text:
1941 in television

The year 1941 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1941.

Events

 * April 30 – In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) approves the National Television System Committee (NTSC) standards of 525 lines and 30 frames per second, and authorizes commercial television broadcasting to begin on July 1.
 * May 2 – In the United States, 10 television stations are granted commercial TV licenses (effective July 1). These stations are required to broadcast 15 hours per week. Bulova Watch Co., Sun Oil Co., Lever Bros. Co. and Procter & Gamble sponsor the first commercial telecasts from WNBT (now WNBC-TV) in New York.
 * July 1
 * Commercial television is authorized by the FCC.
 * NBC television begins commercial operation by its affiliate WNBT New York using channel 1. The world's first legal television commercial advertisement, for Bulova watches, airs at 2:29 PM on WNBT before a baseball game between the Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies. An announcement for Bulova watches, for which the company pays anywhere from $4.00 to $9.00 (reports vary), displays a WNBT test pattern modified to look like a clock with the hands showing the time, and the Bulova logo, with the phrase "Bulova Watch Time" shown in the lower right-hand quadrant of the test pattern while the second hand sweeps around the dial for one minute   On July 1, Ray Forrest reads the first formal on-camera TV announcement, followed on July 4 by the first live commercial, for Adam Hats.
 * As a one-off special, the first quiz show called "Uncle Bee" is telecast on WNBT's inaugural broadcast day, followed later the same day by Ralph Edwards hosting the second game show broadcast on United States television, Truth or Consequences, as simulcast by radio and TV and sponsored by Ivory soap. Weekly broadcasts of the show commence during 1956, with Bob Barker.
 * CBS television begins commercial operation on New York station WCBW (now WCBS-TV) using channel 2.
 * September 1 — WPTZ (now KYW-TV) signs on in Philadelphia, the third television station in America.
 * October 21 - Professional wrestling premieres during prime-time on NBC.
 * December 7 – Ray Forrest of WNBT broadcasts special news bulletin regarding the Pearl Harbor attack, interrupting regular programming, the film Millionaire Playboy. WNBT later broadcasts special news reports through the evening, pre-empting a scheduled New York Rangers hockey telecast.  WCBW also broadcasts a special that evening, from their Grand Central Terminal studios to the few thousand television set owners in the New York area.

Debuts

 * July 1 - CBS Television News, debuts on CBS (1941-1943, 1944–Present).
 * July 1 - Girl About Town with Joan Edwards debuts on CBS (1941-1942).
 * July 1 - Sports with Bob Edge debuts on CBS (1941-1942).
 * July 2 - CBS Television Quiz premieres as television's first regular game show (1941–1943)..
 * July 2 - Table Talk with Helen Sioussat, the first televised talk show, debuts on CBS (1941-1942).
 * July 7 - Men At Work, an early variety show, debuts on CBS (1941-1942).
 * July 8 - The Boys in the Back Room, a half-hour series that took a behind-the-scenes look at the WCBW television studios, equipment, and staff, debuts on CBS (1941).
 * July 16 - Stars of Tomorrow debuts on NBC (1941-1942).
 * July 18 - The Face of the War, an early news show hosted by Sam Cuff, debuts on NBC (1941-1945).
 * July 18 - Songs by Harvey Harding debuts on NBC (1941-1942).
 * August 27 - Thrills and Chills Everywhere debuts on NBC (1941-1946).
 * September 4 - Radio City Matinee debuts on NBC (1941-1942).
 * September 18 - Fashion Discoveries in Television debuts on NBC (1941).
 * October 18 - Saturday Night Jamboree debuts on NBC (1941).
 * October 21 - The Adam Hats Sports Parade: Wrestling at Ridgewood Grove, debuts on NBC (1941–42).
 * December 19 - America's Town Meeting of the Air, a simulcast of the NBC Blue Network public affairs discussion program, debuts on NBC (1941–42).
 * December 22 - War Backgrounds debuts on CBS (1941–42).

Births

 * January 4 – John Bennett Perry, actor
 * January 14 – Faye Dunaway, actress
 * January 24 – Neil Diamond, actor
 * January 30 – Dick Cheney, politician
 * January 31 – Jessica Walter, actress (died 2021)
 * February 1
 * Joy Philbin, television personality
 * Arnold Shapiro, television writer
 * February 3 – Bridget Hanley, actress (died 2021)
 * February 5
 * David Selby, actor
 * Stephen J. Cannell, producer (died 2010)
 * February 8 – Nick Nolte, actor
 * February 10
 * Michael Apted, actor (died 2021)
 * Dick Carlson, journalist
 * February 12 – Chas. Floyd Johnson, actor
 * February 13 – David Jeremiah, pastor
 * February 27 – Charlotte Stewart, actress
 * March 4 – Richard Benjamin Harrison, television personality (died 2018)
 * March 5 – Sam Nover, television sportscaster (died 2018)
 * March 7 – Joanna Frank, television actress
 * March 8 – Adrienne Ellis, actress
 * March 9 – Trish Van Devere, actress
 * March 16 – Chuck Woolery, game show host
 * March 20 – Paul Junger Witt, producer
 * March 28 – Alf Clausen, composer
 * April 3 – Eric Braeden, German-born actor
 * April 5 – Michael Moriarty, American-Canadian actor
 * April 7 – Cornelia Frances, actress (died 2018)
 * April 20 – Ryan O'Neal, actor (died 2023)
 * April 28 – Ann-Margret, Swedish-born actress, dancer and singer
 * May 4 – George Will, American libertarian-conservative political commentator
 * May 13 – Senta Berger, Austrian actress and producer
 * May 17 – Grace Zabriskie, actress
 * May 18 – Miriam Margolyes, actress
 * May 29 – Bob Simon, American television correspondent (died 2015)
 * June 2 – Stacy Keach, actor
 * June 12 – Marv Albert, American sportscaster
 * June 13 – Paul Moyer, American journalist
 * June 17 – William Lucking, American actor (died 2021)
 * June 21
 * Joe Flaherty, Canadian-American actor and comedian
 * Lyman Ward, Canadian actor
 * June 22
 * Michael Lerner, actor (d. 2023)
 * Barry Serafin, television journalist
 * July 3 – Gloria Allred, attorney
 * July 8 – Michael K. Frith, producer
 * July 10 – Robert Pine, actor
 * July 13 – Robert Forster, actor (died 2019)
 * July 22 – George Clinton, funk musician
 * July 28 – Peter Cullen, Canadian voice actor (Transformers, Winnie the Pooh, Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers)
 * July 29 – David Warner, English actor (Batman: The Animated Series, Freakazoid!, Toonsylvania), (died 2022)
 * July 30 – Rod Perry, actor (died 2020)
 * August 3 – Martha Stewart, writer
 * August 4 – Paul Mooney, comedian, writer and actor (died 2021)
 * August 27 – Harrison Page, actor
 * September 6 – Edgar Snyder, Pittsburgh-area personal injury lawyer who appeared in commercials
 * September 17 – Gary DeVore, screenwriter (died 1997)
 * September 18 – Gerry Bamman, actor
 * October 4 – Lori Saunders, actress
 * October 5 – Stephanie Cole, actress
 * October 7 – John Ford Noonan, actor (died 2018)
 * October 10 – Peter Coyote, actor
 * October 16 – Tim McCarver, baseball player and sportscaster (died 2023)
 * October 31 – Sally Kirkland, actress
 * November 1 – Robert Foxworth, actor
 * November 5 – Tony Guida, radio personality
 * November 18 – Ron Powers, American journalist
 * November 21
 * Juliet Mills, actress
 * David Porter, musician
 * Dr. John, singer (died 2019)
 * November 23 – Franco Nero, actor
 * December 4 – David Johnston, Australian newsreader
 * December 6
 * Leon Russom, actor
 * Rolland Smith, news anchor
 * December 9
 * Beau Bridges, actor
 * César Mascetti, Argentine television host (died 2022)
 * December 10 – Fionnula Flanagan, actress
 * December 13 – John Davidson, actor, singer and game show host
 * December 16 – Lesley Stahl, television journalist

title: 1941 in television


text:
1940 in television

The year 1940 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1940.

Events

 * January – The FCC has public hearings concerning television.
 * January 12 - The first network telecast, a play entitled "Meet The Wife," is televised by NBC over W2XBS (NBC) and W2XB.
 * February 25 – The first ice hockey game is televised in the United States, the New York Rangers vs Montreal Canadiens, from Madison Square Garden on W2XBS-TV.
 * February 28 – The first basketball game is televised, from Madison Square Garden: Fordham University vs the University of Pittsburgh.
 * March 10 – The Metropolitan Opera broadcast for the first time from NBC studios at Rockefeller Center an abridged performance of the first act of Pagliacci, along with excerpts from four other operas.
 * March 15 – RCA reduces the price of television sets.
 * May 21 – Bell Telephone Laboratories transmits a 441-line video signal, with a bandwidth of 2.7 MHz, by coaxial cable from New York to Philadelphia and back.
 * June – W2XBS in New York (NBC) covers the Republican National Convention from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for 33 hours, during a five-day period. The signal is transmitted via coaxial cable.
 * August 1 – W2XBS goes out of commission from 1 August 1940 until the 27th of October 1940 while the transmitter is adjusted from 441-line picture to 525-line picture.
 * August 29 – Peter Carl Goldmark of CBS announces his invention of a color television system.
 * September 3 – CBS resumes its television transmissions with the first demonstration of high definition color TV, by W2XAB, transmitting from the Chrysler Building.
 * November 5 - First televised Presidential election coverage is carried by W2XBS (NBC) and W2XWV (DuMont).

Debuts

 * February 3 - Art for Your Sake, an art discussion program hosted by Dr. Bernard Myers, debuts on W2XBS (NBC) (1940).
 * February 21 - NBC News with Lowell Thomas, a simulcast of Lowell Thomas’ daily radio newscast, debuts on W2XBS (NBC) (1940).
 * March 27- The Esso Television Reporter debuts on W2XBS (NBC) (1940).
 * July 8 - Boxing from Jamaica Arena debuts on W2XBS (NBC) (1940-42).

Births

 * January 5 – Michael O'Donoghue, writer (died 1994)
 * January 14 – Trevor Nunn, British theatre director
 * January 19 – Mike Reid, English actor and comedian (died 2007)
 * January 22 – John Hurt, English actor (died 2017)
 * January 27 – James Cromwell, actor
 * January 29 – Katharine Ross, actress
 * January 31 – Stuart Margolin, actor, The Rockford Files (died 2022)
 * February 2 – David Jason, English actor, Only Fools and Horses
 * February 3 – Jim Hartz, television personality (died 2022)
 * February 6
 * Tom Brokaw, American journalist
 * Jimmy Tarbuck, English comedian
 * February 8 – Ted Koppel, journalist
 * February 10 – Kathryn Mullen, puppeteer
 * February 12 – Ralph Bates, English actor (died 1991)
 * February 17 – John Lewis, politician (died 2020)
 * February 20 – Smokey Robinson, singer
 * February 22
 * Don Cannon, American news anchor
 * Judy Cornwell, English actress
 * February 23 – Peter Fonda, actor (died 2019)
 * February 24 – James Sloyan, actor
 * February 27 – Howard Hesseman, actor, WKRP in Cincinnati, Head of the Class (died 2022)
 * February 29
 * Sonja Barend, talk show host
 * Margit Carstensen, actress
 * Yoshio Harada, actor (died 2011)
 * Harvey Jason, actor
 * Monte Kiffin, coach
 * March 7 – Daniel J. Travanti, actor, Hill Street Blues
 * March 10 – Chuck Norris, actor, Walker, Texas Ranger
 * March 15 – Phil Lesh, musician
 * March 26
 * James Caan, actor, Las Vegas (died 2022)
 * Nancy Pelosi, politician
 * March 28 – Tony Barber, host
 * April 2 – Penelope Keith, English actress, To The Manor Born
 * April 12
 * John Hagee, pastor
 * Herbie Hancock, jazz pianist
 * April 15 – Thea White, American voice actress (died 2021)
 * April 17 – Chuck Menville, American television animator and writer (died 1992)
 * April 25 – Al Pacino, actor
 * April 30 – Burt Young, actor (died 2023)
 * May 5 – Lance Henriksen, actor
 * May 6 – Rick Husky, producer
 * May 8
 * Emilio Delgado, actor (died 2022)
 * Ricky Nelson, actor (died 1985)
 * May 9 – James L. Brooks, producer
 * May 10 – Taurean Blacque, actor, Hill Street Blues (died 2022)
 * May 15
 * Roger Ailes, American television executive (died 2017)
 * Lainie Kazan, American actress
 * May 17 – Peter Gerety, actor
 * May 22
 * Michael Sarrazin, actor (died 2011)
 * Bernard Shaw, journalist (died 2022)
 * May 24 – Arvin Brown, American theatre and television director
 * June 1 – René Auberjonois, actor, Star Trek: Deep Space Nine (died 2019)
 * June 2 – Maree Cheatham, actress (Search for Tomorrow, General Hospital, Days of Our Lives)
 * June 6 – Richard Paul, actor (died 1998)
 * June 11 – Daniel J. Sullivan, film director
 * June 14 – Jack Bannon, actor, Lou Grant (died 2017)
 * June 20 – John Mahoney, English-born actor, Frasier (died 2018)
 * June 21 – Mariette Hartley, actress
 * June 22 – Esther Rantzen, English consumer affairs presenter, That's Life!
 * June 26 – Mel White, author
 * July 3 – Michael Cole, actor, The Mod Squad
 * July 6 – Jeannie Seely, singer
 * July 7 – Ringo Starr, English rock drummer, The Beatles
 * July 13 – Patrick Stewart, English actor, Star Trek: The Next Generation
 * July 17
 * Tim Brooke-Taylor, English comedy performer, The Goodies (died 2020)
 * Verne Lundquist, American sportscaster
 * July 18 – James Brolin, actor, Marcus Welby, M.D.
 * July 22 – Alex Trebek, game show host, Jeopardy! (died 2020)
 * July 23 – Don Imus, American radio/television host, Imus in the Morning (died 2019)
 * July 24 – Dan Hedaya, American actor
 * July 31 – Roy Walker, television host
 * August 3 – Martin Sheen, actor, The West Wing
 * August 19 – Jill St. John, actress
 * August 22 – Judy Nugent, actress
 * August 23 – Richard Sanders, actor, WKRP in Cincinnati
 * August 26 – Don LaFontaine, voice actor (died 2008)
 * August 28
 * Ken Jenkins, actor, Scrubs
 * Bonnie Turner, producer
 * September 1 – Gary Bender, sportscaster
 * September 5 – Raquel Welch, actress (died 2023)
 * September 11 – Brian De Palma, screenwriter
 * September 12 – Linda Gray, actress, Dallas
 * September 21 – Bill Kurtis, news anchor
 * October 4 – Christopher Stone, actor (The Interns) (died 1995)
 * October 9 – John Lennon, English singer-songwriter, The Beatles (killed 1980)
 * October 16 – Barry Corbin, American actor
 * October 19 – Michael Gambon, Irish-born British actor, The Singing Detective (died 2023)
 * October 28 – Susan Harris, writer
 * November 9 – Reynaldo Villalobos, director
 * November 13 – Daniel Pilon, Cuban-born actor, Dallas (died 2018)
 * November 15 – Sam Waterston, actor, Law & Order
 * November 20 – Tony Butala, singer
 * November 21 – Freddy Beras-Goico, TV host
 * November 22 – Terry Gilliam, actor
 * November 27 – Bruce Lee, actor (died 1973)
 * December 2 – Connie Booth, actress, Fawlty Towers
 * December 7 – Carole Simpson, broadcast journalist
 * December 11 – Donna Mills, actress, Knots Landing
 * December 12 – Dionne Warwick, singer
 * December 21
 * Arvi Lind, Finnish newsreader
 * Don Phillips, American casting director
 * December 30 – James Burrows, director

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1940 in television


text:
User:Jasonhubbard29

Jason Hubbard is a poor (aren't we all) choral conducting grad student at the University of Oklahoma. He currently spends his time conducting research that has little to do with his major or, for that matter, reality.

title: User:Jasonhubbard29


text:
1939 in television

The year 1939 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1939.

Events
Max Baer]] vs Lou Nova, from Yankee Stadium in the Bronx.
 * March 4 – The BBC Television Service broadcasts one of the first television plays specially written for the medium, Condemned To Be Shot by R. E. J. Brooke, live from its London studios at Alexandra Palace. The production is notable for the use of a camera as the first-person perspective of the play's unseen main character.
 * March 27 – The BBC broadcasts the entirety of Magyar Melody live from His Majesty's Theatre in London. The 175-minute broadcast is the first showing of a full-length musical by television.
 * April
 * Television demonstrations are held at the 1939 New York World's Fair on Long Island and the Golden Gate International Exhibition in San Francisco.
 * RCA, General Electric, Dumont and others begin selling television sets to the public in the New York City area. Screen sizes typically range from 5 to 12 inches, and Dumont features 14-inch and 16-inch models. Prices start at $200 and go as high as $1000.
 * April 30 – Franklin D. Roosevelt, appearing at the opening ceremony of the 1939 New York World's Fair, becomes the first President of the United States to give a speech that is broadcast by television.
 * May 3 – The Walt Disney cartoon Donald's Cousin Gus airs on NBC's experimental station W2XBS (later WNBC-TV) in New York. This marks the first movie cartoon to be televised in the United States.
 * May 17 – The first baseball game (Princeton University vs. Columbia University) is broadcast by television, from Baker Field in New York. Bill Stern is the announcer.
 * June 1 – The first heavyweight boxing match is televised, [[Max Baer (boxer)|
 * August 26
 * The first Major League Baseball game is telecast, a double-header between the Cincinnati Reds and the Brooklyn Dodgers at Ebbets Field, in Brooklyn, New York.
 * Poland broadcasts a feature film for the first time—Barbara Radziwiłłówna (1936)—using the experimental transmitter mounted atop the Prudential building in Warsaw.
 * August 31 – 18,999 television sets have been sold in England before manufacture stops due to World War II.
 * September 1 – The anticipated outbreak of World War II brings television broadcasting at the BBC in Britain to an end at 12:35 p.m. after the broadcast of a Mickey Mouse cartoon, Mickey's Gala Premier, various sound and vision test signals, and announcements by presenter Fay Cavendish. It is feared that the VHF waves of television would act as a homing signal for guiding enemy bombers to central London: in any case, the engineers of the television service would be needed for the war effort, particularly for development of radar. The BBC would resume its broadcasting, with the same Mickey Mouse cartoon, after the war in 1946.
 * September 30 – 1939 Waynesburg vs. Fordham football game, the first televised American football game, between college teams Fordham University and Waynesburg College at Randall's Island, New York.
 * October 22 – The first National Football League game is televised. The Brooklyn Dodgers vs. Philadelphia Eagles at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn.
 * November 8 – CBS television station W2XAB resumes test transmission with an all-electronic system broadcast from the top of the Chrysler Building in New York City.
 * November 23 – The earliest known live telecast of the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is broadcast locally in New York.

Births

 * January 4 – Burt Sugarman, American film and television producer
 * January 9 – Susannah York, actress (died 2011)
 * January 10 – Sal Mineo, actor (died 1976)
 * January 17 – Maury Povich, talk show host
 * January 22 – Jeff Smith, American chef and presenter (died 2004)
 * January 24 – Ray Stevens, American singer
 * February 2 – Jackie Burroughs, actress (died 2010)
 * February 6 – Mike Farrell, American actor (M*A*S*H, Providence, Superman: The Animated Series)
 * February 9 – Janet Suzman, actress
 * February 25 – John Leonard, critic (died 2008)
 * March 3 - Larry Burkett, radio host (died 2003)
 * March 4 - Robert Shaye, actor
 * March 5
 * Samantha Eggar, actress
 * Michael A. Krauss, television segment producer
 * March 9 - Eugene Lee, American set designer (died 2023)
 * March 13 - Neil Sedaka, singer
 * March 14 - Raymond J. Barry, actor
 * March 21 - Kathleen Widdoes, actress
 * March 24 - Lynda Baron, English actress (died 2022)
 * March 31 - Israel Horovitz, actor (died 2020)
 * April 1 - Ali MacGraw, actress
 * April 2 - Marvin Gaye, singer (died 1984)
 * April 5 - Roger Davis, actor (Alias Smith and Jones)
 * April 9 - Michael Learned, actress (The Waltons)
 * April 11 – Louise Lasser, actress (Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman)
 * April 13 - Paul Sorvino, actor (Law & Order) (died 2022)
 * April 19 - Ellen Weston, actress (S.W.A.T.)
 * April 23
 * David Birney, actor (Bridget Loves Bernie) died 2022)
 * Lee Majors, actor (The Big Valley, The Six Million Dollar Man, The Fall Guy)
 * April 27 – Judy Carne, actress and comedian (Rowan and Martin's Laugh-In) (died 2015)
 * May 1
 * Mark Slade, actor (The High Chaparral)
 * Max Robinson, journalist (died 1988)
 * May 13 – Harvey Keitel, actor
 * May 25 – Dixie Carter, actress (Designing Women) (died 2010)
 * May 26 – Brent Musburger, sportscaster
 * May 30 – Michael J. Pollard, actor (died 2019)
 * June 1 – Cleavon Little, actor (died 1992)
 * June 8 – Barry Lando, journalist
 * June 9 – Dick Vitale, sportscaster
 * June 19 – John MacArthur, pastor
 * July 4 - Ed Bernard, actor (Police Woman, The White Shadow, Hardcastle and McCormick)
 * July 10 - Lawrence Pressman, actor (Doogie Howser, M.D.)
 * July 16 - Corin Redgrave, actor (died 2010)
 * July 31 – Susan Flannery, actress (Days of Our Lives)
 * August 12 - David Jacobs, writer and producer (Dallas, Knots Landing) (died 2023)
 * August 21 - Clarence Williams III, actor (The Mod Squad) (died 2021)
 * August 22 – Valerie Harper, actress (The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda) (died 2019)
 * August 29 – Joel Schumacher, film director (died 2020)
 * August 30
 * William G. Schilling, actor (Head of the Class) (died 2019)
 * Elizabeth Ashley, actress
 * September 1 – Lily Tomlin, actress and comedian (Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, The Magic School Bus)
 * September 5 - William Devane, actor (Knots Landing, 24)
 * September 11 - Tom Cherones, producer
 * September 13 - Richard Kiel, actor (died 2014)
 * September 18 - Fred Willard, actor and comedian (died 2020)
 * September 26 - Gerald W. Abrams, American television producer
 * September 28 - Rudolph Walker, British-Trinidadian actor (EastEnders)
 * September 29 – Larry Linville, actor (M*A*S*H) (died 2000)
 * September 30 – Len Cariou, actor
 * October 7 - Clive James, Australian writer, television presenter, talk show host and critic (died 2019)
 * October 27 - John Cleese, English actor and comedian (Monty Python, Fawlty Towers)
 * October 30 - Danny Goldman, actor (The Smurfs) (died 2020)
 * October 31
 * Ron Rifkin, actor (Alias, Brothers & Sisters)
 * Tom O'Connor, comedian (died 2021)
 * November 11 - Denise Alexander, actress (General Hospital)
 * November 15 - Yaphet Kotto, actor (Homicide: Life on the Street) (died 2021)
 * November 19 - Garrick Utley, American television journalist (died 2014)
 * November 20 - Dick Smothers, actor and comedian (The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour)
 * November 26 - Mark Margolis, actor (Breaking Bad, The Equalizer, Oz) (died 2023)
 * December 27 – John Amos, actor (Good Times)
 * December 28 - Yehoram Gaon, Israeli actor and singer

title: 1939 in television


text:
1938 in television

The year 1938 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1938.

Events

 * February 11 – BBC Television in England broadcasts the first ever television science-fiction, a 35-minute adaptation of a segment of the play R.U.R. by the Czech playwright Karel Čapek.
 * March 12 – First news bulletin aired by BBC television, in sound only. Previously, the service has broadcast British Movietone News cinema newsreels.
 * April 1 – The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race is first televised by the BBC.
 * April 19 – The first televised association football match, England vs. Scotland, shown by the BBC.
 * April 30 – The FA Cup Final is televised for the first time by the BBC.
 * May 12 – W2XBS telecasts the 1937 film Return of the Scarlet Pimpernel. The staff projectionist accidentally plays the last reel out of order, ending the film 20 minutes early. NBC is unable to obtain the rights to first run movies for many years to follow.
 * May 14 – The first quiz show, Spelling Bee, is televised by the BBC.
 * May – Communicating Systems, Inc. of New York introduces the first electronic television sets available to the general public in the U.S. Model with 3 in tube is $125–$150, 5-inch tube is $195–$250. Image only; sound apparatus is $15 more. Sets become available in department stores in June.
 * June – DuMont, an electronics company, introduces television sets in the US, receiving both pictures and sound. $650 for a 10 by 8-in. screen, $395 for 8¼ by 6½ in.
 * June 7 – An excerpt from Susan and God is the first Broadway play with its original cast to be broadcast on television. Station W2XBS uses exact replicas of the stage sets, with Nancy Coleman, Gertrude Lawrence and Paul McGrath appearing on the broadcast.
 * June 24 – Test Match Cricket is broadcast for the first time by the BBC, with coverage of the second test of The Ashes series between England and the Australian team, live from Lord's Cricket Ground.
 * September 29 – License for W9XAT Minneapolis, Minnesota, granted in 1929, expires. Television does not resume in the area for a decade.
 * October 26 – The first televised ice hockey match, Harringay Racers vs. Streatham Redskins, shown by the BBC.
 * November – Due to freak atmospheric conditions, a BBC TV broadcast from London is received in New York City. A film camera was used to record the silent images which included the performance of a play, a cartoon, and other matter. A four-minute excerpt from this filmed recording survives and is, as of 2014, considered the only surviving example of a pre-war BBC television transmission.
 * November 12
 * NBC's W2XBS broadcasts what is the first telecast of an unscheduled event, a fire on Wards Island near Manhattan.
 * John Logie Baird gives the world's first public demonstration of a colour television broadcast (previous demonstrations of colour television in the UK and US have been via closed circuit). The 120-line image is projected at the Dominion Theatre, London on a 12 by 9 feet (3.7 by 2.7 m) screen in front of an audience of 3,000 people.
 * December 12 – Start of daily television broadcasting in Moscow (USSR).
 * December 31 – 9,315 television sets are sold in England.

Debuts

 * August 10 – Telecrime (UK), the first television crime series, debuts on the BBC (1938–1939; 1946).
 * December 31 – the first television adaption of Romeo and Juliet is broadcast

Births

 * January 2 – Ronny Hallin, actress
 * January 8 – Bob Eubanks, game show host
 * January 13 – Billy Gray, actor (Father Knows Best)
 * January 14 – Bill Plante, veteran journalist (died 2022)
 * February 1 – Sherman Hemsley, actor (The Jeffersons) (died 2012)
 * February 20 – Richard Beymer, actor (Twin Peaks)
 * February 23 – Sylvia Chase, American broadcast journalist (died 2019)
 * February 24 – James Farentino, American actor (died 2012)
 * March 1 – Aart Staartjes, Dutch actor and television presenter (died 2020)
 * March 9 – Charles Siebert, actor and director Trapper John, M.D. (died 2022)
 * March 31 – Joel Godard, American television announcer and voiceover artist
 * April 6
 * Paul Daniels, English magician (died 2016)
 * Roy Thinnes, American actor (The Invaders)
 * April 20 – Tamási Eszter, Hungarian television announcer and actress (died 1991)
 * April 28 – Madge Sinclair, actress (died 1995)
 * May 11 – Judy Farrell, American actress (died 2023)
 * May 13
 * Anna Cropper, English actress (died 2007)
 * Buck Taylor, American actor
 * May 24 – Tommy Chong, American-Canadian actor and comedian (That '70s Show)
 * June 2 – Ron Ely, actor (Tarzan)
 * June 5 – Howard Platt, actor (Sanford and Son)
 * June 20 – John Johnson, reporter
 * June 24 – Charles Howerton, actor
 * June 27 – Ene Riisna, Estonian-American television producer
 * June 30 – Jeri Taylor, American television producer
 * July 9 – Brian Dennehy, actor (died 2020)
 * July 20 – Diana Rigg, English actress, The Avengers (died 2020)
 * July 28 – Robert Hughes, critic (died 2012)
 * July 29 – Peter Jennings, journalist (died 2005)
 * July 30 – Michael Bell, actor (G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, Rugrats, Darkwing Duck)
 * August 6 – Peter Bonerz, actor and director (The Bob Newhart Show)
 * August 8 – Connie Stevens, actress (Hawaiian Eye)
 * August 19 – Diana Muldaur, actress (L.A. Law, Star Trek: The Next Generation)
 * August 28 – Marla Adams, actress (The Secret Storm, The Young and the Restless)
 * August 29 – Elliott Gould, actor
 * September 1 – Alan Dershowitz, lawyer
 * September 2 – Mary Jo Catlett, actress (Diff'rent Strokes, SpongeBob SquarePants)
 * September 11 – Don Quine, actor
 * September 12
 * Michael Leader, English actor (EastEnders) (died 2016)
 * Patrick Mower, English actor (Emmerdale)
 * September 17 – Paul Benedict, actor (The Jeffersons) (died 2008)
 * October 1 – Stella Stevens, actress (died 2023)
 * October 8 – Sonny Barger, actor (died 2022)
 * October 18
 * Marilyn Miglin, American entrepreneur (died 2022)
 * Dawn Wells, actress (Gilligan's Island) (died 2020)
 * October 22 – Christopher Lloyd, actor (Taxi, Cyberchase, Over the Garden Wall)
 * October 27 – Lara Parker, actress (Dark Shadows)
 * November 19 – Ted Turner, network executive
 * November 24 – David Newell, actor
 * December 6 – Patrick Bauchau, actor (The Pretender, House, M.D.)
 * December 14 – Hal Williams, actor (Sanford and Son, 227)
 * December 18 – Roger E. Mosley, actor (Magnum, P.I.) (died 2022)
 * December 29 – Jon Voight, actor (Ray Donovan)

title: 1938 in television


text:
1937 in television

The year 1937 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1937.

Events

 * January 19 – BBC Television broadcasts The Underground Murder Mystery by J. Bissell Thomas from its London station, the first play written for television.
 * February 6 – The BBC Television service discontinues the Baird system in favour of the Marconi-EMI 405 lines system.
 * March 9 – Experimental broadcasting from Shabolovka Ulitsa television center, in Moscow (USSR).
 * May – Gilbert Seldes becomes the first television critic, with his Atlantic Monthly magazine article, the "Errors of Television".
 * May 12 – The BBC use their outside broadcast unit for the first time, to televise the coronation of George VI. A fragment of this broadcast is one of the earliest surviving examples of British television – filmed off-screen at home by an engineer with an 8 mm cine camera. A brief section of this footage is used in a programme during the week of the 1953 coronation of Elizabeth II, and this latter programme survives in the BBC's archives.
 * May 14 – The BBC broadcasts a thirty-minute excerpt of Twelfth Night, the first known instance of a Shakespeare play televised. Among the cast are Peggy Ashcroft and Greer Garson.
 * May 15 – RCA demonstrates projection television, with images enlarged to 8 by 10 feet, at the Institute of Radio Engineers convention.
 * June 21 – Wimbledon Championships (tennis) first televised by the BBC.
 * July 10 – High definition television with 455 lines is first shown in France at the International Exposition, Paris.
 * September – High definition television broadcasts are sent from a new 30 kW (peak power) transmitter below the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
 * November 9 – Bell Telephone Laboratories transmits television signal of 800 kHz bandwidth on a coaxial cable laid between New York and Philadelphia.
 * November 11 (Armistice Day) – BBC Television devotes the evening to a broadcast of Journey's End by R. C. Sherriff (1928, set on the Western Front (World War I) in 1918), the first full-length television adaptation of a stage play. Reginald Tate plays the lead, Stanhope, a rôle he has performed extensively in the theatre.
 * November 27 – NBC in the United States broadcasts the first of six live teleplays of The Three Garridebs (based closely on Arthur Conan Doyle's story "The Adventure of the Three Garridebs"), the first known television pilot, in which Louis Hector becomes the first actor to play Sherlock Holmes on television.
 * December 31 – By this time, 2,121 television sets have been sold in England.
 * CBS announces their efforts to develop television broadcasts.

Debuts

 * April 17 – The Disorderly Room (UK) premieres on the BBC Television Service (1937-1939).
 * April 24 – For The Children (UK), the BBC's first programme for children, debuts (1937–1939; 1946–1950).
 * April 30 – Sports Review (UK), the first regular sports programme, debuts on the BBC (1937–1939).

Births

 * January 1 - Matt Robinson, American actor and screenwriter, Sesame Street (d. 2002)
 * January 3 - Glen A. Larson, American musician and screenwriter, (d. 2014)
 * January 11 - Felix Silla, Italian-born actor, The Addams Family (d. 2021)
 * January 25 - Gregory Sierra, actor, Sanford and Son, Barney Miller (d. 2021)
 * February 1 – Garrett Morris, actor and comedian, Saturday Night Live
 * February 2 - Tom Smothers, comedian, The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour (d. 2023)
 * February 25 - Bob Schieffer, American television journalist
 * February 27 - Barbara Babcock, actress, Hill Street Blues
 * March 3 - Bobby Driscoll, actor (died 1968)
 * March 6 - Norman Coburn, actor
 * March 10 - Joe Viterelli, actor (died 2004)
 * March 22 - Angelo Badalamenti, composer
 * March 23 - Tony Burton, actor (died 2016)
 * March 30 - Warren Beatty, actor
 * April 1 - Jordan Charney, actor
 * April 6 - Billy Dee Williams, actor
 * April 11 - Jill Gascoine, actress (d. 2020)
 * April 14 - Paul Kangas, anchor (d. 2019)
 * April 15 - Frank Vincent, actor (d. 2017)
 * April 19 - Elinor Donahue, actress, Father Knows Best
 * April 20 - George Takei, actor, Star Trek
 * April 22 – Jack Nicholson, actor
 * May 2 - Lorenzo Music, voice actor, Garfield and Friends (d. 2001)
 * May 12 - George Carlin, actor (d. 2008)
 * May 13 - Beverly Owen, actress, The Munsters (d. 2019)
 * May 16 - Yvonne Craig, actress (d. 2015)
 * May 28 - Freddie Roman, comedian (d. 2022)
 * May 30 - Deanna Lund, actress, Land of the Giants (d. 2018)
 * June 1 – Morgan Freeman, actor, The Electric Company
 * June 2 – Sally Kellerman, actress (d. 2022)
 * June 3 – Edward Winter, American actor and director (d. 2001)
 * June 10 – Luciana Paluzzi, actress
 * June 11 – Chad Everett, actor, Medical Center (d. 2012)
 * June 19 – Pamela Lincoln, actor (d. 2019)
 * July 2 - Polly Holliday, actress, Alice, Flo
 * July 5 - Brooke Hayward, actress
 * July 6 - Ned Beatty, actor (died 2021)
 * July 7 - Carol Nugent, actress
 * July 12 – Bill Cosby, actor and comedian, Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids, The Cosby Show
 * July 19 – Richard Jordan, American actor (d. 1993)
 * July 27 – Don Galloway, American actor (d. 2009)
 * July 28 – Walter Jacobson, news personality
 * August 2 – Billy Cannon, football player (d. 2018)
 * August 3 – Steven Berkoff, actor
 * August 7 – Barbara Windsor, actress (d. 2020)
 * August 8 – Dustin Hoffman, actor
 * September 6
 * Jo Anne Worley, actress
 * Sergio Aragonés, cartoonist
 * September 7 – John Phillip Law, actor (d. 2008)
 * September 13 – Fred Silverman, producer (d. 2020)
 * September 14 – Carol Christensen, actress (d. 2005)
 * September 26 – Jerry Weintraub, voice actor (d. 2015)
 * September 28 – Rod Roddy, voice actor (d. 2003)
 * October 2 - Johnnie Cochran, lawyer (d. 2005)
 * October 5 - Linda Lavin, actress, Alice
 * October 11 - Ron Leibman, actor, Archer (d. 2019)
 * October 16 - Tony Anthony, actor
 * October 21 - Irán Eory, Iranian-Mexican actress (d. 2002)
 * November 4 - Loretta Swit, actress, M*A*S*H
 * November 10 - Albert Hall, actor
 * November 21
 * Ingrid Pitt, actress (d. 2010)
 * Marlo Thomas, actress, That Girl
 * November 30 - Ridley Scott, director
 * December 4
 * Max Baer Jr., actor, The Beverly Hillbillies
 * Donnelly Rhodes, Canadian actor, Soap (d. 2018)
 * December 7 – Larry Hankin, actor
 * December 21 – Jane Fonda, actress
 * December 29 – Barbara Steele, actress
 * December 31 - Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor, Westworld

title: 1937 in television


text:
1936 in television

The year 1936 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1936.

Events

 * July 7 – At David Sarnoff's request for an experiment of RCA's electronic television technology, NBC's first attempt at actual programming is a 30-minute variety show featuring speeches, dance ensembles, monologues, vocal numbers, and film clips. It is shown to 225 of RCA's licensees on 22 centimeter screens, 343 lines per picture, 30 pictures per second.
 * August – 72 hours of medium-definition (180-line) television broadcasts of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin are seen by approximately 150,000 people in public viewing rooms in Berlin and Potsdam.
 * November 2 – The first regular high-definition (then defined as at least 200 lines) television service from the BBC, based at Alexandra Palace in London, officially begins broadcasting (after test transmissions began in August). The service alternates on a weekly basis between John Logie Baird's 240-line mechanical system and the Marconi-EMI's 405-line all-electronic system. Programmes are broadcast daily, Monday to Saturday, at 15:00–16:00 and 20:00–22:00.
 * November 6 – NBC in New York demonstrates electronic television to invited members of the press, with a 40-minute program of live acts and films, received on 30 centimeter television screens.
 * First coaxial cables are laid between New York and Philadelphia by AT&T; they will transmit television and telephone signals.
 * By this year there are approximately 2,000 television receivers worldwide.

Debuts

 * October 8 – Picture Page (UK) is first broadcast as part of the BBC's test transmissions prior to launch (1936–1939; 1946–1952)
 * November 3 – Starlight (UK), a variety show, debuts on the BBC (1936–1939; 1946–1949).
 * Theatre Parade (UK) premieres on the BBC (1936–1938).

Births

 * January 1 – Valora Norland, actress
 * January 12 – Ron Harper, actress
 * January 25 – Diana Hyland, actress (Peyton Place), (died 1977)
 * January 28 – Alan Alda, actor (M*A*S*H)
 * February 3 – Mariclare Costello, actress (The Waltons)
 * February 4 – Gary Conway, actor (Burke's Law)
 * February 11 – Burt Reynolds, actor (Gunsmoke, Dan August, Evening Shade) (died 2018)
 * February 14 – Dave Roberts, broadcaster
 * February 20
 * Larry Hovis, actor (Hogan's Heroes) (died 2003)
 * Marj Dusay, actress (Guiding Light) (died 2020)
 * February 29 – Alex Rocco, actor (died 2015)
 * March 5 – Dean Stockwell, actor (Quantum Leap) (died 2021)
 * March 9 – Marty Ingels, actor (died 2015)
 * March 27 – Jerry Lacy, actor (Dark Shadows)
 * April 5 – Glenn Jordan, television director
 * April 10 – John Madden, football coach and sportscaster (died 2021)
 * April 12 – Charles Napier, actor (died 2011)
 * April 14 – Arlene Martel, actress (died 2014)
 * April 18 – Richard A. Colla, actor (Days of Our Lives)
 * April 22 – Glen Campbell, singer (died 2017)
 * April 24 – Jill Ireland, actress (died 1990)
 * May 5 – Sandy Baron, actor (died 2001)
 * May 9 – Glenda Jackson, actress (died 2023)
 * May 10 – Timothy Birdsall, English cartoonist (died 1963)
 * May 12 – Tom Snyder, talk show host (died 2007)
 * May 14 – Bobby Darin, singer and actor (died 1973)
 * May 15 – Anna Maria Alberghetti, singer and actress
 * May 17 – Dennis Hopper, actor (died 2010)
 * May 18 – Türker İnanoğlu, screenwriter
 * May 20 – Charles Kimbrough, actor (died 2023)
 * May 23 – Ingeborg Hallstein, actress
 * May 27 – Louis Gossett Jr., actor (Roots, Watchmen, Hap and Leonard)
 * May 30 – Keir Dullea, actor
 * June 8 – James Darren, actor
 * June 17 – Ken Loach, filmmaker
 * June 22 – Kris Kristofferson, actor
 * June 26 – Robert Downey Sr., actor (died 2021)
 * June 27 – Shirley Anne Field, actress
 * June 30:
 * Nancy Dussault, actress (Too Close for Comfort)
 * Tony Musante, actor (died 2011)
 * Don Taylor, director (died 2003)
 * July 1 – Ron Masak, actor (died 2022)
 * July 9 – Timothy Johnson, television journalist
 * July 24:
 * Ruth Buzzi, actress and comedian (Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In)
 * Mark Goddard, actor (Lost in Space, General Hospital, Many Happy Returns) (died 2023)
 * July 25 – Mary Ann Wilson, TV fitness instructor
 * July 28 – Jean Doumanian, producer
 * August 15 – Pat Priest, actress (The Munsters)
 * August 18 – Robert Redford, actor
 * August 21 - Wilt Chamberlain, NBA basketball player (died 1999)
 * August 29 – John McCain, politician (died 2018)
 * September 7 – Bruce Gray, actor (died 2007)
 * September 13 – Joe E. Tata, actor (Beverly Hills, 90210) (died 2022)
 * September 14 – Walter Koenig, actor (Star Trek)
 * September 24 – Jim Henson, puppeteer, creator of The Muppets (died 1990)
 * September 25 – Juliet Prowse, actress (died 1996)
 * September 28 – Joel Fabiani, actor
 * October 14 – Carrie Nye, actress (died 2006)
 * October 16 – Peter Bowles, English actor (To the Manor Born) (died 2022)
 * October 26 – Shelley Morrison, actress (Will & Grace) (died 2019)
 * October 28 – Charlie Daniels, singer (died 2020)
 * October 31 – Michael Landon, actor and producer (Bonanza, Little House on the Prairie) (died 1991)
 * November 2 – Jack Starrett, actor (died 1989)
 * November 6 – Roger Welsch, senior correspondent (died 2022)
 * November 19 – Dick Cavett, talk show host
 * December 3 – Mary Alice, actress (died 2022)
 * December 6 – Kenneth Copeland, American televangelist
 * December 8 – David Carradine, actor, Kung Fu (died 2009)
 * December 22 – Héctor Elizondo, actor (Chicago Hope, Last Man Standing)
 * December 23 – James Stacy, actor (died 2016)
 * December 29 – Mary Tyler Moore, actress (The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Mary Tyler Moore Show) (died 2017)

title: 1936 in television


text:
Talk:1939 in television

Where's Waynesburg? -- Zoe

 * Rambot data says there's one in Ohio and Pennsylvania. A quick Google search says that Waynesburg College is in Waynesburg, Pennsylvania. I'd start an article but I know nothing about the town or the college. -- Merphant

Thanks, Merphant. -- Zoe

I'm quite pleased that Wikipedia is virtually the only site not to erronously state that the Mickey Mouse cartoon was interrupted halfway through. I just did a Google search, and pretty much all the results all stated that it was. Huzzah for us! BillyH 14:53, 7 October 2005 (UTC)

title: Talk:1939 in television


text:
1935 in television

The year 1935 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1935.

Events

 * March 22 – Germany begins regular television service in Berlin (Deutscher Fernseh-Rundfunk), from the Fernsehsender Paul Nipkow, using a 180-line electronic television system. It is generally only seen in public viewing rooms seating 30 people each.
 * April 26 – France begins broadcasting regular transmissions from the top of the Eiffel Tower.
 * September 11 – Final transmission of John Logie Baird’s 30-line television system by the BBC. The BBC begins preparations for a regular high definition broadcasting service from Alexandra Palace.

Births

 * January 8 - Elvis Presley, singer and actor (died 1977)
 * January 9
 * Bob Denver, actor (Gilligan's Island), (died 2005)
 * Dick Enberg, sports commentator (died 2017)
 * January 16 - Russ McCubbin, actor (Cheyenne), (died 2018)
 * February 16 – Sonny Bono, singer, actor, politician, comedian (The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour), (died 1998)
 * February 17
 * Chabelo, Mexican actor and host, (died 2023)
 * Christina Pickles, English actress (Guiding Light, St. Elsewhere)
 * February 25 – Sally Jessy Raphael, talk show hostess
 * March 1 – Robert Conrad, actor (The Wild Wild West, Baa Baa Black Sheep), (died 2020)
 * March 9 - Joseph Gallison, actor (Days of Our Lives)
 * March 15
 * Jimmy Swaggart, televangelist
 * Judd Hirsch, actor (Taxi, Dear John, Numb3rs)
 * March 18 – John Hamblin, English-born Australian children's television presenter (died 2022)
 * March 20 – Ted Bessell, actor and director (That Girl) (died 1996)
 * March 24 – Mary Berry, English food writer
 * April 4 – Kenneth Mars, actor, (died 2011)
 * April 13 – Lyle Waggoner, actor (The Carol Burnett Show, Wonder Woman) (died 2020)
 * April 19 – Dudley Moore, English-born comedy actor (died 2002)
 * May 8 – Salome Jens, actress
 * May 25 – Victoria Shaw, Australian actress (died 1988)
 * May 27 – Lee Meriwether, actress (Barnaby Jones, The Munsters Today, All My Children)
 * June 21 – Monte Markham, actor (The New Perry Mason)
 * June 28 – John Inman, English actor (Are You Being Served?), (died 2007)
 * July 3 – Al Primo, American television news executive (died 2022)
 * July 9 – Michael Williams, English actor (died 2001)
 * July 13 – Jack Kemp, football player and politician (died 2009)
 * July 15
 * Alex Karras, football player and actor (Webster), (died 2012)
 * Ken Kercheval, actor (Dallas), (died 2019)
 * July 17
 * Donald Sutherland, Canadian actor (Dirty Sexy Money, Crossing Lines, Commander in Chief)
 * Diahann Carroll, actress and singer (Julia), (died 2019)
 * August 8 - Donald P. Bellisario, American television producer
 * August 10 - Peter S. Fischer, American television writer (died 2023)
 * August 28 - Sonny Shroyer, actor (The Dukes of Hazzard)
 * September 21 – Henry Gibson, actor (Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, The Wuzzles, Rocket Power), (died 2009)
 * September 24 – Sean McCann, Canadian actor (died 2019)
 * October 1 – Julie Andrews, English-born actress and singer
 * October 3 – Madlyn Rhue, actress (died 2003)
 * October 18 – Peter Boyle, actor (Everybody Loves Raymond), (died 2006)
 * October 19 – Jerry Bishop, American announcer (died 2020)
 * October 20 – Jerry Orbach, actor (Law & Order), (died 2004)
 * November 27 – Verity Lambert, English producer (died 2007)
 * December 1 – Woody Allen, comedy writer, comedian, actor, screenwriter, film director
 * December 12 - Al Harrington, actor (Hawaii Five-O) (died 2021)
 * December 21 – Phil Donahue, talk show host

title: 1935 in television


text:
Persuasive technology

Persuasive technology is broadly defined as technology that is designed to change attitudes or behaviors of the users through persuasion and social influence, but not necessarily through coercion. Such technologies are regularly used in sales, diplomacy, politics, religion, military training, public health, and management, and may potentially be used in any area of human-human or human-computer interaction. Most self-identified persuasive technology research focuses on interactive, computational technologies, including desktop computers, Internet services, video games, and mobile devices, but this incorporates and builds on the results, theories, and methods of experimental psychology, rhetoric, and human-computer interaction. The design of persuasive technologies can be seen as a particular case of design with intent.

Functional triad
Persuasive technologies can be categorized by their functional roles. B. J. Fogg proposes the functional triad as a classification of three "basic ways that people view or respond to computing technologies": persuasive technologies can function as tools, media, or social actors – or as more than one at once.

 * As tools, technologies can increase people's ability to perform a target behavior by making it easier or restructuring it. For example, an installation wizard can influence task completion – including completing tasks not planned by users (such as installation of additional software).
 * As media, interactive technologies can use both interactivity and narrative to create persuasive experiences that support rehearsing a behavior, empathizing, or exploring causal relationships. For example, simulations and games instantiate rules and procedures that express a point of view and can shape behavior and persuade; these use procedural rhetoric.
 * Technologies can also function as social actors. This "opens the door for computers to apply ... social influence". Interactive technologies can cue social responses, e.g., through their use of language, assumption of established social roles, or physical presence. For example, computers can use embodied conversational agents as part of their interface. Or a helpful or disclosive computer can cause users to mindlessly reciprocate. Fogg notes that "users seem to respond to computers as social actors when computer technologies adopt animate characteristics (physical features, emotions, voice communication), play animate roles (coach, pet, assistant, opponent), or follow social rules or dynamics (greetings, apologies, turn taking)."

Direct interaction v. mediation
Persuasive technologies can also be categorized by whether they change attitude and behaviors through direct interaction or through a mediating role: do they persuade, for example, through human-computer interaction (HCI) or computer-mediated communication (CMC)? The examples already mentioned are the former, but there are many of the latter. Communication technologies can persuade or amplify the persuasion of others by transforming the social interaction, providing shared feedback on interaction, or restructuring communication processes.

Persuasion design
Persuasion design is the design of messages by analyzing and evaluating their content, using established psychological research theories and methods. Andrew Chak argues that the most persuasive web sites focus on making users feel comfortable about making decisions and helping them act on those decisions. During the clinical encounter, clinical decision support tools (CDST) are widely applied to improve patients' satisfaction towards medical decision-making shared with the physicians. The comfort that a user feels is generally registered subconsciously.

Persuasion by social motivators
Previous research has also utilized on social motivators like competition for persuasion. By connecting a user with other users, his/her coworkers, friends and families, a persuasive application can apply social motivators on the user to promote behavior changes. Social media such as Facebook, Twitter also facilitate the development of such systems. It has been demonstrated that social impact can result in greater behavior changes than the case where the user is isolated.

Persuasive strategies
Halko and Kientz made an extensive search in the literature for persuasive strategies and methods used in the field of psychology to modify health-related behaviors. Their search concluded that there are eight main types of persuasive strategies, which can be grouped into the following four categories, where each category has two complementary approaches.

Authoritative
This persuades the technology user through an authoritative agent, for example, a strict personal trainer who instructs the user to perform the task that will meet their goal.

Non-authoritative
This persuades the user through a neutral agent, for example, a friend who encourages the user to meet their goals. Another example of instruction style is customer reviews; a mix of positive and negative reviews together give a neutral perspective on a product or service.

Cooperative
This persuades the user through the notion of cooperating and teamwork, such as allowing the user to team up with friends to complete their goals.

Competitive
This persuades the user through the notion of competing. For example, users can play against friends or peers and be motivated to achieve their goal by winning the competition.

Extrinsic
This persuades the user through external motivators, for example, winning a trophy as a reward for completing a task.

Intrinsic
This persuades the user through internal motivators, such as the good feeling a user would have for being healthy or for achieving a goal.

It is worth noting that intrinsic motivators can be subject to the overjustification effect, which states if intrinsic motivators are associated with a reward and you remove the reward then the intrinsic motivation tends to diminish. This is because depending on how the reward is seen, it can become linked to extrinsic motivations instead of intrinsic motivations. Badges, prizes, and other award systems will increase intrinsic motivation if they are seen as reflecting competence and merit.

In 1973, Lepper et al. conducted a foundational study that underscored the overjustification effect. Their team brought magic markers to a preschool and created three test groups of children who were intrinsically motivated. The first group were informed that if they used markers they could receive a “Good Player Award.” The second group was not incentivized to use the magic markers with a reward, but were given a reward after playing. The third group was given no expectations about awards and received no awards. A week later, all students played with the markers without a reward. The students receiving the "good player" award originally showed half as much interest as when they began the study. Later, other psychologists repeated this experiment only to conclude that rewards create short-term motivation, but undermine intrinsic motivation.

Negative reinforcement
This persuades the user by removing an unpleasant stimulus. For example, a brown and dying nature scene might turn green and healthy as the user practises more healthy behaviors.

Positive reinforcement
This persuades the user by adding a positive stimulus. For example, adding flowers, butterflies, and other nice-looking elements to an empty nature scene as a user practises more healthy behaviors.

Logical Fallacies
More recently, Lieto and Vernero have also shown that arguments reducible to logical fallacies are a class of widely adopted persuasive techniques in both web and mobile technologies. These techniques have also shown their efficacy in large-scale studies about persuasive news recommendations as well as in the field of human-robot interaction. A 2021 report by the RAND Corporation shows how the use of logical fallacies is one of the rhetorical strategies used by the Russia and its agents to influence the online discourse and spread subversive information in Europe.

Reciprocal equality
One feature that distinguishes persuasion technology from familiar forms of persuasion is that the individual being persuaded often cannot respond in kind. This is a lack of reciprocal equality. For example, when a conversational agent persuades a user using social influence strategies, the user cannot also use similar strategies on the agent.

Health behavior change
While persuasive technologies are found in many domains, considerable recent attention has focused on behavior change in health domains. Digital health coaching is the utilization of computers as persuasive technology to augment the personal care delivered to patients, and is used in numerous medical settings.

Numerous scientific studies show that online health behaviour change interventions can influence users' behaviours. Moreover, the most effective interventions are modelled on health coaching, where users are asked to set goals, educated about the consequences of their behaviour, then encouraged to track their progress toward their goals. Sophisticated systems even adapt to users who relapse by helping them get back on the bandwagon.

Maintaining behavior change long term is one of the challenges of behavior change interventions. For instance, as reported, for chronic illness treatment regimens non-adherence rate can be as high as 50% to 80%. Common strategies that have been shown by previous research to increase long-term adherence to treatment include extended care, skills training, social support, treatment tailoring, self-monitoring, and multicomponent stages. However, even though these strategies have been demonstrated to be effective, there are also existing barriers to implementation of such programs: limited time, resources, as well as patient factors such as embarrassment of disclosing their health habits.

To make behavior change strategies more effective, researchers also have been adapting well-known and empirically tested behavior change theories into such practice. The most prominent behavior change theories that have been implemented in various health-related behavior change research has been self-determination theory, theory of planned behavior, social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model, and social ecological model. Each behavior change theory analyses behavior change in different ways and consider different factors to be more or less important. Research has suggested that interventions based on behavior change theories tend to yield better result than interventions that do not employ such theories. The effectiveness of them vary: social cognitive theory proposed by Bandura, which incorporates the well-known construct of self-efficacy, has been the most widely used method in behavior change interventions as well as the most effective in maintaining long-term behavior change.

Even though the healthcare discipline has produced a plethora of empirical behavior change research, other scientific disciplines are also adapting such theories to induce behavior change. For instance, behavior change theories have also been used in sustainability, such as saving electricity, and lifestyle, such as helping people drinking more water. These research has shown that these theories, already effectively proven useful in healthcare, is equally powerful in other fields to promote behavior change.

Interestingly, there have been some studies that showed unique insights and that behavior change is a complex chain of events: a study by Chudzynski et al. showed that reinforcement schedule has little effect on maintaining behavior change. A point made in a study by Wemyss et al. is that even though people who have maintained behavior change for short term might revert to baseline, their perception of their behavior change could be different: they still believe they maintained the behavior change even if they factually have not. Therefore, it is possible self-report measures would not always be the most effective way of evaluating the effectiveness of the intervention.

Promote sustainable lifestyles
Previous work has also shown that people are receptive to change their behaviors for sustainable lifestyles. This result has encouraged researchers to develop persuasive technologies to promote for example, green travels, less waste, etc.

One common technique is to facilitate people's awareness of benefits for performing eco-friendly behaviors. For example, a review of over twenty studies exploring the effects of feedback on electricity consumption in the home showed that the feedback on the electricity consumption pattern can typically result in a 5–12% saving. Besides the environmental benefits such as savings, health benefit, cost are also often used to promote eco-friendly behaviors.

Research challenges
Despite the promising results of existing persuasive technologies, there are three main challenges that remain present.

Technical challenges
Persuasive technologies developed relies on self-report or automated systems that monitor human behavior using sensors and pattern recognition algorithms. Several studies in the medical field have noted that self-report is subject to bias, recall errors and low adherence rates. The physical world and human behavior are both highly complex and ambiguous. Utilizing sensors and machine learning algorithms to monitor and predict human behavior remains a challenging problem, especially that most of the persuasive technologies require just-in-time intervention.

Difficulty in studying behavior change
In general, understanding behavioral changes require long-term studies as multiple internal and external factors can influence these changes (such as personality type, age, income, willingness to change and more). For that, it becomes difficult to understand and measure the effect of persuasive technologies. Furthermore, meta-analyses of the effectiveness of persuasive technologies have shown that the behavior change evidence collected so far is at least controversial, since it is rarely obtained by Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs), the “gold standard” in causal inference analysis. In particular, due to relevant practical challenges to perform strict RCTs, most of the above-mentioned empirical trials on lifestyles rely on voluntary, self-selected participants. If such participants were systematically adopting the desired behaviors already before entering the trial, then self-selection biases would occur. Presence of such biases would weaken the behavior change effects found in the trials. Analyses aimed at identifying the presence and extent of self-selection biases in persuasive technology trials are not widespread yet. A study by Cellina et al. on an app-based behavior change trial in the mobility field found evidence of no self-selection biases. However, further evidence needs to be collected in different contexts and under different persuasive technologies in order to generalize (or confute) their findings.

Ethical challenges
The question of manipulating feelings and desires through persuasive technology remains an open ethical debate. User-centered design guidelines should be developed encouraging ethically and morally responsible designs, and provide a reasonable balance between the pros and cons of persuasive technologies.

In addition to encouraging ethically and morally responsible designs, Fogg believes education, such as through the journal articles he writes, is a panacea for concerns about the ethical challenges of persuasive computers. Fogg notes two fundamental distinctions regarding the importance of education in engaging with ethics and technology: "First, increased knowledge about persuasive computers allows people more opportunity to adopt such technologies to enhance their own lives, if they choose. Second, knowledge about persuasive computers helps people recognize when technologies are using tactics to persuade them."

Another ethical challenge for persuasive technology designers is the risk of triggering persuasive backfires, where the technology triggers the bad behavior that it was designed to reduce.

title: Persuasive technology


text:
1934 in television

The year 1934 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1934.

Events

 * March 31 - The agreement for joint experimental transmissions by the BBC and John Logie Baird's company ends.
 * May 16 - The Seldon Committee is established to investigate the feasibility of a public television service in the UK.
 * July 11 - In the U.S., the Communications Act of 1934 stipulates that commercial television stations "operate in the public interest, convenience, and necessity". The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is charged with the responsibility of enforcing the act.
 * August 25 - Philo Farnsworth gives the world's first public demonstration of a complete all-electronic television system at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.
 * November 5 - First television broadcasts in the USSR.
 * Late 1934 - Vladimir K. Zworykin increases the number of scanning lines in electronic television from 240 lines at 24 frames per second to 343 lines at 30 frames.

Births

 * January 8 - Roy Kinnear, comedian (died 1988)
 * January 21 - Ann Wedgeworth, actress (Three's Company, Evening Shade) (died 2017)
 * January 22 - Bill Bixby, television actor (My Favorite Martian, The Incredible Hulk) (died 1993)
 * January 26 - Bob Uecker, sports commentator and actor
 * February 11 - Tina Louise, actress and singer (Gilligan's Island)
 * February 12 - Bill Russell, NBA basketball player (died 2022)
 * February 13 - George Segal, actor (Just Shoot Me!, The Goldbergs) (died 2021)
 * February 14 - Florence Henderson, actress (The Brady Bunch) (died 2016)
 * February 21 - Rue McClanahan, actress (The Golden Girls) (died 2010)
 * February 27 - Van Williams, actor (Bourbon Street Beat, Surfside 6, The Green Hornet) (died 2016)
 * March 1 - Joan Hackett, actress (died 1983)
 * March 5 - James B. Sikking, actor (Hill Street Blues, Doogie Howser, M.D.)
 * March 9 - Joyce Van Patten, actress
 * March 26 - Alan Arkin, actor (died 2023)
 * March 31 - Shirley Jones, singer and actress (The Partridge Family)
 * April 1 - Don Hastings, actor (As the World Turns)
 * April 5 - Frank Glieber, sportscaster (died 1985)
 * April 18 - James Drury, actor (The Virginian) (died 2020)
 * April 24 - Shirley MacLaine, actress and author
 * May 10 - Gary Owens, American actor and radio broadcaster (announcer for Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In, voice of Space Ghost) (died 2015)
 * May 18 - Dwayne Hickman, actor (The Bob Cummings Show, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis) (died 2022)
 * May 19 - Jim Lehrer, presidential debate moderator and host of the PBS NewsHour (died 2020)
 * June 4 - Bill Moyers, journalist
 * July 1 - Jamie Farr, American actor (M*A*S*H)
 * July 10 - Jerry Nelson, American actor and puppeteer (Sesame Street, The Muppet Show) (died 2012)
 * July 22 - Louise Fletcher, actress (died 2022)
 * August 5 - Gay Byrne, broadcaster, host of The Late Late Show (died 2019)
 * August 7
 * Steve Ihnat, actor (died 1972)
 * Richard Levinson, producer (died 1987)
 * August 9 - Cynthia Harris, actress (Mad About You) (died 2021)
 * September 2 - Chuck McCann, actor and television host (died 2018)
 * September 19 - Jay Randolph, sportscaster
 * September 20 - Sophia Loren, actress
 * September 27 - Wilford Brimley, American actor and commercial spokesperson (died 2020)
 * October 17 - Kathleen Watkins, broadcaster
 * October 18 - Chuck Swindoll, pastor
 * November 13 - Garry Marshall, actor and director (Happy Days) (died 2016)
 * December 9 - Judi Dench, English actress (As Time Goes By)
 * December 28 - Maggie Smith, English actress (Downton Abbey)

title: 1934 in television


text:
1933 in television

The year 1933 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1933.

Events

 * January 23 – W9XAL in Kansas City begins broadcasting.
 * January 24 – John Cameron Swayze begins his daily Journal-Post News Flashes on W9XAL, which is simulcast by KMBC radio.
 * April 21 – The first television revue, named Looking In, is shown on the BBC. The first four minutes of this programme survive on a Silvatone record, an early method of home video recording.
 * August 4 – W9XAT in Minneapolis, Minnesota makes its first transmission.
 * RCA performs private field tests in Camden, New Jersey of an electronic television system.

Ending this year

 * The Television Ghost (1931–1933)

Births

 * January 8 – Charles Osgood, journalist (died 2024)
 * January 17 – Shari Lewis, puppeteer (died 1998)
 * February 2 – Tony Jay, actor (died 2006)
 * February 6 – Leslie Crowther, actor and host, Crackerjack (died 1996)
 * March 12 – Barbara Feldon, actress, Get Smart
 * March 13 – Gloria McMillan, actress, Our Miss Brooks (died 2022)
 * March 19
 * Phyllis Newman, actress, game show panelist (died 2019)
 * Renée Taylor, actress, The Nanny
 * April 5 – Frank Gorshin, comedian, actor, Batman (died 2005)
 * April 7 – Wayne Rogers, actor, financial commentator, M*A*S*H (died 2015)
 * April 26 – Carol Burnett, actress, comedian, The Carol Burnett Show
 * May 3 – Alex Cord, actor, Airwolf (died 2021)
 * May 7 – Roger Perry, actor, Arrest and Trial, Harrigan and Son (died 2018)
 * May 20 – Constance Towers, actress, General Hospital
 * May 21 – Richard Libertini, actor (died 2016)
 * June 8 – Joan Rivers, comedian and host, The Joan Rivers Show, Fashion Police (died 2014)
 * June 20 – Danny Aiello, actor (died 2019)
 * June 21 – Bernie Kopell, actor, Get Smart, The Love Boat
 * June 22 – Jacques Martin, presenter and producer (died 2007)
 * June 27 – Gary Crosby, singer and actor (died 1995)
 * July 23 – Bert Convy, actor and game show host (died 1991)
 * July 25 – Ken Swofford, actor (died 2018)
 * July 26 – Kathryn Hays, actress, As the World Turns (died 2022)
 * July 29 – Robert Fuller, actor, Laramie
 * July 30 – Edd Byrnes, actor, 77 Sunset Strip (died 2020)
 * August 1 – Dom DeLuise, actor and comedian (died 2009)
 * August 11 – Jerry Falwell, televangelist (died 2007)
 * August 16
 * Gary Clarke, actor, The Virginian
 * Julie Newmar, actress, Batman
 * August 25 – Tom Skerritt, actor, Picket Fences
 * September 13 – Eileen Fulton, actress, As the World Turns
 * September 15 – Henry Darrow, Puerto Rican-American actor, The High Chaparral (died 2021)
 * September 17 – Pat Crowley, actress, A Date With Judy, Please Don't Eat the Daisies
 * September 18 – Robert Blake, actor, Baretta (died 2023)
 * September 19 – David McCallum, Scottish-born actor, The Man from U.N.C.L.E., NCIS (died 2023)
 * September 27
 * Greg Morris, actor, Mission: Impossible, Vega$ (died 1996)
 * Kathleen Nolan, actress, The Real McCoys
 * November 3
 * Ken Berry, actor, F Troop, Mama's Family (died 2018)
 * Michael Dukakis, American politician
 * November 4 – Junko Ikeuchi, Japanese actress, Nemuri Kyōshirō: Burai-hikae (died 2010)
 * November 5 – Herb Edelman, actor, The Good Guys, The Golden Girls (died 1996)
 * November 19 – Larry King, talk show host (died 2021)
 * November 26 – Robert Goulet, singer (died 2007)
 * November 28 – Hope Lange, actress, The Ghost & Mrs. Muir (died 2003)
 * December 3 – Les Crane, host (died 2003)
 * December 8 – Flip Wilson, comedian and host, The Flip Wilson Show (died 1998)
 * December 15
 * Tim Conway, actor, The Carol Burnett Show, McHale's Navy (died 2019)
 * William Link, producer
 * December 22 – Elizabeth Hubbard, actress, The Doctors, As the World Turns
 * December 26 – Caroll Spinney, puppeteer, Sesame Street (died 2019)

title: 1933 in television


text:
1932 in television

The year 1932 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1932.

Events

 * March 9 – The U.S. Federal Radio Commission grants an operating license to Kansas State University in Manhattan, Kansas, for the television station W9XAK.
 * August 22 – The BBC starts a regular television service using John Logie Baird's 30-line system. EMI demonstrate electronic television, with as many as 3 times as many lines as Baird's mechanical system, to the BBC.
 * December – René Barthélemy starts operating an experimental weekly programme of one hour with a 60-line black-and-white system "Paris Télévision".

Births

 * January 3 – Dabney Coleman, actor, Buffalo Bill.
 * January 12 – Des O'Connor, television personality and singer (died 2020).
 * January 13 – Jon Cypher, actor, Hill Street Blues.
 * January 17 – Sheree North, actress (died 2005).
 * February 1 – John Hart, retired American television journalist
 * February 2 – Robert Mandan, actor, Soap (died 2018).
 * February 16 – Gretchen Wyler, actress (died 2007).
 * February 23 – Majel Barrett, actress, Star Trek (died 2008).
 * February 24 – Jay Sandrich, director (died 2021).
 * February 26 – Johnny Cash, singer and actor, The Johnny Cash Show (died 2003).
 * February 27 – Elizabeth Taylor, actress (died 2011).
 * February 29 – Edward Faulkner, actor.
 * March 2 – Paul Sand, actor.
 * March 19 – Gail Kobe, actress (died 2013).
 * April 1 – Debbie Reynolds, actress (died 2016).
 * April 4 – John Clarke, actor, Days of Our Lives (died 2019).
 * April 25 – William Roache, actor, Coronation Street.
 * April 27 – Casey Kasem, broadcast announcer, Scooby-Doo (died 2014).
 * April 30 – E. Duke Vincent, American television producer.
 * May 13 – Gianni Boncompagni, radio and TV presenter and director (died 2017).
 * June 17 – Peter Lupus, actor, Mission: Impossible.
 * June 22 – Prunella Scales, English actress, Fawlty Towers.
 * June 28 – Pat Morita, actor, Happy Days (died 2005).
 * July 8 – Brian Walden, journalist, broadcaster and Member of Parliament (died 2019).
 * July 31 – Ted Cassidy, actor, The Addams Family (died 1979).
 * August 5 – Ja'Net DuBois, American actress, singer and dancer, Good Times (died 2020).
 * August 9 – Reginald Bosanquet, journalist and news presenter (died 1984).
 * August 15 – Jim Lange, game show host (died 2014).
 * September 3 – Eileen Brennan, actress, Private Benjamin (died 2013).
 * September 5 – Carol Lawrence, actress.
 * September 14 – Igor Kirillov, news presenter, Tsentral'noye televideniye SSSR (died 2021).
 * September 25 – Charles Stanley, pastor (died 2023)
 * September 26
 * Donna Douglas, actress, The Beverly Hillbillies (died 2015).
 * Richard Herd, actor (died 2020).
 * September 27 – Roger C. Carmel, actor, The Mothers-in-Law (died 1986).
 * October 12 – Dick Gregory, actor (died 2017).
 * October 20 – William Christopher, actor, M*A*S*H (died 2016).
 * November 4 – Noam Pitlik, director (died 1999).
 * November 13 – Richard Mulligan, actor, Soap (died 2000).
 * November 20 – Richard Dawson, game show host (died 2012).
 * November 22 – Robert Vaughn, actor, The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (died 2016).
 * December 18 – Roger Smith, actor, 77 Sunset Strip (died 2017).
 * December 20 – John Hillerman, actor, Magnum, P.I. (died 2017).
 * December 25 – Mabel King, actress (died 1999).
 * December 28 – Nichelle Nichols, singer and actress, Star Trek (died 2022).
 * December 29 – Inga Swenson, actress, Benson (died 2023).

title: 1932 in television


text:
1931 in television

The year 1931 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1931.

Events

 * May 1 – The first wedding is broadcast by television, on New York City's W2XCR.
 * June 3 – First television outside broadcast of a sporting event: Baird televises the Epsom Derby horse race in England.
 * July 21 – CBS's station W2XAB begins broadcasting 28 hours a week in New York City.
 * August – At the Berlin Radio Show, Manfred von Ardenne gives the world's first public demonstration of a television system using a cathode-ray tube for both transmission and reception. Ardenne never develops a camera tube, using the CRT instead as a flying-spot scanner to scan slides and film.
 * October 9 – Canada's first television station, VE9EC, begins broadcasting in Montreal, Quebec. VE9EC is owned jointly by radio station CKAC and the newspaper company La Presse.
 * October 30 – NBC installs a television transmitter on top of the Empire State Building.
 * November 1 – Television images are transmitted from JOAK radio station in Tokyo, Japan by Professors Kenjiro Takayagani and Tomomasa Nakashima. The still images comprise 80 lines at 20 frames per second.
 * December 22 – NBC begins broadcasting experimental test transmissions from the Empire State Building transmitter.
 * December 23 – Don Lee Broadcasting begins broadcasting low-definition electromechanical television from the station W6XAO (later KTSL) in Los Angeles, broadcasting one hour of film footage, six days per week.

Debuts

 * Exhibition Boxing Bouts premieres on the experimental W2XAB (1931–1932)
 * Hints for Swimmers premieres on the experimental W2XAB (1931)
 * Piano Lessons premieres on the experimental W2XAB (1931–1932).
 * The Television Ghost premieres on the experimental W2XAB (1931–1933).
 * Television Today premieres on the experimental W2XAB (1931).
 * W2XAB debuts music segments with Connie Boswell, Doris Sharp, Elliot Jaffee, Grace Yeager, Harriet Lee, and Helen Haynes, among others.
 * W2XCD debuts a semi-regular segment with singer Alice Remsen.

Births

 * January 10 – Marlene Sanders, television news correspondent (died 2015)
 * January 11 – Peter Baldwin, actor (died 2017)
 * January 13
 * Charles Nelson Reilly, actor, game show panelist (died 2007)
 * Rip Taylor, comedian (died 2019)
 * January 15 – Thomas Hoving, American museum executive (died 2009)
 * January 17 – James Earl Jones, actor
 * January 19 – Robert MacNeil, news reporter
 * February 6 – Rip Torn, actor (died 2019)
 * February 8 – James Dean, actor, East of Eden, Rebel Without a Cause, Giant (died 1955)
 * February 13 – Geoff Edwards, game show host (died 2014)
 * February 24 – Dominic Chianese, actor
 * February 28 – Gavin MacLeod, actor, The Love Boat (died 2021)
 * March 11 – Rupert Murdoch, media mogul
 * March 20 – Hal Linden, actor, Barney Miller
 * March 22 – William Shatner, actor, Star Trek
 * March 26 – Leonard Nimoy, actor, Star Trek (died 2015)
 * March 27 – David Janssen, actor, The Fugitive (died 1980)
 * April 6 – Ivan Dixon, actor, Hogan's Heroes (died 2008)
 * April 12 – Betty Clooney, singer (died 1976)
 * April 26 – Bernie Brillstein, agent and producer (died 2008)
 * May 15 – Ken Venturi, golfer
 * May 16 – Jack Dodson, actor, The Andy Griffith Show (died 1994)
 * May 18
 * Robert Morse, actor (died 2022)
 * George Shapiro, producer (died 2022)
 * Don Martin, cartoonist (died 2000)
 * May 23 – Barbara Barrie, actress, Barney Miller
 * June 8 – Dana Wynter, actress (died 2011)
 * June 14 – Marla Gibbs, actress, The Jeffersons, 227
 * June 20 – Olympia Dukakis, actress, Tales of the City (died 2021)
 * June 26
 * Robert Colbert, actor, The Time Tunnel
 * Marvin Minoff, American film and television producer (died 2009)
 * July 1 – Leslie Caron, actress
 * July 6 – Della Reese, actress, singer, Touched by an Angel (died 2017)
 * July 8 – Roone Arledge, producer (died 2002)
 * July 10 – Nick Adams, actor (died 1968)
 * July 27 – Jerry Van Dyke, actor, Coach (died 2018)
 * July 28 – Darryl Hickman, actor
 * August 15 – Janice Rule, actress (died 2003)
 * August 23 – Barbara Eden, actress, I Dream of Jeannie
 * August 25 – Regis Philbin, talk show host (died 2020)
 * September 1 – Beano Cook, American television personality (died 2012)
 * September 4 – Mitzi Gaynor, singer, actress
 * September 9 – Barbara Lyon, singer, actress (died 1995)
 * September 10 – Philip Baker Hall, actor (died 2022)
 * September 11 – Bill Simpson, actor (died 1986)
 * September 12
 * Bill McKinney, actor (died 2011)
 * Ian Holm, actor (died 2020)
 * September 13 – Barbara Bain, actress, Mission: Impossible
 * September 17 – Anne Bancroft, actress (died 2005)
 * September 19 – Ray Danton, actor (died 1992)
 * September 21 – Larry Hagman, actor, I Dream of Jeannie, Dallas (died 2012)
 * September 24 – Howard West, TV producer (died 2015)
 * September 30 – Angie Dickinson, actress, Police Woman
 * October 23 – Diana Dors, actress (died 1984)
 * October 31 – Dan Rather, news reporter
 * November 5 – Reese Schonfeld, news reporter (died 2020)
 * November 8 – Morley Safer, news reporter (died 2016)
 * November 12 – Dick Clair, writer (died 1988)
 * November 30 – Jack Ging, actor (died 2022)
 * December 3 – Jaye P. Morgan, game show panelist
 * December 9 – Paddi Edwards, actress (died 1999)
 * December 11 – Rita Moreno, actress
 * December 23 – Ronnie Schell, comedian
 * December 28 – Martin Milner, actor, Adam-12 (died 2015)

title: 1931 in television


text:
Lars Johan Hierta

Lars Johan Hierta (22 January 1801 – 20 November 1872) was a Swedish newspaper publisher, social critic, businessman and politician. He is best known as the founder of the newspaper Aftonbladet in 1830. Hierta was a leading agitator for political and social reform in Sweden during the 19th century. He is sometimes credited as the "father of the free press" in Sweden.

Biography
Hierta was born to a noble family – the Hierta family – in Uppsala, Sweden, as the son of Carl Didrik Hierta and Hedvig Johanna Schméer. He received his primary education at a private school and began his studies at Uppsala University in 1814, where he earned a Doctor of Philosophy and a Candidate of Law in 1821. In the same year, he was employed as an unpaid trainee at the central government agency Bergskollegium, where he was promoted as a law clerk in 1825.

In the mid-1820s, Hierta met Wilhelmina Fröding, his future wife. Although her family rejected his initial marriage proposal, they married in 1833 and together had five daughters.

At the Riksdag of the Estates of 1823, Hierta served as a secretary at the Swedish House of Lords. At the following Estates Assembly, from 1828 to 1830, he was a representative of the nobility and also served as a law clerk. In the Riksdag, Hierta aligned himself with the liberal opposition critical of the conservative rule of King Charles XIV John.

Hierta started writing for Conservationsbladet in 1823. He also wrote for the papers Argus from 1824 to 1826 and, sporadically, Stockholmsposten from 1826 to 1828. He started writing as a humourist, later as a news writer and political editorialist.

In 1829, Hierta started the book publishing house Hiertas bokförlag ("Hierta's Publishing House").

In 1830, Hierta founded the Aftonbladet newspaper, where he advocated for a republic (though without using the word "republic"), which is sometimes seen as the start of the Swedish republican movement. The newspaper was banned many times, but published under a new name each time.

In 1839 Lars Johan Hierta founded a candle factory still active today by the name of Liljeholmens Stearinfabriks AB.

Soon after 1840, Aftonbladet hired Swedish writer and feminist Wendela Hebbe (1808–1899), who became the first permanently-employed woman journalist at a Swedish newspaper. Hierta and Hebbe later had a son together. Both Hierta and Hebbe were socially active for liberal causes.

At the time of his death in Stockholm, Hierta was one of the wealthiest persons in Sweden. After his death, his widow Wilhelmina Fröding Hierta donated 100,000 SEK to Stockholm University for the establishment of a professorship in economics, and later 400,000 SEK to the foundation Lars Hiertas minne ("Lars Hierta's Memory") whose mission was to "work freely and independently for human progress" (fritt och oberoende verka för det mänskliga framåtskridandet). He is buried in Norra begravningsplatsen.

title: Lars Johan Hierta


text:
List of Britpop musicians

The following is a list of Britpop musicians. While definitions may vary, artists labelled as Britpop were typically guitar-based bands that emerged from the British music scene, were popular in the 1990s, and focused more on melody than other contemporary genres such as grunge.

Artists
• 60 Ft. Dolls

• Ash

• The Auteurs

• Babybird

• Black Grape

• The Bluetones

• Blur

• The Boo Radleys

• Cast

• Catatonia

• The Charlatans

• Cornershop

• Delicatessen

• Denim

• The Divine Comedy

• Dodgy

• Echobelly

• Elastica

• Embrace

• Gay Dad

• Gene

• Geneva

• Gorky's Zygotic Mynci

• Heavy Stereo

• James

• Kenickie

• Kinky Machine

• Kula Shaker

• The Lightning Seeds

• Longpigs

• Lush

• Manic Street Preachers

• Mansun

• Marion

• Me Me Me

• Menswear

• My Life Story

• Northern Uproar

• Oasis

• Ocean Colour Scene

• Powder

• Pulp

• Radiohead

• Reef

• Rialto

• Ride

• Saint Etienne

• Salad

• The Seahorses

• Shed Seven

• Silver Sun

• Shampoo

• Sleeper

• S*M*A*S*H

• Stereophonics

• Strangelove

• Suede

• Super Furry Animals

• Supergrass

• The Supernaturals

• Teenage Fanclub

• Theaudience

• These Animal Men

• Travis

• The Verve

title: List of Britpop musicians


text:
1930 in television

The year 1930 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events in 1930.

Global television events

 * May 22 – An audience at Proctor's Theatre in Schenectady, New York becomes the first to see a closed-circuit television signal projected onto a big screen.
 * July 14 – For the first time in the United Kingdom, a television drama is broadcast. The drama is a production of Luigi Pirandello's The Man With the Flower in His Mouth; it is broadcast by the BBC from Baird's studios at 133 Long Acre, London.
 * November 5 – Baird television transmissions at Hairdressing Fair of Fashion include the world's first television commercial for the Eugène Method of permanent hair waving.
 * December 7 – W1XAV in Boston, Massachusetts broadcasts the first television commercial in the United States, of I.J Fox Furriers during The Fox Trappers.

Births

 * January 1 - Ty Hardin, U.S. actor (Bronco) (died 2017)
 * January 3 - Robert Loggia, U.S. actor (died 2015)
 * January 4
 * Sorrell Booke, U.S. actor (The Dukes of Hazzard) (died 1994)
 * Rosemary Prinz, U.S. actress (As the World Turns)
 * January 6 - Vic Tayback, U.S. actor (Alice) (died 1990)
 * January 15 - Edwin Sherin, U.S. director (died 2017)
 * January 19 - Tippi Hedren, U.S. actress
 * January 30 - Don Brockett, U.S. actor (died 1995)
 * February 8 - Alejandro Rey, Argentinian-born actor (The Flying Nun) (died 1987)
 * February 10 - Robert Wagner, U.S. actor (It Takes a Thief, Switch, Hart to Hart)
 * February 27 - Joanne Woodward, U.S. actress
 * March 22
 * Pat Robertson, televangelist (died 2023)
 * Stephen Sondheim, U.S. composer (died 2021)
 * March 30 - John Astin, U.S. actor (The Addams Family)
 * April 5 - Mary Costa, actress
 * April 7 - Andrew Sachs, German-born British actor (Fawlty Towers) (died 2016)
 * April 18 - Clive Revill, actor
 * April 19 - Dick Sargent, U.S. actor (Bewitched) (died 1994)
 * April 23 - Alan Oppenheimer, U.S. actor
 * April 25 - Lynn Hamilton, U.S. actress (Sanford and Son)
 * April 28 - Carolyn Jones, U.S. actress (The Addams Family) (died 1983)
 * May 10 - Pat Summerall, American football player and sportscaster (died 2013)
 * May 17 - Frank Price, U.S. TV and film executive
 * May 20 - Betty DeGeneres, American LGBT rights activist
 * May 31 - Clint Eastwood, U.S. director and actor (Rawhide)
 * June 12 - Jim Nabors, U.S. actor, singer (The Andy Griffith Show, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.) (died 2017)
 * June 19 - Gena Rowlands, U.S. actress
 * June 25 - George Murdock, actor (died 2012)
 * June 27 - Ross Perot, American businessman and politician (died 2019)
 * June 28 - Horacio Gómez Bolaños, Mexican actor (died 1999)
 * June 29 - Robert Evans, Actor (died 2019)
 * July 14 - Polly Bergen, U.S. actress (died 2014)
 * July 17 - Ray Galton, British writer (died 2018)
 * July 30 - Tony Lip, actor (died 2013)
 * August 11 - Paul Soles, actor (died 2021)
 * August 16
 * Frank Gifford, American football player and sportscaster (died 2015)
 * Robert Culp, U.S. actor (I Spy) (died 2010)
 * August 25
 * Graham Jarvis, U.S. actor (died 2003)
 * Sean Connery, Actor (died 2020)
 * August 28 -
 * Windsor Davies, British comedy actor (It Ain't Half Hot Mum) (died 2019)
 * Ben Gazzara, U.S. actor (Run for Your Life) (died 2012)
 * September 7 - Sonny Rollins, Saxophonist
 * September 11 - Cathryn Damon, U.S. actress (died 1987)
 * September 16 - Anne Francis, U.S. actress (Honey West) (died 2011)
 * September 23 - Ray Charles, U.S. singer, songwriter, pianist and composer (died 2004)
 * September 27 - Bill Carruthers, U.S. television executive (died 2003)
 * October 1 - Richard Harris, actor (died 2002)
 * October 6 - Lou Cutell, U.S. actor (died 2021)
 * October 19 - Fred Facey, U.S. radio and television announcer (died 2003)
 * November 3
 * Larry Gelman, U.S. actor (The Bob Newhart Show)
 * Lois Smith, U.S. actress
 * November 5 - Richard Davalos, U.S. actor (died 2016)
 * November 15 - Whitman Mayo, U.S. actor (Sanford and Son) (died 2001)
 * November 2 - Peter Hall, English director (died 2017)
 * December 4 - Ronnie Corbett, British comedian (died 2016)
 * December 9 - Buck Henry, U.S. writer, actor, director (died 2020)
 * December 12 - Bill Beutel, American television journalist (died 2006)
 * December 17 - Armin Mueller-Stahl, actor
 * December 21 - Phil Roman, U.S. animator
 * December 24 - Julian Barry, U.S. screenwriter
 * December 31 - Renate Hoy, U.S. actress

Deaths

 * February 19 - Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton, Scottish electrical engineer who provided the theoretical basis for the electronic television, 66

title: 1930 in television


text:
Talk:Constitutional monarchy

Qatar & Eswatini
Is Qatar really more constitutional than Eswatini? --37.144.246.117 (talk) 16:50, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

UK Monarchy "Effectively Ceremonial" needs citation support
We have the satement: "Today, the role of the British monarch is by convention effectively ceremonial." But the reference cited is not a third party, it is the website of the royal family and appears out of date (2015). This statement should either be removed or supported by an evidence based reference. An argument against the monarchy being purely ceremonial would be the weekly, private audiences between the king and prime minister. If these are ceremonial why are they private? The palace website says the king advises and warns his ministers (https://www.royal.uk/audiences#:~:text=Political%20Audiences,his%20Prime%20Minister%20%2D%20when%20necessary.) This describes the role of the monarch as more like a consultant or lobbyist than "effectively ceremonial". But independent sources are needed.

RogerHyam (talk) 12:07, 24 April 2023 (UTC)

Ceremonial versus Executive
This is such a strange paragraph:

 * "Ceremonial and executive monarchy should not be confused with democratic and non-democratic monarchical systems. For example, in Liechtenstein and Monaco, the ruling monarchs wield significant executive power. However, while they are theoretically very powerful within their small states, they are not absolute monarchs and have very limited de facto power compared to the Islamic monarchs, which is why their countries are generally considered to be liberal democracies. For instance, when Hereditary Prince Alois of Liechtenstein threatened to veto a referendum to legalize abortion in 2011, it came as a surprise because the prince had not vetoed any law for over 30 years (in the end, this referendum failed to make it to a vote)."

Is the article really saying here that the difference between democratic and non-democratic monarchical systems is how often (or how rarely) the monarchy uses its power? lol Am I reading that correctly? Criticalthinker (talk) 09:28, 7 May 2023 (UTC)

 * Why not? --95.24.62.201 (talk) 22:33, 10 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Constitutional monarchy