text:
2003 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 2003.

Events

 * February 12 – An invitation from the First Lady of the United States, Laura Bush, for some poets to attend a conference at the White House is postponed when one of them, Sam Hamill, organizes a "Poets Against the War" group for poetry readings across the United States on the same date.
 * February 15 – Anti-war protests occur in London. They are later used as the setting for Ian McEwan's 2005 novel Saturday.
 * March – The University of Mosul library is damaged and looted during the Iraq War, but many volumes are removed for protection by staff.
 * April 14 – The Iraq National Library and Archive is burned down during the Battle of Baghdad.
 * April – Nicholas Hytner succeeds Sir Trevor Nunn as artistic director of London's Royal National Theatre.
 * November 7 – UNESCO places among the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity wayang kulit, a shadow puppet theatre and best known of the Indonesian wayang.

Fiction

 * Peter Ackroyd – The Clerkenwell Tales
 * Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie – Purple Hibiscus
 * Mitch Albom – The Five People You Meet in Heaven
 * Monica Ali – Brick Lane
 * Martin Amis – Yellow Dog
 * Margaret Atwood – Oryx and Crake
 * Paul Auster – Oracle Night
 * Max Barry – Jennifer Government
 * Greg Bear – Darwin's Children
 * Frédéric Beigbeder – Windows on the World
 * Hilari Bell – Fall of a Kingdom
 * Thomas Berger – Best Friends
 * Giles Blunt – The Delicate Storm
 * Frank Brennan – Tampering with Asylum
 * Dan Brown – The Da Vinci Code
 * Angus Peter Campbell – An Oidhche Mus Do Sheol Sinn
 * Lars Saabye Christensen – Maskeblomstfamilien
 * Paulo Coelho – Eleven Minutes
 * J. M. Coetzee – Elizabeth Costello
 * Deborah Joy Corey – The Skating Pond
 * Bernard Cornwell
 * Sharpe's Havoc
 * Sharpe's Christmas
 * Heretic
 * Douglas Coupland – Hey Nostradamus!
 * Robert Crais – The Last Detective
 * Julie E. Czerneda – Space, Inc.
 * Jeffery Deaver – Twisted
 * Don DeLillo – Cosmopolis
 * Kate DiCamillo – The Tale of Despereaux
 * Cory Doctorow
 * A Place So Foreign and Eight More
 * Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom
 * Gerard Donovan – Schopenhauer's Telescope
 * Fernanda Eberstadt – The Furies
 * Rodrigo Fresán – Jardines de Kensington
 * Cornelia Funke – Inkheart
 * Anna Gavalda – I Wish Someone Were Waiting for Me Somewhere (translation)
 * William Gibson – Pattern Recognition
 * Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen – Gettysburg: A Novel of the Civil War
 * Jean-Christophe Grangé – L'Empire des loups
 * John Grisham – The King of Torts
 * Margaret Peterson Haddix – Among the Barons
 * Mark Haddon – The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
 * Pete Hamill – Forever
 * Joanne Harris – Holy Fools
 * Shirley Hazzard – The Great Fire
 * Victor Heck – The Asylum
 * Vol 2 – The Violent Ward
 * Vol 3 – The Quiet Ward
 * Jennifer Haigh – Mrs. Kimble
 * Zoë Heller – Notes on a Scandal
 * Khaled Hosseini – The Kite Runner
 * Michel Houellebecq – Lanzarote
 * Evan Hunter – The Frumious Bandersnatch
 * Alan Judd – The Kaiser's Last Kiss
 * N. M. Kelby – Theater of the Stars: A Novel of Physics and Memory
 * Thomas Keneally – The Tyrant's Novel
 * Greg Keyes – The Final Prophecy
 * Stephen King – Wolves of the Calla
 * Dean R. Koontz – The Face
 * Dean R. Koontz – Odd Thomas
 * Jhumpa Lahiri – The Namesake
 * Dennis Lehane – Shutter Island
 * Jonathan Lethem – The Fortress of Solitude
 * James Luceno – The Unifying Force
 * Steve Martini – The Arraignment
 * Magnus Mills – The Scheme for Full Employment
 * Paul Murray – An Evening of Long Goodbyes
 * Julie Myerson – Something Might Happen
 * Andrew Neiderman – The Baby Squad
 * Audrey Niffenegger – The Time Traveler's Wife
 * Garth Nix – Mister Monday
 * Chuck Palahniuk – Diary
 * Christopher Paolini – Eragon
 * Carolyn Parkhurst – The Dogs of Babel
 * Per Petterson – Out Stealing Horses (Ut og stjæle hester)
 * DBC Pierre – Vernon God Little
 * Terry Pratchett
 * Monstrous Regiment
 * The Wee Free Men
 * Jean Raspail – Les Royaumes de Borée
 * Matthew Reilly – Scarecrow
 * Nina Revoyr – Southland
 * Tom Robbins – Villa Incognito
 * J. Jill Robinson – Residual Desire
 * Nick Sagan – Idlewild
 * Matthew Sharpe – The Sleeping Father
 * Michael Slade – Bed of Nails
 * Wilbur Smith – Blue Horizon
 * Olen Steinhauer – The Bridge of Sighs
 * Neal Stephenson – Quicksilver (Vol. I of the Baroque Cycle)
 * Matthew Stover – Shatterpoint
 * Jonathan Stroud – The Amulet of Samarkand
 * Anthony Swofford – Jarhead
 * Miguel Sousa Tavares – Equador
 * Adam Thirlwell – Politics
 * Akira Toriyama (鳥山 明) – Toccio the Angel (Tenshi no Tocchio)
 * Sergio Troncoso – The Nature of Truth
 * Andrew Vachss – The Getaway Man
 * Mario Vargas Llosa – The Way to Paradise (El paraíso en la otra esquina)
 * Jo Walton – Tooth and Claw
 * Irvine Welsh – Porno
 * Tobias Wolff – Old School
 * Roger Zelazny – Manna from Heaven (short stories)

Children and young people

 * David Almond – The Fire-Eaters
 * Atsuko Asano – No. 6 (あさの あつこ)
 * Cressida Cowell – How to Train Your Dragon (first in the eponymous series of 16 books)
 * Madonna - The English Roses
 * Elizabeth Laird – The Garbage King
 * Jim Murphy – An American Plague: the true and terrifying story of the yellow fever epidemic of 1793
 * Jenny Nimmo – Charlie Bone and the Time Twister
 * Tyne O'Connell – Pulling Princes
 * Philip Reeve – Predator's Gold
 * J. K. Rowling – Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix
 * Lemony Snicket – The Slippery Slope
 * Dugald Steer (with Helen Ward, Wayne Anderson, etc.) – Dragonology: The Complete Book of Dragons
 * Mo Willems - Don't Let the Pigeon Drive the Bus! (first in a series of 8 books)
 * Ann Turnbull – No Shame, No Fear
 * Kay Winters (with Barry Moser) – Voices of Ancient Egypt
 * Yang Hongying (楊紅櫻) – Four Troublemakers (四个调皮蛋, first in the Mo's Mischief – 淘气包马小跳 – series of 8 books)
 * Peter H. Reynolds - The Dot

Drama

 * Jordi Galceran – El mètode Grönholm (The Grönholm method)
 * Richard Greenberg – The Violet Hour
 * David Hare – The Permanent Way
 * Kwame Kwei-Armah – Elmina's Kitchen
 * Lynn Nottage – Intimate Apparel
 * Mark O'Rowe – Crestfall
 * Abhi Subedi – Agniko Katha

Poetry

 * Lavinia Greenlaw – Minsk
 * Pope John Paul II – Roman Triptych. Meditations
 * Dean Kalimniou – Kipos Esokleistos

Non–fiction

 * Banglapedia – National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh
 * Neal Bascomb – Higher: A Historic Race to the Sky and the Making of a City
 * Patricia Brown – A League Of My Own: Memoir of a Pitcher for the All-American Girls
 * Andrea Curtis – Into the Blue
 * Richard Dawkins – A Devil's Chaplain: Reflections on Hope, Lies, Science, and Love
 * Gerina Dunwich – Dunwich's Guide to Gemstone Sorcery
 * Jerry A. Eichenberger – Your Pilot's License
 * Marc Ferro – Le Livre noir du colonialisme
 * John Fowles – The Journals – Volume 1
 * Anna Funder – Stasiland
 * Mattias Gardell – Gods of the Blood
 * A. C. Grayling – What Is Good?: The Search for the Best Way to Live
 * Christopher Hitchens – A Long Short War: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq
 * Erik Larson – The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America
 * Bethany McLean – The Smartest Guys in the Room
 * Don Miller – Blue Like Jazz
 * Michael Moore – Dude, Where's My Country?
 * Azar Nafisi – Reading Lolita in Tehran
 * Alanna Nash – The Colonel: The Extraordinary Story of Colonel Tom Parker and Elvis Presley
 * Daniel Okrent – Great Fortune: The Epic of Rockefeller Center
 * Chuck Palahniuk – Fugitives and Refugees: A Walk in Portland, Oregon
 * Rudy Ruiz – ¡ADELANTE!: una guía personal del éxito para usted y su familia (a guide for success for immigrants)
 * Jane Smiley – Charles Dickens
 * Clark Ashton Smith – Selected Letters of Clark Ashton Smith
 * David Starkey – Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII
 * Lynne McTaggart – The Field: The Quest for the Secret Force of the Universe
 * Amy Tan – The Opposite of Fate: A Book of Musings
 * Lynne Truss – Eats, Shoots & Leaves
 * Penny Wolfson – Moonrise

Films

 * The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King

Deaths

 * January 5 – Jean Kerr, American author and playwright (born 1923)
 * January 21 – Paul Haines, American-born Canadian poet and songwriter (born 1933)
 * February 16 – Aleksandar Tišma, Serbian novelist (born 1924)
 * February 26 – Quentin Keynes, English explorer, writer and filmmaker (born 1921)
 * March 11 – Brian Cleeve, English-born Irish writer and broadcaster (born 1921)
 * March 12 – Howard Fast, American novelist (born 1914)
 * March 14 – Lucian Boz, Romanian and Australian literary critic (born 1908)
 * April 3 – Michael Kelly, American journalist (born 1957)
 * April 7 – Cecile de Brunhoff, French children's writer (born 1903)
 * June 21
 * George Axelrod, American dramatist and screenwriter (born 1922)
 * Leon Uris, American novelist (born 1924)
 * July 6 – Kathleen Raine, English poet, scholar, and translator (born 1908)
 * July 10 – Winston Graham, English novelist (born 1908)
 * July 14 – Éva Janikovszky, Hungarian novelist and children's writer (born 1926)
 * July 15 – Roberto Bolaño, Chilean-born fiction writer (born 1953)
 * July 16 – Carol Shields, American-born Canadian novelist (breast cancer; born 1935)
 * September 3 – Alan Dugan, American poet (born 1923)
 * September 12 – Profira Sadoveanu, Romanian journalist, memoirist, biographer, editor and translator (born 1906)
 * September 24 – Derek Prince, English biblical scholar, author and radio presenter (born 1915)
 * September 25 – Edward Said, Palestinian-American literary critic (born 1935)
 * November 9 – Alan Davidson, Northern Irish historian and food writer (born 1924)
 * December 3 – Sita Ram Goel, Indian historian, publisher and author (born 1921)
 * December 11 – Ahmadou Kourouma, Ivorian writer (born 1927)
 * December 12 – Fadwa Toukan, Palestinian poet (born 1917)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: J. M. Coetzee

Australia

 * The Australian/Vogel Literary Award: Nicholas Angel, Drown Them in the Sea
 * C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry: Emma Lew, Anything the Landlord Touches
 * Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry: Jill Jones, Screens Jets Heaven
 * Miles Franklin Award: Alex Miller, Journey to the Stone Country

Canada

 * Giller Prize: M. G. Vassanji – The In-Between World of Vikram Lall
 * See 2003 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of the winners of those awards.
 * Griffin Poetry Prize: Margaret Avison, Concrete and Wild Carrot and Paul Muldoon, Moy sand and gravel
 * Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction: Alison Watt, The Last Island

Sweden

 * Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award: Maurice Sendak and Christine Nöstlinger

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: DBC Pierre, Vernon God Little
 * Caine Prize for African Writing: Yvonne Adhiambo Owuor, "Weight of Whispers"
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Jennifer Donnelly, A Gathering Light
 * Cholmondeley Award: Ciarán Carson, Michael Donaghy, Lavinia Greenlaw, Jackie Kay
 * David Cohen Prize: Beryl Bainbridge, Thom Gunn
 * Eric Gregory Award: Jen Hadfield, Zoë Brigley, Paul Batchelor, Olivia Cole, Sasha Dugdale, Anna Woodford
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: Volume 2 – The Power of Place
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Andrew O'Hagan, Personality
 * Orange Prize for Fiction: Valerie Martin, Property
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: U. A. Fanthorpe
 * Whitbread Book of The Year Award: Mark Haddon, The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time: A Novel

United States

 * Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize: David Shumate, High Water Mark
 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal in Poetry: W. S. Merwin
 * Bernard F. Connors Prize for Poetry: Julie Sheehan, "Brown-headed Cow Birds"
 * Bollingen Prize for Poetry: Adrienne Rich
 * Brittingham Prize in Poetry: Brian Teare, The Room Where I Was Born
 * Compton Crook Award: Patricia Bray, Devlin's Luck
 * Frost Medal: Lawrence Ferlinghetti
 * Hugo Award: Robert J. Sawyer, Hominids
 * Lambda Literary Awards: Multiple categories; see 2003 Lambda Literary Awards
 * National Book Award for Fiction: Shirley Hazzard, The Great Fire
 * National Book Critics Circle Award: Edward P. Jones, The Known World
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Avi, Crispin: The Cross of Lead
 * PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction: Sabina Murray, The Caprices
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Jeffrey Eugenides, Middlesex
 * Wallace Stevens Award: Richard Wilbur
 * Whiting Awards:
 * Fiction: Courtney Angela Brkic (fiction/nonfiction), Alexander Chee, Agymah Kamau, Ann Pancake, Lewis Robinson, Jess Row
 * Nonfiction: Christopher Cokinos, Trudy Dittmar
 * Plays: Sarah Ruhl
 * Poetry: Major Jackson

Other

 * Camões Prize: Rubem Fonseca
 * International Dublin Literary Award: Orhan Pamuk My Name is Red
 * Premio Nadal: Andrés Trapiello, Los amigos del crimen perfecto
 * SAARC Literary Award: Tissa Abeysekara, Laxman Gaikwad

title: 2003 in literature


text:
2002 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 2002.

Events

 * March 16 – Authorities in Saudi Arabia arrest and jail the poet Abdul Mohsen Musalam and dismiss a newspaper editor following the publication of Musalam's poem "The Corrupt on Earth", which criticizes the state's Islamic judiciary, accusing some judges of being corrupt and issuing unfair rulings for personal benefit.
 * March 31 – American Writers: A Journey Through History resumes its run on C-SPAN, having been interrupted by the September 11 attacks and their aftermath.
 * May – The results of a poll of 100 authors conducted in Norway are announced, leading to the Bokklubben World Library beginning publication.
 * October 16 – Bibliotheca Alexandrina (designed by Snøhetta) is inaugurated in Alexandria, Egypt.
 * November – Raymond Benson releases his final James Bond novel, based on the film Die Another Day, bringing to a close an uninterrupted series of novels featuring Ian Fleming's character that started in 1981.
 * Randell Cottage Writers' Residency established in Wellington for New Zealand and French authors.

Fiction

 * Alaa Al Aswany – The Yacoubian Building (عمارة يعقوبيان, ʿImārat Yaʿqūbīān)
 * Aaron Allston – Enemy Lines: Rebel Dream and Enemy Lines: Rebel Stand
 * Jean M. Auel – The Shelters of Stone
 * Paul Auster – The Book of Illusions
 * Iain Banks – Dead Air
 * Greg Bear – Vitals
 * Raymond Benson – Die Another Day and The Man with the Red Tattoo
 * Viken Berberian – The Cyclist
 * Nelson Bond – The Far Side of Nowhere
 * Xurxo Borrazás – Pensamentos Impuros
 * William Boyd – Any Human Heart
 * Mircea Cărtărescu – The Encyclopedia of Dragons (Enciclopedia zmeilor)
 * Stephen L. Carter – The Emperor of Ocean Park
 * Ted Chiang – Stories of Your Life and Others
 * Bernard Cornwell – Sharpe's Prey, Sharpe's Skirmish and Vagabond
 * Michael Crichton – Prey
 * Elaine Cunningham – Dark Journey
 * Jeffery Deaver – The Stone Monkey
 * Dan Doboș – The Abbey
 * L. Sprague de Camp – Aristotle and the Gun and Other Stories
 * Dave Eggers – You Shall Know Our Velocity
 * Jeffrey Eugenides – Middlesex
 * Janet Evanovich – Hard Eight
 * Michel Faber – The Crimson Petal and the White
 * Giorgio Faletti – Io uccido
 * Mick Farren – Underland
 * Nancy Farmer – The House of The Scorpion
 * Elena Ferrante – I giorni dell'abbandono (The Days of Abandonment)
 * Jonathan Safran Foer – Everything Is Illuminated
 * Ken Follett – Hornet Flight
 * Alan Dean Foster – The Approaching Storm
 * Neil Gaiman – Coraline
 * Julia Glass – Three Junes
 * Horace L. Gold and L. Sprague de Camp – None But Lucifer
 * Jean-Christophe Grangé – Le Concile de pierre
 * Niall Griffiths – Sheepshagger
 * John Grisham – The Summons
 * Margaret Peterson Haddix – Among the Betrayed
 * Peter Handke – Crossing the Sierra de Gredos
 * Joanne Harris – Coastliners
 * John D. Harvey – The Cleansing
 * Aleksandar Hemon – Nowhere Man
 * Carl Hiaasen – Hoot
 * Rabee Jaber – رحلة الغرناطي (Rahlat al-Gharnati, "The Journey of the Granadian")
 * Stephen King – Everything's Eventual: 14 Dark Tales and From a Buick 8
 * Rachel Klein – The Moth Diaries
 * Dean R. Koontz – By the Light of the Moon and One Door Away from Heaven
 * Ursula K. Le Guin – The Birthday of the World (anthology including Paradises Lost)
 * Sallie Lowenstein – Sender Unknown
 * Robert Ludlum – The Sigma Protocol
 * Jon McGregor – If Nobody Speaks of Remarkable Things
 * Valerio Massimo Manfredi – The Last Legion
 * Javier Marías – Your Face Tomorrow Volume 1: Fever and Spear (Tu rostro mañana 1. Fiebre y lanza)
 * Rohinton Mistry – Family Matters
 * Haruki Murakami (村上 春樹) – Kafka on the Shore (海辺のカフカ, Umibe no Kafuka)
 * Taslima Nasrin – Forashi Premik (French Lover)
 * Joseph O'Connor – Star of the Sea
 * Chuck Palahniuk – Lullaby
 * Orhan Pamuk – Snow
 * Ann Patchett – Bel Canto
 * James Patterson – Beach House
 * Terry Pratchett – Night Watch
 * Libby Purves – Mother Country
 * Pascal Quignard – Les Ombres errantes
 * Kathy Reichs – Grave Secrets
 * Nora Roberts – Face the Fire
 * Joel C. Rosenberg – The Last Jihad
 * R. A. Salvatore – Star Wars Episode II: Attack of the Clones
 * Andrzej Sapkowski – The Tower of Fools
 * Samanta Schweblin – El núcleo del disturbio
 * Alice Sebold – The Lovely Bones
 * Carol Shields – Unless
 * Vladimir Sorokin – Ice
 * Danielle Steel – The Cottage
 * David Storey – As It Happened
 * Matthew Stover – Traitor
 * Thomas Sullivan – Born Burning
 * Donna Tartt – The Little Friend
 * Hồ Anh Thái – Cõi người rung chuông tận thế (The Apocalypse Bell Tolls in the Human World)
 * William Trevor – The Story of Lucy Gault
 * Andrew Vachss – Only Child
 * Guy Vanderhaeghe – The Last Crossing
 * Barbara Vine – The Blood Doctor
 * Sarah Waters – Fingersmith
 * Darren Williams – Angel Rock
 * Walter Jon Williams – Destiny's Way
 * Roger Zelazny – The Last Defender of Camelot

Children and young people

 * Chris Van Allsburg – Zathura
 * Neil Gaiman – Coraline
 * Bob Graham – Jethro Byrd, Fairy Child
 * Kathleen Hague (with Michael Hague) – Good Night, Fairies
 * Isabel Hoving – The Dream Merchant
 * Tony Johnston (with Barry Moser) – That Summer
 * Ulrich Karger – Geisterstunde im Kindergarten (Ghost Times in Kindergarten, translated as The Scary Sleepover)
 * Jenny Nimmo – Midnight for Charlie Bone
 * Margie Palatini (with Barry Moser) – Earthquack!
 * Christopher Paolini (with John Jude Palencar) – Eragon (first in The Inheritance Cycle of four books)
 * Jerry Pinkney
 * The Nightingale
 * Noah's Ark
 * Lemony Snicket – The Carnivorous Carnival
 * Leander Watts – Stonecutter
 * Jacqueline Wilson – Girls in Tears (fourth in the Girls series of four books)

Drama

 * Edward Albee – The Goat, or Who Is Sylvia?
 * Caryl Churchill – A Number
 * Nilo Cruz – Anna in the Tropics
 * Zlatko Topčić – Time Out
 * Peter Verhelst – Blush

Poetry

 * Neil Astley (ed.) – Staying Alive: real poems for unreal times (anthology)
 * Jim Dodge – Rain on the River
 * Linton Kwesi Johnson – Mi Revalueshanary Fren
 * Grazyna Miller – Alibi of a butterfly

Non-fiction

 * Peter Ackroyd – Albion: The Origins of the English Imagination
 * Andrew Alpern – The New York Apartment Houses of Rosario Candela and James Carpenter
 * Jeffrey Archer (as FF 8282) – A Prison Diary: Volume 1: Belmarsh: Hell
 * T. J. Binyon – Pushkin: A Biography
 * John Brockman (editor) – The Next Fifty Years: Science in the First Half of the Twenty-First Century
 * Howard Cannon and Brian Tarcy – The Complete Idiot's Guide to Starting Your Own Restaurant
 * Stuart Christie – Granny Made me an Anarchist
 * Alphonse Daudet (died 1897), translated by Julian Barnes – In the Land of Pain (first English translation of La Doulou)
 * Gerina Dunwich – A Witch's Guide to Ghosts and the Supernatural
 * Lindy Edwards – How to Argue with an Economist: Reopening Political Debate in Australia
 * Koenraad Elst – Ayodhya – The Case Against the Temple
 * Tye R. Farrell and Jeffrey Morrow – University of Psychogenic Fugue
 * Aminatta Forna – The Devil That Danced on the Water: A Daughter's Quest
 * Pim Fortuyn – De puinhopen van acht jaar Paars
 * Michael J. Fox – Lucky Man: A Memoir
 * Stephen J. Gould – I Have Landed
 * Peter Jennings – In Search of America
 * B. B. Lal – The Sarasvatī Flows On: The Continuity of Indian Culture
 * Judith Levine – Harmful to Minors
 * Gabriel García Márquez – Vivir para contarla (autobiography)
 * Anthea Paul – Girlosophy
 * Jeremy Paxman – The Political Animal
 * Neil Peart – Ghost Rider
 * Åsne Seierstad – The Bookseller of Kabul
 * Arun Shourie – Worshipping False Gods
 * Rachel Simon – Riding the Bus with My Sister
 * Bob Smith – Hamlet's Dresser
 * Daniel Snowman – The Hitler Émigrés: The Cultural Impact on Britain of Refugees from Nazism
 * David Southwell – Dirty Cash
 * James B. Stewart – Heart of a Soldier
 * Paul Theroux – Dark Star Safari
 * Rick Warren – The Purpose Driven Life
 * Alison Watt – The Last Island

Films

 * Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
 * The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers

Deaths

 * January 12 – Lady Violet Powell, British critic and biographer (born 1912)
 * January 17 – Camilo José Cela, Nobel-winningSpanish writer (born 1916)
 * January 28 – Astrid Lindgren, Swedish children's author (born 1907)
 * February 8 – Joachim Hoffmann, German historian (born 1930)
 * February 21 – A. L. Barker, English novelist (born 1918)
 * February 27 – Spike Milligan, Indian-born British-Irish comedian, screenwriter and poet (born 1918)
 * March 21 – Thomas Flanagan, American historical novelist (born 1923)
 * April 6 – Martin Sperr, German dramatist (born 1944)
 * April 24 – Ismith Khan, Trinidad-born novelist (born 1925)
 * April 27 – George Alec Effinger, American science fiction author (born 1947)
 * May 6 – Pim Fortuyn, Dutch political columnist and writer (born 1948)
 * May 17 – Dave Berg, American cartoonist (born 1920)
 * May 20 – Stephen J. Gould, American paleontologist, biologist and writer (born 1941)
 * June 2 – Flora Lewis, American journalist (born 1922)
 * June 13 – R. W. B. Lewis, American critic (born 1917)
 * June 20
 * Timothy Findley, Canadian novelist and playwright (born 1930)
 * Kenneth Kantzer, American theologian (born 1917)
 * June 24 – John Kincaid McNeillie (also Ian Niall), Scottish novelist and non-fiction writer (born 1916)
 * July 23 – Chaim Potok, American writer (born 1929)
 * August 25 – Dorothy Hewett, Australian poet and playwright (born 1923)
 * September 17 – Eileen Colwell, English children's librarian (born 1904)
 * September 20 – Joan Littlewood, English theatre director and biographer (born 1914)
 * October 13 – Stephen E. Ambrose, American historian and biographer (born 1936)
 * October 21 – Harbhajan Singh, Indian Punjabi poet and critic (born 1920)
 * October 27 – Sesto Pals, Romanian Israeli poet and philosopher (cancer, born ca. 1912)
 * October 28 – Sugathapala de Silva, Sri Lankan dramatist, novelist and translator writing in Sinhalese (born 1928)
 * November 8 – Jon Elia, Pakistani poet and philosopher writing in Urdu (born 1931)
 * December 12 – Dee Brown, American novelist and historian (born 1908)
 * December 24 – Kjell Aukrust, Norwegian author, poet and artist (born 1920)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Imre Kertész

Australia

 * The Australian/Vogel Literary Award: Danielle Wood, The Alphabet of Light and Dark
 * C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry: Robert Gray, Afterimages
 * Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry: Alan Wearne, The Lovemakers
 * Mary Gilmore Prize: Geraldine McKenzie, Duty
 * Miles Franklin Award: Tim Winton, Dirt Music

Canada

 * Giller Prize: Austin Clarke, The Polished Hoe
 * See 2002 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
 * Griffin Poetry Prize: Christian Bök, Eunoia and Alice Notley, Disobedience
 * Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction: Tom Allen, Rolling Home

France

 * Prix Décembre: Pierre Michon, Abbés and Corps du Roi
 * Prix Femina: Chantal Thomas, Les adieux à la reine
 * Prix Femina (non-fiction): Michael Barry, Massoud
 * Prix Goncourt: Pascal Quignard, Les Ombres errantes
 * Prix Médicis French: Daniel Desmarquet, Kafka et les jeunes filles
 * Prix Médicis Non-Fiction: Anne F. Garréta, Pas un jour
 * Prix Médicis International: Philip Roth, The Human Stain

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: Yann Martel, Life of Pi
 * Caine Prize for African Writing: Binyavanga Wainaina, "Discovering Home"
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Sharon Creech, Ruby Holler
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Jonathan Franzen, The Corrections
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Jenny Uglow, The Lunar Men: The Friends Who Made the Future 1730–1810
 * Cholmondeley Award: Moniza Alvi, David Constantine, Liz Lochhead, Brian Patten
 * Eric Gregory Award: Caroline Bird, Christopher James, Jacob Polley, Luke Heeley, Judith Lal, David Leonard Briggs, Eleanor Rees, Kathryn Simmonds
 * Samuel Johnson Prize: Margaret MacMillan, Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War
 * Whitbread Best Book Award: Philip Pullman, The Amber Spyglass
 * Orange Prize for Fiction: Ann Patchett, Bel Canto
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Peter Porter

United States

 * Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize: Shao Wei, Pulling a Dragon's Teeth
 * Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry: Grace Schulman
 * Arthur Rense Prize for poetry: B.H. Fairchild
 * Bernard F. Connors Prize for Poetry: Timothy Donnelly, “His Long Imprison'd Thought”
 * Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry: Alice Fulton, Felt
 * Brittingham Prize in Poetry: Anna George Meek, Acts of Contortion
 * Compton Crook Award: Wen Spencer, Alien Taste
 * Frost Medal: Galway Kinnell
 * Hugo Award: Neil Gaiman, American Gods
 * National Book Award for Fiction: Julia Glass, Three Junes
 * National Book Critics Circle Award: Ian McEwan, Atonement
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Linda Sue Park, A Single Shard
 * PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction: Ann Patchett, Bel Canto
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Suzan-Lori Parks, Topdog/Underdog
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Richard Russo, Empire Falls
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Carl Dennis, Practical Gods
 * Wallace Stevens Award: Ruth Stone
 * Whiting Awards:
 * Fiction: Jeffery Renard Allen, Justin Cronin, Kim Edwards, Michelle Huneven, Danzy Senna
 * Plays: Melissa James Gibson, Evan Smith
 * Poetry: Elizabeth Arnold, David Gewanter, Joshua Weiner

Other

 * Camões Prize: Maria Velho da Costa
 * Finlandia Prize: Kari Hotakainen Trench Street
 * International Dublin Literary Award: Michel Houellebecq, Les Particules Élémentaires
 * Macmillan Writers' Prize for Africa Adult Fiction: Yvonne Vera, Stone Virgins
 * Premio Nadal: Ángela Vallvey, Los estados carenciales
 * SAARC Literary Award: Laxmi Chand Gupta

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 2002 in literature


text:
2001 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 2001.

"The play – for which Briony had designed the posters, programs and tickets, constructed the sales booth out of a folding screen tipped on its side, and lined the collection box in red crepe paper – was written by her in a two-day tempest of composition, causing her to miss breakfast and lunch." – Opening sentence, Ian McEwan, Atonement

Events

 * February 15 – The author Michael Crichton signs a new deal with HarperCollins Publishers that reportedly earns him $40 million for two books.
 * April 1 – The BookCrossing scheme for leaving books for strangers to find is launched.
 * April 13 – The film version of Helen Fielding's 1996 novel Bridget Jones's Diary has uncredited cameo roles as themselves for Salman Rushdie, Julian Barnes and Jeffrey Archer, at a literary party.
 * July 19 – The English popular novelist and politician Jeffrey Archer, having been found guilty of perjury in a libel trial, is sentenced to imprisonment.
 * September 19 – Amiri Baraka reads his poem "Somebody Blew Up America?" at a poetry festival in New Jersey, eight days after the September 11 attacks.
 * November 4 – Film premiere of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, first in the commercially successful Harry Potter film series based on the novels of J. K. Rowling.
 * December 10 – The live-action film version of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, directed by Peter Jackson, opens in London. Its appearance has a strong impact on readership of the trilogy.

Fiction

 * Niccolò Ammaniti – Io non ho paura
 * Hiromu Arakawa – Fullmetal Alchemist (鋼の錬金術師, Hagane no Renkinjutsushi, manga series, begins publication)
 * Tahar Ben Jelloun – Cette aveuglante absence de lumière (This Blinding Absence of Light)
 * Raymond Benson – Never Dream of Dying
 * Dennis Bock – The Ash Garden
 * Ben Bova – The Precipice
 * Geraldine Brooks – Year of Wonders
 * Lois McMaster Bujold – The Curse of Chalion
 * Javier Cercas – Soldiers of Salamis (Soldados de Salamina)
 * Joseph Connolly – S.O.S.
 * Bernard Cornwell
 * Sharpe's Trafalgar
 * Gallows Thief
 * Douglas Coupland – All Families Are Psychotic
 * Achmat Dangor – Bitter Fruit
 * Helen Dunmore – The Siege
 * Umberto Eco – Baudolino
 * James Ellroy – The Cold Six Thousand
 * Leif Enger – Peace Like a River
 * Sebastian Faulks – On Green Dolphin Street
 * Ken Follett – Jackdaws
 * Leon Forrest – Meteor in the Madhouse
 * Jonathan Franzen – The Corrections
 * Rodrigo Fresán – Mantra
 * Diana Gabaldon – The Fiery Cross
 * Neil Gaiman – American Gods
 * Kate Grenville – The Idea of Perfection
 * John Grisham
 * A Painted House
 * Skipping Christmas
 * Abdulrazak Gurnah – By the Sea
 * Margaret Peterson Haddix – Among the Impostors
 * Joanne Harris – Five Quarters of the Orange
 * Vigdis Hjorth – Om bare (If only)
 * Nick Hornby – How to Be Good
 * Silas House – Clay's Quilt
 * Nancy Huston – Dolce Agonia
 * John Irving – The Fourth Hand
 * Fleur Jaeggy – Proleterka
 * P. D. James – Death in Holy Orders
 * Greg Keyes
 * Edge of Victory: Conquest
 * Edge of Victory: Rebirth
 * Stephen King
 * Black House
 * Dreamcatcher
 * Christian Kracht – 1979
 * Hanif Kureishi – Gabriel's Gift
 * Joe R. Lansdale – Captains Outrageous
 * John le Carré – The Constant Gardener
 * Ursula K. Le Guin – The Birthday of the World, and Other Stories
 * Pedro Lemebel – Tengo miedo torero (My Tender Matador)
 * Mario Vargas Llosa – The Feast of the Goat (La fiesta del chivo)
 * David Lodge – Thinks ...
 * James Luceno – Cloak of Deception
 * Ian McEwan – Atonement
 * Andreï Makine – Music of a Life (La Musique d'une vie)
 * Juliet Marillier – Child of the Prophecy
 * Yann Martel – Life of Pi
 * Alice Munro – Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage (short stories)
 * V S Naipaul – Half a Life
 * R. K. Narayan – Under the Banyan Tree
 * Joyce Carol Oates – Middle Age: A Romance
 * Chuck Palahniuk – Choke
 * Noni Power – Crawling at Night
 * Terry Pratchett
 * The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents
 * Thief of Time
 * The Last Hero
 * Sven Regener – Herr Lehmann
 * Kathy Reichs – Fatal Voyage
 * Alain Robbe-Grillet – La Reprise
 * Jean-Christophe Rufin – Rouge Brésil
 * Salman Rushdie – Fury
 * Richard Russo – Empire Falls
 * W. G. Sebald – Austerlitz
 * Nava Semel – And the Rat Laughed (ואת צחוק של עכברוש)
 * Michael Slade – Death's Door
 * Olga Slavnikova – Bessmertniy (The Immortal)
 * Danielle Steel – Leap of Faith
 * Antonio Tabucchi – It's Getting Later All the Time
 * Amy Tan – The Bonesetter's Daughter
 * Timothy Taylor – Stanley Park
 * Anne Tyler – Back When We Were Grownups
 * Jane Urquhart – The Stone Carvers
 * Andrew Vachss – Pain Management
 * Tim Winton – Dirt Music
 * Carlos Ruiz Zafón – La sombra del viento (The Shadow of the Wind; first in El cementerio de los libros olvidados (The Cemetery of Forgotten Books) series)
 * Juli Zeh – Eagles and Angels

Children and young people

 * David Almond – Secret Heart
 * Malorie Blackman – Noughts and Crosses (first in the Noughts and Crosses series of five books)
 * Ann Brashare – The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants
 * Eoin Colfer – Artemis Fowl (first in the eponymous series of eight books)
 * Eva Ibbotson – Journey to the River Sea
 * Brian Jacques – Castaways of the Flying Dutchman
 * David Klass – You Don't Know Me
 * Hilary McKay – Saffy's Angel
 * Patricia McKissack – Goin' Someplace Special
 * Michael Morpurgo
 * More Muck and Magic
 * Out of the Ashes
 * Toro! Toro!
 * Lesléa Newman – Cats, Cats, Cats!
 * Linda Sue Park – A Single Shard
 * Philip Reeve – Mortal Engines (November 16)
 * J. K. Rowling – Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
 * Lemony Snicket
 * The Ersatz Elevator
 * The Vile Village
 * The Hostile Hospital
 * Jacqueline Wilson – Sleepovers

Drama

 * Richard Alfieri – Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks
 * Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti – Behsharam (Shameless)
 * Abdelkader Benali – Yasser
 * Jon Fosse – Dødsvariasjonar (Death Variations)
 * Neil LaBute – The Shape of Things
 * Lynn Manning – Weights
 * Peter Morris – The Age of Consent
 * Zlatko Topčić – Time Out

Poetry

 * Anne Carson – The Beauty of the Husband

Non-fiction

 * David Allen – Getting Things Done
 * Tom Allen – Rolling Home
 * Jan Bondeson – Buried Alive: The Terrifying History of Our Most Primal Fear
 * Dionne Brand – A Map to the Door of No Return: Notes to Belonging
 * Edwin Bryant – The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture
 * Eamon Duffy – The Voices of Morebath. Reformation and Rebellion in an English Village
 * Barbara Ehrenreich – Nickel and Dimed
 * Koenraad Elst – The Saffron Swastika
 * Mem Fox – Reading Magic
 * Antonia Fraser – Marie Antoinette: The Journey
 * Dorothy Gallagher – How I Came Into My Inheritance and Other True Stories
 * Stephen Hawking – The Universe in a Nutshell
 * Laura Hillenbrand – Seabiscuit: An American Legend
 * Christopher Hitchens – The Trial of Henry Kissinger
 * Gary Lachman – Turn Off Your Mind
 * Lawrence Lessig – The Future of Ideas
 * Normand Lester – Le Livre noir du Canada Anglais (The Black Book of English Canada)
 * Steven Levy – Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government—Saving Privacy in the Digital Age
 * Margaret MacMillan – Peacemakers: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War
 * Michael Moore – Stupid White Men
 * Mumtaz Mufti – Ali Pur Ka Aeeli
 * Pavel Polian – Against Their Will... A History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
 * E. Hoffmann Price – Book of the Dead
 * Eric Schlosser – Fast Food Nation
 * Miranda Seymour – Mary Shelley
 * Andrew Solomon – The Noonday Demon: An Atlas of Depression
 * Ben Thompson - Ways of Hearing
 * Türkmenbaşy – Ruhnama (The Book of the Soul, first part)
 * Ivan Vladislavic – The Restless Supermarket
 * Frans de Waal – The Ape and the Sushi Master
 * Benjamin Woolley – The Queen's Conjuror: The Science and Magic of Dr. Dee

Deaths

 * January 5 – G. E. M. Anscombe, English analytic philosopher (died 2001)
 * January 8 – Catherine Storr, English children's writer (born 1913)
 * January 11 – Lorna Sage, English scholar (born 1943)
 * January 31 – Gordon R. Dickson, Canadian-born American science fiction writer (born 1923)
 * February 7 – Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author and aviator (born 1906)
 * February 14
 * Alan Ross, Indian-born English poet and editor (born 1922)
 * Richard Laymon, American horror fiction writer (born 1947)
 * March 1 – Mahmud Arif, Saudi Arabian poet (born 1909)
 * March 12 – Robert Ludlum, American novelist (born 1927)
 * May 11 – Douglas Adams, English writer, humorist and dramatist (born 1952)
 * May 13
 * Jason Miller, American actor and playwright (born 1939)
 * R. K. Narayan, Indian novelist writing in English (born 1906)
 * June 1 – Hank Ketcham, American cartoonist (born 1920)
 * June 27 – Tove Jansson, Finnish children's author writing in Swedish (born 1914)
 * July 3 – Mordecai Richler, Canadian author, screenwriter and essayist (born 1931)
 * July 18 – James Hatfield, American author (born 1958)
 * July 31 – Poul Anderson, American fantasy and sci-fi author (born 1926)
 * August 6 – Jorge Amado, Brazilian writer (born 1912)
 * August 20 – Fred Hoyle, English astronomer and science fiction writer (born 1915)
 * November 10 – Ken Kesey, American author (born 1935)
 * November 25 – David Gascoyne, English surrealist poet (born 1916)
 * December 21 – Dick Schaap, American journalist and author (born 1934)
 * December 14 – W. G. Sebald, German novelist and academic (born 1944)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: V.S. Naipaul

Australia

 * Miles Franklin Award: Frank Moorhouse, Dark Palace

Canada

 * Giller Prize for Canadian Fiction: Richard B. Wright – Clara Callan
 * See 2001 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
 * Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction: Taras Grescoe – Sacré Blues

France

 * Prix Décembre: Chloé Delaume, Le Cri du sablier
 * Prix Femina: Marie Ndiaye, Rosie Carpe
 * Prix Goncourt: Jean-Christophe Rufin, Rouge Brésil
 * Prix Médicis French: Edwy Plenel, Secrets de jeunesse
 * Prix Médicis Non-Fiction: Le Loup mongol
 * Prix Médicis International: Antonio Skarmeta, La noce du poète

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: Peter Carey, True History of the Kelly Gang
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Terry Pratchett, The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Sid Smith, Something Like a House
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Volume 3 – Fighting for Britain 1937–1946
 * Caine Prize for African Writing: Helon Habila, "Love Poems"
 * Cholmondeley Award: Ian Duhig, Paul Durcan, Kathleen Jamie, Grace Nichols
 * Eric Gregory Award: Leontia Flynn, Thomas Warner, Tishani Doshi, Patrick Mackie, Kathryn Gray, Sally Read
 * Griffin Poetry Prize: Anne Carson, Men in the Off Hours and Nikolai Popov and Heather McHugh, translation of Glottal Stop: 101 Poems by Paul Celan
 * Hugo Award: J. K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
 * Samuel Johnson Prize: Michael Burleigh, The Third Reich
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Michael Longley
 * Orange Prize for Fiction: Kate Grenville, The Idea of Perfection
 * Whitbread Best Book Award: Patrick Neate, Twelve Bar Blues

United States

 * Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize awarded to Gabriel Gudding for A Defense of Poetry
 * Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry, Frederick Morgan
 * Bernard F. Connors Prize for Poetry, Gabrielle Calvocoressi, “Circus Fire, 1944”
 * Bollingen Prize for Poetry, Louise Glück
 * Brittingham Prize in Poetry, Robin Behn, Horizon Note
 * Compton Crook Award: Syne Mitchell, Murphy's Gambit
 * Frost Medal: Sonia Sanchez
 * Hugo Award: J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Richard Peck, A Year Down Yonder
 * National Book Award for Fiction: to The Corrections by Jonathan Franzen
 * National Book Critics Circle Award: to Austerlitz by W.G. Sebald
 * PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction: to Philip Roth for The Human Stain
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: David Auburn, Proof
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Michael Chabon, The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Stephen Dunn, Different Hours
 * Wallace Stevens Award: John Ashbery
 * Whiting Awards:
 * Fiction: Emily Carter, Matthew Klam, Akhil Sharma, Samrat Upadhyay, John Wray
 * Nonfiction: Judy Blunt, Kathleen Finneran
 * Plays: Brighde Mullins
 * Poetry: Joel Brouwer, Jason Sommer

Other

 * Camões Prize: Eugénio de Andrade
 * Europe Theatre Prize: Lev Dodin, Michel Piccoli
 * Finlandia Prize: Hannu Raittila, Canal Grande
 * International Dublin Literary Award: Alistair MacLeod, No Great Mischief
 * Premio Nadal: Fernando Marías, El Niño de los Coroneles
 * Premio Strega: Domenico Starnone, Via Gemito
 * Premio de Novela Ciudad de Torrevieja (first award): Javier Reverte, La Noche Detenida
 * Premio Antón Losada Diéguez (category Creación literaria): Xurxo Borrazás, Na maleta
 * SAARC Literary Award: Ganesh Narayandas Devy, Shamsur Rahman
 * Viareggio Prize: Niccolò Ammaniti, Io non ho paura, Michele Ranchetti, Verbale, and Giorgio Pestelli, Canti del destino

title: 2001 in literature


text:
Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)

The Symphony No. 2 in C minor by Gustav Mahler, known as the Resurrection Symphony, was written between 1888 and 1894, and first performed in 1895. This symphony was one of Mahler's most popular and successful works during his lifetime. It was his first major work that established his lifelong view of the beauty of afterlife and resurrection. In this large work, the composer further developed the creativity of "sound of the distance" and creating a "world of its own", aspects already seen in his First Symphony. The work has a duration of 80 to 90 minutes, and is conventionally labelled as being in the key of C minor; the New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians labels the work's tonality as C minor–E♭ major. It was voted the fifth-greatest symphony of all time in a survey of conductors carried out by the BBC Music Magazine.

Origin
Mahler completed what would become the first movement of the symphony in 1888 as a single-movement symphonic poem called Totenfeier (Funeral Rites). Some sketches for the second movement also date from that year. Mahler wavered five years on whether to make Totenfeier the opening movement of a symphony, although his manuscript does label it as a symphony. In 1893, he composed the second and third movements. The finale was the problem. While thoroughly aware he was inviting comparison with Beethoven's Symphony No. 9—both symphonies use a chorus as the centerpiece of a final movement which begins with references to and is much longer than those preceding it—Mahler knew he wanted a vocal final movement. Finding the right text for this movement proved long and perplexing.

When Mahler took up his appointment at the Hamburg Opera in 1891, he found the other important conductor there to be Hans von Bülow, who was in charge of the city's symphony concerts. Bülow, not known for his kindness, was impressed by Mahler. His support was not diminished by his failure to like or understand Totenfeier when Mahler played it for him on the piano. Bülow told Mahler that Totenfeier made Tristan und Isolde sound to him like a Haydn symphony. As Bülow's health worsened, Mahler substituted for him. Bülow's death in 1894 greatly affected Mahler. At the funeral, Mahler heard a setting of Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock's poem Die Auferstehung (The Resurrection), where the dictum calls out "Rise again, yes, you shall rise again / My dust".

"It struck me like lightning, this thing," he wrote to conductor Anton Seidl, "and everything was revealed to me clear and plain." Mahler used the first two verses of Klopstock's hymn, then added verses of his own that dealt more explicitly with redemption and resurrection. He finished the finale and revised the orchestration of the first movement in 1894, then inserted the song "Urlicht" (Primal Light) as the penultimate movement. This song was probably written in 1892 or 1893.

Mahler initially devised a narrative programme (actually several variant versions) for the work, which he shared with a number of friends (including Natalie Bauer-Lechner and Max Marschalk). He even had one of these versions printed in the program book at the premiere in Dresden on 20 December 1901. In this programme, the first movement represents a funeral and asks questions such as "Is there life after death?"; the second movement is a remembrance of happy times in the life of the deceased; the third movement represents a view of life as meaningless activity; the fourth movement is a wish for release from life without meaning; and the fifth movement – after a return of the doubts of the third movement and the questions of the first – ends with a fervent hope for everlasting, transcendent renewal, a theme that Mahler would ultimately transfigure into the music of Das Lied von der Erde. As generally happened, Mahler later withdrew all versions of the programme from circulation.

Publication
The work was first published in 1897 by Friedrich Hofmeister. The rights were transferred to Josef Weinberger shortly thereafter, and finally to Universal Edition, which released a second edition in 1910. A third edition was published in 1952, and a fourth, critical edition in 1970, both by Universal Edition. As part of the new complete critical edition of Mahler's symphonies being undertaken by the Gustav Mahler Society, a new critical edition of the Second Symphony was produced as a joint venture between Universal Edition and the Kaplan Foundation. Its world premiere performance was given on 18 October 2005 at the Royal Albert Hall in London with Gilbert Kaplan conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.

Reproductions of earlier editions have been released by Dover and by Boosey & Hawkes. The Kaplan Foundation published an extensive facsimile edition with additional materials in 1986. 1989 saw the publication of an arrangement by Bruno Walter for piano four hands.

Instrumentation
The symphony is scored for large orchestra, consisting of the following instruments.

 * Woodwinds

 * Brass
 * 4 trombones
 * 1 tuba
 * 4 trombones
 * 1 tuba

 * Percussion
 * several snare drums (used only in mvmt. 5)
 * pair of cymbals
 * 2 tam-tams (high and low)
 * rute (used only in mvmt. 3)
 * glockenspiel
 * 2 tam-tams (high and low)
 * rute (used only in mvmt. 3)
 * glockenspiel
 * glockenspiel

 * Keyboards:
 * organ (used only in mvmt. 5)

 * Voices:
 * soprano solo (used only in mvmt. 5)
 * alto solo (used only in mvmts. 4 and 5)
 * mixed chorus (used only in mvmt. 5)

 * Strings:

 * 2 harp parts (several per part)

 * 1st violins
 * 2nd violins
 * violas
 * cellos
 * double basses (several with low C string)

Form
The work in its finished form has five movements.

1. Allegro maestoso

2. Andante moderato

3. In ruhig fließender Bewegung (With quietly flowing movement)

4. "Urlicht" (Primal light)

5. Im Tempo des Scherzos (In the tempo of the scherzo)

I. Allegro maestoso
The first movement is marked Mit durchaus ernstem und feierlichem Ausdruck (With complete gravity and solemnity of expression). It is written in C minor, but passes through a number of different moods and resembles a funeral march.

The movement's formal structure is modified sonata form. The exposition is repeated in a varied form (from rehearsal number 4 through 15, as Ludwig van Beethoven often did in his late string quartets). The development presents several ideas that will be used later in the symphony, including a theme based on the Dies irae plainchant.

Mahler uses a somewhat modified tonal framework for the movement. The secondary theme, first presented in E major (enharmonic of F♭ major, Neapolitan of E♭), begins its second statement in C major, a key in which it is not expected until the recapitulation.

The statement in the recapitulation, coincidentally, is in the original E major (F♭ major). The eventual goal of the symphony, E-flat major, is briefly hinted at after rehearsal 17, with a theme in the trumpets that returns in the finale.

Following this movement, Mahler calls in the score for a gap of five minutes before the second movement. This pause is rarely observed today. Often conductors will meet Mahler half way, pausing for a few minutes while the audience takes a breather and settles down and the orchestra retunes in preparation for the rest of the piece. Julius Buths received this instruction from Mahler personally, prior to a 1903 performance in Düsseldorf; however, he chose instead to place the long pause between the fourth and fifth movements, for which Mahler congratulated him on his insight, sensitivity, and daring to go against his stated wishes.

A practical way of following Mahler's original indication is to have the two soloists and the chorus enter the stage only after the first movement. This creates a natural separation between the first movement and the rest of the symphony and also saves the singers more than twenty minutes of sitting on stage. One can get an idea of Mahler's intention through a comparison with his Symphony No. 3, where – due to the length of the piece – a real break after the first movement (as between two acts of an opera) is highly recommended, and indeed indicated by Mahler. As in the case of Symphony No. 2, this is not always observed nowadays.

II. Andante moderato
The second movement is marked ''Sehr gemächlich. Nie eilen.'' (Very leisurely. Never rush.) It is a delicate Ländler in A♭ major.

It has two contrasting sections of slightly darker music.

This slow movement itself is contrasting to the two adjacent movements. Structurally, it is one of the simplest movements in Mahler's whole output. It is the remembrance of the joyful times in the life of the deceased.

III. In ruhig fließender Bewegung
The third movement is a scherzo in C minor. It opens with two strong, short timpani strokes.

It is followed by two softer strokes and then followed by even softer strokes that provide the tempo to this movement, which includes references to Jewish folk music.

Mahler called the climax of the movement, a blistering Bm/C chord in triple-forte which occurs near the end, sometimes a "cry of despair", and sometimes a "death shriek".

The movement is based on Mahler's setting of "Des Antonius von Padua Fischpredigt" from Des Knaben Wunderhorn, which Mahler composed almost concurrently; in correspondence, Mahler expressed amusement that his sinuous musical setting could imply St. Anthony of Padua was himself drunk as he preached to the fish.

In 1967–68, the movement was used by Luciano Berio for the third movement of his Sinfonia, where it is used as the framework for constructing a musical collage of works from throughout the Western classical tradition.

IV. "Urlicht"
The fourth movement, "Urlicht" (Primal Light) is marked Sehr feierlich, aber schlicht (Very solemn, but simple). It is a Wunderhorn song, sung by an alto, which serves as an introduction to the Finale. The song, set in the remote key of D♭ major, illustrates the longing for relief from worldly woes, leading without a break to the response in the Finale.

V. Im Tempo des Scherzos
The finale is the longest movement, typically lasting over half an hour. It is divided into two large parts, the second of which begins with the entry of the chorus and whose form is governed by the text of this movement. The first part is instrumental, and very episodic, containing a wide variety of moods, tempi and keys, with much of the material based on what has been heard in the previous movements, although it also loosely follows sonata principles. New themes introduced are used repeatedly and altered.

The movement opens with a long introduction, beginning with the "cry of despair" that was the climax of the third movement, followed by the quiet presentation of a theme which reappears as structural music in the choral section.

This is followed by a call in the offstage horns.

The first theme group reiterates the Dies irae theme from the first movement and then introduces the "resurrection" theme to which the chorus will sing their first words, and finally a fanfare.

The second theme is a long orchestral recitative, which provides the music for the alto solo in the choral section.

The exposition concludes with a restatement of the first theme group. This long opening section serves to introduce a number of themes, which will become important in the choral part of the finale.

The development section is what Mahler calls the "march of the dead". It begins with two long drum rolls, which include the use of the gongs. In addition to developing the Dies irae and resurrection themes and motives from the opening cry of despair, this section also states, episodically, a number of other themes, based on earlier material. The recapitulation overlaps with the march, and only brief statements of the first theme group are restated. The orchestral recitative is fully recapitulated, and is accompanied this time by offstage interruptions from a band of brass and percussion (which some had explained as the apocalypse's seven trumpets). This builds to a climax, which leads into a restatement of the opening introductory section. The horn call is expanded into Mahler's "Great Summons", a transition into the choral section.

Tonally, this first large part, the instrumental half of the movement, is organized in F minor. After the introduction, which recalls two keys from earlier movements, the first theme group is presented wholly in F minor, and the second theme group in the subdominant, B♭ minor. The restatement of the first theme group occurs in the dominant, C major. The development explores a number of keys, including the mediant, A♭ major, and the parallel major, F major. Unlike the first movement, the second theme is recapitulated as expected in the tonic key. The restatement of the introduction is thematically and tonally a transition to the second large part, moving from C♯ minor to the parallel D♭ major — the dominant of F♯ minor — in which the Great Summons is stated. The Epiphany comes in, played by the flute, in a high register, and featuring trumpets, that play offstage. The choral section begins in G♭ major.

The chorus comes in quietly a little past the halfway point of the movement.

The choral section is organized primarily by the text, using musical material from earlier in the movement. (The B♭ below the bass clef occurs four times in the choral bass part: three at the chorus' hushed entrance and again on the words "Hör' auf zu beben". It is the lowest vocal note in standard classical repertoire. Mahler instructs basses incapable of singing the note remain silent rather than sing the note an octave higher.) Each of the first two verses is followed by an instrumental interlude; the alto and soprano solos, "O Glaube", based on the recitative melody, precede the fourth verse, sung by the chorus; and the fifth verse is a duet for the two soloists.

The opening two verses are presented in G♭ major, the solos and the fourth verse in B♭ minor (the key in which the recitative was originally stated), and the duet in A♭ major. The goal of the symphony, E♭ major, the relative major of the opening C minor, is achieved when the chorus picks up the words from the duet, "Mit Flügeln", although after eight measures the music gravitates to G major (but never cadences on it).

E♭ suddenly reenters with the text "Sterben werd' ich um zu leben," and a proper cadence finally occurs on the downbeat of the final verse, with the entrance of the heretofore silent organ (marked volles Werk, full organ) and with the choir instructed to sing mit höchster Kraft (with highest power). The instrumental coda is in this ultimate key as well, and is accompanied by the tolling of deep bells. Mahler went so far as to purchase actual church bells for performances, finding all other means of achieving this sound unsatisfactory. Mahler wrote of this movement: "The increasing tension, working up to the final climax, is so tremendous that I don't know myself, now that it is over, how I ever came to write it."

Text
Note: This text has been translated from the original German text from Des Knaben Wunderhorn to English on a very literal and line-for-line basis, without regard for the preservation of meter or rhyming patterns.

Fourth movement

 * MahlerSecondSymMov4AltSolo.png

   Urlicht O Röschen rot! Der Mensch liegt in größter Not! Der Mensch liegt in größter Pein! Je lieber möcht' ich im Himmel sein.

Da kam ich auf einen breiten Weg: Da kam ein Engelein und wollt' mich abweisen. Ach nein! Ich ließ mich nicht abweisen! Ich bin von Gott und will wieder zu Gott! Der liebe Gott wird mir ein Lichtchen geben, wird leuchten mir bis in das ewig selig Leben! —Des Knaben Wunderhorn    Primeval Light O little red rose! Man lies in greatest need! Man lies in greatest pain! How I would rather be in heaven.

There came I upon a broad path when came a little angel and wanted to turn me away. Ah no! I would not let myself be turned away! I am from God and shall return to God! The loving God will grant me a little light, Which will light me into that eternal blissful life!

Fifth movement
Note: The first eight lines were taken from the poem "Die Auferstehung" by Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock. Mahler omitted the final four lines of this poem and wrote the rest himself (beginning at "O glaube").

Aufersteh'n, ja aufersteh'n wirst du, mein Staub, nach kurzer Ruh'! Unsterblich Leben! Unsterblich Leben will der dich rief dir geben!

Wieder aufzublüh'n wirst du gesät! Der Herr der Ernte geht und sammelt Garben uns ein, die starben! —Friedrich Klopstock

O glaube, mein Herz, o glaube: es geht dir nichts verloren! Dein ist, ja dein, was du gesehnt, dein, was du geliebt, was du gestritten!

O glaube, du warst nicht umsonst geboren! Hast nicht umsonst gelebt, gelitten!

Was entstanden ist, das muss vergehen! Was vergangen, aufersteh’n! Hör' auf zu beben! Bereite dich zu leben!

O Schmerz! Du Alldurchdringer! Dir bin ich entrungen! O Tod! Du Allbezwinger! Nun bist du bezwungen!

Mit Flügeln, die ich mir errungen, in heißem Liebesstreben, werd' ich entschweben zum Licht, zu dem kein Aug' gedrungen!

Sterben werd' ich, um zu leben!

Aufersteh'n, ja aufersteh'n wirst du mein Herz, in einem Nu! Was du geschlagen zu Gott wird es dich tragen! —Gustav Mahler Rise again, yes, rise again, Will you, my dust, after a brief rest! Immortal life! Immortal life Will he who called you, give you.

You are sown to bloom again! The lord of the harvest goes And gathers sheaves, Us, who have died. O believe, my heart, O believe: Nothing is lost to you! Yours, yes yours, is what you desired Yours, what you have loved What you have fought for!

O believe, You were not born for nothing! Have not lived for nothing, Nor suffered!

What was created Must perish; What perished, rise again! Cease from trembling! Prepare yourself to live!

O Pain, you piercer of all things, From you, I have been wrested! O Death, you conqueror of all things, Now, are you conquered!

With wings which I have won for myself, In love's fierce striving, I shall soar upwards To the light which no eye has penetrated!

I shall die in order to live.

Rise again, yes, rise again, Will you, my heart, in an instant! What you have conquered, To God shall it carry you!

Notable premieres

 * World premiere (first three movements only): 4 March 1895, Berlin, with the composer conducting the Berliner Philharmoniker.
 * World premiere (complete): 13 December 1895, Berlin, conducted by the composer.
 * Belgian premiere: 6 March 1898, Liège, 'Nouveaux Concerts', conducted by Sylvain Dupuis. This was the first performance outside Germany.
 * Austrian premiere: 4 June 1899, Musikverein, Vienna, with the composer conducting the Wiener Philharmoniker.
 * Swiss premiere: 6 June 1903, Basel Minster, Basel, with the composer conducting the Sinfonieorchester Basel.
 * Dutch premiere: 26 October 1904, Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, with the composer conducting the Concertgebouw Orkest.
 * United States premiere: 8 December 1908, Carnegie Hall, New York, with the composer conducting the New York Philharmonic.
 * French premiere: 10 April 1910, Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris, with the composer conducting the Orchestre Colonne.

Score
The original manuscript score was given by Mahler's widow to conductor Willem Mengelberg at a 1920 Mahler festival given by Mengelberg and the Concertgebouw Orchestra. It was bought from the Mengelberg Foundation in 1984 by entrepreneur Gilbert Kaplan, who specialised in conducting the symphony as an amateur.

In 2016 the score was auctioned at Sotheby's of London for £4.5 million, the highest price ever attained for an auctioned musical manuscript. The buyer was subsequently revealed to have been Herbert G. Kloiber, an Austrian businessman and trustee of the Cleveland Orchestra, to which he subsequently donated the score. It is the only known handwritten and autographed manuscript of the work in existence. The score is displayed at The Cleveland Museum of Art.

title: Symphony No. 2 (Mahler)


text:
2000 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 2000.

Events

 * February – The bookstore El Ateneo Grand Splendid takes over the Teatro Gran Splendid in Buenos Aires, converting it for use as retail space.
 * February 13 – The final original Peanuts comic strip is published.
 * March 14 – Stephen King's novella Riding the Bullet is published in e-book format only, as the world's first mass-market electronic book.
 * September 26 – English politician and writer Jeffrey Archer is charged with perjury, and on the same day opens in the title role of his own courtroom drama, The Accused.
 * December 15 – In a landmark censorship case, Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v. Canada (Minister of Justice), the Supreme Court of Canada rules that Canada Customs has no authority to make judgments on the permissibility of material being shipped to retailers, only to confiscate material specifically ruled by the courts to constitute an offence under the Canadian Criminal Code.

Fiction

 * Reed Arvin – The Will
 * Margaret Atwood – The Blind Assassin
 * Louis Auchincloss – Her Infinite Variety
 * Trezza Azzopardi – The Hiding Place
 * Iain M. Banks – Look to Windward
 * Russell Banks – The Angel on the Roof
 * Matt Beaumont – e
 * Maeve Binchy – Scarlet Feather
 * Raymond Benson – Doubleshot
 * Xurxo Borrazás – Na maleta
 * Ben Bova – Jupiter
 * T. C. Boyle – A Friend of the Earth
 * Dan Brown – Angels & Demons
 * Jim Butcher – Storm Front
 * Peter Carey – True History of the Kelly Gang
 * Michael Chabon – The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay: A Novel
 * Tom Clancy – The Bear and the Dragon
 * Mary Higgins Clark and Carol Higgins Clark – Deck The Halls
 * Miriam Cooke – Hayati, My Life
 * Bernard Cornwell – Harlequin (also The Archer's Tale)
 * Patricia Cornwell – The Last Precinct
 * Mark Z. Danielewski – House of Leaves
 * August Derleth – The Original Text Solar Pons Omnibus Edition
 * K. Sello Duiker – Thirteen Cents
 * Ken Follett – Code to Zero
 * Jon Fosse – Morning and Evening (Morgon og kveld) (novella)
 * David S. Garnett – Bikini Planet
 * Amitav Ghosh – The Glass Palace
 * Myla Goldberg – Bee Season
 * Linda Grant – When I Lived in Modern Times
 * John Grisham – The Brethren
 * Mohsin Hamid – Moth Smoke
 * Joanne Harris – Blackberry Wine
 * Elisabeth Harvor – Excessive Joy Injures the Heart
 * Joseph Heller – Portrait of an Artist, as an Old Man
 * Kazuo Ishiguro – When We Were Orphans
 * Elfriede Jelinek – Greed
 * Robert Jordan – Winter's Heart
 * Barbara Kingsolver – Prodigal Summer
 * Sophie Kinsella – The Secret Dreamworld of a Shopaholic
 * Andrus Kivirähk – Rehepapp ehk November (Old Barny or November)
 * Joe R. Lansdale
 * The Bottoms
 * The Big Blow
 * Robert Ludlum – The Prometheus Deception
 * Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins
 * The Indwelling
 * The Mark
 * Colleen McCullough – Morgan's Run
 * Alistair MacLeod – Island
 * Barry N. Malzberg – In the Stone House
 * Juliet Marillier – Son of the Shadows
 * George R. R. Martin – A Storm of Swords
 * Zakes Mda – The Heart of Redness
 * Mikael Niemi – Popular Music from Vittula (Populärmusik från Vittula)
 * Joyce Carol Oates – Blonde
 * Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎) – The Changeling (取り替え子 (チェンジリング, Torikae ko [Chenjiringu])
 * Daniel Olivas – The Courtship of María Rivera Peña
 * Robert B. Parker – Hugger Mugger
 * James Patterson – Roses are Red
 * Rosamunde Pilcher – Winter Solstice
 * Giuseppe Pontiggia – Nati due volte (Born Twice)
 * Terry Pratchett – The Truth
 * Mario Puzo – Omertà
 * Jean Raspail – Le Roi au-delà de la mer
 * Kathy Reichs – Deadly Decisions
 * Philip Roth – The Human Stain
 * Peter Ruber editor – Arkham's Masters of Horror
 * Marjane Satrapi – Persepolis (graphic novel, first part)
 * Jean-Jacques Schuhl – Ingrid Caven
 * Christina Schwarz – Drowning Ruth
 * Helen Simpson – Hey Yeah Right Get A Life
 * Michael Slade – Hangman
 * Gillian Slovo – Red Dust
 * Zadie Smith – White Teeth
 * Muriel Spark – Aiding and Abetting
 * Michael Stackpole
 * Dark Tide: Onslaught
 * Dark Tide: Ruin
 * Domenico Starnone – Via Gemito
 * Danielle Steel
 * The House On Hope Street
 * Journey
 * Kathy Tyers – Balance Point
 * Andrew Vachss – Dead and Gone
 * Mario Vargas Llosa – The Feast of the Goat (La fiesta del chivo)
 * Chris Ware – Jimmy Corrigan, the Smartest Kid on Earth (graphic novel)
 * Edmund White – The Married Man

Children and young people

 * Lloyd Alexander – The Cat Who Wished to Be a Man
 * David Almond – Counting Stars
 * Margaret Beames – Oliver in the Garden
 * Kirsten Boie – Wir Kinder aus dem Möwenweg (first in the Kinder aus dem Möwenweg series)
 * Lauren Child
 * Beware of the Storybook Wolves
 * I Will Never Not Ever Eat a Tomato
 * Deborah Ellis – The Breadwinner (also Parvana, first in the Breadwinner series of four books)
 * Mem Fox – Harriet, You'll Drive Me Wild!
 * Cornelia Funke – The Thief Lord
 * Jamila Gavin – Coram Boy
 * Anthony Horowitz – Stormbreaker
 * Hwang Sun-mi – The Hen Who Dreamed She Could Fly (마당을 나온 암탉, Sakyejul)
 * Shirley Isherwood – Flora the Frog
 * Jim Murphy – BLIZZARD! The Storm That Changed America
 * Beverley Naidoo – The Other Side of Truth
 * Jerry Pinkney – Aesop's Fables
 * Philip Pullman – The Amber Spyglass
 * J. K. Rowling – Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire
 * Lemony Snicket
 * The Wide Window
 * The Miserable Mill
 * The Austere Academy
 * Jacqueline Wilson – Vicky Angel

Drama

 * David Auburn – Proof
 * Timothy Findley – Elizabeth Rex
 * Tanika Gupta – The Waiting Room
 * Dusty Hughes – Helpless
 * Joe Penhall – Blue/Orange

Poetry

 * Anne Carson – Men in the Off Hours
 * Paul Celan – Glottal Stop: 101 Poems by Paul Celan (translated by Heather McHugh and Nikolai Popov)
 * Fanny Howe – Fanny Howe: Selected Poems
 * Pierre Labrie – À tout hasard
 * Grazyna Miller – Sull'onda del respiro (On the Wave of Breath)
 * Owen Sheers – The Blue Book
 * Dejan Stojanović
 * Znak i njegova deca (The Sign and Its Children)
 * Oblik (The Shape)
 * Tvoritelj (The Creator)
 * Krugovanje (Circling), 3rd ed.

Non-fiction

 * Peter Ackroyd – London: A Biography
 * Martin Amis – Experience
 * The Beatles Anthology
 * Mark Buchanan – Ubiquity: The Science of History
 * Michael Burleigh – The Third Reich: A New History
 * Christian Cannuyer – Coptic Egypt: The Christians of the Nile
 * John Colapinto – As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl
 * Mary Craig – Blessings
 * Gerina Dunwich – Your Magickal Cat: Feline Magick, Lore, and Worship
 * Dave Eggers – A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius
 * Charles Foster – Stardust and Shadows: Canadians in Early Hollywood
 * John Bellamy Foster – Marx's Ecology
 * Aileen Fox – Aileen: a Pioneering Archaeologist (autobiography)
 * Malcolm Gladwell – The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference
 * Lynda Gratton – Living Strategy: Putting People at the Heart of Corporate Purpose
 * Taras Grescoe – Sacré Blues
 * Christina Hoff Sommers – The War Against Boys: How Misguided Feminism Is Harming Our Young Men
 * Will Hutton – The World We're In
 * Stephen King – On Writing: A Memoir of the Craft
 * Lawrence Lessig – Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace
 * Roger Lowenstein – When Genius Failed: The Rise and Fall of Long-Term Capital Management
 * Sidney Poitier – The Measure of a Man: A Spiritual Autobiography
 * Arun Shourie – Harvesting Our Souls
 * Paul H. Ray – The Cultural Creatives: How 50 Million People Are Changing the World
 * Lorna Sage – Bad Blood
 * Diane Stanley – Michelangelo
 * Patrick Tort – Darwin and the Science of Evolution
 * Peter Ward and Donald Brownlee – Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe
 * Michael White – Leonardo: the First Scientist
 * Bruce Wilkinson – The Prayer of Jabez: Breaking Through to the Blessed Life

Films

 * In the Mood for Love - inspired by Liu Yichang's "Intersection"

Deaths

 * January 2 – Patrick O'Brian (Richard Patrick Russ), English historical novelist (born 1914)
 * January 26
 * Kathleen Hale, English children's author and illustrator (born 1898)
 * A. E. van Vogt, Canadian-American science fiction author (born 1912)
 * January 31 – Gil Kane, Latvian-American comic book cartoonist (born 1926)
 * February 11 – Bernardino Zapponi, Italian novelist (born 1927)
 * February 12 – Charles M. Schulz, American cartoonist (born 1922)
 * March 28 – Anthony Powell, English novelist (born 1905)
 * April 3 – Terence McKenna, American ethnobotanist, writer and public speaker (born 1946)
 * April 13 – Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer (born 1916)
 * April 15 – Edward Gorey, American illustrator and writer (born 1925)
 * April 21 – Al Purdy, Canadian poet (born 1918)
 * April 28 – Penelope Fitzgerald, English novelist, poet and biographer (born 1916)
 * May 13 – Paul Bartel, American actor, writer and director (born 1938)
 * May 16 – Andrzej Szczypiorski, Polish writer (born 1924)
 * May 21 – Dame Barbara Cartland, English novelist and playwright (born 1901)
 * July 14 – William Roscoe Estep, American historian and educator (born 1920)
 * August 3 – Michael Meyer, English translator and biographer (born 1921)
 * August 25 – Carl Barks, American comic book cartoonist (born 1901)
 * September 2 – Curt Siodmak, American novelist and screenwriter (born 1902)
 * September 3 – Jack Simmons, English historian (born 1915)
 * Oldřich Daněk, Czech dramatist (born 1927)
 * September 7 – Sir Malcolm Bradbury, English novelist and critic (born 1932)
 * September 14 – Hwang Sun-won, Korean fiction writer (born 1915)
 * September 22 – Yehuda Amichai, Israeli Hebrew-language poet (born 1924)
 * September 25 – R. S. Thomas, Welsh poet (born 1913)
 * October 8 – Charlotte Lamb (Sheila Holland, Sheila Coates, etc.), English romantic novelist (born 1937)
 * October 30 – Steve Allen, American writer, television presenter and songwriter (born 1921)
 * November 2 – Robert Cormier, American young adult fiction writer (born 1925)
 * November 6 – L. Sprague de Camp, American sci-fi, fantasy and science writer (born 1907)
 * December 3 – Gwendolyn Brooks, African-American poet (born 1917)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Gao Xingjian
 * Camões Prize: Autran Dourado

Australia

 * The Australian/Vogel Literary Award: Stephen Gray, The Artist is a Thief
 * C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry: John Millett, Iceman
 * Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry: Jennifer Maiden, Mines
 * Mary Gilmore Prize: Lucy Dougan, Memory Shell
 * Miles Franklin Award: Tie: Thea Astley, Drylands; Kim Scott, Benang

Canada

 * Giller Prize for Canadian Fiction: Michael Ondaatje, Anil's Ghost – tied with: David Adams Richards, Mercy Among the Children
 * See 2000 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
 * Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction: Wayson Choy, Paper Shadows

France

 * Prix Femina: Camille Laurens, Dans ces bras-là
 * Prix Goncourt: Jean-Jacques Schuhl, Ingrid Caven
 * Prix Décembre: Anthony Palou, Camille
 * Prix Médicis French: Armelle Lebras-Chopard, Le zoo des philosophes
 * Prix Médicis Non-Fiction: Yann Apperry, Diabolus in musica
 * Prix Médicis International: Michael Ondaatje, Anil's Ghost

Serbia

 * Rastko Petrović Award: Dejan Stojanović, Conversations ("Razgovori")

United Kingdom

 * Bollinger Everyman Wodehouse Prize for comic literature (first award): Howard Jacobson, The Mighty Walzer
 * Booker Prize: Margaret Atwood, The Blind Assassin
 * Caine Prize for African Writing: Leila Aboulela, "The Museum"
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Beverley Naidoo, The Other Side of Truth
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Zadie Smith, White Teeth
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Martin Amis, Experience
 * Cholmondeley Award: Alistair Elliot, Michael Hamburger, Adrian Henri, Carole Satyamurti
 * Eric Gregory Award: Eleanor Margolies, Antony Rowland, Antony Dunn, Karen Goodwin, Clare Pollard
 * Orange Prize for Fiction: Linda Grant, When I Lived in Modern Times
 * Samuel Johnson Prize: David Cairns, Berlioz: Volume 2
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Edwin Morgan
 * Whitbread Best Book Award: Matthew Kneale, English Passengers

United States

 * Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize: Quan Barry, Asylum
 * Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry: Eleanor Ross Taylor
 * Bernard F. Connors Prize for Poetry: Corey Marks, "Renunciation", and (separately) Christopher Patton, "Broken Ground"
 * Bobbitt National Prize for Poetry: David Ferry, Of No Country I Know: New and Selected Poems and Translations
 * Brittingham Prize in Poetry: Greg Rappleye, A Path Between Houses
 * Business Week Best Book of the Year: Roger Lowenstein, When Genius Failed
 * Compton Crook Award: Stephen L. Burns, Flesh and Silver
 * Edgar Award: Joe R. Lansdale, The Bottoms
 * Frost Medal: Anthony Hecht
 * Hugo Award: Vernor Vinge, A Deepness in the Sky
 * Michael L. Printz Award for the "best book written for teens" (first award): Walter Dean Myers, Monster
 * National Book Award for Fiction: Susan Sontag, In America
 * National Book Critics Circle Award: Ted Conover, Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing
 * Nebula Award: Greg Bear, Darwin's Radio
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Christopher Paul Curtis, Bud, Not Buddy
 * PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction: Ha Jin, Waiting
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Donald Margulies, Dinner With Friends
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Jhumpa Lahiri, Interpreter of Maladies
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: C.K. Williams, Repair
 * Wallace Stevens Award: Frank Bidart
 * Whiting Awards:
 * Fiction: Robert Cohen, Samantha Gillison, Lily King, John McManus, Colson Whitehead
 * Nonfiction: Andrew X. Pham
 * Plays: Kelly Stuart
 * Poetry: Albert Mobilio (poetry/fiction), James Thomas Stevens, Claude Wilkinson

Other

 * Finlandia Prize: Johanna Sinisalo Not Before Sunset (Ennen päivänlaskua ei voi)
 * International Dublin Literary Award: Nicola Barker, Wide Open
 * Premio Nadal: Lorenzo Silva, El alquimista impaciente
 * Viareggio Prize: Giorgio van Straten, Il mio nome a memoria and Sandro Veronesi, La forza del passato

title: 2000 in literature


text:
1999 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1999.

Events

 * May 1 – Andrew Motion is appointed Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom for ten years.
 * June 19 – Stephen King is hit by a van while taking a walk. He is hospitalized for three weeks and only resumes writing his next book, On Writing, in July.
 * September 7 – Black Diamond, designed by Schmidt Hammer Lassen Architects, is inaugurated as an extension to the Royal Danish Library in Copenhagen.
 * unknown date – Persephone Books is founded in Bloomsbury, London, by Nicola Beauman, to reprint mid-20th century fiction and non-fiction, mainly by women.

Fiction

 * Isabel Allende – Daughter of Fortune (Hija de la fortuna)
 * Aaron Allston
 * Solo Command
 * Starfighters of Adumar
 * Laurie Halse Anderson – Speak
 * Max Barry – Syrup
 * Greg Bear – Darwin's Radio
 * Raymond Benson
 * High Time to Kill
 * The World Is Not Enough
 * Maeve Binchy – Tara Road
 * Luther Blissett (pseudonym) – Q
 * François Bloemhof – Klipgooi
 * Xurxo Borrazás – O desintegrista
 * Ben Bova – Return to Mars
 * Terry Brooks – Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace
 * Thomas Brussig – Am kürzeren Ende der Sonnenallee
 * Bonnie Burnard – A Good House
 * Stephen Chbosky – The Perks of Being a Wallflower
 * Tracy Chevalier – Girl with a Pearl Earring
 * J. M. Coetzee – Disgrace
 * Matt Cohen – Elizabeth and After
 * Bernard Cornwell
 * Sharpe's Fortress
 * Stonehenge: A Novel of 2000 BC
 * Douglas Coupland – Miss Wyoming
 * Robert Crais – L.A. Requiem
 * Michael Crichton – Timeline
 * August Derleth (editor) – New Horizons
 * Marc Dugain – La Chambre des Officiers (The Officers' Ward)
 * Frederic S. Durbin – Dragonfly
 * Bret Easton Ellis – Glamorama
 * Per Olov Enquist – The Visit of the Royal Physician (Livläkarens besök)
 * Steve Erickson – The Sea Came in at Midnight
 * Sebastian Faulks – Charlotte Gray
 * Helen Fielding –  The Edge of Reason
 * Amanda Filipacchi – Vapor
 * Anna Gavalda – Je voudrais que quelqu'un m'attende quelque part
 * John Grisham – The Testament
 * Ha Jin (哈金) – Waiting
 * Joanne Harris – Chocolat
 * Thomas Harris – Hannibal
 * Ernest Hemingway – True at First Light
 * Carl Hiaasen – Sick Puppy
 * Stewart Home – Cunt
 * Michel Houellebecq – Atomised
 * Jerry B. Jenkins and Tim LaHaye – Soul Harvest
 * K. W. Jeter – Hard Merchandise
 * Lisa Jewell – Ralph's Party
 * Stephen King:
 * The Girl Who Loved Tom Gordon
 * Hearts in Atlantis
 * László Krasznahorkai – War and War
 * Jhumpa Lahiri – Interpreter of Maladies (short stories)
 * Joe R. Lansdale
 * Veil's Visit: a Taste of Hap and Leonard
 * Freezer Burn
 * John le Carré – Single & Single
 * Jonathan Lethem – Motherless Brooklyn
 * Ray Loriga – Tokio ya no nos quiere
 * Frank McCourt -'Tis
 * David Macfarlane – Summer Gone
 * Alistair MacLeod – No Great Mischief
 * Juliet Marillier – Daughter of the Forest
 * Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell – From Hell (graphic novel)
 * Jeffrey Moore – Prisoner in a Red-Rose Chain
 * Erwin Mortier – Marcel
 * Chuck Palahniuk
 * Invisible Monsters
 * Survivor
 * Tony Parsons – Man and Boy
 * Terry Pratchett – The Fifth Elephant
 * Kathy Reichs – Death du Jour
 * Matthew Reilly – Temple
 * Jennifer Roberson – Lady of Sherwood
 * Louis Sachar – Holes
 * R. A. Salvatore – Vector Prime
 * Margit Sandemo – Skattejakten
 * Neal Shusterman – Downsiders
 * Michael Slade – Burnt Bones
 * Susan Sontag – In America
 * Ahdaf Soueif – The Map of Love
 * Michael Stackpole – Isard's Revenge
 * Matthew Stadler – Allan Stein
 * Danielle Steel – Irresistible Forces
 * Neal Stephenson – Cryptonomicon
 * Francine Stock – A Foreign Country
 * Peter Straub – Mr. X
 * Remy Sylado – Ca Bau Kan (The Courtesan)
 * Koushun Takami (高見 広春) – Battle Royale
 * Rose Tremain – Music and Silence
 * Miloš Urban – Sedmikostelí (The Seven Churches)
 * Andrew Vachss – Choice of Evil
 * Jane Vandenburgh – The Physics of Sunset
 * Vernor Vinge – A Deepness in the Sky
 * Jeanette Winterson – The World and Other Places
 * Timothy Zahn – The Icarus Hunt
 * Roger Zelazny and Jane Lindskold – Lord Demon

Children and young people

 * David Almond – Kit's Wilderness
 * Elizabeth Arnold – Spin of the Sunwheel
 * Susan Cooper – King of Shadows
 * Julia Donaldson (with Axel Scheffler) – The Gruffalo
 * Nick Earls – 48 Shades of Brown
 * Mem Fox - Sleepy Bears
 * Barbara Diamond Goldin – Journeys With Elijah: Eight Tales of the Prophet
 * Gerald Hausman (with Loretta Hausman and Barry Moser) – Dogs of Myth: Tales from Around the World
 * Satoshi Kitamura – Me and My Cat?
 * Adeline Yen Mah – Chinese Cinderella (autobiography)
 * Robert L. Millet (with James C. Christensen) – Parables and other Teaching Stories
 * John Nickle – The Ant Bully
 * Andre Norton (with Martin H. Greenberg) – Catfantastic V
 * Iona Opie – Here Comes Mother Goose
 * Jerry Pinkney
 * The Little Match Girl
 * The Ugly Duckling
 * Louise Rennison – Angus, Thongs and Full-Frontal Snogging
 * Faith Ringgold – If a Bus Could Talk: The Story of Rosa Parks
 * J. K. Rowling – Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban
 * Lemony Snicket
 * The Bad Beginning
 * The Reptile Room
 * Jacqueline Wilson – The Illustrated Mum
 * Simms Taback – Joseph Had a Little Overcoat

Drama

 * Jon Fosse – Dream of Autumn (Draum om hausten)
 * David Mamet – Boston Marriage
 * Frank McGuinness – Dolly West's Kitchen
 * Lars Norén – 7:3
 * Mark O'Rowe – Howie the Rookie
 * Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt – Hôtel des deux mondes
 * Zlatko Topčić – Refugees
 * August Wilson – King Hedley II

Poetry

 * Iona Opie – Here Comes Mother Goose
 * Dejan Stojanović – Sunce sebe gleda (The Sun Watches Itself)

Non-fiction

 * Thomas Berry – The Great Work: Our Way into the Future
 * David Cairns – Berlioz: Volume 2, Servitude and Greatness 1832–1869
 * Wayson Choy – Paper Shadows: A Chinatown Childhood
 * The Dalai Lama – Ancient Wisdom, Modern World
 * Samuel R. Delany – Times Square Red, Times Square Blue
 * Laurence des Cars – Les Préraphaélites : Un modernisme à l'anglaise
 * Freeman Dyson – The Sun, the Genome and the Internet
 * Koenraad Elst – Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate
 * Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke – Paracelsus: Essential Readings.
 * John Steele Gordon – The Great Game: The Emergence of Wall Street as a World Power: 1653–2000
 * Brian Greene – The Elegant Universe
 * Deborah Harkness – John Dee's Conversations with Angels: Cabala, Alchemy, and the End of Nature
 * Peter Jennings and Todd Brewster – The Century
 * S.T. Joshi – Sixty Years of Arkham House
 * Winona LaDuke – All our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life
 * Bruce Lincoln – Theorizing Myth: Narrative, Ideology, and Scholarship
 * Jamie Oliver – The Naked Chef
 * W. G. Sebald – Luftkrieg und Literatur (Air War and Literature, translated as On the Natural History of Destruction)
 * David Southwell – Conspiracy Theories
 * Dejan Stojanović – Razgovori (Conversations)
 * Jean-Pierre Vernant – L'univers, les dieux, les hommes

Births

 * October 13 – Faridah Àbíké-Íyímídé, Nigerian–British author and columnist
 * December 22 – Ameer Idreis, Canadian writer

Deaths

 * January 11 – Naomi Mitchison, Scottish novelist and poet (born 1897)
 * January 16 – Dadie Rylands (George Rylands), English Shakespearean scholar (born 1902)
 * February 8 – Iris Murdoch, Irish-born novelist and philosopher (born 1919)
 * February 20 – Sarah Kane, English playwright (suicide, born 1971)
 * February 22 – William Bronk, American poet (born 1918)
 * February 24 – Andre Dubus, American short story writer, essayist and autobiographer (born 1936)
 * March 4
 * Del Close, American actor, writer, and teacher (born 1934)
 * Karel van het Reve, Dutch writer (born 1921)
 * March 5 – John Figueroa, Jamaican poet (born 1920)
 * March 8 – Adolfo Bioy Casares, Argentine author (born 1914)
 * March 13
 * Lee Falk, American cartoonist, writer, theater director, and producer (born 1911)
 * Garson Kanin, American playwright and screenwriter (born 1912)
 * March 28 – Jim Turner, American editor (born 1945)
 * April 13 – Knut Hauge, Norwegian novelist, dramatist and children's writer (born 1911)
 * May 8 – Soeman Hs, Indonesian novelist (born 1904)
 * May 10 – Shel Silverstein, American children's poet (born 1930)
 * May 27 – Alice Adams, short story writer and novelist (born 1926)
 * June 14 – J. F. Powers, American writer (born 1917)
 * July 2 – Mario Puzo, American writer (born 1920)
 * July 14 – Maria Banuș, Romanian poet and translator (born 1914)
 * September 25 – Marion Zimmer Bradley, American writer (born 1930)
 * October 3 – Heinz G. Konsalik, German novelist (born 1921)
 * October 19
 * Penelope Mortimer, Welsh-born English novelist and biographer (born 1918)

 * Nathalie Sarraute, Russian-born French writer and lawyer (born 1900)
 * E. J. Scovell, English poet (born 1907)
 * November 11 – Jacobo Timerman, Soviet-born Argentinian journalist and publisher (born 1923)
 * November 18 – Paul Bowles, American novelist (born 1910)
 * December 2 – Matt Cohen, Canadian novelist (born 1942)
 * December 8 – Rupert Hart-Davis, English editor and publisher (born 1907)
 * December 12 – Joseph Heller, American novelist (born 1923)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for Literature: Günter Grass
 * Camões Prize: Sophia de Mello Breyner

Australia

 * The Australian/Vogel Literary Award: Hsu-Ming Teo, Love and Vertigo
 * C. J. Dennis Prize for Poetry: Gig Ryan, Pure and Applied
 * Kenneth Slessor Prize for Poetry: Lee Cataldi, Race Against Time
 * Miles Franklin Award: Murray Bail, Eucalyptus

Canada

 * Giller Prize for Canadian Fiction: Bonnie Burnard, A Good House
 * See 1999 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
 * Edna Staebler Award for Creative Non-Fiction: Michael Poole, Romancing Mary Jane

France

 * Prix Femina: Maryline Desbiolles, Anchise
 * Prix Goncourt: Jean Echenoz, Je m'en vais
 * Prix Décembre: Claude Askolovitch, Voyage au bout de la France: Le Front National tel qu'il est
 * Prix Médicis French: Michel Del Castillo, Colette, une certaine France
 * Prix Médicis Non-Fiction: Christian Oster, Mon grand appartement
 * Prix Médicis International: Bjorn Larsson, Le capitaine et les rêves

United Kingdom

 * Booker Prize: J. M. Coetzee, Disgrace
 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Aidan Chambers, Postcards from No Man's Land
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Timothy Mo, Renegade, or Halo2
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Kathryn Hughes, George Eliot: The Last Victorian
 * Cholmondeley Award: Vicki Feaver, Geoffrey Hill, Elma Mitchell, Sheenagh Pugh
 * Eric Gregory Award: Ross Cogan, Matthew Hollis, Helen Ivory, Andrew Pidoux, Owen Sheers, Dan Wyke
 * Orange Prize for Fiction: Suzanne Berne, A Crime in the Neighborhood
 * Samuel Johnson Prize (first award): Antony Beevor, Stalingrad
 * Whitbread Best Book Award: Seamus Heaney, Beowulf

United States

 * Agnes Lynch Starrett Poetry Prize: Daisy Fried, She Didn't Mean To Do It
 * Aiken Taylor Award for Modern American Poetry: George Garrett
 * Arthur Rense Prize awarded to James McMichael by the American Academy of Arts and Letters
 * Bernard F. Connors Prize for Poetry: J. D. McClatchy, "Tattoos"
 * Compton Crook Award: James Stoddard, The High House
 * Frost Medal: Barbara Guest
 * Hugo Award for Best Novel: Connie Willis, To Say Nothing of the Dog
 * National Book Award for Fiction: to Waiting by Ha Jin
 * National Book Critics Circle Award: to Motherless Brooklyn by Jonathan Lethem
 * Nebula Award: Octavia E. Butler, Parable of the Talents
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Louis Sachar, Holes
 * PEN/Faulkner Award for Fiction: to The Hours by Michael Cunningham
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Margaret Edson, Wit
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Michael Cunningham, The Hours
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Mark Strand, Blizzard of One
 * Wallace Stevens Award: Jackson Mac Low
 * Whiting Awards:
 * Fiction: Ehud Havazelet, Ben Marcus, Yxta Maya Murray, ZZ Packer
 * Nonfiction: Gordon Grice, Margaret Talbot
 * Plays: Naomi Iizuka
 * Poetry: Michael Haskell, Terrance Hayes, Martha Zweig

Elsewhere

 * Finlandia Prize: 1999 Kristina Carlson, Maan ääreen
 * International Dublin Literary Award: Andrew Miller, Ingenious Pain
 * Alfaguara Prize: Manuel Vicent, Son de mar
 * Premio Nadal: Gustavo Martín Zarzo, Las historias de Marta y Fernando
 * Viareggio Prize: Ernesto Franco, Vite senza fine

title: 1999 in literature


text:
Cristina Saralegui

Cristina María Saralegui de Ávila (born Cristina María Saralegui Santamarina; January 29, 1948) is a Cuban-born American journalist, television personality, actress and talk show host of the Spanish-language eponymous show, . Before her television career, she worked for ten years as editor-in-chief of the Spanish-language version of Cosmopolitan magazine distributed throughout Latin America.

Early life and family
Cristina María Saralegui Santamarina was born in Miramar, Havana, Cuba, to Francisco Rene Saralegui Álvarez, Jr. and María Cristina de las Nieves Santamarina Díaz. She is the eldest of five, she has two sisters, Vicky and María Eugenia, as well as two brothers, Patxi and Iñaki. Saralegui is descended from Basque Country ancestors, with all four of her grandparents having origins in Spain. Her paternal grandfather Francisco Saralegui Arizubieta was Basque, from Lizarza and her paternal grandmother Amalia "Amalita" Álvarez Cuesta, an Asturian from Gijon; her maternal grandfather was José Santamarina Iviricu, and her maternal grandmother Águeda Díaz.

In 1960, following the Cuban Revolution, Saralegui and her family fled to Miami, Florida, United States, and settled on Key Biscayne.

Journalism career
After graduating from the Academy of the Assumption in 1966, Saralegui enrolled at the University of Miami. In 1973, she began an internship at the magazine Vanidades. This allowed her to improve her written Spanish to the level of her spoken language. By 1979, Saralegui was appointed editor of the Spanish version of Cosmopolitan magazine, working out of Miami and having been officially welcomed into the fold by Cosmopolitan U.S. editor Helen Gurley Brown, who received her at a party in New York City. She continued in this role through most of the 1980s. Her close relationship at Cosmopolitan with Helen Gurley Brown was a mentor-type relationship, and Cristina Saralegui was labeled for a time as "the Latin Helen Gurley Brown".

While editor of Cosmopolitan, Saralegui sought to give information to Latin American audiences about important topics, such as sexual and mental health, which Saralegui felt were not typically discussed enough in Latin families. This sometimes put her at odds with Gurley Brown, whose approach to the English-language magazine was more sexually forward, while Saralegui recognized that there were still many facets of "liberation" Latin women still had not attained.

El Show de Cristina
In 1989, Saralegui transferred her journalistic success to television, by launching the Miami-based Spanish-language talk show, El Show de Cristina (The Cristina Show) on Univisión. She concluded each episode with a double thumbs-up salute and the Cuban expression "Pa'lante, pa'lante, pa'tras ni pa' coger impulso", ("Forward, forward; don't step back, not even to gain momentum"...could also be understood as "to get a running start".)

Prominent guests included Shakira, Paulina Rubio, Don Francisco, the former members of Menudo, Fernando Colunga, Selena, Lucero, Celia Cruz, Camilo Sesto, Thalía, Olga Tañón, Isabel Pantoja, Julio Iglesias, Jaci Velasquez, Alejandro Fernández, Enrique Iglesias, Pitbull, Sussan Taunton, Jorge Ramos, Gloria Estefan and her husband Emilio Estefan, Jr., Gloria Trevi, Chayanne, Sebastian Rulli, Xuxa, Ricky Martin, RBD, Niurka, Noelia, Anaís, George Lopez, Jennifer Lopez, Adela Noriega, Grecia Colmenares, Alexandra Cheron, Amelia Vega, Angélica Vale, Angélica María, and Susana Gonzalez.

During the program recorded on Monday, October 25, 2010, Cristina reviewed her career and the program's more memorable episodes and guests.

Saragelui's talk show last aired on November 1, 2010 after 21 years. Hosted by Mexican actor, Fernando Colunga, Cristina was celebrated by her colleagues Daniela Romo, Cesar Evora, Thalia, Shakira, Gloria Estefan, Emilio Estefan, Angelica Maria, Carmen Salinas, Don Francisco, Jorge Ramos, and others. Some of her Univision colleagues were in the audience from where they interacted with Cristina herself, sharing anecdotes and messages of hope and admiration.

Saralegui went on to publish her own magazine, Cristina: La Revista (Cristina: The Magazine) and several books. She is referred to as "the Spanish-Cuban Oprah".

In 1992, Saralegui had an English-language syndicated talk show, Cristina, which was cancelled after half a season.

The song Somos El Mundo premiered during Saralegui's show, with an appeal to help the Haiti relief effort. It was translated by Gloria Estefan, produced by her husband Emilio Estefan and approved by Quincy Jones.

During her last show on Univision, Saralegui said,

"Cristina no se retira, jamas dejaría esto... aquí hay Cristina y ¡para rato! (Cristina does not retire, I would never leave this... there is (still) Cristina and for a (good) while!)."

Saralegui remained under contract with Univision until December 31, 2010. It was discussed that she might continue as a collaborator, for special programs and interviews, and that a new Cristina show would debut in March, 2011, but this did not happen.

Career after Univision (WAPA-TV and WLII-DT)
The Spanish-language Network Azteca América presented a one-hour special, "Cristina Breaks the Silence" where, for the first time since her retirement from Univision, Saralegui was interviewed on television. The interview, hosted by Frank Cairo, a former producer and creator of the Cristina show, touched on many issues, from guests who were considered "difficult", to the unexpected announcement from the executives of Univision that her show was being canceled, as well as reactions, emotions, and responses to the news.

It was announced on May 17, 2011 that Telemundo had hired Cristina for a weekly variety show, Pa' lante con Cristina (Forward with Cristina), beginning in the fall of 2011. The program debuted on Telemundo on May 31 of that year, hosting a one-hour special retrospective featuring the stars of the just-completed telenovela La Reina del Sur.

On May 31, 2012, it was announced that Pa' lante con Cristina would end its run and will not be renewed for another season.

In 2012, Saralegui began Cristina Radio on Sirius XM.

In June 2012, Saralegui endorsed President Barack Obama for a second term, marking her first political endorsement ever.

Web presence
Currently, Saralegui has joined with AARP to help raise awareness, within the Latino community, about the benefits AARP has to offer. They have created ¡Amigos Live!, an online interactive video.

Personal life
She is divorced from her first husband, Tony, with whom she has a daughter Cristina Amelia. She has been married to Marcos Ávila since 1982, a former member of the Miami Sound Machine, and from this marriage she has a stepdaughter, Stephanie. Together they have one child, son Jon Marcos.

title: Cristina Saralegui