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Shetland Sheepdog

The Shetland Sheepdog, also known as the Sheltie, is a breed of herding dog that originated in the Shetland Islands of Scotland. It was formally recognized by The Kennel Club in 1909. It was originally called the Shetland Collie, but this caused controversy amongst Rough Collie breeders of the time, so the name was changed. It is a small dog, clever, vocal, willing to please, and trustworthy.

Like the Shetland pony, Shetland cattle and the Shetland sheep, the Shetland Sheepdog is a hardy but diminutive breed developed to thrive amidst the harsh and meagre conditions of its native islands. While the Shetland still excels at herding, today it is often raised as a working dog or family pet.

The Shetland's origins are obscure, but it is not a direct descendant of the Rough Collie, which it largely resembles. Rather, the Shetland is a descendant of small specimens of the Scottish Collie and the King Charles Spaniel. They were originally a small mixed-breed dog, often only about 8 to 12 in in height at the shoulder, and it is thought that the original Shetland herding dogs were of the Spitz type, and were crossed with Collies from mainland Britain. In the early 20th century, James Loggie added a small Rough Collie to the breeding stock, and helped establish the breed that would become the modern Shetland Sheepdog.

History
Unlike many miniature breeds that resemble their larger counterparts, this breed was not developed simply by selectively breeding the Rough Collie for smaller and smaller size. The original sheepdog of Shetland was a Spitz-type dog, probably similar to the modern Icelandic Sheepdog. Strong evidence suggests that this dog was bred with the Yakki, an Icelandic dog that accompanied whalers from Greenland who landed in the ports of the island. The Yakki was about 14 in in height and usually black with tan or white markings. Many of the early Shetlands were black and white or black and tan and this colouring can still be see in the muzzle of some sables dogs today whose muzzles are referred to as "smutty muzzles". Folk tales also mention a King Charles Spaniel that came from a yacht. Pomeranian dog ancestry is likely given the appearance of the breed. The first club for the breed called for a dog similar to the Rough Collie except in size, the standard called for dogs to be no taller than 15 in. Other clubs called for similar standards with the breed to essentially be a miniature. These standards led to people adding in collie blood to the breed to achieve said type. The Kennel Club originally refused to recognise the breed but later agreed to on the condition the name was changed from Shetland Collie due to opposition from collie breed clubs. The original Spitz-type working sheepdog of Shetland is now extinct, having been replaced for herding there by the Border Collie. Shetlands were used for herding until commercial livestock farming required larger breeds.

When the breed was originally introduced breeders called them Shetland Collies, which upset Rough Collie breeders, so the name was changed to Shetland Sheepdog. During the early 20th century (up until the 1940s), additional crosses were made to Rough Collies to help retain the desired Rough Collie type – in fact, the first English Shetland champion's dam, Gesta, was a rough Collie. The year 1909 marked the initial recognition of the Shetland by the English Kennel Club, with the first registered Shetland being a female called Badenock Rose. The first Shetland to be registered by the American Kennel Club was "Lord Scott" in 1911.

Appearance
The general appearance of the Shetland is that of a miniature Rough Collie. They are a small and double coated dog with a well shaped head. They have a long coat which becomes short around the face giving it the appearance of a mane.

Coat and colours
Shetlands have a double coat, which means that they have two layers of fur that make up their coat. The outer coat is made up of long hair and is "harsh-textured and straight". The undercoat is soft, short, and close to the skin. The long coat should produce the appearance of a mane. The face is smooth haired.

Shetlands may come in the following colours.
 * Sable – either clear or shaded sable ranging in colour from pale gold to mahogany. Wolf-sable and grey are undesirable colours.
 * Tricolor – with intense black on the body and rich tan markings preferred.
 * Blue merle – silvery blue with splashed and marbled black preferred. General effect of the coat must be blue. Rich tan markings are also preferred but there is no penalty for the absence of this. Strong black markings, slate or rusty tinges in the coat are highly undesirable.
 * Black and white & black and tan

White markings may appear on any coat besides black and tan but patches on the body are undesirable.

Height
The ideal height at the withers is 14$1/2$ inches (37 cms) for dogs and 14 inches (35.5 cm) for bitches. More than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in variation from these heights is undesirable.

Ears
The Shetland's ears are small and of moderate width at the base placed close on top of the head. When alert the ears are semi-erect and propped forward.

Eyes
Eyes are of medium size and are almond shaped. Eyes are always dark brown except in dogs with merle coats where one or both of the eyes may be blue.

Head
The head is refined without any exaggerations. The head has a long wedge tapering from the ears to nose. The occipital bone isn't prominent. The cheeks are flat to support a well roounded muzzle. The muzzle is of equal length to the skull, dividing at the corner of the eye. The mucocutaneous parts of the face are black in pigmentation.

Body
Neck is well arched and muscular. Legs are muscular. The dog is slightly longer than it is tall with a deep chest.

Temperament
According to Dr. Stanley Coren, an expert on animal intelligence, the Shetland Sheepdog is one of the brightest dogs, ranking 6th out of 138 breeds tested. His research found that an average Shetland could understand a new command in fewer than five repetitions and would obey a command the first time it was given 95% of the time or better.

Health

A Japanese study of pet cemetery data found a life expectancy of 14.3 years with 239 dogs—higher than 13.7 overall life expectancy. A UK study found a life expectancy of 13.4 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

The Shetland is predisposed to the following dermatological conditions: allergic skin disease, cutaneous drug eruptions, cutaneous histiocytosis, cutaneous or systemic lupus, dermatomyositis, and Sertoli cell tumour.

Shetland Sheepdogs have four times the risk of other dogs of developing transitional cell carcinoma, a cancer of the bladder.

A North American study of over a million hip scores in dogs over the age of two found the Shetland to have the fifth-lowest prevalence out of sixty breeds—4.2% of Shetlands had hip dysplasia.

Von Willebrand disease is an inherited bleeding disorder. The Shetland is affected by both type I and type III.

Collie eye anomaly is an autosomal recessive inherited trait which results in incomplete closure of the embryonic fissure, seen almost exclusively in Collies, Border Collies and Shetland Sheepdogs.

A mutation the MDR1 gene causes sensitivity to certain drugs such as ivermectin. This sensitivity has been observed in the Shetland. The MDR1 mutation has been identified in the Shetland and the breed was identified as predisposed in a study in the US. Due to this genetic mutation, affected dogs may exhibit sensitivity or adverse reactions to many drugs, including acepromazine, butorphanol, doxorubicin, erythromycin, ivermectin, loperamide, milbemycin, moxidectin, rifampin, selamectin, vinblastine, and vincristine.

Ulcerative dermatosis of Shetland sheepdog and rough collie (UDSSC) is a disease that is believed to be a vesicular variant of discoid lupus erythematosus. It is an ulcerative dermatosis that affects the thigh, groin, axillae, and ventral abdomen.

A UK study found a significant predisposition to gall bladder mucocele, with the breed being 93.87 times more likely to acquire the condition than other dogs. A study looking at the increased incidence of hepatobiliary disease in the Shetland Sheepdog found that an insertion mutation of the ABCB4 gene that occurs in the Shetland Sheepdog—as well as other breeds—had a significant association with gall bladder mucocele prevalence.

Working life
As the name suggests, Shetland Sheepdogs can and have been used as sheepdogs and still participate in sheepdog trials to this day. Herding dogs conduct livestock from one place to another by causing fear-flocking and flight behaviour.

Activities
In their size group, the breed dominates dog agility, obedience, showmanship, flyball, tracking, and herding. Herding instincts and trainability can be measured at noncompetitive herding tests. Shetlands exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.

Famous Shetland Sheepdogs

 * Ch Halstor's Peter Pumpkin ROM – The Shetland sheepdog sire with the most Champions (160).
 * Badenock Rose – the first Shetland sheepdog registered with the English Kennel Club.
 * Mickey – main character of Canadian children's series Mickey's Farm

title: Shetland Sheepdog


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Buzz

Buzz may refer to:

People

 * Buzz (nickname), a list of people
 * J. Buzz Von Ornsteiner (born 1967; aka Dr. Buzz), American forensic psychologist and journalist

Fictional characters

 * Buzz, a character in the 1987 American comedy movie Revenge of the Nerds II: Nerds in Paradise
 * Buzz, a character in the American fantasy sitcom Out of This World
 * Buzz Lightyear, from the Toy Story franchise
 * Buzz Buzzard, nemesis of Woody Woodpecker
 * Buzz Sawyer, professional wrestling persona of Bruce Woyan
 * Buzz (mascot), mascot of the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets
 * Buzz, from the Donkey Kong video game series
 * Buzz Buzz, from the Super NES video game EarthBound
 * Buzz, a Neopet from an online virtual pet site
 * Buzz McCallister, from the Home Alone movie trilogy
 * Buzz, title character of Buzz! games
 * Buzz (Marvel Comics), a fictional character in the Spider-Girl comic book series
 * Buzz the fruit fly from Beat Bugs
 * Buzz, a character from Cyberchase
 * Buzz, a Reptool in the DreamWorks Animation TV series Dinotrux
 * Buzz, a character in the video game Brawl Stars

Music

 * Buzz (band), a Korean pop/punk/rock band
 * Buzz (Alter Natives album) (1989)
 * Buzz (Guardian album) (1995)
 * Buzz (Fifteen album) (1996)
 * Buzz (Keller Williams album) (1996)
 * Buzz (Steps album) (2000)
 * Buzz (Autograph album) (2003)
 * Da Buzz, a Swedish pop music group

Other

 * Buzz (DC Thomson), a British comic that ran in the 1970s
 * Buzz (film), a 1998 Israeli film by Eli Cohen
 * Buzz (TV series), a Canadian comedy television series
 * Buzz!, a series of quiz video games
 * Buzz Cola, a fictional cola drink on The Simpsons

Technology

 * Jeskola Buzz, a modular software music studio environment
 * Aeroelasticity, fluid instability, or flutter
 * Yahoo! Buzz, a community launched by Yahoo! that publishes user-posted news stories
 * Google Buzz, a social update mechanism integrated into various Google products

Aviation

 * A low-altitude flypast of an aircraft
 * Buzz (Ryanair), a Polish subsidiary of Ryanair
 * Buzz (airline), a British discount airline formerly operating in Europe
 * Buzz Airways, a now-defunct virtual airline based in Branson, Missouri

Other uses

 * Buzz (dinghy), a sailing dinghy
 * Salt Lake Buzz, former name of the Salt Lake Bees minor league baseball team
 * Marketing buzz, a term used in word-of-mouth marketing
 * Buzz (DC), a Washington, D.C. dance party
 * Volkswagen ID. Buzz, an electric minivan produced by Volkswagen

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Buzz


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Talk:Shetland Sheepdog

Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment
This article was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment, between 13 October 2020 and 4 December 2020. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Szczurekn.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 09:13, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Image data
"Sattui" on the left (1 year, 7 months), and "Orfila" on the right (6 months), at our home in Rancho Bernardo, California (40 miles north of San Diego). I didn't want to excerpt any of the other pages' text cause copyright, and didn't feel the muse just at the moment to write my own. Anyone else is welcome, otherwise I'll put something in soon. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Williamv1138 (talk • contribs) 19:16, 1 February 2003 (UTC)

 * Signed for archiving purposes only. William Harris (talk) 10:57, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

Dogs' names on photos
To prevent a proliferation of personalized dog photos throughout the encyclopedia, the dog project (WikiProject Dog breeds) has pursued a policy of not identifying any dogs by name on the breed pages, nor their owners, nor their breeders, nor even their titles (although I did leave in the Ch title mention here because it seemed relevant to the breed article, although we haven't included that info in any other Ch photo on the breed page that I'm aware of), etc. All of that info can go onto the image page, and often does, and anyone who clicks on the photo to enlarge it can read all of that detail. (For example, Image:SmoothCollieTri2 wb.jpg, Image:PuliBlack wb.jpg, also CHs, don't have their names on the breed pages.)

However, Per request in the edit history, I have removed the photo ("There is no reason to not have the name of the sheltie. If the name can't appear, remove the image") from the article. If you change your mind, I for one would be glad to have the photo back in.

I wouldn't say that the no-names policy is set in stone but it seems like a good one; if you want to see what other people active in the dog breed project think about possible reasons for including the name, please do bring it up on the project discussion page.

Re: tri vs sable--I am not conversant enough with the gradations of color as to where one turns from sable to tri, so I can't argue with either viewpoint, but it sure looks a lot darker to me than sables I'm familiar with. Or maybe i'm hallucinating either way. :-) --Elf | Talk 06:56, 24 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * The two shelties identified as tricolors are actually shaded sables, AKA mahogany sables. Tris have solid black body coats, not just black shading, with tan and white on their faces and legs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.175.27.168 (talk) 22:46, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
 * Signed for archiving purposes only. William Harris (talk) 10:57, 23 October 2020 (UTC)

Possible Plagiarism/Definitely lacking a source
Hello everyone! I don't want to construe anyone's actions in a negative light, but when I read the first paragraph (particularly "This diligent small dog is clever, vocal, excitable and willing to please. They are incredibly trustworthy to their owners to the point where they are often referred to as "shadows" due to their attachment to family. This breed was formally recognized by The Kennel Club (UK) in 1909."), I thought that it didn't really sound 'Wikipedian'. I did a Google search for the first sentence ("This diligent small dog...") and got several sites/blogs using the exact same wording. At least one used the whole paragraph. My question is whether or not we have a source to show where we got the line (i.e. who is copying whom). If we did copy the line, it needs to have proper quotes and citations.Xenologer48 (talk) 18:06, 8 October 2021 (UTC)

Hmm .. I can't find any citations. Should someone rewrite it? Andrewbdporter (talk) 02:59, 3 January 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shetland Sheepdog


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Portal:Current events/February 2003

February 2003 was the second month of that common year. The month, which began on a Saturday, ended on a Friday after 28 days.

Portal:Current events
This is an archived version of Wikipedia's Current events Portal from February 2003.

title: Portal:Current events/February 2003


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Martin B-10

The Martin B-10 was the first all-metal monoplane bomber to be regularly used by the United States Army Air Corps, having entered service in June 1934. It was also the first mass-produced bomber whose performance was superior to that of the Army's pursuit aircraft of the time.

The B-10 served as the airframe for the B-12, B-13, B-14, A-15 and O-45 designations using Pratt & Whitney engines instead of Wright Cyclones. A total of 348 of all versions were built. The largest users were the US, with 166, and the Netherlands, with 121.

Design and development

The B-10 began a revolution in bomber design. Its all-metal monoplane airframe, along with its features of closed cockpits, rotating gun turrets (almost simultaneously with the 1933 British Boulton & Paul Overstrand biplane bomber's own enclosed nose-turret), retractable landing gear, internal bomb bay, and full engine cowlings, became the standard for bomber designs worldwide for decades. It made all existing bombers completely obsolete. Martin received the 1932 Collier Trophy for designing the XB-10.

The B-10 began as the Martin Model 123, a private venture by the Glenn L. Martin Company of Baltimore, Maryland. It had a crew of four: pilot, copilot, nose gunner and fuselage gunner. As in previous bombers, the four crew compartments were open, but it had a number of design innovations as well.

These innovations included a deep belly for an internal bomb bay and retractable main landing gear. Its 600 hp Wright SR-1820-E Cyclone engines provided sufficient power. The Model 123 first flew on 16 February 1932 and was delivered for testing to the U.S. Army on 20 March as the XB-907. After testing it was sent back to Martin for redesigning and was rebuilt as the XB-10.

The XB-10 delivered to the Army had major differences from the original aircraft. Where the Model 123 had Townend rings, the XB-10 had full NACA cowlings to decrease drag. It also sported a pair of 675 hp Wright R-1820-19 engines, and an 8 ft increase in the wingspan, along with an enclosed nose turret. When the XB-10 flew during trials in June, it recorded a speed of 197 mph at 6000 ft. This was an impressive performance for 1932.

Following the success of the XB-10, a number of changes were made, including reduction to a three-man crew and addition of canopies for all crew positions. The Army ordered 48 of these on 17 January 1933. The first 14 aircraft were designated YB-10 and delivered to Wright Field, starting in November 1933, and used in the Army Air Corps Mail Operation. The production model of the XB-10, the YB-10, was very similar to its prototype.

United States

In 1935, the Army ordered an additional 103 aircraft designated B-10B. These had only minor changes from the YB-10. Shipments began in July 1935. B-10Bs served with the 2d Bomb Group at Langley Field, the 9th Bomb Group at Mitchel Field, the 19th Bomb Group at March Field, the 6th Composite Group in the Panama Canal Zone, and the 4th Composite Group in the Philippines. In addition to conventional duties in the bomber role, some modified YB-10s and B-12As were operated for a time on large twin floats for coastal patrol.

In February 1936, the US Army Air Corps used 13 B-10Bs of the 49th Bomb Squadron to drop supplies to the residents of Virginia's Tangier Island and Maryland's Smith Island; with ships unable to reach the islands due to heavy ice in the Chesapeake Bay, the islanders faced starvation after a severe winter storm. The B-10B supply flights followed earlier supply flights to the islands by the Goodyear Blimp Enterprise on 2 February 1936 and by the squadron's Keystone B-6A bombers on 9 and 10 February 1936.

With its advanced performance, the Martin company fully expected that export orders for the B-10 would flood in. The U.S. Army owned the rights to the Model 139 design. Once the Army's orders had been filled in 1936, Martin received permission to export Model 139s, and delivered versions to several air forces. These included six Model 139Ws sold to Siam in April 1937, powered by Wright R-1820-G3 Cyclone engines, and 20 Model 139Ws sold to Turkey in September 1937, powered by R-1820-G2 engines.

China
ROCAF purchased the 139WC in 1936, When introduced, it was the fastest aircraft in China.

The 139WC was primarily used for night bombing and maritime reconnaissance.

On 25 August 1937, as the air battles intensified in the early part of the Second Sino-Japanese War, five Chinese Nationalist Air Force bombers of the 8th BG, 19th and 30th Squadrons consisting of three Heinkel He 111As and two Martin B-10s, flying from their base in Nanjing to Shanghai, successfully dropped their bombs on Japanese landing forces at Liuhe, Taicang, northwest of Shanghai. However, Japanese aircraft pursued the bombers and shot up two of the Heinkels, forcing them to crash land; two crew members were killed on the ground by Japanese aircraft strafing them.

As the National Revolutionary Army of China fought desperately to hold onto their remaining positions in the Battle of Shanghai, the Chinese Air Force launched a major strike with a motley mix of aircraft against Japanese positions in Shanghai on 14 October 1937, consisting of three B-10s, two Heinkel He 111As, five Douglas O-2MCs, five Northrop Gammas, and three Curtiss Hawk IIIs from Nanjing in the late afternoon; in the evening, one bomber was launched every hour from Nanjing to attack Japanese positions in Shanghai until 03:00 on 15 October.

On 19 May 1938, two B-10s of the 2nd BG, 14th Squadron, led by Capt. Hsu Huan-sheng and Lt. Teng Yen-bo, successfully flew the first air raid on mainland Japan.

During an unescorted nighttime raid over Japan, the B-10s dropped 2 million leaflets, "alerting the conscience of the Japanese people against atrocities committed by the Japanese invasion and occupation of China", over the cities of Nagasaki, Fukuoka, Kurume, Saga, and others, while reconnoitering airbases, ports, warships and factories.

Dutch East Indies

In the mid-1930s, the Netherlands government adopted a doctrine for defense of the Netherlands East Indies, which relied on the use of land-based bombers against any attacking force, with orders for defensive fighters cancelled to pay for the bomber force. The Martin 139 was chosen in preference to the Dutch Fokker T.V, as its all metal construction was considered more robust than the steel tube and fabric Fokker, while the Martin bomber was also already in production and therefore would be available sooner. Twelve Martin 139 WH-1s were ordered for the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force (ML-KNIL) in 1936, followed by 26 improved WH-2s in March 1937, sufficient bombers to equip a Group of three squadrons. In December 1937, an order was placed for 39 Martin 139 WH-3s, followed by an order for 40 Martin 139 WH-3As in November 1938. Two more Martin 139 WH-3As were ordered in July 1939 to replace aircraft lost during delivery. The last of these attrition replacement aircraft was delivered in March 1940, including the last Martin B-10/139 built. On the outbreak of war with Japan in December 1941, about 58 Martins (WH-3 and WH-3As) were operational with six squadrons, with about 20 more of the older variants in reserve. B-10s of the ML-KNIL served in the defense of the Dutch East Indies.

During the start of Pacific War, Dutch Martin units were as follows:
 * Ie Vliegtuiggroep (VLG-I) based on Andir Airfield, Bandoeng which consisted of 1e Afdeling (1-VLG-I) and 2e Afdeling (2-VLG-I), each has nine Martin 139WH-3/3A with additional two aircraft as reserve. Each afdeling has a detachment during the war, with the Patrouille Butner of 1-VLG-I stationed at Tarakan and Patrouille Cooke of 2-VLG-I stationed at Samarinda II Airfield, Melak.
 * IIe Vliegtuiggroep (VLG-II) based on Singosari Airfield, Malang which consisted of 1e Afdeling (1-VLG-II) with nine WH-3/3A with three additional reserves and three WH-2. During the war, four patrouille consisted of three aircraft plus a reserve were created from 1-VLG-II, with the crews mobilized from Kalidjati flight school.
 * IIIe Vliegtuiggroep (VLG-III) based on Tjililitan Airfield, Batavia which consisted of 1e Afdeling (1-VLG-III) and 3e Afdeling (3-VLG-III), each equipped with nine WH-3/3A with two additional reserves, and 2e Afdeling (2-VLG-III) with nine WH-2 with two additional reserves. 7e Afdeling Bommenwerpers, a reserve unit mobilized on 15 December 1941, were placed under VLG-III and consisted of one WH-2, two WH-3 and six WH-3A.

In efforts to reinforce the British defense of the Malay Peninsula, the Dutch East Indies sent some ML-KNIL squadrons. Included were 22 Martin 139s from VLG-III that were organized into three squadrons, which arrived at Singapore on 9 December 1941. Due to a lack of coordination, British AA mistook the Dutch Martins for enemy aircraft and engaged them as they neared Singapore. The Martins were then stationed at Sembawang. In early January 1942, Dutch Martins along with British Blenheim bombers sortied over the west coast of Malaya to halt the Japanese advance. On 8 January, nine Martin and four Australian Hudson attacked a suspected Japanese seaplane tender anchored offshore in South China Sea, but the results were inconclusive. In the next day, nine Martin "quite successfully" bombed several Japanese ships unloading cargo at Kuantan. Two Martins were shot down by the Japanese near Penang on 1 January, while a further four Martins were lost while attacking Japanese forces on the Muar River on 19 January. On the same day, Dutch fighter squadrons were withdrawn to Sumatra, while the Martins were also withdrawn to Java three days later.

Thailand
Six B-10s formed the medium bomber force of the Royal Thai Air Force at the start of the 1940–1941 Franco-Thai War. They flew several bombing missions during the war, with their first mission against Xieng Khuang, Laos and a nearby airfield on 15 December 1940, with the last mission, against Sisophon in what is now Cambodia on 28 January at the very end of the Franco-Thai War. Later on, B-10s had been assigned to the airfield in Phrae as a part of Phayap Army to invade Shan state.

Turkey
After being delivered in September 1937, the Martin 139WTs were assigned to the 55th and 56th Tayyare Bölüğü (Aviation Squadrons) of the 9th Tayyare Taburu (Aviation Battalion). During the Second World War, the aircraft were extensively deployed for surveillance over the Black Sea. After being replaced by British Blenheims and Beauforts in 1944, the Martin 139WTs served as backup aircraft until 1946, when twelve of the sixteen remaining aircraft were still operational.

Legacy
At the time of its creation, the B-10B was so advanced that General Henry H. Arnold described it as the airpower wonder of its day. It was half again as fast as any biplane bomber, and faster than any contemporary fighter. The B-10 began a revolution in bomber design, making existing bombers completely obsolete.

Rapid advances in bomber design in the late 1930s meant that the B-10 was eclipsed by the time the United States entered World War II. The Model 139s in combat in China and South East Asia suffered the same disadvantages as the other early war medium bombers, i.e. not enough armour and guns, while it could not outrun the latest fighters.

An abortive effort to modernize the design, the Martin Model 146, was entered into a USAAC long-distance bomber design competition in 1934–5. The bomber came in a strong second place and was bested by only the Boeing B-17 in range and endurance. However, it had a higher ceiling of 28500 ft, was only 2 mph slower, and carried 313 lb less in bombs than the Boeing, at over half the cost. Nonetheless, the design was seen as a dead end, and the third-place contender, the Douglas B-18, was selected instead.

Martin Model 123
Private venture of Martin company, predecessor of the XB-10, served as prototype for the series, one built.
 * XB-907
 * US Army designation for the Model 123 in evaluation, with open cockpits and two Wright SR-1820-E, delivered April 1932.

 * XB-907A
 * Modified XB-907 after Martin returned it to U.S. Army for further operational trials, with larger wingspan and two Wright R-1820-19.

 * XB-10
 * Designation of the prototype when purchased by the United States Army Air Corps, Modified XB-907A with enclosed cockpits and turret and single strut landing gear.

Martin Model 139, 139A and 139B
Army Air Corps versions, 165 built.
 * YB-10
 * Model 139A, test and production version of the XB-10 with crew reduced to three members, and two 675 hp R-1820-25, 14 built, some flown temporarily as float planes.

 * YB-10A
 * The YB-10A was different from a YB-10 only in its engines. It used Wright R-1820-31 turbo-supercharged radials, allowing it to attain speeds of 236 mph. This made it the fastest aircraft of the B-10 series. Despite this advantage, only one was built, as a test aircraft.

 * B-10
 * According to one source, two additional aircraft ordered in 1936.

 * B-10B
 * Model 139, main production version with two 775 hp R-1820-33 engines, 105 built, delivered August 1936.

 * B-10M
 * According to one source this was, these were B-10Bs converted as target tugs. According to Martin's own archive, this was the designation of the YB-10 after testing, then used for airmail and Alaska missions, 13 of the 14 built were still in service in April 1940.

 * RB-10MA
 * One former NEIAF Model 139WH-3A model impressed in July 1942 and flown from Australia to the United States.

 * YB-12
 * Model 139B. With 250 or flotation chambers for safety on overwater flights, and two Pratt & Whitney R-1690-11 "Hornet" radial engines. These 775 hp engines gave similar performance to those on the B-10B (218 mph), seven built, five still in service in April 1940.

 * (Y)B-12A
 * The production version of the YB-12 with provision for a 365 USgal fuel tank in the bomb bay, giving the B-12A a combat range of 1240 mi, 25 built, 23 still in service in April 1940.

 * YB-13
 * Re-engined version of the YB-10 powered by two 700 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1860-17 Hornet B radial engines. Ten were on order but cancelled before production started, not built.

 * XB-14
 * To test the new 900 hp Pratt & Whitney YR-1830-9 "Twin Wasp" radial engines, one built which was converted back to YB-12 after testing.

 * A-15
 * Proposed attack variant of the YB-10 with two 750 hp R-1820-25 engines, was never built. The contract fell to the A-14 Shrike.

 * YO-45
 * With two 750 hp Wright R-1820-17, proposed high-speed observation role, one B-10 was beginning to be converted in 1934 and another in 1935 but both were stopped before being completed and were converted back into B-10s.

Model 139W and 166
The export versions, 100 built (182 including the Model 166, see below).
 * Model 139WA
 * Martin demonstrator for Argentina, later sold to Argentine Navy.

 * Model 139WAA
 * Export version for Argentine Army, 22 built, delivered April 1938.

 * Model 139WAN
 * Export version for the Argentine Navy, 12 built, delivered November 1937.

 * Model 139WC and WC-2
 * Export version for China, six and three built, delivered in February and August 1937.

 * Model 139WH
 * Export version for the Netherlands, used in the Netherlands East Indies. Thirteen WH-1s, powered by 770 hp Cyclone GR-1820-F53 engines delivered from December 1936, followed by 26 WH-2s, with 875 hp GR-1820-G3 engines, delivered 1938.

 * Model 139WR
 * Single demonstrator to the Soviet Union.

 * Model 139WSM and WSM-2
 * Export version for Siam, three and three built, delivered in March and April 1937.

 * Model 139WSP
 * Proposed license built version to be built by CASA of Spain, production blocked by U.S. State Department.

 * Model 139WT
 * Export version for Turkey, 20 built, delivered September 1937.

Final version, a.k.a. 139WH-3 and 139WH-3A, 82 built.
 * Model 166
 * Export version for the Netherlands, used in the Netherlands East Indies. Redesigned wings, nose and single 'glass house' canopy, bomb shackles between engines and fuselage, and better engines. The WH-3 had two 900 hp R-1820-G5 (40 built, delivered September 1938), the WH-3A had two 1000 hp R-1820-G-105A (42 built, delivered March 1940). With the bomb shackles, the bomb load could be doubled for a shorter range. A total of 121 of all types were built for the Dutch.

Operators

 * Army Aviation Service received 22 Model 139WAA aircraft, plus 1 fuselage for training.
 * Argentine Navy – The Argentine Naval Aviation received 12 Model 139WAN and 1 Model 139WA aircraft.
 * undefined
 * Chinese Nationalist Air Force ordered nine Martin 139s (six M-139WC-1 and three M-139C-2), which were delivered in 1936 and 1937.
 * The Netherlands
 * Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force
 * Philippine Commonwealth
 * Philippine Army Air Corps
 * 🇹🇭 Thailand
 * Royal Thai Air Force received six Model 139W aircraft in April 1937 and used them during the French-Thai War of 1940–41, and during the 1942 invasion of Burma. It was given a further nine ex-Dutch aircraft by the Japanese in 1942. They remained in service until 1949.
 * Turkish Air Force received 20 Model 139W aircraft in September 1937.
 * Soviet Air Force bought one aircraft for evaluation.
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Corps
 * Soviet Air Force bought one aircraft for evaluation.
 * 🇺🇸 United States
 * United States Army Air Corps

Surviving aircraft

 * The only surviving complete example is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. The aircraft is painted as a B-10 used in the 1934 Alaskan Flight but was a Martin 139WAA export version sold to Argentina in 1938. The aircraft survived as a ground crew trainer, and was still being used by the Argentine Air Force for training its ground crews until the 1960s. The Air Force Museum conducted an exhaustive search for any surviving B-10 remains, and eventually learned of the aircraft. In 1970, the incomplete airframe was donated by the Government of Argentina to the U.S. Government in a formal ceremony. The aircraft was restored by the 96th Maintenance Squadron (Mobile), Air Force Reserve, at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, in 1973–1976, and placed on display in 1976.
 * The wreck of a crashed Dutch Martin 166WH-3 in East Kalimantan, Indonesia was rediscovered during an expedition by local newspaper Berau Post in early August 2018, based on local villagers' story of a crashed aircraft on top of a mountain. The wreck is located on Gunung Besar, Long Keluh Village, Kelay District, Berau Regency. Large parts of the wreck, such as the two engines, mid and rear fuselage, tail and elevators, and the right wing are still extant at the time of the expedition. According to a local villager, parts of the wreck have been looted by locals for decades. The aircraft's number, "M-574", was still visible amidst the moss in the wreck.  The "M-574" was reported missing during a mission over southeast Dutch Borneo on 5 January 1941.
 * Various parts of crashed B-10s, such as turrets and wings, were retrieved from the jungle of Borneo and were on display in the Militaire Luchtvaart Museum (Military Aviation Museum) at Soesterberg, the Netherlands. Since the closure of the MLM, they are stored with the Nationaal Militair Museum, located on the former Soesterberg Air Base.

title: Martin B-10


text:
Sextus Empiricus

Sextus Empiricus (Σέξτος Ἐμπειρικός, ; ) was a Greek Pyrrhonist philosopher and Empiric school physician with Roman citizenship. His philosophical works are the most complete surviving account of ancient Greek and Roman Pyrrhonism, and because of the arguments they contain against the other Hellenistic philosophies, they are also a major source of information about those philosophies.

Life
Little is known about Sextus Empiricus. He likely lived in Alexandria, Rome, or Athens. His Roman name, Sextus, implies he was a Roman citizen. The Suda, a 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, states that he was the same person as Sextus of Chaeronea, as do other pre-modern sources, but this identification is commonly doubted. In his medical work, as reflected by his name, tradition maintains that he belonged to the Empiric school in which Pyrrhonism was popular. However, at least twice in his writings, Sextus seems to place himself closer to the Methodic school.

Philosophy
As a skeptic, Sextus Empiricus raised concerns which applied to all types of knowledge. He doubted the validity of induction long before its best known critic David Hume, and raised the regress argument against all forms of reasoning: "Those who claim for themselves to judge the truth are bound to possess a criterion of truth. This criterion, then, either is without a judge's approval or has been approved. But if it is without approval, whence comes it that it is trustworthy? For no matter of dispute is to be trusted without judging. And, if it has been approved, that which approves it, in turn, either has been approved or has not been approved, and so on ad infinitum." This view is known as Pyrrhonian skepticism, which Sextus differentiated from Academic skepticism as practiced by Carneades which, according to Sextus, denies the possibility of knowledge altogether, something that Sextus criticized as being an affirmative belief. Instead, Sextus advocates simply giving up belief; in other words, suspending judgment (epoché) about whether or not anything is knowable. Only by suspending judgment can we attain a state of ataraxia (roughly, 'peace of mind').

There is some debate as to the extent to which Sextus advocated the suspension of judgement. According to Myles Burnyeat, Jonathan Barnes, and Benson Mates, Sextus advises that we should suspend judgment about virtually all beliefs; that is to say, we should neither affirm any belief as true nor deny any belief as false, since we may live without any beliefs, acting by habit. Michael Frede, however, defends a different interpretation, according to which Sextus does allow beliefs, so long as they are not derived by reason, philosophy or speculation; a skeptic may, for example, accept common opinions in the skeptic's society. The important difference between the skeptic and the dogmatist is that the skeptic does not hold his beliefs as a result of rigorous philosophical investigation.

Writings
Diogenes Laërtius and the Suda report that Sextus Empiricus wrote ten books on Pyrrhonism. The Suda also says Sextus wrote a book Ethica. Sextus Empiricus's three surviving works are the Outlines of Pyrrhonism (Πυῤῥώνειοι ὑποτυπώσεις, Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis, thus commonly abbreviated PH), and two distinct works preserved under the same title, Adversus Mathematicos (Πρὸς μαθηματικούς, Pros mathematikous, commonly abbreviated "AM" or "M" and known as Against Those in the Disciplines, or Against the Mathematicians). Adversus Mathematicos is incomplete as the text references parts that are not in the surviving text. Adversus Mathematicos also includes mentions of three other works which did not survive:
 * Medical Commentaries (AD I 202)
 * Empirical Commentaries (AM I 62)
 * Commentaries on the Soul which includes a discussion of the Pythagoreans' metaphysical theory of numbers (AD IV 284) and shows that the soul is nothing (AM VI 55)

The surviving first six books of Adversus Mathematicos are commonly known as Against the Professors. Each book also has a traditional title; although none of these titles except Pros mathematikous and Pyrrhōneioi hypotypōseis are found in the manuscripts.

Adversus Mathematicos I–VI is sometimes distinguished from Adversus Mathematicos VII–XI by using another title, Against the Dogmatists (Πρὸς δογματικούς, Pros dogmatikous) and then the remaining books are numbered as I–II, III–IV, and V, despite the fact that it is commonly inferred that what we have is just part of a larger work whose beginning is missing and it is unknown how much of the total work has been lost. The supposed general title of this partially lost work is Skeptical Treatises' (Σκεπτικὰ Ὑπομνήματα/Skeptika Hypomnēmata).

Legacy
An influential Latin translation of Sextus's Outlines was published by Henricus Stephanus in Geneva in 1562, and this was followed by a complete Latin Sextus with Gentian Hervet as translator in 1569. Petrus and Jacobus Chouet published the Greek text for the first time in 1621. Stephanus did not publish it with his Latin translation either in 1562 or in 1569, nor was it published in the reprint of the latter in 1619.

Sextus's Outlines were widely read in Europe during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, and had a profound effect on Michel de Montaigne, David Hume and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, among many others. Another source for the circulation of Sextus's ideas was Pierre Bayle's Dictionary. The legacy of Pyrrhonism is described in Richard Popkin's The History of Skepticism from Erasmus to Descartes and High Road to Pyrrhonism. The transmission of Sextus's manuscripts through antiquity and the Middle Ages is reconstructed by Luciano Floridi's Sextus Empiricus, The Recovery and Transmission of Pyrrhonism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002). Since the Renaissance, French philosophy has been continuously influenced by Sextus: Montaigne in the 16th century, Descartes, Blaise Pascal, Pierre-Daniel Huet and François de La Mothe Le Vayer in the 17th century, many of the "Philosophes", and in recent times controversial figures such as Michel Onfray, in a direct line of filiation between Sextus' radical skepticism and secular or even radical atheism.

Translations

 * Old complete translation in four volumes:
 * Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus I: Outlines of Pyrrhonism. R.G. Bury (trans.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1933/2000). ISBN 0-674-99301-2
 * Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus II: Against the Logicians. R.G. Bury (trans.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1935/1997). ISBN 0-674-99321-7
 * Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus III: Against the Physicists, Against the Ethicists. R.G. Bury (trans.) Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1936/1997. ISBN 0-674-99344-6
 * Sextus Empiricus, Sextus Empiricus IV: Against the Professors. R.G. Bury (trans.) (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1949/2000). ISBN 0-674-99420-5

 * New partial translations
 * Sextus Empiricus, Against the Grammarians (Adversos Mathematicos I) David Blank (trans.) Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998. ISBN 0-19-824470-3
 * Sextus Empiricus, Against the Mathematicians (Adversos Mathematicos IV) Lorenzo Corti (trans.) Leiden: Brill, 2024. ISBN 978-90-04-67949-8
 * Sextus Empiricus, Against those in the Disciplines (Adversos Mathematicos I-VI). Richard Bett (trans.) (New York: Oxford University Press 2018). ISBN 9780198712701
 * Sextus Empiricus, Against the Logicians. (Adversus Mathematicos VII and VIII). Richard Bett (trans.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-521-53195-0
 * Sextus Empiricus, Against the Physicists (Adversus Mathematicos IX and X). Richard Bett (trans.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. ISBN 0-521-51391-X
 * Sextus Empiricus, Against the Ethicists (Adversus Mathematicos XI). Richard Bett (trans.) (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2000). ISBN 0-19-825097-5
 * Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Scepticism. Julia Annas and Jonathan Barnes (trans.) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. 2000). ISBN 0-521-77809-3
 * Sextus Empiricus, The Skeptic Way: Sextus Empiricus's Outlines of Pyrrhonism. Benson Mates (trans.) Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. ISBN 0-19-509213-9
 * Sextus Empiricus, Selections from the Major Writings on Skepticism Man and God. Sanford G. Etheridge (trans.) Indianapolis: Hackett, 1985. ISBN 0-87220-006-X

 * French translations
 * Sextus Empiricus, Contre les Professeurs (the first six treatises), Greek text and French Translation, under the editorship of Pierre Pellegrin (Paris: Seuil-Points, 2002). ISBN 2-02-048521-4
 * Sextus Empirucis, Esquisses Pyrrhoniennes, Greek text and French Translation, under the editorship of Pierre Pellegrin (Paris: Seuil-Points, 1997).

 * Old editions
 * Sexti Empirici Adversus mathematicos, hoc est, adversus eos qui profitentur disciplinas, Gentiano Herveto Aurelio interprete, Parisiis, M. Javenem, 1569 (Vicifons).

title: Sextus Empiricus


text:
Charles II

Charles II may refer to :
 * Charles II of France or Charles the Bald (823–877), king of the West Franks and Holy Roman Emperor
 * Charles II of Naples (1254–1309)
 * Charles II, Count of Alençon (1297–1346)
 * Charles II of Navarre (1332–1387)
 * Charles II, Duke of Lorraine (1364–1431)
 * Charles II of Sweden or Charles VIII of Sweden (1409–1470)
 * Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (1434–1488)
 * Charles II, Duke of Guelders (1467–1538)
 * Charles II, Duke of Savoy (1489–1496)
 * Charles II, Count of Nevers (died 1521)
 * Charles II, Margrave of Baden-Durlach (1529–1577)
 * Charles II, Archduke of Inner Austria (1540–1590)
 * Charles II, Count of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1547–1606)
 * Charles II, Lord of Monaco (1555–1589)
 * Charles II, Duke of Elbeuf (1596–1657)
 * Charles II, Duke of Mantua and Montferrat (1629–1665)
 * Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland (1630–1685)
 * Charles II, Elector Palatine (1651–1685)
 * Charles II of Spain (1661–1700)
 * Charles II of Bohemia or Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (1685–1740)
 * Charles II, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1741–1816)
 * Charles II of Norway or Charles XIII of Sweden (1748–1818)
 * Charles II, Duke of Parma (1799–1883)
 * Charles II, Landgrave of Hesse-Philippsthal (1803–1868)
 * Charles II, Duke of Brunswick (1804–1873)
 * Charles II of Romania or Carol II (1893–1953)
 * Charles Albert II, Prince of Hohenlohe-Waldenburg-Schillingsfürst (1742–1796)
 * Charles Egon II, Prince of Fürstenberg (1796–1854)
 * Charles Frederick II, Duke of Württemberg-Oels (1690–1761)
 * Fancy (ship), a privateer frigate originally christened Charles II

title: Charles II


text:
Shirley Williams

Shirley Vivian Teresa Brittain Williams, Baroness Williams of Crosby, (née Catlin; 27 July 1930 – 12 April 2021) was a British politician and academic. Originally a Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP), she served in the Labour cabinet from 1974 to 1979. She was one of the "Gang of Four" rebels who founded the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981 and, at the time of her retirement from politics, was a Liberal Democrat.

Williams was elected to the House of Commons for Hitchin in the 1964 general election. She served as minister for Education and Science from 1967 to 1969 and Minister of State for Home Affairs from 1969 to 1970. She served as Shadow Home Secretary from 1971 and 1973. In 1974, she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilson's cabinet. When Wilson was succeeded by James Callaghan, she served as Secretary of State for Education and Science and Paymaster General from 1976 to 1979. She lost her seat to the Conservative Party at the 1979 general election.

In 1981, dismayed with the Labour Party's left-ward movement under Michael Foot, she was one of the "Gang of Four"—centrist Labour figures who formed the SDP. Williams won the 1981 Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament, but she lost the seat in the 1983 general election. She served as President of the SDP from 1982 to 1987 and supported the SDP's merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats.

Between 2001 and 2004, she served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords and, from 2007 to 2010, as Adviser on Nuclear Proliferation to Prime Minister Gordon Brown. She remained an active member of the House of Lords until announcing her retirement in January 2016, and was a Professor Emerita of Electoral Politics at Harvard Kennedy School at the time of her death at age 90, having been one of the last surviving members of the Labour governments of the 1970s.

Early life and education
Born at 19 Glebe Place Chelsea, London, Williams was the daughter of the political scientist and philosopher Sir George Catlin and the pacifist writer Vera Brittain. Williams's grandmother, Brittain's mother, was born in Aberystwyth, Wales. She was educated at various schools, including Mrs Spencer's School in Brechin Place, South Kensington; Christchurch Elementary School in Chelsea; Talbot Heath School in Bournemouth; and St Paul's Girls' School in London. During the Second World War, from 1940 to 1943, she was evacuated to St. Paul, Minnesota, in the United States, where she attended the all-girls' Summit School.

While she was an undergraduate and an Open Scholar at Somerville College, Oxford, Williams was a member of the Oxford University Dramatic Society (OUDS) and toured the United States playing the role of Cordelia in an OUDS production of Shakespeare's King Lear directed by a young Tony Richardson. In 1950, she became chair of the Oxford University Labour Club, believing herself to be the first woman to hold the position though it has been shown that Betty Tate had chaired a session in 1934. After graduating as a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy, politics and economics, Williams was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship and studied American trade unionism at Columbia University in New York City for a master's degree, awarded by Oxford in 1954.

On returning to Britain, she began her career as a journalist, working firstly for the Daily Mirror and then for the Financial Times. In 1960, she became General Secretary of the Fabian Society, a role she held until 1964.

Parliamentary career
After unsuccessfully contesting the constituency of Harwich at the 1954 by-election and the general election the following year, as well as the constituency of Southampton Test at the 1959 general election, Williams was elected in the 1964 general election as Labour MP for the constituency of Hitchin in Hertfordshire. She retained the seat, renamed Hertford and Stevenage after boundary changes in 1974, until 1979. As Minister for Education and Science (August 1967 – October 1969), Williams launched the first Women in Engineering Year in 1969.

Her colleague David Owen recalled: "You'd watch her work a room at a local Labour event and she'd never start by smarming up to a regional leader or a councillor. She'd settle down next to somebody whom she'd have no political reason to talk to – a solid party worker – and you'd watch this person's face light up. This was always done spontaneously, without any ulterior motives. She just liked people and liked them to like her."

Between 1971 and 1973, she served as Shadow Home Secretary. In 1974, she became Secretary of State for Prices and Consumer Protection in Harold Wilson's cabinet. When Wilson announced his resignation in 1976 and was succeeded by James Callaghan, she became Secretary of State for Education and Paymaster General, holding both cabinet positions at the same time. Williams stood for the Labour deputy leadership in October of that year but lost to Michael Foot.

Comprehensive schools
While serving as education secretary between 1976 and 1979, Williams pursued the policy introduced by Anthony Crosland in 1965 to introduce the comprehensive school system in place of grammar schools. Previously, in 1972, as her daughter Rebecca approached secondary school age, Williams had moved into the catchment area of the voluntary aided school Godolphin and Latymer School allowing her daughter to gain a place there. However, when Godolphin and Latymer School subsequently voted to go independent in 1977, Rebecca chose to leave that school and instead went to Camden School for Girls because it had chosen to go comprehensive.

Europeanism
Always a passionately committed supporter of European integration, Williams was one of 68 Labour MPs to defy a three-line whip in the 28 October 1971 Commons vote on membership of the European Communities. Four years later, she was one of the leaders of the Britain in Europe campaign during the 1975 European Communities membership referendum. Labour's anti-Europeanism during the Michael Foot years was one of the factors that drove her to abandon the party in 1981.

In her 2016 valedictory speech to the House of Lords before that year's second membership referendum, she described the UK's European Union (EU) membership as "the most central political question that this country has to answer" and said it was the reason for her retirement. In closing, she called on her colleagues to "think very hard before allowing the United Kingdom to withdraw from ... its major duty to the world—the one it will encounter, and then deliver, through the European Union".

Social issues
A lifelong Roman Catholic, Williams was a longstanding opponent of the legalisation of abortion. She was one of the two female MPs to vote against the Abortion Act 1967, which legalised abortion. However, Lord Harries of Pentregarth reported that Williams "refused to sign up for the Society for the Protection of Unborn Children (SPUC), and generally kept a low profile on the issue of abortion."

Social Democratic Party
Williams lost her seat (renamed Hertford and Stevenage) when the Labour Party was defeated at the 1979 general election. Her defeat came two years after her appearance and arrest on the Grunwick picket lines, for which she had been harshly criticised in the press. When, soon afterward, she was interviewed by Robin Day for the BBC's Decision 79 television coverage of the election results, both Norman St John-Stevas – the Conservative's Education Spokesman who had frequently clashed with her at the despatch box – and Merlyn Rees, the outgoing Home Secretary, paid tribute to her.

Following the election, she hosted the BBC1 TV series Shirley Williams in Conversation, interviewing, in turn, a number of political figures, including former West German chancellor Willy Brandt, former Conservative prime minister Edward Heath and her recently deposed colleague James Callaghan. She later appeared on many television and radio discussion programmes in Britain – in particular, the BBC's Question Time, where her 58 appearances earned her a "Most Frequent Panellist" award. During this period, Williams remained a member of the National Executive of the Labour Party. From 1980 to 1981, she was Chairman of the Fabian Society.

In 1981, unhappy with the influence of the more left-wing members of the Labour Party, she resigned her membership to form – along with fellow Labour resignees Roy Jenkins, David Owen and Bill Rodgers – the Social Democratic Party (SDP). They were joined by 28 other Labour MPs and one Conservative. Later that year, following the death of the Conservative MP Sir Graham Page, she won the Crosby by-election and became the first SDP member elected to Parliament. Two years later, however, having become the SDP's President, she lost the seat at the 1983 general election. At the 1987 general election, Williams stood for the SDP in Cambridge, but lost to the sitting Conservative candidate Robert Rhodes James. She then supported the SDP's merger with the Liberal Party that formed the Liberal Democrats.

Harvard University

In 1988, Williams moved to the United States to serve as a professor at Harvard Kennedy School, remaining until 2001, and thereafter as Public Service Professor of Electoral Politics, Emerita. Nonetheless, she remained active in politics and public service in Britain, the United States and internationally. During these years, Williams helped draft constitutions in Russia, Ukraine, and South Africa. She also served as director of Harvard's Project Liberty, an initiative designed to assist the emerging democracies in Central and Eastern Europe; and as a board member and acting director of Harvard's Institute of Politics (IOP). Upon her elevation to the House of Lords in 1993, she returned to the United Kingdom.

Life peer
Williams was made a life peer on 1 February 1993, as Baroness Williams of Crosby, of Stevenage in the County of Hertfordshire, and subsequently served as Leader of the Liberal Democrats in the House of Lords from 2001 to 2004.

Among other non-profit boards, Williams was a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, the EU's Comité des Sages (Reflection Group) on Social Policy, the Twentieth Century Fund, the Ditchley Foundation, the Institute for Public Policy Research, and the Nuclear Threat Initiative. She also served as President of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, as Commissioner of the International Commission on Nuclear Non-proliferation and Disarmament and as president of the Cambridge University Liberal Association. Williams was also an attendee of the 2013 and the 2010 Bilderberg conferences in Watford, Hertfordshire, England, and Sitges, Spain, respectively.

In June 2007, after Gordon Brown replaced Tony Blair as Prime Minister, Williams accepted a formal Government position as Advisor on Nuclear Proliferation provided she could serve as an independent advisor; she remained a Liberal Democrat. Her interest and commitment to education continued, and she served as Chair of Judges of the British Teaching Awards. Williams was a member of the Top Level Group of UK Parliamentarians for Multilateral Nuclear Disarmament and Non-proliferation, established in October 2009.

Williams was originally opposed to the Cameron–Clegg coalition's Health and Social Care Bill, describing it as "stealth privatisation" during 2011. The government made some changes to the Bill, described by Williams as "major concessions", but dismissed as "minor" by Guardian commentator Polly Toynbee. Williams urged Liberal Democrats to support the amended Bill during the conference in March 2012, saying "I would not have stuck with the bill, if I believed for one moment it would undermine the NHS."

Williams spoke against same-sex marriage in the House of Lords, saying that "equality is not the same as sameness. That is the fundamental mistake in this Bill" and that women and men "complement one another", arguing that marriage between people of the same sex should not be called marriage but should have "different nomenclature". This was based on her belief that marriage is "a framework for procreation and the raising of children." In late 2015, she announced her intention to retire from the House of Lords. On 28 January 2016 she made her valedictory speech in the chamber, and on 11 February she officially retired, in pursuance of Section 1 of the House of Lords Reform Act 2014. In the 2017 New Year Honours, Williams was appointed to the Order of the Companions of Honour for "services to political and public life".

Personal life
Williams married twice. At Oxford she met Peter Parker (the future head of British Rail) and they had a relationship. In her autobiography (Climbing the Bookshelves) Williams said that "...by the spring of 1949 I was in love with him, and he, a little, with me...". In 1955, she married the moral philosopher Bernard Williams. Bernard left Oxford to accommodate his wife's rising political ambitions, finding a post first at University College London (1959–64) and then as Professor of Philosophy at Bedford College, London (1964–67), while she worked as a journalist for the Financial Times and as Secretary of the Fabian Society. The marriage was dissolved in 1974; Bernard Williams subsequently married Patricia Skinner and had two sons with her. Shirley said of her marriage to Bernard:

"... [T]here was something of a strain that comes from two things. One is that we were both too caught up in what we were respectively doing — we didn't spend all that much time together; the other, to be completely honest, is that I'm fairly unjudgmental and I found Bernard's capacity for pretty sharp putting-down of people he thought were stupid unacceptable. Patricia has been cleverer than me in that respect. She just rides it. He can be very painful sometimes. He can eviscerate somebody. Those who are left behind are, as it were, dead personalities. Judge not that ye be not judged. I was influenced by Christian thinking, and he would say 'That's frightfully pompous and it's not really the point.' So we had a certain jarring over that and over Catholicism."

Her first marriage was annulled in 1980. In 1987 she married the Harvard professor and presidential historian Richard Neustadt, who died in 2003.

She had a daughter with Bernard Williams, a stepdaughter, and two grandchildren. Her daughter, Rebecca, became a lawyer. She was a longtime resident of Hertfordshire, living in Furneux Pelham after she was elected MP for Hitchin, and moving to Little Hadham later in life.

Williams was a Roman Catholic and, from 2009, attended church every Sunday. In Who's Who, she listed her recreations as "music, poetry, hill walking".

She died at her home in the early hours of 12 April 2021, at the age of 90. Liberal Democrat leader Ed Davey called Williams a "Liberal lion and a true trailblazer" and stated that "political life will be poorer without her intellect, her wisdom and her generosity".

Honours
Williams was made an Honorary Fellow of her alma mater, Somerville College, Oxford, in 1970, and of Newnham College, Cambridge, in 1977. Williams received a number of honorary doctorates:
 * Honorary DEd (Doctor of Education), Council for National Academic Awards, 1969
 * Honorary DLitt (Doctor of Letters), Heriot-Watt University,1980
 * Hon. LLD (Doctor of Laws), University of Sheffield, 1980; University of Southampton, 1981; University of Liverpool, 2008; University of Cambridge, 2009
 * Honorary Doctor of Politics and Economics, University of Leuven, 1976; Radcliffe College, Harvard, 1978; University of Leeds, 1980; University of Bath, 1980
 * Honorary DSc (Doctor of Science), Aston University, 1981
 * Honorary Doctor, Monterey Institute, California, 2006

Works by and about
Shirley Williams wrote several books, including:
 * Climbing the Bookshelves: The Autobiography of Shirley Williams, Virago Press (2009). ISBN 9781844084753.
 * God and Caesar: Personal Reflections on Politics and Religion, University of Notre Dame Press (2003). ISBN 9780268010461.
 * Ambition and Beyond: Career Paths of American Politicians, with Edward L. Lascher Jr, Institute of Governmental Studies Press, University of California, Berkeley (1993). ISBN 9780877723387.
 * New Party – The New Technology Social and Liberal Democrats by Hebden Royd, (1988). ISBN 9781851870752.
 * Politics is for People Harvard University Press, (1981). ISBN 9780140058888.

Her biography was published in 2013: Shirley Williams: The Biography, Mark Peel (Biteback Publishing)

For details of Williams's early life see:
 * Vera Brittain: A Life by Paul Berry and Mark Bostridge (1995).
 * Testament of Experience by Vera Brittain (1957).

There is a substantial article on Shirley Williams by Phillip Whitehead in the Dictionary of Labour Biography, edited by Greg Rosen, Politico's Publishing, 2001, and one by Dick Newby in the Dictionary of Liberal Biography, edited by Duncan Brack, Politico's Publishing, 1998.

See also:

Williams was a main character in Steve Waters' 2017 play Limehouse, which premiered at the Donmar Warehouse; she was portrayed by Debra Gillett.

title: Shirley Williams


text:
Talk:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

Co-ordinates
What do the co-ords 32°57'22"N 99°02'29"W (above the infobox in the lead) refer to? They aren't mentioned in the article. Recovery of debris mentions "south of Hemphill and west of Toledo Bend reservoir" ... that's about 520 km ESE of 32°57'22"N 99°02'29"W. Was the debris strewn over a great distance, starting at 32°57'22"N 99°02'29"W and ending south of Hemphill and west of Toledo Bend reservoir? Prisoner of Zenda (talk) 07:06, 20 June 2023 (UTC)

This article mentioned elsewhere
FYI. I mention this article (and the removal of the section about possible terrorism by ) here. --David Tornheim (talk) 00:12, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 9 December 2023
Under "Cause", change "Damage to the left wing's edge" to "Damage to the left wing's leading edge" 100.11.106.65 (talk) 00:48, 9 December 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: no reason given for the proposed change. M.Bitton (talk) 18:58, 13 December 2023 (UTC)
 * The change should be made, because that's what happened. The foam strike put a big hole in the RCC (Reinforced Carbon Carbon) panel on the left wing’s leading edge. This is covered extensively in the CAIB report and there's plenty of video of the test made during the accident investigation. 71.219.70.239 (talk) 03:25, 15 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Hey there @71.219.70.239, I'm not too involved with this particular discussion, but I'll point out that this Wikipedia article extensively covers the root cause of the disaster including the extent and location of the damage, and that the phrase "leading edge" is used four times in the article already. If you'd like I suppose you can put the words "leading edge" in there a few more times, just as long as its not too much. SpacePod9 (talk) 20:30, 16 April 2024 (UTC)

Pictures of reentry / disintegration

 * Why are there no photos of the re-entering debris anywhere in this article, especially as the infobox photo, which is often the very first thing most readers look at in a Wikipedia page after the title? There are no pictures like the "Apache" photo (see STS-107) or any others of the debris of Columbia re-entering the atmosphere, which I believe like the "two-headed" explosion of Challenger (see Space Shuttle Challenger disaster), is the most iconic and memorable scene of this tragic event. Instead the infobox photo is an unrelated landing of Columbia, which doesn't initially imply to the reader that this "disaster" is any more different from a normal shuttle mission, when that couldn't be further from the truth. Is the only reason just that there's a lack of these images on Wikimedia Commons at the moment? Could this article be supplemented by pictures and figures showing the breakup from the Columbia Accident Investigation Board's reports? SpacePod9 (talk) 05:26, 20 December 2023 (UTC)

Looking back at the Apache image in particular and checking those NASA reports (which infuriatingly don't cite where they got that picture), I see it's been mentioned a few times in discussions both on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons, but no consensus was ever reached on whether it was truly a "free" photo or not - it's been placed on a few articles including STS-107 and Space Shuttle Columbia, but not this one. Overall it seems that folks are fine with keeping the "status quo"; I've seen that a lot on WP:Spaceflight articles, especially those that aren't about the newest or most important events. I'll raise the issue again on Wikimedia Commons, if they say it's free to use, I'll change the infobox photo and caption. If it ends up not being free, and it gets removed from the Commons, that should give grounds to use a journalist's photo under fair-use, since there would be no "freer" options available. SpacePod9 (talk) 23:08, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

Update: So I never nominated that file for deletion, but I inquired about it on Wikimedia Commons' Village Pump here, and in general the consensus seems to be that the folks over there are fine with the photo. I also edited the description and added several more references to its Wikimedia Commons entry. SpacePod9 (talk) 07:25, 23 January 2024 (UTC)

I added that image to the Re-entry section of this article today. No one has yet come forward opposing its inclusion in this article, and it's been twice reviewed by the Copyright section of Wikimedia Commons' Village Pump, and they don't seem to mind having it on their site. To any future editors who do end up removing the image under copyright or other concerns, I invite you to also request the image's deletion. SpacePod9 (talk) 00:42, 8 April 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 2 February 2024
In "Recovery of debris" section, the text "About 40,000 recovered pieces of debris have never been identified" should be changed. The book "Bringing Columbia Home" (page 218) has the following info, with a reference to NASA reconstruction video:

"In a last attempt to identify the items, the reconstruction hangar held an 'unknown party' in which all of the remaining unknown items were passed around for people to examine one final time. By the end of the hangar's operation, only 720 items of the nearly eighty-four thousand pieces of debris remained formally classified as unknown."

Not sure whether a reference to an "unknown party" is needed, but it should be at least changed to something like "While in the end of June about 40,000 recovered pieces were marked as unidentified, only 720 items classified as unknown remained by the end of reconstruction efforts", with the "end of June" coming from the CAIB report that is already cited there SpacySpaces (talk) 14:33, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Done; please verify the change made accomplishes your request. Thanks for suggesting the improvement, and welcome to Wikipedia! (sdsds - talk) 18:45, 2 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you! SpacySpaces (talk) 20:38, 2 February 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 22 February 2024
Could the BBC Two three-part documentary - The Space Shuttle That Fell to Earth - be added to the Legacy section? It featured interviews with NASA employees, journalists, and the families of the crew, and analysed the cause, build-up, and response to the disaster, as well as the NASA hierarchy. It began airing on the 12th February 2024.

Thank you.

Programme Page The Guardian Review (Lucy Mangan) Financial Times Review (Dan Einav) 2A02:C7E:2839:4300:6AF:FC2B:40CF:29F1 (talk) 00:13, 22 February 2024 (UTC)

SRB Ablator
"After the mission, the NASA Program Requirements Control Board designated the issue as an in-flight anomaly that was corrected with the planned improvement for the SRB ablator." This sentence is unclear as to whether or not the "planned improvement" was made. If so, when? I think this is an important piece of context for discussion of the known design flaw that caused the disaster. SchrodingersMinou (talk) 03:51, 9 July 2024 (UTC)
 * the Columbia accident was caused by ET foam, not SRB foam. The SRB foam was updated. The accident review source does note, however: The Board notes the distinctly different ways in which the STS-27R and STS-107 debris strike events were treated. After the discovery of the debris strike on Flight Day Two of STS-27R, the crew was immediately directed to inspect the vehicle. More severe thermal damage – perhaps even a burn-through – may have occurred were it not for the aluminum plate at the site of the tile loss. Fourteen years later, when a debris strike was discovered on Flight Day Two of STS-107, Shuttle Program management declined to have the crew inspect the Orbiter for damage, declined to request onorbit imaging, and ultimately discounted the possibility of a burn-through. In retrospect, the debris strike on STS-27R is a “strong signal” of the threat debris posed that should have been considered by Shuttle management when STS-107 suffered a similar debris strike. The Board views the failure to do so as an illustration of the lack of institutional memory in the Space Shuttle Program that supports the Boardʼs claim, discussed in Chapter 7, that NASA is not functioning as a learning organization.
 * I think there's room for a summary of that paragraph in the section about the SRB ablator strike. VQuakr (talk) 16:38, 9 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Space Shuttle Columbia disaster


text:
August Wilhelm Schlegel

August Wilhelm (after 1812: von) Schlegel (8 September 1767 – 12 May 1845), usually cited as August Schlegel, was a German Indologist, poet, translator and critic, and with his brother Friedrich Schlegel the leading influence within Jena Romanticism. His translations of Shakespeare turned the English dramatist's works into German classics. Schlegel was also the professor of Sanskrit in Continental Europe and produced a translation of the Bhagavad Gita.

Childhood and education

Schlegel was born in Hanover, where his father, Johann Adolf Schlegel, was a Lutheran pastor. He was educated at the Hanover gymnasium and at the University of Göttingen. Initially studying theology, he received a thorough philological training under Heyne and became an admirer and friend of Bürger, with whom he was engaged in an ardent study of Dante Alighieri, Petrarch and William Shakespeare. Schlegel met with Caroline Schelling and Wilhelm von Humboldt. In 1790 his brother Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel came to Göttingen. Both were influenced by Johann Gottfried Herder, Immanuel Kant, Tiberius Hemsterhuis, Johann Winckelmann and Karl Theodor von Dalberg. From 1791 to 1795, Schlegel was tutor to Willem Ferdinand Mogge Muilman, the son of a Dutch banker, who lived at Herengracht 476 in Amsterdam.

Career
In 1796, soon after his return to Germany, Schlegel settled in Jena, following an invitation from Friedrich Schiller. That year he married Caroline Schelling, the widow of the physician Böhmer. She assisted Schlegel in some of his literary productions, and the publication of her correspondence in 1871 established for her a posthumous reputation as a German letter writer. She separated from Schlegel in 1801 and became the wife of the philosopher Schelling soon after.

In Jena, Schlegel made critical contributions to Schiller's Horen and that author's Musen-Almanach, and wrote around 300 articles for the Jenaer Allgemeine Litteratur-Zeitung. He also did translations from Dante and Shakespeare. This work established his literary reputation and gained for him in 1798 an extraordinary professorship at the University of Jena. His house became the intellectual headquarters of the "romanticists", and was visited at various times between 1796 and 1801 by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, whose Foundations of the Science of Knowledge was studied intensively, by his brother Friedrich, who moved in with his wife Dorothea Schlegel, by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, by Ludwig Tieck, by Novalis and others.

"It is widely accepted that the Romantic Movement in Germany emerged, on the one hand, as a reaction against the aesthetical ideals defended in Classicism and Neoclassicism, and on the other, as a deviation from the rational principles of the Enlightenment with the consequent regression to the irrational spirit of the Middle Ages."

"Schlegel argues that, from a philosophical point of view, everything participates in an ongoing process of creation, whereas, from an empirical point of view, natural things are conceived as if they were dead, fixed and independent from the whole."

In 1797 August and Friedrich broke with Friedrich Schiller. With his brother, Schlegel founded the Athenaeum (1798–1800), the organ of the Romantic school, in which he dissected disapprovingly the immensely popular works of the sentimental novelist August Lafontaine. He also published a volume of poems and carried on a controversy with Kotzebue. At this time the two brothers were remarkable for the vigour and freshness of their ideas and commanded respect as the leaders of the new Romantic criticism. A volume of their joint essays appeared in 1801 under the title Charakteristiken und Kritiken. His play Ion, performed in Weimar in January 1802, was supported by Goethe, but became a failure.

"When the work of art appears as if all its elements had been consciously chosen by a power above the artist, it has style; when the artist has not transcended his/her individuality, then s/he is categorized as a mannerist artist (SW III, 309–312)."

In 1801 Schlegel went to Berlin, where he delivered lectures on art and literature; and in the following year he published Ion, a tragedy in Euripidean style, which gave rise to a suggestive discussion on the principles of dramatic poetry. This was followed by Spanisches Theater (2 vols, 1803/1809), in which he presented admirable translations of five of Calderón's plays. In another volume, Blumensträusse italienischer, spanischer und portugiesischer Poesie (1804), he gave translations of Spanish, Portuguese and Italian lyrics. He also translated works by Dante Aligheri and Luís de Camões.

Tutoring
Early in 1804, he made the acquaintance of Madame de Staël in Berlin, who hired him as a tutor for her children. After divorcing his wife Caroline, Schlegel travelled with Madame de Staël to Switzerland, Italy and France, acting as an adviser in her literary work. In 1807 he attracted much attention in France by an essay in the French, Comparaison entre la Phèdre de Racine et celle d'Euripide, in which he attacked French classicism from the standpoint of the Romantic school. His famous lectures on dramatic art and literature (Über dramatische Kunst und Literatur, 1809–1811), which have been translated into most European languages, were delivered at Vienna in 1808. He was accompanied by De Staël and her children. In 1810 Schlegel was ordered to leave the Swiss Confederation as an enemy of the French literature.

"For Schlegel, the magic of a work of art is that it brings us into a different world, with all its own internal coherence, and this is why it needs to become organic and complete unto itself. Therefore, its purpose should not be to reflect the real world with naturalism, but rather to create its own world, which could never be a question of applying a set of rules and principles to a particular matter (paintings, words, marble), such as classicist principles seemed to do."

In 1812, he travelled with De Staël, her fiancé Albert de Rocca and her children to Moscow, St. Petersburg and Stockholm and acted as secretary of Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, through whose influence the right of his family to noble rank was revived. After this, he joined again the household of Mme. de Staël until her death in 1817, for like Mathieu de Montmorency he was one of her intimates until the end of her life. Schlegel was made a professor of Indology at the University of Bonn in 1818, and during the remainder of his life occupied himself chiefly with oriental studies. He founded a special printing office for Sanskrit. As an orientalist, he was unable to adapt himself to the new methods opened up by Bopp. He corresponded with Wilhelm von Humboldt, a linguist. After the death of Madame de Staël 14 July 1817, Schlegel married in 1818 a daughter of Heinrich Paulus, but this union was dissolved in 1821.

Travel and publications
Schlegel was 50 years old and his own master. He was financially independent and could travel at his own expense. Schlegel's Vienna Lectures had been published and were read across Europe and in Saint Petersburg. Therefore, he could cultivate friendships with the educated elite. He continued to lecture on art and literature, publishing in 1827 On the Theory and History of the Plastic Arts, and in 1828 two volumes of critical writings (Kritische Schriften).

Schlegel's translation of William Shakespeare, begun in Jena, was ultimately completed, under the superintendence of Ludwig Tieck, Dorothea Tieck, and Wolf Heinrich Graf von Baudissin. This rendering is considered one of the best poetical translations in German.

Schlegel did find the time to pursue his fascination for India. He buried his head in Sanskrit. From 1823 til 1830 he published the journal Indische Bibliothek. In 1823 edited the Bhagavad Gita, with a Latin translation, and in 1829, the Ramayana. This was followed by his 1832 work Reflections on the Study of the Asiatic Languages.

Schlegel became convinced that the origin of Germanic people could be identified in linguistic evidence. He also believed that languages could be used to reconstruct patterns of human migration. So he studied the epics of Persia and India. Schlegel published on this matter, attesting Indians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Aztecs the benefit of progress. He was impressed with their architecture, their mathematics, and their technology. In 1837 he wrote the preface to the German translation of James Cowles Prichard's book An Analysis of the Egyptian Mythology which originally had been published in 1819.

In 1835, Schlegel became head of the committee organising a monument in memory of Ludwig van Beethoven in Bonn, the composer's birthplace. Schlegel died in Bonn in 1845, three months before its official unveiling.

Historic evaluations
According to the 1910-1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition: "As an original poet Schlegel is unimportant, but as a poetical translator he has rarely been excelled, and in criticism he put into practice the Romantic principle that a critic's first duty is not to judge from the standpoint of superiority, but to understand and to 'characterize' a work of art."

An article for the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana provided the following thoughts: "As a critic [Schlegel] carried on the tradition of Lessing and Herder. Without possessing Lessing's power of style and personality, [Schlegel] commanded a wider range of artistic susceptibility. His unerring linguistic and historical scholarship and the calm objectivity of his judgment enabled him to carry out, even more successfully than Herder himself, Herder's demand that literary criticism should be based on a sympathetic penetration into the specific individuality of each poetic production rather than on the application of preconceived aesthetic standards.

Schlegel established models for the new method of analytical and interpretative criticism in his essays on Goethe's Hermann and Dorothea and on Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. His Vienna lectures On Dramatic Art and Literature were translated into most of the languages of Europe and stand as a permanent contribution to critical literature; his definition of the terms 'classic' and 'romantic' met with general recognition; his views on the so-called 'three unities' and on the 'correctness' of Shakespeare evoked an especially strong echo in England and finally made the Johnsonian attitude toward Shakespeare appear obsolete.

Formal perfection of language is the chief merit of his poems, which suffer from a lack of originality. In his drama Ion, he vainly attempted to rival Goethe's Iphigenie. He prided himself on being 'model and master in the art of sonnets' among the Germans. He is at his best in sparkling literature parodies such as Ehrenpforte und Triumphbogen für Kotzebue (1801)."

The 1905 New International Encyclopedia in its article on Schlegel, gives the following opinions: "*The Schlegel-Tieck translation is universally considered better than any other rendering of Shakespeare in a foreign language. Thanks to Schlegel and Tieck, Shakespeare has become a national poet of Germany.
 * [Schlegel's] Spanisches Theater (1803-09), consisting of five pieces of Calderon's, admirably translated,... [made] that poet a favorite with the German people, and his Blumensträusse der italienischen, spanischen und portugiesischen Poesie (Berlin, 1804), a charming collection of southern lyrics, [marks] the appearance of . . . the naturalization in German verse of the metrical forms of the Romanic races.
 * Schlegel was quarrelsome, jealous, and ungenerous in his relations with literary men, and did not even shrink from slander when his spleen was excited."

Honors

 * Elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1836.

Portraits

 * Portrait of A. W. Schlegel by Albert Gregorius (1774–1853), 1817, in Coppet Castle (Switzerland)

Published works by Schlegel

 * Ion (1803)
 * Rom Elegie (1805)
 * Schlegel's Berlin lectures of 1801/1804 reprinted from manuscript notes by Jakob Minor (1884)
 * Poetische Werke (1811)
 * Observations sur la langue et la littératures provençale (1818)
 * Bhagavad Gita (1823, Latin translation)
 * Kritische Schriften (1828, critical works)
 * Ramayana (1838, Latin translation, incomplete)
 * Sämtliche Werke (1846–1848) (Collected Works) issued in twelve volumes by Eduard Böcking
 * Œuvres écrites en français (3 vols., 1846)
 * Opuscula Latine scripta (1848)

Translations by Schlegel
Schlegel's Shakespeare translations have been often reprinted. The edition of 1871–72 was revised with Schlegel's manuscripts by Michael Bernays. See Bernays's Zur Entstehungsgeschichte des Schlegelschen Shakespeare (1872); Rudolph Genée, Schlegel und Shakespeare (1903). Schlegel also translated plays by Pedro Calderón de la Barca, such as La banda y flor, which became the basis for E. T. A. Hoffmann's 1807 singspiel Liebe und Eifersucht.

A selection of the writings of both August Wilhelm and Friedrich Schlegel, edited by Oskar Walzel, will be found in Kürschner's Deutsche Nationalliteratur, 143 (1892).

Letters of the Schlegel brothers

 * Ludwig Tieck und die Brüder Schlegel. Briefe ed. by Edgar Lohner (München 1972)

title: August Wilhelm Schlegel


text:
Caroline Schelling

Caroline Schelling, née Michaelis, widowed Böhmer, divorced Schlegel (2 September 1763 – 7 September 1809), was a German intellectual. She was one of the so-called Universitätsmamsellen, a group of five academically active women during the 18th and 19th centuries, daughters of academics at Göttingen University, alongside Meta Forkel-Liebeskind, Therese Huber, Philippine Engelhard, and Dorothea Schlözer.

Biography
Schelling was born at Göttingen in 1763, the daughter of orientalist Johann David Michaelis (1717—1791), who taught at the progressive University of Göttingen. She was educated by private tutors and by her father. In 1784, she married a district medical officer, Johann Böhmer, and the couple moved to Clausthal in the Harz. After his death in 1788, she tried to live financially independently. Together with their only surviving daughter she moved to Göttingen, then Marburg, and in 1792 she settled in Mainz.

In Mainz, Schelling joined the intellectual circle around Georg Forster, who had married her childhood friend Therese Huber. Forster was an explorer, journalist, and revolutionary. When Mainz was occupied by the French during the French Revolutionary Wars, she moved into Forster's house. Mainz was declared a republic, aligned with France (see Republic of Mainz). But when Prussian troops recaptured Mainz (22 July 1793), Schelling was imprisoned for her political opinions. Schelling was pregnant and asked friends and family for help. She was released and August Schlegel arranged for her to give birth under an assumed name in Lucka near Leipzig.

Schelling and August Schlegel married in 1796, and she moved to Jena, where he had received a professorship. Their house became a meeting place for the young literary and intellectual elite later associated with German Romanticism. His brother Friedrich Schlegel and Friedrich's wife Dorothea Veit moved in. They were at the centre of Jena Romanticism. Schelling was involved in the literary projects of her husband and his brother. She is credited with contributing to many of the 300 reviews her husband published in the Jena Allgemeine Literaturzeitung between 1796 and 1799.

In 1803, she divorced Schlegel and married the young philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling. Her new husband was at the center of Romantic natural philosophy. The couple moved to Würzburg, but were maligned by gossip. In 1806, they moved to Munich, where Friedrich Schelling received a professorship and was honored for his work.

Between 1805 and 1807, Schelling published several reviews in her own name and assisted her husband in his reviews, which shaped Romantic literature and literary taste. She also engaged in extensive correspondence with numerous Romantics. Having suffered poor health for some time, she died of dysentery in 1809.

title: Caroline Schelling


text:
Rick Husband

Richard Douglas Husband (July 12, 1957 – February 1, 2003) was an American astronaut and fighter pilot. He traveled into space twice: as pilot of STS-96 and commander of STS-107. Husband and the rest of the crew of STS-107 were killed when Columbia disintegrated during reentry into the Earth's atmosphere. He is also a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.

Early life, education and training
Husband was born on July 12, 1957, in Amarillo, Texas. At age 17, he earned his pilot's license while flying out of Tradewind Airport. Husband graduated with honors from Amarillo High School in 1975.

Husband earned a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University in 1980 after five years of study. He earned his Master of Science degree from Fresno State University. Upon graduation, Husband was commissioned as a pilot in the United States Air Force, having been enrolled in ROTC his last two years of college. Husband underwent pilot training at Vance Air Force Base, in Enid, Oklahoma. This was followed by Land Survival School at Fairchild Air Force Base, in Spokane, Washington, and Fighter Lead-in School in New Mexico. After getting married on February 27, 1982, Husband trained in the F-4 at Homestead Air Force Base next.

U.S. Air Force career
Husband was assigned to a squadron at Moody Air Force Base in Valdosta, Georgia flying the F-4E. Rick then transferred to George AFB, in Victorville, California in December 1985, where he became an F-4 instructor. By then, Husband had accumulated 1000 hours of flying time.

In December 1987, Husband was assigned to Edwards Air Force Base in California, where he attended the USAF Test Pilot School class 88A along with future Canadian Space Agency astronaut Chris Hadfield. Upon completion of test pilot school, Husband served as a test pilot flying the F-4 and all five models of the F-15 Eagle. In the F-15 Combined Test Force, he was the program manager for the Pratt & Whitney F100-PW-229 increased performance engine, and also served as the F-15 Aerial Demonstration Pilot.

In June 1992, Husband was assigned to the Aircraft and Armament Evaluation Establishment at Boscombe Down, England, as an exchange test pilot with the Royal Air Force. At Boscombe Down, he was the Tornado GR1 and GR4 Project Pilot and served as a test pilot in the Hawk, Hunter, Buccaneer, Jet Provost, Tucano, and Harvard.

Husband logged over 3,800 hours of flight time in more than 40 different types of aircraft.

NASA career
Husband was selected as an astronaut candidate by NASA in December 1994, the same week he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Husband reported to the Johnson Space Center in March 1995 to begin a year of training and evaluation. Upon completion of training, he was named the Astronaut Office representative for Advanced Projects at Johnson Space Center, working on Space Shuttle Upgrades, the Crew Return Vehicle (CRV) and studies to return to the Moon and travel to Mars. Husband eventually served as Chief of Safety for the Astronaut Office. He flew as pilot on STS-96 in 1999, and logged 235 hours and 13 minutes in space. Husband was later assigned to command the crew of STS-107, which was launched early in 2003. Along with the rest of the STS-107 crew, Husband was killed upon reentry when the shuttle disintegrated over Texas.

Shuttle missions

 * STS-96 (May 27 to June 6, 1999) aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery was a 10-day mission during which the crew performed the first docking with the International Space Station and delivered four tons of logistics and supplies in preparation for the arrival of the first crew to live on the station early the following year. The mission was accomplished in 153 Earth orbits, traveling 4 million miles in 9 days, 19 hours, and 13 minutes.
 * STS-107 (January 16 to February 1, 2003) aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia was a 16-day mission during which the crew performed over 80 experiments testing applications of microgravity to gain insight into the environment of space and improve life on Earth as well as enable future space exploration. The mission ended on the morning of February 1 when the shuttle disintegrated upon reentry killing all crew members, including Husband (see Space Shuttle Columbia disaster).

Awards and decorations
Two NASA Group Achievement Awards.

Tributes

 * Husband Hall, in the Columbia Village apartments, at the Florida Institute of Technology.
 * Husband Mission, one of the projects in the educational SpaceLab Program, run by the Ramon Foundation in memory of Ilan Ramon. Involves the writing of new Wikipedia entries on a variety of space and STEM related topics.
 * Husband Hill, one of the Columbia Hills on Mars.
 * Asteroid 51823 Rickhusband.
 * Rick Husband Amarillo International Airport, in his hometown of Amarillo, Texas.
 * Husband Auditorium, Squadron Officer School building, Maxwell AFB, Alabama.
 * Rick Husband Boulevard Howardwick, Texas.
 * Rick Husband Drive, El Paso, Texas.
 * Husband-Boeing Engineering Honors Program at California State University, Fresno
 * S.S. Rick Husband, the Cygnus CRS OA-6 uncrewed resupply spacecraft.
 * The lunar crater Husband is named after Husband.

Quotes
Husband describes how he became a shuttle commander having flown in only one other space flight:

 * "I was just at the right place at the right time."

Rick Husband before his first flight:

 * "It [space] was just so incredibly adventurous and exciting to me. I just thought there was no doubt in my mind that is what I want to do when I grow up."

Husband was also well known for his faith, and in the last-request forms that astronauts fill out before every flight, he left his pastor a personal note:
 * "Tell them about Jesus; He's real to me."

Personal life
Husband's wife, Evelyn (born September 18, 1958), details her Christian life with Rick and his struggles to fulfill his lifelong dream to become an astronaut in the 2004 book High Calling: The Courageous Life and Faith of Space Shuttle Columbia Commander Rick Husband co-written with Donna VanLiere. They had two children: Laura Marie (born October 5, 1990) and Matthew (born August 3, 1995). Evelyn married Bill Thompson in January 2008 and was the keynote speaker for the memorial ceremony at the Astronaut Memorial "Space Mirror" at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, five years after the Space Shuttle Columbia tragedy.

In popular culture

 * American actor Brian David portrayed Rick Husband in the American TV series Seconds from Disaster Season 2: Episode 1 (2005) called "Space Shuttle Columbia".

title: Rick Husband