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David Bohm

David Joseph Bohm (20 December 1917 – 27 October 1992) was an American–Brazilian–British scientist who has been described as one of the most significant theoretical physicists of the 20th century and who contributed unorthodox ideas to quantum theory, neuropsychology and the philosophy of mind. Among his many contributions to physics is his causal and deterministic interpretation of quantum theory known as De Broglie–Bohm theory.

Bohm advanced the view that quantum physics meant that the old Cartesian model of reality—that there are two kinds of substance, the mental and the physical, that somehow interact—was too limited. To complement it, he developed a mathematical and physical theory of "implicate" and "explicate" order. He also believed that the brain, at the cellular level, works according to the mathematics of some quantum effects, and postulated that thought is distributed and non-localised just as quantum entities are. Bohm's main concern was with understanding the nature of reality in general and of consciousness in particular as a coherent whole, which according to Bohm is never static or complete.

Bohm warned of the dangers of rampant reason and technology, advocating instead the need for genuine supportive dialogue, which he claimed could bridge and unify conflicting and troublesome divisions in the social world. In this, his epistemology mirrored his ontology.

Born in the United States, Bohm obtained his Ph.D. under J. Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley. Due to his Communist affiliations, he was the subject of a federal government investigation in 1949, prompting him to leave the U.S. He pursued his career in several countries, becoming first a Brazilian and then a British citizen. He abandoned Marxism in the wake of the Hungarian Uprising in 1956.

Youth and college
Bohm was born in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, to a Hungarian Jewish immigrant father, Samuel Bohm, and a Lithuanian Jewish mother. He was raised mainly by his father, a furniture-store owner and assistant of the local rabbi. Despite being raised in a Jewish family, he became an agnostic in his teenage years. Bohm attended Pennsylvania State College (now Pennsylvania State University), graduating in 1939, and then the California Institute of Technology, for one year. He then transferred to the theoretical physics group directed by Robert Oppenheimer at the University of California, Berkeley Radiation Laboratory, where he obtained his doctorate.

Bohm lived in the same neighborhood as some of Oppenheimer's other graduate students (Giovanni Rossi Lomanitz, Joseph Weinberg, and Max Friedman) and with them became increasingly involved in radical politics. He was active in communist and communist-backed organizations, including the Young Communist League, the Campus Committee to Fight Conscription, and the Committee for Peace Mobilization. During his time at the Radiation Laboratory, Bohm was in a relationship with Betty Friedan and also helped to organize a local chapter of the Federation of Architects, Engineers, Chemists and Technicians, a small labor union affiliated to the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO).

Manhattan Project contributions
During World War II, the Manhattan Project mobilized much of Berkeley's physics research in the effort to produce the first atomic bomb. Though Oppenheimer had asked Bohm to work with him at Los Alamos (the top-secret laboratory established in 1942 to design the atom bomb), the project's director, Brigadier General Leslie Groves, would not approve Bohm's security clearance after seeing evidence of his politics and his close friendship with Weinberg, who had been suspected of espionage.

During the war, Bohm remained at Berkeley, where he taught physics and conducted research in plasma, the synchrotron and the synchrocyclotron. He completed his PhD in 1943 by an unusual circumstance. According to biographer F. David Peat, "The scattering calculations (of collisions of protons and deuterons) that he had completed proved useful to the Manhattan Project and were immediately classified. Without security clearance, Bohm was denied access to his own work; not only would he be barred from defending his thesis, he was not even allowed to write his own thesis in the first place!" To satisfy the University, Oppenheimer certified that Bohm had successfully completed the research. Bohm later performed theoretical calculations for the Calutrons at the Y-12 facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. These calculations were used for the electromagnetic enrichment of uranium for the bomb dropped on Hiroshima in 1945.

McCarthyism and leaving the United States
After the war, Bohm became an assistant professor at Princeton University. He also worked closely with Albert Einstein at the nearby Institute for Advanced Study. In May 1949, the House Un-American Activities Committee called upon Bohm to testify because of his previous ties to unionism and suspected communists. Bohm invoked his Fifth Amendment right to refuse to testify, and he refused to give evidence against his colleagues.

In 1950, Bohm was arrested for refusing to answer the committee's questions. He was acquitted in May 1951, but Princeton had already suspended him. After his acquittal, Bohm's colleagues sought to have him reinstated at Princeton, but Princeton President Harold W. Dodds decided not to renew Bohm's contract. Although Einstein considered appointing him as his research assistant at the Institute, Oppenheimer (who had served as the Institute's president since 1947) "opposed the idea and [...] advised his former student to leave the country". His request to go to the University of Manchester received Einstein's support but was unsuccessful. Bohm then left for Brazil to assume a professorship of physics at the University of São Paulo, at Jayme Tiomno's invitation and on the recommendation of both Einstein and Oppenheimer.

Quantum theory and Bohm diffusion
During his early period, Bohm made a number of significant contributions to physics, particularly quantum mechanics and relativity theory. As a postgraduate at Berkeley, he developed a theory of plasmas, discovering the electron phenomenon known as Bohm diffusion. His first book, Quantum Theory, published in 1951, was well received by Einstein, among others. But Bohm became dissatisfied with the orthodox interpretation of quantum theory he wrote about in that book. Starting from the realization that the WKB approximation of quantum mechanics leads to deterministic equations and convinced that a mere approximation could not turn a probabilistic theory into a deterministic theory, he doubted the inevitability of the conventional approach to quantum mechanics.

Bohm's aim was not to set out a deterministic, mechanical viewpoint but to show that it was possible to attribute properties to an underlying reality, in contrast to the conventional approach. He began to develop his own interpretation (the De Broglie–Bohm theory, also called the pilot wave theory), the predictions of which agreed perfectly with the non-deterministic quantum theory. He initially called his approach a hidden variable theory, but he later called it ontological theory, reflecting his view that a stochastic process underlying the phenomena described by his theory might one day be found. Bohm and his colleague Basil Hiley later stated that they had found their own choice of terms of an "interpretation in terms of hidden variables" to be too restrictive, especially since their variables, position, and momentum "are not actually hidden".

Bohm's work and the EPR argument became the major factor motivating John Stewart Bell's inequality, which rules out local hidden variable theories; the full consequences of Bell's work are still being investigated.

Brazil
After Bohm's arrival in Brazil on 10 October 1951, the US Consul in São Paulo confiscated his passport, informing him he could retrieve it only to return to his country, which reportedly frightened Bohm and significantly lowered his spirits, as he had hoped to travel to Europe. He applied for and received Brazilian citizenship, but by law, had to give up his US citizenship; he was able to reclaim it only decades later, in 1986, after pursuing a lawsuit.

At the University of São Paulo, Bohm worked on the causal theory that became the subject of his publications in 1952. Jean-Pierre Vigier traveled to São Paulo, where he worked with Bohm for three months; Ralph Schiller, student of cosmologist Peter Bergmann, was his assistant for two years; he worked with Tiomno and Walther Schützer; and Mario Bunge stayed to work with him for one year. He was in contact with Brazilian physicists Mário Schenberg, Jean Meyer, Leite Lopes, and had discussions on occasion with visitors to Brazil, including Richard Feynman, Isidor Rabi, Léon Rosenfeld, Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker, Herbert L. Anderson, Donald Kerst, Marcos Moshinsky, Alejandro Medina, and the former assistant to Heisenberg, Guido Beck, who encouraged him in his work and helped him to obtain funding. The Brazilian CNPq explicitly supported his work on the causal theory and funded several researchers around Bohm. His work with Vigier was the beginning of a long-standing cooperation between the two and Louis De Broglie, in particular, on connections to the hydrodynamics model proposed by Madelung.

Yet the causal theory met much resistance and skepticism, with many physicists holding the Copenhagen interpretation to be the only viable approach to quantum mechanics. Bohm and Vigier both emphasized causality, not determinism. In this context, Bohm proposed a causal approach in which the material world could be represented at an infinite number of levels, with stochastic dynamics at every level.

From 1951 to 1953, Bohm and David Pines published the articles in which they introduced the random phase approximation and proposed the plasmon.

Bohm and Aharonov form of the EPR paradox
In 1955, Bohm relocated to Israel, where he spent two years working at the Technion, at Haifa. There, he met Sarah Woolfson, whom he married in 1956. In 1957, Bohm and his student Yakir Aharonov published a new version of the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) paradox, reformulating the original argument in terms of spin. It was that form of the EPR paradox that was discussed by John Stewart Bell in his famous paper of 1964.

Aharonov–Bohm effect
In 1957, Bohm relocated to the United Kingdom as a research fellow at the University of Bristol. In 1959, Bohm and Aharonov discovered the Aharonov–Bohm effect, showing how a magnetic field could affect a region of space in which the field had been shielded, but its vector potential did not vanish there. That showed for the first time that the magnetic vector potential, hitherto a mathematical convenience, could have real physical (quantum) effects.

In 1961, Bohm was made professor of theoretical physics at the University of London's Birkbeck College, becoming emeritus in 1987. His collected papers are stored there.

Implicate and explicate order
At Birkbeck College, much of the work of Bohm and Basil Hiley expanded on the notion of implicate, explicate, and generative orders proposed by Bohm. In the view of Bohm and Hiley, "things, such as particles, objects, and indeed subjects" exist as "semi-autonomous quasi-local features" of an underlying activity. Such features can be considered to be independent only up to a certain level of approximation in which certain criteria are fulfilled. In that picture, the classical limit for quantum phenomena, in terms of a condition that the action function is not much greater than Planck's constant, indicates one such criterion. They used the word "holomovement" for the activity in such orders.

Holonomic model of the brain
In collaboration with Stanford University neuroscientist Karl H. Pribram, Bohm was involved in the early development of the holonomic model of the functioning of the brain, a model for human cognition that is drastically different from conventionally-accepted ideas. Bohm worked with Pribram on the theory that the brain operates in a manner that is similar to a hologram, in accordance with quantum mathematical principles and the characteristics of wave patterns.

Consciousness and thought
In addition to his scientific work, Bohm was deeply interested in exploring the nature of consciousness, with particular attention to the role of thought as it relates to attention, motivation, and conflict in the individual and in society. Those concerns were a natural extension of his earlier interest in Marxist ideology and Hegelian philosophy. His views were brought into sharper focus through extensive interactions with the philosopher, speaker, and writer Jiddu Krishnamurti, beginning in 1961. Their collaboration lasted a quarter of a century, and their recorded dialogues were published in several volumes.

Bohm's prolonged involvement with the philosophy of Krishnamurti was regarded somewhat skeptically by some of his scientific peers. An examination in 2017 of the relationship between the two men presents it in a more positive light and shows that Bohm's work in the psychological field was complementary to and compatible with his contributions to theoretical physics.

The mature expression of Bohm's views in the psychological field was presented in a seminar conducted in 1990 at the Oak Grove School, founded by Krishnamurti in Ojai, California. It was one of a series of seminars held by Bohm at Oak Grove School, and it was published as Thought as a System. In the seminar, Bohm described the pervasive influence of thought throughout society, including the many erroneous assumptions about the nature of thought and its effects in daily life.

In the seminar, Bohm develops several interrelated themes. He points out that thought is the ubiquitous tool that is used to solve every kind of problem: personal, social, scientific, and so on. Yet thought, he maintains, is also inadvertently the source of many of those problems. He recognizes and acknowledges the irony of the situation: it is as if one gets sick by going to the doctor.

Bohm maintains that thought is a system, in the sense that it is an interconnected network of concepts, ideas and assumptions that pass seamlessly between individuals and throughout society. If there is a fault in the functioning of thought, therefore, it must be a systemic fault, which infects the entire network. The thought that is brought to bear to resolve any given problem, therefore, is susceptible to the same flaw that created the problem it is trying to solve.

Thought proceeds as if it is merely reporting objectively, but in fact, it is often coloring and distorting perception in unexpected ways. What is required in order to correct the distortions introduced by thought, according to Bohm, is a form of proprioception, or self-awareness. Neural receptors throughout the body inform us directly of our physical position and movement, but there is no corresponding awareness of the activity of thought. Such an awareness would represent psychological proprioception and would enable the possibility of perceiving and correcting the unintended consequences of the thinking process.

Further interests
In his book On Creativity, quoting Alfred Korzybski, the Polish-American who developed the field of General Semantics, Bohm expressed the view that "metaphysics is an expression of a world view" and is "thus to be regarded as an art form, resembling poetry in some ways and mathematics in others, rather than as an attempt to say something true about reality as a whole".

Bohm was keenly aware of various ideas outside the scientific mainstream. In his book Science, Order and Creativity, Bohm referred to the views of various biologists on the evolution of the species, including Rupert Sheldrake. He also knew the ideas of Wilhelm Reich.

Contrary to many other scientists, Bohm did not exclude the paranormal out of hand. Bohm temporarily even held Uri Geller's bending of keys and spoons to be possible, prompting warning remarks by his colleague Basil Hiley that it might undermine the scientific credibility of their work in physics. Martin Gardner reported this in a Skeptical Inquirer article and also critiqued the views of Jiddu Krishnamurti, with whom Bohm had met in 1959 and had had many subsequent exchanges. Gardner said that Bohm's view of the interconnectedness of mind and matter (on one occasion, Bohm summarized: "Even the electron is informed with a certain level of mind." ) "flirted with panpsychism".

Bohm dialogue
To address societal problems during his later years, Bohm wrote a proposal for a solution that has become known as "Bohm Dialogue", in which equal status and "free space" form the most important prerequisites of communication and the appreciation of differing personal beliefs. An essential ingredient in this form of dialogue is that participants "suspend" immediate action or judgment and give themselves and each other the opportunity to become aware of the thought process itself. Bohm suggested that if the "dialogue groups" were experienced on a sufficiently-wide scale, they could help overcome the isolation and fragmentation that Bohm observed in society.

Later life
Bohm continued his work in quantum physics after his retirement, in 1987. His final work, the posthumously published The Undivided Universe: An Ontological Interpretation of Quantum Theory (1993), resulted from a decades-long collaboration with Basil Hiley. He also spoke to audiences across Europe and North America on the importance of dialogue as a form of sociotherapy, a concept he borrowed from London psychiatrist and practitioner of Group Analysis Patrick de Maré, and he had a series of meetings with the Dalai Lama. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1990.

Near the end of his life, Bohm began to experience a recurrence of the depression that he had suffered earlier in life. He was admitted to the Maudsley Hospital in South London on 10 May 1991. His condition worsened and it was decided that the only treatment that might help him was electroconvulsive therapy. Bohm's wife consulted psychiatrist David Shainberg, Bohm's longtime friend and collaborator, who agreed that electroconvulsive treatments were probably his only option. Bohm showed improvement from the treatments and was released on 29 August, but his depression returned and was treated with medication.

Bohm died after suffering a heart attack in Hendon, London, on 27 October 1992, aged 74.

The film Infinite Potential is based on Bohm's life and studies; it adopts the same name as the biography by F. David Peat.

Reception of causal theory
In the early 1950s, Bohm's causal quantum theory of hidden variables was mostly negatively received, with a widespread tendency among physicists to systematically ignore both Bohm personally and his ideas. There was a significant revival of interest in Bohm's ideas in the late 1950s and the early 1960s; the Ninth Symposium of the Colston Research Society in Bristol in 1957 was a key turning point toward greater tolerance of his ideas.

Publications

 * 1951. Quantum Theory, New York: Prentice Hall. 1989 reprint, New York: Dover, ISBN 0-486-65969-0
 * 1957. Causality and Chance in Modern Physics, 1961 Harper edition reprinted in 1980 by Philadelphia: U of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 0-8122-1002-6
 * 1962. Quanta and Reality, A Symposium, with N. R. Hanson and Mary B. Hesse, from a BBC program published by the American Research Council
 * 1965. The Special Theory of Relativity, New York: W.A. Benjamin.
 * 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-0971-2, 1983 Ark paperback: ISBN 0-7448-0000-5, 2002 paperback: ISBN 0-415-28979-3
 * 1985. Unfolding Meaning: A weekend of dialogue with David Bohm (Donald Factor, editor), Gloucestershire: Foundation House, ISBN 0-948325-00-3, 1987 Ark paperback: ISBN 0-7448-0064-1, 1996 Routledge paperback: ISBN 0-415-13638-5
 * 1985. The Ending of Time, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, San Francisco: Harper, ISBN 0-06-064796-5.
 * 1987. Science, Order, and Creativity, with F. David Peat. London: Routledge. 2nd ed. 2000.  ISBN 0-415-17182-2.
 * 1989. Meaning And Information, In: P. Pylkkänen (ed.): The Search for Meaning: The New Spirit in Science and Philosophy, Crucible, The Aquarian Press, 1989, ISBN 978-1-85274-061-0.
 * 1991. Changing Consciousness: Exploring the Hidden Source of the Social, Political and Environmental Crises Facing our World (a dialogue of words and images), coauthor Mark Edwards, Harper San Francisco, ISBN 0-06-250072-4
 * 1992. Thought as a System (transcript of seminar held in Ojai, California, from 30 November to 2 December 1990), London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-11980-4.
 * 1993. The Undivided Universe: An ontological interpretation of quantum theory, with B.J. Hiley, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-12185-X (final work)
 * 1996. On Dialogue. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: ISBN 0-415-14911-8, paperback: ISBN 0-415-14912-6, 2004 edition: ISBN 0-415-33641-4
 * 1998. On Creativity, editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, hardcover: ISBN 0-415-17395-7, paperback: ISBN 0-415-17396-5, 2004 edition: ISBN 0-415-33640-6
 * 1999. Limits of Thought: Discussions, with Jiddu Krishnamurti, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-19398-2.
 * 1999. Bohm–Biederman Correspondence: Creativity and Science, with Charles Biederman. editor Paavo Pylkkänen. ISBN 0-415-16225-4.
 * 2002. The Essential David Bohm. editor Lee Nichol. London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26174-0. preface by the Dalai Lama
 * 2017. David Bohm: Causality and Chance, Letters to Three Women, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-55491-4.
 * 2018. The Unity of Everything: A Conversation with David Bohm, with Nish Dubashia. Hamburg, Germany: Tredition, ISBN 978-3-7439-9299-3.
 * 2020. David Bohm's Critique of Modern Physics, Letters to Jeffrey Bub, 1966–1969, Foreword by Jeffrey Bub, editor Chris Talbot. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-45536-1.

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Intermontane Plateaus

In the context of physical geography, the Intermontane Plateaus is one of eight physiographic regions of the contiguous United States. The region consists mostly of plateaus and mountain ranges lying between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains on the west. It is subdivided into three physiographic provinces: the Columbia Plateau in the north, the Basin and Range Province in the central and southwestern portions, and the Colorado Plateau in the southeast. In turn, each of these provinces are each subdivided into a number of physiographic sections.

Columbia Plateau Province
The Columbia Plateau Province is a large igneous province of flood basalts erupted in Miocene and early Pliocence epochs across the states of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, and California.

Colorado Plattiary erosion landforms
The province was uplifted and divided into great blocks by faults or monoclinal flexures which were exposed to long-lasting denudation in a mid-Tertiary cycle of erosion. They were then broadly elevated again with renewed movement on some of the faults. The current erosion cycle started in the late Tertiary, when the deep canyons of the region were trenched. The results of the first cycle of erosion are seen in the widespread exposure of the resistant Carboniferous limestone as a broad platform in the southwestern area of greater uplift through central Arizona where the less resistant overlying formations have been eroded away. They are also seen in the development of a series of cuestas: huge, south-facing, retreating escarpments of irregular outline on the edges of the higher formations farther north. Each escarpment stands forth where a resistant formation overlies a weaker, less resistant one. Each escarpment is separated from the next higher one by a broad step of weaker strata.

A series of these geologic formations occurs in southern Utah, where in passing northward from the Carboniferous platform one ascends in succession the Chocolate Cliffs (Triassic sandstones), Vermilion and White Cliffs (Jurassic sandstones), the Gray Cliffs (Cretaceous sandstones, of remarkably cross-bedded structure, interpreted as the dunes of an ancient desert), and finally the Pink Cliffs (Eocene strata of fluviatile and lacustrine origin) of the high, forested plateaus. Associated with these irregular escarpments are occasional rectilinear ridges, the work of extensive erosion on monoclinal structures. A good example of this is Echo Cliffs lying east of the Painted Desert. The Mogollon Rim escarpment is part of the transition zone between the Mogollon Plateau of the Colorado Plateau Province and the Sonoran Desert of the Basin and Range Province.

With the renewal of uplift by which the earlier cycle of erosion was interrupted and the present cycle introduced, inequalities of surface due to renewed faulting were again introduced. These still appear as cliffs, of more nearly rectilinear front than the retreating escarpments formed in the previous cycle. These cliffs are peculiar in gradually passing from one formation to another, and in having a height dependent on the displacement of the fault rather than on the structures in the fault face. They are already somewhat battered and dissected by erosion. The most important line of cliffs of this class is associated with the western and southern boundary of the Plateau Province where it was uplifted from the lower ground. The few rivers of the region must have reached the quiescence of old age in the earlier cycle, but were revived by uplift to a vigorous youth in the current cycle. It is to this newly introduced cycle of physiographic evolution that the deep canyons of the Plateau province are due. Thus the Virgin River, a northern tributary of the Colorado River, has cut a vertical slit, 1000 ft. deep, hardly wider at the top than at the bottom, in the heavy Triassic sandstones of southern Utah. However the most famous example is the Grand Canyon of Arizona, eroded by the Colorado river across the uplifted platform of Carboniferous limestone.

During the current cycle of erosion, several of the faults, whose scarps had been worn away in the previous cycle, have been brought to light again as topographic features by the removal of the weak strata along one side of the fault line, leaving the harder strata on the other side in relief. Such scarps are known as fault-line scarps, in distinction from the original fault scarps. They are peculiar in having their altitude dependent on the depth of revived erosion, instead of the amount of faulting, and they are sometimes topographically reversed, in that the revived scarp overlooks a lowland worn on a weak formation in the upheaved fault-block. Another consequence of revived erosion is seen in the occurrence of great landslides, where the removal of weak (Permian) clays has sapped the face of the Vermilion Cliffs, so that huge slices of the cliff face have slid down and forward 1 - 2 mi, all shattered into a confused tumult of forms for a 20 mi or more along the cliff base.

Volcanic features
Volcanic features occur in abundance in the Plateau province. Some of the high plateaus in the north are capped with remnants of heavy lava flows of early eruption. A group of large volcanoes occurs on the limestone platform south of the Grand Canyon, culminating in Mount San Francisco (Humphreys Peak) (12794 ft, a moderately dissected cone, and associated with many more recent smaller cones and freshlooking lava flows. Mount Taylor in western New Mexico is of similar age, but here dissection seems to have advanced farther, probably because of the weaker nature of the underlying rocks. The dissection has resulted in removing the smaller cones and exposing many lava conduits or pipes in the form of volcanic necks or buttes. The Henry Mountains in southwestern Utah are peculiar in owing their relief to the doming or blistering up of the plateau strata by the underground intrusion of large bodies or cisterns (laccolites) of lava, now more or less exposed by erosion.

Basin and Range Province
The large Basin and Range Province is a basin and range topography resulting from crustal extension (extensional tectonics). It is located in all or parts of Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, California, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona in the Western United States; and Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa, and other states southwards to the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in Mexico. It involves some novel problems in its description, especially in Southern California and central Mexico.

The province is characterized by numerous disconnected mountain ranges trending north and south, from 30 - 100 mi in length, the higher ranges reaching altitudes of 8000 - 10000 ft, separated by broad, intermontane desert plains or basins at altitudes varying from sea-level (or a little less) in the southwest, to 4000 - 5000 ft farther inland. It is an arid region.

Many of the intermontane plains, occurring mostly in the north, appear to be heavily aggraded with mountain waste. Others, mostly in the south, are valleys also heavily aggraded by mountain erosion. The structure of the region previous to faulting was dependent on long antecedent processes of accumulation and deformation and the surface of the region then was dependent on the amount of erosion suffered in the prefaulting cycle.

When the region was broken into fault blocks and the blocks were uplifted and tilted, the back slope of each block was a part of the previously eroded surface and the face of the block was a surface of fracture. The present form of the higher blocks is more or less affected by erosion since faulting, while many of the lower blocks have been buried under the waste of the higher ones.

Northern areas
In the north, where dislocations have invaded the field of the horizontal Columbian lavas, as in southeastern Oregon and northeastern California, the blocks are monoclinal in structure as well as in attitude. Here, the amount of dissection is relatively moderate, for some of the fault faces are described as ravined but not yet deeply dissected. Hence these dislocations appear to be of recent date.

Central areas
In the Great Basin of western Utah and through most of Nevada, many of the blocks exhibit deformed structures involving folds and faults of relatively ancient (Jurassic) date. In fact so ancient that the mountains formed by the folding were worn down to the lowland stage of old age before the block-faulting occurred. When this old-mountain lowland was broken into blocks and the blocks were tilted, their attitude, but not their structure, was monoclinal.

In this new attitude, they have been so maturely re-dissected in the current new cycle of erosion as to have gained elaborately carved forms in which the initial form of the uplifted blocks can hardly be perceived. Some of them still retain along one side the highly significant feature of a relatively simple base-line, transecting hard and soft structures alike indicating the faulted margin of a tilted block.

Here the less uplifted blocks are now heavily aggraded with waste from the dissected ranges. The waste takes the form of huge alluvial fans, formed chiefly by occasional boulder-bearing floods from the mountains. Each fan heads in a ravine at the mountain base and becomes laterally confluent with adjacent fans as it stretches several miles forward with decreasing slope and increasing fineness of material.

Southern areas
In the upper southern part of the Basin and Range Province, in the Mojave Desert of California, and Sonoran Desert of southern California and Arizona (U.S.) and northern Sonora (Mexico) states, the ranges are well dissected and some of the intermontane depressions have rock floors with gentle, centripetal slopes. This area also has huge alluvial fans, with heads at canyons exiting the mountains, and laterally confluent with adjacent fans as they extend for miles with rather consistent slopes.

The Basin and Range Province extends southeast down into Chihuahua state in northeast Mexico, and far south along the Mexican Plateau to central Mexico at the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt.

Drainage basins
Only a small part of the Basin and Range province is drained to the sea. A few intermont areas in the north-west part of the province have outlets westward via the Klamath River through the Cascade range. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers from the Sierra Nevada pass through the Central Valley and California Coast Ranges to San Francisco Bay. A few basins in the southeast have outlet by the Rio Grande to the Gulf of Mexico.

Colorado River watershed
A much larger but still narrow medial area is drained southwestward by the Colorado River to the head of the Gulf of California, where this large and very turbid river has formed the extensive Colorado River Delta, north of which the former head of the gulf is now cut off from the sea and laid bare by evaporation as a plain below sea-level.

It is in the Lower Colorado River Valley that an irrigation project, involving the diversion of some of the river water to the low plain of the Imperial Valley, led to disaster in 1904. The river flooded through a deliberately engineered breach of the Alamo Canal and flowed across the Imperial Valley plain into the Salton Sink, forming the Salton Sea. The endorheic Salton Sea remains, now supplied by subterranean flow from over-irrigated fields draining into the aquifer.

Seasonal streams—lakes
Many streams descend from the ravines only to wither away on the desert basin floors before uniting in a trunk river along the axis of a depression. Others succeed in uniting in the winter season, when evaporation is much reduced, and then their trunk flows for several additional miles only to disappear by sinking (evaporating) farther on. A few of the large streams, such as the Mojave River, when in flood may spread out in a temporary shallow sheet on a dead level of clay, or playa, in a basin center, but the sheet of water vanishes in the warm season (dry lake) and the stream shrinks far up its course, the absolutely barren clay floor of the playa, impassable when wet, becomes firm enough for crossing when dry.

One of the southwestern basins, with its floor below sea-level, has a plain of salt in its center. A few of the basins are occupied by endorheic lakes without outlet, of which Great Salt Lake, in north-west Utah, is the largest. Other examples are Owens Lake and Mono Lake in California.

Several smaller lakes occur in the basins of western Nevada, immediately east of the Sierra Nevada. During Pleistocene times all these lacustrine basins were occupied by lakes of much greater depth and larger size. The outlines of the eastern Lake Bonneville and the western Lake Lahontan water bodies are well recorded by shore lines and deltas on the enclosing slopes, hundreds of feet above the present lake surfaces. The abandoned shore lines have yielded evidence of past climatic changes second in importance only to those of the Pleistocene glaciated areas. The duration of the Pleistocene lakes was brief as compared with the time since the dislocation of the faulted blocks, as is shown by the small dimensions of the lacustrine beaches compared to the great volume of the ravine-heading fans on which the beaches often lie.

Intermediate Province
The Intermediate Province is located in parts of Washington, Oregon and Idaho.

Lava plains
The lava plains of the Columbia River Basin are among the most extensive volcanic outpourings in the world. They cover over 210000 km2 in southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and southwestern Idaho, and are known to be 4000 ft deep in some river gorges.

The lava completely buries the pre-existent land forms over most of its extent. Some of the flows are still so young as to preserve their scoriaceous surface. Here, the shore-line of the lava contours evenly around the spurs and enters, bay-like, into the valleys of the enclosing mountains, occasionally isolating an outlying mass. Other parts of the lava flood are much older and have been more or less deformed and eroded. Thus the uplifted, dislocated and dissected lava sheets of Yellowstone National Park in the Rocky Mountains on the east (at the headwaters of the Snake River) are associated with the older lavas of the Columbian plains.

River canyons
The Columbia River has entrenched itself in a canyon-like valley around the northern and Western side of the lava plains. The Snake River has cut a deeper canyon farther southeast where the plains are higher and has disclosed the many lava sheets which build up the plains, occasionally revealing a buried mountain in which the superposed river has cut an even narrower canyon. One of the most remarkable features of the Intermediate Province is seen in the temporary course taken by the Columbia River across the plains, while its canyon was obstructed by Pleistocene glaciers that came from the Cascade Range on the northwest. The river followed the temporary course long enough to erode a deep gorge, known as Grande Coulee, along part of its length.

The lava plains are treeless and for the most part too dry for agriculture. However they support wildlife, and cattle and horses. Along parts of their eastern border, where the rainfall is a little increased by the approach of the westerly winds to the Rocky Mountains, there is a belt of very deep, impalpably fine soil, supposed to be a dust deposit brought from the drier parts of the plains farther west.

title: Intermontane Plateaus


text:
Talk:Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Untitled comments
Dear MUNer, I've removed your comment on the main page. What delegation are you? Assuming you are on the security council for Belfast, I will see you tomorrow!195.195.166.31 14:50, 1 November 2006 (UTC)

So is "As of 2002, Afghanistan is led by an interim government headed by Hamid Karzai" still true now it's 2003, and if so should it be updated? -- Nevilley 18:35 Feb 21, 2003 (UTC)

There ought to be a citation for this line: The remnants of the warlords are almost non-existent.SatanicPanic1 (talk) 05:16, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
 * I deleted the line since i couldn't find a fact to support this line and i think the article can exist perfectly without it Diedtc (talk) 15:47, 27 December 2009 (UTC)

I'm not particularly knowing about Afghanistan, but I can tell that the following wording does not give a credible impression.

 * (...) the Taliban, which lost recognition from all other countries in the world except Pakistan after the September 11 terrorist attacks against the United States. As of October 2001, only Pakistan recognized the Taliban government, though Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates had in the past.

If only three countries of the world had recognized Afghanistan's Taliban government, then it's a contradiction to state that it lost recognition from "all other countries in the world". Further, the recognition of a government is linked to the government's control over a state, and recognition is not "revoked" unless the government loses the control. In other words, one would expect that the war against Afghanistan was the cause of the government's loss of recognition, not a terrorist attack against the United States. -- Johan Magnus 00:52 19 May 2003 (UTC)

There is no need to analyze every link we put in. I think we should removed the lengthy descriptions. --Jiang 00:20, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

The whole point of the lengthy source descriptions was that contributors could use them to review and then make their own contribution to the article, which clearly relies on too few sources and needs a lot of revision.

This is obviously an article in transition. I personally need both a TOC and an annotated source listing so I can work on providing more depth and breadth to the article. Cut and pasted material from two CIA fact books is not sufficent.

Instead of constantly reverting I will create a separate entry that I can work on using the tools I need: namely, a detailed listing of sections and descriptions of the sources I, or anyone else, may want to use to revise.

At some point I'll resubmit it to this present entry, if appropriate. -- CBorges 05:31, 7 Sep 2003 (UTC)

This page needs a serious update of facts! For instance the constitution is in. I do not understand the necessaity of such a grim view of Afghanistan either, though I'm not very knolwedgeable in politics, I don't hear so much bad news from Afghanistan as this article suggests. Is anybody watching this page?

Bhs 10:17, 4 May 2004 (PDT)

Cleaned
Ya, I agree, this article was a mess. I fixed it now to the best of my ability. It so more up to date as of early 2005. I also removed the attention link. Still, I encourage others to help out in improving this article, perhaps to article of the month status?. It leaves so much still to be desired. Stranger

"Also, the system is quite new, implementation of which began only 2004, just after decades of war between different factions and warlords, the remnants of which is almost non existent. " This is grammatically broken, but I can't fix it without knowing what the referent to "remnants" was supposed to be? remnants of warlords? remnants of factions? remnants of decades? Its kinda too broken to fix--it needs to be rewritten probably, but I don't know what it is trying to say.

Update needed: April 2005 parliamentary elections
I put two tags in there, both in the Elections and Legislative sections, because both mention the April 2005 elections from an advance perpective. (Very nice article, though!)  PhilipR 19:02, 24 May 2005 (UTC)

 * Not really, it's extremely out of date. In 2002 it might have been a good page. Anyway, I'm going to try and write something up about the legislative election. --RaiderAspect 00:56, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Merging the articals?
anyone against it? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Xiaden (talk • contribs) 15:47, 12 December 2006 (UTC).

 * I dont really see why we should do it --RaiderAspect 05:20, 30 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Never mind, thought you meant the list of Transitional Administration personnel. I dont have a problem with merging. --RaiderAspect 05:22, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Merged into History of Afghanistan since 1992 as the more complete reference. It is only background in the Politics of Afghanistan article. Also merged Afghan Interim Authority the same way since the two articles almost entirely overlapped. --Bejnar 18:39, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I think this merge was poorly advised. Since hardly anyone commented on it I would like to renew the discussion.
 * No advantage to a merge was advocated. The contributor who suggested it seemed to assume that it was obvious that merging somewhat related articles is a good idea.  I can't agree with this.
 * Merging related articles into larger omnibus articles squanders half the power of a wiki. Wikis have an enormous advantage over plain old vanilla web-pages on the plain old vanilla world-wide web.  Wikilinks are bi-directional.  Readers can look to see what articles link to a wiki article.  This powerful feature gets squandered when perfectly valid articles that can stand on their own get merged.  Wikis like the wikipedia work best when they are built out of small articles that talk about one thing.  When articles talk about more than one thing, the utility of the "what links here" button is eroded.
 * Merging to a subsection of an existing article is a deeply broken practice.  #REDIRECT History of Afghanistan since 1992  -- so what happens if someone changes the section heading the redirection points to?  The redirection breaks.  What happens if someone removes that section?  When someone proposes the deletion of an entire article the "what links here" tells interested editors which other articles would be affected by the deletion.  No longer true when redirections point to sections of other articles.
 * Cheers! Geo Swan 20:05, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Terminology
The article says that "With the exception of military junta..." Afghanistan has had every kind of political system, and then proceeds to list them. However, some of the examples given include capitalism and socialism. These are not political systems, rather economic systems, and besides that they are vaguely defined. Does "socialism" here mean command economy? Mixed market? Administrative welfare state? Does "capitalism" mean laissez-faire? Keynesian?

My point here is that the terminology here is not really specific and doesn't add to an understanding of Afghan politics. On the other hand specific terms like "pro-soviet communist state" are useful because it refers to the specific phenomenon of an authoritarian state controlled by a national Communist Party loyal to the USSR during the Cold War. Just my 2 cents. 88.11.125.125 (talk) 15:49, 7 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Removed.--Anthonzi (talk) 10:35, 22 October 2010 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Afghanistan" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you. kaleb cerar is awesome wich is (me)

— Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.56.115.219 (talk) 19:14, 13 September 2011 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the nomination page. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:11, 22 October 2020 (UTC)
 * Afghan presidential election, 2009 poster 4.jpg

Requested move 16 August 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: page moved. (non-admin closure) Muhibm0307 (talk) 04:21, 16 August 2021 (UTC)

Politics of Afghanistan → Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan – The content about the Karzia-Ghani regime needs to be split from the high-level article about Politics of Afghanistan. Most of the edit history is relevant to that content so the history should be moved as well. User:力 (power~enwiki, π,  ν ) 01:02, 16 August 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Requested move 25 August 2021

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Moved. CMD's draft can go in place of the old article. — Amakuru (talk) 10:43, 16 September 2021 (UTC)

Politics of Afghanistan → Politics of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan – The content about the Karzia-Ghani regime needs to be split from the high-level article about Politics of Afghanistan. Most of the edit history is relevant to that content so the history should be moved as well. User:力 (power~enwiki, π,  ν ) 16:16, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

Note: I filed an RM, which was speedy-closed as moved and then reverted. The "timeline" and "background" sections are the only part not about the Karzai-Ghani regime. User:力 (power~enwiki, π,  ν ) 16:16, 25 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Support move This article should be kept as an historical piece, with the separate title "Politics of Afghanistan" reserved for the current mess as it develops.  The issue of the material about the Karzia-Ghani regime really isn't relevant to this discussion, but I would say to User:力, be bold if it requires a separate article.  In making this an historical article, extraneous material should be moved where appropriate. --Bejnar (talk) 01:51, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose: Until there are two articles, WP:COMMONNAME should be observed. ― Tartan357  Talk 02:28, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

 * I believe that is what the proposal is, namely two articles, with the common name going to the current situation and the other one being historical. --Bejnar (talk) 02:35, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

 * If there is either content for either an article about the politics of the Taliban's Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan or a broad-concept article on politics before-and-after the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, I am not opposed to a second article -- an article which should not retain the revision history currently at this title. User:力 (power~enwiki, π,  ν ) 02:30, 26 August 2021 (UTC)

 * Support. I thought the Taliban don’t engage in politics (sarcasm). But more seriously, the content of this page relates to the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and not the Taliban, who have de facto control of 95% of the country, and who are not known for their politics (they certainly do engage in it; they have factions, but it’s more secretive). Muhibm0307 (talk) 04:14, 26 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support - in agreement with nominator. GoodDay (talk) 02:54, 27 August 2021 (UTC)
 * Support, although perhaps framing it as part of a split than a move would be helpful regarding Tartan357's oppose. This article topic is clearly undergoing a significant real life shift, and this article is already outdated in its use of the present tense. Aside from the first five edits and recent lead tweaks, this article has been built and developed to reflect one particular political structure within Afghanistan. It makes sense then to retain it as the article on this political structure. A new article will no doubt have to be created on the current title of this article, to reflect the present tense, and can include some sections split from this article as appropriate ("timeline" and "background" as mentioned above). CMD (talk) 04:42, 8 September 2021 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Note I have created Draft:Politics of Afghanistan, that can be moved here so that no gap is left by this page move. I believe the lack of such an article was the crux of Tartan357's oppose, and represents the "current mess" as noted by Bejnar. I believe, given the unique nature of the page change here, that most incoming links will not need to be changed. CMD (talk) 13:08, 9 September 2021 (UTC)


text:
Ivan Stang

Ivan Stang (born Douglass St. Clair Smith; August 21, 1953) is an American writer, filmmaker and broadcaster, best known as the author and publisher of the first screed of the Church of the SubGenius. He is credited with founding the Church with friend Philo Drummond in 1979, though Stang himself denied this and claimed the organization was founded in 1953 by J. R. "Bob" Dobbs.

Born in Washington, D.C., and raised in Fort Worth, Texas, he attended the St. Mark's School of Texas. Since the publication of the first SubGenius pamphlet in 1980, Stang has embarked on a worldwide crusade (spanning at least three continents) to promote the Church. In May 2006 he finished writing, editing and designing a new SubGenius book for Thunder's Mouth Press, The SubGenius Psychlopaedia of Slack: The Bobliographon. He has appeared on several national radio and television shows, including The Jon Stewart Show on MTV. Stang is an instructor on the faculty of the Maybe Logic Academy. Both he and J.R. "Bob" Dobbs appear as characters in John Shirley's science fiction novel Kamus of Kadizar: The Black Hole of Carcosa.

SubGenius Foundation
Stang also founded the business entity of the Church, the SubGenius Foundation. The SubGenius Foundation was located in Dallas, Texas, for most of its existence, though Stang relocated to Cleveland Heights, Ohio in 1999. The SubGenius Foundation was based there from 1999 to 2017, and the syndicated show The Hour of Slack is produced partially at WCSB at Cleveland State University. His "Rants" are a regular feature at the Starwood Festival and WinterStar Symposium, both produced by the Association for Consciousness Exploration (ACE). The Church has collaborated with ACE on a number of projects, including CDs, DVDs and the Rant 'n Rave events in Cleveland, Ohio. He was awarded Best Crack-Pot Preacher by the Cleveland Scene in 2000. Stang continues to promote the Church, and he is a prominent member of Cleveland's underground pop culture scene. In 2017 the Foundation and Stang moved to Glen Rose, Texas.

High Weirdness by Mail
In 1988, Stang compiled a book called High Weirdness by Mail — A Directory of the Fringe: Crackpots, Kooks & True Visionaries. The book examined many non-mainstream or marginal cultural movements of the period, as well as providing contact information for those wishing to interact directly with people involved in these movements.

Filmmaking
Stang is a "filmmaker" and an "editor". In addition to creating several stop-motion short films with such titles as Reproduction Cycle Among Unicellular Life Forms Under the Rocks of Mars and Let's Visit the World of the Future, he also edited the 1989 feature-length VHS video spoof-documentary Arise! for the Church of the SubGenius, as well as providing narration and commentary for the 1999 documentary Grass. Commercial jobs have included a 60-second "Art Break" animated short for MTV, animation in a Devo music video, as well as writing and editing the feature-length documentaries China Run and The Cu-Chi Tunnels.

Discography
Partial discography includes:
 * Starwood Slack! (recorded rant on cassette) (ACE)
 * Invisible College Drop-Outs (recorded rant on cassette) (ACE)
 * The Stupid Rant (recorded rant on cassette) (ACE)
 * High Weirdness By Mail (recorded rant on cassette) (ACE)
 * Rev. Stang Live at Starwood (recorded rant on CD + music) ISBN 1-59157-005-0 (ACE)
 * I Was A Cultist For The A.T.F. (radio drama starring Stang)
 * The Once and Future Legend (panel discussion on cassette with Ariana Lightningstorm, Patricia Monaghan, Jeff Rosenbaum, Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson) (ACE)
 * What IS the Conspiracy, Anyway? (panel discussion on cassette with Anodea Judith, Jeff Rosenbaum, Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson) (ACE)

Filmography
Partial filmography includes:
 * 1969 – The Wad and the Worm (Director, writer, animator)
 * 1973 – Let's Visit the World of the Future (Director, writer, & actor)
 * 1978 – Reproduction Cycle Among Unicellular Life Forms Under the Rocks of Mars (Director, writer, & narrator)
 * 1979 – Mono (Director & writer)
 * 1987 – China Run (Video editor)
 * 1989 – Arise!: The SubGenius Video (Island Records) (Director, writer, & appears as self)
 * 1990 – The Cu Chi Tunnels (Video & script editor)
 * 1992 – Arise!: The SubGenius Video (Polygram Records) ASIN 6302311616 (Director, writer, & appears as self)
 * 1992 – Church of the Subgenius: Sect? Satire? Or Satanism? (Appears as self)
 * 1999 – Grass (Narrator & does commentary)
 * 2000 – Duelin' Firemen! (Actor)
 * 2003 – Maybe Logic: The Lives and Ideas of Robert Anton Wilson (Appears as self)
 * 2008 – God's Cartoonist: The Comic Crusade of Jack Chick (Appears as self)

title: Ivan Stang


text:
Electropop

Electropop is a popular music fusion genre combining elements of the electronic and pop styles. It has been described as a variant of synth-pop with outstanding heavy emphasis on its electronic sound. The genre was developed in the 1980s and saw a revival of popularity and influence in the late 2000s.

Early 1980s
During the early 1980s, British artists such as Gary Numan, Depeche Mode, Orchestral Manoeuvres In The Dark, The Human League, Soft Cell, John Foxx and Visage helped pioneer a new synth-pop style that drew more heavily from electronic music and emphasized primary usage of synthesizers.

"Some fascinating new music began arriving on these shores; it was dubbed electropop, because electronic instrumentation — mainly synthesizers and syndrums — was used to craft pop songs. 'Pop Muzik' by M was one of the first. There was a gradual accumulation of worthy electropop discs, though they were still mostly heard only in rock discos. But in 1981, the floodgates opened, and 'new music' at last made a mighty splash. The breakthrough song was 'Don't You Want Me' by the Human League."

21st century
Britney Spears' highly influential fifth studio album Blackout (2007) is credited for bringing the genre to mainstream prominence. The media in 2009 ran articles proclaiming a new era of different electropop stars, and indeed the times saw a rise in popularity of several electropop artists. In the Sound of 2009 poll of 130 music experts conducted for the BBC, ten of the top fifteen artists named were of the electropop genre. Lady Gaga had major commercial success from 2008 with her debut album The Fame. Music writer Simon Reynolds noted that "Everything about Gaga came from electroclash, except the music, which wasn't particularly 1980s". The Korean pop music scene has also become dominated and influenced by electropop, particularly with boy bands and girl groups such as Super Junior, SHINee, f(x) and Girls' Generation.

Singer Michael Angelakos of Passion Pit said in a 2009 interview that while playing electropop was not his intention, the limitations of dorm life made the genre more accessible.

In 2009, The Guardian quoted James Oldham—head of artists and repertoire at A&M Records—as saying "All A&R departments have been saying to managers and lawyers: 'Don't give us any more bands because we're not going to sign them and they're not going to sell records.' So everything we've been put on to is electronic in nature."

In 2019, Kenneth Womack wrote that singer and songwriter Billie Eilish had "staked her claim as the reigning queen of electropop" with her critical and commercial hit album When We All Fall Asleep, Where Do We Go?.

title: Electropop


text:
User talk:Nevilley/Archive1

Hello there Nevilley, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, nice spelling and link fixes all around - I hope to see more from you. Cheers! --maveric149

Good point about "Is there any other kind of composer?". There is in fact another kind: a person who puts together the type in the printing industry -- but we can wait until somebody finds it worthwhile to put together an article on this now mostly obsolete skill before we atttempt to disambiguate. At least "music composer" was an improvement over the previous "musical composer" which suggested that they had to be wound up so that they could play music while they composed. Eclecticology

Well done. I didn't have the balls to move Durham and create a fuss. I'm glad somebody did. Mintguy

 * Why did you feel it worth adding "For the English county of Durham see County Durham." when there is already a link to County Durham on line one of the article? -- SGBailey
 * Thanks for the message. Please see response on User_Talk:SGBailey
 * And seasons greetings to you too. -- SGBailey 18:59 Dec 24, 2002 (UTC)

You are welcome. I considered it only fair.--AN 17:44 Dec 24, 2002 (UTC)

Hi again Nevilley - I wasn't sure where to respond re German and English names, so I'm sticking it here. I agree completely with you - its best to name things by their most common English usages, and then give a translation/the original in brackets. So if I was writing a Stravinsky article, I'd talk about "Les Noces (The Wedding)", but also "The Rite of Spring (Le Sacre du Printemps)". A general rule of sorts (really about article names, but applicable to article texts as well) can be found at Naming conventions (anglicization): "Name your pages in English and place the native transliteration on the first line of the article unless the native form is more commonly used in English than the anglicized form." That's really just a longwinded way of saying "Call things by the name most commonly used by English-speakers", which fits in with what you've done. Anyway, have a good Christmas/other festival of your choice/last week of December. --Camembert

Hi Nevilley, thankyou for your comment on my talk page. I'm sorry I deleted the self link on the lis of musical topics page. In my opinion, all self links be useless, but as I understand it now, these self links are wanted, so that people can click on related changes, and changes to the list page will be listed too. Imo opinion the software should show changes on the list page too in related changes, but untill then I guess I should leave the links in. Thanks for bringing that too my attention, it is much appreciated. Smelialichu 13:03 Dec 26, 2002 (UTC)

Hi Nevilley, sorry I did not respond to your comment/question, but I've been ill for the last three weeks and have not touched my PC much. I got a bit disheartened with the counties, especially the controversy over what is the best way of disambing, so I'm keeping out of it from now on. I did find a website which lists all the counties, unitary authorities etc. etc. I can give you the link if you like. Renata 23:30 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

Hey Nev, are you a Durham lad?? If yes: I did theology at St. John's in the late Eighties, also various placements in Teesside and Newcastle. I love the North East. Renata 18:03 Jan 4, 2003 (UTC)

Sorry but the email address listed is not correct: it should be renata.edge....will you send it again? Thanks, Renata 23:42 Jan 6, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Nev - I don't know of a WikiStandard on something like viola and violist, but as the list at violist is quite short, I would favour sticking it onto the end of the viola article, and redirecting "violist" to there. That could probably be balanced by taking out a couple of the violists mentioned in the text of the "viola" article. On the other hand, if the list of violists is to remain at a separate article (which also isn't a bad idea and might be required if the list grows anyway), then I think the link to it at "viola" should be more obvious, which should discourage people adding more players at "viola" itself. I'll leave it to your good judgement to decide exactly what to do - I learnt a while ago that it's best to avoid violas where possible (guilt by association and all that ;) --Camembert - The image and media link look good. :) --mav 20:44 Feb 10, 2003 (UTC)

 * I have changed the formatting on Meteora slightly to use tables instead of stylesheets; this works in more browsers, and allows us to do away with the arbitrary linebreaks by simply specifying the table width.

 * Authors really shouldn't be bothered with this low level stuff - we are planning to make image use in articles much simpler. --Eloquence 21:45 Feb 10, 2003 (UTC)

I just happened to notice that the page had been blanked, and using my psychic powers, predicted that somebody would soon ask for it to be deleted. How I do it, I don't know - it's a gift, I guess. I'm available for weddings, christenings and Bar Mitzvahs, very reasonable rates. Sadly, the mists of future time are too... erm... misty for me to discern the National winner. I can just about make out the shape of a horse, if that helps ;) --Camembert

title: User talk:Nevilley/Archive1


text:
Concert for George

The Concert for George was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 29 November 2002 as a memorial to George Harrison on the first anniversary of his death. The event was organised by Harrison's widow, Olivia, and his son, Dhani, and arranged under the musical direction of Eric Clapton. The profits from the event went to the Material World Charitable Foundation, an organisation founded by Harrison.

Performances
The concert opened with a traditional Sanskrit invocation, the Sarvesham chant, followed by Indian music starting with Anoushka Shankar, daughter of Ravi Shankar, playing "Your Eyes". Next, Anoushka Shankar, Dhani Harrison, and Jeff Lynne performed "The Inner Light", followed by a Ravi Shankar composition "Arpan" (Sanskrit for 'to give'), specially written for the occasion.

Next, there was a comedy interlude with four of the surviving members of the Monty Python troupe (Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones along with Python contributor Neil Innes) performing "Sit on My Face". Then, Michael Palin came out as an over-the-top announcer who eventually states that he only ever wanted to be a lumberjack. He was then joined by the Pythons, Innes, Carol Cleveland, Tom Hanks, and The Fred Tomlinson Singers to perform "The Lumberjack Song".

The remainder of the concert featured "George's Band" and included the surviving members of the Beatles (Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr), Harrison's son Dhani Harrison, as well as musicians Eric Clapton, Jeff Lynne, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Billy Preston, Jools Holland, Albert Lee, Sam Brown, Gary Brooker, Joe Brown, Ray Cooper, Andy Fairweather-Low, Marc Mann, Dave Bronze, Klaus Voormann, Jim Keltner and several other musicians who had appeared on Harrison's recordings over the years.

They played a selection of mostly Harrison's songs, from both Beatles and post-Beatles eras, generally staying faithful to Harrison's arrangements. Performances included Lynne on "I Want to Tell You" and "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)"; Clapton on "If I Needed Someone" and "Beware of Darkness"; Petty on "I Need You" and "Taxman"; Petty, Lynne, Dhani Harrison, and Keltner on "Handle With Care" (reuniting most of the surviving Traveling Wilburys except for Bob Dylan); Clapton and Preston on "Isn't It a Pity"; Starr on "Photograph" and "Honey Don't"; McCartney on "For You Blue" and "All Things Must Pass"; McCartney and Clapton on "Something" (McCartney opening with a solo ukulele accompaniment that shifts into a full band version featuring Clapton); Clapton, McCartney, and Starr reuniting on "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". Preston on "My Sweet Lord"; and the group performance of "Wah-Wah".

Joe Brown closed the show with a rendition of "I'll See You in My Dreams" on ukulele, one of Harrison's favourite instruments.

The event was filmed and a motion picture version, directed by David Leland and photographed by Academy Award-winning cinematographer Chris Menges, was released on DVD on 17 November 2003. A compact disc version was also released on the same date although the Monty Python and Sam Brown tracks were not included on the CD. A Blu-ray version was released by Rhino Records on 22 March 2011.

In 2018, to honour what would have been Harrison's 75th birthday, the concert made its debut on streaming services, and was issued on a vinyl LP set for the first time.

Set list

 * 1) "Sarveshaam"
 * 2) *Traditional prayer – including a dedication by Ravi Shankar
 * 3) "Your Eyes" (Ravi Shankar) – 8:22
 * 4) *Anoushka Shankar: sitar; Tanmoy Bose: tabla
 * 5) "The Inner Light" (Harrison) – 3:01
 * 6) *Anoushka Shankar: sitar; Jeff Lynne: vocals, acoustic guitar; Dhani Harrison: backing vocals, piano; Rajendara Prasanna: shahnai; Tanmoy Bose: tabla; Sunil Gupta: flute; M. Balanchandar: mridangam; Unidentified musicians: other instruments
 * 7) "Arpan" (Ravi Shankar) – 23:01
 * 8) *Anoushka Shankar: conductor; Sukanya Shankar: vocal-shloka; M. Balanchandar: mridangam; Rajendara Prasanna: shahnai; Vishwa Mohan Bhatt: mohan vina; Tanmoy Bose: tabla, dholak; Chandrasekhar, Balu Raghuraman: violins; Eric Clapton: acoustic guitar; Pedro Eustache: wind instruments; Sunil Gupta: flute; Anuradha Krishamurthi, O.S. Arun: vocals; Jane Lister: harp; Gaurav Mazumdar: sitar; Snehashish Mzumdar: mandolin; Ramesh Mishra: sarangi; Pirashanna Thevarajah: percussion; Kenji Ota: tanpura; Barry Phillips: cello; Emil Richards: marimba; Partho Sarathy: sarod; Hari Sivanesan, Sivaskti Sivanesan: veena; Boys and Girls Choir courtesy of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan; English Chamber Choir; London Metropolitan Orchestra (Andrew Brown, Roger Chase, Chris Fish, Helen Hathorn,  Lynda Houghton, Ian Humphries, Zoe Martlew, Stella Page, Debbie Widdup)
 * 9) *Michael Kamen – string conductor, string arrangement
 * 10) Comedy Interlude including four members of Monty Python: Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones, and Michael Palin. Also performing: Neil Innes, Carol Cleveland, Tom Hanks, and The Fred Tomlinson Singers.
 * 11) *"Sit on My Face" (Eric Idle / Harry Parr-Davies) – 0:44
 * 12) *"The Lumberjack Song" (Terry Jones / Michael Palin / Fred Tomlinson) – 4:09
 * 13) "I Want to Tell You" (Harrison) – 2:52
 * 14) *Jeff Lynne: vocals, guitar
 * 15) "If I Needed Someone" (Harrison) – 2:28
 * 16) *Eric Clapton: vocals, guitar
 * 17) "Old Brown Shoe" (Harrison) – 3:48
 * 18) *Gary Brooker: vocals, electric piano
 * 19) "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)" (Harrison) – 3:29
 * 20) *Jeff Lynne: vocals, acoustic guitar
 * 21) "Beware of Darkness" (Harrison) – 4:00
 * 22) *Eric Clapton: vocals, guitar
 * 23) "Here Comes the Sun" (Harrison) – 3:09
 * 24) *Joe Brown: vocals, acoustic guitar; Neil Gauntlett: acoustic guitar; Dave "Rico" Niles: bass; Phil Capaldi: drums; Andy Fairweather-Low: electric guitar
 * 25) "That's the Way It Goes" (Harrison) – 3:39
 * 26) *Joe Brown: vocals, mandolin; Neil Gauntlett: acoustic guitar; Dave "Rico" Niles: bass; Phil Capaldi: drums; Andy Fairweather-Low: slide electric guitar
 * 27) "Horse to the Water" (George Harrison / Dhani Harrison) – 5:08
 * 28) *Sam Brown: vocals; Jools Holland: piano; Jim Capaldi: drums
 * 29) "Taxman" (Harrison) – 3:10
 * 30) *Tom Petty: vocals, guitar; Mike Campbell: guitar; Benmont Tench: electric piano; Ron Blair: bass; Steve Ferrone: drums; Scott Thurston: backing vocals, guitar
 * 31) "I Need You" (Harrison) – 3:00
 * 32) *Tom Petty: vocals, 12-string acoustic guitar; Mike Campbell: guitar; Benmont Tench: electric piano; Ron Blair: bass; Steve Ferrone: drums; Scott Thurston: backing vocals, guitar
 * 33) "Handle with Care" (George Harrison / Jeff Lynne / Roy Orbison / Tom Petty / Bob Dylan) – 3:27
 * 34) *Tom Petty: vocals, 12-string acoustic guitar; Jeff Lynne: vocals, guitar; Dhani Harrison: acoustic guitar; Scott Thurston: backing vocals, guitar, harmonica; Mike Campbell: guitar; Benmont Tench: electric piano; Ron Blair: bass; Steve Ferrone: drums; Jim Keltner: drums
 * 35) "Isn't It a Pity" (Harrison) – 6:58
 * 36) *Billy Preston: vocals, Hammond organ; Eric Clapton: vocals, guitar solos; Marc Mann: slide guitar
 * 37) "Photograph" (George Harrison / Richard Starkey) – 3:56
 * 38) *Ringo Starr: vocals; Jim Horn: sax solo
 * 39) "Honey Don't" (Carl Perkins) – 3:03
 * 40) *Ringo Starr: vocals; Albert Lee: guitar solo; Gary Brooker: piano solo; Billy Preston: Hammond organ
 * 41) "For You Blue" (Harrison) – 3:04
 * 42) *Paul McCartney: vocals, acoustic guitar; Ringo Starr: drums; Marc Mann: slide guitar; Gary Brooker: piano solo
 * 43) "Something" (Harrison) – 4:25
 * 44) *Paul McCartney: vocals, ukulele, acoustic guitar; Ringo Starr: drums; Eric Clapton: vocals, guitar; Marc Mann: guitar
 * 45) "All Things Must Pass" (Harrison) – 3:33
 * 46) *Paul McCartney: vocals, acoustic guitar; Ringo Starr: drums; Eric Clapton: 12-string acoustic guitar; Dhani Harrison: electric guitar; Klaus Voormann: bass; Marc Mann: slide guitar
 * 47) "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" (Harrison) – 5:57
 * 48) *Eric Clapton: vocals, guitar; Paul McCartney: harmony vocals, piano; Ringo Starr: drums; Dhani Harrison: acoustic guitar; Marc Mann: guitar
 * 49) "My Sweet Lord" (Harrison) – 5:02
 * 50) *Billy Preston: vocals, Hammond organ; Paul McCartney: piano; Ringo Starr: drums; Eric Clapton: 12-string acoustic guitar; Dhani Harrison: backing vocals, acoustic guitar; Marc Mann: slide guitar; Jeff Lynne: acoustic guitar
 * 51) "Wah-Wah" (Harrison) – 6:06
 * 52) *Eric Clapton: vocals, guitar; Jeff Lynne: vocals, acoustic guitar; Paul McCartney: piano; Ringo Starr: drums; Andy Fairweather-Low: vocals, guitar; Supergroup of Guest Musicians: other instruments
 * 53) "I'll See You in My Dreams" (Isham Jones / Gus Kahn) – 4:01
 * 54) *Joe Brown: vocals, ukulele; Neil Gauntlett: acoustic guitar; Dave "Rico" Niles: bass; Phil Capaldi: drums

George's Band (after interlude) and guests

 * Eric Clapton – guitars, musical director
 * Jeff Lynne, Marc Mann, Andy Fairweather Low, Dhani Harrison, Albert Lee, Tom Petty, Joe Brown, Paul McCartney – guitars
 * Gary Brooker, Chris Stainton, Billy Preston, Jools Holland, Paul McCartney – keyboards
 * Dave Bronze, Klaus Voormann – bass
 * Henry Spinetti, Jim Keltner, Ringo Starr, Jim Capaldi – drums
 * Ray Cooper, Emil Richards, Jim Capaldi – percussion
 * Jim Horn – tenor saxophone
 * Tom Scott – alto saxophone
 * Katie Kissoon, Tessa Niles, Sam Brown – backing vocals

title: Concert for George


text:
HMS Astute

Two submarines of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Astute for the characteristic of shrewdness and discernment.

 * HMS Astute (P447), launched in 1945, was an Amphion-class submarine. She served in World War II but never saw action against an enemy. She was scrapped in 1970.
 * HMS Astute (S119), laid down in 2001 and launched in 2007, is the lead boat of the Astute-class submarine of nuclear-powered attack submarines. She was commissioned into the Royal Navy in 2010.

title: HMS Astute


text:
HMS Astute (P447)

HMS Astute (P447) was an Amphion-class submarine. Her keel was laid down by Vickers at Barrow-in-Furness. She was launched in 1944 and commissioned in 1945.

In 1953 she took part in the Fleet Review to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II. Astute was scrapped on 1 October 1970 at Dunston on Tyne.

Design
Like all Amphion-class submarines, Astute had a displacement of 1360 t when at the surface and 1590 t while submerged. It had a total length of 293 ft, a beam length of 22 ft, and a draught length of 18 ft. The submarine was powered by two Admiralty ML eight-cylinder diesel engines generating a power of 2150 hp each. It also contained four electric motors each producing 625 hp that drove two shafts. It could carry a maximum of 219 t of diesel fuel, although it usually carried between 159 and 165 t.

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of 18.5 kn and a submerged speed of 8 kn. When submerged, it could operate at 3 kn for 90 nmi or at 8 kn for 16 nmi. When surfaced, it was able to travel 15200 nmi at 10 kn or 10500 nmi at 11 kn. Astute was fitted with ten 21 in torpedo tubes, one QF 4-inch naval gun Mk XXIII, one Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, and a .303 British Vickers machine gun. Its torpedo tubes were fitted to the bow and stern, and it could carry twenty torpedoes. Its complement was sixty-one crew members.

Astute was laid down at Vickers-Armstrongs Barrow-in-Furness shipyard on 4 April 1944, was launched on 30 January 1945 and completed on 30 June 1945.

Service history
Astute arrived at Halifax, Nova Scotia on 11 April 1950 for a six-week training period with the Royal Canadian Navy ending on 1 July. Astute spent 21 months in 1955–56 based at Halifax as part of the Canadian submarine squadron, leaving Canada for the UK on 10 December 1956.

As a response to the Cuban Missile Crisis, Astute and sister ship HMS Alderney (P416), both part of the Halifax-based 6th Submarine Squadron, were deployed to the North-East of the Grand Banks to warn if Soviet submarines were to be sent across the Atlantic to Cuba.

title: HMS Astute (P447)


text:
Amphion-class submarine

The Amphion class (also known as the "A" class and Acheron class) of British diesel-electric submarines were designed for use in the Pacific War. Only two were completed before the end of hostilities, but following modernisation in the 1950s, they continued to serve in the Royal Navy into the 1970s.

Development and service
The Amphion class were ordered by the British Admiralty in 1943, upon the realisation that the new Pacific theatre of war following the attack on Pearl Harbor needed a new type of submarine. They were originally designed to replace the S-class and T-class submarines, which were too slow and unable to dive deep enough to be suited to Pacific waters during World War II. They were essentially the same size as the T class, arranged for fast, simple construction and to utilize much of the materials and equipment set aside for the T boats. They had a high, flared bow for excellent sea performance and had effective air conditioning, essential for Far East submarine operations. They were operated by a crew of between 60 and 68.

Originally, 46 submarines were ordered, but only 18 were launched (10 by Vickers-Armstrong in Barrow-in-Furness) and 16 commissioned, the other two hulls being used for crush testing. The class was designed for quick construction, using an entirely welded hull which could be fabricated in sections, a technique new to Britain but standard for Nazi Germany's U-boats. Each submarine took about 8 months from keel-laying to launching, compared with around 15 months for the earlier T class, but only two of the boats were completed before the end of the war: HMS Amphion (P439), launched in August 1944, and HMS Astute (P447) in January 1945; neither saw action.

The Amphion class was one of only two new British submarine designs produced during World War II, the other being the X-craft 4-man submarines. Wartime experience had shown that submarines had to operate further from the United Kingdom and with larger patrol areas than had been foreseen—in the Far East and Mediterranean for example—so the faster and slightly larger A class was designed to have a longer range than the T class, with accommodation suitable for longer missions.

After World War II various modifications were made to these Overseas Patrol Submarines, as they were known. A snort mast based on the schnorkel used by U-boats during the war, a radar which could be used from periscope depth, and a night periscope were added to the A- and surviving T-class submarines.

In response to the start of the Cold War in the early 1950s their target changed from surface ships to Soviet submarines. In January 1948 the primary operational function of the British submarine fleet was announced to be interception of Soviet submarines slipping out of their bases in Northern Russia, potentially to attack British and Allied merchant vessels. The following April Assistant Chief of Naval Staff Rear-Admiral Geoffrey Oliver circulated a paper in which he proposed that British submarines take a more offensive role, attacking Soviet submarines off the Northern Russian coast and mining the waters in the area. With the dramatically reduced surface fleet, he commented that this was one of the few methods the Royal Navy had for "getting to the enemy on his home ground".

The A and T classes were refitted for their new role between 1955 and 1960 with a complete rebuild of the forward and after hull section, lengthening and streamlining of the upper decks and conning towers, removal of deck guns to improve underwater speed and noise, removal of external torpedo tubes, and greatly improved sonar. When HMS Affray (P421) was lost in 1951 all the Amphion class were briefly confined to port pending investigation into her loss.

During the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation in the mid-1960s, some Amphion-class submarines were fitted with either a QF 4-inch Mk XXIII gun or a single 20mm autocannon to counter blockade running junks. They were the last British submarines to carry a deck gun.

The Amphion class served the Royal Navy for almost three decades as the backbone of the Royal Naval Submarine Service, and was gradually replaced with the Porpoise and Oberon-class submarine patrol classes that began to be phased in during 1958. The last operational Amphion-class boat, HMS Andrew (P423), was decommissioned in 1974.

Built at Vickers-Armstrong, Barrow-in-Furness

 * Amphion (P439/S39/S43) (laid down as Anchorite but name changed before launch)
 * Astute (P447/S47/S45)
 * Auriga (P419/S19/S69)
 * Aurochs (P426/S26/S62)
 * Alcide (P415/S15/S65)
 * Alderney (P416/S16/S66)
 * Alliance (P417/S17/S67) (now at Royal Navy Submarine Museum, Gosport)
 * Ambush (P418/S18/S68)
 * Anchorite (P422/S22/S64) (originally laid down as Amphion but name changed before launch)
 * Andrew (P423/S23/S63)

Built at Cammell Laird, Birkenhead

 * Affray (P421) (the last British submarine lost at sea)
 * Aeneas (P427/S27/S72/SSG72)
 * Alaric (P441/S41)

Built at Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company of Greenock

 * Artemis (P449/S39/S49)
 * Artful (P456/S56/S96)

Built at HM Dockyard, Chatham

 * Acheron (P411/S11/S61)

Built at HM Dockyard, Plymouth
These were the two vessels which were launched but not completed.
 * Ace (P414)
 * Achates (P433)

Cancelled orders
In 1945, besides the two vessels at Devonport, the following orders were cancelled:

title: Amphion-class submarine


text:
HMS Astute (S119)

HMS Astute is an operational nuclear-powered attack submarine in the Royal Navy, the lead boat of her class.

Astute is the second submarine of the Royal Navy to be named after the characteristic of shrewdness and discernment—the first was the World War II-era Amphion-class submarine HMS Astute (P447). She was the largest attack submarine in Royal Navy history when commissioned in 2010.

Design
Built as a successor to the Trafalgar-class submarine, Astute is 50% larger than the T-boats but has a smaller crew. The 7,400-tonne Astute's nuclear reactor will not need to be refuelled during the vessel's 25-year service. Since the submarine can purify water and air, she is able to circumnavigate the planet without resurfacing. The main limit is that the submarine can only carry three months' supply of food for 98 crew.

Astute has stowage for 38 weapons and was expected to typically carry both Spearfish heavy torpedoes and Tomahawk Block IV cruise missiles, the latter costing £870,000 each.

Construction and launch
Astute was ordered from GEC's Marconi Marine (now BAE Systems Submarines) on 17 March 1997. She was laid down at BAE's submarine facility in Barrow-in-Furness on 31 January 2001, 100 years to the day after the keel was laid down for the Royal Navy's first submarine HMS Holland 1. She was the first submarine built in the UK since HMS Vengeance (launched in 1998).

Astute was launched on 8 June 2007 by the then Duchess of Cornwall, 43 months behind schedule. The launch attracted more than 10,000 spectators. Her builders BAE Systems described her as "the largest and most able attack submarine that the Royal Navy has operated, with a performance to rival any in the world".

Astute left Barrow on 15 November 2009 and on 20 November 2009, arrived at her home port of HMNB Clyde at Faslane.

Sea trials and commission
On 16 February 2010 Astute left Faslane for sea trials and dived for the first time on 18 February 2010. HMS Astute was commissioned on 27 August 2010, when she was given her HMS prefix, in a ceremony watched over by her patron the Duchess of Cornwall. She was delivered to the Royal Navy on 18 July 2013 and at that time was reported to be, "nearing the end of her sea trials." In reality, the Royal Navy declared Astute to be fully operational in May 2014, some 13 years after being laid down.

Aground on Skye

On 22 October 2010, the Ministry of Defence confirmed that Astute had "run into difficulties" off the Isle of Skye while on trials, after eyewitnesses reported that she had run aground a few miles from the Skye Bridge. There were no reports of injuries. The captain of the vessel elected to wait for tugboat assistance rather than using the submarine's own power to clear the stern from the obstruction, to minimise damage to the hull's anechoic tiles. A Royal Navy spokesman said that the vessel had been grounded on silt and was re-floated at high tide. The Maritime and Coastguard Agency-chartered emergency tow vessel Anglian Prince was dispatched to the scene from Stornoway.

The submarine returned under her own power to Faslane, where the damage was described as minor. A service inquiry concluded that the main cause of the grounding was not following navigation procedures combined with the watch officer not appreciating the proximity of danger. On 27 October 2010, the Royal Navy announced that Commander Andy Coles had been relieved of his command of Astute. Commander Iain Breckenridge previously commanded the submarine HMS Tireless (S88), and the Navy announced in December 2010 that he would take command. Astute had to return to port for repairs on 11 December 2010, on her first day back at sea after the grounding incident, due to a problem with her steam plant.

2011 fatal shooting
On 8 April 2011, one naval officer was killed and another injured in a shooting on board Astute while berthed at Southampton Docks. Southampton City Council's leader, chief executive, and mayor were on board at the time. During a changeover of armed guards, 22-year old Able Seaman Ryan Donovan opened fire with an SA80 assault rifle in the submarine's control room, hitting two officers before being overpowered by Southampton Council's leader Royston Smith (a former RAF flight engineer), and chief executive Alistair Neill.

In the 48 hours before going on guard duty, Donovan had drunk 20 pints of cider and lager, as well as cocktails and double vodkas, leaving him well beyond the drink-drive limit when on duty. Heavy drinking before duties was common practice amongst the crew. According to Smith:

"'We were in the control room when someone entered and there was an exchange of words. He stepped out with another man and two shots were fired and then he entered the control room again and began shooting again…. He had a magazine with 30 rounds in it so I took the view that someone had to stop him. I pushed him against the wall and we wrestled, then I pushed him into another wall which resulted in him going to the ground and I managed to get the weapon from him and threw it aside under a table. I shouted for someone to help as I held him down and my chief executive was the first to come, and he did a remarkable job of restraining him.'"

Lieutenant Commander Ian Molyneux, Astute's weapons engineering officer, was killed. Donovan was arrested by Hampshire Constabulary officers and was charged with the murder of Molyneux and the attempted murder of Petty Officer Christopher Brown, Chief Petty Officer David McCoy, and Lieutenant Commander Christopher Hodge. He admitted to the murder of Molyneux and three counts of attempted murder; he was sentenced at Winchester Court on 19 September 2011 to life imprisonment and must serve a minimum of 25 years.

On 23 March 2012, Ian Molyneux, Royston Smith, and Alistair Neill were awarded the George Medal for gallantry. Molyneux's widow received the Elizabeth Cross in April 2013.

Weapons trials
Starting in late 2011, she began a 5-month stay at the US Navy's Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center (AUTEC) in the Bahamas, in which she fired Spearfish torpedoes and Tomahawk missiles. Astute launched two Tomahawks, the first missile on 15 November 2011. They were the Royal Navy's ninth and tenth Tomahawk flight tests.

In February 2012, Astute rendezvoused with the Virginia-class submarine USS New Mexico (SSN-779) underwater in the Atlantic Undersea Test and Evaluation Center for a series of war games. Present were the head of the Royal Navy, Admiral Sir Mark Stanhope and the head of the United States Navy, Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert. It was reported that Astute "surpassed expectations" and that the Americans were "taken aback" by Astute's capabilities. Astute had been expected to conduct her first operational deployment in 2013.

First of class issues
In November 2012 The Guardian reported that there had been a serious leak that caused an emergency surfacing because a cap for a pipe was made of the wrong metal, even though the inventory claimed proper checks had been made, that there were problems with reactor monitoring instruments because the wrong grade of lead was used, and circuit boards had not been correctly fitted. The Ministry of Defence and BAE Systems confirmed the problems were being worked on. An MoD spokesman said "It is normal for first of class trials to identify areas where modifications are required and these are then incorporated into later vessels of the class."

Maiden deployment
Astute departed Faslane on her maiden deployment at the beginning of 2014, spending eight months abroad. Her deployment included an attached dry deck shelter aft of the sail, possibly for an SBS troop deployment. Astute returned to Faslane in October 2014.

Major capability upgrade, sea training and return to operations
Following her return to Faslane, Astute began a two-year major capability upgrade and sea training period. Her training saw her working with a Canadian maritime patrol aircraft and a NATO submarine in a simulated war environment. Having successfully completed this, Astute was once again declared ready for operations.

In November 2018, Astute took part in anti-submarine warfare exercises alongside Type 23 frigate HMS St Albans (F83) in an undisclosed Scottish loch.

title: HMS Astute (S119)