text:
Proscenium

A proscenium (προσκήνιον, proskḗnion) is the metaphorical vertical plane of space in a theatre, usually surrounded on the top and sides by a physical proscenium arch (whether or not truly "arched") and on the bottom by the stage floor itself, which serves as the frame into which the audience observes from a more or less unified angle the events taking place upon the stage during a theatrical performance. The concept of the fourth wall of the theatre stage space that faces the audience is essentially the same.

It can be considered as a social construct which divides the actors and their stage-world from the audience which has come to witness it. But since the curtain usually comes down just behind the proscenium arch, it has a physical reality when the curtain is down, hiding the stage from view. The same plane also includes the drop, in traditional theatres of modern times, from the stage level to the "stalls" level of the audience, which was the original meaning of the proscaenium in Roman theatres, where this mini-facade was given more architectural emphasis than is the case in modern theatres. A proscenium stage is structurally different from a thrust stage or an arena stage, as explained below.

Origin
In later Hellenistic Greek theatres the proskenion (προσκήνιον) was a rather narrow raised stage where solo actors performed, while the Greek chorus and musicians remained in the "orchestra" in front and below it, and there were often further areas for performing from above and behind the proskenion, on and behind the skene. Skene is the Greek word (meaning "tent") for the tent, and later building, at the back of the stage from which actors entered, and which often supported painted scenery. In the Hellenistic period it became an increasingly large and elaborate stone structure, often with three storeys. In Greek theatre, which unlike Roman included painted scenery, the proskenion might also carry scenery.

In ancient Rome, the stage area in front of the scaenae frons (equivalent to the Greek skene) was known as the pulpitum, and the vertical front dropping from the stage to the orchestra floor, often in stone and decorated, as the proscaenium, again meaning "in front of the skene".

In the Greek and Roman theatre, no proscenium arch existed, in the modern sense, and the acting space was always fully in the view of the audience. However, Roman theatres were similar to modern proscenium theatres in the sense that the entire audience had a restricted range of views on the stage—all of which were from the front, rather than the sides or back.

Renaissance
The oldest surviving indoor theatre of the modern era, the Teatro Olimpico in Vicenza (1585), is sometimes incorrectly referred to as the first example of a proscenium theatre. The Teatro Olimpico was an academic reconstruction of a Roman theatre. It has a plain proscaenium at the front of the stage, dropping to the orchestra level, now usually containing "stalls" seating, but no proscenium arch.

However, the Teatro Olimpico's exact replication of the open and accessible Roman stage was the exception rather than the rule in sixteenth-century theatre design. Engravings suggest that the proscenium arch was already in use as early as 1560 at a production in Siena.

The earliest true proscenium arch to survive in a permanent theatre is the Teatro Farnese in Parma (1618), many earlier such theatres having been lost. Parma has a clearly defined "boccascena", or scene mouth, as Italians call it, more like a picture frame than an arch but serving the same purpose: to delineate the stage and separate the audience from its action.

Baroque
While the proscenium arch became an important feature of the traditional European theatre, often becoming very large and elaborate, the original proscaenium front below the stage became plainer.

The introduction of an orchestra pit for musicians during the Baroque era further devalued the proscaenium, bringing the lowest level of the audience's view forward to the front of the pit, where a barrier, typically in wood, screened the pit. What the Romans would have called the proscaenium is, in modern theatres with orchestra pits, normally painted black in order that it does not draw attention.

Confusion around Teatro Olimpico
In this early modern recreation of a Roman theatre, confusion seems to have been introduced to the use of the revived term in Italian. This emulation of the Roman model extended to refer to the stage area as the "proscenium", and some writers have incorrectly referred to the theatre's scaenae frons as a proscenium, and have even suggested that the central archway in the middle of the scaenae frons was the inspiration for the later development of the full-size proscenium arch. There is no evidence at all for this assumption (indeed, contemporary illustrations of performances at the Teatro Olimpico clearly show that the action took place in front of the scaenae frons and that the actors were rarely framed by the central archway).

The Italian word for a scaenae frons is "proscenio," a major change from Latin. One modern translator explains the wording problem that arises here: "[In this translation from Italian,] we retain the Italian proscenio in the text; it cannot be rendered proscenium for obvious reasons; and there is no English equivalent ... It would also be possible to retain the classical frons scaenae. The Italian "arco scenico" has been translated as "proscenium arch."

In practice, however, the stage in the Teatro Olimpico runs from one edge of the seating area to the other, and only a very limited framing effect is created by the coffered ceiling over the stage and by the partition walls at the corners of the stage where the seating area abuts the floorboards. The result is that in this theatre "the architectural spaces for the audience and the action ... are distinct in treatment yet united by their juxtaposition; no proscenium arch separates them."

Function
A proscenium arch creates a "window" around the scenery and performers. The advantages are that it gives everyone in the audience a good view because the performers need only focus on one direction rather than continually moving around the stage to give a good view from all sides. A proscenium theatre layout also simplifies the hiding and obscuring of objects from the audience's view (sets, performers not currently performing, and theatre technology). Anything that is not meant to be seen is simply placed outside the "window" created by the proscenium arch, either in the wings or in the flyspace above the stage. The phrase "breaking the proscenium" or "breaking the fourth wall" refers to when a performer addresses the audience directly as part of the dramatic production.

Proscenium theatres have fallen out of favor in some theatre circles because they perpetuate the fourth wall concept. The staging in proscenium theatres often implies that the characters performing on stage are doing so in a four-walled environment, with the "wall" facing the audience being invisible. Many modern theatres attempt to do away with the fourth wall concept and so are instead designed with a thrust stage that projects out of the proscenium arch and "reaches" into the audience (technically, this can still be referred to as a proscenium theatre because it still contains a proscenium arch, but the term thrust stage is more specific and more widely used).

In dance history, the use of the proscenium arch has affected dance in different ways. Prior to the use of proscenium stages, early court ballets took place in large chambers where the audience members sat around and above the dance space. The performers, often led by the queen or king, focused in symmetrical figures and patterns of symbolic meaning. Ballet's choreographic patterns were being born. In addition, since dancing was considered a way of socializing, most of the court ballets finished with a ‘grand ballet’ followed by a ball in which the members of the audience joined the performance.

Later on, the use of the proscenium stage for performances established a separation of the audience from the performers. Therefore, more devotion was placed on the performers, and in what was occurring in the ‘show.’ It was the beginning of dance-performance as a form of entertainment like we know it today. Since the use of the proscenium stages, dances have developed and evolved into more complex figures, patterns, and movements. At this point, it was not only significantly important how the performers arrived to a certain shape on the stage during a performance, but also how graciously they executed their task. Additionally, these stages allowed for the use of stage effects generated by ingenious machinery. It was the beginning of scenography design, and perhaps also it was also the origin of the use of backstage personnel or "stage hands".

Other forms of theatre staging

 * Traverse stage: The stage is surrounded on two sides by the audience.
 * Thrust stage: The stage is surrounded on three sides (or 270°) by audience. Can be a modification of a proscenium stage. Sometimes known as "three quarter round". Also known as an apron stage.
 * Theatre in the round: The stage is surrounded by audience on all sides.
 * Black box theatre: The theatre is a large rectangular room with black walls and a flat floor. The seating is typically composed of loose chairs on platforms, which can be easily moved or removed to allow the entire space to be adapted to the artistic elements of a production.
 * Site-specific theatre (a.k.a. environmental theatre): The stage and audience either blend together, or are in numerous or oddly shaped sections. Includes any form of staging that is not easily classifiable under the above categories.

title: Proscenium


text:
Designing Women

Designing Women is an American television sitcom created by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason that aired on CBS between September 29, 1986 and May 24, 1993, producing seven seasons and 163 episodes. It was a joint production of Bloodworth/Thomason Mozark Productions in association with Columbia Pictures Television for CBS.

The series centers on the lives of four women and one man working together at an interior design firm in 1980s Atlanta, Georgia, called Sugarbaker & Associates. It originally starred Dixie Carter as Julia Sugarbaker, president of the design firm; Delta Burke as Suzanne Sugarbaker, the design firm's silent partner and Julia's ex-beauty queen sister; Annie Potts as head designer Mary Jo Shively; and Jean Smart as office manager Charlene Frazier. In the third season, Meshach Taylor was given a starring role for his previously recurring character of delivery man and later partner Anthony Bouvier. Later in its run, the series gained notoriety for its well-publicized behind-the-scenes conflicts and cast changes. Julia Duffy and Jan Hooks replaced Burke and Smart for season six, but Duffy was not brought back for the seventh and final season, and she was replaced by Judith Ivey.

Premise
Julia Sugarbaker (Dixie Carter) is an elegant, sophisticated, outspoken woman who is the co-founder and president of Sugarbaker & Associates, an interior design firm located in her own home in Atlanta. She is partnered with her younger sister, Suzanne (Delta Burke), an attractive, selfish, self-centered former Miss Georgia World, who invested her money but does not have an official position within the business. Naïve but sweet-natured Charlene Frazier (Jean Smart), who worked as a secretary for Julia's late husband, Hayden, also invested half of her savings at Sugarbaker's and works as office manager. Charlene's next-door neighbor and recently divorced best friend, Mary Jo Shively (Annie Potts), is the main interior designer of the firm and also a full partner.

Alongside the women, there is Anthony Bouvier (Meshach Taylor), an ex-convict who is hired as the company's deliveryman and later becomes a full partner. By late 1986, Julia and Suzanne's mother, Perky (Louise Latham), comes for a visit with her outrageous best friend Bernice Clifton (Alice Ghostley). Perky does not stay long and moves to Japan, leaving Bernice in Atlanta, where she begins to spend time with the others.

At the end of the fifth season, actress Delta Burke left the show after a much-publicized feud with the show's producers, so her character, Suzanne, moved to Japan to join her mother, Perky. Actress Jean Smart also left at the beginning of the sixth season after deciding she wanted to spend more time with her young child.

To handle Smart's departure, her character, Charlene, moved to England with her Air Force husband and their daughter. Julia and Suzanne's obnoxious cousin Allison (Julia Duffy) acquires Suzanne's share of the design firm and also rents her home. Anthony and Charlene's sister Carlene (Jan Hooks) move in with her. Carlene also begins working at Sugarbaker's, filling the office manager vacancy that older sister Charlene left behind.

Allison (Duffy) left after the sixth season. Texan widow Bonnie Jean Poteet (Judith Ivey), was written in for season seven. These changes failed to hold the attention of viewers who enjoyed the original cast of the first five seasons. Designing Women was cancelled after the seventh season.

Main

 * Dixie Carter as Julia Sugarbaker, president and founder of Sugarbaker & Associates interior design firm. Elegant and classy, but outspoken and opinionated, Julia is known for a no-nonsense demeanor; throughout the course of the show, Julia has several monologues and speeches from a feminist and liberal perspective, and is known for telling people off, earning her the nickname of "The Terminator". She is very protective of her sister Suzanne, even though she is usually the first one to criticize her egocentric statements. Julia is notable as a very talented singer, usually performing in her church choir, and, later on, she also pretends to be a cabaret singer under the pseudonym "Giselle".
 * Annie Potts as Mary Jo Shively, Sugarbaker's main designer. Mary Jo is a sarcastic but kind person and a devoted single mother of two.
 * Jean Smart as Charlene Frazier-Stillfield (seasons 1–5; guest star: season 6), Julia's late husband's former secretary and now office manager of Sugarbaker's. Originally from a large family in Poplar Bluff, Missouri, Charlene is naïve and sweet-hearted, whose ditziness can be annoying for her co-workers. She's one of Elvis' biggest fans and worked with several big names while secretary in Arkansas, including Fred Smith, Sam Walton and Bill Clinton. Eventually, Charlene marries Colonel William Stillfield and they have a baby, Olivia. By 1991, they move to England, leaving her younger sister, Carlene, to fill in for her at Sugarbaker's.
 * Delta Burke as Suzanne Sugarbaker (seasons 1–5), Julia's younger sister and a silent partner at Sugarbaker's. A former beauty queen and alumna of Ole Miss, Suzanne is self-centered and vain, and generally more laissez-faire and traditional in contrast to her sister's views. Thrice-divorced, Suzanne usually dates wealthy elderly men who are terminally ill. During the series, she deals with weight gain and confronts issues of body image for women. In 1991, Suzanne sells all of her shares and moves to Japan to live with her mother.
 * Meshach Taylor as Anthony Bouvier (recurring: seasons 1–2, main: seasons 3–7), an ex-convict and a law student, who works as Sugarbaker's delivery man until 1990 and then becomes a full partner. Anthony is very close to his co-workers but develops a special relationship with Suzanne throughout the series. After he is dumped by his girlfriend, Vanessa Chamberlain (Jackeé Harry), BJ sets up a trip to Las Vegas where a drunk Anthony marries a Folies Bergère singer, Etienne (Sheryl Lee Ralph). He eventually falls in love with her and tries to make the marriage work.
 * Julia Duffy as Allison Sugarbaker (season 6), Julia and Suzanne's conservative cousin who becomes a partner at Sugarbaker & Associates. Allison comes from New York City for a visit after buying Suzanne's shares and decides to move back to the South, taking possession of Suzanne's house as well, which Anthony had been renting. They eventually became housemates, but are always arguing because of her attempts to throw him out. After one year being a partner at the design firm, Allison decides to invest in a Victoria's Secret franchise, leaving Atlanta and Sugarbaker's behind.
 * Jan Hooks as Carlene Frazier-Dobber (seasons 6–7), Charlene's naïve younger sister from Poplar Bluff, Missouri, who becomes a receptionist at Sugarbaker's after divorcing her car salesman husband, Dwayne Dobber.
 * Judith Ivey as Bonnie Jean "BJ" Poteet (season 7), a lively and sharp-witted Texas millionaire who becomes a Sugarbaker & Associates partner after Allison sells her shares. Her late husband James Poteet, a successful tycoon, had a heart attack during their wedding reception, leaving her the control of his Atlanta-based company, Poteet Industries.

Recurring

 * Scott Bakula as Ted Shively (seasons 1–2), Mary Jo's ex-husband and a gynecologist
 * Douglas Barr as William "Bill" Stillfield (seasons 2–5), Charlene's husband, a colonel in the U.S. Air Force
 * Olivia Brown as Vanessa Hargraves (season 4), Anthony's girlfriend
 * Hal Holbrook as Reese Watson (seasons 1–4), Julia's love interest, a widowed and successful Atlanta attorney (the character was killed off in season 5 so Holbrook could appear on Evening Shade)
 * Alice Ghostley as Bernice Clifton, the Sugarbakers' eccentric family friend; Ghostley was billed as a "Special Guest Star" throughout the series
 * Richard Gilliland as J.D. Shackelford (seasons 1–5), Mary Jo's boyfriend, a talent scout for the Atlanta Braves
 * Michael Goldfinger as Rusty (seasons 4–6), the Sugarbakers' electrician
 * Brian Lando as Quinton Shively (seasons 1–6), Mary Jo's son
 * George Newbern as Payne McIlroy (seasons 1–6), Julia's son
 * Gerald McRaney as Dash Goff (season 2), Suzanne's first husband, a novelist and college professor at the University of Arkansas
 * Sheryl Lee Ralph as Etienne Toussaint Bouvier (season 7), a showgirl Anthony marries after meeting her while she was performing at the Tropicana Las Vegas
 * Lexi Randall as Randa Oliver (season 5), a young girl left in the care of Julia while her wealthy parents are in Europe
 * Priscilla Weems as Claudia Marie Shively (seasons 1–5), Mary Jo's daughter

Filming locations

The exterior of the house seen in the series as the location of the Sugarbakers' design firm is the Angelo Marre House located in the historic Quapaw Quarter district in Little Rock, Arkansas.

The home of Suzanne Sugarbaker seen in the series is the Arkansas Governor's Mansion, also in the Quapaw Quarter. Both homes are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Critical reception
When the show debuted in CBS's Monday-night lineup in 1986, it garnered respectable ratings; however, CBS moved the show several times to other time slots. After dismal ratings in Sunday night and Thursday night time slots, CBS placed it on hiatus and was ready to cancel the show, but a viewer campaign saved the show and returned it to its Monday night slot. The show's ratings solidified, and it regularly landed in the top 20 rankings. From 1989 through 1992, Designing Women and Murphy Brown (which also centered around a strong, opinionated female character) aired back-to-back, creating a very successful hour-long block for CBS, as both shows were thought to appeal to similar demographics. The show was a top 30 hit for three seasons, from 1989 to 1992, in which the 1989–1992 seasons made it the most successful of the time and helped CBS, which struggled in the ratings around the late 1980s. A move to the Friday night death slot in fall 1992 caused ratings to fall again and the series to be canceled.

Political views
Show creators Linda Bloodworth-Thomason and Harry Thomason were strong supporters of longtime friend and then-Democratic nominee for President of the United States, Bill Clinton and his wife Hillary. Midway through the seventh season, Julia is stranded in the airport while attempting to attend Clinton's first inauguration, in an episode ("The Odyssey") that aired five days prior. Earlier in the series, Charlene mentions working for Clinton during his Arkansas governorship. Another Clinton-related joke was the introduction during the sixth season of the prissy character, Allison Sugarbaker, who makes it quite clear to the others that she attended Wellesley College, Hillary's alma mater. An early third season episode ("The Candidate") also revolves around Julia running for commissioner; she debates on television against a conservative candidate, to whom she eventually loses.

In reality, Dixie Carter was a libertarian-leaning Republican who disagreed with some of the liberal views expressed by her onscreen character. However, she did support liberal causes, such as civil rights and same-sex marriage. Carter cut a deal with the Thomasons in which Julia would sing a song in a future episode for every liberal-leaning monologue.

Home media
Shout! Factory has released all seven seasons of Designing Women on DVD in Region 1.

On September 2, 2003, Sony Pictures released The Best of Designing Women, a single-disc DVD featuring five episodes ranging between seasons one through four: "Designing Women (Pilot)" (season 1), "Killing All the Right People" (season 2), "Reservations for Eight" (season 2), "Big Haas and Little Falsie" (season 3) and "They Shoot Fat Women, Don't They?" (season 4).

On September 28, 2010, Shout! Factory released Designing Women, Volume 1, a single-disc DVD featuring seven episodes from the first season: "Designing Women (Pilot)", "A Big Affair", "Design House", "I Do, I Don't", "New Year's Daze", "Monette", "And Justice for Paul".

On June 5, 2012, Shout! Factory released Designing Women – 20 Timeless Episodes, aimed for casual fans to enjoy the series without buying full season sets. The 2-disc DVD set included the following episodes, ranging from seasons one through five: Disc 1 – "Designing Women (pilot)" (season 1), "New Year's Daze" (season 1), "Monette" (season 1), "Oh Suzannah" (season 1), "Ted Remarries" (season 2), "Killing All the Right People" (season 2), "Heart Attacks" (season 2), "Return of Ray Don" (season 2), "Big Haas & Little Falsie" (season 3), "The Wilderness Experience" (season 3). Disc 2 – "The Naked Truth" (season 3), "Stand & Fight" (season 3), "Nightmare from Hee Haw" (season 3), "Julia Gets Her Head Caught in a Fence" (season 4), "Julia & Suzanne's Big Adventure" (season 4), "Foreign Affairs" (season 4), "A Blast from the Past" (season 5), "And Now, Here's Bernice" (season 5), "This is Art?" (season 5) and "The Pride of the Sugarbakers" (season 5).

Syndication
CBS ran reruns of the show in their daytime lineup at 10:00 a.m. (ET) from April 1991 to June 1992. Subsequently, Designing Women aired on the Lifetime cable network for over a decade. Despite its popularity, the show left the network on August 4, 2006.

A 90-minute retrospective special, The Designing Women Reunion, aired on Lifetime on July 28, 2003, reuniting Burke, Potts, Smart, Carter and Taylor in which they shared memories from their time on the series, and also featured interviews with the Thomasons and various writers. Actors Alice Ghostley, Hal Holbrook, Gerald McRaney, and Richard Gilliland also took part in the special.

The series also aired on Nick at Nite beginning October 2, 2006; however, it quickly left and later appeared on its sister network TV Land, airing at various late-night and morning times occasionally until the network lost the rights to air the show in 2008. The series aired on ION Television in 2007 and has also aired on Comedy Gold, TV Guide Network, and Logo.

In recognition of the show's 30th anniversary, getTV began running the series in June 2017 with nightly blocks featuring 30 fan-favorite episodes, after which the series began airing regularly on the network.

As of Spring 2021, Antenna TV airs two episodes of the show on weeknights at 12:00 and 12:30 a.m. ET, while FETV airs the show weekdays at 3:00 and 3:30 a.m. as of March 2021.

As of August 28, 2019, the series is available for streaming on Hulu. The episodes are not the original versions aired on CBS, but syndication edits, which contain an altered opening credit sequence and choppy edits to allow more time for commercials.

As of 2024, all 7 seasons are available on Prime Video.

Spin-off
Burke returned as the Suzanne Sugarbaker character in the 1995 spin-off series, Women of the House. The series ran for one season, airing on CBS from January 4, 1995, to August 18, 1995, with the final four episodes airing on Lifetime on September 8, 1995.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Designing Women


text:
Talk:Richard Reid

Proposed deletion of related article
Deletion of Religious conversion and terrorism is proposed.

For discussion see: Articles_for_deletion/Religious_conversion_and_terrorism --ISKapoor 22:21, 7 April 2007 (UTC)

According to an unpublished report Reid was a member of the conservative party. I'm going to add this information to the article.Reinoe (talk) 18:37, 14 December 2007 (UTC)

Clarification of sentence
I find this rather confusing: "He was sentenced to life imprisonment on each of the three charges, 20 years imprisonment on four other charges, and 30 years on four other counts, to be served consecutively, followed by five years of supervised release." When is this "supervised release" supposed to take place? Are they expecting him to die and be reincarnated three times, and then live to the age of 200? -- Sakurambo 桜ん坊  17:04, 23 January 2008 (UTC)

 * It's partially bureaucratic, but it's in part so even if one sentence gets overturned or reduced, the others are still there.--Prosfilaes (talk) 23:15, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * And it's partly to make sure he will not be paroled in the foreseeable future, even if he behaves perfectly in jail. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 05:49, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Name of page
To conform with naming conventions, i.e., use the name person is known by most commonly and then use a disambiguator in parentheses if necessary, shouldn't this page be renamed Richard Reid (shoe bomber) or Richard Reid (terrorist)? I've never heard him referred to by his full name, except in court documents, of course Good Ol’factory (talk) 00:12, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

Requested move

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was move. JPG-GR (talk) 06:37, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

My comment above failed to generate any discussion, so I'm formally proposing the move, which will likely be better at producing some. My reasoning is that Reid's full name is not the name he is most commonly known by; he is known as "Richard Reid" and is usually referred to in sources as "shoe bomber Richard Reid", with or without "attempted" at the beginning of this phrase. The only time I have ever seen his full name used is in court documents and in WP. Richard Reid (shoe bomber) already redirects. Good Ol’factory (talk) 02:12, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I think there would be a fairly strong argument for calling this the primary topic of "Richard Reid" and just moving the article to the plain title. Dekimasu よ! 02:51, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Agree with User:Dekimasu. This Richard Reid seems to be the primary topic. —   AjaxSmack   04:38, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * As do I; the others at the dab are already disambiguated. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 05:47, 29 February 2008 (UTC)
 * As nom, I would be fine with that too and agree that it seems like the primary usage. Good Ol’factory (talk) 21:43, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Support Richard Reid (shoe bomber). Prefer disambiguation at Richard Reid. Compulsions70 (talk) 00:24, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
 * You think he's not the primary topic? Dekimasu よ! 03:18, 2 March 2008 (UTC)

 * Support - shoe bomber. Do what you wish with the disambig - maybe it should be another RM. The Evil Spartan (talk) 16:59, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
 * Support, but keep the dab page where it is. This Richard Reid may be the primary topic at present, but he's unlikely to be in a few years time. Dan1980 (talk ♦ stalk) 18:10, 15 March 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Other names
The name "Richard Reid" is English, but the names he used, Tariq Raja and Abdel Rahim, which redirect here, are Arabic names.
 * They are aliases and we don't know if they were ever written in Arabic. This guy is British-born so he may not even know Arabic. Mirror Vax 01:41, 3 August 2005 (UTC)
 * If you guys need 'em - Tariq Raja (طارق راجا), Abdel Rahim (عبدالرحیم) Mustaqbal 09:59, 21 December 2005 (UTC)

Background
I've stuck in a link to a short local newspaper article which has a bit more about Reid's background. J.nicholls 16:56, 11 October 2006 (UTC)

Picture
We really should put a picture of this guy on here.

Forbidden articles
From article:

 * Strangely, despite the obvious security risk to passenger aircraft presented by matches and lighters, these are still absent from the FAA list of items forbidden in aircraft cabins. It has been suggested that the tobacco industry successfully lobbied the Bush administration to have them kept off the FAA forbidden list.

The above POV would fit the article better if attributed to its proponent. --Uncle Ed
 * Who says matches and lighters are an "obvious security risk"?
 * Who says it's "strange" that the FAA hasn't forbidden them?
 * And who was it who "suggested" that tobacco lobbied Bush?

Fair enough Uncle Ed, but I'll answer your questions:
 * Who says matches and lighters are an "obvious security risk"? - The FAA (before they were out-lobbied by the tobacco industry).
 * Who says it's "strange" that the FAA hasn't forbidden them? - Michael Moore and probably everyone else who gets on a plane nowadays.
 * And who was it who "suggested" that tobacco lobbied Bush? - The Whitehouse insider who came forward to explain the backgound to the list and the surpising ommission. It's all in Michael Moore's chapter.

p.s. I agree - a picture would be great.

 * When I went flew yesterday both lighters and matches were on the list.

JesseG 02:32, August 19, 2005 (UTC)

Other pages
Hope you didn't mind the change of webpage, Mav. The one that you had had two irrelevant articles ( one about Joe Millionare!!) and a trancript dwarved by this one. Arno 07:54 Feb 15, 2003 (UTC)

Richard Reid was not born in Sri Lanka
Removed incorrect information about Richard Reid being born in Sri Lanka.

He was born in Farnborough Hospital in Bromley, southeast London, in the summer of 1973.

http://www.hvk.org/articles/0503/26.html http://discuss.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/zforum/02/astrologer011402.htm http://www.dailymirror.lk/archives/dmr261201/News/wou.html http://www.papillonsartpalace.com/bomber.htm --User:Share Bear

Background before conversion to Islam and becoming a terrorist
I remember reading in an article (probably Daily Telegraph, can't remember the date) that prior to converting to Islam and then and becoming a terrorist he was responsible for a number of petty crimes in the UK. Does anyone know what these were?

Richard Reid, terrorist
In case anyone has any doubts about the title of this article one only need to read what the very judge at Reid's trial called him. Netscott 14:56, 6 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Additionally see Terrorism. Netscott 15:03, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * So lots of other people have said he is a freedom fighter. Just because the US court system is hypocritical doesn't mean Wikipedia has to agree. Of course as the US prevents, what others see as it's terrorists, going before courts and having judges say anything about them.--87.75.130.187 21:27, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

Despite efforts to debase the language, "terrorist" does mean something. It's not an insult. Whether you believe Mr. Reid is a freedom fighter has no bearing on the question of whether he's a terrorist. Mirror Vax 21:51, 6 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The povs of people are irrelevent in naming. He is well known as being the Shoe Bomber, and it makes sense that that is the name, rather the POV term "Terrorist" or "Freedom Fighter" or even "Jihadist".--Irishpunktom\talk 10:16, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * "Terrorist" is not a POV term, any more than "murderer" or "rapist". At least not when applied properly, as in this case. Mirror Vax 10:55, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Page move-protected
This article has been protected from page moves to stop a reversion war. Please see the dispute resolution process; if you disagree with the move-protection of this article, please contact me or see Requests for page protection. Note that disagreement amongst editors is the reason the article is protected, and should not be used as an argument for unprotection. // Pathoschild (admin / talk) 10:06, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

 * I've removed the move protection, per the assurances of one of the editors that the page move war will not continue. // Pathoschild (admin / talk) 10:41, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Clarification
I don't understand the relevance and wording of this line:

"He visited Israel in June 2001 and onboard the El-Al flight to Tel Aviv was accompanied seated close to an armed air-marshall."

Was he seated next to an air-marshall because he was deemed a threat? Coincidence? What is noteworthy about this flight?

Consecutively? really?
"He was sentenced to life imprisonment on each of the 3 charges, 20 years imprisonment on 4 other charges, and 30 years on 4 other counts, to be served consecutively, followed by five years of supervised release." So...he's 29 when he attempts to blow up the plane. 29+life (30 years?)+20+30=he'll be about 100 when he comes out for the supervised bit? Am I misreading this?

 * Yes. He's serving three life sentences; after he dies three times, then he can serve the 50 years (or 200 years?).--Prosfilaes 02:33, 19 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Its the very same as when a murderer with 3 victims is sentenced to three consecutive life sentences. If he appeals two of those convictions and they are overturned, then he's obviously still in jail for life.  If Reid were to challenge in a court of appeals the 3 charges that he's got life in prison for, and were to win those appeals, then he'd still served the time on the other counts.  Prosecutors and judges do this so that there will be no question that the guilty party will serve the rest of his life in jail, no matter how many appeals he's able to win, unless of course he wins all of them. Batman2005 21:09, 29 September 2006 (UTC)

Relevance of statement
How is the following statement relevant or even interesting? "He visited Israel in June 2001; onboard the El-Al flight to Tel Aviv he was seated close to an armed air-marshall." --Storkk 18:16, 26 August 2006 (UTC)
 * whoops... didnt see someone else had already questioned it. No replies to previous question, so I'll remove the statement --Storkk 18:17, 26 August 2006 (UTC)

Feds seek to question Reid anew
Associated Press reports that Federal investigators are seeking to question Richard Reid for important information about terrorism plots. Notably, they want to question him without the presence of his federal public defender. The federal government says that he is not entitled to an attorney as his federal case is over. The federal judge in Boston wants the case transferred to Colorado where he is serving an immense amount of prison time. Associated Press reporter is Denise Lavoie.claimman75 01:33, 18 October 2006 (UTC)

Rename
The new name is bad. This is a person who is widely known as shoe bomber. That is what people search for when they seek this information. It should be renamed back. ←Humus sapiens ну? 09:29, 7 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Nah, he's actually the shoenabomber. :-p Tomertalk 08:49, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Shoe removal at airline security
I noticed that there was no mention of how after his attempt, airline passengers had to remove shoes at security. I added that. See "U.S. asks air passengers to remove shoes" from USA Today, 07/11/2003 and "No small feat, tightening up shoe inspections" from San Francisco Chronicle, July 12 2003. Edison (talk) 16:49, 8 July 2009 (UTC)*

Requested move 2

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. I have also moved the DAB from the target, although strictly there should have been a heads-up on that talk page first I think it most unlikely that would have affected the rough consensus here. Andrewa (talk) 01:30, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Richard Reid (shoe bomber) → Richard Reid – WP:Primary topic. More page views than all the other Rich Reid's combined. I'd settle for a move to Shoe Bomber as I am told that is primarily what he is known as. Marcus  Qwertyus   23:14, 16 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support: I'd like to see the traffic stats but none of the other Richard Reids seem particularly notable. I prefer the proposal over a move to Shoe Bomber as it is more neutral and not any less common in my own experience. –CWenger ( ^ •  @ ) 00:54, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support: Here are some traffic stats for you:
 * Richard Reid (shoe bomber) was viewed 28126 times in 2011-05.
 * Richard Reid (cricketer) was viewed 70 times in 2011-05.
 * Richard Gavin Reid was viewed 325 times in 2011-05.
 * Richard Reid (UK politician) is obviously a redlink, although it was reportedly viewed 7 times in 2011-05.
 * Richie Reid was viewed 121 times in 2011-05.
 * Richard Reid (journalist) was viewed 631 times in 2011-05.
 * —BarrelProof (talk) 05:26, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Footnote 1: Richard Gavin Reid is a Featured article, and it appeared on Wikipedia's Main Page as Today's featured article on February 1, 2010.
 * Footnote 2: Richard Reid (journalist) has very little information in it, and is tagged (since Nov. 2009) as having a potential problem with justification of adequate notability.
 * —BarrelProof (talk) 05:47, 17 June 2011 (UTC)

 * Oppose per WP:Recentism. The shoe bomber will be forgotten in a few years. -- Necrothesp (talk) 08:04, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * And the gossip journalist won't? Marcus   Qwertyus   08:18, 17 June 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. Stats speak for themselves Sotonchris (talk) 16:56, 21 June 2011 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Shoe removal outside the US
I removed this His crime led to the new requirement of American, and subsequently many other countries' airline passengers having to remove their shoes for inspection before boarding a flight or entering an airline terminal. I fly a lot and have never had to remove my shoes anywhere but in the US. I admit I have not flown everywhere, but I suspect it is a requirement in the USA only. Anyone have a cite? Paul, in Saudi (talk) 05:35, 7 September 2011 (UTC)

Sentencing date
The article says that Reid was sentenced on January 31, 2003. citing this NY Times article with that publication date which says that he "... was sentenced today to life in prison." However, I see that many other sources report the sentencing date as January 30 -- including this 31 January CNN transcript of the sentencing which says, "The following is a partial transcript of Thursday's court hearing in which Richard Reid was sentenced ...". According to this calendar, 30 January 2003 was a Thursday. Perhaps that NY Times story was published the day after it was written (??). Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 10:54, 31 May 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Richard Reid. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20090615181726/http://news.bbc.co.uk:80/2/hi/americas/8094727.stm to http://news.BBC.co.uk/2/hi/Americas/8094727.stm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 21:20, 18 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 4 external links on Richard Reid. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120301162226/http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Reid_Complaint.pdf to http://nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/FeaturedDocs/U.S._v_Reid_Complaint.pdf
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091227222931/http://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terrorism2002_2005.htm to https://www.fbi.gov/publications/terror/terrorism2002_2005.htm
 * Corrected formatting/usage for https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-04-22-shoe-bomb_x.htm?POE=NEWISVA
 * Corrected formatting/usage for http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/Americas/8094727.stm

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 00:22, 3 September 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on Richard Reid. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100115082019/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/01/07/reid.timeline/index.html to http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/01/07/reid.timeline/index.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 22:36, 6 December 2017 (UTC)

"[T]he closest airport in the United States"
That implies that when the flight crew decided to make an unscheduled landing, an airport in another country (Canada, obviously) was closer. If the closest airport indeed was in Canada, why did the plane land in Boston instead? If Logan International Airport was the closest, bar none, then it's misleading to say it was the closest airport in the United States. —71.105.198.152 (talk) 00:41, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

Background
At the beginning it is stated that Reid's mother was "of native English descent" and that his father was 'man of mixed race whose father was a Jamaican immigrant". What kind of relevance has that? Obviously, both his parents were British, and that's the only thing that counts. "English" is an ambiguous term, is it supposed to mean "white"? And what's the relevance of the fact that Reid's grandfather had immigrated from Jamaica and that his father therefore was of "mixed race"? I propose to delete this information. --Bernardoni (talk) 14:52, 22 December 2021 (UTC)
 * English means someone born in the country of England. "British" refers to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, which is not necessarily the same as English (he could have been Irish or a Scot). There is nothing ambiguous about "English" whatsoever. The article is being informative.  Live with it.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.37.206.38 (talk) 01:54, 22 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Richard Reid


text:
Talk:Terrestrial ecoregion

We need a standard way of indicating which ecoregion a plant or animal species is found in, since exact borders shift. See Ecoregion_DTD.

It is important to note that the WWF did not develope the Ecoregion concept. A more thorough discussion of the concept, its origins, and the current state of affairs would be entirely more appropriate. As it stands, this article is quite imcomplete.

 * Yes there are many ecoregion delineation systems. The WWF's descriptions include references to the other major systems and how they fit, or don't fit, the WWF's delineations.  Perhaps the most well-known system, now getting a bit old, is Bailey's ecoregions.Pfly 04:47, 22 September 2006 (UTC)

Attention needed
This article could be improved by dividing it into sections; see Guide to layout. -,-~ R 'lyeh R isin g  ~-,- 19:11, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:Terrestrial ecoregion


text:
Annie Potts

Anne Hampton Potts (born October 28, 1952) is an American actress. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Corvette Summer (1978) and won a Genie Award for Heartaches (1981), before appearing in Ghostbusters (1984), Pretty in Pink (1986), Jumpin' Jack Flash (1986), Who's Harry Crumb? (1989), Ghostbusters II (1989), Ghostbusters: Afterlife (2021), and Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire (2024). She voiced Bo Peep in the first, second and fourth films of the Toy Story franchise (1995, 1999, and 2019) and in various Disney video games.

On television, Potts played Mary Jo Jackson Shively on the CBS sitcom Designing Women (1986–1993). She was nominated for a 1994 Primetime Emmy Award for playing Dana Palladino on the CBS sitcom Love & War (1993–1995), she played teacher Louanne Johnson on ABC drama Dangerous Minds for one season 1996–1997, and was nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards in 1998 and 1999 for playing Mary-Elizabeth "M.E" Sims in the Lifetime drama series Any Day Now (1998–2002). Her other television credits include GCB (2012), The Fosters (2013–2018), and Young Sheldon (2017–2024).

Early life and education
Potts was born in Nashville, Tennessee, the third child of Dorothy Harris (née Billingslea) and Powell Grisette Potts. She has two older sisters. They grew up in Franklin, Kentucky, where she graduated from Franklin-Simpson High School in 1970.

She attended Stephens College in Columbia, Missouri, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in theater. Potts and her first husband, Steven Hartley, were in a car crash that left several bones below her waist broken, including compound fractures to both legs, and caused the loss of the heel of her right foot; Hartley lost his left leg.

Career
Potts made her debut on the big screen in 1978 in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer comedy film Corvette Summer, with Mark Hamill. She was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1979 for her role in the film. In 1982, she won Genie Awards for Best Performance by a Foreign Actress for her role in the film Heartaches, about a young woman married to a stock car racer and carrying his friend's child. In 1980, she played Edith Bedelmeyer, a woman who shared an attic apartment with three other women (played by Georgia Engel, Lorna Patterson, and Francine Tacker) on the short-lived comedy series Goodtime Girls.

Potts played receptionist Janine Melnitz in the Ghostbusters film series; Potts created the character's trademark New York accent based on a friend's who was from the city. She then appeared as the pragmatic interior designer Mary Jo Shively on the CBS television sitcom Designing Women (1986–1993). She was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series in 1994 for her role as Dana Palladino on Love & War (1993–1995). Other notable roles include Mary Elizabeth (O'Brien) Sims on the Lifetime Television drama series Any Day Now (1998–2002), for which she was nominated for two Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series, the voice of Bo Peep in three of the Toy Story films, a supporting role in John Hughes's Pretty in Pink, and guest-starring roles on such CBS's television series as Magnum, P.I., Joan of Arcadia, Close to Home, Two and a Half Men, and ABC's Men in Trees, Ugly Betty, and Boston Legal. She played a recurring role as Sophie Devere in the NBC's Law & Order: Special Victims Unit from 2005 to 2009.

Potts has done work on audio books; including as the narrator and heroine of Larry McMurtry's Telegraph Days, winning the 2007 Audie Award for Solo Narration-Female, for her portrayal. She starred in the film version of McMurtry's Texasville, a sequel to The Last Picture Show. She made her Broadway debut upon joining the cast of the Tony Award–winning play God of Carnage on November 17, 2009, succeeding Hope Davis in the role of Annette.

In 2012, Potts starred as Elizabeth "Gigi" Stopper in ABC's comedy-drama series GCB, with Leslie Bibb, Kristin Chenoweth, Jennifer Aspen, Miriam Shor, and Marisol Nichols. She says she based her portrayal of the character on Dixie Carter, adding, "Were she still alive, the role would have been hers and should have been." Potts also played a leading role in the 2012 Hallmark Channel original musical movie The Music Teacher, about a high-school music teacher who is on the brink of losing her beloved school music program because of district budget cuts. In an effort to spare the program, Daley's former students band together to stage a musical to raise money to keep the program alive.

In March 2013, Potts signed on for the lead role of the ABC comedy-drama pilot Murder in Manhattan about a mother and daughter who team up as amateur sleuths. ABC later looked for a cable network to distribute the series, opting not to air it on network television. In late 2013, it was announced that Potts would join Diane Paulus' revival of Pippin beginning January 21, 2014. She replaced Tony Award nominee Tovah Feldshuh in the role of Pippin's grandmother Berthe. This marked her first appearance in a Broadway musical.

From 2017 to 2024 she was a series regular on the CBS sitcom Young Sheldon, playing Connie "Meemaw" Tucker, Sheldon's maternal grandmother.

Personal life
Potts is the mother of three sons: one with her third husband Scott Senechal, and two with her fourth and current husband James Hayman.

title: Annie Potts


text:
Talk:Alex Van Halen

Alex van Halen is the drummer and founding member of the heavy metal band Van Halen. He was born on May 8, 1953 in Amsterdam, Netherlands. His family moved to Pasadena, California in 1962.

Untitled
In an ironic twist of fate Alex started taking guitar lessons and his brother Eddie van Halen bought a drum kit. While Eddie was delivering newspapers to pay for his drum kit, Alex would play it. They soon switched instruments permanently.

In 1974 the brothers along with David Lee Roth and Michael Anthony became known as Van Halen. They were signed to Warner Brothers in 1977 and released their self titled debut album on February 8, 1978.

Wife?
I hear he's married to Stine Schyberg (and of course I can't confirm it). Anyone know for sure? (Not trying to be nosy, just mildly curious ...).

P.S. Happy Birthday to him today! :-)

Armslurp 22:49, 8 May 2006 (UTC)

Copyright Violation
I removed a large section that was nearly word for word from Here anyone can feel free to rewrite it as they please. Axcess (talk) 17:49, 12 January 2008 (UTC)

After looking over the history, I am convinced this article started as a blatant cut and paste from the drummerworld article above. Ive found several spots that were word for word from there even now. I have rewritten what I can, but beware of copyright violation in this article. Axcess (talk) 03:03, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Alex's kits
I question if such a large portion of the article should be used to document every single drum kit that Alex has used on each tour. Only one of the kits has any sort of citation. should this be broken off into another article? or shrunk down into the similarities between each kit. documenting what he tends to use more often rather than every piece of equipment he has ever touched? -Axcess (talk) 05:29, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I Just added some headings to make the section a little clearer. I guess it could all be kept if someone could find some citations. -Axcess (talk) 05:44, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

 * A good strategy that is coming into use in some other musician articles is to write the equipment section as prose instead of a list and only include notable items that have a source. So if there is a magazine article where he talks about his favorite setup, we should write a paragraph or two about that, etc. --Spike Wilbury ♫  talk  12:44, 21 January 2008 (UTC)

Minister
Alex is a minister. He's going to be the one that ministers the wedding of Eddie Van Halen. There probably should be something about that in there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.38.207.37 (talk) 23:18, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Is there some sort of source for this? He was born Catholic, but I don't think he is a deacon. What denomination is he a deacon of? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.174.186.75 (talk) 18:05, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

Doesn't sound like he takes it too seriously. link Redrkr (talk) 20:09, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

What kind / brand of cymbals does Alex plays / played?
Hi!

I would like to know what are the brands and / or kinds of cymbals that Alex plays / played. This could be a very useful information to add to the article!

Thank you so very much. Vitor Madeira (talk) 02:15, 29 June 2009 (UTC)

Equipment
''Section moved to talk as excessively long, overly detailed list of limited interest. (And where are the references?) See cmt above.'' RJFJR (talk) 00:42, 25 June 2011 (UTC)

Drums
Ludwig

Ludwig Legacy Classic Maple (custom built blue sparkle finish)

 * 1) 16"x26" Bass drum (with cutom "side port" drum)
 * 2) 16"x26" Bass drum (with cutom "side port" drum)
 * 3) 6.5"x14" Snare drum (wood, die-cast top hoop, triple-flanged bottom)
 * 4) 4"x13" Black Beauty Piccolo Snare drum
 * 5) 8"x12" Tom (on R.I.M.S mount)
 * 6) 9"x13" Tom (on R.I.M.S mount)
 * 7) 16"x16" Floor tom
 * 8) 16"x18" Floor tom
 * 9) 8" Octobans
 * 10) 8" Octobans
 * 11) 8" Octobans
 * 12) 8" Octobans
 * 13) 8" Octobans
 * 14) 16"x24" Bass drum (converted into refrigerator)

Cymbals
Paiste

 * 1) 2002 Sound Edge 15" Hi-hat
 * 2) 20" 2002 Medium Crash
 * 3) 19" 2002 Crash
 * 4) 20" 2002 Crash
 * 5) 24" Giant Beat Ride
 * 6) 24" 2002 Big Ride
 * 7) 20" 2002 Medium Crash
 * 8) 20" 2002 China
 * 9) 22" 2002 Crash
 * 10) 40" Symphonic Gong

Pedals
Tama Iron Cobra

Sticks
Regal Tip

 * 1) Regal Tip Alex Van Halen Series

Percussion
LP

 * 1) Cowbell

Drumheads
Remo

Triggers
Roland & Ddrum

 * 1) Ddrum pro-triggers (on Octobans)

Country of birth of the mother of Alex & Eddie van Halen
See this discussion. It's best to keep same discussions in one place. - FlightTime  ( open channel ) 19:49, 20 May 2018 (UTC)

Well, then answer my remark/question!! And let me have this minor detail corrected as opposed to constantly and annoyingly reverting my rightful corrections. Are you Dutch of Dutch/Eurasian yourself, by any chance? No? Good, I thought so already. So please stop bossing people around who have better knowledge of a subject than you do. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Marcel.Vermeer (talk • contribs) 00:35, 27 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Please search through the talk page archives, this has been brought up countless times. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 00:43, 27 May 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Alex Van Halen


text:
Alex Van Halen

Alexander Arthur Van Halen (born May 8, 1953) is an American retired musician who was the drummer and a co-founder of the rock band Van Halen, which was formed in 1972 by Van Halen and his younger brother Eddie under the name "Mammoth" before adding Michael Anthony and David Lee Roth in 1974 and changing their name to Van Halen.

Warner Bros. signed the band in 1977, and the band's debut album was released a year later. Prior to their disbandment in 2020, following Eddie's death, Van Halen released 12 studio albums, and the brothers were the only two constant members of the band.

Early life
Van Halen was born in Amsterdam. The family name in Dutch is van Halen (with lower-case 'v') and is pronounced in Dutch as. His Dutch father, Jan van Halen (1920–1986), was an accomplished jazz saxophonist and clarinetist. His mother, Eugenia van Beers (1914–2005), was an Indo (Eurasian) from Rangkasbitung, Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). Alex spent his early years in Nijmegen in the east of the Netherlands. The family moved to Pasadena, California, in 1962. Alex and his brother Eddie became naturalized U.S. citizens.

Both brothers were trained as classical pianists during childhood. Although Alex is known as a professional drummer, he began his musical aspirations as a guitarist, with his brother Eddie taking up drums. While Eddie was delivering newspapers to pay for his drum kit, Alex would practice playing on them. After spending some time playing Eddie's drum kit, Alex became more skilled than Eddie was as a drummer. After Eddie heard Alex's mastery of The Surfaris drum solo in the song "Wipe Out", he decided to learn to play the electric guitar. Alex was influenced by Budgie drummer Ray Phillips.

Alex, Eddie and three other boys formed their first band when they were in the fourth grade, calling themselves "The Broken Combs"; they performed at lunchtime at Hamilton Elementary School in Pasadena.

In 1971, Van Halen graduated from Pasadena High School. He then took classes in music theory, scoring, composition and arranging at Pasadena City College for a short while. While there, Alex met Michael Anthony and David Lee Roth. They formed the band Mammoth, and Alex, along with the others, left Pasadena City College.

Career
Alex and Eddie Van Halen had several early bands before the formation of Van Halen. In addition to The Broken Combs, there were The Space Brothers, The Trojan Rubber Company, and Mammoth.

In 1972, the brothers formed Mammoth with Mark Stone on bass and Eddie on lead vocals. The band rented David Lee Roth's PA system for their shows. Soon after, Eddie became tired of singing lead, and asked Roth to join the band. Later, in 1974, since the name Mammoth was already taken by another band, the name was changed to Van Halen, and Stone was replaced by Michael Anthony. Roth has claimed that it was his idea to rename the band Van Halen, and that he actually named it after Alex. In addition to his musical duties at this time, Alex handled managerial duties, such as booking gigs, and the like for the band. Their 1978 self-titled debut album Van Halen was released to much fanfare, influencing many musicians in hard rock. Van Halen had released eleven more studio albums since then, and officially disbanded a month after Eddie's death on October 6, 2020.

Although the term "brown sound" is generally associated with Eddie's guitar, it was actually coined by Alex to refer to the sound of his snare drum.

Alex never recorded any music without his brother being involved, with Michael Anthony saying that "the only person that he plays with is Ed." The only recording Alex has made outside of the band is playing keyboards on the Eddie Van Halen instrumental "Respect the Wind", done for the Twister soundtrack and earning the Van Halen brothers a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Instrumental Performance.

In June of 2024, Alex auctioned off all of his drum gear he had in storage for decades. This lead people to believe that he will no longer be involved in music without his brother Edward on stage with him.

Alex is set to release a book called Brothers on October 22, 2024.

Equipment
Van Halen endorses Ludwig drums, pedals and hardware, Paiste cymbals, Remo drumheads and Regal Tip drumsticks. A Paiste endorser since March 1983, Van Halen, in co-operation with Paiste developed a signature ride cymbal—a 2002 24" Big ride—which Paiste introduced at the 2010 Winter NAMM Show. He also had two Ludwig signature snares. Alex has used Rototoms and octobans in the past as well as electronic drums and is renowned for using extravagantly sized drum kits that feature an on-fire orchestral gong and four bass drums, having originally used only two.

Regal Tip created the Alex Van Halen signature drumsticks when he became an endorser.

Influences
Van Halen's main influences include Billy Cobham, Ginger Baker, Keith Moon and John Bonham, and he has cited jazz drummer Buddy Rich's work as having an early and lifelong impact.

Personal life
Van Halen married Valeri Kendall in June 1983, after a two-year engagement. The marriage ended in divorce two months later. In 1984 he married Kelly Carter. Their son Aric Van Halen, was born October 6, 1989. The couple divorced in August 1996. Carter was sued by Van Halen in 2013, over her commercial use of the 'Van Halen' surname. The case was settled in 2015.

Van Halen married his current wife, Stine Schyberg, in 2000. She is the mother of his son Malcolm Van Halen. Van Halen is the uncle of Wolfgang Van Halen.

Van Halen is an ordained minister. He presided at the second wedding of his brother Eddie in 2009 and presided at the second wedding of Valerie Bertinelli, his ex-sister in-law, in 2011. His son Aric is a passionate runner and competed in the Olympic trials for the steeplechase in 2016.

Due to years of playing loud music, Alex is said to have major hearing loss in both ears. "In 1995 Alex Van Halen complained to his stage engineer Jerry Harvey about it. He could no longer hear the band onstage and was putting his hearing in jeopardy. Harvey built a simple in-ear monitor using two speakers that were originally designed for a pacemaker. He tuned one for bass, the other for treble."

Discography
Solo discography
 * "Respect the Wind" for Twister (1996) with Eddie Van Halen

title: Alex Van Halen


text:
Theatre in the round

A theatre in the round, arena theatre, or central staging is a space for theatre in which the audience surrounds the stage.

Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of Greece and Rome, but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.

The Glenn Hughes Penthouse Theatre in Seattle, Washington was the first theatre-in-the-round venue built in the United States. It first opened on May 19, 1940 with a production of Spring Dance, a comedy by playwright Philip Barry. The 160-seat theatre is located on the campus of the University of Washington in Seattle and is on the National Register of Historic Places.

In 1947, Margo Jones established America's first professional theatre-in-the-round company when she opened her Theater '47 in Dallas. The stage design as developed by Margo Jones was used by directors in later years for such well-known shows as Fun Home, the original stage production of Man of La Mancha, and all plays staged at the ANTA Washington Square Theatre (demolished in the 1960s), including Arthur Miller's autobiographical After the Fall. Such theatres had previously existed in colleges, but not in professional theatre buildings.

Theater in the round is a particularly appropriate setting for staging of dramas using Bertolt Brecht's alienation effect, which stands in opposition to the more traditional Stanislavski technique in drama. Alienation techniques include visible lighting fixtures and other technical elements. Round theatres also allow lighting parts of the audience so that people are reminded that they are in a theatre watching a drama with others.

Stage configuration
The stage is always in the centre with the audience arranged on all sides, and is most commonly rectangular, circular, diamond, or triangular. Actors may enter and exit through the audience from different directions or from below the stage. The stage is usually on an even level with or below the audience in a "pit" or "arena" formation.

This configuration lends itself to high-energy productions and anything that requires audience participation. It is favoured by producers of classical theatre and it has continued as a creative alternative to the more common proscenium format.

In effect, theatre-in-the-round removes the fourth wall and brings the actor into the same space as the audience. This is often problematic for proscenium or end stage trained actors who are taught that they must never turn their backs to the audience, something that is unavoidable in this format. However, it allows for strong and direct engagement with the audience.

It is also employed when theatrical performances are presented in non-traditional spaces such as restaurants, public squares, or during street theater. Set design is usually minimal since it would obscure the audience's view.

History
Theatre-in-the-round was common in ancient theatre, particularly that of Greece and Rome, but was not widely explored again until the latter half of the 20th century.

In Margo Jones' survey of theatre-in-the-round, the first two sources of central staging in the United States she identified were the productions by Azubah Latham and Milton Smith at Columbia University dating from 1914, and T. Earl Pardoe's productions at Brigham Young University in 1922.

In 1924, Gilmor Brown founded the Fair Oaks Playbox in Pasadena, California, an important early practitioner of central staging in addition to other stage configurations that it pioneered in its advent of flexible staging. As Indicated by Jones, the centrally staged productions of the Fair Oaks Playbox were followed approximately eight years later by the work of Glenn Hughes in his Seattle Penthouse.

Stephen Joseph was the first to popularise the form in the United Kingdom from the US in the 1950s and set up theatres-in-the-round in Newcastle-under-Lyme and the Studio Theatre in Scarborough. The current theatre, opened in 1996, is known as the Stephen Joseph Theatre. Joseph was reputed to have once rhetorically asked, "Why must authorities stand with their back to a wall?" His answer was: "So nobody can knife them from behind."

Sam Walters set up an impromptu performance space in the upstairs of the Orange Tree pub in Richmond, London in the early 1970s and subsequently moved across the road to a permanent Orange Tree Theatre.

In 1972, RG Gregory set up the Word and Action theatre company in Dorset in England to work exclusively in theatre-in-the-round. Gregory sought to create a grammar that would enable actors to maximise the form's potential for connecting with the audience both as individuals and as a collective. All Word and Action productions were performed in normal lighting conditions, without costumes or makeup.

Uses in television and concert halls
The innovations of Margo Jones were an obvious influence on Albert McCleery when he created his Cameo Theatre for television in 1950. Continuing until 1955, McCleery offered dramas seen against pure black backgrounds instead of walls of a set. This enabled cameras in the darkness to pick up shots from any position.

Richard Nixon's 1968 U.S. Presidential campaign staged nine live televised question and answer sessions using a ground-breaking theatre-in-the-round format, adapted for a live televised audience. The first time use of the staging device was memorialized in the book, The Selling of the President 1968 by Joe McGinniss. The producer of these Nixon "Man in the Arena" programs was Roger Ailes, who later went to on start Fox News. Ailes' innovation of the theatre-in-the-round format for candidate forums became the blueprint for modern "town hall" candidate formats and even multiple-candidate debates.

Elvis Presley's '68 Comeback Special TV program was performed with the musicians seated using a raised staging in-the-round format.

When an arena staging was conceived for the progressive-rock group Yes by their tour manager Jim Halley in the mid-1970s, it prompted a redesign of rock concerts and venue seating arrangements.

The politics of the round
The politics of theatre-in-the-round were explored most deliberately by RG Gregory. In his view the lit space of a proscenium arch is analogous to the seat of power; the audience adopts the role of passive receivers. In traditional theatre design, maximum care is taken with sight lines in order to ensure that the actor can engage every member of the audience at the same time.

However, once removed from the picture frame of the arch, the actors are compelled to turn their back on some members of the audience and so necessarily lose exclusive command of the acting space. All members of the audience can see the actor, but the actor can no longer see all of them. At this point, in order for the play to function, the audience themselves must be allowed to become key conductors of the meaning of the performance.

Some, like the writer Mick Fealty, have stressed a close analogy between Gregory's description of the rudimentary dynamics of theater-in-the-round with the network effect of Internet-based communication in comparison to traditional broadcast and marketing channels.

Arena stage archive
George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia is home to the largest arena stage archive and contains material from the theatre's 50-year history. Included in the collection are photographs, production notebooks, scrapbooks, playbills, oral histories and handwritten correspondence. According to their website, the total volume is 260 cuft or 440 ft linear and is housed in the Fenwick Library.

Australia

 * La Boite Theatre Building, Brisbane (no longer used as a theatre)
 * Roundhouse Theatre, Brisbane (replacing the La Boite Theatre Building)

Canada

 * Globe Theatre, Regina, Saskatchewan
 * Seton Auditorium, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, Nova Scotia

France

 * L'Européen, Paris
 * Théâtre en Rond, Sassenage and Fresnes

Hong Kong

 * Hong Kong Coliseum, Hung Hom Bay, Kowloon
 * Theater in the Wild, Hong Kong Disneyland, Penny's Bay, Lantau Island

Japan

 * The Enchanted Tiki Room: Stitch Presents Aloha e Komo Mai!, Tokyo Disney Resort, Urayasu, Chiba

Malta

 * Saint James Cavalier Theatre, Valletta

Poland

 * Theater Scena STU, Kraków

Greater London

 * @sohoplace, Soho
 * The Playhouse Theatre, Westminster (after renovation to Kit Kat Club in 2021)
 * Cockpit Theatre, Marylebone
 * Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond
 * Pembroke Theatre, Croydon (closed 1962)

Greater Manchester

 * Octagon Theatre, Bolton
 * Royal Exchange Theatre, Manchester

Elsewhere

 * Crucible Theatre, Sheffield. Most famous for hosting the World Snooker Championships since 1977.
 * Blue Orange Theatre, Birmingham
 * Tobacco Factory Theatres, Bristol
 * The Castle Theatre, Wellingborough (can be in the round or normal theatre format)
 * New Vic Theatre, Newcastle-under-Lyme
 * The Round, Newcastle upon Tyne (closed 2008)
 * Stephen Joseph Theatre, Scarborough
 * The Dukes, Lancaster
 * Everyman Theatre, Liverpool
 * Pyramid Theatre, Leeds University Union, Leeds (formerly Raven Theatre)

Arizona

 * NAU Theatre, Flagstaff, Arizona
 * Celebrity Theatre, Phoenix, Arizona
 * Hale Centre Theatre, Gilbert, Arizona
 * Theater Works, Peoria, Arizona

California

 * UC Davis Health Pavilion, Sacramento, California (Home of Broadway Sacramento's Broadway At Music Circus )
 * The Rock Forum, Anaheim, California
 * Glendale Centre Theatre, Glendale, California
 * Golden Bough Playhouse, Carmel-by-the-Sea, California
 * Marian Theatre, Santa Maria, California
 * Solvang Festival Theater, Solvang, California
 * Old Globe Theatre, San Diego, California
 * Cassius Carter Centre Stage (demolished 2008)
 * Cheryl and Harvey White Theatre
 * Circle Star Theater, San Carlos, California (torn down for office buildings)
 * Riverside Community Players, Riverside, California (built in 1953)
 * Valley Music Theater, Los Angeles, California (built 1963, demolished 2007)
 * Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room, Disneyland, Anaheim, California

Colorado

 * The Space Theatre, Denver, Colorado

District of Columbia

 * Arena Stage, Washington, D.C.

Florida

 * Walt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room (previously Tropical Serenade), Adventureland, Magic Kingdom (Walt Disney World), Bay Lake, Florida
 * From 1998 to 2011, The Enchanted Tiki Room (Under New Management) operated in this attraction's space.
 * Stitch's Great Escape!, Tomorrowland, Magic Kingdom (Walt Disney World), Bay Lake, Florida (operated from 2004 to 2018; space currently unused)
 * Preceding attractions include Flight to the Moon (1971–1975), Mission to Mars (1975–1993) and the ExtraTERRORestrial Alien Encounter (1994–2003).
 * Festival of the Lion King, Disney's Animal Kingdom (Walt Disney World), Bay Lake, Florida

Illinois

 * Marriott Theatre, Lincolnshire, Illinois
 * Mill Run Playhouse, Niles, Illinois (demolished 1984)
 * Richmond Hill Theatre, Geneseo, Illinois
 * Cornstock Theatre, Peoria, Illinois

Indiana

 * Wagon Wheel Theatre, Warsaw, Indiana

Iowa

 * Flanagan Studio Theater, Grinnell, Iowa

Kansas

 * Mark A. Chapman Theatre, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas

Maryland

 * Colonial Players, Annapolis, Maryland
 * Shady Grove Music Fair, Gaithersburg, Maryland (Demolished)
 * Painters Mill Music Fair, Owings Mills, Maryland (Demolished 1991)

Massachusetts

 * North Shore Music Theatre, Beverly, Massachusetts
 * Cape Cod Melody Tent, Hyannis, Massachusetts
 * South Shore Music Circus, Cohasset, Massachusetts
 * The Little Theatre, Newton
 * Balch Arena Theater, Medford, Massachusetts

Minnesota

 * Theatre in the Round Players, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Guthrie Theater, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Rarig Center Arena, Minneapolis, Minnesota
 * Arena Theater, Northfield, Minnesota (Built 1967, mothballed 2011)

Missouri

 * Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts, Kansas City, Missouri

Nevada

 * Le Rêve Theater inside Wynn Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada (opened 2005, closed 2020.)
 * LOVE Theatre inside The Mirage, Las Vegas, Nevada

New Jersey

 * Seton Hall Theatre in the Round, South Orange, New Jersey

New York

 * August Wilson Theatre, New York City, New York
 * Circle Repertory Company, New York City, New York
 * The Irish Classical Theatre in Buffalo, New York
 * NYCB Theatre at Westbury, Westbury, New York
 * Circle in the Square Theatre in New York City, New York (can also be configured as a thrust stage)
 * Arena Theatre at University at Albany, SUNY in Albany, New York

North Carolina

 * Paul Green Theatre, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

Ohio

 * The Front Row, Highland Heights, Ohio (Demolished 1994)
 * Porthouse Theatre, Kent, Ohio

Oregon

 * The Thomas Theater, Ashland, Oregon (one of the theaters used for the Oregon Shakespeare Festival)

Pennsylvania

 * F. Otto Haas Stage, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Valley Forge Music Fair, Devon, Pennsylvania (demolished 1996)

South Carolina

 * Longstreet Theatre, Columbia, South Carolina

Tennessee

 * Ula Love Doughty Carousel Theatre, Knoxville, Tennessee

Texas

 * Plaza Theatre Company, Cleburne, Texas
 * Artisan Center Theater, Hurst
 * Whisenhunt Stage, Austin, Texas
 * Casa Mañana, Fort Worth, Texas (converted to thrust stage in 2003)
 * Theatre '47, Dallas, Texas
 * Mary Moody Northen Theatre, Austin, Texas
 * Arena Theater, Houston, Texas

Utah

 * Hale Centre Theatre, Sandy, Utah
 * West Valley Performing Arts Center, West Valley City, Utah

Virginia

 * The Barksdale Theater in Richmond, Virginia

Washington

 * Glenn Hughes Penthouse Theatre, Seattle, Washington
 * ACT Theatre, Seattle, Washington

Wisconsin

 * Fireside Dinner Theater, Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin
 * Melody Top Theatre, Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1963–86)

In popular culture

 * In the novel The Prestige by Christopher Priest, the magician Rupert Angier courts controversy by writing that stage magic should be performed "in the round" rather than in theatres with a proscenium arch.
 * The English progressive rock band Yes were the first rock-era group to perform "in the round" during their 1978–79 Tormato tour. The band also performed using a round, rotating stage during portions of their Drama and Union tours in 1980 and 1991, respectively.
 * The second tour of the global country-pop superstar Shania Twain, the Up! Tour (2003/04), had a stage configuration in the style of "in the round". The tour was one of the most successful tours of 2004, and served to promote the RIAA diamond certified album, "Up!" (2002).
 * The Into the Millennium Tour by the American boy band Backstreet Boys featured an "in the round" stage. The tour, which began in 1999 and ended in March 2000, is one of the most successful of all time.
 * British rock band Def Leppard played "in the round" for several tours in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Their 1989 live VHS release was entitled Live: In the Round, in Your Face. "In-the-round is an incredibly, insanely aerobic kind of thing…" remarked singer Joe Elliott, who gave up drinking on the Hysteria tour to cope with the physical demands. "You can't stand still; you've got to keep moving. The [other members of the band] had identical microphones on either side of the stage, so they could stand still for a little bit. I had to keep moving."
 * To evoke a three-ring circus, American singer Britney Spears used an in-the-round setting for her 2009 The Circus Starring Britney Spears tour.
 * Stand-up comedians have performed specials "in the round," such as Dane Cook: Vicious Circle and Louis C.K.'s Oh My God.
 * The Spice Girls used a circular, in-the-round stage for their Christmas in Spiceworld tour in 1999.
 * U2's 360° Tour used a very large circular stage.
 * The Dixie Chicks' Top of the World Tour used a circular stage, except in venues where it was an end stage.
 * Metallica have used a rectangular, diamond or oval-shaped stage in the center of the arena, beginning with their 1991 Wherever We May Roam Tour. On different tours, they have included an area within the stage, called "the snake pit", where audience members can watch the show. Their 2012 European Black Album Tour used this format.
 * In the musical The Producers Max Bialystock remarks that he invented "theater in the square".
 * Roger Waters' 2022 This Is Not a Drill tour is performed in the round with a large cross-shaped stage. Hanging overhead is a cross-shaped video screen arrangement that matches the shape of the stage.

title: Theatre in the round


text:
Kilowatt-hour

A kilowatt-hour (unit symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a non-SI unit of energy equal to 3.6 megajoules (MJ) in SI units which is the energy delivered by one kilowatt of power for one hour. Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy supplied by electric utilities. Metric prefixes are used for multiples and submultiples of the basic unit, the watt-hour (3.6 kJ).

Definition
The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) sustained for (multiplied by) one hour. The International System of Units (SI) unit of energy meanwhile is the joule (symbol J). Because a watt is by definition one joule per second, and because there are 3,600 seconds in an hour, one kWh equals 3,600 kilojoules or 3.6 MJ.

Unit representations
A widely used representation of the kilowatt-hour is "kWh", derived from its component units, kilowatt and hour. It is commonly used in billing for delivered energy to consumers by electric utility companies, and in commercial, educational, and scientific publications, and in the media. It is also the usual unit representation in electrical power engineering. This common representation, however, does not comply with the style guide of the International System of Units (SI).

Other representations of the unit may be encountered:
 * "kW⋅h" and "kW h" are less commonly used, but they are consistent with the SI. The SI brochure states that in forming a compound unit symbol, "Multiplication must be indicated by a space or a half-high (centred) dot (⋅), since otherwise some prefixes could be misinterpreted as a unit symbol." This is supported by a standard issued jointly by an international (IEEE) and national (ASTM) organization, and by a major style guide. However, the IEEE/ASTM standard allows "kWh" (but does not mention other multiples of the watt-hour). One guide published by NIST specifically recommends against "kWh" "to avoid possible confusion".
 * The United States official fuel-economy window sticker for electric vehicles uses the abbreviation "kW-hrs".
 * Variations in capitalization are sometimes encountered: KWh, KWH, kwh, etc., which are inconsistent with the International System of Units.
 * The notation "kW/h" for the kilowatt-hour is incorrect, as it denotes kilowatt per hour.

The hour is a unit of time listed among the non-SI units accepted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for use with the SI. Its combination with the kilowatt, a standard SI unit, is therefore permitted within the standard.

An electric heater consuming 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt) operating for one hour uses one kilowatt-hour of energy. A television consuming 100 watts operating continuously for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. A 40-watt electric appliance operating continuously for 25 hours uses one kilowatt-hour.

Electricity sales
Electrical energy is typically sold to consumers in kilowatt-hours. The cost of running an electrical device is calculated by multiplying the device's power consumption in kilowatts by the operating time in hours, and by the price per kilowatt-hour. The unit price of electricity charged by utility companies may depend on the customer's consumption profile over time. Prices vary considerably by locality. In the United States prices in different states can vary by a factor of three.

While smaller customer loads are usually billed only for energy, transmission services, and the rated capacity, larger consumers also pay for peak power consumption, the greatest power recorded in a fairly short time, such as 15 minutes. This compensates the power company for maintaining the infrastructure needed to provide peak power. These charges are billed as demand changes. Industrial users may also have extra charges according to the power factor of their load.

Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt-hours (TWh) for a given period that is often a calendar year or financial year. A 365-day year equals 8,760 hours, so over a period of one year, power of one gigawatt equates to 8.76 terawatt-hours of energy. Conversely, one terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of about 114 megawatts for a period of one year.

Examples
In 2020, the average household in the United States consumed 893 kWh per month.

In terms of human power, a healthy adult male manual laborer performs work equal to about half a kilowatt-hour over an eight-hour day.

Conversions
To convert a quantity measured in a unit in the left column to the units in the top row, multiply by the factor in the cell where the row and column intersect.

Watt-hour multiples
All the SI prefixes are commonly applied to the watt-hour: a kilowatt-hour is 1,000 Wh (kWh); a megawatt-hour is 1 million Wh (MWh); a milliwatt-hour is 1/1,000 Wh (mWh) and so on. The kilowatt-hour is commonly used by electrical energy providers for purposes of billing, since the monthly energy consumption of a typical residential customer ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand kilowatt-hours. Megawatt-hours (MWh), gigawatt-hours (GWh), and terawatt-hours (TWh) are often used for metering larger amounts of electrical energy to industrial customers and in power generation. The terawatt-hour and petawatt-hour (PWh) units are large enough to conveniently express the annual electricity generation for whole countries and the world energy consumption.

Distinction between kWh (energy) and kW (power)
A kilowatt is a unit of power (rate of flow of energy per unit of time). A kilowatt hour is a unit of energy. Kilowatt per hour would be a rate of change of power flow with time.

Work is the amount of energy transferred to a system; power is the rate of delivery of energy. Energy is measured in joules, or watt-seconds. Power is measured in watts, or joules per second.

For example, a battery stores energy. When the battery delivers its energy, it does so at a certain power, that is, the rate of delivery of the energy. The higher the power, the quicker the battery's stored energy is delivered. A higher power output will cause the battery's stored energy to be depleted in a shorter time period.

Annualized power
Electric energy production and consumption are sometimes reported on a yearly basis, in units such as megawatt-hours per year (MWh/yr) gigawatt-hours/year (GWh/yr) or terawatt-hours per year (TWh/yr). These units have dimensions of energy divided by time and thus are units of power. They can be converted to SI power units by dividing by the number of hours in a year, about $8,760 h$.

Thus, 1 GWh/yr = 1 GWh/8760 h ≈ $114.12 kW$.

Misuse of watts per hour
Many compound units for various kinds of rates explicitly mention units of time to indicate a change over time. For example: miles per hour, kilometres per hour, dollars per hour. Power units, such as kW, already measure the rate of energy per unit time (kW=kJ/s). Kilowatt-hours are a product of power and time, not a rate of change of power with time.

Watts per hour (W/h) is a unit of a change of power per hour, i.e. an acceleration in the delivery of energy. It is used to measure the daily variation of demand (e.g. the slope of the duck curve), or ramp-up behavior of power plants. For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of $1 MW$ from $0 MW$ in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of $4 MW$.

Other uses of terms such as watts per hour are likely to be errors.

Other related energy units
Several other units related to kilowatt-hour are commonly used to indicate power or energy capacity or use in specific application areas. Average annual energy production or consumption can be expressed in kilowatt-hours per year. This is used with loads or output that vary during the year but whose annual totals are similar from one year to the next. For example, it is useful to compare the energy efficiency of household appliances whose power consumption varies with time or the season of the year. Another use is to measure the energy produced by a distributed power source. One kilowatt-hour per year equals about 114.08 milliwatts applied constantly during one year.

The energy content of a battery is usually expressed indirectly by its capacity in ampere-hours; to convert ampere-hour (Ah) to watt-hours (Wh), the ampere-hour value must be multiplied by the voltage of the power source. This value is approximate, since the battery voltage is not constant during its discharge, and because higher discharge rates reduce the total amount of energy that the battery can provide. In the case of devices that output a different voltage than the battery, it is the battery voltage (typically 3.7 V for Li-ion) that must be used to calculate rather than the device output (for example, usually 5.0 V for USB portable chargers). This results in a 500 mA USB device running for about 3.7 hours on a 2,500 mAh battery, not five hours.

The Board of Trade unit (B.T.U.) is an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt-hour. The term derives from the name of the Board of Trade which regulated the electricity industry until 1942 when the Ministry of Power took over. This should not be confused with a British Thermal Unit (BTU) which is 1055 J.

In India, the kilowatt-hour is often simply called a unit of energy. A million units, designated MU, is a gigawatt-hour and a BU (billion units) is a terawatt-hour.

title: Kilowatt-hour