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Richard III (play)

Richard III is a play by William Shakespeare. It was probably written c. 1592–1594. It is labelled a history in the First Folio, and is usually considered one, but it is sometimes called a tragedy, as in the quarto edition. Richard III concludes Shakespeare's first tetralogy (also containing Henry VI, Part 1, Henry VI, Part 2, and Henry VI, Part 3) and depicts the Machiavellian rise to power and subsequent short reign of King Richard III of England.

It is the second longest play in the Shakespearean canon and is the longest of the First Folio, whose version of Hamlet, otherwise the longest, is shorter than its quarto counterpart. The play is often abridged for brevity, and peripheral characters removed. In such cases, extra lines are often invented or added from elsewhere to establish the nature of the characters' relationships. A further reason for abridgment is that Shakespeare assumed his audiences' familiarity with his Henry VI plays, frequently referring to these plays.

House of York

 * King Edward IV – King of England
 * Richard, Duke of Gloucester – Edward IV's brother; later King Richard III
 * George, Duke of Clarence – Edward IV's brother
 * Duchess of York – Edward, Richard and George's mother
 * Edward, Prince of Wales – Edward IV's eldest son; later King Edward V (never crowned)
 * Richard, Duke of York – Edward IV's younger son
 * Boy – George's son
 * Girl – George's daughter

House of Lancaster

 * Queen Margaret – widow of King Henry VI
 * Ghost of King Henry VI
 * Ghost of Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales – Henry VI's son
 * Lady Anne Neville – widow of Edward of Westminster; later wife of King Richard III
 * Tressel and Berkeley – Lady Anne's attendants (non-speaking roles)

Woodville family

 * Queen Elizabeth – wife of King Edward IV
 * Earl Rivers – Elizabeth's brother
 * Marquis of Dorset – Elizabeth's son (from a previous marriage)
 * Lord Richard Grey – Elizabeth's son (from a previous marriage)
 * Sir Thomas Vaughan – ally of Rivers and Grey

Richard III's group

 * Duke of Buckingham
 * Sir William Catesby
 * Duke of Norfolk
 * Earl of Surrey – Norfolk's son
 * Sir Richard Ratcliffe
 * Sir James Tyrrell – assassin
 * Lord Lovel
 * Two Murderers
 * Richard's page

Earl of Richmond's group

 * Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond – Henry VI's nephew; later King Henry VII
 * Lord Stanley, Earl of Derby – Richmond's stepfather
 * Earl of Oxford
 * Sir Walter Herbert
 * Sir James Blunt
 * Sir William Brandon – Richmond's standard-bearer (non-speaking role)

Clergy

 * Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Archbishop of York
 * Bishop of Ely
 * Sir Christopher – chaplain of Stanley's household
 * John – priest

Other characters

 * Lord Hastings – Lord Chamberlain under Edward IV
 * Sir Robert Brackenbury – Lieutenant of the Tower
 * Lord Mayor of London
 * Scrivener
 * Keeper of the Tower
 * Three Citizens
 * Hastings – pursuivant
 * Sheriff of Wiltshire
 * Ghosts of Clarence, Rivers, Grey, Vaughan, Edward (Prince of Wales), Richard (Duke of York), Hastings, Lady Anne and Buckingham
 * Lords, Messengers, Soldiers etc.

Other
Although they do not appear in the text of the play, many productions include as on-stage characters Jane Shore (Edward IV's mistress), Elizabeth of York (Edward IV's daughter, later queen consort to Richmond [Henry VII]), and George Stanley (Lord Stanley's son, who is held hostage by Richard prior to the Battle of Bosworth Field).

Synopsis
The play begins with Richard of Gloucester describing the re-accession to the throne of his brother, King Edward IV of England, eldest son of the late Richard, Duke of York (implying the year is 1471):

Richard is an ugly hunchback, "rudely stamp'd", "deformed, unfinish'd", cannot "strut before a wanton ambling nymph", and says he is "determined to prove a villain / And hate the idle pleasures of these days." Through a prophecy, that " of Edward's heirs the murderer shall be", he has contrived to have his brother Clarence conducted to the Tower of London (the king interpreted the prophecy as eorge of Clarence, but the prophecy could just as easily refer to Richard of loucester). Speaking to Clarence en route, Richard blames the queen and says that he will himself try to help Clarence. Richard continues plotting:

Lady Anne attends the corpse of Henry VI with Trestle and Berkeley going from St Paul's Cathedral. She bids them set down the "honourable load" then laments. Richard appears, and Lady Anne says that "Henry's wounds[...] bleed afresh". He confesses the murder, and she spits at him. He offers himself to her sword, but she drops it. He offers to kill himself at her order, but she accepts his ring. Richard exults at having won her over so and tells the audience that he will discard her once she has served his purpose.

The atmosphere at court is poisonous. The established nobles are at odds with the upwardly mobile relatives of Queen Elizabeth, a hostility fuelled by Richard's machinations. Queen Margaret, Henry VI's widow, returns, though banished, and she warns the squabbling nobles about Richard, cursing extensively. The nobles, all Yorkists, unite against this last Lancastrian and ignore the warnings.

Richard orders two murderers to kill Clarence in the tower. Clarence relates a distressing dream to his keeper before going to sleep. The murderers arrive with a warrant, and the keeper relinquishes his office. While the murderers are pondering what to do, Clarence wakes. He recognises their purpose and pleads with them. Presuming that Edward has offered them payment, he tells them to go to Gloucester, who will reward them better for having kept him alive. One of the murderers explains that Gloucester hates him and sent them. Pleading again, he is eventually interrupted by "Look behind you, my lord" and is subsequently stabbed before being drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine (1478).

The compacted nobles pledge absent enmities before Edward, and Elizabeth asks Edward to receive Clarence into favour. Richard rebukes her, saying: "Who knows not that the gentle duke is dead?". Edward, who has confessed himself near death, is much upset by this news and led off. Richard blames those attending Edward. Edward IV soon dies (1483), leaving Richard as Protector. Lord Rivers, Lord Grey, and Sir Thomas Vaughan, have been imprisoned. The uncrowned Edward V and his brother are coaxed (by Richard) into an extended stay at the Tower of London.

Assisted by his cousin Buckingham, Richard mounts a campaign to present himself as the true heir to the throne, pretending to be a modest and devout man with no pretensions to greatness. Lord Hastings, who objects to Richard's accession, is arrested and executed on a trumped-up charge of treason. Richard and Buckingham spread the rumour that Edward's two sons are illegitimate and therefore have no rightful claim to the throne, and they are assisted by Catesby, Ratcliffe, and Lovell. The other lords are cajoled into accepting Richard as king despite the continued survival of his nephews (the Princes in the Tower).

Richard asks Buckingham to secure the death of the princes, but Buckingham hesitates. Richard then recruits Sir James Tyrrell who kills both children. When Richard denies Buckingham a promised land grant, Buckingham turns against Richard and defects to the side of Henry, Earl of Richmond, who is currently in exile. Richard has his eye on Elizabeth of York, Edward IV's next remaining heir, and poisons Lady Anne so he can be free to woo the princess. The Duchess of York and Queen Elizabeth mourn the princes' deaths. Queen Margaret meets them. As predicted, Queen Elizabeth asks Queen Margaret for help in cursing. Later, the Duchess applies this lesson and curses her only surviving son before leaving. Richard asks Queen Elizabeth to help him win her daughter's hand in marriage. She is not taken in by his eloquence, and stalls him by saying that she will let him know her daughter's answer in due course.

The increasingly paranoid Richard loses what popularity he had. He faces rebellions, led first by Buckingham and subsequently by the invading Richmond. Buckingham is captured and executed. Both sides arrive for a final battle at Bosworth Field. Prior to the battle, Richard is sleeping and visited by the ghosts of his victims, each telling him to "Despair and die". They likewise attend and wish victory on Richmond. Richard wakes, screaming "Jesus", then realises that he is all alone and cannot even pity himself.

At the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485), Lord Stanley (who is also Richmond's stepfather) and his followers desert Richard, whereupon Richard calls for the execution of George Stanley, hostage and Lord Stanley's son. But this does not happen, as the battle is in full swing, and Richard is at a disadvantage. Richard is unhorsed on the field, and cries out, "A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse". Richmond kills Richard and claims the throne as Henry VII.

Date and text
Richard III is believed to be one of Shakespeare's earlier plays, preceded only by the three parts of Henry VI and perhaps Titus Andronicus and a handful of comedies. It is believed to have been written c. 1592–1594. Although Richard III was entered into the Register of the Stationers' Company on 20 October 1597 by the bookseller Andrew Wise, who published the first Quarto (Q1) later that year (with printing done by Valentine Simmes), Christopher Marlowe's Edward II, which cannot have been written much later than 1592 (Marlowe died in 1593), is thought to have been influenced by it. A second Quarto (Q2) followed in 1598, printed by Thomas Creede for Andrew Wise, containing an attribution to Shakespeare on its title page. Q3 appeared in 1602, Q4 in 1605, Q5 in 1612, and Q6 in 1622, the frequency attesting to its popularity. The First Folio version followed in 1623.

The Folio is longer than the Quarto and contains some fifty additional passages amounting to more than two hundred lines. However, the Quarto contains some twenty-seven passages amounting to about thirty-seven lines that are absent from the Folio. The two texts also contain hundreds of other differences, including the transposition of words within speeches, the movement of words from one speech to another, the replacement of words with near-synonyms, and many changes in grammar and spelling.

At one time, it was thought that the Quarto represented a separate revision of the play by Shakespeare. However, since the Quarto contains many changes that can only be regarded as mistakes, it is now widely believed that the Quarto was produced by memorial reconstruction. It is thought likely that the Quarto was collectively produced by a company of actors remembering their lines. It is unknown why the actors did this, but it may have been to replace a missing prompt book. The Folio is regarded as having much higher authority than the Quarto, but because the Folio edition was collated by the printers against a Quarto (probably Q3), some errors from the Quarto found their way into the Folio. Some parts of the Folio (the beginning of Act III and much of Act V) are clearly copied, with little change, direct from the Quarto. The Folio also has its own corruptions and omissions, and corrections have to be supplied, where possible, from the Quarto.

Comedic elements
Unlike his previous tragedy Titus Andronicus, the play avoids graphic demonstrations of physical violence; only Richard and Clarence are shown being stabbed on-stage, while the rest (the two princes, Hastings, Brackenbury, Grey, Vaughan, Rivers, Anne, Buckingham, and King Edward) all meet their ends off-stage. Despite the villainous nature of the title character and the grim storyline, Shakespeare infuses the action with comic material, as he does with most of his tragedies. Much of the humour rises from the dichotomy between how Richard's character is known and how Richard tries to appear.

Richard himself also provides some dry remarks in evaluating the situation, as when he plans to marry Queen Elizabeth's daughter: "Murder her brothers, then marry her; Uncertain way of gain ..." Other examples of humour in this play include Clarence's reluctant murderers, and the Duke of Buckingham's report on his attempt to persuade the Londoners to accept Richard ("I bid them that did love their country's good cry, God save Richard, England's royal king!" Richard: "And did they so?"  Buckingham: "No, so God help me, they spake not a word ...") Puns, a Shakespearean staple, are especially well represented in the scene where Richard tries to persuade Queen Elizabeth to woo her daughter on his behalf.

Free will and fatalism
One of the central themes of Richard III is the idea of fate, especially as it is seen through the tension between free will and fatalism in Richard's actions and speech, as well as the reactions to him by other characters. There is no doubt that Shakespeare drew heavily on Sir Thomas More's account of Richard III as a criminal and tyrant as inspiration for his own rendering. This influence, especially as it relates to the role of divine punishment in Richard's rule of England, reaches its height in the voice of Margaret. Janis Lull suggests that "Margaret gives voice to the belief, encouraged by the growing Calvinism of the Elizabethan era, that individual historical events are determined by God, who often punishes evil with (apparent) evil".

Thus it seems possible that Shakespeare, in conforming to the growing "Tudor Myth" of the day, as well as taking into account new theologies of divine action and human will becoming popular in the wake of the Protestant Reformation, sought to paint Richard as the final curse of God on England in punishment for the deposition of Richard II in 1399. Irving Ribner argued that "the evil path of Richard is a cleansing operation which roots evil out of society and restores the world at last to the God-ordained goodness embodied in the new rule of Henry VII".

Scholar Victor Kiernan writes that this interpretation is a perfect fit with the English social perspective of Shakespeare's day: "An extension is in progress of a privileged class's assurance of preferential treatment in the next world as in this, to a favoured nation's conviction of having God on its side, of Englishmen being ... the new Chosen People".

However, historical fatalism is merely one side of the argument of fate versus free will. It is also possible that Shakespeare intended to portray Richard as "a personification of the Machiavellian view of history as power politics". In this view, Richard is acting entirely out of his own free will in brutally taking hold of the English throne. Kiernan also presents this side of the coin, noting that Richard "boasts to us of his finesse in dissembling and deception with bits of Scripture to cloak his 'naked villainy' (I.iii.334–348) ... Machiavelli, as Shakespeare may want us to realise, is not a safe guide to practical politics".

Kiernan suggests that Richard is merely acting as if God is determining his every step in a sort of Machiavellian manipulation of religion as an attempt to circumvent the moral conscience of those around him. Therefore, historical determinism is merely an illusion perpetrated by Richard's assertion of his own free will. The Machiavellian reading of the play finds evidence in Richard's interactions with the audience, as when he mentions that he is "determinèd to prove a villain" (I.i.30). However, though it seems Richard views himself as completely in control, Lull suggests that Shakespeare is using Richard to state "the tragic conception of the play in a joke. His primary meaning is that he controls his own destiny. His pun also has a second, contradictory meaning—that his villainy is predestined—and the strong providentialism of the play ultimately endorses this meaning".

Literary critic Paul Haeffner writes that Shakespeare had a great understanding of language and the potential of every word he used. One word that Shakespeare gave potential to was "joy". This is employed in Act I, Scene III, where it is used to show "deliberate emotional effect". Another word that Haeffner points out is "kind", which he suggests is used with two different definitions.

The first definition is used to express a "gentle and loving" man, which Clarence uses to describe his brother Richard to the murderers that were sent to kill him. This definition is not true, as Richard uses a gentle façade to seize the throne. The second definition concerns "the person's true nature ... Richard will indeed use Hastings kindly—that is, just as he is in the habit of using people—brutally".

Haeffner also writes about how speech is written. He compares the speeches of Richmond and Richard to their soldiers. He describes Richmond's speech as "dignified" and formal, while Richard's speech is explained as "slangy and impetuous". Richard's casualness in speech is also noted by another writer. However, Lull does not make the comparison between Richmond and Richard as Haeffner does, but between Richard and the women in his life. However, it is important to the women share the formal language that Richmond uses. She makes the argument that the difference in speech "reinforces the thematic division between the women's identification with the social group and Richard's individualism". Haeffner agrees that Richard is "an individualist, hating dignity and formality".

Janis Lull also takes special notice of the mourning women. She suggests that they are associated with "figures of repetition as anaphora—beginning each clause in a sequence with the same word—and epistrophe—repeating the same word at the end of each clause". One example of the epistrophe can be found in Margaret's speech in Act I, Scene III. Haeffner refers to these as few of many "devices and tricks of style" that occur in the play, showcasing Shakespeare's ability to bring out the potential of every word.

Richard as anti-hero
Throughout the play, Richard's character constantly changes and shifts and, in doing so, alters the dramatic structure of the story.

Richard immediately establishes a connection with the audience with his opening monologue. In the soliloquy he admits his amorality to the audience but at the same time treats them as if they were co-conspirators in his plotting; one may well be enamored of his rhetoric while being appalled by his actions. Richard shows off his wit in Act I, as seen in the interchanges with Lady Anne (Act I, Scene II) and his brother Clarence (Act I, Scene I). In his dialogues in Act I, Richard knowingly refers to thoughts he has only previously shared with the audience to keep the audience attuned to him and his objectives. In 1.1, Richard tells the audience in a soliloquy how he plans to claw his way to the throne—killing his brother Clarence as a necessary step to get there. However, Richard pretends to be Clarence's friend, falsely reassuring him by saying, "I will deliver you, or else lie for you" (1.1.115); which the audience knows—and Richard tells the audience after Clarence's exit—is the exact opposite of what he plans to do. Scholar Michael E. Mooney describes Richard as occupying a "figural position"; he is able to move in and out of it by talking with the audience on one level, and interacting with other characters on another.

Each scene in Act I is book-ended by Richard directly addressing the audience. This action on Richard's part not only keeps him in control of the dramatic action of the play, but also of how the audience sees him: in a somewhat positive light, or as the protagonist. Richard actually embodies the dramatic character of "Vice" from medieval morality plays—with which Shakespeare was very familiar from his time—with his "impish-to-fiendish humour". Like Vice, Richard is able to render what is ugly and evil—his thoughts and aims, his view of other characters—into what is charming and amusing for the audience.

In the earlier acts of the play, too, the role of the antagonist is filled by that of the old Lancastrian queen, Margaret, who is reviled by the Yorkists and whom Richard manipulates and condemns in Act I, Scene III.

However, after Act I, the number and quality of Richard's asides to the audience decrease significantly, as well as multiple scenes are interspersed that do not include Richard at all, but average Citizens (Act II, Scene III), or the Duchess of York and Clarence's children (Act II, Scene II), who are as moral as Richard is evil. Without Richard guiding the audience through the dramatic action, the audience is left to evaluate for itself what is going on. In Act IV, Scene IV, after the murder of the two young princes and the ruthless murder of Lady Anne, the women of the play—Queen Elizabeth, the Duchess of York, and even Margaret—gather to mourn their state and to curse Richard; and it is difficult as the audience not to sympathise with them. When Richard enters to bargain with Queen Elizabeth for her daughter's hand—a scene whose form echoes the same rhythmically quick dialogue as the Lady Anne scene in Act I—he has lost his vivacity and playfulness for communication; it is obvious he is not the same man.

By the end of Act IV everyone else in the play, including Richard's own mother, the Duchess, has turned against him. He does not interact with the audience nearly as much, and the inspiring quality of his speech has declined into merely giving and requiring information. As Richard gets closer to seizing the crown, he encloses himself within the world of the play; no longer embodying his facile movement in and out of the dramatic action, he is now stuck firmly within it. It is from Act IV that Richard really begins his rapid decline into truly being the antagonist. Shakespeare scholar Stephen Greenblatt notes how Richard even refers to himself as "the formal Vice, Iniquity" (3.1.82), which informs the audience that he knows what his function is; but also like Vice in the morality plays, the fates will turn and get Richard in the end, which Elizabethan audiences would have recognised.

In addition, the character of Richmond enters into the play in Act V to overthrow Richard and save the state from his tyranny, effectively being the instantaneous new protagonist. Richmond is a clear contrast to Richard's evil character, which makes the audience see him as such.

Performance
The earliest certain performance occurred on 16 or 17 November 1633, when Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria watched it on the Queen's birthday.

Colley Cibber produced the most successful of the Restoration adaptations of Shakespeare with his version of Richard III, at Drury Lane starting in 1700. Cibber himself played the role till 1739, and his version was on stage for the next century and a half. It contained the lines "Off with his head; so much for Buckingham" – possibly the most famous Shakespearean line that Shakespeare did not write – and "Richard's himself again!". The original Shakespearean version returned in a production at Sadler's Wells Theatre in 1845.

In 2011 film actor Kevin Spacey starred in an Old Vic production which subsequently toured the United States, directed by stage and film director Sam Mendes. Spacey had played the role of Richard's henchman, the Duke of Buckingham, in the Pacino film.

Film
Basil Rathbone played Richard III in the 1939 Universal horror film Tower of London, which was directed by Rowland V. Lee. The film was later remade by Roger Corman in 1962 with Vincent Price (who had played Clarence in Lee's film) in the lead role. While both films are influenced by the characterisation and structure of Shakespeare's play, neither includes any dialogue from it.

The most famous player of the part in recent times was Laurence Olivier in his 1955 film version. Olivier's film incorporates a few scenes and speeches from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3 and Cibber's rewrite of Shakespeare's play, but cuts entirely the characters of Queen Margaret and the Duchess of York, and Richard's soliloquy after seeing the ghosts of his victims. Olivier has Richard seduce Lady Anne while mourning over the corpse of her husband rather than her father-in-law as in the play. Olivier's rendition has been parodied by many comedians, including Peter Cook and Peter Sellers. Sellers, who had aspirations to do the role straight, appeared in a 1965 TV special on the Beatles' music by reciting "A Hard Day's Night" in the style of Olivier's Richard III. The first episode of the BBC television comedy Blackadder in part parodies the Olivier film, visually (as in the crown motif), Peter Cook's performance as a benevolent Richard, and by mangling Shakespearean text ("Now is the summer of our sweet content made o'ercast winter by these Tudor clouds ...")

Richard Loncraine's 1995 film, starring Ian McKellen, is set in a fictional fascist England in the 1930s, and based on an earlier highly successful stage production. Only about half the text of the play is used. The first part of his "Now is the winter of our discontent..." soliloquy is a public speech, while the second part is a private monologue. The famous final line of Richard's "A horse, my kingdom for a horse" is spoken when his jeep becomes trapped after backing up into a large pile of rubble.

In 1996, Al Pacino made his directoral debut and played the title role in Looking for Richard, analysing the plot of the play and playing out several scenes from it, as well as conducting a broader examination of Shakespeare's continuing role and relevance in popular culture. Also in 1996, a pristine print of Richard III (1912), starring Frederick Warde in the title role, was discovered by a private collector and donated to the American Film Institute. The 55-minute film is considered to be the earliest surviving American feature film.

In 2002 the story of Richard III was re-told in a movie about gang culture called King Rikki (also known as The Street King).

In 2017, Italian director Roberta Torre realized a musical drama film, inspired by Shakespeare's play, named Bloody Richard.

Television
The BBC Television Shakespeare version, first broadcast in 1983, starred Ron Cook as Richard.

BBC Two aired a new adaptation of Richard III in 2016 as part of The Hollow Crown series, with Benedict Cumberbatch playing the king. Executive producer Pippa Harris commented, "By filming the Henry VI plays as well as Richard III, we will allow viewers to fully appreciate how such a monstrous tyrant could find his way to power, bringing even more weight and depth to this iconic character."

Now is the winter of our discontent
The 2010 film, The King's Speech, features a scene where the king's speech therapist Lionel Logue, as played by Geoffrey Rush, auditions for the role by reciting the lines, "Now is the winter of our discontent / Made glorious summer by this sun [or son] of York". Shakespeare critic Keith Jones believes that the film in general sets up its main character as a kind of antithesis to Richard III. The same antithesis was noted by conservative commentator Noah Millman.

In the Red Dwarf episode "Marooned", Rimmer objects to Lister's burning of the Complete Works of Shakespeare in an attempt to maintain enough heat to keep him alive. When challenged, Rimmer claims he can quote from it and embarks upon the soliloquy: "Now! ... That's all I can remember. You know! That famous speech from Richard III – 'now, something something something something'."

In the 1967 film Billion Dollar Brain, Harry Palmer is told to use the verse as a code phrase.

John Steinbeck used the opening line for the title of his novel The Winter of Our Discontent.

The phrase "Winter of Discontent" is an expression, popularised by the British media, referring to the winter of 1978–79 in the United Kingdom, during which there were widespread strikes by local authority trade unions demanding larger pay rises for their members.

My kingdom for a horse!
Richard begins act 5, scene 4 by exclaiming "A horse, a horse, my kingdom for a horse!" after being knocked from his steed during the climactic battle. The phrase illustrates the drama and desperation of his sudden fall from grace and has entered common parlance as such.

In the 1949 Looney Tunes cartoon A Ham in a Role, the dog actor says Catesby and Richard III's lines, "Rescue, fair lord, or else the day is lost! A horse, A horse, My kingdom for a horse!" before being kicked out of the window by a Goofy Gophers-hauled horse.

Noël Coward's 1941 song Could You Please Oblige Us with a Bren Gun? includes a lyric referring to Colonel Montmorency: "He realised his army should be mechanised, of course/ But somewhere inside/ Experience cried/ 'My kingdom for a horse!

In the 1993 Mel Brooks film Robin Hood: Men in Tights, the character Robin of Locksley, played by Cary Elwes, says "A horse, my kingdom for a horse!" as he arrives in England in the opening scene.

In E. T. A. Hoffmann's 1816 story The Nutcracker and the Mouse King, the Nutcracker shouts in one scene; "A horse – a horse – my kingdom for a horse!"

Other quotations
The film Being John Malkovich has many Shakespeare allusions, including a scene in which Malkovich is shown rehearsing Richard III lines "Was ever woman in this humour woo'd? / Was ever woman in this humour won?" where Richard is boasting about using power, lies, and crime to seduce Lady Anne. As Visual Cultures professor Lynn Turner notes, this scene anticipates a parallel scene in which Craig uses deceit to seduce Maxine through Malkovich. Mariangela Tempera has noted that the subservience of Lady Anne in the scene contrasts with the self-assertiveness of the actress playing Lady Anne as she seduces Malkovich offstage.

In Adam Sandler's 2011 film Jack and Jill, Al Pacino reprises his role as Richard III, although the scenes are modified as Pacino interacts with the audience in a heavily comedic way.

In  V for Vendetta when V confronts Father Lilliman, he quotes the line "And thus I clothe my naked villany in old odd ends stol'n forth of holy writ, and seem a saint when most I play the devil."

In Freaked, an arrogant movie star who has been transformed into a "hideous mutant freak" makes use of his deformity by performing the opening soliloquy, condensed by a local professor in subtitles for the "culturally illiterate" to the more succinct "I'm ugly. I never get laid." One reviewer mentioned this as the best example of how the film seamlessly moves between highbrow and lowbrow culture.

In The Goodbye Girl, an ambitious actor played by Richard Dreyfuss is forced by his off-Broadway producer to play Richard III as a caricature of a homosexual.

In the 1975 film L'important c'est d'aimer, directed by Andrzej Żuławski, a production of Richard III in French is a mise en abyme for the drama enveloping the characters in the film.

The manga Requiem of the Rose King by Aya Kanno, which began in 2013, is a loose adaptation of the first Shakespearean historical tetralogy. It depicts Richard III as intersex instead of hunchbacked.

The title of the Alistair MacLean film Where Eagles Dare is inspired by Richard's complaint that the "world is grown so bad, that wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch." (Quoted in Act I, Scene III)

Lincoln's assassination
US President Abraham Lincoln was renowned for his love of Shakespeare, and of Richard III in particular. This fed Confederate propaganda, especially in Virginia, where residents of Richmond, Virginia, saw Lincoln as a Richard-like tyrant and identified their capital city with the Earl of Richmond, the hero of Shakespeare's play. Some interpreted Richard's Act IV speech as an omen favourable to the South:

Within a fortnight of the president's visit to the defeated city, he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Shakespearean actor known for playing both Richard and Richmond. Booth's notorious final words from the stage were "Sic semper tyrannis".

Historical inaccuracy
Shakespeare, and the Tudor chroniclers who influenced him, had an interest in portraying the defeat of the Plantagenet House of York by the House of Tudor as good conquering evil. Loyalty to the new regime required that the last Plantagenet king, Richard III, be depicted as a villain. The historical inaccuracies in the play can be attributed partly to Shakespeare's sources, such as Holinshed's Chronicles, the writings of John Rous, Polydore Vergil and Thomas More, and partly to artistic licence. Some of these inaccuracies are listed below in the order in which they either appear or are referred to in the play.

There is no evidence to suggest that Richard was personally responsible for the death of his wife's first husband, Edward of Westminster (the son of Henry VI), nor that of her father, the Earl of Warwick (and in Henry VI, Part 3 Richard is not portrayed as being responsible for Warwick's death). Richard, then eighteen, took part in the battles in which Edward and Warwick were killed. Shakespeare's sources do not identify Richard as being involved in the death of Henry VI, who was probably murdered on the orders of Edward IV. Richard and his wife, Anne Neville, had known each other for a long time before they married, having spent much of their childhood in the same household. Henry VI's widow, Queen Margaret, was not at court in the period covered by this play; she became Edward IV's prisoner and returned to France in 1475. Richard's elder brother, Clarence (George, Duke of Clarence), was not on good terms with Richard, but was imprisoned by Edward IV and was executed for treason in 1478, when Richard was in the North of England, where he continued to live until Edward IV died five years later.

Richard returned from the North to fulfil Edward IV's wish that he rule as Lord Protector. It was the Plantagenet tradition that a future king (in this case Edward V, the elder of the "princes in the tower") would stay in the royal apartments at the Tower of London while awaiting his coronation. No one knows why the "princes in the tower" disappeared or what happened to them. Richard took the throne by an Act of Parliament, on the basis of testimony claiming that Edward IV's marriage to Queen Elizabeth (Elizabeth Woodville) had been bigamous. Contemporary rumours that Richard had murdered his own wife appear baseless; she is thought to have died of tuberculosis. There is no surviving evidence to suggest that he planned to marry his niece, Elizabeth of York, although rumours about this plan did circulate. At the time he was also negotiating a marriage for Elizabeth with a Portuguese prince, Manuel, Duke of Beja (later Manuel I of Portugal).

At the Battle of Bosworth there was no single combat between Richard and Richmond (Henry Tudor). Richard spotted Richmond in his rearguard surrounded by French pikemen and led a cavalry charge against him. Richard was steered away from Richmond by Sir Rhys ap Thomas. The Stanleys (Thomas, Lord Stanley, and his younger brother, Sir William Stanley) entered the fray in support of Richmond when they saw that Richard was vulnerable; when he saw this, Richard cried "Treason". Richard fell from his horse after it lost its footing in a marshy area; he was offered a new horse but declined.

The only contemporary reference to Richard having any deformities was the observation that his right shoulder was slightly higher than his left, which is now known to have been caused by his scoliosis of the spine. After the discovery of Richard's remains in 2012 it became clear that he might have been slightly hunched, though the degree and direction of the curvature was not as serious as that of what is now known as spinal kyphosis.

Editions of Richard III

 * Bate, Jonathan and Rasmussen, Eric (eds.) Richard III (The RSC Shakespeare; London: Macmillan, 2008)
 * Davison, Peter (ed.) The First Quarto of King Richard III (The New Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
 * de Somogyi, Nick (ed.) Richard III: The Tragedy of Richard the Third (The Shakespeare Folios; London: Nick Hern Books, 2002)
 * Dover Wilson, John (ed.) Richard III (The New Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954; revised edition 1961)
 * Eccles, Mark (ed.) The Tragedy of King Richard III (Signet Classic Shakespeare; New York: Signet, 1964; revised edition, 1988; 2nd revised edition 1998)
 * Evans, G. Blakemore (ed.) Richard III (The Pelican Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1959; revised edition 1969)
 * ———. The Riverside Shakespeare (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974; 2nd edn., 1997)
 * Greenblatt, Stephen; Cohen, Walter; Howard, Jean E. and Maus, Katharine Eisaman (eds.) The Norton Shakespeare: Based on the Oxford Shakespeare (London: Norton, 1997)
 * Greg, W.W. (ed.) Richard III, 1597 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959)
 * Hammond, Anthony (ed.) King Richard III (The Arden Shakespeare, 2nd Series; London: Arden, 1981)
 * Holland, Peter (ed.) Richard III (The Pelican Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2000)
 * Honigmann, E.A.J. (ed.) Richard III (The New Penguin Shakespeare; London: Penguin, 1968; revised edition, 1995)
 * Jowett, John (ed.) Richard III (The Oxford Shakespeare; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000)
 * Lull, Janis (ed.) King Richard III (The New Cambridge Shakespeare; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999; 2nd edition 2009)
 * Siemon, James R. (ed.) King Richard III (The Arden Shakespeare, 3rd Series; London: Arden, 2009)
 * Taylor, Michael (ed.) Richard III (The New Penguin Shakespeare, 2nd edition; London: Penguin, 2005)
 * Thompson, A. Hamilton (ed.) The Tragedy of King Richard the Third (The Arden Shakespeare, 1st Series; London: Arden, 1907)
 * Wells, Stanley; Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John and Montgomery, William (eds.) The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986; 2nd edn., 2005)
 * Werstine, Paul and Mowat, Barbara A. (eds.) Richard III (Folger Shakespeare Library; Washington: Simon & Schuster, 2004)

title: Richard III (play)


text: Talk:Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius


text:
Diode bridge

A diode bridge is a bridge rectifier circuit of four diodes that is used in the process of converting alternating current (AC) from the input terminals to direct current (DC, i.e. fixed polarity) on the output terminals. Its function is to convert the negative voltage portions of the AC waveform to positive voltage, after which a low-pass filter can be used to smooth the result into DC.

When used in its most common application, for conversion of an alternating-current (AC) input into a direct-current (DC) output, it is known as a bridge rectifier. A bridge rectifier provides full-wave rectification from a two-wire AC input, resulting in lower cost and weight as compared to a rectifier with a three-wire input from a transformer with a center-tapped secondary winding.

Prior to the availability of integrated circuits, a bridge rectifier was constructed from separate diodes. Since about 1950, a single four-terminal component containing the four diodes connected in a bridge configuration has been available and is now available with various voltage and current ratings.

Diodes are also used in bridge topologies along with capacitors as voltage multipliers.

History
The diode bridge circuit was invented by Karol Pollak and patented in December 1895 in Great Britain and in January 1896 in Germany. In 1897, Leo Graetz independently invented and published a similar circuit. Today the circuit is sometimes referred to as a "Graetz circuit" or "Graetz bridge".

Current flow
According to the conventional model of current flow, originally established by Benjamin Franklin and still followed by most engineers today ), current flows through electrical conductors from the positive to the negative pole (defined as positive flow). In actuality, free electrons in a conductor nearly always flow from the negative to the positive pole. In the vast majority of applications, however, the actual direction of current flow is irrelevant. Therefore, in the discussion below the conventional model is retained.

The fundamental characteristic of a diode is that current can flow only one way through it, which is defined as the forward direction. A diode bridge uses diodes as series components to allow current to pass in the forward direction during the positive part of the AC cycle and as shunt components to redirect current flowing in the reverse direction during the negative part of the AC cycle to the opposite rails.

Rectifier
In the diagrams below, when the input connected to the left corner of the diamond is positive, and the input connected to the right corner is negative, current flows from the upper supply terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output and returns to the lower supply terminal through the blue (negative) path.

When the input connected to the left corner is negative, and the input connected to the right corner is positive, current flows from the lower supply terminal to the right along the red (positive) path to the output and returns to the upper supply terminal through the blue (negative) path.

In each case, the upper right output remains positive, and lower right output negative. Since this is true whether the input is AC or DC, this circuit not only produces a DC output from an AC input, it can also provide reverse-polarity protection; that is, it permits normal functioning of DC-powered equipment when batteries have been installed backwards, or when the leads from a DC power source have been reversed, and protects the equipment from potential damage caused by reverse polarity.

Alternatives to the diode-bridge full-wave rectifiers are the center-tapped transformer and double-diode rectifier, and voltage doubler rectifier using two diodes and two capacitors in a bridge topology.

Smoothing circuits
With AC input, the output of a diode bridge (called a full-wave rectifier for this purpose; there is also half-wave rectification, which does not use a diode bridge) is polarized pulsating non-sinusoidal voltage of the same amplitude but twice the frequency of the input. It may be considered as DC voltage upon which is superimposed a very large ripple voltage. This kind of electric power is not very usable, because ripple is dissipated as waste heat in DC circuit components and may cause noise or distortion during circuit operation. So nearly all rectifiers are followed by a series of bandpass or bandstop filters and/or a voltage regulator to convert most or all of the ripple voltage into a smoother and possibly higher DC output. A filter may be as simple as a single sufficiently large capacitor or choke, but most power-supply filters have multiple alternating series and shunt components. When the ripple voltage rises, reactive power is stored in the filter components, reducing the voltage; when the ripple voltage falls, reactive power is discharged from the filter components, raising the voltage. The final stage of rectification may consist of a zener diode-based voltage regulator, which almost completely eliminates any residual ripple.

Polyphase diode bridges
The diode bridge can be generalized to rectify polyphase AC inputs. For example, for a three-phase AC input, a half-wave rectifier consists of three diodes, but a full-wave bridge rectifier consists of six diodes.

A half-wave rectifier may be considered a wye connection (star connection), because it returns the current through the center (neutral) wire. A full-wave rectifier is more like a delta connection, although it can be connected to the three-phase source of either wye or delta and it does not use the center (neutral) wire.

title: Diode bridge


text:
Arkanoid

Arkanoid (アルカノイド) is a 1986 block breaker arcade game developed and published by Taito. In North America, it was published by Romstar. Controlling a paddle-like craft known as the Vaus, the player is tasked with clearing a formation of colorful blocks by deflecting a ball towards it without letting the ball leave the bottom edge of the playfield. Some blocks contain power-ups that have various effects, such as increasing the length of the Vaus, creating several additional balls, or equipping the Vaus with cannons. Other blocks may be indestructible or require multiple hits to break.

Created by Taito designers Akira Fujita and Hiroshi Tsujino, Arkanoid expanded on the concept established in Atari, Inc.'s Breakout, a successful game in its own right that was met with a large wave of similar clone games from other manufacturers. It was part of a contest within Taito, where two teams of designers had to complete a block breaker game and determine which one was superior to the other. The film Tron served as inspiration for the game's futuristic, neon aesthetic. Level designs were sketched on paper before being programmed and tested to make sure they were fun to play. The enemy and power-up designs were 3D models converted into sprite art.

Early location tests for Arkanoid surpassed Taito's initial expectations. It became a major commercial success in arcades, becoming the highest-grossing table arcade cabinet of 1987 in Japan and the year's highest-grossing conversion kit in the United States. The game was commended by critics for its gameplay, simplicity, addictive nature, and improvements over the original Breakout concept. The game revitalized the genre and set the groundwork for many games to follow. Arkanoid was ported to many home video game platforms, including the Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System, ZX Spectrum, and (years later) mobile phones, and it spawned a long series of sequels and updates over the course of two decades.

Gameplay
Arkanoid is a block breaker video game. Its plot involves the starship Arkanoid being attacked by a mysterious entity from space named DOH. A small paddle-shaped craft, the Vaus, is ejected from the Arkanoid.

The player controls the Vaus, moving it from side to side in order to hit a ball into an pattern of bricks and destroy them. After all bricks have been destroyed, the player advances to the next level and faces a new pattern. Most bricks can be destroyed in one hit; some require multiple hits, and others cannot be destroyed at all. Some bricks release capsules that bestow various power-ups when caught, such as increasing the length of the Vaus, temporarily slowing the ball down, or granting an extra life. Floating enemies/obstacles emerge onto the screen at times and can be hit for bonus points.

On the final stage (33 on most versions, but 36 on the NES), the player takes on the game's boss, "DOH". Once this point is reached, the player no longer has the option to continue after running out of lives, making this segment more difficult. The game is over regardless of the outcome.

If the player succeeds in defeating "DOH", the game rewards them by showing the ending, in which time starts to flow backwards, and Vaus escapes the distorted space just in time to return to the Arkanoid, which has also reversed back to perfect condition. The game's text warns, however, that the journey has only started, and that the player has not seen the last of "DOH".

Development and release
Arkanoid was designed by Akira Fujita and Hiroshi "ONIJUST" Tsujino, both of whom were members of Taito's Yokohama Research Institute. The company's sales department requested a new block breaker arcade game due to the genre beginning to see an upturn in popularity, following a steady downfall in the early 1980s. This led to a competition being held within the company to design the new game which was jointly won by Fujita and Tsujino, who were then instructed to combine their ideas into a single project. The game builds on the overall block breaker concept established in Atari's Breakout, a widely-successful arcade game that spawned a long series of similar clone games by other manufacturers.

The development team consisted of Fujita in charge of planning, with Tsujino providing level design and graphics and two others programming the arcade board, a modified version of the Taito Classic hardware. The neon, futuristic aesthetic was inspired by the film Tron (1982), which Tsujino was a big fan of. Blocks originally never had colors and were simply the same color, which was changed to the minor annoyance of Tsujino. The various geometric-like enemies and power-up items were hand-drawn from 3-dimensional models before being converted into sprite art. Hisayoshi Ogura, the founder of Taito's "house band" Zuntata, created the game's music.

The game had a short development time with tight work deadlines, a schedule which Tsujino has since claimed to be "murderous". Location testing for the game began only a month after the start of development. It was incredibly well received by playtesters, and generated a lot more popularity and income than Taito had expected. Arkanoid was officially released in Japan in July 1986, and in North America later that year by distributor company Romstar.

Ports
Arkanoid was ported to the ZX Spectrum, Amstrad CPC, Commodore 64, BBC Micro, MSX, Atari 8-bit computers, Apple II, NES, Amiga, Atari ST, Apple IIGS. and IBM PC compatibles. A Mac version was released in 1987 and a port was released for the Tandy Color Computer 3 in 1989. Computer conversions were published by Imagine. The NES and MSX ports were packaged with a custom controller.

Commercial
Arkanoid became one of Taito's most profitable coin-operated games. In Japan, Game Machine listed it as being the most popular arcade game of August 1986, and it remained the top-grossing table arcade cabinet for six months through September,  October,  November  and December 1986,  up until February 1987. Arkanoid was Japan's highest-grossing table arcade game during the second half of 1986, and the overall sixth highest-grossing table arcade game of 1986. It later went on to be the country's overall highest-grossing table arcade game of 1987.

In the United States, it was the highest-grossing arcade conversion kit of 1987. In the United Kingdom, it was the fourth highest-grossing arcade game of 1986 on London's Electrocoin charts. Euromax listed it as being the third most popular arcade game in Europe during 1987.

Critical
The arcade game was reviewed in Computer and Video Games by Clare Edgeley in November 1986, where she compared it to Pong and Space Invaders in its simplicity and addictiveness. She described Arkanoid as "a lovely game" that is "fast, colourful, simple and addictive".

The home versions were also well received. Computer Gaming World stated in 1988 that Arkanoid on the Amiga was "a perfect version of the arcade game ... incredible!" It named the NES version the Best Arcade Translation for the console that year, praising the graphics and play mechanics. The game was reviewed in 1989 in Dragon #144 by Hartley, Patricia, and Kirk Lesser in "The Role of Computers" column. The reviewers gave the game 5 out of 5 stars. Compute! named the game to its list of "nine great games for 1989", describing it as "hypnotic, addictive, and fascinating". Along with Breakout, the magazine noted Arkanoid also has elements of Pong and Space Invaders as well as Pac-Man in its use of power-ups.

Accolades
Arkanoid and its home releases received several awards, including the "Silver Award" from the Gamest Awards, "Games of the Year" from Compute! magazine, "Best Arcade Game" from the Entertainment Software Trade Awards, "Best Arcade Translation" from Computer Gaming World, and "Best Video/Computer Arcade Translation" (for the NES version) from VideoGames & Computer Entertainment. Arkanoid was the first game to enter the Popular Computing Weekly Hall of Fame, in 1987.

In 1997, Electronic Gaming Monthly editors ranked the NES version the 41st best console video game of all time, describing it as "the type of game that you'd pick up because you need a quick video game fix but would end up playing for hours". They particularly noted that despite the ability to shoot lasers, the game demanded a great deal of skill from the player.

Legacy
Arkanoid was followed by a number of direct and indirect sequels. Tournament Arkanoid was released in 1987 exclusively in the United States by Romstar. Developed by Taito America rather than Taito Japan, it has the same gameplay as Arkanoid, but adds new levels. Revenge of Doh, a true sequel with new gameplay mechanics, was released in arcades in 1987. Arkanoid: Doh It Again and Arkanoid Returns were published in 1997, followed by Arkanoid DS in 2007.

Arkanoid Live! was published as on May 6, 2009, for Xbox Live Arcade. The WiiWare game Arkanoid Plus! was released in the same year in Japan on May 26, PAL regions on August 21, and in North America on September 28. A version of Arkanoid for iOS was released in 2009.

The mashup Arkanoid vs. Space Invaders was released in 2017 for iOS and Android.

Arkanoid appears in Life Is Strange: True Colors.

A modernized version of the game, titled Arkanoid: Eternal Battle, was developed by Pastagames and published by Microids. It was released in October 2022 for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S. The original 1986 arcade version is included in this game.

title: Arkanoid


text:
Big Red

Big Red may refer to:

Entertainment

 * Big Red (book), a book featuring the crew of the USS Nebraska
 * Big Red (film), a 1962 Walt Disney film based on the novel by Jim Kjelgaard
 * Big Red (sculpture), a 1974 sculpture in Eugene, Oregon, United States
 * The Big Red, a 2012 album by John Williamson
 * Big Red, a 2000 album by Hugh Blumenfeld
 * Big Red, a 1945 novel by Jim Kjelgaard

Products

 * Big Red (drink), a brand of citrus-flavored cream soda
 * Big Red (gum), a cinnamon-flavored gum made by Wrigley's
 * Big Red (motorcycle), a land speed record streamliner
 * Ford Big Red, a gas turbine powered truck concept

Horses

 * Secretariat (horse)
 * Man o' War
 * Phar Lap
 * Bonecrusher (horse)

Team mascots

 * Big Red (University of Arkansas), University of Arkansas
 * Big Red (Cardinals mascot), Arizona Cardinals
 * Big Red (Lamar University), Lamar Cardinals
 * Big Red (Western Kentucky University), Western Kentucky University
 * Touchdown (mascot) (aka Big Red Bear), Cornell University
 * Denison University
 * Lawrenceville School (New Jersey)
 * Plymouth High School
 * Sacred Heart University
 * Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania
 * Steubenville High School (Ohio)
 * Wayland Academy, Wisconsin

Players and coaches nicknames

 * Seth McClung
 * Andy Reid
 * Bill Walton

Team nicknames

 * Arizona Cardinals of the National Football League
 * Cornell Big Red, Cornell University
 * Glen Cove High School
 * Indiana Hoosiers, at Indiana University
 * Nebraska Cornhuskers, at the University of Nebraska
 * Oklahoma Sooners, at the University of Oklahoma
 * Phillips Exeter Academy

Other uses

 * Oracle Corporation, a software company
 * Big Red (Chicago building) or 333 South Wabash
 * Big red or Tiburonia granrojo, a species of jellyfish
 * Gyromitra caroliniana or big red, a species of mushroom
 * Holland Harbor Light or Big Red, the lighthouse at the entrance of a channel connecting Lake Michigan with Lake Macatawa
 * Big Red or Nappanerica, a sand dune in the Simpson Desert, Australia
 * Big Red, a set of subway cars on Boston's Red Line
 * Big Red, a nickname for seven in the casino game of craps
 * Big Red, a former professional wrestler with the Continental Wrestling Association

title: Big Red


text: User:Jbosh

title: User:Jbosh


text:
User talk:Jbosh

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

Thanks for uploading Image:Oolitic.jpg. I notice it currently doesn't have an image copyright tag. Could you add one to let us know its copyright status? (You can use if you release it under the GFDL, or  if you claim fair use, etc.) Thanks so much,    – Quadell (talk) (help)   16:40, Oct 5, 2004 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jbosh


text: User:Jeremymiles

title: User:Jeremymiles


text:
User talk:Jeremymiles

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

Hi...I gather you're Jeremy Miles from the University of York, so I thought it would be polite to say "hello" (I'm a postgrad student in Computer Science at York). That's about it, really...oh, unless you could think of what might be a good subject for a photograph to illustrate Heworth, York? — Matt Crypto 14:16, 11 Mar 2005 (UTC)

Point-biserial correlation coefficient
Hello. You created Point-biserial correlation coefficient. Could you please mention the source for this information? I don't know anything about it, but a simple web search gave the impression that this coefficient is used when one of the variables is dichotomous, not both. Cheers, Jitse Niesen (talk) 16:40, 28 November 2005 (UTC)

Harvey Goldstein
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article Harvey Goldstein, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 21:44, 29 December 2007 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of Vecon

The article Vecon has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Does not seem to be notable, No reliable source cited yet despite the page being created in 2005"

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the article's talk page.

Please consider improving the page to address the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and articles for deletion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. Yuthoob (talk) 07:30, 20 February 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Jeremymiles


text:
User:GGano

Hi.

title: User:GGano


text:
User talk:GGano

Sorry to be off-topic, but I don't suppose you're Gordon Gano of one of my favorite bands in the world, the Violent Femmes, are you? Tuf-Kat

 * Sorry, no such luck. I just love the Femmes. --GGano

title: User talk:GGano


text: User:Atticus~enwiki

title: User:Atticus~enwiki


text:
User talk:Atticus~enwiki

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Atticus. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Atticus~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 22:14, 19 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 10:46, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Atticus~enwiki


text:
User talk:Ihcoyc

Older discussions are now at:

 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 1
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 2
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive3
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 4
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 5
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 6
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 7
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 8
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 9
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/archive 10
 * User talk:Ihcoyc/pending

Invitation to join the Ten Year Society
Dear ,

I'd like to extend a cordial invitation to you to join the Ten Year Society, an informal group for editors who've been participating in the Wikipedia project for ten years or more.

Best regards, —  Scott  •  talk  18:42, 1 June 2013 (UTC)

Death
If any administrators come across this page and think about deleting it. Please reconsider. The talk page is for my dear friend Steve Gustafson, who passed away on December 19th, 2021. All of his notes, comments, and writings on this page are a living testament to his unparalelled intellect, and eclectic interests.

Please allow it to stand for posterity, as long as you can.

Reference: https://www.facebook.com/steve.gustafson.547/posts/10227918410806338

SilverAnsible (talk) 19:23, 22 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Having a drink of something old and definitely not new-fangled for Steve - David Gerard (talk) 02:20, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

Vale Ihcoyc
Steve died on 19 December. Here's the Facebook obituary. - David Gerard (talk) 02:20, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm sorry to hear that. My condolences to their friends and family. I have removed the admin tools as we do in such circumstances.  Ϣere Spiel  Chequers  11:16, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Prayers and condolences to family and friends. Godspeed to Ihcoyc. — Ched (talk) 12:41, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I'm very sorry to hear this, rest easy Ihcoyc -- TNT (talk • she/they) 17:07, 24 December 2021 (UTC)
 * I, too, am saddened by the news of Ihcoyc's passing. My prayers and condolences go out to his friends and family. If his family does see this, may they know that his contributions shall live on and have bettered Wikipedia for as long as this site and its data shall exist; he has left a legacy that will not be forgotten. May he rest in peace. -- The SandDoctor Talk 06:52, 25 December 2021 (UTC)

 * Memory eternal! -Ad Orientem (talk) 22:45, 27 December 2021 (UTC)
 * Sorry to hear about this. Rest in peace. Thank you for your work.  Bobherry  Talk   Edits  00:36, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * We never interacted, but I'd like to thank you for your service in maintaining the greatest project known to man. R.I.P. Scorpions13256 (talk) 00:59, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * My condolences to Steve's friends and family. We've never interacted, but thank you for your tremendous dedication to Wikipedia. Rest in peace. Jerm (talk) 01:31, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * My condolences to your family.so sorry for your loss. CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 02:44, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * Rest in peace, Ihcoyc. My thoughts and prayers go out to their family, and him. We may meet another time. Thank you for your contributions to Wikipedia.  Severe  storm  28  23:34, 3 January 2022 (UTC)
 * My condolences to Steve's friends and family. Steve is being missed. Olivier (talk) 07:13, 21 August 2023 (UTC)
 * I never was privileged to work with you, but rest in peace, and my condolences to Steve's family and friends.Thanks,L3X1 ◊distænt write◊  04:11, 6 January 2022 (UTC)
 * I, unfortunately, was never given the privilege of being able to work with you. I believe we may have spoken a little bit in passing, but nonetheless, I wanted to share my condolences, and to tell you that (just based on what I'm seeing here by other editors who did know you) you'll be missed here. Your time spent volunteering for this project... Thank you. Thank you very much. :-)  ~Oshwah~  (talk) (contribs)   23:09, 9 January 2022 (UTC)

Precious (repeated)
--Gerda Arendt (talk) 12:57, 29 January 2018 (UTC)

repeated in memory --Gerda Arendt (talk) 11:18, 24 December 2021 (UTC)

Help with Philosophical pessimism and Antinatalism
Hello there! I see you've been quite active in some things related to the above mentioned pages. I'm pinging you directly to ask for some help. I've started 3 initiatives for these pages. If you could spare some time in the near future, could you please take a look at the proposal and voice your opinion? Of course, if you have interest, time, and energy to participate that would be amazing!

Here are the projects:

1. Talk:Philosophical_pessimism — this initiative is already in progress. The idea is to raise the quality of the page by switching it from a mere historical account to a more encyclopedic format.

2. Talk:Philosophical_pessimism — related to the one above. The historical account is overly detailed. It would be much better to have a dedicated page for the history of philosophical pessimism and leave only a brief history in the main page.

3. Talk:Antinatalism — here, the idea is to extract the axiological asymmetry argument into a dedicated page. This way, a more detailed presentation could be given. In addition, we could expand on the various responses others philosophers made and counters from Benatar. Other pages could have a brief description and link to the details page.

I hope at least some of this will spark your interest! Fantastiera (talk) 14:02, 6 September 2023 (UTC)

Category:Wikipedia articles containing buzzwords has been nominated for renaming
Category:Wikipedia articles containing buzzwords has been nominated for renaming. A discussion is taking place to decide whether this proposal complies with the categorization guidelines. If you would like to participate in the discussion, you are invited to add your comments at the category's entry on the categories for discussion page. Thank you. Kk.urban (talk) 06:58, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

Nomination of Franz Ketterer for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Franz Ketterer is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Franz Ketterer until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. Mbdfar (talk) 17:50, 6 July 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ihcoyc


text:
Talk:Samoyed dog

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 4 October 2021 and 9 December 2021. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Emilyyxx.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 08:37, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Suggested edit to the "In Popular Culture" section
Requesting a change to the "In Popular Culture" section, specifically the sentence "In Manga by Mitsuru Adachi, the main characters have a Samoyed named Punch." The title of the work is "Touch", not "Manga." The sentence should read "In Touch by Mitsuru Adachi, the main characters have a Samoyed named Punch." The associated link should go to that manga's article (here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch_(manga) ), not to the generic article on manga. Thanks! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 50.39.217.241 (talk) 01:57, 12 June 2017 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Eggishorn (talk) (contrib) 04:35, 12 June 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Campine (chicken) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:16, 28 September 2017 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Chihuahua (dog) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 09:47, 30 October 2019 (UTC)

"Shoob" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoob&redirect=no Shoob] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. Utopes (talk / cont) 04:38, 25 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samoyed dog


text:
User:Lemming

A Belgian (Flemish) Java and Ruby developer, roaming this earth since 1975.

My user on the Dutch Wikipedia: Lemming, and on the French Wikipedia: Lemming.

I'm currently in the process of merging my accounts into a global one.

Already attached to my unified account: To be done:
 * en.wikipedia.org Lemming (this is my home account)
 * en.wiktionary.org Lemming
 * nl.wikipedia.org Lemming
 * nl.wiktionary.org Lemming
 * fr.wikipedia.org Lemming
 * meta.wikimedia.org Lemming
 * commons.wikimedia.org Lemming
 * en.wikinews.org Lemming
 * and more
 * I am requesting a rename on MediaWiki

My homepage: lemming.be.

Some friends: Talandor, Xaime16.

nl:Gebruiker:Lemming fr:Utilisateur:Lemming

title: User:Lemming


text:
User talk:Lemming

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

Translation request
Hi. I wrote the article Regent Parrot mostly by translating the Dutch article at nl:Bergparkiet. There were some words etc. where my Dutch let me down, and those remain commented out. I'd appreciate it if you could edit the article and finish the translation. Thanks for your time and attention. Cheers, Tom e rtalk 09:58, 23 January 2006 (UTC)
 * If you looked in on the article, thanks for your time...my questions have been answered. :-) Tom e rtalk  20:52, 23 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Lemming


text:
User talk:MartinSpamer

Your recent edits
Hello and welcome to Wikipedia. When you add content to talk pages and Wikipedia pages that have open discussion (but never when editing articles), please be sure to sign your posts. There are two ways to do this. Either: This will automatically insert a signature with your username or IP address and the time you posted the comment. This information is necessary to allow other editors to easily see who wrote what and when.
 * 1) Add four tildes  ( ~~~~ ) at the end of your comment; or
 * 2) With the cursor positioned at the end of your comment, click on the signature button (Insert-signature.png or Signature icon.png) located above the edit window.

Thank you. --SineBot (talk) 12:00, 29 April 2014 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
MediaWiki message delivery (talk) 08:52, 23 November 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:MartinSpamer


text: User:John Webb

title: User:John Webb


text:
User talk:John Webb

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

title: User talk:John Webb


text:
User:Moelarry

Hey there! I want to extend my appreciation for your keen eye for detail - in updating some population figures via GlobalEDGE, it seems - I would ask, however, that as in the case of China, as listed in the list of population by country, you take note that the numbers are additive - the bottom number must equal the total - I wasnt sure if this was slight vandalism or incorrect math, but it drew me to investigate.

Some pointers for editing: leave comments - tell people what your doing. have something on your userpage, too so we can get a handle on who were dealing with, - its useful to have a face, of sorts to talk to. Lastly, feel free to ask or comment as much as you like on points of fact or whatever you might have to add. Be well, Stevert

title: User:Moelarry


text:
User talk:Moelarry

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

title: User talk:Moelarry


text:
User:Hhanke

Hi, I'm Hynek Hanke and I come from Prague, Czech Republic.

The articles I have started
Jaroslav Foglar Spanish literature Mester de Juglaría Mester de Clerecía Gonzalo de Berceo Jorge Manrique Matrix representation of conic sections Painter's algorithm

The articles I have contributed to
One World Talk:Color blindness Miguel de Unamuno

title: User:Hhanke


text:
User talk:Hhanke

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

Culture of Spain
Hi, thought you might be interested in voting for Culture of Spain in the Collaboration of the week project, to help bring it up to a featured article. Thanks - Taxman 17:54, Oct 15, 2004 (UTC)

Hospitality Club
--hhanke 20:15, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Hey man, the raw data for the graph can be found at here, the gnuplot script and shell script that generates it can be found here. As you can see from the data, the first bit sucks, this is because I had to "approximate" it from the out of date graph that is on the HC main site. Veit refuses to hand over more detailed information for unknown reasons, also refuses to include an updated graph on the site for other unknown reasons. If you can advise how to improve the graph, I would be very grateful. Thanks - FrancisTyers 10:26, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Sorry, the data is here: and the shell script is: . I moved it a while ago. You're right that I should mention it in the caption. I'll do that now. :) - FrancisTyers 23:04, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

POV tag for Afshar Experiment
Can you please explain your reason for the POV tag in the talk page for the Afshar experiment?-- Prof. Afshar 20:57, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Because people dispute the accuracy of the article, which you seem to regard as "your" article, insofar as when they try to make it NPOV or express criticisms, you revert it and waffle around it on the talk page. --Michael C Price 21:05, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Are you Hhanke?! Interesting how you answered immediately before Hhanke himself! What would you wish to add to the article? I cannot ignore it when someone incorrectly describes the experiemtnand its scope. Rest assured I will continue to monitor for inaccuracies and errors. What I do is strcitly within the Wiki procedures and a number of admins have agreed with it. Regards.-- Prof. Afshar 21:12, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I added the rider "but not at the same time" about the wave vs particle behavour of the photons -- a statement that you admitted was correct on the talk page when you said "the measurements related to complementary wave and particle natures of light are performed in separate spacetime events"; yet you deleted my insert from the article (with the patronising comment "wrong again!"). You lack objectivity and are incapable of a NPOV. --Michael C Price 22:20, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

In hope to clear misundarstandings and sort out the dispute, I've moved the above discussion (excluding the last post that was posted afterwards) to the talk page of the article. Peace. --hhanke 22:39, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

Dear Hanke, do not take it personally because Afshar has the support of the admins, and one dozen of "fans" that are happy to keep his article. I personally have nominated the Afshar's article for deletion because it is "promo" and instead his work should be classified as pseudoscience. But at the present time the web fans of Afshar are much more, so to try to improve the original article is doomed to failure. Danko Georgiev MD 02:08, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * Danko, I think you should stop participating at work on this article and in discussions about it. Just as well as prof. Afshar should stop doing so. The dispute is lasting for long and nobody benefits from mutual war. Peace, if the article really needs fixing, somoby will do it. Prerequisite for that is you two stop doing what you are doing. That is my opinion. --hhanke 20:15, 22 June 2006 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Problem-geometry-1.png
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transfered to Commons. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 19:45, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

Please claim your upload(s): File:Problem-geometry-2.png
Hi, This image was seemingly uploaded prior to current image polices, Thank you.

However, as part of ongoing efforts to ensure all media on English Wikipedia is correctly licensed and attributed it would be appreciated if you were able to confirm, that it was your own work, by marking it as own, amending the information added by a third party, and by changing the license to an appropriate "self" variant. You can also add  to the Media by uploader or Presumed self tag(s) if  present to indicate that you've acknowledged the image, and license shown (and updated the information where appropriate).

This will assist those reviewing the many many "free" images on commons that have not yet been transfered to Commons. Sfan00 IMG (talk) 19:46, 8 August 2016 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Problem-geometry-1.png

The file File:Problem-geometry-1.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned image without obvious encyclopedic use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 04:11, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

Proposed deletion of File:Problem-geometry-2.png

The file File:Problem-geometry-2.png has been proposed for deletion because of the following concern: "Orphaned image without obvious encyclopedic use."

While all constructive contributions to Wikipedia are appreciated, pages may be deleted for any of several reasons.

You may prevent the proposed deletion by removing the notice, but please explain why in your edit summary or on the file's talk page.

Please consider addressing the issues raised. Removing will stop the proposed deletion process, but other deletion processes exist. In particular, the speedy deletion process can result in deletion without discussion, and files for discussion allows discussion to reach consensus for deletion. ~ Rob 13 Talk 04:11, 3 June 2018 (UTC)

title: User talk:Hhanke


text:
User:Ogmios~enwiki

Ogmios is both the online nickname of Matthew MacKenzie, and the name of a Celtic god, the god of the word. Years ago I wanted a nickname for irc that had more meaning than something like binki111, so Ogmios was what I chose from one of my university text books.

I'm trying to add as much content to Wikipedia as I can, because I think it is such a awesome idea and cool project. I'm focusing on defining ebXML in greater detail, but will pick off things as I see the need, such as YVR.

As of today, 5 Feb 2003, my Wikipediaholic score is 53. I'm getting concerned.

title: User:Ogmios~enwiki


text:
User talk:Ogmios~enwiki

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

Welcome aboard. It's good to see another British Columbian here. The idea has also floated around about regional contributors getting together for a beer; I hope that you are available if that ever happens. Eclecticology 07:39 Jan 31, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Ogmios, could you look at WikiProject Dog breeds/General? Thanks :) -- sannse 17:30 Feb 6, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Matt, Although I appreciate the spirit of your contributions concerning "semitism," I just do not agree with you that if there is an "anti-semitism" article there should be a "semitism" article. As Danny points out, the "semitism" in "anti-semitism" was just a euphimism for "jewish." But aside from that fact, look at it this way: "dislike" and "like" are both words, but "disturb" and "turb" are not both words. Sometimes you can back-form a real word by subracting the "dis-" -- but sometimes you can't. The same thing goes for "anti-" Slrubenstein
 * I understand the argument you put forward, using "disturb" as illustration. I wonder about semitism because of the word semite.  The definition of semite includes hebrews, so my assumption is that the "ism" was added to semitism and for some reason Arabs, Phoenicians and Akkadians were dropped from the meaning.  I certainly can't dispute your claims about semitism based on your Jewish heritage and education, and I am not a linguist.  This is just an observation/hypothesis about the word semitism's history.  matt

Well I think you are right that it was odd that when "anti-semitism" was coined, it was applied only to Jews. But I think the reason (or two reasons) is obvious: jews were the only "semitic language" speakers living in Germany at the time, and the term was coined specifically as a term to identify Jew-hatred. As Danny pointed out on the article talk page, the term itself uses the word "semitic" euphemistically. Look, if I say "I hate Democrats" or "I hate Republicans," I do not mean I hate people who believe countries should be republics, or people who think countries should be democratic. We all know that the words "democratic" and "republic" refer to beliefs or political practices that are much more general than the official platforms of the Democratic Party or Republican Party. But because of US history, within the US these words are used very precisely. If I overheard someone in a bar saying "I am not a democrat" I would be making a big mistake if I infered that the person didn't believe that people should vote for government officials. I think in the same way the history of the word "anti-semite" narrowed the meaning of the word. Philoligists may still use the word "semitic" in a very different way, to refer to a family of languages (which tells you nothing about the "race" let alone religion of the people speaking those languages; Muslims and Christians speak Arabic; Arabs and Jews today speak Hebrew; Jews and non-Jews spoke Aramaic, etc.) So to be clear, the word "semite" does not include Arabs, etc -- Semitic refers to Arabic and Hebrew, to languages, not to people. I think it was only with the invention of "anti-semite" that a word used to refer to languages was suddenly used to refer to people, and here we get tangled up in racist assumptions... Slrubenstein

 * I see your point now. Maybe semitic should be themed closer to its actual meaning, and indicate that it may be a euphemism for "Jewish".  matt

whoops, got bumped by Og,

...And untangling them takes work, and clarification. I appreciate both of your contributions to the Semitism article. Usually, where theres a polarity between the unreconcilable extremists, the neutral observers are the only ones who can point things out objectively. This is probably a deliberate strength in the design of human individuality, though its really hard to appreciate sometimes.-Stevert p.s did I say "deliberate". Geez...

 * It is easy for me to be objective in this case, as I harbour no racial, ethnic or religious predjudices and I do not practice any religion (get smacked around by a nun in the name of God and see how much _you_ like church :-)). matt

Hi Matt, I've moved "Vizsla" to Hungarian Vizsla. The Canadian and American kennel clubs use "Vizsla", but the UK, New Zealand, Australia and the FIC use "Hungarian Vizsla". So it seemed best to use that as our primary title (Vizsla is a redirect still). I hope this is OK with you. -- sannse 17:23 Mar 22, 2003 (UTC)

User Categorization
You were listed on the Wikipedia:Wikipedians/Canada page as living in or being associated with Canada. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, please visit Category:Wikipedians of British Columbia for instructions. --Doviende 20:10, 21 September 2005 (UTC)

Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Ogmios. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Ogmios~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:53, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 17:10, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Ogmios~enwiki


text: User:MichaelOReilly

title: User:MichaelOReilly


text:
User talk:MichaelOReilly

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

 * ) Just browsing and see the missing entry. Doing my tiny bit. MichaelOReilly

Image:Bridge rectifier 2.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Bridge rectifier 2.png, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Fritz S. (Talk) 16:18, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

Image:Bridge rectifier 3.png listed for deletion
An image or media file that you uploaded or altered, Image:Bridge rectifier 3.png, has been listed at. Please look there to see why this is (you may have to search for the title of the image to find its entry), if you are interested in it not being deleted. Thank you. Fritz S. (Talk) 16:18, 14 October 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:MichaelOReilly