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Contact (novel)

Contact is a 1985 hard science fiction novel by American scientist Carl Sagan. It deals with the theme of contact between humanity and a more technologically advanced extraterrestrial life form. It ranked No. 7 on the 1985 U.S. bestseller list. The only full work of fiction published by Sagan, the novel originated as a screenplay by Sagan and Ann Druyan (whom he later married) in 1979; when development of the film stalled, Sagan decided to convert the stalled film into a novel. The film concept was subsequently revived and eventually released in 1997 as the film Contact starring Jodie Foster.

Plot
As a child, Eleanor "Ellie" Arroway displays a strong aptitude for science and mathematics. Dissatisfied with a school lesson, she goes to the library to convince herself that pi is transcendental. In sixth grade, her father Theodore ("Ted") dies. John Staughton, her new stepfather, does not show as much support for her interests. Ellie refuses to accept him as a family member and believes her mother only remarried out of weakness.

After graduating from Harvard University, Ellie receives a doctorate from Caltech supervised by David Drumlin, a well-known radio astronomer. She becomes the director of "Project Argus", a radio telescope array in New Mexico dedicated to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI). This puts her at odds with most of the scientific community, including Drumlin, who tries to have the funding to SETI cut off. The project eventually discovers a signal containing a series of prime numbers coming from the Vega system, 26 light years away. Further analysis reveals information in the polarization modulation of the signal: a retransmission of Adolf Hitler's opening speech at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, the first television signal powerful enough to escape Earth's ionosphere.

The President of the United States meets with Ellie to discuss the implications of the first confirmed communication from extraterrestrial beings. Ellie begins a relationship with Presidential Science Advisor Ken der Heer. With the help of her Soviet colleague Vaygay Lunacharsky, Ellie manages to set up redundant monitoring of the signal so that a telescope remains pointed at Vega at all times. A third message is discovered describing plans for an advanced machine. With no way of decoding the 30,000 pages, SETI scientists surmise that there must be a primer that they have missed.

At the President's insistence, Ellie agrees to meet with two religious leaders, Billy Jo Rankin and Palmer Joss. A lifelong religious skeptic, Ellie tries to convince Joss of her faith in science by standing near a heavy Foucault pendulum and trusting that its amplitude will not increase. Although dismissing Rankin's outbursts, Ellie is intrigued by Joss's worldview. Shortly after, Ellie travels to Paris to discuss the Machine with a newly formed consortium. The participants agree that the Machine is a dodecahedron-shaped vehicle with five seats. At the conference, Ellie meets Devi Sukhavati, a doctor who left India to marry the man she loved, only to lose him to illness a year later. The final piece of the message is discovered when S. R. Hadden, a billionaire in high-tech industries with an obsessive interest in the concept of immortality, suggests that Ellie check for phase modulation. This reveals the primer, thus allowing construction of the Machine to begin.

The American and Soviet governments enter a race to construct identical copies of the Machine. As errors in the Soviet project are discovered, the American Machine becomes the only option. Ellie applies to be one of the five passengers, but her spot is given to David Drumlin instead. Despite heavy security, a group of extremists manages to get a bomb into one of the fabrication plants in Wyoming. During a test of the machine, the bomb explodes, killing Drumlin and postponing completion of the Machine indefinitely. Ellie's family also suffers when her mother has a stroke, causing paralysis. John Staughton accuses Ellie of ignoring her own mother for years.

Ellie learns that S. R. Hadden has taken up residence aboard a private space station. While on board, he reveals that his company has been covertly building a third copy of the Machine in Hokkaido, Japan. The activation date is set for December 31, 1999, and Ellie, Vaygay and Devi are given three of the seats. The other two are given to Abonnema Eda, a Nigerian physicist credited with discovering the theory of everything, and Xi Qiaomu, a Chinese archaeologist and expert on the Qin dynasty. While in Japan, Ellie receives a medallion from Joss, which she carries aboard the Machine as it is activated.

Once activated, the dodecahedron transports the group through various wormholes to a station near the center of the Milky Way. The station contains a surreal Earth-like beach where the five are split up. Ellie meets an extraterrestrial in a form indistinguishable from Ted Arroway, who explains his people's reasons for making contact, and tells her of their ongoing project to alter the properties of the universe by accumulating enough mass in Cygnus A to counter the effects of entropy. The wormhole system (spanning many galaxies) was built by unknown precursors, and he hints at the discovery of artificial messages encoded within transcendental numbers like π. Ellie is reunited with the other four travellers, who have also met simulations of their loved ones. She captures video evidence of the encounter before the dodecahedron takes them back to Earth.

Upon returning, the passengers discover that what seemed like more than a day took no time at all from Earth's perspective. All of their video footage and photos have been erased, presumably by magnetic fields in the wormholes. After seeing that Hadden is apparently dead and the transmission has somehow been stopped without a 26-year delay, government officials accuse the travellers of an international conspiracy. They blackmail Ellie and her fellow travellers into silence until more evidence can be found. Palmer Joss becomes one of the few people willing to believe her story, which she can only justify on faith. Hadden is revealed by the novel to have faked his death, instead launching himself out of the solar system on a single-man-mission with the use of advanced cryogenics, though this information is not revealed to any characters.

Acting on the suggestion of "Ted", Ellie works on a program to compute the digits of π to heretofore-unprecedented lengths. Ellie's mother dies before this project delivers its first result. A final letter from her informs Ellie that John Staughton, not Ted Arroway, is Ellie's biological father. When Ellie looks at what the computer has found, she sees a circle rasterized from 0s and 1s that appear after 1020 places in the base 11 representation of π. This provides evidence of her journey and suggests intelligence is behind the universe itself.

Publication history
Reading science fiction and fantasy as a child inspired Sagan to become an astronomer. As an adult, he preferred realistic stories that helped readers understand real science and history, like Robert Heinlein's "—And He Built a Crooked House—" and L. Sprague de Camp's Lest Darkness Fall. In 1978, Sagan predicted that because of science fiction, "I know many young people who would, of course, be interested, but in no way astounded, were we to receive a message tomorrow from an extraterrestrial civilization". In 1981, Simon & Schuster gave Sagan a $2 million advance on the novel. At the time, "the advance was the largest ever made for a book that had not yet been written." The first printing was 265,000 copies. In the first two years it sold 1,700,000 copies. It was a main selection of Book-of-the-Month-Club.

Sagan's friend physicist Kip Thorne gave Sagan ideas on the nature of wormholes when Sagan was developing the outline of the novel.

Sagan named the novel's protagonist, Eleanor Arroway, after two people: Eleanor Roosevelt, a "personal hero" of Sagan's wife, Ann Druyan, and Voltaire, whose last name was Arouet. The character is based on the real-life SETI researcher Jill Tarter.

The novel won the Locus Award for Best First Novel in 1986.

title: Contact (novel)


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Beachy Head

Beachy Head is a chalk headland in East Sussex, England. It is situated close to Eastbourne, immediately east of the Seven Sisters.

Beachy Head is located within the administrative area of Eastbourne Borough Council which owns the land, forming part of the Eastbourne Downland Estate. The cliff is the highest chalk sea cliff in Britain, rising to 162 m above sea level. The peak allows views of the south east coast towards Dungeness in the east, and to the Isle of Wight in the west.

LB&SCR H2 class 4-4-2 steam locomotive number 424 (later B424, 2424, and 32424) was named Beachy Head after this landmark.

Geology
The chalk was formed in the Late Cretaceous epoch, between 66 and 100 million years ago, when the area was under the sea. During the Cenozoic Era, the chalk was uplifted (see Cenozoic Era). When the last ice age ended, sea levels rose and the English Channel formed, cutting into the chalk to form the dramatic cliffs along the Sussex coast.

Wave action contributes to the erosion of cliffs around Beachy Head, which experience frequent small rock falls. Since chalk forms in layers separated by contiguous bands of flints, the physical structure affects how the cliffs erode. Wave action undermines the lower cliffs, causing frequent slab failures – slabs from layers of chalk break off, undermining the upper parts of the cliffs, which eventually collapse. In contrast to small rock falls, mass movements are less common. A mass movement happened in 2001 when, after a winter of heavy rain, the water had begun to seep into the cracks which had frozen and caused the cracks to widen. This then made the cliff edge erode and collapse into the sea, destroying a well-known chalk stack called the Devil's Chimney.

History
The name Beachy Head appears as 'Beauchef' in 1274, becoming 'Beaucheif' by 1317, and it has nothing to do with the word "beach". Instead, it is a corruption of the original French words meaning "beautiful headland" (beau chef). It was being consistently called Beachy Head by 1724.

In 1929, Eastbourne Borough Council bought 4000 acre of land surrounding Beachy Head to save it from development at a cost of about £100,000. This land became known as the Eastbourne Downland Estate.

The prominence of Beachy Head has made it a landmark for sailors in the English Channel. It is noted as such in the sea shanty Spanish Ladies: "The first land we sighted was called the Dodman, Next Rame Head off Plymouth, off Portsmouth the Wight; We sailed by Beachy, by Fairlight and Dover, And then we bore up for the South Foreland light."

The ashes of German social scientist and philosopher Friedrich Engels, one of the fathers of communism, were scattered off the cliffs at Beachy Head into the Channel, as he had requested.

Human remains discovered in the 1950s were subjected to forensic reconstruction, carbon dating, and radioisotype analysis, and it was concluded that they were those of a Roman woman of Sub-Saharan African origin who grew up in the Eastbourne area in about 200–250 CE. She became known as Beachy Head Lady. However, in 2021, DNA testing indicated she was of "southern European lineage, most likely from Cyprus"; the parish later ordered the removal of a plaque erected by the BBC "to commemorate the first black Briton."

Lighthouse
The headland has been considered a danger to shipping. In 1831, construction began on the Belle Tout Lighthouse on the next headland west from Beachy Head. Because mist and low clouds could hide the light of Belle Tout, it was decommissioned in 1902, after the Beachy Head Lighthouse had been built in the sea below Beachy Head as a replacement.

At war
The third day of fighting in the Battle of Portland in 1653 took place off Beachy Head during the First Anglo-Dutch War. The Battle of Beachy Head in 1690 was a naval engagement during the Nine Years' War. The so-called Second Battle of Beachy Head took place over a week in September 1916 during the First World War. Three German U-boats sank 30 merchant ships between Beachy Head and the Eddystone. This was despite a major effort involving the Royal Navy and 49 destroyers, 48 torpedo boats, seven 'Q' ships and 468 auxiliaries.

During the Second World War, the Royal Air Force (RAF) established a forward relay station at Beachy Head to improve radio communications with aircraft. In 1942, signals were picked up at Beachy Head which were identified as TV transmissions from the Eiffel Tower. The Germans had reactivated the pre-war TV transmitter and instituted a Franco-German service for military hospitals and VIPs in the Paris region. The RAF monitored these programmes, hoping (in vain) to gather intelligence from newsreels. The area had an important wartime radar station. During the Cold War, a radar control centre was operational in an underground bunker from 1953 to 1957. On 20 May 1942, a Messerschmitt Bf 109 of JG26 piloted by Uffz. Oswald Fischer belly-landed on the beach due to flak damage. Fischer was taken prisoner, and the relatively undamaged plane was sent to RAE Farnborough for examination and evaluation. The plane was probably scrapped at the end of the war.

Tourism
West from Belle Tout, the cliffs drop down to Birling Gap, then ascend through the Seven Sisters chalk cliffs to Haven Brow, overlooking the Cuckmere valley. The area is a popular tourist attraction. Birling Gap has a restaurant and, in the summer, multiple ice cream vans serve the area. There are many choices of walking routes.

Suicides
Estimates of the number of annual deaths at Beachy Head vary from 20 a year to many more. In 2010, it was the third most common suicide spot in the world, after the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco and the Aokigahara Woods in Japan, according to The Wall Street Journal.

The Beachy Head Chaplaincy Team conducts regular day and evening patrols of the area in attempts to locate and stop potential cliff jumpers. Workers at the pub and taxi drivers are also on the lookout for people contemplating suicide and there are signs with the telephone number of the Samaritans urging potential jumpers to call them.

Deaths at the site are often covered by the media, and Ross Hardy, the founder of the chaplaincy team, has said that this encourages suicidal people to choose the site. Eastbourne Borough Council drew media coverage in 2018 for its policy of removing shrines and crosses left at Beachy Head by families of suicide victims.

The earliest reports of deaths by suicide at Beachy Head come from the 7th century. Between 1965 and 1979, there were 124 deaths at the location. Of these, S. J. Surtees wrote that 115 of them were "almost certainly" suicides (although a coroner's verdict of suicide was recorded in only 58 cases), and that 61 percent of the victims were from outside East Sussex. After a steady increase in deaths between 2002 and 2005, there were only seven fatalities in 2006, a marked decrease. The Maritime and Coastguard Agency, whose Coastguard Rescue Teams are responsible for the rescue of injured jumpers and the recovery of the dead, attributed the reduction to the work of the Chaplaincy Team and good coverage of services by the local media. At least 26 people died at the site in 2008.

In film
The location Beachy Head has appeared in numerous films:
 * It is featured in the climax of the 1931 film The Flying Fool, in which the villain's car is chased by the hero's plane over the cliffs. The car driven by the villain for the long chase sequence is a 4 1/2 litre Bentley belonging to Sir Henry (Tim) Birkin, whose private motor works was across the street from the studio in Welwyn Garden City that made the film. Captain Birkin's Motor Works, set up to develop the "blower" Bentley, built a dummy car from spare parts to be filmed falling from the cliffs.
 * In the final scene of the 1947 film The Upturned Glass, the murderer, an eminent surgeon played by James Mason, commits suicide by stepping off the cliff.
 * The area and lighthouse appear as a backdrop in the 1964 film The Chalk Garden, featuring Hayley Mills.
 * It appears briefly in the 1968 film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, when Chitty falls from it and then flies for the first time.
 * The area is visible in aerial scenes of the 1969 film Battle of Britain when RAF Spitfires of Squadron Leader Canfield (Michael Caine) intercept German Stuka bombers.
 * In the 1979 film Quadrophenia, the final scene shows Phil Daniels jumping off a scooter just before it goes over the top of Beachy Head.
 * The 1980 film Hopscotch with Walter Matthau and Glenda Jackson has a flying scene that includes a mid-air explosion over the cliffs with the lighthouse in view below.
 * The cliff appears in the opening sequence of the 1987 James Bond film The Living Daylights, in which Bond (portrayed for the first time by Timothy Dalton) parachutes from a Land Rover which drives off the top of the cliff in a scene scripted as being in Gibraltar.
 * In the 1989 film Henry V, the Prologue from Act II introducing the traitors was filmed at Beachy Head.
 * In the 2005 film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Beachy Head was used as hosting grounds for the 1994 Quidditch World Cup.
 * The area was used as a backdrop in many key scenes in Jenny Downham's 2007 young adult novel Before I Die and in its 2012 film adaptation directed by Ol Parker Now Is Good.
 * The 2010 remake of Graham Greene's Brighton Rock was filmed extensively at Beachy Head as well as in nearby Eastbourne, which was preferred to Brighton.
 * It appears in the 2017 film The Hitman's Bodyguard in the scene driving to Amsterdam. It shows both Beachy Head lighthouse and Bell Tout lighthouse, although Bell Tout had red and white stripes added by CGI.
 * It is featured in the 2018 film Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald, when Newt Scamander and his muggle friend Jacob Kowalski use an illegal portkey to teleport to France.

In literature and publications

 * Romantic poet Charlotte Smith's poem Beachy Head, published in 1807, uses the geography of Beachy Head to reflect on the history of England and human nature.
 * Eastbourne born poet Andrew Franks includes a number of references to Beachy Head in his work, including Belle Tout in his collection, The Last of the Great British Traitors.
 * In Howard Jacobson's 2010 Man Booker Prize-winning novel, The Finkler Question, the bereaved widower Libor Sevcik commits suicide by jumping off the cliff at Beachy Head.
 * In Richard Jefferies' fine essay 'The Breeze on Beachy Head', first published in the 'Standard' on 6 September 1881 and collected in 'Nature Near London' in 1883.

In music

 * The cover photo of English avant-garde quartet Throbbing Gristle's 1979 record 20 Jazz Funk Greats was taken at Beachy Head. There is also a track named "Beachy Head" on the album.
 * In 1980, the beach was used as a location for David Bowie's music video to promote his single "Ashes to Ashes".
 * The Cure used the location for the music video of their 1985 single "Close to Me".
 * The location is referenced in the song "Running Wild" on the album Undertow by the British band Drenge.
 * Progressive Celtic rock band Iona included a song titled "Beachy Head" on their 1993 album, Beyond These Shores.
 * Beachy Head was used as a film location for the video of 'Quello Che Faro', an operatic cover of Bryan Adams' "Everything I Do, I Do It For You", recorded by classical-crossover artist, Katherine Jenkins on her 2006 album, Serenade.
 * Alternative rock band Nada Surf mentions Beachy Head in "The Fox", a song from their 2008 album Lucky.
 * British indie pop band Veronica Falls released a song titled "Beachy Head" urging people not to commit suicide in September 2010.
 * Canadian band Stars included a song, "Palmistry," taking place at Beachy Head, on their 2022 album "From Capelton Hill."

In television

 * Belle Tout Lighthouse and the surrounding area are shown throughout the 1986 BBC TV series The Life and Loves of a She-Devil.
 * Beachy Head is seen in the fourth series of Luther, a drama on BBC TV.
 * Beachy Head and its lighthouse serve as a key location in the 7th episode of the British series The Prisoner.
 * Beachy Head is featured in the first episode of the second series of Black Mirror, "Be Right Back".
 * Beachy Head was used as the location for a Monty Python sketch.
 * Jeremy Clarkson performed a 50th birthday tribute for the Jaguar E Type on Beachy Head during an episode of Top Gear
 * In the 17th December 2021 release of The Grand Tour, Beachy Head was filmed during the end of the episode of "Carnage a Trois" whilst Clarkson and Hammond were driving the Citroën SM

In technology
A photo of Beachy Head was used as a desktop wallpaper on Windows 7.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Beachy Head


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Initiation

Initiation is a rite of passage marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It could also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community or one of its formal components. In an extended sense, it can also signify a transformation in which the initiate is 'reborn' into a new role. Examples of initiation ceremonies might include Christian baptism or confirmation, Jewish bar or bat mitzvah, acceptance into a fraternal organization, secret society or religious order, or graduation from school or recruit training. A person taking the initiation ceremony in traditional rites, such as those depicted in these pictures, is called an initiate.

Characteristics
William Ian Miller notes the role of ritual humiliation in comic ordering and testing.

Mircea Eliade discussed initiation as a principal religious act by classical or traditional societies. He defined initiation as "a basic change in existential condition", which liberates man from profane time and history. "Initiation recapitulates the sacred history of the world. And through this recapitulation, the whole world is sanctified anew... [the initiand] can perceive the world as a sacred work, a creation of the Gods."

Eliade differentiates between types of initiations in two ways: types and functions.

Reasons for and functions

 * "this real valuation of ritual death finally led to conquest of the fear of real death."
 * "[initiation's] function is to reveal the deep meaning of existence to the new generations and to help them assume the responsibility of being truly men and hence of participating in culture."
 * "it reveals a world open to the trans-human, a world that, in our philosophical terminology, we should call transcendental."
 * "to make [the initiand] open to spiritual values."

Types
These can be broken into two types:
 * Puberty rites: "collective rituals whose function is to effect the transition from childhood or adolescence to adulthood." They represent "above all the revelation of the sacred."
 * Entering into a Secret Society
 * Mystical vocation: "the vocation of a medicine man or a shaman." This is limited to the few who are "destined to participate in a more intense religious experience than is accessible to the rest of the community."
 * puberty rites, "by virtue of which adolescents gain access to the sacred, to knowledge, and to sexuality-- by which, in short, they become human beings."
 * specialized initiations, which certain individuals undergo in order to transcend their human condition and become protégés of the Supernatural Beings or even their equals."

Psychological
In the study of certain social forms of initiation, such as hazing in college fraternities and sororities, laboratory experiments in psychology suggest that severe initiations produce cognitive dissonance. Dissonance is then thought to produce feelings of strong group attraction among initiates after the experience, because they want to justify the effort used.

Rewards during initiations have important consequences in that initiates who feel more rewarded express stronger group identity. As well as group attraction, initiations can also produce conformity among new members. Psychology experiments have also shown that initiations increase feelings of affiliation.

Religious and spiritual

A spiritual initiation rite normally implies a shepherding process where those who are at a higher level guide the initiate through a process of greater exposure of knowledge. This may include the revelation of secrets, hence the term secret society for such organizations, usually reserved for those at the higher level of understanding. One famous historical example is the Eleusinian Mysteries of ancient Greece, thought to go back to at least the Mycenaean period or "Bronze Age".

In the context of ritual magic and esotericism, an initiation is considered to cause a fundamental process of change to begin within the person being initiated and its "evolution operates within both the material world and the spiritual world". The person conducting the initiation (the initiator), being in possession of a certain power or state of being, transfers this power or state to the person being initiated. Thus the concept of initiation is similar to that of apostolic succession. The initiation process is often likened to a simultaneous death and rebirth, because as well as being a beginning it also implies an ending as existence on one level drops away in an ascension to the next. Initiation is a key component of Judaism, Sufism and Shiism, Vaishnavism, Sant Mat, Surat Shabd Yoga, Vajrayana Buddhism, Wicca, and similar religious gnostic traditions. It denotes acceptance by the Guru and also implies that the Chela (student or disciple) agrees to the requirements (such as living an ethical lifestyle, meditating, etc.)

One of the most recognized religious initiation rites is Baptism within Christianity. Christian Baptism is seen as both part of the individual's faith and conversion as well as their initiation into the Church.

Trade union
In unionised organizations, the "initiation" is typically no more than a brief familiarization with basic procedures and the provision of a copy of the appropriate collective bargaining agreement that governs the work performed by members of the union. Some unions also charge a one-time initiation fee, after which the joining person is officially deemed to be a member in good standing.

Naval and military
Some communities on board a military vessel and also of military soldiers tend to form a closed 'family' which absorbs in members, who are often formally accepted, generally after a form of trial or hazing.

In addition, there can be similar rites of passages associated with parts of naval and military life, which do not constitute true initiations as the participants are already and remain members of the same community. One such rite is associated with crossing the equator on board a naval ship, but it can even be taken by passengers on board a cruise liner, who are not and do not become members of anything but the so-called "equator crossing club". Another form, “Kissing the Royal Belly” or “Royal Baby”, calls for initiates to kneel before a senior member of the crew, who wears a mock diaper. This “Baby” usually has a huge stomach covered with greasy materials ranging from cooking oil to mustard, shaving cream, eggs, and oysters. Junior sailors must lick the Baby's navel area, while the "baby" grabs and shakes their head to better smear the goo onto their faces.

Gang
Gangs often require new members to commit crimes before accepting them as part of the gang. New members may be physically beaten by fellow gang members to demonstrate their courage, also known as "beat-in" or "jump-in", which occasionally results in a fatality. One study indicates that young people are more likely to be hurt in gang initiation than they are by refusing to join. Female members may be required to have sex with male members as a form of initiation, also known as "sex in", though they may also be "jumped-in" like their male counterparts. One study shows that female members who were “sexed-in” as part of gang initiation were thereafter viewed with lower respect than those that were "jumped-in", even when promised they would become full-fledged members. Another study found that sexed-in members face greater risks of sexual exploitation and abuse by fellow male members.

Tribal

Tribes often have initiations. The initiation done in the Bapedi tribe of South Africa is normally regarded as a stage where a boy is to be taught manhood and a girl to be taught womanhood. In many African tribes, initiation involves circumcision/genital mutilation of males and sometimes circumcision/genital mutilation of females as well. Initiation is considered necessary for the individual to be regarded as a full member of the tribe. Otherwise, the individual may not be allowed to participate in ceremonies or even in social rituals such as marriage. A man will not be allowed to marry or have any special relationship with a woman who did not go to an initiation, because she is not considered to be a woman.

Initiation may be thought of as an event which may help teens prepare themselves to be good husbands and wives. Where modernization is occurring, initiation is not taken so seriously as before, although there are still certain areas which still perform initiations.

In some African tribes, boys take about 3–4 months participating in initiation rites and girls take about 1–2 months.

Australian Aboriginal tribes usually had long periods of time to help prepare adolescent boys, teaching them traditional lore before they were ready to attend large elaborate ceremonies at the time of initiation when they were finally recognized as full-fledged men in their society. Most tribes had circumcision and scarification as part of the male initiation rituals, while many Central Australian tribes also practiced subincision.

A salient shared cultural feature of the Min peoples of the New Guinea Highlands is initiation into a secret male religious cult. For example, the Urapmin people used to practice a type of male initiation known in Urap as ban. These elaborate rituals were a central part of Urapmin social life. The ban was a multistage process which involved beatings and manipulation of various objects. At each stage, the initiate was offered revelations of secret knowledge (Urap: weng awem), but at the next stage these would be shown to be false (Urap: famoul). These initiations were abandoned with the adoption of Christianity, and the Urap have expressed relief at no longer having to administer the beatings which were involved.

The Sateré-Mawé people of Brazil use intentional bullet ant stings as part of their initiation rites to become warriors.

Historical China
Chinese boys, under the Rites of Zhou, initiate their adulthood when they are 20 years old (加冠) and girls when they are 15 (及笄). Yili (儀禮), a text in the chapter of the rites(?) (士冠禮) describes various details of the ceremonies involved.

Nearing the late parts of the ceremony, the initiate gains an alias, or a "Courtesy name"; thereafter use of their personal name is strictly prohibited except before parents and rulers.

title: Initiation


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Tonfa

The tonfa (Okinawan: トンファー, lit. old man's staff / "crutch", also spelled as tongfa or tuifa, also known as T-baton ) is a melee weapon with its origins in the armed component of Okinawan martial arts where it is known as the tunkua. It consists of a stick with a perpendicular handle attached a third of the way down the length of the stick, and is about 15 – long. It was traditionally made from red or white oak, and wielded in pairs. The tonfa is believed to have originated in either China, Okinawa or Southeast Asia, where it is used in the respective fighting styles.

Traditional origin story
The tonfa belongs to a group of ancient weapons called kobudo weapons. When the Ryukyu islands were independent from Japan, Ryukyuans used the tonfa against the Japanese samurai. The Japanese confiscated the weapons of the Ryukyuans, who developed clever ways to defend themselves using everyday objects. The millstone handle evolved into the tonfa. The tonfa along with the other kobudo weapons were working tools that were used in farming and fishing in ancient Okinawa. The tonfa was used as the handle of a millstone tool to prepare grains.

Regional variants
Although the tonfa is most commonly associated with the Okinawan martial arts, its origin is heavily debated. One of the most commonly cited origins is China, although origins from Indonesia to Okinawa are also possible. Although modern martial artists often cite that the tonfa derives from a millstone handle used by peasants, martial arts in Okinawa were historically practised by the upper classes who imported martial arts from China and elsewhere, and it is likely that the weapon was imported from outside Okinawa. The Chinese and Malay words for the weapon (guai and topang respectively) literally mean "crutch", which may suggest the weapon originating from such device. In Cambodia and Thailand, a similar weapon is used consisting of a pair of short clubs tied onto the forearms, known in Thai as mai sok and in Khmer as staupe. In Thailand and Malaysia, the mai sok often has a similar design to the tonfa, with a perpendicular handle rather than being tied on. In Vietnam, a similar weapon called the song xỉ is made of a pair of steel or aluminum bars. The song xỉ is used as a small shield to protect the forearms and has a sharp tip at the end to attack.

Types of tonfa
There are different versions of the Okinawa tonfa but the basic design is the same. The small grip is at one end of the tonfa. The main body of the tonfa is where there are variations. The most popular form of tonfa has rounded sides and a rounded bottom which makes a semicircle. The square tonfa has rectangular faces on the main body of the weapon. A paddle-shape tonfa has the bottom half wider than the front half and looks like a paddle. Another tonfa has a rounded body throughout. A crude pointed tonfa has the front heads and back heads ending in a pointed design. This can be used for stabbing defense.

Usage
The tonfa can be used for blocking and striking. The tonfa measures about three centimeters past the elbow when gripped. There are three grips, honte-mochi (natural), gyakute-mochi (reverse) and tokushu-mochi (special). The natural grip places the handle in the hand with the long arm resting along the bottom of the forearm. This grip provides protection or brace along one's forearms, and also provides reinforcement for backfist, elbow strikes, and punches. In use, the tonfa can swing out to the gyakute grip for a strike or thrust. Martial artists may also flip the tonfa and grab it by the shaft, called tokushu-mochi. This allows use of the handle as a hook in combat, similar to the kama (sickle). This grip is uncommon but is used in the kata Yaraguwa.

Blocking techniques involve a sidestepping maneuver. This allows the block to stop the attack while providing a way to gain entry. The block can be used to block high attack and low attacks.

title: Tonfa


text:
Talk:Beachy Head

Untitled
I was going to add something like this..

 * "It is a very popular location to commit suicide."

 * ..but it looks a bit crass. Can anyone think of better wording? Mintguy 02:12 Feb 11, 2003 (UTC)

 * I've stuck something in, but its basically what you've written above with the word "notorious" inserted, which seems to soften the blow, as it were, at least a little. I'm not sure there's any delicate way to talk about suicide, though. --Camembert

 * I live in Sussex and know of two people who commited suicide there. Someone once told me that they have an ambulance there all day on Christmas day as it's the most popular day to jump, but I don't know if this is true. I do know that a number of people have jumped from a spot which results in you landing on a ledge, where you will probably sustain some broken bones but are unlikely to die. Mintguy

 * Have changed the phrasing slightly to reflect the Samaritans guidelines on reporting of suicide, and added in some stuff about the new chaplaincy team. Eve x.

Have taken out the sentence about the suicde of the ex-Easeenders actor ! Was this really necessary ? SICK or what ?

 * You took out the first half of the next sentance too, I'm assuming that was a mistake! I've added that bit back in, hope that was ok. If you did actually mean to remove the bit about the chaplaincy team then lets discuss it! I have no opinion either way on the Eastenders actor (never heard of him to be honest), but I think the chaplaincy team stuff should probably stay, unless everyone else disagrees? Eve

As much as I like the picture just added. I'm not sure it's appropriate for this page. The cable-car thing looks too scary. LOL. Mintguy

Argh! Different sources now suggest 1828, 1831 (Beachy Head article), and 1832 as the date of construction for the Belle Tout lighthouse! What's going on??? It may have taken more than a year to build, but can anyone find a reliable source for the period of construction? I'm not sure where to look, myself. -- Oliver P. 04:19 Feb 12, 2003 (UTC)

I visited the UK in 98/99 and I'm surprised there's no mention in this article of the terrific winds you get at Beachy head, nor of a part of it falling into the sea (I read that in the newspaper when I was over there). -- AleatoricConsonance

Hmm, bits of it fall into the sea all the time (which is why it remains white) I sort of mentioned this in downland hmmm --Davelane 17:48, 29 Dec 2004 (UTC)

No mention of Engels? If I remember rightly his ashes were scattered off this place.

This page has not been touched for a while and I've started an edit. But can someone pse tell me why the word "edit" appears under the text in the section about lighthouses? Mikeo1938 22:59, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

Hi, i'm really not sure how this works!! But here goes. Please can you seasoned editors guide me?

I have been set a homework for my Masters degree to edit a page on Wikipedia. As my pet place is Beachy Head I guess that's a good place to start. Plus, I have researched the area enough for a 4,000 word essay. But you all seem to have a passion for BH as well and I don't want to step out of line. Is there any way I can post extra details about the lighthouse and maybe the eerie myths that surround the headland? Or maybe just a mention of the countryside centre or the peace path.

Please guide me, just navigating all the dots, slashes, brackets and wiki language is throwing me. Thanks guys --sheila 22:43, 16 February 2007 (UTC)Sheila--sheila 22:43, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

See what I mean... I even messed this bit up!!! --sheila 22:47, 16 February 2007 (UTC)SHEILA

Hello: Yes, of course it's OK to amend the article. However, remember to cite your references. References can be tricky to insert so experiment in a sandbox and always preview before saving the page. Good luck with the formatting. Elsewhere I once accidentally deleted half a page! However, the damage was repaired. Also, information should be factual and so it would be better to leave out the eerie myths. Mikeo1938 18:43, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Eastbourne
Shouldn't it be mentioned that part of Beachy Head is technically within the borough boundary of Eastbourne, just like the Hastings Country Park is within Hastings? Blackwave...... (talk) 12:35, 31 December 2007 (UTC)

Devil's Chimney
I note the recent revision by 86.31.47.209 ... but am sorry to see that the name of the famous feature ... "Devil's Chimney" ... has now gone from the article. I do not have access to reference material at present; could it be that the Devil's Chimney had collapsed even before 2001? If not, I would like to see the term reinstated along with the edit by 86.31.47.209. Alternatively, if the D.C. collapsed earlier, can someone pse check and add a date in order that this familiar term be restored. Mikeo1938 (talk) 11:36, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

highest chalk sea cliff in Britain
I understand that the cliff in Hawaii is the highest sea cliff in the world, but could Beachy Head be the highest CHALK sea cliff in the world?

Trying to find out which country has the most chalk cliffs or the highest chalk cliffs on Wikipedia is a nightmare, no one seems to know. =(

--90.211.195.188 (talk) 12:40, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

Suicide
With regard to the addition of 27 June 2010: of course, like any suicide, the death of David Scarboro, was a tragedy. However, I dispute the inclusion of individual cases in this general article about Beachy Head. The death last year of the couple who jumped with the body of their infant son in a rucksack was removed for this reason. See revision of 9 Sep 2009. Mikeo1938 (talk) 21:05, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Plea for citations
So far, the article about Beachy Head is well served with in-line citations: it’s a pity to spoil it with unsubstantiated details about films and other media which can easily be obtained via Google. (Citations from other Wiki pages are not enough: see []

The following link is helpful when creating in-line citations. [] Mikeo1938 (talk) 12:18, 17 July 2010 (UTC)

Cultural References (Music)
I would like to check with others on here if the part about film, television and literature mentions might be expanded with musical references. Throbbing Gristle's album 20 Jazz Funk Greats cover photograph was taken at Beachy Head. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_Jazz_Funk_Greats And the recent album by Gatto Fritto has a track called Beachy Head as the final piece of music on it. I am convinced there must be more. And including such a paragraph might shed light on the broader cultural impact of the place. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.23.229.11 (talk) 16:32, 13 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Comment above is by me. It was about time I signed up. Simonhold

Another musical reference you may wish to include (expressed in an appropriately "neutral" fashion, of course): The third album of the Christian Celtic rock band Iona, titled "Beyond These Shores", contains what is in my opinion a beautiful, dramatic, sad song, titled "Beachy Head", about the suicides that take place there. You can listen to it here. RogerMateer (talk) 17:02, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

File:Beachy Head and Lighthouse, East Sussex, England - April 2010 crop horizon corrected.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Beachy Head and Lighthouse, East Sussex, England - April 2010 crop horizon corrected.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on November 24, 2011. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2011-11-24. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks!  howcheng  {chat} 19:00, 22 November 2011 (UTC)

Listing of individual suicides
Over the centuries, countless people have gone over the the cliff at Beachy Head. It's just not reasonable to cite individual cases. Wikipedia is not a newspaper which reports recent events. Mikeo1938 (talk) 17:16, 23 November 2011 (UTC)

Literary references
Apparently we block the Poetry Atlas site. Pity. I searched it for "Beachy Head". It contains useful info to add, namely poems by Kipling and Hardy and others. Perhaps someone else may care to flesh out the literary section. Carbon Caryatid (talk) 09:41, 20 October 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 one external links on Beachy Head. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003236/http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga-newsroom/mcga-press-releases.htm?id=2BC6351816ACF22F&m=12&y=2006 to http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga-newsroom/mcga-press-releases.htm?id=2BC6351816ACF22F&m=12&y=2006
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20061030010039/http://www.beachyhead.org.uk:80/documents/beachy_walk.pdf to http://www.beachyhead.org.uk/documents/beachy_walk.pdf

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:56, 29 October 2016 (UTC)

Accidental citation deletion
I accidentally removed the Luther citation while adding an entry for an episode of black mirror. im an inexperienced editor, can anyone tell me how to fix it? MeshBlair 13:34, 2 January 2018 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by MeshBlair (talk • contribs)
 * Done.Charles (talk) 21:17, 2 January 2018 (UTC)

Suicide reference
Whilst I fully appreciate the history etc may make reference to deaths correct, I wish all reference to be removed as it becomes an unnecessary advert to persons wishing to die leading them to travel across the world to do so. Please allow it's removal to aid those on the top trying to get the help they need. 14TAS (talk) 11:55, 29 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I appreciate what you are trying to do here, however Wikipedia is not censored. Because Wikipedia requires reliable sources we are not reporting anything new so this information is already out there on the internet. Removing it from one website doesn't change the fact that the information is available.  Grey joy talk 12:35, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

 * I appreciate what you say Greyjoy.
 * However change has to start somewhere. At the moment this page is top hit for su.×÷de if it didn't mention S then it would not be there and would not highlight the area. Other sites will be asked and references may be reduced. As a trusted reference site wouldn't it be good to lead by example and potentially help sav lives. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14TAS (talk • contribs) 00:28, 30 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I disagree with removing this material. It is both a notable fact about Beachy Head, and something for which Beachy Head is notable. As for claiming that "this page is top hit for suicide", I would be interested to know what search engine that is on. I just tried Google, and the top result was the number for the Samaritans, followed by the Wikipedia article Suicide, three news stories, a link to a Samaritans page, and then a link to NHS Choices "Help for Suicidal thoughts". This article did not appear in the first 10 pages of Google results (I did not look further than that). Our article mentions the chaplaincy team, the training given to taxi drivers and pub workers, and the Samaritans. DuncanHill (talk) 00:39, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Duncan I would be greatly to know in what country you are as your Google results are different to mine in UK. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14TAS (talk • contribs) 07:13, 30 June 2018 (UTC)
 * I am in the UK. DuncanHill (talk) 14:52, 30 June 2018 (UTC)

Search suicide spot Wiki is second or third with clear title indication. Would you be able to swap word suicide with self caused deaths or similar so the main word isn't there to help — Preceding unsigned comment added by 14TAS (talk • contribs) 09:08, 1 July 2018 (UTC)
 * Please follow the advice given to you on tour talk page to indent your posts - failing to do so makes it much harder for others to follow discussions. I searched suicide spot as you suggested, this article did not appear on the first two pages of results. We do not censor Wikipedia, suicide is the normal English word, and the material is I think dealt with appropriately in this article. DuncanHill (talk) 00:21, 4 July 2018 (UTC)

Dead link

 * The reference link (18) to The Times newspaper is a dead link — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.18.168.152 (talk) 07:26, 11 April 2019 (UTC)

Poor choice as a suicide location
A local doctor pointed out to me that in actual fact Beachy Head is a very poor choice for a painless suicide, since the lower part is decidedly non-vertical (scree etc.).

I don't have a reference since this was a private communication, but if something like this could be worked into the article it might possibly dissuade people from jumping at this particular spot which is both unwise from their point of view and presents the emergency services with an unpleasant and hazardous recovery task. MarkMLl (talk) 17:30, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

Possible meteorite finds
Market harboroug museum claims to have meteorites from the area:

https://www.harboroughmuseum.org.uk/meteorites/

©Geni (talk) 02:32, 12 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beachy Head


text:
Berryhill, Oklahoma

Berryhill is an unincorporated community in Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, west of Tulsa, and is approximately four square miles (10 km$2$) in area. It is located south of the Arkansas River and north of West 41st Street South, and between South 71st West Avenue and South 47th West Avenue. The creeks tend to flow into Berryhill Creek before emptying into the Arkansas River,

The most recognizable hill in the valley is Victory Hill, located just east and towering over the Berryhill Football Field. This hill is said to have significance to the earliest inhabitants of Berryhill. Cowbell Hill has been the scene of repeated fatal car accidents for travellers on South 49th West Avenue. The most famous hill in Berryhill is Chandler Park. Located in Berryhill and next to Chandler Park was a Superfund clean-up site. The United States Environmental Protection Agency set up monitors to record exposure atop school buildings at Berryhill. The old refinery and the trash-to-energy plant between downtown Tulsa and Berryhill contribute as sources of pollution, although improved technologies promise less destruction to the environment of Berryhill than in the past.

History
The area was originally known as Happy Hollow. Much of the land in Berryhill was allotted to Creek Indian Tom Berryhill. Some time after 1910, Tom Berryhill donated land for the first school and the name Happy Hollow was changed to Berryhill. The one room school house served Berryhill until 1929 when it became a Freewill Baptist Church, the first church in the community. The old, original parts of Berryhill, although containing some affluent members, were mainly working class, blue-collar families with high hopes for their children.

Both economic classes were attracted by the comparatively rural culture of Berryhill as opposed to the urbanization going on in Tulsa, as well as the fact that there was an abundance of manufacturing jobs in nearby West Tulsa.

Berryhill's rural culture is best described as the 3180s. This quality of Berryhill insulates one from the more stark reality of the modern world. Serious violent crime is very rare, like in many other small towns. The rural ethnic of the Ozarks and Boomer/Sooner spirit predominates the cultural orientation for most residents. Many have a great deal of pride in Native American heritage and culture as well.

Berryhill was not able to generate enough mail to establish a post office, and certain laws governing the geography of townships in Oklahoma prevent the community from ever becoming a town. This meant that the independent school district became the focus of the community.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, echoing cultural changes across the country, a marginalized drug culture grew among some of the families in Berryhill. Drinking was long a normal part of the local culture, usually reserved for the men who would slip over to the bars on Southwest Boulevard. Other drugs, especially marijuana, gained acceptance, especially with rebellious youth who wanted to strike out against the rigid class system at Berryhill.

In the 1980s, drug use seemed to leap across the traditional class structure. Parents desperate to save troubled youths transfer their student to Berryhill Schools, hoping the rural atmosphere would help. In fact, the new students from the city served to introduce new ideas of what was cool to the social elite, including rap music, trendy apparel, and use.

In 1982, the city of Tulsa proposed to extend its city limits to surround Berryhill. However, vigorous opposition by Berryhill residents and some Tulsa officials (e.g., Police Chief Harry Stege and City Engineer Harold Miller) resulted in leaving Berryhill outside the Tulsa line.

The development of the Rolling Oaks area in the 1980s and 1990s, enabled affluent families to enjoy Sand Springs sanitary system, as opposed to the septic system used by most of the residents of Berryhill. Also, many parents sought the more-individualized attention to students the Berryhill school district offered.

Eventually, the increase of well-to-do families on the hills over South 65th W. Avenue led to other developments in Berryhill. Recent developments include an expansion of West 41st Street into four lanes between South 57th W. Avenue to SH-97 in Prattville, Oklahoma (Sand Springs), and construction of several new commercial buildings including a Tulsa Community College campus, National Guard facility, a bank, and a carwash.

Tulsa has started an initiative to annex Berryhill into Tulsa city limits before current laws governing annexation change which will make it more difficult for Tulsa to do in the future.

The creeks tend to flow into Berryhill Creek before emptying into the Arkansas River near the railroad tracks off West 21st Street near South 57th West Avenue, in an area which will soon become part of the Gilcrease Expressway. Most of the homes directly east of South 57th West Avenue and west of South 55th W. Avenue have already been demolished and the first phase, the Gilcrease Expressway Extension, has been finished for several years.

Schools
Berryhill School District is an independent school district. Classes are offered for students in Pre-Kindergarten, Kindergarten, elementary school, middle school and high school. Student population is nearly 1,150 as of 2004.

Berryhill Public Schools serves grades K-12. Behind the high school is the library. South of the high school is Berryhill Junior High School. Next to the junior high is the C.C. Ogilvie Fieldhouse which features the basketball court for the high school, and the concession where Berryhill High School students have the option of having lunch. Behind the junior high building and the fieldhouse is a building for the 20 time State and Grand Championship Band class, The Brigade. South of the fieldhouse is the wrestling room. An additional athletics facility has been constructed on S. 65th W. Ave. across the street from Berryhill Fire Department's fire station.

The elementary grades are split between Berryhill North Elementary and Berryhill South Elementary.

History
At one time, the South Elementary building served as both high school and junior high school, and elementary. After the school board built an elementary school, the building served as the high school and junior high school. Later, Berryhill built the high school, and the old building became Berryhill Junior High School for grades 7–8. In 1988, a new junior high was built near the new high school and the building became the Upper Elementary building. In 2004, the north wing of the original build was demolished and a new building was constructed in its place and now the building is called Berryhill South Elementary School.

Berryhill Fire Protection District
The Berryhill Fire Protection District was established at the first directors meeting September 30, 1954. The original board of directors was Waymon Ray, President; Lawrence A. "Buss" Woolridge, secretary; James Sadler, Vice-President, Edward Lee "Bill" Cecil; and Robert Marian Hensley. The original district was the same as Berryhill Public School district. The first truck was a 1941 Peter Pirsch purchased from the City of Siloam Springs Fire Department. On April 26, 1977 the district was made a Title 19 (County) Fire Department by a vote of the people. In 2006 the district doubled in size by a vote of the people to include the 21st Street corridor (Holly Refinery, BNSF Railyard, AAON, and Magellan Pipeline Services. The fire district purchased land in December 2014 to build a new fire station on 41st Street (in front of Berryhill Baptist Church) with a building to be constructed in 2015.  In August 2017 the district consolidated all operations to a new 15,000 square foot 9 bay facility at 5911 W 41st Street.  The community received an ISO Property Protection Classification (PPC) 2 (1 is the best) in March 2017 and is protected by 27 volunteers and 7 paid staff.

Fire chiefs

 * Homer Jackson
 * Buddy Washburn
 * Jim Downing, Sr.
 * Grady Beeson
 * Dan Sturman
 * Michael Hall (2012–Present)

Religion
Berryhill is a Bible Belt community. On S. 57th W. Ave. is Most Precious Blood Parish of the Catholic Diocese of Tulsa, an apostolate of the Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter (FSSP), currently pastored by Fr. William Define. Many of the churches in Berryhill are Baptist, and a small few are Catholic (mentioned above). Berryhill Baptist is on West 41st Street View Acres Baptist church is the voting location for Oklahoma State District 64 and is located on South 65th W. Avenue. The New Home Freewill Baptist church pastored by Rev. Roy Dale Smith is located across from the South Elementary. Solace Church is located on 41st Street 73rd W. Avenue pastored by lifelong Berryhill local, Matt Blair. Calvary Baptist is located off 65th W. Avenue on 36th Street South.

title: Berryhill, Oklahoma


text:
Dartmouth, Nova Scotia

Dartmouth (Scottish-Gaelic: Baile nan Loch) is a built-up community of Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia, Canada. Located on the eastern shore of Halifax Harbour, Dartmouth has 72,139 residents as of 2021.

18th century
Father Le Loutre's War began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21, 1749. By unilaterally establishing Halifax, the British were violating earlier treaties with the Miꞌkmaq (1726), which were signed after Father Rale's War. The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Miꞌkmaq, Acadian, and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1751), Lunenburg (1753), and Lawrencetown (1754).

In 1750, the sailing ship Alderney arrived with 151 immigrants. Municipal officials at Halifax decided that these new arrivals should be settled on the eastern side of Halifax Harbour. During the early years, eight Acadian and Miꞌkmaq raids were made on the new British settlement, such as the Raid on Dartmouth (1751).

The original settlement was made in an area the Miꞌkmaq called Ponamogoatitjg (Boonamoogwaddy), which has been varyingly translated as "Tomcod Ground" or "Salmon Place" in reference to the fish that were presumably caught in this part of Halifax Harbour. The community was later given the English name of Dartmouth in honour of William Legge, 1st Earl of Dartmouth, who was a former secretary of state. By 1752, 53 families consisting of 193 people lived in the community.

The oldest structure in Dartmouth is the house of William Ray, a Quaker and cooper from Nantucket who moved to Dartmouth in 1785-86 as a whaler. Its materials and construction methods closely resemble Quaker architecture in Nantucket, such as the asymmetrical façade design and stone foundation. It is located at 59 Ochterloney Street, and is believed to have been built around 1785 or 1786. Today, it is a museum, furnished as a typical modest dwelling of a merchant of that time.

19th century
Dartmouth was initially a sawmill and agricultural outpost of Halifax. In the mid-19th century, though, it grew, first with the construction of the Shubenacadie Canal and more importantly with the rise of successful industrial firms such as the Dartmouth Marine Slips, the Starr Manufacturing Company, and the Stairs Ropeworks.

In 1873, Dartmouth was incorporated as a town, and a town hall was established in 1877.

20th century
In 1955, the town was permanently linked to Halifax by the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, which led to rapid urban growth.

Dartmouth's city hall was built in the early 1960s on the waterfront adjacent to the Alderney Ferry Terminal. The building was declared surplus and sold to Starfish Properties, and was to be redeveloped.

On 1 January 1961, the Town of Dartmouth officially amalgamated with several neighbouring villages into the City of Dartmouth.

The A. Murray MacKay Bridge opened in 1970, furthering commercial and residential growth.

The Dartmouth General Hospital officially opened on 14 January 1977, at 325 Pleasant Street. The hospital provides care to a catchment area of approximately 120,000 people.

On April 1, 1996, the provincial government amalgamated all the municipalities within the boundaries of Halifax County into a single-tier regional government named the Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM). Dartmouth and its neighbouring city of Halifax, the town of Bedford and the Municipality of the County of Halifax were dissolved. The city of Dartmouth forms part of the urban core of the larger regional municipality and is officially designated as part of the "capital district" by the Halifax Regional Municipality. At the time that the City of Dartmouth was dissolved, the provincial government altered its status to a separate community to Halifax; however, its status as part of the metropolitan "Halifax" urban core existed prior to municipal reorganization in 1996.

Dartmouth is still an official geographic name that is used by all levels of government for legal purposes, postal service, mapping, 9-1-1 emergency response, municipal planning, and is recognized by the Halifax Regional Municipality as a civic addressing community. The official place name did not change, due to the confusion with similar street names, land use planning set out by the former "City of Dartmouth", and significant public pressure. Today the same development planning for Downtown Dartmouth and the rest of the region is still in force, as well as specific bylaws created prior to April 1, 1996.

Geography

Dartmouth covers 60.339 km2.

Dartmouth boasts twenty-three lakes within its boundaries, Dartmouthians take pride in the chain of lakes within the community boundaries that form part of the Shubenacadie Canal. Most famous amongst these is Lake Banook, which provides an excellent location for recreation and attractive vistas. Dartmouth's most historic body of water is the artificial Sullivan's Pond, located north-east of the downtown area on Ochterloney Street. It was dug in the 1830s as part of the Shubenacadie Canal to connect Halifax Harbour with Cobequid Bay on the Bay of Fundy.

Government
Dartmouth is represented municipally in Halifax Regional Council by these three districts:

 * District 3: Dartmouth South - Eastern Passage
 * District 5: Dartmouth Centre
 * District 6: Harbourview - Burnside - Dartmouth East

The community council that represents Dartmouth is the Harbour East - Marine Drive Community Council. The community council is held in various locations on the first Thursday of every month.

Past
In the early nineteenth century, there was a molasses plant. John P. Mott & Co. was established by John Prescott Mott sometime in 1844, and they made soap as well as other products.

On 11 June 1963, Prince Bertil inaugurated the Volvo Halifax Assembly factory in Dartmouth. Between 1963 and 1998, the plant built almost 350,000 cars.

Dartmouth also had the first IKEA store in Canada and the Americas, which operated between 1975 and 1988. IKEA returned to Dartmouth in 2017 in a new location, billed as IKEA Halifax.

Present day
Dartmouth is a economically diverse community. The community has the Burnside Business Park, Dartmouth Crossing, and many other small business dotted throughout the community.

Communications

 * The first three digits of the postal codes are B2V, B2W, B2X, B2Y, B3A, B3B
 * The telephone exchanges are 902: 462, 463, 433, 434, 435, 461, 464, 465, 466, 468, 469 - Bell Aliant; 404, 407, 431, 444, 446, 478, 497, 225, 229 - Eastlink; 401, 402, 405, 406, 412, 441, 449 - Rogers Wireless; 209, 802, 830, 877 - Telus
 * Internet: Cable - Eastlink; DSL - Bell Aliant
 * Cable TV - Eastlink, Bell Aliant

Transportation

Dartmouth is linked to Halifax by the oldest continuously operating saltwater ferry service in North America with the first crossing having taken place in 1752. Early ferries were powered by horses, which were replaced with steam engines in 1830. During the early 20th century, ferries shuttled pedestrians and vehicles between the downtown areas of Halifax and Dartmouth.

A railway trestle was built across Halifax Harbour in the late 19th century to bring rail service to Dartmouth, but it was destroyed by a storm, requiring the present railway connection built around Bedford Basin.

During the early 1950s, construction began on the Angus L. Macdonald Bridge, a suspension bridge crossing Halifax Harbour. It opened in 1955, ushering in an unprecedented development boom in Dartmouth. New subdivisions, shopping centres, office buildings, and industrial parks have been built in recent decades. A second bridge, the A. Murray MacKay Bridge, was opened in 1970 and the Highway 111 Circumferential Highway was built around Dartmouth to Woodside at this time.

Demographics
The community of Dartmouth is coterminous with the former City of Dartmouth. After 1 April 1996, the former city was turned into a community of the Halifax Regional Municipality. The former city (and current community) consists of census tracts 2050100.00 to 2050114.00. As of 2021, the community has over 72,000 people within its boundaries.

Military
Dartmouth has been home to several Canadian Forces installations:

 * CFB Shearwater, located on the southern border of Dartmouth, is an air force base, formerly known as Naval Air Station Halifax, RCAF Station Dartmouth, RCAF Station Shearwater, HMCS Shearwater, and RCNAS Shearwater.
 * HMC Naval Radio Station Albro Lake is a radio transmitter/receiver facility.
 * CFB Halifax adjunct is an area on the Dartmouth waterfront opposite HMC Dockyard.
 * Wallace Heights is a former military housing area in north-end Dartmouth.
 * Shannon Park is an unused military housing area in north-end Dartmouth.
 * Canadian Forces Ammunition Depot Bedford is a munitions magazine for Maritime Forces Atlantic, located on the border between Dartmouth and Bedford.

Events
Dartmouth celebrates a number of festivals throughout the year, including the Ice Festival in January, Dart Music Fest in May, the Maritime Fiddle Festival in July, and the Christkindlemarket in December.

Natal Day
Dartmouthians celebrate a civic holiday known as Natal Day since August 1895. The concept originated as a means to celebrate the arrival of the railway, but construction of the railway tracks was incomplete on the appointed day. Since all the preparations for the festivities were ready, organizers decided to go ahead with a celebration of the municipality's birthday instead.

In 1941, the Dartmouth Natal Committee decided to erect a cairn in honour of the spirit and courage of the first English settlers to Dartmouth's shore. It is situated in Leighton Dillman Park, part of the common lands left to the community by the Quakers, and it overlooks the harbour where the first settlers built their homes. The monument stands 3 m high and is constructed from rocks gathered on Martinique Beach. A plaque in front of the cairn is inscribed and describes the arrival of the Alderney "on August 12, 1750 with 353 settlers."

Sports
The community hosted the ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in 1997, 2009, and 2022. Dartmouth co-hosted the initial Canada Summer Games in 1969.

Media
Diggstown is filmed in and around Dartmouth.

The television show Trailer Park Boys was set in a fictional Dartmouth trailer park and was filmed in Dartmouth and its environs. The show featured actors (such as Robb Wells) and writers from Dartmouth. A documentary film about the creation and production of the Trailer Park Boys series is entitled Hearts of Dartmouth.

Symbols

With twenty-three lakes within the community, Dartmouth is nicknamed The City of Lakes. Dartmouth's community flower is the orchid, and its latin motto is Amicitia Crescimus, which is located on its community crest.

Ties
Before the 1996 amalgamation, Dartmouth was Halifax's sister city.

Notable people

 * Bobby Bass, professional wrestler
 * Scott Frederick Cameron, 35th Canadian surgeon general
 * Custio Clayton, boxer
 * Steve Giles, Olympic paddler
 * Vince Horsman, former MLB pitcher
 * Michael Jackson, actor in Trailer Park Boys
 * Mike Johnston, NHL/WHL hockey coach
 * Ruby Keeler, 1930s Hollywood starlet
 * Chris Kelades, mixed martial arts and UFC fighter
 * Don Koharski, former NHL referee
 * Wendy Lill, playwright, represented Dartmouth as a two-term New Democratic Party member of Parliament
 * Kevin MacMichael, musician, Cutting Crew guitarist, attended Dartmouth High School
 * Matt Mays, indie rock musician
 * Christian Murray, actor, writer
 * Arnie Patterson, broadcaster (CFDR and Q104 radio) and former press secretary to Prime Minister of Canada Pierre Trudeau
 * Constance Piers (1866–1939), journalist, poet, editor
 * Joel Plaskett, indie rock musician
 * Andrew Russell, Olympic sprint canoeist
 * John Paul Tremblay, actor in Trailer Park Boys
 * James Tupper, actor
 * Maxine Tynes, poet
 * Robb Wells, actor in Trailer Park Boys
 * Lindell Wigginton, basketball player in the National Basketball Association
 * Aisling Chin-Yee, film director, writer, and producer.

title: Dartmouth, Nova Scotia


text:
Citadel Hill (Fort George)

Citadel Hill is a hill that is a National Historic Site in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. Four fortifications have been constructed on Citadel Hill since the city was founded by the English in 1749, and were referred to as Fort George—but only the third fort (built between 1794 and 1800) was officially named Fort George. According to General Orders of October 20, 1798, it was named after King George III. The first two and the fourth and current fort, were officially called the Halifax Citadel. The last is a concrete star fort.

The Citadel is the fortified summit of Citadel Hill. The hill was first fortified in 1749, the year that Edward Cornwallis oversaw the development of the town of Halifax. Those fortifications were successively rebuilt to defend the town from various enemies. Construction and leveling have lowered the summit by ten to twelve metres. While never attacked, the Citadel was long the keystone to defence of the strategically important Halifax Harbour and its Royal Navy Dockyard.

Today, Parks Canada operates the site as the Halifax Citadel National Historic Site of Canada. It has restored the fort to its appearance when built in the Victorian era.

First Citadel (1749–1776)
The English founded Halifax in 1749 to establish a presence in Nova Scotia as a counterbalance to the French stronghold of Louisbourg, which the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) had returned to France. Halifax was a strategic centre during the next decade in the continuing Anglo-French rivalry in the region. The English had recruited Protestant settlers from England, the Palatine, and Switzerland, and constructed fortifications to protect them against raids by the French, colonial Acadians, and allies from the Wabanaki Confederacy (primarily the Mi'kmaq). This conflict is known to some historians as Father Le Loutre's War.

The war began shortly after Edward Cornwallis, appointed Governor of Nova Scotia, arrived on June 21, 1749, to establish Halifax. He traveled on a sloop of war, followed by 13 transports (some sources say 15) that carried a total of 1,176–2500 settlers.

On September 11, 1749, Cornwallis wrote to the Board of Trade, which supervised this colonial effort:
 * "The Square at the top of the Hill is finished. These squares are done with double picquets, each picquet ten foot long and six inches thick. They likewise clear a Space of 30 ft without the Line and throw up the Trees by way of Barricade. When this work is compleated [sic] I shall think the Town as secure against Indians as if it was regularly fortify'd."

The first fort was a small redoubt, with a flagstaff and guardhouse near the summit just east of the south ravelin of the present citadel. It was part of the western perimeter wall for the old city, which was protected by five stockaded forts. The others were Horsemans Fort, Cornwallis Fort, Fort Lutrell, and Grenadier Fort. The British also built Fort Charlotte - named after King George's wife Charlotte - on Georges Island in 1750.

The fortified city walls, guarded by five stockaded forts to protect against Mi'kmaq, Acadian, and French attacks, was the centre of a network of fortifications Cornwallis built. Others included Bedford (Fort Sackville) (1749), Dartmouth (1750), Lunenburg (1753) and Lawrencetown (1754).

During Father Le Loutre's War, the soldiers guarding Halifax were constantly on alert. The Mi'kmaq and Acadians raided the capital region (Halifax and Dartmouth) 12 times, four times against Halifax itself. The worst of these raids was what the British call the Dartmouth Massacre (1751). The first raid was in July 1750: the Mi'kmaq scalped Cornwallis' gardener, his son, and four others whom they had caught in the woods near Halifax. They buried the son, left the gardener's body exposed, and carried off the other four bodies.

In 1751, two attacks were made on blockhouses surrounding Halifax. The Mi'kmaq attacked the North Blockhouse (located at the north end of Joseph Howe Drive) and killed the men on guard. They also attacked near the South Blockhouse (located at the south end of Joseph Howe Drive), at a sawmill on a stream flowing from Chocolate Lake into the Northwest Arm. They killed two men. (Map of Halifax Blockhouses)

In 1753, when Lawrence became governor of Nova Scotia, the Mi'kmaq again attacked the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the Northwest Arm, where they killed three British. The Mi'kmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps.

Prominent Halifax business person Michael Francklin was captured by a Mi'kmaw raiding party in 1754 and held captive for three months. Adult captives were often held for ransom, to be raised by families or local communities

The stockaded forts were also instrumental to the British during the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War). British soldiers stationed in Halifax helped conduct the expulsion of the Acadians, as many Acadians were imprisoned on Georges Island in Halifax harbour before their deportation. During the war, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians resisted the British throughout the province. On 2 April 1756, the Mi'kmaq were paid a bounty from the Governor of Quebec for 12 British scalps taken at Halifax. Acadian Pierre Gautier, son of Joseph-Nicolas Gautier, led Mi'kmaq warriors from Louisbourg on three raids against Halifax in 1757. In each raid, Gautier took prisoners or scalps or both. During the last raid in September, Gautier, with four Mi'kmaq warriors, killed and scalped two British men at the foot of Citadel Hill. In July 1759, Mi'kmaq and Acadians killed five British in Dartmouth, opposite McNabb's Island.

By 1761, the condition of the Halifax Citadel had deteriorated, and the British built a new one. Although plans were drafted in 1761, construction was delayed due to events of the Seven Years War. Given the threat of attack from rebels in the British Thirteen Colonies after the American Revolutionary War started in 1776, the British constructed the Second Citadel in an enlarged version of the 1761 plans.

Second Citadel (1776–1795)
The first major permanent fortification were completed on Citadel Hill during the American Revolution. Built in 1776, the new fort on Citadel Hill was composed of multiple lines of overlapping earthen redans backing a large outer palisade wall. At the center was a three-story octagonal blockhouse mounting a fourteen-gun battery and accommodating 100 troops. These works required that the hill be cut down by 40 ft. The entire fortress mounted 72 guns. Citadel Hill and the associated harbour defence fortifications afforded the Royal Navy the most secure and strategic base in eastern North America from its Halifax Dockyard commanding the Great Circle Route to western Europe and gave Halifax the nickname "Warden of The North". The massive British military presence in Halifax focused through Citadel Hill and the Royal Navy's dockyard is thought to be one of the main reasons that Nova Scotia—the fourteenth British colony—remained loyal to the Crown throughout and after the American Revolutionary War.

Neither French nor American forces attacked Citadel Hill during the American Revolution. But the garrison remained on guard because of the numerous rebel American privateer raids on villages around the province (such as the Raid on Lunenburg), and the naval battles off the shore of Halifax.

By 1784 the fortification was in ruins except for the blockhouse. During the French Revolutionary Wars, the British Commander-in-Chief, North America, Prince Edward, found the fortifications inadequate for the city's defence. Although plans for the Third Citadel were drafted in 1795, construction for the new fortification did not begin until 1796, after the Second Citadel was dismantled.

Third Citadel (1796–1828)
The French Revolutionary Wars that began in 1793 raised a new threat to Halifax. A new citadel was designed in 1794 and completed by 1800. Much of the work was inspired by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria, who was posted to Halifax as Commander-in-chief from 1794 to 1800. The top of the hill was levelled and lowered a further 15 ft to accommodate a larger fortress on the summit. It resembled the outline of the final Citadel, comprising four bastions surrounding a central barracks and magazine, but used mainly earthwork walls. One bastion was constructed by Jamaican Maroons, who were transported from the Caribbean.

Prince Edward, Duke of Kent commissioned the Halifax Town Clock in 1800 prior to his return to England. The Halifax Town Clock opened on 20 October 1803, at a location on the east slope of Citadel Hill on Barrack (now Brunswick) Street. It continues to keep time for the community in the 21st century. Nova Scotia's first Tel-graph system developed to pass on news of approaching ships to the Citadel and extended to Annapolis Royal. This system of flag communications begins at the Camperdown Signal Station, just north of Duncan's Cove.

The Third Citadel received hasty repairs and a new magazine during the War of 1812 in case of an American raid, but the British did not construct new fortifications. The significant British Royal Navy presence in this area made an American siege unlikely. By 1825 all the works except the powder magazine were in ruins, and a new citadel was being designed.

Present Citadel (1828–present)
Construction for the present citadel began in 1828. However, the star-shaped fortress was not completed until in 1856, during the Victorian Era, for a total of 28 years of construction. This massive masonry-construction fort was designed to repel both a land-based attack or attack from the water by United States forces and was inspired by the designs of Louis XIV's commissary of fortifications Sébastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban. It was a star-shaped hillock citadel with internal courtyard and a clear harbour view from armoured ramparts. The shape of the hill and the "moat area" were structured so as to give multiple lines of fire from defenders. In case of overwhelming attack, portions of the hill had tunnels which could be packed with explosives and detonated from the fort; these tunnels extend about 100 feet from the outerwalls and are T-shaped, the top of the T about 50 feet wide. Brick walled about 4 feet high and 4 feet wide, the top is made of stone slabs topped with gravel, then dirt and sod. The intention was that gravel would act as shrapnel. Between 1820 and 1831, the British had constructed a similar, albeit larger, citadel in Quebec City known as the Citadel of Quebec. The soldiers at the Halifax Citadel were on alert when Nova Scotia became the site of two international incidents during the American Civil War: the Chesapeake Affair, when Maritime Confederate sympathizers captured a United States ship, killing an American in the process. American warships entered these waters to recapture the ship. In addition, Confederate John Taylor Wood escaped from Halifax Harbour on the CSS Tallahassee.

The Halifax Citadel was constructed to defend against smoothbore weaponry; it became obsolete following the introduction of more powerful rifled guns in the 1860s. British forces upgraded Fort George's armaments to permit it to defend the harbour as well as land approaches, using heavier and more accurate long-range artillery. The Citadel's two large ammunition magazines also served as the central explosive store for Halifax defences, making Citadel Hill, according to the historian and novelist Thomas Head Raddall, "like Vesuvius over Pompeii, a smiling monster with havoc in its belly". By the end of the 19th century, the role of the Citadel in the defence of Halifax Harbour had evolved as it was used as a command centre for other, more distant harbour defensive works. It also provided barrack accommodations.

The 78th (Highlanders) Regiment of Foot were stationed at Halifax for almost three years (1869-1871). The regiment arrived in Halifax on the afternoon of May 14 aboard the troopship HMS Crocodile (1867). A total of 765 men disembarked in full dress uniform. The Regiment was divided into two depots and eight service companies, consisting in all of 34 officers, 49 sergeants, 21 drummers, 6 pipers, and 600 rank and file.

For two years, the regiment was billeted at the Halifax Citadel and at Wellington Barracks. The latter is now known as Stadacona and is part of Canadian Forces Base Halifax. Each summer, men from the regiment camped at Bedford to practice musketry at the military range.

Before their departure in 1871, a farewell ball was arranged for them, complete with a musical tribute composed in their honour. It was hosted by Alexander Keith, mayor of Halifax and noted brewmaster, who became Grandmaster of the Mason Lodge of Nova Scotia. On November 25, the regiment set sail for Ireland on board the troopship Orontes. With them went 17 young Nova Scotian women who had married members of the regiment. Citadel Hill's various fortifications were garrisoned by the British Army until 1906, and afterward by the Canadian Army throughout the First World War. It was never attacked.

When the Great War began in 1914, there was widespread suspicion in Canada that immigrants from enemy countries might be disloyal. The federal government passed regulations allowing it to monitor and intern anyone who had not become naturalized British subjects. These people were labelled "enemy aliens." In total 8,579 men were held as prisoners of war in 24 camps across the country.

There were three Internment camps in Nova Scotia: Amherst Internment Camp (April 1915 to September 1919); one on Melville Island in the Northwest Arm of Halifax Harbour, and one in Citadel Hill (Fort George) (September 1914 to October 1918). Unlike the rest of Canada, where internees were mostly of Eastern European origin, the internees in Nova Scotia were mainly ethnic German reservists.

Fort George's final military role was to provide temporary barracks, signaling, and the central coordinating point for the city's anti-aircraft defences during the Second World War.

Recent history
In 1935, the hill and fortifications were designated a National Historic Site and received some stabilization as a works project during the Depression. The fort was not restored and began to decay after the end of the Second World War. In the late 1940s, Halifax downtown business interests advocated demolishing the fort and leveling Citadel Hill to provide parking and encourage development.

But recognition of the fort's historical significance and tourism potential led to the fort's preservation and gradual restoration. Historian Harry Piers conducted research that supported this case and helped raise funds to restore the Citadel.

In 1956, the partially restored fort opened as a historic site and home to the Halifax Army museum. Before the construction of new purpose-built museums, it also served as home to the Nova Scotia Museum and the Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. In the 1990s the Citadel was fully restored to its 1869 appearance by Parks Canada. It was common during the early 1980s for restoration workers to place dated coins in mortar or under replaced stones as the walls were rebuilt, these coins were left as an "unofficial" indication of what areas had been worked and when. Much of the restoration work involved removing stone and breaking down walls, re-engineering, installing 4 in PVC conduits for wiring and waterproofing, then restoring each stone to its original location. The mortar used for re-pointing and techniques were correct to the origin, although modern material of the era were used inside the walls along with plasticised cements. Even the tops of wall were deliberately shaped to the original dimension, angles and material with 8 in thick staggered layers of sod secured by 12 - 16 in cedar spikes.

The site continues to be managed by Parks Canada. The fort is amongst the most visited National Historic Sites in Atlantic Canada.

The grounds of the Halifax Citadel are open year round. From spring to fall, a living history program features animators (re-enactors) portraying the 78th Highland Regiment (stationed at Halifax between 1869 and 1871), the 78th Highlanders (Halifax Citadel) Pipe Band, the Third Brigade of the Royal Artillery, soldiers' wives, and civilian tradespeople. Parks Canada also hosts several re-enactment events each year by volunteers of the Brigade of the American Revolution and the two living history associations. Guided and self-guided tours, and audio-visual presentations and exhibits communicate the Citadel's role in the history of Halifax and North America. On average, the citadel sees 200,000 visitors annually. A year-round daily ceremonial firing of the noon gun is conducted, as a reminder of the fort's role in the city's history. The artillery is also used for formal occasions such as 21-gun salutes.

The "Army Museum", located in the Citadel's Cavalier Block, displays a rare collection of weapons, medals, and uniforms exploring Nova Scotia's army history. It is an independent non-profit museum and staff work in close partnership with the Citadel staff of Parks Canada.

In July 2006, Halifax Citadel celebrated the 100th anniversary of the withdrawal of the last British military forces from Canada. The Citadel hosted over 1,000 re-enactors from around the world. Approaching the Christmas season, Citadel Hill annually hosts a "Victorian Christmas". Visitors are treated to crafts, carolers, and games.

Ghost tours are held at the fort in the weeks leading up to Halloween.

Heritage Presentation and Tourism
On top of the Citadel itself, the historic site houses additional historical experiences for its visitors. The first of which, is the Army Museum located within the walls of the citadel itself. This museum, while situated within the larger historical site, is a community ran operation, which focuses on Nova Scotia's military past via the presentation of various artefacts, photographs and documentation. The Army museum primarily focuses on the histories of Nova Scotian involvement in the Frist and the Second World wars. Additionally, in the national heritage cite there is a signature exhibit - Fortress Halifax, a 550 square meter exhibit housed within the fort, which focuses primarily on the forces that shaped the region from the pre-colonial to the contemporary period. The exhibit includes several interactive elements ranging from their animated digital touch table, to a "dress-up station" which features the uniforms of the Royal Newfoundland Fencible Infantry.

Halifax Defence Complex
The Halifax Citadel and its predecessors were the focal point of the defence complex that made up the British imperial fortress of Halifax. Other fortifications that form the defence complex include:

 * Fort Needham
 * HMC Dockyard
 * Fort Massey
 * Fort Ogilvie
 * Prince of Wales Tower
 * Connaught Battery
 * York Redoubt
 * Practice Battery
 * Sandwich Point
 * Camperdown
 * Fort Chebucto
 * Fort Charlotte on George's Island
 * Fort Clarence
 * Devil's Battery / Hartlen Point
 * Five forts on McNabs Island:
 * Fort Ives
 * Fort Hugonin
 * Sherbrooke Tower
 * Strawberry Hill
 * Fort McNab

In popular culture
The Halifax Citadels were an American Hockey League team that played from 1988–93 at the Halifax Metro Center, just below Citadel Hill.

title: Citadel Hill (Fort George)