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Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator

A cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) or cryptographic pseudorandom number generator (CPRNG) is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) with properties that make it suitable for use in cryptography. It is also referred to as a cryptographic random number generator (CRNG).

Background
Most cryptographic applications require random numbers, for example:
 * key generation
 * nonces
 * salts in certain signature schemes, including ECDSA and RSASSA-PSS.

The "quality" of the randomness required for these applications varies. For example, creating a nonce in some protocols needs only uniqueness. On the other hand, the generation of a master key requires a higher quality, such as more entropy. And in the case of one-time pads, the information-theoretic guarantee of perfect secrecy only holds if the key material comes from a true random source with high entropy, and thus any kind of pseudorandom number generator is insufficient.

Ideally, the generation of random numbers in CSPRNGs uses entropy obtained from a high-quality source, generally the operating system's randomness API. However, unexpected correlations have been found in several such ostensibly independent processes. From an information-theoretic point of view, the amount of randomness, the entropy that can be generated, is equal to the entropy provided by the system. But sometimes, in practical situations, more random numbers are needed than there is entropy available. Also, the processes to extract randomness from a running system are slow in actual practice. In such instances, a CSPRNG can sometimes be used. A CSPRNG can "stretch" the available entropy over more bits.

Requirements
The requirements of an ordinary PRNG are also satisfied by a cryptographically secure PRNG, but the reverse is not true. CSPRNG requirements fall into two groups:

 * 1) They pass statistical randomness tests:
 * 2) * Every CSPRNG should satisfy the next-bit test. That is, given the first k bits of a random sequence, there is no polynomial-time algorithm that can predict the ( k +1)th bit with probability of success non-negligibly better than 50%. Andrew Yao proved in 1982 that a generator passing the next-bit test will pass all other polynomial-time statistical tests for randomness.
 * 3) They hold up well under serious attack, even when part of their initial or running state becomes available to an attacker:
 * 4) * Every CSPRNG should withstand "state compromise extension attacks". In the event that part or all of its state has been revealed (or guessed correctly), it should be impossible to reconstruct the stream of random numbers prior to the revelation. Additionally, if there is an entropy input while running, it should be infeasible to use knowledge of the input's state to predict future conditions of the CSPRNG state.

For instance, if the PRNG under consideration produces output by computing bits of π in sequence, starting from some unknown point in the binary expansion, it may well satisfy the next-bit test and thus be statistically random, as π appears to be a random sequence. However, this algorithm is not cryptographically secure; an attacker who determines which bit of pi (i.e. the state of the algorithm) is currently in use will be able to calculate all preceding bits as well.

Most PRNGs are not suitable for use as CSPRNGs and will fail on both counts. First, while most PRNGs outputs appear random to assorted statistical tests, they do not resist determined reverse engineering. Specialized statistical tests may be found specially tuned to such a PRNG that shows the random numbers not to be truly random. Second, for most PRNGs, when their state has been revealed, all past random numbers can be retrodicted, allowing an attacker to read all past messages, as well as future ones.

CSPRNGs are designed explicitly to resist this type of cryptanalysis.

Definitions
In the asymptotic setting, a family of deterministic polynomial time computable functions $$G_k\colon\{0,1\}^k\to\{0,1\}^{p(k)}$$ for some polynomial $p$, is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG, or PRG in some references), if it stretches the length of its input ($$p(k) > k$$ for any $k$), and if its output is computationally indistinguishable from true randomness, i.e. for any probabilistic polynomial time algorithm $A$, which outputs 1 or 0 as a distinguisher,

 * $$\left|\Pr_{x\gets\{0,1\}^k}[A(G(x))=1] - \Pr_{r\gets\{0,1\}^{p(k)}}[A(r)=1]\right| < \mu(k)$$

for some negligible function $$\mu$$. (The notation $$x\gets X$$ means that $x$ is chosen uniformly at random from the set $X$.)

There is an equivalent characterization: For any function family $$G_k\colon\{0,1\}^k\to\{0,1\}^{p(k)}$$, $G$ is a PRNG if and only if the next output bit of $G$ cannot be predicted by a polynomial time algorithm.

A forward-secure PRNG with block length $$t(k)$$ is a PRNG $$G_k\colon\{0,1\}^k\to\{0,1\}^k\times\{0,1\}^{t(k)}$$, where the input string $$s_i$$ with length $k$ is the current state at period $i$, and the output ($$s_{i+1}$$, $$y_i$$) consists of the next state $$s_{i+1}$$ and the pseudorandom output block $$y_i$$ of period $i$, that withstands state compromise extensions in the following sense. If the initial state $$s_1$$ is chosen uniformly at random from $$\{0,1\}^k$$, then for any $i$, the sequence $$(y_1,y_2,\dots,y_i,s_{i+1})$$ must be computationally indistinguishable from $$(r_1,r_2,\dots,r_i,s_{i+1})$$, in which the $$r_i$$ are chosen uniformly at random from $$\{0,1\}^{t(k)}$$.

Any PRNG $$G\colon\{0,1\}^k\to\{0,1\}^{p(k)}$$ can be turned into a forward secure PRNG with block length $$p(k)-k$$ by splitting its output into the next state and the actual output. This is done by setting $$G(s) = G_0(s)\Vert G_1(s)$$, in which $$|G_0(s)| = |s| = k$$ and $$|G_1(s)| = p(k)-k$$; then $G$ is a forward secure PRNG with $$G_0$$ as the next state and $$G_1$$ as the pseudorandom output block of the current period.

Entropy extraction
Santha and Vazirani proved that several bit streams with weak randomness can be combined to produce a higher-quality quasi-random bit stream. Even earlier, John von Neumann proved that a simple algorithm can remove a considerable amount of the bias in any bit stream, which should be applied to each bit stream before using any variation of the Santha–Vazirani design.

Designs
CSPRNG designs are divided into two classes:
 * 1) those based on cryptographic primitives such as ciphers and cryptographic hashes,
 * 2) those based upon mathematical problems thought to be hard.

Designs based on cryptographic primitives

 * A secure block cipher can be converted into a CSPRNG by running it in counter mode using, for example, a special construct that NIST in SP 800-90A calls CTR_DRBG. CTR_DBRG typically uses AES.
 * AES-CTR DRBG is often used as a random number generator in systems that use AES encryption.
 * The NIST CTR_DRBG scheme erases the key after the requested randomness is output by running additional cycles. This is wasteful from a performance perspective, but does not immediately cause issues with forward secrecy. However, realizing the performance implications, the NIST recommends an "extended AES-CTR-DRBG interface" for its Post-Quantum Cryptography Project submissions. This interface allows multiple sets of randomness to be generated without intervening erasure, only erasing when the user explicitly signals the end of requests. As a result, the key could remain in memory for an extended time if the "extended interface" is misused. Newer "fast-key-erasure" RNGs erase the key with randomness as soon as randomness is requested.
 * A stream cipher can be converted into a CSPRNG. This has been done with RC4, ISAAC, and ChaCha20, to name a few.
 * A cryptographically secure hash might also be a base of a good CSPRNG, using, for example, a construct that NIST calls Hash_DRBG.
 * An HMAC primitive can be used as a base of a CSPRNG, for example, as part of the construct that NIST calls HMAC_DRBG.

Number-theoretic designs

 * The Blum Blum Shub algorithm has a security proof based on the difficulty of the quadratic residuosity problem. Since the only known way to solve that problem is to factor the modulus, it is generally regarded that the difficulty of integer factorization provides a conditional security proof for the Blum Blum Shub algorithm. However the algorithm is very inefficient and therefore impractical unless extreme security is needed.
 * The Blum–Micali algorithm has a security proof based on the difficulty of the discrete logarithm problem but is also very inefficient.
 * Daniel Brown of Certicom has written a 2006 security proof for Dual EC DRBG, based on the assumed hardness of the Decisional Diffie–Hellman assumption, the x-logarithm problem, and the truncated point problem. The 2006 proof explicitly assumes a lower outlen (amount of bits provided per iteration) than in the Dual_EC_DRBG standard, and that the P and Q in the Dual_EC_DRBG standard (which were revealed in 2013 to be probably backdoored by NSA) are replaced with non-backdoored values.

Practical schemes
"Practical" CSPRNG schemes not only include an CSPRNG algorithm, but also a way to initialize ("seed") it while keeping the seed secret. A number of such schemes have been defined, including:

 * Implementations of /dev/random in Unix-like systems.
 * Yarrow, which attempts to evaluate the entropic quality of its seeding inputs, and uses SHA-1 and 3DES internally. Yarrow was used in macOS and other Apple OS' up until about December 2019, after which it switched to Fortuna.
 * Fortuna, the successor to Yarrow, which does not attempt to evaluate the entropic quality of its inputs; it uses SHA-256 and "any good block cipher". Fortuna is used in FreeBSD. Apple changed to Fortuna for most or all Apple OS' beginning around Dec. 2019.
 * The Linux kernel CSPRNG, which uses ChaCha20 to generate data, and BLAKE2s to ingest entropy.
 * arc4random, a CSPRNG in Unix-like systems that seeds from . It originally is based on RC4, but all main implementations now use ChaCha20.
 * CryptGenRandom, part of Microsoft's CryptoAPI, offered on Windows. Different versions of Windows use different implementations.
 * ANSI X9.17 standard (Financial Institution Key Management (wholesale)), which has been adopted as a FIPS standard as well. It takes as input a TDEA (keying option 2) key bundle k and (the initial value of) a 64-bit random seed s. Each time a random number is required it:Obviously, the technique is easily generalized to any block cipher; AES has been suggested. If the key k is leaked, the entire X9.17 stream can be predicted; this weakness is cited as a reason for creating Yarrow.

All these above-mentioned schemes, save for X9.17, also mix the state of a CSPRNG with an additional source of entropy. They are therefore not "pure" pseudorandom number generators, in the sense that the output is not completely determined by their initial state. This addition aims to prevent attacks even if the initial state is compromised.

Standards
Several CSPRNGs have been standardized. For example,
 * FIPS 186-4
 * NIST SP 800-90A: This withdrawn standard has four PRNGs. Two of them are uncontroversial and proven: CSPRNGs named Hash_DRBG and HMAC_DRBG. The third PRNG in this standard, CTR DRBG, is based on a block cipher running in counter mode. It has an uncontroversial design but has been proven to be weaker in terms of distinguishing attack, than the security level of the underlying block cipher when the number of bits output from this PRNG is greater than two to the power of the underlying block cipher's block size in bits.  When the maximum number of bits output from this PRNG is equal to the 2blocksize, the resulting output delivers the mathematically expected security level that the key size would be expected to generate, but the output is shown to not be indistinguishable from a true random number generator. When the maximum number of bits output from this PRNG is less than it, the expected security level is delivered and the output appears to be indistinguishable from a true random number generator.  It is noted in the next revision that claimed security strength for CTR_DRBG depends on limiting the total number of generate requests and the bits provided per generate request.  The fourth and final PRNG in this standard is named Dual EC DRBG. It has been shown to not be cryptographically secure and is believed to have a kleptographic NSA backdoor.
 * NIST SP 800-90A Rev.1: This is essentially NIST SP 800-90A with Dual_EC_DRBG removed, and is the withdrawn standard's replacement.
 * ANSI X9.17-1985 Appendix C
 * ANSI X9.31-1998 Appendix A.2.4
 * ANSI X9.62-1998 Annex A.4, obsoleted by ANSI X9.62-2005, Annex D (HMAC_DRBG)

A good reference is maintained by NIST.

There are also standards for statistical testing of new CSPRNG designs:
 * A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators, NIST Special Publication 800-22.

NSA kleptographic backdoor in the Dual_EC_DRBG PRNG
The Guardian and The New York Times have reported in 2013 that the National Security Agency (NSA) inserted a backdoor into a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG) of NIST SP 800-90A which allows the NSA to readily decrypt material that was encrypted with the aid of Dual EC DRBG. Both papers report that, as independent security experts long suspected, the NSA has been introducing weaknesses into CSPRNG standard 800-90; this being confirmed for the first time by one of the top secret documents leaked to the Guardian by Edward Snowden. The NSA worked covertly to get its own version of the NIST draft security standard approved for worldwide use in 2006. The leaked document states that "eventually, NSA became the sole editor." In spite of the known potential for a kleptographic backdoor and other known significant deficiencies with Dual_EC_DRBG, several companies such as RSA Security continued using Dual_EC_DRBG until the backdoor was confirmed in 2013. RSA Security received a $10 million payment from the NSA to do so.

DUHK attack
On October 23, 2017, Shaanan Cohney, Matthew Green, and Nadia Heninger, cryptographers at The University of Pennsylvania and Johns Hopkins University released details of the DUHK (Don't Use Hard-coded Keys) attack on WPA2 where hardware vendors use a hardcoded seed key for the ANSI X9.31 RNG algorithm, stating "an attacker can brute-force encrypted data to discover the rest of the encryption parameters and deduce the master encryption key used to encrypt web sessions or virtual private network (VPN) connections."

Japanese PURPLE cipher machine
During World War II, Japan used a cipher machine for diplomatic communications; the United States was able to crack it and read its messages, mostly because the "key values" used were insufficiently random.


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Maurice de Saxe

Maurice, Count of Saxony (Hermann Moritz von Sachsen, Maurice de Saxe; 28 October 1696 – 20 November 1750) was a notable soldier, officer and a famed military commander of the 18th century. The illegitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, he initially served in the Army of the Holy Roman Empire, then the Imperial Army, before finally entering French service. De Saxe became a Marshal and even Marshal General of France. He is best known for his deeds in the War of the Austrian Succession and especially for his decisive victory at the Battle of Fontenoy.

Childhood
Maurice was born at Goslar, an illegitimate son of Augustus II the Strong, King of Poland and Elector of Saxony, and the Countess Maria Aurora of Königsmarck. He was the first of eight extramarital children whom August acknowledged, although as many as 354 are claimed by sources, including Wilhelmine of Bayreuth, to have existed.

In 1698, the Countess sent him to his father in Warsaw. Augustus had been elected King of Poland in the previous year, but the unsettled condition of the country obliged Maurice to spend the greater part of his youth outside its borders. This separation from his father made him independent and had an important effect on his future career.

Military career

At the age of twelve, Maurice served in the Imperial Army under Prince Eugene of Savoy, at the sieges of Tournai and Mons and at the Battle of Malplaquet during the war of the Spanish Succession. A proposal at the end of the campaign to send him to a Jesuit college in Brussels was dropped due to the protests of his mother.

Upon his return to the camp of the Allies at the beginning of 1710, Maurice displayed a courage so impetuous that Prince Eugene admonished him to not confuse rashness with valour.

He next served under Peter the Great against the Swedes in the Great Northern War. In 1711, Augustus formally recognized him and Maurice was granted the rank of Count (Graf). He then accompanied his father to Pomerania, and in 1712 he took part in the Battle of Gadebusch. At the age of 17 in 1713 he commanded his own regiment of the Royal Saxon Army.

As an adult, Maurice bore a strong resemblance to his father, both physically and in character. His grasp was so powerful that he could bend a horseshoe with his hand, and even at the end of his life, his energy and endurance were scarcely affected by the illnesses his many excesses had caused.

On 12 March 1714, a marriage was arranged between him and one of the richest of his father's subjects, Countess Johanna Viktoria Tugendreich von Loeben, but he dissipated her fortune so rapidly that he was soon heavily in debt. The next year (21 January 1715), Johanna gave birth to a son, called August Adolf after his grandfather; the child only lived a few hours. Since Maurice had also given her more serious grounds of complaint against him, he consented to an annulment of the marriage on 21 March 1721.

After serving Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor in a campaign against the Ottoman Empire in 1717, he went to Paris to study mathematics, and in 1720 obtained a commission as Maréchal de camp. In 1725, he entered negotiations for election as Duke of Courland, at the insistence of the Duchess Anna Ivanovna, who offered him her hand. He was chosen duke in 1726, but declined marriage with the duchess. He soon found it impossible to resist her opposition to his claims, but with the assistance of £30,000 lent him by the French actress Adrienne Lecouvreur, he raised a force by which he maintained his authority till 1727, when he withdrew and took up residence in Paris. Lecouvreur was to die mysteriously shortly afterwards: there is controversy as to whether or not she was poisoned by her rival, Maria Karolina Sobieska, Duchess of Bouillon.

At the outbreak of the War of the Polish Succession, Maurice served under James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick, and for a brilliant exploit at the Siege of Philippsburg he was named lieutenant-general. In the War of the Austrian Succession he took command of an army division sent to invade Austria in 1741, and on 19 November 1741, surprised Prague during the night, and seized it before the garrison was aware of the presence of an enemy, a coup de main which made him famous throughout Europe; he thus repeated the exploit of 1648 of his maternal great-grandfather, Hans Christoff von Königsmarck. After capturing the fortress of Eger (Cheb) on 19 April 1742, he received a leave of absence, and went to Russia to push his claims for the Duchy of Courland, but returned to his command after getting nowhere.

Maurice's exploits were the sole redeeming feature in an unsuccessful campaign, and on 26 March 1743, his merits were rewarded by promotion to Marshal of France. He had been given only 50–60,000 men to defend against an enemy army twice as large. From this time on, he became one of the great generals of the age. In 1744, he was chosen to command the 10,000 men of the French invasion of Britain on behalf of James Francis Edward Stuart, which assembled at Dunkirk but did not proceed more than a few miles out of harbour before being wrecked by disastrous storms. After its termination, he received an independent command in the Austrian Netherlands, and by skilful manoeuvering succeeded in continually harassing the superior forces of the enemy without risking a decisive battle.

In the following year, Maurice with 65,000 men besieged Tournai and inflicted a severe defeat on the army of the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Fontenoy, an encounter determined entirely by his constancy and cool leadership. During the battle, he was unable to sit on horseback due to edema, and was carried about in a wicker chariot.

In recognition of his brilliant achievement, Louis XV conferred on him the Château de Chambord for life, and in April 1746, he was naturalised as a French subject. Until the end of the war, he continued to command in the Netherlands, always with success. Besides Fontenoy he added Rocoux (1746) and Lawfeldt or Val (1747) to the list of French victories. He led the French force which captured Brussels and it was under his orders that Marshal Löwendahl captured Bergen op Zoom. He himself won the last success of the war in capturing Maastricht in 1748.

Saxe invented a handheld light-artillery piece that he called an amusette, which fired a half-pound ball a distance of 4,000 paces at a rate of 100 shots an hour.

In 1747 the title once held by Turenne and Villars, "Marshal General of the King's camps and armies", was revived for Maurice. But on 20 November 1750 he died at the Château de Chambord "of a putrid fever".

During the last years of his life, Maurice had an affair with a French lady, Marie Rinteau, who at that time was only eighteen years old. In 1748 she gave birth to a daughter, the last of Maurice's several illegitimate children. She was called Maria Aurora (in French: Marie Aurore) after her grandmother. She bore the surname de la Rivière until 1766 when the Parlement of Paris formally recognized her parentage and she could assume the surname of von Sachsen or de Saxe. Marie Aurore married firstly in 1766 with Antoine, Count of Horne (1735–1767), an alleged illegitimate son of Louis XV. By her second marriage with Louis Claude Dupin de Francueil (in 1777), she was the grandmother of Amandine Lucile Aurore Dupin, who later became famous as the writer George Sand. Maria Aurore died on 25 December 1821 when her granddaughter George Sand was seventeen. Sand included details of her grandmother's parentage in her memoires.

Writings
Saxe's work on the art of war, Mes Rêveries (My Reveries), was published after his death in 1757. Described by Carlyle as "a strange military farrago, dictated, as I should think, under opium", it was praised by Frederick the Great and described by Lord Montgomery, more than two centuries later, as "a remarkable work on the art of war".

A common theme of the 18th century Age of Enlightenment was to emphasise the scientific method and the idea every activity could be expressed in terms of a universal system. In one sense, Mes Rêveries followed this by subjecting "military affairs to reasoned criticism and intellectual treatment, and the ensuing military doctrines were perceived as forming a definitive system". Written following Prussian expansion during the War of the Austrian Succession, Saxe rejected their rigid discipline; arguing the French character was fundamentally different and their tactics should reflect that, he advocated the use of a deep order or ordre profond, rather than relying on firearms.

However, Mes Rêveries also challenged French military orthodoxy in arguing for a greater focus on mobile warfare, rather than fortifications; this was partly a legacy of Vauban (1633–1707), who had revolutionised this field but adherence to his principles meant French engineers became ultra-conservative. As early as 1701, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough argued winning one battle was more beneficial than taking 12 fortresses; Saxe followed this line but his argument was given increased weight by French losses in the 1756–1763 Seven Years' War.

Saxe's Lettres et mémoires choisis (Selected Letters and Memoirs) appeared in 1794. His letters to his sister Anna Karolina Orzelska, the Duchess of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck, preserved at Strasbourg, were destroyed by the bombardment of that place in 1870. Thirty copies had, however, been printed from the original.

Legacy

After Maurice de Saxe's death in Chambord, a funerary ceremony was held for him in Paris, but as a Protestant, he could not be buried there. His remains were transported to Strasbourg and temporarily kept at the Temple Neuf. At Louis XV's request, a permanent mausoleum was created by Jean-Baptiste Pigalle in the apse of St Thomas' Church, Strasbourg, of which it now marks the focal point. The elaborate monument, under which de Saxe's remains were interred on 1777/08/20, shows Death holding a sandglass and calling him to the grave while a crying France tries to retain him, and Hercules weeps on the tomb's side. To the left are France's enemies personnified by three distraught animals: the German eagle, the Dutch lion, and the British lion, and their broken flags, while to the right are France's triumphant standards. In the middle stands the heroic marshal holding his baton, unfazed by his fate. Gérard de Nerval believed his majestic pose might have inspired the Commendatore's statue in Don Giovanni, based on the fact that Mozart had performed in the church in 1778 shortly after the monument's inauguration.

Maurice de Saxe has been the focus of several biographical works. Many previous errors in former biographies were corrected and additional information supplied in Karl von Weber's Moritz Graf von Sachsen, Marschall von Frankreich, nach archivalischen Quellen [Moritz Count of Saxony, Marshal of France, according to archival sources] (Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1863), in Saint-René Taillandier's Maurice de Saxe, étude historique d'après les documents des archives de Dresde [Maurice of Saxe, historical study according to the documents in the archives of Dresden] (1865) and in Karl Friedrich Vitzthum von Eckstädt Maurice de Saxe (Leipzig, 1861).

A biography in English is Jon Manchip White's Marshal of France: The Life and Times of Maurice, Comte de Saxe (1696–1750) (Rand McNally & Company, Chicago, 1962). See also the military histories of the period, especially Carlyle's Frederick the Great.

He is honoured in the Walhalla Memorial.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Maurice de Saxe


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List of Argentines

Argentines who are notable include:

Artists

 * Roberto Aizenberg, painter and sculptor
 * Oscar Alemán, jazz guitarist
 * Antonio Alice, portrait painter
 * Marcelo Álvarez, tenor
 * Fermín Arango, painter
 * Martha Argerich, concert pianist
 * Daniel Barenboim, pianist and conductor
 * Ricardo Basta, jewelry designer
 * Adolfo Bellocq, lithographer
 * Antonio Berni, painter
 * Norma Bessouet, painter
 * Miguel Ángel Biazzi, painter and sculptor
 * Erminio Blotta, sculptor
 * Julio Bocca, ballet dancer
 * Gino Boccasile, advertiser
 * Fabiana Bravo, soprano
 * Alberto Breccia, cartoonist
 * Emilio Caraffa, painter
 * Ricardo Carpani, muralist
 * Carybé, Argentine-Brazilian painter
 * Eleonora Cassano, dancer
 * Juan Carlos Castagnino, painter
 * Eduardo Catalano, architect and sculptor
 * Alejandro Christophersen, painter and architect
 * Ciruelo, cartoonist
 * Leonor Cecotto, painter, engraver
 * Gustavo Cochet, painter
 * Pío Collivadino, painter
 * Oscar Conti (Oski), cartoonist
 * Copi, cartoonist
 * Milagros Correch (born 1991), painter, muralist
 * Alicia Creus, visual artist
 * Delia Cugat, painter, multimedia artist
 * José Cura, tenor
 * Pablo Curatella Manes, sculptor
 * Ernesto de la Cárcova, painter
 * Jorge de la Vega, painter
 * Cesáreo Bernaldo de Quirós, painter
 * Ángel María de Rosa, sculptor
 * Helmut Ditsch, painter
 * Jorge Donn, dancer
 * Julio Ducuron, painter
 * Elizabeth Eichhorn, sculptor
 * Fernando Fader, painter
 * León Ferrari, constructivist sculptor
 * Leonor Fini, painter
 * Bernarda Fink, mezzo-soprano
 * Ingrid Fliter, pianist
 * Lucio Fontana, sculptor
 * Roberto Fontanarrosa, satirist and cartoonist
 * Norma Fontenla, ballerina
 * Raquel Forner, painter
 * Sol Gabetta, cellist
 * Manuel García Ferré, cartoonist
 * Nicolás García Uriburu, painter and ecologist
 * Gabriel Garrido, musician
 * José Walter Gavito, sculptor
 * Guillermo Gianninazzi, sculptor
 * Reinaldo Giudici, painter
 * Paloma Herrera, ballet dancer
 * Isabel Iacona, painter
 * Martín Irigoyen, composer and musician
 * Ana Kamien, dancer, choreographer, and actor
 * María Cristina Kiehr, soprano
 * Gyula Kosice, sculptor
 * Sebastian Krys, music producer
 * Horacio Lavandera, concert pianist
 * Julio Le Parc, sculptor
 * Lydia Kindermann, opera singer
 * Saul Lisazo, actor
 * Cándido López, painter
 * Alberto Lysy, concert violinist
 * Rómulo Macció, painter
 * Eduardo Mac Entyre, painter
 * Maitena, cartoonist
 * Tomás Maldonado, painter
 * Martín Malharro, painter
 * Marcel Martí, sculptor
 * Lucien-Achille Mauzan, advertiser, sculptor
 * Ad Minoliti, painter
 * Dominic Miller, guitarist
 * Marta Minujín, conceptual artist
 * Florencio Molina Campos, illustrator
 * Lola Mora, sculptor
 * Guillermo Mordillo, cartoonist
 * José Neglia, ballerino
 * Luis Felipe Noé, painter
 * Marianela Núñez, dancer
 * Miguel Ocampo, painter and diplomat
 * Marie Orensanz, conceptual artist
 * Ludmila Pagliero, ballet dancer
 * Raquel Partnoy, painter
 * Jorge Pepe, plastic artist and painter
 * Celis Pérez, painter and muralist
 * Emilio Pettoruti, painter
 * Anselmo Piccoli, painter
 * Marcelo Pombo, visual artist
 * Eolo Pons, painter
 * Alberto Portugheis, concert pianist
 * Elisa Pritzker, contemporary artist
 * Prilidiano Pueyrredón, painter
 * Antonio Pujía, sculptor
 * Quino, cartoonist
 * Benito Quinquela Martín, painter
 * Luciana Ravizzi, ballerina
 * Carlos P. Ripamonte, painter
 * Silvia Roederer, pianist
 * Guillermo Roux, painter
 * Hermenegildo Sábat, cartoonist
 * Alberto Saichann, illustrator
 * Eduardo Schiaffino, painter
 * Antonio Seguí, painter
 * Ronald Shakespear, graphic designer
 * María Isabel Siewers, classical guitarist
 * Ramón Silva, painter
 * María Simón, sculptor
 * Ricaro Liniers Siri, cartoonist
 * Eduardo Sívori, painter
 * Xul Solar, watercolorist, sculptor, inventor of languages
 * Benjamín Solari Parravicini, painter and psychic
 * Raúl Soldi, painter
 * Lino Enea Spilimbergo, painter
 * Sebastian Spreng, painter and stage designer
 * Juan Carlos Stekelman, painter
 * Ricardo Supisiche, painter
 * Silvia Torras, painter
 * Carlos Trillo, cartoonist
 * Luigi Trinchero, sculptor
 * Terig Tucci, violinist and composer
 * Rogelio Yrurtia, sculptor

Business

 * Jorge Antonio, industrialist
 * Otto Bemberg, industrialist
 * Jorge Brito, banker
 * Carlos Bulgheroni, industrialist
 * Eduardo Costantini, businessman
 * Francisco de Narváez, businessman
 * Torcuato di Tella, industrialist
 * Eduardo Elsztain, businessman
 * Alfredo Fortabat, industrialist
 * Marcos Galperin, internet entrepreneur
 * Daniel Hadad, businessman
 * Miguel Kiguel, economic and financial expert
 * Patrick Lynch, businessman and ancestor of Che Guevara
 * Francisco Macri, industrialist
 * Mauricio Macri, businessman and president of Argentina
 * Eduardo Madero, businessman
 * Carlos Miguens Bemberg, businessman
 * Nicolás Mihanovich, businessman
 * Enrique Mosconi, petroleum industry promoter
 * Patricio Peralta Ramos, developer
 * Gregorio Pérez Companc, businessman
 * Agostino Rocca, industrialist
 * Paolo Rocca, industrialist
 * Santiago Soldati, businessman
 * Enrique Susini, businessman
 * Ernesto Tornquist, businessman
 * Martín Varsavsky, businessman
 * Leandro Viotto, entrepreneur
 * Jaime Yankelevich, businessman and television pioneer

Composers

 * Ernesto Acher
 * Amancio Jacinto Alcorta
 * Eduardo Alonso-Crespo
 * Eduardo Arolas
 * Luis Bacalov
 * Agustín Bardi
 * Esteban Benzecry
 * José Antonio Bottiroli
 * Enrique Cadícamo
 * Jorge Calandrelli
 * Francisco Canaro
 * Juan José Castro
 * Mario Davidovsky
 * Julio de Caro
 * Carlos di Sarli
 * Homero Expósito
 * Gabino Ezeiza
 * Eduardo Falú
 * Juan de Dios Filiberto
 * Roberto Firpo
 * Gilardo Gilardi
 * Alberto Ginastera
 * Osvaldo Golijov
 * Carlos Guastavino
 * Martín Irigoyen
 * Rubén Juárez
 * Mauricio Kagel
 * Emilio Kauderer
 * Carlos López Buchardo
 * Enrique Maciel
 * Homero Manzi
 * Héctor Marcó
 * Rodolfo Mederos
 * Silvina Milstein
 * Juana Molina
 * Mariano Mores
 * Sixto Palavecino
 * Astor Piazzolla
 * Ariel Ramírez
 * Waldo de los Ríos
 * Gustavo Santaolalla
 * Vicente Scaramuzza
 * Lalo Schifrin
 * Oscar Strasnoy
 * Alicia Terzian
 * Alejandro Viñao
 * Ezequiel Viñao
 * Alberto Williams

A-K

 * Miguel Abuelo, musician
 * Alejandro Agresti, filmmaker
 * Antonio Agri, violinist
 * Pablo Alarcón, actor
 * Charly Alberti, drummer and activist
 * Jorge Facundo Arana, actor and musician
 * Tito Alberti, jazz drummer
 * Alfredo Alcón, actor
 * Norma Aleandro, actress
 * Oscar Alemán, guitarist
 * Pola Alonso, actress
 * Héctor Alterio, actor
 * Malena Alterio, actress
 * Luis César Amadori, film director
 * Blanquita Amaro, actress
 * Sandro de América, singer and actor
 * Mike Amigorena, actor and musician
 * Elvia Andreoli, actress
 * Héctor Anglada, actor
 * Graciela Araujo, actress
 * Carolina Ardohain, model
 * Imperio Argentina, actress and flamenco dancer
 * Helena Arizmendi, opera singer
 * Ana Arneodo, actress
 * Brenda Asnicar, actress and singer
 * Federico Aubele, musician
 * Fernando Ayala, filmmaker
 * Pedro Aznar, jazz bass guitarist
 * Héctor Babenco, filmmaker
 * Christian Bach, actress
 * Carlos Balá, children's television host
 * Monchi Balestra, radio personality and television host
 * Amelita Baltar, tango singer
 * Gato Barbieri, saxophonist
 * Dora Baret, actress
 * Daniel Barone, filmmaker
 * Sara Barrié, actress
 * Stephanie Beatriz, actress
 * Berenice Bejo, actress
 * María Luisa Bemberg, filmmaker
 * Amelia Bence, actress
 * Lorena Bernal, model and actress
 * Lola Berthet, actress
 * Florencia Bertotti, actress, producer and singer
 * Héctor Bidonde, actor and politician
 * Fabián Bielinsky, filmmaker
 * Mauricio "Moris" Birabent, rock composer and musician
 * Thelma Biral, actress
 * Betiana Blum, actress
 * Camila Bordonaba, actress, singer and musician
 * Tato Bores, humorist
 * Graciela Borges, actress
 * Patricio Borghetti, actor
 * Aída Bortnik, screenwriter
 * Zeta Bosio, bassist
 * Juan Diego Botto, actor
 * Elena Bozán
 * Haydée Bozán, actress
 * Sofía Bozán, actress
 * Olinda Bozán, actress
 * Luis Brandoni, actor and politician
 * Fabiana Bravo, soprano
 * Norman Briski, actor and theatre director
 * Argentina Brunetti, actress and writer
 * Alicia Bruzzo, actress
 * Rodrigo, cuarteto singer
 * Chris de Burgh, singer
 * Daniel Burman, film director
 * David Chocarro, actor and model
 * Facundo Cabral, singer
 * Israel Adrián Caetano, Uruguayan-Argentine filmmaker
 * Andrés Calamaro, songwriter and rock keyboard player
 * Liliana Caldini, actress, model, and television host
 * Miguel Caló, bandoneónist
 * Juan José Campanella, filmmaker
 * Marciano Cantero, singer
 * Norma Gladys Cappagli, Miss World 1960
 * Diego Capusotto, comedian
 * Moria Casán, dancer and actress
 * Ana Casares, actress
 * Alfredo Casero, TV entertainer
 * Ana Celentano, actress
 * Gustavo Cerati, singer and guitarist of Soda Stereo
 * Segundo Cernadas, actor
 * María Concepción César, vedette
 * Julio Chávez, actor
 * Paula Chaves, model and actress
 * Chenoa, singer
 * Agustina Cherri, actress and dancer
 * Graciana Chironi, actress
 * Jesica Cirio, dancer and model
 * Gustavo Collini-Sartor, butoh dancer
 * Felipe Colombo, actor, songwriter and musician Mexican-Argentine
 * Pascual Contursi, lyricist
 * Juan Carlos Copes, tango dancer and choreographer
 * Irma Córdoba, actress
 * Ada Cornaro, actress
 * Ignacio Corsini, singer
 * Antonella Costa, actress
 * María Teresa Costantini, actress
 * Edgardo Cozarinsky, filmmaker
 * Linda Cristal, actress
 * Quirino Cristiani, cartoonist and film director
 * Lito Cruz, actor and theatre director
 * Antonio Cunill Cabanellas, theatre director
 * Ben Cura, actor and director of film, television and theatre.
 * Patricia Dal, actress
 * Elsa Daniel, actress
 * Juan d'Arienzo, tango composer and bandleader
 * Ricardo Darín, actor
 * Pamela David, model
 * Sandro de América, singer
 * Eva De Dominici, actress and model
 * Florencia De La V, transsexual actress
 * Andrea del Boca, actress
 * Hugo del Carril, tango vocalist
 * Alberto de Mendoza, actor
 * Iván de Pineda, model and talk show host
 * Julieta Díaz, actress
 * Yamila Diaz-Rahi, model
 * Raúl di Blasio, pianist
 * Alejandro Dolina, writer, commentator and critic
 * Juanjo Domínguez, folk guitarist
 * Martin Donovan, filmmaker
 * Alejandro Doria, filmmaker
 * Dorismar, model, show host
 * María Clara D'Ubaldo, singer
 * Ulises Dumont, actor
 * Nancy Dupláa, actress
 * Paulette Duval, actress
 * Pablo Echarri, actor
 * Roberto Escalada, actor
 * Lali Espósito, actress and singer
 * Laura Natalia Esquivel, actress and singer
 * Ada Falcón, actress
 * Juan Falú, guitarist
 * Soledad Fandiño, actress and model
 * Leonardo Favio, actor, singer and filmmaker
 * José A. Ferreyra, filmmaker
 * Golde Flami, actress
 * Gabriela Flores, actress
 * Vera Fogwill, actress
 * Dolores Fonzi, actress
 * Guillermo Francella, actor and comic
 * Hugo Fregonese, film director
 * Mariano Frogioni, clarinettist
 * Mario Gallo, pioneering filmmaker
 * Verónica Gamba, model
 * Carlos Gandolfo, stage actor and director
 * Myrtha Garbarini (1926–2015), opera singer
 * Delia Garcés, actress
 * Charly García, musician
 * Ana García Blaya, film director
 * Antonio Gasalla, comedian
 * León Gieco, singer and musician
 * Susana Giménez, actress, show host
 * Araceli González, model and actress
 * Julie Gonzalo, actress
 * Roberto Goyeneche, tango vocalist
 * Roy Granata, jazz musician
 * Darío Grandinetti, actor
 * Gustavo Guillén, actor
 * Jorge Guinzburg, humorist and journalist
 * Rodrigo Guirao Díaz, actor and musician
 * Pablo Helman, visual effects supervisor
 * Antonia Herrero, actress
 * Olivia Hussey, actress
 * Adrián Iaies, jazz pianist
 * Narciso Ibáñez Menta, actor and filmmaker
 * Rocío Igarzabal, actress
 * Imperio Argentina, actress and singer
 * Carlos Inzillo, jazz clarinetist and producer
 * Martín Irigoyen, composer, musician
 * Carlos Jiménez, singer
 * Kevin Johansen, singer and musician
 * Juan José Jusid, filmmaker
 * Guido Kaczka, actor, producer and television show host
 * David Kavlin, actor, singer, radio and television host
 * Martín Karadagian, professional wrestler
 * Sergio Kleiner, actor
 * León Klimovsky, filmmaker

L-Z

 * La Argentina, flamenco dancer
 * La Argentinita, flamenco dancer
 * Lydia Lamaison, actress
 * Libertad Lamarque, singer and actress
 * Fernando Lamas, actor
 * Justo Lamas, singer
 * Mercedes Lambre, actress and singer
 * Romina Lanaro, model
 * Kurt Land, screenwriter and director
 * Víctor Laplace, actor
 * Noemi Lapzeon, ballet dancer, choreographer
 * María Cristina Laurenz, actress
 * René Lavand, magician
 * Raúl Lavié, tango vocalist
 * Ricardo Lavié, actor
 * Libertad Leblanc, actress
 * Inda Ledesma, actress and theatre director
 * Mirtha Legrand, actress and show host
 * Silvia Legrand, actress
 * Ana Lenchantin, cellist
 * Paz Lenchantin, bassist-violinist
 * Alejandro Lerner, songwriter and pianist
 * Saúl Lisazo, actor
 * Nélida Lobato, vedette
 * Marga López, actress
 * Carlos López Puccio, musician
 * Darío Lopilato, actor
 * Luisana Lopilato, actress and model
 * Florencia Lozano, actress
 * Silvina Luna, model and actress
 * Federico Luppi, actor
 * Virginia Luque, actress
 * Tito Lusiardo, actor
 * Mía Maestro, actress
 * Ángel Magaña, actor
 * Jorge Maggio, actor
 * Arturo Maly, actor
 * Mona Maris, actress
 * Jorge Maronna, musician
 * Jorge Marrale, actor
 * José Marrone, children's television host
 * Niní Marshall, comedian
 * Lucrecia Martel, theater and film director
 * Duilio Marzio, actor
 * Gerardo Masana, musician
 * Mirta Teresita Massa, Miss International 1967
 * Valeria Mazza, model and businesswoman
 * Claribel Medina, actress, Puerto Rican by birth, Argentine citizen
 * Esteban Mellino, comedian
 * Tita Merello, singer and actress
 * Juan Carlos Mesa, humorist and screenwriter
 * Nito Mestre, singer and rock musician
 * Eduardo Mignogna, filmmaker
 * Alberto Migré, writer and director
 * Amanda Miguel, singer
 * Sandra Mihanovich, musician
 * Juan Minujín, actor
 * Osvaldo Miranda, actor
 * Marianela Mirra, model and actress
 * Luis Moglia Barth, filmmaker
 * Juana Molina, actress and musician
 * Inés Molina, actress
 * Nuri Montsé, actress
 * Mercedes Morán, actress
 * Marcela Morelo, singer
 * Cris Morena, actress, writer and television producer
 * Zully Moreno, actress
 * Bertha Moss, actress
 * Marcos Mundstock, musician
 * Berta Muñiz, actress
 * Andres Muschietti, filmmaker
 * Barbara Muschietti, producer
 * Leonardo Nam, actor
 * Norma Nolan, Miss Universe 1962
 * Barry Norton, actor
 * Carlos Núñez Cortés, musician
 * Carlos Olguin-Trelawny, film director, screenwriter
 * Héctor Olivera, filmmaker
 * Alberto Olmedo, comedian
 * Palito Ortega, singer
 * Mecha Ortiz, actress
 * Fito Páez, songwriter and rock keyboard player
 * Pappo (Norberto Napolitano), rock musician
 * Florencio Parravicini, actor
 * Malvina Pastorino, actress
 * Soledad Pastorutti, folk and pop singer
 * Gastón Pauls, actor
 * Luciana Pedraza, actress and filmmaker
 * Carolina Peleritti, actress and model
 * César Pelli, architect
 * Diego Peretti, actor
 * Mario Pergolini, variety show host
 * Carla Peterson, actress
 * Melina Petriella, actress
 * Roberto Pettinato, TV entertainer
 * Ana María Picchio, actress
 * Malena Pichot, comedian and actress
 * Cecilia Pillado, actress, classical pianist, Argentine by birth
 * Marcelo Piñeyro, filmmaker
 * Jorge Polaco, filmmaker
 * Lola Ponce, singer, actress and model
 * Jorge Porcel, comedian
 * Naomi Preizler, model and artist
 * Jorge Preloran, filmmaker and a pioneer in ethnobiographic film making
 * Luca Prodan, Italian-born rock composer and leader of Argentine band Sumo
 * Luis Puenzo, filmmaker
 * Osvaldo Pugliese, tango composer
 * Eugène Py, pioneering cinematographer
 * Carla Quevedo, actress and designer
 * Lorenzo Quinteros, actor
 * Rodolfo Ranni, actor, Italian-born
 * Daniel Rabinovich, musician
 * Sergio Renán, director of film and theatre
 * Alejandro Rey, actor
 * Susana Rinaldi, singer
 * Calu Rivero, actress
 * Edmundo Rivero, tango singer
 * Inés Rivero, model
 * Nélida Roca, vedette
 * Belén Rodríguez, model and actress
 * Elena Roger, actress
 * Benjamín Rojas, actor, singer and musician
 * Alita Román, actress
 * Manuel Romero, filmmaker
 * Cecilia Roth, actress
 * Ariel Rotter, filmmaker
 * Ingrid Rubio, actress
 * Sebastián Rulli, actor
 * Mario Sábato, filmmaker
 * Sabrina Sabrok, model and TV entertainer
 * Horacio Salgán, pianist
 * Dino Saluzzi, jazz bandoneonist
 * Miguel Sánchez, comedian, actor, show host
 * Gustavo Santaolalla, composer and musician, Academy Award winner in 2006 and 2007
 * Julio Saraceni, filmmaker
 * Isabel Sarli, actress
 * Lidia Elsa Satragno, news anchor, talk show hostess and politician
 * Josefina Scaglione, actress and singer
 * María Martha Serra Lima, singer
 * Soledad Silveyra, actress
 * Fernando Siro, actor and director
 * Mario Soffici, actor
 * Alejandro Sokol, bassist and drummer
 * Miguel Ángel Solá, actor
 * Fernando Solanas, filmmaker and politician
 * Juan Soler, actor
 * Julia Solomonoff, actress
 * Pepe Soriano, actor
 * Carlos Sorín, filmmaker
 * Coti Sorokin, songwriter, musician, composer
 * Mercedes Sosa, folk singer
 * Hugo Soto, actor
 * Chango Spasiuk, folk musician and singer
 * Luis Alberto Spinetta, rock musician and composer
 * Bruno Stagnaro, filmmaker
 * Lita Stantic, filmmaker
 * Martina Stoessel, actress and singer
 * René Strickler, actor
 * Adrián Suar, actor and producer
 * María Eugenia Suárez, actress
 * Silvana Suárez, Miss World 1978
 * Eliséo Subiela, filmmaker
 * Damián Szifrón, filmmaker
 * Anya Taylor-Joy, actress
 * María del Luján Telpuk, model
 * Juan Carlos Thorry, actor and tango musician
 * Marcelo Tinelli, TV entertainer
 * Carlos Thompson, actor
 * Leopoldo Torre Nilsson, filmmaker
 * Diego Torres, actor, singer and musician
 * Leopoldo Torres Ríos, filmmaker
 * Yésica Toscanini, model
 * Pablo Trapero, filmmaker
 * Aníbal Troilo, tango bandoneonist and songwriter
 * Paulina Trotz, model
 * Daniela Urzi, model
 * Héctor Varela, tango musician
 * Micaela Vázquez, actress
 * Virginia Vera, singer and guitarist
 * Natalia Verbeke, actress
 * Diego Verdaguer, actor
 * Candela Vetrano, actress
 * Chunchuna Villafañe, actress
 * Soledad Villamil, actress
 * Lito Vitale, musician
 * Tomás Wicz, actor and musician
 * Alejandro Wiebe, television host
 * Axel Witteveen, musician
 * Atahualpa Yupanqui, folk songwriter and musician
 * Sofía Zámolo, model
 * Pablo Ziegler, Grammy award-winning pianist, composer and arranger
 * Olga Zubarry, actress

Fashion

 * Alan Faena, fashion designer and developer
 * Paco Jamandreu, haute couturier, confidant of First Lady Eva Perón

Journalism

 * Carlos Manuel Acuña, journalist
 * Horacio Badaraco, journalist and anarchist
 * Osvaldo Bayer, journalist and filmmaker
 * Andrés Bellatti, journalist
 * José Luis Cabezas, photojournalist
 * Andrés Cantor (born 1962), Emmy Award-winning soccer sportscaster
 * Alicia Dujovne Ortiz, journalist and biographer
 * Daniel Frescó, radio and television anchor
 * Andrew Graham-Yooll, news editor and writer
 * Enrique Gratas, television news reporter
 * Mariano Grondona, television anchorman
 * Hugo Guerrero Marthineitz, Peruvian-Argentine radio host and commentator
 * Leonardo Henrichsen, photojournalist
 * David Kraiselburd, newspaper publisher
 * Jorge Lanata, journalist and writer
 * José Mármol, journalist and writer
 * Karen Maron, war correspondent
 * Tomás Eloy Martínez, journalist, writer and newspaper founder
 * Fray Mocho (José Sixto Álvarez), journalist and writer
 * Eduardo Montes-Bradley, journalist, writer, filmmaker
 * Joaquín Morales Solá, journalist, commentator and anchor
 * Conrado Nalé Roxlo, journalist and writer
 * Roberto Noble, journalist, politician and publisher
 * Andrés Oppenheimer, television anchorman
 * Horacio Pagani, sportswriter and announcer
 * José María Pasquini Durán, journalist and writer
 * Roberto Payró, journalist and publisher
 * Pedro Sevcec, television anchorman
 * Rossana Cecilia Surballe, lawyer, journalist, and diplomat
 * Rodolfo Terragno, journalist and politician
 * Jacobo Timerman, journalist and writer
 * Bernardo Verbitsky, journalist and writer
 * Horacio Verbitsky, journalist, activist and writer
 * Constancio C. Vigil, journalist, writer and publisher
 * Fabian Waintal, journalist

Military

 * Ignacio Álvarez Thomas, early military leader
 * Pedro Aramburu, dictator, 1955–58
 * Manuel Belgrano, politician, creator of the Argentine flag in 1812
 * Guillermo Brown, distinguished admiral
 * Carlos María de Alvear, early military leader
 * Hippolyte de Bouchard, privateer and early captain of Argentine Navy
 * Federico de Brandsen, early military leader
 * Martín Miguel de Güemes, early military leader
 * Juan Gregorio de las Heras, early military leader
 * Juan Martín de Pueyrredón, early military leader
 * José de San Martín, general, liberator of Argentina, Chile and Perú from the Spanish Colony
 * Eustaquio Díaz Vélez, early military leader
 * Leopoldo Galtieri, dictator, 1981–82
 * Antonio González de Balcarce, early military leader
 * Juan Lavalle, early military leader
 * Juan Carlos Onganía, dictator, 1966–70
 * María Isabel Pansa (born 1961), first woman Army general
 * José María Paz, early military leader
 * Martín Rodríguez, early military leader
 * Saturnino José Rodríguez Peña, early military leader
 * José Rondeau, early military leader
 * Manuel Savio, steel industry promoter
 * Samuel Spiro, navy captain
 * Jorge Videla, dictator, 1976–81
 * Juan Domingo Perón, military general, president,

Politics

 * Josep Borrell Fontelles, Spanish politician serving as High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation in the Government of Spain. He acquired Argentine citizenship in 2019.
 * Pablo Rodriguez, politician
 * Rafael Grossi, politician
 * Juan Bautista Alberdi, constitutional scholar
 * Leandro Alem, founder of the centrist Radical Civic Union
 * Oscar Alende, reformist governor
 * Raúl Alfonsín, president, 1983–1989
 * Ricardo Alfonsín, politician
 * Álvaro Alsogaray, conservative economist
 * José Arce, diplomat
 * Ricardo Balbín, prominent leader of the "Unión Cívica Radical" party
 * José Ber Gelbard, Peronist economic adviser
 * Hermes Binner, Socialist governor of Santa Fe Province, the first so elected
 * Ángel Borlenghi, labor leader
 * Leopoldo Bravo, politician and diplomat
 * Teodoro Bronzini, former Socialist mayor of Mar del Plata, first to head a major Argentine city
 * Dante Caputo, diplomat
 * Elisa Carrió, politician
 * Domingo Cavallo, economist
 * Jorge Cepernic, governor
 * Julio Cobos, Vice President of Argentina
 * Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear, president, 1922–1928
 * Hebe de Bonafini, head of the Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
 * Alicia Moreau de Justo, wife of Juan B. Justo and prominent socialist leader
 * Fernando de la Rúa, president, 1999–2001
 * Francisco de Narváez, politician
 * Juan Manuel de Rosas, strongman, 1829–1952
 * Justo José de Urquiza, first president of the modern era
 * Guido di Tella, diplomat
 * Luis María Drago, diplomat
 * Eduardo Duhalde, president, 2002–2003
 * Aldo Ferrer, economist
 * Rogelio Frigerio, economist
 * Arturo Frondizi, president, 1958–1962
 * Rubén Giustiniani, politician
 * Ernesto "Che" Guevara, Marxist revolutionary
 * Daiana Hissa, Minister
 * Arturo Illía, president, 1963–66
 * Juan B. Justo, founder of the Argentine Socialist Party
 * Cristina Kirchner, president, 2007–2015
 * Néstor Kirchner, president, 2003–2007
 * Roberto Lavagna, economist
 * Miguel Braun, economist
 * Estanislao López, early pro-autonomy leader
 * José López Rega, fascist adviser to President Perón
 * José Alfredo Martínez de Hoz, conservative economist
 * Francisco Manrique, politician, creator of current national medical and housing funds
 * Carlos Menem, president, 1989–1999
 * Lorenzo Miguel, labor leader
 * Bartolomé Mitre, president, 1862–1868
 * Mariano Moreno, independence-era leader and reformer
 * Enrique Mosconi, promoter of national oil industry
 * Hugo Moyano, labor leader
 * Raimundo Ongaro, labor leader
 * Alfredo Palacios, socialist leader
 * Eva Perón, influential first lady
 * Isabel Perón, first lady and president, 1974–1976
 * Juan Perón, president, 1946–55, 1973–74
 * Juan Pistarini, public works minister and vicepresident
 * Raúl Prebisch, economist
 * Facundo Quiroga, early pro-autonomy leader
 * Bernardino Rivadavia, president
 * Julio Roca, president, 1880–1886, 1898–1904
 * Dardo Rocha, reformist governor and founder of La Plata
 * José Ignacio Rucci, labor leader
 * Carlos Saavedra Lamas, diplomat
 * Amadeo Sabattini, reformist governor
 * Roque Sáenz Peña, president and promulgator of the secret ballot in Argentina
 * Domingo Sarmiento, writer, educator and president (1868–1874)
 * Daniel Scioli, former speedboater, later vice president and governor
 * Oscar Soria, international political activist
 * Jorge Enea Spilimbergo, poet, Marxist theorist and politician
 * Margarita Stolbizer, politician
 * Saúl Ubaldini, labor leader
 * Dalmacio Vélez Sársfield, author of civil and commercial codes
 * Hipólito Yrigoyen, president 1916–1922, 1928–1930

Religion

 * Enrique Angelelli, assassinated Bishop of La Rioja
 * Sergio Bergman, rabbi, politician, pharmacist, writer and social activist
 * Jose Gabriel del Rosario Brochero, Roman Catholic priest canonized as a Saint on 16 October 2016
 * Mamerto Esquiú, friar and activist
 * Pope Francis (Jorge Mario Bergoglio), current head of the Catholic Church
 * José Gabriel Funes, Jesuit priest and director of the Vatican Observatory
 * Gauchito Gil, 19th-century healer
 * Claudio Lepratti, assassinated priest and anti-poverty activist
 * Carlos Mugica, assassinated priest and anti-poverty activist
 * Ceferino Namuncurá, saintly religious student, beatified in 2007
 * Pedro Opeka, priest, missionary and humanitarian
 * Luis Palau, prominent Protestant-evangelical preacher
 * Mario Pantaleo, priest, healer and humanitarian
 * Mario Rodríguez Cobos, spiritual leader, writer and activist
 * Abraham Skorka, rabbi and biophysicist

Royalty

 * Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, half Argentine
 * Princess Alexia of the Netherlands, half Argentine
 * Princess Ariane of the Netherlands, half Argentine
 * Queen Máxima of the Netherlands (Máxima Zorreguieta), Argentine

Sciences

 * Luis Agote, M.D., devised first safe blood transfusion
 * Juan Bautista Ambrosetti, anthropologist and naturalist
 * Florentino Ameghino, naturalist
 * Cosme Argerich, doctor
 * José Antonio Balseiro, nuclear physicist
 * Lino Barañao, biochemist and current Minister of Science
 * Dan Jacobo Beninson, nuclear physicist
 * Cecilia Berdichevsky, computer scientist
 * Jorge Bobone, astronomer
 * José Bonaparte, paleontologist
 * Eduardo Braun-Menéndez, physiologist
 * Mario Bunge, physicist
 * Hermann Burmeister, naturalist
 * Luis Caffarelli, mathematician
 * Alberto Calderón, mathematician
 * Ramón Carrillo, neurosurgeon and first Minister of Health
 * Carlos Ulrrico Cesco, astronomer
 * Rodolfo Coria, paleontologist
 * Miguel Rolando Covian, physiologist
 * Roberto Dabbene, ornithologist
 * Adolfo J. de Bold, PhD, scientist, considered the father of cardiovascular endocrinology,
 * Salvador Debenedetti, archaeologist
 * René Favaloro, surgeon, inventor of the coronary bypass surgery
 * Hilario Fernández Long, structural engineer and educator
 * Enrique Finochietto, surgeon and inventor of numerous surgical tools
 * Richard Gans, physicist
 * Mario Garavaglia, physicist
 * Ramón Enrique Gaviola, astrophysicist
 * Ana María Gayoso, marine biologist
 * Mario Giovinetto, geographer
 * Juan Hartmann, astronomer
 * Eduardo Ladislao Holmberg, geologist and zoologist
 * Bernardo Houssay, Nobel Laureate in Medicine and Physiology
 * Luis Huergo, engineer
 * Eva Verbitsky Hunt, anthropologist
 * Armando Theodoro Hunziker, botanist
 * Miguel Itzigsohn, astronomer
 * Jakob Laub, physicist
 * Luis Federico Leloir, Nobel Laureate in Chemistry
 * Domingo Liotta, M.D., cardiologist, and inventor of the first purely artificial heart
 * José María Mainetti, oncologist
 * Julio Isidro Maiztegui, epidemiologist
 * Juan Martín Maldacena, physicist
 * Salvador Mazza, epidemiologist
 * César Milstein, Nobel Laureate in Medicine and Pharmacology
 * Francisco Moreno, explorer
 * Julio Navarro, astrophysicist
 * Virpi Niemelä, astronomer
 * Fernando Novas, paleontologist
 * Guillermo O'Donnell, politic scientist
 * Miguel Ondetti, pharmaceutical scientist
 * Yolanda Ortiz (chemist), chemist, environmentalist
 * Evelia Edith Oyhenart, biological anthropologist
 * Raúl Pateras Pescara, helicopter pioneer
 * Livio Dante Porta, mechanical engineer
 * Marta Graciela Rovira, solar physicist
 * Jorge Sabato, physicist
 * Julio José Gustavo Sardagna, neurologist and neurosurgeon
 * Tito Scaiano, laser chemist
 * Carlos Segers, astronomer
 * Manuel Sadosky, computer scientist
 * Luis Santaló, mathematician
 * Friedrich Schickendantz, naturalist
 * Carlos Varsavsky, astrophysicist
 * Miguel Angel Virasoro, physicist
 * Juan Vucetich, inventor of the modern technique of fingerprinting.
 * Abraham Willink, entomologist
 * Roberto Zaldívar, ophthalmologist
 * Nadia Zyncenko, meteorologist

Writers

 * César Aira
 * Juan Argerich
 * Roberto Arlt
 * Hilario Ascasubi
 * Enrique Banchs
 * Héctor Bianciotti
 * Adolfo Bioy Casares
 * Isidoro Blaisten
 * Jorge Luis Borges
 * Elsa Bornemann
 * José Antonio Bottiroli
 * Silvina Bullrich
 * Susana Calandrelli
 * Eugenio Cambaceres
 * Miguel Cané
 * Martín Caparrós
 * Evaristo Carriego
 * Leonardo Castellani
 * Abelardo Castillo
 * Haroldo Conti
 * Gabino Coria Peñaloza
 * Julio Cortázar
 * Roberto Cossa
 * Agustín Cuzzani
 * Estanislao del Campo
 * Emma de Cartosio
 * Marco Denevi
 * Antonio di Benedetto
 * Beatriz Doumerc
 * Osvaldo Dragún
 * Esteban Echeverría
 * Samuel Eichelbaum
 * Fogwill
 * Jorge Fondebrider
 * Luis Franco
 * Rodrigo Fresán
 * Silvio Frondizi
 * Griselda Gambaro
 * Juan Gelman
 * Alberto Gerchunoff
 * Oliverio Girondo
 * Angélica Gorodischer
 * Carlos Gorostiza
 * Juana Manuela Gorriti
 * Paul Groussac
 * Eduardo Gudiño Kieffer
 * Beatriz Guido
 * Ricardo Güiraldes
 * Eduardo Gutiérrez
 * Tulio Halperín Donghi
 * José Hernández
 * Guillermo Enrique Hudson
 * Enrique Anderson Imbert
 * José Ingenieros
 * Isol
 * Roberto Juarroz
 * Alicia Jurado
 * Joseph Kessel
 * Igor Sergei Klinki
 * Alejandro Korn
 * María Hortensia Lacau
 * Osvaldo Lamborghini
 * Alfredo Le Pera
 * Belén López Peiró
 * Vicente López y Planes
 * Leopoldo Lugones
 * Félix Luna
 * Benito Lynch
 * Eduardo Mallea
 * Leopoldo Marechal
 * Ezequiel Martínez Estrada
 * Guillermo Martínez
 * Tomás Eloy Martínez
 * Carlos Mastronardi
 * José Nicolás Matienzo
 * Leonardo Moledo
 * Ricardo Molinari
 * Eduardo Montes-Bradley
 * Manuel Mujica Láinez
 * Rafael Obligado
 * Silvina Ocampo
 * Victoria Ocampo
 * Pacho O'Donnell
 * Héctor Germán Oesterheld
 * Olga Orozco
 * Juan L. Ortiz
 * Calixto Oyuela
 * Pedro Bonifacio Palacios
 * Alicia Partnoy
 * Josefina Passadori
 * Ivo Pelay
 * Ricardo Piglia
 * Felipe Pigna
 * Alejandra Pizarnik
 * Antonio Porchia
 * Juan Carlos Portantiero
 * Manuel Puig
 * Andrés Rivera
 * Arturo Andrés Roig
 * Ricardo Rojas
 * Ernesto Sabato
 * Juan José Saer
 * Beatriz Sarlo
 * Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
 * Osvaldo Soriano
 * Rafael Squirru
 * Alfonsina Storni
 * Mario Trejo
 * Alberto Vaccarezza
 * Luisa Valenzuela
 * Florencio Varela
 * David Viñas
 * María Elena Walsh
 * Rodolfo Walsh
 * Juan Rodolfo Wilcock

Other

 * Daniel Adler, lawyer
 * Amancio Alcorta, diplomat and scholar
 * Marcella Althaus-Reid, theologian
 * Mario Roberto Álvarez, architect
 * María Angélica Barreda, first woman lawyer in Argentina
 * Pedro Benoit, urbanist and architect
 * Mabel Bianco (born 1941), physician and women's rights activist
 * László Bíró, inventor of the ballpoint pen
 * Gloria Bonder, psychologist
 * Eliana Bórmida, architect
 * Eduardo Bradley, aerostat pilot
 * Juan Antonio Buschiazzo, architect
 * Alejandro Bustillo, architect
 * Susana Chiarotti, lawyer and women's rights activist
 * Julio Dormal, architect
 * Rosa Dubovsky, feminist, anarchist
 * Gato Dumas, chef and restaurateur
 * Carlos Escudé, political scientist
 * María Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat, executive
 * Iván Germán Velázquez, former police officer living in Uruguay
 * Francisco Gianotti, architect
 * Julio Godio, historian
 * Carlos Bernardo González Pecotche, pedagogian and philosopher
 * Clotilde González de Fernández (1880–1935), educator, writer
 * Roberto Grau, chess player
 * Soto Grimshaw, explorer and naturalist
 * Daniel Grinbank, producer
 * Ernesto Garzón Valdés, philosopher
 * Paul Groussac, encyclopedist and librarian
 * Juan María Gutiérrez, educator
 * Carlos Heller, credit union leader
 * Otto Krause, educator
 * Juan Carlos Lectoure, boxing promoter
 * Roberto Maidana, interviewer
 * Anibal Mistorni, luthier
 * Juan Moreira, righteous outlaw
 * José Luis Murature, diplomat and newspaper editor
 * Miguel Najdorf, chess player
 * Eduardo Newbery, aerostat pilot
 * Jorge Newbery, aviation pioneer
 * Ernestina Herrera de Noble, publisher
 * Alejandro Orfila, diplomat and winemaker
 * Horacio Pagani, auto designer
 * Mario Palanti, architect
 * Oscar Panno, chess player
 * José C. Paz, publisher
 * César Pelli, architect
 * Amanda Peralta (1939–2009), guerrilla fighter, later historian in Sweden's Gothenburg University
 * Adolfo Perez Esquivel, human rights activist and Nobel prize winner
 * Rogelio Pfirter, diplomat
 * Patricio Pouchulu, architect
 * Maria Verónica Reina, disability rights activist
 * Carlos Saavedra Lamas, academian, politician, the first Latin American Nobel Peace Prize winner
 * Francisco Salamone, architect
 * Raúl Scalabrini Ortiz, political and social theorist
 * Orlando Sconza, professor
 * José María Sobral, Antarctic explorer
 * Gerardo Sofovich, producer
 * Vicente Solano Lima, publisher and politician
 * Viktor Sulčič, architect
 * Celia Tapias, first female lawyer in Buenos Aires
 * Clorindo Testa, architect
 * Carlos Thays, renowned landscape architecture
 * Margarita Trlin, architect
 * Azucena Villaflor de Vicenti, murdered activist
 * Fausto Vitello, skateboarder and publisher
 * Amancio Williams, architect
 * Carina González, researcher focused on artificial intelligence and e-learning.

title: List of Argentines


text:
Trench

A trench is a type of excavation or depression in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully, or ditch), and narrow compared with its length (as opposed to a simple hole or pit).

In geology, trenches result from erosion by rivers or by geological movement of tectonic plates. In civil engineering, trenches are often created to install underground utilities such as gas, water, power and communication lines. In construction, trenches are dug for foundations of buildings, retaining walls and dams, and for cut-and-cover construction of tunnels. In archaeology, the "trench method" is used for searching and excavating ancient ruins or to dig into strata of sedimented material. In geotechnical engineering, trenches serve for locating faults and investigating deep soil properties. In trench warfare, soldiers occupy trenches to protect them against weapons fire and artillery.

Trenches are dug by use of manual tools such as shovels and pickaxes, or by heavy equipment such as backhoes, trenchers and excavators.

For deep trenches, the instability of steep earthen walls requires engineering and safety techniques such as shoring. Trenches are usually considered temporary structures to be backfilled with soil after construction, or abandoned after use. Some trenches are stabilized using durable materials such as concrete to create open passages such as canals and sunken roadways.

Geology

Some trenches are created as a result of erosion by running water or by glaciers (which may have long since disappeared). Others, such as rift valleys or oceanic trenches, are created by geological movement of tectonic plates. Some oceanic trenches include the Mariana Trench and the Aleutian Trench. The former geoform is relatively deep (approximately 10 km), linear and narrow, and is formed by plate subduction when plates converge.

Civil engineering
In the civil engineering fields of construction and maintenance of infrastructure, trenches play a major role. They are used for installation of underground infrastructure or utilities (such as gas mains, water mains, communication lines and pipelines) that would be obstructive or easily damaged if placed above ground. Trenches are needed later for access to these installations for service. They may be created to search for pipes and other infrastructure whose exact location is no longer known ("search trench" or "search slit"). Finally, trenches may be created as the first step of creating a foundation wall. Trench shoring is often used in trenchworks to protect workers and stabilise the steep walls.

An alternative to digging trenches is to create a utility tunnel. Such a tunnel may be dug by boring or by using a trench for cut-and-cover construction. The advantages of utility tunnels are the reduction of maintenance manholes, one-time relocation, and less excavation and repair, compared with separate cable ducts for each service. When they are well mapped, they also allow rapid access to all utilities without having to dig access trenches or resort to confused and often inaccurate utility maps.

An important advantage to placing utilities underground is public safety. Underground power lines, whether in common or separate channels, prevent downed utility cables from blocking roads, thus speeding emergency access after natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and tsunamis.

In some cases, a large trench is dug and deliberately preserved (not filled in), often for transport purposes. This is typically done to install depressed motorways, open railway cuttings, or canals. However, these large, permanent trenches are significant barriers to other forms of travel, and often become de facto boundaries between neighborhoods or other spaces.

Military engineering
Trenches have often been dug for military purposes. In the pre-firearm era, they were mainly a type of hindrance to an attacker of a fortified location, such as the moat around a castle (this is technically called a ditch). An early example of this can be seen in the Battle of the Trench, a religious war, one of the early battles fought by Muhammad.

With the advent of accurate firearms, trenches were used to shelter troops. Trench warfare and tactics evolved further in the Crimean War, the American Civil War and World War I, until systems of extensive main trenches, backup trenches (in case the first lines were overrun) and communication trenches often stretched dozens of kilometres along a front without interruption, and some kilometres further back from the front line. The area of land between trenches in trench warfare is known as "No Man's Land" because it often offers no protection from enemy fire. After WW1 had concluded, the trench became a symbol of WW1 and its horrors.

Archaeology
Trenches are used for searching and excavating ancient ruins or to dig into strata of sedimented material to get a sideways (layered) view of the deposits – with a hope of being able to place found objects or materials in a chronological order. The advantage of this method is that it destroys only a small part of the site (those areas where the trenches, often arranged in a grid pattern, are located). However, this method also has the disadvantage of only revealing small slices of the whole volume, and modern archeological digs usually employ combination methods.

Safety
Trenches that are deeper than about 1.5 m present safety risks arising from their steep walls and confined space. These risks are similar those from pits or any steep-walled excavations. The risks include falling, injury from cave-in (wall collapse), inability to escape the trench, drowning and asphyxiation.
 * Falling into the trench. Mitigation methods include barriers such as railings or fencing.
 * Injury from cave-in, meaning collapse of a steep wall. Mitigation includes construction of sloped walls (sloped trench) or stepped walls (benched trench). For vertical walls, trench shoring stabilizes the walls, and trench shielding provides a barrier against collapsed material. The risk of cave-in increases from surcharge load, which is any weight placed outside the trench near its edge. These loads include the spoil pile (soil excavated from the trench) or heavy equipment. These add extra stress to the walls of the trench.
 * Inability to escape the trench because of steep and unstable walls, which may be difficult to climb. Ladders, stairs, or ramps allow exit. Cranes may assist rescue.
 * Drowning in water or mud that has accumulated in the trench from rain, seepage, or leaking water pipes.
 * Asphyxiation, poisoning, fire and explosion from gasses that are denser than air that have settled in a trench. These may come from nearby industrial processing of these gasses, intentional use within the trench, or leakage from nearby plumbing. These present an asphyxiation hazard and may also be toxic. Burnable gasses such as natural gas present a fire and explosion risk. Oxidizers such as pure oxygen increase the risk of fire from other fuels present in the trench. Gasses such as pure nitrogen and natural gas have densities similar to pure air but are denser when cold, for example when they have evaporated from liquid form, and may creep along the ground and fill the trench. Ventilation fans and ducts reduce the risk. Oxygen sensors and other gas sensors detect the danger; alarms from the sensors can warn the occupants.

title: Trench