text: Talk:Culture of Canada

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title: Talk:Culture of Canada


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Dashi

Dashi (出汁, だし) is a family of stocks used in Japanese cuisine. Dashi forms the base for miso soup, clear broth soup, noodle broth soup, and many simmering liquids to accentuate the savory flavor known as umami. Dashi is also mixed into the flour base of some grilled foods like okonomiyaki and takoyaki.

Preparation
The most common form of dashi is a simple broth made by heating water containing kombu (edible kelp) and kezurikatsuo (shavings of katsuobushi – preserved, fermented skipjack tuna or bonito) to near-boiling, then straining the resultant liquid; dried anchovies or sardines may be substituted. Katsuobushi is especially high in sodium inosinate and kombu is especially high in glutamic acids; both combined create a synergy of umami.

Granulated or liquid instant dashi largely replaced the homemade product in the second half of the 20th century. Homemade dashi is less popular today, even in Japan. Compared to the taste of homemade dashi, instant dashi tends to have a stronger, less subtle flavor, due to the use of chemical flavor enhancers—glutamates and ribonucleotides.

Variations
Other kinds of dashi are made by soaking kelp, niboshi, or shiitake in water for many hours or by heating them in near-boiling water and straining the resulting broth.
 * Kombu dashi is made by soaking or gently simmering kelp in water; soaking is traditional and fit for making baby food while simmering is a more modern practice. Kombu dashi becomes bitter and unpalatable when boiled.
 * Niboshi dashi is made by pinching off the heads and entrails of small dried sardines, to prevent bitterness, and soaking the rest in water. Sometimes the heads are used as not everyone finds them to be bitter, and the fish are occasionally toasted to evaporate any volatile unpleasant fishy odors.
 * Shiitake dashi is made by soaking dried shiitake mushrooms in water. Dried shiitake is preferred over fresh due to a stronger presence of savory or umami flavors.

title: Dashi


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Yeshua

Yeshua (יֵשׁוּעַ ) was a common alternative form of the name Yehoshua (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ) in later books of the Hebrew Bible and among Jews of the Second Temple period. The name corresponds to the Greek spelling Iesous (Ἰησοῦς), from which, through the Latin IESVS/Iesus, comes the English spelling Jesus.

The Hebrew spelling Yēšūaʿ (ישוע) appears in some later books of the Hebrew Bible. Once for Joshua the son of Nun, and 28 times for Joshua the High Priest and other priests called Jeshua – although these same priests are also given the spelling Joshua in 11 further instances in the books of Haggai and Zechariah. It differs from the usual Hebrew Bible spelling of Joshua (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, Yəhōšūaʿ ), found 218 times in the Hebrew Bible, in the absence of the consonant he (ה) and placement of the semivowel vav (ו) after, not before, the consonant shin (ש). It also differs from the Hebrew spelling Yeshu (ישו) which is found in Ben-Yehuda Dictionary and used in most secular contexts in Modern Hebrew to refer to Jesus, although the Hebrew spelling Yēšūaʿ (ישוע) is generally used in translations of the New Testament into Hebrew and used by Hebrew-speaking Christians in Israel. The name Yeshua is also used in Hebrew historical texts to refer to other Joshuas recorded in Greek texts such as Jesus ben Ananias and Jesus ben Sira.

In English, the name Yeshua is extensively used by followers of Messianic Judaism, whereas East Syriac Christian denominations use the name ʿIsho in order to preserve the Syriac name of Jesus. The 2004 film The Passion of the Christ, which was made in Aramaic, used Yeshua as the name of Jesus and is the most well-known western Christian work to have done so.

Etymology

The name יֵשׁוּעַ, Yeshua (transliterated in the English Old Testament as Jeshua), is a late form of the Biblical Hebrew name יְהוֹשֻׁעַ, Yehoshua (Joshua), and spelled with a waw in the second syllable. The Late Biblical Hebrew spellings for earlier names often contracted the theophoric element Yeho- to Yo-. Thus, יהוחנן, Yehochanan, contracted to יוחנן, Yochanan.

Yeshua in Hebrew is a verbal derivative from "to rescue", "to deliver". Among the Jews of the Second Temple period, the Biblical Aramaic/Hebrew name יֵשׁוּעַ, Yēšūaʿ was common: the Hebrew Bible mentions several individuals with this name – while also using their full name Joshua. This name is a feature of biblical books written in the post-Exilic period (Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles) and was found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, though Haggai and Zechariah prefer the spelling Joshua. Strong's Concordance connects the name יֵשׁוּעַ, Yēšūaʿ, in the English form Jeshua (as used in multiple instances in Ezra, Nehemiah, and 1 and 2 Chronicles), with the verb "to deliver" (or, "to rescue"). It is often translated as "He saves," to conform with Matthew 1:21: "She will bear a Son; and you shall call His name Jesus, for He will save His people from their sins".

The name ישוע occurs in the Hebrew of the Old Testament at verses Ezra 2:2, 2:6, 2:36, 2:40, 3:2, 3:8, 3:9, 3:10, 3:18, 4:3, 8:33; Nehemiah 3:19, 7:7, 7:11, 7:39, 7:43, 8:7, 8:17, 9:4, 9:5, 11:26, 12:1, 12:7, 12:8, 12:10, 12:24, 12:26; 1 Chronicles 24:11; and 2 Chronicles 31:15, and also in Aramaic at Ezra 5:2. In Nehemiah 8:17 this name refers to Joshua son of Nun, the successor of Moses, as leader of the Israelites. In earlier English (where adaptations of names of Biblical figures were generally based on the Latin Vulgate forms), Yeshua was generally transcribed identically to "Jesus" in English.

The name Yehoshua has the form of a compound of "Yeho-" and "shua": Yeho- (יְהוֹ) is another form of יָהו, Yahu, a theophoric element standing for the name of God, יהוה (the Tetragrammaton YHWH, sometimes transcribed into English as Yahweh), and שׁוּעַ, shua' is a noun meaning "a cry for help", "a saving cry",  that is to say, a shout given when in need of rescue.

Another explanation for the name Yahoshua is that it comes from the root ישע, yod-shin-ʿayin, meaning "to deliver, save, or rescue". According to the Book of Numbers verse 13:16, the name of Joshua, the son of Nun was originally Hosheaʿ (הוֹשֵעַ), and the name Yehoshuaʿ (יְהוֹשֻׁעַ) is usually spelled the same but with a yod added at the beginning. "Hosheaʿ" certainly comes from the root ישע, yasha, yod-shin-ʿayin (in the Hif'il form the yod becomes a waw), and not from the word שוע, šûaʿ.)

In the 1st century, Philo of Alexandria, in a Greek exposition, offered this understanding of Moses's reason for the name change of the biblical hero Jehoshua/Joshua son of Nun from Hoshea (similar to hoshiaʿ, meaning "He rescued") to Yahoshua in commemoration of his salvation: "And Ιησους refers to salvation of the Lord" [Ιησους or Iesous being the Greek form of the name] (Ἰησοῦ δὲ σωτηρία κυρίου) (On the Change of Names 21.121).

Similarly, the Septuagint renders Ben Sira as saying (in the Greek form of the name): "Ιησους the son of Naue [Yahoshua Ben Nun] who according to his name became great unto [the] salvation/deliverance of his chosen ones" (Ἰησοῦς Ναυῆ .. ὃς ἐγένετο κατὰ τὸ ὄνομα αὐτοῦ μέγας ἐπὶ σωτηρίᾳ ἐκλεκτῶν αὐτοῦ) (Ben Sira 46:1–2). However, Ben Sira originally wrote in Hebrew in the second century BC, and the only extant Hebrew manuscript for this passage has "in his days" (בימיו), not "according to his name" (which would be כשמו in Hebrew), and thus does not comment on the name Yahoshua as connoting יְּשׁוּעָה "deliverance": "Yahoshua Ben Nun, who was formed to be in his days a great deliverer for his chosen ones" (יהושע בן נון... אשר נוצר להיות בימיו תשועה גדלה לבחיריו).

Archaeological evidence
Tal Ilan's Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity (2002) includes for "Joshua" 85 examples of Hebrew Yēšūaʿ, 15 of Yəhōšūaʿ, and 48 examples of Iesous in Greek inscriptions," with only one Greek variant as Iesoua. One ossuary of the around twenty known with the name Yeshua, Rahmani No.9, discovered by Ezra Sukenik in 1931, has "Yeshu... Yeshua ben Yosef." The "Yeshu..." may have been scratched out. Two Jewish magical incantation bowls have been discovered both bearing variant spellings of Yeshua.

Apart from the "Yeshua... Yeshua ben Yosef" ossuary, the only other known evidence for the existence of a Yeshua form prior to the material related to Jesus in the Talmud, is a graffito which Joachim Jeremias identified in Bethesda in 1966, but which is now filled in.

Pronunciation
In Yēšūaʿ (יֵשוּעַ, ), the Hebrew letter yod (י, is vocalized with the Hebrew vowel tsere (, a 'long' e like the first syllable of "neighbor" but not diphthongized), rather than with a shva (, as Y'shua) or segol (, Yesh-shua). The final letter, ayin (ע) is  (a voiced pharyngeal sound not found in Greek or English), sometimes transcribed "ʿ" (Yeshuaʿ). The final  represents the "patach genuvah" ("furtive" patach), indicating that the consonant ʿayin is pronounced after the a vowel, and the word's stress is moved to the middle syllable (the characteristics of the furtive patach can be seen in other words, such as רוח,  'spirit'). Thus it is pronounced  in Modern Hebrew.

The Hebrew name of Jesus is probably pronounced Yeshuaʿ, although this is uncertain and depends on the reconstruction of several ancient Hebrew dialects. Talshir suggests, even though Galileans tended to keep the traditional spelling for Yehoshuaʿ יהושוע with waw for, they still pronounced the name similarly to the Judeans, as 'Yeshua' , who tended to spell the name phonetically as ישוע, perhaps reducing the name thus: >  > , with the  palatalizing (via dissimilation) before the.

Qimron describes the general linguistic environment of Hebrew dialects by the time of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The articulation of the (along with other guttural phonemes, , and , as well as approximants  and ) lenited significantly. Thus Hebrew pronunciations became less stable when two successive vowels were no longer separated by a consonant. The speakers optionally either reduced the two vowels to a single vowel or oppositely expanded them to emphasize each vowel separately, sometimes forming a furtive glide in between, or. For example, the Dead Sea Scrolls spell the Hebrew word ראוי (, 'seen') variously, recording both pronunciations: reduced ראו and expanded ראואי.

The Hebrew name Yahoshua generally reduced to Yeshua, but an expanded Yahoshua is possible, especially in Galilee, whose traditional orthography possibly reflects this.

Original name for Jesus
The English name Jesus derives from the Late Latin name Iesus, which transliterates the Koine Greek name Ἰησοῦς Iēsoûs.

In the Septuagint and other Greek-language Jewish texts, such as the writings of Josephus and Philo of Alexandria, Ἰησοῦς (Iēsoûs) is the standard Koine Greek form used to translate both of the Hebrew names: Yahoshua and Yeshua. The Greek Ἰησοῦς or Iēsoûs is also used to represent the name of Joshua son of Nun in the New Testament passages Acts 7:45 and Hebrews 4:8. (It was even used in the Septuagint to translate the name Hoshea in one of the three verses where this referred to Joshua the son of Nun—Deuteronomy 32:44.)

During the second Temple period (beginning 538 BC–70 AD), Yeshua first became a known form of the name Yahoshua. All occurrences of Yeshua in the Hebrew Bible are in 1 Chronicles 24:11, 2 Chronicles 31:15, Ezra, and Nehemiah where it is transliterated into English as Jeshua. Two of these men (Joshua the son of Nun and Joshua the High Priest) are mentioned in other books of the Hebrew Bible where they are instead called Yahoshua (transliterated into English as Joshua).

The earlier form Yahoshua did not disappear, however, and remained in use as well. In the post-exilic books, Joshua the son of Nun is called both Yeshua bin-Nun (Nehemiah 8:17) and Yahoshua (1 Chronicles 7:27). The short form Yeshua was used for Jesus ben Sirach in Hebrew fragments of the Wisdom of Sirach. (Some concern remains over whether these fragments faithfully represent the original Hebrew text or are instead a later translation back into Hebrew.) The earlier form Yahoshua saw revived usage from the Hasmonean period onwards, although the name Yeshua is still found in letters from the time of the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–135 AD).

In the documentary The Lost Tomb of Jesus, archeologist Amos Kloner stated that the name Yeshua was then a popular form of the name Yahoshua and was "one of the common names in the time of the Second Temple." In discussing whether it was remarkable to find a tomb with the name of Jesus (the particular ossuary in question bears the inscription "Yehuda bar Yeshua"), he pointed out that the name had been found 71 times in burial caves from that time period.

Thus, both the full form Yahoshua and the abbreviated form Yeshua were in use during the Gospel period – and in relation to the same person, as in the Hebrew Bible references to Yahoshua/Yeshua son of Nun, and Yahoshua/Yeshua the high priest in the days of Ezra. An argument in favor of the Hebrew reduced form ישוע, Yeshua, as opposed to Yahoshua, is the Western Syriac language, in which the pronunciation is Yeshuʿ.

East Syriac Ishoʿ
Aramaic and Classical Syriac render the pronunciation of the same letters as ܝܫܘܥ yeshuuʿ (yešuʿ) and ܝܫܘܥ ishoʿ (išoʿ). The Aramaic Bibles and the Syriac Peshitta preserve these same spellings. Current scholarly consensus posits that the New Testament texts were translated from the Greek, but this theory is not supported directly at least by the name for Jesus, which is not a simple transliteration of the Greek form as would otherwise be expected, as Greek did not have a "sh" sound, and substituted ; and likewise lacked and therefore omitted the final ʿayn. Moreover, Eusebius (early 4th century) reports that Papias of Hierapolis (early 2nd century) reports that Jesus's disciple Matthew the Evangelist wrote a gospel "in the Hebrew language". (Scholars typically argue the word "Hebrew" in the New Testament refers to Aramaic; however, others have attempted to refute this view.) The Aramaic of the Peshitta does not distinguish between Joshua and Jesus, and the Lexicon of William Jennings gives the same form of ܝܫܘܥ for both names. The Hebrew final letter ʿayin (ע) is equivalent to final ܥ in Syriac varieties of Aramaic. It can be argued that Aramaic speakers who used this name had a continual connection to the Aramaic-speakers in communities founded by the apostles and other students of Jesus, thus independently preserved his historical name Yeshuuʿ and the Eastern dialectical Ishoʿ. Those churches following the East Syriac Rite still preserve the name Ishoʿ. In the Talmud, only one reference is made to the spelling Yeshuaʿ, in verbatim quotation from the Hebrew Bible regarding Jeshua son of Jozadak (elsewhere called Joshua son of Josedech). The Talmud does refer to several people named Yahoshua from before (e.g. Joshua ben Perachyah) and after Jesus (e.g., Joshua ben Hananiah). In references to Jesus in the Talmud, however, where the name occurs, it is rendered Yeshu, which is a name reserved in Aramaic and Hebrew literature from the early medieval period until today, solely for Jesus, not for other Joshuas. Some scholars, such as Maier (1978), regard the two named "Yeshuʿ" texts in the Talmud (Sanhedrin 43a and 107b) to be later amendments, and not original.

Rabbinical commentary on the difference Yeshuʿ/Yeshuaʿ
In general rabbinical sources, the name Yeshuʿ is used, and this is the form to which some named references to Jesus in the Talmud as Yeshu occur in some manuscripts of the Babylonian Talmud, though some scholars, such as Maier (1978) have argued that the presence of the name Yeshuʿ in these texts is a late interpolation. Some of the Hebrew sources referencing Yeshu include the Toledot Yeshu, The Book of Nestor the Priest, Jacob ben Reuben's Milhamoth ha-Shem, Sefer Nizzahon Yashan, Sefer Joseph Hamekane, the works of ibn Shaprut, Moses ha-Kohen de Tordesillas, and Hasdai Crescas.{{citation needed|date=October

The name Yeshu is unknown in archeological sources and inscriptions, except for one ossuary found in Israel which has an inscription where someone has started to write first "Yeshu.." and then written "Yeshuaʿ bar Yehosef" beneath it. There are 24 other ossuaries to various Yeshuas and Yahoshuas. None of the others have Yeshu. All other "Joshuas" in the Talmud, rabbinical writings, modern Hebrew, are always Yeshua or Yahoshua. There are no undisputed examples of any Aramaic or Hebrew text where Yeshu refers to anyone else than Jesus.

Some of rabbinical sources comment on the reasons for the missing {{transl|he|ʿayn}} from Yeshu, as opposed to the Hebrew Bible Yeshuaʿ and Yahoshuaʿ. Leon Modena argues that it was Jesus himself who made his disciples remove the {{transl|he|ʿayn}}, and that therefore they cannot now restore it. (Modena was a 17th-century polemicist and does not have reliable linguistic evidence for the claim.) A tradition states that the shortening to Yeshu relates to the Y-SH-U of the {{transl|he|yimach shemo}}, "may his name be obliterated." Against this David Flusser suggested that the name Yeshu itself was "in no way abusive," but "almost certainly" a Galilean dialect form of Yeshua. But E.Y. Kutscher showed that the {{transl|he|ʿayn}} was still pronounced in Galilee, refuting a thesis by Paul Kahle.

title: Yeshua


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Jim McMahon

James Robert McMahon Jr. (born August 21, 1959) is an American former football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons, most notably with the Chicago Bears. McMahon played college football for the BYU Cougars, where he won the Davey O'Brien Award and the Sammy Baugh Trophy as a senior. He was selected by the Bears fifth overall in the 1982 NFL Draft.

McMahon achieved his greatest professional success with the 1985 Bears team that won the franchise's first Super Bowl title in Super Bowl XX. He also received Pro Bowl honors during the season. However, after suffering a shoulder injury the following season, McMahon struggled with injuries throughout the rest of his career. Following his seven years in Chicago, McMahon played for the San Diego Chargers, Philadelphia Eagles, Minnesota Vikings, Arizona Cardinals, and Green Bay Packers. He spent his final seasons in a backup role, including on the Packers team that won Super Bowl XXXI. McMahon was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1998.

Early life
McMahon was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. He was raised Catholic. He moved with his family to San Jose, California, when he was three. Growing up, McMahon played all sports in his neighborhood, encouraged by his parents. "We told him to believe he was the best," his mother said. "If he didn't, nobody else would."

McMahon played high school football his freshman and sophomore years at Andrew Hill High School, then moved with his family in the summer of 1975 to Roy, Utah, where he played his junior and senior years at Roy High School and graduated in 1977.

College career
McMahon enrolled at Brigham Young University (BYU) and played college football for the Cougars. He was their punter during his freshman season. He also played baseball, but he played enough at quarterback to throw his first-ever collegiate touchdown pass against UTEP. He continued as the Cougars' punter as the 1978 season began, but when Marc Wilson was injured in the third game of the season (against Colorado State), McMahon became the starting quarterback. McMahon led BYU to victory against Colorado State, accounting for 112 passing yards, 80 rushing yards, and two touchdowns. He was named Chevrolet Player of the Game and Western Athletic Conference (WAC) Player of the Week for his performance. McMahon and Wilson shared quarterback duties for the rest of the season; McMahon played well enough to earn All-WAC honors and Associated Press Honorable Mention All-America. The best game of his sophomore year was against Wyoming: he passed for 317 yards and rushed for 49 more yards, earning another WAC Player of the Week award.

McMahon suffered a knee injury towards the end of the 1978 season and BYU coaches chose to redshirt him in 1979. McMahon watched from the sidelines as Wilson set nine NCAA records, tied two others, and became the first BYU player to earn consensus first-team All-American honors; he finished third in Heisman Trophy balloting.

With Wilson graduated and in the NFL with the Oakland Raiders, McMahon beat out Royce Bybee to claim the starting quarterback position in 1980. BYU lost the opener 25–21 against New Mexico, but then won eleven straight to claim the WAC championship. McMahon set 32 NCAA records, including single-season records for yards of total offense (4,627), passing yards (4,571), touchdown passes (47), and passing efficiency (176.9). His best game was against Utah State; he completed 21 of 33 passes for 485 yards and six touchdowns, and added two rushing touchdowns. That performance earned him Sports Illustrated's National Player of the Week award. McMahon's season statistics might have been even better, but he spent significant time on the sidelines because the Cougars won many games by wide margins. Although he started all 12 regular-season games, he only finished three of them.

BYU led the nation in passing offense, total offense, and scoring offense during the regular season. McMahon earned numerous awards for his individual accomplishments, being named WAC Player of the Year, unanimous First-team All-WAC, Utah Sportsman of the Year, and Deseret News Athlete of the Year. He was named to four All-America teams and finished fifth in Heisman Trophy voting.

In the Holiday Bowl, the Cougars faced an SMU team led by star running backs Craig James and Eric Dickerson, and the Mustangs built a 45–25 lead over BYU with just four minutes left in the game. As Cougar fans headed for the exits, McMahon screamed that the game was not over yet. He promptly guided BYU's offense to three quick touchdowns, including a 41-yard Hail Mary pass to Clay Brown to win the game as time expired. It is regarded as one of the greatest comebacks in college football history; BYU fans refer to it as the "Miracle Bowl".

In McMahon's senior season in 1981, despite missing two games due to injuries, he passed for 3,555 yards and 30 touchdowns in the regular season, again leading BYU to a WAC championship. For his efforts, he was named WAC Player of the Year and unanimous First-team All-WAC. On a national level, he was named First-team All-American by five different organizations and finished third in Heisman Trophy balloting. He received the Davey O'Brien Trophy and the Sammy Baugh Award, and he shared the Pigskin Club NCAA Offensive Player of the Year award with USC's Marcus Allen. He earned Sports Illustrated's Player of the Week award after his performance against Colorado State, in which he tied a school record with seven touchdown passes.

In his last game as a Cougar, McMahon passed for 342 yards and 3 touchdowns in BYU's victory over Washington State in the 1981 Holiday Bowl. His career totals were 9,536 passing yards and 84 touchdown passes (not including bowl games). McMahon left college with 70 NCAA records and tied for one other. He entered the College Football Hall of Fame in 1999.

In September 2010, McMahon announced he would complete his coursework at BYU, which would qualify him for induction into the Brigham Young University Athletics Hall of Fame. On October 2, 2014, after completing his degree in communications, McMahon was inducted into the BYU Athletics Hall of Fame as part of the 2014 class. BYU honored McMahon by retiring his No. 9 jersey during a halftime ceremony at the BYU vs. Utah State football game on Friday, October 3, 2014.

Chicago Bears
The Chicago Bears selected McMahon in the first round (fifth overall) of the 1982 NFL Draft. McMahon, thrilled to be free from what he considered a restrictive culture at BYU, strolled into his first public function with the Bears holding a cold beer in his hand. Head coach Mike Ditka was not impressed, nor was Bears owner and founder George Halas. McMahon was to find the atmosphere in Chicago almost as challenging as that at Brigham Young, and he would lock horns with Ditka routinely during his seven years with the Bears.

McMahon won the Bears' starting quarterback job as a rookie in 1982, and was named to several All-Rookie teams when he nearly led the team to the playoffs, despite the NFL only playing two games before a players' strike that cancelled nearly half the season. McMahon quickly displayed a natural ability to read defenses and an athletic versatility that surprised many.

McMahon, a rollout passer, explained that coaching in his youth had taught him to square his shoulders to the direction he wanted to throw the football, and he was thus able to execute passes with tight spirals and a high degree of accuracy when running to either his left or his right. The Bears finished the strike-shortened season at 3–6, and McMahon was named NFC Offensive Rookie of the Year, losing the league-wide honor to Marcus Allen.

In 1983, McMahon continued to improve as a passer and as a field general. He made a habit of changing the play both in the huddle and at the line of scrimmage, a practice which frustrated Ditka but usually led to success. His knowledge of the game and an instinctive, intuitive grasp of in-game situations were significant. He became a frequent scorer in goal-line situations, after the dying Halas instructed Ditka to make the quarterback sneak a bigger part of the Bears' offense. He also began to catch touchdown passes on option plays, and was the emergency punter. Chicago finished the season at 8–8, missing the division title and a playoff berth by one victory.

In 1984, the Bears broke through, reaching the conference title game before losing to the San Francisco 49ers. McMahon started the season strongly, though nursing minor injuries like those that would plague him throughout his career. In a violent game against the Los Angeles Raiders at Soldier Field, McMahon sustained a season-ending injury when he was brutally tackled by two Los Angeles defenders. He suffered bruised ribs and a lacerated kidney on the play, but limped to the huddle and breathlessly called the next play, despite difficulty breathing and increasing pain. The players could barely hear him in the huddle, and when McMahon attempted an audible at the line of scrimmage the Bears receivers were unable to hear his call. McMahon was on the verge of collapsing on the field, clutching his flank and rasping in his attempts to convey his situation. The offensive linemen helped McMahon stand and leave the field. McMahon went to the locker room, and reported urine that "looked like grape juice".

1985
In 1985, the Bears had a tremendous season, later voted by Sports Illustrated magazine as the greatest of all time, winning their first 12 games and finishing at 15–1. McMahon became a media darling, not only for his outstanding play on the field, but also for his personality. He appeared in a rap record made by the team, "The Super Bowl Shuffle", in which he proclaimed, "I'm the punky QB known as McMahon." In an early-season Thursday night game at Minnesota, McMahon was slated to back up Steve Fuller, as McMahon had missed practice time earlier in the week due to a neck injury that required an overnight hospital stay. Midway into the third quarter, the Vikings held a 17–9 lead. McMahon lobbied to get into the game until well into the third quarter. Once finally on the field, his first play was an opportunistic 70-yard touchdown pass to Willie Gault. After an interception by Wilber Marshall on the Vikings ensuing possession, McMahon's very next offensive play was a 25-yard touchdown pass to Dennis McKinnon, making him 2–2 for 95 yards and two touchdowns. He followed up with another successful offensive drive, including a crucial third and short sneak to set up another 43-yard touchdown pass to McKinnon. The Bears led 30–17 and went on to win the game 33–24.

McMahon played solidly, throwing for career-highs of 15 touchdowns and 2,392 yards in 13 games and running well (5.4 yards per carry, three rushing touchdowns).

McMahon was notorious for head-first baseball-style slides when running the football, despite being coached to slide feet-first to protect his body. In the playoffs, McMahon heeded this coaching advice and was speared by a defender's helmet squarely in his buttocks, causing a painful deep bruise for which McMahon sought acupuncture treatment. This led to a point of controversy before the Super Bowl in New Orleans, when McMahon "mooned" journalists who were inquiring as to the status of the injury. Thursday morning before the big-game, McMahon made more headlines when a local television station reported that he had called women of New Orleans "sluts", an accusation he denied and which the announcer later admitted was made up. McMahon claimed in an interview, that he received death threats and wore a different jersey number during practice.

He ended the season with a strong performance in Super Bowl XX, which the Bears won 46–10 over the New England Patriots. In that game, McMahon became the first quarterback in the history of the Super Bowl to rush for two touchdowns. McMahon earned a spot in his only Pro Bowl.

1986–1988
In week 12 of the 1986 NFL regular season, McMahon was playing against the Green Bay Packers, while dealing with an existing rotator cuff injury to his right shoulder. After throwing a third down interception and at least two seconds after his pass was thrown, Green Bay nose tackle Charles Martin grabbed McMahon from behind and body-slammed him to the turf, exacerbating his existing rotator cuff injury. McMahon briefly returned to the game, but it soon became apparent that he couldn't throw effectively, and he left the game in the third quarter, never to play again in 1986. Martin was immediately ejected from the game and later suspended for two additional games — the first multi-game suspension for an on-field incident in modern NFL history. Without McMahon, and despite finishing tied for the league's best record at 14–2, the Bears were unable to defend their Super Bowl championship and lost in the Divisional Playoff round to the Washington Redskins.

McMahon battled injuries for the rest of his career, although at one point between the 1984 and 1987 seasons, he won 22 consecutive regular-season (25 including playoffs and the Super Bowl) starts, the longest "regular season winning streak" by an NFL quarterback at the time, now held by Peyton Manning, who won 23 in 2008 to 2009 (but lost a wildcard playoff game to the Chargers during his "winning streak").

In 1987, McMahon came right back from a head injury and brought the Bears back in the first game following the NFL players strike to defeat the Buccaneers, 27–26. The Bears went on to an 11–4 record, with many expecting McMahon to start and lead the Bears back to the Super Bowl. However, 1987 ended exactly the same way 1986 had, with the Bears being eliminated by the eventual Super Bowl champion Redskins.

McMahon returned for the 1988 season with a much more serious attitude. His main offensive weapon in Walter Payton had retired and McMahon publicly expressed his desire to win a Super Bowl again. The Bears looked strong all season and went 12–4, again winning the NFC Central, and finishing with the NFC's top seed, ensuring they would host the NFC Championship Game at Soldier Field if they advanced that far. McMahon was unable to get the Bears back to the Super Bowl, as they were routed by the eventual Super Bowl champion San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship which saw McMahon benched in favor of Mike Tomczak in the fourth quarter.

During the offseason, McMahon and Bears president Michael McCaskey had a major falling out. He also fell out of favor with head coach Mike Ditka, and after spending his first seven seasons in the league with Chicago, McMahon was traded to the San Diego Chargers.

As of 2017's NFL off-season, McMahon held at least 15 Bears franchise records, including:
 * Completions: playoffs (70)
 * Passing Yards: playoffs (967), playoff season (636 in 1985)
 * Passing TDs: playoffs (4), playoff season (3 in 1985; with Rex Grossman), playoff game (2 on 1986-01-05 NYG; with Steve Walsh and Jay Cutler), rookie season (9 in 1982; with Kyle Orton)
 * Passer Rating: playoffs (77.1), playoff season (106.6 in 1985), rookie season (79.9 in 1982)
 * Sacked: playoffs (10), rookie game (7 on 1982-11-28 @MIN)
 * Yds/Pass Att: playoffs (7.61), playoff season (9.64 in 1985)
 * Pass Yds/Game: rookie season (187.6 in 1982)

San Diego Chargers
McMahon started 11 games for the 6–10 Chargers team in 1989. He went 4–7 in the games he started, though the team lost four of those games by a combined 11 points. He had only 4 games over 200 yards, but had 389 yards against the Houston Oilers in a Week 2 loss.

However, McMahon again found himself in trouble when he fell out of favor with his coach, Dan Henning, his teammates, and the team's front office staff. He was benched for the final four games in favor of Billy Joe Tolliver and finished the year with 2,132 yards, 10 touchdowns and 10 interceptions. McMahon was released after the season.

Later career
McMahon signed with the Philadelphia Eagles, who were coached by former Bears assistant Buddy Ryan, for the 1990 season. For the first time in his career he served as a full-time backup, as Randall Cunningham was entrenched as the starter. After Cunningham tore his ACL in the opening game of the following season, new coach Rich Kotite named McMahon his starter. He helped the Eagles to a 10–6 record and earned the NFL Comeback Player of the Year award. McMahon stayed with the Eagles for one additional season in the backup role.

McMahon's last chance to be a full-time starter came with the Minnesota Vikings in 1993. Supplanting Sean Salisbury as the team's starter, McMahon led the Vikings to eight wins in twelve starts and returned to the postseason as a starter for the first time since 1988. However, the Vikings lost to the New York Giants.

After the season, McMahon joined the Arizona Cardinals, now coached by Ryan, for the 1994 season, where he made his final career start in Week 3, against the Cleveland Browns. He finished the season as the team's third quarterback behind Steve Beuerlein and Jay Schroeder and left the team at its conclusion. McMahon made the Cleveland Browns in the 1995 preseason but did not play a down with them, McMahon later in the season joined the Green Bay Packers. He retired following the 1996 season, which finished with a Super Bowl victory over the New England Patriots in New Orleans, eleven years to the day of the Bears' Super Bowl victory over the Patriots in the same venue.

McMahon caused some controversy when he showed up to the Packers' reception at the White House wearing his Bears jersey, due to the rivalry between the two teams. McMahon later explained that he did so because he was unable to visit the White House when he led the Bears to victory in Super Bowl XX; two days after the Bears won the game, the crew of Space Shuttle mission STS-51-L were killed in the explosion of their craft, Shuttle Challenger, and the Bears' scheduled visit was cancelled. McMahon and his surviving teammates and coaches were eventually received in 2011 by President Barack Obama, himself a Bears fan.

Legal troubles
In November 2003, McMahon was apprehended in Navarre, Florida for driving under the influence. "One breathalyzer exam put McMahon's blood-alcohol level at 0.261 percent, another put it at 0.258 percent. The legal limit in Florida is 0.08 percent," the Associated Press reported. "During a sobriety test, Mr. McMahon looked at the officer and said, 'I'm too drunk. You got me,'" a Santa Rosa County, Florida sheriff spokesperson said.

On April 9, 2012, it was reported that McMahon was targeted by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) for $104 million in bad loans made by Chicago-based Broadway Bank, where McMahon was a member of the board. The FDIC sought to recover $104 million in loans made by the bank before it was shut down. In addition to McMahon, six other former Broadway Bank board members and two former bank executives were targeted. McMahon approved only one of the 17 bad loans, which was used for the purchase of a $28 million Miami Beach condominium project. The FDIC said the bank lost $19.5 million on the loan. McMahon said in a statement that the FDIC's claims were without merit and he expected to be vindicated. "I am proud to have served as an outside, independent director for a brief part of the bank's history," he wrote, according to the Sun-Times. In 2016, the FDIC settled its lawsuit against the bank with a $5 million settlement.

Concussions
In a November 6, 2010 interview, McMahon admitted to having memory problems due to injuries suffered on the football field. McMahon was quoted as saying, "There are a lot of times when I walk into a room and forget why I walked in there."

Along with six other retired professional football players, McMahon filed a class action lawsuit against the NFL in August 2011, citing the league's negligence and misconduct in its handling of concussion-related injuries. It followed lawsuits filed shortly before by 75 other NFL retirees making similar claims in addition to asserting that the NFL knew about the dangers concussions posed to its athletes as far back as the 1920s and actively withheld the information from the affected and the general public until summer of 2010. The August suit that McMahon joined seeks to expand the scope of the suit to potentially all NFL players who suffered game-related concussions or head injuries.

On September 27, 2012, it was reported that, at age 53, McMahon had been diagnosed as being in the early stages of dementia. McMahon's condition has since improved after receiving chiropractic treatment, citing less frequent headaches and improved short-term memory.

The improvement in McMahon's health was documented in 2017 by longtime San Francisco Chronicle columnist Scott Ostler. In the years following his initial cervical spine realignment, McMahon earned a bachelor's degree from Brigham Young University and participated in celebrity golf tournaments. McMahon expressed skepticism toward the effectiveness of NFL-sanctioned treatments for head and neck injuries, believing that NFL officials prioritize corporate interests over player well-being.

Medical cannabis
McMahon uses cannabis to treat the chronic pain and arthritis that he suffers from as a result of his football career. He has called cannabis a "godsend" that allowed him to eliminate his painkiller habit, which he says included 100 Percocet pills a month.

McMahon has been active in speaking about his experience using cannabis, serving as spokesperson for the Cannabis Sports Policy Project and a member of the Gridiron Cannabis Coalition along with several other former NFL players. McMahon appeared in a TV ad supporting a ballot measure to legalize cannabis in Arizona.

In November 2016, McMahon was among the signatories of an open letter addressed to the NFL, urging a change in the league's policy towards cannabis. The letter was penned by Doctors for Cannabis Regulation and signed by several other NFL players. McMahon is also a member of the Doctors for Cannabis Regulation NFL steering committee.

Other activities
In December 2006, McMahon went to Iraq with the USO to visit American forces in the field.

During Super Bowl XLIV, McMahon joined other members of the 1985 Chicago Bears in resurrecting the Super Bowl Shuffle in a Boost Mobile commercial.

In 2010, McMahon became a part owner of the Indoor Football League's Chicago Slaughter.

In November 2012, McMahon appeared on an episode of the sitcom The League called "The Tailgate."

In August 2020, a documentary entitled Mad Mac: The Memory Of Jim McMahon by director CJ Wallis began shooting. The film covers McMahon's life in and out of professional sports.

Legacy
Throughout his career, McMahon was known for both on- and off-field antics. His wearing of a headband while on the sidelines led to him being fined by then NFL commissioner, Pete Rozelle, since the headband had an unauthorized Adidas corporate logo on it. The next week, his headband simply said "Rozelle". The commissioner later admitted in a letter to McMahon that the headband with Rozelle's name was "funny as hell", but declined to rescind the $5,000 fine. Prior to Super Bowl XX, hundreds of fans mailed McMahon headbands in hopes he would wear them during the game; Rozelle warned the quarterback not to wear anything "unacceptable".

In response, McMahon decided to help bring attention to Juvenile Diabetes by wearing a headband simply stating "JDF Cure", before switching to one stating "POW-MIA", and finally one with the word "Pluto", the nickname of his close friend and favorite collegiate receiving target, former BYU wide receiver Danny Plater, who was afflicted with a brain tumor.

McMahon is known for his trademark sunglasses, which he wears for medical reasons. At age six, while trying to untie a knot in a toy gun holster with a fork, he accidentally severed the cornea in his right eye when the fork slipped. While his vision was saved, the accident left that eye extremely sensitive to light. On the field he was among the first to wear a helmet fitted with a tinted plastic visor covering the eyes, leading to nicknames like "Darth Vader" and "Black Sunshine."

Personal life
McMahon met Nancy Daines at BYU, and the couple married in 1982 after four years of dating. They had four children together and divorced in 2009. He was in a romantic relationship with Laurie Navon, who was cited in the Sports Illustrated article where his health was discussed. The specifics of his relationship with Navon are not known, but more recent media reports currently have him in a relationship with Mayra Montoya.

title: Jim McMahon


text:
2000 in film

The year 2000 in film involved some significant events. The top grosser worldwide was Mission: Impossible 2. Domestically in North America, Gladiator won the Academy Awards for Best Picture and Best Actor (Russell Crowe). Dinosaur was the most expensive film of 2000 and a box-office success.

Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 2000 by worldwide gross are as follows:

2000 box office records

 * Chicken Run became the highest-grossing stop motion animated film ever.
 * Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas's $55.1 million opening weekend became the highest debut for a Christmas-themed film. It had the highest opening weekend for a Jim Carrey film and a Ron Howard film, surpassing both Batman Forever and Ransom simultaneously.

By country/region

 * List of American films of 2000
 * List of Argentine films of 2000
 * List of Australian films of 2000
 * List of Bangladeshi films of 2000
 * List of British films of 2000
 * List of Canadian films of 2000
 * List of French films of 2000
 * List of Hong Kong films of 2000
 * List of Indian films of 2000
 * List of Bengali films of 2000
 * List of Hindi films of 2000
 * List of Kannada films of 2000
 * List of Malayalam films of 2000
 * List of Marathi films of 2000
 * List of Punjabi films of 2000
 * List of Tamil films of 2000
 * List of Telugu films of 2000
 * List of Japanese films of 2000
 * List of Mexican films of 2000
 * List of Pakistani films of 2000
 * List of Russian films of 2000
 * List of South Korean films of 2000
 * List of Spanish films of 2000

By genre/medium

 * List of action films of 2000
 * List of animated feature films of 2000
 * List of avant-garde films of 2000
 * List of crime films of 2000
 * List of comedy films of 2000
 * List of drama films of 2000
 * List of horror films of 2000
 * List of science fiction films of 2000
 * List of thriller films of 2000
 * List of western films of 2000

Births
March 5 – Reiky de Valk, Dutch actor (d. 2023)
 * January 7 – Marcus Scribner, American actor
 * January 8 – Noah Cyrus, American actress and singer
 * January 9 – Gordon Maeda, Japanese actor
 * January 10 – Reneé Rapp, American actress and singer
 * January 11 – Jamie Bick, German actress
 * January 17 – Chani, South Korean actor
 * January 19 – Asahi Ito, Japanese actor
 * January 21 – Eito Konishi, Japanese actor
 * January 26 – Ester Expósito, Spanish actress
 * January 28 – Julia Lester, American actress
 * January 30
 * Markella Kavenagh, Australian actress
 * Frida Argento, Swedish actress
 * February 5
 * Esmé Creed-Miles, English actress
 * Jordan Nagai, American former child voice actor
 * February 9 – Evan Roe, American actor
 * February 10 – Yara Shahidi, American actress
 * February 12 – Asuka Kawazu, Japanese actress
 * February 22 – Celia Rose Gooding, American actress and singer
 * February 23 – Christian Martyn, Canadian actor
 * February 25
 * Tucker Albrizzi, American actor
 * Laura Ann Kesling, American actress
 * February 27 – Tsuyoshi Furukawa, Japanese singer and actor
 * February 28 – Jonathan Daviss, American actor
 * March 6 – Jacob Bertrand, American actor
 * March 21
 * Lorenzo Zurzolo, Italian actor
 * Jace Norman, American actor
 * March 22
 * Pawat Chittsawangdee, Thai actor
 * Zoe Terakes, Australian actor
 * March 27
 * Halle Bailey, American actress
 * Sophie Nélisse, Canadian actress
 * March 31 – Ruby Cruz, American actress
 * April 9 – Brenock O'Connor, English actor
 * April 11
 * Milly Alcock, Australian actress
 * Morgan Lily, American actress and model
 * April 13 – Suzanne Lindon, French actress and filmmaker
 * April 16 – Bruna Carvalho, Brazilian actress
 * April 20 – Abigail Duhon, American Christian musician and actress
 * April 22 – Billy Price, English actor
 * May 4 – Nicholas Hamilton, Australian actor
 * May 7 – Maxwell Perry Cotton, American actor
 * May 13 – Antonio Cipriano, American actor
 * May 18 – Addison Holley, Canadian actress
 * May 23 – Ella Rappich, Swedish actress born in South Africa
 * May 30 – Jared S. Gilmore, American actor
 * June 1 – Willow Shields, American actress
 * June 2 - Lilimar Hernandez, American actress
 * June 13 – Daniella Perkins, American actress
 * June 14 – Thomaz Costa, Brazilian actor
 * June 15 – Ouyang Nana, Taiwanese actress, singer and musician
 * June 17 – Odessa A'zion, American actress
 * June 21 - Natalie Alyn Lind, American actress
 * June 22 - Sean Kaufman, American actor
 * June 23
 * Kim Hyunsoo, South Korean actress
 * Earl Cave, English actor
 * Caitlin Blackwood, Scottish actress
 * June 25 – Iman Benson, American actress
 * July 7 – Jamie Flatters, English actor and filmmaker
 * July 8 – Benjamin Stockham, American actor
 * July 9 – Courtney Grosbeck, American actress and model
 * July 13
 * Lucas Lynggaard Tønnesen, Danish actor
 * Malia Pyles, American actress
 * July 14 – Maia Reficco, American actress and singer
 * July 15 – Julio Peña Fernández, Spanish actor
 * July 16 – Jonathan Morgan Heit, American actor
 * July 17 – Nico Liersch, German actor
 * July 19 – Owen Joyner, American actor
 * July 22 – Kaori Oinuma, Filipino-Japanese actress and model
 * July 23 – Malte Gårdinger, Swedish actor
 * July 25
 * Meg Donnelly, American actress
 * Preston Bailey, American Actor
 * July 26 – Thomasin McKenzie, New Zealand actress
 * July 29 – Lino Facioli, Brazilian actor
 * July 31 – Kim Sae-ron, South Korean actress
 * August 3 – Landry Bender, American actress
 * August 9 – Kim Hyang-gi, South Korean actress
 * August 16 – Lacey Dover, American actress
 * August 20 – Fátima Ptacek, American actress and activist
 * August 24 – Griffin Gluck, American actor
 * August 29 – Minami Hamabe, Japanese actress
 * August 31 – Mia Jenkins, English actress
 * September 1 - Cassady McClincy, American actress
 * September 3 – Ashley Boettcher, American actress
 * September 4 – Ruby Stokes, English actress
 * September 11 – Grayson Maxwell Gurnsey, Canadian actor
 * September 12 – Becky Zhu Wu, Mexican actress
 * September 13 – Siddharth Nigam, Indian actor
 * September 14 – Ritvik Sahore, Indian actor
 * September 15 – Mallika Singh, Indian actress
 * September 22 – Michael Rainey Jr., American actor
 * September 23 – Kalani Hilliker, American dancer and actress
 * September 25 – Anna Lambe, Canadian Inuk actress from Iqaluit, Nunavut
 * September 28 – Frankie Jonas, American actor
 * October 6
 * Klara Castanho, Brazilian actress
 * Addison Rae, American social media personality and actress
 * Isobelle Molloy, English actress
 * October 10 – Aedin Mincks, American actor
 * October 14 – Mekai Curtis, American actor
 * October 18
 * Sophie Thatcher, American actress
 * Conor Sherry, American actor
 * October 26 – Ellery Sprayberry, American actress and voice
 * October 27 – Lucie Zhang, French actress
 * October 31 – Willow Smith, American singer and actress
 * November 7 – Dara Reneé, American actress
 * November 8 – Jade Pettyjohn, American actress
 * November 10 – Mackenzie Foy, American model and actress
 * November 18 – Arabella Morton, Australian actress
 * November 22 – Auliʻi Cravalho, American actress and singer
 * November 28
 * Jackson Yee, Chinese actor and singer
 * Kaitlyn Bernard, Canadian actress
 * December 9 – Jaren Lewison, American actor
 * December 12
 * Devyn Nekoda, Canadian actress
 * Lucas Jade Zumann, American actor
 * December 16
 * Rachelle Henry, American actress and filmmaker
 * Lance Lim, American actor
 * December 18 – Korapat Kirdpan, Thai actor
 * December 19 – Yuumi Kawai, Japanese actress
 * December 28 – Larissa Manoela, Brazilian actress
 * Thomas Weatherall, Australian actor

title: 2000 in film


text:
Baby (disambiguation)

A baby, or infant, is the very young offspring of human beings. Or, by extension, it can refer to a young animal.

Baby, Babies, or The Baby may also refer to:

Aircraft

 * Avro Baby, a British single-seat light sporting biplane
 * Sopwith Baby, a seaplane used by the British Royal Naval Air Service from 1915
 * Supermarine Baby, a British flying boat fighter aircraft of the First World War
 * Wight Baby, a British seaplane fighter which first flew in 1916

Characters

 * Baby (Dragon Ball), in the anime Dragon Ball GT
 * Baby, in the Super Monkey Ball series of video games
 * Circus Baby, in the Five Nights at Freddy's series of video games
 * Scrap Baby, an broken-down version of Circus Baby from Freddy Fazbear's Pizzeria Simulator
 * Baby, in the 2017 film Baby Driver, played by Ansel Elgort
 * Frances "Baby" Houseman, in the 1987 film Dirty Dancing, played by actress Jennifer Grey
 * Baby Sinclair, in the television sitcom Dinosaurs

Films

 * Baby (1915 film), an American silent comedy starring Oliver Hardy
 * Baby, a 1932 German film starring Anny Ondra
 * Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend, a 1985 American film directed by Bill L. Norton
 * Baby (2000 film), an American television film featuring Alison Pill
 * Baby (2002 film), a German drama film
 * Baby (2007 film), an American independent film starring David Huynh
 * Baby (2010 film), a British short film
 * Baby (2015 Tamil film), a horror film
 * Baby (2015 Hindi film), an Indian action spy thriller film starring Akshay Kumar
 * Baby (2016 film), an Indian Odia film
 * Baby (2020 film), a Spanish psychological thriller film
 * Baby (2023 film), an Indian romantic drama film
 * Baby (2024 film), a Brazilian drama film
 * Babies (film), a 2010 documentary by Thomas Balmes
 * The Baby (film), a 1973 American horror thriller film starring Anjanette Comer

Literature

 * Baby (MacLachlan novel), a 1995 novel by Patricia MacLachlan
 * Baby (Thorup novel), a 1973 novel by Kirsten Thorup

Labels

 * Baby Records (disambiguation), multiple record labels

Musicians

 * Baby (band), a 1970s American southern rock band from Texas
 * The Babies, an American rock band formed in 2009
 * The Babys, a 1970s British rock group
 * Baby (rapper), American rapper Bryan Christopher Williams (born 1969), also known as Birdman

Albums

 * Baby (The Burning Hell album), 2009
 * Baby (The Detroit Cobras album), 2005
 * Baby (White Hinterland album) or the title song, 2014
 * Baby (Yello album), 1991
 * Baby, by Bosque Brown, 2009
 * The Babies (album), by the Babies, 2011
 * The Babys (album), by the Babys, 1977

Songs

 * "Baby" (Aitch and Ashanti song), 2022
 * "Baby" (Angie Stone song), 2007
 * "Baby" (Anton Powers and Pixie Lott song), 2017
 * "Baby" (Ashanti song), 2002
 * "Baby" (Aya Nakamura song), 2023
 * "Baby" (Brandy song), 1994
 * "Baby" (Charli XCX song), 2022
 * "Baby" (Clean Bandit song), 2018
 * "Baby" (Fabolous song), 2005
 * "Baby" (Justin Bieber song), 2010
 * "Baby" (LL Cool J song), 2008
 * "Baby" (Lloyd Cole song), 1996
 * "Baby" (Madame song), 2020
 * "Baby" (Pnau song), 2008
 * "Baby" (Quality Control, Lil Baby and DaBaby song), 2019
 * "Baby" (Royal Republic song), 2016
 * "Baby" (Wilma Burgess song), 1965
 * "B-A-B-Y", by Carla Thomas, 1966
 * "Baby (You've Got What It Takes)", by Dinah Washington and Brook Benton, 1960
 * "Baby: Drive Me Crazy", by Chantay Savage, 1996
 * "Babies" (song), by Pulp, 1992
 * "I Wanna Have Your Babies", first released as "Babies", by Natasha Bedingfield, 2007
 * "The Baby" (song), by Blake Shelton, 2003
 * "Baby", by Alcazar from Disco Defenders, 2009
 * "Baby", by Bakermat, 2017
 * "Baby", by Beach House from B-Sides and Rarities, 2017
 * "Baby", by the Bird and the Bee from Ray Guns Are Not Just the Future, 2009
 * "Baby", by Bishop Briggs, 2018
 * "Baby", by Brittany Howard from Jaime, 2019
 * "Baby", by Caetano Veloso and Gal Costa from Tropicalia: ou Panis et Circenses, 1968
 * "Baby", by Celine Dion from Courage, 2019
 * "Baby", by Eminem from The Marshall Mathers LP 2, 2013
 * "Baby", by Exo from XOXO, 2013
 * "Baby", by Iggy Pop from The Idiot, 1977
 * "Baby", by Joker Bra (Capital Bra) and Vize, 2020
 * "Baby", by Karol G from Ocean, 2019
 * "Baby", by Kylie Minogue, a B-side of "Love at First Sight", 2001
 * "Baby", by Logic from Supermarket, 2019
 * "Baby", by Madison Beer from Life Support, 2021
 * "Baby", by Martha Wainwright from Martha Wainwright, 2005
 * "Baby", by Melody Club from Face the Music, 2004
 * "Baby", by Nicki Nicole from Parte de Mí, 2021
 * "Baby", by Prince from For You, 1978
 * "Baby", by Relient K from Forget and Not Slow Down, 2009
 * "Baby", by Ridsa, 2014
 * "Baby", by Rufus Wainwright from Rufus Wainwright, 1998
 * "Baby", by Sage the Gemini, 2021
 * "Baby", by Serj Tankian from Elect the Dead, 2007
 * "Baby", by Tenacious D from The Pick of Destiny, 2006
 * "Babies", by Kyle from Light of Mine, 2018

Series

 * Babies (TV series), a 2020 American documentary streaming series
 * Baby (Italian TV series), a 2018–2020 teen drama streaming series
 * Baby (Pakistani TV series), a 2017 drama series
 * The Baby (TV series), an HBO horror comedy series

Episodes

 * "Baby" (The Dumping Ground)
 * "Baby" (Supernatural)
 * "The Baby" (Dynasty)

Other arts and entertainment

 * Babies (Černý), a series of sculptures by David Černý
 * Baby (musical), a 1983 musical by David Shire and Richard Maltby, Jr.

People

 * Baby (nickname), a list of people
 * Baby (surname), a list of people
 * Baby Halder (born 1973), Indian writer
 * Baby Huwae (1939–1989), Indonesian actress and singer
 * Baby Spice, Emma Bunton (born 1976), from Spice Girls
 * Baby (director), A. G. Baby (fl. 1973–1991), Indian film director
 * Baby (rapper) or Birdman, Bryan Williams (born 1969), American rapper
 * Baby, Shannon McNeill, performer with the World Championship Wrestling dance team the Nitro Girls

Places

 * Baby, Gmina Odolanów in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland
 * Baby, Gmina Ostrów Wielkopolski in Greater Poland Voivodeship, west-central Poland
 * Baby, Kutno County in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland
 * Baby, Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland
 * Baby, Piotrków County in Łódź Voivodeship, central Poland
 * Baby, Seine-et-Marne, a commune of the Seine-et-Marne département, France
 * Baby, Silesian Voivodeship, south Poland

Other uses

 * "Baby", a term of endearment
 * Baby cell or C battery, a common size of battery
 * Manchester Baby, the first electronic stored-program computer
 * Baby! 1, an early portable microcomputer
 * Babys (mythology), a character in Greek mythology

title: Baby (disambiguation)


text:
OK

OK, with spelling variations including okay, okeh, O.K., ok and Ok, as well as k in texting, is an English word (originating in American English) denoting approval, acceptance, agreement, assent, acknowledgment, or a sign of indifference. OK is frequently used as a loanword in other languages. It has been described as the most frequently spoken or written word on the planet.

The origin of OK is disputed; however, most modern reference works hold that it originated around Boston as part of a fad in the late 1830s of abbreviating misspellings; that it is an initialism of "oll korrect" as a misspelling of "all correct". This origin was first described by linguist Allen Walker Read in the 1960s.

As an adjective, OK principally means "adequate" or "acceptable" as a contrast to "bad" ("The boss approved this, so it is OK to send out"); it can also mean "mediocre" when used in contrast with "good" ("The french fries were great, but the burger was just OK"). It fulfills a similar role as an adverb ("Wow, you did OK for your first time skiing!"). As an interjection, it can denote compliance ("OK, I will do that"), or agreement ("OK, that is fine"). It can mean "assent" when it is used as a noun ("the boss gave her the OK to the purchase") or, more colloquially, as a verb ("the boss OKed the purchase"). OK, as an adjective, can express acknowledgement without approval. As a versatile discourse marker or continuer, it can also be used with appropriate intonation to show doubt or to seek confirmation ("OK?", "Is that OK?"). Some of this variation in use and shape of the word is also found in other languages.

Etymologies
Many explanations for the origin of the expression have been suggested, but few have been discussed seriously by linguists. The following proposals have found mainstream recognition.

Boston abbreviation fad
The etymology that most reference works provide today is based on a survey of the word's early history in print: a series of six articles by Allen Walker Read in the journal American Speech in 1963 and 1964. He tracked the spread and evolution of the word in American newspapers and other written documents, and later throughout the rest of the world. He also documented controversy surrounding OK and the history of its folk etymologies, both of which are intertwined with the history of the word itself. Read argues that, at the time of the expression's first appearance in print, a broader fad existed in the United States of "comical misspellings" and of forming and employing acronyms, themselves based on colloquial speech patterns:

"The abbreviation fad began in Boston in the summer of 1838 ... and used expressions like OFM, "our first men," NG, "no go," GT, "gone to Texas," and SP, "small potatoes." Many of the abbreviated expressions were exaggerated misspellings, a stock in trade of the humorists of the day. One predecessor of OK was OW, "oll wright.""

The general fad is speculated to have existed in spoken or informal written U.S. English for a decade or more before its appearance in newspapers. OK's original presentation as "all correct" was later varied with spellings such as "Oll Korrect" or even "Ole Kurreck".

The term appears to have achieved national prominence in 1840, when supporters of the Democratic political party claimed during the 1840 United States presidential election that it stood for "Old Kinderhook", a nickname for the Democratic president and candidate for reelection, Martin Van Buren, a native of Kinderhook, New York. "Vote for OK" was snappier than using his Dutch name. In response, Whig opponents attributed OK, in the sense of "Oll Korrect", to the bad spelling of Andrew Jackson, Van Buren's predecessor. The country-wide publicity surrounding the election appears to have been a critical event in OK's history, widely and suddenly popularizing it across the United States.

Read proposed an etymology of OK in "Old Kinderhook" in 1941. The evidence presented in that article was somewhat sparse, and the connection to "Oll Korrect" not fully elucidated. Various challenges to the etymology were presented; e.g., Heflin's 1962 article. However, Read's landmark 1963–1964 papers silenced most of the skepticism. Read's etymology gained immediate acceptance, and is now offered without reservation in most dictionaries. Read himself was nevertheless open to evaluating alternative explanations:

"Some believe that the Boston newspaper's reference to OK may not be the earliest. Some are attracted to the claim that it is of American-Indian origin. There is an Indian word, okeh, used as an affirmative reply to a question. Mr Read treated such doubting calmly. "Nothing is absolute," he once wrote, "nothing is forever.""

Choctaw
In "All Mixed Up", the folk singer Pete Seeger sang that OK was of Choctaw origin, as the dictionaries of the time tended to agree. Three major American reference works (Webster's, New Century, Funk & Wagnalls) cited this etymology as the probable origin until as late as 1961.

The earliest written evidence for the Choctaw origin is provided in work by the Christian missionaries Cyrus Byington and Alfred Wright in 1825. These missionaries ended many sentences in their translation of the Bible with the particle "okeh", meaning "it is so", which was listed as an alternative spelling in the 1913 Webster's.

Byington's Dictionary of the Choctaw Language confirms the ubiquity of the "okeh" particle, and his Grammar of the Choctaw Language calls the particle -keh an "affirmative contradistinctive", with the "distinctive" o- prefix.

"Subsequent Choctaw spelling books de-emphasized the spellings lists in favor of straight prose, and they made use of the particle[,] but they too never included it in the word lists or discussed it directly. The presumption was that the use of particle "oke" or "hoke" was so common and self-evident as to preclude any need for explanation or discussion for either its Choctaw or non-Choctaw readership."

The Choctaw language was one of the languages spoken at this time in the Southeastern United States by a tribe with significant contact with African slaves. The major language of trade in this area, Mobilian Jargon, was based on Choctaw-Chickasaw, two Muskogean-family languages. This language was used, in particular, for communication with the slave-owning Cherokee (an Iroquoian-family language). For the three decades prior to the Boston abbreviation fad, the Choctaw had been in extensive negotiation with the U.S. government, after having fought alongside them at the Battle of New Orleans.

Arguments for a more Southern origin for the word note the tendency of English to adopt loan words in language contact situations, as well as the ubiquity of the OK particle. Similar particles exist in native language groups distinct from Iroquoian (Algonquian, Cree cf. "ekosi").

West African
An early attestation of the particle 'kay' is found in a 1784 transcription of a North Carolina slave, who, seeking to avoid being flogged, explained being found asleep in the canoe he had been ordered to bring to a certain place to pick up a European exploring near his newly-purchased property :

"Kay, massa, you just leave me, me sit here, great fish jump up into da canoe, here he be, massa, fine fish, massa; me den very grad; den me sit very still, until another great fish jump into de canoe; but me fall asleep..."

A West African (Mande and/or Bantu) etymology has been argued in scholarly sources, tracing the word back to word waw-kay or the Mande (aka "Mandinke" or "Mandingo") phrase o ke.

David Dalby first made the claim that the particle OK could have African origins in the 1969 Hans Wolff Memorial Lecture. His argument was reprinted in various newspaper articles between 1969 and 1971. This suggestion has also been mentioned by Joseph Holloway, who argued in the 1993 book The African Heritage of American English (co-written with a retired missionary) that various West African languages have near-homophone discourse markers with meanings such as "yes indeed" or which serve as part of the back-channeling repertoire. Frederic Cassidy challenged Dalby's claims, asserting that there is no documentary evidence that any of these African-language words had any causal link with its use in the American press.

The West African hypothesis had not been accepted by 1981 by any etymologists, yet has since appeared in scholarly sources published by linguists and non-linguists alike.

Alternative etymologies
A large number of origins have been proposed. Some of them are thought to fall into the category of folk etymology and are proposed based merely on apparent similarity between OK and one or another phrase in a foreign language with a similar meaning and sound. Some examples are:

 * A corruption from the speech of the large number of descendants of Scottish and Ulster Scots (Scots-Irish) immigrants to North America, of the common Scots phrase och aye ("oh yes").
 * A borrowing of the Greek phrase όλα καλά (óla kalá), meaning "all good".

Early history in print
Allen Walker Read identifies the earliest known use of O.K. in print as 1839, in the edition of 23 March of the Boston Morning Post. The announcement of a trip by the Anti-Bell-Ringing Society (a "frolicsome group" according to Read) received attention from the Boston papers. Charles Gordon Greene wrote about the event using the line that is widely regarded as the first instance of this strain of OK, complete with gloss:

"The above is from the Providence Journal, the editor of which is a little too quick on the trigger, on this occasion. We said not a word about our deputation passing "through the city" of Providence.—We said our brethren were going to New York in the Richmond, and they did go, as per Post of Thursday. The "Chairman of the Committee on Charity Lecture Bells," is one of the deputation, and perhaps if he should return to Boston, via Providence, he of the Journal, and his train-band, would have his "contribution box," et ceteras, o.k.—all correct—and cause the corks to fly, like sparks, upward."

Read gives a number of subsequent appearances in print. Seven instances were accompanied with glosses that were variations on "all correct" such as "oll korrect" or "ole kurreck", but five appeared with no accompanying explanation, suggesting that the word was expected to be well known to readers and possibly in common colloquial use at the time.

Various claims of earlier usage have been made. For example, it was claimed that the phrase appeared in a 1790 court record from Sumner County, Tennessee, discovered in 1859 by a Tennessee historian named Albigence Waldo Putnam, in which Andrew Jackson apparently said "proved a bill of sale from Hugh McGary to Gasper Mansker, for a Negro man, which was O.K.". The lawyer who successfully argued many Indian rights claims, Felix S. Cohen, supported the Jacksonian popularization of the term based on its Choctaw origin: "When Andrew Jackson popularized a word that his Choctaw neighbors always used in their councils to signify agreement, the aristocrats he threw out of office, always grasping at a chance to ridicule backwoods illiteracy, accused him of abbreviating and misspelling "All Correct". But O.K. (or okeh, in Choctaw) does not mean "all correct"; it means that we have reached a point where practical agreement is possible, however far from perfection it may lie."

David Dalby brought up a 1941 reference dating the term to 1815. The apparent notation "we arrived ok" appears in the hand-written diary of William Richardson traveling from Boston to New Orleans about a month after the Battle of New Orleans. However, Frederic Cassidy asserts that he personally tracked down this diary, writing: "After many attempts to track down this diary, Read and I at last discovered that it is owned by the grandson of the original writer, Professor L. Richardson, Jr., of the Department of Classical Studies at Duke University. Through his courtesy we were able to examine this manuscript carefully, to make greatly enlarged photographs of it, and to become convinced (as is Richardson) that, whatever the marks in the manuscript are, they are not OK."

Similarly, H. L. Mencken, who originally considered it "very clear that 'o. k.' is actually in the manuscript", later recanted his endorsement of the expression, asserting that it was used no earlier than 1839. Mencken (following Read) described the diary entry as a misreading of the author's self-correction, and stated it was in reality the first two letters of the words a h[andsome] before noticing the phrase had been used in the previous line and changing his mind.

Another example given by Dalby is a Jamaican planter's diary of 1816, which records a black slave saying "Oh ki, massa, doctor no need be fright, we no want to hurt him". Cassidy asserts that this is a misreading of the source, which actually begins "Oh, ki, massa ...", where ki is a phrase by itself:

"In all other examples of this interjection that I have found, it is simply ki (once spelled kie). As here, it expresses surprise, amusement, satisfaction, mild expostulation, and the like. It has nothing like the meaning of the adjective OK, which in the earliest recorded examples means 'all right, good,' though it later acquires other meanings, but even when used as an interjection does not express surprise, expostulation, or anything similar."

Variations
Whether this word is printed as OK, Ok, ok, okay, or O.K. is a matter normally resolved in the style manual for the publication involved. Dictionaries and style guides such as The Chicago Manual of Style and The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage provide no consensus.

Gesture
In the United States and much of Europe a related gesture is made by touching the index finger with the thumb (forming a rough circle) and raising of the remaining fingers. It is not known whether the gesture is derived from the expression, or if the gesture appeared first. The gesture was popularized in the United States in 1840 as a symbol to support then-presidential candidate and incumbent vice president Martin Van Buren. This was because Van Buren's nickname, Old Kinderhook, derived from his hometown of Kinderhook, NY, had the initials O.K. Similar gestures have different meanings in other cultures, some offensive, others devotional.

Computers

OK is used to label buttons in modal dialog boxes such as error messages or print dialogs, indicating that the user can press the button to accept the contents of the dialog box and continue. When the dialog box contains only one button, it is almost always labeled OK. When there are two buttons, they are most commonly labeled OK and Cancel. OK is commonly rendered in upper case and without punctuation: OK, rather than O.K. or Okay. The OK button can probably be traced to user interface research done for the Apple Lisa.

The Forth programming language prints ok when ready to accept input from the keyboard. This prompt is used on Sun, Apple, and other computers with the Forth-based Open Firmware (OpenBoot). The appearance of ok in inappropriate contexts is the subject of some humor.

In the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), upon which the World Wide Web is based, a successful response from the server is defined as OK (with the numerical code 200 as specified in RFC 2616). The Session Initiation Protocol also defines a response, 200 OK, which conveys success for most requests (RFC 3261).

Some Linux distributions, including those based on Red Hat Linux, display boot progress on successive lines on-screen, which include [ OK ].

In Unicode
Several Unicode characters are related to visual renderings of OK:

title: OK


text:
Jack Dunn (baseball)

John Joseph Dunn (October 6, 1872 – October 22, 1928) was an American pitcher and infielder in Major League Baseball at the turn of the 20th century who later became a minor league baseball club owner.

Early life and playing career

Dunn was born in Meadville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Bayonne, New Jersey. When he was nine, a boxcar ran over his left arm while playing at a local railway. He was told by doctors that his arm had to be either amputated or risk death. He declined an amputation, but his arm was left crippled from above the elbow and couldn't lift the arm above his neck.

In 1896 Dunn played for Toronto in the Eastern League, and the following year he reached the major leagues as a pitcher for the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. He bounced around the majors for seven years, having one good season with the Bridegrooms in 1899, with a 23–13 record. When he wasn't playing, Dunn studied how the game worked from the sidelines. He was also a third baseman and shortstop. After 1904, he pitched and managed in the minors for a few seasons, winning an International League pennant in 1905.

Minor league ownership
In 1907, Dunn took over as manager of the Baltimore Orioles, a minor league club with no connection to the current major league team by that name. He bought the team on November 16, 1909, for $70,000. He allegedly received a $10,000 loan from Philadelphia Athletics owner/manager Connie Mack. He developed a minor league powerhouse by scouting and developing his own players. He allegedly signed players by how they looked instead of skill, sometimes never seeing a player play before offering a contract.

In 1914, the Orioles were running away with the league pennant but losing money at the box office because of a rival team in town from the new aspiring "third major league", the Federal League. The Baltimore Terrapins played at their new steel-beamed modern stadium, Terrapin Park, which was across the street from his older "American League Park" of 1901 from the club's days in the beginnings of the "upstart" American League. To make his payroll, Dunn had to move the team to Richmond, Virginia, and sell off his star player, Babe Ruth, and 11 other players to the majors. He later said that selling Ruth was his biggest regret. Dunn was indirectly responsible for Ruth's famous nickname, with Ruth's teammates referring to him as "Dunn's $10,000 Babe" for the price he drew.

The team moved back to Baltimore in 1916, and Dunn again put together a juggernaut, ultimately signing 10 more players who went on to have solid major league careers. The best of these was pitcher Lefty Grove, who went 109–36 as an Oriole between 1920 and 1924. By that time, Dunn's team was in the midst of winning seven straight International League championships, many by huge margins. In addition to Grove, Dunn discovered other quality major leaguers such as Ernie Shore, Jack Bentley, Tommy Thomas, George Earnshaw, and Dick Porter.

Dunn's team was regarded as the equal of many major league teams, and he kept them so by refusing to trade or sell players to the majors. It wasn't until the 1925 off-season, when the other, struggling teams in the league made an agreement with the majors on a set price for transferring players, that Dunn finally relented and began selling his stars for money. His team won one more league title in 1925 and then dropped back into the pack.

Dunn's son, Jack Dunn Jr., played for the Orioles in 1914, 1918, and 1922, and was secretary and co-manager for several years until his death from pneumonia in 1923. Dunn's grandson, Jack Dunn III (1921-1987), managed the club in 1949.

Dunn ran the Orioles until his death from a heart attack in Baltimore on October 22, 1928.

title: Jack Dunn (baseball)