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Aubange

Aubange (Ibingen; Éibeng; Åbindje) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2012 the municipality, which covers 45.6 km2, had 16,042 inhabitants, giving a population density of 330.9 inhabitants per km2. It is the third municipality of the Province of Luxembourg regarding the number of inhabitants but it is also among the smallest ones in terms of area.

The municipality is French-speaking but most of which falls within the Luxembourgish-speaking Arelerland, adjoins the tripoint where the borders of Belgium, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and France meet.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Athus, Aubange, Halanzy, and Rachecourt.

History
The district of Aubange was a municipality itself before the reorganization of the Belgian municipalities in 1977. Even though the new municipality took the name Aubange, the biggest place is Athus and it is where most of the services and official buildings are, like the townhall, the police station, the fire station, the post office, etc.

Geography
Aubange is located in the Lorraine region in the south of Belgium just next to France and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg.

Subdivisions
The municipality consists of the following sub-municipalities: Aubange proper, Athus, Halanzy, and Rachecourt.

Other population centers include: Aix-sur-Cloie, Battincourt, and Guerlange.

Population
The following graph represents the growing of the population in the municipality since 1990. The village of Aubange itself contains about 4,000 inhabitants.

Economy
For a long time, Aubange has been linked with siderurgy. There were two big factories in Athus and in Halanzy and also a mine. But because of the concurrence of the foreign markets (especially the ones from Asia and Africa), siderurgy as not profitable anymore and all the factories closed one after another in the whole area.

Now the politics have tried to found new ways to develop the economy. One of the most well-known activities is the Railway Containers Terminal of Athus which deals with thousands of containers each year from the big harbors of the North Sea like Antwerp and Rotterdam to the inland of France, Germany or Luxembourg.

Transports
Aubange has a short highway: the A28/E411 with two exits: 4 Aubange and 3 Athus. The A28 continues north as the N81 towards Arlon and eventually Brussels. Going south it ends at the French border and continues in France as the N52 towards Longwy and Thionville. Besides the highway, Aubange is also crossed by the major N88 road from the Luxembourg border near Pétange, via Athus, Aubange proper and Halanzy towards Virton and Florenville. In total, the municipality is crossed by the following national roads, mainained by the Walloon Region:

 * A28/E411: France (Longwy) - Aubange - Arlon
 * N81: Aubange - Arlon
 * N88: Luxembourg (Pétange) - Athus - Aubange - Halanzy - Virton - Florenville
 * N800: Rachecourt - Musson
 * N804: Luxembourg (Rodange) - Aubange
 * N813: N88 - Aix-sur-Cloie - Meix-le-Tige - Étalle
 * N830/E44: Luxembourg (Pétange) - Athus Container Terminal - France (Mont-Saint-Martin)
 * N870: N88 - Halanzy - Rachecourt - Habergy - Arlon
 * N872: Luxembourg (Rodange) - Athus
 * N883: France (Mont-Saint-Martin) - Aubange - Messancy

The villages of Battincourt and Guerlange are only connected via municipal roads, not via the N-network.

There are 6 border crossings with Luxembourg and 5 with France:

 * Rue Albert Claude from neighbouring Messancy to Clemency (LU)
 * Rue de la Frontière from Guerlange to Clemency (LU)
 * N88 Athus - Pétange (LU)
 * N872 Athus - Rodange (LU)
 * N830/E44 Athus - Pétange (LU)
 * N804 Aubange - Rodange (LU)
 * N830/E44 Athus - Mont-Saint-Martin (FR)
 * A28/E411 Athus - Mont-Saint-Martin (FR)
 * N883 Aubange - Mont-Saint-Martin (FR)
 * Rue de l'Ermitage Halanzy - Mont-Saint-Martin (FR)

Aubange is served by the Walloon transport authority TEC with following bus lines:

 * 16: Virton - Halanzy - Aubange - Athus - Arlon
 * 20: Châtillon - Rachecourt - Arlon
 * 21: Battincourt - Aix-sur-Cloie - Aubange - Athus - Arlon
 * 83: Virton - Halanzy - Aubange - Luxembourg (LU)
 * 161: Virton - Halanzy - Aubange - Athus - Arlon
 * 169: Saint-Mard - Halanzy - Aubange - Athus
 * 201: Châtillon - Rachecourt - Arlon
 * 211: Battincourt - Aix-sur-Cloie - Aubange - Athus - Differt - Stockem
 * 212: Rodange (LU) - Athus - Arlon
 * 711: Virton - Mussy-la-Ville - Halanzy - Aubange - Athus
 * 721: Musson - Rachecourt - Halanzy - Aubange - Athus - Differt
 * 722: Bascharage (LU) - Athus - Aubange - Differt
 * 731: Saint-Léger - Aubange - Athus
 * 741: Arlon - Hondelange - Athus
 * 751: Athus - Aubange - Longwy (FR)
 * 761: Athus - Guerlange

Besides the Belgian service, Aubange is also served by Luxembourgisch bus service with one line:

 * 703: Luxembourg - Pétange - Aubange - Athus - Mont-Saint-Martin (FR)

There are three railway stations in the municipality: in Athus, in Aubange and in Halanzy. The municipality is crossed by railway lines 165 and 167 and is connected by local train service to the provincial capital Arlon and to neighbouring Luxembourg. The municipality has the following train services:

The closest airport to Aubange is Luxembourg Airport, located 38km northeast.
 * L-165: Libramont - Bertrix - Virton - Halanzy - Aubange - Athus - Arlon
 * L-165: Athus - Rodange (LU) - Luxembourg (LU)

title: Aubange


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Martelange

Martelange (Martelingen; Maartel ; Måtlindje) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 29.67 km2, had 1,584 inhabitants, giving a population density of 53.4 inhabitants per km2. Besides Martelange itself, the municipality includes the villages of Grumelange and Radelange.

For some 1.8 km, the N4 Brussels to Arlon road, which passes through the village, forms the border with the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Because fuel, tobacco, and alcohol taxes are lower in Luxembourg than in Belgium, the eastern, Luxembourgish side of this stretch of road has become lined with numerous petrol stations and liquor stores.

History
Between 1830 and 1947, the town was a major slate quarrying centre, though the industry has now completely disappeared.

On August 21, 1967, a French tanker lorry containing 45 000 litres of Liquefied petroleum gas suffered from failing brakes while driving downhill. It exploded in the middle of the village, killing 22 people and injuring 54. Dozens of houses were completely destroyed.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Martelange


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Messancy

Messancy (Metzig; Miezeg; Messanceye) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

Population
On 1 January 2022 the municipality, had 8,339 inhabitants, giving a population density of 159.1 inhabitants per km2.

Area
The municipality covers 52.43 km2.

Sub-Municipalities
The municipality consists of the following districts: Habergy, Hondelange, Messancy, Sélange, and Wolkrange.

Other population centers include: Bébange, Buvange, Differt, Guelff, Longeau, and Turpange.

Transport
Messancy is transversed by the E25 highway from Liège to Luxembourg in the north. There are no highway exits in Messancy, but there is one exit just north of the municipality at Weyler. The European highway E411 from Brussels and Namur is double signed with the E25 until the exit in Weyler where it takes the N81 south. The major N81 route crosses the municipality north to south. It arrives from the provincial capital Arlon, passing the highway at the Weyler exit and continues south to Aubange and the French border near Longwy. It forms the backbone for transportation to the commune. The following national routes transvere Messancy:

 * E25: Liège - Arlon - Luxembourg (Luxembourg City)
 * E411: Brussels - Namur - Arlon - Messancy - France (Longwy)
 * N81: Arlon - Differt - Messancy - Aubange
 * N813: Aic-sur-Cloie - Meix-le-Tige - Étalle
 * N870: Halanzy - Habergy - Arlon
 * N883: France (Mont-Saint-Martin) - Aubange - Messancy - Differt

Guelff, Bébange, Buvange, Longeau, Sélange, Turpange, Wolkrange and Hondelange are only reachable via municipal roads and are not connected via the national route network. Wolkrange, Hondelange, Turpange and Buvange are located very close to the N81 road though. Sélange hosts the only border crossing in the municipality towards the Luxembourgish village Clemency.

Messancy is served by the Walloon transport authority TEC with following bus lines:

 * 16/161: Virton - Athus - Messancy - Differt - Arlon
 * 20/201: Châtillon - Rachecourt - Habergy - Guelff - Bébange - Differt - Buvange - Wolkrange - Arlon
 * 21: Battincourt - Athus - Longeau - Messancy - Turpange - Differt - Arlon
 * 211: Battincourt - Athus - Longeau - Messancy - Turpange/Differt OR Sélange/Hondelange - Arlon - Stockem
 * 212: Rodange (LU) - Athus - Differt - Turpange - Buvange - Wolkrange - Arlon
 * 213: Messancy - Sélange - Hondelange - Arlon
 * 721: Musson - Athus - Messancy - Differt
 * 722: Bascharage (LU) - Athus - Differt
 * 723: Arlon - Differt
 * 731: Saint-Léger - Habergy - Guelff - Bébange - Wolkrange - Buvange - Differt - Messancy - Athus
 * 741: Arlon - Hondelange - Sélange - Messancy - Differt - Turpange - Messancy - Longeau - Athus
 * 80: Arlon - Hondelange - Luxembourg City (LU)
 * 83: Virton - Aubange - Messancy - Differt - Luxembourg City (LU)

Beside TEC, there is also Luxembourgish bus service:

 * 801: Luxembourg City (LU) - Capellen (LU) - Hondelange - Sélange - Messancy

Messancy has one train station in the main village. It is only served by local, slow train service on one line:

The closest airport with public service is Luxembourg Airport 30km to the east.
 * L-165: Libramont - Bertrix - Virton - Messancy - Arlon

title: Messancy


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ICCF Holland

International Child Care Fund Holland (ICCF Holland) is a small non-governmental organization that supports a project in Kibaale, a small town in the south of Uganda. The project aims at helping AIDS victims.

Organization
In this poor area of Africa, many adults are infected with HIV. When they die, the children are left behind. At the project they receive the support they need. Education is provided at the school (nursery, primary, secondary, vocational). A clinic provides the only affordable medical help in the area.

Stichting ICCF Holland is registered in Venlo, the Netherlands. All the work is done by volunteers, which makes it possible to send 99% of the donated money to the project. Donors may sponsor a child or make a one-time donation.

Bram Moolenaar, author of the text editor Vim, founded ICCF Holland and served as its treasurer until his death in 2023. Vim is free software, released under a charityware license that encourage users to contribute to ICCF and help children in Uganda. A message to this effect appears every time Vim is started without a file.

title: ICCF Holland


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Bastogne

Bastogne (Bastenaken ; Bastnach/Bastenach ; Baaschtnech ) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg in the Ardennes, Belgium.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bastogne, Longvilly, Noville, Villers-la-Bonne-Eau, and Wardin. The town is situated on a ridge in the Ardennes at an elevation of 510 m.

On 1 January 2025, it will merge with Bertogne into a new municipality.

History
At the time of the Roman conquest the region of Bastogne was inhabited by the Treveri, a tribe of Gauls. A form of the name Bastogne was first mentioned only much later, in 634, when the local lord ceded these territories to the St Maximin's Abbey, near Trier. A century later, the Bastogne area went to the nearby Prüm Abbey. The town of Bastogne and its marketplace are again mentioned in an 887 document. By the 13th century, Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor and count of Luxemburg, was minting coins in Bastogne. In 1332, John the Blind, his son, granted the city its charter and had it encircled by defensive walls, part of which, the current Porte de Trèves, still exists. In 1451, the lands of the county of Luxemburg were absorbed into the Duchy of Burgundy and as a result, Bastogne became part of the lands of the Spanish Crown when the Burgundian heir Charles became king of Spain in 1516.

The city's walls were quite effective at protecting it during the troubled times that followed. The city's economy actually flourished thanks to the renown of its agricultural and cattle fairs. In 1602, the walls successfully repelled an attack by forces of the Dutch Republic. In 1688, they were dismantled by order of King Louis XIV when the town was occupied by French forces during the Nine Years War.

The 19th century and Belgium's independence were favourable to Bastogne, as its forest products and cattle fairs became better known abroad. Several railway lines were built to link it to the neighbouring towns. This all came to an end with the German occupation during World War I.

World War II
Liberated by the Allies on 10 September 1944, Bastogne was attacked by German forces a few months later. Hitler's plan was to regain control of the Ardennes, splitting British from American forces, then advance to and reoccupy the strategic port of Antwerp and cut off the key Allied supply line. The Battle of the Bulge began on 16 December, when German artillery, taking advantage of cold and fog, attacked the American divisions deployed sparsely around Bastogne. A few days later, Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe and the 101st Airborne Division along with elements of the 10th Armored Division and the 82nd Airborne Division, arrived to counter-attack but, after heavy fighting, became encircled within the town. On 22 December, German emissaries asked for the American surrender; McAuliffe answered tersely, “Nuts!” The next day the skies cleared, allowing Allied air forces to retaliate and to drop much-needed food, medicine, and weapons to ground forces. On 26 December, the Third U.S. Army, under the command of General George S. Patton, arrived and broke the siege. The official end of the Battle of Bastogne occurred three weeks later, when all fighting in the area ceased.

Bastogne is the terminus of the Liberty Road, the commemorative way that marks the path of liberating Allied forces, and of the Third Army that subsequently relieved Bastogne.

Geography
Bastogne is located in the Belgian Ardennes, in the east of the province of Luxembourg. The city is 12 km away from the Luxembourg border. Its altitude is 515 m high on the ridge line separating the catchment areas of the Rhine and Meuse. It is the 9th largest municipality in Belgium and the third largest in the province (after Libramont-Chevigny and Léglise). In terms of population, it is the 4th largest municipality in the province after Arlon, Marche-en-Famenne and Aubange.

The 50th degree of north latitude crosses the city.

The municipality of Bastogne comprises five sections (Bastogne proper, Longvilly, Noville, Villers-la-Bonne-Eau, and Wardin) which were separate municipalities before the 1977 merger of municipalities. Each contains a number of villages.

 * Bastogne: Bizory, Chifontaine, Hemroulle, Isle-la-Hesse, Isle-le-Pré, Savy, Senonchamps ;
 * Longvilly: Al-Hez, Arloncourt, Bourcy, Horritine, Michamps, Moinet, Oubourcy ;
 * Noville: Cobru, Fagnoux, Foy, Hardigny, Luzery, Rachamps, Recogne, Vaux, Wicourt ;
 * Villers-la-Bonne-Eau: Livarchamps, Losange, Lutrebois, Lutremange, Remoifosse ;
 * Wardin: Benonchamps, Bras, Harzy, Mageret, Marenwez, Marvie, Mont, Neffe.

Climate
Bastogne has an oceanic climate similar to the remainder of Belgium, but with more continental influences due to it being inland and elevated in comparison to lowland areas nearer the Atlantic. In spite of this the winters are heavily moderated for its latitude and although snowfall and frosts are common, means remain just above freezing.

Sights

 * The 101st Airborne Museum includes dioramas and more about the experiences of soldiers and civilians during the siege of the city during World War II.
 * The Bastogne Barracks museum is free and operated by the Belgian Army. It is located in the barracks used as the headquarters of the U.S. 101st Airborne during the Siege of Bastogne. It features an extensive collection of restored tanks and military vehicles as well as a guided tour of the underground barracks and artifacts from U.S., German and British forces. The base ("caserne") is about 5 blocks from the Place de St. Pierre. The museum includes the basement office where General McAuliffe issued the famous "Nuts!" response to the German demand for surrender. Other rooms display artillery, small arms, radio and medical equipment. Belgian Army specialists guide visitors through the base.
 * The Bastogne War Museum has many war artifacts and videos recreating the experience of the Battle of the Bulge for visitors.
 * The Porte de Trèves, part of the defensive walls that had been erected in the 14th century by John the Blind, can still be seen.
 * The Romanesque tower of St Pierre church and its baptismal fonts also date from the Middle Ages.
 * The Mardasson Memorial, was erected near Bastogne in 1950 to honor the memory of American soldiers wounded or killed during the Battle of the Bulge.
 * Monuments to Brigadier General McAuliffe, General Patton and others can be found around town.
 * Recogne German war cemetery, 6 km to the North. Contains the graves of 6,807 German soldiers.

Folklore
The key character of all legends about Bastogne is the so-called piche-cacaye. This is pronounced "pish-cackay".

Transportation
Bastogne originally had an NMBS/SNCB railway line connecting it to Libramont and to Gouvy. Passenger trains to Gouvy stopped in 1984 and in the 1990s the line to Libramont was taken out of service. The two station buildings in Bastogne remain, but are now used for other purposes. Part of the rail line has been converted into a cycle path.

The city has two bus stations: Bastogne Nord and Bastogne Sud, supporting a rural shuttle from Bastogne Nord to Libramont stopping only at Bastogne Sud.

Sports

 * Bastogne is the halfway point of the Liège–Bastogne–Liège classic bicycle race, one of the oldest and most prestigious one-day events in the professional road cycling calendar, dating back to the late 19th century.
 * The Circuit des Ardennes, which today refers to a bicycle race, used to refer to a 600 km car race near Bastogne. The race used attracted famous enthusiasts, such as German Emperor William II.  It was moved to Francorchamps around World War I, where it lives on as the Belgian Grand Prix.

title: Bastogne


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Bertogne

Bertogne (Biertogne) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium. On 1 January 2025, it will merge with Bastogne into a new municipality.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 91.67 km², had 3,002 inhabitants, giving a population density of 32.7 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bertogne, Flamierge, and Longchamps.

Other population centers include: • Bethomont

• Compogne

• Berhain

• Frenet

• Gives

• Givroulle

• Givry

• Roumont

• Salle

• Troismont

• Tronle

• Wigny

• Champs

• Fays

• Flamisoul

• Mande-Saint-Étienne

• Monaville

• Rolley

• Rouette

• Withimont

title: Bertogne


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Fauvillers

Fauvillers (Feitweiler; Fäteler; Faiviè) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 74.11 km2, had 2,071 inhabitants, giving it a population density of 27.9 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Fauvillers, Hollange, and Tintange. Other population centers include:
 * Bodange
 * Burnon
 * Honville
 * Hotte
 * Malmaison
 * Menufontaine
 * Sainlez
 * Strainchamps
 * Warnach
 * Wisembach

title: Fauvillers


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Gouvy

Gouvy (Gouvi) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 165.11 km2, had 4,780 inhabitants, giving a population density of 29 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Beho, Bovigny, Cherain, Limerlé, and Montleban. Villages in the municipality include Baclain, Bistain, Brisy, Cherapont, Cierreux, Courtil, Deiffelt, Halconreux, Halonru, Honvelez, Langlire, Lomré, Ourthe, Rettigny, Rogery, Steinbach, Sterpigny, Vaux and Wathermal. The administrative headquarters are situated in Bovigny.

The Ourthe Orientale river originates in the municipality of Gouvy, near the hamlet of Ourthe.

Transportation
Gouvy railway station is served by intercity trains between Liège and Luxembourg. Gouvy used to be a railway junction, with connections towards Bastogne and Sankt-Vith. The line towards Sankt-Vith was dismantled in the 1960s. Passenger traffic to Bastogne was stopped in 1984, and the railway tracks have been converted to a RAVeL cycle/pedestrian path.

title: Gouvy


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Houffalize

Houffalize (Hohenfels; Oufalijhe) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 166.58 km², had 4,802 inhabitants, giving a population density of 28.8 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Houffalize, Mabompré, Mont, Nadrin, Tailles, Tavigny, and Wibrin. Other population centers include Achouffe, Alboumont, Bœur, Bonnerue, Buret, Cetturu, Chabrehez, Cowan, Dinez, Engreux, Filly, Fontenaille, Mormont, Ollomont, Pisserotte, Sommerain, Taverneux, Vellereux, Vissoûle, Wandebourcy, and Wilogne.

History
Houffalize was a strategic location during the Battle of the Bulge of World War II. Specifically, Generals Montgomery and Patton met up here, Montgomery coming from the north and Patton from the south, in their counter-attack against the German forces remaining in the area. The town was flattened on the night of 5–6 January 1945 by ninety RAF Lancasters of Bomber Command to block the key crossroads for German supply columns and the escape route for German forces. Patton wrote a poem in his diary about the bombing.

Twin towns - Sister cities
Houffalize is a founding member of the Douzelage, a unique town twinning association of 24 towns across the European Union. This active town twinning began in 1991 and there are regular events, such as a produce market from each of the other countries and festivals. Discussions regarding membership are also in hand with three further towns (Agros in Cyprus, Škofja Loka in Slovenia, and Tryavna in Bulgaria). • :🇪🇸 Altea, Spain - 1991

• :🇩🇪 Bad Kötzting, Germany - 1991

• :🇮🇹 Bellagio, Italy - 1991

• :🇮🇪 Bundoran, Ireland - 1991

• :🇫🇷 Granville, France - 1991

• : Holstebro, Denmark - 1991

• :🇧🇪 Schaerbeek, Belgium - 1991

• : Meerssen, the Netherlands - 1991

• :🇱🇺 Niederanven, Luxembourg - 1991

• : Preveza, Greece - 1991

• : Sesimbra, Portugal - 1991

• : Sherborne, United Kingdom - 1991

• :🇫🇮 Karkkila, Finland - 1997

• :🇸🇪 Oxelösund, Sweden - 1998

• :🇦🇹 Judenburg, Austria - 1999

• :🇵🇱 Chojna, Poland - 2004

• :🇭🇺 Kőszeg, Hungary - 2004

• :🇱🇻 Sigulda, Latvia - 2004

• :🇨🇿 Sušice, Czech Republic - 2004

• :🇪🇪 Türi, Estonia - 2004

• :🇸🇰 Zvolen, Slovakia - 2007

• :🇱🇹 Prienai, Lithuania - 2008

• :🇲🇹 Marsaskala, Malta - 2009

• :🇷🇴 Siret, Romania - 2010

• :🇧🇬 Tryavna, Bulgaria - 2011

title: Houffalize


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Sainte-Ode

Sainte-Ode (Sinte-Oude) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007, the municipality, which covers 97.87 km², had 2,305 inhabitants, giving a population density of 23.6 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Amberloup (town centre), Lavacherie, and Tillet. Other population centers include: • Acul

• Aviscourt

• Beauplateau

• Chisogne

• Fosset

• Gérimont

• Herbaimont

• Houmont

• Hubermont

• Laval

• Le Jardin

• Magerotte

• Magery

• Ménil

• Pinsamont

• Rechrival

• Renuamont

• Sprimont

• Tonny

title: Sainte-Ode


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Vaux-sur-Sûre

Vaux-sur-Sûre (, Vaux on Sûre; Li Vå-so-Seure) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 135.87 km2, had 4,759 inhabitants, giving a population density of 35 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Hompré, Juseret, Morhet, Nives, Sibret, and Vaux-lez-Rosières (town centre). Other population centers include: • Assenois

• Belleau

• Bercheux

• Chaumont

• Chenogne

• Clochimont

• Cobreville

• Grandru

• Jodenville

• La Barrière

• Lavaselle

• Lescheret

• Mande-Sainte-Marie

• Morhet-Station

• Poisson-Moulin

• Remichampagne

• Remience

• Remoiville

• Rosières

• Salvacourt

• Sûre

• Villeroux

title: Vaux-sur-Sûre


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Vielsalm

Vielsalm (Li Viye Såm) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium. The town is part of the Arrondissement of Bastogne. It is the place of origin of the House of Salm.

On 1 January 2018 the municipality had 7,821 inhabitants. The total area is 139.76 km2, giving a population density of 56 inhabitants per km2.

Etymology
The village, like Salmchâteau, takes its name from the River Salm. The region is also called the Val de Salm, and Salm region. The word "Salm" comes from the Celtic salwa, meaning black or blurred. Vielsalm means literally "Old Salm" because, at some point, the Lord moved his castle which became the new town centre.

A different popular etymology says Salm and Vielsalm are taken from the German Salm, meaning salmon. The arms of the ancient house of Salm and those of the town are based on this interpretation.

Geography
Vielsalm is located in the Ardennes mountain range and the highest point within the municipal boundary is the Baraque de Fraiture, 652 m high and is the highest peak of the Benelux. The town is surrounded by forests and farmland. In the centre is a large lake.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bihain, Grand-Halleux, Petit-Thier, and Vielsalm. Other population centers include Commanster, Fraiture, Farnières, Hébronval, Ottré, Provedroux, Jubiéval, Regné, Rencheux, Ville-du-Bois, Petit-Halleux and Salmchâteau.

The town is situated between two main motorways, the E25 (N30) from Liège to Bastogne and the E42 (N62) at St. Vith which leads to Bitburg just across the border in Germany.

History
The modern municipality is the product of the merger of the former municipalities of Vielsalm, Grand Halleux, Petit Thier and Bihain along with some parts of Lierneux, Beho Arbrefontaine.

There is evidence of habitation from neolithic times in the form of stone polishers. There is a Celtic enclosure and traces of gold mining. There are some evidence of a Middle Age castle near the church in Vielsalm, and the remains of a 14th-century castle near Salmchâteau consisting of two towers with a narrow entrance.

In World War II, the 75th Infantry Division of the U.S. Army, 575th Signal Co., maintained its command post in the town from January 19–22, 1945, as it counterattacked against the German army.

Economy
The city has significant mining operations of slate, and a local whetstone, called coticule. The extracted coticule in Vielsalm owes its very fine abrasive properties to spessartine, which is a particular variety of garnet. The coticule is a metamorphic microcristalin schist, very fine grained, 35 to 40% of it small crystals of spessartine, of about 5 to 20 μm in diameter. These quarries, which are now almost exhausted, have been operating since the beginning of the 16th century to make razor stones prized for their longevity. The town currently has an industrial zone in Burtonville, in which are located small and medium-sized enterprises.

Culture
There is an annual Fête de la Myrtille, or Feast of the Blueberries, which started on July 21, 1951. The local Traders Association wanted a way to attract visitors to stop in the town. So they had local people in traditional costume invite visitors stop and handed them a small dish of local fruit including blueberries. The parade features, amongst others, local folklore such as Les Macralles, or witches in Walloon.

Sights

 * Parish Church Saint-Gengoux
 * Chapel of Our Lady of Luxembourg
 * The "Petit Croix"
 * Maison Lambert
 * Ancient Maison Ruth
 * Villa des Effats
 * Town hall

Governance
The municipality is operated in a two-tier system. Daily administration, by way implementing council resolutions, is the duty of the College of Aldermen, led by a mayor, acting as an executive body. The aldermen are elected for six years by the council from among its members, their number varying from two to ten according to population of the municipality (e.g. in 2012 there were the college mayor, four aldermen and the president of the Council of Social Action). The council is directly elected by the people to determine tax collection and expenditure, decide education issues, maintenance of the buildings, roads and green areas etc. The exact number depends upon the population of the municipality.

Education
There are seven schools in the municipality covering pre-school, primary and secondary education in the town. They are the École communale de Goronne, École communale primaire d'Hébronval, École communale de Petit-Thier, École communale primaire de Regné, École communale maternelle de Regné, École communale de Rencheux, École communale de Salmchâteau and École communale primaire de Ville-du-Bois. There are also three Nursery and Primary, as well as one Secondary, schools that are designated as free.

Notable residents

 * Nicholas, Count of Salm, (1459-1530), German military commander
 * Olivier Werner (born April 16, 1985), football player of RAEC Mons

Twinning
Vielsalm is twinned with:

 * 🇫🇷Bruyères, a town in the Vosges of Lorraine.

title: Vielsalm


text:
Make (software)

In software development, Make is a command-line interface (CLI) software tool that performs actions ordered by configured dependencies as defined in a configuration file called a makefile. It is commonly used for build automation to build executable code (such as a program or library) from source code. But, not limited to building, Make can perform any operation available via the operating system shell.

Make is widely used, especially in Unix and Unix-like operating systems, even though many competing technologies and tools are available including: similar tools that perform actions based on dependencies, some compilers and interactively via an integrated development environment (IDE).

In addition to referring to the original Unix tool, Make is also a technology since multiple tools have been implemented with roughly the same functionality including similar makefile syntax and semantics.

Origin
Stuart Feldman created Make while at Bell Labs. An early version was completed in April 1976. Feldman received the 2003 ACM Software System Award for authoring Make.

Feldman describes the inspiration to write Make came from a coworker's frustration with the available tooling of the time:

"Make originated with a visit from Steve Johnson (author of yacc, etc.), storming into my office, cursing the Fates that had caused him to waste a morning debugging a correct program (bug had been fixed, file hadn't been compiled, cc *.o was therefore unaffected). As I had spent a part of the previous evening coping with the same disaster on a project I was working on, the idea of a tool to solve it came up. It began with an elaborate idea of a dependency analyzer, boiled down to something much simpler, and turned into Make that weekend. Use of tools that were still wet was part of the culture. Makefiles were text files, not magically encoded binaries, because that was the Unix ethos: printable, debuggable, understandable stuff."

Before Make, building on Unix mostly consisted of shell scripts written for each program's codebase. Make's dependency ordering and out-of-date checking makes the build process more robust and more efficient. The makefile allowed for better organization of build logic and often fewer build files.

Make is widely used in part due to its early inclusion in Unix, starting with PWB/UNIX 1.0, which featured a variety of software development tools.

Variants
Make has been implemented numerous times; generally using the same makefile format and providing the same features, but some providing enhancements from the original. Examples:

 * Sun DevPro Make appeared in 1986 with SunOS-3.2. With SunOS-3.2. It was delivered as an optional program; with SunOS-4.0, SunPro Make was made the default Make program. In December 2006, Sun DevPro Make was made open source as part of the efforts to open-source Solaris.
 * dmake or Distributed Make that came with Sun Solaris Studio as its default Make, but not the default one on the Solaris Operating System (SunOS). It was originally required to build OpenOffice, but in 2009 the build system was rewritten to use GNU Make. While Apache OpenOffice still contains a mixture of both build systems, the much more actively developed LibreOffice only uses the modernized "gbuild" now.
 * BSD Make (pmake, bmake or fmake ), which is derived from Adam de Boor's work on a version of Make capable of building targets in parallel, and survives with varying degrees of modification in FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD. Distinctively, it has conditionals and iterative loops which are applied at the parsing stage and may be used to conditionally and programmatically construct the makefile, including generation of targets at runtime.
 * GNU Make (short gmake) is the standard implementation of Make for Linux and macOS. It provides several extensions over the original Make, such as conditionals.  It also provides many built-in functions which can be used to eliminate the need for shell-scripting in the makefile rules as well as to manipulate the variables set and used in the makefile. For example, the foreach function can be used to iterate over a list of values, such as the names of files in a given directory. GNU Make is required for building many software systems, including GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) (since version 3.4 ), the Linux kernel,  Apache OpenOffice, LibreOffice, and Mozilla Firefox.
 * Rocky Bernstein's Remake is a fork of GNU Make and provides several extensions over GNU Make, such as better location and error-location reporting, execution tracing, execution profiling, and it contains a debugger.
 * Glenn Fowler's nmake (unrelated to the same-named Microsoft variant) is incompatible with the UNIX variant, but provides features which, according to some, reduce the size of makefiles by a factor of 10.
 * Microsoft nmake is normally installed with Visual Studio. It supports preprocessor directives such as includes and conditional expressions which use variables set on the command-line or within the makefiles. Inference rules differ from Make; for example they can include search paths.
 * Embarcadero make has a command-line option that "Causes MAKE to mimic Microsoft's NMAKE.".
 * Qt Project's Jom tool is a clone of nmake.
 * Mk replaced Make in Research Unix, starting from version 9. A redesign of the original tool by Bell Labs programmer Andrew G. Hume, it features a different syntax. Mk became the standard build tool in Plan 9, Bell Labs' intended successor to Unix.
 * Kati is Google's replacement of GNU Make, as of 2020 used in Android OS builds. It translates the makefile into ninja for faster incremental builds (similar to the cmake metatool).
 * Snakemake is a Python-driven implementation for compiling and running bioinformatics workflows.

POSIX includes standardization of the basic features and operation of the Make utility, and is implemented with varying degrees of compatibility with Unix-based versions of Make. In general, simple makefiles may be used between various versions of Make with reasonable success. GNU Make, Makepp and some versions of BSD Make default to looking first for files named "GNUmakefile", "Makeppfile" and "BSDmakefile" respectively, which allows one to put makefiles which use implementation-defined behavior in separate locations.

Use
In general, based on a makefile, Make updates target files from source files if any source file has a newer timestamp than the target file or the target file does not exist. For example, this could include compiling C files (*.c) into object files, then linking the object files into an executable program. Or this could include compiling TypeScript files (*.ts) to JavaScript for use in a browser. Other examples include: convert a source image file to another format, copy a file to a content management system, and send e-mail about build status.

A makefile defines targets where each is either a file to generate or is a user-defined concept, called a phony target.

Make updates the targets passed as arguments:

If no target is specified, Make updates the first target in the makefile which is often a phony target to perform the most commonly used action.

Make skips build actions if the target file timestamp is after that of the source files. Doing so optimizes the build process by skipping actions when the target file is up-to-date, but sometimes updates are skipped erroneously due to file timestamp issues including restoring an older version of a source file, or when a network filesystem is a source of files and its clock or time zone is not synchronized with the machine running Make. Also, if a source file's timestamp is in the future, make repeatedly triggers unnecessary actions, causing longer build time.

When Make starts, it uses the makefile specified on the command-line or if not specified, then uses the one found by via specific search rules. Generally, Make defaults to using the file in the working directory named Makefile. GNU Make searches for the first file matching: GNUmakefile, makefile, or Makefile.

Make processes the options of the command-line based on the loaded makefile.

Makefile
The makefile language is partially declarative programming where end conditions are described but the order in which actions are to be taken is not. This type of programming can be confusing to programmers used to imperative programming.

Makefiles can contain the following constructs:

 * Explicit rule: defines when and how to update a target; listing prerequisites (dependent targets) and commands that define the update action, called the recipe
 * Implicit rule: defines when and how to remake a class of files based on their names; including how a target depends on a file with a name similar to the target and an update recipe
 * Variable definition: associates a text value with a name that can be substituted into later text
 * Directive: instruction to do something special such as include another makefile
 * Comment: line starting with #

Rules
Each rule begins with a dependency line which consists of the rule's target name followed by a colon and optionally a list of targets on which the rule's target depends, its prerequisites.

target [target ...]: [component ...] [command 1] . 	  . 	   . [command n]

Usually a rule has a single target, rather than multiple.

A dependency line may be followed by a recipe; a series of TAB indented command lines which define how to generate the target from the components (i.e. source files). If any prerequisite has a more recent timestamp than the target file or the target does not exist as a file, the recipe is performed.

The first command may appear on the same line after the prerequisites, separated by a semicolon, for example,

Each command line must begin with a tab character. Even though a space is also whitespace, Make requires tab. Since this often leads to confusion and mistakes, this aspect of makefile syntax is subject to criticism; described by Eric S. Raymond as "one of the worst design botches in the history of Unix" and The Unix-Haters Handbook said "using tabs as part of the syntax is like one of those pungee stick traps in The Green Berets". Feldman explains the choice as caused by a workaround for an early implementation difficulty preserved by a desire for backward compatibility with the very first users:

"Why the tab in column 1? Yacc was new, Lex was brand new. I hadn't tried either, so I figured this would be a good excuse to learn. After getting myself snarled up with my first stab at Lex, I just did something simple with the pattern newline-tab. It worked, it stayed. And then a few weeks later I had a user population of about a dozen, most of them friends, and I didn't want to screw up my embedded base. The rest, sadly, is history."

GNU Make. since version 3.82, allows the choice of any symbol (one character) as the recipe prefix using the .RECIPEPREFIX special variable, for example:

Each command is executed in a separate shell. Since operating systems use different shells this can lead to unportable makefiles. For example, GNU Make (all POSIX Makes) executes commands with /bin/sh by default, where Unix commands like cp are normally used. In contrast to that, Microsoft's nmake executes commands with cmd.exe where batch commands like copy are available but not necessarily cp.

Since a recipe is optional, the dependency line can consist solely of components that refer to other targets, for example:

The following example rule is evaluated when Make updates target file.txt; i.e. via make file.txt. If file.html is newer than file.txt or file.txt does not exist, then the command is run to generate file.txt from file.html.

A command can have one or more of the following prefixes (after the tab):
 * minus (-) specifies to ignore an error from the command
 * at (@) specifies to not output the command before it is executed
 * plus (+) specifies to execute the command even if Make is invoked in "do not execute" mode

Ignoring errors and silencing echo can alternatively be obtained via the special targets .IGNORE and .SILENT.

Microsoft's NMAKE has predefined rules that can be omitted from these makefiles, e.g. c.obj $(CC)$(CFLAGS).

Macros
A makefile can define and use macros. Macros are usually referred to as variables when they hold simple string definitions, like CC=clang. Macros in makefiles may be overridden in the command-line arguments passed to the Make utility. Environment variables are also available as macros.

For example, the macro CC is frequently used in makefiles to refer to the location of a C compiler. If used consistently throughout the makefile, then the compiler used can be changed by changing the value of the macro rather than changing each rule command that invokes the compiler.

Macros are commonly named in all-caps:

A macro value can consist of other macro values. The value of macro is expanded on each use (lazily).

A macro is used by expanding either via $NAME or $(NAME). The latter is safer since omitting the parentheses leads to Make interpreting the next letter after the $ as the entire variable name. An equivalent form uses curly braces rather than parentheses, i.e. ${}, which is the style used in BSD.

Macros can be composed of shell commands by using the command substitution operator, denoted by backticks (`).

The command-line syntax for overriding a macro is:

Makefiles can access predefined internal macros, with ? and @ being common.

A common syntax when defining macros, which works on BSD and GNU Make, is to use of +=, ?=, and != instead of the equal sign (=).

Suffix rules
Suffix rules have "targets" with names in the form .FROM.TO and are used to launch actions based on file extension. In the command lines of suffix rules, POSIX specifies that the internal macro $< refers to the first prerequisite and $@ refers to the target. In this example, which converts any HTML file into text, the shell redirection token > is part of the command line whereas $< is a macro referring to the HTML file:

When called from the command line, the example above expands.

Pattern rules
Suffix rules cannot have any prerequisites of their own. If they have any, they are treated as normal files with unusual names, not as suffix rules. GNU Make supports suffix rules for compatibility with old makefiles but otherwise encourages usage of pattern rules.

A pattern rule looks like an ordinary rule, except that its target contains exactly one % character within the string. The target is considered a pattern for matching file names: the % can match any substring of zero or more characters, while other characters match only themselves. The prerequisites likewise use % to show how their names relate to the target name.

The example above of a suffix rule would look like the following pattern rule:

Comment
Single-line comments are started with the hash symbol (#).

Directive
A directive specifies special behavior such as including another makefile.

Line continuation
Line continuation is indicated with a backslash \ character at the end of a line.

target: component \ component command ;         \ command |         \ piped-command

Examples
The following commands are in the context of the makefile that follows.

Below is a simple makefile that by default (the "all" rule is listed first) compiles a source file called "helloworld.c" using the system's C compiler and also provides a "clean" target to remove the generated files if the user desires to start over. The $@ and $< are two of the so-called internal macros (also known as automatic variables) and stand for the target name and "implicit" source, respectively. In the example below, $^ expands to a space delimited list of the prerequisites. There are a number of other internal macros.

Many systems come with predefined Make rules and macros to specify common tasks such as compilation based on file suffix. This lets users omit the actual (often unportable) instructions of how to generate the target from the source(s). On such a system the makefile above could be modified as follows:

That "helloworld.o" depends on "helloworld.c" is now automatically handled by Make. In such a simple example as the one illustrated here this hardly matters, but the real power of suffix rules becomes evident when the number of source files in a software project starts to grow. One only has to write a rule for the linking step and declare the object files as prerequisites. Make will then implicitly determine how to make all the object files and look for changes in all the source files.

Simple suffix rules work well as long as the source files do not depend on each other and on other files such as header files. Another route to simplify the build process is to use so-called pattern matching rules that can be combined with compiler-assisted dependency generation. As a final example requiring the gcc compiler and GNU Make, here is a generic makefile that compiles all C files in a folder to the corresponding object files and then links them to the final executable. Before compilation takes place, dependencies are gathered in makefile-friendly format into a hidden file ".depend" that is then included to the makefile. Portable programs ought to avoid constructs used below.

Dependency tracking
Makefile consist of dependencies and a forgotten or an extra one may not be immediately obvious to the user and may result in subtle bugs in the generated software that are hard to catch. Various approaches may be used to avoid this problem and keep dependencies in source and makefiles in sync. One approach is by using compiler to keep track of dependencies changes .e.g GCC can statically analyze the source code and produce rules for the given file automatically by using -MM switch. The other approach would be makefiles or third-party tools that would generate makefiles with dependencies (e.g. Automake toolchain by the GNU Project, can do so automatically).

Another approach is to use meta-build tools like CMake, Meson etc.

title: Make (software)


text:
Durbuy

Durbuy (Derbu) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

The total area is 156.61 km2, consisting of the following districts: Barvaux, Bende, Bomal, Borlon, Durbuy, Grandhan, Heyd, Izier, Septon, Tohogne, Villers-Sainte-Gertrude, and Wéris.

On 1 January 2018 the municipality had 11,374 inhabitants with the most populous town of the municipality being Barvaux. Durbuy, for commercial reasons, often calls itself the world's smallest city, although Belgium's official smallest city, since 2006, is Mesen.

History
In medieval times, Durbuy was an important centre of commerce and industry. In 1331, the town was elevated to the rank of city by John I, Count of Luxemburg, and King of Bohemia.

In 1628 Anthonie II Schetz obtains the Seigneurie of Durbuy, by permission of Felipe IV of Spain. One of the people connected to the city was the son of Lancelot II: Charles Hubert Augustin Schetz, (1662-1726), Count of Durbuy. In 1756 the descendants of the House of Schetz obtain the Castle. Since then the House of Ursel resides in the Castle. The current castle was built in 1880.

The Ourthe river flows through the municipality.

Tourism and recreation are its main activities nowadays. Durbuy is often represented, by itself and by tourism promoters, as 'the smallest city of the world'.

title: Durbuy


text:
Érezée

Érezée (Erezêye) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 78.44 km2, had 2,968 inhabitants, a population density of 37.8 PD/km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Amonines, Érezée, Mormont, and Soy. Other localities are Clerheid and Fisenne.

Attractions

 * Tramway Touristique de l'Aisne

title: Érezée


text:
Hotton

Hotton (Houton) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium. The municipality lies 12 kilometers from Marche-en-Famenne in the Ardennes and has more than 5,400 inhabitants. The river Ourthe crosses Hotton.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Hampteau, Hotton, Marenne and Fronville. There are also several hamlets: Bourdon, Deulin, Ménil-Favay, Monville, Monteuville, Melreux, Ny and Werpin.

The municipality lies in the Arrondissement of Marche-en-Famenne. In the west it borders the province of Namur.

History
The first history of Hotton dates from Roman times, when Hotton was an oppidum. Multiple Roman excavations have been found at Ti-Château, a strengthened Roman encampment. The village of Hotton was first mentioned in medieval documents as Hottine in 1187. Hotton was part of the medieval county of La Roche till the 16th century, when it was taken over by the lords of Montaigu. In 1791, Hotton became a free village.

In the afternoon of 11 May 1940, Hotton was captured and occupied by the 5th Panzer Division during the Battle of Belgium. Allied forces tried in vain to blow up the steel bridge over the Ourthe in an attempt to slow down German forces. Hotton played an important role during the Battle of the Bulge, as German troops (116th Panzer Division Der Windhund and the 560th Volksgrenadier Division) reached here the most western point of their advance here, being stopped by the American 84th Infantry Division Railsplitters.

The current municipality was founded in 1977, when the municipalities of Hampteau, Fronville and Marenne were added to the municipality of Hotton.

The Hotton War Cemetery is home to British World War II war dead.

Tourism
Hotton is a very popular place with tourists and is known for its speleothem caves, known as the Caves of Hotton. A small Commonwealth war cemetery with 660 graves is also situated just outside Hotton, Hotton War Cemetery. Other tourist attractions are Deulin Castle, the Virgin of Werpin, the Faber Mill, St. Peter's Church, Melreux and Riveo Centre.

The well-known annual hot air balloon festival Hottolfiades is held in August. The annual fair (also held in August) claims to be the largest fair of the arrondissement.

Politics

Former mayor Phillipe Courard (MAYEUR), who was mayor between 1995 and 2012, was beaten at the 2012 Belgian local elections after being mayor for seventeen years. He was replaced by Jacques Chaplier of the Entente Communale (E.C.).

Notable residents

 * Guillaume de Waha-Baillonville (1615–1690), historian (born in Melreux)

title: Hotton


text:
La Roche-en-Ardenne

La Roche-en-Ardenne (Li Rotche) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg and the arrondissement of Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium. Lying beside a bend in the River Ourthe, the small town of La Roche-en-Ardenne is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the Ardennes.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 147.52 km2, had 4,348 inhabitants, giving a population density of 29.5 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Beausaint, Halleux, Hives, La Roche-en-Ardenne, Ortho, and Samrée. Other population centres include Bérismenil, Buisson, Cielle, Floumont, Herlinval, Hubermont, Lavaux, Maboge, Mierchamps, Mousny, Nisramont, Ronchampays, Ronchamps, Roupage, Thimont, Vecmont, and Warempage.

Geography
La Roche-en-Ardenne is located between the E25 Liège-Luxembourg and the N4 motorways. More than half of the municipal area (about 85 km2) is covered in forests and 50 km2 is arable land, and only 8 km2 has been built on. The division between deciduous and coniferous forests is more or less equal.

History
La Roche is believed to have first been settled in the Neolithic era. There is a Celtic archaeological site dating between 850 and 520 BC. The Romans built a fort there following their conquest of Gaul and the Ardennes.

The town's medieval castle was in use between the 9th and 18th centuries. It provided protection to the many barges that plied their trade along the local river systems. In 1331, permission to build city walls was given by John the Blind, King of Bohemia and Poland and a Count of Luxembourg.

In World War II, the town was occupied by both German and Allied forces, suffering severe damage. Freed by Americans in September 1944, the town was recaptured by the Germans in December, during the Battle of the Bulge. The subsequent Allied bombing raids resulted in the town being reoccupied by Americans once more in January 1945, but left much of it destroyed and 116 residents dead. An American Sherman M4A1 tank and a British Achilles SP 17pdr are displayed as monuments to the town's liberation. In town also is a memorial to the 82nd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion.

In 1976 there was a merger of administrative districts in the area that resulted in the municipality of La Roche-en-Ardennes. Beausaint, Halleux, Hives, Ortho and Samrée were joined by Cielle detached from Marcourt, now within the municipality of Rendeux.

Economy
Hiking, kayaking, and mountain biking are among the outdoor pursuits available here. The municipality's other main economic activity is agriculture. A business park was established on the plateau Vecmont to diversify the local economy.

The ceramic stoneware of La Roche (cobalt blue pottery, glazed with salt) is a local tradition known, initiated in 1836 by Henry Hoffman, a native of Ransbach in the Duchy of Nassau. The production was revived in 1878 by the family Kalb and continued until 2009 by several successors. A permanent exhibition on this tradition.

Governance
Like other Belgian Municipalities, the town is governed by a Communal College, whose membership is determined by the size of the population. In 2012, that was the Mayor, Town Clerk and 3 Alderman. An elected City Council determined what local taxes are spent and on what. As of 2012, this had a membership of 9 councillors.

Sights
There are three main archaeological sites:
 * Le Cheslé de Bérismenil, a Celtic refuge
 * le Cheslin d'Ortho, a Roman refuge
 * La Roche-en-Ardenne Castle

There is the Parc à Gibier, a small wild game park on the top of the plateau above the town.

title: La Roche-en-Ardenne


text:
Manhay

Manhay (Manhé) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 119.81 km², had 3,185 inhabitants, giving a population density of 26.6 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Dochamps, Grandménil, Harre, Malempré, Odeigne and Vaux-Chavanne (town centre).

title: Manhay


text:
Marche-en-Famenne

Marche-en-Famenne (Måtche-el-Fåmene ; literally "Marche in Famenne") is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the Belgian province of Luxembourg.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Aye, Hargimont, Humain, Marche-en-Famenne, On, Roy, and Waha.

Other population centres include Grimbiémont, Hollogne, Lignières, Marloie, and Verdenne.

Middle Ages
In the early Middle Ages, Marche was just a little hamlet on the Marchette brook, one of the dependencies of the nearby Abbey of Stavelot. In the 12th century, this territory was made part of the County of La Roche. It was ideally located, on the main road between Namur and Luxembourg City, and quickly evolved into a town, which obtained its charter in the 13th century. At the end of the century, in true medieval fashion, it acquired a complete system of defensive walls, with two gates, a series of watchtowers, and a keep. The market place and religious organizations, such as the Carmes convent founded in 1473, could thrive inside the closed city.

After 1500
When in 1555 Philip II of Spain, son of Charles V, inherited his father's empire, the freedoms of Spain's Seventeen Provinces to the north were reduced considerably, giving rise to the Eighty Years' War. In the aftermath of the Pacification of Ghent, Don John of Austria, Philip II's half brother, granted the Perpetual Edict, which was signed in the city in February 1577. The edict allowed for the departure of the Spanish troops and recognized most of the city's freedoms, with the notable exception of religion. The war started again and Don John died a year later near Namur.

The castle and defensive walls were dismantled at the end of the 17th century on the orders of Louis XIV. A century later, the French Revolutionary troops entered the city and closed the convent. Fighting occurred in and around Marche in December 1944 as part of the Battle of the Bulge, the last major German offensive in West during World War II. Today, with its schools, light industries, military complex, and tourist attractions, Marche is a vibrant regional centre.

Sights

 * The city centre includes a few interesting buildings, such as the St Remacle church and the old Carmes convent.
 * The city is the home of several museums, including a lace museum, which is housed in one of the last remnants of the city's medieval walls and commemorates the hundreds of lace workers that lived in the Marche area in the 18th century.
 * The Famenne museum gives a good overview of the region's art and history.

Festivities

 * The Grosse Biesse (Great Beast) carnival takes place every year in February. It features the beast, as well as the city's mascot Gugusse, traditional giants, and several other groups of joyful characters.
 * A folkloric group called La Plovinette (Fine Drizzle) specializes in traditional Walloon dancing.

Notable people from Marche-en-Famenne

 * Pierre Bailly, Belgian comics artist
 * Jacques Beurlet, football player
 * André Bouchat, politician
 * Arnaud Brihay, Belgian artist
 * Dany, Belgian comics artist
 * Frans Depooter, Belgian painter
 * Willy Deweert, Belgian writer
 * Benoît Feroumont, Belgian comics artist
 * Charles Hanin, politician
 * Jean Jadot, Belgian engineer
 * Joseph Nusbaum, Belgian architect
 * Brigitte Olivier, Belgian judoka
 * Phil, Belgian comics artist
 * Luc Templier, writer

title: Marche-en-Famenne


text:
Nassogne

Nassogne is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 111.96 km2, had 5,045 inhabitants, giving a population density of 45.1 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Ambly, Bande, Forrières, Grune, Harsin, Lesterny, Masbourg (including Mormont), and Nassogne.

title: Nassogne


text:
Rendeux

Rendeux (Rindeu) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 68.83 km2, had 2,274 inhabitants, giving a population density of 33 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Beffe, Hodister, Marcourt, Wallonia, and Rendeux.

The village of Rendeux lies in the valley of the River Ourthe in an area which attracts visitors both for its natural environment (Rendeux is home to the Robert Lenoir Arboretum) and for such nearby medieval villages as La Roche and Durbuy.

Notable residents

 * Theroigne de Mericourt (1762–1817), singer and revolutionary, born in Marcourt

title: Rendeux


text:
Tenneville

Tenneville (Tiniveye) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2018 the municipality, which covers 91.81 km2, had 2,842 inhabitants, giving a population density of 31 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Champlon, Erneuville, and Tenneville. Other population centers include Baconfoy, Beaulieu, Belle-Vue, Berguème, Cens, Grainchamps, Journal, Laneuville-au-Bois, Mochamps, Ortheuville, Prelle, Ramont, Tresfontaines, Wembay, and Wyompont.

title: Tenneville


text:
Gary Nolan (radio host)

Gary P. Nolan (born 1954 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American talk radio host and a former candidate for the Libertarian Party nomination for President of the United States.

From 1994 to 1998, Nolan hosted USA Radio Daily on the USA Radio Network. From 1998 to 2002, he hosted Nolan at Night on 65 U.S. affiliates of the Radio America Network. He also served as the volunteer President of the conservative group CapitolWatch from 1997 through 1999. Nolan currently serves as Chairman of the Board of Directors for DownsizeDC.org.

At the end of 2002, he resigned from Nolan at Night to seek the Libertarian nomination for president, facing fellow candidates Michael Badnarik and Aaron Russo. Nolan had to resign from his radio show due to a law that prohibits candidates for office making an income while discussing their political views. Nolan pledged to run a practical campaign of reaching out to moderate voters and Republicans dissatisfied with the George W. Bush presidency, particularly in his home swing state of Ohio. Nolan ran as an opponent of the United States Patriot Act, the income tax and foreign military bases, calling for bringing home American troops.

For most of the campaign, Nolan led the field of candidates in primaries and state conventions. He held a 22 point lead in his home state of Ohio. In a closely contested race, Nolan placed third and was eliminated following the second ballot (in contested results) at the May, 2004 Libertarian National Convention. Nolan then encouraged his delegates to support Badnarik, who won the nomination on the next ballot.

Gary Nolan hosted a radio show called The Drive with Gary Nolan in the afternoons on Columbia, Missouri, talk radio station KSSZ "The Eagle 93.9". In February 2010 he began hosting WXTL's "Big Talker" 105.9 in Syracuse, New York, between 4 and 7pm. Nolan left WXTL in April 2011 to return to KSSZ "The Eagle 93.9" to begin a nationally syndicated program.

title: Gary Nolan (radio host)


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Bertrix

Bertrix (Bietris) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 137.7 km², had 8,164 inhabitants, giving a population density of 59.3 inhabitants per km².

Bertrix is home to the NATO reserve Jehonville Air Base.

Geography
The municipality consists of the following districts: Auby-sur-Semois, Bertrix, Cugnon, Jehonville, and Orgeo.

Other population centers include: • Acremont

• Assenois

• Biourge

• Blanchoreille

• Glaumont

• La Flèche

• La Géripont

• Luchy

• Mortehan

• Nevraumont

• Rossart

• Sart

• Thibauroche

Transport
Bertrix railway station, in the east of the town, has regular train services to Libramont, Dinant and Virton. On week-days trains run via Virton and Aubange to Arlon.

Twin towns
Bertrix is twinned with:
 * Charmes (France) (since 1968)
 * Rusca Montana (Romania) (since 1990)
 * Church Point, Louisiana (United States) (since 1992)

title: Bertrix


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Bouillon, Belgium

Bouillon (Bouyon) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg in the Ardennes, Belgium.

The municipality, which covers 149.09 km2, had 5,477 inhabitants, giving a population density of 36.7 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bellevaux, Bouillon, Corbion, Dohan, Les Hayons, Noirefontaine, Poupehan, Rochehaut, Sensenruth, Ucimont, and Vivy.

History
In the Middle Ages Bouillon was a lordship within the Duchy of Lower Lorraine and the principal seat of the Ardennes-Bouillon dynasty in the 10th and 11th century. In the 11th century they dominated the area, and held the ducal title along with many other titles in the region. Bouillon was the location of the ducal mint and the dominant urban concentration in the dukes' possession.

There is a common misconception that Bouillon was a county. While the lords of Bouillon often were counts and dukes, Bouillon itself was not a county. The fortification of Bouillon Castle was, along with the County of Verdun, the core of the possessions of the Ardennes-Bouillon dynasty, and their combined territory was a complex mixture of fiefs, allodial land and other hereditary rights throughout the area. An example of the latter is the Advocacy of the monastery of Saint-Hubert en Ardennes, which was granted to Godfrey II by the prince-bishop of Liège.

The most famous of the Lords of Bouillon was Godfrey of Bouillon, a leader of the First Crusade and the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. He sold the Bouillon estate to the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. The prince-bishops started to call themselves dukes of Bouillon, and the town emerged as the capital of a sovereign duchy by 1678, when it was captured from the prince-bishopric by the French army and given to the La Tour d'Auvergne family. The duchy was prized for its strategic location as "the key to the Ardennes" (as Vauban called it) and hence to France itself. It remained a quasi-independent protectorate, like Orange and Monaco, until 1795, when the Republican Army annexed it to France.

After the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, the city was given to the Netherlands in the 1815 Treaty of Paris. It has been part of Belgium since the Revolution of 1830.

Chronology

 * 988 – First mention of the castle of Bouillon in a letter to Godfrey the Captive from his brother, Archbishop Adalberon of Reims.
 * 1045 – Godfrey the Bearded rebels against the emperor, who has the castle destroyed.
 * 1065 – Godfrey the Bearded comes to terms with the emperor and rebuilds the castle in Bouillon.
 * 1082 – Bouillon Castle is inherited by Godfrey of Bouillon, who sells it to the prince-bishop of Liège for 3 marks of gold and 1300 marks of silver in order to finance his participation in the First Crusade. Pursuant to the treaty, Godfrey and his three successors retain the right to repurchase the castle at the same price but have no money to make good this privilege.
 * 1129 – Godfrey's indirect successor, Count Renaud of Bar, captures Bouillon Castle by force.
 * 1141 – The prince-bishop of Liège expels Count Renaud from Bouillon.
 * 1155 – The Holy Roman Emperor confirms the prince-bishopric's rights to Bouillon.
 * 1291 – The prince-bishops of Liège start to style themselves "Dukes of Bouillon", referring to the castle's former position as the seat of the dukes of Lower Lorrain.
 * 14th century – Bouillon Castle, as an exclave of the prince-bishopric of Liège, is governed by specially appointed castellans.
 * 1415 – The office of castellan becomes a hereditary possession of the van der Marck (de la Marck) family, a cadet branch of the future dukes of Clèves and Jülich.
 * 1482 – William de la Marck has Louis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège assassinated and succeeded by his own son John de la Marck. Another part of the chapter elects John van der Horn as an anti-bishop, thus plunging the prince-bishopric into a civil war.
 * 21 May 1484 – Treaty is signed at Tongeren, whereby the La Marck family forfeits its claims to the prince-bishopric and supports Liège's struggle against Emperor Maximilian for the reward of 30,000 livres. Bouillon Castle is mortgaged to William de la Marck until the time of repayment.
 * 1492 – The treaty of Donchery reiterates the provisions of the treaty of Tongeren. As no repayment follows, the La Marck family retains Bouillon Castle and assumes the title of the Dukes of Bouillon.
 * 1521 – The army of Emperor Charles V takes hold of Bouillon and restitutes it to the prince-bishopric of Liège.
 * 1526 – Robert III de la Marck is promoted to Marshal of France and styles himself Duke of Bouillon on this occasion.
 * 1529 – The Treaty of Cambrai obligates Francois I of France not to help Robert III in his struggle to retake Bouillon.
 * 1547 – Robert IV de la Marck is made Marshal of France. The letters patent officially style him "Duc de Bouillon".
 * 1552 – Henry II of France reconquers Bouillon from the prince-bishops and gives it to Robert IV.
 * 1559 – The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis restitutes Bouillon to the prince-bishops of Liège, stipulating that the rights to the disputed territory are to be determined by a special arbitration, which never takes place.
 * 1598 – The Treaty of Vervins again calls for arbitration of the dispute between the prince-bishopric and the La Marck family.
 * 15 October 1591 – Upon extinction of the La Marck family, their heiress Charlotte is married to Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Marshal of France.
 * 8 May 1594 – Charlotte de la Marck dies without issue, and her claims to Bouillon pass to her husband, Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne.
 * 24 October 1594 – Charlotte's cousin, Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Montpensier, gives up his claims to the Bouillon succession in exchange for an annuity.
 * 5 August 1601 – An agreement is signed between Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne and Charlotte's paternal uncle, Comte de Maulevrier, whose descendants continue to press their claims to Bouillon for the rest of the 17th century.
 * 3 September 1641 – Henri's son, Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne, renounces his claims to the reward of 30,000 livres promised by the prince-bishops of Liege in the Treaty of Tongeren.
 * 1651 – Frédéric Maurice de La Tour d'Auvergne exchanges his sovereign princely titles for several ducal and comital titles in the Peerage of France. The agreement obligates France to restitute Bouillon to the La Tour d'Auvergne family on the first opportunity.
 * 1658 – Pursuant to the convention of 1641, the prince-bishops of Liège pay 150,000 guelders to Frederic Maurice, but he continues to style himself Duc de Bouillon despite their protests.
 * 1676 – The French army takes Bouillon from the prince-bishops and restitutes it to the House of La Tour d'Auvergne, as was promised by the exchange of 1651.
 * 1679 – The Treaties of Nijmegen confirm the House of La Tour d'Auvergne in possession of the duchy of Bouillon. Although a French contingent remains stationed in Bouillon, the dukes exercise sovereign rights to coin money, create peers and grant other titles. They also claim Saint-Hubert as one of their "peerages".
 * 1757 – Charles Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne is welcomed in Bouillon as a sovereign duke, despite formal protests issued by the prince-bishop of Liège.
 * 1786 – The 6th Duke of Bouillon, Godefroy de La Tour d'Auvergne, adopts Philippe d'Auvergne, a British captain and his postulated relative.
 * 25 June 1791 – The 6th Duke of Bouillon issues a declaration naming Philippe d'Auvergne as successor in Bouillon after the extinction of the La Tour d'Auvergne family.
 * 3 December 1792 – The 6th Duke of Bouillon dies and his son, Jacques Léopold de La Tour d'Auvergne, becomes the 7th Duke of Bouillon.
 * 1794 – The French Revolutionary Army invade the Duchy of Bouillon and for 18 months it was the independent Republic of Bouillon.
 * 25 October 1795 – Annexation of Bouillon by the French Republic.
 * 27 December 1796 – French Republic promulgates a law restoring all the estates of Bouillon to the 7th Duke.
 * 26 August 1798 – French Republic sequesters all the estates of Bouillon pertaining to the 1651 exchange.
 * 8 March 1800 – The sequester is repealed and the estates are restored to the 7th Duke of Bouillon.
 * 7 February 1802 – Death of the 7th Duke and the extinction of the La Tour d'Auvergne family.
 * 3 January 1809 – The settlement of the Bouillon succession is ratified by Emperor Napoleon.
 * 30 May 1814 – Bouillon is transferred to France's department of Ardennes.
 * 1815 – The Congress of Vienna grants Bouillon to William Grand Duke of Luxembourg and King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands until the final settlement of the succession dispute between Philippe d'Auvergne (a British admiral by that time) and Charles Alain Gabriel de Rohan (an Austrian general and the last duke's closest relative on his paternal side).
 * 18 September 1816 – Philippe d'Auvergne, ruined by the succession disputes, commits suicide, but the litigations concerning Bouillon drag on inconclusively until 1825.

Books about Bouillon

 * Other People's Countries: A Journey into Memory, by the Bouillon-born British writer, Patrick McGuinness

Geography

The town sits in a sharp bend of the river Semois (German: Sesbach, Walloon: Simwès, in France : Semoy) whose total length is 210 km. The surrounding area is largely forested.

Bouillon has a few schools, a collège (middle school) and a lycée (high school), banks and a town square. Bouillon Castle still sits above the town centre, and is a popular tourist attraction.

Villages
population centers include: • Botassart

• Curfoz

• Frahan

• Mogimont

• Ban d'Alle

• Bas Dohan

• Beauchenai

• Bèrôpré

• Bodimont

• Boulet

• Briahan

• Château-le-Duc

• Claimont

• Closures

• Combra

• Dessus le Moulin

• Germauchamps

• Grand Hez

• Gros Hêtre

• L'Espérance

• La Boûle

• La Cornette

• La Charité

• La Gemelle

• La Heurette

• La Justice

• La Patte d'Oie

• La Pichelotte

• La Ramonette

• Lauwé

• Laviot

• Le Ban

• Le Bondon

• Le Couroi

• Le Soyisse

• Le Stayi

• Les Blancs Cailloux

• Les Champs Bouloi

• Les Côtes

• Les Crêtes de Frahan

• Les Différends

• Les Enclaves

• Les Longs Champs

• Les Quatre Chemins

• Les Sentinés

• Les Trois Fontaines

• Loveté

• Menuchenet

• Merleux Han

• Mohan

• Moulin du Bochet

• Pré Hoc

• Remifontaine

• Rond le Duc

• Rond Napoléon

• Scotifontaine

• Tirifontaine

• Vardon

Notable people

 * Godfrey of Bouillon, knight, leader of the First Crusade
 * Charles van Lerberghe wrote two major works while living here
 * Philippe Albert, footballer, was born here in 1967.
 * Léon Degrelle, Walloon politician and Nazi collaborator, was born here in 1906.
 * Patrick McGuinness, British-Belgian author
 * Madeleine Ozeray, stage and film actress

title: Bouillon, Belgium


text:
Daverdisse

Daverdisse (Dåvdisse) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007, the municipality, which covers 56.4 km2, had 1,372 inhabitants, giving a population density of 24.3 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Daverdisse, Gembes, Haut-Fays, and Porcheresse.

title: Daverdisse


text:
Herbeumont

Herbeumont (Arbûmont) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 58.81 km², had 1,536 inhabitants, giving a population density of 26.1 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Herbeumont, Saint-Médard, and Straimont. Other population centers include: Gribomont, Martilly, and Menugoutte.

Escape Dutroux
In April 1998 Marc Dutroux escaped from his guards while being transferred to court without handcuffs by overpowering one of his guards and taking his pistol, but was captured later in Herbeumont by a ranger in the nearby woods. This resulted in the resignation of minister of interior Johan Vande Lanotte, minister of justice Stefaan De Clerck and the former police chief.

Notable residents

 * Jean-Nicolas Perlot (1823–1900), adventurer and participant in the California Gold Rush, born in Herbeumont

title: Herbeumont


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Léglise

Léglise (Leglijhe) is a municipality of Wallonia, located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

Population
On 1 January 2007 the municipality, had 4,178 inhabitants, giving a population density of 24.2 inhabitants per km2.

Area
The municipality covers 172.92 km2.

Sub-Municipalities
The municipality consists of the following districts :

Assenois, Ébly, Léglise, Mellier, and Witry.

Other population centers include : • Behême

• Bernimont

• Bombois

• Burnaimont

• Chêne

• Chevaudos

• Gennevaux

• Habaru

• Lavaux

• Les Fossés

• Louftémont

• Maisoncelle

• Narcimont

• Naleumont

• Nivelet

• Rancimont

• Thibessart

• Traimont

• Vaux-lez-Chêne

• Vlessart

• Volaiville

• Winville

• Witimont

title: Léglise


text:
Libin, Belgium

Libin is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2019 the municipality, which covers 140.5 km2, had 5,223 inhabitants, giving a population density of 37.2 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Anloy, Libin, Ochamps, Redu, Smuid, Transinne, and Villance. Other population centers include: Glaireuse, Hamaide, Lesse, Libin-Bas, Libin-Haut, and Sèchery.

Redu is famous for its bookshops, and for hosting a large European Space Agency ground station. Also in the municipality is the Euro Space Center tourist attraction, close to Transinne. Sèchery is known as a popular location for marriages and company seminars (e.g. Antwerp Management School,...).

title: Libin, Belgium


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Libramont-Chevigny

Libramont-Chevigny (Libråmont) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 February 2015, the municipality, which covers 177.86 km2, had 10,955 inhabitants, giving a population density of 61,59 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bras, Freux, Libramont, Moircy, Recogne, Remagne, Sainte-Marie-Chevigny, and Saint-Pierre. Other population centers include: • Bernimont

• Bonnerue

• Bougnimont

• Chenet

• Flohimont

• Jenneville

• Lamouline

• Laneuville

• Neuvillers

• Nimbermont

• Ourt

• Presseux

• Renaumont

• Rondu

• Sberchamps

• Séviscourt

• Wideumont

The Ourthe Occidentale river originates in the municipality of Libramont-Chevigny, near the hamlet of Ourt.

Notable people from Libramont-Chevigny

 * Nade Dieu (born 1973), actress
 * Jodie Devos (born 1988), operatic soprano
 * Fiona Ferro (born 1997), tennis player
 * Guillaume François (born 1990), football player
 * Anne-Catherine Gillet (born 1975), operatic soprano
 * David Henen (born 1996), football player
 * Marie Howet (1897–1984), expressionist painter
 * Françoise Lalande (born 1941), writer
 * Arnaud de Lie (born 2002), cyclist

title: Libramont-Chevigny


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Neufchâteau, Luxembourg Province

Neufchâteau (Li Tchestea) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2018 the municipality, which covers 113.79 km2, had 7,679 inhabitants, giving a population density of 67 /km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Grandvoir, Grapfontaine, Hamipré, Longlier, Neufchâteau, and Tournay.

Other localities are: Cousteumont, Fineuse, Gérimont, Harfontaine, Hosseuse, Lahérie, LeSart, Malome, Marbay, Massul, Molinfaing, MonIdée, Montplainchamps, Morival, Namoussart, Nolinfaing, Offaing, Petitvoir, Respelt, Semel, Tronquoy, Verlaine, and Warmifontaine.

Early history
A Neolithic megalith dating from about 2000 BC and a Celtic necropolis dating from between the 5th and 2nd centuries BC have been found in this area, attesting to early human activity. Gallo-Roman sepultures and a small Roman villa were found here as well, showing the presence around the 2nd century AD of a minor agricultural domain. The region was used in Carolingian times mostly as a hunting area and population remained sparse throughout the Middle Ages. A document dating from 1100 shows that one of the many tiny hamlets in the area, Semel, was donated to the Abbey of Amdain (currently Saint-Hubert). In 1239, that same hamlet was mentioned as being part of the lordship of Neufchâteau, at the time when it was now given to the Orval Abbey. Like many of its neighbours, the lordship of Neufchâteau was part of the Duchy of Luxembourg.

17th century until now
An important document for the history of the Neufchâteau region is a 1609 painting entitled "LA TERRE ET PREVOSTEE DE NEVFCHASTEAV AVECQZ SES DESPENDENCES", now kept in the Arlon archives. The painting shows the town of Neufchâteau within its protective walls, at the foot of its castle, surrounded by a number of villages and hamlets. In the mid-17th century, the plague and Louis XIV’s wars decimated the area. After the French Revolution and until 1815, Neufchâteau became the chief town of the old French département of Forêts. During World War I, its governor, Count Hans von Blumenthal, was one of a small number of German military officials who struck up a rapport with the local population, chiefly through his interest in hunting. Fighting in the area, however, was heavy, as more than 200 soldiers lost their lives in the first month of the war.

The cell biologist and Nobel Prizewinner Albert Claude was born in Longlier, close to Neufchâteau, in 1899.

Sights

 * The city hall, law courts, and main church
 * The Griffon tower, last remnant of the medieval castle that gave the city its name
 * The rural-life museum
 * Lake Neufchâteau

title: Neufchâteau, Luxembourg Province


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Paliseul

Paliseul (Palijhoû) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 112.96 km2, had 5,055 inhabitants, giving a population density of 44.8 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Carlsbourg, Fays-les-Veneurs, Framont, Maissin, Nollevaux, Offagne, Opont, and Paliseul. Other population centers include: Beth, Bour, Merny, Our, and Plainevaux.

title: Paliseul


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Saint-Hubert

Saint-Hubert may refer to:

People:
 * Saint Hubertus, also known as Saint Hubert, was appointed Bishop of Liège in 708 A.D.

In Belgium:
 * Saint-Hubert, Belgium, a municipality in the Belgian province of Luxembourg
 * Saint-Hubert Air Base (Base de Saint-Hubert), a military airport located northeast of Saint-Hubert
 * Saint-Hubert Airport (Aérodrome de Saint-Hubert), a civilian airport located north of Saint-Hubert

In Canada:
 * Saint-Hubert, Quebec, a borough of Longueuil
 * Longueuil–Saint-Hubert (AMT), formerly Saint-Hubert (AMT), a railway station
 * Montréal/St-Hubert Airport, an airport in Longueuil
 * CFB St. Hubert, a former Canadian Forces military base in Longueuil
 * St-Hubert, a Canadian restaurant chain
 * Saint Hubert Street, a street in Montreal
 * Saint-Hubert-de-Rivière-du-Loup, Quebec, a village in the Rivière-du-Loup Regional County Municipality
 * The French Counts of St Hubert, Saskatchewan, community in Saskatchewan

In France:
 * Saint-Hubert, Moselle, a village and commune in the Moselle department
 * Moulins-Saint-Hubert, a village and commune in the Meuse department
 * Château de Saint-Hubert, a royal mansion in Perray-en-Yvelines
 * Château de Saint-Hubert (Chavenon), a mansion in Chavenon, Allier
 * Rue Saint-Hubert, a street in the 11th arrondissement of Paris where Marie-Anne Asselin had a studio

In Mauritius:
 * Saint-Hubert, Mauritius, a village in Mauritius

Breed of dog:
 * Chien de Saint-Hubert, French name for the Bloodhound

title: Saint-Hubert


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Tellin

Tellin (Telin) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium, in the Ardennes.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 56.64 km2, had 2,386 inhabitants, giving a population density of 42.1 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bure, Grupont, Resteigne, and Tellin.

Sights
The Bell and Carillon Museum was housed in a former stagecoach inn, from 1992 to 2013. The museum showed the history of the foundry, manufacturing, professional secrets and the work of the bell-founders. In addition, there was a unique set of weather-vanes and clocks.

title: Tellin


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Wellin

Wellin (Welin) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 67.52 km2, had 2,958 inhabitants, giving a population density of 43.8 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Chanly, Halma, Lomprez, Sohier, and Wellin. Other population centers include: Barzin, Froidlieu, Fays-Famenne, and Neupont.

title: Wellin


text: User:Trevor Spiteri

title: User:Trevor Spiteri


text:
Chiny

Chiny (Tchini) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2018 the municipality, which covers 113.69 km2, had 5,175 inhabitants, giving a population density of 46 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Chiny, Izel, Jamoigne, Les Bulles, Suxy, and Termes.

Geography
Chiny is located on the boundary between the geographical regions of the Gaume and the Ardennes.

The name Chiny also refers historically to a former county, larger than the current municipality.

Other population centers include: • Frenois

• La Haïlleule

• La Mouline

• Moyen

• Pin

• Pont Charreau

• Prouvy

• Romponcelle

• Valansart

Coat of arms
The French blazon reads: D’azur à trois poissons d’argent posés en fasce et surmontés d’une couronne d’or.

The municipality's arms might in English heraldic language be described thus: Azure three fish fesswise in pale argent and in chief a crown Or.

History of the Counts of Chiny
The first dynasty ruled from 980 to 1384.

From 980, Arnoul of Burgundy-Granson, became the first Count of Chiny. By his marriage to Mathilde, daughter of Ricuin, Duke of Mosellane and Count of Ardennes, he acquired the dowry of his wife, a land of forests rich with game, crossed by a capricious river, the Semois. His son Othon of Warcq, left his small fortress on the Meuse to site the Château de Chiny on a rocky spur overlooking the river. In the eleventh century, the Château was a formidable barrier in the region. The area that was ruled by the count was huge: 246 towns, 57 castles, 1412 villages.

The fourth Count, Louis II, loved hunting parties and held them in his huge game park starting in 1040. It was then that the legend relates that a young lord named Thibault, a descendant of the Counts of Champagne, secretly left his father's house to offer his services in the Ardennes forest near Chiny, where he established a hermitage and found a source of holy springs. Louis II built a large shrine to the spring's healing powers. The shrine became famous, with many pilgrims who came to implore the grace of Saint-Thibault. Later, monks from Calabria, Italy, founded a Monastery nearby at Orval.

Arnoul, a successor, regularly confronted Count Godfrey of Bouillon, leader of the first Crusade and nephew of Queen Mathilde. They eventually became friends and Arnoul entrusted Godfrey both his sons, Otto and Louis, to take part in the first Crusade. Returning from the Crusade, Otto, was in turn count of Chiny, but he found Orval falling in ruins. The Calabrian monks left in 1108, and the Cistercians revived Orval.

Louis IV was the last count of the first dynasty. Having no son, he prepared Jeanne, his eldest daughter, as his successor. Louis IV marked his reign by the first postage stamp in the county.

In marrying Jeanne, Arnulf of Looz became the first Count of the second dynasty. He was notable as the builder of the fortress of Montmedy. Their son, Louis V held a tournament of chivalry in 1285 that was regarded as the finest in the Middle Ages, at the village de Chauvency-le-Château. Over 500 knights of Europe attended this tournament and were memorialized in song by the bard Jacques Bretel. Louis V enjoyed great notoriety as a result. He died in 1299. His heart, per his last wishes, was embalmed and buried in a lead box in front of the altar at Saint-Thibault, in the village of Suxy.

Thereafter, the Counts struggled to maintain their territory as wars and battles ensued. They were by turn, the vassals of the Count of Bar and John the Blind, King of Bohemia and Count of Luxembourg, all claiming the same lands. Seven Counts were named in less than thirty years. The father of Arnould Rumigny, last count of Chiny died of pneumonia a few months before the birth of his son. His young widow died in childbirth, and the son, Arnould, sold his lands rather than allow his malevolent uncle's offspring to inherit. On 13 June 1364, the lands of Chiny were sold to Wenceslas, Duke of Luxembourg.

Later, in the 15th century, the Count de Faing was created and his Château was erected, which was later reconstructed and stands today.

title: Chiny


text:
Étalle, Belgium

Étalle (Lorrain: Ètaule) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 78.1 km2, had 5,389 inhabitants, giving a population density of 69 /km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Buzenol, Chantemelle, Étalle, Sainte-Marie-sur-Semois, Vance,_Belgium, and Villers-sur-Semois. Other population centers include: Croix Rouge, Fratin, Huombois, and Sivry.

title: Étalle, Belgium


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Florenville

Florenville (Gaumais: Floravile) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2016 the municipality had 5,639 inhabitants. The total area is 146.91 km2, giving a population density of 38.38 inhabitants per km2.

It is located on the Semois River, facing the French border.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Chassepierre, Florenville, Fontenoille, Lacuisine, Muno, Sainte-Cécile, and Villers-devant-Orval.

Other population centers include: Azy, Conques, Laiche, Martué, Lambermont, Le Ménil, and Watrinsart.

Orval Abbey is located in Villers-devant-Orval.

title: Florenville


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Habay

Habay (Habâ) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2007 the municipality, which covers 103.64 km2, had 7,903 inhabitants, giving a population density of 76.3 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Anlier, Habay-la-Neuve (seat of municipal council), Habay-la-Vieille, Hachy, Houdemont, and Rulles. Other population centers include: Harinsart, Marbehan, Nantimont, and Orsainfaing.

title: Habay


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Meix-devant-Virton

Meix-devant-Virton (, literally Meix before Virton; Gaumais: Minch-duvant-Vèrtan; Méch-divant-Vierton) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2017 the municipality had 2,812 inhabitants. The total area is 54.2 km², giving a population density of 54 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Gérouville, Meix-devant-Virton, Robelmont, Sommethonne, and Villers-la-Loue. Other population centers include: Belle Vue, Berchiwé, Houdrigny, La Soye and Limes.

Geography
It is located in the Gaume, near Orval Abbey, Avioth and Virton.

railway line 165 Athus-Meuse and the Chevratte, an affluent of the Ton. The national road 88 is linking Florenville and Athus (Aubange) and coming from Dampicourt in the south, it heads west toward Gérouville and the French border.

Security and safety
The municipality is part of the Gaume Police Zone and the Luxembourg safety zone for firemen. The emergency number for those two services is 112.

title: Meix-devant-Virton


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Musson

Musson (grand Mson; Ëmsong) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2022 the municipality, which covers 34.81 km², had 4,650 inhabitants, giving a population density of 133.6 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Musson and Mussy-la-Ville. Other population centers include: Baranzy, Gennevaux, Signeulx, and Willancourt.

Transport
Musson is not served by any highways. The closest highway entrance is exit 3 of the A28/E411 in neighbouring Aubange. There is one major national road that passes Musson proper. This is the N88 from the Luxembourg border in Athus to Virton and Florenville. Furthermore, the N82 crosses the municipality shortly, for about 800m, in the northwest, but does not serve any population centers. All N-roads are maintained by the Walloon government. The following roads cross the municipality:

 * N82: Virton - Arlon
 * N88: Luxembourg (Pétange) - Athus - Musson - Baranzy - Signeulx - Virton - Florenville
 * N800: Musson - Rachecourt

Mussy-la-Ville, Willancourt and Gennevaux are only reachable by municipal roads. There are two border crossings with France. One from Baranzy to Gorcy and one from Signeulx to Ville-Houdlémont.

Messancy is served by the Walloon transport authority TEC with following bus lines:

 * 16/161: Virton - Signeulx - Baranzy - Musson - Athus - Arlon
 * 162: Virton - Signeulx - Baranzy - Willancourt
 * 169: Saint-Mard - Virton - Signeulx - Baranzy - Musson - Aubange
 * 19/191/199: Virton - Arlon (Passing through Musson but no bus stops)
 * 39: Musson - Baranzy - Mussy-la-Ville - Ruette - Virton
 * 391: Saint-Léger - Mussy-la-Ville - Ruette - Virton
 * 711: Virton - Mussy-la-Ville - Baranzy - Musson - Athus
 * 721: Musson - Baranzy - Willancourt - Musson - Athus - Differt
 * 83: Virton - Signeulx - Baranzy - Musson - Aubange - Luxembourg (LU)

Musson is crossed by the railway line 165 between Virton and Aubange, but there are no active train stations. The closest airport with commercial flights is Luxembourg Airport 38km to the northeast.

title: Musson


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Rouvroy

Rouvroy may refer to:

Places

 * Rouvroy, Belgium, a municipality in Wallonia, Belgium
 * Rouvroy, Aisne, a commune in the Aisne département in France
 * Rouvroy, Pas-de-Calais, a commune in the Pas-de-Calais département in France

House of Rouvroy

 * Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon
 * Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, a French utopian socialist thinker.
 * Claude de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon
 * Claude - Charles de Rouvroy
 * Charles François de Rouvroy

title: Rouvroy


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Saint-Léger, Belgium

Saint-Léger (also unofficial Saint-Léger-en-Gaume; Sint-Ldjir-e-Gåme) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2022 the municipality, which covers 35.86 km2, had 3,735 inhabitants, giving a population density of 104.0 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the districts of Châtillon, Meix-le-Tige, and Saint-Léger.There is a spar near the town center.

Transport
Saint-Léger is not served by any highways. The closes highway entrance is exit 31 of the E25/E411 highway (Brussels/Liège - Luxembourg) in neighbouring Arlon. There is one major national road that passes Saint-Léger from southwest to northeast. This is the N82 from Virton to the provincial capital Arlon. All N-roads are maintained by the Walloon government. The following roads cross the municipality:

 * N82: Virton - Saint-Léger - Châtillon - Arlon
 * N813: Aubange - Meix-le-Teige - Châtillon - Étalle

Saint-Léger is served by the Walloon transport authority TEC with following bus lines:

 * 19/191: Virton - Saint-Léger - Châtillon - Arlon
 * 199: Saint-Mard - Virton - Saint-Léger - Châtillon - Arlon
 * 20/201: Châtillon - Meix-le-Teige - Rachecourt - Arlon
 * 391: Saint-Léger - Ruette - Virton
 * 731: Saint-Léger - Châtillon - Meix-le-Teige - Athus

There are no railway lines passing Saint-Léger. The closest train station is in Virton, 11.5 km to the southwest. The closest airport with commercial service is Luxembourg Airport 40.5 km east.

title: Saint-Léger, Belgium


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User:Francis Henry Riley Crick

Hello, and welcome to my personal entry on Wikipedia.

I'm not the Francis Crick, so please don't contact me with inquiries relating to him.

 * $$f'(x)= \lim_{h \to 0} \frac{f(x+h) - f(x)}{h}$$

887-818-8611-4274-2585

Statics of Solid Bodies

Force equilibrium

$$ \sum\overrightarrow{F_i} + \int_V $$

title: User:Francis Henry Riley Crick


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Tintigny

Tintigny (Tintnî) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Luxembourg, Belgium.

On 1 January 2015 the municipality had 4,200 inhabitants. Its total area is 81.79 km2, giving it a population density of 45.7 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bellefontaine, Rossignol, Saint-Vincent, and Tintigny. Other population centers include Ansart, Breuvanne, Han, Lahage, and Poncelle.

History
Three-quarters of the village of Tintigny was burned down on August 22, 1914: 183 houses in the village were destroyed. These facts are attributable in particular to the 38th IR and 51st IR of the German Imperial Army. Falsely accused of being snipers, 93 local residents were killed.

On the same day, at Rossignol, one of the great disasters of the Battle of the Borders took place during the fighting at Rossignol: the 3rd French colonial infantry division, an elite corps made up mostly of volunteers who had already seen fire, was surrounded and annihilated by the XI and XII Infantry Divisions of the German VI Silesian Corps. Ernest Psichari, killed in this battle, rests in the military cemetery of Rossignol3. Despite their victory, the Germans, exhausted by this battle slowing them down in their advance towards Paris, attacked the population. They deported 120 inhabitants of Rossignol and neighboring villages and shot them in Arlon on August 26, 1914, at the current Place des Fusillés, named after them in their memory.

title: Tintigny