text:
Talk:Prenatal care

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 5 February 2019 and 13 March 2019. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Wikigirl 0690.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 07:08, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Untitled
Still needs more depth, such as resources for women on prenatal care, expansion on what proper prenatal care is - reboot

I note that lots of this information is also showing up in Pregnancy. Perhaps there should be an effort to somehow integrate the two? Tarek 00:02, 14 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Need more diagrams —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.200.146.38 (talk) 19:58, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

What period does "prenatal" refer to?
The first line says:

 * Prenatal care refers to the medical care recommended for women before and during pregnancy

I did a fairly casual search on the definition for term and didn't find anything that included the time before pregnancy (which of course would be decades for some women) was included in "prenatal". It seemed to be that it covered only the pregnancy period before childbirth. (However, I should have noted that when I removed the "before and..." bit. Sorry!)

Since I thought (and this could just be a misconception) that prenatal was pregnancy-only, and that seems to be the more intuitive meaning, I think we need a good reference for how it is defined.

Dhollm (talk) 14:08, 20 April 2009 (UTC)

Prenatal care is health care during pregnancy. Preconception is health care before pregnancy.
I were curious when I first saw the phrase, preconception care, which was added to this article today. I performed an extensive research at many reliable sources to compare preconception care and prenatal care.

 * Preconception care is care you receive before you get pregnant. It involves finding and taking care of any problems that might affect you and your baby later, like diabetes or high blood pressure. It also involves steps you can take to reduce the risk of birth defects and other problems. For example, you should take folic acid supplements to prevent neural tube defects.
 * Prenatal care is more than just health care while you are pregnant. Your health care provider may discuss many issues, such as nutrition and physical activity, what to expect during the birth process and basic skills for caring for your newborn.

I found out that the first line was added by User:Karen Johnson at 22:51 on 14 January 2003 which was almost 9 years ago. I believe there is no vandalism. Currently, there is no wiki article on preconception care. The closer wiki article is pre-conception counseling. I think there is probably a need to a wiki article on preconception care to which we may move those preconception care contents.

Lightning Island (talk) 10:38, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I am not sure how much of a distinction it makes sense to make between prenatal care and preconception care, and whether it makes sense to have separate articles on preconception counseling vs. preconception care. Most people do not know exactly when a given pregnancy starts, so preconception care might more aptly be care before the pregnancy is diagnosed?  Also, since a large percentage of pregnancies are unintended and many women are not aware of the need for preconception care, the things that should have been done in preconception care may be done (as much as possible) as part of early prenatal care.  Which isn't to say there isn't a distinction, just that there is probably a significant gray area, and as such a little coverage of preconception care here may make sense.  Zodon (talk) 08:19, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

ante natal care
please discuss the new topic : "father of antenatal care" —Preceding unsigned comment added by 117.201.244.29 (talk) 07:31, 16 September 2010 (UTC)

Prenatal Care: Article revision and expansion
I am planning on contributing a substantial amount to this article along with making revisions to meet article standards set by Wikipedia. As the article is currently, the amount of information on prenatal care itself is not sufficient to educate Wikipedia readers about prenatal care. In addition, the article has a strong focus on the how prenatal care is in relation to ethnic and racial populations. However, I believe that there is also a need to focus on prenatal care and its relationship with socioeconomic status- mainly focusing on prenatal care accessibility in low-socioeconomic areas. I hope to start my contribution by providing a history of prenatal care in the United States, then relate to how prenatal care is structured within the American society and how it affects low-socioeconomic populations. The main focus of my contribution will be to acknowledge the extent of prenatal care access in America's low-socioeconomic areas. There are many issues regarding the lack of prenatal care accessibility in low-socioeconomic areas. Accessibility, in the context of my contribution, means the percentage of people in need of prenatal care services who know what types of resources are available, have a strong sense of knowledge about prenatal care, and what facilities they can access to get such health care services. The addition of a subsection entitled "Prenatal Care and Accessibility" will increase knowledge on this social issue and hopefully shed a little bit of light to why a number of women of low-socioeconomic income do not access prenatal care services when granted the opportunity to. Possible solutions will be briefly discussed to account for ways to better the lives of women and their family. Academic articles, such as Elina Hemminki's, "Content of Prenatal Care in the United States: A Historic Perspective," and Kay et al's, "Process, Costs, and outcomes of Community-Based Prenatal Care for Adolescents," will be used to expand the article. Any suggestion on related articles are welcome.

I am wondering if my intended contributions to this article is either too narrow or too broad. Any feedback on how to enhance and/or go about expanding the current article will be greatly appreciated. Thank you.

Allyssa.abacan (talk) 05:10, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

 * Looks pretty ambitious. (Not trying to discourage, just suggest take it in chunks.  Then have some bits done, rather than having a large body of half-written material.)
 * First thing I would suggest doing is looking for other articles on related topics in Wikipedia (particularly search for articles that this one doesn't already link to). Articles either covering your population of interest, or covering related areas (e.g. history of midwifery).  Not infrequently I have found articles on similar or identical topics under different names, so it pays to know what else is out there.  (Gives good material for wikilinks, and saves duplicating material already covered.)
 * As it is the article is quite unbalanced - far too much material about details on prenatal care and race in the United States. The ideal Wikipedia article on prenatal care should cover the subject from a worldwide point of view (e.g. cover the medical/biological knowledge in the area, and cover demographics/social/local practices in a summary manner).  The particulars of practices in particular areas would then be covered in related/sub articles ("summary style")WP:summary style.
 * At some point it seems likely that this article should be split, and the US specific material moved to Prenatal care in the United States, or something similar (leaving a summary here). So I would suggest considering your material in terms of what is US specific (or within that, what is specific to the underserved populations), and what is general to prenatal care.  Keeping those in separate sections will make it easier to split when the time comes.  (See WP:MEDMOS for some ideas on article layout).
 * Also consider that many people in the US who are not minority/low income/etc. are unaware of the importance of preconception care. (e.g. Healthy People goals on increasing preconception/prenatal care.) (So try to include some coverage of whole population, as convenient.)
 * Hope that helps. Zodon (talk) 08:46, 9 March 2012 (UTC)

 * I have talked it over with my professor and we have decided that we would create a new wiki page Prenatal Care in the United States.
 * Although I understand the reason of creating a new page, medicine also deals with not only biological issues, but societal issues as well.
 * I agree that the article is quite unbalanced and I will work to make the article cover the subject from a worldwide point of view (including people who are not minority/low income/etc.)
 * I intend on leaving a summary of Prenatal care in the United States on this page as well as linking this page to the new article.
 * Any feedback over this current page or [[Prenatal Care in the United States] is appreciated.

Allyssa.abacan (talk) 00:44, 14 March 2012 (UTC)

Source for material to flesh out this article
If somebody wants to flesh out this article, a good place to start might be the article on pregnancy. The section on "Management" which sites this as the main article, is much more detailed and better sourced than this is at the moment. Zodon (talk) 08:46, 12 March 2012 (UTC)

Over medicalization
At the moment this article, and the one on prenatal care in the united states focus a little too much on a healthcare provider's view. Certainly healthcare is part of it, but prenatal care includes advice on nutrition, etc. the care that a pregnant person would do for themselves and for the pregnancy. Counseling and education about diet and self-care are parts of prenatal care. Zodon (talk) 02:48, 9 April 2012 (UTC)

Strange number - "19380"
I think a troll has inserted the number "19380" into the article, as it has no meaning.... 156.22.3.1 (talk) 02:42, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Prenatal care


text:
Talk:Numbers station

Power numbers.
The article mentions somthing about being able to spot the cooling facilities of the transmitting stations on satelite photos. I strongly think that this is not the case.

A standard truck has a diesel engine producing some 200kW of output power at 30% efficiency. It has to dissipate some 500kW of power, and does so in the size of a big truck's motor.

"Big cooling tower" is something associated with a powerplant, working in the 500 to 1000 MW range. We're talking 0.5 MW for the transmitter, requiring 0.2MW of cooling power. -- Roger Wolff, april 16th, 2007. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.117.26.61 (talk • contribs) 07:38, 16 April 2007

List of stations
There is currently a dispute about whether a list of current numbers stations should be included. A discussion in the archive only got one comment that said include them if there is a reliable source. I think that the article is more useful with a list of examples. The list is not excessive in size. Many writings on numbers stations do have examples listed. But an anon thinks otherwise. Should we include the list of stations in the article? Graeme Bartlett (talk) 23:26, 8 January 2018 (UTC)

It doesn't exist on the page anymore, but there was a list a long time ago and it was taken down because this is a general article for numbers stations, a list of stations would have to be another page. Plus confirming their active isn't verifiable, as they change often. Shazepe (talk) 18:53, 9 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I'm okay with a sourced list, and please provide a link to a policy or guideline that requires the list to be on another page. DonIago (talk) 15:10, 11 January 2018 (UTC)
 * I own one of the sites used as a source, and I can confirm a lot of the stations that are listed aren't active / don't exist anymore. That's the main problem, it's impossible to confirm their activity all the time.  What would be better is a list of the most popular stations, that people are likely to know about - if you want examples on the page. Shazepe (talk) 15:23, 11 January 2018 (UTC)

I would like to suggest a little bit of critical thinking towards the ENIGMA designator scheme that was heavily used in those past tentative edits. It may be the most widespread approach to listing stations, and the standard or default one - and a useful one, as there can be good reasons for identifying transmissions based solely on intrinsic elements (such as the voice's gender or language used), rather than outside knowledge about them; but maybe this approach is not suited for an encyclopedic context. The ENIGMA scheme is from another era, when that outside knowledge might have been harder to figure out: nowadays we have widespread access to online remote receiver networks that provide high-quality reception, digital or SDR technology that evidences characteristic spectral features, and even distributed TDoA to track the origin of transmissions in a few clicks!

Major numbers station operators use several language variants, with the same format, the same system, transmitted through the same transmitter from the same location to the same kind of recipient, differing only by the set of voice samples used: does it even make sense to consider and list these as different stations like ENIGMA does, rather than a single one? I don't think so! Especially not in an encyclopedic context. Should this Wikipedia article uncritically assume ENIGMA's point of view and practices? Would it even turn out actually helpful towards writing a good article?

ENIGMA designators certainly deserve mention in a classification section as a major scheme, used by researchers and hobbyists; but it's far from the only approach to identifying and classifying stations, and it should share the section with others that really should receive mentions as well, such as to begin with the pre-existing practices of naming stations by musical intro (Lincolnshire Poacher, Swedish Rhapsody...) or just by voice (English Man, German Lady). I'm amazed, in a bad way, at how the ENIGMA scheme, which is quite notable but still only hobbyist self-published material, is uncritically presented in the article as the sole normative source, down to copy-pasting the same old document enumerating all the language prefix definitions, down to even including irrelevant questionable prefixes like SK or DP. It looks to me like a failure of Wikipedia's neutrality policy.

Not only could that whole classification section be heavily edited and improved; the opinion I'm trying to convey here regarding how to best describe the set of existing numbers stations, is that what the article definitely does not need is another copy-paste of an ENIGMA-style designator list, curated or not. This is Wikipedia, can we think outside the box a little here? Maybe we could include some of this information as a world map of countries where numbers stations originate from: with different colors for active, inactive, putative/disputed, confirmed by official records... If there's a consensus that more major, active stations really need to be featured, maybe we could include actual recordings rather than just naming names?...

Another path: maybe some of the information hodgepodge already present in the introduction could be reworked and expanded into proper sections, containing properly sourced mentions of declassified documents, court cases or former spy testimonies that account for particular, characteristic instances of numbers stations. Contrary to popular belief there's plenty enough material, for example the article doesn't even mention yet the Anschlag spy case or Kim Hyon-hui! Don't you agree that mentioning this kind of sourced accounts, based in tangible reality, connected to official intelligence agencies, would be more valuable than mentioning the corresponding "XPA" or "M40" designators among an abstract list? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.64.25.168 (talk) 03:19, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

I found https://mobile.twitter.com/hypoprosexia is it possible it’s a numbers station as well? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.140.137.120 (talk) 18:31, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * It is not a station is it! It does send out numbers, but they differ from the style sent by numbers stations, which are normally fixed sized groups of digits. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 04:29, 30 November 2019 (UTC)

Additional Reference
The TV show "Hunters" also made a reference in Season 1 Episode 6.

Given the number of reference, maybe a bullet list ordered by date would be better?

Dudecorp (talk) 22:02, 24 March 2019 (UTC)
 * Please see WP:IPCV. An independent source noting the reference is required for inclusion. DonIago (talk) 03:01, 25 March 2019 (UTC)

 * A huge list of mentions of these has been removed in the past. So the mention in a film/book etc needs to be supported by an independent reference. Graeme Bartlett (talk) 13:39, 27 March 2019 (UTC)

References in media
Imagine if the article on Beer listed every book, movie, and TV show ever made where beer had a noticeable presence. Should we really have this sort of cross-reference/concordance? Seems like an indiscriminate list to me. Largoplazo (talk) 17:38, 27 May 2020 (UTC)
 * WP:IPCV addresses this handily. We should only be listing items that have been discussed by third-party sources. DonIago (talk) 20:23, 27 May 2020 (UTC)

Could numbers stations be considered illegal?
Most numbers stations do not have a callsign. Radio stations need to have a callsign and a valid license or else the station is unlicensed and pirated. Can numbers stations be pirated stations in that case?

I also say this when the stations were likely broadcast to agents to decode numbers, which is illegal, which concerns me. 66.190.244.82 (talk) 05:07, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Can you elaborate on how your concerns relate to making edits to the article? DonIago (talk) 06:35, 26 January 2021 (UTC)
 * Considering that number stations could be operated by intelligence officers (who work for the military), I would say that the government probably has an exception for government-related operations. Someone-123-321 (I contribute) 09:03, 30 January 2023 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Someone-123-321 (talk • contribs)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Numbers station


text:
Talk:Marlene Dietrich

Citations needed for many of her affairs
The article names many people as having been her lovers but many lack citations. Lenbrazil (talk) 17:06, 19 August 2022 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:59, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
 * En Enda Natt.jpg

Why is she considered LGBT?
In the article, the long list of her lovers is exclusively male. 2601:281:D880:7880:D935:74A0:6DCE:27DA (talk) 05:32, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
 * No, it's not. We say she was bisexual, and we mention at least 2 women with whom she had affairs (Suzanne Baulé, known as Frede; and Mercedes de Acosta), and another (Edith Piaf) whose friendship with Dietrich was rumoured to be more than platonic. --  Jack of Oz   [pleasantries]  10:10, 1 August 2023 (UTC)

Where are you getting the information about her support for refugees?
The following statement isn't backed up by the reference provided at the end of this paragraph: Dietrich created a fund with Billy Wilder and several other exiles to help Jews and dissidents escape from Germany. In 1937, her entire salary for Knight Without Armor ($450,000) was put into escrow to help the refugees.

Which fund are you referring to here? The European Film Fund was started by Ernst Lubitsch in 1938, but Dietrich and Wilder were not involved in this. There is no information anywhere except for this Wikipedia entry that mentions her putting her entire salary for Knight Without Armor into escrow for refugees, and the Wikipedia page for Knight Without Armor list her salary for this film as $250,000 rather than $450,000. 77.191.5.179 (talk) 20:59, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Marlene Dietrich


text:
Talk:Beastie Boys

Recent date edit
The open stated the group formed in 1979 with the second paragraph saying the group formed in 1981. It can't be both. In lieu of finding a source I decided to change 79 to 81. When I - or another editor - find a source to nail down the formation date it will be corrected if needed at that time. THX1136 (talk) 21:34, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I found a cite at AllMusic for the formation date.THX1136 (talk) 02:19, 6 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Currently (June 2023), AllMusic states that Beastie Boys were formed in 1981. I have edited the article to reflect the correct (1981) date. I will try to add other sources as well. The Young Aborigines were founded in either 1978 or 1979, but they were a predecessor, not the same band. Gsshatan (talk) 19:28, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Merge with The Young Aborigines???
Should The Young Aborigines really be a separate article (and a stub at that)? From what I can tell everything points to this simply being the same exact band under a different name and genre. Bands change their names all the time (see Green Day i.e Sweet Children) but it's still the same band.

From the articles:
 * "The Beastie Boys were formed as a four-piece hardcore punk band, the Young Aborigines, in 1978 by Mike D (vocals), MCA (bass), John Berry (guitar) and Kate Schellenbach (drums)."
 * "The band changed their name to the Beastie Boys. The Beastie Boys would later achieve success as a hip hop band."

What here then necessitates an entirely new article and not having the "Young Aborigines Era" as part of the early years section?  AEW Fanboy talk 00:19, 22 February 2020 (UTC)
 * Merge. Popcornfud (talk) 00:04, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Beastie Boys


text:
Talk:Knapsack problem

There is a major problem
There is a major mis-leading and incorrect sentence in the FPTAS section, in the FPTAS algorithm they refer to the dynamic programming mentioned above. The dynamic programming is correct but assumes that the weights are integer, however,the FPTAS rounds the VALUES ergo one can not use this dynamic programming after the rounding instead one should use a dynamic programming on the values see http://math.mit.edu/~goemans/18434S06/knapsack-katherine.pdf for more details. (Note that, in the paper the base condition should be A(0,0) = 0 instead of their base condition). I can rewrite it by myself but unfortunately my English level is not strong enough. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ilanrcohen (talk • contribs) 08:17, 24 August 2015 (UTC)

How about four color problem
Authors of this page, how about four-color problem, job-shop problem? I'm sure there are others, but those are the ones I've heard of. Job shop is the problem of scheduling random jobs of random size for maximum use of shop. Four color is how many colors are required for a map so no country borders on another with same color. Ortolan88

 * see Linear programming ... -- Tarquin 20:30 Jan 14, 2003 (UTC)

Seems that bin packing is also related, since it is also about efficiency.

P.S. I don't see the four-color problem as being related.

--MarkH

Reference to Dantzig paper on the greedy approximation algorithm
In the section on the greedy 2-approximation for the unbounded knapsack problem, there is a reference to 'Discrete-Variable Extremum Problems' by George B. Tantzig, cited as providing the algorithm. As far as I can see, Dantzig is proposing the algorithm for the 0-1-problem (which he defines on page 273). His Figure 3, which illustrates the procedure, also includes only one instance of each object (or object type), and he constraints the membership count to 0 or 1 (Equation 10). At no point does he give any formal guarantee about the accuracy (that is, the approximation bound) for this algorithm. The section should therefore probably be reworded, so as not to indicate that (1) the application to unbounded knapsack comes from this paper, and (2) the paper gives the 2-approximation bound, as it does neither (as far as I can see). Also, either a reference or a brief proof (or perhaps both) for the 2-bound should be included, as this would now be a baseless claim, as it stands, without the Dantzig reference for support. Mlhetland (talk) 13:59, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

The proof that it's a 2-approximation is really simple, by the way: Because you can have as many items as you wish, you can always cover at least half the knapsack with the best (feasible) object type. If it's bigger than half the size, just use one – if it's smaller, use more than one. The optimum cannot possibly be better than filling the knapsack completely with the best (feasible) object type, and we're no worse than half of that. Mlhetland (talk) 14:24, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

The section should mention the greedy 2-approximation algorithm for the 0-1 case also. In the end of the normal greedy, compare the solution to the most valueable item, and choose this item instead if it is a better solution. 2-bound is proved in "On the approximation ratio of Greedy Knapsack", by Pekka Kilpeläinen. The current claim that the greedy algorithm performs arbitrary bad in the bounded case is heavily misleading. (204.102.224.235 (talk) 06:24, 25 March 2014 (UTC))

Some reference on the fact that the unbounded knapsack problem is NP-complete might also be in order. It seems, in fact, that if the number of object types is constant, you can solve the problem in polynomial time: http://books.google.com/books?id=u5DB7gck08YC&pg=PA211 Mlhetland (talk) 14:45, 5 September 2010 (UTC)

Dynamic algorithm is wrong
As stated you could reuse items, when you choose a new item on each iteration you then use you previous solution for the highest value you can for a cost equal to the iteration cost you are on minus the value of your item. The problem is what if that solution already uses the item you chose. Lonjers (talk) 01:43, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
 * Agreed. The current version looks like a solution for the 0-1 problem, which does not allow repetitions. For the unbounded problem the recursion should probably be
 * A(i, j) = max(A(i - 1, j), vi + A(i, j - ci)) if ci ≤ j.
 * Can anyone check this? 85.2.63.93 (talk) 08:18, 20 April 2008 (UTC)
 * appears to be fixed now Lonjers (talk) 07:32, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Question regarding the given solution
What happens if C, the total sum, isn't an integer? Then, there is no way one can reach A(C). We can approximate C either by floor or ceil but we can't be sure that the solution will be the best one, since one of the values can be smaller then the difference between C and it's approximated value. Bravemuta 16:57, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

By the way, the 1/2 approximation solution given in this article is also wrong. Consider if you've got one item that almost fills the knapsack, with value 1. The other items have value slightly less than one, and small size. Then you would get only value 1, when you could pick a lot of the smaller items and get a better value. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.67.122.13 (talk) 23:01, 16 December 2007 (UTC)

You are right I think the 1/2 approximation algorithm given is wrong. The correct one is to order the items by the ratio of their value to cost and take them from greatest to least. There is also a ( 1- E)*opt polynomial algorithm. I will fix this soon. Lonjers (talk) 01:39, 20 April 2008 (UTC)

DP for 0-1 only?
The last paragraph uses the word "essentials" which is seems totally wrong - it doesn't make any sense to me (English first language, still amateur [but reasonably knowledgeable] computer scientist). Also, the main thing, is it just me or is the dynamic programming algorithm only for the 0-1 problem (neither this article nor Levitin03 say so explicitly, but as far as I can see...) --대조 | Talk 20:24, 15 December 2005 (UTC)

 * The DP algorithm will work for the unbounded variant of the knapsack problem just fine. In fact, the algorithm as stated on the page would need to be modified to determine a solution for the 0/1 problem. "Essentials" is defined in the opening lines of this article. It's an unusual word, but I assume there's some tradition of using it here. --Dantheox 06:29, 16 December 2005 (UTC)

Need graphic change
It would be great to get the main graphic changed so that the dollar signs are in the right places. (They should precede the numbers: "$1" is correct, "1$" is incorrect.) —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Pkirlin (talk • contribs).

 * Done. Isn't SVG great? —Keenan Pepper 07:43, 9 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Additionally $1/1kg and $2/2kg $4/12kg should be changed to something else, as they are obviously worse than $2/1kg.--Ancient Anomaly (talk) 13:08, 19 August 2010 (UTC)

Continuous knapsack problem
Continuous knapsack problem redirects here but is not mentioned (presumably, it was removed). If I recall correctly this is the variant that allows fractional parts of items to be placed in the knapsack, and has a trivial polynomial-time solution. This is an important variant if only to demonstrate how changes in the problem description can alter the solution's complexity. Dcoetzee 03:40, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

Isn't the given problem in coNP????
The decision version of the 0-1 knapsack problem, as given, seems to be a member of coNP, NOT NP as the article states.

To see this: consider that to decide if a given solution to the 0-1 knapsack problem optimizes $$\sum_{j=1}^n p_j x_j$$ subject to $$\sum_{j=1}^n w_j x_j\leq c$$ we only need a poly-size witness proving it *doesn't* (some other solution with a higher value subject to the constraints). If there were a poly-size witness proving it *was* a member, then the decision problem would be in NP. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Austinjp (talk • contribs) 13:34, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * According to the article, the decision problem form of the knapsack problem is the question "can a value of at least V be achieved without exceeding the cost C?" This is not the same as "is a given solution the optimal solution?". -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 14:58, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I see. There is some ambiguity: I missed the one sentence blurb about the decision problem before the contents and assumed the statement of NP-completeness at the end of the definitions section was about a decision form of the optimization problems in that same section (which we seem to agree is no NP-complete). I will do what I can to fix the ambiguity, feel free to correct me where I fail. --Austin Parker (talk) 01:02, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Much better, thanks. I assume you are sure that the decision form of the optimization problem is coNP- complete . This is probably something obvious, but I know almost no complexity theory.
 * By the way, welcome here. I hope that you're enjoying the place. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 10:23, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * Please ignore the bit I struck through. It is completely obvious. -- Jitse Niesen (talk) 10:26, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

 * You're choosing the wrong decision problem version. As with most optimization problems, the standard decision version of the problem is to say, given a problem and a bound v, is there a solution with value at least v? Given an algorithm for solving this problem, finding the optimal solution can then be done by binary search. This is in fact in NP and NP-complete. The complexity of other versions of this problem are not discussed in the literature and generally aren't very important, so I've removed them. Besides that, it's odd to discuss the complexity of other decision versions of one specific optimization problem and none of the hundreds of others. Dcoetzee 08:37, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

Translate French page
Anyone interested in using Yahoo's babelfish or other translater to copy the featured French page version? It seems much more in depth with well-written explanations. It's pretty well translated at babelfish (though some copy editing needs to be done). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.252.78.87 (talk) 04:21, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

 * Good idea. I would like to do this (as soon as I get some spare time).
 * Fairfield (talk) 09:59, 16 October 2008 (UTC)

I made a number of changes in notation
Hi everybody.

Over the past few days, I made a number of minor changes to the page. These changes cleaned up some inconsistency in terminology and notation. They also made the "integers" restriction explicit.

I hope I did not annoy the other users of this page by being so rash. As you can guess, I am a newcomer to the Wikipedia.

Fairfield (talk) 20:59, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

Djkstra???
Couldn't you simply use Djkstra's path-finding algorithm for the 0-1 Knapsack problem? You would have to calculate cost as a ratio of value to weight and then add the items until you reach a full knapsack. —Preceding unsigned comment added by ThomHehl (talk • contribs) 11:41, 8 May 2009 (UTC)

Sandbox version
I decided to try to improve this article a while back, though I'm no longer interested. here is what I came up with (permalink). I've merged some new sections in the article. If anyone else wants to try their hand at improving the article, feel free to steal bits from my sandbox version. --Cryptic C62 · Talk 01:14, 1 November 2010 (UTC)

Photography?
Can someone clearify the following sentence from the text: "In the field of Photography, the term knapsack problem is often used to refer specifically to the subset sum problem and is commonly known as one of Karp's 21 NP-complete problems.".

Should it really say "Photography"? What does Photography have to do with this? Avl (talk) 17:55, 8 August 2012 (UTC)

Dynamic Programming Solution to Unbounded Knapsack Problem does not make sense to me
After the pseudo-code for the Dynamic Programming Solution to Unbounded Knapsack Problem, the author says the answer will be found by tabulating the values in m[]. However, the pseudo-code never assigns any values to m[]. A reference to where the author found the algorithm would also help. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.59.73.254 (talk) 19:23, 26 September 2012 (UTC)

Yeah, it seems wrong to me for a number of reasons. It never counts an item twice, but seems to solve the 0-1 problem. The maximum weight is in T[n][W]. Composition can be found by iterating over T[n][0-W] and "packing" an item if the value increases. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.131.137.62 (talk) 07:10, 14 November 2012 (UTC)

Examples are sorely lacking
Although there are about π / 3 ≈  1.047 examples presented (in the Applications section) — and none anywhere else — these are extremely thin and totally inadequate to really illustrate what is going on.

How about at least one or two fully explained examples, of at least the simplest type of knapsack problem — not too trivial and not too complicated. Maybe one example that is fully solved, along with its solution, and one more that is perhaps just a little too difficult to be solved in any plausible amount of time on today's computers.

It is totally ridiculous that people forget entirely that this is not a journal article, it is an encyclopedia, for beginners to learn. Imagine you were teaching a course on the knapsack problems to beginners. If you don't include a few fully worked-through examples, you probably have some important things to learn about good teaching.Daqu (talk) 23:29, 14 April 2016 (UTC)

I would agree with this. Because many of the Wikipedia articles on technical subjects are written in a way which is difficult for the curious (ie not already familiar with the subject) fashion, the next best thing until a re-write with better communication is available would be more examples. Readers can then at least deduce what is happening even if the descriptions are given in archaic shorthand. I must repeat again as I have in other articles, the usefulness of an Encyclopedia is in its ability to convey knowledge, and whatever the arguments are for "Well learn the language then!" it fails in this for a great many people.

78.149.206.254 (talk) 20:42, 7 July 2016 (UTC) --Sam, UK

Multi-objective version
As stated in the article, this version is ill-posed, because it does not rigorously define an optimal solution. Optimality is defined with respect to a single objective function; if there are multiple objective functions then there is no single way to determine optimality. A solution that is maximal for all the objectives is good, but what if we have to choose between solutions that maximize different objectives?--Jasper Deng (talk) 17:40, 15 August 2016 (UTC)

 * Multi-objective optimization problems may be ill-posed or well-posed according to the particular statement of the problem and how the multiple criteria are handled. See Multi-objective optimization for a general discussion. --Mark viking (talk) 00:50, 16 August 2016 (UTC)

History of Knapsack Problem
Problem 10.1 of the Scottish Book appears to be an example of the Knapsack problem. http://kielich.amu.edu.pl/Stefan_Banach/pdf/ks-szkocka/ks-szkocka3ang.pdf Itullis (talk) 09:11, 5 April 2018 (UTC)

The example is wrong
The ratio of the solution (2033/67 = 30.34) is higher than the ratio of any of the items. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.162.48.250 (talk) 11:47, 18 October 2018 (UTC)

Daily fantasy sports?
"The problem often arises in resource allocation where there are financial constraints and is studied in fields such as combinatorics, computer science, complexity theory, cryptography, applied mathematics, and daily fantasy sports."

How is daily fantasy sports a field comparable to combinatorics, computer science, etc.? Jwood (leave me a message) See what I'm up to 17:51, 20 May 2019 (UTC)

An editorial observation
It's really hard to fit the most relevant information into this article without making it too long and unreadable.

Thanks for your hard work, everyone. --ESP (talk) 02:18, 1 August 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Knapsack problem


text:
Talk:Janissary

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 23 August 2021 and 10 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jmd684.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 01:04, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

WikiProject Military history/Assessment/Wikipedia 0.7
Changed B-Class referencing to No as some sections are missing citation. Otherwise, article is fine.--dashiellx (talk) 11:21, 22 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I've added plenty of refs and it's been re-assessed as B-class. More eyes on this would be appreciated. -- R OGER D AVIES  talk 21:25, 30 September 2008 (UTC)

Refs in lede
I removed the following and bring it here for discussion:

 * Initially a small compact force of elite troops, they grew in size and power during the five centuries of their existence until they eventually became a threat to the fabric of the Ottoman empire. In their later years, they mutinied whenever an attempt was made to reform them, deposing and murdering those sultans they regarded as enemies.

This is completely unreferenced, and makes some very strong claims, to boot. This has to be cited or stay gone. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive' 19:06, 13 December 2008 (UTC)
 * This is a rather strange action, since the Janissaries had to be disbanded with extreme force and violence due to their direct threat to the Ottoman State, as a whole section in the article explains. Unreferenced?  Whole library full of books have been written about why and how they were disbanded, some are mentioned here.  Did you even read the article?  Please restore the above.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.77.156.90 (talk) 03:28, 15 June 2009 (UTC)
 * I removed this months ago, and you come now demanding I restore it? Interesting.  If there are so many great sources, then add one to the lede that shows this statement to be true. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  14:22, 15 June 2009 (UTC)

I did. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.77.156.90 (talk) 22:24, 16 June 2009 (UTC)

Celibacy controversy
There is a controversy about being celibate as a Janissary:

"They were subject to strict discipline, but they were paid salaries and pensions on retirement, and were free to marry; those conscripted through devşirme formed a distinctive social class[...]"

but then "Janissaries trained under strict discipline with hard labour and in practically monastic conditions in acemi oğlan ("rookie" or "cadet") schools, where they were expected to remain celibate."

What's correct now? -- Halk52 (talk) 16:14, 29 March 2010 (UTC)

 * The first, I suppose, refers to Janisseries overall; the second to their initial period of training. It doesn't seem very controversial to me.  Roger Davies  talk 06:51, 1 April 2010 (UTC)

Yeniçeri
Yeniçeri means "new soldier" in Turkish.  F.Mehmet (talk) 13:28, 28 November 2010 (UTC)

However, whilst this is the generally accepted view, there is an alternative etymology that derives Janissary from the Persian جان نثار jan nissar - life or soul scatterer. This is a much more coherent and meaningful phrase than yeni çeri, which is an odd mixture of the Turkish yeni, new, and the rather obscure Middle Persian chērīh, bravery, victory (çeri in modern Turkish simply means "contents" - yeni asker would have be a more straightforward rendering of "new troops" in Turkish).

Incidentally, يکيچرى does not say yenicheri but yakicheri - it would be interesting to see the word written in an authentic Ottoman text. And why would it have passed into spoken usage as "Janissary", if it were written yenicheri? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.7.158.43 (talk) 14:32, 25 December 2010 (UTC)

 * No, it says yeniçeri. The letter ک in this word (and many words derived from old Turkic and have velar nasal) symbolises velar nasal in Ottoman Turkish. During Ottoman times, we wrote "yeni"يکى -"new" You proved its Turkish origin yourself. See Ottoman Turkish. Greetings. F.Mehmet (talk) 12:52, 31 December 2010 (UTC)

Why the tilde over the N in yeñiçeri? What is the difference in the transliteration between ñ and n? I searched and couldn't find anything. I was tempted to change it to the simple N (as it seems to be e-v-e-r-y-w-h-e-r-e else).

Sokollu Mehmed Paşa / Mehmet Pasa Sokolovic
Sokollu Mehmed Paşa (family name: Sokolovic) was a christian Serb from Bosnia not a Bosniak. He became a muslim shortly before he was turned into a member of the janissary. The history of the Balkans may be difficult, but nonetheless the article should be based on facts, which are worldwide known.--80.133.175.6 (talk) 14:50, 20 January 2011 (UTC)

 * I bet you haven't got a neutral source for this information. Mehmed Paşa's origin is not known. Maybe he was a Bosniak, maybe he was a Serbian, it does not change anything. The most important thing is that he is an Ottoman. Greetings.F.Mehmet (talk) 18:56, 2 February 2011 (UTC)

Well regarding a fact that "Bosniak's" are either converted Croat's, either converted Serbs..he surly wasn't "Bosniak".and regarding a fact that Bajo Nenadić sound like Serbian name...i will say he was a Serb before become Ottoman. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.115.65.17 (talk) 14:19, 29 August 2012 (UTC)

Ceddin Deden
ceddin deden was written in 20th century. if you look at the lyrics, you can see the nationalism there. nationalism isn't the best thing for empires, i suppose.

btw, it was written by ismail hakkı bey. --78.171.96.86 (talk) 01:48, 1 February 2011 (UTC)

 * İsmail Hakkı Bey (1860-1929). And it was composed by Kaptanzâde Ali Rıza Bey (1881-1934). Takabeg (talk) 20:19, 11 August 2011 (UTC)

This paragraph appears to be missing something in the middle
There seems to be something missing between the first and second sentances here (and the 2nd sentance doesn't seem to be in quite the right style or tone either):
 * The Janissaries became the first Ottoman standing army, replacing forces that mostly contained tribal warriors (ghazis) whose loyalty and morale were not always guaranteed.[1]But they all learned Islam in the madrasas and each of them became a Muslim. Turks took them as slaves but showed mercy and they stayed in the closest rooms to the Sultan's room. Turks themselves were not strangers to the "slave-soldier" system, since Turkish slaves and mercenaries served as memluk or ghilman soldiers in the Abbasid and Fatimid Empires. Ghaznavid Turks also used Afghan and İndian slaves in such manner.

Wardog (talk) 14:44, 6 September 2011 (UTC)

Famous Janissaries
I consider it an omission not to mention famous Janissaries as Koca Mimar Sinan and Piri Reis. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 62.228.112.194 (talk) 08:46, 11 March 2012 (UTC)
 * I agree for Mimar Sinan, but are there any sources that Piri Reis was a janissary?--Antidiskriminator (talk) 12:18, 11 March 2012 (UTC)

Dahis?
Mladic made reference to this term in a video in the trial, which can be seen at BBC news. Dahis redirects here, but the term occurs only once in the article, without explanation of what it is/means. Could someone possibly fix this? --Dweller (talk) 11:23, 17 May 2012 (UTC)

CONverted to Islam, not REverted to Islam !
Because the children recruited into the Janissary core where from Christian families, they CONVERTED to Islam during the training stages. They did not REVERTED to Islam, because they had not been Muslim prior to the enrollement into the Janissary training !! In fact, inclusion of Muslim childred into the Janissary core was totally forbidden during the first four centuries of the existence of the Janissary core !! Be more carefull with the use of the English language when you create history articles. The inapropriate use of some words would mislead the reader and give a disparate and twisted image on the subject.

Translations in the intro paragraph
Why are there so many translations in paranthesis in the first paragraph? Should all of those even be there? Robert (talk) 16:41, 19 December 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree. It is entirely unnecessary, unless those translations hold direct historical significance (e.g. the Turkish translation).  I'm removing all the translations other than the turkish translation.  If anyone has a problem with that, feel free to revert it, but please comment here so we can have a discussion as to why those are necessary (in the lead of all places) --Nick2253 (talk) 19:58, 15 July 2014 (UTC)

The Decline of The Janissaries
Don't know much about Janissaries, but this section seems ambiguous and uncited. Referring to the Janissaries as a "valiant fighting force" is rather unscholarly and a bit weird.

--Anonymous, 4:23, 21 October 2014 (UTC)  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 131.204.254.105 (talk)

Uniform colours
In the infobox, the colours are Red and Green, but there is also an Blue Uniform type. --Sevenman2345 — Preceding undated comment added 12:56, 17 January 2015 (UTC)

Equipment: "Trench Gun with 80mm ball?"
In the Equipment section, there is the line "In particular, they used a massive 'trench gun', firing an 80-millimetre (3.1 in) ball,[citation needed]" I have doubts that anyone carried around essentially a miniature cannon that shot a 3.1 inch lead ball. There is no citation for this and if no one can come up with one it should probably be removed. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.153.114.129 (talk) 15:50, 13 May 2015 (UTC)

Most of them are described in Osprey Janissaries by David Nicole especially the "Trench Gun with 80mm ball". LaLa_AL (talk) 10:57, 10 March 2017 (UTC)sevenman2345

Unreliable sources
This article makes extensive use of unreliable sources. Alan Palmer and Lord Kinross are/were not academic historians, their books can't be used as serious sources on an encyclopedia. Likewise large segments of the article are based upon Glenn Hubbard and Tim Kane's book Balance. Neither of these people are historians of the Ottoman Empire. This article must be based on sound, reliable, scholarly sources by historians who actually specialize in this topic. If you write an article based on books by people who aren't experts, then you're going to get a lot of distortion and misinformation. Chamboz (talk) 18:38, 23 September 2016 (UTC)

"kapıkulları" or "kapıkullar"
In the paragraph "Origins", I read this sentence: "The Janissaries were kapıkulları". Anyway, the plural is not "kapıkulları", but "kapıkullar", unless Ottoman Turkish used another ending.

Sorry if I made any mistake.

Treuiller (talk) 14:21, 1 September 2018 (UTC) Treuiller

 * Yeah, that's just not correct, sorry. The plural of kapıkulu is kapıkulları. The word merges two nouns together "kapı" and "kul" so you need to include the -i/ı/u/ü suffix based on vowel harmony. For kapıkul it's 'u' and for kapıkullar it's ı. 'kapıkullar' without this addition is grammatically incorrect, it would be like writing "kapıkul" for the singular. It's not related to a difference between Ottoman and modern Turkish (the Ottoman word is actually kapukulları). Chamboz (talk) 14:28, 1 September 2018 (UTC)

Were Janissary recruits kidnapped? -Please fix
I am only a reader who read such biased info here. Instead, I read from various history books that Janissary recruits were recruited IF a Christian family have six boys, so one-only was picked to be given to country. Also there were incidents, which in some Balkan regions, locals were offended if Janissary recruiters did not visit their village for this prestigious duty (because of high salary, and possibility of raising as a Vizier, such as intelligent boys were picked for Enderun (Vizier school) and normal boys were picked for Janissary school, and dumb boys were picked for to be raised as shipwright or porter).

Thus saying Janissary recruits were kidnapped is wrong. Surely there could be rare instances, however mainly there was a solid system which Janissary recruiters visiting villages and inspecting children amounts of Christian families.

Thanks for other nice proper information. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 81.213.247.131 (talk) 13:37, 7 April 2020 (UTC)

 * There were families that bribed officials to enlist their children, I will add that when I have spare time wtih a proper source.--Visnelma (talk) 19:25, 3 January 2021 (UTC)

First Modern Standing Army in Europe?
The first paragraph introduces the Janissaries as "the first modern standing army in Europe", as in, a professional and organized military structure (see link to standing army). This sounds like a subjective assessment since the first such standing army would have been the Ancient Roman army, which was European, organized and constituted of professional soldiers, most of which enrolled voluntarily, I believe.

 * I wouldn't call Ancient Rome a MODERN standing army. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:1970:5163:1200:0:0:0:FBA4 (talk) 02:40, 4 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Some do not differentiate between military and army. Yes, the Janissary army has its own name — Janissary Corps. There are a few willing to merge the concepts. Станислав Минков (talk) 10:34, 5 April 2023 (UTC)
 * @2001:1970:5163:1200:0:0:0:FBA4
 * Janissary look like agents of jihad 137.59.145.217 (talk) 15:28, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

evidence
dismiss evidence that Janissary were armed with firearms of any sort.

07:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)07:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\07:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)07:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)137.59.145.217 (talk)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\07:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)07:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)07:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)07:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)07:50, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

sect
Janissary are in fact a sect within the Sunni Muslim whose loyalty to the Ottoman Caliphate, Janissary were born Muslim and their rivals were different rulers whom claimed to be the Caliphate.

15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)137.59.145.217 (talk)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)137.59.145.217 (talk)\\\\\\\\\\\\\15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)137.59.145.217 (talk)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)15:25, 16 April 2024 (UTC)\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\

gun manufacturer
who was the gun manufacturer of the Janissary and what evidence do we have that the Janissary were armed with firearms?

\\\\\\\\\\15:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)15:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)15:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)\\\\\\\\\15:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)137.59.145.217 (talk) 137.59.145.217 (talk) 15:12, 18 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Janissary


text:
Talk:Linear programming

Section 6 - Bad Syntax Hides Lines
If you look at section 6, the 4.1 "Example" section, you'll see that something is wrong at the top, and the Z = ... part is totally missing from the output (and should probably be surrounded by $$...$$).

I'm just learning here, so I don't feel comfortable attempting a fix, but it's definitely not right as it is now.

Methods to convert nonlinear problems to linear programming problems
Hello,

I am not sure where this should go, but I believe there should be examples that convert: absolute value, min, and max into their linear counterparts.

Forgive me I make a mistake in the following examples, I do not know them by heart and am just quickly deriving them as I go.

e.g., min sum abs(x_i)

--- into ---

min sum e_i,

s.t.

e_i >= -x_i, for all i

e_i >= +x_i, for all i

e.g., min max(x_i)

--- into ---

min e,

s.t.

e >= x_i, for all i

e.g., Minimize the minimum of a finite collection min min(x_i)

--- into ---

min e,

s.t.

e <= x_i, for all i

NOTE - This has the degenerate solution of e --> negative infinity. Some software will ignore this degeneracy. Microsoft Excel's simplex solver appears to (in at least some cases) to return the correct answer for problems of the form min_x min_i(f_i(x)), where f_i(x) is linear.

e.g., Converting equality (not really converting nonlinear problem to an LP problem, but still should be mentioned IMHO)

min x_i,

s.t.

x_i = g_i

--- into ---

min x_i,

s.t.

x_i <= g_i

x_i >= g_i

Edit: improved the readability

Generic blanket statement
Hi,

I don't comment much - but this statement seems kind of general, not really relevant and is not unique to the simplex algorithm: "The computing power required to test all the permutations to select the best assignment is vast; the number of possible configurations exceeds the number of particles in the observable universe. However, it takes only a moment to find the optimum solution by posing the problem as a linear program and applying the simplex algorithm. The theory behind linear programming drastically reduces the number of possible solutions that must be checked."

This is a blanket statement which can be said about any algorithm. Here is the same statement about sorting:

"The computing power required to test all the permutations to find the sorted assignment is vast; the number of possible configurations exceeds the number of particles in the observable universe. However, it takes only a moment to find the sorted solution by applying the bubble sort algorithm. The theory behind bubble sort drastically reduces the number of possible solutions that must be checked."

As already stated, the same could be said about almost any polynomial time algorithm. Every (decent) algorithm should be much better than "testing all permutations". Stating "the number of possible configurations exceeds the number of particles in the observable universe" is an amusing fact, but it only sounds impressive if you're not familiar with algorithms and computation.

Basically, I think that the above paragraph should be removed, however I'm not really sure if it's OK if I just remove it or ask you guys first. Usually when I change things I just remove/add single words etc.

Thanks.
 * Sorting has never been done that way in practice. Radix sort was used to sort punch cards, with the help of sorting machines operating on one column at a time. People sorting things by hand tend to use bucket sort. Even the simplest computer algorithms are O(N²). LP on the other hand didn't have any decent algorithms before the simplex method was invented, as far as I know. Problems beyond just a few variables simply couldn't be handled since one indeed had to test all basis. KetchupSalt (talk) 16:00, 18 November 2021 (UTC)

Standard Form
Some authors prefer a stricter standard form. Berebi (talk) 10:07, 13 March 2024 (UTC)
 * https://www3.nd.edu/~dgalvin1/30210/30210_F07/presentations/converting.pdf
 * https://people.math.carleton.ca/~kcheung/math/notes/MATH5801/04/4_1_standard_form.html

 * Oh yeah, the present text doesn't actually show the standard form. Standard form should only use non-negativity constraints. The volume of the interior for standard form problems is always zero I think, and the solution is always in the positive orthant of the plane defined by Ax=b. KetchupSalt (talk) 15:58, 31 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Linear programming


text:
Talk:Sucking louse

Untitled
" Two species of Anoplura are parasites of humans. Pediculus humanus is divided into two subspecies, Pediculus humanus humanus (the body louse) and Pediculus humanus capitis (the head louse). Phthirus pubis (the pubic louse) is the cause of the embarrassing condition known as crabs. "

color me stupid but isn't that three... Are we sure that there are only three (I thought there were a few subspecies that everyone thought were the same... but I could be wrong)... - Reboot

That picture is actually of Mallophaga, the other suborder of lice. The head is wider than prothorax.

title: Talk:Sucking louse


text:
Vegetius

Publius (or Flavius) Vegetius Renatus, known as Vegetius, was a writer of the Later Roman Empire (late 4th century). Nothing is known of his life or station beyond what is contained in his two surviving works: Epitoma rei militaris (also referred to as De re militari), and the lesser-known Digesta Artis Mulomedicinae, a guide to veterinary medicine. He identifies himself in the opening of his work Epitoma rei militaris as a Christian.

Dating of work
The latest event alluded to in his Epitoma rei militaris is the death of the Emperor Gratian (383); the earliest attestation of the work is a subscriptio by Flavius Eutropius, writing in Constantinople in 450, which appears in one of two families of manuscripts, suggesting that a division of the manuscript tradition had already occurred. Despite Eutropius' location in Constantinople, the scholarly consensus is that Vegetius wrote in the Western Roman Empire. Vegetius dedicates his work to the reigning emperor, who is identified as Theodosius, ad Theodosium imperatorem, in the manuscript family that was not edited in 450; the identity is disputed: some scholars identify him with Theodosius I (, while others follow Otto Seeck and identify him with the later Valentinian III, dating the work to 430–35. Goffart agrees that the later date is likely, suggesting that the work may have been intended to support a military revival in the time of Aetius's supremacy. Rosenbaum also argues that he wrote in the early 430s; Theodosius II might then have been the dedicatee. Rosenbaum uses allusions from Vegetius's works and relationships to the work of Merobaudes to suggest that Vegetius was a senior court official, primiscrinius to the praetorian prefect, who had been an agens in rebus.

Epitoma rei militaris
Vegetius' epitome mainly focuses on military organization and how to react to certain occasions in war. Vegetius explains how one should fortify and organize a camp, how to train troops, how to handle undisciplined troops, how to handle a battle engagement, how to march, formation gauge and many other useful methods of promoting organization and valour in the legion.

As G. R. Watson observes, Vegetius' Epitoma "is the only ancient manual of Roman military institutions to have survived intact". Despite this, Watson doubts its value, for Vegetius "was neither a historian nor a soldier: his work is a compilation carelessly constructed from material of all ages, a congeries of inconsistencies". These antiquarian sources, according to his own statement, were Cato the Elder, Cornelius Celsus, Frontinus, Paternus and the imperial constitutions of Augustus, Trajan, and Hadrian (1.8).

The first book is a plea for army reform; it vividly portrays the military decadence of the Late Roman Empire. Vegetius also describes in detail the organisation, training and equipment of the army of the early Empire. The third book contains a series of military maxims, which were (appropriately enough, considering the similarity in the military conditions of the two ages) the foundation of military learning for every European commander from William the Silent to Frederick the Great.

His book on siegecraft contains the best description of Late Empire and Medieval siege machines. Among other things, it shows details of the siege engine called the onager, which afterwards played a great part in sieges until the development of modern cannonry. The fifth book gives an account of the materiel and personnel of the Roman navy.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, "In manuscript, Vegetius' work had a great vogue from its first advent. Its rules of siegecraft were much studied in the Middle Ages." N.P. Milner observes that it was "one of the most popular Latin technical works from Antiquity, rivalling the elder Pliny's Natural History in the number of surviving copies dating from before AD 1300." It was translated into English, French (by Jean de Meun and others), Italian (by the Florentine judge Bono Giamboni and others), Catalan, Spanish, Czech, and Yiddish before the invention of printing. The first printed editions are ascribed to Utrecht (1473), Cologne (1476), Paris (1478), Rome (in Veteres de re mil. scriptores, 1487), and Pisa (1488). A German translation by Ludwig Hohenwang appeared at Ulm in 1475.

However, from that point Vegetius' position as the premier military authority began to decline, as ancient historians such as Polybius became available. Niccolò Machiavelli attempted to address Vegetius' defects in his L'arte della Guerra (Florence, 1521), with heavy use of Polybius, Frontinus, and Livy, but Justus Lipsius' accusation that he confused the institutions of diverse periods of the Roman Empire and G. Stewechius' opinion that the survival of Vegetius' work led to the loss of his named sources were more typical of the late Renaissance. While as late as the 18th century a soldier such as Marshal Puysegur based his own works on this acknowledged model, in Milner's words, Vegetius' work suffered "a long period of deepening neglect".

Vegetius emphasizes the shortcomings of the Roman Army in his lifetime. To do this, he eulogises the army of the early Empire. In particular, he stresses the high standard of the legionaries and the excellence of the training and the officer corps. In reality, Vegetius probably describes an ideal rather than the reality. The army of the early Empire was a formidable fighting force, but it probably was not in its entirety quite as good as Vegetius describes. In particular, the 5-foot-10-inch minimum height identified by Vegetius would have excluded the majority of the men in Roman times (the Roman foot was 29.6 cm and inch was 2.46 cm, hence a 5'10" Roman was 172.6 cm, which is just above average height of Roman (Italian) men of the time from skeletal evidence from Herculaneum in 79 AD). The emperor Valentinian (364–375) lowered the height minimum to 5' 7" Roman which equals 165.2 cm.

Translations

 * Military Institutions of Vegetius, translated with a preface and notes by Lieutenant John Clarke, London, 1767. Abridged reprint (Books IV and V omitted): The Military Institutions of the Romans, Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, Pa.. 1944.
 * Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, translated with notes and introduction by N.P. Milner, Translated Texts for Historians, Vol. 16, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1993. (Second edition 1996; second revised edition 2011.)
 * Het Romeinse leger, Dutch translation by Fik Meijer, Polak/Van gennep Publishers, Amsterdam, 2004.

title: Vegetius


text:
Dessau

Dessau is a district of the independent city of Dessau-Roßlau in Saxony-Anhalt at the confluence of the rivers Mulde and Elbe, in the Bundesland (Federal State) of Saxony-Anhalt. Until 1 July 2007, it was an independent city. The population of Dessau is 67,747 (Dec. 2020).

Geography

Dessau is situated on a floodplain where the Mulde flows into the Elbe. This causes yearly floods. The worst flood took place in the year 2002, when the Waldersee district was nearly completely flooded. The south of Dessau touches a well-wooded area called Mosigkauer Heide. The highest elevation is a 110 m high former rubbish dump called Scherbelberg in the southwest of Dessau. Dessau is surrounded by numerous parks and palaces that make it one of the greenest towns in Germany.

History
Dessau was first mentioned in 1213. It became an important centre in 1570, when the Principality of Anhalt was founded. Dessau became the capital of this state within the Holy Roman Empire. In 1603, the state was split into four – later five – Anhalts, Dessau becoming the capital of the mini-state of Anhalt-Dessau. In 1863 two of the noble lines died out, and the Duchy of Anhalt became reunited. From 1918 to 1945, Dessau was the capital of the Free State of Anhalt.

Dessau is famous as the second site of the Bauhaus school. It moved here in 1925 after it had been forced to close in Weimar. Many famous artists were lecturers in Dessau in the following years, among them Walter Gropius, Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky. The Nazis control of Dessau city council forced the closure of the Dessau Bauhaus in 1932. The school moved to Bernau bei Berlin and closed its doors for the last time in 1933.

The town was almost completely destroyed by Allied air raids in World War II on 7 March 1945, six weeks before American troops occupied the town. Afterwards, it was rebuilt with typical GDR concrete slab architecture (Plattenbau) and became a major industrial centre of East Germany. Since German reunification in 1990, many historic buildings have been restored.

The composer Kurt Weill was born in Dessau. Since 1993, the city has hosted an annual Kurt Weill Festival. Dessau was also the birthplace of the philosopher Moses Mendelssohn (in 1729), and Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (der alte Dessauer) (on 3 July 1676), a lauded field marshal for the Kingdom of Prussia.

In January 2005, Dessau gained notoriety for the mysterious death of a Sierra Leonean convicted drug trafficker and failed asylum seeker, Oury Jalloh.

Castles and gardens

 * Garden Kingdom of Dessau-Wörlitz, (Dessau-Wörlitzer Gartenreich) is a World Heritage Site landscape garden. It is an exceptional example of 18th century Age of Enlightenment landscape design in the English style.
 * Dresden Elbe Valley
 * Zoo at Mausoleumspark
 * Wallwitzburg
 * Rondell
 * remains of the Dessau Palace (Johannbau)
 * Georgium Palace and Park
 * Kühnau Palace and Park
 * Mosigkau Palace and Park
 * Luisium Palace and Park
 * Erbprinzliches Palais Dessau (demolished)

The Bauhaus
There are several examples of Bauhaus architecture in Dessau, some of which are part of the Bauhaus and its Sites in Weimar, Dessau and Bernau World Heritage Site. This includes the Bauhaus Dessau school building, designed by Walter Gropius, which is one of the iconic modernist buildings of the 20th century.

In addition to the buildings that are part of the World Heritage Site, other notable Bauhaus architecture in Dessau includes:
 * Dessau-Törten Estate, designed by Walter Gropius in 1926–1928.
 * Stahlhaus (Steel House), designed by Georg Muche and Richard Paulick in 1926–1927.
 * Fieger Haus, designed by Carl Fieger in 1927.
 * The Kornhaus, a restaurant overlooking the river Elbe designed by Carl Fieger in 1929–1930.
 * Arbeitsamt (Employment office), designed by Walter Gropius in 1928–1929. It is now the Dessau-Roßlau Amt für Ordnung und Verkehr (Authority of Public Security and Regulations).

Churches

 * St. Mary's Church
 * St. John's Church
 * Georgenkirche
 * Petruskirche
 * Auferstehungskirche
 * Pauluskirche
 * Christuskirche
 * Propsteikirche St. Peter and Paul
 * Dreieinigkeit
 * St. Josef

Other sights

 * Townhall, built in 1901
 * The palaces of Waldersee and Dietrich, today used as libraries
 * General post office
 * New water tower
 * Umweltbundesamt (formerly Wörlitzer Bahnhof)
 * Footbridge crossing the river Mulde

Theatres and museums

 * Anhaltisches Theater including Gregor Seyffert & Compagnie
 * City history museum
 * Anhalt Art Gallery at Georgium Palace with park (currently closed)
 * Mosigkau Palace museum
 * Luisium Castle museum with park
 * Oranienbaum Palace museum with park
 * Museum of Natural- and Prehistory
 * Moses Mendelssohn-Centre
 * Hugo Junkers Technical Museum
 * UCI Cinema Complex
 * Kiez-Cinema (one of the smallest Cinemas in Germany)

Regional media

 * Mitteldeutsche Zeitung (daily newspaper, Monday-Saturday)
 * Wochenspiegel (free newspaper on Wednesday) and Supersonntag (free newspaper on Sunday)
 * REGJO (quarterly Economy Journal for the Region of Leipzig/Halle)
 * leo (monthly, regional Event- and Culture Magazine)
 * local Studios of the MDR and SAW (Radiostations)
 * local TV Stations: RAN 1 and Offener Kanal Dessau

Public transport
The Dessau tramway network has three lines and is supplemented by numerous bus lines. Dessau's public transport is operated by (DVG), which transports around 6 million people each year.

Railway stations
Dessau Hauptbahnhof (main station) has connections to Magdeburg, Berlin, Leipzig, Halle, Bitterfeld and Lutherstadt Wittenberg. The line from Berlin was opened on 1 September 1840. The Dessau-Bitterfeld line (opened on 17 August 1857) was electrified in 1911, the first fully electrified long-distance railway in Germany. Dessau was part of the InterCity long-distance network until the year 2002. Regional trains also stop at the stations Dessau-Süd, Dessau-Alten, Dessau-Mosigkau and Rodleben. The Dessau-Wörlitzer-Eisenbahn (railway) connects Dessau to Wörlitz, a town situated 15 km to the east, and the Wörlitzer Park. The starting point of this railway is the main station. This train also stops at the stations Dessau-Waldersee and Dessau-Adria.

Roads
In 1938 the autobahn A9 (Munich-Berlin) was built southeast of the town area. The two exits to Dessau on the A9 are called Dessau-Ost and Dessau-Süd. Dessau is also crossed by the Bundesstrassen (federal roads) B 184 and B 185.

Airfield
The airfield of Dessau (ICAO: EDAD) is situated northwest of the town between the districts Kleinkühnau, Alten, and Siedlung. A destination with a charter airplane is possible. The runway has a length of 1000 m. The Hugo Junkers Technical Museum is situated in the neighbourhood directly east of the airfield, with the eastern end of the modern runway almost directly abutting the historical World War II Junkers factory airstrip's western end.

Water
Today the Leopoldshafen (harbour) is used for annual international motorboat racing events. The "Wallwitzhafen" is used as a private pleasure boat harbour and the Elbehafen near the Grain House is used for cruisers. The next harbour for goods is situated in Rosslau.

Bikes
Dessau is located in the flat landscape of the Saxon Lowland. The local bike paths have a length of about 146 km and connect all major parks and sights.

Sports
Sports like soccer, cycling, handball, volleyball, gymnastics, table tennis and tennis have a long tradition and are very popular in Dessau. The former soccer team SG Waggonbau Dessau won the GDR soccer cup in 1949. The handball team played in the GDR Oberliga and since 1990 they are playing in the 1st and 2nd Bundesliga. Currently, Dessau has around 80 sport clubs with over 13,500 members. Next to the traditional sports, Dessau has active sport clubs in the following disciplines: aikido, badminton, basketball, canoeing, chess, climbing, cycling, dancing, fishing, horse riding, karate, judo, jiu-jitsu, motorboat, rowing, speedskating, sailing, skittles, skydiving, squash, swimming, table tennis, water polo, wrestling and others.

Facilities

 * Numerous sports fields (more than 10)
 * Skittle alleys (6)
 * Tennis courts (3)
 * Boathouses (3)
 * Indoor swimming pools (2)
 * Paul-Greifzu-Stadion (22,000 capacity)
 * Speedskating course
 * Zuckerturm climbing tower
 * Anhalt Arena Dessau (3,600 capacity)
 * Airfield Dessau
 * Rifle range

Governance

The borough of Dessau was first mentioned in 1372. The head of the town of Schultheiss was appointed by the count. Together with a few assessors, the Schultheiss formed the town council. As of 1372, the town council was divided into two agencies, as of 1600 into three agencies, and as of 1785 again into two agencies. The Schultheiss of Dessau changed nearly every year until the town council constitution was cancelled in 1832. Afterwards Dessau became a Town Council and a Town Delegation Constitution. Since 1852 the town leader has the title of mayor. During the National Socialist period the mayor was appointed by the party (NSDAP). After World War II, the Soviets formed an executive council with a mayor. The town council constitution was elected by the people. Since German reunification this committee has been freely elected. Since 1994 it has been called the Stadtrat. Since 1994, the mayor is directly elected by the people.

In 2007, Dessau became part of the municipality of Dessau-Roßlau.

Mayor
Peter Kuras (born 1958) was elected mayor of Dessau-Roßlau in June 2014 with 75.82% of the votes for a term of seven years. He is the successor of Klemens Koschig (born 1957, independent), who was elected in 2007 with 56.8% of the votes.

Town Council (Stadtrat)
Consists of the following parties: (Local elections from 25 May 2014)
 * CDU (14 seats)
 * The Left (11 seats)
 * The Greens (3 seats)
 * SPD (7 seats)
 * Pro Dessau (5 seats)
 * AfD (3 seats)
 * FDP (2 seats)
 * Neues Forum (2 seats)
 * Bürgerliste (2 seats)
 * NPD 1 seat

Town twinning
Dessau is twinned with:

Education

 * Anhalt University of Applied Sciences (Architecture, Facility Management, Design and Geoinformatics)
 * Learning Centre from the German Chamber of Industry and Commerce (Halle/ Dessau)
 * Anhalt Vocational School Centre Hugo Junkers I, II, and III (Chapon-School)
 * Grammar School Walter Gropius
 * Grammar School Liborius
 * Grammar School "Philantropinum"

European subsidies
Dessau is part of the EU-URBAN programme. This programme is based on the integrated approach that is used for tackling the environmental, economical and social problems, affecting the deprived urban areas. There are several projects in Dessau sponsored via this subsidy.

Academics

 * Peter Lebrecht Schmidt (1933–2019), German classical scholar

Aristocracy and military

 * George III, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1507–1553), prince
 * Bernhard VII, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst (1540–1570), prince
 * John Casimir, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1596–1660), prince
 * John George II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1627–1693), prince and Prussian field marshal
 * Leopold I, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1676–1747), ruler of Anhalt-Dessau from 1693 to 1747
 * Leopold II, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau (1700–1751), prince and Prussian general
 * Dietrich of Anhalt-Dessau (1702–1769), prince and Prussian field marshal
 * Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau (1833–1916), Duchess of Nassau and Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
 * Eduard, Duke of Anhalt (1861–1918), Prince of the House of Ascania and the penultimate ruler of the Duchy of Anhalt in 1918
 * Oswald Boelcke (1891-1916), World War I air ace
 * Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt (1901–1947), the last ruler of the Duchy of Anhalt

Science and philosophy

 * Moses Mendelssohn (1729–1786), German Jewish philosopher, father of Haskalah
 * Heinrich Schwabe (1789–1875), astronomer and botanist, worked on sunspots
 * Karl Adolph von Basedow (1799–1854), a German physician
 * Max Müller (1823–1900), philologist and Orientalist
 * Franz Woepcke (1826–1864), an historian, Orientalist and mathematician
 * Friedrich Preisigke (1856–1924), a German Egyptologist and papyrologist
 * Hugo Junkers (1859–1935), German engineer and airplane designer, constructed first airplane made from metal, founded the Junkers & Co
 * Gustav Lindau (1866–1923), mycologist and botanist
 * Johannes Winkler (1897–1947), launched the first liquid-fuelled rocket in Europe at Dessau
 * Hans von Ohain (1911–1998), physicist, designer of the first jet engine
 * Gernot Böhme (1937–2022), philosopher and author

The arts

 * Wilhelm Karl Rust (1787–1855), a German pianist
 * Friedrich von Olivier (1791–1859), a German history painter in the Romantic style
 * Wilhelm Müller (1794–1827), lyric poet, best known for the Lieder of Franz Schubert
 * Ludwig Philippson (1811–1889), writer and rabbi, founder of Allgemeine Zeitung des Judentums
 * Wilhelm Rust (1822–1892), composer, musicologist, Bach researcher and choirmaster
 * Bernhard Cossmann (1822–1910), a German cellist
 * Friedrich Grützmacher (1832–1903), cellist and composer
 * Leopold Grützmacher (1835-1900), a German cellist and composer.
 * Erna Schorlemmer (1875-1945), a German composer
 * Julius Schubring (1839–1914), classical scholar
 * Henriette Johanne Marie Müller (1841–1916), a street character identified with Hamburg
 * August Klughardt (1847–1902), composer and conductor
 * Kurt Weill (1900–1950), composer, grew up in Dessau, worked with Bertolt Brecht,
 * Gerhard Nebel (1903–1974), writer, essayist and cultural critic
 * Ursula Herking (1912–1974), actress and cabaret artist
 * Anne-Marie Lauenstein (1923–2010), first German war bride to emigrate to the US in 1946
 * Herbert Tobias (1924–1982), fashion photographer
 * Horst Bollmann (1925–2014), a German film and television actor
 * Gerhard Stolze (1926–1979), a German operatic tenor
 * Karl-Heinz Kämmerling (1930–2012), professor of piano
 * Brigitte Grothum (born 1935), a German film actress
 * Dieter Hallervorden (born 1935), comedian, cabaret artist and singer, hon. citizen of Dessau
 * Imi Knoebel (born 1940), a German artist of minimalist, abstract painting and sculpture
 * Emil Schult (born 1946), painter, poet and musician
 * Thomas Kretschmann (born 1962), actor
 * Annette Schlünz (born 1964), a German musician and composer
 * Michael Flade (born 1975), German composer of electronic music

Sports

 * Ameli Koloska (born 1944), javelin thrower, competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics
 * Danny Fuchs (born 1976), retired Bundesliga football player
 * Carsten Rump (born 1981), a retired German footballer with 436 club caps

title: Dessau