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Talk:Strategic lawsuit against public participation

Gunns 20 - Australian SLAPP
Gunns 20 - Wikipedia : Gunns Limited, a Timber and woodchip product company in Australia is sueing 17 individual activists, including Federal Greens Senator Bob Brown, as well as three not-for-profit environmental groups, for over 7.8 million dollars. Gunns claims that the defendants have sullied their reputation and caused them to lose profits, the defendants claim that they are simply protecting the environment. The defendants have become collectively known as the Gunns 20. It is widely believed that this move is intended to tie up these activists in court proceedings, during which time Gunns intend to build a Pulp Mill in northern Tasmania. The move is possibly also intended to scare off other activists... Gunns 20 --ErnMalley 16:58, 28 August 2006 (UTC)

I'm guessing it would be sub judice to mention ongoing cases? I'm referring to this: http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/mar/04/complaints-to-solicitors-regulator-over-libel-demands-from-galloways-lawyers — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.38.237.133 (talk) 12:29, 5 March 2015 (UTC)

would the lengthy UK MacDonalds libel case be one of these? -- Tarquin

 * Absolutely. Industry Vs Activists. Very important SLAPP suit although I don't believe it is called such in Britain. Ilena 02:35, 14 January 2007 (UTC)

I am not sure how the Scientology cases warrant mention but no others do. Having examples of several organizations handing out SLAPPs would make much better for POV than reference to a single organization, especially one as controversial as scientology. --67.134.44.82 17:15, 2 Mar 2005 (UTC)
 * No, all their actions should be listed, but perhaps in their own special section.

Removed external links
I removed a few external links, which seemed to be part of an agenda-pushing, book-selling campaign across wikipedia. It seems like there are already a fair amount of external links for the California case, anyway.

 * Varian SLAPP The "quintessential SLAPP."
 * Be Careful Who You SLAPP — The book about Internet SLAPPs.

kmccoy (talk) 08:58, 12 Jun 2005 (UTC)

What separates SLAPP from a justified lawsuit?
I'd love to see further explanation what separates SLAPP from a justified lawsuit. Who determines, how? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.166.197.89 (talk • contribs)

 * Think of the SLAPP as a kind of special version of the demurrer. Anyway, if a judge really screws up and grants an anti-SLAPP dismissal they shouldn't have (that is, the lawsuit was legitimate and not merely to harass), then the plaintiff can always appeal and get the dismissal vacated and the case remanded for further proceedings.  --Coolcaesar 04:25, 18 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Good question. SLAPP's are typically intended to exhaust the resources of an activist or critic by corporate interests ... they are usually referred to as "meritless" cases. I was SLAPP sued by someone (Christopher Grell) whose name I had never even mentioned! Ilena 17:50, 15 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This is an interesting statement. Are you not then saying that in every lawsuit listed on this page under the heading "SLAPP", the initial claims had merit, which must be the case if the lawsuit against them was meritless? Does the use of the word SLAPP anywhere automatically apply an explicit or implicit assertion that the initial accusations have merit? 92.40.49.146 (talk) 08:29, 21 October 2008 (UTC)

I've tried to insert some thoughtful material on the perceptive question raised above by Kmcoy,on what separates SLAPP from a justified lawsuit. jvonkorff

POV-check
This page seems to be entirely based on one website. That is giving it a large bias IMO. Ans e ll 08:34, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The bias seems not to be significant. The article just factually discusses the matter; while it has nothing positive about SLAPP, it as well has nothing negative. The overall picture is caused by the subject itself, not the article, so I think POV check template is not needed. However, I'll watch it in case there are objections or suggestions. CP/Mcomm |Wikipedia Neutrality Project| 09:15, 5 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm afraid I still see some POV issues here. The first sentence defines a "SLAPP" as a form of litigation used "to intimidate and silence a less powerful critic by so severely burdening them with the cost of a legal defense that they abandon their criticism." I think that is a accurate definition of SLAPPs. My concern is that the beginning of the article defines a SLAPP by making reference to the motives of the person or group who initiated the lawsuit, then gives "examples" of such behaviour below. This implies that the organizations that filed the lawsuits in the examples given did so with the intent to silence or intimidate critics, something I am sure they would dispute.

 * How about something like: "SLAPP is a label used to describe lawsuits that have the effect of intimidating or severely burdening..." etc.? The "examples" of SLAPP lawsuits could be "Legal action described as SLAPPs". The examples could then cite external sources that have described the legal actions as SLAPPs.
 * Loremipsum 22:47, 17 January 2007 (UTC)

I think this article continues to have some POV or at least undue weight issues. I would not necessarily consider the statement "Anti-SLAPP laws are generally considered to have a favorable effect, and many lawyers have fought to enact stronger laws protecting against SLAPPs" to be true. Nogburt (talk) 02:37, 10 March 2022 (UTC)

"Examples of SLAPPs"
Purpose of a SLAPP lawsuit is - by definition - not (necessarily) to win, but to harass the defendant. Cattle industry v. Oprah Winfrey is not a good example of SLAPP: Oprah is not a "less powerful critic" (in fact, it would be hard to find a more powerful person on US television), nor she can be "severely burdened" by the cost of legal defense. GregorB 22:19, 26 December 2006 (UTC)
 * From what I have read about Ms Winfrey and this suit, it was a classic SLAPP suit, intended to silence a strong critic. Her comment was quite offhand on her TV show. I believe it should be included. Good evening all. Ilena 01:58, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * The Winfrey example contradicts the description of SLAPP in the opening paragraph: "...by so severely burdening them with the cost of a legal defense that they abandon their criticism...". Either this example should be removed or the description be updated. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 205.200.169.50 (talk) 23:04, 5 March 2007 (UTC).
 * This is an important category. I'm going to suggest a few other good examples.
 * Barrett Vs Rosenthal ==

Classic internet SLAPP suit just decided in November, 2006 for the third of three plaintiffs. Industry vs Activist. (original link removed - Barrett v. Rosenthal is internal link to same topic) Ilena 01:58, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Don't have all the details at hand. The environmentalist writer, Peter Montague. SLAPPED Here's the outcome, Monsanto's Gaffey VS Montague Ilena 02:25, 14 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thank you for protecting me from fyslee. I'm Rosenthal in this classic SLAPP suit and fyslee works directly with the Barrett. He treats Wikipedia like it's Barrett's "Healthfraud List" where he is Assistant Listmaster and Censurer with Barrett for several years. He censors people there and attempts to do the same here. He tries to bully me off and then claims he's "helping" me. Here is when he set up shop on Wikipedia. You can see him advertising his sites with Barrett, and then claims he's attacked when I explain the same relationship. I am very interested and have a lot of experience with SLAPP suits, and fyslee will attempt to change everything I edit. Barrett Vs Rosenthal is a classic SLAPP suit.Have a lovely evening.02:12, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Just so that there's no confusion -- I am not protecting you, I am protecting the policies laid out in WP:TALK. I find many of your personal attacks to be unwelcome (such as your edit comment in this edit).  I don't have enough knowledge of the dispute to have an opinion in the matter.  I'm just reverting an edit that goes against policy.  kmccoy (talk) 02:41, 16 January 2007 (UTC)
 * My response to Ilena's continued personal atacks can be found here. -- Fyslee 10:56, 16 January 2007 (UTC)

I'm not convinced that the RIAA cases count as SLAPP cases. The RIAA isn't trying to suppress public comment as far as I know; they're trying to suppress file sharing. Efalk 05:28, 17 October 2007 (UTC)

I have a more general objection to these examples. I don't see that they add anything significant to the article. The examples in the Canadian section are helpful because they illustrate the evolution of the SLAPP concept and of the changing anti-SLAPP legislation in that jurisdiction. The examples at the bottom of the page, though, just seem like a laundry list of "lawsuits accused of being SLAPPs" - neither easily provable nor particularly useful to our readers. As others have already said above, the categorization of a lawsuit as a SLAPP can be a somewhat subjective thing. Unless those examples can be integrated into the context of the rest of the article, I'd like to see them removed from the page. Rossami (talk) 20:35, 15 July 2008 (UTC)

In the Karen Winner case in South Carolina, USA: ...Winner, along with a psychologist/whistleblower, and several citizens were SLAPPed... Who, besides presumably the retired judge were the plaintiffs? Dick Kimball (talk) 15:35, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

South African example
In this edit, an anonymous editor removed the entire example of the Anglo Platinum lawsuit with the comment that there is no indication that this was ruled a strategic lawsuit against public participation.

I don't know much about this particular case and don't know whether it was a good example of a SLAPP or not but I think the standard the anon used is incorrect. SLAPP is a general concept. A lawsuit can be a SLAPP whether or not it has been officially ruled as one. In fact, in jurisdictions without anti-SLAPP legislation, that's the only kind that exist.

Having said that, an assertion that a particular lawsuit is an example of a SLAPP does still require a source. Otherwise, we fail WP:NOR. I just don't believe that the source (if one exists) has to be an official ruling. Rossami (talk) 17:21, 2 October 2008 (UTC)

California's Anti-SLAPP Statute
I cleaned up the discussion of California's anti-SLAPP statute, based on my experience actually bringing the damn things.UberMitch (talk) 04:42, 6 February 2009 (UTC)

Scientology
Scientology is notorious for it's use of this tactic to suppress speech against their organization, indeed, it was the first thing I thought of when reading the introduction. I'm curious as to why it did not get a mention in the article itself. --HeroofTime55 (talk) 11:04, 16 February 2009 (UTC)

 * Please allow me to add:

The purpose of [a lawsuit] is to harass and discourage rather than to win. The law can be used very easily to harass, and enough harassment on somebody who is simply on the thin edge anyway, well knowing that he is not authorized, will generally be sufficient to cause his professional decease. If possible, of course, ruin him utterly. — L. Ron Hubbard

 * This is a quote (subsequently removed) from A Manual on the Dissemination of Material by the late Mr. Hubbard, the founder of Scientology. Dick Kimball (talk) 18:47, 3 October 2012 (UTC)

Changes to the structure
I feel this article is a mess, and is too U.S.-centric. Also, the banner saying "This section may require cleanup" has been on top of the "Notable anti-SLAPP cases" for more than two years. There is so little activity here, that I feel this is an orphaned page.

Anyways, here are my suggestions:

0) The definition is ok, although very narrow in scope. Is the Pring & Canan definition still relevant 20 years later?

1) I think it is very important that the U.S. origins of SLAPPS be put in a broader political & jurisdictional context, so that readers unfamiliar with the intricacies of the U.S legal system know what SLAPPS are all about. (Many SLAPPS or quasi-SLAPPS are now filed outside of the U.S. -- The contents of this section should be debated in a separate forum section, though.)

2) More could be said, right after the definition, about the numerous acronyms (SLAPPback, cyberSLAPP) and related concepts (chilling effect), and their relationship with SLAPPS. The "See also" section is a bit shallow right now.

3) The "Jurisdictional variations and history" section should be merged into the "Notable anti-SLAPP cases", or cleaned up. Info about California legislation et al. should be placed in 4)

4) An "Anti-SLAPP legislation" section should be added, with a clear breakdown of all safeguards and mechanisms (by country and state).

See the French page for a glimpse of what this page should become (IMHO). Paradis pe (talk) 03:32, 8 June 2009 (UTC)

Broader political and legal context
The "Broader political and legal context" section obviously needs more references, and to be reviewed by someone whose 1st language is English!

This is a shortened version of a paper I submitted during my LLM to human rights prof. Peter Leuprecht at Université du Québec à Montréal, which was received with great enthusiasm. In early 2007, that paper was also submitted to prof. Roderick A. MacDonald (McGill University), during a research commissioned by the Quebec Ministry of Justice. Paradis pe (talk) 05:05, 19 June 2009 (UTC)

Section titled "Broader political and legal context"
I have removed the entire section below pending discussion here. My concerns are:
 * 1) Clarity of grammar and writing style
 * 2) Much of the content appears to be speculative original research.

In particular, the allegation starting with "The reason for the rise of SLAPPs..." strains credulity. The acronym SLAPP is a relatively new phenomenon but the practice of using the legal system to intimidate has a history going back as far as courts have existed. The practice was well-understood and commonly practiced in, for example, the time of the robberbarons.

If there are pieces that can be cited and moved back into the article, please do so. Likewise, if someone can write a better and more coherent history of the concept, that would really improve the article. Rossami (talk) 22:20, 25 June 2009 (UTC)

SLAPP lawsuits are usually filed in liberal democracies that have a fully-developed legal system and high standards of human rights protection. However, since constitutional and other human rights safeguards vary from country to country, the terminology of international law may help understand the issues at stake:

SLAPP lawsuits are directly related to civil and political rights, since defamations laws are used as a loophole against defendants' freedom of speech. Another frequent component of such lawsuits is the apparent lack of a fair trial, especially when plaintiffs are large corporations, and defendants are average citizens barely able to afford legal costs.

However, frontline advocates of economic, social and cultural rights, such as grassroots environmental organizations, are frequently targeted.

Since "All human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated", stifling the expression of political opinions with regards to collective rights will inevitably impact the fulfillment of the latter.

The reason for the rise of SLAPPs may partly lie in in the post-1980 globalization process and neoliberal policies, where major economic development decisions are left to the private sector, and indebted states are no longer able or willing to defend their citizens' right to health, work, food, water and education—leaving this task up to NGOs, charities and other nonprofit organizations. Public policy thus ends up being debated between private (and unequal) stakeholders, rather than in the democratic arena.

History vs. current context and the human rights issue
I agree there is a need for a better History section, although this article is about SLAPPs -- not legal intimidation throughout the Ages. There is no need to trace the concept back to the robberbarons... I would suggest a better linkage with the term chilling effect, though.

What this article lacks is material for average, non-U.S. readers to understand. The term was coined in the U.S., where SLAPPS are seen as a threat to First Amendment rights. The term is now increasingly recognized in Canada, Australia, NZ and the UK. Sticking to U.S.-centric "legalese" doesn't help understanding how SLAPPs are evolving nowadays. Hence the international law terminology: fair trial, freedom of speech, civil and political rights in their most commonly accepted sense.

As to economic, social and cultural rights -- even though the U.S. does not give them much weight and hasn't yet ratified the ICESCR (alongside Saudi Arabia, Myanmar and a handful of other beacons of freedom) -- I think there is more than enough evidence that they are impacted by SLAPPs, albeit indirectly. The link with public health and environmental issues is obvious:

''One of the most troubling developments in American public law over the last two decades has been the proliferation of lawsuits commenced and maintained for the purpose of "chilling" public participation in decision - making processes, particularly those affecting the environment. [...] Typically brought by corporate interests, these suits target citizens and citizen organizations for taking part in lawful demonstrations and boycotts, reporting health or environmental offences, circulating petitions, even for attending public meetings.'' (Chris Tollefson, "Strategic lawsuits and environmental politics: Daishowa Inc. v Friends of the Lubicon", [1996] Vol. 31, No 1 Journal of Canadian Studies http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3683/is_199604/ai_n8736782)

[...] SLAPPs are very much a Canadian phenomenon and have been initiated against consumers for public criticism of products or services as well as against individuals for advocating on environmental issues. (Susan Lott, "Report: Corporate Retaliation Against Consumers: The Status of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) in Canada" [2004] The Public Interest Advocacy Centre (PIAC), page 5, http://www.piac.ca/files/slapps.pdf)

In short, the first part (up to "frequently targeted.") is not speculative. It is an attempt to better structure the article, from the general (definition, history and context) to the specific (country-specific cases and legislation). I hope the above references will convince you.

As to "The reason for the rise of SLAPPs...", I agree this is a rather speculative part. I'll need to find more references. My point here is that SLAPPS are more likely to appear in countries where economic development is driven by corporate forces, and where people tend to engage in non-traditional political activism rather than traditional (electoral) activism. In a socialist country (say, Cuba), you won't see one branch of the State SLAPPing another branch... A State doesn't sue itself.

--Paradis pe (talk) 00:38, 30 June 2009 (UTC)

An example needs clarification
I'm having trouble understanding the Karen Winter example. First, I think the word "but" shouldn't be there in "But in 1999...." Second, it seems pretty clear that Karen Winter is the defendant in a SLAPP suit, but the example isn't explicit on who the plantiff is. Where it says that she's still waiting to find something out from the judges, it's not clear whether she's waiting on the judges trying the case or on judges who are plantiffs. Can someone familiar with the case clarify the language? It's beyond my legal capability. CouldOughta (talk) 19:41, 18 October 2009 (UTC)

"Notable anti-SLAPP cases"
Added recent Nationwide Title case; an obvious SLAPP suit w/ links back to mainstream news organizations reporting about the cases. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.109.209.9 (talk) 13:45, 11 December 2010 (UTC)

Shouldn't this section just be called "Notable SLAPP cases"? --zenohockey (talk) 16:11, 1 December 2009 (UTC)

Nonsense garbage on Edgar the Peaceful
Does anyone have any citations in support of that rambling, poorly drafted, misspelled section? It looks like typical vandalism by a homeless meth or coke addict editing Wikipedia at a public library. If no one produces citations soon, I'm reverting that garbage. --Coolcaesar (talk) 02:26, 18 May 2010 (UTC)

Original research allegation against the section Balancing the Right of Access to the Courts
User:Xanzzibar has twice removed the entire subsection titled Balancing the Right of Access to the Courts, first with the comment "Remove section: original research and analysis without proper citations" and then with the comment that "Remove seciton again - it's original research and analysis. Lack of proper citation (all primary sources, a no-no) is just icing on the cake".

The section removal has been reverted twice, first by User:CliffC with the comment "some citations are present, although not in proper format - no need to scrap the section. Added two tags calling for improvement" and then by User:Rossami with the comment "revert again. That section is well-cited with a number of blockquotes. The citations are in the legal format, not Wikipedia's preferred in-line format but that's a minor point, not cause for deletion''"

Since this is apparently a point of dispute, it should be discussed here. The disputed section can be seen in this diff. Rossami (talk)

 * In hindsight, my edit summary was not very helpful as it did not address Xanzzibar's concerns. I should have clarified that the fact that the section is so well cited is itself evidence that the text is not original research or analysis.  The text is a synopsis and clarification of the original sources - a proper function for encyclopedic editors.  That's not to say that the section is perfect.  The closing paragraph probably does stray a bit into wording that is more advocacy-toned than it should be.  But on the whole, those are correctable points.  Wholesale removal is unwarranted in my opinion.  Rossami (talk) 22:01, 26 October 2010 (UTC)

 * As a sidenote on the sourcing question, I think it is a debatable point whether a judge's findings are primary or secondary sources. I think the stronger argument is that the underlying facts of the case, the depositions and the various motions by the lawyers would be better considered as the primary sources and that the judge's conclusions start from those sources and add the analysis and evaluative claims that an encyclopedia or other tertiary source can properly report.  The Coucher & Kelly text also would not count as a primary source.  Rossami (talk) 22:15, 26 October 2010 (UTC)
 * The text is clearly a new synthesis of facts and reasoning, some supported by citations, some not, in support of a position---that's what I do all the time as a lawyer. Unfortunately, you can't do that on Wikipedia.  Wikipedia writing has to be coldly neutral. --Coolcaesar (talk) 03:14, 12 December 2010 (UTC)

Removing the McDonalds case
The example provided claimed that the McLibel case was an example of a SLAPP. Since this claim is unsourced and unverified it does not belong in this article. If sources can be found to state that it is a SLAPP, then the UK courts would be a notable source stating that it is not a SLAPP and the text should reflect this.

This relates to the US-centrism of the article. If the article is supposed to be US-centric (as it currently seems to be, also going by the lack of non-stub translations) then it should reflect this, and examples should note that they would be considered SLAPPs according to the US legal system but not by the foreign legal system. If it is supposed to represent a global world view then the views of US supreme court judges are no more notable than the view of any other supreme court judges in any other country, which can probably be easily extracted from libel cases in those countries and should be incorporated into the article.

I would suggest that, rather than the current philosophical and conceptual slant that incorporates mind-reading ('typical SLAPP plaintiff intends to / wants to (..)' the article is restyled to a "libel and freedom of speech around the world" or merged into something of that kind that describes what each country considers true libel, what each country considers SLAPP, and any relevant legislation.86.6.44.128 (talk) 22:18, 9 June 2011 (UTC)

Article rework
I just finished some rather extensive rework to the article, mostly citations and references. There should be no more embedded links or dead references. A lot of references were expanded (e.g., a ref with only a URL and a title getting the author, publisher, access date and so forth as appropriate, or as I thought so, anyway). Also, a number of references were researched and added where I could. I tried to convert the old style citation to use the appropriate templates. Also, several existing footnotes were moved to the recommended locations, mostly ends of the proper sentences when they were mid-sentence and there was no reason they needed to be. There was some Wikilinking added (and a little removed). There are a couple of citations still needed, which I marked with citation-needed templates.

I didn't do anything significant with content.

The citation template contents are formatted against the left margin because it was much easier to keep track of them and manage them that way. There's no reason to keep them in that format if the consensus is that they should be in the more conventional inline style. A quick pass with Perl can fix all, so if there's a problem there, fixing them manually would be a lot of needless effort.

Rhsimard (talk) 11:38, 30 June 2011 (UTC)

Cleanup
Over the past 22 months, this article has gone down in quality, due to vandalism and soapboxen. Can we clean this up? The quality has started to slip, folks. Bearian (talk) 15:06, 21 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I concur, but it will be tricky to excise some of the messier passages. The problem is that the quality of Canadian law schools and lawyers are atrocious, which is why the passages on Canadian law are just awful.  Most talented Canadian law students tend to pursue careers in law south of the border, so Canada gets stuck with the leftovers. I'm not sure there is any way to clean them up short of dumping them wholesale and starting over. --Coolcaesar (talk) 07:02, 23 March 2013 (UTC)

Michael Mann Defamation Lawsuit in SLAPP Cases
Michael Mann (Scientist) has been involved in a long running defamation case with SLAPP as a key procedural element https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_E._Mann#Defamation_lawsuit. Would it be worthwhile to add some reference to this? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 108.18.188.142 (talk) 19:52, 12 August 2014 (UTC)

SLAPPs against anti-harassment
There's a huge deal going on today in the library world (3rd on the below list) of someone using a SLAPP against women reporting sexual harassment or violence. None of these, AFAIK, involve famous people, and #3 is yet to be resolved. Would others here support a category in the article about SLAPPs intended to repress reports of sexual harassment? If so, I will add these in (from: http://geekfeminism.wikia.com/wiki/SLAPP) Thanks, LaMona (talk) 20:57, 24 September 2014 (UTC)
 * In January 2014, Open Source developer Michael Schwern sued his ex-wife for defamation, after being banned from tech events and disassociated from geek feminist endeavours subsequent to his arrest on domestic violence charges.
 * In the skeptic/atheist community, in February 2014 Ben Radford filed a defamation suit against Karen Stollznow for describing harassment she experienced (note that she did not name him, but others did in response to her post)
 * This case is proceeding and nobody has suggested that it is a SLAPP suit, much less has taken legal action to dismiss the case as a SLAPP. Wouldn't including this mean that nobody could sue for defamation without being accused of a SLAPP? MrStapler (talk) 19:06, 30 December 2014 (UTC)
 * In July 2014, Canadian librarian and blogger Nina de Jesus tweeted "Fact: Yes, I'm being sued. Fact: I'm being sued for over a million dollars." in relation to this blog post about community accountability, naming "librarian and technology trend spotter" Joe Murphy as a serial harasser. In September 2014 the defendants posted an official statement.

Virginia
Could anyone update the map? Virginia has passed an anti-SLAPP law as of this year. 65.157.71.226 (talk) 17:16, 25 September 2017 (UTC)
 * ✅Terrorist96 (talk)

Kansas
Could anyone update the map? Kansas passed an anti-SLAPP law in 2016. --- 68.103.140.206 (talk) 10:03, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
 * https://anti-slapp.org/kansas
 * https://anti-slapp.org/your-states-free-speech-protection/#reference-chart
 * https://www.medialaw.org/topics-page/anti-slapp?tmpl=component&print=1

The Philippines section.
I don't think the Lualhati Bautista entry for the Philippines counts. That case began with Bautista being accused of being a member of an armed group, the New People's Army. That's an accusation, not a criticism. If we accept that as an example, wouldn't we be opening this page up to the potential inclusion of all libel cases? - Sparryx (talk) 04:13, 11 January 2021 (UTC)

Well isn't saying that somebody "X libels" a form of libel to counter (rightfully or not) an accusation? --OPAZL (talk) 13:34, 11 February 2021 (UTC)

Fully agree with Sparryx. The entry is a poor example of SLAPP in the Philippines and does not belong in this article. The accusation made against Bautista falls under a pattern of Red-tagging in the Philippines, which is used to harass and silence activists and critics of the government. There is also the allegation that Bautista threatened to contact the employer, which none of the cited sources back up, making at least the part about the employer a violation of WP:BLP and WP:VERIFY. -Crisantom (talk) 08:16, 8 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I see no arguments to the contrary so far, so I move that the Philippines section, in its present (10 March 2021) form, be removed. - Sparryx (talk) 16:16, 9 March 2021 (UTC)

 * I second that, for the reasons stated above: (i) that the current paragraph falls outside the scope of the article, and (ii) that parts of the paragraph go against WP:BLP and WP:VERIFY and therefore do not belong anywhere on Wikipedia. Crisantom (talk) 05:13, 10 March 2021 (UTC)

Per BLP this qualifies for speedy deletion. It's been three days without any further objection on the matter. Following Sparryx's proposal, I will proceed with the passage's deletion per the above reasons. If anyone wishes to undelete the passage, they may do so but only after opening a discussion and reaching consensus on the talk page. Crisantom (talk) 07:52, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

 * Passage has been deleted. Pasting the passage here per WP:Preserve. Crisantom (talk) 08:16, 13 March 2021 (UTC)

Philippines
On August 11, 2020, Lualhati Bautista, a well-known Filipino author has been tagged as a member of the New People’s Army (NPA) by a private Filipino citizen named Jefferson Lodia Badong in his comment on a Facebook post about the former. Bautista took to her own Facebook account and posted a screenshot of the comment. The post subsequently trended and attracted a huge number of supporters that attacked Badong, forcing him to write a public apology and make his account private. Bautista also issued a threat to Badong that she would contact his employers to cause him to lose his job. The Labor Code of the Philippines prohibits employers from removing an employee for reasons not directly relevant to their work, like a public figure like Bautista asking Badong's employers to fire him for his Facebook comment that are made outside the workplace. Further, it is by convention that the employee does not reflect his employer's opinions unless explicitly claimed. Libel and cyberlibel law in the Philippines has historically only criminalized malicious publications of defamatory articles, as in the case of Keng v. Ressa. Cyberlibel cannot be filed against private individuals who have no capacity to damage a person's reputation, as in the case of Badong's otherwise obscure Facebook comment. Badong later deleted the apology minutes after posting it. In another post, Bautista threatened to sue Badong for cyberlibel along with a screenshot of his profile. Bautista later said that she is not proceeding with the case as Badong has sent her a private apology, which was also publicized by Bautista. In the aftermath, Badong has deactivated his account after he was continually shamed by supporters and friends of Bautista.

Rename as "Intimidation lawsuit"
It is a better primary name for the article. Strategic lawsuit against...seems very verbose and officialese.

"Intimidation lawsuits known officially as Strategic lawsuit against public participation are..."

Section titled 'Characteristics' needs work
Hi,

Could someone who is comfortable with this subject please look at paragraph three of the section titled 'Characteristics' and rewrite it?

I'm a reasonably intelligent person with good language skills, but that paragaph is one long sentence, and I'm not entirely sure what it's trying to say. It can be interpreted in more than one way, and I'm having difficulty even working out which parts of the sentence go together, which are parts of a list, and whether there is more than one list in the sentence. Perhaps this would be a case for dot points being used.

I think if I knew the things that sentence was trying to convey, I wouldn't have trouble with it, so with that in mind, perhaps the person who edits it can get someone in their vacinity who doesn't know the subject to read their effort and explain it in their own words - if they can, it probably meets the needs of the average reader.

Thanks!

Mathsgirl (talk) 22:49, 18 May 2022 (UTC)

Possible future sources
Note: Moved from article
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)
 * -- Otr500 (talk) 14:21, 9 March 2023 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Yitzchak Hutner

Yitzchak Hutner (יצחק הוטנר; 1906 – November 28, 1980), also known as Isaac Hutner, was an American Orthodox rabbi and rosh yeshiva (dean).

Originally from Warsaw, Hutner was the long-time dean of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin in Brooklyn, New York, an older institution that grew under his leadership. Hutner's pedagogic style was a blend of the Hasidic and Misnagdic elements of his own family's origins. His discourses, called ma'amarim, contained elements of a Talmudic discourse, a Hasidic Tish and a philosophic lecture. Although his title was rosh yeshiva, Hutner's leadership style more closely resembled that of a rebbe who expected fealty from his followers.

In his later years, Hutner established Yeshiva Pachad Yitzchok in Jerusalem, which is named after his own magnum opus. On one of his trips there, Hutner's plane was seized by Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine terrorists in the Dawson's Field hijackings, which he survived.

Early life
Hutner was born in Warsaw, Poland, to a family with both Ger Hasidic and non-Hasidic Lithuanian Jewish roots. As a child he received private instruction in Torah and Talmud. As a teenager he was enrolled in the Slabodka yeshiva in Lithuania, headed by Nosson Tzvi Finkel, where he was known as the "Warsaw Illui" (Genius of Warsaw).

In 1925, having obtained a solid grounding in Talmud, Hutner joined a group from the Slabodka yeshiva that established the Hebron Yeshiva in Mandatory Palestine. He studied there until 1929, narrowly escaping the 1929 Hebron massacre because he was away for the weekend. Hutner then returned to Warsaw to visit his parents. He then moved to Germany, to study philosophy at the University of Berlin, where he befriended Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Menachem Mendel Schneerson, two future rabbinical leaders then studying in Berlin. In 1932, he authored a book called Torat HaNazir.

In 1933, Hutner married Masha Lipshitz in Kobryn. She was born in Slutsk and raised in the United States. That same year, the couple traveled to Mandatory Palestine, where they remained for about a year, and completed his research and writing of his Kovetz Ha'aros on Hillel ben Eliakim's commentary on midrash sifra.

Rabbinic and teaching career
In March 1934 Hutner moved to the United States (his wife having preceded him by six months) and settled in Brooklyn, where Hutner joined the faculty of the Rabbi Jacob Joseph School. Sometime between 1935 and 1936 he was appointed office manager of the newly established high school division of the Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin known as Mesivta Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin.

In 1940, after receiving permission from the rosh yeshiva, Yaakov Moshe Shurkin, he began to give a class to the 4th year of the post high school program. Founded in 1904, it was the oldest elementary yeshiva in Brooklyn. Over the years he built up the yeshiva's post-high school beth midrash division and became Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin's senior rosh yeshiva (dean). In this effort he also received the help of Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz who headed Brooklyn's Yeshiva Torah Vodaas. Hutner was able to construct an environment that produced young Talmudic scholars in the model of their compatriots in Eastern Europe. By 1940 he had established a post-high-school beth midrash with hundreds of students.

At Chaim Berlin, students were allowed to combine their yeshiva study with afternoon and evening classes at college, mainly Brooklyn College and later Touro College. Hutner took great pride in the secular accomplishments of his students insofar as they fit into his vision of a material world governed by the principles of a spiritual Torah way of life. Thus, many alumni of Hutner's yeshiva have attained success as attorneys, accountants, doctors, and in information technology. One of his closest disciples, Israel Kirzner, is an economist who edited Hutner's written works, Pachad Yitzchok. Many of Hutner's disciples earned doctorates, often with his blessing and guidance. This includes his daughter and only child, Bruria David, who obtained her PhD at Columbia University's department of philosophy as a student of Salo Baron. She subsequently founded and became the dean of Beth Jacob Jerusalem, a prominent Jewish women's seminary that caters to young women from Haredi families in the United States. Her dissertation discussed the dual role Zvi Hirsch Chajes as both a traditionalist and maskil (follower of the enlightenment). The list also includes Ahron Soloveichik (law) rosh yeshiva, Aharon Lichtenstein (literature) rosh yeshiva, Yitzhak Aharon Korff (law, international law and diplomacy), and Yehuda (Leo) Levi (physics) professor and rector.

In the 1950s, Hutner established a kollel (post graduate division for married scholars) to continue their in-depth Talmudical studies. This school, Kollel Gur Aryeh, was one of the first of its kind in America. Many of his students became prominent educational, outreach, and pulpit rabbis. He stayed in touch with them and was involved in major communal policy decision-making as he worked through his network of students in positions of leadership.

Hutner established Yeshiva Pachad Yitzchok in Har Nof, Jerusalem, which he named for his book of the same name. He died in 1980, and was buried in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery in East Jerusalem.

Methodology
Hutner's methodology and style was complex, controversial, and difficult to pigeonhole. While placing great emphasis on intellectually penetrating Talmudic study and analysis, emotionally he veered towards the Hasidic-style, and more-so than his Lithuanian-style colleagues reared as Misnagdim could tolerate. Ultimately though, he saw himself more as a traditional Litvish rosh yeshiva.

The core of Hutner's synthesis of different schools of Jewish thought was rooted in his studies of the teachings of Judah Loew ben Bezalel (1525–1609) a scholar and mystic known as the Maharal of Prague. Various pillars of Hutner's thought system were likely the works of the Vilna Gaon and Moshe Chaim Luzzatto. He would only allude in the most general ways to other great mekubalim (mystics) such as the Baal Shem Tov, the Ari, Shneur Zalman of Liadi, Mordechai Yosef Leiner of Izbitz and many other great Hasidic masters, as he did with the works of Kabbalah such as the Zohar.

Hutner initiated a number of changes in Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin that differed greatly from the mussar (ethics) yeshiva practice in Slabodka. He abolished the half-hour learning session in mussar and replaced it with one of ten or fifteen minutes.

Hutner viewed secular studies as essential for attending college, learning a profession and becoming self-supporting. He obtained, together with Shraga Feivel Mendlowitz, a charter from the New York State Board of Regents to set up a combined yeshiva and college. However, this plan was dropped at the insistence of Aharon Kotler.

Hutner developed a style of celebrating Shabbat and the Jewish holidays by delivering a type of discourse known as a ma'amar. It was a combination of Talmudic discourse, Hasidic celebration (tish), philosophic lecture, group singing, and when possible, like on Purim, a ten-piece band was brought in as accompaniment. Many times there was singing and dancing all night. All of this, together with the respect to his authority that he demanded, induced in his students an obedience and something of a "heightened consciousness" that passed into their lives transforming them into literal Hasidim of their rosh yeshiva, who in turn encouraged this by eventually personally donning Hasidic garb (levush) and behaving like something of a synthesis between a rosh yeshiva and a rebbe. He also instructed some of his students to do likewise.

Relationships with other rabbis
During his stay in Palestine, Hutner visited Abraham Isaac Kook, the first chief rabbi of Palestine, to whom he was distantly related. Hutner eventually became a member of the non-Zionist Haredi Moetzes Gedolei HaTorah (Council of Torah Sages) of Agudath Israel of America following his immigration to the United States.

Hutner's work Pachad Yitzchok contains no overt reference to Kook. A few of Hutner's early students recall Hutner's lengthy comments regarding Kook. Eliezer Waldman said that Hutner told them that "Rav Kook was 20 times as great as those who opposed him". Similarly, Moshe Zvi Neria heard Hutner say that "if I would not have met Rav Kook, I would be lacking 50% of myself".

While staying in Berlin, Hutner developed a friendship with Menachem Mendel Schneerson and Joseph B. Soloveitchik. Hutner referred to Soloveitchik as a gadol (foremost Torah scholar of the time) and to Schneerson as tzadik hador (righteous one of the generation), while at other times saying some negative things about the latter. Nevertheless, the three maintained close personal relations throughout their lives, though each differed markedly in Torah hashkafa (weltanschauung), developing a unique bridge and synthesis between the Eastern European world-view and a Western European way of thinking. This enabled them to serve successfully as spiritual leaders after each of them immigrated to the United States of America.

Citing an anonymous source, Hillel Goldberg reports that Hutner became a fierce critic of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic group and the "personality cult built up around" Schneerson. Hutner purposefully moved up his Hanukkah ma'amar to preempt his students from attending Schneerson's Yud Tes Kislev farbrengen. Still, Hutner corresponded regularly with Schneerson throughout his lifetime on a variety of halakhic (Jewish law), Hasidic and kabbalistic subjects, and occasionally sought his blessing. Hutner also had several lengthy private meetings with Schneerson.

Hutner appointed Soloveitchik's younger brother, whom he had tutored in Warsaw, Ahron Soloveichik (later to head his own yeshiva in Skokie near Chicago, Illinois), as head of his own Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin. Ahron Soloveichik completed a Doctorate in law at New York University at the same time that he lectured in Hutner's Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin.

In the early 1940s, Hutner asked a friend from Slabodka, Saul Lieberman, to become a dean-Talmudical lecturer in Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin. Lieberman instead accepted an offer from the Jewish Theological Seminary of America (JTSA), the seminary of Conservative Judaism.

Hutner had a number of disagreements with some of the religious scholars who taught in his yeshiva. These disputes were usually not over ideology, but about positions in the school. He eased out many of the older rabbis who were his contemporaries in favor of his disciples. Rabbis Prusskin (a first cousin to his wife), Goldstone, Shurkin, Snow, Avrohom Asher Zimmerman and others are among them. Though Hutner was, by all accounts, quite steadfast in his opinions, he was not above begging forgiveness from those he had slighted, even when they had initiated attacks on him, and adopting a conciliatory tone.

Hutner appointed Slabodka yeshiva educated Avigdor Miller as the mashgiach ruchani (spiritual mentor and supervisor) of the yeshiva. After the yeshiva relocated to Far Rockaway, New York in the 1960s, Miller resigned from his position due to the difficulties a daily commute from Brooklyn entailed.

TWA hijacking
In the late 1960s he began to visit Israel again, planning to build a new yeshiva there. On 6 September 1970, he and his wife, daughter, and son-in-law Yonasan David were returning to New York on TWA Flight 741 when their flight was hijacked by the PFLP Palestinian terrorist organization. The terrorists freed the non-Jewish passengers and held the Jewish passengers hostage on the plane for one week, after which the women and children were released and sent to Cyprus. The hijacked airplanes were subsequently detonated. The remaining 40-plus Jewish men – including Hutner, David, and two students accompanying Hutner, Meir Fund and Yaakov Drillman – and male flight crew continued to be held hostage in and around Amman, Jordan; Hutner was held alone in an isolated location while Jews around the world prayed for his safe release. The terrorists tried to cut off his beard, but were stopped by their commanders. Hutner was reunited with the rest of the hostages on 18 September, and was finally released on 26 September and flown together with his family members to Nicosia, Cyprus. Israeli Knesset Member Menachem Porush chartered a private plane to meet the Hutners in Nicosia, and Willie Frommer, a former student, gave him his own shirt and tallit katan, since Hutner's tallit, tefillin, shirt, jacket and hat had been confiscated during his three-week ordeal. On 28 September Hutner and his group were flown back to New York via Europe, and were home just in time for the first night of Rosh Hashana.

Published work
In 1938 Hutner published a short booklet of halakhic decisions sourced in the Sifra but not cited in the Babylonian Talmud. Many years later, he published what is considered to be his magnum opus, which he named Pachad Yitzchok ("Fear [of] Isaac", meaning the God whom Isaac [had] feared). He called his outlook Hilchot Deot Vechovot Halevavot ("Laws [of] 'Ideas' and 'Duties [of the] Heart'") and wrote in a poetic modern-style Hebrew reminiscent of his original mentor Abraham Isaac Kook's style, even though almost all of Hutner's original lectures were delivered in Yiddish.

Notable students
Among Hutner's notable students are first and foremost his only daughter Rebbetzin Dr. Bruria David (1938–2023) the founder of the Beth Jacob Jerusalem seminary for young Jewish women in Israel. Rabbis Yisroel Eliyah Weintraub, and Feivel Cohen, a noted Posek. Another was the author Shlomo Carlebach, who was appointed as the mashgiach ruchani at the Yeshiva Chaim Berlin, but who split with Hutner on policy matters in the 1970s. They were both Holocaust survivors whom Hutner took upon himself to raise as his own "sons" together with others in similar circumstances. Hutner also gave semikhah to Shlomo Carlebach, the musician, during the days that the latter was still with Lubavitch.

Other students included rabbis Yonasan David (his son-in-law) and Aharon Schechter, his successors as rosh yeshivas of Yeshiva Rabbi Chaim Berlin; Aharon Lichtenstein, son-in-law of Joseph B. Soloveitchik and rosh yeshiva of Yeshivat Har Etzion in Israel; Pinchas Stolper of the Orthodox Union and founder of NCSY who followed Hutner's guidelines in setting up this youth outreach movement; Yaakov Feitman, prominent rabbi, past President of the Young Israel Council of Rabbis and disseminator of Hutner's views; Shlomo Freifeld who set up one of the first full-time yeshivas for baal teshuva students in the world; Joshua Fishman, past leader and executive Vice President of Torah Umesorah the National Society for Hebrew Day Schools; Yaakov Perlow, the Novominsker Rebbe of Boro Park; Yitzhak_Aharon_Korff, the Zvhil-Mezbuz Rebbe of Boston and Jerusalem, and Noah Weinberg founder and head of Aish Hatorah as well as his brother Yaakov Weinberg of Ner Israel Yeshiva in Baltimore.

Works about Hutner

 * An Inner Life: Perspectives On The Legacy of Harav Yitzchok Hutner zt"l by Rebbitzen Bruriah David, translated by Rabbi Shmuel Kirzner (Gur Aryeh Institute For Advanced Jewish Scholarship, 2024)
 * Dershowitz Family Saga: A Century and a Half of Jewish Life in Poland, Through America, and Into Israel by Zecharia Dor-Shav (Dershowitz) (Skyhorse Publishing, 2022, ISBN 1510770232)
 * Rabbi Hutner and Rebbe, by Chaim Dalfin (Jewish Enrichment Press, 2019, ISBN 0997909935)
 * Between Berlin and Slobodka: Jewish Transitional Figures from Eastern Europe by Hillel Goldberg (KTAV Publishing House, 2010, ISBN 1602801355)

Works based upon Hutner's writings

 * Pachad Yitzchok: Selected Ma'Amarim of Rabbi Yitzchok Hutner on Shabbos and the Yamim Tovim, adapted by Eliakim Willner (Artscroll Mesorah Publications, 2024, ISBN 9781422640715)
 * Shabbos in a New Light: Majesty, Mystery, Meaning: Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner Sefer Pachad Yitzchak by Pinchas Stolper (David Dov Foundation, 2009, ISBN 1600910661)
 * Chanukah in a New Light: Grandeur, Heroism and Depth as Revealed Through the Writings of Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner ZTZK"L by Pinchas Stolper (Israel Bookshop, 2005, ISBN 1931681767)
 * Purim in a New Light: Mystery, Grandeur, and Depth as Revealed Through the Writings of Rabbi Yitzchak Hutner by Pinchas Stolper (David Dov Publications, 2003, ISBN 1931681309)
 * Living Beyond Time: The Mystery and Meaning of the Jewish Festivals: Includes 20 Essays Based on the Teachings of Hagaon Harav Yitzchok Hutner ZTZ"L by Pinchas Stolper (Shaar Press, 2003, ISBN 1578197449)

title: Yitzchak Hutner


text:
Bomber destroyer

Bomber destroyers were World War II interceptor aircraft intended to destroy enemy bomber aircraft. Bomber destroyers were typically larger and heavier than general interceptors, designed to mount more powerful armament, and often having twin engines. They differed from night fighters largely in that they were designed for day use.

The United States Army Air Corps considered powerfully armed destroyers, like the Bell YFM-1 Airacuda prototype, to counter a potential attack of high-performance bombers. The Lockheed P-38 Lightning and Bell P-39 Airacobra were also initially specified to carry very heavy armament based on a central 37 mm cannon, specified as interceptor aircraft working in the anti-bomber role.

In the pre-war era the UK, by contrast, favored development of the "turret fighter", such as the Boulton Paul Defiant, which mounted the armament in a rotating turret. Turret fighters were expected to work together to coordinate fire on unescorted bombers (due to limits of German fighter range), able to attack from all quarters, and not be limited by the brief firing opportunity of a single seat fighter in a high speed attack.

The P-38, a small, single-crewed example of the bomber destroyer type, was eventually outfitted with a 20 mm cannon and four .50-caliber machine guns in a central nacelle instead of a heavier cannon; it proved itself a highly competent fighter aircraft in the early phase of World War II.

A deceptively similar, although completely different, designation was the German Zerstörer (meaning "destroyer"). Introduced on 1 May 1939, the term did specifically exclude the defensive anti-bomber role (leaving it for the light fighters), and envisaged a heavy fighter for offensive missions: escorting the bombers, long-range fighter suppression, and ground attack. The German designs suffered performance deficits as they were weighed down by a two- or three-man crew and extra cockpit accommodations.

After World War II, improvements in engine power and armament led to a loss of interest in building bomber destroyers as a specific class of aircraft. Even small fighters were able to carry enough firepower to deal effectively with enemy bombers, and high-performance all-purpose late-war fighters—the P-51 Mustang being the prime example—excelled at all fighter roles: pursuit, bomber escort, interception, and ground attack. The interest in interceptors was renewed during the Cold War; both the United States and the Soviet Union designed and produced dedicated "pure" interceptors such as the Convair F-106 Delta Dart and the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25. These aircraft were generally never referred to as "bomber destroyers", even though their primary mission was the destruction of enemy strategic bombers. Few dedicated interceptors have been designed or produced since the 1960s.

title: Bomber destroyer


text:
Interceptor

Interceptor may refer to:

Film and television

 * The Interceptor, a British drama series on BBC One
 * Interceptor (game show), a British television game show that ran during 1989
 * Interceptor (film), a 2022 film starring Elsa Pataky and Luke Bracey
 * "Angel Interceptor", a fictional aircraft piloted by the Angels in the 1967 TV series Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons
 * "Falcon Interceptor", in New Captain Scarlet
 * SHADO Interceptor, a fictional type of military spacecraft in the TV series UFO
 * Pursuit Special or Last of the V8 Interceptors, a muscle car in the fictional Mad Max franchise
 * Turbo Interceptor, a fictional car in the 1986 film The Wraith
 * HMS Interceptor, a fictional Royal Navy warship from the 2003 film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl

Music

 * "Angel Interceptor", a 1995 song from the album 1977 by Ash

Video games

 * Interceptor, a 1976 video game by Taito, created by Tomohiro Nishikado
 * TIE Interceptor, a series of fictional starfighters in the Star Wars universe
 * F/A-18 Interceptor, a 1988 Amiga game by Electronic Arts
 * X-COM: Interceptor, a 1998 flight-sim/tactical strategy game from the X-COM series
 * Interceptor Micros, a former Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum video game developer

Plumbing and civil engineering

 * Interceptor drain, a type of French drain often used in storm sewer systems
 * Interceptor sewer, a large pipe in urban sanitary sewers
 * Grease interceptor or grease trap
 * Petrol interceptor, a trap to separate hydrocarbons from rainwater runoff

Science, technology and military

 * Interceptor pattern, in software design and aspect-oriented programming
 * Milbemycin oxime (brand name Interceptor), a heartworm preventative veterinary medication marketed by Novartis
 * Interceptor missile, a type of defensive missile used against other missiles in flight
 * Interceptor Body Armor, an advanced form of combat protection currently fielded by the United States military

Automobiles

 * Ford Police Interceptor, a range of North American police cars
 * Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptor, 1992–2011
 * Ford Police Interceptor Sedan, 2012–2019
 * Ford Police Interceptor Utility, 2012–
 * Ford Interceptor, a 2007 concept car built on a stretched version of the Ford D2C platform
 * Jensen Interceptor, an automobile marque

Other vehicles

 * Interceptor aircraft or interceptor, a type of fighter aircraft
 * Interceptor 400, a civilian aircraft marque
 * Interceptor Corporation, a former US firm that developed the Interceptor 400
 * Long Range Interceptor, a fast small watercraft
 * Honda Interceptor (disambiguation), a motorcycle brand
 * Royal Enfield Interceptor, a motorcycle
 * USS Interceptor, former radar picket ship
 * Lockheed interceptor (disambiguation), several types of aircraft

title: Interceptor


text:
Optical communication

Optical communication, also known as optical telecommunication, is communication at a distance using light to carry information. It can be performed visually or by using electronic devices. The earliest basic forms of optical communication date back several millennia, while the earliest electrical device created to do so was the photophone, invented in 1880.

An optical communication system uses a transmitter, which encodes a message into an optical signal, a channel, which carries the signal to its destination, and a receiver, which reproduces the message from the received optical signal. When electronic equipment is not employed the 'receiver' is a person visually observing and interpreting a signal, which may be either simple (such as the presence of a beacon fire) or complex (such as lights using color codes or flashed in a Morse code sequence).

Modern communication relies on optical networking systems using optical fiber, optical amplifiers, lasers, switches, routers, and other related technologies. Free-space optical communication use lasers to transmit signals in space, while terrestrial forms are naturally limited by geography and weather. This article provides a basic introduction to different forms of optical communication.

Visual forms
Visual techniques such as smoke signals, beacon fires, hydraulic telegraphs, ship flags and semaphore lines were the earliest forms of optical communication. Hydraulic telegraph semaphores date back to the 4th century BCE Greece. Distress flares are still used by mariners in emergencies, while lighthouses and navigation lights are used to communicate navigation hazards.

The heliograph uses a mirror to reflect sunlight to a distant observer. When a signaler tilts the mirror to reflect sunlight, the distant observer sees flashes of light that can be used to transmit a prearranged signaling code. Naval ships often use signal lamps and Morse code in a similar way.

Aircraft pilots often use visual approach slope indicator (VASI) projected light systems to land safely, especially at night. Military aircraft landing on an aircraft carrier use a similar system to land correctly on a carrier deck. The coloured light system communicates the aircraft's height relative to a standard landing glideslope. As well, airport control towers still use Aldis lamps to transmit instructions to aircraft whose radios have failed.

Semaphore line
A 'semaphore telegraph', also called a 'semaphore line', 'optical telegraph', 'shutter telegraph chain', 'Chappe telegraph', or 'Napoleonic semaphore', is a system used for conveying information by means of visual signals, using towers with pivoting arms or shutters, also known as blades or paddles. Information is encoded by the position of the mechanical elements; it is read when the shutter is in a fixed position.

Semaphore lines were a precursor of the electrical telegraph. They were far faster than post riders for conveying a message over long distances, but far more expensive and less private than the electrical telegraph lines which would later replace them. The maximum distance that a pair of semaphore telegraph stations can bridge is limited by geography, weather and the availability of light; thus, in practical use, most optical telegraphs used lines of relay stations to bridge longer distances. Each relay station would also require its complement of skilled operator-observers to convey messages back and forth across the line.

The modern design of semaphores was first foreseen by the British polymath Robert Hooke, who first gave a vivid and comprehensive outline of visual telegraphy in a 1684 submission to the Royal Society. His proposal (which was motivated by military concerns following the Battle of Vienna the preceding year) was not put into practice during his lifetime.

The first operational optical semaphore line arrived in 1792, created by the French engineer Claude Chappe and his brothers, who succeeded in covering France with a network of 556 stations stretching a total distance of 4,800 km. It was used for military and national communications until the 1850s.

Many national services adopted signaling systems different from the Chappe system. For example, Britain and Sweden adopted systems of shuttered panels (in contradiction to the Chappe brothers' contention that angled rods are more visible). In Spain, the engineer Agustín de Betancourt developed his own system which was adopted by that state. This system was considered by many experts in Europe better than Chappe's, even in France.

These systems were popular in the late 18th to early 19th century but could not compete with the electrical telegraph, and went completely out of service by 1880.

Semaphore signal flags
Semaphore flags are the system for conveying information at a distance by means of visual signals with hand-held flags, rods, disks, paddles, or occasionally bare or gloved hands. Information is encoded by the position of the flags, objects or arms; it is read when they are in a fixed position.

Semaphores were adopted and widely used (with hand-held flags replacing the mechanical arms of shutter semaphores) in the maritime world in the 19th century. They are still used during underway replenishment at sea and are acceptable for emergency communication in daylight or, using lighted wands instead of flags, at night.

The newer flag semaphore system uses two short poles with square flags, which a signaler holds in different positions to convey letters of the alphabet and numbers. The transmitter holds one pole in each hand, and extends each arm in one of eight possible directions. Except for in the rest position, the flags cannot overlap. The flags are colored differently based on whether the signals are sent by sea or by land. At sea, the flags are colored red and yellow (the Oscar flags), while on land, they are white and blue (the Papa flags). Flags are not required, they just make the characters more obvious.

Signal lamps
Signal lamps (such as Aldis lamps), are visual signaling devices for optical communication (typically using Morse code). Modern signal lamps are a focused lamp which can produce a pulse of light. In large versions this pulse is achieved by opening and closing shutters mounted in front of the lamp, either via a manually operated pressure switch or, in later versions, automatically.

With hand held lamps, a concave mirror is tilted by a trigger to focus the light into pulses. The lamps are usually equipped with some form of optical sight, and are most commonly deployed on naval vessels and also used in airport control towers with coded aviation light signals.

Aviation light signals are used in the case of a radio failure, an aircraft not equipped with a radio, or in the case of a hearing-impaired pilot. Air traffic controllers have long used signal light guns to direct such aircraft. The light gun's lamp has a focused bright beam capable of emitting three different colors: red, white and green. These colors may be flashing or steady, and provide different instructions to aircraft in flight or on the ground (for example, "cleared to land" or "cleared for takeoff"). Pilots can acknowledge the instructions by wiggling their plane's wings, moving their ailerons if they are on the ground, or by flashing their landing or navigation lights during night time. Only 12 simple standardized instructions are directed at aircraft using signal light guns as the system is not utilized with Morse code.

Heliograph

A heliograph (Ἥλιος helios, meaning "sun", and γραφειν graphein, meaning "write") is a wireless solar telegraph that signals by flashes of sunlight (generally using Morse code) reflected by a mirror. The flashes are produced by momentarily pivoting the mirror, or by interrupting the beam with a shutter.

The heliograph was a simple but effective instrument for instantaneous optical communication over long distances during the late 19th and early 20th century. Its main uses were in military, surveys and forest protection work. They were standard issue in the British and Australian armies until the 1960s, and were used by the Pakistani army as late as 1975.

Electronic forms
In the present day a variety of electronic systems optically transmit and receive information carried by pulses of light. Fiber-optic communication cables are employed to carry electronic data and telephone traffic. Free-space optical communications are also used every day in various applications.

Optical fiber
Optical fiber is the most common type of channel for optical communications. The transmitters in optical fiber links are generally light-emitting diodes (LEDs) or laser diodes. Infrared light is used more commonly than visible light, because optical fibers transmit infrared wavelengths with less attenuation and dispersion. The signal encoding is typically simple intensity modulation, although historically optical phase and frequency modulation have been demonstrated in the lab. The need for periodic signal regeneration was largely superseded by the introduction of the erbium-doped fiber amplifier, which extended link distances at significantly lower cost. The commercial introduction of dense wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) in 1996 by Ciena Corp was the real start of optical networking. WDM is now the common basis nearly every high-capacity optical system in the world

The first optical communication systems were designed and delivered to the U.S. Army and Chevron by Optelecom, Inc., the venture co-founded by Gordon Gould, the inventor of the optical amplifier and the laser.

Photophone
The photophone (originally given an alternate name, radiophone) is a communication device which allowed for the transmission of speech on a beam of light. It was invented jointly by Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter on February 19, 1880, at Bell's 1325 'L' Street laboratory in Washington, D.C. Both were later to become full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association, created and financed by Bell.

On June 21, 1880, Bell's assistant transmitted a wireless voice telephone message of considerable distance, from the roof of the Franklin School to the window of Bell's laboratory, some 213 meters (about 700 ft) away.

Bell believed the photophone was his most important invention. Of the 18 patents granted in Bell's name alone, and the 12 he shared with his collaborators, four were for the photophone, which Bell referred to as his "greatest achievement", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was "the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone".

The photophone was a precursor to the fiber-optic communication systems which achieved popular worldwide usage starting in the 1980s. The master patent for the photophone ( Apparatus for Signalling and Communicating, called Photophone), was issued in December 1880, many decades before its principles came to have practical applications.

Free-space optical communication
Free-space optics (FSO) systems are employed for 'last mile' telecommunications and can function over distances of several kilometers as long as there is a clear line of sight between the source and the destination, and the optical receiver can reliably decode the transmitted information. Other free-space systems can provide high-data-rate, long-range links using small, low-mass, low-power-consumption subsystems which make them suitable for communications in space. Various planned satellite constellations intended to provide global broadband coverage take advantage of these benefits and employ laser communication for inter-satellite links between the several hundred to thousand satellites effectively creating a space-based optical mesh network.

More generally, transmission of unguided optical signals is known as optical wireless communications (OWC). Examples include medium-range visible light communication and short-distance IrDA, using infrared LEDs.

title: Optical communication


text:
Talk:Lower Austria

Protectorate of Bohemia/Moravia
How much of the modern Czech republic (in km2 and mi2) was annexed to Lower Austria? --JamesR1701E (talk) 13:06, 9 November 2008 (UTC)

Official names
The official name of the Bundesland is (in German): Niederösterreich. Since this is the English language Wikipedia we are talking about the translation "Lower Austria" is needed; that goes without saying. There is, however, no room for "Nyada-Østarëich" and other such nonsense, certainly not cluttering up the main article. This is neither a spoken nor written language that I recognize. The only official language spoken in Lower Austria is German. Local pronunciation issues notwithstanding, there is no need for anything else.

I have reverted your edit for now. Please do not redo unless discussing it first. Thanks. --IGreil (talk) 08:38, 6 May 2011 (UTC)
 * The official name is indeed Niederösterreich, and it is presented as the official name and its translation into English. However, per WP:Naming conventions (geographic names),

 * "2. The lead: The title can be followed in the first line by a list of alternative names in parentheses, eg: Gulf of Finland ( Estonian: Soome laht; Finnish: Suomenlahti; Russian: Финский залив, Finskiy zaliv; Swedish: Finska viken) is a large bay in the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea..."

 * "Relevant foreign language names (one used by at least 10% of sources in the English language or is used by a group of people which used to inhabit this geographical place) are permitted and should be listed in alphabetic order of their respective languages, i.e., (Finnish: Suomenlahti; Russian: Финский залив, Finskiy zaliv; Swedish: Finska viken; Estonian: Soome laht). or (ar: name1, be: name2, cs: name3). As an exception to alphabetical order, the local official name should be listed before other alternate names if it differs from a widely accepted English name."

 * My reinsertion of the Austro-Bavarian name into the lead (which, you'll note, is the only place I reinserted it) follows exactly these principles. The local official name is listed first (Standard German), followed by names in relevant foreign languages. Austro-Bavarian is certainly relevant, since it is a minority language spoken throughout Austria, including Lower Austria. This is not an issue of "local pronunciation", which sounds like you are demoting Austro-Bavarian to just pronunciation differences, rather than an actual language as documented by linguists (it's listed on the Ethnologue, for example). Nor does a language's official status (a political designation) have any bearing on whether that language's name is included in the lead. The deciding factor for the inclusion of a foreign name is the one listed in the above guidelines: "one used by at least 10% of sources in the English language or is used by a group of people which used to inhabit this geographical place." Speakers of Austro-Bavarian inhabit this geographical place, so the inclusion of their name in the lead is thoroughly justified. -Krasnoludek (talk) 09:05, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

 * You make it sound as though "Austro-Bavarian" is a relevant foreign language. It is not, above all, a written language. It is a regiolect, a local variety, if you will, but it has no place in an encyclopedia (apart, perhaps, from an entry of its own). "Nyada-Østarëich" is not a legitimate alternative spelling or version. Nowhere that I am aware of is Lower Austria referred to as such in writing. Please provide a reliable source that actually uses that spelling. "Austro-Bavarian", if it is a language (no need to go into that here) certainly is not a written one. —Preceding unsigned comment added by IGreil (talk • contribs) 09:43, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Since I noticed you have removed the alternate language names on several Austria-related pages, I have moved this discussion to the existing talk page on Talk:Austria, since that is the most prominent location to discuss this issue. -Krasnoludek (talk) 09:44, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Austro-Bavarian is not a legitimate "alternate language", but we can certainly discuss this on Talk:Austria as well. IGreil (talk) 10:14, 6 May 2011 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Lower Austria


text:
Free-net

A free-net was originally a computer system or network that provided public access to digital resources and community information, including personal communications, through modem dialup via the public switched telephone network. The concept originated in the health sciences to provide online help for medical patients. With the development of the Internet free-net systems became the first to offer limited Internet access to the general public to support the non-profit community work. The Cleveland Free-Net (cleveland.freenet.edu), founded in 1986, was the pioneering community network of this kind in the world.

Any person with a personal computer, or through access from public terminal in libraries, could register for accounts on a free-net, and was assigned an email address. Other services often included Usenet newsgroups, chat rooms, IRC, telnet, and archives of community information, delivered either with text-based Gopher software or later the World-Wide Web.

The word mark Free-Net was a registered trademark of the National Public Telecomputing Network (NPTN), founded in 1989 by Tom Grundner at Case Western Reserve University. NPTN was a non-profit organization dedicated to establishing and developing, free, public access, digital information and communication services for the general public. It closed operations in 1996, filing for Chapter 7 bankruptcy. However, prior use of the term created some conflicts. NPTN distributed the software package FreePort, developed at Case Western Reserve, that was used and licensed by many of the free-net sites.

The Internet domain name freenet.org was first registered by the Greater Detroit Free-Net (detroit.freenet.org), a non-profit community system in Detroit, MI, and a member of the NPTN. The Greater Detroit Free-Net provided other subdomains to several free-net systems during its operation from 1993 to approximately 2001.

Unlike commercial Internet service providers, free-nets originally provided direct terminal-based dialup, instead of other networked connections, such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). The development of Internet access with cheaper and faster connections, and the advent of the World-Wide Web made the original free-net community concept obsolete.

A number of free-nets, including the original Cleveland Free-Net, have shut down or changed their focus. Free-nets have always been locally governed, so interpretation of their mission to remove barriers to access and provide a forum for community information, as well as services offered, can vary widely. As text-based Internet became less popular, some of the original free-nets have made available PPP dialup and more recently DSL services, as a revenue generating mechanism, with some now transitioning into the community wireless movement.

Several free-net systems continue under new mission statements. Rochester Free-Net (Rochester, New York), for instance, focuses on hosting community service organizations (over 500 to date) as well as seminars about Internet use to the community at no charge. Austin FreeNet (Austin, Texas) now provides technology training and access to residents of the city, "fostering skills that enable people to succeed in a digital age."

title: Free-net


text:
J. A. Hobson

John Atkinson Hobson (6 July 1858 – 1 April 1940) was an English economist and social scientist. Hobson is best known for his writing on imperialism, which influenced Vladimir Lenin, and his theory of underconsumption.

His principal and earliest contribution to economics was the theory of underconsumption, a scathing criticism of Say's law and classical economics' emphasis on thrift. However, this discredited Hobson among the professional economics community from which he was ultimately excluded. Other early work critiqued the classical theory of rent and anticipated the Neoclassical "marginal productivity" theory of distribution.

After covering the Second Boer War as a correspondent for The Manchester Guardian, he condemned British involvement in the war and characterised it as acting under the influence of mine owners. In a series of books, he explored the associations between imperialism and international conflict and asserted that imperial expansion is driven by a search for new markets and investment opportunities overseas. Commentaries on Hobson have noted the presence of antisemitic language and themes in his work, especially in his writing on the Boer War.

Later, he argued that maldistribution of income resulted, through oversaving and underconsumption, in unemployment and that the remedy was in eradicating the "surplus" by the redistribution of income by taxation and the nationalization of monopolies. He opposed the First World War and advocated the formation of a world political body to prevent wars. Following the war, he became a reformist socialist.

Early life
Hobson was born in Derby, the son of William Hobson, "a rather prosperous newspaper proprietor", and Josephine Atkinson. He was the brother of the mathematician Ernest William Hobson. He studied at Derby School and Lincoln College, Oxford and, after his graduation, taught classics and English literature at schools in Faversham and Exeter.

Early career
When Hobson relocated to London in 1887, England was in the midst of a major economic depression. While classical economics was at a loss to explain the vicious business cycles, London had many societies that proposed alternatives. While living in London, Hobson was exposed to the Social Democrats and H.M. Hyndman, Christian Socialists, and Henry George's Single-tax system. He befriended several of the prominent Fabians who would found the London School of Economics, some of whom he had known at Oxford. However, none of these groups proved persuasive enough for Hobson; rather it was his collaboration with a friend, the businessman and mountain climber Albert F. Mummery, that would produce Hobson's contribution to economics: the theory of underconsumption. First described by Mummery and Hobson in the book Physiology of Industry (1889), underconsumption was a scathing criticism of Say's law and classical economics' emphasis on thrift. The forwardness of the book's conclusions discredited Hobson among the professional economics community. Ultimately he was excluded from the academic community.

During the very late 19th century, his works included Problems of Poverty (1891), Evolution of Modern Capitalism (1894), Problem of the Unemployed (1896) and John Ruskin: Social Reformer (1898). They developed Hobson's critique of the classical theory of rent and his proposed generalization anticipated the Neoclassical "marginal productivity" theory of distribution.

Boer War and imperialism
Soon after this period Hobson was recruited by the editor of the newspaper The Manchester Guardian to be their South African correspondent. During his coverage of the Second Boer War, Hobson began to form the idea that imperialism was the direct result of the expanding forces of modern capitalism. He believed the mine owners, led by Cecil Rhodes, wanted control of the Transvaal. Accordingly, he believed they manipulated the British into fighting the Boers so that they could maximize their profits from mining. His return to England was marked by his strong condemnation of the conflict.

His publications during the next few years demonstrated an exploration of the associations between imperialism and international conflict. These works included War in South Africa (1900) and Psychology of Jingoism (1901). In what is arguably his magnum opus, Imperialism (1902), he espoused the opinion that imperial expansion is driven by a search for new markets and investment opportunities overseas. Imperialism gained Hobson an international reputation, and influenced such notable thinkers as Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, and Hannah Arendt's The Origins of Totalitarianism (1951).

In a 1902 Political Science Quarterly article, Hobson challenged numerous moral justifications for imperialism, including the notion that "less efficient" races benefitted from subordination to "more efficient" races.

Hobson wrote for several other journals before writing his next major work, The Industrial System (1909). In this tract he argued that maldistribution of income resulted, through oversaving and underconsumption, in unemployment and that the remedy was in eradicating the "surplus" by the redistribution of income by taxation and the nationalization of monopolies.

First World War and later career
Hobson's opposition to the First World War caused him to join the Union of Democratic Control. His advocacy for the formation of a world political body to prevent wars can be found in his piece Towards International Government (1914). However, he became staunchly opposed to the League of Nations.

In 1919, Hobson joined the Independent Labour Party. This was soon followed by writings for socialist publications such as the New Leader, the Socialist Review and the New Statesman. During this period it became clear that Hobson favoured capitalist reformation over communist revolution. He was critical of the Labour Government elected in 1929.

Hobson's autobiography Confessions of an Economic Heretic was published in 1938.

Critical appraisal
R. H. Tawney wrote the following in The Acquisitive Society (1920):

The greater part of modern property has been attenuated to a pecuniary lien or bond on the product of industry which carries with it a right to payment, but which is normally valued precisely because it relieves the owner from any obligation to perform a positive or constructive function. Such property may be called passive property, or property for acquisition, for exploitation, or for power.... It is questionable, however, whether economists shall call it "Property" at all, and not rather, as Mr. Hobson has suggested, "Improperty," since it is not identical with the rights which secure the owner the produce of his toil, but is opposite of them.

V.I. Lenin, in Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1916)—which was probably his most influential work on later Marxian scholarship—made use of Hobson's Imperialism extensively, remarking in the preface "I made use of the principal English work, Imperialism, J. A. Hobson's book, with all the care that, in my opinion, that work deserves." In the work itself—despite disagreeing with Hobson's liberal politics—Lenin repeatedly cites Hobson's interpretation of imperialism approvingly; for example:

We see that Kautsky, while claiming that he continues to advocate Marxism, as a matter of fact takes a step backward compared with the social-liberal Hobson, who more correctly takes into account two "historically concrete" ... features of modern imperialism: (1) the competition between several imperialisms, and (2) the predominance of the financier over the merchant.

Historians Peter Duignan and Lewis H. Gann argue that Hobson had an enormous influence in the early 20th century among people all around the world:

Hobson's ideas were not entirely original; however his hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of the British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored the thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe.

Later historians attacked Hobson and the Marxist theories of imperialism he influenced. Notably, John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson in their 1953 article The Imperialism of Free Trade argued that Hobson placed too much emphasis on the role of formal empire and directly ruled colonial possessions, not taking into account the significance of trading power, political influence and informal imperialism. They also argued that the difference in British foreign policy that Hobson observed between the mid-19th-century indifference to empire that accompanied free market economics, and the later intense imperialism after 1870, was not real.

Hobson believed "colonial primitive peoples" were inferior. In Imperialism he advocated their "gradual elimination" by an international organization: "A rational stirpiculture in the wide social interest might, however, require a repression of the spread of degenerate or unprogressive races". Such a plan should be implemented, according to Hobson, following approval by an "international political organization". While it can be said the 1902 work reflected the Social Darwinism trend of the time, Hobson left this section mainly unchanged when he published the third edition in 1938.

Antisemitism
Hobson's early works were critical of the impact of Jewish immigration and Jewish financiers. In the 1890s he argued that large scale Jewish immigration from the Russian Partition to Western Europe harmed the interests of native workers and advocated limitations on immigration. Writing on the South African war in War in South Africa (1900), he linked the impetus towards war to "Jew Power" in South Africa and saw Johannesburg as a "New Jerusalem". Hobson wrote that "Jewish financiers", whom he saw as "parasites", manipulated the British government that danced to their "diabolical tune". According to history professor Norman Etherington, the section on financiers in Imperialism seems irrelevant to Hobson's economic discourse, and was probably included since Hobson truly believed it. Hobson was innovative in tying between 1898 and 1902 the concept of modernity, empire, and Jews together; according to Hobson, the international financiers influenced the government partially through Jewish press ownership in South Africa and London.

Hobson's analysis was widely disseminated by those opposed to the war and received significant attention. Other contemporary anti-war writers also alleged a mainly Jewish "capitalist conspiracy" was taking place. Following Hobson's January 1900 article Capitalism and Imperialism in South Africa, Labour leader Keir Hardie in February 1900 repeated the same message in paraphrased form accusing "half a dozen financial houses, many of them Jewish" of leading the UK to war. However, as the British working class tended to support the war in South Africa, Hobson's zeal in attacking "Jew Power" in South Africa and manipulation by a secret "racial confederacy" failed to attract popular support in Britain, though "anti-Alien" sentiments continued to be an issue. On the European continent, the alleged "robbery committed by international Jewry" was invariably linked to continental antisemites (especially on the Right) with British imperialist piracy against the "plucky Boers" fighting for self-determination.

Book-length works

 * The Physiology of Industry (written with Albert F. Mummery) (1889).
 * Problems of Poverty (1891).
 * Evolution of Modern Capitalism (1894).
 * Problem of the Unemployed (1896).
 * John Ruskin: Social Reformer (1898).
 * The War in South Africa: Its Causes and Effects (1900).
 * Capitalism and Imperialism in South Africa (1900)
 * Psychology of Jingoism (1901).
 * The Social Problem: Life and Work (1901).
 * Imperialism:a Study (1902)
 * International Trade (1904).
 * Canada Today (1906).
 * The Crisis of Liberalism (1909).
 * The Industrial System (1909).
 * A Modern Outlook (1910).
 * The Science of Wealth (1911).
 * An Economic Interpretation of Investment (1911).
 * Industrial Unrest (1912).
 * The German Panic (1913).
 * Gold, Prices and Wages (1913).
 * Work and Wealth, A Human Valuation (1914).
 * Traffic in Treason, A Study in Political Parties (1914).
 * Towards International Government (1915).
 * Western Civilization (1915).
 * The New Protectionism (1916).
 * Labour and the Costs of War (1916).
 * Democracy after the War (1917).
 * Forced Labor (1917).
 * 1920: Dips into the Near Future (1917/1918).
 * Taxation in the New State (1919).
 * Richard Cobden: The International Man (1919).
 * The Obstacles to Economic Recovery in Europe (1920).
 * The Morals of Economic Internationalism (1920)
 * The Economics of Reparation (1921).
 * Problems of a New World (1921).
 * Work and Wealth: a Human Valuation (1921)
 * Incentives in the New Industrial Order (1922).
 * The Economics of Unemployment (1922).
 * Notes on Law and Order (1926).
 * The Living Wage (with H. N. Brailsford, A. Creech Jones, E.F. Wise) (1926).
 * The Conditions of Industrial Peace (1927).
 * Wealth and Life (1929).
 * Economics and Ethics (1929)
 * Rationalisation and Unemployment (1930).
 * God and Mammon (1931).
 * Poverty in Plenty (1931).
 * L.T. Hobhouse, His Life and Work (1931).
 * The Recording Angel (1932).
 * Saving and Spending: Why Production is Clogged (1932).
 * From Capitalism to Socialism (1932).
 * Rationalism and Humanism (1933).
 * Democracy and a Changing Civilization (1934).
 * Veblen (1936).
 * Property and Improperty (1937).
 * Le Sens de la responsibilité dans la vie sociale (with Herman Finer and Hanna Mentor) (1938).
 * Confessions of an Economic Heretic (1938).
 * Confessions of an Economic Heretic (1938).

References and sources

 * References

 * Sources
 * Simkin, John. "J. A. Hobson".
 * Allett, John "New Liberalism: The Political Economy of J. A. Hobson"
 * Claeys, Gregory. Imperial Sceptics. British Critics of Empire 1850-1920 (2010) Cambridge University Press. Ch. 3.
 * Hobson, John Atkinson (1858–1940), social theorist and economist by Michael Freeden in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (2004)
 * Donald Markwell, John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press (2006).
 * Keynes, John Maynard, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936) Macmillan & Co.
 * Hobson is also referred to in the song "Light Pollution" by popular American folk band Bright Eyes which opens with the lines "John A. Hobson was a good man, he used to lend me books and mic stands, he even got me a subscription to the socialist review."

title: J. A. Hobson


text:
Talk:Mitsubishi A6M Zero

Is the Swedish FFVS J 22 a comparible aircraft
Introduced in 1943 to the swedish air force the FFVS J 22 seems to be in the same class as the Zero.

Internal contradiction in article
The lead says "The A6M was usually referred to by its pilots as the Reisen..." but in the section entitled Name it says "In Japan, it was unofficially referred to as both Rei-sen and Zero-sen; Japanese pilots most commonly called it Zero-sen..." So which is it? Can we get a confirmation on one or the other name as the most commonly used and update the article so the two sentences reflect that? Cadar (talk) 20:25, 8 June 2019 (UTC)

Most produced combat aircraft?
The article states that, at just under eleven thousand, the Zero was the most produced combat aircraft of the war. Under what criteria? I can think of at least a half dozen other types that were built in larger numbers than that without even looking it up. Mark Sublette Mark Sublette (talk) 19:34, 14 January 2020 (UTC)
 * Probably meant in JAPAN, not the entire list of combatants.50.111.9.165 (talk) 16:21, 28 January 2020 (UTC)

Wing bulges
"The two 20 mm wing cannon were upgraded from the Type 99 Mark l to the Type 99 Mark II,[41] which required a bulge in the sheet metal of the wing below each cannon. The wings also included larger ammunition boxes and thus allowing 100 rounds per cannon. " The bulges were to accommodate the larger ammo drums (not boxes), not the Mk II cannon per se. The longer cannons just protruded further from the leading edges. The switch from 60 to 100 round drums required the bulge. The Type 52 introduced 125 round boxes and belt feed, so the bulges were deleted, as it says later in the variants section.

Idumea47b (talk) 04:27, 5 September 2020 (UTC)

 * I see I have already brought this up so there is no need to repeat myself. But to be clear, the A6M3 Model 32 did not use the Type 99 Mk II. There are plenty of photos easily found showing the aircraft, none of which show the distintive long barrels of the MkII protruding from the leading edge. It used the short barreled Type 99 with a larger ammo drum.
 * I also don't understand the claim about the "smaller ailerons". The wings were squared off at exactly the same place as the wing tip assembly began, the ailerons don't go past this line in any of the marks, so shortening the wings to this point has no effect on the size of the flight surfaces.
 * Regarding the shorter range, it makes it sound like they simply traded 6.8mph for 620 miles of range, which seems silly. But it was more than that, the increased power was available across a wider altitude range, so it was faster in general and with better climb rate and didn't suffer so much power loss at high altitude. But similar to the Hurricane MkII, the relatively small increase in power results in a significantly higher fuel consumption, combined with smaller tankage, which gives a much shorter endurance. Idumea47b (talk) 11:23, 16 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mitsubishi A6M Zero