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Markham, Ontario

Markham is a city in York Region, Ontario, Canada. It is approximately 30 km northeast of Downtown Toronto. In the 2021 Census, Markham had a population of 338,503, which ranked it the largest in York Region, fourth largest in the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), and 16th largest in Canada.

The city gained its name from the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe (in office 1791–1796), who named the area after his friend, William Markham, the Archbishop of York from 1776 to 1807.

Indigenous people lived in the area of present-day Markham for thousands of years before Europeans arrived in the area. The first European settlement in Markham occurred when William Berczy, a German artist and developer, led a group of approximately sixty-four German families to North America. While they planned to settle in New York, disputes over finances and land tenure led Berczy to negotiate with Simcoe for 64,000 acre in what would later become Markham Township in 1794. Since the 1970s, Markham rapidly shifted from being an agricultural community to an industrialized municipality due to urban sprawl from neighbouring Toronto. Markham changed its status from town to city on July 1, 2012.

, tertiary industry mainly drives Markham. , "business services" employed the largest proportion of workers in Markham – nearly 22% of its labour force. The city also has over 1,000 technology and life-sciences companies, with IBM as the city's largest employer. Several multinational companies have their Canadian headquarters in Markham, including: Honda Canada, Hyundai, Advanced Micro Devices, Johnson & Johnson, General Motors, Avaya, IBM, Motorola, Oracle, Toshiba, Toyota Financial Services, Huawei, Honeywell, General Electric and Scholastic Canada.

History
Indigenous people lived in the area of present-day Markham since the end of the last Ice Age and the city is situated on the traditional territory of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois), Huron Wendat, Petun and Neutral people. In the early 1600s, when explorers from France arrived, they encountered the Huron-Wendat First Nation. The southwest corner of Markham is included in Treaty 13, known as the Toronto Purchase of 1787, which transferred roughly 250,800 acres of land from the Mississauga people to the British Crown for 10 shillings and fishing rights on the Etobicoke river. The remainder of Markham's land (roughly east of Woodbine Avenue/Highway 404) is covered by the Johnson-Butler Purchase of 1787-88 (aka Gunshot Treaty) and formally by the Williams Treaties, signed in 1923.

Objects recovered by local mill-owners, the Milne family, in the 1870s give evidence of a village within the boundaries of the present Milne Conservation Area.

European settlement in Markham first began in 1794. The Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe (in office 1791–1796), named the township of Markham, north of the town of York (now Toronto), after his friend William Markham, then Archbishop of York. William Berczy first surveyed Markham as a township in 1793, and in 1794 led 75 German families (including the Ramers, Reesors, Wheters, Burkholders, Bunkers, Wicks and Lewis) from Upstate New York to an area of Markham now known as German Mills. Each family was granted 200 acre of land; however the lack of roads in the region led many to settle in York (present-day Toronto) and Niagara. German Mills later became a ghost town. Between 1803 and 1812 another attempt at settling the region was made. The largest group of settlers were Pennsylvania Dutch, most of them Mennonites. These highly skilled craftsmen and knowledgeable farmers settled the region and founded Reesorville, named after the Mennonite settler Joseph Reesor. In 1825 Reesorville was renamed to Markham and took the name of the unincorporated village (see Markham Village, Ontario).

By 1830, many Irish, Scottish and English families began immigrating to Upper Canada and settling in Markham. Markham's early years blended the rigours of the frontier with the development of agriculture-based industries. The township's many rivers and streams soon supported water-powered saws and gristmills and later wooden mills. With improved transportation routes, such as the construction of Yonge Street in the 1800s, along with the growing population, urbanization increased. In 1842 the township population had reached 5,698; 29,005 acre were under cultivation (second highest in the province), and the township had eleven gristmills and twenty-four sawmills.

In 1846 Smith's Canadian Gazetteer indicated a population of about 300, mostly Canadians, Pennsylvanian Dutch (actually Pennsylvania Deitsch or German), other Germans, Americans, Irish and a few from Britain. There were two churches with a third being built. There were tradesmen of various types, a grist mill, an oatmill mill, five stores, a distillery and a threshing-machine maker. There were eleven grist and twenty-four saw mills in the surrounding township. In 1850 the first form of structured municipal government formed in Markham.

By 1857 most of the township had been cleared of timber and was under cultivation. Villages like Thornhill, Unionville and Markham greatly expanded. In 1851 Markham Village "was a considerable village, containing between eight and nine hundred inhabitants, pleasantly situated on the Rouge River. It contains two grist mills ... a woollen factory, oatmeal mill, barley mill and distillery, foundry, two tanneries, brewery, etc., a temperance hall and four churches... ." In 1871, with a township population of 8,152, the Toronto and Nipissing Railway built the first rail line to Markham Village and Unionville, which is still used today by the GO Transit commuter services.

In 1971 Markham was incorporated as a town, as its population skyrocketed due to urban sprawl from Toronto. In 1976 Markham's population was approximately 56,000. Since that time, the population has more than quintupled, with explosive growth in new subdivisions. Much of Markham's farmland has disappeared, but some still remains north of Major Mackenzie Drive. Controversy over the development of the environmentally-sensitive Oak Ridges Moraine will likely curb development north of Major Mackenzie Drive and by Rouge National Urban Park east of Reesor Road between Major Mackenzie Drive to Steeles Avenue East to the south.

Since the 1980s Markham has been recognized as a suburb of Toronto. the city comprises six major communities: Berczy Village, Cornell, Markham Village, Milliken, Thornhill and Unionville. Many high-tech companies have established head offices in Markham, attracted by the relative abundance of land, low tax-rates and good transportation routes. Broadcom Canada, ATI Technologies (now known as AMD Graphics Product Group), IBM Canada, Motorola Canada, Honeywell Canada and many other well-known companies have chosen Markham as their home in Canada. The city has accordingly started branding itself as Canada's "High-Tech Capital". The province of Ontario has erected a historical plaque in front of the Markham Museum to commemorate the founding of Markham's role in Ontario's heritage.

Town council voted on May 29, 2012, to change Markham's legal designation from "town" to "city"; according to Councillor Alex Chiu, who introduced the motion, the change of designation merely reflects the fact that many people already think of Markham as a city. Some residents objected to the change because it will involve unknown costs without any demonstrated benefits. The designation officially took effect on July 1.

Geography
Markham covers 212.47 km2 and Markham's city centre is at 43.88333°N, -79.25°W. It is bounded by five municipalities; in the west is Vaughan with the boundary along Yonge Street between Steeles Avenue and Highway 7 and Richmond Hill with the boundary along Highway 7 from Yonge Street to Highway 404 and at Highway 404 from Highway 7 to 19th Avenue and Stouffville Road. In the south, it borders Toronto with the boundary along Steeles Avenue. In the north it borders Whitchurch–Stouffville with the boundary from Highway 404 to York-Durham Line between 19th Avenue and Stouffville Road. In the east it borders Pickering along York-Durham Line.

Topography
Markham's average altitude is at 200 m and in general consists of gently rolling hills. The city is intersected by two rivers; the Don River and Rouge River, as well as their tributaries. To the north is the Oak Ridges Moraine, which further elevates the elevation towards the north.

Climate
Markham borders and shares the same climate as Toronto. On an average day, Markham is generally 1 - 2 C-change cooler than in downtown Toronto. It has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfb) and features warm, humid summers with rainfall occurring from May to October and cold, snowy winters. The highest temperature recorded was 37.8 C on August 8, 2001, during the eastern North America heat wave and the lowest temperature recorded was −35.2 C on January 16, 1994, during the 1994 North American cold wave.

Neighbourhoods
Markham is made up of many original 19th-century communities, each with a distinctive character. Many of these, despite being technically suburban districts today, are still signed with official "city limits" signs on major roads:

 * Almira
 * Angus Glen
 * Armadale
 * Bayview Glen
 * Berczy Village
 * Box Grove
 * Brown's Corners
 * Bullock
 * Buttonville
 * Cachet
 * Cashel
 * Cathedraltown
 * Cedar Grove
 * Cedarwood
 * Cornell
 * Crosby
 * Dollar
 * Downtown Markham
 * Dickson's Hill
 * German Mills
 * Greensborough
 * Hagerman's Corners
 * Langstaff
 * Legacy
 * Locust Hill
 * Markham Village
 * Middlefield
 * Milliken Mills
 * Milnesville
 * Mongolia
 * Mount Joy
 * Quantztown
 * Raymerville – Markville East
 * Rouge Fairways
 * Sherwood – Amber Glen
 * South Unionville
 * Thornhill
 * Underwood, Ontario
 * Unionville
 * Uptown Markham
 * Victoria Square
 * Vinegar Hill
 * Wismer Commons

Thornhill and Unionville are popularly seen as being separate communities. Thornhill straddles the Markham-Vaughan municipal boundary (portions of it in both municipalities). Unionville is a single community with three sub-communities:
 * Original Unionville is along Highway 7 and Kennedy Road
 * South Unionville is a newer residential community (beginning from the 1990s onwards) south of Highway 7 to Highway 407 and from McCowan to Kennedy Road
 * Upper Unionville is a new residential development built on the northeast corner of 16th Avenue and Kennedy Road

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Markham had a population of $338,503$ living in $110,867$ of its $114,908$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $328,966$. With a land area of 210.93 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Immigrants made up 58% of the population of Markham in the 2021 census. Top countries of origin for the immigrant population were China (33.8%, excluding 16.4% from Hong Kong), India (7.2%), Sri Lanka (6.4%), Philippines (3.6%), Iran (3.5%), Pakistan (2.7%), Vietnam (1.8%), Jamaica (1.8%), Guyana (1.6).

Ethnicity
In the 2021 census, the most reported ethnocultural background was Chinese (47.9%), followed by European (17.7%), South Asian (17.6%), Black (3.1%), West Asian (2.9%), Filipino (2.7%), Korean (1.3%), Arab (1.0%), Latin American (0.8%), and Southeast Asian (0.7%).

The most common ethnic or cultural origins as per the 2021 census are as follows: Chinese (43.3%), Indian (7.0%), Canadian (4.0%), English (3.8%), Hong Konger (3.7%), Sri Lankan (3.3%), Tamil (3.1%), Irish (3.1%), Scottish (3.1%), Filipino (2.9%), Italian (2.8%), Pakistani (2.1%), and Iranian (2.0%).

Religion
In 2021, 40.8% of the population did not identify with a particular religion. The most reported religions were Christianity (35.1%), Hinduism (9.2%), Islam (7.9%), Buddhism (4.0%), Judaism (1.4%), and Sikhism (1.1%).

City Council
Markham City Council consists of Frank Scarpitti as mayor, four regional councillors and eight ward councillors each representing one of the city's eight wards. Scarpitti replaced Don Cousens, a former Progressive Conservative MPP for Markham and a Presbyterian church minister. The community elects the mayor and four regional councillors to represent the City of Markham at the regional level. The municipality pays the Councillors for their services, but in many municipalities, members of council usually serve part-time and work at other jobs. Residents elected the current members of council to a four-year term of office, in accordance with standards set by the province. The selection of members for the offices of mayor and regional councillors are made town-wide, while ward councillors are elected by individual ward.

Markham Civic Centre
The city council is at the Markham Civic Centre at the intersection of York Regional Road 7 and Warden Avenue. The site of the previous offices on Woodbine Avenue has been redeveloped for commercial uses. The historic town hall on Main Street is now a restored office building. The Mayor's Youth Task Force was created to discuss issues facing young people in the city and to plan and publicize events. Its primary purpose is to encourage youth participation within the community.

Elections
Municipal elections are held every four years in Ontario. The most recent election took place in October, 2022, and the next is scheduled for October, 2026. The links listed below provide the results of recent election results:
 * 2022
 * 2018
 * 2014
 * 2010
 * 2006

By-laws
The city is permitted to create and enforce by-laws upon residents on various matters affecting the town. The by-laws are generally enforced by City By-Law enforcement officers, but they may involve York Regional Police if violations are deemed too dangerous for the officers to handle. In addition the by-laws can be linked to various provincial acts and enforced by the town. Violation of by-laws is subject to fines of up to $20,000 CAD. The by-laws of Markham include:
 * Animal Control (see Dog Owners' Liability Act of Ontario)
 * Construction Permits
 * Cannabis
 * Driveway Extensions
 * Fencing and Swimming Pools
 * Heritage Conservation (see Ontario Heritage Act)
 * Home-Based Businesses
 * Noise
 * Parking
 * Property Standards
 * Registration of Basement Apartments and Second Suites
 * Sewers
 * Site Alteration
 * Waste Collection
 * Water Use

Courts and police
There are no courts in Markham, but the city is served by an Ontario Court of Justice in Newmarket, as well as an Ontario Small Claims court in Richmond Hill. There are also served by a Provincial Offence Court in Richmond Hill. The Ontario Court of Appeal is in Toronto, while the Supreme Court of Canada is in Ottawa, Ontario.

Policing is provided by York Regional Police at a station (5 District) at the corner of McCowan Road and Carlton Road and Highway 7. Highway 404, Highway 407 and parts of Highway 48 are patrolled by the Ontario Provincial Police. Toronto Police Service is responsible for patrol on Steeles from Yonge Street to the York—Durham Line.

Fire
Markham Fire and Emergency Services was established in 1970 as Markham Fire Department and replaced various local volunteer fire units. Nine fire stations serve Markham. Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport is also served by Markham's Fire service.

Hospitals
Markham Stouffville Hospital in the city's far eastern end is Markham's main healthcare facility, located at the intersection of Highway 7 and 9th Line (407 and Donald Cousens Parkway). Markham is also home to Shouldice Hospital, one of the world's premier facilities for people suffering from hernias. For those living near Steeles, they sometimes will be able to receive treatment at The Scarborough Hospital Birchmount Campus in Toronto/Scarborough. North York General Hospital also serves for 24/7 care, serving North York and the lower Markham area.

Garbage collection
Garbage collection is provided by Miller Waste Systems since the company's founding in 1961. Different areas of the city are assigned different garbage collection days. Recycling is collected weekly, while household trash and yard waste is collected every other week. The last week of May is "Bulk Collection", where residents can put out as much waste as needed without limits.

To promote recycling, Markham mandated the use of clear garbage bags in 2013 to let Miller Waste staff see the contents of trash bags. Bags containing high amounts of recycling mixed with regular trash will not be collected.

Winter operations
Winter operations are conducted on all City-owned roads according to the following criteria:
 * Primary roads plowed and salted 24/7 when snow reaches 5 cm
 * Secondary roads plowed between the hours of 7am and 6pm when snow reaches 5 cm
 * Local roads, cul-de-sacs, and private lanes plowed when snow reaches at least 7.5 cm
 * Salting is done when roads are found to be slippery

Plowing of all roads takes around 16 hours to complete after the end of a snowfall, which exceeds provincial standards.

Winter operations are conducted on all city-owned sidewalks according to the following criteria:
 * Plowed and sanded when snow reaches 5 cm

Plowing of all sidewalks takes around 17 hours to complete after the end of a snowfall.

Parking is only permitted on the odd numbered side of a street from November 15 to April 15 and parking is banned when snow is falling.

Post-secondary
Seneca College has a campus in Markham, at Highway 7 and the 404 near Woodbine Avenue/Leslie Street, in the York Region business district. This location opened in 2005, offering full and part-time programs in business, marketing and tourism, and also the college's departments of Finance, Human Resources and Information Technology Services. Since 2011 the campus has also housed the Confucius Institute. York University has plans to open a new campus in Downtown Markham on Enterprise Dr and Kennedy Rd (near Markham YMCA). It will serve the entirety of York Region and upper Scarborough.

Primary and secondary schools
Markham has a number of both public and Catholic high schools. All have consistently scored high on standardized tests and have some of the highest rate of graduates attending universities.

The York Region District School Board operates secular English public schools. The York Catholic District School Board operates English Catholic schools. The Conseil scolaire Viamonde operates secular French schools, and the Conseil scolaire catholique MonAvenir operates Catholic French schools.

 * York Region District School Board
 * Bill Crothers Secondary School
 * Bill Hogarth Secondary School
 * Bur Oak Secondary School
 * Markham District High School
 * Markville Secondary School
 * Middlefield Collegiate Institute
 * Milliken Mills High School
 * Pierre Elliott Trudeau High School
 * Thornhill Secondary School
 * Thornlea Secondary School
 * Unionville High School
 * York Catholic District School Board
 * St. Brother André Catholic High School
 * St. Augustine Catholic High School
 * St. Robert Catholic High School
 * Father Michael McGivney Catholic Academy

Economy
In the 19th century Markham had a vibrant, independent community with mills, distilleries and breweries around the intersection of Highway 7 and Markham Road. The Thomas Speight Wagon Works exported products (wagons, horsecars) around the world, and Markham had a reputation as being more active than York (the former name for Toronto) early on. Most of these industries disappeared leaving farming as the main source of business.

Light industries and businesses began to move into Markham in the 1980s attracted by land and lower taxes. Today, it claims to be "Canada's Hi-Tech Capital" with a number of key companies in the area, such as IBM, Motorola, Toshiba, Honeywell, Apple, Genesis Microchip, and is home to the head office of graphics card producer ATI Technologies (in 2006 merged with AMD). Over 1,100 technology and life science companies have offices in Markham, employing over one fifth of the total workforce. In 2014, the top five employers in the city in order were IBM Canada, the City of Markham, TD Waterhouse Inc., Markham Stouffville Hospital and AMD Technologies Inc.

International Franchise Inc., which owns brands including Swensen's and Yogen Früz and several others, has its headquarters in Markham.

General Motors Canada Canadian Technical Centre has been located in Markham since 2017, in the building which was formerly the Canadian head office of American Express from 1985 to 2015.

Performing arts
Markham is home to several locally oriented performing arts groups:
 * Kindred Spirits Orchestra
 * Markham Little Theatre
 * Markham Youth Theatre
 * Unionville Theatre Company
 * Markham Concert Band

A key arts venue is the 'Markham Theatre For Performing Arts', at the Markham Civic Centre at Highway 7 and Warden Avenue. The facility is owned by the City of Markham and operates under the city's Culture Department.

Culture

Until the 1970s, Markham was mostly farmland and marsh, as reflected in events like the Markham Fair. Markham has several theatres, Markham Little Theatre at the Markham Museum, the Markham Youth Theatre, and the Markham Theatre. The Varley Art Gallery is the city of Markham's art museum. The gallery hosts rotating exhibits, public events, art camps and art classes, among other opportunities for citizens to get involved in the community and learn about local and Canadian art.

The Markham Public Library system has eight branches. Some branches offer unique digital tools such as a Digital Media lab with graphic designs software, a recording studio with video editing / audio editing software and a green screen, and a maker space with 3D printers, virtual reality, and laser cutters. With a library card, user can take free online courses, borrow household tools and equipment and educational toys.

Sports
Notable sporting events held by Markham include:
 * 2018 BWF World Junior Championships
 * 2017 ITTF Women's World Cup

Community centres and recreational facilities
Recreation Department runs programs in these facilities and maintained by the city's Operations Department:
 * Aaniin Community Centre – library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms
 * Angus Glen Community Centre – library, tennis courts, indoor pool
 * Armadale Community Centre – multi-purpose rooms, outdoor tennis courts
 * Centennial Community Centre – multi-purpose rooms, indoor ice rink, indoor pool, squash courts, gym
 * Cornell Community Centre – library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms, gym, indoor track, fitness centre
 * Crosby Community Centre – indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms
 * Markham Pan Am Centre – indoor pools, gym, fitness centre
 * Markham Village Community Centre – library, indoor ice rink
 * Milliken Mills Community Centre – library, indoor pool, multi-purpose rooms, indoor ice rink
 * Mount Joy Community Centre – outdoor soccer pitches, indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms
 * R.J. Clatworthy Community Centre – indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms
 * Rouge River Community Centre – multi-purpose rooms, outdoor pool
 * Thornhill Community Centre – indoor ice rink, multi-purpose rooms, indoor track, library, squash court, gym

Parks and pathways
Markham has scenic pathways running over 22 km over its region. These pathways include 12 bridges allowing walkers, joggers, and cyclists to make use and enjoy the sights it has to offer. Markham's green space includes woodlots, ravines, and valleys that are not only enjoyable to its residents, but are important for the continued growth of the region's plants and animals. These natural spaces are the habitats for rare plant and insect species, offering food and homes essential for the survival of different native insects and birds.

Parks and pathways are maintained by the city's Operations Department.

Attractions
Markham has retained its historic past in part of the town. Here a just few places of interest:
 * Frederick Horsman Varley Art Gallery
 * Heintzman House – Home of Colonel George Crookshank, Sam Francis and Charles Heintzman of Heintzman & Co., the piano manufacturer.
 * Markham Museum
 * Markham Village
 * Markham Heritage Estates – a unique, specially designed heritage subdivision owned by the City of Markham
 * Reesor Farm Market
 * Cathedral of the Transfiguration
 * Thornhill village

Heritage streets:
 * Main Street Markham (Markham Road/Highway 48)
 * Main Street Unionville (Kennedy Road/Highway 7)

There are still farms operating in the northern reaches of the town, but there are a few 'theme' farms in other parts of Markham:
 * Galten Farms
 * Forsythe Family Farms
 * Adventure Valley

Markham's heritage railway stations are either an active station or converted to other uses:
 * Markham GO Station – built in 1871 by Toronto and Nipissing Railway and last used by CN Rail in the 1990s and restored in 2000 as active GO station and community use
 * Locust Hill Station – built in 1936 in Locust Hill, Ontario and last used by the CPR in 1969; relocated in 1983 to the grounds of the Markham Museum; replaced earlier station built in the late 19th century for the Ontario and Quebec Railway and burned down in 1935.
 * Unionville Station – built in 1871 by the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, later by Via Rail and by GO Transit from 1982 to 1991; it was sold to the city in 1989 and restored as a community centre within the historic Unionville Main Street area. The building features classic Canadian Railway Style found in Markham and (old) Unionville Stations.

Annual events
Events taking place annually include the Night It Up! Night Market, Taste of Asia Festival, Tony Roman Memorial Hockey Tournament, Markham Youth Week, Unionville Festival, Markham Village Music Festival, Markham Jazz Festival, Milliken Mills Children's Festival, Markham Ribfest & Music Festival, Doors Open Markham, Thornhill Village Festival, Markham Fair, Olde Tyme Christmas Unionville, Markham Santa Claus Parade and Markham Festival of Lights.

Shopping
Markham is home to several large malls of 100+ stores. These include:

 * CF Markville (160+ stores)
 * First Markham Place (180 stores) and Woodside Power Centre
 * King Square Shopping Mall (500+ mini-shops)
 * Langham Square (700 stores)
 * Pacific Mall (450 mini-shops)

There are also a lot of higher-profile malls in nearby Toronto, and elsewhere in York Region.

East Asian businesses
Many shopping centres in Markham are also ethnically Chinese and East Asian-oriented. This is a reflection of Markham's large East Asian, particularly Chinese Canadian, population making it an important Chinese community in the GTA. They carry a wide variety of traditional Chinese products, apparel, and foods.

On Highway 7, between Woodbine and Warden Avenues, is First Markham Place, containing numerous shops and restaurants; this is several kilometres east of Richmond Hill's Chinese malls. Further east along Highway 7 is an older plaza is at the southwest quadrant with the intersection with Kennedy Road.

Pacific Mall is the most well-known Chinese mall in Markham, at Kennedy Road and Steeles Avenue East, which, combined with neighbouring Market Village (now closed) and Splendid China Mall, formed the second largest Chinese shopping area in North America, after the Golden Village in Richmond, British Columbia. In close proximity, at Steeles Avenue and Warden Avenue, there is the New Century Plaza mall and a half-block away there is a plaza of Chinese shops anchored by a T & T Supermarket.

There are also some smaller shopping centres in Markham, such as:

 * Albion Mall
 * Alderland Centre
 * Denison Centre
 * J-Town
 * Markham Town Square
 * Metro Square
 * Peachtree Centre
 * New Kennedy Square
 * The Shops on Steeles and 404
 * Thornhill Square Shopping Centre

Local media

 * Markham Review – local monthly newspaper
 * TLM The Local Magazine – local satire & lifestyle magazine
 * Markham Economist and Sun – community paper owned by Metroland Media Group York Region site; available online only after print version ceased September 15, 2023
 * The Liberal – serving Thornhill and Richmond Hill – community paper owned by Metroland Media Group
 * The York Region Business Times – business news
 * York Region Media Group – Online news which includes some Metroland Media papers
 * North of the City – magazine for York Region
 * Rogers Cable 10 – community TV station for York Region, owned by Rogers Media
 * ''Markham News24' – Hyper-local, video-based news website focusing on municipal politics, crime, lifestyle and business features
 * Sing Tao Daily – an ethnic Chinese newspaper that serves the Greater Toronto Area

Road network
Markham's road network is based on the concession system. In 1801, Markham was divided into 10 concessions, with a north–south road separating each one. The concessions were further divided by a number of east–west sideroads. This formed a grid plan road network, with an intersection occurring approximately every two kilometers. Even though some of these roads have been realigned, Markham's present road network for the most part still follows the original grid plan.

Markham's concession (north–south) arterial roads are listed below, ordered from west to east (former numbers in parentheses):

 * Yonge Street
 * Boundary with the City of Vaughan
 * Bayview Avenue
 * Leslie Street
 * Woodbine Avenue
 * Warden Avenue (5th Concession Road)
 * Kennedy Road (6th Concession Road)
 * McCowan Road (7th Concession Road)
 * Markham Road (8th Concession Road)
 * Continues as Highway 48 north of Major Mackenzie Drive
 * Ninth Line (9th Concession Road)
 * Donald Cousens Parkway / Markham By-pass
 * Signed as a regular road south of Box Grove By-pass
 * Reesor Road (10th Concession Road)
 * Eleventh Line (11th Concession Road)
 * York-Durham Line
 * Boundary with the City of Pickering

Reesor Road and Eleventh Line are the only north–south roads that are not fully regional roads. These two roads are rural routes with very few homes and minimal traffic. Eleventh Line ends just south of Highway 407 with the road rerouted (old section fenced off with partial gravel bed) to intersect with York-Durham Line. Areas east of Donald Cousens Boulevard either serve new residential developments or are largely rural and/or agricultural.

Markham's sideroad (east–west) arterials are listed below, ordered from south to north (former numbers in parentheses):

 * Steeles Avenue
 * Original Scarborough Townline, boundary with the City of Toronto
 * 14th Avenue
 * Continues west of Warden Avenue as Alden Road
 * Continues west of Rodick Road as Esna Park Drive
 * Continues west of Woodbine Avenue as John Street
 * Regional Road 7 (formerly 15th Avenue)
 * Continues as Highway 7 east of Reesor Road
 * 16th Avenue
 * Major Mackenzie Drive East (17th Avenue)
 * Elgin Mills Road East (18th Avenue)
 * Signed as a standard road east of Victoria Square Boulevard
 * 19th Avenue
 * Boundary with the Town of Whitchurch-Stouffville

Important thoroughfares
Major highways that pass through Markham include King's Highway 404 (from Toronto to just south of Lake Simcoe), which marks Markham's boundary with the City of Richmond Hill, and the 407 ETR (more commonly known as Highway 407), a privately owned toll highway that passes north of Toronto and connects Markham with Burlington and Oshawa. Highway 404 is one of the most important routes used for travel to and from the City of Toronto. Highway 407 primarily serves Markham from Yonge Street to York-Durham Line. The highway connects Markham with Clarington to the east, and Burlington to the west.

One of the most heavily travelled arterial roads in Markham is Regional Road 7, a major east–west artery. This road is more commonly referred to as Highway 7, a name which comes from the time when it used to be a provincial highway. The road is still officially Highway 7 east of Reesor Road. Other major east–west routes include 16th Avenue, Major MacKenzie Drive, the combination of John Street/Esna Park Drive/14th Avenue, and Steeles Avenue which forms Markham's southern boundary with Toronto.

Rail
The GO Transit Stouffville line, a commuter rail line stretching from Lincolnville to downtown Toronto, provides passenger rail service in Markham. It operates only at rush hour and uses tracks owned by Metrolinx, the provincial transit agency. Five stations on the Stouffville line serve Markham, of which 4 are within the municipal borders. In 2015, Metrolinx announced that the Stouffville Line would get an expansion in service, bringing all day both directional trains from Union Station to Unionville GO Station. Markham's section of this GO line also came under the spotlight in 2015 as City of Toronto Mayor John Tory's announced SMART Track plan for rapid transit expansion in Toronto includes the rail spur between Union Station and the Unionville GO.

On April 8, 2019, GO Transit added ten midday train trips to Mount Joy GO Station, replacing the need for passengers to change to buses at Unionville GO.

Public transit
York Region Transit (YRT) connects Markham with surrounding municipalities in York Region, and was created in 2001 from the merger of Markham Transit, Richmond Hill Transit, Newmarket Transit and Vaughan Transit. YRT to connects to the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) subway system by way of Viva bus rapid transit from Finch station along Yonge Street, and Don Mills station through Unionville and on to Markville Mall.

YRT has two major terminals in Markham: Unionville GO Terminal and the new Cornell Terminal, replacing Markham Stouffville Hospital Bus Terminal.

The TTC also provides service in Markham on several north–south routes, such as Warden Avenue, Birchmount Road, McCowan Road and Markham Road. These routes charge riders a double fare if they are travelling across the Steeles border.

GO Transit provides train service on the old trackbed of the Toronto and Nipissing Railway, which connects Markham with downtown Toronto on the Stouffville commuter rail service. The line has stops at several stations in Markham, namely Unionville GO Station, Centennial GO Station, Markham GO Station, and Mount Joy GO Station. The Richmond Hill commuter rail line provides service to the Langstaff GO Station, which straddles Markham and Richmond Hill but is used primarily by residents of west-central Markham and southern Richmond Hill.

Air
Toronto/Buttonville Municipal Airport, Canada's 11th busiest airport (Ontario's 4th busiest). The airport permits general aviation and business commuter traffic to Ottawa and Montreal, Quebec. The airport is slated to close for development, but it has been delayed until at least 2023.

Markham Airport or Toronto/Markham Airport, (TC LID: CNU8), is a private airport operating 2.6 nmi north of Markham, north of Elgin Mills Road. The airport is owned and operated by Markham Airport Inc. and owned by a numbered Ontario company owned by the Thomson family of Toronto. The airport is not part of the Greater Toronto Airports Authority (GTAA). The airport has a 2,013 ft runway for small and private aircraft only (with night flying capabilities). The Royal Canadian Air Cadets Gliding Program formerly used the airport for glider operations in the spring and fall.

Cultural collaboration cities

 * Eabametoong First Nation, Kenora District, Ontario, Canada (January 1, 2017)

Sister cities
Source:
 * Nördlingen, Bavaria, Germany (October 2001)
 * Cary, North Carolina, United States (April 2002)
 * Wuhan, Hubei, China (October 7, 2003)

Friendship cities

 * Huadu, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (1998)
 * Xiamen, Fujian, China (July 22, 2012)
 * Zhongshan, Guangdong, China (September 30, 2012)
 * Zibo, Shandong, China (November 24, 2012)
 * Foshan, Guangdong, China (December 3, 2012)
 * Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China (September 20, 2013)
 * Qingdao, Shandong, China (October 7, 2013)
 * Meizhou, Guangdong, China (December 10, 2013)
 * Jiangmen, Guangdong, China (April 23, 2014)
 * Nanhai, Guangdong, China (June 13, 2014)
 * Mullaitivu, Northern Province, Sri Lanka (January 14, 2017)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Markham, Ontario


text:
Buddy Ebsen

Buddy Ebsen (born Christian Ludolf Ebsen Jr.; April 2, 1908 – July 6, 2003), also known as Frank "Buddy" Ebsen, was an American actor and dancer. One of his most famous roles was as Jed Clampett in the CBS television sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–1971); afterwards he starred as the title character in the television detective drama Barnaby Jones (1973–1980).

Originally a dancer, Ebsen began his film career in Broadway Melody of 1936. He also appeared as a dancer with child star Shirley Temple in Captain January (1936). He was cast to appear in The Wizard of Oz (1939), originally as the Scarecrow, and before filming began, his role was changed to the Tin Man. He fell seriously ill during filming due to the aluminum dust in his makeup and was forced to drop out. He appeared with Maureen O'Hara in They Met in Argentina (1941) and June Havoc in Sing Your Worries Away (1942). In Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), he portrayed Doc Golightly, the much older husband of Audrey Hepburn's character. Before his starring role in The Beverly Hillbillies, Ebsen had a successful television career, the highlight of which was his role as Davy Crockett's sidekick, George Russell, in Walt Disney's Davy Crockett miniseries (1953–54).

Early years
A middle child with four sisters, Buddy Ebsen was born as Christian Ludolf Ebsen Jr., on April 2, 1908, in Belleville, Illinois. His father, Christian Ludolf Ebsen Sr., was born in Niebüll, Germany in 1872 and moved to the United States in 1888. Ebsen Sr. worked as a choreographer and was a physical fitness advocate; he owned a dance studio and subsequently operated a swimming pool for the local school district. His mother, Frances (née Wendt), was a Baltic German (specifically, Latvian) painter.

Ebsen was raised in Belleville until the age of ten when his family moved to Palm Beach County, Florida. In 1920, Ebsen and his family relocated to Orlando, Florida. Ebsen and his sisters learned to dance at a dance studio his father operated in Orlando.

During his high school years, Ebsen became a member of John M. Cheney Chapter, Order of DeMolay. His involvement as a teenager led to his being recognized by DeMolay in adult life with the award of the Legion of Honor Degree, and later by induction into the DeMolay Alumni Hall of Fame.

Ebsen graduated from Orlando High School in 1926. Initially interested in a medical career, Ebsen attended the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, from 1926 to 1927, and then Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida, from 1927 to 1928. Family financial problems caused by the collapse of the Florida land boom forced Ebsen to leave college at age 20.

Career
Ebsen left Orlando in the summer of 1928 to try his luck as a dancer in New York City, arriving with only $26.75 in his pocket, and worked at a soda fountain shop. He and his sister Vilma Ebsen performed as a dance act in supper clubs and in vaudeville — they were known as "The Baby Astaires". On Broadway, the Ebsens appeared in the musicals Whoopee, Flying Colors, and Ziegfeld Follies of 1934. A rave review from New York columnist Walter Winchell, who saw them perform in Atlantic City, New Jersey, led to a booking at the Palace Theatre in New York City, the pinnacle of the vaudeville world.

MGM signing
Ebsen went on to appear in numerous films, both musicals and nonmusicals, including the 1936 Born to Dance, the 1936 Captain January (in which he danced with Shirley Temple), the 1938 Broadway Melody of 1938 (with Judy Garland as his dance partner), and the 1938 The Girl of the Golden West. Ebsen partnered with actresses Eleanor Powell and Frances Langford, among others, and also danced solo.

Ebsen was noted for his unusual, surreal dancing and singing style (for example, his contribution to the "Swingin' the Jinx Away" finale of Born to Dance). His abilities might have been a reason filmmaker Walt Disney chose Ebsen to be filmed dancing in front of a grid as an aid to animating Mickey Mouse's dancing in Disney's 1929 to 1939 Silly Symphonies animated short films.

The Wizard of Oz
Ebsen turned down Louis B. Mayer's offer of an exclusive MGM contract, and Mayer warned him that he would never work in Hollywood again. Nonetheless, MGM cast him as the Scarecrow in its 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. Ebsen then swapped roles with actor Ray Bolger, who was originally cast as the Tin Man. Bolger wanted to play the Scarecrow, and Ebsen did not object to the change. Ebsen had recorded all of his songs as the Tin Man, attended all the rehearsals, and had begun filming. However, he soon began experiencing body aches, muscle cramps, and shortness of breath, eventually leading to a lengthy hospitalization. Doctors determined that the aluminum dust used in the Tin Man makeup was coating his lungs and keeping his blood from being oxygenated, and he was forced to leave the production. Ebsen recalled in an interview included on the 2005 DVD release of The Wizard of Oz that the MGM studio heads did not believe that he was ill until he was ordered back to the set and was intercepted by an angry nurse.

Ebsen was replaced by Jack Haley, with the makeup quickly changed to a safer aluminum paste. MGM did not publicize the true reason for Ebsen's departure; even Haley was not told until much later. Haley re-recorded most of Ebsen's vocals, although Ebsen's Midwestern accent can still be heard on the soundtrack during several reprises of "We're Off to See the Wizard", with the enunciated "r" in the word "wizard", as opposed to Haley's Boston accent. Ebsen's recording of the Tin Man's solo "If I Only Had a Heart" is included on the deluxe edition of the film's soundtrack, while a still photo recreation of the sequence featuring shots of Ebsen as the Tin Man was included as an extra with all VHS and DVD releases of the film since 1989. For the rest of his life, Ebsen complained of breathing problems from his involvement in "that damned movie". Nonetheless, he outlived all the major cast members in the film, with only some Munchkin actors, extras such as Shep Houghton and stand-ins such as Caren Marsh Doll outliving him.

World War II
After recovering from the illness, Ebsen became embroiled in a contract dispute with MGM that left him idle for long periods. He took up sailing and became so proficient in seamanship that he taught the subject to naval officer candidates. He applied several times for a commission in the Navy in 1941, but was repeatedly turned down. The United States Coast Guard accepted his application for a commission, and he was promptly given the rank of lieutenant, junior grade. This wartime rank was one step up from the rank of ensign, the usual rank given newly appointed naval officers in peacetime. Ebsen served as damage control officer and later as executive officer on the Coast Guard-crewed Navy frigate USS Pocatello (PF-9), which recorded weather at its "weather station" 1,500 miles west of Seattle. These patrols consisted of 30 days at sea, followed by 10 days in port at Seattle. Ebsen was honorably discharged from the Coast Guard as a lieutenant in 1946.

Return to acting
Ebsen made his television debut on an episode of The Chevrolet Tele-Theatre in 1949. This led to television appearances in: Stars Over Hollywood, Gruen Guild Playhouse, four episodes of Broadway Television Theatre, Schlitz Playhouse of Stars, Corky and White Shadow, the H.J. Heinz Company's Studio 57, Screen Directors Playhouse, two episodes of Climax!, Tales of Wells Fargo, Playhouse 90, Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse, Johnny Ringo, two episodes of Bonanza, three episodes of Maverick (in which he portrayed assorted homicidal villains), and 77 Sunset Strip. Ebsen received wide television exposure when he played Georgie Russel, a role based on a historical person  and companion to frontiersman Davy Crockett, in the Disneyland television miniseries Davy Crockett (1954–1955).

In the 1958–1959 season, Ebsen co-starred in the 26-episode half-hour NBC television adventure series Northwest Passage. This series, the first half-hour Western filmed and broadcast in color on NBC, was a fictionalized account of Major Robert Rogers, a colonial American fighter for the British in the French and Indian War. Ebsen played the role of Sergeant Hunk Marriner; Keith Larsen played Rogers. From 1960 to 1962, Ebsen appeared in episodes of the television series Rawhide and Tales of Wells Fargo. Ebsen also portrayed a corrupt, bloodthirsty marshal in "El Paso Stage", an episode of Have Gun, Will Travel broadcast in April 1961.

Between October 1961 and March 1962, Ebsen had a recurring role as Virge Blessing in the ABC drama series Bus Stop, the story of travelers passing through the bus station and diner in the fictitious town of Sunrise, Colorado. Robert Altman directed several episodes. Arthur O'Connell had played Virge Blessing in the earlier film version on which the series was loosely based. Ebsen also appeared as "Mr. Dave" Browne, a homeless hobo, on The Andy Griffith Show opposite Ron Howard, and as Jimbo Cobb in The Twilight Zone episode "The Prime Mover" (season 2, episode 21) in 1961. Throughout the show's run, he played several characters on Gunsmoke including as the episode title character in Season 17, Episode 11 (Drago). A notable exception to Ebsen's continual work in Westerns and rural television shows was an acclaimed role as Doc Golightly, an older, rural veterinarian deserted by his young wife (played by Audrey Hepburn) in 1961's Breakfast at Tiffany's.

The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–1971)
Ebsen became famous as Jed Clampett, an easygoing backwoods mountaineer who strikes oil and moves with his family to Beverly Hills, California, in the long-running, fish-out-of-water CBS sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies.

Although scorned by critics, The Beverly Hillbillies attracted as many as 60 million viewers between 1962 and 1971 and was several times the highest-rated series on television. The show also spawned similar Paul Henning-produced rural sitcoms such as Green Acres and Petticoat Junction, which were eventually linked in crossover episode arcs. The Beverly Hillbillies was still earning good ratings when it was cancelled by CBS (because programmers began shunning shows that attracted a rural audience). One episode, "The Giant Jack Rabbit", was the highest-rated half-hour on television to that time and remains the most-watched half-hour sitcom episode.

Not all was harmonious among cast members on The Beverly Hillbillies set, especially between the politically conservative Ebsen and the more liberal Nancy Kulp. Said Douglas, "They had a different view, so they had some heated discussions about that. They would go at it for weeks." In 1984, Kulp unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. House of Representatives as a Democrat from Pennsylvania. To her dismay, Ebsen supported her Republican opponent, incumbent Representative Bud Shuster, going so far as to tape an ad for Shuster that labeled Kulp as "too liberal". Ebsen claimed she was exploiting her celebrity status and did not know the issues.

Barnaby Jones (1973–1980)
Ebsen returned to television in 1973 as the title character of Barnaby Jones, which proved to be his second long-running television series. Barnaby Jones was a milk-drinking detective who came out of retirement to investigate the death of his son. but The program lasted eight seasons and 178 episodes. Lee Meriwether, 1955 Miss America, played Barnaby's widowed daughter-in-law, Betty Jones. Ebsen appeared briefly as Barnaby Jones on two other productions: a 1975 episode of Cannon and the 1993 film The Beverly Hillbillies.

Meriwether said of her on and off screen chemistry with Ebsen, "He really worked at being at the top of his game." "You had to keep up with him. I adored him. I think he had feelings for me, too." She also said of the man, "I loved that man! I was so lucky. He was a dream." "He loved the idea of being a detective. We had CSI-type equipment in the office on the set and he liked doing his own tests. It was a show the whole family could watch."

Other television credits
Ebsen's last regular television series was Matt Houston on ABC, starring Lee Horsley. Ebsen played Matt's uncle, Roy Houston, during the show's third season from 1984 to 1985. He also appeared in "The Waiting Room", a Night Gallery segment that originally aired January 26, 1972.

Ebsen narrated the documentary series Disney Family Album during the 1980s on the Disney Channel and Steven Kellogg's "Paul Bunyan" on the PBS series Reading Rainbow in 1985. He made his final guest-starring appearance in 1994 on an episode of the short-lived television series revival Burke's Law.

Later years
Although generally retired from acting as he entered his 80s, Ebsen filmed a cameo in the 1993 film version of The Beverly Hillbillies as Barnaby Jones. This was Ebsen's final motion picture role. In 1999, Ebsen provided the voice of Chet Elderson for an episode of the Fox Entertainment program King of the Hill. This was his last TV appearance.

Ebsen has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1765 Vine Street, and a star on the St. Louis Walk of Fame.

In 1993, Ebsen was inducted as a Disney Legends award winner.

Personal life
In 1936, Ebsen married Ruth Cambridge. They had two daughters. The marriage ended in divorce.

In 1945, Ebsen married fellow lieutenant Nancy Wolcott. They had four daughters, including Kiki Ebsen, and a son. This marriage, after 39 years, also ended in divorce in 1985. Eight years later Nancy went on to marry her high school sweetheart, William H. Daughaday, MD, a renowned medical pioneer. Ebsen's daughters Kiki, Kathy, and Bonnie are all accomplished horsewomen.

In 1985, Ebsen married his third wife, Dorothy "Dotti" Knott, 40 years his junior. They had no children.

Throughout his life, Ebsen had many interests. He became a folk artist and an avid coin collector, co-founding the Beverly Hills Coin Club in 1987 with actor Chris Aable. Ebsen's collection included many rarities such as a four-dollar gold piece worth $200,000. The coin collection was sold in several auctions both before and after his death. As Ebsen entered his nineties, he continued to keep active, and two years before his death, his bestselling novel Kelly's Quest was published. Ebsen wrote several other books including Polynesian Concept (about sailing), The Other Side of Oz (an autobiography) and Sizzling Cold Case (a mystery based on his Barnaby Jones character).

Ebsen supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election.

Death
Ebsen died of respiratory failure at Torrance Memorial Medical Center in Torrance, California, on July 6, 2003, at the age of 95.

Albums

 * Buddy Ebsen Says Howdy (1965)
 * The Beverly Hillbillies (1966) – with Irene Ryan
 * Buddy's Originals (2001)

Film

 * Excluding appearances as himself.

 * Broadway Melody of 1936 (1935) as Ted Burke
 * Captain January (1936) as Paul Roberts
 * Born to Dance (1936) as 'Mush' Tracy
 * Banjo on My Knee (1936) as Buddy
 * Broadway Melody of 1938 (1937) as Peter Trot
 * The Girl of the Golden West (1938) as 'Alabama'
 * Yellow Jack (1938) as 'Jellybeans'
 * My Lucky Star (1938) as Buddy
 * Four Girls in White (1939) as Express
 * The Kid from Texas (1939) as 'Snifty'
 * The Wizard of Oz (1939, replaced before filming for health reasons) as The Tin Man (singing voice, uncredited)
 * They Met in Argentina (1941) as Duke Ferrel
 * Parachute Battalion (1941) as Jeff Hollis
 * Sing Your Worries Away (1942) as Tommy Jones
 * Under Mexicali Stars (1950) as Homer Oglethorpe
 * Silver City Bonanza (1951) as Gabe Horne
 * Thunder in God's Country (1951) as Deputy Happy Hooper
 * Rodeo King and the Senorita (1951) as Muscles Benton
 * Utah Wagon Train (1951) as Snooper
 * The Andrews Sisters (1951, TV Movie) as Tex
 * Red Garters (1954) as Ginger Pete
 * Night People (1954) as MSgt. Eddie McColloch
 * Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier (1955) as George Russel (archive footage)
 * Davy Crockett and the River Pirates (1956) as George Russel (archive footage)
 * Attack (1956) as Sfc. Tolliver - Fox Co.
 * Between Heaven and Hell (1956) as Pvt. Willie Crawford
 * Mission of Danger (1959, based on three Northwest Passage TV episodes) as Hunk Marriner (archive footage)
 * Frontier Rangers (1959) as Sergeant Hunk Marriner (archive footage)
 * Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961) as Doc Golightly
 * Westinghouse Presents: That's Where the Town Is Going (1962, TV Movie) as George Prebble
 * The Interns (1962) as Dr. Sidney Wohl
 * Mail Order Bride (1964) as Will Lane
 * Mr. Kingston (1964, TV Movie)
 * The One and Only, Genuine, Original Family Band (1968) as Calvin Bower
 * The Andersonville Trial (1970, TV Movie) as Dr. John Bates
 * Gunsmoke (1971, S17E11 "Drago") as Drago
 * The Daughters of Joshua Cabe (1972, TV Movie) as Joshua Cabe
 * The Horror at 37,000 Feet (1973, TV Movie) as Glenn Farlee
 * Tom Sawyer (1973, TV Movie) as Muff Potter
 * The President's Plane is Missing (1973, TV Movie) as Vice President Kermit Madigan
 * Smash-Up on Interstate 5 (1976, TV Movie) as Al Pearson
 * Leave Yesterday Behind (1978, TV Movie) as Doc
 * The Bastard (1978, TV Movie) as Benjamin Edes
 * The Critical List (1978, TV Movie) as Charles Sprague
 * The Paradise Connection (1979, TV Movie) as Stuart Douglas
 * Return of the Beverly Hillbillies (1981, TV Movie) as Jed Clampett
 * Fire on the Mountain (1981, TV Movie) as John Vogelin
 * Stone Fox (1987, TV Movie) as Grandpa
 * Working Tra$h (1990, TV Movie) as Vandevere Lodge
 * The Beverly Hillbillies (1993) as Barnaby Jones (cameo)

Television

 * Northwest Passage (1958–1959) as Sergeant Hunk Marriner in 26 episodes
 * Bonanza (1959) as Sheriff Jesse Sanders in the episode "The Sisters"
 * Maverick (1959) as Sheriff Scratch Mannon in the episode "The Cats of Paradise"
 * Riverboat (1960), as Niles Cox in "The Water of Gorgeous Springs"
 * The Twilight Zone (1961) as Jimbo Cobb in "The Prime Mover"
 * Gunsmoke (1960) as Hannibal Bass in "Old Fool"
 * The Barbara Stanwyck Show (1961) as Dr. Mark Carroll in "Little Big Mouth"
 * The Andy Griffith Show (1961) as David Browne in "Opie's Hobo Friend"
 * Gunsmoke (1961) as Print Quimby in the episode “All That”
 * Rawhide (1962) as Doctor George Stimson in "The Pitchwagon"
 * The Beverly Hillbillies (1962–1971) as Jed Clampett in 274 episodes
 * Gunsmoke (1971) as Drago in the episode "Drago"
 * Hawaii Five-O (1971) as Professor Ambrose Pierce (a criminal mastermind) in the episode "3,000 Crooked Miles to Honolulu"
 * Bonanza (1972) as Cactus Murphy in "The Saddle Stiff"
 * Alias Smith and Jones (1972) as Phil Archer in "High Lonesome Country"
 * Barnaby Jones (1973–1980) as Barnaby Jones in 178 episodes
 * Cannon (1975) as Barnaby Jones in "The Deadly Conspiracy: Part 1"
 * Matt Houston (1984–1985) as Roy Houston in 22 episodes
 * Burke's Law (1994) as Louie Pike in "Who Killed Nick Hazard?"
 * King of the Hill (1999) as Chet Elderson (voice) in "A Firefighting We Will Go"

Books (as author)

 * Polynesian Concept, with George A. Gunston (1972)
 * The Other Side of Oz, with Stephen Cox (1994)
 * Kelly's Quest (2000)
 * Sizzling Cold Case, with Darlene Quinn

title: Buddy Ebsen


text:
Talk:Warrenton, Virginia

Untitled
Comment from 68.50.10.205 moved from article entry:
 * A note from a former resident of Warrenton : "How on earth were people living there making over $40,000 ?
 * A note from a current resident of Warrenton: "There are many people here who commute into Nova working tech jobs, etc. There are plenty of households with family incomes of 200K+.  This balances out the redneck element."

Lynching undue weight
One guy gets lynched deserves more space than any other history item? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.10.67.130 (talk) 02:17, 27 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Warrenton, Virginia


text:
Albert Giraud

Albert Giraud (23 June 1860 – 26 December 1929) was a Belgian poet who wrote in French.

Biography
Giraud was born Emile Albert Kayenbergh in Leuven, Belgium. He studied law at the University of Leuven. He left university without a degree and took up journalism and poetry. In 1885, Giraud became a member of La Jeune Belgique, a Belgian nationalist literary movement that met at the Café Sésino in Brussels. Giraud became chief librarian at the Belgian Ministry of the Interior.

He was a Symbolist poet. His published works include Pierrot lunaire: Rondels bergamasques (1884), a poem cycle based on the commedia dell'arte figure of Pierrot, and La Guirlande des Dieux (1910). The composer Arnold Schönberg set a German-language version (translated by Otto Erich Hartleben) of selections from his Pierrot Lunaire to innovative atonal music. In a different, late romantic style, some of Hartleben's translations found their way into the vocal works of Joseph Marx.

Works

 * Pierrot lunaire: Rondels bergamasques (1884)
 * Hors du Siècle (poems written between 1885 and 1897)
 * Le concert dans la musée (1921)
 * Le Miroir caché (sonnets) (1921)

title: Albert Giraud


text:
Umpqua County, Oregon

Umpqua County was a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was created on January 24, 1851, by the Oregon Territorial Legislature embracing the lands along the Umpqua River in southwestern Oregon. Gold had been discovered in the Umpqua region, which brought a rapid increase of settlers to the new county. The first meeting of the Umpqua County Court was in Elkton in 1852; later the county government was moved to Green Valley and Yoncalla.

On January 7, 1852, the territorial legislature created Douglas County from the eastern part of Umpqua County. On December 22, 1853, part of the western portion of the county was included in the newly formed Coos County. Finally, on October 16, 1862, the remainder of Umpqua county was incorporated into Douglas County.

Some accounts state that politics caused the county's end.

title: Umpqua County, Oregon


text:
Hurdling

Hurdling is the act of jumping over an obstacle at a high speed or in a sprint. In the early 19th century, hurdlers ran at and jumped over each hurdle (sometimes known as 'burgles'), landing on both feet and checking their forward motion. Today, the dominant step patterns are the 3-step for high hurdles, 7-step for low hurdles, and 15-step for intermediate hurdles. Hurdling is a highly specialized form of obstacle racing, and is part of the sport of athletics. In hurdling events, barriers known as hurdles are set at precisely measured heights and distances. Each athlete must pass over the hurdles; passing under or intentionally knocking over hurdles will result in disqualification.

Accidental knocking over of hurdles is not cause for disqualification, but the hurdles are weighted to make doing so disadvantageous. In 1902 Spalding equipment company sold the Foster Patent Safety Hurdle, a wood hurdle. In 1923 some of the wood hurdles weighed 16 lb each. Hurdle design improvements were made in 1935, when they developed the L-shaped hurdle. With this shape, the athlete could hit the hurdle and it will tip down, clearing the athlete's path. The most prominent hurdles events are 110 meters hurdles for men, 100 meters hurdles for women, and 400 meters hurdles (both sexes) – these three distances are all contested at the Summer Olympics and the World Athletics Championships. The two shorter distances take place on the straight of a running track, while the 400 m version covers one whole lap of a standard oval track. Events over shorter distances are also commonly held at indoor track and field events, ranging from 50 meters hurdles upwards. Women historically competed in the 80 meters hurdles at the Olympics in the mid-20th century. Hurdles race are also part of combined events contests, including the decathlon and heptathlon.

In track races, hurdles are normally 68 – in height, depending on the age and sex of the hurdler. Events from 50 to 110 meters are technically known as high hurdles races, while longer competitions are low hurdles races. The track hurdles events are forms of sprinting competitions, although the 400 m version is less anaerobic in nature and demands athletic qualities similar to the 800 meters flat race.

A hurdling technique can also be found in the steeplechase, although in this event athletes are also permitted to step on the barrier to clear it. Similarly, in cross country running athletes may hurdle over various natural obstacles, such as logs, mounds of earth, and small streams – this represents the sporting origin of the modern events. Horse racing has its own variant of hurdle racing, with similar principles.

Distances
The standard sprint or short hurdle race is 110 meters for men and 100 meters for women. The standard number of steps to the first hurdle should be 8. The standard long hurdle race is 400 meters for both men and women. Each of these races is run over ten hurdles and they are all Olympic events.

The men's 200 meters low hurdles event was on the Olympic athletics programme for the 1900 and 1904 Summer Olympics. These low hurdles events were widely participated in the early part of the 20th century, particularly in North America. However, beyond these two Olympic outings, they never gained a consistent place at international competitions and became increasingly rare after the 1960s. This 10-hurdle race continues to be run in places such as Norway.

Other distances are run, particularly indoors but occasionally outdoors. The sprint hurdle race indoors is usually 60 meters for both men and women, although races 55 meters or 50 meters long are sometimes run, especially in the United States. A 60-meter indoor race is run over 5 hurdles. A shorter race may occasionally have only 4 hurdles. Outdoors, a long hurdle race is sometimes shortened to 300 meters for younger participants, who run over 8 hurdles. For example, high school and middle school athletes in California, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania run the 300 meter hurdles instead of running the 400 meter hurdles, like the majority of state competitors run today. The distance the hurdles are spaced is identical to the beginning of a standard 400 meter race which would have 10 hurdles. There are also 200 meter races for middle school and younger divisions over 5 hurdles (spaced in the same position as the last 5 hurdles of a standard 400 meter race).

Height and spacing
There are five hurdle heights on most standard hurdles. The highest position (sometimes "college high" or "open high") is used for men's sprint hurdle races (60 m, and 110 m), which are 42 in. The next highest, (sometimes "high school high" ) 39 in is used by veteran men under age 50, and younger boys. The middle position of 36 inches (91.44 cm), (sometimes "intermediate") which is used for men's long hurdle races (400 m) plus some youth and veteran age divisions. The next lower position, 33 in is called the "women's high" used for women's short hurdle races. The lowest position, called the "low hurdle" 30 in is used for women's long hurdles plus many youth and veteran races. Some races call for 27 in for youth or veteran events. Hurdles that go to this position are rare and are notable by having a sixth position.

In sprint hurdle races for men, regardless of the length of the race, the first hurdle is 13.72 m from the starting line and the distance between hurdles is 9.14 m. In sprint hurdle races for women, the first hurdle is 13 m from the starting line and the distance between hurdles is 8.5 m.  In long hurdle events, whether for men or women, the first hurdle is 45 m from the starting line and the distance between hurdles is 35 m.  Most races which are shorter than the standard distance (such as indoor races) are simply run over fewer hurdles but use the same distances from the starting line. There are variations on hurdle height and spacing for the age groups of athletes competing. See Masters athletics (track and field) and Youth athletics.

Technique

In order to obtain the optimal hurdling technique, one must first learn the proper running techniques. It is important that the runner stays on the balls of his or her feet for the entirety of the race. This makes a fluid movement between each stage of the race.

There is a technique that is desirable to accomplish efficient hurdling action during a race. Many runners rely mainly on raw speed, but proper technique and well-planned steps leading up to and between each hurdle can allow an efficient hurdler to outrun faster opponents. Generally, the efficient hurdler spends the minimum amount of time and energy going vertically over the hurdle, thus achieving maximum speed in the horizontal race direction down the track.

When approaching the first hurdle, athletes try to avoid stutter stepping (a term used to refer to the cutting of stride length before reaching a hurdle). This cuts the runner's momentum and costs valuable time. Athletes attack the hurdle by launching at it from 6–7 feet away (depending on the runner's closing speed); the lead leg extended yet slightly bent (because a straight leg leads to more time over the hurdle) so that the heel just narrowly clears the barrier's height. After launching, the trail leg is tucked in horizontally and flat, close to the side of the hip. The objective is to minimize center-of-gravity deviation from normal sprinting and reduce time spent flying through the air.

In order to hurdle properly and not simply jump over it, a runner must adjust his or her hips to raise them over the hurdles. This involves the correct use of the lead leg, trail leg, and arm positions. The lead leg is the leg that goes over the hurdle first and should remain fairly straight. Upon crossing over the hurdle barrier, the runner's lead leg snaps down quickly landing roughly 1 m beyond the hurdle. The trail leg follows the lead leg. The trail leg drives forward at the knee (not swinging, as swinging causes the trunk to straighten up), and pulls through to maintain stride length. An effective trail leg will be parallel to the top of the hurdle and will be as close to the top of the hurdle as possible. As the lead leg is being lifted over the hurdle, the opposite arm should cross the body parallel to the ground. This helps with the runner's balance and rhythm throughout the race.

In men's hurdles, it is usually necessary to straighten the leg at the top of the flight path over the hurdle, although a partial bend in the knee gains a faster push-off when the athlete hits the ground. The ability to do this depends on the runner's leg length. As soon as the foot has cleared the hurdle, the knee starts bending again to lessen the effect of a long, slow pendulum. In women's hurdles, the lead leg is usually straight and the center of gravity does not rise relative to a normal running stride. Another way to view it is the “foot-path”: "shortest path up and the shortest path down". The opposite arm reaches farther forward and the elbow travels out to the side and then behind to make room for the trailing leg. The trailing leg also leads with the knee, but the foot and knee are horizontal, tucked up as tight as possible into the armpit.

As soon as the lead leg begins its descent, a strong downward push is exerted to enable the trailing leg's knee to come up under the armpit and in front of the chest. This enables the recovery of some of the energy expended in the flight. As the lead leg touches down to the ground, it is critical that the runner remains in a sprint. As soon as his or her lead leg touches down, the trail leg arm drives the rest of the body forward.

In the 100 and 110-meter hurdle events, the fastest hurdlers use the three-step technique. This means that three large steps are taken in between all of the hurdles. In order to do this efficiently, hurdlers must take long strides and maintain their speed for the entire race. If a hurdler begins to slow down while three-stepping, they may not be able to make it through all of the hurdles and may have to switch to a four-stepping or five-stepping technique. When three- or five-stepping, a hurdler will use the same lead leg for all of the hurdles. If a hurdler four steps, they will have to switch lead legs at each hurdle.

A modern hurdle will fall over if a runner hits it. There is no penalty for hitting a hurdle (provided this is not judged deliberate). The misconception is based on old rules before the hurdles were weighted. In the 1932 Olympics, Bob Tisdall famously won the Olympic gold medal in the 400-meter hurdles in World Record time, but was not credited with the record due to knocking over a hurdle. There can be a disqualification if a hurdler knocks a hurdle into an opponent's lane and it is judged to have interfered with the opponent's ability to run the race. There are now specifications for the tipping weight of a hurdle (the weights need to be adjusted to correspond with the height of the hurdle) so hitting a hurdle theoretically slows down the rhythm of the hurdler. However, pushing the hurdle with one's hands or running out of one's lane as a result of hitting the hurdle is cause for disqualification. While hitting hurdles is not generally considered desirable, a few sprint hurdlers have succeeded despite knocking over many hurdles. Contact with hurdles can decrease speed and also result in disruption of a hurdler's technique. Some coaches suggest if you lightly "kiss" the hurdle with the side of the leg closest to the hurdle, it can help with the runner's speed by keeping the runner closer to the ground.

Variants
There are also shuttle hurdle relay races, although they are rarely run. They are usually only found at track meets that consist entirely of relay races. In a shuttle hurdle relay, each of four hurdlers on a team runs the opposite direction from the preceding runner. The standard races correspond to the standard sprint hurdle races: 4 × 110 m for men and 4 × 100 m for women.

The shuttle hurdle relay has a maximum of only 4 teams, since most tracks only have 8 lanes. Two lanes will be taken up by one team. The #1 and #3 runners on the team will run in one direction down one specific lane and the #2 and #4 runners will run in the opposite direction in the other lane. The runners on each team go in sequence from 1 to 4.

Instead of using batons, the runners waiting for their teammate to finish must wait until their teammate gets to a certain point to begin their part of the race. There will be an official looking to see if they take off too early. If they do so, then they will be disqualified; if they take off late then it will just hurt their time and chances of winning the event.

In the United States, the men's team of Aries Merritt, Jason Richardson, Aleec Harris, and David Oliver, set the world record in the 440m shuttle hurdle relay race at a time of 52.94 seconds (set on April 25, 2015). On the women's side, Brianna Rollins, Dawn Harper-Nelson, Queen Harrison, Kristi Castlin, together ran a 400m shuttle hurdle race at a world record time of 50.50 seconds on August 24, 2015.

Shuttle hurdle relay was introduced at the 2019 IAAF World Relays, it consist of a race in which two men and two women on each team are running a 110 m hurdles.

title: Hurdling


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101 Dalmatians (1996 film)

101 Dalmatians is a 1996 American adventure comedy film produced by Walt Disney Pictures and Great Oaks Entertainment, with distribution by Buena Vista Pictures Distribution. It is a live action remake of the 1961 Disney animated film One Hundred and One Dalmatians, itself an adaptation of Dodie Smith's 1956 novel The Hundred and One Dalmatians. Directed by Stephen Herek, written by John Hughes and produced by Hughes and Ricardo Mestres, it stars Glenn Close, Jeff Daniels, Joely Richardson, Joan Plowright, Hugh Laurie, Mark Williams, and John Shrapnel. Unlike the 1961 animated film, none of the animals speak.

101 Dalmatians was released on November 27, 1996, and grossed $320 million in theaters against a $67 million budget, making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1996. Close was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, while the film was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair.

Plot
American video game designer Roger Dearly lives with his pet Dalmatian Pongo in London. One day, Pongo sets his eyes on Perdita, another Dalmatian. After a chase that ends in St James's Park, Roger discovers that Pongo likes Perdita. Her owner, Anita Campbell-Green, falls in love with Roger when they meet. When they return to Roger's home, Anita accepts his proposal. They get married along with Perdita and Pongo. Anita works as a fashion designer at the House of de Vil. Her boss, Cruella de Vil, has a deep passion for fur, going so far as to have a taxidermist, Mr. Skinner, skin a white tiger at the London Zoo to make her into a rug for her. Anita, inspired by her Dalmatian, designs a coat made with spotted fur. Cruella is intrigued by the idea of making garments out of actual Dalmatians, and finds it amusing that it would seem as if she was wearing Anita's dog.

Perdita gets pregnant, and so does Anita. Cruella visits their home and gets excited when she finds out Perdita is expecting too. Weeks later, she returns when a litter of 15 puppies are born and offers Roger and Anita £7,500 for them, but they refuse. Enraged, Cruella dismisses Anita and vows revenge against her and Roger. One winter evening, she has her henchmen, Jasper and Horace, break into their home and steal the puppies, while the couple is walking in the park with Pongo and Perdita. Along with 84 other Dalmatians that were previously stolen, they deliver them to her country estate, De Vil Mansion. Cruella asks Skinner to kill and skin them to create her coat.

With the family devastated at the loss of their puppies, Pongo uses the twilight bark to carry the message via the dogs and other animals of Great Britain, while Roger and Anita notify the police. Anita realizes Cruella was behind the kidnappings and confirms her suspicion when she shows Roger and Nanny her portfolio. An Airedale Terrier follows Jasper and Horace to the mansion, and finds all of the puppies, who he helps escape under the duo's noses. They make their way to a nearby farm, where they are later joined by Pongo and Perdita. Cruella arrives at the mansion and discovers what has happened. Angry with the thieves' failure, she decides to carry out the job herself. After several mishaps, Jasper and Horace discover nearby police looking for Cruella and hand themselves in, joining Skinner who was attacked in defence while trying to kill a puppy who have been left behind. Cruella tracks the puppies to the farm and tries killing them, but the farm animals incapacitate her. The police arrive and arrest Cruella, before sending the puppies home.

Pongo, Perdita and their puppies are reunited with Roger, Anita and Nanny. After being informed that the remaining 84 puppies have no home to go to, as they have not yet been claimed by any owners, they decide to adopt them. Roger designs a successful video game featuring dalmatian puppies as the protagonists and Cruella as the villain. With this success, they move out of London to the countryside with their millions. Roger and Anita have a baby girl, while the dogs grow up with puppies of their own.

Cast

 * Glenn Close as Cruella de Vil
 * Jeff Daniels as Roger Dearly
 * Joely Richardson as Anita Campbell-Green-Dearly
 * Joan Plowright as Nanny
 * Hugh Laurie as Jasper
 * Mark Williams as Horace
 * John Shrapnel as Mr. Skinner
 * Tim McInnerny as Alonzo
 * Hugh Fraser as Frederick
 * Zohren Weiss as Herbert
 * Brian Capron as Television News Reporter
 * Frank Welker as the voice of Pongo and Perdita (creature sounds)

Production
The animatronic creatures used in the film are provided by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. Producer Edward S. Feldman guaranteed the adoption of every puppy used in the film. Over 300 Dalmatian puppies were used over the course of filming, because "we could only use them when they were 5 or 6 weeks old and at their cutest." Filming took place at Shepperton Studios in London.

John Hughes, who wrote the film's screenplay, approached Glenn Close for the role of Cruella de Vil, but she initially turned it down. The film's costume designer Anthony Powell, who was working with Close on the Broadway show Sunset Boulevard, then convinced her to take it.

Minster Court was used as the exterior of Cruella de Vil's fashion house. Sarum Chase was used as the exterior of her home. Cruella's car is a modified 1976 Panther De Ville.

Box office
101 Dalmatians was released in the United States on November 27, 1996. The UK premiere of the film was held on December 4, 1996, at the Royal Albert Hall, London, and the exterior of the Hall was lit with dalmatian spots. It grossed $136.2 million in North America and $320.7 million worldwide.

Home media
101 Dalmatians was released on VHS for the first time on April 15, 1997, Laserdisc in early 1997, and on DVD on April 21, 1998. It was re-released on September 16, 2008.

Video game

 * A Handheld LCD Game based on the film was released in 1996 by Tiger Electronics.
 * The 1997 Disney's Animated Storybook (CD-ROM for PC) adaptation uses elements of this film, along with the original animated movie.
 * A video game based on the film entitled 101 Dalmatians: Escape from DeVil Manor was released in May 1997.

Reception
On Rotten Tomatoes, 101 Dalmatians has an approval rating of 41% and an average rating of 5.32/10, based on 37 reviews. The site's critic consensus reads: "Neat performance from Glenn Close aside, 101 Dalmatians is a bland, pointless remake." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 49 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.

Controversy
Animal rights organizations protested the film's release, saying that Dalmatian sales shot up after the premiere, fueled by impulsive purchases of puppies by parents for their children. Being ill-prepared to care for a relatively difficult breed of dog past puppy-hood, many of these new owners eventually surrendered their animals to shelters, where many dogs ended up being euthanized.

Sequel and backstory
A sequel, 102 Dalmatians, was released on November 22, 2000. Glenn Close returned in her role.

Disney planned a live-action Cruella de Vil backstory film on the title character's origins titled Cruella. Glenn Close acted as an executive producer. Emma Stone played the title role. The film was released on May 28, 2021.

title: 101 Dalmatians (1996 film)


text:
User:Logotu

Hey, Logotu, he's just zis guy, you know?

Who are you?
What, you want more info?

 * Real name: Thor Thomas

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Interests (swiped from my LiveJournal profile; I'm in the process of making it more wiki): 20th Century music, Amiga, Art, Asatru, Atheism, BBW, Belly dance, Boulder, Cats, Cecil Adams, Chocolate, Classical Music, Colorado, Computers, Cooking, Crafts, Doctor Who, Drama, Drumming, Ecology, Fantasy, Females, Film making, FUDGE RPG, Gaming, GURPS, HTML, Humor, Ireland, Linux, Love, Magic (illusion), Maine Coon cats, Mountains, Movies, Music, Mythology, Native American, Nature, Netflix, Nyx.net, Paganism, Painting, Peace, Photography, Polyamory, Reading, Redheads, Renaissance festival, Rocky Mountains, Romance, RPG, SCA, Science, Science fiction, Scotland, Sex, Siamese catss, Soulmates, Space exploration, Tarot, The Prisoner, Tolkien, Unix, Urban legends, Wales, Walking, Whales, Wikipedia, Wildlife, Writing, Zen.

OK, that's enough for now. Bye.
 * Logotu 20:23, 5 Jul 2004 (UTC)

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title: User:Logotu