text:
Talk:Zimbabwe

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 28 August 2018 and 22 December 2018. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Sandmanether, AlanSi91.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:29, 18 January 2022 (UTC)

"Unrecognised state"
There is no such thing. A state exists, or it doesn't exist. This one did. It is irrelevant whether (for example) a corrupt talking shop such as the UN happened to dislike it. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.2.228.197 (talk) 22:35, 10 November 2013 (UTC)

 * You are not correct; when a group of people proclaim a new state to exist in a geographic area, the recognition of their attempt by other states, and by the people in the geographic area, are key to whether it will come into existence and remain in existence. The American Colonies declared independence, then fought a war and won, then the confederate "states" declared their independence and fought a war and lost. Israel declared a state and fought a series of wars. Eritrea proclaimed a state... I could go on. Your claim that those states existed or did not exist at each point in time is not a reflection of reality, there are grey areas and there are birthing pains. Long after the fact you can look back and say "well it happened on this day", but you might be celebrating as statehood what other people call a beer hall putsch. 68.173.49.156 (talk) 18:49, 12 December 2014 (UTC)
 * That's right. A state is not a state until at least one other country recognises it and sends ambassadors. Valetude (talk) 10:47, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

Summarisation/deletion
Not entirely comfortable with this approach: I'm far from convinced that this pruning is the right approach, but would rather discuss than revert. Babakathy (talk) 14:27, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
 * 1) What's the guideline - is this article too long?
 * 2) We are losing and awful lot of material here. If removal is appropriate then the material removed should be put into the relevant articles History of Zimbabwe etc., rather than just deleting.
 * 3) Some material is removed as unsourced. This is wrong - it should be tagged so editors can run around and find the sources and only removed if no-one finds a source after the tag is in place for a reasonable period of time.
 * The article is longish. See WP:SIZERULE; the current prose size is 61kb, anything over 60 kB falls under "probably should be divided". The pre-cuts version was 71 kB.
 * There is already a lot of unsourced material at History of Zimbabwe, especially about the recent history, which was all I summarised (the pre-1980 years were untouched), so adding more would not improve either article.
 * WP:V says it pretty clearly - any unsourced material may be removed. If you look at History of Zimbabwe, there are 'citation needed' tags going back to 2007, and keeping a country-level article in those conditions for so long is inappropriate in my opinion.
 * Having said that, if you feel I have removed something that was important to the article, I'm willing to find sources for it and add it back, if you tell me what it is.--eh bien mon prince (talk) 14:36, 12 July 2013 (UTC)

 * Further reply on your talk page, since this seems a broader issue. Babakathy (talk) 06:16, 15 July 2013 (UTC)

The map in the sidebar showing Zimbabwe's location in Africa versus its location in the African Union has got to be one of the stupidest Wikipedifications that I've seen in a looong time. Did some turkey go off and do this to every African country? ... off to investigate, shaking head sadly. 68.173.49.156 (talk) 18:55, 12 December 2014 (UTC)
 * What's stupid about it? --Katangais (talk) 20:59, 12 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Just tell where it is in Africa. The separate fact that there is an African Union which is most of Africa except Morocco withdrew from it and Central African Republic has been suspended is entirely unrelated to every other African country. It's pedantic and distracting. 68.173.49.156 (talk) 03:36, 15 December 2014 (UTC)

Zimbabwean Bond Coins.
The Zimbabwean Bond Coins are now in circulation, therefore, this should be listed in the currency information - (202.89.141.109 (talk) 02:26, 15 January 2015 (UTC))

Bond coins saved the challenge of change as rand coins where in short supply Zimbudzi (talk) 18:09, 29 May 2016 (UTC)

The Life Expectancy Figure for Zimbabwe is outdated
Under the demographics section on the Zimbabwe article, it says

"According to the United Nations World Health Organisation, the life expectancy for men was 37 years and the life expectancy for women was 34 years of age, the lowest in the world in 2006."

I am not disputing that this was true in 2006, but now it is 2015 and many new life expectancy estimates have been made, but the 2006 figure still remains. On the List of countries by life expectancy article, there are 4 different life expectancy estimates from the years 2009-2012; the figures on this page are updated but life expectancy figure on the main page on Zimbabwe remains the same. All of the four estimates have a higher life expectancy and some are a considerable increase from 2006; is this not enough to at least update the life expectancy figure?

In 2012 the WHO's life expectancy estimate for Zimbabweans from birth was 56 years for males and 60 years for females.

In 2012 the World Bank had a life expectancy estimate of 58 years (it didn't specify whether it was male or female so it can be assumed to be an average for males and females).

I don't know who will, but someone does need to update the life expectancy figure on the Zimbabwe page as it is outdated.

Thanks

Jesus is King of Kings (talk) 14:42, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

 * Welcome to Wikipedia. Go for it. --Hroðulf (or Hrothulf) (Talk) 14:04, 19 January 2015 (UTC)

Where is Canaan Banana?
Isn't it strange that Canaan Banana (the first president of Zimbabwe, 1980-1987) is not mentioned anywhere in this article? Does anyone know what's up with this? Michellecornelison (talk) 03:51, 1 March 2015 (UTC)
 * Well spotted - and now fixed. Thanks. Selector99 (talk) 06:39, 8 August 2015 (UTC)
 * Thank you! I don't know much on this subject...I just noticed it while reading, so I wasn't totally confident about writing that in. -Michellecornelison (talk) 06:34, 14 August 2015 (UTC)

White population
I have tagged the infobox claim that 5% of the population of Zimbabwe is white as it is not consistent with information elsewhere on Wikipedia, see especially Whites in Zimbabwe. Viewfinder (talk) 10:54, 21 August 2016 (UTC)
 * This is wrong. That was the proportion in the 1960s and '70s but not now. Now off the top of my head it's much less than 1%. —  Cliftonian   (talk)  11:02, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Corrected, sources internal and CIA Factbook. Viewfinder (talk) 11:47, 21 August 2016 (UTC)

November 2017 coup
According to news reports, elements of the Zimbabwean army have put Robert Mugabe under house arrest. It's unclear at this point whether Mugabe will be forced to resign as president. Keeping in mind WP:NOTNEWS, at what point should something be said about this in the article? Strawberry4Ever (talk) 14:22, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Unless someone can supply a citation showing that Mugabe has been removed, I think it's premature to change the infobox to say that the position of President is "vacant". I don't want to edit war this, but I'm looking for a consensus. Strawberry4Ever (talk) 21:34, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree it's too soon for the infobox. Sources such as The Guardian suggest it will happen by the end of the week, but nothing suggests Mugabe has actually resigned yet. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 21:40, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

Changes have already been made at Robert Mugabe & List of Presidents of Zimbabwe, that Mugabe is no longer Prez. GoodDay (talk) 22:25, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I think those changes are premature and aren't properly sourced. Strawberry4Ever (talk) 22:30, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
 * The debate at Robert Mugabe is largely academic; I plan to ignore it as I assume he will resign de jure before any consensus could be found as to whether he is already out of power de facto. The page List of Presidents of Zimbabwe is just wrong; I will likely remove the claims that Emmerson Mnangagwa is President unless a citation is added in the next half hour or so. power~enwiki ( π,  ν ) 22:35, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I found a source which indicates Emmerson Mnangagwa is now the interim President of Zimbabwe

The Hash Smoking Stoner (talk) 23:11, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

I've started a thread at Reliable_sources/Noticeboard on this source. power~enwiki ( π, ν ) 23:12, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
 * A Reuters story says that Mugabe is refusing to resign. I think that for now we should just say that Mugabe is under house arrest. Strawberry4Ever (talk) 18:20, 16 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 11 external links on Zimbabwe. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110719182003/http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/currency/ to http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/zimbabwe/currency/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081205015007/http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm to http://www.eisa.org.za/WEP/zim1990election.htm
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20121212043124/http://www.kubatana.net/docs/demgg/fh_changing_perceptions_political%20_110304.pdf to http://www.kubatana.net/docs/demgg/fh_changing_perceptions_political%20_110304.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110511085706/http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0526_myanmar_boycott_frankel.aspx to http://www.brookings.edu/opinions/2010/0526_myanmar_boycott_frankel.aspx
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131227155122/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/PROVINCIAL_COUNCILS_AND_ADMINISTRATION_ACT_29_11.pdf to http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/PROVINCIAL_COUNCILS_AND_ADMINISTRATION_ACT_29_11.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20131227145728/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/RURAL_DISTRICT_COUNCILS_ACT_29_13.pdf to http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/RURAL_DISTRICT_COUNCILS_ACT_29_13.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150904033010/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/TRADITIONAL_LEADERS_ACT_29_17.pdf to http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/116/TRADITIONAL_LEADERS_ACT_29_17.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080101093932/http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/12598 to http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/12598
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110511103601/http://ir.imarainvestor.com/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?ResLibraryID=43595&GoTopage=1&Category=1211&BzID=1648 to http://ir.imarainvestor.com/profiles/investor/ResLibraryView.asp?ResLibraryID=43595&GoTopage=1&Category=1211&BzID=1648
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003255/http://www.sokwanele.com/articles/sokwanele/zimrefugeessufferinsouthafricaandzimbabwe_20July2007.html to http://www.sokwanele.com/articles/sokwanele/zimrefugeessufferinsouthafricaandzimbabwe_20July2007.html
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130208110629/http://www.freetv4africa.co.uk/2012/05/africa-punching-above-its-weight-in.html to http://www.freetv4africa.co.uk/2012/05/africa-punching-above-its-weight-in.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:34, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

Remove '(disputed)' mentions
It is clear that nobody disputes Mugabe's role as President of Zimbabwe. This is especially clear now as generals of the army stood by his side when he made the speech yesterday about refusing to resign, as well as Zanu-PF's decision to open constitutional proceedings of impeachment. Cipika (talk) 22:47, 20 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree, especially since there is a footnote explaining the situation. I'll edit the infobox accordingly. Strawberry4Ever (talk) 22:53, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

1980 Independence how?
I must be missing something, but in the history section the 1964-1979/80 ends with a vote to revert back to colonial status and the next section begins with a President in 1980.

How did independence come about? The vote for return to colonial status seems to come after some positive steps toward independence & thus makes no sense.Ileanadu (talk) 18:34, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

 * I looked at the article on The history of Zimbabwe and am still in the dark. The Colonial era section ends with a declaration of independence "as of 1970" by Southen Rhodesia -with no British and no international recognition - and the next section begins with Independence day on April 18, 1980. Ileanadu (talk) 18:45, 21 November 2017 (UTC)
 * The white minority government of Southern Rhodesia, a British colony, declared independence in 1965 and renamed the country Rhodesia, which adopted a new constitution making it a republic in 1970 (until then Elizabeth II was still its queen, at least in theory). However, no other country recognized Rhodesian independence. An internal settlement in 1979 resulted in Rhodesia being renamed Zimbabwe Rhodesia, with a mixed government including both black and white ministers, but this was also not recognized internationally. Under the Lancaster House agreement Britain granted independence to the new nation of Zimbabwe in 1980, provided that it first acknowledge British authority under its original name of Southern Rhodesia. I'll look at the section and see whether it needs to be clarified. Strawberry4Ever (talk) 20:02, 21 November 2017 (UTC)
 * I've made some changes to the article which I hope will make this clearer. Strawberry4Ever (talk) 20:57, 21 November 2017 (UTC)

 * The original state of Rhodesia under UDI was illegal under international law, therefore it was necessary to return it to British rule temporarily in order for the country to be awarded lawful independence as Zimbabwe.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.148.8.216 (talk) 16:09, 9 April 2019 (UTC)

Emmerson Mnangagwa
The probably-about-to-be-president's article could do with more eyes on it.

In particular, people keep adding to his infobox that he is "President (designate)", with no source. The WP:3RR means I can't keep removing this (which is why it's there right now), but I see it's been consistently removed from here, so I wonder if some of the same editors could keep an eye on that article too? TSP (talk) 13:35, 22 November 2017 (UTC)

Presidency Vacant?
According to this article, it says that the presidency is vacant, however many of the other articles relating to the topic of the Zimbabwean presidency mark Phelekezela Mphoko as the current President (albeit in an acting capacity). Therefore should the role of President not say Phelekezela Mphoko (Acting)? GippoHippo (talk) 12:06, 23 November 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 28 November 2017
ErwinTheMaestro (talk) 10:59, 28 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format. –Ammarpad (talk) 11:36, 28 November 2017 (UTC)

Unspecified link
Why Quora link is at top and redirecting to slate? Please edit if required. Manupriy Ahluwalia (talk) 07:56, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of Portal:Zimbabwe for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether Portal:Zimbabwe is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The page will be discussed at Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Portal:Zimbabwe until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the page during the discussion, including to improve the page to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the deletion notice from the top of the page. North America1000 07:44, 11 June 2019 (UTC)

Racial Discrimination
In any articles relating to Zimbabwe, removal of colour associated wording needs to be removed in line with United Nations convention on Human Rights. People are not colours, they are human beings. Identity is by ethnicity rather than a range of colours. Green beings come from Mars but yellow, white, brown, black are not identifiers of the human species. There is one human race and in that enlightened perspective, use of ethnic European identifies heritage but white does not. There are many African Frenchmen as there are many Caribbean British people. Oddly, there are "black and white" texts on racial segregation and perpetuating the continued epidermal discrimination is not what is enshrined in international law on human rights nor should it appear in encyclopaedic articles as a form of historical bias.

As for my personal statement of ethnicity, I am human. I don't care what melanin content is in your skin as that does not feature in textual conversation, ever. #EndApartheid Ashattock (talk) 23:41, 12 January 2020 (UTC)

Percentages
Under ethnic groups, it says
 * 99.38% Black African
 * 60.39% are Shona; Ndebele are largest minority with 39.10%

Are the two latter the portion of the total population, or just of the black? If it's the latter, it would imply that either Shona or Ndebele isn't a subset of Black African.__Gamren (talk) 17:36, 16 August 2020 (UTC)

Is my currency edit in the infobox fine?
The RTGS dollar is no longer in use, according to Wikipedia itself. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 190.140.145.216 (talk) 16:40, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

economics
what is the bond dollar?--142.163.195.80 (talk) 02:47, 6 January 2021 (UTC)

Lead section
https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&diff=prev&oldid=1008102469

I recently attempted to shorten the lead section of this article as I find that it is too excessively detailed and suffers from significant unbalanced WP:Recentism, particularly the details of the coup which replaced Robert Mugabe with Emmerson Mnangagwa. I find that details such as "On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed", "Nelson Chamisa who was leading the main opposition party MDC Alliance contested the election results and filed a petition to the Constitution Court of Zimbabwe" and "The court confirmed Mnangagwa's victory, making him the newly elected president after Mugabe" are not significant enough to be in the lead section under MOS:LEAD. It should just say that Mugabe resigned following a coup d'etat in 2017 and that Mnangagwa has since served as Zimbabwe's president.DeathTrain (talk) 16:37, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

DeathTrain - Agreed that what you edited in your revision should be reinstated and that the current text be moved into the History section. Further, that section needs some attention since the title of the final sub-section doesn't accurately reflect the contents. I can't do so at this moment, but will attempt to do some cleanup in that sub-section when I can. Frankaustx (talk) 17:55, 21 February 2021 (UTC)

 * Even with those changes, the lead is still too focused on History. Please do merge the text with the History section, as suggested by Frankaustx, rather than deleting it though. CMD (talk) 01:41, 22 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Done. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zimbabwe&type=revision&diff=1008578022&oldid=1008470442DeathTrain (talk) 01:06, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

Economic Decline
The statement that "The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s" is not true. From the "Economy" section: "After the formation of the Unity Government and the adoption of several currencies instead of the Zimbabwe dollar in 2009, the Zimbabwean economy rebounded. GDP grew by 8–9% a year between 2009 and 2012. In November 2010, the IMF described the Zimbabwean economy as "completing its second year of buoyant economic growth". By 2014, Zimbabwe had recovered to levels seen in the 1990s but between 2012 and 2016 growth faltered."
 * Reaching levels similar to the 1990s and then faltering again seems an overall decline. That said, is there a better wording that could suffice rather than cutting what is already paltry economic coverage in the lead? CMD (talk) 13:19, 30 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I think fact that there have been at least periods of significant growth makes that statement untrue, but I've updated to a more accurate statement like you suggested. पदाति (talk) 07:11, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

Racism in the intro
Someone has done some racist editing on this page, needs immediate attention 121.200.5.191 (talk) 04:08, 2 April 2022 (UTC)

Name?
What is Zimbabwe? It’s clearly Rhodesia 174.197.69.9 (talk) 10:50, 14 July 2022 (UTC)
 * "Clearly" out of date there. No?--Vsmith (talk) 11:36, 14 July 2022 (UTC)

Documentary award addition
The following is not a good source for this information nor is the mini overview  about the documentary  appropriate for this summary article about a country. WP:Summary.

Moxy - 00:24, 10 August 2022 (UTC) Some germane points... 1. Nielsson is not even anywhere near the average filmmaker; she is top notch. 2. President won an award from the jury. 3. If the only or one of the only source materials is a movie then we (the site) would use it; same for books. 4. You are not right about sources or types of them. 5. You're not reading the information presented accurately. 6. This is a key part of the story or facts about the situation. 7. The election is not only of general interest but it also should have the POV expressed by the two docs (documentaries). There are more reasons too.Extraordinary2 (talk) 01:13, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

 * The info is basically there.added "claiming voter fraud" ... mentioning this documentary it's creator it's awards and it's banning is not relevant to the country's history over all. WP:ONUS Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 01:38, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * No. Setting aside that you didn't use basically in the right way, there was no information until that edit. If you are going to argue in this fashion you would be able to extrapolate from there and find other articles. You can't. Wikipedia doesn't "mention" a work, book, film, etc. and not say the name of the creator. The award is in the reference and just as you would say the Wizard of Oz is from 1939 you also mention its two Oscars. Extraordinary2 (talk) 02:12, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * Your best bet to promote the film would be to make President (2021 film). Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 02:20, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * I want to hear what other people have to say. Again, you miss the point. This is about the facts and things happening. I don't promote films. I believe you are totally wrong.Extraordinary2 (talk) 03:25, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * another page.and another.Sure lets ask the other reverter Moxy -Maple Leaf (Pantone).svg 04:23, 10 August 2022 (UTC)
 * These appear to be edits aimed at promoting the film in question, hence being reverted. Number   5  7  08:38, 10 August 2022 (UTC)

Both of you are manifestly wrong. We don't seem to be able to find other people who can back up what I am saying. Why the pair of you can't seem to understand that how something is covered has nothing to do with promotions is a mystery.Extraordinary2 (talk) 07:45, 11 August 2022 (UTC)

‘Great prosperity during the early Mugabe reign’ line
This sentence is a bit misleading and gives Mugabe more credit than he deserves in my opinion. What do others think? El dude brother2 (talk) 18:29, 27 October 2022 (UTC)

 * I agree. It was prosperous during the Rhodesian era. I believe it should say that instead. 88.109.64.12 (talk) 19:00, 20 November 2022 (UTC)

"Zimbabzwe" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Zimbabzwe and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 November 29 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. -  C HAMPION  (talk) (contributions) (logs) 01:24, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 07:37, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * National Anthem of Zimbabwe.ogg

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:30, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Zimbabwe Product Exports (2019).svg

Capital City
Zimbabwe as of now has two capitals because the parliament is being seated in Mount Hampden at New Zimbabwe Parliament Building while the judiciary and executive is in Harare both at Sam.Nujoma Street, so I think we should update the information surrounding the Capitals Mindthem (talk) 12:14, 28 September 2023 (UTC)
 * The claim needs sourcing. The Mount Hampden article is very poor, with an uncited claim of being the capital, with the only source stating "Zim Cyber City is being built in Mount Hampden on the outskirts of the capital, Harare". The New Zimbabwe Parliament Building article still describes Harare as the capital, and sources there also seem to describe Harare as the capital. Greenman (talk) 13:07, 28 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay noted let me work on referencing. Thanks Mindthem (talk) 22:13, 28 September 2023 (UTC)

Shona Pronunciation
Please add the IPA for the pronunciation of Zimbabwe in the Shona language. Thank you. 1.126.111.140 (talk) 15:39, 16 January 2024 (UTC)

 * That's a good idea. I've added it. Coldspur (talk) 06:07, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

Judiciary?
There's virtually no information about Zimbabwe's judicial system. I see that there is (or at one time was) a Constitution Court, and there's a passing reference to a "supreme court" -- are these the same? How are judges chosen? Does Zimbabwe, like Nigeria (another former British colony), retain some elements of English common law in its legal system? Someone knowledgeable about Zimbabwe could improve the article by adding material along these lines. 108.35.161.251 (talk) 14:43, 11 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Zimbabwe


text:
Braehead

Braehead (Braeheid, Gaelic: Ceann a' Bhruthaich) is a commercial development located at the former site of Braehead Power Station in Renfrew on the south bank of the River Clyde in Renfrew, Renfrewshire. It is particularly notable for its large shopping centre, arena and leisure facilities.

The area is known for its shopping centre of the same name, which was rebranded as Intu Braehead in 2013 and kept that name until 2020. The rebranding was done as part of a corporate rebranding exercise by Capital Shopping Centres plc, which itself was renamed as bigIntu Properties PLC.

King's Inch
Until at least the 18th century, the site was an island in the River Clyde known as King's Inch (a name that is still reflected in the  road that divides the site).

The initial castle at Renfrew was constructed on King's Inch in the 12th century by Walter Fitz-Alan, High Steward of Scotland.however It was deserted in the 13th century and substituted by a stone castle in what currently stands as the centre of Renfrew. By the latter portion of the 15th century, Sir John Ross was obtained the lands of Inch along with the remains of this castle, where he erected a three-storey castle known as the Inch Castle.

In 1769, the King's Inch was purchased by Glasgow tobacco merchant Alexander Speirs, who demolished Inch Castle in order to build a country mansion, Elderslie House. Completed in 1782 (demolished in 1924), Elderslie House was designed by Robert Adam.

Braehead power station
The power station was built after World War II, originally coal-fired but later converted to oil to reduce emissions. It was located on the north side of King's Inch Road, and remained operational into the 1980s, undergoing demolition in the 1990s.

The Braehead explosion
On 4 January 1977, a serious fire and explosion occurred at a warehouse in the Braehead Container Clearance Depot, adjacent to the Power Station. The fire was started accidentally by three boys who had lit a fire to warm themselves at a den that they had made, during the New Year holiday, from cardboard cartons stacked beside the warehouse. The fire detonated 70 tonnes of sodium chlorate weedkiller stored in the warehouse, producing a blast estimated by HM Inspectorate of Explosives as being equivalent to up to 820 kg of TNT.

About 200 stores and homes in Renfrew and Clydebank had their windows shattered by the explosion, which was heard throughout the entire Greater Glasgow region and sent flying debris as far as 2.8 kilometres away. The explosion is estimated to have cost £6 million in damage. In large part due to the National Bank Holiday in observance of Hogmanay celebrations, there were no deaths. Twelve people required treatment for shock and minor injuries.

Renfrew Riverside redevelopment
Braehead forms part of the Renfrew Riverside redevelopment area, a part of the wider Clyde Waterfront Regeneration project. The Braehead area includes:
 * an indoor shopping centre;
 * ice skating / curling facilities;
 * Krispy Kreme doughnuts;
 * The Braehead Arena - along with extensive covered and open-air car parking);
 * A Xsite (formerly Xscape and Soar) adventure complex;
 * A small business park.

Braehead shopping centre
The shopping centre opened in September 1999 and comprises 98,474 m2 of retail and leisure floorspace. The centre has 110 shops in the main covered mall, and a further 10 in a retail park of larger stores. Braehead is also home to Renfrew's IKEA store, which opened in September 2001 and sits near the King George V Dock. At 29,000 m2, it is the largest IKEA store in Scotland and at the time of opening was the largest in the United Kingdom. Since opening, the centre has proved popular with consumers, and it has even been blamed for a downturn in the fortunes of shops in nearby Paisley, Govan and Renfrew.

Sited within the same building as the shopping centre is the Braehead Arena and other facilities including an ice rink. In 2000, its curling facilities hosted the World Championships, and in 2005 they were used as training facilities when the Women's World Championships were being held in Paisley.

On 7 October 2011, a father was stopped by security and questioned by police under anti-terror legislation after photographing his daughter at an ice-cream stall. This resulted in a social media backlash and statements from both Braehead's management and Strathclyde Police.

As of January 2013, a planning application was submitted to Renfrewshire Council for 'permission in principle' to build a new mixed-use development at the centre.

In 2018, Braehead was named the top Scottish shopping centre in a GlobalData report.

Following Intu Properties plc entering administration in June 2020, a subsidiary of the company called Intu SGS received funding to take full control of the centre along with Lakeside, Victoria Centre and Intu Watford. The transfer from Intu to Intu SGS is expected to take place by the end of 2020, and will involve Global Mutual becoming asset manager of the centres and Savills serving as property manager.

In 2020, it was reported that Braehead Shopping Centre was trialling the use of full-body security scanners at the entrance.

Clydebuilt, Braehead
From September 1999 to October 2010, the Scottish Maritime Museum operated Clydebuilt at Braehead, a museum which explored the history of the Clyde shipbuilding industry and the industrial development of Glasgow and the River Clyde.

The museum had been built by and was subsidised by the owners of the shopping centre, but after they withdrew support the museum became financially unviable and Scottish Maritime Museum were forced to close it and transfer its exhibits to their other sites at Irvine and Dumbarton.

The building is now occupied by Krispy Kreme.

Xsite Braehead
Xsite Braehead (formerly known as Intu Braehead Soar and Xscape Braehead) (55.8792°N, -4.3713°W) began construction in November 2004 and was opened in March 2006 with its main use to teach people how to ski or snowboard. The building has a conventional shape, with the ski slope accommodated by a sloped cuboid structure projecting out the roof. The complex features a variety of entertainment activities, including an indoor ski slope, rock climbing, an Odeon, bowling, RoboCoaster, mini golf and laser tag, as well as a variety of shops, restaurants, and bars.

The Snow Factor indoor snow slope featured a 168 m (551 ft) main slope with an additional 2,500 m2 dedicated beginners' area for ski and snowboard lessons. On the main slope, two Poma button lifts gave a drag tow to the top and could be exited either at the halfway point on the slope or at the top. Rope tows were used on the beginners slope.

In December 2011, SNO! Zone Braehead was acquired by the Ice Factor Group and renamed Snow Factor. Snow Factor closed permanently in 2023 due to rising costs and the age of the facility.

In March 2006, weeks before the complex was scheduled to open, the roof of screen seven of the Odeon fell in and required extensive re-building. The mini-golf (which is housed below the cinema) opened in July 2006. The cinema opened on 19 October 2007, 18 months later than planned. "Stardust" was the first film shown. The cinema is fitted with Real D (also known as Disney Digital 3D technology) in screen 7, and is also capable of showing IMAX films. The cinema held the Scottish Pink Carpet Premiere of Universal Pictures film "Wild Child" on 30 July 2008. Both stars of the film, Emma Roberts and Alex Pettyfer, attended.

In March 2018, an 18 metre (59 ft) high slide, known as The Big Slide, opened to the general public. It is the tallest indoor slide in the UK.

Further development
To the west of Braehead and adjacent to the town of Renfrew is the Renfrew Riverside area. Between the residential area and the shopping centre an Xscape complex (now named Xsite), providing an indoor ski slope and other entertainments and leisure facilities opened in early 2006.

To the south of the shopping centre is a small development called Braehead Business Park.

Transport
Braehead can be reached from Junctions 25a (westbound) and 26 (eastbound) of the M8 motorway, and has extensive public transport connections including its own bus station. Buses run from many areas linking Braehead to Largs, Greenock, Paisley, Glasgow, Erskine and Johnstone. The Pride of the Clyde ferry service ran from Glasgow City Centre to Braehead's pier down the River Clyde regularly until October 2007.

A road bridge between Renfrew and Yoker on the north bank of the Clyde was constructed in 2024, providing easier access to Braehead for residents in that sector of the city.

Boundary dispute
After opening in 1999, Braehead was the subject of a boundary dispute between the Glasgow and Renfrewshire council areas, as originally the council boundary line divided the shopping centre in two. In 2002, a Local Government Boundary Commission ruling eventually redrew the boundary to include all of the centre in Renfrewshire, as this was the original ancient boundary. The boundary runs along Kings Inch Drive and is marked by a chain linked fence at this point.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Braehead


text:
Saskatoon

Saskatoon is the largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan. It straddles a bend in the South Saskatchewan River in the central region of the province. It is located along the Trans-Canada Yellowhead Highway, and has served as the cultural and economic hub of central Saskatchewan since its founding in 1882 as a Temperance colony.

With a 2021 census population of 266,141, Saskatoon is the largest city in the province, and the 17th largest Census Metropolitan Area in Canada, with a 2021 census population of 317,480.

Saskatoon is home to the University of Saskatchewan, the Meewasin Valley Authority—which protects the South Saskatchewan River and provides for the city's popular riverbank park spaces—and Wanuskewin Heritage Park, a National Historic Site of Canada and UNESCO World Heritage applicant representing 6,000 years of First Nations history. The Rural Municipality of Corman Park No. 344, the most populous rural municipality in Saskatchewan, surrounds the city and contains many of the developments associated with it, including Wanuskewin. Saskatoon is named after the saskatoon berry, which is native to the region and is itself derived from the Cree misâskwatômina. The city has a significant Indigenous population and several urban Reserves. The city has nine river crossings and is nicknamed "Paris of the Prairies" and "Bridge City".

Historic neighbourhoods of Saskatoon include Nutana and Riversdale, which were separate towns before amalgamating with the town of Saskatoon and incorporating as a city in 1906. Nutana, Riversdale, their historic main streets of Broadway Avenue and 20th Street, as well as the downtown core and other central neighbourhoods are seeing significant reinvestment and redevelopment. Sutherland was a rail town beyond the University of Saskatchewan lands, annexed by the city in 1956.

Etymology
The name Saskatoon (in sâskwatôn ᓵᐢᑿᑑᐣ, "Saskatoon" or the locatives: misâskwatôminihk ᒥᓵᐢᑿᑑᒥᓂᕽ, lit: "at the saskatoon berry", misâskwatôminiskâhk ᒥᓵᐢᑿᑑᒥᓂᐢᑳᕽ, "at the place of many saskatoon berries", mînisihk ᒦᓂᓯᕽ "at the berry") comes from the Cree inanimate noun misâskwatômina ᒥᓵᐢᑿᑑᒥᓇ "saskatoon berries", which refers to the sweet, violet-coloured serviceberry that grows in the area. However, the exact origin of the naming of the settlement is unclear. Founder John Lake apparently told multiple stories, including the most famous, where in August, 1883 he was handed a handful of berries, told their name, and exclaimed, "Arise Saskatoon Queen of the North!" It is considered most likely that the name in fact derived from one already in use: manemesaskwatan, or "the place where willows are cut," referring to the Cree practice of cutting saskatoon berry willows for arrow shafts.

History
In 1882, the Toronto-based Temperance Colonization Society was granted 21 sections of land straddling the South Saskatchewan River, between what is now Warman and Dundurn. The aim of the group was to escape the liquor trade in Toronto and set up a "dry" community in the Prairie region. The following year settlers, led by John Neilson Lake, arrived on the site of what is now Saskatoon and established the first permanent settlement. The settlers travelled by railway from Ontario to Moose Jaw and then completed the final leg via horse-drawn cart, as the railway had yet to be completed to Saskatoon. In 1885 the North-West Rebellion affected the tiny community in a variety of ways. Chief Whitecap and Charles Trottier passed through the present day University campus on their way to join Louis Riel's armed forces at Batoche, Saskatchewan. Following the fighting at the Battle of Fish Creek, and the Battle of Batoche, wounded Canadian soldiers convalesced at the Marr Residence which is today a historic site. A few died in care and were buried in the Pioneer Cemetery near the Exhibition Grounds.

A town charter for the west side of the river was obtained in 1903, and this settlement adopted the name Saskatoon; the original townsite, which became a village that year, was renamed Nutana. In 1906 Saskatoon became a city with a population of 4,500, which included the communities of Saskatoon, Riversdale and Nutana. In 1955, a newly established community west of the city, Montgomery Place, was annexed, followed by the neighbouring town of Sutherland in 1956. Saskatoon serves as regional center for the northern prairies and for central and northern Saskatchewan.

Geography
Saskatoon lies on a long belt of rich, potassic chernozem in middle-southern Saskatchewan and is found in the aspen parkland biome. The lack of surrounding mountainous topography gives the city a relatively flat grid, though the city does sprawl over a few hills and into a few valleys. The lowest point in the city is the river, while the highest point is in the Sutherland-College Park area. Saskatoon, on a cross-section from west to east, has a general decline in elevation above sea level heading towards the river, and on the east bank of the river, the terrain is mostly level until outside the city, where it begins to decrease in elevation again.

Saskatoon is divided into east and west sides by the South Saskatchewan River. It is then divided into Suburban Development Areas (SDA) which are composed of neighbourhoods. Street addresses are demarcated into north and south (for avenues aligned in those directions) and similar east and west (for streets aligned in those directions). West of the river, the demarcation line for north and south addresses is 22nd Street, while east and west are divided by Idylwyld Drive (north of 20th Street) and Avenue A (south of 20th). On the east side, in order to line up with 22nd/Idylwyld, Lorne Avenue demarcates east and west while Aird Street, a minor residential road, marks the north–south boundary, except in the Sutherland community where a separate east/west demarcation takes place with Central Avenue as the boundary (there is, however, no separate north–south divide). As a result of the unusual demarcation on the east side, few streets there actually carry a "North" or "West" designation, and only a few streets in Sutherland are demarcated "East" and "West".

A second major water feature aside from the river is the Hudson Bay Slough, a remnant of a glacier-formed body of water that at one time dominated the northern end of the city. Industrial development has resulted in most of the slough being drained, however a large remnant has been preserved off Avenue C as part of RCAF Memorial Park, and another portion remains intact within the Hudson Bay Industrial area. Several residential communities also feature "man-made lakes," with Lakeview (developed from the early 1980s) being the first.

Pike Lake and Blackstrap Provincial Parks are both approximately 40 km south of the city on Highway 60 and Highway 11, respectively. Batoche, a national historic site associated with the North-West Rebellion of 1885, is 90 km north of the city. Both Blackstrap and Batoche are popular destinations for school field trips.

Climate
Saskatoon experiences a borderline cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk) to humid continental climate (Dfb), with typically warm summers and long, cold winters. Climate data from University of Saskatchewan, in the inner city meets semi-arid criteria. This is due to slightly higher average annual temperature and slightly lower average annual precipitation than the Airport, on the city's northwest periphery. The city has four distinct seasons and is in plant hardiness zone 3b. Saskatoon has a dry climate and sees 352.3 mm of precipitation per year on average, with the summer being the wettest season. Saskatoon is sunnier than average in Canada as a result, averaging 2,350.4 hours of bright sunshine annually. The extreme temperatures are typically accompanied by below average levels of humidity. Thunderstorms are common in the summer months and can be severe with torrential rain, hail, high winds, intense lightning and, on occasion, tornadoes. The frost-free growing season lasts from May 21 to September 15, but due to Saskatoon's northerly location, damaging frosts have occurred as late as June 14 and again as early as August. The average daytime high temperature peaks at 25.8 C from July 31 to August 8.

The "Blizzard of 2007" was described by many residents as the worst they had seen and paralyzed the city with its low visibility, extreme cold and large volume of snow. Winds rose to over 90 km/h and an estimated 25 cm of snow fell throughout the day. Many area residents took refuge overnight at area work places, shopping centres, hospitals and the university.

The highest temperature ever recorded in Saskatoon was 41.5 C on 6 June 1988. The lowest temperature ever recorded was -50.0 C on 1 February 1893.

Demographics
In the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada, Saskatoon had a population of $266,141$ living in $107,052$ of its $115,619$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $247,201$. The population of Saskatoon is made up of 50.9% women and 49.1% men. With a land area of 226.56 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Saskatoon CMA had a population of $317,480$ living in $125,100$ of its $134,720$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $295,095$. With a land area of 5864.48 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

The 2021 census reported that immigrants (individuals born outside Canada) comprise 53,210 persons or 20.4% of the total population of Saskatoon. Of the total immigrant population, the top countries of origin were Philippines (11,840 persons or 22.3%), India (5,845 persons or 11.0%), China (4,695 persons or 8.8%), Pakistan (3,975 persons or 7.5%), Nigeria (2,090 persons or 3.9%), United Kingdom (2,045 persons or 3.8%), Bangladesh (1,830 persons or 3.4%), Vietnam (1,510 persons or 2.8%), United States of America (1,470 persons or 2.8%), and Iraq (1,200 persons or 2.3%).

Ethnicity
The Saskatoon area was inhabited long before any permanent settlement was established, to which the ongoing archaeological work at Wanuskewin Heritage Park and other locations bears witness. Canada's First Nations population has been increasingly urbanized, and nowhere is that more apparent than in Saskatoon, where the First Nations population increased by 382% from 1981 to 2001; however, a portion of this increase, possibly as much as half, is believed to be due to more people identifying themselves as Indigenous in the census rather than migration or birth rate.

Saskatoon has the second highest percentage of Indigenous population among major Canadian cities at approximately 11.5%, behind Winnipeg at 12.4% and Regina close by with 10.4%; in certain neighbourhoods such as Pleasant Hill, this percentage exceeds 40%. Most First Nations residents are of Cree or Dakota cultural background although to a lesser extent Saulteaux, Assiniboine, and Dene communities also exist.

Saskatoon also has a substantial Métis population and is close to the historically significant Southbranch Settlements to the north, as well as the Prairie Ronde settlement near Dundurn, Saskatchewan.

Religion
According to the 2021 census, religious groups in Saskatoon included:
 * Christianity (134,900 persons or 51.7%)
 * Irreligion (98,575 persons or 37.8%)
 * Islam (12,985 persons or 5.0%)
 * Hinduism (5,125 persons or 2.0%)
 * Sikhism (3,155 persons or 1.2%)
 * Buddhism (1,935 persons or 0.7%)
 * Indigenous Spirituality (1,650 persons or 0.6%)
 * Judaism (565 persons or 0.2%)
 * Other (2,065 persons or 0.8%)

According to the 2011 Census, 66% of the population identified as Christian, with Catholics (28.5%) making up the largest denomination, followed by United Church (10.9%), and other denominations. Others identified as Muslim (2.6%), Buddhist (0.8%), Hindu (0.7%), with traditional (indigenous) spirituality (0.5%), and with other religions. 28.5% of the population reported no religious affiliation.

Events and festivals
Saskatoon's major arts venue is TCU Place, which is next to Midtown Plaza downtown. Since opening in 1967, it has hosted scores of concerts, theatrical performances, live events such as the Telemiracle telethon, high school graduation and university convocation ceremonies, and conventions. It is also home to the Saskatoon Symphony Orchestra. It recently underwent a multimillion-dollar renovation to its main theatre (named in honour of former mayor and senator Sidney Buckwold). For rock concerts and major shows, SaskTel Centre is the main venue. It is Saskatchewan's largest arena, with a capacity of 15,195 for sporting events and 14,000 for concerts. Musical acts from Saskatoon include Joni Mitchell, Kyle Riabko, Wide Mouth Mason, The Northern Pikes, The Sheepdogs, One Bad Son and The Deep Dark Woods, as well as countless others popular at both local and regional levels. The facility was the 2007 host for the Juno Awards, Canada's foremost music industry honours.

Saskatoon hosts many festivals and events in the summer, including the Shakespeare on the Saskatchewan Festival, The Great Plains Comedy Festival, the Jazz Festival, the Saskatchewan Children's Festival, the Saskatoon Fringe Theatre Festival (a showcase of alternative theatre), Saskatoon Folkfest (a cultural festival), Doors Open Saskatoon, Fairy Door Tours Saskatoon and the Canada Remembers Airshow.

For over 25 years, Saskatoon has hosted a gathering of antique automobiles, (mainly from the 1960s) that has grown into an event called "Cruise Weekend". The event is usually held on the last weekend (Friday, Saturday and Sunday) in August. Activities include a poker derby, dances, and a show 'N' shine with over 800 cars from all over western Canada. No admission is charged and everyone is free to walk around and enjoy the atmosphere.

The city's annual exhibition (now called the Saskatoon Exhibition but also known in previous years as Pioneer Days and "The Ex") is held every August at Prairieland Park. In the late 1990s, the Saskatoon Exhibition was rescheduled to August so that it no longer was in direct competition with the Calgary Stampede, which frequently overlapped the event.

Saskatoon's Sikh community celebrates the festival of Vaisakhi with a parade held in May.

The francophone community is represented by the Fédération des francophones de Saskatoon which organizes many cultural events.

Galleries and museums
Art museums in Saskatoon include the Remai Modern, located at River Landing, a development along the shoreline of the South Saskatchewan River, in the Central Business District. The art museum is situated in a 11,582 m2 building designed by Bruce Kuwabara, and houses over 8,000 works in its collection. The design for the museum won the Award of Excellence from the Canadian Architect magazine in 2011. Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque and other 20th-century artists have a home in the Remai Modern museum. Opened on October 21, 2017, the Remai Modern has been listed at no. 18 in the New York Times "52 places to go in 2018: A starter kit for escaping into the world." The Remai Modern inherited the collection of the defunct Mendel Art Gallery, which operated in City Park from 1964 to 2015.

The Saskatchewan Craft Council Gallery is on the main floor of the Saskatchewan Craft Council building in the Broadway Avenue area. It is Saskatchewan's only public exhibition gallery dedicated to fine craft as an art form. Saskatchewan Craft Council Gallery presents seven to eight exhibitions each year. The SCC Fine Craft Boutique, located in the gallery, features the work of over 75 SCC fine craft artists.

The Ukrainian Museum of Canada is on the banks of the South Saskatchewan River. It was founded in 1941 by the Ukrainian Women's Association of Canada. The Meewasin Valley Centre, in Friendship Park, has information on Saskatoon's history, the South Saskatchewan River, and the future of the Meewasin Valley.

Saskatoon is also home of the Saskatchewan Western Development Museum. This museum, one of four throughout the province, documents early pioneer life in Saskatchewan. It is noted for its interior recreation of a "Boom Town" main street, including one original building relocated from its original site. The Saskatchewan Railway Museum is just outside the city and includes displays of rolling stock and historic railway buildings from various parts of the province.

The Forestry Farm Park and Zoo is a National Historic Site situated in the northeast region of the city. The Forestry Farm was a historic nursery (dating from 1913) responsible for growing many of the trees planted within the prairie provinces. In 1966 the nursery operations were discontinued and part of the region turned into a municipal park. The city zoo is also housed within the park and features over 80 species of animals. Wanuskewin Heritage Park is a National Historic Site situated five km to the north of Saskatoon. It is an Indigenous archaeological site and features displays, special events, and activities, recent renovations are on hold due to a lack of funds during the renovations.

Theatres

Live theatre is a central, vibrant part of Saskatoon's culture. Saskatoon is host to a number of live theatre venues such as the Persephone Theatre, which is in the Remai Arts Centre at River Landing in downtown Saskatoon, The Refinery and the Saskatchewan Native Theatre Company.

The Broadway Theatre primarily shows arthouse films – while the two-screen Roxy Theatre is an "atmospheric-style" second-run theatre that reopened in 2005 after sitting unused for over a decade. The remainder of the city's theatres are multiplexes. The only movie theatre in the downtown core is the Scotia Bank VIP Theatre; the Capitol 4 shut down on April 3, 2008. The city's other movie theatres are The Landmark Theatre in the new subdivision of Brighton, Rainbow Cinemas (a second-run cinema) and the Cineplex Cinemas at The Centre mall on the city's east side.

Among the many movie theatres of the past that have come and gone was the Capitol Theatre, which opened in 1929 with a showing of the first talkie to be exhibited in Saskatoon. The Capitol closed in the early 1980s to make way for the Scotia Centre office tower; its name was transferred to the aforementioned Capitol 4 a block away.

Other attractions
One of the city's landmarks is the Delta Bessborough Hotel, known to locals as the Bez. Built by the Canadian National Railway, it was among the last railway hotels to be started before the Great Depression of the 1930s brought their era to a close. Although the building was completed in 1932, it did not open its doors until 1935 due to the Depression. The Bessborough and the Mendel Art Gallery are the only major structures on the river side of Spadina Crescent. One of the most frequently circulated photographs of Saskatoon is of the hotel framed in one of the arches of the Broadway Bridge. The Meewasin Valley Trail follows the South Saskatchewan River through Saskatoon. Summer activities include cycling, jogging and walking through parks and natural areas. Cross-country skiing is popular during the winter months, along with skating in Kiwanis Memorial Park. Access points are found throughout the city with interpretive signage and washrooms along the route. There are parks throughout the Meewasin Valley, with washrooms, picnic facilities, and lookout points along the river bank. In the winter the Meewasin Skating Rink is open free to the public; it is in Kiwanis Memorial Park beside the Delta Bessborough hotel. The outdoor rink has been open since 1980.

For years, a parcel of land west of the Traffic Bridge, south of 19th Street, and east of Avenue C has been the subject of on-again, off-again redevelopment plans. The site formerly held the Saskatoon Arena, a power plant, a branch of the Royal Canadian Legion, and the head offices of the Saskatoon Public School Division; all these structures have been demolished to make way for redevelopment, with plans for same dating back to the 1980s. The most recent version of the plan called River Landing is ongoing. Calgary developer Lake Placid has proposed a 200 million dollar mega hotel/condo project to be built on the site although Lake Placid had difficulty securing financing and missed an October 30, 2009, deadline to submit a 4.5 million dollar payment for the parcel of land which seemingly killed the deal. On November 16, 2009, it was revealed by Lake Placid that the financing should be secure within a week. In April 2010, Saskatoon City Council voted in favour of entering new negotiations with Lake Placid over the site. November 2010, Victory Majors Investments buys out Lake Placid's interest in the project and in August 2011 of the next year proposed a major overhaul to original design which would later include building a 20-story residential and 14-story hotel towers, and an 18-story and a 13-story office tower as part of River Landing Village completed in 2021. The Saskatoon Farmers' Market and some commercial sites have also been developed. Future plans separate from Lake Placid include the development of a new art gallery to replace the Mendel Art Gallery by 2014. Other landmarks in the city include the iconic Traffic Bridge (which was demolished in 2016 and is currently being replaced by a new structure evoking the appearance of the original), the University of Saskatchewan campus, and the large Viterra grain terminal which has dominated the western skyline of the city for decades and is large enough to be visible from Pike Lake Provincial Park 32 km away.

Shopping centres

 * Blairmore Shopping Centre
 * The Centre
 * Confederation Mall
 * Erindale Centre/University Heights Mall
 * The Mall at Lawson Heights
 * Market Mall
 * Midtown Plaza
 * Preston Crossing
 * River City Mall
 * Stonegate Shopping Centre (in Stonebridge)

Economy
The economy of Saskatoon has been associated with potash, oil and agriculture (specifically wheat), resulting in the moniker "POW City". Various grains, livestock, oil and gas, potash, uranium, gold, diamond, coal and their spin off industries fuel the economy. The world's largest publicly traded uranium company, Cameco, and the world's largest potash producer, Nutrien, have corporate headquarters in Saskatoon. Saskatoon is also the new home of BHP Billiton's Diamonds and Specialty Products business unit.

Nearly two-thirds of the world's recoverable potash reserves are in the Saskatoon region. Innovation Place founded in 1980 brings together almost 150 agriculture, information technology, and environmental, life sciences and agricultural biotechnology industries in a science park or technology park setting. Saskatoon is also home to the Canadian Light Source, Canada's national synchrotron facility. Saskatoon's digital media scene is growing with start-up tech companies such as Noodlecake, Point2, Vendasta Technologies, and Zu.

One of Saskatoon's nicknames, "Hub City", refers to its ideal central location within Canada for distribution and logistics. Saskatoon John G. Diefenbaker International Airport with 105,620 aircraft movements in 2008 was listed as the 19th busiest airport in Canada, 12th busiest in passenger traffic.

Saskatoon is developing the South Central Business District, or block 146, which is called the River Landing Project. Long range planning is underway for an expected city population of 325,000 by 2028 (2011 MXD report).

Saskatoon was expected to see a 4.2 percent growth in gross domestic product for the year 2012. The city saw a 3.4% growth in 2004, 5.1% increase in 2005 and a 2.8% increase in 2006. Saskatoon held Canada's No. 1 economic growth spot for Canada in 2005 according to the Conference Board of Canada. The Conference Board again predicted the city would rate first for economic increase in 2012, showing a growth rate of 4.2%. The Saskatoon Regional Economic Development Authority (SREDA) has also been ranked amongst Canada's top ten economic development organizations by Site Selection magazine.

From 1988 to 2016 Hitachi Canadian Industries operated a power equipment manufacturing plant. It was closed and assets acquired by Brandt Group in 2017.

Local
Municipal elections are held in the fall. Until 1954, Saskatoon's mayors served one-year terms while City Councillors (aldermen, until 1991) were elected for two years. After 1954, both served for two-year terms. Beginning with the 1970 election, terms for both were extended to three years, and to four years starting in 2016. Until the 1976 election, terms didn't start until the new year. The years of service given are actual calendar years (give or take a day or two). But beginning in 1976 year, the Mayor and Council were sworn in at the next meeting after the election, so that an alderman whose dates of service are 1976-1979 has served from Nov 1, 1976 to Nov. 5, 1979.

Also see:

Provincial
As of October 26, 2020, Saskatoon is represented in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan by 14 of the province's 61 MLAs, 6 of which are members of the NDP and 8 of which are members of the Saskatchewan Party.

Federal
As of September 20, 2021, Saskatoon is represented by 3 MPs in the Canadian House of Commons, all of which belong to the Conservative Party of Canada.

Health care
The Saskatchewan Health Authority is responsible for health care delivery in the area. They operate three hospitals within the city boundaries, these include Royal University Hospital, Saskatoon City Hospital, and St. Paul's Hospital (Saskatoon). Royal University Hospital is a teaching and research hospital that operates in partnership with the University of Saskatchewan. The health authority also operates hospitals in smaller neighbouring communities. In addition to hospitals the health authority operates long-term care facilities, clinics and other health care services. Jim Pattison Children's Hospital began construction in 2014 and opened in 2019 under the auspices of what was then the Saskatoon Health Region, since absorbed into the Saskatchewan Health Authority.

Policing
The Saskatoon Police Service is the primary police service for the city of Saskatoon and holds both Municipal and Provincial Jurisdiction. The following services also have jurisdiction in Saskatoon: Corman Park Police Service, Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Canadian National Railway Police Service and the Canadian Pacific Railway Police Service. As of December 31, 2012, the SPS had 442 sworn members, 59 Special Constables, and 136 civilian positions.

Crime
The 2006 census crime data, released July 18, 2007, showed Saskatoon leading Canada in violent crime, with 1,606 violent crimes per 100,000 residents annually. However, crime statistics produced by the Saskatoon Police Service shows that crime is on the decline. In 2010, total crimes against people went up 1.28% but total crimes against property fell by 11.75%. In 2014, Saskatoon dropped to fourth highest in Canada for its CSI after being in second place for several years. Crime in Canada uses Crime Severity Index calculated using the crime rate and the severity of those crimes. 2019 saw a record 16 homicides reported in Saskatoon, giving the city a homicide rate of around 6.5 murders per 100,000 people.

In the early 1990s, the Saskatoon police were found to engage in "starlight tours," where officers would arrest Indigenous men and drive them out of the city in the dead of winter to abandon them.

Roads and bridges
Saskatoon is on the Yellowhead Highway spur of the Trans-Canada Highway system, also known as Highway 16, which connects Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia. Highways 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 41, 219, 684, and 762 all meet at Saskatoon, with Highway 60 terminating just outside the southwestern city limits. The following bridges cross the South Saskatchewan River in Saskatoon (in order from upstream):

 * Grand Trunk Bridge (rail)
 * Gordie Howe Bridge
 * Senator Sid Buckwold Bridge
 * Traffic Bridge
 * Broadway Bridge
 * University Bridge
 * CPR Bridge (rail)
 * Circle Drive Bridge
 * Chief Mistawasis Bridge

Construction of Saskatoon's ring road, Circle Drive, began in the mid-1960s (after first being proposed in 1913), and was completed on July 31, 2013, with the opening of the $300 million South Circle Drive project.

Rail
The Canadian Pacific Railway and the Canadian National Railway have connections to Saskatoon. Both railways operate intermodal facilities and trans-load centres; while Canadian National Railway also operates an automotive transfer facility. Saskatoon is a stop on The Canadian passenger transcontinental rail route operated by Via Rail. The Saskatoon railway station is in the city's west end; it opened in the late 1960s as a replacement for Saskatoon's original main station which was on 1st Avenue downtown—the relocation of the station sparked a major redevelopment of the downtown that included the construction of the Midtown Plaza, TCU Place (originally named the Centennial Auditorium) and other developments. The many provincial transportation connections and geographic location of Saskatoon give it one of its nicknames The Hub City. The Saskatchewan Railway Museum is just outside the city. In the early 2000s, talk about moving all the railways out of the city raised questions about a future LRT system, but the city's then-Mayor said the population is too small. The Canadian Pacific rails in particular run close to the city centre, with at-grade crossings with the main throughfares at 3rd Avenue/Warman Road, Idylwyld Drive, 22nd Street, Avenue H, 20th Street, and Avenue P. As of the city's 2021 Transportation Study, there seems to be no progress on improvements to the railway network around Saskatoon.

Air
Saskatoon/John G. Diefenbaker International Airport, located in the city's northwest, provides scheduled and charter airline service for the city, and is a significant hub for mining and remote locations in Northern Saskatchewan. Non-stop scheduled destinations include Calgary, Edmonton, Las Vegas, Minneapolis, Prince Albert, Regina, Toronto, Vancouver, and Winnipeg. Seasonal and Charter service is provided to Mexico, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Phoenix and Churchill, MB. Air Canada, WestJet and Purolator Courier all have cargo facilities at the airport. Saskatoon/Corman Air Park is a general aviation airport 15 km southeast of Saskatoon.

Bus
Transit operations in Saskatoon are provided by Saskatoon Transit. The route system was revamped in 2018, creating high-frequency corridors on 22nd Street, 8th Street, and College Drive. An up-to-date schedule is posted at Saskatoon Transit Route & Schedule Adjustments. Saskatoon was serviced by STC for bus service connecting across the province until May 2017, and Greyhound Canada for inter-provincial bus service between Manitoba and Alberta until Greyhound discontinued service on October 31, 2018.

Education
Saskatoon has a number of higher education institutions:
 * University of Saskatchewan
 * St. Thomas More College is a Catholic federated college of the University of Saskatchewan. Affiliated with the University of Saskatchewan are the Lutheran Theological Seminary, College of Emmanuel and St. Chad (Anglican Church of Canada), and St. Andrew's College (United Church of Canada). All three are on the university campus.
 * The First Nations University of Canada – Saskatoon campus.
 * Saskatchewan Polytechnic
 * Gabriel Dumont Institute
 * Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies

Saskatoon has 78 elementary schools and 14 high schools, serving about 37,000 students. Saskatoon has three main school boards, the Saskatoon Public School Division, the Saskatoon Catholic School Division and the Conseil des Ecoles Fransaskoises.

The western annexation of what is now called the Blairmore SDA also brought the Yarrow Youth Farm within the city limits; operated by the Province of Saskatchewan, this was a correction facility for at-risk youth. The facility was subsequently closed in March 2015 and the land, located within the under-development Kensington community, was out up for sale the following autumn.

Sports and recreation
Ice hockey is a popular sport in Saskatoon and the city is home to numerous amateur teams, including the Saskatoon Blades of the Western Hockey League (WHL). Saskatoon was a major league hockey city from 1921 to 1926 when the Saskatoon Sheiks played in the Western Canada Hockey League. Major professional hockey appeared poised to return to the city in 1982. Bill Hunter, a local sports promoter, attempted to purchase the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL) and move them to Saskatoon. The city built a new arena to support the move, but the relocation was prevented by the league. In the early 1990s, Hunter made a bid for a Saskatoon expansion NHL franchise, but ultimately failed to secure adequate funding.

The city is home to two professional franchises, the Saskatchewan Rush of the National Lacrosse League (NLL), and the Saskatchewan Rattlers of the Canadian Elite Basketball League (CEBL). The Rush relocated to Saskatoon from Edmonton in 2016; already the defending NLL Champions, the Rush made it to the NLL final in its first three seasons in Saskatoon, winning in 2016 and 2018. The Rattlers were a charter CEBL franchise and won the league's inaugural championship in 2019. Saskatoon is also home to the semi-professional Saskatchewan Heat of the National Ringette League (NRL).

Canadian football is another popular sport in Saskatoon, and the city is home to a number of successful football teams. The University of Saskatchewan Huskies are one of the top University football programs in Canada, with three Vanier Cup national championships and 19 Hardy Trophy Canada West championships. The Huskies have made nine Vanier Cup appearances since 1990, and were the first team from outside of Ontario to host the Vanier Cup, doing so in 2006. The Saskatoon Hilltops of the Canadian Junior Football League have won 22 national junior championships throughout their history, the most in the country. The Saskatoon Valkyries are the Western Women's Canadian Football League's most successful club, having won 8 WWCFL Championships since play began in 2011.

The Huskies play U Sports league games at the University campus. Their facilities include Griffiths Stadium, Merlis Belsher Place, and the Physical Activity Complex. The Huskies participate in twelve sports at the national level and have been most successful in football, men's volleyball, women's basketball, and men's and women's Track and Field. Baseball is also popular in Saskatoon. The city has been home to a variety of amateur teams including the Saskatoon Yellow Jackets, Saskatoon Stallions, and Saskatoon Legends. The Saskatoon Berries will join the Western Canadian Baseball League as an expansion team for the 2024 season.

Saskatchewan International Raceway has been in operation for over 40 years and is home to 1/4 mile IHRA drag racing and holds racing events from May to September. North of the city lies Wyant Group Raceway, a paved oval track home to local stock car racing as well as races for several different Western Canadian series. In 2009, the NASCAR Canadian Tire Series made its inaugural stop there, signalling a move to a larger profile track in Saskatoon. Marquis Downs at Prairieland Park hosted horse racing from 1969 until 2020; the owners hope to build a soccer-specific stadium on the site.

The city is home to a number of sports and recreation centres. Saskatoon has three curling clubs: Sutherland, Nutana, and CN. The city has two indoor soccer facilities under the control of the non-profit Saskatoon Soccer Centre organization. Lions Skatepark was built in the Riversdale area in 2003. Saskatoon is home to several golf courses and various parks which include tennis courts, ball diamonds, and soccer pitches for spring, summer, and fall use, and outdoor rinks for winter use.

The Canadian Crown in Saskatoon
Saskatoon has welcomed members of the Royal Family since 1919. The Queen most recently visited for a gala concert at Credit Union Centre, before a live audience of 12,000 and television viewers nationwide in 2005. The Queen was presented with the key to the city on the same visit, after touring the Canadian Light Source synchrotron and greeting thousands of well-wishers on a walkabout at the University of Saskatchewan (the Queen traditionally stayed at the on-campus residence of the President of the University of Saskatchewan when she visited the city). Sovereigns and consorts who have visited include Edward VIII as Prince of Wales in 1919, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1939, and Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh, as Princess Elizabeth in 1951 and afterwards as Queen in 1959, 1978, 1987 and 2005.

Other members of the Royal Family who have visited include Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon in 1980, the Prince of Wales Charles (now Charles III) in 2001, the Princess Anne in 1982 and (as Princess Royal) in 2004, the Duke and Duchess of York (Andrew and Sarah) in 1989, and the Prince Edward in 1978. Governors General and Lieutenant Governors also pay regular visits to Saskatoon. Saskatonian Ray Hnatyshyn is credited with popularising his office as Governor General from 1990 to 1995. Saskatchewan Lieutenant Governors Barnhart, Fedoruk, McNab, Monroe, Porteous and Worobetz were all former residents of Saskatoon.

Connections to the crown include the royal namesakes of about one hundred neighbourhoods, parks, streets, schools and other places. These include King George, Queen Elizabeth and Massey Place neighbourhoods, and Victoria, Coronation and Princess Diana parks. It was at one time considered that Saskatoon's Broadway Bridge would be renamed George V Bridge. Landmarks and institutions also have connections and these include the Royal University Hospital, one of four royal designations in Saskatchewan. Grade schools named for royals include Ecole Victoria School, King George School, Queen Elizabeth School, Prince Philip School and Princess Alexandra School.

Existing and historic hotels with royal namesakes include the King George Hotel which has been recently converted to ultra-luxury condominiums, the King Edward Hotel, the Queen's Hotel and the Patricia Hotel. The Hotel Bessborough was named for a Canadian Governor General who visited the landmark under construction in the 1930s. The Queen Elizabeth Power Station is within the city and named after Queen Elizabeth. The Prince of Wales Promenade along the South Saskatchewan River is a focal point on the riverfront trails. In 2002, 378 Saskatoon residents were presented with Canada's Golden Jubilee Medal by vice-regals to commemorate the fiftieth anniversary of the Queen's accession to the throne.

Sister cities
Saskatoon has partnered itself with three cities around the world. It has not taken on a new partnership since joining with Chernvitsi in 1991. The city says it is working on a proper policy and management framework for handling new applications as Madison, Wisconsin applied to be a twin in 2018, but was told Saskatoon had no intention to move forward with the plan "at this time."
 * Chernivtsi, Ukraine (1991)
 * Shijiazhuang, China (1985)
 * Umeå, Sweden (1975)

title: Saskatoon


text:
Mogul

Mogul may refer to:

History

 * Mughal Empire, or any member of its ruling dynasty
 * Vicar Apostolic of Great Mogul, now the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay

Persons

 * Magnate
 * Mogul, Secret Service codename for Donald Trump
 * Business magnate, a prominent person in a particular industry
 * Media mogul, a person who controls, either through personal ownership or a dominant position, any media enterprise

Technology

 * Mogul (website), a social media network for women to share information
 * Mogul lamp (or six way lamp), a floor lamp which has a large center light bulb surrounded by three (or four) smaller bulbs
 * Mogul base, an E39 (39 mm) Edison screw fitting used in the above lamps, and some discharge lamps
 * HTC Mogul, a Windows Mobile 6.0/6.1 PDA
 * IHC Mogul, an early tractor by International Harvester
 * Starch mogul, a machine that moulds jelly beans or gummy candies in trays filled with cornstarch.

Entertainment

 * The Troubleshooters, or Mogul, a British television series made by the BBC between 1965 and 1972
 * The Moguls, a 2005 comedy film written and directed by Michael Traeger
 * Indy Mogul, a DIY film making blog/forum site and series of podcasts/videos
 * Mogul (film), an upcoming Indian biographical film
 * Mogul skiing, a freestyle type of the sport
 * Grosso mogul (Great Moghul), violin concerto by Antonio Vivaldi

Video game

 * Baseball Mogul, a 1997 series of baseball simulation computer games created by Clay Dreslough
 * Casino Mogul, a 2002 economic simulation game for Windows
 * Hollywood Mogul, a computer game released in 1997 that allows players to take charge of a movie studio

Transport

 * Mogul, name for the 2-6-0 steam locomotive wheel arrangement
 * Mogul, the name of the first locomotive of GER Class 527, and the first 2-6-0 to be built for use in Great Britain
 * GWR Churchward Mogul, alternative name for the GWR 4300 Class built by the Great Western Railway from 1911
 * LMS Hughes Crab or Horwich Mogul, a class of mixed traffic 2-6-0 steam locomotive built between 1926 and 1932
 * LMS Stanier Mogul, a class of 2-6-0 mixed traffic steam locomotive (built 1933–1934)

Other

 * Mogul skiing, a freestyle skiing competition where skiers ski down a steep course of bumps or moguls
 * MOGUL framework, Modular Online Growth and Use of Language: a processing-based research framework for investigating languages in the mind
 * Mogul, Nevada, a small town in the United States
 * Federal-Mogul, an automotive parts supplier based in Southfield, Michigan, US
 * Project Mogul, a US military listening project using high altitude balloons
 * Mogul (horse) (born 2017), Thoroughbred racehorse
 * Mogul, a software package for data-mining crystallographic databases, distributed by the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre

title: Mogul