text:
Talk:Sarah, Duchess of York

Ancestors section

 * Deleting the Ancestors section does not seem a constructive edit, particularly as by default her ancestry tree was hidden. : I think her ancestry tree would be more useful if it went further back to illustrate the ancestry claimed in the second paragraph of the Early life section. I find the visual representation easier to follow than the text.

213.18.173.87 (talk) 23:00, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
 * All the relevant relatives can be mentioned in prose. Names such as Muriel Fletcher do not belong here because Wikipedia is not a genealogy website. Surtsicna (talk) 06:12, 23 September 2022 (UTC)

A member of the royal family?
Is she a really a member of the royal family. She does not participate in any events. She is not as well known as before. She is a divorced member of the royal family. I think associate of the royal family or something along the lines of that will be more justifiable Theeveralst (talk) 21:30, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

 * Sources differ as to whether she is a member of the royal family, as noted in the article body text. The Lord Chamberlain lists Sarah, Duchess of York as a member (the document is among a list of documents dated as being from 2022). This article from People implies that she is a member. However, she is not listed as a member on the royal family's website. Due to the ambiguity, I understand the desire to add clarity, and I think this article does to some extent in the article body. However, I don't think we should be creating categories like "associate of the royal family".
 * I assume this comment is in relation to the article's lead paragraph: Sarah, Duchess of York (born Sarah Margaret Ferguson; 15 October 1959), nicknamed Fergie, is a member of the British royal family. She is the former wife of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, a younger brother of King Charles III. If Sarah, Duchess of York's status as a royal family member is in question, maybe we should just delete that reference and simply say Sarah, Duchess of York (born Sarah Margaret Ferguson; 15 October 1959), nicknamed Fergie, is the former wife of Prince Andrew, Duke of York, a younger brother of King Charles III. I don't have a strong opinion about this either way. Aoi (青い) (talk) 22:08, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
 * Families include divorced in-laws if they have children in the family. SmokeyJoe (talk) 06:58, 3 October 2022 (UTC)

I think it is best to have a vote on this matter Theeveralst (talk) 21:34, 1 October 2022 (UTC)
 * I don't think a vote is necessary. The Lord Chamberlain's guidelines clearly list her as a member of the royal family, whereas it does not mention Mark Phillips, the divorced husband of Princess Anne. If the palace considers her a member, we cannot possibly argue against it (it would fall under WP:OR). Sarah's situation more or less resembles that of Diana, Princess of Wales, who was still considered a member of the royal family even after her divorce (though her position as the mother of a future king was way more prominent). Keivan.f  Talk 06:08, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
 * The issue of Disownment of family members, even to the point of divorced in-laws, is a pretty strong case of a WP:BLP issue. There should be no vote, because the WP:Voice of Wikipedia, even to the point of editors on a talk page, should not be speaking to such a personal issue.  Wikipedia needs to hold back to what reliable others say.
 * If there is any real doubt on “… is a member of the British royal family” then the question is whether the article should contain this statement or drop it entirely. For Sarah, I don’t think there is good reason to raise the question.  I see sources name her as “ex daughter in law”, but never “ex family”. SmokeyJoe (talk) 05:18, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
 * @Theeveralst, I reverted this edit here for the reasons I noted in the edit summary. Looking at this discussion again, I was reminded of MOS:BIOFIRSTSENTENCE, which states [t]he first sentence [of a biography] should usually state...[t]he main reason the person is notable (key accomplishment, record, etc.). In Sarah's case, her claim to notability is drawn hugely from her status at Andrew's ex-wife. If there's dispute over whether she should be considered a royal family member, then I suggest amending this statement by replacing "a member of the British royal family" with "the former wife of Andrew, Duke of York]]" (or perhaps former daughter-in-law of Queen Elizabeth II or former sister-in-law of King Charles III), but (and I know this contradicts my statement above) I don't think we should omit her relationship with the royal family completely. Thank you, Aoi (青い) (talk) 19:36, 20 April 2023 (UTC)

Image changes
I've restored the longstanding lead image, which appears to have been the lead image since November 2017. Please stop edit-warring and get consensus here on the talk page for whatever replacement image you want. Aoi (青い) (talk) 22:17, 26 September 2022 (UTC)

"Fergie" nickname
The nickname "Fergie" has been in the lede intermittently; it was most recently removed without comment by on 3 October, then restored by ; then re-removed by Kievan.f with the comment:

This was discussed before and the consensus was against including it. All royals have nicknames; Elizabeth II's was Lilibet, George VI's was Bertie, William's is Will, Catherine's is Kate, etc. Yet there's no need to mention them in the lede when these nicknames have not used officially by the subjects.

1. I can't see a decision being made on this in the past - can anyone point me to that?

2. Regarding: "when these nicknames have not used officially by the subjects" - firstly, she does use the name officially, for example in the title of her Youtube series, "Storytime with Fergie and Friends". Secondly, the subject's own naming is not definitive on Wikipedia, rather that used by sources. Looking at the references on this article, 27 of them (14%) use "Fergie" in their titles to refer to the subject of the article. For comparison, not a single one of the 320 sources on Elizabeth II's page uses "Lilibet" in the title. ("Kate" and "Will" are different cases, as they are common hypocorisms of their first names, on which Wikipedia has a specific policy.)

"Fergie" is clearly an extremely common name used by our sources to refer to the subject of this article - by my reading of MOS:NICKNAME it should be included in the lead. Can anyone provide a policy-based reason why it shouldn't be? TSP (talk) 18:41, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * To add to this, I’ve been bingeing a lot of royal documentaries, and most/all heavily use the name Fergie. The concept of lèse-majesté does not exist on Wikipedia, even though I’ve seen no indication that the subject of the article objects to the nickname. Regardless, I do strongly think it should be in the lede. Park3r (talk) 19:15, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The discussion on this subject occurred many years ago on an individual talk page between some users, but a new consensus can be officially established here to settle this matter once and for all. I was simply opposing the inclusion of the nickname because it was being thrown in the lede without a proper discussion. As you pointed out, only 14% of sources used on this article actually use the nickname Fergie, which is not a large percentage in my opinion. But, then there's the issue of her embracing the nickname. Well, Catherine, Princess of Wales, had also embraced the nickname prior "Kate" to her marriage to the royal family (similar to her sister Philippa who is known as "Pippa"), but she has not used it for eleven years now. That doesn't seem to be the case with Sarah, but Storytime with Fergie and Friends was made for an audience mainly composed of children. In her professional career she has not used that nickname to the best of my knowledge. Not to mention that the article clearly says in the "Early life" section that she's "known informally as Fergie". I'll be looking forward to see what others might think with regards to this matter. Keivan.f  Talk 20:14, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I added it to the lede because it seemed non-controversial, and WP:BOLD is a thing - changes can be reverted for any number of reasons, but there is no requirement for them to be discussed first. In any case, it appears that there was no consensus on not using the nickname in the lede (that can be found), and there is no clear policy reason for not having the nickname in the lede, so it should be added. Park3r (talk) 00:39, 10 December 2022 (UTC)
 * WP:BOLD is a thing until your edits get reverted, after which you are obliged to discuss the matter. And regardless of what happened in the past, I don't see a consensus here at the moment, and while there is no clearly policy for omitting a nickname from the lede, there is equally no clear policy that states it must be used. Keivan.f  Talk 15:42, 10 December 2022 (UTC)
 * After the edit was reverted, I did raise it on a talk page, but then I deleted it, it wasn’t worth my time. I don’t believe I’m obliged to discuss the matter as long as I didn’t resort to edit-warring (which I didn’t). I also don’t think that this current discussion being up for a couple of days allows us to draw any conclusions about a current consensus, or lack thereof. Let’s allow other editors to participate. Park3r (talk) 18:48, 10 December 2022 (UTC)

 * Actually answering the latest arguments:
 * As I've already mentioned, Wikipedia has a specific policy against including common hypocorisms for first names in the lead, which applies to Kate; if it were not for that (e.g. if her legal first name was something other than Catherine), I think "Kate" should absolutely be mentioned. But perhaps more relevantly, Wikipedia pages are judged against policy and consensus, not against other pages; feel free to go to Kate's page and discuss whether "Kate" should be included, but we're talking about this page.
 * 14% of sources use the name in the title. That's quite a lot - for comparison, 27% use "Sarah Ferguson" and 31% "Duchess of York", and our sources are likely to be biased towards formal usages by their nature.  Also for comparison, 4% of Sir Alex Ferguson's citations use "Fergie" and 0% of Queen Elizabeth II's use "Lilibet".
 * I don't think we're biased against usages aimed at children. She uses the name in an official capacity.
 * You're welcome to link where that "consensus" was forged, but I find it hard to see how a true consensus could be achieved on individuals' talk pages without any mention on the relevant article talk page. But I see nothing in the editing history of the article for the last 5 years suggesting anyone else believes there is a consensus on this.  ("Fergie" remained stable in the article for almost a year in 2018-19, before you removed it - no other editor seemed to have an issue.)
 * I noticed you saying in one edit comment, "she is not widely known by this nickname". I suspect that may be at the root of the disagreement here - I think you may not have lived in the UK during the 1990s?  At the time, she was absolutely a household name, and always as "Fergie" - I'm not sure I even knew her real name or title.  I think anyone who remembers that time in the UK would be flabbergasted by the suggestion that she isn't widely known as Fergie.  It's also perhaps worth noting that, as discussed in various move discussions at Talk:Fergie (singer), this page is usually the second most popular location from the Fergie disambiguation page. (Incidentally, I caught a clip of the latest Meghan and Harry interview the other day, in which Meghan refers to - you guessed it - "Fergie".) TSP (talk) 15:34, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

Looking back through article history, I found these relevant edits: [Edited to add:]
 * 5 Oct 2022, removed by
 * 5 Oct 2022, added by
 * 3 Oct 2022, removed by Keivan.f
 * 18 Sept 2022, added by
 * 28 May 2021, removed by Keivan.f
 * 14 April 2021, added by
 * 30 Jan 2020, removed by Kievan.f
 * 23 December 2019, added by
 * 26 June 2019, removed by Kievan.f
 * 18 May 2019, added by
 * 6 April 2019, removed by Kievan.f
 * 24 June 2018, added by
 * 23 June 2018, removed by Kievan.f
 * 23 June 2018, added by
 * 17 June 2018, removed by Kievan.f
 * 14 June 2018, added by
 * 24 February 2018, removed by Kievan.f
 * 23 February 2018, added by
 * 23 February 2018, removed by Kievan.f
 * 28 November 2017, added by

Between those edits, and this debate, I count four logged-in editors, plus two IPs, moving to have this included; versus just the one editor opposing that. As there is, at the very least, no policy either way; and the basic arguments used in removing it seem to have been disproved (the name is used by the subject, as well as by sources; there does not appear to be any previously-established consensus for removal), I'd suggest the indications are in favour of inclusion, in the absence of a contrary consensus emerging reasonably swiftly. TSP (talk) 22:30, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Let me make something clear. I do not own this article, but I have been contributing to it for years, literally bringing it up from the piece of crap that it previously was. Thus, I have had a reasonable expectation that when changes like adding a nickname to the lede are about to happen, they should be discussed properly. I have done the same when introducing changes to other articles. The discussion is taking place now, and I will accept the consensus, whatever the outcome might be. Keivan.f  Talk 22:39, 12 December 2022 (UTC)
 * How long do we want to wait before we put the nickname in the lede? Park3r (talk) 06:05, 15 December 2022 (UTC)
 * I've now gone back through five full years of edits, during which time this has been added to the article 10 times, by six registered users and three IPs (often staying stable in the article for many months); and removed every time by the same one. In this debate, we have two people arguing for inclusion and one for exclusion, and the debate has been here for a week without another exclusion-favouring editor appearing; so that's currently 10:1 for inclusion. , if you'd like to call a full WP:RFC on this, feel free; but it seems hard to argue that consensus at the moment is in favour of removal.  I'm going to re-add it. TSP (talk) 15:34, 16 December 2022 (UTC)

What is a "chalet girl"?
Article says

 * At a young age, she developed an interest in skiing and later briefly worked as a chalet girl.

Article needs to provide some explanation as to what a "chalet girl" is.

(To User Celia Homeford: No, I have not seen "the film", nor would it make any difference if I had. Wikipedia articles are supposed to be comprehensible to a general audience, not just to people who have seen certain films.)

- 189.122.243.241 (talk) 22:32, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Common terms understood by most readers in context do not need to be defined within the article, including subjects with which most readers will be at least somewhat familiar. The words 'chalet' and 'girl' are common terms, and the term is used in context within a sentence about skiing. We don't write, "She briefly worked as a chef, which is a person who prepares food in a kitchen." If readers come across a word that is unfamiliar to them, they can look it up. The article text shouldn't contain digressions that are unnecessary for the bulk of readers. Celia Homeford (talk) 08:54, 8 March 2023 (UTC)

Title
Has there been an RFC regarding the her title Duchess of York?, as she is divorced surely she no longer holds that title as it usually belongs to the current wife of that royal. ChefBear01 (talk) 08:15, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Diana remained Princess of Wales after her divorce from Charles. -- Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  08:22, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * This is explained and cited in the article. Celia Homeford (talk) 09:51, 22 January 2024 (UTC)
 * She is no longer "THE Duchess of York", she is "Sarah, Duchess of York. Similar to "Diana, Princess of Wales". Keivan.f  Talk 14:51, 22 January 2024 (UTC)

Coats of arms and copyright
A discussion is going on at the Commons concerning the copyright status of several coats of arms that are in use on pages related to British royalty. Please feel free to share your comments and input at commons:Commons:Deletion requests/Coat of arms of Queen Camilla.svg. Thanks. Keivan.f Talk 18:35, 4 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sarah, Duchess of York


text:
Music of Jamaica

The  music of Jamaica includes Jamaican folk music and many popular genres, such as mento, ska, rocksteady, reggae, dub music, dancehall, reggae fusion and related styles.

Reggae is especially popular through the fame of Bob Marley. Jamaican music's influence on music styles in other countries includes the practice of toasting, which was brought to New York City and evolved into rapping. British genres such as Lovers rock, jungle music and grime are also influenced by Jamaican music.

Mento
Mento is a style of Jamaican music that predates and has greatly influenced ska and reggae music. Lord Flea and Count Lasher are two of the more successful mento artists. Well-known mento songs include Day-O, Jamaica Farewell and Linstead Market. Mento is often confused with Calypso music, a musical form from Trinidad and Tobago.

Calypso and Soca
As in many Anglo-Caribbean islands, the calypso music of Trinidad and Tobago has become part of the culture of Jamaica. Jamaica's own local music mento is often confused with calypso music. Although the two share many similarities, they are separate and distinct musical forms. During the mid-20th century, mento was conflated with calypso, and mento was frequently referred to as calypso, kalypso and mento calypso; mento singers frequently used calypso songs and techniques. As in calypso, mento uses topical lyrics with a humorous slant, commenting on poverty and other social issues. Sexual innuendos are also common.

The Trinidadian calypso and soca music are popular in Jamaica. Popular calypso/soca artists from Jamaica include Byron Lee, Fab 5, and Lovindeer. Harry Belafonte (born in the U.S., raised in Jamaica from age 5 to 13) introduced American audiences to calypso music (which had originated in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 20th century), and Belafonte was dubbed the "King of Calypso".

Jazz
From early in the 20th century, Jamaica produced many notable jazz musicians. In this development the enlightened policy of the Alpha Boys School in Kingston, which provided training and encouragement in music education for its pupils, was very influential. Also significant was the brass band tradition of the island, strengthened by opportunities for musical work and training in military contexts. However, limited scope for making a career playing jazz in Jamaica resulted in many local jazz musicians leaving the island to settle in London or in the United States.

Among the most notable Jamaican jazz instrumentalists who made successful careers abroad was alto saxophonist Joe Harriott, now regarded internationally as one of the most original and innovative of jazz composers. Also internationally successful were trumpeters Dizzy Reece, Leslie 'Jiver' Hutchinson and Leslie Thompson, bassist Coleridge Goode, guitarist Ernest Ranglin and pianist Monty Alexander.

Harriott, Goode, Hutchinson and Thompson built their careers in London, along with many other instrumentalists, such as pianist Yorke de Souza and the outstanding saxophonist Bertie King, who later returned to Jamaica and formed a mento-style band. Reece and Alexander worked in the US. Saxophonist Wilton 'Bogey' Gaynair settled in Germany working mainly with Kurt Edelhagen's orchestra.

Ska
Ska is a music genre that originated in Jamaica in the late 1950s, and was the precursor to rocksteady and reggae. Ska combined elements of Caribbean mento and calypso with American jazz and rhythm and blues. The first ever ska recording was made by Count Ossie, a Nyabinghi drummer from the rasta community. It is characterized by a walking bass line accented with rhythms on the upbeat. In the early 1960s, ska was the dominant music genre of Jamaica and was popular with British mods.

Music historians typically divide the history of ska into three periods: the original Jamaican scene of the 1960s (First Wave), the English 2 Tone ska revival of the late 1970s (Second Wave) and the third wave ska movement, which started in the 1980s (Third Wave) and rose to popularity in the US in the 1990s. The recent revival of Jamaican Jazz attempts to bring back the sound of early Jamaican music artists of the late 1950s.

DJs and toasting
Along with the rise of ska came the popularity of deejays such as Sir Lord Comic, King Stitt and pioneer Count Matchuki, who began talking stylistically over the rhythms of popular songs at sound systems. In Jamaican music, the Deejay is the one who talks (known elsewhere as the MC) and the selector is the person who chooses the records. The popularity of Deejays as an essential component of the sound system, and created a need for instrumental songs, as well as instrumental versions of popular vocal songs.

Toasting is a type of lyrical chanting over the beat. While Dancehall music involves deejays, they are the ones chanting or humming over the rhythm or track. With the rise of many different genres, toasting became popular in Jamaica during the 1960s and 1970s.

In the late 1960s, producers such as King Tubby and Lee Perry began stripping the vocals away from tracks recorded for sound system parties. With the bare beats and bass playing and the lead instruments dropping in and out of the mix, Deejays began toasting, or delivering humorous and often provoking jabs at fellow deejays and local celebrities. Over time, toasting became an increasingly complex activity, and became as big a draw as the dance beats played behind it.

The basic elements of hip-hop—boasting raps, rival posses, uptown throwdowns, and political commentary—were all present in Jamaican music When rocksteady and reggae bands looked to make their music a form of national and even international black resistance, they used Jamaican culture. Jamaican music, moved back and forth between the predominance of boasting and toasting songs packed with 'slackness' and sexual innuendo and a more topical, political, 'conscious' style.

Rocksteady
Rocksteady was the music of Jamaica's rude boys by the mid-1960s, when The Wailers and The Clarendonians dominated the charts. Desmond Dekker's "007" brought international attention to the new genre. The mix put heavy emphasis on the bass line, as opposed to ska's strong horn section, and the rhythm guitar began playing on the upbeat. Session musicians like Supersonics, Soul Vendors, Jets and Jackie Mittoo (of the Skatalites) became popular during this period.

Reggae
Reggae is one of the music genres first created in Jamaica. In the late 1960s, around the same time of toasting, reggae grew out of early Ska and Rocksteady.

Reggae became popular around the world, due in large part to the international success of artists like Bob Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer. Marley was viewed as a Rastafarian messianic figure by some fans, particularly throughout the Caribbean, Africa, and among Native Americans and Australian Aborigines. His lyrics about love, redemption and natural beauty captivated audiences, and he gained headlines for negotiating truces between the two opposing Jamaican political parties (at the One Love Concert), led by Michael Manley (PNP) and Edward Seaga.

Dub
By 1973, dub music had emerged as a distinct reggae genre, and heralded the dawn of the remix. Developed by record producers such as Lee "Scratch" Perry and King Tubby, dub featured previously recorded songs remixed with prominence on the bass. Often the lead instruments and vocals would drop in and out of the mix, sometimes processed heavily with studio effects. King Tubby's advantage came from his intimate knowledge with audio gear, and his ability to build his own sound systems and recording studios that were superior to the competition. He became famous for his remixes of recordings made by others, as well as those he recorded in his own studio.

Other 1970s developments
Other popular music forms that arose during the 1970s include: Briton (Linton Kwesi Johnson's dub poetry); Sly & Robbie's rockers reggae, which drew on Augustus Pablo's melodica, becoming popular with artists such as The Mighty Diamonds and The Gladiators; Joe Gibbs' mellower rockers reggae, including music by Culture and Dennis Brown; Burning Spear's distinctive style, as represented by the albums Marcus Garvey and Man in the Hills; and harmonic, spiritually oriented Rasta music like that of The Abyssinians, Black Uhuru and Third World. In 1975, Louisa Mark had a hit with "Caught You in a Lie", beginning a trend of British performers making romantic, ballad-oriented reggae called lovers rock.

Reggae and ska had a massive influence on British punk rock and new wave bands of the 1970s, such as The Clash, Elvis Costello and the Attractions, The Police, The Slits, and The Ruts. Ska revival bands such as The Specials, Madness and The Selecter developed the 2 Tone genre.

Dancehall and ragga
During the 1980s, the most popular music styles in Jamaica were dancehall and ragga. Dancehall is essentially speechifying with musical accompaniment, including a basic drum beat (most often played on electric drums). The lyrics moved away from the political and spiritual lyrics popular in the 1970s and concentrate more on less serious issues ragga is characterized by the use of computerized beats and sequenced melodic track.

Ragga is usually said to have been invented with the song "Under Mi Sleng Teng" by Wayne Smith. Ragga barely edged out dancehall as the dominant form of Jamaican music in the 1980s. DJ Shabba Ranks and vocalist team Chaka Demus and Pliers proved more enduring than the competition, and helped inspire an updated version of the rude boy culture called raggamuffin.

Dancehall was sometimes violent in lyrical content, and several rival performers made headlines with their feuds across Jamaica (most notably Beenie Man versus Bounty Killer). Dancehall emerged from pioneering recordings in the late 1970s by Barrington Levy, with Roots Radics backing and Junjo Lawes as producer. The Roots Radics were the pre-eminent backing band for the dancehall style. Yellowman, Ini Kamoze, Charlie Chaplin and General Echo helped popularize the style along with producers like Sugar Minott.

The 1980s saw a rise in reggae music from outside of Jamaica. During this time, reggae particularly influenced African popular music, where Sonny Okusuns, John Chibadura, Lucky Dube and Alpha Blondy became stars. The 1980s saw the end of the dub era in Jamaica, although dub has remained a popular and influential style in the UK, and to a lesser extent throughout Europe and the US. Dub in the 1980s and 1990s has merged with electronic music.

The late 2000s saw large local success for dancehall artists like Popcaan, Vybz Kartel, Shalkal,Konshens, Mr. Vegas and Mavado. In the next decade, others artists such as Tommy Lee Sparta, Alkaline, and Cashtro Troy, would also rise to the dancehall scene. By the late 2010s, music in Western markets saw influences of dancehall in pop music, including Drake's "One Dance" and "Controlla" (2016) and Rihanna's "Work" (2016).

Reggae fusion
Reggae fusion emerged as a popular subgenre in the late 1990s. It is a mixture of reggae or dancehall with elements of other genres. It is closely related to ragga music. It originated in Jamaica, Reggae fusion artists from Jamaica with a #1 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 hit include Ini Kamoze with "Here Comes the Hotstepper" in 1994, Super Cat (featured on Sugar Ray's song "Fly"), Shaggy (2 #1 hits, like "Angel"), Rikrok (featured on Shaggy's song "It Wasn't Me"), Sean Paul (3 #1 hits, like "Get Busy"), Sean Kingston with "Beautiful Girls" in 2007, and OMI (singer) with "Cheerleader" in 2015. All are from Kingston, except Ini Kamoze, Rikrok, and OMI.

Non-Rastafarian Jamaican religious music
The Bongo Nation is a distinct group of Jamaicans possibly descended from the Congo. They are known for Kumina, which refers to both a religion and a form of music. Kumina's distinctive drumming style became one of the roots of Rastafarian drumming, itself the source of the distinctive Jamaican rhythm heard in ska, rocksteady and reggae. The modern intertwining of Jamaican religion and music can be traced back to the 1860s, when the Pocomania and Revival Zion churches drew on African traditions, and incorporated music into almost every facet of worship. Later, this trend spread into Hindu communities, resulting in baccra music.

The spread of Rastafari into urban Jamaica in the 1960s transformed the Jamaican music scene, which incorporated drumming (played at grounation ceremonies) and which has led to today's popular music. Many of the above-mentioned music and dance have been studied by Rex Nettleford artistic director (retired professor and vice chancellor of The University of the West Indies) and Marjorie Whyle Musical Director (Caribbean Musicologist, pianist, drummer, arranger lecturer at the University of the West Indies). Since 1962, this volunteer company of dancers and musicians have had many of these dances in its core repertoire and have performed worldwide to large audiences, including The British Royal family.

Other developments
Other trends included minimalist digital tracks, which began with Dave Kelly's "Pepper Seed" in 1995, alongside the return of love balladeers like Beres Hammond. American, British, and European electronic musicians used reggae-oriented beats to create further hybrid electronic music styles. Dub, world music, and electronic music continue to influence music in the 2000s. One of the latest developments is a musical form called Linguay which was founded by record producer Lissant Folkes in 2013.

JaFolk Mix is a term coined by Jamaican musician Joy Fairclough, to mean the mix of Jamaican Folk Music with any foreign and local styles of music and the evolution of a new sound created by their fusion. This is the latest Jamaican Music stylistic development of the late 20th century and 21st century. Jamaican music continues to influence the world's music. Many efforts at studying and copying Jamaican music has introduced the world to this new form of music as the copied styles are performed with accents linguistically and musically slanted to that of the home nation in which it is being studied, copied and performed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Music of Jamaica


text:
1949 in film

The year 1949 in film involved some significant events.

Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1949 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:

Events

 * April 26–June 21 – Ealing comedies Passport to Pimlico, Whisky Galore! and Kind Hearts and Coronets are released in the UK, leading to 1949 being remembered as one of the peak years of the Ealing comedies.
 * November 15 – Following the prior year's Supreme Court decision in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc., Paramount Pictures is split into two separate companies with the creation of Paramount Pictures Corporation for production-distribution and United Paramount Theaters for the theater operations.
 * December 21 – Cecil B. DeMille's Samson and Delilah, starring Hedy Lamarr, Victor Mature, George Sanders, Angela Lansbury, and Henry Wilcoxon, receives its televised world premiere at the Paramount and Rivoli theatres in New York City. The film opens in Los Angeles on January 13, 1950, and becomes a massive commercial success. At the 23rd Academy Awards, the film wins the awards for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design.

Notable films released in 1949
United States unless stated

A

 * Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, Boris Karloff, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello
 * The Accused, starring Loretta Young and Robert Cummings
 * Adam's Rib, directed by George Cukor, starring Spencer Tracy, Katharine Hepburn, David Wayne, Tom Ewell, Judy Holliday
 * The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad, narrated by Basil Rathbone and Bing Crosby
 * Africa Screams, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello
 * Alexander Popov, starring Nikolai Cherkasov – (U.S.S.R.)
 * Alias Nick Beal, starring Ray Milland and Audrey Totter
 * All the King's Men, directed by Robert Rossen, starring Broderick Crawford, John Ireland, Mercedes McCambridge
 * Always Leave Them Laughing, starring Milton Berle and Bert Lahr
 * Andaz (Style), starring Dilip Kumar and Nargis – (India)
 * Any Number Can Play, starring Clark Gable, Alexis Smith, Audrey Totter
 * Aventurera (Adventuress) – (Mexico)

B

 * The Bad Lord Byron, starring Dennis Price
 * The Barkleys of Broadway, the last of 10 films starring Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers
 * Barsaat (Rain), directed by and starring Raj Kapoor – (India)
 * Battleground, starring Van Johnson, Ricardo Montalbán, George Murphy
 * The Beautiful Blonde from Bashful Bend, starring Betty Grable
 * Begone Dull Care, experimental animated film featuring music of Oscar Peterson – (Canada)
 * Beyond the Forest, starring Bette Davis
 * The Big Cat, starring Lon McCallister, Preston Foster, Forrest Tucker, Peggy Ann Garner
 * The Big Steal, starring Robert Mitchum, Jane Greer, Patric Knowles
 * Bitter Rice (Riso Amaro), starring Vittorio Gassman and Silvana Mangano – (Italy)
 * The Blue Lagoon, directed by Frank Launder, starring Jean Simmons and Donald Houston – (GB)
 * The Blue Swords, directed by Wolfgang Schleif (East Germany)
 * Border Incident, starring Ricardo Montalbán
 * Boys from the Streets (Gategutter) – (Norway)
 * The Bribe, starring Robert Taylor, Ava Gardner, Charles Laughton, Vincent Price, John Hodiak
 * Bride for Sale, starring Claudette Colbert and Robert Young

C

 * Canadian Pacific, starring Randolph Scott and Jane Wyatt
 * Caught, directed by Max Ophüls, starring Barbara Bel Geddes and Robert Ryan
 * Chains (Catene) – (Italy)
 * Champion, starring Kirk Douglas, Arthur Kennedy, Marilyn Maxwell
 * Chicken Every Sunday, directed by George Seaton, starring Dan Dailey and Celeste Holm
 * The Chiltern Hundreds, directed by John Paddy Carstairs – (GB)
 * Christopher Columbus, directed by David MacDonald, starring Fredric March – (GB)
 * Colorado Territory, directed by Raoul Walsh, starring Joel McCrea and Virginia Mayo
 * Come to the Stable, starring Loretta Young and Celeste Holm
 * A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court, starring Bing Crosby and Rhonda Fleming
 * Criss Cross, starring Burt Lancaster and Yvonne De Carlo
 * The Crooked Way, starring John Payne and Sonny Tufts
 * Crows and Sparrows (Wuya yu maque), directed by Zheng Junli – (China)

D

 * Dancing in the Dark, starring William Powell and Betsy Drake
 * A Dangerous Profession, starring George Raft and Ella Raines
 * Distant Journey (Daleká cesta) – (Czechoslovakia)
 * Down to the Sea in Ships, starring Richard Widmark and Lionel Barrymore
 * Dulari, starring Madhubala and Geeta Bali (India)

E

 * East Side, West Side, starring Barbara Stanwyck, Ava Gardner, James Mason, Van Heflin, Nancy Davis
 * Easy Living, starring Victor Mature and Lucille Ball
 * Edward, My Son, directed by George Cukor, starring Spencer Tracy and Deborah Kerr – (U.S./GB)
 * The Emperor of Capri (L'imperatore di Capri), directed by Luigi Comencini – (Italy)
 * The Emperor's Nightingale (Císařův slavík), an animated film narrated by Boris Karloff – (Czechoslovakia)
 * Everybody Does It, starring Paul Douglas and Linda Darnell

F

 * Father Was a Fullback, starring Fred MacMurray
 * The Fighting Kentuckian, starring John Wayne and Oliver Hardy
 * Flamingo Road, starring Joan Crawford
 * Flaxy Martin, starring Virginia Mayo
 * The Flirtation of Girls, directed by Anwar Wagdi, starring Naguib El-Rihani and Leila Mourad – (Egypt)
 * The Forbidden Street, starring Maureen O'Hara
 * For Them That Trespass, directed by Alberto Cavalcanti, starring Richard Todd – (GB)
 * The Fountainhead, directed by King Vidor, starring Gary Cooper and Patricia Neal

G

 * Give Us This Day, directed by Edward Dmytryk, starring Sam Wanamaker – (GB)
 * The Great Gatsby, starring Alan Ladd, Betty Field, Ruth Hussey
 * The Great Madcap (El Gran Calavera), directed by Luis Buñuel, starring Fernando Soler – (Mexico)

H

 * Hardly a Criminal (Apenas un delincuente), directed by Hugo Fregonese – (Argentina)
 * The Hasty Heart, starring Ronald Reagan and Patricia Neal – (U.S./GB)
 * The Heiress, directed by William Wyler, starring Olivia de Havilland, Montgomery Clift, Miriam Hopkins
 * Holiday Affair, starring Robert Mitchum and Janet Leigh
 * Home of the Brave, starring Jeff Corey
 * House of Strangers, directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Edward G. Robinson, Richard Conte, Susan Hayward

I

 * I Married a Communist, starring Laraine Day and Robert Ryan
 * I Shot Jesse James, starring Preston Foster and John Ireland
 * I Was a Male War Bride, starring Cary Grant
 * Impact, starring Brian Donlevy and Ella Raines
 * In the Good Old Summertime, starring Judy Garland and Van Johnson
 * In the Name of the Law (In nome della legge), directed by Pietro Germi – (Italy)
 * The Inspector General, starring Danny Kaye
 * The Interrupted Journey, starring Richard Todd and Valerie Hobson – (GB)
 * Intruder in the Dust, directed by Clarence Brown
 * It Happens Every Spring, starring Ray Milland
 * It's Not Cricket directed by Alfred Roome, starring Basil Radford and Naunton Wayne – (GB)

J

 * Janika – (Hungary)
 * Johnny Stool Pigeon, starring Shelley Winters and Howard Duff
 * Jolson Sings Again, starring Larry Parks and Barbara Hale
 * Jour de fête (Festival Day), directed by and starring Jacques Tati – (France)

K

 * Kind Hearts and Coronets, directed by Robert Hamer, starring Alec Guinness, Dennis Price, Valerie Hobson – (GB)
 * A Kiss in the Dark, starring Jane Wyman and David Niven
 * Knock on Any Door, directed by Nicholas Ray, starring Humphrey Bogart

L

 * Late Spring (Banshun), directed by Yasujirō Ozu – (Japan)
 * Life (Vazhkai), directed by A. V. Meiyappan, starring Vyjayanthimala in her screen debut – (India)
 * A Letter to Three Wives, directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Jeanne Crain, Linda Darnell, Ann Sothern, Paul Douglas, Kirk Douglas
 * Little Women, directed by Mervyn LeRoy, starring June Allyson, Peter Lawford, Margaret O'Brien, Elizabeth Taylor, Janet Leigh, Mary Astor
 * Love Happy, starring the Marx Brothers
 * The Lucky Stiff, starring Dorothy Lamour and Claire Trevor
 * Lust for Gold, starring Ida Lupino and Glenn Ford

M

 * Ma and Pa Kettle, starring Marjorie Main and Percy Kilbride
 * Madame Bovary, starring Jennifer Jones and James Mason
 * Mahal (The Mansion), starring Ashok Kumar and Madhubala – (India)
 * Malaya, starring Spencer Tracy and James Stewart
 * La Malquerida (The Bad Mistress), starring Dolores del Río and Pedro Armendáriz – (Mexico)
 * The Man from Colorado, starring Glenn Ford and William Holden
 * Manhandled, starring Dorothy Lamour, Dan Duryea, Sterling Hayden
 * Manon, directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot – (France)
 * The Marriage of Figaro (Figaros Hochzeit) – (East Germany)
 * Mighty Joe Young, directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack, starring Terry Moore and Ben Johnson
 * Miss Mink of 1949, starring Lois Collier
 * Mother Is a Freshman, starring Loretta Young and Van Johnson
 * My Foolish Heart, starring Susan Hayward and Dana Andrews
 * My Friend Irma, film debut of Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis

N

 * Neptune's Daughter, starring Esther Williams
 * Never Fear, directed by Ida Lupino, starring Sally Forrest and Hugh O'Brian
 * Night Unto Night, directed by Don Siegel, starring Ronald Reagan
 * No Way Back, starring Terence De Marney, Eleanor Summerfield – (GB)

O

 * Obsession, directed by Edward Dmytryk, starring Robert Newton – (GB)
 * Oh, You Beautiful Doll, starring June Haver
 * On the Town, starring Gene Kelly, Frank Sinatra, Vera-Ellen, Ann Miller, Betty Garrett

P

 * The Passionate Friends, directed by David Lean, starring Ann Todd and Claude Rains – (GB)
 * Passport to Pimlico, starring Stanley Holloway and Margaret Rutherford – (GB)
 * Pinky, starring Jeanne Crain
 * Prince of Foxes, starring Tyrone Power and Orson Welles
 * Prison (Fängelse), directed by Ingmar Bergman – (Sweden)

Q

 * The Queen of Spades, starring Anton Walbrook and Edith Evans – (GB)
 * The Quiet Duel (Shizukanaru Ketto), starring Toshiro Mifune – (Japan)

R

 * The Reckless Moment, starring James Mason and Joan Bennett
 * Red, Hot and Blue, starring Betty Hutton and Victor Mature
 * Red Light, starring George Raft and Virginia Mayo
 * The Red Pony, starring Myrna Loy and Robert Mitchum
 * The Rocking Horse Winner, starring Valerie Hobson and John Howard Davies – (GB)
 * Rope of Sand, starring Burt Lancaster, Paul Henreid, Claude Rains
 * Rotation (Sowjetische Zone) – (East Germany)
 * A Run for Your Money, starring Donald Houston, Moira Lister, Alec Guinness – (GB)
 * Rustlers, starring Tim Holt and Martha Hyer

S

 * Samson and Delilah, directed by Cecil B. DeMille, starring Hedy Lamarr and Victor Mature
 * Sands of Iwo Jima, directed by Allan Dwan, starring John Wayne
 * The Secret Garden, starring Margaret O'Brien and Herbert Marshall
 * The Set-Up, starring Robert Ryan
 * She Wore a Yellow Ribbon, starring John Wayne, Joanne Dru, Ben Johnson
 * Shockproof, starring Cornel Wilde
 * Une si jolie petite plage (Such a Pretty Little Beach), directed by Yves Allégret – (France)
 * Le Silence de la mer, directed by Jean-Pierre Melville – (France)
 * Slattery's Hurricane, starring Richard Widmark, Veronica Lake, Linda Darnell
 * The Small Back Room, directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger – (GB)
 * Sons of Matthew (aka The Rugged O'Riordans) – (Australia)
 * Sorrowful Jones, starring Bob Hope and Lucille Ball
 * South of St. Louis, starring Joel McCrea and Alexis Smith
 * The Stratton Story, starring James Stewart and June Allyson
 * Stray Dog (Nora inu), directed by Akira Kurosawa, starring Toshiro Mifune – (Japan)
 * Streets of Laredo, starring William Holden, Macdonald Carey, William Bendix
 * The Sun Comes Up, starring Jeanette MacDonald, Lloyd Nolan, Lassie

T

 * Take One False Step, starring Shelley Winters and William Powell
 * Tension, starring Richard Basehart, Audrey Totter, Cyd Charisse
 * That Dangerous Age, starring Myrna Loy and Peggy Cummins – (GB)
 * That Forsyte Woman, starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon
 * That Midnight Kiss, starring Kathryn Grayson and Mario Lanza
 * Thieves' Highway, directed by Jules Dassin, starring Richard Conte
 * The Third Man, directed by Carol Reed, starring Joseph Cotten, Alida Valli, Trevor Howard, Orson Welles – (GB)
 * Too Late for Tears, starring Lizabeth Scott and Dan Duryea
 * Train of Events, starring Valerie Hobson, Jack Warner, Peter Finch – (GB)
 * Tulsa, starring Susan Hayward and Robert Preston
 * Twelve O'Clock High, starring Gregory Peck

U

 * Under Capricorn, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Ingrid Bergman – (GB)
 * The Undercover Man, starring Glenn Ford and Nina Foch

W

 * Waga koi wa moenu (Flame of My Love), directed by Kenji Mizoguchi – (Japan)
 * The Walls of Malapaga (Au-delà des grilles), directed by René Clément, starring Jean Gabin – (France/Italy)
 * We Were Strangers, starring Jennifer Jones and John Garfield
 * Whirlpool, directed by Otto Preminger, starring Gene Tierney
 * Whisky Galore!, directed by Alexander Mackendrick (debut), starring Basil Radford and Joan Greenwood – (GB)
 * White Heat, directed by Raoul Walsh, starring James Cagney, Virginia Mayo, Edmond O'Brien
 * The Window, starring Barbara Hale and Arthur Kennedy
 * Without Honor, starring Laraine Day
 * Women Side by Side, directed by Chen Liting, starring Shangguan Yunzhu and Zhao Dan – (China)

Y

 * You, the Rich (Ustedes los ricos), starring Pedro Infante – (Mexico)
 * You're My Everything, directed by Walter Lang, starring Dan Dailey and Anne Baxter

Serials

 * Adventures of Sir Galahad, starring George Reeves and Charles King
 * Batman and Robin, starring Robert Lowery
 * Bruce Gentry, starring Tom Neal
 * Federal Agents vs. Underworld, Inc, starring Kirk Alyn and Rosemary LaPlanche
 * Ghost of Zorro, starring Clayton Moore and Pamela Blake
 * The James Brothers of Missouri, starring Keith Richards and Noel Neill
 * King of the Rocket Men, starring Tristram Coffin and Mae Clarke
 * Radar Patrol vs Spy King, starring Kirk Alyn

Short film series

 * Mickey Mouse (1928–1952)
 * Looney Tunes (1930–1969)
 * Merrie Melodies (1931–1969)
 * Popeye (1933–1957)
 * Color Rhapsodies (1934–1949)
 * The Three Stooges (1934–1959)
 * Donald Duck (1934–1956)
 * Pluto (1937–1951)
 * Chip and Dale (1943–1956)
 * Andy Panda (1939–1949)
 * Goofy (1939–1953)
 * Tom and Jerry (1940–1958)
 * The Fox and the Crow (1941–1950)
 * Woody Woodpecker (1941–1949)
 * Mighty Mouse (1942–1955)
 * Droopy (1943–1958)
 * Blackie the Sheep (1947–1949)
 * Red Hot Riding Hood (1943–1949)
 * Jan Wickman Shorts (1949–1994)
 * Noveltoons (1943–1967)

Births

 * Mbissine Thérèse Diop, Senegalese actress
 * January 7
 * George Buza, American-born Canadian actor
 * Steven Williams, American actor
 * January 9 - Vincent Grass, Belgian actor
 * January 12 – Wayne Wang, Hong Kong-born director
 * January 14 – Lawrence Kasdan, American director and screenwriter
 * January 16 – Caroline Munro, English actress and model
 * January 17 – Andy Kaufman, American actor and comedian (died 1984)
 * January 24 – John Belushi, American actor and comedian (died 1982)
 * January 26
 * Deep Roy, Kenyan-British actor
 * David Strathairn, American actor
 * January 27 – Zbigniew Rybczyński, Polish film and video cinematographer and director
 * February 2
 * Jack McGee, American actor
 * Brent Spiner, American actor, comedian and musician
 * February 8 – Brooke Adams, American actress
 * February 9 - Judith Light, American actress
 * February 16 - Marc de Jonge, French actor (died 1996)
 * March 2 - Gates McFadden, American actress
 * March 3 - Gloria Hendry, American actress and former model
 * March 12 – Rob Cohen, American director, producer and writer
 * March 16
 * Erik Estrada, American actor and police officer
 * Victor Garber, Canadian actor
 * Joseph Pilato, American actor (died 2019)
 * March 22 – Fanny Ardant, French actress
 * March 28
 * Josephine Chaplin, American actress (died 2023)
 * Masatō Ibu, Japanese actor
 * April 2
 * Ron Palillo, American actor (died 2012)
 * Pamela Reed, American actress
 * April 5 - John Berg, American actor (died 2007)
 * April 8
 * John Madden, English director
 * April 11 - Bernd Eichinger, German producer, director and screenwriter (died 2011)
 * April 14 – John Shea, American actor
 * April 20
 * Jessica Lange, American actress
 * Veronica Cartwright, English-born actress
 * April 21 - Patti LuPone, American actress and singer
 * April 26 - Dominic Sena, American director
 * April 28
 * Paul Guilfoyle, American actor
 * Bruno Kirby, American actor, singer, voice artist and comedian (died 2006)
 * May 3 - Ron Canada, American actor
 * May 7 - Marilyn Burns, American actress (died 2014)
 * May 18 - Hubert Saint-Macary, French actor
 * May 20 - Dave Thomas, Canadian comedian, actor and television writer
 * May 21 - Will Ryan, American voice actor, singer and musician (died 2021)
 * May 22 - Cheryl Campbell, English actress
 * May 24 – Jim Broadbent, English actor
 * May 25 - Joe Unger, American actor
 * May 26
 * Pam Grier, American actress
 * Tom McCleister, American actor
 * Philip Michael Thomas, American retired actor and musician
 * May 28 - Sandy Helberg, German-born American actor
 * May 29 - Cotter Smith, American actor
 * May 31 – Tom Berenger, American actor
 * June 5 - Guts Ishimatsu, Japanese actor and comedian
 * June 10 - Frankie Faison, American actor
 * June 12 - Roger Aaron Brown, American character actor
 * June 14 - Antony Sher, British actor (died 2021)
 * June 15
 * Simon Callow, English actor, director and writer
 * Richard Henzel, American actor
 * Jim Varney, American actor and comedian (died 2000)
 * June 22 – Meryl Streep, American actress
 * June 29 - Greg Burson, American voice actor (died 2008)
 * July 5 - Ed O'Ross, American actor
 * July 7 – Shelley Duvall, American actress (died 2024)
 * July 12
 * Diana Hardcastle, English actress
 * Bernice Stegers, English actress
 * July 24 - Michael Richards, American actor, writer, producer and retired comedian
 * July 27
 * Maury Chaykin, American-Canadian actor (died 2010)
 * Susan Gordon, American child actress (died 2011)
 * August 2 - Madeline Smith, English actress
 * August 3 - Philip Casnoff, American actor
 * August 8 – Keith Carradine, American actor
 * August 11 - Ian Charleson, Scottish actor (died 1990)
 * August 15 - Phyllis Smith, American actress
 * August 17 – Julian Fellowes, English actor, writer, director and screenwriter
 * August 20 - Patrick Kilpatrick, American actor, director and screenwriter
 * August 21 – Loretta Devine, American actress
 * August 23 – Shelley Long, American actress
 * August 24 - Joe Regalbuto, American actor and director
 * August 25 – John Savage, American actor
 * August 31
 * Richard Gere, American actor
 * Stephen McKinley Henderson, American actor
 * September 1 – Luminița Gheorghiu, Romanian actress (died 2021)
 * September 4 – Eero Spriit, Estonian actor and producer
 * September 13 - Burghart Klaußner, German actor
 * September 16 – Ed Begley, Jr., American actor
 * September 18 - Beth Grant, American character actress
 * September 19 - Ernie Sabella, American actor
 * September 25 – Pedro Almodóvar, Spanish director
 * October 2 - Larry Sellers, Osage-American actor and stuntman (died 2021)
 * October 4 – Armand Assante, American actor
 * October 8 – Sigourney Weaver, American actress
 * October 10 – Jessica Harper, American actress
 * October 15 – Tanya Roberts, American actress (died 2021)
 * October 20 - George Harris, British actor
 * October 21 - LaTanya Richardson Jackson, American actress
 * October 30 - Leon Rippy, American character actor
 * November 1 - Jeannie Berlin, American actress and screenwriter
 * November 6 - Brad Davis, American actor (died 1991)
 * November 7
 * Terry Camilleri, Australian actor
 * Ben Guillory, American actor and director
 * November 10 - Ann Reinking, American actress and singer (died 2020)
 * November 17 - Jon Avnet, American director, writer and producer
 * November 27
 * Gerrit Graham, American actor
 * Arlene Klasky, American animator, graphic designer, producer and co-founder of Klasky Csupo
 * November 28
 * Alexander Godunov, Russian-American film actor (died 1995)
 * Paul Shaffer, Canadian singer, composer, actor and musician
 * November 29 – Garry Shandling, American stand-up comedian, actor, director, writer and producer (died 2016)
 * November 30
 * Margaret Whitton, American actress (died 2016)
 * Nicholas Woodeson, English actor
 * December 3 - Heather Menzies, Canadian-American actress (died 2017)
 * December 4 – Jeff Bridges, American actor
 * December 5 - Pamela Blair, American actress (died 2023)
 * December 7 - Tom Waits, American musician and actor
 * December 8 - Nancy Meyers, American filmmaker
 * December 10 - Enrique Castillo, American actor, writer, director and producer
 * December 12 – Bill Nighy, English actor
 * December 13 - Robert Lindsay, English actor
 * December 15 – Don Johnson, American actor
 * December 19
 * Marlene Clark, American actress (died 2023)
 * Kjell Nilsson, Swedish actor
 * December 21 - Michael Horse, American actor
 * December 22 - Graham Beckel, American character actor
 * December 25 – Sissy Spacek, American actress
 * December 28 - Hilton McRae, Scottish actor

Deaths

 * January 6 – Victor Fleming, 59, American director and producer, The Wizard of Oz, Gone With the Wind, Captains Courageous, Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde
 * January 19 – William Wright, 38, American actor, Philo Vance Returns, Eve Knew Her Apples
 * January 20 – Nora Gregor, 47, Austrian actress, The Rules of the Game, But the Flesh Is Weak
 * February 19 – Jean Gillie, 33, English actress, Decoy
 * March 16 – Leyland Hodgson, 56, English actor, Under Nevada Skies, Kiss the Blood Off My Hands
 * April 15 – Wallace Beery, 64, American actor, Grand Hotel, The Champ, Robin Hood, Viva Villa!
 * April 18 – Will Hay, 60, English comedian, actor and director, Oh, Mr. Porter!, Hey! Hey! USA
 * April 22 – Charles B. Middleton, 74, American actor (born 1874), Flash Gordon
 * August 9 – Harry Davenport, 83, American actor (born 1866), Gone with the Wind, The Ox-Bow Incident
 * September 4 – Olof Ås, 56, Swedish actor, stage manager (born 1892)
 * September 10 – Robert Middlemass, 66, American playwright, actor, (born 1883), Lady in the Death House, A Sporting Chance
 * September 14 – Romuald Joubé, 73, French actor (born 1876)
 * September 18 – Frank Morgan, 59, American actor (born 1890), The Wizard of Oz
 * September 20 – Richard Dix, 56, American actor (born 1893), Cimarron, Redskin
 * October 14 – Fritz Leiber, Sr., 67, American actor (born 1882)
 * October 22 – Craig Reynolds, 42, American actor (born 1907), Gold Mine in the Sky, Slander House
 * November 25 – Bill Robinson, 72, American dancer and actor (born 1878), Stormy Weather, The Little Colonel
 * November 27 – Tom Walls, 66, English actor and director (born 1883), Stormy Weather, Lady in Danger
 * December 16 – Sidney Olcott, 76, Canadian-born American film director (born 1873)
 * December 31 – Howard Hickman, 69, American actor, director, writer (born 1880), The Kansas Terrors, Gone with the Wind

Film debuts

 * Joss Ackland – Landfall
 * Julie Adams – Red, Hot and Blue
 * Dorothy Alison – Eureka Stockade
 * Julie Andrews – The Singing Princess
 * Jim Backus – One Last Fling
 * Neville Brand – Battleground
 * Robert Brown – The Third Man
 * Yul Brynner – Port of New York
 * Richard Burton – The Last Days of Dolwyn
 * Adrienne Corri – The Romantic Age
 * Tony Curtis – Criss Cross
 * Robert Easton – Undertow
 * Denholm Elliott – Dear Mr. Prohack
 * Jacques Fabbri – Rendezvous in July
 * Beverly Garland – D.O.A.
 * Alexander Gauge – The Interrupted Journey
 * Frank Gerstle – D.O.A.
 * Margaretha Krook – Only a Mother
 * Jerry Lewis – My Friend Irma
 * Dean Martin – My Friend Irma
 * Pierre Mondy – Rendezvous in July
 * Jeanne Moreau – Last Love
 * Patricia Neal – John Loves Mary
 * Nimmi – Barsaat
 * Hubert Noël – Forbidden to the Public
 * Philippe Noiret – Gigi
 * Edwin Richfield – The Jack of Diamonds
 * Kasey Rogers – Special Agent
 * Maurice Ronet – Rendezvous in July
 * Vito Scotti – Criss Cross
 * Joe Turkel – City Across the River
 * Renata Vanni – El Paso
 * Max von Sydow – Only a Mother
 * James Whitmore – The Undercover Man

title: 1949 in film


text:
Sarah Ferguson (disambiguation)

Sarah Ferguson (born 1959), later Sarah, Duchess of York, is the former wife of Prince Andrew, Duke of York.

Sarah Ferguson may also refer to:

 * Sarah Ferguson (politician) (1942–2022), Jersey politician
 * Sarah Ferguson (journalist) (born 1965), Australian journalist
 * Sarah Jane Ferguson (born 1935), American former baseball player

title: Sarah Ferguson (disambiguation)


text:
Lichenology

Lichenology is the branch of mycology that studies the lichens, symbiotic organisms made up of an intimate symbiotic association of a microscopic alga (or a cyanobacterium) with a filamentous fungus. Lichens are chiefly characterized by this symbiosis.

Study of lichens draws knowledge from several disciplines: mycology, phycology, microbiology and botany. Scholars of lichenology are known as lichenologists. Study of lichens is conducted by both professional and amateur lichenologists.

Methods for species identification include reference to single-access keys on lichens. An example reference work is Lichens of North America (2001) by Irwin M. Brodo, Sylvia Sharnoff and Stephen Sharnoff and that book's 2016 expansion, Keys to Lichens of North America: Revised and Expanded by the same three authors joined by Susan Laurie-Bourque.

A chemical spot test can be used to detect the presence of certain lichen products which can be characteristic of a given lichen species. Some components of certain lichens may also fluoresce under ultraviolet light, providing another form of lichen identification test.

Lichenologists may also study the growth and growth rate of lichens, lichenometry, the role of lichens in nutrient cycling, the ecological role of lichens in biological soil crusts, the morphology of lichens, their anatomy and physiology, and ethnolichenology topics including the study of edible lichens. As with any other field of study, lichenology has its own set of rules for taxonomic nomenclature and its own set of other terminology.

The beginnings
Lichens as a group have received less attention in classical treatises on botany than other groups although the relationship between humans and some species has been documented from early times. Several species have appeared in the works of Dioscorides, Pliny the Elder and Theophrastus although the studies are not very deep. During the first centuries of the modern age they were usually put forward as examples of spontaneous generation and their reproductive mechanisms were totally ignored. For centuries naturalists had included lichens in diverse groups until in the early 18th century a French researcher Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in his Institutiones Rei Herbariae grouped them into their own genus. He adopted the Latin term lichen, which had already been used by Pliny who had imported it from Theophrastus but up until then this term had not been widely employed. The original meaning of the Greek word λειχήν (leichen) was moss that in its turn derives from the Greek verb λείχω (liekho) to suck because of the great ability of these organisms to absorb water. In its original use the term signified mosses, liverworts as well as lichens. Some forty years later Dillenius in his Historia Muscorum made the first division of the group created by Tournefort separating the sub-families Usnea, Coralloides and Lichens in response to the morphological characteristics of the lichen thallus.

After the revolution in taxonomy brought in by Linnaeus and his new system of classification lichens are retained in the Plant Kingdom forming a single group Lichen with eight divisions within the group according to the morphology of the thallus. The taxonomy of lichens was first intensively investigated by the Swedish botanist Erik Acharius (1757–1819), who is therefore sometimes named the "father of lichenology". Acharius was a student of Carl Linnaeus. Some of his more important works on the subject, which marked the beginning of lichenology as a discipline, are:

 * Lichenographiae Suecia prodromus (1798)
 * Methodus lichenum (1803)
 * Lichenographia universalis (1810)
 * Synopsis methodica lichenum (1814)

Later lichenologists include the American scientists Vernon Ahmadjian and Edward Tuckerman and the Russian evolutionary biologist Konstantin Merezhkovsky, as well as amateurs such as Louisa Collings.

Over the years research shed new light into the nature of these organisms still classified as plants. A controversial issue surrounding lichens since the early 19th century is their reproduction. In these years a group of researchers faithful to the tenets of Linnaeus considered that lichens reproduced sexually and had sexual reproductive organs, as in other plants, independent of whether asexual reproduction also occurred. Other researchers only considered asexual reproduction by means of Propagules.

19th century
Against this background appeared the Swedish botanist Erik Acharius disciple of Linnaeus, who is today considered the father of lichenology, starting the taxonomy of lichens with his pioneering study of Swedish lichens in Lichenographiae Suecicae Prodromus of 1798 or in his Synopsis Methodica Lichenum, Sistens omnes hujus Ordinis Naturalis of 1814. These studies and classifications are the cornerstone of subsequent investigations. In these early years of structuring the new discipline various works of outstanding scientific importance appeared such as Lichenographia Europaea Reformata published in 1831 by Elias Fries or Enumeratio Critico Lichenum Europaeorum 1850 by Ludwig Schaerer in Germany.

But these works suffer from being superficial and mere lists of species without further physiological studies. It took until the middle of the 19th century for research to catch up using biochemical and physiological methods. In Germany Hermann Itzigsohn and Johann Bayrhoffer, in France Edmond Tulasne and Camille Montagne, in Russia Fedor Buhse, in England William Allport Leighton and in the United States Edward Tuckerman began to publish works of great scientific importance.

Scientific publications settled many unknown facts about lichens. In the French publication Annales des Sciences Naturelles in an article of 1852 "Memorie pour servir a l'Histoire des Lichens Organographique et Physiologique" by Edmond Tulasne, the reproductive organs or apothecia of lichens was identified.

These new discoveries were becoming increasingly contradictory for scientists. The apothecium reproductive organ being unique to fungi but absent in other photosynthetic organisms. With improvements in microscopy, algae were identified in the lichen structure, which heightened the contradictions. At first the presence of algae was taken as being due to contamination due to collection of samples in damp conditions and they were not considered as being in a symbiotic relation with the fungal part of the thallus. That the algae continued to multiply showed that they were not mere contaminants.

It was Anton de Bary a German mycologist who specialised in phytopathology who first suggested in 1865 that lichens were merely the result of parasitism of various fungi of the ascomycetes group by nostoc type algae and others. Successive studies such as those carried out by Andrei Famintsyn and Baranetzky in 1867 showed no dependence of the algal component upon the lichen thallus and that the algal component could live independently of the thallus. It was in 1869 that Simon Schwendener demonstrated that all lichens were the result of fungal attack on the cells of algal cells and that all these algae also exist free in nature. This researcher was the first to recognise the dual nature of lichens as a result of the capture of the algal component by the fungal component. In 1873 Jean-Baptiste Edouard Bornet concluded form studying many different lichen species that the relationship between fungi and algae was purely symbiotic. It was also established that algae could associate with many different fungi to form different lichen phenotypes.

20th century
In 1909 the Russian lichenologist Konstantin Mereschkowski presented a research paper "The Theory of two Plasms as the basis of Symbiogenesis, A new study on the Origin of Organisms", which aims to explain a new theory of Symbiogenesis by lichens and other organisms as evidenced by his earlier work "Nature and Origin of Chromatophores in the Plant Kingdom". These new ideas can be studied today under the title of the Theory of Endosymbiosis.

Despite the above studies the dual nature of lichens remained no more than a theory until in 1939 the Swiss researcher Eugen A Thomas was able to reproduce in the laboratory the phenotype of the lichen Cladonia pyxidata by combining its two identified components.

During the 20th century botany and mycology were still attempting to solve the two main problems surrounding lichens. On the one hand the definition of lichens and the relationship between the two symbionts and the taxonomic position of these organisms within the plant and fungal kingdoms. There appeared numerous renowned researchers within the field of lichenology such as Henry Nicollon des Abbayes, William Alfred Weber, Antonina Georgievna Borissova, Irwin M. Brodo, and George Albert Llano.

Lichenology has found applications beyond biology itself in the field of geology in a technique known as lichenometry where the age of an exposed surface can be found by studying the age of lichens growing on them. Age dating in this way can be absolute or relative because the growth of these organisms can be arrested under various conditions. The technique provides an average age of the older individual lichens providing a minimum age of the medium being studied. Lichenometry relies upon the fact that the maximum diameter of the largest thallus of an epilithic lichen growing on a substrate is directly proportional to the time from first exposure of the area to the environment as seen in studies by Roland Beschel in 1950 and is especially useful in areas exposed for less than 1000 years. Growth is greatest in the first 20 to 100 years with 15–50 mm growth per year and less in the following years with average growth of 2–4 mm per year.

The difficulty of giving a definition applicable to every known lichen has been debated since lichenologists first recognised the dual nature of lichens. In 1982 the International Association for Lichenology convened a meeting to adopt a single definition of lichen drawing on the proposals of a committee. The chairman of this committee was the renowned researcher Vernon Ahmadjian. The definition finally adopted was that lichen could be considered as the association between a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont resulting in a thallus of specific structure.

Such a simple a priori definition soon brought criticism from various lichenologists and there soon emerged reviews and suggestions for amendments. For example, David L. Hawksworth considered the definition imperfect because it is impossible to determine which one thallus is of a specific structure since thalli changed depending upon the substrate and conditions in which they developed. This researcher represents one of the main trends among lichenologists who consider it impossible to give a single definition to lichens since they are a unique type of organism.

Today studies in lichenology are not restricted to the description and taxonomy of lichens but have application in various scientific fields. Especially important are studies on environmental quality that are made through the interaction of lichens with their environment. Lichen is extremely sensitive to various air pollutants, especially to sulphur dioxide, which causes acid rain and prevents water absorption.

Lichens in pharmacology
Although several species of lichen have been used in traditional medicine it was not until the early 20th century that modern science became interested in them. The discovery of various substances with antibacterial action in lichen thalli was essential for scientists to become aware of the possible importance of these organisms to medicine. From the 1940s there appeared various works by the noted microbiologist Rufus Paul Burkholder who demonstrated antibacterial action of lichens of the genus Usnea against Bacillus subtilis and Sarcina lutea. Studies showed that the substance that inhibited growth of bacteria was usnic acid. Something similar occurred with the substance Ramelina synthesised by the lichen Ramalina reticulata, nevertheless, these substances proved ineffective against Gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas. With these investigations the number of antibacterial substances and possible drug targets known to be produced by lichens increased ergosterol, usnic acid etc.

Interest in the potential of substances synthesised by lichens increased with the end of World War II along with the growing interest in all antibiotic substances. In 1947 antibacterial action was identified in extracts of Cetraria islandica and the compounds identified as responsible for bacterial inhibition were shown to be d-protolichosteric acid and d-1-usnic acid. Further investigations have identified novel antibacterial substances, Alectosarmentin or Atranorin.

Antibacterial action of substances produced by lichens is related to their ability to disrupt bacterial proteins with a subsequent loss of bacterial metabolic capacity. This is possible due to the action of lichen phenolics such as usnic acid derivatives.

From the 1950s the lichen product usnic acid was the object of most antitumour research. These studies revealed some in vitro antitumour activity by substances identified in two common lichens Peltigera leucophlebia and Collema flaccidum.

Recent work in the field of applied biochemistry has shown some antiviral activity with some lichen substances. In 1989 K Hirabayashi presented his investigations on inhibitory lichen polysaccharides in HIV infection.

Notable lichenologists
• Henry Nicollon des Abbayes

• Erik Acharius

• Vernon Ahmadjian

• André Aptroot

• Johannes Müller Argoviensis

• Ferdinand Christian Gustav Arnold

• Heinrich Anton de Bary

• Friedrich August Georg Bitter

• Alphonse Boistel

• Antonina Borissova

• Jean-Baptiste Édouard Bornet

• Irwin M. Brodo

• François Fulgis Chevallier

• Louisa Collings

• Chicita F. Culberson

• William Louis Culberson

• Johann Jacob Dillenius

• Alexander Elenkin

• Andrei Famintsyn

• Elias Magnus Fries

• Nina Golubkova

• Carolyn Wilson Harris (1849–1910)

• David Leslie Hawksworth

• Georg Franz Hoffmann

• Peter Wilfred James

• August von Krempelhuber

• Georgij Karlovich Kreyer

• Syo Kurokawa

• William Allport Leighton

• Konstantin Mereschkowski

• Camille Montagne

• Sanjeeva Nayaka

• William Nylander

• Charles Christian Plitt

• Francis Rose

• Rolf Santesson

• Simon Schwendener

• Joseph Pitton de Tournefort

• Edward Tuckerman

• Edmond Tulasne

• Dalip Kumar Upreti

• Edvard August Vainio

• Erna Walter

• Heinrich Walter

• William Alfred Weber

• Francis Wilson

• Alexander Zahlbruckner

Lichen collections

 * British Lichen Society
 * Botanische Staatssammlung München
 * Canadian Museum of Nature
 * Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures
 * National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR), India
 * Iowa State University, Ada Hayden Herbarium, Ames, Iowa
 * National Museum Cardiff
 * Natural History Museum, London
 * New York Botanical Garden
 * Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh
 * Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London
 * University of Michigan Herbarium, Ann Arbor, Michigan
 * University of Wisconsin-Madison Herbarium, Madison, Wisconsin
 * Ulster Museum, Belfast

title: Lichenology


text:
1948 in film

The year 1948 in film involved some significant events.

Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1948 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:

Events

 * May 3 – The Supreme Court of the United States decide in United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc. holding that the practice of block booking and ownership of theater chains by film studios constituted anti-competitive and monopolistic trade practices.
 * Laurence Olivier's Hamlet becomes the first British film to win the American Academy Award for Best Picture.

Notable films released in 1948
United States unless stated

#

 * 3 Godfathers, directed by John Ford, starring John Wayne

A

 * Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello
 * Act of Violence, starring Van Heflin, Robert Ryan, Janet Leigh
 * Adventures of Don Juan, starring Errol Flynn
 * Albuquerque, starring Randolph Scott and Barbara Britton
 * The Amazing Mr. X, starring Turhan Bey and Lynn Bari
 * L'Amore, directed by Roberto Rossellini, starring Anna Magnani – (Italy)
 * Anna Karenina, starring Vivien Leigh and Ralph Richardson – (GB)
 * Another Part of the Forest, starring Fredric March
 * April Showers, starring Ann Sothern and Jack Carson
 * Arch of Triumph, starring Ingrid Bergman, Charles Boyer, Charles Laughton, Ruth Warrick

B

 * B.F.'s Daughter, starring Barbara Stanwyck
 * Berlin Express, directed by Jacques Tourneur, starring Merle Oberon and Robert Ryan
 * The Berliner (Berlin Balade), starring Gert Fröbe – (Germany)
 * Bicycle Thieves (Ladri di biciclette), directed by Vittorio De Sica – (Italy)
 * The Big Clock, starring Ray Milland, Charles Laughton, Elsa Lanchester, Maureen O'Sullivan
 * Blanche Fury, starring Valerie Hobson and Stewart Granger – (GB)
 * Blonde Ice, starring Leslie Brooks
 * Blood on the Moon, starring Robert Mitchum
 * Bodyguard, starring Lawrence Tierney and Priscilla Lane
 * The Boy with Green Hair, directed by Joseph Losey, starring Dean Stockwell and Robert Ryan
 * The Bride Goes Wild, directed by Norman Taurog, starring June Allyson and Van Johnson

C

 * Call Northside 777, starring James Stewart
 * La calle sin sol (The Sunless Street) – (Spain)
 * Campus Honeymoon, starring Lee and Lyn Wilde
 * Canon City, starring Scott Brady
 * Command Decision, starring Clark Gable
 * Counterblast, directed by Paul L. Stein, starring Mervyn Johns – (GB)
 * Cry of the City, starring Victor Mature and Richard Conte

D

 * The Dark Past, starring William Holden, Lee J. Cobb, Nina Foch
 * A Date with Judy, starring Wallace Beery, Jane Powell, Elizabeth Taylor and Carmen Miranda
 * Dédée d'Anvers, starring Simone Signoret – (France)
 * Drunken Angel (Yoidore tenshi), directed by Akira Kurosawa, starring Takashi Shimura and Toshiro Mifune – (Japan)

E

 * The Eagle with Two Heads (L'Aigle à deux têtes), directed by Jean Cocteau – (France)
 * Easter Parade, starring Judy Garland, Fred Astaire and Peter Lawford
 * The Emperor Waltz, starring Bing Crosby
 * Escape, directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Rex Harrison – (GB/U.S.)
 * Eva – (Sweden)
 * Every Girl Should Be Married, starring Cary Grant

F

 * The Fallen Idol, written by Graham Greene and directed by Carol Reed, starring Ralph Richardson – (GB)
 * Fighter Squadron, directed by Raoul Walsh, starring Edmond O'Brien and Robert Stack
 * Force of Evil, starring John Garfield
 * A Foreign Affair, directed by Billy Wilder, starring Jean Arthur and Marlene Dietrich
 * Fort Apache, directed by John Ford and starring John Wayne, Henry Fonda, Shirley Temple
 * Four Faces West, starring Joel McCrea and Frances Dee

G

 * Germany Year Zero (Germania anno zero), directed by Roberto Rossellini – (Italy)
 * God Reward You (Dios se lo pague), starring Arturo de Córdova – (Argentina)
 * Good Sam, directed by Leo McCarey, starring Gary Cooper
 * Good-Time Girl, starring Jean Kent and Dennis Price – (GB)
 * Green Grass of Wyoming, starring Peggy Cummins and Charles Coburn
 * The Green Promise, starring Marguerite Chapman and Walter Brennan
 * The Guinea Pig, a Boulting Brothers film starring Richard Attenborough – (GB)

H

 * Half Past Midnight, starring Kent Taylor and Peggy Knudsen
 * Hamlet, directed by and starring Laurence Olivier, with Basil Sydney and Jean Simmons – (GB)
 * He Walked by Night, starring Richard Basehart and Jack Webb
 * A Hen in the Wind (Kaze no naka no mendori), directed by Yasujirō Ozu – (Japan)
 * Hollow Triumph, starring Paul Henreid and Joan Bennett
 * Homecoming, starring Clark Gable, Lana Turner, Anne Baxter, John Hodiak

I

 * I Remember Mama, directed by George Stevens, starring Irene Dunne
 * I Walk Alone, starring Burt Lancaster and Kirk Douglas
 * The Iron Curtain, directed by William Wellman, starring Gene Tierney, Dana Andrews, June Havoc
 * Isn't It Romantic?, starring Veronica Lake

J

 * Joan of Arc, starring Ingrid Bergman
 * Johnny Belinda, starring Jane Wyman and Lew Ayres
 * Julia Misbehaves starring Greer Garson, Walter Pidgeon, Peter Lawford and Elizabeth Taylor
 * June Bride, starring Bette Davis

K

 * Key Largo, directed by John Huston, starring Humphrey Bogart, Edward G. Robinson, Lauren Bacall, Lionel Barrymore, Claire Trevor
 * Kiss the Blood off My Hands, starring Joan Fontaine and Burt Lancaster
 * The Kissing Bandit, starring Kathryn Grayson and Frank Sinatra
 * Krakatit, directed by Otakar Vávra (Czechoslovakia)

L

 * La Terra Trema, directed by Luchino Visconti (Italy)
 * Ladies of the Chorus, starring Marilyn Monroe
 * Lal Dupatta, starring Madhubala (India)
 * The Lame Devil (Le Diable boiteux), directed by and starring Sacha Guitry – (France)
 * Letter from an Unknown Woman, directed by Max Ophüls, starring Joan Fontaine and Louis Jourdan
 * London Belongs to Me, starring Richard Attenborough and Alastair Sim – (GB)
 * Louisiana Story, documentary by Robert J. Flaherty
 * The Loves of Carmen, starring Rita Hayworth
 * The Luck of the Irish, starring Tyrone Power and Anne Baxter
 * Luxury Liner, starring Jane Powell and George Brent

M

 * Macbeth, directed by and starring Orson Welles
 * The Mating of Millie, starring Evelyn Keyes and Glenn Ford
 * Mela, starring Dilip Kumar – (India)
 * Melody Time, starring Roy Rogers & Trigger and The Andrews Sisters
 * Mexican Hayride, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello
 * Michurin, directed by Alexander Dovzhenko – (U.S.S.R.)
 * Miranda, directed by Ken Annakin, starring Glynis Johns – (GB)
 * Miss Tatlock's Millions, starring Wanda Hendrix, Barry Fitzgerald, John Lund
 * The Monkey's Paw, starring Milton Rosmer – (GB)
 * Moonrise, directed by Frank Borzage, starring Gail Russell and Dane Clark
 * Morituri – (Germany)
 * Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House, starring Cary Grant and Myrna Loy
 * My Dear Secretary, starring Kirk Douglas, Laraine Day
 * Myriad of Lights (Wanjia denghuo) – (China)
 * The Mysterious Apartment (Den hemmelighetsfulle leiligheten) – (Norway)

N

 * The Naked City, directed by Jules Dassin, starring Barry Fitzgerald
 * Night Has a Thousand Eyes, starring Edward G. Robinson
 * No Orchids for Miss Blandish – (GB)
 * No Room at the Inn, starring Freda Jackson and Hermione Baddeley – (GB)
 * Noose, starring Carole Landis
 * The Noose Hangs High, starring Bud Abbott and Lou Costello
 * Nosotros los Pobres (We the Poor), starring Pedro Infante – (Mexico)

O

 * On an Island with You starring Esther Williams, Peter Lawford, Ricardo Montalbán, Cyd Charisse, and Jimmy Durante
 * One Sunday Afternoon, starring Dennis Morgan
 * One Touch of Venus, starring Robert Walker and Ava Gardner
 * Oliver Twist, directed by David Lean, starring Alec Guinness and Robert Newton – (GB)
 * On Our Own Land (Na svoji zemlji) – (Yugoslavia)

P

 * The Paleface, starring Bob Hope and Jane Russell
 * Les Parents terribles, directed by Jean Cocteau, starring Jean Marais – (France)
 * The Pirate, starring Gene Kelly and Judy Garland
 * Pitfall, starring Dick Powell, Lizabeth Scott, Jane Wyatt, Raymond Burr
 * Port of Call (Hamnstad), directed by Ingmar Bergman – (Sweden)
 * Portrait of Jennie, directed by William Dieterle, starring Jennifer Jones and Joseph Cotten

Q

 * Quartet, starring Mai Zetterling – (GB)

R

 * Race Street, starring George Raft and William Bendix
 * Rachel and the Stranger, starring Loretta Young, William Holden, Robert Mitchum
 * Raw Deal, directed by Anthony Mann, starring Dennis O'Keefe, Claire Trevor, Marsha Hunt, Raymond Burr
 * Red River, directed by Howard Hawks, starring John Wayne, Montgomery Clift, Walter Brennan, Joanne Dru, John Ireland
 * The Red Shoes, directed by Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger, starring Moira Shearer and Anton Walbrook – (GB)
 * Relentless, starring Robert Young
 * The Return of October, starring Glenn Ford
 * Road House, starring Ida Lupino
 * Rogues' Regiment, directed by Robert Florey and starring Dick Powell, Märta Torén, Vincent Price
 * Romance on the High Seas, starring Jack Carson, Janis Paige, Doris Day (film debut)
 * Rope, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring James Stewart
 * Ruthless, starring Zachary Scott and Diana Lynn

S

 * Saigon, the final of 4 films starring Alan Ladd and Veronica Lake
 * The Sainted Sisters, starring Veronica Lake and Joan Caulfield
 * Saraband for Dead Lovers, starring Stewart Granger and Joan Greenwood – (GB)
 * Scott of the Antarctic, starring John Mills – (GB)
 * Sealed Verdict, starring Ray Milland
 * The Search, directed by Fred Zinnemann, starring Montgomery Clift – (US/Switzerland)
 * Secret Beyond the Door, directed by Fritz Lang, starring Joan Bennett and Michael Redgrave
 * Senza pietà (Without Pity) – (Italy)
 * Shaheed, starring Dilip Kumar – (India)
 * Silver River, starring Errol Flynn and Ann Sheridan
 * Sitting Pretty, starring Robert Young and Maureen O'Hara
 * Sleep, My Love, starring Claudette Colbert
 * Sleeping Car to Trieste, starring Jean Kent – (GB)
 * Smart Girls Don't Talk, starring Virginia Mayo
 * The Snake Pit, starring Olivia de Havilland
 * So Evil My Love, starring Ray Milland, Ann Todd, Geraldine Fitzgerald – (GB)
 * A Song Is Born, starring Danny Kaye
 * Sorry, Wrong Number, starring Barbara Stanwyck and Burt Lancaster
 * Spring in a Small Town (Xiǎochéng zhī chūn), directed by Fei Mu – (China)
 * Spring in Park Lane, starring Anna Neagle and Michael Wilding – (GB)
 * State of the Union, starring Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn
 * Station West, starring Dick Powell and Jane Greer
 * The Street with No Name, starring Richard Widmark

T

 * Tap Roots, starring Van Heflin and Susan Hayward
 * La Terra Trema (The Earth Will Tremble), directed by Luchino Visconti – (Italy)
 * They Live by Night, directed by Nicholas Ray, starring Farley Granger and Cathy O'Donnell
 * The Three Musketeers, starring Lana Turner and Gene Kelly
 * The Time of Your Life, starring James Cagney
 * Tragic Hunt (Caccia tragica) – (Italy)
 * The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, directed by John Huston (Oscars for best director and best screenplay), starring Humphrey Bogart and Walter Huston (best supporting actor)
 * Treasured Earth (Talpalatnyi föld) – (Hungary)
 * Los tres huastecos, starring Pedro Infante – (Mexico)

U

 * Under the Sun of Rome (Sotto il sole di Roma), directed by Renato Castellani – (Italy)
 * Unfaithfully Yours, starring Linda Darnell and Rex Harrison
 * Up in Central Park, directed by William A. Seiter, starring Deanna Durbin and Vincent Price
 * Ustedes los ricos (you the Rich), starring Pedro Infante – (Mexico)

V

 * Vidya, starring Dev Anand – (India)

W

 * Waverley Steps – (GB) documentary
 * Western Heritage, starring Tim Holt
 * When My Baby Smiles at Me, starring Betty Grable and Dan Dailey
 * When You Come Home
 * Whiplash, starring Alexis Smith and Dane Clark
 * Whispering Smith, starring Alan Ladd and Robert Preston
 * The Winslow Boy, directed by Anthony Asquith, starring Robert Donat and Margaret Leighton – (GB)

Y

 * Yellow Sky, starring Gregory Peck, Anne Baxter, Richard Widmark
 * You Gotta Stay Happy, starring Joan Fontaine and James Stewart
 * The Young Guard (Molodaya Gvardiya) – (U.S.S.R.)

Serials

 * G-Men Never Forget, starring Clayton Moore
 * Dangers of the Canadian Mounted
 * Adventures of Frank and Jesse James, starring Clayton Moore
 * Superman, starring Kirk Alyn and Noel Neill
 * Tex Granger
 * Congo Bill

Short film series

 * Mickey Mouse (1928–1952)
 * Terrytoons (1930–1964)
 * Popeye (1933–1957)
 * The Three Stooges (1934–1959)
 * Donald Duck (1936–1956)
 * Goofy (1939–1953)
 * Tom and Jerry (1940–1958)
 * Bugs Bunny (1940–1964)
 * The Fox and the Crow (1941–1950)
 * Woody Woodpecker (1941–1949)
 * Mighty Mouse (1942–1955)
 * Chip and Dale (1943–1956)
 * Droopy (1943–1958)
 * Yosemite Sam (1945–1964)
 * George and Junior (1946—1948)
 * Blackie the Sheep (1947–1949)

Births

 * January 10 – William Sanderson, American actor
 * January 12 - Anthony Andrews, English actor
 * January 13 - Malcolm Storry, British actor
 * January 14 – Carl Weathers, American actor and football player (d. 2024)
 * January 16 – John Carpenter, American director, producer and screenwriter
 * January 18 - M. C. Gainey, American character actor
 * January 20 - Geno Silva, American actor (d. 2020)
 * January 21 - Trey Wilson, American character actor (d. 1989)
 * January 25 - Emily Richard, British actress
 * January 28 - Mikhail Baryshnikov, Latvian-American actor
 * January 29 – Marc Singer, Canadian actor
 * February 3 - Thomas Rosales Jr., American actor and stuntman
 * February 5
 * Christopher Guest, American-British screenwriter, musician, director, actor and comedian
 * Barbara Hershey, American actress
 * Tom Wilkinson, English actor (d. 2023)
 * February 9 - David Hayman, Scottish actor and director
 * February 15 – Tino Insana, American actor, producer, writer, voice artist and comedian (d. 2017)
 * February 16 - Troy Evans, American actor
 * February 17 - Anne Lonnberg, American actress and singer of Swedish descent
 * February 18 - Sinéad Cusack, Irish actress
 * February 20 – Jennifer O'Neill, American actress
 * February 22 – John Ashton, American actor
 * February 23 - Dennis Waterman, English actor and singer (d. 2022)
 * February 25 - K. P. A. C. Lalitha, Indian actress (d. 2022)
 * February 28
 * Mike Figgis, English director and screenwriter
 * Bernadette Peters, American actress and singer
 * Mercedes Ruehl, American actress
 * February 29 - Ken Foree, American actor
 * March 1 - Karl Johnson, Welsh actor
 * March 4 - Brian Cummings, American voice actor
 * March 5 - Annette Charles, American actress and dancer (d. 2011)
 * March 6 - Anna Maria Horsford, American actress
 * March 14 – Billy Crystal, American actor and comedian
 * March 16 - James Otis, American actor (d. 2020)
 * March 20 – Helene Vannari, Estonian actress (d. 2022)
 * March 25 – Bonnie Bedelia, American actress
 * March 26 - Steven Tyler, American singer, songwriter, musician and actor
 * March 28
 * Matthew Corbett, English television personality, actor, writer, puppeteer and comedian
 * March 29 – Bud Cort, American actor
 * March 31 - Rhea Perlman, American actress and writer
 * April 5 - Carlos Carrasco, American actor
 * April 6 - Patrika Darbo, American actress
 * April 9 – Jaya Bachchan, Indian actress
 * April 20 - Gregory Itzin, American character actor (d. 2022)
 * April 25 – Freda Foh Shen, American film, television and theatre actress
 * April 28 - Marcia Strassman, American actress and singer (d. 2014)
 * May 3 – Chris Mulkey, American actor
 * May 11 - Pam Ferris, Welsh actress
 * May 12
 * Lindsay Crouse, American actress
 * Richard Riehle, American actor
 * May 15 - Malcolm Stewart, Canadian actor
 * May 18 - Jesper Christensen, Danish actor
 * May 19 - Bruce Jarchow, American actor
 * May 21 – Jonathan Hyde, Australian-born English actor
 * May 24 - James Cosmo, Scottish actor
 * June 1 - Powers Boothe, American actor (d. 2017)
 * June 7 - Xavier Saint-Macary, French actor (d. 1988)
 * June 11 - Michael Swan, American actor
 * June 19 - Phylicia Rashad, American actress, singer and director
 * June 21 - Ian McEwan, English author
 * June 22 - Steve Eastin, American character actor
 * June 28
 * Kathy Bates, American actress
 * J. Michael Riva, American production designer (d. 2012)
 * July 2 - Saul Rubinek, German-born Canadian actor, director and producer
 * July 5 - William Hootkins, American actor (d. 2005)
 * July 6 - Nathalie Baye, French actress
 * July 7 - Lori Tan Chinn, American actress and comedian
 * July 9 - Ray Baker, American actor
 * July 12
 * Susan Blu, American voice actress, voice director and casting director
 * Ben Burtt, American sound designer
 * July 13 – Catherine Breillat, French director
 * July 20 - Muse Watson, American actor
 * July 26 - Leon Vitali, English actor (d. 2022)
 * July 28 - Georgia Engel, American actress (d. 2019)
 * July 30 – Jean Reno, French actor
 * August 5 - Barbara Flynn, English actress
 * August 13 - Peter Iacangelo, American actor (d. 2021)
 * August 14
 * Joseph Marcell, British actor and comedian
 * Lou Wagner, American actor
 * August 19 - Jim Carter, English actor
 * August 20 - John Noble, Australian actor
 * August 30 – Lewis Black, American actor and comedian
 * September 1 - James Rebhorn, American character actor (d. 2014)
 * September 4 - Michael Berryman, American character actor
 * September 7 – Susan Blakely, American actress
 * September 11 - Philip Alford, former American actor
 * September 15 - Kathryn Kates, American actress (d. 2022)
 * September 17 - John Ritter, American actor (d. 2003)
 * September 19
 * Jan Hoag, American actress
 * Jeremy Irons, English actor
 * September 24
 * Gordon Clapp, American actor
 * Phil Hartman, Canadian-American actor (d. 1998)
 * September 26 - Olivia Newton-John, British-born Australian actress and singer (d. 2022)
 * September 27 - A Martinez, American actor and singer
 * October 2 – Persis Khambatta, Indian actress and model (d. 1998)
 * October 5 - Sal Viscuso, American actor
 * October 8 - James Harper, American actor
 * October 11
 * John R. Cherry III, American director and screenwriter (d. 2022)
 * Jonathan Hadary, American actor
 * October 14 - Gerard Murphy, Irish actor (d. 2013)
 * October 16 – Hema Malini, Indian actress and politician
 * October 17
 * Margot Kidder, Canadian actress (d. 2018)
 * George Wendt, American actor and comedian
 * October 21 - Tom Everett, American actor
 * October 28 - Telma Hopkins, American actress and singer
 * October 29 – Kate Jackson, American actress
 * October 30 - Don Creech, American actor
 * October 31 - Michael Kitchen, English actor and producer
 * November 11 – Vincent Schiavelli, American actor (d. 2005)
 * November 13 – Adelle Lutz, American model, actress and costume designer
 * November 14 – Robert Ginty, American actor and producer (d. 2009)
 * November 18 – Dom Irrera, American actor and stand-up comedian
 * November 20 - Richard Masur, American character actor
 * November 26 - Marianne Muellerleile, American actress
 * November 28 – Agnieszka Holland, Polish director and screenwriter
 * November 30 - Larry Bishop, American actor, screenwriter and director
 * December 6 – JoBeth Williams, American actress and director
 * December 14
 * Dee Wallace, American actress
 * December 15
 * Melanie Chartoff, American actress and comedian
 * Cassandra Harris, Australian actress (d. 1991)
 * December 21 – Samuel L. Jackson, American actor and producer
 * December 22 - Lynne Thigpen, American actress (d. 2003)
 * December 27 – Gérard Depardieu, French actor and filmmaker

Deaths

 * January 7 – Charles C. Wilson, 53, American actor, It Happened One Night, The Hell Cat, Waterfront Lady, Legion of Terror
 * February 11 – Sergei Eisenstein, 50, Russian film director, Battleship Potemkin, Alexander Nevsky, Ivan the Terrible, Part One, Ivan the Terrible, Part Two
 * February 14 – James Baskett, 44, American actor, Song of the South
 * February 23 – Patricia Farr, 35, American actress, Lady Luck, Criminals of the Air, Girls Can Play, Lady Behave!
 * March 25 – Warren Hymer, 42, American actor, Up the River, She's Dangerous, The Lady and the Mob
 * May 3 – Gideon Wahlberg, 58, Swedish actor, writer and film director
 * May 12 – Dante Cappelli, 82, Italian actor, Macbeth, Love Everlasting, The Mysterious Mirror
 * May 26 – Torsten Bergström, 51, Swedish actor and director, The Pilgrimage to Kevlaar, Trollebokungen, Ungdom
 * May 29 – May Whitty, 82, English actress, Lassie Come Home, Gaslight, My Name Is Julia Ross
 * July 5 – Carole Landis, 29, American actress, Topper Returns, I Wake Up Screaming, One Million B.C., Four Jills in a Jeep
 * July 15 – William Selig, 84, American pioneer studio builder
 * July 23 – David Wark Griffith, 73, American film director, The Birth of a Nation, Intolerance, Broken Blossoms, Orphans of the Storm
 * August 13 – Elaine Hammerstein, 51, American actress, Paint and Powder, The Midnight Express
 * August 13 – Edwin Maxwell, 62, American actor, Duck Soup, Cleopatra, His Girl Friday
 * September 24 – Warren William, 53, American actor, Gold Diggers of 1933, The Wolf Man, Lady for a Day, Imitation of Life
 * September 28 – Gregg Toland, 44, American cinematographer, Citizen Kane, The Best Years of Our Lives, The Long Voyage Home, December 7th: The Movie, Wuthering Heights, The Grapes of Wrath, Song of the South, The Little Foxes
 * October 10 – Mary Eaton, 47, American actress, Glorifying the American Girl, The Cocoanuts
 * October 13 – Samuel S. Hinds, 73, American actor, It's a Wonderful Life, Buck Privates
 * October 16 – Nora Lane, 43, American actress, The Cisco Kid, Six-Gun Trail
 * October 21 – Elissa Landi, 43, Austrian-American actress, The Count of Monte Cristo, After the Thin Man
 * November 9 - Edgar Kennedy, 58, American actor, Duck Soup, A Star Is Born
 * December 20 – C. Aubrey Smith, 85, English actor, A Bill of Divorcement, Madame Curie

Film debuts

 * John Agar – Fort Apache
 * Héctor Alterio – Todo sol es amargo
 * Claire Bloom – The Blind Goddess
 * Beau Bridges – No Minor Vices
 * Pat Buttram – The Strawberry Roan
 * Doris Day – Romance on the High Seas
 * José Ferrer – Joan of Arc
 * Kathleen Freeman – The Naked City
 * Aldo Giuffrè – Assunta Spina
 * Michael Gough – Blanche Fury
 * James Gregory – The Naked City
 * Laurence Harvey – House of Darkness
 * Audrey Hepburn – Dutch in Seven Lessons
 * Rock Hudson – Fighter Squadron
 * Howard Keel – The Small Voice
 * Klaus Kinski – Morituri
 * Eartha Kitt – Casbah
 * Berry Kroeger – The Iron Curtain
 * Christopher Lee – Corridor of Mirrors
 * Margaret Leighton – Bonnie Prince Charlie
 * Audie Murphy – Texas, Brooklyn & Heaven
 * Barbara Murray – Anna Karenina
 * Debra Paget – Cry of the City
 * Irene Papas – Fallen Angels
 * Nehemiah Persoff – The Naked City
 * John Randolph – The Naked City
 * Debbie Reynolds – June Bride
 * Robert Rockwell – You Gotta Stay Happy
 * Russ Tamblyn – The Boy with Green Hair

title: 1948 in film