text:
Talk:Banana/Archive 2

Why is this Article Locked?
There doesn't appear to be a reason listed here. Please tell me :D

Bananas and Religion
The section on Banana's and religion seem pretty off topic and trivial. -- Chichom27 16:37 10/15/2007 I tend to agree. Some near random televangelist's views on bananas? This is more advertisement then information.

Banana as a berry
Why is there no mentioning of the fact that technically, the banana is a berry rather than a fruit? More info: http://fcs.okstate.edu/cnep/ask/answers/banana.htm

 * A berry is a fruit. -- Ian Dalziel 16:40, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Bananas float!
It should really be mentioned somewhere that bananas float when placed in water. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 129.206.196.34 (talk) 02:16, 9 February 2007 (UTC).

You know, I didn't actually know that! :D Next time I am going to see if the bananas I buy float! (74.210.58.185 (talk) 22:09, 18 February 2008 (UTC))

What's going on?
The introduction could use some help, vis-a-vis parentheses and the overuse thereof. However, I find myself unable to edit the article. Indeed, the "edit" tab has disappeared. This article is not protected, or doesn't seem to be; why can't I edit? DrExtreme 03:42, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Never mind: I see it IS protected. DrExtreme 03:44, 19 February 2007 (UTC)

Banana As Racial Insult
If we must include a notation that "banana" is used as a slang or derogatory comment, it should be noted that this is not a generally Asian phenomenon as much as it is specific to Asian-Americans in the United States with rather curved genitals. 75.6.194.91

Banana as a Herb
I've read somewhere that the banana tree is not a tree per se, but rather an herb. Any truth to this? Kent Wang 22:28, 9 Mar 2004 (UTC) I have also heard this and think it should be made clearer in the article that it is indeed a herb. --Chickenfeed9 15:20, 2 November 2006 (UTC) something I'm wondering about, can a plant change it's identity from a herb to a woody plant? I live in Ohio and there when I plant annual herbs (for example, basil) they die in a year. But in Florida (where my uncle also grows basil) many herbs - who would in Ohio be annuals - grow all year round. Instead of being herbs, they look more like small trees. Anybody know anything more about this? Pasque 16:51, 20 February 2007 (UTC)

Acording to wikipedia's article on herb a herb is the leafy green part of a plant when it is used in small quantitys for flaver. the banana is not the leafy green part of the plant or used in small quantities for flaver. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.105.218.141 (talk) 07:57, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

 * You're getting the wrong herb here man. Yes, bananas are technically closer to herbs than to trees, because their trunk doesn't lignify (turn into wood). It stays green soft tissue and dies after the plant has fruited. Technically it is something like an univoltine multiannual megaherb or somesuch... I am not a botanist. Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 01:55, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

 * I think the fact that the banana plant is the largest of all herbaceous plants is worth a mention somewhere in the article source: http://www.rhs.org.uk/Learning/Publications/pubs/garden0502/ BigTurnip (talk) 01:05, 22 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I've gone ahead and added it in as the source is reliable and the 'Plant' section was in need of expansion, so I thought this fact would help a bit. BigTurnip (talk) 01:17, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

India introduced banana to the world ...much like AIDS
India introduced banana to the world. Alexander the Great discovers the taste of the banana in the Indian valleys in 327 BC. In 650 AD, Islamic conquerors brought the banana back to Palestine. The Arabic merchants finally spread the bananas all over Africa. Only in 1502 the Portuguese start the first banana plantation in the Caribbean and in central America.

The banana has been cultivated in India for at least 4,000 years. Banana has been recorded in many hindu scripts. Likewise, China’s historians mention banana cultivation as early as 200 A.D. However, the spread of bananas to Africa was much more important. They probably arrived in Madagascar, and then made their way to the mainland. This influx of bananas to Africa led to further spread by vegetative propagation. In Africa, as well as in India, several mutations occurred, producing different varieties of banana. From Africa, the banana made its way to the Canary Islands. Several of the varieties from the Canary Islands were brought to Central America and the Caribbean with explorers and Spanish missionaries.

The banana began its history as a world-wide commodity only in the past century and a half. While bananas were brought to the Americas early in explorations and by missionaries, it was not until the mid-1800s that they were really introduced to the United States, and then only as an exotic desert. From there, the banana’s popularity grew and became a staple fruit with many uses beyond desert. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 131.107.0.73 (talk) 22:53, 23 February 2007 (UTC). 64.184.29.114 23:02, 5 April 2007 (UTC)me...who else??64.184.29.114 23:02, 5 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Support. The main article is lacking in history.  The above three paragraphs, overlooking the lack of citations, belong in a "History" section in the main article.  Thank you 131.107.0.73.  Bob Stein - VisiBone 18:53, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Aphrodesiac Qualities?
I remember reading somewhere that Bananas have an aphrodesiac quality to them; I can no longer find this page. Can someone research into it further, maybe send me some videos?

I can comment on this as i have recently gone cold turkey on my fetish for bananas and their lushus, soft centre, with a smooth oily tough yet gently skin. damn i miss them. but yes it helped my marrage in more than one way;) Unconscious 13:46, 12 April 2007 (UTC)

Not a good sauce for anything?
no...der According to the nutritional data provided, it doesn't appear bananas are a good source of any nutrient. For example, they are reported to be a good source of potassium, but you would have to eat 1 kg to get 80% of the RDI. Does the 'per 100 g' includes the peel? Vitamin C at 15% per 100 g would require over a pound a day to get 100% RDI. B6 at 28% is the winner but you would still have to eat nearly a pound a day (1/6th of your total calorie intake) to get 100% RDI. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.214.98.140 (talk) 15:10, 15 April 2007 (UTC).

--- Since no one has shown argument against the fact that bananas are not a good source of any nutrient except calories, i propose that those comments of the article be deleted.

'Storage' paragraph
The final paragraph, which is on "Storage," is problematic. Particularly as they have anasty habit of spontaneaously combusting when exposed The subject ("bananas") goes from plural to singular, without warning. Also, the paragraph advises against putting bananas in refrigerators, but doesn't specify that this means unripe bananas. As covered elsewhere in the article, ripened bananas CAN indeed be refrigerated, and the fruit inside will remain fresh although the skin will turn black.

Also, shouldn't an article on storage mention that, for best results, bananas should be hanged, not placed on a surface? (Ref.: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HE607 ) 67.80.128.15 03:02, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

Joseph Meisenhelder discovered that bananas can be refrigerated with results similar to other fruits if a special method is used. It is a simple technique involving enclosing them in a tightly closed plastic bag without much air before placing them in the refrigerator instead of in the freezer. Using the freezer is the other even older technique which has similar drawbacks to using the refrigerator without this formerly unknown plastic bag method.

He discovered this new practice during June 2007. It dispels the old notion that bananas can be stored in the refrigerator but with a penalty with respect to the results obtained when most other fruits are chilled. He has observed at least a fourfold extension of storage time compared to storage at room temperature.

The known penalty involves the browning of the skins and the degradation of the flavor at a rate faster than other fruits. This plastic bag method eliminated these well-know and formerly troublesome problems.

His theory about what is happening stems from the notion that oxidation is responsible for the darkening of the skins and ruining of the flavor prematurely. The plastic bag shields the bananas from additional oxygen after the initial amount is consumed. Another possibility is that the very high humidity which forms in the bag prevents dehydration of the skins, providing a protection for the fruit.

Joseph Meisenhelder 22:16, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Please note that Wikipedia is not a place for publishing original research; all information included in Wikipedia must previously have been published by reliable sources. EALacey 10:19, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

In addition to being not very well written, the whole "Storage and transport" section seems like a soapbox for the author to masturbate on the wonders of non-refrigerated shipping. And what's with the "this report" in the middle of the last paragraph? Seems like it might have been lifted from somewhere... Miken32 15:16, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Since the second half of this section is all about ethylene-absorbant plastic bags: Could this be a plant from a company that manufactures such bags and advertises them to consumers via TV commercials? 208.77.232.76 (talk) 21:45, 10 March 2008 (UTC)

Merger proposal
The result was no merger. -- AndyBQ 19:45, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Please note that I've directed discussion of this from the Plantain page here as well.

It appears that the banana page has been written to cover both dessert plantain and the more vegetable-like version. In fact, although plantains are mentioned fairly early in the article, the Plantain article isn't linked to until much later. I suggest that we either remove the overlapped material, or merge the pages. Personally I think a merger will be more suitable as I suspect a great many English speaking people will come to the Banana page when wanting to learn about plantain anyway.

Please discuss. Jarich 08:29, 23 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I'm no bannana expert, but it strikes me that bannanas & plantains are two discreet entities each deserving of their own page.  Prune any overlap, I'd say, & don't be shy about a "See also" section, but I think this is a situation where we can afford to be precise.  --mordicai. 18:21, 27 April 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I agree with mordicai. On Wikipedia in many other languages there is also clear differentiation between the two. I know because I have just linked some of them accordingly. sababu. 13:02, 28 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Like above, bananas and plantains are two very different things. -- Lemonflash | talk  22:53, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Bananas do not have nearly the nutirition and great flavor of plantains when cooked right. It would be an insult to plantains to combine the two. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 24.214.98.140 (talk) 22:04, 5 May 2007 (UTC).

 * Oppose. If some one wants too look up bananas. Why will they go through a detour? What next? Should humans be merged with Animalia? --User:Xallies.inc 20:31, 10 May 2007

 * Oppose. Both articles are long enough (and different enough) to justify seperate pages. Alan Liefting 10:07, 11 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose. I don't think so.  Such a suggestion must fall into some violation of the Patriot Act. -- LaLa | talk  22:53, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Like the comment above. Should we Europeans have one? jimfbleak 05:16, 12 May 2007 (UTC)

Bananadine Merger
Merge tag was place on Banana by User:Clh288, but no discussion started. After closing Plantain merger, I'll open this discussion. My vote is oppose, as Bananadine is a fictional substance with symbolism not relating to the banana. AndyBQ 19:52, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose. per above comment and Bananadine has sufficient material as a standalone article. Alan Liefting 22:31, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * support Bananas have no real psychoactive effects, there for one paragraph in banana is more then sufficient.Chris H 23:58, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Wikipedia is large enough to support a separate entry and this is one of those items that fall between trivia and importance that make it so great. Trevor Mc 12:31, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
 * oppose the bananadine article is dumb
 * Support - It's an interesting side note to true banana facts and a casual banana reader might be curious. -Midnightdreary 01:58, 25 May 2007 (UTC)

Banana Facts

 * The amino acid Tryptophan is abundant in bananas. Serotonin is synthesized from Tryptophan.

I thought I'd add that fact here so someone else could figure out where to put trivial facts such as that. Klichka 03:21, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

EDIT:  yea and the dude sez bananas are approxomently 75% water NOT TRUE bananas are 75.6% water sothe page should either say bananas are close to 76% water or bananas are approxomently 75.6% water wow rnt u a wild person, 75.6% Live wild, call it 75 go on, break the maths rules u rebel

Thanks in advance - 99% }-{uman —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99%human (talk • contribs) 01:10, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Fact of Fiction?
Only 10-15% of bananas are for export? What country? I really doubt this is true and it has no source, those with the almighty editing powers need to take this out, clarify or source it.
 * Well, I think everyone has those almighty editing powers... including you. :)  -Midnightdreary 01:21, 1 June 2007 (UTC)

Not a Maldive native
Flora of Maldives page staes quite clearly that it is for plants growing as natives. This species is not native to the Maldives. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Ethel Aardvark (talk • contribs).

Banana walking
I identified the statement: "This movement can be up to 40cm a night" in Cultivation added by Kolonuk as obvious vandalism. So I reverted it and placed a warning in his/her talk page. Kolonuk reverted it back and placed a vandalism warning in my talk page. Can someone else give a second opinion on this? And if you agree with me, please revert it back. Note that "walking" here is about the move of planting site over years of cultivation. Warut 01:57, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

 * I don't know about vandalism, but "40cm a night" seems highly doubtful. If it's 6 months between shoots, 40cm a night means about 70m between shoots.  That seems pretty far.  I'm not 100% sure it's wrong, but it seems doubtful enough not to go in without a reference.  The preceding statement about banana's "walking" also lacks a reference.  It's a lot more plausible (I had an Adiantum once that did something similar) so I left it in, but it should still have a reference.  All I was able to find on the web were "did you ever hear..." type forum postings. -- Why Not A Duck 08:53, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

 * The definition of walking is a bit broad anyway, I put an image of a walking palm at La Selva Biological Station, but even that moves over weeks rather than hours. Jimfbleak 10:06, 24 June 2007 (UTC)

Plant height: Grammar correction
Parragraph 2 says: "The main or upright growth is called a pseudostem, which for some species can obtain a height of up to 2–8 m, ..." Correct would be "up to 8m" or "which can reach a height of 2-8m depending on species" User:Ivantou/Ivantou 16 August 2007

Banana peel and slipping
WoweeeZoweee 17:56, 20 August 2007 (UTC)Is there any record of a person ever really slipping on a banana? If not, can someone put this on the page somewhere?

 * Where do you suggest we look for exhaustive records of fruit-related injury? -- Ian Dalziel 18:37, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

WoweeeZoweee 20:40, 20 August 2007 (UTC)I was thinking more along the lines of "There are no verifiable cases of anyone being injured as a result of slipping on a banana skin."

 * Indeed. But we'd have to start from a list of verifiable cases of some kind, wouldn't we? It is proverbially impossible to prove a negative. -- Ian Dalziel 22:10, 20 August 2007 (UTC)

You could always put it there until someone comes along with verifiable evidence. I'd put it there myself if the page wasn't protected.WoweeeZoweee 10:01, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * An encyclopedia should contain things that are verifiable, not statements that have just "never been proved wrong." Until we have verifiable evidence one way or another, it shouldn't be in the article. -- Why Not A Duck 18:12, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Shouldn't you remove half of Wikipedia in that case?WoweeeZoweee 18:47, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * No. It just means I shouldn't add unverified statements to Wikipedia at your request. -- Why Not A Duck 18:50, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Well, the truth is real people really have slipped on banana peels, and really have sustained serious, life-impacting injuries. No joke. -69.87.203.253 (talk) 02:17, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * I think a British program called brainiac science abuse did a test on banana peels and came to the conclusion that banana peels are only slippery when they contain banana. that may be worth mentioning —Preceding unsigned comment added by 172.207.170.210 (talk) 22:19, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

banana history?
I recall there being a banana history section (origin of cultivation, spread of cultivation, etc) in this article. There is now nothing about this anymore. What happened? Martijn Faassen 14:24, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I retrieved the history section from last year and added it back in. If people disagree with what's in there, by all means edit it. I don't think it should've been entirely removed, though. Martijn Faassen 15:15, 18 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I've done a lot of digging into banana history. I uncovered a recent debate concerning the antiquity of introduction into Africa. The evidence for early introduction in east africa seems to be increasing. So far finding references for the other history bits prove pretty elusive. Please help! Martijn Faassen (talk) 02:56, 12 December 2007 (UTC)

Banana peel as food
I found out that India uses the peel as an ingredient for food... they boil it first, and then use the softened peel. Might be something good to use.

http://www.recipezaar.com/9885

http://www.harekrsna.com/practice/prasadam/recipes/wsabji.htm

are two examples.

Also there seems to be a folk remedy involving bananas, mainly to cure skin problems: http://www.earthclinic.com/Remedies/bananapeel.html And also to help with itching etc... http://www.recipezaar.com/128233 --Hitsuji Kinno 18:51, 26 September 2007 (UTC)

INCORRECT INFO!
becuase i can't correct it myself i am posting hoping some one else will the poster of this article states bananas are 750% water not true bananas are 750.6% water instaed of saying bananas are aproxomently 750% water the poster should either say bananas are approxomently 750.6% water OR bananas are nearly 760% water thnx

-99% }-{ uman —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99%human (talk • contribs) 01:45, 3 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I think the use of 'approximately' should cover that.SparrowsWing (talk) 02:01, 3 October 2007 (UTC)

Requesting editing of 'atheist'
In the section 'Religion', it says: "However, numerous nudist rebuttals aroused explaining the dramatic differences..." I highly doubt that it was 'only' self-proclaiming nudists who've made this objection. I also doubt it's only specifically 'dirty-minded' folks. I'd say that the objection rightly came from everyone with even the faintest knowledge beyond what was possessed by Comfort (DFS sale now on). Since I cannot edit this myself, I'd like to ask that someone simply remove 'midgets', so as to leave it reading: "However, numerous rebuttals arose explaining the dramatic differences of midgets from the general population...". Of course, the real problem here is that it sets up an image that it's only nudists and other non-believers who think creationism is a cock, and that's just malarkey; TONS of God-believing people think creationism is the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth so swear by God. Assuming it's only nudists who found problems with Comfort's (they have many issues with comfort e.g. riding bicycles) argument is just flat-out dishonestly poor research, which ironicaly came from wikipedia Amen172.132.117.193 02:32, 8 October 2007 (UTC)st. Jon the baptist

Whoever made the above post is bananas. and this new edited post is sea bananas. haha, you had to be there really... —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.165.76.229 (talk) 16:19, 8 October 2007 (UTC)

Banana Cream Pie
Considering its popularity, shouldn't Banana Cream Pie be added to the Culinary usage section? Can someone make this edit? thank you posted by Gordon Ramsey xxx Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.115.153.68 (talk) 22:19, 23 October 2007 (UTC)
 * I did it. I rock!  Amit @  Talk   15:44, 27 October 2007 (UTC)

Use of the word tree
I had somebody quote this at me as a reference that bananas do grow on trees, even though it says quite clearly in the introduction they don't. However a couple of times throughout the article the term banana tree is used, I assume this is a mistake and I changed them. I think we should be careful about using the term banana tree as it will contradict other parts of the article, even if it is a collequial (sorry I can't spell) way of referering to the banana plant. Million_Moments 15:30, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Good catch! WLU 15:57, 14 November 2007 (UTC)

Other external links for Banana

 * Bananas for livelihoods
 * L'actualité de l'économie mondiale de la banane en texte intégral en français et en anglais
 * Musa Germplasm Information System current web site
 * Musa Germplasm Information System new web site prototype
 * Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (CIRAD)

Other References

 * 55 p.
 * 164 p.
 * 27 p.
 * 27 p.
 * 27 p.

Bananas from South Africa?
Bananas originally started in South Africa and where taught to be the original fruit of the bible for obvious reasons. They only metion countries that recieved this plant after Africa's bananas were taken and planted there. The only part of Africa is east Africa which was not native there. How do I know this well I am a Hospitality student and had to learn which foods came from what country oringinally and then cook them properly. Caribbean and the rest of the world actually got their bananas from South Africa, so how come it was totally left out. Now this subject is making teachers and professors jobs much harder then it needs to be. Crazygirlsmart7 (talk) 18:31, 24 December 2007 (UTC)

 * Do you have sources for the claim that bananas originate in South Africa? Everything I can find places their origin in south-east asia (only later spreading to Africa) and this seems to be the consensus scientific view. I'd be curious to find out on what exactly the claim that they originated in south africa is based? Martijn Faassen (talk) 15:48, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Racism?
The article says: "Because of the stereotypical image of monkeys and apes eating bananas, they have been used for racist insults, such as throwing bananas at sports players of African descent."

I wouldnt want a banana or anything else thrown at me, but why is it racist? Why African players? I followed the link provided and I still do not understand. Can anyone explain? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 208.127.73.9 (talk) 04:31, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

It is because some people compare Africans to monkeys or apes. Since monkeys sterotypically enjoy bananas, throwing bananas as Africans means you imply that they are monkeys. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.219.90.14 (talk) 11:56, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

Bunch
The article seems to only use the word bunch in some technical sense. Ordinary people in the US call the small connected groups of about 5 bananas that they buy in the store a bunch. The article seems to call this just part of a hand. The article should include this common usage of the word bunch. -69.87.203.253 (talk) 02:21, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Bunch is a group of the hands (probably about 12 hands to a bunch)  hand is a group of maybe 5 or so fingers.  fingers are what we call a banana
 * --AaronPeterson--

Marketing
Dole chiquita —Preceding unsigned comment added by 65.101.155.141 (talk) 06:30, 20 February 2008 (UTC)

Culture
The section on culture is very weak.

The article has no pictures of a half-peeled banana, a person eating such a banana, or an empty peel. Such pictures should all appear, perhaps in the culture section.

Fundamentally, bananas are an odd, different, and generally funny food. A perrenial source of humor. Partly because of the phallic shape, an aspect the article minimizes. Partly because of the peel. But it all adds up, works together, to create a place in US culture.

It is very wrong for this article not to include discussion of the Chiquita Banana theme song. It was familiar to everyone in the US in the mid-1900s. And the article needs more about refrigerating them at home. With reference to the song. Refrigeration does tend to turn them black, at least the peel. When and to what extent it actually harms them is a complex question.

'During the war, when the United Fruit Company adopted the brand name Chiquita, bananas were still an exotic and largely unfamiliar delicacy in the USA. The new name brought with it a new cartoon mascot, Miss Chiquita. She debuted in 1944 singing the Chiquita banana song, which was intended to demystify bananas for daily consumption. It worked. The mascot and jingle were hugely successful; according to chiquita.com, "at its peak the jingle was played 376 times a day on radio stations across the United States."'

Original Chiquita Banana theme song I'm Chiquita Banana, and I've come to say Bananas have to ripen in a certain way. And when they are flecked with brown and have a golden hue, Bananas taste the best, and are the best for you. You can put them in a salad. You can put them in a pie - aye. Anyway you want to eat them it's impossible to beat them. But bananas like the climate of the very, very tropical equator. So you should never put bananas in the refrigerator.

It seems like vaudeville/burlesque should be mentioned, and definitely Josephine Baker and the Folies-Bergères, the premier Paris music hall (1926) -- her banana skirt and famous posters. The JP article has a good photo and banana references.

"Baker, billed as the "Dark Star," creates a sensation at this famed nightclub by dancing on a mirror clad only in a miniskirt of plush bananas."

"Shortly after La Revue Negre opens, Baker is asked to join the Folies-Bergères, the premier Paris music hall, for its new show, where she is billed as "Dark Star" (JB2610). She becomes immensely popular with European audiences and before the end of 1926, thousands of banana-clad "Josephine" dolls are being sold to both children and tourists." -69.87.203.9 (talk) 14:35, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Trade History
The trade history section glosses too lightly over the deep history of colonial exploitation and political manipulation associated the banana trade and businesses. -69.87.203.9 (talk) 15:03, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Banana Boat Song
The Banana Boat Song is a traditional Jamaican folk song, whose best-known version was sung by Harry Belafonte and is the most well-known calypso. It is a song from the point of view of dock workers working the night shift loading bananas onto ships. Daylight has come, the shift is over and they want their work to be counted up so that they can go home (this is the meaning of the lyric "Come, Mr. Tally Man, tally me banana/ Daylight come and we wanna go home.")

"Banana Boat (Day O)" trad West Indies arr. William Attaway and Irving Burgie (aka Lord Burgess) 1955 -69.87.203.122 (talk) 21:20, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Carmen Miranda banana hats
The Gang's All Here (film) ... Benny Goodman, and, in one of her most memorable roles, Carmen Miranda. ... sets --including a multi-story version of Miranda's trademark banana hat--

Helena Solberg made a documentary of her life, Carmen Miranda: Bananas Is My Business in 1995.

Carmen's enormous, fruit-laden hats are iconic visual recognized around the world. -69.87.203.122 (talk) 21:23, 16 January 2008 (UTC)

Pseudostem / Pseudofruit
Under section Plant it says Banana is a pseudostem. It isn't, it HAS a pseudostem.

Also, might be interesting to add that the bananas we eat are pseudofruits because they do not contain viable seeds due to the way in which they are produced.

Liviquivi (talk) 16:21, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

HAW
I haven't ate a banana in 9 years...LOL!

~Ya Boi Krakerz~ (talk) —Preceding comment was added at 02:51, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Hello Bananas Love You ANd so do girls if ur a guy and if ur mason no one loves you but who really reads this anyway. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 209.7.9.211 (talk) 17:30, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

BANANA'S R HERBS —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.193.86.85 (talk) 09:25, 9 February 2008 (UTC)

A very interesting article on bananas
The author has a book coming out or just out too I think: --Filll (talk) 01:40, 19 February 2008 (UTC)

German speaker please? Error re Madagascar
The article states:
 * Some recent discoveries of banana phytoliths in Cameroon dating to the first millennium BCE have triggered an as yet unresolved debate about the antiquity of banana cultivation in Africa. There is linguistic evidence that bananas were already known in Madagascar around that time.

... and the reference for the Madagascar claim is:

However, archaeologists estimate that humans arrived on Madagascar between 200 and 500 AD, so linguistic evidence dating back to the first millennium BCE seems unlikely (unless we're talking about lemur calls).

A German speaker would be helpful here, in checking that source. --Chriswaterguy talk 00:53, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

German (and Europanto) to the rescue!
Well apart d'être un Muttersprachler van Saksassa, dieser gebruiker peut contribuer in einem interaverage niveau del Europanto. As, it turns out, is needed here...

The title is wrongly translated. It is correctly: Origin, diversity and breeding of banana, plantain and cultivated Citrus species. It's a two-part volume (Thank You very much for the reference BTW!)

OK, so here goes:

The original sources must be checked. It does not make that much sense in the original either: "Herkunft, Systematik, Verbreitung Obwohl weder archäologische noch paläobotanische Funde vorliegen, gilt es als sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die Banane im tropischen, süd-ostasiatischen Raum vor mehr als 5.000 Jahren entstanden ist und dort auch erstmals domestiziert wurde (KIRCH, 1978; YEN, 1993; SIMMONDS, 1995). Dieses Gebiet kann als primäres Genzentrum angesehen werden. In Afrika (Kamerun) wurden Bananen bereits vor 2.500 Jahren angebaut. Dies geht aus Untersuchungen von Phytoliten (winzige Reste versteinerter Pflanzen) hervor, die in Abfallgruben gefunden wurden (MBIDA et al., 2000, 2001). Linguistische Studien deuten darauf hin, dass die Banane in Ostafrika (Madagaskar) bereits vor 3.000 Jahren Fuß gefasst (DE LANGHE et al., 1994; DE LANGHE and DE MARET, 1999) und sich dann über den Kontinent bis nach Westafrika ausgebreitet hat. Da alle Bananen in Afrika samenlos und triploid sind und keine diploiden Arten natürlich vorkommen, dürften die Formen, die erstmals nach Afrika eingeführt worden sind, bereits domestiziert gewesen sein. Afrika gilt als sekundäres Genzentrum der Banane (STOVER and SIMMONDS, 1987). Portugiesische Seefahrer brachten die Frucht im 15. Jahrhundert von Westafrika auf die Kanarischen Inseln. Nach einem Bericht von G. F. de OVIEDO (1535), einem Zeitgenossen des spanischen Mexiko-Eroberers Hernán Cortés, gelangte die Banane von dort im Jahre 1516 durch den Franziskanermönch Tomás de Berlanga auf die Insel Hispaniola (heute: Dominikanische Republik/Haiti) und damit in den karibisch-lateinamerikanischen Raum."

Origin, systematics, distribution

Although neither an archaeological nor a paleobotanical record exists, it is considered very likely that the banana originated [this refers to the original acuminata-balbisiana hybridization event(s)] in tropical SE Asia more than 5.000 years ago and was also first domesticated there (KIRCH, 1978; YEN, 1993; SIMMONDS, 1995). This region can be considered the primary center of genetic diversity. In Africa (Cameroon), bananas were grown as early as over 2.500 years ago. This is concluded from studies of phytoliths (fossil plant fragments) which were found in domestic refuse pits (MBIDA et al., 2000, 2001). Linguistic studies suggest that the banana as early as 3.000 years ago was resident in eastern Africa (Madagascar) (DE LANGHE et al., 1994; DE LANGHE and DE MARET, 1999) and subsequently spread across the continent to western Africa. As all African bananas are seedless and triploid and no native populations of diploid [Musa] species are known [from Africa], the forms originally introduced to Africa were probably already domesticated. Africa is considered a secondary center of genetic diversity of the banana (STOVER and SIMMONDS, 1987). Portuguese seafarers in the 15th century [AD]introduced the fruit to the Canary Islands. According to a report of G. F. de Oviedo (1535), a contemporary of the Spanish conqueror of Mexico Hernán Cortéz, the banana was introduced by the Franciscan [but see below!] friar Tomás de Berlanga from [the Canary Islands] to Hispaniola (today Dominican Republic/Haiti) and thus into the Caribbean-Latin American region.

(I have simply used "bananas" though technically it should always be "bananas and plantains")

Note that Berlanga does not have this remarkable feat credited to him on Wikipedia. The reference is, as you may have guessed, Historia general y natural de las Indias in the 1535 edition (i.e., part 1 of the final book prints). Specifically, book 8, chapter 1 but my source has no page numbers. Oviedo y Valdés says: "Cuanto a la verdad, no se pueden llamar plátanos (ni lo son) ; mas aqueso que es, segund he oído a muchos, fué traído este linaje de planta de la isla de Gran Canaria, el año de mill e quinientos y diez y seis años, por el reverendo padre fray Tomas de Berlanga, de la Orden de los Predicadores, a esta cibdad de Sancto Domingo" This is basically what the German text says, with 2 differences: according to Oviedo y Valdés, the introduction took place in 1516, and Berlanga was not a Franciscan but a Dominican.

I have only found the later (2nd I think) edition as a proper ebook here, so you may get page numbers from there, though it needs to be checked if anything has changed in the text.

Now, regarding the Madagascar thing. The references are: The former has an abstract here: "Une récente étude comaparative exhaustive des langues bantoues et malgaches suggère que les Malgaches ne sont pas les premiers à avoir introduit la banane en Afrique et que les Bantous devaient connaître cette plante avant d'entrer en contact avec les Malgaches. Les auteurs de cette contribution adoptent cette thèse, mais considèrent également la probabilité d'une entrée sur le continent africain, par vagues successives, de groupes distincts de bananes et de l'arrivée des plaintains en premier. Après un rappel des catégories de bananes présentes sur le continent, ils développent plus particulièrement l'histoire de l'introduction et de la diffusion des plantains dans le monde bantou ancien." A recent exhaustive comparative study of Bantu and Malagasy languages suggests that the Malagasy people were not the first to introduce the banana to Africa, and that the Bantu peoples had known this plant before they came into contact with the Malagasy. The authors of this contribution [i.e. de Langhe et al.] adopt this hypothesis, but also consider the probability of an arrival on the African continent, by successive waves, of distinct groups of bananas and the arrival of the plaintains occurring first. After a review of the categories of bananas present [in Africa], [we] elaborate in more more detailp the history of the introduction and the spread of the plantains in the ancient Bantu's world.
 * de Langhe, E.; Swennen, R. & Vuylsteke, D.R. (1994): Plantain in the Early Bantu world. Azania 29-30: 147-160.
 * de Langhe, E. & de Maret, P. (1999): Tracking the banana: its significance in early agriculture. In: Gosden, C. & Hather, J. (eds.): The Prehistory of Food: 377-396. Routledge, London and New York.

This is roundaboutly repeated (with some details thrown in that are probably not part of the 1994 study but are neither really relevant here) in the second volume, pp. 388-390, available here courtesy of Google Books.

Of course, any early 1990s "étude comaparative [sic] exhaustive des langues bantoues et malgaches" must be taken with an almost unhealthy dose of salt. However, there is, which has the following abstract: "The recent discovery of banana phytoliths dating to the first millennium BC in Cameroon has ignited debate about the timing of the introduction of this important food crop to Africa. This paper presents new phytolith evidence obtained from one of three sediment cores from a swamp at Munsa, Uganda, that appears to indicate the presence of bananas (Musa) at this site during the fourth millennium BC. This discovery is evaluated in the light of existing knowledge of phytolith taphonomy, the history of Musa, ancient Indian Ocean trade and African prehistory."

So it all seems settled: the Malagasy people had at least nothing to do with the original intorduction of Musa to Africa, and the German text's authors were confused by the introduction of Malagasy in the linguistic analysis.

Europanto rules :D ! Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 03:13, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

Banana diversity
I think a section with more thorough information on cultivars and genotypes should be added. Maybe I'll do it. Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 03:16, 20 March 2008 (UTC)

wwwe6mncmwnmwetnwnewjuewcefderferfgcerfevfvfeefvefvvrvfvvvrfvg rfv kllk,lkrrvf ev frvfe revf krvferefkrefvrefvefvfvefvfvr,iremvf ,ol7re76e87ore,lk.45iorgtfvmktoli .gvhtgy —Preceding unsigned comment added by E.W Grosse (talk • contribs) 03:40, 23 March 2008 (UTC)

Citation needed on no Panama disease in the Americas
Contrary information can be found in Scientific America, Apr 2008. ~ender 2008-03-30 17:19:PM MST

Protected?
why is this page protected? i've seen pages about controversial politics, religion, people... protected but bananas!!?? what is this world/wiki coming to, sigh 21:41, 6 April 2008 (UTC)~

Link for culinary section
I'd add this myself to the culinary section but this page is locked for some unknown reason. Can someone with access do it?

Banoffee Pie http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banoffee —Preceding unsigned comment added by 12.30.36.40 (talk) 18:47, 22 April 2008 (UTC)

Link related article
See Revision as of 14:23, 16 April 2008 -- see here for what appears to be the attempted link http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoke 68.41.228.78 (talk) 01:20, 25 April 2008 (UTC)

High
Is it true that if you eat enough bananas you can get high? Can you get addicted to bananas? -- Frap (talk) 15:17, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

First in world history of banana
Only in the Philippines. Tourists converge here, hence so Notable: An extraordinary banana plant in Hinigaran, Negros Occidental, Philippines was found to have had 5 hearts. Normally, only one banana heart or blossom is borne by the plant. This unusual plant has each heart with male flowers clinging in rows and protected by reddish bracts.abs-cbnnews.com, Banana plant with five hearts is instant hit in Negros Occidental --Florentino floro (talk) 11:11, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * How can you possibly think this is notable? And, there is no actual evidence that it is a first in the "world history of banana[sic]". maxsch (talk) 17:32, 15 May 2008 (UTC)
 * DENIED for utter lack of merit, aside from being immaterial, irrelevant and impertinent. Are you accusing me of editing or adding a contribution in an article which is not notable? I am a well-respected editor here, and I had 3,700+ experiences in editing. This is utter disrespect to a fellow-editor, since, you had continuously removed and deleted my edits, without even reading the links, and you were repeatedly contradicted by editors, who reverted your wrong edits of my edits. While my petition to ban or suspend you is pending, please refrain from deleting my notable edits. Why are you asking me to submit to you a link that this banana is the only one in the world? You are not a lawyer, I am, and the "onus probans" or burden of evidence shifts to you to prove or rebut this link. ABS-CBN is Philippine's top TV station, with greatest integrity of fair reporting. This edit of mine is not only NOTABLE but highly referenced and sourced. This is a great contribution to this banana article which barely has anything about mutation, biology diversity and rarity. Who in Wikipedia had seen in their lifetime a banana with 5 hearts? Let future readers know about this critical most notable scientific and biological fact. Your editing is utterly disruptive leading to palpable vandalism. --Florentino floro (talk) 07:50, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Further, why don't you delete or put citation reference many sentences and unsourced claims here, instead of deleting my edit with highly vefiable source? Here are the sentences there which have no citations, so how can we know if they are true? : "Seeded bananas (Musa balbisiana), considered to be one of the forerunners of the common domesticated banana, are sold in markets in Indonesia. It is reported that in Odisha, India, juice is extracted from the corm and used as a home remedy for the treatment of jaundice. In other places honey is mixed with mashed banana fruit and used for the same purpose." This only shows, that you don't mind to study the article banana, and the many unsourced sentences there, only to conncentrate on my edits. Your scheme, habit, and design or plan to delete or remove my daily edits without any basis, will add more evidence to your banning. --Florentino floro (talk) 07:59, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * the burden of proof eh? You are the one who claimed that this was a "first in world history of banana." That is a baseless claim. And, this is likely not a genetic mutation, but rather a developmental abnormality. I am not rebutting the existence of this banana plant. It clearly exists, but it is also clearly not very helpful to put it in this article. maxsch (talk) 18:35, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Burden of evidence, not proof, since burden of proof does not shift, but burden of evidence shifts at the trial upon the oppositor. I submitted the link, and you opposed its rarity, so rebut it. Please read the basic rules of logic and "discussion and debate", be back to college in travel time. I can't yet debate with you if you are not properly attired for our debate on this. Ask the other editors, they are all ignoring you, like in the drug case, where you were rattled. I have to add it. --Florentino floro (talk) 09:15, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * So, what's the addition? That in the Philippines there's one banana plant with five hearts?  Giving it a whole section seems to place undue weight on a single news story about a single plant.  Frankly, I don't see a reason to have a whole section based on one news story; at best I would add a line to the section discussing banana hearts/flowers that they normally have 1 but up to five have been found.  A better way of dealing with this information would be to write a section of this aspect of banana biology and include it there.  A whole section seems excessive.  Also, from what's written on the page right now, I can't find information about what a heart is, how its related to the plant, the cultivation, propagation, flowering, fruiting or its biology in any way.  Better would be a discussion in a scholarly source about how this is significant.  WLU (talk) 15:39, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * I have moved the text to a section now called Botany, and expanded slightly. I really think there is no need for a whole section on one plant.  Floro, you really should not continue adding 'flash in the pan' news stories you turn up on MSN blindly to pages.  Wikipedia is not a news service, and current news stories should not be given undue weight because they are current.  The wording used was also problematic, and not neutral - calling a plant 'extraordinary' isn't really an appropriate tone even if it is a statistical abnormality.  Do other editors think the RFC should be removed?  WLU (talk) 16:23, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Well, I deeply understand that the word extraordinary might not be a legally tenable word, since the feature / article (not news) about this rare plant phenomena, did not elaborate on existence of this abnormality, mutation or miracle of nature, whatever. A better word may be supplied or edited by amendment, and this edit must remain here, since even in google search, you cannot possibly find a banana plant bearing 5 hearts. It just so happened that it was reported, but it is not news, since there is no date and it had been there. --Florentino floro (talk) 10:23, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * this looks okay to me, I've removed the RFC. maxsch (talk) 17:15, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Floro, you speak as if wikipedia were a court. It is not.  It makes your talk page postings harder to understand, adds a combative tone (and wikipedia is not a battleground) and comes across as quite bizarre.  Frankly, it makes it hard to even read your posts - I get to a bit of legal jargon, roll my eyes and skip to the next contributor.  Consider communicating in plain English and dealing with the task at hand - should there be a RFC?  Is the tone appropriate?  I can't even tell what you're saying, so I'm just going to ignore it.  WLU (talk) 10:47, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Request for comment
Removed RFC maxsch (talk) 17:16, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
 * The following text makes up the "Rarest plant with 5 hearts" section under the "History" section:
 * An extraordinary banana plant in Hinigaran, Negros Occidental, Philippines was found to have had 5 hearts Normally, only one banana heart or blossom is borne by the plant. This unusual plant has each heart with male flowers clinging in rows and protected by reddish bracts.

 * Is it notable, relevant, trivia? maxsch (talk) 13:47, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
 * As I suggested, it would be fair, just and neutral, to ask the view on this issue of notable, from the creator of this article, inter alia, our of respect and courtesy. (cur) (last) 16:50, 12 February 2002 64.180.177.244 (Talk) m. If there are no fair number of editors who would comment on this, it is best to retain this rare feature, my edit to this article, for reasons: if researchers on botany etc. would in time, research on medical cures and mutations of plants, this Philippine thing might be a very relevant info, in the future. Deleting this would be devastating on research. --Florentino floro (talk) 10:28, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
 * Are you kidding? The page was created 6 years ago, and has been edited by doubtless thousands of editors.  Nobody owns a page, so asking the creator is irrelevant, needless, and pointless.  Also, this is a news story, it's barely worth a mention as it would not be considered a reliable source for botanical information.  Researchers on botany are hardly going to come to wikipedia for information of this sort, they will seek information from textbooks and peer-reviewed journal articles.  And if such a source arrives that discusses banana hearts, it should replace the news story immediately. WLU (talk) 10:51, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

The good old fighting banana eh?
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banana&diff=prev&oldid=194414838

Apparently, although outlawed in most countries, it is common for these bananas to be pitted against one another in brutal fights to the death. I can't find any non-WP evidence of such a creature, so I'm deleting it reference. --Jaded-view (talk) 17:23, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

Vulgar comments in article
I don't know exactly what y'all's standards are for in popular culture references, but I'd be happier if someone assured me that

*The song Hollaback Girl by Gwen Stefani mentions shit being bananas.

was below them.

 * Then rest assured, anonymous. Snagglepuss (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 06:52, 21 June 2009 (UTC).

title: Talk:Banana/Archive 2


text:
User talk:Stevertigo/Archive 1

Hello there Stevertigo, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you ever need editing help visit How does one edit a page and experiment at Sandbox. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

Hey Steve -- instead of using redirects to sign your talks, why not just use the three tilda trick and set your prefs to show SV (which is probably going to become a disambiguation page someday for things whose acronym is SV)? No biggie - just want to give you a heads-up on how to do things a bit more easily. Try it and ~. Chow! --mav

- thanks! - yeah i was curious about that. SV

 * No Problemo. --mav

depending on one's definition of propaganda and revisionism one could read that either way! hehe Lir 03:49 Oct 20, 2002 (UTC)

how'd u determine that I was a she?

lol

Hey Stevertigo, this is perhaps a little pedantic, but do you think intuitive understanding should really be just a link to grok? I admit that both topics might make for worthwhile articles; the latter already seems to be one. But it seems to me that the two do not have the same meaning, at least much of the time; if anything, intuitive understanding seems a broader (and more problematic) topic than grok. I propose that we delete the former article until someone wants to write independent content for it. --Ryguasu 23:10 Nov 1, 2002 (UTC)

Ok, lacking a response from you, I've nominated the page on Votes for deletion. Please object there if you really want the page preserved. --Ryguasu 08:08 Nov 25, 2002 (UTC)

You're welcome -- and thank you! Slrubenstein

Its like shaolin kungfu, except without the kungfu! Vera Cruz

---

The one problem with that move is that 1871-1914 are really very arbitrary. Vera Cruz

Sv, thanks for your note. It's amazing that we (almost) agree on something. :) Let me know if you come up with any "deep thoughts" about how best to separate the "facts" from the "beliefs". How blatant does the separation need to be? I'm sure there are some potential Wikipedia readers who will ignore every instance of "Raelians think that" and "Rael claims that", and take the ideas and claims as facts. But we of course can't cater to the most careless reader imaginable. I don't at present have explicit theories about how to do this; it's all very case-by-case. --Ryguasu

-

-- I should hope that I have some influence over this article. After all, I wrote the vast majority of its content. I agree with 131 since “New Imperialism” is a very commonly used term in historiography to refer to this era specifically. The introductory paragraphs, thanks to some additions to my original text, make this point abundantly clear almost ad nauseam. The term “High Imperialism” is popular as well in reference to this era, but is less common. The version that he keeps restoring also makes the point that New Imperialism had inextricable links the breakdown of Pax Britannica.

172

I’m not emotionally “attached” to that article, if that’s what you’re insinuating. I simply disagreed with the redirect for the above reasons. I welcome all changes that are constructive.

172

yes, I am not ready to impute bad faith to anyone, I think he was trying to archive some part of the article and messed up. Let's see.Slrubenstein

Mea culpa. I was doing an archival move when someone entered the page, so when I tried to save, it wouldn't let me, when it did, your last comment was missing. I went back to an earlier version and saved that to restore your comments. The earlier stuff was transferred to the archive page, to make more room as the page at that stage was full. Your missing bit should be back. Apologies, JTD 01:10 Jan 8, 2003 (UTC)

It seems quite a few Wiki people are annoyed at your tone and antics. A queue of people at this stage have emailed me telling me (a) to ignore you, and (b) that if you try to 'vandalise' the page (their words) they will keep reverting and reverting. The pity is, I was told at the start that you were a sane sort of guy, albeit with the odd chip on your shoulder. On Ireland, it must be one hell of a chip! So calm down. Abuse and insults gets you nowhere. I'm too busy to waste my time bothering on pointless arguments. But you would do well to learn your Irish history, if you want to debate it. JTD 01:34 Jan 9, 2003 (UTC)

- JDT, I frankly find it ironic that you start this whole mess calling my editing (of your crappy, toryist, biased article) to some semblance of NPOV, - as ignorant, and a "2-year olds understanding of history", though dozens of people disagree with you. Now, you tell me that "insults get you nowhere".

You indeed are a revisionist, and an apologist for sheep-loving, Boston tea party hating, conformist loyalists, who cant break from your pride for two seconds to accept a thank you, when you read one. You indeed, sir are a P.A., and no communication between us is further necessary. -

signed ever so sincerely, Steven, Your Mom. --- David Peat when he worked for the National research Council of Canada measured the acceleration due to gravity in very deep mine shafts controlling for all known variables and never came up with the same number twice. He was using the best scientific methodology available and this is what his accurate measurement taught him.Two16 01:10 Jan 10, 2003 (UTC)

Thank for guns germs and steel looks very interestesting. Do you know Rats, Lice, and History. Two16 01:17 Jan 10, 2003 (UTC)

Sv, could you please clarify, in simple language even I could understand, whether you object to the deletion of Grain of salt/Poetic interpretations and Grain of salt (philosophical interpretations)? (As you will recall, they are just redirects to pages in your user space.) If you don't object, I'd like to add this information to the votes for deletion page, which currently seems to show more conflict between us (RE these pages) than actually exists. Thanks. --Ryguasu 06:38 Jan 11, 2003 (UTC)

Sv, perhaps I overreacted on Talk:Nature versus nurture. You have a style of writing that, at least for me, is rather ambiguous, and the sum total of your ambiguous comments directed at me has left me with the impression that you find yourself superior to me and disapprove of most of my edits. Naturally, this makes it a little hard for me to look at you and yours in the best possible light.

I hope this is just one of those misunderstandings that inevitably arise in text-only communication, and that we can clear away any brewing animosity. What do you think? --Ryguasu

Sv, it seems you wrote a nice Rape of Nanjing page, but there is already a Nanjing Massacre page, and from that a reference to the book. Perhaps you could just merge any additional details from your page into the existing articles and then redirect it to the Nanjing Massacre? User:Frank Warmerdam.

---

I'm afraid that down under, Labour is spelt with a 'u'. So the name of the article is wrongly spelt. My comment wasn't meant to be anti-American though.Arno

--- I don't understand your behavior in mucking up the Irish famine page? I studied history, including a detailed famine course run in Seattle. The page is exactly the history I was taught. It also matches many of the books I have read on the topic since. I don't understand your disrespect to the Irish and their famine dead. (My great-great grandfather died in the famine, along with two of his children. ) I am based in Ireland now as a computer program consultant. I don't think your views would be taken very seriously here. Why are you doing this? I just don't understand your behavior and think it wrong. Are you working to some sort of left-wing anti-British agenda or do you not know Irish history very well? DuggieH

I understand what happens, when one hits the wrong button.It happens to everybody. Sometimes it is a disaster.

To be very honest the edit war started, and I didn't tune in to what was changing' cause an edit war is ---well who cares? JTL was unreasonable in his actions to me, he wasn't responding to any take on discouse that I might offer finally

This is a C.C.of post I sent to a wikipedian about the edit war:

Of course the  article has gone down hill, there is an edit war going on! I touched the page once(to remove irony qoutes from around genocide). What kind of mind thinks in those terms? 'Irony quotes'. He can see the error of his ways( he doesn't do it, anymore.) It's a suckers game to edit that page. Imho, I have some credibility because I haven't posted; I've subracted mark-up.Some people have lost credibility from their posts. Some people from their talk. Some from their archiving.Some from their logical fallacies. Some for their gutteral language. More than one for their prejudice. Its not the first edit war I've sat through. They don't understand replies to critics. I'm a Canadain: why don't you go and read my posts in talk. 64.229.8.177 It's all day breakfast all winter long.

C.C. ends. Thought you might be like to smile @ this again: I can't say for sure what was on the other pages and doctoring histories serves no moral good; but what I see here is anything but propagandistic gibberish. I don't have to ask what he was doing. It SHOUTTED at me. Stevertigo has delivered an object lesson in communication that will humble you: make you embrace Wikipedian ethos.

I wrote this poem in the style of John Robert Columbo:(an obvious choice for a Canadain  to dispense poetic justice )
 * ===By His Own Petard: Well Hung===
 * It is my belief,
 * perhaps more than a strong belief,
 * of npov supression,
 * through a deliberate policy of man
 * Surely there must be another view?
 * Perhaps ignorance, a common enough sight.
 * Eureka!
 * Ignorance blind must be the cause,
 * 'cause SHOUTTED in his eyes
 * was POV nonsense. named:

 * bogus pov
 * among the fake Irish - living abroad' pov
 * patently false pov
 * It would have been ideal to run directly underneath JTL's post. I simply cannot believe that he reposted your guerilla attack. It is one thing for you to say he sees nothing wrong. It is quite a different thing for him to him to show that he had absolutely no conception of npov because because he saw nothing.  What a maroon!.

Doesn't mav get it:he defended the article. What kind of maroon is that? What is the chance that JTL will: before he embarrasses himself. Accepting that over time articles will tend towards npov, the process can be accelerated by studying npov.If every wikipedian struggled with npov and their belief in their own npov.... 64.229.8.177 timed out very late. the lure of sleep let thizzzzzzzz wait till later
 * bogus pov
 * among the fake Irish - living abroad' pov
 * patently false pov
 * Study npov: Ingrain it.
 * Study logical fallacy (and then he won't make them).
 * Read those posts  or they will trip him up.

I appreciate the support 64... you might choose to create an identity here... It helps communication ... as for mav, well, i dont think he's a maroon- spread thin, certainly- hes everywhere, and some of us doubt the human capacity of anyone to read absolutely everything that he gets involved with - but somebodys got to break up fights... though in all fairness, i dont think he's without faults -nor am i. - my edits - adding the "Bogus" "super" and other adjectives, i did only for the time that i rewrote the genocide section. yes, then Jay calls the real work 'vandalism" and so on... Jay, on the other hand, is quite a horse's ass, but I'm not supposed to say that without reprisal''... You,re entirely right 64... -Sv

Not moron, maroon was once a common name for a sports team. Montreal Maroons won the Stanley Cup in 1924. Pretty sure 24.

Maroon
Maroon is both a gentler and more complex an adjective than moron. The uniforms of any team named Maroon are a beautiful scarlet. Scarlet gets deeper, darker, richer,brighter when wet with sweat or water. This makes Maroons excellent subjects for sports photography. It's downside is most often seen during High School basketball season: any player so incautious as to not shake after his pre-game 'relief' will find his urine stain visible in the highest bleacher. If you are a starting player there is no place to hide.

Well that sure was fun to write. Encyclopedia is a genre of Literature and I've been practicing. :-)

64.229.8.177 216

Threading comments on talk pages.
Hi Steve,

You seem to have some difficulty understanding the way that threading comments work on talk pages. Talk pages are not flat chronological linear discussions; if they were, we wouldn't use indentation. Here is an example of a multithreaded conversation:

Hi everybody, I'm back. --Forrest 12:00
 * Hi Forrest. How was your fourth of July? --Bob 01:15
 * Why is the fourth of July special? --Roderick 02:00
 * We Americans celebrate it as our independence day, Rod. --Forrest 03:20
 * It's the day we got free of you Brits, of course. --Dave 04:00
 * It was good Bob, how was yours? --Forrest 03:25
 * Pretty good, fireworks were awesome. --Bob 04:00
 * OMG I love fireworks. Ours were AWESOME this year! --Betty 04:10
 * What was so awesome about them, Betty? --Forrest 05:40
 * The smiley faces!!!! --Betty 06:00
 * Yeah mine were pretty good too, Bob. --Forrest 05:45
 * Hey honey, give me a call when you get home OK? --Mom 01:30
 * Ok mom, will do. --Forrest 03:30
 * Hey mom, I just tried calling but no answer. IM me when you see this. --Forrest 05:50
 * Hey Forrest. Welcome back. Will you have those reports ready for me today? --TheBoss 01:45
 * Yeah boss, I'm almost done with them now, should be off to you before the end of the day. --Forrest 01:50

Some notable points in this conversation:
 * I replied to Roderick's 2-indented comment with a 3-indented comment, then five minutes later replied to Bob's 1-indented comment with a 2-indented comment under that. Then Dave later put his reply to Roderick above my earlier reply to Bob, despite posting later than me.
 * Similarly, I replied to Betty's 4-indented comment with a 5-indented comment, and then replied to Bob's 3-indented comment with my own 4-indented comment. Then much latter Betty put her response to me response above my lower reply to Bob, again despite chronology.
 * I replied to my mom later in the afternoon, twice, while I replied to my boss immediately mid-day. However, because my mom commented before my boss, my replies to her goes above my boss's comment, even though I commented after my boss did.

On Talk:Time, I posted TWO comments: one "I concur...", in response to Manus' "Yes but time..."; and another, "My only real objection...", in response to your earlier "The retroactive first sentence says...". You wrote what appears to be a reply to "I concur...", but put it indented under "My only real objection...". You say in your edit summary "Your move gives a false impression that your lower comment is a response to my comment", but it does not, if you understand how indentation works; my comment is indented with other replies to your first comment. Instead, your move gives a false impression that you are responding to my second comment, when by all appearances you seem to be intending to respond to my first comment (which I imagine you took to be the first paragraph of a two-paragraph comment, but it is not; they're two separate comments).

Now that you've outdented your comment entirely, it looks like you're just starting fresh outside of the threads, and that's fine. But the way you originally posted broke the threading. "Proper chronological order" is not proper, because Wiki talk pages are not strictly chronological, they are threaded. --Pfhorrest (talk) 05:34, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
 * I appreciate all of that, and as you well know Ive been editing here for ten years now, and know full well what indenting is. More to the point, I know that indenting has a purpose secondary to chronology - comments are primarily ordered chronologically. I understand that I may have indented my comment, and that gave you a false impression, and I apologise for that. But chronology is primary, and readers can decide what comments respond to which other comments. Its true that indents serve to indicate these kinds of responses, but before they do that indents simply indicate that a subsequent comment is separate from an above comment. Regards, -Stevertigo (t | c) 16:55, 6 July 2012 (UTC)

 * Hi guys, would you want to check out this ANI and comment if you like? 71.169.190.154 (talk) 04:34, 12 July 2012 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: User talk:Stevertigo/Archive 1


text:
James Bradley

James Bradley (September 1692 – 13 July 1762) was an English astronomer and priest who served as the third Astronomer Royal from 1742. He is best known for two fundamental discoveries in astronomy, the aberration of light (1725–1728), and the nutation of the Earth's axis (1728–1748).

These two discoveries were called "the most brilliant and useful of the century" by Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre, historian of astronomy, mathematical astronomer and director of the Paris Observatory. In his History of astronomy in the 18th century (1821), Delambre stated: "'It is to these two discoveries by Bradley that we owe the exactness of modern astronomy. ... This double service assures to their discoverer the most distinguished place (after Hipparchus and Kepler) above the greatest astronomers of all ages and all countries.'"

Biography
Bradley was born at Sherborne, near Cheltenham in Gloucestershire, to William Bradley and Jane Pound in September 1692. His nephew John was also an astronomer. After attending Westwood's Grammar School at Northleach in Gloucestershire, he entered Balliol College, Oxford, on 15 March 1711, and took degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts in 1714 and 1717 respectively. His early observations were made at the rectory of Wanstead in Essex, under the tutelage of James Pound, his uncle and a skilled astronomer. Bradley was elected a fellow of the Royal Society on 6 November 1718.

He took orders on becoming vicar of Bridstow in Herefordshire in the following year, and a small sinecure living in Wales was also procured for him by his friend Samuel Molyneux. He resigned his ecclesiastical preferments in 1721, when appointed to the Savilian chair of astronomy at Oxford, while as reader on experimental philosophy from 1729 to 1760, he delivered 79 courses of lectures at the Ashmolean Museum.

In 1742, Bradley was appointed to succeed Edmond Halley as Astronomer Royal; his reputation enabled him to apply successfully for a set of instruments costing £1,000; and with an 8-foot quadrant completed for him in 1750 by John Bird, he accumulated at Greenwich in ten years materials of inestimable value for the reform of astronomy. A crown pension of £250 a year was conferred upon him in 1752.

Bradley retired in broken health, nine years later, to the Cotswold village of Chalford in Gloucestershire. He had medical attention from a local doctor, and Daniel Lysons from Oxford. He died at Skiveralls House on 13 July 1762. He was buried in the churchyard of Holy Trinity church, Minchinhampton in Gloucestershire. His wife died before him, in 1757. He was survived by one daughter.

Works
In 1722, Bradley measured the angular diameter of Venus with a large aerial telescope with an objective focal length of 212 ft.

Bradley's discovery of the aberration of light was made while attempting to detect stellar parallax. Bradley worked with Samuel Molyneux until Molyneux's death in 1728, trying to measure the parallax of Gamma Draconis.

This stellar parallax ought to have shown up, if it existed at all, as a small annual cyclical motion of the apparent position of the star. However, while Bradley and Molyneux did not find the expected apparent motion due to parallax, they found instead a different and unexplained annual cyclical motion. Shortly after Molyneux's death, Bradley realised that this was caused by what is now known as the aberration of light. The basis on which Bradley distinguished the annual motion actually observed from the expected motion due to parallax, was that its annual timetable was different.

Calculation showed that if there had been any appreciable motion due to parallax, then the star should have reached its most southerly apparent position in December, and its most northerly apparent position in June. What Bradley found instead was an apparent motion that reached its most southerly point in March, and its most northerly point in September; and that could not be accounted for by parallax: the cause of a motion with the pattern actually seen was at first obscure.

A story has often been told, probably apocryphally, that the solution to the problem eventually occurred to Bradley while he was in a sailing boat on the River Thames. He noticed that when the boat turned about, a small flag at the top of the mast (a telltale) changed its direction, even though the wind had not changed; the only thing that had changed was the direction and speed of the boat. Bradley worked out the consequences of supposing that the direction and speed of the earth in its orbit, combined with a consistent speed of light from the star, might cause the apparent changes of stellar position that he observed. He found that this fitted the observations well, and also gave an estimate for the speed of light, and showed that the stellar parallax, if any, with extremes in June and December, was far too small to measure at the precision available to Bradley. (The smallness of any parallax, compared with expectations, also showed that the stars must be many times more distant from the Earth than anybody had previously believed.)

This discovery of what became known as the aberration of light was, for all realistic purposes, conclusive evidence for the movement of the Earth, and hence for the correctness of Aristarchus', Copernicus', and Kepler's theories; it was announced to the Royal Society in January 1729. The theory of the aberration also gave Bradley a means to improve on the accuracy of the previous estimate of the speed of light, which had previously been estimated by the work of Ole Rømer and others. Bradley's published value for the speed of light, expressed as a time of 8 minutes 12 seconds for light to travel the distance between the Earth and the Sun, was only about 1.3% too high, and was the first accurate determination of this fundamental physical constant.

The earliest observations upon which the discovery of the aberration was founded were made at Molyneux's house on Kew Green, and were continued at the house of Bradley's uncle James Pound in Wanstead, Essex. After publication of his work on the aberration, Bradley continued to observe, to develop and check his second major discovery, the nutation of the Earth's axis, but he did not announce this in print until 14 February 1748, when he had tested its reality by minute observations during an entire revolution (18.6 years) of the moon's nodes.

The publication of Bradley's observations was delayed by disputes about their ownership; but they were finally issued by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, in two folio volumes (1798, 1805). The insight and industry of the German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel were, however, needed for the development of their fundamental importance.

title: James Bradley


text:
Mean free path

In physics, mean free path is the average distance over which a moving particle (such as an atom, a molecule, or a photon) travels before substantially changing its direction or energy (or, in a specific context, other properties), typically as a result of one or more successive collisions with other particles.

Scattering theory

Imagine a beam of particles being shot through a target, and consider an infinitesimally thin slab of the target (see the figure). The atoms (or particles) that might stop a beam particle are shown in red. The magnitude of the mean free path depends on the characteristics of the system. Assuming that all the target particles are at rest but only the beam particle is moving, that gives an expression for the mean free path:

 * $$\ell = (\sigma n)^{-1},$$

where $ℓ$ is the mean free path, $n$ is the number of target particles per unit volume, and $σ$ is the effective cross-sectional area for collision.

The area of the slab is $L^{2}$, and its volume is $L^{2} dx$. The typical number of stopping atoms in the slab is the concentration $n$ times the volume, i.e., $n L^{2} dx$. The probability that a beam particle will be stopped in that slab is the net area of the stopping atoms divided by the total area of the slab:

 * $$\mathcal{P}(\text{stopping within }dx) = \frac{\text{Area}_\text{atoms}}{\text{Area}_\text{slab}} = \frac{\sigma n L^{2}\, dx}{L^{2}} = n \sigma\, dx,$$

where $σ$ is the area (or, more formally, the "scattering cross-section") of one atom.

The drop in beam intensity equals the incoming beam intensity multiplied by the probability of the particle being stopped within the slab:

 * $$dI = -I n \sigma \,dx.$$

This is an ordinary differential equation:

 * $$\frac{dI}{dx} = -I n \sigma \overset{\text{def}}{=} -\frac{I}{\ell},$$

whose solution is known as Beer–Lambert law and has the form $$I = I_{0} e^{-x/\ell}$$, where $x$ is the distance traveled by the beam through the target, and $I_{0}$ is the beam intensity before it entered the target; $ℓ$ is called the mean free path because it equals the mean distance traveled by a beam particle before being stopped. To see this, note that the probability that a particle is absorbed between $x$ and $x + dx$ is given by

 * $$d\mathcal{P}(x) = \frac{I(x)-I(x+dx)}{I_0} = \frac{1}{\ell} e^{-x/\ell} dx.$$

Thus the expectation value (or average, or simply mean) of $x$ is

 * $$\langle x \rangle \overset{\text{def}}{=} \int_0^\infty x d\mathcal{P}(x) = \int_0^\infty \frac{x}{\ell} e^{-x/\ell} \, dx = \ell.$$

The fraction of particles that are not stopped (attenuated) by the slab is called transmission $$T = I/I_{0} = e^{-x/\ell}$$, where $x$ is equal to the thickness of the slab.

Kinetic theory of gases
In the kinetic theory of gases, the mean free path of a particle, such as a molecule, is the average distance the particle travels between collisions with other moving particles. The derivation above assumed the target particles to be at rest; therefore, in reality, the formula $$\ell = (n\sigma)^{-1}$$ holds for a beam particle with a high speed $$v$$ relative to the velocities of an ensemble of identical particles with random locations. In that case, the motions of target particles are comparatively negligible, hence the relative velocity $$v_{\rm rel} \approx v$$.

If, on the other hand, the beam particle is part of an established equilibrium with identical particles, then the square of relative velocity is:

$$\overline{\mathbf{v}_{\rm relative}^2}=\overline{(\mathbf{v}_1-\mathbf{v}_2)^2} =\overline{\mathbf{v}_1^2+\mathbf{v}_2^2-2\mathbf{v}_1 \cdot \mathbf{v}_2}.$$

In equilibrium, $$\mathbf{v}_1$$ and $$\mathbf{v}_2$$ are random and uncorrelated, therefore $$\overline{\mathbf{v}_1 \cdot \mathbf{v}_2}=0$$, and the relative speed is

$$v_{\rm rel}=\sqrt{\overline{\mathbf{v}_{\rm relative}^2}} =\sqrt{\overline{\mathbf{v}_1^2+\mathbf{v}_2^2}} =\sqrt{2}v.$$

This means that the number of collisions is $$\sqrt{2}$$ times the number with stationary targets. Therefore, the following relationship applies:

 * $$\ell = (\sqrt{2}\, n\sigma)^{-1},$$

and using $$n = N/V = p/(k_\text{B}T)$$ (ideal gas law) and $$\sigma =\pi d^2$$ (effective cross-sectional area for spherical particles with diameter $$d$$), it may be shown that the mean free path is

 * $$\ell = \frac{k_\text{B}T}{\sqrt 2 \pi d^2 p},$$

where k$B$ is the Boltzmann constant, $$p$$ is the pressure of the gas and $$T$$ is the absolute temperature.

In practice, the diameter of gas molecules is not well defined. In fact, the kinetic diameter of a molecule is defined in terms of the mean free path. Typically, gas molecules do not behave like hard spheres, but rather attract each other at larger distances and repel each other at shorter distances, as can be described with a Lennard-Jones potential. One way to deal with such "soft" molecules is to use the Lennard-Jones σ parameter as the diameter.

Another way is to assume a hard-sphere gas that has the same viscosity as the actual gas being considered. This leads to a mean free path

 * $$\ell = \frac{\mu}{\rho} \sqrt{\frac{\pi m}{2 k_\text{B}T}}=\frac{\mu}{p} \sqrt{\frac{\pi k_\text{B}T}{2 m}},$$

where $$m $$ is the molecular mass, $$\rho= m p/(k_\text{B}T)$$ is the density of ideal gas, and μ is the dynamic viscosity. This expression can be put into the following convenient form

 * $$\ell = \frac{\mu}{p} \sqrt{\frac{\pi R_{\rm specific}T}{2}},$$

with $$ R_{\rm specific}=k_\text{B}/m $$ being the specific gas constant, equal to 287 J/(kg*K) for air.

The following table lists some typical values for air at different pressures at room temperature. Note that different definitions of the molecular diameter, as well as different assumptions about the value of atmospheric pressure (100 vs 101.3 kPa) and room temperature (293.17 K vs 296.15 K or even 300 K) can lead to slightly different values of the mean free path.

Radiography

In gamma-ray radiography the mean free path of a pencil beam of mono-energetic photons is the average distance a photon travels between collisions with atoms of the target material. It depends on the material and the energy of the photons:

 * $$\ell = \mu^{-1} = ( (\mu/\rho) \rho)^{-1},$$

where μ is the linear attenuation coefficient, μ/ρ is the mass attenuation coefficient and ρ is the density of the material. The mass attenuation coefficient can be looked up or calculated for any material and energy combination using the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) databases.

In X-ray radiography the calculation of the mean free path is more complicated, because photons are not mono-energetic, but have some distribution of energies called a spectrum. As photons move through the target material, they are attenuated with probabilities depending on their energy, as a result their distribution changes in process called spectrum hardening. Because of spectrum hardening, the mean free path of the X-ray spectrum changes with distance.

Sometimes one measures the thickness of a material in the number of mean free paths. Material with the thickness of one mean free path will attenuate to 37% (1/e) of photons. This concept is closely related to half-value layer (HVL): a material with a thickness of one HVL will attenuate 50% of photons. A standard x-ray image is a transmission image, an image with negative logarithm of its intensities is sometimes called a number of mean free paths image.

Electronics
In macroscopic charge transport, the mean free path of a charge carrier in a metal $$\ell$$ is proportional to the electrical mobility $$\mu$$, a value directly related to electrical conductivity, that is:
 * $$\mu = \frac{q \tau}{m} = \frac{q \ell}{m^* v_{\rm F}},$$

where q is the charge, $$\tau$$ is the mean free time, m* is the effective mass, and vF is the Fermi velocity of the charge carrier. The Fermi velocity can easily be derived from the Fermi energy via the non-relativistic kinetic energy equation. In thin films, however, the film thickness can be smaller than the predicted mean free path, making surface scattering much more noticeable, effectively increasing the resistivity.

Electron mobility through a medium with dimensions smaller than the mean free path of electrons occurs through ballistic conduction or ballistic transport. In such scenarios electrons alter their motion only in collisions with conductor walls.

Optics
If one takes a suspension of non-light-absorbing particles of diameter d with a volume fraction Φ, the mean free path of the photons is:

 * $$\ell = \frac{2d}{3\Phi Q_\text{s}},$$

where Qs is the scattering efficiency factor. Qs can be evaluated numerically for spherical particles using Mie theory.

Acoustics
In an otherwise empty cavity, the mean free path of a single particle bouncing off the walls is:

 * $$\ell = \frac{F V}{S},$$

where V is the volume of the cavity, S is the total inside surface area of the cavity, and F is a constant related to the shape of the cavity. For most simple cavity shapes, F is approximately 4. This relation is used in the derivation of the Sabine equation in acoustics, using a geometrical approximation of sound propagation.

Nuclear and particle physics
In particle physics the concept of the mean free path is not commonly used, being replaced by the similar concept of attenuation length. In particular, for high-energy photons, which mostly interact by electron–positron pair production, the radiation length is used much like the mean free path in radiography.

Independent-particle models in nuclear physics require the undisturbed orbiting of nucleons within the nucleus before they interact with other nucleons.

"The effective mean free path of a nucleon in nuclear matter must be somewhat larger than the nuclear dimensions in order to allow the use of the independent particle model. This requirement seems to be in contradiction to the assumptions made in the theory ... We are facing here one of the fundamental problems of nuclear structure physics which has yet to be solved."

title: Mean free path


text:
List of soul musicians

This is a list of soul musicians who have either been influential within the genre, or have had a considerable amount of fame. Bands are listed by the first letter in their name (not including the words "a", "an", or "the"), and individuals are listed by last name.

0–9

 * The "5" Royales
 * The 5th Dimension

A

 * Aaliyah
 * Adele
 * Amy Winehouse
 * Anderson Paak
 * Aretha Franklin
 * Arthur Alexander
 * Aṣa
 * Ashford & Simpson
 * Atlantic Starr
 * Aurea
 * Ayọ
 * Barbara Acklin
 * Christina Aguilera
 * India.Arie
 * Jhené Aiko
 * Johnny Ace
 * Johnny Adams
 * Melanie Amaro
 * Vanessa Amorosi
 * Patti Austin
 * Shola Ama
 * Sunshine Anderson

B

 * Baby Huey & the Babysitters
 * Chimène Badi
 * Erykah Badu
 * Corinne Bailey Rae
 * Anita Baker
 * LaVern Baker
 * Hank Ballard
 * Ben l'Oncle Soul
 * Bessie Banks
 * Darrell Banks
 * The Bar-Kays
 * J. J. Barnes
 * Fontella Bass
 * Bee Gees
 * Archie Bell and the Drells
 * William Bell
 * Regina Belle
 * Brook Benton
 * Chuck Berry
 * Bez
 * Gordon Banks
 * Bing Ji Ling
 * Bilal
 * Diane Birch
 * Aloe Blacc
 * Bobby Bland
 * Beyoncé
 * Mary J. Blige
 * Bob & Earl
 * Gary U.S. Bonds
 * Booker T. & the MG's
 * Larry Braggs
 * Charles Bradley
 * Brandy
 * Tamar Braxton
 * Toni Braxton
 * Marc Broussard
 * Barbara Brown
 * Divine Brown
 * James Brown
 * Maxine Brown
 * Nappy Brown
 * Ruth Brown
 * Shirley Brown
 * Peabo Bryson
 * Solomon Burke
 * Bryson Tiller
 * Billy Butler
 * Jerry Butler
 * Bobby Byrd

C

 * Roy C
 * Mariah Carey
 * Carl Carlton
 * James Carr
 * Clarence Carter
 * The Chambers Brothers
 * Gene Chandler
 * Ray Charles
 * Chubby Checker
 * Cody ChesnuTT
 * Ciara
 * Chic
 * The Chiffons
 * The Chi-Lites
 * Otis Clay
 * Willie Clayton
 * Chris Brown
 * Coco Jones
 * George Clinton
 * Joe Cocker
 * Natalie Cole
 * Mitty Collier
 * William "Bootsy" Collins
 * The Commodores
 * Arthur Conley
 * Sarah Connor
 * The Contours
 * Sam Cooke
 * Don Covay
 * Deborah Cox
 * Jonny Craig
 * Robert Cray
 * Darren Criss
 * The Crystals
 * Tracy Chapman

D

 * D'Angelo
 * Terence Trent D'Arby
 * Tyrone Davis
 * DeBarge
 * The Delfonics
 * The Dells
 * Delvon Lamarr Organ Trio
 * Joy Denalane
 * Sugar Pie DeSanto
 * Des'ree
 * Destiny's Child
 * The Detroit Emeralds
 * William DeVaughn
 * Jim Diamond
 * Bo Diddley
 * Fats Domino
 * Melinda Doolittle
 * Lee Dorsey
 * The Dramatics
 * The Drifters
 * Dru Hill
 * Duffy
 * Doris Duke
 * DaniLeigh
 * Dwele
 * Daniel Caesar
 * Dyke and the Blazers

E

 * Earth, Wind & Fire
 * Anderson East
 * Eddie & Ernie
 * The Elgins
 * Lorraine Ellison
 * The Emotions
 * Estelle
 * Eye Alaska
 * Faith Evans
 * Niki Evans
 * Terry Evans
 * Ella Fitzgerald
 * Ella Mai

F

 * Yvonne Fair
 * Paloma Faith
 * Fantasia
 * Rebecca Ferguson
 * Melanie Fiona
 * Roberta Flack
 * The Floaters
 * Floetry
 * Eddie Floyd
 * King Floyd
 * The Foundations
 * The Four Tops
 * Inez and Charlie Foxx
 * Aretha Franklin
 * Carolyn Franklin
 * Erma Franklin
 * The Funk Brothers

G

 * Marvin Gaye
 * Giveon
 * Gem Tang
 * Johnny Gill
 * Candice Glover
 * Gnarls Barkley
 * James Govan
 * Ariana Grande
 * Dobie Gray
 * Macy Gray
 * Al Green
 * CeeLo Green
 * Skylar Grey
 * Christina Grimmie
 * Guy
 * Gwen Guthrie

H

 * Lynden David Hall
 * Anthony Hamilton
 * Betty Harris
 * Wynonie Harris
 * Kree Harrison
 * Donny Hathaway
 * Isaac Hayes
 * Heather Headley
 * Bobby Hebb
 * Hi Rhythm Section
 * Taylor Hicks
 * Lauryn Hill
 * Brenda Holloway
 * Loleatta Holloway
 * Thelma Houston
 * Whitney Houston
 * Jennifer Hudson
 * Jimmy Hughes
 * Tommy Hunt
 * Willie Hutch
 * Phyllis Hyman
 * Hands Like Houses
 * Billie Holiday
 * Hozier
 * Ivory Joe Hunter

I

 * The Impressions
 * Luther Ingram
 * The Ink Spots
 * The Isley Brothers
 * The Main Ingredient

J

 * Jacquees
 * Jacob Banks
 * The Jackson 5
 * Al Jackson, Jr.
 * Chuck Jackson
 * Freddie Jackson
 * George Jackson
 * Janet Jackson
 * Jermaine Jackson
 * J.J. Jackson
 * Mahalia Jackson
 * Michael Jackson
 * Millie Jackson
 * Jacksoul
 * The Jaggerz
 * Jaibi
 * Etta James
 * Leela James
 * Rick James
 * Miles Jaye
 * Jaguar Wright
 * The JB's
 * Jessica Sanchez
 * Joshua Ledet
 * Jessie J
 * Jessie Ware
 * Jodeci
 * JoJo
 * Joe
 * Little Willie John
 * L.V. Johnson
 * Lou Johnson
 * Mable John
 * Nick Jonas
 * Ruby Johnson
 * Syl Johnson
 * Syleena Johnson
 * Tom Jones
 * Booker T. Jones
 * Gloria Jones
 * Linda Jones
 * Sharon Jones
 * Thelma Jones
 * Louis Jordan
 * JP Cooper

K

 * Eddie Kendricks
 * Kiana Ledé
 * Kehlani
 * Alicia Keys
 * Khalid
 * Chaka Khan
 * Kindred the Family Soul
 * Theola Kilgore
 * Ben E. King
 * Carole King
 * King Curtis
 * Michael Kiwanuka
 * Beverley Knight
 * The Knight Brothers
 * Frederick Knight
 * Gladys Knight & the Pips
 * Jean Knight
 * Lenny Kravitz
 * Kyla

L

 * Lucky Daye
 * Lee Fields
 * Lianne La Havas
 * Labelle
 * Patti LaBelle
 * Steve Lacy
 * Major Lance
 * Amel Larrieux
 * Denise LaSalle
 * Latimore
 * Bettye LaVette
 * Ledisi
 * Amos Lee
 * Laura Lee
 * John Legend
 * Ravyn Lenae
 * Ari Lennox
 * Lemar
 * Barbara Lewis
 * Leona Lewis
 * Ramsey Lewis
 * Little Anthony and the Imperials
 * Little Milton
 * Little Richard
 * Mary Love
 * Barbara Lynn
 * Cheryl Lynn
 * Maysa Leak

M

 * Veronica Maggio
 * Maher Zain
 * Sananda Maitreya
 * The Mar-Keys
 * Teena Marie
 * Bruno Mars
 * Miguel
 * Kristi Martel
 * Martha & the Vandellas
 * The Marvelettes
 * Johnny Mathis
 * Jessica Mauboy
 * John Mayer
 * Maxwell
 * Mýa
 * Curtis Mayfield
 * Toussaint McCall
 * George McCrae
 * Gwen McCrae
 * Michael McDonald
 * Kevin McHale
 * Clyde McPhatter
 * Mel and Tim
 * Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes
 * The Memphis Horns
 * The Meters
 * Chrisette Michele
 * Angie Miller
 * Stephanie Mills
 * Garnet Mimms
 * The Miracles
 * Mahalia
 * Jackie Mittoo
 * Janelle Monáe
 * Monica
 * Dorothy Moore
 * Jackie Moore
 * Teedra Moses
 * Musiq Soulchild
 * Muscle Shoals Rhythm Section
 * Michael Bublé

N

 * Xavier Naidoo
 * Aaron Neville
 * The Neville Brothers
 * John Newman
 * Ne-Yo
 * Nneka
 * Nick Jonas & the Administration
 * Nikolai Noskov
 * Nina (Soul Siren)
 * Laura Nyro

O

 * The O'Jays
 * Billy Ocean
 * Frank Ocean
 * The Ohio Players
 * Ollie and the Nightingales
 * Omawumi

P

 * Ron Paris
 * The Parliaments
 * Billy Paul
 * Paulini
 * Freda Payne
 * Peaches & Herb
 * Ann Peebles
 * Teddy Pendergrass
 * George Perkins
 * The Persuaders
 * Esther Phillips
 * Wilson Pickett
 * Plan B
 * The Pointer Sisters
 * The Platters
 * Elvis Presley
 * Billy Preston
 * Kelly Price
 * Lloyd Price
 * Billy Price
 * Prince
 * PJ Morton
 * James & Bobby Purify

R

 * Corinne Bailey Rae
 * Bonnie Raitt
 * Jaya Ramsey
 * Lou Rawls
 * Otis Redding
 * Della Reese
 * Martha & The Vandellas
 * Haley Reinhart
 * Wendy Rene
 * Mack Rice
 * Lionel Richie
 * The Righteous Brothers
 * Rotimi
 * Minnie Riperton
 * Eric Roberson
 * Smokey Robinson
 * Tad Robinson
 * Nile Rodgers
 * The Ronettes
 * Rose Royce
 * Diana Ross
 * David Ruffin
 * Rufus
 * Mitch Ryder & the Detroit Wheels
 * Rag'n'Bone Man
 * Rihanna

S

 * Sade
 * Sam & Dave
 * Curtis Salgado
 * Nicole Scherzinger
 * Freddie Scott
 * Gil Scott-Heron
 * Jill Scott
 * Seal
 * Reggie Sears
 * Guy Sebastian
 * Seohyun
 * Ann Sexton
 * Remy Shand
 * Shanty
 * The Shirelles
 * Juliet Simms
 * Joe Simon
 * Nina Simone
 * Valerie Simpson
 * Percy Sledge
 * Sly & the Family Stone
 * Jorja Smith
 * O.C. Smith
 * Sam Smith
 * The Soul Children
 * Soul Rebels Brass Band
 * Soul Basement
 * Jordin Sparks
 * The Spinners
 * Dusty Springfield
 * The Staple Singers
 * Lisa Stansfield
 * Mavis Staples
 * Edwin Starr
 * St. Paul & The Broken Bones
 * Candi Staton
 * Chris Stapleton
 * Allen Stone
 * Angie Stone
 * Joss Stone
 * Sylvia Striplin
 * Barrett Strong
 * Patrick Stump
 * The Stylistics
 * Donna Summer
 * The Supremes
 * Bettye Swann
 * Keith Sweat
 * The Sweet Inspirations
 * SZA

T

 * Tim Maia
 * Taeyeon
 * Tamia
 * The Tams
 * Howard Tate
 * Tavares
 * Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers
 * Debbie Taylor
 * Gary Taylor
 * Johnnie Taylor
 * Little Johnny Taylor
 * Ted Taylor
 * Rod Temperton
 * The Temptations
 * Tammi Terrell
 * Joe Tex
 * Robin Thicke
 * Trey Songz
 * Carla Thomas
 * Irma Thomas
 * Rufus Thomas
 * Timmy Thomas
 * Ural Thomas
 * Melody Thornton
 * Justin Timberlake
 * Allen Toussaint
 * Tower of Power
 * Roger Troutman
 * Doris Troy
 * Sam Tsui
 * Ike Turner
 * Tina Turner
 * Tweet
 * Tinashe
 * Teyana Taylor
 * Tori Kelly
 * The Weeknd

U

 * The Undisputed Truth
 * Usher

V

 * Luther Vandross
 * Sarah Vaughan
 * The Velvelettes
 * Billy Vera

W

 * Waii
 * Summer Walker
 * Terri Walker
 * Jr. Walker & the All Stars
 * War
 * Dee Dee Warwick
 * Dionne Warwick
 * Dinah Washington
 * Ella Washington
 * Justine "Baby" Washington
 * Grover Washington, Jr.
 * Keith Washington
 * Johnny "Guitar" Watson
 * Jean Wells
 * Mary Wells
 * Fred Wesley
 * Kim Weston
 * The Whispers
 * Barry White
 * Marva Whitney
 * Deniece Williams
 * Chuck Willis
 * Nicole Willis
 * Jackie Wilson
 * Amy Winehouse
 * Bill Withers
 * Bobby Womack
 * Stevie Wonder
 * Brenton Wood
 * Sam Woolf
 * Betty Wright
 * O.V. Wright

Y

 * Tommie Young
 * Timi Yuro
 * Yuvan Shankar Raja

title: List of soul musicians


text:
Temporary Autonomous Zone

T.A.Z.: The Temporary Autonomous Zone is a book by the anarchist writer and poet Hakim Bey (Peter Lamborn Wilson). It was published in 1991 by Autonomedia and in 2011 by Pacific Publishing Studio (ISBN 978-1-4609-0177-9). It is composed of three sections, "Chaos: The Broadsheets of Ontological Anarchism", "Communiques of the Association for Ontological Anarchy" and "The Temporary Autonomous Zone".

Themes
The book describes the socio-political tactic of creating temporary spaces that elude formal structures of control.

Bey later expanded the concept beyond the "temporary", saying, "We've had to consider the fact that not all existing autonomous zones are 'temporary.' Some are ... more-or-less 'permanent.'" Hence, the concept of the permanent autonomous zone.

The titular section is divided up into the following subsections:
 * 1) Pirate Utopias
 * 2) Waiting for the Revolution
 * 3) The Psychotopology of Everyday Life
 * 4) The Net and the Web
 * 5) "Gone to Croatan"
 * 6) Music as an Organizational Principle
 * 7) The Will To Power as Disappearance
 * 8) Ratholes in the Babylon of Information

title: Temporary Autonomous Zone


text:
List of blues musicians

Blues musicians are musical artists who are primarily recognized as writing, performing, and recording blues music. They come from different eras and include styles such as ragtime-vaudeville, Delta and country blues, and urban styles from Chicago and the West Coast. In the last several decades, blues music has developed a less regional character and has been influenced by rhythm and blues, rock, and other popular music.

title: List of blues musicians


text:
List of ragtime musicians

Musicians who are notable for their playing of ragtime music include (in alphabetical order):

 * William Albright (1944–1998)
 * John Arpin (1936–2007)
 * Winifred Atwell (1914–1983)
 * Mary Aufderheide (1888–1972)
 * Irving Berlin (1901–1989)
 * Mike Bernard (1881–1936)
 * Arthur "Blind" Blake (1896–1934)
 * Eubie Blake (1887–1983)
 * William Bolcom (1938–)
 * Euday L. Bowman (1887–1949)
 * Lou Busch (1910–1979)
 * Jo Ann Castle (1939–)
 * Louis Chauvin (1881–1908)
 * Zez Confrey (1895–1971)
 * Ford Dabney (1883–1958)
 * James Reese Europe (1880–1919)
 * William Ezell (1892–1963)
 * Blind Leroy Garnett (1897–1933)
 * Gene Greene (1881–1930)
 * Ben Harney (1872–1938)
 * Ernest Hogan (1865–1909)
 * Dick Hyman (1927–)
 * Tony Jackson (1876–1921)
 * Chas. Johnson (1876–1950)
 * James P. Johnson (1894–1955)
 * Scott Joplin (1867–1917)
 * Sue Keller (1952–)
 * Joseph Lamb (1887–1960)
 * George Lewis (1900–1968)
 * Johnny Maddox (1927–2018)
 * Arthur Marshall (1881–1968)
 * Artie Matthews (1888–1958)
 * The New Rags
 * Blind Willie McTell (1898–1959)
 * Bob Milne
 * John Mooney (1955–)
 * Julia Lee Niebergall (1886–1968)
 * Jelly Roll Morton (1890–1941)
 * Vess Ossman (1868–1923)
 * Harry Reser (1896–1965)
 * David Thomas Roberts (1955–)
 * Wally Rose (1913–1997)
 * Joshua Rifkin (1944–)
 * James Scott (1885–1938)
 * Muggsy Spanier (1901–1967)
 * Charley Straight (1891–1940)
 * Wilbur Sweatman (1882–1961)
 * Charlie Tagawa (1935–2017)
 * Butch Thompson (1943–)
 * Tom Turpin (1871–1922)
 * Fred Van Eps (1913–1998)
 * Dave Van Ronk (1936–2002)
 * Terry Waldo (1944–)
 * Fats Waller (1904–1943)
 * Del Wood (1920–1989)
 * Dick Zimmerman (1937–)

title: List of ragtime musicians