text:
Kodak Brownie

The Brownie was a series of camera models made by Eastman Kodak and first released in 1900.

It introduced the snapshot to the masses by addressing the cost factor which had meant that amateur photography remained beyond the means of many people; the Pocket Kodak for example would cost most families in Britain nearly a whole month's wages.

The Brownie was a basic cardboard box camera with a simple convex-concave lens that took $2 1/4$-inch square pictures on No. 117 roll film. It was conceived and marketed for sales of Kodak roll films. Because of its simple controls and initial price of US$1 along with the low price of Kodak roll film and processing, the Brownie camera surpassed its marketing goal.

Invention and etymology
It was invented by Frank A. Brownell for the Eastman Kodak Company. Named after the Brownie characters popularised by the Canadian writer Palmer Cox, the camera was initially aimed at children. Over 150,000 Brownie cameras were shipped in the first year of production, and cost a mere 5 shillings in the United Kingdom. An improved model, called No. 2 Brownie, came in 1901, which produced larger 3.25-by-2.25-inch (1.44:1 aspect ratio) photos, cost $2, and was also a huge success.

Initially marketed to children, with Kodak using them to popularise photography, it achieved broader appeal as people realised that, although very simple in design and operation, the Brownie could produce very good results under the right conditions.

As they were ubiquitous, many iconic shots were taken on Brownies; on 15 April 1912, Bernice Palmer used a Kodak Brownie 2A, Model A to photograph the iceberg that sank RMS Titanic as well as survivors hauled aboard RMS Carpathia, the ship on which Palmer was travelling. They were also taken to war by soldiers but by World War I the more compact Kodak Vest Pocket Camera as well as Kodak's Autographic Camera were the most frequently used.

Another group of people that became posthumously known for their huge photo archive is the Nicholas II of Russia family, especially its four daughters (known as the OTMA sisters). They even managed to make their Brownie models to produce many panoramic 4:1 photos (see Gallery).

Having written an article in the 1940s for amateur photographers suggesting an expensive camera was unnecessary for quality photography, Picture Post photographer Bert Hardy used a Brownie camera to stage a carefully posed snapshot of 17-year-old Pat Stewart, a Tiller Girls dancer, with her friend, Wendy Clarke, sitting on railings of North Pier, Blackpool, for the cover of Picture Post.

Varieties
The cameras continued to be popular, and spawned many varieties, such as a Boy Scout edition in the 1930s. In 1940, Kodak released the Six-20 Flash Brownie, Kodak's first internally synchronized flash camera, using General Electric bulbs. In 1957, Kodak produced the Brownie Starflash, Kodak's first camera with a built-in flash.

The Brownie 127 was popular, selling in the millions between 1952 and 1967. It was a bakelite camera with a simple meniscus lens and a curved film plane to compensate for the deficiencies of the lens. Another model was the Brownie Cresta sold between 1955 and 1958. It used 120 film and had a fixed-focus lens.

The last official Brownie camera made was the Brownie II Camera, a 110 cartridge film model produced in Brazil for one year, 1986.

The Kodak Brownie Number 2 is a box camera that was manufactured by the Eastman Kodak Company from 1901 to 1935. There were five models, A through F, and it was the first camera to use 120 film. It also came with a viewfinder and a handle. The Brownie Number 2 was made of a choice of three materials: cardboard, costing US$2.00, aluminum, costing US$2.75, and a color model which cost US$2.50. It was a very popular and affordable camera, and many are still in use by film photographers.

title: Kodak Brownie


text:
Supply

Supply or supplies may refer to:

 * The amount of a resource that is available
 * Supply (economics), the amount of a product which is available to customers
 * Materiel, the goods and equipment for a military unit to fulfill its mission
 * Supply, as in confidence and supply, the provision of funds for government expenditure

Places

 * Supply, North Carolina, an unincorporated community
 * Supply, Virginia, an unincorporated community

People with the name

 * Supply Belcher (1751–1836), early American composer of the First New England School

Ships

 * Supply-class fast combat support ship
 * Supply-class replenishment oiler
 * HMS Supply, eight ships of the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom
 * HMAS Supply, two ships of the Royal Australian Navy
 * USS Supply, four ships of the United States Navy

Other uses

 * "Supplies" (song), by Justin Timberlake, from his 2018 album Man of the Woods

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Supply


text:
Demand (disambiguation)

Demand is the desire to own something and the ability to pay for it.

Demand may also refer to:

Economics

 * Demand schedule, a table that lists the quantity of a good a person will buy it each different price
 * Demand curve, a graphical representation of a demand schedule
 * Demand pull theory, the theory that inflation occurs when demand for goods and services exceeds existing supplies
 * Demand-side economics, the school of economics that believes government spending and tax cuts strengthen the economy by raising demand
 * Demand deposit, the money in checking accounts

Other uses

 * Demand Media, an online media company
 * Demand (electrical engineering) the amount of electrical power being withdrawn from an electrical grid

title: Demand (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:New Kōmeitō Party

[Untitled]
I believe the affiliation between the Komeito party and Soka Gakkai has been stopped? Soka Gakkai still supports the movement, but there is no official connection (my understanding).

We'll look into it. The only obstacle is the burden of proof. JCB

No, I don't think so. Komeitou still sees itself as the political arm of Soka Gakkai. You have to be a member of the religion to join the party.

On the New Komeito homepage I think they make it fairly clear that the party and Soka Gakkai are seperate organizations. Also why is the name of this article the New Clean Government Party and not New Komeito? In all articles I've seen in English in Japan, New Komeito is used and the name the party uses on the above homepage is also New Komeito. The statement that New Komeito's aim is to institute a Buddhist democracy is also heavily POV and should be changed or justified. The comment about sending troops to Iraq while valid also sounds like POV. --Sekizaru 14:09, 30 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Komeito and Soka Gakkai affiliation
This 'affiliation' is simply that Soka Gakkai members like to vote people who have same kind of ideas, other Soka Gakkai members certainly have. But, Soka Gakkai have also endorsed some candidates form othet parties, LPD for example. And in this light I don't think membership in Soka Gakkai is requirement for Komeito candidacy.

Separation of Soka Gakkai and Komeito means that if you are candidate of Komeito, you can't hold responsibility position in Soka Gakkai. This has been so since -72 I think.

I would also still like to see where exactly Daisaku Ikeda has claimed that Komeito aims to establish ND as state religion, when Komeito is PRO freedom of religion. He has many times denied this, as well as Josei Toda.

Me too, I checked there website and there they deny it. If no sources come up I will soon remove that section. Garion96 12:41, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

In my research, I have found that, although there are frequent insinuations of this sort, in fact, there is no formal affiliation between Soka Gakkai and New Komeito, other than that they share similar views and aims. As such, Soka Gakkai frequently endorses its candidates in the same way that the National Rifle Association might endorse the Republican ticket, or Green Peace might endorse a Democratic candidate.

To best understand the goals and ambitions of Soka Gakkai and its international arm, Soka Gakai International, it is best to visit their website and see for yourself. There you will find, among other things, an explanation of their political involvement.

For example,here is an excerpt from a section of the Soka Gakkai website called For the Record :

''During post-World War II, Soka Gakkai's rapid growth as a movement promoting self-empowerment among the poorer sectors of Japanese society caused alarm in circles of power and in more traditional schools of Buddhism....The motivations for entering the political field were: (1) to protect the constitutional safeguard of freedom of religion and ensure that the state would never again use religion to infringe people's freedoms or justify war; (2) to represent ordinary men and women in a political system dominated by the interests of either big business or huge labor unions; and (3) to tackle government corruption and bring an ethical perspective into the Japanese political domain.  It is the explicit policy of Soka Gakkai International organizations outside Japan that they will not involve themselves in politics. ... and this:

''As the number of local and national legislators endorsed by Soka Gakkai rose, they came to wield a certain influence in Japanese politics. Wishing to fulfill their political and social responsibilities, they established the Komeito ("clean government") party in 1964. The Komeito is a centrist party solely responsible for its own fundraising without financial support from the Soka Gakkai organization."

''Today, Soka Gakkai in Japan, like many other major Japanese religious organizations, endorses candidates. But Soka Gakkai does not provide any financial backing to the candidates or their political parties.

And finally, their Charter of Soka Gakkai International states it quite plainly:

"The Soka Gakkai of Japan is one of the constituent Soka Gakkai International (SGI) organizations and shares the SGI's commitment to peace, culture and education based on Nichiren Daishonin's Buddhism. It adheres to the SGI Charter which confirms the ideals of world citizenship, freedom of religion, and tolerance and respect for other religions."

What is interesting is how this peaceful Buddhist lay organization for peace, an outgrowth of centuries year old religion, has managed to grow from only a few hundred thousand practitioners in Japan to one including millions of Japanese, and millions more (12 million total, according to their website) from over 190 different countries in just 70 some odd years. During its history, it has faced all manner of accusation, slander, denigration, and suspicion -- yet its membership continues to grow, and is as diverse as that of the Earth itself. --151.198.99.71 16:59, 27 September 2005 (UTC)

"New Clean Government"
Counting Google hits for (1) "New Komeito", (2) "New Komeito Party", (3) "New Clean Government", (4) NKP, based on domain restrictions.

 * komei.or.jp: 39,000, 3, 0, 0
 * asahi.com: 196, 2, 0, 0
 * cnn.com: 122, 74, 1, 0
 * news.bbc.co.uk: 90, 70, 0, 0
 * nytimes.com: 26, 16, 0, 0

(Note that the "to" in Komeito means "party".)

So whoever started this "New Clean Government Party" thing on Wikipedia successfully fooled CNN into using that name once. Congratulations!! —Tokek 14:44, 10 March 2006 (UTC)

I have to change all reference to "Clean Government Party" back to "Komeito"
Japanese version of New Komeito website

It officially said the English name of the party to be "New Komeito." Who made up the "New Clean Government Party" name...? Hence I have to change to prevent any confusion. Samuel Curtis 18:29, 29 June 2006 (UTC)

Reference to Japanese Communist Party as coalition partner
I would like to point out a potential error in this article. I cut and paste an email posted on NBR (National Bureau of Asian Research) email "Japan Forum". The writer of this email was responding to a cut and paste I took from the wikipedia on New Komeito. I delete his name, but I would guess that he is among the top ten of Americans famous as "Japan expert" based on long residence in Japan. I believe he worked as a newspaperman.

Quoting

Mr. Ames' posting of what the Wikipedia says about the New Komeito Party is a good exhibit of why Wikipedia should not be relied upon as a source for accurate information. I don't have enough time to correct all the errors in this brief posting but to mention just the most preposterous one -- the Communist Party was NOT part of the coalition Wikipedia cites as follows:

> in 1993, when the LDP was for the first time declared an opposition party, the Komeito became one of the ruling parties, headed by the liberal Japan Renewal Party, but which also included the Japanese Communist Party, Japan New Party , the New Party Sakigake , and the Japan Socialist Party. <

title: Talk:New Kōmeitō Party


text:
Audio feedback

Audio feedback (also known as acoustic feedback, simply as feedback) is a positive feedback situation that may occur when an acoustic path exists between an audio output (for example, a loudspeaker) and its audio input (for example, a microphone or guitar pickup). In this example, a signal received by the microphone is amplified and passed out of the loudspeaker. The sound from the loudspeaker can then be received by the microphone again, amplified further, and then passed out through the loudspeaker again. The frequency of the resulting howl is determined by resonance frequencies in the microphone, amplifier, and loudspeaker, the acoustics of the room, the directional pick-up and emission patterns of the microphone and loudspeaker, and the distance between them. The principles of audio feedback were first discovered by Danish scientist Søren Absalon Larsen, hence it is also known as the Larsen effect.

Feedback is almost always considered undesirable when it occurs with a singer's or public speaker's microphone at an event using a sound reinforcement system or PA system. Audio engineers typically use directional microphones with cardioid pickup patterns and various electronic devices, such as equalizers and, since the 1990s, automatic feedback suppressors, to prevent feedback, which detracts from the audience's enjoyment of the event and may damage equipment or hearing.

Since the 1960s, electric guitar players in rock music bands using loud guitar amplifiers, speaker cabinets and distortion effects have intentionally created guitar feedback to create different sounds including long sustained tones that cannot be produced using standard playing techniques. The sound of guitar feedback is considered to be a desirable musical effect in heavy metal music, hardcore punk and grunge. Jimi Hendrix was an innovator in the intentional use of guitar feedback in his guitar solos to create unique musical sounds.

History and theory
The conditions for feedback follow the Barkhausen stability criterion, namely that, with sufficiently high gain, a stable oscillation can (and usually will) occur in a feedback loop whose frequency is such that the phase delay is an integer multiple of 360 degrees and the gain at that frequency is equal to 1. If the small-signal gain is greater than 1 for some frequency then the system will start to oscillate at that frequency because noise at that frequency will be amplified. Sound will be produced without anyone actually playing. The sound level will increase until the output starts clipping, reducing the loop gain to exactly unity. This is the principle upon which electronic oscillators are based; in that case, although the feedback loop is purely electronic, the principle is the same. If the gain is large but slightly less than 1, then ringing will be introduced, but only when at least some input sound is already being sent through the system.

Early academic work on acoustical feedback was done by Dr. C. Paul Boner. Boner was responsible for establishing basic theories of acoustic feedback, room-ring modes, and room-sound system equalizing techniques. Boner reasoned that when feedback happened, it did so at one precise frequency. He also reasoned that it could be stopped by inserting a very narrow notch filter at that frequency in the loudspeaker's signal chain. He worked with Gifford White, founder of White Instruments to hand craft notch filters for specific feedback frequencies in specific rooms.

Distance
To maximize gain before feedback, the amount of sound energy that is fed back to the microphones must be reduced as much as is practical. As sound pressure falls off with 1/r with respect to the distance r in free space, or up to a distance known as reverberation distance in closed spaces (and the energy density with 1/r²), it is important to keep the microphones at a large enough distance from the speaker systems. As well, microphones should not be positioned in front of speakers and individuals using mics should be asked to avoid pointing the microphone at speaker enclosures.

Directivity
Additionally, the loudspeakers and microphones should have non-uniform directivity and should stay out of the maximum sensitivity of each other, ideally in a direction of cancellation. Public address speakers often achieve directivity in the mid and treble region (and good efficiency) via horn systems. Sometimes the woofers have a cardioid characteristic.

Professional setups circumvent feedback by placing the main speakers away from the band or artist, and then having several smaller speakers known as monitors pointing back at each band member, but in the opposite direction to that in which the microphones are pointing taking advantage of microphones with a cardioid pickup pattern which are common in sound reinforcement applications. This configuration reduces the opportunities for feedback and allows independent control of the sound pressure levels for the audience and the performers.

Frequency response
Almost always, the natural frequency response of a sound reinforcement systems is not ideally flat as this leads to acoustical feedback at the frequency with the highest loop gain, which may be a resonance with much higher than the average gain over all frequencies. It is therefore helpful to apply some form of equalization to reduce the gain at this frequency.

Feedback can be reduced manually by ringing out a sound system prior to a performance. The sound engineer can increase the level of a microphone until feedback occurs. The engineer can then attenuate the relevant frequency on an equalizer preventing feedback at that frequency but allowing sufficient volume at other frequencies. Many professional sound engineers can identify feedback frequencies by ear but others use a real-time analyzer to identify the ringing frequency.

To avoid feedback, automatic feedback suppressor can be used. Some of these work by shifting the frequency slightly, with this upshift resulting in a chirp-sound instead of a howling sound of unaddressed feedback. Other devices use sharp notch filters to filter out offending frequencies. Adaptive algorithms are often used to automatically tune these notch filters.

Deliberate uses
To intentionally create feedback, an electric guitar player needs a guitar amplifier with very high gain (amplification) or the guitar brought near the speaker. The guitarist then allows the strings to vibrate freely and brings the guitar close to the loudspeaker of the guitar amp. The use of distortion effects units adds additional gain and facilitates the creation of intentional feedback.

Early examples in popular music
A deliberate use of acoustic feedback was pioneered by blues and rock 'n' roll guitarists such as Willie Johnson, Johnny Watson and Link Wray. According to AllMusic's Richie Unterberger, the very first use of feedback on a commercial rock record is the introduction of the song "I Feel Fine" by the Beatles, recorded in 1964. Jay Hodgson agrees that this feedback created by John Lennon leaning a semi-acoustic guitar against an amplifier was the first chart-topper to showcase feedback distortion. The Who's 1965 hits "Anyway, Anyhow, Anywhere" and "My Generation" featured feedback manipulation by Pete Townshend, with an extended solo in the former and the shaking of his guitar in front of the amplifier to create a throbbing noise in the latter. Canned Heat's "Fried Hockey Boogie" also featured guitar feedback produced by Henry Vestine during his solo to create a highly amplified distorted boogie style of feedback. In 1963, the teenage Brian May and his father custom-built his signature guitar Red Special, which was purposely designed to feed back.

Feedback was used extensively after 1965 by the Monks, Jefferson Airplane, the Velvet Underground and the Grateful Dead, who included in many of their live shows a segment named Feedback, a several-minute long feedback-driven improvisation. Feedback has since become a striking characteristic of rock music, as electric guitar players such as Jeff Beck, Pete Townshend, Dave Davies, Steve Marriott and Jimi Hendrix deliberately induced feedback by holding their guitars close to the amplifier's speaker. An example of feedback can be heard on Hendrix's performance of "Can You See Me?" at the Monterey Pop Festival. The entire guitar solo was created using amplifier feedback. Jazz guitarist Gábor Szabó was one of the earliest jazz musicians to use controlled feedback in his music, which is prominent on his live album The Sorcerer (1967). Szabó's method included the use of a flat-top acoustic guitar with a magnetic pickup. Lou Reed created his album Metal Machine Music (1975) entirely from loops of feedback played at various speeds.

Introductions, transitions, and fade-outs
In addition to "I Feel Fine", feedback was used on the introduction to songs including Jimi Hendrix's "Foxy Lady", the Beatles' "It's All Too Much", Hendrix's "Crosstown Traffic", David Bowie's "Little Wonder", the Strokes's "New York City Cops", Ben Folds Five's "Fair", Midnight Juggernauts's "Road to Recovery", Nirvana's "Radio Friendly Unit Shifter", the Jesus and Mary Chain's "Tumbledown" and "Catchfire", the Stone Roses's "Waterfall", Porno for Pyros's "Tahitian Moon", Tool's "Stinkfist", and the Cure's "Prayer For Rain". Examples of feedback combined with a quick volume swell used as a transition include Weezer's "My Name Is Jonas" and "Say It Ain't So"; The Strokes' "Reptilia", "New York City Cops", and "Juicebox"; Dream Theater's "As I Am"; as well as numerous tracks by Meshuggah and Tool.

Cacophonous feedback fade-outs ending a song are most often used to generate rather than relieve tension, often cross-faded too after a thematic and musical release. Examples include Modwheelmood's remix of Nine Inch Nail's "The Great Destroyer"; and the Jesus and Mary Chain's "Teenage Lust", "Tumbledown", "Catchfire", "Sundown", and "Frequency".

Examples in modern classical music
Though closed circuit feedback was a prominent feature in many early experimental electronic music compositions, intentional acoustic feedback as sound material gained more prominence with compositions such as John Cage's Variations II (1961) performed by David Tudor and Robert Ashley's The Wolfman (1964). Steve Reich makes extensive use of audio feedback in his work Pendulum Music (1968) by swinging a series of microphones back and forth in front of their corresponding amplifiers. Hugh Davies and Alvin Lucier  both use feedback in their works. Roland Kayn based much of his compositional oeuvre, which he termed "cybernetic music," on audio systems incorporating feedback. More recent examples can be found in the work of, for example, Lara Stanic, Paul Craenen,  Anne Wellmer,  Adam Basanta, Lesley Flanigan,  Ronald Boersen and Erfan Abdi.

Pitched feedback
Pitched melodies may be created entirely from feedback by changing the angle between a guitar and amplifier after establishing a feedback loop. Examples include Tool's "Jambi", Robert Fripp's guitar on David Bowie's "Heroes" (album version), and Jimi Hendrix's "Third Stone from the Sun" and his live performance of "Wild Thing" at the Monterey Pop Festival.

Regarding Fripp's work on "Heroes": "Fripp [stood] in the right place with his volume up at the right level and getting feedback...Fripp had a technique in those days where he measured the distance between the guitar and the speaker where each note would feed back. For instance, an 'A' would feed back maybe at about four feet from the speaker, whereas a 'G' would feed back maybe three and a half feet from it. He had a strip that they would place on the floor, and when he was playing the note 'F' sharp he would stand on the strip's 'F' sharp point and 'F' sharp would feed back better. He really worked this out to a fine science, and we were playing this at a terrific level in the studio, too."

Contemporary uses
Audio feedback became a signature feature of many underground rock bands during the 1980s. American noise-rockers Sonic Youth melded the rock-feedback tradition with a compositional and classical approach (notably covering Reich's "Pendulum Music"), and guitarist/producer Steve Albini's group Big Black also worked controlled feedback into the makeup of their songs. With the alternative rock movement of the 1990s, feedback again saw a surge in popular usage by suddenly mainstream acts like Nirvana, the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Rage Against the Machine and the Smashing Pumpkins. The use of the "no-input-mixer" method for sound generation by feeding a mixing console back into itself has been adopted in experimental electronic and noise music by practitioners such as Toshimaru Nakamura.

Devices
The principle of feedback is used in many guitar sustain devices. Examples include handheld devices like the EBow, built-in guitar pickups that increase the instrument's sonic sustain, and sonic transducers mounted on the head of a guitar. Intended closed-circuit feedback can also be created by an effects unit, such as a delay pedal or effect fed back into a mixing console. The feedback can be controlled by using the fader to determine a volume level. The Boss DF-2 Super Feedbacker and Distortion pedal is an electronic effect unit that helps electric guitarists create feedback effects. The halldorophone is an electro-acoustic string instrument specifically made to work with string based feedback.

title: Audio feedback


text:
Bokn

Bokn is a municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Haugaland. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Føresvik, the only urban area in Bokn. Other villages in Bokn include Arsvågen, Trosnavåg, and Loten. The island municipality is mostly located on the three islands of Ognøya, Vestre Bokn, and Austre Bokn. All three main islands are connected to the mainland via a network of bridges.

The 47 km2 municipality is the 348th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Bokn is the 341st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 868. The municipality's population density is 19.5 PD/km2 and its population has increased by 0.3% over the previous ten-year period.

General information
The municipality of Bokn (historically spelled Bukken) was established in 1849 when it was separated from the large municipality of Skudenes. Initially, Bokn had 1,035 residents. The borders of Bokn have not changed since that time.

Name
The municipality (originally the parish) is named after the islands of Austre Bokn and Vestre Bokn (Bókn). The meaning of the name is uncertain. It is possible that the word was derived from the Old High German word bouchen which means "sea mark" or "beacon", possibly referring to the local mountain that was a navigational mark for boats. Before 1889, the name was spelled "Bukken".

Coat of arms
The coat of arms was granted on 8 August 1986. The official blazon is "Azure, six plates, one over two over three" (På blå grunn seks sølv myntar, 1-2-3). This means the arms have a blue field (background) and the charge is a set of six circles. The set of circles has a tincture of argent which means it is commonly colored white, but if it is made out of metal, then silver is used. The blue background represents the sea and the set of six circles represent coins, which symbolize the richness from the sea since it is an island municipality and therefore dependent on fishing and sailing. The six circles are set in a triangle to symbolize a cairn, representing the fact that the island was historically used as a sea mark for sailors. The municipal flag has the same design as the coat of arms.

Churches
The Church of Norway has one parish (sokn) within the municipality of Bokn. It is part of the Haugaland prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Stavanger.

Buildings and structures
There is a 168 m tall guyed mast for FM-/TV-broadcasting at located at 59.22016°N, 5.42828°W.

Geography
The island municipality of Bokn is located on the northern side of the Boknafjorden, at the southern end of the Karmsundet strait. The island of Karmøy lies to the west and the mainland of Tysvær is located to the northeast. The island municipality of Kvitsøy lies south of Bokn and the island municipality of Rennesøy lies to the southeast of Bokn.

Bokn is one of the smallest municipalities in Rogaland, consisting of three main islands: Ognøya, Austre Bokn, and Vestre Bokn. There are also some smaller, uninhabited islands surrounding the main islands.

The islands are rugged with many small hills with small lakes in the valleys. The hills are largely covered with heather, but bushes and trees are increasingly competing, especially birch. The highest point is the 297 m high Boknafjellet, a small mountain on Vestre Bokn island.

Government
Bokn Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Haugaland og Sunnhordland District Court and the Gulating Court of Appeal.

Municipal council
The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Bokn is made up of 17 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.

Mayors
The mayors (ordfører) of Bokn:

 * 1849–1851: Lars Rasmusson Loden
 * 1852–1853: Daniel Larsson Trosnavåg
 * 1854–1855: Kristoffer Larsson Øvrabø
 * 1856–1857: Ingebrigt Ingebrigtsson Laupland
 * 1858–1865: Lars Rasmusson Loden
 * 1866–1867: Bjørn Torbjørnsson Nerabø
 * 1868–1869: Torgils Olsson Alvestad
 * 1870–1873: Valentin Tormodsson Våga
 * 1874–1885: Kristoffer Perdersson Vatnaland
 * 1886–1910: Jakob Pedersson Torland
 * 1911–1913: Gabriel Dybing
 * 1914–1916: Jakob Hognaland
 * 1917–1919: Gabriel Dybing
 * 1920–1922: Martin Jøsang
 * 1923–1925: Julius Håland
 * 1925–1934: Elisæus Vatnaland (Bp)
 * 1935–1937: Julius Håland
 * 1938–1941: Jens L. Vatnaland (Bp)
 * 1942–1945: Tønnes Bryningsland (NS)
 * 1945–1945: Jens L. Vatnaland (Bp)
 * 1946–1947: Monrad Alvestad (Ap)
 * 1948–1951: Helge Alvestad
 * 1952–1955: Osmund S. Våga (Bp)
 * 1956–1963: Jens L. Vatnaland (Sp)
 * 1964–1969: Ingolf Kro (Sp)
 * 1970–1971: Sigvart Våga (Sp)
 * 1972–1975: Leif Vatnaland (Sp)
 * 1978–1979: Ingolf Kro (Sp)
 * 1980–1981: Leif Vatnaland (Sp)
 * 1982–1983: Arne Øvrebø (H)
 * 1984–1995: Leif Vatnaland (Sp)
 * 1995–1999: Sigrunn Hole Hosaas (Sp)
 * 1999–2007: Svein Ove Alvestad (H)
 * 2007–2015: Kyrre Lindanger (Ap)
 * 2015–2019: Tormod Våga (Sp)
 * 2019–2023: Osmund Våga (Sp)
 * 2023-present: Egil Våge (Sp)

Transportation
The three islands of Bokn are now linked via bridges to Tysvær municipality on the mainland. These bridges are part of the European route E39 highway and they are part of the main coastal highway between the cities of Stavanger and Bergen. There is a ferry connection southward across the Boknafjorden to Rennesøy which is connected by road to Stavanger. The planned Rogfast undersea tunnel will directly connect both sides of the Boknafjorden from Stavanger to Bokn, with a planned completion date of 2023.

Economy
Apart from a factory producing various tanks made of glassfiber-reinforced plastic (Bokn Plast), there is no industry on the islands other than some fish farming. People have traditionally lived off fishing and farming, but more recently, some work has been in the North Sea petroleum industry. Tourism is likely to play a bigger part in the future.

Notable people

 * Asbjørn Kloster (1823 in Vestre Bokn – 1876), a social reformer, minister, teacher, publisher, and leader of the Norwegian temperance movement
 * Lars Elisæus Vatnaland (1892 in Bokn – 1983), a Norwegian politician and Mayor of Bokn municipality from 1925 to 1934

title: Bokn


text:
Talk:Geodesy

GA nomination
This article is about geodesy - the science of measuring the earth and other planets and their moons. Its main purpose is to collect data reliably for mapping, navigation, natural resources exploration, and scientific research. Geodesy is so important that virtually entire world depends on it in everyday activities, from positioning and transportation to timing and trade. Tinterest (talk) 01:32, 7 February 2024 (UTC)

Merge Physical geodesy into Geodesy
These pages seem highly redundant and both have templates calling for more sources. By merging them together, it could be possible to improve the source situation. GeogSage ( ⚔Chat?⚔ ) 17:55, 20 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Geodesy


text:
Vise (disambiguation)

A vise (also spelled vice) is a mechanical screw apparatus.

Vise, Visé or VISE may also refer to:

Places

 * Visé, Belgium

People
People with the surname Vise:
 * Brittany Vise (born 1987), retired American pair skater
 * David A. Vise (21st century), American journalist
 * Hollie Vise (born 1987), American gymnast
 * Tiffany Vise (born 1986), American pair skater

Other uses

 * The Vise, an anthology mystery television series, aired 1954–1955
 * The Vise (1955 TV series), also The Vise: Mark Saber, a mystery drama television series
 * Miami Vise, a defunct AFL team
 * Venus In-Situ Explorer (VISE), a space probe

title: Vise (disambiguation)


text:
The Milky Way (amusement park)

The Milky Way Adventure Park (Downland Farm) is an amusement park in North Devon. It was named as Devon's Large Attraction of the Year by Visit Devon in 2023/24 and as one of the UK's best amusement parks by Trip Advisor every year since 2015 in their Travellers Choice Awards. The Milky Way park has over 110,000 sq ft of indoor and outdoor activities.

The Milky Way park has roller coasters, adventure rides, indoor dodgems, bouncing pillows, exhibition of Sci-Fi memorabilia (including Star Wars and Doctor Who costumes), a mini-train, birds of prey displays, archery, and huge indoor soft-play areas for all ages. It also runs a daily programme of shows, with some featuring Merlin from Britain's Got Talent.

Its soft-play centre, Little Stars, opened in 2014. It is designed specifically for children aged 0–6 and has areas set aside exclusively for those aged 0–3 and 0-6 ,including a sensory room for babies.

History
On 1 April 1984, changes to European Union milk quotas resulted in the Stanburys' successful dairy farm and cattle dealing business collapsing almost overnight, through no fault of their own. Trevor and Christine Stanbury made the decision to diversify, and opened the farm to the public three months later on the 1st of July. Over the years, the family have transformed the farm into an all weather adventure park with the addition of various attractions, rides and shows.

In 2007, Trevor Stanbury was awarded a MBE for his services to tourism in southwest England. In 2009, he said he was keen to promote businesses in the area as he felt the most qualified of workers in Devon tended to move away.

In 2015, the park opened The Old Barn, a DIY wedding venue in a converted 17th century barn located on the edge of the site. In 2016, the park was listed by Tripadvisor as one of the ten best amusement parks in Britain.

Attractions
The park organises events all year round. These include an annual Santa's Grotto. In 2015, the theme park started offering weddings in the ground, complete with rides on dodgems.

The Lynbarn Railway is a narrow gauge railway inside the park's grounds. It is a renovation of the old Lynton and Barnstaple Railway and uses coaches that were previously used in Thorpe Park. The park also has the cosmic typhoon roller coaster, cosmic caterpillar roller coaster and ziggy's blast quest, a unique mix of a dark ride and rollercoaster.

title: The Milky Way (amusement park)


text:
Talk:Phenotype

Untitled
Can anyone explain how the epigenome affects the way the genotype translates to the phenotype?

Who defined what a phenotype is ?
"...A phenotype is any observable characteristic of an organism, such as its morphology, development, biochemical or physiological properties, or behavior..." And who is the person that says so?

Put a bunch of marbles in a bag. Pick one out without looking at it. Would this be a random selection or a selection at random ? It would be a selection at random but the intent is that consciousness is involved. Usually the symbol string "random" is not associated with consciousness. Likewise what is the intent with phenotype, if random can be both used in a sentence with either the intent of purposelessness and purpose then imagine the fun you can have with this undefined word phenotype. What is the concept with the word 'random', 'fitness', 'genotype' and 'selection' as used in sentences? The concept or Pragmatics is the issue and only conscious beings can have concepts. TongueSpeaker (talk) 18:02, 29 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Curt Stern, Principles of Human Genetics, W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, CA, USA, 1950, p. 36:

"...helps us in gaining an insight into the interrelation between genes and 'characters', which is an important aspect of human genetics. A 'character' or trait may be defined as any observable feature of the developing or the fully developed individual: A biochemical property, a cellular form or process, an anatomical structure, an organ function, or a mental characteristic. The genic content of the nuclei of a given individual and his 'external' appearance are obviously different concepts. The word 'external' signifies that the characters are derived from genic action. They are removed from the genes by at least one and, often, numerous steps. For the genetic constitution, the term genotype has been coined; for the external appearance, the term phenotype is used."
 * Hope this helps. Unfortunately, Stern does not provide a reference for the definition of "phenotype", but this is the oldest mention I have found. This quote should also explain the query below about the ABO blood groups: the A and B antigens (or their absence in O) are at least one step removed from the A, B, and O alleles of the I gene. (See the ABO article for more details). --Crusio (talk) 19:51, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Merge proposal
Please discuss merger at Talk:Trait

Resolved Discussion: added to article
Phenotype can be easily summarised as

PHENOTYPE = GENOTYPE + ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
 * Who is the individual that has formally established this? Theories are always formally established, ask Newton and Maxwell.TongueSpeaker (talk) 17:47, 1 November 2008 (UTC)

It would be misleading to say that the phenotype is coded solely by the genotype. The effect of environmental factors on the phenotype can be difficult to assess and can vary widely according to which phenotype you are examining but are still essential in determining every phenotype.

Without sufficient warmth, water or light, plants will fail to grow normally regardless of genotype. Thalidomide victims have a normal genotype, but because of an environmental factor (the presence of thalidomide) they have an unfortunate abnormal phenotype. In the case of some animals, sex determination relies upon environmental factors.

Kurzon (03 May 2005) - I don't quite like that equation, as it can be a bit misleading: one could mistakenly think that the phenotype is merely the genotype and environmental factors considered simultaneously, not their consequence for the organism. It's not a big issue - I think most readers will get it - but is there a better way of expressing this? Perhaps an arrow ( -> ) like in chemistry equations in place of the equals sign?

You could say instead that phenotype is a function of genotype and environmental factors. Also, the "nuanced" version including "random variation" might be misleading. Isn't such "random" variation due to environmental factors which are difficult to track? -- Alan McBeth 15:57, 21 October 2005 (UTC)

Total Lack of understanding
Can someone please give an example of phenotypes or a simpler explanation. Having read this articial a few times i still am very unclear what a phenotype is. Is it just random variation between features. dont all animials display this ? (Gnevin 21:44, 26 April 2006 (UTC))
 * The definition is blurred. A phenotype is not a trait: a phenotype manifests a set of traits. "The phenotype of an individual organism is either its total physical appearance and constitution or a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size, eye color..." Not exactly. Wouldn't the following be more correct?
 * "The phenotype of an individual organism is its total physical appearance and constitution; a specific manifestation of a trait, such as size, eye color... is phenotypical, that is typical of the individual."--Wetman 14:24, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

 * This phenotype nonsense is just a means to help evolutionists formulate their endless http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tautology_(rhetoric). All the article says is that :"...Animals have characteristics.." - which is a Truism. Of course they do, but that doesn't mean monkeys gave birth to humans, which is what evolutionists are trying to say. The words Genotype,Allele and Phenotype are undefined, you can associate any concept you want with it. And like I explained on the Tautology article the issue is the concept you have and not the symbol string itself such as phenotype. What is your concept with phenotype, what are evolutionists really to convince people of? —Preceding unsigned comment added by TongueSpeaker (talk • contribs) 11:54, 3 November 2008 (UTC)
 * I know a geneticist using the expressions "phenotype" etc. and who is a creationist (they're rare, but they exist). You're discussion really is not pertinent here. --Crusio (talk) 12:18, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

NPOV?
User 201.231.161.9 added the Neutrality Disputed flag but (as you can see) there's nothing here about the issue. Consider the dispute started I suppose! If I don't get some feedback I guess I'll delete the flag. I'm happy to leave it up if there is a dispute but it's a not really useful when there isn't. Shayno 16:48, 4 November 2006 (UTC) (Signed retrospectively!)
 * A familiar joke. With minimal effort they can make everyone scurry around. --Wetman 14:24, 13 January 2007 (UTC)

Definition
We need a more rigorous definition with a citation - does phenotype include something like dying one's hair (physical appearance) or does the trait have to be caused by one's genes? Richard001 04:01, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * How do you like the first section now - I even added a reference. The definition of phenotype doesn't have to be as complex as most of this page makes it out to be. You'll notice that "eye color" is not an example of a phenotype in this definition but "blue eyes" is. Dr d12 15:52, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * dying one's hair a color should be considered a phenotype, absolutely. Consider if a bird used natural pigments to change its feather colors - biologists would eat this up as a "complex behavioral phenotype." Debivort 16:54, 12 May 2007 (UTC)
 * LoL that is BRILLIANT Richard001/Debivort! I had just added the diagram from the Genotype article to clarify the relationship of Pheno/Genotype but maybe a good photo of a punk with a bright pink mohican would be a good addition too (off to source one!).  IMO the picture of bivalve shells is interesting but doesn't really help very much to clarify the difference, if you don't already understand it.  The phenotype seems a quite superficial thing (sic) compared to the genotype, having no greater significance that in growing a bonsai tree, or clipping a poodle, or growing a cubic watermelon. LookingGlass (talk) 04:48, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * Well, just to be clearer, a phenotype does need to be caused by the genome/epigenome. My bird example (from 2007) wasn't explicit, but I was imagining that the pigmenting behavior was under genetic control. As for phenotype being more or less important than genotype - it is the phenotype that determines fitness, and hence evolution. Hard not to consider it the most important. de Bivort 05:06, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * That is NOT being clearer Debivort but completely changing your stance! To be clear, you originally wrote: "dying one's hair a color should be considered a phenotype, absolutely.". To then suggest that phenotypes are "caused by the genome/epigenome" is to make the two terms synonymous or to create a tautology that renders the term phenotype redundant.  If all variations are "caused by the genome/epigenome" then that is the end of the story.  Dying one's hair is only "caused by the genome/epigenome" if you adopt a strict deterministic philosophy, in which case nothing is not "caused by the genome/epigenome".  However, if phenotype refers to the development of an organism in response to its environment, either prebirth in the form of a teratogenic change or post birth, both having no trans-generational impact on DNA, then neither results in an heditary trait and so does not have an evolutionary (DNA driven) impact such as you suggest but simply a possible impact on population. LookingGlass (talk) 07:58, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * A phenotype is the sum total of observable characteristics (traits) of an organism. Whether such traits are heritable or not is irrelevant. Dyed hair and blood groups are both observable characteristics. In fact, so are gene expression levels and I have seen research where genetic analyses of gene expression levels were carried out. --Randykitty (talk) 08:55, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * So, couldn't this be made clearer in the article? LookingGlass (talk) 10:57, 23 April 2013 (UTC)

Phenotype is not a trait
This page is at present a mixture of accurate and inaccurate parts. Most seriously, the intro section is wrong in saying that traits like blue eyes are phenotypes. They are not: they are aspects or parts of the phenotype. Neither is it true to suggest that characters need to be measureable; they need to be distinguishable.

So I'm going to try to at least make the intro more accurate. Macdonald-ross 17:10, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Is the blood group really considered a phenotype? By the definition of this page it is very misleading - please change this example or augment the definitionLimaye (talk) 19:44, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
 * Could you elaborate further? GlobeGores (talk page | user page) 15:59, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

 * What do you mean? How is it not a trait? https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780642215.0598 Chamaemelum (talk) 19:09, 15 June 2023 (UTC)

genotype + environment → phenotype
genotype + environment → phenotype This formula can easily be understood as

genotype + environment = phenotype

by the general reader despite of the arrow. Therefore it is misleading, so it should not be placed at all. What does it contribute to the knowledge, except misunderstanding?--Wickey-nl (talk) 19:50, 1 May 2008 (UTC)

Are humans magically free from phenotypes?
Just curious. 184.96.230.182 (talk) 02:10, 24 November 2011 (UTC)
 * The lead refers to "organisms". Last I heard, that included humans. --Crusio (talk) 02:15, 24 November 2011 (UTC)

Thalidomide
I find the difference between teratogentic and mutagenic properties confusing. As far as I understand it, in the case of thalidomide for instance, the DNA of the embryo is affected causing birth defects which persist in the affected individual. It seems then, that while the original "starting" genotype might be the same as at the moment of conception, it is altered/maladapted/corrupted by the drug prior to birth. The "altered genotype" at birth would appear therefore to be different to the one at the moment of conception, so while in some hypothetical manner two children could be born with the identical genotype at conception their genomes might be different at birth. However it appears from the case of Thalidomide that this revised/deformed genome would not be hereditary, or its deformation would not be. Could someone clarify how a pre-birth phenotype change via the DNA is possible without it being a genetic change that becomes hereditary ie mutagenic? I might accept more easily, that as there is no evidence of second generation defects (yet?), there is no mutagenic affect if the mechanism could be clarified by which mutagenic action, ie the effect of a substance on the DNA of a cell and therefore of its replication, comes to be isolated from the formation of gametes and therefore becomes non-hereditary. Can anyone clarify? Is it that the teratogenic affect of thalidomide does not affect the gametes but rather specific cells in the embryo (which are not stem cells?)? LookingGlass (talk) 05:53, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

 * Oops, I think this paper answers my question: [Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer].  Might the article benefit from adding something about this? LookingGlass (talk) 06:03, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

Does anyone consider learned behavior to be a phenotype?
I suppose there are cases wherea behavior is a phenotype (FAPs, reflex), but is a learned behavior a phenotype? Mrdthree (talk) 15:37, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * Anything that can be measured is a phenotype. Different inbred strains of mice show vastly different capacities for learning and memory, for example, and many genetic analyses are done trying to uncover the genetic bases of those differences. Geneticists do genetic analyses of basically everything, including, for example, political preference and tendency to have a divorce. --Randykitty (talk) 17:29, 17 May 2014 (UTC)
 * I think that gets more into the idea of nature versus nurture. Although genetics can effect an organisms ability to learn, I think from genetics people are more inclined to certain behavior. There are definitely genetics that make you more likely to get angry or to effect your intelegence, but I don't think it would be considered a phenotype. If we stick with the definition of phenotype described in the rest of the talk page, then it is how your genes are expressed and effected by the environment. Like if your mom has anger issues and your dad doesn't, it is not inherited the same way as a physical disease.  Certain behaviors don't have a proven genetic element.  It is much more environmental.  I would say learned behavior is more nuture than nature, but a link to another page about nature versus nurture or learned behavior and genetics could be useful. --Mjb15f (talk) 13:07, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

Definition of Phenotype
The definition of phenotype as "the composite of an organism's observable characteristics or traits" is very unhelpful. This definition would seem to imply that it is impossible to specify a phenotype because there is no way you can know _all_ of an organisms observable traits. It would also seem to imply that there are as many phenotypes in a species as there are individuals within that species. Another brief section of the article talks about the difficulty in defining phenotype, and I think that section needs to be considerably expanded. In fact, based on my unsuccessful attempts at finding a useful and consistent definition of phenotype somewhere on the internet, and my discovery of this youtube video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdI2rtzGgEA, I think that if this article were to do the concept justice, the section on 'problems with definition' would have to cover around 80% or more of the article. In any case, the best way to start would be to go through the article and drop any definition that clearly *could not* be a useful definition of phenotype, starting with the definition found at the beginning of the article. In its current state, I don't think a layperson can really develop a useful notion of the concept of phenotype from this article. Comiscuous (talk) 00:08, 4 June 2015 (UTC)
 * I don't see a problem with the definition in the lead, which is the correct definition of phenotype. --Randykitty (talk) 08:34, 4 June 2015 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 02:49, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Phenotype and Race
At least one article related to race – "Race (human categorization)" – refers to the term phenotype to "denote genetically differentiated human populations defined by phenotype", BUT the article here does not mention the word "race" at all. If this is an appropriate use of the word, it should be added here with citations, especially as the word "race" has its own difficulties. The word "race" is also distinguished from the word "ethnic", in one or more articles on Wikipedia. The article here called "Ethnic group" may be helpful to consult with before adding the this article here, to be hopefully added by someone who understands the nuances of the science AND the cultural aspects, along with the sensibilities of objectivity and how the word is used in various countries that speak English as their main language. Misty MH (talk) 00:34, 17 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Discussion of race or species or other taxonomic groupings does not belong here. Phenotype ≠ genetic differentiation. "Genetically differentiated human populations defined by phenotype" means that although the populations are genetically different from one another, people assume that phenotypic differences represent those genetic differences, when in fact there is not necessarily a direct correspondence. Discussion of that belongs at Race (human categorization), not here. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 15:25, 22 February 2017 (UTC)

Phenotype and Dominance
I'm not sure if this would belong here or not, but if not there should at least be a link. Phenotype for many characteristics is determined by dominant and recessive genes. Since environment is mentioned as something that determines phenotype, I feel like inheritance should to. A possible heading could be "Genetic Influences On Phenotype" where dominant, recessive, autosomal and sexlinked can all be briefly explained. Then, they can be told how they effect which traits are shown in the organism. Even if inheritance is not explained, a link to inheritance could be added, and then how this effects phenotype could still be explained on this page. What do you guys think? --Mjb15f (talk) 13:18, 24 March 2017 (UTC)

 * I think alles is what you're talking about so some alleles are are marked what you would call marked so they can't change no matter what they have a marker and when another protein hits it, it hits that marker and it bounces off it can't it can't do anything to that that Gene or that allele so but then there's other Genes and they allow that it's not sex specific so going to be like the color of your eyes let's say it can be blue or brown depending on the parents it's not it's not really X Y dependent. The other alleles or genes or RnA I believe could DNA like a penis or a vagina the shape size of a penis or a vagina is going to be specific to the male or female X to Y chromosome. So the shape of the female vaginas not going to be affected by the male's penis Gene you see what I'm saying that's your phenotype. 209.171.85.217 (talk) 12:05, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Language
Is there a phenotype system for human faces, and what kind of language terms does it use? -Inowen (nlfte) 03:33, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Well, police photofit systems give them a means of describing faces, but that's way too specialized for this article, for which humans are at best a subtopic, human faces a subsubtopic, and languages for such a subsubsubtopic, if anything. Chiswick Chap (talk) 04:17, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Humans are also a macrotopic because of being a superspecies. The next species down can't even read Wikipedia. Some insight into human phenotype systems would be great.-Inowen (nlfte) 19:02, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Nope. You might have more of a case at the Human phenotype article, now called Human physical appearance. Chiswick Chap (talk) 20:14, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Will look into it. Does the pro phenotyping software have article(s)? -Inowen (nlfte) 00:16, 17 October 2018 (UTC)

Male vs female phenotype
I'm going to go with breeding dogs since its's easiest. So your genotype is Saint Bernard let's say you're breeding St Bernard dogs I have to do is have two Saint Bernards you got your genotype now. Now phenotype X and Y chromosomes say you want a male dog like your old male dog so you're scrutinizing the male dog maybe you wanted the snout a bit longer like your old dog the tail of it shorter or big paws you're scrutinizing your male cuz you want a new male, or vice versa if you want a female you're scrutinizing the female you want a bit thicker cuz she she whatever or are you're looking for a little black patch on the back or whatever so you got to see have three litters and you have 20 puppies now you got one that's identical to your genotypes obviously there and you see one that looks just like your female that you want so you pick her out now you have your phenotype. Now the hardest part now is environment because it's it's a lot it's very environmental right if you try to treat it just like your old dog and keep the conditions just the same so that she got your old dog back but that's very difficult because you could leave her alone and you can go out with your wife to the movies or something and someone kicks your dog and ass or your kid hits it in the head with a bat changes its temperament right so now you're back to square one and you got to try to find another one and it could take you forever but but the phenotype I think is more in the male the female or X Y chromosome however not all traits you might be female in your female nowadays it alot to research and figure out less breeding involved. I could be wrong but I think it's more than a male or female so if you want the male you're scrutinizing the male for the snout the tail of the paws the colorings if you want the female or scrutinizing the females but basically you just breed to the same breed and that's your genotype and then your phenotype is like a longer tail smaller tail longer smaller snout one black spot. Or one brown and I want blue eye whatever your old dog had that's that's what you're looking for in your phenotype and your sex. I could be wrong but as soon as I hear pheno phenotype phenotype that just screams sex to me that screams female male just basic language man you know I just jumps right out at me I can feel it in like in me I'm thinking my blood bro people talking that s*** for 10,000 years now. It's like milk you know what I mean people in Vietnam in North Korea they're lactose intolerant people from where I'm from we die without that s*** I'll have to kill you if I can't get my milk you know what I mean. 209.171.85.217 (talk) 12:02, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Proposed merge of Phenome into Phenotype
very wide overlap. fgnievinski (talk) 17:45, 29 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Support. Agree. "Phenome" is not a well-defined concept in contrast to "phenotype". --Randykitty (talk) 07:48, 30 June 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅ Klbrain (talk) 18:40, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Phenotype