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Gwalior

Gwalior (Hindi:, ) is a major city in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh; it lies in northern part of Madhya Pradesh and is one of the Counter-magnet cities. Located 343 km south of Delhi, the capital city of India, 120 km from Agra and 414 km from Bhopal, the state capital, Gwalior occupies a strategic location in the Gird region of India. The historic city and its fortress have been ruled by several historic Indian kingdoms. From the Kachchhapaghatas in the 10th century, Tomars in the 13th century, it was passed on to the Mughal Empire, then to the Maratha in 1754, and the Scindia Dynasty of Maratha Empire in the 18th century. In April 2021, It was found that Gwalior had the best air quality index (AQI 152) amongst the 4 major cities in Madhya Pradesh.

Besides being the administrative headquarters of Gwalior district and Gwalior division, Gwalior has many administrative offices of the Chambal division of northern Madhya Pradesh. Several administrative and judicial organisations, commissions and boards have their state and national headquarters situated in the city.

Gwalior was the winter capital of the state of Madhya Bharat which later became a part of the larger state of Madhya Pradesh. Prior to Indian independence on 15 August 1947, Gwalior remained a princely state of the British Raj with the Scindia as the local rulers. High rocky hills surround the city from all sides, on the north it just forms the border of the Ganga- Yamuna Drainage Basin. The city however is situated in the valley between the hills. Gwalior's metropolitan area includes Gwalior city centre, Morar Cantonment, Lashkar Gwalior (Lashkar Subcity), Maharaj Bada, Phool Bagh, and Thatipur.

Gwalior was one of the major locations of rebellion during the 1857 uprising. Post-independence, Gwalior has emerged as an important tourist attraction in central India while many industries and administrative offices came up within the city. Before the end of the 20th century it became a million plus agglomeration and now it is a metropolitan city in central India. Gwalior is surrounded by industrial and commercial zones of neighbouring districts (Malanpur – Bhind, Banmore – Morena) on all three main directions.

Gwalior has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under PM Narendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission.

History
According to legend, Gwalior was founded in 600 CE after a local chieftain, Suraj Sen, who was cured of leprosy from a drink given to him by a holy man called Gwalipa. Suraj subsequently set up a town and fort and named them after Gwalipa.

The earliest historical record found at Gwalior is the Gwalior inscription of the Alchon Hun ruler Mihirakula. It describes Mihirakula's father Toramana (493–515) as "a ruler of the earth, of great merit, who was renowned by the name of the glorious Tôramâna; by whom, through (his) heroism that was specially characterized by truthfulness, the earth was governed with justice", and his Mihirakula as "the lord of the earth" as of 520 CE.

Around the 9th century, the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty controlled Gwalior and during their rule, they constructed the Teli ka Mandir temple. The Kachchhapaghata dynasty ruled the area c.950 –c.1192 CE, leaving remarkable architectural works such as the Sasbahu Temple. In 1021, Gwalior was attacked by forces led by Mahmud Ghazni.

In 1231 Iltutmish, ruler of the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, captured Gwalior after an 11-month-long effort and from then till the 13th century it remained under Muslim rule. In 1375, Raja Veer Singh was made the ruler of Gwalior and he founded the rule of the Tomar clan. During those years, Gwalior saw its golden period.The Jain Sculptures at Gwalior Fort were built under Tomar rule. Man Singh Tomar a Tomar Rajput made his dream palace, the Man Mandir Palace which is now a tourist attraction at Gwalior Fort. Babur described it as "the pearl in the necklace of forts of India and not even the winds could touch its masts". The daily light and sound show organised there apprise about the history of the Gwalior Fort and Man Mandir Palace. By the 15th century, the city had a noted singing school which was attended by the prominent figure of Hindustani classical music, Tansen. After death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb the Jat ruler Bhim Singh Rana captured Gwalior from Mughals. Later in the 1830s, the Scindia Dynastys captured Gwalior and it remained a princely state during the period of British rule.

Chaturbhuj Temple at Gwalior Fort claims the world's very first occurrence of zero as a written number.

Rebellion of 1857
Gwalior is also known for not participating in the 1857 rebellion, mainly due to non-co-operation with Rani Lakshmibai. After Kalpi (Jhansi) fell into the hands of the British on 24 May 1858, Lakshmibai sought shelter at Gwalior Fort. The Maharaja of Gwalior, Jayajirao Scindia, was not willing to give up his fort without a fight as he was a strong ally of the British, but after negotiations, his troops capitulated and the rebels took possession of the fort. The British attacked Gwalior in no time, the battle was fought by Lakshmibai. Indian forces numbered around 20,000, and British forces around 1,600 troops. Lakshmibai's example is remembered to this day by Indian nationalists. She died fighting, and Gwalior was free from rebels. There is a statue of Lakshmibai on her horse which commemorates her contribution to the fight for independence. Tantia Tope and Rao Sahib escaped. Tantia Tope was later captured and hanged in April 1859.

Princely state of Gwalior
Scindia is a Maratha clan in India. This clan included rulers of the Gwalior State in the 18th and 19th centuries, who were a princely states during the period of British colonial rule during the 19th and the 20th centuries until India became independent, and politicians in independent India.

The Scindia state of Gwalior became a major regional power in the second half of the 18th century and figured prominently in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. (Gwalior first fell to the British in 1780.) The Scindias held significant power over many of the Rajput states, and conquered the state of Ajmer. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the city was briefly held by rebel forces in 1858 until they were defeated by the British. The Scindia family ruled Gwalior until India's independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, when the Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia acceded to the Government of India. Gwalior was merged with a number of other princely states to become the new Indian state of Madhya Bharat. Jivajirao Scindia served as the state's Rajpramukh, or the appointed governor, from 28 May 1948 to 31 October 1956, when Madhya Bharat was merged into Madhya Pradesh.

In 1962, Rajmata Vijayraje Scindia, the widow of Maharaja Jivajirao Scindia, was elected to the Lok Sabha, beginning the family's career in electoral politics. She was first a member of the Congress Party, and later became an influential member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. Her son, Maharaja Madhavrao Scindia was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1971 representing the Congress Party, and served until his death in 2001. His son, Jyotiraditya Scindia, also in the Congress Party, was elected to the seat formerly held by his father in 2004, but later joined Bhartiya janata Party in 2020.

Demographics
As of the 2011 Census of India, Gwalior had a population of 1,054,420. Males constitute 53% of the population and females 47%. Gwalior has an average literacy rate of 84.14%, higher than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 89.64% and female literacy is 77.92%. In Gwalior, about 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. The city's metropolitan population, which includes the commuter town of Morar Cantonment, was 1,102,884.

Religion
Hinduism is practised by the majority of the people in Gwalior (88.84%). Other religions practised include Islam (8.58%), Jainism (1.41%), Sikhism (0.56%), Christianity (0.29). Gwalior has a long history of religious amity. The erstwhile Maharajas of the Scindia dynasty considered the Sufi saints to be their gurus and headed the Muharram procession every year.

Languages
Hindi is by far the predominant language of Gwalior with nearly 96% of residents speaking it as their first language. Sindhi and Marathi are spoken by 1% each.

Geography
Gwalior is located at 26.22°N, 78.18°W. in northern Madhya Pradesh 300 km from Delhi. It has an average elevation of 197 m. Most part of it comes under the Gird area.

Waterways
The Tigra Dam is located on the outskirts of the city. The dam is now being used to store water from the Sank river and supply water to the city. The reservoir is used for leisure activities including speed boating, paddle boating, and water scooters.

The Swarna Rekha river is a reconstructed part of the Swarna Rekha river which was dried during the British raj. Boat rides run between Padav in central Gwalior to Gwalior Zoo.

Parks and gardens
The Lashkar part of Gwalior has many parks, including the Phool Bagh, or the garden of flowers, built to welcome the Prince of Cambridge and the Italian Garden – the garden which was used by the Scindias as a place of relaxation, is Italian in architecture with a water pool surrounded by musical fountains. Ambedkar Park and Gandhi Park are other prominent parks.

Gwalior Zoo provides a home for white tigers, serpents, golden pheasants, sambar, hyena, bison, and others.

Climate
Gwalior has a sub-tropical climate with hot summers from late March to early July, the humid monsoon season from late June to early October, and a cool dry winter from early November to late February. Under Köppen's climate classification the city has a humid subtropical climate. The highest recorded temperature was 48 °C and the lowest was −1 °C. Summers start in late March, and along with other cities like Jaipur and Delhi, are among the hottest in India and the world. Temperatures peak in May and June with daily averages being around 33 –, and end in late June with the onset of the monsoon. Gwalior receives 750 mm of rain on average per year, most of which is concentrated in the Monsoon months (from late June to early October). August is the wettest month with about 250 mm of rain. Winter in Gwalior starts in late October, and is generally very mild with daily temperatures averaging in the 14 – range, and mostly dry and sunny conditions. January is the coldest month with average lows in the 5-6 °C range (41-42 °F) and occasional cold snaps that plummet temperatures down to a single digit.

Environment
Gwalior was found to have the second-highest level of air pollution according to a World Health Organization study in 2016. Particulates from the burning of garbage and fossil fuels make breathing the air of this city a hazard.

Government
The administration of Gwalior is shared between the departments and institutions of three levels of government – civic administration by the Gwalior Municipal Corporation, state administration by government of Madhya Pradesh, and the central government of India.

The judiciary has four levels: the lowest level being the Gwalior Gram panchayat (or "Gram Nyayalaya"). Above the gram panchayat is the District Court for Gwalior district sits Lashkar. Above that, the Madhya Pradesh High Court has its main seat in Jabalpur, but also a permanent bench in Gwalior city. The final court of appeal is the Supreme Court of India.

Gwalior Municipal Corporation
The Gwalior Municipal Corporation is responsible for the civic infrastructure and administration of the city, which is divided into 66 wards.

Shobha Satish Sikarwar(INC) is the present Mayor of Gwalior. The Municipal Commissioner, a member of the Indian Administrative Service, is responsible for the corporations finances and for the services and works conducted for the city.

Gwalior Municipal Corporation covers an area of 414 km2. The municipality was created on 6 June 1887 with two divisions for Lashkar and Morar, which later were merged with a single constitutional body.

State government
There are four seats in the state legislative assembly (the "Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha") responsible for the Gwalior municipal area, the constituencies being Gwalior, Gwalior Rural, Gwalior East and Gwalior South. Prior to the 2008 boundary changes the seats were "Gird", "Lashkar East" and "Lashkar West".

State institutions include:
 * Office of The President-Board of Revenue of Madhya Pradesh
 * Office of The Transport-Commissioner of Madhya Pradesh
 * Office of The Commissioner-Land Records & Settlements Madhya Pradesh
 * Office of The State Excise Commissioner of Madhya Pradesh

Central government
The national assembly seat covering Gwalior is the Gwalior (Lok Sabha constituency). The seat was held by Narendra Singh Tomar of the BJP.

In May 2019, Vivek Narayan Shejwalkar of Bharatiya Janata Party had been elected as the Member of Parliament from Gwalior.

Central government institutions include:
 * Office of The Accountant-General (AG) of Madhya Pradesh
 * Defense Research & Development Establishment (DRDE)
 * Border Security Force (BSF) Academy
 * National Cadet Corps (NCC) Officer's Training Academy (OTA)
 * Indian Air Force (IAF) Station (Maharajpura Airbase).
 * Office of The Narcotics Commissioner of India (Central Bureau of Narcotics)
 * Central Intelligence Bureau HO
 * laxmibai National Institute of physical Education (LNIPE)
 * Indian Army Cantonment (Morar Cantonment)
 * Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) ([Shivpuri Link Road Ghatigao Gwalior)]
 * Central Potato Research Institute, Gwalior
 * Centre for Advanced Maintenance Technology (Ministry of Railways)

Railway Station Gwalior
Gwalior is a major railway junction in the Northern central region. The Gwalior Junction (Station code: GWL) is the part of the North Central Railways. Gwalior is one of the few places where both narrow gauge and broad gauge railways tracks were operational (until the line closed in 2020 ). Gwalior was the terminus for the longest narrow-gauge route operating in the world, covering a distance of 198 km from Gwalior Junction to Sheopur. Gwalior Junction is a five-railway track intersection point. It won an award for the best and cleanest station of North Central Railway zone.

 * 1) Goes to Agra (AGC)
 * 2) Goes to Jhansi Junction (VGLJ)
 * 3) Goes to Guna (GUNA)
 * 4) Goes to Etawah (ETW)
 * 5) Goes to Sheopur Kalan (SOE) on Narrow Gauge Line (closed for broad gauge conversion since 2020)

Gwalior is one of the major commercial railway stations of the North Central Railway, whose zone headquarters is centred in Prayagraj. The station has won awards from Indian Railways for excellent clean infrastructure in 1987, 1988, 1989 and 1992. It is in the Adarsh Station Category of Indian Railways.

Gwalior Light Railway connected to the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in Sheopur. It is being converted to broad gauge and may commence service as a broad-gauge line in future, connecting Gwalior to Kota, Rajasthan via Sheopur. It is the junction point to reach tourist destinations like Shivpuri, Dholpur and Bhind. Gwalior is on the Main train line between Delhi (station code: NDLS) and Mumbai (Bombay; CSTM) and between Delhi and Chennai (MAS).

Some trains starting here and travelling towards Eastern India via Gwalior Junction – Jhansi Junction provide direct connections to points in eastern India including Kolkata, Durgapur, Barauni, Varanasi, and Allahabad. There are about fifty trains to New Delhi and Agra every day, and around the same number of trains to the Bhopal and Nagpur stations. However, fewer trains are available for long routes like Mumbai and Chennai. The luxury trains – the Maharaja Express and the India on Wheels – stop at Gwalior on their week-long round trip of tourist destinations in Central India. More than 180 trains stop at Gwalior Railway Station

Road
Gwalior is fairly well connected to other parts of Madhya Pradesh and India by national and state highways. The proposed North-south-Corridor of the Golden-Quadrilateral Highway project passes through the city. The Agra-Bombay national highway (NH3) passes through Gwalior, connecting it to Shivpuri on one end and Agra on the other. The Yamuna Expressway is easily accessible from Agra for the travellers going to New Delhi.

The city is connected to the Jhansi by the National Highway 75, towards the south of the city. The northern part of the city is connected to the city of Mathura via National Highway 3. There are bus services to and from all major and minor cities near Gwalior, including Bhopal, Agra, Delhi, Jabalpur, Jhansi, Bhind, Morena, Dholpur, Etawah, Datia, Jaipur, and Indore.

Airport
Gwalior Airport, also called Rajamata Vijaya Raje Scindia Airport, is the airport of Gwalior. It has an Indian Air Force Base which stations Mirage fighters. Daily flights to Delhi, Kolkata, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mumbai, Pune, Ahemdabad, Jaipur, Indore, and Jammu are available from Gwalior airport.

Local public transport
Gwalior's public transport system mainly consists of Tempos, auto rickshaw taxis, Ola Cabs, and micro-buses. The Municipal Corporation's "Gwalior City Bus" covers some routes in the city. Blue Radio taxis are also available in Gwalior. The Tempos and auto rickshaws are often cited as a cause of pollution and road congestion, and the local government has plans to replace the Tempos with vans that will run on liquefied petroleum gas. In 2018, a 3 km cycle track was built in the city, and the city became the fourth in India to have this type of facility.

The Gwalior Metro is the proposed project for Gwalior city. The project was announced by state CM Shivraj Singh Chouhan on 17 October 2014. Hence district administration is preparing a DPR(Detailed Project Report) for The Gwalior Metro.

Art and literature
Gwalior holds a major and a special position in the Indian classical music, art and literature. Gwalior is a well acknowledged place of art, associated with historic as well as contemporary evidence. In August 2005 a mural created by Aasutosh Panigrahi and five other artists was acknowledged as the World's Largest Indoor Mural by Guinness World Records. Marathi Sahitya Sammelan, the conference on Marathi Literature was held in Gwalior in 1961. It was presided over by writer Kusumavati Deshpande (herself a poet and also the wife of Kavi Anil). She was the first female president of the annual Sammelan since its inception in 1878. Culturally Gwalior is the confluence of two rich cultures Bundeli and Braj.

In more recent times, Akhtar family has been based out of Gwalior for at least three generations with Muztar Khairabadi, his son Jan Nisar Akhtar and his grandson Javed Akhtar being the prominent literary figures. Nida Fazli, one of the most famous Indian Hindi and Urdu poets grew up here. Former Indian Prime Minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, is also a well known writer and poet.

Music
Raja Man Singh Tomar, the King of Gwalior between 1486 and 1516 CE, was a patron of Drupad (Hindi: ध्रुपद). Dhrupad is a vocal genre in Hindustani classical music, said to be the oldest still-in-use in that musical tradition. Its name is derived from the words "dhruva" (fixed) and "pada" (words). The term may denote both the verse form of the poetry and the style in which it is sung.

Gwalior holds a major position in the Indian classical music, with being the birthplace of the oldest Hindustani sangeet gharana – Gwalior Gharana. Gwalior holds an unparalleled reputation in Sangeet and has retained Indian traditions and the wealth of music intact over the years. The Gwalior Gharana is not only the oldest Khyal Gharana but it is also one of the most prominent gharana being the one to which most classical Indian musicians can trace the origin of their style. The rise of the Gwalior Gharana started with the reign of the great Mughal emperor Akbar (1542–1605). Akbar's favourite singer was Tansen, who came from the Gwalior area and whose ashes were buried in Gwalior after his death. The Tansen Tomb in Gwalior was constructed in his remembrance. Tansen Festival started in the 1930s, and currently artists from all over India come to perform in the festival.

Baijnath Prasad (also known as Baiju Bawra) was a classical singer (Dhrupadiya) who lived in Gwalior for his whole life under the patronage of Man Singh. Baiju was born in Chanderi and was cremated there. He received his musical training in Vrindaban under Swami Guru Haridas Ji. He was the court musician of Gwalior along with Nayak Charju, Bakshu, and others.

Sarod player Amjad Ali Khan is also from Gwalior. His grandfather, Ghulam Ali Khan Bangash, became a court musician in Gwalior.

UNESCO: Creative Cities Network for Music Category
In November 2023, UNESCO announced the inclusion of Gwalior in its flagship Creative Cities Network programme.

Tansen Music Festival
The Tansen Sangeet Samaroh (Tansen Music Festival) is celebrated every year on the Tansen Tomb in Gwalior during the month of December. Tansen Samaroh is a platform where artists from all over India gather and participate to deliver vocal and instrumental performances. The Tansen Sangeet Samaroh is organised by the government of Madhya Pradesh, in association with the Academy of the Department of Culture. During the festival, music lovers and artists from all over the world gather to offer their tribute to Tansen. The academy offers honours to senior celebrities and junior artists by including them in the Samaroh through their performed music.

Sarod Ghar
This Museum of Music has been set up in the old ancestral house of musician Hafiz Ali Khan. It houses ancient instruments of the Indian masters of the past. It also houses a collection of photographs and documents. Sarod Ghar is an institution devoted to promoting Indian classical music, heritage and culture. Through this 'window' to the past, music lovers can gain a better understanding of the evolution and history of Indian classical music and a deeper perspective and insight into the context of the art as it exists today.

Media and communication
There are newspapers, magazines, local TV stations and four FM radio stations in Gwalior.

Dainik Bhaskar is the leading and one of the oldest and most widely read newspapers. Swadesh and Naidunia are other well-established newspapers. More newspapers published in Gwalior are BPN Times, Raj Express, Dainik Madhya Raj, Nav Bharat, Youth Engine, Dainik Jagran, People's Samachar, Dainik Adityaz. Evening newspapers are Sandhya Samachaar, Gwalior Sandesh, Sudarshan Express.

"Aalekh-Life in Pages" is one of the leading youth magazine published and widely read across the city. SouLSteer magazine is a bi-monthly lifestyle and automotive magazine in Gwalior.

The radio industry has expanded with private FM channels being introduced. The FM radio channels that broadcast in the city include Big FM (92.7 MHz), Red FM (93.5), Chaska FM (95 MHz), My FM (94.3 MHz), and Lemon (91.9 MHz). The state-owned company, Doordarshan, transmits two terrestrial television channels. Major local channels include Hathway Win, Harsh Networks, KMJ Communications, and DEN networks.

Sports
Lakshmibai National University for Physical Education (operational since 1957) is the largest physical education institutions in Asia. Gwalior also has the Railway Hockey Stadium with artificial turf. Captain Roop Singh Stadium is a cricket ground with a capacity of 45,000. The stadium has hosted 10 One Day International (ODI) matches. Of the ten matches played so far, the first one was played between India and West Indies on 22 January 1988. The ground has flood lights and has also hosted day-night encounters. One match of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was also played on this ground, between India and West Indies.

Dhyan Chand was a famous hockey player from Jhansi which is near Gwalior. Ankit Sharma is a cricketer from Gwalior and plays in the Indian Premier League. Athletics are also played in this city, Vishal Kaim was the youngest hammer thrower of India when he participated in National Athletics Games in 2006 at the age of 14 years.

Stadium and Sports University

 * Captain Roop Singh Stadium is a cricket ground in Gwalior. The stadium has hosted ten One Day International (ODI) matches. Of the ten matches played so far, the first one was played between India and West Indies on 22 January 1988. It can hold 45,000 people at a time. It was originally a hockey stadium named after great Indian hockey player Roop Singh, brother of hockey player Dhyan Chand. The ground has flood lights and has hosted day-night encounters as well. One match of the 1996 Cricket World Cup was also played on this ground, between India and West Indies. This ground is notable for hosting the ODI between India and South Africa in which Sachin Tendulkar scored the first-ever double century in ODI cricket.
 * The Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education (LNIPE), Gwalior was established by the Ministry of Education & Culture, Government of India as Lakshmibai College of Physical Education (LCPE) in August 1957, the centenary year of the War of Independence. It is located at Gwalior, where Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, a heroine of the war, died during the rebellion in 1857. The Institute started as an affiliated college of the Vikram University, Ujjain and then came to the folds of Jiwaji University, Gwalior in 1964. The institute was given the status of National importance, and hence it was renamed as Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (LNCPE) in 1973. In recognition of its unique status and character and to facilitate its further growth, the college was conferred the status of an ′Autonomous College′ of Jiwaji University, Gwalior in 1982.
 * A new international stadium at Shankarpur village near Ghatigaon tehsil has been proposed by Madhya Pradesh Cricket Association (MPCA). The proposed stadium will be built on a land of 30 acres, which has been taken over by Gwalior District Cricket Association (GDCA). The construction of the proposed stadium is expected to be completed in 2020. It will have a seating capacity of around 100,000 spectators. It will also be equipped with flood lights for night matches, a swimming pool, sauna bath, modern gym, dressing room, and 30 corporate boxes.

Education
Gwalior has developed into a significant centre of education. It hosts several prominent government and private universities and institutions including the following:

Prominent Institutes in Gwalior

Gwalior has five Kendriya Vidyalayas (managed by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government Of India), several engineering and technological institutes, and more than thirty affiliated engineering colleges.

The Scindia School, a boarding school for boys, Scindia Kanya Vidyalaya (a boarding school for girls), Delhi Public School, Gwalior are also located in Gwalior city. Other notable schools and colleges include No. 1 Air Force School, Gwalior, Ebenezer Hr. Sec. School, D.D. Nagar, Gwalior and Kendriya Vidyalaya No. 4, Gwalior.

Economy
Gwalior is surrounded by three industrial areas – Sitholi, Banmore and Malanpur. All three of these sectors are on NH 75, NH-3 and NH 92 respectively, with Malanpur being the largest. The city once had large manufacturing industries, such as Gwalior Grasim and J.C. MILLS of Birlanagar, but now this sector is left with only one major factory – J.B.Mangharam Ltd. The important industries in the other sectors are dairy, chemical, manufacturing, and textiles. Handicraft and small industries are also found. Gwalior is also an important historical and tourism sector of the country. Therefore, the tourism sector also puts an effect into the city's economy. Gwalior is one of the CMAs to New Delhi to dissipate the load of urbanisation from NCR (see ). Most of the population is involved with trading firms or are self-employed. Many run OMEs and SMEs with Gwalior and Agra as the local market. The city is scattered with coaching institutes and educational institutions which provide employment to a large section of city's population.

Trade fair

 * Gwalior Trade Fair was started in 1905 by Maharaja Madho Rao Scindia, King of Gwalior. It is an annual trade fair showcasing the economy of Gwalior. It has become the biggest fair of Madhya Pradesh and one of the most colourful fairs of India. It starts in the second week of January and continues until February.

Gwalior Metro and suburbs
The 2011 census put the population of Gwalior's urban area / metropolitan region, comprising Gwalior and Morar Cantonment, at 1,117,740.

Old town
The old town of Gwalior, commonly called Kila Gate is around 1 km from Hazira, the largest area in old town, which is of considerable size but irregularly built. It lies at the eastern base of the rock and contains the tomb of the Sufi saints, Khwaja Khanoon and Muhammad Ghaus, erected during the early part of Mughal emperor Akbar’s reign, and the tomb of Mian Tansen, a great singer and one of the 'Nine Jewels' of Akbar's court. A town called by his name Ghauspura situated near the tomb of Mohaommed Ghaus.reold town consisted of some streets and mohallas which are presumed to be 700 to 800 yrs old areas in gwalior which are still backward areas in gwalior due to improper management of new town. these old areas are as follows.

 * Koteshwar Temple. This temple is a 700-year-old temple of Lord Shiva whose shivling was on Gwalior Fort, but when the Mughals conquered it they ordered the shivling thrown out. When the troops did that, the shivling was automatically established in a field below the fort without any harm. Muslim Gazi told the emperor not to harm the shivling. In the late 18th century Scindias built a temple for that shivling, now known as Koteshwar Mahadev.
 * Baba Kapoor- this place is 500 meters away from Ghas Mandi. This place was named Baba Kapoor because of saint Shah Abdul Gafoor.
 * Kashi Naresh ki gali- this a 600-year-old residential street in Gwalior it was given name as Kashi Naresh ki gali because in the 14th century when the emperor of Kashi was defeated in war he was sent to exile by oppositions at that time Gwalior emperor and Kashi's emperor were good friends when Kashi's emperor told Gwalior's emperor whole story, emperor gave him an entire street for living at that time which is now known as Kashi Naresh ki Gali. their family even now resides there in Kashi Naresh ki gali in Rajaji Ka Bada. (Meanings: naresh = king = rajaji; gali = street in Hindi language; bada = big area.)

Lashkar Subcity
The name of Lashkar is a Persian word meaning 'army' or 'camp', as this was originally the camp, and later the permanent capital, of the Scindia dynasty of Gwalior state. Lashkar was the capital of Madhya Bharat from 1950 to 1956.

Jiwaji Chowk is the central focus of Lashkar, with a large square, a former opera house, banks, tea, coffee and juice stands and a municipal market building. Thriving bazaars surround the chowk. Many jewellery shops are situated near Jayaji Chowk, also known as Maharaj Bada. A source of water for the city is Tighra Dam, built on the Saank river 20 km to the north. The Gajra Raja Medical College, founded in 1946 by the Maharaja Jiwaji Rao Scindia and the Maharani Vijayaraje Scindia, is situated in Lashkar on Palace Road, near Katora Taal, together with a group of hospitals. Jai Vilas Palace, patterned on the French palace of Versailles, is located here.

Morar Cantonment
Morar Cantonment, formerly a separate town, lies 5 km east of the old city. It was formerly a British military cantonment. Morar is generally considered a rural farming town. The area is known as the "green part" of Gwalior because much of the area is still rural.

Morar was the scene of the most serious uprising in Central India. On 1 June 1858, Jayajirao led his forces to Morar to fight a rebel army led by Tatya Tope, Rani Lakshmibai and Rao Sahib. This army had 7,000 infantry, 4,000 cavalry and 12 guns while he had only 1,500 cavalry, his bodyguard of 600 men and 8 guns. In this attack, the rebel cavalry took the guns and most of the Gwalior forces except the bodyguard went over to the rebels (some deserted). The Maharaja and the remainder fled without stopping until they reached the British garrison at Agra. By 1900 it had become a centre for local trade and had an important training industry, with a population of 19,179 in 1901.

The Sun Temple is situated in Morar at Residency Road.

The cantonment area makes up a large area of Morar which contains official residences for the Indian Army. It has many canteens for Army personnel. Saint Paul's School and Pragati Vidyapeeth School are nearby. There is an air force base in the Pinto Park region.

Thatipur

Thatipur is said to have got its name from State Army Unit 34, which once resided there. Gandhi Road divides Thatipur into two areas. Morar at one end of the road and Balwant Nagar on the other.

Thatipur primarily consists of residential areas like Darpan Colony, Madhav Rao Scindhiya Enclave, the government blocks, Vivek Nagar, and Suresh Nagar. Places of note are the Dwarikadhish Mandir, Bhagwan colony, Tomar building, Chauhan Pyaau (The Chauhan family), Galla Kothar, Ramkrishna Aashram, Saraswati Nagar, Govindpuri, Gayatri Vihar, Shakti Vihar, Shakuntalapuri, Dushyant Nagar, Shanti Vihar, and Mayur market along with Sai Baba Mandir in Shakti Vihar colony.

Healthcare
The prominent hospitals of Gwalior include Gajara Raja Medical College and the associated J.A. Hospital, Kamla Raja Hospital, Sahara Hospital, Mascot Hospital, BIMR Hospital, Cancer Hospital & Research Institute and many private doctor clinics. The Cancer Hospital & Research Institute is a nationally acclaimed medical centre in Oncology. There is also a charitable hospital named SATCH (Shri Anandpur Trust Charitable Hospital) which provides free treatment. There is a government Ayurvedic college and a private homoeopathic college (Vasundhara Raje Homoeopathic Medical College) which is run by the Biochemic and Homoeopathic Association of Gwalior, also providing health care education and services.

Future developments
Gwalior West is being developed as a "Counter Magnet" project with funding support from the National Capital Region. It has been introduced to increase investment in education, industry and real estate. This is hoped to counteract the closing of manufacturers such as Hotline, Cimmco and Grasim Gwalior.

The Gwalior Master plan launched by the local collector and municipal corporation initiates to improve the basic civic infrastructure of the city to meet the growing population of the city as well as to make the city beautiful for tourists.

Gwalior Fort

At the heart of Gwalior is Gwalior Fort of the Tomara dynasty. This structure was reputed to be one of the most structurally sound forts of India, having been improved by Raja Man Singh Tomar where a previous structure existed. It occupies an isolated rock outcrop. The hill is steepened to make it virtually unscalable and is surrounded by high walls which enclose buildings from several periods. The old town of Gwalior lies at the eastern base of the fortress. Lashkar, founded by Daulat Rao Scindia, formerly a separate town that originated as a military camp, lies to the south, and Morar, also a formerly separate town, lies to the east. Gwalior, Lashkar and Morar are part of the Gwalior Municipal Corporation.

The Fort, popularly called "the Gibraltar of India", overlooks the city. The Emperor Babur reputedly described it as "the pearl in the necklace of the forts of Hind". This fort's architecture is unique. It displays a Chinese influence on Indian architecture, as Chinese dragons have been crafted at the hilt of the pillars. This influence was due to trade between China and India at the time of the fort's construction.

After the death of Sher Shah Suri in 1545, who was ruling North India at that time, his son Islam Shah shifted his capital from Delhi to Gwalior and constructed 'Sher Shah Mandir' (or 'Sher Shah Fort') in his father's memory. Islam Shah operated from Gwalior until his death in 1553. Islam Shah had appointed the Hindu warrior 'Hemu' or Hem Chandra Vikramaditya as his Prime Minister in Sher Shah Fort for the first time, who later on became the Hem Chandra Vikramaditya king at Delhi and established 'Hindu Raj' in North India.

In the east of the city are two examples of early Mughal architecture: the mausoleum of the 16th century Sufi Saint Ghous Mohammed and the tomb of Mian Tansen, a singer and one of the 'Nine Jewels' of the Mughal Emperor Akbar's court. Right next to them is the Gujari Mahal, built by Tomar Rajput King Man Singh Tomar on demand of his consort Gujar princess Mrignayani. Close to the heart of the city is Jai Vilas Palace of the Scindia dynasty, patterned on the palace of Versailles. It combines Tuscan, Italian and Corinthian styles of architecture. Historically and architecturally, Gwalior is interesting first as an ancient seat of Jain worship; second for its example of palace architecture of the Hindu period between 1486 and 1516; and third as an historic fortress. Many historical places are found near the Dabra-Bhitarwar Road. Prior to the founding of Gwalior, the region was also known by its ancient name of Gopasetra. Gwalior had an institutional seat of the Bhattarakas of Kashtha Sangh and later Mula Sangh.

Gopachal
Gopachal Parvat is situated on the mountainous terrain at the slopes of Gwalior Fort. Gopachal Parvat contains unique statues of Jain Tirthankaras. The idol of Parshvanath seated on a lotus (carved out of a single stone) is the largest in the world, towering at 14 metres in height and 9 metres in breadth. There is a series of 26 Jain statues in a single line. Built between 1398 and 1536 by Tomar kings, these Jain Tirthankar statues are one of a kind in architecture.

Siddhachal Caves
Jain rock-cut sculptures of Siddhachal Caves – A striking part of the Jain remains at Gwalior is a series of caves or rock-cut sculptures, excavated in the rock on all sides, and numbering nearly a hundred, great and small. Most of them are mere niches to hold statues, though some are cells that may have been originally intended for residences. According to inscriptions, they were all excavated within a short period of about thirty-three years, between 1441 and 1474. One of the colossal figures is 57 ft high, taller than any other in northern India.

Sas-Bahu Temple
Sas-Bahu Temple, a 9th-century shrine, Sas-Bahu temple in the fort allures not only the devotees but also the tourists with its artistic value. Despite what its name may suggest, these temples are not dedicated to Sas (mother-in-law) and Bahu (daughter-in-law) but rather the short form of Shashtra Bahu, another name for Lord Vishnu. These temples situated adjacent to each other and the larger one is elaborately decorated with carvings and sculptures. The roof of the larger temple is adorned with a lotus carving.

Teli ka mandir

Teli Ka Mandir (Telangana Mandir) – A structure of about 100 feet, Teli Ka Mandir in Gwalior Fort distinguishes itself from the other compositions of its time because of its unique architecture. The temple bears a close resemblance to the temple of Prathihara Vishnu, and is filled with images of coiled serpents, passionate couples, river goddesses, and a flying Garuda. The temple architecture follows the Indo-Aryan and Nagara styles and is believed to be among the oldest constructions in the fort. The Telikā Mandir, or 'oil-man's temple', owes its name to Teli, a term for an oil grinder or oil dealer. Many suggestions have been put forward to explain this name historically, but in fact the name is not old, the temple being used for processing oil before the British occupied the fort and used the building, albeit temporarily, as a coffee shop. The Telikā Mandir is the loftiest temple among all the buildings in Gwalior Fort with a height of about 30 meters. The temple consists of a garba griha, that is, sanctum proper for the deity, and an antarala to enter into the temple. It can be approached by a flight of steps provided on the eastern side. The most striking feature of the temple is the wagon-vaulted roof, a form used over rectangular shrines which normally accommodated a row of Mother Goddesses. The goddesses from the interior vanished centuries ago and have not been traced. The exterior walls of the temple are decorated with sculptures, many of which are damaged; the niches, shaped like temples, are empty. The building carries a dedicatory inscription to the goddess in a niche on the southern side, but otherwise does not have any history. The architectural style points to a date in the late 8th Century. The entrance gateway on the eastern side is a later addition of the British period, made by Major Keith in 1881. It was built as a way of saving various historic pillars and other pieces no longer in their original context.

Other monuments

 * Gurudwara Daata Bandi Chhorh- Gwalior Fort also has the Gurudwara, built in the memory of the sixth Sikh, Guru Har Gobind. This Gurudwara is particularly large and grand, built entirely of marble with coloured glass decorating the main building. Recital of the Guru Granth Sahib takes place here and Mughal kings used to visit Gwalior regularly. There is a Gurdwara that was converted to a mandir of "kalli devi" and process is on to take it back by Sikhs.
 * Municipality Museum, is situated a little distance from Rani Lakshmibai's tomb.
 * Modern 5D is Madhya Pradesh's first multi-dimensional theatre launched in the 2011 trade fair of Gwalior. It was built by Gwalior's leading enterprise Modern Techno Projects (P) Ltd. Modern 5D is recognised as India's first own multi-dimensional theatre.
 * Shyam Vatika is a banquet hall which has the world's largest indoor mural, as recognised by Guinness World Records.
 * Adhyatma Niketan is an important ashram near Gwalior Fort.
 * Within the fort are some marvels of medieval architecture. The 15th century Gujari Mahal is a monument to the love of Raja Mansingh Tomar for his Gujar Queen, Mrignayani. The outer structure of Gujari Mahal has survived in an almost total state of preservation; the interior has been converted into an archaeological museum housing rare antiquities, some of them dating back to the 1st century A.D. Many of these have been defaced by the iconoclastic Mughals.

Jai Vilas Mahal
Also called Jai Vilas Palace, is the residential palace turned museum of the Maratha rulers of Gwalior – the Scindias. The palace has notable collections of antiques. The museum is one of the largest in Madhya Pradesh and has the world's largest chandelier and the complex is a mixture of British and Hindu architecture. The palace was constructed in 1874 as an attempt to bring the palace of Versailles to Gwalior.

Tombs and Chatris of historic importance

 * Chatris of Scindias is situated close to the city near Achaleshwar temple and is the burial place for the Scindias who ruled the city for numerous years. Designated persons like Maharaja Madhavrao Scindia, Vijayaraje Scindia and His Highness Jivajirao Scindia were cremated here.
 * Tansen's tomb: Gwalior is the birthplace of the musician Tansen. He was one of the "Nine Gems of Akbar".
 * Gaus Mohammad's tomb: The tombs of Great Gaus Mohammad and Tansen are situated on the same territory.
 * Tomb of Rani Lakshmibai, a famous freedom fighter, at Phoolbag area. It is here where the she died in 1858 fighting against the British. It is also her burial place.

Sun Temple
Located in, the Sun Temple "Vivsvaan mandir" is dedicated to the sun god Surya. Designed as a facsimile of the Sun temple of Konark in Odisha, the temple was sponsored and built in the 1980s by the Birla family.

The temple is in a garden within the temple premises. The temple draws the locals and tourists alike who gather to render their prayers. Before the temple was built the gardens had the name Tapovan. The gardens were the location of an ill-fated attempt to introduce african lions by the Maharaja of Gwalior State.

Notable people

 * Kartik Aaryan, actor, born in Gwalior
 * Javed Akhtar, poet, lyricist and writer, born in Gwalior
 * Nida Fazli, Urdu writer and poet
 * Muhammad Ghawth, Indian Sufi saint and author
 * Shifa Gwaliori, Indian Urdu poet
 * Pawan Karan, Indian major Hindi poet and writer
 * Sharad Kelkar, actor, born in Gwalior
 * Amjad Ali Khan, sarod player and musician
 * Bihari Lal, Hindi poet
 * Meet Bros, the musician duo hail from Gwalior.
 * Piyush Mishra, Indian film and theatre actor, music director, lyricist, singer, scriptwriter
 * Amitabh Mitra, Indo-English Poet, Visual Artist and Orthopaedic Surgeon studied at Gajara Raja Medical College Gwalior
 * Krishnarao Shankar Pandit, musician of the Gwalior gharana
 * Meeta Pandit, musician of Gwalior Gharana
 * Abha Parmar, actress
 * Harshvardhan Rane, Telugu and Bollywood actor
 * Radhika Veena Sadhika, world's first woman vichitra veena player.
 * Daulat Rao Sindhia
 * Jankoji Rao Scindia II
 * Jayaji Rao Scindia
 * Jiwajirao Scindia
 * Jyotiraditya Scindia
 * Madhavrao Scindia
 * Madho Rao Scindia
 * Mamta Sharma, singer, born in Gwalior
 * Pran Kumar Sharma, cartoonist and comic creator of Chacha Chaudhary fame moved here after the Partition
 * Mahadaji Shinde
 * Navniti Prasad Singh, former Chief Justice of Kerala High Court
 * Roop Singh, Indian hockey player and Olympian
 * Shivendra Singh, Indian national hockey player, born and lives in Gwalior
 * Kushal Tandon, Indian television actor. He did his schooling at Scindia School in Gwalior
 * Tansen, court musician of the Mughal emperor Akbar
 * Narendra Singh Tomar
 * Atal Bihari Vajpayee, former Prime Minister of India
 * Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, Hindi writer, born in Gwalior

title: Gwalior


text:
USS Grampus

USS Grampus may refer to:

 * USS Grampus (1821), a schooner built to suppress piracy and catch slavers, was launched in early August 1821, had a small part in the Amistad trials and was lost at sea in March 1843
 * USS Grampus (1863), was a side-wheel steamer, originally named Ion, was used as a receiving ship for the Mississippi Squadron during the American Civil War
 * USS Grampus (SS-4) was Submarine Torpedo Boat No. 4, which was renamed A-3 and patrolled Manila Bay during World War I
 * USS Grampus (SP-1708), originally named Boothbay, was 1,708 tons and 126 feet long, built by Neafie and Levy, of Philadelphia. She was purchased from the Eastern Steamship Line of Boston, Massachusetts and commissioned 14 December 1917, at the Boston Navy Yard. Her name was changed to Grampus in November 1920. She was assigned to ferry service between the Washington Navy Yard, Indian Head, Maryland, and Dahlgren, Virginia. Grampus decommissioned 11 December 1930. Her name was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 30 December 1930, and she was later sold to the Buxton Line of Norfolk, Virginia
 * USS Grampus (SS-207), a Tambor-class submarine, was lost during World War II
 * USS Grampus (SS-523), a Tench-class submarine, served through most of the Cold War, then was sold to Brazil

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Grampus


text:
Father Time

Father Time is a personification of time. In recent centuries he is usually depicted as an elderly bearded man, sometimes with wings, dressed in a robe and carrying a scythe and an hourglass or other timekeeping device.

As an image, "Father Time's origins are curious." The ancient Greeks themselves began to associate chronos, their word for time, with the god Cronos, who had the attribute of a harvester's sickle. The Romans equated Cronos with Saturn, who also had a sickle, and was treated as an old man, often with a crutch. The wings and hourglass were early Renaissance additions and he eventually became a companion of the Grim Reaper, personification of Death, often taking his scythe. He may have as an attribute a snake with its tail in its mouth, an ancient Egyptian symbol of eternity.

New Year
Around New Year's Eve, the media (in particular editorial cartoons) use the convenient trope of Father Time as the personification of the previous year (or "the Old Year") who typically "hands over" the duties of time to the equally allegorical Baby New Year (or "the New Year") or who otherwise characterizes the preceding year. In these depictions, Father Time is usually depicted wearing a sash with the old year's date on it.

Time (in his allegorical form) is often depicted revealing or unveiling the allegorical Truth, sometimes at the expense of a personification of Falsehood, Fraud, or Envy. This theme is related to the idea of veritas filia temporis (Time is the father of Truth).

In the arts
Father Time is an established symbol in numerous cultures and appears in a variety of art and media. In some cases, they appear specifically as Father Time while in other cases they may have another name (such as Saturn), but the characters demonstrate the attributes which Father Time has acquired over the centuries.

Art

 * Paintings
 * Venus, Cupid, Folly, and Time, a c.1545 painting by Agnolo Bronzino, National Gallery, London.
 * An Allegory of Truth and Time, a 1584–85 painting by Annibale Carracci, Royal Collection Trust.
 * An Allegory of Truth, a 1596 painting by Gillis Coignet the Elder, showing Time presenting Truth.
 * Time Rescuing Truth from Envy (Veritas Filia Temporis), a sixteenth-century print after Hieronymus Bosch, Baillieu Library, Melbourne.
 * The Triumph of Truth (showing Time rescuing Truth), part of the 1622–25 Marie de' Medici cycle of paintings by Peter Paul Rubens, Louvre.
 * Time Vanquished by Love, Hope & Beauty, a 1627 painting by Simon Vouet, features Saturn in his incarnation as Father Time as the central figure, Prado Madrid.
 * A Dance to the Music of Time, a 1634–36 painting by Nicolas Poussin, shows Time strumming a stringed instrument while several allegorical figures dance, Wallace Collection, London.
 * Landscape with Time and Truth, a 1639 painting by Nicolas Poussin.
 * Time Defending Truth Against the Attacks of Envy and Discord, c. 1641, ceiling painting by Nicolas Poussin.
 * Time Reveals the Truth, a 1650 painting by Theodoor van Thulden.
 * Time Reveals the Truth: The Allegory, a 1657 painting by Theodoor van Thulden, State Hermitage Museum.
 * Time Being Overcome by Truth, a c. 1665 painting by Pietro Liberi, private collection.
 * Vanitas: Time Reveals the Truth, a c.1670 painting by Giovanni Domenico Cerrini.
 * Time Destroys Beauty, a seventeenth-century painting by Giovanni Domenico Cerrini.
 * Time Revealing Truth, late seventeenth- or early eighteenth-century painting by Sebastiano Ricci Belluno.
 * Time Unveiling Truth, a 1733 painting by Jean-François De Troy, National Gallery, London.
 * Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy, a 1737 painting by François Le Moyne, Wallace Collection, London.
 * Time Unveiling Truth, a c. 1743 painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Museo Civico Palazzo Chiericati, Vicenza.
 * Time Uncovering Truth, a 1745 oval painting by Charles-Joseph Natoire, part of the Waddesdon Rothschild Collections, Aylesbury, UK.
 * Time Unveiling Truth, a 1745–50 painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
 * Time Hunting Envy and Discovering Truth, an eighteenth-century fresco by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo at the Villa Loschi-Zileri outside of Vicenza, Italy.
 * Truth Rescued by Time, Witnessed by History, an 1812–14 painting by Francisco Goya, Nationalmuseum, Stockholm.

 * Sculpture
 * Father Time (Lord's) is a weather vane at Lord's Cricket Ground, London, in the shape of Father Time.
 * Father Time is the central figure in Lorado Taft's 1922 Chicago fountain, Fountain of Time.
 * Father Time, complete with scythe, is the central figure in the Rotunda Clock by John Flanagan, located in the rotunda of the Thomas Jefferson Building of the U.S. Library of Congress in Washington, D.C..
 * Father Time and the Virgin is a statue located on the cupola of the Masonic Hall at Mendocino, California.
 * An old statue of Father Time sits on the grounds at Sandringham Estate in Norfolk, England.
 * A clock featuring Father Time, created by Guéret Frêres, Atelier Cartier, and Vincenti et Cie, may be viewed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The museum also owns a drawing that is a study for a similar clock.
 * Truth Unveiled by Time is the name and subject of a sculpture by Bernini, though the figure of Time was never executed.

Books

 * Old Father Time appears in the fantasy novel series Nightside by Simon R. Green, as an elderly character tending to peoples' needs for time travel—and in some cases—guidance.
 * Father Time appears in the fairy tale themed short story, written by L. Frank Baum. Entitled "The Capture of Father Time". That Father Time was captured by the son of an Arizonian cowboy named Jim because of his foolishness.
 * Time is one of the Incarnations of Immortality in Piers Anthony's series of the same name. Time (also referred to as "Chronos") appears in several of the books and is the main character of Bearing an Hourglass. For most of the series he appears as a middle-aged man in a blue robe (which has the power to age to oblivion anything which attacks him) and bearing an hourglass which he can use to control the flow of time and move through both time and space.
 * Father Time is painted in the ceiling of the dungeon, in the Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Pit and the Pendulum".
 * In Mitch Albom's book The Time Keeper, Dor, the central character, is Father Time. He is freed from exile and sent to Earth on the condition that he teaches two people on Earth the true importance of time, a teenage girl who does not wish to live anymore, and a dying old billionaire who wishes to live forever.
 * Father Time is a character in Jude the Obscure, a novel by Thomas Hardy. Father Time is the name given to Jude Fawley's son, who is dreadfully melancholy and commits suicide at a young age.
 * Father Time also appeared in C. S. Lewis' novels The Silver Chair and The Last Battle which are the final two novels (chronologically) in the series The Chronicles of Narnia.
 * In Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, he is referred to as Time and is responsible for making the Hatter and his friends to have an endless tea party as punishment.

Business and industry

 * Father Time was the logo for the Elgin Watch Company. Notable in the logo was that Father Time had switched out his traditional hourglass for a watch.

Comics, magazines and periodicals

 * Father Time made numerous appearances in the classic comic Little Nemo in Slumberland, both as a general representation of time and as a symbol of the new year.
 * A Norman Rockwell painting of Father Time appeared on 31 December 1910 cover of The Saturday Evening Post.
 * Father Time is a recurring character in Tatsuya Ishida's webcomic Sinfest, often appearing as an infant immediately on or after the Western New Year, and as an old man fated to die during the end of the year.
 * Father Time appears in Neil Gaiman's graphic novel The Sandman: Overture, depicted as father to the Endless – seven embodiments of natural forces – through marriage to Mother Night.

Film and television

 * Father Time appears in The Blue Bird played by Thurston Hall.
 * The scythe and the hourglass are referenced by the character Johannes in Ordet.
 * Father Time appears in Our Mr. Sun voiced by Lionel Barrymore.
 * Father Time appears in The Blue Bird played by Robert Morley.
 * Father Time appears in the television special Rudolph's Shiny New Year voiced by Red Skelton. He is depicted as an old friend of Santa Claus and serves as the narrator of the special.
 * Father Time appears as a recurring character in The Smurfs voiced by Alan Oppenheimer. His workshop is depicted as being underground. Father Time's Reverse Clock was responsible for turning Nat, Snappy, and Slouchy into Smurflings and he can't undo the transformation because of how time works.
 * Father Time appears as one of the main characters in Histeria! voiced by Frank Welker.
 * In Flint the Time Detective, the Old Timer is depicted as a Father Time-like character.
 * Father Time appears in The Santa Clause 2 and The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause portrayed by Peter Boyle. He is shown as a member of the Council of Legendary Figures alongside Santa Claus, the Easter Bunny, Cupid, Mother Nature, the Sandman, the Tooth Fairy, and Jack Frost.
 * In the Wizards of Waverly Place episode "You Can't Always Get What You Carpet", Justin Russo (David Henrie) says "It's 8:00" and Jerry Russo (David DeLuise) retorts "Who are you, Father Time?"
 * Father Time appeared in The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy episode "The Halls of Time" voiced again by Alan Oppenheimer. He's inspired by the aforementioned Rudolph's Shiny New Year portrayal as he too works with a baby that represents Happy New Year.
 * Father Time appeared in Regular Show episode called "It's Time" voiced by Alan Sklar. He appears to be made out of clocks and wears a purple hat.
 * A song in the animated version of Charlotte's Web is titled "Mother Earth and Father Time".
 * Father Time (The Sage of Time) is the leader of the Tapestry of Nations parade at Epcot during the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration.
 * Father Time is a character that appears in The Fairly OddParents episode "Timmy's Secret Wish!" voiced by Jeff Bennett.
 * A ghost in Danny Phantom is similar to Father Time and is named Clockwork (voiced by David Carradine). He is known as the master of time and is depicted as a child, young man, and old man in a constantly changing cycle. Clockwork also has a variety of timekeeping devices on his person, and wields a staff that can be transformed into a scythe. He first appeared in the special episode "The Ultimate Enemy".
 * Father Time appeared in a version of YooHoo & Friends produced by David Feiss where he is voiced by rapper Flavor Flav). He was depicted as a blue Viking-like ogre who had transformed five business executives into cute animals.
 * Father Time appears in season 3, episode 3 of Boardwalk Empire at Nucky Thompson's New Year's Eve party.
 * Father Time appears in the Star vs. the Forces of Evil episodes "Freeze Day", "Mathmagic", and "Beach Day", voiced by Jim Gaffigan.
 * In Alice Through the Looking Glass, Sacha Baron Cohen portrays Time, a human/clockwork humanoid who controls all of Wonderlands timeline and has possession of a device called the Chronosphere.
 * Ouro Kronii, AKA the Warden of Time, a member of Hololive EN's 2nd Generation (AKA HoloCouncil) is based on Father Time.

Music

 * "Father Time" is a song, composed by Ralph Towner, from Ralph Towner, Wolfgang Muthspiel and Slava Grigoryan's album "Travel Guide".
 * "Father Time" is a song from power metal band Stratovarius's album Episode.
 * "Father Time" is a song from power metal band Majestica's album Above the Sky.
 * "Father Time" is a song from hard rock band Shark Island's album Law of the Order.
 * "Father Time" is the name of a song on Richie Sambora's album Stranger in This Town.
 * "Father Time" is the name of a song on Blind Melon's album For My Friends.
 * "Father Time" is the name of a song on Animal Collective's album Centipede Hz.
 * "Father Time" is the name of a song on Kendrick Lamar's album Mr. Morale & the Big Steppers.
 * "FatherTime" is the name of a song on Bones (rapper) album OFFLINE.
 * "Old Father Time" is the name of a song on Peter Yarrow's album That's Enough for Me.
 * "Father Time" is the nickname for bassist Leland Sklar.
 * "Father Time" is referenced in Lil' Wayne's song 6 Foot 7 Foot.
 * "Father Time" is referenced in the Death Cab for Cutie song What Sarah Said.
 * "Father Time" is referenced in the Metallica song Minus Human.
 * "Father Time" and "Chronos" are referenced in the Megadeth two-part song Time: The Beginning and Time: The End.
 * "Father Time" is referenced in the Mark Chesnutt and Don Everly song Brother Jukebox.
 * "Father Time" is referenced in the Parkway Drive song Home Is for the Heartless.

title: Father Time


text:
Talk:TRIPOS

Capitalization of "TRIPOS"
Three capitalizations appear in this article: TripOS, TRIPOS, and Tripos. Which is the canonical form? --Brion 05:13 Feb 18, 2003 (UTC)

 * As well as being consistent in this article, it might be a good idea to disambiguate with brackets (as normal) rather than relying on the different capitalisations. Although the current distinction between Tripos and TRIPOS works, it seems to have strange effects on browser history, not to mention being a bit non-intuitive. - IMSoP 19:08, 6 Feb 2004 (UTC)

When did work begin on TRIPOS?
I was under the impression that early work on Tripos started before 1978. Can anyone confirm this? It would be relevant to whether it offered an example to early work on Unix. PML.

Richards' README file says "developed and used in Cambridge over the period 1977 to 1987". I can vouch for its being in use in the late 70s. -- The Anome 00:23 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Did TRIPOS support preemptive multitasking?
I don't think that TripOS was preemptive multitasking, as it was primarily a DOS type system. Preemptive multitasking came into the picture after Amiga bought TripOS and hired Carl Sassenrath to create EXEC which was a preemptive multitasking kernal which was married with TripOS. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 207.61.138.174 (talk) 20:40, 11 September 2007 (UTC)

 * False. The original TRIPOS operating system was preemptively multitasking long before AmigaOS came into existence.  AmigaDOS is, in fact, a proper *subset* of TRIPOS, as the kernel system calls have been yanked out and replaced by their equivalents in exec.library.  (In fact, there's even evidence that some features of TRIPOS infiltrated exec.library -- e.g., Forbid and Enable, the fact that library vector offsets start with _LVO, and so forth.)  Cambridge was using TRIPOS to experiment with different networking technologies, many of which required preemption to work correctly.

Tim King
He doesn't seem to be mentioned anywhere?  scope_creep Talk

title: Talk:TRIPOS


text:
Talk:Mains electricity

US translation
I am far from knowledgeable in the field, but in the US, and US-dominated online forums such as /., I often hear/see the "domestic electrical power supply" referred to as the "grid". It might be useful to add that term, rather than simply say that the term "mains" is not used in the US/Canada. --Danny Rathjens 07:07, 2004 Aug 23 (UTC)

The term "Hydro" is a regional term in Canada - I suspect it's called that in provinces where the power companies have "hydro" in their name - Quebec Hydro, BC Hydro, Hydro One (Ontario), Manitoba Hydro. I've lived in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Nova Scotia and the only people I've heard call it "hydro" have been from Ontario. --Thavron (talk) 06:06, 17 February 2008 (UTC)

 * We don't say "mains" in the US. 139.138.69.196 (talk) 15:14, 7 March 2018 (UTC)
 * The intro to the article says "grid power" is used in the US. -- Beland (talk) 01:48, 6 May 2019 (UTC)

I must confess that in over a half-century of being an American, I have yet to hear anyone use the three terms the lede says are in common use here. Most people I know refer to this as "household electric" regardless of what use the power provided is actually being put to. Daniel Case (talk) 03:18, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
 * Most people I know don't know that 3-phase exists, so they just call it "electric". Many areas won't allow 3-phase installs in residential-zoned areas although I know they can be done around here since we had a 480V kiln at a stained glass shop I worked at that had a rental apartment above the showroom.  The lack of ability to get it installed in many places means 3-phase is irrelevant to most of the population so differentiating between "industrial electric" and "home electric" when talking about it is pointless.
 * Honestly, knowing my ever exciting home country (US), 2/3 of the population probably thinks the receptacles are where the power from their prayers to heaven comes out to make the magic glass suns they screw into their ceiling work. To all the EU / UK people who might read this and think I'm attempting humour...   unfortunately, no, no I'm not. A Shortfall Of Gravitas (talk) 11:30, 17 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Much of the US runs only one phase down a street, so getting 3-phase to a house would be a lot of work. A kiln shouldn't need three phase, though getting a 480V one phase line might not be so easy. Should be much easier than 3-phase, though. Gah4 (talk) 08:40, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Much of the US runs only one phase down a street, so getting 3-phase to a house would be a lot of work. A kiln shouldn't need three phase, though getting a 480V one phase line might not be so easy. Should be much easier than 3-phase, though. Gah4 (talk) 08:40, 19 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Much of the US runs only one phase down a street, so getting 3-phase to a house would be a lot of work. A kiln shouldn't need three phase, though getting a 480V one phase line might not be so easy. Should be much easier than 3-phase, though. Gah4 (talk) 08:40, 19 April 2024 (UTC)

"not using capacity" of supply
Um, I dunno what the usual practice is in the USA, but here in Australia there are plenty of devices - most of them for heating of one kind or another - that use the full capacity of the standard outlets. Electric kettles, electric frypans, and space heaters that use the full 10 amperes available are commonplace. Anybody like to put the case for retaining that claim in the article?--Robert Merkel 07:43, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * For every appliance that uses the full capacity, I suspect you'll find 3 or 4 that use a tiny fraction. Table lamps, clocks, radios, TV,computers, printers, modems, "wall-wart" chargers for cell phones and etc., hand-held power tools,trouble lights, electric foot massage baths, power pencil sharpeners, fans, mixers, blenders, food processors, electric brooms, fish tank compressors, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, night lights, CO detectors, block heaters, mosquito killers, electric string trimmers, barbeque rotisserie motors, Christmas lights, etc. etc. Qualify the statement if you must, but I think it's fair to say that many portable appliances don't need even 50% of a typical wall receptacle capacity. --Wtshymanski 17:47, 21 June 2007 (UTC)
 * The vast majority of appliances available come nowhere near using the full 10A available from a standard Australian socket outlet - mostly appliances with heating elements or airconditioners are the ones that do... Bear in mind that it's common practice to wire a power circuit with 2.5mm² PVC insulated cabling which is good for no more than 20A - if the majority of appliances used the full 10A there'd be a maximum allowed number of outlets per circuit of 2... Instead the wiring rules merely state that a circuit must work as intended and within reason the onus is on the electrician to spread load evenly among multiple circuits to avoid nuisance tripping of breakers... Single-phase appliances that use more than 10A are available as well hence the existance of 15A, 20A, 25A and 32A single phase outlets (the last 2 admittedly being very rare)... Higher power devices of course use 400V - that is 230V in a 3-phase star (wye) configuration... Anthrass 08:22, 13 July 2007 (UTC)
 * Indeed there are lots of small appliances but at least here in the UK is it quite normal to plug a washing machine, a dishwasher or a 3KW heater into a normal socket. Those appliances need special circuits on the american system (not such an issue for washing machines and dishwashers because they need special plumbing too but not being able to put a decent sized fan heater in your bedroom whent the central heating breaks down seems like it would be quite a pain. Plugwash (talk) 16:30, 20 November 2007 (UTC)
 * True - 15A outlets are increasingly common here in Australia (especially in domestic laundries and the like) partly because of the proliferation of washers which heat their own water (rather than connecting to the hot water supply) and driers - some of which draw more than the 10A available from a standard outlet... Anthrass (talk) 07:25, 15 December 2007 (UTC)
 * Canada here - got a chuckle from the 'central heating breaking down'. In all my years here the only time I can remember a problem was during a freak ice storm (1998 in Eastern Ontario/West Quebec) when the lines were weighed down with icicles and many of us lost power for several days or weeks (we moved in with relatives for a few days). The most popular heating system around here is forced-air natural gas (granted the fan runs on electricity) and I had lots of warning in the form of odd noises and pilot light issues when my furnace was threatening to break down a few years back. We get through most power outages (they rarely last more than a few hours in urban areas) with a couple of sweaters (houses are well insulated). Lots of people have wood stoves or fireplaces (especially in the country, where power outages can last longer) so I guess we adapted to our environment. Either that or we've been awfully lucky! By the way, the appliances I have that run on 220-240v are my stove, clothes dryer and a ceramics kiln that I rarely use because I can't handle watching the electric meter spinning around wildly for the hours and hours it takes to reach 1100 degrees C, though I can give the poor old furnace a break when I fire it up!--Yickbob (talk) 06:58, 9 July 2009 (UTC)

 * As an American, I can say that the space heater thing has never been a problem. Firstly, we have space heaters here that you can plug into a standard wall outlet and they work just fine, heating up a room nicely in a pinch. I'm not an electrician, so *shrug* about the wiring, all I need to know is that it's plug-and-go, and it is, so no problem there.

 * The other reason it's just really irrelevant is that, realistically, the only time you're going to lose heating is when you've also lost power. Most homes in my region are heated with furnaces that burn fuel oil (Northeastern US). Thus, anything that takes out your furnace would also take out anything plugged into the wall. In 36 years, I've seen only one exception to this, when a winter storm knocked out power and the furnace failed to automatically restart when power came back the next day. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 73.61.13.250 (talk) 04:01, 31 October 2018 (UTC)

Naming issue: regionalism shouldn't be used for a title of a non-nationally localized article
It's idiosyncratic, at best, that the title of the article uses a regionalism that's unheard of by the great majority of the world's native English speakers. It really should have a more intuitive title, although with the numerous redirects that have been incorporated, most people should still be able to find it.

That being said...if you need that many redirects just so that people can still find an article despite its clunky title, that would be your tip-off that the title could use re-working, in the first place.  User:2601:195:c100:f220:3daa:c769:ac63:12b9 06:04, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I note that the anonymous IP from the US does not suggest an alternative? As all the alternatives I am aware of are simply regionalism from other countries I have a suspicion that there is a desire to change the title of this article written in British English to an Americanism?  FF-UK (talk) 09:16, 26 October 2018 (UTC)

 * This article not only seems to have a regional British English title, it has a synonym in the Terminology section - "Electrical grid"- Wikipedia does not do synonyms so this looks like a case where duplicate articles should be merged and one name chosen. Per MOS:COMMONALITY a more descriptive title such as Electrical grid would be preferred over a regional colloquialism. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 17:49, 27 October 2018 (UTC)

 * This article is not about anything called an "electrical grid". It's really a guide to wall socket voltages. --Wtshymanski (talk) 01:41, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

 * Then it should be merged/redirected to AC power plugs and sockets, or merged into Electrical grid. Large sections of the article are redundant to Electrical grid (and not about outlets) including: Power systems, Voltage levels, History of voltage and frequency, Voltage regulation, Power quality. The article seems to be an indiscriminate collection more than a topic. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 13:06, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

 * I suppose, but it seems to me that they are different enough. AC power plugs and sockets is specifically about plugs and sockets, and only indirectly the voltage, and mostly not frequency.  I haven't though about Electrical grid, but it should be on the larger, national scale distribution system. This one is on the house level, including the history on how we got here, and from before the very large nationwide systems. More specifically, the voltage and frequency going into a house, but not how it got there. It might be that more could be done for each article, to keep them on topic.  Gah4 (talk) 13:38, 30 October 2018 (UTC)

Electrical grid says it covers the topic from Generating stations... to Distribution lines that connect individual customers. So that leaves AC power plugs and sockets, we have that. Mains electricity seems to be a regional colloquialism for power you get from an electrical grid, so named because it originally, as apposed to getting electrical power from batteries, a generator in the basement, photovoltaic systems, etc. So we seem to have what one group calls something, not what it is, i.e. WP:DICDEF territory. Fountains of Bryn Mawr (talk) 22:17, 1 November 2018 (UTC)

WP:TITLEVAR and MOS:ENGVAR say we're not allowed to just change from UK to US English on the theory that there are more people in the US than UK, but WP:TITLEVAR and MOS:COMMONALITY do say that if there's a term that speakers of all dialect would understand, that's better than using the primary one from a single dialect. This is not the first time we've gotten complaints about the title, so perhaps it is too unfamilar for most Americans. (I have no problem understanding it, but I watch a lot of British TV.) So if we want to change the title of this article without changing its scope, I think we'd want to find a term that is comprehensible to UK readers, and also other countries. So far this article says only "mains" is used there; does anyone know what the other intelligible if less common terms are in the UK? It's unclear to me that it's a "colloquialism" as opposed to simply vocabulary that is strongly different in all UK vs. US dialects. The article also has no information about most other English-speaking countries, so I've planted some talk page messages around WikiProjects asking for input from Indian, South African, and Australian English speakers. -- Beland (talk) 01:29, 6 May 2019 (UTC)

The fact this article is still using a british term that the majority of english speakers would not understand is really silly. The page is rife with dubious terminology (saying socket instead of receptacle), british phrases that nobody understands ("the mains"). Labeling this article "power grid" makes zero sense either, the power grid refers to the infrastructure that transports power, not a wall receptacle voltage. This article should be titled "Residential Electrical Power" or something along those lines, because commercial and Industrial sites receive entirely different services. I'd also like to point out that the "Building wiring" section talks about the services that European homes get, but not a single mention of what happens in America (a single phase from the transformer, at 240V, with a neutral going to the centertap to allow 120V). There is also zero citations in most of these sections. I hate this article. 24.194.198.194 (talk) 09:01, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

but the common voltages listed here would still be found for lighting and portable equipment
In describing US industrial voltages, the article mentions:  but the common voltages listed here would still be found for lighting and portable equipment. While this is certainly true for plug-in equipment, including lighting, as well as I know 277V is very common for permanently wired lighting in larger buildings. (That is, line to neutral in a 277/480 system.) The 277/480 three-phase is also available for larger induction motor loads. For one, in larger buildings the lines from breaker panels to loads are longer, but also 277V is convenient for fluorescent lamp balances common in commercial building lighting. More recently, electronic fluorescent lamp ballasts will run from between 120V and 277V with no adjustment. Gah4 (talk) 10:29, 18 February 2021 (UTC)

United States Domestic Supply Voltage is ~240v ! Not ~120v !
AFAIK - the normal US supply voltage is ~240v and it is thus very misleading to state it is ~120v. Within a domestic customer's building (eg a house) the common circuits - eg lighting, outlets, are wired only to 'one half' of the split-phase supply and thus operate at ~120v. However the incoming supply (for typical single residences etc) and up to the service panel (consumer unit) is centre tapped ~240v. The breakers for each circuit may connect to either 1 or 2 'line' busbars as appropriate for that circuit. So, ~240v is supplied and available for use as appropriate to need. Consequently, most portable and/or low power appliances plus most lighting equipments are designed to operate at ~120v. Higher power/'installed' equipments are designed for the split phase ~240v. This situation is directly comparable to the ~110v split phase arrangements used for construction equipment in the UK. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.64.179.87 (talk) 20:33, 9 April 2021 (UTC)

→mains refers to what happens when you measure a wall outlet. Almost all accessible receptacles in an American house are 120V. 240V are only used for driers, ovens, stoves, and air conditioners. So it is very much 120v. 24.194.198.194 (talk) 08:47, 15 July 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mains electricity


text:
List of entities that have issued postage stamps (A–E)

This is a list of entities that have issued postage stamps at some point since stamps were introduced in 1840. The list includes any kind of governmental entity or officially approved organisation that has issued distinctive types of stamp. These include post offices in foreign countries and postal services organised by military occupations, international organisations, colonies, provinces, city-states and some revolutionary movements. The list includes members of the Universal Postal Union that are also listed at postal organisations.

Many of these entities are historic and some were very short-lived indeed. Philatelists and stamp collectors often refer to the entities that no longer issue stamps as dead countries.

The dates are the generally agreed-upon dates of first and last stamp issues. "Date of issue" is taken to mean the date when a particular type or variation was issued but its usage would often continue for many years. For example, although an entity may have issued its last stamp in 1951, actual usage may have continued until 1960: in that case, 1951 is the last stamp issue date.

Besides the period of which stamps were issued in the name of a particular entity, the list under that entity also bears any other name in which stamps had been issued for territory, name of any other entity which had had its stamps used in that territory, or new names which had subsequently replaced the name of that entity, together with their respective periods.

List
The list has been comprehensively revised to include extra entities and to direct the links away from the country articles to the (proposed) philatelic articles.

Afghanistan

 * Afghanistan	1870 –

Aitutaki

 * Aitutaki	1972 –
 * Aitutaki (New Zealand Administration)	1903 – 1932

Albania

 * Albania	1913 –
 * Ottoman Empire issues 1870 – 1913
 * Foreign Post offices in Albania
 * Occupation issues

Algeria

 * Algeria	1962 –

Andorra

 * Andorra (French Post Offices)	1931 –
 * Andorra (Spanish Post Offices)	1928 –

Angola

 * Angola	1870 –

Antarctic Territories

 * Australian Antarctic Territory	1957 –
 * British Antarctic Territory	1963 –
 * King Edward VII Land	1908 only
 * Ross Dependency	1957 –
 * Victoria Land	1911 – 1912

Argentina

 * Argentina	1858 –

Argentine Territories

 * Buenos Aires	1858 – 1862
 * Córdoba	1858 only
 * Corrientes	1856 – 1878

Armenia

 * Armenia (pre–Soviet)	1919 – 1923
 * Armenia	1992 –

Ascension

 * Ascension	1922 –

Australia

 * Australia	1913 –
 * New South Wales	1850 – 1913
 * Queensland	1860 – 1913
 * South Australia	1855 – 1912
 * Tasmania	1853 – 1912
 * Van Diemen's Land	1853 – 1860
 * Victoria	1850 – 1912
 * Western Australia	1854 – 1912

Austria

 * Austria	1850 –

Austrian Post Abroad

 * Austrian post offices abroad
 * Austro–Hungarian Military Post	1915 – 1918
 * Austro–Hungarian Post in the Turkish Empire	1867 – 1915
 * Crete (Austro–Hungarian Post)	1903 – 1914
 * Italy (Austrian Occupation)	1918 only
 * Lombardy and Venetia	1850 – 1866
 * Montenegro (Austrian Occupation)	1917 only
 * Romania (Austrian Occupation)	1917 – 1918
 * Serbia (Austrian Occupation)	1916 only

Azerbaijan

 * Azerbaijan	1992 –
 * Azerbaijan (pre–Soviet)	1919 – 1921
 * Nakhichevan	1993 only

Azores

 * Azores (Acores)	1980 –
 * Azores (Portuguese Colonial Issues)	1868 – 1931
 * Angra 1892 - 1905
 * Horta 1892 - 1905
 * Ponta Delgada 1892 - 1905

Bahamas

 * Bahamas	1859 –

Bahrain

 * Bahrain	1960 –
 * British postal agencies in Eastern Arabia	1948 - 1960

Bangladesh

 * Bangladesh	1971 –

Barbados

 * Barbados (Historic: Barbadoes)        1852 –

Belarus

 * People's Republic of Belarus 1923
 * Belarus	1992 –

Belgian Post Abroad

 * Eupen and Malmedy (Belgian Occupation)	1920 only
 * German East Africa (Belgian Occupation)	1916 – 1918
 * Germany (Belgian Occupation)	1919 – 1920

Belgium

 * Belgium	1849 –

Belize

 * Belize	1973 –
 * Cayes of Belize 1984 only
 * British Honduras	1866 – 1973

Benin

 * Benin	1976 –

Bermuda

 * Bermuda	1865 –

Bhutan

 * Bhutan	1962 –

Bohemia and Moravia
See Czech Republic

Bolivia

 * Bolivia	1867 –

Bosnia and Herzegovina

 * Bosnia & Herzegovina	1993 –
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina (Ottoman Empire) before 1878
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina (Austro–Hungarian Empire)	1878 – 1918
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina (Provincial Issues)	1918 – 1921
 * Bosnia and Herzegovina (Yugoslav Regional Issues)	1945 only
 * Croatian Posts in Bosnia	1992 – 1996

Botswana

 * Bechuanaland	1965 – 1966
 * Bechuanaland Protectorate	1888 – 1965
 * Botswana	1966 –

Brazil

 * Brazil	1843 –

British Antarctic Territory

 * British Antarctic Territory	1963 –

British East Africa

 * British East Africa	1895 – 1903
 * British East Africa Company	1890 – 1895
 * East Africa and Uganda Protectorates	1903 – 1922
 * Kenya and Uganda	1922 – 1935
 * Kenya Uganda and Tanganyika	1935 – 1963
 * Kenya Uganda and Tanzania	1965 – 1975
 * Kenya Uganda Tanganyika and Zanzibar	1964 only
 * Tanganyika	1922 – 1964
 * Uganda Protectorate	1895 – 1902
 * Zanzibar	1895 – 1967

British Guiana

 * British Guiana	1850 – 1966

British Post Abroad

 * British post offices in Africa – various issues
 * Baghdad (British Occupation)	1917 only
 * Bangkok (British Post Office)	1882 – 1885
 * Batum (British Occupation)	1919 – 1920
 * Beirut (British Post Office)	1906 only
 * British Post Offices in the Turkish Empire	1885 – 1923
 * British Postal Agencies in Eastern Arabia	1948 – 1966
 * Bushire (British Occupation) 1915 only
 * Cameroons (British Occupation)	1915 only
 * China (British Post Offices)	1917 – 1930
 * China (British Railway Administration)	1901 only
 * Crete (British Post Offices)	1898 – 1899
 * East Africa Forces	1943 – 1948
 * Egypt (British Forces)	1932 – 1943
 * Eritrea (British Administration)	1950 – 1952
 * Eritrea (British Military Administration)	1948 – 1950
 * German East Africa (British Occupation)	1917 only
 * Iraq (British Occupation)	1918 – 1923
 * Japan (British Commonwealth Occupation)	1946 – 1949
 * Japan (British Post Offices)	1859 – 1879
 * Long Island (British Occupation)	1916 only
 * Madagascar (British Consular Mail)	1884 – 1895
 * Mafia Island (British Occupation)	1915 – 1916
 * Malaya (British Military Administration)	1945 – 1948
 * Middle East Forces (MEF)	1942 – 1947
 * Morocco Agencies	1898 – 1957
 * North Borneo (BMA)	1945 only
 * Salonika (British Field Office)	1916 only
 * Sarawak (BMA)	1945 only
 * Somalia (British Administration)	1950 only
 * Somalia (British Military Administration)	1948 – 1950
 * Tangier	1927 – 1957
 * Tripolitania (British Administration)	1950 – 1952
 * Tripolitania (British Military Administration)	1948 – 1950

British Virgin Islands

 * British Virgin Islands	1866 –

Brunei

 * Brunei	1895 –

Bulgaria

 * Bulgaria	1879 –

Bulgarian Territories

 * Dobruja (Bulgarian Occupation)	1916 only
 * Eastern Rumelia	1880 – 1885
 * South Bulgaria	1885 only

Burkina Faso

 * Burkina Faso	1984 –
 * Upper Volta	1959 – 1984

Burma
see Myanmar

Cambodia

 * Kampuchea

Cameroun

 * Cameroun	1915 –

Canada

 * Canada	1851–

Canadian Provinces

 * British Columbia	1865 – 1868
 * British Columbia and Vancouver Island	1860 only
 * New Brunswick	1851 – 1868
 * New Carlisle, Gaspé	1851 only
 * Newfoundland	1857 – 1949
 * Nova Scotia	1853 – 1868
 * Prince Edward Island	1861 – 1873
 * Vancouver Island	1865 only

Canal Zone

 * Canal Zone	1904 – 1979

Cape of Good Hope

 * British Bechuanaland	1885 – 1897
 * Cape of Good Hope	1853 – 1910
 * Griqualand West	1874 – 1880
 * Mafeking	1900 only
 * Stellaland Republic	1884 – 1885
 * Vryburg	1899 – 1900

Cape Verde Islands

 * Cape Verde Islands	1877 –

Cayman Islands

 * Cayman Islands	1900 –

Central African Republic

 * Central African Empire	1977 – 1979
 * Central African Republic	1959 –

Chad

 * Chad	1959 –

Chile

 * Chile	1853 –
 * Tierra del Fuego	1891 only

China

 * Chinese Empire	1878 – 1912
 * Chinese Nationalist Republic	1949 –
 * Chinese People's Republic	1949 –
 * Chinese Republic	1912 – 1949
 * Treaty ports
 * Amoy 1895 – 1896
 * Chefoo 1893 – 1894
 * Chinkiang 1895
 * Chunking 1894
 * Foochow 1895
 * Hankow 1893 – 1896
 * Ichang 1894
 * Kiukiang 1894 – 1896
 * Nanking 1896 – 1897
 * Shanghai	1865 – 1898
 * Wei–Hai–Wei date not established
 * Wuhu 1894 – 1897
 * Tientsin: Treaty port stamps from this city are regarded as bogus.

Chinese Provinces

 * Kirin and Heilungkiang	1927 – 1931
 * North Eastern Provinces	1946 – 1948
 * Sinkiang	1915 – 1949
 * Fukien	1949 only
 * Hunan	1949 only
 * Hupeh	1949 only
 * Kansu	1949 only
 * Kiangsi	1949 only
 * Kwangsi	1949 only
 * Manchuria	1927 – 1928
 * Shensi	1949 only
 * Tsingtau	1949 only
 * Szechwan	1933 only
 * Taiwan	1945 – 1949
 * Yunnan	1926 – 1933

People's Republic of China Regional Issues

 * Central China (People's Post)	1949 – 1950
 * East China (People's Post)	1949 – 1950
 * North China (People's Post)	1948 – 1950
 * North East China (People's Post)	1946 – 1950
 * North West China (People's Post)	1949 only
 * Port Arthur and Dairen	1946 – 1950
 * Shensi–Kansu–Ninghsia	1946 – 1949
 * South China (People's Post)	1949 only
 * South West China (People's Post)	1949 – 1950

Christmas Island

 * Christmas Island, Indian Ocean	1958 – 1993
 * Christmas Island, Australia	1993 -
 * Straits Settlements	1901 - 1942

Cilicia

 * Cilicia (French Occupation) 1919 – 1921

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

 * Cocos (Keeling) Islands	1963 – 1993
 * Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia	1994 -

Colombia

 * Colombia	1859 –

Colombian Territories

 * Antioquia	1868 – 1906
 * AVIANCA	1950 – 1951
 * Bolívar	1863 – 1904
 * Boyacá	1899 – 1903
 * Cauca	1886 only
 * Cundinamarca	1870 – 1904
 * Granadine Confederation	1859 – 1861
 * LANSA	1950 – 1951
 * New Granada	1861 only
 * Santander	1884 – 1903
 * Tolima	1870 – 1903

Comoros Islands

 * Comoro Islands	1950 –

Congo, Democratic Republic of the

 * Belgian Congo	1909 – 1960
 * Burundi	1962 –
 * Congo Free State	1886 – 1908
 * Congo Republic	1959 –

Congo, Republic of the

 * Zaire	1960 – 1971
 * Katanga	1960 – 1963
 * Ruanda – Urundi	1924 – 1962
 * Rwanda	1962 –
 * South Kasai	1961 – 1962
 * Zaire	1971 –

Cook Islands

 * Cook Islands	1892 –
 * Penrhyn 1902 – 1928, 1973 –

Costa Rica

 * Costa Rica	1863 –
 * Guanacaste	1885 – 1889

Crete

 * Crete	1900 – 1913
 * Cretan Revolutionary Assembly	1905 only
 * Crete (British Post Offices)
 * Crete (French Post Offices)
 * Crete (Italian Post Offices)
 * Crete (Russian Post Offices)

Croatia

 * Croatia	1991 –
 * Croatia (Provincial Issues)	1918 – 1921
 * Croatia (Semi–Autonomous State)	1941 – 1945
 * Sremsko Baranjska Oblast (Croatia)	1995 – 1997
 * Srpska Krajina (Croatia)	1993 – 1995

Cuba

 * Cuba	1855 –

Cyprus

 * Cyprus	1880 –
 * Northern Cyprus

Czechia

 * Bohemia and Moravia	1939 – 1945
 * Czechoslovakia	1918 – 1939; 1945 – 1992
 * Czech Republic	1993 –

Czechoslovakia
See Czech Republic
 * Czechoslovakia	1918 – 1939; 1945 – 1992

Dahomey
See Benin

Danzig

 * Danzig	1920 – 1939

Denmark

 * Denmark	1851 –

Djibouti

 * Obock (French Colony)	1893–1902
 * Djibouti (French Colony)	1894–1902
 * French Somali Coast	1902-1967
 * French Territory of Afars and Issas	1967–1977
 * Djibouti, Republic of	1977 –

Dominican Republic

 * Dominican Republic	1865 –

Dubai
See United Arab Emirates
 * Dubai	1963 – 1972

Ecuador

 * Ecuador	1865 –
 * Galapagos Islands	1957 – 1959

Egypt

 * Egypt	1866 –
 * Gaza (Egyptian Occupation)	1948 – 1967
 * Palestine (Egyptian Occupation)	1918 – 1920
 * United Arab Republic	1958 – 1961

El Salvador

 * El Salvador	1867 –

Equatorial Guinea

 * Equatorial Guinea	1968 –

Eritrea
1893-1936 (Italian colony)
 * Eritrea

1993 –

Estonia

 * Estonia 1918 – 1940; 1991 -

Eswatini

 * Swaziland

Ethiopia (Abyssinia)

 * Ethiopia	1894 –
 * Etiopia (Italian occupation) 1936