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Gay Games

The Gay Games is a worldwide sport and cultural event that promotes acceptance of sexual diversity, featuring lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) athletes, artists and other individuals.

Founded as the Gay Olympics, it was started in the United States in San Francisco, California, in 1982, as the brainchild of Olympic decathlete (Mexico City 1968) and medical doctor Tom Waddell, Brenda Young, and others, whose goals were to promote the spirit of inclusion and participation, as well as to promote the pursuit of personal growth in a sporting event. Waddell wanted to recreate the Olympics' power to bring people of various different backgrounds together through the international language of sport, and the organizers of the first event strived to accommodate differences and achieve gender parity.

It retains similarities with the Olympic Games, including the Gay Games flame which is lit at the opening ceremony. The games are open to all who wish to participate, without regard to sexual orientation, and there are no qualifying standards. Competitors come from many countries, including those where homosexuality remains illegal and hidden.

The 1994 Gay Games, held in June in New York City to coincide with the 25th anniversary of the Stonewall Riots, the modern start of the LGBT movement in the United States, "overtook the Olympics in size" with 10,864 athletes compared to 9,356 at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics and 10,318 at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.

Federation of Gay Games
The Federation of Gay Games (FGG) is the sanctioning body of the Gay Games which was founded in 1982 by Tom Waddell, after he dealt first-hand with the prejudice towards gay athletes and their inability to openly participate in sporting events. The Federation of Gay Games hosts the world's biggest cultural and sporting event for the LGBT community every four years. The Federation of Gay Games is founded on the principles of "participation, inclusion, and personal best" and continues to support the LGBT community not only through the Gay Games but through scholarships for underprivileged members. The Federation of Gay Games continues to expand throughout the world and accepts members of any sexual orientation and nationality to participate in the games or contribute. The FGG is planning on hosting the next Gay Games in 2026 in Valencia.

From its statement of concept and purpose: "The purpose of The Federation of Gay Games, Inc. (the “Federation”) shall be to foster and augment the self-respect of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and all sexually-fluid or gender-variant individuals (LGBT+) throughout the world and to promote respect and understanding from others, primarily by organising and administering the international quadrennial sport and cultural event known as the 'Gay Games.'"

Gay Games I: San Francisco 1982
The 1982 games took place in San Francisco from August 28 to September 5, 1982. Singer Tina Turner performed at the opening ceremonies, and Stephanie Mills performed at the closing ceremonies. San Francisco was chosen as the location for the first Gay Games not only because it was the home of founder Tom Waddell, but also because the games had support from local government and essential services, and because there was a large gay and lesbian population in San Francisco that could serve as volunteers and leaders. The opening ceremonies, held in Kezar Stadium, began with former U.S. Olympians, George Frenn and Susan McGreivy lighting a flame that had been carried on a torch run across America, beginning in New York at the Stonewall Inn. The original sports that were offered at the first Gay Games were; basketball, billiards, bowling, cycling, diving, golf, marathon, physique, powerlifting, soccer, softball, swimming, tennis, track and field, volleyball and wrestling. 1,350 competitors whose origins ranged from over 170 cities worldwide competed in the first Gay Games. In order to achieve greater inclusion and diversity, the organizers of the first Gay Games created outreach committees to attract and recruit athletes from minority groups including people of color, women, and rural lesbians and gays. Because Waddell disliked the nationalism of major sporting events like the Olympics, participants at the first games represented their cities rather countries, and competitive elements such as medal tallies, medal ceremonies, and recording athletic records were banned.

Gay Games II: San Francisco 1986
The 1986 games took place in San Francisco from August 9 to 17, 1986. Singers Jennifer Holliday and Jae Ross were the featured performers during the closing ceremonies. There was an increase of competing athletes in the second Gay Games participants to over 3,500.

Gay Games III: Vancouver 1990

The 1990 games took place in Vancouver, British Columbia, from August 4 to 11, 1990. Approximately 7,300 athletes took part in 27 sports, with another 1,500 cultural participants attending. This was the first games to be held outside the United States, and it is also notable for being the first games in which Masters world records were set (two, in swimming). The opening and closing ceremonies were held at BC Place Stadium, which, 20 years later, hosted the 2010 Winter Olympics opening and closing ceremony, making it a historic venue for both events.

The event was also heralded by controversy from social conservatives. A Fraser Valley church's members took out full page ads in The Vancouver Sun and The Province condemning the event as proof of an "impending sodomite invasion" and encouraging residents to gather at Empire Stadium to pray against the event. The government of then-Premier Bill Vander Zalm refused to fund the event.

Original video documentation, photographs, and textual records related to Celebration '90 Gay Games III, originally gathered by Forward Focus, artist Mary Anne McEwen's production company and official videographer of the Games. The items are available via VIVO Media Arts Centre's archive, both in-person by appointment or digitally online. The fonds includes 143 unedited 30-minute Betacam recordings of sporting competitions, cultural events, opening and closing ceremonies, backstage activities and interviews with organizers, athletes, artists, community representatives, and opponents. The fond also includes 240 photographs, Celebration ’90 ephemera, and extensive textual materials, including the Official Program. McEwen was a Vancouver-based LGBTQ activist, Gayblevision co-founder, and co-organizer of the first Out On Screen Film and Video Festival. The footage was shot in anticipation of a feature-length documentary entitled, "Legacy: The Story of the Gay Games" that McEwen was unable to complete due to insufficient funding. McEwen, a longtime VIVO member, bequeathed her personal archive to VIVO hoping that this footage would be made widely available.

Gay Games IV: New York 1994
The 1994 games took place in New York City, New York, from June 18 to 25, 1994.

The games coincided with the 25th-anniversary events of the Stonewall riots and were themed on "Unity". Actor Sir Ian McKellen gave the closing address at Yankee Stadium on June 25, 1994.

There were over 15,000 participants that either competed in the sporting events or in cultural ceremonies in the Gay Games of 1994. Greg Louganis, multiple-time World and Olympic Champion diver, served as the announcer and performed a spectacular three-meter springboard exhibition between events. The sporting events of Gay Games IV expanded to thirty one from previous years, including but not limited to, flag football, figure skating, and the first ever internationally sanctioned women's wrestling.

Gay Games V: Amsterdam 1998
The 1998 games took place in Amsterdam, Netherlands, from August 1 to 8, 1998. The opening and closing ceremonies took place in the Amsterdam Arena. The participants' medal was designed by the noted Dutch designer Marcel Wanders.

Gay Games VI: Sydney 2002
The 2002 game took place in Sydney, New South Wales, from November 2 to 9, 2002. Sydney won the bid to host the games from other contenders which were Montreal, Toronto, Long Beach/Los Angeles and Dallas. The Games opening included a speech by out gay High Court of Australia Justice Michael Kirby and were officially opened by New South Wales Governor Professor Marie Bashir. When Gay Games VI was chosen to be in Sydney, Australia it was partially because of already present GLQBTI sport teams. The Sydney Gay Games were the first in the Southern Hemisphere and this was emphasized by the games theme "Under new skies".

Gay Games VII: Chicago 2006
Gay Games VII were held in Chicago, Illinois, from July 15 to July 22, 2006. For more on the controversy surrounding Chicago's selection as host city, see Schism in LGBT sports communities over Gay Games VII below.

Gay Games VIII: Cologne 2010
On March 16, 2005, the FGG announced that Cologne, Germany; Johannesburg, South Africa; and Paris, France, were the official candidate cities for Gay Games VIII in 2010. Cologne was elected at the FGG annual meeting in Chicago on November 14, 2005.

The games were held in Cologne from July 31 to August 6, 2010. This marked the second time the games were held in Europe, with the first being in Amsterdam in 1998.

Gay Games IX: Cleveland and Akron 2014
On March 17, 2009, the FGG announced that groups from Boston, Massachusetts; Cleveland, Ohio; and Washington, D.C., were finalists for the bidding to host Gay Games IX.

On September 29, 2009, at the FGG Site Selection Meeting in Cologne, Germany, Cleveland was chosen as presumptive host of Gay Games IX in 2014. The host organization, Cleveland Special Events Corporation, later expanded the host city to include nearby Akron, Ohio. They also chose to style their event as "Gay Games 9" rather than the traditional Roman numeral "Gay Games IX".

Gay Games X: Paris 2018
On July 31, 2012, the FGG announced that seven cities had been approved as prospective bidders. The groups were from Amsterdam, Netherlands; Limerick, Ireland; London, United Kingdom; Orlando, Florida, United States; Paris, France; and a group proposing to host the Gay Games in either Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo, Brazil.

By August 31, 2012, letters of intent to bid had been received from all groups except those in Brazil.

In December 2012, the FGG announced that several requests from bidders to add new sports to the program of the games. Of these requests, that for the inclusion of polo was rejected, while those for archery, boxing, fencing, pétanque, roller derby and wheelchair rugby were approved. Of these, boxing, pétanque, roller derby and wheelchair rugby were included in the bids of the three finalist bidding organizations.

Bid books were provided by February 28, 2013, with a Q&A held over April and May 2013. A shortlisting vote took place on May 31, 2013, resulting in the shortlisting of Limerick, London and Paris as the final three cities to continue on the 2018 Bid cycle. Shortlisted cities received a 4-day visit (inspection sites) from a team of FGG inspectors (4 delegates + 1 CM) in July 2013. The final vote took place in Cleveland (Ohio, USA) during the 2013 Annual General Assembly. On 7 October, Paris was elected host city for the 2018 Gay Games.

Gay Games XI: Hong Kong – Guadalajara 2023
Hong Kong was announced as the host city of the 11th Gay Games, at a gala event at the Hotel de Ville in Paris, on October 30, 2017. They won with a clear majority of votes, in the first round of voting. It is the first time that the Gay Games will be held in Asia.

The "longlist" of cities interested in bidding to host Gay Games XI in 2022 was announced in April 2016. An unprecedented seventeen cities were interested in bidding. On 30 June 2016, the Federation of Gay Games announced that eleven cities had submitted their Letter Of Intent to formally bid. Anaheim, Atlanta, Des Moines, Madison, Minneapolis and San Antonio decided not to pursue their option to bid. On July 31, 2016, nine cities submitted their second registration fee to remain in the bid process. Both Cape Town and Tel Aviv dropped out at this stage, stating an intention to bid for Gay Games XII in 2026. On November 30, 2016, Bid Books were submitted by eight candidate cities with Los Angeles dropping out at this stage.

A shortlist of three Candidate Cities was announced on March 1, 2017. Guadalajara, Hong Kong and Washington, DC, hosted site visits before the final decision on the host city was made in Paris on Monday 30 October, where Hong Kong was announced as the host city.

Due to issues relating to the global coronavirus pandemic, the date of the Games was pushed back from 2022 to 2023. On 14 February 2022, Guadalajara was added as the co-host of this games.

Both events were attended by over five thousand participants across the two sites, who took part in a week of sports and culture.

The overwhelming tone of the comments from the Hong Kong participants was positive and appreciative. Participants and attendees congratulated the organizers on a job well done, expressing enjoyment and meaningful experiences at the Gay Games in Hong Kong. Many thanked the committee for their hard work, appreciating the inclusive atmosphere, and expressing gratitude for making history and supporting the LGBTQ+ community. There's acknowledgment of the difficulties faced, but the general sentiment is one of praise and thankfulness for a successful event in Hong Kong.

Participants in Mexico overwhelmingly expressed gratitude and praise for the Gay Games in Guadalajara. They describe it as a life-changing and pure experience that blends sport, culture, coexistence, and community. Many commended the organizers, highlighting the fantastic overall organization and the meaningful connection to local culture. Despite some acknowledging challenges, the general sentiment is one of appreciation, excitement, and a strong desire to participate again, particularly in Valencia 2026. The positive experiences range from the warmth of kindness, excellent event management, and the welcoming nature of Guadalajara to the joy of being part of a global LGBTQ+ community.

Gay Games XII: Valencia 2026
The Federation of Gay Games published the call for interested cities on 19 December 2019, and the official RFI was issued on January 31, 2020. Prospective bidding cities had to submit the response to the RFI by February 21, 2020. At the early stage, evidence on social media existed for a bid by Brisbane, Australia and Brighton & Hove, United Kingdom. Anecdotal evidence from the 2022 bid process also suggested that Tel Aviv, Israel, would bid again, seeking to bring the Gay Games to the Middle East for the first time, although this did not materialise. The press release issued on February 29 by the FGG stated: "The Federation of Gay Games has received a record number of expressions of interest from cities around the globe desiring to be the host of the twelfth Gay Games XII to be held in 2026!" A shortlist of three Candidate Cities was announced on March 1, 2021. On November 11, 2021 in Brighton, United Kingdom, Valencia, Spain was selected as the host for 2026.

Below is the official list of the candidate cities:

Gay Games XIII: 2030
The bidding process for Gay Games XIII 2030 opened in January 2024, with 21 cities on 6 continents showing interest.

Below is the list of prospective candidate cities:

Next steps in the bidding process will be:

March 2024 - Request for Proposal

 * Prospective bidders will receive a document outlining the information they will need to provide in order to enter into the process officially

May 2024 - Letter of Intent

 * Bidding cities must provide an official letter of intent by this date

August 2024 - Preliminary Bid Books

 * The first bid books are expected by this date, outlining how the city plans to host the Games and validating that they understand and have control over the whole process of the Games organisation and delivery

October 2024 - First in-person meetings

 * Potential bidders will be invited to attend an information session and interact with FGG stakeholders and member organizations, including presentation of Preliminary Bid Books and participation in Q&A sessions at the FGG AGA in Washington DC, USA

December 2024 - Finalists announced

 * Having now reviewed the preliminary bid books, the FGG will announce who are the finalist cities entering the last part of the Site Selection process

June 2025 - Detailed Bid Books

 * Finalist cities will now have to deliver a more detailed, compehensive document outlining the organisation of the event down to the smallest details to ensure everything is anticipated

November 2025 - Host city announced

 * The culmination of the process will be the announcement of the presumptive 2030 host in November 2025 in Valencia, Spain

Lawsuit over 'Gay Olympics' name
Tom Waddell, the former Olympian who helped found the games, intended them to be called the "Gay Olympics", but a lawsuit filed less than three weeks before 1982's inaugural Gay Olympics forced the name change. This forced volunteers to suspend the sales of buttons and t-shirts in order to remove the terms "Olympic" and "Olympiad" from medals, souvenirs, t-shirts, signs, and programs, which would cost the organization an estimated loss between $15,000 and $30,000.

Event organizers were sued by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) under the U.S. Amateur Sports Act of 1978, which gave the United States Olympic Committee (USOC) exclusive rights to the word Olympic in the United States. Defendants of the lawsuit contended that the law was capriciously applied and that if the Special Olympics were not similarly prohibited, the Gay Olympics should not be either.

Others, like Daniel Bell, cite the IOC's long history of protecting the Olympics brand as evidence that the lawsuit against the "Gay Olympics" was not motivated by discrimination against gays. Since 1910 the IOC has taken action, including lawsuits and expulsion from the IOC, to stop certain organizations from using the word "Olympics." Annual "California Police Olympics" were held for 22 years, from 1967 through 1989, after which, the word Olympics was no longer used for the event. The Supreme Court ruled for the USOC in San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee.

A 2009 documentary film, Claiming the Title: Gay Olympics on Trial, was created in the United States and was previewed at several film festivals. The subject was also included in a 2005 film by David Sector, ''Take the Flame! Gay Games: Grace Grit & Glory''.

In the years since the lawsuit, the Olympics and the Gay Games have set aside their initial hostilities and worked cooperatively together, successfully lobbying to have HIV travel restrictions waived for the 1994 Gay Games in New York and the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta.

Plans to launch Gay Winter Games in Fall 1986
Plans to launch a complementary Gay Winter Games, scheduled for February 1986 in Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, collapsed, due to a lack of sufficient funding and logistical problems. There have been no subsequent attempts to launch a Gay Winter Games since, although Whistler, British Columbia, hosts an annual gay winter-sports festival.

Schism in LGBT sports communities over Gay Games VII
In 2001, the bidding organization from Montreal, Quebec, won the right to negotiate with the FGG for a licensing agreement to host the 2006 Gay Games, but after two years of failed negotiations Montreal broke off talks at the 2003 FGG annual meeting in Chicago. There were three main points of contention, over which neither party could agree:

 * The size of the event
 * The size of the budget – especially the planned break-even participation point
 * Financial transparency

In a weakening global economy following international terrorist attacks, including the September 11 attacks, the FGG wanted Montreal to be able to plan for a successful Gay Games even if participation did not meet Montreal's optimistic projection of 24,000 participants, twice the level of participation of the previous Gay Games in 2002. Due to financial problems in previous events, the FGG also asked for transparency into Montreal 2006's financial activities. After Montreal refused to continue talks, the FGG held a second round of bidding in which Chicago and Los Angeles bidders, who had put forth well-received bids to host the 2006 games in the first round along with Montreal and Atlanta, chose to bid. Ultimately, the FGG awarded Gay Games VII to Chicago Games, Inc.

The Montreal organizing committee nevertheless decided to proceed to hold an athletic and cultural event without the sanction of the FGG; this plan developed into the first edition of the World Outgames, and the creation of its licensing body, the Gay and Lesbian International Sport Association.

Due to limited personal and organizational resources, many individual and team participants were forced to choose between Gay Games Chicago and World Outgames Montreal, a situation exacerbated by the two events being a week apart. The closing ceremony of Gay Games Chicago on July 22, 2006, was only seven days before the opening ceremony of World Outgames Montreal on July 29, 2006. This meant that those who competed or performed in Chicago would have little recovery time before Montreal. The split resulted in a lower quality of athletic competition at both events because neither could claim the whole field of competitors. Team and individual sports were hurt alike.

Few teams were able to field complete squads for both events. In wrestling, 100 wrestlers competed in Chicago (comparable to previous Gay Games), but only 22 competed in Montreal, by far the lowest number for any major international tournament. There were some advantages to the games being so close together time wise and location wise. For some overseas participants who had to travel far, the convenience of the two events being only a week apart and not far from each other enabled them to attend both. Many did not attend at all. After Chicago drew 9,112 sport and cultural participants, of which 7,929 were from the US. Montreal drew 10,248 athletes, 1,516 Conference Attendees and 835 people to the cultural component of the games reflecting more than 111 countries – more 60% of the organization's original projections."

Since 2006, the need for a secondary global multisport event has been the subject of much debate, especially after the final financial figures for 2006 were released. In 2012, a round of negotiations between the FGG and GLISA ended after a mutually agreed deadline. The board of GLISA unanimously agree to the proposal set forth by the negotiation teams, however the FGG board did not reciprocate. The 7th Chicago Gay Games concluded with a net zero debt, while the Montreal World Outgames concluded with 5.3 million Canadian dollars in debt.

Media impact of AIDS on the Gay Games
Before and during the time of the 1986 Gay Games there was mass media about Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) and how it was affecting the gay community. With the number of LGBT members at the Gay Games the founder Waddell took this time to try and break the stereotype of the AIDS with a show of athleticism the Gay Games had to offer. This also was a time that volunteers would provide safe sex materials along with condoms to educate the public.

title: Gay Games


text:
Talk:Cesare Lombroso

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Aeisenstadt1, Mpatel58.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 17:08, 16 January 2022 (UTC)

Wiki Course Assignment
Just going to be adding a subject heading related to his legacyAeisenstadt1 (talk) 19:02, 9 April 2017 (UTC)

Hi! I really enjoyed reading your additions to the article. It is well researched and sourced and really adds to the overall quality of the page. It may be useful to perhaps subdivide the heading into subheadings to further organize your thoughts and perhaps look for more sources to back up your claims since the majority of the additions are just based on 3 sources. Overall, Great Job! Amohan12 (talk) 02:28, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

Jewish
Wasn't Lombroso a Jew? That would make ironic that his work was to be used by racists.

>> yes, he was born in the jewish ghetto of Verona and the real name was Ezechia Marco.

>> and why would it be ironic that a jew held racist views?129.177.213.54 (talk) 13:08, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

>>>I'm absolutely DELIGHTED that the jewish mafia that once controlled ALL wikipedia entries has finally succumbed to the harsh reality that Lombroso being a jew actually IS relevant, since it formed the basis of his racial/racist theories from the beginning. Just (pleasantly) surprised to see it finally mentioned in such detail, when previously to even ALLUDE to him being a jew was verboten Kudos to whoever slayed that dragon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:1700:CBF1:2E20:E500:A13F:A58A:9308 (talk) 23:25, 22 October 2018 (UTC)

Social Darwinism
(1835-1909)historical figure in modern criminology, and the founder of the Italian Positivist School of criminology. Lombroso rejected the established Classical School assumption based upon Social Darwinism, whose determination of crime was that it was a characteristic trait of human nature. Lombroso's theory was that criminality was inherited, and that the born criminal could be identified by physical defects, which confirmed a criminal as savage, or atavistic.''
 * Lombroso popularized the notion of a born criminal through biological determinism. Criminals have particular physiognomic attributes or deformities. Physiognomy concerns estimating characteristics from physical features of the face or the body. Whereas most individuals evolve, the violent criminal had devolved, and therefore were societal, or evolutionary regressions. If criminality was inherited, then the born criminal could be distinguised by physical atavistic stigmata, such as large jaws, high cheek bones, handle-shaped ears, hawk-like noses, or fleshy lips.

I appreciate the obviously researched work that's gone into this recently. But I wonder whether the second sentence is wrong, or just badly phrased. The notion that some people are born criminals through biological determinism, that criminal tendencies are heritable, and that they manifest as evolutionary throwbacks would strike me as being pretty diagnostic of Social Darwinism. The "classical school" that criminal behaviour is a characteristic, universal trait of human nature, strikes me as pre-Darwinian and (in a European context) Christian; compare the doctrine of original sin. The paragraph struck me as wrong, but then may only be ambiguous; I think that given what the rest of the paragraph says, it should say unambiguously that Lombroso was a Social Darwinist.

Some note should probably be taken of eugenics, the business about Jukes and Kallikaks, and so forth, in this as well, if only by way of a see-also. -- Smerdis of Tlön 18:28, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)
 * I can't seem to find my copy of The Mismeasure of Man (too many books, not enough order), so I can't check this at the moment, but it sounds like the second sentence there is trying to say that Lombroso rejected the Classical School assumption that crime was just an aspect of human nature in general on the basis of Social Darwinism and his theory of criminality. That is, it sounds like it is just not clear and the clauses are in a more or less incorrect order. But I'd like to check this to make sure—it's the "based upon" part that I want to make sure I'm interpretting correctly (as being incorrectly worded). --Fastfission 20:04, 6 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Russia
Lombroso is still extremely popular and well known in Russia to this day!... Strange, because if you ask an average American -- he will not have heard of Lombroso, but an average Russian will! --KpoT (talk) 01:14, 15 October 2008 (UTC)

External links modified
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Racism/influence?
The page at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racism_in_Italy specifically mentions Lombroso as contributing to the popularity of scientific racism. I was surprised to see nothing in this article about Lombroso that cross-references any racist intent/results/impact of his research (any or all) or other criticisms, other than the general acknowledgment that his work was discredited. For now I'm adding that link to the "See Also" section, but I'm not sure if that's the most appropriate or beneficial place... I'm hoping someone else can add a little content/context to flesh out the Lombroso article in this regard. As it stands, it seems to gloss over the fact that - even if his views were acceptable in his time - the theories he promoted were based on assumptions that would rightfully be considered blatantly racist today.

Also: New entries to the Talk page including "External links modified" (not mine, though the sig was claiming it was me probably since it wasn't showing/resolving the tildes until just now) and this Racism topic I just added were hidden because of some sort of syntax error with the References talk topic...if someone with more html/coding knowledge wants to look back at the References Talk section that I deleted please go for it. I tried some simple changes to fix it but couldn't find what was causing the issue without deleting that chunk.Kaelyne (talk) 20:30, 18 March 2017 (UTC)

This also really concerns me, this article glorifies him in ways that I think many people would find very uncomfortable. His research on Sicilians and Sardinians is particularly brutal, and would form the basis for over a 100 years of anti-meridionalism. The article also doesn't mention that many of the skulls he kept in wax were taken without permission and families are still trying to recover the remains of their ancestors.Paolorausch (talk) 17:38, 8 July 2017 (UTC)

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Monument
Lombroso's monument in Verona redirects here but this monument (pictured) is not mentioned in the article, so in the event that a reader searches for it they'll find nothing of interest. Can or should a mention be added? If not I'll take the redirect to RfD. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 12:48, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

"Lombroso's monument in Verona" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Lombroso&. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 December 7 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. – Arms & Hearts (talk) 20:34, 7 December 2021 (UTC)

Criminology
Make in loud 112.211.84.8 (talk) 12:14, 8 September 2022 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Cesare Lombroso


text:
Talk:Charles Ponzi

Suspicion
Guys, I am removing the first paragraph of the subsection Suspicion, "Confederate War Veteran, Elmira Prison escapee, local hero and Augusta Georgia Accountant Berry Benson". It appeared out of anywhere, starting abruptly with a story that has nothing to do with the main theme of the article and only mentions Charles Ponzi briefly and that does not meet the Wikipedia's standards.--187.21.144.89 (talk) 00:58, 26 July 2013 (UTC)

Hello. I apologize for this method of contact, I am unfamiliar with Wikipedia methods. I have come across a Tampa Tribune newspaper article from Feb 2, 1926 that details Ponzi's first visit to Tampa for the purpose of setting up an office to sell property, and propose schemes to the Mayor and Board of Trade. See https://fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xaf1/t1.0-9/q71/s720x720/10527700_702318933173834_1306253170033730023_n.jpg. Someone may want to work in this info into this feature. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.110.67.164 (talk) 00:05, 6 August 2014 (UTC)

Untitled
"He eventually got a job in Brazil as an agent for Ala Littoria, the Italian state airline.[2] During World War II, however, Brazil sided with the Allies, and the airline's operation in the country was shut down." Why would an airline close because the government sided with the Allies in WWII?

Do I still need to put in all those tildes? Oh, here they are anyway; 04:03, 14 March 2012 (UTC)04:03, 14 March 2012 (UTC)04:03, 14 March 2012 (UTC)04:03, 14 March 2012 (UTC)220.233.10.130 (talk)

Mugshot
I think the mugshot is from Ponzi's arrest in Montreal in 1907. It may be from his stint in Alabama. He's too young here for 1920, and Zuckoff's book mentions that the Boston papers published his old Montreal mugshot next to a recent (1920) photo of him with a moustache drawn on for comparison. He definitely didn't have a moustache in the 1920s. If I can prove this I'll amend the caption. -coljac

Cleanup
I just read over the article and it seems to contain a significant amount of biased and uncited statements. Statements such as "This was a fortunate choice.." , and questions such as "why didn't Ponzi take advantage of it himself?", etc don't belong in an encyclopedia. In addition, nothing at all is cited. I'm going to put up the cleanup tag to hopefully get it improved a bit. --Dr. WTF 02:28, 25 January 2007 (UTC)

If you do clean this up, could you make it clearer at what point, technically, did Ponzi begin to violate the law? The article states that the arbitrage he claimed he was engaged in was legal. Yet obviously Ponzi was not actually trading in the IRCs. Did he ever? If he did initially, at what point did he stop? There is the implication that Ponzi was paying off new investors with money coming in from the old ones, as with a classic pyramid. But the article does not make this at all clear. If you read the article and did not understand pyramid schemes, it would be confusing as to at what point Ponzi began to violate the law. Please try to make this clearer – after all, it's the main point of the entire discussion. --Roricka 10:37, 15 December 2008 (ET)

"Fiduciary duty to protect their depositors they were a lasting unindicted beneficiary without direct involvement". What does this mean? It has to be re-written by someone who knows what the original author meant to say.JohnC (talk) 08:00, 19 February 2009 (UTC)

Some comments from 2003
This page seems to have some subtle vandalism. Could someone pls check? My monitor is broken and won't display reds, so I can't see what has been altered

Seems to have? Can you be a bit more specific please? Also note the page has not changed for months ... would it really have been left for so long I wonder? Any hints would be v helpful though.

Such as "If the cashflow faltered, the pyramid would collapse and take him to Hell with it.

Whatever."

It's somewhat more colloquial in style than the average article, but I'd hardly call it vandalism.

The page seems to have been vandalized by someone- the Security Exchange Company? Or is that just a coincidence....
 * I don't know, but I do know you're answering a 3 year old comment :) --kingboyk 13:39, 25 March 2006 (UTC)

TV ADVERTISING TOUTING "THIS WEBSITE"
Bruce Berman, http;//www.296crazyfox.com, and all of the others are a new switch on the pyramid scam. They all tell you "FREE" information about how to get rich quick can be yours. Log on now...

When you do, you find that you have to pay $9.95 for shipping and handling, THEN you have 14 days to look at the information FREE. If you keep it you pay MORE, (typically $39.95) and if not you have to send it back, but forfeit your initial $9.95. These are advertised on otherwise reputable TV, such as Fox, MSNBC, History Channel, Discovery, and most major outlets.

Write to them to complain.

Look at my webpage http://www.otgadventures.com/Links.htm for more of these links.

Citations?
This page seems severely undercited. 156.56.41.63
 * The citation style I used is pretty legit, I used it on Matsuo Basho's page too. Shii (tock) formerly Ashibaka 21:39, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

Article seems more like story
This article seems a lot more like some story meant to entertain rather than a serious means of communicating information. The amount of detail is applauded, but sometimes it seems like there is too much of it; "He slept on the floor of the restaurant as he had no other place to live, but managed to work his way up to the position of waiter," and other such lines. Details like this are 1. extremely specific and therefore susceptible to being incorrect and 2. sounds like the tragic tale of some tramp living a destitute life in the big city, which most of us have probably heard in some version or another. Comments like "Ponzi was unfazed" are grammatically simple and detract from the sense of reading an encyclopedia, and may be better if it was merged with the following sentence; i.e. "Unfazed, Ponzi..."

So, in essence, lines that make the article seem like a story, whether through use of language more suitable in a story (like "There he met an Italian girl, Rose Gnecco, who was swept off her feet by Ponzi's charm." and "Gnecco's love for Ponzi remained unswayed.") or through overly specific detail (like "Charles Morse convinced doctors he was dying by eating soap shavings, and was released early," which has little or no bearing on the rest of the article) should either be removed or merged with other sentences to remove the sense of bias. >>In the time it took you to write that, you could have edited half the article. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.151.53.222 (talk) 04:34, 30 June 2008 (UTC)

I understand how old the previous comment is, and of course I agree with the author, but wanted to add that any information old enough became a story. Sometimes, if you remove the story there is nothing left. So instead of considering 'encyclopedic' something backed by authority let use the things that are backed by consensus. Or even just get away with the term, record information of any quality and let the reader sort them out. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.23.230.187 (talk) 01:11, 20 May 2014 (UTC)

Interesting source
The article says this: "On July 26 the [Boston] Post started a series of articles that asked hard questions about the operation of Ponzi's money machine. The Post contacted Clarence Barron, the financial analyst who published the Barron's financial paper, to examine Ponzi's scheme. Barron observed that though Ponzi was offering fantastic returns on investments, Ponzi himself wasn't investing with his own company. Barron then noted that to cover the investments made with the Securities Exchange Company, 160,000,000 postal reply coupons would have to be in circulation. However, only about 27,000 coupons were actually circulating."

The does not seem completely correct if I read this scan of a NY Times article of July 27, 1920. 81.242.188.159 (talk) 10:45, 5 September 2008 (UTC)

Not Pyramid Scheme
There is some confusion in here about Ponzi schemes vs. Pyramid schemes. There are differences between them. Basically, a Ponzi scheme pays early investors returns from the investments of later investors. This can work for a time with only moderate growth. A pyramid scheme rewards investors for getting new ones, and for the new ones getting new ones, etc. It needs exponential growth to sustain itself, which is why they collapse so spectacularly.

I've often wondered, where did Charlie Ponzi's money go? They never recovered more than a fraction of it. He never said. Judging from how he lived the rest of his life, HE didn't seem to have it, or to access it at least. Hmm. Good material for a novel or two. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bigmac31 (talk • contribs) 19:14, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

Pronunciation
How to you pronounce Ponzi? Does it rhyme with Fonzy? (like of Happy Days?) 68.92.197.157 (talk) 14:25, 20 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Yup, that's exactly how it sounds, rhymes with Fonzy. --Chasingsol(talk) 21:48, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

Italian z sounds like English ts rather than z. Grassynoel (talk) 03:35, 5 November 2020 (UTC)

Isn't it just double 'z' (zz) that's pronounced "ts" ? BMJ-pdx (talk) 04:38, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Huh?
Can someone clear this up: "Charles W. Morse convinced doctors Ponzi was dying by eating soap shavings, and was released early." This makes it seem like Morse at the soap shavings and was released, when it probably intends Ponzi. Not clear what role Morse plays in this. 192.234.99.1 (talk) 17:22, 29 December 2008 (UTC)

It was an ironic charge
I don't see the reference actually giving Ponzi a pass on this (Charles_Ponzi#Prison_and_later_life) Yet I find this an interesting thought. It is possible that it was not against the law to do what he did, at the time he did it, except in a broad interpretation of the concept of fraud. In other words, you can postpone executing a business plan, especially when "happily" giving people their money back in the mean time. Failure to generate a return on investment, and taking any amount of money out of a business as salary... these things are not automatically illegal.Carlw4514 (talk) 19:28, 31 January 2009 (UTC)

Birthplace?
Where was Ponzi born? Lugo Italy, or Palma Italy? Wm (talk) 18:39, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

Photo altered?
The photo used in the opening paragraph appears to be a composite of a background and a body with the superimposition of another person's head. This photo did appear at a New York Times on-line edition article as per the photo file credits, but it appears to be a jpg manipulation. Look at the lighting on the clothes and hands and compare it to the lighting on the face. What do others think?--TGC55 (talk) 16:02, 26 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Agreed. From the viewer's POV, the lighting of his face appears to be coming from the left and slightly above, whereas the shadows cast by his hands and the sheets of paper tucked into the corner of the desk set, as well as the bright reflection on the wing of his left collar, clearly show there is a bright source of illumination from the right and above. The discrepancy between the lighting of the right side of his face (as perceived by the viewer) and the adjacent collar on the same side is particularly glaring; I don't think it can be explained away even if we assume two separate lighting sources.

 * In addition, it seems to me that the head is circa 15% wider and taller compared to the body than would be the case in a person of normal proportions.

68.102.53.29 (talk) 03:35, 27 March 2009 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the comments. Your analysis is much more detailed than mine and agrees with my observations. I was initially surprised that the photo made it through the New York Times editorial process, but I guess that nothing should surprise me today. I further suggest that the photo be changed to another Ponzi photo. Further comments and suggestions?--TGC55 (talk) 12:13, 27 March 2009 (UTC)

-- Bgranat says on March 30, 2010: I see two light sources. The pieces of paper are making a shadow on the desk, and the top paper is making a shadow on the paper below it. Just an observation. Bgranat (talk) 05:20, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

The photo is not altered. Lighting environments are more complex than the author of the comment think. At that time Caucasians where statistically shorter and this particular one happen to had a big head. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.23.230.187 (talk) 01:15, 20 May 2014 (UTC)

 * It is not just his out of proportion head that looks like it was clumsily pasted in, it is quite a few other features in the photograph. The chequebook too looks like it was pasted in, it has a very jagged edge to it, slightly blurred like a clumsy attempt was made to smooth the low resolution image of the chequebook into the background. The table towards the inside of his elbow also looks like it was crudely pasted in, exactly the same way. And some of the cheques, torn from the book on the table, they again look like they were pasted in but this time with no effort made to disguise their obviously jaggedy low resolution edges. I think the photo is a fake. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.162.173.150 (talk) 00:23, 16 February 2019 (UTC)

Name of Ponzi's Company
See http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9806E6D91E31E433A25756C1A96E9C946195D6CF for the possible origin of the error in the company name that appears in the Wikipedia article. The typesetter apparently capped a generic term ("securities exchange company") at the end of the third paragraph in that article, and someone ran with that error. I've changed to the name used once in the article and used in the NY Times article. Bgranat (talk) 04:41, 30 March 2010 (UTC)

Ponzi's company was called the Securities Exchange Company. The Old Colony Foreign Exchange Company was a rival company set up in the same office building as Ponzi's. It was shut down after Ponzi's and the men arrested. I will change all mention of this company in the article later (I'm not usually a wiki editor) and provide the source link. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.160.86.78 (talk) 10:16, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Find additional references, both of you, before changing anything. Anonymous editor, you have already been edit-warring by making and re-making unreferenced changes. This is against Wikipedia's rules. Per the WP:V policy, both of you are going to have to dig up additional clear references for your positions. Until that time, the article stays as-is (an unclear reference is better than no reference). --Christopher Thomas (talk) 18:56, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

-Nope I haven't touched the article at all yet, I'm assuming its someone else. I am aware of the rules of changing at least and I'll come back with the reference. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.7.197.216 (talk) 22:36, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

-In fact, my reference is listed in the Further Reading section of the page- Zuckoff, Mitchell (2005), Ponzi's Scheme: The True Story of a Financial Legend, New York: Random House, ISBN 1400060397 From reading the Wiki rules, this seems an acceptable source of evidence, but perhaps someone can clarify and confirm for me? Here are 2 additional resources which I think qualify as an acceptable references- http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9802E6DB1E30E633A25754C2A9619C946195D6CF http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1800.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.7.197.216 (talk) 22:44, 25 May 2010 (UTC)

Am I confusing something?

In Prison and Later Life it reads At the urging of his wife, on November 1, 1920, Ponzi pleaded guilty to a single count before Judge Clarence Hale. Then it says He was sentenced to five years in federal prison.

The next paragraph begins with He was released after three and a half years and was almost immediately indicted on 22 Massachusetts state charges of larceny. That would be May 1924, if I'm reading and computing correctly.

But the paragraph goes on to state ''The case, Ponzi v. Fessenden, made it all the way to the Supreme Court. On the 27th of March, 1922, the Supreme Court ruled that plea bargains on federal charges have no standing regarding state charges.''

Which sounds as if his suit and the Supreme Court ruling occurred well before he was released early from his five year sentence.

DrYattz (talk) 04:37, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Dates of incarceration and litigation are confusing.
Am I confusing something?

In Prison and Later Life it reads At the urging of his wife, on November 1, 1920, Ponzi pleaded guilty to a single count before Judge Clarence Hale. Then it says He was sentenced to five years in federal prison.

The next paragraph begins with He was released after three and a half years and was almost immediately indicted on 22 Massachusetts state charges of larceny. That would be May 1924, if I'm reading and computing correctly.

But the paragraph goes on to state ''The case, Ponzi v. Fessenden, made it all the way to the Supreme Court. On the 27th of March, 1922, the Supreme Court ruled that plea bargains on federal charges have no standing regarding state charges.''

Which sounds as if his suit and the Supreme Court ruling occurred well before he was released early from his five year sentence.

DrYattz (talk) 04:38, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Death
What is the point of the "Supported by .." stuff? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.183.92.186 (talk) 18:28, 13 May 2014 (UTC)

Titanic-sized ships; actual reasons for infeasibility
The article says:

 * "Though Ponzi was still paying back investors (mostly from money from subsequent investors), he had not yet figured out a way to actually change the IRCs to cash. He also subsequently realized that changing the coupons to money was a logistical impossibility. For example: for the initial 18 investors of January 1920, for their $1800 investment, it would have taken 53,000 postal coupons to actually realize the arbitrage profits. For the subsequent 15,000 investors that Ponzi had, he would have had to fill Titanic-sized ships with Postal coupons just to ship them to the United States from Europe. However, Ponzi found that all the interest payments returned to him, as investors kept re-investing."

18 investors = 53,000 coupons 15,000 investors ≈ 44,000,000 coupons These coupons were presumably fairly small pieces of paper, but being generous let's say that they were A4-sized, say 5g 44,000,000 coupons @ 5g = 220 tonnes That's a lot, but Titanic-sized ships? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.191.155.95 (talk) 17:36, 17 June 2018 (UTC)

 * Indeed. Furthermore, the actual reasons for the infeasibility of the otherwise clever arbitrage scheme were twofold:
 * 1. The required number of IRCs simply didn't exist.
 * 2. Converting the IRCs to cash (back in the U.S.) was not legal. Ponzi contemplated black-marketing them to businesses that used a lot of postage, but I don't think he implemented that.
 * If I can find my book on Ponzi (for a reference), I'll make the corrections.
 * BMJ-pdx (talk) 04:21, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Carlo, not Charles
I remember reading in a well-sourced book on Ponzi that he never legally changed his name from Carlo, for fear of having to reveal his Montreal check-forging and his later immigrant-smuggling convictions. Unfortunately I cannot recall the book or its author.

If anyone can verify a reference, the name of this article should be changed to "Carlo Ponzi". BMJ-pdx (talk) 04:01, 23 August 2022 (UTC)

Ponzi Really Win a Libel Lawsuit?
It says that Ponzi sued an individual who is not specifically named for libel and won $500,000. There is no source for this. I can’t find any source for this and I’m starting to doubt it’s true. There are articles online that mention the judgment, but their source seems to be this Wikipedia article. I searched on Westlaw for any legal articles that mentioned a libel (or defamation) lawsuit Ponzi won and found nothing indicating Ponzi ever filed a libel lawsuit and won. If anyone has more specifics I would love to know. And I think the Wikipedia article either should provide more information and a source or be corrected. 2603:8000:8F00:3EAE:1CCC:2C22:510A:1C2D (talk) 02:07, 14 April 2023 (UTC)

Unsourced claim about requests to invest money received while in prison
I've removed this unsourced claim added 7 years ago, even though it makes a great factoid and has spread around the internet.

"Remarkably, during his various prison terms, Ponzi continued to receive Christmas cards from some of his more gullible investors, as well as requests from others to invest their money—from his prison cell."

If it is true hopefully it can be sourced and added back, but a cursory search didn't turn anything up. Nukeychess (talk) 20:29, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

 * Added by an IP in this edit with no explanation. Elli (talk | contribs) 20:46, 1 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Ponzi


text:
Tanis

Tanis (Τάνις or Τανέως    ) or San al-Hagar (صان الحجر; ḏꜥn.t ; 𒍝𒀪𒉡; ϫⲁⲛⲓ or ϫⲁⲁⲛⲉ or ϫⲁⲛⲏ; ) is the Greek name for ancient Egyptian ḏꜥn.t, an important archaeological site in the northeastern Nile Delta of Egypt, and the location of a city of the same name. It is located on the Tanitic branch of the Nile, which has long since silted up.

The first study of Tanis dates to 1798 during Napoleon Bonaparte's expedition to Egypt. Engineer Pierre Jacotin drew up a map of the site in the Description de l'Égypte. It was first excavated in 1825 by Jean-Jacques Rifaud, who discovered the two pink granite sphinxes now in the Musée du Louvre, and then by François Auguste Ferdinand Mariette between 1860 and 1864, and subsequently by William Matthew Flinders Petrie from 1883 to 1886. The work was taken over by Pierre Montet from 1929 to 1956, who discovered the royal necropolis dating to the Third Intermediate Period in 1939. The Mission française des fouilles de Tanis (MFFT) has been studying the site since 1965 under the direction of Jean Yoyotte and Philippe Brissaud, and François Leclère since 2013.

Today, the main parts of the temple dedicated to Amun-Ra can still be distinguished by the presence of large obelisks that marked the various pylons as in other Egyptian temples. Now fallen to the ground and lying in a single direction, they may have been knocked down by a violent earthquake during the Byzantine era. They form one of the most notable aspects of the Tanis site. Archaeologists have counted more than twenty. This accumulation of remnants from different epochs contributed to the confusion of the first archaeologists who saw in Tanis the biblical city of Zoan in which the Hebrews would have suffered pharaonic slavery. Pierre Montet, in inaugurating his great excavation campaigns in the 1930s, began from the same premise. He was hoping to discover traces that would confirm the accounts of the Old Testament. His own excavations gradually overturned this hypothesis, even if he was defending this biblical connection until the end of his life. It was not until the discovery of Qantir/Pi-Ramesses and the resumption of excavations under Jean Yoyotte that the place of Tanis was finally restored in the long chronology of the sites of the delta.

History
Tanis is unattested before the 19th Dynasty of Egypt, when it was the capital of the 14th nome of Lower Egypt. A temple inscription datable to the reign of Ramesses II mentions a "Field of Tanis", while the city in se is securely attested in two 20th Dynasty documents: the Onomasticon of Amenope and the Story of Wenamun, as the home place of the pharaoh-to-be Smendes.

The earliest known Tanite buildings are datable to the 21st Dynasty. Although some monuments found at Tanis are datable earlier than the 21st Dynasty, most of these were in fact brought there from nearby cities, mainly from the previous capital of Pi-Ramesses, for reuse. Indeed, at the end of the New Kingdom the royal residence of Pi-Ramesses was abandoned because the Pelusiac branch of the Nile in the Delta became silted up and its harbour consequently became unusable.

After Pi-Ramesses' abandonment, Tanis became the seat of power of the pharaohs of the 21st Dynasty, and later of the 22nd Dynasty (along with Bubastis). The rulers of these two dynasties supported their legitimacy as rulers of Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt with traditional titles and building works, although they pale compared to those at the height of the New Kingdom. A remarkable achievement of these kings was the building and subsequent expansions of the Great temple of Amun-Ra at Tanis (at the time, Amun-Ra replaced Seth as the main deity of the eastern Delta), while minor temples were dedicated to Mut and Khonsu whom, along with Amun-Ra, formed the Theban Triad. The intentional emulation towards Thebes is further stressed by the fact that these gods bore their original Theban epithets, leading to Thebes being more commonly mentioned than Tanis itself. Furthermore, the new royal necropolis at Tanis successfully replaced the one in the Theban Valley of the Kings.

After the 22nd Dynasty Tanis lost its status of royal residence, but became in turn the capital of the 19th nome of Lower Egypt. Starting from the 30th Dynasty, Tanis experienced a new phase of building development which endured during the Ptolemaic Period. It remained populated until its abandonment in Roman times. In Late Antiquity, it was the seat of the bishops of Tanis, who adhered to the Coptic Orthodox Church.

By the time of John of Nikiû in the 7th century, Tanis appears to have already declined significantly, as it was grouped together with four other towns under a single prefect.

The 1885 Census of Egypt recorded San el-Hagar as a nahiyah in the district of Arine in Sharqia Governorate; at that time, the population of the city was 1,569 (794 men and 775 women).

Ruins
Though Tanis was briefly explored in the early 19th century, the first large-scale archaeological excavations there were made by Auguste Mariette in the 1860s. In 1866, Karl Richard Lepsius discovered a copy of the Canopus Decree, an inscription in both Greek and Egyptian, at Tanis. Unlike the Rosetta Stone, discovered 67 years earlier, this inscription included a full hieroglyphic text, thus allowing a direct comparison of the Greek text to the hieroglyphs and confirming the accuracy of Jean-François Champollion's approach to deciphering hieroglyphs.

During the subsequent century the French carried out several excavation campaigns directed by Pierre Montet, then by Jean Yoyotte and subsequently by Philippe Brissaud. For some time the overwhelming amount of monuments bearing the cartouches of Ramesses II or Merenptah led archaeologists to believe that Tanis and Pi-Ramesses were in fact the same. Furthermore, the discovery of the Year 400 Stela at Tanis led to the speculation that Tanis should also be identified with the older, former Hyksos capital, Avaris. The later re-discovery of the actual, neighbouring archaeological sites of Pi-Ramesses (Qantir) and Avaris (Tell el-Dab'a) made clear that the earlier identifications were incorrect, and that all the Ramesside and pre-Ramesside monuments at Tanis were in fact brought here from Pi-Ramesses or other cities.

There are ruins of a number of temples, including the chief temple dedicated to Amun, and a very important royal necropolis of the Third Intermediate Period (which contains the only known intact royal pharaonic burials, the tomb of Tutankhamun having been entered in antiquity). The burials of three pharaohs of the 21st and 22nd Dynasties – Psusennes I, Amenemope and Shoshenq II – survived the depredations of tomb robbers throughout antiquity. They were discovered intact in 1939 and 1940 by Pierre Montet and proved to contain a large catalogue of gold, jewelry, lapis lazuli and other precious stones, as well as the funerary masks of these kings.

The chief deities of Tanis were Amun; his consort, Mut; and their child Khonsu, forming the Tanite triad. This triad was, however, identical to that of Thebes, leading many scholars to speak of Tanis as the "northern Thebes".

In 2009, the Egyptian Culture Ministry reported archaeologists had discovered a sacred lake in the temple of Mut at Tanis. The lake, built out of limestone blocks, had been 15 meters long and 5 meters deep. It was discovered 12 meters below ground in good condition. The lake could have been built during the late 25th–early 26th Dynasty.

In 2011, analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery, led by archaeologist Sarah Parcak of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, found numerous related mud-brick walls, streets, and large residences, amounting to an entire city plan, in an area that appears blank under normal images. A French archeological team selected a site from the imagery and confirmed mud-brick structures approximately 30 cm below the surface. However, the assertion that the technology showed 17 pyramids was denounced as "completely wrong" by the Minister of State for Antiquities at the time, Zahi Hawass.

Cultural references
The Biblical story of Moses being found in the marshes of the Nile River (Book of Exodus, ) is often set at Tanis, which is often identified with Zoan (צֹועַן Ṣōʕan).

In the 1981 Indiana Jones film Raiders of the Lost Ark, Tanis is fictitiously portrayed as a lost city which was buried in antiquity by a massive sandstorm, before being rediscovered by a Nazi expedition looking for the Ark of the Covenant.

The Tanis fossil site, which may preserve unique remains from the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, is named after the city. The paleontologist Robert de Palma chose the name based on the significance of Tanis in the decipherment of hieroglyphs, as well as its role in Raiders of the Lost Ark as the hiding place of the Ark of the Covenant.

title: Tanis


text:
User talk:RNoonan

Currently I'm just working on Amesbury,_Massachusetts and learning the Wikipedia markup and style standards. I live in Amesbury with my wife, Annie.

title: User talk:RNoonan


text:
Rodeo–Chediski Fire

The Rodeo–Chediski Fire was a wildfire that burned in east-central Arizona beginning on June 18, 2002, and was not controlled until July 7. It was the worst forest fire in Arizona's recorded history until June 14, 2011 when the Wallow Fire surpassed it. Several local communities, including Show Low, Pinetop-Lakeside, Heber-Overgaard, Clay Springs, and Pinedale, were threatened and had to be evacuated.

Origin and development
Initially, there were two separate fires. The first fire, the Rodeo, was reported on the afternoon of June 18 near the Rodeo Fairgrounds on the Fort Apache Indian Reservation by Cibecue. An arsonist was arrested on June 29 and was later charged. By early evening, around 1200 acre were ablaze. Increasing wind speeds fed the fire to over 2000 acre by the following morning, and when wind speeds increased to around 25 mph the fire grew rapidly, increasing fourfold over the next three hours.

The Chediski Fire was first reported on the morning of June 20 near Chediski Peak east of Payson. It had been started by a stranded quad rider, Valinda Jo Elliott, trying to signal a news helicopter. Similarly fed by the strong winds, this fire spread to 2000 acre by mid-afternoon, and by the following morning it covered over 14000 acre.

By June 21, the Rodeo Fire had consumed around 150000 acre. Around 8,000 people were evacuated; by the end of the fire, around 30,000 people would be moved. The two burning areas approached through crosswinds over June 21 and June 22 as a further 11,000 people were ordered to leave their homes. The burning areas joined on June 23 having consumed around 300000 acre of woodland.

The fire's progress slowed after the two merged and by June 26 the fire was 5% contained by backburning, line building, and aerial retardant drops – protecting the settlements of Clay Springs, Linden and Pinedale, but 462600 acre had burned. The fire was 28% contained by June 28, but it was not fully under control until July 7 at a cost of $43.1 million. 465 homes were destroyed in Pinedale and other small communities. The fire was declared a disaster area. RodeoFire.com was established at the fire's onset as a portal for concerned citizens and family members acting as an event update website.

Restoration
Of the woodlands affected, 280992 acre (60.0%) was part of the Fort Apache Indian Reservation. Of the rest, 167215 acre (35.7%) was in the Apache–Sitgreaves National Forests and 10667 acre (2.3%) in the Tonto National Forest. The remaining destruction occurred on private land. The fire damaged or destroyed ecosystem resources, disrupted hydrologic functioning, and altered the loadings of flammable fuels on much of the ponderosa pine forest that was exposed to the burn.

After the fire, efforts were made to stabilize the landscape by burned area emergency response teams. Waterbars, wattles and K-rails were put in place and there were over two weeks of aerial seeding, dropping around 50000000 lb of winter wheat or indigenous grass seeds over 180000 acre.

Political consequences
Political figures, including Senator Jon Kyl of Arizona, blamed the fire on "radical environmentalists" and their opposition to logging to thin the forests. The group, Sierra Club, responded by saying they have long supported the thinning of underbrush and small trees through controlled burns, not the logging of large trees. But this fire, among other devastating drought-year fires in the American West, helped propel new forest management laws, enacted by both the U.S. Congress and local authorities. Of these the most notable is the Healthy Forests Restoration Act, which President George W. Bush signed into law in 2003. Although these policies presented high-profile, short-term solutions, the ecological effects of these policies are hotly debated among forestry experts.

Legal actions
The arsonist, who received a 10-year prison sentence in March 2004, was Leonard Gregg, a Cibecue resident who worked as a seasonal firefighter for the tribal fire department. He told investigators he had set two fires that morning (the first was quickly put out) in hopes of getting hired by the federal Bureau of Indian Affairs for a quick-response fire crew. Gregg had previously worked as a BIA fire crew member, and was indeed among the first to be called in to fight the Rodeo Fire.

The stranded motorist, Valinda Jo Elliott, who started the Chediski portion of the fire was not charged with arson by the US Attorney's office, much to the anger of local residents and the tribe. In 2009, a judge ruled that she is eligible to be tried in a civil suit in the White Mountain Apache tribal court. In 2014 the court ruled that she was liable for $1650 in civil penalties and $57,000,000 in restitution to the tribe.

title: Rodeo–Chediski Fire