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Joseph Henry

Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797  – May 13, 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. He was the secretary for the National Institute for the Promotion of Science, a precursor of the Smithsonian Institution. He also served as president of the National Academy of Sciences from 1868 to 1878.

While building electromagnets, Henry discovered the electromagnetic phenomenon of self-inductance. He also discovered mutual inductance independently of Michael Faraday, though Faraday was the first to make the discovery and publish his results. Henry developed the electromagnet into a practical device. He invented a precursor to the electric doorbell (specifically a bell that could be rung at a distance via an electric wire, 1831) and electric relay (1835). His work on the electromagnetic relay was the basis of the practical electrical telegraph, invented separately by Samuel F. B. Morse and Sir Charles Wheatstone. In his honor, the SI unit of inductance is named the henry (plural: henries; symbol: H ).

Early life and education
Henry was born in Albany, New York, to Scottish immigrants Ann Alexander Henry and William Henry. His parents were poor, and Henry's father died while he was still young. For the rest of his childhood, Henry lived with his grandmother in Galway, New York. After school, he worked at a general store, and at the age of thirteen became an apprentice watchmaker and silversmith. Joseph's first love was theater, and he came close to becoming a professional actor. His interest in science was sparked at the age of sixteen by a book of lectures on scientific topics titled Popular Lectures on Experimental Philosophy.

In 1819, he entered The Albany Academy, where he was given free tuition. Even with free tuition, he was so poor that he had to support himself with teaching and private tutoring positions. He intended to go into medicine, but in 1824 he was appointed an assistant engineer for the survey of the State road being constructed between the Hudson River and Lake Erie. From then on, he was inspired to a career in either civil or mechanical engineering. Henry excelled academically, even often helping his teachers teach science.

Career
In 1826, he was appointed Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at The Albany Academy by Principal T. Romeyn Beck. Some of his most important research was conducted in this new position. His curiosity about terrestrial magnetism led him to experiment with magnetism in general. He was the first to coil insulated wire tightly around an iron core in order to make a more powerful electromagnet, improving on William Sturgeon's electromagnet which used loosely coiled uninsulated wire. Using this technique, he built the strongest electromagnet at the time, for Yale. He also showed that, when making an electromagnet using just two electrodes attached to a battery, it is best to wind several coils of wire in parallel, but when using a set-up with multiple batteries, there should be only one single long coil. The latter made the telegraph feasible. Because of his early experiments in electromagnetism, some historians credit Henry with discoveries pre-dating Faraday and Hertz; however, Henry is not credited due to not publishing his work.

Using his newly developed electromagnetic principle, in 1831, Henry created one of the first machines to use electromagnetism for motion. This was the earliest ancestor of modern DC motor. It did not make use of rotating motion, but was merely an electromagnet perched on a pole, rocking back and forth. The rocking motion was caused by one of the two leads on both ends of the magnet rocker touching one of the two battery cells, causing a polarity change, and rocking the opposite direction until the other two leads hit the other battery.

This apparatus allowed Henry to recognize the property of self inductance. British scientist Michael Faraday also recognized this property around the same time. Since Faraday published his results first, he became the officially recognized discoverer of the phenomenon.

Princeton
From 1832 to 1846, Henry served as the first Chair of Natural History at the College of New Jersey, which is now Princeton University. While in Princeton, he taught a wide range of courses including natural history, chemistry, and architecture, and ran a laboratory on campus. Decades later, Henry wrote that he made "several thousand original investigations on electricity, magnetism, and electro-magnetism" while on the Princeton faculty. Henry relied heavily on an African American research assistant, Sam Parker, in his laboratory and experiments. Parker was a free black man hired by the Princeton trustees to assist Henry. In an 1841 letter to mathematician Elias Loomis, Henry wrote:

"The Trustees have however furnished me with an article which I now find indispensable namely with a coloured servant whom I have taught to manage my batteries and who now relieves me from all the dirty work of the laboratory."

In his letters, Henry described Parker providing materials for experiments, fixing technical issues with Henry's equipment, and at times being used as a test subject in electrical experiments in which Henry and his students would shock Parker in classroom demonstrations. In 1842, when Parker fell ill, Henry's experiments stopped completely until he recovered.

Smithsonian
Henry was appointed the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution in 1846, and served in this capacity until 1878. In 1848, while Secretary, Henry worked in conjunction with Professor Stephen Alexander to determine the relative temperatures for different parts of the solar disk. They used a thermopile to determine that sunspots were cooler than the surrounding regions. This work was shown to the astronomer Angelo Secchi who extended it, but with some question as to whether Henry was given proper credit for his earlier work.

In late 1861 and early 1862, during the American Civil War, Henry oversaw a series of lectures by prominent abolitionists at the Smithsonian Institution. Speakers included white clergymen, politicians, and activists such as Wendell Phillips, Horace Greeley, Henry Ward Beecher, and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Famous orator and former fugitive slave Frederick Douglass was scheduled as the final speaker; Henry, however, refused to allow him to attend, stating: "I would not let the lecture of the coloured man be given in the rooms of the Smithsonian."

In the fall of 2014, history author Jeremy T.K. Farley released The Civil War Out My Window: Diary of Mary Henry. The 262-page book featured the detailed diary of Henry's daughter Mary Anna Henry, kept from the years of 1855 to 1878 while living in the Smithsonian Castle. Throughout the diary, Henry is repeatedly mentioned by his daughter, who showed a keen affection to her father.

Influences in aeronautics
Henry was introduced to Prof. Thaddeus Lowe, a balloonist from New Hampshire who had taken interest in the phenomenon of lighter-than-air gases, and exploits into meteorology, in particular, the high winds which we call the Jet stream today. It was Lowe's intent to make a transatlantic crossing by utilizing an enormous gas-inflated aerostat. Henry took a great interest in Lowe's endeavors, promoting him among some of the more prominent scientists and institutions of the day.

In June 1860, Lowe had made a successful test flight with his gigantic balloon, first named the City of New York and later renamed The Great Western, flying from Philadelphia to Medford, New York. Lowe would not be able to attempt a transatlantic flight until late Spring of the 1861, so Henry convinced him to take his balloon to a point more West and fly the balloon back to the eastern seaboard, an exercise that would keep his investors interested.

Lowe took several smaller balloons to Cincinnati, Ohio in March 1861. On 19 April, he launched on a fateful flight that landed him in Confederate South Carolina. With the Southern States seceding from the Union, during that winter and spring of 1861, and the onset of Civil War, Lowe abandoned further attempts at a trans-Atlantic crossing and, with Henry's endorsement, went to Washington, D.C. to offer his services as an aeronaut to the Federal government. Henry submitted a letter to U.S. Secretary of War at the time Simon Cameron of Pennsylvania which carried Henry's endorsement:

"Hon. SIMON CAMERON

DEAR SIR: In accordance with your request made to me orally on the morning of the 6th of June, I have examined the apparatus and witnessed the balloon experiments of Mr. Lowe, and have come to the following conclusions

1st. The balloon prepared by Mr. Lowe, inflated with ordinary street gas, will retain its charge for several days.

2d. In an inflated condition it can be towed by a few men along an ordinary road, or over fields, in ordinarily calm weather, from the places where it is galled [i.e. swelled or inflated] to another, twenty or more miles distant.

3d. It can be let up into the air by means of a rope in a calm day to a height sufficient to observe the country for twenty miles around and more, according to the degree of clearness of the atmosphere. The ascent may also be made at night and the camp lights of the enemy observed.

4th. From experiments made here for the first time it is conclusively proved that telegrams can be sent with ease and certainty between the balloon and the quarters of the commanding officer.

5th. I feel assured, although I have not witnessed the experiment, that when the surface wind is from the east, as it was for several days last week, an observer in the balloon can be made to float nearly to the enemy's camp (as it is now situated to the west of us), or even to float over it, and then return eastward by rising to a higher elevation. This assumption is based on the fact that the upper strata of wind in this latitude is always flowing eastward. Mr. Lowe informs me, and I do not doubt his statement, that he will on any day which is favorable make an excursion of the kind above mentioned.

6th. From all the facts I have observed and the information I have gathered I am sure that important information may be obtained in regard to the topography of the country and to the position and movements of an enemy by means of the balloon now, and that Mr. Lowe is well qualified to render service in this way by the balloon now in his possession.

7th. The balloon which Mr. Lowe now has in Washington can only be inflated in a city where street gas is to be obtained. If an exploration is required at a point too distant for the transportation of the inflated balloon, an additional apparatus for the generation of hydrogen gas will be required. The necessity of generating the gas renders the use of the balloon more expensive, but this, where important results are required, is of comparatively small importance.

For these preliminary experiments, as you may recollect, a sum not to exceed $200 or $250 was to be appropriated, and in accordance with this Mr. Lowe has presented me with the in closed statement of items, which I think are reasonable, since nothing is charged for labor and time of the aeronautic.

I have the honor to remain, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

 * JOSEPH HENRY,

 * Secretary Smithsonian Institution."

On Henry's recommendation Lowe went on to form the United States Army/"Union Army" Balloon Corps and served two years with the Army of the Potomac as a Civil War "Aeronaut".

National Academy of Sciences
On January 25, 1866, Henry was elected as vice president of the National Academy of Sciences. He was elected as president in January 1868. In 1873, he stated his intention of resigning from the role, but a letter signed by members of the academy prevented his resignation. In April 1878, he again stated his interest in resigning if his health did not improve in the next six months. He remained in the role until his death the following month. Upon his death, the academy dedicated a trust named the Joseph Henry Fund.

Later years
As a famous scientist and director of the Smithsonian Institution, Henry received visits from other scientists and inventors who sought his advice. Henry was patient, kindly, self-controlled, and gently humorous. One such visitor was Alexander Graham Bell, who on 1 March 1875 carried a letter of introduction to Henry. Henry showed an interest in seeing Bell's experimental apparatus, and Bell returned the following day. After the demonstration, Bell mentioned his untested theory on how to transmit human speech electrically by means of a "harp apparatus" which would have several steel reeds tuned to different frequencies to cover the voice spectrum. Henry said Bell had "the germ of a great invention". Henry advised Bell not to publish his ideas until he had perfected the invention. When Bell objected that he lacked the necessary knowledge, Henry firmly advised: "Get it!"

On June 25, 1876, Bell's experimental telephone, using a different design, was demonstrated at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia, where Henry was one of the judges for electrical exhibits. On 13 January 1877, Bell demonstrated his instruments to Henry at the Smithsonian Institution and Henry invited Bell to demonstrate them again that night at the Washington Philosophical Society. Henry praised "the value and astonishing character of Mr. Bell's discovery and invention."

Henry died on May 13, 1878, and was buried in Oak Hill Cemetery in the Georgetown section of northwest Washington, D.C. John Philip Sousa wrote the Transit of Venus March for the unveiling of the Joseph Henry statue in front of the Smithsonian Castle.

Legacy
Henry was a member of the United States Lighthouse Board from 1852 until his death. He was appointed chairman in 1871 and served in that position the remainder of his life. He was the only civilian to serve as chairman. The United States Coast Guard honored Henry for his work on lighthouses and fog signal acoustics by naming a cutter after him. The Joseph Henry, usually referred to as the Joe Henry, was launched in 1880 and was active until 1904.

In 1915, Henry was inducted into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans in the Bronx, New York.

Bronze statues of Henry and Isaac Newton represent science on the balustrade of the galleries of the Main Reading Room in the Thomas Jefferson Building of the Library of Congress on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C. They are two of the 16 historical figures depicted in the reading room, each pair representing one of the 8 pillars of civilization.

In 1872, Almon Thompson named a mountain range in southeastern Utah after Henry. The Henry Mountains were the last mountain range to be added to the map of the 48 contiguous U.S. states.

At Princeton University, the Joseph Henry Laboratories and the Joseph Henry House are named for him.

After the Albany Academy moved out of its downtown building in the early 1930s, its old building in Academy Park was renamed Joseph Henry Memorial with a statue of him in front. It is now the main offices of the Albany City School District. In 1971, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places; later it was included as a contributing property when the Lafayette Park Historic District was listed on the Register.

Curriculum vitae

 * 1826 – Professor of mathematics and natural philosophy at The Albany Academy, New York.
 * 1832 – Chair of Natural History at Princeton University (then the College of New Jersey) until 1846
 * 1835 – Invented the electromechanical relay.
 * 1846 – First secretary of the Smithsonian Institution until 1878
 * 1848 – Edited Ephraim G. Squier and Edwin H. Davis' Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, the Institution's first publication.
 * 1852 – Appointed to the Lighthouse Board
 * 1871 – Appointed chairman of the Lighthouse Board

Other honors
Elected a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1835 and American Antiquarian Society in 1851.

The school he attended in Galway, New York was renamed Joseph Henry Elementary School in his honor.

Washington, D.C. named a school, built in 1878–80, on P Street between 6th and 7th the Joseph Henry School; it was demolished at some point after 1932.

The Henry Mountains (Utah) had been so named by geologist Almon Thompson in his honor.

Mount Henry in California is named in his honor.

title: Joseph Henry


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Life (magazine)

Life is an American magazine published weekly from 1883 to 1972, as an intermittent "special" until 1978, a monthly from 1978 until 2000, and an online supplement since 2008. During its golden age from 1936 to 1972, Life was a wide-ranging weekly general-interest magazine known for the quality of its photography, and was one of the nation's most popular magazines, regularly reaching one-quarter of the population.

Life was published independently for its first 53 years until 1936 as a general-interest and light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes, and social commentary. It featured some of the most important writers, editors, illustrators and cartoonists of its time, including Charles Dana Gibson, Norman Rockwell, and others. In 1918, Gibson became the magazine's editor following the death of John Ames Mitchell, its owner and editor. During its later years, the magazine offered brief capsule reviews, similar to those in The New Yorker, of plays and movies running in New York City, but with the innovative touch of a colored typographic bullet resembling a traffic light, appended to each review: green for a positive review, red for a negative one, and amber for mixed notices.

In 1936, Time publisher Henry Luce bought Life solely for its title, and greatly redesigned the publication. LIFE (stylized in all caps) became the first all-photographic American news magazine, and it dominated the market for several decades, with a circulation peaking at over 13.5 million copies a week. The magazine's role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Its prestige attracted the memoirs of President Harry S. Truman, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Douglas MacArthur, all serialized in its pages.

After 2000, Time Inc. continued to use the Life brand for special and commemorative issues. Life returned to regularly scheduled issues as a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life.com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc.'s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name See Your World, LLC.

On January 30, 2012, the Life.com URL became a photo channel on Time.com.

19th century
Life was founded on January 4, 1883, in a New York City artist's studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75% interest in the magazine with the remaining 25% held by Miller. Both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and managed the business side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, served as its publisher. He also created the first Life name-plate with cupids as mascots and later on, drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Then he took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates, which improved the reproduction of his illustrations and artwork. This edge helped because Life faced stiff competition from the best-selling humor magazines Judge and Puck, which were already established and successful. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as Life's first literary editor; the recent Harvard University graduate was a founder of the Harvard Lampoon.

The motto of the first issue of Life was: "While there's Life, there's hope." The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers:

"We wish to have some fun in this paper...We shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world...We shall have something to say about religion, about politics, fashion, society, literature, the stage, the stock exchange, and the police station, and we will speak out what is in our mind as fairly, as truthfully, and as decently as we know how."

The magazine was a success and soon attracted the industry's leading contributors, of which the most important was Charles Dana Gibson. Three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold Life a drawing for $4: a dog outside his kennel howling at the Moon. Encouraged by a publisher, also an artist, Gibson was joined at Life by illustrators Palmer Cox, creator of the Brownie, A. B. Frost, Oliver Herford, and E. W. Kemble. Life's literary roster included John Kendrick Bangs, James Whitcomb Riley, and Brander Matthews.

20th century

Mitchell was accused of anti-Semitism at a time of high rates of immigration to New York of Eastern European Jews. When the magazine blamed the theatrical team of Klaw & Erlanger for Chicago's Iroquois Theater Fire in 1903, many people complained. Life drama critic, James Stetson Metcalfe, was barred from the 47 Manhattan theatres controlled by the Theatrical Syndicate. Life published caricatures of Jews with large noses.

Several individuals would publish their first major works in Life. In 1908 Robert Ripley published his first cartoon in Life, 20 years before his Believe It or Not! fame. Norman Rockwell's first cover for Life magazine, Tain't You, was published May 10, 1917. His paintings were featured on Life cover 28 times between 1917 and 1924. Rea Irvin, the first art director of The New Yorker and creator of the character "Eustace Tilley", began his career by drawing covers for Life.

This version of Life took sides in politics and international affairs, and published pro-American editorials. After Germany attacked Belgium in 1914, Mitchell and Gibson undertook a campaign to push the U.S. into the war. Gibson drew the Kaiser as a bloody madman, insulting Uncle Sam, sneering at crippled soldiers, and shooting Red Cross nurses.

Following Mitchell's death in 1918, Gibson bought the magazine for $1 million, but the end of World War I had brought on social change. Life brand of humor was outdated, as readers wanted more daring and risque works, and Life struggled to compete. A little more than three years after purchasing Life, Gibson quit and turned the decaying property over to publisher Clair Maxwell and treasurer Henry Richter. Gibson retired and relocated to Maine, where he painted and lost interest in the magazine.

In 1920, Gibson selected former Vanity Fair staffer Robert E. Sherwood as editor. A WWI veteran and member of the Algonquin Round Table, Sherwood tried to inject sophisticated humor onto the pages. Life published Ivy League jokes, cartoons, flapper sayings and all-burlesque issues. Beginning in 1920, Life undertook a crusade against Prohibition. It also tapped the humorous writings of Frank Sullivan, Robert Benchley, Dorothy Parker, Franklin Pierce Adams and Corey Ford. Among the illustrators and cartoonists were Ralph Barton, Percy Crosby, Don Herold, Ellison Hoover, H. T. Webster, Art Young and John Held, Jr.

Life had 250,000 readers in 1920, but as the Jazz Age rolled into the Great Depression, the magazine lost money and subscribers. By the time Maxwell and editor George Eggleston took over, Life had switched from publishing weekly to monthly. The two men went to work revamping its editorial style to meet the times, which resulted in improved readership. However, Life had passed its prime and was sliding toward financial ruin. The New Yorker, debuting in February 1925, copied many of the features and styles of Life; it recruited staff from its editorial and art departments. Another blow to Life circulation came from raunchy humor periodicals such as Ballyhoo and Hooey, which ran what can be termed "outhouse" gags. In 1933, Esquire joined Life competitors. In its final years, Life struggled to make a profit.

Announcing the end of Life, Maxwell stated: "We cannot claim, like Mr. Gene Tunney, that we resigned our championship undefeated in our prime. But at least we hope to retire gracefully from a world still friendly."

For Life final issue in its original format, 80-year-old Edward Sandford Martin was recalled from editorial retirement to compose its obituary. He wrote:

"That Life should be passing into the hands of new owners and directors is of the liveliest interest to the sole survivor of the little group that saw it born in January 1883 ... As for me, I wish it all good fortune; grace, mercy and peace and usefulness to a distracted world that does not know which way to turn nor what will happen to it next. A wonderful time for a new voice to make a noise that needs to be heard!"

Weekly news magazine

In 1936, publisher Henry Luce purchased Life magazine for US$92,000 because he wanted the name for his company, Time Inc., to use. Time Inc. sold Life subscription list, features, and to Judge. Convinced that pictures could tell a story instead of just illustrating text, Luce launched the new Life on November 23, 1936, with John Shaw Billings and Daniel Longwell as founding editors. The third magazine published by Luce, after Time in 1923 and Fortune in 1930, Life developed as the definitive photo magazine in the U.S., giving as much space and importance to images as to words. The first issue of Life, which sold for ten cents (worth $0 in ), had five pages of Alfred Eisenstaedt's photographs.

In planning the weekly news magazine, Luce circulated a confidential prospectus within Time Inc. in 1936, which described his vision for the new Life magazine, and what he viewed as its unique purpose. Life magazine was to be the first publication, with a focus on photographs, that enabled the American public,

To see life; to see the world; to eyewitness great events; to watch the faces of the poor and the gestures of the proud; to see strange things—machines, armies, multitudes, shadows in the jungle and on the moon; to see man's work—his paintings, towers and discoveries; to see things thousands of miles away, things hidden behind walls and within rooms, things dangerous to come to; the women that men love and many children; to see and take pleasure in seeing; to see and be amazed; to see and be instructed...
 * —Prospectus for a New Magazine

Luce's first issue cover depicted the Fort Peck Dam in Montana, a Works Progress Administration project, photographed by Margaret Bourke-White.

The format of Life in 1936 was a success: the text was condensed into captions for 50 pages of photographs. The magazine was printed on heavily coated paper and cost readers only a dime. The magazine's circulation was beyond the company's predictions, going from 380,000 copies of the first issue to more than one million a week four months later. It soon challenged The Saturday Evening Post, then the largest-circulation weekly in the country. The magazine's success stimulated many imitators, such as Look, which was founded a year later in 1937 and ran until 1971.

Luce moved Life into its own building at 19 West 31st Street, a Beaux-Arts building constructed in 1894. Later Life moved its editorial offices to 9 Rockefeller Plaza.

A co-founder of the new Life magazine, Longwell served as managing editor from 1944 to 1946 and chairman of the board of editors until his retirement in 1954. He was credited for publishing Winston Churchill's The Second World War and Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea.

Luce also selected Edward Kramer Thompson, a stringer for Time, as assistant picture editor in 1937. From 1949 to 1961 he was the managing editor, and served as editor-in-chief for nearly a decade, until his retirement in 1970. His influence was significant during the magazine's heyday, which was roughly from 1936 until the mid-1960s. Thompson was known for the free rein he gave his editors, particularly a "trio of formidable and colorful women: Sally Kirkland, fashion editor; Mary Letherbee, movie editor; and Mary Hamman, modern living editor."

When the U.S. entered World War II in 1941, Life covered the war closely. By 1944, of the 40 Time and Life war correspondents, seven were women: Americans Mary Welsh Hemingway, Margaret Bourke-White, Lael Tucker, Peggy Durdin, Shelley Smith Mydans, Annalee Jacoby, and Jacqueline Saix, an Englishwoman. (Saix's name is often omitted from the list, but she and Welsh are the only women listed as part of the magazine's team in a Times publisher's letter, dated May 8, 1944.)

Life backed the war effort each week. In July 1942, Life launched its first art contest for soldiers and drew more than 1,500 entries, submitted by all ranks. Judges sorted out the best and awarded $1,000 in prizes. Life picked 16 for reproduction in the magazine. The National Gallery in Washington, D.C. agreed to put 117 entries on exhibition that summer. Life, also supported the military's efforts to use artists to document the war. When Congress forbade the armed forces from using government money to fund artists in the field, Life privatized the programs, hiring many of the artists being let go by the Department of War (which would later become the Department of Defense). On December 7, 1960, Life managers later donated many of the works by such artists to the Department of War and its art programs, such as the United States Army Art Program.

Each week during World War II, the magazine brought photographs of the war to Americans; it had photographers from all theaters of war. The magazine was imitated in enemy propaganda using contrasting images of Life and Death.

In August 1942, writing about labor and racial unrest in Detroit, Life warned that "the morale situation is perhaps the worst in the U.S. ... It is time for the rest of the country to sit up and take notice. For Detroit can either blow up Hitler or it can blow up the U.S." Mayor Edward Jeffries was outraged: "I'll match Detroit's patriotism against any other city's in the country. The whole story in Life is scurrilous ... I'd just call it a yellow magazine and let it go at that." The article was considered so dangerous to the war effort that it was censored from copies of the magazine sold outside North America.

The magazine hired war photographer Robert Capa in July 1943 to cover the Sicilian and Italian campaigns. A veteran of Collier's magazine, Capa accompanied the first wave of the D-Day invasion in Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, and returned with only a handful of images, many of them out of focus. The magazine wrote in the captions that the photos were fuzzy because Capa's hands were shaking. He denied it, claiming that the darkroom had ruined his negatives. Later he poked fun at Life by titling his war memoir Slightly Out of Focus (1947). In 1954, Capa was killed after stepping on a land mine, while working for the magazine covering the First Indochina War. Life photographer Bob Landry also went in with the first wave at D-Day, "but all of Landry's film was lost, and his shoes to boot."

In a notable mistake, in its final edition just before the 1948 U.S. presidential election, the magazine printed a large photo showing U.S. presidential candidate Thomas E. Dewey and his staff riding across San Francisco, California harbor entitled "Our Next President Rides by Ferryboat over San Francisco Bay". Incumbent President Harry S. Truman won the election. Dewey was expected to win the election, and this mistake was also made by the Chicago Tribune.

On May 10, 1950, the council of ministers in Cairo banned Life from Egypt forever. All issues on sale were confiscated. No reason was given, but Egyptian officials expressed indignation over the April 10, 1950 story about King Farouk of Egypt, entitled the "Problem King of Egypt". The government considered it insulting to the country.

Life in the 1950s earned a measure of respect by commissioning work from top authors. After Life publication in 1952 of Ernest Hemingway's The Old Man and the Sea, the magazine contracted with the author for a 4,000-word piece on bullfighting. Hemingway sent the editors a 10,000-word article, following his last visit to Spain in 1959 to cover a series of contests between two top matadors. The article was republished in 1985 as the novella, The Dangerous Summer.

In February 1953, just a few weeks after leaving office, President Harry S. Truman announced that Life magazine would handle all rights to his memoirs. Truman said it was his belief that by 1954 he would be able to speak more fully on subjects pertaining to the role his administration played in world affairs. Truman observed that Life editors had presented other memoirs with great dignity; he added that Life had also made the best offer.

Beginning in 1953, a Spanish-language edition was published, titled Life en español. It had a circulation of over 300,000 in Latin America.

For his 1955 Museum of Modern Art traveling exhibition The Family of Man, which was to be seen by nine million visitors worldwide, curator Edward Steichen relied heavily on photographs from Life; 111 of the 503 pictures shown, constituting more than 20% as counted by Abigail Solomon-Godeau. His assistant Wayne Miller entered the magazine's archive in late 1953 and spent an estimated nine months there. He searched through 3.5 million images, most in the form of original negatives (only in the last years of the war did the picture department start to print contact sheets of all assignments) and submitted to Steichen for selection many that had not been published in the magazine.

In November 1954, the actress Dorothy Dandridge was the first African-American woman to be featured on the cover of the magazine.

In 1957, R. Gordon Wasson, a vice president at J. P. Morgan, published an article in Life extolling the virtues of magic mushrooms. This prompted Albert Hofmann to isolate psilocybin in 1958 for distribution by Sandoz alongside LSD in the U.S., further raising interest in LSD in the mass media. Following Wasson's report, Timothy Leary visited Mexico to try out the mushrooms, which were used in traditional religious rituals.

Life's motto became "To see Life; to see the world." The magazine produced many popular science serials, such as The World We Live In and The Epic of Man in the early 1950s. The magazine continued to showcase the work of notable illustrators, such as Alton S. Tobey, whose contributions included the cover for a 1958 series of articles on the history of the Russian Revolution.

As the 1950s drew to a close and television became more popular, the magazine was losing readers. In May 1959 it announced plans to reduce its regular news-stand price from 25 cents a copy to 20. With the increase in television sales and viewership, interest in news magazines was waning. Life had to try to create a new form.

In the 1960s, the magazine was filled with color photos of movie stars, President John F. Kennedy and his family, the war in Vietnam, and the Apollo program. Typical of the magazine's editorial focus was a long 1964 feature on actress Elizabeth Taylor and her relationship with actor Richard Burton. Journalist Richard Meryman traveled with Taylor to New York, California, and Paris. Life ran a 6,000-word first-person article on the screen star.

"'I'm not a 'sex queen' or a 'sex symbol,' ' Taylor said. 'I don't think I want to be one. Sex symbol kind of suggests bathrooms in hotels or something. I do know I'm a movie star and I like being a woman, and I think sex is absolutely gorgeous. But as far as a sex goddess, I don't worry myself that way... Richard is a very sexy man. He's got that sort of jungle essence that one can sense... When we look at each other, it's like our eyes have fingers and they grab ahold.... I think I ended up being the scarlet woman because of my rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs. I couldn't just have a romance. It had to be a marriage.'"

In the 1960s, the magazine printed photographs by Gordon Parks. "The camera is my weapon against the things I dislike about the universe and how I show the beautiful things about the universe," Parks recalled in 2000. "I didn't care about Life magazine. I cared about the people," he said.

A June 1964 Paul Welch Life article, "Homosexuality In America", was the first time a national mainstream publication reported on gay issues. Life 's photographer was referred to the gay leather bar in San Francisco called the Tool Box for the article by Hal Call, who had long worked to dispel the myth that all gay men were effeminate. The article opened with a two-page spread of the mural of life-size leathermen in the bar, which had been painted by Chuck Arnett in 1962. The article described San Francisco as "The Gay Capital of America" and inspired many gay leathermen to move there.

On March 25, 1966, Life featured the drug LSD as its cover story. The drug had attracted attention among the counterculture and was not yet criminalized.

In March 1967, Life won the 1967 National Magazine Award, chosen by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. Despite the industry's accolades and its coverage of the U.S. mission to the Moon in 1969, the magazine continued to lose circulation. Time Inc. announced in January 1971 its decision to reduce circulation from 8.5 million to 7 million, in an effort to offset shrinking advertising revenues. The following year, Life cut its circulation further, to 5.5 million beginning with the January 14, 1972 issue. Life was reportedly not losing money, but its costs were rising faster than its profits. Life lost credibility with many readers when it supported author Clifford Irving, whose fraudulent autobiography of Howard Hughes was revealed as a hoax in January 1972. The magazine had purchased serialization rights to Irving's manuscript.

Industry figures showed that some 96% of Life's circulation went to mail subscribers, with only 4% coming from the more profitable newsstand sales. Gary Valk was publisher when, on December 8, 1972, the magazine announced it would cease publication by the end of the year and lay off hundreds of staff. The weekly Life magazine published its last issue on December 29, 1972.

From 1972 to 1978, Time Inc. published ten Life Special Reports on such themes as "The Spirit of Israel", "Remarkable American Women" and "The Year in Pictures". With a minimum of promotion, these issues sold between 500,000 and 1 million copies at cover prices of up to $2.

Beginning with an October 1978 issue, Life was published as a monthly, with a new, modified logo. Although it remained a familiar red rectangle with the white type, the new version was larger, the lettering was closer together and the box surrounding it was smaller.

Life continued for the next 22 years as general-interest, news features magazine. In 1986, it marked its 50th anniversary under the Time Inc. umbrella with a special issue showing every Life cover starting from 1936, which included the issues published during the six-year hiatus in the 1970s.

The circulation in this era hovered around 1.5 million. The cover price in 1986 was $2.50. The publisher was Charles Whittingham; the editor was Philip Kunhardt.

In 1991, Life sent correspondents to the first Gulf War and published special issues of coverage. Four issues of this weekly, Life in Time of War, were published during the war.

Life's online presence began in the 1990s as part of the Pathfinder.com network. The standalone Life.com site was launched on March 31, 2009, and closed on January 30, 2012. Life.com was developed by Andrew Blau and Bill Shapiro, the same team who launched the weekly newspaper supplement. While the archive of Life, known as the Life Picture Collection, was substantial, they searched for a partner who could provide significant contemporary photography. They approached Getty Images, the world's largest licensor of photography. The site, a joint venture between Getty Images and Life magazine, offered millions of photographs from their combined collections. On the 50th anniversary of the night Marilyn Monroe sang "Happy Birthday" to John F. Kennedy, Life.com presented Bill Ray's iconic portrait of the actress, along with other rare photos.

Life.com later became a redirect to a small photo channel on Time.com. Life.com also maintains Tumblr and Twitter accounts and a presence on Instagram.

The magazine struggled financially and, in February 1993, Life announced the magazine would be printed in a smaller format starting with its July issue, which reintroduced the original Life logo.

Life reduced advertising prices by 34% in a bid to attract more advertisers. The magazine reduced its circulation guarantee for advertisers by 12% in July 1993, from 1.7 million to 1.5 million copies. The publishers in this era were Nora McAniff and Edward McCarrick. Daniel Okrent was the editor. Life now used the smaller size used by its longtime Time Inc. sister publication, Fortune.

Though experiencing financial trouble, in 1999 the magazine still made news by compiling lists to round out the 20th century. Life editors ranked their "Most Important Events of the Millennium" and a list of the "100 Most Important People of the Millennium." This list was criticized for focusing on the West. Thomas Edison's number one ranking was challenged since critics believed that other inventions, such as the internal combustion engine, the automobile, and electricity-making machines, for example, had greater effects on society than Edison's. The top 100 list was criticized for mixing world-famous names, such as Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, Louis Pasteur, and Leonardo da Vinci, with figures largely unknown outside of the United States (18 Americans compared to 13 Italian and French, and 11 English).

21st century
In March 2000, Time Inc. announced it would cease regular publication of Life with the May issue.

"'It's a sad day for us here,' Don Logan, chairman and chief executive of Time Inc., told CNN.com. 'It was still in the black,' he said, noting that Life was increasingly spending more to maintain its monthly circulation level of approximately 1.5 million. 'Life was a general interest magazine and since its reincarnation, it had always struggled to find its identity, to find its position in the marketplace.'"

The magazine's last issue featured a human interest story. In 1936, its first issue under Henry Luce featured a baby named George Story, with the headline "Life Begins"; over the years the magazine had published updates about the course of Story's life as he married, had children, and pursued a career as a journalist. After Time announced its pending closure in March, George Story happened to die of heart failure on April 4, 2000. The last issue of Life was titled "A Life Ends", featuring his story and how it had intertwined with the magazine over the years.

For Life subscribers, remaining subscriptions were honored with other Time Inc. magazines, such as Time. In January 2001, these subscribers received a special, Life-sized format of "The Year in Pictures" edition of Time magazine. It was a Life issue disguised under a Time logo on the front. Newsstand copies of this edition were published under the Life imprint.

While citing poor advertising sales and a difficult climate for selling magazine subscriptions, Time Inc. executives said a key reason for closing the title in 2000 was to divert resources to the company's other magazine launches that year, such as Real Simple. Later that year, its owner, Time Warner, struck a deal with the Tribune Company for Times Mirror magazines, which included Golf, Ski, Skiing, Field & Stream, and Yachting. AOL and Time Warner announced a $184 billion merger, the largest corporate merger in history, which was finalized in January 2001.

In 2001, Time Warner began publishing special newsstand "megazine" issues of Life, on topics such as the September 11 attacks and the Holy Land. These issues, which were printed on thicker paper, were more like softcover books than magazines.

Beginning in October 2004, Life was revived for a second time. It resumed weekly publication as a free supplement to U.S. newspapers, competing for the first time with the two industry heavyweights, Parade and USA Weekend. At its launch, it was distributed with more than 60 newspapers with a combined circulation of approximately 12 million. Among the newspapers to carry Life were the Washington Post, New York Daily News, Los Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, Denver Post, and St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Time Inc. made deals with several major newspaper publishers to carry the Life supplement, including Knight Ridder and the McClatchy Company. The launch of Life as a weekly newspaper supplement was conceived by Andrew Blau, who served as the President of Life. Bill Shapiro was the founding editor of the weekly supplement.

This version of Life retained its trademark logo but sported a new cover motto, "America's Weekend Magazine." It measured 9½ x 11½ inches and was printed on glossy paper in full color. On September 15, 2006, Life was 19 pages of editorial content. The editorial content contained one full-page photo, of actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and one three-page, seven-photo essay, of Kaiju Big Battel. On March 24, 2007, Time Inc. announced that it would fold the magazine as of April 20, 2007, although it would keep the web site.

On November 18, 2008, Google began hosting an archive of the magazine's photographs, as part of a joint effort with Life. Many images in this archive had never been published in the magazine. The archive of over six million photographs from Life is also available through Google Cultural Institute, allowing for users to create collections, and is accessible through Google image search. The full archive of the issues of the main run (1936–1972) is available through Google Book Search.

Special editions of Life are published on notable occasions, such as a Bob Dylan edition on the occasion of his winning the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2016, Paul at 75 when Paul McCartney turned 75 in 2017, and "Life" Explores: The Roaring '20s in 2020.

Life is currently owned by Dotdash Meredith, which owns most former Time Inc. and Meredith Corporation assets.

In 2024 it was announced that Bedford Media (owned by Karlie Kloss and Joshua Kushner) would be reviving the magazine in an agreement with Dotdash Meredith.

In popular culture

 * In 2013, the film, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty, starring Ben Stiller and Kristen Wiig, portrays Life as it transitioned from printed material toward having only an online presence.

Contributors
Notable contributors have included:

 * John Kendrick Bangs, editor and writer
 * Dominic Behan, writer

Photojournalists:

 * Harry Benson
 * Berry Berenson
 * Walter Bosshard
 * Margaret Bourke-White
 * Brian Brake
 * Larry Burrows
 * David Burnett
 * David Douglas Duncan
 * Robert Capa
 * Henri Cartier-Bresson
 * Loomis Dean
 * John Dominis
 * Alfred Eisenstaedt
 * Eliot Elisofon
 * Bill Eppridge
 * Andreas Feininger
 * Ron Galella
 * Alfred Gescheidt
 * Bob Gomel
 * Allan Grant
 * Dirck Halstead
 * Marie Hansen
 * Bernard Hoffman
 * Henri Huet
 * Isaac Kitrosser
 * Lalaine Madrigal
 * Peter B. Martin
 * Hansel Mieth
 * Lee Miller
 * Gjon Mili
 * Ralph Morse
 * Carl Mydans
 * Gordon Parks
 * John Phillips
 * Bill Ray
 * Co Rentmeester
 * Paul Schutzer
 * Art Shay
 * George Silk
 * George Strock
 * W. Eugene Smith
 * Peter Stackpole
 * Pete Souza
 * Edward K. Thompson, managing editor (1949–1961) and editor (1961–1970)
 * John Vachon
 * Jeff Vespa, editor
 * Leigh Wiener
 * Tony Zappone, Europe edition
 * John G. Zimmerman

Film critics:
 * Brad Darrach
 * Wheeler Winston Dixon

Fashion:
 * Howell Conant, fashion photographer
 * Clay Felker, sportswriter, founder of New York magazine
 * Sally Kirkland, editor, fashion

Photographers:
 * John Florea
 * Henry Grossman
 * Philippe Halsman
 * Dorothea Lange
 * Nina Leen
 * Mark Shaw
 * Edward Steichen, portraits
 * André Weinfeld, portraits

Illustrators:

 * Charles Dana Gibson
 * Lejaren Hiller, Sr.
 * Mary Hamman, modern living editor
 * Richard Edes Harrison, cartographer
 * Jane Howard, journalist and correspondent
 * Will Lang Jr. (bureau chief)
 * Henry Luce, publisher and editor-in-chief
 * Gerald Moore, reporter

Writers:
 * Normand Poirier
 * Ronald B. Scott
 * David Snell, journalist, writer, and cartoonist
 * Thomas Thompson, writer and editor

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Life (magazine)


text:
APT (software)

Advanced package tool, or APT, is a free-software user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on Debian and Debian-based Linux distributions. APT simplifies the process of managing software on Unix-like computer systems by automating the retrieval, configuration and installation of software packages, either from precompiled files or by compiling source code.

Usage
APT is a collection of tools distributed in a package named apt. A significant part of APT is defined in a C++ library of functions; APT also includes command-line programs for dealing with packages, which use the library. Three such programs are,   and. They are commonly used in examples because they are simple and ubiquitous. The apt package is of "important" priority in all current Debian releases, and is therefore included in a default Debian installation. APT can be considered a front end to, friendlier than the older   front end. While  performs actions on individual packages, APT manages relations (especially dependencies) between them, as well as sourcing and management of higher-level versioning decisions (release tracking and version pinning).

APT is often hailed as one of Debian's best features,   which Debian developers attribute to the strict quality controls in Debian's policy.

A major feature of APT is the way it calls  — it does topological sorting of the list of packages to be installed or removed and calls   in the best possible sequence. In some cases, it utilizes the  options of. However, it only does this when it is unable to calculate how to avoid the reason  requires the action to be forced.

Installing software
The user indicates one or more packages to be installed. Each package name is phrased as just the name portion of the package, not a fully qualified filename (for instance, in a Debian system,  would be the argument provided, not  ). Notably, APT automatically gets and installs packages upon which the indicated package depends (if necessary). This was an original distinguishing characteristic of APT-based package management systems, as it avoided installation failure due to missing dependencies, a type of dependency hell.

Another distinction is the retrieval of packages from remote repositories. APT uses a location configuration file to locate the desired packages, which might be available on the network or a removable storage medium, for example, and retrieve them, and also obtain information about available (but not installed) packages.

APT provides other command options to override decisions made by apt-get's conflict resolution system. One option is to force a particular version of a package. This can downgrade a package and render dependent software inoperable, so the user must be careful.

Finally, the  mechanism allows the user to create an alternative installation policy for individual packages.

The user can specify packages using a POSIX regular expression.

APT searches its cached list of packages and lists the dependencies that must be installed or updated.

APT retrieves, configures and installs the dependencies automatically.

Triggers are the treatment of deferred actions.

Update, upgrade and dist-upgrade
Usage modes of  and   that facilitate updating installed packages include:
 * is used to resynchronize the package index files from their sources. The lists of available packages are fetched from the location(s) specified in . For example, when using a Debian archive, this command retrieves and scans the   files, so that information about new and updated packages is available.
 * is used to install the newest versions of all packages currently installed on the system from the sources enumerated in . Packages currently installed with new versions available are retrieved and upgraded; under no circumstances are currently installed packages removed, or packages not already installed retrieved and installed. New versions of currently installed packages that cannot be upgraded without changing the install status of another package will be left at their current version.
 * and , in addition to performing the function of  , also intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions of packages;   and   have a "smart" conflict resolution system, and will attempt to upgrade the most important packages at the expense of less important ones if necessary. The   file contains a list of locations from which to retrieve desired package files. aptitude has a smarter   feature called.

Configuration and files
contains the APT configuration folders and files.

is the APT Configuration Query program. shows the configuration.

Files

 * : Locations to fetch packages from.
 * : Additional source list fragments.
 * : APT configuration file.
 * : APT configuration file fragments.
 * : Directory with version preferences files. This is where "pinning" is specified, i.e. a preference to get certain packages from a separate source or from a different version of a distribution.
 * : Storage area for retrieved package files.
 * : Storage area for package files in transit.
 * : Storage area for state information for each package resource specified in
 * : Storage area for state information in transit.

APT pinning
The APT pinning feature allows users to force APT to choose particular versions of packages which may be available in different versions from different repositories. This allows administrators to ensure that packages are not upgraded to versions which may conflict with other packages on the system, or that have not been sufficiently tested for unwelcome changes.

In order to do this, the pins in APT's preferences file must be modified, although graphical front ends often make pinning simpler.

Front ends

Several other front ends to APT exist, which provide more advanced installation functions and more intuitive interfaces. These include:
 * Synaptic, a GTK graphical user interface
 * Ubuntu Software Center, a GTK graphical user interface developed by the Ubuntu project
 * aptitude, a console client with CLI and ncurses-based TUI interfaces
 * KPackage, part of KDE
 * Adept package manager, a graphical user interface for KDE (deb, rpm, bsd)
 * PackageKit, a D-Bus frontend, maintained by freedesktop.org, powers GNOME Software and KDE Discover.
 * GDebi, a GTK-based tool sponsored for Ubuntu. (There is also a Qt version, available in the Ubuntu repositories as gdebi-kde.)
 * apt-cdrom, a way to add a new CDROM to APT's list of available repositories (sources.lists). It is necessary to use apt-cdrom to add CDs to the APT system, it cannot be done by hand.
 * apt-zip, a way to use apt with removable media, specifically USB flash drives.
 * aptURL, an Ubuntu software package that enables end-user applications to install with a single-click through a browser.
 * Cydia, a package manager for jailbroken iOS based on APT (ported to iOS as part of the Telesphoreo project).
 * Sileo, like Cydia, a package manager for jailbroken iOS based on newer versions of APT (ported to iOS by the Electra team)
 * gnome-apt, a GTK/GNOME-widget-based graphical front end. Developed by Havoc Pennington
 * Muon discover (previous Muon software center), a Qt-based graphical user interface
 * Hildon application manager (Maemo application), a Maemo front end
 * apticron, a service designed to be run via cron to email notices of pending updates to a system administrator (sysadmin).
 * APT Daemon, a front end that runs as a service to allow users to install software through PolicyKit and is in turn the framework used by Ubuntu software center (along with the Linux Mint software manager).
 * Package installer, part of MX Linux.
 * Apt-offline: A convenient way to make any available non-containerized change to any Debian-type Linux installation without using a direct Internet connection. However, a temporary direct connection can be required, such as to install Apt-offline on some of the relevant types of Linux, and to add PPA's to the sources-list.

APT front ends can:
 * search for new packages;
 * upgrade packages;
 * install or remove packages and
 * upgrade the whole system to a new release.

APT front ends can list the dependencies of packages being installed or upgraded, ask the administrator if packages recommended or suggested by newly installed packages should be installed too, automatically install dependencies and perform other operations on the system such as removing obsolete files and packages.

History
The original effort that led to the  program was the   replacement project known by its codename Deity. This project was commissioned in 1997 by Brian White, the Debian release manager at the time. The first functional version of  was called   and was only intended to be a test program for the core library functions that would underpin the new user interface (UI).

Much of the original development of APT was done on Internet relay chat (IRC), so records have been lost. The 'Deity creation team' mailing list archives include only the major highlights.

The 'Deity' name was abandoned as the official name for the project due to concerns over the religious nature of the name. The APT name was eventually decided after considerable internal and public discussion. Ultimately the name was proposed on IRC, accepted and then finalized on the mailing lists.

APT was introduced in 1998 and original test builds were circulated on IRC. The first Debian version that included it was Debian 2.1, released on 9 March 1999.

In the end the original goal of the Deity project of replacing the  user interface was a failure. Work on the user interface portion of the project was abandoned (the user interface directories were removed from the concurrent versions system) after the first public release of. The response to APT as a  method and a command line utility was so great and positive that all development efforts focused on maintaining and improving the tool. It was not until much later that several independent people built user interfaces on top of.

Eventually, a new team picked up the project, began to build new features and released version 0.6 of APT which introduced the Secure APT feature, using strong cryptographic signing to authenticate the package repositories.

Variants
APT was originally designed as a front end for dpkg to work with Debian's  packages. A version of APT modified to also work with the RPM Package Manager system was released as APT-RPM. The Fink project has ported APT to Mac OS X for some of its own package management tasks, and APT is also available in OpenSolaris.

apt-file
apt-file is a command, packaged separately from APT, to find which package includes a specific file, or to list all files included in a package on remote repositories.

title: APT (software)


text:
MCI Communications

MCI Communications Corporation (originally Microwave Communications, Inc.) was a telecommunications company headquartered in Washington, D.C. that was at one point the second-largest long-distance provider in the United States.

MCI was instrumental in legal and regulatory changes that led to the breakup of the Bell System and introduced competition in the telephone industry. Its MCI Mail, launched in 1983, was one of the first Email services and its MCI.net was an integral part of the Internet backbone.

The company was acquired by WorldCom (later called MCI Inc.) in 1998.

Founding
MCI was founded as Microwave Communications, Inc. on October 3, 1963, with John D. Goeken being named the company's first president. The initial business plan was for the company to build a series of microwave radio relay stations between Chicago, Illinois, and St. Louis, Missouri. The relay stations would then be used to interface with limited-range two-way radios used by truckers along U.S. Route 66 or by barges on the Illinois Waterway. The long-distance communication service would then be marketed to shipping companies that were too small to build their own private relay systems. In addition to the radio relay services, MCI soon made plans to offer voice, computer information, and data communication services for business customers unable to afford AT&T's TELPAK service.

Hearings on the company's initial license application between February 13, 1967, and April 19, 1967, resulted in a recommendation of approval by the FCC.

On June 26, 1968, the FCC ruled in the Carterfone case that AT&T's rules prohibiting private two-way radio connections to a telephone network were illegal. AT&T quickly sought a reversal of the ruling, and when the FCC denied the request, AT&T brought suit against the FCC in the United States courts of appeals. The FCC's decision was upheld, thus creating a new industry: privately (non-Bell) manufactured devices could be connected to the telephone network as long as the manufacturer met interface standards.

In 1968, William G. McGowan, an investor from New York with experience in raising venture capital, made an investment into the company large enough to pay all outstanding debts and create a cash reserve. McGowan received a seat on the board of directors. Microwave Communications of America, Inc (MICOM) was incorporated on August 8, 1968 as an umbrella corporation to help build a nationwide microwave relay system.

Licensing and build-out
On October 28, 1968, Hyrum Rex Lee became an FCC Commissioner and MCI began a series of submissions including a proposal for a low-cost educational television network designed to show MCI as being more flexible to public needs than AT&T. While MCI was performing this lobbying, the President's Task Force on Communication Policy issued a report recommending that specialized common carriers be allowed free access into the private line business.

On 14 August 1969, the FCC issued a final ruling on Docket 16509, MCI's licensing request to begin building microwave relay stations between Chicago and St. Louis. By a decision of 4-to-3 MCI was licensed for operation. This ruling was quickly appealed by AT&T, and after a denial of the appeal by the commission, AT&T filed a civil suit with the United States courts of appeals to have the ruling overturned.

The company then began to form subsidiary corporations and file applications with the FCC to create microwave relays between other city pairs. Between September 1969 and February 1971, 15 new regional carriers were created, allowing for interconnection between several major cities in the United States.

In July 1969, MICOM purchased stock in Interdata, an independent regional carrier that was applying to build a microwave relay chain between New York City and Washington, D.C.

MCI began selling data transmission services to paying customers on January 1, 1972.

To pay for the microwave transmission and relay equipment needed for build-out, MICOM began a series of private stock offerings in May 1971. In July 1971, MICOM was restructured into MCI Communications, and the company began the process of absorbing the regional carriers into a single corporation.

MCI became a public company via an initial public offering on June 22, 1972.

In early 1971, MCI and Lockheed Missiles and Space Company created a joint venture which was the first company to request FCC authorization as a Specialized Common Carrier using satellite-based communications; satellite service would save the company from building thousands of miles of terrestrial network facilities. A year later, Comsat Corp. entered the venture which was renamed CML Satellite Corp. In need of cash, MCI sold its share of the venture to IBM in 1974. Lockheed also subsequently sold its share to IBM. IBM and Comsat brought in Aetna as a third partner and renamed the company Satellite Business Systems (SBS). IBM later acquired the remainder of the company and sold it back to MCI in March 1986 for $376 million in MCI stock.

Illinois Bell refused to interconnect an MCI long haul interstate circuit and, in January 1974, MCI filed an antitrust lawsuit against AT&T. On June 13, 1980, a jury in Chicago awarded MCI $1.8 billion in damages to be paid by AT&T, reduced to $113 million in 1985 on appeal. The suit, coupled with the Department of Justice antitrust suit also brought against AT&T, eventually led to the voluntary breakup of the Bell System.

In 1975, as a result of the Carterfone decision, MCI began offering switched voice telecommunications in direct competition with AT&T, using a combination of its own microwave circuits and leased circuits from AT&T. By 1977, the company operated several switches manufactured by Danray (later part of Nortel).

In 1982, MCI worked with Ally & Gargano to create what Entertainment Weekly referred to in 1997 as one of the 50 best commercials of all time. MCI hired the same actors used in an AT&T commercial in 1981. In the AT&T version, the son calls his mother and, when asked why, replied “just ‘cuz I love you”, which was not a common reason to make an expensive long-distance call, causing the mother to cry. In the MCI version, when the husband asked the wife why she was crying, she replied "I just received my phone bill"... after which an announcer's voice stated "You're not talking too much, you're just paying too much. MCI: The Nation's New Long Distance Telephone Company."

In 1982, MCI acquired Western Union International, the cable systems properties and the right-of-way rights of Western Union's telegraph lines from Xerox for $185 million. Xerox had acquired it for $279 million in 1979. It was renamed MCI International and its headquarters were moved its New York City to Westchester County, New York.

On September 27, 1983, an MCI division led by Vint Cerf, one of the developers of the TCP/IP protocol, launched MCI Mail, one of the first email services, and a data network using the CCITT X.25 packet switching protocol.

In 1983, Michael Milken and Drexel Burnham Lambert raised a $1.1 billion hybrid security, at the time the largest debt financing in history, for the company.

In 1984, MCI became the first company to deploy single-mode optical fiber (the standard had been multi-mode optical fiber), which was manufactured by Siecor, a joint venture between Siemens Telecom and Corning Glass Company. Referred to as MAFOS (Mid-Atlantic Fiber Optic System), the fiber cable ran between New York City and Washington D.C. Eventually, single-mode fiber became the standard for US telecommunications carriers.

In 1987, MCI acquired RCA Global from General Electric.

In 1987, MCI partnered with IBM and Merit Network (a network run by triad of universities in Michigan) to respond to a National Science Foundation proposal to develop a high-speed telecommunications network called National Science Foundation Network (NSFNET). This network used the TCP/IP protocol that had been developed by the United States Department of Defense ARPANet and was the immediate forerunner to the Internet. In 1988, Vint Cerf was working at CNRI and obtained support from MCI and permission from the Federal Networking Council to interconnect MCI Mail with the NSFNET. In 1989, it was the first commercial e-mail service to do so. Immediately, most of the other commercial e-mail providers also got permission to interconnect to the Internet, leading to their interconnection with each other. In 1994, NSF announced that it would terminate the NSFNET operation and support the development of Network Access Point operation to link the networks that had been interconnected by NSFNET. NSF also proposed that an academic research network be built called the Very high-speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS) and MCI responded. MCI also built a separate commercial Internet service, MCI.net, which was an integral part of the global Internet backbone. It was sold to Cable & Wireless plc as part of the merger of MCI with Worldcom in 1998.

In 1990, the company acquired Telecom*USA and became the second-largest telecommunications company in the U.S., with a fiber-optic network spanning more than 46,000 miles. The company offered more than 50 services in more than 150 countries that included voice, data, and telex transmissions, MCI Mail and MCI Fax.

In March 1991, the company introduced the Friends & Family plan, whereby customers received a reduced rate when calling numbers they had included in their "calling circle", which could contain up to 20 MCI customers.

In 1993, the company introduced a collect call service called "1-800-COLLECT". Actors Phil Hartman, Chris Rock, and Arsenio Hall starred in some of its commercials, but the most commonly used spokesperson was the fictional Eva Save-a-lot, played by actress Alyssa Milano. The service was sold to viiz in 2016.

In 1995, the company partnered with News Corporation on a satellite television venture, known as American Sky Broadcasting (named after Murdoch's UK DBS company). It intended to broadcast from two satellites at the 110 degree orbital slot; but the venture never started broadcasting. The orbital slot and an uplink center were sold to EchoStar in 1999; the planned satellites Tempo 1 and Tempo 2 were sold to PrimeStar, whose assets were sold to DirecTV in 1999.

In October 1994, BT Group acquired 20% of the company for $4.3 billion.

In November 1995, MCI introduced 1-800-MUSIC-NOW, a short-lived telephone-based and online music store.

Purchase by WorldCom
BT made an offer to purchase the rest of the company in November 1996 for $22 billion. In October 1997, GTE, now a part of Verizon, made a bid to purchase MCI for $28 billion in cash. WorldCom offered $34.7 billion in stock, higher than either the BT or GTE offers, which was accepted by MCI on November 10, 1997. On September 15, 1998 the transaction was consummated and the merged company renamed MCI WorldCom. Two years later, the "MCI" part was dropped.

Following a major accounting scandal, WorldCom filed bankruptcy in 2002 and the company was renamed MCI Inc. upon its exit from bankruptcy in 2003. Before then, however, many executive posts were taken over by holdovers from the old MCI. After the name change, one of those executives said, "We're taking our company back."

title: MCI Communications


text:
Dpkg

dpkg is the software at the base of the package management system in the free operating system Debian and its numerous derivatives. is used to install, remove, and provide information about .deb packages.

(Debian Package) itself is a low-level tool. APT (Advanced Package Tool), a higher-level tool, is more commonly used than  as it can fetch packages from remote locations and deal with complex package relations, such as dependency resolution. Frontends for APT, like aptitude (ncurses) and synaptic (GTK), are used for their friendlier interfaces.

The Debian package "dpkg" provides the  program, as well as several other programs necessary for run-time functioning of the packaging system, including ,  ,  ,  ,   and. It also includes the programs such as  and. The  program used to be included as well, but was later removed as it is now developed and distributed separately. The Debian package "dpkg-dev" includes the numerous build tools described below.

History
The first attempt at a package management system for Linux was possibly the development of StopAlop by Greg Wettstein at the Roger Maris Cancer Center in Fargo, North Dakota. It provided inspiration for the creation of dpkg. dpkg was originally created by Ian Murdock in January 1994 as a Shell script. Matt Welsh, Carl Streeter and Ian Murdock then rewrote it in Perl, and then later the main part was rewritten in C by Ian Jackson in 1994. The name dpkg was originally a shortening of "Debian package", but the meaning of that phrase has evolved significantly, as dpkg the software is orthogonal to the deb package format as well as the Debian Policy Manual which defines how Debian packages behave in Debian.

Example use
To install a .deb package: dpkg -i filename.deb

where filename.deb is the name of the Debian package (such as pkgname_0.00-1_amd64.deb).

The list of installed packages can be obtained with: dpkg -l [optional pattern]

To remove an installed package: dpkg -r packagename

Development tools
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title: Dpkg


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Graven Image (album)

Graven Image is the 23rd album by Jandek, released in (1994) as Corwood Industries release #0761. Although a vinyl test pressing was created, it was the first Corwood product to be issued on CD, and was remastered and re-issued in 2004.

Reviews
“Jandek’s blues is one of an almost nightmarish intensity of horror and desperation...”

-- Josh Ronsen -- Monk Mink Pink Punk #3

title: Graven Image (album)


text:
Pyrrhic

A pyrrhic (πυρρίχιος pyrrichios, from πυρρίχη pyrrichē) is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. It consists of two unaccented, short syllables. It is also known as a dibrach.

In classical Greek poetry
Although the pyrrhic by itself is not used in analysis of classical Greek prosody, examples exist of epigrammatic poems that employ nothing but short syllables (except at line ends where a syllable always scans long), creating a pyrrhic-like effect, such as an epigram addressed to the Cynic philosopher Diogenes and recorded in the Suda:

Διόγενες, ἄγε, λέγε, τίς ἔλαβέ σε μόρος ἐς Ἄϊδος; ἔλαβέ με κυνὸς ὀδάξ.

.

Poetic use in English
Tennyson used pyrrhics and spondees quite frequently, for example, in In Memoriam:

"When the blood creeps and the nerves prick."

"When the" and "and the" in the second line may be considered as pyrrhics (also analyzable as ionic meter).

Pyrrhics alone are not used to construct an entire poem in English due to the monotonous effect. Edgar Allan Poe observed that many experts rejected it from English metrics and concurred:"The pyrrhic is rightfully dismissed. Its existence in either ancient or modern rhythm is purely chimerical, and the insisting on so perplexing a nonentity as a foot of two short syllables, affords, perhaps, the best evidence of the gross irrationality and subservience to authority which characterise our Prosody."

War dance
By extension, this rhythmic pattern apparently formed the basis of an identically named ancient Greek war dance. Proclus thought it was the same as the hyporcheme (hyporchēma), while Athenaeus distinguished them; this may have depended on whether song accompanied the dance. Citing Aristoxenus, Athenaeus said the pyrrhic is a Spartan dance for boys carrying spears to prepare for war, and noted the intense speed of the dance. In Plato's Laws, the dance is described as representing the offensive and defensive movements in battle. Other Greeks associated it with Dionysus. There are a number of Classical and later reliefs that depict pyrrhic dancers, even if the motif was not widely used during the Roman era.

title: Pyrrhic


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Glad to Get Away

Glad to Get Away is the 24th album by Jandek, and was released (1994) as Corwood Industries #0762. It continues the acoustic sound of the prior two albums.

Album cover description
Seth Tisue, on his coverage of Jandek discography, stated that the cover was "Almost identical to Graven Image. It looks like he stepped about ten feet to one side—you're looking down the driveway along the side of the house, instead of just at the back of the house—and took another photo."

Part of this album cover would be incorporated into both the trailer and the DVD cover of the documentary Jandek on Corwood.

title: Glad to Get Away


text:
White Box Requiem

White Box Requiem is the 25th album by Jandek, and his only for the year 1996. Released as Corwood Industries #0763, it is essentially a "concept album" about death, loss, and a man who opens a mysterious white "Pandora's box", which some have speculated is a coffin. There are 14 songs with acoustic guitar, half of them with vocals. The instrumental pieces are sparse and experiment with echo, with "restless" passages that music critic Andre Salles has described as "consistently inventive atonal plonking that never sits still".

After not releasing any music in 1995, Jandek returned with White Box Requiem the following year.

Reception
Writing for AllMusic, Skip Jansen calls the album a collection of "fractured songs...drenched in the atonal ambience that makes his contribution such a standout. For lo-fi wayward mavericks, it doesn't come more outside than this".

Seth Tisue, a Jandek discographer, has characterized White Box Requiem as "almost catatonically mopey and meandering... He sounds hopeless." In contrast to Blue Corpse (1987), which Tisue describes as "a record about emotional devastation with some perspective in it", in White Box Requiem, the emotion comes "from totally inside it".

In a review of White Box Requiem for In Music We Trust, Gary Gold writes, "[Jandek's] songs remain as starkly beautiful as a David Lynch opening shot, and the accompaniment (imagine handing your most ornery nine-year-old nephew a $29 guitar before locking him for three days in a windowless basement) remains as brutally poignant as ever."

title: White Box Requiem


text:
Talk:Taiwan (island)

Proposed replacement for WP:NC-TW
A proposed replacement for WP:NC-TW has been made: Wikipedia_talk:Naming_conventions_(Chinese). Please comment on that page.--Jiang (talk) 02:35, 19 February 2012 (UTC)

Poor writing
"In fact, since PRC's establishment, it never controlled any of the territories the ROC government currently governs."

This is poor writing. "In fact..."? Which fact? Just state what needs to be stated, or at the very least cite the facts that you're referencing. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bastett (talk • contribs) 23:08, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Removed. Cheers, CMD (talk) 23:25, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Redundant article; proposed move into the Taiwan article
Republic of China has moved to Taiwan; now it's time to merge this article into the that article. Taiwan needs a geography section and information from this article could be incorporated into that new section (along with a paragraph about the other smaller islands that make up the ROC/'Taiwan'). Other information about the island of Taiwan could perhaps also be incorporated into the Geography of Taiwan article and other similar articles.

When People's Republic of China moved to China a new Chinese civilisation article was created to house the old China article's content. It lasted a few days. This should ideally be the case with this article, because its purpose has gone now that we accept ROC and Taiwan are one the same. We should be making every effort not to confuse readers and this article, with its economy, politics etc. sections, is just overlapping with the Taiwan article.

How we implement the merge can be discussed here by people who know a lot about the topic. I just can't see any good arguments in favour of keeping this article going. -- Peter Talk page 16:47, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I would not use the China move as a guide as what happened there was exceptional. The formerly 'China' article that was moved to Chinese civilization had no reason to exist: it exisited in part to maintain the fiction that "China" does not commonly refer to the PRC. The island of Taiwan though is a real thing, a real island. It does largely coincide with the borders of the ROC, which is probably why it became the common name of the state. But it is a distinct thing, unlike China and the PRC. Compare e.g. the British Isles, which although they almost coincide with the United Kingdom aren't the same and are distinct articles.-- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 17:26, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I agree with Peter's suggestion. Now that the country article is called Taiwan, there's no reason to keep them separate.  Yes, the country has a little more territory than the island of the same name, but the overlap is so great (over 99%, much more than GB/UK), that it's much easier to treat them together and note the differences where relevant.  Kanguole 17:29, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I certainly think the main Taiwan article needs more on the history and the detail of the island proper, rather than being set up as if it has only existed as long as the ROC has existed (indeed, that's how the original move proposal that has now been agreed was framed. The point is that both the history of both the island(s) itself and, latterly, the ROC feed into what world now knows as Taiwan. Hence material should definitely go over - probably to the point where this page is left pretty much gutted and pretty much redundant. However, even though there's a rather obvious difference in terms of proportions of the part to the whole there - even more so than for Britain/British Isles/UK etc - there might be a case for a rump, fairly stubby article similar to the Hong Kong Island one?  N-HH   talk / edits  19:01, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Yes, I think a very short, purely geographic article on Taiwan island could stay, but all of demographics, culture, economy etc. should move to the main Taiwan article. Perhaps with a brief politics section (explaining how the island's sovereignty is disputed) I have moved some information from that article to the Taiwan article (the culture section), but I think we should be a little hasty before moving any other sections straight away. For example, I've reverted the religion section back to the earlier revision because the new info was almost entirely unsourced. Sections from this article need sourcing and copy editing before being merged into the Taiwan article. -- Peter Talk page 19:20, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The culture section shouldn't be moved. The culture of Taiwan is noticeably different from the rest of the ROC. Those faraway islands weren't part of the Japanese colony and received no Japanese influence, and on some islands they have languages different from Taiwanese or Min-nan (e.g. Puhsien in Wuchiu, Mindong in the Matsus). Jeffrey (202.189.98.142) (talk) 22:30, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Hong Kong Island is an even smaller proportion of Hong Kong, so I'm not sure that's a model to follow. I think the situation here is closer to Iceland, Cuba, Madagascar and Sri Lanka.
 * Country articles usually have a Geography section, and what would such a section for Taiwan look like, if not the current Taiwan (island) plus a paragraph or two on the smaller islands? That is exactly what was envisaged in the model article in the proposal.  And we already have a geographic article, namely Geography of Taiwan.  Kanguole 21:18, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

 * The geography section should perhaps point at Geography of Taiwan, Geography of Kinmen, Geography of Wuchiu and Geography of the Matsu Islands as the main articles. And no. Iceland, Cuba, Madagascar and Sri Lanka aren't comparable. Kinmen, Matsus, Wuchiu, Pratas and Itu Aba are like Labrador to the province of Newfoundland. They aren't part of Taiwan. Jeffrey (202.189.98.142) (talk) 22:30, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

 * The Hong Kong government recognizes the whole territory as "Hong Kong" though. The Republic of China does not recognize Fujian Province as being part of Taiwan Province. Since Wikipedia renamed the countery to Taiwan rather than the government, the Hong Kong (or Madagascar or Jamaica) examples aren't applicable. RevelationDirect (talk) 04:38, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Not only aren't they part of Taiwan Province. They are neither part of 'Taiwan' as a geographical concept. There's a phrase "Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", which is considered to be a variant of "Free Area". Jeffrey (202.189.98.142) (talk) 07:12, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * In my opinion there should be an article on the geographical region of China, just like de:China (Kulturraum), or Ireland. Jeffrey (202.189.98.142) (talk) 22:50, 23 March 2012 (UTC)

Everyone acknowledges that the country is more than the island; perhaps we also agree that there is substantial overlap. This sort of relationship between potential topics is common in Wikipedia, and not just for country articles. It then becomes a matter of editorial judgement whether, in each particular case, we serve our readers better by treating the overlapping topics together, with text to distinguish them as required, or separately, which can involve repetition of content. It varies with the particular case, depending on the degree of overlap and other factors. As for which cases this one most closely resembles, here is are some administrative units compared with islands of the same name: (I couldn't easily find the data for others that have been mentioned.) Kanguole 12:08, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I think we can follow the arrangement of Great Britain and United Kingdom, or Ireland (island) and Ireland (country) (or perhaps Korean Peninsula and Korea too). Jeffrey (202.189.98.142) (talk) 15:03, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * By the way Kanguole. I think you slightly missed the point. It isn't only about population, geographical size, economic output, or their names. It also depends on whether or not the smaller islands are geographically, historically and culturally associated to the main island. Jeffrey (202.189.98.142) (talk) 15:23, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I know that's your point, but in terms of whether two articles are justified, I think it's outweighed by the fact that the more distant islands are such a tiny part of the country. Real encyclopedias, such as Britannica, seem to think so too.  Kanguole 16:13, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * And that was the conclusion of the move discussion and all the evidence presented - that today, all those island and territories are associated with Taiwan, to the extent that the term Taiwan is usually taken to include them. Let's not fight over that basic principle again. The issue then becomes how we treat and marshal info, and reflect any differences between the main island and those outlying parts, if and when necessary.  N-HH   talk / edits  16:35, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I refrained from commenting here for a while so that I could assess how we handle other articles, and I believed that Taiwan (island) did deserve its own article. I've come to the conclusion that this isn't possible. Comparable articles such as Madagascar (island) and Cuba (island) redirect to Geography of Madagascar and Geography of Cuba respectively. I think this is the correct way of handling Taiwan (island) as well. Any history content should be merged with History of Taiwan, any geography content should be merged with Geography of Taiwan, and the article should be made a redirect to Geography of Taiwan. – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  01:02, 26 March 2012 (UTC)

 * The Taiwan article lacks summaries of the history and geography of the place. Those things are here, at the article formerly known as "Taiwan".  I'm proposing that we move them and leave this title as a redirect.  Kanguole 08:56, 27 March 2012 (UTC)
 * As per NULL above, I see no reason why we shouldn't treat this content in the same way as has been done for Madagascar, Cuba and other such island territories. Otherwise this article is a WP:CONTENTFORK. The existence of this article was essentially an anomaly created by the naming dispute, a dispute that held back the development of several articles. Now that has been settled, merging and redistributing this information would be the sensible way forward in our process of creating for Taiwan a "normal" suite of articles for such a territory. LukeSurlt c 22:35, 28 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's only a result of a naming dispute and that there's no other reason. Are Newfoundland (island), Bahrain Island, Pulau Ujong, Malta Island or Zanzibar Island content fork too? Jeffrey (talk) 11:20, 29 March 2012 (UTC) 11:51, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Bahrain Island, Pulau Ujong and Zanzibar Island certainly are (or was, in the case of Bahrain). You seem to be the only one who thinks the relationship of Labrador to Newfoundland is comparable to the relationship of Kinmen and Matsu to Taiwan. Malta is a more intermediate case (I've added it to the table). Kanguole 11:50, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Labrador was for some time in history not part of the colony or of Newfoundland as a geographical concept. Kinmen and Matsu have never been part of Taiwan, as a province, a colony or a geographical concept. Jeffrey (talk) 11:53, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Yes, you put forward this example in both recent RMs, but you seem to be the only one who sees the situations as similar, perhaps because the differences are so obvious.

 * Perhaps it would help if you could outline how you envisage the division of material between this article and Taiwan, History of Taiwan and Geography of Taiwan. Kanguole 11:49, 30 March 2012 (UTC)

 * The two concepts are clear enough to me as an average person. One of which is the country, the other a geographical concept that exclude Quemoy, Matsu, Wuchiu, Pratas and Itu Aba. Jeffrey (talk) 15:26, 2 April 2012 (UTC)

Why now?
While I understand the point here, I wonder why no one brought it up long ago between the overlap in the articles Taiwan and Republic of China, which are now Taiwan (island) and Taiwan, respectively, because the overlap was almost certainly there for a while well before the move was thought of.  JPECH 95  20:10, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I guess there's some momentum now to sorting broader issues/problems out, in the light of the title changes - both because it has brought more eyes to the articles but also because people I suspect are now happier to get involved in the detail now the basics of article title have been sorted and the pages put under the "right" names. People might just have thought they were a mess from the title down and there was little point in doing or suggesting much. Lipstick and pigs and all that. As I said, I think it may be worth saving some content overlap (which was, as well, an issue that did crop up a bit in the move discussion of course).  N-HH   talk / edits  20:51, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Completely understandable, too, of course. And I had kind of expected this, people who wanted to sort out all the articles. And I'm sure that Geography of Taiwan and Taiwan (island) have some overlap as well. So this is where you need to go into a basis of smaller moves and remodeling, so to speak. I'd be willing to help discuss this with anyone interested assuming that some don't act like how they did on the move request.  JPECH 95  23:28, 23 March 2012 (UTC)
 * Amen to seeing better behavior! RevelationDirect (talk) 05:00, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The issue has certainly been raised many times before. The two articles under different titles were built up by different groups of editors with different conceptions of the country.  The division was supposedly that "Republic of China" was about the government and "Taiwan" about the rest, but there was overlap in the History, Economics and Demographics sections.  Now that the articles have the same title, we can repair that content fork.

 * The move proposal envisaged even greater overlap. Indeed all the content of the model Taiwan (island) article is also in the model Taiwan article.  That's an appropriate structure for a country article, but it also means the other article is redundant.  Kanguole 10:58, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Republic of China content
What is now called the Taiwan article tells us that the island was created in 1912. Clearly the current content of the Taiwan article doesn't reflect the name change yet and I think the real question is where the pre-1949 Republic of China content will end up. Maybe the article will live up to it's new name and become about the island of Taiwan or maybe it will continue to be about the Republic of China and just be called something else. I would favor giving that article more time to figure out what the Wikipedia community wants it to be before deciding on this merger. Additionally, there are articles on Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China and Taiwan Province, Republic of China that should also be considred with article restructuring at that time. RevelationDirect (talk) 05:00, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * The Taiwan article should be about Taiwan. Material that is about the ROC and not Taiwan, for example pre-1949 material, can be moved to the History of the Republic of China article. (In my opinion this article should be renamed "Republic of China" now that that lemma is free.) Kauffner (talk) 05:42, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * There's also Republic of China (1912–1949). --Cyber cobra (talk) 06:07, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I've raised this issue at Talk:Taiwan, which seems a more appropriate place to discuss it. Kanguole 10:18, 24 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree with you, Kauffner, that such a shift in content is warranted although the consensus to rename didn't seem to advocate such a shift. I'll follow up on Kanguole's discussion. RevelationDirect (talk) 10:29, 24 March 2012 (UTC)

Reverse the merger
The two concepts are not identical, and some of the materials are specifically about the geographical-historical-cultural region and do not actually belong to the article for the country. It's a good thing to be bold, but being bold isn't the excuse to ignore lesser known facts and differences. Jeffrey (talk) 22:53, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * Consensus was in favour of the merge. Do you have any new arguments that haven't been presented yet? – NULL  ‹talk› ‹edits›  23:15, 7 April 2012 (UTC)
 * If you look at other country articles, you'll find that it's standard practice to cover the geographical-historical-cultural region. Kanguole 00:34, 8 April 2012 (UTC)

Back when it was Formosa
The Formosa Expedition of 1867 was regarded as a failure in United States Naval history. The Taiwan Expedition of 1874 marked the successful deployment of the Imperial Japanese Army and Imperial Japanese Navy. What a difference a name makes! --Pawyilee (talk) 15:16, 29 March 2012 (UTC)

Edit request
For the component of the country, and in line with the articles on the same topic in other languages. 203.145.92.200 (talk) 13:46, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
 * It was largely agreed that this page should redirect to Geography of Taiwan. There is nothing in that short stub that isn't included in various other ROC-related articles. -- Peter Talk page 13:57, 6 May 2012 (UTC)
 * I just deleted a whole shitload of meaningless text above, which cluttered up this talk page and served no meaningful or useful purpose. Talk pages are not dumping grounds for whatever you like to dump. If you would like to view the text, use the talk page history. --  李博杰  | —Talk contribs email 14:14, 6 May 2012 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Geography of Taiwan which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 03:30, 30 April 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taiwan (island)


text:
Stormix

Stormix Technologies Inc. was a company that debuted its Debian-based Linux distribution with "Storm Linux 2000" in late 1999. Headquartered in the Harbour Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Stormix was an offshoot of NetNation Communications, at the time, one of the top-ten web hosting companies. In addition to Storm Linux, the company also produced a personal firewall, and began development of a customized rack mount server and dedicated VPN appliance. The company was probably one of the many ones overwhelmed by the dot-com bubble when it did not find more funds to continue the business at the beginning of 2001.

title: Stormix