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User talk:Jtdirl/Archive 1

Jtdirl, could you please write your articles in complete sentences? Thank you. -- Zoe

Lots of people here follow really stupid naming policies. It's a pain in the ass even trying to argue with them. Keep up the good fight! Lir 08:41 Nov 18, 2002 (UTC)

Jtdirl, I'm gonna ask again. Please use complete sentences in your articles. -- Zoe

- Hello there Jtdirl, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, great work on Northern Ireland. Cheers! --maveric149

Sure thing, Zoe! But when are you going to write proper english. I've tried to find a word 'gonna' in any dictionary but, as you might say, it ain' there! ''Only joking, Zoe! It is 3.18 am and I'm sorta (!!!) tired. Or rather I'm wik-ed out and heading to sleep. Thanks for the message. '' Will do. Opps, sorry. I WILL DO IT. :) JTD 03:08 Dec 20, 2002 (UTC)

Hi JTD - just wanted to say good work on the GB/UK monarchs thing. It's the sort of thing I'd recognise as incorrect if somebody pointed it out, but that I probably wouldn't have noticed just casually surfing around the place. Keep up the good work and all that. --Camembert

Get some sleep. It's Christmas soon! I think you're doing a good job even though I disagree with you about the Queen Mother. Mintguy -- Per your question on my talk page:

Good question. Normally a user would just choose which page title is best and then redirect alternate forms of the name to that page title. But in this case the move function could not be used since there were two edits in the redirect titled "Irish language" (which I'm assuming is the place where you want the article). So an Admin is needed to delete the redirect page. I've done this and have also done the move. Please tell me if the result is what you wanted. --mav

Can you explain why you cut a substantial part of the discussion from the talk page of IPF? I know I shouldn't take these things personally, but you cut half of a comment of mine in which I think I was being reasonable, and left the half that was perhaps more venting, leaving the comment hanging with a "but" Slrubenstein

My entire last comment was cut as well. Perhaps it contained information you werent capable of dealing with yet. "If you cant handle the heat..." -Sv

Thanks for the explanation -- I suspected it was something like this. Slrubenstein

JTD, I think you are being churlish on the Irish potato famine talk pagewhen you write,
 * You've just proved my point. Most Irish people know who John Mitchell was and so how to rate his expressed opinion. Many Irish Americans don't.

So what? Isn't the task of a scholar to understand, and the task of an encyclopedia to educate? Of course many readers will have no idea who John Mitchell is. But you write as if the purpose of this article is to entrap people into revealing their ignorance; as if when someone doesn't understand something, you have somehow "won." But we need to assume that everyone who reads articles here are ignorant, and that it is our task to explain things to them, not gloat over what they do not know.

Also, so what that "Irish Americans" don't know who John Mitchell was? I am sure that there are a lot of things that Irish Americans know that contemporary citizens (or do you call yourselves subjects?) of Ireland don't know. Again, so what? Encyclopedia articles are meant to educate, and the task of scholars is to understand. In a long comment above you reveal that you do have some understanding of Irish Americans and their concerns. Why not use what you know?

To say that "history owns history" is a meaningless phrase. History, however it is defined, is something that some people study, others remember, others forget, others celebrate, others mourn, in short, something that has different meanings to various people. Obviously the Irish potato famine has one meaning to people living in Ireland, and other meanings to people living in the Irish diaspora. I have no doubt that it has other meanings as well. A good article -- NPOV -- will examine critically, and explain, as many of these perspectives/understandings as possible.

You have posted a lot of meaningful content on the talk pages. Instead of deleting or archiving them -- or even responding to other people's provocative comments -- why not incorporate them into the article itself, and continue to improve it? Slrubenstein

The reply is on Sirubenstein's Talk Page --- Below comments as far as the double lines are moved from my main page to here.

yes, there seems it is always difficult when two people are working on an article at the same time. In any case, I edited my last comment and placed it on your personal talk page, where I think it really is more appropriate than on the article talk page. Also, if you are archiving stuff, I suggest you creat an archive 2 for later material. The convention also is not to select specific stuff for archiving, though, but periodically to archive contiguous material as the talk page gets too long. That said, I still think a lot of stuff you have placed on the talk page should not be archived but if anything be incorporated into the article. Slrubenstein

Once again, I appreciate your detailed response. I am sorry I misunderstood the exchange and Sv's use of Mitchell. Nevertheless, my intention was not to intervene in your debate with Sv (such as it is) but ratehr to make an observation about that debate that I hoped would be constructive in improving the article itself. You ask:
 * Would Steve accept Mitchell's words being used if they described merely as propaganda? Would he accept serious question marks being placed against his favourite author's reliability, given that he uses Mitchell's views as gospel?

And I answer, I do not know, and I do not care. All I care about is making a better article (an article to which I admit I have nothing to contribute but from which I have much to learn. Moreover, I admit, I am as interested in how people talk about the Irish potato famine as in the famine itself -- and by "people" I don't mean you and Sv and whomever else may participate in Wikipedia; I mean professional historians; Irish politicians, English politicians, and Irish-American politicians and community leaders, in other words, all those relatively large groups who have an interest in how the actual history of the famine or the continuing representation (or as others would argue, no doubt, misrepresentation) of the famine in the popular imagination.  So my question now is, is Sv the only person who knows of and quotes Mitchell, or are there many others, whether on one side of the political spectrum in Ireland, or in the U.S., who appeal to Mitchell or others like him? If so, I think Mitchell must be discussed in the article (and if not Mitchell, whomever else is widely quoted). Also, I do not think labeling Mitchell or anyone else as a propagandist and leaving it at that is good scholarship: under what conditions did that discourse arise, and what are the conditions that continue to make this discourse meaningful to many people? From many of your comments adressed to me in the talk section of the article, it seems to me that you are capable of answering these questions without being dismissive; indeed, sympathetically as well as critically.

You needn't respond to this if you don't want to. At this point I think I have explained my own position as well as I can; if you agree, I figure I will see the results soon in the article; if you disagree, well, peace be unto you and I still appreciate those contributions you have already made... Slrubenstein

I appreciate the tone youve chosen to take. ad hominem attacks are worthless, and i think youve come to realise that, and separate your passions from your professionalism. On a technical note, older material can always/usually be retrieved in the older versions of the page. these are editable, and the codetext can be cut from them. On a final note, (and food(fastfood) for thought), "A teacher teaches best what what he/she needs to learn." is there any truth to this? --Sv

I think the version of IPF I just read (1/10) is vastly improved, really quite good. Good job, Slrubenstein

Hi. I kicked off an article on Parnell, but didn't really feel I could do justice to him. I hoped someone else would pick it up and put in all the important bits, but so far no one seems interested. Have you any plans to expand it - if not, could I please draw it to your attention as a possibility? --Deb

JT, I think that if someone uses the Search function and puts in "Lord John Russell", they'll get a match on this article. Even using the new "Go" button takes you there. -- Zoe

Hello, sorry to barge in unannounced again, but I noted the debate on Lord John Russell, and, although I agree with the basic premise that we shouldn't include such titles as "Sir" and "Lord" in the name, you do have a point. This was at the front of my mind because I had just been doing "Lady Caroline Lamb" - actually I've reserved that for the film, and just put her biog under Caroline Lamb, but it doesn't look quite right. I think the reason for this is that she was called "Lady Caroline" from birth, her father being an earl. Therefore in a sense you might argue that the "Lady" was part of her name - quite a different matter from acquiring the title by marriage or being given a knighthood by the queen. Was this the case with Lord John Russell - I mean, was he called that from birth? Deb

JT, I know what you mean about the Wiki addiction. !!!!! -- Zoe

Jtdirl; could you point out exactly which articles you've had disappearing edits on, and about when you made the edits? I can check the web server logs and at least get an impression of what's going on. --Brion 20:02 Jan 12, 2003 (UTC)

I trust that in due course you will expand the items on O'Connell Street and on "Irish Statues and their nicknames" to cover "The Street of the Three Adulterers". PML. (Thanks. I forgot about that. I'll add that in straight away!) JTD 00:41 Jan 14, 2003 (UTC)

JT, I'm not sure what article you're referring to on my talk page. I didn't add any content that would indicate a Lord Fitzalan (that I recall), if I made any changes to an article they were probably mainly cosmetic. Point me in a direction? As for the Irish potato famine article, I'm staying out of that one. -- Zoe

Go to bed. It's gone 5 am! Mintguy

Good job on Riksdagen, that entry really needed to be revised! It was also a good addition to the Constitution of Sweden, even if all of it wasn't entirely accurate. The entire former Riksdagen entry has been integrated into the Parliament of Sweden entry, which is placed in the structure under Government of Sweden. (On the structure of Politics of Sweden see here or look somewhere on my page.)

I suspect that we might share some similar interests. For one thing I have noticed that political science doesn't even have an article on the parliamentary system(!). I've always felt I knew to little about the (political) history of Ireland, so I look forward on reading up on some of your contributions. Further additions and comments regarding the Swedish politics entries are warmly welcomed. / Mic

You think maybe Two16 and Fwappler are the same person? They seem to have similar grasps on reality. -- Zoe

For what it is worth -- please just ignore Two16, it is the only thing to do. That said, I'd still like to reiterate a comment I have made about the IPF page (which by the way I think is very good, largely thanks to your edits). First, I think it is important to distinguish between a factual description of what happened, and various explanations and evaluations of what happened (I think the article does that, but sometimes the two get muddled on the talk page). Second, in discussing the various explanations for and judgements of what happened, I do not think it is right to privilege Irish vs. Irish diaspora (or Irish American) points of view (although the two need to be distinguished and contextualized). Finally, some of what I see on that page really might be better off in a separate article in Irish diaspora... Slrubenstein

 * JTD -- I am sorry that I miscommunicated; any time I have alluded to any differences I have had with you, I should have used the past tense. I do think there was a moment, quite some time ago, when I was unsure whether you were lumping me together with Sv or not, and I did not think you understood or agreed with my position -- as I say, this was some time ago.  I assure you: I think you have contributed a lot to this project and you certainly have not offended me or said anything to me that merits any kind fo qualification or apology; moreover, any respect towards or appreciation of me is reciprocal. I also fully understand your issues with others -- if you peruse my page (or talk page) you will see an exchange with someone identified as "ark" that really took the cake (the debate carried over from pages on the incest taboo and something called neolithic childrearing or something like that); I also had a frustrating exchange with Two16 on the Revolution talk page.

 * Substantively, I have problems with any discourse that suggests that one group of people "own" history. I do not want to get into debates over revisionism -- and I certainly am not defending or excusing any of the various people who have insulted you with ad homenim and silly remarks. I have tried to present my own view towards historiography in general and the Ipf article in particular (in which I have tried to accomodate not only your own expertise in the area but those points of Sv that I consider valid or meaningful) as constructively as possible.

 * It sounds like despite Two16s latest rant you will not abandon the IPF page -- I am glad. Slrubenstein

 * Thanks for your detailed response on my talk page. As usual, I find that much of what you write could and I think should be in an article -- if not IPF, then an article on Irish historiography or even as a section in a general article on Post-colonial historiography.  Please consider this.  What you wrote on my page is too "meta" I think for IPF but does belong in some article.

 * As for archiving -- I am sorry but I cannot help you, at least not right now. I have never archived a page before and would have to go over the process before trying, and I am about to leave my office, Slrubenstein

 * In a pathetic sort of way I am glad you can sympathize with my Two16 experience. In any event, I wanted to tell you again how exciting it is to see real progress on IPF.  I fear at this point I am way way out of my league and I doubt I can add anything else constructive, but a lot of great stuff is getting out there, thanks, Slrubenstein

I think these buggers have ruined the IPF article. Mintguy

Message just recieved. A cable connection has apparently spoiled me - It hadnt occured that this was an issue. Ill also include a head up on the size issue on t:IPF page if someone else hasnt done it already.- "Bugger" Sv

I agree completely. Bucking horns was just a fact of life, though, and its rather pointless to qualify the act of B.H. as being positive or negative - its just a part of the process. And I appreciate the fact that you know a lot about the subject; perhaps so much that people like you who have a great deal of information at close hand, often forget that the rest of us are way back here: we need the full story, and the Union act seems the beginning of it to me, though, it goes agains instincts to build up so slowly. My journalism (major) instincts kick in - I want to know the what. the when, -- the why, is obviously something that comes after the what, and as our clashes were evident of, the why is hard to explain in a summary. you and i both understand the importance of history, and clarity, and the wikipedia, as a potential source for someones "informed" point of view, and this is, i think the real basis for our common ground.

A lot of times, it seems, people like you and i, wind up arguing not so much about the material, as about the style: much of my take on things deals with the flow of information first, and its human interest (who else is going to read it): an example:

Mine: Its immediate impact on Ireland was devastating, and its longterm impact continues until today; manifested in socio-political issues, sexual and marriage patterns, emigration, and land-holding policies.

Thine: While its immediate impact on Ireland was considerable, its long-term impact, in terms of changing land-holding structures, sexual and marriage patterns and emigration, proved immense.

Im not sure if there is a quantitative way of comparing the differences between the event of the Famine and the legacy of the Famine... So i wrote it as a two parter, it was devastating, and.... You, (or someone else) wrote it as a comparison, While its... its... . It struck the editor in me that the comparison was less a product of an intended point, and more a product of unclear language, or a (wiki) writers habit; the tendency to use comparisons as a way to vary the flow....

Im not sure. Its small, but I think if we can hammer this one out, we can deal with the rest rather efficiently, and to everyones satisfaction (save yours and mine - of course;) - Stevert

Hi JTD - as far as I know, there's no automatic way to move texts from the wikipedia to Project Sourceberg. You'll have to start a page over at http://ps.wikipedia.com by making a link on the Main Page there (all articles are linked from the main page there, because there's currently very few of them) and importing the text in by hand. Then you can replace the article here on the wikipedia with the following single line:

 * 1) REDIRECT whatever the article name is

which will make a redirect straight to the article at Sourceberg. That will keep any links to the page at wikipedia working. Hope that makes sense - if you need any clarification or whatever, just ask. --Camembert

I had no idea there were keyboards that lacked a cardinal number (or hash) key. On a PC you can get the symbol by holding down Alt, typing 35 on the numeric keypad, and then releasing Alt. If you're on a Mac or some other system, maybe there's some equivalent of that. Otherwise, I'm not really technically minded enough to help you on that one, I'm afraid - you might add a question to the bottom of the Village pump, where somebody who knows how to help is bound to see it. Cheers--Camembert

If you've got consensus on the naming convention, then by all means add it to the appropriate naming convention page. However, people have a habit of coming out of the woodwork at the last minute and disagreeing with things just when you think consensus has been reached (I'm speaking from experience here), so it might be a good idea to first put your change/addition on the talk page of the convention page in question and leave it there for a week or so before changing the convention itself. I think this is often the best way to do things in the long run, even if it does hold things up for a few days.

By the way - I know what you mean about addiction. I can hardly walk past a library these days without nipping in to check some wikipedia article I've written or am about to write. I've not yet reached the stage of ringing up the queen though - that's addiction indeed! Keep up the good work--Camembert

JT, I don't know what's up with the Google search. It might be that it takes Google a while to catch up. Why not take it to the Village Pump, where somebody more knowledgeable than me can answer this question. -- Zoe

You better archive your own talk page before it gets too long for your browser. Maybe you should ask on the mailing list or maybe the Main Page talk page? -- Zoe

 * Hope you don't mind me cutting in on the Google thing - the reason many of our pages are not listed at Google is that a while ago somebody made a bit of a balls up with the robots.txt file (which tells search engines like Google what they can and can't see), with the result that Google wasn't allowed to index any of our pages. This has now been put right, and the pages are starting to be reindexed again. It'll take a little time, but they'll all be back on Google eventually. --Camembert

Big, big mistake taking me on... Phonies like you who hide behind a computer can pretend to be anything and there are always enough dummies around to buy your load of crap. Your supposed resumé isn't worth zip. I understand why people like you find Wkipedia perfect for self-glorification. Exactly what has been your REAL contribution to Wikipedia? I don't need pats on the back so I don't run around like a child signing my logo on as many articles as possible. I do QUALITY work without fanfare until retards like you show up. Hey Superstar? Why not have them vote to get rid of me?....DW

title: User talk:Jtdirl/Archive 1


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Super Bowl XXXVII

Super Bowl XXXVII was an American football game between the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Oakland Raiders and the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Tampa Bay Buccaneers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 2002 season. The Buccaneers defeated the Raiders by the score of 48–21, tied with Super Bowl XXXV for the seventh-largest Super Bowl margin of victory, winning their first-ever Super Bowl. The game was played on January 26, 2003, at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California.

To date, this is the last Super Bowl to be played in the month of January, as all subsequent games have been played in February. It is also the last to have been played in the week following the conference championship games (the others being Super Bowls XVII, XXV, XXVIII, XXXIV, and XXXVI) and the last to be played at Qualcomm Stadium, which previously hosted Super Bowl XXII (then called Jack Murphy Stadium) and Super Bowl XXXII and was demolished in 2021. Since the NFL no longer has a team in San Diego after the Chargers relocated to Los Angeles in 2017, and the league has a policy not to award Super Bowls to metropolitan areas that do not have a team within them, Super Bowl XXXVII will be the last to be played in San Diego for the foreseeable future unless an NFL team returns to the area.

This was the first Super Bowl in which the league's number one-ranked offense (Raiders) faced the league's number one-ranked defense (Buccaneers). The game sometimes is referred to as the "Gruden Bowl", because the primary storyline surrounding the game revolved around Jon Gruden. Gruden was the Raiders' head coach from 1998 to 2001, and as a result of a trade then became the Buccaneers head coach in 2002. Tampa Bay, "Gruden's new team", made their first Super Bowl appearance in team history after posting a regular season record. Oakland, "Gruden's old team", advanced to their fifth Super Bowl after an regular season. Super Bowl XXXVII is also referred to as the "Pirate Bowl", due to both teams' pirate-themed mascots and logos.

The Raiders came into the game as four-point favorites. However, offensive struggles from the Raiders, and a dominant defensive performance from Tampa throughout much of the game would unravel the juggernaut Raider offense. Oakland quarterback Rich Gannon threw a Super Bowl record five interceptions, three of which were returned for touchdowns. The Buccaneers also sacked Gannon five times, and scored 34 consecutive points to build a 34–3 lead late in the third quarter. Tampa Bay safety Dexter Jackson, who had two of those interceptions and returned them for 34 yards, was named Super Bowl MVP. Jackson became only the second safety and third defensive back named Super Bowl MVP.

Host selection process
Super Bowl XXXVII was originally awarded to San Francisco on October 15, 1997, by the NFL owners at a league meeting in Washington, D.C. The 49ers had recently announced plans for a new stadium, and were awarded the Super Bowl contingent on its completion. However, the stadium plans had stalled by the fall of 1998 and the NFL reopened the bidding for the game. San Diego, which had lost out on Super Bowl XXXVI, announced its interest. The city was awarded the game during the May 26, 1999, meeting at Atlanta. Miami was the only other city in consideration. It was the last Super Bowl played in California until Super Bowl 50 at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara. It was also the final Super Bowl at Qualcomm Stadium before the San Diego Chargers relocated to Los Angeles in 2017.

Oakland Raiders
Oakland Raiders owner Al Davis was known to have the lowest salaries for coaches in the league, and head coach Jon Gruden was no exception. Instead of paying a high salary for Gruden, Davis opted to trade the rights for Gruden to the Buccaneers in exchange for four draft picks. The Buccaneers ended up giving two first-round picks, two second-round picks and $8 million to the Raiders to get Gruden.

As a result of Gruden's departure, Raiders offensive coordinator Bill Callahan was promoted to head coach. Despite the loss of Gruden in 2002, the Raiders still managed to earn a share of the AFC's best record at 11–5. The offense led the league in total passing yards (4,689) and ranked second in total yards gained (6,451).

Raiders quarterback Rich Gannon had an MVP season, completing 418 out of 618 passes for 4,689 yards, 26 touchdowns, and 10 interceptions. His 418 completions and his 10 games with over 300 passing yards were both NFL records. He also ran 50 times for 156 yards and three touchdowns. Jerry Rice, who was already the NFL's all-time leader in nearly every receiving record after 17 seasons, had a Pro Bowl season for the 13th time in his career 1,211 receiving yards and seven touchdowns. Gannon's other weapons in passing game were 15-year veteran receiver Tim Brown (930 yards and two touchdowns) and young receiver Jerry Porter (688 yards and nine touchdowns). Multi-talented running back Charlie Garner was the team's leading rusher with 962 yards and seven touchdowns, while also leading all NFL running backs in receiving with 91 receptions for 941 yards and another four touchdowns. Running back Tyrone Wheatley was also a contributor with 419 rushing yards, while fullback Zack Crockett provided both of them with solid blocking and scored eight touchdowns. Up front, their offensive line was led by two Pro Bowlers, guard Lincoln Kennedy and center Barret Robbins.

The Raiders' weakness was primarily on their defense, which ranked 25th in the league in passing yards allowed (3,787) and 12th in total yards (5,240). Veteran Pro Bowl safety Rod Woodson recorded a league-leading eight interceptions including two touchdowns. Up front, their line was anchored by defensive tackle Rod Coleman, who led the team with 11 sacks. Behind him, the team had a solid veteran linebacker, Bill Romanowski, who was playing in his fifth Super Bowl. Defensive back Tory James was also a big contributor with four interceptions.

Tampa Bay Buccaneers
Gruden had trouble getting the offense in sync during his first year as Tampa Bay's head coach. In 2002, the Buccaneers ranked 25th in the league in total yards gained (5,222). Quarterback Brad Johnson made the Pro Bowl, completing 281 out of 451 passes for 3,049 yards, 22 touchdowns, and six interceptions. Running back Michael Pittman led the team in rushing with 718 yards and one touchdown, and added 477 receiving yards. Pro Bowl fullback Mike Alstott had 548 rushing yards and five touchdowns, and also had 242 receiving yards and two touchdowns. Wide receiver Keyshawn Johnson led the team with 1,088 receiving yards and five touchdowns, while wide receiver Keenan McCardell had 670 receiving yards and six touchdowns.

The Buccaneers' defense was still the strength of the team, leading the NFL in total defense (252.8 yards per game), pass defense (155.6 yards per game), points allowed (12.3 points per game), passing touchdowns allowed (10), interceptions (31), and opponent passer rating (48.4). Brooks, Lynch, Sapp, and defensive end Simeon Rice all had Pro Bowl years. Brooks led the team with 87 tackles and excelled at pass coverage, recording five interceptions and four total touchdowns (an NFL record for a linebacker). The defense as a whole had nine total touchdowns during the regular season and playoffs. Rice led the team with 15.5 sacks. Sapp recorded 7.5 sacks and two interceptions. Cornerback Brian Kelly was also a big asset, leading the team with eight interceptions.

Playoffs
The second-seeded Buccaneers defeated the fourth-seeded San Francisco 49ers, 31–6, and the top-seeded Philadelphia Eagles, 27–10, to make the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history. The Buccaneers defense was dominant in both games. Meanwhile, the top-seeded Raiders were victorious against the fourth-seeded New York Jets, 30–10, and the second-seeded Tennessee Titans, 41–24. The Raiders won against the Titans through Gannon's pass-oriented offense.

Super Bowl pregame news
The Raiders entered the game favored to win in their first Super Bowl in 19 years. They were also the first franchise to appear in the Super Bowl in four decades (1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 2000s). However, much of the media hype surrounded the Gruden trade prior to the season. This forced league commissioner Paul Tagliabue to issue a statement that he might ban all future trades for coaches involving draft choices because it might compromise the draft.

A distraction for the Raiders was that starting center Barret Robbins went missing for most of the day before the Super Bowl. Hours before the game, he was admitted to a San Diego hospital, then spent time in rehab at the Betty Ford Clinic. He was subsequently diagnosed with bipolar disorder; it turned out that his disappearance was due to a manic episode. Robbins later said he had gone across the border and spent his missing time partying in Tijuana, Mexico, so disoriented that he thought the Raiders had already won the game and he was celebrating the victory. Backup Adam Treu (a former Pro Bowl-er) replaced Robbins.

The Buccaneers, as the designated home team, wore red jerseys and pewter pants. The kit is normally used at home for the second half of the season; the Buccaneers wear white at home during the first half due to the late summer-early autumn heat. The Raiders donned white jerseys with silver pants, the same combination they wore in Super Bowls XI and XV (both victories).

Broadcasting
The game was broadcast in the United States by ABC, with Al Michaels handling the play-by-play duties and color commentator John Madden. Madden became the first person to announce Super Bowls on different networks in consecutive years, having called Super Bowl XXXVI on Fox and then moving to ABC after Pat Summerall retired. Melissa Stark and Lynn Swann served as sideline reporters. Chris Berman from Disney-owned corporate sibling ESPN hosted all the events. Berman was joined by fellow ESPN analyst Steve Young, Baltimore Ravens head coach Brian Billick, and New York Giants defensive end Michael Strahan.

The Super Bowl was the first of three major professional sports championship series ABC broadcast in 2003, as they would also broadcast the Stanley Cup Finals and the NBA Finals. Both the Super Bowl and the Stanley Cup Finals ended up being hosted by Berman (who co-hosted the Stanley Cup Finals with John Saunders). The state of California ended up having representation in both Super Bowl XXXVII and the 2003 Stanley Cup Finals after the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim advanced to the latter. ABC's lead NHL broadcast team of Gary Thorne, Bill Clement, and John Davidson mentioned all of these when they called the Stanley Cup Finals.

For its Super Bowl lead-out program, ABC aired an episode of Alias titled "Phase One". Then after the break for late local news, the network premiered its new late night talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live!.

NBC, which did not hold any NFL TV rights during this time between the 1998 and 2005 seasons, provided counter-programming against the halftime show, airing a live segment of "Weekend Update" from the comedy–variety show Saturday Night Live featuring Jimmy Fallon and Tina Fey.

Memorable television commercials that aired during the game included the "Terry Tate: Office Linebacker" Reebok ad and the Budweiser Zebra Referee. Adbowl ranked FedEx's "Castaway" as the best commercial of the year.

On the radio side, the game was carried nationally by Westwood One. Marv Albert, in his first season as the network's lead NFL voice, called the game with Boomer Esiason as his analyst. John Dockery and Warren Moon reported from the field. Locally, the Raiders' broadcast was carried by their then-flagship KSFO (AM) with Greg Papa as lead announcer and Tom Flores as analyst. The Buccaneers' then-flagship WDAE carried their broadcast, with Gene Deckerhoff as lead announcer and Scot Brantley as analyst.

Pre-game ceremonies
A pre-game concert featured a performance by Carlos Santana with guests Beyoncé Knowles and Michelle Branch. During its pre-game show, ABC also aired a pre-game concert outside of the stadium, which featured Bonnie Raitt, Goo Goo Dolls and Michael Bublé. French-Canadian singer Celine Dion performed "God Bless America", while country group The Dixie Chicks performed the national anthem.

As the New England Patriots' did the previous year, both teams were introduced and entered as a team rather than individually by offensive and defensive starters, establishing this as the new standard practice. To honor the 30th anniversary of the 17–0 undefeated, perfect season of the 1972 Miami Dolphins, the following members of that team appeared during the coin toss ceremony: Don Shula, Bob Griese, Larry Csonka, Larry Little, Jim Langer, Nick Buoniconti, Paul Warfield.

Halftime show
The Super Bowl XXXVII halftime show was headlined by Shania Twain, No Doubt, and Sting.

Post-game ceremonies
Bon Jovi appeared as part of the post-game ceremonies, performing "It's My Life" prior to the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation and "Everyday" afterwards (most of the latter performance was not shown on ABC because the network cut to commercials).

First quarter
The Raiders had a great chance to score a touchdown early in the game after cornerback Charles Woodson intercepted Buccaneers quarterback Brad Johnson's pass on the third play of the game and returned it 12 yards to the Tampa Bay 36-yard line. However, six plays later, defensive end Simeon Rice sacked quarterback Rich Gannon on third down, forcing Oakland to settle for kicker Sebastian Janikowski's 40-yard field goal to give them a 3–0 lead.

Buccaneers running back Aaron Stecker returned the ensuing kickoff 27 yards to the 29-yard line, then appeared to fumble the ball while being tackled by. Although the officials initially ruled that the ball was recovered by Oakland defensive back Eric Johnson, Tampa Bay challenged the call, and instant replay determined that both of Stecker's knees were down, and the ball did not come loose until he hit the ground. Gruden and Stecker appeared upset at having to use a challenge so early in the game, when they both believed Stecker was clearly down.

On the first play of the drive, Brad Johnson completed an 11-yard pass to wide receiver Joe Jurevicius. Johnson's next two passes were incomplete, but he then completed a 23-yard pass to Jurevicius on 3rd-and-10 to advance the ball to the Oakland 37-yard line. Running back Michael Pittman then rushed for a 23-yard gain to the 13-yard line. However, on the next three plays, the Raiders' defense limited the Buccaneers to a pair of incompletions and a 1-yard run by Stecker. Kicker Martín Gramática then made a 31-yard field goal to tie the game, 3–3. After the teams exchanged punts twice, with less than two minutes left in the quarter, a 17-yard punt return by cornerback Darrien Gordon gave Oakland the ball at their own 49-yard line. Gannon then threw an 8-yard pass to running back Charlie Garner to reach the Tampa Bay 43-yard line. However, on third down, safety Dexter Jackson intercepted Gannon's pass at the 40-yard line and returned it 9 yards to near midfield.

Second quarter
Nine plays after the turnover, Gramática kicked his second field goal from 43 yards to give Tampa Bay a 6–3 lead.

Jackson intercepted another pass on the Raiders' next drive and returned it 25 yards to the Oakland 45-yard line, making him the first player ever to record two interceptions in the first half of the Super Bowl. However, the Buccaneers were unable to take advantage of the turnover and were forced to punt. Tampa Bay got a big assist from their punter Tom Tupa, who managed to pin Oakland all the way back at their own 11-yard line. The Raiders could not move the ball either, losing a yard on three plays with their ensuing drive. Tampa Bay wide receiver Karl Williams then returned Shane Lechler's punt 25 yards, giving the Buccaneers great field position at Oakland's 27-yard line. Aided by Pittman's gains of 6 and 19 yards, the Buccaneers scored the first touchdown of the game on a 2-yard run by fullback Mike Alstott, increasing their lead to 13–3. After forcing the Raiders to punt, with 3:45 left in the half, Tampa Bay drove 77 yards in nine plays, assisted by a pair of catches by Alstott for 28 yards and four runs by Pittman for 20 yards. Johnson finished the drive with a 5-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Keenan McCardell to give the Buccaneers a 20–3 halftime lead.

Third quarter
Tampa Bay continued to dominate the game for most of the third quarter. The Buccaneers forced the Raiders to punt on the opening drive of the second half. Next, Tampa Bay marched 89 yards on a 14-play drive, which was highlighted by Johnson's two passes to Jurevicius for 44 yards and took 7:52 off the clock. The drive ended with Johnson's 8-yard touchdown pass to McCardell to increase their lead to 27–3. Then on the second play of Oakland's ensuing drive, Buccaneers safety Dwight Smith intercepted Gannon's pass and returned it 44 yards for a touchdown, making the score 34–3 in favor of Tampa Bay.

After giving up 34 consecutive points, Oakland finally managed to drive 82 yards down the field, aided by a 25-yard reception by tight end Doug Jolley. The drive ended with a 39-yard touchdown completion from Gannon to wide receiver Jerry Porter. Although he was initially ruled as being out of bounds, the Raiders challenged the call, and it was determined that Porter had both feet in the end zone when he caught the ball. Gannon was sacked by Simeon Rice on the two-point conversion attempt, but the Raiders had cut their deficit to 34–9.

Fourth quarter
The Raiders' touchdown seemed to fire up their defense, who forced the Buccaneers to a fourth down on their ensuing possession. On the second play of the final quarter, Oakland linebacker Tim Johnson blocked Tupa's punt, and the ball flew high into the air and into the arms of Eric Johnson, who returned it 13 yards for a touchdown. Another two-point conversion failed when Gannon threw the ball over wide receiver Tim Brown's head, but Tampa Bay's lead was cut to 34–15.

Tampa Bay responded by moving the ball to the Oakland 9-yard line on their ensuing drive, featuring a 16-yard pass interference penalty against Woodson and a 24-yard run by Pittman, but during a 27-yard field goal attempt by Gramática, Tupa fumbled the snap, and Gramática attempted to run the ball himself before getting tackled by cornerback Tory James, giving the ball to Oakland on their own 22-yard line. After completing two passes to Jolley for 23 yards, Gannon threw a 48-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Jerry Rice with 6:06 left in the game, cutting the Raiders' deficit to 34–21 and were only two touchdowns away from taking the lead. Oakland's two-point conversion failed for the third straight time when Porter caught the ball out of bounds after being forced out by linebacker Nate Webster, but the officials deemed no interference, and therefore that part of the play was non-reviewable. Nonetheless, Oakland challenged the call, but the ruling stood, and they were charged a timeout.

In an attempt to prevent a Raiders comeback, the Buccaneers managed to run the clock down to 2:44 on their ensuing drive before being forced to punt. Then on 3rd-and-18 from the Oakland 29-yard line, linebacker Derrick Brooks cemented the Buccaneers' first-ever Super Bowl title by intercepting a Gannon pass intended for wide receiver Marcus Knight and returning it 44 yards for a touchdown, giving the Buccaneers a 41–21 lead with only 1:18 left, and leading Buccaneers radio announcer Gene Deckerhoff to make his famous call: "The dagger's in, we're gonna win the Super Bowl!". Five plays later, Smith intercepted another pass, which was deflected by defensive end Greg Spires, and returned it 50 yards for his second touchdown of the game with only two seconds remaining, capping off the scoring at 48–21. Smith's two pick sixes made him the first player in Super Bowl history to score two defensive touchdowns. Raiders defensive lineman Chris Cooper returned Gramática's kickoff 6 yards before being tackled by linebacker Jack Golden, ending the game. Gannon said after the game that his performance was "nightmarish". With the win, Jon Gruden became, at 39, the youngest head coach to win a Super Bowl, surpassing John Madden who won Super Bowl XI at the age of 40.

Statistical overview
Tampa Bay dominated Oakland, out-gaining them in total yards (365–269), rushing yards (150–19), first downs (24–11), offensive plays (76–60), and forced turnovers (5–1). As many sports fans and writers predicted, Gruden's prior knowledge of the Raiders was a major factor. The most damaging piece of evidence is NFL Films footage of Tampa Bay defensive back John Lynch telling his teammates during the game that almost all of the plays ran by Oakland's offense were plays that Gruden (who that week even played the part of "Rich Gannon" by playing quarterback with the scout-team offense) specifically told them to look out for. Better still for the Buccaneers was that Oakland hadn't changed their audible-calling signals that Gruden himself had installed, thus tipping off plays repeatedly.

Johnson finished the game with 18 out of 34 completions for 215 yards and 2 touchdowns, with 1 interception, along with 10 rushing yards. Pittman was the top rusher of the game with 129 yards. Alstott was the game's second leading rusher with 15 yards and a touchdown, and had 5 receptions for 43 yards. Joe Jurevicius was the game's leading receiver with 4 receptions for 78 yards. Keyshawn Johnson recorded 6 catches for 69 yards. Smith recorded 2 interceptions, 94 return yards, and 2 touchdowns. He also added another 23 yards on a kickoff return.

Gannon finished the game 24 out of 44 for 272 yards and 2 touchdowns, but was intercepted a Super Bowl record 5 times for a 48.9 passer rating. Garner was their leading rusher, but with only 10 yards, and caught 7 passes for 51 yards. Rice was the Raiders' leading receiver of the game with 5 catches for 77 yards and a touchdown. He became the first player to score touchdowns with two teams in Super Bowls (Ricky Proehl, Rob Gronkowski, and Muhsin Muhammad have since joined him). Wide receiver Marcus Knight returned 8 kickoffs for 143 yards.

Jerry Rice and Bill Romanowski joined Gene Upshaw as the only players to appear in Super Bowls in three decades. Rice played in Super Bowls XXIII, XXIV, and XXIX. Romanowski played in Super Bowls XXIII, XXIV, XXXII, and XXXIII; the Raiders' loss prevented Romanowski from joining Charles Haley as the only NFL players at that time to earn 5 Super Bowl rings (Haley was also with the 49ers for Super Bowls XXIII and XXIV, and later earned rings when the Dallas Cowboys won Super Bowls XXVII, XXVIII, and XXX). The Raiders became the first team to appear in Super Bowls under four head coaches. John Rauch coached them in Super Bowl II, John Madden (who himself called Super Bowl XXXVII on ABC), coached them in Super Bowl XI and Tom Flores coached them in Super Bowl XV and XVIII.

The teams combined for the most second half points in a Super Bowl with 46 (28 for Tampa Bay and 18 for Oakland) and the third most total points in a game with 69, tying Dallas and Buffalo who combined for 69 points in Super Bowl XXVII.

Final statistics
Sources: NFL.com Super Bowl XXXVII, Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder TB, Super Bowl XXXVII Play Finder Oak, Super Bowl XXXVII Play by Play

Individual leaders
1Completions/attempts 2Carries 3Long gain 4Receptions 5Times targeted

Starting lineups
Source:

Post-game riots
In Oakland, after the Raiders' loss, riots broke out on the streets of East Oakland. Twelve cars were set on fire and 400 police officers were sent to the streets.

Aftermath
The Tampa Tribune published a book by several staff writers called Pewter Power about the Buccaneers' winning season.

Both teams entered a period of decline after the Super Bowl that saw them enter lengthy playoff droughts. Neither made the playoffs in, as Tampa Bay finished 7–9 and Oakland finished 4–12. Furthermore, Tampa Bay finished 5–11 in 2004, becoming the first Super Bowl winning team to follow up with consecutive losing seasons. The Buccaneers had only two subsequent postseason appearances in 2005 and 2007 and did not win another playoff game until their Super Bowl-winning season in 2020. The Raiders went 14 seasons without a winning record or playoff appearance, not obtaining either again until 2016, and have not won a playoff game since this season. The 2002 season also marked the Raiders' final postseason victory in Oakland following their relocation to Las Vegas in 2020.

In January 2013, retired Raiders receiver Tim Brown accused coach Bill Callahan of deliberately throwing the game, stating that Callahan originally planned the Raiders' strategy around running the ball, since Oakland's offensive line outweighed Tampa Bay's defensive line by a significant amount. However, Brown claimed Callahan changed the game plan to a more pass-heavy strategy two days before the game. While Brown stopped short of saying he was sure Callahan ruined their game plan on purpose, he said, "But the facts are what they are, that less than 36 hours before the game we changed our game plan. And we go into that game absolutely knowing that we have no shot.  That the only shot we had if Tampa Bay didn't show up." Brown also suggested the change contributed to Barret Robbins' mental breakdown, saying "Barret Robbins begged Coach Callahan, 'Do not do this to me. I don't have time to make my calls, to get my calls ready.  You can't do this to me on Friday.  We haven't practiced full speed, we can't get this done.  I'm not saying one had anything to do with the other.  All I'm saying is those are the facts of what happened Super Bowl week.  So our ire wasn't towards Barret Robbins, it was towards Bill Callahan.  Because we feel as if he wouldn't have did what he did, then Barret wouldn't have done what he did."

Jerry Rice echoed Brown's concerns, saying "For some reason - and I don't know why - Bill Callahan did not like me." "In a way, maybe because he didn't like the Raiders, he decided, 'Maybe we should sabotage this a little bit and let Jon Gruden go out and win this one." Raiders linebacker Bill Romanowski disagreed, calling Brown's accusations "delusional".

"I am shocked, saddened and outraged by Tim Brown's allegations and Jerry Rice's support of those allegations," Callahan replied. "To leave no doubt, I categorically and unequivocally deny the sum and substance of their allegation. To suggest otherwise, especially at this time when it involves the Super Bowl, is ludicrous and defamatory. Any suggestion that I would undermine the integrity of the sport that I love and dedicated my life to, or dishonor the commitment I made to our players, coaches and fans, is flat out wrong. I think it would be in the best interests of all including the game America loves that these allegations be retracted immediately."

Officials

 * Referee: Bill Carollo #63 second Super Bowl (XXXI as side judge)
 * Umpire: Ed Coukart #71 second Super Bowl (originally alternate for XXXII, but entered game when Jim Quirk was injured)
 * Head Linesman: Dale Williams #8 third Super Bowl (XX, XXVI)
 * Line Judge: Mark Steinkerchner #84 first Super Bowl
 * Side Judge: Rick Patterson #15 first Super Bowl
 * Field Judge: Tom Sifferman #118 first Super Bowl
 * Back Judge: Don Carey #126 first Super Bowl
 * Replay Official: Rex Stuart
 * Video Operator: Mike Wimmer

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Super Bowl XXXVII


text:
Talk:Paul Broca

questions
I have two questions

First, what methods did Broca use to determine the areas of brain damage? Was visual inspection of the affected patient's skull sufficient, or did it involve autopsy? If the latter, what does one look for in an autopsy to indicate brain damage?

Second, the article defines "aphasic patients" as "persons unable to talk". Modern definitions of aphasia seem to be broader, including almost everyone with a language impairment due to brain damage? Is this definition a mistake, or does it reflect Broca's own usage?

--Ryguasu 01:04 Jan 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Nowadays the specific type of aphasia he studied is known as, not surprisingly, Broca's aphasia. 129.2.211.72 06:22, 20 Nov 2004 (UTC)

Cause of death
I have removed the cause of Broca's death "probably of a brain aneurism" because my source (which has been reliable for most other entries) says he died "possibly from a coronary occlusion". (B.G. Firkin & J.A.Whitworth (1987). Dictionary of Medical Eponyms. Parthenon Publishing. ISBN 1-85070-333-7) Dave 23:06, 17 Feb 2005 (UTC)

Name
What's his exact full name? Paul Pierre Broca or Pierre Paul Broca? --KJ 04:43, 13 February 2006 (UTC)

Paul Broca. The second name is never quoted or evoked in France. I suppressed the mention on its prodigious childhood. The bacchalaureat is the result of a cumulated success to a sum of tests (litterature, history, mathematics, physics, etc) made in only 2 or 3 days. The year later is either maths and philo or the reverse.User: Gerard Percheron

 * I moved the page accordingly. -- User:Docu

Francisco Goya
“Francisco Goya had his skull hidden and not buried with the rest of his body as a direct response to Broca's work in this area.”

I take serious issue with this statement considering Goya died when Broca was approx. 4 years of age. This statement needs to be removed or edited. If anyone has more information regarding a possible Goya/Broca connection I would be most interested.

NOT a word on phrenology!!
Why is there not a word on Broca's understanding and dissemination of phrenology? What about early eugenics? These are valid topics that Broca was a pioneer in.

--Gautam3 01:13, 6 November 2006 (UTC)

Broca and racism
The fact that Broca was trying to prove that skull/brain size related to intelligence suggests that he was as racist as any other scientist at the time, as Caucasian males generally have larger brains. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 199.212.65.60 (talk) 16:45, 7 December 2006 (UTC).

Broca and Darwinism!?
How the hell can Broca form a freethinker's group devoted to Darwin's ideas in 1848 when Darwin didn't publish TOoS until 1859? This part makes no sense, has no citation, and I'm going to remove it unless someone has a citation.

As I understand it, Broca was at first a polygenist--French polygenists were generally anti-evolution and believed in complete permanence of human racial types. (Broca's hero was Samuel George Morton.) Then later Broca believed races could come into existence by crossing. Then later he thought some kind of "transformism" was correct. See: "Foreign Bodies: Oceania and the Science of Race" which is readable online. 71.235.76.64 (talk) 23:36, 24 July 2011 (UTC)

Copyright Violation Removed
Source text: Classic Experiments in Psychology by Douglas Mook. Offending material copied verbatim from Chapter 4: Paul Broca and the Speech Center in the 5th paragraph. Sabar Cont 20:53, 24 March 2008 (UTC)

WikiProject Psychology
I am a member of the APS-Wikipedia Initiative, which is a task force of WikiProject Psychology. I editing this page extensively by adding content, references, inline citations, and links to other pages. Keep up the Initiative!!! Maddiebaltz (talk) 08:47, 16 November 2011 (UTC)

 * And I am afraid that I have removed a lot of what you have added. New World Encyclopedia is not a reliable source. I am actually tempted to revert this article to just prior to your contributions, as some spot checks suggest to me that there may also be other issues. I'll do a little more digging first, however. - Sitush (talk) 23:23, 18 November 2011 (UTC)

More material
I got some material I worked up for the Anthropology article, as the French are claiming Broca as the founder of anthropology. As this article is still in an intermediate phase I am putting this material here, to be worked into the article later. I'd do it now, but the History of anthropology takes precedence as well as a check and clean-up of Anthropology. I agreed by discussion that all this material on Broca was first of all to give the French a certain credit for an origin of not quite so certain roots, and secondly and mainly to overemphasize individuals in the anthropology article, which is about modern types of anthropological lines of development. This material can't be just thrown in, it has to be worked into the texture of the article. But, I see a lot of citation requests on the article as it is, so it has to be carefully checked if Wikepedia articles are actually to br relied upon as meaning anything. So, let's just leave it here until the moment is right for me to finish it, unless someone else takes up the task. As for the French claim, well, it depends on what one is to mean by anthropology and how Broca fits into the development of it. The main objection in the other article was that physical anthropology is not really anthropology. Well, that is certainly off the wall and its proponent feels that there is no cultural anthropolgy either. That doubtless is is probably part of a "x really is y" approach, so it needs to be looked at carefully..Botteville (talk) 20:56, 28 March 2015 (UTC)

"When Darwin’s work burst upon the academic world, Paul Broca, credited by some as being the founder of general Anthropology (there are different views) was what today would be called a neurosurgeon. As a physician, he had taken an interest in the pathology of speech. His researches in this area led to comparative studies of brains. He wanted to localize the difference between man and the other animals, which appeared to reside in speech. He discovered the speech center of the human brain, today called Broca's area after him.

In October of 1857 Broca visited a friend in the country, Léonce Berges, an agronomist. He had just cross-bred Lepus cuniculus with Lepus timidus to produce three hardy and self-reproductive hybrid individuals, which should not have been possible if species were created fixed and immutable. Broca followed the case for months. The hybrid was very successful, bringing his friend considerable income in the marketplace. Broca began profess that “the classical doctrine of the permanence of species is entirely mistaken.” Broca belonged to the Société de biologie in Paris.

As his work was questioning the account of creation given in the Book of Genesis, the Société, afraid of being discredited, attempted to gag and deter him. Pierre François Olive Rayer, president and co-founder, asked him personally to stop theorizing along that line. Broca’s response was to form a break-away group, the Société d’Anthropologie de Paris. With him were Eugène Follin, Aristide Auguste Stanislas Verneuil, Charles-Philippe Robin, Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, and some other physicians, mainly his close friends. The first meeting was not until May 19,1859, due to the tighter control over public assemblies after the Revolution of 1848. Eventually Broca received permission and was able to hold a meeting without the police present.

They chose a name that would distinguish them from any of the disciplines then extant. By selecting this word, Broca and his friends meant to stress that man is “subject to the same laws as the animal world.” He meant that no special spirituality or special creation above and beyond the same laws of nature that governed the other animals were to apply. If other species were not fixed and immutable by special creation, neither was man. This is the element in which his anthropology, and modern anthropology, differed from the previous. It was revolutionary. His definition now became “the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature.”

There were political implications of the conclusion as well. Scientific explanations of society were not to rely for answers in such doctrines as the Divine right of kings, but were to rely on natural science as it was then being unveiled by comparative studies. Besides being against the prevalent view of racial purity and the God-given superiority of the Aryan race, and against a slavery justified by the created inferiority of the other races, his and his friends’ views brought him into conflict with some dogmas claiming a base in the Bible. The Bible, if taken literally, portrays man as monogenic, “of single birth,” descending from Adam and Eve. He advocated polygenism, the descent of man from many individuals. When Darwin’s work was published in 1858 he became an immediate convert and enthusiastic partisan of Transformisme, as the French called evolution. He said that he did not feel humiliated by having a trilobite for an ancestor, asking only how one knew that fact. "

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title: Talk:Paul Broca


text:
The Bachelor (American TV series)

 The Bachelor is an American dating and relationship reality television series that debuted on March 25, 2002, on ABC. For its first 25 seasons, the show was hosted by Chris Harrison. As the essence of the original  The Bachelor franchise, its success resulted in several spin-offs including The Bachelorette, Bachelor Pad, Bachelor in Paradise, Bachelor in Paradise: After Paradise, The Bachelor Winter Games, The Bachelor Presents: Listen to Your Heart, The Bachelor: The Greatest Seasons – Ever!, The Golden Bachelor, and The Golden Bachelorette, as well as spawning many international editions of the shows.

On May 10, 2024, ABC renewed the series for a twenty-ninth season.

Production
The series was created by Mike Fleiss. The After the Final Rose and other reunion specials were originally produced at Victory Studios in Los Angeles, California, and CBS Studio Center in Studio City, but are now taped at Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank. In the most recent run of  The Bachelor, it brought in almost $86 million in advertising revenue.

Plot
The series follows a single bachelor who is given a list of romantic interests from which he must choose a fiancée. During the season, the bachelor eliminates candidates (see The elimination process) each week which finally results in his last choice receiving a marriage proposal. The participants travel to romantic and exotic locations for their dates, and the conflicts in the series, both internal and external, stem from the elimination-style format of the show.

The description above is simply a general guideline. In truth, the series occasionally deviates from its intended format, which can lead to drama and conflict among people involved in the show. They may include, among other events:
 * An eliminated candidate returning to the show to plead her case to the bachelor.
 * A non-contestant, usually with a history in the franchise, pleads to be considered as a candidate for the bachelor.
 * A bachelor distributing more or fewer roses than planned.
 * A bachelor eliminating a woman outside of the normal elimination process. For example, the bachelor may eliminate both women on a two-on-one date.
 * The bachelor chooses to pursue a relationship with his final selection rather than propose marriage.

The sixth season was the only season to feature a twist in casting. Since producers could not unanimously decide between Byron Velvick and Jay Overbye for the next Bachelor, the 25 women at the time participating had to decide which bachelor would make the best husband. At the end of the first episode, Velvick was chosen.

Notable cases where the bachelor violated the premise of the show are Brad Womack, who selected neither of his final two women on his first season, and Jason Mesnick, who broke off his engagement in the After the Final Rose episode and several months later proposed (offscreen) to the first runner-up (Molly Malaney)—who he later married. Like Mesnick, Arie Luyendyk Jr. also broke off his engagement and during the After the Final Rose episode, he proposed to the first runner-up (Lauren Burnham) —to whom he is now married.

The elimination process

 * In a "The Women Tell All" episode, the women who had been eliminated from the show participate in a talk show where they discuss their thoughts and experiences, and even juicy secrets not previously mentioned before now.
 * The two remaining women separately meet with the bachelor's family. At the end of the episode, one woman eventually exits the limo and is sent home, followed by the second woman who the bachelor proposes to by presenting the "final rose".
 * In an After the Final Rose episode that immediately follows, the bachelor, the finalist, and the runner-up participate in a talk show. The identity of the next season's bachelor or bachelorette is often announced at the end of the episode.

If a woman decides she no longer wants to compete in the Bachelor, she can leave the competition at any moment. Occasionally, a woman gets taken off the show for violating a rule.

The bachelor has wide discretion in choosing how many and when to present the roses. For example, Sean Lowe presented several roses at his initial cocktail party.

It is common for contestants to be accused of not being on the show for the "right reasons," with their aim not to establish a genuine relationship with the Bachelor but rather to garner fame or attention of some kind. These include: become an influencer, become a cast member on Bachelor in Paradise or the new Bachelorette, induce jealousy from an ex-boyfriend or other people in their personal life, or just to simply get free trips to exotic locations.

Ratings

 * Notes

Questions of authenticity
On February 26, 2009, in an exclusive interview between The Bachelor season 13 contestant Megan Parris and Steve Carbone, Megan commented that the producers edit the footage to create a fictional storyline: "I don't think [the producers] showed any real conversation I had with anyone ... The viewers fail to realize that editing is what makes the show ... You'll hear someone make one comment and then they'll show a clip of somebody's face to make it look like that is their facial reaction to that statement, but really, somebody made that face the day before to something else. It's just piecing things together to make a story."

On March 26, 2009, Megan Parris argued that not only was the show scripted, but that producers bullied contestants into saying things to the camera that contestants did not want to say. "There's nothing real about it," she said of the show's trademark "confessionals," in which contestants talk to the camera about the latest goings-on. "It is scripted," she said. "They basically will call you names, berate you, curse at you until they get you to say what they want you to say." Both ABC and Warner Bros., the studio that produces The Bachelor, had no comment.

On March 15, 2010, Mike Fleiss appeared on 20/20 and said that he develops contestants into characters who will cater to his audience's tastes and that they "need [their] fair share of villains every season." Fleiss has come under fire for admitting that The Bachelor has less to do with reality than it does making good television.

On February 24, 2012, during the taping of the Women Tell All episode of The Bachelor, a private conversation between contestant Courtney Robertson and a show producer went public when microphones were accidentally left on in between camera takes. The conversation revealed the producer had a role as a coach, encouraging Robertson to fake certain emotions for the camera.

The audience reactions for The Women Tell All episode are pre-recorded and inserted into the show later.

Lawsuits
In December 2011, a producer of The Bachelor sued Steve Carbone, the proprietor of the website RealitySteve.com, for leaking unreleased information about the show, claiming Carbone encouraged contestants of both The Bachelor and The Bachelorette to break their confidentiality agreements. Carbone has denied that the source of the leaks are current contestants. Despite the first two lawsuits in 2012 being settled out of court, a further lawsuit was presented against Carbone in 2017.

Criticism
The franchise has long been criticized for its lack of ethnic and cultural diversity, eventually prompting petitions and threats of boycott from the franchise's only black lead at the time, Rachel Lindsay. In June 2020, the show cast Matt James as its first black male lead for season 25. James was initially cast for Clare Crawley's season of Bachelorette, which was delayed due to COVID-19. In June 2021, it was announced that long-time host Chris Harrison was stepping down permanently after widespread criticism of comments he had made which excused the past behavior of a cast member who had been accused of racism, saying he was not the "woke police". Harrison acknowledged, "By excusing historical racism, I defended it."

The show has been criticized for stigmatizing virginity, thus reflecting the patriarchal masculinity stereotypes.

Spin-offs
The program's success has led to the creation of various spin-off series;
 * The Bachelorette premiered in 2003 as a female counterpart of The Bachelor, featuring a pool of men competing for a single bachelorette (who is usually a former contestant of The Bachelor). The series first ran from 2003 to 2005, before returning in 2008 after a hiatus.
 * Bachelor Pad ran from 2010 to 2012, featuring previous contestants of The Bachelor and The Bachelorette competing in challenges and eliminations to for a chance to win a $250,000 grand prize. In 2013, it was replaced by a similar series, Bachelor in Paradise.
 * The fourth season of Bachelor in Paradise called into question about the future of its production following an issue of possible misconduct on the set. The fourth season premiered on August 8, 2017. Two contestants, Corinne Olympios and DeMario Jackson were involved in an explicit sexual encounter in the pool during the filming of the show and were caught on tape. A producer onset administered a complaint which stated either one or both contestants may have been too drunk to give proper consent for the sexual encounter. This prompted Warner Bros. to start an internal investigation and both contestants to seek legal counsel. Production of the show was halted on June 11, 2017, and all contestants were asked to go home until further notice. Allegations were made against both contestants about their intoxication and actions thereafter but ended with broadcast statements from both contestants during a talk show that it was all a misunderstanding and the two have remained friends since the incident. The show was given the green light to resume filming on June 21, 2017; neither Olympios nor Jackson returned to production.
 * The weddings of Trista Rehn (the 1st Bachelorette), Jason Mesnick (13th Bachelor), Ashley Hebert (the 7th Bachelorette), and Sean Lowe (the 17th Bachelor) were broadcast as television specials. Rehn's vow-renewal ceremony upon her 10-year anniversary was also broadcast. Bachelor in Paradise season 2 couple Jade Roper and Tanner Tolbert's wedding was also broadcast as a television special in February 2016. The wedding of Gerry Turner and Theresa Nist (The Golden Bachelor) was televised as a live special on January 4, 2024.
 * Sister network Freeform premiered two docusoaps focusing on alumni from the series,  Ben and Lauren: Happily Ever After? premiered in October 2016, which showcased the relationship of Ben Higgins and Lauren Bushnell following season 20 of The Bachelor on their plans for marriage and Bushnell's new life in Denver. But then, the couple eventually parted ways on May 15, 2017. In March 2017, Freeform premiered The Twins: Happily Ever After, which featured Haley and Emily Ferguson from season 20 of The Bachelor.
 * The Bachelor Winter Games premiered on February 13, 2018, as a winter sports-themed spin-off (airing against the 2018 Winter Olympics), with a similar format to Bachelor in Paradise featuring contestants from domestic and international alumni of the franchise, and winter sports challenges. The series was won by Ashley Iaconetti (United States) and Kevin Wendt (Canada), after finishing first in a figure skating competition among the final four couples. In 2020, ABC announced plans to produce a summer counterpart—The Bachelor Summer Games—which would have presumably aired against the 2020 Summer Olympics. On March 30, 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic (which itself caused the 2020 Olympics to be postponed to 2021), it was reported that the series had been cancelled and would not be part of the 2020–21 TV season.
 * Bachelor Live was a short-lived season 20 after-show hosted by Chris Harrison, discussing events in episodes with cast members and celebrity fans.
 * Bachelor Live On Stage was announced on January 23, 2019, during the Men Tell All episode. A local Bachelor would go through group date challenges and coveted one-on-ones with local ladies in the audience. Audience members and hosts would assist the Bachelor. Ben Higgins and Becca Kufrin are slated to host the planned 63 stop tour starting in Mesa, Arizona on February 13, 2020, with the tour interrupted in Minneapolis, Minnesota on March 11, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic caused subsequent shows have been postponed including the scheduled final stop in Austin, Texas on May 17, 2020, the dates were initially rescheduled to January 24, 2021, in Cleveland, Ohio before postponed for the second time in 2022 due to the temporary closure of entertainment venues and the second wave of the virus in late 2020. It was announced on October 27, 2021, that it would resume on March 16, 2022, in Peoria, Illinois after more than two years of entertainment closures in related to the pandemic. Kufrin returned as host and now be the sole host of the show.  In February 2022, it was announced that former Bachelorette contestants James Bonsall (season 17), Rick Leach (season 18), Connor Brennan (season 17), Ivan Hall (season 16), Justin Glaze (season 17), Andrew Spencer (season 17), and Rodney Matthews (season 18) would all be joining the tour as special guests for different tour stops.
 * The Bachelor Presents: Listen to Your Heart premiered on April 13, 2020, which featured a cast of musicians and related figures, participating in music-related challenges and dates.
 * The Bachelor: The Greatest Seasons – Ever!, aired in 2020 as a replacement for The Bachelorette due to the COVID-19 pandemic, featuring recaps of previous seasons.
 * The Golden Bachelor premiered on September 28, 2023 as a senior-centric spin-off, featuring a 72-year-old as the single man. In February 2024, ABC announced that it had ordered The Golden Bachelorette for a fall 2024 premiere.

Parodies
The show was parodied in S1E5 of the Comedy Central TV show Nathan for You. Ben Stiller produced a web spoof of the series titled Burning Love.

In 2013, ABC's late-night talk show Jimmy Kimmel Live! has parodied the series as The Baby Bachelor, a sketch where the titular role is given to host Jimmy Kimmel's three-year-old nephew Wesley. Later episodes featured follow-up sketches with similar parodies of The Bachelorette and Bachelor in Paradise.

The Fox network produced a show, Joe Millionaire, based on the premise that the bachelor was a millionaire heir, when in reality, he was not.

On June 1, 2015, Lifetime began airing Unreal, a scripted drama about a producer who works on Everlasting, a fictional reality series similar to The Bachelor. It is based on Sarah Gertrude Shapiro's short film Sequin Raze and her experience as a field producer on The Bachelor.

The series was parodied in the third season of the reality series RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars as "The Bitchelor", where a titular challenge featured the drag performers portraying contestants on a Bachelor-like show with Jeffrey Bowyer-Chapman playing the bachelor.

title: The Bachelor (American TV series)


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The Bachelorette (American TV series)

The Bachelorette is an American reality television dating game show that debuted on ABC on January 8, 2003. The show is a spin-off of The Bachelor and the staple part of The Bachelor franchise. The first season featured Trista Rehn, the runner-up from the first season of The Bachelor, offering the opportunity for Rehn to choose a husband among 25 bachelors. The 2004 season of The Bachelorette again took a runner-up from the previous season of The Bachelor. After last airing on February 28, 2005, the series returned to ABC during the spring of 2008, following an absence of three years, and has since become an annual staple of the network's summer programming.

For its first 16 seasons the show was hosted by Chris Harrison. JoJo Fletcher took on temporary hosting duties during season 16 when Harrison was isolating having taken his son to college.

In March 2021, the show announced it would air two seasons for the first time ever. The seventeenth season debuted on June 7, 2021, with former Bachelorettes Tayshia Adams and Kaitlyn Bristowe as hosts. The eighteenth season premiered on October 19, 2021, with Adams and Bristowe returning as co-hosts.

In March 2022, it was announced that there would be two Bachelorettes in one season. The 19th season premiered on July 11, 2022, with Jesse Palmer as host. Although season 11 featured two Bachelorettes in the first episode, and season 16 featured two consecutive Bachelorettes within a season, this marked the first time that two women led concurrently for the entire season.

On February 10, 2024, ABC renewed the series for a twenty-first season, which premiered on July 8, 2024.

Plot
All of the rules are adapted from the rules of its parent show, The Bachelor. As the name implies, it is essentially a gender-swapped version of The Bachelor: the series revolves around a single bachelorette, usually a former contestant from a recent Bachelor season, and a pool of romantic interests (typically 25, though sometimes more) which could include a potential husband for the bachelorette. The show starts with the bachelorette standing in front of the mansion and greeting each male contestant individually, as they make an entrance to the bachelorette. After each rose ceremony, at least one contestant does not receive a rose and goes home; therefore, the pool of contenders gets smaller, and eventually leaves the bachelorette to decide between two contestants in the final rose ceremony.

For the final selection, one of two male suitors proposes to the bachelorette. Unlike its parent show, all sixteen seasons of The Bachelorette have ended with a proposal which the bachelorette either accepted or declined. The series has resulted in five marriages to date: Trista Rehn's to Ryan Sutter, Ashley Hebert's to JP Rosenbaum, Desiree Hartsock's to Chris Siegfried, Rachel Lindsay's to Bryan Abasolo, and JoJo Fletcher's to Jordan Rodgers. The first two weddings were broadcast on ABC. Season 16 was the only season did not hold an After the Final Rose special due to circumstances over the COVID-19 pandemic and Christmas holiday.

Casting
Season 11 was the first season to feature a twist in casting. Since producers could not unanimously decide between The Bachelor Season 19 contenders Kaitlyn Bristowe and Britt Nilsson, the 25 men participating had to decide which bachelorette would make the best wife. In the end, more men voted for Kaitlyn, and Britt was sent home on the first night.

Season 13 was the first season to have an African-American contestant, Rachel Lindsay, as the lead in the entire Bachelor franchise. Season 16 was the first season to feature two bachelorettes. Clare Crawley was initially cast, but left the show after becoming engaged to contestant Dale Moss. Tayshia Adams was then brought in to complete the season.

In March 2021, after host Chris Harrison announced he was "stepping away" from the franchise, former Bachelorettes Tayshia Adams and Kaitlyn Bristowe were announced as co-hosts for season 17. In June 2021, a day after the season 17 premiere, Harrison announced he was leaving the franchise altogether.

Season 19 was the third season to feature two Bachelorettes, Gabby Windey and Rachel Recchia; however, it was the first season to feature both leads for the entire season.

Season 21 will be the first season to have an Asian-American contestant, Jenn Tran, as the lead in the entire Bachelor franchise history.

Questions of authenticity
Family Guy parodied the show's authenticity in the episode "Brian the Bachelor" on June 26, 2005.

The Bachelorette season 4 winner, Jesse Csincsak, commented that contestants must follow producers' orders and that a storyline was fabricated in the editing room.

On March 15, 2010, The Bachelorette creator Mike Fleiss appeared on 20/20 to confess that he developed the show's contestants into characters that catered to his audience's tastes, and that they "need [their] fair share of villains every season". Fleiss has come under fire for admitting that The Bachelor has less to do with reality than it does making good television.

By season 7 of The Bachelorette, some believed that actors were being hired by ABC to play specific roles on the show. Some viewers were becoming tired of the show's scripted nature and speaking out.

In 2018, Amy Kaufman published a book titled, Bachelor Nation: Inside the World of America's Favorite Guilty Pleasure. This book provided insight on some of the manipulation tactics that producers employ in order to create drama and garner controversy as a ratings ploy.

The podcast Game of Roses launched in 2019 and critiques the series as a 'game'. They have since published the book 'How to win The Bachelor'.

Setting
Much like the parent show, the first two seasons were filmed in a luxurious house in Los Angeles County, California, and "Villa De La Vina" in Agoura Hills, California, for later seasons. Since the fifth season, the third and remaining episodes filmed around the world. Episodes have been filmed throughout the United States, Canada, Spain, Iceland, Turkey, Portugal, Thailand, China (Hong Kong only), Bermuda, England, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, France, Italy, Belgium and Ireland. In season 3, filming was located in New York City; Charlotte, North Carolina, for season 8, where Emily Maynard lived, so that she could stay with her daughter Ricki during production. In addition to Villa De La Vina mansion, the contestants in seasons 4 and 5 lived in a bunkhouse close to the mansion.

Due to the concerns surrounding over the COVID-19 pandemic, when the mansion was strictly restricted for filming purposes, the sixteenth and seventeenth seasons filmed entirely within the United States being isolated on a quarantine type bio-secure bubble atmosphere around single location at the hotel or resort they rented by production. While the eighteenth season filmed mostly in the United States, some quarantine restrictions began lifted with limited travel.

Reunion
On April 10, 2019, it was announced that a two-hour special titled Bachelorette Reunion: The Biggest Bachelorette Reunion in Bachelor History Ever! would premiere on May 6, 2019. Bachelorettes from seasons 2 and 3, Meredith Phillips and Jen Schefft didn't make an appearance during the reunion special. Although host Chris Harrison claimed Meredith Phillips was unavailable to attend, Reality Steve reported her sending him the text "No, I was never contacted or spoke to anyone. I didn't even know the show was happening." in regards to the reunion. Schefft couldn't make it due to a long-planned family vacation.

Ratings

 * Notes

title: The Bachelorette (American TV series)


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Bohr magneton

In atomic physics, the Bohr magneton (symbol $μ_{B}$) is a physical constant and the natural unit for expressing the magnetic moment of an electron caused by its orbital or spin angular momentum. In SI units, the Bohr magneton is defined as $$\mu_\mathrm{B} = \frac{e \hbar}{2 m_\mathrm{e}}$$ and in the Gaussian CGS units as $$\mu_\mathrm{B} = \frac{e \hbar}{2 m_\mathrm{e} c} ,$$ where
 * $9.274$ is the elementary charge,
 * $5.788$ is the reduced Planck constant,
 * $m_{e}$ is the electron mass,
 * $c$ is the speed of light.

History
The idea of elementary magnets is due to Walther Ritz (1907) and Pierre Weiss. Already before the Rutherford model of atomic structure, several theorists commented that the magneton should involve the Planck constant h. By postulating that the ratio of electron kinetic energy to orbital frequency should be equal to h, Richard Gans computed a value that was twice as large as the Bohr magneton in September 1911. At the First Solvay Conference in November that year, Paul Langevin obtained a $$e\hbar/(2m_\mathrm{e})$$. Langevin assumed that the attractive force was inversely proportional to distance to the power $$n+1,$$ and specifically $$n=1.$$

The Romanian physicist Ștefan Procopiu had obtained the expression for the magnetic moment of the electron in 1913. The value is sometimes referred to as the "Bohr–Procopiu magneton" in Romanian scientific literature. The Weiss magneton was experimentally derived in 1911 as a unit of magnetic moment equal to $1⁄2$ joules per tesla, which is about 20% of the Bohr magneton.

In the summer of 1913, the values for the natural units of atomic angular momentum and magnetic moment were obtained by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr as a consequence of his atom model. In 1920, Wolfgang Pauli gave the Bohr magneton its name in an article where he contrasted it with the magneton of the experimentalists which he called the Weiss magneton.

Theory
A magnetic moment of an electron in an atom is composed of two components. First, the orbital motion of an electron around a nucleus generates a magnetic moment by Ampère's circuital law. Second, the inherent rotation, or spin, of the electron has a spin magnetic moment.

In the Bohr model of the atom, for an electron that is in the orbit of lowest energy, its orbital angular momentum has magnitude equal to the reduced Planck constant, denoted ħ. The Bohr magneton is the magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of an electron orbiting an atom with this angular momentum.

The spin angular momentum of an electron is $eħ⁄m_{e}$ħ, but the intrinsic electron magnetic moment caused by its spin is also approximately one Bohr magneton, which results in the electron spin g-factor, a factor relating spin angular momentum to corresponding magnetic moment of a particle, having a value of approximately 2.

title: Bohr magneton


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Ossuary

An ossuary is a chest, box, building, well, or site made to serve as the final resting place of human skeletal remains. They are frequently used where burial space is scarce. A body is first buried in a temporary grave, then after some years the skeletal remains are removed and placed in an ossuary ("os" is "bone" in Latin ). The greatly reduced space taken up by an ossuary means that it is possible to store the remains of many more people in a single tomb than possible in coffins. The practice is sometimes known as grave recycling.

Persian ossuaries
In Persia, the Zoroastrians used a deep well for this function from the earliest times (c. 3,000 years ago) and called it astudan (literally, "the place for the bones"). There are many rituals and regulations in the Zoroastrian faith concerning the astudans.

Jewish ossuaries
During the Second Temple period, Jewish burial customs were varied, differing based on class and belief. For the wealthy, one option available included primary burials in burial caves, followed by secondary burials in ossuaries. These bone boxes were placed in smaller niches of the burial caves, on the benches used for the desiccation of the corpse, or even on the floor. These ossuaries are almost exclusively made of limestone, roughly 40% of which are decorated with intricate geometrical patterns. Many ossuaries, plain or decorated, feature inscriptions identifying the deceased. These inscriptions are the chief scholarly source for identifying naming conventions in this region during this period. Among the best-known Jewish ossuaries of this period are: an ossuary inscribed 'Simon the Temple builder' in the collection of the Israel Museum; one inscribed 'Yehohanan ben Hagkol' that contained an iron nail in a heel bone suggesting crucifixion; another, (owned by André Lemaire), inscribed 'James son of Joseph, brother of Jesus', the authenticity of which has been debated by scholars; and ten ossuaries recovered from the Talpiot Tomb in 1980, several of which are reported to have names recorded in the New Testament. Geographically, ossuaries are almost exclusively associated with tombs in and around Jerusalem; however, caches of contemporaneous ossuaries have been discovered in Jericho.

There is ongoing scholarly disagreement as to the function and origin of ossuary burial. Some argue that this form of burial was born out of a theological shift in ideas about purity. Specifically, in the Mishnah and Talmud, Jewish sages from the period are depicted debating the methods and beliefs around ossuary burial. The perspectives they espouse are connected to the Pharisaic tradition; as such, it is speculated that ossuaries were developed by elite members of the Pharisaic religious school before spreading to other sects.

Others argue that material conditions of the elite have more influence on ossuaries use and form during this period. An increase in wealth among the urban elite in Jerusalem and Jericho, coupled with a building boom that created a surplus of stonemasons, allowed for new kinds of burial to evolve. It has been observed that ossuaries follow philosophically with Greco-Roman ideas of individuality in death and physically with Hellenistic forms of chest burial; as such, ossuaries may be an elite imitation of imperial burial modes that did not violate Jewish cultural norms.

The custom of secondary burial in ossuaries, on a whole, did not persist among Jews past the Second Temple period nor appear to exist widely among Jews outside the Land of Israel. There are, of course, exceptions to every trend: after the destruction of the Second Temple, poor imitations of ossuaries made of clay were created in Galilee; the last stone ossuaries are found in the Beth She'arim necropolis and date from the late third century CE; and at least one ossuary dating from the Second Temple period has been discovered in Alexandria.

Roman Catholic ossuaries
Many examples of ossuaries are found within Europe, including the Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini in Rome, Italy; the Martyrs of Otranto in south Italy; the Fontanelle cemetery and Purgatorio ad Arco in Naples, Italy; the San Bernardino alle Ossa in Milan, Italy; the Brno Ossuary and the Sedlec Ossuary in the Czech Republic; the Czermna Skull Chapel in Poland; and the Capela dos Ossos ("Chapel of Bones") in Évora, Portugal. The village of Wamba in the province of Valladolid, Spain, has an impressive ossuary of over a thousand skulls inside the local church, dating from between the 12th and 18th centuries. A more recent example is the Douaumont ossuary in France, which contains the remains of more than 130,000 French and German soldiers that fell at the Battle of Verdun during World War I. The Catacombs of Paris represents another famous ossuary.

The catacombs beneath the Monastery of San Francisco in Lima, Peru also contain an ossuary.

Largest ossuary

The skeletal remains of six million people lie, neatly arranged, in catacombs (also known as ossuaries or charnel houses) beneath the streets of Paris, France. The city has an estimated 300 km of tunnels and pathways, of which 11,000 sqm are packed tightly with the bones of those re-interred from the city's overflowing cemeteries in the late 1700s.

Eastern Orthodox ossuaries

The use of ossuaries is a longstanding tradition in the Eastern Orthodox Church. The remains of an Orthodox Christian are treated with special reverence, in conformity with the biblical teaching that the body of a believer is a "temple of the Holy Spirit", having been sanctified and transfigured by Baptism, Holy Communion and the participation in the mystical life of the Church. In Orthodox monasteries, when one of the brethren dies, his remains are buried (for details, see Christian burial) for one to three years, and then disinterred, cleaned and gathered into the monastery's charnel house. If there is reason to believe that the departed is a saint, the remains may be placed in a reliquary; otherwise the bones are usually mingled together (skulls together in one place, long bones in another, etc.). The remains of an abbot may be placed in a separate ossuary made out of wood or metal.

The use of ossuaries is also found among the laity in the Greek Orthodox Church. The departed will be buried for one to three years and then, often on the anniversary of death, the family will gather with the parish priest and celebrate a parastas (memorial service), after which the remains are disinterred, washed with wine, perfumed, and placed in a small ossuary of wood or metal, inscribed with the name of the departed, and placed in a room, often in or near the church, which is dedicated to this purpose.

title: Ossuary