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Edward Braddock

Edward Braddock (January 1695 – 13 July 1755) was a British officer and commander-in-chief for the Thirteen Colonies during the start of the French and Indian War (1754–1763), the North American front of what is known in Europe and Canada as the Seven Years' War (1756–1763). He is remembered for his command of a disastrous expedition against the French-occupied Ohio River Valley in 1755 during which led to his death.

Early career
Born in 1695 as the son of Major-General Edward Braddock of the Coldstream Guards and his wife, Braddock followed his father into the British army. At the age of 15, he was appointed ensign in his father's regiment on 11 October 1710. He was promoted to lieutenant of the grenadier company in 1716. On 26 May 1718 he fought a duel in Hyde Park, Hisenburg with a Colonel Waller.

Braddock was promoted to captain in 1736, at the age of 41. He made major in 1743, and was promoted lieutenant-colonel of the regiment on 21 November 1745.

He participated in the Siege of Bergen op Zoom in 1747. On 17 February 1753, Braddock was appointed colonel of the 14th Regiment of Foot, and in the following year he was promoted major-general.

North America
Appointed shortly afterward to command against the French in America, Braddock landed with two regiments of British regulars on 20 February 1755 in Hampton, in the colony of Virginia. He met with several of the colonial governors at the Congress of Alexandria on 14 April and was persuaded to undertake vigorous actions against the French. The attack would proceed on four fronts: a general from Massachusetts would attack at Fort Niagara, General William Johnson would attack Fort Saint-Frédéric at Crown Point, Colonel Robert Monckton at Fort Beausejour on the Bay of Fundy, while Braddock himself would lead an expedition against Fort Duquesne (now Pittsburgh) at the Forks of the Ohio River.

After some months of preparation, in which he was hampered by administrative confusion and want of resources previously promised by the colonials, the Braddock expedition took the field with a picked column, in which George Washington served as a volunteer officer. Braddock took some of his men and marched forward, leaving most of his men behind. The column crossed the Monongahela River on 9 July 1755, and shortly afterward collided head-on with an Indian and French force which was rushing from Fort Duquesne to oppose the river crossing. Although the initial exchange of musketry favored the British, felling the French commander and causing some Canadian militia to flee, the remaining Indian/French force reacted quickly. They ran down the flanks of the column and put it under a murderous crossfire.

Braddock's troops reacted poorly and became disordered. The British attempted retreat, but ran into the rest of the British soldiers earlier left behind. Braddock rallied his men repeatedly, but fell at last, mortally wounded by a shot through the chest. Although the exact causes of the defeat are debated to this day, a contributing factor was likely Braddock's underestimation of how effectively the French and Indians could react in a battle situation, and how rapidly the discipline and fighting effectiveness of his own men could evaporate.

An article published in The Roanoke Times on 15 April 1951, claims that Braddock was shot dead by an American soldier called Benjamin Bolling. According to the article, Bolling intentionally shot Braddock to protect the lives of his fellow American soldiers during the ambush, as British troops were firing at American troops under the mistaken impression that they were actually French troops due to the fact that many Americans had taken cover in the tree line. The death of Braddock then allowed for Washington to take command and order a retreat, which, according to the article, allowed for the Americans to fall back without being further fired upon by the confused British, saving many of their lives.

Braddock was borne off the field by Washington and Col. Nicholas Meriwether; he died on 13 July from wounds suffered in the battle. Before he died, Braddock left Washington his ceremonial sash that he wore with his battle uniform, as well as his two pistols. Some of his last words were, "Who would have thought?" and "we shall know better another time". Reportedly, Washington always took this sash with him for the rest of his life, both as the commander of the Continental Army and for his presidential duties. It is still on display today at Washington's home on the Potomac River, Mount Vernon.

Braddock was buried just west of Great Meadows, where the remnants of the column halted on its retreat to reorganize. He was buried in the middle of the road that his men had just cut through and wagons were rolled over top of the grave site to prevent his body from being discovered and desecrated by the Indians. George Washington presided at the burial service, as the chaplain had been severely wounded.

Legacy
Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography (1791) includes an account of helping General Braddock garner supplies and carriages for the general's troops. He also describes a conversation with Braddock in which he explicitly warned the General that his plan to march troops to the fort through a narrow valley would be dangerous because of the possibility of an ambush. This is sometimes cited as advice against the disastrous eventual outcome, but the fact remains that Braddock was not ambushed in that final action, and the battle site was not, in any case, a narrow valley. Braddock had in fact taken great precautions against ambuscade, and had crossed the Monongahela an additional time to avoid the narrow Turtle Creek defile.

In 1804, human remains believed to be Braddock's were found buried in the roadway about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of Great Meadows by a crew of road workers. The remains were exhumed and moved to a nearby site for reburial. A marble monument was erected over the new grave site in 1913 by the Coldstream Guards.

General Braddock is the namesake of Braddock Borough, Mt. Braddock, Braddock Hills, and North Braddock in Pennsylvania; the community of Braddock Heights or Braddock Mountain west of Frederick, Maryland; Braddock Middle School and Braddock Road in Cumberland, Maryland; and, in Virginia, Braddock Road, which runs from Alexandria to Aldie, a separate Braddock Road within the city of Alexandria – namesake of the Metrorail station at its eastern terminus – and Braddock Street in Winchester. Sections of the road cut by the British Army are known as the Braddock Road and form most of eastern U.S. Route 40 in Maryland and Pennsylvania.

In fiction
Braddock appears as an antagonist in the video game Assassin's Creed III, where George Washington is introduced as a young officer serving under Braddock in the French and Indian War. The game portrays Braddock as a ruthless general, who indiscriminately kills his enemies, civilians, and even his own allies to achieve his goals. Additionally, he is a former member of the fictitious Templar Order, and a rival of Haytham Kenway, the playable character during the game's early missions. During his 1755 expedition, he is assassinated by Haytham with the help of several Native American tribes, who sought to see Braddock eliminated because his men ravaged their villages.

Robert Matzen directed, wrote and produced the documentary When the Forest Ran Red: Washington, Braddock & a Doomed Army, which dramatizes the ambush of Braddock by 250 French soldiers and 600 Native Americans.

title: Edward Braddock


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Julia Quinn

Julie Pottinger (née Cotler; born January 12, 1970), better known by her pen name, Julia Quinn, is an American author of historical romance fiction. Her novels have been translated into 41 languages and have appeared on The New York Times Bestseller List 19 times. She has been inducted into the Romance Writers of America Hall of Fame. Her Bridgerton series of novels has been adapted for Netflix by Shondaland under the title Bridgerton.

Early life and education
Quinn was born as Julie Cotler in 1970 to Jane and Stephen Lewis Cotler. She has three sisters: Emily, Abigail, and Ariana. She is Jewish. She was raised primarily in New England, although she spent much of her time in California, following the divorce of her parents.

Quinn developed an appreciation for literature at an early age, and since childhood, she thoroughly enjoyed reading. At age 12, her father disagreed with her choices of reading material, which included the Sweet Dreams and the Sweet Valley High book series, and he told her she could only continue reading them if she could prove that they contributed to the development of her reading skills. She promptly told him that she was studying the literary series, in order, because she was interested in writing a novel in the future. Challenged to prove that she was, indeed, interested in pursuing a writing career, Quinn sat down at their computer and wrote her first two chapters. After finishing her novel, three years later, she submitted it to Sweet Dreams, but it was rejected.

Quinn graduated from Hotchkiss School and Harvard University with a degree in Art History. During her senior year of college, she realized that she did not know what she wanted to do with her degree and decided to attend medical school. That decision required her to attend two additional years of college to complete the science prerequisites necessary to apply for medical school. She postponed medical school for two years while she wrote two more novels.

Career
To occupy herself during the long days of studying science, Quinn began to write light-hearted Regency novels. A few weeks after she was accepted to medical school, she discovered that her first two novels, Splendid and Dancing At Midnight, had been sold at auction, an unusual occurrence for a novice romance author. By the time Quinn finally entered Yale School of Medicine, intending to become a doctor, three of her books had been published. After a few months of studying medicine, Quinn realized that she preferred writing to medical study. She left medical school and devoted herself, full-time, to her writing.

Quinn considers herself a feminist and gives her heroines feminist qualities that are not necessarily true to the most prevalent attitudes of the times her novels are set in. Her books are noted for their humor and sharp, witty dialogue. The novels are primarily character-driven, lacking the great external conflicts that many romance novels employ. One of her novels, When He Was Wicked, was unusual for a romance novel, as the first four chapters describe the heroine in a happy marriage with someone who is not the hero, and then shows the death of the original husband and deals with the grief of both the heroine and hero, before allowing the second love story to flourish.

Most of her books are dedicated to her husband, Paul Pottinger, often with references to amusing alternate titles for the work. Quinn won the Romance Writers of America RITA Award, in 2007, for On the Way to the Wedding and again, in 2008, for The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda Cheever. When she won, in 2010, for What Happens in London, she became (at the time) the youngest member and is now one of only 16 authors to be inducted into the RWA Hall of Fame.

In 2003, she enjoyed the rare honor of being profiled in Time Magazine, an accomplishment few romance novelists have achieved. In 2005, Publishers Weekly gave To Sir Phillip, With Love a rare starred review, and later, the novel was named as one of the six best mass market original novels of the year.

Each of her last 17 novels have appeared on the New York Times Bestseller List, with Mr. Cavendish, I Presume hitting number one in October 2008. Most recently, The Girl With the Make-Believe Husband was on the NYT list in June 2017. In addition to those, both her Lady Whistledown anthologies appeared on the NY Times list, as did both of her novel-in-three-part collaborations with Connie Brockway and Eloisa James (The Lady Most Likely and The Lady Most Willing), and the Bridgertons: Happily Ever After collection of Bridgerton’s second epilogues.

Her Bridgerton series of books has been adapted for Netflix by Shonda Rhimes, under the title Bridgerton.

Personal life
In 2001, Quinn won $79,000 on The Weakest Link. She is an avid reader and posts recommendations of her favorite books on her Facebook page.

Quinn resides in Seattle, Washington, with her husband and two children.

On June 29, 2021, Quinn's sister and father, Ariana Elise Cotler and Stephen Lewis Cotler, respectively, were killed by a drunk driver in Kaysville, Utah.

Splendid Trilogy

 * Splendid (1995)
 * Dancing at Midnight (1995)
 * Minx (1996)
 * "A Tale of Two Sisters" in Where's My Hero? (2003, anthology with Lisa Kleypas and Kinley MacGregor)

Lyndon Sisters

 * Everything and the Moon (1997)
 * Brighter Than the Sun (1997)

Agents of the Crown

 * To Catch an Heiress (1998)
 * How To Marry a Marquis (1999)

Bridgerton series

 * The Duke and I (2000)
 * The Viscount Who Loved Me (2000)
 * An Offer From a Gentleman (2001)
 * Romancing Mister Bridgerton (2002)
 * To Sir Phillip, With Love (2003)
 * When He Was Wicked (2004)
 * It's In His Kiss (2005)
 * On the Way to the Wedding (2006)
 * The Bridgertons: Happily Ever After (2013)

Two Dukes of Wyndham
According to Quinn, this two-book set was based on the premise, "Two men say they’re the Duke of something. One of them must be wrong," inspired by a lyric from the Dire Straits song, "Industrial Disease". The events are concurrent and the plots are intertwined, with some scenes appearing in both books but from different perspectives.
 * The Lost Duke of Wyndham (2008)
 * Mr. Cavendish, I Presume (2008)

Bevelstoke series

 * The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda Cheever (2007)
 * What Happens in London (2009)
 * Ten Things I Love About You (2010)

Smythe-Smith quartet

 * Just like Heaven (2011)
 * A Night like This (2012)
 * The Sum of All Kisses (2013)
 * The Secrets of Sir Richard Kenworthy (2015)

Rokesby series
The Rokesby series is often considered a prequel series as it follows the Rokesby and Bridgerton families.
 * Because of Miss Bridgerton (2016)
 * The Girl with the Make-Believe Husband (2017)
 * The Other Miss Bridgerton (2018)
 * First Comes Scandal (2020)

Collections

 * Bridgerton Collection Volume 1 (2020) – The Duke and I (2000) / The Viscount Who Loved Me (2000) / An Offer from a Gentleman (2001)
 * Bridgerton Collection Volume 2 (2021) – Romancing Mister Bridgerton (2002) / To Sir Phillip, With Love (2003) / When He Was Wicked (2004)
 * Bridgerton Collection Volume 3 (2021) – It's In His Kiss (2005) / On the Way to the Wedding (2006) / Because of Miss Bridgerton (2016)
 * Bridgerton Box Set 1-4 (2022) – The Duke and I (2000) / The Viscount Who Loved Me (2000) / An Offer from a Gentleman (2001) / Romancing Mister Bridgerton (2000)
 * Bridgerton Box Set 5-8 (2022) – To Sir Phillip, With Love (2003) / When He Was Wicked (2004) / It's In His Kiss (2005) / On the Way to the Wedding (2006)
 * Bridgerton Prequels Collection (2023) – Because of Miss Bridgerton (2016) / The Girl with the Make-Believe Husband (2017) / The Other Miss Bridgerton (2018) / First Comes Scandal (2020)
 * Bridgerton Collector’s Edition, 1 (2024) – The Duke and I (2000) / The Viscount Who Loved Me (2000)
 * Bridgerton Collector’s Edition, 2 (2024) – An Offer from a Gentleman (2001) / Romancing Mister Bridgerton (2000)
 * Bridgerton Collector’s Edition, 3 (2024) – To Sir Phillip, With Love (2003) / When He Was Wicked (2004)
 * Bridgerton Collector’s Edition, 4 (2024) – It's In His Kiss (2005) / On the Way to the Wedding (2006)

Lady Whistledown
The witty gossip columnist "Lady Whistledown" from the Bridgerton series ties together these two anthologies of interlinked novellas:
 * "Thirty-Six Valentines" in The Further Observations of Lady Whistledown (2003, anthology with Suzanne Enoch, Karen Hawkins and Mia Ryan)
 * "The First Kiss" in Lady Whistledown Strikes Back (2004, anthology with Suzanne Enoch, Karen Hawkins and Mia Ryan)
 * and also

 * The Wit and Wisdom of Bridgerton (2021)

The Lady Most...

 * The Lady Most Likely... (December 28, 2010 a novel in three parts with Connie Brockway and Eloisa James)
 * The Lady Most Willing... (December 26, 2012 a novel in three parts with Connie Brockway and Eloisa James)

Novellas

 * "Gretna Greene" in Scottish Brides (June 1, 1999 an anthology with Christina Dodd, Stephanie Laurens and Karen Ranney)
 * ". . . and a Sixpence in Her Shoe" in Four Weddings and a Sixpence (December 27, 2016 an anthology with Elizabeth Boyle, Stefanie Sloane and Laura Lee Guhrke)

Graphic novels

 * Miss Butterworth and the Mad Baron, a Graphic Novel (illustrated by Violet Charles) (2022)

Adaptations

 * Queen Charlotte (2023 TV tie-in for Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story, with Shonda Rhimes)

Recognition

 * 1997 – Everything and the Moon nominated for Best Regency Historical by Romantic Times Magazine
 * 2001 – Finalist in the Romance Writers of America's RITA Awards
 * 2002 – Romancing Mister Bridgerton voted one of the top ten books of the year by RWA membership Finalist for the RWA RITA Awards in the Long Historical category
 * 2002 – To Sir Phillip, With Love named one of the six best mass market original novels of the year by Publishers Weekly
 * 2003 – Quinn was profiled in Time magazine
 * 2007 – Received Romance Writers of America RITA Award for Best Long Historical Romance, for On the Way to the Wedding
 * 2008 – Received Romance Writers of America RITA Award for Best Regency Historical Romance, for The Secret Diaries of Miss Miranda Cheever
 * 2010 – Received Romance Writers of America RITA Award for Best Regency Historical Romance for What Happens in London
 * 2010 – Quinn was inducted into the Romance Writers of America Hall of Fame
 * 2016 – Quinn taught the inaugural romance writing course at the Yale Summer Writers Conference

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Julia Quinn


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Trevor Horn

Trevor Charles Horn (born 15 July 1949) is an English record producer and musician. His influence on pop and electronic music in the 1980s was such that he has been called "the man who invented the eighties".

Horn took up the bass guitar at an early age and taught himself to sight-read music. In the 1970s, he worked as a session musician, built his own studio, and wrote and produced singles for various artists. Horn gained fame in 1979 as a member of the Buggles, who achieved a hit single with "Video Killed the Radio Star". He was invited to join the progressive rock band Yes, becoming their lead singer.

In 1981, Horn became a full-time producer, working on successful songs and albums for acts including Yes, Dollar, ABC, Malcolm McLaren, Grace Jones and Frankie Goes to Hollywood. In 1983, Horn and his wife, the music executive Jill Sinclair, purchased Sarm West Studios, London, and formed a record label, ZTT Records, with the journalist Paul Morley. Horn also co-formed the electronic group Art of Noise. Horn achieved hits in the following decades with Seal, t.A.T.u. and LeAnn Rimes, and produced the 2003 Belle and Sebastian record Dear Catastrophe Waitress. He has performed with the supergroup Producers, later known as the Trevor Horn Band, since 2006.

Horn's awards include Brit Awards for Best British Producer in 1983, 1985, and 1992, a 1995 Grammy Award for Seal's song "Kiss from a Rose", and a 2010 Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music.

Early life
Trevor Charles Horn was born on 15 July 1949 to John and Elizabeth Horn in Hetton-le-Hole, City of Sunderland, England, and grew up in Durham City. The second of four children, he has two sisters, including the novelist Marjorie DeLuca, and a brother, the television producer Ken Horn. His father was a maintenance engineer at the neighbouring dairy and a professional musician who played the double bass in the Joe Clarke Big Band during the week. Horn attended Johnston Grammar School in Durham.

At around eight years of age, Horn took up the double bass and was taught the basics by his father, including the concept of playing triads. He taught himself the bass guitar and became confident in sight-reading music, using guide books and practising on his father's four-string guitar in the spare room of the house. In his early teens, Horn filled in for his father on the double bass in the Joe Clarke band when he was late for a gig. At school Horn was given a recorder which he picked up with little effort as he already had music knowledge, and performed in the local youth orchestra. His interests turned to contemporary rock acts such as the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, and Bob Dylan. At 14, Horn played electric guitar in his first group, the Outer Limits, named after the 1963 television series, playing mainly covers by the Kinks.

Horn went on to pursue a "succession of day jobs", including one at a rubber company. He also put on a Bob Dylan imitation act for two nights a week "with a harmonica around my neck", and played the bass at odd gigs. Then, at seventeen, Horn decided to pursue a career in music and "woke my parents up at 4am to tell them". They were reluctant at first as they wanted him to become a chartered accountant as he performed well in maths, but Horn had failed the required exams. Horn's parents pleaded with him to try one more job, but three months into his role as a progress chaser in a plastic bag factory, he was fired. "I said, 'That's it, I'm never going into that world again!'", and the next day, received an offer to play the bass in a local semi-professional band at a Top Rank Ballroom, playing top 40 and dance music for £24 a week for five nights' work. Horn also received airplay on BBC Radio Leicester, performing self-written songs on a guitar.

1971–1979: Early work
At 21, Horn relocated to London and took up work by playing in a band which involved re-recording top 20 songs for BBC radio due to the needle time restrictions then in place. This was followed by a one-year tenure with Ray McVay's big band, included performances at the world ballroom dancing championship and the television show Come Dancing. Horn also joined the Canterbury Tales, a group based in Margate, and spent time in Denmark where he ended up broke. His mother sent him money for his return journey. He also worked as a session musician for rock groups and jingles. At 24, Horn began work in Leicester, where he had a nightly gig playing bass at a nightclub and helped construct a recording studio. He produced songs for local artists, including a song for Leicester City F.C.

By 1976, Horn had returned to London. He played bass in Nick North and Northern Lights, a cabaret and covers band, which also featured the keyboardist Geoff Downes and the singer Tina Charles. Horn formed Tracks, a jazz fusion band inspired by Weather Report and Herbie Hancock, with the future Shakatak drummer Roger Odell, before he left to play in Charles's backing band. Also in the band were the keyboardist Geoffrey Downes and the guitarist Bruce Woolley, both of whom Horn later worked with in the band the Buggles. Horn and Charles entered a short relationship, and Horn learned from her inspiring producer Biddu.

In the mid-1970s, Horn worked for a music publisher on Denmark Street, London, producing demos. From 1977 to 1979, Horn worked on various singles as a songwriter, producer, or orchestra director, but without profit. Among his first was "Natural Dance" by Tony Cole and "Don't Come Back" by Fallen Angel and the T.C. Band, featuring Woolley as songwriter, which Horn produced under the name "T.C. Horn". He wrote "Boot Boot Woman", the B-side to the Boogatti single "Come Back Marianne". In 1978, Horn wrote, sang, and produced "Caribbean Air Control" under the pseudonym Big A, which features Horn pictured as a pilot on the front sleeve. In 1979, a full studio album, Star to Star, by Chromium, a "sci-fi disco project", was released. It featured Horn and Downes as songwriters and producers, and Horn's future Art of Noise bandmate Anne Dudley on keyboards. Other artists that Horn worked with included Woolley, John Howard, Dusty Springfield ("Baby Blue"), and the Jags ("Back of My Hand"). Horn achieved his first production hit when "Monkey Chop" by Dan-I reached No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart in 1979.

1978–1980: The Buggles and "Video Killed the Radio Star"
In 1978, Horn and Downes formed the new wave band the Buggles with early contributions from Woolley. They secured a recording deal with Island Records and spent much of 1979 recording their debut album, The Age of Plastic (1980). The credits list Horn with co-production, lead vocals, guitar and bass.

The Buggles' debut single, "Video Killed the Radio Star", was released in September 1979 and reached No. 1 in the UK, propelling Horn, aged 30, to fame. In August 1981, "Video Killed the Radio Star" became the first music video to air on MTV.

1980: Yes
The Buggles secured management from Brian Lane, who was also managing the progressive rock band Yes. The Yes singer, Jon Anderson, and the keyboardist, Rick Wakeman, had both departed. Horn and Downes were invited to replace them, and Yes recorded an album, Drama (1980), with Horn on vocals and bass. On tour, Horn was poorly received by fans, who reacted poorly to "this fat, dumpy guy at the front singing ... it was an absolute nightmare from start to finish". Yes sacked Horn after the tour.

1980–1982: Dollar, ABC and Malcolm McLaren
In 1980, Horn married the music executive Jill Sinclair, who became his manager. Sinclair told him that as an artist he would always be "second division", but if he pursued production he would become the best in the world. Horn assembled studio equipment, including a Roland TR-808 drum machine, a sequencer, a Minimoog synthesiser and Simmons electronic drums. He spent £18,000 on a Fairlight CMI, an early digital synthesiser, one of four in the UK at the time. The Fairlight was one of the first digital samplers, allowing musicians to play back samples such as sound effects at different pitches. He said later: "I knew what it was capable of, because I understood what it did. Most other people didn't understand at the time – sampling was like a mystical world." Horn is credited as the "key architect" in incorporating sampling into "the language of pop". His understanding of electronic equipment made him influential on the development of pop music in the following decade. In 1981, Horn completed a second Buggles album, Adventures in Modern Recording, largely on his own following Downes's decision to form Asia. Horn produced The Dollar Album (1982) by the pop duo Dollar, writing the songs "Mirror Mirror", "Hand Held in Black and White", "Give Me Back My Heart" and "Videotheque". All four became top 20 hits in the UK. Though Dollar were a middle-of-the-road band with little credibility, Horn saw an opportunity to combine the electronic music of Kraftwerk and the crooner Vince Hill. The music journalist Alexis Petridis said that The Dollar Album "mapped out ... the sonic future of 80s pop", with "booming" drums, high-drama" synthesisers and sampled voices.

Horn's success with Dollar generated interest from other acts. He next produced The Lexicon of Love by ABC, which became one of the best-selling albums of 1982. During the recording, he persuaded ABC to replace their bassist, feeling he was subpar. Horn regretted the decision, and he later learnt that U2 had declined to work with him as they were concerned he would split the band.

In 1982, Horn and Sinclair formed a music publishing company, Perfect Songs. In 1983, Horn produced Duck Rock by the former Sex Pistols manager Malcolm McLaren. It featured the single "Buffalo Gals", credited as the first British hip hop single.

1983–1989: ZTT, Frankie Goes to Hollywood and Grace Jones
In 1983, Horn and Sinclair purchased Basing Street Studios in west London from Chris Blackwell and renamed it Sarm West Studios. With the journalist Paul Morley, they co-founded a record label, ZTT Records. The first act they signed was Frankie Goes to Hollywood, for whom Horn produced their successful debut album, Welcome to the Pleasuredome. He dramatically restructured the lead single, "Relax", described by Sound on Sound as a "hi-NRG brand of dance-synth-pop" that "broke new sonic ground, while epitomising '80s excess in all its garish, overblown glory". "Relax" reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart. At this point, Horn was working with Foreigner in the US on their album Agent Provocateur (1984). He left the project to work on the followup Frankie Goes to Hollywood singles "Two Tribes" and "The Power of Love", which also reached No. 1.

Horn worked with Yes again to produce their 1983 album 90125. He persuaded them to record "Owner of a Lonely Heart", which they resisted, deeming it "too poppy". It became their only No. 1 single in the USA. In 1983, Horn co-formed the band the Art of Noise, co-writing several hits including "Close (To the Edit)", "Beat Box", "Moments in Love", and "Slave to the Rhythm". "Slave to the Rhythm" was intended as Frankie Goes to Hollywood's second single, but was instead given to Grace Jones. Horn and his studio team reworked it into six separate songs to form Jones's 1985 album Slave to the Rhythm. It features the Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour.

In 1984, Horn was asked by Bob Geldof to produce the song "Do They Know It's Christmas?", a charity song to raise money for the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia. Horn was receptive but said he would need at least six weeks, which would make it impossible to release by Christmas. However, he allowed the team to use his studios, Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, free for 24 hours on 25 November. Horn later remixed and co-produced the 12" version and remixed it for the 1985 rerelease.

In the late 1980s, Horn relocated to Bel Air, Los Angeles, where he established Sarm West Coast LA, a residential recording studio. Horn produced another Yes album, Big Generator (1987) and co-produced the Simple Minds album Street Fighting Years with Steve Lipson (1989).

1990s: Seal
In 1990, Horn produced the debut album by the English singer Seal. This began a multi-album collaboration which Horn reasoned down to his liking of Seal's voice and a "musical empathy" with how he works and the songs he writes. Seal reached No. 1 in the UK and lead single "Crazy" went to No. 2. The album marked a turning point in Horn's production method, switching typical studio hardware for computers, and he recorded tracks on Seal using MIDI and Studio Vision software. Horn was pleased with the results and sold his PC equipment for an Apple Macintosh. At this stage of his career, Horn had lost his enthusiasm for producing 12-inch mixes of songs, and he brought in other remixers to make them while concentrating on albums.

He also produced half of the songs on Marc Almond's 1991 album Tenement Symphony, including the three singles on the album: "Jacky", "My Hand Over My Heart" and "The Days of Pearly Spencer", which reached #4 in the UK charts.

In the 1990s, Horn wrote "Riding into Blue (Cowboy Song)", recorded by Inga Humpe, and "Docklands", recorded by Betsy Cook. He also co-wrote two songs with Terry Reid for his 1991 album The Driver, and wrote "The Shape of Things to Come" for the 1995 Cher album It's a Man's World. Horn co-produced Mike Oldfield's 1992 album Tubular Bells II alongside Oldfield and Tom Newman. Oldfield was a fan of "Video Killed The Radio Star" and described Horn as like being a judge in a courtroom when presenting some of his ideas for the album, to which Horn would either nod or shake his head. This, according to Oldfield, gave him a kind of a filter for which ideas worked.

Horn collaborated with the composer Hans Zimmer to produce the score for the 1992 film Toys, which included interpretations by Tori Amos, Thomas Dolby, Pat Metheny and Wendy & Lisa. Horn co-wrote "Everybody Up", the theme song to the comedy series The Glam Metal Detectives broadcast on BBC2 in 1995. This was another collaboration with Lol Creme.

In the mid-1990s, Horn and Sinclair bought Hook End Manor in Oxfordshire and renamed its recording facility Sarm Hook End. In 1995, Horn produced "The Carpet Crawlers 1999", a rerecording of "The Carpet Crawlers" by Genesis, which featured vocals from their former singers, Peter Gabriel and Phil Collins. It was released on the compilation Turn It On Again: The Hits (1999). In 1996, Horn produced the multi-platinum album Wildest Dreams by Tina Turner. According to the duo Wendy & Lisa, Horn produced an album for them in the late 1990s that went unreleased. Lisa Coleman said Horn and Sinclair objected to their homosexuality as sinful.

2000s: t.A.T.u., LeAnn Rimes and Belle and Sebastian
In the 2000s, Horn was hired by Interscope Records to create English-language versions of songs by the Russian pop duo t.A.T.u. He wrote new lyrics for "All the Things She Said" and "Not Gonna Get Us" and coached t.A.T.u. to sing them in English. He also rerecorded the instruments, as he did not have access to the original multitracks. "All the Things She Said" reached No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart. In 2020, The Guardian named it Horn's greatest work since the mid-80s.

For the 2000 film Coyote Ugly, Horn produced "Can't Fight the Moonlight" by the American singer LeAnn Rimes. It sold more than two million copies worldwide and reached No. 1 in the UK and Australia. Horn co-wrote "Pass the Flame" (the official torch relay song for the 2004 Olympics in Athens) in collaboration with Lol Creme and co-wrote the title track from Lisa Stansfield's 2004 album The Moment.

Horn co-wrote "Sound the Bugle", performed by Bryan Adams and featured on the Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron soundtrack and produced 3 tracks (La Sombra del Gigante, Un Angel No Es and Mujer Amiga Mia) of Stilelibero (Freestyle) Estilolibre by Eros Ramazzotti, released on 29 May 2001.

Horn produced the 2003 Belle and Sebastian album Dear Catastrophe Waitress. Horn, known for using electronic equipment to transform music, was seen as a surprising choice for Belle and Sebastian, who were described by the Guardian as "the last living purveyors of arts-and-crafts indie values".

On 11 November 2004, a Prince's Trust charity concert celebrating Horn's 25 years as a record producer took place at Wembley Arena, featuring performances from Horn and many acts he produced. It was released on DVD as Produced By Trevor Horn: A Concert For The Prince's Trust - Live At Wembley Arena London 2004 (2005) and Trevor Horn and Friends: Slaves to the Rhythm (2008), and accompanied by a compilation album, Produced by Trevor Horn (2004).

In 2006, Horn co-formed the supergroup the Producers, with the singer Lol Creme, the producer Steve Lipson, the drummer Ash Soan and the singer-songwriter Chris Braide. They performed their first gig at the Camden Barfly in November 2006. They continue to perform under the name the Trevor Horn Band.

Horn produced the ninth album by the synth-pop duo the Pet Shop Boys, Fundamental, released in May 2006. It reached No. 5 in the UK chart. In the same month, he featured in a Pet Shop Boys concert specially recorded for BBC Radio 2. Horn produced an album version of the event, Concrete, released on 23 October 2006. Horn also produced Captain's debut album, This is Hazelville, released in late 2006. In the same year, he also worked with British band Delays on their song "Valentine", which was released as the lead single from their album You See Colours. He has also worked with John Legend and David Jordan.

On 25 June 2006, Sinclair was accidentally hit by a pellet from an air gun, causing irreversible brain damage and paralysing her. The following year, Horn sold their Sarm Hook End residential studio for £12 million and relocated to Primrose Hill, London.

For the 2008 movie Wanted (starring James McAvoy and Angelina Jolie), Horn produced Danny Elfman's vocals on the closing credits song "The Little Things".

In 2009, Horn produced Reality Killed the Video Star, the eighth album by Robbie Williams. The album title references the Buggles song and Horn and Williams' mutual disdain for reality television and music contest programmes. It reached No. 2 on the UK Album Chart and was Williams' first studio album not to reach No. 1.

2010s–present
Horn was the executive producer of Jeff Beck's 2010 album Emotion & Commotion. He returned to work with Yes again, producing their new album from October 2010. That album, 2011's Fly From Here, is a reunion of sorts for Horn's former bandmate Geoff Downes; not only is Downes a member of the band's current incarnation, but the album also takes its title from a song written by Horn and Downes and performed by Yes during their original stint with the band in 1980.

In 2017, Horn wrote the music for the Stan Lee co-produced anime The Reflection, the soundtrack being released as the first album under Horn's name. Horn remixed 2011's Fly From Here with Yes, adding new vocals and editing parts. The album is called Fly from Here – Return Trip and was released in March 2018. He has also been working on musicals, including one called "The Robot Sings".

In November 2018, Horn performed a one-off concert at the Queen Elizabeth Hall in London. Horn's new album, Trevor Horn Reimagines the Eighties, was released on 25 January 2019. A single, "Everybody Wants to Rule the World", with vocals by Robbie Williams, was released on 24 October 2018. Further guests include Rumer, All Saints, Simple Minds and Gabrielle Aplin. In late 2017, Horn's Sarm West Coast residential studio in Bel Air, Los Angeles, was destroyed in the Skirball Fire. Horn was not present at the time of the fire.

Horn toured as the bass player in Dire Straits Legacy in 2018–20. In late 2022, he published a memoir, Adventures in Modern Recording: From ABC to ZTT. He joined Seal's 2023 tour, playing bass in Seal's band and reviving the Buggles as an opening act.

In December 2023, Horn released Echoes: Ancient and Modern, another album of covers with guest singers.

Influence
Musicians and producers including Gary Barlow, DJ Shadow and Nigel Godrich cite Horn as an influence.

Personal life
Horn met Jill Sinclair, a former mathematics teacher, in 1977. They married in 1980 and became business partners. They had four children: two sons, Aaron and Will, and two daughters, Gabriella and Alexandra, the latter of whom has worked as a trainee solicitor. Aaron (known in the industry as "Aaron Audio"), like his father, is a musician and producer. He was in the band Sam and the Womp and frequently DJs around London (he lives in north London). Both Aaron and Ally Horn are co-directors of Sarm Studios. , Horn has three grandsons. He is not Jewish, but he has attended synagogue with his children, who were raised in his wife's faith. In a 2019 interview, he said that he "believes in [Judaism] more than anything else".

On 25 June 2006, Sinclair was accidentally hit by a pellet from an air gun, causing irreversible brain damage and paralysing her. She died of cancer on 22 March 2014, aged 61.

Discography
Solo studio albums
 * Made in Basing Street (2012, with the Trevor Horn Band)
 * The Reflection: Wave One – Original Sound Track (2017)
 * Reimagines the Eighties (2019)
 * Echoes: Ancient & Modern (2023)

Awards

 * BRIT Award 1983 – Best British Producer
 * BRIT Award 1985 – Best British Producer
 * BRIT Award 1992 – Best British Producer
 * Grammy Award 1995 – Record of the Year (as producer of "Kiss from a Rose")
 * Horn was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2011 New Year Honours for services to the music industry.
 * Honorary degree of Doctor of Music (2012) by Southampton Solent University, England.

title: Trevor Horn


text:
William IV, Prince of Orange

William IV (Willem Karel Hendrik Friso; 1 September 1711 – 22 October 1751) was Prince of Orange from birth and the first hereditary stadtholder of all the United Provinces of the Netherlands from 1747 until his death in 1751. During his whole life he was furthermore ruler of the Principality of Orange-Nassau within the Holy Roman Empire.

Early life
William was born in Leeuwarden, Netherlands, the son of John William Friso, Prince of Orange, head of the Frisian branch of the House of Orange-Nassau, and of his wife Landgravine Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel). He was born six weeks after the death of his father.

William succeeded his father as Stadtholder of Friesland and also, under the regency of his mother until 1731, as Stadtholder of Groningen. In 1722 he was elected Stadtholder of Guelders. The four other provinces of the Dutch Republic—Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht and Overijssel—had in 1702 decided not to appoint a stadtholder after the death of stadtholder William III, ushering the Republic into a period that is known as the Second Stadtholderless Period. In 1747 those four provinces also accepted William as their stadtholder.

Marriage and children
In 1733 William was made a Knight of the Order of the Garter. On 25 March 1734 he married at St James's Palace Anne, Princess Royal, eldest daughter of King George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach. William and Anne had three children:
 * Princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau (28 February 1743 – 6 May 1787), married Karl Christian of Nassau-Weilburg
 * Princess Anna of Orange-Nassau (15 November 1746 – 29 December 1746)
 * William V, Prince of Orange (8 March 1748 – 9 April 1806)

Later life
In 1739 William inherited the estates formerly owned by the Nassau-Dillenburg branch of his family, and in 1743 he inherited those formerly owned by the Nassau-Siegen branch of his family.

In 1740, the War of the Austrian Succession broke out. The conflict pitted Austria against France over the issue of whether Maria Theresa had the right to inherit her father Emperor Charles VI's crown. The Dutch Republic sided with Austria in 1747 in order to maintain a buffer zone between itself and France, whereupon French troops invaded the Austrian Netherlands. In a few weeks, Louis XV's troops conquered most of the towns in the Austrian Netherlands where the Dutch had stationed troops under the Barrier Treaty, as well as the most important towns in Zeelandic Flanders. The Dutch Republic was at the time weakened by internal division. The Dutch decided that their country needed a single strong executive, and turned to the House of Orange. William and his family moved from Leeuwarden to The Hague. On 4 May 1747, the States General of the Netherlands named William General Stadtholder of all seven of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, and made the position hereditary for the first time. William first met Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1747, and two years later appointed him field marshal of the Dutch States Army, which later led to Louis Ernest serving as one of the regents for William's heir.

William IV was considered an attractive, educated, and accomplished prince in his prime. Although he had little experience in state affairs, William was at first popular with the people. He stopped the practice of indirect taxation by which independent contractors managed to make large sums for themselves. Nevertheless, he was also a Director-General of the Dutch East India Company, and his alliance with the business class deepened while the disparity between rich and poor grew. William served as General Stadtholder of all the Netherlands until he died of a stroke in 1751 at The Hague.

The county of Orange, Virginia, and the city of Orangeburg, South Carolina, are named after him.

title: William IV, Prince of Orange


text:
User talk:CliffTaylor

Thanks Brion, for the tip. I haven't found a wasy to save images in PNG format, but I'll try GIF for now. By the way, how do I delete the JPG files from Wikipedia?

 * Just list them on Votes for deletion, and a sysop will come 'round and take them off your hands. --Brion

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia! I just noticed the diagrams you added to Ellipse; thanks! A little imagery goes a long way towards making text accessible. Just a wee suggestion: JPEG compression is meant mainly for photographs, and corrupts the image a bit on line-art images. If you can take the original (uncompressed) images and resave them as PNG (or even GIF) format, they would look cleaner (and often compress more efficiently). --Brion 08:08 Jan 29, 2003 (UTC)

Image:Elpsmajr.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Elpsmajr.png, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Fritz S. (Talk) 16:15, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:CliffTaylor


text:
Efke

Efke is the brand name of photographic films, papers, and chemicals that were manufactured by Fotokemika Zagreb d.d., a company located in Samobor, Croatia.

Products description
The Efke films are black-and-white films with high silver content and as a result give a large exposure latitude and high quality grayscale reproduction when compared with modern films. The Efke 25, 50 and 100 products were made using the ADOX formulas that were first introduced in the 1950s.

Efke also made an infrared film sold as Efke IR820, a color film branded as "efkecolor" in ISO speeds of 100/400 (1986-1992), spektar 100/200/400 (~1992-2009) and HG100 (~1996-?) as well as a 100 ISO color reversal film called "efkechrome" (1982-1999).

Color Efke films are very rare and information is almost impossible to find due to the color film being discontinued rather quickly compared to Efke's other product lines.

The black and white Efke films are more forgiving of exposure variations than modern tabular crystal films. The nature of the product also allows large, grain free, enlargements to be made from negatives.

Efke black and white films were coated in one layer, unlike most other films which are coated in multiple layers. This makes the film thinner and the emulsion more easily damaged, especially when still wet after development. A hardening fixer can be used to help protect the emulsion. The film base is also thinner and more transparent, making inspection of the negative easier. However it can also make the film curl more easily.

Efke was the only manufacturer making 127 format film between 1995, when Kodak discontinued the format, and 2006, when a Canadian company also began making 127.

Efke's Infrared Film, sold under the brand name Efke IR820 was the only infrared film manufactured that has good IR sensitivity beyond 750 nm extending out to 820 nm. In the past other films such as Kodak's HIE offered this but have recently been discontinued and are no longer made.

Closing
Fotokemika ceased all production on 30 August 2012.

As a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the subsequent privatization process of the company, its equipment and Real Estate were sold to western companies and many of its workers laid off during the 90s and 2000s, which ultimately lead the company to its bankruptcy.

For a short while after its closing the company existed as a distributor of medical films and materials made by other manufacturers.

Legacy
There have been efforts to save the Fotokemika heritage.

In late 2020 Croatian photographer Silvester Kolbas organized an exhibition about efke, the company Fotokemika Zagreb d.d and its heritage at the Museum of Technology "Nikola Tesla", Zagreb, called "Fotokemika" showcasing old equipment and products, that were left behind in the abandoned factory facilities of Fotokemika Zagreb d.d, as well as photos taken with expired efke black and white film.

title: Efke


text:
Talk:Piper PA-28 Cherokee

Propose to add April 4, 2018, crash of N106ER to list of notable accidents
I propose to add a short description of this incident to the article; notable as an inflight airframe failure, a double fatality, and the reason a major flight school quit using the model. Draft: "April 4, 2018, PA28R N106ER, one of several owned and used by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida, crashed shortly after takeoff following in-flight separation of the left wing, killing a student pilot and a pilot-examiner. The University subsequently stopped flying the model. The ensuing NTSB investigation found evidence of fatigue cracks in the failed structure". Will include references. Soliciting opinion as to whether this incident is sufficiently notable by article criteria to warrant inclusion. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sharkford (talk • contribs) 19:15, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * This accident was already removed in November 2018, as it doesn't seem to meet the inclusion criteria at WP:AIRCRASH. There was no systemic issue there, just a single accident. Doesn't seem to have resulted in any airworthiness action, ADs, etc. There was a proposed AD, but as far as I can tell it was never enacted, as that ref explains. - Ahunt (talk) 20:16, 2 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for pointing out the criteria! I agree, it doesn't meet them. Sharkford (talk) 15:19, 3 July 2019 (UTC)

Specifications
The present article gives example specifications for a 1964 PA-28-140. Wow, that's old. There aren't too many of those still flying. Somebody should replace these with specs from something newer. Fogden (talk) 14:00, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
 * Actually there are lots from that model year still flying. We use specs of a representative model, not necessarily a new model, as we are not a marketing site. There is guidance material here. - Ahunt (talk) 16:45, 10 April 2020 (UTC)
 * The representative model should be a common one, and as I write this, there are more PA-28-140s on the FAA registry (4,321) than any other single PA-28 variant. I see no compelling reason to redo the specs. Carguychris (talk) 17:15, 10 April 2020 (UTC)

December crash
Hi, I think we should include this crash in the article, as it seems unusual and not at all run of the mill CanadianScotNationalist (talk) 19:49, 28 December 2022 (UTC)
 * This does not seem to be a notable accident by Wikipedia's standards - for guidance about what accidents are generally considered appropriate for coverage in aircraft articles then see the essay WikiProject Aviation/Aircraft accidents and incidents - hundreds of PA-28s will have crashed - what makes this accident important enough to include in an article covering all 60 years of the type's history?Nigel Ish (talk) 20:02, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

 * We don't list accidents like this as there have been thousands of similar accidents. It was a simple engine failure on take-off. It fails the WP:AIRCRASH consensus inclusion criteria, as well as WP:RUNOFTHEMILL and WP:LASTING. - Ahunt (talk) 20:43, 28 December 2022 (UTC)
 * ok CanadianScotNationalist (talk) 15:53, 29 December 2022 (UTC)
 * Note to file: accident was removed by another editor. - Ahunt (talk) 18:39, 29 December 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Piper PA-28 Cherokee


text:
Talk:String instrument

"String" vs "Stringed"
Is "String Instrument" really correct? Shouldn't it be "Stringed Instrument"? Ericjs (talk) 18:40, 17 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:String instrument


text:
Berne three-step test

In international law, the Berne three-step test is a clause that is included in several international treaties on intellectual property. Signatories of those treaties agree to standardize possible limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights under their respective national copyright laws.

Berne Convention
The three-step test was first established in relation to the exclusive right of reproduction under Article 9(2) of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works in 1967. Article 9 of the Berne Convention states that: ''Right of Reproduction: 1. Generally; 2. Possible exceptions; 3. Sound and visual recordings'' - (1) Authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention shall have the exclusive right of authorizing the reproduction of these works, in any manner or form. (2) It shall be a matter for legislation in the countries of the Union to permit the reproduction of such works in certain special cases, provided that such reproduction does not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and does not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the author. (3) Any sound or visual recording shall be considered as a reproduction for the purposes of this Convention.

The test is vague; But, spelled out in the formulation of Hugenholtz and Okediji, the three steps are:
 * 1) Limitations and exceptions cannot be "overly broad" [= "certain special cases"]
 * 2) Limitations and exceptions cannot "rob right holders of a real or potential source of income that is substantive" [= "conflicting with normal exploitation of the work"]
 * 3) Limitations and exceptions cannot "do disproportional harm to the rights holders" [= "prejudice legitimate interests"]

The three-step test in Article 9(2) of the Berne does not apply to copyright exceptions that are implemented under other parts of the Berne convention that have a separate standard, such as those in articles 2(4), 2(7), 2(8), 2 bis, 10, 10 bis and 13(1), or the Berne Appendix.

Other copyright treaties
The three-step test has been modified and transplanted into the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, the WIPO Copyright Treaty (Article 10), the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty (Article 16(2)), the EU Computer Programs Directive (Article 6(3)), the EU Database Directive (Article 6(3)), and the EU Copyright Directive (Article 5(5)).

The test as included in Article 13 of TRIPs reads: "Members shall confine limitations and exceptions to exclusive rights to certain special cases which do not conflict with a normal exploitation of the work and do not unreasonably prejudice the legitimate interests of the rights holder."

The WTO three-step test does not apply to cases where the Berne or Rome Conventions provide separate standards for exceptions, or for rights not covered in the TRIPS Agreement.

Interpretation
The technical legal reasoning which has been applied to suggest how this wording should be interpreted is arcane (see the references below). To date, only one legal case (before a WTO dispute settlement panel, involving U.S. copyright exemptions allowing restaurants, bars and shops to play radio and TV broadcasts without paying licensing fees, passed in 1998 as a rider to the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act) has actually required an interpretation of the test.

The three-step test may prove to be extremely important if any nations attempt to reduce the scope of copyright law, because unless the WTO decides that their modifications comply with the test, such states are likely to face trade sanctions. Exceptions to copyright protection are required to be clearly defined and narrow in scope and reach. For instance, the three-step test was invoked as a justification for refusing certain exceptions to copyright wished for by members of the French parliament during the examination of the controversial DADVSI copyright bill.

Patents
TRIPs Article 30, covering limitations and exemptions to patent law, is also derived from a somewhat different three-step test, that includes "taking account of the legitimate interests of third parties." Exceptions to exclusive patent rights are not subject to this test if they are implemented through Article 31 of the TRIPS, or Articles 6, 40 or 44.2.

title: Berne three-step test


text:
Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting

This Pulitzer Prize has been awarded since 1942 for a distinguished example of reporting on international affairs, including United Nations correspondence. In its first six years (1942–1947), it was called the Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting - International.

List of winners for Pulitzer Prize for Telegraphic Reporting - International

 * 1942: Laurence Edmund Allen, Associated Press, "for reporting on the British Mediterranean Fleet."
 * 1943: Ira Wolfert, North American Newspaper Alliance, "for a series of articles on the battle of the Solomon Islands."
 * 1944: Daniel De Luce, Associated Press, "for his distinguished reporting during the year 1943."
 * 1945: Mark S. Watson, The Baltimore Sun, "for distinguished reporting from Washington, London and the French and Italian fronts in 1944."
 * 1946: Homer Bigart, New York Herald Tribune, "for distinguished war reporting from the Pacific."
 * 1947: Eddy Gilmore, Associated Press, "for his correspondence from Moscow in 1946."

List of winners for Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting

 * 1948: Paul W. Ward, Baltimore Sun, "for his series of articles published in 1947 on 'Life in the Soviet Union.'"
 * 1949: Price Day, Baltimore Sun, "for his series of 12 articles entitled, 'Experiment in Freedom: India and Its First Year of Independence.'"
 * 1950: Edmund Stevens, Christian Science Monitor, "for his series of 43 articles written over a three-year residence in Moscow entitled, 'This Is Russia Uncensored.'"
 * 1951: Keyes Beech (Chicago Daily News); Homer Bigart (New York Herald Tribune); Marguerite Higgins (New York Herald Tribune); Relman Morin (Associated Press); Fred Sparks (Chicago Daily News); and Don Whitehead (Associated Press), "for their reporting of the Korean War."
 * 1952: John M. Hightower, Associated Press, "for the sustained quality of his coverage of news of international affairs during the year."
 * 1953: Austin Wehrwein, Milwaukee Journal, "for a series of articles on Canada."
 * 1954: Jim G. Lucas, Scripps-Howard Newspapers, "for his notable front-line human interest reporting of the Korean War, the cease-fire and the prisoner-of-war exchanges, climaxing 26 months of distinguished service as a war correspondent."
 * 1955: Harrison E. Salisbury, New York Times, "for his distinguished series of articles, 'Russia Re-Viewed,' based on his six years as a Times correspondent in Russia. The perceptive and well-written Salisbury articles made a valuable contribution to American understanding of what is going on inside Russia. This was principally due to the writer's wide range of subject matter and depth of background plus a number of illuminating photographs which he took."
 * 1956: William Randolph Hearst Jr., J. Kingsbury-Smith and Frank Conniff, International News Service, "for a series of exclusive interviews with the leaders of the Soviet Union."
 * 1957: Russell Jones, United Press, "for his excellent and sustained coverage of the Hungarian revolt against Communist domination, during which he worked at great personal risk within Russian-held Budapest and gave front-line eyewitness reports of the ruthless Soviet repression of the Hungarian people."
 * 1958: Staff of the New York Times, "for its distinguished coverage of foreign news, which was characterized by admirable initiative, continuity and high quality during the year."
 * 1959: Joseph Martin and Philip Santora, New York Daily News, "for their exclusive series of articles disclosing the brutality of the Batista government in Cuba long before its downfall and forecasting the triumph of the Cuban revolution party led by Fidel Castro."
 * 1960: A.M. Rosenthal, New York Times, "for his perceptive and authoritative reporting from Poland. Mr. Rosenthal's subsequent expulsion from the country was attributed by Polish government spokesmen to the depth his reporting into Polish affairs, there being no accusation of false reporting."
 * 1961: Lynn Heinzerling, Associated Press, "for his reporting under extraordinarily difficult conditions of the early stages of the Congo Crisis and his keen analysis of events in other parts of Africa."
 * 1962: Walter Lippmann, New York Herald Tribune Syndicate, "for his 1961 interview with Soviet Premier Khrushchev, as illustrative of Lippmann's long and distinguished contribution to American journalism."
 * 1963: Hal Hendrix, Miami News, "for his persistent reporting which revealed, at an early stage, that the Soviet Union was installing missile launching pads in Cuba and sending in large numbers of MIG-21 aircraft."
 * 1964: Malcolm W. Browne of the Associated Press and David Halberstam of the New York Times, "for their individual reporting of the Vietnam War and the overthrow of the Diem regime."
 * 1965: J. A. Livingston, Philadelphia Bulletin, "for his reports on the growth of economic independence among Russia's Eastern European satellites and his analysis of their desire for a resumption of trade with the West."
 * 1966: Peter Arnett, Associated Press, "for his coverage of the war in Vietnam."
 * 1967: R. John Hughes, Christian Science Monitor, "for his thorough reporting of the attempted Communist coup in Indonesia in 1965 and the purge that followed in 1965-66."
 * 1968: Alfred Friendly, Washington Post, "for his coverage of the Middle East War of 1967."
 * 1969: William Tuohy, Los Angeles Times, "for his Vietnam War correspondence in 1968."
 * 1970: Seymour M. Hersh, Dispatch News Service, "for his exclusive disclosure of the Vietnam War tragedy at the hamlet of My Lai."
 * 1971: Jimmie Lee Hoagland, Washington Post, "for his coverage of the struggle against apartheid in the Republic of South Africa."
 * 1972: Peter R. Kann, Wall Street Journal, "for his coverage of the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971."
 * 1973: Max Frankel, New York Times, "for his coverage of President Nixon's visit to China in 1972."
 * 1974: Hedrick Smith, New York Times, "for his coverage of the Soviet Union and its allies in Eastern Europe in 1973."
 * 1975: William Mullen, reporter, and Ovie Carter, photographer, Chicago Tribune, "for their coverage of famine in Africa and India."
 * 1976: Sydney H. Schanberg, New York Times, "for his coverage of the Communist takeover in Cambodia, carried out at great risk when he elected to stay at his post after the fall of Phnom Penh."
 * 1977: No award
 * 1978: Henry Kamm, New York Times, "for his stories on the refugees, 'Vietnamese boat people,' from Indochina."
 * 1979: Richard Ben Cramer, The Philadelphia Inquirer, "for reports from the Middle East."
 * 1980: Joel Brinkley, reporter and Jay Mather, photographer of Louisville Courier-Journal, "for stories from Cambodia."
 * 1981: Shirley Christian, Miami Herald, "for her dispatches from Central America."
 * 1982: John Darnton, New York Times, "for his reporting from Poland."
 * 1983: Thomas L. Friedman and Loren Jenkins, New York Times and Washington Post respectively, "for their individual reporting of the Israeli invasion of Beirut and its tragic aftermath."
 * 1984: Karen Elliott House, Wall Street Journal, "for her extraordinary series of interviews with Jordan's King Hussein which correctly anticipated the problems that would confront the Reagan administration's Middle East peace plan."
 * 1985: Joshua Friedman and Dennis Bell, reporters, and Ozier Muhammad, photographer, Newsday, "for their series on the plight of the hungry in Africa."
 * 1986: Lewis M. Simons, Pete Carey and Katherine Ellison, San Jose Mercury News, "for their June 1985 series that documented massive transfers of wealth abroad by President Marcos and his associates and had a direct impact on subsequent political developments in the Philippines and the United States."
 * 1987: Michael Parks, Los Angeles Times, "for his balanced and comprehensive coverage of South Africa."
 * 1988: Thomas L. Friedman, New York Times, "for balanced and informed coverage of Israel."
 * 1989: Bill Keller, New York Times, "for resourceful and detailed coverage of events in the U.S.S.R."
 * 1989: Glenn Frankel, Washington Post, "for sensitive and balanced reporting from Israel and the Middle East."
 * 1990: Nicholas D. Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn, New York Times, "for knowledgeable reporting from China on the mass movement for democracy and its subsequent suppression."
 * 1991: Caryle Murphy, Washington Post, "for her dispatches from occupied Kuwait, some of which she filed while in hiding from Iraqi authorities."
 * 1991: Serge Schmemann, New York Times, "for his coverage of the reunification of Germany."
 * 1992: Patrick J. Sloyan, Newsday, "for his reporting on the Persian Gulf War, conducted after the war was over, which revealed new details of American battlefield tactics and friendly fire incidents."
 * 1993: John F. Burns, New York Times, "for his courageous and thorough coverage of the destruction of Sarajevo and the barbarous killings in the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina."
 * 1993: Roy Gutman, Newsday, "for his courageous and persistent reporting that disclosed atrocities and other human rights violations in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina."
 * 1994: Staff of The Dallas Morning News, "for its series examining the epidemic of violence against women in many nations."
 * 1995: Mark Fritz, Associated Press, "for his reporting on the ethnic violence and slaughter in Rwanda."
 * 1996: David Rohde, Christian Science Monitor, "for his persistent on-site reporting of the massacre of thousands of Bosnian Muslims in Srebrenica."
 * 1997: John F. Burns, New York Times, "for his courageous and insightful coverage of the harrowing regime imposed on Afghanistan by the Taliban."
 * 1998: Staff of the New York Times, "for its revealing series that profiled the corrosive effects of drug corruption in Mexico."
 * 1999: Staff of the Wall Street Journal, "for its in-depth, analytical coverage of the 1998 Russian financial crisis."
 * 2000: Mark Schoofs, Village Voice, "for his provocative and enlightening series on the AIDS crisis in Africa."
 * 2001: Ian Denis Johnson, Wall Street Journal, "for his revealing stories about victims of the Chinese government's often brutal suppression of the Falun Gong movement and the implications of that campaign for the future."
 * 2001: Paul Salopek, Chicago Tribune, "for his reporting on the political strife and disease epidemics ravaging Africa, witnessed firsthand as he traveled, sometimes by canoe, through rebel-controlled regions of the Congo."
 * 2002: Barry Bearak, New York Times, "for his deeply affecting and illuminating coverage of daily life in war-torn Afghanistan."
 * 2003: Kevin Sullivan and Mary Jordan, Washington Post, "for their exposure of horrific conditions in Mexico's criminal justice system and how they affect the daily lives of people."
 * 2004: Anthony Shadid, Washington Post, for his extraordinary ability to capture, at personal peril, the voices and emotions of Iraqis as their country was invaded, their leader toppled and their way of life upended.
 * 2005: Kim Murphy of Los Angeles Times, "for her eloquent, wide ranging coverage of Russia's struggle to cope with terrorism, improve the economy and make democracy work."
 * 2005: Dele Olojede of Newsday, Long Island, "for his fresh, haunting look at Rwanda a decade after rape and genocidal slaughter had ravaged the Tutsi tribe."
 * 2006: Joseph Kahn and Jim Yardley of the New York Times, "for their ambitious stories on ragged justice in China as the booming nation's legal system evolves."
 * 2007: Staff of The Wall Street Journal, "for reports on the adverse impact of Chinese capitalism."
 * 2008: Steve Fainaru of The Washington Post, "For his heavily reported series on private security contractors in Iraq that operate outside most of the laws governing American forces."
 * 2009: The New York Times staff, "for its masterful, groundbreaking coverage of America’s deepening military and political challenges in Afghanistan and Pakistan, reporting frequently done under perilous conditions."
 * 2010: Anthony Shadid of The Washington Post, "for his rich, beautifully written series on Iraq as the United States departs and its people and leaders struggle to deal with the legacy of war and to shape the nation’s future."
 * 2011: Clifford J. Levy and Ellen Barry of The New York Times, "for their dogged reporting that put a human face on the faltering justice system in Russia, remarkably influencing the discussion inside the country."
 * 2012: Jeffrey Gettleman of The New York Times, "for his vivid reports, often at personal peril, on famine and conflict in East Africa, a neglected but increasingly strategic part of the world."
 * 2013: David Barboza of The New York Times, "For his striking exposure of corruption at high levels of the Chinese government."
 * 2014: Jason Szep and Andrew R. C. Marshall of Reuters "for their courageous reports on the violent persecution of the Rohingya, a Muslim minority in Myanmar that, in efforts to flee the country, often falls victim to predatory human-trafficking networks."
 * 2015: The New York Times staff "for courageous front-line reporting and vivid human stories on Ebola in Africa, engaging the public with the scope and details of the outbreak while holding authorities accountable."
 * 2016: Alissa J. Rubin of The New York Times, "For thoroughly reported and movingly written accounts giving voice to Afghan women who were forced to endure unspeakable cruelties."
 * 2017: The New York Times staff, "for agenda-setting reporting on Vladimir Putin’s efforts to project Russia’s power abroad, revealing techniques that included assassination, online harassment and the planting of incriminating evidence on opponents."
 * 2018: Clare Baldwin, Andrew R.C. Marshall and Manuel Mogato of Reuters, "For relentless reporting that exposed the brutal killing campaign behind Philippines President Rodrigo Duterte’s war on drugs."
 * 2019: (two winners) Maggie Michael, Maad al-Zikry and Nariman El-Mofty of Associated Press, "For a revelatory yearlong series detailing the atrocities of the war in Yemen, including theft of food aid, deployment of child soldiers and torture of prisoners."; Staff of Reuters, with notable contributions from Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, "For expertly exposing the military units and Buddhist villagers responsible for the systematic expulsion and murder of Rohingya Muslims from Myanmar, courageous coverage that landed its reporters in prison."
 * 2020: The staff of The New York Times "for a set of enthralling stories, reported at great risk, exposing the predations of Vladimir Putin’s regime."
 * 2021: Megha Rajagopalan, Alison Killing and Christo Buschek of BuzzFeed News, "for a series of clear and compelling stories that used satellite imagery and architectural expertise, as well as interviews with two dozen former prisoners, to identify a vast new infrastructure built by the Chinese government for the mass detention of Muslims."
 * 2022: Staff of The New York Times, notably Azmat Khan, contributing writer, "For courageous and relentless reporting that exposed the vast civilian toll of U.S.-led airstrikes, challenging official accounts of American military engagements in Iraq, Syria and Afghanistan."

 * 2023: Staff of The New York Times, "for their unflinching coverage of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, including an eight-month investigation into Ukrainian deaths in the town of Bucha and the Russian unit responsible for the killings."

 * 2024: Staff of The New York Times, "for its wide-ranging and revelatory coverage of Hamas’ lethal attack in southern Israel on Oct. 7, Israel’s intelligence failures and the Israeli military’s sweeping, deadly response in Gaza."


text:
Pulitzer Prize for Commentary

The Pulitzer Prize for Commentary is an award administered by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism "for distinguished commentary, using any available journalistic tool". It is one of the fourteen American Pulitzer Prizes that are annually awarded for Journalism. It has been presented since 1970. Finalists have been announced from 1980, ordinarily with two others beside the winner.

Winners and citations
The Commentary Pulitzer has been awarded to one person annually without exception—45 prizes in 44 years 1970–2014. No person has won it twice.

The New York Times and the Washington Post/Washington Post Writers Group are the media outlets associated with the most winners of the Pulitzer Prize for Commentary, with nine recipients each.

 * 1970: Marquis W. Childs, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, "distinguished commentary during 1969."
 * 1971: William A. Caldwell, The Record (Hackensack, New Jersey), "for his commentary in his daily column."
 * 1972: Mike Royko, Chicago Daily News, "for his columns during 1971."
 * 1973: David S. Broder, Washington Post, "for his columns during 1972."
 * 1974: Edwin A. Roberts Jr., National Observer, "for his commentary on public affairs during 1973."
 * 1975: Mary McGrory, Washington Star, "for her commentary on public affairs during 1974."
 * 1976: Walter Wellesley (Red) Smith, New York Times, "for his commentary on sports in 1975 and for many other years."
 * 1977: George F. Will, Washington Post Writers Group, for distinguished commentary on a variety of topics."
 * 1978: William Safire, New York Times, "for commentary on the Bert Lance affair.
 * 1979: Russell Baker, New York Times
 * 1980: Ellen H. Goodman, Boston Globe
 * 1981: Dave Anderson, New York Times, "for his commentary on sports."
 * 1982: Art Buchwald, Los Angeles Times Syndicate
 * 1983: Claude Sitton, Raleigh (N. C.) News & Observer
 * 1984: Vermont C. Royster, Wall Street Journal,
 * 1985: Murray Kempton, Newsday, Long Island, N.Y., "for witty and insightful reflection on public issues in 1984 and throughout a distinguished career."
 * 1986: Jimmy Breslin, New York Daily News, "for columns which consistently champion ordinary citizens."
 * 1987: Charles Krauthammer, Washington Post Writers Group, "for his witty and insightful columns on national issues."
 * 1988: Dave Barry, Miami Herald, "for his consistently effective use of humor as a device for presenting fresh insights into serious concerns."
 * 1989: Clarence Page, Chicago Tribune, "for his provocative columns on local and national affairs."
 * 1990: Jim Murray, Los Angeles Times, "for his sports columns."
 * 1991: Jim Hoagland, Washington Post, "for searching and prescient columns on events leading up to the Gulf War and on the political problems of Mikhail Gorbachev."
 * 1992: Anna Quindlen, New York Times, "for her compelling columns on a wide range of personal and political topics."
 * 1993: Liz Balmaseda, Miami Herald, "for her commentary from Haiti about deteriorating political and social conditions and her columns about Cuban-Americans in Miami."
 * 1994: William Raspberry, Washington Post, "for his compelling commentaries on a variety of social and political topics."
 * 1995: Jim Dwyer, Newsday, Long Island, N.Y., for his compelling and compassionate columns about New York City.
 * 1996: E. R. Shipp, New York Daily News, for her penetrating columns on race, welfare and other social issues.
 * 1997: Eileen McNamara, Boston Globe, "for her many-sided columns on Massachusetts people and issues."
 * 1998: Mike McAlary, New York Daily News, "for reporting on the brutalization of a Haitian immigrant by police officers at a Brooklyn stationhouse."
 * 1999: Maureen Dowd, New York Times, "for her fresh and insightful columns on the impact of President Clinton's affair with Monica Lewinsky."
 * 2000: Paul A. Gigot, Wall Street Journal, "for his informative and insightful columns on politics and government."
 * 2001: Dorothy Rabinowitz, Wall Street Journal, "for her articles on American society and culture."
 * 2002: Thomas Friedman, New York Times, "for his clarity of vision, based on extensive reporting, in commenting on the worldwide impact of the terrorist threat."
 * 2003: Colbert I. King, Washington Post, "for his against-the-grain columns that speak to people in power with ferocity and wisdom."
 * 2004: Leonard Pitts, Miami Herald, "for his fresh, vibrant columns that spoke, with both passion and compassion, to ordinary people on often divisive issues."
 * 2005: Connie Schultz, Plain Dealer, Cleveland, "for her pungent columns that provided a voice for the underdog and underprivileged."
 * 2006: Nicholas D. Kristof, New York Times, "for his graphic, deeply reported columns that, at personal risk, focused attention on genocide in Darfur and that gave voice to the voiceless in other parts of the world."
 * 2007: Cynthia Tucker, Atlanta Journal-Constitution, "for her courageous, clear-headed columns that evince a strong sense of morality and persuasive knowledge of the community."
 * 2008: Steven Pearlstein, Washington Post, "for his insightful columns that explore the nation's complex economic ills with masterful clarity."
 * 2009: Eugene Robinson, Washington Post, "for his eloquent columns on the 2008 presidential campaign that focus on the election of the first African-American president, showcasing graceful writing and grasp of the larger historic picture."
 * 2010: Kathleen Parker, Washington Post, "for her perceptive, often witty columns on an array of political and moral issues."
 * 2011: David Leonhardt, New York Times, "for his graceful penetration of America’s complicated economic questions, from the federal budget deficit to health care reform."
 * 2012: Mary Schmich, Chicago Tribune, "for her wide range of down-to-earth columns that reflect the character and capture the culture of her famed city."
 * 2013: Bret Stephens, Wall Street Journal, "for his incisive columns on American foreign policy and domestic politics, often enlivened by a contrarian twist."
 * 2014: Stephen Henderson, Detroit Free Press, "for his columns on the financial crisis facing his hometown, written with passion and a stirring sense of place, sparing no one in their critique."
 * 2015: Lisa Falkenberg, Houston Chronicle, "for vividly-written, groundbreaking columns about grand jury abuses that led to a wrongful conviction and other egregious problems in the legal and immigration systems."
 * 2016: Farah Stockman, Boston Globe, "for extensively reported columns that probe the legacy of busing in Boston and its effect on education in the city with a clear eye on ongoing racial contradictions."
 * 2017: Peggy Noonan, Wall Street Journal "for rising to the moment with beautifully rendered columns that connected readers to the shared virtues of Americans during one of the nation’s most divisive political campaigns."
 * 2018: John Archibald, Alabama Media Group "for lyrical and courageous commentary that is rooted in Alabama but has a national resonance in scrutinizing corrupt politicians, championing the rights of women and calling out hypocrisy."
 * 2019: Tony Messenger, St. Louis Post Dispatch "for bold columns that exposed the malfeasance and injustice of forcing poor rural Missourians charged with misdemeanor crimes to pay unaffordable fines or be sent to jail."
 * 2020: Nikole Hannah-Jones, The New York Times, "for a sweeping, deeply reported and personal essay for the ground-breaking 1619 Project, which seeks to place the enslavement of Africans at the center of America’s story, prompting public conversation about the nation’s founding and evolution."
 * 2021: Michael Paul Williams, Richmond Times-Dispatch, "for penetrating and historically insightful columns that guided Richmond, a former capital of the Confederacy, through the painful and complicated process of dismantling the city's monuments to white supremacy."
 * 2022: Melinda Henneberger of The Kansas City Star, "For persuasive columns demanding justice for alleged victims of a retired police detective accused of being a sexual predator."
 * 2023: Kyle Whitmire, AL.com, "for measured and persuasive columns that document how Alabama's Confederate heritage still colors the present with racism and exclusion, told through tours of its first capital, its mansions and monuments–and through the history that has been omitted."
 * 2024: Vladimir Kara-Murza, "for passionate columns written under great personal risk from his prison cell, warning of the consequences of dissent in Vladimir Putin's Russia and insisting on a democratic future for his country."

title: Pulitzer Prize for Commentary


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Ricardo Mayorga

Ricardo Antonio Mayorga Perez (born October 3, 1973) is a Nicaraguan professional boxer and former mixed martial artist. In boxing he is a former two-weight world champion, having held the unified WBA (Unified), WBC, Ring magazine, and lineal welterweight titles in 2003, and the WBC super welterweight title from 2005 to 2006. Mayorga first became well known to boxing fans upon being featured on the cover of The Ring's December 2003 issue, entitled "The craziest man in the sport: Mayorga lights up boxing." He has since maintained this infamous reputation with his relentless trash-talk in the build-up to most of his fights, as well as his smoking and drinking habits outside the ring.

Mayorga vs. Lewis
After defending the title against Larry Marks, Andrew Lewis took on Mayorga. The bout ended in the 2nd round and was ruled a No Contest due to a nasty cut on Lewis caused by accidental headbutt. Lewis's lost the title in a rematch to Mayorga in 2002 via 5th-round TKO.

Mayorga vs. Forrest I, II
In January 2003, Vernon Forrest (35–0–0) fought Mayorga. Mayorga was a mostly unknown fringe contender from Nicaragua and few gave him a chance to win against the significantly bigger and stronger Forrest. Mayorga shocked the world when he easily dominated Forrest, dropping him once in the 1st round and again in the 3rd round. The referee would call off the fight after the second knockdown, as Forrest was visibly dazed and unable to get his footing.

Forrest would rematch Mayorga six months later, losing again, this time by a majority decision. The bout was close and competitive, with Mayorga mostly chasing Forrest around the ring while Forrest was content to fight from the outside.

Mayorga vs. Spinks
Cory Spinks (31–2–0) rose to boxing stardom by unifying the WBC, WBA, IBF, and The Ring lineal welterweight titles on December 13, 2003, when he defeated Mayorga by majority decision. Spinks was a 5 to 1 underdog going into the fight with Mayorga. The judges scored the fight 114–112, 117–109, 114-114, favoring Spinks.

Mayorga vs. Trinidad
Félix Trinidad (41–1–0) announced a comeback on March 2, 2004. On October 2, 2004, he fought against Mayorga, in Madison Square Garden. Early in the 1st round Mayorga was on the offensive connecting several combinations, later in the round Trinidad connected some punches to his opponent's face. Mayorga reacted defiantly while lowering his defense, which Trinidad used to continue the offensive during the closing seconds. In the 2nd round, Trinidad continued connecting with combinations to Mayorga's face which caused him to bleed from his nose; the round concluded with both fighters exchanging punches. In the 3rd round, Mayorga attempted to counter with punches to the body but did not do significant damage to his opponent, however later in the round one of these punches made Trinidad lose his balance and touch the floor with one glove which the referee counted as a knockdown. In the 4th round, both boxers traded hard combinations. In the 5th round, Trinidad displayed control of the offense's tempo injuring Mayorga and opening a cut under one of his eyes. This pattern continued in the 6th and 7th round, and the cut on Mayorga's face began to swell. In the 8th round, Trinidad scored several knockdowns, Mayorga continued after two knockdowns, but lost by technical knockout following a third knockdown.

Mayorga vs. De La Hoya
Oscar De La Hoya (37–4-0) took a layoff of 20 months before signing to fight Mayorga. In the buildup to the fight, Mayorga insulted everything from De La Hoya's sexuality to his wife and child, but when they fought on May 6, 2006, De La Hoya knocked Mayorga down in the first minute of the fight with a left hook. De La Hoya knocked him out in the 6th round to take his tenth world title.

Mayorga vs. Vargas
It was confirmed on May 13, 2007, that Fernando Vargas (26–4–0) would face Mayorga on September 8, 2007, on Showtime PPV for the vacant WBC Continental Americas super middleweight title. However the fight was postponed after it was discovered during a routine blood test that Vargas was suffering from a severe iron deficiency. Doctors ordered Vargas not to participate in the upcoming bout until he received the necessary weeks of treatment to correct the problem. When the bout eventually took place it would be fought at 162 pounds, a weight that neither boxer has ever fought at. Many sources claim that Vargas had complained about fighting at the Jr. Middleweight limit of 154 pounds, stating that it's "too much for his body to take". Vargas has stated that fighting at that weight was the reason he did poorly against Mosley in the second fight.

Vargas claimed that this would be the last fight of his career regardless of the result. He warned Mayorga that he would not tolerate any insults from him like the ones he hurled at De La Hoya in their press conferences. Vargas stayed true to his promise when at the first official press conference for the fight, Mayorga said some offensive things towards Vargas and attempted to slap him. Vargas immediately jumped up from his seat and retaliated with punches and a brawl broke out between the two fighters' camps, though order was quickly restored. Vargas also recalled the time when Mayorga said Vargas was scared of him when he had defeated Javier Castillejo, then was stripped of his WBC light middleweight title rather than face Mayorga, who then defeated Michele Piccirillo for the vacant title. Ultimately the contestants faced off, and Mayorga defeated Vargas by majority decision on November 23, 2007. The scores were 113-113, 114–112, and 115–111. Crucially, Vargas was knocked down in the 1st round and again in the 11th round. Post-fight Mayorga apologized to Vargas and the two forgave each other. Vargas officially declared his retirement soon after.

Mayorga vs. Mosley
In August 2008, it was announced that Shane Mosley (44–5-0) would fight at light middleweight against Mayorga. The fight was to take place at Home Depot Center in California on September 27, 2008. The first time since 2000 that Mosley would fight in his home state. The fight was for the vacant WBA Inter-Continental light middleweight title. Mosley was guaranteed $1 million. During the first three rounds of the bout, the harder puncher appeared to be Mayorga, who landed right hands from long range. Mayorga's roughhousing mixed with his usual showboating antics seemed to bother Mosley, who appeared more uncomfortable and agitated. In recklessly lunging in with wild power shots of his own, Mosley wound up falling into more clinches and getting caught with punches he should have avoided. Mosley settled down and found the distance in the 4th round and took the next three rounds by timing Mayorga with overhand rights that landed and occasionally following up with short hooks and single body shots. Mosley continued with right hands in the seventh and eighth rounds. Mosley was able to land single power shots in the late rounds, but threw very few combinations. At times Mayorga beat Mosley to the punch with lead right hands. Near the end of the eleventh round, Mosley landed a right hand that splattered blood from Mayorga's mouth. With less than a minute left in the bout, put Mayorga down on his hands and knees. Mayorga got up on unsteady legs; Mosley stepped in with a short, lead left hook that put Mayorga flat on his back at the bell, resulting in the referee waving the bout off. At the time of stoppage, two judges had Mosley ahead with scored of 107-102 and 105–104, whilst the third judge had Mayorga ahead 105–104. Had the fight gone to scorecards, Mosley would have won via unanimous decision due to the last round being a 10–7.

Mayorga vs. Cotto
On January 19, 2011, in a press conference at Times Square, New York, Bob Arum and Don King, working together for the first time in five years, officially announced that Miguel Cotto (35–2–0) would defend his WBA light middleweight title against Mayorga at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada on March 12, 2011, live on Showtime PPV. In front of 7,247 at the MGM, Cotto defeated Mayorga via TKO in the 12th round, retaining his WBA light middleweight title. Throughout the fight, Mayorga looked to engage, however the discipline on Cotto played a big part in the win, saving his big shots for the final round. A left hook ended, which dropped Mayorga ended the bout. At the time of stoppage, Cotto was ahead by five points on all three judges' scorecards. With the win, Cotto's record for world title fights improved to (17–2). Cotto earned $1 million from the fight and compubox stats showed that Cotto out punched Mayorga 249 to 176 in total punches. In the post-fight, Cotto explained how he won the fight, "The game plan was not to get caught up in any of his antics. He was very heavy handed, I felt his punches the whole fight." He also mentioned how before the last round, his trainer Emanuel Steward told him he would be able to stop Mayorga in the last round, which was the conclusion of the fight.

Mayorga vs. Mosley II
Mayorga decided to make a comeback as a boxer and won two fights in 2014, after over three-and-a-half years since losing to Cotto. He was then scheduled to rematch Mosley (47–9–1) in a fight on pay-per-view at The Forum located in Inglewood, California on August 29, 2015. Mosley would again defeat Mayorga, this time by KO in the sixth round.

Mixed martial arts career
On May 15, 2010, Mayorga was scheduled to make his professional MMA debut against UFC veteran Din Thomas on the Shine Fights: Worlds Collide: Mayorga vs. Thomas card. Don King filed for an injunction the week of the fight to prevent him from participating, claiming Mayorga had an exclusive contract with Don King Promotions (DKP).

Shine Fights stated that Mayorga's contract with DKP was for boxing, and as such did not apply to mixed martial arts. Judge Marc Gold granted the injunction just several hours before the fight. Later on the same day, Shine Fights officials conceded defeat in the matter and Mayorga was pulled off the card.

Following his retirement from boxing, Mayorga decided to properly embark on a professional MMA career and faced Wesley Tiffer on May 3, 2013. He was kept on the ground but able to survive round 1. Tiffer continued to grapple with him on the ground until Mayorga landed a controversial and illegal knee to Tiffer's spine, which left Tiffer screaming in pain. Mayorga won via TKO after Tiffer didn't answer the bell for round 3. The Nicaraguan Mixed Martial Arts Commission declared the fight a No Contest for the illegal knee a week later on May 10, 2013, and also suspended Mayorga for 3 months for being 20 pounds over the contracted weight limit of 165-lbs.

Life outside boxing
In the aftermath of his loss to the aforementioned Cotto, Mayorga went on record to state that he doesn't entirely dismiss the possibility of a comeback. Sources close to him predicted that he would return to the sport to face Antonio Margarito in a bout that would've supposedly been dubbed: "When villains collide", with the winner earning themselves one final shot at being able to resurrect their career and the loser permanently retiring from boxing – a fight that would've entertained fans not only at a press conference, but also inside the ring as well.

As of 2023, this match has not taken place.

title: Ricardo Mayorga


text:
Ans, Belgium

Ans (Anse) is a municipality and city of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Ans had a total population of 27,322. The total area is 23.35 km2 which gives a population density of 1,170 inhabitants per km2. Its postal code is 4430.

Ans is the finish location of the road bicycle race Liège–Bastogne–Liège, the oldest of the classic cycle races held every April.

Ans is bounded with Liège, Seraing, Herstal, Saint-Nicolas and Flémalle, the agglomeration of Liège with 600,000 people.

Settlements
The municipality consists of the following districts:
 * Ans
 * Alleur (Aleur)
 * Loncin (Loncén, other: Loncègn)
 * Xhendremael (Xhindmåle, other: Hin.n'mâle)

Notable residents

 * Léon Jeck (1947–2007), footballer, born in Ans
 * Michel Daerden (1949–2012), politician, mayor of Ans 1993–2011
 * Victor Larock (1904–1977), politician, born in Ans
 * Annie Servais-Thysen (1933–2022), politician, born in Xhendremael, Ans

Twinnings
Since 1999, the twinnings with the Pays d'Ans association with Périgord. This association contains six municipalities and all with the descendants of Ans: Badefols-d'Ans, La Boissière-d'Ans, Chourgnac d’Ans, Granges-d'Ans, Sainte-Eulalie-d'Ans and Saint-Pantaly-d'Ans.

title: Ans, Belgium


text:
Awans

Awans (Awan) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Awans had a total population of 8,696. The total area is 27.16 km² which gives a population density of 320 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Awans, Fooz, Hognoul, Othée, and Villers-l'Évêque.

title: Awans


text:
Aywaille

Aywaille (Aiwêye) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2012, Aywaille had a total population of 11,697. The total area is 80.04 km2 which gives a population density of 146 inhabitants per km2. Its area consists of 45.7% of wooded and wild country, 29.9% of agricultural areas and 24.4% of built-up areas.

The inhabitants of Aywaille are called the "Aqualiens", from the Latin version of Aywaille "Aqualia loca", which means "area full of water" or "muddy land".

The municipality consists of the following districts: Aywaille, Ernonheid, Harzé, and Sougné-Remouchamps. They include many villages as Aywaille, Awan, Chambralles, Deigné, Ernonheid, Paradis, Houssonloge, Pouhon, Harzé, Havelange, Kin, Stoqueu, Martinrive, Nonceveux, Playe, Quarreux, Sedoz, Septroux, Sougné, Remouchamps, Ville-au-Bois.

title: Aywaille


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Bassenge

Bassenge (Bitsingen, ; Bassindje) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Bassenge had a total population of 8,335. The total area is 38.17 km2 which gives a population density of 218 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bassenge, Boirs, Ében-Émael, Glons, Roclenge-sur-Geer, and Wonck.

Historic sites

 * Fort Eben-Emael was a major fortress intended to defend Belgium against attack from Germany. Built in the 1930s, it was swiftly captured by German forces in May 1940 during the Belgian Campaign of the Second World War.
 * Eben-Ezer Tower, also known as le musée du silex (the museum of flint) is a fantastical tower built of flint rubble in the 1960s by Robert Garcet and decorated with mystical and religious symbols.
 * Wonck Airfield was a small runway for ultralight aviation in use by Aeroclub Bassange. It closed around 2006.

title: Bassenge


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Beyne-Heusay

Beyne-Heusay (Binne-Heuzea) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Beyne-Heusay had a total population of 11,711. The total area is 7.32 km2 which gives a population density of 1,600 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bellaire, Beyne-Heusay, and Queue-du-Bois.

Twin towns – sister cities
Beyne-Heusay is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷 Wasquehal, France since 1979
 * 🇫🇷 Clécy, France since 1980

title: Beyne-Heusay


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Blegny

Blegny (, before 2001: Blégny; Blegné) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the Province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Blegny had a total population of 12,799. The total area is 26.07 km2 which gives a population density of 491 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Barchon, Housse, Mortier, Saint-Remy, Saive, and Trembleur (town centre).

title: Blegny


text:
User talk:Arvindn/notes

Some more points:

 * 1) 4 yugas -> kruta, treta, dvapara, kali.
 * 2) * There's a sloka: Mandhataca maheepatih krutayugalankara bhootogatah ... (read that in my school).
 * 3) There's pralayam after every yuga, not just kali.
 * 4) * In one of the pralayams, Krishna is believed to have appeared as a child on a ... leaf (Aalilai krishnan in Tamil).
 * 5) * After kruta yuga, Mandhata (or someone else) is believed to have collected specimens of var. plants & animals to avoid complete destruction of life after the pralayam.
 * 6) * The cause of the pralayams are supposed to be different for each yuga, A.Krishna->Water (floods), Kali Yuga->Fire (which's why many say that the world is nearing destruction, with the growing no. of cases of death due to fire, 9/11, plane-crashes resulting in fire, etc.)
 * 7) * It could be that one of the pralayams has something to do with the last ice age (that's my own imagination).
 * 8) It is believed that initially castes weren't inherited by progeny & could be chosen. i.e. castes were initially identified with the profession. Later on some people started calling them "upper castes" & started casteism, etc. This is also from my school textbook. But there are other references. Viswamitra becoming a brahmarishi though he was a kshatriya by birth.
 * 9) * It is mentioned in the Vedas that Brahmins come from the head, ..., Shudras from the feet of (God?Brahman?...?). This could have meant that the intellectuals formed the class of Brahmins, the ones who were fit enough to do hard work from the Shudras (remember the feet have to carry 'heavy loads'), etc.
 * 10) * Later on people started interpreting it as brahmins > shudras

title: User talk:Arvindn/notes


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Chaudfontaine

 * Chaudfontaine is also a brand of mineral water, owned by The Coca-Cola Company.

Chaudfontaine (Tchôfontinne) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Chaudfontaine had a total population of 21,012. The total area is 25.52 km2 which gives a population density of 823 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Beaufays, Chaudfontaine, Embourg, and Vaux-sous-Chèvremont.

Some of its best-known enterprises are Galler chocolates, Magotteaux and Chaudfontaine drinking waters.

Chaudfontaine was strongly hit by the 2021 European floods.

title: Chaudfontaine


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Comblain-au-Pont

Comblain-au-Pont (Comblin-å-Pont) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

As of 1 January 2014 Comblain-au-Pont had a total population of 6,754. The total area is 22.68 km² which gives a population density of 237 inhabitants per km². It is situated at the confluence of the rivers Amblève and Ourthe.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Comblain-au-Pont and Poulseur.

title: Comblain-au-Pont


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Esneux

Esneux (Esneu) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Liège, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Esneux had a total population of 13,072. The total area is 34.05 km² which gives a population density of 384 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Esneux and Tilff. Other villages are Méry and Hony. They are all to be found in the valley of the Ourthe river south of Liège. A railway line links the 4 villages (and then continues further south to Luxembourg).

Although not popular with large numbers of international tourists, Esneux and Tilff do attract people from the local region, due to the local restaurants, the Esneux and Tilff castle, the bee-museum, and several parks.

In Esneux, the largest giant sequoia of Belgium can be found.

title: Esneux