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South Tyrol

South Tyrol (Südtirol, ; Alto Adige, ; Südtirol) is an autonomous province in northern Italy. An English translation of the official German and Italian names could be the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, reflecting the multilingualism and different naming conventions in the area. Together with the autonomous province of Trento, South Tyrol forms the autonomous region of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. The province is the northernmost of Italy, the second largest with an area of 7400 km2, and has a total population of about 534,000 inhabitants as of 2021. Its capital and largest city is Bolzano (Bozen; Balsan or Bulsan).

The province is granted a considerable level of self-government, consisting of a large range of exclusive legislative and executive powers and a fiscal regime that allows it to retain 90% of revenue, while remaining a net contributor to the national budget. As of 2016, South Tyrol is the wealthiest province in Italy and among the wealthiest in the European Union.

In the wider context of the European Union, the province is one of the three members of the Tyrol–South Tyrol–Trentino Euroregion, which corresponds almost exactly to the historical region of Tyrol. The other members are the Austrian federal state Tyrol to the north and east, and the Italian autonomous province of Trento to the south.

According to the 2011 census, 62.3% of the population used German as their first language (standard German in the written form and the South Tyrolean dialect of Austro-Bavarian in the spoken form); 23.4% of the population spoke Italian, mainly in and around the two largest cities (Bolzano, with an Italian-speaking majority, and Meran, with a slight German-speaking majority); 4.1% spoke Ladin, a Rhaeto-Romance language; 10.2% of the population (mainly recent immigrants) spoke another native language in addition to Italian and German. Of 116 South Tyrolean municipalities, 103 have a German-speaking, eight a Ladin-speaking, and five an Italian-speaking majority. The Italianization of South Tyrol and the settlement of Italians from the rest of Italy after 1918 significantly modified local demographics.

Name

South Tyrol (occasionally South Tirol) is the term most commonly used in English for the province, and its usage reflects that it was created from a portion of the southern part of the historic County of Tyrol, a former state of the Holy Roman Empire and crown land of the Austrian Empire of the Habsburgs. German and Ladin speakers usually refer to the area as Südtirol; the Italian equivalent Sudtirolo (sometimes parsed Sud Tirolo ) is becoming increasingly common.

Alto Adige (literally translated in English: "Upper Adige"), one of the Italian names for the province, is also used in English. The term had been the name of political subdivisions along the Adige River in the time of Napoleon Bonaparte, who created the Department of Alto Adige, part of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy. It was reused as the Italian name of the current province after its post-World War I creation, and was a symbol of the subsequent forced Italianization of South Tyrol.

The official name of the province today in German is Autonome Provinz Bozen — Südtirol. German speakers usually refer to it not as a Provinz, but as a Land (like the Länder of Germany and Austria). Provincial institutions are referred to using the prefix Landes-, such as Landesregierung (state government) and Landeshauptmann (governor). The official name in Italian is Provincia autonoma Bolzano — Alto Adige, in Ladin Provinzia autonoma Bulsan — Südtirol.

Annexation by Italy
South Tyrol as an administrative entity originated during the First World War. The Allies promised the area to Italy in the Treaty of London of 1915 as an incentive to enter the war on their side. Until 1918, it was part of the Austro-Hungarian princely County of Tyrol, but this almost completely German-speaking territory was occupied by Italy at the end of the war in November 1918 and was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy in 1919. The province as it exists today was created in 1926 after an administrative reorganization of the Kingdom of Italy, and was incorporated together with the province of Trento into the newly created region of Venezia Tridentina ("Trentine Venetia").

With the rise of Italian Fascism, the new regime made efforts to bring forward the Italianization of South Tyrol. The German language was banished from public service, German teaching was officially forbidden, and German newspapers were censored (with the exception of the fascistic Alpenzeitung). The regime also favoured immigration from other Italian regions.

The subsequent alliance between Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini declared that South Tyrol would not follow the destiny of Austria, which had been annexed by Nazi Germany. Instead the dictators agreed that the German-speaking population be transferred to German-ruled territory or dispersed around Italy, but the outbreak of the Second World War prevented them from fully carrying out their plans. Every citizen was given the choice to give up their German cultural identity and stay in fascist Italy, or to leave their homeland for Nazi Germany to retain their cultural identity. This resulted in the division of South Tyrolese families.

In this tense relationship for the population, Walter Caldonazzi from Mals was part of the resistance group around the priest Heinrich Maier, which passed plans and information about production facilities for V-1 rockets, V-2 rockets, Tiger tanks, Messerschmitt Bf 109, and Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and other aircraft to the Allies. The group planned for an independent Austria with a monarchical form of government after the war, which would include Austria, Bavaria and South Tyrol.

In 1943, when the Italian government signed an armistice with the Allies, the region was occupied by Nazi Germany, which reorganised it as the Operation Zone of the Alpine Foothills and put it under the administration of Gauleiter Franz Hofer. The region was de facto annexed to the German Reich (with the addition of the province of Belluno) until the end of the war. Italian rule was restored in 1945 as the Nazi regime ended.

Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement
After the war, the Allies decided that the province would remain a part of Italy, under the condition that the German-speaking population be granted a significant level of self-government. Italy and Austria negotiated an agreement in 1946, recognizing the rights of the German minority. Alcide De Gasperi, Italy's prime minister, a native of Trentino, wanted to extend the autonomy to his fellow citizens. This led to the creation of the region called Trentino-Alto Adige/Tiroler Etschland. The Gruber–De Gasperi Agreement of September 1946 was signed by the Italian and Austrian Foreign Ministers, creating the autonomous region of Trentino-South Tyrol, consisting of the autonomous provinces of Trentino and South Tyrol. German and Italian were both made official languages, and German-language education was permitted once more. Still Italians were the majority in the combined region.

This, together with the arrival of new Italian-speaking immigrants, led to strong dissatisfaction among South Tyrolese, which culminated in terrorist acts perpetrated by the Befreiungsausschuss Südtirol (BAS – Liberation Committee of South Tyrol). In the first phase, only public edifices and fascist monuments were targeted. The second phase was bloodier, costing 21 lives (15 members of Italian security forces, two civilians, and four terrorists).

Südtirolfrage
The South Tyrolean Question (Südtirolfrage) became an international issue. As the implementation of the post-war agreement was deemed unsatisfactory by the Austrian government, it became a cause of significant friction with Italy and was taken up by the United Nations in 1960. A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but proved unsuccessful, partly because of the campaign of terrorism.

The issue was resolved in 1971, when a new Austro-Italian treaty was signed and ratified. It stipulated that disputes in South Tyrol would be submitted for settlement to the International Court of Justice in The Hague, that the province would receive greater autonomy within Italy, and that Austria would not interfere in South Tyrol's internal affairs. The new agreement proved broadly satisfactory to the parties involved, and the separatist tensions soon eased.

The autonomous status granted in 1972 has resulted in a considerable level of self-government, and also allows the entity to retain almost 90% of all levied taxes.

Autonomy
In 1992, Italy and Austria officially ended their dispute over the autonomy issue on the basis of the agreement of 1972.

The extensive self-government provided by the current institutional framework has been advanced as a model for settling interethnic disputes and for the successful protection of linguistic minorities. This is among the reasons why the Ladin municipalities of Cortina d'Ampezzo/Anpezo, Livinallongo del Col di Lana/Fodom and Colle Santa Lucia/Col have asked in a referendum to be detached from Veneto and reannexed to the province, from which they were separated under the fascist government.

Euroregion
[[Image:Tirol-Suedtirol-Trentino.png|thumb|The Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino corresponds to the historic Tyrol region today (excluding [[Cortina d'Ampezzo|Cortina]], Livinallongo, Pedemonte and Valvestino)

{{legend|#fe7f7f| North and East Tyrol (Austria) }} {{legend|#f7b77b| South Tyrol (Italy) }} {{legend|#7b7bf7| Trentino (Italy) }} ]] In 1996, the Euroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino was formed between the Austrian state of Tyrol and the Italian provinces of South Tyrol and Trentino. The boundaries of the association correspond to the old County of Tyrol. The aim is to promote regional peace, understanding and cooperation in many areas. The region's assemblies meet together as one on various occasions, and have set up a common liaison office with the European Union in Brussels.

Geography
South Tyrol is located at the northernmost point in Italy. The province is bordered by Austria to the east and north, specifically by the Austrian federal states Tyrol and Salzburg, and by the Swiss canton of Graubünden to the west. The Italian provinces of Belluno, Trentino, and Sondrio border to the southeast, south, and southwest, respectively.

The landscape itself is mostly cultivated with different types of shrubs and forests and is highly mountainous.

Entirely located in the Alps, the province's landscape is dominated by mountains. The highest peak is the Ortler (3905 m) in the far west, which is also the highest peak in the Eastern Alps outside the Bernina Range. Even more famous are the craggy peaks of the Dolomites in the eastern part of the region.

The following mountain groups are (partially) in South Tyrol. All but the Sarntal Alps are on the border with Austria, Switzerland, or other Italian provinces. The ranges are clockwise from the west and for each the highest peak is given that is within the province or on its border.

Located between the mountains are many valleys, where the majority of the population lives.

Administrative divisions
The province is divided into eight districts (German: Bezirksgemeinschaften, Italian: ), one of them being the chief city of Bolzano. Each district is headed by a president and two bodies called the district committee and the district council. The districts are responsible for resolving intermunicipal disputes and providing roads, schools, and social services such as retirement homes.

The province is further divided into 116 Gemeinden or comuni.

Climate
Climatically, South Tyrol may be divided into five distinct groups:

The Adige valley area, with cold winters (24-hour averages in January of about 0 C) and warm summers (24-hour averages in July of about 23 C), usually classified as humid subtropical climate — Cfa. It has the driest and sunniest climate of the province. The main city in this area is Bolzano.

The midlands, between 300 and 900 m, with cold winters (24-hour averages in January between -3 and 1 C) and mild summers (24-hour averages in July between 15 and 21 C). This is a typical oceanic climate, classified as Cfb. It is usually wetter than the subtropical climate, and very snowy during the winters. During the spring and autumn, there is an extended foggy season, but fog may occur even on summer mornings. Main towns in this area are Meran, Bruneck, Sterzing, and Brixen. Near the lakes in higher lands (between 1000 and 1400 m) the humidity may make the climate in these regions milder during winter, but also cooler in summer, making it more similar to a subpolar oceanic climate, Cfc.

The alpine valleys between 900 and 1400 m, with a typically humid continental climate — Dfb, covering the largest part of the province. The winters are usually very cold (24-hour averages in January between -8 and -3 C), and the summers, mild with averages between 14 and 19 C. It is a very snowy climate; snow may occur from early October to April or even May. Main municipalities in this area are Urtijëi, Badia, Sexten, Toblach, Stilfs, Vöran, and Mühlwald.

The alpine valleys between 1400 and 1700 m, with a subarctic climate — Dfc, with harsh winters (24-hour averages in January between -9 and -5 C) and cool, short, rainy and foggy summers (24-hour averages in July of about 12 C). These areas usually have five months below the freezing point, and snow sometimes occurs even during the summer, in September. This climate is the wettest of the province, with large rainfalls during the summer, heavy snowfalls during spring and fall. The winter is usually a little drier, marked by freezing and dry weeks, although not sufficiently dry to be classified as a Dwc climate. Main municipalities in this area are Corvara, Sëlva, Santa Cristina Gherdëina.

The highlands above 1700 m, with an alpine tundra climate, ET, which becomes an ice cap climate, EF, above 3000 m. The winters are cold, but sometimes not as cold as the higher valleys' winters. In January, most of the areas at 2000 m have an average temperature of about -5 C, while in the valleys at about 1600 m, the mean temperature may be as low as -8 or. The higher lands, above 3000 m are usually extremely cold, with averages of about -14 C during the coldest month, January.

Geology
The periadriatic seam, which separates the Southern Alps from the Central Alps, runs through South Tyrol in a southwest–northeast direction. In South Tyrol at least three of the four main structural elements of the Alps come to light: the Southern Alpine comes to light south of the periadriatic suture, the Eastern Alpine north of it, and in the northern part of the country, east of the Brenner Pass, the Tauern window, in which the Peninsular and, according to some authors, the Helvetic are visible.

In South Tyrol, the following structure can be roughly recognized: The lowest floor forms the crystalline basement. About 280 million years ago, in the Lower Permian, multiple magmatic events occurred. At that time the Brixen granite was formed at the northern boundary of the Southern Alps, and at about the same time, further south in the Bolzano area, there was strong volcanic activity that formed the Adige Valley volcanic complex. In the Upper Permian a period began in which sedimentary rocks were formed. At first, these were partly clastic sediments, among which the Gröden sandstone is found. In the Triassic, massive carbonate platforms of dolomitic rocks then formed; this process was interrupted in the Middle Triassic by a brief but violent phase of volcanic activity.

In South Tyrol, the Eastern Alps consist mainly of metamorphic rocks, such as gneisses or mica schists, with occasional intercalations of marble and Mesozoic sedimentary rocks with metamorphic overprint (e.g., in the Ortler or southwest of the Brenner). Various metamorphic rocks are found in the Tauern Window, such as Hochstegen marble (as in Wolfendorn), Grünschiefer (as in Hochfeiler), or rocks of the Zentralgneiss (predominantly in the area of the Zillertal Main Ridge).

The province of South Tyrol has placed numerous geological natural monuments under protection. Among the best known are the Bletterbach Gorge, a 12 km (7½ mile) long canyon in the municipality of Aldein, and the Ritten Earth Pyramids, which are the largest in Europe with a height of up to 30 m.

Mountains
According to the Alpine Association, South Tyrol is home to 13 mountain groups of the Eastern Alps, of which only the Sarntal Alps are entirely within national borders. The remaining twelve are (clockwise, starting from the west): Sesvenna Group, Ötztal Alps, Stubai Alps, Zillertal Alps, Venediger Group, Rieserferner Group, Villgratner Mountains, Carnic Alps, Dolomites, Fleimstal Alps, Nonsberg Group and Ortler Alps. Of particular note are the Dolomites, parts of which were recognized by UNESCO in 2009 as a "Dolomite World Heritage Site".

Although some isolated massifs approach 4000 m and show strong glaciation (especially in the Ortler Alps and on the main ridge of the Alps), South Tyrol is by far dominated by mountains with altitudes of between 2000 and 3000 m. Among the multitude of peaks, the Dolomites are the highest in the Alps. Among the large number of peaks, three stand out for their alpine or cultural importance: the Ortler (3905 m) as the highest mountain in South Tyrol, the Schlern (2563 m) as the country's "landmark" and the Drei Zinnen (2999 m) as the center of alpine climbing. Other well-known mountains are the Königspitze (3851 m), the Weißkugel (3739 m), the Similaun (3599 m), the Hochwilde (3480 m), the Sarner Weißhorn (2705 m), the Hochfeiler (3509 m), the Dreiherrnspitze (3499 m), the Hochgall (3436 m), the Peitlerkofel (2875 m), the Langkofel (3181 m) and the Rosengartenspitze (2981 m).

The extensive mountain landscapes, about 34% of the total area of South Tyrol, are alpine pastures (including the 57 km2 of the great Alpe di Siusi). Along the main valleys, the mountain ranges descend in many places to valley bottoms over gently terraced landscapes, which are geological remains of former valley systems; situated between inhospitable high mountains and formerly boggy or deeply incised valley bottoms, these areas known as the "Mittelgebirge" (including, for example, the Schlern area) are of particular importance in terms of settlement history.

Valleys
The three main valleys of South Tyrol are the Adige Valley, the Eisack Valley and the Puster Valley, formed by the Ice Age Adige glacier and its tributaries. The highest part of the Adige valley in western South Tyrol, from Reschen (1507 m) to Töll (approx. 500 m) near Merano, is called Vinschgau; the southernmost section, from Bolzano to Salurner Klause (207 m), is divided into Überetsch and Unterland. From there, the Adige Valley continues in a southerly direction until it merges with the Po plain at Verona.

At Bolzano, the Eisack Valley merges into the Adige Valley. The Eisack Valley runs from Bolzano northeastward to Franzensfeste, where it merges with the Wipp Valley, which runs first northwestward and then northward over the Brenner Pass to Innsbruck. In the town of Brixen, the Eisack Valley meets the Puster Valley, which passes through Bruneck and reaches Lienz via the Toblacher Sattel (1210 m). In addition to the three main valleys, South Tyrol has a large number of side valleys. The most important and populated side valleys are (from west to east) Sulden, Schnals, Ulten, Passeier, Ridnaun, the Sarntal, Pfitsch, Gröden, the Gadertal, the Tauferer Ahrntal and Antholz.

In mountainous South Tyrol, about 64.5% of the total land area is above 1500 m above sea level and only 14% below 1000 m. Therefore, a large part of the population is concentrated in relatively small areas in the valleys at an altitude of between 100 and 1200 m, mainly in the area of the extensive alluvial cones and broad basins. The most densely populated areas are in the Adige valley, where three of the four largest cities, Bolzano, Merano and Laives, are located. The flat valley bottoms are mainly used for agriculture.

Hydrography
The most important river in South Tyrol is the Adige, which rises at the Reschen Pass, flows for a distance of about 140 km to the border at the Salurner Klause, and then flows into the Po Valley and the Adriatic Sea. The Adige, whose total length of 415 km in Italy is exceeded only by the Po, drains 97% of the territory's surface area. Its river system also includes the Eisack, about 100 km long, and the Rienz, about 80 km long, the next two largest rivers in South Tyrol. They are fed by numerous rivers and streams in the tributary valleys. The most important tributaries are the Plima, the Passer, the Falschauer, the Talfer, the Ahr and the Gader. The remaining 3% of the area is drained by the Drava and Inn river systems to the Black Sea and by the Piave river system to the Adriatic Sea, respectively.

In South Tyrol there are 176 natural lakes with an area of more than half a hectare (1¼ acre), most of which are located above 2000 m altitude. Only 13 natural lakes are larger than 5 ha, and only three of them are situated below 1000 m altitude: the Kalterer See (215 m), the Großer (492 m) and the Kleiner Montiggler See (514 m). Fourteen South Tyrolean reservoirs used for energy production include the Reschensee (1498 m), which with an area of 523 ha forms the largest standing body of water in South Tyrol, the Zufrittsee (1850 m) and the Arzkarsee (2250 m).

The natural monuments designated by the province of South Tyrol include numerous hydrological objects, such as streams, waterfalls, moors, glaciers and mountain lakes like the Pragser Wildsee (1494 m), the Karersee (1519 m) or the Spronser Seen (2117 - 2589 m).

Vegetation
Approximately 50% of the area of South Tyrol is covered by forests, another 40% is above 2000 m and thus largely beyond the forest demarcation line, which varies between 1900 and 2200 m. In each case, more than half of the total forest area is located on land with a slope steeper than 20° and at altitudes between 1200 and 1800 m. Approximately 24% of the forest area can be classified as protective forest preserving settlements, traffic routes and other human infrastructure. A 1997 study classified about 35% of South Tyrol's forests as near-natural or natural, about 41% as moderately modified and about 24% as heavily modified or artificial. The forests are found in the valley bottoms.

The flat valley bottoms were originally completely covered with riparian forests, of which only very small remnants remain along the rivers. The remaining areas have given way to settlements and agricultural land. On the valley slopes, sub-Mediterranean mixed deciduous forests are found up to 800 or altitude, characterized mainly by manna ash, hop hornbeam, hackberry, sweet chestnut and downy oak. From about 600 m of altitude, red beech or pine forests can appear instead, colonizing difficult and arid sites (more rarely). At altitudes between 800 and 1500 m, spruce forests are found; between 900 and 2000 m, montane and subalpine spruce forests predominate. The latter are often mixed with tree species such as larch, rowan, white pine and stone pine. The larch and stone pine forests at the upper edge of the forest belt occupy relatively small areas. Beyond the forest edge, subalpine dwarf shrub communities, alpine grasslands and, lately, alpine tundra dominate the landscape as vegetation types.

Politics

The local government system is based upon the provisions of the Italian Constitution and the Autonomy Statute of the Region Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. The 1972 second Statute of Autonomy for Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol devolved most legislative and executive competences from the regional level to the provincial level, creating de facto two separate regions.

The considerable legislative power of the province is vested in an assembly, the Landtag of South Tyrol (German: Südtiroler Landtag; Italian: Consiglio della Provincia Autonoma di Bolzano; Ladin: Cunsëi dla Provinzia Autonoma de Bulsan). The legislative powers of the assembly are defined by the second Statute of Autonomy.

The executive powers are attributed to the government (German: Landesregierung; Italian: Giunta Provinciale) headed by the Landeshauptmann Arno Kompatscher. He belongs to the South Tyrolean People's Party, which has been governing with a parliamentary majority since 1948. South Tyrol is characterized by long sitting presidents, having only had two presidents between 1960 and 2014 (Silvius Magnago 1960–1989, Luis Durnwalder 1989–2014).

A fiscal regime allows the province to retain a large part of most levied taxes, in order to execute and administer its competences. Nevertheless, South Tyrol remains a net contributor to the Italian national budget.

Provincial Government
The provincial government (Landesregierung) of South Tyrol (formerly also called provincial committee, Giunta provinciale in Italian, Junta provinziala in Ladin) consists of a provincial governor and a variable number of provincial councilors. Currently (2021), the provincial government consists of eight provincial councilors and the provincial governor. The deputies of the provincial governor are appointed from among the provincial councilors. The current governor is Arno Kompatscher (SVP), his deputies are the provincial councilors Arnold Schuler (SVP), Giuliano Vettorato (LN) and Daniel Alfreider (SVP).

The Governor and the Provincial Councilors are elected by Parliament by secret ballot with an absolute majority of votes. The composition of the provincial government must in any case reflect the proportional distribution of the German and Italian language groups in the provincial parliament. In the past, this provision prevented the German-dominated South Tyrol People's Party (SVP) from governing alone and allowed Italian parties to participate in the provincial government. Since the Ladin language group, with just under 4% of South Tyrol's resident population, has little electoral potential, a separate provision in the autonomy statute allows Ladin representation in the provincial government regardless of their proportional representation in the provincial parliament.

Secessionist movement
Given the region's historical and cultural association with neighboring Austria, calls for the secession of South Tyrol and its reunification with Austria do surface from time to time among some minor groups of German-speakers, although falling short of a majority in the province, the majority does not support a separation. Among the political parties that support South Tyrol's reunification into Austria are South Tyrolean Freedom, Die Freiheitlichen and Citizens' Union for South Tyrol.

Economy
In 2016 South Tyrol had a GDP per capita of €42,600, making it the richest province in Italy and one of the richest in the European Union.

The unemployment level in 2007 was roughly 2.4% (2.0% for men and 3.0% for women). Residents are employed in a variety of sectors, from agriculture — the province is a large producer of apples, and its South Tyrol wine are also renowned — to industry to services, especially tourism. Spas located on the Italian Alps have become a favorite for tourists seeking wellness.

South Tyrol is home to numerous mechanical engineering companies, some of which are the global market leaders in their sectors: the Leitner Group that specializes in cable cars and wind energy, TechnoAlpin AG, which is the global market leader in snow-making technology and the snow groomer company Prinoth.

The unemployment rate stood at 3.8% in 2020.

Transport
The region is, together with northern and eastern Tyrol, an important transit point between southern Germany and Northern Italy. Freights by road and rail pass through here. One of the most important highways is the A22, also called the Autostrada del Brennero. It connects to the Brenner Autobahn in Austria.

The vehicle registration plate of South Tyrol is the two-letter provincial code Bz for the capital city, Bolzano. Along with the autonomous Trentino ( Tn ) and Aosta Valley ( Ao ), South Tyrol is allowed to surmount its license plates with its coat of arms.

Rail transport goes over the Brenner Pass. The Brenner Railway is a major line connecting the Austrian and Italian railways from Innsbruck and Verona climbing the Wipptal, passing over the Brenner Pass and descending down the Eisack Valley to Bolzano and then down the Adige Valley from Bolzano to Rovereto and to Verona. The line is part of the Line 1 of Trans-European Transport Networks (TEN-T).

Other railways are the Pustertalbahn, Ritten Railway and Vinschgaubahn. Due to the steep slopes of the mountains, a number of funiculars exist, such as the Gardena Ronda Express funicular and Mendel Funicular.

The Brenner Base Tunnel is under construction and scheduled to be completed by 2025. With a planned length of 55 km, this tunnel will increase freight train average speed to 120 km/h and reduce transit time by over an hour.

Larger cities used to have their own tramway system, such as the Meran Tramway and Bolzano Tramway. These were replaced after the Second World War with buses. Many other cities and municipalities have their own bus system or are connected with each other by it.

The Bolzano Airport is the only airport serving the region.

Languages
German and Italian are both official languages of South Tyrol. In some eastern municipalities Ladin is the third official language.

A majority of the inhabitants of contemporary South Tyrol speak the native Southern Bavarian dialect of the German language. Standard German plays a dominant role in education and media. All citizens have the right to use their own mother tongue, even at court. Schools are separated for each language group. All traffic signs are officially bi- or trilingual. Most Italian place names were translated from German by Italian Ettore Tolomei, the author of the Prontuario dei nomi locali dell'Alto Adige.

To reach a fair allocation of jobs in public service a system called ethnic proportion (proporzionale etnica, ethnischer Proporz) has been established. Every ten years, when the general census of population takes place, each citizen has to declare the linguistic group to which they belong or want to be aggregated to. According to the results they decide how many people of which group are going to be employed in public service.

At the time of the annexation of the southern part of Tyrol by Italy in 1919, the overwhelming majority of the population spoke German and identified with the Austrian or German nationality: in 1910, according to the last population census before World War I, the German-speaking population numbered 224,000, the Ladin 9,000 and the Italian 7,000.

As a result of the Italianization of South Tyrol about 23% of the population are Italian-speakers (they were 33%, 138,000 of 414,000 inhabitants in the 1971 census) according to the census of 2011. 103 out of 116 comuni have a majority of German native speakers — with Martell reaching 100% — eight have a Ladin-speaking majority, and five a majority of Italian speakers. The Italian-speaking population lives mainly around the provincial capital Bolzano, where they are the majority (73.8% of the inhabitants), and partially a result of Benito Mussolini's policy of Italianisation after he took power in 1922, when he encouraged immigration from the rest of Italy.

The other four comuni where the Italian-speaking population is the majority are Laives, Salorno, Bronzolo and Vadena. The eight comuni with Ladin majorities are: La Val, Badia, Corvara, Mareo, San Martin de Tor, Santa Cristina Gherdëina, Sëlva, Urtijëi. Most of the immigrants from South Tyrol to the United States identify themselves as being of German rather than Austrian identity. According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2015, there were 365 individuals living in the U.S. born in Italy who identified themselves as being of Austrian ancestry. By contrast, in the same year, there were 1040 individuals living in the U.S. born in Italy who identified themselves as being of German ancestry.

The linguistic breakdown according to the census of 2011:

Religion
The majority of the population is Christian, mostly in the Catholic tradition. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen corresponds to the territory of the province of South Tyrol. Since 27 July 2011 the bishop of Bolzano-Brixen is Ivo Muser.

Catholic Church
The vast majority of the population of South Tyrol is baptized Catholic. There is archaeological evidence of early Christian sites in the area as early as Late Antiquity; Säben in the Eisack Valley became an important ecclesiastical center during this period, which was only replaced by Brixen as an episcopal see in the late Middle Ages. The territory of present-day South Tyrol was divided for centuries between the dioceses of Brixen, Chur (until 1808/1816) and Trent (until 1964).

The most famous bishop of Brixen was the polymath Nicholas of Cusa. Important figures of the regional ecclesiastical life in the 19th century were the beatified bishop of Trent Johann Nepomuk von Tschiderer and the mystic Maria von Mörl.

In 1964, with reference to modern political boundaries, the Bishopric of Brixen, which had lost its extensive territories of North and East Tyrol after World War I, was enlarged to form the Diocese of Bolzano-Brixen, whose extension is now identical to that of the province of South Tyrol. Since then, the faithful have been led by Bishops Joseph Gargitter (1964-1986), Wilhelm Egger (1986-2008), Karl Golser (2008-2011) and Ivo Muser (since 2011). The diocese comprises 28 deaneries and 281 parishes (in 2014), 23 its episcopal churches are the Cathedral of Brixen and the Cathedral of Bolzano. Cassian and Vigilius are venerated as diocesan patrons. Important references in the current discourses of the local Catholic Church are St. Joseph Freinademetz and Blessed Joseph Mayr-Nusser.

Other communities
There is a Lutheran community in Merano (founded 1861) and another one in Bolzano (founded 1889). Since the Middle Ages the Jewish presence has been documented in South Tyrol. In 1901 the Synagogue of Merano was built. As of 2015, South Tyrol was home to about 14,000 Muslims.

Traditions
South Tyrol has long-standing traditions, mainly inherited from its membership in the historical Tyrol. The Schützen associations are particularly fond of Tyrolean traditions. The Scheibenschlagen are the traditional "throwing of burning discs" on the first Sunday of Lent, the Herz-Jesu-Feuer are the "fires of the Sacred Heart of Jesus" that are lit on the third Sunday after Pentecost. The Krampus are disguised demons who accompany St Nicholas.

There are also several legends and sagas linked to the peoples of the Dolomites; among the best known are the legend of King Laurin and that of the Kingdom of Fanes, which belongs to the Ladin mythological heritage.

Alpine Transhumance (from German "Almabtrieb"), is a farm practice: every year, between September and October, the livestock that stayed on the high pastures is brought back to the valley, with traditional music and dances. Especially, the transhumance between the Ötztal (in Austria) and Schnals Valley and Passeier Valley was recognised by UNESCO as universal intangible heritage in 2019.

Architecture
The region features a large number of castles and churches. Many of the castles and Ansitze were built by the local nobility and the Habsburg rulers. See List of castles in South Tyrol.

Museums
Among the major museums of South Tyrol are:
 * the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, which has the mummy of Ötzi the Iceman
 * the Museion, Museum of modern and contemporary art of Bolzano
 * the Messner Mountain Museum of Reinhold Messner
 * the White Tower (Brixen) museum

Media
German-language TV channels in South Tyrol:
 * RAS
 * Rai Südtirol
 * Südtirol Digital Fernsehen
 * Südtirol Heute

Music
The Bozner Bergsteigerlied and the Andreas-Hofer-Lied are considered to be the unofficial anthems of South Tyrol.

The folk musical group Kastelruther Spatzen from Kastelruth and the rock band Frei.Wild from Brixen have received high recognition in the German-speaking part of the world.

Award-winning electronic music producer Giorgio Moroder was born and raised in South Tyrol in a mixed Italian, German and Ladin-speaking environment.

Sports
South Tyrolese have been successful at winter sports and they regularly form a large part of Italy's contingent at the Winter Olympics: in the last edition (2022), South Tyroleans won 3 out of the 17 Italian medals, all three bronzes (of which two won by German-speaking South Tyroleans). Famed mountain climber Reinhold Messner, the first climber to climb Mount Everest without the use of oxygen tanks, was born and raised in the region. Other successful South Tyrolese include luger Armin Zöggeler, figure skater Carolina Kostner, skier Isolde Kostner, luge and bobsleigh medallist Gerda Weissensteiner, tennis players Andreas Seppi and Jannik Sinner, and former team principal of Haas F1 Team in the FIA Formula One World Championship Guenther Steiner.

HC Interspar Bolzano-Bozen Foxes are one of Italy's most successful ice hockey teams, while the most important football club in South Tyrol is FC Südtirol, which won its first-ever promotion to Serie B in 2022.

The province is famous worldwide for its mountain climbing opportunities, while in winter it is home to a number of popular ski resorts including Val Gardena, Alta Badia and Seiser Alm.

title: South Tyrol


text:
Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea's foreign policy reflects close ties with Australia and other traditional allies and cooperative relations with neighboring countries. Its views on international political and economic issues are generally moderate.

Papua New Guinea belongs to a variety of regional organizations, including the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum; the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) (Papua New Guinea is an observer member of the ASEAN); the South Pacific Commission; the Pacific Islands Forum; the Melanesian Spearhead Group and the South Pacific Regional Environmental Program (SPREP).

Papua New Guinea has been a member of The Forum of Small States (FOSS) since the group's founding in 1992.

Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Papua New Guinea maintains diplomatic relations with:

Papua New Guinea and the Commonwealth of Nations
Papua New Guinea has been a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations since 1975, when it gained independence from Australia under the terms of the Australian Parliament's Papua New Guinea Independence Act 1975.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea


text:
Sweet Children (EP)

Sweet Children is the third EP by American rock band Green Day. It was released in August 1990 through Skene! Records. The name of the EP is a reference to a previous name of the band. One of the tracks is a cover of "My Generation" by The Who. All tracks were later included on the CD and cassette releases of the band's second studio album Kerplunk.

History
The EP is a collection of some of the band's earliest songs that they were still playing live at the time. It was recorded in two hours on July 5, 1990, at Six Feet Under in Minneapolis while the band was on a brief break from their summer tour, and released on seven-inch vinyl. The EP was released on Minneapolis-based indie label Skene! Records. "Best Thing in Town" was one of the first songs the band had written together. These were the last recordings drummer John Kiffmeyer would contribute to the band. Shortly after the end of the tour, he left the band to attend college.

Also of note, "My Generation" features a line from the film Blue Velvet: "Heineken? Fuck that shit!", said by the primary antagonist Frank Booth, although it's not the actual audio sample.

Pressings
There are five different pressings of the EP (some limited quantities included two different variations of red vinyl). The first four have been out of print since its inclusion on the CD and cassette issues of Green Day's second studio album Kerplunk in 1992. Because of this, it has since become a valuable and sought-after item among collectors and Green Day fans alike.

The first pressing's cover is a picture of Mike Dirnt's leg during a concert.

The second pressing's cover is a black and white picture of a somewhat trashed Volkswagen Beetle with the caption "What Do You Think Mike..." This rare second pressing, limited to 600 copies as opposed to the first run's 1,500, also featured a handwritten insert, reading "Not a lyrics sheet, so don't get your hopes up".

The third pressing is the same as the one above in every way except there is no insert, and the cover, instead of being black and white, is tinted red.

The fourth pressing is a reissue, possibly from 1991, for it has a lengthy summary on the back which explains that the songs are also on Kerplunk. The cover is mostly blank, featuring only a picture of children, although at the bottom of the cover it says “(Note: No! This is not a new Green Day 7” but the same old SKENE! one that we keep having to repress and hence keep running out of covers for…the music is exactly the same, just in different packaging to keep the people who have to stuff these thing into plastic sleeves from getting bored. So keep in mind, catering to collector-scum by paying big $$$ for something because it looks a wee bit different only makes you look like a sap…)”

On March 24, 2009, the EP was back in print as it was included with the vinyl reissue of Kerplunk. It is a reissue of the first pressing.

In 1990, on the first day of the EP's release, it sold 493 copies.

Personnel

 * Billie Joe Armstrong - lead vocals, guitar, writing
 * Mike Dirnt - bass, backing vocals, writing ("Best Thing in Town")
 * John Kiffmeyer - drums, backing vocals

title: Sweet Children (EP)


text:
Trent

Trent may refer to:

Italy

 * Trento in northern Italy, site of the Council of Trent

United Kingdom

 * Trent, Dorset, England, United Kingdom

Germany

 * Trent, Germany, a municipality on the island of Rügen

United States

 * Trent, Kentucky, United States
 * Trent, Oregon, United States
 * Trent, South Dakota, United States
 * Trent, Texas, United States

Water courses

 * River Trent, a major waterway of the English Midlands
 * Trent River (Ontario)
 * Trent–Severn Waterway

Ships and boats

 * HMS Trent, various Royal Navy ships
 * RMS Trent, a British steamship involved in the Trent Affair during the US Civil War
 * SS Trent, a steamship built in 1899
 * Trent-class lifeboat, used by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in the UK

Avionics

 * Rolls-Royce RB.50 Trent, Rolls-Royce first turboprop engine
 * Rolls-Royce RB.203 Trent, a turbofan engine
 * Rolls-Royce Trent, a turbofan engine family manufactured by Rolls-Royce plc after the RB211

Other uses

 * Council of Trent, a 16th-century Catholic council, held in Trento in northern Italy, in response to the Protestant Reformation
 * Baron Trent, a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
 * Trent University, a university located in Peterborough, Ontario
 * Nottingham Trent University, a university in Nottingham, UK, formerly Trent Polytechnic
 * Trent, an Alice and Bob placeholder used in cryptography, referring to a trusted arbitrator or third party
 * Trent railway station, a closed British railway station
 * Trent (Westside), the retail arm of Tata group
 * Trent Accreditation Scheme, an international healthcare accreditation scheme headquartered in Sheffield, UK, in the former UK NHS Trent Region
 * Trent Bridge, an international and county cricket ground in Nottingham, England

title: Trent


text:
Irish states since 1171

Irish states have existed under a number of different names for nearly a thousand years. A unified Irish proto-state had been coalescing from the multitude of small tribal kingdoms that existed circa AD 500, similar to the pattern elsewhere in Europe. The independent development of the several dynastic regional kingdoms into a nascent national kingdom, however, was extinguished by the Norman invasion of Ireland in 1169, although these regional Gaelic Ireland kingdoms continued to resist for centuries until the Tudor conquest of Ireland was completed in the 17th century.

This list deals with the various states that existed from 1171 onwards that owed their origin to Norman and later, English involvement on the island of Ireland. These were recognised by the Holy See before 1570 and after 1766. Until the whole island was subdued following the end of the Nine Years' War in 1603 these states shared the island of Ireland with a patchwork of indigenous states that existed outside of their authority. The list below refers to all-Ireland (or nominally all-Ireland) states and to the 1922 post-partition states, not the individual Gaelic kingdoms which exercised the actual governance in their area when they existed, including during the 1350–1500 "Gaelic resurgence".

 * Lordship of Ireland (1171–1541)
 * Kingdom of Ireland (1541–1800)
 * Confederate Ireland (1642–1649) was an Irish government that controlled about two thirds of Ireland during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms and is arguably the only large successful sustained period of Irish self-government between the time of Brian Boru the High King of Ireland and the foundation of the Irish Free State in 1922.
 * Patriot Parliament (1689)
 * The revolutionary French backed Irish Republic (late August and early September 1798) controlled only parts of Connacht and is often overlooked today

 * Part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801–1922)
 * The revolutionary Irish Republic (Easter Week, 1916) controlled only small parts of the capital, Dublin, for 6 days, but has had great symbolic significance ever since

 * The revolutionary Irish Republic (1919–22)
 * Northern Ireland (1921–present) and Southern Ireland (1921–22), both created by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, though only the former existed in reality.
 * Irish Free State (Saorstát Éireann) (1922–37)
 * Ireland (1937–present), often known since 1949 by its official description, Republic of Ireland, and sometimes in English as Éire, the word for Ireland in Irish.

For international purposes the British monarch was also King of Ireland until 1949, after which time the President of Ireland became the sole sovereign. The Monarch's internal powers had already been removed by 1937. With the enactment of the Republic of Ireland Act in 1949, all powers of the British monarch were transferred to the president. The name of the state remained Ireland, even after the passing of the Republic of Ireland Act, see names of the Irish state.

title: Irish states since 1171


text:
Tino rangatiratanga

Tino rangatiratanga is a Māori language term that translates literally to 'highest chieftainship' or 'unqualified chieftainship', but is also translated as "self-determination", "sovereignty" and "absolute sovereignty". The very translation of tino rangatiratanga is important to New Zealand politics, as it is used in the Māori version of the Treaty of Waitangi to express "full exclusive and undisturbed possession" over Māori-owned lands and property, but different translations have drastically different implications for the relationship between the 1840 signatories: the British Crown and the Māori chiefs (rangatira).

It has become one of the most contentious phrases in retrospective analyses of the treaty amid debate surrounding the obligations that were agreed to by each signatory. The phrase features in current historical and political discourse on race relations in New Zealand and is widely used by Māori advocacy groups.

A tino rangatiratanga flag was designed in 1989 and has become accepted as a national flag for Māori groups across New Zealand.

Origins and etymology
A rangatira is a chief, the nominalising suffix -tanga makes the word an abstract noun referring to the quality or attributes of chieftainship. The word is also translated as 'chiefly autonomy', or 'kingdom', referencing the 'chiefly authority' and domain of the chief.

Tino is used as an intensifier, indicating that something is true, genuine or unrivalled. The addition in this context means the phrase can be translated as 'highest chieftainship'.

The intention of the phrase was to "emphasize to a chief the Queen's intention to give the complete control according to their customs". One English translation is 'absolute sovereignty', although many also refer to it as self-determination, autonomy, or Māori independence.

Treaty of Waitangi
The emphasis on tino rangatiratanga draws from an inconsistency arising between Article 1 and Article 2 of the Treaty of Waitangi:

 * In the English text of Article 1 of the treaty, the Māori signatories cede their sovereignty to the British Crown. For the Māori text, since there was no direct Māori translation for the idea, the missionary neologism kawanatanga ('governorship') was used to represent the concept of sovereignty. That word was based on the transliteration of kawana from 'governor', which had been invented by Bible translators to explain Pontius Pilate's authority in Judaea. Kawana had also been used prior to 1840 to describe the Governor of New South Wales.
 * In the English text of Article 2, signatories are assured that "the full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties" would remain for so long as they chose. In the Māori text, signatories are assured that their tino rangatiratanga will remain undisturbed over their lands, kainga and other taonga: "te tino rangatiratanga o ratou wenua o ratou kainga me o ratou taonga katoa", literally "the absolute chieftainship of your lands, your homes, and all your treasures/taonga".

Based on the Māori text alone, in Article 1, the signatories appear to be granting kawanatanga, and in Article 2, the signatories are promised that their tino rangatiratanga ('absolutely sovereignty' or 'highest chieftainship') would remain undisturbed. The apparent inconsistency led to much debate as to whether the Māori signatories intended to cede their sovereignty to the British Crown at all: a debate now definitively resolved by the Waitangi Tribunal ruling that sovereignty was not and could not be ceded.

Text of the Treaty
The original Māori text of article two with a literal translation by Professor I. H. Kawharu, as published in the Report of the Royal Commission on Social Policy in 1988 (bold added):

Flag
The tino rangatiratanga flag is often referred to as the national Māori flag and can be used to represent all Māori. Hiraina Marsden, Jan Smith and Linda Munn designed the flag in 1989. It uses black, white, and red as national colours of New Zealand. The design of the flag references the Māori creation story of Rangi and Papa, suggesting the sky, the earth, and the physical realm of light and being, which was created when they were separated.

title: Tino rangatiratanga


text:
Taonga

Taonga or taoka (in South Island Māori) is a Māori-language word that refers to a treasured possession in Māori culture. It lacks a direct translation into English, making its use in the Treaty of Waitangi significant. The current definition differs from the historical one, noted by Hongi Hika as "property procured by the spear" [one could understand this as war booty or defended property] and is now interpreted to mean a wide range of both tangible and intangible possessions, especially items of historical cultural significance.

Tangible examples are all sorts of heirlooms and artefacts, land, fisheries, natural resources such as geothermal springs and access to natural resources, such as riparian water rights and access to the riparian zone of rivers or streams. Intangible examples may include language and spiritual beliefs.

What is deemed to be a taonga has major political, economic and social consequences in New Zealand and has been the subject of fierce debates as the varying definitions and interpretations have implications for policies regarding such things as intellectual property, genetic engineering and allocation of radio frequency spectrum.

Treaty of Waitangi and te Tiriti o Waitangi
The definition of taonga has potential constitutional significance in New Zealand because of the use of the word in the second article of the Treaty of Waitangi (te Tiriti o Waitangi). The English-language version of the treaty guaranteed the Māori signatories "full exclusive and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates Forests Fisheries and other properties". The Māori-language version of the treaty, which the vast majority of the signing parties endorsed (461 of 500 signatures ), used the word taonga to translate the English phrase "other properties".

Section 6(e) of the Resource Management Act 1991 mandates decision-makers to "recognise and provide for the relationship of Māori and their culture and traditions with their ancestral lands, water, sites, wāhi tapu [sacred sites], and other taonga" as a matter of national importance.

Artifacts
Te Uenuku, or simply Uenuku is an important early Māori carving housed at Te Awamutu Museum. Te Uenuku (literally "The rainbow") represents the tribal god Uenuku.

Korotangi (bird of sorrow) is a carving of a bird made in serpentine stone. Some Māori of Tainui allegiance believe that it was brought to the country from Hawaiki in their ancestral waka.

Waitangi Tribunal claims
A number of claims have been made to the Waitangi Tribunal, relating to the protection of taonga.

Māori language
In June 1985 a claim was lodged asking that the Māori language receive official recognition. It was proposed that the language be official for all purposes enabling its use as of right in Parliament, the Courts, Government Departments, local authorities and public bodies.

Radio frequencies
In June 1986, the Waitangi Tribunal received the Wai 26 claim that the Treaty of Waitangi was breached by the Crown proceeding to introduce legislation related to Māori language before the delivery of the Tribunal's "Report on the Te Reo Maori Claim", and as a consequence, the Māori people would be denied their claims for radio frequencies and a television channel. In June 1990 claim Wai 150 was lodged by Sir Graham Latimer on behalf of the New Zealand Maori Council. The claim was in respect of their rangatiratanga over the allocation of radio frequencies; the claim being that in the absence of an agreement with the Māori, the sale of frequency management licences under the Radiocommunications Act 1989 would be in breach of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Waitangi Tribunal amalgamated the Wai 26 with the Wai 150 claim, with the final report of the Tribunal recommending that the Crown suspend the radio frequency tender process and proceed to negotiate with the iwi.

Spiritual places and burial sites
In November 1996, various members of Te Roroa filed a claim with the Waitangi Tribunal concerning the Maunganui block, the Waipoua Forest, Lake Taharoa and surroundings, and the Waimamaku Valley in Northland. A part of the Wai 38 claim related to taonga, in particular: wahi tapu "spiritual places of special significance to tangata whenua", and wakatupapaku (burial chests deposited in ana (caves and crevices)).

The Tribunal report delivered on 3 April 1992 found that the Crown had allowed Te Roroa's taonga to be violated.

Māori knowledge of flora and fauna
The Wai 262 claim in the Waitangi Tribunal is a claim of rights in respect of Mātauranga Māori or Māori knowledge in respect of indigenous flora and fauna. The claimants commissioned a report from Professor D. Williams on traditional ecological knowledge, ethnobotany and international and New Zealand law on intellectual property and conservation.

On 2 July 2011 the Tribunal released its report into the Wai 262 claim: "Ko Aotearoa Tēnei" (‘This is Aotearoa’ or ‘This is New Zealand’). "Ko Aotearoa Tēnei" considers more than 20 Government departments and agencies and makes recommendations as to reforms of "laws, policies or practices relating to health, education, science, intellectual property, indigenous flora and fauna, resource management, conservation, the Māori language, arts and culture, heritage, and the involvement of Māori in the development of New Zealand’s positions on international instruments affecting indigenous rights." The First Chapter of volume 1 (of the full 2 volume report) considers the relationship between taonga works and intellectual property. The Tribunal provides a working definition of a ‘taonga work’ as being that:

 * "A taonga work is a work, whether or not it has been fixed, that is in its entirety an expression of mātauranga Māori; it will relate to or invoke ancestral connections, and contain or reflect traditional narratives or stories. A taonga work will possess mauri and have living kaitiaki in accordance with tikanga Māori." (Vol 1, 1.7.3 p. 96)

These working definitions involve concepts which are described by the Tribunal as being: Mauri is having a living essence or spirit. Kaitiaki can be spiritual guardians that exist in non-human form; kaitiaki obligations also exist in the human realm. The related concept is that "Kaitiakitanga is the obligation, arising from the kin relationship, to nurture or care for a person or thing it has a spiritual aspect, encompassing not only an obligation to care for and nurture not only physical well-being but also mauri." Kaitiaki obligations are described by the Tribunal as being that, “those who have mana (or, to use treaty terminology, rangatiratanga) must exercise it in accordance with the values of kaitiakitanga – to act unselfishly, with right mind and heart, and with proper Mana and kaitiakitanga go together as right and responsibility, and that kaitiakitanga responsibility can be understood not only as a cultural principle but as a system of law”. The Tribunal also provide a working definition of a ‘taonga-derived work’ as being that:

 * "A taonga-derived work is a work that derives its inspiration from mātauranga Māori or a taonga work, but does not relate to or invoke ancestral connections, nor contain or reflect traditional narratives or stories, in any direct way. A taonga-derived work is identifiably Māori in nature or contains identifiably Māori elements, but has neither mauri nor living kaitiaki in accordance with tikanga Māori."(Vol 1, 1.7.3 p. 96)

The Tribunal considered which principles applied to whether consent to its use, rather than mere consultation, was necessary where the work was a taonga work, or where the knowledge or information was mātauranga Māori.

Modern usage
The word taonga is often used in the Māori names of institutions and organisations that manage historical collections. Many New Zealand museums contain the term Whare taonga ("treasure house") in the name. Here are some examples:

title: Taonga


text:
Māori language revival

The Māori language revival is a movement to promote, reinforce and strengthen the use of te reo Māori, the Māori language. Primarily in New Zealand, but also in places with large numbers of expatriate New Zealanders (such as London and Melbourne), the movement aims to increase the use of Māori in the home, in education, government, and business. The movement is part of a broader revival of tikanga Māori (Māori culture, cultural habits and practices) in what has been called the Māori renaissance.

Until World War II, most Māori people spoke Māori as their first language. But by the 1980s, fewer than 20 per cent of Māori spoke the language well enough to be classed as native speakers. The causes of the decline included the switch from using Māori to using English compulsorily in schools and increasing urbanisation, which disconnected younger generations from their extended families—in particular their grandparents, who traditionally played a large part in family life. As a result, many Māori children failed to learn their ancestral language, and generations of non-Māori-speaking Māori emerged.

In response, Māori leaders initiated Māori-language recovery-programs such as the Kōhanga Reo ("language nests") movement, which, beginning in 1982, immersed infants in Māori from infancy to school age. In 1989, official support was given for Kura Kaupapa Māori—primary and secondary Māori-language immersion schools.

Te Wiki o te Reo Māori
A government-sponsored initiative, te Wiki o te reo Māori, Māori Language Week, has been celebrated since 1975 and is intended to encourage New Zealanders to support te reo Māori.

Māori Language Act 1987 and the Māori Language Commission
The Māori Language Act 1987 was passed as a response to the Waitangi Tribunal finding that the Māori language was a taonga, a treasure or valued possession, under the Treaty of Waitangi.

The Act gave te reo Māori official-language status, and gave speakers a right to use it in legal settings such as in court. It also established the Māori Language Commission (initially called Te Komihana Mo Te Reo Māori but later renamed Te Taura Whiri i Te Reo Māori) to promote the language and provide advice on it.

Kōhanga Reo
is a whānau (family) development and language-revitalisation initiative grounded in Māori cultural principles and ideals. It facilitates the growth and development of mokopuna (grandchildren) through the transmission of Māori language, knowledge and culture. The kōhanga reo movement operates from the Māori philosophical world view and is principally guided by kaumātua (respected elders).

Individual Kōhanga Reo are autonomously run by their respective whānau, which consists of a "collective group of teachers, parents, local elders, and members of the Māori community". While funded by governmental quarterly grants from the Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust, Kōhanga Reo often also charge additional fees to cover operational costs. These fees, determined by each whānau, are generally comparable to or less expensive than traditional child-care. Conducted entirely in te reo Māori, a kōhanga reo is an environment where 0–6-year-olds, kaumātua and whānau spend time together talking, playing, praying and learning. Daily activities may take place anywhere that is safe and warm including marae (traditional community meeting places), converted homes or purpose-built centres.

Emerging in the late 1970s at the direction of kaumātua, kōhanga reo was an immediate and urgent response to the decline of te reo Māori and tikanga Māori. Jean Puketapu and Iritana Tawhiwhirangi were among the early leaders when the first kōhanga reo was founded in Wainuiomata in 1982. Three years later there were over 300 operating. The success of kōhanga reo is such that they have been followed by the establishment of primary schools and secondary schools (Kura Kaupapa Māori) where Māori is the primary language of instruction. The role of Maori language in education in New Zealand is enshrined in the Education Act 1989.

The kōhanga reo concept has led to other before-school initiatives in New Zealand that instruct in Pacific languages, e.g. Fijian, Rarotongan, Samoan, and Tongan and other countries adopting a similar concept. A notable example being Pūnana Leo established in Hawaii to revitalise the indigenous Hawaiian language.

Politics
Election campaigns by the Māori Party often feature increased roles for reo Māori. In the 2011 election, the party wanted to require that all secondary schools offer the language as an option to every student.

Kura Kaupapa Māori
Kura Kaupapa Māori are Māori-language-immersion schools.

title: Māori language revival


text:
Helen Clarke (field hockey)

Helen Margaret Clarke (née Shearer, born 16 April 1971) is a former field hockey goalkeeper and captain for New Zealand, who competed in three Summer Olympics: 1992, 2000 and 2004.

Clarke earned a record 166 caps for her country and was appointed a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2005 New Year Honours for services to hockey. She was also a member of the New Zealand team at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur, where she won a bronze medal, the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester, and two World Cups. She retired from the sport after the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. She has taught physical education and English at Mount Roskill Grammar School in Auckland.

title: Helen Clarke (field hockey)


text:
Talk:Tino rangatiratanga

One word or two?
Is it one word or two? In the title it appears as one word, but in the article, it appears as two words: tino raratiratanga. Danny

It should be two but the link I built off spelled it as one and I don't know how to fix it - it'd be good if you could do so! Lisiate
 * I just did it, but for the record "Move this Page" is on the link bar to the left. Click on that when you're on the main article page, and it will ask where you want to move it to and if you want to move the talk page too.  Type in the new title and leave the box checked (almost always) so the talk page goes with it, and the page is moved. Tokerboy

Cheers for that, I'll be able to do it now!! Lisiate

TinorangaTiratanga is one word because we never wrote anything down (except maps maybe ,lol) but if you break it down it's 4 words -tino,ranga,tira,tanga, and can thoeretically be 8 -ti-ro,ra-nga,ti-ra,ta-nga NewB4Life 06:35, 9 January 2006 (UTC)

Toa Warriors?
Somebody speedy deleted an article, Toa Warriors, containing this:

 * The Toa Warriors are an Iwi based New Zealand gang, formed by the Tino Rangatiratanga movement who started off as a small group of rallying individuals and have since grown into a large united national Maori and/or Polynesian 'Union' or 'Alliance'. The Toa Warriors as a gang or mob like the Blackpower or Mongrel Mob is not recognised by any Warriors(Members)or any Associates or people associated with them, and that to be a Toa Warrior was considered a Great Honour and to be a leader or more or rather a Rangatira was the main goal, Māori youth of all kinds of backrounds aspired to be.

I can't find a way to verify it, but I got permission to undelete it and so I've brought the material here for discussion. Is this is verifiable, does it pertain to a movement among New Zealanders of Maori or more broadly Polynesian descent? Currently I've got the article Toa Warriors pointing at this article with a view to merging the information here, but don't want to insert inaccurate or unsourced material. --Tony Sidaway Talk 16:10, 20 August 2005 (UTC)

 * They must be a fairly obscure group. As a New Zealander I've never heard of them. I'd hold off mentioning them here until you've got a bit more detail about them. Lisiate 21:00, 21 August 2005 (UTC)

Thanks, I'll delete the redirect (at least for now). If they're hithat obscure then they shouldn't be on Wikipedia. --Tony Sidaway Talk 17:36, 22 August 2005 (UTC)

Never heard of them either - Toa Warror seems a strange phrase. I don't suppose there's any connection to the fictional Toa Aotearoa of Once Were Warriors? 166.83.21.221

actually Tony, i'd love to see that redirect -i can't get enough of this internet thing. i just google'd [define:tinorangatiratanga] and, wuite frankly, i was disgusted at my findings btw. Oh and "does anyone have a friend who could put a nice link at the bottom of the "whakapapa" wiki-page to a good site for Maori' to track their geneology/"roots mun roots", 'cos i don't know atm where to go but 'the te-reo path' ,and it would be nice to see that link there? NewB4Life 06:32, 9 January 2006 (UTC) hi cn u plese tel me about tino rangatiratanga when?where?and what? plese thank u

Toa actually means Warrior in Maori, but id assume it came from Ngati Toa (Maori tribe, from porirua to blenheim)warriors..?

"Kawana" - Bad grammar
"Kawana was also used prior to 1840 of the Governor of New South Wales." Doesn't make sense?

 * Amended to now read "Kawana was also used prior to 1840 to describe the Governor of New South Wales." Lisiate 21:26, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

Significance of the flag's design?
I came here looking for an explanation of what the colours and design of the flag signify. Since Flag of tino rangatiratanga is at the time of writing a redlink, any chance someone could add an explanation here? Loganberry (Talk) 01:57, 22 April 2009 (UTC)

Expansion
As a central tenet of Treaty discourse, tino Rangatiratanga provides opportunity for engagement across the political spectrum. There is a large amount of literature available to inform this page (without even including the Waitangi Tribunal reports). I look forward to reading (and probably making) further updates.

For user information, I have moved the flag discussion from the etymology section to the flag section. I have added further references to the idea of tino Rangatiratanga as chieftainship. However, as this is not the most frequently used interpretation of the concept, I see opportunity for further discussion around whether the many varied interpretations should be included here. Though it is not my personal interpretation, an example would include tino Rangatiratanga as sovereignty:

 * The Waitangi Tribunal has found that 'on the colonisation of inhabited countries, sovereignty, in the sense of absolute power, cannot be vested in only one of the parties'.  Indeed, 'from the day [the Treaty of Waitangi] was proclaimed, sovereignty was constrained in New Zealand by the need to respect Maori authority (or 'tino rangatiratanga', to use the Treaty's term)'.

Katarina_"Ψ" 06:47, 26 September 2010 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Te Karere (talk • contribs)

Clarify meaning
The head of the article should give the reader, in a couple of sentences at most, the clearest possible idea of what the article is about. This does not seem to be the case here. The topic is certainly not the literal translation of the title. One has to read the entire article to get a vague idea of what the expression "tino rangatiratanga" means in the context of the Maori advocacy movement. All the best, --Jorge Stolfi (talk) 00:01, 14 July 2012 (UTC)

Linking a translation of "tino rangatiratanga" to "chieftanship" is borderline racist. I've updated to the generally accepted translation, and changed the link. JamesKjx — Preceding unsigned comment added by 121.73.254.218 (talk) 05:00, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Origins and etymology
Not sure which part of "Māori independence" is a peacock term, anyway, the problematic are 4 lines after the first paragraph in the Origins and etymology chapter. I don't know what's going on there. If anyone does, do fix it please. Especially "Herbert Williams Williams(the brother and uncle respectively of Henry and Edward Williams, who where the interpreters of the treaty)." is not a sentence. 93.103.64.215 (talk) 08:17, 10 May 2015 (UTC)

Odd sentence The sentence "This is self evidenced by the fact that the treaty was translated from English into Maori, there have been many attempts over the years to derail this simple logical conclusion by accusing the writers of the treaty of acting deceitfully." seems to be a violation of NPOV to me. It appears there was a bit of an edit war when this was first added so maybe this has been discussed before, but the edit summaries refer to citations and not the content. "There have been attempts to derail this simple logical conclusion" is simply a biased way of saying "some people say". If someone is disputing this conclusion the dispute should be noted and cited. The usage of the words 'derail', 'simple' and 'logical' seem to add a point of view supporting one side of the dispute. The accusation that the writers of the treaty were acting deceitfully is not new or uncommon, and is lent some credibility by history and the differences text of the treaty itself. Much of this article discusses the controversy of the translation of the treaty and the intentions of the parties involved and a statement that firmly takes one point of view on this issue is not useful. It also does not seem important to the etymology section.2003:8C:2E1D:9100:8AC:139:3413:79EB (talk) 23:25, 6 October 2016 (UTC)

 * I've excised the worst of the POV material - mostly added by an editor now community banned for being disruptive - and tried to keep any actual improvements made since the last good version. If you can see any further improvements that can be made, please go ahead and make them. Daveosaurus (talk) 05:53, 7 October 2016 (UTC)

Meaning of tino rangatiratanga
Just a note that as a speaker of Te reo Māori, I think translating ‘tino rangatiratanga’ as “self, reality” + “evidence of breeding or greatness” is pretty nonsensical. Tino here is an intensifier, something like ‘very/veritable/true’ and rangatiratanga is ‘the state of being a ‘rangitira’ or chief. That is in control of, in charge of your own affairs etc. So together it’s more like ‘autonomy’ or ‘true autonomy’. Just saying. Piwaiwaka (talk) 02:41, 11 February 2020 (UTC)

I'm a white New Zealander, but I agree. I thought "absolutely sovereignty" was the accepted translation but of course white New Zealanders don't like that. --Jameskjx (talk) 10:17, 12 April 2020 (UTC)

Controversy over the meaning of sovereignty
In this article, it is asserted that Tino Rangatira means, among other things, sovereignty.

Sovereignty means to rule from above (over - reign) and in Common Law, it stems from 1066 when William the Conqueror won at the Battle of Hastings and claimed all land for himself. He then granted land to his lords and disposed Englishmen for fealty and promises of military and other services. Granting land is not the same as granting absolute ownership.

The concept of sovereignty is that the Crown retains absolute ownership and issues title to a bundle of rights called real estate. A whole legal system is based on sovereignty where the Crown retains the right to make laws based on it. When the English came to New Zealand and began to colonise it, they wished to extend the same legal system under which England was ruled (note that the Maori version of the treaty refers to "Wikitoria te Kuini o Ingarani" (Victoria the Queen of England) even while the English version refers to Her Majesty Victoria Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland).

At the same time, having introduced firearms to Maori, warring tribes were killing each other in far greater numbers then when battles were with stone axes and spears. Thus, the chiefs and their tribes were interested English law to reduce the killings. Also, the English introduced farming, which meant making more effective use of land, thus tribal territories that were essential to hunter-gatherers whose farming was limited (kumura, for example) were willing to take money or barter for land because farming needs less land than hunting/gathering. The process of colonisers buying land direct from Maori brought its own problems because of the clash of sovereignty with "mana whenua". Thus the treaty set out a procedure where land that Maori wished to sell could only be sold to the Crown, who would then issue real estate title to buyers.

The concept of power and authority in pre-colonial New Zealand (Aotearoa) is very different. In Maori tradition, there are no titles to land and no one person has absolute ownership over land. The word for land in Te Tiriti is whenua which also means placenta. If there is ownership at all, it is in the reverse... the land owns the people because the land remains while the people are born and die, arrive and depart - that long before humans populated the planet, the land was here and most likely will be here long after humans no longer exist. This is why concepts like kaitiakitanga (guardianship and protection) are so integral to Maori world-view.

As of late, the term cultural appropriation has been used to criticise the majority for using language (or other creations) of a minority, however, in this case, it may be argued that to call tino rangatiratanga as Maori sovereignty is a form of reverse cultural appropriation, and a very loaded one because sovereignty means a lot more than the common person appreciates. It is embedded in ancient law, encrusted with thousands of years of practice and litigation quite alien to Maori tikanga

I will leave it in the article, but cite it in Talk to footnote that it is a political use of language that is inappropriate for an encyclopedia Akonga (talk) 02:19, 28 October 2020 (UTC)

The page move
Kia ora User:Federalwafer and others. The page move was done without consultation nor consensus, and I think that adding (phrase) isn't an accurate reflection of what Tino Rangatiratanga is - calling it a phrase certainly doesn't encapsulate a te ao Māori view of it, in my opinion. It is a concept, political movement, philosophy, as well as a phrase. Perhaps the page can be moved again to a more appropriate name, perhaps Tino rangatiratanga (concept), or something similar. Nauseous Man (talk) 09:30, 22 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I recommend moving the page back to Tino rangatiratanga as the core concept from which the flag springs. With articles only for the concept and for the flag it is not really necessary to have a disambiguation page. Daveosaurus (talk) 12:08, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * I agree with . Move it back and have a hatnote.  Schwede 66  02:03, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Agree wholeheartedly with the assessment that it should be moved back, with a hatnote to direct users to the flag page. Paora (talk) 04:58, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Agree - this is the primary topic and a hatnote will do, per WP:ONEOTHER. Nurg (talk) 05:05, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

Yes, I agree that this is the primary topic and a disambiguator is unnecessary since the other page is not at tino rangatiratanga (flag). A hat note and perhaps a page at Tino rangatiratanga (disambiguation) would be the best way forward. Furius (talk) 07:36, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

It appears there is consensus. Could an administrator delete the disambiguation page so that the page can be moved back? Nauseous Man (talk) 23:28, 23 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Deleted. Quarl (talk) 03:14, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

you missed the talk page. — HTGS (talk) 03:16, 24 September 2022 (UTC)
 * It should have happened automatically. Don't know why it didn't. Done now anyway. Nurg (talk) 03:34, 24 September 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tino rangatiratanga


text:
Rātana

Rātana (Te Haahi Rātana) is a Māori Christian church and movement, headquartered at Rātana Pā near Whanganui, New Zealand. The Rātana movement began in 1918, when Tahupōtiki Wiremu (T. W.) Ratana experienced visions, and began a mission of faith healing. In 1925 the Ratana Church was formed, and on 25 January 1928—T. W.'s 55th birthday, and "Rātana Day"—the church's iconic temple, Te Temepara Tapu o Ihoa ('the holy temple of Jehovah') was opened. From its beginning and through to the 20th century, the church has pursued political goals, and still welcomes political leaders to the Rātana Pā annually on Ratana's birthday. In the 2018 New Zealand census, 43,821 people identified with the religion.

Initially performing his healing from his family farm, Ratana did not regard his movement as a distinct church, and encouraged his followers to remain with their churches. He received mixed opinions from other Christian leaders, some of whom disliked that he was referred to as the mangai, or the 'mouthpiece' of God, while others were pleased at his renouncement of traditional Māori religion and tohunga.

Ratana and his followers were interested in a political movement alongside a spiritual one, and Ratana was known to talk of the Bible in his left hand, and the Treaty of Waitangi in his left. This political attitude was made clear by 1924, when Ratana led a delegation to Europe to present a petition to King George V on the topic of Māori land confiscations and the treaty. From 1928, and the opening of the church's temple, T. W. had suggested that his own attention would turn away from the church, and his focus would be more fully on politics. This coincided with controversy around Ratana himself, but he was largely unable to extricate himself from the matters of the church, and without a suitable replacement, he remained as the church's leader.

In a 1932 by-election, Rātana had its first candidate, Eruera Tirikatene, elected to parliament for the Southern Maori electorate, and by 1943 had captured all four of the Māori seats—a monopoly it would hold until 1963. By 1931, Rātana had established an alliance with the Labour Party, and Rātana members of parliament consistently backed Labour. In 1936 this alliance was formalised, and Rātana members joined Labour. In the early 2000s, members of other parties began attending Rātana Day, which is now seen as the beginning of New Zealand's political year.

History
T. W. Ratana's grandfather Ngahina was a signatory of the Treaty of Waitangi for the tribes of Ngā Wairiki and Ngāti Apa. Ngahina was a sheep and cattle station owner, Anglican and pro-government loyalist. Rātana's mother was Methodist.

Impacts on Māori in 1918 included land loss, World War I and the Spanish flu epidemic. After the epidemic Rātana was the only male heir of his grandfather. On 8 November 1918 Rātana saw a vision, which he regarded as divinely inspired, asking him to preach the gospel to the Māori people and to cure the spirits and bodies of his people.

Mere Rikiriki had an influence on Rātana and the Rātana movement. Rikiriki taught Rātana and he often consulted her. She had been at Parihaka with Te Whiti o Rongomai and Tohu Kākahi, had established her own church in Parewanui and was a faith healer and rongoā practitioner. Rikiriki foretold the coming of a new prophet in 1912 that she confirmed was Rātana.

Te Urumanao Ngāpaki Baker was a Māori chief and supported the Rātana movement and was Rātana's wife.

Ture Wairua (spiritual mission)
The church's spiritual laws are itemised as the Trinity (the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit) as well as adding Ngā Anahera Pono, 'the Holy and Faithful Angels' and Te Māngai (God's Word and Wisdom) to prayers. As well as the Bible, the church relies on their "Blue Book" for church services, which includes hymns and prayers written by T. W. Ratana.

Until 1924 Ratana preached to increasingly large numbers of Māori and established a name for himself as the "Māori Miracle Man". At first, the movement was seen as a Christian revival, but it soon moved away from mainstream churches. On 31 May 1925, Te Haahi Rātana, the Rātana Church, was established, and its founder was acknowledged in the Church's doctrine as the bearer of Te Mangai or God's Word and Wisdom. On 21 July 1925, the constitution of the Rātana Church was accepted by the Registrar-General and a list of "apostles" (ministers) who were authorised to conduct marriages was published in the New Zealand Gazette.

Ture Tangata (secular movement)
In 1924 a group of 38 people including Rātana and his wife Te Urumanao Ngāpaki Baker and spokesperson Pita Moko journeyed to Europe to unsuccessfully present a petition to George V and the League of Nations on land confiscations and the Treaty of Waitangi. Later trips were made to the United States and Canada. These trips were not without controversy. The New Zealand Government acted to prevent the petition being presented to the monarch, and the visit to Japan on the way back from Europe created allegations of disloyalty and of flying the Japanese flag over the church settlement of Rātana Pā.

When the Rātana temple Te Temepara Tapu o Ihoa ('the holy temple of Jehovah') which Rātana saw as embodying in its architecture deep Biblical truths (especially the two magnificent bell towers) was opened on 25 January 1928 by Japanese Bishop Juji Nakada (with whom Ratana and party had stayed in 1924), Rātana declared his spiritual work was complete and church apostles and officers would take on the work. He now turned more to political work for Māori in New Zealand.

Koata (political movement)
As early as 1923, Rātana had declared an interest in party politics, and his eldest son Haami Tokouru Rātana had stood for the Western Maori electorate as an independent candidate. Now Rātana was determined to capture the Māori electorates to give a voice for his movement.

In January 1928, Rātana called himself Piri Wiri Tua and called on four followers to be the quarters of his body and rule the land. The "first cut" was Paraire Karaka Paikea in the north, Haami Tokouru Rātana in the west, Pita Moko in the east, and Eruera Tirikatene in the south. Moko was later replaced by Tiaki Omana, in the "second cut". The covenant signed by the men promised they would not rest, and their wives separately agreed that they would go barefoot and in rags to represent the Rātana movement. All four went on to capture the Maori seats between 1932 and 1943.

Rātana candidates stood in the 1928 and 1931 general elections and in the 1930 by-election in Western Maori following the death of Maui Pomare, but they did not succeed. The first Rātana movement MP was Eruera Tirikatene, elected in a by-election for Southern Maori in June 1932. He was followed by Haami Tokouru Rātana (known as Toko) in Western Maori in the 1935 general election. In the 1938 election, the third Māori electorate of Northern Maori was captured by Paraire Karaka Paikea, and the last (Eastern Maori) was won by Tiaki Omana in the 1943 election.

The Rātana Independent Members of Parliament were the first to represent a political party in which most party members were Māori. Major aims of the movement were statutory recognition of the Treaty of Waitangi, righting the confiscation grievances of the Māori people, and equality in social welfare for Māori.

Politicians usually attend the Rātana marae to take part in celebrations marking T.W. Ratana's birthday and in January 2023 it was the 150th anniversary. The political party leaders who attended on this occasion were Labour, National, Māori Party, New Zealand First and one co-leader of Greens. Commentator Merepeka Raukawa-Tait stated the message from Māori speakers to the politicians were: "They want to have relationships that are more than transactional and they are not interested in politics and politicians that stir up fear."

Alliance with the Labour Party
Following the formation of the First Labour Government in 1935, the two Rātana MPs agreed to vote with Labour. This alliance was formalised with the Rātana movement joining the Labour Party in a meeting between Rātana and Prime Minister Michael Savage on 22 April 1936. The Prime Minister was given four symbolic gifts: a potato, a broken gold watch, a pounamu hei-tiki, and a huia feather. The potato represented loss of Māori land and means of sustenance, the broken watch represented the broken promises of the Treaty of Waitangi, and the pounamu represented the mana of the Māori people. If Savage could restore these three, he would earn the right to wear the huia feather to signify his chiefly status. The gifts were regarded as so precious they were buried with Savage at his state funeral in 1940.

The four Māori electorates were held by Rātana-affiliated members of Labour for decades: until 1963 for the Eastern Maori electorate, 1980 for Northern Maori, and 1996 for Western and Southern Maori electorates. Not all Labour Party Māori MPs have been members of the Rātana Church, but all Māori electorates were held by Labour MPs who had at least been endorsed by the church until Tau Henare won Northern Maori in the 1993 New Zealand general election. In both the parliaments of 1946–1948 and 1957–1960, the formation of a Labour Government depended on the votes of the Rātana Movement members.

Rātana movement Members of Parliament have included Tapihana Paraire Paikea, Haami Tokouru Rātana, Matiu Rātana, Iriaka Rātana, Koro Wētere, Paraone Reweti, Matiu Rata, and Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan. Mita Ririnui, who held the Māori seat of Waiariki from 1999 to 2005 and was a List MP from 2005 to 2011, is a Rātana minister.

Symbols
The main symbol (tohu) of the church is a five-pointed star and crescent moon, the whetū mārama (which means both "star and moon" and "shining star"), which is worn on the lapels of mōrehu (the scattered remnant, Rātana followers) and at pivotal points on church buildings. The golden or blue crescent moon (symbolising enlightenment) can face different parts of the coloured star: blue represents Te Matua (The Father), white is Te Tama (The Son), red is Te Wairua Tapu (The Holy Spirit), purple is Ngā Anahera Pono (The Faithful Angels) and gold/yellow is Te Māngai (The Mouthpiece (of Jehovah), Ture Wairua), although this colour is sometimes replaced with pink, representing PiriWiriTua (The Campaigner (of Political Matters), Ture Tangata). Te Whetū Mārama represents the kingdom of light or Māramatanga, standing firm against the forces of darkness (mākutu).

Membership
Church adherents are known as mōrehu, the 'remnants'. In the 2001 census, 48,975 New Zealand residents were affiliated with the Rātana church. In the 2018 New Zealand census, 43,821 people identified with the religion.

Church leaders

 * Tahupotiki Wiremu Rātana (1925–1939)
 * Haami Tokouru Rātana (1939–1944)
 * Matiu Rātana (1944–1950)
 * Puhi o Aotea Ratahi (1950–1966)
 * Maata "Te Reo" Hura (1966–1991)
 * Raniera Te Aohou Rātana (1991–1998)
 * Harerangi Meihana (1998–2022)
 * Manuao Te Kohamutunga Tamou (2023–present)

Books

 * Henderson, J. McLeod (1963). Ratana: The Origins and the Story of the Movement. Polynesian Society.
 * Henderson, J. McLeod (1972). Ratana: The Man, The Church, The Political Movement (2nd ed.). A.H & A.W. Reed in association with the Polynesian Society. ISBN 0-589-00619-3. 2nd ed. of Henderson (1963).
 * Newman, Keith (2006). Ratana Revisited: An Unfinished Legacy. Reed. ISBN 9780790010571.
 * Newman, Keith (2009). Ratana the Prophet. Raupo-Penguin. ISBN 9780143010975. A condensed version of Newman (2006).

Other

 * Hebert, D. G. (2008). Music Transculturation and Identity in a Maori Brass Band Tradition. In R. Camus & B. Habla, (Eds.), Alta Musica, 26 (pp. 173–200). Tutzing: Schneider.
 * Newman, Keith (2002). A Sleeping Giant
 * Westra, Ans (1963). T. W. Ratana and the Ratana Church photos
 * Westra, Ans (1963). T. W. Ratana and the Ratana Church photos

title: Rātana


text:
Instance variable

In class-based, object-oriented programming, an instance variable is a variable defined in a class (i.e., a member variable), for which each instantiated object of the class has a separate copy, or instance. An instance variable has similarities with a class variable, but is non-static. An instance variable is a variable which is declared in a class but outside of constructors, methods, or blocks. Instance variables are created when an object is instantiated, and are accessible to all the constructors, methods, or blocks in the class. Access modifiers can be given to the instance variable.

An instance variable is not a class variable, although there are similarities. Both are a type of class attribute (or class property, field, or data member). While an instance variable's value may differ between instances of a class, a class variable can only have one value at any one time, shared between all instances. The same dichotomy between instance and class members applies to methods ("member functions") as well.

Each instance variable lives in memory for the lifetime of the object it is owned by.

Instance variables are properties of that object. All instances of a class have their own copies of instance variables, even if the value is the same from one object to another. One class instance can change values of its instance variables without affecting all other instances. A class may have both instance variables and class variables.

Instance variables can be used by all instance methods of an object, but may not be used by class methods. An instance variable may also be changed directly, provided access restrictions are set.

C++
In this C++ example, the instance variable  is a copy of the class variable   where each instance constructed is assigned a sequential value of   before it is incremented. Since  is an instance variable, each   object contains its own distinct value; in contrast, there is only one object   available to all class instances with the same value.

Java
In this Java example, we can see how instance variables can be modified in one instance without affecting another.

Python
In the above Python code, the instance variable is created when an argument is parsed into the instance, with the specification of the breed positional argument.

title: Instance variable