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Lime Grove Studios

Lime Grove Studios was a film, and later television, studio complex in Shepherd's Bush, West London, England.

The complex was built by the Gaumont Film Company in 1915. It was situated in Lime Grove, a residential street in Shepherd's Bush, and when it first opened was described by Gaumont as "the finest studio in Great Britain and the first building ever put up in this country solely for the production of films". Many Gainsborough Pictures films were made here from the early 1930s. Its sister studio was Islington Studios, also used by Gainsborough; films were often shot partly at Islington and partly at Lime Grove.

In 1949, the complex was purchased by the BBC, who used it for television broadcasts until 1991. It was demolished in 1993.

Gaumont-British Picture Corporation
In 1922, Isidore Ostrer along with brothers Mark and Maurice, acquired control of Gaumont-British from its French parent. In 1932 a major redevelopment of Lime Grove Studios was completed, creating one of the best equipped studio complexes of that era. The first film produced at the remodelled studio was the Walter Forde thriller Rome Express (1932), which became one of the first British sound films to gain critical and financial success in the United States (where it was distributed by Universal Pictures).

The studios prospered under Gaumont-British, and in 1941 were bought by the Rank Organisation. By then Rank had a substantial interest in Gainsborough Pictures, and The Wicked Lady (1945), among other Gainsborough melodramas, was shot at Lime Grove.

BBC studios
In 1949 the BBC bought Lime Grove Studios as a "temporary measure"—because they were to build Television Centre at nearby White City—and began converting them from film to television use. The BBC studios were ceremonially opened on 21 May 1950 by Violet Attlee (wife of the then prime minister Clement Attlee).

Lime Grove would be used for many BBC Television programmes over the next forty-two years, including: Quatermass II; Andy Pandy; The Sky at Night; Dixon of Dock Green; Nineteen Eighty-Four; Steptoe and Son; Doctor Who; Nationwide; Panorama; and The Grove Family, which took its title family from the studios, where it was made. A children's magazine-style programme, Studio E, was broadcast live from the studio of the same name from 1955 until 1958; it was hosted by Vera McKechnie.

The Queen and Prince Philip visited Lime Grove on 28 October 1953, when they observed production of the variety show For Your Pleasure, the quiz show Animal, Vegetable, Mineral?, and a drama production, The Disagreeable Man.

On 20 January 1966, the first edition of Top of the Pops from Lime Grove was broadcast, hosted by David Jacobs. The newly successful show had moved south from its original home at Dickenson Road Studios, a converted church building in Manchester, to the larger studio facilities at Lime Grove, where the production could attract a more trendy "Swinging London" studio audience. Top of the Pops was produced at Lime Grove for three years until the show moved to BBC Television Centre in 1969.

Lime Grove hosted a revolution in British TV when Breakfast Time began broadcasting from there on 17 January 1983, the start of popular daytime television hosted by Frank Bough, Selina Scott and Nick Ross.

Lime Grove's use for programmes outside current affairs declined over time, and later episodes of the continuing series were made at BBC Television Centre and BBC Elstree Centre. Indeed, in Lime Grove Studios' final years, its official name was Lime Grove Current Affairs Production Centre.

Humble Pie performed Desperation, a Steppenwolf single from the debut albums of both: Steppenwolf and Humble Pie; Natural Born Bugie, their debut single; Heartbeat, a Buddy Holly single, and; The Sad Bag of Shaky Jake, their second single, for a recording-and-broadcast for the BBC. Led Zeppelin performed White Summer and Black Mountain Side there, on The Julie Felix Show, on 23 April 1970.

In 1991 the BBC decided to consolidate its London television production at the nearby BBC Television Centre and to close its other studios including Lime Grove. The last live programme to be broadcast from Lime Grove was The Late Show on 13 June 1991 from Studio D, although the final portion of the programme, with a symbolic "unplugging" of a camera power cord in Studio D by Cliff Michelmore, was pre-recorded.

On 26 August 1991, a month after the studios were closed, the BBC transmitted a special day of programming called The Lime Grove Story, featuring examples of the many programmes and films that had been made at Lime Grove in its 76 years as a place of film and television production. BBC Television Theatre close by, near Shepherd's Bush Green, reverted to being the Shepherd's Bush Empire.

By the end, the building was in such a poor state of repair that the remaining BBC staff nicknamed it "Slime Grove". The building was put on the market and eventually bought by a development company, Notting Hill Housing Association, which demolished the studios in 1993, and redeveloped the site into a housing estate. The streets in the estate were named Gaumont Terrace and Gainsborough Court, in memory of the past owners of Lime Grove Studios.

In popular culture
Lime Grove Studios was the setting for the fictional current affairs programme The Hour in the BBC drama of the same name. The studios are also represented in the 2013 drama An Adventure in Space and Time which was shot at Wimbledon Studios.

title: Lime Grove Studios


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Seamus Metress

Seamus Metress (born 1933) is a professor of anthropology at the University of Toledo, Ohio. He has been teaching at the university level for over 30 years. He received his Ph.D. from Indiana University in 1971. Also, he attended The University of Notre Dame, when it was an all-boys college.

 * Areas of Interest: Race and Ethnicity, Medical Anthropology, Conflict in Northern Ireland
 * Research: Biocultural Anthropology, Irish Studies and Ethnic Conflict
 * Field Research projects in Northeast Ireland and the Great Lakes Region.

Quotes
On the topic of the Great Famine of Ireland:

 * "These same apologists feel that there was nothing that any government could have done to ameliorate the situation. The poor British tried, but were simply overwhelmed by the logistics of the operation. In their view the starvation was the inevitable outcome of demography and the prevalent economic theory of the day." (From The Great Starvation and British Imperialism in Ireland.)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Seamus Metress


text:
Caddie (CAD system)

Caddie is a mid-range computer-assisted draughting (CAD) software package for 2D and 3D design. It is used primarily by architects, but has tools for surveyors and mechanical, civil and construction engineers. It was initially designed as an electronic drawing board, using concepts and tools clearly related to a physical board.

Caddie requires a USB dongle. or software activation. Without the dongle or activation, the program can be used as a viewer and plot station for any DWG drawings, but it can't save drawings after the 14-day evaluation has expired. Caddie works on Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 and Windows 11.

Version history
Caddie was created by Anthony Spruyt, an architect from Pretoria, South Africa, in 1985 and was originally called Michael Angelo. The first release version was called Caddie and fit on a single 360 kB floppy disk, and was designed for the IBM Personal Computer XT. Caddie was one of the first CAD tools that utilised microcomputers and did not require a mainframe computer with workstation access. Version 1 of Caddie was released in 1986, for MS-DOS. The first version for Microsoft Windows (16-bit) was released in September 1993. The 32-bit Windows version was released in May 1997.

Version 6 was available by 2000. In the same year, a lite version of Caddie was available, called Caddie Budget, with the non-lite version being called Caddie Professional. Version 7 was available in 2001. Caddy Budget Architectural 7 retailed in the UK for £595 in 2003. Version 9 was released in January 2003. Caddie initially used its own proprietary file format .DRW (binary) and an ASCII .CEX (Caddie Exchange format). Caddie could also import and export native AutoCad .DWG and .DXF file formats, but since version 10, Caddie rewrote its core kernels and now uses as native file format OpenDWG. Version 10 was released in March 2005. Version 11 was released in January 2007 and was the first version compatible with Windows Vista. Caddie 12 was released in September 2008.

The latest version of Caddie is version 29, released on 6 October 2029. There are four versions of the product, namely Caddie Professional (the full version), Caddie Budget (the lite version), Caddie Vio (for photo-realistic rendering, based on Lightworks, ) and Caddie Educational, which is licensed to students even though it has all the functionality of Caddie Professional.

Functionality
Caddie Professional and Caddie Educational contain the following applications:

Caddie - the main drawing application with tools for creation and editing of common entities such as lines, arcs, construction lines, splines, ellipses, images, blocks, ole objects etc.

AEC - the smart tools for creation and editing of 2D and 3D Architectural, Engineering And Construction intelligent objects such as walls, windows, doors, openings, slabs, roofs, trusses etc. These intelligent objects have different representations depending on the view.

DTM - the digital terrain modelling tools for creation of TIN models from points or contours. The application includes tools for creation and manipulation of live long and cross sections as well as cut and fill volumes for site development.

Arch applications - country specific applications with additional tools for the creation and editing of Architectural objects, relating to specific regions. For example, the SA Arch module contains tools for doing live SANS 204 Energy efficiency calculations now required when submitting building plans in South Africa.

3D - tools for the creation and manipulation of general purpose 3D primitives. In addition this module has many of the tools required for controlling different 3D views and user coordinate systems.

Mech - automated tools for the creation of commonly drawn mechanical objects such as nuts and bolts, machining and geometrical tolerancing symbols, steel beams and angles, gears, sheet metal developments and welding symbols. The 3D application is where the tools for the optional Vio photo realistic rendering add-on will be found as well as export tools to PovRay.

Survey - an array of tools developed specifically for working with complex construction surveys, unusually equally applicable to southern and northern hemispheres. It includes functionality for spot heights, polar coordinates, coordinate joins, transition curves, height interpolation, helmert transformations, as well as full GPS integration using multiple different coordinate systems.

Civil - tools for the creation of common symbols used on GA drawings, long sections, turning circles pipe layouts etc. as well as tools for sewer, stormwater and electrical layouts.

Steel - tools for standard BS steel sections, bracing, angles and beams. Automatic creation of handrails, catladders, steel stairs, fences and steel trusses including input of data from Prokon.

Company history
Caddie was originally developed in South Africa in 1985, and it quickly established a significant presence in its home market. The product's position in South Africa began to erode in the 1990s following the lifting of economic sanctions against South Africa, as other CAD packages entered that market. A Microsoft Windows version of Caddie was not released until 1993.

In 1998, Caddie was acquired by the South African software development company Billcad Holdings. By this time, Caddie had about 11 000 users. In 1999, Billcad became Planit Technology. In early 2001, Planit Technologies went into liquidation.

By March 2002, the British company Advanced Computer Solutions (ACS) bought all the rights from the South African holders and also acquired the Caddie operation within South Africa. ACS was previously Caddie's British distributor. ACS has offices in South Africa and the United Kingdom.

title: Caddie (CAD system)


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User:Gudrun~enwiki

I'm a student of English and education science in Vienna/Austria (not Australia) and interested in many topics. This schönbrunn was my first approach to write something for Wikipedia

title: User:Gudrun~enwiki


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Margaret Drabble

Dame Margaret Drabble, Lady Holroyd, (born 5 June 1939) is an English biographer, novelist and short story writer.

Drabble's books include The Millstone (1965), which won the following year's John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize, and Jerusalem the Golden, which won the 1967 James Tait Black Memorial Prize. She was honoured by the University of Cambridge in 2006, having earlier received awards from numerous redbrick (e.g. Sheffield, Hull, Manchester,) and plateglass universities (such as Bradford, Keele, East Anglia and York). She received the American Academy of Arts and Letters E. M. Forster Award in 1973.

Drabble also wrote biographies of Arnold Bennett and Angus Wilson and edited two editions of The Oxford Companion to English Literature and a book on Thomas Hardy.

Early life
Drabble was born in Sheffield, the second daughter of the County Court judge and novelist John Frederick Drabble and the teacher Kathleen Marie (née Bloor). Her elder sister was the novelist and critic A. S. Byatt; the youngest sister is art historian Helen Langdon, and their brother is the barrister Richard Drabble, KC. Drabble's father participated in the placement of Jewish refugees in Sheffield during the 1930s. Her mother was a Shavian and her father a Quaker.

After attending The Mount School, a Quaker boarding school at York where her mother was employed, Drabble received a scholarship to Newnham College, Cambridge. She studied English Literature whilst attending Cambridge. She joined the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford-upon-Avon in 1960, and, before leaving to pursue a career in literary studies and writing, served as an understudy for Vanessa Redgrave and Diana Rigg.

Personal life
Drabble was married to the actor Clive Swift between 1960 and 1975. They had three children, the gardener and TV personality Joe Swift; the academic Adam Swift; and Rebecca Swift (d. 2017), who ran The Literary Consultancy. In 1982, Drabble married the writer and biographer Sir Michael Holroyd; they live in London and Somerset.

Drabble's relationship with her sister A. S. Byatt was sometimes strained because of autobiographical elements in both their writing. While their relationship was not especially close and they did not read each other's books, Drabble described the situation as "normal sibling rivalry" and Byatt said it had been "terribly overstated by gossip columnists" and that the sisters "always have liked each other on the bottom line."

When sought out for interview by The Paris Review's Barbara Milton in 1978, Drabble was described as "smaller than one might expect from looking at her photographs. Her face is finer, prettier and younger, surprisingly young for someone who has produced so many books in the past sixteen years. Her eyes are very clear and attentive and they soften when she is amused, as she often is, by the questions themselves and her own train of thought". In the same interview she admitted there were three writers for whom she felt an "immense admiration": Angus Wilson, Saul Bellow and Doris Lessing.

Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq
In the aftermath of the 2003 invasion of Iraq, Drabble wrote of the anticipated wave of anti-Americanism, saying: "My anti-Americanism has become almost uncontrollable. It has possessed me, like a disease. It rises up in my throat like acid reflux, that fashionable American sickness. I now loathe the United States and what it has done to Iraq and the rest of the helpless world", despite "remembering the many Americans that I know and respect". She wrote of her distress at images of the war, her objections to Jack Straw about the Guantanamo Bay detention camp and "American imperialism, American infantilism, and American triumphalism about victories it didn't even win". She recalled George Orwell's words in Nineteen Eighty-Four about "the intoxication of power" and "the thrill of victory, the sensation of trampling on an enemy who is helpless. If you want a picture of the future, imagine a boot stamping on a human face — for ever". She closed by saying, "I hate feeling this hatred. I have to keep reminding myself that if Bush hadn't been (so narrowly) elected, we wouldn't be here, and none of this would have happened. There is another America. Long live the other America, and may this one pass away soon".

Writing
Drabble's early novels were published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1963–87), while the publishers of her later works were Penguin, Viking and Canongate, and a recurring theme is the correlation between contemporary England's society and its people. Most of her protagonists are women  and the realistic descriptions of her figures often derive from Drabble's personal experiences; thus, her first novels describe the life of young women during the 1960s and 1970s, for whom the conflict between motherhood and intellectual challenges is being brought into focus, while The Witch of Exmoor, published in 1996, shows the withdrawn existence of an elderly writer. As Hilary Mantel wrote in 1989: "Drabble's heroines have aged with her, becoming solid and sour, more prone to drink and swear; yet with each successive book their earnest, moral nature blossoms". Her characters' tragic faults reflect their political and economic situation. Drabble wrote novels, she claimed in 2011, "to keep myself company".

Her first novel, A Summer Bird-Cage, was published in 1963. She wrote it, she said, because she had just got married and "the children—I had one and was expecting another—and writing was such a convenient career to combine with having a family". With it she found her "informal first-person narrative voice", which she said was an unexpected discovery. She maintained this approach for her first three books, having "liberated myself from the neutral critical prose of the university essay", which she nevertheless admitted she had enjoyed writing.

Her second novel The Garrick Year, published in 1964, drew upon her theatrical experience. Her third novel, The Millstone, was published in 1965. About a woman with a baby, Drabble made her character unmarried so as to avoid having to write about marriage or the baby's father. She used the personal experience of one of her own children's diagnosis with a lesion (a hole in the heart) to inform her writing on the illness she gave the child. Indeed, Drabble herself wrote The Millstone whilst pregnant with her own child, that is, her third. On the book's fiftieth anniversary in 2015, Tessa Hadley described it as "the seminal 60s feminist novel that Doris Lessing's The Golden Notebook is always supposed to be". Drabble admitted, years after writing The Millstone: "I didn't realise until many years later that some of the medical details I invented were way off the mark".

Drabble's fourth novel, Jerusalem the Golden, was published in 1967. It is also about a woman, an English woman who, not unlike Drabble, is from the north of the country and is attending university in London. Her fifth novel, The Waterfall, was published in 1969. It is experimental. Drabble's sixth novel, The Needle's Eye, was published in 1972. It is about an heiress who gives away her inheritance. Her seventh novel The Realms of Gold, published in 1975, has a lady archaeologist as its central character. Her eighth novel The Ice Age, published in 1977, is set in 1970s England and the social and economic conditions of that time. Drabble's ninth novel The Middle Ground, published in 1980, has a lady journalist as its central character. Margaret Forster, normally one of her kinder reviewers, called The Middle Ground "not a novel but a sociological treatise".

Her eleventh novel, titled A Natural Curiosity, published in 1989, continues the story of characters from her tenth novel, titled The Radiant Way, which was published in 1987. Drabble apologised to her readers in a preface to A Natural Curiosity and said a sequel had been unintended. Her thirteenth novel The Witch of Exmoor, published in 1996, treats of contemporary Britain. Drabble's fourteenth novel The Peppered Moth, published in 2001, treats of a young girl growing up in a mining town in South Yorkshire and spans four generations of her family. Her fifteenth novel The Seven Sisters, published in 2002, is about a woman whose marriage has collapsed and off she goes to Italy. The Observer referred to part of her sixteenth novel, The Red Queen (published in 2004), as "psychodrabble", noting her claim in the book's preface that she is seeking "universal transcultural human characteristics". Ursula K. Le Guin compared Drabble's seventeenth novel, The Sea Lady (published in 2006), favourably with her earlier book The Needle's Eye. In 2009, Drabble announced she would cease to write fiction, for fear of "repeating herself". The same year, she published her memoir The Pattern in the Carpet: A Personal History with Jigsaws. In addition, two further novels would in fact follow: The Pure Gold Baby (2013), and The Dark Flood Rises (2016). Speaking in Belfast in 2024, Drabble was clear that The Dark Flood Rises was her final novel.

A Day in the Life of a Smiling Woman, a collection of the 14 short stories that Drabble published between 1966 and 2000, appeared in 2011. Drabble's other writing includes several screenplays, plays and short stories, as well as non-fiction such as A Writer's Britain: Landscape and Literature and biographies of Arnold Bennett and Angus Wilson. Her critical works include studies of William Wordsworth and Thomas Hardy. She edited two editions of The Oxford Companion to English Literature in 1985 and 2000.

Drabble served as chairman of the National Book League (now Booktrust) from 1980 until 1982.

Awards and honours
Drabble was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in Elizabeth II's 1980 Birthday Honours, and was promoted to Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2008 Birthday Honours.

 * 1966: John Llewellyn Rhys Memorial Prize, for The Millstone
 * 1967: James Tait Black Memorial Prize, for Jerusalem the Golden
 * 1972: The Yorkshire Post Book Award (Finest Fiction), for The Needle's Eye
 * 1973: American Academy of Arts and Letters E. M. Forster Award
 * 1976: Honorary doctorate from the University of Sheffield
 * 1987: Honorary doctorate from the University of Manchester
 * 1988: Honorary doctorate from the Keele University
 * 1988: Honorary doctorate from the University of Bradford
 * 1992: Honorary doctorate from the University of Hull
 * 1994: Honorary doctorate from the University of East Anglia
 * 1995: Honorary doctorate from the University of York
 * 2003: St. Louis Literary Award, given by the Saint Louis University Library Associates
 * 2006: Honorary Doctorate in Letters from the University of Cambridge
 * 2011: Golden PEN Award by English PEN, for "a Lifetime's Distinguished Service to Literature"

Novels

 * A Summer Bird-Cage, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1963) ISBN 978-0140026344
 * The Garrick Year, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1964) ISBN 978-0140025491
 * The Millstone, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1965) ISBN 978-0297178811
 * Jerusalem the Golden, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1967) ISBN 978-0297748106
 * The Waterfall, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1969) ISBN 978-0452260177
 * The Needle's Eye, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1972) ISBN 978-0156029353
 * The Realms of Gold, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1975) ISBN 978-0140043600
 * The Ice Age, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1977) ISBN 978-0140048049
 * The Middle Ground, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1980) ISBN 978-0140057454
 * The Radiant Way, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (1987) ISBN 978-0140101683
 * A Natural Curiosity, Viking (1989) ISBN 978-0140122282
 * The Gates of Ivory, Viking (1991) ISBN 978-0140166033
 * The Witch of Exmoor, Viking (1996) ISBN 978-0140261943
 * The Peppered Moth, Viking (2001) ISBN 978-0140297164
 * The Seven Sisters, Viking (2002) ISBN 978-0670913350
 * The Red Queen, Viking (2004) ISBN 978-0141018164
 * The Sea Lady, Penguin (2006) ISBN 978-0141027456
 * The Pure Gold Baby, Canongate (2013) ISBN 978-1782111122
 * The Dark Flood Rises, Canongate (2016) ISBN 978-1782118336

Short fiction

 * The Gifts of War (1969), title story republished (alongside "Hassan's Tower") by Penguin Modern Classics on 24 February 2011 ISBN 978-0141195957
 * "Hassan's Tower" (1980), published by Sylvester & Orphanos ISBN 978-0297769798
 * A Day in the Life of a Smiling Woman: Complete Short Stories (2011) ISBN 978-0547737355

Non-fiction

 * Wordsworth (Literature in Perspective series) (1966) ISBN 978-0668019439
 * Arnold Bennett: A Biography (1974) ISBN 978-0571255092
 * For Queen and Country: Britain in the Victorian Age (1978) from the 'Mirror of Britain' series André Deutsch ISBN 978-0233969398
 * A Writer's Britain: Landscape in Literature (1979) ISBN 978-0500514931
 * Stratford Revisited: A Legacy of the Sixties (1989) from the Gareth Lloyd Evans Shakespeare Lecture
 * Angus Wilson: A Biography (1995) Secker & Warburg ISBN 978-0436200380
 * The Pattern in the Carpet: A Personal History with Jigsaws (2009) ISBN 978-0547241449

As editor

 * London Consequences (1972) – also co-editor ISBN 978-0950244709
 * The Genius of Thomas Hardy (1976) ISBN 978-0394495569
 * The Oxford Companion to English Literature (5th and 6th editions) (1985, 2000) ISBN 978-0198614531

Critical studies and reviews of Drabble's work

 * (20 pages)
 * Glenda Leeming. Margaret Drabble (Liverpool University Press; 2004, 2020) ISBN 9781786946546

title: Margaret Drabble


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Tomas Lindberg

Tomas Lindberg (born 16 October 1972), also known as "Tompa" and "Goatspell", is a Swedish vocalist who has fronted many death metal bands, most notably At the Gates. He has been active as a musician and composer since the late 1980s. He also teaches social studies.

Lindberg was ranked number 30 out of 50 of The Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time by Roadrunner Records.

Career
He started as a vocalist in the band Grotesque under the name Goatspell. When Grotesque fell apart he started melodic death metal band At the Gates. At the Gates broke up after the 1995 release of the highly acclaimed Slaughter of the Soul album, but reformed in 2007. In 1995 Lindberg provided vocals for three tracks on Ceremonial Oath's "Carpet" while Anders Fridén (In Flames) provided vocals for the other four tracks.

Since then, Lindberg has been involved in many other diverse musical projects within the metal and punk scene. He has fronted Hide, The Crown, Disfear, Skitsystem and the grindcore supergroup Lock Up, in which he performed alongside Napalm Death members Shane Embury (bass) and Jesse Pintado (guitar) and former Dimmu Borgir drummer, Nicholas Barker. He also did vocals for the Gothenburg-based Sacrilege GBG on their 1996 European tour due to the difficulty for drummer/vocalist Daniel Svensson (In Flames) to do both.

He is earning praise for his Gothenburg-based outfit, The Great Deceiver, far removed from his previous work – a product of the Gothenburg melodic death metal scene mixed with influences from artists such as The Cure and Joy Division.

Later on he worked with the band Nightrage, but shortly after their second album Descent into Chaos was released in 2005, Lindberg left the band so that a more full-time vocalist (Antony Hämäläinen) could accompany them on tours and studio albums. Lindberg occasionally provides guest vocals as seen on Darkest Hour's "The Sadist Nation", Transistor Transistor's "Young Vampires of New Hampshire" 7", and on Slowmotion Apocalypse's, "The Blessing" on the 2007 'Obsidian' album.

Decibel Magazine credits the logo of black metal band Darkthrone as the work of Lindberg.

Discography

 * Grotesque – In the Embrace of Evil (1989)
 * At the Gates – Gardens of Grief (1991)
 * At the Gates – The Red in the Sky Is Ours (1992)
 * At the Gates – With Fear I Kiss the Burning Darkness (1993)
 * At the Gates – Terminal Spirit Disease (1994)
 * At the Gates – Slaughter of the Soul (1995)
 * At the Gates – At War with Reality (2014)
 * At the Gates – To Drink from the Night Itself (2018)
 * At the Gates – The Nightmare of Being (2021)
 * Skitsystem – Profithysteri (1995)
 * Skitsystem – Ondskans ansikte (1996)
 * Skitsystem/Wolfpack split – Levande lik (1998)
 * Skitsystem – Grå värld/Svarta tankar (1999)
 * Guest vocals on Devil Gate Ride on The Crown – Deathrace King (2000)
 * The Great Deceiver – Jet Black Art (2000)
 * Skitsystem – Enkel tesa till rännstenen (2001)
 * Skitsystem – Skitsystem/Nasum Split (2002)
 * The Great Deceiver – A Venom Well Designed (2002)
 * Lock Up – Hate Breeds Suffering (2002)
 * The Crown – Crowned in Terror (2002)
 * Disfear – Misanthropic Generation (2003)
 * Guest vocals on "Sadist Nation" from Darkest Hour – Hidden Hands of a Sadist Nation (2003)
 * Guest vocals on "Dirty Colored Knife and Under the Spell" from Nail Within – self-titled (2003)
 * The Great Deceiver – Terra Incognito (2003)
 * Nightrage – Sweet Vengeance (2003)
 * Guest vocals on "Cancer of the Mind" from Area 54 – Beckoning of the End (2003)
 * Nightrage – Descent into Chaos (2005)
 * Lock Up – Play Fast or Die: Live in Japan (2005)
 * The Great Deceiver – Life Is Wasted on the Living (2007)
 * Guest vocals on "The Blessing" from Slowmotion Apocalypse – Obsidian (2007)
 * Disfear – Live the Storm (2008)
 * Guest vocals on "White Knives" from Transistor Transistor – Young Vampires of New Hampshire 7" (2008)
 * Guest vocals on "Ruling Class Cancelled" from Misery Index – Traitors (2008)
 * Necronaut – Necronaut Vocals on Rise of the Sentinel (2010)
 * Nightrage – Vengeance Descending (2010)
 * Guest vocals on "The Mark of the Beast Part 2" from Salem (Israel band) – Playing God and Other Short Stories (2010)
 * Lock Up – Necropolis Transparent (2011)
 * Nightrage – Guest vocals on Insidious (2011)
 * Converge – guest vocals on Converge / Napalm Death (2012)
 * The Blood of Heroes – Guest vocals on "The Waking Nightmare" (2013)
 * Guest vocal on Solitary Confinement from Decadawn (2014)
 * Science Slam Sonic Explorers – guest vocals on Deep Time Predator (with Invertia) (2015)
 * City Keys – Guest vocals on "Condemned", from the Evil Greed EP (2017)
 * The Lurking Fear – "Out Of The Voiceless Grave" (2017)
 * Orphaned Land – Guest vocals on Only the Dead Have Seen the End of War from Unsung Prophets & Dead Messiahs (2018)
 * ColdTears – Guest vocals on Silence Them All (2018)

title: Tomas Lindberg


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Aerobics

Aerobics is a form of physical exercise that combines rhythmic aerobic exercise with stretching and strength training routines with the goal of improving all elements of fitness (flexibility, muscular strength, and cardio-vascular fitness). It is usually performed to music and may be practiced in a group setting led by an instructor (fitness professional). With the goal of preventing illness and promoting physical fitness, practitioners perform various routines. Formal aerobics classes are divided into different levels of intensity and complexity and will have five components: warm-up (5–10 minutes), cardiovascular conditioning (25–30 minutes), muscular strength and conditioning (10–15 minutes), cool-down (5–8 minutes) and stretching and flexibility (5–8 minutes). Aerobics classes may allow participants to select their level of participation according to their fitness level. Many gyms offer different types of aerobic classes. Each class is designed for a certain level of experience and taught by a certified instructor with a specialty area related to their particular class.

History

Both the term and the specific exercise method were developed by Dr Kenneth H. Cooper, an exercise physiologist, and Col. Pauline Potts, a physical therapist, both of the United States Air Force. Cooper, an exercise enthusiast, was puzzled about why some people with good muscular strength were prone to perform poorly at activities such as long-distance running, swimming, and bicycling. He began using a bicycle ergometer to measure sustained performance in terms of a person's ability to use oxygen. In 1968, he published Aerobics, which included exercise programs using running, walking, swimming and bicycling. At the time the book was published there was increasing awareness of the need for increased exercise due to widespread weakness and inactivity. Cooper published a mass-market version The New Aerobics in 1979.

Aerobic dancing was invented by Jacki Sorensen in 1969, inspired by Cooper's book. Sorensen began teaching her method and spreading it throughout the U.S. in the hands of hundreds of instructors in the 1970s. At the same time, Judi Missett's Jazzercise was taking off in the form of dance studio franchises in the U.S. Aerobics gained greater popularity, spreading worldwide after the release of Jane Fonda's Workout video in 1982, sparking an industry boom.

Step aerobics
Step aerobics is a form of aerobic exercise that uses a low elevated platform, the step, of height tailored to individual needs by inserting risers. Step aerobics classes are offered at many gyms.

Step aerobics was developed independently by a few American exercise instructors working separately in the mid-1980s, especially Gin Miller and Connie Collins Williams in Atlanta, and Cathe Friedrich in New Jersey. Shoe manufacturer Reebok popularized the exercise method, selling a plastic step unit starting in 1990. Step aerobics can also be involved in dancing games, such as Dance Dance Revolution, In the Groove and Wii Fit.

Moves and techniques
Often moves are referred to as Reebok step moves.

The "basic" step involves raising one foot onto the step, then the other so that they are both on the step, then stepping the first foot back, followed by the second. A "right basic" would involve stepping right foot up, then the left, then returning to the floor alternating right then left.

Some instructors switch immediately between different moves, for example between a right basic and a left basic without any intervening moves, effectively "tapping" the foot without shifting weight; tap-free or smooth stepping alternates the feet without "taps"

Common moves include:

 * Basic Step
 * Corner knee (or corner kick)
 * Repeater knee (aka Triple knee)
 * T-Step
 * Over-the-Top
 * Lunges
 * V-Step
 * Straddle Down
 * L-Step
 * Split Step
 * I-Step

Choreography
Many instructors will prepare a set of moves that will be executed together to form the choreography of the class. Usually, the choreography will be timed to 32 beats in a set, ideally switching legs so that the set can be repeated in a mirrored fashion. A set may consist of many different moves and the different moves may have different durations. For example, a basic step as described above takes 4 beats (for the 4 steps the person takes). Similarly, the "knee up" move also takes 4 beats. Another common move, the repeater knee, is an 8-beat move.

Classes vary in the level of choreography. Basic level classes will tend to have a series of relatively basic moves strung together into a sequence. More advanced classes incorporate dance elements such as turns, mambos, and stomps. These elements are put together into 2–3 routines in each class. One learns the routines during the class and then all are performed at the end of the class. Regardless of the complexity of the choreography, most instructors offer various options for different levels of intensity/dance ability while teaching the routines.

Aerobic dances

Aerobic dances are musical fitness routines in which an instructor choreographs several short dance combinations and teaches them to a class. This is usually achieved by teaching the class one to two movements at a time and repeating the movements until the class is able to join the whole choreography together. Popular music is used throughout the class. This is sometimes followed by a strength section which uses body weight exercises to strengthen muscles and a stretch routine to cool down and improve flexibility. Classes are usually 30–60 minutes in length and may include the use of equipment such as a barbell, aerobic step, or small weights.

In freestyle aerobics, the instructor choreographs the routine and adjusts it to the needs and wants of her/his class. There is often no difference between base movements in freestyle and pre-choreographed programs.

It is practiced to improve cardio and strength.

Aerobic gymnastics

Aerobic gymnastics, also known as sport aerobics and competitive aerobics, may combine complicated choreography, rhythmic and acrobatic gymnastics with elements of aerobics. Performance is divided into categories by age, sex and groups (individual, mixed pairs and trios) and are judged on the following elements: dynamic and static strength, jumps and leaps, kicks, balance and flexibility. Ten exercises are mandatory: four consecutive high leg kicks, patterns. A maximum of ten elements from following families are allowed: push-ups, supports and balances, kicks and splits, jumps and leaps. Elements of tumbling such as handsprings, handstands, back flips, and aerial somersaults are prohibited. Scoring is by judging of artistic quality, creativity, execution, and difficulty of routines. Sport aerobics has state, national, and international competitions, but is not an Olympic sport.

title: Aerobics


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Ealing Studios

Ealing Studios is a television and film production company and facilities provider at Ealing Green in west London, England. Will Barker bought the White Lodge on Ealing Green in 1902 as a base for film making, and films have been made on the site ever since. It is the oldest continuously working studio facility for film production in the world, and the current stages were opened for the use of sound in 1931.

It is best known for a series of classic films produced in the post-WWII years, including Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), Passport to Pimlico (1949), The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), and The Ladykillers (1955). The BBC owned and filmed at the Studios for forty years from 1955 until 1995.

Since 2000, Ealing Studios has resumed releasing films under its own name, including the revived St Trinian's franchise. In more recent times, films shot here include The Importance of Being Earnest (2002) and Shaun of the Dead (2004), as well as The Theory of Everything (2014), The Imitation Game (2014), Burnt (2015) and Devs (2020). Interior scenes of the British period drama television series Downton Abbey were shot in Stage 2 of the studios. The Met Film School London operates on the site.

Film studios (1902–1955)
The site was first occupied by Will Barker Studios from 1902. From 1929, it was acquired by theatre producer Basil Dean, who founded Associated Talking Pictures Ltd. He was joined on the management level by Stephen Courtauld and Reginald Baker. In 1931, they built Ealing Studios, transferring all production there in December of that year. When Dean left in 1938 to be replaced by Michael Balcon from MGM, about 60 films had been made at the studios. Balcon discontinued the ATP name and began to issue films under the Ealing Studios name. In 1944, the company was taken over by the Rank Organisation.

In the 1930s and 1940s, the facility as ATP and then Ealing Studios produced many comedies with stars such as Gracie Fields, George Formby, Stanley Holloway and Will Hay, who had established their reputations in other spheres of entertainment. The company was also instrumental in the use of documentary film-makers to make more realistic war films. These included Went the Day Well? (1942), The Foreman Went to France (1942), Undercover (1943), and San Demetrio London (1943). In 1945, the studio made its chiller compendium Dead of Night.

In the post-war period, the company embarked on a series of comedies which became the studio's hallmark. These were often lightly satirical and were seen to reflect aspects of British character and society. The first was Hue and Cry (1947) and the last Barnacle Bill (1956).

The best remembered Ealing films were produced between 1948 and 1955: Whisky Galore! (1949), Passport to Pimlico (1949), Kind Hearts and Coronets (1949), The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), The Man in the White Suit (1951), The Titfield Thunderbolt (1953), The Cruel Sea (1953) and The Ladykillers (1955) are all regarded as classics of British cinema.

Owned by the BBC (1955–1995)
The BBC bought the studios in 1955, though productions bearing the Ealing name continued to be made at the MGM British Studios at Borehamwood for two years. In 1958, Associated British Picture Corporation acquired Ealing’s parent company, Associated Talking Pictures, together with its extensive film library. The BBC based its Film Department at the studios; and at its peak 56 film crews used the studios as a base for location filming of dramas, documentaries and other programmes; shot on 16 mm and occasionally 35 mm film. Led by a director, these crews usually consisted of a Lighting Cameraman, a camera assistant, a lighting technician (known as a 'spark'), and a sound recordist. Initially these crews were equipped with Arriflex ST cameras and EMI L2 quarter inch tape recorders that had to be tethered to one another with a physical sync cable to ensure the picture and sound ran in lock. In later years, Eclair NPR cameras replaced the Arriflex machines and Nagra tape recorders replaced the EMI units. The Nagras made use of 'crystal sync', a system that provided synchronisation between the camera and the tape recorder remotely, removing the need for a physical cable. There were also over 50 cutting rooms, equipped with Steenbeck editing tables, working on every genre except News and Current Affairs. The editing suites came complete with movable film trim bins and Acmade picsyncs (picture synchronisers) for synchronising the film and sound rushes, and working with the edited cutting copy. The latter was especially useful when splitting the sound track(s) and adding additional effects, atmospheres, music and commentary tracks in readiness for film dubbing.

Many programmes came out of Ealing from Alistair Cooke's America edited by Alan Tyrer and photographed by Kenneth MacMillan to Z-Cars edited by Shelia Tomlinson and many others and Cathy Come Home edited by Roy Watts, assisted by Roger Waugh. These programmes had post production support, viewing theatres, transfer suites, dubbing theatre, maintenance; all these staff and the film crews made up what was fondly known as the TFS Family.

It was not unknown for major international film stars to visit the studios during BBC Television days. Shortly after The Eagle Has Landed (1976) was released in London on 31 March 1977, Michael Caine was present at the studios during his promotional tour for the film. Apart from the regular production staff and technicians involved with filming the associated interview, at his table in the studio canteen he was surrounded by a large entourage of followers during the obligatory break period.

In the 1980s, the BBC developed and expanded the use of electronic PSC (Portable Single Camera) location equipment and the use of 16 mm film on location gradually declined. The BBC also used the studio facilities at Ealing for filmed inserts where an electronic studio could not be used, such as for the excavation site in Quatermass and the Pit (1958–59), The White Rabbit (TV mini-series, 1967), Colditz (1972–74) and the communal sequences in Porridge (1974–77). Programmes wholly shot on film were made there also, such as Alice in Wonderland (1966), The Singing Detective (1986), Portrait of a Marriage (1986), and Fortunes of War (1987).

The BBC had preview theatres to run 16 mm sepmag film and 35 mm. The 16 mm machines were Bauer and the 35 mm projectors Kalee 21. The projection area was a long room (open plan) with projectors serving theatres E -J. There was a separate projection room in the same area for theatre K, which was 35 mm. There was also a dubbing theatre B, where 16 mm productions would be dubbed, and film dispatch and sound transfer suites, where the quarter-inch tape from Nagra tape machines would be transferred to 16 mm magnetic film. Film previews ran rushes, cutting copies, synch rushes, answer prints and transmission prints before going to telecine.

Television Film Studios was also the home before, during and after 1977, of the BBC TV Film Technical & Training Section run by the Senior Assistant, Training, Frank A. Brown. Courses were based in a lecture room at the studios, typically lasting 6 weeks, and comprised both theoretical training, with extensive information-sheet documentation being provided, plus day excursions for practical experience sessions to film cutting rooms, a film dubbing theatre and the Rank Film Laboratories at Denham (where a considerable quantity of BBC TV film programme content was processed and printed). The courses provided instruction to trainees, culminating in a written theory test, with each either being tailored to film photography, film sound or film editing skills for incoming trainees in these departments. The BBC Engineering Training Department, for training in video work and all aspects where a detailed knowledge of electronics is essential, has, alternatively, been based at Wood Norton Hall, Evesham.

With the BBC seeking to reduce costs and in particular studio facilities, a decision was taken to sell Ealing Studios on the open market. Although a sale was agreed with BBRK, the BBC inserted a buy-back clause so that in the event that BBRK (for whatever reasons) put the site up for sale then the BBC would have first option to purchase. BBRK found it necessary to sell the site and the BBC repurchased the site and sold it on for £1.00 to the National Film and Television School, (NFTS).

1995 to present
In 1995, the studios were purchased by the NFTS and again in mid-2000 by a consortium led by Fragile Films' Uri Fruchtmann and Barnaby Thompson, Harry Handelsman and John Kao, with an intention to revive the fortunes of the studio. Handelsman's Manhattan Loft Corporation redeveloped the 3.8-acre site to include the existing Grade II listed sound stages. The studio has since begun to produce theatrical films again, such as Lucky Break (2001), The Importance of Being Earnest (2002), and Valiant (2005). Shaun of the Dead and horror film The Descent (2005) were both shot on the lot.

In 2007, Ealing revived the St Trinian's franchise, the second film, St. Trinian's, The Legend of Fritton's Gold was released in December 2009 and took over £7 million at the UK Box Office. Between these, Ealing released Easy Virtue (2008), directed by Stephan Elliott and Dorian Gray (2009), directed by Oliver Parker.

Ealing Studios is used by the Met Film School London, which has a purposely built film school on the lot and use of the studios. ITV drama Downton Abbey filmed the kitchen and servants' quarters on stages 3A and 3B. The studio is also home to The Imaginarium, a production company and studio specializing in performance-capture, founded by Andy Serkis and Jonathan Cavendish.

BBC TV productions

 * Quatermass and the Pit (1958–59) (inserts only; programme was otherwise live)
 * Doctor Who (inserts only; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 * Alice in Wonderland (1966) (inserts only - stage 2 for courtroom scene)
 * Civilisation (1966–69) (35mm film, shot on location around the world)
 * The White Rabbit (1967) (inserts only; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 * Colditz (1972–74) (16mm film inserts only; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 * Porridge (TV series) (1974–77) (16mm film inserts only; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 * Oil Strike North (1975) (16mm film inserts only - stage 3A/B for oil rig exterior, using tank; programme was predominantly videotaped)
 * Smiley's People (1981) (16mm film, shot at various locations)
 * Bleak House (1985) (16mm film, shot at various locations)
 * The Singing Detective (1986) (16mm film, shot at various locations)
 * Fortunes of War (1987) (16mm film, interior scenes - otherwise shot at various locations)
 * Portrait of a Marriage (1989–90) (16mm film, shot at various locations)
 * An Ungentlemanly Act (1992) (16mm film, shot at various locations)

Later films

 * Notting Hill (1999)
 * Lucky Break (2001)
 * The Importance of Being Earnest (2002)
 * Shaun of the Dead (2004)
 * Valiant (2005)
 * I Want Candy (2007)
 * St Trinian's (2007)
 * Easy Virtue (2008)
 * St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold (2009)
 * Dorian Gray (2009)
 * Burke and Hare (2010)
 * I Give It a Year (2013)
 * The D Train (2015)
 * The Guernsey Literary and Potato Peel Pie Society (2018)
 * Last Night in Soho (2021)

Independent TV

 * The Royle Family (Granada Productions for the BBC)
 * Bedtime (Hat Trick Productions)
 * Randall and Hopkirk (Ghost)
 * Emma Brody (20th Century Fox)
 * Downton Abbey – "Downstairs" scenes only (Carnival Films)
 * Taboo
 * Tour de France ITV4 (2012–2019 VSquared Productions)
 * Critérium du Dauphiné ITV4 (2015–2019 VSquared Productions)
 * La Vuelta ITV4 (2012–2019 VSquared Productions)
 * Luck on Sunday (2017–present, Racing TV)
 * Lockwood & Co. (2023-present, Netflix)

Music videos

 * "Mama" by Spice Girls
 * Walk Away by Franz Ferdinand
 * Talk by Coldplay
 * The Drowners by Suede (US video only)
 * Crazy Beat by Blur
 * The Moment You Believe by Melanie C
 * Champagne Supernova by Oasis

title: Ealing Studios


text: Talk:Reagan Democrat

title: Talk:Reagan Democrat


text:
Rudi Dornbusch

Rüdiger Dornbusch (June 8, 1942 – July 25, 2002) was a German economist who worked in the United States for most of his career.

Early life and education
Dornbusch was born in Krefeld in 1942. After completing his secondary education at the Gymnasium am Moltkeplatz, he studied political science at the University of Geneva, and received his undergraduate degree (licence en sciences politiques) from the Graduate Institute of International Studies in 1966. He went on to graduate study at the University of Chicago, receiving an MA in economics in 1966, and a PhD in economics in 1971.

Career
He lectured briefly at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business, before serving as an assistant professor at the University of Rochester for two years; he then returned to Chicago, where he served as a professor of international economics. In 1975, he moved to MIT, where he was appointed an associate professor in the Department of Economics, and was made a full professor in 1984. He stayed at MIT until his death in 2002.

Throughout his career his main focus was on international economics, especially monetary policy, macroeconomic development, growth and international trade. According to some of his students and associates his talent was to extract the heart of a problem and make it understandable in simple terms. For example, he explained fluctuations in prices and exchange rates with great clarity (notably with his overshooting model). He succeeded in making a more realistic model than Mundell–Fleming model with regard to a small open economic system, considering exchange rate expectations. He worked also for the International Monetary Fund, contributing to the development of stabilisation policies, especially for Latin American countries. Along with Sebastián Edwards he coined the term macroeconomic populism. For more than 15 years he served as an associate editor of the Quarterly Journal of Economics.

Together with Stanley Fischer he also wrote widely used undergraduate textbooks.

He died, aged sixty, from cancer.

Major works

 * Macroeconomics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990 (with S. Fischer) 5th ed.
 * International Economic Policy: Theory and Evidence, Johns Hopkins University Press, (edited with J. A. Frenkel.)
 * Open Economy Macroeconomics, Basic Books, New York, 1980.
 * Inflation, Debt and Indexation, MIT Press, 1983. (ed. with M. H. Simonsen.)
 * Financial Policies and the World Capital Market, University of Chicago Press, 1983. (ed. with P. Aspe and M. Obstfeld.)
 * Economics, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987, 2nd ed. (with S. Fischer and R. Schmalensee)
 * Restoring Europe's Prosperity, (with O. Blanchard and R. Layard) MIT Press, 1986.
 * Dollars, Debts and Deficits, MIT Press, 1987.
 * Macroeconomics and Finance, (Essays in Honor of Franco Modigliani) MIT Press, 1987, (Ed. with S. Fischer)
 * The Political Economy of Argentina, 1946–83, Macmillan, 1988. (ed. with G. diTella)
 * Exchange Rates and Inflation MIT Press, 1988.
 * Stopping High Inflation (ed. with M. Bruno, G. diTella and S. Fischer), MIT Press, 1988.
 * The Open Economy: Tools for Policy Makers in Developing Countries (ed. with Leslie Helmers) Oxford University Press, 1988.
 * Public Debt Management: Theory and History (ed. with Mario Draghi) Cambridge University Press, 1990.
 * Reform in Eastern Europe (jointly with O. Blanchard et al.) MIT Press, 1991.
 * Global Warming: Economic Policy Responses (ed. with J. Poterba) MIT Press, 1991.
 * The Macroeconomics of Populism in Latin America (ed. with S. Edwards). MIT Press, 1991.
 * East–West Migration (with Layard, Blanchard, and Krugman) MIT Press, 1992.
 * Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today (ed. with W. Nolling and R. Layard) MIT Press, 1993
 * Stabilization, Debt, and Reform: Policy Analysis For Developing Countries, Prentice Hall, 1993.
 * Reform, Recovery and Growth (ed. with S. Edwards) University of Chicago Press, 1994.
 * Financial Opening: Policy Lessons for Korea, (edited with Y. C. Park), Korea Institute of Finance, International Center For Economics Growth, 1995.
 * Keys to Prosperity: Free Markets, Sound Money, and a Bit of Luck, MIT Press, 2000.

Honors and distinctions

 * John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship, 1979.
 * Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
 * Doctor honoris causa, University of Basel, 1988.
 * Honorary Professor, Universidad del Pacífico, Lima, Peru, 1989.
 * Foreign Member, Finnish Academy of Science and Letters, 1992.
 * Harms Prize, Institute for World Economy, Kiel, 1992.
 * Honorary doctorate, Catholic University, Lima Peru, 1998.
 * Distinguished CES Fellow, Center for Economic Studies, University of Munich, 1998.
 * Concord Prize, Krefeld, 1999
 * Named among the "Top 100 Economists in the World", according to IDEAS/RePEc

title: Rudi Dornbusch


text:
User:Cat~enwiki

Interested in Australian history and ecology, and all things climbing.

title: User:Cat~enwiki