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Club drug

Club drugs, also called rave drugs or party drugs, are a loosely defined category of recreational drugs which are associated with discothèques in the 1970s and nightclubs, dance clubs, electronic dance music (EDM) parties, and raves in the 1980s to today. Unlike many other categories, such as opiates and benzodiazepines, which are established according to pharmaceutical or chemical properties, club drugs are a "category of convenience", in which drugs are included due to the locations they are consumed and/or where the user goes while under the influence of the drugs. Club drugs are generally used by adolescents and young adults.

Club drugs range from entactogens such as MDMA ("ecstasy"), 2C-B ("nexus") and inhalants (e.g., nitrous oxide and poppers) to stimulants (e.g., amphetamine and cocaine), depressants/sedatives (Quaaludes, GHB, Rohypnol) and psychedelic and hallucinogenic drugs (LSD and DMT). Dancers at all-night parties and dance events have used some of these drugs for their stimulating properties since the 1960s Mod subculture in U.K., whose members took amphetamine to stay up all night. In the 1970s disco scene, the club drugs of choice shifted to the stimulant cocaine and the depressant Quaaludes. Quaaludes were so common at disco clubs that the drug was nicknamed "disco biscuits". In the 1990s and 2000s, methamphetamine and MDMA are sold and used in many clubs. "Club drugs" vary by country and region; in some regions, even opiates such as heroin and morphine have been sold at clubs, though this practice is relatively uncommon. Narconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs, or which are sold as "Ecstasy", include harmaline; piperazines (e.g., BZP and TFMPP); PMA/PMMA; mephedrone (generally used outside the US) and MDPV.

The legal status of club drugs varies according to the region and the drug. Some drugs are legal in some jurisdictions, such as "poppers" (which are often sold as "room deodorizer" or "leather polish" to get around drug laws) and nitrous oxide (which is legal when used from a whipped cream can). Other club drugs, such as amphetamine, are generally illegal unless the individual has a medical prescription. Some club drugs are almost always illegal, such as cocaine and MDMA.

There are a range of risks from using club drugs. As with all drugs, from legal drugs like alcohol to illegal drugs like BZP, usage can increase the risk of injury due to falls, dangerous or risky behavior (e.g., unsafe sex) and, if the user drives, injury or death due to impaired driving accidents. Some club drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, are addictive, and regular use can lead to the user craving more of the drug. Some club drugs are more associated with overdoses. Some club drugs can cause adverse health effects which can be harmful to the user, such as the dehydration associated with MDMA use in an all-night dance club setting.

Ecstasy
MDMA (ecstasy) is a popular club drug in the rave and electronic dance music scenes and in nightclubs. It is known under many nicknames, including "e" and "Molly". MDMA is often considered the drug of choice within the rave culture and is also used at clubs, festivals, house parties and free parties. In the rave environment, the sensory effects from the music and lighting are often highly synergistic with the drug. The psychedelic quality of MDMA and its amphetamine-like energizing effect offers multiple reasons for its appeal to users in the rave setting. Some users enjoy the feeling of mass communion from the inhibition-reducing effects of the drug, while others use it as "party fuel" for all-night dancing.

MDMA is taken by users less frequently than other stimulants, typically less than once per week. Effects include "[g]reater enjoyment of dancing", "[d]istortions of perceptions, particularly light, music and touch"; and "[a]rtificial feelings of empathy and emotional warmth". MDMA is sometimes taken in conjunction with other psychoactive drugs, such as LSD, DMT, psilocybin mushrooms and 2C-B. Users sometimes use mentholated products while taking MDMA for its cooling sensation.

Stimulants
A number of stimulants are used as club drugs. Various amphetamines and methamphetamines are used as stimulants, as is cocaine. These drugs enable clubgoers to dance all night. Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant. Its effects can last from fifteen or thirty minutes to an hour. The duration of cocaine's effects depends on the amount taken and the route of administration. Cocaine can be in the form of fine white powder, bitter to the taste. When inhaled or injected, it causes a numbing effect. Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality. Cocaine's stimulant effects are similar to that of amphetamine, however, these effects tend to be much shorter lasting and more prominent.

Depressants/sedatives
Methaqualone (Quaaludes) became increasingly popular as a recreational drug in the late 1960s and 1970s, known variously as "ludes" or "sopers" (also "soaps") in the U.S. and "mandrakes" and "mandies" in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. The drug was often used by hippies and by people who went dancing at glam rock clubs in the 1970s and at discos (one slang term for Quaaludes in the disco era was "disco biscuits"). In the mid-1970s, there were bars in Manhattan called "juice bars" that only served non-alcoholic drinks that catered to people who liked to dance on methaqualone. Purported methaqualone is in a significant minority of cases found to be inert, or contain diphenhydramine or benzodiazepines. Methaqualone is one of the most commonly used recreational drugs in South Africa. It is also popular elsewhere in Africa and in India. Commonly known as Mandrax, M-pills, buttons, or smarties, a mixture of crushed mandrax and cannabis is smoked, usually through a smoking pipe made from the neck of a broken bottle.

The depressant GHB (also used by assailants as a date rape drug, in which case they slip it into a victim's drink) is intentionally taken by some users as a party drug and club drug.

Rohypnol (also used as a date rape drug) is a sedative/hypnotic that causes intoxication and impairs cognitive functions. This may appear as lack of concentration, confusion and anterograde amnesia. It can be described as a hangover-like effect which can persist to the next day. It also impairs psychomotor functions similar to other benzodiazepines and nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic drugs.

Although the previously mentioned drugs are generally categorized as club drugs by the media and the United States government, this distinction probably does not have an accurate correlation to real usage patterns. For example, alcoholic beverages (beer, wine, hard liquor) are generally not included under the category of club drugs, even though they are probably used more than any other drug at clubs, particularly those that are liquor-licensed nightclubs or bars.

Psychedelic drugs
A psychedelic is a psychoactive drug whose primary action is to alter cognition and perception, typically by agonising serotonin receptors, causing thought and visual/auditory changes, and heightened state of consciousness. Major psychedelic drugs include Bufotenin, Racemorphan, LSD, DMT, and psilocybin mushrooms.

Not to be confused with psychoactive drugs, such as stimulants and opioids, which induce states of altered consciousness, psychedelics tend to affect the mind in ways that result in the experience being qualitatively different from those of ordinary consciousness. Whereas stimulants cause an energized feeling and opiates produce a dreamy, relaxed state, the psychedelic experience is often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as trance, meditation, yoga, religious ecstasy, dreaming and even near-death experiences. With a few exceptions, most psychedelic drugs fall into one of the three following families of chemical compounds; tryptamines, phenethylamines, and lysergamides. Many psychedelic drugs are illegal worldwide under the UN conventions unless used in a medical or religious context. Despite these regulations, recreational use of psychedelics is common, including at raves and EDM concerts and festivals.

Inhalants

"Poppers" are small bottles of volatile drugs which are inhaled by clubgoers for the "rush" or "high" that they can create. Nitrites such as alkyl nitrite originally came as small glass capsules that were popped open, which led to the nickname "poppers." The drug became popular in the US first on the disco/club scene of the 1970s, where dancers used the drug for the "rush" it provides, and because it was perceived to enhance the experience of dancing to loud, bass-heavy disco. The drug became popular again in the mid-1980s and 1990s rave and EDM scenes. As with disco clubgoers, rave participants and EDM enthusiasts used the drug because its "rush" or "high" was perceived to enhance the experience of dancing to pulsating music and lights.

Nitrous oxide is a dissociative inhalant that can cause depersonalization, derealization (feeling like the world is not real), dizziness, euphoria, and some sound distortion (flanging). In some cases, it may cause slight hallucinations and have a mild aphrodisiac effect. While medical grade nitrous oxide is only available to dentists and other licensed health care providers, recreational users often obtain the drug by inhaling the nitrous oxide used in whipped cream aerosol cans. Nitrous oxide users also buy small "whippet" canisters of nitrous oxide intended for use in restaurant whipped cream dispensers and then "crack" open these canisters to inhale the gas. Users typically transfer the gas to a plastic bag or balloon prior to inhaling it.

Ketamine
Ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic, has a long history of being used in clubs and was one of the most popular substances used in the New York Club Kid scene. Ketamine produces a dissociative state, characterized by a sense of detachment from one's physical body and the external world which is known as depersonalization and derealization. Effects include hallucinations, changes in the perception of distances, relative scale, color and durations/time, as well as a slowing of the visual system's ability to update what the user is seeing.

Other
In the 2000s, synthetic phenethylamines such as 2C-I, 2C-B and DOB have been referred to as club drugs due to their stimulating and psychedelic nature (and their chemical relationship with MDMA). By late 2012, derivates of the psychedelic 2C-X drugs, the NBOMes and especially 25I-NBOMe, had become common at raves in Europe. The drug organization Norconon states that other synthetic drugs used in clubs, or which are sold as "Ecstasy" include harmaline; piperazines (e.g., BZP and TFMPP); PMA/PMMA; mephedrone (generally used outside the US) and MDPV.

Though far less common than other "club drugs" like MDMA, ketamine, or LSD, heroin can be found in some of New York City's clubs. Marijuana and related cannabis products are used by some clubgoers; for example, some Rohypnol and ketamine users mix the powdered drug with marijuana and smoke it.

Desired effects
Although each club drug has different effects, their use in clubs reflects their perceived contribution to the user's experience dancing to a beat as lights flash to the music. Club drug users are generally taking the drugs to "enhance social intimacy and sensory stimulation" from the dance club experience. Some club drugs' popularity stems from their ability to induce euphoria, lowered inhibition and an intoxicated feeling. Some drugs, such as amphetamine and cocaine, give the dancer hyperactivity and energy to dance all night. Many drugs produce a feeling of heightened physical sensation, and increased libido and sexual pleasure. Some club drugs, such as LSD, DMT, MDMA, 2C-B and ketamine enhance the experience of being in a nightclub with pulsating lights and flashing lasers and throbbing dance music, because they cause hallucinations or unusual perception effects.

Risks and adverse effects
Although research continues into the full scope of the effects of illegal drugs, regular and unsafe use of club drugs is widely accepted to have damaging side effects and carry a risk of addiction. Increased heart rate, a steep increase in body temperature, increase in blood pressure, spasms and dehydration are all common side effects of MDMA and methamphetamine. Breathing and respiratory issues, drowsiness, nausea and confusion are common side effects of said drugs. They can also make the user anxious, stressed and panicked, or even hallucinate. Withdrawal is also a risk with many club drugs. Drug cravings as the chemical leaves the user's body can be complicated by sleep deprivation, dehydration and hypoglycaemia to result in debilitating 'come downs' which can result in depression-like symptoms. In the worst instance, club drugs result in the death of the user from cardiac arrest or water intoxication due to the increase in heart rate and thirstiness induced. Inconsistency in the strength and exact composition of the supplied drug causing users to overdose. Wide variance in the measured rate of deaths caused by drugs such as ecstasy across countries suggest that user and societal/environmental factors may also affect the lethality of club drugs.

Drug interactions
Another risk is drug interactions. Some club drug users take multiple drugs at the same time. "Club drugs often are taken together, with alcohol, or with other drugs to enhance their effect." Drug interactions can cause hazardous side effects. When club drug users are in a liquor-licensed nightclub, users may mix pills or powders (MDMA, 2C-B, GHB, ketamine) with consumption of alcoholic drinks such as beer, wine or hard liquor. Some depressants, such as Rohypnol, are dangerous to take while drinking alcohol. "Ketamine often is taken in "trail mixes" of methamphetamine, phencyclidine, cocaine, sildenafil citrate (Viagra), morphine or heroin."

Injury or death due to risky behavior
Another risk with club drugs is one shared by all drugs, from legal drugs like alcohol to abused over-the-counter drugs (taking large amounts of dextromethorphan cough syrup) and illegal drugs (BZP, amphetamines, etc.): while impaired, the user is more likely to be injured, engage in dangerous or risky behaviour (e.g., unsafe sex) or, if she or he drives, have an accident resulting in injury or death due to impaired driving.

Misrepresentation
In many cases, illegal club drugs are misrepresented. That is, a dealer will tell a purchaser that she/he has a certain illegal drug for sale, while in fact the dealer's pills, capsules or bags of powder do not contain that chemical. For example, MDMA ("ecstasy") is very hard to synthesize in illegal underground labs, and methamphetamine is much easier (it can be made from household chemicals and over-the-counter cold remedies containing pseudoephedrine). As such, what dealers sell as MDMA is often methamphetamine powder. Similarly, pills sold by drug dealers as LSD, a drug which only the top chemists have the training to synthesize, most often contain no LSD; instead, they often contain PCP, a veterinary tranquilizer which produces dissociation and hallucinations in humans. In some cases, the dealer has intentionally substituted a less expensive, more available illegal drug for another drug. In other cases, the substitution was made by a higher-level drug cartel or organization, and the dealer may in fact believe that the bogus product is MDMA or LSD.

"Cutting", adulteration and "spiking"
With the exception of marijuana, which typically is uncut and unlaced, many illegal drugs, especially those which come in a powder or pill form are "cut" with other substances or "spiked" with other drugs. Cocaine, amphetamines and other stimulants often have caffeine powder added, as this increases the dealer's profit by bulking out the powder, so that less expensive cocaine or amphetamine has to be used in making the product. Some substances used to "cut" illegal drugs are not inherently harmful, as they are just used to "pad" or "bulk out" a quantity of the illegal drug and increase profits, such as lactose (milk sugar), a white powder often added to heroin. Even fairly innocuous powders that are added to illegal drugs, though, can have adverse effects with some routes of illegal drug administration, such as injection. With some drugs, adulterants are sometimes added to make the product more appealing. For example, "flavoured cocaine" has flavoured powder added to the drug.

Whereas the main goal of "cutting" is to bulk out a quantity of pure, expensive illegal drugs with an innocuous and not overly harmful substance (lactose) or fairly low-impact product (e.g., caffeine in amphetamine pills), the goal of "spiking" is to try to make lower-quality illegal drug or a lower-potency source of illegal drugs give the user the type of "high" or psychedelic experience she or he is seeking. While it was earlier stated that marijuana is most often uncut and un-spiked, some dealers add PCP to marijuana (this is nicknamed "wet marijuana"), because adding this dissociative hallucinogen to low-grade, low-THC marijuana can convert it into a cannabis that creates striking hallucinogenic effects. Drug researchers learned that some dealers were spiking marijuana when they tested US teens who stated that they had only used a single illegal drug (marijuana) and the teens tested positive for marijuana and PCP. Some dealers who have a very small quantity of MDMA powder to sell "spike" it with less expensive and easier to produce methamphetamine powder.
 * Street cocaine is often adulterated or "cut" with talc, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, inositol, caffeine, procaine, phencyclidine, phenytoin, lignocaine, strychnine, amphetamine, or heroin.
 * A common methamphetamine adulterant is dimethyl sulfone, a solvent and cosmetic base without known effect on the nervous system; other adulterants include dimethylamphetamine HCl, ephedrine HCl, sodium thiosulfate, sodium chloride, sodium glutamate, and a mixture of caffeine with sodium benzoate.

Addiction
Not all club drugs are addictive (e.g. nitrous oxide). However, some club drugs are addictive. Amphetamine heavily used in recreational fashion pose a risk of addiction.

Cocaine addiction is a psychological desire to use cocaine regularly. Cocaine overdose may result in cardiovascular and brain damage, such as: constricting blood vessels in the brain, causing strokes and constricting arteries in the heart; causing heart attacks. The use of cocaine creates euphoria and high amounts of energy. If taken in large, unsafe doses, it is possible to cause mood swings, paranoia, insomnia, psychosis, high blood pressure, a fast heart rate, panic attacks, cognitive impairments and drastic changes in personality. The symptoms of cocaine withdrawal (also known as comedown or crash) range from moderate to severe: dysphoria, depression, anxiety, psychological and physical weakness, pain, and compulsive cravings.

GHB addiction occurs when repeated drug use disrupts the normal balance of brain circuits that control rewards, memory and cognition, ultimately leading to compulsive drug taking. Although there have been reported fatalities due to GHB withdrawal, reports are inconclusive and further research is needed.

Ketamine risks
Ketamine use as a recreational drug has been implicated in deaths globally, with more than 90 deaths in England and Wales in the years of 2005–2013. They include accidental poisonings, drownings, traffic accidents, and suicides. The majority of deaths were among young people. This has led to increased regulation (e.g., upgrading ketamine from a Class C to a Class B banned substance in the U.K.). At sufficiently high doses, Ketamine users may experience what is called the "K-hole", a state of extreme dissociation with visual and auditory hallucinations.

Acute treatment
The main treatment for individuals facing acute medical issues due to club drug consumption or overdoses is "cardiorespiratory maintenance". Since club drug users may have consumed multiple drugs, a mix of alcohol and other drugs, or a drug adulterated with other chemicals, it is hard for doctors to know what type of overdose to treat for, even if the user is conscious and can tell the medical team what drug they think they took. A doctor recommends "cardiac monitoring, pulse oximetry, urinalysis, and performance of a comprehensive chemistry panel to check for electrolyte imbalance, renal toxicity, and possible underlying disorders" and preventing "seizures". Some doctors use activated charcoal and a cathartic" to detoxify the drugs in the gastrointestinal system. Cooling the victim is recommended to avoid hyperthermia. If the victim overdosed on Rohypnol, the antidote flumazenil can be given; this is the only club drug for which there is an antidote.

History
In the mid to late-1970s disco club scene, there was a thriving drug subculture, particularly for drugs that would enhance the experience of dancing to the loud dance music and the flashing lights on the dancefloor. Substances such as cocaine (nicknamed "blow"), amyl nitrite ("poppers"), and Quaaludes. Quaaludes were described as [the] "...other quintessential 1970s club drug", which suspends motor coordination." ) According to Peter Braunstein, "massive quantities of drugs were ingested in discothèques."

Throughout the 1980s, the use of club drugs expanded into colleges, social parties, and raves. As raves grew in popularity through the late 1980s and into the late 1990s, drug usage, especially MDMA, grew with them. Much like discos, raves made use of flashing lights, loud techno/electronic dance music to enhance the user experience. Before their scheduling, some club drugs (especially designer drugs referred to as research chemicals) were advertised as alcohol-free and drug-free. Another reason that drug producers create new drugs is to avoid drug laws.

Since the early 2000s, medical professionals have acknowledged and addressed the problem of the increasing consumption of alcoholic drinks and club drugs (such as MDMA, cocaine, rohypnol, GHB, ketamine, PCP, LSD, and methamphetamine) associated with rave culture among adolescents and young adults in the Western world. Studies have shown that adolescents are more likely than young adults to use multiple drugs, and the consumption of club drugs is highly associated with the presence of criminal behaviors and recent alcohol abuse or dependence.

In Australia
Club drugs are used in Australia in a variety of dance clubs and nightclubs. One in ten Australians have used MDMA at least once in their lifetime; one in thirty have used MDMA in the past 12 months. One in a hundred Australians has used ketamine at least once in their lives and one in five hundred over the past 12 months. One in two hundred Australians have used GHB at least once in their lives and one in one thousand in the past 12 months. Regarding the entire Australian population, seven per cent of Australians have used cocaine at least once in their lifetime and two per cent of Australians have used it in the past 12 months. Today, these drugs are widely used across age and socioeconomic groups and often sold in nightclubs and pubs throughout Australia.

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Superclass

Superclass may refer to:
 * Superclass (book), a book about global governance by David Rothkopf and The Superclass List
 * Superclass (biology), a taxonomic rank intermediate between subphylum and class
 * Superclass (computer science), a class from which other classes are derived

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

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Subspecies

In biological classification, subspecies (: subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed. Not all species have subspecies, but for those that do there must be at least two. Subspecies is abbreviated as subsp. or ssp. and the singular and plural forms are the same ("the subspecies is" or "the subspecies are").

In zoology, under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, the subspecies is the only taxonomic rank below that of species that can receive a name. In botany and mycology, under the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, other infraspecific ranks, such as variety, may be named. In bacteriology and virology, under standard bacterial nomenclature and virus nomenclature, there are recommendations but not strict requirements for recognizing other important infraspecific ranks.

A taxonomist decides whether to recognize a subspecies. A common criterion for recognizing two distinct populations as subspecies rather than full species is the ability of them to interbreed even if some male offspring may be sterile. In the wild, subspecies do not interbreed due to geographic isolation or sexual selection. The differences between subspecies are usually less distinct than the differences between species.

Nomenclature
The scientific name of a species is a binomial or binomen, and comprises two Latin words, the first denoting the genus and the second denoting the species. The scientific name of a subspecies is formed slightly differently in the different nomenclature codes. In zoology, under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the scientific name of a subspecies is termed a trinomen, and comprises three words, namely the binomen followed by the name of the subspecies. For example, the binomen for the leopard is Panthera pardus. The trinomen Panthera pardus fusca denotes a subspecies, the Indian leopard. All components of the trinomen are written in italics.

In botany, subspecies is one of many ranks below that of species, such as variety, subvariety, form, and subform. To identify the rank, the subspecific name must be preceded by "subspecies" (which can be abbreviated to "subsp." or "ssp."), as in Schoenoplectus californicus subsp. tatora.

In bacteriology, the only rank below species that is regulated explicitly by the code of nomenclature is subspecies, but infrasubspecific taxa are extremely important in bacteriology; Appendix 10 of the code lays out some recommendations that are intended to encourage uniformity in describing such taxa. Names published before 1992 in the rank of variety are taken to be names of subspecies (see International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes). As in botany, subspecies is conventionally abbreviated as "subsp.", and is used in the scientific name: Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii.

Nominotypical subspecies and subspecies autonyms
In zoological nomenclature, when a species is split into subspecies, the originally described population is retained as the "nominotypical subspecies" or "nominate subspecies", which repeats the same name as the species. For example, Motacilla alba alba (often abbreviated M. a. alba) is the nominotypical subspecies of the white wagtail (Motacilla alba).

The subspecies name that repeats the species name is referred to in botanical nomenclature as the subspecies "autonym", and the subspecific taxon as the "autonymous subspecies".

Doubtful cases
When zoologists disagree over whether a certain population is a subspecies or a full species, the species name may be written in parentheses. Thus Larus (argentatus) smithsonianus means the American herring gull; the notation within the parentheses means that some consider it a subspecies of a larger herring gull species and therefore call it Larus argentatus smithsonianus, while others consider it a full species and therefore call it Larus smithsonianus (and the user of the notation is not taking a position).

Criteria
A subspecies is a taxonomic rank below species – the only such rank recognized in the zoological code, and one of three main ranks below species in the botanical code. When geographically separate populations of a species exhibit recognizable phenotypic differences, biologists may identify these as separate subspecies; a subspecies is a recognized local variant of a species. Botanists and mycologists have the choice of ranks lower than subspecies, such as variety (varietas) or form (forma), to recognize smaller differences between populations.

Monotypic and polytypic species

In biological terms, rather than in relation to nomenclature, a polytypic species has two or more genetically and phenotypically divergent subspecies, races, or more generally speaking, populations that differ from each other so that a separate description is warranted. These distinct groups do not interbreed as they are isolated from another, but they can interbreed and have fertile offspring, e.g. in captivity. These subspecies, races, or populations, are usually described and named by zoologists, botanists and microbiologists.

In a monotypic species, all populations exhibit the same genetic and phenotypical characteristics. Monotypic species can occur in several ways:
 * All members of the species are very similar and cannot be sensibly divided into biologically significant subcategories.
 * The individuals vary considerably, but the variation is essentially random and largely meaningless so far as genetic transmission of these variations is concerned.
 * The variation among individuals is noticeable and follows a pattern, but there are no clear dividing lines among separate groups: they fade imperceptibly into one another. Such clinal variation always indicates substantial gene flow among the apparently separate groups that make up the population(s). Populations that have a steady, substantial gene flow among them are likely to represent a monotypic species, even when a fair degree of genetic variation is obvious.

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Subgenus

In biology, a subgenus (plural: subgenera) is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.

In the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet: e.g. the tiger cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea (Cypraea) tigris Linnaeus, which belongs to the subgenus Cypraea of the genus Cypraea. However, it is not mandatory, or even customary, when giving the name of a species, to include the subgeneric name.

In the Intern national Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICNafp), the subgenus is one of the possible subdivisions of a genus. There is no limit to the number of divisions that are permitted within a genus by adding the prefix "sub-" or in other ways as long as no confusion can result. The secondary ranks of section and series are subordinate to subgenus. An example is Banksia subg. Isostylis, a subgenus of the large Australian genus Banksia. The ICNafp requires an explicit "connecting term" to indicate the rank of the division within the genus. Connecting terms are usually abbreviated, e.g. "subg." for "subgenus", and are not italicized.

In zoological nomenclature, when a genus is split into subgenera, the originally described population is retained as the "nominotypical subgenus" or "nominate subgenus", which repeats the same name as the genus. For example, Panthera (Panthera) pardus, a leopard. In botanical nomenclature the same principle applies, although the terminology is different. Thus the subgenus that contains the original type of the genus Rhododendron is Rhododendron subg. Rhododendron. Such names are called "autonyms".

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Talk:Mara

cleanup tag
Hope this helps. I'll fix it up myself eventually, if no one gets to it first. Tedernst | talk 21:16, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * The reason I added the tag was because of the numbered lists. These are to be bulletted.
 * Now that I look closer I see a lot of bold that also needs to be removed.
 * The people sub-headings are unnecessary.
 * There appears to be a lot of extra text.
 * There's a link in a heading. That's a no-no.
 * I have replaced the numbers with bullets and fixed the link in the heading - must have missed earlier. The bolding is not great but doesn't worry me, similarly the extra text.  No strong objections if it is removed though--A  Y  Arktos 23:08, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I would suggest that big block of text about the gangs be moved to Mara (gangs) or some similar name. It doesn't belong on this page, but seems to be valuble information, if it's verifiable. Tedernst | talk 16:44, 18 January 2006 (UTC)

Cleanup
Does this article need a cleanup? It's getting quite long but all the items seem relevant. Ideas? peterl (talk) 00:58, 9 March 2010 (UTC)

Woman
Is it worth mentioning that Mara is sometimes a girl's name, and that mara is the word for 'woman' in the Lebanese and Maltese languages?

Maybe not relevant, but a clarification
Here in Latin America (at least in Central america), "mara" refers to all criminal street gangs, at least the ones in the style of MS-13. I don't know if the word ultimately carries connotations beyond just "gang" (Maras_(gangs) exists but is a stub), but one should look up if the distinction is important enough to have a link to that rather than just one of the "maras". 201.190.31.4 (talk) 03:22, 7 May 2015 (UTC)
 * I've updated the link, and also moved the new target page. Mind  matrix  13:00, 7 May 2015 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Mara (demon) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 12:46, 3 November 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mara


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Talk:Cthulhu

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 01:15, 1 November 2020 (UTC)
 * 20100701 cthulhu poster.jpg

Cthulhu reference
Cthulhu is referred to in D&D as a 'Great Old One', and a Warlock can make a pact with them. Qwerfjkl  talk  10:24, 14 March 2021 (UTC)

Terraria
While the information is accurate within the mention of Terraria under "Legacy", the source is Fandom which is against Wikipedia policy as it is user-generated content. Unless there is a reliable source proving it, it'll probably have to be removed. Icedmorning (talk) 22:49, 22 June 2021 (UTC)

Cthulu
The cthulhu also have a roblox group after it named the Lovecraftian Order, they have one game the Sunken City of Rhy'leh — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2601:240:D600:45F0:C014:6A31:68DC:57E (talk) 14:48, 23 February 2022 (UTC)

Dungeons & Dragons mentions
This article says that Cthulhu was taken out of "all future editions," but in the current 5e version "Great Cthulhu" is mentioned as an entity appropriate to the Great Old One patron of the warlock class. Is this worth mentioning? Abelhawk (talk) 14:05, 13 May 2022 (UTC)

No mention of South Park
The multi-episode story arc in South Park's Season 14 featuring Cthulhu has got to be a landmark of sorts for the maistreamization of this character. It needs a mention here. --Christofurio (talk) 12:06, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

 * No, as it is WP:TRIVIA. Veverve (talk) 12:09, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Vevere, you just linked me to a guideline that says, "this guideline does not suggest the inclusion or exclusion of any information." That guideline is against trivia SECTIONS.  It does not tell me that the inclusion of the SP use of Cthulhu itself is trivial. I don't see it as any more or less trivial than the D&D material here. But ... whatever.  When I get the time I'll do a good job of it and then you can delete it and we cvan have a fun back-and-forth. You love those, right? Christofurio (talk) 15:29, 8 July 2023 (UTC)
 * I indeed oppose as it is purely undue and trivial. You have been warned of my opposition, and that thus there is no consensus, and therefore you including this information would be purely disruptive.
 * And please spare me your personnal attacks. Veverve (talk) 18:06, 8 July 2023 (UTC)

Glottal Lateral
Khlûl′-hloo - the hl might represent a "glottal lateral sound". My theory is consistent with Lovecraft's description of the sound being "guttural" and "impossible for humans to pronounce". I think the correct pronunciation is [ˈqLu̞Lʔ.Lu], with the L representing a voiced emphatic half-labialized glottal lateral approximant. I am a Green Bee (talk) 11:42, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Why are you posting this WP:OR here? Veverve (talk) 17:16, 23 August 2023 (UTC)

Influence on board games
There are over 150 ranked board games on boardgamegeek using the Cthulhu Mythos, some very highly ranked, and new ones keep coming out. 85.65.187.42 (talk) 19:23, 4 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Cthulhu


text:
Joy

Joy is the state of being that allows one to experience feelings of intense, long-lasting happiness and satisfaction of life. It is closely related to, and often evoked by, well-being, success, or good fortune. Happiness, pleasure, and gratitude are closely related to joy but are not identical to it.

Distinction vs similar emotions
Some psychologists and scholars draw a distinction between happiness and joy. The precise distinction varies, but happiness is often described as the product of external sources, while joy is considered to be internal.

saw a clear distinction between joy, pleasure, and happiness: "I sometimes wonder whether all pleasures are not substitutes for Joy", and "I call it Joy, which is here a technical term and must be sharply distinguished both from Happiness and Pleasure. Joy (in my sense) has indeed one characteristic, and one only, in common with them; the fact that anyone who has experienced it will want it again... I doubt whether anyone who has tasted it would ever, if both were in his power, exchange it for all the pleasures in the world. But then Joy is never in our power and Pleasure often is."

Michela Summa says that the distinction between joy and happiness is that joy "accompanies the process through and through, whereas happiness seems to be more strictly tied to the moment of achievement of the process... joy is not only a direct emotional response to an event that is embedded in our life-concerns but is also tightly bound to the present moment, whereas happiness presupposes an evaluative stance concerning one period of one's life or one's own life as a whole."

Sources and types
The causes of joy have been ascribed to various sources.

Ingrid Fetell Lee has studied the sources of joy. She wrote the book Joyful: The Surprising Power of Ordinary Things to Create Extraordinary Happiness, and gave a TED talk on the subject, titled "Where joy hides and how to find it."

Joy is most commonly found through engagement, self-connection, and living in the moment.

Health effects
Joy improves health and well-being and brings psychological changes that improve a person's mood and well-being. Some people have a natural capacity for joy, meaning they experience joy more easily compared to others. While there is no conclusive evidence for the genetics of happiness, joy is known to be hereditary. Experience of joy is increased through healthy habits such as sharing food, physical activity, writing, and self-connection.

title: Joy


text:
National Educational Television

National Educational Television (NET) was an American educational broadcast television network owned by the Ford Foundation and later co-owned by the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. It operated from May 16, 1954, to October 4, 1970, and was succeeded by the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), which has memberships with many television stations that were formerly part of NET.

The Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) provided funds for cataloging the NET collection, and as part of an on-going preservation effort with the Library of Congress, over 10,000 digitized television programs from the non-commercial TV stations and producers spanning 20 years from 1952 to 1972 have been contributed to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting.

History
The network was founded as the Educational Television and Radio Center (ETRC) in November 1952 by a grant from the Ford Foundation's Fund for Adult Education (FAE). It was originally a limited service for exchanging and distributing educational television programs produced by local television stations to other stations; it did not produce any material by itself.

In the spring of 1954, ETRC moved its operations to Ann Arbor, Michigan, and on May 16 of that year, it began operating as a "network". It put together a weekly five-hour package of television programs, distributing them primarily on kinescope film to the affiliated stations by mail. By 1956, ETRC had 22 affiliated stations, expected to grow to 26 by March 1957. The programming was noted for treating subjects in depth, including hour-long interviews with people of literary and historical importance. The programming was also noted for being dry and academic, with little consideration given to entertainment value, a marked contrast to commercial television. Many of the shows were designed as adult education, and ETRC was nicknamed the "University of the Air" (or, less kindly, "The Bicycle Network", both for its low budget and for the way NET supposedly sent programs to its affiliates, by distributing its program films and videotapes via non-electronic means such as by mail, termed in the television industry as "bicycling").

The center's headquarters moved from Ann Arbor to New York City in 1958, and the organization became known as the National Educational Television and Radio Center (NETRC). The center became more aggressive at this time, aiming to ascend to the role of the U.S.' fourth television network. Among its efforts, the network began importing programs from the BBC into the United States, starting with An Age of Kings in 1961. It increased its programming output to ten hours a week. Most NETRC network programs were produced by the affiliate stations because the NETRC had no production staff or facilities of its own. NETRC also contracted programs from independent producers and acquired foreign material from countries like Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, Yugoslavia, the USSR, France, Italy, and West Germany.

Starting from 1962, the federal government took over the FAE's grants-in-aid program through the Education Television Facilities Act.

In November 1963 NETRC changed its name to National Educational Television, and spun off its radio assets. Under the centerpiece program NET Journal, which began airing in the fall of 1966, NET began to air controversial, hard-hitting documentaries that explored numerous social issues of the day such as poverty and racism. While praised by critics, some affiliates, especially those in politically and culturally conservative markets, objected to the perceived liberal slant of the programming. Another NET produced program begun in 1967, Public Broadcast Laboratory, produced similar complaints.

In 1966, NET's position as a combined network and production center came into question when President Lyndon Johnson arranged for the Carnegie Foundation to conduct a study on the future of educational television. The Carnegie Commission released its report in 1967, recommending educational television be transformed into "public television". The new organization would be controlled by the nonprofit Corporation for Public Broadcasting (a corporation established by the federal government) and receive funding from the government and other sources. Under this plan, funds were to be distributed to individual stations and independent production centers – which is what NET would have been reduced to. The Ford Foundation, interested Educational Television Stations, and President Johnson supported the recommendations of the Carnegie Commission in the Public Broadcasting Act, which was signed into law on November 7, 1967.

Replacement by PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) began as an entity in November 1969, with NET continuing to produce several programs and to be the name of the network. NET's production of NET Journal and Public Broadcast Laboratory continued to be liabilities amid accusations of partisanship funded by the government. Eventually, Ford and the CPB decided to shut NET down, to be replaced by PBS as the network distributing programming to stations, but, unlike NET, it was not directly involved in production matters, which had been perceived as the main source of the controversies surrounding NET. Instead, local stations and outside suppliers would provide programming for the system, a model that endures to this day with PBS. In early 1970, both Ford and the CPB threatened to cut NET's funding unless NET merged its operations with New York City-area affiliate WNDT. NET agreed to do so.

WNDT's call sign was changed to WNET on October 1, 1970, as the station and NET's merger was completed. On October 5, PBS began network broadcasting. NET ceased to operate as a network from that point, although some NET-branded programming, such as NET Journal and NET Playhouse remained part of the PBS schedule (now produced by WNET) until the brand was retired 2 years later. Some of the programs that began their runs on NET, such as Washington Week and Sesame Street, continue to air on PBS today.

title: National Educational Television


text:
NET

NET may refer to:

United States

 * National Educational Television, the predecessor of the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) in the United States
 * National Empowerment Television, a politically conservative cable TV network, now defunct, also known as "America's Voice"
 * Nebraska Educational Telecommunications, a state network of Television (PBS) and Radio Stations (NPR) in Nebraska, United States
 * New Evangelization Television, a Christian-oriented TV channel based in New York, United States

Elsewhere

 * NET (telecommunications), a Brazilian cable television operator
 * NET (Indonesian TV network), an Indonesian television network
 * NET (Maltese TV channel), a Maltese television station
 * NET 5, a Dutch television station
 * Net 25, a Philippine television station
 * New Hellenic Television, a Greek television network, currently known as ERT2
 * Nihon Educational Television, former name of TV Asahi

Science and technology

 * Noise-equivalent target, a measurement of radiant intensity used in detection systems
 * Noise-equivalent temperature, a measure of the sensitivity of a thermal-radiation detector
 * Negative emission technologies, carbon dioxide removal

Medicine and chemistry

 * N-Ethyltryptamine, a psychedelic drug
 * Neuroendocrine tumor, a tumor occurring at the interface between the endocrine and nervous systems
 * Neutrophil extracellular traps, networks of extracellular fibers that bind pathogens
 * Norepinephrine transporter, a type of neurotransmitter transporter
 * Norethisterone (norethindrone), a steroid contraceptive

Other uses

 * NET (brand), Taiwanese clothing brand
 * Cloudflare, American internet services company (stock ticker)
 * NCAA Evaluation Tool, a metric created in 2018 for use in the college basketball tournament selection process
 * National Education Trust, a UK non-profit charity
 * National Eligibility Test, an Indian entrance examination
 * Native English-speaking Teacher, a scheme designed to employ overseas teachers in Hong Kong
 * Netherlands, UNDP country code
 * New Earth Time, a naming system for time on Earth
 * New English Translation, a 2005 English translation of the Bible
 * Nigerian Entertainment Today, a newspaper
 * No Electronic Theft Act, a 1997 United States law extending the grounds for prosecution of copyright infringement
 * Nottingham Express Transit, a tramway system in Nottingham, England
 * Narrative exposure therapy, used for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder
 * Abbreviation for: No earlier than

title: NET


text:
1905 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1905.

Events

 * January–September – L. Frank Baum's Animal Fairy Tales appear in The Delineator magazine.
 * January 5 – Baroness Emma Orczy's play The Scarlet Pimpernel, adapted by Julia Neilson and Fred Terry, who play the leads, makes its London debut at the New Theatre, followed shortly by publication of the novel.
 * January 16 – Neil Munro begins publishing his Vital Spark stories in the Glasgow Evening News.
 * February – Upton Sinclair's novel The Jungle begins serialization in the American socialist newspaper Appeal to Reason.
 * May 10 – The first stage performance in England of Oscar Wilde's tragedy Salome (the original version having been banned in 1892) takes place privately at the New Stage Club of the Bijou Theatre in Archer Street, London, with Millicent Murby in the title role, directed by Florence Farr. The author died in 1900.
 * July – Beatrix Potter becomes engaged to her editor Norman Warne, but on August 25 he dies unexpectedly of pernicious anemia. Soon after she completes the purchase of a Lake District home, Hill Top.
 * July 15 – Popular fictional gentleman thief Arsène Lupin is introduced by Maurice Leblanc in the first of a series of short stories serialized in the French magazine Je sais tout, "The Arrest of Arsène Lupin".
 * October 13 – The English actor-manager Sir Henry Irving collapses in his hotel, while playing Thomas Becket on tour in Bradford, dying soon afterwards.
 * October 15 – The weekly full-color comic strip Little Nemo in Slumberland, by Winsor McCay, debuts in the New York Herald.
 * December 10 – O. Henry's short story "The Gift of the Magi" first appears as "Gifts of the Magi" in The New York Sunday World.
 * December 15 – Pushkin House is founded in Saint Petersburg, Russia, to preserve the heritage of Alexander Pushkin.
 * unknown dates
 * The first of many chapters of I Am a Cat (吾輩は猫である) by Natsume Sōseki is published serially in Hototogisu (ホトトギス, Lesser cuckoo). It begins in military style: "I, sir, am a cat, though as yet I have no name...." and explores a family in which the English-teacher husband cannot speak English.
 * The group Noor-Eesti (Young Estonia) is formed to promote Estonian national awakening in language and literature.
 * The National Library of Thailand is created as the Vajirayanana Library for the Capital City in Bangkok, with the merger of the Mandira Dharma Vajirayanana and Buddhasasana Sangaha libraries by royal decree.
 * Belle da Costa Greene, aged 22, is appointed as librarian to J. P. Morgan in New York City.

Fiction

 * Edwin Lester Arnold – Lieut. Gullivar Jones: His Vacation
 * Margarete Böhme – Tagebuch einer Verlorenen (Diary of a Lost Girl)
 * Rhoda Broughton – A Waif's Progress
 * Mary Boykin Chesnut – A Diary from Dixie
 * G. K. Chesterton – The Club of Queer Trades (book publication)
 * Marquis de Sade (d. 1814) – The 120 Days of Sodom (Les 120 journées de Sodome, written 1785)
 * Catherine Isabella Dodd – A Vagrant Englishwoman
 * Arthur Conan Doyle – The Return of Sherlock Holmes (stories collected in book format)
 * Lord Dunsany – The Gods of Pegāna
 * Antonio Fogazzaro – Il Santo (The Saint)
 * E. M. Forster – Where Angels Fear to Tread
 * Tom Gallon – Meg the Lady
 * Robert Hichens – The Garden of Allah
 * W. H. Hudson – A Little Boy Lost
 * W. J. Locke – The Morals of Marcus Ordeyne
 * Jack London – White Fang
 * Leopoldo Lugones – La Guerra Gaucha (The Gaucho War)
 * Heinrich Mann – Professor Unrat
 * George Moore – The Lake
 * Baroness Orczy
 * The Scarlet Pimpernel
 * The Case of Miss Elliot
 * By the Gods Beloved
 * Dorothy Richardson (anonymously) – The Long Day: The Story of a New York Working Girl, As Told by Herself
 * Hjalmar Söderberg – Doctor Glas
 * Katherine Thurston – The Gambler
 * Mark Twain – King Leopold's Soliloquy
 * Jules Verne
 * Invasion of the Sea (L'Invasion de la mer)
 * The Lighthouse at the End of the World (Le Phare du bout du monde)
 * Elizabeth von Arnim – Princess Priscilla's Fortnight
 * Mary Augusta Ward – The Marriage of William Ashe
 * H. G. Wells – Kipps
 * Edith Wharton – The House of Mirth

Children and young people

 * L. Frank Baum
 * Queen Zixi of Ix
 * The Fate of a Crown (as Schuyler Staunton)
 * Angela Brazil – A Terrible Tomboy
 * Frances Hodgson Burnett – A Little Princess
 * H. E. Marshall – Our Island Story (history)
 * Beatrix Potter
 * The Tale of Mrs. Tiggy-Winkle
 * The Tale of the Pie and the Patty-Pan
 * Herbert Strang – Kobo: A Story of the Russo-Japanese War
 * H. A. Vachell – The Hill

Drama

 * David Belasco – The Girl of the Golden West
 * Jacinto Benavente – Rosas de otoño (Autumn Roses)
 * Clyde Fitch – The Woman in the Case
 * Maxim Gorky – Children of the Sun (Дети солнца, Deti solntsa)
 * Harley Granville-Barker – The Voysey Inheritance
 * Sacha Guitry
 * Le KWTZ
 * Nono
 * Alois Jirásek – Lantern
 * Rainis – Uguns un nakts (Fire and Night)
 * George Bernard Shaw
 * Major Barbara
 * Man and Superman (first staged)
 * J. M. Synge – The Well of the Saints
 * Alfredo Testoni – Cardinal Lambertini

Poetry

 * E. Clerihew Bentley – Biography for Beginners
 * Gjergj Fishta – Lahuta e Malcís (The Highland Lute; begins publication)
 * Sarojini Naidu – The Golden Threshold
 * Rainer Maria Rilke – The Book of Hours (Das Stunden-Buch)
 * Violet Teague – Night Fall in the Ti-Tree

Non-fiction

 * Phan Bội Châu – Viet Nam vong quoc su
 * G. K. Chesterton – Orthodoxy
 * Sigmund Freud – Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality
 * Afevork Ghevre Jesus – Grammatica della lingua amarica
 * Mary Scharlieb – The Mother's Guide to the Health and Care of her Children
 * Society of American Foresters – Proceedings of the Society of American Foresters
 * University of Nevada – The University of Nevada Catalogue
 * Max Weber – The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Die protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus)

Births

 * January 2 – Jainendra Kumar, Indian author and translator (died 1988)
 * January 6 – Idris Davies, Anglo-Welsh poet (died 1953)
 * January 21 – Wanda Wasilewska, Polish Soviet novelist and journalist (died 1964)
 * January 25 – Margery Sharp, English novelist and children's writer (died 1991)
 * January 31
 * Angelina Acuña, Guatemalan poet and author (died 2006)
 * John O'Hara, American writer (died 1970)
 * February 2
 * John Davy Hayward, English literary editor and bibliophile (died 1965)
 * Ayn Rand (Alisa Zinov'yevna Rosenbaum), Russian-American novelist, playwright and screenwriter (died 1982)
 * February 7 – Paul Nizan, French philosopher and writer (died 1940)
 * February 15 (February 2 OS) – Musa Cälil, Soviet Tatar poet and resistance fighter (executed 1944)
 * February 26 – Robert Byron, English travel writer (torpedoed 1941)
 * March 2 – Geoffrey Grigson, English poet and critic (died 1985)
 * March 23 – Joseph Henry Reason, African-American librarian (died 1997)
 * March 31 – Kulap Saipradit (Siburapha), Thai novelist (died 1974)
 * April 30 – Leslie Paul, Anglo-Irish novelist (died 1985)
 * May 1 – Emmanuel Mounier, French philosopher, journalist and theologian (died 1950)
 * May 16 – H. E. Bates, English novelist (died 1974)
 * May 20 – Gerrit Achterberg, Dutch poet (died 1962)
 * May 24 – Mikhail Sholokhov, Soviet Russian novelist (died 1984)
 * June 20 – Lillian Hellman, American dramatist (died 1984)
 * June 21
 * Jacques Goddet, French sports journalist (died 2000)
 * Jean-Paul Sartre, French philosopher, novelist and playwright (died 1980)
 * July 25
 * Elias Canetti, Bulgarian-born novelist and playwright writing in German (died 1994)
 * Denys Watkins-Pitchford, English children's writer (died 1990)
 * August 14 – Ștefan Tita, Romanian polygraph and journalist activist (died 1977)
 * September 4 – Mary Renault, British novelist (died 1983)
 * September 5 – Arthur Koestler, Hungarian-born English novelist and social philosopher (suicide 1983)
 * October 15 – C. P. Snow, English novelist (died 1980)
 * October 17 – Lev Nussimbaum, Russian and Azerbaijani novelist (died 1942)
 * October 31 – Elizabeth Jenkins, English author (died 2010)
 * November 10 – Kurt Eggers, German writer, poet, songwriter and playwright (killed in action 1943)
 * December 4 – Munro Leaf, American children's author (died 1974)
 * December 12
 * Mulk Raj Anand, Indian novelist (died 2004)
 * Vasily Grossman, Russian novelist and writer (died 1964)
 * December 13 – Ann Barzel, American writer and dance critic (died 2007)
 * December 21 – Anthony Powell, English novelist (died 2000)
 * December 22 – Kenneth Rexroth, American poet and critic (died 1982)
 * December 30 (December 17 OS) – Daniil Kharms, born Daniil Ivánovich Yuvatchov, Russian surrealist, children's writer, absurdist poet, short prose author and dramatist (died 1942)
 * Unknown date – Culai Neniu, Moldovan folklorist and dramatist (shot 1939)

Deaths

 * January 2 – Clara Augusta Jones Trask, American writer and dime novelist (born 1839)
 * January 19 – Debendranath Tagore, Hindu philosopher and religious reformer (born 1817)
 * January 21 – Clara Harrison Stranahan, American author; founder of Barnard College (born 1831)
 * January 28 – Cordelia A. Greene, American physician, reformer, benefactor (born 1831)
 * February 15 – Lew Wallace, American novelist and general (born 1827)
 * February 26 – Marcel Schwob, French writer (pneumonia, born 1867)
 * March 20 – Antonin Proust, French journalist and politician (born 1832)
 * March 24 – Jules Verne, French novelist (born 1828)
 * April 9 – Sarah Chauncey Woolsey (Susan Coolidge), American children's writer (born 1839)
 * April 18 – Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano, Spanish realist novelist (born 1824)
 * May 23 – Mary Livermore, American journalist and women's rights activist (born 1820)
 * July 13 – Lisa Anne Fletcher, American poet, correspondent (born 1844)
 * August 14 – Gertrude Bloede (Stuart Sterne), American poet (born 1845)
 * August 22 – David Binning Monro, Scottish Homeric scholar (born 1836)
 * September 18 – George MacDonald, Scottish poet, writer and minister (born 1824)
 * October 3 – José-Maria de Heredia, French poet (born 1842)
 * October 6 – Hibbard H. Shedd, American politician and novelist (born 1847)
 * October 13 – Sir Henry Irving, English actor (born 1838)
 * October 28 – Alphonse Allais, French humorist (born 1854)
 * November 30 – Susannah V. Aldrich, American author and hymnwriter (born 1828)
 * December 3 – John Bartlett, American lexicographer and publisher (born 1820)
 * December 9 – Sir Richard Claverhouse Jebb, Scottish classicist and politician (born 1841)
 * December 11 – Paul Meurice, French novelist and playwright (born 1818)
 * December 12 – William Sharp, Scottish poet, biographer and novelist (born 1855)
 * December 20 – Henry Harland (Sidney Luska), American novelist and editor (tuberculosis, born 1861)
 * December 29 – Victor Daley (Creeve Roe), Australian poet (tuberculosis, born 1858)

Awards

 * Newdigate Prize: Arthur Robert Reade, "Garibaldi"
 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Henryk Sienkiewicz

title: 1905 in literature


text:
1906 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1906.

Events

 * February 8 – The writer Hilaire Belloc becomes a Liberal Member of Parliament of the United Kingdom.
 * February 15 – J. M. Dent and Co. initiates the U.K. Everyman's Library series, edited by Ernest Rhys. The first title is Boswell's Life of Johnson.
 * March 13 – The Romanian nationalist historian Nicolae Iorga instigates a boycott of the National Theater Bucharest over its staging of French-language plays. A riot ensues.
 * April 10–October 13 – Maxim Gorky visits the United States with his mistress, the actress Maria Andreyeva, to raise funds for the Bolsheviks. In the Adirondack Mountains he writes his novel of revolutionary conversion and struggle, The Mother (Мать, Mat'). The couple then move to Capri.
 * April 18 – The 1906 San Francisco earthquake destroys the unfinished premises of Stanford University Library. Many of the city's leading poets and writers retreat to join the arts colony at Carmel-by-the-Sea, California known as The Barness.
 * May–October – Jack London's novel White Fang is serialized in the American magazine Outing.
 * June – Virginia Stephen, the future Virginia Woolf, writes her first work of fiction, a short story which becomes known as "Phyllis and Rosamond" when first published, posthumously.
 * July 11 – The Murder of Grace Brown in Herkimer County, New York will inspire Theodore Dreiser's novel An American Tragedy (1925) and Jennifer Donnelly's young-adult novel A Northern Light (2003).
 * Pre-September – The last full-scale court performance of gambuh dance-drama is held in Bali.
 * September 1 – Annie Carroll Moore begins work as Superintendent of the Department of Work with Children at the New York Public Library.
 * September 18 – August Strindberg's naturalist drama Miss Julie (Fröken Julie), written in 1888, is first performed on the Swedish professional stage, on tour in Lund, directed by August Falck, with Manda Bjorling in the title rôle and August Palme as Jean. It is first staged in Stockholm on December 13 at the Folkan (People's Theatre).
 * November 8 – Max Reinhardt inaugurates the Kammerspiele series of new plays at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin, with a production of Ghosts by Henrik Ibsen, designed by Edvard Munch.
 * November 20 – Frank Wedekind's play Spring Awakening: A Children's Tragedy (Frühlings Erwachen), completed 1901, receives its first staging, as the second work presented in the Deutsches Theater's Kammerspiele series in Berlin, directed by Max Reinhardt.
 * December 24 – Reginald Fessenden transmits the first radio program, a poetry reading, a violin solo, and a speech, from Brant Rock, Massachusetts.
 * unknown dates
 * Livraria Lello & Irmão opens a new bookstore in Porto (Portugal).
 * The magazine Eesti Kirjandus (Estonian Literature) is founded in the Governorate of Estonia, as part of the Estonian national awakening.

Fiction

 * Pio Baroja – Paradox, rey (King Paradox)
 * Rex Beach – The Spoilers
 * Godfrey Benson – Tracks in the Snow
 * Marjorie Bowen – The Viper of Milan
 * Hall Caine – Drink: A Love Story on a Great Question
 * Paul Carus – Amitabha
 * Mary Cholmondeley – Prisoners
 * William De Morgan – Joseph Vance
 * Arthur Conan Doyle – Sir Nigel
 * Douglas Morey Ford – A Time of Terror: The Story of a Great Revenge (A.D. 1910)
 * Ford Madox Ford – The Fifth Queen
 * Zona Gale – Romance Island
 * John Galsworthy – The Man of Property
 * Karl Adolph Gjellerup – Der Pilger Kamanita: Ein Legendenroman (Pilgrimen Kamanita, The Pilgrim Kamanita)
 * Ellen Glasgow – The Wheel of Life
 * Elinor Glyn – Beyond the Rocks
 * Remy de Gourmont – Une Nuit au Luxembourg (A Night in the Luxembourg)
 * O. Henry – The Four Million
 * Hermann Hesse – Beneath the Wheel (Unterm Rad)
 * Robert Hichens – The Call of the Blood
 * Mikhail Kuzmin – Wings («Крылья»)
 * William John Locke – The Beloved Vagabond
 * Arthur Machen – The House of Souls
 * George Moore – My Dead Life
 * Robert Musil – The Confusions of Young Törless (Die Verwirrungen des Zöglings Törless)
 * Natsume Sōseki (夏目 漱石)
 * Botchan (坊っちゃん)
 * Kusamakura (草枕, Grass Pillow)
 * Shumi no Iden (趣味の遺伝, The Heredity of Taste)
 * E. Phillips Oppenheim – A Lost Leader
 * Baroness Orczy
 * I Will Repay
 * A Son of the People
 * David M. Parry – The Scarlet Empire
 * Rafael Sabatini – Bardelys the Magnificent
 * Felix Salten (attributed) – Josephine Mutzenbacher
 * Upton Sinclair – The Jungle
 * Rabindranath Tagore – Naukadubi (The Wreck)
 * Mary Augusta Ward – Fenwick's Career
 * H. G. Wells – In the Days of the Comet
 * Owen Wister – Lady Baltimore
 * P. G. Wodehouse – Love Among the Chickens

Children and young people

 * L. Frank Baum
 * John Dough and the Cherub
 * Annabel (as Suzanne Metcalf)
 * Aunt Jane's Nieces (as Edith Van Dyne)
 * Daughters of Destiny (as Schuyler Staunton)
 * Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea (as Capt. Hugh Fitzgerald)
 * The Twinkle Tales (as Laura Bancroft)
 * Angela Brazil – The Fortunes of Philippa
 * Norman Duncan – The Adventures of Billy Topsail
 * Rudyard Kipling – Puck of Pook's Hill
 * Selma Lagerlöf – The Wonderful Adventures of Nils (Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige)
 * Jack London – White Fang
 * Ferenc Molnár – A Pál utcai fiúk (The Paul Street Boys)
 * Ferenc Móra – Öreg diófák alatt (Beneath Old Walnut Trees)
 * Edith Nesbit
 * The Railway Children (book publication)
 * The Story of the Amulet
 * Beatrix Potter
 * The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher
 * The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit
 * The Story of Miss Moppet

Drama

 * Hall Caine – The Bondman Play
 * Benjamin Chapin – Lincoln
 * Paul Claudel – Partage de midi (The Break of Midnight, published)
 * Owen Davis – Nellie, the Beautiful Cloak Model
 * John Galsworthy – The Silver Box
 * Paul Gavault and Robert Charvay – Mademoiselle Josette, My Woman
 * Maxim Gorky – Barbarians
 * Harley Granville-Barker – Waste (refused public performance licence in UK)
 * Sacha Guitry – Chez les Zoaques
 * Winifred Mary Letts – The Eyes of the Blind
 * George Barr McCutcheon – Brewster's Millions (adaptation)
 * Emma Orczy (Baroness Orczy) – The Sin of William Jackson

Poetry

 * Mikhail Kuzmin – Alexandrian Songs

Non-fiction

 * Lord Acton (died 1902) – Lectures on Modern History
 * Henry Adams – The Education of Henry Adams
 * Hall Caine – My Story
 * Joseph Conrad – The Mirror of the Sea: Memories and Impressions
 * Percy Dearmer and Ralph Vaughan Williams (eds) – The English Hymnal
 * Henry Watson Fowler and Francis George Fowler – The King's English
 * Okakura Kakuzō – The Book of Tea (in English)
 * Robert Sherard – The Life of Oscar Wilde
 * Mark Twain – What Is Man?
 * Helen Zimmern – The Italy of the Italians

Births

 * January 6 – Eberhard Wolfgang Möller, German playwright and poet (died 1972)
 * January 9 – Barbara Sleigh, English children's writer (died 1982)
 * January 19 – Robin Hyde (Iris Guiver Wilkinson), New Zealand poet and novelist (suicide 1939)
 * January 22 – Robert E. Howard, American fantasy author (suicide 1936)
 * January 23 – Anya Seton, American romantic author (died 1990)
 * February 8 – Henry Roth, American novelist and short story writer (died 1995)
 * February 13 – Máirtín Ó Cadhain, Irish language writer (died 1970)
 * March 25 – A. J. P. Taylor, English historian (died 1990)
 * April 13 – Samuel Beckett, Irish writer Nobel laureate (died 1989)
 * May 8 – Esther Hoffe, Israeli mistress of Max Brod (died 2007)
 * May 9 – Eleanor Estes, American librarian, author and illustrator (died 1988)
 * May 21 – Profira Sadoveanu, Romanian journalist, memoirist, biographer, editor and translator (died 2003)
 * May 22 – Lesbia Soravilla, Cuban writer (died 1989)
 * June 23 – Wolfgang Koeppen, German novelist (died 1996)
 * June 27
 * Catherine Cookson, English popular novelist (died 1998)
 * Vernon Watkins, Welsh poet (died 1967)
 * July 4 – Margaret Douglas-Home, English writer and musician (died 1996)
 * July 18 – Clifford Odets, American dramatist (died 1963)
 * August 28 – John Betjeman, English poet laureate (died 1984)
 * August 30 – Elizabeth Longford, English biographer (died 2002)
 * September 1 – Eleanor Hibbert, English romantic novelist under several pseudonyms (died 1993)
 * September 25 – Franklin Garrett, American local historian (died 2000)
 * September 27 – William Empson, English poet and literary critic (died 1984)
 * 30 September – J. I. M. Stewart, Scottish-born novelist and academic critic (died 1994)
 * October 10 – R. K. Narayan, Indian novelist writing in English (died 2001)
 * October 16 – Dino Buzzati, Italian author (died 1972)
 * October 14 – Hannah Arendt, German-American intellectual (died 1975)
 * November 12 – George Dillon, American editor and poet (died 1968)
 * November 13 – John Sparrow, English literary scholar (died 1992)
 * November 18 – Klaus Mann, German-born novelist (died 1949)
 * November 29 – Barbara C. Freeman, English writer and poet (died 1999)
 * November 30 – John Dickson Carr, American detective fiction writer (died 1977)
 * December 8 – Richard Llewellyn, British novelist (died 1983)

Deaths

 * February 9 – Paul Laurence Dunbar, American poet, novelist and playwright (born 1872)
 * March 1 – Lettie S. Bigelow, American poet and author (born 1849)
 * March 2 – Ellen Mary Clerke, English novelist, poet and writer on astronomy (born 1840)
 * March 20
 * Vasile Pogor, Moldavian/Romanian poet, scholar and politician (born 1833)
 * A. D. T. Whitney, American poet and girls' writer (born 1824)
 * April 6 – Alexander Kielland, Norwegian novelist (born 1849)
 * April 11 – Francis Pharcellus Church, American editor and publisher (born 1839)
 * April 14 – Nora Chesson, English poet (born 1871)
 * May 5 – Eliza Brightwen, Scottish naturalist (born 1830)
 * May 23 – Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (born 1828)
 * June 29 – Albert Sorel, French historian (born 1842)
 * June 30 – Jean Lorrain, French Symbolist poet (born 1855)
 * August 17 – Elizabeth Missing Sewell, English novelist and educationist (born 1815)
 * August 19 – Agnes Catherine Maitland, English academic, novelist and cookery writer (born 1850)
 * September 10 – Rose Porter, American religious novelist (born 1845)
 * September 24 – Charlotte Riddell, Anglo-Irish novelist and editor (born 1832)
 * October 9 – Wilhelmina FitzClarence, Countess of Munster, English novelist (born 1830)
 * December 6 – Anne Ross Cousin, English poet (born 1824)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Giosuè Carducci

title: 1906 in literature


text:
Talk:Created alphabet

I don't think this should be redirected to False writing system. Maybe to Constructed writing system or Constructed script -- Davidme

title: Talk:Created alphabet


text:
1907 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1907.

Events

 * January 3 – The National Theatre opens in Sofia, Bulgaria.
 * January 26 – Many of the audience boo the opening performance of J. M. Synge's The Playboy of the Western World at the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. Disturbances continue for a week.
 * February 4 – The poet W. B. Yeats, at a public debate at the Abbey Theatre, denies trying to suppress audience distaste during a performance of The Playboy of the Western World.
 * February 22 – Leonid Andreyev's symbolist drama The Life of Man («Жизнь человека», Zhizn cheloveka) is premièred at the Komissarzhevskaya Theatre in Saint Petersburg, directed by Vsevolod Meyerkhold. On December 12 it is performed for the first time at the Moscow Art Theatre, directed by Konstantin Stanislavski and Leopold Sulerzhitsky.
 * March – The Diamond Sūtra, a woodblock printed Buddhist scripture dated AD 868, is discovered by Aurel Stein at the Mogao Caves near Dunhuang in China. It is said to be "the earliest complete survival of a dated printed book".
 * March–April
 * As an aftermath of the Romanian peasants' revolt comes a government clampdown on the radical authors Constantin Banu and Nicolae Iorga, whose homes are raided by police. N. D. Cocea is prosecuted for sedition and Barbu Lăzăreanu expelled from the country; I. C. Vissarion, who allegedly planned an attack on Titu, is arrested and sentenced to death, but ultimately reprieved. From Berlin, Ion Luca Caragiale watches the events with a "hopelessness stifled by disgust", as reported by his son Luca. His exposé demanding social justice in the Romanian Kingdom is translated into German by Mite Kremnitz and carried by Die Zeit of Vienna. The "pillars of fire" witnessed by Banu inspire him to name his 1911 magazine Flacăra – "Flame".
 * Virginia Stephen, the future Virginia Woolf, and others of her family move within London's Bloomsbury to 29 Fitzroy Square, a former home of George Bernard Shaw.
 * April 17 – August Strindberg's A Dream Play (Ett drömspel, 1901) receives its first performance, at the Swedish Theatre (Stockholm), with his ex-wife Harriet Bosse in the leading rôle.
 * April 23 – Jack and Charmian London sail out of San Francisco Bay to begin the voyage described in The Cruise of the Snark (1911).
 * May–September – Kenneth Grahame writes letters to his son that become the basis for The Wind in the Willows (1908).
 * May – British publishers Thomas Nelson and William Collins, Sons (as "Books for the million") launch cheap hardback in-copyright imprints.
 * May 15 – American humorist Gelett Burgess coins the term "blurb" for promotional text on a book jacket.
 * June 26 – Mark Twain receives an honorary doctorate of laws from the University of Oxford, England.
 * September 7 – Gaston Leroux's pioneering locked room mystery, The Mystery of the Yellow Room (Le Mystère de la chambre jaune), begins to be serialized in L'Illustration, Paris.
 * November – While tutoring a Trieste businessman in English, James Joyce reveals that he is a writer, and his pupil, known to Joyce as Ettore Schmitz, proves to be the published novelist Italo Svevo. A literary friendship ensues.
 * Uncertain dates
 * A deluxe edition of Margarete Böhme's Tagebuch einer Verlorenen published in Berlin marks 100,000 copies in print.
 * Éditions Grasset is established in Paris.
 * Thomas Mofolo's Moeti oa bochabela (much later translated into English as "The Traveler of the East") becomes the first work of literature to be published in the Sotho language.
 * Hélène van Zuylen leaves her partner Renée Vivien for another woman. Vivien's volume of love poetry Flambeaux éteints (Doused Torches) is published this year.

Fiction

 * Sholom Aleichem – From Home to America (פֿון דער היים קיין אַמעריקע, Fun der heym keyn amerike), first part of Motl, Peysi the Cantor's Son: The Writings of an Orphan Boy (מאָטל פּייסי דעם חזנס; כתבֿים פֿון אַ ייִנגל אַ יתום, Motl peysi dem khazns: ksovim fun a yingl a yosem)
 * Guillaume Apollinaire (as 'G.A.') – Les Onze Mille Verges
 * Arnold Bennett -The City of Pleasure
 * André Billy – Benoni
 * Marjorie Bowen – The Master of Stair
 * Mary Elizabeth Braddon – Dead Love Has Chains
 * Joseph Conrad – The Secret Agent
 * Jeffery Farnol – My Lady Caprice
 * E. M. Forster – The Longest Journey
 * Elinor Glyn – Three Weeks
 * Ian Hay – Pip
 * Robert Hichens – Barbary Sheep
 * Roy Horniman – Israel Rank: The Autobiography of a Criminal
 * William Dean Howells – Through the Eye of the Needle
 * Gaston Leroux – The Mystery of the Yellow Room
 * Liu E (劉鶚) – The Travels of Lao Can (老殘遊記, Lao Ts'an yu-chi)
 * Arthur Machen – The Hill of Dreams
 * Octave Mirbeau – La 628-E8
 * Baroness Orczy
 * Beau Brocade
 * The Tangled Skein
 * Gertrude Page – Love in the Wilderness
 * Ferdynand Antoni Ossendowski – W ludskoi pyli (In Human Dust)
 * Emilio Salgari – Sandokan to the Rescue
 * Upton Sinclair – The Overman
 * Edith Wharton – Madame de Treymes
 * Owen Wister – The Seven Ages of Washington
 * P. G. Wodehouse – Not George Washington
 * Harold Bell Wright – The Shepherd of the Hills

Children and young people

 * Among Gnomes and Trolls (Bland tomtar och troll – first annual anthology)
 * L. Frank Baum
 * Father Goose's Year Book
 * Ozma of Oz
 * Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad (as Edith Van Dyne)
 * Policeman Bluejay (as Laura Bancroft)
 * E. Nesbit – The Enchanted Castle
 * Beatrix Potter – The Tale of Tom Kitten

Drama

 * Leonid Andreyev – The Life of Man («Жизнь человека», Zhizn cheloveka, February 22, Komissarzhevskaya Theatre, Saint Petersburg)
 * Sholem Asch – Got fun nekome (God of Vengeance)
 * Jacinto Benavente – Los intereses creados (The Bonds of Interest)
 * Hall Caine – The Christian (new version)
 * Georges Feydeau – A Flea in Her Ear (La Puce à l'oreille)
 * Henry James – The High Bid
 * Agha Hashar Kashmiri – Safed Khoon (adaptation of King Lear)
 * Thomas Mann – Fiorenza
 * John Masefield – The Campden Wonder
 * W. Somerset Maugham – Lady Frederick
 * Quintero brothers
 * El traje de luces
 * La patria chica
 * George Ranetti – Romeo și Julietta la Mizil
 * Victorien Sardou – The Affair of the Poisons (L'affaire des poisons)
 * John Millington Synge – The Playboy of the Western World
 * Teffi – The Woman Question (published)

Poetry

 * James Elroy Flecker – The Bridge of Fire
 * Robert W. Service – The Songs of a Sourdough

Non-fiction

 * Edmund Gosse (anonymously) – Father and Son
 * John Millington Synge – The Aran Islands
 * George Witton – Scapegoats of the Empire

Births

 * February 1 – Günter Eich, German lyricist (died 1972)
 * February 3 (probable date) – James A. Michener, American novelist (died 1997)
 * February 18 – Traian Herseni, Romanian social scientist and journalist (died 1980)
 * February 21 – W. H. Auden, English poet (died 1973)
 * March 9 (February 24 O.S.) – Mircea Eliade, Romanian historian, philosopher and novelist (died 1986)
 * April 7 – Violette Leduc, French novelist and memoirist (died 1972)
 * April 30 – Jacob Hiegentlich, gay Dutch Jewish writer (suicide 1940)
 * May 12 – Leslie Charteris, Singapore-born Chinese-British genre novelist (died 1993)
 * May 13 – Daphne du Maurier, English writer (died 1989)
 * May 27 – Rachel Carson, American environmentalist and author (died 1964)
 * June 2 – John Lehmann, English poet, autobiographer and publisher (died 1987)
 * June 14
 * Nicolas Bentley, British writer and illustrator (died 1978)
 * René Char, French poet (died 1988)
 * July 7 – Robert A. Heinlein, American author (died 1988)
 * July 29 – Aileen Fox (née Henderson), English archaeologist (died 2005)
 * July 31 – Gerald Butler, English crime writer (died 1988)
 * August 12 – Miguel Torga, Portuguese author (died 1995)
 * August 17 – Roger Peyrefitte, French author (died 2000)
 * August 28 – Rupert Hart-Davis, English editor and publisher (died 1999)
 * September 23 – Anne Desclos (pseudonyms include Dominique Aury and Pauline Réage), French journalist and erotic novelist (died 1998)
 * October 15 – Varian Fry, American journalist (died 1967)
 * October 18 – Mihail Sebastian, Romanian Jewish playwright, essayist and novelist (died 1945)
 * October 28 – John Hewitt, Northern Irish poet (died 1987)
 * November 14 – Astrid Lindgren, Swedish author of children's books (died 2002)
 * November 27 – L. Sprague de Camp, American science fiction and fantasy author (died 2000)
 * November 28 – Alberto Moravia, Italian novelist (died 1990)
 * November 30 – Jacques Barzun, French-born American historian (died 2012)
 * December 10 – Rumer Godden, English novelist (died 1998)
 * December 17 – Christianna Brand (Mary Christianna Lewis), British crime novelist (died 1988)
 * December 18 – Christopher Fry, English dramatist (died 2005)
 * December 19 – William Glynne-Jones, Welsh novelist and children's writer (died 1977)
 * December 27 – Mary Howard, English romance novelist (died 1991)
 * unknown dates
 * Abdullah al-Qasemi, Arab writer (died 1996)
 * Filimon Săteanu, Soviet Moldovan poet (shot 1937)
 * E. J. Scovell, English poet (died 1999)

Deaths

 * January 20 – Agnes Mary Clerke, English author on astronomy (born 1842)
 * January 21 – Bertram Fletcher Robinson, English journalist, editor and author (born 1870)
 * February 16 – Giosuè Carducci, Italian writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835)
 * March 9 – Frederic George Stephens, English critic and member of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood (born 1828)
 * March 19 – Thomas Bailey Aldrich, American poet and novelist (born 1836)
 * April 23 – André Theuriet, French poet and novelist (born 1833)
 * May 9 – Melissa Elizabeth Banta, American poet, travel writer (born 1834)
 * May 12 – Joris-Karl Huysmans, French author (born 1848)
 * May 18 – Mary De Morgan, English children's writer and suffragist (born 1850)
 * May 31 – Sarah Gibson Humphreys, American author and suffragist (born 1830)
 * June 12 – Ellen Russell Emerson, American author and ethnologist (born 1837)
 * July 17 – Hector Malot, French author (born 1830)
 * July 19 – William Gunion Rutherford, Scottish classicist (born 1853)
 * July 28 – Mildred A. Bonham, American travel writer (born 1840)
 * August 1 – Lucy Mabel Hall-Brown, American physician and writer (born 1843)
 * August 10 – Marko Vovchok, Ukrainian novelist and short story writer (born 1833)
 * August 25 – Mary Elizabeth Coleridge, English novelist and poet (appendicitis complications, born 1861)
 * September 6 – Sully Prudhomme, French poet and essayist; 1st Nobel Prize winner (born 1839)
 * September 7 – Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu, Romanian philologist and polygraph (born 1836)
 * September 8 – Iosif Vulcan, Romanian poet, playwright and novelist (born 1841)
 * October 6 – David Masson, Scottish critic and biographer (born 1822)
 * October 29 – Mkrtich Khrimian, Armenian Catholicos, essayist and poet (died 1820)
 * October 30 – Caroline Dana Howe, American author (born 1824)
 * November 1 – Alfred Jarry, French dramatist (tuberculosis, born 1873)
 * November 28 – Stanisław Wyspiański, Polish dramatist, poet and painter (born 1869)
 * December 28 – Louise Granberg, Swedish playwright (born 1812)

Awards

 * Chancellor's Gold Medal: Donald Welldon Corrie
 * Newdigate Prize: Robert Cruttwell, Camoens
 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Rudyard Kipling

title: 1907 in literature