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Härjedalen

Härjedalen is a historical province (landskap) in the centre of Sweden. It borders the Norwegian county of Trøndelag as well as the provinces of Dalarna, Hälsingland, Medelpad, and Jämtland. The province originally belonged to Norway, but was ceded to Sweden in the Treaty of Brömsebro, 1645. The province forms the bulk of Härjedalen Municipality, of which the village of Sveg is the seat.

Etymology

The name Härjedalen, from Old West Norse Herjárdalr, literally means the "Valley of the Härje river". A Latinized transliteration is Herdalia, although that name is hardly encountered in the English language today. More prominent are derivations such as Herjedalen or Haerjedalen. The more prosaic explanation of the name says that the word her or har just means "mound of stones" and refers to stones in the river Härjån.

History
Härjedalen and Jämtland were provinces of Denmark-Norway until the mid-17th century. After the Treaty of Brömsebro in 1645, Härjedalen, along with Jämtland, were ceded to Sweden.

The first population of Härjedalen is estimated to have migrated there circa 7,000 BC. The population lived from hunting and fishing, close to the inland ice which by then had started to melt. Ruändan, in the Flatruet mountains in northwestern Härjedalen, is the location of a large site of rock paintings. The rock paintings at Ruändan consists of some twenty figures depicting people, bear, moose and reindeer. The rock paintings was first reported in 1896 and are estimated to be over 4000 years old.

According to legend, Härjedalen is named after a powerful Norseman who had to flee east from the Norwegian court of King Halfdan Svarte after killing one of the king's men with a horn. Thereafter he was known as Härjulf Hornbrytare (lit. "Härjulf the Hornbreaker"). For a time he entered the service of the Svea King Anund, until he eloped with that king's sister, Helga, and together they disappeared into the remote location in the region eventually named after him. Today a statue stands dedicated to them in the village of Lillhärdal. Härjulf and Helga were the foreparents to the Icelander, Bjarni Herjólfsson, who was the first Norseman to see the "new world" when he was blown off-course whilst on a voyage to Greenland. His boat is the one Leif Erikson acquired about 15 years later for Leif's famed landing on Vinland.

Christianization of Härjedalen took place after the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030. Agriculture remained Härjedalen's largest industry for a long time, supplemented by ironmaking and trade mainly to Røros in Trøndelag. Extensive forestry also played a major role in Härjedalen resulting of industrialization which occurred in the mid-1850s. A large portion of Härjedalen residents emigrated to America, principally to Northwestern Minnesota during the late 1800s. More recently, Härjedalen has increasingly taken up the position as a tourist landscape with large mountain facilities in Funäsdalen, Vemdalen  and Lofsdalen.

Geography
Four-fifths of the province is situated above 500 metres of altitude, constituting a part of the Scandinavian mountain range. Sweden's highest village Högvålen, at 835 metres, is also within the province.

Härjedalen does not have any cities at all. The only village of even modest size is the market town Sveg, which used to be the administrative centre of the province.

The provincial flower is the Arctic violet. It is prominent on high altitudes in Europe, and is also found in the Alps.

Sånfjället National Park extends through the municipality.

Administration

The traditional provinces of Sweden serve no current administrative or political purposes, but are historical and cultural entities. In the case of Härjedalen there is a municipality, kommun, Härjedalen Municipality, which is located in the southern part of Jämtland County. The municipality does not exactly correspond to the province, but is larger.

Subdivisions
Härjedalen was historically divided into districts.

 * Hede Court District
 * Sveg Court District

Heraldry
The arms is represented with a dukal coronet. Blazon: "Argent a Sledgehammer Sable with Core Gules between Tongs of the second and two Hammers adorsed in pale of the second handled Gules.". It was granted in 1660. Since 1974 Härjedalen Municipality uses the same coat of arms, but without the coronet.

Sports
Football in the province is administered by Jämtland-Härjedalens Fotbollförbund.

Other sources

 * Bergström-Magnusson-Raihle (1991) Härjedalen - Natur och kulturhistoria (Östersund: Jämtlands läns museum) ISBN 91-7948-065-9

title: Härjedalen


text:
Talk:List of cities in Canada

Saint John vs St. John's
Maybe I'm wrong, but I was always under the impression that Saint John, NB was Canada's oldest city, not St. John's NL. mylesmalley 02:52, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Uhh, probably should've looked this up before I commented in the first place...
 * According to the Saint John NB page, it is the oldest incorporated city in Canada, so I'm going to change it on this page.mylesmalley 02:56, 4 December 2005 (UTC)
 * To clear up this confusion the oldest settlement in Canada and North America that has grown into a modern city is St. John's which was discovered by John Cabot in 1497 (the oldest settlement in Canada would be L'anse aux Meadows which was found by Norse settlers around 1000 A.D.) Saint John, New Brunswick wasn't founded until the early 1600's but was incorporated (meaning it took the surronding populations and created a city) in 1758, making Saint John the oldest incorporated city in canada. This all aside, this is only a list of cities in Canada and therefore making historical facts are irrelevant. Theyab 02:30, 6 January 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm sure there are native settlements much older than L'anse aux Meadows. --Arctic Gnome 00:18, 29 November 2006 (UTC)

Currently, this page is a mess.

I think that this page should be a list of Canada's larger cities in alphabetical order, not by province and territory, since we already have lists of cities by province and territory (to which this page should link).

If there are no objections, I'll effect this rearrangement. - Montréalais

This is a nice rearrangement, Montrealais, and my next comment may be baised as an Ontarioan, but Brampton and Mississauga, Ontario are 350,000 and 600,000 people strong respectively. Yes, they are part of the GTA, but we are in a seperate municipality than the megacity, we have a much different suburban culture than about 82% (a guess) of the population.

Would it be possible for an indented section underneath, like so?

Toronto, Ontario
 * Brampton, Ontario
 * Mississauga, Ontario

User:zanimum

 * Does Mississauga still exist? I thought it became part of the megacity. At any rate, I'd prefer that if you want to add Brampton, you do so under B. I'm worried that another hierarchical list will end up in the chaos that was here before, and would be difficult to interpret to boot ("should Hamilton go under Toronto, or not?") - Montréalais

 * Gee, it's not part of the megacity - well, I'll be dipped. I added Brampton and Mississauga in alphabetical order. BTW, other large cities that are part of major metropolitan areas (such as Gatineau, Quebec are already there, in alphabetical order.) - Montréalais

Winkler, Manitoba
Winkler was given city status on 2002-04-07.

Winkler's official web site history page: http://www.mywinkler.com/historical.html

I couldn't find any pages at gov.mb.ca about the upgrade, but their site refers to "City of Winkler" since that date; eg: http://www.communityprofiles.mb.ca/cgi-bin/csd/index.cgi?id=4603050

--Michael Z. 00:56, 2004 Aug 14 (UTC)

No cities in Nova Scotia?
What does it mean that there are no longer any cities in Nova Scotia?

If that is correct, then it needs some kind of explanation...

 * That is correct, there are no longer any cities. There are RM's however. - Earl Andrew 23:17, 9 Mar 2005 (UTC)

What a great resource for Americans!
I've been to the US on many occasions and even lived there for a few years. In my experience, even the best-educated Americans cannot name more than 3 Canadian cities, unless of course that is one of their specialties.

I applaud Wikipedia for providing this valuable resource to our geographically-impaired cousins to the south. Steve Rapaport

Nova Scotian Cities
I'm not sure why someone removed the work that I did but I have a good explaination why I put all those places in. All the places I put in were towns but since they were amalgamated into RM they than have larger population than some cities on this list. It is clearly marked a the top that there are no more cities in Nova Scotia and so I put in RM's. I also did this to show that we don't have just 2 RM's that deserve recognition. The fact that we only have 2 RM's (Halifax Regional Municipality pop. - 359,183 and Sydney Regional Municipality or the Cape Breton Regional Municipality pop. - 109 300) that have enough population to be recognized is wrong. I think that you might have not done enough research to look for other RM's that have some kind of significant population. For example Truro, Nova Scotia the population of the actual town is only 11, 457 (and as a side note, places like Winkler, Manitoba only have a population of 9, 000 but are given "city" status) and the area (meaning municipality) is 44, 276. Please don't remove my work.

 * This is a list of cities. Not former towns that are now amalgamated into regional municipalities. -- Earl Andrew - talk 17:08, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

 * Yes I realized that after I finshed I just thought that it would include RM's as well because of the heading on the Nova Scotia section. Sorry about that User:Theyab_07

 * There is of course a list of towns. You may wish to include them there, as long as you make sure they are noted as being no longer in existance. -- Earl Andrew - talk 18:16, 10 October 2005 (UTC)

Haldimand County and Norfolk County
Haldimand County and Norfolk County have been removed from the article. Even though they are both single-tier municipalities and have since removed any lower-tier reference to their official corporate name (e.g. The Corporation of Haldimand County is the official corporate name for Haldimand County), they were both incorporated as towns in 2000, and this has not since changed. As a result, they have been removed from the Cities of Canada article.
 * Statistics Canada says they are cities. --Curlingstub.png Earl Andrew - talk 00:11, 7 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Really? That information has to be out of date, as the municipalities have the full name of 'Haldimand County' and 'Norfolk County.'  StatsCan's data doesn't include the proper name.  We'll have to wait and see what the 2006 census says. Snickerdo 03:12, 10 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Out of date? Were Norfolk and Haldimand cities in 2001? --Curlingstub.png Earl Andrew - talk 03:17, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

Quebec section too large.
I think the Quebec section has too many cities. I'd remove some of the less important ones myself, but I don't know Quebec too well... -- Selmo 20:32, 25 August 2006 (UTC)

Request change
Perhaps we should limit the list of cities to include only provincial/territorial capitals, and cities with a population of at least 10,000. Many of the cities listed do not even have articles on Wikipedia, and others have very small populations. No worries though, I won't do anything without some feedback. Basser g 14:29, 8 September 2006 (UTC)
 * I'm for your proposal. Bobo is soft 04:22, 9 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed all the red links from the Quebec sections, as I believe all those towns/cities have a population under 10,000 people. If there is not an article on them by now, they are obviously not big population centre. This list should be for cities only, meaning bigger population centres (10,000 people minimum is a good suggestion by User:Basser g). Other editors, please give your opinion so we can remove all small towns from this list and keep only cities above 10,000 (or another # of your liking). Thank you. Bobo is soft 01:13, 10 November 2006 (UTC)

This list should include any and all communities whose legal designation is "city", regardless of their population. In many provinces, 10,000 is the population cutoff for city status, but not in all; we need to respect the legal definitions. Occasionally people have added communities that aren't incorporated as cities; the answer to that is to remove them. But any community whose provincial government has legally incorporated it as a city should be on here, period. Quebec's a tricky case, admittedly. Bearcat 11:19, 14 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Alright that is a good point, Bearcat. For now to make sure all lists are up to date, editors should check what the minimum cutoff for city status for their province is. Hopefully we can get a list of the cutoffs for each province here. Then we can have a concise list of places with city status in Canada. Hopefully the Quebec section will be cleaned up as well, I'll try to find what the minimum cutoff for Quebec is. Hopefully other editors can help out. Bobo is soft 05:39, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Important, I've found a possible solution for most of the provinces. The Statistics Canada website has a new list of metropolitan areas (CMA's) for 2006. View it here Using this, by clicking on each province, viewing the metropolitan areas and then further checking each metropolitan area for cities we can keep this list up to date. For most of the provinces and territories, the Wikipedia list is pretty good. The biggest problems remains Quebec. Montreal alone has many "villes" and independant municipalities with a population of over 10,000. I haven't found any definitions of what city status is in Quebec exactly, as in a specific number. Bobo is soft 06:06, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
 * The challenge in Quebec's case is that under Quebec law, no distinction between town status and city status exists; one designation, ville, covers both types of community regardless of whether they would be designated as towns or cities elsewhere in Canada. Montreal and Acton Vale are both villes; Quebec City and Saint-Joseph-de-Beauce are both villes. So for Quebec we'd need to do one of three things:
 * Permit all municipalities designated as ville, and accept that the Quebec list will be unusually long.
 * Include no municipalities based in Quebec.
 * Settle on a population cutoff for listing here, but be aware that this can be disputed as an arbitrary distinction.
 * All three of these solutions are imperfect, but there aren't really any other options. Bearcat 19:44, 21 November 2006 (UTC)
 * Let's just use the "villes". This page will not get seriously long if we add all incorporated cities in Canada, because there simply are not very many of them. I originally used StatsCan to create the list, but there have been some changes since the last census. Notably amalgamations and de-amalgamations in Quebec as well as a handfull of towns being incorporated as cities such as Iqaluit. -- Earl Andrew - talk 19:03, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

 * Great job to Earl Andrew and Bearcat for fixing the situation for Quebec cities and adding in those intro descriptions. Just to note for possible inclusion, for Saskatchewan, it is stated in a few articles on Saskatchen cities that the cutoff number for city status is 5000. In the article for Estevan, Saskatchewan it says, "On March 1, 1957, Estevan acquired the status of a city, which, in Saskatchewan terms, is any community of 5000 or more." In Melville, Saskatchewan it says, "Currently Saskatchewan's smallest city, its population actually falls well below the 5,000 threshold required for city status in the province". Hope this helps. Cheers to keep improving this list. Bobo is soft 05:04, 1 December 2006 (UTC)

A minor issue, but as a jaded Edmontonian-Vancouver transplant, I find it hard to believe that Calgary is the third largest municipality in the country. The List of 100 Largest "Metropolitan Areas" seems to say otherwise. Can anyone cite the claim? Thanks. - Woozy8 00:09, 8 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't confuse the population of a city with the population of its metropolitan area. Calgary is the third largest municipality in Canada. Vancouver, while being the third largest metropolitan area, only ranks 8th among cities because a lot of "Vancouverites" actually live in Burnaby or Surrey or New Westminster. Bearcat 01:47, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Becoming a Featured List?
Once all the provinces have an intro paragraph stating their requirements for city status, could this article become a featured list candidate? Could more experienced editors post what's left to be done for this list? Thank you. Bobo is soft 23:20, 21 December 2006 (UTC)
 * First, all the sections intro's should be referenced (WP:CITE). Then, some additional data should be added (a plain list rarely makes FL). Largest problem will be Quebec "villes" (due to the political-administrative artifice, the list is huge now). The "Significant Cities" sections reads like trivia, that should probably be overhauled. It would be nice to have cities that form Census Metropolitan Areas stand out somehow. --Qyd 22:33, 24 December 2006 (UTC)

Cities
Why are there places lifted that are barely villages, let alone cities? Alaric the Goth 00:37, 6 March 2007 (UTC) The regulations for what constitutes a city in Canada is left to the regulatory authories in each province. So for example, in Manitoba, a city needs to have 7500 residents to be able to become a city. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pstamara (talk • contribs) 14:59, 29 September 2012 (UTC)

Cities by UTC timezone?
You may find it usefull (perhaps not anymore now that the category was deleted) to peruse the cities that link to the different timezones. (ex. User:CyclePat/UTC Timezone show what I tried to do) I tried to make prove it's usefullness but CfD prevailed. Not enough support for such a category. So, just to let you know that many cities utilize the. Many cities have a link to the related UTC timezone. You can find a list of cities by clicking the corresponding UTC timezone (ex.: UTC-5 for Ontario), and then clicking the What links here. And if ever you feel like bringing back the category we will need at least 5 people to support this. GO to my project WP:CCT and start a section to voice your opinion. When we have enough people we'll start the cat. --CyclePat 22:32, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

English Name of Brome Lake - Though this applies to other places, too...
Hi there. I changed the name of Brome Lake in the Quebec section from "Lac-Brome" to "Brome Lake". This change has been reverted. I support my original change, but will make my point here and invite discussion before changing back...

a) The article about the municipality (ville) is located at Brome Lake, Quebec, not Lac-Brome.

b) The above, and some simple Googling can easily convince one that that the English name of the location and the municipality is "Brome Lake".

c) The link in the text redirects to "Brome Lake", anyway.

d) The website of the Town government itself uses "Town of Brome Lake" in English and "Ville de Lac-Brome" in French.

e) If Stats Can were the only valid source (Stats Can was referenced in the edit summary of the person who undid my change), then Montreal should have an accent on the "e". However, it doesn't, because that's not the name of that place in English.

f) Other lists of cities (such as, say, World's largest municipalities by population) don't use foreign names (vis: "Mexico City", not "Ciudad de México")

I don't want to be a pissant about this - there are people who try to Anglicise things beyond any reasonability, and I don't want to be one of them. However, I do believe that in this case, the English name really is "Brome Lake" AshleyMorton (talk) 21:04, 10 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I agree, just like Montreal, English name for the English Wikipedia. 117Avenue (talk) 00:36, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Notwithstanding a)-d) above, this article features lists of incorporated cities/villes by applicable province/territory in Canada. Within each list are the populations of each city/ville from the last census by StatCan. If one were to follow the StatCan reference to validate the population of "Brome Lake", or find additional census information on the city/ville (i.e., dwelling count, area, population density) the reader would not find it because the reference uses "Lac-Brome". If the reader were to bypass the reference and search "Brome Lake" at StatCan's community profiles utility, the reader would get "no match found". Therefore, the English version of the official name does not work in this context.

 * The Montreal/Montréal example is not the best example to rationalize Lac-Brome becoming Brome Lake in this context. There is really no difference in spelling, rather it is how the "e" is treated (with or without the accent). Lac-Brome becoming Brome Lake involves a reversal of words and a genuine difference in spelling (Lac/Lake). (Also note that the English version of the Montreal official website uses the "é").

 * Lac-Brome is not a foreign name. It is a Canadian name in one of the country's two official languages.

 * If it weren't for the reference-dependent context in which Lac-Brome is subject of under this article, I would agree with you 100% on a)-e) above. Unless there is a WP guideline that requires the English spelling despite this reference-dependent context, I'd be hard-pressed to consider going with Brome Lake in this article. I hope this explanation makes sense. Hwy43 (talk) 03:11, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Hmm. Your comment about it being very reference-dependent is a good one.  I have been quite active within the world of ethnic and "racial" statistics as taken from Stats Can's numbers.  In those situations, I feel it's very important that we slavishly follow the terms from Stats Can, because when we start getting into relabelling, say "East Indian" or "Black" (Stats Can's terms), or folk start stating the numbers from "Not a visible minority" as directly equivalent to "White", then we get into SERIOUS trouble.  Thus, I think I'm going to agree with you, because this is really very strongly reference-dependent (which kind of brings up the question - should it really be on here, when a single, properly-linked reference might be more effective, but that's for another day).  However, I think that it might be effective to put the English name in parentheses after the name as it appears in the Stats Can data.  For one thing, this avoids redirects, but for another thing, if an English speaker comes to this table looking for "Brome Lake", they might not think to look for Lac-Brome.  That's a bit farfetched (and obviously not a problem with something like Montreal/Montréal), but could happen, particularly because they had a hockey team that was known in English Canada as the Brome Lake Ducks.  I'll make the stylistic edit I'm proposing - let me know what you think. AshleyMorton (talk) 03:46, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for understanding. Your suggestion about the parentheses was something I pondered as well. I have no opposition to it. Hopefully it won't cause discomfort for others. It may necessitate some homework for consistent application for other communities in the article that experience the same circumstances you described above for this community. It appears we both share the same passion for strictly following StatCan terms. Another example I've come across often is editors relabelling StatCan "protestant" numbers as directly equivalent to "mormon/LDS" numbers. Hwy43 (talk) 05:45, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Oh, and I agree that I used the wrong word when I referred to it as a "foreign" name. However, it's still the case that it's non-English, and this is not the Canadian Encyclopedia.  Rather it is the English Wikipedia. Anyway, I hope my changes meet muster.AshleyMorton (talk) 03:47, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I would now agree with you 100% on a)-f) above as amended where the context isn't reference-dependent – all great points. Hwy43 (talk) 05:45, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I think that WP:ENGLISH says to use English. 117Avenue (talk) 05:30, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * Thanks for providing. Per the naming convention subcat guideline, I believe this is a situation where the convention is best treated with common sense where occasional exceptions apply. Hwy43 (talk) 05:50, 11 February 2011 (UTC)

 * 117Avenue - You're right, of course, but I think there is a valid, though minor, distinction between what a municipality or other governmentally-determined thing is called, and what the place, in the general sense of the term is called. The second (place) means that the only consideration, really, is what the colloquial, common, informed usage uses.  This would lead to my initial argument (saying the reference should be to Brome Lake, Quebec).  I believe that it should also guide the selection of the name of the primary article.  However, if we are very narrowly talking about a municipality - in this case we are very narrowly using Statistics Canada date -  then we should use the name that the "namer" (municipal council, Stats Can) give it.  Another example would be Grand Falls, New Brunswick.  I believe that the article, in general, on the English Wikipedia, should be located at Grand Falls, New Brunswick.  However, the municipality has decided to name itself Grand Falls / Grand-Sault, and uses that double-barreled version of its name in all official communication.  Therefore, if we are narrowly referring to the municipality, then we should actually use that awkward, but accurate, formation.  I will continue to fight for English names, like you, but not in narrow situations where we are only talking about a single reference or municipality - then they get to pick their own name, in my books. AshleyMorton (talk) 03:10, 14 February 2011 (UTC)

With this edit, "Lac-Brome" was dropped in favour of "Brome Lake". Per the previous discussion above, I feel it is necessary to retain "Lac-Brome" in some manner to ensure that a reader can navigate to the information about this ville at the StatCan reference that supports its population. I also agree however that "Brome Lake" should be the primary entry for alphabetization of the table per the article name on English Wikipedia. The user that made the above edit and I have discussed this back and forth on our talk pages. As a result, I will change the entry for Brome Lake to Brome Lake (Lac-Brome). Hwy43 (talk) 05:20, 27 June 2011 (UTC)

Ontarios Counties
Some Ontario Counties have been added to the list. Although these few select counties may run like a city government, they are in no way a city, nor do they claim to be. I think they need to be removed from the list. UrbanNerd (talk) 03:06, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Per the reference provided, these municipalities are recognized as cities by Statistics Canada, which is fed this information by the Province of Ontario. Preliminary research shows that atleast four of them are recognized as cities by Municipal Affairs and Housing, while atleast three of these four claim to be cities as well. Further research may reveal more. I'll undertake and report back. I certainly don't like or agree with it, despite even living within one at one point, but so long as a reliable source verifies they are cities, they should remain. Hwy43 (talk) 03:32, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

 * They may be governed like cities and classified as city-like by reliable government sources, but cities they are not. "City" is not in their name. Much like the Town of Markham, (Until it recently becoming the City of Markham) it preferred the "Town" badge, eventhough it's population qualified it to be a city for quite a while, it was listed under the List of Towns article. UrbanNerd (talk) 03:52, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

 * I have trouble following your logic. A city is a city, regardless of whether or not they used to be counties. To say otherwise would be original research. -- Earl Andrew - talk 03:56, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
 * Agreed, a city is a city. But Prince Edward County, Norfolk County, and the County of Brant do not claim to be cities. Single-tier does not automatically make you a "city". City-like, yes, actual city, no. UrbanNerd (talk) 22:20, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
 * I agree, a city (as recognized by Municipal Affairs) by any other name is a city. 117Avenue (talk) 06:10, 18 March 2013 (UTC)

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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of cities in Canada


text:
Talk:Sunrise

Sunrise/ moonrise mixup
This image is currently used in the Time of Day section but according to the file description both on Commons and at NASA (check the image details, which state a solar angle of -45°), it is a moonrise. I am thus going to remove it but wanted to flag this hear, since replacing it with an actual sunrise from the ISS would be nice. -- Daniel Mietchen (talk) 11:13, 7 February 2018 (UTC)
 * Wow, that have lasted over 2½ years! On 13 August 2015 I've hinted the error here, but my reservations were negated and the image stayed. Actual sunrises from the ISS can you find below: Warm regards --Ras67 (talk) 12:42, 12 March 2018 (UTC)
 * Char page 2402:AD80:88:38D6:1:0:DA9C:CC35 (talk) 10:31, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

The tower of clay!
A tower made out of clay 2600:1700:1AF4:710:99A8:B2D9:4BB8:5F1C (talk) 22:36, 1 February 2024 (UTC)

Sunrise
sunrise ke baare mein mukammal maloomat 2402:AD80:88:38D6:1:0:DA9C:CC35 (talk) 10:30, 13 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Sunrise


text:
Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria

Pope Shenouda III (Ⲡⲁⲡⲁ Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ϣⲉⲛⲟⲩϯ ⲅ̅ '; بابا الإسكندرية شنودة الثالث '; 3 August 1923 – 17 March 2012 ) was the 117th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. His papacy lasted 40 years, 4 months, and 4 days, from 14 November 1971 until his death.

His official title was Pope of Alexandria and the Patriarch of All Africa on the Holy Apostolic Throne of Saint Mark the Evangelist, Father of fathers, Shepherd of shepherds, Successor of Saint Mark, thirteenth among the Apostles, Ecumenical Judge, Beloved of Christ. He was also the head of the Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church. He was known as a conservative figure within the church, and was respected within the Muslim community.

He became a monk in 1954 under the name Father Antonios after joining the Syrian Monastery in Wadi El-Natrun. In 1958, he was elevated to the priesthood. In 1962, Pope Cyril VI summoned Fr. Antonios and consecrated him General Bishop for Christian Education and as Dean of the Coptic Orthodox Theological Seminary, whereupon he assumed the papal name Shenouda, which was the name of the Coptic saint Shenoute the Archimandrite, as well as two previous popes: Shenouda I and Shenouda II.

Following the death of Pope Cyril VI on 9 March 1971, the selection process resulted in Bishop Shenouda becoming the new Pope. He was consecrated on 14 November 1971. During his papacy, the Coptic church grew significantly outside of Egypt. He appointed the first bishops for North American dioceses, which now contain more than 250 parishes, up from four in 1971. He also appointed the first Coptic bishops in Europe, Australia and South America. Within Egypt, he struggled for the welfare of his people and the church. Pope Shenouda III was known for his commitment to ecumenism and advocated inter-denominational Christian dialogue. He devoted his writings, teachings, and actions to propagating understanding, peace, dialogue, and forgiveness.

At the time of his death, Pope Shenouda III was viewed as one of the Great Patriarchs of the ancient Church of Alexandria, a well-known church father and teacher, a chief defender of the faith, and a noted Egyptian leader of the 20th and 21st centuries. He was given the title ‘Teacher of Generations’ for his great talent at relaying complicated theological and other religious concepts in a simple, understandable and deeply spiritual manner.

Early life
Shenouda III was born as Nazir Gayed Roufail (نظير جيد روفائيل, ) in the village of Salaam, which administratively belongs to the Governorate of Asyut in Upper Egypt but ecclesiastically belongs to the Diocese of Manfalut. He was the youngest of a family of eight children, five girls and three boys. Among his siblings were Raphael (Rouphael) and Shawki (Fr. Botros Gayed, 1918–1996). Roufail's mother died shortly after his birth. He was raised by his older brother, Raphael, in Damanhur in lower Egypt, where he attended a Coptic Elementary School. Soon after, he studied at the American Middle School in Banha. He then moved to Shubra, a suburb of Cairo, where he enrolled at the Faith Senior Secondary.

From the age of 14, Roufail began reading poetry and he wrote many poems himself, especially between 1946 and 1962. By the age of 16, he was active in the Coptic Sunday School movement. He served as a Sunday school teacher, first at Saint Anthony's Church in Shoubra and then at Saint Mary's Church in Mahmasha.

In 1943, Roufail enrolled in Cairo University (then called the University of King Fouad I) studying towards a Bachelor of Arts degree, majoring in English and history. Meanwhile, he spent his summer vacations at the monastery of Saint Mary El-Sourian, also called the Syrian Monastery, in Wadi El-Natrun. While a university student, he was a trainee in the Egyptian Military Reserve Corps.

In 1946, while still in his final year of undergraduate studies, he was allowed to enroll in the evening classes at the Coptic Theological Seminary. The seminary was usually open only to university graduates, but the dean of the Seminary, Archdeacon Habib Girgis, made an exception in the case of Roufail. The personality of Habib Girgis was instrumental in shaping that of the future pope, and Pope Shenouda always spoke highly of Habib Girgis.

Roufail graduated from Cairo University with a BA in History in 1947. After graduation, he completed his military service, and began work as a teacher of English, history, and social sciences in a high school in Cairo. Meanwhile, he attended graduate courses in archaeology and classics at Cairo University, specializing in the History of Ancient Egypt and Islamic Egypt. He worked as a high school teacher by day, and attended classes at the Coptic Theological Seminary by night. Upon graduation from the seminary in 1949, he was appointed to teach New Testament and Old Testament Studies at the Seminary.. In the same year, he became the editor-in-chief of the Sunday School Monthly Magazine. In 1950, Roufail resigned from secular employment to take up a full-time lecturing position at the seminary.

In 1952 he was elected member of the Egyptian Journal Syndicate. In 1953, he was appointed a lecturer at the Monastic College in Helwan, offering courses in theology there. In the same year, he began his dialogue with Jehovah's Witnesses, writing articles about their beliefs in the Sunday School Magazine.

Nazir with others laboured for several years to establish a strong Sunday school and youth group at St Anthony's Church in Shubra. His ministry produced many devoted servants, who began establishing youth groups in neighbouring parishes.

An avid reader, he was a keen student of languages. He spoke fluent Arabic (Standard, Egyptian and Sa'idi variants), English, French, and Amharic. He could read Greek (ancient and modern) and Latin as well.

Monastic life and educational service
On 18 July 1954, Roufail joined the Monastery of Saint Mary El-Souriani (commonly called the Syrian Monastery) in Wadi El-Natrun in the Nitrian Desert. He was given the name of Father Antonios el-Syriani (Anthony the Syrian). From 1956 to 1962, he lived as a hermit in a cave about seven miles from the monastery, dedicating his time to meditation, prayer, and asceticism. His austerity was known to be exceptional even by monastic standards.

On 31 August 1958, he was ordained as a priest by Bishop Theophilus, then abbot of the Syrian Monastery.

Antonios el-Syriani was among the candidates nominated for the papal throne in 1959, but Father Mina el-Baramosy became Pope Cyril VI.

Bishop
On 30 September 1962, Pope Cyril VI appointed him to the bishopric of Christian Education and as Dean of the Coptic Orthodox Theological Seminary. Cyril VI also renamed him Shenouda, in honour of Saint Shenouda the Archimandrite, a famous scholar and writer of the Coptic language.

Under Bishop Shenouda's leadership, the number of students at the Coptic Orthodox Theological Seminary tripled. Bishop Shenouda was suspended in 1966 by Pope Cyril VI, essentially because of "campaigns for change" instigated by Shenouda and his students. These campaigns, among other things, called for the popular election of bishops and priests, a principle that Bishop Shenouda later applied when he became Pope of Alexandria. This conflict between Pope Cyril VI and Bishop Shenouda was later resolved.

Pope and Patriarch
He was enthroned as Pope Shenouda III, the 117th Pope of Alexandria and patriarch of the See of St. Mark on 14 November 1971, nearly nine months after the death of Pope Cyril VI of Alexandria. The ceremony was the first enthroning of a Coptic pope to take place in the new Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral in Cairo. He was the third Alexandrian Patriarch to take the name Shenouda; his namesakes were Shenouda I (859–880) and Shenouda II (1047–1077).

Less than one year after becoming Pope of the Church of Alexandria, in October 1972, Pope Shenouda visited the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople and the Pope of Rome, becoming the first Alexandrian Pope to do so since the Chalcedonian Schism in 451 CE.

In May 1973, he penned a statement on the Nature of Christ that was agreed upon with the Roman Catholic Church in a step towards settling the Christological dispute and moving towards Christian unity. On 10 May 1973, he celebrated the return by the Roman Catholic Church of part of the relics of Pope Athanasius of Alexandria.

From 25 to 30 September 1974, he went on a pastoral trip to visit the Ethiopian Church during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia. Between 14 April and 23 May 1974, he became the first Coptic pope to visit North America when he visited the US and Canada. It was to become the first of many visits to that part of the world during his long Papacy. He also visited Australia six times: in 1989, 1991, 1993, 1995, 1996, and 2002. He conducted an extended Silver Jubilee tour from 18 May to 20 December 1996 which took him to Europe, Canada, USA and Australia. From 11 to 13 April 2008, he made a second historical trip to Ethiopia following the resolution of the strain in the relationship between the two churches caused by the communist coup in Ethiopia decades earlier.

Falling out with President Sadat
Ten years into his papacy, in 1981, Pope Shenouda III had famously fallen out with President Anwar Sadat of Egypt. The relationship between the two men deteriorated for several reasons.
 * Since coming to power, President Sadat had started encouraging the growth of Islamism in the country as a means to fight communist groups and solidify his own power. During the term of office of Sadat's predecessor, Gamal Abdul Nasser, Islamic groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood had been suppressed.
 * Sadat had also pushed forward a constitutional amendment that would have allowed him to stand for re-election as president more than twice. To make the constitutional amendment more appealing to the populace, Sadat bundled it with another constitutional amendment declaring Islamic Sharia law the main source of legislation, an action viewed as a step towards a more radically Islamic Egypt.
 * Under Sadat, the Government released a census in 1977 that understated the number of Christians even contradicting earlier released censuses.
 * The years from 1972 to 1981 saw an escalation of violence against the Christians of Egypt culminating in a massacre of Christians in a poor district of Cairo in 1981.
 * Pope Shenouda was of the opinion that Sadat's peace treaty with Israel was ill-timed and should have been part of a larger comprehensive peace in the Middle East.

Sadat was seen by Pope Shenouda as becoming increasingly dictatorial following his acclaim in the international arena for the peace accord with Israel. In September 1981 Sadat rescinded the presidential decree of 1971 recognizing Pope Shenouda as Pope of Alexandria, and Pope Shenouda was banished by Sadat to an ancient desert monastery. However, the Christians of Egypt continued to view Pope Shenouda as their Pope and only leader, and he continued to conduct his duties from his desert monastery: ecclesiastically, Sadat's decision was ineffective. Sadat was assassinated a month later, on 6 October 1981, by Islamic extremists, and in January 1985 Pope Shenouda III was fully reinstated by Sadat's successor, Hosni Mubarak.

Israel
Pope Shenouda III came into conflict with then-President Anwar Sadat over both the Camp David Accords and what he said was the president's deficient response to growing Islamism. After a series of protests that led president Sadat to depose Pope Shenouda III, he was exiled by Sadat and sent to the Nitrian Desert, to return three years after Sadat's assassination following an amnesty by Sadat's successor Hosni Mubarak.

His stance toward Israel was encapsulated by his words: "From the Arabic national point we should not abandon our Palestinian brothers and our Arabic brothers by normalising our relations with the Jews ... From the church point of view, Copts who go to Jerusalem betray their church in the case of 'Al-Sultan Monastery' that Israel refuses to give to the Copts."

He also warned that Copts who visited Jerusalem would face excommunication on the premise that there was "no pilgrimage duty in Christianity and it is not a religious pillar, so since this visit can do harm to our national cause and [to the] Muslim and Christian people then we better not visit Jerusalem." He added that Copts should only go to Jerusalem after peace was established in the region. Some of the Coptic property within the compound of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (including the Coptic monastery known as Deir El-Sultan) was delegated to the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. The Coptic Orthodox Holy Synod, based on the direction of Pope Shenouda III, also decided to ask Copts not to visit Jerusalem until the church possessions and the monastery be returned. In 2006, the Holy Synod renewed the decree, urging Copts not to visit the Christian holy places in Israel, including Jerusalem.

Suicide bombers
In the light of the September 11 attacks, he said of suicide bombing as a tactic that: "People who support and found reasons to feel good over these incidents are doing more than one wrong thing: first, ignoring the tragedy of killing an innocent group of people. Second, not thinking about the reaction of showing they found satisfaction in the incidents. Third, they are considered accomplices in the crime. Fourth, they are committing a wrongful act not approved by religion."

Persecution of Christians in Egypt
Persecution against Christians during Pope Shenouda III's reign was chiefly conducted by private individuals and organizations, especially radical Salafis, although the state continued to enforce long-standing discriminatory policies and engage in occasional Christian-baiting. Particularly in Upper Egypt, the rise in extremist Salafi groups such as the Gama'at Islamiya during the 1980s was accompanied by attacks on Copts and on Coptic churches. The police have been accused of siding with the attackers in some of these cases.

Hundreds of Coptic Christian girls have been kidnapped and forcibly converted to Islam, as well as being victims of rape and forced marriage to Muslim men.

On Sunday, 2 January 2000, 21 Coptic Christians in Kosheh village, 450 kilometres south of Cairo, were massacred by Salafists. Christian properties were also burned. Later, a criminal court in Sohag governorate released all 89 defendants charged in the Kosheh massacre without bail. Pope Shenouda III rejected the verdict openly, and told reporters, "We want to challenge this ruling. We don't accept it." As the court sentence could not be appealed, Pope Shenouda III said: "We will appeal this sentence before God."

In April 2006, one person was killed and twelve injured in simultaneous knife attacks on three Coptic churches in Alexandria.

In November 2008, several thousand Muslims attacked a Coptic church in a suburb of Cairo on the day of its inauguration, forcing 800 Coptic Christians to barricade themselves in.

In April 2009, two Christian men were shot dead and another was injured by Muslim men after an Easter vigil in the south of Egypt.

On 18 September 2009, a Muslim man named Osama Araban beheaded a Coptic Christian man in the village of Bagour and injured 2 others in 2 different villages. He was arrested the following day.

On the eve of 7 January 2010, as worshippers were leaving the Mar-Yuhanna (St. John) church in Nag Hammadi after Eastern Christmas Mass (which finishes around midnight), three Muslim men in a car opened fire, killing 8 Christians and injuring another 10.

On New Year's Day 2011, just 20 minutes after midnight as Christians were leaving a Coptic Orthodox Church in the city of Alexandria after a New Year's Eve service a car bomb exploded in front of the church killing more than 23 and injuring more than 75.

On 7 May 2011, an armed group of Islamists, including Salafists, attacked and set fire to two churches including Saint Menas Coptic Orthodox Christian Church and the Coptic Church of the Holy Virgin, in Cairo. The attacks resulted in the deaths of 12 people and more than 230 wounded. It is reported that the events were triggered by a mixed marriage between a Christian woman and a Muslim man.

Successive Egyptian governments have long held in place laws that hampered the freedom of Christian worship and restricted the right to build or even renovate churches. They maintained and enforced Ottoman-era Hamayouni Decree restrictions on building or repairing churches. These governments also restricted Christians from senior government, diplomatic, military, and educational positions, and there has been increasing discrimination in the private sector. The government allowed various media outlets to attack Christianity and restricted Christians' access to the state-controlled media to defend themselves or speak their minds.

Security agencies sporadically persecuted Muslim converts to Christianity. In Egypt the government does not officially recognize conversions from Islam to Christianity; because certain interfaith marriages are not allowed either, this prevents marriages between converts to Christianity and those born in Christian communities, and also results in the children of Christian converts being classified as Muslims and given a Muslim education.

Church growth

The papacy of Pope Shenouda III saw an expansion of the Coptic Orthodox Church in North America. While there were only four Coptic Orthodox churches in all of North America in 1971, today there are more than 250 parishes (214 in the United States, 38 in Canada and one in Mexico). Pope Shenouda established the first diocese in the lands of immigration for the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate in 1991, the Diocese of Birmingham; and appointed the general bishop for the United Kingdom at the time, Bishop Missael to oversee it by consecrating and enthroning him as its bishop.

Relations with other churches
Pope Shenouda III was well known for his commitment to ecumenism. In 1973, Pope Shenouda III became the first Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria to meet the Bishop of Rome in over 1500 years. In this visit, Pope Shenouda III and Pope Paul VI signed a common declaration on the issue of Christology and agreed to further discussions on Christianity. There were also dialogues with various Protestant churches worldwide.

In an address he gave at an ecumenical forum during the International Week of Prayer in 1974, he declared, "The whole Christian world is anxious to see the church unite. Christian people, being fed up with divisions, are pushing their church leaders to do something about church unity and I am sure that the Holy Spirit is inspiring us."

Ethiopian Church conflict
Following the arrest and imprisonment of Abune Tewophilos, Patriarch of Ethiopia, by the Derg regime that had deposed Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974, Pope Shenouda III refused to recognise Abune Takla Haymanot, who was installed as Tewophilos' successor. He, along with the Holy Synod, argued that the removal of Patriarch Abune Tewophilos was illegal and contrary to canon law, as it was an act of political interference. In the eyes of the Coptic Church, Abune Tewophilos remained the legitimate patriarch of Ethiopia.

Though Patriarch Tewophilos was said to have been executed, the government of Ethiopia did not acknowledge that this had happened. Thus, the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria refused to recognise any other Patriarch as long as Abune Tewophilos' death had not been confirmed. Formal ties between the Coptic Church and Ethiopia were then severed, although they remained in full communion. Formal relations between the two churches resumed on 13 July 2007.

Theological disputes
Pope Shenouda III was involved in theological disagreements concerning the issue of theosis—the transforming effect of divine grace. He published eight booklets explaining his view of theosis and lectured on the issue in the theological seminary of Cairo and also in the seminary of Alexandria. Following the death of Father Matta El Meskeen, who held an opposing view, Pope Shenouda III issued warnings against those views. In addition to his dispute with Fr. Matta El Meskeen, Shenouda got into theological disputes with Hany Mina Mikhail, George Habib Bebawi—whom he infamously excommunicated—and Henein Abd El Messih.

Illness and death
In the months prior to Pope Shenouda's death, rumours, which were denied by the Holy Synod, had spread through Cairo's Coptic community that he had fallen into a coma. He regularly flew to the United States for medical treatment and, according to his doctor he "[suffered] from kidney disease and diabetes."

Pope Shenouda III died on 17 March 2012 (8 Paremhat 1728 in the Coptic calendar) of lung and liver complications at his official residence shortly after returning from medical treatment abroad. He had stopped taking medication because he was too weak. However, Sherine Tadros, a Coptic reporter for Al Jazeera English, reported that he had been in good spirits prior to his death. The funeral took place after three days of lying in state; on 20 March, he was buried at the Monastery of Saint Pishoy in Wadi el-Natrun, in accordance with his wishes. Metropolitan Pachomious of Beheira and Pentapolis was appointed to take over papal duties until the election of a new Pope, being the second-most-senior Metropolitan in the Holy Synod in age after Anba Mikhail. Due to his failing health and age, Mikhail delegated this duty to Metropolitan Pachomios during the first meeting of the Holy Synod after Shenouda's death.

Domestic reactions
During the night, an estimated one million or more mourners were said to have visited his body at St. Mark's Cathedral, causing traffic jams stretching for kilometres. The body was taken out of the coffin and lay in a seated position on a ceremonial throne dressed in gold- and red-embroidered vestments, a golden mitre upon his head with a gold-tipped staff in his hand. Many Coptic figures from across the world started to return to the country to pay their respects and work towards the selection of a new pope. Mourners from across Egypt went to Saint Mark Cathedral in Abbaseya to pay their respects. Bells tolled in Cairo's Abbasiya district, where the primary cathedral of the Coptic Church is located. So large was the crowd of mourners gathering in Cathedral Square to pay their respects that three were killed and 137 injured in a crush as the queue to view the body of the deceased pope stretched for more than one kilometer. Viewing was cut short after the tragedy, and the cathedral was closed to the public.

Political and religious reactions to his death came from across the Egyptian spectrum and internationally. The Supreme Council of the Armed Forces issued a statement on Facebook that expressed their wish of "preserving the unity of Egypt and the unity of its social fabric". It added that with the loss, the country should "consolidate with each other in order to pass with Egypt towards security and stability." Its leader, Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, decreed three days of mourning for Christians working for state institutions. The Muslim Brotherhood's Freedom and Justice Party's Speaker of Parliament Saad Katatni said of Shenouda's death that Egypt had lost "one of its national icons, a man who left a void in the political arena at a critical time." The party also issued a statement signed by the party's chairman Mohamed Morsi that stated Shenouda's life was "a long journey of big contribution in various fields domestically and abroad." Prime Minister Kamal el-Ganzouri's statement read: "I give my sincere condolences to the Coptic brothers home and abroad. [He was a] national character and a symbol for patriotism and he gained wide respect and appreciation from the Egyptian people." Former Prime Minister Essam Sharaf called Shenouda a "devout clergyman, a good citizen and a valuable leader. ... His vision was always that Egypt is not the country that we live in; but the country that lives in us." Upcoming presidential candidates also issued statements. Ahmed Shafiq said that his death was a loss to Egypt because he was a "unique religious leader and a distinguished character in the national history. Coptic church will pass this hard moment because of the great legacy of Pope Shenouda;" Amr Moussa said that Pope Shenouda III was "a great man who was working for the interests of the country. He was working for Egypt to stand as a unified front against the challenges facing the nation;" and Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh's campaign issued a statement saying that Fotouh had spoken with the church's bishop for youth, Bishop Moussa, to express his condolences to both the Coptic Church and Copts.

Al-Nour Party's Members of Parliament walked out when a minute's silence was held for Shenouda, with a party spokesman saying that "a minute of silence does not exist in Islam."

Sheikh Ahmed el-Tayeb, the grand imam of al-Azhar University, said that "Egypt has lost one of its rare men at a sensitive moment when it most needs the wisest of its wise – their expertise and their purity of minds;" he also added that he "greatly remembers his vision towards Jerusalem and its history." Social media was said to be abuzz with memorials as well as criticism of Shenouda.

International reactions

 * Holy See – In a message of condolence to Copts, the Roman Catholic Pope Benedict XVI said: "I recall with gratitude his commitment to Christian Unity, his memorable visit to my predecessor Pope Paul VI, and their signing of the Joint Declaration of Faith in the Incarnation of the Son of God together in Rome, on 10 May 1973, as well as his Cairo meeting with Pope John Paul II during the Great Jubilee of the Incarnation, on 24 February 2000. I can say how the Catholic Church as a whole shares the grief that afflicts the Orthodox Copts, and how she stands in fervent prayer asking that He, who is the Resurrection and the Life, might welcome his faithful servant." He offered prayers for the thrice blessed Pope Shenouda on the day of his death and was said to share the pain of Copts over Pope Shenouda's repose.
 * Director of the Holy See Press Office Federico Lombardi said that Benedict XVI desired that "the Lord welcomes this great pastor" and added that "we will never forget the meeting between Pope Shenouda III and Pope John Paul II in Cairo on the occasion of his pilgrimage to Mount Sinai [in 2000]..." A statement attributed to him read: "The Catholic Church shares in the grief and prayers of Coptic Christians in mourning the loss of their spiritual leader...May the Lord welcome this great shepherd and give him the reward he deserves for his service."

 * Iran – Deputy Foreign Minister Hossein Amir-Abdollahian praised Shenouda for "constructive and lasting efforts to achieve peace and justice" and offered his condolences to the Coptic Orthodox Church and Copts.
 * United States of America – President Barack Obama said of Shenouda that "we will remember Pope Shenouda III as a man of deep faith, a leader of a great faith, and an advocate for unity and reconciliation...a beloved leader of Egypt's Coptic Christians and an advocate for tolerance and religious dialogue." He also added that "Michelle and I are saddened to learn of the passing of Coptic Christian Pope Shenouda III, a beloved leader of Egypt's Coptic Christians and an advocate for tolerance and religious dialogue. We stand alongside Coptic Christians and Egyptians as they honour his contributions in support of peace and cooperation. [His] commitment to Egypt's national unity is also a testament to what can be accomplished when people of all religions and creeds work together."
 * Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed her condolences on behalf of the United States to the Egyptian people and said: "As we reflect on his life and legacy, we reaffirm our support to the future peace and prosperity of Egypt. Our thoughts and prayers are with the Egyptian people and all those who mourn Pope Shenouda III."

 * Armenia – Foreign Minister Eduard Nalbandyan visited the Egyptian Embassy in Armenia on Thursday in order to extend condolences on the death of Pope Shenouda III. Leaders of the Armenian Apostolic Church, Karekin II of Etchmiadzin and Aram I of Cilicia, offered condolences on the passing of Pope Shenouda III. Both Armenian church leaders sent a delegation to Pope Shenouda's funeral. Both Karekin II and Aram I praised Shenouda for his leadership of the Coptic Church and his unequivocal ability to work with all denominations to promote Christian unity.
 * United Kingdom – The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office published a text citing William Hague saying, that Pope Shenouda III will be remembered "as a man of great wisdom, an advocate of dialogue and tolerance, and a symbol of national unity and reconciliation."

Books by Pope Shenouda III

 * * Translated into English

Awards
In 2000, Pope Shenouda III was awarded the UNESCO-Madanjeet Singh Prize for the Promotion of Tolerance and Non-Violence by UNESCO Director-General Koichiro Matsuura on the recommendation of an international jury. The award was "for promoting exchange and understanding between Christianity and Islam in today's Middle East and his deep concern to pursue dialogue with all the great religious faiths and his major role in forging ecumenical links with all other members of the Christian family throughout the planet." In 2003 he received the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights.

Honorary degrees

 * University of Bonn
 * North Park University
 * University of Toledo
 * University of Michigan
 * Eötvös Loránd University
 * Saint Peter's University
 * Saint Vincent College
 * Bloomfield College

title: Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria


text:
Talk:Operation Deckhouse Five

Untitled
I entered Vietnam with the 1st Battalion 9th Marines on an Opperation called "Deckhouse Five." I remember that nine Marines died on this operation two as a result of a hand grenade which was dropped by mistake in a hilocopter. I was looking for info on this event on the internet. Today I am a teacher and teach high school about the Vietnam War. Dave Tatum - USMC 65/68 Upper Darby High School in Pennsylvania

With Deckhouse 5
I was a new UH-1E gunship crew member on the USS Iwo Jima carrier during that operation. We had 4 UH-1e helicopters assigned to the operation and were the first to assault the beachhead from the air. Our designation squadron was VMO-3. After the ednd of the operation we later joined our entire squadron at Phu Bai Marine Base.

4.168.36.210 07:03, 31 March 2007 (UTC)

The heavy cruiser USS Canberra, CAG-2 provided 8" and 5" gun-fire support for this operation. 72.73.126.231 (talk) 19:08, 19 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Operation Deckhouse Five


text:
Arch of Titus

The Arch of Titus (Arco di Tito; Arcus Titi) is a 1st-century CE honorific arch, located on the Via Sacra, Rome, just to the south-east of the Roman Forum. It was constructed in c. 81 CE by Emperor Domitian shortly after the death of his older brother Titus to commemorate Titus's official deification or consecratio and the victory of Titus together with their father, Vespasian, over the Jewish rebellion in Judaea.

The arch contains panels depicting the triumphal procession celebrated in 71 CE after the Roman victory culminating in the fall of Jerusalem, and provides one of the few contemporary depictions of artifacts from Herod's Temple. Although the panels are not explicitly stated as illustrating this event, they closely parallel the narrative of the Roman procession described a decade prior in Josephus' The Jewish War.

It became a symbol of the Jewish diaspora, and the menorah depicted on the arch served as the model for the menorah used as the emblem of the State of Israel.

The arch has provided the general model for many triumphal arches erected since the 16th century. It is the inspiration for the Arc de Triomphe in Paris. It holds an important place in art history, being the focus of Franz Wickhoff's appreciation of Roman art in contrast to the then-prevailing view.

History
Based on the style of sculptural details, Domitian's favored architect Rabirius, sometimes credited with the Colosseum, may have executed the arch. Without contemporary documentation, however, attributions of Roman buildings on the basis of style are considered shaky. The brother and successor of Titus built the arch despite being described as hateful towards Titus by Cassius Dio.

The medieval Latin travel guide Mirabilia Urbis Romae noted the monument, writing: "the arch of the Seven Lamps of Titus and Vespasian; [where Moses' candlestick is having seven branches, with the Ark, at the foot of the Cartulary Tower"].

During the Middle Ages, the Frangipani family added a second story to the vault, converting it into a fortified tower; beam holes from the construction remain in the panels. A chamber was built in the upper half, and the roadway was lowered to expose the travertine foundations. Pope Paul IV (papacy 1555–1559) made it the place of a yearly oath of submission.

In 1716, Adriaan Reland published his De spoliis templi Hierosolymitani in arcu Titiano Romae conspicuis, in English: "The spoils of the temple of Jerusalem visible on the Arch of Titan at Rome".

It was one of the first buildings sustaining a modern restoration, starting with Raffaele Stern in 1817 and continued by Valadier under Pius VII in 1821, with new capitals and with travertine masonry, distinguishable from the original marble. The restoration was a model for the countryside of Porta Pia.

At an unknown date, a local ban on Jews walking under the arch was placed on the monument by Rome's Chief Rabbinate; this was rescinded on the foundation of the State of Israel in 1948, and at a Hanukkah event in 1997 the change was made public. The arch was never mentioned in Rabbinic literature.

Architecture
The arch is large with both fluted and unfluted columns, the latter being a result of 19th-century restoration.

Size
The Arch of Titus measures: 15.4 meters (50 ft) in height, 13.5 meters (44 ft) in width, 4.75 meters (15.5 ft) in depth. The inner archway is 8.3 meters (27 ft) in height, and 5.36 meters (17.5 ft) in width.

Decorative sculpture
The spandrels on the upper left and right of the arch contain personifications of victory as winged women. Between the spandrels is the keystone, on which there stands a female on the east side and a male on the west side.

The soffit of the axial archway is deeply coffered with a relief of the apotheosis of Titus at the center. The sculptural program also includes two panel reliefs lining the passageway within the arch. Both commemorate the joint triumph celebrated by Titus and his father Vespasian in the summer of 71.

The south inner panel depicts the spoils taken from the Temple in Jerusalem. The golden candelabrum or Menorah is the main focus and is carved in deep relief. Other sacred objects being carried in the triumphal procession are the Gold Trumpets, the fire pans for removing the ashes from the altar, and the Table of Showbread. These spoils were likely originally colored gold, with the background in blue. In 2012 the Arch of Titus Digital Restoration Project discovered remains of yellow ochre paint on the menorah relief.

The north inner panel depicts Titus as triumphator attended by various genii and lictors, who carry fasces. A helmeted Amazonian, Valour, leads the quadriga or four horsed chariot, which carries Titus. Winged Victory crowns him with a laurel wreath. The juxtaposition is significant in that it is one of the first examples of divinities and humans being present in one scene together. This contrasts with the panels of the Ara Pacis, where humans and divinities are separated.

The sculpture of the outer faces of the two great piers was lost when the Arch of Titus was incorporated in medieval defensive walls. The attic of the arch was originally crowned by more statuary, perhaps of a gilded chariot. The main inscription used to be ornamented by letters made of perhaps silver, gold or some other metal.

Original inscription
The original inscription is attached to the east side of the Arch. It is written in Roman square capitals and reads:

SENATVS POPVLVSQVE·ROMANVS DIVO·TITO·DIVI·VESPASIANI·F(ILIO) VESPASIANO·AVGVSTO (Senatus Populusque Romanus divo Tito divi Vespasiani filio Vespasiano Augusto), which means

"The Senate and the Roman people (dedicate this) to the deified Titus Vespasian Augustus, son of the deified Vespasian.'"

1821 inscription
The opposite side of the Arch of Titus received new inscriptions after it was restored during the pontificate of Pope Pius VII by Giuseppe Valadier in 1821. The restoration was intentionally made in travertine to differentiate between the original and the restored portions.

The inscription reads:

INSIGNE · RELIGIONIS · ATQVE · ARTIS · MONVMENTVM VETVSTATE · FATISCENS PIVS · SEPTIMVS · PONTIFEX · MAX(IMVS) NOVIS · OPERIBVS · PRISCVM · EXEMPLAR · IMITANTIBVS FVLCIRI · SERVARIQVE · IVSSIT ANNO · SACRI · PRINCIPATVS · EIVS · XXIIII (Insigne religionis atque artis, monumentum, vetustate fatiscens: Pius Septimus, Pontifex Maximus, novis operibus priscum exemplar imitantibus fulciri servarique iussit. Anno sacri principatus eius XXIV), which means

(This) monument, remarkable in terms of both religion and art, had weakened from age: Pius the Seventh, Supreme Pontiff, by new works on the model of the ancient exemplar ordered it reinforced and preserved. • In the 24th year of his sacred rulership. •

Architectural influence
Works modelled on, or inspired by, the Arch of Titus include:
 * façade of the Basilica di Sant'Andrea di Mantova by Leon Battista Alberti (1462)
 * Arc de Triomphe (Paris, 1806)
 * Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch (Brooklyn, 1892)
 * Washington Square Arch by Stanford White (Manhattan, 1892)
 * the temporary Dewey Arch (Manhattan, 1899)
 * Fusiliers' Arch (Dublin, 1907)
 * National Memorial Arch in Valley Forge National Historical Park by Paul Philippe Cret (Pennsylvania, 1910)
 * India Gate by Edwin Lutyens (New Delhi, 1921)

title: Arch of Titus


text:
Four Courts

The Four Courts (Na Ceithre Cúirteanna ) is Ireland's most prominent courts building, located on Inns Quay in Dublin. The Four Courts is the principal seat of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, the High Court and the Dublin Circuit Court. Until 2010 the building also housed the Central Criminal Court; this is now located in the Criminal Courts of Justice building.

Court structure
The building originally housed four superior courts, of Chancery, King's Bench, Exchequer and Common Pleas, giving the building its name.

Under the Supreme Court of Judicature Act (Ireland) 1877, these four courts were replaced by two - the Court of Appeal, presided over by the Lord Chancellor, and the High Court of Justice, headed by the Lord Chief Justice - but the building has retained its historic name.

Under the Courts of Justice Act 1924, courts were established for the new Irish Free State with the Supreme Court of Justice, presided over by the Chief Justice, replacing the Court of Appeal and a reconstituted High Court of Justice, presided over by the President of the High Court, continuing the jurisdiction of the old High Court. The Constitution of Ireland in 1937 provided that courts would be established in a manner provided by the Constitution; this did not in fact occur until the implementation of the Courts (Establishment and Constitution) Act 1961. The Supreme Court and High Court (now dropping "of Justice" from their title) established under this act continued the jurisdiction of the courts established under the 1924 Act.

A new Court of Appeal was established in 2014, following a referendum in 2013, largely taking over the appellate jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the old Court of Criminal Appeal. Its civil division sits in the Four Courts.

History
Prior to the construction of the modern Four Courts, a previous complex existed close to Christ Church Cathedral on what is today St Michael's Hill which was in use from around 1608 to the opening of the present building around 1796. The Four Courts Marshalsea was also located close by at that time between Winetavern Street and Fishamble Street.

Even after a reconstruction by William Robinson in 1695, there were constant complaints about the buildings condition and location.

Gandon's building

Work, based on the design of Thomas Cooley for the Public Records Office of Ireland, began in 1776. After Cooley's death in 1784, renowned architect James Gandon was appointed to finish the buildings. It was built between 1786 and 1796, while the finishing touches to the arcades and wings were completed in 1802, The lands were previously used by the King's Inns. and before that a 13th-century Dominican Friary St. Saviour's was located on the site, confiscated following the dissolution of the monasteries by Henry VIII.

Easter Rising
The Four Courts and surrounding areas were held by Commandant Edward Daly's 1st Battalion during the Easter Rising in 1916. Some of the most intense fighting of Easter Week took place in the Church Street, North King Street and North Brunswick Street area. At the end of the week, the Four Courts building itself became the headquarters of the 1st Battalion.

Destruction in Civil War

On 14 April 1922, the courts complex was occupied by IRA forces opposed to the Anglo-Irish Treaty, with Rory O'Connor acting as their spokesman. On 28 June the new National Army attacked the building to dislodge the "rebels", on the orders of the Minister for Defence Richard Mulcahy, authorised by President of Dáil Éireann Arthur Griffith. This attack provoked a week of fighting in Dublin. In the process of the bombardment, the historic building was destroyed. The west wing of the building was obliterated in a huge explosion, destroying the Irish Public Record Office at the rear of the building. Nearly a thousand years of archives were destroyed by this explosion, the ensuing fire, and the water poured onto the fire.

The IRA was accused of mining the records office; however, those present, who included future Taoiseach Seán Lemass, said that, while they had used the archive as a store of their ammunition, they had not deliberately mined it. They suggest that the explosion was caused by the accidental detonation of their ammunition store during the fighting.

Reopening in 1932
For a decade after the destruction of the Civil War, the courts sat in the old viceregal apartments in Dublin Castle. In 1932, a rebuilt and remodelled Four Courts was opened. However, much of the decorative interior of the original building had been lost and, in the absence of documentary archives (some of which had been in the Public Records Office and others of which were among the vast amount of legal records lost also), and also because the new state did not have the funds, the highly decorative interior was not replaced.

Further development
The Office of Public Works added a modern two-storey extension to the roof of the old Public Records Office in the late 1960s. They also built River House on Chancery Street, which served as Dublin's only motor tax office for a number of years.

Criminal courts
Prior to 2010, both civil and criminal trials were heard in the Four Courts, which was also the location of the Court of Criminal Appeal. When the Criminal Courts of Justice building, near the Phoenix Park, opened in January 2010, all criminal trials were transferred there. The Four Courts remain in use for civil matters.

Plans for Supreme Court building
There are plans to relocate the Supreme Court to a new purpose-built building near the Four Courts.

title: Four Courts


text:
Dieppe

Dieppe (Norman: Dgieppe) is a coastal commune in the Seine-Maritime department, Normandy, northern France.

Dieppe is a seaport on the English Channel at the mouth of the river Arques. A regular ferry service runs to Newhaven in England.

Famous for its scallops, Dieppe also has a popular pebbled beach, a 15th-century castle and the churches of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Remi. The mouth of the river Scie lies at Hautot-sur-Mer, directly to the west of Dieppe.

The inhabitants of the town of Dieppe are called Dieppois (m) and Dieppoise (f) in French.

History
First recorded as a small fishing settlement in 1030, Dieppe was an important prize fought over during the Hundred Years' War. Dieppe housed the most advanced French school of cartography in the 16th century. Two of France's best navigators, Michel le Vasseur and his brother Thomas le Vasseur, lived in Dieppe when they were recruited to join the expedition of René Goulaine de Laudonnière which departed Le Havre for Florida on April 20, 1564. The expedition resulted in the construction of Fort Caroline, the first French colony in the New World.

Another expedition two years before where Goulaine de Laudonnière was under command of Jean Ribault, a local Huguenot captain, had resulted in the foundation of Charlesfort, now in South Carolina. Dieppe was the premier port of the kingdom in the 17th century.

After King Edward VI died, putting an end to a Protestant country in England on July 6, 1553, John Knox left England to evade the Catholic-fist of Mary I. First, under the permission of his friends, he went back to his home country of Scotland. Then after he stayed in Dieppe for a few months, he continued on his tracks and stayed in Geneva. There he met one of his influences, John Calvin.

On July 23, 1632, 300 colonists heading to New France departed from Dieppe. At the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Dieppe lost 3,000 of its Huguenot citizens, who fled abroad.

Dieppe was an important target in wartime; the town was largely destroyed by an Anglo-Dutch naval bombardment in 1694. It was rebuilt after 1696 in a typical French classical style by Ventabren, an architect, who gave it its unique feature for a sea port. It was popularised as a seaside resort following the 1824 visit of the widowed Duchess of Berry, daughter-in-law of Charles X. She encouraged the building of the recently renovated municipal theatre, the Petit-Théâtre (1825), associated particularly with Camille Saint-Saëns. The city enjoyed  Mayoral status at this point and  in  1787, the "Maire de Dieppe"  was N. Nile.

During the later 19th century, Dieppe became popular with English artists as a beach resort. Prominent literary figures such as Arthur Symons loved to keep up with the latest fads of avant-garde France here, and during "the season" sometimes stayed for weeks on end.

Second World War

During the Second World War Dieppe was occupied by German naval and army forces after the fall of France in 1940. In order to allow a better defence of the coast against a possible Allied landing, the Germans destroyed the mauresque casino that was located near the beach area. The destruction of the casino had only begun at the time of the Dieppe Raid.

The raid proved a costly lesson for the Allies. On August 19, 1942, Allied soldiers, mainly drawn from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, landed at Dieppe in the hope of occupying the town for a short time, gaining intelligence and drawing the Luftwaffe into open battle. The Allies suffered more than 1,400 deaths, 907 Canadian, and 1,946 Canadian soldiers were captured – more prisoners than the army lost in the 11 months of the 1944–45 NW Europe campaign. However, no major objectives were achieved. More recent research suggests the raid was a massive cover for an intelligence operation to capture German code machine components.

French soldiers from the region, captured in the fighting of 1940, were returned to the area after the Dieppe Raid as a reward by the German occupation authorities, who felt that the conduct of the French civilians in Dieppe had been correct and had not hindered the defence of the port during the battle.

The port remained garrisoned by German forces until the conclusion of the Battle of Normandy. When the First Canadian Army approached at the end of August, the garrison withdrew, not desiring to enter into battle for the port.

Dieppe was liberated on September 1, 1944, by soldiers from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. On September 3, the entire division paused for reorganization, and a victory parade was held; contingents representing all major units of the 2nd Division marched 10 abreast behind the massed pipes and drums of the division's highland regiments. A memorial service was held in the nearby Canadian military cemetery to honour those killed in the Dieppe Raid.

Post-war
Dieppe, a city in New Brunswick, Canada, received its present name in 1946, in honour of the commemoration of the 913 Canadian soldiers killed in the Dieppe Raid. The majority of its inhabitants are of Acadian descent.

Geography
Dieppe belongs to the Pays de Caux, lying along the Alabaster Coast in the region of Normandy. It is located on the Channel coast, north of Rouen at the mouth of the river Arques and lies east of the mouth of the river Scie.

Toponymy
Mentioned as Deppae in 1015–1029, Dieppa in 1030, then in the 12th century: Deppa, Deupa and Diopa.

From Old English dēop or Old Norse djúpr "deep", same meaning. The Nominalization from an Old English or Norse adjective, being unusual, dēop / djúpr could be followed by the Old English word ǣ / ea or Old Norse á "stream, river" (cf. Djúpá, river in Iceland).

The same adjective can be recognized in other place-names like Dieppedalle (f. e. Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle) and Dipdal in Normandy, which is the same as Deepdale in Great Britain.

The stream running through Dieppe was called Tella in Merovingian and Carolingian documents, before being called Dieppe in the 10th century. The name has stuck to the town, although the name of the stream changed again, to Béthune.

Sights
The castle, Château de Dieppe, which survived the 1694 bombardment, is now a museum and exhibition space, with a strong maritime collection. A rich collection of 17th- and 18th-century ivory carvings, including lacy folding fans, for which Dieppe was known, and the furnishings and papers of Camille Saint-Saëns. The castle's interior courtyard is picturesque.

At the Square du Canada, near the castle in a park at the western end of the Esplanade, there is a monument erected by the town commemorating the long relationship between Dieppe and Canada. The events recorded begin with the early 16th century, and culminate with the Dieppe Raid and the liberation of Dieppe by Canadians on September 1, 1944. The base of the monument is inscribed with the words "nous nous souvenons" ("we remember"). Above the monument, the Flag of Canada is flown side by side with that of France.

The Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel of Dieppe stands on the coast.

Some of the Canadian soldiers who were killed are buried in the Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery, in the commune of Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie south-west of Dieppe.

Various buildings and sights include:

 * The small municipal theatre, reopened in 2002: the small municipal theater (1900) has been listed in the supplementary inventory of historic monuments since 1990. It has a Louis XV rockery with gilding style. Its Italian-style theatre, built by the engineer Frissard, was donated by the Duchess of Berry to the municipality in 1826. Rebuilt in 190 and enlarged with a foyer facing the sea, it is contemporary with the Moorish casino and is one of the last vestiges of the time when Dieppe attracted the European aristocracy and upper middle class. Damaged during the Second World War, its facades were covered in cement in the 1960s. The theater was closed in 1961. The theater has been a source of political controversy, especially in 2007 when a rehabilitation project was proposed by the municipal majority at the time but fought by the local opposition.
 * The casino, inaugurated in 1961 in the presence of Robert Buron, Minister of Public Works, Transport and Tourism, succeeds the Moorish casino and the Art Deco casino of the 1930s. It is mainly located on the site of the former Villa Rachel which was demolished to allow its construction. It has a remarkable architecture.
 * L'Estran Cité de la mer, an associative center for scientific and technical culture on the theme of the Upper Normandy coast, presents over 1,600 m2 of exhibition space, shipbuilding, fishing techniques, the coastal environment and fauna of the English Channel.
 * The underground aqueduct, also called the aqueduct of the blue source, is a gravity aqueduct which was drilled in the 16th century by the engineer Toustain under the plateau of Janval. Over 6.7 km, it once brought water from an abundant source located in Petit-Appeville to the city, and is still used in 2022 for the electricity and telecommunications networks.
 * The water tower, in the Vertus district at the entrance to the city of Dieppe, was built in 1971 by the architect Herbelin. It has been decorated since 1973 with a polychrome fresco by Victor Vasarely, made up of orange and black diamonds on a blue background.
 * A new seaside resort inaugurated on May 15, 2007, contains an outdoor seawater swimming pool, several indoor leisure pools and a thalassotherapy center.
 * A Canadian military cemetery is present in Dieppe.

Transport
Dieppe railway station, operated by SNCF, has frequent departures for Rouen-Rive-Droite. SNCF operates also buses to Gisors-Embranchement through Serqueux.

Dieppe has a ferry port with direct services to the English town of Newhaven, situated at the mouth of the River Ouse in East Sussex. The twice-daily service to the Port of Newhaven is operated by DFDS Seaways, under a concession subsidised by the French government. Services are operated using the MS Côte D'Albâtre and MS Seven Sisters.

Current services

 * DFDS Seaways (Newhaven: three sailings daily)

Former services

 * Hoverspeed (Newhaven: three sailings daily). Withdrawn in 2004.
 * P&O Stena Line (Newhaven: three sailings daily). Withdrawn in 1999.

Administration
The current mayor of Dieppe is Nicolas Langlois. A member of the French Communist Party, he was elected in 2017, and re-elected in 2020.

Economy
Historically a major fishing hub, it is still home to a large ferry port and one of the busiest ports in Europe; in the 17th century the Dieppe Company operated from the port. Until the mid-19th century the Ave Maria lace, a hand-made lace manufacturer, was largely based in Dieppe. The town is now home to the Alpine Automobiles global headquarters.

Sport
The town is home to FC Dieppe, one of the oldest football clubs in the country having been founded in 1896.

International relations
Dieppe is twinned with
 * Brighton, United Kingdom
 * 🇨🇦 Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada

Notable people

 * Jean Ango (1480–1551), ship owner, provided ships to Francis I of France
 * Jean Parmentier (1494–1529), navigator, cartographer and poet
 * Jean Cousin (15th century), Normand navigator
 * Jean Ribault (1520–1565), French navigator and corsaire Protestant
 * Pierre de Chauvin de Tonnetuit, (ca.1550–1603), naval and military captain and Huguenot trader at Honfleur
 * Salomon de Caus (1576–1626), Huguenot engineer
 * Isaac de Caus (1590–1648), landscaper and architect, worked in London
 * Guillaume Le Vasseur de Beauplan (ca.1600–1673), French-Polish cartographer, engineer and architect
 * St. Antoine Daniel SJ, (1601–1648), Jesuit missionary, martyr and saint
 * Jean Asselin (ca.1610–1652), a Dutch Golden Age painter and drawer
 * Abraham Duquesne (1610–1688), general lieutenant of the French Navy
 * Jean Crasset (1618–1692), Jesuit theologian and ascetical writer
 * Jean Pecquet (1622–1674), physiologist, wrote on psychology and investigated the thoracic duct
 * Charles le Moyne de Longueuil et de Châteauguay, (1626–1685), colonist of New France, first lord of Longueuil
 * Richard Simon (1638–1712), priest, biblical critic, orientalist and historian
 * Jean Mauger (1648–1712), an ivory engraver and medallist
 * Antoine-Augustin Bruzen de La Martinière (1662–1746), polymath, map-writer and scientist
 * Gabriel de Clieu (ca.1687–1774), naval officer and the governor of Guadeloupe
 * St. Jean de Lalande SJ, a 17th-century Jesuit brother, martyred by the Iroquois Indians in New York State
 * Adrien de Pauger (died 1726), engineer and architect of the Vieux Carré at New Orleans
 * Joseph Lavallée (1747–1816), poet, journalist and novelist
 * François-Antoine-Henri Descroizilles (1751–1825), chemist
 * Antoine Louis Albitte (1761–1812), Revolutionary politician
 * Jean-Louis Albitte (1763–1825), politician, "Albitte the younger"
 * Antoine Année (1770–1846), playwright and journalist
 * Mary Anne Atwood (1817–1910), an English writer on hermeticism and spiritual alchemy
 * Bruno Braquehais (1823–1875), photographer, worked in Paris
 * Albert Réville (1826–1906), Protestant theologian with 'extremist' liberal views
 * Victor Langlois (1829–1869), historian, archaeologist, professor, numismatist and orientalist
 * Maude Valérie White (1855–1937), English composer and songwriter
 * Emmanuel Louis Masqueray (1861–1917), Franco-American architect
 * Ernest Henri Dubois (1863–1930), sculptor
 * Louis Valtat (1869–1952), painter and printmaker associated with the Fauves
 * André Alerme (1877–1960), film actor from 1931 to 1952
 * Louis de Broglie (1892–1987), Nobel Prize–winning physicist, contributed to quantum theory
 * Mary Odette (1901–1987), silent film actress
 * Yvonne Lephay-Belthoise (1914–2011), virtuoso violinist
 * Valérie Lemercier (born 1964), actress, screenwriter, director and singer
 * Olivier Frébourg (born 1965), journalist, writer and publisher
 * Thomas Pesquet (born 1978), astronaut, aerospace engineer and pilot

Sport

 * Albert Clément (1883–1907), motor racing driver
 * Jean Rédélé (1922–2007), car racer and founder of the Alpine car factory
 * Jéhan Le Roy (1923–1992), equestrian, team bronze medallist at the 1960 Summer Olympics
 * Jean-Paul Villain (born 1946), steeplechase runner
 * Emmanuel Petit (born 1970), former footballer with 385 club caps and 63 with France
 * Laurent Capet (born 1972), volleyball player

title: Dieppe


text:
Pope Abraham of Alexandria

Pope Abraham of Alexandria was the 62nd Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of the See of St. Mark. He is considered a saint by the Coptic Orthodox Church. He is also referred to as Efrem or Ephrem.

Early life
Abraham was Syriac by birth. He was a wealthy merchant who visited Egypt several times, and finally stayed there, residing in Alexandria. He was known for his goodness, devoutness, and love of the poor. After his ordination, he distributed half of his wealth to the needy and used the other half for building pools throughout Egypt, including the pool of Saint Mercurius Church in Coptic Cairo.

Election
During the reign of Al-Muizz – who was the first Fatimid ruler of Egypt – the Islamic government was ambivalent in its treatment of the Copts, alternating sympathy and abuse with atrocity and brutality. At that time, St. Mark's Seat had been vacant for about two years. Finally the bishops and Coptic community leaders assembled in the Church of St. Serguis and Bacchus in Cairo in order to choose possible candidates. While they were convening, Abraham the Syrian, a man devoted to religion and piety, entered the church. One of the assembled turned to a bishop and said that if the bishop were looking for a candidate for the patriarchate, God had sent them a candidate. The whole group assembled was impressed by the selection, and they unanimously decided to elect him. They then took the protesting Abraham in iron fetters to Alexandria, where he was consecrated as the 62nd Patriarch of Alexandria.

Patriarchate
Immediately upon taking office, Abraham suppressed the practice of simony which had become a significant problem during the last several patriarchates. He then turned his attention to the often degraded morals of the church archons, who frequently kept concubines as well as their legal wives. He went so far as to threaten anyone continuing to violate the sanctity of marriage with excommunication.

Death
Pope Abraham the Syriac died on 3 December 978 A.D.

title: Pope Abraham of Alexandria