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Westmount

Westmount is an affluent municipality on the Island of Montreal, in southwestern Quebec, Canada. It is an enclave of the city of Montreal, with a population of 19,658 as of the 2021 Canadian census.

Westmount is home to schools, an arena, a pool, a public library and a number of parks, including Westmount Park, King George Park (also known as Murray Hill Park) and Westmount Summit. The city operates its own electricity distribution company Westmount Light & Power (Hydro-Westmount ). The city is also the location of two Canadian Forces Primary Reserve units: The Royal Montreal Regiment and 34th Signals Regiment.

Traditionally, the community of Westmount has been a wealthy and predominantly anglophone enclave, having been at one point the richest community in Canada. It is now the most affluent neighbourhood in Canada outside of Toronto and Vancouver.

History
There are indications of a First Nations presence 4000 to 5000 years ago. A large amount of prehistoric burial sites were found within the area of Westmount.

When the first French colonists settled in the area in the middle of the seventeenth century, this area was known by several names including La Petite Montagne, Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and Côte-Saint-Antoine. A former farmhouse from this era, Hurtubise House, is the oldest house still standing in Westmount.

The Village of Côte St-Antoine was first incorporated in 1874. It later became the Town of Côte St-Antoine.

It was renamed Westmount, in 1895, reflecting the geographical location of the city on the southwest slope of Mount Royal and the presence of a large English-speaking population.

During the twentieth century, Westmount became a wealthy Montreal suburb; a small city dotted with many green spaces. Architect Robert Findlay, a resident in the early twentieth century, designed many municipal buildings in the city, including the library, Westmount City Hall and several other buildings of public order. In the twentieth century, Westmount was home to some of Montreal's wealthiest families including the Bronfmans and the Molsons. This made the city a symbolic target of Front de libération du Québec terrorist bombings in the 1960s, culminating in the 1970 October Crisis.

Following the death of former Quebec Premier René Lévesque in 1987, the city of Montreal renamed Dorchester Boulevard René Lévesque Boulevard. After the city of Montreal changed the name, Westmount retained the name of Dorchester on their portion, as did Montréal-Est.

Merger with Montreal
In 2001, while trying to prevent Westmount from being amalgamated into the city of Montreal, Westmount Mayor Peter Trent and city council asserted that the city was a designated anglophone institution and should not be merged into francophone greater Montreal. In response to this opposition, Municipal Affairs Minister Louise Harel said that Westmount's resistance "reeked of colonialism" and that the opposition was an "ethnic project", statements for which she would refuse to apologize. When asked for comment, Quebec Premier Bernard Landry said the minister had his full support and that the opposition was little more than Quebec bashing. Several federalist public figures criticized Landry's statement: Jean Charest called it insulting to the intelligence of the citizens of Quebec; Joseph Gabary, president of the Quebec Chapter of the Canadian Jewish Congress, called the language "crude"; Alliance Quebec also criticized the premier for singling out the city for special criticism.

On January 1, 2002, as part of the 2002–2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal, Westmount was merged into the city of Montreal and became a borough. However, after a change of government and a 2004 referendum, it was re-constituted as an independent city on January 1, 2006. It is now one of fifteen independent suburbs on the Island of Montreal, and the only one that directly borders the downtown core.

Nevertheless, it remains part of the urban agglomeration of Montreal and the bulk of its municipal taxes go to the Agglomeration Council, which oversees activities common to all municipalities on the Island of Montreal (e.g. police, fire protection, public transit) even after the demerger.

Geography
The city is roughly 4 km2, and occupies an area of land on the south face of Westmount Summit, the western peak of Mount Royal. The city, most of which is on steep terrain, extends from the summit to the end of the narrow plateau at the foot of the mountain.

Cityscape
Most of the city is residential. Homes increase in size and value toward the top of the mountain, with the largest and most expensive being on or near Summit Circle.

Notable buildings include Place Alexis Nihon and the Westmount Square complex, which was designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and funded largely by Westmount resident Samuel Bronfman, the founder of the Seagram liquor empire.

There are several small commercial districts on Sherbrooke Street from the city's western boundary to the intersection of Sherbrooke Street and Victoria Avenue ("Victoria Village"), on Saint Catherine Street across from Place Alexis Nihon, on Greene Avenue and on De Maisonneuve Boulevard near the Atwater metro station.

Parks
There are several parks within the city, including Westmount Park and King George Park (also known as Murray Hill). Summit Woods, a popular urban forest and dog run, is located within Summit Circle.

Westmount Park
Located between Sherbrooke Street and De Maisonneuve Boulevard to the north and south, and Melville and Lansdowne Avenue to the east and west, this 1,141,002 sqft park is the second largest in Westmount.

The landscaping design was undertaken in 1912 by M.J. Manning, and comprises large playing fields at the east and south sides, and Westmount Arena and adjacent swimming pool at the southwest corner. The central area contains an extensive playground, footpaths, ponds and wading pools, and tennis courts. Westmount Public Library, built in 1897, Victoria Hall, and a large greenhouse are located on the north side. Westmount Park United Church is adjacent to the park to the west.

Demographics
According to the Office québécois de la langue française, Westmount has been officially recognized as a bilingual municipality since 2 November 2005.

In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Westmount had a population of $19,658$ living in $8,591$ of its $9,423$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $20,312$. With a land area of 4.04 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

StatsCan lists the median after-tax income in 2015 as $41,674. The three largest occupation categories were management, business, and "education, law and social, community and government services"; each of these sectors employed about 20% of Westmount workers.

Municipal
Since regaining its status as a city, Westmount is governed by a City Council made up of a mayor and eight "district" councillors. The current mayor of Westmount is Christina Smith, who was elected interim mayor at a special council meeting on April 24, 2017, following the retirement of long-serving Mayor Peter Trent. Smith later went on to win an election November 5, 2017 to remain mayor. She retained her position in 2021, being acclaimed. In addition to the local city council, Westmount is represented by its mayor on the Montreal Agglomeration Council.

Former mayors
List of former mayors:

 * Eustache Prud'homme (1874–1875)
 * James Kewley Ward (1875–1884)
 * Alexander Cowper Hutchison (1884–1887)
 * Thomas Patton (1887–1890)
 * John MacFarlane (1890–1891)
 * Matthew Hutchinson (1891–1894)
 * James Henry Redfern (1894–1896)
 * Frederick William Evans (1896–1898)
 * James Robert Walker (1898–1900)
 * William Douw Lighthall (1900–1903)
 * Alexander S. George Cross (1903–1905)
 * Charles-Albert Duclos (1905–1906)
 * James W. Knox (1906–1907)
 * William Galbraith (1907–1909)
 * William Henry Trenholme (1909–1911)
 * William Rutherford (1911–1913)
 * John MacKergow (1913–1919)
 * Peter William MacLagan (1919–1927)
 * George Hogg (1927–1933)
 * John Jenkins (1933–1939)
 * Walter Alfred Merrill (1939–1945)
 * R. Percy Adams (1945–1949)
 * James S. Cameron (1949–1953)
 * Roy L. Campbell (1953–1955)
 * James Arthur de Lalanne (1955–1957)
 * Aimé Sydney Bruneau (1957–1959)
 * J. C. Cushing (1959–1963)
 * Chipman Hazen Drury (1963–1965)
 * M. L. Tucker (1965–1968)
 * Peter Michael MacEntyre (1968–1971)
 * Paul A. Ouimet (1971–1975)
 * Donald Charles MacCallum (1975–1983)
 * Brian O'Neil Gallery (1983–1987)
 * May Ebbitt (Cutler) (1987–1991)
 * Peter Francis Trent (1991–2002, 2009–2017)
 * Karin Marks (2006–2009)
 * Christina M. Smith (2017–present)

Provincial and Federal
Throughout Quebec, Westmount is known as an overwhelmingly Liberal riding, both federally and provincially.

On the federal level, Westmount is represented in the Notre-Dame-de-Grâce—Westmount riding. The riding was won by Anna Gainey in the 2023 federal byelections.

Provincially, the city is represented in the riding of Westmount–Saint-Louis by MNA Jennifer Maccarone of the Quebec Liberal Party.

Sports
Westmount was home of the Montreal Arena, the third arena in history to be built specifically for hockey. It was the home rink for the Montreal Wanderers, one of the great teams of the early hockey era, as well as the legendary Montreal Canadiens. The arena burned down in 1918, causing the Wanderers to disband.

In 2010, Mayor Peter Trent unveiled a $38-million project to demolish the old arena and create two new rinks, a larger swimming pool, refurbished tennis courts, and an extra acre of green space. In the fall of 2013, the new Westmount Recreation Centre opened. It is home to the Westmount Wings, Lasalle/Westmount Cobras and was the home of the Westmount Predators that are no longer active.

Westmount is home to the Westmount Lynx Lacrosse Club, which has field lacrosse teams for boys and girls aged 8–16.

Westmount is also home of the oldest active rugby club in North America, the Westmount Rugby Club.

In addition, the city's swim team, the Westmount Dolphins, won the 2007 Section B Alps finals.

Tennis star Eugenie Bouchard grew up in Westmount.

Education
The city is home to two CEGEPs: the public anglophone Dawson College and the private anglophone Marianopolis College.

The Commission scolaire de Montréal (CSDM) operates French-language schools in Westmount.

English-language public schools in Westmount are operated by the English Montreal School Board (EMSB). These include Westmount High School, its sister elementary school Westmount Park School and Roslyn Elementary School, which is significant for introducing the first French Immersion Program on the Island of Montreal in 1968.

Westmount is also home to several private schools, including coeducational St. George's School of Montreal as well as Miss Edgar's and Miss Cramp's School, The Study and the French-language Villa Sainte-Marcelline for girls and Selwyn House School for boys.

The Montreal Hoshuko School, a supplementary Japanese school serving Japanese nationals and Japanese Canadians in the Montreal area, previously held classes at the Westmount Park School in Westmount.

Twin towns — sister cities
Westmount is twinned with:
 * Rimouski, Quebec, Canada (since 1968)

Notable people
Musicians Leonard Cohen and Sam Roberts were born in Westmount, as was the actress and comedian Caroline Rhea. The city is currently home to many notable Montrealers, including the federal MP and former astronaut Marc Garneau.

Canadian-American MMA journalist Ariel Helwani grew up in Westmount and attended the Akiva School.

United States Vice President Kamala Harris lived for part of her youth in the area, and attended Westmount High School.

Fiction
Westmount has been the setting for a number of novels. Gwethalyn Graham's World War II novel Earth and High Heaven told the story of a romance between a wealthy English girl from Westmount and a Jewish lawyer from Northern Ontario. David Montrose' 1950s hard-boiled detective novel, The Crime on Cote des Neiges, was translated into French as Meurtre à Westmount. Daniel Richler's Kicking Tomorrow is a bildungsroman of a teenager growing up in a Westmount family in the 1970s, mentioning how the students at Westmount High School were "famous in the City for the achievement of being perpetually stoned." Claire Rothman's novel Lear's Shadow takes place amidst an outdoor summer production of the Shakespeare play in Westmount Park. Edward Openshaw Phillips wrote a series of mystery novels starring an anglophone Westmount lawyer, most of which were set in Westmount.

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Kirkcudbrightshire

Kirkcudbrightshire (Kirkcoubrieshire ), or the County of Kirkcudbright or the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright is one of the historic counties of Scotland, covering an area in the south-west of the country. Until 1975, Kirkcudbrightshire was an administrative county used for local government. Since 1975, the area has formed part of Dumfries and Galloway for local government purposes. Kirkcudbrightshire continues to be used as a registration county for land registration. A lower-tier district called Stewartry covered the majority of the historic county from 1975 to 1996. The area of Stewartry district is still used as a lieutenancy area. Dumfries and Galloway Council also has a Stewartry area committee.

Ultimately meaning "shire of the church of Saint Cuthbert", Kirkcudbrightshire forms the eastern part of the medieval lordship of Galloway, which retained a degree of autonomy until it was fully absorbed by Scotland in the 13th century. In 1369, the part of Galloway east of the River Cree was placed under the control of a steward based in Kirkcudbright and so that area became known as the "Stewartry of Kirkcudbright". The rest of Galloway remained under the authority of a sheriff based in Wigtown, and so became known as Wigtownshire. Kirkcudbrightshire was occasionally referred to as East Galloway. It is bounded on the north by Ayrshire, on the west by Wigtownshire, on the south by the Irish Sea and Solway Firth, and on the east by Dumfriesshire. The county town is Kirkcudbright.

Early history
The country west of the Nith was originally peopled by a tribe of Celts called Novantae, who long retained their independence.

After Gnaeus Julius Agricola's invasion in 79 AD, the country nominally formed part of the Roman province of Britannia, but the evidence is against there having been a prolonged effective Roman occupation. There was a Roman temporary marching camp at Shawhead, in Kirkpatrick Irongray.

After the retreat of the Romans, the fate of the Novantae is unknown. By the 6th century, Galloway was part of the Brythonic kingdom of Strathclyde.

During the ninth century, the region was part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. A hoard that has been attributed to either a Northumbrian metal-worker, or a Viking campaigner, was deposited near Talnotrie c.875-900.

11th, 12th, and 13th centuries
During the next two hundred years the area was subject to incursions by Danes, Saxons and Scandinavians.

After Malcolm Canmore defeated and killed Macbeth in 1057, he married the dead king's relative, Ingibiorg, a Pictish princess, (the view that there were Picts in Galloway in historical times cannot be wholly rejected) an event which marked the beginning of the decay of Norse influence. The Galloway chiefs became lieges of the Scottish king, whilst retaining some independence as the sub-kingdom or semi-autonomous Lordship of Galloway. Following the death of Lord Alan of Galloway in 1234 the area was brought fully under the control of the Scottish crown.

14th and 15th centuries
In 1308 the district was cleared of the English and brought under allegiance to the king, when the lordship of Galloway was given to Edward Bruce.

In 1369 Archibald the Grim, Earl of Douglas, was given the part of Galloway east of the River Cree, where he appointed a steward to administer the area, which became known as the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. The following year, he acquired the rest of Galloway west of the Cree, which continued to be administered by the king's sheriff, and so became known as the Shire of Wigtown. This led to the local custom of referring to Kirkcudbrightshire as "The Stewartry" and Wigtownshire as "The Shire", which continued into the 20th century.

In 1455 Threave Castle, the most important fortress in Galloway, which Archibald the Grim had built on the Dee immediately to the west of the modern town of Castle Douglas, was reduced and converted into a royal keep.

16th and 17th centuries
As the Douglases went down the Maxwells rose, and the debatable land on the south-east of Dumfriesshire was for generations the scene of strife and raid, not only between the two nations but also among the leading families, of whom the Maxwells, Johnstones and Armstrongs were always conspicuous. After the Battle of Solway Moss (1542) the shires of Kirkcudbright and Dumfries fell under English rule for a short period. The treaty of Norham (24 March 1550) established a truce between the nations for ten years; and in 1552, the Wardens of the Marches consenting, the debatable land ceased to be matter for debate, the parish of Canonbie being annexed to Dumfriesshire, that of Kirkandrews to Cumberland.

18th century
McCulloch and Gordon families were of Cardoness Castle, Anwoth Parish and Rev. Rutherford was minister of Anwoth.

After the union (1707) things mended slowly but surely, curious evidence of growing commercial prosperity being the enormous extent to which smuggling was carried on. No coast could serve the "free traders" better than the shores of Kirkcudbright, and the contraband trade flourished until the 19th century. The Jacobite risings of 1715 and 1745 elicited small sympathy from the inhabitants of the shire. In the 1760s a military road was constructed from Bridge of Sark, near Gretna, Dumfries and Galloway to Portpatrick by Major William Caulfeild.

19th century
Elected county councils were established in Scotland in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889. Kirkcudbrightshire County Council established its headquarters at County Buildings, 121–123 High Street, Kirkcudbright, being a converted pair of late 18th century houses. A large extension was built in 1952 to the rear of the building facing Daar Road.

Kirkcudbrightshire was abolished as an administrative county in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973. A two-tier system of regions and districts was put in place instead, with the area becoming part of the Dumfries and Galloway region. Most of Kirkudbrightshire became part of the Stewartry district. The two parishes of Kirkmabreck and Minnigaff in the west of the county went instead to the Wigtown district, whilst the five parishes of Kirkbean, Kirkpatrick Irongray, New Abbey, Terregles, and Troqueer in the east of the county went to the Nithsdale district.

Further local government reform in 1996 saw the Stewartry, Wigtown and Nithsdale districts abolished and their functions passed to Dumfries and Galloway Council, which continues to operate area committees based on the pre-1996 districts, subject to some boundary changes where ward boundaries no longer follow the pre-1996 district boundaries. The former Stewartry district is used as a lieutenancy area under the name the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright.

Geography

Kirkcudbrightshire has a shoreline on the Solway Firth, between the rivers Nith and Cree. Inland, the area has many hills, with its highest point being Merrick 843 m.

There are many "burns" and "waters", but their length seldom exceeds 7 or. Among the longer rivers are the Cree, which rises in Loch Moan and reaches the sea near Creetown after a course of about 30 mi; the Dee or Black Water of Dee (so named from the peat by which it is coloured), which rises in Loch Dee which after a course mainly S.E. and finally S., enters the sea at St Mary's Isle below Kirkcudbright, its length being nearly 36 mi; the Urr, rising in Loch Urr on the Dumfriesshire border, falls into the sea a few miles south of Dalbeattie 27 mi from its source.

Geology

Silurian and Ordovician rocks are the most important in this county; they are thrown into oft-repeated folds with their axes lying in a north-east–south-west direction. The Ordovician rocks are graptolitic black shales and grits of Llandeilo and Caradoc age. They occupy all the northern part of the county north-west of a line which runs some 3 m. north of New Galloway and just south of the Rinns of Kells. South-east of this line graptolitic Silurian shales of Llandovery age prevail; they are found around Dalry, Creetown, New Galloway, Castle Douglas and Kirkcudbright.

Overlying the Llandovery beds on the south coast are strips of Wenlock rocks; they extend from Bridgehouse Bay to Auchinleck and are well exposed in Kirkcudbright Bay, and they can be traced farther round the coast between the granite and the younger rocks. Carboniferous rocks appear in small faulted tracts, unconformable on the Silurian, on the shores of the Solway Firth. They are best developed about Kirkbean, where they include a basal red breccia followed by conglomerates, grits and cement stones of Calciferous Sandstone age.

Brick-red sandstones of Permian age just come within the county on the W. side of the Nith at Dumfries. Volcanic necks occur in the Permian and basalt dikes penetrate the Silurian at Borgue, Kirkandrews, etc.

Most of the highest ground is formed by granite plutons which have been intruded into the Ordovician and Silurian rocks; the Criffel pluton lies about Dalbeattie and Bengairn, another mass extends east and west between the Cairnsmore of Fleet and Loch Ken, another lies north-west and south-east between Loch Doon and Loch Dee and a small mass forms the Cairnsmore of Carsphairn. Much granite was quarried from Kirkmabreck, near Creetown for dock construction from 1830 on.

Glacial deposits occupy much of the low ground; the ice, having travelled in a southerly or south-easterly direction, has left abundant striae on the higher ground to indicate its course. Radiation of the ice streams took place from the heights of Merrick, Kells, etc.; local moraines are found near Carsphairn and in the Deagh and Minnoch valleys. Glacial drumlins of boulder clay lie in the vales of the Dee, Cree and Urr.

Climate and agriculture
The climate and soil suit grass and green crops rather than grain. The annual rainfall averages 1160 mm. The mean temperature for the year is 9 °C (48 °F); for January 4 °C (39 °F)and 15 °C (59 °F) for July.

Railways
Castle Douglas and Dumfries Railway was incorporated on 21 July 1856; the act was obtained by the Glasgow and South Western Railway. It opened on 7 November 1859 and was substantially closed, under the Beeching cuts, on 14 June 1965. The Portpatrick Railway was authorised on 10 August 1857. By 12 March 1861, the line connected Stranraer to Castle Douglas, where it joined the newly constructed Castle Douglas and Dumfries railway. The branch to Portpatrick opened the following year, on 28 August 1862, with the Stranraer Harbour branch, which opened on 1 October 1862; although building work continued on the line for another five years. The Kirkcudbright Railway was a railway branch line linking Kirkcudbright to the Castle Douglas and Dumfries Railway at Castle Douglas. It opened in 1864, and closed in 1965.

The Beeching cuts cut off the Castle Douglas and Dumfries Railway and Portpatrick Railway in 1965 resulting in an adverse mileage increase via the Glasgow South Western Line to reach Stranraer Harbour (for Larne Harbour and Port of Belfast) from Dumfries, Carlisle and the West Coast Main Line to London Euston, and leaving the county without any railway permanent way.

List of parishes
The Stewartry is composed of the following 28 civil parishes.
 * Anwoth
 * Balmaclellan
 * Balmaghie
 * Borgue
 * Buittle
 * Carsphairn
 * Colvend and Southwick
 * Crossmichael
 * Dalry
 * Girthon, see also Gatehouse of Fleet and Cally Palace
 * Kells
 * Kelton
 * Kirkbean
 * Kirkcudbright
 * Kirkgunzeon
 * Kirkmabreck
 * Kirkpatrick Durham
 * Kirpatrick Irongray (or Irongray)
 * Lochrutton
 * Minnigaff
 * New Abbey
 * Parton
 * Rerrick
 * Terregles
 * Tongland
 * Troqueer
 * Twynholm
 * Urr

Towns and villages

 * Auchencairn
 * Balmaclellan
 * Beeswing
 * Borgue
 * Bridge of Dee
 * Cargenbridge
 * Carsethorn
 * Carsphairn
 * Castle Douglas
 * Colvend
 * Corsock
 * Creetown
 * Crocketford
 * Crossmichael
 * Dalbeattie
 * Gatehouse of Fleet
 * Hardgate
 * Haugh of Urr
 * Ingleston
 * Kirkcudbright
 * Kirkgunzeon
 * Kirkpatrick Durham
 * Kippford
 * Laurieston
 * Maxwelltown (the largest burgh in the Stewartry, on the western side of Dumfries over the River Nith, was transferred in 1930 to Dumfriesshire, and is now a suburb of the town of Dumfries)
 * Minnigaff
 * New Abbey
 * New Galloway
 * Palnackie
 * Rascarrel
 * Ringford
 * Rockcliffe
 * St. John's Town of Dalry
 * Sandyhills
 * Shawhead
 * Springholm
 * Terregles
 * Tongland
 * Twynholm

Notable Inhabitants

 * Alan of Galloway, Lord of Galloway and Constable of Scotland
 * Archibald the Grim, Lord of Galloway and Earl of Douglas
 * Malcolm Caldwell, Marxist writer, chair of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
 * James Clerk Maxwell, 19th century physicist
 * David Coulthard, Formula 1 Grand Prix winner from Twynholm
 * S. R. Crockett, Minister and novelist
 * Devorguilla, Mother of John I, king of Scotland
 * Sir William Douglas, Founded the town of Castle Douglas
 * Campbell Cowan Edgar, Egyptologist and Secretary-General of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo
 * E A Hornel, Painter born in Australia
 * John Paul Jones, Scots born American and Russian naval commander
 * Margaret McNaughton, Scottish Canadian writer
 * Alexander Murray, Edinburgh University professor
 * John Welsh of Irongray, leader of the Scottish Covenanter Movement

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kirkcudbrightshire


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Snowdon

Snowdon, or Yr Wyddfa , is a mountain in the Snowdonia region of North Wales. It has an elevation of 1085 m above sea level, which makes it both the highest mountain in Wales and the highest in the British Isles south of the Scottish Highlands. Snowdon is designated a national nature reserve for its rare flora and fauna, and is located within Snowdonia National Park.

The rocks that form Snowdon were produced by volcanoes in the Ordovician period, and the massif has been extensively sculpted by glaciation, forming the pyramidal peak of Snowdon and the arêtes of Crib Goch and Y Lliwedd. It is part of the larger Snowdon range, which includes Garnedd Ugain, Yr Aran, and Moel Eilio. There are several lakes on the mountain, the largest of which is Llyn Lydaw (110 acre), located on the eastern flank at 1430 ft.

The mountain is the busiest in the United Kingdom and the third most visited attraction in Wales. In 2019 it was climbed by 590,984 walkers; there are six main paths to the summit, the most popular of which begins in the town of Llanberis, to the north of Snowdon. The summit can also be reached using the Snowdon Mountain Railway, which carried 140,000 passengers in 2019. The rack railway, which opened in 1896, operates over 4+3/4 mi, from Llanberis to the Summit station. It generally operates from March to the end of October, with trains running to the summit station from May. The cliff faces on Snowdon, including Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, are significant for rock climbing, and the mountain was used by Edmund Hillary in training for the 1953 ascent of Mount Everest. The mountain, alongside Ben Nevis in Scotland and Scafell Pike in England, is climbed as part of the National Three Peaks Challenge.

Toponymy
The name "Snowdon" is first recorded in 1095 as Snawdune, and is derived from the Old English elements snaw and dun, meaning "snow hill".

The Welsh name of the mountain, Yr Wyddfa, is first recorded in Latin as Weddua vaur in 1284. This is probably an approximation of Pen y Wyddfa Fawr. The element gwyddfa in this context means 'height, promontory', and also appears in the Welsh name for the town of Mold, Yr Wyddgrug.

Gwyddfa later developed the meaning "burial cairn", and there is a legend that the giant Rhita is buried under the mountain's summit cairn. According to one legend, the giant Rhita was defeated and buried on the mountain by King Arthur whilst another legend suggests that Rhita was killed by the giant Idris who lived on the mountain Cadair Idris. The mountain is also linked to other figures from Arthurian legend, a legendary Afanc (water monster) and the Tylwyth Teg (fairies).

It has been argued that Snowdon strictly refers to a higher mountain in British Columbia, Canada, with the Welsh mountain simply being "Snowdon". However, the Welsh mountain has been referred to in some uses as "Mount Snowdon" or "Mt Snowdon".

Use of Yr Wyddfa in English
In April 2021 a motion was put forward by Gwynedd Councillor John Pughe Roberts for Snowdon to be called by its Welsh name Yr Wyddfa in all official use, and for Snowdonia to similarly be known only as Eryri. The motion, however, was rejected as the National Park already had a task group looking at the use and retention of Welsh names. An earlier petition calling for the National Park Authority to do this had been rejected by the Senedd the previous year after it was found to be the responsibility of the park itself, rather than the Welsh Government.

In May 2021, following the dismissal of the motion, YouGov conducted a poll on Snowdon's name. 60% of Welsh adults supported the English name Snowdon, compared to 30% wanting the Welsh name Yr Wyddfa. Separating by language, 59% of Welsh speakers preferred the Welsh name, while 37% wanted Snowdon to not be scrapped entirely. 69% of non-Welsh speakers firmly supported Snowdon as the mountain's name.

In November 2022, Snowdonia National Park Authority voted to use Yr Wyddfa and Eryri (rather than Snowdon and Snowdonia) in its usage, though in statutory documents both Welsh and English will still be required by law.

Geography and geology
A 1682 survey estimated that the summit of Snowdon was at an elevation of 3720 ft; in 1773, Thomas Pennant quoted a later estimate of 3568 ft above sea level at Caernarfon. It was long believed to be the tallest mountain on the island of Great Britain until measurements taken in the eighteenth century confirmed that Ben Nevis and several other Scottish peaks were taller. Recent surveys give the height of the summit as 1085 m, making Snowdon the highest mountain in Wales, and the highest point in the British Isles outside Scotland.

The rocks which today make up Snowdon and its neighbouring mountains were formed in the Ordovician Period. At that time, most of modern-day Wales was near the edge of Avalonia, submerged beneath the ancient Iapetus Ocean. In the Soudleyan (former British regional) stage of the Caradoc (British regional) epoch, a volcanic caldera formed, and produced ash flows of rhyolitic tuff, which formed deposits up to 500 m thick. The current summit is near the northern edge of the ancient caldera; the caldera's full extent is unclear, but it extended as far as the summit of Moel Hebog in the south-west.

Snowdon and its surrounding peaks have been described as "true examples of Alpine topography". The summits of Snowdon and Garnedd Ugain are surrounded by cwms, rounded valleys scooped out by glaciation. Erosion by glaciers in adjacent cwms caused the characteristic arêtes of Crib Goch, Crib y Ddysgl and Y Lliwedd, and the pyramidal peak of Snowdon itself. Other glacial landforms that can be seen around Snowdon include roches moutonnées, glacial erratics and moraines.

Climate
In winter, Snowdon often has a covering of snow (giving rise to its English name). Although the amount of snow on Snowdon in winter varies significantly, 55% less snow fell in 2004 than in 1994. The slopes of Snowdon have one of the wettest climates in Great Britain, receiving an annual average of more than 200 in of precipitation.

Flora and fauna
The environment of Snowdon, particularly its rare plants, has led to the designation of much of the eastern part of the massif as a national nature reserve. In addition to plants that are widespread in Snowdonia, Snowdon is home to some plants rarely found elsewhere in Britain. These include the "Snowdon lily", Gagea serotina, which is also found in the Alps and in North America; it was first discovered in Wales by Edward Lhuyd, and the genus Lloydia (now included in Gagea) was later named in his honour by Richard Anthony Salisbury. Snowdon lies in the northern part of Snowdonia National Park, which has also provided some legal protection since the park's establishment in 1951.

Otters, polecats, and goats have been seen near or on the mountain, although pine martens have not been seen for many years. Birds that can be seen include the raven, red-billed chough, peregrine, osprey, merlin, red kite and moorland birds.

Lakes
A number of lakes are found in the various cwms of the Snowdon range:
 * Llyn Llydaw – 1430 ft high, 110 acre – lies in Cwm Dyli, Snowdon's eastern cwm, and is one of Snowdonia's deepest lakes, at up to 190 ft deep. Various explanations of its name have been put forward, including lludw ("ash"), from ashen deposits along the shore, to Llydaw ("Brittany"). It contains evidence of a crannog settlement, and was the location of a 10 x dugout canoe described in the Cambrian Journal in 1862. The lake is significantly coloured by washings from the copper mines nearby, and is used by the Cwm Dyli hydroelectric power station, which opened in 1906. The lake is crossed by a causeway, built in 1853 and raised in the 20th century to prevent the causeway from flooding frequently.
 * Glaslyn – 1970 ft high, 18 acre – lies higher up Cwm Dyli than Llyn Llydaw. It was originally called Llyn y Ffynnon Glas, and has a depth of 127 ft. For a long time, it was believed to be bottomless, and is also the location for various myths.
 * Llyn Ffynnon-y-gwas – 1430 ft high, 10 acre – lies in Cwm Treweunydd, Snowdon's north-western cwm, and is passed by the Snowdon Ranger path. It was enlarged by damming for use as a reservoir for use by slate quarries, but the level has since been lowered, and the lake's volume reduced to 24000 m3.

Other lakes include: Llyn Du'r Arddu below Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, at a height of 1901 ft, 5 acre; Llyn Teyrn near Pen-y-pass, at a height of 1237 ft, 5 acre; and several smaller pools.

Leisure activities
Snowdon has been described as "the busiest mountain in Britain", with some 590,984 people having walked up the mountain in 2019. There are six main walking paths, which can be combined in various ways. In addition, the circular walk starting and ending at Pen-y-Pass and using the Crib Goch route and the route over Y Lliwedd, both of which involve scrambling, is called the Snowdon Horseshoe, and is considered "one of the finest ridge walks in Britain". The routes are arranged here anticlockwise, starting with the path leading from Llanberis. In winter conditions, all these routes become significantly more dangerous and the Llanberis Mountain Rescue Team state that "additional skills, equipment and knowledge are required". Many inexperienced walkers have been killed over the years attempting to climb the mountain via the main paths.

Snowdon offers some of the most extensive views in the British Isles; on exceptionally clear days, Ireland, (the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland), Scotland, England, and the Isle of Man (as well as Wales) are all visible, as well as 24 counties, 29 lakes and 17 islands. From here, it is also possible to see the mountains of the Peak District and South Pennines that surround Manchester. The view between Snowdon and Merrick (southern Scotland) is the longest theoretical line of sight in the British Isles at 144 mi. In practice, atmospheric conditions make such sightings extremely rare, but a report from 2015 demonstrates the observation. The mountain itself may also be viewed on takeoff and approach to both Manchester Airport and Liverpool John Lennon Airport on very clear days, and even from Howth Head in Dublin, Ireland.

On 26 June 2018, Sam Laming became the first ever Wingsuit pilot to perform a 'Proximity Flight' over a UK mountain, by flying approximately 30 metres over Snowdon's summit, after jumping from a helicopter with fellow wingsuit camera pilot, Mike Hitchcock.

In 2021, John Harold, the director of the Snowdonia Society, reported that the number of visitors ascending Snowdon was exceeding capacity. At popular times walkers queue for upwards of 45 minutes for an opportunity to take a photo at the summit pillar.

Rock climbing
The Snowdon Massif includes a number of cliffs, and holds an important place in the history of rock climbing in the United Kingdom. Clogwyn Du'r Arddu is often colloquially known as 'Cloggy' among climbers, and was the site of the first recorded climb in Britain, in 1798. It was carried out by Peter Bailey Williams and William Bingley, while searching for rare plants. It is now considered to be one of the best cliffs in Britain for rock climbing.

Y Lliwedd was also explored by early climbers, and was the subject of a 1909 climbing guide, The Climbs on Lliwedd by J. M. A. Thompson and A. W. Andrews, one of the first in Britain. Snowdon was used by Edmund Hillary and his group during preparations for their successful 1953 expedition to climb Mount Everest.

Paths
The first recorded ascent of Snowdon was by the botanist Thomas Johnson in 1639. However, the 18th-century Welsh historian Thomas Pennant mentions a "triumphal fair upon this our chief of mountains" following Edward I's conquest of Wales in 1284, which could indicate the possibility of earlier ascents.

The six main paths were mapped by the Google Trekker in 2015. The elevations and gradients given here are for the start point on a public road, based on Ordnance Survey mapping. Other definitions are possible so alternative figures can be found (e.g. ).

Llanberis Path
Length: 6.8 km. Elevation gain: 965 m. Overall gradient: 1 in 7.1 (14.1%).

The Llanberis Path is the longest route to the summit. It follows close to the line of the railway, and being the easiest ascent, it is the route used by the annual Snowdon Race, which has a record time of less than 40 minutes recorded from the start to the summit.

The section of the Llanberis Path above Clogwyn station has long been called the "Killer Convex"; in icy conditions, this convex slope can send unwary walkers over the cliffs of Clogwyn Du'r Arddu. Four people died there in February 2009.

Snowdon Ranger Path
Length: 6.3 km. Elevation gain: 935 m. Overall gradient: 1 in 6.7 (14.9%).

The Snowdon Ranger Path (Llwybr Cwellyn) begins at the youth hostel beside Llyn Cwellyn, to the west of the mountain, served by the A4085 and Snowdon Ranger railway station. This was formerly the Saracen's Head Inn, but was renamed under the ownership of the mountain guide John Morton. It is thought to be the oldest path to the summit.

The route begins with zigzags through turf, before reaching a flatter boggy area in front of Llyn Ffynnon-y-gwas. The path then climbs to Bwlch Cwm Brwynog, and then snakes along the ridge above Clogwyn Du'r Arddu towards the summit. This path meets the railway, the Llanberis Path, the Crib Goch path, and the combined Pyg Track and Miners' Track all within a short distance, just below the summit.

Rhyd Ddu path
Length: 5.8 km. Elevation gain: 905 m or 896 m depending on exact start point. Overall gradient: 1 in 6.4 (15.7%).

The Rhyd Ddu path, formerly called the Beddgelert Path, leads from the village of Rhyd Ddu, west of Snowdon, gently up on to Llechog, a broad ridge dropping west from the summit. It is considered one of the easier routes to the summit, with the advantage that the summit is visible from the start, but is one of the least used routes. It climbs at a shallow gradient to Bwlch Main, shortly southwest of the summit, from where it climbs more steeply, meeting up with the Watkin Path at a site marked with a large standing stone a few hundred metres from the summit. An alternative start begins at Pitt's Head on the A4085 road.

Watkin Path
Length: 6.2 km. Elevation gain: 1025 m. Overall gradient: 1 in 6.1 (16.5%).

The Watkin Path is "the most demanding route direct to the summit of Snowdon", since it starts at the lowest elevation of any of the main routes and has the steepest overall gradient. It was first conceived by Sir Edward Watkin, a railway owner who had attempted to build a railway tunnel under the English Channel, and had a summer home in Nant Gwynant near the start of the path. It was originally designed as a donkey track and opened in 1892.

The start of the Watkin Path has been described as "the prettiest beginning" of the routes up Snowdon. It begins at Bethania on the A498 and climbs initially through old broadleaved woodland. After leaving the woods, the path climbs past the waterfalls of the Afon Llan to the glacial cirque of Cwm Llan, crossing a disused incline from an abandoned slate quarry. It then reaches Plas Cwmllan, formerly the home of the quarry manager for the South Snowdon Slate Works beyond, and later used for target practice by commandos during the Second World War. Near Plas Cwmllan is the large boulder known as Gladstone Rock, which bears a plaque commemorating a speech given in 1892 by William Ewart Gladstone, the then 82-year-old Prime Minister, on the subject of Justice for Wales. The slate workings in Cwm Llan were opened in 1840, but closed in 1882 due to the expense of transporting the slate to the sea at Porthmadog. Various buildings, including barracks and dressing sheds, remain.

From the slate quarries, the Watkin Path veers to the north-east to reach Bwlch Ciliau, the col between Snowdon and Y Lliwedd, which is marked by a large orange-brown cairn. From here, it heads west to meet the Rhyd Ddu Path at a standing stone shortly below the summit of Snowdon.

Over Y Lliwedd
Length: 6.4 km.

The route over Y Lliwedd is more frequently used for descent than ascent, and forms the second half of the Snowdon Horseshoe walk, the ascent being over Crib Goch. It is reached from the summit by following the Watkin Path down to Bwlch y Saethau, and then continuing along the ridge to the twin summits of Y Lliwedd. The path then drops down to Cwm Dyli to join the Miners' Track towards Pen-y-Pass.

Miners' Track
Length: 6.6 km. Elevation gain: 726 m. Overall gradient: 1 in 9.1 (10.9%).

The Miners' Track (Llwybr y Mwynwyr) begins at the car park at Pen-y-Pass, at an elevation of around 360 m, and has the shallowest overall gradient. It begins by skirting Llyn Teyrn before climbing slightly to cross the causeway over Llyn Llydaw. It follows the lake's shoreline before climbing to Glaslyn, from where it ascends steeply towards Bwlch Glas. It is joined for most of this zigzag ascent by the Pyg Track, and on reaching the summit ridge, is united with the Llanberis Path and Snowdon Ranger Path. Derelict mine buildings are encountered along several parts of the path.

Pyg Track

Length: 5.3 km. Elevation gain: 726 m. Overall gradient: 1 in 7.3 (13.7%).

The "Pyg Track" (Llwybr Pyg), or "Pig Track" (both spellings may be encountered), also leads from Pen-y-Pass. The track climbs over Bwlch y Moch on the eastern flanks of Crib Goch, before traversing that ridge's lower slopes. Above Glaslyn, it is joined by the Miners' Track for the zigzag climb to Bwlch Glas between Snowdon and Garnedd Ugain, where it joins the combined Llanberis and Snowdon Ranger paths.

From the website of the Snowdonia National Park Authority,

"Nobody knows for certain why this path is called the Pyg Track. It's possible that it was named after the pass it leads through, Bwlch y Moch (translated Pigs' Pass) as the path is sometimes spelled 'Pig Track'. Or, maybe because it was used to carry 'pyg' (black tar) to the copper mines on Snowdon. Another possible explanation is that the path was named after the nearby Pen y Gwryd Hotel, popular amongst the early mountain walkers."

Crib Goch
Length: 5.0 km.

The traverse of Crib Goch has been described as "one of the finest ridge walks in Britain", and forms part of the Snowdon Horseshoe, a circuit of the peaks surrounding Cwm Dyli. The path follows the Pyg Track before separating off from it at Bwlch y Moch and leading up the East ridge of Crib Goch. After the Crib Goch ridge, it descends slightly to Bwlch Coch, then ascends to the peak of Garnedd Ugain (1065 m), before dropping to join the Llanberis path. All routes which tackle Crib Goch are considered mountaineering routes or scrambles.

Snowdon Mountain Railway

The Snowdon Mountain Railway (SMR) (Rheilffordd yr Wyddfa) is a narrow gauge rack and pinion mountain railway that travels for 4+3/4 mi from Llanberis to the Summit station of Snowdon. It is the only public rack and pinion railway in the United Kingdom, and after more than 100 years of operation it remains a popular tourist attraction, carrying more than 130,000 passengers annually. Single carriage trains are pushed up the mountain by either steam locomotives or diesel locomotives. It has also previously used diesel railcars as multiple units. The railway was constructed between December 1894, when the first sod was cut by Enid Assheton-Smith (after whom locomotive No.2 was named), and February 1896, at a total cost of £63,800 (equivalent to £0 as of ).

Summit
The first building to be erected at the Snowdon summit was in 1838 to sell refreshments, and a licence to sell intoxicating liquor was granted in 1845. Very basic accommodation was also provided for visitors. When the Snowdon Mountain Railway was opened in 1896, the company strove to get an alcohol licence for its own proposed new hotel, but being unable to, took over both summit huts by 1898.

During the 1930s, many complaints were received about the state of the facilities at the summit and in 1934/5 a new station building was erected in two phases; the upstairs accommodation was completed in 1937. It was designed by Sir Clough Williams-Ellis and included rooms for visitors and a cafe. The other operators were bought out and the ramshackle collection of buildings on the summit was cleared. The flat roof was intended to be used as a viewing platform and some photographs show it being used in this way. However, other photographs taken of the cafe show that the roof leaked, which probably explains why the practice was stopped. The Summit was taken over by government agencies during the war and the accommodation was restricted to staff use afterwards. Having become increasingly dilapidated in post-war decades, this building was described by Prince Charles as "the highest slum in Wales". Its state led to a campaign to replace the building. In April 2006, Snowdonia National Park Authority, with the support of the Snowdonia Society, agreed a deal to start work on a new cafe and visitor centre complex. By mid-October 2006 the old building had been largely demolished.

The new RIBA Award-winning £8.4 million visitor centre, Hafod Eryri, designed by Ray Hole Architects in conjunction with Arup and built by Carillion, was officially opened on 12 June 2009 by First Minister Rhodri Morgan. The Welsh National Poet, Gwyn Thomas, composed a new couplet for the new building, displayed at its entrance and on the windows, which reads "Copa'r Wyddfa: yr ydych chwi, yma, Yn nes at y nefoedd / The summit of Snowdon: You are, here, nearer to Heaven". The name Hafod Eryri was chosen from several hundred put forward after a competition was held by the BBC. Hafod is Welsh for an upland summer residence, while Eryri is the Welsh name for Snowdonia.

The summit pillar was built in 2001, the brass toposcope carrying the date 2000. This plate details exactly 100 locations—mostly other peaks—which can be seen, given ideal visibility. Of the locations mentioned, Mount Leinster (in the Blackstairs Mountains in Ireland) is the furthest, at 188 miles away, with the Wicklow Mountains (also in Ireland) being 100 miles away. Slieve Donard, in Northern Ireland, is 108 miles away. The Lake District is 100 miles away, Penmaen Dewi (St David's Head in Pembrokeshire) is 96 miles away, Kinder Scout (in the Peak District) is 94 miles away, and the Isle of Man is 84 miles away.

Originally Snowdon and its summit were owned by three agricultural estates, Vaynol, Hafod y Llan and the Baron Hill Estate. Today the Vaynol land at the summit is owned by the Snowdonia National Park Authority, Hafod y Llan by the National Trust and the Baron Hill Estate retains its holding. The Baron Hill Estate land consists of the farm of Gwastadannas, which includes the Snowdon Horseshoe, Glaslyn, Llyn Llydaw and the northern end of Nant Gwynant.

Welsh literature
In Welsh folklore, the summit of Snowdon is said to be the tomb of Rhitta Gawr, a giant. This is claimed to be the reason for the Welsh name Yr Wyddfa, literally meaning "the tumulus". Rhitta Gawr wore a cloak made of men's beards, and was slain by King Arthur after claiming Arthur's beard. Other sites with Arthurian connections include Bwlch y Saethau, on the ridge between Snowdon and Y Lliwedd, where Arthur himself is said to have died. A cairn, Carnedd Arthur, was erected at the site and was still standing as late as 1850, but no longer exists. According to the folklore, Arthur had Bedivere throw his sword Excalibur into Glaslyn, where Arthur's body was later placed in a boat to be carried away to Afallon. Arthur's men then retreated to a cave on the slopes of Y Lliwedd, where they are said to sleep until such time as they are needed. Merlin is supposed to have hidden the golden throne of Britain among the cliffs north of Crib y Ddysgl when the Saxons invaded. Glaslyn was also the final resting place of a water monster, known as an afanc (also the Welsh word for beaver), which had plagued the people of the Conwy valley. They tempted the monster out of the water with a young girl, before securing it with chains and dragging it to Glaslyn. A large stone known as Maen Du'r Arddu, below Clogwyn Du'r Arddu, is supposed to have magical powers. Like several other sites in Wales, it is said that if two people spend the night there, one will become a great poet while the other will become insane. Llyn Coch in Cwm Clogwyn has been associated with the Tylwyth Teg (fairies), including a version of the fairy bride legend.

In popular culture
In 1968, scenes representing the Khyber Pass were filmed for Carry On... Up the Khyber on the lower part of the Watkin Path. In 2005, Angela Douglas, one of the stars of the film, unveiled a plaque at the precise location where filming took place to commemorate the location filming. It now forms part of the North Wales Film and Television Trail run by the Wales Screen Commission.

Injuries and deaths
In January and February 2009 on Snowdon there were 4 people who died and 3 of these four deaths were related to people falling. In 2021 there were 4 people who died on Snowdon.

In 2021 two people were injured and taken to hospital after being struck by lightning on top of Snowdon.

title: Snowdon


text:
Talk:Pipe

pipeline
An example of a pipeline, which should print the numbers from 1 to 10: while : ; do echo ; done | head | nl -b a

 * Could this be explained? - Patrick 10:30 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm sure it could be, but I'm not the person to do it. =)  Shouldn't following the links to pipeline and pipes and filters be sufficient to provide more information to the curious? Catherine 15:56 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

 * These must me 3 actions with 2 intermediary results, but, as an example of a pipeline, it should be made clear what these do and are. - Patrick 16:11 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

 * Seek ye a guru of Unix, then... I just an editor of copy. ;)  -- Catherine

More pipes
Lots of stuff found via http://www.wikiwax.com/ -- do you think any of these should be included here?

 * Plumbing:
 * Barrier pipe
 * Heat pipe
 * Smoking:
 * Churchwarden Pipe
 * Crack pipe
 * Pipe cleaner
 * Pipe tool
 * Computing:
 * Named pipe
 * Pipe organ
 * Flue pipe
 * Stopped pipe
 * Bagpipe:
 * Border pipe
 * Scottish smallpipe
 * Pipe band
 * Pipes and drums
 * Pipe banner, a flag for bagpipes
 * Pipe Major & Pipe Sergeant, more bagpipes

Other:
 * Bubble pipe
 * Dutchman's Pipe, a flowering plant
 * Verve Pipe, band
 * Warp pipe (disambiguation)
 * Pipe bomb
 * Pipe dream or Pipe Dream
 * Pipe Mania, a computer game
 * Pipe Rolls, historical records of the English king's expenses
 * Pipe stone, synonym for Catlinite
 * Pipe wrench

— Catherine\talk 06:11, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * It is a conundrum. Most disambiguation pages probably can have a list this long. My feeling is that if you think (strongly) that an entry belongs in the article then move it in. If there is one in the artilce that you don't think belongs there, then move it back to the list above.  We have to keep in mind that someone visting has typed in "Pipe" to reach this page, so Pipe wrench, for example, should not go into the article (the reader would have typed in wrench).
 * Out of this list, I'd only put Crack pipe in the article, as it's the only one I might expect to see. Heat pipe and Barrier pipe can be accessed via the plumbing article
 * The system of moving from article to talk and visa versa will hopefully harmonise until we have an optimum disambigaution page. --Commander Keane 09:00, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

 * I agree -- Wikiwax has been invaluable for finding articles that were created after the dab page by an author who had no idea the dab existed. But it turns up a lot of false positives, too.  I decided after doing Star (disambiguation) that it would be better to dump doubtfuls on the talk.  I agree, none of the "Pipe something" entries belong on the page, and only a few of the "Something pipe" entries do (I already added a few clear cut ones like Volcanic pipe and Organ pipe).  And I think you're right, having the list on talk and allowing consensus to decide what belongs where will be a good idea.  Thanks!  — Catherine\talk 17:10, 13 September 2005 (UTC)

People
This should also include individuals with the last name Pipes. Two are very noteworthy--Harvard Historian Richard Pipes and neoconservative political writer and Middle East expert Daniel Pipes, who is the son of Richard Pipes.

 * We're trying to move away from having people on pages that aren't personal names. These folks should be added to List_of_people_by_name:_Pi (the shortcut LOPBN will get you to the top-level page from the search box).  Thanks!  — Catherine\talk 02:09, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

New material for separate article?
As a courtesy to a new editor, I am placing here the material I deleted so that it might be recovered for possible addition in a more appropriate location, or for creation of a new article. I make no judgement on its WP:NOTABILITY, but must point out that the new material needs more WP:RS, and needs extensive editing for WP:TONE. As it stands now, the material appears to be a copy-and-paste and may be a WP:COPYVIO. Reify-tech (talk) 15:33, 8 May 2014 (UTC)

Psychology, UK

 * PIPE (Psychology, UK): Psychologically Informed Planned Environments (PIPEs)

PIPEs are specifically designed environments where staff members have additional training to develop an increased psychological understanding of their work. This understanding enables them to further create a safe and supportive environment that can facilitate the development of those who live there. PIPEs are designed to have a particular focus on the environment in which they operate; actively recognising the importance and quality of relationships and interactions. They aim to maximise ordinary situations and to approach these in a psychologically informed way.

A ‘planned’ environment: In addition, these units have specifically planned components or activities which have the potential to maintain gains made in other interventions. The training for those working in PIPEs is built upon the Personality Disorder Knowledge and Understanding Framework (KUF) but also includes additional training on developing social environments and offending behaviour. The Department of Health and NOMS are jointly supporting six pilot PIPE sites; two in Male Prisons (HMP Hull and HMP Gartree), two in Female Prisons (HMP Send and HMP Low Newton) and two Probation Approved Premises sites (Leicester and Merseyside). The Prison units are designed to provide a progression option for those successfully completing offending behaviour programmes, primarily those of high intensity such as DSPD, Therapeutic Communities, HRP, CSCP, SOTP etc. In the women’s estate completion of less intensive structured interventions are also considered for referral. Probation Approved Premises will continue to manage their existing populations. Following completion of a structured treatment intervention, or release on license to an Approved Premises, the PIPE offers the offender an opportunity to test and develop their relationships and behavioural management strategies in preparation for the outside world and/or the next stage of their pathway. The PIPE concept can be applied in many different settings, and be adapted for use prior to treatment; however for the purposes of the DH/NOMS pilot PIPE units, these will be focussing on progression through a pathway of intervention.

The model includes opportunities to improve existing relationships between offenders and staff, in part through the use of enhanced key worker or personal officer sessions. The PIPE model builds on existing structures and activities and provides opportunities for all formal and informal interactions, all positive and negative behaviours, to be considered by the staff group in a psychologically informed way. This in turn promotes the development of a healthy social environment and improves the quality of relationships and interactions, with the ultimate aim of reducing risk behaviours, improving psychological wellbeing and encouraging pro social living. Structured and semi-structured (creative) sessions are designed and delivered by the staff team on the PIPE and involve a range of individual and group activities. Each site has additional members of staff including a lead Psychologist. The unit Psychologist provides a clinical overview, leading on the implementation and maintenance of the PIPE culture.

One of the main areas of focus of the PIPE Progression Units will be the development of a positive and enabling environment. This is sometimes referred to as a healthy Psychosocial Environment. The PIPE therefore places an emphasis on how the environment operates so that it facilitates learning and growth rather than inadvertently reinforcing asocial or emotionally destructive behaviours.

PIPEs will form a significant part of a pathway of intervention for offenders with personality disorder, and it is proposed that these will eventually feature in all levels of security, both in custody and the community. People referred to the PIPEs however do not have to have a formal diagnosis of personality disorder.

[t is important to note that the PIPEs are not a treatment. Instead they are designed to support and maintain developments achieved in other interventions and aim to enable offenders (some of whom who have personality disorder) to progress through a recognised pathway.]

For further information please contact the NOMS PIPE Project Lead, Kirk Turner: kirk.turner@noms.gsi.gov.uk

Source: http://www.personalitydisorder.org.uk/news/wp-content/uploads/DHNOMS_PIPE2011_Info.pdf

title: Talk:Pipe


text:
Dorval

Dorval  is an on-island suburban city on the island of Montreal in southwestern Quebec, Canada. In 2016, the Canadian Census indicated that the population increased by 4.2% to 18,980. Although the city has the largest surface area in Montréal’s west side, it is among the least densely populated. Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport constitutes about 60% of the city's land; consequently, all of Dorval's population is concentrated in the southern part of the city.

Dorval is the oldest city in the west side of Montréal, having been founded in 1667, and one of the oldest in Canada and North America.

History
The history of Dorval dates back more than 350 years to 1665 when Sulpician priests established a mission on the outskirts of Ville-Marie, a French settlement which later became known as Montreal. Dorval was originally named Gentilly. It was later renamed La Présentation-de-la-Vierge-Marie. In 1691, the domain of La Présentation, originally owned by Pierre Le Gardeur de Repentigny, was acquired by Jean-Baptiste Bouchard dit d'Orval. "d'Orval" (French for "of Orval") was added to Bouchard's name by his father Claude in reference his birthplace Orval in Montigny-Lengrain, France. It was incorporated as a village in 1892, a town in 1903, and a city in 1956 (in French it was termed a cité, an Old French term from which the English legal term "city" originates).

As with many other settlements on the island of Montreal, the Grand Trunk Railway, which came to Dorval in 1855, was highly instrumental in attracting many wealthier families, mostly English-speaking, in search of a summer refuge in proximity to their downtown residence and place of work. Access to Dorval from Montreal was also facilitated by the extension of streetcar service to Dorval's eastern city limits in the interwar period.

After the Second World War many middle-class families migrated to Dorval from the city of Montreal and from other parts of Canada. This migration was made possible by the widening of highway 20 and by the large-scale construction of new dwellings. This new housing consisted mostly of single family homes with some townhouses and low-rise apartment buildings, built on lands previously used for agriculture and recreational activities. The post-war period also saw the construction of Dorval Gardens shopping centre in 1954, one of Greater Montreal's first mall-style shopping centres. Today the shopping centre remains the city's principal centre of retail trade.

The island named Dorval Island, settled in 1860 and located less than one kilometre offshore from Dorval, constitutes the separate city of L'Île-Dorval despite being a summer cottage community with only five permanent residents as of the Canada 2011 Census. The island is connected to the city of Dorval by a private ferry service.

On 1 January 2002, as part of the 2002–2006 municipal reorganization of Montreal, Dorval was merged into the city of Montreal, being combined with L'Île-Dorval to form the Dorval–L'Île-Dorval borough of Montreal. After a change of government and a 2004 referendum, Dorval was reconstituted as a city on 1 January 2006. Although Dorval had the legal status of cité prior to the merger, the reconstituted city has the status of ville (see Types of municipalities in Quebec). Nevertheless, the municipal government refers to itself as the "Cité de Dorval".

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Dorval had a population of $19,302$ living in $8,716$ of its $9,058$ total private dwellings, a change of NaN% from its 2016 population of $18,980$. With a land area of 20.91 km2, it had a population density of in 2021.

Languages
According to the Office québécois de la langue française, Dorval has been officially recognized as a bilingual municipality since 2005-11-02.

Economy
Air Inuit and La Senza have their headquarters in Dorval. Bombardier Inc. houses the headquarters of its Bombardier Aerospace division in Dorval.

Previously Inter-Canadien had its headquarters in Dorval.

Air Canada Centre, the headquarters of Air Canada, are located on the grounds of Montréal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport and in Saint-Laurent, Montreal, near Dorval.

Local government
List of former mayors:

 * Désiré Girouard (1892–1893)
 * James B. Allan (1893–1894)
 * Benjamin Décarie (1894–1895)
 * Hartland St. Clair MacDougall (1895)
 * Charles Décarie (1895–1896)
 * Robert FitzGibbon (1896–1897)
 * Joseph Dosithée Legault Deslauriés (1897–1899)
 * William de Montmolin Marler (1899–1901)
 * Jean-Baptiste Meloche (1901–1903)
 * Harry Markland Molson (1903–1905)
 * Amable Lallemand (1905–1907)
 * Anthony Haig Sims (1907–1909)
 * Benjamin Décarie (1909–1911)
 * William A. C. Hamilton (1911–1913)
 * Joseph Leroux (1913–1915)
 * Charles-C. Décarie (1915–1923)
 * Harvey Thompson (1923–1925)
 * Avila Décarie (1925–1927)
 * E.-Raphaël Chadillon (1927–1933)
 * Arthur Cecil Comber (1933–1937, 1941–1943)
 * J. Arthur Lajoie (1937–1939)
 * Ernest H. Décarie (1939–1941)
 * Joseph Ovila Adrien Valois (1943–1947)
 * Stanley Mason Elliot (1947–1948)
 * Ovila Cardinal (1948–1955)
 * Robert John Pratt (1955–1964)
 * Sarto Desnoyers (1964–1982)
 * Peter Blyth Yeomans (1982–2002)
 * Edgar Rouleau (2002–2021)
 * Marc Doret (2021–present)

Infrastructure
Aéroports de Montréal, the Greater Montreal airport authority, has its headquarters in Leigh-Capreol Place (French: place Leigh-Capreol) in Dorval.

Trudeau Airport

Most of Montreal's principal airport, Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport (previously known as Dorval Airport), is in Dorval. Originally a military airfield used mainly to refuel new fighters and bombers being flown to Great Britain during the Second World War, Trudeau Airport today serves over 18 million passengers annually.

Education
The Centre de services scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys operates Francophone public schools, but were previously operated by the Commission scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys until 15 June 2020. The change was a result of a law passed by the Quebec government that changed the school board system from denominational to linguistic.

Schools include:
 * Centre d'éducation des adultes Jeanne-Sauvé (adult school)
 * École secondaire Dorval-Jean-XXIII (secondary school)
 * École primaire Gentilly (primary school)

The Lester B. Pearson School Board (LBPSB) operates Anglophone public schools.
 * Dorval Elementary School, formerly known as Courtland Park Elementary School until 2006.

Notable residents

 * Jason Demers (born 1988), NHL ice hockey player

title: Dorval


text:
Lysistrata

Lysistrata ( or ; Attic Greek: Λυσιστράτη, Lysistrátē, lit. 'army disbander') is an ancient Greek comedy by Aristophanes, originally performed in classical Athens in 411 BCE. It is a comic account of a woman's extraordinary mission to end the Peloponnesian War between Greek city states by denying all the men of the land any sex, which was the only thing they truly and deeply desired. Lysistrata persuades the women of the warring cities to withhold sexual privileges from their husbands and lovers as a means of forcing the men to negotiate peace—a strategy, however, that inflames the battle between the sexes.

The play is notable for being an early exposé of sexual relations in a male-dominated society. Additionally, its dramatic structure represents a shift from the conventions of Old Comedy, a trend typical of the author's career. It was produced in the same year as the Thesmophoriazusae, another play with a focus on gender-based issues, just two years after Athens' catastrophic defeat in the Sicilian Expedition.

Plot
 LYSISTRATA There are a lot of things about us women That sadden me, considering how men See us as rascals. CALONICE As indeed we are!

These lines, spoken by the Athenian Lysistrata and her friend Calonice at the beginning of the play, set the scene for the action that follows. Women, as represented by Calonice, are sly hedonists in need of firm guidance and direction. Lysistrata, however, is an extraordinary woman with a large sense of individual and social responsibility. She has convened a meeting of women from various Greek city-states that are at war with each other. Soon after she confides in her friend her concerns for the female sex, the women begin arriving.

With support from the Spartan Lampito, Lysistrata persuades the other women to withhold sexual privileges from their menfolk as a means of forcing them to conclude the Peloponnesian War. The women are very reluctant, but the deal is sealed with a solemn oath around a wine bowl, Lysistrata choosing the words and Calonice repeating them on behalf of the other women. It is a long and detailed oath, in which the women abjure all their sexual pleasures, including the "lioness on the cheese-grater".

Soon after the oath is finished, a cry of triumph is heard from the nearby Acropolis—the old women of Athens have seized control of it at Lysistrata's instigation, since it holds the state treasury, without which the men cannot long continue to fund their war. Lampito goes off to spread the word of revolt, and the other women retreat behind the barred gates of the Acropolis to await the men's response.

A Chorus of Old Men arrives, intent on burning down the gate of the Acropolis if the women do not open up. Encumbered with heavy timbers, inconvenienced with smoke and burdened with old age, they are still making preparations to assault the gate when a Chorus of Old Women arrives, bearing pitchers of water. The Old Women complain about the difficulty they had getting the water, but they are ready for a fight in defence of their younger comrades. Threats are exchanged, water beats fire, and the Old Men are discomfited with a soaking.

The magistrate then arrives with some Scythian Archers (the Athenian version of police constables). He reflects on the hysterical nature of women, their devotion to wine, promiscuous sex, and exotic cults (such as to Sabazius and Adonis), but above all he blames men for poor supervision of their womenfolk. He has come for silver from the state treasury to buy oars for the fleet and he instructs his Scythians to begin levering open the gate. However, they are quickly overwhelmed by groups of unruly women with such unruly names as σπερμαγοραιολεκιθολαχανοπώλιδες (seed-market-porridge-vegetable-sellers) and σκοροδοπανδοκευτριαρτοπώλιδες (garlic-innkeeping-bread-sellers).

Lysistrata restores order and she allows the magistrate to question her. She explains the frustrations that women feel at a time of war when the men make stupid decisions that affect everyone, and further complains that their wives' opinions are not listened to. She drapes her headdress over him, gives him a basket of wool and tells him that war will be a woman's business from now on. She then explains the pity she feels for young, childless women, ageing at home while the men are away on endless campaigns. When the magistrate points out that men also age, she reminds him that men can marry at any age whereas a woman has only a short time before she is considered too old. She then dresses the magistrate like a corpse for laying out, with a wreath and a fillet, and advises him that he's dead. Outraged at these indignities, he storms off to report the incident to his colleagues, while Lysistrata returns to the Acropolis.

The debate or agon is continued between the Chorus of Old Men and the Chorus of Old Women until Lysistrata returns to the stage with some news—her comrades are desperate for sex and they are beginning to desert on the silliest pretexts (for example, one woman says she has to go home to air her fabrics by spreading them on the bed). After rallying her comrades and restoring their discipline, Lysistrata again returns to the Acropolis to continue waiting for the men's surrender.

A man suddenly appears, desperate for sex. It is Kinesias, the husband of Myrrhine. Lysistrata instructs her to torture him. Myrrhine informs Kinesias that she will have sex with him but only if he promises to end the war. He promptly agrees to these terms and the young couple prepares for sex on the spot. Myrrhine fetches a bed, then a mattress, then a pillow, then a blanket, then a flask of oil, exasperating her husband with delays until finally disappointing him completely by locking herself in the Acropolis again. The Chorus of Old Men commiserates with the young man in a plaintive song.

A Spartan herald then appears with a large burden (an erection) scarcely hidden inside his tunic and he requests to see the ruling council to arrange peace talks. The magistrate, now also sporting a prodigious burden, laughs at the herald's embarrassing situation but agrees that peace talks should begin.

They go off to fetch the delegates. While they are gone, the Old Women make overtures to the Old Men. The Old Men are content to be comforted and fussed over by the Old Women; thereupon the two Choruses merge, singing and dancing in unison. Peace talks commence and Lysistrata introduces the Spartan and Athenian delegates to a gorgeous young woman called Reconciliation. The delegates cannot take their eyes off the young woman; meanwhile, Lysistrata scolds both sides for past errors of judgment. The delegates briefly squabble over the peace terms, but with Reconciliation before them and the burden of sexual deprivation still heavy upon them, they quickly overcome their differences and retire to the Acropolis for celebrations. The war is ended.

Another choral song follows. After a bit of humorous dialogue between tipsy dinner guests, the celebrants all return to the stage for a final round of songs, the men and women dancing together. All sing a merry song in praise of Athene, goddess of wisdom and chastity, whose citadel provided a refuge for the women during the events of the comedy, and whose implied blessing has brought about a happy ending to the play.

Historical background
Some events that are significant for understanding the play:

 * 424 BCE: The Knights won first prize at the Lenaia. Its protagonist, a sausage-seller named Agoracritus, emerges at the end of the play as the improbable saviour of Athens (Lysistrata is its saviour thirteen years later).
 * 421 BCE: Peace was produced. Its protagonist, Trygaeus, emerges as the improbable champion of universal peace (Lysistrata's role 10 years later). The Peace of Nicias was formalised this same year, ending the first half of the Peloponnesian War (referred to in Lysistrata as "The Former War").
 * 413 BCE: The Athenians and their allies suffered a catastrophic defeat in the Sicilian Expedition, a turning-point in the long-running Peloponnesian War.
 * 411 BCE: Both Thesmophoriazusae and Lysistrata were produced; an oligarchic revolution (one of the consequences of the Sicilian disaster) proved briefly successful.

Old Comedy was a highly topical genre and the playwright expected his audience to be familiar with local identities and issues. The following list of identities mentioned in the play gives some indication of the difficulty faced by any producer trying to stage Lysistrata for modern audiences:

Pellene was also the name of a Peloponnesian town resisting Spartan pressure to contribute to naval operations against Athens at this time. It was mentioned earlier in the Birds.
 * Korybantes: Devotees of the Asiatic goddess Cybele—Lysistrata says that Athenian men resemble them when they do their shopping in full armour, a habit she and the other women deplore.
 * Hermokopidae: Vandals who mutilated the herms in Athens at the onset of the Sicilian Expedition, they are mentioned in the play as a reason why the peace delegates should not remove their cloaks, in case they too are vandalized.
 * Hippias: An Athenian tyrant, he receives two mentions in the play, as a sample of the kind of tyranny that the Old Men can "smell" in the revolt by the women and secondly in connection with a good service that the Spartans once rendered Athens (they removed him from power by force)
 * Aristogeiton: A famous tyrannicide, he is mentioned briefly here with approval by the Old Men.
 * Cimon: An Athenian commander, mentioned here by Lysistrata in connection with the Spartan king Pericleides who had once requested and obtained Athenian help in putting down a revolt by helots.
 * Myronides: An Athenian general in the 450s, he is mentioned by the Old Men as a good example of a hairy guy, together with Phormio, the Athenian admiral who swept the Spartans from the sea between 430 and 428 BCE.
 * Peisander: An Athenian aristocrat and oligarch, he is mentioned here by Lysistrata as typical of a corrupt politician exploiting the war for personal gain. He was previously mentioned in Peace and The Birds
 * Demostratus: An Athenian who proposed and carried the motion in support of the Sicilian Expedition, he is mentioned briefly by the magistrate.
 * Cleisthenes: A notoriously effete homosexual and the butt of many jokes in Old Comedy, he receives two mentions here, firstly as a suspected mediator between the Spartans and the Athenian women and secondly as someone that sex-starved Athenian men are beginning to consider a viable proposition.
 * Theogenes: A nouveau riche politician, he is mentioned here as the husband of a woman who is expected to attend the meeting called by Lysistrata. He is lampooned earlier in The Wasps, Peace and The Birds.
 * Lycon: A minor politician who afterwards figured significantly in the trial of Socrates, he is mentioned here merely as the husband of a woman that the Old Men have a particular dislike for (he is mentioned also in The Wasps).
 * Cleomenes I: A Spartan king, who is mentioned by the Old Men in connection with the heroism of ordinary Athenians in resisting Spartan interference in their politics.
 * Leonidas: The famous Spartan king who led a Greek force against the Persians at Thermopylae, he is mentioned by the Spartan envoys in association with the Athenian victory against the Persian fleet at the Battle of Artemisium.
 * Artemisia: A female ruler of Ionia, famous for her participation in the naval Battle of Salamis, she is mentioned by the Old Men with awe as a kind of Amazon.
 * Homer: The epic poet is quoted in a circuitous manner when Lysistrata quotes her husband who quotes from a speech by Hector in the Iliad as he farewells his wife before going to battle: "War will be men's business."
 * Aeschylus: The tragic poet is mentioned briefly as the source of a ferocious oath that Lysistrata proposes to her comrades, in which a shield is to be filled with blood; the oath is found in Aeschylus' Seven Against Thebes.
 * Euripides: The dramatic poet receives two brief mentions here, in each case by the Old Men with approval as a misogynist.
 * Pherecrates: A contemporary comic poet, he is quoted by Lysistrata as the author of the saying: "to skin a flayed dog."
 * Bupalus: A sculptor who is known to have made a caricature of the satirist Hipponax he is mentioned here briefly by the Old Men in reference to their own desire to assault rebellious women.
 * Micon: An artist, he is mentioned briefly by the Old Men in reference to Amazons (because he depicted a battle between Theseus and Amazons on the Painted Stoa).
 * Timon: The legendary misanthrope, he is mentioned here with approval by the Old Women in response to the Old Men's favourable mention of Melanion, a legendary misogynist
 * Orsilochus and Pellene: An Athenian pimp and a prostitute, mentioned briefly to illustrate sexual desire.

Interpretation
Modern adaptations of Lysistrata are often feminist or pacifist in their aim (see Influence and legacy below). The original play was neither feminist nor unreservedly pacifist. Even when they seemed to demonstrate empathy with the female condition, dramatic poets in classical Athens still reinforced sexual stereotyping of women as irrational creatures in need of protection from themselves and from others.

In fact the play might not even be a plea for an end to the war so much as an imaginative vision of an honorable end to the war at a time when no such ending was possible. According to Sarah Ruden, Lysistrata (Hackett Classics, 2003), the play "nowhere suggests that warfare in itself is intolerable, let alone immoral" (87).

Old Comedy
Lysistrata belongs to the middle period of Aristophanes' career when he was beginning to diverge significantly from the conventions of Old Comedy. Such variations from convention include:

 * The divided Chorus: The Chorus begins this play being divided (Old Men versus Old Women), and its unification later exemplifies the major theme of the play: reconciliation. There is nothing quite like this use of a Chorus in the other plays. A doubling of the role of the Chorus occurs in two other middle-period plays, The Frogs and Thesmophoriazusae, but in each of those plays the two Choruses appear consecutively and not simultaneously. The nearest equivalent to Lysistrata's divided Chorus is found in the earliest of the surviving plays, The Acharnians, where the Chorus very briefly divides into factions for and against the protagonist.
 * Parabasis: In Classical Greek comedy, parabasis is 'a speech in which the chorus comes forward and addresses the audience'. The parabasis is an important, conventional element in Old Comedy. There is no parabasis proper in Lysistrata. Most plays have a second parabasis near the end and there is something like a parabasis in that position in this play but it comprises only two songs (strophe and antistrophe) and these are separated by an episodic scene of dialogue. In these two songs, the now united Chorus declares that it is not prepared to speak ill of anyone on this occasion because the current situation (ta parakeímena) is already bad enough—topical reference to the catastrophic end to the Sicilian Expedition. In keeping however with the victim-centered approach of Old Comedy, the Chorus then teases the entire audience with false generosity, offering gifts that are not in its power to give.
 * Agon: The Roman orator Quintilian considered Old Comedy a good genre for study by students of rhetoric and the plays of Aristophanes in fact contain formal disputes or agons that are constructed for rhetorical effect. Lysistrata's debate with the proboulos (magistrate) is an unusual agon in that one character (Lysistrata) does almost all the talking while the antagonist (the magistrate) merely asks questions or expresses indignation. The informality of the agon draws attention to the absurdity of a classical woman engaging in public debate. Like most agons, however, it is structured symmetrically in two sections, each half comprising long verses of anapests that are introduced by a choral song and that end in a pnigos. In the first half of the agon, Lysistrata quotes from Homer's Iliad ("war will be men's business"), then quotes 'the man in the street' ("Isn't there a man in the country?"—"No, by God, there isn't!") and finally arrives at the only logical conclusion to these premises: "War will be women's business!" The logic of this conclusion is supported rhythmically by the pnigos, during which Lysistrata and her friends dress the magistrate like a woman, with a veil and a basket of wool, reinforcing her argument and lending it ironic point—if the men are women, obviously the war can only be women's business. During the pnigos of the second section, the magistrate is dressed like a corpse, highlighting the argument that war is a living death for women. The agon in Lysistrata is thus a fine example of rhetoric even though it is unusually one-sided.

Influence and legacy

 * c. 1611: John Fletcher wrote his play The Woman's Prize, or The Tamer Tamed, which echoes Lysistrata's sex-strike plot.
 * 1902: Adapted as an operetta by Paul Lincke.
 * 1910: Performed at the Little Theatre in the Adelphi in London with Gertrude Kingston in the title role.
 * 1941: Adapted as a ballet by Richard Mohaupt, followed by a ballet suite (1946) and a new ballet version titled Der Weiberstreik von Athen (1957).
 * 1956: Lysistrata became in the 1950s The Second Greatest Sex, a movie musical with songs by Henry Mancini produced at Universal Studios and directed by George Marshall, starring Jeanne Crain, George Nader and Bert Lahr. It was re-set improbably in the 19th-century American wild west.
 * 1961: The play served as the basis for the musical The Happiest Girl in the World. The play was revived in the National Theatre's 1992–93 season, transferring successfully from the South Bank to Wyndham's Theatre.
 * 1968: Feminist director Mai Zetterling made a radical film Flickorna (released in English as The Girls), starring three reigning Swedish film actresses: Bibi Andersson, Harriet Andersson and Gunnel Lindblom, who were depicted playing roles in Lysistrata.
 * 1982: Utopia's album Swing to the Right featured an anti-war song entitled "Lysistrata" that loosely paraphrases the content of the drama as dialogue between the song's protagonist and his female significant other.
 * 1983: Şalvar Davası, a Turkish movie adaptation based loosely on Lysistrata of director Kartal Tibet starring Müjde Ar as Lysistrata.
 * 1984: On the Perimeter by Caroline Blackwood compared activists at Greenham Common Women's Peace Camp to women of Lysistrata since "both groups of women banded together and rejected men in order to protest the pointlessness of war ..."
 * 1985: David Brin's post-apocalyptic novel The Postman, which had themes of duty, war, peace, and gender roles, is dedicated: "To Benjamin Franklin, devious genius, and to Lysistrata, who tried".
 * 2001: A same title opera was composed by Mikis Theodorakis. It is dedicated to global peace
 * 2003: In reaction to the Iraq disarmament crisis, a peace protest initiative, The Lysistrata Project, was based on readings of the play held worldwide on March 3, 2003.
 * 2004: A 100-person show called Lysistrata 100 was performed in Brooklyn, New York. Edward Einhorn wrote the adaptation, which was performed in a former warehouse converted to a pub. The play was set at the Dionysia, much as the original may have been.
 * 2005: An opera, Lysistrata, or The Nude Goddess, composed by Mark Adamo, premiered at the Houston Grand Opera in March.
 * 2011: Lysistrata Jones, a contemporary riff by Douglas Carter Beane (book) and Lewis Flinn (music, lyrics) for the Transport Group Theater Company, starred Patti Murin and Liz Mikel, and opened in New York at the Judson Memorial Church Gymnasium and later transferred to Broadway.
 * 2011: Valerie Schrag adapted and illustrated the play for volume one of the graphic-novel anthology The Graphic Canon, edited by Russ Kick and published by Seven Stories Press.
 * 2011: Radu Mihăileanu directed The Source (La Source des femmes) set in a village in North Africa, focusing on a group of women who go on strike against having to fetch water for the village from a distant, treacherous well.
 * 2012: Isabelle Ameganvi, a civil-rights lawyer in Togo (Africa), called on the women of Togo to deny sexual relations with their men in protest against President Faure Gnassingbé.
 * 2015: American filmmaker Spike Lee's film Chi-Raq transposes the events of the play into modern-day inner-city Chicago, substituting gun violence among African-Americans for the Peloponnesian War and rhyming rap dialog for the more formal Greek poetry.
 * 2016: Animator Richard Williams's Oscar-nominated short film, Prologue, is "the first part of a feature film loosely based on Aristophanes’ anti-war play Lysisrata."
 * 2016: Writer-director Matt Cooper's film comedy Is That a Gun in Your Pocket? is about a Texas town whose women go on a sex strike to make their menfolk abandon their love of guns.
 * 2024: Writer Andrew David Irvine's Aristophanes' Lysistrata: For Modern Performance appeared with the Athens publisher, Kaktos.

English translations

 * 1872, William James Hickie, The Comedies of Aristophanes. A New and Literal Translation, Vol 2 (London: Bohn's Library).
 * 1912, published by the Athenian Society, London; unknown translator rumored to be Oscar Wilde. At Wikisource
 * 1924, Benjamin B. Rogers, verse
 * 1925, Jack Lindsay, verse
 * 1934, Arthur S. Way, verse
 * 1944, Charles T. Murphy, prose and verse
 * 1954, Dudley Fitts, prose and verse
 * 1961, Donald Sutherland, prose and verse
 * 1963, Douglass Parker, verse
 * 1972, Germaine Greer, prose
 * 1973, Alan H. Sommerstein, prose and verse: available for digital loan
 * 1988, Jeffrey Henderson, verse
 * 1991, Nicholas Rudall
 * 2000, George Theodoridis, 2000, prose
 * 2002, David Landon, prose and verse
 * 2003, Sarah Ruden
 * 2004, Paul Roche, verse and prose
 * 2005, Edward Einhorn, prose and verse
 * 2003/06, Chris Tilley, musical version with prose and songs
 * 2008, Ian C. Johnston, verse
 * 2010, David Stuttard, prose and verse
 * Anonymous translator, prose

title: Lysistrata


text:
Talk:Pipeline (disambiguation)

Mechanical analogy
This analogy seems to be rather contrived and superfluous:

 * A mechanical example of a pipeline is a washer/dryer system for clothing. Instead of having one unit that both washes and dries, we have two units that together form a pipeline (the output of the washer enters the drier). If washing takes 1 hour and drying takes 1 hour, the pipeline allows us to finish a full load of laundry every hour, compared to every 2 hours if you had a single (non-pipelined) unit that washed and then dried. It still requires two hours for an item of clothing to complete its wash/dry cycle of course.

Can this be replaced by a better example of a real mechanical pipeline? Anyway, perhaps it should fit better in an article "Mechanical pipeline"? Jorge Stolfi 02:18, 3 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Explain example
fetch -o - http://www.wikipedia.com/wiki/Pipeline | sed 's/[^a-zA-Z]/ /g' | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z' | sort -u | comm -23 - /usr/share/dict/web2

 * Could the steps be explained briefly? Is it not better to combine the 2nd and 3rd line? - Patrick 10:36 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

 * Thanks. Patrick 23:37 May 13, 2003 (UTC)

Art pipeline
Perhaps it makes sense to add item Art pipeline to the article (Special:Diff/871134424). 87.241.196.145 (talk) 05:36, 29 November 2018 (UTC)
 * Better late than never. Done. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 14:48, 22 January 2022 (UTC)
 * It was added before, but deleted using wrong rationale. Leitmotiv (talk) 19:35, 22 January 2022 (UTC)

Requested move 2 June 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) C LYDE TALK TO ME/STUFF DONE (please mention me on reply) 17:56, 17 June 2023 (UTC)

Pipeline → Pipeline (disambiguation) – Pipeline transport is the main concept, to which Pipeline should redirect to; the secondary concepts are titled in analogy with the main concept. fgnievinski (talk) 22:00, 2 June 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 17:35, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

 * https://wikinav.toolforge.org/?language=en&title=Pipeline indicates that there is no primary topic by usage, because the outgoing traffic is scattered across a variety of topics, and the eponym isn't even at the top, though that could be because of weird section sorting. I'd say we move it to the top, and then revisit the reader interest after a few months to see if navigation changed to indicate this primary topic by usage. If you want to argue long-term significance despite usage, there needs to be an actual argument laid out. --Joy (talk) 18:58, 3 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support, but also move pipeline transport to pipeline as the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 14:32, 4 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Can you explain why? Friendly reminder to all: Polling is not a substitute for discussion. Why is pipeline transport's status as "main concept" worthy of WP:PTOPIC? --Joy (talk) 13:55, 7 June 2023 (UTC)
 * The longterm significance criterion. Computing, art, drug and sales pipelines are terms based on the usage of pipes to transport fluids. Pretty much everything else is too. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 11:07, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It's certainly the eponym, and it might even be what first comes to mind when one says pipeline. But can we really say that the long-term significance of it is so large that it overshadows all the other uses to the extent required by WP:PTOPIC? I've mentioned the recent statistics above, and we can also have a look at the history of this article - it indicates it's been a disambiguation page since this series of edits in December 2004, and before that it was something of a broad-concept article ever since the initial revision from July 2001. So for two decades, we've explained this ambiguity to the average English reader, and there apparently haven't been any complaints to this effect up to now. I don't think we should make this large of a change based on just assertions. --Joy (talk) 14:28, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Well, I certainly think it. And that's ultimately what !votes are - an opinion. I've registered mine, so we shall see what others think. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 16:25, 9 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Support and move per ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ. -- Necrothesp (talk) 12:26, 6 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Do we also move the article currently at pipeline transport to pipeline? — Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung, mellohi! (投稿) 17:35, 10 June 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
 * Support pipeline -> pipeline (disambiguation) and pipeline transport -> pipeline, per nom and ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ. Natg 19 (talk) 01:48, 16 June 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pipeline (disambiguation)