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Corryong

Corryong is a small town in Victoria, Australia 120 km east of Albury-Wodonga, near the upper reaches of the Murray River and close to the New South Wales border. At the, Corryong had a population of 1,348.

The post office opened on 1 February 1874. The town also has its own airport.

Corryong hosts The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival, held annually in April.

Education
Corryong is supported by a variety of service clubs, a hospital and schools. It has a Catholic primary and Corryong College P-12 school. The college has approximately 300(2019) students. Corryong is also home to the Australian Institute of Flexible Learning (AIFL) which offers 100% online education to all of Australia.

Geography
Its location makes it the Victorian gateway to the New South Wales snowfields, including the Thredbo ski village, and the Snowy Mountains Scheme. It is a way station for many travellers, particularly those on motorcycles, travelling across Australia's highest mountains. Other tourists come to fish in the river and other nearby waterways, or to partake in horseriding around the mountain areas surrounding the town.

It is also of note as the home of Jack Riley, a hermit stockman employed by John Pierce of Greg Greg Station for 23 years to run cattle at Tom Groggin 60 km upriver from. The local government uses this claim extensively in its tourist promotions, and holds The Man from Snowy River Bush Festival annually

Corryong is close to the Burrowa-Pine Mountain National Park and the massive Alpine National Park. The Kosciuszko National Park is located nearby across the state border. Both of these areas were extensively burnt in the bushfires which raged through the region in January 2003 and in the summer of 2019/20.

Industry
Industries in the area involve mainly agriculture and forestry, particularly beef and dairy farming. The forestry industries include both the harvesting of native eucalypts and of the extensive pine plantations in the area, which extend along a general high-rainfall zone from Tumbarumba in the northeast to Shelley in the southwest.

Climate
Corryong has a borderline oceanic/humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfb/Cfa) with warm, dry summers that are chilly by morning and cool, wet winters with persistent cloud cover. The seasonal range of maximum temperatures between January and July, is especially marked. Sleet occurs in winter and snow may also occur.

The airport site is somewhat lower and flatter than the now decommissioned town site, attaining greater extremes in temperature. Since 2006 there is a general increase in rainfall with a newfound tendency to fall in the summer months (though still retaining a winter peak).

Sport
Golfers play at the Corryong Golf Club on Donaldson Street, a nine-hole course.

The town is the centre of the Upper Murray Football League, an Australian Rules Football competition which began in 1893. Corryong is home to two of the three foundation clubs: Corryong FC, which has been based in the town from 1893 and Federal FC, formerly the Mount Elliot Miners and renamed in 1901 to celebrate the Federation of Australia and moved to be fully based at Corryong around the same time.

Historical grandstand
The Corryong Recreation Reserve was the home of the Grandstand, known as "The Grand Old Lady" to some locals in the Upper Murray community.

In late 1902 the idea was raised for the possible building of a grandstand at the Corryong Recreation Reserve which would be shared between the Corryong Race Club & the A&P Society (today known as the Corryong & Upper Murray A&P Society Inc.). Fundraising started almost immediately through a range of means including "Bazaars", and by 1905 arrangements were in place to erect the grandstand. On 14 February 1906 an ad was placed calling for tenders, and on 22 June 1906 the contract was let for A£393 with work to proceed shortly.

"GRANDSTAND OPENED. At today's race meeting the new grandstand will receive its initiation. The contractor (Mr. Tom Greenhill) has done his work well, and Corryong may justly claim to have the largest building of the kind outside Albury. The design is elegant and the height of the stand ensures a splendid view over all parts of the course. The Racing Club has completed the fencing of the saddling paddock adjoining, and a new publicans booth and fruit stall have been erected, while the luncheon booth has been removed to a suitable site near the stand. The public will find the new improvements a great advantage and the clubs should benefit accordingly. We trust that the year of 1907 will commence a new era of prosperity for all the local institutions, and that they will continue to work amicably together, for co-operation in these matters lighten the burden on the general public - and that in a small community like ours, is a most important consideration."

Many years passed since the Grandstand was opened before the Corryong Racing Club left, leaving the A&P Society with sole ownership of the grandstand. Additional the neighbouring Towong Turf Club's "Towong Grandstand" was built by Tom Greenhill around the same time and done in a similar style to the "Corryong Grandstand". It's unclear when the Corryong Recreation Reserve was repurposed for football but sometime after both the Corryong Football Club & the Federal Football Club moved here, with each building their own clubrooms.

However, by early 2014, after many years of neglect the grandstand was deemed unsafe to the public, and was fenced off to stop any public access. On 2 September 2014, it was announced that there were plans to demolish the historic 108-year-old Corryong Grandstand as part of plans to refurbish the Towong Grandstand at the Towong Turf Club. The Corryong Grandstand was not heritage listed on either the Australian National Heritage List or the Victorian Heritage Register. After public backlash from the Upper Murray community the Facebook page "Corryong Grandstand - Stand By Me" was established on 29 September 2014 and a petition started on Change.Org. After gathering submissions from members of the community, the group had a meeting with VCAT scheduled for 10 April 2015 in Melbourne, but was later rescheduled for 8 May 2015, in Wodonga. An announcement regarding its fate was scheduled to take place on 1 June 2015. In the 10 September 2015 edition of the Corryong Courier the grandstand made the front page with the headline reading "Last Stand? Death knell sounds for grandstand."

Notable residents

 * John M. Hull, a professor of religious education (born in Corryong on 22 April 1935)
 * Lee Kernaghan, a country musician (born in Corryong on 15 April 1964)
 * Corrine Grant, an actress and comedian (born in Corryong on 12 June 1973)
 * Horrie the Wog Dog, a terrier, unofficial mascot of the 2/1st Machine Gun Battalion (died in Corryong 12 March 1945)
 * Elyne Mitchell, champion skier, cattlewoman, and author of the Silver Brumby series of children's books (who died in Corryong). The local library is named after her.

title: Corryong


text:
Wikipedia talk:Special characters

Moved from Village pump:

Recently I have seen some pages being created with special characters in their title (eg. Istiklâl Marsi, François Paul Jules Grévy, Émile Saisset, etc.). I'd like to know if this is accepted policy. If so, should the special character be typed in straight from the keyboard (eg. "é"), by its HTML entity name (eg. "é") or by some other means? After all, and strictly speaking, the guy's name is not Francois but François. D.D. 11:26 Jan 29, 2003 (UTC)

 * Some people only want to allow 7 bit ASCII for page titles while a growing majority want to allow full 8 bit extended ASCII which allows for accented and other Latin-1-based characters. Some older browsers (esp. on Mac OS 9x) destroy keyboard-generated é characters. But this is becoming less and less of a problem for at least Latin-1 characters (the situation for UTF is a HUGE mess with MANY browsers breaking characters). However many English-speaking users don't know how to create these extended Latin-1 characters at all so the only way they can link directly to François Paul Jules Grévy is to copy the characters. This is bad and very unwiki. It would therefore be very nice if the software treated Francois Paul Jules Grevy as a synonym of the accented name. That way users who don't know how to create the special characters can easily still link to article titles which have them. Of course, if and when there is widely accepted Anglicization you really should use that instead. --mav

 * We could freely add redirects with unaccented titles to article with accented titles, like I just did for François P.J. Grévy, and suggest people to do so. (BTW, is putting all a person's first names in the title really useful and recommended ? I'd answer "no" to the first question, it's a bit of a nuisance for me. I'm afraid the current informal policy answers "yes" to the second question.) --FvdP 20:32 Jan 29, 2003 (UTC)
 * But this only solves part of the problem (people may want to link to articles for which the redirect is not done yet). I would agree with automatic redirects, when no article exists under the unaccented title. --FvdP 20:38 Jan 29, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the answers. I think those redirects are a sensible solution to the problem. I'll stick with that for the time being. D.D. 09:07 Jan 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * Can we have the same auto-redirects for mis-capitalisation? If there's no article under the uncapitalised title, of course.
 * How will these "auto" redirects work? It is easy enough to strip the cedilla off of François, but in Norwegian, sometimes the Å (a separate letter in the Norsk alphabet) is rendered as Å and sometimes as Aa.   The Aa is probably what Norwegians would expect to see in English, but maybe not.  See Talk:Åfjord for a brief, slightly informed discussion.  By the time you went through all these cases in all languages you'd have a pretty big table and likely some conflicts.  Aren't handmade redirects like Aafjord safer?  Ortolan88
 * Why not make it as simple as possible, and if there are more difficult cases, just ignore them. Surely that way we get a system better than our current one which is simple, easy ot maintain and unlikely to run into problems. Maybe when you click on an edit link for something like united states of america, in the explanation on how to edit the page it could give suggestions as what this page may be trying to link to? i.e. United States of America Smelialichu 16:19 Jan 31, 2003 (UTC)

Moved from Village pump:

When I write an "a" with an acute accent is it best to use the code (ie. "&aacute;") or just the letter itself ("á")? Or is there no difference? -- sannse 13:40 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * The letter itself, see Special characters. - Patrick 14:28 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * I beg to differ. Quoting from the above mentioned Special characters page

 * Use an HTML named character entity reference like "&aacute;" . This is the most reliable method, and is unambiguous even when the server does not announce the use of any special character set, and even when the character does not display properly on some browsers.

 * which seems to imply, and it would be my experiance that the HTML named character entity reference like &aacute is FAR better than inserting an #0160 directly. Rick Boatright 14:55 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

But Special characters also says "For the purpose of searching, a word with a special character can best be written using the first method." (c&p etc.) "If the second method is used a word like Odiliënberg can only be found by searching for Odili, euml and/or nberg" So now I'm confused again. -- sannse 15:42 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * bear in mind that many pages including that one were written when the Wikipedia software couldn't handle accents at all. I'm sure one of the devs (eg Brion :-) will be along to tell us ... - Tarquin 17:20 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * That page is obsolete, pay it no mind. ;) Seriously though, let me lay it out:
 * &aacute; or the uglier, but just as correct &#160; will work in darn near any browser, for both viewing and editing.
 * but under our current system, it won't turn up correctly in searches
 * inserting à should work correctly in darn near any browser, for both viewing and editing.
 * A small number of oddly-configured browsers might munge it on editing. However this is fairly rare for the latin-1 wikis. (There is more trouble with UTF-8 and older browsers, see Meta.wikipedia.org technical issues, but the English Wikipedia wiki is currently latin-1)
 * Search works!
 * Note also that titles are another matter. We do allow, and some of us encourage, accented chars in titles. There is a very small portion of the browser world that chokes on these (namely, Konqueror prior to 3.1, I'm told it's now fixed). Named characters references in the text of a link should be automatically be converted to the appropriate character for linking purposes (but there are some funnies when using numeric references; currently these go to UTF-8 as their primary use in linking is the interlanguage links... someday this'll all be smoothed out. :) --Brion 17:39 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

Okay, so let me see... Both work in almost any browser, but both have problems in some cases. So, erm, which should we prefer? I think I missed the actual answer there, but I'm probably just being dim... :) -- Oliver P. 17:48 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * Àààààààààààààààààààààààààààààà! --Brion 17:53 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

Heh! thanks, I was just trying to figure out the best way of asking again myself :) I think I've got it - I should use the characters themselves in the text to facilitate searching. (I also find it a lot easier to see what I've written that way).

As for titles: I've seen a few pages where the unaccented characters are used in a redirect page. So if someone searches for the unaccented word they don't miss a page that uses accents in the title or text. This seems useful, or is it not? sannse 17:58 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

 * That's mainly to catch links by people who can't/won't/don't think to use the accented character. But yeah, it catches searches too. --Brion 18:53 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

IE 6.0 does not show the red diamond above.

 * 1) Test with &diams; for your browser: ♦

works for IE 6.0, does not work for Menchi's browser.

Any solution? - Patrick 08:01 May 8, 2003 (UTC)
 * The black diamond (without all the extra code) shows up fine in IE 6.0 (on XP) for me. -- Minesweeper 08:26 May 8, 2003 (UTC)
 * Okay, this is very interesting. The black diamond shows up for me in the default skin, but with the Blue Cologne skin, the diamond does not show up in IE 6.  Of course everything shows up fine in Moz 1.3. - Minesweeper 06:54 May 9, 2003 (UTC)

 * I use IE 5.5 on WinNT 4, and the ♦ symbol shows up fine for me. -- Erzengel 08:29 May 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * I stuck in an extra copy, with what I suspect were some of those MS-y "smart quotes" replaced with regular quotes. How's that? They both work for me, Galeon-1.2.10/Mozilla-1.3. -- John Owens 08:33 May 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * I removed my test (accidently with smart quotes in the text, but not in the test itself) to avoid confusion. The black diamond (without the extra code) I do not see, even though I also have IE 6.0 on XP. - Patrick 08:59 May 8, 2003 (UTC)

If people generally find the somewhat editorial part of my recent edit, about disliking the smart quotes & &rsquo; apostrophes on prinicple, to be too preachy and/or POV, feel free to NPOV or delete it (I'd prefer it stay in some form, obviously). The warning about HTML tags & smart quotes should definitely be there, though. -- John Owens 07:53 19 May 2003 (UTC)

I am... a bit... speechless at this page, and at all the comments in this thread. Clearly, the current (Latin-1-centric) situation is full of problems, annoyances and nuisances:
 * 1) Limiting page titles to Latin-1 is a problem; It is very (and I mean very) annoying for a non-English speaker to see a word in their language (or the name of a city in their country) stripped of all the diacritical marks (example: Lodz); it makes a very unprofessional, anglocentric and ignorant impression. (I certainly hope nobody is thinking of replying to say Polish speakers shouldn't be reading the English version of Wikipedia.)
 * 2) Inputting non-Latin-1 characters is more than cumbersome, if not impossible for some users, even when they have the software (e.g. Chinese IME). The outlined "trick" for CJK characters does not work for me; I just keep getting question marks. So, to input CJK characters, I would have to look up the Unicode value of every single one of them and input them as numerical entities -- how much more difficult than necessary is that? Additionally, it wastes your disk space, but I suppose that's not much of a problem just now.

In comparison to that, the minor trivial problems some unpopular outdated browsers have with UTF-8 seem negligible. So... why does this site not use UTF-8? I don't know what your plans for the future are, but certainly you're not planning to stick with Latin-1 forever? You'll probably have to switch to UTF-8 some time in the future, so you might as well do it now because you have less data to convert now. -- Timwi 02:03 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Latin-1-centricism also cause difficulty in translating English and French articles to CJK Wikipedias. As we'd have to manually change the Unicode# back to true characters again. Or we'd have to copy the text from the webpage (not the editing page), but that'd lose all Wikification. --Menchi 02:07 18 Jun 2003 (UTC)

Cyrillic characters
Moved from Village pump

Does anybody know if there is a way to copy and paste Cyrillic characters? Whenever I try, I just get a row of question marks - is it possible at all? -- Cordyph 18:49, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * It works for me with Mozilla - I did it several times with russian cosmonauts before, see e.g. Vladimir Komarov. Maybe your browser does not convert the russian characters to the Unicode numbers like Б . -- andy 21:23, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Wait a moment, I just activate my Mozilla browser - yes, that works fine. I just tried this in Opera 7, but next time I will activate my Mozilla for correct character conversion - thanks a lot for the hint. (Hephaestos just told me that he has entered all the unicode values directly - appears to be a lot of unnecessary work) -- Cordyph 21:44, 29 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Iam facing a problem with these chars(АаБ...Яя), when use in IE, it is treating as normal latin char(range from 192-255), but actual vals for these are 1040-1103 given.. pls help me as how we can treat these in IE...А —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.163.216.217 (talk) 07:38, 30 April 2008 (UTC)

Un-typeable characters
Could someone give me info on how to display characters not on the standard US keyboard on Wikipedia. First of all, what is the best way to display such characters? I have seen a few ways in the past. Second, is there a listing or website somewhere which shows a table or something of all the different characters and their codes? MB 18:12, Aug 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * Does the table on Special_characters help? —Frecklefoot 18:17, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * And what about Start/Programs/Accessories/System Tools/Character Map, if you have it? (Might need switching to Unicode.) (Or, just install a lot of keyboard layouts.) Ксип Cyp 18:21, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

 * Charmap is fine for one or two characters otherwise a bit tedious to use. For several European languages you'll find a 'World Keyboard' at Bable Fish. Erik Zachte 23:14, 8 Aug 2003 (UTC)

Plan to move this page to meta soon
We need one place to develop MediaWiki documentation so I'm starting a project-neutral MediaWiki User's Guide in meta and think it would be a good idea to cross wiki redirect this page to meta:MediaWiki User's Guide: Creating special characters as soon as I'm done with the conversion (before that I will change each link to this page to a direct one to meta so that it appears correctly as an external link). --mav 04:11, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

Unicode
Please see the history of David Hume. An anonymous user is attempting to insert Unicode special characters into the article, and has had a modicum of support in this purpose. There's no problem when viewing the article, but when you attempt to edit it, you have to delete several characters in order to remove the codes if it becomes necessary. I'd hate to see this become a de facto standard on Wikipedia. RickK 16:42, 3 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I hate them too. It makes it harder to edit, especially when there is a long string in a row. Don't most modern browsers support just pasting in the characters. What is the actual problem with doing that? If there is anything wrong with that, maybe the characters could be parsed so that when editing they look like normal characters, but when the page appears for display they are in Unicode. Dori | Talk 16:52, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * I agree except for &mdash; (—) which I think is better than using two dashes (--). Here's the transform (perl code) I've been using to fix special characters.  This (well, the guideline, not the code) should go into the manual of style if it's not there already.

# smart quotes s/[\x93\x94]+/\"/gs;    s/[\x92\xb2\xb9]+/\'/gs;     s/[\xb3]+/\`/gs;     s/[\x96]+/-/gs;     # HTML escapes     s/\&#8211;/-/gs;    # &ndash;     s/\&#8212;/&mdash;/gs;     s/\&#8216;/\`/gs;   # &lsquo;     s/\&#8217;/\'/gs;   # &rsquo;     s/\&#8220;/\"/gs;   # &ldquo; s/\&#8221;/\"/gs;  # &rdquo;     # unwanted HTML escapes     s/\&ndash;/-/gs;     s/\&lsquo;/\`/gs;     s/\&rsquo;/\'/gs;     s/\&ldquo;/\"/gs; s/\&rdquo;/\"/gs;
 * Daniel Quinlan 17:40, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * &mdash; and &ndash; do not display on some older browsers. So I use Unicode for them. This may be why you are seeing others as well. Fernkes 21:30, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * &mdash; should be used in articles. If it's an issue for display in HTML, then the Wikipedia software could do a transform to the Unicode character when generating HTML from the Wiki source, but I doubt that Unicode characters actually work on a higher percentage of browsers and systems.  For &ndash;, it is far easier (and well-accepted) to use a simple "-" character.  Daniel Quinlan 22:29, Dec 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * Dashes are annoying, everyone seems to have their own idea. People use -, --, &mdash; and &#8212;. The latter apparently works in more browsers than &mdash;, but nonetheless people go through articles chaotically changing each of the four styles to any other of the four styles, the target style being determined by the phase of the moon and various other astrological indicators. Let's just implement render-time automatic conversion from -- to some decreed standard and save everyone the hassle. -- Tim Starling 04:06, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * I thought about requesting that some time ago, but I had a bad feeling that "--" is sometimes used in other ways where it doesn't want to be &mdash;. Using &mdash; in article source may be safer. Anything to avoid numeric codes in article source, though! (If &#8212; is really more reliable, we should at least convert &amp;mdash; to that when producing HTML.) Daniel Quinlan 04:17, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * What else is -- used for? I don't think it's used for anything where the meaning would be obscured by converting it to —. But if there is such a case, it can be escaped: &#45;-. -- Tim Starling 04:26, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * It is used in C sources, so any article that contains a C source would be displayed most incorrectly. Nikola 06:52, 5 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * If I understand your regexps, you're adding the backtick, by the Manual of Style is still not a Good Thing... Dysprosia 04:08, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * I only replace a Unicode/HTML backtick with a plain-old backtick. I add nothing. Much more manual editing is required to fix backticks since you need to figure out what the original editor intended or what is most appropriate in that context, so this script does additionally warn that a backtick was found.  Daniel Quinlan 04:17, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm no good at explaining things :) I'll let the MoS do it for me - not curved (smart) ones or the "backtick": Dysprosia 04:22, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * You're replacing left quotes with backticks, aren't you? Not backticks with backticks. -- Tim Starling 04:26, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * Ah, gotcha. Thanks for the correction.  Daniel Quinlan 04:42, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)~

 * For reference I mean this character ` <-- backtick. Dysprosia 04:33, 4 Dec 2003 (UTC)

 * Yeah, for some reason I thought &lsquo; was the same, but it's not. I'll default to converting  &lsquo to ' now.  Daniel Quinlan 04:42, Dec 4, 2003 (UTC)

Hi. I thought that UTF-8 was working here (for interwiki links into Maltese (mt) .. but maybe I just didn't hit the problem. Why is this site still in Latin-1?!  What seems to work for me is to force my browser (Safari) to view this site in utf-8 temporarily, and then enter my interwiki link, for example Å»urrieq and then hit submit. I have to remember to do this all the time though or it turns into w:mt:?urrieq Meta-note: I read over this whole page, if I am replying in the wrong place please let me know.  Thanks.  Srl 16:44, 23 Apr 2005 (UTC)  Talk

Japanese/Chinese character sets
All of the Japanese and Chinese characters show up on my moniter as squares. Where do I go to download the software so that they display normally? --Alex S 02:06, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * It's not a matter of software, it's just a question of what fonts you have loaded. -- Jmabel 03:13, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * On some operating systems, yes. However, Windows requires a little extra component so that it can handle non-Latin scripts appropriately. - jredmond 03:18, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * Old Windows versions. NT-based systems (NT 4.0, 2000, XP) should be able to handle them as long as fonts are installed.

 * In my experience most Linux/Unix distributions and Mac OS X come with the necessary East Asian fonts preinstalled. For some reason Western versions of Windows don't; they're a miniscule amount of disk space compared to modern disk drives, so saving space doesn't sound like a legitimate reason. For Windows 98/ME you should be able to find the fonts in Windows Update; for 2000/XP poke around in 'Regional and Language Options' in the Control Panel. (In XP, 'Languages' tab, select 'Install files for East Asian languages' in the 'Supplemental language support' box.) --Brion 03:25, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * I think you can download these fonts, if you are using Microsoft Windows, from their website. Otherwise, there are still some free TrueType fonts around, and you can find them at http://www.unicode.org -- Tomchiukc 04:21, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

 * These fonts are no longer available at the Microsoft site. They can be found at sourceforge, but the legality of distribution is questionable. Arial Unicode MS which comes with MS Office ("universal font") is a good Unicode font, Code2000 is another one. Neither is free, but Code2000 is downloadable. — Jor (Talk) 13:58, 8 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Bot work request
If at all possible, can someone who runs a registered bot set this bot to work on the Wikipedia, to remove not-necessary entities and replace them? Especially items like é are encoded as &eacute;, which is completely unnecessary as é is in ISO-8859-1, and a lot easier to edit. The same applies to the other accented letters such as á, ó, è etc. Anárion 23:10, 18 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Agree strongly; it is a real pity to have to work around &amp entities when I can just plug my Danish keyboard in and type Å Ø Æ etc :). I am still fishing a lot of these non-standard English characters out of Norse mythological related entries, 3 years on. Sjc
 * The "problem" is that Wikipedia is geared up to cope with all users, not just clever chaps like you who can swap keyboards with insouciant ease. Some people access Wikipedia, and indeed the entire Internet, from public facilities where they are not allowed to change any settings. Some people would click on en edit link like I just did and those interesting characters you so easily rattle off with a single keystroke are instantaneously replaced with garbage—some browsers are kind enough to use a question mark, some are not. The system is designed to cater to the lowest common denominator and until some dead-certain cast-iron system can be put in place to allow everybody to work the same, that's the way it should stay. In actual fact, my humble opinion is that the editing interface should intercept all characters with an equivalent HTML entity and replace them with the appropriate entity to avoid just the kind of problem to which I alluded earlier. Maybe the editing toolbar could be augmented to allow entry of HTML entities? HTH HAND --Phil | Talk 13:41, Jul 19, 2004 (UTC)
 * Hear hear! Wikipedia is for readers too, not just editors. And for people with only one keyboard type available to them. Bmills 13:47, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * It should be noted that in all operating systems i've come across you can remap your keyboard so that you dont need to buy a new one for each langauge, you should check out this neat new technology. -- Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason   02:03, 2004 Jul 20 (UTC)
 * Err, what is the point of using ISO-8859-1 if you are not even supporting characters in ISO-8859-1? Any browser which cannot display á etc. will not be able to display &aacute; either, and it is a bitch to edit -- using the normal US International keyboard (not obscure language editions!). I'm not asking for full Unicode here, but for characters which over 99,9% of all PCs can display! The "some browsers" mentioned must be Netscape 4 and MSIE 4... browsers which were old years ago and which nobody uses anymore. Anárion 14:22, 19 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * I'd like to stress Anárion's point here, in case it's not absolutely clear. He (she?) is not saying "f*** people who can't see my special characters!" but rather he's saying that characters that do not need to be escaped as, for example, &eacute; (because they are fully supported by the current encoding) should be simply be entered as é.  This would not affect the display on anyone's computer — it would only make the source code easier to read.

 * People who don't know how to enter such characters directly with the keyboard can continue using HTML entities, but such entities would then be automatically converted to the appropriate character.

 * Now, here is my suggestion. I don't think this should be done with bots.  Already, I've noticed that certain characters that I enter directly into the source are automatically converted to entities.  For example, if I input a Greek character such as Δ and then hit "Show preview", I find it has been automatically converted to &#916;.  This is not a bot; it's how the software works.  It determines that Δ is not supported by the encoding and makes the necessary conversion to make sure all browsers can display it.  It would surely be easy to make conversions work the other way too; that it to say, if I enter é as &eacute;, the software should detect that this character requires no escape code, and should convert it to a simple é.  Don't you think?  I think the geeks should get onto this.  What is the official procedure for suggesting software tweaks anyway?    — Chameleon My page/My talk 10:20, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Thank you for clarifying my point :) Anárion 10:25, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * Sorry, you seem to have misunderstood my point. There are many examples in Wikipedia articles where a user has edited with a non-compliant browser which has broken the extended characters. If these characters had been entered using HTML entities, which are expressed in ASCII, this would not have occurred. Desperately trying to recall any specific examples, now ... Granted this is becoming less likely, and is hopefully only likely to happen with the more "outlandish" extended characters, but the idea is to impose a system which always works, not one which works fine unless someone happens to edit Wikipedia with BrokenBrowser™ 1.3.4 which turns each é character into a ☮. HTH HAND --Phil | Talk 11:03, Jul 20, 2004 (UTC)

áéíóú

àèìòù

äëïöü

æœ€@ñ

?????

ç? 80.58.36.239 13:09, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * That anonymous user there was me in the fabulous Netscape® Communicator 4.8, which I've just downloaded in order to see what the fuss with backward compatibility is.

 * Findings: this entire website was virtually unusable, with overlapping text everywhere — a total mess. Practically the only thing that did display fine was those accentuated characters you see above!  Those question marks are Greek letters I tried to input directly.  Greek doesn't seem to be supported at all, not even with entities.  Since Greek ("outlandish") characters which are entered using a compliant browser are converted by the Wiki software into entities, Netscape — although it cannot display them — does not screw them up in the code.  This also applies to Chinese characters, amongst others.

 * In conclusion, I think you're worrying about nothing, Phil. — Chameleon My page/My talk 13:28, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * Regarding keyboard and entering special characters: on Windows, just open the Language Bar preferences and add some languages. You will then be able to use the bar to change the keymap.  I recommend the Spanish keyboard layout; it makes it easy to type most European languages.  For the slightly more adventurous, it is possible to create one's own keymap.  Just download the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator from Big Bad Bill and make your keyboard input any symbol you like.  I personally have created my own keyboard based on the UK and Spanish ones, with extra key combinations for things like "Œœ" (oe ligature), "、" (Chinese list comma), "¥" (Yen or Yuan symbol) and "—" (em dash). (Unfortunately I have to use entities instead of typing in these em dashes because the Wiki software doesn't convert them to entities, and Microsoft-produced dashes won't display properly on all computers).  I haven't worked out how to do this on SuSE Linux 9.0 yet.    — Chameleon My page/My talk 13:49, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * The ‘US International’ keyboard allows one to type almost all European chars: '+a is á for example. The MSKLC is really cool. Anárion 14:00, 20 Jul 2004 (UTC)

I support any effort to make Wikipedia friendly to translation and multiple browswers. I can't quite follow the discussion but I noticed the reference to ISO-8859-1. I am sure you guys are already aware of it, but ISO-8859-15 ('Latin 9')is available and contains the euro character. Bobblewik 09:20, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

 * And with the exception of some extremely obscure characters ISO-8859-15 is identical to ISO-8859-1. Of course the right thing to do would be to move to Unicode (which is identical to ISO-8859-1 in the first 256 codepoints as far as character encoding on the web is concerned). The point of this discussion is mainly an outcry against the overescaping of entities where not needed. Anárion 09:41, 21 Jul 2004 (UTC)

The CJK entry trick is not working for me. I have tried it several times (Mac Sys X and Safari). Any alternatives? 金 (Kim) 02:58, 31 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Is there any reason this page has not been turned into a redirect?
Around a year ago, it was suggested that this page be turned into a redirect to the copy at meta. Is there any reason this has not happened yet? If I get no objections, I'll do it. JesseW 10:50, 22 Nov 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wikipedia talk:Special characters


text:
Elizabeth Fry

Elizabeth Fry (née Gurney; 21 May 1780 – 12 October 1845), sometimes referred to as Betsy Fry, was an English prison reformer, social reformer, philanthropist and Quaker. Fry was a major driving force behind new legislation to improve the treatment of prisoners, especially female inmates, and as such has been called the "Angel of Prisons". She was instrumental in the 1823 Gaols Act which mandated sex-segregation of prisons and female warders for female inmates to protect them from sexual exploitation. Fry kept extensive diaries, in which she wrote explicitly of the need to protect female prisoners from rape and sexual exploitation.

She was supported in her efforts by Queen Victoria and by Emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I of Russia; she was in correspondence with both Alexander and Nicholas, their wives, and the Empress Mother. In commemoration of her achievements she was depicted on the Bank of England £5 note that was in circulation from 2002 until May 2017.

Background and early life
Elizabeth Fry was born in Gurney Court, off Magdalen Street, Norwich, into a prominent Quaker family, the Gurneys. Her childhood family home was Earlham Hall, which is now part of the University of East Anglia. Her father, John Gurney, was a partner in Gurney's Bank. Her mother, Catherine, was a member of the Barclay family, who were among the founders of Barclays Bank. Her mother died when Elizabeth was twelve years old. As one of the oldest girls in the family, Elizabeth was partly responsible for the care and education of the younger children, including her brother Joseph John Gurney, a philanthropist. One of her sisters was Louisa Gurney Hoare, a writer on education.

Family life
She met Joseph Fry, a banker and a cousin of the Bristol Fry family, who was also a Quaker, when she was 20 years old. They married on 19 August 1800 at the Norwich Goat Lane Friends Meeting House, and moved to St Mildred's Court in the City of London. Elizabeth Fry was recorded as a minister of the Religious Society of Friends in 1811.

Joseph and Elizabeth Fry lived in Plashet House in East Ham between 1809 and 1829, then moved to The Cedars on Portway in West Ham, where they lived until 1844.

Offspring
They had eleven children, five sons and six daughters:
 * 1) Katharine (Kitty) Fry (1801–1886); she wrote A History of the Parishes of East and West Ham (published posthumously, 1888). She did not marry.
 * 2) Rachel Elizabeth Fry (1803–1888); married to Francis Cresswell.
 * 3) John Gurney Fry of Warley Lodge (1804–1872), married to Rachel Reynolds (whose mother was a Barclay).
 * 4) William Storrs Fry (1806–1844), married to Juliana Pelly.
 * 5) Richenda Fry (1808–1884), married to Foster Reynolds.
 * 6) Joseph Fry (1809–1896), married to Alice Partridge.
 * 7) Elizabeth (Betsy) Fry (1811–1816), died aged 5 years.
 * 8) Hannah Fry (1812–1895), married to William Champion Streatfeild.
 * 9) Louisa Fry (1814–1896), married to Raymond Pelly (brother of Juliana, William's wife).
 * 10) Samuel Fry (1816–1902; known as "Gurney"); married to Sophia Pinkerton (aunt of poet and translator Percy Edward Pinkerton).
 * 11) Daniel Fry (1821–1892; known as "Henry" or "Harry"), married to Lucy Sheppard.

Awakening concern
According to her diary, Elizabeth Fry was moved by the preaching of Priscilla Hannah Gurney, Deborah Darby, and William Savery. She had more religious feelings than her immediate family. Prompted by a family friend, Stephen Grellet, Fry visited Newgate Prison in 1813. The conditions she saw there horrified her. Newgate prison was overcrowded with women and children, some of whom had not even received a trial. The prisoners did their own cooking and washing in the small cells in which they slept on straw. Newgate was also the last stop for many before being deported to Australia, in ships that Fry described—in 1814, 20 years before the abolition of slavery—as little better than slave ships. She returned the following day with food and clothes for some prisoners.

Fry was unable to personally further her work for nearly four years after that because of difficulties within the Fry family, including the financial ills of the Fry bank. During the 1812 financial panic in the City of London, William Fry had lent a large amount of the bank's money to his wife's family, undermining the bank's solvency. Fry's brother John Gurney, brother-in-law Samuel Hoare III, and cousin Hudson Gurney made a large investment in the W.S. Fry & Sons bank to stabilise its situation.

Prison reform and prisoner rehabilitation
Fry returned to her project in 1816, and was eventually able to fund a prison school for the children who were imprisoned with their mothers. Rather than attempt to impose discipline on the women, she suggested rules and then asked the prisoners to vote on them. In 1817, she helped found the Association for the Reformation of the Female Prisoners in Newgate. This association provided materials for women so that they could learn to sew patchwork, which was calming for the women and also helped them develop skills such as needlework and knitting; this opened up a prospect, when in future they were released from prison, of them entering employment and earning money for themselves. This approach was copied elsewhere and led to the eventual creation of the British Ladies' Society for Promoting the Reformation of Female Prisoners in 1821. She also promoted the idea of rehabilitation instead of harsh punishment which was taken on by the city authorities in London as well as many other authorities and prisons.

"A Committee of the House of Commons was appointed to examine into evidence respecting the prisons of the metropolis" and Elizabeth Fry was called to give evidence on 27 February 1818. It is believed that she was the first woman ever to be called to give evidence to a Select Committee of the Houses of Parliament.

The passing of the Gaols Act in 1823 had a limited effect on prison conditions. It was largely ineffective, as it contained no mechanism to ensure its provisions were followed; some institutions, such as town gaols and debtors' prisons, were not regulated by the Act. The one change widely and successfully adopted was the separation of male from female inmates. Fry, whose ideas and representations had been influential in the drafting and passage of the Act, was well aware of the shortcomings in its implementation. She gave evidence to a Select Committee of the House of Lords in 1835, saying of prisons in England and Wales, that, despite the Gaols Act, "in many instances their condition is melancholy...they may truly be called schools for crime" and that some still had "no instruction, no employment, no classification [of inmates]...and they get into a most low and deplorable state of morals...I would not say that all are in that condition, but I fear many are". Only with the passing of the Prisons Act 1835 were prison inspectors appointed, and all gaols and prisons brought under central control.

Penal transportation
The death penalty was common for even minor offences. Initially giving what comfort she could to those facing death, Fry worked to get death sentences commuted to deportation to Australia. By 1818 Hannah Bevan, Elizabeth Pryor, Elizabeth Hanbury, and Katherine Fry were visiting convict ships, providing the female convicts comforts for the voyage, and promoting measures for the fulfilling and useful occupation for the women and education for their children. (Later, Elizabeth Pryor was censured by the Ladies' Society, after she asked the government authorities for remuneration for her years of unpaid work.)

Fry campaigned for the rights and welfare of prisoners who were being transported. Women from Newgate Prison on their way to the ships were being taken through the streets of London in open carts, often in chains, huddled together with their few possessions. They were pelted with rotten food and filth by the people of the city. Fear of what was about to happen was often enough to cause riots among the women condemned to transportation, on the evening before they were to go. Fry persuaded the governor of the prison to send the women in closed carriages and spare them this last indignity before transportation, with Fry and the other women of the Ladies' Society accompanying those transports to the docks. She visited prison ships and persuaded captains to implement systems to ensure each woman and child would at least get a share of food and water on the long journey. Later she arranged for each woman to be given packages of material and sewing tools so that they could use the long journey to make quilts and have something to sell, as well as useful skills, when they reached their destination. She also included a bible, and useful items such as string and knives and forks, in this vital care package. Fry also lobbied for better conditions for the women who had already been transported to the colonies of New South Wales and Van Diemen’s Land, including aspects of the factories that they worked in.

Fry visited 106 transport ships and saw 12,000 convicts. Her work helped to start a movement for the abolition of transportation. Transportation was officially abolished in 1868; however, Elizabeth Fry was still visiting transportation ships until 1843.

Widening prison reform
Fry wrote in her book Prisons in Scotland and the North of England that she stayed the night in some of the prisons and invited nobility to come and stay and see for themselves the conditions prisoners lived in. Her kindness helped her gain the friendship of the prisoners and they began to try to improve their conditions for themselves. Thomas Fowell Buxton, Fry's brother-in-law, was elected to Parliament for and began to promote her work among his fellow MPs. In 1818 Fry gave evidence to a House of Commons committee on the conditions prevalent in British prisons, becoming the first woman to present evidence in that house of Parliament.

Fry saw her friend Stephen Grellet and another Quaker, William Allen, off at the docks on their own journey in the cause of prison reform in the autumn of 1818. Having met the Emperor Alexander I in London in 1814, they travelled to visit the prisons of his empire. They had the backing of a letter from the emperor commanding his subjects to cooperate with these English Quakers. They departed for home from Odessa in July 1819. Both men wrote of this mission in their journals, where they also give accounts of their work with Fry. In 1827, Fry visited women's prisons and other places of female confinement in Ireland. She encouraged the women of Belfast to organise their own committee to improve conditions in the women's poorhouse.

After her husband went bankrupt in 1828, Fry's brother became her business manager and benefactor. Thanks to him, her work went on and expanded. Later, in 1838, the Friends sent a party to France. Fry and her husband, as well as Lydia Irving, and abolitionists Josiah Forster and William Allen were among the people sent. They were there on other business but despite the language barrier, Fry and Lydia Irving visited French prisons.

Welfare and homelessness
Elizabeth Fry also helped the homeless, establishing a "nightly shelter" in London after seeing the body of a young boy in the winter of 1819–1820. In 1824, during a visit to Brighton, she instituted the Brighton District Visiting Society. The society arranged for volunteers to visit the homes of the poor and provide help and comfort to them. The plan was successful and was duplicated in other districts and towns across Britain.

In 1840 Fry opened a training school for nurses in Guy's Hospital known as 'The Institution of Nursing Sisters'. Her programme inspired Florence Nightingale, who took a team of Fry's nurses to assist wounded soldiers in the Crimean War. Eliza Mackenzie, who travelled to Therapia to work as a Superintendent of nurses for the Admiralty during the Crimean War, also took three Fry nurses. Her programme of nurse training also inspired Theodor Fliedner who visited her in London and set up something similar in Kaiserswerth, near Dusseldorf.

Slavery
After the abolition of the slave trade in the British Empire, slavery remained in European colonies. Thomas Fowell Buxton became a leader in its abolition. Elizabeth Fry in particular campaigned for abolition in Danish and Dutch colonies.

Reputation
One admirer was Queen Victoria, who granted her an audience several times before she was Queen and contributed money to her cause after she ascended to the throne. Another admirer was Robert Peel who passed several acts to further her cause including the Gaols Act 1823 (4 Geo. 4. c. 64).

In 1842, Frederick William IV of Prussia went to see Fry in Newgate Prison during an official visit to Great Britain. The King of Prussia, who had met the social reformer during her previous tours of the continent promoting welfare change and humanitarianism, was so impressed by her work that he told his reluctant courtiers that he would personally visit the gaol when he was in London.

Death and legacy
Fry died from a stroke in Ramsgate, England, on 12 October 1845. Her remains were buried in the Friends' burial ground at Barking. Seamen of the Ramsgate Coast Guard flew their flag at half mast in respect for Fry; a practice that until this occasion had been officially reserved for the death of a ruling monarch. More than a thousand people stood in silence during the burial at the Ramsgate memorial.

Elizabeth Fry Refuge
With the intention of organising a suitable memorial to Fry, a meeting was held in June 1846, chaired by the Lord Mayor of London. Some early proposals for a statue of Fry—to be placed perhaps in either Westminster Abbey or St Paul's Cathedral—had already been floated. Instead, it was recommended to the meeting that a practical commemoration of her life would be more fitting. Lord Ashley, amongst a group of prominent reformers and admirers of Fry, including the Bishop of Norwich and the diplomat Christian von Bunsen, promoting adoption of a charitable scheme to honour Fry, told the meeting that founding an asylum would be in "perfect harmony with her life, her character, her feelings". Such a project would stand for the nation's gratitude to her and "the sympathy they entertain for her righteous endeavours".

The proposal met with general support and a fine 18th-century town house was purchased at 195 Mare Street, in the London Borough of Hackney and the first Elizabeth Fry refuge opened its doors in 1849. It was intended to provide temporary shelter for young women discharged from metropolitan gaols or police offices. Funding came via subscriptions from various city companies and private individuals, supplemented by income from the inmates' laundry and needlework. Such training was an important part of the refuge's work.

In 1924, the refuge merged with the Manor House Refuge for the Destitute, in Dalston in Hackney. The hostel soon moved to larger premises in Highbury, Islington and then, in 1958, to Reading, where it remains today. The original building in Hackney became the CIU New Lansdowne Club but became vacant in 2000 and has fallen into disrepair. Hackney Council, in 2009, was leading efforts to restore the building and bring it back into use. The building did undergo substantial refurbishment work in 2012 but as of July 2013, the entire building is for sale. The building and Elizabeth Fry are commemorated by a plaque at the entrance gateway.

Memorials
There are a number of memorials which commemorate places where Fry lived. There are plaques located at her birthplace of Gurney Court in Norwich; her childhood home of Earlham Hall; St. Mildred's Court, City of London, where she lived when she was first married; and Arklow House, her final home and place of death in Ramsgate. Her name heads the list on the southern face of the Reformers’ Monument in Kensal Green Cemetery, London. She is depicted in stained glass at All Saints Church, Cambridge alongside Edith Cavell and Josephine Butler.

Due to her work as a prison reformer, there are several memorials to Elizabeth Fry. One of the buildings which make up the Home Office headquarters, 2 Marsham Street, is named after her. She is also commemorated in prisons and courthouses, including a terracotta bust in the gatehouse of HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs and a stone statue in the Old Bailey. The Canadian Association of Elizabeth Fry Societies honours her memory by advocating for women who are in the criminal justice system. They also celebrate and promote a National Elizabeth Fry Week in Canada each May.

Fry is also commemorated in a number of educational and care-based settings. The University of East Anglia's School of Social Work and Psychology is housed in a building named after her. There is an Elizabeth Fry Ward at Scarborough General Hospital in North Yorkshire, United Kingdom. A road is named for Fry at Guilford College, a school in Greensboro, North Carolina, which was founded by Quakers. There is a bust of Elizabeth Fry located in East Ham Library, in the London Borough of Newham.

Quakers also acknowledge Elizabeth Fry as a prominent member. Her grave at the former Society of Friends Burial Ground, located off Whiting Avenue in Barking, Essex, was restored and received a new commemorative marble plinth in October 2003. In February 2007, a plaque was erected in her honour at the Friends Meeting House in Upper Goat Lane, Norwich. Fry is also depicted in the Quaker Tapestry, on panels E5 and E6. The Elizabeth Fry room at Friends House, London is named after her.

She is also honoured by other Christian denominations. In the Lady Chapel of Manchester's Anglican Cathedral, one of the portrait windows of Noble Women on the west wall of the Chapel features Elizabeth Fry. Fry is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 12 October.

From 2001 to 2016, Fry was depicted on the reverse of £5 notes issued by the Bank of England. She was shown reading to prisoners at Newgate Prison. The design also incorporated a key, representing the key to the prison which was awarded to Fry in recognition of her work. However, as of 2016, Fry's image on these notes was replaced by that of Winston Churchill. She was one of the social reformers honoured on an issue of UK commemorative stamps in 1976.

There is a road in Johannesburg, South Africa named Elizabeth Fry Street after Fry.

Fry's extensive diaries have been transcribed and studied.

Selected works

 * (1827) Observations on the visiting, superintendence and government, of female prisoners Y E S
 * (1831) Texts for every day in the year, principally practical & devotional
 * (1841) An address of Christian counsel and caution to emigrants to newly-settled colonies

Bibliography and further reading

 * Anderson, George M. "Elizabeth Fry: timeless reformer." America 173 (Fall 1995): 22–3.
 * Clay, Walter Lowe. The Prison Chaplain. Montclair. New Jersey: Patterson Smith, 1969.
 * Fairhurst, James. "The Angel of Prisons." Ireland's Own 4539 (Fall 1996):5.
 * Fry, E., & Ryder, E. (1883). Elizabeth Fry: Philanthropist, preacher, prison-reformer: Life and labors / taken from the Memoir edited by her daughters, including her journal and from other sources, by Edward Ryder. Pawling, NY: P.H. Smith. MMSID 991006613419702626
 * Fry, Katherine. Memoir of the Life of Elizabeth Fry. Montclair, NJ: Patterson Smith, 1974. 2nd ed., 1848.
 * Hatton, Jean. Betsy, the dramatic biography of a prison reformer. Oxford UK & Grand Rapids, Michigan, Monarch Books, 2005. (ISBN 1-85424-705-0 (UK), ISBN 0-8254-6092-1 (US)).
 * Johnson, Spencer. The Value of Kindness: The Story of Elizabeth Fry. 2nd ed. 1976. (ISBN 0-916392-09-0)
 * Kent, J. H. S. (1962). Elizabeth Fry (Makers of Britain). London: Batsford. MMSID 991009174159702626
 * Lewis, Georgina. Elizabeth Fry. London: Headley Brothers, 1909. MMSID 991013186339702626
 * Pitman, E.R. Elizabeth Fry. Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, 1886.
 * Rose, June. Elizabeth Fry, a biography. London & Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1980. (ISBN 0-333-31921-4) reprinted 1994 by Quaker Home Service ISBN 0-85245-260-8.
 * Rose, June. Prison Pioneer: The Story of Elizabeth Fry. Quaker Tapestry Booklets, 1994.
 * Timpson, Thomas. Memoir of Mrs. Elizabeth Fry London: Aylott & Jones, 1847.
 * Whitney, Janet. Elizabeth Fry: Quaker Heroine. London: George Harrap & Co. Ltd., 1937, New York: Benjamin Blom, 1972.

title: Elizabeth Fry


text:
Talk:Adam of Balsham

Untitled
What is the point of linking to Adam's alternative names? S. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.168.172.214 (talk) 12:54, 9 February 2003 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 22:10, 9 November 2007 (UTC)

Requested move 19 November 2016

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Andrewa (talk) 17:35, 27 November 2016 (UTC)

Adam Parvipontanus → Adam of Balsham – The standard treatment on Wikipedia for premodern writers is to translate their name into the vernacular (e.g. Peter of Blois, not Petrus Blesensis). 'Adam of Balsham' is used in the standard reference works, e.g. Sharpe's Latin Writers, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and so forth; and is much more common in scholarship. AndrewNJ (talk) 16:04, 19 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Support per nomination. —Roman Spinner (talk)(contribs) 07:58, 20 November 2016 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

title: Talk:Adam of Balsham


text:
Johann Reuchlin

Johann Reuchlin (29 January 1455 – 30 June 1522), sometimes called Johannes, was a German Catholic humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew, whose work also took him to modern-day Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and France. Most of Reuchlin's career centered on advancing German knowledge of Greek and Hebrew.

Early life
Johann Reuchlin was born at Pforzheim in the Black Forest in 1455, where his father was an official of the Dominican monastery. According to the fashion of the time, his name was graecized by his Italian friends into Capnion (Καπνίων), a nickname which Reuchlin used as a sort of transparent mask when he introduced himself as an interlocutor in the De Verbo Mirifico. He remained fond of his home town; he constantly calls himself Phorcensis, and in the De Verbo he ascribes to Pforzheim his inclination towards literature.

Here he began his Latin studies in the monastery school, and, though in 1470 he was for a short time at Freiburg, that university seems to have taught him little. Reuchlin's career as a scholar appears to have turned almost on an accident; his fine voice gained him a place in the household of Charles I, Margrave of Baden, and soon, having some reputation as a Latinist, he was chosen to accompany Frederick, the third son of the prince, to the University of Paris. Frederick was some years his junior, and was destined for an ecclesiastical career. This new connection did not last long, but it determined the course of Reuchlin's life. He now began to learn Greek, which had been taught in the French capital since 1470, and he also attached himself to the leader of the Paris realists, Jean à Lapide (d. 1496), a worthy and learned man, whom he followed to the vigorous young University of Basel in 1474.

Teaching and writing career

At Basel Reuchlin took his master's degree (1477), and began to lecture with success, teaching a more classical Latin than was then common in German schools, and explaining Aristotle in Greek. His studies in this language had been continued at Basel under Andronicus Contoblacas. In Basel he made the acquaintance of the bookseller Johann Amerbach, for whom he prepared a Latin lexicon (Vocabularius Breviloquus, 1st edition, 1475–76), which ran through many editions. This first publication, and Reuchlin's account of his teaching at Basel in a letter to Cardinal Adrian (Adriano Castellesi) in February 1518, show that he had already found his life's work. He was a born teacher, and this work was not to be done mainly from the professor's chair.

By 1477, Reuchlin had left Basel to seek further Greek training with George Hermonymus in Paris, and to learn to write a fair Greek hand that he might support himself by copying manuscripts. And now he felt that he must choose a profession. His choice fell on law, and he was thus led to the great school of Orléans (1478), and finally to Poitiers, where he became licentiate in July 1481.

From Poitiers, Reuchlin went in December 1481 to Tübingen with the intention of becoming a teacher in the local university, but his friends recommended him to Count Eberhard of Württemberg, who was about to travel to Italy and required an interpreter. Reuchlin was selected for this post, and in February 1482 left Stuttgart for Florence and Rome. The journey lasted but a few months, but it brought the German scholar into contact with several learned Italians, especially at the Medicean Academy in Florence; his connection with the count became permanent, and after his return to Stuttgart he received important posts at Eberhard's court.

About this time, he appears to have married, but little is known of his married life. He left no children, but in later years, his sister's grandson Philipp Melanchthon was like a son to him until the Reformation estranged them.

In 1490, he was again in Italy. Here he saw Pico della Mirandola, to whose Kabbalistic doctrines he afterward became heir, and made a friend of the pope's secretary, Jakob Questenberg, which was of service to him in his later troubles. Again in 1492 he was employed on an embassy to the emperor Frederick at Linz, and here he began to read Hebrew with the emperor's Jewish physician Jakob ben Jehiel Loans, whose instruction laid the basis of that thorough knowledge which Reuchlin afterward improved on his third visit to Rome in 1498 by the instruction of Obadja Sforno of Cesena. In 1494, his rising reputation was greatly enhanced by the publication of De Verbo Mirifico.

In 1496, Duke Eberhard I of Württemberg died, and enemies of Reuchlin had the ear of his successor, Duke Heinrich of Württemberg (formerly Heinrich Count of Württemberg-Mömpelgard). He was glad, therefore, hastily to follow the invitation of Johann von Dalberg (1445–1503), the scholarly bishop of Worms, and flee to Heidelberg, which was then the seat of the Rhenish Society In this court of letters Reuchlin's appointed function was to make translations from the Greek authors, in which his reading was already extremely wide. Though Reuchlin had no public office as a teacher, he was for much of his life the real centre of all Greek and Hebrew teaching in Germany. To carry out this work he provided a series of aids for beginners and others. He never published a Greek grammar, but he had one in manuscript for use with his pupils, and also published several little elementary Greek books. Reuchlin, it may be noted, pronounced Greek as his native teachers had taught him to do, i.e., in the modern Greek fashion. This pronunciation, which he defends in De recta Latini Graecique sermonis pronuntiatione (1528), came to be known, in contrast to that used by Desiderius Erasmus, as the Reuchlinian.

At Heidelberg, Reuchlin had many private pupils, among whom Franz von Sickingen is the best-known name. With the monks he had never been liked; at Stuttgart, his great adversary was the Augustinian Conrad Holzinger. On this man he took a scholar's revenge in his first Latin comedy Sergius, a satire on worthless monks and false relics. Through Dalberg, Reuchlin came into contact with Philip, Count Palatine of the Rhine, who employed him to direct the studies of his sons, and in 1498 gave him the mission to Rome, which has been already noticed as fruitful for Reuchlin's progress in Hebrew. He came back laden with Hebrew books and found when he reached Heidelberg that a change of government had opened the way for his return to Stuttgart, where his wife had remained all along. His friends had now again the upper hand and knew Reuchlin's value. In 1500, or perhaps in 1502, he was given a very high judicial office in the Swabian League, which he held until 1512, when he retired to a small estate near Stuttgart.

Hebrew studies and advocacy
For many years Reuchlin had been increasingly absorbed in Hebrew studies, which had for him more than a mere philological interest. He was interested in the reform of preaching as shown in his De Arte Predicandi (1503)—a book that became a sort of preacher's manual; but above all, as a scholar, he was eager that the Bible should be better known, and could not tie himself to the authority of the Vulgate.

The key to the Hebraea veritas was the grammatical and exegetical tradition of the medieval rabbis, especially of David Kimhi, and when he mastered this, he was resolved to open it to others. In 1506, appeared his epoch-making De Rudimentis Hebraicis—grammar and lexicon—mainly after Kimhi, yet not a mere copy of one man's teaching. The edition was costly and sold slowly. One great difficulty was that the wars of Maximilian I in Italy prevented Hebrew Bibles from coming into Germany. But for this also Reuchlin found help by printing the Penitential Psalms with grammatical explanations (1512), and other helps followed from time to time. But his Greek studies had interested him in those fantastical and mystical systems of later times with which the Kabbala has no small affinity. Following Pico, he seemed to find in the Kabbala a profound theosophy that might be of the greatest service for the defence of Christianity and the reconciliation of science with the mysteries of faith, a common notion at that time. Reuchlin's mystico-cabbalistic ideas and objects were expounded in the De Verbo Mirifico, and finally in the De Arte Cabbalistica (1517).

Many of his contemporaries thought that the first step to the conversion of the Jews was to take away their books. This view was advocated by Johannes Pfefferkorn, a German Catholic theologian. Pfefferkorn, himself converted from Judaism, actively preached against the Jews and attempted to destroy copies of the Talmud, and engaged in what became a long-running pamphleteering battle with Reuchlin. He wrote that "The causes which hinder the Jews from becoming Christians are three: first, usury; second, because they are not compelled to attend Christian churches to hear the sermons; and third because they honor the Talmud.". Pfefferkorn's plans were backed by the Dominicans of Cologne; and in 1509 he obtained the emperor's authority to confiscate all Jewish books directed against the Christian faith. Armed with this mandate, he visited Stuttgart and asked Reuchlin's help as a jurist and expert in putting it into execution. Reuchlin evaded the demand, mainly because the mandate lacked certain formalities, but he could no longer remain neutral. The execution of Pfefferkorn's schemes led to difficulties and to a new appeal to Maximilian.

In 1510, Reuchlin was appointed by Emperor Maximilian to a commission that was convened to review the matter. His answer is dated from Stuttgart, 6 October 1510; in it, he divides the books into six classes — apart from the Bible which no one proposed to destroy — and, going through each class, he shows that the books openly insulting to Christianity are very few and viewed as worthless by most Jews themselves, while the others are either works necessary to the Jewish worship, which was licensed by papal as well as imperial law or contain matter of value and scholarly interest which ought not to be sacrificed because they are connected with another faith than that of the Christians. He proposed that the emperor should decree that for ten years there should be two Hebrew chairs at every German university, for which the Jews should furnish books.

Maximilian's other experts proposed that all books should be taken from the Jews; and, as the emperor still hesitated, his opponents threw on Reuchlin the whole blame of their ill success. Pfefferkorn circulated at the Frankfurt Fair of 1511 a gross libel (Handspiegel wider und gegen die Juden) declaring that Reuchlin had been bribed. Reuchlin defended himself in a pamphlet titled Augenspiegel (1511), which the theologians at the University of Cologne attempted to suppress. On 7 October 1512, they, along with the inquisitor Jacob van Hoogstraaten, obtained an imperial order confiscating the Augenspiegel.

In 1513, Reuchlin was summoned before a court of the inquisition. He was willing to receive corrections in theology, which was not his subject, but he could not unsay what he had said; and as his enemies tried to press him into a corner, he met them with open defiance in a Defensio contra Calumniatores (1513). The universities were now appealed to for opinions and were all against Reuchlin. Even Paris (August 1514) condemned the Augenspiegel, and called on Reuchlin to recant. Meantime a formal process had begun at Mainz before the grand inquisitor. But Reuchlin managed to have the jurisdiction changed to the episcopal court of Speyer. The Reuchlin affair caused a wide rift in the church and eventually the case came before the papal court in Rome. Judgment was not finally given until July 1516; and then, though the decision was really for Reuchlin, the trial was simply quashed.

And while the obscurantists escaped easily at Rome, with only a half condemnation, they received a crushing blow in Germany. In Reuchlin's defense, Virorum Epistolæ Clarorum ad Reuchlinum Phorcensem (Letters of famous men to Reuchlin of Pforzheim), had been published. It was closely followed by Epistolæ Obscurorum Virorum (Letters of obscure men), a satirical collection purporting to defend his accusers, but actually directed against them. No party could survive the ridicule that was poured on Reuchlin's opponents by this document.

Ulrich von Hutten and Franz von Sickingen did all they could to force Reuchlin's enemies to restitution of his material damages; they even threatened a feud against the Dominicans of Cologne and Spires. In 1520, a commission met in Frankfurt to investigate the case. It condemned Hoogstraaten. But the final decision of Rome did not indemnify Reuchlin. The contest ended, however; public interest had grown cold, absorbed entirely by the Lutheran question, and Reuchlin had no reason to fear new attacks. When, in 1517, he received the theses propounded by Luther, he exclaimed, "Thanks be to God, at last, they have found a man who will give them so much to do that they will be compelled to let my old age end in peace."

Heinrich Graetz and Francis Yates contended that this affair helped spark the Protestant Reformation. Although suspected of a leaning toward Protestantism, Reuchlin never left the Catholic Church. In 1518, he was appointed professor of Hebrew and Greek at Wittenberg, but instead sent his nephew Melanchthon.

Influence on Luther
Luther's comment that justification by faith was the "true Cabala" in his Commentary on Galatians has been explained as relating to Reuchlin's influence. While Luther had consulted Reuchlin as a Hebrew expert and used De Arte Cabalistica as support for an argument, Luther took objection to Reuchlin's comment in De rudimentis hebraicis that the Hebrew letters for Jesus' name meant "the hidden God," which Luther found contrary to Matthew, Chapter 1:21, which describes the meaning as being about "he would save His people from their sins."

End of life

Reuchlin did not long enjoy his victory over his accusers in peace. In 1519, Stuttgart was visited by famine, civil war and pestilence. In response to concerns about growing religious controversies Leo X had Reuchlin's Augenspiegel condemned on 23 June 1520, claiming it to be "scandalous and offensive" and upholding the University of Cologne's previous condemnation. From November of 1519 to the spring of 1521, the veteran statesman sought refuge in the University of Ingolstadt where he received an appointment as professor from William of Bavaria. He taught Greek and Hebrew there for a year. It was 41 years since at Poitiers he had last spoken from a public chair; but at 65 he retained his gift of teaching, and hundreds of scholars crowded round him. This gleam of autumn sunshine was again broken by the plague; but now he was called to Tübingen and again spent the winter of 1521–22 teaching in his own systematic way. But in the spring he found it necessary to visit the baths of Liebenzell, and there contracted jaundice, of which he died, leaving in the history of the new learning a name only second to that of his younger contemporary Erasmus.

Reuchlin died in Stuttgart and is buried at St. Leonhard church.

Works

 * De Verbo Mirifico (The Wonder-Working Word, 1494)
 * De Arte Cabbalistica (On the Art of Kabbalah, 1517)

title: Johann Reuchlin


text:
Epistle

An epistle is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant and formal didactic letter. The epistle genre of letter-writing was common in ancient Egypt as part of the scribal-school writing curriculum. The letters in the New Testament from Apostles to Christians are usually referred to as epistles. Those traditionally attributed to Paul are known as Pauline epistles and the others as catholic (i.e., "general") epistles.

Ancient Egyptian epistles
The ancient Egyptians wrote epistles, most often for pedagogical reasons. Egyptologist Edward Wente (1990) speculates that the Fifth-dynasty Pharaoh Djedkare Isesi—in his many letters sent to his viziers—was a pioneer in the epistolary genre. Its existence is firmly attested during the Sixth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom, and is prominently featured in the educational guide The Book of Kemit written during the Eleventh Dynasty. A standardized formulae for epistolary compositions existed by the time of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt. The epistolary formulae used in the Ramesside Period found its roots in the letters composed during the Amarna Period of the Twentieth Dynasty. Wente describes the "Satirical Letter" found on the Papyrus Anastasi I of the Nineteenth Dynasty as an epistle which was commonly copied as a writing exercise by Egyptian schoolchildren on ceramic ostraca (over eighty examples of which have been found so far by archaeologists). Epistle letters were also written to the dead, and, by the Ramesside Period, to the gods; the latter became even more widespread during the eras of Persian and Greek domination.

Ancient Greece and Rome
Epistles in prose and verse were a major genre of literature among the Greeks and particularly the Romans. The letters of Cicero are one of the most important sources on the history of the late Roman Republic and preserve features of colloquial Latin not always in evidence in his speeches and treatises. The letters of Pliny the Younger likewise are studied as both examples of Latin prose with self-conscious literary qualities and sources for historical information. Ovid produced three collections of verse epistles, composed in elegiac couplets: the Heroides, letters written in the person of legendary women to their absent lovers; and the Tristia and Ex Ponto, written in first person during the poet's exile. The epistles of Seneca, with their moral or philosophical ruminations, influenced later patristic writers.

Form of Christian epistles
Christian epistles, both those in the New Testament and among the early Christian Fathers, were written in accordance with the formalized, Hellenistic tradition. This reflects the amount of Hellenistic influence upon the epistle writers, especially in the case of Paul. Classicist Steve Reece has compared thousands of Greek, Roman, and Jewish letters contemporary with Paul and observes that Paul follows many of the normal epistolary conventions.

Opening/greetings
In contrast to modern letters, epistles usually named the author at the very beginning, followed by the recipient (for example, see Philippians 1:1). The scribe (or more correctly, the amanuensis) who wrote down the letter may be named at the end of the epistle (e.g., Romans 16:22). In the absence of a postal system, the courier may also be named (e.g. Ephesians 6:21–22).

After the names of the author and recipient, Pauline epistles often open with the greeting, "Grace and peace to you." "Grace" was a common Hellenistic greeting, while "peace" (shalom) was the common Jewish greeting; this reflected Paul's dual identity in Jewish faith and Hellenistic culture. There may also be a word of thanks to the audience. In secular letters, a prayer or wish for health followed.

Content/body
The body begins with a brief statement introducing the main topic of the entire body.

New Testament epistles
The epistles of the New Testament canon are usually divided as follows:

Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, also called Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute. Among these epistles are some of the earliest extant Christian documents. They provide an insight into the beliefs and controversies of early Christianity. As part of the canon of the New Testament, they are foundational texts for both Christian theology and ethics. The Epistle to the Hebrews, although it does not bear his name, was traditionally considered Pauline (although Origen questioned its authorship in the 3rd century CE), but from the 16th century onwards opinion steadily moved against Pauline authorship and few scholars now ascribe it to Paul, mostly because it does not read like any of his other epistles in style and content. Most scholars agree that Paul actually wrote seven of the Pauline epistles, but that four of the epistles in Paul's name are pseudepigraphic (Ephesians, First Timothy, Second Timothy, and Titus ) and that two other epistles are of questionable authorship (Second Thessalonians and Colossians). According to some scholars, Paul wrote these letters with the help of a secretary, or amanuensis, who would have influenced their style, if not their theological content.

The Pauline epistles are usually placed between the Acts of the Apostles and the Catholic epistles in modern editions. Most Greek manuscripts, however, place the General epistles first, and a few minuscules (175, 325, 336, and 1424) place the Pauline epistles at the end of the New Testament.

Catholic (i.e., "general") epistles
The catholic epistles (also called the general epistles ) are seven epistles of the New Testament. Listed in order of their appearance in the New Testament, the catholic epistles are:

Non canonical epistles

 * Correspondence of Paul and Seneca, a set of 14 letters also known as the Epistle to Seneca the Younger
 * Third Epistle to the Corinthians (canonical for a time in the Armenian Orthodox), also a correspondence of two letters
 * Epistle to the Laodiceans (Latin version found in Codex Fuldensis)
 * Letter of Peter to Philip

Lost epistles

 * The first Epistle to Corinth referenced at
 * The third Epistle to Corinth called Severe Letter referenced at and
 * The Corinthian letter to Paul referenced at
 * The Earlier Epistle to the Ephesians referenced at
 * The Epistle to the Laodiceans referenced at
 * The Earlier Epistle of Jude referenced at
 * The Earlier Epistle of John referenced at

Epistles of Apostolic Fathers
These are letters written by some very early Christian leaders, in the 1st or 2nd century, which are not part of the New Testament. They are generally considered to form part of the basis of Christian tradition. The ennobling word "epistle" is used partly because these were all written in Greek, in a time period close to when the epistles of the New Testament were written, and thus "epistle" lends additional weight of authority.

 * Epistle of the Romans to the Corinthians (1 Clement)
 * Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians
 * Epistle of Ignatius to the Magnesians
 * Epistle of Ignatius to the Trallians
 * Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans
 * Epistle of Ignatius to the Philadelphians
 * Epistle of Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans
 * Epistle of Ignatius to Polycarp
 * Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians
 * Epistle of Barnabas
 * Epistle to Diognetus

Liturgical use
In the context of a liturgy, epistle may refer more specifically to a particular passage from a New Testament epistle (the Pauline epistles and the General epistles)—sometimes also from the Book of Acts or the Revelation of John, but not the Four Gospels—that is scheduled to be read on a certain day or at a certain occasion.

Western churches
In the Roman Catholic Mass and Anglican Eucharist, epistles are read between the Collect and the Gospel reading. The corresponding Gregorian chants have a special tone (tonus epistolae). When the epistle is sung or chanted at Solemn Mass it is done so by the subdeacon. Epistles are also read by an Elder or Bishop in the Lutheran Divine Service, between the gradual and the Gospel.

Eastern churches
In the Divine Liturgy of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine Rite Catholics the Epistle reading is called the Apostol (the same name is given to the lectionary from which it is read). The Apostol includes the Acts of the Apostles as well as the Epistles, but never the Apocalypse (Revelation of John). Unlike in the Latin liturgical rites, there are never readings from the Old Testament. There are Epistle lessons for every day of the year, except for weekdays during Great Lent, when the Divine Liturgy is not celebrated. These daily Epistle readings are a part of the Paschal cycle, being ultimately dependent upon the date of Pascha (Easter). There are also lessons appointed for the feast days of numerous saints and commemorations. There may be one, two, or three readings from the Apostol during a single Liturgy. The Epistle is read between the Prokeimenon and the Alleluia. The Epistle reading is always linked to a reading from the Gospel, though some services, such as Matins, will have a Gospel lesson, but no Epistle (Vespers on a number of feast days (typically for Apostles) will also have three epistle readings but no Gospel). A number of services besides the Divine Liturgy will have an Epistle and Gospel reading. Such services often include a Prokeimenon and Alleluia as well. The Epistle is chanted by the reader, though at a Hierarchical Liturgy (a Divine Liturgy celebrated by a bishop), it is read by a deacon. The one who chants the Epistle also reads the verses of the Prokeimenon.

Medieval epistles
During the Middle Ages, the art of letter writing was taught in numerous manuals, and the ars dictaminis became an important genre of instructional discourse. The necessity for letter writing was in large part due to the general deterioration of civil life and the decay of the Roman road system in the early Middle Ages, factors that obliged literate people with business to transact to send letters instead of travel themselves. A vast number of letters and letter-writing manuals were written in the period's lingua franca, Latin.

title: Epistle


text:
Mexican Stock Exchange

The Mexican Stock Exchange (Bolsa Mexicana de Valores), commonly known as Mexican Bolsa, Mexbol, or BMV, is one of two stock exchanges in Mexico, the other being BIVA - Bolsa Institucional de Valores. It is the second largest stock exchange in Latin America, only after São Paulo based B3 in Brasil. It is also the fifth largest stock exchange in the Americas. The exchange platform is owned by BMV Group, which also owns the derivative exchange MexDer and the custody agency Indeval.

The BMV was created out of the merger of the three stock exchanges which formerly operated in Mexico: The Bolsa de Valores de México, which operated in Mexico City, the Bolsa de Occidente (Occidental Stock Exchange) in Guadalajara, and the Bolsa de Monterrey (Monterrey Stock Exchange). The exchange kept modernising until its introduction of a fully electronic system for trading which was consolidated in 1999.

In 2014, the Mexican Stock Exchange completed its first trade as a part of MILA which, together with the stock exchanges of Santiago, Lima, and Colombia, is the largest securities market by total capitalisation in Latin America.

Bolsa de México
From 1880 to 1900, Plateros and Cadena streets in the historic center of Mexico City were home to recurring meetings in which brokers and businessmen purchased and sold all kinds of commodities as well as stocks in public offerings. Afterwards, exclusive groups of shareholders and issuing company representatives would gather to negotiate behind closed doors in different places around the city. In 1894, Manuel Algara, Camilo Arriaga, and Manuel Nicolín pushed, among the most distinguished brokers of the time, the idea of a normative and institutionalised system to trade securities. With the increased backing and widespread support for his ideas, the Bolsa Nacional (National Stock Exchange) was founded on 31 October 1894 at 9 Plateros Street, later renamed Madero Street. Less than a year later, another group of brokers, led by Francisco A. Llerena and Luis G. Necochea, formed a society named Bolsa de México (Stock Exchange of Mexico), and registered as a competing establishment on 14 June 1895. Because of coinciding objectives and links between members of the two institutions, leaders began discussing a union between them. On 3 September 1895, the merger was finalised, keeping the name Bolsa de México, and the administrative offices at the Plateros Street address. The company was officially inaugurated on 21 October 1895.

By the start of the following year, Bolsa de México had three public issuing companies and eight private ones, among them, the Bank of Mexico, the National Bank of Mexico, and the (later acquired by Banco Santander). On 1 March 1933, the Congress of Mexico passed and President Abelardo L. Rodríguez signed into law the Regulatory Decree of the General Law of Credit Institutions and Auxiliary Organisations, normalising the exchange of securities and the stock market in Mexico.

Bolsa de Valores de México, S.A.
Because of the legal reforms of the time, and the concession authorised by Congress on 28 October 1933, which for the first time included stock exchanges, the charter and bylaws of the Bolsa de Valores de México, S.A. (Stock Exchange of Mexico) were approved, and on 5 September, the institution was incorporated. That same year, the National Securities Commission, later renamed National Banking and Securities Commission, was established to supervise the Bolsa de Valores de México.

Because of substantial industrial and commercial growth in Mexico mid-century, owing to the rise in the creation of maquiladoras in northern Mexico, as well as the accumulation of capital and the constant creation of new businesses at the time, the Monterrey Stock Exchange was established, and it grew to serve the entire North of the country, reaching over 100 listings. Soon after, businesses in Guadalajara started organising a third stock exchange, and in 1960, the Occidental Stock Exchange was established to serve the West coast of Mexico.

Mexican Stock Exchange created

Because of low performance in the Guadalajara and Monterrey stock exchanges, however, Congress passed in 1975 the Securities' Market Law, which prompted the Bolsa de Valores de México to change its name to Bolsa Mexicana de Valores (Mexican Stock Exchange) and merge the other two exchange houses into it, creating thus the single entity that remains to this day the only stock exchange in Mexico.

On 19 April 1990, the Centro Bursátil was finished on Paseo de la Reforma, turning the Stock Exchange Centre into the heart of the financial district of Mexico City. Five years later, the BMV completely modernised the centre, introducing a completely electronic system (BMV-SENTRA) which was phased into the workings of the exchange, becoming fully operational by 1999.

In 2001, Citigroup became the first foreign company to begin trading in the BMV, opening the door to many new companies to do the same, especially from Central and South America. The same year, the Securities' Market Law was reformed according to the demutualisation of BMV. The following year, the Corporativo Mexicano del Mercado de Valores, S.A. de C.V. was constituted to manage the hiring of personnel, and administration of the Stock Exchange and other financial institutions within the centre.

In 2003, the global market was made available through the BMV, allowing national investors access to foreign securities from within the country. In 2006, the Mexican securities market was opened to foreigners through the MexDer system, allowing them operation from anywhere in the world. In October of the same year, four ETFs (exchange-traded funds) over indexes of the stock exchange itself were listed, placing BMV in the first place in Latin America in terms of ETFs listed over own indexes, and as the leading stock exchange in terms of total ETFs.

In 2010, the BMV signed an alliance with the world's largest derivatives exchange, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, putting Mexican derivatives within reach of international investors.

The Mexican Stock Exchange, BMV, announced its first trade made as part of the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA by its Spanish initials) on 2 December 2014. The trade on MIILA was a $1,415 purchase of 200 shares in Chilean retailer Falabella, executed by GBM Mexico through GBM Chile. With the entry of Mexico into MILA, the integrated stock market now counts 798 issuers among the four countries, making it the biggest market by number of listed companies in Latin America, and the biggest in terms of market capitalization, according to the World Federation of Exchanges. The joint capitalization of the four bourses tops US$1.25 trillion, making it larger than the US$1.22 trillion BM&F Bovespa. The move comes largely as step in the integration efforts between Mexico, Chile, Colombia, and Peru, as members of the Pacific Alliance.

Structure and operations
BMV is now a public company following its IPO in June 2008, and its shares are traded on the BMV equities market. It operates by concession of the Secretariat of Finance and Public Credit.

Until its IPO, BMV was owned by its members, which were a group of banks and brokerage firms. The exchange trades debt instruments including Federal Treasury certificates (CETES), Federal Government Development bonds (BONDES), Investment Unit bonds (UDIBONOS), Bankers acceptances, promissory notes with yield payable at maturity, commercial paper and development bank bonds. It also trades stocks, debentures, mutual fund shares, and warrants. Trading is conducted electronically through the BMV-SENTRA Equities System. Settlement is T+2, and trading hours are 7:30 a.m. to 2 p.m. for the equities market and 7:30 a.m. to 3 p.m. for the derivatives market (Monday through Friday),

Indices
The BMV calculates 13 indices of stock prices. Each index can be used as an underlying value for derivative products listed on specialized markets. The main benchmark stock index is called the IPC, which stands for Índice de Precios y Cotizaciones, and is the broadest indicator of the BMV's overall performance. It is made up of a balanced weighted selection of shares that are representative of all the shares listed on the exchange from various sectors across the economy, and is revised twice a year. Weight is determined by market capitalization. The IPC's value is related to the previous day's value, rather than the base date of October 30, 1978. Since February 2009 the IPC index has included BMV's own A shares. Indice Mexico (INMEX) is a market capitalization weighted index of 20 to 25 of the BMV's most highly marketable issuers, using their most representative series. The sample is limited to issuers with a minimum market value of $100 million and is revised every six months. The weighting cannot be greater than 10% at the start of each calculation period.

Listed companies

Some major examples:
 * América Móvil: Telecom
 * Cemex: Cement
 * FEMSA: Conglomerate
 * Alfa: Conglomerate
 * Grupo Aeroportuario del Pacífico: Airports
 * Grupo Bimbo: Food
 * Grupo Industrial Saltillo: Conglomerate
 * Grupo Modelo: Beverage
 * Banco Santander (Mexico): Retail and Private Banking
 * Siemens AG: Conglomerate
 * Azteca: Television, Media
 * Televisa: Television, Media
 * Telmex: Telecom
 * Walmex: Retail

title: Mexican Stock Exchange


text:
User talk:Analyzer~enwiki

Hi there, Analyzer! Welcome to Wikipedia! I see you've started Mort... That article should probably have two parts: one focussing on the character, and the other talking about the book, perhaps with a chapter summary as I've done for Homage to Catalonia. Or could they be discussed in the same text? I dunno, whatever :) Have a read of a few random pages to get an idea of the kind of writing style we like here, and find out what the mysterious NPOV is! :) Any questions, just go to the Village pump or ask another user. -- Sam

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title: User talk:Analyzer~enwiki