text:
Talk:History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Untitled
I have read in a high school textbook that after the discreditation of the Free State, Leopolde handed Congo over to the Belgian government that did spend some effort at reform and building infrastructure. Any thoughts on that?

Rename
I'd suggest renaming Congo Free State and Belgian Congo, as they suggest articles about a former states, when in fact they are just history of a current state article. Consider also an example of History of Poland (1945–1989) vs. People's Republic of Poland, or History of Poland (1569-1795) vs. Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 21:27, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

Changes in Congolese society
This section needs more references and specific examples. The statements in it are repetitive and seem to be written in a style that is heavily dependent on marxist/post-colonialist assumptions. I am not saying that the content is wrong (I don't know one way or the other) but the way it is conveyed should be in more neutral/ encyclopedia appropriate language.

D.R.C foreign policy
Any thoughts on the best way to research and analyze the congo's foreign policy and how it developed throughout history????

History of the country's official name
What was this country's official name when it achieved independence? Was it "Democratic Republic of Congo" or was it "Republic of Congo"?

The Wikipedia article Heads of state of the Democratic Republic of the Congo indicates that the country began as "Republic of Congo", became "Democratic Republic of Congo" in 1966, became "Zaire" in 1971, and reverted to "Democratic Republic of Congo" in 1997.

So, in 1960, at the moment of independence, what was the country called? Were there two countries called "Republic of Congo"? Poldy Bloom 18:04, 21 February 2006 (UTC)

Template icon
I really like the 3-in-1 flag icon that has been created for the template of this series of articles; very creative and original! However, I still feel that an outline map would be even better, since those are only three of the flags that have been associated with this entity. //Big Adamsky 17:16, 25 February 2006 (UTC)

i need help
okay iam am doing an assignment and it says that a mask is from the republic of congo and gabon r they tribes or places??? plz answer if u no cause i dnt —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 138.130.150.190 (talk) 08:35, 22 February 2007 (UTC).

Same articles or different? Merger possible?
Is this article same as History of the Republic of the Congo or different? And if they are the same, should they be merged?

Aeons | Talk  17:23, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
 * No, they are different countries. Rexparry sydney 13:31, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

Answer if you know. Thank You.
The area now known as the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo was first explored and somewhat colonized by Europeans in the 15th century. Which country, known for converting native populations to Roman Catholicism, was the first to establish a presence in the area? Netherlands Portugal Germany England (Djole93bg (talk) 19:55, 6 November 2010 (UTC)).

External links modified
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Democratic Republic of the Congo
How can an article on the history of the DRC not mention when it first adopted that name? It's been years since someone raised the question on this talk page, too! --76.69.46.228 (talk) 23:59, 17 November 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
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text:
Talk:List of Japanese writers

Is breaking up the page really necessary? I thought it was fine as is... if your browser can't read pages over 32k then UPGRADE IT. -- Goatasaur

Not because of my browser, but because of my conjucted internet connection and as-always slow wikipedia server. Remember it is not a good idea to have a long article, which takes long time to download too as does in my PC. Not everyone has a broadband connection, though mime is a broadband in college campus. -- Taku 02:17 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

Good point Taku. If you want me to split the list of Japanese authors page, sing out - but you will have to fix all the links it breaks! Tannin

Oh, actually I realized I don't how to be able to submit but need only to read.I am breaking up List of Japanese authors (which is awfully long. Yeah, I know I made such a list.). Anyway it is a good idea to check what I am editing. I may break articles without notice. -- Taku 02:14 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * I seriously disagree with making a bunch of split articles. If I am interested in browsing a list of Japanese authors, the act of clicking on a bunch of links to go back and forth is going to be very tiresome.  I think the original list should stay, maybe with a link to another list that is split.  Either way, keeping only the split articles will make browsing a tedious exercise. -- Goatasaur

 * I prefer the long list but the practical matters make me impossible to add a new entry. And likely it is not all me. We can't make a decision only based on our preference. -- Taku 02:22 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Isn't that exactly what you are doing now? -- Goatasaur

 * Huh? are you saying, I prefer a long list but I can't edit it then I should refrain myself from contributing to wikipedia. I am not sure what you mean -- Taku 02:37 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

Goatasaur, you may be shocked to hear this, but the principal point of having a site as a wiki is so that people can edit it. If a great many people are unable to edit pages because of their length, that is a serious problem. Therefore, it is preferable to reduce the length of pages as a simple technical matter that enables participation.

More generally, shorter pages are usually easier to navigate, easier to edit, and faster to download, and are to be generally encouraged on these bases as a boon to our readers. --Brion 02:40 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

Goatasaur, I'm not sure that I like the split-up list myself. But then I'm on cable here at home and at work too, so it's easy for me to say that. The way I look at it though, is that if it wasn't for Taku's work we wouldn't have the list in the first place, and as a general rule it is usually both sensible and courteous, where one contributor has done the vast majority of the work on a subject, for the rest of us to stand back and not joggle his elbow. Tannin
 * Understood. Again, I have accessed Wikipedia on dial-up on many occasions without a problem.  I do see most of the work has been done and it's not something I'm going to be using any great deal, so I retract my argument. -- Goatasaur

I'm confused as to how this list is organized. It appears that the authors are each listed family-name first, as they would be in Japan, but 1) this is not stated, which makes it confusing for readers and editors, and 2) it leads to links breaking where there are existing Wikipedia entries. For instance, Kenzaburo Oe is listed under O as Oe Kenzaburo. However, Oe has a Wikipedia entry under Kenzaburo Oe. I would like to rework this section to be given name first, family name last, to bring it into harmony with the rest of the wikipedia. Unfortunately, I cannot tell for most entries which order they are in and further suspect there is some mixing if any non-Japanese editors have contributed. --Zippy 01:21, 6 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * Regarding Kenzaburo Oe's example, the article should be named Oe Kenzaburo. And I oppose to change the order because even in English writting community, the order family name is followed by the given name seems common. It is the proper order anyway. -- Taku

 * I defer to your opinions of name order within Japan, but in my business dealings it is becoming uncommon for a Japanese person's western-style business card to list the family name first. Further, the names of many Japanese authors are, in the west, listed family name last. For examples of how Japanese author names are listed in the West, see http://www.amazon.com Amazon.com, specifically [ http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0802150616/qid=1062814316/sr=2-1/ref=sr_2_1/102-7372564-7412945 Kenzaburo Oe] on Amazon and [ http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1568860617/qid=1062814329/sr=5-1/ref=cm_lm_asin/102-7372564-7412945?v=glance   Ryunosuke Akutagawa] on Amazon. Whichever method used, and I am for family name last for consistency, it should be described on the Japanese author pages so that all readers understand which convention is in use. --Zippy 02:17, 6 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I am sure in the scene of bussiness or news. What is unforunate to us is that we haven't yet come up with a consistent convention. You can find many confusion about Utada Hikaru or Ayumi Hamasaki in Music of Japan. I think this issuie is unsolvable. -- Taku 02:24, 6 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * While the world is in flux, we don't have to be. Let's set a standard for other articles to follow. Here are examples of western newspapers naming the Prime Minister of Japan: BBC - Junichiro Koizumi, UPI Newswire - Junichiro Koizumi, MSNBC - Junichiro Koizumi. I suggest this form is the default in western newspapers. As newspapers and web sites like Amazon use this form, I suggest that it is now the default form in the west. --Zippy 05:37, 6 Sep 2003 (UTC) 05:36, 6 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I think we should do what we do in other places: use the most common name in English. So we call them Junichiro Koizumi and Kenzaburo Oe, which is what they're most commonly called in English; it does not follow that we would have to call another person, say, Ieyasu Tokugawa. - Montréalais 07:36, 6 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * This is fine with me, as long as we default to family name last when the name order is not otherwise established. (so, Kenzaburo Oe and Akira Kurasawa and Junichiro Koizumi). Where the person's name is established in the west in the opposite order, that is, family name first, we can use that version for article names, maximizing the chance of users finding and linking to the article, but use the default form in lists of names like List of Japanese authors to simplify sorting these lists. Taku, what do you say? --Zippy 21:14, 6 Sep 2003 (UTC)

I agree with the policy, the most common name in English. I understand also that family name first, given name last order is strange in English writing and is inconsistent with the rest of wikipedia articles. Honestly, this is a noisance problem to me and don't see a nice solution. I was thinking of historical names like Kakinomoto no Hitomaro while Kakinomoto is a family name. His name is never written in Hitomaro no Kakinomoto or such. It might be so confusing to some readers familar with Japanese names. Give more thoughs, I will certainly appreciate. -- Taku 00:25, 12 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * As long as Japanese people are willing to change their names to please the Westerners, this issue will never have a solution. It is like, when George Bush called himself Bush George in front of Japanese, people will start to get confused.  The Chinese government standardized on the name usage in Western publication.  Mao Zedong should never be called Zedong Mao regardless of what language you are speaking, a name is a name, names should not be changed beside transliteration.  It is time for the Westerners to be global savvy.  It is a wake up call that the term "last name" does not make sense outside of English speaking world.  Since both ways are acceptable to the Japanese people, you'll have a hard to switch people over.  One good example is Wen Ho Lee who called himself Lee Wen Ho among Chinese, but the rest of the world called him a different name.  If you cannot change them, join them. It is fact of life.

 * The CIA Factbook of the world quotes all family names with ALL Capital letters to resolve this ambiguity. However it was Wikipedia's policy not to adopt the convention.  So you have to live with the confusion because the policy does not take different world cultures into consideration.  Kowloonese 01:07, 12 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * One could also add piped links and redirect pages to resolve the fact that a Japanese person's name is often known by two different orderings in western literature so I don't see the issue here. In western literature, historical Japanese names are usually in surname, given name order, while for a modern Japanese names the ordering is opposite of  their actual names. So to have a list of Japanese names written in most popular order would introduce ambiguity - for example, there is no way to tell whether an author would be listed under Akutagawa Ryunosuke or Ryunosuke Akutagawa because he's sort of modern as well as sort of not, so I would have to look under A as well as R (even if Wikipedia had adopted the all caps convention). Also, non-famous authors would be difficult to impossible to list because we wouldn't know whether we should use the actual name or not. Therefore I don't see how the popularity argument should be used to rearrange literally the entire literary list which is already organized in a clear and consistent manner. On the other hand, people in this list whose actual name is in given name, surname order is few to none.  By the way, Taku: actually names like "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro" are sometimes written as "Hitomaro Kakinomoto" ("no" omitted) in western literature. --Tokek 03:24, 11 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Hi. I'm TY, Japanese Wikipedian. List of Japanese authors totally confused me... It includes much many obscure authors (they are not known at all in Japan). I guess someone had contributed very long list of Japanese text archive Aozora Bunko. But this online archive have lots of obscure or amateur writers' name.TY 10:38, 2 Feb 2004 (UTC)

Please don't misunderstand. I think we must not delete stub, because It's good starting point to write articles. I mean, List of Japanese authors includes many clutter which nobody can write any articles about him/her. I guess that someone used bots and didn't check anymore whether they are real authors or just people who happened to write some text. TY 08:59, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I'd deleted some and added significant authors.TY 02:25, 7 Feb 2004 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:List of Japanese writers


text:
List of Japanese writers: A

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter A

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Abe Akira (1934–1989)
 * Abe Kobo (1924–1993)
 * Abe Kazushige (born 1968)
 * Abe no Nakamaro (698–770)
 * Abe Tomoji (1903–1973)
 * Aeba Koson (August 15, 1855 – June 20, 1922)
 * Agawa Hiroyuki (1920–2015)
 * Aikawa Sho (born 1965)
 * Aizu Yaichi (August 1, 1881 – November 21, 1956)
 * Akae Baku (1933–2012)
 * Akagawa Jiro (born 1948)
 * Akahori Satoru (born 1965)
 * Akazome Emon (956–1041)
 * Akiyama Mizuhito (born 1971)
 * Akiyuki Nosaka (October 10, 1930 – December 9, 2015)
 * Akutagawa Ryūnosuke (March 1, 1892 – July 24, 1927)
 * Anrakuan Sakuden (1544–1642)
 * Anzai Atsuko (born 1929)
 * Anzai Fuyue (March 9, 1898 – August 24, 1965)
 * Arai Hakuseki (1657–1725)
 * Arai Motoko (born 1960)
 * Araki Toichiro (1895–1977)
 * Arishima Ikuma (November 26, 1882 – September 15, 1960)
 * Arishima Takeo (March 4, 1878 – June 9, 1923)
 * Ariyoshi Sawako (January 20, 1931 – August 30, 1984)
 * Asada Jiro (born 1951)
 * Ashibe Taku (born 1958)
 * Asai Ryoi (died 1691)
 * Ayatsuji Yukito (born 1960)
 * Ayukawa Tetsuya (1919–2002)

title: List of Japanese writers: A


text:
List of Japanese writers: W

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter W

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Wakayama Bokusui (August 24, 1885 – September 17, 1928)
 * Watanabe Junichi
 * Watanabe On (August 26, 1902 – February 10, 1930)
 * Wataya Risa (born 1984)

title: List of Japanese writers: W


text:
List of Japanese writers: F

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter F

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Fujieda Shizuo (December 20, 1907 – April 16, 1993)
 * Fujii Sadakazu (born 1942)
 * Fujisawa Shū (born 1959)
 * Fujita Yoshinaga (born 1950)
 * Fujiwara no Akisue (1055–1123)
 * Fujiwara no Ietaka (1158–1237)
 * Fujiwara no Kintō (966–1041)
 * Fujiwara no Shunzei (1114–1204)
 * Fujiwara no Teika (1162–1241)
 * Fukada Kyūya (November 3, 1903 – March 21, 1971)
 * Fukazawa Shichirō (January 29, 1914 – August 18, 1987)
 * Fukuchi Gen'ichirō (May 13, 1841 – January 4, 1906)
 * Fukuda Eiko (October 5, 1865 – May 2, 1927)
 * Fukuda Sadayoshi (1917–2002)
 * Fukushima Masami (February 18, 1929 – April 9, 1976)
 * Fukuzawa Yukichi (January 10, 1835 – February 3, 1901)
 * Funahashi Seiichi (December 25, 1904 – January 13, 1976)
 * Furui Yoshikichi (born 1937)
 * Futabatei Shimei (February 28, 1864 – May 10, 1909)

title: List of Japanese writers: F


text:
List of Japanese writers: B

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter B

List by family name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Betsuyaku Minoru (1937 - 2020)

title: List of Japanese writers: B


text:
List of Japanese writers: U

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter U

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Uchida Hyakken (May 29, 1889 – April 20, 1971)
 * Uchimura Kanzō (March 26, 1861 – March 28, 1930)
 * Ueda Akinari (July 25, 1734 – August 8, 1809)
 * Ueda Makoto (writer on poetry) (1931–2020)
 * Ueda Makoto (writer on architecture)
 * Uemura Shoen (1875–1949)
 * Umezu Kazuo (born 1936)
 * Unno Juza (December 26, 1897 – May 17, 1949)
 * Urobuchi Gen (born 1972)
 * Usui Yoshimi (1905–1987)

title: List of Japanese writers: U


text:
List of Japanese writers: T

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter T

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Tachihara Masaaki (January 21, 1926 – August 12, 1980)
 * Tachihara Michizō (July 30, 1914 – March 29, 1939)
 * Tada Chimako (April 1, 1930 – January 23, 2003)
 * Taguchi Ukichi (1855–1905)
 * Takagi Akimitsu (September 25, 1920 – September 9, 1995)
 * Takahama Kyoshi (February 22, 1874 – April 8, 1959)
 * Takahashi Genichiro (born 1951)
 * Takahashi Kazumi (1931–1971)
 * Takahashi Motokichi (1893–1965)
 * Takahashi Mutsuo (born December 15, 1937)
 * Takahashi Takako (born 1932)
 * Takami Jun (January 30, 1907 – August 17, 1965)
 * Takami Koushun (born 1960)
 * Takamura Kotaro (March 13, 1883 – April 2, 1956)
 * Takano Tsugi (August 15, 1890 – March 19, 1943)
 * Takayama Chogyu (February 28, 1871 – December 24, 1902)
 * Takemoto Novala (born 1968)
 * Takeyama Michio (July 17, 1903 – June 15, 1984)
 * Tamura Ryuichi (born 1926)
 * Tamura Taijiro (1911–1983)
 * Tamura Toshiko (1884–1945)
 * Tanaka Hidemitsu (January 10, 1913 – November 3, 1949)
 * Tanaka Jun (1890–1960)
 * Tanaka Yoshiki (born 1952)
 * Taneda Santoka (December 3, 1882 – October 11, 1940)
 * Tanemura Suehiro (March 21, 1933 – August 29, 2004)
 * Tanigawa Nagaru (born 1970)
 * Tanikawa Shuntaro (born 1931)
 * Tanizaki Junichiro (1886–1965)
 * Tatsuhiko Takimoto (born 1978)
 * Tawada Yoko (born 1960)
 * Tawara Machi (born 1962)
 * Tayama Katai (January 22, 1872 – May 13, 1930)
 * Terada Kenji (born 1952)
 * Terada Torahiko (November 28, 1878 – December 31, 1935)
 * Terayama Shuji (December 10, 1935 – May 4, 1983)
 * Tokai Sanshi (December 2, 1852 – September 25, 1922)
 * Tokuda Shusei (December 23, 1871 – November 18, 1943)
 * Tokutomi Roka (October 25, 1868 – September 18, 1927)
 * Tomioka Makoto (January 1, 1897 – October 15, 1926)
 * Tow Ubukata (born 1977)
 * Tsubouchi Shoyo (May 22, 1859 – February 28, 1935)
 * Tsuji Jun (October 4, 1884 – November 24, 1944)
 * Tsuji Kunio (September 24, 1925 – July 29, 1999)
 * Tsunku (born 1968)
 * Tsunashima Ryosen (May 27, 1873 – September 14, 1907)
 * Tsutsui Yasutaka (born 1934)

title: List of Japanese writers: T


text:
List of Japanese writers: C

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter C

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Chikamatsu Monzaemon (1653 - January 6, 1724)
 * Chin Shunshin (18 February 1924 - 21 January 2015)
 * Chiri Yukie (June 8, 1903 – September 18, 1922)
 * Fukuda Chiyo-ni (also known as Kaga no Chiyo) (1703–1775)

title: List of Japanese writers: C


text:
List of Japanese writers: D

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter D

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z
 * Dazai Osamu (June 19, 1909 – June 13, 1948)
 * Dan Kazuo (February 3, 1912 - January 2, 1976)
 * Dan Oniroku (April 16, 1931 - May 6, 2011)

title: List of Japanese writers: D


text:
List of Japanese writers: E

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter E

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Edogawa Ranpo (October 21, 1894 – July 28, 1965)
 * Rokusuke Ei (April 10, 1933 – July 7, 2016)
 * Eiji Yoshikawa (1892-1962)
 * Ekuni Kaori (born March 21, 1964)
 * Emi Suiin (August 12, 1869 – November 3, 1934)
 * Enchi Fumiko (October 2, 1905 – November 12, 1986)
 * Enjoe Toh (born September 15, 1972)
 * Enokido Yoji (born 1963)
 * Endo Shusaku (March 27, 1923 – September 29, 1996)
 * Eto Jun (December 25, 1932 - July 21, 1999)

title: List of Japanese writers: E


text:
List of Japanese writers: G

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter G

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Gato Shoji
 * Gomi Kosuke (1921–1980)
 * Gomikawa Junpei (1916 – c. 1990)
 * Emperor Go-Toba, emperor of Japan (August 6, 1180 – March 28, 1239)
 * Goto Ben (born 1929)
 * Goto Chugai (December 23, 1866 – June 12, 1938)
 * Goto Meisei (April 4, 1932 – August 2, 1999)

title: List of Japanese writers: G


text:
List of Japanese writers: S

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter S

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Saigyō (1118–1190)
 * Saitō Mokichi (1882–1953)
 * Saitō Ryokuu (1868–1904)
 * Saitō Sakae (born 1933)
 * Sakaguchi Ango (1906–1955)
 * Saotome Mitsugu (born 1926)
 * Sasaki Nobutsuna
 * Sata Ineko (1904–1998)
 * Sei Shōnagon
 * Seii James Allen Kōichi Moriwaki
 * Senge Motomaro (1888–1948)
 * Shiba Ryōtarō (born 1923)
 * Shibusawa Tatsuhiko (1928–1987)
 * Shiga Mitsuko (1885–1956)
 * Shiga Naoya (1883–1971)
 * Shimada Masahiko (born 1961)
 * Shimaki Kensaku (1903–1945)
 * Shimao Toshio (1917–1986)
 * Shimazaki Tōson (1872–1943)
 * Shimizu Motoyoshi (born 1918)
 * Shimizu Satomu (see Yamamoto Shūgorō)
 * Shimizu Shikin (1868–1933)
 * Shimizu Yoshinori (born 1947)
 * Shiono Nanami (born 1937)
 * Shiraki Shizu (1895–1918)
 * Shōno Junzō (born 1921)
 * Kin'yuki Sonoike (1886-1974)
 * Suematsu Kenchō (1855–1920)
 * Suzuki Kōji (born 1957)
 * Suzuki Miekichi (1882–1936)
 * Suzuki Hiromi (dates unknown)

title: List of Japanese writers: S


text:
List of Japanese writers: O

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter O

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z
 * Oda Sakunosuke (October 26, 1913 – January 10, 1947)
 * Oe Kenzaburo (January 31, 1935 - March 3, 2023)
 * Ogawa Yoko (born 1962)
 * Ogiwara Seisensui (1884–1976)
 * Oguri Mushitaro (March 14, 1901 – February 10, 1946)
 * Okakura Kakuzo (December 26, 1862 – September 2, 1913)
 * Okamoto Kanoko (March 1, 1889 – February 18, 1939)
 * Okamoto Kido (October 15, 1872 – March 1, 1939)
 * Omae Ao (born November 28, 1992)
 * Ono Fuyumi (born 1960)
 * Ono no Komachi (c. 825 – c. 900)
 * Ooka Makoto (1931–2017)
 * Ooka Shohei (March 6, 1909 – December 25, 1988)
 * Orikuchi Shinobu (February 11, 1887 – September 3, 1953)
 * Osanai Kaoru (July 26, 1881 – December 25, 1928)
 * Oshikawa Shunro (March 21, 1876 – November 16, 1914)
 * Ota Mizuho (1872–1963)
 * Otomo no Yakamochi (c. 718 – 785)
 * Ozaki Hosai (January 20, 1885 – April 7, 1926)
 * Ozaki Kihachi (1892–1974)
 * Ozaki Koyo (January 10, 1867 – October 30, 1903)
 * Ozu Yasujiro (1903–1963)

title: List of Japanese writers: O


text:
List of Japanese writers: H

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter H

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z
 * Hagiwara Sakutaro (November 1, 1886 – May 11, 1942)
 * Hanada Kiyoteru (March 29, 1909 – September 23, 1974)
 * Haniya Yutaka (December 19, 1909 – February 19, 1997)
 * Hanmura Ryō (October 27, 1933 – March 4, 2002)
 * Hara Takashi (February 9, 1856 – November 4, 1921)
 * Hara Tamiki (November 15, 1905 – March 13, 1951)
 * Hase Seishū (born February 18, 1965)
 * Hasegawa Kaitarō (17 January 1900 – 29 June 1935)
 * Hasegawa Nyozekan (1875–1969)
 * Hasegawa Shigure (October 1, 1879 – August 22, 1941)
 * Hashida Sugako (born 1925)
 * Hashimoto Shinkichi (December 24, 1882 – January 30, 1945)
 * Hayama Yoshiki (March 12, 1894 – October 18, 1945)
 * Hayami Yuji (born 1961)
 * Hayao Miyazaki (born 1941)
 * Hayashi Fumiko (1903 or 1904 – June 28, 1951)
 * Hayashi Fubo (1900–1935)
 * Hayashi Fusao (May 30, 1903 – October 9, 1975)
 * Higashino Keigo (born February 4, 1958)
 * Higuchi Ichiyō (May 2, 1872 – November 23, 1896)
 * Himuro Saeko (January 11, 1957 – June 6, 2008)
 * Hinatsu Konosuke (February 22, 1890 – June 13, 1971)
 * Hino Ashihei (January 25, 1907 – January 24, 1960)
 * Hirabayashi Taiko (1905–1971)
 * Hiraide Shu (April 3, 1878 – March 17, 1914)
 * Hiraiwa Yumie (born 1932)
 * Hirotsu Kazuo (December 5, 1891 – September 21, 1968)
 * Hirotsu Ryurō (July 15, 1861 – October 15, 1928)
 * Hisao Juran (April 6, 1902 – October 6, 1957)
 * Hojo Hideji (1902 – May 19, 1996)
 * Hori Akira (born 1944)
 * Hori Tatsuo (December 28, 1904 – May 28, 1953)
 * Horiguchi Daigaku (January 8, 1892 – March 15, 1981)
 * Hosaka Kazushi (born 1956)
 * Hoshi Shinichi (September 6, 1926 – December 30, 1997)
 * Hoshino Tatsuko (November 15, 1903 – March 3, 1984)
 * Hoshino Tenchi (1862–1950)

title: List of Japanese writers: H


text:
List of Japanese writers: N

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter N

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Nada Inanda (born 1929)
 * Nagai Kafu (December 4, 1879 – April 30, 1959)
 * Nagai Tatsuo (May 20, 1904 – October 12, 1990)
 * Nagai Michiko (born 1921)
 * Nagata Hideo (1885–1949)
 * Nagata Mikihiko (1887–1964)
 * Nagayo Yoshiro (August 6, 1888 – October 29, 1961)
 * Nagatsuka Takashi (April 3, 1879 – February 8, 1915)
 * Naito Torajiro (July 18, 1866 – June 26, 1934)
 * Naka Kansuke (May 22, 1885 – May 3, 1965)
 * Nakagami Kenji (August 2, 1946 – August 12, 1992)
 * Nakahara Chuya (April 29, 1907 – October 22, 1937)
 * Nakajima Atsushi (May 5, 1909 – December 4, 1942)
 * Nakajima Ramo (April 3, 1952 – July 26, 2004)
 * Nakamori Akio (born 1960)
 * Nakamura Shinichiro (March 5, 1918 – December 25, 1997)
 * Nakamura Mitsuo (February 5, 1911 – July 12, 1988)
 * Nakane Chie (born 1926)
 * Nakano Koji (1925–2004)
 * Nakayama Gishu (October 5, 1900 – August 19, 1969)
 * Nakazato Tsuneko (1884–1945)
 * Naito Joso (1662–1704)
 * Naoki Sanjugo (February 12, 1891 – February 24, 1934)
 * Narushima Ryūhoku (1837–1934)
 * Natsume Sōseki (February 9, 1867 – December 9, 1916)
 * Nasu Kinoko (born 1973)
 * Nicol, Clive (born 1940)
 * Niimi Nankichi (July 30, 1913 – March 22, 1943)
 * Niki Etsuko (1928–1986)
 * Nishimura Kyotaro (born 1930)
 * Nishiyama Sōin (1605–1682)
 * Nishio Ishin (born 1981)
 * Nishiwaki Junzaburo (January 20, 1894 – June 5, 1982)
 * Niwa Fumio (November 22, 1904 – April 20, 2005)
 * Nitobe Inazo (September 1, 1862 – October 15, 1933)
 * Nitta Jirō (1912–1980)
 * Nobumoto Keiko (born 1964)
 * Nishida Kitaro (1870–1945)
 * Nobori Shomu (1878–1958)
 * Noda Hideki (playwright) (born 1955)
 * Nogami Yaeko (1885–1985)
 * Noguchi Fujio (1911–1993)
 * Nogushi Yonejiro December 8, 1875 – July 13, 1947)
 * Noma Hiroshi (February 23, 1915 – January 2, 1991)
 * Nomi Masahiko (July 18, 1925 – October 30, 1981)
 * Nomura Kodo (1882–1963)
 * Nosaka Akiyuki (born October 10, 1930)
 * Nukata no Ōkimi (630–690)

title: List of Japanese writers: N


text:
List of Japanese writers: I

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter I

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Ibuse Masuji (February 15, 1898 – July 10, 1993)
 * Ido Reizan (1859–1935)
 * Ihara Saikaku (1642–1693)
 * Iida Dakotsu (April 26, 1885 – October 3, 1962)
 * Ikenami Shotaro (January 25, 1923 – May 3, 1990)
 * Ikezawa Natsuki (born 1945)
 * Ikkyu (1394–1481)
 * Inagaki Manjirō (September 26, 1861 – November 25, 1908)
 * Inagaki Taruho (December 26, 1900 – October 25, 1977)
 * Inoue Hisashi (born 1934)
 * Inoue Kenkabō (1870–1934)
 * Inoue Yasushi (May 6, 1907 – January 29, 1991)
 * Inui Kurumi (born 1963)
 * Irokawa Takehiro (1929–1989)
 * Isaka Kōtarō (born May 25, 1971)
 * Lady Ise (c. 875 – c. 938)
 * Ishibashi Ningetsu (September 1, 1865 – February 1, 1926)
 * Ishida Ira (born March 8, 1960)
 * Ishigaki Rin (February 21, 1920 – December 26, 2004)
 * Ishiguro Kazuo (born November 8, 1954)
 * Ishihara Fujio (born 1933)
 * Ishihara Shintaro (born 1932)
 * Ishikawa Jun (March 7, 1899 – December 29, 1987)
 * Ishikawa Takuboku (February 20, 1886 – April 13, 1912)
 * Ishikawa Tatsuzo (July 2, 1905 – January 31, 1985)
 * Ishizuka Tomoji (September 20, 1906 – February 8, 1986)
 * Einosuke Itō (November 21, 1903 – July 26, 1959)
 * Itō Hiromi (born September 13, 1955)
 * Ito Junji (born 1963)
 * Itō Keikaku (Project Itoh) (October 14, 1974 – March 20, 2009)
 * Ito Noe (January 21, 1895 – September 16, 1923)
 * Ito Sachio (August 18, 1864 – July 30, 1913)
 * Ito Takami (born 1961)
 * Itoyama Akiko (born 1966)
 * Izawa Motohiko (born February 1, 1954)
 * Izumi Kyōka (November 4, 1873 – September 7, 1939)
 * Izumi Shikibu (c. 978 – c. 1034)
 * Izumo no Okuni (c. 1572 – 1613)

title: List of Japanese writers: I


text:
List of Japanese writers: K

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter K

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z
 * Kaga Otohiko (born 1929)
 * Kagawa Toyohiko (July 10, 1888 - April 23, 1960)
 * Kaiko Takeshi (December 30, 1930 – December 9, 1989)
 * Kaionji Chogoro (November 5, 1901 – December 1, 1977)
 * Kajii Motojirō (February 17, 1901 – March 24, 1932)
 * Kajio Shinji (born December 24, 1947)
 * Ikki Kajiwara (September 4, 1936 – January 21, 1987)
 * Kajiyama Toshiyuki (1930–1975)
 * Kakinomoto no Hitomaro (c. 662 – 710)
 * Kazuma Kamachi
 * Kambara Ariake (March 15, 1876 – February 3, 1952)
 * Kambayashi Chōhei (born 1953)
 * Kamo no Chōmei (1155–1216)
 * Kanagaki Robun (January 6, 1829 – November 8, 1894)
 * Kanai Mieko (born 1947)
 * Kanbe Musashi (born January 16, 1948)
 * Hitomi Kanehara (born 1983)
 * Kaneko Misuzu (April 11, 1903 – March 10, 1930)
 * Kaneko Mitsuharu (1895–1975)
 * Karai Senryu (1718–1790)
 * Kasai Zenzo (1887–1928)
 * Noburu Katagami (1884–1928)
 * Katayama Kyoichi (born 1959)
 * Masato Kato (born 1963)
 * Kawabata Yasunari (June 14, 1899 – April 16, 1972)
 * Kawada Jun
 * Kawaguchi Matsutaro (1899–1985)
 * Kawai Sora (1649–1710)
 * Kawaji Ryuko (1888–1959)
 * Kawakami Hiromi (born April 1, 1958)
 * Kawakami Kikuko (February 9, 1904 – October 26, 1985)
 * Kawakami Kiyoshi (1873–1949)
 * Kawakami Minoru (born 1975)
 * Kawamata Chiaki (born December 4, 1948)
 * Kawatake Mokuami (February 3, 1816 – January 22, 1893)
 * Kazuki Sakuraba (born 1971)
 * Kikai Hiroh (born 1945)
 * Kikuchi Kan (December 26, 1888 – March 6, 1948)
 * Kikuoka Kuri (1909–1970)
 * Ki no Tsurayuki (870–945)
 * Kimino Rinko
 * Kinoshita Junji (1914–2006)
 * Kinoshita Mokutaro (August 1, 1885 – October 15, 1945)
 * Kinoshita Rigen (1886–1925)
 * Kirino Natsuo (October 7, 1951)
 * Kishi Yusuke (born 1959)
 * Eriko Kishida (January 5, 1929 - April 7, 2011)
 * Kyōko Kishida (April 29, 1930 – December 17, 2006)
 * Rio Kishida (1950–2003), playwright
 * Kita Ikki (April 3, 1883 – August 19, 1937)
 * Kita Morio (born 1927)
 * Kitabatake Chikafusa (1293–1354)
 * Kitabatake Yaho (1903–1982)
 * Kitahara Hakushu (January 25, 1885 – November 2, 1942)
 * Kitakata Kenzo (born October 26, 1947)
 * Kitamura Kaoru (born December 28, 1949)
 * Kitamura Tokoku (December 29, 1868 – May 16, 1894)
 * Kiuchi Kazuhiro (born September 14, 1960)
 * Kobayashi Hideo (April 11, 1902 – March 1, 1983)
 * Kobayashi Issa (June 15, 1763 – January 5, 1828)
 * Kobayashi Takiji (October 13, 1903 – February 20, 1933)
 * Koda Aya (1904–1990)
 * Kōda Rohan (July 23, 1867 – July 30, 1947)
 * Kogyoku Izuki (born 1984)
 * Koizumi Yakumo (June 27, 1850 – September 26, 1904)
 * Kojima Masajiro (1894–1984)
 * Kojima Nobuo (February 28, 1915 – October 26, 2006)
 * Kojima Usui (December 29, 1873 – December 13, 1948)
 * Kokan Shiren (1278–1347)
 * Komaki Omi (May 11, 1894 – October 29, 1952)
 * Komatsu Sakyo (born 1931)
 * Kon Hidemi (November 6, 1903 – July 30, 1984)
 * Chiaki J. Konaka (born April 4, 1961)
 * Kondo Marie (born c. 1985)
 * Kondo Yoji (born 1933)
 * Kono Tensei (January 27, 1935 – January 29, 2012)
 * Koshiba Hiroshi (November 9, 1884 – June 19, 1925)
 * Kosugi Tengai (November 7, 1865 – September 1, 1952)
 * Koushun Takami (born January 10, 1969)
 * Kubota Mantaro (November 11, 1889 – May 6, 1963)
 * Kume Masao (November 23, 1891 – March 1, 1952)
 * Kunikida Doppo (July 15, 1871 – June 23, 1908)
 * Kurata Hyakuzo (23 February 1891 – 12 February 1943)
 * Kurimoto Kaoru (February 13, 1953 – May 26, 2009)
 * Kuriyakawa Hakuson (1880–1923)
 * Kuroda Seiki (June 29, 1866 – July 15, 1924)
 * Kuronuma Ken (1902–1985)
 * Kuroshima Denji (December 12, 1898 – October 17, 1943)
 * Kurumizawa Koshi (26 April 1925 – 23 May 1994)
 * Kyogoku Natsuhiko (born 1963)
 * Kyokutei Bakin (1767–1848)

title: List of Japanese writers: K


text:
Jean Talon

Jean Talon, Count d'Orsainville (January 8, 1626 – November 23, 1694) was a French colonial administrator who served as the first Intendant of New France. Talon was appointed by King Louis XIV and his minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to serve as the Intendant of Justice, Public Order and Finances in Canada, Acadia and Newfoundland for two terms: 1665 to 1668 and 1670 to 1672.

Talon attempted to change the economic base of the colony from fur trading to agriculture, but found this could not be accomplished without a larger population. Talon arranged for settlers to come to New France, including over 800 women known as the King's Daughters. These were young orphans that came to New France to marry men present there. He encouraged population growth through marriage grants and baby bonuses, which were financial compensation given to a couple when they married, and again when they had children.

Talon tried to diversify the economy of New France by introducing new crops such as flax and hops for making beer, by starting a shipyard and lumber industry, and by encouraging mining. He started the first commercial brewery in Canada, La Brasserie du Roy, in Québec City in 1668. Talon also worked to increase the population, the agricultural production, and the private sector of the burgeoning colony.

Weak and destitute New France
Prior to Jean Talon's arrival to the French colony in 1665, the colony, founded by Samuel de Champlain and situated along St. Lawrence River, was in a state of weakness and destitution despite its existence for more than half a century. Its failure in progress had been due to several key factors, including poor governance of the colony by trading companies, forgetfulness on the part of France, and the horrors caused by the wars between the Haudenosaunee and the Wendat clans.

The progress of the colony had been stifled by trading companies, because the companies valued money and profit rather than the survival of the colony, which did not really matter because most of the residents were coureurs des bois and could fend for themselves.

The French minister in charge of New France's affairs back in France was Cardinal Richelieu. At first he was involved in improving the colony's situation through attempts to increase the population of the colony, but he had been unsuccessful. Later on, his attention shifted to European politics, and New France's affairs were left ignored.

For 25 years, the colonists had been living with the effects of engaging in a violent war against the native inhabitants of the land, the Iroquois. In New France, no adequate military force existed to battle the Haudenosaunee. Other situations added to the degrading of the colony, included internal strife among the leaders in New France over questions of liquor traffic, lack of immigration from France, dying fur trade, and poor agriculture. The colonists of New France, the governor and the bishop petitioned to France for assistance.

Early life
Jean Talon was born in Châlons-en-Champagne to Philippe Talon and Anne Marie de Bury, where he was baptized on January 8, 1626. His family was related to the Parisian Talons, who held in succession the high office of attorney-general of France. After studying at the Jesuits' College of Clermont, Talon was employed in a commissariat. His abilities soon became apparent, and when he was 30, he was promoted to the position of Intendant for New France. When an Intendant was needed for the task of bringing the dying New France back to life, Colbert, an administrator of France, thought immediately of Talon and recommended him to the king. Talon's commission is dated March 23, 1665.

Rescue of New France
Louis and his minister decided in 1663 to give New France a new constitution. The charter of the Company of One Hundred Associates was cancelled and the old Council of Quebec, which was formed in 1647, reorganized and became the Sovereign Council. The Sovereign Council was composed of the governor, the bishop, the intendant, an attorney-general, a secretary, and five councilors. Its functions included general jurisdiction for the administration of justice in civil and criminal matters, and the questions of police, roads, finance, and trade.

In 1665, the King sent the Carignan-Salières Regiment, a new governor, a new intendant, settlers and labourers, and supplies to New France. The Lieutenant Général of the Americas, Alexandre de Prouville de Tracy, was dispatched to deal with the threat of the Iroquois. On September 12, 1665, the ship Saint Sebastien arrived in New France with Daniel de Rémy de Courcelle, the governor, and Jean Talon, the intendant of justice, police and finance.

A long letter of instructions was drafted by Colbert to guide Jean Talon in his mission to New France. The instructions dealt with mutual relations of Church and State, discussed the question of assistance to the recently created West India Company, and contemplated the war against the Iroquois and how it could be carried out successfully. Other instructions included the following: the establishment of the Sovereign Council and the administration of justice; the settlement of the colony and the advisability of concentrating the population; the importance of fostering trade and industry; the question of tithes for the maintenance of the Church; the establishment of shipbuilding yards; and the encouragement of agriculture.

Promoting colonization, agriculture, shipbuilding and commerce
It was up to Tracy and Courcelle to protect the colony from Iroquois attacks. Once Talon arrived in New France, his first task was to organize transportation of provisions, ammunition, tool, and supplies for the maintenance of the troops and to take care of incoming soldiers and laborers, making sure that those who contracted disease, received proper nursing and medical attention.

Tracy had led a successful attack against the Iroquois and won peace for the colony, restoring order and harmony. He left Canada on August 28, 1667; Courcelle remained as governor and Talon remained as the Intendant.

Now that peace was restored, Talon could carry out his works of colonization. In 1665, he had taken back the land granted to the Jesuits to establish about forty dwellings in preparation for new settlers, who would arrive the following year. These dwellings were to be grouped in three adjacent villages named Bourg-Royal, Bourg-la-Reine, and Bour-Talon.

One of the most important historical documents of this period was carried out by Talon. A general census of New France was taken during the winter of 1666–67 to gather information about the colony. This the first Canadian census of which we have any record. It did not include the king's troops, which formed a body of 1200 men.

Talon was highly organized in his establishment of settlements. New villages were established as close as possible to the capital and the settlers were grouped around a central point to encourage mutual help and defense. Proper dwellings were made ready to receive the newcomers. Talon proceeded to fill these dwellings with settlers, trying to have some skilled artisans, such as carpenters, shoemakers, and masons in each village.

Talon's colonization policy was to give grants of settlements to soldiers and habitants. They took possession of the land and received an ample supply of food and tools required. They would receive payment in clearing and tilling the first two acres. In return, they had to clear and prepare another two acres in three or four years so that the two acres could be given to the next round of incoming settlers.

Under Talon's successful colonization policy, the settlement of the country progressed rapidly. A census taken in 1668 gave very satisfactory figures. While in 1667 there had been 11,448 acres under cultivation, in 1668 15,649 acres were now under cultivation, and wheat production amounted to 130,978 bushels.

Talon's activity showed great zeal for the public good. In terms of promoting agriculture, he erected a brewery near the St. Charles River in 1668 to support cultivation of wheat. Furthermore, hemp was highly needed in the colony for making coarse cloth. To promote the production of hemp, he created a monopoly of thread. He seized all the thread on the shops, and gave notice that to acquire thread, they had to exchange it with hemp.

Talon promoted commerce through his introduction of the shipbuilding industry. Through encouragement of shipbuilding, he had in mind the extension of the colony's trade with the West Indies and France. He also encouraged the development of the fishing industry along St.Lawrence River.

To further encourage the growth of the colony, Talon established various policies to promote marriage and bearing of children. To young women who married, the intendant gave 50 livres in household supplies and some provisions. According to the king's decree, each youth who married at or before the age of twenty was entitled to 20 livres, called "the king’s gift." During the years 1665–68, 6000 livres were used to support the marriage of young gentlewomen without means, and another 6000 livres for settlement and marriage of four captains, three lieutenants, five ensigns and a few minor officers. Furthermore, families having ten children in their household were entitled to a pension of three hundred livres annually and four hundred livres were given to family with twelve children.

To balance the number of men and women living in the colony and to promote further marriage, girls were carefully selected from France to be taken to Canada. Some of them were orphans, who grew up under the king's protection in charitable institutions. They were known as the "King's Daughters". The rest of the girls belonged to honest families, whose parents were willing to send them to a new country where they would be well provided for. When these young women arrived in Canada, they immediately married or were placed for a time in good families.

Strenuous efforts of Talon gave great impulse to population. In 1665, there were 3,215 settlers, and 533 families. Three years later, the population now contained 6,282 settlers and 1,139 families. Jean Talon was hard at work in laying the foundation of an economic and political system and making commercial, industrial progresses.

Providing administration and internal order
Talon designed the main government buildings, especially the palace, paying special attention to the administration of justice. Under his commission, Talon had the right to "judge alone and with full jurisdiction in civil matters," to "hear all cases of crimes and misdemeanours, abuse and malversation, by whomsoever committed" to "proceed against all persons guilty of any crime, whatever might be their quality or condition, to pursue the proceedings until final completion, judgment and execution thereof."

Talon wished to make justice speedy, accessible to all and inexpensive. He proposed a three level system. In each parish, judges would be established to hear all civil cases involving not more than ten livres. Appeals for decisions given by the local judges could be taken to four judges based in Quebec. Final appeal was made to the Sovereign Council, which acted as a court. In 1669 Talon wrote a memorandum in which we find these words: "Justice is administered in the first instance by judges in the seigneuries; then by a lieutenant civil and criminal appointed by the company in each of the jurisdictions of Quebec and Three Rivers; and above all by the Sovereign Council, which is the last instance decides all cases where an appeal lies" Talon attempted to establish a method of settlement out of court. He also introduced an equitable system of land registration.

At that time, the Sovereign Council functioned as the legislature, the executive, the courts of justice and various commissions. One of the most important laws established by the Sovereign Council under Talon's guidance was that concerning the importation of liquor and the establishment of the brewing industry. The decree stated that immoral self-indulgence was caused by importation of great quantity of liquor from France. Talon thought that establishment of breweries in the colony would solve the problem of immoderate use of alcohol. The breweries would also support colony's agriculture in wheat.

In 1667, the Sovereign Council inspired by Talon discussed the formation of a company of Canadians to secure the exclusive privilege of trading. The charter granted the commercial monopoly to the West India Company. In 1668, the council sent a letter asking for freedom of trade to Colbert. The colonists had suffered from high prices and lack of availability in necessary goods. This was detrimental to the colony.

The sale of liquor to the Native Americans had always been prohibited in the colony. In 1657, the prohibition had been renewed and ratified under a decree of the King's State Council. In 1663, the Sovereign Council established a law prohibiting indirect or direct selling or giving of brandy to Native Americans. Jean Talon supported the Sovereign Council's decisions in the beginning. However, he was becoming more and more impressed by the material benefits and less convinced of its moral danger. He came to consider prohibition of the liquor traffic as a mistake, damaging to the trade and progress of the colony and to French influence over the Native Americans tribes. His earnest desire for the prosperity of the colony misled him to make the wrong judgment and brandy trafficking was accepted and approved.

The climate was severe and Talon's health was deteriorating. Talon asked twice for his recall back to France. He had family matters to take care of and he wanted relief from his difficulties with the governor and the spiritual authorities. Louis XIV gave him leave to return to France and Claude de Bouteroue was appointed to take over his duties. Talon left Quebec in November 1668.

Return to New France
Back in France, Jean Talon continued to support the Canadian colony. The king and Colbert readily approved his plans for strengthening the Canadian colony. Troops, laborers, women, settlers, and supplies were sent in response to Talon's requests. Talon's stay in France was only brief. On May 10, 1669, the king signed Talon's new commission to return to Canada. On August 18, after an absence from New France for a year and nine months, he landed once more at Quebec.

During his second term as the intendant of new France, he focused on external affairs of the colony. He wanted to extend French influence to the north, south and west. On October 10, 1670, he wrote to the king: "Since my arrival, I have sent resolute men to explore farther than has ever been done in Canada, some to the west, and north-west, others to the south-west and south."

His policy of exploration and discovery was directed towards increasing France's reputation, developing trade; and therefore, preparing the way for the future greatness of Canada.

Furthermore, through promotion of the development of Acadia, he tried to strengthen Canada on the border with New England and the alliance with the northern tribes opened up trade opportunities with the wide area extending from Lake St. John to Lake Mistassini and to Hudson Bay.

Under the authority of a decree of the King's Council of State, Talon gave a large number of seigneuries as grants. From October 10 to November 8 he granted about sixty seigneuries to officers and others settlements. On November 3 alone, he made 31 grants. It is true, seigneurial grants had been made in Canada before, but it was made without any preconceived plan or well-defined object. Talon organized the system of seigneuries with a well-defined object, which was to protect and to colonize the country.

Legacy
Jean Talon had saved the colony from destitution through the implementation of policies that cultivated agriculture, colonization, trade, industry and naval construction. He strengthened the foundation on which justice and government was placed. With strong outlook into the future, he prepared the way for the future extension and growth of New France.

Jean Talon left Canada in November 1672. The king had made a barony of his estate in recognition of his services and created him Baron des Islets. Later on he became Comte d’Orsainville and was appointed Captain of the Mariemont Castle.

After a time, he became Premier Valet de la garde-robe du Roi (First Valet of the King's wardrobe). Finally, he attained the coveted office of secretary of the king's cabinet. Jean Talon died on November 24, 1694, at the age of sixty-eight.

Honours
Several sites and landmarks were named to honour Jean Talon. They include:

 * Rue Jean-Talon (Jean Talon Street), located in Shawinigan, Quebec, Canada
 * The Jean Talon Building (Building 5) in Tunney's Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario (a Statistics Canada building, so named because Jean Talon conducted the first census in what is now Canada)
 * The provincial electoral district of Jean-Talon, Quebec
 * Rue Jean-Talon (Jean-Talon Street), an important street of 14.01 km going east–west in the city of Montreal, Quebec
 * Metro Jean-Talon (Jean Talon subway station), the intersection of the orange and the blue subway lines in Montreal, Quebec
 * Marché Jean-Talon, a farmer's market in Montreal
 * Rue Jean Talon in Châlons en Champagne
 * Statue Jean-Talon in Châlons en Champagne

title: Jean Talon


text:
Talk:List of people educated at Westminster School

Dido
I really think that Dido Armstrong should be listed as such, rather than as Dido, as that's her name. -- James F. (talk) 02:34 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Done! -- Oliver P. 02:58 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

Location
Perhaps this should be moved to a sub-page, specifically Westminster School/Former pupils? -- James F. (talk) 03:19 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * No no no, subpages are frowned upon these days. There are loads of "List of..." pages in the "top level" article space. They seem to be quite standard. (Actually, if I recall correctly, all the articles are at the same level anyway, the "/" being treated as just another character in the title. But I could be wrong about that.) -- Oliver P. 03:19 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Hmm, very well. I remember sub-pages being all the rage when I started out here... ;-) Of course, that 'everyone else is doing it' isn't really a great excuse, but I'll live with it for now.
 * James F. (talk) 03:29 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, and I think the abbreviations "OW" and "OWW" need explaining in this page, or the Westminster School page, or perhaps both! -- Oliver P. 03:23 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

Grounds for inclusion
Can I add my own name, or do I have to be famous? —Ashley Y 12:54, Jan 17, 2004 (UTC)

 * I think that you have to be sufficiently well known to have an article about you on the Wikipedia; the criteria for this criterion are located here. We could have a page for OW Wikipedians, though (there would be at least 3 entries, to my knowledge)...
 * James F. (talk) 19:34, 17 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Matthew Scott OW
... is the man who was kidnapped in Columbia whilst trekking on his gap-year holiday. At the time of writing, Wikipedia has not seen fit to bless him with an article, but if we do at some point do so, the following should be added:
 * Matthew Scott (born 1983), Columbian kidnap victim

James F. (talk) 15:21, 18 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Title
Shouldn't this be at List of former pupils of Westminster School? Proteus (Talk) 10:00, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Latest Edit/Explanation
See Edit Summary [History].

references for former Iranian PM
here ambassador to the court of st james' - http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:dQyJLS-qjK8J:www.iransoc.dircon.co.uk/WebPage8.html+hussein+ala++AND+westminster+school&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=1&ie=UTF-8

..becoming Iranian envoy to the UN ....

http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:zfE_xvV08agJ:history.acusd.edu/gen/newsreels/58.html+hussein+ala+AND+iran+AND+premier&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=11&ie=UTF-8

..and then PM in 1951 ( long article):

http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:sSVGlffhDWYJ:news.quickfound.net/intl/iran_news.html+hussein+ala+AND+iran+AND+shah&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=3&ie=UTF-8

Definitely the same man, as all searches inidicate only one Hussein Ala as minister under the Shah, all fitting the same timescale and career progression.

mentioned here as being 68 in 1951 :

http://66.249.93.104/search?q=cache:5vraLt-s-RoJ:www.irvl.net/april_28.htm+hussein+ala+AND+premier&hl=en&gl=uk&ct=clnk&cd=2&ie=UTF-8

Otherwise
Because it is not otherwise stated, the impression is given the Nick Clegg and Guttenplan are British. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.1.208 (talk) 15:16, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * This applies to another. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.1.208 (talk) 15:17, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Peter Ustinov might have been a British subject. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.1.208 (talk) 15:20, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * See also Alfred Enoch. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.1.208 (talk) 15:22, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * See Louis Theroux. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.1.208 (talk) 15:24, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * See Giles Coren. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.1.208 (talk) 15:26, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Ruth Kelly might be an Irish citizen. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.1.208 (talk) 15:28, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * See Noreena Hertz. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.1.208 (talk) 15:30, 9 April 2013 (UTC)
 * See Poliakov and Huhne. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.26.1.208 (talk) 15:37, 9 April 2013 (UTC)

Alexander Guttenplan
Pending the outcome of Articles_for_deletion/Alexander_Guttenplan_(2nd_nomination), I may delete his name from the list as being not notable. Benboy00 (talk) 03:23, 11 August 2013 (UTC)

Emily Lawson
Dame Emily Lawson, head of the NHS COVID-19 vaccine programme is an Old Westminster. Didn't add to list because unsure of year of birth. Uhooep (talk) 19:41, 5 January 2022 (UTC)


text:
List of Japanese writers: M

The following is a list of Japanese writers whose family name begins with the letter M

List by Family Name: A - B - C - D - E - F - G - H - I - J - K - M - N - O - R - S - T - U - W - Y - Z

 * Mafune Yutaka (1902–1977)
 * Maijō Ōtarō (born 1973)
 * Maruya Saiichi (1925–2012)
 * Maruyama Kenji (born 1943)
 * Masaki Gorō (born 1957)
 * Masaoka Shiki (September 17, 1867 – September 19, 1902)
 * Matsuo Bashō (1644–1694): haiku
 * Matsumoto Seicho (December 21, 1909 – August 4, 1992)
 * Matsunaga Enzo (April 26, 1895 – November 20, 1938)
 * Mei Matsuoka (born 1981)
 * Mayumura Taku (born October 20, 1934)
 * Michitsuna no Haha (Late 10th century): Kagerō Nikki ("The Gossamer Years")
 * Mieko Kawakami (born 1976)
 * Mikumo Gakuto (born 1970)
 * Minakami Takitaro (December 6, 1887 – March 23, 1940)
 * Minakami Tsutomu (March 8, 1919 – September 8, 2004)
 * Minakata Kumagusu (April 15, 1867 – December 29, 1941)
 * Mishima Sosen (July 30, 1876 – March 7, 1934)
 * Mishima Yukio (1925–1970)
 * Mita Munesuke (born 1937)
 * Mitsuse Ryu (March 18, 1928 – July 7, 1999)
 * Miyabe Miyuki (born December 23, 1960)
 * Miyamoto Teru (born 1947)
 * Miyamoto Yuriko (February 13, 1899 – January 21, 1951)
 * Miyazawa Kenji (August 27, 1896 – September 21, 1933)
 * Miyoshi Tatsuji (August 23, 1900 – April 5, 1964)
 * Mizumura Minae (born 1951)
 * Mori Hiroshi (born December 7, 1957)
 * Mori Ōgai (February 17, 1862 – July 9, 1922)
 * Morimura Seiichi (January 2, 1933 – July 24, 2023)
 * Morioka Hiroyuki (born March 2, 1962)
 * Morita Sohei (March 19, 1881 – December 14, 1949)
 * Morita Tama (December 19, 1894 – October 31, 1970)
 * Motoori Norinaga (June 21, 1730 – November 5, 1801)
 * Mukai Kyorai (1651–1704): haiku
 * Mukoda Kuniko (November 28, 1929 – August 22, 1981)
 * Murakami Haruki (born January 12, 1949)
 * Murakami Ryu (born February 19, 1952)
 * Muramatsu Shofu (September 21, 1889 – February 13, 1961)
 * Murasaki Shikibu (c. 973 – c. 1025): The Tale of Genji (Genji Monogatari)
 * Murayama Kaita (September 15, 1896 – February 20, 1919)
 * Murayama Tomoyoshi (January 18, 1901 – March 22, 1977)
 * Mushanokoji Saneatsu (May 12, 1885 – April 9, 1976)

title: List of Japanese writers: M


text:
Louis-Joseph de Montcalm

Louis-Joseph de Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis de Montcalm de Saint-Veran (28 February 1712 – 14 September 1759) was a French soldier best known as the commander of the forces in North America during the Seven Years' War (whose North American theatre is also referred to as the French and Indian War).

Montcalm was born near Nîmes in France to a noble family, and entered military service early in life. He saw service in the War of the Polish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, where his distinguished service led to promotion to brigadier general. In 1756, King Louis XV sent him to New France to lead its defence against the British in the Seven Years' War. Montcalm met with notable successes in 1756, 1757 and 1758, but British mobilisation of large numbers of troops against New France led to military setbacks in 1758 and 1759 (when, in January, he was promoted to lieutenant general), culminating in Montcalm's death at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham.

Montcalm's service in New France was marked by conflict between himself and the Governor General of the colony, Pierre de Rigaud, marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial. These men were the leaders of the war effort in New France during the Seven Years' War.

Montcalm has been much memorialized, especially in France, Quebec and parts of New York and Lower Michigan. Military historians have praised and criticized his decisions in defending Quebec.

Early life
Louis-Joseph was the son of Marie-Thérèse de Pierre and Louis-Daniel de Montcalm, of the House of Montcalm, a family of the Noblesse de Robe of Nîmes, at the family residence, the Chateau de Candiac, near Nîmes in southern France. He joined the French Royal Army in 1721, as an ensign in the Régiment d'Hainault. On the death of his father in 1735, he became the Marquis de Saint-Veran, inheriting the honours, rights, and debts of that position. His finances improved soon after by his marriage to Angelique Louise Talon du Boulay. Despite their marriage being initially arranged for money and influence, they were a devoted couple. They made their home at Candiac and had a large number of children of whom five survived to adulthood.

His father purchased a captaincy for him in 1729 and he served in the War of the Polish Succession, seeing action at the 1733 Siege of Kehl and the 1734 Siege of Philippsburg. When the War of the Austrian Succession broke out in 1740, his regiment was stationed in France, so Montcalm, seeking action, took a position as an aide-de-camp to Philippe Charles de La Fare. Montcalm and François Gaston de Lévis (who later served under him in New France) were both in the Siege of Prague. He was promoted to colonel of the Régiment d'Auxerrois in 1743. He took part in Marshal de Maillebois' Italian campaigns, where he was awarded the Order of Saint Louis in 1744 and taken prisoner in the 1746 Battle of Piacenza after receiving five sabre wounds while rallying his men. He was released on parole after several months' imprisonment, and promoted to Brigadier for his actions during the 1746 campaign. After prisoner exchanges made possible his return to active service, he joined the Italian campaign again in 1747. He was wounded again by a musket ball in the Battle of Assietta, and assisted in raising the Siege of Ventimiglia in October. When Marshal Belle-Isle retired that winter, his army was left under the command of its brigadiers, including Montcalm. The war came to an end in 1748 with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. In 1749 he was awarded a rare opportunity to raise a new regiment in peacetime; the Regiment de Montcalm was a cavalry regiment that Montcalm occasionally inspected.

Defence of New France
When the Seven Years' War spread to New France, King Louis XV sent Brigadier General Montcalm to the colonies as Commander-in-Chief, with Colonel Chevalier de Levis now as his second-in-command and Capitaine Louis Antoine de Bougainville as his new aide-de-camp.

Battle of Fort Oswego

Upon Montcalm's arrival in Montreal, he was immediately apprised of the situation along the border with British North America. Concerned by the number of British troops amassing near the border, Montcalm left to visit Fort Carillon to inspect the defenses while the governor general, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial, began to prepare troops at Fort Frontenac for a potential assault on Oswego, a British fort across Lake Ontario. Montcalm's assemblage of troops at Fort Carillon distracted the attention of the British, and upon receiving positive reports from scouts, Vaudreuil and Montcalm decided to make an approach and try to take the fort. When Montcalm returned to Fort Frontenac, he found a force of 3,500 men assembled, being regular French troops, Canadian militia, and Native Americans. On August 9, the forces crossed the lake and rapidly besieged the British fort. By the morning of August 13, the French had set up nine cannons and began to fire towards the fort while reinforcements surrounded the opposite side. The British commander was killed during the offensive, and the fort was quickly surrendered soon thereafter. 1,700 prisoners were taken, including 80 officers, as well as money, military correspondence, food provisions, guns, and boats, and the fort burnt and razed to the ground. Upwards of 100 prisoners were massacred in the wake of the surrender by Montcalm's Indian allies. Montcalm's first victory in North America came relatively quickly and easily, and signified to the British that the French now had a capable general heading their army. Despite the victory, Montcalm held reservations concerning the offensive strategy employed by Vaudreuil, and questioned the military value of the Canadian militias. This marked the beginning of the increasingly antagonistic relationship between Vaudreuil and Montcalm, which would prove to be crucial later on.

Battle of Fort William Henry
The following year, Montcalm achieved his greatest military success to date with the taking of Fort William Henry. Vaudreuil drew up plans for Montcalm that ordered him to march south and take the British bases south of Lake Champlain, Fort William Henry and Fort Edward a few miles further south. From Fort Carillon, Montcalm and a force of 6,200 regulars and militia, along with 1,800 natives set upon Fort William Henry on 3 August 1757. The fort was besieged for three days before surrender. Under the terms of the surrender, the garrison was to be escorted by French troops back to Fort Edward, where they would be barred from serving against the French for 18 months, and all British prisoners were to be returned to the French, who also kept all the stores and ammunition. As the garrison left Fort William Henry, however, they were attacked by Montcalm's native allies, and around 200 of the 2,000 prisoners were killed, breaching the terms of surrender. Montcalm decided not to advance on to Fort Edward despite the demoralization of the British forces and the proximity of the fort, claiming the road was too bad for his heavy guns and that the garrison would be reinforced before they arrived. This decision infuriated Vaudreuil, furthering the deterioration of their relationship.

Battle of Carillon
In July 1758, Vaudreuil sent Montcalm to block a British push near Fort Carillon, on Lake Champlain. The British force gathering under Major-General James Abercrombie was much larger than expected, with 6,000 British regulars and 9,000 provincial militiamen. On July 5, the British began to set upon the fort, but the killing of the British second-in-command held them up long enough for Canadian reinforcements to arrive and bring Montcalm's total force to over 3,600. Despite the relative insecurity of this particular fort and the overwhelming number of enemy troops, the French were able to hold the garrison due to a series of costly errors by the British general Abercrombie. By not waiting to bring up his heavy guns to blast the weak wooden defenses and failing to capitalize on a major flaw in the French lines, which would have allowed the British troops to easily outflank the garrison, Abercrombie enabled the French to sustain steady musket fire and hold off the attack. The battle was a major success for the French and a major setback for the British, and greatly added to the reputation of Montcalm, who boasted of his victory and often exaggerated his claims in writings back to France while disparaging the efforts of the Canadian and native fighters. Montcalm also accused Vaudreuil of purposely sending his troops, and Montcalm specifically, into a slaughter based on the size of the respective forces, a claim quickly refuted by Vaudreuil, who subsequently requested that Montcalm be recalled to France and that the Chevalier de Lévis be appointed to succeed him.

Quebec
In the second half of 1758, the British began to take the upper hand in North America, due in part to the massive resources they organized against the French and in part to the lack of reinforcements and supplies from France to support its colony, which was already on the brink of starvation following a catastrophic harvest. Louis XV therefore ordered the colony to reduce its defensive perimeter to the valley of the Saint Lawrence River, evacuating all forts in Ohio along with those around Lake Ontario and Lake Champlain. The French Minister of War nonetheless expressed his full support to Montcalm, confident that despite the odds, he would find a way to frustrate the enemy's plans, as he had done at Fort Carillon. This news, along with the threat of impending attack by the British, crushed Montcalm's spirit, who had lost all hope of holding the city in case of a siege.

Wolfe's forces reached Quebec in late June, 1759, and taking position on the opposite shore, started bombarding the city on July 12, reducing the city to rubble over the course of two months. Montcalm, on many occasions, managed to repel attempted landings by the British forces, most notably at the Battle of Beauport, on 31 July 1759. After spending the month of August ravaging the countryside, the British would once again attempt a landing on September 13, this time at l'Anse au Foulons, catching the French off guard. Before Montcalm could react, Wolfe's forces had already reached the plains outside the city, and were ready for battle.

In a decision largely considered to be Montcalm's greatest mistake, the general decided to attack the British with what forces he had rather than wait for the forces garrisoned along the shore to come and bolster his numbers. The marquis believed that if he allowed the British to fortify their position, he would not be able to defeat them, and the attack therefore could not wait. In the ensuing Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the French forces were defeated.

Death and burial
While riding back towards the city, General Montcalm was hit in the back by musket shot. Assisted by three soldiers, he regained the city, where he was taken before a surgeon, who announced Montcalm would not live through the night. During the afternoon, the general drew on his last reserves of strength and signed his last official act as commander of the French army in Canada. In a letter addressed to General Wolfe, who unbeknownst to him had also fallen in battle, Montcalm attempted to surrender the city, despite the fact he did not hold the authority to do so. He died at around 5:00 am on 14 September 1759. At 8:00 am, he was buried in a shell hole under the choir of the Ursuline church. On October 11, 2001, the remains of Montcalm were removed from the Ursuline convent and placed into a newly built mausoleum in the cemetery of the Hôpital-Général de Québec.

Conflict between Montcalm and Vaudreuil
Montcalm's service in New France was marked by conflict with the Governor General of the colony, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnial. The sources of the conflict were twofold.

Personal conflict
Firstly, Montcalm and Vaudreuil represented distinct martial services. Montcalm was a soldier in the army (troupes de terres), while Vaudreuil was a marine in the navy (compagnies franches de la marine). That meant that the former reported to the Ministry of War, but the latter reported to the Naval Ministry. According to the historian Christian Crouch, "Separate ministries meant separate career networks, separate routes to power, and separate patrons.... Jealously protective of their spheres of influence, the leaders of the war effort…were soon at odds." That led Montcalm to keep writing to the Minister of War, Comte d'Argenson, to complain about Vaudreuil's relative inexperience as a military strategist, among other things, in the hope of replacing him as chief strategist. Similarly, Vaudreuil would consistently write to the minister of the navy to complain about Montcalm's insubordination in the hope of having him replaced; Montcalm having been made subordinate to the former by the royal council in the hope of avoiding any disagreements over strategy, despite otherwise holding equivalent ranks. Thus, the first source of conflict between Montcalm and Vaudreuil was very much personal.

Societal conflict personified
However, the historian Guy Frégault, on the conflict between Montcalm and Vaudreuil, has said, "The conflict has been the subject of much debate. But the division that split the high command was more than a personal quarrel. It involved societies – and what it is that causes societies to arm themselves to endure." Thus, the second source of conflict between Montcalm and Vaudreuil was that they represented distinct societies and martial cultures. Montcalm represented the culture of the French metropolitan officer, and Vaudreuil represented that of the Canadian colonial officer. The culture of the French metropolitan officer led Montcalm and others like him to see the Seven Years' War in terms of a defence of their own and their kingdom's honour, regardless of what it meant for New France. Conversely, the culture of the Canadian colonial officer led Vaudreuil and others like him to interpret the war in terms of a defence of the territorial integrity of New France and thus its very existence.

The differences in interpretation led to differences in opinion about how the war should be waged. Montcalm was of the opinion that "colonial methods had had their day, and now war was established 'on a European footing, with planned campaigns, armies, artillery, sieges, battles....'" Waging the war that way would ensure the preservation and extension of French military honour, which was of particular importance to the king and his government after the loss of Fort Beauséjour at the outset of the war. Conversely, Vaudreuil was of the opinion that the war should be waged as based on established "colonial methods," which meant extending fortifications, consistently repelling British incursions, "defending the soil of our frontiers foot by foot against the enemy," fighting defensively, raiding extensively, and (most importantly) securing and relying heavily on Native participation. Montcalm was particularly disparaging of the last method since he thought that it would diminish French honour. Some French metropolitan officers saw Native military methods as boundlessly cruel and scalping as particularly revolting. After his victory at Carillon, he even went as far as saying to a delegation of Native leaders, "You have come at a time when I have no more need of you. Have you only come to see dead bodies? Go behind the fort and you will find them. I do not need you to defeat the English."

The conflict between Montcalm and Vaudreuil would be largely solved or at least rendered irrelevant when, in 1758, the former was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general, thus outranking the latter, and acquiring a virtually free hand in the determination of military strategy.

Honours
Four vessels of the French Navy have been named in his honour: Many sites and landmarks were named to honour Montcalm. They include:
 * An Alma-class ironclad (1865–1891)
 * An armoured cruiser (1898–1926)
 * A La Galissonnière-class cruiser (1933–1969, served in the Free French Naval Forces)
 * An F70 type frigate (1975–2017)
 * The Montcalm Squadron of cadets at the Royal Military College of Canada was named in his honour
 * Palais Montcalm, Quebec City, Quebec
 * Rue Montcalm, Montreal, Quebec
 * Montcalm Avenue, Plattsburgh, New York
 * Montcalm, New Hampshire
 * Montcalm Secondary School, London, Ontario
 * Rue Montcalm, Paris, 18th arrondissement of Paris, Caen, Clermont-Ferrand, La Rochelle, France
 * Rue Montcalm (Montcalm Street), Hull, Quebec
 * Montcalm Crescent, Calgary, Alberta
 * Montcalm Street, Detroit, Michigan
 * Montcalm Avenue, St. Catharines, Ontario
 * Montcalm Street, Vancouver, British Columbia
 * Montcalm Street, Ottawa, Ontario
 * Montcalm Street, Ticonderoga, New York, named in 1933
 * Montcalm Avenue, Buffalo, New York
 * Montcalm Park, on the site of the former Fort George, Oswego, New York
 * Montcalm Avenue (originally "Avenue du Montcalm"), in the historically French city of Plattsburgh, New York, 18 miles south of the Canada-US border
 * Montcalm High School, Montcalm, West Virginia, although the area is not historically connected to France or the French and Indian War
 * Montcalm Avenue, Brighton, Massachusetts
 * Lake Montcalm, Montcalm County, Michigan
 * Montcalm County in western Michigan. General Wolfe bears no place names in Michigan, while Montcalm names a county and a lake.
 * Montcalm Close, Orewa, Auckland, New Zealand
 * Montcalm Avenue, Baie-Comeau, Quebec
 * Montcalm Road, Warfield, British Columbia
 * Montcalm Street, Lake George (village), New York
 * Montcalm Road, Charlton, London, England
 * Rue Montcalm, Montpellier, France

title: Louis-Joseph de Montcalm


text:
Anna Magnani

Anna Maria Magnani (7 March 1908 – 26 September 1973) was an Italian actress. She was known for her explosive acting and earthy, realistic portrayals of characters.

Born in Rome, she worked her way through Rome's Academy of Dramatic Art by singing at night clubs. During her career, her only child was stricken by polio when he was 18 months old and remained disabled. She was referred to as "La Lupa", the "perennial toast of Rome" and a "living she-wolf symbol" of the cinema. Time described her personality as "fiery", and drama critic Harold Clurman said her acting was "volcanic". In the realm of Italian cinema, she was "passionate, fearless, and exciting", an actress whom film historian Barry Monush calls "the volcanic earth mother of all Italian cinema." Director Roberto Rossellini called her "the greatest acting genius since Eleonora Duse". Playwright Tennessee Williams became an admirer of her acting and wrote The Rose Tattoo (1955) specifically for her to star in, a role for which she received an Academy Award for Best Actress, becoming the first Italian – and first non-native English speaking woman – to win an Oscar.

After meeting director Goffredo Alessandrini, she received her first screen role in The Blind Woman of Sorrento (La cieca di Sorrento, 1934) and later achieved international attention in Rossellini's Rome, Open City (1945), which is seen as launching the Italian neorealism movement in cinema. As an actress, she became recognized for her dynamic and forceful portrayals of "earthy lower-class women" in such films as L'Amore (1948), Bellissima (1951), The Rose Tattoo (1955), The Fugitive Kind (1960) and Mamma Roma (1962). As early as 1950, Life had already stated that Magnani was "one of the most impressive actresses since Garbo".

Early years

Magnani's parentage and birthplace are uncertain. Some sources suggest she was born in Rome, others suggest Egypt. Her mother was Marina Magnani. Film director, Franco Zeffirelli, who claimed to know Magnani well, states in his autobiography that she was born in Alexandria, Egypt, to an Italian-Jewish mother and Egyptian father, and that "only later did she become Roman when her grandmother brought her over and raised her in one of the Roman slum districts." Magnani herself stated that her mother was married in Egypt, but returned to Rome before giving birth to her at Porta Pia, and did not know how the rumour of her Egyptian birth got started. She was enrolled in a French convent school in Rome, where she learned to speak French and play the piano. She also developed a passion for acting from watching the nuns stage their Christmas plays. This period of formal education lasted until the age of 14.

She was a "plain, frail child with a forlornness of spirit". Her grandparents compensated by pampering her with food and clothes. Yet while growing up, she is said to have felt more at ease around "more earthly" companions, often befriending the "toughest kid on the block". This trait carried over into her adult life when she proclaimed, "I hate respectability. Give me the life of the streets, of common people."

At age 17, she went on to study at the Eleonora Duse Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in Rome for two years. To support herself, Magnani sang in nightclubs and cabarets; leading to her being dubbed "the Italian Édith Piaf". However, her actor friend Micky Knox writes that she "never studied acting formally" and started her career in Italian music halls singing traditional Roman folk songs. "She was instinctive" he writes. "She had the ability to call up emotions at will, to move an audience, to convince them that life on the stage was as real and natural as life in their own kitchen." Film critic David Thomson wrote that Magnani was considered an "outstanding theatre actress" in productions of Anna Christie and The Petrified Forest.

Early acting career
In 1933, Magnani was acting in experimental plays in Rome when she was discovered by Italian filmmaker Goffredo Alessandrini. The couple married the same year. Nunzio Malasomma directed her in her first major film role in The Blind Woman of Sorrento (La Cieca di Sorrento, 1934).Goffredo Alessandrini directed her in Cavalry (Cavalleria, 1936). For director Vittorio De Sica, Magnani starred in Teresa Venerdì (1941). De Sica called this Magnani's "first true film". In it, she plays Loletta Prima, the girlfriend of De Sica’s character, Pietro Vignali. De Sica described Magnani's laugh as "loud, overwhelming, and tragic".

Italian stardom
Magnani became a major star in post-War Italian cinema, coming to international prominence in the films of Roberto Rossellini and other Italian directors.

Rome, Open City (1945)
Magnani gained international renown as Pina in Roberto Rossellini's neorealist Rome, Open City (Roma, città aperta, 1945). In a film about Italy's final days under German occupation during World War II, Magnani's character dies fighting to protect her husband, an underground fighter against the Nazis.

L'Amore: The Human Voice and The Miracle (1948)
Other collaborations with Rossellini include L'Amore (1948), a two-part film which includes The Miracle and The Human Voice (Il miracolo, and Una voce umana). In the former, Magnani, playing a peasant outcast who believes the baby she is carrying is Christ, plumbs both the sorrow and the righteousness of being alone in the world. The latter film, based on Jean Cocteau's play about a woman desperately trying to salvage a relationship over the telephone. Magnani's powerful moments of silence segue into cries of despair.

Volcano (1950)
After The Miracle, Rossellini promised to direct Magnani in a film he was preparing, which he told her would be "the crowning vehicle of her career". However, when the screenplay was completed, he instead gave the role for Stromboli to Ingrid Bergman, later Rossellini's lover. This permanently ended Magnani's personal and professional association with Rossellini.

As a result, Magnani took on the starring role of Volcano (1950), which was said to have been produced to invite a comparison. Both films were shot in similar locales of Aeolian Islands, only 40 kilometres apart; both actresses played independent-minded roles in a neorealist fashion; and both films were shot simultaneously. Life wrote "in an atmosphere crackling with rivalry... Reporters were accredited, like war correspondents, to one or the other of the embattled camps...Partisanship infected the Via Veneto (boulevard in Rome), where Magnaniacs and Bergmaniacs clashed frequently." However, Magnani still considered Rossellini the "greatest director she ever acted for".

Bellissima (1951)

In Luchino Visconti's Bellissima (1951), she plays Maddalena, a blustery, obstinate stage mother who drags her daughter to Cinecittà for the 'Prettiest Girl in Rome' contest, with dreams that her plain daughter will be a star. Her emotions in the film went from those of rage and humiliation to maternal love.

The Golden Coach (1952)
Magnani then went on to star as Camille (stage name: Columbine) in Jean Renoir's film The Golden Coach (Le Carrosse d'or, 1952). She played a woman torn with desire for three men - a soldier, a bullfighter, and a viceroy. Renoir called her "the greatest actress I have ever worked with".

The Rose Tattoo (1955)
She played the widowed mother of a teenaged daughter in Daniel Mann's 1955 film, The Rose Tattoo, based on the play by Tennessee Williams. It co-starred Burt Lancaster, and was Magnani's first English-speaking role in a mainstream Hollywood movie, winning her the Academy Award for Best Actress. Lancaster, who played the role of a "lusty truck driver", said, "if she had not found acting as an outlet for her enormous vitality, she would have become a great criminal".

Film historian John DiLeo has written that Magnani's acting in the film "displays why she is inarguably one of the half dozen greatest screen actresses of all time", and added:"'Whenever Magnani laughs or cries (which is often), it's as if you've never seen anyone laugh or cry before: has laughter ever been so burstingly joyful or tears so shatteringly sad?"

Tennessee Williams wrote the screenplay and based the character of Serafina on Magnani as Williams was a great admirer of her acting abilities, and he even stipulated that the movie "must star what Time described as "the most explosive emotional actress of her generation, Anna Magnani." In his Memoirs, Williams described why he insisted on Magnani playing this role:"'Anna Magnani was magnificent as Serafina in the movie version of Tattoo...She was as unconventional a woman as I have known in or out of my professional world, and if you understand me at all, you must know that in this statement I am making my personal estimate of her honesty, which I feel was complete. She never exhibited any lack of self-assurance, any timidity in her relations with that society outside of whose conventions she quite publicly existed...[s]he looked absolutely straight into the eyes of whomever she confronted and during that golden time in which we were dear friends, I never heard a false word from her mouth.'"

It was originally staged on Broadway with Maureen Stapleton, as Magnani's English was too limited at the time for her to star. Magnani won other Best Actress awards for her role, including the BAFTA Film Award, Golden Globes Award, National Board of Review, USA, and the New York Film Critics Circle Awards. When her name was announced as the Oscar winner, an American journalist called her in Rome to tell her the news; he had difficulty convincing her he wasn't joking.

Wild is the Wind
Magnani worked again in the United States, speaking both English and Italian, in George Cukor's drama Wild Is the Wind (1957), in which she played the Italian bride of sheep farmer Anthony Quinn who falls for his surrogate son Tony Franciosa. Both Magnani and Quinn were nominated for Oscars for their performances.

Magnani and Quinn would later star in the less successful The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969).

The Fugitive Kind
She then appeared in another Tennessee Williams property, the 1960 film The Fugitive Kind, which originally was titled Orpheus Descending after the play on which it was based). Directed by Sidney Lumet, she co-starred with Marlon Brando, for whom this also was a reunion with Williams, whose A Streetcar Named Desire vaulted him to stardom. In the film, she played Lady Torrance, a woman "hardened by life's cruelties and a grief that will not fade." It also co-starred a young Joanne Woodward in one of her early roles.

In an article he wrote for Life, Williams discussed why he chose Magnani for the part:"'Anna and I had both cherished the dream that her appearance in the part I created for her in The Fugitive Kind would be her greatest triumph to date...She is simply a rare being who seems to have about her a little lightning-shot cloud all her own...In a crowded room, she can sit perfectly motionless and silent and still you feel the atmospheric tension of her presence, its quiver and hum in the air like a live wire exposed, and a mood of Anna's is like the presence of royalty.'"

The production was troubled, as Magnani and Brando did not get along. David Thomson has written:"Rumors had it that Magnani (fifty-one at the time) assumed in advance that there would be a sexual encounter with Brando (thirty-six), and when that failed to materialize, she became aggressive and insecure; and that Brando believed she refrained from washing to goad him,"

The movie received mixed reviews and was a failure at the box office.

Other Italian films
Magnani continued to work in Italian movies. The Wild, Wild Women (Nella Citta' L'Inferno, 1958) paired her as an unrepentant streetwalker with Giulietta Masina, Federico Fellini's wife and star, in a women-in-prison film.

Mamma Roma (1962)
In Pier Paolo Pasolini's Mamma Roma (1962), Magnani is both the mother and the whore, playing an irrepressible prostitute determined to give her teenaged son a respectable middle-class life. Mamma Roma, while one of Magnani's critically acclaimed films, was not released in the United States until 1995, deemed too controversial 33 years earlier. By now, she was frustrated at being typecast in the roles of poor women. Magnani in 1963 commented, "I’m bored stiff with these everlasting parts as a hysterical, loud, working-class woman".

The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969)
In one of her last film roles, The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969), she co-starred with Anthony Quinn, with whom she had appeared with a decade before in Wild is the Wind. They played husband and wife in what Life called "perhaps the most memorable fight since Jimmy Cagney smashed Mae Clarke in the face with a half a grapefruit."

In real life as well as in their reel life, Magnani and Quinn feuded in private outside view of the cameras, and their animosity spilled over into their scenes: "By the time the movie makers were ready to shoot the fight scene, the stars were ready, too.

Magnani not only went for Quinn with the pasta and with a rolling pin, but [also] with her foot; she kicked so hard she broke a bone in her right foot. She also bit him in the neck. 'That's not in the script', Quinn protested. Magnani snarled, 'I'm supposed to win this fight, remember?"

Fellini's Roma (1972)
She later played herself (within a dramatic context) in Federico Fellini's Roma (1972). Towards the end of her career, Magnani was quoted as having said, "The day has gone when I deluded myself that making movies was art. Movies today are made up of…intellectuals who always make out that they’re teaching something".

Acting style
According to film critic Robin Wood, Magnani's "persona as a great actress is built, not on transformation, but on emotional authenticity... [she] doesn't portray characters but expresses 'genuine' emotions." Her style does not display the more obvious attributes of the female star, with neither her face or physical makeup being considered "beautiful", wrote Wood. However, she possesses a "remarkably expressive face," and for American audiences, at least, she represents "what Hollywood had consistently failed to produce: 'reality'". She was the atypical star, the "nonglamorous human being", as her genuine style of acting became a "rejection of glamour".

Her most distinguished work in Hollywood is in Wild Is the Wind, according to Wood. Directed by George Cukor, "the American cinema's greatest director of actresses," he was able to draw out the "individual essence" of Magnani's "sensitive and inward performance."

Personal life
During Benito Mussolini's rule, Magnani was known to make jokes about the Italian Fascist Party.

She married Goffredo Alessandrini, her first film director, in 1935, two years after he discovered her on stage. After they married, she retired from full-time acting to "devote herself exclusively to her husband", although she continued to play smaller film parts. They separated in 1942.

Magnani had a love affair with actor Massimo Serato, by whom she had her only child, a son named Luca, who was born on 29 October 1942 in Rome, after her separation from Alessandrini. At the age of 18 months, Luca contracted polio and subsequently lost the use of his legs due to paralysis. As a result, Magnani spent most of her early earnings for specialists and hospitals. After once seeing a legless war veteran drag himself along the sidewalk, she said, "I realize now that it's worse when they grow up", and resolved to earn enough to "shield him forever from want".

In 1945, she fell in love with director Roberto Rossellini while working on Roma, Città Aperta (Rome, Open City). "I thought at last I had found the ideal man... [He] had lost a son of his own and I felt we understood each other. Above all, we had the same artistic conceptions." Rossellini could be violent, volatile and possessive, however, and they would argue about films or out of jealousy. "In fits of rage they threw crockery at each other." As artists, though, they complemented each other well while working on neorealist films. The two separated when Rossellini fell in love with and married Ingrid Bergman.

Magnani was mystically inclined and consulted astrologers, as well as believing in numerology. She also claimed to be clairvoyant. She ate and drank very little and could subsist for long periods on nothing more than black coffee and cigarettes. However, these habits often affected her sleep: "My nights are appalling," she said. "I wake up in a state of nerves and it takes me hours to get back in touch with reality."

Death
On 26 September 1973, Magnani died at the age of 65 in Rome from pancreatic cancer. Huge crowds gathered for the funeral. She was provisionally laid to rest in the family mausoleum of Roberto Rossellini; but then subsequently interred in the Cimitero Comunale of San Felice Circeo in southern Lazio.

title: Anna Magnani