text:
The World Is Not Enough

The World Is Not Enough is a 1999 spy film, the nineteenth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions and the third to star Pierce Brosnan as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. It was directed by Michael Apted, from an original story and screenplay by Neal Purvis, Robert Wade, and Bruce Feirstein. It was produced by Michael G. Wilson and Barbara Broccoli. The title is the translation of the motto on the Bond family coat of arms, first seen in On Her Majesty's Secret Service.

The film's plot revolves around the assassination of billionaire Sir Robert King by the terrorist Renard, and Bond's subsequent assignment to protect King's daughter Elektra, who was previously held for ransom by Renard. During his assignment, Bond unravels a scheme to increase petroleum prices by triggering a nuclear meltdown in the waters of Istanbul.

Filming locations included Spain, France, Azerbaijan, Turkey, and the UK, with interiors shot at Pinewood Studios. Despite receiving mixed reviews, with the plot and Denise Richards's casting frequently targeted for criticism, The World Is Not Enough earned $361.8 million worldwide. It was also the first Eon-produced Bond film officially released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer instead of MGM subsidiary United Artists, the franchise's original owner and distributor.

Plot
In Bilbao, MI6 agent James Bond meets Swiss banker Lachaise to retrieve money for Sir Robert King, a British oil tycoon and friend of M. Bond interrogates the banker to identify the assassin of an MI6 agent, but Lachaise is killed before revealing this information, and Bond is forced to escape with the money. At MI6 headquarters in London, the money is revealed to be laced with explosives that kill King. Bond chases the assassin by boat on the Thames to the Millennium Dome, where she attempts to escape via hot air balloon. Bond offers her protection; she refuses and blows up the balloon at the cost of her life.

Bond traces the recovered money to Renard, a KGB agent turned terrorist. Following an earlier attempt on his life by MI6, Renard was left with a bullet embedded in his brain, which makes him immune to pain but will eventually kill him. M assigns Bond to protect King's daughter Elektra, whom Renard had previously abducted and held for ransom. Bond flies to Azerbaijan, where Elektra oversees the construction of an oil pipeline. During a tour of the pipeline's proposed route in the mountains, Bond and Elektra are attacked by a hit squad in snowmobiles.

Bond visits Valentin Zukovsky at a casino to acquire information about Elektra's attackers. There, Bond grows suspicious as Elektra immediately loses $1 million on a game of high card draw, and discovers that her head of security, Sasha Davidov, is secretly in league with Renard. Bond kills Davidov and boards a plane bound for a Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan. Posing as a Russian scientist, Bond meets American nuclear physicist Dr. Christmas Jones. Renard removes the GPS locator card and weapons-grade plutonium from a nuclear bomb. Before Bond can kill him, Jones blows his cover. Renard steals the bomb and flees, leaving everyone to die. Bond and Jones escape the exploding silo with the locator card.

In Azerbaijan, Bond warns M that Elektra may not be as innocent as she appears, and may have succumbed to Stockholm Syndrome under Renard's capture. He hands her the locator card as proof of the theft. An alarm sounds, revealing that the stolen bomb is attached to a pipeline inspection pig heading towards the oil terminal. Bond and Jones enter the pipeline to deactivate the bomb, and Jones discovers that half of the plutonium is missing. They jump clear of the rig and a section of pipe is destroyed. Bond and Jones are presumed killed. Back at the command centre, Elektra reveals that she killed her father as revenge for using her as bait for Renard. She abducts M, whom she resents for having advised her father not to pay the ransom money.

Bond accosts Zukovsky at his caviar factory in the Caspian Sea and they are attacked by Elektra's helicopters. Zukovsky reveals his arrangement with Elektra was to accept a payoff via bets in his casino in exchange for the use of a submarine captained by Zukovsky's nephew. The group goes to Istanbul, where Jones realizes that if Renard were to insert the stolen plutonium into the submarine's nuclear reactor, the resulting meltdown would destroy Istanbul, sabotaging the Russians' oil pipeline in the Bosphorus. Elektra's pipeline, planned to go around Istanbul, would increase in value. Bond gets a signal from the locator card at the Maiden's Tower before Zukovsky's henchman Bull blows up the command centre. Zukovsky is knocked unconscious, and Bond and Jones are captured by Elektra's henchmen. Jones is taken aboard the submarine, which was seized by Renard's men. Bond is taken to the tower, where Elektra tortures him with a garrote and reveals that she cut off part of her ear to make her kidnapping look more believable. Zukovsky and his men seize the tower, but Zukovsky is shot by Elektra. Before dying, Zukovsky uses his cane gun to free Bond, who frees M and kills Elektra.

Bond dives after the submarine, boards it and frees Jones. The submarine's hull ruptures as it sinks into the Bosphorus. Bond fights Renard and impales him by firing the plutonium rod into his chest. Bond and Jones escape from the submarine, leaving the flooded reactor to detonate underwater. Later, they share an evening in Istanbul while being monitored by MI6 satellites.

Cast

 * Pierce Brosnan as James Bond, MI6 agent, codename 007.
 * Sophie Marceau as Elektra King, an oil heiress who is seemingly being targeted by Renard, the world's most wanted terrorist. M gives Bond the task of protecting her at all costs, although he suspects that there is more to her than meets the eye. Sharon Stone and Vera Farmiga were also considered for the role before Broccoli saw Marceau's performance in Firelight.
 * Robert Carlyle as Victor "Renard" Zokas, a former KGB agent turned high-tech terrorist who previously kidnapped Elektra. After a failed assassination attempt he has a bullet lodged in his brain, rendering him impervious to pain as well as slowly killing off his other senses, and ultimately killing him as well.  Before the casting of Carlyle the role was offered to Javier Bardem (who would later portray the Bond villain in Skyfall) and Jean Reno.
 * Denise Richards as Dr. Christmas Jones, an American nuclear physicist assisting Bond in his mission. Richards stated that she liked the role because it was "brainy", "athletic", and had "depth of character, in contrast to Bond girls from previous decades". Richards stated that a lot of viewers "made fun of" the character's attire but that "these Bond girls are so outrageous and if I did really look like a scientist, the Bond fans would have been disappointed." Jones was originally written as a French-Polynesian insurance investigator before but the studio insisted on changing her nationality after the casting of Marceau. Tiffani Thiessen also auditioned.
 * Robbie Coltrane as Valentin Zukovsky: A former Russian mafia boss and Baku casino owner. Bond initially seeks out Zukovsky for intel on Renard and is subsequently aided by him when Zukovsky's nephew falls into Renard's captivity. Coltrane reprises his role from GoldenEye.
 * Desmond Llewelyn as Q: MI6's "quartermaster" who supplies Bond with multi-purpose vehicles and gadgets useful for the latter's mission. The film would be Llewelyn's final performance as Q. Although the actor was not officially retiring from the role, the Q character was training his eventual replacement in this film. Llewelyn was killed in a car accident shortly after the film premiered.
 * Maria Grazia Cucinotta as "Cigar Girl": An experienced assassin working for Renard, who appears as a lady who supplies Bond and the banker with cigars during their meeting in Bilbao and who tries to assassinate Bond in London. In the novelisation, the character is given the name Giulietta da Vinci.
 * Samantha Bond as Miss Moneypenny: M's secretary.
 * Michael Kitchen as Bill Tanner: M's Chief of Staff.
 * Colin Salmon as Charles Robinson: M's Deputy Chief of Staff.
 * Serena Scott Thomas as Dr. Molly Warmflash, an MI6 agent and doctor assigned to examine Bond, as well as describing Renard's seeming invincibility due to the terminal bullet in his brain that will kill him when it reaches the center of his brain.
 * Ulrich Thomsen as Sasha Davidov: Elektra King's head of security in Azerbaijan and Renard's secret liaison.
 * Goldie as Bull: Valentin Zukovsky's gold-toothed and gold-haired bodyguard, secretly working for Elektra and Renard. Although listed as 'Bull' in the credits, Zukovsky also refers to him as 'Mr. Bullion' in the film.
 * John Seru as Gabor: Elektra King's bodyguard who is seen accompanying King wherever she travels.
 * Claude-Oliver Rudolph as Colonel Akakievich: The leader of the Russian ICBM base in Kazakhstan.
 * Judi Dench as M: The head of MI6.
 * Patrick Malahide portrays Lachaise, the Swiss banker killed early on in the film.
 * Gary Powell as Submarine Crewman (uncredited)

 * John Cleese as R: Q's assistant and appointed successor. Bond humorously refers to him as "R": "If you're Q, does that make him R?"

Development
In November 1997, a month prior to the release of Tomorrow Never Dies, Barbara Broccoli watched a news report on Nightline detailing how the world's major oil companies were vying for control of the untapped oil reserves in the Caspian Sea in the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse, and suggested that controlling the only pipeline from the Caspian to the West would be an appropriate motivation for a potential Bond villain. She and Michael G. Wilson hired screenwriters Neal Purvis and Robert Wade to work on the film following their work on Plunkett & Macleane; Purvis and Wade would eventually write or co-write all of the following Bond films up to No Time to Die. The screenwriters incorporated material from the abandoned Bond screenplay Reunion with Death, which had been conceived in 1993 with Timothy Dalton as Bond. Broccoli was especially impressed by the writers' suggestion of a female main villain, stating that "With Elektra, Bond thinks he has found Tracy, but he's really found Blofeld".

Joe Dante, and later Peter Jackson, were initially offered the opportunity to direct the film. Barbara Broccoli enjoyed Jackson's Heavenly Creatures, and a screening of The Frighteners was arranged for her. She disliked the latter film, however, and showed no further interest in Jackson. Jackson, a lifelong Bond fan, remarked that as Eon tended to go for less famous directors, he would likely not get another chance to direct a Bond film after The Lord of the Rings. Barbara Broccoli also was in talks with Alfonso Cuarón to direct, who nearly accepted. Hoping to find a director capable of eliciting strong performances from women, the producers eventually hired Michael Apted, as his work with Sissy Spacek in Coal Miner's Daughter, Sigourney Weaver in Gorillas in the Mist and Jodie Foster in Nell has earned all three actresses Oscar nominations (with Spacek winning). Apted's then-wife Dana Stevens did an uncredited rewrite, primarily to strengthen the female characters' roles, before Bruce Feirstein, who had worked in the previous two films, was hired to work on Bond's role.

Initially the film was to be released in 2000, rumoured to be titled Bond 2000. Other rumoured titles included Death Waits for No Man, Fire and Ice, Pressure Point and Dangerously Yours. The eventual title The World Is Not Enough is an English translation of the Latin phrase Orbis non sufficit, the motto of Bond's supposed real-world ancestor Sir Thomas Bond. In the novel On Her Majesty's Secret Service and its film adaptation, it is first claimed to be James Bond's family motto as well.

The phrase Orbis non sufficit is thought to originate from the Pharsalia by Lucan. It appears twice, both with uncomplimentary associations: the first reference is to a group of villainous mutineers, and the second is to the ambitious Julius Caesar. It was then applied to Alexander the Great by Juvenal in his collection of satirical poems, the Satires: "The world was not big enough for Alexander the Great, but a coffin was". Phrased as Non sufficit orbis, it became the motto of the Spanish king Philip II after ascending the Portuguese throne in 1580.

Crime novelist Donald E. Westlake wrote an early draft of the film, which was later scrapped because of difficulties in filming in the script's original setting in China. Westlake adapted the script into the novel Forever and a Death, which was published posthumously in 2017 by Hard Case Crime.

Filming
The pre-title sequence begins in Bilbao, Spain, featuring the Guggenheim Museum. After the opening scene, the film moves to London, showcasing the SIS Building and the Millennium Dome on the Thames. The sequence lasts for about 14 minutes, making it the longest pre-title sequence in the series until No Time to Die in 2021. The Daily Telegraph claimed that the British Government prevented some filming in front of the actual MI6 Headquarters at Vauxhall Cross, citing a security risk. However, a Foreign Office spokesperson rejected the claims and expressed displeasure with the article. Following the title sequence, Eilean Donan Castle in Scotland is used by MI6 as a location headquarters. Other locations include Baku, Azerbaijan, the Azerbaijan Oil Rocks and Istanbul, Turkey, where Maiden's Tower and Küçüksu Palace are shown.

Principal photography began on 17 January 1999, and lasted until June of that year. The studio work for the film was shot as usual in Pinewood Studios, including Albert R. Broccoli's 007 Stage. Bilbao, Spain was used briefly for the exterior of the Swiss bank and flyover-bridge adjacent to the Guggenheim Museum. In London outdoor footage was shot of the SIS Building and Vauxhall Cross with several weeks filming the boat chase on the River Thames eastwards towards the Millennium Dome, Greenwich. The canal footage of the chase where Bond soaks the parking wardens was filmed at Wapping and the boat stunts in Millwall Dock and under Glengall Bridge were filmed at the Isle of Dogs. Chatham Dockyard was also used for part of the boat chase. Stowe School, Buckinghamshire, was used as the site of the King family estate on the banks of Loch Lomond. Filming continued in Scotland at Eilean Donan Castle which was used to depict the exterior of MI6 temporary operations centre "Castle Thane". The skiing chase sequence in the Caucasus was shot on the slopes of Chamonix, France. Filming of the scene was delayed by an avalanche; the crew helped in the rescue operation.

The interior (and single exterior shot) of L'Or Noir casino in Baku, Azerbaijan, was shot at Halton House, the officers' mess of RAF Halton. RAF Northolt was used to depict the airfield runway in Azerbaijan. Zukovsky's quayside caviar factory was shot entirely at the outdoor water tank at Pinewood. The exterior of Kazakhstan nuclear facility was shot at the Bardenas Reales, in Navarre, Spain, and the exterior of the oil refinery control centre at the Motorola building in Groundwell, Swindon. The exterior of the oil pipeline was filmed in Cwm Dyli, Snowdonia, Wales, while the production teams shot the oil pipeline explosion on Hankley Common, Elstead, Surrey. Istanbul, Turkey, was used in the film, also using the famous Maiden's Tower which was used as Renard's hideout in Turkey. Exteriors for Elektra King's Baku villa were shot at Küçüksu Pavilion in Istanbul, and interiors were shot at Luton Hoo in Bedfordshire, England. The underwater submarine scenes were filmed in the Bahamas.

The BMW Z8 driven by Bond in the film was the final part of a three-film product placement deal with BMW (which began with the Z3 in GoldenEye and continued with the 750iL in Tomorrow Never Dies) but, due to filming preceding release of the Z8 by a few months, several working mock-ups and models were manufactured for filming purposes.

Music
The soundtrack to The World Is Not Enough is the second Bond soundtrack to be composed by David Arnold. Arnold broke tradition by not ending the film with a reprise of the opening theme or, as with the previous three films, a new song. Originally, Arnold intended to use the song "Only Myself to Blame" at the end of the film; however, Apted discarded this and the song was replaced by a remix of the "James Bond Theme". "Only Myself to Blame", written by Arnold and Don Black and sung by Scott Walker, is the 19th and final track on the album and its melody is Elektra King's theme. The theme is heard in "Casino", "Elektra's Theme" and "I Never Miss". Arnold added two new themes to the final score, both of which are reused in the following film, Die Another Day.

The title song, "The World Is Not Enough", was written by David Arnold with Don Black and performed by Garbage. It is the fifth Bond theme co-written by Black, preceded by "Thunderball", "Diamonds Are Forever", "The Man with the Golden Gun", and "Tomorrow Never Dies". IGN chose "The World Is Not Enough" as the ninth-best James Bond theme of all time. In 2012 Grantland ranked the song as the second-best Bond song of all-time, behind only "Goldfinger." The song also appeared in two "best of 1999" polls: #87 in 89X's "Top 89 Songs of 1999" and No. 100 in Q101's "Top 101 of 1999".

Another theme song was made by English post-Britpop band Straw, which was also entitled The World Is Not Enough but was rejected in favor of Garbage's song. The song is unique as the lyrics contains references to several of the Ian Fleming novels, including references to Goldfinger, You Only Live Twice, On Her Majesty's Secret Service, and Live and Let Die.

Release and reception
The World Is Not Enough premiered on 19 November 1999 in the United States and on 26 November 1999 in the United Kingdom. Its world premiere was 8 November 1999 at the Fox Bruin Theater, Los Angeles, USA. At that time MGM signed a marketing partnership with MTV, primarily for American youths, who were assumed to have considered Bond as "an old-fashioned secret service agent". As a result, MTV broadcast more than 100 hours of Bond-related programmes immediately after the film was released, most being presented by Denise Richards.

Box office
The film opened at the top of the North American box office with $35.5 million earned during its opening weekend. It remained in that spot until it was handed to Toy Story 2 during its second weekend. Its final worldwide gross was $361.8 million worldwide, with $126 million in the United States alone. It became the highest grossing James Bond film of all time until the release of Die Another Day. The film was also selected for the first round of nominations for the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects and it was failing to get nominated. The film was nominated for a Best Action/Adventure/Thriller Film Saturn Award, Pierce Brosnan won both the Empire Award and the Blockbuster Entertainment Award as Best Actor, and David Arnold won a BMI Film Music Award for his score. The film became the first in the Bond series to win a Golden Raspberry when Denise Richards was chosen as "Worst Supporting Actress" at the 1999 Razzie Awards. Richards and Brosnan were also nominated for "Worst Screen Couple" (lost to Will Smith and Kevin Kline for Wild Wild West). The initial release of the DVD includes the featurette "Secrets of 007", which cuts into "making of" material during the film; the documentary "The Making of The World Is Not Enough"; two commentary tracks—one by director Michael Apted, and the other by production designer Peter Lamont, second unit director Vic Armstrong, and composer David Arnold; a trailer for the PlayStation video game, and the Garbage music video. The Ultimate Edition released in 2006 had as additional extras a 2000 documentary named "Bond Cocktail", a featurette on shooting the Q Boat scenes, Pierce Brosnan in a press conference in Hong Kong, deleted scenes, and a tribute to Desmond Llewelyn.

Critical reception
Reception was mixed. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received an approval rating of 51% based on 147 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10, the lowest of the Brosnan Bond films. The site's critical consensus reads: "Plagued by mediocre writing, uneven acting, and a fairly by-the-numbers plot, The World Is Not Enough is partially saved by some entertaining and truly Bond-worthy action sequences." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 based on 38 critics, indicating "mixed and average reviews".

Chicago Sun-Times critic Roger Ebert said the film was a "splendid comic thriller, exciting and graceful, endlessly inventive", and gave it three-and-a-half stars out of four. On the other hand, Eleanor Ringel Gillespie of The Atlanta Journal-Constitution disliked the film, calling it "dated and confused". Nathan Rabin from The A.V. Club opined that "enough fun moments are scattered throughout to make it a decent Bond entry. But the series still needs a massive shot of fresh ideas if it wishes to become anything more than a nostalgia-fueled commercial sure thing". Antonia Quirke from The Independent said that the film "is certainly less definitively feeble than other recent Bond offerings, with an at least two-dimensional female character in the bold and oval Marceau. But my reaction is much the same as to a new Rolling Stones album: I'm just grateful that it's not embarrassing". Negative criticism was focused on the execution of the plot, and the action scenes were considered excessive.

Richards was widely criticized for not being credible in the role of a nuclear scientist, with Variety calling her "the least plausible nuclear physicist in the history of movies, who makes even the electrochemist Elisabeth Shue played in 1997's The Saint sound like a Nobel laureate"; Nathan Rabin panned her performance and called it "so laughably awful that the film comes to a dead stop whenever she's on screen". She was ranked as one of the worst Bond girls of all time by Entertainment Weekly in 2008.

In contrast, Sophie Marceau was praised for her role as Elektra, with most critics agreeing that she was a better Bond Girl than Denise Richards' Christmas Jones and a better Bond villain than Robert Carlyle's Renard. Peter Bradshaw from The Guardian called her "terrific: sexy, stylish, with a really beautiful face entirely innocent of the cosmetic surgeon's art".

Retrospective
Pete Debruge of Variety wrote in 2012 that "[The World Is Not Enough] presents a conflicted persona torn between the corny antics of the Roger Moore era and the grim seriousness of where things would eventually go under Daniel Craig’s tenure. It also contains a dose of Timothy Dalton-esque toughness [...] Much of what made Brosnan such a great Bond is thrust into the backseat by lame jokes and a premature attempt to mix up the formula", concluding that it was "nothing but a reversion to the franchise's most adolescent tendencies". Entertainment Weekly picked it as the worst Bond film of all time in 2006, saying it had a plot "so convoluted even Pierce Brosnan has admitted to being mystified". Norman Wilner of MSN chose it as the third-worst film, above A View to a Kill and Licence to Kill, while IGN chose it as the fifth-worst, both in 2007.

Adaptations
Bond novelist Raymond Benson wrote his adaptation of The World Is Not Enough from the film's screenplay. It was Benson's fourth Bond novel and followed the story closely, but with some details changed. For instance, Elektra sings quietly before her death and Bond still carries his Walther PPK instead of the newer P99. The novel also gave the cigar girl/assassin the name Giulietta da Vinci and retained a scene between her and Renard that was cut from the film.

In 2000, the film was adapted by Electronic Arts to create two first-person shooters of the same name for the Nintendo 64 and PlayStation. The Nintendo 64 version was developed by Eurocom and the PlayStation version was developed by Black Ops. Versions of The World Is Not Enough for the PC and the PlayStation 2 were planned for release in 2000, but both were cancelled. These versions would have used the id Tech 3 game engine from Quake III Arena. Although this game marks Pierce Brosnan's fifth appearance in a Bond video game, the game includes only his likeness; the character is voiced by Adam Blackwood.

title: The World Is Not Enough


text:
Robert Shaw (actor)

Robert Archibald Shaw (9 August 1927 – 28 August 1978) was an English actor, novelist, playwright and screenwriter. Beginning his career in theatre, Shaw joined the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre after the Second World War and appeared in productions of Macbeth, Henry VIII, Cymbeline, and other Shakespeare plays. With the Old Vic company (1951–52), he continued primarily in Shakespearean roles. In 1959 he starred in a West End production of The Long and the Short and the Tall.

Shaw was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for his role as Henry VIII in the drama film A Man for All Seasons (1966). His other film roles included the mobster Doyle Lonnegan in The Sting (1973) and the shark hunter Quint in Jaws (1975). He also played roles in From Russia with Love (1963), Battle of Britain (1969), Young Winston (1972), The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974), Robin and Marian (1976), and Black Sunday and The Deep, both of which were released in 1977.

Early life
Robert Archibald Shaw was born on 9 August 1927 at 51 King Street in Westhoughton, Lancashire, the son of Thomas Archibald Shaw and Doreen Nora, née Avery. His father, a doctor and former Royal Field Artillery Lieutenant, was of Scottish descent; his mother, a former nurse, was born at Piggs Peak, Swaziland. He had three sisters named Elisabeth, Joanna, and Wendy, and one brother named Alexander. When he was seven years old, the family moved to Scotland, settling in Stromness, Orkney. His father killed himself when Shaw was 12, and the family then relocated to Cornwall, where Shaw attended the independent Truro School. For a brief period, he was a teacher at Glenhow Preparatory School in Saltburn-by-the-Sea in the North Riding of Yorkshire, before attending the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, graduating in 1948.

Early career
Shaw began his acting career in theatre, appearing in regional theatre throughout England. He played Angus in a production of Macbeth at Stratford in 1946. He played at Stratford for two seasons.

In 1947, he appeared in The Cherry Orchard on British TV; also for that medium, he performed scenes from Twelfth Night and Macbeth.

He had a small part in The Lavender Hill Mob (1951), playing a police laboratory technician towards the end of the film; the following year he made his London debut, in the West End, at the Embassy Theatre in Caro William. That year he appeared on TV in A Time to Be Born (1952). He returned to Stratford in 1953.

Shaw had small roles in The Dam Busters (1955), a TV version of The Scarlet Pimpernel (1956), the films Doublecross (1956) and A Hill in Korea (1956) (alongside other young actors like Michael Caine), and a TV version of Hindle Wakes (1957).

The Buccaneers
Shaw became a TV star in the UK when he starred as Captain Dan Tempest in The Buccaneers (1956–57) which ran for 39 episodes.

He was by this time a TV leading man, having lead roles in TV films such as Success (1957) and a TV version of Rupert of Hentzau (1957). He had a big stage success with The Long and the Short and the Tall on the West End in 1959, directed by Lindsay Anderson, a performance that was filmed for television (though Shaw did not appear in the feature film version).

Shaw had small roles in Sea Fury (1958) and Libel (1959) and guest-starred on William Tell, ITV Television Playhouse, The Four Just Men, and Danger Man. He also appeared in TV plays including The Dark Man, Misfire and The Train Set.

In 1961, he appeared in a Broadway production of Harold Pinter's The Caretaker alongside Donald Pleasence and Alan Bates. Shaw replaced Peter Woodthorpe, who had performed with the others on stage in London. It ran for 165 performances. He had good roles in The Valiant, a war film, and Tomorrow at Ten (both 1962), a thriller. Shaw played the leads in TV versions of The Winter's Tale and The Father (both 1962). He, Pleasence, and Bates reprised their performances in a film version of The Caretaker (1963); Shaw was part of the consortium who helped finance the latter.

Writing
Shaw's first novel, The Hiding Place, published in 1960, received positive reviews. His second novel The Sun Doctor (1961), was awarded the Hawthornden Prize in 1962.

Film fame
Shaw became well known as a film actor when cast as assassin Donald "Red" Grant in the second James Bond film, From Russia with Love (1963). For TV he adapted and appeared in a production of A Florentine Tragedy (1963), and was Claudius in Hamlet at Elsinore (1964) with Christopher Plummer. He played the title role in The Luck of Ginger Coffey (1964), shot in Canada alongside Mary Ure, who became his second wife. He had a role in A Carol for Another Christmas (1964). Shaw later said of his early career, "I could have been a straight leading man but that struck me as a boring life."

In 1964, Shaw returned to Broadway in a production of The Physicists directed by Peter Brook but it ran for only 55 performances. "I want very much to avoid doing bad commercial pictures for lots of money", he said. "It's difficult to avoid with six kids and two wives." Shaw then embarked on a trilogy of novels – The Flag (1965), The Man in the Glass Booth (1967) and A Card from Morocco (1969). He also adapted The Hiding Place into a screenplay for the film Situation Hopeless... But Not Serious starring Sir Alec Guinness.

Shaw was the relentless Wehrmacht panzer commander Colonel Hessler in Battle of the Bulge (1965), produced by Philip Yordan; a young Henry VIII in A Man for All Seasons (1966), which earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor; General George Armstrong Custer in Custer of the West (1967), again for Yordan; Martin Luther in Luther (a 1968 film made for television); he was top billed in another film version of Pinter's The Birthday Party (1968), directed by William Friedkin.

The Man in the Glass Booth
His play The Man in the Glass Booth was a success in London in 1967. It transferred to Broadway the following year and was a hit, running for 264 performances. His adaptation for the stage of The Man in the Glass Booth gained him the most attention for his writing. The book and play present a complex and morally ambiguous tale of a man who, at various times in the story, is either a Jewish businessman pretending to be a Nazi war criminal, or a Nazi war criminal pretending to be a Jewish businessman. The play was quite controversial when performed in the UK and the US, some critics praising Shaw's "sly, deft and complex examination of the moral issues of nationality and identity", others sharply critical of Shaw's treatment of such a sensitive subject. The play, but not the movie, presents the question: "Given the chance, would Jews behave like Nazis?"

Shaw was one of many stars in Battle of Britain (1969), with the role of Sailor Malan written specifically for him. He had the lead in The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969) where he played Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, alongside Christopher Plummer who played Incan Emperor Atahualpa, and Figures in a Landscape (1970); his fee for the latter was reportedly $500,000. In 1970, Shaw returned to Broadway playing the title role in Gantry, a musical adaptation of Elmer Gantry, which ran for just one performance, despite co-starring Rita Moreno. His play Cato Street, about the 1820 Cato Street Conspiracy, was produced for the first time in 1971 in London. He appeared in Old Times on Broadway in 1971.

As an actor he appeared in A Town Called Bastard (1971), a spaghetti Western; Young Winston (1972), as Lord Randolph Churchill; A Reflection of Fear (1972); The Hireling (1973); he had a cameo in The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973); played mobster Doyle Lonnegan in The Sting (1973), a huge hit; was the subway-hijacker and hostage-taker "Mr. Blue" in The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974).

He made his final appearance on Broadway, in a production of Dance of Death, in 1974.

The Man in the Glass Booth was further developed for the screen, but Shaw disapproved of the resulting screenplay and had his name removed from the credits. However, he viewed the completed film before its release and asked to have his name reinstated. In 2002, director Arthur Hiller related Shaw's initial objection to the screenplay and his subsequent change of heart:"When we decided that we needed more emotions in the film and leaned it towards that, we tried, obviously, to be honest to Robert Shaw, to keep that intellectual game-playing, but to create more of an emotional environment. And Robert Shaw became very disturbed. He did not like the idea and indeed, if you will watch the film, you will see that his name does not appear in the credits, nor does it even say, 'based on the play, The Man in the Glass Booth ' because he wouldn't let us do it. He just didn't like the idea until he saw the film. Then he phoned Eddie Anhalt, the screenwriter, and congratulated him because he thought it was—just kept the tone he wanted and did it so well. And he phoned Mort Abrahams the Executive Producer to see if he could get his name put on the final credits. But it was too late to restore his name, all the prints were all made." Arthur Hiller's account is uncorroborated.

Film stardom
Shaw achieved his greatest film stardom after playing the shark-obsessed fisherman Quint in Jaws (1975), although he was at first reluctant to take the role since he did not like the book, but decided to accept at the urging of both his wife, actress Mary Ure, and his secretary—"The last time they were that enthusiastic was From Russia with Love. And they were right."

Shaw then appeared in End of the Game (1975); Diamonds (1975), because "I wanted to play a wonderfully elegant Englishman"; Robin and Marian (1976) as the Sheriff of Nottingham opposite Audrey Hepburn (Maid Marian) and Sean Connery (Robin Hood); Swashbuckler (1976); playing the lighthouse keeper and treasure-hunter Romer Treece in The Deep (1977), for which his fee was $650,000; and as Israeli Mossad agent David Kabakov in Black Sunday (1977).

During filming Force 10 from Navarone (1978) Shaw said "I'm seriously thinking that this might be my last film... I no longer have anything real to say. I'm appalled at some of the lines... I'm not at ease in film. I can't remember the last film I enjoyed making." He made one more film, Avalanche Express (1979). Shaw and director/producer Mark Robson both died of heart attacks during post-production within months of each other; Robson in June 1978 and Shaw in August 1978. Shaw said he would use the proceeds from the film to pay off his taxes, then focus on writing and making the "occasional small film".

Personal life
Shaw was married three times and had 10 children, two of whom were adopted. His first wife was Jennifer Bourke from 1952 to 1963, with whom he had four daughters. His second wife was actress Mary Ure from 1963 to 1975, with whom he had four children, including daughters Elizabeth (born 1963) and Hannah (born 1965). He adopted son Colin (born 1961) from his wife's previous marriage to playwright John Osborne; according to an interview with Colin, he was Shaw's son born during an affair while Ure was still married to Osborne. Shaw's son Ian (born 1969) also became an actor. This marriage ended with Ure's death from an overdose. His third and final wife was Virginia Jansen from 1976 until his death in 1978, with whom he had one son, Thomas; he also adopted her son, Charles, from a previous relationship. Shaw's grandson (via his daughter Deborah and film producer Evzen Kolar) is American musician and composer Rob Kolar. Another grandson of his, Ferdia Shaw, made his debut in the film Artemis Fowl.

For the last seven years of his life, Shaw lived at Drimbawn House in Tourmakeady, County Mayo, Ireland. Like his father, Shaw was an alcoholic for most of his life.

Shaw referred to himself as a Socialist during the 1976 Cork International Film Festival. "I started as a militant socialist, and I couldn't even now vote Tory under pain of death," he elaborated in an interview later the same year, adding that "I still think I am a socialist in a way."

Death
Shaw died in Ireland at the age of 51 from a heart attack on 28 August 1978, while driving from Castlebar, County Mayo, to his home in Tourmakeady. He was accompanied by his wife Virginia and his son Thomas. He suddenly became ill, stopped the car, stepped out, then collapsed and lost consciousness on the roadside. He was taken to Castlebar General Hospital, where he was pronounced dead. He had just completed acting in the film Avalanche Express. His body was cremated and his ashes scattered near his home in Tourmakeady. A stone memorial to him was unveiled there in his honour in August 2008, nearly 30 years after his death.

Tributes
Shaw has a Wetherspoons pub named after him in his birthplace of Westhoughton.

Villain Sebastian Shaw from the X-Men comics is named and modelled after Shaw.

Film director Ridley Scott, in the DVD commentary for Gladiator (2000) when discussing the casting of Próximo and Marcus Aurelius, said "We have very few Robert Shaws now", implying he had wanted to cast a certain type of rugged actor that Shaw typified, in this case Oliver Reed and Richard Harris.

Stage

 * The Caretaker (1962)
 * The Physicists (1964)
 * The Man in the Glass Booth (1968)
 * Gantry (1970)
 * Old Times (1971)
 * The Dance of Death (1974)

Filmography

 * The Cherry Orchard (1947)
 * The Lavender Hill Mob (1951) – Chemist at Police Exhibition (uncredited)
 * The Dam Busters (1954) – Flight Sgt. J. Pulford
 * Double Cross (1956) – Ernest
 * A Hill in Korea (1956) – Lance Corporal Hodge
 * Sea Fury (1958) – Gorman
 * Libel (1959) – First Photographer
 * The Dark Man (TV, 1960) – Alan Regan
 * The Valiant (1962) – Lieutenant Field
 * The Father (1962) – The Captain
 * Tomorrow at Ten (1962) – Marlowe
 * The Caretaker (1963) – Aston
 * From Russia with Love (1963) – Donald 'Red' Grant
 * The Luck of Ginger Coffey (1964) – Ginger Coffey
 * Battle of the Bulge (1965) – Col. Martin Hessler
 * A Man for All Seasons (1966) – King Henry VIII
 * Custer of the West (1967) – Gen. George Armstrong Custer
 * Luther (TV, 1968) – Martin Luther
 * The Birthday Party (1968) – Stanley Webber
 * Battle of Britain (1969) – Squadron Leader "Skipper"
 * The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969) – Francisco Pizarro
 * Figures in a Landscape (1970) – MacConnachie (also adapted for the screen)
 * A Town Called Bastard (a.k.a. A Town Called Hell) (1971) – The Priest
 * A Reflection of Fear (a.k.a. Labyrinth) (1972) – Michael
 * Young Winston (1972) – Lord Randolph Churchill
 * The Hireling (1973) – Steven Ledbetter
 * The Golden Voyage of Sinbad (1973) – The Oracle of All Knowledge (uncredited)
 * The Sting (1973) – Doyle Lonnegan
 * The Taking of Pelham One Two Three (1974) – Mr. Blue – Bernard Ryder
 * Jaws (1975) – Quint
 * The Man in the Glass Booth (1975) – Writer only
 * End of the Game (a.k.a. Der Richter und sein Henker, Murder on the Bridge, Deception, and Getting Away with Murder) (1975) – Richard Gastmann
 * Diamonds (a.k.a. Diamond Shaft) (1975) – Charles / Earl Hodgson
 * Robin and Marian (1976) – Sheriff of Nottingham
 * Swashbuckler (a.k.a. Scarlet Buccaneer) (1976) – Ned Lynch
 * Black Sunday (1977) – Major David Kabokov
 * The Deep (1977) – Romer Treece
 * Force 10 from Navarone (1978) – Major Keith Mallory
 * Avalanche Express (1979) – General Marenkov (shot in 1978; final film role)

Writing

 * The Hiding Place (1960)
 * The Sun Doctor (1961) Awarded the Hawthornden Prize in 1962
 * The Flag (1965)
 * Situation Hopeless... But Not Serious (screenplay adaptation of The Hiding Place, 1965)
 * The Man in the Glass Booth (1967)
 * The Man in the Glass Booth (play adaptation, 1968)
 * A Card from Morocco (1969)
 *  Figures in a Landscape  (1970) (screenplay adaptation of novel)
 * Cato Street (play, 1971)
 * Jaws (1975) (uncredited rewrite of Indianapolis monologue)

Awards
At the 39th Academy Awards in 1967, Shaw became the second actor – after Charles Laughton – to receive an Oscar nomination for portraying Henry VIII of England, in the film A Man for All Seasons (1966). He was also nominated to the 24th Golden Globe Awards for the same role.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert Shaw (actor)


text:
List of Quercus species

The genus Quercus contains about 500 known species, plus about 180 hybrids between them. The genus, as is the case with many large genera, is divided into subgenera and sections. Traditionally, the genus Quercus was divided into the two subgenera Cyclobalanopsis, the ring-cupped oaks, and Quercus, which included all the other sections. However, a comprehensive revision in 2017 identified different relationships. Now the genus is commonly divided into a subgenus Quercus and a subgenus Cerris, with Cyclobalanopsis included in the latter. The sections of subgenus Quercus are mostly native to the New World, with the notable exception of the white oaks of sect. Quercus and the endemic Quercus pontica. In contrast, the sections of the subgenus Cerris are exclusively native to the Old World.

Unless otherwise indicated, the lists which follow contain all the species accepted by Plants of the World Online, plus selected hybrids that are also accepted, with placement into sections based on a list produced by Denk et al. for their 2017 classification of the genus.

Legend
Species with evergreen foliage ("live oaks") are tagged '#'. Species in the genus have been recategorized between deciduous and evergreen on numerous occasions, although this does not necessarily mean that species in the two groups are closely related.

Section Quercus
Section Mesobalanus was included in section Quercus in the 2017 classification used here. Other synonyms include Q. sect. Albae and Q. sect. Macrocarpae. The section comprises the white oaks from Europe, Asia, north Africa, Central and North America. Styles short; acorns mature in 6 months, sweet or slightly bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless.

 * Quercus aculcingensis Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus ajoensis C.H.Mull. – Ajo Mountain shrub oak, Blue shrub oak – Arizona, New Mexico, Baja California
 * Quercus alba L. – white oak – eastern and central North America
 * Quercus aliena Blume – Oriental white oak – eastern Asia
 * Quercus alpescens Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus ariifolia Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus arizonica Sarg. – Arizona white oak – # southwestern U.S., northwestern Mexico
 * Quercus austrina Small – bluff oak – southeastern North America
 * Quercus × basaseachicensis C.H.Mull. – Mexico
 * Quercus × bebbiana C.K.Schneid. — Bebb's oak — northeastern North America
 * Quercus berberidifolia Liebm. – California scrub oak – # California
 * Quercus bicolor Willd. – swamp white oak – eastern and midwestern North America
 * Quercus × bimundorum E.J.Palmer — two worlds oak
 * Quercus boyntonii Beadle – Boynton's post oak – south central North America
 * Quercus canariensis Willd. – Mirbeck's oak or Algerian oak – # North Africa & Spain
 * Quercus carmenensis C.H.Mull. – Carmen oak – Coahuila and Texas
 * Quercus × cerrioides Willk. & Costa – east Spain
 * Quercus chapmanii Sarg. – Chapman oak – # southeastern North America
 * Quercus chartacea Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus chihuahuensis Trel. – Chihuahua oak – northern Mexico and Texas
 * Quercus congesta C.Presl – Italy
 * Quercus convallata Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus copeyensis C.H.Mull. – # Costa Rica, Panama
 * Quercus cornelius-mulleri Nixon & K.P.Steele – Muller oak – # southwestern North America
 * Quercus corrugata Hook. – Mexico, Central America
 * Quercus dalechampii Ten. – southeastern Europe
 * Quercus deliquescens C.H.Mull. – Mexico
 * Quercus dentata Thunb. – daimyo oak – eastern Asia
 * Quercus depressipes Trel. – Davis Mountain oak – northern Mexico and Texas
 * Quercus deserticola Trel. – # Mexico
 * Quercus diversifolia Née – Mexico
 * Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn. – blue oak – California
 * Quercus dumosa Nutt. – coastal scrub oak – # southern California, Baja California, Arizona
 * Quercus durata Jeps. – leather oak – # California
 * Quercus edwardsiae C.H.Mull. – Mexico
 * Quercus engelmannii Greene – Engelmann oak – # southern California, Baja California
 * Quercus estremadurensis O.Schwarz – Portugal, Spain, Morocco
 * Quercus fabrei Hance – Faber's oak – central to southern China
 * Quercus faginea Lam. – Portuguese oak – # southwestern Europe
 * Quercus frainetto Ten. — Hungarian oak — southeastern Europe
 * Quercus frutex Trel. – Mexico
 * †Quercus furuhjelmi — Eocene to Miocene - Alaska, Kazakhstan
 * Quercus gambelii Nutt. – Gambel oak – southwestern North America
 * Quercus garryana Douglas ex Hook. – Oregon white oak or Garry oak – western North America
 * Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham. – Mexico
 * Quercus glabrescens Benth. – Mexico
 * Quercus glaucescens Bonpl. – encino blanco – Mexico
 * Quercus glaucoides M.Martens & Galeotti – # Mexico
 * Quercus greggii (A.DC.) Trel. – # Mexico
 * Quercus griffithii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Miq. – southeast Asia
 * Quercus grisea Liebm. – gray oak – # southwestern North America
 * Quercus hartwissiana Steven – Strandzha oak – southeastern Bulgaria, northern Turkey, western Georgia, southwestern Russia
 * Quercus havardii Rydb. – Havard oak, shinnery oak, shin oak – south central North America
 * †Quercus hiholensis — Miocene — # Washington State
 * Quercus hinckleyi C.H.Mull. – Hinckley oak – # Texas, northwestern Mexico
 * Quercus infectoria G.Olivier – Aleppo oak, Cyprus oak – southern Europe, southwestern Asia
 * Quercus insignis M.Martens & Galeotti – Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Panama
 * Quercus intricata Trel. – Coahuila scrub oak – # two isolated localities in west Texas, northern Mexico
 * Quercus invaginata Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus john-tuckeri Nixon & C.H.Mull. – Tucker's oak – California
 * Quercus juergensenii Liebm. – Mexico
 * Quercus kotschyana O.Schwarz – Lebanon
 * Quercus laceyi Small – lacey oak – Edwards Plateau of Texas, northern Mexico
 * Quercus laeta Liebm. – Mexico
 * Quercus lancifolia Schltdl. & Cham. – southwestern North America, Mexico, South America
 * Quercus liebmannii Oerst. ex Trel. — Mexico
 * Quercus lobata Née – valley oak or California white oak – California
 * Quercus lusitanica Lam. – gall oak or Lusitanian oak – Iberia, North Africa
 * Quercus lyrata Walter – overcup oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus × macdonaldii Greene & Kellogg – California
 * Quercus macdougallii Martínez – Mexico
 * Quercus macranthera Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Hohen. – Caucasian oak or Persian oak – western Asia
 * Quercus macrocarpa Michx. – bur oak – eastern and central North America
 * Quercus magnoliifolia Née – Mexico
 * Quercus manzanillana Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus margarettae (also Q. margaretiae and Q. margarettiae) — sand post oak — southeastern North America
 * Quercus martinezii C.H.Mull. – # Mexico
 * Quercus michauxii Nutt. – swamp chestnut oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus microphylla Née – Mexico
 * Quercus mohriana Buckley ex Rydb. – Mohr oak – # southwestern North America
 * Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb. – Mongolian oak – eastern Asia
 * Quercus monnula Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen – south-central China
 * Quercus montana Willd. – chestnut oak – eastern North America (= Quercus prinus)
 * Quercus muehlenbergii Engelm. – Chinkapin oak – eastern, central, and southwestern US (West Texas and New Mexico), northern Mexico
 * Quercus ningqiangensis S.Z.Qu & W.H.Zhang – southeastern China
 * Quercus oblongifolia Torr. – Arizona blue oak, Southwestern blue oak, or Mexican blue oak – # southwestern U.S., northwestern Mexico
 * Quercus obtusata Bonpl. – Mexico
 * Quercus oglethorpensis W.H.Duncan – Oglethorpe oak – southeastern North America
 * Quercus oocarpa Liebm. – Mexico
 * Quercus opaca Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus pacifica Nixon & C.H.Mull. – # Channel Islands, California
 * Quercus peduncularis Née – # Central America
 * Quercus perpallida Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. – sessile oak, durmast oak – Europe, Anatolia
 * Quercus polymorpha Schltdl. & Cham. – Monterrey oak, Mexican white oak – # Mexico and extreme S. Texas
 * Quercus porphyrogenita Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus potosina Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus praeco Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus pringlei Seemen ex Loes. – Mexico
 * Quercus prinoides Willd. – dwarf chinkapin oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus pubescens Willd. – downy oak or Italian oak – Europe, Anatolia
 * Quercus pungens Liebm. – sandpaper oak or pungens oak – southwestern U.S., Mexico
 * Quercus purulhana Trel. – Mexico, Central America
 * Quercus pyrenaica Willd. – Pyrenean oak – southwestern Europe
 * Quercus rekonis Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus repanda Bonpl. – Mexico
 * Quercus resinosa Liebm. – Mexico
 * Quercus robur L. – pedunculate oak, English oak or French oak – Europe, West Asia
 * Quercus rugosa Née – netleaf oak or Rugosa oak – # southwestern U.S., northwestern Mexico
 * Quercus × schuettei Trel. — Schuette's oak — US, Canada
 * Quercus sebifera Trel. – # Mexico
 * Quercus segoviensis Liebm. – Mexico and northern Central America
 * Quercus serrata Murray – bao li – # China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea
 * Quercus shennongii C.C.Huang & S.H.Fu – southeastern China
 * Quercus shingjenensis Y.T.Chang – China (Guizhou)
 * Quercus similis Ashe – swamp post oak – southeastern North America
 * Quercus sinuata Walter – bastard oak – southern US (formerly identified as Quercus durandii)
 * Quercus sororia Liebm. – Mexico
 * Quercus stellata Wangenh. – post oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus striatula Trel. – Mexico (Sierra Madre Occidental and Mexican Plateau ranges)
 * Quercus subspathulata Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus supranitida C.H.Mull. – Mexico
 * Quercus tinkhamii C.H.Mull. — Mexico
 * Quercus toumeyi Sarg. — Toumey oak — # southwest New Mexico, southeastern Arizona, northern Mexico
 * Quercus tuberculata Liebm. — Mexico
 * Quercus turbinella Greene — turbinella oak, Arizona Blue Shrub oak, Shrub live oak or scrub live oak — # southwestern North America
 * Quercus vaseyana Buckley — Vasey oak — # southwestern North America
 * Quercus verde C.H.Mull. — Mexico
 * Quercus vicentensis Trel. — El Salvador, Guatemala, and southern Mexico
 * Quercus vulcanica Boiss. & Heldr. ex Kotschy — Kasnak oak — southwestern Asia
 * Quercus welshii R.A.Denham — havard oak, Utah sand oak, wavy leaf oak — # southwestern North America
 * Quercus wutaishanica Mayr — Liaoning oak — China, Mongolia
 * Quercus xylina Scheidw. — Mexico

Section Ponticae
Species are native to Western Asia and Western North America. They produce catkins up to 10cm long; the acorns mature annually.

 * Quercus pontica — Pontine oak — western Asia
 * Quercus sadleriana — deer oak — # southwestern Oregon, northern California

Section Protobalanus
The intermediate oaks. Southwest USA and northwest Mexico. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly.

 * Quercus cedrosensis — Cedros Island oak — # California + Baja California
 * Quercus chrysolepis — canyon live oak — # southwestern North America
 * Quercus palmeri — Palmer oak — # California, western Arizona
 * Quercus tomentella — island oak — # offshore islands of California + Baja California
 * Quercus vacciniifolia — huckleberry oak — # southwestern North America

Section Lobatae
The red oaks (synonym sect. Erythrobalanus), native to North, Central and South America. Styles long, acorns mature in 18 months (in most species), very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly.

 * Quercus acatenangensis Trel. – Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador
 * Quercus acerifolia (E.J.Palmer) Stoynoff & W.J.Hess ex R.J.Jensen – maple-leaved oak or mapleleaf oak – Arkansas
 * Quercus acherdophylla Trel. – # Mexico
 * Quercus acutangula Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus acutifolia, syn. Quercus conspersa — Mexico
 * Quercus aerea Trel. — Mexico
 * Quercus affinis Scheidw. – # Mexico
 * Quercus agrifolia Née – coast live oak – # California, northern Baja California
 * Quercus albocincta Trel. – Mexico (Sierra Madre Occidental)
 * Quercus aristata Hook. & Arn. – Mexico
 * Quercus arkansana Sarg. – Arkansas oak – southeastern North America
 * Quercus benthamii A.DC. – # southern Mexico and Central America
 * Quercus brenesii Trel. – Costa Rica, Mexico
 * Quercus buckleyi Nixon & Dorr – Texas red oak – south central North America
 * Quercus calophylla Schltdl. & Cham. — Mexico
 * Quercus canbyi Trel. (syn. Quercus graciliformis) – Canby oak or Mexican red oak – # Texas, Mexico
 * Quercus castanea Née – # Mexico
 * Quercus charcasana Trel. ex A.Camus – Mexico
 * Quercus chimaltenangana Trel. – Guatemala
 * Quercus coahuilensis Nixon & C.H.Mull. – Mexico
 * Quercus coccinea Münchh. – scarlet oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus coffeicolor Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus confertifolia Bonpl. (syn. Quercus gentryi) — Mexico
 * Quercus conzattii Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus cortesii Liebm. – # southern Mexico and Central America
 * Quercus costaricensis Liebm. – # Costa Rica, Panama
 * Quercus crassifolia Bonpl. – Mexico
 * Quercus crassipes Bonpl. – Mexico
 * Quercus crispifolia Trel. — Mexico
 * Quercus crispipilis Trel. – Mexico, Guatemala
 * Quercus cualensis L.M.González – # Mexico (Sierra Madre del Sur)
 * Quercus delgadoana S.Valencia, Nixon & L.M.Kelly – Mexico
 * Quercus depressa Bonpl. – Mexico
 * Quercus devia Goldman – Mexico (Baja California Peninsula)
 * Quercus durifolia Seemen ex Loes. – Mexico (Sierra Madre Occidental)
 * Quercus × dysophylla — Mexico
 * Quercus eduardi Trel. — Mexico
 * Quercus ellipsoidalis E.J.Hill – northern pin oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus elliptica Née – Mexico
 * Quercus emoryi Torr. – Emory oak – # southwestern U.S., northern Mexico
 * Quercus falcata Michx. – southern red oak or Spanish oak – southeastern North America
 * Quercus floccosa Liebm. – Mexico
 * Quercus flocculenta C.H.Mull. — Mexico
 * Quercus fulva Liebm. – Mexico
 * Quercus furfuracea Liebm. – Mexico
 * Quercus galeanensis C.H.Mull. – Mexico
 * Quercus georgiana M.A.Curtis – Georgia oak – southeastern North America
 * Quercus gracilior C.H.Mull. – Honduras
 * Quercus grahamii Benth. – Mexico
 * Quercus gravesii Sudw. – Chisos red oak or Graves oak – Mexico, southwestern North America (Texas)
 * Quercus gulielmi-treleasei C.H.Mull. – Costa Rica to western Panama
 * Quercus hemisphaerica W.Bartram ex Willd. – laurel oak or Darlington oak – # southeastern North America
 * Quercus hintonii E.F.Warb. – Mexico
 * Quercus hintoniorum Nixon & C.H.Mull. – # Mexico
 * Quercus hirtifolia M.L.Vázquez, S.Valencia & Nixon – # Mexico
 * Quercus humboldtii Bonpl. – Andean oak – # northern South America (Colombia & Panama)
 * Quercus hypoleucoides A.Camus – silverleaf oak – # southwestern North America
 * Quercus hypoxantha Trel. – # Mexico
 * Quercus ignaciensis C.H.Mull. – Sonora
 * Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. – bear oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus iltisii L.M.González – western Mexico
 * Quercus imbricaria Michx. – shingle oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus incana W.Bartram – bluejack oak – southeastern North America
 * Quercus inopina Ashe – sandhill oak – Florida
 * Quercus jonesii Trel. – northern Mexico
 * Quercus kelloggii Newb. – California black oak – California, southwestern Oregon
 * Quercus laevis Walter – turkey oak – southeastern North America
 * Quercus laurifolia Michx. – laurel oak – # southeastern North America
 * Quercus laurina Bonpl. – # Mexico
 * Quercus marilandica (L.) Münchh. – blackjack oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus mcvaughii Spellenb. (orth. var. Q. macvaughii) — Mexico (northern and central Sierra Madre Occidental)
 * Quercus mexicana Bonpl. – Mexico
 * Quercus miquihuanensis Nixon & C.H.Mull. – Mexico (Sierra Madre Oriental)
 * Quercus mulleri Martínez – Mexico
 * Quercus myrtifolia Willd. – myrtle oak – # southeastern North America
 * Quercus nigra L. – water oak – # eastern North America
 * Quercus nixoniana S.Valencia & Lozada-Pérez – Mexico
 * Quercus pagoda Raf. – cherrybark oak – southeastern North America
 * Quercus palustris Münchh. – pin oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus panamandinaea C.H.Mull. – Panama
 * Quercus parvula Greene – Shreve oak, Santa Cruz Island oak – # coastal California
 * Quercus paxtalensis C.H.Mull. – Mexico
 * Quercus peninsularis Trel. – Mexico (Baja California)
 * Quercus pennivenia Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus phellos L. – willow oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus pinnativenulosa C.H.Mull. – Mexico
 * Quercus planipocula Trel. – western Mexico
 * Quercus pumila Walter – runner oak – # southeastern North America
 * Quercus radiata Trel. – Mexico (southern Sierra Madre Occidental)
 * Quercus robusta C.H.Mull. – Chisos Mountains of Texas
 * Quercus rubra L. – northern red oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus rubramenta Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus runcinatifolia Trel. & C.H.Mull. – Mexico
 * Quercus rysophylla Weath. – loquat-leaf oak – # Mexico
 * Quercus salicifolia Née – # Mexico
 * Quercus saltillensis Trel. — Mexico
 * Quercus sapotifolia Liebm. – # southern Mexico, Central America
 * Quercus sartorii Liebm. – Mexico
 * Quercus scytophylla Liebm. — Mexico
 * Quercus seemannii Liebm. – southeastern Mexico and Central America
 * Quercus shumardii Buckley – Shumard oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus sideroxyla Bonpl. – Mexico
 * Quercus skinneri Benth. – Mexico (Chiapas, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas, Veracruz) Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras
 * Quercus tarahumara Spellenb., J.D.Bacon & Breedlove – Mexico
 * Quercus tardifolia C.H.Mull. – lateleaf oak – # two small clumps in Chisos Mountains of Texas
 * Quercus texana Buckley – Nuttall's oak – south central North America (Lower Mississippi River Valley)
 * Quercus tonduzii Seemen – Costa Rica
 * Quercus tuitensis L.M.González — Mexico
 * Quercus urbani Trel. – Mexico
 * Quercus uxoris McVaugh – Mexico
 * Quercus velutina Lam. – black oak or eastern black oak or dyer's oak – eastern North America
 * Quercus viminea Trel. – # Mexico
 * Quercus wislizeni A.DC. – interior live oak – # California
 * Quercus xalapensis Bonpl. – Mexico, Central America

Section Virentes
Section Virentes has also been treated at lower ranks. Species are native south-eastern Northern America, Mexico, the West Indies (Cuba), and Central America. A 2017 classification included seven species:

 * Quercus brandegeei Goldman – Brandegee oak- Baja California Sur
 * Quercus fusiformis Small – Texas live oak or plateau live oak – # south central North America
 * Quercus geminata Small – sand live oak – # southeastern United States
 * Quercus minima (Sarg.) Small – dwarf live oak – # southeastern North America
 * Quercus oleoides Schltdl. & Cham. – # from Costa Rica into Mexico
 * Quercus sagrana (also spelt Q. sagraeana) – Cuban oak – # western Cuba
 * Quercus virginiana Mill. – southern live oak – # southeastern North America

Section Cerris
Species are native to Europe, north Africa and Asia. Styles long; acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless or slightly hairy.

 * Quercus acutissima Carruth. – sawtooth oak – # China (including Tibet), Korea, Japan, Indochina, the Himalayas (Nepal, Bhutan, northeastern India).
 * Quercus afares Pomel – African oak – North Africa
 * Quercus brantii Lindl. – Persian oak – southwestern Asia
 * Quercus castaneifolia C.A.Mey. – chestnut-leaved oak – Caucasus, Iran (Persia)
 * Quercus cerris L. – Turkey oak – southern Europe, southwestern Asia
 * Quercus chenii Nakai – SE China
 * Quercus × crenata Lam. – Spanish oak – France, mainland Italy, Sicily, former Yugoslavia
 * Quercus ithaburensis Decne. – Mount Tabor's oak – southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia
 * Quercus ithaburensis subsp. macrolepis, syn. Quercus macrolepis — Vallonea oak — # southwestern Asia
 * Quercus libani G.Olivier – Lebanon oak – southwestern Asia
 * Quercus look Kotschy – Levant
 * Quercus persica Jaub. & Spach – western Iran
 * Quercus suber L. – cork oak – # southwestern Europe, northwestern Africa
 * Quercus trojana Webb – Macedonian oak – # southeastern Europe
 * Quercus ungeri Kotschy – northwestern Iran
 * Quercus variabilis Blume – Chinese cork oak – eastern Asia

Section Ilex
Species in section Ilex are native to Eurasia and northern Africa. Styles medium-long; acorns mature in 12–24 months, appearing hairy on the inside. Evergreen leaves, with bristle-like extensions on the teeth. (Sister group to sect. Cerris and sometimes included in it.)

 * Quercus acrodonta Seemen — # China
 * Quercus alnifolia Poech — golden oak — # Cyprus
 * Quercus aquifolioides Rehder & E.H.Wilson — # China (including Tibet)
 * Quercus aucheri Jaub. & Spach – eastern Aegean Islands and southwestern Turkey
 * Quercus baloot Griff. – Afghanistan to western Himalayas
 * Quercus baronii Skan – China
 * Quercus bawanglingensis C.C.Huang, Ze X.Li & F.W.Xing – # Hainan
 * Quercus coccifera L., syn. Quercus calliprinos Webb – kermes oak – # southern Europe
 * Quercus cocciferoides Hand.-Mazz. – south-central China
 * Quercus dolicholepis A.Camus – China
 * Quercus engleriana Seemen – Tibet and southern China
 * Quercus fimbriata Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen – south-central China
 * Quercus floribunda Lindl. ex A.Camus – Moru oak – # Himalayas
 * Quercus franchetii Skan – China, eastern Asia
 * Quercus gilliana Rehder & E.H.Wilson – Tibet and China (Sichuan, Yunnan, and Gansu)
 * Quercus guyavifolia H.Lév. – China
 * Quercus handeliana A.Camus – China (Yunnan)
 * Quercus ilex L. – holly oak or holm oak – # southern Europe
 * Quercus kingiana Craib – south-Central China, Myanmar, and Thailand
 * Quercus kongshanensis Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen – China (Sichuan)
 * Quercus lanata Sm. – woolly-leaved oak – # Himalayas, southeast Asia
 * Quercus leucotrichophora A.Camus – Banj oak, blackjack oak, grey oak – # Himalayas
 * Quercus lodicosa O.E.Warb. & E.F.Warb. – Assam, southeastern Tibet, northern Myanmar
 * Quercus longispica (Hand.-Mazz.) A.Camus – China (Yunnan and Sichuan)
 * Quercus marlipoensis Hu & W.C.Cheng – China (Yunnan)
 * Quercus monimotricha (Hand.-Mazz.) Hand.-Mazz. – south-central China and northern Myanmar
 * Quercus oxyphylla (E.H.Wilson) Hand.-Mazz. – China
 * Quercus pannosa Hand.-Mazz. # – China
 * Quercus phillyreoides A.Gray – Southern China, Ryukyu Islands, Japan
 * Quercus pseudococcifera Desf. – Iberia, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Sardinia, Sicily
 * Quercus rehderiana Hand.-Mazz. – Tibet to China (Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou)
 * Quercus rotundifolia Lam. – ballota oak or holm oak – # Iberian peninsula, northwestern Africa
 * Quercus semecarpifolia Sm. – brown oak or Kharshu oak – # Himalayas
 * Quercus senescens Hand.-Mazz. – Eastern Himalayas, Tibet, south-central China
 * Quercus setulosa Hickel & A.Camus – # Laos, Vietnam
 * Quercus spinosa David – China, Myanmar
 * Quercus tarokoensis Hayata – eastern Taiwan
 * Quercus tungmaiensis Y.T.Chang – Arunachal Pradesh and southeastern Tibet
 * Quercus utilis Hu & W.C.Cheng – China (Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi)
 * Quercus yiwuensis Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen – China (Yunnan)

Section Cyclobalanopsis
The ring-cupped oaks (synonym genus Cyclobalanopsis), native to eastern and southeastern tropical Asia. They have corns with distinctive cups bearing concrescent rings of scales. They commonly also have densely clustered acorns, though this does not apply to all of the species. About 90 species.
 * Species

 * Quercus acuta Thunb. – Japanese evergreen oak. # Japan, Korea
 * Quercus albicaulis Chun & W.C.Ko – # China
 * Quercus annulata Sm. – # The Himalayas to Vietnam
 * Quercus arbutifolia Hickel & A.Camus – # Vietnam (endemic)
 * Quercus argentata Korth. – # Malaysia, Indonesia
 * Quercus argyrotricha A.Camus – # Guizhou (China)
 * Quercus asymmetrica Hickel & A.Camus – # China, northern Vietnam
 * Quercus augustinii Skan – # China, Vietnam
 * Quercus austrocochinchinensis Hickel & A.Camus – # China, Thailand, Vietnam
 * Quercus baniensis A.Camus – central Vietnam
 * Quercus bambusifolia Hance – China (Guangdong, Guangxi), northern Vietnam
 * Quercus bella Chun & Tsiang – # China
 * Quercus blakei Skan (syn. Q. chrysocalyx) — # China, Laos, Vietnam
 * Quercus blaoensis A.Camus – southeastern Vietnam
 * Quercus braianensis A.Camus – # Vietnam (endemic)
 * Quercus brandisiana Kurz – upland Indochina, Bangladesh
 * Quercus brevicalyx A.Camus — # China, Laos
 * Quercus breviradiata (W.C.Cheng) C.C.Huang – central and south-central China
 * Quercus cambodiensis Hickel & A.Camus – Cambodia
 * Quercus championii Benth. – # China, Taiwan
 * Quercus chevalieri Hickel & A.Camus – # China, Vietnam
 * Quercus chrysocalyx Hickel & A.Camus – # Vietnam
 * Quercus chrysotricha A.Camus – Borneo (Sarawak)
 * Quercus chungii F.P.Metcalf – # China
 * Quercus ciliaris C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang – China (Hubei, Sichuan, Zhejiang, Anhui)
 * Quercus daimingshanensis (S.K.Lee) C.C.Huang – # China
 * Quercus dankiaensis A.Camus — # Vietnam (endemic)
 * Quercus delavayi Franch. – # China
 * Quercus delicatula Chun & Tsiang – # China
 * Quercus dilacerata Hickel & A.Camus – northern Vietnam
 * Quercus dinghuensis C.C.Huang – # China
 * Quercus disciformis Chun & Tsiang – # China
 * Quercus donnaiensis A.Camus – southeastern Vietnam
 * Quercus edithiae Skan – # China, Vietnam
 * Quercus elevaticostata (Q.F.Zheng) C.C.Huang – # Fujian (China)
 * Quercus elmeri Merr. – Sumatra, Borneo, Peninsular Malaysia
 * Quercus eumorpha Kurz – southern Myanmar
 * Quercus fuliginosa Chun & W.C.Ko – Hainan
 * Quercus gaharuensis Soepadmo – western Borneo, eastern Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia
 * Quercus gambleana A.Camus – # China, India
 * Quercus gemelliflora Blume – # Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam
 * Quercus gilva Blume – # Japan, Taiwan, China
 * Quercus glauca Thunb. – ring-cupped oak – # from Afghanistan to Japan and Vietnam
 * Quercus gomeziana A.Camus – # Vietnam
 * Quercus gracilenta Chun – China (Guangdong)
 * Quercus helferiana A.DC. – # China, India, Burma/Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam
 * Quercus hondae Makino – # Kyūshū (Japan)
 * Quercus hui Chun – China
 * Quercus hypargyrea (Seemen ex Diels) C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang (as Q. multinervis) — # China
 * Quercus hypophaea Hayata – # Taiwan
 * Quercus jenseniana Hand.-Mazz. – # China
 * Quercus jinpinensis (Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen) C.C.Huang – # China
 * Quercus kerangasensis Soepadmo – Borneo
 * Quercus kerrii Craib – Kerr's oak – # Vietnam, Thailand, possibly China
 * Quercus kinabaluensis Soepadmo – Borneo
 * Quercus kiukiangensis (Y.T.Chang) Y.T.Chang – # China
 * Quercus kouangsiensis A.Camus – # China
 * Quercus lamellosa Sm. – # Himalayas
 * Quercus langbianensis Hickel & A.Camus (syn. Q. camusiae) – # Cambodia, China, Vietnam
 * Quercus lenticellata Barnett – northern Thailand
 * Quercus liaoi C.F.Shen – Taiwan
 * Quercus lineata Blume – # Assam, Bangladesh, Indochina, Hainan, Malaysia, western Indonesia
 * Quercus litseoides Dunn – # China
 * Quercus lobbii Hook.f. & Thomson ex Ettingsh. – # China, India
 * Quercus longinux Hayata – # Taiwan
 * Quercus lowii King – # Borneo
 * Quercus lungmaiensis (Hu) C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang – # Yunnan (China)
 * Quercus macrocalyx Hickel & A.Camus – # Vietnam
 * Quercus meihuashanensis (Q.F.Zheng) C.C.Huang – China (Fujian)
 * Quercus merrillii Seemen – # Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia), Palawan (Philippines)
 * Quercus mespilifolia Wall. ex A.DC. – # Vietnam
 * Quercus miyagii (orth. var. Q. miyagei) — Ryukyu Islands
 * Quercus morii Hayata – # Taiwan
 * Quercus motuoensis C.C.Huang – # China
 * Quercus myrsinifolia Blume (syn. Q. neglecta) – bamboo-leaf oak – # China, Japan, Korea, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam
 * Quercus ningangensis (orth. var. Q. ninggangensis) — # China
 * Quercus nivea King – Malaysia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak)
 * Quercus oidocarpa Korth. – Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia (Kalimantan, Sumatra, Bangka)
 * Quercus oxyodon Miq. (syn. Q. songtavanensis) – # Assam, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, Nepal, northern Vietnam
 * Quercus pachyloma Seemen – # China, Taiwan
 * Quercus pentacycla Y.T.Chang – # China
 * Quercus percoriacea Soepadmo – Borneo
 * Quercus petelotii A.Camus – # Vietnam (endemic)
 * Quercus phanera Chun – # China
 * Quercus pinbianensis (Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen) C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang – China (Yunnan)
 * Quercus platycalyx Hickel & A.Camus – Vietnam
 * Quercus poilanei (orth. var. Q. poilanii) — # China, Thailand, Vietnam
 * Quercus pseudoverticillata Soepadmo – Borneo
 * Quercus quangtriensis Hickel & A.Camus – # Vietnam
 * Quercus ramsbottomii A.Camus – Myanmar, Thailand
 * Quercus rex Hemsl. – # China, India, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam
 * Quercus rupestris Hickel & A.Camus – # Vietnam (endemic)
 * Quercus salicina Blume – # Japan, South Korea
 * Quercus saravanensis A.Camus – # China, Laos, Vietnam
 * Quercus schottkyana Rehder & E.H.Wilson – # China
 * Quercus semiserrata Roxb. – # China, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, Thailand
 * Quercus semiserratoides (Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen) C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang – China (southeastern Yunnan)
 * Quercus sessilifolia Blume – # Japan, Taiwan, China
 * Quercus sichourensis (Y.C.Hsu) C.C.Huang & Y.T.Chang – # Yunnan (China)
 * Quercus steenisii Soepadmo – northern Sumatra
 * Quercus stenophylloides Hayata – # Taiwan
 * Quercus stewardiana A.Camus – # China
 * Quercus subsericea A.Camus – # Sumatra, Borneo, western Java, Malay Peninsula
 * Quercus sumatrana Soepadmo – # Sumatra and Borneo
 * Quercus thomsoniana A.DC. – Sikkim, Bhutan, northern Bangladesh
 * Quercus thorelii Hickel & A.Camus – # China, Laos, Vietnam
 * Quercus tiaoloshanica Chun & W.C.Ko – Hainan
 * Quercus tomentosinervis (Y.C.Hsu & H.Wei Jen) C.C.Huang – # China
 * Quercus treubiana Seemen – # Sumatra, Borneo
 * Quercus valdinervosa Soepadmo – Borneo
 * Quercus vestita Griff. – Assam
 * Quercus xanthoclada Drake – Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam
 * Quercus xanthotricha A.Camus – # China, Laos, Vietnam
 * Quercus xuanlienensis H.T.Binh, Ngoc & T.N.Bo – Vietnam
 * Quercus yonganensis L.K.Ling & C.C.Huang – # China

Section uncertain

 * Quercus changhualingensis (G.A.Fu & X.J.Hong) N.H.Xia & Y.H.Tong – Hainan
 * Quercus dongfangensis C.C.Huang, F.W.Xing & Ze X.Li – Hainan
 * Quercus yanqianii (G.A.Fu) N.H.Xia & Y.H.Tong – Hainan

Intersectional hybrids

 * Quercus × turneri = Quercus ilex × Quercus robur — sect. Ilex × sect. Quercus – Turner's oak — Spain

title: List of Quercus species


text:
Ferdinand I of Austria

Ferdinand I (Ferdinand I. 19 April 1793 – 29 June 1875) was Emperor of Austria from March 1835 until his abdication in December 1848. He was also King of Hungary, Croatia and Bohemia (as Ferdinand V), King of Lombardy–Venetia and holder of many other lesser titles (see grand title of the Emperor of Austria). Due to his passive but well-intentioned character, he gained the sobriquet The Benign (Der Gütige) or The Benevolent (Ferdinand Dobrotivý, Polish: Ferdynand Dobrotliwy).

Ferdinand succeeded his father Francis I upon his death on 2 March 1835. He was incapable of ruling the empire because of severe epilepsy, so his father, before he died, made a will promulgating that Ferdinand should consult his uncle Archduke Louis on all aspects of internal policy and urged him to be influenced by Prince Metternich, Austria's Foreign Minister.

Following the Revolutions of 1848, Ferdinand abdicated on 2 December 1848. He was succeeded by his nephew, Franz Joseph. Following his abdication, he lived in Hradčany Palace, Prague, until his death in 1875.

Ferdinand married Maria Anna of Savoy, the sixth child of Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia. They had no children.

Early life
Ferdinand was the eldest son of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor and Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily. Possibly as a result of his parents' genetic closeness (they were double first cousins), Ferdinand had hydrocephalus, neurological problems including epilepsy, and a speech impediment. He was educated by Baron Josef Kalasanz von Erberg, and his wife Countess Josephine von Attems.

Reign
Ferdinand suffered from epilepsy. Although he has been depicted as feeble-minded and incapable of ruling, he kept a coherent and legible diary and has even been said to have had a sharp wit. However, suffering as many as twenty seizures per day severely restricted his ability to rule with any effectiveness. Though he was not declared incapacitated, a Regent's Council (Archduke Louis, Count Kolowrat, and Prince Metternich) steered the government.

When Ferdinand married Princess Maria Anna of Savoy, the court physician considered it unlikely that he would be able to consummate the marriage. When he tried to consummate the marriage, he had five seizures. He is also remembered for his command to his cook: when told he could not have apricot dumplings (Marillenknödel) because apricots were out of season, he said "I am the Emperor, and I want dumplings!" (Ich bin der Kaiser und ich will Knödel!).

1848 Revolution

As the revolutionaries of 1848 were marching on the palace, he is supposed to have asked Metternich for an explanation. When Metternich answered that they were starting a revolution, Ferdinand is supposed to have said "But are they allowed to do that?" (Viennese German: Ja, dürfen's denn des?) He was convinced by Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg to abdicate in favour of his nephew, Franz Joseph (the next in line was Ferdinand's younger brother Franz Karl, but he was persuaded to renounce his succession rights in favour of his son) who would occupy the Austrian throne for the next 68 years.

Ferdinand recorded the events in his diary: "The affair ended with the new Emperor kneeling before his old Emperor and Lord, that is to say, me, and asking for a blessing, which I gave him, laying both hands on his head and making the sign of the Holy Cross ... then I embraced him and kissed our new master, and then we went to our room. Afterwards I and my dear wife heard Holy Mass ... After that I and my dear wife packed our bags."

In retirement (1848–1875)

Ferdinand was the last King of Bohemia to be crowned as such. Due to his sympathy with Bohemia (where he spent the rest of his life in Prague Castle) he was given the Czech nickname "Ferdinand V, the Good" (Ferdinand Dobrotivý). In Austria, Ferdinand was similarly nicknamed "Ferdinand der Gütige" (Ferdinand the Benign), but also ridiculed as "Gütinand der Fertige" (Goodinand the Finished).

Ferdinand was also the last ruler to be crowned with the Iron Crown of Lombardy in his capacity as King of Lombardy-Venetia.

He is interred in tomb number 62 in the Imperial Crypt in Vienna.

Titles and honours
He used the titles:

His Imperial and Royal Apostolic Majesty Ferdinand the First, By the Grace of God
 * Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary, Bohemia, fifth by this name, King of Lombardy and Venice, King of Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Galicia, Lodomeria, and Illyria;
 * King of Jerusalem etc.
 * Archduke of Austria
 * Grand duke of Tuscany and Cracow [from 1846];
 * Duke of Lorraine, Salzburg, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, Upper and Lower Silesia, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, of Auschwitz and Zator, of Teschen, Friuli, Ragusa, and Zara;
 * Grand prince of Transylvania;
 * Margrave of Moravia;
 * Princely Count of Habsburg, Kyburg, Tyrol, Gorizia and Gradisca;
 * Prince of Trent and Brixen;
 * Margrave of Upper and Lower Lusatia and in Istria, Count of Hohenems, Feldkirch, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, etc.
 * Lord of Trieste, Cattaro and over the Windic March.

Honours
• Austrian Empire:

• * Knight of the Golden Fleece, 1793

• * Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen, 1830

• * Grand Cross of the Imperial Order of Leopold

• * Knight of the Iron Crown, 1st Class

• France:

• * French Empire: Grand Eagle of the Legion of Honour

• * Kingdom of France: Knight of the Holy Spirit, 1816

•  Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1824

•  Duchy of Parma: Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George, with Collar, 1826

•  Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order, 11 April 1830

•  Electorate of Hesse: Grand Cross of the Golden Lion, 26 December 1830

•  Baden:

• * Grand Cross of the House Order of Fidelity, 1830

• * Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1830

•  Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1830

•  Two Sicilies:

• * Knight of St. Januarius, 1830

• * Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit

•  Württemberg: Knight of the Golden Eagle, 1830

•  Kingdom of Sardinia: Knight of the Annunciation, 12 January 1831

•  Kingdom of Prussia: Knight of the Black Eagle, 24 January 1831

• 🇩🇰 Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 1 February 1831

•  Empire of Brazil: Grand Cross of the Southern Cross

•  Kingdom of Portugal:

• * Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ

• * Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword

•  Russian Empire: Knight of St. Andrew, 28 February 1835

•  Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 2 April 1835

• 🇸🇪 Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Seraphim, 14 April 1835

•    Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, May 1835

•  Ascanian duchies: Grand Cross of Albert the Bear, 18 March 1837

•  Kingdom of Hanover:

• * Knight of St. George, 1847

• * Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order, 1847

• 🇪🇸 Spain: Grand Cross of the Order of Charles III, 23 April 1849

•  Grand Duchy of Tuscany: Grand Cross of St. Joseph

Ancestry
Ferdinand's parents were double first cousins as they shared all four grandparents (Francis' paternal grandparents were his wife's maternal grandparents and vice versa). Therefore, Ferdinand only had four great-grandparents, being descended from each of them twice. Further back in his ancestry there is more pedigree collapse due to the close intermarriage between the Houses of Austria and Spain and other Catholic monarchies.

title: Ferdinand I of Austria


text:
LyX

LyX (styled as  L Y X ; pronounced ) is an open source, graphical user interface document processor based on the LaTeX typesetting system. Unlike most word processors, which follow the WYSIWYG ("what you see is what you get") paradigm, LyX has a WYSIWYM ("what you see is what you mean") approach, where what shows up on the screen roughly depicts the semantic structure of the page and is only an approximation of the document produced by TeX.

Since LyX relies on the typesetting system of LaTeX without being a full-fledged LaTeX editor itself, it has the power and flexibility of LaTeX, and can handle documents including books, notes, theses, academic papers, letters, etc. LyX's interface is structured so that while knowledge of the LaTeX markup language is not necessary for basic usage, new LaTeX directives can be added into the document to support more complex features during editing — though not at the level of full control a full-fledged LaTeX editor can provide.

LyX is popular among technical authors and scientists for its advanced mathematical modes, though it is increasingly used by non-mathematically-oriented scholars as well for its bibliographic database integration and its ability to manage multiple files. LyX has also become a popular publishing tool among self-publishers.

LyX is available for all major operating systems, including Windows, MacOS, Linux, UNIX, ChromeOS, OS/2 and Haiku. LyX can be redistributed and modified under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is thus free software.

Features
LyX is a fully featured document processor. It provides structured document creation and editing, branches for having different versions of the same document, master and child documents, change tracking, support for writing documents in many languages and scripts, spell checking, graphics, table editing and automatic cross-reference (hyperlink) managing. LyX provides automatically numbered headings, titles, and paragraphs, with document outline. It features a powerful mathematical formula editor with point-and-click or keyboard-only interface.

LyX has native support for many document classes and templates available in LaTeX through. User layouts and modules can be made for those missing. Text is laid out according to standard typographic rules, including ligatures, kerning, indents, spacing, and hyphenation. It provides BibTeX/BibLaTeX citation support, comprehensive cross-referencing and PDF hyperlinks. LyX can import various common text formats.

Documents can be processed in LaTeX, PdfLaTeX, XeTeX and LuaTeX typesetting systems or exported to XHTML, DocBook, EPUB (via Docbook) and plain text. Versioning is provided through external control systems like SVN, Git, RCS, and CVS.

LyX supports right-to-left languages like Arabic, Persian, and Hebrew, along with support for bi-directional text. Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages are supported as well.

Documents can embed calculations via Octave or Computer Algebra Systems (CAS) like Maple, Maxima and Mathematica. Commands will be forwarded to the external programs and results will be embedded in the document.

History
Matthias Ettrich started developing a shareware program called Lyrix in 1995. It was then announced on Usenet, where it received a great deal of attention in the following years.

Shortly after the initial release, Lyrix was renamed to LyX due to a name clash with a word processor produced by the company Santa Cruz Operation. The name LyX was chosen because of the file suffix .lyx for Lyrix files.

Versions
LyX has no set release schedule. Releases occur when there are important bug fixes or significant improvements. The following table lists the dates of all major releases. For collaboration between different users using the same major release is recommended as LyX file format remains fixed within each major release (e.g. all minor LyX versions 2.3.0, 2.3.1, 2.3.2, ... use strictly the same file format).

title: LyX