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One Hundred and One Dalmatians

One Hundred and One Dalmatians (also known as 101 Dalmatians) is a 1961 American animated adventure comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions with distribution by Buena Vista Distribution. Adapted from Dodie Smith's 1956 novel of the same name, the film was directed by Hamilton Luske, Clyde Geronimi, and Wolfgang Reitherman from a script by Bill Peet. It features the voice talents of Rod Taylor, J. Pat O'Malley, Betty Lou Gerson, Martha Wentworth, Ben Wright, Cate Bauer, Dave Frankham, and Fred Worlock.

The film's plot follows a litter of fifteen Dalmatian puppies, who are kidnapped by the obsessive socialite Cruella De Vil, wanting to make their fur into coats. Pongo and Perdita set out on a cross-country rescue mission to save the litter from the maniacal Cruella, in the process rescuing 84 additional ones, bringing the total of Dalmatians to 101.

One Hundred and One Dalmatians was released in theaters on January 25, 1961, to critical acclaim and was a box-office success, grossing $14 million domestically in its original theatrical run. It became the first animated feature to earn over $10 million during its initial release, and became the eighth-highest-grossing film of the year in the North American box office and the highest-grossing animated film when reissues of films are not counted. Aside from its box-office revenue, the employment of inexpensive animation techniques, such as using xerography during the process of inking and painting traditional animation cels, kept production costs down. Counting reissues, the film grossed $303 million worldwide, and when adjusted for inflation, is the twelfth-highest-grossing film in the North American box office and the second-highest-grossing animated film globally.

The success of the film made Disney expand it into a media franchise, with a live-action remake released in 1996, followed by a sequel in 2000. A direct-to-video animated sequel to the 1961 film, 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, was released in 2003. Two animated television series based on the franchise were also produced, with 101 Dalmatians: The Series in 1997 and 101 Dalmatian Street in 2019. A live-action reboot, Cruella, was released in 2021.

Plot
In 1958, aspiring songwriter Roger Radcliffe lives in a bachelor flat near Regent's Park in London with his pet Dalmatian, Pongo. Deciding both of them need a "mate", Pongo watches women and their dogs in the street. Noticing a young woman named Anita and her Dalmatian Perdita, he drags Roger to the park to arrange a meeting. Roger and Anita fall in love, and soon marry, with Pongo and Perdita attending.

The Radcliffes hire a nanny and move into a small townhouse near Regent's Park. After Perdita becomes pregnant with a litter of 15 puppies, Anita's fur-obsessed former schoolmate, Cruella de Vil, arrives and demands to know when the puppies will arrive; Roger responds by writing a jazzy song mocking her. A heartbroken Perdita confesses to Pongo that she now regrets the idea of having puppies due to Cruella wanting them. When the puppies are born, Cruella returns, demanding to buy them. Roger firmly denies her offer; Cruella, refusing to take no for an answer, swears revenge and storms out.

Several weeks later, Cruella makes good on her threat and secretly hires brothers Jasper and Horace Badun, two burglars, to steal the puppies. When Scotland Yard is unable to find the puppies or prove Cruella was involved, Pongo and Perdita use the "Twilight Bark", a canine gossip line, to solicit help from the other dogs in London, and eventually all of England.

Colonel, an Old English Sheepdog, along with his feline compatriot Sergeant Tibbs, investigate the nearby "Old De Vil Place", where puppies had been heard barking two nights earlier. Tibbs finds the puppies in the hall and learns that Cruella intends to make them into dog-skin fur coats. After Colonel sends word back to London, Pongo and Perdita leave through a back window and begin a long cross-country journey, crossing an icy river and running through the snow toward Suffolk.

Meanwhile, Tibbs overhears Cruella ordering the Baduns to kill the puppies that night out of fear the police will soon find them. In response, Tibbs helps the puppies escape through a hole in the wall, but the Baduns notice and give chase. Pongo and Perdita break into the house and confront the Baduns just as they are about to kill the puppies. While the adult dogs attack the two men, Colonel and Tibbs guide the puppies from the house. Following a happy reunion with their own puppies, Pongo and Perdita discover there are 84 more puppies with them. Shocked at Cruella's plans, they decide to adopt all the puppies, certain that Roger and Anita would never reject them.

The Dalmatians start their homeward trek, pursued by the Baduns. They take shelter from a blizzard in a dairy farm with a friendly collie and three cows, then make their way to Dinsford, where they meet a Black Labrador waiting for them in a blacksmith's shop. Cruella and the Baduns arrive, prompting Pongo to have his entire family roll in a sooty fireplace to disguise themselves as other Labradors. The Labrador helps them board a moving van bound for London, but melting snow falls on Lucky and clears the soot off of him, blowing the dogs' cover. Enraged, Cruella pursues the van in her car and tries to ram it off the road, but the Baduns, attempting to do the same with their lorry, end up colliding with her. Both vehicles crash into a ditch, and Cruella yells in frustration at the pair, only for Jasper to tell her off as the van drives away.

In London, a depressed Nanny and the Radcliffes try to enjoy Christmas and the wealth they have acquired from the song about Cruella, which has become a big radio hit. The soot-covered Dalmatians suddenly flood the house. Upon removing the soot and counting the massive family of dogs, Roger chooses to use his songwriting royalties to buy a big house in the country so they can keep all 101 Dalmatians.

Voice cast

 * Rod Taylor as Pongo, Roger's urbane and dashing pet Dalmatian, Perdita's mate, the father of fifteen, and adopted father of the eighty-four orphaned puppies. He also serves as the film's narrator.
 * J. Pat O'Malley and Fred Worlock as Jasper and Horace Badun, mean and argumentative small-time crooks whom Cruella hires to steal Dalmatian puppies.
 * O'Malley also voiced Colonel, an Old English Sheepdog of military bearing who aids in the search for puppies; Mr. Simpkins, a panelist on What's My Crime? TV show; and the Mechanic.
 * Worlock also voiced Inspector Graves, a panelist on What's My Crime? TV show.
 * Betty Lou Gerson as Cruella De Vil, an erratic and ruthless aristocrat and Anita's schoolmate who adores fur and wants to turn Dalmatian puppies into a coat.
 * Gerson also voiced Miss Birdwell, a panelist on What's My Crime? TV show.
 * Martha Wentworth as Nanny, the Radcliffes' warm and motherly cook and housekeeper. She is an amalgamation of the characters "Nanny Cook" and "Nanny Butler" from the original novel.
 * Wentworth also voiced Lucy, the white goose; and Queenie, one of the cows that the Dalmatians encounter during their escape from Cruella.
 * Ben Wright as Roger Radcliffe, Pongo's absent-minded owner and Anita's husband who works as a songwriter.
 * Bill Lee provided Roger's singing voice.
 * Cate Bauer and Lisa Daniels as Perdita, Anita's quiet and refined pet Dalmatian, Pongo's mate, the mother of fifteen, and adopted mother of the eighty-four orphaned puppies. She is an amalgamation of the characters "Perdita" and "Missis" from the original novel.
 * Dave Frankham as Sergeant Tibbs, a scrawny tabby cat who aids the puppies in their escape from Cruella and Baduns.
 * Frankham also voiced Scottie, the Skye Terrier.
 * Lisa Davis as Anita Radcliffe, Perdita's reserved and polite owner, Roger's wife, and Cruella's schoolmate.
 * Tom Conway as the Collie who offers Dalmatians shelter for the night during their trek.
 * Conway also voiced the Quizmaster, a loquacious moderator of What's My Crime? TV show.
 * Tudor Owen as Old Towser, a Bloodhound.

 * Owen also voiced the Truck Driver.
 * George Pelling as Danny, a Great Dane of Hampstead.
 * Ramsay Hill as the Labrador Retriever who helps the Dalmatians escape from Cruella and Baduns.
 * Hill also voiced the TV Announcer.
 * Queenie Leonard and Marjorie Bennett as Princess and Duchess, cows from a country barn where Dalmatians take shelter during their escape.
 * Sylvia Marriott voiced the fourth unnamed cow.
 * Mickey Maga, Barbara Beaird, Mimi Gibson, and Sandra Abbott as Patch, Rolly, Lucky, and Penny, Dalmatian puppies from Pongo and Perdita's litter.
 * Thurl Ravenscroft as Captain, a gray horse and aide of Colonel and Sergeant Tibbs.

Max Smith, Bob Stevens, Clarence Nash, and Dal McKennon provided the sounds of dog barks. Barbara Luddy and Rickie Sorensen voiced Rover and Spotty, two of the eighty-four Dalmatian puppies that were bought by Cruella. Jeanne Gayle (the wife of the film's composer George Bruns) performed the radio version of "Cruella De Vil" song in the film's final scene. Paul Frees voiced Dirty Dawson, the villain in the Thunderbolt TV show. Lucille Bliss performed the "Kanine Krunchies" jingle in a TV commercial.

Story development
The children's novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians by Dodie Smith had been published on November 19, 1956, to an immediate success. By February 1957, screenwriter Charles Brackett brought it to the attention of Walt Disney, who acquired the film rights to the novel on November 26 of that year (after lengthy negotiations) for $25,000. The project was set to be Disney's next animated feature after Sleeping Beauty (which was still in production at the time) and was originally expected to be finished within two years. Story artist Bill Peet was assigned to single-handedly develop the story, marking the first time a Disney animated film was written by one person. Disney also tasked Peet to write a detailed screenplay first before storyboarding; since Peet never learned to use a typewriter, he wrote the initial draft by hand on legal paper. The manuscript was completed and typed up within two months, after which, having received Disney's approval, Peet began storyboarding and was charged with recording the voice-over process.

Peet closely followed the plot of Smith's novel, but condensed some of its characters, which included Cruella's husband and cat, as well as Cadpig, the female runt of Pongo and Missis' puppies, whose traits were transferred to Lucky in the final film. He also merged two Dalmatian mothers, birth mother Missis and adopted mother Perdita, into one, naming her after the latter; likewise, Nanny Cook and Nanny Butler from the novel were amalgamated into one character, simply named Nanny. The Colonel's cat assistant was re-gendered from the female Pussy Willow into the male Sergeant Tibbs, and Horace Badun was renamed from Saul. Among other things, Peet retained a scene from the original book in which Pongo and Perdita exchange wedding vows in unison with their owners, who were also renamed from Mr. and Mrs. Dearly to Roger and Anita Radcliffe. However, after the censor board warned that it might offend certain religious audiences if the animals repeated the exact words of a solemn religious ceremony, it was reworked to be less religious, down to having Roger and Anita dressed in formal clothes. Also, the film's original ending involved the newly rich Roger selling his song about Cruella and buying the Hell Hall to turn it into a Dalmatian Plantation, with Pongo and Perdita expecting another litter of puppies. It was ultimately cut short and rewritten to have Dalmatians reunite with their owners after they escape from Cruella.

Although Disney had not been as involved in the production of the animated films as frequently as in previous years, he was always present at story meetings. When Peet sent Dodie Smith some drawings of the characters, she wrote back saying that he had improved her story and that the designs looked better than the illustrations in the book.

Casting
The filmmakers deliberately cast actors with deeper voices for the roles of dogs, so they would have more power than those of the human characters. Rod Taylor, who had extensive radio experience, was one of the first actors cast in the film; he got the role of Pongo. Lisa Daniels was originally cast as Perdita and recorded about the third of her lines but then got married and moved to New York; Cate Bauer replaced her for the rest of the film. J. Pat O'Malley, who was a regular voice actor for the studio and one of Disney's personal favorites, got the roles of Jasper and Colonel, and also voiced several minor characters in the film. David Frankham was cast as Sergeant Tibbs in the spring of 1959 and finished his recording within three sessions from May 1959 to January 1960; he was also asked to record the part of Scottie, the Skye Terrier who appears early in the "Twilight Bark" sequence.

Disney originally had Lisa Davis read for the role of Cruella De Vil, but she did not think that she was right for the part, and wanted to try reading the role of Anita instead. Disney agreed, and, after they read the script for a second time, she landed the part. Davis also provided live-action reference for the character. Betty Lou Gerson, who was previously the narrator for Cinderella (1950), auditioned for the role of Cruella De Vil in front of Marc Davis, the character's supervising animator, and sequence director Wolfgang Reitherman, and immediately landed it. While searching for the right accent of the character, she landed on a "phony theatrical voice, someone who's set sail from New York but hasn't quite reached England." During the recording process, Gerson was thought to be imitating Tallulah Bankhead, but she later disputed that she "didn't intentionally imitate her ... We both had phony English accents on top of our Southern accents and a great deal of flair. So our voices came out that way." Gerson finished her recording sessions in fourteen days.

Art direction
After Sleeping Beauty (1959) disappointed at the box office, Disney was losing money and there were discussions about closing down the animation department. During the film's production, Disney told animator Eric Larson: "I don't think we can continue; it's too expensive." Despite this, he still had deep feelings towards animation because he had built the company upon it.

Ub Iwerks, in charge of special processes at the studio, had been experimenting with Xerox photography to aid in animation. By 1959, he used a Xerox camera to transfer drawings by animators directly to animation cels, eliminating the inking process, thus saving time and money while preserving the spontaneity of the penciled elements. However, because of its limitations, the camera was unable to deviate from a black scratchy outline and lacked the fine lavish quality of hand inking. Disney would first use the Xerox process for a thorn forest in Sleeping Beauty, and the first production to make full use of the process was Goliath II (1960). For One Hundred and One Dalmatians, one of the benefits of the process was that it was a great help towards animating the spotted dogs. According to Chuck Jones, Disney was able to complete the film for about half of what it would have cost if they had had to animate all the dogs and spots.

Meanwhile, Ken Anderson, the studio's art director, learned a television production studio—Hurrell Productions—was using Xerography to produce television commercials featuring Disney characters. Inspired by the aesthetic, Anderson experimented with a Xerox copier to directly transfer the animators' drawings onto transparent cels, thereby eliminating the inking process. Anderson screened an animation test to Disney and the animators; although Disney expressed concern at the graphic style, he gave his approval stating: "Ah, yeah, yeah, you can fool around all you want to." For the stylized art direction, Anderson took inspiration from British cartoonist Ronald Searle, who once advised him to use a Mont Blanc pen and India ink for his artwork.

In addition to the character animation, Anderson also sought to use Xerography on "the background painting because I was going to apply the same technique to the whole picture." Along with color stylist Walt Peregoy, the two had the line drawings be printed on a separate animation cel before being laid over the background, which gave the appearance similar to the Xeroxed animation. Disney disliked the artistic look of the film and felt he was losing the "fantasy" element of his animated films. In a meeting with the animation staff concerning future films, Disney angrily said, "We're never gonna have one of those goddamned things", referring to the film's art direction; he also stated, "Ken's never going to be an art director again."

Anderson took this to heart, but Disney eventually forgave him on his final trip to the studio in late 1966. As Anderson recalled in an interview:

"He looked very sick. I said, 'Gee, it's great to see you, Walt,' and he said, 'You know that thing you did on Dalmatians.' He didn't say anything else, but he just gave me this look, and I knew that all was forgiven and in his opinion, maybe what I did on Dalmatians wasn't so bad. That was the last time I ever saw him. Then, a few weeks later, I learned he was gone."

Character animation
Marc Davis was the sole animator on Cruella De Vil. During production, Davis claimed her character was partly inspired by Bette Davis (no relation), Rosalind Russell, and Tallulah Bankhead. He took further influence from her voice actress, Betty Lou Gerson, whose cheekbones he added to the character. He later complimented, "[t]hat [her] voice was the greatest thing I've ever had a chance to work with. A voice like Betty Lou's gives you something to do. You get a performance going there, and if you don't take advantage of it, you're off your rocker". While her hair coloring originated from the illustrations in the novel, Davis found its disheveled style by looking "through old magazines for hairdos from 1940 till now". Her coat was exaggerated to match her oversized personality, and the lining was red because "there's a devil image involved".

As with the previous Disney films, the actors provided live-action reference as an aid to the animators before the animation process begun. By January 1959, Mary Wickes, who had played the maid Katie in The Mickey Mouse Club serial Annette, was hired as a model for Cruella De Vil. The live-action reference for Nanny was provided by both Don Barclay and Barbara Luddy, who had voiced Lady in Lady and the Tramp (1955) and Merryweather in Sleeping Beauty (1959). Helene Stanley – who had been a model for the titular character in Cinderella (1950) and Princess Aurora in Sleeping Beauty (1959) – performed the live-action reference for Anita.

Music
To have music involved in the narrative, Peet used an old theater trick by which the protagonist is a down-and-out songwriter. However, unlike the previous animated Disney films at the time, the songs were not composed by a team, but by Mel Leven who composed both lyrics and music. Previously, Leven had composed songs for the UPA animation studio in which animators, who transferred to work at the Disney studios, had recommended him to Walt Disney. His first assignment was to compose "Cruella De Vil," of which Leven composed three versions. The final version used in the film was composed as a "bluesy number" before a meeting with Walt in forty-five minutes.

The other two songs included in the film are "Kanine Krunchies Jingle" (sung by Lucille Bliss, who voiced Anastasia Tremaine in Disney's 1950 film Cinderella), and "Dalmatian Plantation" in which Roger sings only two lines at its closure. Leven had also written additional songs that were not included in the film. The first song, "Don't Buy a Parrot from a Sailor," a cockney chant, was meant to be sung by Jasper and Horace at the De Vil Mansion. A second song, "Cheerio, Good-Bye, Toodle-oo, Hip Hip!" was to be sung by the dalmatian puppies as they make their way into London. A third song titled "March of the One Hundred and One" was meant for the dogs to sing after escaping Cruella by van. Different, longer versions of "Kanine Krunchies Jingle" and "Dalmatian Plantation" appear on the Disneyland Records read-along album based on the film.

The Sherman Brothers wrote a title song, "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", but it was not used in the film. The song has been released on other Disney recordings, however.

Original theatrical run
One Hundred and One Dalmatians premiered and was released in theaters on January 25, 1961, accompanied by the documentary The Horse with the Flying Tail (1960). To promote the film, an updated version of the 1957 Disneyland episode "The Best Doggoned Dog in the World" was aired on ABC on February 12, 1961, featuring the footage from One Hundred and One Dalmatians instead of scenes from Old Yeller (1957).

During its initial theatrical run, the film grossed $14 million in the United States and Canada, which generated $6.2 million in distributor rentals. It was the first animated feature to earn more than $10 million on its initial release, as well as the most popular film of the year in France, with admissions of 14.7 million ranking tenth on their all-time list. The box-office success of One Hundred and One Dalmatians allowed to pull the studio's animation department out of the financial slump caused by the underperformance of Sleeping Beauty two years prior; despite this, it did nothing to rekindle Disney's fading interest in animation, with him being more focused on working on Disneyland and producing live-action films by then.

Re-releases
One Hundred and One Dalmatians was re-released theatrically in the United States in 1969, 1979, 1985, and 1991. During its first re-release in 1969, it earned $15 million. In 1979, it grossed $19 million while playing on a double bill with another Disney film The Last Flight of Noah's Ark, and in its 1985 theatrical re-release, the film earned $32 million. During its fourth re-release in 1991, it grossed $60.8 million, becoming the 17th highest-grossing film of the year in the United States. In 1980, the film earned rentals of $8 million in France, Belgium and Switzerland. By 1995, the film had grossed $86 million internationally, and in the same year it grossed $71 million overseas, bringing its international total to $157 million. The film's total domestic lifetime gross is $145 million, and its total worldwide gross is $303 million. Adjusted for inflation, and incorporating subsequent releases, the film has a lifetime gross of $936.2 million.

Home media
One Hundred and One Dalmatians was first released on VHS on April 10, 1992, as part of the Walt Disney Classics video series; 11.1 million copies had been sold by June of that year. At the time of its release, it was the sixth best-selling video of all time. The film was re-released on VHS and LaserDisc on March 9, 1999, as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection for a limited 101-day time period. The DVD edition was originally scheduled for release in the spring of that year, but was delayed until November 11; it was released as a Walt Disney Limited Issue for a limited 60-day time period before going into moratorium.

By 2007, One Hundred and One Dalmatians underwent a digital restoration and was released as a two-disc Platinum Edition DVD on March 4, 2008. The set included a behind-the-scenes documentary Redefining the Line: The Making of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, two additional featurettes – Cruella de Vil: Drawn to Be Bad (dedicated to the talents behind the creation of the eponymous character) and Sincerely Yours, Walt Disney (covering Disney's correspondence with Dodie Smith), deleted songs, a virtual gallery of concept art and other production photos, theatrical trailers, radio and TV spots. It returned to the Disney Vault on January 30, 2010.

One Hundred and One Dalmatians was released for the first time on Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on September 3, 2012. In North America, it was released on Diamond Edition Blu-ray and Digital HD on February 10, 2015, featuring a new making-of featurette Lucky Dogs, the animated short The Further Adventures of Thunderbolt (based on the Thunderbolt TV show in the film), a 1961 version of the Disneyland episode "The Best Doggoned Dog in the World", and several bonus features from the previous DVD release. The set was re-released as a limited Blu-ray/DVD combo pack for the Disney Movie Club on November 6, 2018. On September 24, 2019, One Hundred and One Dalmatians was re-released for HD digital download and on Blu-ray as part of the Walt Disney Signature Collection.

Critical response
In its initial release, One Hundred and One Dalmatians received acclaim from critics, many of whom hailed it as the studio's best release since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937) and the closest to a real "Disney" film in many years. Howard Thompson of The New York Times wrote, "While the story moves steadily toward a stark, melodramatic "chase" climax, it remains enclosed in a typical Disney frame of warm family love, human and canine." However, he later opined that the "[s]ongs are scarce, too. A few more would have braced the final starkness." Variety claimed that "While not as indelibly enchanting or inspired as some of the studio's most unforgettable animated endeavors, this is nonetheless a painstaking creative effort." A review in Time magazine praised the film as "the wittiest, most charming, least pretentious cartoon feature Walt Disney has ever made." Harrison's Reports felt all children and adults will be "highly entertained by Walt Disney's latest, a semi-sophisticated, laugh-provoking, all cartoon, feature-lengther in Technicolor." Dodie Smith also enjoyed the film where she particularly praised the animation and backgrounds of the film.

Contemporary reviews have remained positive. Reviewing the film during its 1991 re-release, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times, while giving the film three stars out of four, asserted that "it's an uneven film, with moments of inspiration in a fairly conventional tale of kidnapping and rescue. This is not one of the great Disney classics - it's not in the same league with Snow White or Pinocchio - but it's passable fun, and will entertain its target family audiences." Chicago Tribune film critic Gene Siskel, in his 1991 review, also gave the film three stars out of four. Ralph Novak of People wrote "What it lacks in romantic extravagance and plush spectacle, this 1961 Disney film makes up for in quiet charm and subtlety. In fact, if any movie with dogs, cats, and horses who talk can be said to belong in the realm of realistic drama, this is it." However, the film did receive a few negative reviews. In 2011, Craig Berman of MSNBC ranked it and its 1996 remake as two of the worst children's films of all time, saying that, "The plot itself is a bit nutty. Making a coat out of dogs? Who does that? But worse than Cruella de Vil's fashion sense is the fact that your children will definitely start asking for a Dalmatian of their own for their next birthday."

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on  reviews, with an average score of. The website's critics consensus reads, "With plenty of pooches and a memorable villain (Cruella De Vil), this is one of Disney's most enduring, entertaining animated films."

Cruella De Vil ranked 39th on AFI's list of "100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains".

Legacy
Since the original release of One Hundred and One Dalmatians in 1961, Disney has taken the property in various directions.

Television series
In 1996, it was announced that an animated television series based on the film would be created through a partnership between Disney and Kellogg’s. Co-produced by Walt Disney Television Animation and Jumbo Pictures, 101 Dalmatians: The Series aired in syndication and on ABC from 1997 to 1998.

101 Dalmatian Street is the second TV series with a plot in the 21st century, with a new art style and a concept loosely based on the source material. Set 60 years after the original film, the show mostly focuses on a completely new family of Dalmatians, (who are descendants of Pongo and Perdita) who all live without a human in Camden Town.

Sequel
A direct-to-video sequel to the original animated film, 101 Dalmatians II: Patch's London Adventure, was released in 2003. The main focus of the sequel is Patch, the loneliest of puppies, feeling "lost in a sea of spots". After he gets left behind during the Radcliffe's moving day, he encounters his TV hero, Thunderbolt, who enlists him on a publicity campaign.

Live-action adaptations
A live-action remake of the 1961 film, 101 Dalmatians, was released in 1996; unlike the animated film, none of the animals had speaking voices in this version. It was followed by a sequel, 102 Dalmatians, in 2000. A live-action version of Cruella De Vil is featured as one of the main antagonists in the fourth season of the fantasy television series, Once Upon a Time (produced by Disney-owned ABC Studios). Cruella is one of the four main villains in the 2015 television film Descendants, which follows the teenage children of Disney's iconic heroes and villains (including Cruella's son, Carlos). A 2021 live-action reboot, Cruella, focuses on the origin of the eponymous character. A sequel to this film is currently in development.

Other media
The characters from One Hundred and One Dalmatians make cameo appearances in the television series House of Mouse, with Cruella De Vil featured as one of the main villains in the stand-alone feature Mickey's House of Villains (2002). Like other Walt Disney Animation Studios characters, the film's characters have cameo appearances in the short film Once Upon a Studio (2023).

title: One Hundred and One Dalmatians


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Henry Ford II

Henry Ford II (September 4, 1917 – September 29, 1987), sometimes known as "Hank the Deuce" or simply "the Deuce", was an American businessman in the automotive industry. He was the oldest son of Edsel Ford I and oldest grandson of Henry Ford. He served as president of the Ford Motor Company from 1945 to 1960, chief executive officer (CEO) from 1947 to 1979, and chairman of the board of directors from 1960 to 1980. Under his leadership, Ford Motor Company became a publicly traded corporation in 1956. From 1943 to 1950, he also served as president of the Ford Foundation.

Early life and education
Henry Ford II was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Eleanor Clay Ford and Edsel Ford on September 4, 1917. He, brothers Benson and William, and sister Josephine, grew up amid affluence. He graduated from The Hotchkiss School in 1936. He attended Yale University, where he served on the business staff of The Yale Record, the campus humor magazine, but left in 1940 before graduation. During this time, he became a member of the Zeta Psi fraternity.

Career
When his father Edsel, president of Ford, died of cancer in May 1943 (during World War II), Henry Ford II was serving in the Navy and unable to inherit the presidency of the family-owned business. The elderly and ailing Henry Ford I, company founder, re-assumed the presidency, though mentally inconsistent, suspicious, and considered no longer fit for the presidency position by most of the company's directors. For the previous 20 years, although he had long been without any official executive title, the elder Ford kept de facto control over the company; the board and the management had never seriously defied him, and this moment was not different. The directors elected him, and he served until the end of the war. During this period, the company began to decline, losing over $10 million a month. The administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt considered a government acquisition of the company to ensure continued war production, but the idea never progressed to execution.

Henry Ford II left the Navy in July 1943 and joined the company's management a few weeks later. He assumed presidency of the business on September 21, 1945. Since it had been assumed that Edsel Ford would continue in his capacity as president of the company for much longer than turned out to be the case, Henry Ford II had received little preparation for the position, and he inherited the company during a chaotic period; its European factories had suffered a great deal of damage during the war, and domestic sales were in decline.

Henry Ford II immediately adopted an aggressive management style. One of his first acts as company president was to place John Bugas in charge of company management, dismissing much of his grandfather's inner circle, especially Harry Bennett, chief of the Ford Service Department, whom the elder Ford had hired in 1921 to oversee security at the vast Ford Rouge Plant complex, and nearly two decades later had become a lightning rod in efforts to prevent unionization of the Ford labor force, by violent means if necessary. Next, acknowledging his inexperience, Henry II hired several seasoned executives to support him. He hired former General Motors executives Ernest Breech and Lewis Crusoe away from the Bendix Corporation. Breech was to serve in the coming years as the young Ford's business mentor, and the Breech–Crusoe team would form the core of Ford's business expertise, offering much-needed experience.

Additionally, Ford hired ten young up-and-comers, known as the "Whiz Kids". These ten, gleaned from an Army Air Forces statistical team, Ford envisioned as giving the company the ability to innovate and stay current. Two of them, Arjay Miller and Robert McNamara, went on to serve as presidents of Ford themselves. A third member, J. Edward Lundy, served in key financial roles for several decades and helped to establish Ford Finance's position as a major worldwide financial operation. As a team, the "Whiz Kids" are probably best remembered as the design team for the 1949 Ford, which they took from concept to production in 19 months, and which re-established Ford as a formidable automotive company. It was reported that 100,000 orders for this car were taken the day it was introduced to the market.

Ford became president and CEO of Ford Motor Company in 1945. In 1956, the company became a publicly traded corporation and dedicated its new world headquarters building. During his term as CEO of Ford, he lived in Grosse Pointe, Michigan. On July 13, 1960, he was elected chairman before resigning as president on November 9, 1960. He would resign as CEO on October 1, 1979, and as chairman on March 13, 1980. His nephew, William Clay Ford Jr. would later assume these positions after 20 years of non-Ford family management of the company. During this interim, the family's interests were represented on the board by Henry's younger brother William Clay Ford Sr., as well as Henry's son Edsel Ford II and his nephew William Clay Ford Jr.

During the early 1960s Ford engaged in lengthy negotiations with Enzo Ferrari to buy Ferrari, with a view to expanding Ford's presence in motorsport in general and at the Le Mans 24 Hours in particular. However, negotiations collapsed due to disputes over control of Ferrari's Scuderia Ferrari racing division. The collapse of the deal led him to launch the Ford GT40 project, intended to end Ferrari's dominance at Le Mans (the Italian marque won the race six consecutive times from 1960 to 1965). In 1966, after two difficult years in 1964 and 1965, the GT40 Mark IIs locked out the podium at both the Daytona 24 Hours and the Sebring 12 Hours before taking the first of four consecutive wins at Le Mans.

In the late 1960s, Ford became personally involved in the development of the Lincoln Continental Mark III. He made design decisions that overrode focus groups and Ford engineers alike. Ford ultimately selected both the final exterior and interior designs. The result was a Ford Motor Company flagship that single-handedly made Lincoln profitable and spawned a three-decade market rivalry between the Lincoln Mark series and Cadillac's Eldorado series. The success of the Mark III has been considered to be the high point of Ford's career. During this time, Ford also reformed the company's European operations, merging the previously separate (and competing) British and German subsidiaries into a single Ford of Europe with a common product line and merged manufacturing operations. During the 1970s, Ford of Europe expanded substantially, with new factories in Saarlouis and Valencia, the latter becoming one of Ford's biggest plants outside the US.

In 1973–74, as it became clear that the U.S. automobile market would begin to favor smaller, more fuel-efficient cars, Ford's then-President Lee Iacocca was highly interested in buying powertrains from Honda Motor Company as a way to minimize the cost of developing a small Ford car for the North American market, such as a modified version of Ford of Europe's Ford Fiesta. The plan was rejected by Henry Ford II, who said, "No car with my name on the hood is going to have a Jap engine inside." Although the Ford Motor Company had been selling a Mazda compact pickup truck as the Ford Courier since late 1971, Ford did not like the idea of flagship North American passenger car models moving in that direction. Ford Motor Company did go on to adapt to the era in which Japanese, German, and American participation in a globalized automobile industry became tightly integrated. For example, Ford's relationship with Mazda was well developed even before the end of Henry Ford II's period of influence. However, in Iacocca's view, it lagged several years behind GM and Chrysler, due to Henry Ford II's unappealable influence, before others led it forward despite his resistance.

Henry Ford II's management style caused the company's fortunes to fluctuate in more ways than one. For example, he allowed the offering of public stock in 1956, which raised $650 million for the company, but the "experimental car" program instituted during his tenure, the Edsel, cost the company almost half that. Likewise, Henry Ford II hired the creative Iacocca, who was fundamental to the success of the Ford Mustang, in 1964, but fired him due to personal disputes in 1978 (about the break in their relationship, Iacocca quoted Ford as saying, "Sometimes you just don't like somebody.") Iacocca later retorted, "If a guy is over 25 percent a jerk, he's in trouble. And Henry was 95 percent." Ford II formally retired from all positions at Ford Motor Company on October 1, 1982, upon reaching the company's mandatory retirement age of 65, but remained the ultimate source of authority at Ford until his death in 1987.

Awards and achievements

 * 1969, awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Lyndon B. Johnson
 * 1983, inducted into the Automotive Hall of Fame

Personal life
Henry Ford II was married three times:

 * Anne McDonnell (1919 –1996), a daughter of James Francis McDonnell. They married in 1940 and divorced in 1964 (she married Deane F. Johnson in 1968). The Fords had three children:
 * Charlotte Ford
 * Anne Ford
 * Edsel Ford II
 * Maria Cristina Vettore (1929–2008), formerly wife of Robin Willoughby Merivale Austin, a Canadian in the British Royal Navy; she and Ford married in New York City in 1965 and divorced in 1980.
 * Kathleen DuRoss (born Kathleen Roberta King, 1940 - 2020), widow of L. David DuRoss (died 1959); she and Ford were married in Carson City, Nevada, 1980. By this marriage, Ford had two stepdaughters:
 * Deborah Guibord (née DuRoss)
 * Kimberly DuRoss

Ford died of pneumonia in Detroit at Henry Ford Hospital on September 29, 1987, at age 70. After a private funeral service at Christ Church Grosse Pointe, his remains were cremated and the ashes scattered.

Legacy

 * The Henry Ford II World Center, the official title of the Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan
 * The Henry Ford II Honors Program, the official honors program of Henry Ford College
 * Henry Ford II High School, in Sterling Heights, Michigan, is named for him

Filmography

 * The Ford 50th Anniversary Show (1953) - Broadcast live on CBS and NBC and called both "a landmark in television" and "a milestone in the cultural life of the '50s".
 * Thunderball (1965) – Extra at the Nassau Casino (uncredited)

In popular culture
Henry Ford II is portrayed by Tracy Letts in the 2019 film Ford v Ferrari (released under the title "Le Mans '66" in some parts of Europe).

He shows up in a few scenes in the 2002 movie Monday Night Mayhem. Footage of him appears in the documentary television series The Cars that Built America.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry Ford II


text:
The Turbans

The Turbans were an American doo-wop vocal group that formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1953. The original members were: Al Banks (lead tenor), Matthew Platt (second tenor), Charlie Williams (baritone), and Andrew "Chet" Jones (bass). They came from Downtown Philadelphia (around Bainbridge and South Street).

Around Christmas of 1954, they won first prize in a talent contest singing their rendition of "White Christmas". This created interest among the local record companies, and in the late spring of 1955, they cut a demo record. Herman Gillespie, the group's first manager, took the demo record to Al Silver at Herald Records in New York City. They signed a contract in July 1955, and gained a new manager, Allen Best. Best worked for Shaw Artists Corporation.

"When You Dance"
During July 1955, the Turbans had their first Herald recording session, and later that month their first record, pairing "Let Me Show You (Around My Heart)" as the “A” side with “When You Dance" as the flip side, was released. Although "Let Me Show You" became a regional hit in Atlanta, Cleveland Pittsburgh, Detroit, Boston, and New Orleans, interest began to grow in "When You Dance". At first it started to break in New York City, Philadelphia, Washington D.C. and Baltimore, until finally, in November, it hit the national R&B and Pop charts. "When You Dance" reached #3 on the R&B chart, and remained there for about two months. It only rose to #33 on the pop chart, but stayed there for about five months, so it was counted as a significant hit.

Late 1955–early 1956
In December 1955, Herald Records released “Sister Sooky/I’ll Always Watch Over You” as a follow-up record, but this failed to chart. With one national hit, however, in late January 1956, they went on a tour, joining Irvin Feld’s "Super Attractions Tour". Then in March 1956, they joined another tour, which featured Roy Gaines, Guitar Slim, Margie Day, and Lloyd Lambert.

They then became part of the "Rhythm And Blues Show Of 1956," and in April 1956, "I’m Nobody’s"/"B-I-N-G-O" was released, but this did not make the national charts. By July, they were touring the Midwest with Sonny Boy Williamson’s orchestra. In August 1956, "It Was A Night Like This"/"All Of My Love" was released, but this record also failed to make the national charts. Finally, on October 21, they played the Circle Theater in Cleveland, with Don Rello, the Quails and Ralph Wilson’s orchestra.

1957
As 1957 dawned, with no more hit records, the Turbans were running out of work. They were back in the studio in early 1957, but two more sessions failed to produce any hit records. By July 1957, their contract with Herald Records expired. This lack of success led to personnel changes, some of which were temporary, some of which were permanent.

Red Top Records
In late 1958, the now-reconstructed Turbans signed with Red Top Records. Matthew Platt and Charlie Williams had been replaced by Earl Worsham (first and second tenor) and John Christian (baritone/second tenor), both of whom had sung with the Quadrells. They released a single called "I Promise You"/"Curfew Time." Again, both sides were led by Banks. This record failed to chart, so the Turbans did no further recording for about two years. Jones left the group for a while, and they continued on as a trio.

Early 1960s and Roulette Records
In 1960, they moved to Morris Levy’s Roulette Records. Jones returned, and they recorded "Diamonds And Pearls," backed with "Bad Man". It was a group called the Paradons, though, who had a hit with the song. In January 1961, their second (and final) Roulette release was "Three Friends" (written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David), backed with "I’m Not Your Fool Anymore". This again failed to chart.

Parkway Records
The next stop for the Turbans was Bernie Lowe’s and Kal Mann’s Parkway Records. By this time, Jones, one of the mainstays of the group, had departed. The group was now Al Banks, Earl Worsham, John Christian, and newly-added bass, Reggie "Tootie" Price. At Parkway, they recorded an updated version of "When You Dance," released in February 1961 to compete with the re-released original Herald version.

In the spring of 1960, the original Herald version of "When You Dance" had been included on the second volume of Art Laboe’s "Oldies But Goodies" album series. It created enough demand for Herald to re-release the original single in February 1961. It was not a big hit the second time around, but it still managed to struggle to #114 on the Pop charts.

Imperial Records
Later in 1961, with no chart success at Parkway Records, they signed with Imperial Records. Price left, and was replaced by James Oscar "Cisco" Williams, (a bass/baritone/tenor), who had also been with the Quadrells. The group was now a quintet, with the fifth member being tenor William "Sonny" Gordon, who had been the lead of the Angels in 1954.

Their first Imperial release was "Six Questions" (led by Banks), backed with "The Lament Of Silver Gulch". In March 1962, there was a second Imperial release, "This Is My Story"/"Clicky Clicky Clack," both sides featuring Banks. The final Turbans’ record appeared in May 1962: "I Wonder"/"The Damage Is Done," with Sonny Gordon taking the lead on both sides. None of these three releases charted.

The Turbans break up
After Imperial, the Turbans broke up for good. Worsham went off to Billy Byrd's Ink Spots, and then he sang with a Coasters group based in Boca Raton. Banks was with Charlie Thomas' Drifters in the early 1970s.

Andrew "Al" Banks died In July, 1977.

William "Sonny" Gordon died on January 2, 1986.

John Christian Died In 1996.

Andrew "Chet" Jones died on June 25, 1998

Earl Worsham died on June 20, 2007.

Discography
source:
 * Singles under Herald label
 * "When You Dance" (1955)
 * "Sister Sookey" (1955)
 * "B-I-N-G-O (Bingo)" (1956) - a doo-wop song written by Robert Riley, based on the Bingo (U.S.) game, 1956, also sung by Pat Boone
 * "I'm Nobody's" (1956)
 * "It was a Nite Like This" (1956)
 * "Valley of Love" (1957)
 * "Congratulations" (1957)
 * "When You Dance" (1961)

 * Singles under other labels
 * "Promise You Love" (Red Top, 1958)
 * "Diamonds and Pearls" (Roulette, 1960)
 * "Three Friends" (Roulette, 1961)
 * "Golden Rings" (Parkway, 1961)
 * "Six Questions" (Imperial, 1961)
 * "This Is My Story" (Imperial, 1962)
 * "I Wonder" (Imperial, 1962)

 * Compilation albums

title: The Turbans


text:
Teriyaki

Teriyaki is a cooking technique in which foods are broiled or grilled with a glaze of soy sauce, mirin, and sugar. Although commonly associated with Japanese cuisine, this cooking technique is also commonly used in other Asian cuisines such as Chinese cuisine, Indonesian cuisine and Thai cuisine.

Fish – yellowtail, marlin, skipjack tuna, salmon, trout, mackerel –, and chicken is mainly used in Japan, while white and red other meat – pork, lamb, and beef – is more often used in the West. Other ingredients sometimes used in Japan include squid, hamburger steak, and meatballs.

The word teriyaki derives from the noun teri (照り), which refers to a shine or luster given by the sugar content in the tare (タレ), and yaki (焼き), which refers to the cooking method of grilling or broiling. Traditionally the meat is dipped in or brushed with sauce several times during cooking. It is believed that Teriyaki in Japan evolved during the 1600s.

The tare (タレ) is traditionally made by mixing and heating soy sauce, sake (or mirin), and sugar (or honey). The sauce is boiled and reduced to the desired thickness, then used to marinate meat, which is then grilled or broiled. Sometimes ginger is added and the final dish may be garnished with spring onions.

Variations

A teriyaki burger (テリヤキバーガー) is a variety of hamburger either topped with teriyaki sauce or with the sauce worked into the ground meat patty. Teriyaki stir-fry refers to stir frying meat or vegetables in teriyaki sauce. Another variety is teriyaki-style prepared vegetarian products.

Teriyaki sauce
In North America, any dish made with a teriyaki-like sauce is described using the word teriyaki. This often even includes those using foreign alternatives to sake or mirin, such as wine, or with added ingredients, such as sesame or garlic (uncommon in traditional Japanese cuisine). The sauce used for teriyaki is generally sweet, although it can also be spicy. Pineapple juice is sometimes used, as it not only provides sweetness but also bromelain enzymes that help tenderize the meat. Grilling meat first and pouring the sauce on afterwards or using sweet sauce as a marinade are other non-traditional methods of cooking teriyaki. Teriyaki sauce is sometimes put on chicken wings or used as a dipping sauce. Bottled teriyaki sauce may also be used as a marinade.

Seattle teriyaki
In the city of Seattle, Washington, a large teriyaki culture emerged in the 1990s. , there were over 83 restaurants in the city with "teriyaki" in their name. It has been described as the city's signature cuisine by some outlets, noting its widespread adoption as a form of fast food.

The first standalone teriyaki restaurant, Toshi's Teriyaki, opened in the Lower Queen Anne neighborhood of Seattle in 1976. The restaurant's low-cost chicken and beef skewers in teriyaki sauce inspired other restaurants in the area. Toshi's later expanded into a chain with 17 locations in the Seattle area by 1996.

title: Teriyaki


text:
Mirin

Mirin (味醂 or みりん) is a type of rice wine and a common ingredient in Japanese cooking. It is similar to sake but with a lower alcohol content and higher sugar content. The sugar content is a complex carbohydrate that forms naturally during the fermentation process; no sugars are added. The alcohol content is further lowered when the liquid is heated.

Types
Three types of products are marketed as mirin. The first is hon mirin (literally: true mirin), which contains about 14% alcohol and is produced by a 40 to 60 day mashing (saccharification) process. The second is shio mirin (literally: salt mirin), which contains a minimum of 1.5% salt to prevent consumption in order to avoid alcohol tax.

The third are mirin-like seasonings called shin mirin (literally: new mirin), or mirin-fu chomiryo (literally: mirin-like seasoning), which are substitutes not actually mirin. They are blends of sweetener syrups, flavorings such as kōji extracts, and flavour enhancers. They contain less than 1% alcohol.

The term or trade name aji-mirin (literally: taste mirin) can mean various things, such as salt mirin, synthetic mirin, or mirin-like seasonings.

Uses
In the Edo period, mirin was consumed as amazake. O-toso, traditionally consumed for the Japanese New Year, can be made by soaking a spice mixture in mirin.

In the Kansai style of cooking, mirin is briefly boiled before use, allowing some alcohol to evaporate. In the Kantō regional style, the mirin is used untreated. Kansai-style boiled mirin is called nikiri mirin (煮切り味醂) (literally: thoroughly boiled mirin).

Mirin adds a bright touch to grilled or broiled fish or erases the fishy smell. A small amount is often used instead of sugar and soy sauce. It is sometimes used to accompany sushi.

Mirin is also an ingredient in other sauces:
 * Kabayaki  (grilled eel) sauce: mirin, soy sauce, sake, sugar, fish bone (optional)
 * Nikiri mirin sauce: soy sauce, dashi, mirin, sake, in a ratio of 10:2:1:1
 * Sushi su (sushi rice vinaigrette): rice wine vinegar, sugar, nikiri mirin sauce
 * Teriyaki sauce

title: Mirin


text:
Talk:The Turbans

Untitled
No excuse for what I deleted from here. No excuse for false information in an encyclopedia. It wasn't even funny. Ortolan88 thank you for deleting useless information. it helps a lot. and i agree. encyclopedia=true infomation

Improvement
I cut down on repetious and monotonous sentences, and fixed a lot of the grammar. I helped to improve the punctuation situation. I created some headings to help to put things in perspective, and stuff like that. Slater79 (talk) 02:40, 14 March 2008 (UTC)

Some minor grammatical edits (deleted some "who"s that made no sense) and made the possessive of Thomas correct (Strunk & White's very first rule in Elements of Style). Maybe someone should remove the note about the grammar needing to be fixed? 9:39 PM PST, Christmas 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 154.20.23.251 (talk) 05:40, 26 December 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20060612220045/http://home.att.net/%7Emarvy42/Turbans/turbans.html to http://home.att.net/~marvy42/Turbans/turbans.html

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title: Talk:The Turbans


text:
User talk:Mattzog

The internet has plenty of place for making jokes and writing sillyness. Wikipedia is not such a place. If you wish to contribute, please try to do so appropriately. -- Infrogmation 05:24 Feb 5, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Mattzog


text:
Talk:Little Brother Montgomery

He was a very nice man, btw.
I met him when he backed my sister-in-law's husband (a Sammy Davis Jr. type) in Chicago in the late 1960s. I'm sorry I don't have anything to add to the article, but he was a very supportive player, a much bigger star than Clancy (the b-in-law), but hanging back and just playing the piano. Ortolan88

Fair use rationale for Image:Little Brother Montgomery.jpg
Image:Little Brother Montgomery.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 00:14, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Possible copyright problem
This article has been revised as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. Diannaa (talk) 02:33, 14 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Little Brother Montgomery. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20110416064354/http://www.allaboutjazz.com:80/php/musician.php?id=9523 to http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=9523

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title: Talk:Little Brother Montgomery


text:
Talk:List of automobile manufacturers

"Motor Brands"
The term "Motor Brands" is more widely known as a brand of muscle car t-shirts (search Google under "motor brands.") It is also a US Trademark name of a corporation. This page should not be re-directed since it is less used to describe a list of automobile manufacturers and is more notable as a certain brand of t-shirts. --frank stein 18:02, 1 July 2006 (UTC)

"2005 cars"
Removed the category "2005 cars" at the top of the list, since it had no following information and isn't really part of the "list of automobile manufacturers". --SatyrTN 19:52, 10 November 2005 (UTC)

Redirected
I can't get to the article, it keeps redirecting to the automotive industry. --Black DS (talk) 02:28, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Should I delete the redirect? (this is my first day logged on so I don't know how)--Black DS (talk) 02:50, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

oops... I tried to fix it but accidentally deleted the article! Fortunatley, it was revirted. I'm such a noob --Black DS (talk) 03:06, 30 August 2008 (UTC)

Edsel
Removed the Edsel, it was never a brand by itself, see Ford Edsel -- Egil 05:54 Feb 5, 2003 (UTC)
 * This is quite untrue. While the Edsel was a product of Ford Motor Company, the Edsel was a stand alone marque, with its VIN numbering system, dealer network, etc. When first introduced, its was built by its own division within Ford (which was then reorganized into the Mercury-Edsel-Lincoln M-E-L Division). Stude62 13:44, 29 March 2006 (UTC)

As I have already explained "mini" is the name of a car not a manufacturer or a marque it does not therefore belong on this list, I am therefore removing it G-Man 15 April 03 21:18

I'm sorry but the first Mini where branded either Austin or Morris but the last where branded Mini. Thus Mini was a brand (in fact we are listing brands not firms we are listing Chevrolet not GM). It's interresting to notice that Mini didn't produce only the Mini but also a later model the Metro (Mini Metro) I know what I'm taking about I had one. Ericd 21:27 Apr 15, 2003 (UTC)

Note that the new Mini removes all doubt about the previous, since it is definitely branded only Mini, no other names on it. Morven 08:58, 20 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Having read it's unclear to if they were any BSA car produced. I know BSA owned Daimler and produced Daimler cars (you can mount BSA motorcycle pistons and connecting roads in a Daimler V8). But was there BSA branded car ? Ericd 21:49, 21 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I answer to myself : There was BSA cars see : http://www.bsafwdc.co.uk/ Thanks Google Ericd 21:51, 21 Aug 2003 (UTC)

I've noticed that there seems to be no standard about how car brands should be disambiguated. It's about equally split between, for a car brand Thing, between using 'Thing (car)' and 'Thing automobile'. Is there a preferred form. Should this be altered to make a standard? --Morven 00:10, 26 Aug 2003 (UTC)
 * At least some of them are based on what the company called them, like "Hudson Motor Car". A standard form for comapanies that didn't use terms in their name but need to be diferentiated from just the company name might not be a bad idea. -- Infrogmation

Page moved
I notice that the page was moved from "List of automobiles" to "Car manufacturers". While the old title wasn't great, I'm not too fond of the new one either. This is still a list, rather than an article about car manufactuers, and the list just concerns itself with motorcar/automobile makers, not makers of rail cars or other types of cars... unless there are plans to add that here? -- Infrogmation 15:54, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Karukera, if you're going to reorganize the page, please keep alphabetical order! -- Infrogmation 15:59, 19 Nov 2003 (UTC)

Reorder
What do people think about moving the list of international car manufacturers to the top ahead of the country-specific list? The international manufacturers make up the largest, most well-known companies and probably most useful articles. akaDruid 10:47, 1 Mar 2004 (UTC)

Revert
I reverted the anon who removed Merkur and made other changes. That Merkur was just the badge applied to German Fords sold in the US does not matter; what does matter is that it was a marque. It was not a 'Ford XR4ti' but a 'Merkur', no matter who actually built it. This page is really List of automobile marques rather than the current title, but I think it's simpler if it stays where it is.

I did agree with their move of Britain to United Kingdom, and re-added it. —Morven 09:10, Jun 5, 2004 (UTC)

Range Rover
Does anyone know if the Range Rover has ever been marketed as a brand, separate to the Land Rover brand, rather than a product of the Land Rover brand? I don't think it has but I'm no expert on the matter. If it hasn't then it would seem to me that it doesn't belong in this article. 999 09:52, 11 Jun 2004 (UTC)
 * It isn't a brand. Nodody calls it the Land Rover Range or Land Rover Range Rover, not even Land Rover themselves, but there is a LR badge at the back. Plans are under way, though, to market Range as a separate brand, should the proposed Range Rover Sport model get off the ground. --Pc13 09:14, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I believe the manufacturers use the description Range Rover by Land Rover Andy G 18:19, 7 Oct 2004 (UTC)

List of major corporations
I took up the challenge at the bottom of the page and reordered the list of corporations by conglomerate. What do you all think?

Dear Wikipedians,

Let me summarize this discussion about the nature of the lis of automobile manufacturers.

I think there is a huge need for a convention in the terminology. My contribution is as follows:

A. "Manufacturer"

A manufacturer of a car has a company name which is never identical with a "brand" because consists of a leading part (e.g. Renault), some words describing the activity (e.g. Motor) and a part indicating the legal form of the firm (e.g. S.A., AG, Ltd). Accordingly, this list is not a list of manufacturers, in strict sense.

Manufacturers sometimes use brands of other companies because of brand licensing or for corporate reasons. (It is commonly called "rebadging").

B. "Makes"

This word is commonly used for distinguishing between "makes" and "models". (e.g. Toyota and Prius). The problem arises in cases such as Edsel. Edsel was - in fact - marketed in itself. No "Ford Edsels" used to exist! The word "make" is ambiguous in this respect. The situation of Edsel is commonly called "a separate brand", "a separate make".

C. "Brands"

This words is overwhelmingly used in commerce since directly refers to the connection of a certain make and a certain product. "Mini" is a brand that has been used in various forms.

D. Trademarks

Trademarks refer to the legal protection of a name. Accordingly, no third party can use this name or confusingly similar names relating to cars, means or transport ( or for other goods or services, where the trademark is considered to be famous or well-known.)

E. Types

This word is sometimes used for "makes" or sometimes for "models" (e.g. Jaguar Type D).

As you see, all possible variations have their problems.

Summarizing all, I feel that "The list of automobile makes" is still the best.

The practice in Wikipedia for separate entries for company names, car makes and models is to be followed.--Millisits 13:31, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Dear Authors,

Dino should be removed since it never has been a separate manufacturer of cars (see Ferrari Dino, Fiat, Pininfarina and Bertone. Regards, --Millisits 19:45, 11 Jul 2004 (UTC)

- - - -

Dear Wikipedians,

"Heinkel" is listed here as "Heinkel (Heinkel Trojan). It suggests that "Heinkel Trojan" was a Heinkel model - but it wasn't. "Heinkel" and "Trojan" are separate makes,however, the first is German and the latter is British. This misunderstanding can be easily explained - Heinkel and Trojan are frequently mentioned together. In fact, Trojan bought the licence of Heinkel to build Heinkel's bubble car model - which was never marketed as Heinkel but Trojan 200. If nobody has any comments, I will correct the list (and the relevant entries) accordingly. Hi, --Millisits 01:02, 14 Jul 2004 (UTC)

---

Dear savvy Wikipedians,

I would suggest a major restructuring of this list because it becames more and more voluminous and unpractical.

Several models of restructuring can be introduced such as copying the model of "List of companies" completed by lists of automobile manufacturers by country. Automobiles as a category should cover the enumeration of lists only and particular manufacturers could be devided into current companies and Defunct companies.

There are also lists of subsidiaries. I think the philosophy of the present list i.e. covering ownership and interest of some giants in others makes confusion since some manufacturer names appear twice such as Fiat. By the way, Fiat is not owned by General Motors (takover plans are over) but Fiat appears here as a subsidiary. My proposal is: subsidiaries of automobile manufacturers such as General Motors should be mentioned as General Motors  (including Buick, Chevrolet, Pontiac etc. divisions). In addition, these divisions should be mentioned by their alphabetic order (or by their country, if applicable).

Thoughts?

--Millisits 21:00, 14 Aug 2004 (UTC) - Was there any car sold under the brand Zagato ? Ericd 20:24, 15 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I don't think so; all I've ever known about have been Zagato; Alfa, Aston, Lancia, etc. —Morven 20:36, Aug 15, 2004 (UTC)

 * Morven is correct, Zagato only builds coachwork (i.e. the interior) and not the body or engine or anything else. — Dan | Talk 15:12, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

-

OK,OK, I know that you are right. However, is there a List of automobile designers ?? Or even a List of automobile coachbuilders? I would be happy to see these. I disagree that there is a List of automobile brands. This is not the diferentia specifica here. Accordingly, a complete redoing of this list should be advisable. In strict sense, only a few automobile manufacturers are represented here by company name and not by brand (see: FSO of Poland (in brackets there are separate brands produced). Or Lada is not an automobile manufacturer but a brand. Should Subaru also  be deleted because tthe company name is different? If you want to be consequent, only company names would be placed here. What do you think?

--Millisits 17:31, 18 Aug 2004 (UTC)

P.S. I have just added Magna Steyr, an Austrian car assembly plant. This 'is an automobile manufacturer but in strict sense, it is not a brand.

--Millisits 01:32, 19 Aug 2004 (UTC)

A factory in a different country does not an automobile company make
I've noticed Audi, Opel and Suzuki have been added to the list of Hungarian manufacturers, obviously due to the existance of factories there. This addition is inviting disaster, allowing people to put manufacturers everywhere they please simply because they have factories in those countries. I believe they should be removed. --Pc13 09:28, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I strongly agree. SamH 10:23, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * Dear Pc13,

 * Before judging whether adding existing automobile factories in countries where these really are is a disaster or not, I humbly draw your attention to my remarks above on this page.
 * I wonder why do you feel that people would be confused to know that Audi TT is produced only in Hungary by a factory owned by Audi of Germany. They won't be, I think. The clasification of manufacturers by countries is, by the way, very old fashioned, because under EC rules, the place of origin of the goods can be indication as 'Made in EEC'. Or: is Acura a Japanese car? Certainly not. This is a car marketed by an American company.

 * The main problem is, I strongly feel, is in the philosophy of this list. As it stands, this intended to be a list of automobile manufacturers but it is not. Manufacturers are companies having company names and having one or several brands. The present list is a mixture: generally only the distinctive element of company names is listed here. E.g.
 * Ford Motor Company is a name of a company but Maserati is not a company name only the distinctive element. Company names are colloquially simplified to brands. But what do you think about Subaru? It is not a company name at all, it is a trademark (the leagal aspect) and a brand (the trade aspect) at the same time!
 * One should should decide, further, why are companies grouped by portfolio of giants?
 * I think, the concept of this list should be changed. We have a category automobiles, another category Defunct companies. Why do not we use these lists to include some entries in this list? Why do not we restrict this list to existing manufacturers grouped by countries mentioned under its whole company names in English (if these are available). Brands like Subaru would be indicated " Fuji Heavy Industries (see:Subaru)" and Fuji Heavy Industries would maintain a redirect to Subaru.
 * I think discussion is not a disaster. To delete existing companies from a list just because the distinctive element of their company names are brands of a mother company is a clear discrimination of some nations. Who wants discriminate others? I personally won't.

 * --Millisits

 * Millisits - By "distinctive element" I think you mean marque. There is a List of automobile marques but it redirects to this list of manufacturers - wouldn't it be best if these two were separate, so the manufacturers list could have GM, Ford, Honda, FIAT etc. and the marques could have GMC, Chevy, Cadillac, Buick, Aston, Volvo, Ford, Jag, Honda, Acura, Fiat, Ferrari, Maserati, etc? — Dan | Talk 15:12, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Hi Rdmith4, thanks for your comment. I think the list of automobile marques is the same as List of automobile brands would be. I think a seaprate list of this kind would be advantagous but this List of automobile manufacturers needs being reformed. 1.I think this list would rather cover companies and not brands (trademarks, marques, as you like). 2. I think "deadwood"" should be removed from here to a subcategory of Defunct companies such as List of defunct automobile manufacturers or so. As far as I know there were several thousands of different manufacturers in automobile history. 3.List of automobile manufacturers would cover short company names such as Kia Motors or Audi Hungária etc. Eventual changes in name, mergers etc. would be redirected to the most popular version of the name. Thoughts?

--Millisits

 * I don't think we should have two different articles for manufactuers and marques (a.k.a. makes, brands, copyrights) because it is useful to be able to relate manufacturers to their marques (eg. as we have done in the "Current automotive corporations" section of this article). However, I do think we need to make a clear and consistent distinction between manufactuers and marques in this article. SamH 15:54, 23 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * I've read all of the comments, and I agree that defunct companies/brands should be moved to a page of their own. As for the question of separating brands and manufacturers, it isn't really necessary, as they are somewhat indessociable.
 * I don't have a problem with indicating the active presence of a company/brand in a country other than that of origin, especially when they have specific models, but under the current conditions it's not practical. The country lists are already to large.
 * Millisits, you don't have to tell me about discrimination, as I'm from a country (Portugal) where we have a tremendous lack of self-esteem compared to other developed countries and we feel the need to hype ourselves in front of foreigners as much as possible, but I'd be against including Toyota, Citroen, Opel, Mitsubishi and VW in the Portuguese brands listing. However, if we remove the "deadwood" (aka deceased brands), I'll be the one following you, including as many factories in as many countries I know of, as well as sub-contracted plants such as Valmet, Bertone or Pinin Farina. --Pc13 15:11, 24 Aug 2004 (UTC)

A few points in response to previous issues raised here
Hi

1. Zagato have produced cars branded as "Zagato". The list includes the Bambu, Zuma and Raptor. I think that the fact that they were not production cars is immaterial to this discussion - they were definitely released as Zagato cars.
 * In that case the list is incomplete, we should include many Italian designers and all the race car constructors ? Ericd 09:14, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

2. On the whole, merely having a subsidiary in a country different to the parent company should not get the subsidiary listed as a manufacturer in this other country. However, I do feel that should the subsidiary have produced models under the parent marque name that without doing so under instruction of the parent comapny but with the blessing of the parent, that should immediately qualify the subsidiary to be listed seperately from the parent. For instance, Mercedes-Benz and BMW both have manufacturing plants in South Africa. To the best of my knowledge though, only BMW SA have produced a product not initiated by the BMW parent in Germany. At least 4 models were unique to BMW SA: the 325iS Evo I & II, the 333i and the 745i (not to be confused with the 745i available in Europe from BMW). I would argue that BMW SA deserves to be recognised as a bona fide manufacturer on these grounds, whilst Mercedes-Benz SA should not. There are of course many examples around the world - Volkswagen Brazil, Volkswagen Mexico, Renault Argentina, Fiat & Alfa in Brazil, etc.
 * Some of these subsidiaries have a rich history, that deserve its own article IMO, for instance Ford France was originaly a joint-venture with Mathis then became Ford France (producing it's own model differents from US/UK and German models) then was sold to Simca that was sold to Chrysler and then sold to Peugeot....
 * The South African entry looks "bleak" because all the S.A. motor factories are subsidiaries of international (overseas) companies! Still, S.A. has a notable role in world auto supply, e.g. Volkswagen Polo/Jetta export contracts to China and the only factory outside Germany to build the Mercedes-Benz C-class (also mainly exported). Aliwal2012 (talk) 08:47, 24 August 2012 (UTC)

3. Mini - under British Leyland at the time - certainly was a seperate marque. The present-day MINI marque is also completely different from the original - BMW insist on it having all-capitals in the name too.

4. The Dino was most certainly marketed as just Dino initially. Later versions were brough back into the Ferrari stable though.

5. I think that the official names of the manufacturers should be listed first, and their common name next. For example, Ferrari would be Societa per azioni Esercizio Fabbriche Automobile e Corse (Ferrari), FIAT should be FIAT Auto SpA (FIAT), Daihatsu would be Daihatsu Kogyo Company (Daihatsu) etc.
 * Not a very good idea as many constructors changed the name of the company during their history. Ericd 09:14, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

6. Perhaps listing manufacturers active per decade would be helpful in ordering the vast amount of information that is and will accumulate here? Perhaps even a list of only the currently active marnufacturers too?

Ciao

Zak

Laforza?
Does anyone know anything about the Laforza? It seems they produced Pininfarina-bodied Ferrari-badged SUVs. I suspect they're Italian, but I'm not sure. Googling for Laforza doesn't really bring anything up, but I did see one on eBay recently.

Any ideas? --Milkmandan 00:44, 2005 Mar 13 (UTC)
 * The Laforza was built by italian manufacturer Rayton Fissore, powered by BMW straight six engines. It was imported into the USA by California-based Laforza Engineering, with Mustang V8 power. Car production was phased out during the early 90s, I believe. --Pc13 14:21, 26 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Manufacturers/defunct manufacturers
Could someone please separate defunct automobile manufacturers from the others, just like what has been done with the list of airlines? I was very confused because so many defunct manufacturers were put alongside others. - posted by anonymous
 * That sound good, but how should merged and bought out brands be handled. I suppose the main thing is independent companies, but it might surprise people if common brands are marked as extinct because their ownership has changed.  Then there is tha case of only part of the stock being owned by an other automobile manufacturer. --David R. Ingham 21:32, 24 July 2005 (UTC)
 * Ah yes, that's a very good point. I guess the idea of separating defunct manufacturers with the others is a bad idea then.  I don't think merged and bought out brands should be put in the defunct list. - posted by anonymous
 * How about including the years of separate operation, who it merged with and current status (name no longer used, independent, owner, group) in parentheses. There seems to be some inconsistency. Lincoln and Oldsmobile are listed only as models, while Bentley and Humber are listed separately.  These were all originally separate but bought out or merged. --David R. Ingham 15:12, 27 July 2005 (UTC)
 * That is an excellent idea too. How did I not think of that?  That was helpful when it was put on some of the defunct automobiles (ex: "Apal" was put in Belgium's list and it said in parentheses: Before 1995, now Germany).  Thanks for the idea. - posted by anonymous
 * How about also separating aircraft manufacturers from the list, such as Heinkel and Messerschmitt? I do not understand why Heinkel and Messerschmitt were put in the list, because others like Airbus, Fokker, and Boeing were not in the list. - posted by anonymous
 * Did Airbus, Fokker, and Boeing make cars? Boeing made furniture when airplane sales were down and they were still a woodworking companty. --David R. Ingham 16:25, 1 August 2005 (UTC)
 * Did Heinkel and Messerschmitt make cars also? Why are they in the list if they made only aircraft? - posted by anonymous
 * They're in the list because they made cars. Duh! Here's the Heinkel Trojan and here's the Messerschmitt Tiger. --Pc13 10:10, August 2, 2005 (UTC)

Under "Other US automobiles" I have added quite a few other makes -- most of them no longer produced; but certainly had an influence upon those that did survive. Behind the model, I placed the date when that manufacturer produced the car. In some instances the car was introduced for example in 1919 but was sold as a 1920 model. The difference in date should be made known in the write-up of that model. Also, some models have two or more dates. That is because a company began with that name for their cars, then quit producing. Later another company (or even the same company) started production and chose the same name. The prime example is that of the Monarch (1903 and 1905 and 1907 and 1913). I put the "and" between them to avoid thinking that the car was offered in 1903, then in 1905, then in 1907, and finally in 1913 by the same manufacturer. Others may be able to flesh these out to distinguish the different manufacturers. Also as much as possible, I used the convention "Manufacturer Name (automobile) | Short Name" —Cadillac 23:56, 9 August 2005 (UTC)

I chanced on the page List of defunct automobile manufacturers and think that the list should be merged with the list of cars in "Other US automobiles" The fact that a car is no longer produced does not mean that it should not be listed. The purpose of a list is to help the reader find the article about the item. - Cadillac 15:17, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

I very much agree.--David R. Ingham 18:23, 12 August 2005 (UTC)

Woohookitty, I understand where you are coming from when you renamed the heading from "Other US automobiles" to "Defunct US automobiles" -- however, one of the models in that list is Cadillac (my "handle" too) :) and so far it is not defunct. -- So, for me, it seems as though having a split between those models which are current and those that are defunct is not not a helpful distinction. What happens for instance when a manufacturer (as Rambler did) drops the name for 40 years and then picks it up again. Would it be a defunct manufacturer for a time and then we have to be alert to change it to a current? Does this not defeat the purpose of an encyclopedia? When I flip through a printed ency., I expect to find a list of all the US autos regardless of whether some are current or not. For instance, if I am restoring a Packard and my neighbor is restoring a Chev, wouldn't it be reasonable to look at the same page to see the basic info of when it was offered? In that way we could list a model as, "Super Jupiter (automobile):Jupiter" (1922-1967). Thereby indicating when it started production and when it became defunct.

For these reasons, I'd like to merge the current models with the listing you have entitled "defunct." I notice that the models offered in other countries are not distinguished in those two categories.

 * I like the idea of separating current and defunct marques. Perhaps not separating, but at least distinguishing with tags like (defunct), (merged with [company]), (moved to [country]) etc.  For example, under each country, there could be a list of marques from that country which currently market cars, listed in alphabetical order.  Under this "current" list could be a second list of all other marques that have existed in that country, but for whatever reason no longer market cars from that country.  Next to each "old" company could be a tag explaining why it's no longer "current."  This way, the fact that some companies have been bought out or merged, others own partial stakes in each other, etc. is of no relevance.  If they are currently selling cars under their own marque, they go in the current list.  If they are not, they go in the old list, with a tag that gives a reason why.  Comments, questions, ideas?  I definitely couldn't do much of the reorganizing myself, but I'd love to help. CBecker 22:40, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Fisker Coachbuild
For your information, there is currently an Article for deletion vote regarding the Fisker Coachbuild car manufacturer here: Articles for deletion/Fisker. You may wish to comment on this. --Edcolins 09:00, 30 October 2005 (UTC)

Duplicate?
This page seems to be the similar to List of cars. Possible to merge the two? Howard81 19:49, 24 Nov 2005 (GMT)

I think the original idea of List of cars was to produce a list of models as well as manufacturers. This is clearly a hopeless task as the list would be enormous. Lists of models would be much better placed with each manufacturer's entry, as is often but not always done. Malcolma 22:18, 24 November 2005 (UTC)

Deleted part
Who erased the section called "The Major Automotive Industries" and Why? --anon

Electrobat and Riker
1. I have deleted "Electrobat" from the list as it was the name of the vehicle manufactured by the Electric Carriage and Wagon Co. It seems the discussion here has ruled that this is list of manufacturers and not vehicle names.

2. I have changed the name of "Riker Electric" to "Riker Motor Vehicle." Andrew L. Riker started "Riker Electric Motor Co." in 1898 to build electric motors, not cars. He formed "Riker Motor Vehicle Co." in 1898 to manufacture electric cars.

Thanks --RedJ 17 23:47, 21 January 2006 (UTC)

Mini and MINI and BMW
There still seems to be a lot of reverting going on about Mini, MINI and BMW. Some of that is caused by the odd comments at the top of this talk page.

But before anyone changes it again, please read the articles entitled Mini and BMW MINI - and feel free to verify what they say by reading the copious references in the first of those two articles. Now:

 * The 'classic' Mini (1959 to 2000) is a kind of car - but it was NEVER the name of a manufacturer - no more than a Ford Mustang is a manufacturer. They were made by Austin, Morris, BMC, Leyland, Rover, Authi, Innocenti and a bunch of other manufacturers - but there was NEVER a manufacturer or even a factory called 'Mini' - so please stop putting that into this "List of automobile manufacturers".
 * The 'modern' MINI (2001-present, always written in CAPITAL LETTERS to distinguish it from the classic Mini) is most definitely both a manufacturer and a kind of car. MINI (the manufacturer) are 100% owned by BMW but operated as a separate company with their own dealerships (at least in the USA) and a factory that makes nothing but their own cars.  Hence 'BMW MINI', or 'MINI (BMW)' - a manufacturer who belongs on this list.
 * The one and only MINI factory is located in Great Britain (in Oxford) - but they are 100% owned by a German parent company. Does that make them a British manufacturer or a German manufacturer?   I don't know.  I would say British - but if you buy a car from them, the first letter on the VIN tag will be a 'W' - which is Germany - not 'S' which would be British.  Go figure.

So - please do not put Mini into this list - or erroneously confuse MINI with Mini. Please do not remove MINI. Please feel free to argue about whether it counts as German or British. SteveBaker 13:10, 7 March 2006 (UTC)

Skoda? Entry level?
Skoda aren't really entry level any more, so I have changed them to "mainstream" Duke toaster 09:14, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, that was a mistake I must have made. You're right they are mainstream. Regards,  Signature brendel  21:12, 27 May 2006 (UTC)

Thank you to whoever
Thanks to whoever that updated this article as of recently. People, most likely Americans are flaming over the intention that Ford is number one and Toyota is number three. People need to look at the facts and reality and accept it and move on. There should be less time for America great, largest, forever at top mentality. It was POV before, but now it's fact based. Hooray! Thanks 168.253.10.75 05:02, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes the changes improve the article a great deal! But the former table I created was not POV. I did not mention Ford as the No. 2 based on nationalistic reasons. The reason Ford was No. 2 in the old table was becuase it was based on 2004 data! The update is definitely an improvement but I just want to make it clear that the previous version was not US-centric POV. The only mistake was to list Lincoln as near-luxury- Lincoln is obviously a luxo brand, the TC which has been the best selling model costs over $42k, the average base MSRP if over $38k for this model year (just compare the Lincoln line-up to that of say, Audi), and Lincoln doesn't even sell cars as cheap as the Audi A4, BMW 2-Series, or MB B-Class. Regards,  Signature brendel  05:25, 20 July 2006 (UTC)

Major US Companies
Where are all of the major US car companies? Mrld 19:40, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

 * There are only two, well 2 1/2. GM, Ford and the Chrysler branch of Damiler-Chrysler are all among the world's largest automakers and are listed in the very first section, just below the index.  Signature brendel  Now under review! 16:38, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

WOW Who did Porsche Upset ?
I find it odd that Porsche is NO WHERE to be found... how did this happen ?? Can someone PLEASE FIX ??
 * Porsche is not one of the world's largest automakers and thus is listed according to its national origin. Porsche is listed under Germany. Regards,  Signature brendel  Now under review! 16:40, 26 October 2006 (UTC)

added note
"Note!: Renault now owns controlling interest in Nissan Motors, And Ford now owns controling interest in Mazda. The above tables dont reflect this but this would make Ford, Mazda the #2 manufacturer and Nissan Renault would displace DamlerChrysler. "

This more acuratly displays current stats. 68.224.14.81 06:25, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

also added reference 68.224.14.81 06:26, 25 December 2006 (UTC)

Renault - Nissan relationship
Renault describe their relationship with Nissan as an alliance. Nissan is not a subsidiary of Renault. Indeed Nissan have a 15% stake in Renault. See the Renault website page on the subject. Renault website -- de Facto (talk). 14:20, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Removal of Wrightspeed and Teslamotors from minor car manufacturers
Wrightspeed and Teslamotors both have prototypes and have not created production vehicles yet. A manufacturer creates production vehicles, and when these companies start producing their prototypes and selling them I will gladly add them back to the list. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 66.182.15.218 (talk) 20:37, 11 January 2007 (UTC).

Removal of Teslamotors
Like before I took Tesla motors off of the list because they are not manufacturing cars yet. They are a company with a prototype and pre orders who plan on begining production soon. But until that production happens they cannot be labeled a manufacturer. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ajgilbertson (talk • contribs) 18:03, 6 March 2007 (UTC).

Manufacturers or marques?
Is this a list of manufacturers only or is this a list of marques? Some comments above regarding the removal of the likes of Merkur, Mercury, Edsel, etc. lead me to believe that this is a list of marques. If that's going to be the case, the title of the article should reflect that. --Sable232 20:07, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Mmmm... I haven't even noticed that. The list commonly states the manufacturer (e.g. Ford Motor Company) and then lists the marques belonging to that manufacturer (e.g. Lincoln, Mercury, Jaguar, Volvo, Land Rover, etc...). So, I guess either list of marques or list of manufacturers would be accurate. Regards,  Signature brendel  20:38, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I think perhaps it would be a good idea to have separate pages for the separate topics. I personally would call "Ford Motor Company" a manufacturer, whereas I would call "Ford" a marque or a brand or something like that.  This list appears to be overwhelmingly more about marques than manufacturers in that sense.  Maybe someone should separate the two lists, if people can agree on this.  If I knew absolutely nothing about car makes and I wanted to refer to an encyclopedia to find out more, I would be seriously confused if I saw both "Ford" and "Ford Motor Company" in the same list. --CBecker 22:48, 5 March 2007 (UTC)

Main markets ?
The column in the table showing main markets is silly. Aston Martin is "global" but Volvo is "Europe/North America" ?? Makes no sense. You are much more likely to see a Volvo in China or Taiwan or Australia than you are to see an Aston Martin in those places" .   Furthermore, although Europe and North America are the largest markets for just about everything,  I do not think that the percentage of Aston Martin sales outside those two markets is any larger than the percentage of Volvo sales.  Eregli bob 01:41, 11 February 2007 (UTC)

Renault-Nissan
Renault-Nissan is one company so it must be on list as 4th world car company like in every normal economic magazine accept wikipedia! Ceterum censeo! Big error Number 1.! —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 89.172.116.210 (talk) 10:21, 5 March 2007 (UTC).

Skoda, Seat and Fiat
Big error number 2. Skoda and Seat are entery level manufactures and Fiat is main stream, Fiat Punto are much more expensive than Seat Ibiza and Skoda Fabia simply because they use defunct ancient Volkswagen platforms and motors and have cheaper interiors. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 89.172.116.210 (talk) 10:25, 5 March 2007 (UTC).

Obsolete
It looks to me like this page is obsolete. There already is a much more complete list at List of cars (as already mentioned earlier on this page). Compare for instance the list of Dutch manufaturers on this page (only Spyker...) with List of Western European cars. Mark in wiki (talk) 12:50, 11 October 2011 (UTC)

Mitsubishi Motors
If, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation is a multinational automaker headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. ¿Why is in Indian section? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 186.106.34.128 (talk) 03:59, 29 October 2011 (UTC)

Argentina Section
I've been through the Wikilinks of the Argentine section, corrected one, added a couple. I've included changing some links to replicate the 'es' entries in the hope someone else will translate them across. I hope someone with local knowledge will pick up whether the listing "IAMA" is actually "IAME" (Argentina instead of Estado). Estado seems the correct option if so. L-Bit (talk) 05:07, 3 June 2015 (UTC)

Discussion
There is a discussion at WT:WikiProject Automobiles regarding the criteria for this list. Dennis Brown - 2¢ 16:27, 30 November 2016 (UTC)

Criteria
The list has become an unsourced mess. I've modified the criteria and will start trimming. I left a message at WikiProject Automobiles with no objection. As notability is required to have an article on wikipedia, the same is true to be included in the list, so like most quality lists, I expect to remove all the red links. Red links are fine for articles, but not taking up a large chunk of a list as it doesn't help the reader who is looking for articles not just raw data. Dennis Brown - 2¢ 12:41, 13 December 2016 (UTC)

 * I've rewritten the criteria to be consistent with other lists and removed all the entries without articles. A list should be to link to information, not a lack of unsourced and empty pages, so this should make it more useful. By all means, if any one has an issue, ping me and we can discuss it, but I've cleaned a lot of bad formatting and such, so lets not make any more radical changes or reverts before a discussion is had.  I had already posted my intent on the project and this page and proceeded after a couple of weeks without objection. Dennis Brown - 2¢ 23:33, 17 December 2016 (UTC)

Criteria for inclusion
For purposes of inclusion in this list, are racing car builders and aftermarket upfitters applicable, or should it be strictly for original manufacturers of road-going production automobiles? --Sable232 (talk) 22:02, 28 June 2021 (UTC)

Troll from Norway
Troll from Norway missing on your list. Have a nice weekend:) 89.8.222.8 (talk) 10:46, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

Suggestion to merge
There are 3 Wiki articles about car manufacturers divided by country. There's this one, then there's List of current automobile manufacturers by country, and then there's List of car brands. Maybe we can merge these 3 into 1? Michieliosios (talk) 10:19, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of automobile manufacturers