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Redd Foxx

John Elroy Sanford (December 9, 1922 – October 11, 1991), better known by his stage name Redd Foxx, was an American stand-up comedian and actor. Foxx gained success with his raunchy nightclub act before and during the civil rights movement. Known as the "King of the Party Records", he performed on more than 50 records in his lifetime. He portrayed Fred G. Sanford on the television show Sanford and Son and starred in The Redd Foxx Show and The Royal Family, where he played the husband of Della Reese, and grandfather to actor Larenz Tate.

His film projects included All the Fine Young Cannibals (1960), Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970), Norman... Is That You? (1976) and Harlem Nights (1989).

In 2004, Foxx ranked 24th in Comedy Central Presents: 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time. Foxx not only influenced many comedians but was often portrayed in popular culture as well, mainly as a result of his catchphrases, body language and facial expressions exhibited on Sanford and Son. During the show's six-year run, Foxx won a Golden Globe Award and received an additional three nominations, along with three Primetime Emmy Award nominations. Foxx was posthumously given a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame in 1992.

Early life
John Elroy Sanford was born on December 9, 1922, in St. Louis, Missouri, and raised in Chicago's South Side. His father, Fred "Freddie" Sanford, was from Hickman, Kentucky and served during World War I in the 823rd company of U.S. Transportation Corps. His father worked as an electrician and auto mechanic, but left his family sometime after 1930. He was raised by his half-Seminole mother, Mary Hughes, from Ellisville, Mississippi, his grandmother and his minister. Foxx attended DuSable High School in Chicago's Bronzeville neighborhood with future Chicago mayor Harold Washington. Foxx had two older brothers, Fred Jr., and Leonard, who died shortly after his birth in 1921. On July 27, 1939, at the age of 16, Foxx performed on the Major Bowes Amateur Hour radio show as part of the Jump Swinging Six.

In the 1940s, he befriended Malcolm Little, later known as Malcolm X, a fellow dishwasher at Jimmy's Chicken Shack in Harlem. Both men had reddish hair, so Sanford was called "Chicago Red" after his hometown and Malcolm was known as "Detroit Red". In Malcolm's autobiography, Foxx is referred to as "the funniest dishwasher on this earth". During World War II, Foxx dodged the draft by eating half a bar of soap before his physical, a trick that resulted in heart palpitations. On September 30, 1946, Foxx recorded five songs for the Savoy label under the direction of Teddy Reig.

Nightclub act
Foxx's raunchy nightclub act proved successful. After performing on the East Coast, his big break came after singer Dinah Washington insisted that he come to Los Angeles, where Dootsie Williams of Dootone records caught his act at the Brass Rail nightclub. Foxx was one of the first black comics to play to white audiences on the Las Vegas Strip. He was signed to a long-term contract and released a series of comedy albums on half a dozen record labels that quickly became cult favorites.

Sanford and Son
Foxx achieved his most widespread fame starring in the television sitcom Sanford and Son, an adaptation of the BBC series Steptoe and Son. Foxx played the role of Fred G. Sanford ("Fred Sanford" was actually Foxx's father's and brother's name), while co-star Demond Wilson played the role of his son Lamont. In this sitcom, Fred and Lamont were owners of a junk/salvage store in Watts, California, who dealt with many humorous situations. The series was notable for its racial humor and overt prejudices which helped redefine the genre of black situation comedy.

The series premiered on the NBC television network on January 14, 1972, and was broadcast for six seasons. In 1974, Foxx was sued for $10 million (~$ in ) by Tandem Productions, producers of the show, for not showing up to start taping the new season. The final episode aired on March 25, 1977.

The show also had several running gags. When angry with Lamont, Fred would often say, "You big dummy!" or would often fake heart attacks by putting his hand on his chest and saying (usually while looking up at the sky and referring to his late wife), "Oh this is the big one! You hear that Elizabeth? I'm coming to join ya, honey!" Fred would also complain about having "arthur-itis" to get out of work by showing Lamont his cramped hand. Foxx portrayed a character who was in his 60s, although in real life he was 48 when production began for Season 1.

Foxx used his starring role on Sanford and Son to help get jobs for acquaintances such as LaWanda Page, Slappy White, Gregory Sierra, Don Bexley, Beah Richards, Stymie Beard, Leroy Daniels, Ernest Mayhand and Pat Morita.

Wilson was asked whether he kept in touch with everybody from Sanford & Son, especially the series' star himself, after the series was canceled: "No. I saw Redd Foxx once before he died, circa 1983, and I never saw him again. At the time I was playing tennis at the Malibu Racquet Club and I was approached by some producers about doing a Redd Foxx 50th Anniversary Special. I hadn't spoken to him since 1977, and I called the club where (Redd) was playing. And we met at Redd's office, but he was less than affable. I told those guys it was a bad idea. I never had a cross word with him. People say I'm protective of Redd Foxx in my book (Second Banana, Wilson's memoir of the Sanford years). I had no animosity toward Foxx [for quitting the show in 1977] because I had a million-dollar contract at CBS to do Baby... I'm Back!. My hurt was that he didn't come to me about throwing the towel in—I found out in the hallway at NBC from a newscaster. I forgave him and I loved Redd, but I never forgot that. The love was there. You can watch any episode and see that."

Post-Sanford and Son

In 1977, Foxx left Sanford and Son after six seasons to star in a short-lived ABC variety show, resulting in the cancellation of the NBC series. In 1980 he was back playing Fred G. Sanford in a short-lived revival/spin-off, Sanford. In 1986, he returned to television in the ABC series The Redd Foxx Show, which was canceled after 12 episodes due to low ratings. Foxx appeared as an Obi-Wan Kenobi-like character in the Star Wars special of the Donny & Marie show. In an homage to his show, he mentioned the planet Sanford, which has no sun.

In 1989, Foxx was featured in the film Harlem Nights, written, directed, produced and starring Eddie Murphy.

Foxx made a comeback with the short-lived series The Royal Family, in which he co-starred with Della Reese.

At some point in the late 1970s and/or early 1980s, Foxx had a business on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood where car owners could have their vehicles' roofs "velvetized"—a process that added a fuzzy, velvety texture to the brougham vinyl tops of some cars of that period, especially those that were referred to at the time as "pimp-mobiles". It was called "Redd Foxx's Car Velvetizing".

Financial and tax problems
According to People magazine, "Foxx reportedly once earned $4 million in a single year, but depleted his fortune with a lavish lifestyle, exacerbated by what he called 'very bad management. Contributing to his problems were his divorces. Foxx spent over $150,000 awaiting his divorce from his second wife Betty Jean which included monthly support payments of $10,000 following their separation in 1974. He also was ordered to pay $2,500 a month while awaiting divorce from third wife Joi after their separation in 1979, and then paid her a $300,000 divorce settlement in 1981.

In 1983, he filed for bankruptcy with proceedings continuing at least through 1989. The IRS filed tax liens against Redd Foxx's property for income taxes he owed for the years 1983 to 1986 totaling $755,166.21. On November 28, 1989, the IRS seized his home in Las Vegas and seven vehicles (including a 1927 Model T, a 1975 Panther J72, a 1983 Zimmer, and a Vespa motor scooter) to pay the taxes which by then had grown to $996,630, including penalties and interest. Agents also seized "$12,769 in cash and a dozen guns, including a semiautomatic pistol," among some 300 items in total, reportedly leaving only Foxx's bed. Foxx stated that the IRS "took my necklace and the ID bracelet off my wrist and the money out of my pocket ... I was treated like I wasn't human at all." It has been reported that at the time of his death in 1991, Foxx owed more than $3.6 million in taxes.

Personal life
Redd Foxx wed four times. His first marriage was to Evelyn Killebrew in 1948 and ended in divorce in 1951.

On July 5, 1956, Foxx married Betty Jean Harris, a showgirl and dancer, who was a colleague of LaWanda Page (later to be Foxx's TV rival Aunt Esther on Sanford and Son). They met at a nightclub where they were appearing on the same bill. As per their agreement, Harris gave up her career in show business to become a full-time housewife. Foxx adopted Harris's nine-year-old daughter Debraca, who assumed the surname "Foxx." Harris handled most of Foxx's business ventures such as Redd Foxx Enterprises, which included a chain of record stores in Los Angeles. The couple separated in 1974 due to Foxx's infidelity. After 18 years of marriage, Foxx filed for divorce on the grounds of incompatibility in May 1974. He also obtained a restraining order that prevented Harris from "removing, hiding or secreting property" from their home in Las Vegas, and she had to return $110,000 that was removed from bank accounts. Foxx was absent from Debraca's wedding in 1975.

Foxx married his third wife Joi Yun Chi Chung at the Thunderbird Hotel in Las Vegas on December 31, 1976. Foxx met Joi, who was 20 years his junior, when she was a cocktail waitress at the Las Vegas Hilton, shortly after her arrival from Korea. After Foxx filed for divorce in October 1979, she responded with her own divorce suit charging him with cruelty. During their divorce proceedings, Foxx told Jet magazine: "I've been married three times and I'm out." He added: "I'd rather have kids because when I give up all this money on divorce, it should go to the children and not some guy." Their divorce was finalized in 1981; Foxx paid a $300,000 divorce settlement.

In July 1991, Foxx wed Kaho Cho from Seoul, South Korea. They met at Bally's Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas. Despite denouncing marriage after his third divorce, Foxx told Jet magazine that he married Cho because she stuck by him through his trials and tribulations with the IRS. "She saw me with a nickel. And hopefully, she will see me with a dollar. I'll give her seventy-five cents of it," he said. They were married at Little Church of the West in Las Vegas followed by a reception at the Hacienda Hotel.

Death
On October 11, 1991, during a break from rehearsals for The Royal Family, Foxx suffered a heart attack on the set. According to Della Reese, Foxx was chatting with a reporter from Entertainment Tonight. The scene he was supposed to be in was not ready to shoot and Foxx and Reese were rehearsing. In fact, Foxx had no lines in the scene at all; he was whisked away from the interview by a producer (one who, Reese stated, quarreled with Foxx about how he could teach him to be funny) who insisted on him being there.

Foxx did his scripted part of the scene (walking across the back of a chair) while being livid. However, he fell to the floor immediately after doing so. Reese said that nobody initially suspected anything was wrong. Foxx, after all, was famous for having Fred Sanford fake heart attacks on Sanford and Son and was particularly skilled at pratfalls. Reese went to the floor when Foxx did not immediately rise and heard him say "get my wife" twice. Reese called for paramedics. According to Joshua Rich at Entertainment Weekly: "It was an end so ironic that for a brief moment castmates figured Foxx–whose 1970s TV character often faked coronaries–was kidding when he grabbed a chair and fell to the floor." Eddie Murphy, a producer on the show, credited him with being the most "naturally funny person" he'd known.

Foxx was temporarily resuscitated and taken to Queen of Angels Hollywood Presbyterian Medical Center. Four and a half hours after admission, he was pronounced dead.

Redd Foxx is buried in Las Vegas Nevada, at Palm Memorial Park (aka Palm Eastern Cemetery). Foxx' burial was entirely paid for and handled by longtime friend Eddie Murphy.

Redd Foxx's mother Mary Sanford Carson (1903–1993) outlived her son by two years. She had been lingering in and out of a coma for a few years before her death in 1993. She is buried beside him.

Influence
Comedian and actor Richard Pryor cited Redd Foxx as an influence. "He gave me inspiration and encouragement so I could be more me," Pryor told Ebony magazine in 1990. Comedian Chris Rock also cites Redd Foxx as an influence. An episode of his show Everybody Hates Chris shows young Chris Rock overhearing his parents' Redd Foxx albums and getting started doing stand-up by retelling the jokes at school. Actor and comedian Jamie Foxx has stated that he chose his professional surname as a tribute to Foxx. Pat Morita also named Foxx as his mentor from his early days as a nightclub comedian.

On Jimmy Kimmel Live, Eddie Murphy said that Redd Foxx was the most naturally funny person that he ever encountered.

Portrayals in popular media
In 1990, in the pilot episode of In Living Color, in reference to Foxx's financial troubles, Foxx was portrayed by Damon Wayans, who is making a public service announcement to encourage people to pay their taxes.

In the 1992 Seinfeld episode "The Opera", Jerry chastises George for swearing during a wedding speech, saying "You were like a Redd Foxx record."

In the 1998 film Why Do Fools Fall in Love, Foxx is portrayed by Aries Spears. He is shown performing a stand-up comedy routine.

Foxx appears as a minor character in the 2009 James Ellroy novel Blood's a Rover. He gives a bawdy eulogy at the wake of Scotty Bennett, a murdered rogue LAPD detective, including the line: "Scotty Bennett was fucking a porcupine. I gots to tell you motherfuckers that it was a female porcupine, so I don't see nothing perverted in it."

Filmography

 * All the Fine Young Cannibals (1960) as Redd, Piano Player at Rose's (uncredited)
 * Cotton Comes to Harlem (1970) as Uncle Budd / Booker Washington Sims
 * Norman... Is That You? (1976) as Ben Chambers
 * Days of Heaven (1978) as Himself / Special Thanks
 * Harlem Nights (1989) as Bennie Wilson
 * Surely, You Jest (2019) as Himself (Posthumously - archive footage)
 * Dolemite Is My Name (2019) as Performer ("On the Loose") (Posthumously - archive footage)

TV shows

 * Sanford and Son (1972–77) as Fred G. Sanford
 * The Dean Martin Celebrity Roast (1974) as Himself
 * The Captain & Tennille Show (one episode) (1976) as Himself
 * The Redd Foxx Comedy Hour (1977–78) as Himself
 * HBO On Location with Redd Foxx (1978) as Himself
 * Sanford (1980–81) as Fred G. Sanford
 * Redd Foxx: Video in a Plain Brown Wrapper (1983) as Himself
 * Amos 'n' Andy: Anatomy of a Controversy (TV movie) (1983) as Himself / Special Thanks
 * Viva Shaf Vegas (1986) as Himself
 * The Redd Foxx Show (1986) as Al Hughes
 * Motown Merry Christmas (1987) as Himself / Various Skits
 * Ghost of a Chance (1987) as Ivory Clay
 * The Royal Family (1991) as Alfonso Royal
 * Biography - Redd Foxx: Say It Like It Is (January 11, 2000) as Himself (Posthumously - archive footage)
 * E! True Hollywood Story: Redd Foxx (2001) as Himself (Posthumously - archive footage)
 * Laugh Mobb Present - Episodes 3 & 4 (2012) as Himself / Special Thanks (Posthumously - archive footage)
 * Unsung Hollywood - Redd Foxx (2015) as Himself (Posthumously - archive footage)
 * History of Comedy (TV Series - Season 1, Episode 1) (2017) as Himself (Posthumously - archive footage)
 * Marvelous Mrs. Maisel (TV series - Season 1, Episode 4; Season 2, Episode 3) (2017–2018) as Himself/Writer (Posthumously - archive footage)

Authentic Records

 * 385 - Song Plugging/The New Soap (78 single)
 * 390 - The Jackasses/The Race Track (78 single)

78 Singles

 * 630A – Let's Wiggle a Little Woogie
 * 630B – Lucky Guy
 * 631A – Fine Jelly Blues
 * 631B – Redd Foxx Blues
 * 645B – Shame on You

Albums

 * DTL01 – The Best Laff
 * DTL214 – Laff Of The Party Vol. 1 (1956)
 * DTL219 – Laff Of The Party Vol. 2
 * DTL220 – Laff Of The Party Vol. 3
 * DTL227 – Laff Of The Party Vol. 4 (1956)
 * DTL234 – The Best Of Redd Foxx Vol. 1
 * DTL236 – Laff Of The Party Vol.7
 * DTL249 – Burlesque Humor
 * DTL253 – The Side Splitter Vol.1 (1959)
 * DTL265 – The Laff of the Party Vol. 8 (1957)
 * DTL270 – The Side Splitter Vol. 2 (1959)
 * DTL274 – The Best of Party Fun (Red Foxx and Others)
 * DTL275 – Racy Tales (Also released as The New Race Track) (1959)
 * DTL290 – Redd Foxx Funn
 * DTL295 – Sly Sex (1960)
 * DTL298 – Have One On Me (1960)
 * DTL801 – Laffarama (1961)
 * DTL804 – Wild Party (1961)
 * DTL809 – This is Foxx
 * DTL815 – He's Funny That Way (1964)
 * DTL820 – Red Foxx at Jazzville U.S.A. (1961)
 * DTL830 – The New Fugg (1962)
 * DTL828 – Hearty Party Laffs (1962)
 * DTL832 – Laff Along With Foxx (1962) (compilation)
 * DTL834 – Crack Up (1963)
 * DTL835 – Funny Stuff (1963)
 * DTL836 - The Battle of Sex (with Hattie Noel)
 * DTL838 - Naughties But Goodies (1965)
 * DTL840 – Adults Only (1967)
 * DTL845 – Jokes I Can't Tell On Television (1969)
 * DTL846 – Shed House Humor (1969)
 * DTL853 – Sanford & Foxx (1972)
 * DTL854 – Foxx and Jazz
 * DTL858 – Dirty Redd (1973)
 * DTL860 – Funky Tales From a Dirty Old Junkman (1972)

Singles

 * DTL385 – The New Soap/Song Plugging
 * DTL390 – The Jackasses/The Race Track
 * DTL397 – The Honeymooners/The Sneezes
 * DTL402 – Beans And Pineapple Sauce/The Army
 * DTL408 – The Two Oars/The Preacher's Bicycle
 * DTL411 – The Dead Jackass/Women Over Forty
 * DTL416 – Real Pretty Baby/It's Fun To Be Living In The Crazy House
 * DTL418 – Best Of Redd Foxx Parts 1&2
 * DTL421 – The House/Sex And Orange Juice
 * DTL426 – Hollywood Playboy/The Dogs Meeting
 * DTL436 – South Of The Border/The Plastic Surgeon
 * DTL453 – The Dear John Letter/Honesty Is The Best Policy
 * DTL455 – The Shoe Shine Boy/The Royal Thighs And Others
 * DTL458 – 118 Ways To Make Love/Pregnancy Co-Operation
 * DTL460 – No Teeth/With My Teeth/The Best Years/Deep Sea Diver
 * DTL464 – Christmas Hard Ties/Jaw Resting

Atlantic Records discography

 * SD 18157 – You Gotta Wash Your Ass (1975)

Loose Cannon/Island Records discography

 * 528 061 – Uncensored (1995)

Gusto Records discography

 * KSD-1072 – Bare Facts

King Records discography

 * KSD-1073 – Pass the Apple Eve
 * KSD-1074 – In a Nutshell
 * KS-1135 – Matinee Idol
 * SK-754 – X-Rated v. 4
 * SK-756 – X-Rated v. 6
 * K-13385 - Redd Foxx Part One/Part Two

Laff Records discography

 * A170 – Pryor Goes Foxx Hunting (split LP including one half of Richard Pryor's "Craps")
 * A175 - Red & White!! (with Slappy White)
 * A184 - Down N' Dirty (with Richard Pryor)
 * A197 - Comedy Roots (with Richard & Willie)
 * A203 – I Ain't Lied Yet
 * A210 - Uncensored (1980)
 * A228 - Everything's Big

Loma/Warner Bros. Records discography

 * 5901 – Both Sides of Redd Foxx (1966)
 * 5905 – On the Loose
 * 5906 – Redd Foxx "live" : Las Vegas! (1968)
 * 5908 – Foxx-A-Delic (1968)

MF Records discography

 * RF1 – Laff Your Head off
 * RF2 – Laff Your Ass Off
 * RF3 – Redd Foxx At Home
 * RF4 – A Whole Lot of Soul
 * RF5 – At His Best
 * RF6 – Doin' His Own Thing
 * RF7 – Say It Like It Is
 * RF8 – Is Sex Here To Stay
 * RF9 – Where It's At
 * RF10 – Huffin' And A Puffin'
 * RF11 – I Am Curious, Black
 * RF12 – Three Or Four Times A Day
 * RF13 – Mr. Hot Pants
 * RF14 – Hot Flashes
 * RF15 – Restricted
 * RF16 – Superstar
 * RF17 – Spice can Be Nice!
 * RF18 – Strictly For Adults
 * RF19 – Black and Blue
 * RF20 – Elizabeth, I'm Coming!
 * RF21 – Redd 75
 * MF102 - The Very Best of Redd Foxx

Reddy Freddy Records

 * RF01 - Foxx Live 85 (1985)

Albums

 * Gettin' Down N' Dirty (2008)

Albums

 * The Ultimate Comedy Collection (2011)

title: Redd Foxx


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Albert Sorel

Albert Sorel (13 August 1842 – 29 June 1906) was a French historian. He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature nine times.

Life
He was born at Honfleur and remained throughout his life a lover of his native Normandy. His father, a rich manufacturer, wanted him to take over the business but his literary vocation prevailed. He went to live in Paris, where he studied law and, after a prolonged stay in Germany, entered the Foreign Office (1866). He had strongly developed literary and artistic tastes, was an enthusiastic musician (even composing a little), and wrote both poetry and novels (La Grande Falaise, 1785–1793, Le Docteur Egra in 1873); but he was not a socialite. He was the first cousin to the philosopher Georges Sorel.

Academic life
Anxious to understand present as well as past events, he was above all a student. In 1870 he was chosen as secretary by M. de Chaudordy, who had been sent to Tours as a delegate in charge of the diplomatic side of the problem of national defence. He proved a most valuable collaborator, full of finesse, good temper, and excellent judgment, and at the same time hard-working and discreet. After the war, when Emile Boutmy founded the Ecole libre des sciences politiques (which later became the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris or, as it is more widely known, Sciences Po). Sorel was appointed to teach diplomatic history (1872), a duty which he performed with striking success. Some of his courses were converted into books: Le traité de Paris du 20 novembre 1815 (1873); Histoire diplomatique de la guerre franco-allemande (1875); and the Précis du droit des gens which he published (1877) in collaboration with his colleague Theodore Funck-Brentano.

Writings
In 1875 Sorel left the Foreign Office and became general secretary to the newly created office of the Présidence du sénat. Here again, in a position where he could observe and review affairs, he performed valuable service, especially under the presidency of Audiffret-Pasquier, who was glad to have Sorel's advice in the most serious crises of internal politics. His duties left him, however, sufficient leisure to enable him to accomplish the great work of his life, L'Europe et la révolution française. His object was to repeat the work already done by Heinrich von Sybel but from a less restricted point of view and with a clearer and calmer understanding of the chessboard of Europe. He spent almost thirty years in the preparation and composition of the eight volumes of this diplomatic history; volume 1 appeared in 1885; volume 8 in 1904. Francis Herrick says, "it is still the best analysis of the European state system in the eighteenth century and the classic introduction to the study of revolutionary and Napoleonic diplomacy."

He was not merely a conscientious scholar; the analysis of the documents, mostly unpublished, on French diplomacy during the first years of the Revolution, which he published in the Revue historique (vol. v.-vii., x.-xiii.), shows with what scrupulous care he read the innumerable despatches which passed under his notice. He was also, and above all things, an artist. He drew men from the point of view of a psychologist as much as of a historian, observing them in their surroundings and being interested in showing how greatly they are slaves to the fatality of history. It was this fatality which led the rashest of the Conventionals to resume the tradition of the ancien régime, and caused the revolutionary propaganda to end in a system of alliances and annexations which carried on the work of Louis XIV. This view is certainly suggestive, but incomplete; it is largely true when applied to the men of the French Revolution, inexperienced or mediocre as they were, and incompetent to develop the enormous enterprises of Napoleon I.

Literary works
Sorel's magnum opus, L'Europe et la revolution francaise (Europe and the French Revolution) was published in 8 volumes between 1885 and 1904. The 18th edition was published 1922-26, and the books were reprinted as facsimiles by Plon (1948), a German publisher (1974), and Tchou (2003). In 1928, extracts were published in English as ''Napoleon and the French Revolution, 1799-1814. Extracts from Albert Sorel's “L'Europe et la Revolution française” selected and edited by H. L. Hutton'' (Nelson, London, 1928, 178pp.).

The individual volumes are:
 * v.1, Les mœurs politiques et les traditions. This is the only volume to have been translated fully into English. Francis H. Herrick's English translation of chapter 1 was published as Europe under the old regime (W. Ritchie, Los Angeles, 1947). The entire volume was translated by Alfred Cobban and Joseph Wray Hunt as Europe and the French Revolution; the political traditions of the Old Regime (Collins, London, 1969).
 * v.2, La chute de la royauté;
 * v.3, La guerre aux rois: 1792-1793;
 * v.4, Les limites naturelles: 1794-1795;
 * v.5, Bonaparte et le Directoire: 1795-1799;
 * v.6, La trêve, Lunéville et Amiens: 1800-1805;
 * v.7 Le blocus continental, le grand Empire: 1806-1812;
 * v.8, La coalition, les traités de 1815: 1812-1815.

In the earlier volumes the reader is struck by the grandeur and relentless logic of the drama which the author unfolds. In the later volumes the reader may begin to have reservations, but the work is so complete and so powerfully constructed that it commands its audiences admiration. Side by side with this great general work, Sorel undertook various detailed studies more or less directly bearing on his subject. In La Question d'Orient au XVIIIe siècle, les origines de la triple alliance (1878), he shows how the partition of Poland on the one hand reversed the traditional policy of France in eastern Europe, and on the other hand contributed towards the salvation of republican France in 1793. In the Grands écrivains series he was responsible for Montesquieu (1887) and Mme de Staël (1891). The portrait which he draws of Montesquieu is all the more vivid for the intellectual affinities which existed between him and the author of the Lettres persanes (Persian Letters) and the Esprit des lois (The Spirit of the Laws).

Later, in Bonaparte et Hoche en 1797, he produced a critical comparison which is one of his most finished works (1896). In the Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs he prepared vol. i. dealing with Austria (1884). Most of the articles which he contributed to various reviews and to the Temps newspaper have been collected into volumes: Essais d'histoire et de critique (1883), Lectures historiques (1894), Nouveaux essais d'histoire et de critique (1898), Etudes de littérature et d'histoire (1901). These writings contain a great deal of information and ideas not only about political men of the last two centuries but also about certain literary men and artists of Normandy. Honours came to him in abundance as an eminent writer and not as a public official. He was elected a member of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques (December 18, 1889) on the death of Fustel de Coulanges, and of the Académie française (1894) on the death of Hippolyte Taine.

Works

 * La Grande Falaise, 1785-1793, novel (1872)
 * Le Traité de Paris du 20 novembre 1815 (1872)
 * Le Docteur Egra, novel (1873)
 * Une soirée à Sèvres pendant la Commune (1873)
 * Histoire diplomatique de la guerre franco-allemande. 2 volumes, issued for his course at l’École libre des sciences politiques. (1875)
 * Précis du droit des gens, with Théophile Funck-Brentano. Text online at Gallica. (1876)
 * La Question d’Orient au 18th century : le partage de la Pologne, le traité de Kaïnardji (1877)
 * Sur l’enseignement de l’histoire diplomatique (1881)
 * De l’origine des traditions nationales dans la politique extérieure de la France (1882)
 * Essais d’histoire et de critique : Metternich, Talleyrand, Mirabeau, Élisabeth et Catherine II, l’Angleterre et l’émigration française, la diplomatie de Louis XV, les colonies prussiennes, l’alliance russe et la restauration, la politique française en 1866 et 1867, la diplomatie et le progrès. Text online at Gallica. (1883)
 * Recueil des instructions données aux ambassadeurs et ministres de France depuis la paix de Westphalie jusqu’à la Révolution française : Autriche. Text online at Gallica (1884)
 * L’Europe et la Révolution française, 8 vols. (1885-1904)
 * Montesquieu. Text online at Gallica. (1887)
 * Madame de Staël (1890)
 * Lectures historiques : mémoires de soldats, le drame de Vincennes, Talleyrand et ses mémoires. Text online at Gallica. (1894)
 * Bonaparte et Hoche en 1797 (1896)
 * Nouveaux Essais d’histoire et de critique (1898)
 * Études de littérature et d’histoire (1901)
 * Introduction au livre du centenaire du Code civil (1904)
 * ''Discours prononcés aux obsèques de Émile Boutmy, membre de l’Institut de France, fondateur-directeur de l’École libre des sciences politiques, le 28 janvier 1906. (1906). Funeral speeches by Léon Aucoc, Émile Gebhart, Étienne Hulot and Albert Sorel.
 * Pages normandes (1907, posthumous)
 * Vieux habits, vieux galons (1921, posthumous) Collection of short stories.

Criticisms
Sorel's work, especially on the downfall of Napoleon, has come under much criticism recently by revisionist historians. His view was that Napoleon was legitimately fighting for the long-established French aim of 'natural frontiers' and that Napoleon merely inherited a foreign 'situation' and therefore did not create his own foreign policy, which has been contested by recent historians, such as Matthew MacLachlan and Michael Broers. They stressed that Napoleon was a nonconformist general and that his actions abroad did not conform with any traditional French foreign policy.

Later years
His speeches on his two illustrious predecessors show how keenly sensible he was of beauty and how unbiased was his judgment, even in the case of those whom he most esteemed and loved. He had just obtained the great Prix Osiris of 100,000 francs, conferred for the first time by the Institut de France, when he was stricken with his last illness and died at Paris. He was associated with Turkish poets like Yahya Kemal Beyatlı and the historian Yusuf Akçura.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Albert Sorel


text:
Binocular vision

In biology, binocular vision is a type of vision in which an animal has two eyes capable of facing the same direction to perceive a single three-dimensional image of its surroundings. Binocular vision does not typically refer to vision where an animal has eyes on opposite sides of its head and shares no field of view between them, like in some animals.

Neurological researcher Manfred Fahle has stated six specific advantages of having two eyes rather than just one:

 * 1) It gives a creature a "spare eye" in case one is damaged.
 * 2) It gives a wider field of view. For example, humans have a maximum horizontal field of view of approximately 190 degrees with two eyes, approximately 120 degrees of which makes up the binocular field of view (seen by both eyes) flanked by two uniocular fields (seen by only one eye) of approximately 40 degrees.
 * 3) It can give stereopsis in which binocular disparity (or parallax) provided by the two eyes' different positions on the head gives precise depth perception. This also allows a creature to break the camouflage of another creature.
 * 4) It allows the angles of the eyes' lines of sight, relative to each other (vergence), and those lines relative to a particular object (gaze angle) to be determined from the images in the two eyes. These properties are necessary for the third advantage.
 * 5) It allows a creature to see more of, or all of, an object behind an obstacle. This advantage was pointed out by Leonardo da Vinci, who noted that a vertical column closer to the eyes than an object at which a creature is looking might block some of the object from the left eye but that part of the object might be visible to the right eye.
 * 6) It gives binocular summation in which the ability to detect faint objects is enhanced.

Other phenomena of binocular vision include utrocular discrimination (the ability to tell which of two eyes has been stimulated by light), eye dominance (the habit of using one eye when aiming something, even if both eyes are open), allelotropia (the averaging of the visual direction of objects viewed by each eye when both eyes are open), binocular fusion or singleness of vision (seeing one object with both eyes despite each eye having its own image of the object), and binocular rivalry (seeing one eye's image alternating randomly with the other when each eye views images that are so different they cannot be fused).

Binocular vision helps with performance skills such as catching, grasping, and locomotion. It also allows humans to walk over and around obstacles at greater speed and with more assurance. Optometrists and orthoptists are eyecare professionals who fix binocular vision problems.

Etymology
The term binocular comes from two Latin roots, bini for double, and oculus for eye.

Field of view and eye movements
Some animals – usually, but not always, prey animals – have their two eyes positioned on opposite sides of their heads to give the widest possible field of view. Examples include rabbits, buffalo, and antelopes. In such animals, the eyes often move independently to increase the field of view. Even without moving their eyes, some birds have a 360-degree field of view.

Some other animals – usually, but not always, predatory animals – have their two eyes positioned on the front of their heads, thereby allowing for binocular vision and reducing their field of view in favor of stereopsis. However, front-facing eyes are a highly evolved trait in vertebrates, and there are only three extant groups of vertebrates with truly forward-facing eyes: primates, carnivorous mammals, and birds of prey.

Some predatory animals, particularly large ones such as sperm whales and killer whales, have their two eyes positioned on opposite sides of their heads, although it is possible they have some binocular visual field. Other animals that are not necessarily predators, such as fruit bats and a number of primates, also have forward-facing eyes. These are usually animals that need fine depth discrimination/perception; for instance, binocular vision improves the ability to pick a chosen fruit or to find and grasp a particular branch.

The direction of a point relative to the head (the angle between the straight ahead position and the apparent position of the point, from the egocenter) is called visual direction, or version. The angle between the line of sight of the two eyes when fixating a point is called the absolute disparity, binocular parallax, or vergence demand (usually just vergence). The relation between the position of the two eyes, version and vergence is described by Hering's law of visual direction.

In animals with forward-facing eyes, the eyes usually move together.

Eye movements are either conjunctive (in the same direction), version eye movements, usually described by their type: saccades or smooth pursuit (also nystagmus and vestibulo–ocular reflex). Or they are disjunctive (in opposite direction), vergence eye movements. The relation between version and vergence eye movements in humans (and most animals) is described by Hering's law of equal innervation.

Some animals use both of the above strategies. A starling, for example, has laterally placed eyes to cover a wide field of view, but can also move them together to point to the front so their fields overlap giving stereopsis. A remarkable example is the chameleon, whose eyes appear as if mounted on turrets, each moving independently of the other, up or down, left or right. Nevertheless, the chameleon can bring both of its eyes to bear on a single object when it is hunting, showing vergence and stereopsis.

Binocular summation
Binocular summation is the process by which the detection threshold for a stimulus is lower with two eyes than with one. There are various types of possibilities when comparing binocular performance to monocular. Neural binocular summation occurs when the binocular response is greater than the probability summation. Probability summation assumes complete independence between the eyes and predicts a ratio ranging between 9-25%. Binocular inhibition occurs when binocular performance is less than monocular performance. This suggests that a weak eye affects a good eye and causes overall combined vision. Maximum binocular summation occurs when monocular sensitivities are equal. Unequal monocular sensitivities decrease binocular summation. There are unequal sensitivities of vision disorders such as unilateral cataract and amblyopia. Other factors that can affect binocular summation include are, spatial frequency, stimulated retinal points, and temporal separation.

Binocular interaction
Apart from binocular summation, the two eyes can influence each other in at least three ways.
 * Pupillary diameter. Light falling in one eye affects the diameter of the pupils in both eyes. One can easily see this by looking at a friend's eye while he or she closes the other: when the other eye is open, the pupil of the first eye is small; when the other eye is closed, the pupil of the first eye is large.
 * Accommodation and vergence. Accommodation is the state of focus of the eye. If one eye is open and the other closed, and one focuses on something close, the accommodation of the closed eye will become the same as that of the open eye. Moreover, the closed eye will tend to converge to point at the object. Accommodation and convergence are linked by a reflex, so that one evokes the other.
 * Interocular transfer. The state of adaptation of one eye can have a small effect on the state of light adaptation of the other. Aftereffects induced through one eye can be measured through the other.

Singleness of vision
Once the fields of view overlap, there is a potential for confusion between the left and right eye's image of the same object. This can be dealt with in two ways: one image can be suppressed, so that only the other is seen, or the two images can be fused. If two images of a single object are seen, this is known as double vision or diplopia.

Fusion of images (commonly referred to as 'binocular fusion') occurs only in a small volume of visual space around where the eyes are fixating. Running through the fixation point in the horizontal plane is a curved line for which objects there fall on corresponding retinal points in the two eyes. This line is called the empirical horizontal horopter. There is also an empirical vertical horopter, which is effectively tilted away from the eyes above the fixation point and towards the eyes below the fixation point. The horizontal and vertical horopters mark the centre of the volume of singleness of vision. Within this thin, curved volume, objects nearer and farther than the horopters are seen as single. The volume is known as Panum's fusional area (it is presumably called an area because it was measured by Panum only in the horizontal plane). Outside of Panum's fusional area (volume), double vision occurs.

Eye dominance
When each eye has its own image of objects, it becomes impossible to align images outside of Panum's fusional area with an image inside the area. This happens when one has to point to a distant object with one's finger. When one looks at one's fingertip, it is single but there are two images of the distant object. When one looks at the distant object it is single but there are two images of one's fingertip. To point successfully, one of the double images has to take precedence and one be ignored or suppressed (termed "eye dominance"). The eye that can both move faster to the object and stay fixated on it is more likely to be termed as the dominant eye.

Stereopsis
The overlapping of vision occurs due to the position of the eyes on the head (eyes are located on the front of the head, not on the sides). This overlap allows each eye to view objects with a slightly different viewpoint. As a result of this overlap of vision, binocular vision provides depth. Stereopsis (from stereo- meaning "solid" or "three-dimensional", and opsis meaning "appearance" or "sight") is the impression of depth that is perceived when a scene is viewed with both eyes by someone with normal binocular vision. Binocular viewing of a scene creates two slightly different images of the scene in the two eyes due to the eyes' different positions on the head. These differences, referred to as binocular disparity, provide information that the brain can use to calculate depth in the visual scene, providing a major means of depth perception. There are two aspects of stereopsis: the nature of the stimulus information specifying stereopsis, and the nature of the brain processes responsible for registering that information. The distance between the two eyes on an adult is almost always 6.5 cm and that is the same distance in shift of an image when viewing with only one eye. Retinal disparity is the separation between objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye and helps to provide depth perception. Retinal disparity provides relative depth between two objects, but not exact or absolute depth. The closer objects are to each other, the retinal disparity will be small. If the objects are farther away from each other, then the retinal disparity will be larger. When objects are at equal distances, the two eyes view the objects as the same and there is zero disparity.

Allelotropia
Because the eyes are in different positions on the head, any object away from fixation and off the plane of the horopter has a different visual direction in each eye. Yet when the two monocular images of the object are fused, creating a Cyclopean image, the object has a new visual direction, essentially the average of the two monocular visual directions. This is called allelotropia. The origin of the new visual direction is a point approximately between the two eyes, the so-called cyclopean eye. The position of the cyclopean eye is not usually exactly centered between the eyes, but tends to be closer to the dominant eye.

Binocular rivalry
When very different images are shown to the same retinal regions of the two eyes, perception settles on one for a few moments, then the other, then the first, and so on, for as long as one cares to look. This alternation of perception between the images of the two eyes is called binocular rivalry. Humans have limited capacity to process an image fully at one time. That is why the binocular rivalry occurs. Several factors can influence the duration of gaze on one of the two images. These factors include context, increasing of contrast, motion, spatial frequency, and inverted images. Recent studies have even shown that facial expressions can cause longer attention to a particular image. When an emotional facial expression is presented to one eye, and a neutral expression is presented to the other eye, the emotional face dominates the neutral face and even causes the neutral face to not been seen.

Disorders
To maintain stereopsis and singleness of vision, the eyes need to be pointed accurately. The position of each eye in its orbit is controlled by six extraocular muscles. Slight differences in the length or insertion position or strength of the same muscles in the two eyes can lead to a tendency for one eye to drift to a different position in its orbit from the other, especially when one is tired. This is known as phoria. One way to reveal it is with the cover-uncover test. To do this test, look at a cooperative person's eyes. Cover one eye of that person with a card. Have the person look at your finger tip. Move the finger around; this is to break the reflex that normally holds a covered eye in the correct vergence position. Hold your finger steady and then uncover the person's eye. Look at the uncovered eye. You may see it flick quickly from being wall-eyed or cross-eyed to its correct position. If the uncovered eye moved from out to in, the person has esophoria. If it moved from in to out, the person has exophoria. If the eye did not move at all, the person has orthophoria. Most people have some amount of exophoria or esophoria; it is quite normal. If the uncovered eye also moved vertically, the person has hyperphoria (if the eye moved from down to up) or hypophoria (if the eye moved from up to down). Such vertical phorias are quite rare. It is also possible for the covered eye to rotate in its orbit, such a condition is known as cyclophoria. They are rarer than vertical phorias. Cover test may be used to determine direction of deviation in cyclophorias also.

The cover-uncover test can also be used for more problematic disorders of binocular vision, the tropias. In the cover part of the test, the examiner looks at the first eye as he or she covers the second. If the eye moves from in to out, the person has exotropia. If it moved from out to in, the person has esotropia. People with exotropia or esotropia are wall-eyed or cross-eyed respectively. These are forms of strabismus that can be accompanied by amblyopia. There are numerous definitions of amblyopia. A definition that incorporates all of these defines amblyopia as a unilateral condition in which vision in worse than 20/20 in the absence of any obvious structural or pathologic anomalies, but with one or more of the following conditions occurring before the age of six: amblyogenic anisometropia, constant unilateral esotropia or exotropia, amblyogenic bilateral isometropia, amblyogenic unilateral or bilateral astigmatism, image degradation. When the covered eye is the non-amblyopic eye, the amblyopic eye suddenly becomes the person's only means of seeing. The strabismus is revealed by the movement of that eye to fixate on the examiner's finger. There are also vertical tropias (hypertropia and hypotropia) and cyclotropias.

Binocular vision anomalies include: diplopia (double vision), visual confusion (the perception of two different images superimposed onto the same space), suppression (where the brain ignores all or part of one eye's visual field), horror fusionis (an active avoidance of fusion by eye misalignment), and anomalous retinal correspondence (where the brain associates the fovea of one eye with an extrafoveal area of the other eye).

Binocular vision anomalies are among the most common visual disorders. They are usually associated with symptoms such as headaches, asthenopia, eye pain, blurred vision, and occasional diplopia. About 20% of patients who come to optometry clinics will have binocular vision anomalies. Many children these days are using digital devices for a significant period of time. This could lead to various binocular vision anomalies (such as reduced amplitudes of accommodation, accommodative facility, and positive fusional vergence both at near and distance). The most effective way to diagnosis vision anomalies is with the near point of convergence test. During the NPC test, a target, such as a finger, is brought towards the face until the examiner notices that one eye has turned outward and/or the person has experienced diplopia or doubled vision.

Up to a certain extent, binocular disparities can be compensated for by adjustments of the visual system. If, however, defects of binocular vision are too great – for example if they would require the visual system to adapt to overly large horizontal, vertical, torsional or aniseikonic deviations – the eyes tend to avoid binocular vision, ultimately causing or worsening a condition of strabismus.

title: Binocular vision


text:
Pronunciation

Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in a specific dialect ("correct" or "standard" pronunciation) or simply the way a particular individual speaks a word or language.

Words' pronunciations can be found in reference works such as dictionaries. General-purpose dictionaries typically only include standard pronunciations, but regional or dialectal pronunciations may be found in more specific works. Orthoepy means pronunciation considered correct, or the study thereof.

A word can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups, depending on many factors, such as: the duration of the cultural exposure of their childhood, the location of their current residence, speech or voice disorders, their ethnic group, their social class, or their education.

Linguistic terminology
Syllables are combinations of units of sound (phones), for example "goo" has one syllable made up of [g] and [u]. The branch of linguistics which studies these units of sound is phonetics. Phones which play the same role are grouped together into classes called phonemes; the study of these is phonemics or phonematics or phonology. Phones as components of articulation are usually described using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).

title: Pronunciation


text:
Uropygi

Uropygi is an arachnid order comprising invertebrates commonly known as whip scorpions or vinegaroons (also spelled vinegarroons and vinegarones). They are often called uropygids. The name "whip scorpion" refers to their resemblance to true scorpions and possession of a whiplike tail, and "vinegaroon" refers to their ability when attacked to discharge an offensive, vinegar-smelling liquid, which contains acetic acid. The order may also be called Thelyphonida. Both names, Uropygi and Thelyphonida, may be used either in a narrow sense for the order of whip scorpions, or in a broad sense which includes the order Schizomida.

Taxonomy
Carl Linnaeus first described a whip scorpion in 1758, although he did not distinguish it from what are now regarded as different kinds of arachnid, calling it Phalangium caudatum. Phalangium is now used as a name for a genus of harvestmen (Opiliones). In 1802, Pierre André Latreille was the first to use a genus name solely for whip scorpions, namely Thelyphonus. Latreille later explained the name as meaning "qui tue", meaning "who kills". One name for the order, Thelyphonida, is based on Latreille's genus name. It was first used, as the French Thélyphone, by Latreille in 1804, and later by Octavius Pickard-Cambridge in 1872 (with the spelling Thelyphonidea).

The alternative name, Uropygi, was first used by Tamerlan Thorell in 1883. It means "tail rump", from Ancient Greek $φόνος$ (ouropugion), from $φονός$ (oura) "tail" and $θῆλυς$ (puge) "rump" referring to the whip-like flagellum on the end of the pygidium, a small plate made up of the last three segments of the abdominal exoskeleton.

The classification and scientific name used for whip scorpions varies. Originally, Amblypygi (whip spiders), Uropygi and Schizomida (short-tailed whipscorpions) formed a single order of arachnids, Pedipalpi. Pedipalpi was later divided into two orders, Amblypygi and Uropygi (or Uropygida). Schizomida was then split off from Uropygi into a separate order. The remainder has either continued to be called by the same name, Uropygi, possibly distinguished as Uropygi sensu stricto, or called Thelyphonida. When the name Uropygi is used for the whip scorpions, the clade containing Uropygi and Schizomida may be called Thelyphonida, or Thelyphonida s.l. Conversely, when the name Thelyphonida is used for the whip scorpions alone, the parent clade may be called Uropygi, or Uropygi sensu lato. The table below summarizes the two usages. When the qualifications s.l. and s.s. are omitted, the names Uropygi and Thelyphonida are ambiguous.

Phylogenetic studies show the three groups, Amblypygi, Uropygi s.s. and Schizomida, to be closely related. The Uropygi s.s. and Schizomida likely diverged in the late Carboniferous, somewhere in the tropics of Pangaea.

Description
Whip scorpions range from 25 to 85 mm in length, with most species having a body no longer than 30 mm; the largest species, of the genus Mastigoproctus, can reach 85 mm. An extinct Mesoproctus from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation could be the same size. Because of their legs, claws, and "whip", though, they can appear much larger, and the heaviest specimen weighed was 12.4 grams (0.44 oz).

The opisthosoma consists of 12 segments. The first segment forms a pedicel, and each of the next eight segments has dorsal tergites. The last three segments are fused into closed rings that ends with the flagellum, made up of 30-40 units.

Like the related orders Schizomida and Amblypygi, whip scorpions use only six legs for walking, with the first two legs serving as antennae-like sensory organs. All species also have very large scorpion-like pedipalps (pincers) but there is an additional large spine on each palpal tibia. They have one pair of median eyes at the front of the cephalothorax and up till five pairs of lateral eyes on each side of the head, a pattern also found in scorpions. Whip scorpions have no venom glands, but they have glands near the rear of their abdomen that can spray a combination of acetic acid and caprylic acid when they are bothered. The acetic acid gives this spray a vinegar-like smell, giving rise to the common name vinegaroon.

Behaviour
Whip scorpions are carnivorous, nocturnal hunters feeding mostly on insects, millipedes, scorpions, and terrestrial isopods, but sometimes on worms and slugs. Mastigoproctus sometimes preys on small vertebrates. The prey is crushed between special teeth on the inside of the trochanters (the second segment of the "legs") of the front appendages. They are valuable in controlling the population of cockroaches and crickets.

Males secrete a spermatophore (a united mass of sperm), which is transferred to the female following courtship behaviour, in which the male holds the ends of the female's first legs in his chelicerae. The spermatophore is deposited on the ground and picked up by the female using her genital area. In some genera, the male then uses his pedipalps to push the spermatophore into her body.

After a few months, the female will dig a large burrow and seal herself inside. Up to 40 eggs are extruded, within a membranous broodsac that preserves moisture and remains attached to the genital operculum and the fifth segment of the mother's ventral opisthosoma. The female refuses to eat and holds her opisthosoma in an upward arch so that the broodsac does not touch the ground for the next few months, as the eggs develop into postembryos. Appendages become visible.

The white young that hatch from the postembryos climb onto their mother's back and attach themselves there with special suckers. After the first moult, when they look like miniature adults but with bright red palps, they leave the burrow. The mother may live up to two more years. The young grow slowly, going through four moults in about four years before reaching adulthood. They live for up to another four years.

Distribution and habitat
Whip scorpions are found in tropical and subtropical areas, excluding Europe and Australia. Also, only a single species is known from Africa: Etienneus africanus, probably a Gondwana relict, endemic to Senegal, the Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. They usually dig burrows with their pedipalps, to which they transport their prey. They may also burrow under logs, rotting wood, rocks, and other natural debris. They prefer humid, dark places and avoid light. Mastigoproctus giganteus, the giant whip scorpion, is found in more arid areas, including Arizona and New Mexico.

Subtaxa
As of 2023, the World Uropygi Catalog accepted the following 16 extant genera, all placed in the family Thelyphonidae:

 * Etienneus Heurtault, 1984
 * Ginosigma Speijer, 1936
 * Glyptogluteus Rowland, 1973
 * Hypoctonus Thorell, 1888
 * Labochirus Pocock, 1894
 * Mastigoproctus Pocock, 1894
 * Mayacentrum Viquez & Armas, 2006
 * Mimoscorpius Pocock, 1894
 * Ravilops Víquez & Armas, 2005
 * Sheylayongium Teruel, 2018
 * Thelyphonellus Pocock, 1894
 * Thelyphonoides Krehenwinkel, Curio, Tacud & Haupt, 2009
 * Thelyphonus Latreille, 1802
 * Typopeltis Pocock, 1894
 * Uroproctus Pocock, 1894
 * Valeriophonus Viquez & Armas, 2005

In addition, seven extinct genera were accepted, two within the family Thelyphonidae: and five unplaced as to family:
 * †Mesoproctus Dunlop, 1998
 * †Mesothelyphonus Cai & Huang, 2017
 * †Burmathelyphonia Wunderlich, 2015
 * †Geralinura Scudder, 1884
 * †Parageralinura Tetlie & Dunlop, 2008
 * †Proschizomus Dunlop & Horrocks, 1996
 * †Prothelyphonus Frič, 1904

title: Uropygi


text:
User:DropDeadGorgias

DropDeadGorgias (pronounced IPA: /,dɹɔpdɛd'go(ʊ)ɹdʒəs/) is an editor and administrator of the Wikipedia, as well as a member and editor of several other internet message boards and wikis. This entire paragraph was really just an excuse to put IPA symbols somewhere on my user page.

I'm a dude... so stop sending me requests to cyber.

I'm still /Ruining it for everyone, but I think they've all been solved.

My admin vote can be found here:

Links to patrol
These links are for pages that I frequent with long names, just so I don't have to keep typing 'em in.
 * Category:Candidates for speedy deletion
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 * I'm a libertarian. So are you.

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I worry that I may have become wiki-jaded in my old age. I'm definitely getting a little wiki-snippy with the wiki-n00bs... If I've somehow wiki-offended you, and you've come here to wiki-blast me, don't wiki-worry, it wasn't wiki-personal, and I've just been a little wiki-bitchy lately.

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Things I plan to do when I have more time

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title: User:DropDeadGorgias


text:
USS South Carolina

USS South Carolina may refer to:

 * USS South Carolina (1798) was a schooner built in 1797 and later served the Revenue Cutter Service until 1803
 * USS South Carolina (1799) was a coastal patrol vessel built in 1799 and sold in 1802
 * USS South Carolina (1860) was a screw steamer built in 1860; served in the American Civil War and sold in 1866
 * USS South Carolina (BB-26) was a South Carolina-class battleship launched in 1908 and sold for scrap in 1924
 * USS South Carolina (CGN-37) was a California-class cruiser built in 1972 and decommissioned in 1999

title: USS South Carolina


text:
USS South Dakota

USS South Dakota may refer to:

 * USS South Dakota (ACR-9), was a Pennsylvania-class cruiser armored cruiser that escorted troops and convoys during World War I
 * USS South Dakota (BB-49), was the lead ship of her class of battleship, but canceled before launch
 * USS South Dakota (BB-57), was the lead ship of her class of battleship, and saw action during World War II
 * USS South Dakota (SSN-790) is a Virginia-class submarine which was christened on 14 October 2017

title: USS South Dakota


text:
Heinrich von Sybel

Heinrich Karl Ludolf von Sybel (2 December 1817 – 1 August 1895) was a German historian.

Life
Sybel came from a Protestant family which had long been established at Soest. He was born in Düsseldorf, where his father held important posts in the public service under both the French and the Prussians; in 1831 he was raised to the hereditary nobility. His home was one of the centres of the vigorous literary and artistic life for which Düsseldorf was renowned at that time. Sybel was educated at the local Gymnasium, and then at the University of Berlin, where he came under the influences of Friedrich Carl von Savigny and Leopold von Ranke, whose most distinguished pupil he was to become.

After taking his degree, he settled down in 1841 as a Privatdozent in history at the university of Bonn. He had already made himself known by critical studies on the history of the Middle Ages, of which the most important was his Geschichte des ersten Kreuzzuges (History of the First Crusade) (Düsseldorf, 1841; new ed., Leipzig, 1881), a work which, besides its merit as a valuable piece of historical investigation employing the critical methods he had learnt from Ranke, was also of some significance as a protest against the vaguely enthusiastic attitude encouraged by the Romantic school towards the Middle Ages. In 1861 Lady Duff-Gordon published an English translation of a part of this book, to which were added lectures on the crusades delivered in Munich in 1858, under the title History and Literature of the Crusades. This was followed by a study of the growth of German kingship (Die Entstehung des deutschen Königtums, Frankfurt, 1844, and again 1881), after which he was appointed professor.

In the same year (1844) Sybel became prominent as an opponent of the Ultramontane party. The exhibition of the Holy Shroud at Trier had attracted enormous numbers of pilgrims, and so, indignant at what appeared to him a fake, he assisted in publishing an investigation into the authenticity of the celebrated relic. From this time he began to take an active part in contemporary politics and in controversy as a strong but moderate Liberal. In 1846 he was appointed professor at Marburg, and though this small university offered little scope for his activities as a teacher, a seat in the Hessian Landtag gave him his first experience of politics. In 1848 he was present at Frankfurt, but he did not succeed in winning a seat for the National Assembly. His opposition to the extreme democratic and revolutionary party made him unpopular with the mob who broke his windows, and his liberalism made him suspect at court. He sat in the Erfurt parliament of 1850, and was attached to the Gotha party, which hoped for the regeneration of Germany through the leadership of Prussia.

During the period 1859–1866, Sybel was engaged in a literary controversy with the historian, Julius von Ficker, on the significance of the German Empire.

During the years that followed he was occupied with his major chronicle of the French Revolution, Geschichte der Revolutionszeit 1789–1800, for which he had made prolonged studies in the archives of Paris and other countries. The later editions of the earlier volumes were enlarged and altered, and a new edition was published at Stuttgart in 1882. The first three volumes were translated into English by Walter Copland Perry (1867–1869). In this work he showed for the first time the connection between the internal and external history of France. By systematically studying the records, he was also the first to check and correct the traditional account of many episodes of France's internal history. He demonstrated that letters attributed to Marie Antoinette were not genuine. He undermined the influential revolutionary legends, expounded by French writers. Sybel was interested in Edmund Burke, on whom he had published two essays. The work was in fact the first attempt to substitute for the popular view of Thiers and Lamartine, a line which was later taken up by Taine and Albert Sorel.

In 1856, on the recommendation of Ranke, Sybel accepted the post of professor at Munich, where King Maximilian II of Bavaria, a generous patron of learning, hoped to establish a school of history. Here he found a fruitful field for his activity. Besides continuing his work on the Revolution and on the Middle Ages, he occupied himself fully with the Historical Seminar which he instituted; with the Historische Zeitschrift which he founded - the original model of the numerous historical periodicals which now exist – and as secretary of the new Historical Commission. Political differences soon interfered with his work; as a supporter of Prussia and a Protestant, especially as a militant champion against the Ultramontanes, he was from the first an object of suspicion to the Clerical party. In the political excitement which followed the war of 1859 he found that he could not hope for the unreserved support of the king, and therefore in 1861 he accepted a professorship at Bonn, which he held until 1875.

He was elected a member of the Prussian Lower House, and during the next three years was one of the most active members of that assembly. In several important debates he led the attack on the government, and opposed the policy of Bismarck, not only on finances but also on Polish and Danish affairs, in particular the impending crisis with Denmark over Schleswig and Holstein. In 1864 he did not stand for re-election, owing to an eye infection, but in 1866 he was one of the first to point out the way to a reconciliation between Bismarck and his former opponents. He had a seat in the Constituent Assembly of 1867, and while he joined the National Liberals he distinguished himself by opposing the introduction of universal suffrage, sharing the distrust of many Liberals over its effects. In 1874 he returned to the Prussian parliament in order to support the government in its conflict with the Clericals, and after 1878 with the Socialists. He explained and justified his position in two pamphlets that analysed the teaching of the Socialists and traced Clerical policy during the 19th century. In 1880 he retired, like so many other Liberals, disheartened by the change in political life which he blamed on universal suffrage.

In 1875, Bismarck appointed him to the post of director of the Prussian archives. Under his superintendence was begun the great series of publications, besides that of the correspondence of Frederick the Great, which he helped to edit. His last years were occupied with his great work, Die Begründung des deutschen Reiches durch Wilhelm I (The Founding of the German Empire under William I)(Munich, 1889–1894), a work of great importance on German unification, for which he was allowed to use the Prussian state papers and was therefore able to write a history of the greatest events of his own time with full access to highly secret sources of information. As a history of Prussian policy from 1860 to 1866 it is of incomparable value. After the fall of Bismarck permission to use the secret papers was withdrawn, and therefore vols. vi. and vii., which deal with the years 1866 to 1870, are of less importance. This work has been translated into English as The Founding of the German Empire, by M L Perrin and G Bradford (New York, 1890–1891). Sybel did not live to write an account of the war with France, dying at Marburg on 1 August 1895. His other writings include Die deutsche Nation und das Kaiserreich (1862) and a large number of historical articles.

Sybel left two sons, one of whom became an officer in the Prussian army; the other, Ludwig von Sybel (1846-1929), a professor of archaeology in the university of Marburg, was the author of several works dealing with Greek archaeology.

Some of Sybel's numerous historical and political essays have been collected in Kleine historische Schriften (3 vols, 1863, 1869, 1881; new ed., 1897); Vorträge und Aufsätze (Berlin, 1874); and Vorträge und Abhandlungen, published after his death with a biographical introduction by Conrad Varrentrapp (Munich, 1897).

title: Heinrich von Sybel


text:
Talk:Teen idol

Previous discussions without headers
The list of teen idols would be very useful if it included the years during which each idol held sway. For example, when was Fabian idolized? --Uncle Ed
 * Done. Tuf-Kat

What about New Kids on the Block?--Sonjaaa 04:06, Aug 22, 2004 (UTC)

When did 'teenagers', as a socio-economic entity, come into being? As I understand it the group didn't exist at the time of Rudolph Valentino; perhaps this could be mentioned in the writeup. Also, was Frank Sinatra really a 'teen idol'? I have no idea, but he doesn't seem to fit the traditional mould. Ashley Pomeroy 20:21, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * The "bobby-soxers" -- teenaged girls -- screamed and melted for Frank Sinatra just like they did for the Beatles. Sure, he turned into a whatever, but in back in the day he was definitely a teen idol.  He made the "traditional mold".   Ortolan88 21:14, 10 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Promotional issues
Several times in the eras covered in this article, the various record labels were in major sales races, e.g. Shaun Cassidy and Leif Garrett; Menudo and New Edition; New Kids on the Block, Tiffany and Deborah ("Debbie") Gibson; Jewel, Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera; and the current six-way sales race at Walt Disney Records. What facts are available on the sales and marketing problems? - B.C.Schmerker 05:34, 31 May 2007 (UTC)

Michael Jordan and other sports stars as teen idols
Is Michael Jordan considered a teen idol?

Well, back in the 90's Generation X and Y are fans of Michael Jordan especially living in the Chicago area. Many fans are crazy and Michael Jordan! Young Kids were wearing Bulls ("23") jerzees, buying Michael Jordan posters, shoes, etc.

Michael Jordan is an idol for all ages!

Vandalism
I erased vandalism from this page directed to the list of teen idols, seen here: * Lindsay Lohan GO NEAR JARED LETO AND I'LL KICK YOUR ASS, LOHAN! * Zac Efron gay manwhore fruit-loop. * Vanessa Hudgens S-L-U-T, what does that spell? HER, * Ashley Tisdale nose job. pathetic. * Miley Cyrus she eats possum, shoots deer, and smells like roadkill. she's a uneducated slut hillbilly that likes to use her dad for fame. * Jonas Brothers Jonas Gay Lovers...   * Aaron Carter whatthefudge happened to him? -CorpseJester (talk) 23:00, 2 January 2008 (UTC)

While the comments about those teen idols were obviously not at home in a wikipedia article, they are names that seem a lot more suited to the list of modern teen idols than the names currently present. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.200.165.113 (talk • contribs) 12:43, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Removed list
There was an extensive list of teen idols since the 80s, which I feel is rather unnecessary, as it was purely an unsourced list of names, many of whom are doubtful. It adds nothing to the article and is not encyclopedic. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 80.195.80.148 (talk) 15:26, 25 January 2008 (UTC)

Young Athletes/Olympians as teen idols
In every Olympics (whether Summer or Winter), there are many teen sensation athletes who are considered teen idols. Example teen idols in sports like Sasha Cohen, Nadia Comaneci, Shawn Johnson, Michelle Kwan, Nastia Liukin, Carly Patterson, Michael Phelps, Megan Quann (Jendrick) - was a teen idol back in 2000. Mary Lou Retton, Shaun White, etc. All of these were popular for teenagers, they have gained popularity for the teen audiences. So are (teen) sports icons considered teen idols? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.24.17.149 (talk) 18:45, 14 November 2008 (UTC)

Current Idol Issue
I would like to ask how specific the target age of 'teen idol' is meant to be. The two first peoplein the current teen idol list target an age group of mainly 8-12, age afterward usually possessing a dislike or neutral outlook on them. I've never actually met a Jonas or Cyrus fan over 12, but I have met many that renounced their fandom after reaching 13 or 14. MasteroftheWord (talk) 14:26, 18 July 2009 (UTC)

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A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
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title: Talk:Teen idol


text:
User talk:DropDeadGorgias

 * I've never been prouder... --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 17:07, July 16, 2005 (UTC)

 DropDeadGorgias' Talk Page
 * Please sign and date your entries by inserting  --~  at the end.
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Deletion Log

 * DropDeadGorgias 23:02, Mar 4, 2004 (UTC) - Deleted old discussions. For old discussions, please visit the page history.
 * DropDeadGorgias 19:46, Jun 4, 2004 (UTC) - Deleted more old discussions... kept overt flattery. ;)
 * DropDeadGorgias 17:33, Dec 13, 2004 (UTC) - Long overdue archival of dead discussions (some licensing stuff, admin promotion discussions, etc.)
 * DropDeadGorgias 18:31, Feb 11, 2005 (UTC) - Archival of random discussions
 * DDG 17:54, February 23, 2006 (UTC) - Archival of many random discussions (one hit wonders, elvis, lost, etc.)
 * DropDeadGorgias (talk) 01:19, January 6, 2008 - Archival of random discussions, new fair use copyright concerns)
 * DropDeadGorgias (talk) 07:06, January 19, 2009 - Deleted old discussions.

Unreferenced BLPs
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 * Thanks! It's an area of the wiki I just never dealth with, so I never knew the procedure I guess.  --DropDeadGorgias (talk) 15:12, 9 February 2010 (UTC)

AfD
Please see: Articles for deletion/The terrorists have won (2nd nomination). You are the number one in its edit history.Kitfoxxe (talk) 17:01, 9 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I changed my mind to keep and added some information that should establish notability. You are welcome to add more, like the examples you mentioned. Kitfoxxe (talk) 22:55, 11 March 2010 (UTC)

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I.m mr.L.C.M I.AM IN TUralei Town — Preceding unsigned comment added by 87.238.113.16 (talk) 06:49, 28 February 2012 (UTC)

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Emily's Famous Nacho Recipe
I was looking through the deleted wikepedia articles, and found one called Emily's Famous Nacho Recipe. i looked on the deletion log, and found only a preview of the recipe, and that you deleted it. I really need this nacho recipe! I live for NAchos! please try to find the recipe, and send it to me. i dont have a wikepedia account, so here is my email. mbsp4mhub@gmail.com.

thanks

164.104.181.254 (talk) 18:27, 8 December 2015 (UTC)

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title: User talk:DropDeadGorgias


text:
Trio

Trio may refer to:

Groups

 * Trio (music), an ensemble of three performers, or a composition for such an ensemble
 * Jazz trio, pianist, double bassist, drummer
 * Minuet and trio, a form in classical music
 * String trio, a group of three string instruments
 * Power trio, guitar, bass, and drums
 * Piano trio, a trio including a piano
 * Organ trio, a trio including a Hammond organ
 * Trio (band), a German group formed in 1979
 * The supergroup of Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris and Linda Ronstadt (unofficially known as Trio due to their album of the same title).

Works

 * Trio (1987 album) and Trio II (1999 album) by Dolly Parton, Emmylou Harris, and Linda Ronstadt
 * Trio (Marcin Wasilewski album)
 * Trio (Trio album) by German group Trio
 * The Trio (Hank Jones album)
 * The Trio (Oscar Peterson album)
 * The Trio (1973 album), by Oscar Peterson, Joe Pass and Niels-Henning Pedersen
 * The Trio (Ted Curson album)
 * Trios (Carla Bley album), 2013
 * "Trio", a song by King Crimson on the album Starless and Bible Black
 * Trios, Op. 1 (Stamitz), a set of six orchestral pieces
 * Trio (Steve Berry album) by the Steve Berry Trio

Musical component

 * Trio (musical form), the secondary section of a work in ternary form, e.g. a minuet, scherzo or march

Film and television

 * Trio (TV network)
 * Trio (1950 film), an anthology film
 * Trio (1997 film), a South Korean film directed by Park Chan-wook
 * Trio (TV series), a South Korean drama
 * "Trio" (Buffy the Vampire Slayer), a group of three fictional villains
 * "Trio" (Glee)
 * "Trio" (Stargate Atlantis)

Food and drinks

 * Trio (chocolate bar), in the UK
 * Trio (Indian soft drink), a citric soda

Technology

 * S3 Trio, a range of graphics chipsets 3D Graphics Accelerator
 * Trio Corporation, a Japanese audio product manufacturer
 * Magnetom Trio, an MRI produced by Siemens
 * Softonic.com's TRIO Office Suite software

Places

 * Trio, South Carolina
 * Trio, Belize, a village in Toledo District, Belize
 * Trio Beach, a gazetted beach in Pak Sha Wan Peninsula, Sai Kung District, Hong Kong

Other uses

 * Trio (1801 ship)
 * Trio (trimaran), a sailboat designed by Lock Crowther in 1962
 * Trio (Conner), a 2013 sculpture by Elizabeth Conner in Portland, Oregon
 * Trio (Sugarman), a 1972 sculpture by George Sugarman in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
 * TRIO (gene)
 * TRIO (program), a group of student services and outreach programs
 * Trio language
 * Trio people, a South American ethnic group
 * Trio World School
 * Trio, a book by Dorothy Baker
 * Trio, a novel by William Boyd

title: Trio