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1947 in television

The year 1947 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1947.

Events

 * January 3 – Proceedings of the U.S. Congress are televised for the first time.
 * January 22 – The first commercial television station west of the Mississippi River, KTLA, begins operation in Hollywood.
 * January 29 – RCA company demonstrates an all-electronic color television system using live images, to the US Federal Communications Commission.
 * January 30 – The FCC rejects CBS' color television system.
 * February 10-March 11 – BBC television service in the UK is temporarily suspended due to a national fuel crisis.
 * March 11 – The first successful American children's television series, Movies for Small Fry debuts on the DuMont Network.
 * July 16 – RCA demonstrates the world's first all-electronic color camera to the Federal Communications Commission. (Only television receivers are present at the demonstration on January 29; the camera is at a remote studio.)
 * September 30 – The opening game of the World Series is the first World Series game to be telecast. The 1947 World Series is watched by an estimated 3.9 million people (many watching in bars and other public places), becoming television's first mass audience.
 * October 5 – The first telecast of a presidential address from the White House. President Truman speaks about the world food crisis. It is preceded by a Jell-O commercial, and features the president discussing his program for food rationing. The address is televised by WTVW-TV (presently WJLA-TV Channel 7 in Washington DC) as part of its inaugural broadcast. It is also simulcast by radio. It was long believed that no copy of this broadcast existed, but segments are preserved on kinescope in the Library of Congress. (For the record, President Franklin Roosevelt's address broadcast over NBC experimental television W2XBS—now WNBC—at the 1939 New York World's Fair preceded the 1947 Truman broadcast. However, Truman's broadcast is the first from inside the White House.)
 * October 13 – The puppet show series Junior Jamboree, later known as Kukla, Fran and Ollie, premieres on WBKB in Chicago, Illinois.
 * November 6 – Meet the Press first appears as a local program in Washington, D.C.
 * November 8 – Memorial service broadcast from the Cenotaph by the BBC, using tele-recording for the first time.
 * The first Hollywood movie production for TV, The Public Prosecutor.
 * There are 250,000 television sets in use in the United States.

Debuts

 * March 11 – Small Fry Club (1947–1951)
 * April 3 – Juvenile Jury (1947–1954)
 * May – The Swift Home Service Club (1947–?)
 * May 2 – Doorway to Fame (1947–1949)
 * May 7 – Kraft Television Theater on NBC, the first regularly scheduled drama series on a network (1947–1958)
 * May 15 – King Cole's Birthday Party (1947–1949)
 * May 21 – In the Kelvinator Kitchen (1947–1948)
 * June 16 – The Walter Compton News (1947–1948)
 * July 8 – Major League Baseball on NBC (1947–2000)
 * July 25 – Musical Merry-Go-Round (1947–1949)
 * October 13 – Junior Jamboree (later named Kukla, Fran and Ollie), on WBKB in Chicago (1947–1957)
 * October 1947 – first telecording by BBC (kinescope), showing black singer Adelaide Hall performing two songs with chorus and her guitar
 * November 18 – situation comedy Mary Kay and Johnny on Dumont network (1947–1950)
 * November 19 – Missus Goes a Shopping debuts on CBS, becoming that network's first commercial daytime series.
 * November 20 – Meet the Press, first network telecast on NBC (1947–present)
 * November 27 – Charade Quiz (1947–1949)
 * November – Swing Into Sports (1947–1949)
 * December 4 – Television Playhouse (1947–1948)
 * December 8 – Americana (1947–1949)
 * December 27 – Puppet Television Theater (later called Howdy Doody), a children's television program on NBC (1947–1960)
 * The Jack Eigen Show (1947–1951)
 * Café Continental (UK) on the BBC Television Service) (1947–1953)

Births

 * January 2 – Jack Hanna, zookeeper
 * January 8 – Laurie Walters, actress (Eight is Enough)
 * January 17 - Jane Elliot, actress (General Hospital)
 * January 19 - Paula Deen, chef, cookbook author, and TV personality
 * January 21 - Jill Eikenberry, actress (L.A. Law)
 * January 31
 * Glynn Turman, actor (A Different World, The Wire, House of Lies)
 * Jonathan Banks, actor
 * February 2
 * Farrah Fawcett, actress (Charlie's Angels) (d. 2009)
 * Greg Antonacci, actor (d. 2017)
 * February 3 - Tonea Stewart, actress (In the Heat of the Night)
 * February 4 - Dan Quayle, politician
 * February 20 – Peter Strauss, actor
 * February 24 – Edward James Olmos, actor (Miami Vice, Battlestar Galactica)
 * February 26 – Steve Melnyk, golfer
 * February 28 - Stephanie Beacham, actress (Dynasty, The Colbys)
 * March 1 – Alan Thicke, actor (Growing Pains) (d. 2016)
 * March 6 – Rob Reiner, actor (All in the Family), producer and director
 * March 7 – Richard Lawson, actor
 * March 12 – Mitt Romney, politician
 * March 19 – Glenn Close, actress
 * March 24 - Alan Sugar, English television presenter
 * March 25 - Elton John, English singer, pianist and composer
 * April 2 - Sam Anderson, actor, Perfect Strangers, Angel, Lost
 * April 4
 * Luke Halpin, actor (Flipper)
 * Ray Fosse, baseball player (d. 2021)
 * April 6 – John Ratzenberger, actor (Cheers)
 * April 11 - Meshach Taylor, actor (d. 2014)
 * April 12
 * David Letterman, comedian and talk show host (The Late Show)
 * Dan Lauria, actor
 * April 16 - Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, NBA basketball player
 * April 18
 * Dorothy Lyman, actress (Another World, Mama's Family, Generations)
 * Cindy Pickett, actress (Guiding Light, St. Elsewhere)
 * James Woods, actor (Holocaust, Shark)
 * April 19 - Jeff Maxwell, actor (M*A*S*H)
 * April 26 - Boyd Matson, former anchor of National Geographic Explorer
 * May 6 - Alan Dale, actor (The Young Doctors, Neighbours)
 * May 10 - Marion Ramsey, actress and singer (Cos) (d. 2021)
 * May 16 - Andrew Lack, television executive
 * May 25 - Karen Valentine, actress (Room 222)
 * May 29 - Anthony Geary, actor (General Hospital)
 * June 3 - Shuki Levy, Israeli-American music composer
 * June 14 - Len Berman, American television sportscaster
 * June 16 - Al Cowlings, American football player
 * June 20 - Paul Kreppel, actor and director (It's a Living)
 * June 21
 * Meredith Baxter, actress (Family Ties)
 * Michael Gross, actor (Family Ties, The Young and the Restless)
 * June 22
 * David Lander, comedic actor (Laverne & Shirley) (d. 2020)
 * Pete Maravich, NBA basketball player (d. 1988)
 * June 25 - Jimmie Walker, actor (Good Times)
 * June 26 - Carmen Finestra, producer and TV writer
 * June 29 - Richard Lewis, comedian and actor (Anything but Love)
 * July 1 - Shirley Hemphill, comedian and actress (What's Happening!!) (d. 1999)
 * July 2 – Larry David, actor, writer and producer (Seinfeld, Curb Your Enthusiasm)
 * July 3 – Betty Buckley, actress and singer (Eight is Enough)
 * July 5 – Joe Brown, judge
 * July 8 - Kim Darby, actress
 * July 9 - O. J. Simpson, actor and former NFL football player
 * July 20
 * Carlos Santana, guitarist
 * Rose Ann Scamardella, former anchorwoman
 * July 22 – Albert Brooks, actor (The Simpsons), comedian and director
 * July 23
 * Larry Manetti, actor (Magnum, P.I.)
 * Kaity Tong, American broadcast journalist
 * July 24 - Robert Hays, American actor (Iron Man, Angie, Starman, FM)
 * July 27 - Betty Thomas, actress (Hill Street Blues)
 * July 28 - Sally Struthers, actress (All in the Family)
 * July 30
 * Arnold Schwarzenegger, Austrian-born American actor, bodybuilder and 38th governor of California
 * William Atherton, American actor
 * August 8 - Larry Wilcox, actor (CHiPs)
 * August 13 - Gretchen Corbett, actress, The Rockford Files
 * August 19 - Gerald McRaney, actor (Simon & Simon, Major Dad, Promised Land)
 * August 20 - Ray Wise, actor (Twin Peaks)
 * August 22 - Cindy Williams, actress (Laverne and Shirley) (d. 2023)
 * August 28 - Debra Mooney, actress (Everwood)
 * September 4 – Jane Curtin, actress and comedian (Saturday Night Live, Kate and Allie, 3rd Rock from the Sun)
 * September 6 – Bob Jenkins, announcer (d. 2021)
 * September 21 - Stephen King, author
 * September 27
 * Liz Torres, actress (The John Larroquette Show)
 * Denis Lawson, actor
 * October 1
 * Stephen Collins, actor (7th Heaven)
 * Larry Lamb, actor
 * October 12 – Chris Wallace, television news anchor
 * October 17 – Michael McKean, actor (Laverne & Shirley, Better Call Saul)
 * October 18 – Joe Morton, actor
 * October 24 – Kevin Kline, actor
 * October 26 – Hillary Clinton, politician
 * October 29 – Richard Dreyfuss, actor (The Education of Max Bickford)
 * October 31
 * Deidre Hall, actress (Days of Our Lives)
 * Ira Joe Fisher, broadcaster
 * November 2 - Kate Linder, actress (The Young and the Restless)
 * November 3 - Shadoe Stevens, actor
 * November 9 - Robert David Hall, actor (CSI: Crime Scene Investigation)
 * November 13 - Joe Mantegna, actor (Criminal Minds)
 * November 18 - Jameson Parker, actor (Simon & Simon)
 * November 24 – Dwight Schultz, actor (The A-Team, Star Trek: The Next Generation, Chowder)
 * November 25 – John Larroquette, actor (Night Court)
 * December 2 – Leonard Lightfoot, American actor
 * December 11
 * Terry Turner, producer
 * Bill Cunningham, talk show host
 * December 21 – Kay Robertson, American television personality
 * December 23 – Peter Kostis, American golf analyst
 * December 29 – Ted Danson, actor (Cheers, Becker, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation)
 * December 31 – Tim Matheson, actor (Jonny Quest, Space Ghost, The West Wing)

Deaths

 * February 26 – Kálmán Tihanyi, Hungarian physicist, major contributor to the development of the cathode-ray tube

title: 1947 in television


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Telecine

Telecine ( or ) is the process of transferring film into video and is performed in a color suite. The term is also used to refer to the equipment used in this post-production process.

Telecine enables a motion picture, captured originally on film stock, to be viewed with standard video equipment, such as television sets, video cassette recorders (VCR), DVD, Blu-ray Disc or computers. Initially, this allowed television broadcasters to produce programs using film, usually 16-mm stock, but transmit them in the same format, and quality, as other forms of television production. Furthermore, telecine allows film producers, television producers and film distributors working in the film industry to release their productions on video and allows producers to use video production equipment to complete their filmmaking projects.

Within the film industry, it is also referred to as a TK, because TC is already used to designate timecode. Motion picture film scanners are similar to telecines.

History
With the advent of popular broadcast television, producers realized they needed more than live television programming. By turning to film-originated material, they would have access to the wealth of films made for the cinema in addition to recorded television programming on film that could be aired at different times. However, the difference in frame rates between film (generally 24 frames per second) and television (30 or 25 frames per second, interlaced) meant that simply playing a film into a television camera would result in flickering.

The kinescope was used to record the image from a television display to film, synchronized to the TV scan rate. The film could then be shown directly into a video camera for retransmission. Non-live programming could also be filmed using the kinescope, edited mechanically as normal, and then played back for TV. As the film was run at the same speed as the television, the flickering was eliminated. Various displays, including projectors for these video rate films, slide projectors and film cameras were often combined into a film chain, allowing the broadcaster to cue up various forms of media and switch between them by moving a mirror or prism. Color was supported by using a multi-tube video camera, prisms, and filters to separate the original color signal and feed the red, green and blue to individual tubes.

However, this still left film shot at cinema frame rates as a problem. The obvious solution is to simply speed up the film to match the television frame rates, but this, at least in the case of NTSC, requires a change that is rather obvious to the eye and ear. The simple solution is to periodically play a selected frame twice. For NTSC, the difference in frame rates can be corrected by showing every fourth frame of film twice. This solution does require the sound to be handled separately. A more advanced technique is to use 2:3 pulldown, discussed below, which turns every second frame of the film into three fields of video, which results in a slightly smoother display. PAL uses a similar system, 2:2 pulldown. However, during the analog broadcasting period, the 24 frames per second film was shown at a slightly faster 25 frames per second rate, to match the PAL video signal. This resulted in a fractionally higher-pitched audio soundtrack, and resulted in feature films having a slightly shorter duration, by being shown 1 frame per second faster.

In recent decades, telecine has primarily been a film-to-storage process, as opposed to film-to-air. Changes since the 1950s have primarily been in terms of equipment and physical formats; the basic concept remains the same. Home movies originally on film may be transferred to video tape using this technique.

Frame rate differences
The most complex part of telecine is the synchronization of the mechanical film motion and the electronic video signal. Every time the video (tele) part of the telecine samples the light electronically, the film (cine) part of the telecine must have a frame in perfect registration and ready to photograph. This is relatively easy when the film is photographed at the same frame rate as the video camera will sample, but when video and film frame rates differ, a sophisticated procedure is required.

2:2 pulldown
In countries that use the PAL or SECAM video standards, film destined for television is photographed at 25 frames per second. The PAL video standard broadcasts at 25 frames per second, so the transfer from film to video is simple; for every film frame, one video frame is captured.

Theatrical features originally photographed at 24 frames per second are shown at 25 frames per second. While this is usually not noticed in the picture, the 4% increase in playback speed causes a slightly noticeable increase in audio pitch by about 0.707 semitones. This can be corrected using time stretching algorithms, which speed up audio while preserving pitch.

2:2 pulldown is also used to transfer shows and films photographed at 30 frames per second, like Friends and Oklahoma! (1955), to NTSC video, which has ~59.94 Hz scanning rate. This requires playback speed to be slowed by a tenth of a percent.

2:3 pulldown
In the United States and other countries where television uses the 59.94 Hz vertical scanning frequency, video is broadcast at ~29.97 frame/s. For the film's motion to be accurately rendered on the video signal, a telecine must use a technique called the 2:3 pulldown, also known as 3:2 pulldown, to convert from 24 to ~29.97 frame/s.

The term pulldown comes from the mechanical process of pulling (physically moving) the film downward within the film portion of the transport mechanism, to advance it from one frame to the next at a given rate (nominally 24 frames/s). This is accomplished in two steps. The first step is to slow down the film motion by NTSC's 1000/1001 ratio to 24,000/1001 (~23.976) frames/s. The difference in speed is imperceptible to the viewer. For a two-hour film, play time is extended by 7.2 seconds. If the total playback time must be kept exact, a single frame can be dropped every 1000 frames.

The second step of the 2:3 pulldown is distributing cinema frames into video fields. At 23.976 frame/s, there are four frames of film for every five frames of 29.97 frame/s video:

 * $$ \frac{23.976}{29.97} = \frac{4}{5}$$

These four film frames are stretched into five video frames by exploiting the interlaced nature of 60 Hz video. For every video frame, there are actually two incomplete images or fields, one for the odd-numbered lines of the image, and one for the even-numbered lines. There are, therefore, ten fields for every four film frames, which are called A, B, C, and D. The telecine alternately places frame A across two fields, frame B across three fields, frame C across two fields and frame D across three fields. This can be written as A-A-B-B-B-C-C-D-D-D or 2-3-2-3 or simply 2–3. The cycle repeats itself completely after four film frames.

A 3:2 pulldown pattern is identical to the one described above except that it is shifted by one frame. For instance, a cycle that starts with film frame B yields a 3:2 pattern: B-B-B-C-C-D-D-D-A-A or 3-2-3-2 or simply 3–2. In other words, there is no difference between the 2-3 and 3-2 patterns. In fact, the 3-2 notation is misleading because according to SMPTE standards for every four-frame film sequence the first frame is scanned twice, not three times.

The above method is a classic 2:3, which was used before frame buffers allowed for holding more than one frame. The preferred method for doing a 2:3 creates only one dirty frame in every five (i.e. 3:3:2:2 or 2:3:3:2 or 2:2:3:3); while this method has slightly more judder, it allows for easier upconversion (the dirty frame can be dropped without losing information) and a better overall compression when encoding. The 2:3:3:2 pattern is supported by the Panasonic DVX-100B video camera under the name "Advanced Pulldown". Note that just fields are displayed—no frames hence no dirty frames—in interlaced display such as on a CRT. Dirty frames may appear in other methods of displaying the interlaced video.

2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3 pulldown
A new method called 2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:2:3, Euro, 12:1 or 24:1 pulldown,  can be used in order to convert 24 frame/s material to 25 frame/s. Usually, this involves a film to PAL transfer without the aforementioned 4% speedup. For film at 24 frame/s, there are 24 frames of film for every 25 frames of PAL video. In order to accommodate this mismatch in frame rate, 24 frames of film have to be distributed over 50 PAL fields. This can be accomplished by inserting a pulldown field every 12 frames, thus effectively spreading 12 frames of film over 25 fields (or 12.5 frames) of PAL video.

This method was born out of a frustration with the faster, higher-pitched soundtracks that traditionally accompanied films transferred for PAL and SECAM audiences. A few motion pictures are beginning to be telecined this way. It is particularly suited for films where the soundtrack is of special importance.

Other pulldown patterns
Similar techniques must be used for films shot at silent speeds of less than 24 frame/s, which includes home movie formats (the standard for Standard 8 mm film was 16 fps, and 18 fps for Super 8 mm film) as well as silent film (which in 35 mm format usually was 16 fps, 12 fps, or even lower).
 * 16 frame/s (actually 15.984) to NTSC 30 frame/s (actually 29.97): pulldown should be 3:4:4:4 or the film may be run at 15 frame/s (actually 14.985) then pulldown should be 4:4. As motion pictures shot at this framerate are silent, there is no audio that is affected.
 * 16 frame/s to PAL 25: pulldown should be 3:3:3:3:3:3:3:4 (if the film playback rate is increased to 16⅔ frame/s [1,000 frames per minute)] pulldown is simplified to 3:3)
 * 18 frame/s (slowed to 17.982) to NTSC 30: pulldown should be 3:3:4
 * 20 frame/s (slowed to 19.98) to NTSC 30: pulldown should be 3:3
 * 20 frame/s to PAL 25: pulldown should be 3:2
 * 27.5 frame/s to NTSC 30: pulldown should be 3:2:2:2:2
 * 27.5 frame/s to PAL 25: pulldown should be 1:2:2:2:2

Also, other patterns have been described that refer to the progressive frame rate conversion required to display 24 frame/s video (e.g., from a DVD player) on a progressive display (e.g., LCD or plasma):
 * 24 frame/s to 96 frame/s (4× frame repetition): pulldown is 4:4
 * 24 frame/s to 120 frame/s (5× frame repetition): pulldown is 5:5
 * 24 frame/s to 120 frame/s (3:2 pulldown followed by 2× deinterlacing): pulldown is 6:4

Mainframe Entertainment used a novel process for its TV shows. They are rendered at exactly 25.000 frames per second; then, for PAL/SECAM distribution, ordinary 2:2 pulldown is applied, but for NTSC distribution, 199 fields out of every 1001 are repeated. This brings the refresh rate from 25 frames/s to exactly 60,000/1001, or ~59.94, fields per second, with no change whatsoever in speed, duration, or audio pitch.

Telecine judder
The 2:3 pulldown telecine process creates a slight error in the video signal compared to the original film frames that can be seen in the 2:3 pulldown diagram above. This is one reason why films viewed on typical NTSC home equipment may not appear as smooth as when viewed in a cinema and PAL home equipment. The effect is particularly apparent in scenes that feature slow, steady camera movements. These appear slightly jerky when viewed in material that has been through the telecine process. The phenomenon is commonly referred to as telecine judder. Reversing the 2:3 pulldown telecine is discussed below.

PAL material in which 2:3 (Euro) pulldown has been applied suffers from a similar lack of smoothness, though this effect is not usually called telecine judder. Effectively, every 12th film frame is displayed for the duration of three PAL fields (60 milliseconds), whereas the other 11 frames are each displayed for the duration of two PAL fields (40 milliseconds). This causes a slight hiccup in the video about twice a second.

Reverse telecine (a.k.a. inverse telecine (IVTC), reverse pulldown)
Some DVD players, line doublers, and personal video recorders are designed to detect and remove 2:3 pulldown from telecined video sources, thereby reconstructing the original 24 frame/s film frames. Many video editing programs such as AviSynth also have this ability. This technique is known as reverse telecine, inverse telecine, or detelecine. Benefits of reverse telecine include high-quality non-interlaced display on compatible display devices and the elimination of redundant data for compression purposes.

Reverse telecine is crucial when acquiring film material into a digital non-linear editing system such as Lightworks, Sony Vegas Pro, Avid, or Final Cut Pro, since these machines produce negative cut lists which refer to specific frames in the original film material. When video from a telecine is ingested into these systems, the operator usually has available a "telecine trace", in the form of a text file, which gives the correspondence between the video material and film original. Alternatively, the video transfer may include telecine sequence markers "burned in" to the video image along with other identifying information such as time code.

It is also possible, but more difficult, to perform reverse telecine without prior knowledge of where each field of video lies in the 2:3 pulldown pattern. This is the task faced by most consumer equipment such as line doublers and personal video recorders. Ideally, only a single field needs to be identified, the rest following the pattern in lock-step. However, the 2:3 pulldown pattern does not necessarily remain consistent throughout an entire program. Edits performed on film material after it undergoes 2:3 pulldown can introduce "jumps" in the pattern if care is not taken to preserve the original frame sequence (this often happens during the editing of television shows and commercials in NTSC format). Most reverse telecine algorithms attempt to follow the 2:3 pattern using image analysis techniques, e.g. by searching for repeated fields.

Algorithms that perform 2:3 pulldown removal also usually perform the task of deinterlacing. It is possible to algorithmically determine whether video contains a 2:3 pulldown pattern or not, and selectively do either reverse telecine (in the case of film-sourced video) or bob-deinterlacing (in the case of native video sources).

Flying spot scanner

In the United Kingdom, Rank Precision Industries was experimenting with the flying-spot scanner (FSS), which inverted the cathode ray tube (CRT) concept of scanning using a television screen. The CRT emits a pixel-sized electron beam which is excites phosphors coating the envelope, causing them to glow in red, green, and blue. This dot of light is then focused by a lens onto the film's emulsion and finally collected by a pickup device. In 1950 the first Rank flying spot monochrome telecine was installed at the BBC's Lime Grove Studios. The advantage of the FSS is that color analysis is done after scanning, so there can be no registration errors as can be produced by vidicon tubes where scanning is done after color separation—it also allows simpler dichroics to be used.

In a flying spot scanner (FSS) or cathode-ray tube (CRT) telecine, a pixel-sized light beam is projected through exposed and developed motion picture film (either negative or positive) and collected by a special type of photo-electric cell known as a photomultiplier which converts the light into an electrical signal. The beam of light "scans" across the film image from left to right to record the horizontal frame information. Vertical scanning of the frame is then accomplished by moving the film past the CRT beam. In a color telecine the light from the CRT passes through the film and is separated by dichroic mirrors and filters into red, green and blue bands. Photomultiplier tubes or avalanche photodiodes convert the light into separate red, green and blue electrical signals for further electronic processing. This can be accomplished in real time, 24 frames per second (or in some cases faster). Rank Precision-Cintel introduced the "Mark" series of FSS telecines. During this time advances were also made in CRTs, with increased light output producing a better signal-to-noise ratio and so allowing negative film to be used.

The problem with flying-spot scanners was the difference in frequencies between television field rates and film frame rates. This was solved first by the Mk. I Polygonal Prism system, which was optically synchronised to the television frame rate by the rotating prism and could be run at any frame rate. This was replaced by the Mk. II Twin Lens, and then around 1975, by the Mk. III Hopping Patch (jump scan). The Mk. III series progressed from the original "jump scan" interlace scan to the Mk. IIIB which used a progressive scan and included a digital scan converter (Digiscan) to output interlaced video. The Mk. IIIC was the most popular of the series and used a next-generation Digiscan plus other improvements.

The "Mark" series was then replaced by the Ursa (1989), the first in their line of telecines capable of producing digital data in 4:2:2 color space. The Ursa Gold (1993) stepped this up to 4:4:4 and then the Ursa Diamond (1997), which incorporated many third-party improvements on the Ursa system. Cintel's C-Reality and ITK's Millennium flying-spot scanner are able to do both HD and Data.

Line array CCD
The Robert Bosch GmbH, Fernseh Div., which later became BTS Inc. – Philips Digital Video Systems, Thomson's Grass Valley and now is DFT Digital Film Technology introduced the world's first CCD telecine (1979), the FDL-60. The FDL-60 designed and made in Darmstadt West Germany, was the first all solid state telecine.

Rank Cintel (ADS telecine 1982) and Marconi Company (1985) both made CCD Telecines for a short time. The Marconi model B3410 telecine sold 84 units over a three-year period, and a former Marconi technician still maintains them.

In a charge-coupled device Line Array CCD telecine, a "white" light is shone through the exposed film image into a prism, which separates out the image into the three primary colors, red, green and blue. Each beam of colored light is then projected at a different CCD, one for each color. The CCD converts the light into electrical impulses which the telecine electronics modulate into a video signal which can then be recorded onto video tape or broadcast.

Philips-BTS eventually evolved the FDL 60 into the FDL 90 (1989) / Quadra (1993). In 1996 Philips, working with Kodak, introduced the Spirit DataCine (SDC 2000), which was capable of scanning the film image at HDTV resolutions and approaching 2K (1920 Luminance and 960 Chrominace RGB) × 1556 RGB. With the data option the Spirit DataCine can be used as a motion picture film scanner outputting 2K DPX data files as 2048 × 1556 RGB. In 2000 Philips introduced the Shadow Telecine (STE), a low cost version of the Spirit with no Kodak parts. The Spirit DataCine, Cintel's C-Reality and ITK's Millennium opened the door to the technology of digital intermediates, wherein telecine tools were not just used for video outputs, but could now be used for high-resolution data that would later be recorded back out to film. The DFT Digital Film Technology, formerly Grass Valley Spirit 4K/2K/HD (2004) replaced the Spirit 1 Datacine and uses both 2K and 4K line array CCDs. (Note: the SDC-2000 did not use a color prisms and/or dichroic mirrors.) DFT revealed its new scanner at the 2009 NAB Show, Scanity. The Scanity uses time delay integration (TDI) sensor technology for extremely fast and sensitive film scans. High speed scanning 15 frame/s @ 4K; 25 frame/s @ 2K; 44 frame/s @ 1K.

Pulsed LED/triggered three CCD camera system
With the manufacturing of new high-power LEDs, came pulsed LED/triggered three CCD camera systems. Flashing the LED light source for a very short time span gives the full-frame CCD camera a stop action of the film, allowing continuous film motion. With CCD video cameras that have a trigger input, the camera now can be electronically synced up to the film transport framing. There are now a number of retail and home made Pulsed LED/triggered camera systems.

An array of high-power multiple red, green and blue LEDs is pulsed just as the film frame is positioned in front of the optical lens. The camera sends the single, non-interlaced image of the film frame to a digital frame store, where the electronic picture is clocked out at the selected TV frame rate for PAL or NTSC or other standards. More advanced systems replace the sprocket wheel with laser or camera-based perf detection and image stabilization system.

Digital intermediate systems and virtual telecines
Telecine technology is increasingly merging with that of motion picture film scanners; high-resolution telecines, such as those mentioned above, can be regarded as film scanners that operate in real time.

As digital intermediate post-production becomes more common, the need to combine the traditional telecine functions of input devices, standards converters, and color grading systems is becoming less important as the post-production chain changes to tapeless and filmless operation.

However, the parts of the workflow associated with telecines still remain and are being pushed to the end, rather than the beginning, of the post-production chain, in the form of real-time digital grading systems and digital intermediate mastering systems, increasingly running in software on commodity computer systems. These are sometimes called virtual telecine systems.

Video cameras that produce telecined video, and "film look"
Some video cameras and consumer camcorders are able to record in progressive "24 frames/s" or "23.976 frames/s". Such a video has cinema-like motion characteristics and is the major component of the so-called film look.

For most 24 frames/s cameras, the virtual 2:3 pulldown process is happening inside the camera. Although the camera is capturing a progressive frame at the CCD, just like a film camera, it is then imposing an interlacing on the image to record it to tape so that it can be played back on any standard television. Not every camera handles "24 frames/s" this way, but the majority of them do.

Cameras that record 25 frames/s (PAL) or 29.97 frames/s (NTSC) do not need to employ 2:3 pulldown, because every progressive frame occupies exactly two video fields. In the video industry, this type of encoding is called progressive segmented frame (PsF). PsF is conceptually identical to 2:2 pulldown, only there is no film original to transfer from.

Digital television and high definition
Digital television and high-definition standards provide several methods for encoding film material. Fifty field/s formats such as 576i50 and 1080i50 can accommodate film content using a 4% speed-up like PAL. 59.94 field/s interlaced formats such as 480i60 and 1080i60 use the same 2:3 pulldown technique as NTSC. In 59.94 frame/s progressive formats such as 480p60 and 720p60, entire frames (rather than fields) are repeated in a 2:3 pattern, accomplishing the frame rate conversion without interlacing and its associated artifacts. Other formats such as 1080p24 can decode film material at its native rate of 24 or 23.976 frame/s.

All of these coding methods are in use to some extent. In PAL countries, 25 frame/s formats remain the norm. In NTSC countries, most digital broadcasts of 24 frame/s progressive material, both standard and high definition, continue to use interlaced formats with 2:3 pulldown, even though ATSC allows native 24 and 23.976 frame/s progressive formats which offer the greatest image quality and coding efficiency, and are widely used in motion picture and high definition video production. Nowadays, most HDTV vendors sell LCD televisions in NTSC/ATSC countries capable of 120 Hz or 240 Hz refresh rates and plasma sets capable of 48, 72, or 96 Hz refresh. When combined with a 1080p24-capable source (such as most Blu-ray Disc players), some of these sets are able to display film-based content using a pulldown scheme of whole multiples of 24, thereby avoiding the problems associated with 2:3 pulldown or the 4% speed-up used in PAL countries. For example, a 1080p 120 Hz set which accepts a 1080p24 input can achieve 5:5 pulldown by simply repeating each frame five times and thus not exhibit picture artifacts associated with telecine judder.

Gate weave
Gate weave, known in this context as "telecine weave" or "telecine wobble", caused by the movement of the film in the telecine machine gate, is a characteristic artifact of real-time telecine scanning. Numerous techniques have been tried to minimize gate weave, using both improvements in mechanical film handling and electronic post-processing. Line-scan telecines are less vulnerable to frame-to-frame judder than machines with conventional film gates, and non-real-time machines are also less vulnerable to gate weave than real-time machines. Some gate weave is inherent in film cinematography, as it was introduced by the film handling within the original film camera: modern digital image stabilization techniques can remove both this and telecine/scanner gate weave.

Soft and hard telecine
On DVDs, telecined material may be either hard telecined, or soft telecined. In the hard-telecined case, video is stored on the DVD at the playback framerate (29.97 frame/s for NTSC, 25 frame/s for PAL), using the telecined frames as shown above. In the soft-telecined case, the material is stored on the DVD at the film rate (24 or 23.976 frames/s) in the original progressive format, with special flags inserted into the MPEG-2 video stream that instruct the DVD player to repeat certain fields so as to accomplish the required pulldown during playback. Progressive scan DVD players additionally offer output at 480p by using these flags to duplicate frames rather than fields, or if the TV supports it, to play the disc back at the native 24p rate.

NTSC DVDs are often soft telecined, although lower-quality hard-telecined DVDs exist. In the case of PAL DVDs using 2:2 pulldown, the difference between soft and hard telecine vanishes, and the two may be regarded as equal. In the case of PAL DVDs using 2:3 pulldown, either soft or hard telecining may be applied.

Blu-ray offers native 24 frame/s support, allowing 5:5 cadence on most modern televisions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Telecine


text:
1946 in television

The year 1946 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1946. The number of television programming was increasing after World War II.

Events

 * February 4 – RCA demonstrates an all-electronic color television system.
 * February 18 – The first Washington, D.C. – New York City telecast through AT&T corporation's coaxial cable, in which General Dwight Eisenhower places a wreath at the base of the statue in the Lincoln Memorial and others make brief speeches, is termed a success by engineers, although Time magazine calls it "as blurred as an early Chaplin movie."
 * February 25 – The prewar U.S. 18-channel VHF allocation is officially ended in favor of a new 13-channel VHF allocation due to the appropriation of some frequencies by the military and the relocation of FM radio. Only five of the old channels are the same as new channels in terms of frequency and none have the same number as before.
 * April 22 – CBS transmits a Technicolor movie short and color slides by coaxial cable from Manhattan to Washington (332 kilometers) and return.
 * June 7 – The BBC Television Service begins broadcasting again for the first time since 1939. The first words heard are "Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?". Twenty minutes later, the Mickey Mouse cartoon Mickey's Gala Premiere, last programme transmitted seven years earlier at the start of World War II, is reshown.
 * June 19 – The first televised heavyweight boxing title fight between Joe Louis and Billy Conn is broadcast from Yankee Stadium. The fight is seen by 141,000 people, the largest television audience to see a boxing match to this date.
 * July 7 – Broadcasting of the BBC's children's programme For The Children is resumed, one of the few pre-war programmes to resume after reintroduction of the service.
 * August 4 – Children's puppet "Muffin the Mule" debuts in an episode of the series For the Children. He is so popular he is given his own show later that same year.
 * September 6 – Chicago's WBKB-TV (now WBBM-TV) commences broadcasting as the first U.S. television station outside the Eastern Time Zone.
 * September 15 – DuMont Television Network begins broadcasting regularly in the United States.
 * October 2 – The first television network soap opera, Faraway Hill, is broadcast by DuMont.
 * October 22 – Telecrime, the first television crime series from the 1930s, is resumed by the BBC, retitled Telecrimes.
 * December 24 – The first Christmas church service is telecast, Grace Episcopal Church in New York, on WABD.
 * Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo founds a company, which would later become Sony.
 * Zoomar introduces the first professional zoom lens for television cameras.
 * The first postwar television sets are released by the companies RCA, DuMont, Crosley, and Belmont.

Debuts

 * January 4 - You Be the Judge premieres on CBS
 * May 9 – The first regularly scheduled American variety show, Hour Glass, premieres on NBC (1946–1947).
 * May 23 - Let's Play Reporter premieres on WABD-TV, but produced by ABC
 * June 9 - Face to Face premieres on NBC (1946–1947).
 * June 9 - Geographically Speaking premieres on NBC (1946-1947)
 * June 20 - Cash and Carry premieres on the DuMont network (1946–1947).
 * August 30 - I Love to Eat premieres on NBC (1946–1947).
 * September 24 – Play the Game (1946), a US game show.
 * October 2 - Faraway Hill, the first network-televised soap opera, debuts on DuMont.
 * November 2 – Kaleidoscope (UK) (1946–1953).
 * November 15 - Let's Rhumba premieres on NBC (1946–1947).
 * November 17 - Television Screen Magazine premieres on NBC (1946–1949).
 * November 29 – Pinwright's Progress (UK), British television's first situation comedy, debuts on the BBC Television Service (1946–1947).
 * December 27 - Campus Hoopla premieres (1946–1947).
 * Boxing From St. Nicholas Arena (1946-1948)
 * See What You Know (1946-1949)
 * You Are an Artist premieres on NBC (1946–1950).
 * Gillette Cavalcade of Sports (1946–1960).
 * Paging You premieres (1946–1948).
 * Muffin the Mule (UK) premieres (1946–1955).

Births

 * January 5 – Diane Keaton, actress
 * January 19 – Dolly Parton, country singer and actress
 * January 20 – David Lynch, director and actor, Twin Peaks
 * January 24 – Michael Ontkean, Canadian actor, The Rookies, Twin Peaks
 * January 28 – Don Reo, producer
 * February 1
 * Elisabeth Sladen, English actress, Doctor Who (died 2011)
 * Bart Braverman, actor, Vega$
 * February 2 – Blake Clark, actor, Home Improvement, Boy Meets World
 * February 7 – Pete Postlethwaite, English actor (died 2011)
 * February 8 – Alex Diakun, actor
 * February 13 – Joe Estevez, actor
 * February 17 – Lynne Moody, actress, Roots
 * February 20
 * Brenda Blethyn, English actress, Vera
 * Sandy Duncan, actress, The Hogan Family
 * February 21
 * Tyne Daly, actress, Cagney & Lacey
 * Alan Rickman, English actor (died 2016)
 * March 5 – Michael Warren, actor, Hill Street Blues
 * March 6 – Martin Kove, actor, Cagney & Lacey
 * March 7
 * John Heard, actor (died 2017)
 * Dan Grimaldi, actor
 * March 12
 * Frank Welker, voice actor
 * Liza Minnelli, actress
 * March 15 – Howard E. Scott, singer
 * March 17 – Harold Ray Brown, singer
 * March 21 – Timothy Dalton, Welsh actor, Penny Dreadful
 * March 26 – Johnny Crawford, actor, The Rifleman (died 2020)
 * April 5 – Jane Asher, English actress
 * April 8 – Tim Thomerson, actor and comedian
 * April 10 – David Angell, screenwriter and television producer (died 2001)
 * April 12 – Ed O'Neill, actor, Married... with Children, Modern Family
 * April 19 – Tim Curry, English actor and singer, It, The Wild Thornberrys
 * April 23 – Blair Brown, actress (The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd, Fringe)
 * April 24 – Phil Robertson, American professional hunter
 * May 1 – Joanna Lumley, English actress, Absolutely Fabulous
 * May 3 – Greg Gumbel, TV sportscaster
 * May 7 – Michael Rosen, English TV presenter
 * May 9 – Candice Bergen, actress, Murphy Brown, Boston Legal
 * May 19 – André the Giant, professional wrestler (died 1993)
 * May 20 – Cher, singer and actress, The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour
 * May 28 – Gladys Knight, singer
 * May 31 – Maeve Kinkead, soap opera actress
 * June 1 – Brian Cox, actor
 * June 14 – Donald Trump, TV host and former president of the United States
 * June 19 – Jennifer Darling, actress, The Six Million Dollar Man, The Bionic Woman
 * June 20 – Bob Vila, TV host
 * June 23 – Ted Shackelford, actor, Knots Landing
 * June 28
 * Gilda Radner, actress and comedian, Saturday Night Live (died 1989)
 * Bruce Davison, actor
 * July 6
 * George W. Bush, politician
 * Fred Dryer, actor, Hunter
 * Sylvester Stallone, actor
 * July 7 – Joe Spano, actor, Hill Street Blues, NCIS
 * July 9
 * Arthur Albert, actor
 * Mary-Ellis Bunim, producer (died 2004)
 * July 13 – Cheech Marin, actor and comedian, Nash Bridges
 * July 14 – Vincent Pastore, actor, The Sopranos
 * July 21 – Mel Damski, director
 * July 22 – Danny Glover, actor and director
 * July 28 – Linda Kelsey, actress, Lou Grant
 * August 5 – Erika Slezak, actress, One Life to Live
 * August 10 – James Reynolds, actor, Days of Our Lives
 * August 14
 * Antonio Fargas, actor, Starsky & Hutch
 * Susan Saint James, actress, McMillan and Wife, Kate & Allie
 * David Schramm, actor, Wings (died 2020)
 * August 16 – Lesley Ann Warren, actress and singer, Mission: Impossible
 * August 19 – Bill Clinton, politician
 * August 20 – Connie Chung, journalist
 * August 26 – Mark Snow, composer
 * August 30 – Peggy Lipton, actress, The Mod Squad, Twin Peaks (died 2019)
 * September 6 – Loudon Wainwright III, actor
 * September 25 – Felicity Kendal, English actress, Rosemary and Thyme
 * September 24 – David Anspaugh, director
 * September 28 – Jeffrey Jones, actor, Deadwood
 * September 29 – Patricia Hodge, English actress, Miranda
 * October 3 - Biff Henderson, American comedian
 * October 4 – Susan Sarandon, actress
 * October 8 – Lynne Adams, actress
 * October 10
 * Chris Tarrant, English broadcaster
 * Ben Vereen, actor
 * October 11 – Bob Warman, presenter
 * October 13 – Demond Wilson, actor, Sanford and Son
 * October 14 – Katy Manning, English actress
 * October 15 – John Getz, actor
 * October 16
 * Suzanne Somers, actress, Three's Company, Step by Step
 * David Greenwalt, screenwriter
 * October 18 – Howard Shore, Canadian composer
 * October 26 – Pat Sajak, game show host, Wheel of Fortune
 * October 27 – Ivan Reitman, screenwriter (died 2022)
 * October 31 – Stephen Rea, Irish actor
 * November 2 – Richard Newman, Voice actor
 * November 4 – Les Lannom, actor, musician, Harry O
 * November 6
 * Sally Field, actress, Gidget, The Flying Nun, Brothers & Sisters
 * Fred Penner, actor and musician, Fred Penner's Place
 * November 20 – Judy Woodruff, broadcast journalist
 * November 25 – Marc Brown, author and creator of Arthur
 * November 28 – Joe Dante, actor
 * December 1 – Jonathan Katz, actor
 * December 14
 * Patty Duke, actress, The Patty Duke Show (died 2016)
 * Lynne Marie Stewart, actress
 * December 16 – Terence Knox, actor, St. Elsewhere, Tour of Duty
 * December 17 – Eugene Levy, actor
 * December 18 – Steven Spielberg, American director
 * December 19 – Robert Urich, actor, Vega$, Spenser for Hire (died 2002)
 * December 20 – Dick Wolf, television producer
 * December 23 – Susan Lucci, actress, All My Children

Deaths

 * June 14 – John Logie Baird, engineer, one of the inventors of the mechanical television, 57
 * December 25 – W. C. Fields, US actor and comedian, 66

title: 1946 in television


text:
Shoegaze

Shoegaze (originally called shoegazing and sometimes conflated with "dream pop") is a subgenre of indie and alternative rock characterized by its ethereal mixture of obscured vocals, guitar distortion and effects, feedback, and overwhelming volume. It emerged in Ireland and the United Kingdom in the late 1980s among neo-psychedelic groups who usually stood motionless during live performances in a detached, non-confrontational state. The name comes from the heavy use of effects pedals, as the performers were often looking down at their pedals during concerts.

My Bloody Valentine's album Loveless (1991) is often seen as the genre's defining release; other prominent shoegaze groups include Slowdive, Ride, Lush, Pale Saints, Swirlies, Chapterhouse, and Swervedriver. A loose label given to the shoegaze bands and other affiliated bands in London in the early 1990s was "the scene that celebrates itself". Most shoegaze artists drew from the template set by My Bloody Valentine on their late 1980s recordings, as well as bands such as The Jesus and Mary Chain and Cocteau Twins.

In the early 1990s, shoegaze was sidelined by American grunge and early Britpop acts, resulting in relatively unknown bands breaking up or reinventing their style altogether. Since the late 2010s, a renewed interest in the genre has been noted, namely among nu gaze and blackgaze bands.

Characteristics
Shoegaze combines ethereal, swirling vocals with layers of distorted, bent, or flanged guitars, creating a wash of sound where no instrument is distinguishable from another. The genre was typically "overwhelmingly loud, with long, droning riffs, waves of distortion, and cascades of feedback. Vocals and melodies disappeared into the walls of guitars."

Etymology
In a 2016 article for HuffPost Andy Ross claimed he coined the term "shoegazing" at a show on 3 September 1991 which featured Chapterhouse, Slowdive and Moose, because the bands' members seemed to be in "a state of trance by the footwear lurking semi-motionless beneath their low-slung guitars". Alternatively, The Guinness Who's Who of Indie and New Wave Music (1992) claimed that the first use of the name was in a concert review for Moose, published by Sounds, in which the author referenced how singer Russell Yates read lyrics taped to the floor throughout the gig.

According to AllMusic: "The shatteringly loud, droning neo-psychedelia the band performed was dubbed shoegaze by the British press because the band members stared at the stage while they performed". The term was also used by the British music press to describe dream pop bands. Slowdive's Simon Scott found the term relevant:

"I always thought Robert Smith, when he was in Siouxsie and the Banshees playing guitar [on the 1983's Nocturne live video], was the coolest as he just stood there and let the music flood out. That anti showmanship was perfect so I never really understood why people began to use 'shoegaze' as a negative term. I think if Slowdive didn't stand there looking at what pedal was about to go on and off we'd have been shite. [...] I am glad we were static and concentrated on playing well. Now it is a positive term."

However, to some, the term was considered a pejorative, especially by a part of the English weekly music press who considered the movement as ineffectual, and it was disliked by many of the groups it purported to describe. Lush's singer Miki Berenyi explained: "Shoegazing was originally a slag-off term. My partner [K.J. 'Moose' McKillop], who was the guitarist in Moose, claims that it was originally leveled at his band. Apparently the journo was referring to the bank of effects pedals he had strewn across the stage that he had to keep staring at in order to operate. And then it just became a generic term for all those bands that had a big, sweeping, effects-laden sound, but all stood resolutely still on stage." Ride's Mark Gardener had another take on his group's static presentation: "We didn't want to use the stage as a platform for ego... We presented ourselves as normal people, as a band who wanted their fans to think they could do that too."

Origins and precursors

"All I Wanna Do", a song from the Beach Boys' 1970 album Sunflower, was retrospectively viewed as a precursor to shoegaze, and was one of many influences on both the shoegaze and dream pop scenes of the early 1990s.

Post-punk acts Siouxsie and the Banshees and The Cure were formative influences on shoegaze. Slowdive named themselves after the Siouxsie and the Banshees song of the same name and took inspiration from the group at their beginnings, while their contemporaries Lush were originally called "The Baby Machines", a line from a Siouxsie Sioux lyric. During early and mid 1980s, the English alternative rock and neo-psychedelia scenes produced several bands whose exploration of sounds and textures would impact shoegaze. Those bands included the House of Love, Spacemen 3, and Loop, the latter two of whom were notable influences on shoegazers Ride and Slowdive.

American underground bands Sonic Youth, Dinosaur Jr., and Pixies were also cited by various shoegaze bands as touchstones for their respective sounds. Proto-punk band the Velvet Underground also proved very influential for many shoegaze acts.

According to AllMusic, most bands drew from the music of My Bloody Valentine as a template for the genre, as well as groups such as Cocteau Twins and the Jesus and Mary Chain. British dream pop duo A.R. Kane have also been credited with producing a template for the genre in the late 1980s. My Bloody Valentine's Loveless is often referred to as the greatest album the genre has produced.

After garnering some local popularity with their 1987 twee/noise pop single, "Sunny Sundae Smile", My Bloody Valentine started to move their sound more and more into experimentation with noise and complex series of effect pedals—as seen in their 1988 breakthrough: the You Made Me Realise EP and album Isn't Anything. Michael Azerrad's book Our Band Could Be Your Life cited an early 1990s Dinosaur Jr. tour of the United Kingdom as a key influence.

Whereas contemporary alternative rock movements of the time period were extremely male-dominated (Britpop, grunge), My Bloody Valentine, Slowdive, Lush, Cocteau Twins, Pale Saints, Curve and many other popular shoegaze acts had at least one prominent female musician who contributed key vocal elements and/or integral writing components to the music. In the 2014 film Beautiful Noise, Kevin Shields noted that there were as many women as men in the shoegaze community.

The Scene That Celebrates Itself
The Scene That Celebrates Itself was the social and musical scene in the early 1990s within London and the Thames Valley area. The term was coined by Melody Maker's Steve Sutherland in 1990 in a near-contemptuous gesture, focusing on how bands involved in the scene, rather than engaging in traditional rivalries, were often seen at each other's gigs, sometimes playing in each other's bands, and drinking together.

Bands lumped into the 'scene' by the press included several of the bands that were branded with the shoegazing label, such as Chapterhouse, Lush, Moose and other (mainly indie) bands such as Blur (prior to the release of their single "Popscene"), Thousand Yard Stare, See See Rider and Stereolab. A prime example were Moose, who often swapped members with other bands on a given night. Moose's Russell Yates and Stereolab guitarist Tim Gane would often trade places, while "Moose" McKillop often played with See See Rider. Gane and his Stereolab colleague Lætitia Sadier even played on the 1991 session by Moose for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show.

The bands, producers and journalists of the time would gather in London and their activities would be chronicled in the gossip pages of the music papers NME and Melody Maker. The most famous club and focal point was Syndrome, which was located on Oxford Street and ran weekly on Wednesday nights. The NME, in particular, embraced the scene, and the unity of the bands was probably advantageous to their careers, because when one band had a successful record, the other bands could share the publicity. The scene was extremely small and revolved around fewer than 20 individuals.

The first stirrings of recognition came when indie writer Steve Lamacq referred to Ride in an NME review as "the House of Love with chainsaws".

The shoegaze genre label was quite often misapplied. As key bands such as Slowdive, Chapterhouse and Ride emerged from the Thames Valley, Swervedriver found themselves labelled shoegazers on account of their own Thames Valley origins, despite their more pronounced Hüsker Dü-meets-Stooges stylings.

Decline
The coining of the term "The Scene That Celebrates Itself" was in many ways the beginning of the end for the first wave of shoegazers. The bands became perceived by critics as over-privileged, self-indulgent, and middle-class. This perception was in sharp contrast with both the bands who formed the wave of newly commercialized grunge music which was making its way across the Atlantic, as well as those bands who formed the foundation of Britpop, such as Pulp, Oasis, Blur and Suede. Britpop also offered intelligible lyrics, often about the trials and tribulations of working-class life; this was a stark contrast to the "vocals as an instrument" approach of shoegaze, which often prized the melodic contribution of vocals over their lyrical depth.

Many shoegaze bands would either disband or change their sound during the mid-1990s. Ride disbanded before the release of their fourth album, Tarantula, which would shift to a more contemporary alternative rock sound. Slowdive's third album, Pygmalion, would shift to a more experimental sound that was stylistically closer to post-rock than shoegaze. Slowdive would be dropped from Creation Records just a week after Pygmalion 's release, and Tarantula would also be deleted from their catalogue a week after its release.

Lush's final album, Lovelife, was an abrupt shift from shoegaze to Britpop, which alienated many fans; the 1996 suicide of their drummer Chris Acland signaled Lush's dissolution. Following a long gap from My Bloody Valentine since Loveless, aside from their 2008 reunion tour, the band released m b v in February 2013. Shields explained their silence by noting, "I never could be bothered to make another record unless I was really excited by it."

Post-movement directions
Several former members of shoegaze bands later moved towards dream pop, post-rock, and the more electronica-based trip hop. Neil Halstead, Rachel Goswell, and Ian McCutcheon of Slowdive would form Mojave 3, while guitarist Christian Savill would form Monster Movie. Adam Franklin of Swervedriver released lo-fi albums under the moniker Toshack Highway. The use of electronic dance and ambient elements by bands such as Slowdive and Seefeel paved the way for later developments in post-rock and electronica.

While shoegaze briefly flared and then faded out in the UK, the bands of the initial wave had an immense impact on the development of regional underground and college rock scenes in the US. In particular, a Lush and Ride tour of the US in 1991 directly inspired the spawning of American shoegaze groups including Drop Nineteens, Half String and Ozean. Columnist Emma Sailor of KRUI in Iowa City opines:

"The insularity and introversion of British shoegaze was an intention[al] backlash against their country's mainstream. But when the shoegaze sound was exported to America, it arrived unattached from the cultural context that originally prompted its gloomy moods.

The result? American indie bands gave shoegaze an entirely new image. Where the sound once was tightly linked with introversion, it was now attached to summery, outward looking songs with a focus on celebrating youth."

About DC-based Velocity Girl's 1991 single "My Forgotten Favorite", Sailor goes on to note, "Could anything be more different—and yet so similar—to [Slowdive]? The hazy [production] and dreamy, high pitched female vocals are there, but the outlook is entirely different." Other notable American shoegaze influenced bands of the early-to mid-1990s included Lilys, Swirlies, The Veldt, and Medicine.

A resurgence of the genre began in the late 1990s (particularly in the United States) and the early 2000s, that helped usher in what is now referred to as the "nu gaze" era. Also various heavy metal acts were inspired by shoegaze, which contributed to the emergence of "post-metal" and "metalgaze" styles. Particularly in the mid-2000s, French black metal acts Alcest and Amesoeurs began incorporating shoegaze elements into their sound, pioneering the blackgaze genre.

In eastern Asia the genre has become increasingly popular with bands such as Cocteau Twins influencing the creation of new "art school" shoegaze. Bands like Tokyo Shoegazer and For Tracy Hyde have increasingly adopted western elements, with some bands combining Indie music with shoegaze and psychedelic rock. Further, since the late 2010s, some artists began prominently incorporating emo themes into shoegaze, with albums like Weatherday's Come In (2019) and Parannoul's To See the Next Part of the Dream (2021) being examples.

In the early 2020s, shoegaze became popular among Generation Z people and on TikTok. Multiple outlets described this as shoegaze's "revival" or "resurrection".

title: Shoegaze


text:
1945 in television

The year 1945 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1945.

Events

 * July - The final months of World War II continued to disrupt television operations in Europe until July.
 * October 1 – The U.S. War Production Board ends its wartime ban of the manufacture of radio and television equipment for consumer use.
 * October 10 – Reopening of French TV station RDF in 441-line standard.
 * December 1 – US Army-Navy football game is transmitted 145 kilometers (90 mi) by coaxial cable from Philadelphia to New York City.
 * December 15 – Moscow TV center reinstated regular TV broadcasting after World War II.
 * December 17 – First weather programme on French television.

Births

 * January 9
 * John Doman, actor, The Wire, Gotham
 * Michael Jaffe, American TV and film producer
 * January 22 – Steve Vinovich, actor
 * January 25
 * Jill Townsend, actress, Cimarron Strip, Poldark
 * Leigh Taylor-Young, actress, Peyton Place
 * January 26 – Jacqueline Ray, actress
 * January 29 – Tom Selleck, actor, Magnum, P.I., Blue Bloods
 * February 6 – Michael Tucker, actor, L.A. Law
 * February 9 – Mia Farrow, actress, model, Peyton Place
 * February 20 – George Smoot, American astrophysicist
 * February 22 – Leslie Charleson, American soap actress, General Hospital
 * February 24 – Barry Bostwick, actor, Spin City, Phineas and Ferb
 * February 26 – Marta Kristen, Norwegian actress, Lost in Space
 * March 1 – Dirk Benedict, actor, Battlestar Galactica, The A-Team
 * March 3 - Hattie Winston, actress, The Electric Company, Becker
 * March 5 - George Crile III, American journalist (died 2006)
 * March 8 – Micky Dolenz, singer, actor, The Monkees
 * March 20 - Pat Riley, NBA basketball player and coach
 * March 31 - Gabe Kaplan, actor, comedian, Welcome Back, Kotter
 * April 1 - Heather Young, actress, Land of the Giants
 * April 2 - Linda Hunt, actress, NCIS: Los Angeles
 * April 13 – Tony Dow, actor, Leave It to Beaver (died 2022)
 * April 23 – François Clemmons, actor
 * May 7 - Robin Strasser, actress, One Life to Live
 * May 10 - Bill Geist, television journalist
 * May 12 - Linda Carlson, actress (died 2021)
 * May 21 – Richard Hatch, actor, Battlestar Galactica (died 2017)
 * May 22 - Victoria Wyndham, actress, Another World
 * May 23 - Lauren Chapin, actress, Father Knows Best
 * May 24 – Priscilla Presley, actress
 * June 1 – Kerry Vincent, Australian chef and author (died 2021)
 * June 2
 * Joan Pringle, actress, General Hospital, The White Shadow
 * Jon Peters, film producer
 * Lord David Dundas, actor
 * June 6 – David Dukes, actor (died 2000)
 * June 11 – Adrienne Barbeau, actress, Maude
 * June 27 – Clive Clark, golfer
 * July 3 – Mickey Rooney Jr., actor (died 2022)
 * July 6 – Burt Ward, actor, Batman
 * July 10 – Ron Glass, actor, Barney Miller (died 2016)
 * July 13 – Penelope Windust, actress (died 2022)
 * July 23 – Edie McClurg, actress
 * July 24 – Lowell Bergman, producer
 * July 26 – Helen Mirren, actress
 * July 31 – Robin Green, producer
 * August 1 - Laila Morse, actress
 * August 2 - Joanna Cassidy, actress
 * August 5 - Loni Anderson, actress, WKRP in Cincinnati
 * August 14
 * Steve Martin, actor, comedian
 * Brenda Benet, actress (died 1982)
 * August 16 - Bob Balaban, actor
 * August 22
 * Steve Kroft, American retired journalist
 * David Chase, American producer
 * August 24 – Vince McMahon, businessman
 * September 1
 * Valdy, musician
 * Edd Kalehoff, musician
 * September 10 – Dennis Burkley, actor (died 2013)
 * September 12 – Maria Aitken, actress
 * September 17 – Phil Jackson, NBA basketball player and coach
 * September 19 – Randolph Mantooth, actor, Emergency!
 * September 23 – Paul Petersen, actor
 * September 25 – Catherine Burns, actress (died 2019)
 * October 4 – Clifton Davis, actor, That's My Mama, Amen
 * October 5 – Riaan Cruywagen, South African newsreader
 * October 11 – Dusty Rhodes, pro wrestler in NWA and WWE (died 2015)
 * October 13 – Susan Stafford, hostess
 * October 18 – Huell Howser, host of California's Gold (died 2013)
 * October 19 – John Lithgow, actor, Third Rock from the Sun
 * October 20 – George Wyner, actor
 * October 21 – Everett McGill, actor, Twin Peaks
 * October 26 – Jaclyn Smith, actress, Charlie's Angels
 * October 27 – Carrie Snodgress, actress (died 2004)
 * October 30 – Henry Winkler, actor, Arthur Fonzarelli on Happy Days
 * October 31 – Brian Doyle-Murray, actor, comedian, Saturday Night Live, SpongeBob SquarePants, Teamo Supremo, The Buzz on Maggie, My Gym Partner's a Monkey, The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack, Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil
 * November 9 - Charlie Robinson, actor, Night Court (died 2021)
 * November 15 - Bob Gunton, actor, Daredevil
 * November 21 – Goldie Hawn, actress, Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In
 * November 26 – Daniel Davis, actor, The Nanny
 * November 27
 * Barbara Anderson, actress, Ironside
 * James Avery, actor, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (died 2013)
 * Alain de Cadenet, motor racing commentator, previously driver (died 2022)
 * December 1 – Bette Midler, actress, singer
 * December 9 – Michael Nouri, actor
 * December 13 - Kathy Garver, actress, Family Affair
 * December 15 - Thaao Penghlis, actor, General Hospital, Days of Our Lives, Santa Barbara
 * December 17 - Chris Matthews, talk show host
 * December 22 – Diane Sawyer, television broadcast journalist
 * December 25
 * Gary Sandy, actor, WKRP in Cincinnati
 * Paul Willson, actor
 * December 26 - John Walsh, television personality, America's Most Wanted, The Hunt with John Walsh
 * December 27 - Mark Johnson, television producer
 * December 30
 * Davy Jones, singer, actor, The Monkees (died 2012)
 * Concetta Tomei, actress, China Beach, Providence

title: 1945 in television


text:
Talk:Park Güell

Move
Is there any reason not to move this to Parc Guell? If we were going to do it in English, it would be Guell Park. - Montréalais

I agree; it's better known by its Catalan name. It should be at Parc Güell. -- Cjmnyc 07:37, 13 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * The original project that wanted Mr. Güell was a residential zone like the English residential municipalities. Then, the real name was "Park" Güell. Look it: - Llull 13:59, 12 Jun 2004 (UTC)

"Gaudí used a naked man, sitting in clay, to design the bench." Maybe it's just me, but that sentence doesn't really make any sense. Could someone elaborate on it?

 * Ok, I looked at it and edited it to what I think they meant to say - that the curvature of the bench is based on the impression left by a naked man sitting in the clay. If someone knows more about this, please feel free to elaborate.

Name
The actual name it's "Parc Güell", not Park Güell. you can check this at the Barcelona's City Council website. Even in Catalan they refer to the park as Parc Güell.

I' am a spanish, and the correct is: Parc Güell ( In Català ) or Parque Guell ( In Spanish ) or Park Guell in english. But the correct form is Parc Güell.

I'm a Catalan, and what is correct is PARC GÜELL (in Catalan), (need only to have a look at some books....!) I would not trust everything they say in the city council website !!! ;) See also in the very same city council website: http://www.bcn.es/gaudi2002/english/gab_pres/rdeng.doc (by the end of the second page)

I believe the original name of the subdivision was "Park Güell," because it was modeled on English subdivisions. As a result, the walls have occasional mosaics reading "Park Güell." But as a city park of Barcelona, it is called the "Parc Güell," as this is correct in Catalan acomas (talk) 04:30, 7 February 2010 (UTC)

Please check the catalan wikipedia where this is explained. The original and actual name is in english: "Park Güell". — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.212.29.186 (talk) 14:00, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

location
The intro says the park is located in El Carmel, in Gracia - El Carmel is a part of the Horta-Guinardo district, not Gracia. Which one is correct? Ninja neko (talk) 18:49, 28 December 2007 (UTC)

It is located in both areas, it starts in Gracia and ends up in Horta Guinardó

Exernal Link
To prevent to be accused of COI (I'm the webmaster), I ask people and administrators to say what they think!

Do you think that it could be good to add this webiste to exteranl links?: Because there isn't any official website of the park and all the sites are about Gaudí and his works, but this is all about the park. --RobCatalà (talk) 08:03, 9 November 2008 (UTC)
 * 1) http:// parkguell . net84 . net/eng/
 * Don't see why not. Stifle (talk) 14:41, 9 November 2008 (UTC)
 * This has already been discussed on the Spam whitelist talk page (the site was blocked at meta for spamming multiple wikis). It's a relatively small amount of info spread across numerous pages to maximize ad hits. OhNo itsJamie  Talk 20:50, 10 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I would say that the request has clearly been handled, so I have disabled the template. --Hans Adler (talk) 23:30, 25 November 2008 (UTC)

_____

Recommended by the discussion on the Spam whitelist talk page, I asked again. I did some changes in the website, I add more information, and I erased the advertisements (I did this last year). So I ask again to the principal’s editors if they thought is useful the website (above). I only ask to don't think about the website of before (and all the polemic with Ohnoitsjamie, look the actual website. Now it would be easier, because I bought the domain: http://www.parkguell.es, so if you think it's useful, you could add the link to the English part (as it has been done in the Spanish wikiepdia) http://www.parkguell.es/eng/.

One think is logical, in this article there is information enough for anyone who want to visit the park, but in the website, because it is able to have interactive maps, panoramas, photos, the way to arrive to the park, all this thinks are impossible to put in the wikipedia, but the tourist could need it.

So now, one year later of the problem, I ask to discuss if this website could be added to the article.

Tanks--RobCatalà (talk) 21:05, 22 November 2009 (UTC)

Interactive panorama
Hello I propose to change the link : Interactive Panorama: Park Güell (that goes to http://www.earthpano.com/spain/barcelona/parcguell/parcguell2.htm) That is only one panorama, and it could be changed to a virtual tour (15 linked panoramas): http://www.parkguell.es/tour/.

I only propose it, If you want you can make it. --RobCatalà (talk) 15:02, 23 April 2010 (UTC)

 * Well, if in some days nobody says anything I'll change the link.--RobCatalà (talk) 18:22, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

 * I waited a month, so I guess no one opposes this change --RobCatalà (talk) 18:18, 10 May 2010 (UTC)

Dragon
Just happened to come across this. The statue of the lizard is not a sea serpent (sea serpents have no legs). It is a "dragó", a common medium-small lizard native to Catalonia and nearby areas. The dragon is important in Catalan culture, which Gaudí fervently supported. as the animal slain by St. George, Catalonia's patron saint. Somebody please fix this. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.33.158.121 (talk) 12:09, 19 September 2011 (UTC)
 * I understand. However, I am having some trouble searching for "dragó" as a lizard in Catalonia. I am turning up many references to the mythical dragon or drac slain by St. George, but not an actual lizard. Is the sculpture really meant to represent a real-life lizard and not a mythical dragon? Do you have any reliable sources that explain this? Thanks. Elizium23 (talk) 13:51, 19 September 2011 (UTC)
 * In fact, it is a salamander. Although it is popularly called drac (dragon). --95.120.58.66 (talk) 17:55, 16 September 2012 (UTC)

Flowery and vacuous
For such an important and widely-known site, this article seems flowery and vacuous. A lot of florid praise for the park and uncited claims about Gaudí's intentions; almost nothing about (for example) why the effort at making it a housing development failed, how exactly ownership passed to the city, how it fared in the Spanish Civil War, how it came to gain the status of a World Heritage Site, etc. Nor is there any mention of any other artist, engineer, etc. involved besides Gaudí himself. - Jmabel | Talk 16:30, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

It looks like there is a much more detailed article in Spanish, though a surprisingly weak one in Catalan. - Jmabel | Talk 16:31, 5 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Park Güell


text:
1944 in television

The year 1944 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1944.

Events

 * May 22 – The US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) increases its limits for single ownership of television stations from three to five.
 * May 25 – First commercial U.S. telecast by relay. Eddie Cantor is broadcast from NBC's Manhattan station WNBT to Philco's Philadelphia station WPTZ, via an automatic relay tower halfway between the two cities. (The AT&T corporation's coaxial cable between the cities is unavailable because of the war.) NBC stops broadcasting Cantor in the middle of his rendition of the song "We're Having a Baby, My Baby and Me" when it finds some of the lyrics and his gestures "objectionable."
 * August 16
 * Paris télévision – Fernsehsender Paris stops broadcasting. Broadcasting is resumed by the new French government in October 1944 under the name Télévision française with the same technical equipment.
 * John Logie Baird demonstrates the world's first color television picture tube. Color movies are shown from a flying-spot scanner.

Debuts

 * The War As It Happens, an early news show debuts (1944-1945)
 * At Home, variety series (1944-1945)
 * Missus Goes a Shopping, a game series, premieres (1944–1949)
 * The World in Your Home, an educational series, (1944–1948)
 * Opinions on Trial, a discussion series (1944-1945?)
 * Will You Remember?, a music series (1944-1945)

Births

 * January 4 - Jim Bohannon, broadcaster (died 2022)
 * January 6 - Bonnie Franklin, actress and director, One Day at a Time (died 2013)
 * January 10 - William Sanderson, actor, Newhart, Deadwood, True Blood
 * January 19 - Shelley Fabares, actress and singer, The Donna Reed Show, Coach
 * January 21 - Keith Strachan, composer
 * January 23 - Rutger Hauer, Dutch actor (died 2019)
 * January 28 - Susan Howard, American actress
 * February 3 - Trisha Noble, Australian singer and actress (died 2021)
 * February 8
 * Roger Lloyd-Pack, English actor (died 2014)
 * Richard Durden, English actor
 * February 13
 * Stockard Channing, actress, The West Wing
 * Michael Ensign, American actor
 * Jerry Springer, American television-judge, broadcaster, journalist, actor, producer, and former lawyer and politician (died 2023)
 * February 17 - Nick Hewer, English television presenter
 * February 22 - Robert Kardashian, lawyer and patriarch of the Kardashian family (died 2003)
 * February 28 - Kelly Bishop, actress, Gilmore Girls
 * February 29
 * Sharon Hugueny, actress (died 1996)
 * Dennis Farina, actor, Crime Story, Law & Order (died 2013)
 * Phyllis Frelich, actress (died 2014)
 * March 3 - Lee Holdridge, composer
 * March 10 - Richard Gant, actor
 * March 17 - Petra Markham, actress
 * March 22 - Michael Zinberg, writer
 * March 24 - R. Lee Ermey, actor and drill instructor (died 2018)
 * March 26 - Diana Ross, singer and actress
 * March 28 - Ken Howard, actor, The White Shadow (died 2016)
 * April 1 - Frank Gari, singer
 * April 3 - Tony Orlando, singer
 * April 4 - Craig T. Nelson, actor, Coach, The District, Parenthood
 * April 6 - Judith McConnell, actress
 * April 7
 * oshik levi, Israeli singer and actor
 * Warner Fusselle, sportscaster
 * April 8 - Hywel Bennett, Welsh actor, Shelley (died 2017)
 * April 10 - Vin Di Bona, producer
 * April 20 - Cuba Gooding Sr., singer (died 2017)
 * April 25 - Len Goodman, English professional, Dancing with the Stars (died 2023)
 * April 29
 * Richard Kline, actor and director, Three's Company
 * Michael Angelis, actor (died 2020)
 * April 30 - Jill Clayburgh, actress (died 2010)
 * May 5 - John Rhys-Davies, Welsh actor, Sliders
 * May 14 - George Lucas, director and producer
 * May 16 - Danny Trejo, actor
 * May 23 - Ronald L. Schwary, producer (died 2020)
 * May 24 - Patti LaBelle, singer and actress
 * May 25
 * Frank Oz, actor and puppeteer
 * John Bunnell, host
 * May 28 - Patricia Quinn, actress
 * June 2 - Marvin Hamlisch, composer (died 2012)
 * June 4 - Michelle Phillips, singer and actress
 * June 20 - John McCook, actor, The Bold and the Beautiful
 * June 21 - Tony Scott, actor (died 2012)
 * June 25 - Gary David Goldberg, producer (died 2013)
 * June 29 - Gary Busey, actor
 * June 30 - Terry Funk, actor
 * July 8
 * Jeffrey Tambor, actor, The Larry Sanders Show, Arrested Development, Transparent
 * Janet Sheen, actress
 * July 12 - Denise Nicholas, actress, Room 222, In the Heat of the Night
 * July 15 - Jan-Michael Vincent, actor, Airwolf (died 2019)
 * July 22 - Peter Jason, actor
 * July 31 - Geraldine Chaplin, actress
 * August 1 - Christopher Lewis, screenwriter (died 2021)
 * August 4 - Richard Belzer, actor, Homicide: Life on the Street, Law & Order: Special Victims Unit (died 2023)
 * August 7
 * John Glover, actor, Smallville
 * David Rasche, actor, Sledge Hammer!
 * August 9 - Sam Elliott, actor
 * August 11 - Ian McDiarmid, Scottish actor
 * August 13 - Kevin Tighe, actor, Emergency!
 * August 25 - Anthony Heald, actor, Boston Public
 * August 27
 * Barbara Trentham, actress (died 2013)
 * G. W. Bailey, actor
 * August 30 - Molly Ivins, author (died 2007)
 * September 1 - Beau Starr, actor
 * September 6 - Swoosie Kurtz, actress, Sisters
 * September 13 - Jacqueline Bisset, English actress
 * September 16 - Linda Kaye Henning, actress, Petticoat Junction
 * September 21 - Fannie Flagg, actress, Match Game
 * September 25
 * Michael Douglas, actor, producer, The Streets of San Francisco
 * Eugenia Zukerman, American flutist
 * September 26 - Anne Robinson, presenter
 * September 27
 * Angélica María, actress
 * Steven Robman, American television and theatre director/producer
 * September 28 - Matthew Cowles, actor
 * September 29 - Mike Post, composer
 * October 15 - Haim Saban, American composer
 * October 28
 * Dennis Franz, actor, NYPD Blue
 * Alyce Cleese, talk show host
 * November 2 - Michael Buffer, ring announcer
 * November 4 - Linda Gary, American actress, voice actress, Spider-Man (died 1995)
 * November 12 - Al Michaels, sportscaster
 * November 16 - Jay Hammer, actor, Guiding Light
 * November 17
 * Danny DeVito, actor, director and producer, Taxi, It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia
 * Lorne Michaels, screenwriter
 * Gary Goldman, screenwriter
 * November 20 - John Pasquin, television director
 * November 21
 * Harold Ramis, actor (died 2014)
 * Marcy Carsey, American television producer
 * November 25 - Ben Stein, television actor
 * November 27 - Gregory Hoblit, television director
 * December 2 - Cathy Lee Crosby, actress and host, That's Incredible!
 * December 6 - Kit Culkin, actor
 * December 11
 * Teri Garr, actress
 * Lynda Day George, actress, Mission: Impossible
 * Susan Blanchard, actress, All My Children
 * December 17 - Bernard Hill, English actor (died 2024)
 * December 19 - Tim Reid, actor, Sister, Sister
 * December 31 - Neil Ross, voice actor

title: 1944 in television


text:
1943 in television

The year 1943 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1943.

Events

 * May 8 – Opening of Paris Télévision – Fernsehsender Paris, a channel operated by German occupation authorities (Kurt Hinzmann, former director of Fernsehsender "Paul Nipkow") after an agreement between Telefunken and Compagnie des Compteurs, with a (German) 441-line standard. Local French programmes and Fernsehsender "Paul Nipkow" programmes are interlaced.
 * June – Work is begun for the U.S. Army Air Forces to develop a remotely controlled glide bomb guided by a radio receiver and a television transmitter using a 625-line iconoscope tube. The first are completed in July and tested in August.
 * December 23 – The first complete opera, Hansel and Gretel, is telecast, by WRGB in Schenectady.
 * The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is formed. Its television network debuts in 1948.
 * Germany experiments with a flying bomb guided by a television camera, created by Fernseh, using both the Superikonoscope and the Farnsworth image dissector.

Debuts

 * The Voice of Firestone Televues (1943–1947; renamed The Voice of Firestone, broadcast from 1949 to 1963).
 * April 18 - Your Victory Garden debuts on W2XVW (Dumont) (1943)

Births

 * January 1
 * Don Novello, actor (Saturday Night Live)
 * Stanley Kamel, actor (d. 2008)
 * January 13 – Richard Moll, actor (Night Court, Batman: The Animated Series, Mighty Max) (d. 2023)
 * January 14 - Holland Taylor, actress (The Practice, Two and a Half Men)
 * January 18 - Paul Angelis, actor (d. 2009)
 * January 23 – Gil Gerard, actor (Buck Rogers in the 25th Century)
 * January 24 – Sharon Tate, actress, model (d. 1969)
 * January 26 - Kathryn Leigh Scott, actress (Dark Shadows)
 * January 28 – John Beck, actor (Flamingo Road)
 * January 31 - Peter McRobbie, actor (Law & Order, Daredevil)
 * February 1 - Tina Sloan, actress (Guiding Light)
 * February 3 - Blythe Danner, actress (Huff)
 * February 5 - Michael Mann, producer
 * February 8 - Creed Bratton, actor (The Office)
 * February 17 – Claire Malis, actress (d. 2012)
 * February 25 - George Harrison, English singer-songwriter, The Beatles (d. 2001)
 * February 27 – Mary Frann, actress (Newhart) (d. 1998)
 * March 8
 * Susan Clark, Canadian actress (Webster)
 * Lynn Redgrave, actress (d. 2010)
 * March 9 - Charles Gibson, American broadcast television anchor
 * March 16 – Susan Bay, actress
 * March 18 – Kevin Dobson, actor (Kojak) (d. 2020)
 * March 23 - Alan Kalter, announcer (d. 2021)
 * March 25 - Paul Michael Glaser, actor and director (Starsky & Hutch)
 * March 28 - Conchata Ferrell, actress (Two and a Half Men) (d. 2020)
 * March 29 – Eric Idle, actor and comedian (Monty Python's Flying Circus)
 * March 31 - Christopher Walken, actor
 * April 2 - Antonio Sabàto Sr., actor (d. 2021)
 * April 5 - Max Gail, actor (Barney Miller)
 * April 11 - Harley Race, professional wrestler (d. 2019)
 * April 23 - Hervé Villechaize, actor (d. 1993)
 * April 24 - Richard Sterban, singer
 * April 25 - Tony Christie, singer
 * April 26 - Gary Wright, singer
 * April 29 - Duane Allen, singer
 * April 30 - Bobby Vee, singer (d. 2016)
 * May 10 - David Clennon, actor (thirtysomething)
 * May 12 - Linda Dano, actress (One Life to Live, Another World)
 * May 24 – Gary Burghoff, actor (M*A*S*H)
 * May 27
 * Bruce Weitz, actor (Hill Street Blues)
 * Diane Pershing, actress (Batman: The Animated Series, She-Ra: Princess of Power)
 * May 28 – Rod Holcomb, producer (d. 2024)
 * May 30 – Charles Collingwood, actor
 * May 31
 * Joe Namath, football player
 * Sharon Gless, actress (Cagney & Lacey)
 * June 1 - John Langley, creator of Cops (d. 2021)
 * June 2 - Charles Haid, actor and director (Hill Street Blues)
 * June 3 - Camilla Sparv, actress
 * June 7
 * Ken Osmond, American actor and police officer (Leave It to Beaver) (d. 2020)
 * Michael Pennington, English actor and director
 * June 13 – Malcolm McDowell, English actor (Mozart in the Jungle, Franklin & Bash, Metalocalypse, Superman: The Animated Series)
 * June 15 – Lee Shallat Chemel, producer
 * June 16 – Joan Van Ark, actress (Knots Landing)
 * June 17 – Newt Gingrich, politician
 * June 22 – Brit Hume, journalist
 * June 24 – Georg Stanford Brown, Cuban-American actor (The Rookies)
 * June 26 – John Beasley, actor (Everwood) (d. 2023)
 * July 2 – Lauri Peters, actress
 * July 3 – Kurtwood Smith, actor (That '70s Show, Regular Show, The Zeta Project)
 * July 4 – Geraldo Rivera, television host
 * July 8 – Ri Chun-hee, North Korean news presenter
 * July 9 – Suzanne Rogers, actress (Days of Our Lives)
 * July 11 – Susan Seaforth Hayes, actress (Days of Our Lives, The Young and the Restless)
 * July 12 – Ernie Anastos, news anchor
 * July 23
 * Lucy Lee Flippin, actress (Little House on the Prairie)
 * Bob Hilton, game show host
 * July 28 – Bill Bradley, basketball player and politician
 * July 29 – Roz Kelly, actress (Happy Days)
 * August 2 – Max Wright, actor (ALF) (d. 2019)
 * August 6 – Michael Anderson Jr., actor
 * August 12 - Jim Storm, actor (Dark Shadows)
 * August 13 - Lillian Hurst, actress (Lost)
 * August 17 - Robert De Niro, actor
 * August 18 - Martin Mull, actor (Roseanne, Sabrina the Teenage Witch, Danny Phantom)
 * August 27 - Tuesday Weld, actress (The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis)
 * August 28 - David Soul, American-British actor and singer (Starsky & Hutch) (d. 2024)
 * August 30 - Altovise Davis, American actress (d. 2009)
 * September 9 - Art LaFleur, American actor (d. 2021)
 * September 21 - Jerry Bruckheimer, American film and television producer
 * September 25
 * Lee Aaker, actor (The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin) (d. 2021)
 * Josh Taylor, actor (Days of Our Lives, The Hogan Family)
 * Robert Walden, actor (Lou Grant, Brothers, Happily Divorced)
 * September 27 - Peter Simon, actor (Guiding Light)
 * October 6 - Michael Durrell, actor (Guiding Light)
 * October 8
 * Chevy Chase, actor and comedian (Saturday Night Live, Community)
 * R. L. Stine, television producer
 * October 12 - Lin Shaye, actress
 * October 13 - Mike Barnicle, anchor
 * October 15
 * Noreen Corcoran, actress (d. 2016)
 * Penny Marshall, actress and director (Laverne and Shirley) (d. 2018)
 * October 17 – Elaine Taylor, actress
 * October 27 – Carmen Argenziano, actor (Stargate SG-1) (d. 2019)
 * October 29 – Don Simpson, film producer (d. 1996)
 * November 4 – Chuck Scarborough, television journalist
 * November 6 – Ian Turpie, actor (d. 2012)
 * November 12 – Wallace Shawn, actor
 * November 17 – Lauren Hutton, actress
 * November 20 – Veronica Hamel, actress (Hill Street Blues)
 * November 26 – Bruce Paltrow, television and film director (d. 2002)
 * November 28 – Randy Newman, singer
 * December 1 – David Salzman, producer
 * December 11 – John Kerry, politician
 * December 12 – E. Jean Carroll, author
 * December 16 – Steven Bochco, writer-producer (Hill Street Blues) (d. 2018)
 * December 23 – Harry Shearer, actor (Saturday Night Live, The Simpsons)
 * December 27 – Cokie Roberts, political journalist (d. 2019)
 * December 28 – Richard Whiteley, presenter (d. 2005)
 * December 31 – Ben Kingsley, actor

Deaths

 * January 7 - Nikola Tesla, inventor of the Tesla coil (born 1856)

title: 1943 in television


text:
List of shoegaze bands

The following is a list of shoegaze bands and musicians.

Artists
• Adorable

• Air Formation

• Airiel

• Alcest

• Alcian Blue

• Alison's Halo

• Alvvays

• Amesoeurs

• Apollo Heights

• Asobi Seksu

• Astreal

• Astrobrite

• Autolux

• The Autumns

• The Away Days

• Bardo Pond

• Beach Fossils

• Benoit Pioulard

• Bipolar Explorer

• The Black Ryder

• Bleach

• Blonde Redhead

• The Boo Radleys

• Boris

• Bowery Electric

• Braids

• The Brian Jonestown Massacre

• The Brother Kite

• Butterfly Explosion

• Candy Claws

• Catherine Wheel

• Chapterhouse

• Cheatahs

• Cloakroom

• Coaltar of the Deepers

• Cranes

• The Curtain Society

• Curve

• Daughter

• Deerhunter

• DIIV

• Drop Nineteens

• Dust Moth

• Echo Lake

• Engineers

• Th' Faith Healers

• The Fauns

• Feeble Little Horse

• Film School

• Fleshwater

• Flying Saucer Attack

• For Tracy Hyde

• Glitterer

• Hatchie

• The High Violets

• The Horrors

• Hot Zex

• Have a Nice Life

• Hotline TNT

• Hundredth

• I Break Horses

• Io Echo

• Jane Remover

• Jesu

• The Jesus and Mary Chain

• Kill Hannah

• Kinoko Teikoku

• Kitchens of Distinction

• Knifeplay

• Kraus

• Kyte

• Letting Up Despite Great Faults

• Lilys

• Loop

• Lovesliescrushing

• LSD and the Search for God

• Lulabox

• Lush

• M83

• Mahogany

• Maps

• Mazzy Star

• Medicine

• Mercury Rev

• Moose

• Moving Panoramas

• My Bloody Valentine

• My Vitriol

• Narrow Head

• No Joy

• Nothing

• Ovlov

• Pale Saints

• Palm Ghosts

• Parannoul

• Pinkshinyultrablast

• Pity Sex

• A Place to Bury Strangers

• Quannnic

• The Radio Dept.

• Ratbag

• Ride

• Ringo Deathstarr

• Ulrich Schnauss

• School of Seven Bells

• Secret Shine

• Seefeel

• Sianspheric

• Silversun Pickups

• Shin Hae Gyeong

• A Shoreline Dream

• Sleep Party People

• Slow Crush

• Slowdive

• Soda Stereo

• Softcult

• Soundpool

• The Spirit of the Beehive

• Spiritualized

• Spotlight Kid

• Spunsugar

• Starflyer 59

• A Sunny Day in Glasgow

• Superheaven

• Sweet Jesus

• Sweet Trip

• Swervedriver

• Swim Deep

• Swirlies

• Tanukichan

• Tape Deck Mountain

• The Telescopes

• Temple of Angels

• They Are Gutting a Body of Water

• Title Fight

• Tokyo Shoegazer

• True Widow

• The Twilight Sad

• Universe Nekoko

• Vaadat Charigim

• Van She

• The Veldt

• The Verve

• Vision Eternel

• Wednesday

• Whirr

• Wild Nothing

• Windy and Carl

• Wisp

• Yves Tumor

• Zzzaam

title: List of shoegaze bands


text:
Talk:Microsoft PowerPoint

Move
Move it to "PowerPoint" since everyone knows it’s owned by Microsoft and never calls it "Microsoft PowerPoint". Just "PowerPoint" is by far the most common name for it. 2A02:C7C:847D:400:85F7:AD31:45A8:2527 (talk) 16:37, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

Missing and possible incorrect versions.
The last release listed in the table is PowerPoint 2019 and version 17.0 Microsoft has not changed the major number of the version release since 2016.

Since then there has been the release of PowerPoint 2021 and PowerPoint 365.

The version available currently is 16.0.16130.20766 for 2021 and 365. Today is 20 Sep 2023 72.19.162.23 (talk) 21:19, 20 September 2023 (UTC)

Clik to add title
clik to subtitle 27.123.255.178 (talk) 05:27, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Microsoft PowerPoint


text:
1942 in television

The year 1942 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1942.

Events

 * February 26 — WRGB Signs on in Albany New York.
 * April 1 – The U.S. War Production Board halts the manufacture of television and radio equipment for consumer use. The ban is lifted October 1, 1945.
 * April 13 – The Federal Communications Commission minimum programming time required of U.S. television stations is reduced from 15 to 4 hours a week during the war.

Debuts
February 23 - Air Raid Warden’s Basic Course debuts on NBC (1942-43)

February 27 - World This Week, an early news program hosted by Linton Wells, debuts on CBS (1942)

March 6 - America At War debuts on CBS (1942)

Births

 * January 3 – John Thaw, English actor (Inspector Morse) (died 2002)
 * January 5 – Charlie Rose, journalist
 * January 8
 * Yvette Mimieux, actress (died 2022)
 * Stephen Hawking, scientist (died 2018)
 * January 10 – Walter Hill, director
 * January 11 – Joel Zwick, director
 * January 17 – Muhammad Ali, boxer (died 2016)
 * January 21 – Edwin Starr, singer (died 2003)
 * January 23 - Brian Croucher, actor
 * January 27 - John Witherspoon, actor and comedian (Wayans Brothers) (died 2019)
 * January 30 - Heidi Brühl, actress
 * February 1
 * Terry Jones, Welsh comedic actor and writer (Monty Python's Flying Circus) (died 2020)
 * Bibi Besch, actress (died 1996)
 * February 12 – George Schenck, screenwriter
 * February 13 – Peter Tork, musician and actor (The Monkees) (died 2019)
 * February 14 – Michael Bloomberg, namesake of Bloomberg TV
 * February 16 – Patricia Maynard, actress
 * February 17 – Dieter Laser, actor (died 2020)
 * February 22 – Geoffrey Scott, actor (Dynasty) (died 2021)
 * February 23 – Joop van den Ende, Dutch theatrical producer
 * February 25 – Karen Grassle, actress (Little House on the Prairie)
 * February 28 – Frank Bonner, actor and director (WKRP in Cincinnati) (died 2021)
 * March 3 – David Jacobs, gymnast
 * March 4 – Lynn Sherr, broadcast journalist
 * March 6 – Ben Murphy, actor (Alias Smith and Jones)
 * March 14 – Nickolas Davatzes, television executive (died 2021)
 * March 15 – The Iron Sheik, pro wrestler (died 2023)
 * March 25 – Aretha Franklin, singer (died 2018)
 * March 29 – Scott Wilson, American actor (died 2018)
 * March 31 – Michael Savage, American host
 * April 3
 * Marsha Mason, actress and director
 * Wayne Newton, actor and singer
 * April 7 – Gabrielle Beaumont, director
 * April 17 – David Bradley, actor
 * April 23
 * Sandra Dee, actress (died 2005)
 * Sheila Gish, actress (died 2005)
 * April 24 – Barbra Streisand, singer
 * April 26 – Bobby Rydell, singer (died 2022)
 * May 1 – Thomas Del Ruth, American cinematographer
 * May 3 – Dave Marash, American television journalist
 * May 5 – Marc Alaimo, American television actor
 * May 6 – David Friesen, American jazz bassist
 * May 12 – Marya Carter, actress
 * May 20
 * David Proval, actor (The Sopranos)
 * Nancy Fleming, American beauty pageant titleholder
 * May 22 – Barbara Parkins, actress (Peyton Place)
 * May 23 – Alex Henteloff, actor (Barney Miller)
 * May 27 – Sue Simmons, retired news anchor
 * May 29 – Kevin Conway, actor (died 2020)
 * June 16 – Suzan Farmer, actress (died 2017)
 * June 18
 * Paul McCartney, English singer-songwriter (The Beatles)
 * Nick Tate, Australian actor (Space: 1999)
 * Roger Ebert, American film critic, film historian, journalist, screenwriter, and author (died 2013)
 * June 19 – Ned Schmidtke, actor
 * June 24 – Michele Lee, actress, dancer and singer (Knots Landing)
 * July 6 – Judith Barcroft, actress (Another World)
 * July 7 – Chris Stamp, British music producer (died 2012)
 * July 9 – Richard Roundtree, actor (died 2023)
 * July 13 – Harrison Ford, actor
 * July 22 – Toyohiro Akiyama, TV journalist
 * July 23 – Madeline Bell, singer
 * July 29 – Tony Sirico, actor (The Sopranos) (died 2022)
 * August 7 – Tobin Bell, actor
 * August 9 – David Steinberg, actor
 * August 18 – Judith Keppel, quiz show contestant
 * August 20 – Isaac Hayes, singer and actor (South Park) (died 2008)
 * August 28 – Peter Bartlett, actor (One Life to Live)
 * September 2 – Robert Shapiro, lawyer
 * September 6 – Carol Wayne, actress (died 1985)
 * September 17 – Lupe Ontiveros, actress (died 2012)
 * September 20 – William F. Baker, broadcaster
 * September 21 – Tracy Reed, actress (died 2012)
 * September 23 – Carol Ann Abrams, American television and film producer (died 2012)
 * September 26 – Kent McCord, actor (Adam-12)
 * September 29
 * Ian McShane, English actor (Lovejoy, Deadwood)
 * Donna Corcoran, actress
 * October 3 – Alan Rachins, actor (L.A. Law, Dharma & Greg)
 * October 6 – Britt Ekland, Swedish actress
 * October 7 – Joy Behar, American comedian
 * October 12 – Petronella Barker, actress
 * October 14
 * Cyrus Yavneh, producer (died 2018)
 * Jim Hougan, producer
 * October 17 – Kelly Monteith, actor (died 2023)
 * October 20 – Earl Hindman, actor (Home Improvement) (died 2003)
 * October 21 – Judy Sheindlin, television personality, television producer, and author, and a former prosecutor and Manhattan family court judge
 * October 22 – Annette Funicello, actress and singer (The Mickey Mouse Club) (died 2013)
 * October 23 – Michael Crichton, author and filmmaker (died 2008)
 * October 29 – Bob Ross, television host (died 1995)
 * October 31 – David Ogden Stiers, actor (M*A*S*H) (died 2018)
 * November 1 – Marcia Wallace, actress and comedian (The Bob Newhart Show, The Simpsons) (died 2013)
 * November 2 – Stefanie Powers, actress (Hart to Hart)
 * November 9 – Tom Weiskopf, golfer
 * November 17 – Martin Scorsese, actor
 * November 18
 * Linda Evans, actress (The Big Valley, Dynasty)
 * Susan Sullivan, actress (Falcon Crest)
 * November 19 – Calvin Klein, fashion designer
 * November 20
 * Bob Einstein, actor (died 2019)
 * Joe Biden, politician (guest star on Parks and Recreation)
 * November 22 – Dick Stockton, American retired sportscaster
 * November 24 – Billy Connolly, actor
 * November 29 – John Grillo, actor
 * December 4
 * Gemma Jones, actress
 * Al Hunt, reporter
 * December 6 – Chelsea Brown, actress (died 2017)
 * December 7 – Peter Tomarken, game show host (Press Your Luck) (died 2006)
 * December 9 – Dick Butkus, actor
 * December 14 – Jack Cafferty, former CNN commentator
 * December 23 – Brian McConnachie, actor
 * December 27 – Charmian Carr, actress (died 2016)
 * December 30
 * Michael Nesmith, musician and actor (The Monkees) (died 2021)
 * Fred Weinberg, composer
 * Betty Aberlin, actress

Deaths

 * October – Bernard Natan, owner of Pathé and co-founder of France's first television company, Télévision-Baird-Natan, 56

title: 1942 in television