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Henry V (1989 film)

Henry V is a 1989 British historical drama film written and directed by Kenneth Branagh in his feature directorial debut, based on William Shakespeare's history play of the same name. It stars Branagh in the title role of King Henry V of England, with Paul Scofield, Derek Jacobi, Ian Holm, Brian Blessed, Emma Thompson, Alec McCowen, Judi Dench, Robbie Coltrane, and Christian Bale in supporting roles.

Henry V received widespread critical acclaim and is considered one of the best Shakespeare screen adaptations ever produced. Among its numerous accolades, the film received three nominations at the 62nd Academy Awards, two of which went to Branagh (Best Director and Best Actor). Henry V won with its other nomination, Best Costume Design for Phyllis Dalton.

Plot
The film begins with Chorus, in this case a person in modern dress, introducing the subject of the play. He is walking through an empty film studio and ends his monologue by opening the doors to begin the main action. Chorus reappears several times during the film, his speeches helping to explain and progress the action.

The following act divisions reflect the original play, not the film.

Act 1
Early 15th century in England: The Bishop of Ely and the Archbishop of Canterbury collude to distract young King Henry V from passing a decree that might confiscate property from the church. They agree to talk him into invading France. Canterbury appears in the throne room and explains to the King's advisers that Henry is rightful heir to the throne of France on the grounds that the Salic law in France unjustly bars his claim to the throne and should be disregarded. Supported by the noblemen Exeter and Westmoreland, the clergymen manage to persuade Henry to declare war on France if his claim on the French crown is denied.

Henry calls in Montjoy, a representative of the Dauphin. The Dauphin's condescending response takes the form of the delivery of a chest of tennis balls. Exeter, who opens the chest, is appalled, but Henry at first takes the insult calmly. He goes on to state his determination to attack France, dismisses the ambassador and starts to plan his campaign.

John Falstaff is taken ill in Mistress Quickly's inn. His friends Bardolph, Ancient Pistol, and Corporal Nym remember the good times they had together with Henry before he was king and denounced them all.

Act 2
Henry tricks three high-ranked traitors into pronouncing their own sentence by asking advice on the case of a man who drunkenly shouted insults at him in the street. When they recommend that he show no mercy to this minor offender, the King reveals his knowledge of their own sedition. They draw their daggers, but are quickly subdued by Henry's loyal nobles. Exeter arrests them for high treason and Henry orders their execution before crossing the English Channel. Falstaff dies and Bardolph, Pistol, Nym, and Falstaff's page, Robin, depart for France. Meanwhile, in France, Charles VI, the King of France and his noblemen discuss King Henry's threats. The Dauphin (portrayed as stubborn and cowardly) says he does not fear Henry, but Charles and the Constable of France are worried because of Henry's martial ancestors and the successful previous English invasions. Exeter arrives in full plate armour. He informs them that Henry demands the French crown and is prepared to take it by force if it is withheld, and delivers an insulting message to the Dauphin. King Charles tells Exeter he will give him a reply the following day.

Act 3
King Henry delivers a morale-boosting speech to his troops and attacks the walled city of Harfleur. When the Dauphin fails to relieve the city in time, the governor surrenders in return for Henry's promise to do Harfleur's population no harm. Henry orders Exeter to repair its fortifications.

Katherine, a French princess who had been engaged to marry King Henry in an arrangement made before the war, asks her lady-in-waiting Alice to teach her some basics in English. Correct English pronunciation is very hard for her to learn but she is determined to accomplish it. In a silent moment, Katherine watches her father and his courtiers and notes how worried they appear. King Charles finally orders his nobles to engage Henry's troops, halt their advance, and bring Henry back a prisoner.

The English troops struggle toward Calais through foul weather and sickness. Bardolph is hanged for looting a church. The French herald Montjoy arrives and demands Henry pay a ransom for his person or place himself and his entire army at risk. Henry refuses, replying that even his reduced and sickly army is sufficient to resist a French attack.

Act 4
In the boisterous French camp the night before the Battle of Agincourt (1415), the French nobility wait impatiently for the morning, and it is clear that the Dauphin is not popular with the other nobles. In the more sober and silent English camp, following a brief meeting with his brothers, Gloucester and Bedford, together with Sir Thomas Erpingham, Henry decides to look into the state of his troops and wanders his camp in disguise. He meets Pistol, who fails to recognise him. Soon afterwards, he encounters a small group of soldiers, including Bates and Williams, with whom he debates his own culpability for any deaths to follow. He and Williams almost come to blows, and they agree to duel the day after, should they survive. When Williams and his friends leave the King alone, Henry breaks into a monologue about his burdens and prays to God for help.

Next morning, the English Army is outnumbered five to one. Henry encourages his troops with his St Crispin's Day Speech and responds angrily when Montjoy renews the Dauphin's offer of ransom. The battle begins with the charge of the French cavalry, but the English archery and countercharge cut down a large part of the advancing army before it ever reaches their lines. When the Constable of France is killed, the dismayed French leaders realise the battle is lost and become desperate. Some of them manage to get behind enemy lines and, deprived of any hope to turn the battle, break the code of chivalry by murdering the young and defenseless English pages (including Robin) and setting fire to the English tents. Henry and his officer Fluellen come upon the carnage and are still appalled when Montjoy delivers the French surrender.

Henry returns Williams' glove, this time out of disguise, and Williams is shocked to learn that the man he was arguing with the night before was King Henry himself.

The act ends with a four-minute long tracking shot, as Non nobis is sung and the dead and wounded are carried off the field. Henry himself carries Robin.

Act 5
Finally negotiations are made for Henry to be named king of both England and France. While the French and English royal delegations negotiate the Treaty of Troyes, the sides take a brief intermission in which Henry privately speaks with Katherine (Kate). He assures Kate that by marrying a French princess he demonstrates his respect for the people of France, and professes his love for her. The delegation returns and Henry announces a hopeful era of long peace with the joining of the two kingdoms. The film ends with Chorus detailing the history after the events of the film, culminating in the loss of the French throne by Henry VI.

Screenplay
The text of the play is heavily edited. Additionally, Branagh incorporated flashbacks using extracts from Henry IV, Part 1 and Part 2 in which Henry interacts with the character of Falstaff, who, in Shakespeare's Henry V, is never seen, merely announced to be deathly ill in Act 2 scene 1, and dead in Act 2 scene 3. The scenes involve a brief summary of Henry's denouncement of Falstaff primarily with lines from Act 2, scene 4 of Henry IV part 1 and a brief though important utterance of Henry's final repudiation of Falstaff in Part 2, "I know thee not, old man." The film also uses Falstaff's line "do not, when thou art King, hang a thief" from Henry IV Part 1 but gives it to Bardolph, in order to highlight the poignancy when Henry later has Bardolph executed.

Filming
Henry V was made on an estimated budget of $9 million. The film was produced by Bruce Sharman with the British Broadcasting Corporation and Branagh's company Renaissance Films. Principal photography commenced on 31 October 1988 and concluded 19 December the same year. Sixty per cent of production was shot on sound stages at Shepperton Studios, while many of the battle sequences were shot on fields adjacent to the Shepperton complex.

Style
Branagh's film is frequently compared with the 1944 film of the play directed by and starring Laurence Olivier. The visual style of Branagh's film is grittier and more realistic than that of Olivier's. For example, his film avoids Olivier's use of stylised sets, and, where Olivier staged the Battle of Agincourt on a sunlit field, Branagh's takes place amid rain-drenched mud and gore. Nearly all of the scenes involving the comic characters were also staged as drama, rather than in the broad, more slapstick way in which Olivier staged them, because Branagh felt that modern audiences would not see the humour in these scenes. There is a historical inaccuracy in that Charles VI of France was played by 67-year-old Paul Scofield, perhaps to enhance the effect of the historical king's mental illness that he had already been suffering for twenty years, but Charles VI was only 46 years old at the time of Agincourt. Olivier's movie also uses an older actor to play Charles VI (Harcourt Williams, who was 66 years old at the time of filming).

While the text of the Chorus' monologues are the same, the setting for them has been adapted to reflect the nature of the motion picture adaptation of the play. Unlike the other performers, who are dressed in clothing contemporary to the actual Henry V to reflect their characters, the Chorus is dressed in modern 20th century clothing. The opening monologue, originally written to compensate for the limitations of a theatre-staged production to represent the historical scenes presented, is delivered on an empty motion picture sound stage with unfinished sets. The other chorus monologues are delivered on location where the relevant action is taking place. In all cases, the chorus speaks directly to the camera, addressing the audience.

Music
The score to Henry V was written by then first-time film composer Patrick Doyle. It was performed by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and conducted by Simon Rattle. The soundtrack was released 8 November 1989 through EMI Classics and features fifteen tracks of score at a running time just under an hour. Patrick Doyle also appeared in the film as the first soldier to begin singing "Non Nobis, Domine" following the battle at Agincourt.

 * 1) "Opening Title/'O! for a Muse of Fire'" (3:34)
 * 2) "King Henry V Theme/The Boar's Head" (2:46)
 * 3) "The Three Traitors" (2:03)
 * 4) "Now, Lords, for France!" (2:40)
 * 5) "The Death of Falstaff" (1:54)
 * 6) "Once More Unto the Breach" (3:45)
 * 7) "The Threat to the Governor of Harfleur/Katherine of France/The March to Calais" (5:51)
 * 8) "The Death of Bardolph" (2:22)
 * 9) "Upon the King" (4:50)
 * 10) "St. Crispin's Day/The Battle of Agincourt" (14:13)
 * 11) "The Day is Yours" (2:34)
 * 12) "Non Nobis, Domine" (4:09)
 * 13) "The Wooing of Katherine" (2:24)
 * 14) "Let This Acceptance Take" (2:50)
 * 15) "End Title" (2:35)

Doyle was later awarded the 1989 Ivor Novello Award for Best Film Theme for "Non Nobis, Domine".

Archives
Online versions of the digitised script and storyboards from the film are part of the Renaissance Theatre Company Archive held at the University of Birmingham.

Home media
CBS/Fox Video released a pan and scan VHS edition in 1990 and a widescreen LaserDisc edition in 1991. MGM Home Entertainment later released Henry V on DVD 18 July 2000, also preserving the widescreen format of the original theatrical presentation. The film was released on Blu-ray on 27 January 2015 by Shout! Factory.

Critical response
Henry V received near-universal critical acclaim for Branagh's Oscar-nominated performance and direction, for the accessibility of its Shakespearean language, and for its score by Patrick Doyle. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 41 reviews, with an average rating of 8.2/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: "Pehaps [sic] Kenneth Branagh's most fully realised Shakespeare adaptation, Henry V is an energetic, passionate, and wonderfully acted film." On Metacritic it has a score of 83 out of 100, based on 17 reviews, indicating "Universal acclaim". Henry V also ranks #1 on the Rotten Tomatoes list of Greatest Shakespeare Movies, beating Akira Kurosawa's Ran (1985) and Branagh's own version of Hamlet (1996), respectively ranking in second and third place.

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars, praising Branagh's performance and writing, "There is no more stirring summons to arms in all of literature than Henry's speech to his troops on St. Crispan's [sic] Day, ending with the lyrical 'We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.' To deliver this speech successfully is to pass the acid test for anyone daring to perform the role of Henry V in public, and as Kenneth Branagh, as Henry, stood up on the dawn of the Battle of Agincourt and delivered the famous words, I was emotionally stirred even though I had heard them many times before. That is one test of a great Shakespearian actor: to take the familiar and make it new." Variety magazine also gave the film a positive review, calling Henry V "A stirring, gritty and enjoyable pic which offers a plethora of fine performances from some of the U.K.'s brightest talents."

Box office
The film grossed over $10 million in the U.S. and at the time of its widest release played on 134 U.S. screens.

It made £652,555 in the UK.

title: Henry V (1989 film)


text:
Talk:Marger Sealey

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title: Talk:Marger Sealey


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Reversal of Fortune

Reversal of Fortune is a 1990 American epic biographical true crime trial drama thriller film adapted from the 1985 book Reversal of Fortune: Inside the von Bülow Case, written by law professor Alan Dershowitz. It recounts the true story of the unexplained coma of socialite Sunny von Bülow, the subsequent attempted murder trial, and the eventual acquittal of her husband, Claus von Bülow, who had Dershowitz as his defense attorney. The film was directed by Barbet Schroeder and stars Jeremy Irons as Claus, Glenn Close as Sunny, and Ron Silver as Dershowitz. Screenwriter Nick Kazan originally envisioned Austrian actor Klaus Maria Brandauer in the role of Claus von Bülow, but was thrilled with Irons' performance. Irons earned the 1990 Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the film.

Plot
The story is narrated by Sunny von Bülow, who is in a coma after falling into diabetic shock after a Christmas party. Her husband, the dissolute European aristocrat Claus von Bülow, is charged with attempting to murder the hypoglycemic Sunny by giving her an overdose of insulin. Claus's strained relationship with his wife and his cold and haughty personal demeanor leads most people to conclude that he is guilty. In need of an innovative defense, Claus turns to law professor Alan Dershowitz. Dershowitz is initially convinced of Claus's guilt, but takes the case because von Bülow agrees to fund Dershowitz's defense of two poor black boys accused of capital murder. Employing his law students as workers, Dershowitz proceeds to defend Claus, wrestling with his client's unnerving personal style and questions of von Bülow's guilt or innocence.

Production
The film was shot in numerous estates in Rhode Island and New Jersey, and the Knole house in Old Westbury, New York. At least one courtroom scene was shot at the Appellate Division, Second Judicial Department in Brooklyn, New York.

Despite the fact that the house where the facts happened was Clarendon Court, as also mentioned in dialogue, the establishing shot intentionally avoids the house and ends instead with a view of The Breakers, another grandiose property nearby built for Cornelius Vanderbilt II.

Reception
The film received mostly positive reviews and holds a 92% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 7.9/10 from 51 reviews. The site's consensus states: "Featuring exceptional performances and a cunning script, Reversal of Fortune doubles as a tantalizing mystery and ruthless satire of the rich." It has a score of 93 on Metacritic with 18 reviews

Accolades
In 2015, the 25th anniversary of Entertainment Weekly named Reversal of Fortune on its list of the 25 best films of the past 25 years.

The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:
 * 2003: AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains:
 * Claus von Bulow – Nominated Villain
 * 2008: AFI's 10 Top 10:
 * Nominated Courtroom Drama Film

title: Reversal of Fortune


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Christopher Durang

Christopher Ferdinand Durang (January 2, 1949 – April 2, 2024) was an American playwright known for works of outrageous and often absurd comedy. His work was especially popular in the 1980s, though his career seemed to get a second wind in the late 1990s.

Sister Mary Ignatius Explains It All For You was Durang's watershed play as it brought him to national prominence when it won him the Obie Award for Best Playwright (1980). His play Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike won the Tony Award for Best Play in 2013. The production was directed by Nicholas Martin, and featured Sigourney Weaver, David Hyde Pierce, Kristine Nielsen, Billy Magnussen, Shalita Grant and Genevieve Angelson. Durang was a past co-director of the Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program at Juilliard.

Early life and education
Durang was born on January 2, 1949, in Montclair, New Jersey, the son of two WWII veterans, architect Francis Ferdinand Durang Jr. and Patricia Elizabeth Durang (née Mansfield), a secretary. He grew up in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, and attended Catholic schools: Our Lady of Peace School (New Providence) and Delbarton (Morristown). He received a B.A. in English from Harvard College and an M.F.A. in playwriting from Yale School of Drama.

Work
His work often deals critically with issues of child abuse, Roman Catholic dogma, culture, and homosexuality. Ben Brantley summarized key themes from Durang's plays in a review written in 1994: 1) narcissism; 2) fear of engagement with a danger-filled world; 3) the strangulating nature of family ties; 4) sexual disorientation and the tenuousness of individual identity. To this list the abusive power of authority figures could be added.

While Durang's use of parody and his criticism of many social institutions might appear overly cynical at times, he stated: ... when I say everyone is crazy that means it's a very bad day where the amount of crazy people in the world has spread out to the entire universe and it doesn't seem possible to cope with anything... I think we're all neurotic. And I do think relationships are certainly difficult. Nonetheless, those lines in the play do get a laugh, so there's something. It's not as despairing as it sounds, but I don't not believe it.

Much of Durang's style can be attributed to the aesthetic of black comedy, a humor style that offers a fatalistic view of life. Durang discussed the particular frame of mind that requires the viewer to distance himself from the horrific episode of human suffering and pain; he explained:"I exaggerate awful things further, and then I present it in a way that is funny, and for those of us who find it funny, it has to do with a very clear suspension of disbelief. It is a play, after all, with acted characters; it allows us a distance we couldn’t have in reality. To me this distance allows me to find some rather serious topics funny."Durang suggested that his form of humor requires a double-consciousness, an ability to register scenes of cruelty or pain, while simultaneously comprehending the humor. He credited Arthur Kopit's “tragicfarce” Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad as an early influence on his creative vision, a black comedy in which a woman totes her dead husband's corpse on vacation with her. Humor is one way of resolving conflict and anxiety, and black comedy goes a step further to relieve tension regarding subjects that are typically difficult to think about, such as death, family dysfunction, or torture.

His plays have been performed nationwide, including on Broadway and Off-Broadway. His works include those in the bibliography as well as a collection of one-act parodies meant to be performed in one evening entitled Durang/Durang that includes "Mrs. Sorken", "For Whom The Southern Belle Tolls" (a parody of The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams), "A Stye of the Eye", "Nina in the Morning", "Wanda's Visit", and "Business Lunch at the Russian Tea Room".

Together with Marsha Norman, Durang directed The Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program at the Juilliard School from 1984 to 2016, teaching playwrights Joshua Harmon and Noah Haidle, as well as Pulitzer-Prize winning David Lindsay-Abaire, who succeeded Durang as co-director.

Durang performed as an actor for both stage and screen. He first came to prominence in his Off-Broadway satirical review Das Lusitania Songspiel, which he performed with friend and fellow Yale alum Sigourney Weaver. Later he co-starred in one of his own plays as Matt in The Marriage of Bette and Boo, as well as Man in the original production of Laughing Wild.

In film
Durang denounced the Robert Altman 1987 film adaptation of Beyond Therapy, calling it "horrific". He accused Altman of totally rewriting the script "so that all psychology is thrown out the window, and the characters dash around acting crazy but with literally no behavioral logic underneath."

Durang appeared as an actor in the 1987 comedy The Secret of My Success, 1988's Mr. North, 1989's Penn & Teller Get Killed, 1990's In the Spirit, 1992's HouseSitter, and 1994's The Cowboy Way.

Durang wrote a number of unproduced screenplays, including The Nun Who Shot Liberty Valance, The House of Husbands (which he co-authored with Wendy Wasserstein), and The Adventures of Lola.

On television
Wanda's Visit, one of the six one-acts in Durang/Durang, was originally written for the PBS series Trying Times. Durang played the part of The Waiter in that production.

Durang appeared as himself on the October 11, 1986 episode of Saturday Night Live, hosted by his longtime friend Sigourney Weaver. In the episode, Durang and Weaver parodied the works of Bertolt Brecht, and both were interviewed in the debut of the recurring sketch Church Chat, with Durang as himself.

Durang's 1987 sketch "The Funeral", written for a televised Carol Burnett special, features a grieving widow (Burnett) who is disturbed at her husband's wake by an eccentric mourner, played by Robin Williams.

Personal life and death
Durang lived in Pipersville, Pennsylvania, with his husband, actor/playwright John Augustine. They began their relationship in 1986 and were legally married in 2014.

In 2016, Durang was diagnosed with logopenic progressive aphasia, which is thought to be caused by a form of Alzheimer's disease; as with all forms of aphasia, it primarily impeded his ability to process language, though it subsequently affected his short-term memory. Durang gradually withdrew from public life before his condition was publicly announced in 2022.

Durang died from complications of aphasia at his Pennsylvania home on April 2, 2024, at the age of 75.

Awards and honors
Durang received Obie Awards for Sister Mary Ignatius, The Marriage of Bette and Boo and Betty's Summer Vacation. He received a nomination for a Tony Award for Best Book of a Musical for A History of the American Film, and he won a Tony Award for Best Play in 2013 for his play Vanya and Sonia and Masha and Spike.

Durang was awarded numerous fellowships and high-profile grants including a Guggenheim, a Rockefeller Foundation, the CBS Playwriting Fellowship, the Lecomte du Nouy Foundation grant, and the Kenyon Festival Theatre Playwriting Prize.

Durang was a member of the council for the Dramatists Guild of America, and was named the 2024 recipient of the guild's lifetime achievement award. He was also a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in Drama in 2006 for Miss Witherspoon.

On May 17, 2010, he was presented with the very first Luminary Award from the New York Innovative Theatre Awards for his work Off-Off-Broadway.

Durang was awarded the PEN/Laura Pels International Foundation for Theater Award in 2012. That same year, he was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

title: Christopher Durang


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The Field (play)

The Field is a play written by John B. Keane, first performed in 1965. It tells the story of the hardened Irish farmer "Bull" McCabe and his love for the land he rents. The play debuted at Dublin's Olympia Theatre in 1965, with Ray McAnally as "The Bull" and Eamon Keane as "The Bird" O'Donnell. The play was published in 1966 by Mercier Press. A new version with some changes was produced in 1987.

A film adaptation was released in 1990, directed by Jim Sheridan with Richard Harris in the lead role.

John B. Keane based the story on the 1958 murder of Moss Moore, a bachelor farmer living in Reamore, County Kerry. Dan Foley, a neighbour with whom Moore had a long-running dispute, was suspected of the murder, but the charges were denied by Foley's family. The character of William Dee, who has been living in England for many years, may be based on the nephew of William Dee (also called William Dee) who had been born in England in 1959. William Dee senior lived in the nearby village of Lisselton and was a friend and customer of JBK and so JBK would have been familiar with the emigration in the late 1950s to England of William Dee's brother Micheál and the birth of his son William there. The return of the character William Dee from England to Ireland in the play may therefore have been inspired by the possibility that the real William Dee might one day "come home" to the land of his parents.

Plot
The Field is set in a small country village in southwest Ireland.

Rugged individualist Bull McCabe has spent five hard years of labour cultivating a small plot of rented land, nurturing it from barren rock into a fertile field. When the owner of the field decides to auction it, he believes that he has a claim to the land. The McCabes intimidate most of the townspeople out of bidding in the auction, to the chagrin of auctioneer Mick Flanagan, but Galwayman William Dee arrives from England, where he has lived for many years, with a plan to cover the field with concrete and extract gravel from the adjacent river. An encounter between William and the McCabes ends in William's death and a cover-up.

Characters

 * Thady "The Bull" McCabe - The play's main character and anti-hero, Bull is as strong as a cow - and just as powerful. Having grazed and rented Maggie Butler's field for five years, along with his son Tadhg, Bull believes he is the rightful owner.
 * Tadhg McCabe - Bull's son and faithful companion, who too shares his father's passion of land.
 * " The Bird" O'Donnell - A mischievous calf buyer and a regular at Flanagan's pub, Bird is an acquaintance of The McCabes.' Con Man.
 * Mick Flanagan - The local publican and auctioneer, Mick is mendacious and sly and is another acquaintance of the McCabes, who attempts to help them secure the field.
 * Maimie Flanagan - Mick's younger wife and the mother of his nine children. Maimie is flirtatious and charming and has a bitter, strained relationship with her husband, whilst maintaining a strong relationship with her eldest son Leamy.
 * Maggie Butler - An elderly widow, who has rented her late husband's field to The McCabes for the past five years. Maggie is frail and destitute and wishes to put the field up for public auction, much to the McCabes' disgust.
 * William Dee - A young Galway man, who has been living in England for twelve years. Considered an "outsider", William decides to bid against the Bull McCabe for Maggie Butler's field.
 * Leamy Flanagan - Mick and Maimie's eldest son.
 * Dandy McCabe - The Bull McCabe's first cousin, who, unlike Bull, is honest and jovial.
 * Mrs. McCabe - Dandy's wife, to whom he has been married for twenty years.
 * Tom Leahy - The local sergeant, investigating the death of a donkey.
 * Fr Murphy - The local parish priest.

Film version
Jim Sheridan directed a film version in 1990. Richard Harris received an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal.

Most characters in the film were different from the play but the film only retained The Bull, The Bird and Tadhg. Some events in the play were also changed in the film.

title: The Field (play)


text:
Mork & Mindy

Mork & Mindy is an American television sitcom that aired on ABC from September 14, 1978, to May 27, 1982. A spin-off after a highly successful episode of Happy Days, "My Favorite Orkan", it starred Robin Williams as Mork, an extraterrestrial who comes to Earth from the planet Ork, and Pam Dawber as Mindy McConnell, his human friend, roommate, and eventual love interest.

Premise and initial success
Mork first appears in the Happy Days season five episode "My Favorite Orkan", which aired in February 1978, and is a take on the 1960s sitcom, My Favorite Martian. The show wanted to feature a spaceman to capitalize on the popularity of the recently released Star Wars film. Williams's character, Mork, attempts to take Richie Cunningham to his planet of Ork as a specimen, but is foiled by Fonzie. In the initial broadcast, it turned out to be a dream of Richie's. However, when Mork proved popular, the syndicated version was re-edited to show Mork erasing the experience from everyone's minds.

The character of Mork was played by then-unknown Robin Williams, who impressed producer Garry Marshall with his quirky comedic ability as soon as they met. Dom DeLuise and Roger Rees were offered the role, but both passed. Richard Lewis and Jeff Altman were considered. When Williams was asked to take a seat at the audition, he sat on his head, and Marshall cast him on the spot, later wryly commenting that Williams was the only alien who auditioned.

Mork & Mindy is set in Boulder, Colorado, in the then-present-day late 1970s and early 1980s (as opposed to the Happy Days setting of Milwaukee in the late 1950s and early 1960s). Mork explains to Richie that he is from the "future": the 1970s.

First season
Mork arrives on Earth in an egg-shaped spacecraft. He has been assigned to observe human behavior by Orson, his mostly unseen and long-suffering superior (voiced by Ralph James). Orson has sent Mork to get him off Ork, where humor is not permitted. Attempting to fit in, Mork dresses in an Earth suit, but wears it backwards. Landing in Boulder, Colorado, he encounters 21-year-old Mindy McConnell (Pam Dawber), who is upset after an argument with her boyfriend, and offers assistance. Because of his odd garb, she mistakes him for a priest and is taken in by his willingness to listen (in fact, simply observing her behavior). When Mindy notices his backward suit and unconventional behavior, she asks who he really is, and he innocently tells her the truth. She promises to keep his identity a secret and allows him to move into her attic. Mindy's father, Fred (Conrad Janis), objects to his daughter living with a man (particularly one as bizarre as Mork), but Fred's mother-in-law and Mindy's grandmother, Cora (Elizabeth Kerr), approves of Mork and the living arrangement. Mindy and Cora work at Fred's music store, where Cora gives violin lessons to Eugene (Jeffrey Jacquet), a 10-year-old boy who becomes Mork's friend. Also seen occasionally are Mindy's snooty old high school friend, Susan (Morgan Fairchild), and the possibly insane Exidor (Robert Donner).

Storylines usually center on Mork's attempts to understand human behavior and American culture as Mindy helps him to adjust to life on Earth. It usually ends up frustrating Mindy, as Mork can do things only according to Orkan customs. For example, lying to someone or not informing them it will rain is considered a practical joke (called "splinking") on Ork. At the end of each episode, Mork reports to Orson what he has learned about Earth. These end-of-show summaries allow Mork to humorously comment on social norms.

Mork's greeting is "Na-Nu Na-Nu" (pronounced ), with a hand gesture similar to Mr. Spock's Vulcan salute from Star Trek combined with a handshake. It became a popular catchphrase at the time, as did "Shazbat", an Orkan interjection that Mork uses. Mork says "KO" in place of "OK".

Mork & Mindy was Robin Williams's first major acting role. Scripts were shorter than on Happy Days, with notes specifying, "Robin will do something here", to let Williams improvise. However, his improvisations often had to be replaced with pre-written "ad libs" scripted by a large team, due to Williams's true ad libs being unsuitable for a general television audience.

The series was extremely popular in its first season. The Nielsen ratings were very high, ranking at 3, behind Laverne & Shirley (at 1) and Three's Company (at 2), both on ABC, which was the highest-rated network in the U.S. in 1978. The show gained higher ratings than Happy Days, the series that had spawned it, at number 4. However, network management sought to improve the show in several ways. This was done in conjunction with what is known in the industry as counterprogramming, a technique in which a successful show is moved opposite a ratings hit on another network. The show was moved from Thursdays, where it outrated CBS's The Waltons, to Sundays, where it replaced the canceled sci-fi series, Battlestar Galactica. The show then aired against two highly rated shows: NBC's anthology series, titled The Sunday Big Event, and CBS's revamped continuation of All in the Family, titled Archie Bunker's Place.

Second season
The second season saw an attempt to seek younger viewers, and premiered a new disco arrangement of the gentle theme tune.

The characters of Fred and Cora were dropped from the regular cast. It was explained that Fred went on tour as a conductor with an orchestra, taking Cora with him. Fred and Cora made return appearances in later episodes. Recurring characters, Susan and Eugene, made no further appearances after season one, and were never mentioned again.

New cast members were added. Among the new supporting characters were Remo and Jeanie DaVinci (Jay Thomas and Gina Hecht), a brother and sister from New York City who owned a new neighborhood deli where Mork and Mindy now spent a lot of time. Also added as regulars were their grumpy neighbor, Mr. Bickley (who was occasionally seen in the first season, and ironically worked as a verse writer for a greeting-card company), portrayed by Tom Poston, along with Nelson Flavor (Jim Staahl), Mindy's snooty cousin who ran for city council.

The show's main focus was no longer on Mork's slapstick attempts to adjust to the new world that he was in, but on the relationship between Mork and Mindy on a romantic level. Also, some of the focus was on Mork trying to find a steady job.

Because of the abrupt changes to the show and time slot, ratings slipped dramatically (dropping to 27th place). The show was quickly moved back to its previous timeslot, and efforts were made to return to the core of the series; however, ratings did not recover.

Third season
For the third season, Jeanie, Remo and Nelson were retained as regulars, with Jeanie and Remo having opened a restaurant. Nelson was no longer into politics, and wore more casual clothes.

Mindy's father and grandmother returned to the series. The show acknowledged this attempt to restore its original premise, with the third season's hourlong opener, titled "Putting the Ork Back in Mork".

Several supporting characters were added to the lineup. Joining were Lola and Stephanie, two children from the day-care center where Mork worked. Also added was Mindy's close friend, Glenda Faye Comstock (Crissy Wilzak), a lovely young widow on whom Nelson develops a crush. Wilzak lasted one season as a regular.

When these ideas failed to improve ratings, many wilder ideas were tried in an attempt to capitalize on Williams's comedic talents. The season ended at number 49 in the ratings.

Fourth season
Despite the show's steady decline, ABC agreed to a fourth season of Mork & Mindy, but executives wanted changes. The show began to include special guest stars this year.

At the beginning of the fourth season, Mork and Mindy got married. Jonathan Winters, one of Williams's idols, was brought in as their child, Mearth. Because of the different Orkan physiology, Mork laid an egg, which grew and hatched into the much older Winters. Winters had previously appeared in a Season 3 episode as Dave McConnell (Mindy's uncle and Fred's brother). It had previously been explained that Orkans aged "backward", thus explaining Mearth's appearance, and that of his teacher, Miss Geezba (portrayed by then-11-year-old actress, Louanne Sirota). After four seasons and 95 episodes, Mork & Mindy was canceled in summer 1982. The show ended at 60th place at season's end.

Characters

 * Mork (portrayed by Robin Williams) – An alien from the planet Ork sent to observe human behavior. Mork mentions many times that Orkan scientists grew him in a test tube.
 * Mindy McConnell (portrayed by Pam Dawber) – A female human who finds Mork and teaches him about human behavior. Eventually falls in love, marries Mork and raises an Orkan "child".
 * Fredrick "Fred" McConnell (portrayed by Conrad Janis) – Mindy's father, a widower with conservative values. In the first season, Fred owned a music shop with Cora. In the third season, Fred became the conductor of the Boulder Symphony Orchestra.
 * Grandma Cora Hudson (portrayed by Elizabeth Kerr) – Mindy's less-conservative, rock-loving grandmother and Fred's mother-in-law.
 * Franklin Delano Bickley (portrayed by Tom Poston) – Mindy's downstairs neighbor. He has a job involving writing greeting cards. At first, Franklin is a total grump and always complains about noise. In time, however, he warms up and becomes a friend to Mork and Mindy and the gang.
 * Mearth (portrayed by Jonathan Winters) – The "child" of Mork and Mindy and godson of Orson. Because of Orkan physiology, Orkans age backwards starting with elderly adult bodies, but with the mind of a child and regressing to feeble "old" kids.
 * Remo DaVinci (portrayed by Jay Thomas) – The co-owner of The New York Delicatessen in season 2 and DaVinci's Restaurant in season 3.
 * Jeanie DaVinci (portrayed by Gina Hecht) – The sister of Remo DaVinci and co-owner of The New York Delicatessen in season 2, and DaVinci's Restaurant in season 3.
 * Nelson Flavor (portrayed by Jim Staahl) – The strait-laced, driven, yet aloof cousin of Mindy with dreams of political power.
 * Orson (voiced by Ralph James) – Mork's mostly unseen and long-suffering superior who has sent Mork to Earth to get him off-world because humor is not permitted on Ork. Although often perplexed and exasperated with Mork's light-hearted demeanor and casual humorous views regarding his mission and life in general, Orson maintains at least a grudging respect for Mork, is patient and thoughtfully curious when receiving Mork's weekly reports, and generally allows Mork the freedom to do as he pleases while gathering information on Earth.

Recurring characters

 * Susan Taylor (portrayed by Morgan Fairchild) – Mindy's snooty ex-friend from high school who was seen only in Season 1. In the episode, "Mork's First Christmas", a glimpse was shown into why Susan is such a shallow person.
 * Exidor (portrayed by Robert Donner) – An odd man (with possible mental illness) who regards himself as a prophet. He often appears wearing a flowing white robe with a brown sash. He recognizes Mork as an alien, but nobody believes him. As the leader of a cult called "The Friends of Venus", of which he was the only member, Exidor regularly engaged in conversations with imaginary members of his cult (such as "Pepe" and "Rocco"), but was the only person who could see them. Although his behavior is usually wild and absurdly eccentric, he is shown to have a strongly-caring and compassionate side; he frequently makes noisy and vigorous attempts to cure maladies or correct wrongdoings (which often turn out to be either imaginary or laughably minor), and he always immediately rushes to Mork's aid ("I got here just as soon as I heard, Mork!") when requested, although his well-meaning efforts to assist Mork seldom produce any actual results. Most times, Exidor is found yelling at his imaginary cult. He makes the comment, "Entourages can be the pits!". When the Venusians abandon him, Exidor begins to worship O.J. Simpson when Mork encounters him at the Boulder Police Station. He also had a plan to become "Emperor of the Universe" by becoming a rock star; his musical instrument of choice was the accordion. Exidor appears to be something of a squatter, for on at least two occasions, he is present in homes not his own. One time, Mork visits Exidor at a very nice apartment where he supposedly lived with his imaginary girlfriend and her twin sister. Another time, he is "on vacation" in Mindy's family home, where he apparently believed there was a beach in the living room closet. Exidor eventually gets married, in a "forest" (Mindy's attic). Mindy thought his wife would be imaginary, but she turns out to be a real woman named Ambrosia. Exidor became highly popular with audiences, and prompted wild applause from the studio audience when entering a scene.
 * Mr. Miles Sternhagen (portrayed by Foster Brooks) – Mindy's boss when she gets a job at a local TV station. He is overbearing and demanding of Mindy when sober, but occasionally turns up drunk and cheerful (per Brooks's famous "drunk" act).
 * Glenda Faye Comstock (portrayed by Crissy Wilzak) – Mindy's friend and recent widow who becomes the love interest of Nelson, seen only in Season 3.
 * Todd Norman "TNT" Taylor (portrayed by Bill Kirchenbauer) – An obnoxious and arrogant womanizer. He later teaches Mork to drive at the FastLane Driving School.
 * Cathy McConnell (portrayed by Shelley Fabares) – Fred's new younger wife and Mindy's stepmother, seen in Seasons 2–4.
 * Lola and Stephanie (portrayed by Amy Tenowich and Stephanie Kayano) – Two children from the daycare center where Mork works later in the series, during Season 3. Lola is a young philosopher, and Stephanie is a chubby girl who loves to eat.
 * Billy (portrayed by Corey Feldman) – A daycare-center child who appeared during Season 3. He wants to be like his namesake, Billy the Kid. Mork introduces him to the Orkan hero, Squellman the Yellow.
 * Bebo (vocal effects provided by Gregg Berger) – Mork's ball-of-fur pet who spoke Orkan gibberish and was introduced and seen only in Season 3. He was occasionally seen around the house, and stood by Mork during his reports to Orson. Although Gregg Berger provided the vocal effects of Bebo in the first appearance, the recordings were archived for later use.
 * Eugene (portrayed by Jeffrey Jacquet) – A ten-year-old boy who takes violin lessons from Cora, and befriends Mork in Season 1. He and Mork invariably go through elaborate incantations and pantomime when greeting each other, and Mork occasionally consults Eugene regarding social matters; Eugene is always more than willing to assist, although he often feels a bit awkward advising someone so much taller and older than himself.
 * Arnold Wanker (portrayed by Logan Ramsey) – The landlord of Fred and Cora's music store in Season 1. He dies in Fred's music store, but Mork, misinterpreting the comments made to his wife, brings him back to life (a "one-in-a-billion" chance).

Connections to other shows
Actor-director Jerry Paris was inspired to create the character of Mork after directing an episode of The Dick Van Dyke Show, titled "It May Look Like a Walnut", in which Van Dyke's Rob Petrie has a dream in which he believes the Earth has been surreptitiously invaded by walnut-eating aliens who steal humans' thumbs and imaginations. Series creator, Carl Reiner, had written the episode, which was the 20th in the show's second season, and the 50th episode produced. When Paris moved on to direct Happy Days, he introduced Mork in a similarly atypical season-five episode, titled My Favorite Orkan. In it, Richie tells everyone that he has seen a flying saucer, but no one believes him. Fonzie tells him that people make up stories about UFOs because their lives are average, or "humdrum". While Richie is home alone, Mork walks in. Mork freezes everyone but Richie with his finger, and says he was sent to Earth to find a "humdrum" human to take back to Ork. Richie runs to Fonzie for help. When Mork catches up with him, he freezes everyone, but finds himself unable to freeze Fonzie because of The Fonz's powerful will. Mork challenges Fonzie to a duel: finger vs. thumb. After their duel, The Fonz admits defeat, so Mork decides to take Fonzie back to Ork instead of Richie.

Richie wakes up and realizes he was dreaming. There is a knock on the door, and, much to Richie's dismay, it is a man who looks exactly like Mork, except in regular clothes, asking for directions.

When production on Mork & Mindy began, an extra scene was filmed and added to this episode for subsequent reruns. In the scene, Mork explains to Orson that he decided to let Fonzie go, and was going to travel to the year 1978 to continue his mission. In the pilot episode of Mork & Mindy, Orson tells Mork that he is assigning him to study the planet Earth. Mork remembers that he has been to Earth before to collect a specimen (Fonzie), and adds that he "had to throw it back, though. Too small."

Fonzie and Laverne (of Laverne & Shirley) appeared in the first episode of the show. In this segment, Mork relays to Mindy his trip to 1950s Milwaukee, where Fonzie sets up Mork on a date with Laverne.

Mork returned to Happy Days in the episode, "Mork Returns", in which Mork tells Richie that he enjoys coming to the 1950s because life is simpler and more "humdrum" than in the 1970s. Fonzie sees Mork and immediately tries to run away, but Mork freezes him and makes him stay. Mork eventually lets Fonzie go, but not before Fonzie asks Mork to reveal two things about the future: "cars and girls". Mork's response is, "In 1979... both are faster." The episode is mostly a retrospective in which clips are shown as Richie and Fonzie try to explain the concepts of love and friendship to Mork.

Mork also appears in the first episode of Out of the Blue, "Random's Arrival", as a crossover stunt.

Home media
Paramount Home Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in Region 1, in both individual season sets and a complete series configuration, while the four seasons are available in Regions 2 and 4. The Region 1 DVD of Season 1 was from Paramount alone; subsequent releases in Region 1, as well as international Season 1 releases, have been in conjunction with CBS DVD.

In Australia, only the first three seasons were individually released, followed by a complete series boxset December 17, 2014. In 2020, Via Vision Entertainment obtained the rights to the series, and released a complete series boxset December 16, 2020.

Primetime Emmy Award nominations
For its first season, Mork & Mindy was nominated for two Primetime Emmy Awards: Outstanding Comedy Series and Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for Robin Williams. The program lost to Taxi, and Williams lost to Carroll O'Connor for All in the Family.

Syndication
Mork & Mindy was syndicated by Paramount beginning in fall 1982, to low ratings. By 1983, most stations that owned the show rested it in summer, when weaker programming tended to air. Few stations renewed the show a few years later. By 1987, the show aired in only a handful of TV markets. However, the expansion of cable television broadened its reach. Nick at Nite reran the show from March 4, 1991, to November 27, 1995. The show also aired on Fox Family Channel in the late 1990s. From 2008 to 2011, the show aired in marathons on SyFy. It has aired in subsequent years on MeTV, the Hub Network and various other classic television stations airing on various digital subchannels. The show currently airs on Antenna TV, Rewind TV and streams on Pluto TV.

Filming locations
In an interview with Garry Marshall June 30, 2006, Pat O'Brien mentioned that Mork & Mindy was filmed on Paramount stage 27, the former studio for his infotainment program, The Insider.

The house from the show is located at 1619 Pine Street, just a few blocks away from the Pearl Street Mall in Boulder. This was also used in the show as Mindy's actual address in Boulder, as shown in the episode, "Mork Goes Public". The same house was used for exterior shots on the series, Perfect Strangers, in Episode 21 of Season 5, "This Old House", in which the show's main characters, cousins Larry and Balki, remodel a home for a fix-and-flip with hope of huge profits. It is often mistaken as the house that the cousins moved into with their wives during the final two seasons. In addition, it was used in three episodes of Family Matters as Myra's house. , the house was valued at $3.1 million, with the date of its last sale as 1974, for US$80,000.

Spin-offs and adaptations

 * In the United Kingdom, a long-running comic strip version was written by Angus P. Allan, illustrated by Bill Titcombe, and printed in children's television magazine, Look-In. Several British-produced annuals were also released that tied in with the series.
 * A subsequent animated series titled Mork & Mindy/Laverne & Shirley/Fonz Hour ran on ABC from 1982 to 1983. The Mork & Mindy segments were a prequel with Mindy as a student in high school. The character of Eugene returned in this spin-off voiced by Shavar Ross.
 * In 2005, a made-for-television movie titled Behind the Camera: The Unauthorized Story of Mork & Mindy aired on NBC. Chris Diamantopoulos portrayed Robin Williams, Erinn Hayes portrayed Pam Dawber and Daniel Roebuck portrayed producer Garry Marshall. The movie depicts Williams' instant stardom and behind the scenes turmoil that the cast and crew would have with the network.
 * In 1979, a short-lived Brazilian version of the series appeared as Superbronco. It was produced by Rede Globo and starred comedian Ronald Golias and actress Liza Vieira. Superbronco had only one season and was canceled although it was among the ten highest TV audience rates in 1979.

title: Mork & Mindy


text:
Talk:Catgirl

Possible new inclusions

 * 1) Information about furry vs nekomimi eg http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/File:FurryChart.jpg
 * 2) Imageboard culture and catgirls.
 * 3) Products related to catgirls, images of headbands possible cosplay images.
 * 4) A lot more about catgirls and their prevalence in Japanese culture.

I think the article as it stands misses a lot of interesting information. I believe the primary reason for this is that it is very hard to produce citations for this topic. Any suggestions of sources likely to be citeable would be appreciated. For example http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/Cat_girl actually is a far better article then what we have at this point - Bostwickenator (talk) 08:18, 14 April 2012 (UTC)

Porting over information from ja.wikipedia
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8C%AB%E8%80%B3 has a better article. Even when I read it through Google translate. Can we get someone who can translate Japanese to help bring it across? Bostwickenator (talk) 10:31, 30 July 2012 (UTC)

Image change to Wikipe-tan
Billhpike and Benjaminikuta - with regard to this reversion here - I see nothing wrong with the suggested change from a generic catgirl to that of Wikipe-tan. The Wikipe-tan image has a couple of advantages over the current image - it's higher resolution, has an article dedicated to the subject, and doesn't have a large blank area at the top, which is purely aesthetic, but still a waste of image space.

What reasons are there to not use the Wikipe-tan image? Chaheel Riens (talk) 07:20, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the ping. I also think Wikipe-tan is simply better drawn. Furthermore, the Japanese version uses that image. Benjamin (talk) 07:23, 26 June 2019 (UTC)
 * WP:Wikipe-tan is not an encyclopedia article, but a page in the Wikipedia namespace.. — BillHPike (talk, contribs) 07:26, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

 * So? That doesn't mean we can't use the image. Benjamin (talk) 08:31, 26 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Per WP:SELF self-references within Wikipedia articles to the Wikipedia project should be avoided. We have a suitable alternative image, so there is no need to use Wikipe-tan. — BillHPike (talk, contribs) 09:41, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

 * I don't think this sort of thing is what that's talking about. The image would work just fine in a non-Wikipedia format. As another example, Screenshot uses an image of Wikipedia. Benjamin (talk) 10:37, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

 * That's not what WP:Self is for. WP:Self is to prevent internal or recursive use of reference to Wikipedia so when it's taken out of context the subject still makes sense to somebody who may not be reading a Wikiepedia article.  In this case (as an example of a catgirl,) the use of Wikipe-tan is still obvious without context or additional explanation.
 * Moreover, as pointed out - the alternative is not suitable in that Wikipe-tan is a superior quality image. Wikipedia should use the best material available, and on those grounds Wikipe-tan trumps Hyou-chan.
 * Precedent has already been set - the image was present in this article from at least June 2013 up until April 2019, and Wikipe-tan is the lead image in List of catgirls, and although you tried to remove it here in May 2018, it was reverted here a couple of days later. As such it has been lead image in the article for well over 12 months, and five years prior] to the blip when you removed it.  You may have an argument for removal, but it seems that you're the only one who thinks that way.  Chaheel Riens (talk) 11:03, 26 June 2019 (UTC)
 * It seems that you're the only one who thinks that way. That's not what the edit history indicates . — BillHPike (talk, contribs) 12:57, 26 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I am in favor of including Wikipe-tan, the image is free and high resolution. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 13:36, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

That's a broken link, but I presume it shows a diff where Wikipe-tan was removed from an unidentified article. I'll modify my statement then - you're in the minority. Chaheel Riens (talk) 19:10, 26 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Wikipe-tan is superior, showing a more cat like pose. The image is also higher quality, and doesn't have a distracting, obscure background. Look at the hand placement as well. The hand proportions are too large, whereas Wikipe-tan's are more natural. Billhpike needs to try to gain WP:CONSENSUS before removing images that are longstanding in pages. Tutelary (talk) 21:35, 26 June 2019 (UTC)

I support the use of the Wikipe-tan image but I agree with that we should avoid WP:SELF references. We can use the image without calling attention to the fact it depicts a Moe anthropomorphism of Wikipedia (it is not relevant to the topic at hand, "catgirls"). I add that Moe anthropomorphism article mentions Wikipe-tan because she is relevant to the article's topic but still does not link to WP:TAN in accordance to WP:SELF. _dk (talk) 17:01, 27 June 2019 (UTC)
 * We can link to Criticism of Wikipedia — BillHPike (talk, contribs) 19:41, 27 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Also an undue self reference and irrelevant to the topic. _dk (talk) 20:53, 27 June 2019 (UTC)
 * The problem is that I don't see how WP:SELF would apply as it doesn't address cross-space links. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 01:49, 28 June 2019 (UTC)
 * MOS:LINKSTYLE states Do not create links to user, WikiProject, essay or draft pages in articles, except in articles about Wikipedia itself. — BillHPike (talk, contribs) 01:54, 28 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Yeah but its not a userpage or a Wikiproject, and its not an essay or draft page? - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 02:18, 28 June 2019 (UTC)
 * I's fine with not including the link on this article, but it should be placed at Moe anthropomorphism. - Knowledgekid87 (talk) 02:23, 28 June 2019 (UTC)

Adding Information About the History of Catgirls
Hello! I'm planning on including more about the history of catgirls, since it seems their origins date back much further than the 1920s. I'll probably have to rewrite a bit of what is currently in the article, but this (link to my sandbox) is what I'm planning on adding.

I'd like to include information about Nekomusume from GeGeGe no Kitaro, as it seems like she was an important precursor to modern catgirls (considering the JP catgirl article makes references to her). However, I'm having some trouble finding English sources. Kasedori (talk) 13:06, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

Edit: I added in the history information. Anyone is free to remove it, of course! Kasedori (talk) 13:11, 22 October 2020 (UTC)

Male Variants?
Do we need a new article for catboys or just a new header?. I've noticed that they tend to symbolize very different things, especially in male gay and trans spaces. Can anyone look into this?Lurker no more (talk) 04:39, 24 January 2021 (UTC)
 * I think it would be fine to reframe this article for cat people if there were sources, and then to discuss regional and cultural differences as appropriate. We do not have a category for catboys but we have Category:Catgirls. I do not know many cat guys, but there is Cat (Red Dwarf) and Adrien Agreste. Do we have other sources?  Bluerasberry   (talk)  02:41, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

 * TV Tropes uses the term Cat Folk for this concept. Dimadick (talk) 09:11, 10 February 2022 (UTC)

 * A good gender-neutral alternative would be nekomimi lit. 'cat ears', already mentioned in the lead here, but used for the title at 猫耳. It can refer either to the characters or to their ears. –small jars 23:42, 1 January 2023 (UTC)
 * Problem is it's very much not WP:COMMONNAME in English. CharredShorthand (talk) 00:23, 2 January 2023 (UTC)

I am tired of this popping up whenever i type “cat”
it gets annoying 107.127.53.51 (talk) 00:57, 5 September 2023 (UTC)

 * Regretfully, search functions work by trying to find similar words in order to predict a search query ahead of time.
 * There is nothing we can do. Schrano (talk) 22:14, 8 December 2023 (UTC)

Adding a full list of Catgirls
I've sorted through anime from the 1980 all the way to the 2000 and figured it'd be nice if we got a full list of every catgirl. (Included other things I've found)

1700s - The first known appearance of nekosume in plays

1924 - Suisenzuki no Yokka

1936 - Kamishibai Plays

1940 - Catwoman (First comic catgirl)

1943 - Cheetah

1949 - The King’s Tail

1968 - GeGeGe no Kitaro

1982 - Urusei Yatsura (Episode 43)

1989 - Ranma ½ (Shampoo is introduced in Episode 16 and can turn into a cat)

1990 - Kyatto Ninden Teyandee/Samurai Pizza Cats (Biggest maybe of my life, it’s a humanoid robot with cat features.), Magical Taruruto (Based and designed after a cat)

1995 - Juuni Senshi Bakuretsu Eto Ranger

1997 - Cutie Honey Flash (Panther Zora technically has cat ears)

1998 - All Purpose Cultural Cat Girl Nuku Nuku (Do I need to explain this?)

1999 - Di Gi Charat (Magical Catgirls)

1999 - I’m Gonna Be An Angel (Miruru is a catgirl)

2000 - Inuyasha

2002 - Tokyo Mew Mew

If anyone would like to change or add onto this list I think it'd be nice to have this Kat Z Edition (talk) 23:47, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Catgirl


text:
1994 in film

This is a list of films released in 1994. The top worldwide grosser was The Lion King, becoming the highest-grossing animated film of all-time, although it was slightly overtaken at the North American domestic box office by Forrest Gump, which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. The year is considered to be one of the best years for cinema during the post Golden Age Hollywood era and setting the standard for the movies of the modern era.

Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer celebrated its 70th anniversary in 1994.

Highest-grossing films
The top 10 films released in 1994 by worldwide gross are as follows:

Events

 * February 15 - Viacom acquired 50.1% of Paramount Communications Inc. for $9.75 billion, following a five-month battle with QVC.
 * March 4 - John Candy dies of a heart attack at the age of 43 while on location in Durango, Mexico for the film Wagons East.
 * March 21 - Steven Spielberg wins his first Academy Award for Best Director for Schindler's List.
 * April 14 - Gone with the Wind becomes the first movie ever to air on the cable channel Turner Classic Movies.
 * June 7 - Pierce Brosnan is officially announced as the fifth actor to play James Bond.
 * June 10 - Speed is released, becoming one of the top grossing films of the year. As well as launching Keanu Reeves and Sandra Bullock into superstardom.
 * June 24 - The Lion King is released and goes on to become Buena Vista's highest-grossing film and the highest-grossing animated film.
 * July 1 - Val Kilmer is officially announced as the next actor to portray Batman following the abrupt departure of Michael Keaton.
 * July 6 - Forrest Gump is released and becomes Paramount Pictures' highest-grossing film of all-time.
 * July 15 - 20th Century Fox unveils a new on-screen logo and fanfare composed by Bruce Broughton, which debuts True Lies.
 * October 12 - DreamWorks is founded by Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen.
 * December 29 - Buena Vista Pictures Distribution becomes the first distributor to have grosses in the United States and Canada in a year exceed $1 billion.

By country/region

 * List of American films of 1994
 * List of Argentine films of 1994
 * List of Australian films of 1994
 * List of Bangladeshi films of 1994
 * List of British films of 1994
 * List of Canadian films of 1994
 * List of French films of 1994
 * List of Hong Kong films of 1994
 * List of Indian films of 1994
 * List of Hindi films of 1994
 * List of Kannada films of 1994
 * List of Malayalam films of 1994
 * List of Marathi films of 1994
 * List of Tamil films of 1994
 * List of Telugu films of 1994
 * List of Japanese films of 1994
 * List of Mexican films of 1994
 * List of Pakistani films of 1994
 * List of Russian films of 1994
 * List of South Korean films of 1994
 * List of Spanish films of 1994

By genre/medium

 * List of action films of 1994
 * List of animated feature films of 1994
 * List of avant-garde films of 1994
 * List of crime films of 1994
 * List of comedy films of 1994
 * List of drama films of 1994
 * List of horror films of 1994
 * List of science fiction films of 1994
 * List of thriller films of 1994
 * List of western films of 1994

Births

 * January 17 – Lucy Boynton, English actress
 * January 18 - Sam Strike, English actor
 * January 19 – Kristi Lauren, American actress
 * January 21 – Booboo Stewart, American actor and singer
 * January 28 - Maluma, Colombian singer-songwriter and actor
 * February 1
 * Julia Garner, American actress
 * Harry Styles, English singer and actor
 * February 6 - Charlie Heaton, English actor
 * February 10
 * Seulgi, South Korean singer, dancer and actress
 * Makenzie Vega, American actress
 * February 11 - Dylan Arnold, American actor
 * February 14
 * Allie Grant, American actress
 * Paul Butcher, American actor
 * February 15 - Corinne Foxx, American model, actress and producer
 * February 16 - Matthew Knight, Canadian actor
 * February 21 –
 * Hayley Orrantia, actress
 * Wendy, South Korean singer, voice actress and radio host
 * February 23
 * Little Simz, British rapper, singer and actress
 * Dakota Fanning, American actress
 * James Paxton, American actor
 * March 3 – Lee David, South Korean actor
 * March 12
 * Christina Grimmie, American singer-songwriter, musician, actress and YouTuber (d. 2016)
 * Tyler Patrick Jones, American actor
 * March 14 – Ansel Elgort, American actor and singer
 * March 21 - Jasmin Savoy Brown, American actress
 * April 6 - Fabien Frankel, British actor
 * April 11 - Dakota Blue Richards, English actress
 * April 12 – Saoirse Ronan, Irish actress
 * April 16 - Liliana Mumy, American actress
 * April 18 – Moisés Arias, American actor
 * April 24 - Jordan Fisher, American actor, singer and musician
 * May 2 - Sara Forsberg, Finnish singer-songwriter, YouTube personality, television presenter and actress
 * May 4 – Alexander Gould, American actor
 * May 11 - David Alvarez, Canadian dancer and actor
 * May 24 - Cayden Boyd, American actor
 * May 29 - Paloma Kwiatkowski, Canadian actress
 * June 4 - Mandela Van Peebles, American actor and producer
 * June 8 - Anthony Boyle, Irish actor
 * June 11 - Ivana Baquero, Spanish actress
 * June 23 - Connor Jessup, Canadian actor, writer and director
 * June 24 – Erin Moriarty, American actress
 * June 29 - Camila Mendes, American actress
 * June 30 - Josh Rojas, American Baseball Player
 * July 6 – Camilla and Rebecca Rosso, English twin actresses
 * July 16 – Mark Indelicato, American actor
 * July 18
 * Clerence Chyntia Audry, Indonesian actress (d. 2022)
 * Lamar Johnson, Canadian actor
 * Lee Yoo-mi, South Korean actress
 * July 23 – Kelvin Harrison Jr., American actor
 * July 24 - Jaboukie Young-White, American stand-up comedian, actor and writer
 * August 2 – Angus Imrie, English actor
 * August 9 – Forrest Landis, American actor
 * August 10 - Brigette Lundy-Paine, American actor
 * August 17 – Taissa Farmiga, American actress
 * August 18 - Madelaine Petsch, American actress and YouTuber
 * August 21 - Jacqueline Emerson, American actress and singer
 * August 22 - Israel Broussard, American actor
 * August 23 - Francesca Reale, American actress
 * August 25
 * Josh Flitter, American actor
 * Natasha Liu Bordizzo, Australian actress and model
 * August 29 - Eduardo Franco, American actor and comedian
 * September 3 - María Mercedes Coroy, Guatemalan actress of Kaqchikel Maya descent
 * September 4 - Tilda Cobham-Hervey, Australian actress
 * September 7 - Kento Yamazaki, Japanese actor
 * September 11 – Jordi El Niño Polla, Spanish adult film actor
 * September 20 - Mathilde Ollivier, French actress and model
 * September 21 - Khin Wint Wah, Burmese actress
 * September 23 - Aurora Perrineau, American actress and model
 * September 25 – Jansen Panettiere, American actor (d. 2023)
 * September 29
 * Halsey, American singer and actress
 * Clara Mamet, American actress and musician
 * Nicholas Galitzine, British actor
 * September 30 - Raphaël Coleman, English actor (d. 2020)
 * October 9 - Jodelle Ferland, Canadian actress
 * October 10
 * Kyle Allen, American actor
 * Bae Suzy, South Korean actress and singer
 * October 23 – Margaret Qualley, American actress
 * November 10 – Zoey Deutch, American actress
 * November 11 – Connor Price, Canadian-American actor
 * November 15 - Emma Dumont, American actress and model
 * November 17 – Raquel Castro, American actress
 * November 22 – Dacre Montgomery, Australian actor
 * November 24 - Holly Mae Brood, Dutch actress
 * November 29 - Sarah Roach, American voice actress
 * December 3 – Jake T. Austin, American actor
 * December 10 – Kayli Mills, American voice actress
 * December 11 – Gabriel Basso, American actor
 * December 15 – Emma Lockhart, American journalist & former actress
 * December 17 – Nat Wolff, American actor and singer
 * December 26 – Samantha Boscarino, actress

title: 1994 in film


text:
Lymantria dispar

Lymantria dispar, also known as the gypsy moth or the spongy moth, is a species of moth in the family Erebidae native to Europe and Asia. Lymantria dispar is subdivided into several subspecies, with subspecies such as L. d. dispar and L. d. japonica being clearly identifiable without ambiguity. Lymantria dispar has been introduced to several continents and is now additionally found as an invasive species in Africa, North America and South America. The polyphagous larvae live on a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees and can cause severe damage in years of mass reproduction. Due to these features, Lymantria dispar is listed among the world's 100 worst invasive alien species.

Etymology
The etymology of “gypsy moth” is not conclusively known; however, the term is known to have been in use (as 'Gipsey') as early as 1832.

Moths of the subfamily Lymantriinae are commonly called tussock moths due to the tussock-like tufts of hair on the caterpillars.

The name Lymantria dispar is composed of two Latin-derived words. The generic name Lymantria means 'destroyer'. The species epithet dispar means 'to separate' in Latin; it refers to the sexual dimorphism observed in the male and female imagines.

In July 2021 the Entomological Society of America decided to remove the name "gypsy moth" from its Common Names of Insects and Related Organisms List as "hurtful to the Romani people", since gypsy is considered an ethnic slur by some Romany people in North America. In January 2022, the new common name "spongy moth" was proposed, as a translation from the French name "spongieuse" for the species, referring to the sponge-like egg masses laid by L. dispar. Since the name Gypsy is widely embraced by Roma people as a self-referenced demonym in Europe, there has been no similar call to change the insect's name in its native area.

Taxonomy
The European native, and introduced North American, Lymantria dispar moths are considered to be the same subspecies, Lymantria dispar dispar. Confusion over the classification of species and subspecies exists. The U. S. Department of Agriculture defines the Asian subspecies as "any biotype of L. dispar possessing female flight capability", despite L. d. asiatica not being the only accepted subspecies that is capable of flight. Traditionally, L. dispar has been referred to as "gypsy moth" even when referring to Japanese, Indian and Asiatic populations.

Subspecies
The European subspecies (Lymantria dispar dispar) is native to temperate forests in western Europe. It had been introduced to the United States in 1869, and to Canada in 1912.

The Asian subspecies (Lymantria dispar asiatica) is native to temperate Asia east of the Ural mountains. Since the early 1990s it has also been detected along the West Coast of temperate North America. From Southern Europe it is spreading northwards into Germany and other countries, where it hybridizes with the European spongy moth, L. d. dispar. A colony had been reported from Great Britain in 1995.

Biological pest control measures
Lymantria dispar was accidentally introduced into North America by artist and astronomer Étienne Léopold Trouvelot in 1869, who imported it from Europe while looking for a source of silk to replace the shortage of cotton caused by the American Civil War. Afterwards, several species of parasitoids and predators have been introduced as biological control agents in attempts to help control this moth. Beginning in the late 1800s, at least ten species were established this way, but for nearly a century, there was little regulation or research on the effectiveness or non-target effects of these introduced natural enemies. Several were generalists that offered little control of L. dispar and attacked other native insects. One such species is the tachinid fly Compsilura concinnata, which attacked many other host species (over 180 known hosts documented), decimating many of the large moth species previously abundant in the Northeast. Another is the encyrtid wasp Ooencyrtus kuvanae which attacks L. dispar eggs but is not strictly host specific, and also parasitizes the eggs of other Lepidoptera species. The most effective control agents are microbial pathogens: a virus (LdmNPV), and a fungus (Entomophaga maimaiga).

Current status in the USA
In June 2024, the severity of the outbreak in the Northeast and Midwest of the United States was reported by Scientific American. These regions were experiencing one of the most severe outbreaks ever recorded, with some areas reporting densities exceeding 2,500,000 caterpillars per hectare (1,000,000 per acre), and certain regions have been grappling with this issue for five consecutive years.

Since the introduction of the species to North America, spongy moths have caused significant ecological damage. Over the past century, their range has expanded at an average rate of 21 km per year, resulting in the cumulative defoliation of 33,000,000 ha of forest between 1970 and 2013. The U.S. Forest Service allocates an average annual budget of $30 million toward control efforts. However, climate change has contributed to the prolongation of outbreak cycles, which typically occur every eight to twelve years. This has led to a more frequent and severe impact on the environment.

title: Lymantria dispar


text:
Talk:Lymantria dispar

Images of stage I larvae
I think it would be beneficial to include some images of the egg sacks and stage 1 larvae. I had an infestation that I didn't think was gypsy moths because all the pictures I found on-line were of the stage 2 larvae. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 38.98.147.130 (talk) 16:00, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

I think I found some egg sacks. The images are CC3.0 mushroomobserver.org/obs/88547

Emphasis way too high on North America and population control
Takes up the bulk of the article. Also, there are subsections that go into excessive "how-to" information. Perhaps a separate article titled "Gypsy Moth in North America" could be created, with less emphasis on how-to information related to eradication?

70.105.198.127 (talk) 22:28, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I've been wondering about this too. There is a lot of information about gypsy moth that doesn't relate to North America but I find it hard to work out how to incorporate it into this article. I've been meaning to ask for thoughts from people on how to tackle this.

 * There are a number of suggestions I have for this article. I think this page should give a better indication of the native range of gypsy moth. It should cover information on the transport of gypsy moth eggs around the world - the article doesn't mention the regular arrivals of gypsy moth on the west coast of the US (from Asia rather than from eastern USA), or make it clear that gypsy moth is in Canada and has been in NZ but was eradicated. Dispersal is not covered logically - dispersal of eggs by people is covered under the section on larvae for example. Lifespan and seasonality aren't particularly clear.

 * The flight information is basically wrong as well since it implies females mostly don't fly in Russia. Gypsy moth females definitely fly in Russia although there may be some areas west of the Urals where they don't fly as much.

 * I'm happy to revise this article or at least some sections. Because what I suggest is a really major revision, I'm happy to make a start at doing this in my sandbox. I'll post a link to it when I have made a start. Solanum dulcamara (talk) 11:31, 15 June 2008 (UTC)

Images
There are many great images that should also be copied from the source material - RobLa 06:14 Jan 19, 2003 (UTC)
 * See these great images of Gypsy moth from Sweden Selostaja 22:40, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

A Gypsy Moth Disambig page?
Do we need a Gypsy moth disambiguation page? Did not know there were that many references to the Gypsy moth. ProfessorPaul 04:31, 10 August 2006 (UTC)

Wikipedia 0.7
Given that this article has been "selected", what do we want to do to brush it up a bit?—GRM (talk) 20:45, 17 September 2008 (UTC)

Northeast US Infestation in the early 1980's
When I was a child growing up on New York's Long Island we had a Gypsy Moth infestation that went on for 4 or 5 years. At first they seemed like a nuisance, with masses of caterpillars clinging under tree branches and crawling on everything each spring. Eventually we had 3 whole weeks in mid-spring where caterpillars were so numerous that they covered every inch of ground throughout the entire county. You could not walk 10 feet without having the small green early stage caterpillars landing in your hair. I have memories of thousands and thousand of last stage caterpillars covering the porch, road, house and driveway. For years after, everyone in my neighborhood destroyed every egg sack we came across. After that spring the county sprayed for several years wiping them out. They are still around but in much smaller numbers. I wish I knew the exact years, best guess would be 1980-1984. The County was Suffolk. One intersting thing that I remember was that every few days we would find an unusually large last stage caterpiller that was 4 to 5 times as large as the others. These were around 3-4 inches long and much thicker than the others. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.239.19.215 (talk) 00:02, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

 * A new article from Gizmodo came out recently relative to the above comment and I thought it might be worth bringing to everyone's attention. Would it be worth adding to this page the damage these insects are currently doing in the North East United States? "Hordes of gypsy moth caterpillars are currently ravaging parts of the Northeastern United States. Newly released images from space show the alarming damage being done to New England forests by these leaf-munching insects.." Let me know what you guys think. Cheers Comatmebro  User talk:Comatmebro 22:53, 17 July 2016 (UTC)

band
butterflys taste with there feet —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.167.203.41 (talk) 17:18, 25 May 2009 (UTC)

Size of adult moth?
Can anyone list the size of the adult gypsy moth? Thanks. 66.167.140.153 (talk) 00:19, 3 January 2010 (UTC)
 * ✅—GRM (talk) 21:18, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Life cycle timings
The article gives quite specific timings for the various stages, but are they applicable world-wide?—GRM (talk) 21:27, 7 January 2010 (UTC)

Massive overhaul
I'm intending to take this to GA or FA. I've begun making changes and I am going to overhaul the article. The article currently does not make clear the differences between asiatica and dispar subspecies. I hope to change everything over, because the two species are vastly different. Move completed (to scientific name), I'm not moving to subspecies. Noted difference between, made asiatica page. Major rewriting and sourcing in progress. ChrisGualtieri (talk) 19:29, 14 September 2012 (UTC)

Common name
Just dropping a note that I scaled back some recent changes on the common name. As mentioned elsewhere, we're at a point that the species name is generally the most reliable, but gypsy moth is still a common name while spongy moth is an additional new common name, at least in wiki-terms. Over at ESA, they removed it from their common name list and only added spongy. If that gains traction in sources or the real-world, then we can weight common names here, but until then, we'd be violating WP:CRYSTAL.

We're supposed to be a bit "behind the ball" here when it comes to relatively new changes, and changing an established common name is one of those things that we'd need to see traction over time on just getting rid of the gypsy moth term in article. Is this just something that ESA does and no one else really follows? Possible. Spongy moth could become the predominant common name too. Time will tell on that, so we don't need to be so quick to just change everything over. When in doubt, just use the species name like we do for other articles without a clear common name. KoA (talk) 21:31, 6 May 2022 (UTC)

 * Gypsy Moth is, and remains, the standard English name where the species is native. I'm not aware of any disquiet or requests for name changes being mentioned by Romany groups in this area (c.f. also Romani people para 2, "the term [Gypsy] is actually preferred by most English and Welsh Romanies, and is used to refer to them in official documentation"). Name changes in areas where the species does not occur naturally are of lower importance: see also the second section of this talk page, which, even nearly 16 years on, remains largely unaddressed. - MPF (talk) 17:22, 10 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lymantria dispar


text:
Sam Shepard

Samuel Shepard Rogers III (November 5, 1943 – July 27, 2017) was an American actor, playwright, author, director and screenwriter whose career spanned half a century. He won 10 Obie Awards for writing and directing, the most by any writer or director. He wrote 58 plays as well as several books of short stories, essays, and memoirs. Shepard received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play Buried Child and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of pilot Chuck Yeager in the 1983 film The Right Stuff. He received the PEN/Laura Pels Theater Award as a master American dramatist in 2009. New York magazine described Shepard as "the greatest American playwright of his generation."

Shepard's plays are known for their bleak, poetic, surrealist elements, black comedy, and rootless characters living on the outskirts of American society. His style evolved from the absurdism of his early off-off-Broadway work to the realism of later plays like Buried Child and Curse of the Starving Class.

Early life
Sam Shepard was born on November 5, 1943, in the Chicago suburb of Fort Sheridan, Illinois. He was named Samuel Shepard Rogers III after his father, Samuel Shepard Rogers Jr. (1917–1984), but was called Steve Rogers.

His father was a teacher and farmer who served in the United States Army Air Forces as a bomber pilot during World War II. Shepard characterized his father as "a drinking man, a dedicated alcoholic". His mother, Jane Elaine (née Schook; 1917–1994), was a teacher and a native of Chicago.

Shepard grew up in southern California. He worked on a ranch as a teenager. After graduating from Duarte High School in Duarte, California, in 1961, he briefly studied animal husbandry at nearby Mt. San Antonio College. While at college, Shepard became enamored of Samuel Beckett, jazz, and abstract expressionism. He dropped out to join the Bishop's Company, a touring repertory group.

Writing
Shepard moved to New York City in 1963 and found work as a busboy at the Village Gate nightclub. The following year, the Village Gate's head waiter, Ralph Cook, founded the experimental stage company Theater Genesis, housed at St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery in Manhattan. Two of Shepard's earliest one-act plays, The Rock Garden and Cowboys, debuted at Theater Genesis in October 1964. It was around this time that he adopted the professional name Sam Shepard.

In 1965, Shepard's one-act plays Dog and The Rocking Chair were produced at La MaMa Experimental Theatre Club. These were the first of many productions of Shepard's work at La MaMa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. In 1967, Tom O'Horgan directed Shepard's Melodrama Play alongside Leonard Melfi's Times Square and Rochelle Owens' Futz at La MaMa. In 1969, Jeff Bleckner directed Shepard's play The Unseen Hand at La MaMa. Bleckner then directed The Unseen Hand alongside Forensic and the Navigators at the nearby Astor Place Theatre in 1970.

Shepard's play Shaved Splits was directed at La MaMa in 1970 by Bill Hart. Seth Allen directed Melodrama Play at La MaMa the following year. In 1981, Tony Barsha directed The Unseen Hand at La MaMa. The production then transferred to the Provincetown Playhouse and ran for over 100 performances. Syracuse Stage co-produced The Tooth of Crime at La MaMa in 1983. Also in 1983, the Overtone Theatre and New Writers at the Westside co-produced Shepard's plays Superstitions and The Sad Lament of Pecos Bill on the Eve of Killing His Wife at La MaMa. John Densmore performed in his own play Skins and Shepard and Joseph Chaikin's play Tongues, directed as a double bill by Tony Abatemarco, at La MaMa in 1984. Nicholas Swyrydenko directed a production of Geography of a Horse Dreamer at La MaMa in 1985.

Several of Shepard's early plays, including Red Cross (1966) and La Turista (1967), were directed by Jacques Levy. A patron of the Chelsea Hotel scene, he also contributed to Kenneth Tynan's Oh! Calcutta! (1969) and drummed sporadically from 1967 through 1971 with the band The Holy Modal Rounders, appearing on their albums Indian War Whoop (1967) and The Moray Eels Eat The Holy Modal Rounders (1968). After winning six Obie Awards between 1966 and 1968, Shepard emerged as a screenwriter with Robert Frank's Me and My Brother (1968) and Michelangelo Antonioni's Zabriskie Point (1970).

Cowboy Mouth, a collaboration with his then-lover Patti Smith, was staged at The American Place Theatre in April 1971, providing early exposure for Smith, who would become a well-known musician. The story and characters in Cowboy Mouth were inspired by Shepard and Smith's relationship. After opening night, he abandoned the production and fled to New England without a word to anyone involved.

Shortly thereafter, Shepard relocated with his wife and son to London. While in London, he immersed himself in the study of G.I. Gurdjieff's Fourth Way, a recurring preoccupation for much of his life. Returning to the United States in 1975, he moved to the 20-acre Flying Y Ranch in Mill Valley, California, where he raised a young colt named Drum and rode double with his young son on an appaloosa named Cody. Shepard continued to write plays and served for a semester as Regents' Professor of Drama at the University of California, Davis.

Shepard accompanied Bob Dylan on the Rolling Thunder Revue of 1975 as the screenwriter for Renaldo and Clara that emerged from the tour. However, because much of the film was improvised, Shepard's work was seldom used. Rolling Thunder Logbook, his diary of the tour, was published in 1978. A decade later, Dylan and Shepard co-wrote the 11-minute song "Brownsville Girl", included on Dylan's 1986 album Knocked Out Loaded and on later compilations.

In 1975, Shepard was named playwright-in-residence at the Magic Theatre in San Francisco, where he created many of his notable works, including his Family Trilogy. One of the plays in the trilogy, Buried Child (1978), won the Pulitzer Prize, and was nominated for five Tony Awards. This marked a major turning point in his career, heralding some of his best-known work, including True West (1980), Fool for Love (1983), and A Lie of the Mind (1985). A comic tale of reunion, in which a young man drops in on his grandfather's Illinois farmstead only to be greeted with indifference by his relations, Buried Child saw Shepard stake a claim to the psychological terrain of classic American theater. True West and Fool for Love were nominated for the Pulitzer Prize. Some critics have expanded the trilogy to a quintet, including Fool for Love and A Lie of the Mind. Shepard won a record-setting ten Obie Awards for writing and directing between 1966 and 1984.

In 2010, A Lie of the Mind was revived in New York at the same time as Shepard's new play Ages of the Moon opened there. Reflecting on the two plays, Shepard said that the older play felt "awkward", adding, "All of the characters are in a fractured place, broken into pieces, and the pieces don't really fit together," while the newer play "is like a Porsche. It's sleek, it does exactly what you want it to do, and it can speed up but also shows off great brakes." The revival and the new play also coincided with the publication of Shepard's collection Day out of Days: Stories. The book includes "short stories, poems and narrative sketches... that developed from dozens of leather-bound notebooks [Shepard] carried with him over the years."

Acting
Shepard began his film acting career when cast in a major role as the land baron in Terrence Malick's Days of Heaven (1978), opposite Richard Gere and Brooke Adams. This led to other film roles, including that of Cal, Ellen Burstyn's character's love interest in Resurrection (1980), and, most notably, Shepard's portrayal of Chuck Yeager in The Right Stuff (1983). The latter performance earned Shepard an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor. By 1986, Fool for Love was adapted by Robert Altman with Shepard in the lead role; A Lie of the Mind was being performed Off Broadway (with Harvey Keitel and Geraldine Page); and Shepard was working steadily as a film actor. Together, these achievements put him on the cover of Newsweek.

Over the years, Shepard taught extensively on playwriting and other aspects of theater. He gave classes and seminars at various theater workshops, festivals, and universities. Shepard was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 1986, and was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1986. In 2000, Shepard demonstrated his gratitude to the Magic Theatre by staging The Late Henry Moss as a benefit for the theater, in San Francisco. The cast included Nick Nolte, Sean Penn, Woody Harrelson, and Cheech Marin. The limited, three-month run was sold out. In 2001, Shepard played General William F. Garrison in the film Black Hawk Down. Although he was cast in a supporting role, Shepard enjoyed renewed interest in his talent for screen acting.

Shepard performed Spalding Gray's final monologue Life Interrupted for the audiobook version, released in 2006. In 2007, Shepard contributed banjo to Patti Smith's cover of Nirvana's song "Smells Like Teen Spirit" on her album Twelve. Although many artists had an influence on Shepard's work, one of the more significant was Joseph Chaikin, a veteran of The Living Theatre and founder of The Open Theater. The two worked together on various projects, and Shepard has stated that Chaikin was a valuable mentor.

In 2011, Shepard starred in the film Blackthorn. His final film appearance is Never Here, which premiered in June 2017 but had been filmed in 2014. Shepard also appeared in the television series Bloodline from 2014 to 2017.

Directing
At the beginning of his career, Shepard did not direct his own plays. His early plays had a number of different directors, but were most frequently directed by Ralph Cook, the founder of Theatre Genesis. Later, while living at the Flying Y Ranch, Shepard formed a successful playwright-director relationship with Robert Woodruff, who directed the premiere of Buried Child (1982). During the 1970s, Shepard decided that his vision for his plays required him to direct them himself. He directed many of his own plays from that point onward. With only a few exceptions, he did not direct plays by other playwrights. He also directed two films but reportedly did not see film directing as a major interest.

Personal life
When Shepard first arrived in New York City, he roomed with Charlie Mingus III, a friend from Duarte High School and the son of jazz musician Charles Mingus. Shepard then lived with actress Joyce Aaron.

From 1969 to 1984, he was married to actress O-Lan Jones, with whom he had one son, Jesse Mojo Shepard (born 1971).

From 1970 to 1971, Shepard was involved in an extramarital affair with musician Patti Smith, who remained unaware of his identity as a multiple Obie Award-winning playwright until it was divulged to her by Jackie Curtis. Smith said: "Me and his wife still even liked each other. I mean, it wasn't like committing adultery in the suburbs or something."

Canadian singer-songwriter Joni Mitchell wrote two songs about her affairs with Shepard during Bob Dylan's Rolling Thunder Revue tour of 1975. In "Coyote", from her eighth studio album Hejira, she recounts Shepard's seduction of her at a period while he was both married and having an extramarital affair with tour manager Christine O'Dell with the lines: "He's got a woman at home, another woman down the hall, but he seems to want me anyway." Meanwhile, in "Don Juan's Reckless Daughter", written during the same tour, Mitchell referenced the closeness between their birthdays, calling them "twins of spirit".

Shepard met actress Jessica Lange on the set of the 1982 film Frances, in which they were both acting. He moved in with her in 1983, and they were together for 27 years; they separated in 2009. They had two children, Hannah Jane Shepard (born 1986) and Samuel Walker Shepard (born 1987). In 2003, Shepard's elder son, Jesse, wrote a book of short stories, and Shepard appeared with him at a reading at City Lights Bookstore.

In 2014 and 2015, Shepard dated actress Mia Kirshner.

After a turbulent trip on an airliner returning from Mexico in the 1960s, he apparently vowed never to fly again. Despite this longstanding aversion to flying, Shepard allowed Chuck Yeager to take him up in a jet in 1982 in preparation for playing the pilot in the film The Right Stuff. Shepard cited his fear of flying as a source for a character in his 1966 play Icarus's Mother. His character went through an airliner crash in the film Voyager.

In the early morning hours of January 3, 2009, Shepard was arrested and charged with speeding and drunk driving in Normal, Illinois. He pleaded guilty to both charges on February 11, 2009, and was sentenced to 24 months probation, alcohol education classes, and 100 hours of community service. On May 25, 2015, Shepard was arrested again in Santa Fe, New Mexico, for aggravated drunk driving. Those charges were later dismissed as having no likelihood of conviction at trial.

His 50-year friendship with Johnny Dark, stepfather to O-Lan Jones, was the subject of the 2013 documentary Shepard & Dark by Treva Wurmfeld. A collection of Shepard and Dark's correspondence, Two Prospectors, was also published that year.

Death
Shepard died on July 27, 2017, at his home in Midway, Kentucky, aged 73, from complications of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Patti Smith paid homage to their long collaboration in The New Yorker. Fellow actor Matthew McConaughey, who had co-starred with Shepard in Mud, learned of Shepard's death during a television interview and was shocked by the news, ending the interview saying: "See you in the next one, Sam."

Archives
Sam Shepard's papers are split between the Wittliff Collections of Southwestern Writers at Texas State University, comprising 27 boxes (13 linear feet) and the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, comprising 30 document boxes (12.6 linear feet).

Plays
• 1964: Cowboys

• 1964: The Rock Garden

• 1964: Up to Thursday

• 1965: Chicago

• 1965: Icarus's Mother

• 1965: 4-H Club

• 1966: Red Cross

• 1966: Fourteen Hundred Thousand

• 1967: La Turista

• 1967: Cowboys #2

• 1967: Forensic & the Navigators

• 1969: The Unseen Hand

• 1969: Oh! Calcutta! (contributed sketches)

• 1970: The Holy Ghostly

• 1970: Operation Sidewinder

• 1970: Shaved Splits

• 1971: Mad Dog Blues

• 1971: Back Bog Beast Bait

• 1971: Cowboy Mouth (with Patti Smith)

• 1972: The Tooth of Crime

• 1974: Geography of a Horse Dreamer

• 1975: Killer's Head

• 1975: Action

• 1976: Angel City

• 1976: Suicide in B Flat

• 1977: Inacoma

• 1978: Curse of the Starving Class

• 1978: Buried Child

• 1978: Tongues (with Joseph Chaikin)

• 1979: Seduced: a Play in Two Acts

• 1980: True West

• 1981: Savage/Love (with Joseph Chaikin)

• 1983: Fool for Love

• 1985: A Lie of the Mind

• 1987: A Short Life of Trouble

• 1987: The War in Heaven (Angel's Monologue) (with Joseph Chaikin and Rick Harris)

• 1991: States of Shock

• 1993: Simpatico

• 1996: When the World Was Green (A Chef's Fable) (with Joseph Chaikin)

• 1996: Tooth of Crime (Second Dance)

• 1998: Eyes for Consuela

• 2000: The Late Henry Moss

• 2004: The Notebook

• 2004: The God of Hell

• 2007: Kicking a Dead Horse

• 2009: Ages of the Moon

• 2011: Blackthorn

• 2012: Heartless

• 2014: A Particle of Dread (Oedipus Variations)

Collections

 * 1973: Hawk Moon, Black Sparrow Press; ISBN 0-933826-23-0
 * 1983: Motel Chronicles, City Lights; ISBN 0-87286-143-0
 * 1984: Seven Plays, Dial Press, 368 pages; ISBN 0-553-34611-3
 * 1984: Fool for Love and Other Plays, Bantam Books, 320 pages; ISBN 0-553-34590-7
 * 1996: The Unseen Hand: and Other Plays, Vintage Books, 400 pages; ISBN 0-679-76789-4
 * 1996: Cruising Paradise, Vintage Books, 255 pages; ISBN 0-679-74217-4
 * 2003: Great Dream of Heaven, Vintage Books, 160 pages; ISBN 0-375-70452-3
 * 2004: Rolling Thunder Logbook, Da Capo Press, 176 pages (reissue); ISBN 0-306-81371-8
 * 2004: Day Out of Days: Stories, Knopf, 304 pages; ISBN 978-0-307-26540-1
 * 2013: Two Prospectors: The Letters of Sam Shepard and Johnny Dark, University of Texas Press, 400 pages; ISBN 978-0-292-76196-4

Novels

 * 2017: The One Inside, Knopf, 172 pages; ISBN 978-0-451-49458-0
 * 2017: Spy of the First Person, Knopf, 96 pages (published posthumously); ISBN 978-0-525-52156-3

title: Sam Shepard