text:
Index of Belgium-related articles

Articles (arranged alphabetically) related to Belgium include:

0–9
1st Brigade (Belgium) - 1st Field Artillery Regiment (Belgium) - 1st Squadron (Belgium) - 1st Wing (Belgium) - 1st/3rd Lancers Regiment - 2nd Field Artillery Regiment/Field Artillery Battery ParaCommando - 2nd Tactical Wing - 2nd/4th Lancers Regiment - 4th Engineer Battalion (Belgium) - 4th Group CIS - 4th Logistics Battalion (Belgium) - 5th Group CIS - 6th Group CIS - 7th and 13th Belgian Field Artillery - 7th Brigade (Belgium) - 8th Logistics Battalion (Belgium) - 10th Group CIS - 10th Tactical Wing - 11me Escadrille de Chasse - 11th Engineer Battalion (Belgium) - 14th Air Defence Artillery Regiment (Belgium) - 18th Logistics Battalion - 20th Logistics Battalion (Belgium) - 24 Hours of Zolder - 27th SS Volunteer Division Langemarck – 28th SS Volunteer Grenadier Division Wallonien – 29th Logistics Battalion (Belgium) - 31st Squadron (Belgium) - 40th Squadron Heli (Belgium) - 51st Logistics Battalion (Belgium) - 62TV Records - 70-point plan (Belgium) – 80th UAV Squadron (Belgium) - 1920 Summer Olympics – 1931 Belgian Grand Prix - 1935 Belgian Grand Prix - 1947 Belgian Grand Prix - 1949 Belgian Grand Prix - 1960-1961 Winter General Strike – 2007 Belgian government formation – 2007–2011 Belgian political crisis – 2008–2009 Belgian financial crisis – 2010–2011 Belgian government formation - 2010 Belgian love triangle skydiving murder trial - 2011 Liège attack

A
Aalst - Aalter - Aangename kennismaking - Aan tafel - Aartselaar - ABC-auto - Abdijen in de lage landen - Abortion in Belgium - Academic libraries in Leuven - Acide sulfurique - Ackermans & van Haaren - ACOS Operations and Training - Action of 19 February 1639 - Admiral of Flanders - Advisory Committee on European Affairs - African rap in Belgium - Albert I of Belgium - Albert II of Belgium - Alfa Papa Tango - Alken - Alle maten - Alles Kan Beter - Alveringem - Anderlecht - Anglo-Belgian Society - Animo (organization) - Anneessens, Frans - Another Left - Anspach, Eugène - Antéchrista - Antoine - Antwerpen-Centraal railway station - Antwerp - Antwerp Diamond Giants - Antwerp Province - Anzegem - Aquatopia (Antwerp) - Arab European League - Ardennes - Ardennes Chasseur Regiment - Ardooie - Arelerland - Arendonk - Argenta - Arrondissement Court (Belgium) - As - Assenede - Associated Weavers - Association Electronique Libre - Association with lucrative purpose - Association without lucrative purpose - Asterix Kieldrecht - Astro Tower - Atomium - Attentat (Nothomb) - Au Gringo's bar - Austrian Netherlands kronenthaler - Automotive Cluster of Wallonia - Avelgem - Avenue de Tervueren

B
Baarle-Hertog - Badius, Jodocus - Balen - Banking in Belgium - Banking, Finance and Insurance Commission (Belgium) - Barrier Treaty - Basilica of the Sacred Heart - Basketball League Belgium - Bastogne - Batetela Rebellions - Battle of Benevento - Battle of Beverhoutsveld - Battle of Bouvines - Battle of Cadsand - Battle of Cassel (1071) - Battle of Cassel (1328) - Battle of Charleroi - Battle of Flanders - Battle of Flushing - Battle of Hasselt - Battle of Leuven (891) - Battle of Leuven (1831) - Battle of lillo - Battle of Mons-en-Pévèle - Battle of Nieuwpoort - Battle of Oudenarde - Battle of Passchendaele - Battle of Roosebeke - Battle of Saint-Omer - Battle of Sluis (1603) - Battle of Sprimont - Battle of the Downs - Battle of the Golden Spurs - Battle of Turnhout (1789) - Battle of Warns - Battle of Waterloo - Baudouin I of Belgium - Beaulieu International Group - Beaumont - Beer in Belgium - Beernem - Beerse - Bekaert - Bekaert, Léon - BEL20 - Belgacom Fund - Belgacom TV - Belgae - Belga (news agency) - Belgian American - Belgian Anti-Racism Law - Belgian Badminton Federation - Belgian Brazilian - Belgian Chamber Committee on Justice - Belgian Chamber Committee on the Interior - Belgian Civil Aviation Authority - Belgian colonial empire - Belgian Congo - Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms - Belgian Eifel - Belgian euro coins - Belgian Federal Science Policy Office - Belgian franc - Belgian French - Belgian federal election, 2003 - Belgian federal election, 2007 - Belgian federal election, 2010 - Belgian General Information and Security Service - Belgian general strike of 1893 - Belgian general strikes - Belgian Holocaust denial law - Belgian Institute for Normalization - Belgian Labour Party - Belgian Lorraine - Belgian Linguistics Case - Belgian Medical Component - Belgian minehunter Bellis (M916) - Belgian local elections, 2006 - Belgian National Cyclo-cross Championships - Belgian national identification card - Belgian nationalism - Belgian nationality law - Belgian National Geographic Institute - Belgian National Internet eXchange - Belgian Official Journal - Belgian passport - Belgian Post Group - Belgian local elections, 2000 - Belgian Red Cattle - Belgian Resistance - Belgian regional elections, 2004 - Belgian revolution - Belgian Royal Escort - Belgian Rugby Federation - Belgians - Belgian Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and Defence - Belgian State Security Service - Belgian stay-behind network - Belgian waffle - Belgian Women's First Division - Belgium - Belgium at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Belgium at the European Athletics Championships - Belgium–Canada relations - Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 - Belgium in the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 - Belgium–Malaysia relations - Belgium–Kosovo relations - Belgium–Luxembourg Economic Union - Belgium–Mexico relations - Belgium–Netherlands relations - Belgium–Russia relations - Belgium–Ukraine relations - Belgium – United Kingdom relations - Belgium – United States relations - Belgium women's volleyball Division of Honour - BELNET - Beringen - Berlaar - Berlare - Berx, Cathy - Beurre d'Ardenne - Beveren - BIPIB - Bilzen - Biographie Nationale de Belgique - BioLiège - BioVallée - Biographie de la faim - Blankenberge - Bloso - Bocholt, Belgium - Boël, Yves - Boechout - Boelare Castle - Boerentoren - Bois de la Cambre - Bombardment of Brussels - Bonheiden - Boom, Antwerp - B Plus - Borgloon - Borinage - Bornem - Borsbeek - Bossemans et Coppenolle - Le Boulevard périphérique - Le Bourgmestre de Furnes - Brabançonne - Braine-le-Comte - Brakel - Brasschaat - Brasserie Caracole - Brecht - Bredene - Bree - Bree BBC - Brel, Jacques - Brepols - Brepols, Philippus Jacobus - Brueghel, Pieter the Elder - Bruges - Brussels - Brussels Airport - Brussels and the European Union - Brussels-Capital Region - Brussels Coin Cabinet - Brussels Conference Act of 1890 - Brussels Enterprises Commerce and Industry - Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde - Brussels Intercommunal Transport Company - Brussels International (1897) - Brussels International 1910 - Brussels International Exposition (1935) - Brussels Metro - Brussels Parliament - Brussels Parliament building - Brussels South Charleroi Airport - Buckriders - Buggenhout - Bureau Veritas - Paul Buysse

C
Callebaut - Callewaert, Jan - Campus Blairon - Cancer Registry Foundation - Cantons of Belgium - La Capitale - Capital punishment in Belgium - Carbonade flamande - Carine ou la jeune fille folle de son âme - Casterman - Château of Val-Duchesse - Catholic Party (Belgium) - Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968) - Catholic University of Mechlin - Les Catilinaires - Cavell, Edith - Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism - Centre Démocrate Humaniste - Cercle de Lorraine - Cercle Gaulois - Cercle Royal du Parc - César De Paepe - Chamber of rhetoric - Chant des Wallons - Charter of Kortenberg - Charter of Quaregnon - Château de Lavaux-Sainte-Anne - Château d'Enghien (Belgium) - Chenogne massacre - Chief of Defence (Belgium) - Chiro - Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams (CD&V) - Christene Volkspartij - Christian Social Party (Belgium, defunct) - Christlich-Soziale Partei (CSP) - CIA activities in Belgium - Cinema of Belgium - Citrique Belge - Circulaire - City of Brussels - City rights in the Low Countries - City status in Belgium - Claeys Formula - Classic 21 - Clijsters, Kim - Cockerill, John - Cockerill, William - Le Cocu magnifique - De Collega's - Collège Saint-Pierre Uccle - Colruyt - Colruyt, Jef - Les Combustibles - Comics - Commercial Court (Belgium) - Commission communautaire française - Communications in Belgium - Committee for Another Policy - Committee P - Common Community Commission - Communist Party (Flanders) - Communist Party (Wallonia) - Communist Struggle (Marxist–Leninist) - Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium - Compromise of Nobles - Confederation of Christian Trade Unions - Confiserie Roodthooft - Congo Crisis - Congo Free State - Constitutional Court of Belgium - Copycat (Patrick Ouchène song) - Corbeels, Pieter - Corsio - Cosmétique de l'ennemi - Jan Coucke and Pieter Goethals - Coudenberg group - Cougnou - Council of State (Belgium) - Countess of Flanders - Count of Flanders - County of Flanders - County of Loon - Le Coup de lune - Le Couronnement de Renart - Court of appeal (Belgium) - Court of Arbitration of Belgium - Court of assizes (Belgium) - Court of Audit of Belgium - Court of Cassation (Belgium) - Court of labour (Belgium) - Covering of the Senne - Crabbé, Ben - Crisis and Emergency Management Centre - Croix de la Grise - CropDesign - Cross of the Deported 1914-1918 - Crown Council of Belgium - Culture of Belgium - Cumerio

D
Damme - Dardenne, Sabine - David, Jean-Baptist - Day of the Flemish Community - de Clecq, Staff - Decree (Belgium) - Declaration of Revision of the Constitution - Deerlijk - De Gordel - Degrelle, Léon - De Haan - Dehaene, Jean-Luc - de Haussy, François-Philippe - Deinze - Delahaye, Gilbert - de Merode, Alexandre - Demographics of Belgium - Dender - Denderleeuw - Dendermonde - Dentergem - De Panne - De Pinte - Dessel - Destelbergen - Deux-Nèthes - De Warande (Club) - De Wever, Bart - Dexia - Diepenbeek - Diksmuide - Dilsen-Stokkem - Dioxine affair - Django Reinhardt Jazz Festival - Di Rupo, Elio - Di Rupo I Government - Draining law - Duchy of Brabant - Duchy of Limburg - Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867) - Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting - Duffel - Dupuis, Jacques - Dutroux, Marc - Dyle (department) - Jacqueline Dyris

E
East Flanders - East Flemish - Ecolo - Economy of Belgium - Edegem - Education in Belgium - Eeklo - Egmont pact - Ekeren - Elmore D - Elsene / Ixelles - Erpe-Mere - Escaut (department) - Essen - Etterbeek - Eupen - Eupen-Malmedy - European Movement Belgium - Eurostar - Evere - Evergem - Eyskens, Gaston

F
Father Damien - First Schools' War - Flag of Belgium - Flamingant - Flanders - Flanders Investment and Trade - Flemish dialects - Flemish Baroque painting - Flemish Brabant - Flemish Council for Science and Innovation - Flemish Community Commission - Flemish movement - Flemish National Union - Flemish Region - Flemish Secession hoax - Flemish Sign Language - Florennes Air Base - Folklore of the Low Countries - Foreign relations of Belgium - Forêts - Fortifications of Brussels - Fortis (finance) - Fourniret, Michel - Franck, César - Franco-Belgian comics - France–Habsburg rivalry - Francization of Brussels - Franco-Dutch War - Francqui, Emile - Free Belgian Forces - French Community Commission - French Community of Belgium - French fried potatoes - French Flanders - Frère, Albert - Front Démocratique des Francophones (FDF) - Frontpartij

G
Gachot, Bertrand - Gallia Belgica - Ganshoren - Gaume - Gavere - Geel - General Federation of Belgian Labour - General strike against Leopold III of Belgium - Genk - Geography of Belgium - Geraardsbergen - Gesell, Silvio - Gevaert, Lieven - Ghent - Gingelom - Gistel - Goffin, Albert - Gordel (De) - Governor of Brussels-Capital - Gravensteengroep - Groen! - Great Council of Mechelen - Greater Netherlands - Great Privilege - Group Joos - Grétry, André Ernest Modeste - Grobbendonk - Grote Markt / Grand-Place

H
Haaltert - Hainaut Province - Halen - Halle - Ham - Hamme - Hamont-Achel - Harelbeke - Habsburg Netherlands - Hasselt - Healthcare in Belgium - Hechtel-Eksel - Heers - Heist-op-den-Berg - Hemiksem - Henin, Justine - Hepburn, Audrey - Herentals - Herenthout - Hergé - Herk-de-Stad - Heerlijkheid - Herselt - Herstappe - Herzele - Heusden-Zolder - Heuvelland - Heysel - Heysel Stadium - Heysel Stadium disaster - High Council of Justice (Belgium) - History of Belgium - History of Belgium before 1830 - History of Flanders - History of the Walloon movement - History of urban centers in the Dutch Low Countries - History of Wallonia - Hoeselt - Hooglede - Hoogstraten - Hoornaert, Paul - Hooverphonic - Horebeke - Hoste, Geert - Houthalen-Helchteren - Houthulst - Hove, Belgium - Hulshout - Human Rights League (Belgium) - Human Rights League (Dutch-speaking Belgium) - Human Rights League (French-speaking Belgium) - Huppen, Hermann

I
Ichtegem - Ickx, Jacky - Ingelmunster - Innotek (Belgium) - International association without lucrative purpose - International rankings of Belgium - Iron Rhine - Ixelles - Izegem - IJzerwake

J
Jabbeke - Jamar, Alexandre - Jansen, Georges - Janson, Paul-Emile - Jemmape (department) - Jenever - Jette - La Jeune Belgique - Jeune Europe

K
Kalmthout - Kapellen - Kaprijke - Kasterlee - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven - KBC Bank - Keytrade Bank - Kinrooi - Kinsbergen, Andries - Kluisbergen - Knesselare - Knokke-Heist - Koekelare - Koekelberg - Koksijde - Kontich - Kortemark - Kortessem - Kortrijk - Kriek - Kruibeke - Kruishoutem - Kuurne

L
Laakdal - Laarne - Labour Court (Belgium) - Lamoral, Count of Egmont - Lanaken - Land of Herve - Langemark-Poelkapelle - Language legislation in Belgium - Larock, Victor - Law Courts of Brussels - Law of Belgium - Lebbeke - Lede - Ledegem - Leffe - Legislative Order (Belgium) - Leie - Lendelede - Leo Belgicus - Leopold I of Belgium - Leopold II of Belgium - Leopold III of Belgium - Leopoldsburg - Lernout & Hauspie - Le Soir - Leterme, Yves - Leterme I Government - Leterme II Government - Les XX - Leysen, André - Leysen, Christian - Leysen, Thomas - LGBT rights in Belgium - Liberales - Liberalism in Belgium - Lichtervelde - Liège Airport - Liège–Bastogne–Liège - Liège Cathedral - Liège - Liège Province - Liège Wars - Lier - Lierde - Lighthouses and lightvessels in Belgium - Lille, Belgium - Limburg (Belgium) - Limburger cheese - Limburgish language - Lint - List of airports in Belgium - List of ambassadors from Belgium - List of ambassadors to Belgium - List of ambassadors from New Zealand to Belgium - List of banks in Belgium - List of birds of Belgium - List of Belgian bands and artists - List of Belgian films - List of Belgian films: Pre 1960 - List of Belgian films: 1960s - List of Belgian films: 1970s - List of Belgian films: 1980s - List of Belgian films: 1990s - List of Belgian films: 2000s - List of Belgian films: 2010s - List of Belgian flags - List of Belgian monarchs - List of Belgian municipalities by population - List of Belgian newspapers - List of Belgian political scandals - List of Belgian records in swimming - List of Belgium-related articles - List of Belgians - List of Belgian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film - List of cities in Belgium - List of companies of Belgium - List of diplomatic missions in Belgium - List of diplomatic missions of Belgium - List of football clubs in Belgium - List of Franco-Belgian comic series - List of governments in Belgium - List of hospitals in Belgium - List of lakes in Belgium - List of mammals of Belgium - List of mayors of the City of Brussels - List of members of the National Congress of Belgium - Minister-President of the Brussels-Capital Region - Minister-President of Flanders - Minister-President of Wallonia - List of motorways in Belgium - List of municipalities of the Flemish Region - List of municipalities in Wallonia - List of national parks of Belgium - List of newspapers in Belgium - List of people on stamps of Belgium - List of political parties in Flanders - List of postal codes in Belgium - List of presidents of the Parliament of the French Community of Belgium - List of prime ministers of Belgium - List of railway lines in Belgium - List of rivers of Belgium - List of shopping malls in Belgium - List of SNCB/NMBS classes - List of speakers of the Parliament of the German-speaking Community - List of television stations in Belgium - List of town tramway systems in Belgium - List of twin towns and sister cities in Belgium - List of universities in Belgium - Lochristi - Lokeren - Lommel - Lorrain language - Lo-Reninge - Lotharingia - Lovendegem - Low Countries - Lower Lorraine - Lummen - Luxembourg (Belgium) - Luxembourgish language - Lys (department)

M
Maarkedal - Maaseik - Maasmechelen - Maddens Doctrine - Maeterlinck, Maurice - Magritte, René - Maingain, Olivier - Maldegem - Malle - Malmedy massacre - Malmedy massacre trial - Man Bites Dog - Manifesto for Walloon culture - Manneken Pis - Marollen - Marols - Martens, Wilfried - Matsys, Quentin - Mariage, Benoît - Marlier, Marcel - Mechelen - Meerhout - Meetjesland - Meeuwen-Gruitrode - Melle - Menen - Mercator, Gerardus - Merckx, Eddy - Merelbeke - Merksplas - Mertens, Pierre - Mesen - Meulebeke - Meuse-Inférieure - Meuse-Rhenish - Middelkerke - Military of Belgium - Minimum legal ages in Belgium - Ministerial Order - Minister-President of the Brussels Capital-Region - Moerbeke - Mol - Monarchy of Belgium - Moules-frites - Moorslede - Mortsel - Mosan art - Mosan style - Motoring regulations in Belgium - Mouvement Réformateur - Municipalities in Belgium - Municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region - Municipalities with language facilities - Mythology of the Low Countries - Murder of Joe Van Holsbeeck

N
Namur - Namur Province - National Bank of Belgium - Nazareth, Belgium - Neerpelt - Nevele - Niel - Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA) - Nieuwerkerken - Nieuwpoort, Belgium - Nijlen - Nine Years' War - Ninove- North Sea Fisheries Convention

O
Official Journal (Belgium) - Old University of Leuven - Olen - Oliveira, Luis - Oosterzele - Oostkamp - Oostrozebeke - Opglabbeek - Orangism (Belgium) - Order of Flemish Militants - Order of Queen Elisabeth of Belgium - Ordinance (Belgium) - Ortelius, Abraham - Ostend - Ostend Company - Oudenaarde - Oudenburg - Oudergem / Auderghem - Oud-Turnhout - Ourthe (department) - Outline of Belgium - Overpelt

P
Pajottenland - Paris embassy terrorist attack plot - Parliamentary inquiries by the Belgian Federal Parliament - Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region - Partei der deutschsprachigen Belgier (PDB) - Partei für Freiheit und Fortschritt (PFF) - Parti du Travail de Belgique (PTB) - Partij van de Arbeid van België (PvdA) - Parti Socialiste - Partition of Belgium - Partitions of Luxembourg - Paulus, Camille - Peasants' War (1798) - Peer - Peeters directive - Pfaff Jean-Marie - Picard language - Picqué, Charles - Pirson, André-Eugène - Pittem - Poirot, Hercule - Polder Model - Political parties in Belgium - Politics and Government of the Brussels-Capital Region - Politics of Belgium - Politics of Flanders - Poperinge - Prévinaire, Eugène - Princes Park, Retie - Principality of Stavelot-Malmedy - Progressive Party (Belgium) - Provoost, Anne - Proost (company) - Province of Brabant - Provinces of Belgium - Public Centre for Social Welfare - Purple (government) - Putte - Puurs

R
Rail transport in Belgium - Ranst - Rape of Belgium - Rassemblement Wallonie France - Rattachism - Ravels - Regulation (Brussels) - Reinhardt, Django - Renaissance in the Low Countries - Renardism - Republic of Bouillon - Retie - Rexism - Riemst - Rijkevorsel - Rivers of Belgium - Roeselare - Rogge, Jacques - Rogier, Charles - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Cambrai - Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen-Brussels - Roman Catholic Diocese of Liège - Roman/Red - Ronse - Rotselaar - Royal Library of Belgium - Royal Military Academy (Belgium) - Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium - Royal Order - Royal Question - RTBF - Ruanda-Urundi - Ruiselede - Rumst - Rupelmonde

S
SABAM - St. Lambert's Cathedral, Liège - Sambre-et-Meuse - Same-sex marriage in Belgium - Sarre (department) - Sax, Adolphe - Schaarbeek / Schaerbeek - Scheldt - Schelle - Schilde - Schoten - Schuiten, François - Scifo, Enzo - Science and technology in Brussels - Science and technology in Flanders - Science and technology in Wallonia - Second Schools' War - Second walls of Brussels - Senne - Seventeen Provinces - Siege of Hulst (1591), Siege of Hulst (1596), Siege of Hulst (1645) - Siege of Leuven - Siege of Namur (1695) - Siege of Ostend - Signal de Botrange - Sillon industriel - Singing Nun, The - Sint-Agatha-Berchem / Berchem-Sainte-Agathe - Sint-Amands - Sint-Gillis / Saint-Gilles - Sint-Gillis-Waas - Sint-Jans-Molenbeek / Molenbeek-Saint-Jean - Sint-Joost-ten-Node / Saint-Josse-ten-Noode - Sint-Katelijne-Waver - Sint-Lambrechts-Woluwe / Woluwe-Saint-Lambert - Sint-Laureins - Sint-Lievens-Houtem - Sint-Martens-Latem - Sint-Niklaas - Sint-Pieters-Woluwe / Woluwe-Saint-Pierre - Sint-Truiden - Sioen Industries - Sixth Belgian state reform - Small ring (Brussels) - Socialistische Partij - Anders (sp.a) - Sonian Forest - Southeast Limburgish dialect - South Tower (Brussels) - Spaak, Paul-Henri - Speaker of the Flemish Parliament - Special law - Spiere-Helkijn - Spirit - Stabroek - Staden - State Archives in Belgium - State reform in Belgium - State University of Leuven - Stekene - Stella Artois - Stevin, Simon - Stouthuysen, Bob - Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe

T
Talleyrand partition plan for Belgium - Tambuyzer, Erik - Temse - Tessenderlo - Thalys - Theunis, Georges - Tielt - Tienen - Timeline of Burgundian and Habsburg acquisitions in the Low Countries - Tintin, the Adventures of - Tongeren - Torhout - Tourism in Belgium - Transportation in Belgium - Treaty of London (1839) - Tremeloo - Turnhout

U
Ukkel / Uccle - Unionism in Belgium - Union Wallonne des Entreprises - United States of Belgium - Université catholique de Louvain - University of Douai - University of Ghent -University of Liège - UNIZO - Urbanus

V
Valois Tapestries - Van Damme, Jean-Claude - Van den Bergh, Frans - Vandenbroucke, Frank (cyclist) - Van der Rest, Leon - van Rysselberghe, Théo - van Eyck, Jan - Van Genechten Packaging - Van Hoegaerden, Victor - Van Rompuy, Herman - Van Rompuy I Government - Van Zeeland, Paul - Verdinaso - Emile Verhaeren - Verhofstadt, Dirk - Verhofstadt, Guy - Verhofstadt III Government - Verlooy, Jan-Baptist - Vesalius, Andreas - Veurne - Vieille Montagne - Vink, Karel - Visa requirements for Belgian citizens - Vlaams Belang - Vlaams Blok - Vlaamse Gemeenschapscommissie - Vlaamse Volksbeweging - Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten (VLD) - Vlerick, André - Vleteren - VLOTT - Voeren - Volens (NGO) - Vorselaar - Vorst (Forest) - Vosselaar

W
Waarschoot - Waasland - Waasmunster - Wachtebeke - Walibi Belgium - Wallonia - Wallonie Libre - Walloon Brabant - Walloon Export and Foreign Investment Agency - Walloon Jacquerie of 1886 - Walloon language - Walloon Parliament - Walloons - Walloon SME finance and guarantee company - War Crimes Law (Belgium) - War of the Austrian Succession - War of Devolution - War of the Reunions - War of the Spanish Succession - War of the Succession of Flanders and Hainault - Waregem - Warocqué, Raoul - Water supply and sanitation in Belgium - Watermaal-Bosvoorde / Watermael-Boitsfort - Wellen - Wervik - Westerlo - West Flanders - West Flemish - Western Hainaut - Wetteren - Wevelgem - Walthéry, François - Westhoek (region) - Wichelen - Wielsbeke - Wijnegem - Willebroek - Willems, Jan Frans - Wingene - Witte, Els - Woluwe-Saint-Etienne - Woluwe-Saint-Lambert - Woluwe-Saint-Pierre - Wommelgem - Wortegem-Petegem - Wuustwezel

Y
Young Green! - Ypres

Z
Zandhoven - Zedelgem - Zele - Zelzate - Zemst - Zingem - Zoersel - Zomergem - Zonhoven - Zonnebeke - Zottegem - Zuienkerke - Zulte - Zutendaal - Zwalm - Zwevegem - Zwijndrecht, Belgium - Zwin

title: Index of Belgium-related articles


text:
Boesenbergia rotunda

Boesenbergia rotunda (กระชาย, ខ្ជាយ, temu kunci, ဆိတ္ဖူး), commonly known as Chinese keys, fingerroot, lesser galangal or Chinese ginger, is a medicinal and culinary herb from China and Southeast Asia. In English, the root has traditionally been called fingerroot, because the shape of the rhizome resembles that of fingers growing out of a center piece.

Fingerroot is a kind of ginger (Zingiberaceae). It is an annual crop and indigenous to southern Yunnan Province, China, to west Malaysia, growing in tropical rain forest. It has an underground stem, known as a rhizome. This spreads into many bunches in the same way as banana, ginger, galangal and turmeric. These structures accumulate nutrients and the middle part is more swollen than the head and bottom part. The inner part has a range of colours and aromas depending on the variety of fingerroot. The above-ground part is composed of a leaf stalk that has a sheath covering it. The leaf sheaths are red, the blades are oval in shape and the apex of leaves are sharp. Chinese ginger is a herbaceous plant with a height of 2 –. The leaf is about 50 cm long and 12 cm wide. The middle of the petioles are deeply grooved. The flower appears between the leaf sheaths at the bottom of the trunk. The petals are white or light pink. Flowers bloom one at a time.

Common names

 * Khmer: kcheay (ខ្ជាយ)
 * Indonesian: temu kunci
 * Meitei: yai-macha
 * Myanmar: Hsei' Hpu (ဆိတ္ဖူး)
 * Sinhalese: haran kaha (හරං කහ)
 * Thai: krachai (กระชาย)
 * Vietnamese: ngải bún, nga truật

Culinary
Fingerroot is known as temu kunci in Indonesian. It is widely used in Javanese cuisine in Indonesia.

In addition to its culinary uses, it is also specifically used as a spice, or as flavoring agents, dyes, or also traditional medicine. After its discovery, B. rotunda has been used as research material in rat studies and microbiological studies.

In Thai cooking, fingerroot is called krachai (กระชาย; ) and is an ingredient in dishes such as kaeng tai pla. It is used in some kroeung pastes of Cambodian cuisine and is known as k'cheay (ខ្ជាយ). In the west it is usually found pickled or frozen. The rhizomes are commonly used as vegetables in main dishes or eaten raw when young. It is also used to help make fermented soya bean cake, also called tempeh, a traditional Indonesian food. Its roots and rhizomes are cultivated in Indonesia, Indochina, and India in small homes and is also popularly used in flavorful curry dishes. Fingerroot is also incorporated into tonic mixtures such as the famous Indonesian tonic jamu.

It is sometimes confused with Alpinia officinarum, another plant in the family Zingiberaceae which is also known as lesser galangal.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Boesenbergia rotunda


text:
From Stump to Ship

From Stump to Ship is an amateur industrial film by Alfred K. Ames, former State Senator and owner of the Machias Lumber Company, in Machias, Maine as well as by Dr. Howard Kane of Washington, DC. The half-hour 16mm film was shot over the winter of 1930 in the logging woods and shows logging in the forest with hand tools and horses, then moves to the spring log drive, with loggers using peaveys to break up log jams on icy rivers as the logs are moved from the forest to the mill. Detailed views of mill work, changing the bandsaw, and making shingles. Lumber is loaded onto schooners in Machias for transport to New York. The film was originally silent, with a typed script which Ames read aloud when he showed the film. In 1985, with funds from the Maine Humanities Council, the narration was recorded with the film. The film is distributed by Northeast Historic Film, in Bucksport, Maine. Footage was included in the compilation documentary Woodsmen and River Drivers, Another Day, Another Era which also interviewed the surviving woodsmen of the Machias Lumber Company.

In 2002, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

title: From Stump to Ship


text:
Fuji

Fuji may refer to:

China

 * Fuji, Xiangcheng City (付集镇), town in Xiangcheng City, Henan

Japan

 * Mount Fuji, the tallest mountain in Japan
 * Fuji River
 * Fuji, Saga, town in Saga Prefecture
 * Fuji, Shizuoka, city in Shizuoka Prefecture
 * Fuji Speedway, a major race track at the base of Mt Fuji
 * Another name for Fujiyoshida, city in Yamanashi Prefecture

People

 * Fuji (surname), a Japanese surname
 * Fujianti Utami Putri (born 2002), an Indonesian actress
 * Mr. Fuji, ring name of American professional wrestler and manager Harry Fujiwara (1934–2016)
 * Mr. Fuji, one of many modern monikers of the creator of Fuji musical genre, Ayinde Barrister

Fictional characters

 * Fuji (comics), a character in the Stormwatch series

Music

 * Mt. Fuji Jazz Festival, a jazz festival in Japan
 * Fuji Rock Festival, a rock festival in Japan
 * Fuji music, a music genre from Yorubaland of Nigeria

Japanese companies

 * Fujifilm, a Japanese company producing cameras and photographic film
 * Fuji Heavy Industries, Ltd., the former name of Subaru Corporation, a Japanese company producing industrial products
 * Fuji TV, a Japanese television network
 * Fuji Electric, a Japanese company producing electric products
 * Fujitec, a Japanese company producing escalators and elevators
 * Fujitsu, a computer company based in Japan
 * Fuji Advanced Sports Inc., a U.S. distributor of bicycles made in Taiwan and the People's Republic of China
 * Fuji Bank, a major bank in Japan which existed until 2002, now part of Mizuho Financial Group
 * Fuji Iron & Steel, a steel company that existed from 1950 until its merger with Yawata Iron & Steel in 1970

Other

 * Ellipse Fuji, a French hang glider
 * Fuji (藤), Japanese name of Wisteria floribunda (Japanese wisteria)
 * Fuji (apple), a cultivar of apple
 * Fuji (film), a 1975 film by Robert Breer
 * Fuji, the name of the three-pronged Atari logo
 * Japanese ship Fuji
 * Japanese battleship Fuji, a late 19th-century Japanese battleship
 * Japanese icebreaker Fuji (AGB-5001), icebreaker of the JMSDF
 * Fuji (train), a passenger train in Japan
 * Fuji (spacecraft), a capsule type crewed spacecraft concept, proposed by NASDA
 * Fuji (planchette writing), a traditional Chinese method for automatic writing
 * Fuji University, a private university in Hanamaki, Iwate, Japan
 * Fuji Women's University, a private university in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan

title: Fuji


text:
Queen Elizabeth

Queen Elizabeth, Queen Elisabeth or Elizabeth the Queen may refer to:

Queens regnant

 * Elizabeth I (1533–1603; (r. 1558 – 1603)), Queen of England and Ireland
 * Elizabeth II (1926–2022; (r. 1952 – 2022)), Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms
 * Queen Betty (reign began c. 1686; died either c. 1708 or c. 1723 as Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief)), Weroansqua (chief) of the Pamunkey tribe

Queens regent

 * Elizabeth the Cuman (1239/1240–1290), queen consort and queen regent of Hungary
 * Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily (1298–1352), queen consort and regent of Sicily
 * Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary (1305–1380), queen consort of Hungary, regent of Poland
 * Elizabeth Kaahumanu (c. 1768–1832), queen consort and queen regent of Hawaii
 * Elizabeth Kīnau (c. 1805–1839), queen consort, queen regent and dowager queen of Hawaii

Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland

 * Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary (1261–1303), queen consort of Hungary
 * Elizabeth Richeza of Poland (1286–1335), queen consort of Bohemia and Poland
 * Elizabeth of Bohemia (1292–1330), queen consort of Bohemia
 * Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary (1305–1380), queen consort of Hungary
 * Elizabeth of Bosnia (1339–1387), queen consort and queen dowager of Hungary and Poland, queen mother of Hungary
 * Elizabeth Granowska (c. 1372–1420), queen consort of Poland
 * Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505), queen consort, queen dowager and queen mother of Poland
 * Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545), queen consort of Poland
 * Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia (1596–1662), the "Winter Queen", briefly queen consort of Bohemia
 * Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel (1691–1750), queen consort of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia
 * Elisabeth of Bavaria (1837–1898), queen consort of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia

Castile and Leon, Portugal, and Spain

 * Elisabeth of Swabia (1205–1235), also known as Beatrice of Swabia, queen consort of Castile and León
 * Elizabeth of Portugal (1271–1336), also known as Saint Elizabeth of Portugal, queen consort of Portugal
 * Elisabeth of Valois (1545–1568), queen consort of Spain
 * Elisabeth of France (1602–1644), queen consort of Spain and Portugal
 * Elisabeth Farnese (1692–1766), queen consort, queen dowager and queen mother of Spain
 * Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans (1709–1742), queen consort of Spain

England, Scotland, and the United Kingdom

 * Elizabeth de Burgh (1289–1327), queen consort of Scotland
 * Elizabeth Woodville (1437–1492), queen consort, queen dowager and queen mother of England
 * Elizabeth of York (1466–1503), queen consort of England
 * Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (1900–2002), queen consort, queen dowager and queen mother of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions

France

 * Elisabeth of Bavaria-Ingolstadt or Isabeau of Bavaria (c. 1370–1435), queen consort of France
 * Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France (1554–1592), queen consort of France

Germany

 * Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Germany (c. 1227–1273), queen consort of Germany, Jerusalem and Sicily
 * Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg (c. 1230–1266), queen consort of the Romans
 * Elisabeth of Carinthia, Queen of the Romans (c. 1262–1312), queen consort of Germany
 * Elizabeth of Pomerania (1347–1393), queen consort and queen dowager of the Romans, Bohemia, Italy and Burgundy
 * Elisabeth of Nuremberg (1358–1411), queen consort of the Romans
 * Elizabeth of Luxembourg (1409–1442), queen consort of the Romans, Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia

Prussia

 * Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern (1715–1797), queen consort and queen dowager of Prussia
 * Elisabeth Ludovika of Bavaria (1801–1873), queen consort of Prussia

Other countries

 * Elisiv of Kiev (1025–c. 1067), also known as Elisaveta Yaroslavna, queen consort of Norway
 * Elizabeth of Hungary, Queen of Serbia (1255–1313), queen consort of Serbia
 * Elizabeth of Carinthia, Queen of Sicily (1298–1352), queen consort of Sicily
 * Elizabeth of Holstein-Rendsburg (c. 1300–before 1340), junior queen consort of Denmark
 * Elisabeth Therese of Lorraine (1711–1741), queen consort of Sardinia, Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia
 * Elisabeth of Wied (1843–1916), queen consort and queen dowager of Romania
 * Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of the Belgians (1876–1965), queen consort, queen dowager, and queen mother of the Belgians
 * Elisabeth of Romania (1894–1956), queen consort of the Hellenes

Ships

 * HMS Queen Elizabeth, several ships of the Royal Navy
 * MS Queen Elizabeth, Cunard cruise ship launched in 2010
 * RMS Queen Elizabeth, Cunard ocean liner launched 1938, retired 1968
 * Queen Elizabeth 2, Cunard ocean liner launched in 1969, retired 2008
 * Queen Elizabeth-class (disambiguation), several classes of ships

Arts and media

 * Queen Elizabeth (band), a British experimental music project featuring Thighpaulsandra and Julian Cope
 * Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth (Queen Elizabeth), a 1912 film starring Sarah Bernhardt
 * Elizabeth the Queen (play), a 1930 play by Maxwell Anderson
 * Queen Elizabeth (1940 film), a Hungarian film directed by Félix Podmaniczky
 * Queen Elizabeth (2023 film), an Indian Malayalam-language film
 * Elizabeth the Queen (film), a 1968 TV movie
 * HMS Queen Elizabeth March, march music composed in 2012

Fictional characters

 * Elizabeth III of Manticore, character in David Weber's Honorverse books
 * Elizabeth X, queen of Starship UK in the Doctor Who episode "The Beast Below"

Other uses

 * Queen Elizabeth, Saskatoon, a suburban neighborhood in the city of Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
 * Queen Elizabeth Hotel, a hotel in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, known as Le Reine Élizabeth
 * Queen Liz (criminal), a 19th-century American criminal
 * Queen Elizabeth II Centre, a conference facility in the City of Westminster

title: Queen Elizabeth


text:
Lady Windermere's Fan

Lady Windermere's Fan, A Play About a Good Woman is a four-act comedy by Oscar Wilde, first performed on Saturday, 20 February 1892, at the St James's Theatre in London.

The story concerns Lady Windermere, who suspects that her husband is having an affair with another woman; she confronts him with it. Although he denies it, he invites the other woman, Mrs Erlynne, to his wife's birthday ball. Angered by her husband's supposed unfaithfulness, Lady Windermere decides to leave her husband for another lover. After discovering what has transpired, Mrs Erlynne follows Lady Windermere and attempts to persuade her to return to her husband and in the course of this, Mrs Erlynne is discovered in a compromising position. It is then revealed that Mrs Erlynne is Lady Windermere's mother, who abandoned her family twenty years before the time the play is set. Mrs Erlynne sacrifices herself and her reputation to save her daughter's marriage.

Composition
By the summer of 1891 Wilde had already written three plays: Vera; or, The Nihilists and The Duchess of Padua had found little success, and Salome had yet to be staged. Unperturbed, he decided to write another play but turned from tragedy to comedy. He went to the Lake District in the north of England, where he stayed with a friend and later met Robert Ross. Numerous characters in the play appear to draw their names from the north of England: Lady Windermere from the lake and nearby town Windermere (though Wilde had used "Windermere" earlier in Lord Arthur Savile's Crime), the Duchess of Berwick from Berwick-upon-Tweed, Lord Darlington from Darlington. Wilde began writing the play at the prodding of George Alexander, the actor manager of St James's Theatre. The play was finished by October. Alexander liked the play, and offered him an advance of £1,000 for it. Wilde, impressed by his confidence, opted to take a percentage instead, from which he would earn £7,000 in the first year alone (worth £0 today).

Alexander was a meticulous manager and he and Wilde began exhaustive revisions and rehearsals of the play. Both were talented artists with strong ideas about their art. Wilde, for instance, emphasised attention to aesthetic minutiae rather than realism; he resisted Alexander's suggested broad stage movements, quipping that "Details are of no importance in life, but in art details are vital". These continued after the opening night when, at the suggestion of both friends and Alexander, Wilde made changes to reveal Mrs Erlynne's relationship with Lady Windermere gradually throughout the play, rather than reserving the secret for the final act. Despite these artistic differences, both were professional and their collaboration was a fruitful one.

There is an extant manuscript of the play held in the William Andrews Clark Memorial Library at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Characters and original cast

 * Lord Windermere – George Alexander
 * Lord Darlington – Nutcombe Gould
 * Lord Augustus Lorton – H. H. Vincent
 * Mr Cecil Graham – Ben Webster
 * Mr Dumby – Adolphus Vane-Tempest
 * Mr Hopper – Alfred Holles
 * Parker (butler) – Vernon Sansbury
 * Lady Windermere – Lily Hanbury
 * The Duchess of Berwick – Fanny Coleman
 * Lady Agatha Carlisle – Laura Graves
 * Lady Plymdale – Charlotte Granville
 * Lady Stutfield – Madge Girdlestone
 * Mrs Cowper-Cowper – Alice de Winton
 * Mrs Erlynne – Marion Terry
 * Rosalie (maid) – Winifred Dolan
 * Source: Published playscript (1893).

Act I
The play opens in the morning room of the Windermeres' residence in London. It is tea time and Lady Windermere—who is preparing for her coming of age birthday ball that evening—has a visit from a friend, Lord Darlington. She shows off her new fan: a present from her husband. She explains to Lord Darlington that she is upset over the compliments he continues to pay to her, revealing that she has very particular views about what is acceptable in society, due in part to her somewhat Puritan upbringing.

The Duchess of Berwick calls and Lord Darlington leaves shortly thereafter. The Duchess informs Lady Windermere that her husband may be betraying her marriage by making repeated visits to another woman, a Mrs Erlynne, and possibly giving her large sums of money. These rumours have been gossip among London society for quite a while, though seemingly this is the first Lady Windermere has heard about it.

Following the departure of the Duchess, Lady Windermere decides to check her husband's bank book. She finds the book in a desk and sees that nothing appears amiss, though on returning she discovers a second bank book: one with a lock. After prying the lock open, she finds it lists large sums of money given to Mrs Erlynne.

At this point, Lord Windermere enters and she confronts him. Though he cannot deny that he has had dealings with Mrs Erlynne, he states that he is not betraying Lady Windermere. He requests that she send Mrs Erlynne an invitation to her birthday ball that evening to help her back into society. When Lady Windermere refuses, he writes out an invitation himself. Lady Windermere makes clear her intention to cause a scene if Mrs Erlynne appears, to which Lord Windermere responds that it would be in her best interest not to do so.

Lady Windermere leaves in disgust to prepare for the party, and Lord Windermere reveals in soliloquy that he is protecting Mrs Erlynne's true identity to save his wife extreme humiliation.

"What shall I do? I dare not tell her who this woman really is. The shame would kill her."

Act II
Act II opens in the Windermeres' drawing room during the birthday ball that evening. Various guests enter, and make small-talk. Lord Windermere enters and asks Lady Windermere to speak with him, but she brushes him off.

A friend of Lord Windermere's, Lord Augustus Lorton ("Tuppy"), pulls him aside to inquire about Mrs Erlynne, with whom Tuppy is enamoured. Lord Windermere reveals that there is nothing untoward in his relationship with Mrs Erlynne, and that she will be attending the ball, which comes as a great relief to Lord Augustus as he was worried about her social standing.

After an unsuccessful attempt to make peace with his wife, Lord Windermere summons the courage to tell the truth to her, but at that moment Mrs Erlynne arrives at the party, where she is greeted coldly by Lady Windermere, spoiling his plan.

Alone, Lady Windermere and Lord Darlington discuss Mrs Erlynne's attendance. Lady Windermere is enraged and confused and asks Lord Darlington to be her friend. Instead of friendship, Lord Darlington takes advantage of Lady Windermere's tragic state and professes his love to her, offering her his life, and inviting her to risk short-term social humiliation for a new life with him. Lord Darlington sets her an ultimatum to try to convince her to take action immediately, while still in a state of shock. Lady Windermere is shocked by the revelation, and finds she does not have the courage to take the offer. Heartbroken, Lord Darlington announces that he will be leaving the country the next day and that they will never meet again, and leaves.

The guests begin to leave, and say their goodnights to Lady Windermere—some remarking positively about Mrs Erlynne. On the other side of the room Mrs Erlynne is discussing her plans with Lord Windermere; she intends to marry Lord Augustus and will require some money from Lord Windermere.

Later, Lady Windermere, in spite of her earlier reluctance, decides to depart the house at once for Lord Darlington, and leaves a note to that effect for Lord Windermere. Mrs Erlynne discovers the note and that Lady Windermere has gone, and is curiously worried by this revelation. While reading the note, a brief monologue reveals that she is in fact Lady Windermere's mother and made a similar mistake herself twenty years previously. She takes the letter and exits to locate Lady Windermere.

"How can I save her? How can I save my child? A moment may ruin a life. Who knows that better than I?"

Act III
Lady Windermere is alone in Lord Darlington's rooms, unsure if she has made the right decision. Eventually she resolves to return to her husband, but then Mrs Erlynne appears. Despite Mrs Erlynne's honest attempts to persuade her to return home to her husband, Lady Windermere is convinced her appearance is part of some plot conceived by her and Lord Windermere. Mrs Erlynne finally breaks Lady Windermere's resistance by imploring her to return for the sake of her young child, but as they begin to exit they hear Lord Darlington entering with friends. The two women hide.

The men—who include Lord Windermere and Lord Augustus—have been evicted from their gentlemen's club at closing time and talk about women: mainly Mrs Erlynne. One of them takes notice of a fan lying on a table (Lady Windermere's) and presumes that Lord Darlington presently has a woman visiting. As Lord Windermere rises to leave, the fan is pointed out to him, which he instantly recognises as his wife's. He demands to know if Lord Darlington has her hidden somewhere. Lord Darlington refuses to cooperate, believing that Lady Windermere has come to him. Just as Lord Windermere is about to discover Lady Windermere's hiding place, Mrs Erlynne reveals herself instead, shocking all the men and allowing Lady Windermere to slip away unnoticed.

"I am afraid I took your wife's fan in mistake for my own, when I was leaving your house to-night. I am so sorry."

Act IV
The next day, Lady Windermere is lying on the couch of the morning room anxious about whether to tell her husband what actually happened, or whether Mrs Erlynne will have already betrayed her secret. Her husband enters. He is sympathetic towards her and suggests that as the London season is almost over that they head to their country estate to forget the recent incident. Lady Windermere apologises for her previous suspicion of her husband and behaviour at the party, and Lord Windermere makes clear his new contempt for Mrs Erlynne—warning his wife to stay away from her.

Mrs Erlynne's arrival is announced along with the return of the fan, and despite her husband's protestations, Lady Windermere insists on seeing her. Mrs Erlynne enters and states that she shall be going abroad, but asks that Lady Windermere give her a photograph of herself and her son.

Whilst Lady Windermere leaves the room to find one, the story is revealed: Mrs Erlynne left her husband for a lover shortly after Lady Windermere's birth. When her new lover abandoned her, Mrs Erlynne was left alone and in disrepute. More recently, using the assumed name of Mrs Erlynne, she has begun blackmailing Lord Windermere to regain her lifestyle and status, by threatening to reveal her true identity as Lady Windermere's shameful mother—not dead, as Lady Windermere believes. Her son-in-law, Lord Windermere laments not having told his wife the whole story at once and resolves to tell her the truth now. Mrs Erlynne forbids him to do so, threatening to spread shame far and wide if he does.

Lady Windermere returns with the photograph which she presents to Mrs Erlynne, and requests that Lord Windermere check for the return of Mrs Erlynne's coach. Now that they are alone, and being owed a favour, Mrs Erlynne demands that Lady Windermere not reveal the truth about the events of the previous night to Lord Windermere, and Lady Windermere promises to keep the secret.

After Lord Windermere's return, Lord Augustus enters. He is shocked to see Mrs Erlynne after the events of the night before, but she requests his company as she heads to her carriage, and he soon returns to the Windermeres with news that she has satisfactorily explained the events of the evening, and that they are to marry and live out of England.

"Lady Windermere, taking her husband's hand, to Lord Augustus: 'Ah, you're marrying a very good woman!'"

Their marriage is restored, but both Lord and Lady Windermere keep their secrets.

Premiere
The premiere at the St James's Theatre was followed by a famous speech by Wilde. When Wilde answered the calls of "Author!" and appeared before the curtains after the third act, critics were more offended by the cigarette in his hand than his ironically egotistic speech: Ladies and Gentlemen. I have enjoyed this evening immensely. The actors have given us a charming rendering of a delightful play, and your appreciation has been most intelligent. I congratulate you on the great success of your performance, which persuades me that you think almost as highly of the play as I do myself.

Mrs Erlynne was originated by Marion Terry, and Lady Windermere by Lily Hanbury, who was succeeded after a few performances by Winifred Emery. The play's Broadway première on 5 February 1893 at Palmer's Theatre was also the first Broadway performance for stage and screen actress Julia Arthur, who played Lady Windermere in that production.

Themes
By showing in St. James's, Wilde was targeting a fashionable, upper-middle class audience and Wilde maps out the geography of their world, Grosvenor Square, Curzon Street, the park, with precision. Peter Raby has also highlighted Lady Windermere's Fan as a good example of Wilde's most successful dramatic technique: the juxtaposition of the comic and the serious. "Once the absurd and the patently false have been established, the serious emotions and ideas which are explored have been given a setting which prevents them from ever becoming too serious".

Scholar Paul Fortunato describes Oscar Wilde as a modernist, who used his modern aesthetics so as to direct him into the realm of mass culture. Wilde's huge popularity as a playwright began with his production of Lady Windermere's Fan, his recherché attitude and personal aesthetics reflected in his writing. Fortunato elaborates on the facets of his aestheticism—an aestheticism that distorts and lies on the surface, rejects any notion of an authentic self, and centres on the female aesthete and woman of fashion. As he describes, understanding Wilde as a modernist through his writing of Lady Windermere's Fan can help us understand the disparity between mass culture and high society. Wilde bridges this by theorising his modern aesthetics beneath the ornamental surface of fashion and elite society. The fan that strings together the play's scenes simultaneously evokes a traditional symbol of modesty while revealing a truly modern current of infidelity.

Adaptations

The play has been the subject of numerous film and television adaptations and a musical adaptation.

Films include:
 * A 1916 British film Lady Windermere's Fan.
 * In 1924, Hong Shen's production of 少奶奶的扇子 (Shàonǎinai de shànzi) ("The Young Lady's Fan").
 * In 1925 silent film, Lady Windermere's Fan, which stars Ronald Colman, May McAvoy, Bert Lytell, Irene Rich and Edward Martindel. It was adapted by Julien Josephson and directed by Ernst Lubitsch. In 2002, this film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".
 * A 1935 German film Lady Windermere's Fan directed by Heinz Hilpert and starring Lil Dagover and Walter Rilla.
 * A 1948 Argentine film Story of a Bad Woman directed by Luis Saslavsky and starring Dolores del Río.
 * In 1949, Otto Preminger directed an adaptation titled The Fan starring Jeanne Crain, Madeleine Carroll, and George Sanders.
 * A musical theatre version of the play was created by Noël Coward in 1954 under the title After the Ball.
 * In 1975, an Egyptian adaptation film (2 Women – امرأتان) starring Nelly, Ahmed Mazhar and Noor El Sherif was released. The film was directed by Hassan Ramzy.
 * A 2004 film adaptation, titled A Good Woman, switched the setting to the Amalfi coast of Italy, made the Windermeres Mr. & Mrs, and updated the time frame to 1930. The film stars Helen Hunt, Mark Umbers, Scarlett Johansson, Stephen Campbell Moore, and Tom Wilkinson.
 * The BBC produced a television version as part of their Theatre Night series which was first transmitted in the UK during September 1985. This production features Helena Little, Tim Woodward, Stephanie Turner and Kenneth Cranham. It is available on DVD as part of The Oscar Wilde Collection.
 * In 2009 Irish television production company Accomplice TV received funding from the Broadcasting Commission of Ireland and TV3 (Ireland) for their contemporary adaptation of the play set in South County Dublin. Laura Windermere's Bag was broadcast by TV3 in 2009.
 * In 2018, Kathy Burke's production of the play with the Classic Spring Theatre Company at London's Vaudeville Theatre was recorded and shown "live" in cinemas under the "More2Screen" initiative.
 * In 2020, the virtual international theatre company Cloud Theatrics performed an online production. The production was directed by Marie Newton and Holden Stokes. The performance had a YouTube release followed by a public release on their platform.

Radio adaptations include:
 * On 19 June 1989, Joely Richardson starred as Lady Windermere in a BBC Radio 4 Monday Play production directed by David Johnson, with Penelope Keith as Mrs Erlynne, Gary Bond as Lord Windermere, Janet Burnell as the Duchess of Berwick, Patsy Rowlands as Lady Carlisle, Richard Tate as Lord Augustus Lorton and Edward Fox as Lord Darlington.
 * In May 1999, L.A. Theatre Works The Play's The Thing series broadcast a reading of the play featuring Joanna Going as Lady Windermere, Judy Geeson as Lady Plymdale, Roger Rees as Lord Windermere, Eric Stoltz as Lord Darlington, Lisa Harrow as Mrs Erlynne and Miriam Margolyes as the Duchess of Berwick.
 * On 15 April 2018, BBC Radio 3's Drama on 3 broadcast a production directed by Martin Jarvis with Mira Sorvino as Mrs Erlynne, Susannah Fielding as Lady Windermere, James Callix as Lord Windermere, Jonathan Cake as Lord Darlington, Rosalind Ayres as the Duchess of Berwick, Ian Ogilvy as Lord Augustus Lorton and Peter Woodward as Mr. Dumby.

Editions

 * Wilde. Oscar. Lady Windermere’s Fan, Little Blue Book N8, 1921.
 * Wilde, Oscar. Lady Windermere's Fan. published in The Importance of Being Earnest and Other Plays. London: Penguin, 1940. ISBN 0-14-048209-1.
 * Wilde, Oscar. Lady Windermere's Fan. London: Nick Hern Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-85459-771-7
 * Wilde, Oscar. Lady Windermere's Fan. London: Nick Hern Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-85459-771-7

title: Lady Windermere's Fan


text:
Aozora Bunko

Aozora Bunko (青空文庫, lit. 'Blue Sky Library', also known as the "Open Air Library") is a Japanese digital library. This online collection encompasses several thousands of works of Japanese-language fiction and non-fiction. These include out-of-copyright books or works that the authors wish to make freely available.

Since its inception, in 1997, Aozora Bunko has been both the compiler and publisher of an evolving online catalog. In 2006, Aozora Bunko organized to add a role as a public policy advocate to protect its current and anticipated catalog of freely accessible e-books.

History and operation

Aozora Bunko was created on the Internet in 1997 to provide broadly available, free access to Japanese literary works whose copyrights had expired. The driving force behind the project was Michio Tomita (富田 倫生, 1952–2013), who was motivated by the belief that people with a common interest should cooperate with each other.

In Japan, Aozora Bunko is considered similar to Project Gutenberg. Most of the texts provided are Japanese literature, and some translations from English literature. The resources are searchable by category, author, or title; and there is a considerable amount of support on how to use the database in the form of detailed explanations. The files can be downloaded in PDF format or simply viewed in HTML format.

After the passing of Tomita in 2013, the Future of Books Fund (本の未来基金) was established independently to assist funding and operations for Aozora Bunko.

Aozora Bunko currently includes more than 15,100 works.

Public policy advocacy
Aozora Bunko joined with others in organizing to oppose changes to the Japanese copyright law. That opposition has led to encouraging Japanese citizens to submit letters and petitions to the Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs and to members of the Diet.

Japan and other countries accepted the terms of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, an 1886 international agreement about common copyright policies. Aozora Bunko adopted an advocacy role in favor of continuing with a status quo of laws that do not go beyond the minimum copyright terms of the Berne Convention have copyrights that run for the lifetime of the author plus 50 years as preferable to changes proposed by a number of powerful forces.

The evolution of Aozora Bunko from a digital library to a public policy advocacy organization was an unintended consequence which developed only after the perceived threat to the Aozora Bunko catalog and mission became otherwise unavoidable.

Problems
Aozora Bunko pointed that extension of the copyright term had been influenced from the document, "The U.S.–Japan Regulatory Reform and Competition Policy Initiative." Through these annual reports, the U.S. Government was requiring that the protected period of copyright should be extended to the Japanese government: 70 years after one's death for a work by an individual, and 95 years after publication for a work by a corporation. In response, the Agency for Cultural Affairs in Japan has expressed that a conclusion was obtained at the Council for Cultural Affairs copyright subcommittee by the end of 2007. If the legal revision which extends a protected period will be actually carried out, Aozora Bunko would be forced not to publish books which have already and almost been published because of the 20 years' extension of protection of copyright. Therefore, Aozora Bunko released the counter declaration against enforcement of the revised law on 1 January 2005; they started to collect the signatures for a petition on 1 January 2007.

Due to the regime change in 2009 in Japan, Japanese government stopped to receive these reports from the U.S. government. Aozora Bunko does not show any responses toward that and their petition calling for opposition against the extension of copyright term stopped from the modification of October 2008. Instead of the document, the website of the embassy of United States inserted the "UNITED STATES–JAPAN ECONOMIC HARMONIZATION INITIATIVE" in February 2011. In the document, the U.S. government promoted the extension of copyright law for protection of intellectual property rights toward Japanese government so that it was "in line with emerging global trends, including those of its OECD counterparts and major trading partners."

On 30 December 2018, Japan did extend the period to 70 years, which was a requirement stemming from the EU–Japan Economic Partnership Agreement.

title: Aozora Bunko


text:
Melody Ranch

Melody Ranch is a 1940 Western musical film directed by Joseph Santley and starring Gene Autry, Jimmy Durante, and Ann Miller. Written by Jack Moffitt, F. Hugh Herbert, Bradford Ropes, and Betty Burbridge, the film is about a singing cowboy who returns to his hometown to restore order when his former childhood enemies take over the frontier town. In 2002, the film was added to the National Film Registry by the National Film Preservation Board and selected for preservation as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant."

Plot
Gene Autry returns to his hometown of Torpedo as guest of honor at the Frontier Days Celebration, where he meets his childhood enemies, the Wildhack brothers—Mark, Jasper, and Bud—who are now local gangsters. The Wildhacks own a saloon next door to the school, and when their shooting and brawling endangers the safety of the children, Gene protests and threatens to expose them during his next radio broadcast. The Wildhacks stop the broadcast and beat Gene up.

Realizing that Hollywood life has softened him to the extent that he can't hold his own against three assailants, Gene decides to remain in Torpedo and get into shape again. He is encouraged by his friend Cornelius J. "Corney" Courtney and Pop Laramie. Refusing to return to Hollywood, Gene now broadcasts his radio shows from Torpedo.

Julie Sheldon, a debutante with theatrical aspirations, sees Gene in his natural setting and begins to take an interest in the cowboy she formerly scorned. Meanwhile, Gene rounds up the Wildhacks and fights them single-handed, forcing them to sing on his broadcast. When the brothers become determined to get revenge, Gene runs for sheriff so he will be in position to clean up the Wildhack political machine for good, and also make use of the "Vote for Autry" song. During the battles that ensue, one of Gene's friends is killed. Gene discovers evidence that identifies the Wildhacks as the killers.

Casting
Melody Ranch marks the first romantic leading lady role for dancer Ann Miller. In one love scene Miller and Autry kiss. Negative advance publicity, however, led Republic Pictures to cut the kiss from the final print. Autry later recalled, "Actually we kissed there at the telephone. There was a lot of (advance) publicity over that. The public relations department at republic put out a story I was going to be kissing Ann Miller in a picture. So they were flooded with a lot of letters from the kids saying 'Don't let Gene Autry kiss Ann Miller in the picture—that's sissy!' So finally at the last minute (Republic) said, 'You're taking a chance on it—why raise a controversy with the kids?' so they cut it all out." Miller would later claim incorrectly that she received Gene's first screen kiss, a distinction that belongs to Barbara Pepper and Ann Rutherford.

Filming and budget
Melody Ranch was filmed September 16 to October 5, 1940. The film had an operating budget of $181,275 (equal to $0 today), and a negative cost of $177,520.

Stuntwork

 * Yakima Canutt
 * Wally West
 * Joe Yrigoyen (Gene Autry's stunt double)

Filming locations

 * Alabama Hills, Lone Pine, California, USA
 * Mammoth Lakes, California, USA
 * Red Rock Canyon State Park, Highway 14, Cantil, California, USA
 * Republic Studios, 4024 Radford Avenue, North Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA

Soundtracks

 * "Stake Your Claim on Melody Ranch" (Jule Styne, Eddie Cherkose) by Gene Autry and cowboys
 * "Stake Your Claim on Melody Ranch" (reprise) by Gene Autry and Ann Miller
 * "Rodeo Rose" (Jule Styne, Eddie Cherkose) by Gene Autry and musicians
 * "Jeanie With the Light Brown Hair" (Stephen Foster)
 * "Welcome Home" by the children
 * "Torpedo Joe" (Jule Styne, Eddie Cherkose) by Mary Lee with piano accompaniment
 * "We Never Dream the Same Dream Twice" (Gene Autry, Fred Rose) by Gene Autry and Ann Miller
 * "My Gal Sal" (Paul Dresser) by Ann Miller (vocals and tap dance) and male chorus
 * "William Tell Overture" (Gioachino Rossini)
 * "Back to the City Again" (Ray Whitley, Jule Styne, Eddie Cherkose) by Joe Sawyer and Horace McMahon
 * "Call of the Canyon" (Billy Hill) by Gene Autry
 * "What Are Cowboys Made Of" (Jule Styne, Eddie Cherkose) by Joe Sawyer and Horace McMahon
 * "Vote for Autry" (Jule Styne, Eddie Cherkose) by Jimmy Durante and Mary Lee
 * "Silver Threads Among the Gold" (H.P. Danks, Eben E. Rexford) by Barbara Jo Allen (a cappella)

Melody Ranch Motion Picture Studio
In 1953, Gene Autry purchased the 110 acre movie ranch, the Monogram Pictures Ranch property in Placerita Canyon State Park near Newhall, California and renamed it the Melody Ranch after this film.

title: Melody Ranch


text:
Talk:Krungthepmahanakornamornratanakosinmahintarayutth...

Shouldn't we just merge this article with Bangkok? -- Heron

Yes, please. -- Zoe

Yes, we should. --Eloquence

Yes. The display of the article (bad on my browser because of the length of the word) should be addressed. olivier 22:51 Jan 4, 2003 (UTC)

OK. I cut, pasted and moved the article to Bangkok. I'm not sure what to do about the browser width problem yet. -- Heron


text:
The Pearl (novella)

The Pearl is a novella by the American author John Steinbeck. The story, first published in 1947, follows a pearl diver, Kino, and explores man’s purpose as well as greed, defiance of societal norms, and evil. Steinbeck's inspiration was a Mexican folk tale from La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico, which he had heard in a visit to the formerly pearl-rich region in 1940.

The book was adapted as a Mexican film named La Perla (1947) and as a cult Kannada movie Ondu Muttina Kathe (1987). The story is one of Steinbeck's most popular books and has been widely used in middle and high school classes. The Pearl is sometimes considered a parable.

Plot
Kino, a poor pearl fisherman, lives with his wife Juana and their infant son Coyotito in La Paz, Baja California Sur. Kino sees a scorpion crawl down one of the ropes holding up the hanging box that serves as Coyotito's crib and tries to remove it. However, Coyotito shakes the rope, causing the scorpion to fall into the box and sting him. Kino and Juana visit the local doctor but are turned away because of their poverty and his prejudices toward Amerindians.

As Juana applies a seaweed poultice to the sting, Kino dives for oysters from his canoe, hoping to find a pearl valuable enough to cover the treatment fee. One oyster yields an immense pearl, which he calls "The Pearl of the World"; news of its discovery spreads quickly, and some of the family's neighbors start to resent Kino's luck in finding it. Unaware of these reactions, Kino envisions selling the pearl and using the money to improve his family's lives. The doctor visits them to treat Coyotito, even though the baby seems to be recovering, and Kino promises to pay him after selling the pearl.

That night, Kino drives off a thief who attempts to break into his house. Juana warns him that the pearl will destroy the family, but Kino insists that it is their only chance for a better life. He goes to sell it the next day, not knowing that all the pearl dealers in La Paz are working for a single buyer and conspiring to keep prices low. Pretending that Kino's pearl is of poor quality, they make offers of 1,500 pesos at most; he angrily rejects them, believing the pearl to be worth 50,000 pesos, and vows to sell it in the capital instead.

More thieves attack Kino that night, but he remains resolved to make the journey despite Juana's warning that the pearl is evil and her suggestions to get rid of it. After Kino forcibly stops her from throwing it into the ocean, he is attacked again; Kino kills one man in self-defense, and he and Juana hurriedly flee with Coyotito to avoid any reprisals. Discovering that Kino's canoe has been damaged and their house looted and burned in search of the pearl, the family takes refuge with Kino's brother and his wife before setting out for the capital the following night.

As they travel, Kino spots a trio of men following them and Juana realizes that they are trackers intending to take the pearl and kill the entire family. Leaving the road they have been using, Kino leads Juana into the mountains in order to leave fewer signs of their passage. They take shelter in a cave, only for the trackers to make camp by a pool of water below them. Kino decides to attack the trio that night, viewing it as the only way they can stop the pursuers for good. As Kino sneaks down the cliff, one of the trackers hears a cry and fires his rifle in its direction, thinking it to be a coyote pup. Kino kills all three men, then discovers that the shot has killed Coyotito.

Kino and Juana return to La Paz with their son's body. After looking at the pearl one last time and seeing its surface reflect images of all the disasters that have befallen him and his family, Kino throws it into the ocean.

Setting
Steinbeck began writing the story as a movie script in 1944 and first published it as a short story called "The Pearl of the World" in the Woman's Home Companion (December 1945). The original publication is also sometimes listed as "The Pearl of La Paz". Steinbeck expanded the story to novella length and published it under the name The Pearl (1947), published by Viking Press. As he was writing the novella version, he was frequently travelling to Mexico where the film version, co-written with Jack Wagner, was being filmed. The film was also released by RKO in 1947 as a co-promotion with the book.

In 2001, The Pearl was loosely adapted as a film directed by Alfredo Zacharias, starring Lukas Haas and Richard Harris, which was released directly to video in 2005.

The book takes place in La Paz, Baja California, Mexico. Unlike many of Steinbeck’s other works, it does not take place in the U.S state of California.

Themes
Family – One of the major themes in the novel is family. Throughout the novel, the plot discusses how the family lives before and after the pearl. It is the constant focus of the plot and many of the decisions are based on what would be best for the family. For example, the first thing that Kino desires to do with the money from the pearl is to give his wife and Coyotito a better life. This money would pay for Coyotito’s education, better clothes, and better protection. Later, Kino also demonstrates devotion to his family by not selling to the pearl dealer. The second buyer was trying to get the pearl for less than it was worth, but Kino, with his family in mind, declined to search for a better deal. He always has his family in mind, whether it leads to warmth and happiness or destruction. It was the reason Kino got the pearl and, eventually, the reason why he threw it back into the ocean.

Good and Evil – One of the biggest themes in this novel is the one between good and evil. This theme is displayed in other themes as well and it is shown from the beginning to the end. In the beginning, Kino lives a life of simplicity and happiness but when he discovers the pearl, he believes that good will come from it. However, a sense of evil accompanies it. After that, Kino and his family were in a constant battle against evil to preserve the good that they enjoyed before.

Paradox – The theme of paradox is displayed through Kino’s desires. Once Kino discovers the pearl, he begins to dream about what could come from this fortune as greed fills his head, but as he tries to carry out this plan, the good wealth also brings destruction to his family as he treats Juana poorly and is abusive. Though Kino desires good for his family, there is a paradox of an evil reality that he does not want. Kino tries to “avoid life’s inevitable tension” between these two but he finds that he cannot separate the good and the evil. In the end, the finding of the great prize causes him to lose another, his son.

Perseverance – The theme of perseverance is demonstrated by many characters, but mainly Kino. Before he found the pearl, he was a noble and a very determined person who sought fortune for his family. After he finds it, he is hoping to find it in a different way. Because Kino believes that this would save his family, he persists “though many obstacles” that accompany the pearl. He perseveres to keep the pearl but, in the end, it was not worth keeping.

Characters
Kino is a hard-working pearl-diver and the protagonist of the novella. He has a wife, Juana, and a son, Coyotito. He is content with his lifestyle as a diver and possesses nothing of value until he discovers the pearl. After finding the pearl, Kino gradually changes to become a completely different man. Though his family is still the center of his actions, he is also driven by his dreams of an escape from their poverty and a desire to give his son a better future. He quickly becomes obsessed with the material things that the pearl could bring. He is no longer content with his son being uneducated, or his family not being well-dressed. Instead of enjoying his family and their company, as he did in the beginning, he becomes discontent and always seeks more. He is also driven by his desire not to be cheated or slighted. Kino is named for the missionary Eusebio Kino.

Juana, Kino’s wife, is a secondary character. She is a loving woman who cares for her husband and son. Throughout the experience, she remains loyal to her family but also perceives the evil forces that the valuable pearl attracts. For example, two nights after the pearl is found, she attempts to throw it back into the ocean to bring back peace and happiness to her family.

Coyotito is Juana and Kino’s infant son. He is their only child, and his parents do everything they can to protect him. Despite his parents’ love and effort, he is subject to much harm, both before and after the pearl is found. Coyotito is shot and killed by one of the pearl hunters.

The Doctor, unnamed in the novella, is a symbol of wealth, greed and exploitation. He is repulsive, fat, and also foreign-born, a native of France. Before the pearl is found, he refuses to heal Coyotito because the family is poor, though it would be easy for him to do so. After Kino finds the pearl, he personally visits the family at home, acting much friendlier than at their first meeting and even pretending to heal Coyotito's scorpion sting with ammonia. During the doctor's visit, he tries to determine from Kino's glances where in the house the pearl may be hidden, though Kino is too suspicious to reveal anything. The doctor's behavioral changes foreshadow the more serious troubles that begin after Kino's discovery of the pearl.

Juan Tomas, Kino’s brother, is wise and loyal. He is the only other character in the book to suspect the manipulation undertaken by the pearl dealers. When destruction does come, Juan Tomas does not turn away his brother but, instead, welcomes him in and protects him. He is one of the few characters that does not seek to gain from the pearl and shows he values the importance of family ties.

Apolonia is the wife of Juan Tomas who helps his brother in protecting and hiding Kino.

The pearl dealers, like the doctor, symbolize the exploitation of the native population, this time by the organized pearl-dealing cartel for which the dealers work. When Kino tries to sell the pearl, the pearl dealers claim that the pearl's size makes it worthless and offer Kino a fraction of the pearl's true worth. Kino's outrage at their barehanded lies causes him to brave the dangerous trip to the capital and seek a better price.

The thieves and trackers are shadowy figures who attack Kino from the first night he has the pearl. Kino never recognizes who they are. They harass and then follow the family right to the end of the story. They force Kino to fight and kill to defend himself and his family and keep the pearl his own. In the final scenes, in which Kino is tracked by a posse, it is not clear in the text whether the group are thieves or law enforcement officers hunting Kino for his killing of the man on the beach.

Reception and analysis
Several publications praised the novel as a "major artistic triumph" and emphasizes how Steinbeck understands "the universal significance of life." The Pearl is often used to teach students about literature and is also used to discuss important lessons about life. Many believe the book is the easiest of Steinbeck's books to teach because the lessons are simple, yet significant, so, generally, students in middle school or early high school study this novel. Teachers instruct their students to delve deeper than surface level to learn about both the simplicity and complexity of the novel and emphasize its themes to allow students to learn more than just literacy.

Jackson Benson writes, The Pearl was heavily influenced by Steinbeck's interest in the philosophy of Carl Jung. Steinbeck wrote that he created the story of The Pearl to address the themes of "human greed, materialism, and the inherent worth of a thing."

Influences
Fleming and John's song "The Pearl" is based on this story.

The American composer Andrew Boysen's Concerto for Trombone and Wind Symphony (2004) was inspired by The Pearl.

title: The Pearl (novella)


text:
Punch Drunks

Punch Drunks is a 1934 short subject directed by Lou Breslow starring American slapstick comedy team The Three Stooges (Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Jerry Howard). It is the second entry in the series released by Columbia Pictures starring the comedians, who released 190 short subjects for the studio between 1934 and 1959.

In 2002, Punch Drunks became the first and only Stooge film to be selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Plot
Moe, a struggling boxing manager, finds himself embroiled in a tumultuous lunchtime confrontation with his disgruntled fighters, who threaten to abandon him due to unpaid wages. A serendipitous turn of events unfolds as strolling violinist Larry unwittingly triggers a violent outburst from the timid waiter, Curly, upon playing the melody of "Pop Goes the Weasel". Seizing upon this unexpected display of physical prowess, Moe swiftly enlists Curly as a boxer and engages Larry to play the titular tune during Curly's matches, enabling him to effortlessly defeat opponents and secure prize money.

As Curly undergoes rigorous training under Moe's guidance, a chance encounter with a stranded female motorist interrupts their routine. Despite Moe's admonition against entanglements with women, Curly aids the young lady, propelled by the musical accompaniment provided by Larry.

Adopting the moniker "K.O. Stradivarius," Curly ascends to prominence in the boxing arena, positioning himself as the leading contender for the heavyweight championship. However, on the eve of the title match, Moe discovers Curly in the company of the lady, prompting a stern reprimand and a directive to focus solely on the impending bout.

The championship showdown ensues, with reigning titleholder Killer Kilduff asserting his dominance by swiftly dispatching Curly from the ring, causing devastation to Larry's violin in the process. Desperate to revive Curly's fighting spirit, Larry embarks on a frantic quest to procure an alternative means of playing the tune. Amidst the tumult of the bout, Larry's resourcefulness prevails as he secures a radio broadcasting the melody, revitalizing Curly's resolve.

However, just as Curly gains momentum, the radio abruptly shifts its broadcast, interrupting the crucial musical accompaniment and tilting the scales in Kilduff's favor once more. Frustration mounts as Moe and Larry scramble to restore the melody, resorting to unconventional methods in their pursuit.

Ultimately, Larry commandeers a politician's campaign truck equipped with the desired tune, crashing into the arena to deliver the decisive musical aid. Empowered by the restored melody, Curly rallies to secure victory, claiming the championship title.

Cast

 * Moe Howard as Moe
 * Larry Fine as Larry
 * Jerry Howard as Curly (K.O. Stradivarius)
 * Chuck Callahan as Mr. McGurn
 * Dutch Hendrian as spokesman mug
 * Frank Moran as 3rd mug in restaurant (with cut over eye)
 * Dorothy Granger as Curly's girlfriend
 * Al Hill as Killer Kilduff
 * William Irving as Killer Kilduff's fight manager
 * Billy Bletcher as ring announcer
 * Larry McGrath as referee
 * Arthur Housman as timekeeper
 * Harry Watson as gumball-throwing boy
 * Jack "Tiny" Lipson as spectator seated next to Curly's girlfriend
 * Charles King as man who falls off moving truck

Production and significance
The script for Punch Drunks was written by the Stooges, credited as "Jerry Howard, Larry Fine, and Moe Howard". According to Moe, the initial treatment of the script was originated by him; on its strength, the studio decided to produce the Stooges' next film sooner than scheduled. Filming was completed May 2–5, 1934.

In 2002, Punch Drunks was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant", the only Stooge film to achieve such an honor.

title: Punch Drunks


text:
Felicia Hemans

Felicia Dorothea Hemans (25 September 1793 – 16 May 1835) was an English poet (who identified as Welsh by adoption). Two of her opening lines, "The boy stood on the burning deck" and "The stately homes of England", have acquired classic status.

Early life and education
Felicia Dorothea Browne was the daughter of George Browne, who worked for his father-in-law's wine importing business and succeeded him as Tuscan and imperial consul in Liverpool, and Felicity, daughter of Benedict Paul Wagner (1718–1806), wine importer at 9 Wolstenholme Square, Liverpool and Venetian consul for that city. Hemans was the fourth of six children (three boys and three girls) to survive infancy. Her sister Harriet collaborated musically with Hemans and later edited her complete works (7 vols. with memoir, 1839). George Browne's business soon brought the family to Denbighshire in North Wales, where she spent her youth. They lived in a cottage within the grounds of Gwrych Castle near Abergele when Felicia was seven years old until she was sixteen and in 1809 moved to Bronwylfa, St. Asaph (Flintshire). She later called Wales "Land of my childhood, my home and my dead". Lydia Sigourney says of her education: The nature of the education of Mrs. Hemans, was favourable to the development of her genius. A wide range of classical and poetical studies, with the acquisition of several languages, supplied both pleasant aliment and needful discipline. She required not the excitement of a more public system of culture,—for the never-resting love of knowledge was her school master. Hemans was proficient in Welsh, French, German, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese. Her sister Harriet remarked that "One of her earliest tastes was a passion for Shakspeare, which she read, as her choicest recreation, at six years old."

Career
Hemans’ first poems, dedicated to the Prince of Wales, were published in Liverpool in 1808, when she was fourteen, arousing the interest of poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, who briefly corresponded with her. She quickly followed them up with "England and Spain" (1808), politically addressing the Peninsular War, and "The Domestic Affections" (1812). In contrast to its title, which Hemans did not choose, many of the book's poems explore issues of patriotism and war.

Hemans‘ major collections, including The Forest Sanctuary (1825), Records of Woman and Songs of the Affections (1830) were highly popular. Hemans published many of her pieces in magazines first, enabling her to remain in the public eye and adapt to her audience, as well as earning additional income. Many of her pieces were used for schoolroom recitations and collections were presented as school prizes, especially to female readers.

Her last books, published in 1834, were Scenes and Hymns of Life and National Lyrics, and Songs for Music. It has been suggested that her late religious poetry, like her early political poetry, marks her entry into an area of dispute that was both public and male-dominated.

At the time of her death in 1835, Hemans was a well-known literary figure, highly regarded by contemporaries, and with a popular following in the United States and the United Kingdom. Both Hemans and Wordsworth were identified with ideas of cultural domesticity that shaped the Victorian era.

Personal life
On 30 July 1812, Felicia Browne married Captain Alfred Hemans, an Irish army officer some years older than herself. The marriage took her away from Wales, to Daventry in Northamptonshire until 1814. During their first six years of marriage, Hemans gave birth to five sons, including G. W. Hemans and Charles Isidore Hemans, and then the couple separated. Marriage had not, however, prevented her from continuing her literary career. Several volumes of poetry were published by the respected firm of John Murray in the period after 1816, beginning with The Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy (1816) and Modern Greece (1817). The collection Tales and Historic Scenes came out in 1819, the year of the Hemans' separation.

One of the reasons why Hemans was able to write prolifically as a single parent, was that many of the domestic duties of running a household were taken over by her mother, with whom she and her children lived. It was a financial necessity for Hemans to write to support herself, her mother, and the children. On 11 January 1827, Hemans' mother died, leading to the breaking up of the household. Hemans sent her two oldest sons to Rome to join their father, and moved to a suburb of Liverpool with her younger sons.

From 1831, Hemans lived in Dublin, which was recommended as healthier than Liverpool. Despite the change, she continued to experience poor health. She died on 16 May 1835. Sources suggest that she had suffered from an attack of scarlet fever, followed by a "consumptive decline", or by "dropsy". She may have experienced rheumatic fever and heart problems as well as circulatory problems. She was buried in St. Ann's Church, Dawson Street, Dublin. William Wordsworth mentioned her in a memorial stanza, and Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Lydia Huntley Sigourney, and Walter Savage Landor composed memorial verses in her honour. Lydia Huntley Sigourney also wrote a memoir to preface an American edition of Hemans' collected works.

Legacy
Hemans's works appeared in nineteen individual books during her lifetime, publishing first with John Murray and later with Blackwoods. After her death in 1835, her works were republished widely, usually as collections of individual lyrics and not the longer, annotated works and integrated series that made up her books. For surviving female poets, such as Caroline Norton, Letitia Elizabeth Landon, Lydia Sigourney and Frances Harper, the French Amable Tastu and German Annette von Droste-Hülshoff, she was a valued model. To many readers she offered a woman's voice confiding a woman's trials; to others, a lyricism consonant with Victorian sentimentality and patriotism. In her most successful book, Records of Woman (1828), she chronicles the lives of women, both famous and anonymous. Portraying examples of heroism, rebellion, and resistance, she connects womanhood with "affection's might". Among the works she valued most were the unfinished "Superstition and Revelation" and the pamphlet "The Sceptic," which sought an Anglicanism more attuned to world religions and women's experiences.

Hemans' poem "The Homes of England" (1827) is the origin of the phrase "stately home", referring to an English country house.

Despite her illustrious admirers her stature as a serious poet gradually declined, partly due to her success in the literary marketplace. Her poetry was considered morally exemplary, and was often assigned to schoolchildren; as a result, Hemans came to be seen as more a poet for children rather than a serious author. Schoolchildren in the U.S. were still being taught "The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in New England" in the middle of the 20th century. But by the 21st century, "The Stately Homes of England" refers to Noël Coward's parody, not to the once-famous poem it parodied.

With the rise in women's studies, Hemans' critical reputation has been re-examined. Her work has resumed a role in standard anthologies and in classrooms and seminars and literary studies, especially in the US. Anthologised poems include "The Image in Lava," "Evening Prayer at a Girls' School," "I Dream of All Things Free", "Night-Blowing Flowers", "Properzia Rossi", "A Spirit's Return", "The Bride of the Greek Isle", "The Wife of Asdrubal", "The Widow of Crescentius", "The Last Song of Sappho", "Corinne at the Capitol" and "The Coronation of Inez De Castro".

Casabianca

First published in August 1826 the poem Casabianca (also known as The Boy stood on the Burning Deck) by Hemans depicts Captain Luc-Julien-Joseph Casabianca and his 12-year-old son, Giocante, who both perished aboard the ship Orient during the Battle of the Nile. The poem was very popular from the 1850s on and was memorized in elementary schools for literary practice. Other poetic figures such as Elizabeth Bishop and Samuel Butler allude to the poem in their own works.

"'Speak, Father!' once again he cried / 'If I may yet be gone! / And'—but the booming shots replied / And fast the flames rolled on."

The poem is sung in ballad form (abab) and consists of a boy asking his father whether he had fulfilled his duties, as the ship continues to burn until the magazine catches fire. Hemans adds the following note to the poem: 'Young Casabianca, a boy about thirteen years old, son to the Admiral of the Orient, remained at his post (in the Battle of the Nile) after the ship had taken fire, and all the guns had been abandoned, and perished in the explosion of the vessel, when the flames had reached the powder.'

Martin Gardner included Casabianca in his collection of Best Remembered Poems, along with a childhood parody. Michael R. Turner included it among the "improving gems" of his 1967 Parlour Poetry. Others wrote modern-day parodies that were much more upbeat and consisted of boys stuffing their faces with peanuts and bread. These contrast sharply with the dramatic image created in Hemans' Casabianca.

England and Spain, or, Valour and Patriotism
Her second book, England and Spain, or, Valour and Patriotism, was published in 1808 and was a narrative poem honouring her brother and his military service in the Peninsular War. The poem called for an end to the tyranny of Napoleon Bonaparte and for a long-lasting peace. Multiple references to Albion, an older name for Great Britain, emphasize Hemans's patriotism.

"For this thy noble sons have spread alarms, and bade the zones resound with BRITAIN's arms!"

Female suicide in Hemans' works
Several of Hemans's characters take their own lives rather than suffer the social, political and personal consequences of their compromised situations. At Hemans's time, women writers were often torn between a choice of home or the pursuit of a literary career. Hemans herself was able to balance both roles without much public ridicule, but left hints of discontent through the themes of feminine death in her writing. The suicides of women in Hemans's poetry dwell on the same social issue that was confronted both culturally and personally during her life: the choice of caged domestication or freedom of thought and expression.

"The Bride of the Greek Isle", "The Sicilian Captive", "The Last Song of Sappho" and "Indian Woman's Death Song" are some of the most notable of Hemans' works involving women's suicides. Each poem portrays a heroine who is untimely torn from her home by a masculine force – such as pirates, Vikings, and unrequited lovers – and forced to make the decision to accept her new confines or command control over the situation. None of the heroines are complacent with the tragedies that befall them, and the women ultimately take their own lives in either a final grasp for power and expression or a means to escape victimisation.

Selected works

 * Poems by Felicia Dorothea Browne (1808)
 * "England and Spain" by Felicia Dorothea Browne (1808)
 * The Domestic Affections and Other Poems by Felicia Dorothea Browne (1812)
 * "Our Lady’s Well"
 * "On the Restoration of the Works of Art to Italy" (Two editions, 1816)
 * "Modern Greece" (1817)
 * Translations from Camoens; and Other Poets, with Original Poetry (1818)
 * Hymns on the Works of Nature, for the Use of Children
 * Records of Woman: With Other Poems
 * "The Better Land"
 * The Vespers of Palermo (1823, play)
 * Casabianca (1826, poem)
 * "Corinne at the Capitol"
 * "Evening Prayer at a Girls' School"
 * "A Farewell to Abbotsford"
 * "The Funeral Day of Sir Walter Scott"
 * "Hymn by the Sick-bed of a Mother"
 * "Kindred Hearts"
 * "The Last Song of Sappho"
 * "Lines Written in the Memoirs of Elizabeth Smith"
 * "The Rock of Cader Idris"
 * "Stanzas on the Late National Calamity, On the Death of the Princess Charlotte"
 * "Stanzas to the Memory of George III"
 * "Thoughts During Sickness: Intellectual Powers"
 * "To the Eye"
 * "To the New-Born"
 * "Woman on the Field of Battle"

title: Felicia Hemans


text:
Star Theatre (film)

Star Theatre (also known as Demolishing and Building Up the Star Theatre) is a 1901 short documentary film in which time-lapse photography is used to show the dismantling and demolition of New York City's Star Theatre over a period of about a month.

Produced by the American Mutoscope and Biograph Company (often shortened to Biograph), it was filmed by F.S. Armitage. In 2002, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States Library of Congress, and selected for preservation in its National Film Registry.

Production
Formerly called Wallack's Theatre, the Star Theatre was located across the street from Biograph's offices on Thirteenth Street and Broadway in New York City, New York. Taking advantage of his view from his office, Armitage set up a camera and used "a specifically devised electric apparatus" to shoot every four minutes, eight hours a day. He also shot about thirty seconds of standard exposures at the beginning and end of the demolition process to set and close the scene.

Biograph publicists encouraged exhibitors to show the film advancing regularly and in reverse, adding "The effect is very extraordinary."

title: Star Theatre (film)