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Talk:Action potential

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Messy article
The article is extremely confusing, there is a lot of material and definitions which are, however, poorly organized. A lot of repetitions and the flow of argument is completely absent. I'll see what i can do.

It is incredible that it is a FEATURED ARTICLE with so many problemsRvfrolov (talk) 18:32, 2 January 2009 (UTC) 2 January 2009

Reorganizing the field of MEMBRANE POTENTIALS
There are three articles now which discuss very much the same things with numerous repetitions and description of the same material in different terms. As it was already suggested by Methoxyroxy 12:37, 2 November 2006 (UTC), it needs a really big clean-up and optimization. There is a lot of confusion there so I will do this albeit not at once. I will move different parts between these three articles, edit and unify their style etc. At later stage I will need someone who is native English speaker to do spellcheck.Rvfrolov (talk) 20:52, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Resting potential
 * Membrane potential
 * Action potential
 * I have replied at Talk:Membrane potential. Looie496 (talk) 22:01, 2 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Hi Rvfrolov. The problem is that explaining an action potential, without first describing what the 'mV' part of membrane potential is, can lead to a whole lot of problems down the road. I'm all for reorganizing it, just very carefully Paskari (talk) 15:41, 24 June 2009 (UTC)

Propagation is not key to action potentials. Simplify.
The current version of the article mixes action potentials with propagation of potentials creating excessive complexity and inaccuracies.

Potential propagation is not a required property of an action potential. Most textbooks first define the action potential in an isopotential cell. In Hodkin and Huxley's experiments, for example, a wire was strung along a squid giant axon to shunt axial currents effectively producing an isopotential membrane compartment. With this preparation, current-clamp experiments still produce action potentials along the entire fiber, without a "wave of electrochemical activity." Neither does a cell need to carry APs over a distance to make use of action potentials (e.g. electrocyte action potentials in electric fish, and many other cell types produce action potentials for other reasons than long-distance signaling).

The current definition is also missing a key defining component: the key role of voltage-sensitive conductances.

Propagating action potentials may be more consistently described as a continuous succession of local action potentials triggering action potentials in the adjacent sections. This distinction would help avoid some of the current inaccuracies in the article.

For example, the current article describes saltatory conduction as follows "Since the axon is insulated, the action potential can travel through it without significant signal decay." In reality, myelinated stretches of axons do not produce action potentials and the action potential does not "travel through it." It would be more accurate to state that depolarization from an action potential at one node propagates passively to the next node and triggers an action potential at the next node. The signal may decay significantly between nodes and still trigger an action potential at the next node. The same section seems to imply that the action potential must be generated at the synapse for the release of neurotransmitter, which is also inaccurate. Any depolarization of sufficient magnitude (passive or active) will have a similar effect.

In summary, to make the article more useful, I recommend providing a complete and general definition of the action potential with minimal extraneous detail. The adjacent topics such as "Electrotonic propagation of potentials", "Neurotransmitter release", "Cable theory", "Saltatory conduction", probably belong in separate articles or sections.

Yatsenko DV (talk) 03:45, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your attention to this, and for your very thoughtful analysis. In large part, I agree with you. Your analysis of propagation seems to me to be correct. I have felt for some time that the lead section of the page is too long and rambling, and should be shortened, and I think it would be an improvement to simplify it per WP:LEAD and per your comments. I also think errors in the explanation of action potentials, of the sort you identified, should be corrected as they come up throughout the text. However, I'm not so sure about splitting off separate articles. The topics you list are not all sections in the current page, and the sections related to these topics do begin with main article links already, and it is appropriate to discuss each of those topics in this page (with the possible exception that discussion of the passive propagation of subthreshold graded potentials should be limited to their relevance to action potentials). Therefore, I would tend to favor simplifying the lead, and correcting errors elsewhere, but not necessarily splitting off any new pages or merging material here to other existing pages. --Tryptofish (talk) 15:44, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty much in line with that response. On one side, this article has become much too large and disorganized, probably because of the lack of anybody actively maintaining it.  So simplifying the article would be a good thing.  On the other side, propagation is probably the reason why action potentials exist, so omitting any discussion of it at all would be bad.  Neurotransmitter release, however, might not belong here beyond a brief sentence or two to explain what happens when an action potential arrives. Looie496 (talk) 21:41, 27 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Just to clarify: what both I and Yatsenko agree is that propagation of the action potential, in the sense of an intact action potential just traveling along, is presented misleadingly. On the other hand, propagation in the sense of passive propagation of a depolarization which then brings membrane potential to threshold, activating voltage-sensitive ion channels and regenerating an action potential, is correct, and nobody wants to omit that. (Did that clarify, or make it worse? (smile)) --Tryptofish (talk) 21:51, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Propagation is not a necessary feature of an action potential and should be relegated to a later section.  Otherwise the definition is simply incorrect because it would not apply to the phenomenon that was described by Hodgkin and Huxley. Action potentials can be and are produced without propagation in many experimental preparations. Voltage-gated channels (active conductances) are a required part of an action potential and should be included in the primary definition.  I would first define the action potential in the case of an isopotential compartment.   Dimitri Yatsenko 00:58, 28 July 2009 (UTC)
 * Although the lead is now more accurate, it is way too long and too technical for a general readership. We need to look at ways to make the wording less technical, and to move parts of the lead into other parts of the page. --Tryptofish (talk) 19:02, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

"Nerve spikes"?
I am removing "nerve spikes" from the first sentence.

I do not believe that the term "nerve spike" could be generally applied to all action potentials. Action potentials are transient membrane voltage events in individual cells or their compartments. They happen in many cell types. Nerves are bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system (no nerves in the brain or spinal cord). Thus "nerve spikes" are but one specific manifestation of action potentials. The same could be said about MUAPs (motor unit action potentials), for example. This does not make them synonymous with action potentials. Dimitri Yatsenko 01:25, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I don't have much of an objection to removing the mention of spikes, which is a bit colloquial. However, I reverted your deletion of "nerve impulse." I did that because, first, it is a widely-used synonym (even though not all action potentials are in neurons), and secondly, because nerve impulse is an existing redirect to this page, and therefore the phrase needs to be bolded in the lead sentence. --Tryptofish (talk) 19:00, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I have not seen the term "nerve spike" or "nerve impulse" used as a general synonym for action potentials in any modern scientific literature. An axon is not a nerve. Neurons are sometimes called nerve cells in less technical usage, but this is inaccurate and would not pass in a scientific paper.  So I am conflicted between being precise or catering to general nontechnical usage of terms.  I think we should strive to be technically accurate and, in so doing, influence the popular understanding of these natural phenomena. Dimitri Yatsenko 19:23, 28 July 2009 (UTC)
 * I wasn't disagreeing with you about spikes. Impulse is used widely in English. Besides: WP:R and number 7 of WP:NOTGUIDE. --Tryptofish (talk) 19:32, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

 * What if we separate the article for "nerve spike" and "nerve impulse" and explain that it is but one special case of action potential that is recorded from nerves in the PNS? Dimitri Yatsenko 19:31, 28 July 2009 (UTC)
 * No, not needed, and WP:CFORK. --Tryptofish (talk) 19:34, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

 * I defined "spikes" and "impulses" in separate sentences in the first section. What do you think? Dimitri Yatsenko 20:36, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

"Depolarization increases sodium current"?
The current wording in the second paragraph states that depolarization "increases both the inward sodium current (depolarization) and the balancing outward potassium current (repolarization/hyperpolarization)". I question the accuracy of that statement.

As the membrane depolarizes, the membrane potential moves toward the reversal potential for sodium. This reduces the electrochemical driving force for sodium. Unless the sodium conductance increases by a greater factor to compensate, the sodium current will decrease, not increase. So the statement is not generally accurate. I propose rewording it to state that both conductances increase and only when the net current is negative and leads to further depolarization, a positive feedback loop is generated to precipitate the action potential. Dimitri Yatsenko 21:07, 28 July 2009 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yatsenko DV (talk • contribs)
 * Sorry to disagree, but the present text you quoted is accurate, and the changes you propose are way too technical for this project. --Tryptofish (talk) 21:35, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

 * Fair enough. I agree that this simplification is accurate for relevant time scales, membrane potential ranges, and channel types. Dimitri Yatsenko 22:05, 28 July 2009 (UTC)  —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yatsenko DV (talk • contribs)
 * Thank you for understanding. A lot of this is just a matter that we (Wikipedia) are writing for a general audience, and that puts limits on how technical or scholarly we can get. --Tryptofish (talk) 22:56, 28 July 2009 (UTC)

Simplification
In the "Quantitative models" section there are many references to things being simple or a simplification. While this section does have many references attached to it, there is no mention in the article of what these things are simpler than. That is, why are these things simple, and compared to what, and what would be more complex.
 * Reply to unsigned comment: What it means is that mathematical equations do not capture all the complexity of a living cell. I've tried to make it a little clearer, but I'm not sure whether there is any way of saying it better. --Tryptofish (talk) 23:25, 3 September 2009 (UTC)

Refractory Period Section Poorly written
The refractory period section seems like it was copy pasted from a text book which was written by a high school teach held at gun point. Perhaps we should consider updating it Paskari (talk) 23:30, 6 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I've taken a shot at rewriting it. Cellular stuff is not really my strength, so if I got anything wrong, I hope somebody will correct it. Looie496 (talk) 00:10, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm just about to sign off, but I'll take a look at it tomorrow. --Tryptofish (talk) 00:14, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * That is much better, great job. Paskari (talk) 11:02, 7 October 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, much better, thanks. I tweaked it a little further, not much. --Tryptofish (talk) 18:34, 7 October 2009 (UTC)

Concerning the lead
I've just attempted a pretty major rewrite of the lead, which I hope won't offend anybody. I thought the existing version was too hard for readers to understand -- it also contained a couple of minor errors. I also added a paragraph about the distinction between sodium and calcium spikes, which seems to me to be a very important point. Regards, Looie496 (talk) 20:08, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

 * I note that the lead from the last FAR was moved some time ago to the overview section. If this persists, we should justify the need for both a lead and overview section, and ensure that they are not redundant to each other. Geometry guy 20:39, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The Overview section needs revision too, but it seemed to me that these changes to the lead were sufficiently "bold" that it would be better not to pile other changes on top of them before discussion. Looie496 (talk) 20:48, 23 February 2010 (UTC)

Reference removed: Alphascript Publishing
I have removed a reference from the lede that was to:

Alphascript Publishing republished Wikipedia content. And the book in question republishes this article. The cover of the book can be seen [ http://www.amazon.com/Cardiac-action-potential-Frederic-Miller/dp/6130098685/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1267362547&sr=1-1 on Amazon]. This article is named on the front cover. (The format for Alphascript books is to list the WP articles contained therein on the front cover as part of the name.)

The person who owns the book can verify that this is republished Wikipedia content by looking at the copyright information inside the book itself. -- RA (talk) 13:16, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * The other danger is Alphascript also publishes academics' thesis if they convince them to sign their terms. Was the source republishing of wiki article or a thesis. So always double check before removing any references about whether they are wikipedia article or a thesis. Generally a quick way to check is searching product description in wikipedia. Kasaalan (talk) 13:29, 28 February 2010 (UTC)
 * It is VDM that also publishes academics' thesis if they convince them to sign their terms. All alphascript titles are wikipedia articles. My mistake. Kasaalan (talk) 19:14, 5 March 2010 (UTC)
 * Note: I have edited the previous comment, because it was added by altering the comment above it in a way that made this section impossible to understand without going back through the history.  I hope that my revision has not changed the message. Looie496 (talk) 19:26, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

Ions and the forces driving their motion
''The region with high concentration will diffuse out toward the region with low concentration. To extend the example, let solution A have 30 sodium ions and 30 chloride ions. Also, let solution B have only 20 sodium ions and 20 chloride ions. Assuming the barrier allows both types of ions to travel through it, then a steady state will be reached whereby both solutions have 25 sodium ions and 25 chloride ions. If, however, the porous barrier is selective to which ions are let through, then diffusion alone will not determine the resulting solution. Returning to the previous example, let's now construct a barrier that is permeable only to sodium ions. Since solution B has a lower concentration of both sodium and chloride, the barrier will attract both ions from solution A.''

There is not a single citation about osmosis. Osmosis tells us exactly the contrary. Facts tells us the same thing as osmosis: The cited diffusion doesn't occur. The concentrations may be equilibrated by water movement and membrane is permeable to water through aquaporins or directly. Somasimple (talk) 05:28, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

Secondly,

If solution A is electroneutral THEN 30n+30p=0 (where n stands for negative and p for positive). If solution B is also electroneutral THEN 25n+25p=0. Considering an action from a compartment onto another one orders to consider all positive and negative charges that exist in the compartments.

So, there is NO electric flux OR electric field BECAUSE EACH compartment is neutral at start. Saying a compartment is neutral is saying that it can't exert any electric "thing" at all.

Conclusion: You can't get something that is the result of k(25p/30p) or k(30p/25p). That is mathematically and physically incorrect because you arbitrarily remove the negative charges without any scientific explanation. Somasimple (talk) 09:27, 3 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Can you fix it, or should that part be removed? Looie496 (talk) 00:52, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Are you asking me to change the way how biology is taught ? This page remains for historical reason (Nobel prizes) but its contents is far from actual and accepted knowledge in Biochemistry for example. If the goal of wikipedia is to promote science then you must re-write the page but it will against the Biology community.Somasimple (talk) 06:10, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Wikipedia articles are written by people like you and me. If you see errors in an article, and can back up the claim that they are errors by referring to reputable scientific publications, then you should feel free to rewrite the section in a way that makes it more correct.  In this case, if you don't fix it, it's likely that nobody else who reads this will be able to.  I certainly can't.  Regards, Looie496 (talk) 17:04, 4 June 2010 (UTC)

 * This is my area of expertise more than it is Looie's, so I think I can help here. I think the page is correct about this, as it is written. There are several errors in what Somasimple has said here. First, this is not an osmotic phenomenon, in that we are not dealing with H2O molecules moving along with the ions. Second, there are two factors driving ionic movement: electroneutrality or like-charge repulsion, as mentioned, but also entropy. Entropy will cause, in the quoted example, the ions to move from A to B. When they do, electroneutrality will be achieved when there are 25 plus 25 in A, and 25 plus 25 also in B. --Tryptofish (talk) 18:23, 4 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Several errors? Did I say it was an osmotic phenomenon? No! I just said there was NOT a single citation about it. Osmosis exists whenever there is a concentration change, just whenever! THEN OSMOSIS EXISTS WHENEVER SOME IONS MOVE. There must be some osmosis because it's a reverse diffusion.
 * If you put a cell (neuron is a cell) in an hypotonic solution, osmosis happens and the cell expands because the internal concentration decreases by water flux. It is a fact. This fact creates an error in "your" silent diffusion that occurs in the other direction.
 * I like, again, your "entropic electroneutrality". It is the first time I heard/read that a charge vanishes by entropy. A citation, a reference?
 * In our example, it was clear (at least for me) that the membrane was semipermeable thus the result is not the one you gave. "Returning to the previous example, let's now construct a barrier that is permeable only to sodium ions. Since solution B has a lower concentration of both sodium and chloride, the barrier will attract both ions from solution A."
 * The difference remains because negative ions remain in one side. It creates the membrane potential but you're right, it raises another big problem. You have now, a side that is negative and another that is positive and diffusion will have some problem to be achieved ;-( Somasimple (talk) 05:19, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I never said that entropy makes a charge disappear. I said that it can make it move. The reason that excitable cells do not shrink or swell due to hyper- or hypo-tonicity is that the ions that move across the membrane represent a very small fraction of all of the ions that are present (in real cells, though not in the example). You also might want to familiarize yourself with the Nernst equation. --Tryptofish (talk) 14:24, 5 June 2010 (UTC)
 * You do not reply at all. Where do the negative charge move in our example (the membrane is only permeable to Sodium)? Somasimple (talk) 10:14, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
 * If the membrane is permeable only to sodium cations, then anions do not cross the membrane at all. Consequently, there is a separation of charge, giving rise to a transmembrane voltage difference. --Tryptofish (talk) 15:17, 6 June 2010 (UTC)
 * If it was so simple. As you know, at molecular level (the level we are speaking of), distances are of importance. The electrochemical force you created comes between 2 compartments separated by a membrane which thickness is known as 5 to 7 nm. It means that anions and cations must be separated, in all compartments, by a distance that is always superior to the membrane thickness. If the distance is lower in any compartment then you have an "entropic" problem (in fact I call it a simple Coulomb force): anions or cations can't be attracted by the other side since the strength of the force coming from the other side is not sufficient. This limits the process to concentrations < to 5 mmol... Far from the concentrations that exists in cells. I think you might NOT consider the Nernst equation because it will give you some headaches with charge density and Conservation of Energy. Somasimple (talk) 05:32, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Somasimple, consider a parallel-plate capacitor, which is how the cell membrane is represented in the Hodgkin-Huxley model. Note that the capacitance C is proportional to the area of the charged plates divided by their separation. For a membrane thickness of about 5nm, you still have a significantly large area in which the ions are able to arrange themselves (even an impossible miniscule cell with a central body length only ten times the width of the membrane will have a "plate" area 100 times larger). The point is that capacitance will be very large, such that even if 5nm were a very large distance for Coulomb attraction (which it very much is not), it won't matter because there are so many ions able to line up along the membrane, just like in an ordinary circuit-board capacitor. And from there, depolarization occurs when you suddenly open the ion gates and sodium floods in, etc etc etc. SamuelRiv (talk) 17:21, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I'm considering effectively a capacitor and you do not consider the distances that effectively exist between the ions in presence (here is link to physics principles). Even if the surface is enlarged then you decreases the charge density and it matters for capacitance : the less charge density you have the less tension you'll get. In our case ions can't be attracted from the other side: TOO FAR! --Somasimple (talk) 06:04, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

passive movements of positive ions?
The inward movement of sodium ions and the outward movement of potassium ions are passive

Let's describe all the events that happen simultaneously:

1/ Sodium movement balanced with chloride

sodium is inward and Na ions stick to the internal membrane, chloride ions stay out, and balance the Na charge, across the external membrane

2/ Potassium movement balanced with chloride

potassium is outward and K ions stick to the external membrane, chloride ions stay in, and balance the K charge, across the internal membrane

Now let's see what happens on each side:

1/ Internal side:

sodium is inward and Na ions stick to the internal membrane, chloride ions stay in, and balance the K charge, across the internal membrane

2/ External side

chloride ions stay out, and balance the Na charge, across the external membrane, potassium is outward and K ions stick to the external membrane

Result: '''a membrane voltage that is... quite null.'''

Osmosis: Since there are concentrations changes there is water flux through aquaporins:

1/ from int to ext for sodium

2/ from ext to int for potassium

Result : How is it possible to make a bidirectional and simultaneous water movement in aquaporins? Somasimple (talk) 05:57, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Sorry, but you misunderstand. Ion channels are not aquaporins, and they are not permeable to water molecules. In vertebrate animals, aquaporins are mainly expressed in the kidneys, and there is relatively little water transport during an action potential. Ion channels are selectively permeable to ions, so chloride does not move together with cations; also there is a differential distribution across the membrane of impermeable anions. The reason there is a membrane potential at all, is that there is a separation of charge. If you continue to disagree about all of this, please cite sources. --Tryptofish (talk) 14:21, 5 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Ions channels are not permeable to water molecules? Really? Molecular dynamics of the KcsA K(+) channel in a bilayer membrane Somasimple (talk) 10:22, 7 June 2010 (UTC)

Myelin and saltatory conduction
About this section Myelin and saltatory conduction It is said: The first assertion is false since every axon is covered by myelin; compact or not, leaving no room (<20 nm) around the axon. See the excellent book, page 128 [ http://www.amazon.com/Neurocytology-Structure-Neurons-Processes-Neuroglial/dp/313781801X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1276061846&sr=1-1 Neurocytology: Fine Structure of Neurons, Nerve Processes and Neuroglial Cells]
 * 1) "The evolutionary need for the fast and efficient transduction of electrical signals in nervous system resulted in appearance of myelin sheaths around neuronal axons."
 * 2) "Myelin prevents ions from entering or leaving the axon along myelinated segments."

The second becomes, in that case, not true since it assumes that unmyelinated axons are bare. --Somasimple (talk) 05:43, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, this topic I do know about. Myelin appears only in vertebrates (although some other groups have similar substances), and even in vertebrates only a subset of axons are myelin-coated.  I don't have that specific book on hand, but every basic neuroscience book covers this point very thoroughly. Looie496 (talk) 06:44, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Here is a link to the book Ennio Pannese Google book There are citations on page 119 and following ones about evolutionary aspects. On page 128, if vertebrates have always axons that are insulated, how do they function since the ions exchanges can't happen? --Somasimple (talk) 07:28, 9 June 2010 (UTC)
 * From this one The Biology of Schwann Cells The Biology of Schwann Cells: Development, Differentiation and Immunomodulation Edited by Patricia Armati: "All neurons in the PNS are in intimate physical contact with Schwann and satellite cells, regardless of whether they are myelinated or unmyelinated, sensory or autonomic. All axons of the peripheral nerves are ensheathed by rows of Schwann cells, in the form of either one Schwann cell to each axonal length, or in Remak bundles, formed when an individual Schwann cell envelopes lengths of multiple unmyelinated axons (Figures 1.2, 1.3 and 1.4b). There is now a large body of evidence that defines a multitude of Schwann cell functions that are not related to myelination (Lemke 2001). This uncoupling of myelin-associated functions from other Schwann cell roles emphasises the essentially symbiotic relationship between nerve cells and Schwann cells, where each is dependent on the other for normal development, function and maintenance." Here is the link to the excerpt --Somasimple (talk) 10:07, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

 * You raised a lot of points that need to be addressed so I'll try to hit them all, in no particular order. I must have missed your quotes above (#1 & #2) in the original wikipedia article as number 2 is incorrect (it's mostly due to capacitance changes, there would have been other ways of just removing channels from the membrane to minimize ionic current...but then there's still all that capacitative loss with no regenerative ionic current). Regarding number 1, this is true, though as mentioned in the book to which you linked other organisms have attained similar sorts of results in other ways (e.g. the squid giant axon). I should note that being in intimate contact and being ensheathed are VERY different (and really when we say myelinated what's meant is compact ensheathment, which is somewhat different still). Regarding ion movement, see the discussion of the Node of Ranvier. I don't work on invertabrates, so I don't know how they deal with such things, presumably there's either enough space (This is the case for skeletal muscle, where the fibers are packed like sardines but there's still enough space for things to work. There are some computational modeling studies of these sorts of things on pubmed.) or there are random holes/gaps similar to nodes of Ranvier. The important points from that is that the picture of unensheathed axons in a swimming pool of ions of constant concentration isn't really correct (but normally a close enough approximation) and Schwann cells aren't a one-hit wonder. --Dpryan (talk) 20:56, 10 June 2010 (UTC)
 * From the excerpt: "In a mixed peripheral nerve unmyelinated fibres outnumber myelinated fibres by a ratio of three or four to one (Jacobs and Love 1985). For example, a transverse section of a human sural nerve contains approximately 8000 myelinated fibres per mm2, whereas the unmyelinated axons number 30 000 per mm2". I think that the approximation you made about the pool is quite far from the reality of anatomy? The constant concentration is perhaps not achieved at all! --Somasimple (talk) 06:28, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

 * For comparison, a t-tubule is often 20-40nm in diameter and even then the ion concentrations don't change that much (you'll get a plateau after a few stimulations in a prolonged train, and the change will only be a few mM). You really don't need a lot of ions to move for an AP to occur, otherwise we would have very different anatomy! So, as I said, the approximation usually works for non-extreme cases (a square mm is a fair bit of space). --Dpryan (talk) 17:43, 11 June 2010 (UTC)
 * I TOTALLY agree with you. Saying that concentrations remain unchanged may be reformulated that way; Only, a tiny fraction, acts and creates all the effects. It may be refined in another way; The unchanged big portion isn't involved in any manner in the process. --Somasimple (talk) 05:18, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

Myelin and cable theory
In this article [Cable Theory] the conduction velocity depends greatly of the time constant that is result of τm=Cm*Rm

It is said that myelin decreases the membrance capacitance. That's seems OK but what happens to the membrane resistance in case of myelinization?

Computation of the the time constant with reasonable values leads to an increase of the time constant:

You may see a discussion about this problem.--Somasimple (talk) 10:55, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

 * The discussion you linked to sets it clearly: membrane capacitance decreases while membrane resistance increases, so there is no charge dispersed through the membrane. Think of a capacitor - the plates have their charged particles line up on each end which drops the voltage through the circuit, so to maximize voltage propagation we need to maximize the time constant *across the membrane* and minimize the time constant *through the axon*. That's probably where your confusion lies - you need variables for each direction. Each node can change direction of propagation by depolarizing sequentially, with the potential difference propagating along a straight line each time. SamuelRiv (talk) 23:06, 13 June 2010 (UTC)
 * Vey!!! My confusion comes from the [ http://www.amazon.com/Biophysics-Computation-Information-Computational-Neuroscience/dp/0195181999 book of Koch]. pages 10 and 167. The text is clearly speaking of the τm=Cm*Rm, nothing else. BTW, your comment contradicts the comments below (next section) where internal current becomes negligible... --Somasimple (talk) 05:15, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Okay, I might have gotten confused, but here's what I was saying before (hopefully clearer): there are two R-C-I's here: one for the current between the inside of the axon and the salt medium outside the cell (across the membrane), and the other through the axon from one node to the next. In the first case (across the cell membrane), R is big, C is small, and I is minimal. In the second case (through the axon between nodes), R is small, C is big-to-infinite (as a wire), and I is V/R from the depolarization. Note that charge carriers do not actually flow with appreciable speed through the axon, the same as in electric conductivity through a wire where electrons flow at about 0.1mm/s - rather, the current propagates as a potential difference from one node to the next (as a big capacitor with the dielectric having conductive properties in the cations that I don't know of and should look up). SamuelRiv (talk) 08:20, 14 June 2010 (UTC)
 * That's NOT OK at all: Please give a reference about this second internal capacity. How is it connected with the internal R? In parallel or serial?. Here is mine; Koch circuit Secondly, if you exchange electrons then you have an electric current that travels at light-speed even if the electrons themselves don't (Electric circuit). The internal resistance is BTW higher than you tell us... --Somasimple (talk) 10:11, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * In the Koch pdf (I have the same book btw, though in a box somewhere), there are two separable circuits. One is bracketed and labeled "node", while the other lies over the internode and none of the circuit elements are labeled. The first one represents the membrane potential between the inside of the axon and the outside cations, while the other models the internal resistance through the myelinated portion of the axon between nodes. Those are what I was referring to before as "two separate R-C-I's", the first being across the membrane and the second being through the axon. Yes, the current does effectively travel at light-speed as it simply is electric polarization between two points, same as a metal wire (which I used as an example to illustrate that electrons move extremely slowly compared to light-speed current). Another illustration similar to Koch is in this review (section: Active properties of nerve fibers) where Ra is the resistance of the "wire" that is the myelinated internode portion of the axon. So I think we're just mixed up here - it's the difference between resistance through the metal wire and the resistance of the rubber insulation - membrane resistance increases with myelination allowing effective axon "wire" resistance to decrease. SamuelRiv (talk) 16:48, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Are you saying that Sodium current intake (physical displacement) is followed by an electronic exchange (No displacement) with the next node? If so, then you have some problems: 1/ The next node becomes positive with this exchange and the sodium intake at this site will do not happen. 2/ The electric current you create with this electronic exchange has not the good direction. 3/ If an electronic exchange exists, when does it start and when/where does it stop? 4/ The worst problem remains the law of the least resistance. An electric current flows following mostly the least resistance and because AP uses only a very tiny quantity of ions in presence then there is not enough current that flows to the next node triggering another AP. --Somasimple (talk) 05:04, 15 June 2010 (UTC)

This talk page is for improving the article, only.
--Tryptofish (talk) 19:21, 11 June 2010 (UTC)

Everyone know this limitation. Does that mean that errors must NOT be discussed and thus articles, NOT improved?

I brought in the previous section a computation that contradicts the notion of velocity improvement by capacitance reduction of myelin. You get any rigth to bring another computation that tells something else or you MUST accept the fact that article formulation is wrong even if it contradicts your actual conviction. Here is a quote at the bottom of the edition page "Encyclopedic content must be verifiable." That seems clear. --Somasimple (talk) 05:06, 12 June 2010 (UTC)
 * The point of the comment above is that the article needs to follow the published literature as directly as possible. If you make objections without pointing to reputable major-league publications that make those objections, it isn't useful.  In this case I believe the reason you won't find major publications making this objection is that the assumptions underlying cable theory don't apply to myelinated axons, because the conductance at the nodes is so dominant. Looie496 (talk) 17:45, 12 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I don't understand what you said Looie. Among many other things (like modeling bifurcation and propagation in unmyelinated dendrites), cable theory is used to represent nontrivial capacitance structure which changes the threshold current from the usual "spherical cow" capacitance model in, for example, the original Hodgkin-Huxley. No insulation is perfect, especially not myelin, so I don't see how one can argue that myelination would make such corrections in threshold current inapplicable, but maybe it's because I do theory? SamuelRiv (talk) 18:17, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Let me try again. Cable theory says that signal propagation is determined by two key parameters, the time constant and the length constant.  But in a myelinated axon, the distance between nodes is a small fraction of the length constant, which means that the assumptions of cable theory don't apply and therefore the cable theory time constant is irrelevant.  The fraction of current that flows through the myelin is too small to matter; it is dominated by the current that flows across the membrane at the nodes.  At least that's my understanding. Looie496 (talk) 19:04, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

 * I didn't read the full conversation beforehand. I hope I cleared up confusion for OP in my response in the previous section. Now, I'm not sure how general a term Cable theory is, but I would suspect it's applicable everywhere, though in the axon once the proper approximations are made I'm sure you get to ignore most of it as you say above. I was thinking about it in terms of other areas, so yeah, you're right. SamuelRiv (talk) 23:09, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

 * Thanks Looie for this explanation.

 * Since an axon is a 3 dimensional thing (a cylinder,)

 * Since electrical propagation is omni-directional,

 * Since the external milieu has a lower resistance than the axolemna

 * Since the electric law of the least resistance implies and orders a shorter circuit (any node of every axon that is closer than the next node of the active one). Remember that axons do not travel alone but packed in nerves.

 * Then, there is NOT a chance that the current flows to the following node. It is to far. Here you try to limit the theory to a longitudinal propagation where Electricity has not this limitation. --Somasimple (talk) 05:31, 14 June 2010 (UTC)

Potentially confusing statement
From the Peak and Falling Phase" section:

''However, the same raised voltage that opened the sodium channels initially also slowly shuts them off, by closing their pores; the sodium channels become inactivated. This lowers the membrane's permeability to sodium, driving the membrane voltage back down.''

How? If some sodium is still flowing into the cell, the membrane voltage would continue to go up. Wouldn't it be the rate of increase that goes down?... And if the sodium flow is blocked completely, then how does this change the voltage at all? If the only thing driving down the voltage is the potassium outflow, then the last part of the quoted statement is misleading and needs to be fixed.

Thanks.

184.96.106.141 (talk) 04:56, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * The relationship between ion movement and voltage is not as direct as you apparently think. It is possible to have ion flow without any change in membrane potential, and it is possible to have a change in membrane potential without any ion movement.  The rules that govern membrane potential are outlined in the membrane potential article -- this is complicated stuff, though, and it might be better to consult a textbook. Looie496 (talk) 06:37, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Agreed, it's a complicated subject and perhaps there is a critical concept I have yet to understand. But just for the record, if you got the impression that I was equating sodium flow with membrane potential, that's incorrect. I was only talking about sodium flow's individual contribution to membrane potential. Thanks for your input though. I'll check that link out. 184.96.106.141 (talk) 22:10, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

 * 184, I think you raise a valid point. The problem is with the imprecise "up/down" language, and I'll fix it on the page. As Looie said, the information is correct, but I have to admit that it is worded less helpfully than it could have been. Thanks! --Tryptofish (talk) 20:14, 12 January 2011 (UTC)

Starting work
Let me leave a note that I'm going to try to do some serious work on this article. The main thing I've done so far is to move a bunch of material to the membrane potential article, so that this article doesn't repeat a lot of stuff that more properly belongs there. It needs instead to have a detailed discussion of voltage-gated ion channels and their effects on membrane potential. Looie496 (talk) 19:17, 14 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Hey everyone! I did a lot of writing on this article in the distant past - half a dozen years ago or so, and kind of moved on to other things.  I'm happy to see all that has been done to it since then!  The article is much improved in many ways.  I was kind of astonished when I scanned the history to see just how many changes have been made and how many people have made contributions.  Having said that, having skimmed through the present article, I feel like there is still room for improvement, which seems kind of hard to believe, given how many people have toiled over this for the past few years.  I'm a little hesitant to jump back in.  One of the reasons I hesitate is that don't really want to 'undo' any of the great things that have been done, but there is so much history, I can't take it all in.  I've not re-read the whole article in detail yet, and of course I would do that before I proposed any changes.  But the introduction, in particular seems  kind of muddy to me.  I feel like a naive reader could get through the first couple of paragraphs and still not have any idea of what an action potential is.  There are also things in the intro paragraphs that are basically inaccurate.  The trouble is that the 'inaccuracies' are more in the technical detail rather than in concept.  This may be appropriate for the intro paragraphs.  For example, the intro talks about how the membrane potential "rises" during the action potential, when really, during most of the "rising phase" of the AP, the membrane potential is approaching zero. It is more accurate to say that the membrane is 'depolarizing', although even this only describes it's relationship to membrane potential up until the rising phase crossed 0 volts (after which it's then polarizing again, but in the opposite polarity).  In the sense that during the rising phase of the action potential, the membrane potential is moving in a positive direction, it could be said to be 'rising'.  So it's not wrong, it just seems....muddy.

 * In the second paragraph, it says: "(ion channels) rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases to a precisely defined threshold value." This is just wrong.    The threshold does not determine when ion channels open.  It's the other way around.  The probability that a channel will be open as the membrane potential changes, determines, in part, the threshold for the action potential.  The relationship between membrane potential and channel open probability is a smooth curve without threshold.  What really determines the threshold of the action potential is the balance between sodium and potassium current.  At the membrane potential where the sodium current exceeds the potassium current, depolarization of the membrane becomes regenerative (i.e the AP threshold is the membrane potential where INa > IK).  The state of the channels determines the threshold, not the other way around.  Even to say that the threshold is "precisely defined" is wrong, at least in the sense that the membrane potential value of threshold is precisely defined.  The membrane potential value of threshold changes all the time, depending on the recent history of the membrane potential (e.g. the refractory period is basically a change in AP threshold).  The threshold *IS* precisely defined in terms of it being at the precise membrane potential where INa exceeds IK.  I had a fairly detailed explanation of this is a long-ago version of this article, but it's been long-since removed.  I presume the reason that it got taken out was that it was too technical.  I appreciate that the article needs to be readable by a large audience and thus probably shouldn't get too technical, but does it have to be dumbed down to the point where it's not correct?   Do you think there might be a way to have it be both understandable and correct?

Synaptidude (talk) 07:57, 23 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Well, there's huge room for improvement, no doubt about it, and I hope you will feel free to work on the article. I'm not keen on using "depolarize" in place of "rise".  Success for this article means getting the reader to have a visual image of what happens during an action potential, and the word "rise" is a lot more visually evocative than "depolarize".  Regards, Looie496 (talk) 14:48, 23 October 2011 (UTC)
 * A lot of us, myself included, would like to make the lead more accessible to the general reader, but also find the task a bit daunting. As for threshold, it's true that it's the threshold for the action potential itself, rather than of the ion channels, but nonetheless voltage-sensitive ion channels have precise voltages at which they start to open (and below which they do not open), and those "thresholds" generate the threshold of the action potential. --Tryptofish (talk) 19:49, 24 October 2011 (UTC)

So I would, maybe not so much as dispute that, but modify it a bit. I find it more useful to think of the relationship between voltage and channel opening in terms of probability. The actual functions that describe this relationship are exponentials or sums of exponentials, so they don't really have a distinct 'starting point'. Rather, they asymptote as they approach zero probability. So no, they really don't have a threshold or a precise voltage where they open. They have a precise probability for being open at a given voltage - and that's different because it's a smooth function without threshold. Even a voltage-gated sodium channel will open every now and aqain, even at a very hyperpolarized potential. As for the threshold of the action potential, it is determined only indirectly by the voltage-dependence of sodium channel opening. The single proximate basis of the AP threshold is the voltage where the sodium current becomes larger than the potassium current. This is, of course, influenced by how many sodium channels are open, but you can't ascribe the threshold solely to Na because it also depends on K.  If you made a whole-cell current/voltage plot, you could pick out the threshold precisely as the voltage where the slope of the plot becomes negative. I tried to describe threshold this way (with a diagram) in an earlier version of this article, but it was clearly too technical for people's taste. Synaptidude (talk) 01:24, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

...and just in case this horse is still breathing, even though precise, the probability function that describes the relationship between channel opening and voltage is not fixed. It depends on other things, such as the inactivation state of the channel. In the extreme case (and in a population of channels, since a single channel behaves stocastically) the probability of a channel in a population opening can be zero at all potentials, if they are all inactivated. So the probability that sodium channels will open at a given voltage depends on the history of the voltage, how long it's been since the voltage changed, etc. So basically, if you want to be accurate, you can't even say that the action potential threshold happens at a precise voltage, because that threshold is changing all the time because of the recent history of the membrane potential. Yes, if you hold the membrane at precisely the same potential for long enough for the channel to reach a steady state, then the threshold will be at the same place every time you test it. The only thing you can say with precision is that the action potential will fire at precisely the voltage where INa > IK - whatever the size of those currents are in a particular set of circumstances. Synaptidude (talk) 05:12, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

...and sorry, but in all my verbosity, I forgot the main point I wanted to make. Because the threshold for the action potential is at the point where INa becomes larger than Ik, the sodium current can actually grow quite large before the threshold is reached. So even if you wanted to (incorrectly ;) say that sodium channel opening has a threshold, the threshold for the action potential occurs at some votage-distance from that 'threshold'. Obviously, the larger is Ik the farther along the voltage scale, and thus the farther from the sodium channel 'threshold', is the threshold for the AP. Thus, even if there was a true threshold for sodium channel opening, it is not directly related to the action potential threshold.

Now the question is, can we find a way to accurately describe the threshold without confusing everyone. Synaptidude (talk) 05:28, 25 October 2011 (UTC)
 * As an electrophysiologist myself in real life, I partly enjoy these kinds of discussions, but for Wikipedia's purposes, we are writing for the non-specialist general public, and one can over-think these things. It's important to be accessible. Poor horse! --Tryptofish (talk) 14:20, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes. Our audience here is not neuroscience students, much less neuroscience professionals -- they have much better sources of information.  If this article is not accessible to "outsiders", it serves no purpose. Looie496 (talk) 15:02, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

 * I don't disagree with that. But one pet peeve I often have with scientific writing for the lay public, is that it in the quest to make it accessible, it is made inaccurate.  All I'm saying is that we should strive to make it both accessible AND accurate.  The stuff I wrote about above is obviously too advanced for this article.  That's why I'm having this discussion in the talk with you experts, so we can agree on the 'truth' before we agree on the presentation in the article.  What is, after all, the point of making it understandable if the understanding is wrong?  I'm sure if we put out heads together, we can figure out a wording that will be accessible and correct. Synaptidude (talk) 17:22, 25 October 2011 (UTC)
 * Good, I think we actually all agree about that. --Tryptofish (talk) 17:35, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

 * Great! Now I'm going to go back on it, just a little ;).   I just want to float an idea with you guys.  What if we just alter the wording in the intro, on the subject of threshold, just a little bit to make it accurate, and then include farther down in the article or more technical description of threshold?  I think that it could be made completely accurate and accessible kind of on a 'Scientific American' level; challenging, but not impossible.  That way, those who just want, and can grasp, the simple explanation get that right up front, and those who want more detail can get that too.   Do you think that would be consistent with the mission of WikiPedia and useful as well?  Just a thought - interested in your opinion. Synaptidude (talk) 18:01, 25 October 2011 (UTC)
 * I'm fine with that. I'm also better at taking the electronic equivalent of a red pen to something that's already written, than I am at visualizing what this will look like before a first version is written. So I'd say WP:BE BOLD and go for it with the understanding that you can't break anything, and anything you write will end up getting changed by me and others in any case. --Tryptofish (talk) 18:08, 25 October 2011 (UTC)

Reorganization of the sections, removal of repetition
I'd like to suggest a reorganization of this article to make it more readable and less repetitive. I'm prepared to do it over the next few weeks myself or with help, if there are no objections. In my eyes, there are 3 parts to this article, and most of my suggestions are for the 2nd.

1. The Lead/Overview - a lot of entries in the Talk agree this needs to be changed to be more coherent and accessible to the lay reader. I think we should make the 2nd paragraph of the lead a much shorter description, just the basic idea of what it means for an AP to be an AP (I know, harder than it sounds). The info currently in the 3rd paragraph should be later in the article - in it's place, we could put a paragraph that takes a quick introductory walk through the later sections. The Overview is okay, but I think voltage changes and threshold potential will make more sense if the explanation walks the reader through an image like Figure 1A, although one that is a little clearer. That is usually how the action potential is taught, with constant reference to a graph.

2. Current sections 2 through 6 - Here's where the article is a bit messy. How I think it could be organized:
 * Biophysical basis
 * Phases
 * Propagation
 * Termination

I think Phases should be included in the Biophysical Basis section. Besides including a lot of similar information, the phases are described using the same mechanisms that are being talked about in 'Biophysics'. And the 'Biophysics' section currently has no structure - going through mechanisms phase-by-phase would give it that. The new section would have general information up front, then subsections for each phase.

The Neurotransmission section should be removed, and its contents sorted into the other sections. First of all, neurotransmission is about the release and reception of neurotransmitters - this is related to APs and should be referred to, but that can go in the 'Termination' section and be primarily links to relevant articles. Second, a lot of what's in this section rambles about things other than neurotransmission anyway. I'm not suggesting any particular content be removed, only moved. Some of that will be clear, some not - I don't know where the bit about sensory neurons and pacemaker potentials should go, though I do agree they should be in the article.

3. The miscellaneous sections - I have no issue with their organization.

So broadly speaking, the changes are to fix the beginning of the article for the lay reader, and then reorganize the middle sections so that they walk through the AP from how it starts, to how it moves, to what it does when it gets where it's going. ~ Twodarts (talk) 02:21, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

 * Go for it! One of the things I have tried to do, in the limited work I've done on this article, is to leave most of the basic biophysics for the membrane potential article, and focus this article on the biophysics that are specifically relevant to excitability.  But if you're interested in doing major work on the article, you should feel free to do whatever seems appropriate to you.  The article is definitely full of redundancy and extraneous material at the moment, so I think you should feel free to get rid of stuff if you don't think it belongs.  Regards, Looie496 (talk) 17:29, 18 December 2011 (UTC)

Contradictory Anatomy of a neuron statements about myelin
The article states (emphasis mine):
 * "To be specific, myelin wraps multiple times around the axonal segment, forming a thick fatty layer that prevents ions from entering or escaping the axon. This insulation prevents significant signal decay as well as ensuring faster signal speed. This insulation, however, has the restriction that no channels can be present on the surface of the axon. There are, therefore, regularly spaced patches of membrane, which have no insulation. These nodes of ranvier can be considered to be 'mini axon hillocks', as their purpose is to boost the signal in order to prevent significant signal decay."

First it says that the insulation prevents signal decay. Then it says that it's the gaps in the insulation that prevent signal decay (i.e., it's not the insulation itself), which implies to me that the insulation may even contribute to the decay (or why else would there be signal boosters needed?). Could someone do a bit of rewrite to clarify the intended meaning here? DMacks (talk) 06:19, 12 January 2012 (UTC)

All-or-none is analog?
From what I understand, all-or-none signals should be digital. Unless I'm missing something here.--Miracleman123 (talk) 06:58, 4 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I don't think either "digital" or "analog" encompasses the full truth. The amplitude is essentially all-or-none, but the waveform is smooth and the timing is not discretized. Looie496 (talk) 16:10, 4 July 2012 (UTC)
 * This question has come up before, and I wonder whether we should simply delete the description as "analog" (in other words, say nothing, neither analog nor digital). As Looie correctly says, action potentials are continuous variations in the value of the membrane potential, and therefore, their waveform shapes are analog, rather than digital bits. (In fact, strictly speaking, even their amplitudes can vary, depending on the resting potential that serves as a baseline. But that's not the same thing as graded subthreshold potentials.) What is all-or-none is whether they occur or not. They are nothing like what we generally consider to be digital signals, so I think that it's technically correct to describe them as analog. But it gets real confusing to say that in the same sentence that calls them "all-or-none". I've just moved the link to analog signals to another place on the page. Is this better? --Tryptofish (talk) 19:43, 4 July 2012 (UTC)
 * Also the "purely" digital signals in electronics have a waveform ascending and descending and slight voltage variations,that limit their usability (think of high temperatures where chips start behaving erratically. The notion that an action potential has a definite waveform is irrelevant to it's digtial character. Only the frequency of action potentials passing by contains the relevant information from for instance a sensory organ.Viridiflavus (talk) 13:18, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

Reorganizing the references
I popped in here because this article was in an error category (invalid LCCNs) and one thing I immediately noticed was that the references were /very/ messy. For one thing, only about half the books in the 'bibliography' section were actually cited, and there were a number of books that weren't in that section. I've been doing quite a bit of work on reorganizing how they are laid out, with the goal of trying to get them all into some kind of 'uniform' appearance, and laid out in a way that's actually useful.

Though I am changing the format of the book references to use |ref=harv, it's not out of any intention to violate CITEVAR, or force something like list-defined references on the article...the format as it existed was, like I said, very confused, and moving the books into a separate section and using sfn and sfnm seemed like the best way to hammer this into something more usable, and less messy.

I would ask, though, that if there is a problem with how I'm doing this, you just poke me and say 'hey dummy', do this instead... I'm not changing the content, but I think where I am now would be a better 'starting point' to get this to something decent that the regular content editors of this can deal with (and that's not ugly) than where it was, even if it means moving in a different direction. If anyone wants to comment, please do so... Revent talk 11:17, 27 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Just to make it extremely clear, I'm being very careful to not damage the referencing, checking each edit multiple times, every citation 'points' at exactly the same source, it's just the formatting of the reference section (and completing the metadata on all the references) that I'm changing. I am using harvard references for the books, but the same 'visual' change can be done without that if people want me to change it back, it was just easier for sorting out the 'bundling'. Revent talk 02:26, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Ok, I'm finally done sorting all the books out...this is actually, for the books, more like the 'original' citation format, which was 'manual' short footnotes and a list just now they are actually using the template. I think it would make sense (especially for editability in parts) to also do the same thing with the journals, but I'm not going to do that unless people express that they want me to. If that does turn out to be desirable, please ping me and I will do it. Revent talk 07:37, 28 August 2014 (UTC)

Action Potential is a POSITIONAL event, not a lineal one?
Is it accurate to understand that an action potential is what can happen at a place, position or point on a cell's membrane, as indicated or measured by a point probe, rather than the succession of AP along, say, a neuron's axon? That is, that an AP is not the traveling of an event (the "spike train"?), but just the occurrence of the voltage event at a point?

If so, could it be appropriate to amend and add to the first sentence in the intro, from, "In physiology, an action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory.",

to, "In physiology, an action potential is a short-lasting event at a position in a cell in which the electrical membrane potential rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory. An action potential at one position may initiate another following action potential in a nearby continuous part of the membrane, such that an impulse signal made up of a sequence of action potentials travels along the cell membrane." ? (Without the boldface used here to make the phrase stand out, and 'spike train & impulse struck out and signal replaced impulse.)UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 03:53, 26 June 2016 (UTC)
 * What I'm trying to get at is, which of these two is most like an AP:

 * 1. a CANNON FUSE, burning from where it's lit, then on along its whole length & finally to its end where it causes something to explode, or,

 * 2. a single POINT on a cannon fuse which point was initially not burning but is ignited by a burning point just before it and then it burns out?

 * UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 02:37, 29 June 2016 (UTC)

 * This is a very good question that took me aback, as I can immediately see how this can be so non-obvious. I think your analogy of the canon fuse is not a good one. The AP itself happens as soon as the neuron is stimulated (i.e. due to ion channels opening suddenly somewhere on a dendrite causing a sudden rush of ions, sorta like blowing the hatch on a spaceship) (though of course in some exceptions it doesn't have to be stimulated at a point or externally). This sudden rush of ions makes the charge at that particular dendrite of the neuron different from the undisturbed other end(s) of the neuron (in the canonical pyramidal neuron, this would be the axon). That charge difference is "felt" as an electric field inside the neuron and can be measured at any point inside the neuron – if the cell is relatively simple that field alone will be enough to trigger the release of neurotransmitters at the end of the axon (or whatever signalling body). That release is probably what you are thinking of as the cannon "blast", and the propagation of the electric field is what you are thinking of as the "fuse". The electric field in the neuron indeed is a bit messy/slow to propagate since the "wire" along which it travels is just a soup of ions held together by a rather leaky membrane, but that is not a good analogy to a "fuse". I should add that while the strength of the electric field as it propagates matches the shape of the voltage of the original action potential, it should not itself be called an action potential at any point inside the cell, even though the propagation of the electric field is often referred to as the "propagation of the action potential" (with the important exceptions at the Nodes of Ranvier, where new APs are triggered to "boost the signal", so to speak, and probably other exceptions as well that I don't recall because there's always exceptions).

 * In summary, in the most basic case, the AP itself happens once at the point at which a neuron is stimulated; a charge difference is created between the stimulated end of the neuron and the signalling end, which is expressed as an electric field that "propagates" in a lossy manner in the ion soup of the cell (not an AP); and the charge difference felt at the signalling end causes it to release neurotransmitters into the synapse to signal the next neuron (not an AP). SamuelRiv (talk) 20:40, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

 * Thanks Samuel, for your lengthy response, and for putting it up under my real AP question, I appreciate it! However, I'm none the less deeply confused by your answer, so I have some questions about it. And please bear in mind that my nom-de-plume is accurate, I am under-educated (& it could be said that I'm slow, too)! (& I added notification to Looie496 & Tryptofish & Lova Falk in hopes for any possible further info on the subject.)

 * You said, "The AP itself happens as soon as the neuron is stimulated...".
 * As far as I understand, some stimulations do not cause an AP, because their total contributions to the potential at the axon hillock are too small. Since the AP in a neuron is essentially what happens after neurotransmitters cause ligand-gated pores to open allowing a rush of ions into the neuron, which then passively spread along the neuron membrane (electrotonus), down the dendrites, across the soma, and toward the axon hillock, getting weaker as they spread out, and the AP will then at the point of the axon hillock either happen or not happen, depending on the strength/quantity of the input(s), I cannot see how the AP can happen as soon as the neuron is stimulated.   The typical waveform describing an AP often shows small voltages that have reached the axon hillock which do not reach the necessary trigger voltage & consequently fail to initiate an AP there.  Is this understanding not somewhat accurate?
 * Here is a graph which shows failed initiations of the AP (although the indication of the refractory period is not quite right, I think): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Action_potential.svg UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 02:45, 4 July 2016 (UTC)

 * Now, your suggestion that the rush of ions into the neuron from stimulation causes a difference in potential between that initial entry point and the axon terminals at the end of the neuron makes sense to me, but since the movement of that potential is passive & graded, and if I'm right consequently diminishes with distance, even though it can be presumably be measured at the axon terminals, I would think that by itself without an active propagation of a stimulated action potential, it would be vanishingly small & almost always too small to open voltage-gated calcium pores at those endings to allow the release of neurotransmitter vesicles into a synapse. Am I misunderstanding something here? UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 03:10, 1 July 2016 (UTC)

 * And here is one site that leads me to think that the AP is a point event that is then propagated, and also uses a kind of a 'fuse' analogy http://neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu/s1/chapter03.html  UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 21:25, 3 July 2016 (UTC)

"Spike train": succession of AP along axon, or repeated firings of the neuron?
Is a 'spike train' the succession of action potentials along axon (like a gunpowder fuse burning from start to finish along the length of the fuse), or a rapid repeated firing of the neuron itself (like a machine gun firing some number of rounds one after another rapidly from one trigger pull)?UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 04:00, 26 June 2016 (UTC)

 * It is the latter. If this is unclear then it should definitely be spelled out in the article. SamuelRiv (talk) 00:32, 30 June 2016 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I kinda thought it was as you said, such as it meaning repeated outputs over a short period of time, and the article may or may not actually be unclear, depending on my question above about what actually is the AP, point event or linear one.
 * Current related text in article says, "...the temporal sequence of action potentials generated by a neuron is called its "spike train" (bolding added). Now, if an AP is the whole event like the fuse in example above burning from start to end, then 'spike train' would clearly be repeated events in time of 're'burnings (or resetting) of the fuse, ie, repeated signals.
 * But if AP is the event at a point on the neuron membrane manifesting the typical waveform of resting, rise, maximum, falling, overshoot, & return to resting potential, then the 'spike train' would be sequential AP's along the length of the axon over a (very short) period of time, or just one 'signal'. So even though I thought 'spike train' really referred to a sequence in time of repeated signals, as you said, it still seems that both from some other readings and at least quasi-logic, an AP would just be the measured event at a point (unless people are using the term for both events, the measured response at a point and the sequential firings of that AP along the whole length of an axon?).UnderEducatedGeezer (talk) 02:55, 30 June 2016 (UTC)

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Video deletion
Recently a video explaining the action potential has been deleted (and it was the case for MANY medical articles on the same day). I do not know why it has been deleted but I am guessing that it was considered too "simple". I will not undo this deletion since I don't feel I'm entitled to but it does raise the question : are wikipedia article made for the people already in the medical field or for everyone ? If the answer is the former, it would be disappointing but I would understand the video deletion. If it's the latter... why has the video been removed? Simplification will always be made (even when expert talk to each other). I do not understand this choice that goes against a popular use of wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alouzi (talk • contribs) 20:50, 16 April 2018 (UTC)
 * Those videos were not removed for that reason, and Wikipedia is written for the general public. What happened with those videos is that, following a very extensive discussion, editors decided that they violated some Wikipedia policies (and some of them also contained factual errors). You can see the discussion at WikiProject Medicine/Osmosis RfC. --Tryptofish (talk) 22:35, 16 April 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank you for your answer, it is greatly appreciated. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Alouzi (talk • contribs) 13:54, April 17, 2018 (UTC)

Plant action potentials
I have temporarily reverted a very large addition to the section on plant action potentials. For reference, here it is:

Plant action potentials
Plant and fungal cells are also electrically excitable. The action potential observed in vascular plants is better observed than those of vegetative because the diffusion of electrical signals occurs primarily in the phloem sieve tube – a distinctive characteristic of higher plants.

The general progression of plant action potentials is the same as animal action potentials, however, plants possess alternate mechanisms.

Resting Phase
Plant cells are commonly observed to have more negative resting membrane potentials and rising phase membrane potentials. For example, the Dionaea’s resting membrane potential is approximately -120mV, whereas neurons are regularly between -40mV to -90mV.

To attain understanding regarding plant action potentials, Opritov et al. recorded the electric potentials of maize leaves. To do so, they cut the leaf accordingly to allow aphids to attach for a long period to feed in efforts to expose the sieve. Once exposed, the researchers removed the aphids carefully with a laser to access the contents released by the leaf. This liquid-like substance was then measured with a microelectrode that was previously calibrated with a control of water. The recorded values were similar to those that were expected when reviewing a study of Mimosa pudica which indicated that the resting membrane potential measured was significant.

Stimulation and Rising Phase
Stimulation also induces action potentials within plant cells, the most commonly mentioned stimulation is touch. Unlike animals, the plant’s action potentials will not register any information regarding the characteristics of the interaction. Upon stimulation, the depolarization in plant cells is not accomplished by an uptake of positive sodium ions, but but rather the influx of calcium. Logically, one can understand the plant’s lack of dependence on sodium ions to initiate depolarization because too many sodium ions lead to detrimental outcomes. Together with the following release of positive potassium ions, which is common to plant and animal action potentials, the action potential in plants infers, therefore, an osmotic loss of salt (KCl), whereas the animal action potential is osmotically neutral, when equal amounts of entering sodium and leaving potassium cancel each other osmotically. The interaction of electrical and osmotic relations in plant cells indicates an osmotic function of  electrical excitability in the common, unicellular ancestors of plants and animals under changing salinity conditions, whereas the present function of rapid signal transmission is seen as a younger accomplishment of metazoan cells in a more stable osmotic environment. It must be assumed that the familiar signalling function of action potentials in some vascular plants (e.g. Mimosa pudica) arose independently from that in metazoan excitable cells.

Peak
As calcium influxes towards the cytoplasm, they activate calcium-dependent anion channels, causing negatively charged ions, like chloride, to flow out of the cell; thus further depolarizing the membrane. Similarly to the resting membrane potentials of plants and animals, the peaks correspond in a similar manner: they are commonly more negative. Dionaea’s action potential usually maximizes at -20mV, approximately 60mV less than an average nerve cell.

Falling Phase and After-hyperpolarization
Unlike the rising phase and peak, the falling phase and after-hyperpolarization seem to depend primarily on cations that are not calcium. To initiate repolarization, the cell requires movement of potassium out of the cell through passive transportation on the membrane. This differs from neurons because the movement of potassium does not dominate the decrease in membrane potential; In fact, to fully repolarize, a plant cell requires energy in the form of ATP to assist in the release of hydrogen from the cell – utilizing a transporter commonly known as H+-ATPase.

Refractory Period

Although there is a lot of debate regarding the refractory period of a plant cell, what is not up to speculation is the fact that their refractory periods are much longer than those in animals, and that in order to fire and action potential again, they require more sources for electrical current.

Although animals and plants both possess action potentials, those of plants are often overlooked or ignored due to the plants’ lack of nerves and nervous system. The deficiency of a brain or a specified location to integrate information makes it difficult to believe that action potentials of plants create a response; however, plants definitely do perceive stimuli (without information regarding it) that can develop into an (generic) effector response.

In part, there are formatting problems, but I also am concerned that this material fails WP:DUE. Plants just aren't that big a part of the topic, and it seems to me to be inappropriate to have so many subsections that recapitulate the descriptions of action potential stages higher on the page. --Tryptofish (talk) 22:33, 22 May 2018 (UTC)
 * A lot of it seems to have been reincorporated at Action_potential, and I added back a bit more. Specifically, the resting potential values for plants vs animals and some more specific info on the role of potassium in the post-peak phases. — Wug·a·po·des 00:09, 2 May 2021 (UTC)

second paragraph
The first sentence of the second paragraph is a bit wordy and confusing. I would suggest not mentioning saltatory conduction here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Mikeyvon (talk • contribs) 21:55, 16 September 2021 (UTC)

Last paragraph in Biophysical Basis really confusing
"In the Hodgkin–Huxley membrane capacitance model, the speed of transmission of an action potential was undefined and it was assumed that adjacent areas became depolarized due to released ion interference with neighbouring channels. Measurements of ion diffusion and radii have since shown this not to be possible.[citation needed]"

What is "ion interference" here? What radii are we talking about? And where are the citations? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.3.212.183 (talk) 02:20, 3 July 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Action potential


text:
List of country rock musicians

This alphabetical list of country rock bands and artists covers a wide variety of subgenres.

The year following the artist's name is the first year of the artist's musical career.

A

 * Trace Adkins
 * Alabama (1976)
 * Jason Aldean (2005)
 * The Allman Brothers Band (1969)
 * Amazing Rhythm Aces (1974)
 * Atlanta Rhythm Section (1971)

B

 * The Bacon Brothers (1995)
 * The Band (1964)
 * The Band Perry (2005)
 * Casey Barnes (2006)
 * Big & Rich (1998)
 * Blackberry Smoke (2000)
 * Blackfoot (1972)
 * Blue Rodeo (1984)
 * Jackson Browne (1972)
 * BR549 (1993)
 * Brothers Osborne
 * Buffalo Springfield (1966)
 * Jimmy Buffett (1965)
 * The Byrds (1964)

C

 * The Cadillac Three (Current)
 * Glen Campbell (1958)
 * Johnny Cash (1954)
 * The Chicks (1997)
 * Eric Church (2004)
 * Gene Clark (1963)
 * Cold Creek County (2013)
 * Commander Cody and His Lost Planet Airmen (1967)
 * Ry Cooder (1967)
 * Cowboy (1969)
 * Billy "Crash" Craddock (1957)
 * Crazy Horse (1971)
 * Creedence Clearwater Revival (1968)
 * Crosby, Stills & Nash (1969)
 * Cross Canadian Ragweed (1994)
 * Sheryl Crow (1987)

D

 * D.A.D. (1982)
 * Charlie Daniels (1958)
 * Mac Davis (1968)
 * Travis Denning (2012)
 * The Desert Rose Band (1985)
 * The Doobie Brothers (1970)
 * Dr. Hook (1967)
 * Bob Dylan (1961)

E

 * Eagles (1971)
 * Steve Earle (1974)
 * The Everly Brothers (1957)

F

 * Fifth on the Floor (2006)
 * Firefall (1974)
 * Florida Georgia Line (2010)
 * The Flying Burrito Brothers (1968)
 * John Fogerty (1973)
 * Free Beer (1975)

G

 * Brantley Gilbert (2005)
 * Gin Blossoms (1987)
 * Goose Creek Symphony (1968)
 * The Grateful Dead (1965)

H

 * Hardy (2018)
 * Emmylou Harris (1969)
 * John Hiatt (1972)
 * Hootie and the Blowfish (1986)

I

 * The International Submarine Band (1966)

J

 * Shooter Jennings (1996)
 * Waylon Jennings (1958)

K

 * The Kentucky Headhunters (1968)
 * Kid Rock (1988)
 * Chris Knight (1998)
 * Kris Kristofferson (1970)

L

 * Griffin Layne (2007)
 * Aaron Lewis (1990)
 * Jerry Lee Lewis (1954)
 * Gordon Lightfoot (1958)
 * Little Feat (1969)
 * Loggins and Messina (1971)
 * The Long Ryders (1982)
 * The Los Dos Bros (1992)
 * Nick Lowe (1966)
 * Lynyrd Skynyrd (1965)

M

 * Cory Marks (2014)
 * The Marshall Tucker Band (1972)
 * Martina McBride (1991)
 * Tim McGraw (1990)
 * Jason Charles Miller (2009)
 * Montgomery Gentry (1999)
 * Justin Moore (2009)
 * Kip Moore (2008)
 * Michael Martin Murphey (1972)

N

 * Nashville West (1967)
 * Ricky Nelson (1957)
 * Willie Nelson (1973)
 * Michael Nesmith (1965)
 * The New Riders of the Purple Sage (1969)
 * The Nitty Gritty Dirt Band (1966)
 * Ted Nugent (1958)

O

 * The Outlaws (1967)
 * The Ozark Mountain Daredevils (1972)

P

 * Brad Paisley (1999)
 * Gram Parsons (1963)
 * Pirates of the Mississippi (1987)
 * Poco (1968)
 * Elvis Presley (1953)
 * Mason Proffit (1969)
 * Pure Prairie League (1970)

R

 * Eddie Rabbitt (1964)
 * Rascal Flatts (1999)
 * Reckless Kelly (1997)
 * The Rockingbirds (1990)
 * Rocky and the Natives (2011)
 * Kenny Rogers (1958)
 * Linda Ronstadt (1967)
 * Darius Rucker (1986)

S

 * Dallas Smith (1999)
 * Shocking Blue (1969)
 * Social Distortion (1978)
 * J.D. Souther (1972)
 * Souther-Hillman-Furay Band (1973)
 * Southern Pacific (1983)
 * Chris Stapleton (2001)
 * Sugarland (2003)
 * Taylor Swift (2010)

T

 * A Thousand Horses (2010)
 * The Tractors (1993)
 * Travis Tritt (1989)
 * Steven Tyler (1975)

U

 * Uncle Kracker (1999)
 * Carrie Underwood (2005)
 * Keith Urban (1990)

W

 * Jerry Jeff Walker (1971)
 * Warumpi Band (1980)
 * Clarence White (1954)
 * The Whybirds (2006)
 * Wilco (1994)
 * Hank Williams, Jr. (1957)
 * Hank Williams III (1991)
 * The Wolverines (1994)
 * Bob Woodruff (1994)

Y

 * Neil Young (1966)

Z

 * Zac Brown Band (2002)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of country rock musicians


text:
List of surf musicians

This is a list of surf musicians. Surf music is a genre of popular music associated with surf culture, particularly as found in Orange County and other areas of Southern California. It was especially popular from 1961 to 1966, has subsequently been revived and was highly influential on subsequent rock music.

1960s

 * The Atlantics
 * The Astronauts
 * The Beach Boys
 * The Bel-Airs
 * Bruce & Terry
 * Al Casey
 * The Centurians
 * The Challengers
 * The Champs
 * The Chantays
 * Jerry Cole
 * Dick Dale
 * Eddie & the Showmen
 * Electric Johnny & his Skyrockets
 * The Fantastic Baggys
 * The Fender IV
 * Jim Fuller
 * Mr. Gasser & the Weirdos
 * The Hondells
 * The Honeys
 * Jan & Dean
 * Paul Johnson
 * Bruce Johnston
 * The Lively Ones
 * The Marketts
 * Terry Melcher
 * Jim Messina & the Jesters
 * The Navarros
 * Sandy Nelson
 * The Orange Peels
 * Richard Podolor
 * The Pyramids
 * The Revels
 * The Rip-Chords
 * The Rivieras
 * The Rockin' Rebels
 * Ronny & the Daytonas
 * Royale Monarchs
 * The Sandals
 * The Sentinals
 * The Shadows
 * The Spinners
 * The Sunrays
 * The Surfaris
 * Takeshi Terauchi
 * The Tornadoes
 * The Trashmen
 * Gary Usher
 * The Ventures

Later revivalists

 * Agent Orange
 * Allah-Las
 * The Apemen
 * Aqua Velvets
 * Atomic 7
 * The Bambi Molesters
 * The Barracudas
 * Beach Fossils
 * Best Coast
 * Blue Hawaiians
 * The Bomboras
 * Greg Camp (of late 1990s band Smash Mouth, currently of Defektor)
 * Martin Cilia
 * Shana Cleveland
 * Daikaiju
 * Laramie Dean
 * The Drums
 * Dum Dum Girls
 * The El Caminos
 * Toulouse Engelhardt
 * Fidlar
 * The 5.6.7.8's
 * Donavon Frankenreiter
 * Les Fradkin & Get Wet
 * The Fresh & Onlys
 * The Ghastly Ones
 * The Good The Bad
 * The Growlers
 * Ash Grunwald
 * Ben Howard
 * Huevos Rancheros
 * Chris Isaak
 * Jetpack
 * Jon and the Nightriders
 * King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard (earlier releases)
 * La Luz
 * Langhorns
 * Laika & the Cosmonauts
 * Lo Presher
 * Man or Astro-man?
 * The Mermen
 * Messer Chups
 * Monsters from Mars
 * The Mulchmen
 * The New Electric Sound
 * No Age
 * Par Avion
 * The Phantom Surfers
 * Phono-Comb
 * Pixies
 * The Raybeats
 * Real Estate
 * Red Elvises
 * Reef
 * The Reigning Monarchs
 * The Reverb Syndicate
 * Rootjoose
 * Les Savy Fav
 * Shadowy Men on a Shadowy Planet
 * Shannon and the Clams
 * Cody Simpson
 * Los Straitjackets
 * Sublime
 * Surf City
 * Surf Coasters
 * Surf Curse
 * Surf Punks
 * Surfer Blood
 * Susan and the Surftones
 * The Tarantulas
 * The Thurston Lava Tube
 * The Trashwomen
 * Eddie Vedder
 * Vivian Girls
 * Wallows
 * Wavves
 * The Young Werewolves
 * The Ziggens
 * Y Niwl

title: List of surf musicians