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Outline of computer science

Computer science (also called computing science) is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems. One well known subject classification system for computer science is the ACM Computing Classification System devised by the Association for Computing Machinery.

Computer science can be described as all of the following:
 * Academic discipline
 * Science
 * Applied science

Mathematical foundations

 * Coding theory – Useful in networking, programming, system development, and other areas where computers communicate with each other.
 * Game theory – Useful in artificial intelligence and cybernetics.
 * Discrete mathematics - Study of discrete structures. Used in digital computer systems.
 * Graph theory – Foundations for data structures and searching algorithms.
 * Mathematical logic – Boolean logic and other ways of modeling logical queries; the uses and limitations of formal proof methods.
 * Number theory – Theory of the integers. Used in cryptography as well as a test domain in artificial intelligence.

Algorithms and data structures

 * Algorithms – Sequential and parallel computational procedures for solving a wide range of problems.
 * Data structures – The organization and manipulation of data.

Artificial intelligence
Outline of artificial intelligence
 * Artificial intelligence – The implementation and study of systems that exhibit an autonomous intelligence or behavior of their own.
 * Automated reasoning – Solving engines, such as used in Prolog, which produce steps to a result given a query on a fact and rule database, and automated theorem provers that aim to prove mathematical theorems with some assistance from a programmer.
 * Computer vision – Algorithms for identifying three-dimensional objects from a two-dimensional picture.
 * Soft computing, the use of inexact solutions for otherwise extremely difficult problems:
 * Machine learning - Development of models that are able to learn and adapt without following explicit instructions, by using algorithms and statistical models to analyse and draw inferences from patterns in data.
 * Evolutionary computing - Biologically inspired algorithms.
 * Natural language processing - Building systems and algorithms that analyze, understand, and generate natural (human) languages.
 * Robotics – Algorithms for controlling the behaviour of robots.

Communication and security

 * Networking – Algorithms and protocols for reliably communicating data across different shared or dedicated media, often including error correction.
 * Computer security – Practical aspects of securing computer systems and computer networks.
 * Cryptography – Applies results from complexity, probability, algebra and number theory to invent and break codes, and analyze the security of cryptographic protocols.

Computer architecture

 * Computer architecture – The design, organization, optimization and verification of a computer system, mostly about CPUs and Memory subsystems (and the bus connecting them).
 * Operating systems – Systems for managing computer programs and providing the basis of a usable system.

Computer graphics

 * Computer graphics – Algorithms both for generating visual images synthetically, and for integrating or altering visual and spatial information sampled from the real world.
 * Image processing – Determining information from an image through computation.
 * Information visualization – Methods for representing and displaying abstract data to facilitate human interaction for exploration and understanding.

Concurrent, parallel, and distributed systems

 * Parallel computing - The theory and practice of simultaneous computation; data safety in any multitasking or multithreaded environment.
 * Concurrency (computer science) – Computing using multiple concurrent threads of execution, devising algorithms for solving problems on various processors to achieve maximal speed-up compared to sequential execution.
 * Distributed computing – Computing using multiple computing devices over a network to accomplish a common objective or task and thereby reducing the latency involved in single processor contributions for any task.

Databases
Outline of databases
 * Relational databases – the set theoretic and algorithmic foundation of databases.
 * Structured Storage - non-relational databases such as NoSQL databases.
 * Data mining – Study of algorithms for searching and processing information in documents and databases; closely related to information retrieval.

Programming languages and compilers

 * Compiler theory – Theory of compiler design, based on Automata theory.
 * Programming language pragmatics – Taxonomy of programming languages, their strength and weaknesses. Various programming paradigms, such as object-oriented programming.
 * Programming language theory - Theory of programming language design
 * Formal semantics – rigorous mathematical study of the meaning of programs.
 * Type theory – Formal analysis of the types of data, and the use of these types to understand properties of programs — especially program safety.

Scientific computing

 * Computational science – constructing mathematical models and quantitative analysis techniques and using computers to analyze and solve scientific problems.
 * Numerical analysis – Approximate numerical solution of mathematical problems such as root-finding, integration, the solution of ordinary differential equations; the approximation of special functions.
 * Symbolic computation – Manipulation and solution of expressions in symbolic form, also known as Computer algebra.
 * Computational physics – Numerical simulations of large non-analytic systems
 * Computational chemistry – Computational modelling of theoretical chemistry in order to determine chemical structures and properties
 * Bioinformatics and Computational biology – The use of computer science to maintain, analyse, store biological data and to assist in solving biological problems such as Protein folding, function prediction and Phylogeny.
 * Computational neuroscience – Computational modelling of neurophysiology.
 * Computational linguistics
 * Computational logic
 * Computational engineering

Software engineering
Outline of software engineering
 * Formal methods – Mathematical approaches for describing and reasoning about software design.
 * Software engineering – The principles and practice of designing, developing, and testing programs, as well as proper engineering practices.
 * Algorithm design – Using ideas from algorithm theory to creatively design solutions to real tasks.
 * Computer programming – The practice of using a programming language to implement algorithms.
 * Human–computer interaction – The study and design of computer interfaces that people use.
 * Reverse engineering – The application of the scientific method to the understanding of arbitrary existing software.

Theory of computation

 * Automata theory – Different logical structures for solving problems.
 * Computability theory – What is calculable with the current models of computers. Proofs developed by Alan Turing and others provide insight into the possibilities of what may be computed and what may not.
 * List of unsolved problems in computer science
 * Computational complexity theory – Fundamental bounds (especially time and storage space) on classes of computations.
 * Quantum computing theory – Explores computational models involving quantum superposition of bits.

History

 * History of computer science
 * List of pioneers in computer science
 * History of Artificial Intelligence
 * History of Operating Systems

Professions

 * Computer Scientist
 * Programmer (Software developer)
 * Teacher/Professor
 * Software engineer
 * Software architect
 * Software tester
 * Hardware engineer
 * Data analyst
 * Interaction designer
 * Network administrator
 * Data scientist

Data and data structures

 * Data structure
 * Data type
 * Associative array and Hash table
 * Array
 * List
 * Tree
 * String
 * Matrix (computer science)
 * Database

Programming paradigms

 * Imperative programming/Procedural programming
 * Functional programming
 * Logic programming
 * Declarative Programming
 * Event-Driven Programming
 * Object oriented programming
 * Class
 * Inheritance
 * Object

title: Outline of computer science


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Imperial British Conservative Party

The Imperial British Conservative Party was a farcical political party founded by The Wizard of New Zealand in 1974. It "stood for the traditions of British imperialism in the face of capitalism, globalisation and the distinct lack of culture in Christchurch, New Zealand." It was still operating in 1984, though news reports also referred to it as The Wizard Party.

Activity in Australia
The Imperial British Conservative Party also had a presence in Australia, especially during the republican debate of the 1990s. One of its candidates, Cecil G. Murgatroyd, had run for parliament in several Australian federal elections, at each time standing against the Prime Minister (initially Bob Hawke), and in the 1992 Wills by-election after Hawke resigned from parliament. In official statements, Murgatroyd listed his occupation as "dole bludger". At other times, Murgatroyd stood under the banner of another New Zealand joke party, the McGillicuddy Serious Party.

In one Australian election in the 1980s, the party promised to dye the Speaker's wig a conservative blue.

Another candidate, James Ferrari (at one point contesting as Jim Ferrari) ran for the party in the seat of Melbourne at every election from 1980 until 2001.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Imperial British Conservative Party


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Imperium

In ancient Rome, imperium was a form of authority held by a citizen to control a military or governmental entity. It is distinct from auctoritas and potestas, different and generally inferior types of power in the Roman Republic and Empire. One's imperium could be over a specific military unit, or it could be over a province or territory. Individuals given such power were referred to as curule magistrates or promagistrates. These included the curule aedile, the praetor, the consul, the magister equitum, and the dictator. In a general sense, imperium was the scope of someone's power, and could include anything, such as public office, commerce, political influence, or wealth.

Ancient Rome
Imperium originally meant absolute or kingly power—the word being derived from the Latin verb imperare (to command)—which became somewhat limited under the Republic by the collegiality of the republican magistrates and the right of appeal, or provocatio, on the part of citizens. Imperium remained absolute in the army, and the power of the imperator (army commander) to punish remained uncurtailed. The title imperator later was exclusively held by the emperor, as the commander of the armed forces. In fact, the Latin word imperator is the root of the English word emperor.

In ancient Rome, imperium could be used as a term indicating a characteristic of people, their wealth in property, or the measure of formal power they had. This qualification could be used in a rather loose context (for example, poets used it, not necessarily writing about state officials). However, in Roman society, it was also a more formal concept of legal authority. A man with imperium (an imperator) had, in principle, absolute authority to apply the law within the scope of his magistracy or promagistracy. He could be vetoed or overruled either by a magistrate or promagistrate who was a colleague with equal power (e.g., a fellow consul), by one whose imperium outranked his – that is, one of imperium maius (greater imperium), or by a tribune of the plebs.

Some modern scholars such as A. H. M. Jones have defined imperium as "the power vested by the state in a person to do what he considers to be in the best interests of the state".

Imperium was indicated in two prominent ways: a curule magistrate or promagistrate carried an ivory baton surmounted by an eagle as his personal symbol of office; any such magistrate was also escorted by lictors bearing the fasces (traditional symbols of imperium and authority), when outside the pomerium, axes being added to the fasces to indicate an imperial magistrate's power to inflict capital punishment outside Rome (the axes being removed within the pomerium). The number of lictors in attendance upon a magistrate was an overt indication of the degree of imperium. When in the field, a curule magistrate possessing an imperium greater or equal to that of a praetor wore a sash ritually knotted on the front of his cuirass. Furthermore, any man executing imperium within his sphere of influence was entitled to the curule chair.

 * Curule aedile (aedilis curulis) – 2 lictors
 * Since a plebeian aedile (aedilis plebis) was not vested with imperium, he was not escorted by lictors.
 * Magister equitum (the dictator's deputy) – 6 lictors
 * Praetor – 6 lictors (2 lictors within the pomerium)
 * Consul – 12 lictors each
 * Dictator – 24 lictors outside the pomerium and 12 inside; starting from the dictatorship of Lucius Sulla the latter rule was ignored.
 * To symbolize that the dictator could enact capital punishment within Rome as well as without, his lictors did not remove the axes from their fasces within the pomerium.

As can be seen, dictatorial imperium was superior to consular, consular to praetorian, and praetorian to aedilician; there is some historical dispute as to whether or not praetorian imperium was superior to "equine-magisterial" imperium. A promagistrate, or a man executing a curule office without actually holding that office, also possessed imperium in the same degree as the actual incumbents (i.e., proconsular imperium being more or less equal to consular imperium, propraetorian imperium to praetorian) and was attended by an equal number of lictors.

Certain extraordinary commissions, such as Pompey's famous command against the pirates, were invested with imperium maius, meaning they outranked all other holders of imperium of the same type or rank (in Pompey's case, even the consuls) within their sphere of command (his being "ultimate on the seas, and within 50 miles inland"). Imperium maius later became a hallmark of the Roman emperor.

Another technical use of the term in Roman law was for the power to extend the law beyond its mere interpretation, extending imperium from formal legislators under the ever-republican constitution: popular assemblies, senate, magistrates, emperor and their delegates to the jurisprudence of jurisconsults.

Later Roman Empire
While the Byzantine Eastern Roman Emperors retained full Roman imperium and made the episcopate subservient, in the feudal West a long rivalry would oppose the claims to supremacy within post-Roman Christianity between sacerdotium in the person of the Pope and the secular imperium of the Holy Roman Emperor, beginning with Charlemagne, whose title was claimed to have "restored" the office of Western Roman Emperor among the new kingdoms of Western Europe. Both would refer to the heritage of Roman law by their titular link with the very city of Rome: the Pope, Bishop of Rome, versus the Holy Roman Emperor (even though his seat of power was north of the Alps).

The Donatio Constantini, by which the Papacy had allegedly been granted the territorial Patrimonium Petri in Central Italy, became a weapon against the Emperor. The first pope who used it in an official act and relied upon it, Leo IX, cites the "Donatio" in a letter of 1054 to Michael Cærularius, Patriarch of Constantinople, to show that the Holy See possessed both an earthly and a heavenly imperium, the royal priesthood. Thenceforth, the "Donatio" acquires more importance and is more frequently used as evidence in the ecclesiastical and political conflicts between the papacy and the secular power: Anselm of Lucca and Cardinal Deusdedit inserted it in their collections of canons; Gratian excluded it from his Decretum, but it was soon added to it as Palea; the ecclesiastical writers in defence of the papacy during the conflicts of the early part of the 12th century quoted it as authoritative.

In one bitter episode, Pope Gregory IX, who had several times mediated between the Lombards and the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, reasserted his right to arbitrate between the contending parties. In the numerous manifestos of the Pope and the Emperor the antagonism between Church and State became more evident: the Pope claimed for himself the imperium animarum ("command of the souls", i.e. voicing God's will to the faithful) and the principatus rerum et corporum in universo mundo ("primacy over all things and bodies in the whole world"), while the Emperor wished to restore the imperium mundi, imperium (as under Roman Law) over the (now Christian) world. Rome was again to be the capital of the world and Frederick was to become the real emperor of the Romans, so he energetically protested against the authority of the Pope. The emperor's successes, especially his victory over the Lombards at the battle of Cortenuova (1237), only aggravated tensions between Church and State. The pope again excommunicated the "self-confessed heretic", the "blasphemous beast of the Apocalypse" (20 March 1239) who now attempted to conquer the rest of Italy (i.e., the papal states, et cetera).

title: Imperium


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The Lovin' Spoonful

The Lovin' Spoonful is an American folk-rock band formed in Greenwich Village, New York City, in 1964. The band was among the most popular groups in the United States for a short period in the mid-1960s and their music and image influenced many of the contemporary rock acts of their era. Beginning in July1965 with their debut single "Do You Believe in Magic", the band had seven consecutive singles reach the Top Ten of the U.S. charts in the eighteen months that followed, including the number-two hits "Daydream" and "Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?" and the chart-topping "Summer in the City".

Led by their primary songwriter John Sebastian, the Lovin' Spoonful took their earliest influences from jug band and blues music, reworking them into a popular music format. In 1965, the Lovin' Spoonful helped pioneer the development of the musical genre of folk rock. By 1966, the group was "one of the most highly regarded American bands", and they were the year's third-best-selling singles act in the U.S., after the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. As psychedelia expanded in popularity in 1967, the Lovin' Spoonful struggled to transition their approach and saw diminished sales before disbanding in 1968.

Before they founded the Lovin' Spoonful, Sebastian (guitar, harmonica, autoharp, vocals) and Zal Yanovsky (guitar, vocals) were active in Greenwich Village's folk-music scene. The two recruited the local rock musicians Steve Boone (bass) and Joe Butler (drums, vocals). The Lovin' Spoonful's four-piece lineup honed their sound at local nightclubs before they began recording for Kama Sutra Records with the producer Erik Jacobsen. In May1966, at the height of the band's success, Yanovsky and Boone were arrested for marijuana possession in San Francisco. The pair revealed their drug source to authorities to avoid Yanovsky being deported to his native Canada, an action which soured the band's reputation within the West Coast's burgeoning counterculture and which generated tensions within the group. Due to disagreements over their artistic direction, the band fired Yanovsky in May1967, replacing him with Jerry Yester, and Yanovsky commenced a brief and commercially unsuccessful solo career. The original iteration of the Lovin' Spoonful last publicly performed in June1968, after which time Sebastian departed the group and pursued a briefly successful solo career. The band dissolved later that year.

In 2000, the Lovin' Spoonful was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, an occasion that saw Sebastian, Yanovsky, Boone and Butler perform together for the last time. Yanovsky died of a heart attack two years later. Sebastian has remained active as a solo act, and Boone, Butler and Yester began touring under the name the Lovin' Spoonful in 1991.

Folk music antecedents
The co-founders of the Lovin' Spoonful – John Sebastian and Zal Yanovsky – met on February 9, 1964, at the apartment of Cass Elliot, a mutual friend and fellow musician. Elliot was holding a party that night to watch the English rock band the Beatles make their American television debut on The Ed Sullivan Show. Elliot, Sebastian and Yanovsky were all active in the folk-music scene in Greenwich Village, a neighborhood in New York City, and the three were greatly influenced by the Beatles' performance; Sebastian later reflected, "It affected heavily...  [meaning] my specific generation". Later that night, Elliot encouraged Sebastian and Yanovsky to play guitars, and Sebastian remembered discovering they had "a tremendous affinity" for one another.

Sebastian, the son of the classical harmonica player John Sebastian Sr., grew up in a Village apartment which neighbored Washington Square Park. The younger Sebastian often went to the park to play music, and he also played in rock bands as a teenager at his prep school in New Jersey. He became multi-instrumentalist, being proficient on guitar, harmonica, piano and the autoharp. Beginning in the early 1960s, he worked as a studio musician.

Yanovsky grew up in Downsview, a suburb of Toronto, Canada, and he was enmeshed as a guitar player in the city's folk-music scene, which centered on the Yorkville neighborhood. Denny Doherty, another musician active in Yorkville, invited Yanovsky to join his folk group, the Halifax Three, which later relocated to Greenwich Village. After the Halifax Three broke up in June1964, Elliot recruited Yanovsky and Doherty to join her own group, the Mugwumps. In 1964, Sebastian briefly played with another New York folk group, the Even Dozen Jug Band, before he was also recruited into the Mugwumps to play harmonica.

Sebastian later remembered becoming enamoured with Yanovsky: "[He] amused the hell out of me. He inhaled and exhaled people and conversation and jokes and theater. He was this kind of cultural weathervane – and people gathered around him." During live performances with the Mugwumps, rather than playing folk songs straight through, Yanovsky and Sebastian often improvised off of one another on guitar and harmonica, respectively. After the Mugwumps dissolved in late1964, Sebastian and Yanovsky began planning to form their own group, which they envisioned as an electric jug band. Sebastian recalled: "Yanovsky and I were both aware of the fact that this commercial folk music model was about to change again, that the four-man band that actually played their own instruments and wrote their own songs was the thing." Yanovsky contacted Bob Cavallo, the former manager of the Halifax Three and the Mugwumps, who agreed to manage Sebastian and Yanovsky's group even though they had not yet performed publicly, had no songs and did not yet have a band name.

In 1964, Sebastian lived in an apartment on Prince Street in Little Italy, a Manhattan neighborhood south of Greenwich Village. That year, Erik Jacobsen, the former banjo player of the bluegrass band Knob Lick Upper 10,000, moved into the apartment next door, and the two soon bonded over their shared interests of smoking marijuana and listening to eclectic music. Like Sebastian, Jacobsen had been affected by the new sound of the Beatles; he later recalled that while touring in early1964, he listened to the group for the first time on a jukebox: "I decided, kind of then and there I think, that I was gonna quit the Knob Lick Upper 10,000, and go to New York City, and produced electric folk music." As part of his effort to switch focus towards production, Jacobsen recorded demos for musicians in the Village, including Sebastian's compositions "Warm Baby" and "Rooty-Toot".

Earliest lineup
From 1962 to 1964, Steve Boone played bass guitar in several Long Island rock bands with the drummer Joe Butler, including the Kingsmen, led by Boone's brother, Skip. Boone quit the band in mid-1964 to spend time visiting Europe, while Skip and Butler changed the band's name to the Sellouts and moved to Greenwich Village, holding a residency at Trude Heller's club as one of the neighborhood's earliest rock groups. In December1964, at the insistence of Butler, Boone went to the Village Music Hall, a small music club on West 3rd Street in Greenwich Village. There, Boone met Sebastian and Yanovsky, and though he had no background in folk music, he soon bonded with the two over their shared musical influences of Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, the Everly Brothers, Buddy Holly, Motown, the Beatles and other British Invasion acts. Sebastian played him his composition "Good Time Music" – the lyrics of which derided early 1960s rock and roll while extolling the Beatles and other new music – and the three musicians jammed different Chuck Berry and R&B numbers. Sebastian invited Boone to Jacobsen's apartment afterwards, where Boone met Jacobsen as well as Jerry Yester of the Modern Folk Quartet, a local folk music group. That week, Boone attended Sebastian's performance at a Greenwich Village club. Sebastian's show, made up of a quickly assembled group of Fred Neil, Tim Hardin, Buzzy Linhart and Felix Pappalardi, greatly impressed Boone, who later remembered it as "one of the most significant nights in my musical life." He also recalled: "I was stunned. I had never heard such power in a folk group before." The performance motivated Boone to enter the Greenwich Village folk scene and join Sebastian and Yanovsky's group.

The band was still in need of a drummer, and Boone suggested Jan Buchner, a part-timer with the Kingsmen who came at the recommendation of both Skip and Butler. Buchner, who went by the stagename Jan Carl, was the manager of the Bull's Head Inn, a small inn located in Bridgehampton on Long Island, and which he offered as a rehearsal space during the inn's winter closure. The band rehearsed at the Bull's Head for several weeks in December1964 and January1965, and they also played at local bars in Bridgehampton at night.

In late1964 and early1965, to keep earning money before his new band had earned a contract, Sebastian continued performing as a studio musician on other artists' recordings. In this period, he played harmonica on progressive folk records for several acts, including Fred Neil, Jesse Colin Young and Judy Collins. In January1965, the musician Bob Dylan asked Sebastian to play bass guitar on his newest album, Bringing It All Back Home. The album's first day of sessions, January13, featured only Dylan on an acoustic guitar and, for a few tracks, Sebastian playing bass guitar, but none of the recordings were used on the final album. Dylan returned the next day to re-record much of the material, rearranging the songs attempted the day before so they instead featured an electric backing. Dylan invited Sebastian to return for a separate session held that evening, in which they recorded a remake of the song "Subterranean Homesick Blues". Boone – one of the few people Sebastian knew with a car and driver's license – offered to drive him to the session. Sebastian was not a trained bass player and, after struggling to play the part, he suggested that Boone play instead, but neither musician's contributions ended up on the final album.

First live dates
In early1965, in preparation for their first public performances, Sebastian, Yanovsky, Boone and Carl continued rehearsing at the Bull's Head, while Sebastian and Yanovsky searched for a group name. Fritz Richmond, the washtub bass player for Jim Kweskin and the Jug Band, suggested to Sebastian the name the Lovin' Spoonful, a reference to the lyrics of the song "Coffee Blues" by the country blues musician Mississippi John Hurt, with whom Sebastian had previously worked. Sebastian and Yanovsky were enthusiastic about the suggestion and adopted it as the band's name.

Joe Marra, the owner of Greenwich Village's Night Owl Cafe, knew Sebastian from his time backing other artists at the club, and Marra offered to book the Lovin' Spoonful at the venue. The Night Owl was formerly an after-hours bowling alley at West 3rd and MacDougal Streets, which Marra had recently converted into a 125-person capacity coffeehouse and restaurant for folk music acts. The band made their first live performances in late January 1965 at the Night Owl, holding a two-week residency. One show, which Jacobsen recorded on a tape recorder, featured a mixture of Sebastian's originals ("Good Time Music" and "Didn't Want to Have to Do It"), folk songs ("Wild About My Lovin and "My Gal") and rock and roll ("Route 66", "Alley Oop" and "Almost Grown"). The band received a mixed reception, due in part to their loud playing style in the small venue. Marra was unimpressed and returned to booking folk acts. Cavallo and Jacobsen recommended rehearsals and that the band replace Carl as drummer. Carl, who was six years older than his bandmates, clashed with them in terms of appearance and playing style, and he was subsequently fired by the band's management.

Having fired Carl, the Lovin' Spoonful could no longer play at the Bull's Head and were in need of a new rehearsal space. The band had little money and had been living with Elliot in her Village apartment at the Hotel Albert. The Albert was frequented by many local folk musicians, and the building's proprietors allowed musicians staying there to rehearse in its basement, a decaying space with standing pools of water, chipping walls and a bug infestation. While at the Albert, the band befriended one of the building's permanent residents, Butchie Webber, who often fed them meals. Though the two were not romantic, Webber married Sebastian, so as to prevent him from being drafted into fighting in the Vietnam War. Butler, who still played drums for the Sellouts, auditioned for the Lovin' Spoonful in the Albert's basement. He impressed the others when he broke a drumstick but continued performing by hitting the cymbal with his hand, cutting it in the process. The band were inspired by Butler's energy and hired him as their drummer.

While waiting to be signed to a record label, the Lovin' Spoonful played at night clubs on MacDougal Street in Greenwich Village, including Cafe Wha? and Café Bizarre. The band held a brief residency at Café Bizarre, playing several sets a night for six days a week, leading Sebastian to later reflect, "We learned more at that crappy little club than almost any other gig." Marra had been especially critical of the band's earlier performances at the Night Owl, but he was impressed by the band's newly professional approach, and in May of 1965, he offered for the band to return to performing at the Night Owl. The Lovin' Spoonful shared their bill at the club with two other electric groups whom Marra booked, Danny Kalb's band the Blues Project and the Modern Folk Quartet, the latter of which Sebastian sometimes filled in for on drums. The Night Owl's triple-bill was immediately successful, and other established acts sometimes came to watch, including members of the American band the Byrds and Mary Travers of the folk-trio Peter, Paul and Mary. Around the time he began booking electric acts, Marra moved the venue's stage towards the front street-facing window to draw in passers-by, and he printed a large color photo of the Lovin' Spoonful and placed it in the club's window, which helped elevate the band's local popularity.

Folk rock
On June7 and 8, 1965, the Lovin' Spoonful performed at Club 47, a folk music club in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Boone remembered feeling hesitant to perform at a club known strictly for folk music, but Sebastian recalled that he and Yanovsky were immediately enthusiastic at the prospect of challenging folk enthusiasts: "Did we want to in that room!... We were going to be face to face with the folkies at last." The band played at the venue at the suggestion of Fritz Richmond, who encouraged the group by pointing to Bob Dylan's recent transition to electrified rock, first heard three months earlier with the release of "Subterranean Homesick Blues", and the newfound popularity of the Byrds, whose folk rock cover of Dylan's song "Mr. Tambourine Man" reached number one in North America that month. The term "folk rock" had been coined in the June12 issue of the American music magazine Billboard by the journalist Eliot Siegel, who used the term principally to describe the music of the Byrds. Siegel also counted "the Living Spoonfull" [sic] as an act working in the New York area with "a folk-rock sound", even though the group had not yet released a record.

The Lovin' Spoonful performed two sets at Club 47 and initially received a mixed reception; many folk fans walked out of the first set due to the band's loud sound. Sebastian recalled a moment from the first set: "[A woman] carefully [got my] and Zally's attention, points out toward the amplifier, and puts her fingers in her ears. And Zally gave her his broadest and most affectionate smile, and turned his amplifier up as loud as he could. That was a real transition." During the second set, the band received a warm response from the remaining crowd. In retrospect, the author Richie Unterberger describes the Lovin' Spoonful's appearance as a "watershed" moment in the history of folk rock. The rock journalist Paul Williams attended the shows, and his review of the performances for the magazine Folkin' Around marked his earliest work as a music writer. Williams later reflected, "For a band like that to come to Club 47 was revolutionary, in terms of Cambridge['s] holier-than-thou purist attitude about folk music."

"Do You Believe in Magic", Kama Sutra
Early in the Lovin' Spoonful's May residency at the Night Owl, Sebastian wrote a new song, "Do You Believe in Magic", which explored the transformative power of music. His initial inspiration came during one of the band's performances, in which he and Yanovsky noticed a sixteen-year-old girl dancing among the audience. The girl stood in contrast to the older beatnik crowd who typically attended folk performances, and Sebastian recalled that "[she was] dancing like danced – and not like the last generation danced". He also remembered: "Zal and I just elbowed each other the entire night, because to us, that young girl symbolized the fact that our audience was changing, that maybe they had finally found us." Sebastian composed the song the following night, and the band worked together at the Albert to finish its arrangement.

The Lovin' Spoonful was enthusiastic about "Do You Believe in Magic" and hoped to record a demo of the song to flog to record companies. In June1965, Jacobsen fronted a session with his own money at Bell Sound Studios in New York, where the band recorded "Do You Believe in Magic" and several other songs. Jacobsen invited Yester to participate in the session, adding both piano and backing vocals, and the session musician Gary Chester played tambourine. Jacobsen and Cavallo brought an acetate disc of the demo to numerous record labels, all of which turned down an opportunity to sign the band. After attending one of the Lovin' Spoonful's performances at the Night Owl, Phil Spector, a well-known producer, listened to an acetate of "Do You Believe in Magic" and considered signing the band to his label, Philles Records. Recollections differ as to who turned whom down, but subsequent authors suggest that in writing their own music and possessing a defined sound, the Lovin' Spoonful differed greatly from the acts with which Spector normally worked.

Elektra Records approached the Lovin' Spoonful and offered to sign them. Elektra regularly produced acts from Greenwich Village, including the Even Dozen Jug Band and the Paul Butterfield Blues Band. The label's offer would have allowed the Lovin' Spoonful to retain Jacobsen as their producer and Cavallo as their manager, but the band worried that Elektra had not been successful at issuing singles in the pop market, and that they would not be clearly identified as a rock act if they signed at a folk-oriented label. Cavallo approached Paul Rothchild and Jac Holzman of Elektra and said the band needed an advance of $10,000 before they could sign. Holzman initially refused due to the large figure, but he soon changed his mind and offered the band a deal, by which point they had signed elsewhere. The band instead signed a side-deal with Elektra, which had them record four songs, including Sebastian's song "Good Time Music". Jacobsen later said that the band offered the songs to Elektra out of guilt, since "We had kind of hung [Holzman] out to dry just a little bit... [so we] allowed him to have those sides. The label later included the four songs on the compilation album What's Shakin', released the following year.

The Lovin' Spoonful signed with Koppelman-Rubin, an entertainment company, who signed the band to Kama Sutra Records in June1965. As part of the deal, MGM Records distributed the records, which Kama Sutra released for Koppelman-Rubin. The arrangement's format of multiple middlemen left little in profits for the band. Sebastian later said that not signing with Elektra was "the worst decision I ever made in my life".

Kama Sutra saw no need to re-record Jacobsen's original demo of the Lovin' Spoonful performing "Do You Believe in Magic", and the label pressed copies to be the band's debut single. The label issued it in the U.S. on July 20, 1965, and it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 a month later, remaining on the chart for thirteen weeks and peaking in October at number nine.

Touring, debut album

The release of "Do You Believe in Magic" in July1965 propelled the Lovin' Spoonful to nationwide fame in the U.S. within weeks. The band made their American television debut on the channel 10 show of the Miami disc jockey Rick Shaw, and they also taped appearances for the TV programs American Bandstand, The Merv Griffin Show and The Lloyd Thaxton Show. In conjunction with the release of the single, the band's management made plans for their first series of serious live dates outside of New York City. Beginning in August, the band toured the West Coast of the United States. In San Francisco, the band held a four-week residency at Mother's Nightclub, and on August7, they performed in-front of 35,000 at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, as one of several support acts for the English pop group Herman's Hermits, alongside the Turtles and the Bobby Fuller Four. In Los Angeles, the Spoonful played at several clubs on Sunset Strip, including Ciro's, the Whisky a Go Go and The Crescendo (later renamed The Trip).

The Lovin' Spoonful returned to the West Coast in October1965. They appeared for a week at San Francisco's hungry i nightclub, one of the most prominent clubs in America's folk-music scene, and on October24, they headlined a dance party at the Longshoreman's Union Hall in the city's Fisherman's Wharf neighborhood. Organized by the concert-production collective Family Dog Productions, the event combined rock music with light shows and psychedelic drugs, and it marked one of the earliest events in the emerging San Francisco scene; Jacobsen reflected, "That whole idea of going and listening to music and getting high started there". In attendance at the Longshoreman's show were members of the Grateful Dead, an acoustic-folk group, who were inspired by the Lovin' Spoonful's performance to similarly "go electric" in their style.

Amid their touring schedule, the Lovin' Spoonful recorded tracks for their debut album, Do You Believe in Magic. The band recorded thirteen songs across several sessions between June and September1965, mostly at Bell Sound in New York, and they also recorded at RCA Studios in Hollywood, Los Angeles. The band's focus was on recording as quickly as possible, and a majority of the songs were jug band and blues covers taken from their typical live set list. The album's five original compositions were all credited to Sebastian, including "Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?", which he based on a experience as a child at summer camp when he fell in love with twin sisters. Pointing to the success of the Beatles and the Byrds, the Lovin' Spoonful's label encouraged the band to trade lead vocal responsibilities; on Do You Believe in Magic, Sebastian sings lead on most songs, but Butler also sings twice ("You Baby" and "The Other Side of This Life") as does Yanovsky ("Blues in the Bottle", "On the Road Again" and the unreleased "Alley Oop"). The album first went on sale on October23, 1965, when the band held an autograph session in Pleasant Hill, California, and Kama Sutra issued the album nationwide in November. It debuted on the Billboard Top LPs chart on December 4, and it initially ran on the chart for 19 weeks, peaking in February1966 at number 71.

By late1965, the Lovin' Spoonful had made appearances on the most popular American television variety shows, including Where the Action Is, Shindig! and Hullabaloo. Executives from NBC approached Cavallo to offer the band the opportunity to star in their own television series, The Monkees. The group met with the executives Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider in Manhattan, where they explained their idea for a comedy sitcom about a band seeking to make it big, styled similarly to the Beatles' 1964 film, A Hard Day's Night. Though excited at the prospect of being propelled quickly to a national audience, the band were unenthusiastic at the idea of having to change their name to The Monkees and were worried that their ability to create and play their own music would be limited by the venture. They declined the offer. Rafelson later said that the Lovin' Spoonful was the only existing group considered for the show before they began auditioning individual actors and musicians in September1965.

Daydream
In November1965, the Lovin' Spoonful embarked on a 19-day package-tour with the American girl group the Supremes. The acts performed at colleges across the southern U.S., beginning in Lafayette, Louisiana, on November10. Both acts traveled by bus and partied together, along with members of the Supremes' backing band, the Funk Brothers, billed as the Earl Van Dyke Orchestra. The Lovin' Spoonful generally enjoyed the tour but found it physically exhausting. Sebastian additionally missed his girlfriend, Loretta "Lorey" Kaye. Near the tour's end, in an effort to raise his own spirits, he composed "Daydream" while riding on the bus through North Carolina, drawing inspiration from the Supremes' 1964 singles "Baby Love" and "Where Did Our Love Go". A stop in Savannah, Georgia inspired the beginnings of "Jug Band Music", which Boone later said "recalled pleasant visions of the tour" for him and his bandmates.

At the conclusion of their tour with the Supremes, the Lovin' Spoonful departed directly for Los Angeles, having been invited by Phil Spector to appear in the concert film The Big T.N.T. Show. After filming on 29–30November, the band remained in Los Angeles to do several weeks of a residency at the Trip, a short-lived nightclub on Sunset Boulevard. During their stay, the band befriended a local fashion designer, Jeannie Franklyn, who subsequently designed custom-clothing for Yanovsky. They also struck up a friendship with David Crosby, the rhythm guitarist of the Byrds. Crosby had spoken favorably of the Lovin' Spoonful in interviews as early as August, often promising reporters that they would be the next big group. Both he and his bandmate Jim McGuinn had been familiar with Sebastian and Yanovsky since their earlier years playing folk with Cass Elliot, and the Lovin' Spoonful, the Byrds and the Mamas & the Papas remained on close terms in the mid-1960s.

Amid their busy TV and live-date schedule, the Lovin' Spoonful recorded most of their second album Daydream in four days, from December13 to 16, at Bell Sound Studios in New York City. Some songs for the album were recorded in November, including "You Didn't Have to Be So Nice", and additional sessions took place at Columbia Studios in New York City and RCA Studios in Hollywood, California. Boone began "You Didn't Have to Be So Nice" as a verse and a basic melodic figure, and Sebastian collaborated with him to complete the song. Kama Sutra issued the song as a non-album single on November13, and it peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 in January1966. The sessions for Daydream came ten weeks after the band finished their first album, and the band had had little time to rehearse new material. Owing to the constraints, they recorded some Sebastian compositions which Jacobsen had rejected for inclusion on their debut album, including "Didn't Want to Have to Do It" and "Warm Baby". While Do You Believe in Magic contained just five original compositions, eleven out of twelve tracks on Daydream were original. Kama Sutra released the album in March1966 and it reached number ten on the Billboard Top LPs chart, making it the band's best performing studio album.

Of the songs recorded for Daydream, Sebastian and Yanovsky hoped that their joint composition "It's Not Time Now" would be issued as a single, but Kama Sutra denied the request out of fear that it was a protest song. The label instead issued "Daydream" in February1966. The song's release fueled speculation from the press and public about a link between the band and drug use, as the press had often incorrectly speculated that the Lovin' Spoonful alluded to the spoon used in injecting heroin. The increased speculation was partly driven by the lyrics' use of the term "dream", which by 1966 was sometimes used to connote the experience of taking psychedelic drugs. Additionally, a trade ad in Billboard accompanying the single's release made several drug allusions, drawing the ire of the band, who had regularly sought to distance themselves from drug associations.

"Daydream" remained on the Hot 100 for twelve weeks, peaking at number two for two weeks in mid-April. The single was kept from the top spot on Billboard chart by the Righteous Brothers' song "(You're My) Soul and Inspiration", but it reached number one on Cash Box magazine's chart and also reached the top spot in Canada. The song's success expanded the Lovin' Spoonful's popularity such that they were often able to headline their concerts rather than perform as a support act. When the band toured the American South with the Beach Boys from April1 to 9, 1966, the two groups alternated top billing.

What's Up, Tiger Lily? soundtrack; European tour
Though the Lovin' Spoonful had achieved quick success in North America, they remained generally unknown in the U.K. None of their singles had charted in the country. To expand the band's popularity to an international audience, their management organized several live- and TV-dates in England and Sweden for April1966. Only days before the Lovin' Spoonful was set to depart to Europe, they were approached to provide a soundtrack for What's Up, Tiger Lily?, the directorial debut of the comedian Woody Allen, who knew the band from his work at clubs in Greenwich Village. The band recorded the soundtrack in two days, April 11 and 12, at National Recording Studios in New York City, and they made a brief appearance in the film. The film was a commercial disappointment and received mixed reviews. Issued in August1966, the soundtrack album reached number 126 on the Billboard LPs chart. Jacobsen later criticized the project as a "goofball album" which distracted the band and stalled their progress.

On April12, the Lovin' Spoonful arrived at Heathrow Airport to begin their ten-day tour of England and Sweden. Problems which arose during negotiations with the British Musicians' Union forced the band to limit the number of appearances they made in Britain. In the tour's first week, the band played concerts in Birmingham and Manchester, appeared on the television programs Top of the Pops, Ready Steady Go! and Thank Your Lucky Stars, played on BBC Radio and attended a party at the London home of the Irish socialite Tara Browne. The band's time in England allowed them to interact with many of Britain's top musicians. On April18, they performed an invite-only show at the Marquee Club on Wardour Street, Soho, central London. Several of Britain's top performers were in attendance, including John Lennon, George Harrison, Ray Davies, Brian Jones, Steve Winwood, Spencer Davis and Eric Clapton. The band were warmly received, and Lennon and Harrison joined them afterwards into the morning at The May Fair Hotel in Piccadilly. The next night, following their performance at the Blaises Club in Kensington, the band befriended Jones as well.

After flying to Stockholm to perform on Swedish television, the Lovin' Spoonful proceeded to Ireland to attend the 21st-birthday celebration of Browne on April23. Browne, who then regarded the Lovin' Spoonful as his favorite band, delayed his party by seven weeks in order to coincide with the band's touring and recording schedule. Browne flew the band to Ireland at his own expense to perform a private show, paying them US$10,000 for the performance. Held at the Luggala Estate, a Gothic Revival house in the Wicklow Mountains, the party was attended by many prominent Swinging London figures, including members of the Rolling Stones, Peter Bardens, Anita Pallenberg, Chrissie Shrimpton, John Paul Getty Jr., Rupert Lycett Green and Mike McCartney. Butler recalled that the band's performance was likely substandard, since they were all drunk and high on marijuana. Several guests also partook in the drug LSD, including Butler, and the Lovin' Spoonful stayed overnight.

The Lovin' Spoonful returned to the U.S. in the last of week of April. The band's morale was high following the tour, particularly after they had been treated as equals by contemporary performers whom they held in high regard. "Daydream" became a major international hit. By mid-May, it had reached number two on all of the major British singles charts and number one on the Swedish Kvällstoppen chart.

Marijuana bust
On May20, 1966, Boone and Yanovsky were arrested in San Francisco for possessing marijuana, then an illegal drug. Police discovered the marijuana after pulling the pair over and searching their vehicle. Boone and Yanovsky spent the night in jail before being bailed out the following morning by the Lovin' Spoonful's road manager, Rich Chiaro. Cavallo and Charley Koppelman flew out to meet the band to begin managing the situation, and they hired Melvin Belli to be their attorney. Sebastian and Butler were not immediately informed of the nature of the bust, and the band's May 21 performance at the University of California, Berkeley's Greek Theatre went forward as normal.

At a meeting with San Francisco police and the District Attorney, Yanovsky was threatened with deportation back to his native Canada. Belli expressed that Yanovsky and Boone were unlikely to win on the merits of their case and that their only way to avoid charges was to cooperate with authorities. The two initially balked at the idea, but they relented to avoid Yanovsky being deported, something they expected would lead to a breakup of the band. Yanovsky and Boone cooperated with authorities to name their drug source, directing an undercover operative to their source at local party. In exchange, all charges were dropped, their arrest records were expunged, the two did not need to appear in court and there was no publicity related to their arrest. Their drug source was in turn arrested and served a brief jail sentence.

After the drug case went to court in December1966, knowledge of Yanovsky and Boone's bust became more widespread. The underground press was especially critical of the band. By early1967, the Lovin' Spoonful's shows on the West Coast were sometimes picketed by members of the '60s counterculture. Protesters carried signs which accused the band of being "finks" and traitors to the movement, and they encouraged fans to boycott the band and burn their records. The public revelations of the drug bust added to tensions between Sebastian and Butler on the one hand, and Yanovsky and Boone on the other. Boone later suggested that the boycott hurt the band's commercial performance, but the author Richie Unterberger suggests that the effects have likely been overestimated by other authors, since "most of the people who bought Spoonful records were average teenage Americans, not hippies". In an article recounting the June1967 Monterey International Pop Festival, the author Michael Lydon suggested that the Lovin' Spoonful was unable to appear at the festival due to complications related to the drug bust.

"Summer in the City", Hums of the Lovin' Spoonful
After having recorded two albums in the second-half of 1965, the Lovin' Spoonful was stretched for new material in March1966 when they began sessions for a new single. While searching for inspiration, Sebastian recalled a song composed and informally recorded by his fourteen-year-old brother, Mark. Sebastian reworked the lyrics and melody of his younger brother's composition into "Summer in the City", and he also incorporated contributions from Boone and the session musician Artie Schroeck. Kama Sutra did not issue "Summer in the City" immediately but instead repurposed "Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?" for release as a single. Issued in April, "Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?" reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in June, making it the band's fourth top ten single in America and their second top two record in a row. That same month, Do You Believe in Magic re-entered the Top LPs chart, peaking in August at number 32 after spending 16 more weeks on the chart.

"Summer in the City" was released as a single on July 4, 1966. On August 13, it overtook the Troggs' "Wild Thing" to become the Lovin' Spoonful's first and only number one single in the U.S. It held the position for three weeks, becoming what the author Jon Savage terms the "American song of the summer". The song also topped Cash Box and Record World charts, and it was number one in Canada. The musicologist Ian MacDonald characterizes the song as a "cutting-edge pop [record]" and one of many "futuristic singles" to appear in 1966, representative of a time period when recorded songs began to employ sounds and effects difficult or impossible to recreate during a live performance; when the Lovin' Spoonful played the song in concert, Sebastian was unable to both sing and play the piano part simultaneously, and Butler instead performed lead vocal duties. After "Daydream" reached number two in the U.K., expectations were similarly high for "Summer in the City", but it failed to enter the top five of the British charts; it instead peaked at number eight on the Record Retailer chart. Coincident with the single's release, the band announced plans for a second tour of Britain and continental Europe, to be held over two weeks in September and October with the English singer Dusty Springfield. Only weeks before it began, the band withdrew from the tour.

In July1966, the Lovin' Spoonful played to a crowd of 65,000 at that year's Newport Folk Festival in Rhode Island. Bob Dylan had generated controversy at the previous year's festival when he performed a set of electric rock, but at the 1966 festival, the Lovin' Spoonful and several other electric bands appeared, including Howlin' Wolf, Chuck Berry and the Blues Project. The Lovin' Spoonful was well received and received no pushback over their appearance. In an article recounting the festival for The New York Times, the critic Robert Shelton suggested that the band's warm reception "reflected the growing acceptance of folk-rock and other amalgamations of contemporary folk songs with electric instruments".

Sessions for the Lovin' Spoonful's third studio album, later released as Hums of the Lovin' Spoonful, were originally booked for Columbia Records' 7th Avenue studio in New York from August 16 to September 23, 1966. Recording was delayed after Columbia booked its own artists at the studio. When time allowed them a break from touring, the Lovin' Spoonful recorded the album across several sessions in New York City at Bell Sound and the 7th Avenue studio, with work also done in Los Angeles. For the first time on one of the band's albums, it consisted of only original material. Henry Diltz, a member of the Modern Folk Quartet, contributed clarinet to "Bes' Friends" and took the pictures which adorned the LP's sleeve. The album was released in November1966, and it reached number 14 on the Billboard LPs chart. Preorders for the album were diminished after a disappointing reaction accompanied the August release of the What's Up, Tiger Lily? soundtrack album.

In addition to the already released "Summer in the City", the sessions for Hums of the Lovin' Spoonful produced the song "Rain on the Roof". The possibility of releasing the song as a single generated disagreement among the members of the Lovin' Spoonful. "Summer in the City" featured a harder sound than their previous output, and it had attracted new fans to the group after it reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in August. Both Boone and Butler worried that returning to a softer sound with "Rain on the Roof" would potentially alienate the band's new fans, but Sebastian countered that the band ought to avoid releasing consecutive singles which sounded too similar, also contending that "Rain on the Roof" would add another dimension to their sound. Issued as a single in October, "Rain on the Roof" remained on the Hot 100 for ten weeks and peaked at number ten, making it the Lovin' Spoonful's sixth consecutive single to reach the top ten. The song also continued the band's success in Europe, charting in several European countries.

Another song from Hums of the Lovin' Spoonful, the country-tinged "Nashville Cats", was issued as a single in December. It reached number eight on the Hot 100, but despite the band's hopes, it failed to crossover into the country market. The single's B-side, "Full Measure", a Boone-Sebastian collaboration, received strong airplay in California and the Southwestern United States, helping it reach number 87 on the Hot 100 chart. In KRLA Beat, the local publication of the Southern Californian radio station KRLA, "Full Measure" reached as high as number seven on the station's chart.

In 1966, the Lovin' Spoonful had five Top Ten singles, making it the band's most successful year to date. The end-of-year issue for Billboard magazine ranked the Lovin' Spoonful as the third best performing singles artist of the year, after the Beatles and the Rolling Stones. In the magazine's list of the top records of the year, it placed "Summer in the City", "Daydream" and "Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind" at numbers 35, 38 and 48, respectively.

You're a Big Boy Now soundtrack; Yanovsky and Jacobsen fired
In mid-October1966, the Lovin' Spoonful recorded a soundtrack album for the 1966 film You're a Big Boy Now. The film served as the master's thesis of the director Francis Ford Coppola, who was then attending UCLA Film School. After meeting with Coppola in September to discuss the project, Sebastian wrote the songs on his own before presenting them to the musician Artie Schroeck, who arranged the compositions for an orchestra. Butler struggled with the drum part and session musician Bill LaVorgna played in his place. David "Fathead" Newman played saxophone during the sessions and Clark Terry played flügelhorn.

During the editing of You're a Big Boy Now, Coppola used the Mamas & the Papas' 1966 single "Monday, Monday" as temp music for one sequence in the film, for which Sebastian wrote "Darling Be Home Soon". Sebastian's composition flips a genre convention by describing a male subject waiting for a female to return home. The Lovin' Spoonful recorded the song in one night, but Sebastian's original vocal track was subsequently wiped. Sebastian later attributed the loss to an accident on the part of an engineer, saying that what is heard on the final recording "is me, a half hour after learning that my original vocal track had been erased". He added: "You can even hear my voice quiver a little at the end. That was me thinking about the vocal we lost and wanting to kill someone." Boone instead suggests that Jacobsen deliberately erased Sebastian's vocal after finding it substandard, Boone recalling that the event marked the angriest he had ever seen Sebastian. Jacobsen was soon fired from working with the band, and Boone suggests that the vocal-erasure "probably played a major role" in Jacobsen's departure.

The lack of collaboration on You're a Big Boy Now led to consternation from Sebastian's bandmates, especially Yanovsky, whose playing style often relied on improvisation. Yanovsky especially disliked the soundtrack album's lead single, "Darling Be Home Soon", which was issued in early1967. When the Lovin' Spoonful appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show in January to promote the release, Yanovsky mugged for the camera, miming the lyrics and bouncing up-and-down with a rubber-toad figurine attached to his guitar. The appearance led to laughter from the audience and anger from Sebastian. "Darling Be Home Soon" peaked at number fifteen, a major disappointment compared to the band's earlier releases and their first single which failed to reach the Top Ten. Also disappointing was the release of the You're a Big Boy Now soundtrack, which peaked at number 160 on the Billboard Top LPs chart in May1967. The album's sales were hampered by the release in March of the band's first greatest hits compilation, The Best of The Lovin' Spoonful, which reached number three and became the band's best selling album.

From late1966 into early1967, Sebastian's bandmates felt he was exerting excessive control over the band's direction. Boone recalled that the relationship between Sebastian and Yanovsky became especially stilted, since Yanovsky often rebelled rather than articulate his concerns directly. Further agitating the situation, when Koppelman and Rubin renegotiated the band's distribution deal between Kama Sutra and MGM in late1966, though the band received an increase in pay, the label added a "key-man clause" which specified that the band would only exist if Sebastian was a member.

In May1967, Sebastian convened a meeting with Butler and Boone to discuss the band's future. Sebastian expressed frustration with Yanovsky's increasingly erratic public behavior and his derogatory treatment of his bandmates. Sebastian concluded that either Yanovsky should be fired, or else he was prepared to leave the band. Butler, who had never gotten along with Yanovsky and was increasingly the target of Yanovsky's insults, agreed with Sebastian. In a subsequent group meeting at Sebastian's apartment, the band informed Yanovsky that he had been fired, but he agreed to continue performing the rest of their scheduled dates. He last performed with the Lovin' Spoonful on June 24, 1967, at the Forest Hills Music Festival in Queens, New York.

Yester hired, Everything Playing

The Lovin' Spoonful hired Jerry Yester to replace Yanovsky on lead guitar duties. Following the May1967 meeting in which Yanovsky was fired, Sebastian suggested hiring Yester, and no other replacement was considered. Yester had been close to the band and Jacobsen for years, having contributed to the recording of "Do You Believe in Magic". Since mid-1966, when Yester's band the Modern Folk Quartet disbanded, he had been working as a session musician and producer in Los Angeles. In early June1967, he rehearsed with the Lovin' Spoonful at Sebastian's home in East Quogue, New York, and he debuted with the band on June30 at the Memorial Coliseum in Portland, Oregon.

The Lovin' Spoonful reconvened in August1967 to begin sessions for their next album, Everything Playing. In need of a producer after Jacobsen's firing, the band initially hoped to work with Roy Halee, who had worked as engineer on the band's earlier recordings, but his continued employment with Columbia Records prevented the collaboration. Koppelman-Rubin instead suggested Joe Wissert, a Philadelphia-based producer who had recently worked with the Turtles on their 1967 singles, "Happy Together" and "She'd Rather Be with Me". On Wissert's recommendation, the band moved from Columbia's recording studios to Mira Sound Studios, a new facility in New York City which made use of an AMPEX MM-1000, the industry's first 16-track recorder. The band struggled to manage the more complicated recording equipment, a situation worsened when Wissert stopped attending sessions, forcing Yester to produce in his place.

Like other folk-rock acts, the Lovin' Spoonful struggled to modify their musical approach as the new genre of psychedelia expanded in popularity in 1967. The sessions for Everything Today yielded three singles, all three of which continued the band's downward commercial performance when they failed to place in the Top Ten. "Six O'Clock", which had been recorded at Columbia before Jacobsen and Yanovsky were fired, was released in April1967 and peaked at number 18. On the album's next single, "She Is Still a Mystery", Yester arranged an orchestral accompaniment, which included strings and woodwinds played by members of the New York Philharmonic and horns from Ray Charles' touring band. Following the single's release in October, it reached number 27. Everything Playing was issued in December1967, but received negative reviews from critics and peaked at number 118 in the U.S. after spending seven weeks on the album chart. The album track "Younger Generation" was originally intended for release as a single – a trade ad in Billboard promised it would be "the most talked-about track of 1968" – but its release never followed. Instead, "Money" was issued as a single in January1968, and it peaked at number 48.

Sebastian departs, Revelation: Revolution '69
After the major commercial disappointments of Everything Playing and "Money" in early1968, Sebastian announced to his bandmates that, following the Lovin' Spoonful's next three months of scheduled tour dates, he planned to leave the group. He last publicly performed with the band on June 20, 1968, in Richmond, Virginia, and his departure was made public in September. By December, the British music magazine Disc and Music Echo reported that the Lovin' Spoonful had split up. Sebastian later summed up the band's career as "two glorious years and a tedious one".

Following Sebastian's departure, the remaining members of the band had little contact with one another. Butler received permission from the label to record and produce an album under the Lovin' Spoonful's name. Released in late1968, Revelation: Revolution '69 featured neither Boone nor Yester, but is credited to "The Lovin' Spoonful featuring Joe Butler". The album did not chart, and it is generally omitted from lists of the Lovin' Spoonful's discography. The album's first single, the John Stewart-penned "Never Going Back", was recorded in Los Angeles at Sunset Sound Recorders before Sebastian departed the group, but he did not play on the recording. It was issued in July1968 and reached number 73.

1968–present: After the breakup, reunions
Following the dissolution of the Lovin' Spoonful, Sebastian was the only former member whose music career initially appeared promising. Splitting time between New York City and Los Angeles, his first major project after leaving the band was composing the lyrics and music for the Broadway show Jimmy Shine, which ran from December1968 to April1969. In late1968, he signed with Warner Records and he recorded a solo album, John B. Sebastian, which reached number 20 on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart. Guest appearances on the album were made by future members of Crosby, Stills & Nash, a folk-rock supergroup. Sebastian was offered a position in the band, but he declined, expressing his desire in a contemporary interview to focus on his solo career rather than joining a new group. In the decade after he left the Lovin' Spoonful, Sebastian was active in the concert and festival circuit, and he typically played around 100 shows a year. He made an impromptu appearance at the Woodstock festival in August1969, in which he played the Lovin' Spoonful songs "Darling Be Home Soon" and "Younger Generation". Despite his initial successes, Sebastian struggled as songwriter in most the 1970s. His 1974 album Tarzana Kid did not chart, but it was produced by Erik Jacobsen, marking the first time the two collaborated since their falling out years earlier. After his first five singles were commercial failures, Sebastian's label planned to drop him; he achieved a number one hit in 1976 with "Welcome Back", the theme song for the TV show Welcome Back, Kotter, but he was unable to translate it into continued success.

After leaving the Lovin' Spoonful, Yanovsky signed as a solo act with Buddha Records, and he continued to be managed by Cavallo. In September1967, Buddha issued his debut single, "As Long As You're Here", which reached number 101 on Billboard Bubbling Under the Hot 100 chart the following month. In late1967, he began recording his first solo album, Alive and Well in Argentina, which was released in April1968. The album received little critical or commercial attention, but it spawned a partnership between Yanovsky and his replacement in the Lovin' Spoonful, Jerry Yester, who produced the album. The two formed "Hair Shirt Productions", which produced recordings in Los Angeles for Pat Boone, Tim Buckley and the Fifth Avenue Band. Yanovsky played in Kris Kristofferson's band on a 1970 European tour, including a performance at that year's Isle of Wight Festival. Sebastian was performing at the festival as a solo act, and Yanovsky joined him on stage during the former's set for a performance of the Lovin' Spoonful's song "Darling Be Home Soon". Yanovsky subsequently exited the music business and moved back to Canada, opening the restaurant Chez Piggy in 1979 with his wife in Kingston, Ontario.

In 1969, Boone attempted to record a solo album, but the project dissolved. That same year, he produced an album for the Virginia-based folk group the Oxpetals, after which he left the music business. Butler pivoted to Broadway acting, and he performed in the rock musical Hair. He also worked as a sound editor in Hollywood, but by later in the 1970s he was no longer active in music and instead drove a taxi cab.

Sebastian resisted subsequent efforts to reform the Lovin' Spoonful, and the original members of the band only reunited twice. In late1979, at the invitation of the musician Paul Simon, the band appeared in his 1980 film One-Trick Pony in a concert sequence which featured several 1960s acts. The band did not see each other again until March2000, when the four original members were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland. Yanovsky died of a heart attack two years later. Butler, Boone and Yester began touring under the name the Lovin' Spoonful in 1991, a venture opposed by both Sebastian and Yanovsky. Augmented by a group of touring musicians, the group released a live album, Live at the Hotel Seville, in 1999. Sebastian has since reunited with Boone and Butler once, joining them onstage in 2020 during a benefit concert.

Musical style and development
Led by their primary songwriter John Sebastian, the Lovin' Spoonful took their earliest influences from blues and jug band music. The band's music blended influences from folk, blues, country and rock music, updating traditional American music into a modern popular music format. Sebastian later said that the music of Jim Kweskin and the Jug Band was particularly influential on the band, and that the Lovin' Spoonful "redid several of their tunes with only a minimal electric difference". Sebastian's songwriting drew from American pop, rock and folk, and he named Motown music and the Holland–Dozier–Holland songwriting team as among his biggest influences. He also named his friend and fellow folk musician Fred Neil as influential on him, particularly Neil's "effortless" style, in which a lyric "sound[s] like it just fell out of your mouth, like you hadn't really labored over it". The Lovin' Spoonful's debut album featured covers of Jim Kweskin and the Jug Band, Fred Neil, the folk group the Holy Modal Rounders, the 1920s blues musician Henry Thomas and the girl group the Ronettes.

The Lovin' Spoonful's sound was influential on contemporary musical acts, including bands like the Beatles, the Beach Boys, the Kinks, Buffalo Springfield and the Grateful Dead. The band was among the first acts to be described as folk rock, a term coined in June1965 to describe music which joined elements of rock-and-roll and folk-music. They were among the main instigators of the folk-rock movement in New York City and became the most successful folk-rock band from the U.S. East Coast. In contrast to the protest songs for which folk had been known, the Lovin' Spoonful focused on optimistic, feel-good music. The band often termed their sound "good-time music", a phrase which originally described jug band music. Sebastian hoped it could serve as an alternative to "folk rock" – a term he thought "just didn't say it all" – and he used it in his early composition "Good Time Music", which the author Richie Unterberger writes served as "a sort of manifesto of the group's optimism in its jaunty rhythm and celebration of the return of good time music to the radio".

Despite their origins in folk music, Sebastian and Yanovsky were early fans of rock and roll, such as the guitarists Duane Eddy and Link Wray, and they each played electric before acoustic guitars. Sebastian recalled that when the two first met, he was shocked by Yanovsky's "all over the place" guitar playing, which he thought drew from the pianist Floyd Cramer and the blues guitarist Elmore James simultaneously. He recalled that Yanovsky, by contrast, later admitted to being intimidated by Sebastian's clean playing, but that this became a guide to the pair's work together, where he provided a foundation onto which Yanovsky could "come in and throw flowers". Yanovsky's playing relied heavily on improvisation, and he often drew from country music, leading the commentator Peter Doggett to describe him as "the missing link between fifties rockabilly and sixties folk-rock".

In the studio

The Lovin' Spoonful played on their own recordings and were against the use of studio musicians. The band sought to avoid being typecast and aimed to sound different with each single. As part of their efforts, the group incorporated a variety of instruments on their recordings, including bass marimba, chimes, Irish harp and Hohner Tubon, as well as resonator, pedal steel and open-tuned twelve-string guitars. The band's music prominently featured the autoharp, a stringed instrument with buttons which, when depressed, produce preset combinations of chords, leaving it typically used as rhythm instrument. The instrument was mostly associated with folk music, but few folk-rock or rock acts had employed it. Sebastian amplified his autoharp by affixing a ukulele contact microphone onto the back of it and then plugging it into an amplifier, a technique he developed in the rehearsal room before the band's first recording session. To generate more bottom end, the band added piano underneath, which Sebastian later said "create[d] the effect of a huge autoharp".

Sebastian played a 1957 sunburst Gibson Les Paul electric guitar in live performances and on the band's recordings, and he used a Heritage Gibson as his main acoustic guitar. Yanovsky's main guitar was a Guild Thunderbird, which he bought from Manny's Music in Midtown Manhattan around 1964. Soon after recording "Do You Believe in Magic" in June1965, he replaced the guitar's original Guild pickups with humbuckers, which he thought "weren't quite as warm the originals, but they aged nicely". He also sometimes played a Fender Esquire. He favored a Fender Super Reverb as his standard amplifier, which he later said managed to add extra bottom end while also being loud.

Image
The Lovin' Spoonful's image was influential on their contemporaries. The band's stage act was both eccentric and extroverted, driven by Yanovsky, who Jacobsen later said "invented the hole-y jeans, falling apart T-shirts, crazy rock guitar antics on stage, the whole subsequent thing of rock 'n' roll guitar[ists] being wild, crazy individualists". The author Bob Stanley later described the band's look as a clash between that of the Beatniks and the Beatles, and the American men's fashion magazine Esquire produced a fashion spread of the band in its June1966 issue, detailing how the group sported "mod gear", but from New York's Seventh Avenue rather than London's Carnaby Street.

The group wore clothes with stripes and spots, stripes having been popularized by Brian Jones. Sebastian often wore denim and granny glasses, the latter of which he adopted from Fritz Richmond, and which John Lennon subsequently adopted in September1966. After the band met the fashion designer Jeannie Franklyn in December1965 on the Sunset Strip, Franklyn designed custom-clothing for Yanovsky. Yanovsky is generally recognized as the first rock musician to wear cowboy hats and fringed buckskin jackets, and his wardrobe also consisted of fur coats, mod ties, corduroy jackets, vests and boutonnières.

Members
Current members Past members
 * Steve Boone – bass guitar, keyboards (1964–1968, 1991–present)
 * John Sebastian – guitar, harmonica, autoharp, keyboards, vocals (1964–1968)
 * Zal Yanovsky – guitar, vocals (1964–1967; died 2002)
 * Jan Carl – drums (1964–1965)
 * Joe Butler – drums, vocals (1965–1968, 1991–2023)
 * Jerry Yester – guitar (1967–1968, 1991–2017)

Discography
Studio albums
 * Do You Believe in Magic (1965)
 * Daydream (1966)
 * Hums of the Lovin' Spoonful (1966)
 * Everything Playing (1967)
 * Revelation: Revolution '69 (1968)

Soundtrack albums
 * What's Up, Tiger Lily? (1966)
 * You're a Big Boy Now (1967)

title: The Lovin' Spoonful