text:
Talk:James Thurber

New Yorker
I changed back "well known ... for the New Yorker" to "best known ... for the New Yorker". Thurber was a New Yorker writer and cartoonist. That was his identity. He may have written for some other magazine some time or other, but it didn't change his primary identification.Ortolan88 15:18, February 6, 2003
 * I agree. Even in his books, one cannot escape the words "New Yorker". Not only are the vast majority of pieces in the books from that magazine, but he mentions it frequently in the writing itself. --Karen | Talk | contribs 00:58, 16 August 2007 (UTC)

James Thurber Quotations
Excellent Quotations, wonder if some people can find and bring some more. Additional links to his comics and short stories are welcome.

 * Somebody blanked the quotations section a day ago, leaving only the header. In restoring the section, I've trimmed it back quite a bit, and transferred a few things to the Thurber article on Wikiquote, which is rather extensive.  As I understand it, WP:Trivia discourages large quotation sections on Wikipedia itself. Also, some of the quotes were either inexact or difficult to track down. For example, the only definite source I've found for the famous martini quip was a brief reference in an old issue of Time Magazine, which didn't match the text quoted here.

 * Links to Thurber's works online are problematic, because his work is still in copyright. Karen | Talk | contribs 07:58, 21 January 2007 (UTC)

Sexist statements
I think that James grover thurber was a little sexist Rusty Shakelford —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.89.166.19 (talk) 12:50, 26 April 2006'.

I think that he was a little fruity, it made me nervous. Tyler Perry —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 209.82.168.231 (talk) 18:40, 25 September 2006'.

 * Please do not delete the comments of others while adding your own. Also, the talk page is not a forum for statements of personal opinion about the subject of the article. It is for discussing ways to improve the article. Thank you. Karen | Talk | contribs 07:07, 26 September 2006 (UTC)

Question on Thurber's Death
I read on the NNDB James Thurber page that Thurber died of an aneurysm. However, since the official Thurber House site states "complications from pneumonia" I guess that stands.--Kulturvultur 22:48, 1 May 2007 (UTC)

 * The NNDB is not a reliable source. However, the Official Thurber House site is only semi-reliable, as it would naturally want to cover up anything untoward about Thurber's death. Both Brendan Gill and Katherine White said that Thurber had a brain tumour. (Of course, both of them also detested Thurber for his malice - and he really was an awful, awful, AWFUL human being even if only uninterested parties were relied upon - so they may also be semi-reliable.) --NellieBly (talk) 17:38, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

Ha
Figures, doesn't it, that this would turn out to be one of the more poorly-written articles in this so-called "encyclopedia". If Jim's up there reading this, I'm sure there's quite a jaundiced eye cast in this direction. +ILike2BeAnonymous 06:23, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * Lest I be accused of being a nattering nabob of negativity, cf. S. J. Perelman for a counter-example. +ILike2BeAnonymous 06:40, 14 July 2007 (UTC)

 * I doubt Thurber is "up there". He was an absolute monster of a human being - a vicious spouse abuser (who once threw his second wife across a room and gave her 50 stitches - of course, she worshipped him after his death), a bitter, violent alcoholic, and a malicious bastard who went out of the way to ruin other people's lives in any way he could. That such good, honest writing and such eloquent humor can come from such a twisted specimen is amazing. --NellieBly (talk) 17:41, 3 April 2009 (UTC)

It seems to me you've already expressed this opinion in the section above. It was irrelevant there, and it's irrelevant here. TheScotch (talk) 08:31, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

 * There are quite unexpected personal descriptions of E. B. White’s, Harold Ross’s and James Thurber’s lifes and characters in the book Robert K. Greenleaf, “The Power of Servant Leadership”. You might want to check them out. – Publius (talk) 11:10, 26 August 2023 (UTC)

Catbird Seat
An adoption of Thurber's The Catbird Seat was made into a British film The Battle of the Sexes (1960). It stars Peter Sellers and directed by Charles Crichton. MBG 203.171.197.129 (talk) 10:18, 15 February 2008 (UTC)

Dead External Links
Link to Thurber's World on earthlink seems to be dead (404) now? Not sure if I should just cut it, or are we supposed to try to trace it first, or maybe find a corresponding replacement link. (However, I don't have enough time just now to work on it...)

[I actually visited the article trying to find an assessment of his relative rank among American humorists, but didn't get any hint for that question. Not sure what criteria to apply, but I'd think he's fairly high... Surely Mark Twain is #1?] Shanen (talk) 10:45, 13 September 2008 (UTC)

Television
Re: "A full series based on Thurber's writings and life entitled My World and Welcome to It was broadcast on NBC in 1969-70, starring William Windom as the Thurber figure.":

If we're going to stick this bit of information in the article, why is there no mention of The Secret Life of Walter Mitty sixties television show starring Red Buttons? Does no one here remember it? (I see that the movie is mentioned.) TheScotch (talk) 08:35, 20 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Did you take drugs in the 60s? :-) I think your memory is defective; Buttons' show was called The Double (not "Secret") Life of Henry Phyfe, and had nothing whatever to do with Thurber's Mitty character. It lasted only one (very short) season in 1966. JustinTime55 (talk) 17:53, 11 November 2016 (UTC)

Copyright problem
This article has been reverted by a bot to as part of a large-scale clean-up project of multiple article copyright infringement. (See the investigation subpage) This has been done to remove User:Accotink2's contributions as they have a history of extensive copyright violation and so it is assumed that all of their major contributions are copyright violations. Earlier text must not be restored, unless it can be verified to be free of infringement. For legal reasons, Wikipedia cannot accept copyrighted text or images borrowed from other web sites or printed material; such additions must be deleted. Contributors may use sources as a source of information, but not as a source of sentences or phrases. Accordingly, the material may be rewritten, but only if it does not infringe on the copyright of the original or plagiarize from that source. Please see our guideline on non-free text for how to properly implement limited quotations of copyrighted text. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously. VWBot (talk) 05:51, 10 December 2010 (UTC)

Bibliography Section Cleaned Up
I have cleaned up the bibliography section a little. I moved the ”incomplete” tag from the top of the bibliography to the Short Stories section, because Books currently lists all of Thurber's books (excluding the anthologies published in Britain because — unlike the U.S. anthologies — they contained no new material: Cream of Thurber, A Thurber Garland, and Vintage Thurber.) I moved three short story titles down to the short story list because none of them were published as individual books. I added several titles to the short story list because they have their own pages in Wikipedia. Tfmisc (talk) 15:09, 27 August 2011 (UTC)

Lead Paragraph Revised
I changed this:

 * James Grover Thurber (December 8, 1894 – November 2, 1961) was an American author, cartoonist and celebrated wit. Thurber was best known for his cartoons and short stories published in The New Yorker magazine. James Thurber was an American writer and artist. One of the most popular humorists (writers of clever humor) of his time, Thurber celebrated in stories and in cartoons the comic frustrations of eccentric yet ordinary people.

to this:

 * James Grover Thurber (December 8, 1894 – November 2, 1961) was an American author, cartoonist and celebrated wit. Thurber was best known for his cartoons and short stories, published mainly in The New Yorker magazine then collected in his numerous books. One of the most popular humorists of his time, Thurber celebrated the comic frustrations and eccentricities of ordinary people.

The former makes the point that Thurber was known for both writings and drawings FOUR times in a rather short paragraph; I have reduced it to two times. (I would have reduced it to one, but "short stories" should perhaps be changed to something like The New Yorker's idiosyncratic term "casuals"— since that more-inclusive though less-familiar word is more accurate — if an appropriate link can be made to a definition.) I replaced the gloss on "humorists" with a link; though I doubt a link is necessary, it's certainly preferable to that superficial definition in the text. I rephrased the last sentence because characterizing the same people as eccentric AND ordinary seems contradictory to me: otherwise-ordinary people may have a few eccentricities, but if they have so many quirks that they merit being characterized as eccentric then they're not ordinary.

Should the lead paragraph contain a reference to the thing that is most likely to "ring a bell" for those who are not well-acquainted with Thurber's works, his short story The Secret Life of Walter Mitty? Tfmisc (talk) 19:51, 6 February 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Verse?
Though the verse of Morris Bishop has been praised over the years, the only review I've yet found of its posthumous "Best of" anthology consists of just two sentences, the second of which reads, in full:

 * "But Nash's poetry is kinder, Thurber's is droller, and that of both -- better."

Oh.

I don't suppose this thrilled its anthologizer or publisher. But anyway -- yes, Thurber's poetry. I don't remember ever having encountered it. The only (apparent) mentions of poetry or verse in this article are of what's in Fables for Our Time and Famous Poems Illustrated -- which turns out not to include Thurber's poetry (instead, it pairs others' poems with his illustrations). A quick google for Thurber's poetry brings a handful of dreary copyright infringers, no more. Is there nothing that could be added here? -- Hoary (talk) 00:30, 11 November 2017 (UTC)

Middle Name
If my memory is not playing a trick on me, somewhere in his writings, Thurber gave his name as "James Murfreesboro Thurber," almost certainly jocularly. Anyone know anything about this? Kostaki mou (talk) 14:52, 27 March 2018 (UTC)

Grand children and son-in-Law

 * Mark Thurber Sauers (1959-2014), Sara and Greg
 * Frederick W. Sauers (1929-2017) --91.20.1.32 (talk) 15:11, 4 August 2018 (UTC)

The following link has triggered a protection filter: notablebiographies.com

 * www.notablebiographies.com/St-Tr/Thurber-James.html
 * James Thurber Biography, Encyclopedia of World Biography]
 * "Blacklisting indicates past problems with the link, so any requests should clearly demonstrate how inclusion would benefit Wikipedia...Either that exact link, or a portion of it (typically the root domain name) is currently blocked."
 * .... 0mtwb9gd5wx (talk) 18:46, 23 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Thurber


text:
Kansai dialect

The Kansai dialect (関西弁) is a group of Japanese dialects in the Kansai region (Kinki region) of Japan. In Japanese, Kansai-ben is the common name and it is called Kinki dialect (近畿方言) in technical terms. The dialects of Kyoto and Osaka are known as Kamigata dialect (上方言葉), and were particularly referred to as such in the Edo period. The Kansai dialect is typified by the speech of Osaka, the major city of Kansai, which is referred to specifically as Osaka-ben. It is characterized as being both more melodic and harsher by speakers of the standard language.

Background
Since Osaka is the largest city in the region and its speakers received the most media exposure over the last century, non-Kansai-dialect speakers tend to associate the dialect of Osaka with the entire Kansai region. However, technically, Kansai dialect is not a single dialect but a group of related dialects in the region. Each major city and prefecture has a particular dialect, and residents take some pride in their particular dialectal variations.

The common Kansai dialect is spoken in Keihanshin (the metropolitan areas of the cities of Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe) and its surroundings, a radius of about 50 km around the Osaka-Kyoto area (see regional differences). This article mainly discusses variations in Keihanshin during the 20th and 21st centuries.

Even in the Kansai region, away from Keihanshin and its surrounding areas, there are dialects that differ from the characteristics generally considered to be Kansai dialect-like. Tajima and Tango (except Maizuru) dialects in northwest Kansai are too different to be regarded as Kansai dialects and are thus usually included in the Chūgoku dialect. Dialects spoken in Southeastern Kii Peninsula including Totsukawa and Owase are also far different from other Kansai dialects, and considered a language island.

The Shikoku dialect and the Hokuriku dialect share many similarities with the Kansai dialects, but are classified separately.

History
The Kansai dialect has over a thousand years of history. When Kinai cities such as Nara and Kyoto were Imperial capitals, the Kinai dialect, the ancestor of the Kansai dialect, was the de facto standard Japanese. It had an influence on all of the nation including the Edo dialect, the predecessor of modern Tokyo dialect. The literature style developed by the intelligentsia in Heian-kyō became the model of Classical Japanese language.

When the political and military center of Japan was moved to Edo under the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Kantō region grew in prominence, the Edo dialect took the place of the Kansai dialect. With the Meiji Restoration and the transfer of the imperial capital from Kyoto to Tokyo, the Kansai dialect became fixed in position as a provincial dialect. See also Early Modern Japanese.

As the Tokyo dialect was adopted with the advent of a national education/media standard in Japan, some features and intraregional differences of the Kansai dialect have diminished and changed. However, Kansai is the second most populated urban region in Japan after Kantō, with a population of about 20 million, so Kansai dialect is still the most widely spoken, known and influential non-standard Japanese dialect. The Kansai dialect's idioms are sometimes introduced into other dialects and even standard Japanese. Many Kansai people are attached to their own speech and have strong regional rivalry against Tokyo.

Since the Taishō period, the manzai form of Japanese comedy has been developed in Osaka, and a large number of Osaka-based comedians have appeared in Japanese media with Osaka dialect, such as Yoshimoto Kogyo. Because of such associations, Kansai speakers are often viewed as being more "funny" or "talkative" than typical speakers of other dialects. Tokyo people even occasionally imitate Kansai dialect to provoke laughter or inject humor.

Phonology
In phonetic terms, Kansai dialect is characterized by strong vowels and contrasted with Tokyo dialect, characterized by its strong consonants, but the basis of the phonemes is similar. The specific phonetic differences between Kansai and Tokyo are as follows:

Vowels

 * is nearer to than to.
 * In Standard, vowel reduction frequently occurs, but it is rare in Kansai. For example, the polite copula desu (です) is pronounced nearly as in standard Japanese, but Kansai speakers tend to pronounce it distinctly as  or even.
 * In some registers, such as informal Tokyo speech, hiatuses often fuse into, as in うめえ  and すげえ  instead of 旨い  "yummy" and 凄い  "great", but  are usually pronounced distinctly in Kansai dialect. In Wakayama,  is also pronounced distinctly; it usually fuses into  in standard Japanese and almost all other dialects.
 * A recurring tendency to lengthen vowels at the end of monomoraic nouns. Common examples are for 木  "tree",  for 蚊  "mosquito" and  for 目  "eye".
 * Contrarily, long vowels in Standard inflections are sometimes shortened. This is particularly noticeable in the volitional conjugation of verbs. For instance, "行こうか？" meaning "shall we go?" is shortened in Kansai to "行こか？" . The common phrase of agreement, "そうだ"  meaning "that's it", is replaced "そや"  or even "せや"  in Kansai.
 * When vowels and semivowel follow, they sometimes palatalize with  or . For example, "好きやねん"  "I love you" becomes '好っきゃねん' , 日曜日  "Sunday" becomes にっちょうび  and 賑やか  "lively, busy" becomes にんぎゃか.

Consonants

 * The syllable ひ is nearer to  than to.
 * The yotsugana are two distinct syllables, as they are in Tokyo, but Kansai speakers tend to pronounce じ and ず  as  and  in place of Standard  and.
 * Intervocalic is pronounced either  or  in free variation, but  is declining now.
 * In a provocative speech, becomes, similar to the Tokyo Shitamachi dialect.
 * The use of in place of . Some debuccalization of  is apparent in most Kansai speakers, but it seems to have progressed more in morphological suffixes and inflections than in core vocabulary. This process has produced はん  for さん -san "Mr., Ms.", まへん  for ません  (formal negative form), and まひょ  for ましょう  (formal volitional form), ひちや  for 質屋  "pawnshop", among other examples.
 * The change of and  in some words such as さぶい  for 寒い  "cold".
 * Especially in the rural areas, are sometimes harmonized or metathesized. For example, でんでん  for 全然  "never, not at all", かだら  or からら  for 体  "body". A play on words around these sound changes goes as follows: 淀川の水飲んれ腹らら下りや  for 淀川の水飲んで腹だだ下りや  "I drank water of Yodo River and have the trots".
 * The + vowel in the verb conjugations is sometimes changed to  as well as colloquial Tokyo speech. For example, 何してるねん？  "What are you doing?" often changes 何してんねん？  in fluent Kansai speech.

Pitch accent
The pitch accent in Kansai dialect is very different from the standard Tokyo accent, so non-Kansai Japanese can recognize Kansai people easily from that alone. The Kansai pitch accent is called the Kyoto-Osaka type accent (京阪式アクセント, Keihan-shiki akusento) in technical terms. It is used in most of Kansai, Shikoku and parts of western Chūbu region. The Tokyo accent distinguishes words only by downstep, but the Kansai accent distinguishes words also by initial tones, so Kansai dialect has more pitch patterns than standard Japanese. In the Tokyo accent, the pitch between first and second morae usually changes, but in the Kansai accent, it does not always.

Below is a list of simplified Kansai accent patterns. H represents a high pitch and L represents a low pitch.
 * 1) High-initial accent (高起式) or Flat-straight accent (平進式)
 * 2) * The high pitch appears on the first mora and the others are low: H-L, H-L-L, H-L-L-L, etc.
 * 3) * The high pitch continues for the set mora and the rest are low: H-H-L, H-H-L-L, H-H-H-L, etc.
 * 4) * The high pitch continues to the last: H-H, H-H-H, H-H-H-H, etc.
 * 5) Low-initial accent (低起式) or Ascent accent (上昇式)
 * 6) * The pitch rises drastically the middle set mora and falls again: L-H-L, L-H-L-L, L-L-H-L, etc.
 * 7) * The pitch rises drastically the last mora: L-L-H, L-L-L-H, L-L-L-L-H, etc.
 * 8) ** If high-initial accent words or particles attach to the end of the word, all moras are low: L-L-L(-H), L-L-L-L(-H), L-L-L-L-L(-H)
 * 9) * With two-mora words, there are two accent patterns. Both of these tend to be realized in recent years as L-H, L-H(-L).
 * 10) ** The second mora rises and falls quickly. If words or particles attach to the end of the word, the fall is sometimes not realized: L-HL, L-HL(-L) or L-H(-L)
 * 11) ** The second mora does not fall. If high-initial words or particles attach to the end of the word, both moras are low: L-H, L-L(-H)

Grammar
Many words and grammar structures in Kansai dialect are contractions of their classical Japanese equivalents (it is unusual to contract words in such a way in standard Japanese). For example, chigau (to be different or wrong) becomes chau, yoku (well) becomes yō, and omoshiroi (interesting or funny) becomes omoroi. These contractions follow similar inflection rules as their standard forms so chau is politely said chaimasu in the same way as chigau is inflected to chigaimasu.

Verbs
Kansai dialect also has two types of regular verb, 五段 godan verbs (-u verbs) and 一段 ichidan verbs (-ru verbs), and two irregular verbs, 来る ("to come") and する  ("to do"), but some conjugations are different from standard Japanese.

The geminated consonants found in godan verbs of standard Japanese verbal inflections are usually replaced with long vowels (often shortened in 3 morae verbs) in Kansai dialect (See also Onbin, u-onbin). Thus, for the verb 言う ("to say"), the past tense in standard Japanese 言った  ("said") becomes 言うた  in Kansai dialect. This particular verb is a dead giveaway of a native Kansai speaker, as most will unconsciously say 言うて instead of 言って  or  even if well-practiced at speaking in standard Japanese. Other examples of geminate replacement are 笑った ("laughed") becoming 笑うた  or わろた  and 貰った  ("received") becoming 貰うた, もろた  or even もうた.

An auxiliary verb] -てしまう (to finish something or to do something in unintentional or unfortunate circumstances) is contracted to -ちまう  or -ちゃう  in colloquial Tokyo speech but to -てまう  in Kansai speech. Thus, しちまう, or しちゃう , becomes してまう. Furthermore, as the verb しまう is affected by the same sound changes as in other 五段 godan verbs, the past tense of this form is rendered as -てもうた  or -てもた  rather than -ちまった  or -ちゃった : 忘れちまった  or 忘れちゃった  ("I forgot [it]") in Tokyo is 忘れてもうた  or 忘れてもた  in Kansai.

The long vowel of the volitional form is often shortened; for example, 使おう (the volitional form of tsukau) becomes 使お, 食べよう  (the volitional form of 食べる ) becomes 食べよ. The irregular verb する has special volitional form しょ（う）  instead of しよう. The volitional form of another irregular verb 来る is 来よう  as well as the standard Japanese, but when 来る  is used as an auxiliary verb -てくる, -てこよう  is sometimes replaced with -てこ（う）  in Kansai.

The causative verb ending is usually replaced with  in Kansai dialect; for example, させる  (causative form of ) changes さす, 言わせる  (causative form of 言う ) changes 言わす. Its -te form and perfective form  change to  and ; they also appear in transitive ichidan verbs such as 見せる  ("to show"), e.g. 見して  for 見せて.

The potential verb endings for 五段 godan and -られる  for 一段 ichidan, recently often shortened -れる  (ra-nuki kotoba), are common between the standard Japanese and Kansai dialect. For making their negative forms, it is only to replace -ない with -ん  or -へん  (See Negative). However, mainly in Osaka, potential negative form of 五段 godan verbs is often replaced with  such as 行かれへん  instead of 行けない  and 行けへん  "can't go". This is because overlaps with Osakan negative conjugation. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, a combination of an adverb よう and -ん  negative form is used as a negative form of the personal impossibility such as よう言わん  "I can't say anything (in disgust or diffidence)".

Existence verbs
In Standard Japanese, the verb iru is used for reference to the existence of an animate object, and iru is replaced with oru in humble language and some written language. In western Japanese, oru is used not only in humble language but also in all other situations instead of iru.

Kansai dialect belongs to western Japanese, but いる and its variation, いてる  (mainly Osaka), are used in Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga and so on. People in these areas, especially Kyoto women, tend to consider おる an outspoken or contempt word. They usually use it for mates, inferiors and animals; avoid using for elders (exception: respectful expression orareru and humble expression orimasu). In other areas such as Hyogo and Mie, いる is hardly used and おる  does not have the negative usage. In parts of Wakayama, いる is replaced with ある, which is used for inanimate objects in most other dialects.

The verb おる is also used as a suffix and usually pronounced  in that case. In Osaka, Kyoto, Shiga, northern Nara and parts of Mie, mainly in masculine speech, -よる shows annoying or contempt feelings for a third party, usually milder than -やがる. In Hyogo, southern Nara and parts of Wakayama, -よる is used for progressive aspect (See Aspect).

Negative
In informal speech, the negative verb ending, which is -ない in standard Japanese, is expressed with -ん  or -へん, as in 行かん  and 行かへん  "not going", which is 行かない  in standard Japanese. -ん is a transformation of the classical Japanese negative form -ぬ  and is also used for some idioms in standard Japanese. -へん is the result of contraction and phonological change of はせん, the emphatic form of. -やへん, a transitional form between はせん and へん , is sometimes still used for 一段 ichidan verbs. The godan verbs conjugation before -hen has two varieties: the more common conjugation is like 行かへん, but -ehen like 行けへん  is also used in Osaka. When the vowel before -へん is, -へん  often changes to -ひん , especially in Kyoto. The past negative form is -んかった and, a mixture of -ん  or -へん  and the standard past negative form -なかった. In traditional Kansai dialect, -なんだ and -へなんだ  is used in the past negative form.

 * 五段 godan verbs: 使う ("to use") becomes 使わん  and 使わへん, 使えへん
 * 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる ("to wake up") becomes 起きん  and 起きやへん, 起きへん , 起きひん
 * one mora verbs: 見る ("to see") becomes 見ん  and 見やへん, 見えへん , 見いひん
 * 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる ("to eat") becomes 食べん  and 食べやへん, 食べへん
 * one mora verbs: 寝る ("to sleep") becomes 寝ん  and 寝やへん, 寝えへん
 * s-irregular verb: する becomes せん  and しやへん, せえへん , しいひん
 * k-irregular verb: 来る becomes 来ん  and きやへん, けえへん , きいひん
 * 来おへん, a mixture けえへん with standard 来ない , is also used lately by young people, especially in Kobe.

Generally speaking, -へん is used in almost negative sentences and -ん  is used in strong negative sentences and idiomatic expressions. For example, -んといて or -んとって  instead of standard -ないで  means "please do not to do"; -んでもええ  instead of standard -なくてもいい  means "need not do";-んと（あかん）  instead of standard -なくちゃ（いけない）  or -なければならない  means "must do". The last expression can be replaced by -な（あかん） or -んならん.

Imperative
Kansai dialect has two imperative forms. One is the normal imperative form, inherited from Late Middle Japanese. The -ろ form for ichidan verbs in standard Japanese is much rarer and replaced by  or  in Kansai. The normal imperative form is often followed by よ or や. The other is a soft and somewhat feminine form which uses the adverbial (連用形) (ます stem), an abbreviation of adverbial (連用形) +. The end of the soft imperative form is often elongated and is generally followed by や or な. In Kyoto, women often add よし to the soft imperative form.

 * godan verbs: 使う becomes 使え  in the normal form, 使い（い）  in the soft one.
 * 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる becomes 起きい  (L-H-L) in the normal form, 起き（い）  (L-L-H) in the soft one.
 * 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる becomes 食べえ  (L-H-L) in the normal form, 食べ（え）  (L-L-H) in the soft one.
 * s-irregular verb: する becomes せえ  in the normal form, し（い）  in the soft one.
 * k-irregular verb: 来る becomes こい  in the normal form, き（い）  in the soft one.

In the negative imperative mood, Kansai dialect also has the somewhat soft form which uses the ren'yōkei + な, an abbreviation of the ren'yōkei + なさるな. な sometimes changes to なや  or ないな. This soft negative imperative form is the same as the soft imperative and な, Kansai speakers can recognize the difference by accent, but Tokyo speakers are sometimes confused by a command not to do something, which they interpret as an order to do it. Accent on the soft imperative form is flat, and the accent on the soft negative imperative form has a downstep before na.

 * 五段 godan verbs: 使う becomes 使うな  in the normal form, 使いな  in the soft one.
 * 上一段 kami-ichidan verbs: 起きる becomes 起きるな  in the normal form, 起きな  in the soft one.
 * 下一段 shimo-ichidan verbs: 食べる becomes 食べるな  in the normal form, 食べな  in the soft one.
 * s-irregular verb: する becomes するな  or すな  in the normal form, しな  in the soft one.
 * k-irregular verb: 来る becomes 来るな  in the normal form, きな  in the soft one.

Adjectives
The stem of adjective forms in Kansai dialect is generally the same as in standard Japanese, except for regional vocabulary differences. The same process that reduced the Classical Japanese terminal and attributive endings (し and き, respectively) to  has reduced also the ren'yōkei ending く  to , yielding such forms as 早う  (contraction of 早う ) for 早く  ("quickly"). Dropping the consonant from the final mora in all forms of adjective endings has been a frequent occurrence in Japanese over the centuries (and is the origin of such forms as ありがとう and おめでとう ), but the Kantō speech preserved く  while reducing し  and き  to, thus accounting for the discrepancy in the standard language (see also Onbin)

The ending can be dropped and the last vowel of the adjective's stem can be stretched out for a second mora, sometimes with a tonal change for emphasis. By this process, omoroi "interesting, funny" becomes omorō and atsui "hot" becomes atsū or attsū. This use of the adjective's stem, often as an exclamation, is seen in classical literature and many dialects of modern Japanese, but is more often used in modern Kansai dialect.

There is not a special conjugated form for presumptive of adjectives in Kansai dialect, it is just addition of やろ to the plain form. For example, 安かろう (the presumptive form of 安い  "cheap") is hardly used and is usually replaced with the plain form + やろ  likes 安いやろ. Polite suffixes です/だす/どす and ます  are also added やろ  for presumptive form instead of でしょう  in standard Japanese. For example, 今日は晴れでしょう  ("It may be fine weather today") is replaced with 今日は晴れですやろ.

Copulae
The standard Japanese copula da is replaced by the Kansai dialect copula ya. The inflected forms maintain this difference, resulting in yaro for darō (presumptive), yatta for datta (past); darō is often considered to be a masculine expression, but yaro is used by both men and women. The negative copula de wa nai or ja nai is replaced by ya nai or ya arahen/arehen in Kansai dialect. Ya originated from ja (a variation of dearu) in late Edo period and is still commonly used in other parts of western Japan like Hiroshima, and is also used stereotypically by old men in fiction.

Ya and ja are used only informally, analogically to the standard da, while the standard desu is by and large used for the polite (teineigo) copula. For polite speech, -masu, desu and gozaimasu are used in Kansai as well as in Tokyo, but traditional Kansai dialect has its own polite forms. Desu is replaced by dasu in Osaka and dosu in Kyoto. There is another unique polite form omasu and it is often replaced by osu in Kyoto. The usage of omasu/osu is same as gozaimasu, the polite form of the verb aru and also be used for polite form of adjectives, but it is more informal than gozaimasu. In Osaka, dasu and omasu are sometimes shortened to da and oma. Omasu and osu have their negative forms omahen and ohen.

When some sentence-final particles and a presumptive inflection yaro follow -su ending polite forms, su is often combined especially in Osaka. Today, this feature is usually considered to be dated or exaggerated Kansai dialect.
 * -n'na (-su + na), emphasis. e.g. Bochi-bochi den'na. ("So-so, you know.")
 * -n'nen (-su + nen), emphasis. e.g. Chaiman'nen. ("It is wrong")
 * -ngana (-su + gana), emphasis. e.g. Yoroshū tanomimangana. ("Nice to meet you")
 * -kka (-su + ka), question. e.g. Mōkarimakka? ("How's business?")
 * -n'no (-su + no), question. e.g. Nani yūteman'no? ("What are you talking about?")
 * -sse (-su + e, a variety of yo), explain, advise. e.g. Ee toko oshiemasse! ("I'll show you a nice place!")
 * -ssharo (-su + yaro), surmise, make sure. e.g. Kyō wa hare dessharo. ("It may be fine weather today")

Aspect
In common Kansai dialect, there are two forms for the continuous and progressive aspects -teru and -toru; the former is a shortened form of -te iru just as does standard Japanese, the latter is a shortened form of -te oru which is common to other western Japanese. The proper use between -teru and -toru is same as iru and oru.

In the expression to the condition of inanimate objects, -taru or -taaru form, a shortened form of -te aru. In standard Japanese, -te aru is only used with transitive verbs, but Kansai -taru or -taaru is also used with intransitive verbs. One should note that -te yaru, "to do for someone," is also contracted to -taru (-charu in Senshu and Wakayama), so as not to confuse the two.

Other Western Japanese as Chūgoku and Shikoku dialects has the discrimination of grammatical aspect, -yoru in progressive and -toru in perfect. In Kansai, some dialects of southern Hyogo and Kii Peninsula have these discrimination, too. In parts of Wakayama, -yoru and -toru are replaced with -yaru and -taaru/chaaru.

Politeness

Historically, extensive use of keigo (honorific speech) was a feature of the Kansai dialect, especially in Kyōto, while the Kantō dialect, from which standard Japanese developed, formerly lacked it. Keigo in standard Japanese was originally borrowed from the medieval Kansai dialect. However, keigo is no longer considered a feature of the dialect since Standard Japanese now also has it. Even today, keigo is used more often in Kansai than in the other dialects except for the standard Japanese, to which people switch in formal situations.

In modern Kansai dialect, -haru (sometimes -yaharu except godan verbs, mainly Kyōto) is used for showing reasonable respect without formality especially in Kyōto. The conjugation before -haru has two varieties between Kyōto and Ōsaka (see the table below). In Southern Hyōgo, including Kōbe, -te ya is used instead of -haru. In formal speech, -naharu and -haru connect with -masu and -te ya changes -te desu.

-Haru was originally a shortened form of -naharu, a transformation of -nasaru. -Naharu has been dying out due to the spread of -haru but its imperative form -nahare (mainly Ōsaka) or -nahai (mainly Kyōto, also -nai) and negative imperative form -nasan'na or -nahan'na has comparatively survived because -haru lacks an imperative form. In more honorific speech, o- yasu, a transformation of o- asobasu, is used especially in Kyōto and its original form is same to its imperative form, showing polite invitation or order. Oide yasu and okoshi yasu (more respectful), meaning "welcome", are the common phrases of sightseeing areas in Kyōto. -Te okun nahare (also -tokun nahare, -toku nahare) and -te okure yasu (also -tokure yasu, -tokuryasu) are used instead of -te kudasai in standard Japanese.

Particles
There is some difference in the particles between Kansai dialect and standard Japanese. In colloquial Kansai dialect, case markers (格助詞) are often left out especially the accusative case o and the quotation particles to and te (equivalent to tte in standard). The ellipsis of to and te happens only before two verbs: yū (to say) and omou (to think). For example, Tanaka-san to yū hito ("a man called Mr. Tanaka") can change to Tanaka-san yū hito. And to yū is sometimes contracted to chū or tchū instead of te, tsū or ttsū in Tokyo. For example, nanto yū koto da! or nante kotta! ("My goodness!") becomes nanchū kotcha! in Kansai.

The interjectory particle (間投助詞) na or naa is used very often in Kansai dialect instead of ne or nee in standard Japanese. In standard Japanese, naa is considered rough masculine style in some context, but in Kansai dialect naa is used by both men and women in many familiar situations. It is not only used as interjectory particle (as emphasis for the imperative form, expression an admiration, and address to listeners, for example), and the meaning varies depending on context and voice intonation, so much so that naa is called the world's third most difficult word to translate. Besides naa and nee, noo is also used in some areas, but noo is usually considered too harsh a masculine particle in modern Keihanshin.

Kara and node, the conjunctive particles (接続助詞) meaning "because," are replaced by sakai or yotte; ni is sometimes added to the end of both, and sakai changes to sake in some areas. Sakai was so famous as the characteristic particle of Kansai dialect that a special saying was made out of it: "Sakai in Osaka and Berabō in Edo" (大阪さかいに江戸べらぼう)". However, in recent years, the standard kara and node have become dominant.

Kate or katte is also characteristic particle of Kansai dialect, transformation of ka tote. Kate has two usages. When kate is used with conjugative words, mainly in the past form and the negative form, it is the equivalent of the English "even if" or "even though", such as Kaze hiita kate, watashi wa ryokō e iku ("Even if [I] catch a cold, I will go on the trip"). When kate is used with nouns, it means something like "even", "too," or "either", such as Ore kate shiran ("I don't know, either"), and is similar to the particle mo and datte.

Sentence final particles
The sentence-final particles (終助詞) used in Kansai differ widely from those used in Tokyo. The most prominent to Tokyo speakers is the heavy use of wa by men. In standard Japanese, it is used exclusively by women and so is said to sound softer. In western Japanese including Kansai dialect, however, it is used equally by both men and women in many different levels of conversation. It is noted that the feminine usage of wa in Tokyo is pronounced with a rising intonation and the Kansai usage of wa is pronounced with a falling intonation.

Another difference in sentence final particles that strikes the ear of the Tokyo speaker is the nen particle such as nande ya nen!, "you gotta be kidding!" or "why/what the hell?!", a stereotype tsukkomi phrase in the manzai. It comes from no ya (particle no + copula ya, also n ya) and much the same as the standard Japanese no da (also n da). Nen has some variation, such as neya (intermediate form between no ya and nen), ne (shortened form), and nya (softer form of neya). When a copula precedes these particles, da + no da changes to na no da (na n da) and ya + no ya changes to na no ya (na n ya), but ya + nen does not change to na nen. No da is never used with polite form, but no ya and nen can be used with formal form such as nande desu nen, a formal form of nande ya nen. In past tense, nen changes to -ten; for example, "I love you" would be suki ya nen or sukkya nen, and "I loved you" would be suki yatten.

In the interrogative sentence, the use of nen and no ya is restricted to emphatic questions and involves interrogative words. For simple questions, (no) ka is usually used and ka is often omitted as well as standard Japanese, but no is often changed n or non (somewhat feminine) in Kansai dialect. In standard Japanese, kai is generally used as a masculine variation of ka, but in Kansai dialect, kai is used as an emotional question and is mainly used for rhetorical question rather than simple question and is often used in the forms as kaina (softer) and kaiya (harsher). When kai follows the negative verb ending -n, it means strong imperative sentence. In some areas such as Kawachi and Banshu, ke is used instead of ka, but it is considered a harsh masculine particle in common Kansai dialect.

The emphatic particle ze, heard often from Tokyo men, is rarely heard in Kansai. Instead, the particle de is used, arising from the replacement of z with d in words. However, despite the similarity with ze, the Kansai de does not carry nearly as heavy or rude a connotation, as it is influenced by the lesser stress on formality and distance in Kansai. In Kyoto, especially feminine speech, de is sometimes replaced with e. The particle zo is also replaced to do by some Kansai speakers, but do carries a rude masculine impression unlike de.

The emphasis or tag question particle jan ka in the casual speech of Kanto changes to yan ka in Kansai. Yan ka has some variations, such as a masculine variation yan ke (in some areas, but yan ke is also used by women) and a shortened variation yan, just like jan in Kanto. Jan ka and jan are used only in informal speech, but yan ka and yan can be used with formal forms like sugoi desu yan! ("It is great!"). Youngsters often use yan naa, the combination of yan and naa for tag question.

Vocabulary
In some cases, Kansai dialect uses entirely different words. The verb hokasu corresponds to standard Japanese suteru "to throw away", and metcha corresponds to the standard Japanese slang chō "very". Chō, in Kansai dialect, means "a little" and is a contracted form of chotto. Thus the phrase chō matte "wait a minute" by a Kansai person sounds strange to a Tokyo person.

Some Japanese words gain entirely different meanings or are used in different ways when used in Kansai dialect. One such usage is of the word naosu (usually used to mean "correct" or "repair" in the standard language) in the sense of "put away" or "put back." For example, kono jitensha naoshite means "please put back this bicycle" in Kansai, but many standard speakers are bewildered since in standard Japanese it would mean "please repair this bicycle".

Another widely recognized Kansai-specific usage is of aho. Basically equivalent to the standard baka "idiot, fool", aho is both a term of reproach and a term of endearment to the Kansai speaker, somewhat like English twit or silly. Baka, which is used as "idiot" in most regions, becomes "complete moron" and a stronger insult than aho. Where a Tokyo citizen would almost certainly object to being called baka, being called aho by a Kansai person is not necessarily much of an insult. Being called baka by a Kansai speaker is however a much more severe criticism than it would be by a Tokyo speaker. Most Kansai speakers cannot stand being called baka but don't mind being called aho.

Well-known words
Here are some words and phrases famous as part of the Kansai dialect:

Pronouns and honorifics
Standard first-person pronouns such as watashi, boku and ore are also generally used in Kansai, but there are some local pronoun words. Watashi has many variations: watai, wate (both gender), ate (somewhat feminine), and wai (masculine, casual). These variations are now archaic, but are still widely used in fictitious creations to represent stereotypical Kansai speakers especially wate and wai. Elderly Kansai men frequently use washi as well as other western Japan. Uchi is famous for the typical feminine first-person pronoun of Kansai dialect and it is still popular among Kansai girls.

In Kansai, omae and anta are often used for the informal second-person pronoun. Anata is hardly used. Traditional local second-person pronouns include omahan (omae + -han), anta-han and ansan (both are anta + -san, but anta-han is more polite). An archaic first-person pronoun, ware, is used as a hostile and impolite second-person pronoun in Kansai. Jibun is a Japanese word meaning "oneself" and sometimes "I", but it has an additional usage in Kansai as a casual second-person pronoun.

In traditional Kansai dialect, the honorific suffix -san is sometimes pronounced -han when -san follows a, e and o; for example, okaasan ("mother") becomes okaahan, and Satō-san ("Mr. Satō") becomes Satō-han. It is also the characteristic of Kansai usage of honorific suffixes that they can be used for some familiar inanimate objects as well, especially in Kyoto. In standard Japanese, the usage is usually considered childish, but in Kansai, o-imo-san, o-mame-san and ame-chan are often heard not only in children's speech but also in adults' speech. The suffix -san is also added to some familiar greeting phrases; for example, ohayō-san ("good morning") and omedetō-san ("congratulations").

Regional differences
Since Kansai dialect is actually a group of related dialects, not all share the same vocabulary, pronunciation, or grammatical features. Each dialect has its own specific features discussed individually here.

Here is a division theory of Kansai dialects proposed by Mitsuo Okumura in 1968; ■ shows dialects influenced by Kyoto dialect and □ shows dialects influenced by Osaka dialect, proposed by Minoru Umegaki in 1962.
 * Inner Kansai dialect
 * ■Kyoto dialect (southern part of Kyoto Prefecture, especially the city of Kyoto)
 * Gosho dialect (old court dialect of Kyoto Gosho)
 * Machikata dialect (Kyoto citizens' dialect including several social dialects)
 * Tanba dialect (southeastern part of former Tanba Province)
 * Southern Yamashiro dialect (southern part of former Yamashiro Province)
 * □Osaka dialect (Osaka Prefecture, especially the city of Osaka)
 * Settsu dialect (Northern part of Osaka Prefecture, former Settsu Province)
 * Senba dialect (old merchant dialect in the central area of the city of Osaka)
 * Kawachi dialect (eastern part of Osaka Prefecture, former Kawachi Province)
 * Senshū dialect (southwestern part of Osaka Prefecture, former Izumi Province)
 * □Kobe dialect (the city of Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture)
 * □Northern Nara dialect (northern part of Nara Prefecture)
 * ■Shiga dialect (main part of Shiga Prefecture)
 * ■Iga dialect (northwestern part of Mie Prefecture, former Iga Province)
 * Outer Kansai dialect
 * Northern Kansai dialect
 * ■Tanba dialect (northern part of former Tanba Province and Maizuru)
 * ■Southern Fukui dialect (southern part of Fukui Prefecture, former Wakasa Province and Tsuruga)
 * ■Kohoku dialect (northeastern part of Shiga Prefecture)
 * Western Kansai dialect
 * □Banshū dialect (southwestern part of Hyōgo Prefecture, former Harima Province)
 * ■Tanba dialect (southwestern part of former Tanba Province)
 * Eastern Kansai dialect
 * ■Ise dialect (northern part of Mie Prefecture, former Ise Province)
 * Southern Kansai dialect
 * Kishū dialect (Wakayama Prefecture and southern part of Mie Prefecture, former Kii Province)
 * Shima dialect (southeastern part of Mie Prefecture, former Shima Province)
 * □Awaji dialect (Awaji Island in Hyōgo Prefecture)
 * Totsukawa-Kumano dialect (southern part of Yoshino and Owase-Kumano area in southeastern Kii Peninsula)

Osaka
Osaka-ben (大阪弁) is often identified with Kansai dialect by most Japanese, but some of the terms considered to be characteristic of Kansai dialect are actually restricted to Osaka and its environs. Perhaps the most famous is the term mōkarimakka?, roughly translated as "how is business?", and derived from the verb mōkaru (儲かる), "to be profitable, to yield a profit". This is supposedly said as a greeting from one Osakan to another, and the appropriate answer is another Osaka phrase, maa, bochi bochi denna "well, so-so, y'know".

The idea behind mōkarimakka is that Osaka was historically the center of the merchant culture. The phrase developed among low-class shopkeepers and can be used today to greet a business proprietor in a friendly and familiar way but is not a universal greeting. The latter phrase is also specific to Osaka, in particular the term bochi bochi (L-L-H-L). This means essentially "so-so": getting better little by little or not getting any worse. Unlike mōkarimakka, bochi bochi is used in many situations to indicate gradual improvement or lack of negative change. Also, bochi bochi (H-L-L-L) can be used in place of the standard Japanese soro soro, for instance bochi bochi iko ka "it is about time to be going".

In the Edo period, Senba-kotoba (船場言葉), a social dialect of the wealthy merchants in the central business district of Osaka, was considered the standard Osaka-ben. It was characterized by the polite speech based on Kyoto-ben and the subtle differences depending on the business type, class, post etc. It was handed down in Meiji, Taishō and Shōwa periods with some changes, but after the Pacific War, Senba-kotoba became nearly an obsolete dialect due to the modernization of business practices. Senba-kotoba was famous for a polite copula gowasu or goasu instead of common Osakan copula omasu and characteristic forms for shopkeeper family mentioned below.

Southern branches of Osaka-ben, such as Senshū-ben (泉州弁) and Kawachi-ben (河内弁), are famous for their harsh locution, characterized by trilled "r", the question particle ke, and the second person ware. The farther south in Osaka one goes, the cruder the language is considered to be, with the local Senshū-ben of Kishiwada said to represent the peak of harshness.

Kyoto
Kyōto-ben (京都弁) or Kyō-kotoba (京言葉) is characterized by development of politeness and indirectness expressions. Kyoto-ben is often regarded as elegant and feminine dialect because of its characters and the image of Gion's geisha (geiko-han and maiko-han in Kyoto-ben), the most conspicuous speakers of traditional Kyoto-ben. Kyoto-ben is divided into the court dialect called Gosho kotoba (御所言葉) and the citizens dialect called Machikata kotoba (町方言葉). The former was spoken by court noble before moving the Emperor to Tokyo, and some phrases inherit at a few monzeki. The latter has subtle difference at each social class such as old merchant families at Nakagyo, craftsmen at Nishijin and geiko at Hanamachi (Gion, Miyagawa-chō etc.)

Kyoto-ben was the de facto standard Japanese from 794 until the 18th century and some Kyoto people are still proud of their accent; they get angry when Tokyo people treat Kyoto-ben as a provincial accent. However, traditional Kyoto-ben is gradually declining except in the world of geisha, which prizes the inheritance of traditional Kyoto customs. For example, a famous Kyoto copula dosu, instead of standard desu, is used by a few elders and geisha now.

The verb inflection -haru is an essential part of casual speech in modern Kyoto. In Osaka and its environs, -haru has a certain level of politeness above the base (informal) form of the verb, putting it somewhere between the informal and the more polite -masu conjugations. However, in Kyoto, its position is much closer to the informal than it is to the polite mood, owing to its widespread use. Kyoto people, especially elderly women, often use -haru for their family and even for animals and weather.

Tango-ben (丹後弁) spoken in northernmost Kyoto Prefecture, is too different to be regarded as Kansai dialect and usually included in Chūgoku dialect. For example, the copula da, the Tokyo-type accent, the honorific verb ending -naru instead of -haru and the peculiarly diphthong such as  for akai "red".

Hyogo
Hyōgo Prefecture is the largest prefecture in Kansai, and there are some different dialects in the prefecture. As mentioned above, Tajima-ben (但馬弁) spoken in northern Hyōgo, former Tajima Province, is included in Chūgoku dialect as well as Tango-ben. Ancient vowel sequence /au/ changed in many Japanese dialects, but in Tajima, Tottori and Izumo dialects, /au/ changed. Accordingly, Kansai word ahō "idiot" is pronounced ahaa in Tajima-ben.

The dialect spoken in southwestern Hyōgo, former Harima Province alias Banshū, is called Banshū-ben. As well as Chūgoku dialect, it has the discrimination of aspect, -yoru in progressive and -toru in perfect. Banshū-ben is notable for transformation of -yoru and -toru into -yō and -tō, sometimes -yon and -ton. Another feature is the honorific copula -te ya, common in Tanba, Maizuru and San'yō dialects. In addition, Banshū-ben is famous for an emphatic final particle doi or doiya and a question particle ke or ko, but they often sound violent to other Kansai speakers, as well as Kawachi-ben. Kōbe-ben (神戸弁) spoken in Kobe, the largest city of Hyogo, is the intermediate dialect between Banshū-ben and Osaka-ben and is well known for conjugating -yō and -tō as well as Banshū-ben.

Awaji-ben (淡路弁) spoken in Awaji Island, is different from Banshū/Kōbe-ben and mixed with dialects of Osaka, Wakayama and Tokushima Prefectures due to the intersecting location of sea routes in the Seto Inland Sea and the Tokushima Domain rule in Edo period.

Mie
The dialect in Mie Prefecture, sometimes called Mie-ben (三重弁), is made up of Ise-ben (伊勢弁) spoken in mid-northern Mie, Shima-ben (志摩弁) spoken in southeastern Mie and Iga-ben (伊賀弁) spoken in western Mie. Ise-ben is famous for a sentence final particle ni as well as de. Shima-ben is close to Ise-ben, but its vocabulary includes many archaic words. Iga-ben has a unique request expression -te daako instead of standard -te kudasai.

They use the normal Kansai accent and basic grammar, but some of the vocabulary is common to the Nagoya dialect. For example, instead of -te haru (respectful suffix), they have the Nagoya-style -te mieru. Conjunctive particles de and monde "because" is widely used instead of sakai and yotte. The similarity to Nagoya-ben becomes more pronounced in the northernmost parts of the prefecture; the dialect of Nagashima and Kisosaki, for instance, could be considered far closer to Nagoya-ben than to Ise-ben.

In and around Ise city, some variations on typical Kansai vocabulary can be found, mostly used by older residents. For instance, the typical expression ōkini is sometimes pronounced ōkina in Ise. Near the Isuzu River and Naikū shrine, some old men use the first-person pronoun otai.

Wakayama
Kishū-ben (紀州弁) or Wakayama-ben (和歌山弁), the dialect in old province Kii Province, present-day Wakayama Prefecture and southern parts of Mie Prefecture, is fairly different from common Kansai dialect and comprises many regional variants. It is famous for heavy confusion of z and d, especially on the southern coast. The ichidan verb negative form -n often changes -ran in Wakayama such as taberan instead of taben ("not eat"); -hen also changes -yan in Wakayama, Mie and Nara such as tabeyan instead of tabehen. Wakayama-ben has specific perticles. Yō is often used as sentence final particle. Ra follows the volitional conjugation of verbs as iko ra yō! ("Let's go!"). Noshi is used as soft sentence final particle. Yashite is used as tag question. Local words are akana instead of akan, omoshai instead of omoroi, aga "oneself", teki "you", tsuremote "together" and so on. Wakayama people hardly ever use keigo, which is rather unusual for dialects in Kansai.

Shiga
Shiga Prefecture is the eastern neighbor of Kyoto, so its dialect, sometimes called Shiga-ben (滋賀弁) or Ōmi-ben (近江弁) or Gōshū-ben (江州弁), is similar in many ways to Kyoto-ben. For example, Shiga people also frequently use -haru, though some people tend to pronounce -aru and -te yaaru instead of -haru and -te yaharu. Some elderly Shiga people also use -raru as a casual honorific form. The demonstrative pronoun so- often changes to ho-; for example, so ya becomes ho ya and sore (that) becomes hore. In Nagahama, people use the friendly-sounding auxiliary verb -ansu and -te yansu. Nagahama and Hikone dialects has a unique final particle hon as well as de.

Nara
The dialect in Nara Prefecture is divided into northern including Nara city and southern including Totsukawa. The northern dialect, sometimes called Nara-ben (奈良弁) or Yamato-ben (大和弁), has a few particularities such as an interjectory particle mii as well as naa, but the similarity with Osaka-ben increases year by year because of the economic dependency to Osaka. On the other hand, southern Nara prefecture is a language island because of its geographic isolation with mountains. The southern dialect uses Tokyo type accent, has the discrimination of grammatical aspect, and does not show a tendency to lengthen vowels at the end of monomoraic nouns.

Example
An example of Kyoto women's conversation recorded in 1964:

Kansai dialect in Japanese culture

 * Bunraku - a traditional puppet theatre played in Osaka dialect during the Edo period
 * Kabuki - Kamigata style kabuki is played in Kansai dialect
 * Rakugo - Kamigata style rakugo is played in Kansai dialect
 * Mizuna - mizuna is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word kyōna
 * Shichimi - shichimi is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word nanairo
 * Tenkasu - tenkasu is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word agedama
 * Hamachi - hamachi is originally a Kansai word for Kanto word inada

Related dialects

 * Hokuriku dialect
 * Shikoku dialect
 * Mino dialect

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Kansai dialect


text:
Talk:New Orleans rhythm and blues

Change (Movement) of Article Title
After first proposing this change (movement) in late May, I changed the title of this article from "New Orleans Blues" to "New Orleans Rhythm and Blues," because frankly I've never heard this genre referred to as "New Orleans Blues" but always as "New Orleans Rhythm and Blues." For example, see the book titles by Broven and Hannusch in the "Sources" section that I added.

In general, however, this stub is substandard in qualilty, given the importance of the topic to American popular culture -- it needs improvement badly.

--Skb8721 15:42, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Removal of Cajun Reference
I cut "as well as distinctively Cajun influences (see zydeco)". Where does this analysis come from? Examples? -- Infrogmation

Suggestion for Changing (Moving) Article Title
I converted this entry to a stub because it needs much additional information, given the importance of this genre to American music. Also, I suggest changing the entry's title to "New Orleans Rhythm and Blues," which is the most common term for this genre; I've never heard anyone refer to it simply as "New Orleans Blues," which to seems unintentionally misleading.--Skb8721 15:06, 31 May 2006 (UTC)

Merger proposal

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a

Merge Proposal and Redirect. Please do not modify it. The result of the move request for the Proposal to Merge New Orleans blues into this talk page's article was: Not Done—by Consensus.

A proposal to merge the New Orleans blues article here has been made. Comments below. GenQuest "Talk to Me" 20:32, 16 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Thank you GenQuest for doing the grunt work on this. I support the merge because I cannot find any evidence that these are separate topics. "New Orleans blues" seems to simply be a truncated form of "New Orleans rhythm and blues". Someone who knows music might know if this is correct, or if there actually is a difference. To confuse matters I will say that a google search for "New Orleans rhythm and blues" produces about 450,000 results, whereas "New Orleans blues" produces 3,460,000... so perhaps the shorter phrase is the more appropriate? Blue Danube (talk) 07:27, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose - The distinction between the related genres of blues and rhythm and blues is well established. The issue here is that the New Orleans rhythm and blues is not a very good article. That is not a reason for a merge, but for improvement.--  SabreBD  (talk ) 08:22, 19 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Certainly blues and rhythm and blues are different. However I'm unable to find a reference explaining the difference between "New Orleans rhythm and blues" and "New Orleans blues". As far as I can understand, one may not even exist: can you determine that "New Orleans blues" is not just an improper truncation of "New Orleans rhythm and blues"; or conversely, that "New Orleans rhythm and blues" is an incorrectly expanded name for what is actually simply "New Orleans blues"? Blue Danube (talk) 07:23, 21 February 2013 (UTC)

 * Oppose. Two distinct things. There is some overlap, but also substantial non-overlapping. New Orleans style blues existed for generations before R&B, and not all R&B is Blues. -- Infrogmation (talk) 22:52, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
 * Looking over the New Orleans blues article, I see the reason for the confusion, as the article seems to restrict to post-WWII blues, rather than New Orleans blues in general. I'd say that is more a point that our current New Orleans blues article is rather poor rather than a reason to try to merge topics. -- Infrogmation (talk) 22:56, 23 February 2013 (UTC)

— —  —  —  —  The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section. GenQuest "Talk to Me" 23:54, 14 March 2013 (UTC) A copy of this template can be found here.

title: Talk:New Orleans rhythm and blues


text:
Talk:Chancellor of the Exchequer

Really Old Stuff
To be added. I'm off to be now. Mintguy

John Anderson                 1943-1945     National Government Hugh Dalton                   1945-1947     Labour Stafford Cripps               1947-1950     Labour Hugh Gaitskell                1950-1951     Labour Richard Austen Butler         1951-1955     Conservative (Maurice) Harold Macmillan    1955-1957     Conservative Peter Thorneycroft            1957-1958     Conservative Derick Heathcoat Amory        1958-1960     Conservative Selwyn Lloyd                  1960-1962     Conservative Reginald Maudling             1962-1964     Conservative (Leonard) James Callaghan     1964-1967         Labour Roy Harris Jenkins            1967-1970         Labour Iain Macleod                  1970              Conservative Anthony Barber                1970-1974         Conservative Denis Healey                  1974-1979         Labour (Richard Edward) Geoffrey Howe 1979-1983        Conservative Nigel Lawson                  1983-1989         Conservative John Roy Major                1989-1990         Conservative Norman Lamont                 1990-1993         Conservative Kenneth Harry Clarke          1993-1997         Conservative Gordon Brown                  1997-             Labour

As this is the #1 hit on Google it deserves a better article. Goodnight Mintguy 22:43 Feb 6, 2003 (UTC)

- Hm. Some of the stuff in here should perhaps be moved to Exchequer. --mav 21:14 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * Um... Exchequer is an archaic term that derives its name from a piece of chequered cloth that was once used to count money. The government department is acutally called 'the Treasury' or 'HM Treasury', only rarely called the Exchequer. Mintguy

 * What about other countries, though? Deb 21:24 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

 * I don't know about other countries, but I was just wondering whether it is really correct to say, as the article currently does, "... the Chancellor of the Exchequer ... who heads the Exchequer"

 * Yeah, that's why I just redirected it to Chancellor of the Exchequer at first. But I guess the Exchequer article could talk about the original term some more. Adam Bishop 21:25 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

I've done a rewrite to correct info (the Budget no longer takes place in March. Until a couple of years ago both Britain and Ireland used the Julian Calendar to run the tax year. That was only recently changed meaning that both counties moved their Budget dates from January (IRL) and April (UK) to November. Also some other info, including explaining what the C of the E is the equivalent of in other states. FearÉIREANN 22:31 13 Jul 2003 (UTC)

The tax year end still ends on April 5. It used to be 25 of March till the changeover of calendars, when people complained about having to pay a full years tax for a year less 11 days. Mintguy 01:33 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Third oldest office? Certainly Lord Chancellor and Lord Privy Seal are older, but I'd think others are as well...anyone know where that bit came from? john 05:59, 15 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Robe of office
I recall there's a robe that the Chancellor wore on formal occasions, though by Snowden/Churchill's time this was just once a year to oversee the appointment of some magistrates. Anyone know when this was abolished altogether, along with the function.

Also am I right that this is the robe (as worn by Lord North)?

Timrollpickering 18:00, 2 Jan 2005 (UTC)

PC?
Removed 'PC' from Rt Hon Gordon Brown PC MP. PC is not normally used for a Member of the House of Commons. Privy Council status is indicated by Rt Hon. PC is often used for members of the House of Lords.

Changes
I've made some "bold"-ish changes to this. Apologies if I've overdone it (but I don't think I have). I have not removed anything but I have reorganised the text for style. I've added in a few bits, nothing major, but I have not checked any facts.

The basic point of these changes is to make the text flow more logically - ie summary, then important facts plus disambiguation, followed by detailed section on responsibilities, then trivia. Previous version was a bit all over the place.

Explanation of some of the changes:

 * To say "ancient title" in the first few words might suggest it is no longer the current title. Fine to point out that it's ancient, but it shouldn't be in the introductory sentence; I think it gives the wrong impression. The first sentence of the second par does now makes it clear that it is an ancient title, but better still would be if we could give a precise-ish date.
 * I didn't like the rest of the first sentence, either... "The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the ancient title held by the British cabinet minister whose responsibilities are akin to the posts of Minister for Finance or Secretary of the Treasury in other jurisdictions." - well, to define the post with reference to other countries seems peculiar, like saying "The Prime Minister is the office whose responsibilities are akin to the President or King in other countries". Better to define it first in terms of the UK system, then follow it with an explanation that relates to other countries.
 * The article need to emphasise the power of the office - hence one of the four offices of state is now more prominent, and the fact that he's generally number two to the PM is in par 2. (This needs emphasis, as the job is in this respect totally different to, say, the US Secretary to the Treasury, and for US readers it's not an obvious point.)
 * need to refer to HM Treasury from the start
 * "Historically, the Chancellor controlled monetary policy as well as fiscal policy" - Ken Clarke is hardly an historical figure. "Until recently" is better.
 * there's a third Chancellor these days to get confused about...
 * "summarised" rather than revealed - the Budget is distinct from the Budget Speech

Help please:
 * when does the title date from?
 * when did he switch to controlling HMT rather than the Exchequer?
 * more trivia could be of interest...

Thoughts, anyone? Gabriel Rozenberg 18:47, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Salary
When I was studying British government in the 1970s, the salary of the Chancellor of the Exchequer actually exceeded that of the Prime Minister. Is this still true? Where might I find a list of salaries of British government officials? Unschool 17:23, 20 May 2007 (UTC)

Sir Kingsley Wood
Sir Kingsley died on 21 Sep, 1943. He could not be possible stepping down on 24 September. Can anyone help verifying the exact tenure of his chancellorship?--218.103.231.56 17:46, 14 June 2007 (UTC)

Darling
We apparently only have a tiny, completely inadequate picture of Darling, but shouldn't we have one (preferably a better one) of him in this article, given that he's the current chancellor. john k 00:36, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Definitely agree. I put the pictures in a while ago to spruce up a dull table. There isn't the space for photos of all of them. So my idea was that the criterion for inclusion would be Chancellors who had a particularly long or pathbreaking tenure. Gladstone and Pitt are probably unarguably worthy here... Brown fits for his decade. Darling would fit too, for being the current man. I think arguably Lawson would be good as well, perhaps more so than Howe, and Snowden is arguably not so important. However in practice I ended up just sticking in photos that Wikipedia already had. Room for improvement. ¶ 18:57, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm not particularly sure of Pitt - he's significant as a prime minister, not particularly as a Chancellor. Same deal with Walpole.  Of course, the early chancellors in general aren't terrifically important.  Gladstone, definitely.  He's "the man who made the job," as Jenkins says.  Of the rest of the 19th century, I'd suggest Althorp, Disraeli, and Lord Randolph Churchill as the most clearly notable.  Lloyd George probably deserves a listing, and maybe Neville Chamberlain - he was more significant than Snowden and longer serving, at least.  Rab Butler and Denis Healey would also be plausible candidates.  At any rate, I'd suggest that Darling's picture shouldn't go in the list, but separately, somewhere near the top of the article. john k 05:24, 12 July 2007 (UTC)

Improved list
Comments on the improved list of Chancellors:

- The new pictures are great but they are teenyweeny and perhaps some of them, eg Roy Jenkins's, could be cropped to headshots so that they work better.

- Now that Darling's pic has shrunk down perhaps the time has come to put him up at the top of the page somewhere as well, eg in place of the Treasury photo, in line with Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.

- Someone has well-meaniningly added numbers to a list of Chancellors. But the idea of numbering UK politicians is a bit more contentious than it might seem. See here. The US idea that you can be, to use the main example, both 22nd and 24th President hasn't really spread to any list of UK ministers that I've seen and I think that numbering this list in the same way is peculiar: Gladstone has become Chancellor number 19, 22, 26 and 28! If there are numbers I think it should just be one per person. ¶ 20:53, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

 * The numbering is a total mess because it relies on value judgements that are neither universal nor commonly made, e.g. does the numbering "reset" at any time (and why 1801 rather than 1921?), do returnees count more than once (e.g. Snowden, both Chamberlains), what about when the same person is appointed in a new government (Snowden, Anderson) and so forth. The British practice to identify Chancellorships is to talk about when someone was Chancellor. Timrollpickering 06:26, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * No numbers. They really do need to go.  Has anyone ever called Hugh Childers the "29th Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom?"  Or, for that matter, can one find any reference in the last ten years to Brown as the "73rd chancellor of the exchequer of the United Kingdom"?  Hell, this number is, in fact, not even correct on its own terms, since Pitt was the first prime minister and chancellor after the act of union of 1801, which went into effect at the beginning of the year - Addington only came in two months later.  john k 06:35, 21 August 2007 (UTC)
 * I'll also note the additional problem that the Lord Chief Justices who occasionally served as interim chancellor (Lord Denman may be the only one in the period where the numbering is currently being done) should perhaps not be counted. john k 06:36, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Tenterden as well. Timrollpickering 06:53, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

By the way, the number of chancellors we don't have pictures for is sad - surely there must be some available photographs of Lamont, Lawson, Healey, Macleod, Lloyd, Amory, Thorneycroft, Butler, Dalton, Wood, Horne, Hicks Beach, Goschen, Childers, and Lewis? Any pictures of the last four, at least, would presumably be in the public domain at this point. john k 06:39, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

 * Also some of the party labels are a bit off - Walpole a Tory?! And for some of the lesser ones I'm not sure if there are accurate or not as some Tories participated in Whig governments in the 18th century. Timrollpickering 06:53, 21 August 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Roy Jenkins, Brussels.jpg
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Numbering?
Is there any point in the numbering in the table of UK Chancellors? I fear that this may suggest that there is some official or widely-accepted numbering scheme (whereas I assume it is just something that a particular editor has decided would be worth doing). Bluewave (talk) 07:27, 10 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Consensus (see above) is indeed not to number this list. Numerophiles, please leave it alone!! ¶ 10:52, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

Tory/Conservative
The table at the bottom sometimes uses Tory and sometimes Conservative - aren't they the same thing, so should be standardised? George D. Watson  (Dendodge). Talk Help 21:45, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

 * It's confused because "Tory" has persisted as a nickname for the Conservatives, but in the 1830s the Conservative Party emerged from the shattered British Tory Party. The best "line in the sand" is Peel's 1834-1835 government which issued the Tamworth Manifesto. Timrollpickering (talk) 22:15, 16 April 2008 (UTC)

Name
Anybody know where the name comes from? Hrcolyer (talk) 13:32, 28 July 2008 (UTC)

No. 11 Downing Street
The article states that No. 11 Downing Street is the official residence of the Chancellor of the Exchequer, but is it not instead the official residence of the Second Lord of the Treasury? --Mdebets (talk) 21:07, 16 September 2008 (UTC)

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Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer vs. Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of England etc.
Categories Chancellors of the Exchequer of England, Great Britain and the United Kingdom are all three categories within Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer. — Robert Greer (talk) 16:57, 12 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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Extensive list changes
Lists of Chancellors has been reformatted to be a similar (but not identical) style to List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom- a featured list. Column of which Prime Minister the Chancellor served under has been changed to the Government served in, as the title of Prime Minister is somewhat anachronistic in places. A new column has been added with the monarch served under, as this is very relevant with earlier Chancellors. Another column has been added for references, as some information is slighly dubious and needs proper supporting referencing - for example Spencer Perceval was previously listed as holding office after his death.

Information on individual Chancellors has been added- titles, constituencies, honorifics

The 1221-1558 Chancellors list is still an awkward part of the page, the infobox states that the Chancellor of the Exchequer was formed in 1316 but the list contradicts by having Chancellors dating back 100 years prior. Some clarificatoin might be needed in respect of this.

Apologies if this was too extensive of an edit, however it was done in good faith to create a more visually interesting and informative table.

Thank you

ToastButterToast (talk) 13:21, 10 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Wow, good effort. I'm skeptical of some of your nomenclature for ministries - the numbering by elections is a modern innovation. Such things as Salisbury ministries up to 5 seem odd. LookLook36 (talk) 21:49, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

 * Ah, not your fault - you're following the PM list, which has recently been radically overhauled. I reckon this numbering scheme is highly problematic. LookLook36 (talk) 21:57, 12 July 2017 (UTC)

 * As you point out, the numbering was taken from the PM list. I'm kind of ambivalent to it, it's useful for modern ministries but largely pointless for pre-modern ministries in which elections didn't hold the importance they do today. That said, seeing things like 'Pitt I-IV' doesn't sit well with me. I think the column would do just as well with or without numbering for pre-modern ministries.ToastButterToast (talk) 07:07, 13 July 2017 (UTC)
 * The so-called nomenclature of ministries is open to historical interpretation and I find it hard to see the problem here, other than aesthetically. If numbering by elections is really a modern innovation as you purport, do you have any WP:RS to confirm this? Regarding Pitt the Younger, what I find really bizarre is how one could reasonably reach the conclusion that he led only one ministry for nearly eighteen years. Four Pitt ministries seems just about right in my view; do remember that premierships ≠ ministries. Regarding Lord Salisbury, you may want to have a look at my reply at Talk:Great Stink where I made the case in regards to Lord Derby. With each general election comes a new Parliament and a new ministry, that has been the case for over a century as far as most sources are concerned. If indeed this is a modern convention, then please provide proof and I will rectify my edits accordingly. I have made a few tweaks on both lists. The nomenclature is barely problematic for most seasoned readers and the guide at List of British governments is pretty straightforward.--Nevé–selbert 19:24, 15 July 2017 (UTC)

 * I don't mean to be contrary, but I would appreciate if you were able to provide some of those sources on the convention on the numbering ministries? Particularly in regards to pre-20th Century governments. ToastButterToast (talk) 21:17, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
 * You might want to take this up with, he wrote the consensus on ministry articles.--Nevé–selbert 00:07, 17 July 2017 (UTC)

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Splitting terms of office by ministries
I noticed that recently some of the Terms of office have been split to coincide with electoral mandates/ministries. Whilst this change was surely well intended I don't think it's necessary a helpful addition for several reasons.
 * There is a lack of consistency with it, although recent Chancellors such as Philip Hammond are split into May I & II, a lot of other Chancellors aren't. Gordon Brown served continuously in all three of the Blair ministries and no such separation is made.
 * The term of office for Chancellor of the Exchequer should be regarded as continuous without break. A Chancellor's term doesn't stop and start every election or change of Prime Minister. The sources which the list cite use this convention, e.g. George Osborne served 2010–2016, as opposed to 2010–2015 and again 2015–2016. There is no basis to split the terms in the same way the President of the United States might be, and to do so may even be misleading to readers about the nature of the British constitution.
 * This is my own opinion, but I don't think it's helpful to readers. If a reader wanted to use the list as a quick reference guide it would be better to have the start and finish of their term in an easy to understand format without it being broken up. It's sufficient to know that Chancellor X served in Ministries A, B & C without giving the specific dates of those ministries. If the reader wanted to find out how long each ministry lasted, the is an easy to find link in the ministry column.
 * Finally, the question should always be asked what would a reader expect to find in a published encyclopedia or book on the issue. It seems unlikely to me that such a split would be made, and indeed in the books I own no split is made.

If no one expresses any objections, I will remove these in the next couple days. ToastButterToast (talk) 17:22, 15 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I agree with some of those points, but not all. You argue that the terms of office for each Chancellor should be regarded as continuous, although you forget that the Chancellor can only remain in office if he is reappointed when a new government is formed. I guess (as a compromise), the split terms could be shaded.--Nevé–selbert 21:35, 16 September 2017 (UTC)

 * That is the first source I have seen use the word reappointment, and I think you are interpreting it to be something it isn't. It isn't a formal reappointment, even the source you link mixes between the terminology for ministers being appointed and remaining in their posts. It should also be noted that source is just Spectator blog post and not necessarily a definitive or reliable source on how the Government works. The official United Kingdom government website does not split terms as seen here, neither does Parliament's Hansard online archive and although I can't link to it, 'Compendium of British Office Holders' by Timothy Venning does not split terms or list 're appointments' either. For this reason, and all the other aforementioned reasons, they should be completely removed. Shading in split terms would not be a beneficial addition and may actually make the issue worse. If you still object to this, I would suggest it may be helpful to ask for a third opinion; we very recently have had a heated debate and I don't want another one. ToastButterToast (talk) 23:05, 16 September 2017 (UTC)
 * To add to the last point, a Twitter press release isn't a particularly reliable source for fairly obvious reasons. ToastButterToast (talk) 00:19, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * I have now implemented the change on this page, as well as on the Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary pages. Please do not revert these changes unless you have a very good reason to do so, and can cite numerous authoritative and reliable sources to back your claim up. As literally no sources I can find make this split, this could plausibly be construed as WP:OR. ToastButterToast (talk) 03:07, 17 September 2017 (UTC)
 * I shan't revert, but I will have to double-check the markup. I use an older version of Windows and rowspan often plays tricks with my browser.--Nevé–selbert 20:09, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

 * Fair enough, in that case you likely aren't the only person for whom it renders unusually. What browser are you using out of interest? It might be related to that rather than the Windows OS. ToastButterToast (talk) 21:37, 17 September 2017 (UTC)

stepping stone
Given that 11 Chancellors of the Exchequer since the late-19th century have gone on to be Prime Minister, would it not be prudent to put that the Chancellorship is often seen as a stepping stone to Prime Ministerial office? 98.10.165.90 (talk) 20:25, 31 January 2018 (UTC)

 * No. Please point out if this 'convention' is stated somewhere, unfounded claims without a reliable citation cannot be useful for this article. See Cameron, May, Johnson, Truss, Blair, Wilson, Attlee, and Thatcher, they were never Chancellor of the Exchequer before becoming Prime Minister. Also I think you mean 12 Chancellors (including Sunak) now! Qwerty123M (talk) 07:09, 14 November 2023 (UTC) Qwerty123 (they/them) (talk) 04:11, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

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Anglo-Saxon Exchequer?
The claim that the Exchequer was an Anglo-Saxon development was detailed further at the main Exchequer article, stating that according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the Exchequer collected tribute for the Danes in the late 10th century. Both article cited Loyn (1984) for the claim. I don't have Loyn's text, but I do have translations of the Chronicle, and the relevant passages do not mention the Exchequer. The Dialogue of the Exchequer mentions the belief that it predated the conquest, but only for the purpose of disputing it. There seems to be confusion here between the Exchequer, which is not documented earlier than Henry I, and royal finance, which of course did precede the conquest. In particular, Loyn might have assumed out of habit that since payments were collected, the exchequer must have collected them. 73.71.251.64 (talk) 08:22, 15 January 2020 (UTC)

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title: Talk:Chancellor of the Exchequer


text:
Talk:Nabemono

The article needs to be rewritten in the encyclopedia writing style. -- Taku 22:47 Feb 6, 2003 (UTC)

 * I'm currently researching Nabemono and was going to rewrite it anyways. But don't hesitate to start, I will chime in later synthetik

I have never heard anyone refer to Hot pot as Steamboat (outside of Wikipedia) in neither North America nor Japan. 134.160.83.108 (talk) 08:15, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

This article needs to mention Yami Nabe — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2003:6A:7E62:A31:24D0:81C3:DA5B:355C (talk) 21:43, 7 December 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nabemono


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Teppanyaki

Teppanyaki (鉄板焼き), often called hibachi (火鉢) in the United States and Canada, is a post-World War II style of Japanese cuisine that uses an iron griddle to cook food. The word teppanyaki is derived from teppan (鉄板), the metal plate on which it is cooked, and yaki (焼き), which means grilled, broiled, or pan-fried. In Japan, teppanyaki refers to dishes cooked using a teppan, including steak, shrimp, okonomiyaki, yakisoba, and monjayaki.

Teppan are typically propane-heated, flat-surfaced, and are widely used to cook food in front of guests at restaurants. They are commonly confused with the hibachi barbecue grill, which is called shichirin in Japanese, and has a charcoal or gas flame and is made with an open grate design. With a solid griddle-type cook surface, the teppan is capable of cooking small or semisolid ingredients such as rice, egg and finely chopped vegetables.

Origin
The originator of the teppanyaki-style steakhouse is believed to be Shigeji Fujioka of the Japanese restaurant chain Misono. The restaurant claims to be the first to introduce the concept of cooking Western-influenced food on a teppan in Japan, in 1945. They soon found the cuisine was less popular with the Japanese than it was with foreigners, who enjoyed both watching the skilled maneuvers of the chefs preparing the food and the cuisine itself, which is somewhat more familiar than more traditional Japanese dishes. As the restaurants became more popular with tourists, the chain increased the performance aspect of the chef's preparation, such as stacking onion slices to produce a flaming onion volcano.

Another piece of equipment in the same family is a flattop grill, consisting of a flat piece of steel over circular burners and typically smaller and round, like a Mongolian barbecue.

Ingredients
Typical ingredients used for Western-style teppanyaki are beef, shrimp, scallops, lobster, chicken and assorted vegetables. Soybean oil is typically used to cook the ingredients.

Japanese-style teppanyaki may also use noodles (yakisoba) or cabbage with sliced meat or seafood (okonomiyaki), which are cooked using vegetable oil, animal fat, or a mixture. In Japan, many teppanyaki restaurants feature Kobe beef or Wagyu beef.

Side dishes of mung bean sprouts, zucchini (courgettes) (though this is not a popular vegetable in Japan and rarely found in that market), garlic chips (crisps), or fried rice usually accompany the meal. Some restaurants provide sauces in which to dip the food. In Japan, only soy sauce is typically offered.

In the United States
In the United States, teppanyaki (more commonly known simply as hibachi) was made famous by the Benihana restaurant chain, which opened its first restaurant in New York in 1964. Though Benihana cooks their food teppanyaki-style, they also serve dishes such as hibachi steak and chicken. Benihana and other chains of teppanyaki restaurants continue to place an emphasis on the chef performing a show for the diners and continuing to introduce new variations and tricks. The chef might juggle utensils, flip a shrimp tail into their shirt pocket, catch an egg in their hat, toss an egg up in the air and split it with a spatula, or flip flattened shrimp pieces into diners' mouths.

title: Teppanyaki


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Takoyaki

Takoyaki (たこ焼き or 蛸焼) is a ball-shaped Japanese snack made of a wheat flour-based batter and cooked in a special molded pan. It is typically filled with minced or diced octopus (tako), tempura scraps (tenkasu), pickled ginger (beni shoga), and green onion (negi). The balls are brushed with takoyaki sauce (similar to Worcestershire sauce) and mayonnaise, and then sprinkled with green laver (aonori) and shavings of dried bonito (katsuobushi).

Yaki comes from yaku (焼く), which is one of the cooking methods in Japanese cuisine, meaning 'to grill', and can be found in the names of other dishes in Japanese cuisine such as okonomiyaki and ikayaki (other famous Osakan dishes). Typically, it is eaten as a snack or between meals, but in some areas it is served as a side dish with rice. It is an example of konamono (konamon in the Kansai dialect), or flour-based Japanese cuisine.

History
Takoyaki was first popularized in Osaka, where a street vendor named Tomekichi Endo is credited with its invention in 1935. Takoyaki was inspired by akashiyaki, a small round dumpling from the city of Akashi in Hyōgo Prefecture made of an egg-rich batter and octopus. Takoyaki was initially popular in the Kansai region, and later spread to the Kantō region and other areas of Japan. Takoyaki is associated with yatai street food stalls, and there are many well-established takoyaki specialty restaurants, particularly in the Kansai region. Takoyaki is now sold at commercial outlets, such as supermarkets and 24-hour convenience stores.

It is also very popular in Taiwanese cuisine due to the historical influence of Japanese culture.

The oldest known takoyaki store is Aizuya in Osaka. Founded by Tomakichi Endo, it has been open since the 1930s. The first takoyaki included beef and konjac, but later Endo switched to using the now traditional octopus and added flavor to the batter. The takoyaki are then eaten with brown sauce, similar to Worcestershire sauce. In recent years, takoyaki can be eaten with various toppings and fillings (such as cheese or bacon ) as its cultural span has evolved in western parts of the world. The food, known as "octopus balls", quickly became popular throughout Japan.

Takoyaki pan
A takoyaki pan (たこ焼き器) or—much more rarely—takoyaki nabe is typically a griddle made of cast iron with hemispherical molds, similar to a traditional Yorkshire Pudding tray. The heavy iron evenly heats the takoyaki, which are turned with a pick during the heating process to pull the uncooked batter to the base of the rounded cavity. Commercial gas-fueled takoyaki cookers are used at Japanese festivals or by street vendors. For home use, electric versions resemble a hotplate; stovetop versions are also available, and many incorporate a non-stick coating to facilitate turning.

In popular culture
Takoyaki is the favorite food of Taruruto, the title character of the 1988 manga series Magical Taruruto. The food plays a major role in several episodes of the anime and a single tie-in film, and also serves as the many collectibles and potential platforms in several tie-in video games.

A children's book named Takoyaki Mantoman, published in the 1990s and later adapted into an anime television series produced by Studio Pierrot that aired from April 1998 to September 1999, focuses on a group of takoyaki fighting crime.

In the Animal Crossing series of video games, there is a villager named Zucker, based on takoyaki. He is an octopus with a round head resembling takoyaki, he generally wears a yukata, and his home is inspired by a traditional Japanese summer festival.

An Internet meme originating from the Philippines showcases a variation of the food in a viral video with the phrase, "Nakatikim ka na ba ng tig-dalawang pisong takoyaki?", meaning "Have you ever tried the "two-peso takoyaki"?". Even though the food showcased in the video does not contain any octopus, the uploader continues to describe it as such thus resulting into many variations of the meme.

title: Takoyaki