship. The oldest player to gain the title in this way was Yuri Shabanov, who won the 2003 event and was awarded the title at the age of 66.

Oldest combined age of players in a match
In 2014, GM Viktor Korchnoi (b. 1931) played a two-game match against GM Wolfgang Uhlmann (b. 1935). Korchnoi won both games. The combined age of the two players was 162 years, which is almost certainly a record for a standard time control match between Grandmasters. At a rapid time control, Korchnoi played a four-game match against GM Mark Taimanov (b. 1926) in November 2015. Korchnoi won the match 2–1 with one draw. The combined ages of the players was 174. This was the first time since 1980 that Korchnoi had played in an official or friendly match with an opponent older than himself.

Youngest player to defeat a grandmaster
On February 18, 2024, Ashwath Kaushik, aged 8 years, 6 months, and 11 days, beat Grandmaster Jacek Stopa at the 22nd Burgdorfer Stadthaus Open in Switzerland.

Oldest player to defeat a grandmaster
In the aforementioned rapid match in November 2015 between Mark Taimanov and Viktor Korchnoi, Taimanov was approximately 89 years and 9 months old when he won one of the match games against Korchnoi. The oldest known player to beat a grandmaster in a tournament game at standard time controls is Anthony Saidy. In Round 3 of the National Open Chess Championship in Las Vegas, played sometime between June 17 and 19, 2019, Saidy, aged 82 years and 1 month, beat grandmaster Vladimir Belous (age 25).

Best and worst results in simultaneous exhibitions
In 1922, José Raúl Capablanca, the recently crowned World Champion, played 103 opponents simultaneously in Cleveland. He completed the exhibition in seven hours, scoring 102 wins and one draw (99.5%), the best result ever in a simultaneous exhibition on over 75 boards.

The best result in a simultaneous exhibition solely against grandmasters is former World Champion Garry Kasparov's performance against an Israeli team consisting of Boris Alterman, Alexander Huzman, Ilya Smirin, and Emil Sutovsky at Tel Aviv in 1998. Adding to the difficulty Kasparov played Black in half the games; usually in exhibitions the exhibitor plays White on all boards. A second round was played 2 days later with colors reversed. Kasparov scored 7–1 against an all 2600+ rated team and considers it one of the peak performances of his career.

Paul Morphy also gave an impressive exhibition. On April 26, 1859, at London's St. James Chess Club, Morphy played "five games simultaneously against a group of masters who could be described as among the top ten players of the day", scoring 3–2. He defeated Jules Arnous de Rivière and Henry Bird, drew with Samuel Boden and Johann Löwenthal, and lost only to Thomas Wilson Barnes.

The worst result in a simultaneous exhibition given by a master occurred in 1951, when International Master Robert Wade gave a simultaneous exhibition against 30 Russian schoolboys, aged 14 and under. After 7 hours of play, Wade had lost 20 games and drawn the remaining 10.

The absolute worst result in a simultaneous exhibition was two wins and 18 losses (10%) by Joe Hayden, aged 17, in August 1977. Hayden wanted to set an American record by playing 180 people simultaneously at a shopping center in Cardiff, New Jersey, but only 20 showed up to play. Hayden lost 18 of the games (including one to a seven-year-old). His two wins were scored against his mother and a player who got tired of waiting and left mid-game, thus forfeiting the game.

Most games in blindfold exhibitions
The record for the most games played in a blindfold simultaneous exhibition is 48, set by Timur Gareyev in December 2016, when he played 48 opponents over 20 hours, scoring 35 wins, 7 draws and 6 losses.

Most players taking part in a multi-simul
20,500 players played simultaneously on December 24, 2010, in Ahmadabad, India. Then-World Champion Viswanathan Anand was a guest of honor for this event and participated in the simul.

Most simultaneous games
On February 8–9, 2011, Iranian grandmaster Ehsan Ghaem-Maghami played for 25 hours against 604 players, winning 580 (97.35%) of the games, drawing 16, and losing 8.

Longest-running chess column
Leonard Barden's daily chess column for the London Evening Standard began in June 1956, and was published daily in the printed newspaper until July 30, 2010, a total run of 54 years and 1 month. It then continued online until January 31, 2020, for a total of 63 years, 7 months and 27 days without missing a day.

title: List of world records in chess


text:
Shimane Prefecture

Shimane Prefecture (島根県) is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Shimane Prefecture is the second-least populous prefecture of Japan at 665,205 (February 1, 2021) and has a geographic area of 6,708.26 km2. Shimane Prefecture borders Yamaguchi Prefecture to the southwest, Hiroshima Prefecture to the south, and Tottori Prefecture to the east.

Matsue is the capital and largest city of Shimane Prefecture, with other major cities including Izumo, Hamada, and Masuda. Shimane Prefecture contains the majority of the Lake Shinji-Nakaumi metropolitan area centered on Matsue, and with a population of approximately 600,000 is Japan's third-largest metropolitan area on the Sea of Japan coast after Niigata and Greater Kanazawa. Shimane Prefecture is bounded by the Sea of Japan coastline on the north, where two-thirds of the population live, and the Chūgoku Mountains on the south. Shimane Prefecture governs the Oki Islands in the Sea of Japan which juridically includes the disputed Liancourt Rocks (竹島, Takeshima). Shimane Prefecture is home to Izumo-taisha, one of the oldest Shinto shrines in Japan, and the Tokugawa-era Matsue Castle.

Early history
The history of Shimane starts with Japanese mythology. The Shinto god Ōkuninushi was believed to live in Izumo, an old province in Shimane. Izumo Shrine, which is in the city of Izumo, honors the god. At that time, the current Shimane prefecture was divided into three parts: Iwami, Izumo, and Oki. That lasted until the abolition of the han system took place in 1871. During the Nara period, Kakinomoto no Hitomaro wrote a poem on Shimane's nature when he was sent as the Royal governor.

Later on in the Kamakura period (1185–1333), the Kamakura shogunate forced emperors Go-Toba and Godaigo into exile in Oki. Emperor Go-Daigo later escaped from Oki and began rallying supporters against the shogunate, which proved successful.

Middle Ages
During the Muromachi period (1336–1573), Izumo and Oki were controlled by the Kyōgoku clan. However, after the Ōnin War, the Amago clan expanded power based in Gassantoda Castle and the Masuda clan dominated Iwami Province. The Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was located between Amago territory and Masuda territory, and there were many battles between the clans for the silver. In 1566 Mōri Motonari conquered Izumo, Iwami, and Oki. In 1600, after over 30 years of Mori control, Horio Yoshiharu entered Izumo and Oki as the result of Battle of Sekigahara, which Mori lost. Following the change, Horio Yoshiharu decided to move to build Matsue Castle instead of Gassan-Toda, and soon after Yoshiharu's death the castle was completed. In 1638, the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu Matsudaira Naomasa became the ruler because the Horio clan had no heir, and his family ruled until the abolition of the han system.

The Iwami area was split into three regions: the mining district, under the direct control of the Shogunate, the Hamada clan region, and the Tsuwano clan region. The Iwami Ginzan, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site, produced silver and was one of the nation's largest silver mines by the early 17th century. The Hamada clan was on the shogunate's side in the Meiji Restoration, and the castle was burned down. The Tsuwano clan, despite then being ruled by the Matsudaira, was on the emperor's side in the restoration.

Modern Age
In 1871, the abolition of the han system placed the old Shimane and Hamada Provinces in the current area of Shimane Prefecture. Later that year, Oki became part of Tottori. In 1876, Hamada Prefecture was merged into Shimane Prefecture. Also, Tottori Prefecture was added in the same year. However, five years later, in 1881, the current portion of Tottori Prefecture was separated and the current border was formed.

Geography
Shimane Prefecture is situated on the Sea of Japan side of the Chūgoku region. Because of its mountainous landscape, rice farming is done mostly in the Izumo plain where the city of Izumo is located. Another major landform is the Shimane peninsula. The peninsula is located across the Sea of Japan from Izumo to Sakaiminato, which is located in Tottori prefecture. Also, the peninsula created two brackish lakes, Lake Shinji and Nakaumi. The island of Daikon is located in Nakaumi. Off the main island of Honshū, the island of Oki belongs to Shimane prefecture as well. The island itself is in the Daisen-Oki National Park. Shimane also claims the use of Liancourt Rocks, over which they are in dispute with South Korea.

As of 1 April 2012, 6% of the total land area of the prefecture was designated as Natural Parks, namely Daisen-Oki National Park; Hiba-Dōgo-Taishaku and Nishi-Chūgoku Sanchi Quasi-National Parks; and eleven Prefectural Natural Parks.

Most major cities are located either on the seaside, or along a river.

Cities
Eight cities are located in Shimane Prefecture, the largest in population being Matsue, the capital, and the smallest being Gōtsu. The cities Masuda, Unnan, Yasugi, and Gōtsu had a slight population increase due to the mergers in the early 2000s.

Towns and villages
These are the towns and villages of each district. The number of towns and villages greatly decreased during the mergers. However, they hold about one-third of the prefecture's population.

Climate
Shimane prefecture has a sub-tropical climate. Winter is cloudy with a little snow, and summer is humid. The average annual temperature is 14.6 C. It rains almost every day in the rainy season, from June to mid-July. The highest average monthly temperature occurs in August with 26.3 C. The average annual precipitation is 1799 mm, higher than Tokyo's 1467 mm and Obihiro with 920. mm.

Airports
Three airports serve Shimane. The Izumo Airport located in Izumo is the largest airport in the prefecture in terms of passengers and has regular flights to Haneda Airport, Osaka Airport, Fukuoka Airport, and Oki Airport. The Iwami Airport has two flights each day to Haneda and Osaka and 2 arrivals. Oki Airport has scheduled flights to Osaka and Izumo Airports.

 * Izumo Airport
 * Iwami Airport
 * Oki Airport

Rail
JR West and Ichibata Electric Railway serves the prefecture in terms of rail transportation. The Sanin Main Line goes through the prefecture on the Sea of Japan side into major cities such as Matsue and Izumo. Izumoshi and Matsue stations are the major stops in the prefecture. The Kisuki line, which forks from Shinji Station on the Sanin Line, connects with the Geibi Line in Hiroshima Prefecture, cutting into the Chūgoku Mountains. Ichibata Electric Railway serve the Shimane peninsula from Dentetsu-Izumoshi Station and Izumo Taisha-mae Station to Matsue Shinjiko-Onsen Station.

JR West has three Limited Express trains to Shimane, which are Super Matsukaze, Super Oki, and Yakumo. Additionally, the overnight limited express Sunrise Izumo operates daily between Tokyo and Izumoshi.

 * West Japan Railway Company
 * Sanin Main Line
 * Sankō Line
 * Kisuki Line
 * Yamaguchi Line
 * Ichibata Electric Railway
 * Kita-Matsue Line
 * Taisha Line

General Roads

 * Japan National Route 9
 * Izumo Bypass
 * Gōtsu Road
 * Japan National Route 54
 * Japan National Route 180
 * Japan National Route 184
 * Japan National Route 186
 * Japan National Route 187
 * Japan National Route 191
 * Japan National Route 261
 * Japan National Route 314
 * Japan National Route 375
 * Japan National Route 431
 * Japan National Route 432
 * Japan National Route 485
 * Japan National Route 488

Highways
The four expressways in the prefecture connect major cities with other prefectures. The Matsue expressway connects Matsue with Unnan and Yonago in Tottori prefecture. Hamada Expressway forks from the Chūgoku Expressway at Kita-Hiroshima and stretches to Hamada.

 * Sanin Expressway
 * Matsue Expressway
 * Hamada Expressway
 * Chūgoku Expressway

Ferry/High Speed Boats

 * Oki Kisen

Economy
In Shimane, the largest employer is the retail industry, employing over 60,000 workers. The supermarket, Mishimaya, and the hardware store, Juntendo, are examples of companies based in Shimane. The manufacturing industry has the second highest number of employees with 49,000 workers.

Manufacturing

 * Izumo Murata Manufacturing
 * Shimane Fujitsu
 * Mitsubishi Agricultural Machinery

Financial

 * The Shimane Bank
 * The San-in Godo Bank

Others

 * Network Applied Communication Laboratory
 * Mishimaya
 * Juntendo
 * Ichibata Electric Railway

Major factories

 * Hitachi Metals

Demographics
One-third of the prefecture's population is concentrated in the Izumo-Matsue area. Otherwise, over two-thirds of the population is on the coastline. A reason for the population distribution is that the Chūgoku Mountains make the land inland harder to inhabit. The capital, Matsue, has the smallest population of all 47 prefectural capitals. Shimane has also the largest percentage of elderly people. The province had an estimated 743 centenarians per million inhabitants in September 2010, the highest ratio in Japan, overtaking Okinawa Prefecture (667 centenarians per million).

Population by age
Total Population in age groups 2007 Estimated Population Unit: Thousands Population in age groups by gender 2007 Estimated population Unit: Thousands

 * Source: Graph 10/Prefectures Age（In Age groups）, Gender divided population－Total Population (Ministry of Internal Affairs Statistics Bureau)

Cultural Assets

 * World Cultural Heritage
 * The Historic Remains of Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine and its Cultural Background (Ōda City)

 * National Treasures
 * Izumo-taisha Main Shrine (Izumo City)
 * Kamosu Shrine Main Shrine (Matsue City)
 * Toiletry case with autumn field and deer design (Izumo-taisha)
 * Armour Laced with white thread (Hinomisaki Shrine)
 * Bronze bells from the Kamo-Iwakura site Unearthed bronze bell-shaped vessel (Unnan City)
 * Kojindani Ruins Unearthed ruins (Izumo City)

 * Important Traditional Building Preservation Area
 * Ōmori (Ōda City)
 * Yunotsu (Ōda City)

Languages (Dialects)

 * Unpaku dialect (Izumo dialect, Oki dialect, etc.)
 * Iwami dialect

Universities in Shimane Prefecture

 * Shimane University, Matsue and Izumo (National university)
 * The University of Shimane, Hamada (Prefectural university)

Tourism

 * Shimane Vogel Park
 * Matsue Castle
 * Adachi Museum of Art
 * Aquas Aquarium
 * Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine
 * Izumo-taisha
 * Izumo Province
 * Shimane Art Museum
 * Iwami Art Museum
 * Shimane Winery
 * Mt. Sanbe
 * Tamatsukuri Onsen

Prefectural symbols
The prefectural flower is the mountain peony. On the island of Daikonjima, they have been grown from at least the 18th century.

title: Shimane Prefecture