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Talk:Pentamidine

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This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Jcua28, Mlmtabs, NedaNassr, Kbrown18. Peer reviewers: WucCP133, Dgarcia24, Maryam.havaei, Lizethrivera0720.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 06:21, 17 January 2022 (UTC)

Old talk
What's this? -- JeLuF 14:21 Dec 31, 2002 (UTC)

This stublet tells us absolutely nothing about the drug... what is it used for? etc... KJ

Seems to be solved by now. -- JeLuF 20:29 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

Words as Power - Expanding WikiProject Pharmacology
Kbrown18, Mlmtabs, NedaNassr, and Jcua28 will update the page accordingly: Kbrown18 (talk) 18:49, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Refine medical uses section to include a more comprehensive list of indications ✅
 * Provide a more detailed and updated mechanism of action ✅
 * Add a pharmacokinetics section to elaborate on absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination ✅
 * Add a special populations subsection under Medical uses for pregnancy, lactation, elderly, and newborn populations ✅
 * Refine side-effects section to include better references ✅
 * Update brand names and available forms section ✅
 * Add chemistry section ✅

 * Edited introduction to include other indications, common side-effects, pregnancy/lactation, renal and hepatic adjustment, history, trade names, and pricing. Jcua28 (talk) 18:23, 4 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Added pharmacokinetics section. Jcua28 (talk) 18:23, 4 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Edited brand names and dosage forms section. Jcua28 (talk) 18:23, 4 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Will add chemistry section to describe physical appearance, structure-activity relationships. Jcua28 (talk) 18:23, 4 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Added more information on the mechanism of action. Removed paragraph in Drug Interactions section regarding foscarnet and IV pentamidine increased risk of nephrotoxicity and hypocalcemia due to lack of citation. Kbrown18 (talk) 04:45, 5 November 2016 (UTC)
 * Added more to mechanism of action section from Foye's to include DNA binding, topoisomerase inhibition, and resistance mechanisms.
 * Re-added drug interactions of foscarnet into chemistry section due to IV incompatibility with added source. Jcua28 (talk) 22:50, 5 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Put medical uses into list format. Added preventative treatment of PCP for both children and adults with HIV with sources. Added sources to information that were missing citations. Removed paragraph about "treating Acanthamoeba infections" and "yeast infections caused by the organism Candida albicans" because no reputable sources that were also publicly available were found. I am thinking of removing "Acute PCP," "Primary and Secondary Prophylaxiss of PCP" because there are no sources and it is mentioned in the updated medical uses list. Let me know if anyone objects! Plan to keep use as a "anti-tumor drug" because there is a reputable source in the article. Mlmtabs (talk) 06:40, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Removed "Acute PCP" and "Primary and Secondary Prophylaxis" sections in Medical Uses. No secondary sources to support information and already mentioned and cited in the medical uses list. Removed other indication about "special treatment schedules." Posting original text here (that was removed) in case anyone thinks it should stay in the article:

Acute PCP In the acute treatment of PCP, pentamidine is considered equally or slightly less active than co-trimoxazole (brand names Bactrim, Septrin, or Septra). Clinical evidence suggests that pentamidine is often better tolerated than co-trimoxazole because a high dose of co-trimoxazole is needed, which is associated with a high incidence and severity of side effects such as hepatitis, bone-marrow-damage, renal-damage, and life-threatening skin disease (Lyell-syndrome). Moreover, many patients are or become allergic to co-trimoxazole. For treatment of PCP, 4 milligrams of pentamidine per kilogram of body weight is given intravenously once daily for 14 to 21 days. Treatment exceeding 21 days may be necessary, but is associated with increased toxicity. Intramuscular injection is not recommended. The effect of pentamidine often becomes evident within the first 2 days of treatment, with reduction in fever and improvement of respiratory function. In any case, improvements of chest radiograph (x-ray) studies occur within 6 to 8 days, provided therapy is successful. Pentamidine therapy cures 50 to 70% of all patients treated.

Primary and secondary prophylaxis of PCP Primary prophylaxis of severely immunocompromised patients can be indicated where PCP has not yet been diagnosed. Secondary prophylaxis aims to prevent recurrent infections by PCP. For both forms of prophylaxis, an aerosolized formulation of pentamidine given by nebulizer once monthly in a dose of 300 mg is used. In primary prophylaxis, this reduces the long term likelihood of PCP by 70% when compared to no prophylaxis. The aerosolized route of administration is well suited for pregnant women in their first trimester (when TMP-SMX is contraindicated). Aerosolized administration may lead to an atypical PCP infection involving the upper lobes.

Other For other indications, such as leishmaniasis or sleeping sickness, special treatment schedules developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) or Centers for Disease Control (CDC) exist. Mlmtabs (talk) 20:27, 7 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Updated "Contraindications" section by making it bullet-list format. Removed original text because lacked source and grammar errors. Added more detailed information with proper sources and citations. Previous text provided below:

 * "Severe allergy; no others in PCP patients in whom a proper diagnosis has been made."Mlmtabs (talk) 01:25, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Added Special Populations section which includes pregnancy, breastfeeding, and elderly.NedaNassr (talk) 07:30, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Changed the format of the side effects. Added a common and rare section with bullet points that went under each one and added a reference to each section.NedaNassr (talk) 08:14, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Added a sources and citations to the special populations section.NedaNassr (talk) 08:19, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Added a reference and cited each bullet point under "other" under the category of side effects. NedaNassr (talk) 21:11, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

 * Deleted the Note to add more references under the side effects. NedaNassr (talk) 21:20, 9 November 2016 (UTC)

CP133 Review
STUDENT 1 – Does the draft submission reflect a neutral point of view? If not, specify… Yes, the draft submission on Pentamidine reflects a neutral point of view. The article summarizes publicly available information and does not include clinical conclusions based on primary research or opinions by the editors.WucCP133 (talk) 21:28, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

STUDENT 2 – Are the points included verifiable with cited secondary sources that are freely accessible? If not, specify...No, not all sources are freely accessible, specifically Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry (Seventh ed.), which is a book. A person would have to track down and purchase the book in order to cross reference the content used. Besides this, all other sources are freely accessible to the public. Albeit, there are multiple sources listed more than once in the references section. For example, the second source is listed again as the sixteenth source.
 * - Per the training module on wikiedu.org on Sources and Citations, use of "books or publications written by experts in the field, and published by reliable publishers" are permissible references. Jcua28 (talk) 00:22, 16 November 2016 (UTC)
 * - Revision: Removed duplicate source #16 and #15 and changed information previously cited with #16, #15 to #2 Mlmtabs (talk) 05:21, 17 November 2016 (UTC)
 * - Revision: Removed duplicate source #9 (WHO Drugs) because it was a duplicate for source #2 Mlmtabs (talk) 05:31, 17 November 2016 (UTC)
 * - Revision: Removed duplicate source #15 (DailyMed - NEBUPENT- pentamidine isethionate inhalant) and replaced with #8 Mlmtabs (talk) 05:34, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

STUDENT 3 – Are the edits formatted consistent with Wikipedia’s manual of style for medicine-related articles? If not, specify… Yes, the edits are overall consistent with Wikipedia’s manual of style for medicine-related articles. -Per Wikipedia Manual of Style/Linking, only the first occurrence of a term in the text of the article should be linked, therefore you may link trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the Pregnancy section instead of the one in the Children section that comes later in the text. -Per Wikipedia in class workshop, use of pregnancy category should be avoided as different pregnancy category systems are used worldwide and the U.S pregnancy category may not be as clear to readers from other countries.Maryam.havaei (talk) 09:57, 16 November 2016 (UTC)
 * - Deleted "pregnancy category C" since it not a common universal term.NedaNassr (talk) 06:33, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

STUDENT 4 - Is there any evidence of plagiarism or copyright violation? If yes, specify... No, there is no evidence of plagiarism or copyright violations. Each added submission is followed by suitably cited sources. The editing that was submitted by each student was written in his/her own words and is supported by the sources included. When analyzed through a plagiarism checker, more than 96% of the text was found to be from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamidine without any other contributing sources. User:lizethrivera0720 (talk) 22:03, 15 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pentamidine


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John Keble

John Keble (25 April 1792 – 29 March 1866) was an English Anglican priest and poet who was one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement. Keble College, Oxford, is named after him.

Early life
Keble was born on 25 April 1792 in Fairford, Gloucestershire, where his father, also named John Keble, was vicar of Coln St. Aldwyns. He and his brother Thomas were educated at home by their father until each went to Oxford. In 1806, Keble won a scholarship to Corpus Christi College, Oxford. He excelled in his studies and in 1810 achieved double first-class honours in both Latin and mathematics. In 1811, he won the university prizes for both the English and Latin essays and became a fellow of Oriel College. He was for some years a tutor and examiner at the University of Oxford.

While still at Oxford, he was ordained in 1816, becoming a curate to his father and then curate of St Michael and St Martin's Church, Eastleach Martin, in Gloucestershire while still residing at Oxford. On the death of his mother in 1823, he left Oxford and returned to live with his father and two surviving sisters at Fairford.

Between 1824 and 1835, he was three times offered a position and each time declined on the grounds that he ought not separate himself from his father and only surviving sister. In 1828, he was nominated as provost of Oriel College but not elected.

The Christian Year
Meantime, he had been writing The Christian Year, a book of poems for the Sundays and feast days of the church year. It appeared in 1827 and was very effective in spreading Keble's devotional and theological views. It was intended as an aid to meditation and devotion following the services of the Prayer Book. Though at first anonymous, its authorship soon became known, with Keble in 1831 appointed to the Chair of Poetry at Oxford, which he held until 1841. Victorian scholar Michael Wheeler calls The Christian Year simply "the most popular volume of verse in the nineteenth century". In his essay on Tractarian Aesthetics and the Romantic Tradition, Gregory Goodwin claims that The Christian Year is "Keble's greatest contribution to the Oxford Movement and to English literature." As evidence, Goodwin cites E. B. Pusey's report that 95 editions of this devotional text were printed during Keble's lifetime, and "at the end of the year following his death, the number had arisen to a hundred-and-nine".

By the time that the copyright expired in 1873, over 375,000 copies had been sold in Britain and 158 editions had been published. Despite its widespread appeal among the Victorian readers and the familiarity of certain well-known hymns, the popularity of Keble's The Christian Year faded in the 20th century.

At Oxford, Keble met John Taylor Coleridge who introduced him to the writings not only of his uncle, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, but also of Wordsworth. He dedicated his Praelectiones to and greatly admired Wordsworth, who once offered to go over The Christian Year with a view to correcting the English. To the same college friend, he was indebted for an introduction to Robert Southey, whom he found to be "a noble and delightful character," and the writings of the three, especially Wordsworth, had much to do with the formation of Keble's own mind as a poet.

Tractarianism and vicar of Hursley
Delivered on 14 July 1833, his famous Assize Sermon on "National Apostasy" gave the first impulse to the Oxford Movement, also known as the Tractarian movement. It marked the opening of a term of the civil and criminal courts and is officially addressed to the judges and officers of the court, exhorting them to deal justly. Keble contributed seven pieces for Tracts for the Times, a series of short papers dealing with faith and practice. Along with his colleagues, including John Henry Newman and Edward Pusey, he became a leading light in the movement but did not follow Newman into the Roman Catholic Church.

In 1835, his father died, and Keble and his sister retired from Fairford to Coln. In the same year he married Charlotte Clarke, and the vicarage of Hursley in Hampshire, becoming vacant, was offered to him; he accepted. In 1836, he settled in Hursley and remained for the rest of his life as a parish priest at All Saints' Church. In 1841 his neighbour Charlotte Mary Yonge, a resident at Otterbourne House in the adjacent village of Otterbourne, where Keble was responsible for building a new church, compiled The Child's Christian Year: Hymns for every Sunday and Holy-Day to which Keble contributed four poems, including Bethlehem, above all cities blest.

In 1857, he wrote one of his more important works, his treatise on Eucharistical Adoration, written in support of George Denison, who had been attacked for his views on the Eucharist.

Other writings
In 1836, he published his edition of Hooker's Works. In 1838, he began to edit, in conjunction with Edward Bouverie Pusey and John Henry Newman, the Library of the Fathers. A volume of Academical and Occasional Sermons appeared in 1847. Other works were a Life of Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man. After his death, Letters of Spiritual Counsel and 12 volumes of Parish Sermons were published.

Extracts from a number of his verses found their way into popular collections of Hymns for Public Worship, such as "The Voice that Breathed o'er Eden", "Sun of my soul, Thou Saviour dear", Blest are the pure in heart and New every morning is the love.

Lyra Innocentium was being composed while Keble was stricken by what he always seems to have regarded as the great sorrow of his life, the decision of Newman to leave the Church of England for Catholicism.

Death
Keble died in Bournemouth on 29 March 1866 at the Hermitage Hotel, after visiting the area to try and recover from a long-term illness as he believed the sea air had therapeutic qualities. He is buried in All Saints' churchyard, Hursley.

Legacy
Keble has been described thus:"He was absolutely without ambition, with no care for the possession of power or influence, hating show and excitement, and distrustful of his own abilities.... Though shy and awkward with strangers, he was happy and at ease among his friends, and their love and sympathy drew out all his droll playfulness of wit and manner.... In personal appearance he was about middle height, with rather square and sloping shoulders, which made him look short until he pulled himself up, as he often did with 'sprightly dignity.' His head, says Mozley, 'was one of the most beautifully formed heads in the world,' the face rather plain-featured, with a large unshapely mouth, but the whole redeemed by a bright smile which played naturally over the lips; and under a broad and smooth forehead he had 'clear, brilliant, penetrating eyes which lighted up quickly with merriment kindled into fire in a moment of indignation.... a quiet country clergyman, with a very moderate income, who sedulously avoided public distinctions, and held tenaciously to an unpopular School all his life."

John Keble is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 14 July (the anniversary of his Assize Sermon), and a commemoration observed on 29 March (the anniversary of his death) elsewhere in the Anglican Communion. Keble College, Oxford, was founded in his memory, and John Keble Church, Mill Hill, and the ancient clapper bridge over the River Leach near the church in which he was curate in the village of Eastleach Martin were named after him.

The view from Bulverton Hill, Sidmouth, where Keble was a frequent visitor, is thought to have inspired some of his best loved work. The hill commands a panoramic view of the Lower Otter Valley and Dartmoor in the distance. Folklore suggests that his favourite spot was where a wooden bench known as Keble's Seat has been in place for many years.

The 'Te Deum' window in the south-east transept of St Peter's Church, Bournemouth, was commissioned as a memorial to Keble, who had preferred to sit in the transept when worshipping at St Peter's daily in the last months of his life. Later, in 1906, the transept was re-configured as the Keble Chapel.

Lives of Keble include one by John Taylor Coleridge (1869), who said, "The Christian Year is so wonderfully scriptural. Keble's mind was, by long, patient and affectionate study of Scripture, so imbued with it that its language, its train of thought, its mode of reasoning, seems to flow out into his poetry, almost, one should think, unconsciously to himself." Another is by Walter Lock (1895). In 1963 Georgina Battiscombe wrote a biography titled John Keble: A Study in Limitations.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Keble


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Walter de Merton

Walter de Merton (c. 1205 – 27 October 1277) was Lord Chancellor of England, Archdeacon of Bath, founder of Merton College, Oxford, and Bishop of Rochester. For the first two years of the reign of Edward I he was – in all but name – Regent of England during the King's absence abroad. He died in 1277 after falling from his horse, and is buried in Rochester Cathedral.

Early life
Walter was born in around 1205 to a land-owning family at Basingstoke; beyond that there is no definite information about the date or place of birth. His mother was Christina Fitz-Oliver and his father William. By 1237 both his parents were dead, and Walter was a clerk in holy orders. He was perhaps educated at Merton Priory, but certainly was employed there as a young clerk, receiving from it the benefice of Cuddington. In 1241, Walter became clerk to Nicholas Farnham, quondam rector of another of Merton's parishes, Long Ditton, and now promoted to bishop of Durham.

Career
In 1241, Walter already held a number of livings in various parts of the country; in 1256 he was an agent for Walter of Kirkham, bishop of Durham, in a lawsuit. Walter was also prothonotary of the chancery in 1258.

Walter rose to prominence as a skilled lawyer and negotiator. When Henry III went to France to negotiate the 1259 Treaty of Paris, Walter was left behind as a trusted royal servant. On 29 March, the Justiciar ordered 100 barons to muster in London for a secret meeting that would take them overseas. Only a few days later Walter could be seen at Malden, Surrey, assisting in the registration of the Justiciar's army. The writs were pre-dated, then considered a new procedure at some risk to the messengers' delivery of the writs to Sheriffs in the locality. Walter also helped in the complex financial dealing with King Louis IX of France, when he reached London on 30 April. In return for a promise of peace, Henry received 12,500 Livres, the equivalent of 500 Knight's Fees. By 1264, this would be a total of 134,000 Livres of subsidy from the King of France. Walter played an invaluable part in the administration of Henry's revenues. By 1259, Walter had suitably impressed the king that he was granted a prebendary of St. Paul's, London.

Lord Chancellor
On 12 July 1261 Henry III made him chancellor, in place of Nicholas of Ely. A month earlier, the Papal Bulls in support of Henry's coup d'état had ensured it was safe for the king to return to the Tower of London. With a mercenary at his back, he had marched from Dover over Whitsun. In London, Walter was reinstalled as chancellor in a 'resumption of royal power', having been briefly challenged by the baronial movement.

Walter provided legal arguments for the collection of tallage, rejection of the baronial constitution, the appointment of royal Sheriffs, and a renewed attempt to justify the collection of Customs. Now only a cussed Philip Basset, among the barons, remained aloof from the fray, when the King's new ministrations emerged against the Provisions of Oxford. As one of the arbitrators, Walter met the barons with Walerand and Basset. He was probably not the king's first choice among the nobility, but the sticking point remained the method by which to appoint sheriffs, from 'faithful men and people' in the shires.

Later that month of May 1261, De Merton had helped define Jus regalitatis, a law that prohibited criticism of the King; a flagrant breach of the commitment at Oxford. A year later, Henry would describe the sheriffs as bachelarii regis qui tenent comitatus or his bachelors. For the regents were men of the second rank, not nobles, yet they owed their elevated status entirely to royal service.

In 1262, Walter acquired lucrative sinecures such as the new prebendary of Exeter, and became a canon of Wells. The following year, when de Montfort was at the height of his powers, Walter was urged by the bishop of Worcester to accept a form of peace satis competens et honesta. It is possible that Walter was a member of Richard of Cornwall's deputation sent from Windsor to greet Montfort's army coming east from London and Kent. But on 16 July, when the king surrendered peace terms, and three days later de Montfort assumed power, Walter also left office.

Merton College
In 1261, two manors in Surrey were set aside for the support of "scholars residing at the schools" at Merton Priory; it was the beginning of Merton College. In 1264, Walter drew up statutes for a "house of the scholars of Merton", at Malden in Surrey; ten years later these scholars were transferred to Oxford, and a permanent house was established. Merton College, thus founded and endowed, was one of the earliest examples of collegiate life at Oxford. De Merton's statutes provided for a common corporate life under the rule of a warden but, as vows were to be taken and scholars entering a monastic order forfeited their scholarship, the college was really a place of training for the secular clergy.

Freed from the responsibilities of government, Walter turned his attention to his college again. The statutes were redrafted and scholars moved permanently to Oxford. They were established on the site of the parish church of St John whose advowson he had obtained in the early 1260s and where he had been buying adjoining houses and halls since 1264. In 1270 he bought Kibworth Harcourt, Leicestershire as part of the confiscated estate of Saer de Harcourt, an erstwhile supporter of Simon de Montfort. While De Merton was labouring for the establishment of Merton College, the barons emerged triumphant. Walter, a partisan friend of Henry III, was removed from the chancellorship in 1263. He was not immediately restored after the king's victory, but he did renew his acquaintance with the royal circle, by now at Windsor.

Edward I and Chancellor Merton
Walter is mentioned as a Justiciar in 1271. He was re-appointed as Lord Chancellor, four days after Henry III's death on 16 November 1272. For the first two years of Edward I's reign he was in all but name regent of England during the king's absence abroad. He was tasked with investigation into the 20,000 marks collected (1266) from tallage, about which many complaints had sparked the ire of the Citizens of London. Violent clashes on the streets worried King Edward in his first year on the throne. The vulgus (common people) clamoured for heads at the Guildhall, and the election of the baronial party. Merton argued that the communa election was a matter for Parliament, whereas the Aldermanic vote clashed with the other jurisdiction. Merton's joint tribunal, appointed before Henry III's death, was redundant until Edward I could appoint a royal warden. On 11 November, Edward wisely moved, prompted by his Chancellor, to enable counsellors to control the 'men of Belial'. The violence subsided: Merton successfully negotiated the elected Walter Hervey as Mayor, and so he "announced before all the people at the cross of St Paul's that the aldermen had agreed to have Walter as mayor for that year." The contemporary historian, Matthew Paris, who died in 1275, left voluminous histories about these events.

Bishop of Rochester
Edward I had left England in 1268 to participate in the Ninth Crusade and, in the new king's absence, Merton stood in his place, effective Regent of England. Edward commanded the respect of his household and wardrobe, anticipating a welcome return. This is signified in a letter of 9 August sent from Melun, France in which Walter was promised the King's full support. However, on Edward's return to England, Walter was dismissed as Lord Chancellor on 21 September 1274, in favour of Robert Burnell, who became a strong ally of the Edwardian regime. Walter's compensation for this was the see of Rochester, to which he was elected in late July 1274, being consecrated on the 21 October following.

Death and legacy
He eagerly awaited in anticipation the appointment of a Warden of the new Merton College. For the last three years of his life, Walter divided his time between his duties in Rochester and the supervision of his fledgling academic house. On a journey back from Oxford in 1277, while fording the Medway, he fell from his horse; and died two days later on 27 October 1277 from his injuries. He was buried in Rochester Cathedral, where his tomb can still be visited. Walter de Merton was described in the Annales monastici as a man of liberality and great worldly learning, ever ready in his assistance to the religious orders.

title: Walter de Merton


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Peter Shaffer

Sir Peter Levin Shaffer (15 May 1926 – 6 June 2016) was an English playwright, screenwriter, and novelist. He is best known for the plays Equus and Amadeus, the latter of which was adapted for the screen by Miloš Forman, with a screenplay by Shaffer, for which he won an Academy Award.

Early life
Shaffer was born to a Jewish family in Liverpool, the son of Reka (née Fredman) and estate agent Jack Shaffer. He grew up in London and was the identical twin brother of fellow playwright Anthony Shaffer.

He was educated at the Hall School, Hampstead, and St Paul's School, London, and subsequently he gained a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, to study history. Shaffer was a Bevin Boy coal miner during World War II, and took a number of jobs including bookstore clerk, and assistant at the New York Public Library, before discovering his dramatic talents.

Theatrical career
Shaffer's first play, The Salt Land (1955), was presented on ITV on 8 November 1955. Encouraged by this success, Shaffer continued to write and established his reputation as a playwright in 1958, with the production of Five Finger Exercise, which opened in London under the direction of John Gielgud and won the Evening Standard Drama Award. When Five Finger Exercise moved to New York City in 1959, it was equally well received and landed Shaffer the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Foreign Play.

Shaffer's next piece was a double bill, The Private Ear and The Public Eye, two plays each containing three characters and concerning aspects of love. They were presented in May 1962 at the Globe Theatre, and both starred Maggie Smith and Kenneth Williams. Smith won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Leading Actress.

The National Theatre was established in 1963, and virtually all of Shaffer's subsequent work was done in its service. His canon contains a unique mix of philosophical dramas and satirical comedies. The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1964) presents the conquest and killing of the Inca ruler Atahuallpa by the conquistador Francisco Pizarro in Peru, while Black Comedy (1965) takes a humorous look at the antics of a group of characters feeling their way around a pitch-black room – although the stage is actually flooded with light.

Equus (1973) won Shaffer the 1975 Tony Award for Best Play as well as the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award. A journey into the mind of a seventeen-year-old stableboy who had plunged a spike into the eyes of six horses, Equus ran for more than 1,000 performances on Broadway. It was revived by Massachusetts' Berkshire Theatre Festival in the summers of 2005 and 2007, by director Thea Sharrock at London's Gielgud Theatre in February 2007, and on Broadway (in the Sharrock staging) in September 2008. The latter production, which ran in New York City until February 2009, required the stableboy to appear naked; its star, Daniel Radcliffe, was still associated with the Harry Potter film series intended for general audiences, and this led to mild controversy.

Shaffer followed this success with Amadeus (1979) which won the Evening Standard Drama Award and the Theatre Critics' Award for the London production. This tells the story of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and court composer Antonio Salieri who, overcome with jealousy at hearing the "voice of God" coming from an "obscene child", sets out to destroy his rival. When the show moved to Broadway it won the 1981 Tony Award for Best Play and, like Equus, ran for more than a thousand performances.

After the success of Amadeus, Shaffer wrote the play Lettice and Lovage specifically for Dame Maggie Smith in 1986, for which he was nominated for another Tony Award and for which Smith eventually won the Tony Award for best actress after three nominations in 1990. Lettice and Lovage also enabled Margaret Tyzack to win the award for best featured actress, and the production was nominated for best direction of a play, at the 1990 Tony Awards.

Screen adaptations
Several of Shaffer's plays have been adapted to film, including Five Finger Exercise (1962); The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1969); The Public Eye (1962), from which he adapted the 1972 film Follow Me! (1972); Equus (1977); and Amadeus (1984), which won eight Academy Awards, including Best Picture.

For writing the screenplay for Equus, Schaffer was nominated for an Academy Award for his adapted screenplay, but the award went to Alvin Sargent, who wrote the screenplay for Julia. For writing the screenplay for Amadeus, Shaffer was awarded a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award.

Personal life and death
Shaffer was gay. In the 1970s, Shaffer was in a relationship with Paul Giovanni, musician and composer of The Wicker Man. His later partner, New York-based voice teacher Robert Leonard, died in 1990 at the age of 49. Shaffer lived in Manhattan from the 1970s onward.

While on a trip to Ireland shortly after his 90th birthday, Shaffer died on 6 June 2016 at a hospice facility in Curraheen, County Cork. Leonard and Shaffer are buried together in the east side of Highgate Cemetery.

Awards
In 1989 the Hamburg-based Alfred Toepfer Foundation awarded Shaffer its annual Shakespeare Prize in recognition of his life's work. In 1993, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Letters) by the University of Bath.

Shaffer's play, Five Finger Exercise won the Evening Standard Drama Award when it premiered in London and then won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award for Best Foreign Play when it moved to New York City.

Shaffer's play, Equus won the Tony Award for Best Play and the New York Drama Critics' Circle that year as well. His screenplay adaptation of the play was nominated for a Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar in 1978.

Shaffer's play Amadeus won the Evening Standard Drama Award and the Theatre Critics' Award for its initial London production. Upon moving to Broadway, Amadeus won the 1981 Tony Award for Best Play. His screenplay adaptation of the play won the Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar as well as the Golden Globe Best Screenplay in 1984.

Shaffer's play Lettice and Lovage was nominated for another Tony Award, and for her performance in it, Dame Maggie Smith won the Tony Award for best actress after three nominations in 1990. Lettice and Lovage also won best supporting actress for Margaret Tyzack and was nominated for best direction of a play in 1990 Tony Awards.

Honours
Shaffer was appointed a CBE in 1987 and named Knight Bachelor in the 2001 New Year's Honours. In 2007, he was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame.

Selected works

 * The Salt Land (Television, 1955)
 * Five Finger Exercise (1958)
 * The Private Ear (1962)
 * The Public Eye (1962)
 * The Royal Hunt of the Sun (1964 but completed by 1958), a theatre piece on Atahualpa, the last emperor of the Tahuantinsuyu.
 * Black Comedy (1965)
 * The White Liars (1967)
 * Equus (1973)
 * Amadeus (1979)
 * Yonadab (1985)
 * Lettice and Lovage (1987)
 * The Gift of the Gorgon (1992)

Detective novels co-written as Peter Antony
Shaffer co-wrote three detective novels with his brother Anthony Shaffer under the pseudonym Peter Antony.
 * The Woman in the Wardrobe (1951)
 * How Doth the Little Crocodile? (1952)
 * Withered Murder (1955)

title: Peter Shaffer


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Anthony Shaffer (writer)

Anthony Joshua Shaffer (15 May 1926 – 6 November 2001) was an English playwright, screenwriter, novelist, barrister, and advertising executive. He is best remembered for his Tony Award winning play Sleuth, and its acclaimed 1972 film adaptation.

Early life
Shaffer was born to a Jewish family in Liverpool, the son of Reka (née Fredman) and Jack Shaffer, who was an estate agent with his wife's family. He was the identical twin brother of writer and dramatist Peter Shaffer, and they had another brother, Brian. He graduated with a law degree from Trinity College, Cambridge.

Career
Shaffer worked as a barrister and advertising copywriter before becoming a full-time writer.

Shaffer's most notable work was the play Sleuth (1970), which won the Tony Award for Best Play. The play was later adapted for the film version starring Laurence Olivier and Michael Caine. He received Edgar Awards from the Mystery Writers of America for both versions: for Best Play in 1971, and Best Screenplay in 1973.

His other major screenplays include the Hitchcock thriller Frenzy (1972) and the British cult thriller The Wicker Man (1973) with whose director, Robin Hardy, Shaffer had previously set up a television production company Hardy, Shaffer & Associates.

Personal life
Shaffer was married three times – to Henrietta Glaskie, Carolyn Soley (with whom he had two children, Claudia and Cressida), and Australian actress Diane Cilento.

Shaffer met Cilento in 1973, when she appeared in The Wicker Man. He moved to Australia in 1975 and married Cilento in 1985. Together they built a house (The Castle) and a theatre (The Karnak Playhouse). Shaffer was legally domiciled in Australia (where he owned land and a restaurant, paid taxes and voted in elections), although he did maintain a flat in London.

In the last years of his life Shaffer had an extramarital relationship with Marie Josette "JoJo" Capece-Minutolo when in London. Cilento did not accompany Shaffer to England but remained in Australia. After Shaffer's death, Capece-Minutolo made a claim on his estate in the British High Court, arguing that Shaffer had intended to divorce Cilento and marry her and that he had given her an engagement ring. The Shaffer estate argued that Shaffer had no desire to end his marriage to Cilento. The British judge found that despite Shaffer's being in "an intimate and loving relationship" with Capece in London, Shaffer and his estate were not legally domiciled in the United Kingdom at the time of his death, and that therefore Capece-Minutolo had no legal claims on his estate, other than any bequest in Shaffer's will, which had been changed in 1999.

title: Anthony Shaffer (writer)


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Maceo Parker

Maceo Parker (born February 14, 1943) is an American funk and soul jazz saxophonist, best known for his work with James Brown in the 1960s, Parliament-Funkadelic in the 1970s and Prince in the 2000s. Parker was a prominent soloist on many of Brown's hit recordings, and a key part of his band, playing alto, tenor and baritone saxophones. Since the early 1990s, he has toured under his own name.

Biography
Parker was born in Kinston, North Carolina, United States. Parker's father played piano and drums in addition to singing in church with Parker's mother; his brother Melvin played drums and his brother Kellis played the trombone. Parker and his brother Melvin joined James Brown in 1964; in his autobiography, Brown claims that he originally wanted Melvin as his drummer, but agreed to additionally take Maceo under his wing as part of the deal. In March 1970, Parker, his brother Melvin, and a few of Brown's band members left to establish the band Maceo & All the King's Men, which toured for two years.

In January 1973, Parker rejoined James Brown's group. He also charted a single "Parrty – Part I" (No. 71 pop singles) with Maceo & the Macks that year. In 1975, Parker and some of Brown's band members, including Fred Wesley, left to join George Clinton's band Parliament-Funkadelic. Parker once again re-joined James Brown from 1984 to 1988.

In the 1990s, Parker began a solo career. His first album of this period Roots Revisited spent 10 weeks at the top of the Billboard Contemporary Jazz Charts. To date he has released 11 solo albums since 1990. Parker's 1992 live album, Life on Planet Groove, is considered to be his seminal live album, marking his first collaboration with Dutch saxophonist Candy Dulfer.

In 1993, Parker made guest appearances on hip hop group De La Soul's album Buhloone Mindstate. In the late 1990s, Parker began contributing semi-regularly to recordings by Prince and accompanying his band, The New Power Generation, on tour. He also played on the Jane's Addiction track "My Cat's Name Is Maceo" for their 1997 compilation album Kettle Whistle. In 1998, Parker performed as a guest on "What Would You Say" on a Dave Matthews Band concert, which also became one of their live albums, Live in Chicago 12.19.98. In 2004, Parker toured as a part of Prince's band for the "Musicology Live 2004ever" tour and again in 2007 he performed as part of Prince's band for Prince's 21 nights at the O2 arena. Parker also played as part of Prince's band for his 21-night stay at LA's Forum in 2011.

In 2008, Maceo Parker closed the Edmonton International Jazz Festival at Urban Lounge.

Parker's album Roots & Grooves with the WDR Big Band is a tribute to Ray Charles, whom Parker cites as one of his most important influences. The album won a Jammie for best Jazz Album in 2009. Parker followed this up with another collaboration with WDR Big Band in 2012 with the album Soul Classics.

In October 2011, Parker was inducted in the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame.

In July 2012, Parker was the recipient of a Lifetime Achievement Award from Victoires Du Jazz in Paris. He continues touring, headlining many jazz festivals in Europe and doing as many as 290 concerts a year.

In May 2016, Parker received The North Carolina Heritage Award from his home state.

Book and media
In February 2013, Maceo Parker published his autobiography, 98% Funky Stuff: My Life in Music with the publisher Chicago Review Press. Parker was portrayed by Craig Robinson in the 2014 James Brown biopic Get on Up.

Equipment
Maceo plays a gold-plated Selmer Mark VI alto saxophone and the mouthpiece he uses is a #3 Brilhart Ebolin. Maceo's reed of choice is the Vandoren Java, 3.5 gauge.

title: Maceo Parker


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Talk:Gabriel

Archangel
I'm wondering about this because the biblical canon does not describe Gabriel as an archangel; only giving that title to Michael. It is (to my knowledge) only in the Catholic Book of Tobit where he is described thusly. Can we therefore definitively call him an archangel in the article if, in the canon, he is not called an archangel?  fr33k man  03:21, 15 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Gabriel


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User:Angelika Lindner

My name is Angelika Lindner. I´m from Germany, born in Leipzig and now living near to Frankfurt.

In the most cases I write in German, but the English Wikipedia is a big source of knowledge and I like to use it.

My greatest hobby is cycling (in the past through 13 European Countries) and in June of 2009 I made a big tour from Minneapolis to Memphis through 7 states of the USA (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee) and after that a journey by car through the southern states Mississippi, Arkansas and Louisiana. Angelika Lindner (talk) 20:18, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

cs:User:Angelika Lindner de:User:Angelika Lindner ru:User:Angelika Lindner

title: User:Angelika Lindner


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Julie Christie

Julie Frances Christie (born 14 April 1940) is a British actress. Christie's accolades include an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. She has appeared in six films ranked in the British Film Institute's BFI Top 100 British films of the 20th century, and in 1997, she received the BAFTA Fellowship for lifetime achievement.

Christie's breakthrough film role was in Billy Liar (1963). She came to international attention for her performances in Darling (1965), for which she won the Academy Award for Best Actress, and Doctor Zhivago (also 1965), the eighth highest-grossing film of all time after adjustment for inflation. She continued to receive Academy Award nominations, for McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), Afterglow (1997) and Away from Her (2007).

In addition, Christie starred in Fahrenheit 451 (1966), Far from the Madding Crowd (1967), Petulia (1968), The Go-Between (1971), Don't Look Now (1973), Shampoo (1975), and Heaven Can Wait (1978). She is also known for her performances in Hamlet (1996) as well as Finding Neverland, Troy and Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (all 2004).

Early life
Christie was born on 14 April 1940 at Singlijan Tea Estate, Chabua, Assam, British India, to Rosemary, a Welsh-born painter and Frank, who ran the tea plantation where she grew up. She has a younger brother, Clive, and an older (deceased) half-sister, June, from her father's relationship with an Indian tea picker on his plantation. At the age of six she was sent to live with a foster mother so she could attend a convent school in England. Her parents separated when Julie was a child, and after their divorce, she spent time with her mother in rural Wales.

She was baptised in the Church of England, and studied as a boarder at the independent Convent of Our Lady school in St Leonards-on-Sea, East Sussex, after being expelled from another convent school for telling a risqué joke that reached a wider audience than she had anticipated. After being asked to leave the Convent of Our Lady as well, she attended the all-girls Wycombe Court School, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, during which time she lived with a foster mother from the age of six. At the Wycombe school, she played the Dauphin in a production of Shaw's Saint Joan. She went to Paris to finish schooling and learn French. She later returned to England and studied at the Central School of Speech and Drama in London.

Early career
Christie made her professional stage debut in 1957, and her first screen roles were on British television. Her earliest role to gain attention was in BBC serial A for Andromeda (1961). She was a contender for the role of Honey Ryder in the first James Bond film, Dr. No, but producer Albert R. Broccoli reportedly thought her breasts were too small.

1960s
Christie appeared in two comedies for Independent Artists: Crooks Anonymous and The Fast Lady (both 1962). Her breakthrough role was as Liz, the friend and would-be lover of the eponymous character played by Tom Courtenay in Billy Liar (1963), for which she received a BAFTA Award nomination. The director, John Schlesinger cast Christie only after another actress, Topsy Jane, had dropped out of the film. Christie appeared as Daisy Battles in Young Cassidy (1965), a biopic of Irish playwright Seán O'Casey, co-directed by Jack Cardiff and (uncredited) John Ford.

Her role as an amoral model in Darling (also 1965) led to Christie becoming known internationally; it also inspired the singer Tony Christie to take his stage name from Christie. Directed by Schlesinger and co-starring Dirk Bogarde and Laurence Harvey, Christie had only been cast in the lead role after Schlesinger insisted, the studio having wanted Shirley MacLaine. She received the Academy Award for Best Actress and the BAFTA Award for Best British Actress in a Leading Role for her performance. In David Lean's Doctor Zhivago (also 1965), adapted from the epic/romance novel by Boris Pasternak, Christie's role as Lara Antipova became her best known. The film was a major box-office success. , Doctor Zhivago is the 8th highest-grossing film of all time, adjusted for inflation. According to Life magazine, 1965 was "The Year of Julie Christie".

After dual roles in François Truffaut's adaptation of the Ray Bradbury novel Fahrenheit 451 (1966), starring with Oskar Werner, she appeared as Thomas Hardy's heroine Bathsheba Everdene in Schlesinger's Far from the Madding Crowd (1967). After moving to Los Angeles in 1967 ("I was there because of a lot of American boyfriends"), she appeared in the title role of Richard Lester's Petulia (1968), co-starring with George C. Scott. Christie's persona as the swinging sixties British woman she had embodied in Billy Liar and Darling was further cemented by her appearance in the documentary Tonite Let's All Make Love in London. In 1967, Time magazine said of her: "What Julie Christie wears has more real impact on fashion than all the clothes of the ten best-dressed women combined".

1970s
In Joseph Losey's romantic drama The Go-Between (1971), Christie had a lead role along with Alan Bates. The film won the Grand Prix, then the main award at the Cannes Film Festival. She earned a second Best Actress Oscar nomination for her role as a brothel madam in Robert Altman's postmodern western McCabe & Mrs. Miller (also 1971). The film was the first of three collaborations between Christie and Warren Beatty, who described her as "the most beautiful and at the same time the most nervous person I had ever known". The couple had a high-profile but intermittent relationship between 1967 and 1974. After the relationship ended, they worked together again in the comedies Shampoo (1975) and Heaven Can Wait (1978).

Her other films during the decade were Nicolas Roeg's thriller Don't Look Now  (1973), based on a story by Daphne du Maurier, in which she co-starred with Donald Sutherland, and the science-fiction/horror film Demon Seed (1977), based on the novel of the same name by Dean Koontz and directed by Donald Cammell. Don't Look Now in particular has received acclaim, with Christie nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, and in 2017 a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for Time Out magazine ranked it the greatest British film ever.

Christie returned to the United Kingdom in 1977, living on a farm in Wales. In 1979, she was a member of the jury at the 29th Berlin International Film Festival. Never a prolific actress, even at the height of her career, Christie turned down many high-profile film roles, including Anne of the Thousand Days, They Shoot Horses, Don't They?, Nicholas and Alexandra, and Reds, all of which earned Oscar nominations for the actresses who eventually played them.

1980s
In the 1980s, Christie appeared in non-mainstream films such as The Return of the Soldier (1982) and Heat and Dust (1983). She had a major supporting role in Sidney Lumet's Power (1986) alongside Richard Gere and Gene Hackman, but apart from that, she avoided large budget films. She starred in the television film Dadah Is Death (1988), based on the Barlow and Chambers execution, as Barlow's mother Barbara, who desperately fought to save her son from being hanged for drug trafficking in Malaysia.

1990s
After a lengthy absence from the screen, Christie co-starred in the fantasy adventure film Dragonheart (1996), and appeared as Gertrude in Kenneth Branagh's Hamlet (also 1996). Her next critically acclaimed role was the unhappy wife in Alan Rudolph's domestic comedy-drama Afterglow (1997) with Nick Nolte, Jonny Lee Miller and Lara Flynn Boyle. Christie received a third Oscar nomination for her role. Appearing in six films that were ranked in the British Film Institute's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century, in recognition of her contribution to British cinema Christie received BAFTA's highest honour, the Fellowship in 1997. In 1994, she had been awarded the title Doctor of Letters from the University of Warwick.

21st century
Christie made a brief cameo appearance in the third Harry Potter film, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), playing Madam Rosmerta. Around the same time, she also appeared in two other high-profile films: Wolfgang Petersen's Troy and Marc Forster's Finding Neverland (both 2004), playing mother to Brad Pitt and Kate Winslet, respectively. The latter performance earned Christie a BAFTA nomination as supporting actress in a film.

Christie portrayed the female lead in Away from Her (2006), a film about a long-married Canadian couple coping with the wife's Alzheimer's disease. Based on the Alice Munro short story "The Bear Came Over the Mountain", the movie was the first feature film directed by Christie's sometime co-star, Canadian actress Sarah Polley. She took the role, she says, only because Polley is her friend. Polley has said Christie liked the script but initially turned it down as she was ambivalent about acting. It took several months of persuasion by Polley before Christie finally accepted the role.

In July 2006 she was a member of the jury at the 28th Moscow International Film Festival. Debuting at the Toronto International Film Festival on 11 September 2006 as part of the TIFF's Gala showcase, Away from Her drew rave reviews from the trade press, including The Hollywood Reporter, and the four Toronto dailies. Critics singled out her performances as well as that of her co-star, Canadian actor Gordon Pinsent, and Polley's direction. Christie's performance generated Oscar buzz, leading the distributor, Lions Gate Entertainment, to buy the film at the festival to release the film in 2007 to build momentum during the awards season.

On 5 December 2007, she won the Best Actress Award from the National Board of Review for her performance in Away from Her. She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role and the Genie Award for Best Actress for the same film. On 22 January 2008, Christie received her fourth Oscar nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role at the 80th Academy Awards. She appeared at the ceremony wearing a pin calling for the closure of the prison in Guantanamo Bay.

Christie narrated Uncontacted Tribes (2008), a short film for the British-based charity Survival International, featuring previously unseen footage of remote and endangered peoples. She has been a long-standing supporter of the charity, and in February 2008, was named as its first 'Ambassador'. She appeared in a segment of the film, New York, I Love You (also 2008), written by Anthony Minghella, directed by Shekhar Kapur and co-starring Shia LaBeouf, as well as in Glorious 39 (2009), about a British family at the start of World War II.

Christie played a "sexy, bohemian" version of the grandmother role in Catherine Hardwicke's gothic retelling of Red Riding Hood (2011). Her most recent role was in the political thriller The Company You Keep (2012), where she co-starred with Robert Redford and Sam Elliott.

Personal life
She is fluent in French and Italian.

In the early 1960s, Christie dated actor Terence Stamp. She had a live-in relationship with Don Bessant, a lithographer and art teacher, from December 1962 to May 1967, before dating actor Warren Beatty for seven on-and-off years (1967–1974). Christie was also linked romantically with musician Brian Eno, record producer Lou Adler, director Jim McBride and photographer Terry O'Neill.

Christie is married to journalist Duncan Campbell; they have lived together since 1979, but the date they married is disputed. In January 2008, several news outlets reported that the couple had quietly married in India two months earlier, in November 2007, which Christie called "nonsense", adding, "I have been married for a few years. Don't believe what you read in the papers."

In the late 1960s, her advisers adopted a very complex scheme in an attempt to reduce her tax liability, giving rise to the leading case of Black Nominees Ltd v Nicol (Inspector of Taxes). The case was heard by Judge Sydney Templeman (who later became Lord Templeman), who gave judgement in favour of the Inland Revenue, ruling that the scheme was ineffective.

She is active in various causes, including animal rights, environmental protection, and the anti-nuclear power movement. She is a Patron of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, as well as Reprieve, and the CFS/ME charity Action for ME. Christie is a vegetarian.

Theatre
Christie made her professional debut in 1957 at the Frinton Repertory Company in Essex.

title: Julie Christie


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Billy Liar

Billy Liar is a 1959 novel by Keith Waterhouse that was later adapted into a play, a film, a musical and a TV series. The work has inspired and been featured in a number of popular songs.

The semi-comical story is about William Fisher, a working-class 19-year-old living with his parents in the fictional town of Stradhoughton in Yorkshire. Bored by his job as a lowly clerk for an undertaker, Billy spends his time indulging in fantasies and dreams of life in the big city as a comedy writer.

Characters

 * William "Billy" Fisher
 * Billy is 19, and living with parents Alice and Geoffrey, and his grandmother, Florence Boothroyd. Billy lies compulsively to everyone he comes across, whether it is by claiming that his father is a retired naval captain/cobbler, or telling his parents that Arthur's mother has broken her leg. Billy works as a clerk for undertakers Shadrack & Duxbury. He is engaged to two girls and in love with a third, and he constantly refers to a vague job offer writing scripts in London for comedian "Danny Boon".

 * Alice Fisher
 * Billy's mother. She rarely sits down in the play, constantly working hard to keep the house tidy and look after her husband, her mother, and Billy.

 * Geoffrey Fisher
 * Billy's father. Geoffrey uses the word "bloody" in his sentences so often it has lost all meaning. Geoffrey has been a successful garage owner who also works in the removal business so his family live middle-class lives despite his working-class background. Geoffrey has a short temper, but otherwise rarely shows emotion. Relations between Geoffrey and Billy have broken down, providing the story's main source of conflict.

 * Florence Boothroyd
 * Billy's grandmother, Alice's mother. She is ignored by her family and never seen as a loved character until the end. Florence talks to the sideboard more than her own family, and is always drinking tea out of a pint pot. She keeps pots of condensed milk upstairs. Florence falls ill in Act 2 and is taken upstairs. By Act 3, she has died. She likely has a form of dementia because of her strange behaviour throughout the book. Her age is either 80 or 81 years old, and she was born in August.

 * Arthur Crabtree
 * Billy's best friend. Arthur works at Shadrack & Duxbury with Billy. When we first see Arthur and Billy together in Act 1, they adopt thick northern accents and engage in buffoonery, imitating their elders. Despite this tomfoolery, Arthur's mood towards Billy changes in Act 3. Arthur does not appear in Act 2.

 * Barbara
 * One of Billy's fiancees. Barbara is prudish, always eating oranges, and harbours dreams of living with Billy in a cottage in Devon, with "little Billy and little Barbara". She finds out about other girlfriends later in the play.

 * Rita
 * Rita is 17, is short, but comes across as a "hard lass". She is engaged to Billy, and has a habit of mimicking Billy every time he offers an excuse for her missing engagement ring. Unbeknown to her, it is on Barbara's finger. Rita appears in Acts 2 and 3.

 * Liz
 * Liz is described as a scruffy girl in need of a new skirt, but she's the one who truly understands Billy and the only one in which he's genuinely interested. Before her appearance in the play, Billy pretends he does not have much interest in her, but it is clear when she appears that he is still smitten with her.

Stage play
In 1960, the novel's author, Keith Waterhouse, co-wrote a three-act stage version with Willis Hall. The action took place on a single set combining the living-room, hallway, and porch of the Fisher household. The first production opened in the West End of London with Albert Finney in the title role. It has since been produced all over the world, and has become a favourite with amateur groups. The play was adapted for the Irish stage as Liam Liar by Hugh Leonard in 1976.

The play is set in one Saturday: Act 1 in the morning, Act 2 in the early evening, and Act 3 at night.

Film
The 1963 film was directed by John Schlesinger and featured Tom Courtenay, who played the part when Albert Finney left the cast in the West End play, as Billy and Julie Christie as Liz, one of his three girlfriends. Mona Washbourne played Mrs. Fisher, and Wilfred Pickles played Mr. Fisher. Rodney Bewes, Finlay Currie, and Leonard Rossiter also had roles.

British TV series
The novel was also used as the basis for a sitcom made by London Weekend Television in 1973–1974, starring Jeff Rawle as Billy. The series was scripted by the play's writers, Waterhouse and Hall, and the action was updated to the 1970s. George A. Cooper reprised his West End role as Billy's father. Other regular cast members included Pamela Vezey as Alice, Colin Jeavons as Shadrack, May Warden as Billy's grandmother, and Sally Watts as Barbara. Several new girlfriends were also introduced.

The series was shown on the Seven Network in Australia during the non-ratings season of 1975–1976, shown on CBC Television in Canada in 1975–1976, and shown on RTÉ 2 in Ireland in 1982. It has never been rerun, although the first series was released on Region 2 DVD in August 2006. The second series was released in March 2007. The complete series was released on 07/05/2018.

Stage musical
In 1974, a successful West End musical (entitled simply Billy) starred Michael Crawford and, in her West End debut, Elaine Paige. The cast also included Gay Soper, Avis Bunnage, Bryan Pringle and Lockwood West. The book was by well-known British sitcom writers Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, and the music and lyrics were by film composer John Barry and Don Black respectively.

American TV series
An American adaptation entitled Billy and starring Steve Guttenberg, Peggy Pope, and James Gallery aired briefly on CBS in 1979.

In popular culture

 * Waterhouse later wrote a sequel called Billy Liar on the Moon.
 * There is also an acoustic folk/punk singer from Scotland called Billy Liar.
 * "Billy Liar" is the title of the second track of Her Majesty the Decemberists by The Decemberists.
 * Saint Etienne sampled some lines from the movie in their song "You're in a Bad Way".
 * The music video for the song "The Importance of Being Idle" by Oasis contains scenes based on scenes from Billy Liar, although most of it is based on the video for the Kinks' Dead End Street.
 * The title of the song "Twisterella" is also the title of a song that Billy co-writes in the novel.
 * The Kids in the Hall "Billy Dreamer" character is based loosely on Billy Liar.
 * The song "William, It Was Really Nothing" by The Smiths took inspiration from the book.
 * It has been suggested that a local newspaper columnist parodied in both the book and the film bears a remarkable resemblance to the late-life Keith Waterhouse himself, when he was ensconced at the Daily Mail. However, given that Billy Liar was written in 1959 when Keith Waterhouse was 30 years old, and that he died in 2009, in the absence of any evidence of a time-machine among his effects, a conscious parody appears to be a particularly ludicrous post-hoc rationalisation.

title: Billy Liar


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User talk:Seav

Great song

Current problems of Metro Manila: needs to be covered now
Even when Metro Manila's notorious traffic is already discussed, looks like its current overall situation, characterized by congestion, continuing decay, and poor planning, must be discussed also.

The article about Metro Manila, given Rodrigo Duterte's and urban planning experts' remarks on its current situation, must already cover its issues it currently faces (much like the current article for Indonesia's capital, Jakarta, does). Developments too centered on that region rather led to further congestion, eventually causing urban decay, such as the prevalence of slums, crime and pollution. Poor urban planning, such as lax land use regulations that allowed large traffic generating structures, such as shopping malls and condominiums to proliferate in already congested areas, lack of open spaces, like parks, and unreliable public transport, also led to what is happening in Metro Manila. If you can work on this, you may add it there, but where section it may be appropriate is not known. TagaSanPedroAko (talk) 10:41, 5 January 2018 (UTC)

DYK for Santa Ana Heritage Zone
Cas Liber (talk · contribs) 12:02, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Anyone want to volunteer in the phnews.wikia.com? There is no PAO article here. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 122.52.76.97 (talk) 01:23, 7 February 2018 (UTC)

SVG map of Cavite
Do you have an svg copy of this file here: File:Ph map cavite.png Thanks in advance --HueMan1 (talk) 02:46, 3 May 2018 (UTC) Man, you have a mad map-making skill! I am requesting a copy so I can update it and continue what you have been doing. --HueMan1 (talk) 02:49, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Unfortunately, no. This file was created in Photoshop and I never made an SVG version of the file. —seav (talk) 07:17, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
 * In that case, may I ask your permission to make an svg replica? Or something? --HueMan1 (talk) 08:55, 3 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Be my guest. I would have to point out, though, that using the newly enabled feature might be a better use of one's time. For example, here's a browsable map of Cavite that may fulfill the need that the old static map of Cavite provided: —seav (talk) 16:22, 3 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Thank you. --HueMan1 (talk) 02:32, 4 May 2018 (UTC)

One question though, is File:PhlMapCit.svg and File:Blank Philippine map with grouped provinces.svg based on Openstreetmap.org? --HueMan1 (talk) 02:47, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Nope. It would say they are based on OSM on the description page if they are. —seav (talk) 03:54, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
 * Okay, thanks by the way. --HueMan1 (talk) 06:43, 4 May 2018 (UTC)
 * It looks very identical though. --HueMan1 (talk) 06:44, 4 May 2018 (UTC)

 * Anyways what do you think of my map here: [[File:Cavite Road Network.svg]] --HueMan1 (talk) 06:53, 4 May 2018 (UTC)

Hello, about mapping again. Is it possible to use   in an infobox template? And how do I make it render Calabarzon region? Thanks in advance. HueMan1 (talk) 09:25, 24 May 2018 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Ph seal cebu.png
Thanks for uploading File:Ph seal cebu.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:57, 11 June 2018 (UTC)

Hello from State of the Map
Hi Eugene, I enjoyed your presentation and the brief interactions we had afterwards. I am looking forward to further interaction, especially around Wikidata/ Scholia or humanitarian topics. -- Daniel Mietchen (talk) 02:32, 5 August 2018 (UTC)

Short description
Are you aware that several of the articles where you recently added a short description already had a description? They are generated automatically from the infobox which is a desirable for simplicity and to provide consistency. Examples: Dumangas + Igbaras + Lambunao + New Lucena + Tubungan. The descriptions can be made visible using techniques shown at WP:Short description. Johnuniq (talk) 04:09, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes, I am aware of that. But the auto-descriptions are not optimal because they use the region instead of the province, which is more relevant for the municipality. Furthermore, there are cases where there are municipalities with the same name in the same region leading to auto-descriptions with the same content. I am therefore overriding the automatically generated description. --seav (talk) 05:35, 4 October 2018 (UTC)
 * OK but using a separate template (short description) will cause trouble because it seems to be superfluous—anyone with css that displays short descriptions sees two descriptions on those articles. The documentation at Infobox settlement says  should be used to generate a custom description. That would be better so only one description appears on the page. Interestingly, I see that your description (at the top of the page) is the one that is used, so the description from the infobox a little lower down is ignored. It used to be the other way around for compatibility with how other magic words work. Anyway, this is just FYI about what I think is supposed to happen. Johnuniq (talk) 05:36, 5 October 2018 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Nuseir Yassin

A tag has been placed on Nuseir Yassin, requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section G4 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to be a repost of material that was previously deleted following a deletion discussion, such as at Articles for deletion. When a page has substantially identical content to that of a page deleted after a discussion, and any changes in the content do not address the reasons for which the material was previously deleted, it may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here.  DGG ( talk ) 05:05, 18 December 2018 (UTC)

File:Arrival of Filipino Plantation Workers in Hawaii NHCP historical marker display.jpg
You uploaded File:Arrival of Filipino Plantation Workers in Hawaii NHCP historical marker display.jpg with the own template, but you listed the author as "Dean Munsayac", which according to your user page, is not you. Can you clear this up? Otherwise I'm going to have to tag it for lacking permission. Thanks. — howcheng  {chat} 22:48, 27 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Dean is a personal friend and I asked if he could take these specific photos that could be freely-licensed and used in Wikimedia projects. But I couldn't bother him to create his own account or upload the photos to Commons himself. I could probably ask him to email OTRS but that is not really a guarantee either since he is not a professional photographer and I don't want to increase the backlog for tickets there. What do you suggest? —seav (talk) 03:10, 28 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Have Dean go to https://tools.wmflabs.org/relgen/. I've never used it myself, but it's supposed to be a lot faster than going through an OTRS agent. He will need the file names that you used. He should do this for both the NHCP photos you uploaded. Thanks! — howcheng  {chat} 03:29, 28 February 2019 (UTC)

Longitude and latitude grids in maps / Northern Borneo
Good day ! I am currently vectorising old .PNG maps of the Philippines, and creating new topographic and technical maps based on your Ph map manila.svg. I'm a little curious, where did you get the data and infos on Ph map manila.svg? Like the grid lines, proportions and etc.

Thanks in advance. -- hueman1 (talk)  01:30, 22 April 2019 (UTC)

 * About Northern Borneo, do you have a SVG version of Ph general map.png? Or a SVG Philippine map with Sabah in it? -- hueman1 (talk)  01:36, 22 April 2019 (UTC)
 * IIRC, the grid is approximated from Google Earth. I just took a look at where the rounded coordinate numbers lie and eyeballed using street intersections. As for Borneo, I don't have any SVG maps of that. All SVG maps that I have created are already in Commons. —seav (talk) 10:23, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

 * Cool, I considered that once (approximating grids) but I don't want my map to end up being inaccurate but in that case, I think it'd be good. And about Borneo, can you at least crop it and render the .PNG version with higher quality? Maybe I can trace it to SVG? Thank you! -- hueman1 (talk)  10:38, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

2019 US Banknote Contest
Sent by ZLEA at 23:30, 19 October 2019 (UTC) via MediaWiki message delivery (talk)

Nomination of Nas Daily for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Nas Daily is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Nas Daily& until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article.  DGG ( talk ) 11:27, 23 January 2020 (UTC)

Disambiguation pages
Hello, Seav. When you changed Peñafrancia into a disambiguation page, you may not have been aware of WP:FIXDABLINKS, which says:
 * When creating disambiguation pages, fix all resulting mis-directed links.
 * Before moving an article to a qualified name (in order to create a disambiguation page at the base name, to move an existing disambiguation page to that name, or to redirect that name to a disambiguation page), click on What links here to find all of the incoming links. Repair all of those incoming links to use the new article name.

It would be a great help if you would check the other Wikipedia articles that contain links to "Peñafrancia" and fix them to take readers to the correct article. Thanks. --R'n'B (call me Russ) 21:11, 18 March 2020 (UTC)

Bernardita Catalla
Hi dear Filipino friend, I just wanted to let you know that which I nominated is all your credit :) you created a great article in hours. ^_^ - Greetings. --CoryGlee (talk) 11:49, 3 April 2020 (UTC)

About uniquely-named municipalities
Good evening po Seav. Sorry for my numerous flip flops before, which almost led me to think of semo retiring. Is the section on WP:MOSPHIL devoted to municipalities ready for revision? Per Exec8 at Talk:Talaingod, Davao del Norte, a community concensus has been reached. After a long reflection, I'm thinking of this kind of statement on that section.

"As a general rule, article titles of municipalities follow the Municipalityname format, without the name of the province, unless a disambiguation is needed or is necessary. Examples:
 * Suggestion 1
 * Arteche
 * Doña Remedios Trinidad
 * Shariff Aguak

Where disambiguation is required:
 * Bulakan, Bulacan (municipalities having same or similar-sounding names to other toponyms in the Philippines)
 * Pateros, Metro Manila (municipalities having the same toponyms as those in the other countries)
 * San Policarpo, Eastern Samar (municipalities bearing ambiguous toponyms)"

Feel free to state your POV and better suggestions to this wording. And also, can revision be made as soon as possible or wait for Talaingod discussion to be finalized? Thanks and sorry po for all flip flops. JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 15:03, 7 June 2020 (UTC)

Or another wording suggestion/s: "As a general rule, article titles of municipalities follow the Municipalityname format, without the name of the province, unless a disambiguation is needed or is necessary. Examples:
 * Suggestion 2
 * Arteche; Pasuquin - municipalities having unique toponyms.
 * Doña Remedios Trinidad - municipalities named after people whose articles (or future articles) are not expected to be titled as such.
 * Hadji Panglima Tahil; Shariff Aguak - municipalities named after non-notable people.

Where disambiguation is required:
 * Claveria, Masbate; Pateros, Metro Manila - municipalities having the same toponyms as those in the Philippines and in the other countries)
 * Bulakan, Bulacan; Romblon, Romblon - municipalities having same spelling or similar-sounding names to other toponyms in the Philippines.
 * Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte; San Policarpo, Eastern Samar - municipalities titled after the saints."

"As a general rule, article titles of municipalities follow the Municipalityname format, without the name of the province, unless a disambiguation is needed or is necessary. Examples:
 * Suggestion 2 (using "case" or "group")
 * Case/Group 1: Arteche; Mambajao; Pasuquin
 * Case/Group 2: Doña Remedios Trinidad; Hadji Panglima Tahil; Shariff Aguak

Where disambiguation is required:
 * Case/Group 1: Claveria, Masbate; Pateros, Metro Manila; Tuburan, Basilan
 * Case/Group 2: Bulakan, Bulacan; Leyte, Leyte; Romblon, Romblon
 * Case/Group 3: Saint Bernard, Southern Leyte; San Policarpo, Eastern Samar; Santa Monica, Surigao del Norte"

JWilz12345 (Talk|Contrib's.) 06:48, 8 June 2020 (UTC)

September 2020
Please do not use misleading edit summaries when making changes to Wikipedia pages, as you did to List of historical markers of the Philippines in Calabarzon. This behavior is viewed as disruptive, and continuation of this behaviour may result in loss of editing privileges. Thank you.  - Sumanuil (talk) 21:44, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Speedy deletion nomination of Pagsabungan

Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice to inform you that a tag has been placed on Pagsabungan requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section A3 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because it is an article with no content whatsoever, or whose contents consist only of external links, a "See also" section, book references, category tags, template tags, interwiki links, images, a rephrasing of the title, a question that should have been asked at the help or reference desks, or an attempt to contact the subject of the article. Please see Wikipedia:Stub for our minimum information standards for short articles. Also please note that articles must be on notable subjects and should provide references to reliable sources that verify their content.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. Fram (talk) 09:03, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

File:Ph map manila.svg scheduled for POTD
Hi Seav,

This is to let you know that the featured picture File:Ph map manila.svg, which you uploaded or nominated, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for June 24, 2021. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2021-06-24. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! —  RAVEN PVFF   · talk · 23:26, 7 June 2021 (UTC)

DYK for Extreme event attribution
Cwmhiraeth (talk) 00:03, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

Request for interview
Hi! I would like to extend you a request for an interview. Where may I send you the details? Thank you! Ganmatthew (talk) 04:03, 18 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Try the email this user option. ;) seav (talk) 07:59, 18 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Alright, sent! Ganmatthew (talk) 10:23, 18 May 2022 (UTC)
 * Hi! Would just like to ask for a follow-up. Thank you! Ganmatthew (talk) 05:46, 22 May 2022 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Ph seal laguna calamba.png
Thanks for uploading File:Ph seal laguna calamba.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:31, 22 June 2022 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:Ph seal cavite.png
Thanks for uploading File:Ph seal cavite.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

Note that any non-free images not used in any articles will be deleted after seven days, as described in section F5 of the criteria for speedy deletion. Thank you. --B-bot (talk) 17:29, 28 August 2022 (UTC)

Ph regions and provinces map update
Good Day, can you please update the Administrative map (regions and provinces) of the Philippines (File:Ph regions and provinces.png) because the province of Maguindanao split into two provinces namely Maguindanao del Norte and Maguindanao del Sur according to RA 11550 and ratify on September 18, 2022 via plebiscite.

Thank you and God bless. Myrabert01 (talk) 10:13, 7 October 2022 (UTC)

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Orphaned non-free image File:Ph seal rizal.png
Thanks for uploading File:Ph seal rizal.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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Philippines National Historical Landmarks article concerns
Hello Seav. Can you please check on Philippines National Historical Landmarks? I have some concerns but I am not sure about it:

 * Should it be renamed to National Historical Landmarks (Philippines)?
 * It cites a source saying there were about 120 of them in 2018. However, in the source, it says it is a work in progress. The PRECUP website might have a more comprehensive list but I am not very familiar with the different listings in there. Can you please update the list if need be?

Thanks. Sanglahi86 (talk) 11:16, 1 April 2024 (UTC)

title: User talk:Seav


text:
Wellington Region

Greater Wellington, also known as the Wellington Region (Māori: Te Upoko o te Ika), is a non-unitary region of New Zealand that occupies the southernmost part of the North Island. The region covers an area of 8,049 km2, and has a population of

The region takes its name from Wellington, New Zealand's capital city and the region's seat. The Wellington urban area, including the cities of Wellington, Porirua, Lower Hutt, and Upper Hutt, accounts for (0+0+0+0)/0*100 percent of the region's population; other major urban areas include the Kapiti conurbation (Waikanae, Paraparaumu, Raumati Beach, Raumati South, and Paekākāriki) and the town of Masterton.

Local government
The region is administered by the Wellington Regional Council, which uses the promotional name Greater Wellington Regional Council.

The council region covers the conurbation around the capital city, Wellington, and the cities of Lower Hutt, Porirua, and Upper Hutt, each of which has a rural hinterland; it extends up the west coast of the North Island, taking in the coastal settlements of the Kāpiti Coast District; east of the Remutaka Range it includes three largely rural districts containing most of Wairarapa, covering the towns of Masterton, Carterton, Greytown, Featherston and Martinborough. The Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board.

Following the creation of the Auckland Council 'super-city' in 2009, a similar merger for councils within the Wellington Region was investigated by the Local Government Commission in 2013. The proposal was scrapped in 2015 following negative public feedback.

Term Wellington region
In common usage the terms Wellington region and Greater Wellington are not clearly defined, and areas on the periphery of the region are often excluded. In its more restrictive sense the region refers to the cluster of built-up areas west of the Tararua ranges. The much more sparsely populated area to the east has its own name, Wairarapa, and a centre in Masterton. To a lesser extent, the Kāpiti Coast is sometimes excluded from the region. Otaki in particular has strong connections to the Horowhenua district to the north. This includes having been part of the MidCentral District Health Board (DHB) area, instead of the Capital and Coast DHB area like the rest of the Kāpiti Coast.

History
The Māori who originally settled the region knew it as Te Upoko o te Ika a Māui, meaning "the head of Māui's fish". Legend recounts that Kupe discovered and explored the region in about the tenth century.

The region was settled by Europeans in 1839 by the New Zealand Company. Wellington became the capital of Wellington Province upon the creation of the province in 1853, until the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 Nov 1876. Wellington became capital of New Zealand in 1865, the third capital after Russell and Auckland.

Geography

The region occupies the southern tip of the North Island, bounded to the west, south and east by the sea. To the west lies the Tasman Sea and to the east the Pacific Ocean, the two seas joined by the narrow and turbulent Cook Strait, which is 28 km wide at its narrowest point, between Cape Terawhiti and Perano Head in the Marlborough Sounds.

The region covers 7860 km2, and extends north to Ōtaki and almost to Eketāhuna in the east.

Physically and topologically the region has four areas running roughly parallel along a northeast–southwest axis:
 * The Kāpiti Coast, a narrow strip of coastal plain running north from Paekākāriki towards Foxton. It contains numerous small towns, many of which gain at least a proportion of their wealth from tourism, largely due to their fine beaches.
 * Rough hill country inland from the Kāpiti Coast, formed along the same major geologic fault responsible for the Southern Alps in the South Island. Though nowhere near as mountainous as the alps, the Remutaka and Tararua ranges are still hard country and support only small populations, although it is in small coastal valleys and plains at the southern end of these ranges that the cities of Wellington and the Hutt Valley are located.
 * The undulating hill country of the Wairarapa around the Ruamahanga River, which becomes lower and flatter in the south and terminates in the wetlands around Lake Wairarapa and contains much rich farmland.
 * Rough hill country, lower than the Tararua Range but far less economic than the land around the Ruamahanga River. This and the other hilly striation are still largely forested.

Demographics
Wellington Region covers 8049.44 km2 and had an estimated population of as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

Wellington Region had a population of 520,971 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 14,157 people (2.8%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 49,656 people (10.5%) since the 2013 census. There were 215,991 dwellings. The median age was 37.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 89,688 people (17.2%) aged under 15 years, 109,104 (20.9%) aged 15 to 29, 241,266 (46.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 80,913 (15.5%) aged 65 or older.

Wellington Region had a population of 506,814 at the 2018 New Zealand census. There were 185,382 households. There were 247,401 males and 259,413 females, giving a sex ratio of 0.95 males per female.

Of those at least 15 years old, 128,928 (31.2%) people had a bachelor or higher degree, and 55,359 (13.4%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 94,065 people (22.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 217,071 (52.6%) people were employed full-time, 58,725 (14.2%) were part-time, and 18,294 (4.4%) were unemployed.

Urban areas
Over three-quarters of the reside in the four cities at the southwestern corner. Other main centres of population are on the Kāpiti Coast and in the fertile farming areas close to the upper Ruamahanga River in the Wairarapa.

Along the Kāpiti Coast, numerous small towns sit close together, many of them occupying spaces close to popular beaches. From the north, these include Ōtaki, Waikanae, Paraparaumu, the twin settlements of Raumati Beach and Raumati South, Paekākāriki and Pukerua Bay, the latter being a northern suburb of Porirua. Each of these settlements has a population of between 2,000 and 10,000, making this moderately heavily populated.

In the Wairarapa the largest community by a considerable margin is Masterton, with a population of over 20,000. Other towns include Featherston, Martinborough, Carterton and Greytown.

Income and employment
The median income as of the 2018 census was $36,100. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 217,071 (52.6%) people were employed full-time, 58,725 (14.2%) were part-time, and 18,294 (4.4%) were unemployed.

Culture and identity
Ethnicities in the 2023 census were 72.6% European/Pākehā, 15.5% Māori, 9.1% Pasifika, 15.2% Asian, 2.3% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders, and 1.1% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

In 2018 the proportion of people born overseas was 26.9%, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people objected to giving their religion, 50.2% had no religion, 35.6% were Christian, 2.6% were Hindu, 1.1% were Muslim, 1.2% were Buddhist and 3.2% had other religions.

In the 2013 census, around 25.3 percent of the Wellington region's population was born overseas, second only to Auckland (39.1 percent) and on par with the New Zealand average (25.2 percent). The British Isles is the largest region of origin, accounting for 36.5 percent of the overseas-born population in the region. Significantly, the Wellington region is home to over half of New Zealand's Tokelauan-born population.

Catholicism was the largest Christian denomination in Wellington with 14.8 percent affiliating, while Anglicanism was the second-largest with 11.9 percent affiliating. Hinduism (2.4 percent) and Buddhism (1.6 percent) were the largest non-Christian religions in the 2013 census.

Museums
Key cultural institutions in the region include Te Papa in Wellington, the Dowse Art Museum in Lower Hutt, Pataka museum and gallery in Porirua.

Economy
The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of the Wellington region was estimated at NZ$39.00 billion in the year to March 2019, 12.9% of New Zealand's national GDP. The subnational GDP per capita was estimated at $74,251 in the same period, the highest of all New Zealand regions. In the year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $389 million (1.0%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $5.93 billion (15.9%), service industries contributed $27.84 billion (74.5%), and taxes and duties contributed $3.20 billion (8.6%).

Transport
Public transport in the region is well developed compared to other parts of New Zealand. It consists of buses, trains, cars, ferries and a funicular (the Wellington Cable Car). It also included trams until 1964 and trolleybuses until 2018. Buses and ferries are privately owned, with the infrastructure owned by public bodies, and public transport is often subsidised. The Regional Council is responsible for planning and subsidising public transport. The services are marketed under the name Metlink. Transdev Wellington operates the metropolitan train network, running from the Wellington CBD as far as Waikanae in the north and Masterton in the east. In the year to June 2015, 36.41 million trips were made by public transport with passengers travelling a combined 460.7 million kilometres, equal to 73 trips and 927 km per capita.

The Wellington region has the lowest rate of car ownership in New Zealand; 11.7 percent of households at the 2013 census did not have access to a car, compared to 7.9 percent for the whole of New Zealand. The number of households with more than one car is also the lowest: 44.4 percent compared to 54.5 percent nationally.

The main port in the region is located in Wellington Harbour. CentrePort Wellington manages cargo passing through the port including containers, logs, vehicles and other bulk cargo. Fuel imports are managed at wharves at Seaview and Miramar. The company also leases wharf facilities to the Interislander and Bluebridge ferry services which operate across Cook Strait between Wellington and Picton in the South Island, and it provides support for cruise ships that visit Wellington each year. CentrePort is majority-owned by Greater Wellington Regional Council, with a 77% shareholding.

Biodiversity
From 2005 to 2015 there has been increase in the variety and number of native forest bird species, as well as an increase in the range of areas inhabited by these species, in Greater Wellington.

The internationally recognised Ramsar estuarine wetlands site at Foxton Beach is of note as having one of the most diverse ranges of wetlands birds to be seen at any one place in New Zealand. A total of 95 species have been identified at the estuary. It is a significant area of salt marsh and mudflat and a valuable feeding ground for many birds including the migratory Eastern bar-tailed Godwit, which flies all the way from Siberia to New Zealand to escape the harsh northern winter. The estuary is also a permanent home to 13 species of birds, six species of fish and four plants species, all of which are threatened. It regularly supports about one percent of the world population of wrybills.

title: Wellington Region


text:
User talk:Microideate

How does one determine the answer to the question, "Enter number of hours your local time differs from server time (UTC)," which can be found on the "preference page." Thank you.

Well it depends on your time zone. -- Tarquin 20:28 Dec 31, 2002 (UTC)

title: User talk:Microideate