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Julie Dash

Julie Ethel Dash (born October 22, 1952) is an American filmmaker, music video and commercial director, author, and website producer. Dash received her MFA in 1985 at the UCLA Film School and is one of the graduates and filmmakers known as the L.A. Rebellion. The L.A. Rebellion refers to the first African and African-American students who studied film at UCLA. Through their collective efforts, they sought to put an end to the prejudices of Hollywood by creating experimental and unconventional films. The main goal of these films was to create original Black stories and bring them to the main screens. After Dash had written and directed several shorts, her 1991 feature Daughters of the Dust became the first full-length film directed by an African-American woman to obtain general theatrical release in the United States. In 2004, Daughters of the Dust was named to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for its "cultural, historical and aesthetic significance". Stemming from the film's success, Dash also released novels of the same title in 1992 and 1999. The film was later a key inspiration for Beyoncé's 2016 album Lemonade.

Daughters of the Dust is a fictionalized telling of her father's Gullah family who lived off the coast of South Carolina and Georgia in 1902. Maintaining their strong ties to African culture, traditions, and language, the Peazant family ponders the meaning of their planned migration to the U.S. mainland. The film features black women's stories, striking visuals shot on location and a non-linear narrative. Dash has written two books on Daughters of the Dust—a "making of" history co-written with Toni Cade Bambara and bell hooks, and a sequel, set 20 years after the film's story. Daughters of the Dust continues to have a widespread cultural impact today, as it was named one of the most significant films of the last 30 years, by IndieWire.

Dash has worked in television since the late 1990s. Her television movies include Funny Valentines (1999), Incognito (1999), Love Song (2000), and The Rosa Parks Story (2002), starring Angela Bassett. The National Underground Railroad Freedom Center commissioned Dash to direct Brothers of the Borderland in 2004, as an immersive film exhibit narrated by Oprah Winfrey following the path of women gaining freedom on the Underground Railroad. In 2017, Dash directed episodes of Queen Sugar on the Oprah Winfrey Network. Continuing her work in television, Dash has directed episodes of several TV series, namely Our Kind of People, Women of the Movement, and Reasonable Doubt, throughout 2021 and 2022.

At the 2019 Sundance Film Festival, it was announced Dash's next major project will be a biopic of civil rights activist Angela Davis, to be produced by Lionsgate.

As of 2017, along with working in television, Dash was named a Diana King Endowed Professor in the Department of Art & Visual Culture at Spelman College. At Spelman, Dash is assisting to create a documentary filmmaking major. Dash has expressed that she is able to use her "mechanical imagination" in her classes, by focusing on aspects of film like frame composition and lighting. Using editing software like Premiere Pro in classes, she said in an interview that she does "miss having filmstrips around [her] neck".

Dash is also a member of the Directors Guild of America, as she has been a member since 1996.

Early life and education
Dash was born on October 22, 1952, in Queens, New York, to Rhudine Henderson and Charles Edward Dash. She graduated from Jamaica High School then, went on to receive a B.A. in film production from the City College of New York in 1974. She was raised in the Queensbridge Housing Project in Long Island City, Queens. She studied in 1969 at the Studio Museum in Harlem. As an undergraduate, she studied psychology until she was accepted into the film school at the Leonard Davis Center for the Performing Arts at City Colleges of New York, CCNY. In 1974, she earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Film Production. As a student, Dash wrote the script for a documentary for the New York Urban Coalition, titled Working Models of Success.

After graduating from CCNY, she moved to Los Angeles for graduate studies. She completed a two-year Conservatory Fellowship in Producing/Writing at AFI Conservatory. There she studied under filmmakers, including Ján Kadár, William Friedkin, and Slavko Vorkapich. She attended graduate school at the UCLA Film School and became one of a new generation of African and African-American filmmakers known as the "Black insurgents" or L.A. Rebellion.

She directed Working Models of Success (1976), and the next year, produced Four Women (1975), a short dance film based on a song by Nina Simone. It won a gold medal for Women in Film in the 1978 Miami International Film Festival. As a graduate student at UCLA, she received an MFA in Film and Television Production. She directed the film Diary of an African Nun (1977). Screened at the Los Angeles Film Exposition, it earned a Directors Guild Award for a Student Film.

Early career
During film school, Dash was influenced by avant-garde, Latin American, African, and Russian cinema. Dash's film work began to take on a new direction after film school. Dash said in a 1991 interview with the Village Voice: "I stopped making documentaries after discovering Toni Morrison, Toni Cade Bambara, and Alice Walker. I wondered, why can't we see movies like this? I realized I needed to learn how to make narrative movies." Being inspired by the novels of these black women authors led to her decision to direct dramatic films.

Four Women (1975)
Her 1975 short film Four Women is based on the ballad "Four Women" by Nina Simone. In the song, four women are portrayed (all by the dancer Linda Martina Young): Aunt Sarah, a slave, Saffronia, a mixed-race woman, Sweet Thing, a prostitute, and Peaches, as a representation of black women overcoming racial and gender-specific forms of oppression. The first character shown is Aunt Sarah who wears a long dress and represents slavery. The next character is Saffronia who wears a black dress and a black veil. She is a mixed-race woman who is the product of her mother being raped by a white man. The next character, Sweet Thing, is a prostitute. She wears a floral print dress and she is no longer covered by a veil. The last character is Peaches, who represents a black woman who has been toughened by generations of oppression. She wears cornrows, a brightly colored tube top, and matching pants. The overall message of this short is to show the different struggles that many black women are subjected to. Stereotypes of black women are directly addressed, asking the audience to address their own biases and stereotypes.

From 1978 to 1980, Dash worked as member of the Classifications and Ratings Administrations for the Motion Picture Association of America. She had a special assignment screening at the Cannes International Film Festival to review a screening of short films in the Marché du Cinema.

Diary of an African Nun (1977)
Dash's 1977 short film Diary of an African Nun (13 minutes) was made during her tenure at UCLA. Adapted from Alice Walker's short story of the same name, this feature follows a young nun (Barbara O. Jones) in Uganda who is riddled with emptiness and doubt as she ponders her vows and union with Christ. As the nights wear on, the rhythmic beating of drums in the village intensifies her anguish and worsens her anxieties. The graphic simplicity within Diary of an African Nun coupled with Dash's poetic and political style won her a Directors Guild Award for student filmmaking at the Los Angeles Film Exposition. This style of narrative filmmaking directly challenged the conventions upheld by a longstanding history of white, male production. Diary of an African Nun is equipped with a certain intensity that foreshadows Dash's later works such as Daughters of the Dust.

Illusions (1982)
She wrote and directed the short film Illusions (34 minutes), which explores racial and sexual discrimination in Hollywood and American society. Released in 1982, it was her first to earn more widespread success and attention. Set in 1942 in the fictional National Studios, it follows a black woman executive, Mignon Duprée, who has "passed" for white to achieve her position. Also featured is Ester Jeeter, a black woman who dubs the singing voice in musicals for a white Hollywood star. They work in an industry based on creating images and alternative realities. The film explores Mignon's dilemma, Ester's struggle to get roles as an actress and singer rather than dub for others, and the uses of cinema in wartime: three illusions in conflict with reality.

Illusions received the 1985 Black American Cinema Society Award and the Black Filmmaker Foundation's Jury Prize in 1989 as best film of the decade. Kevin Thomas of the Los Angeles Times described it as "a gripping critique of the power of the movies to shape perception", while exploring the illusions created by Hollywood, as well as the illusion of racial identity. The success of this film and other shorts enabled Dash to move to feature films. In 2020, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

Daughters of the Dust (1991)
Dash began work on a story in 1975 that was inspired by her father's Gullah family background and immigration from the Sea Islands of Georgia. This would become the screenplay Daughters of the Dust, which went into production after she received $800,000 in financing from PBS in 1988. The film, set in 1902, revolves around three generations of Gullah women in the Peazant family on St. Helena Island off the coasts of Georgia and South Carolina. Innovative with its use of Gullah dialogue and interwoven story-lines among the predominately female cast, the film focuses on ancestral and matriarchal story lines as well as the history of former slaves who settled on the island and formed an independent community there. The screenplay was written in the dialect of the island settlers with no subtitles, resulting in an immersive language experience.

Dash's experimental approach to narrative structure was something rarely seen in U.S. feature-filmmaking. Upon the film's re-release, she said: "I...wanted to do a film that was so deeply embedded in the culture, was so authentic to the culture that it felt like a foreign film." The film is told in way that an African griot would tell a story. A griot would recall a family's history over the course of days, all from their head. Dash brought in a Gullah consultant to help with the film.

Daughters of the Dust premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in 1991, where it was nominated for the Grand Jury Prize and won a cinematography award. It became the first feature film by an African-American woman to be distributed in the United States in theatrical release and gained critical praise for its use of dialect and music composed by John Barnes, as well for its cinematography and visual imagery.

The New York Times called Dash a "strikingly original film maker", noting that "for all its harsh allusions to slavery and hardship, the film is an extended, wildly lyrical meditation on the power of African cultural iconography and the spiritual resilience of the generations of women who have been its custodians."

The overriding intention for making this film was to make film about an African-American family who were not born into slavery. Dash also wanted to take a look at retention patterns, such as language, food, motor habits and aesthetics. Dash wanted to see all of this on film, as it had been previously denied due to the people making the film being mostly Europeans. This meant that the culture was not truly explored and the experiences of these families were being told from a European perspective.

Despite the critical acclaim, Dash was not able to get the financing to release another feature film, going on to work in television. Daughters of the Dust would continue to gain accolades for more than two decades. It was selected in 2004 for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Its visuals would influence Beyoncé's 2016 video album Lemonade, featuring young women on the beach, dressed in white gowns as in the movie, and gathering in front of an island cabin. On its 25th anniversary, the Cohen Media Group restored and distributed Daughters of the Dust for theatrical release, beginning at the 2016 Toronto Film Festival. Other screenings in celebration of the Daughters of the Dust 25th anniversary included Honolulu Museum of Art, AFI Silver Theater, and ARRAY @ The Broad held in Los Angeles at Theater at Ace Hotel.

Styles and themes
Dash started making films around the time of the L.A. Rebellion at UCLA, which trained many young black filmmakers who all had their own aesthetic visions, however, they all sought a vision of black authenticity. The L.A. Rebellion at UCLA produced many prominent filmmakers who were determined to reimagine the media production process while uplifting and sharing authentically black stories. The films that they were making could serve as both entertainment and education. Dash, who was a major influence and participant of the L.A. Rebellion, had a common theme in her work which was showcasing the lives of black women and the struggles that they faced. The themes in her films coincide with the idea that the L.A. rebellion was rebelling against. Which was how black people would be portrayed in film following the rise in popularity of blaxploitation films. Not only did Dash's films showcase the lives of black people, but her work was also more primarily focused on the lives of black women and the struggles that are unique to black women. When making films she aims to say things that need to be said while saying it in a different way that hasn't been done before. In the video titled Julie Dash- The Reelback interview on YouTube, she says that her personal filmmaking mission statement is to redefine how we see African-American women on the screen. She wants to show their wants, their needs, their desires, their joys, their sorrows because all of the things that Dash was seeing bore little to no relation to the people she knew or the women who raised her. She wanted to change that because she wanted to see African-American women portrayed differently on the screen.

One theme that is coherent throughout Dash's films, especially Daughters of the Dust and Illusions was the importance of remembrance and inheritance in African American culture. Black women take pride in sharing both their talent and their secrets to overcoming racist and sexist obstacles with younger generations. Dash's characters carry this sentiment. Nana Peazant longed that her family's African culture, language, and traditions would not be erased with most of their departure to the Mainland. She wanted them to achieve success while remembering their history and the sacrifices their ancestors made for their betterment (Daughters of the Dust). Similarly, Mignon wanted true stories depicted on cinema screens that would be relatable to all audiences—Black and white. She wanted Black women to take back ownership of their voice, craft, and talent (Illusions). All of these women wanted to leave the world knowing not only that their craft would live on, but that their children, loved ones, friends, and young Black people in general could take an easier route to discovering their true identity and freedom. One thing that these women did not want to pass on is their trauma. They endured hardships and sacrificed so that the new generation would not have to do the same. However, this is America; a system built upon structural racism and a racial hierarchy that scorns everyone who is not at the top. The trauma has endured. It has spanned decades with no end in sight. How do we stop it? One element that Dash's work achieves is emphasizing the importance of inheritance and the role that trauma plays in affecting multiple generations of Black Americans without recreating or causing new trauma.

Music videos
Dash directed videos for musicians, including Raphael Saadiq with Tony, Toni, Tone, Keb' Mo', Peabo Bryson, Adriana Evans, and Sweet Honey in the Rock. Her video for Tracy Chapman's "Give Me One Reason" was nominated for MTV's Best Female Vocalist in 1996.

Television
In 1997, Dash wrote and directed an episode of Women: Stories of Passion for the Showtime Cable Network, as well as Sax Cantor Riff, one of HBO's Subway Stories: Tales from the Underground for producers Jonathan Demme and Rosie Perez. Dash directed the television film Funny Valentines in 1999, an account of a well-to-do black woman's retreat from a troubled New York marriage to the Deep South and her childhood past. Alfre Woodard, and executive producer on the film, asked Dash to get involved. Dash wrote the screenplays and directed the television movies Incognito (1999), a romantic thriller made by BET Arabesque Films; and Love Song (2000), an MTV movie starring the Grammy award-winning singer Monica.

Actress and executive producer Angela Bassett asked Dash to direct the biopic The Rosa Parks Story in 2002. The film follows Parks and her husband Raymond (Peter Francis James) as they deal with the issues of segregation, Jim Crow laws and second-class status in 1950s Alabama, leading up to Parks' refusing to relinquish her seat on a city bus, leading to the Montgomery bus boycott. The Rosa Parks Story won several awards, including the NAACP Image Award for Best Television Movie. Dash was nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in the 55th Annual Directors Guild Awards—the first African-American woman nominated in the category of Primetime Movies Made for Television.

In 2004, Dash made Brothers of the Borderland, a work commissioned by the National Underground Railroad Freedom Center. Narrated by Oprah Winfrey, the film features the character of Alice, an escaped slave whose story represents an amalgamation of historic figures. The film is shown in the Harriet Tubman theater, named for the fugitive slave woman who helped many others escape to freedom.

In December 2016, Dash guest-hosted on Turner Classic Movies to discuss dozens of films on the channel.

Dash joined the roster of female directors working on the second season of Ava DuVernay's Queen Sugar on the OWN Network in 2017. She continued this work in television in 2021 and 2022 by directing several episodes of TV series airing on HULU, FOX, CBS, BET and others. These series are Our Kind of People, Women of the Movement, and Reasonable Doubt.

Museum installations
Dash recently designed two rooms for the Metropolitan Museum of Art and VOGUE, In American: An Anthology of Fashion, featured at the NYC Met Gala 2022. Her room titles were Renaissance Revival Room and Greek Revival Parlor. Within the Renaissance Revival Room, Dash chose to highlight Anne Lowe's contribution to American fashion. Lowe was an extremely talented and exclusive gown designer in the 1940s. Due to the open and institutionalized racism in America during this time, Anne never got recognition for her outstanding work. Dash took this opportunity to educate the world on Lowe's impact upon fashion with this exhibit. Her other room, the Greek Revival Room, Dash highlight Ertha Kitt as Helen of Troy in Orson Well's Time Runs (1950). The MET Museum describes the impact of the room as, "a narrative blend of reimagined storytelling, archival film images, and a dramatic evocation of historical moments, we dive headfirst into a strange and intimate conversation with the fashions of Madame Eta Hentz, the mythological Muses, and Ms. Eartha Kitt. Eartha Kitt is Helen of Troy, arriving from Sparta and taking the city of Troy by storm."

Dash's other most recent museum installations include Standing at The Scratch Line, at the Philadelphia Museum of African American History, Philadelphia Museum of Art, and Shine a Light, a large-scale video mapping projection for the Charles H. Wright Museum in Detroit.

Published works

 * Daughters of the Dust: The Making of an African American Woman's Film, co-written with Toni Cade Bambara and bell hooks. The New Press, 1992, ISBN 1565840305
 * Daughters of the Dust: A Novel, a sequel set 20 years after the passage explored in the film. Amelia, a young anthropology student who grew up in Harlem, goes to Dawtah Island to meet her mother's relatives and learn about their culture. Selected in 2011 for the Charleston County Public Library's "One Book Program". Plume, 1999, ISBN 0452276071

Personal life
Dash met Arthur Jafa in the early 1980s during the shooting of the film My Brother's Wedding; she was the assistant director and he was an assistant cameraman. After the film ended they moved in together, and in 1983 they got married. In 1984, Dash and Jafa's daughter, named N'Zinga after an Angolan queen, was born. Jafa and Dash later divorced.

Dash loves to read and listen to audiobooks of Toni Morrison's work; she stated once that she has been "listening to Toni Morrison's audiobooks at night to help me go to sleep".

Dash still goes to the Sea Islands where they shot Daughters of the Dust; she shared in an interview that she goes there every couple of months because her uncle lives in Charleston and a lot of her family is buried there.

Honors and awards

 * Directors Guild Award for student filmmaking at the Los Angeles Film Exposition for Diary of an African Nun, 1977
 * First Prize – Black American Cinema Society Award for Illusions, 1985
 * Sundance Film Festival Excellence in Cinematography Award (Dramatic) for Daughters of the Dust; nominated for Grand Jury Prize, 1991
 * Candace Award, National Coalition of 100 Black Women, 1992
 * NAACP Image Award, Best Television Movie for The Rosa Parks Story; Best TV Movie Actress for Angela Bassett, 2002
 * Family Television Award, Movies and Mini-Series for The Rosa Parks Story, 2002
 * 55th Annual Directors Guild Awards – nominated for Outstanding Directorial Achievement on The Rosa Parks Story (first African-American woman nominated in the "Primetime Movies Made for Television" category), 2002
 * Black Reel Awards: Outstanding Television Actress – Angela Bassett; Outstanding Television Supporting Actress – Cicely Tyson; Outstanding Television Screenplay, Original or Adapted – Paris Qualles; Outstanding Television Film for Rosa Parks Story, 2003
 * New York Christopher Award for The Rosa Parks Story, 2003
 * Daughters of the Dust selected for the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress, 2004
 * Excellence in Cinematography Award for Daughters of the Dust, 15th Cascade Festival of African Films, Portland, Oregon, 2005
 * Restoration and re-release of Daughters of the Dust, 2016
 * Women & Hollywood Trailblazer Award, 2017
 * New York Women in Film & Television MUSE Award, 2017
 * New York Film Critics Special Award, 2017
 * Robert Smalls Merit and Achievement Award, 2017
 * WIFV Women of Vision Award, 2017
 * Illusions selected for the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress, 2020
 * Joseph R. Biden's President's Lifetime Achievement Award, 2022
 * Elected honorary member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority
 * 82nd New York Film Critics Circle, Special Award
 * The Ebert Award
 * Inducted into the Penn Cultural Center's 1862 Circle on St. Helena Island

Filmography

 * Working Models of Success (1973) [documentary]
 * Four Women (1975)
 * Diary of an African Nun (1977)
 * Illusions (1982) [also writer]
 * Daughters of the Dust (1991) [also writer, producer]
 * Praise House (1991)
 * Subway Stories: Tales from the Underground (1997) (TV) [also writer, segment: "Sax Cantor Riff"]
 * Women: Stories of Passion (1997) (TV) [also writer, 1 episode: "Grip Till It Hurts"]
 * Incognito (1999) (TV)
 * Funny Valentines (1999) (TV)
 * Love Song (2000) (TV)
 * The Rosa Parks Story (2002) (TV)
 * Brothers of the Borderland (2004) [film for immersive museum exhibit]
 * My Marlton Square (2009)
 * Smuggling Daydreams Into Reality (2011)
 * Standing at the Scratch Line (2016) [also writer]
 * Queen Sugar (2017) (TV) [season 2: episode 9 – "Yet Do I Marvel", episode 10 – "Drums at Dusk"]
 * Chloe X Halle (2021) Vogue
 * Our Kind of People (2021) (TV) [season 1; episode 5 – "The Miseducation of the Negro"]
 * Reasonable Doubt (2022) (TV) [season 1: episode 6 – "Renegade"]
 * Women of the Movement (2022) (TV) [season 1; episode 4 – "Manhunt", episode 5 – "Mothers and Sons"]

Music videos

 * Tracy Chapman, "Give Me One Reason" (1996)
 * Tony! Toni! Tone!, "Thinking Of You" (1997)
 * Adriana Evans, "Love Is All Around" (1997)

title: Julie Dash


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Acelino Freitas

Acelino "Popó" Freitas (born September 21, 1975) is a Brazilian politician and a former professional boxer who competed between 1995 and 2017. He is a world champion in two weight classes, having held the WBO super featherweight title from 1999 to 2004, the WBA (Unified) super featherweight title from 2002 to 2004, and the WBO lightweight title twice between 2004 and 2007. After retiring from boxing, Freitas went into politics, and was elected as a legislator for the state of Bahia, from 2011 to 2014. His nickname, Popó, was given to him by his mother, after the sound that babies make while drinking milk.

Early life
Freitas had a difficult childhood, often sleeping on a sandy floor at his house. Since early in his life, he dreamed of a better place to live for his family. A skilled football player, he was more inclined, however, towards the sport of boxing since an early age. He was heavily influenced by his father and brothers, especially Luis Claudio Freitas. Fellow Brazilian Eder Jofre, generally recognized as the greatest world champion to come out of that country, was one of Freitas' childhood heroes.

Amateur career
Freitas competed for his native country and won a lightweight silver medal at the Pan American Games 1995 in Mar del Plata.

Early success
After the Pan American Games he turned into a professional boxer on July 14, 1995, against Adriano Jose Soares. With his win by knockout in the first round that night, Freitas set off a streak of 29 knockout wins in a row, which places as one of the longest knockout wins streak in boxing history. His first 10 wins were against low level competition, but for fight number 11, he took on the much more experienced Edwin Vazquez, knocking him out in the seventh round.

Between 1997 and 1998, Freitas won four more fights and then took on Francisco Tomas Da Cruz, a former world title challenger of Julio César Chávez. Freitas handled Da Cruz with a knockout in two rounds and then added three more knockout wins before getting his first world title shot.

First World Title
On August 7, 1999, Freitas knocked out WBO Junior Lightweight Champion Anatoly Alexandrov in the first round. Soon after, he signed a contract with cable TV giant Showtime, which began to telecast Freitas' fights to the United States. Freitas then made five defenses of his world title and had one non-title bout, all of which ended in knockout wins. He then went to London and took only 45 seconds to stop Daniel Alicea in another non-title affair. Freitas then beat the former world champion: Al Kotey, the brother of David 'Poison' Kotei, by a ten-round decision.

Freitas vs Casamayor
On January 12, 2002, Freitas decided to sign for a unification bout with the WBA world champion, Joel Casamayor, a Cuban refugee who resides in Florida. In a rousing super featherweight unification title bout battle between unbeaten champions, a controversial knockdown and a blatant foul cost Casamayor his unblemished record and his title as Freitas won a close 12 round unanimous decision.

In a classic boxing confrontation between the Brazilian bomber Freitas (129½) and the Cuban boxer Casamayor (129½), the fighters switched roles midway through their encounter in what was reminiscent of Sugar Ray Leonard's first historic face-off with Thomas "Hitman" Hearns back in 1981. The scientist Casamayor became the aggressive slugger, while the puncher Freitas turned into the boxer as once again the unpredictable transpired in a mega-fight.

A glancing right-hand to the neck of the off-balanced Casamayor in the 3rd round was ruled a knockdown by referee Joe Cortez and intentionally hitting on the break in the 6th saw the Cuban penalized another point. It was the difference in the finale tallies and the two point cushion that the tiring Freitas retained across the boards on all three judges scorecards. Ring officials Robert Byrd, Bill Graham and Dave Moretti having identical scores of 114 to 112 for the Brazilian.

After Casamayor
Next, he went to Phoenix, to fight Nigerian Daniel Attah, with only the WBO belt on the line, winning a 12-round decision on August 3, 2002. The fight was watched by an estimated 91 million viewers in Brazil.

Freitas then retained the title in Chicago with a fourth-round knockout of Juan Carlos Ramirez. On August 9, 2003, he and Jorge Barrios engaged in what Showtime commentator Steve Albert called a candidate for fight of the year. Freitas was floored in rounds eight and eleven, but retaliated with a knockdown of his own towards the end of the eleventh, and ended up retaining the title by knockout in round twelve.

Freitas began 2004 by winning a 12-round unanimous decision over Artur Grigorian on January 4, to become the WBO's world Lightweight champion. On February 1 of that year, the WBA announced it had named Freitas their 2003 Fighter of the year.

Freitas vs Corrales
On August 7, 2004, Freitas lost for the first time, losing his WBO Lightweight title to Diego Corrales by TKO in the tenth round after being knocked down by a left hook in Connecticut.

After Corrales
On April 29, 2006, Freitas defeated Zahir Raheem for the vacant WBO lightweight title by split decision. Freitas announced his retirement as a professional boxer on October 4, 2006. Later on, he announced his come back from retirement, and the WBO re-instated him as their lightweight champion.

On April 28, 2007, he fought Juan Diaz in Mashantucket, USA, losing by TKO after his trainer stopped the bout at the beginning the 9th round, drawing boos from the crowd.

He has fought three times since his last loss (2012, 2015, and most recently in November 2017), all wins against inferior competition and all in South America (two wins by knockout and one win by 8-round unanimous decision).

Personal life
Freitas' childhood hero was Brazilian boxer Eder Jofre. His career in boxing was heavily influenced by his older brother Luis Claudio Freitas.

He has been able to help his family financially and has built a soccer field in his mansion, allowing him to practice his second favorite sport.

Freitas' married wife Eliana Guimarães in 2001, they divorced in 2003.

He was Secretary of Sports in Salvador and is member of Brazilian Republican Party.

The careers of Acelino Freitas and Luis Claudio Freitas are depicted in the 2019 biographical TV series Irmãos Freitas, directed by Walter Salles and Sérgio Machado. Brazilian actors Daniel Rocha and Rômulo Braga co-star as Acelino Freitas and Luis Claudio Freitas.

In 2024, Acelino Freitas performed cosplayed as chimarrão in the reality singing competition The Masked Singer Brasil.

Professional
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" !No. !Result !Record !Opponent !Type !Round, time !Date !Location !Notes
 * 43
 * Win
 * 41–2
 * style="text-align:left;"| Gabriel Martinez
 * UD
 * 8
 * Nov 11, 2017
 * style="text-align:left;"| Arena Guilherme Paraense, Belém, Pará, Brazil
 * 42
 * Win
 * 40–2
 * style="text-align:left;"| Mateo Damian Veron
 * TKO
 * 3 (10), 1:09
 * Aug 15, 2015
 * style="text-align:left;"| Arena Santos, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
 * 41
 * Win
 * 39–2
 * style="text-align:left;"| Michael Oliveira
 * TKO
 * 9 (10), 2:19
 * Jun 2, 2012
 * style="text-align:left;"| Hotel & Casino Conrad, Punta del Este
 * 40
 * Loss
 * 38–2
 * style="text-align:left;"| Juan Díaz
 * RTD
 * 8 (12), 3:00
 * Apr 28, 2007
 * style="text-align:left;"| Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut
 * style="text-align:left;"|Lost WBO lightweight title; For WBA (Unified) lightweight title
 * 39
 * Win
 * 38–1|| align=left| Zahir Raheem
 * SD
 * 12
 * Apr 29, 2006
 * style="text-align:left;"| Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut
 * style="text-align:left;"|Won vacant WBO lightweight title
 * 38
 * Win
 * 37–1
 * style="text-align:left;"| Fabian Salazar
 * KO
 * 1 (10), 2:28
 * Jul 16, 2005
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 37
 * Win
 * 36–1
 * style="text-align:left;"| David Saucedo
 * UD
 * 10
 * Dec 11, 2004
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * 36
 * Loss
 * 35–1
 * style="text-align:left;"| Diego Corrales
 * TKO
 * 10 (12), 1:24
 * Aug 7, 2004
 * style="text-align:left;"| Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut
 * style="text-align:left;"|Lost WBO lightweight title
 * 35
 * Win
 * 35–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Artur Grigorian
 * UD
 * 12
 * Jan 3, 2004
 * style="text-align:left;"| Foxwoods Resort, Mashantucket, Connecticut
 * style="text-align:left;"|Won WBO lightweight title
 * 34
 * Win
 * 34–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Jorge Rodrigo Barrios
 * TKO
 * 12 (12), 0:50
 * Aug 9, 2003
 * style="text-align:left;"| Miami Arena, Miami
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBA (Unified) and WBO super featherweight titles
 * 33
 * Win
 * 33–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Juan Carlos Ramírez
 * TKO
 * 4 (12), 0:19
 * Mar 15, 2003
 * style="text-align:left;"| UIC Pavilion, Chicago, Illinois
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBA (Unified) and WBO super featherweight titles
 * 32
 * Win
 * 32–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Daniel Attah
 * UD
 * 12
 * Aug 3, 2002
 * style="text-align:left;"| Dodge Theater, Phoenix, Arizona
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBA (Super) and WBO super featherweight titles
 * 31
 * Win
 * 31–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Joel Casamayor
 * UD
 * 12
 * Jan 12, 2002
 * style="text-align:left;"| Cox Pavilion, Las Vegas
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBO super featherweight title; Won WBA (Super) super featherweight title
 * 30
 * Win
 * 30–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Alfred Kotey
 * UD
 * 10
 * Sep 29, 2001
 * style="text-align:left;"| Miccosukee Indian Gaming Resort, Miami
 * 29
 * Win
 * 29–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Orlando Soto
 * KO
 * 1 (12), 2:13
 * Jan 27, 2001
 * align=left| Ginásio Nilson Nelson, Brasília
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBO super featherweight title
 * 28
 * Win
 * 28–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Daniel Alicea
 * TKO
 * 1 (12), 1:01
 * Dec 16, 2000
 * align=left| Sheffield Arena, Sheffield, Yorkshire
 * 27
 * Win
 * 27–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Carlos Rios
 * TKO
 * 9 (12), 1:18
 * Sep 23, 2000
 * style="text-align:left;"| Casino Rama, Rama, Ontario
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBO super featherweight title
 * 26
 * Win
 * 26–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Lemuel Nelson
 * TKO
 * 2 (12), 2:59
 * Jun 10, 2000
 * align=left| Fox Theater, Detroit, Michigan
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBO super featherweight title
 * 25
 * Win
 * 25–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Javier Jáuregui
 * KO
 * 1 (12), 1:25
 * Mar 18, 2000
 * style="text-align:left;"| Credicard Hall, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBO super featherweight title
 * 24
 * Win
 * 24–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Barry Jones
 * TKO
 * 8 (12), 0:50
 * Jan 15, 2000
 * style="text-align:left;"| Doncaster Dome, Doncaster, Yorkshire
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBO super featherweight title
 * 23
 * Win
 * 23–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Claudio Victor Martinet
 * KO
 * 3 (10)
 * Dec 18, 1999
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 22
 * Win
 * 22–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Anthony Martinez
 * TKO
 * 2 (12), 1:20
 * Oct 26, 1999
 * align=left| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBO super featherweight title
 * 21
 * Win
 * 21–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Anatoly Alexandrov
 * KO
 * 1 (12), 1:41
 * Aug 7, 1999
 * style="text-align:left;"| La Palestre, Le Cannet, Alpes-Maritimes
 * style="text-align:left;"|Won WBO super featherweight title
 * 20
 * Win
 * 20–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Juan Angel Macias
 * KO
 * 8 (12)
 * Apr 2, 1999
 * align=left| Grand Hotel, Tijuana, Baja California
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained WBO-NABO super featherweight title
 * 19
 * Win
 * 19–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Peter Buckley
 * RTD
 * 3 (8), 3:00
 * Dec 19, 1998
 * align=left| Everton Park Sports Centre, Liverpool, Merseyside
 * 18
 * Win
 * 18–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Jose Luis Montes
 * TKO
 * 1 (12)
 * Oct 16, 1998
 * style="text-align:left;"| Teatro Mutualista, Tijuana, Baja California, Merseyside
 * style="text-align:left;"|Won WBO-NABO super featherweight title
 * 17
 * Win
 * 17–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Francisco Tomas Da Cruz
 * TKO
 * 2 (12)
 * Sep 15, 1998
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio do Ibirapuera, São Paulo, São Paulo
 * style="text-align:left;"|Retained Brazilian lightweight title
 * 16
 * Win
 * 16–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Juan Gutierrez
 * TKO
 * 1 (12)
 * Aug 14, 1998
 * style="text-align:left;"| Auditorio del Estado, Mexicali, Baja California
 * 15
 * Win
 * 15–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Rafael Oliveira
 * KO
 * 3 (10), 1:58
 * Jun 8, 1998
 * style="text-align:left;"| Arrowhead Pond, Anaheim, California
 * 14
 * Win
 * 14–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Rildo José Oliveira
 * TKO
 * 1 (12)
 * May 29, 1998
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * style="text-align:left;"|Won Brazilian lightweight title
 * 13
 * Win
 * 13–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Gustavo Rodolfo Sayaavedra
 * KO
 * 1 (10)
 * Nov 19, 1997
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 12
 * Win
 * 12–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Edwin Vazquez
 * TKO
 * 7 (12)
 * Sep 2, 1997
 * style="text-align:left;"| Belle Casino, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
 * 11
 * Win
 * 11–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Hilario Guzman
 * TKO
 * 8 (10), 1:57
 * Jun 27, 1997
 * style="text-align:left;"| Mahi Temple Shrine Auditorium, Miami
 * 10
 * Win
 * 10–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Johnny Montantes
 * TKO
 * 1 (8), 2:39
 * May 10, 1997
 * style="text-align:left;"| Unknown, San José, Costa Rica
 * 9
 * Win
 * 9–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Arcelio Diaz
 * TKO
 * 1 (12)
 * Apr 22, 1997
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * style="text-align:left;"|Won IBF Latino lightweight title
 * 8
 * Win
 * 8–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Antonio Maria Do Nascimento
 * KO
 * 2 (6)
 * Mar 8, 1997
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 7
 * Win
 * 7–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Hamilton Cerqueira
 * KO
 * 4 (6)
 * Feb 1, 1997
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 6
 * Win
 * 6–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Gutemberg Ferreira
 * KO
 * 2 (12)
 * Aug 16, 1996
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * style="text-align:left;"|Won WBC Mundo Hispano lightweight title
 * 5
 * Win
 * 5–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ralph Riveros
 * KO
 * 2 (6)
 * Apr 2, 1996
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 4
 * Win
 * 4–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Marco De Lima
 * TKO
 * 3 (6)
 * Nov 14, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 3
 * Win
 * 3–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Manoel Oliveira da Cruz
 * KO
 * 2 (4)
 * Sep 18, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 2
 * Win
 * 2–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Valdevino Monteiro
 * KO
 * 1 (4)
 * Aug 14, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 1
 * Win
 * 1–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Jose Adriano Soares
 * KO
 * 1 (4)
 * Jul 14, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * KO
 * 4 (6)
 * Feb 1, 1997
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 6
 * Win
 * 6–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Gutemberg Ferreira
 * KO
 * 2 (12)
 * Aug 16, 1996
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * style="text-align:left;"|Won WBC Mundo Hispano lightweight title
 * 5
 * Win
 * 5–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ralph Riveros
 * KO
 * 2 (6)
 * Apr 2, 1996
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 4
 * Win
 * 4–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Marco De Lima
 * TKO
 * 3 (6)
 * Nov 14, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 3
 * Win
 * 3–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Manoel Oliveira da Cruz
 * KO
 * 2 (4)
 * Sep 18, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 2
 * Win
 * 2–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Valdevino Monteiro
 * KO
 * 1 (4)
 * Aug 14, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 1
 * Win
 * 1–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Jose Adriano Soares
 * KO
 * 1 (4)
 * Jul 14, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * 1
 * Win
 * 1–0
 * style="text-align:left;"| Jose Adriano Soares
 * KO
 * 1 (4)
 * Jul 14, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia
 * Jul 14, 1995
 * style="text-align:left;"| Ginásio Antônio Balbino, Salvador, Bahia

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Acelino Freitas


text:
George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon

George Edward Stanhope Molyneux Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, (26 June 1866 – 5 April 1923), styled Lord Porchester until 1890, was an English peer and aristocrat best known as the financial backer of the search for and excavation of Tutankhamun's tomb in the Valley of the Kings.

Background and education
Styled Lord Porchester from birth, he was born at 66 Grosvenor Street, Mayfair, London, the only son of Henry Herbert, 4th Earl of Carnarvon, a distinguished Tory statesman, by his first wife Lady Evelyn Stanhope, daughter of Anne and George Stanhope, 6th Earl of Chesterfield. Aubrey Herbert was his half-brother. He was educated at Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge. He inherited the Bretby Hall estate in Derbyshire from his maternal grandmother, Anne Elizabeth, Dowager Countess of Chesterfield in 1885, and succeeded his father in the earldom in 1890.

He was High Steward of Newbury.

Family
Lord Carnarvon married Almina Victoria Maria Alexandra Wombwell, alleged to be the illegitimate daughter of millionaire banker Alfred de Rothschild, of the Rothschild family, at St Margaret's Church, Westminster, on 26 June 1895. Rothschild provided a marriage settlement of £500,000 (equivalent to £ in ), and paid off all Lord Carnarvon's existing debts. The Carnarvons had two children:
 * Henry George Herbert, 6th Earl of Carnarvon (1898–1987), who married Anne Catherine Tredick Wendell (d. 1977) and had one son (the 7th Earl) and one daughter. They divorced in 1936 and from 1939 to 1947 he was married to actress and dancer Tilly Losch.
 * Lady Evelyn Leonora Almina Herbert (1901–1980), who married Sir Brograve Beauchamp, 2nd Baronet, and had a daughter.

Horse racing
Exceedingly wealthy due to his marriage settlement, Carnarvon was at first best known as an owner of racehorses, and in 1902 he established Highclere Stud to breed thoroughbred racehorses. He joined the Jockey Club and in 1905 was appointed one of the stewards at the new Newbury Racecourse and acted as a steward at other racecourses. His family has maintained the connection ever since. His grandson, the 7th Earl, was racing manager to Queen Elizabeth II from 1969 until his death in 2001.

Egyptology
Lord Carnarvon was a keen motor-car driver. In 1903 he suffered a serious motoring accident near Bad Schwalbach in Germany, after which he never fully recovered his health. After a lengthy convalescence his doctors advised that he winter out of England and from then on he and Lady Carnarvon often spent their winters in Egypt. Here he became an enthusiastic amateur Egyptologist and also bought Egyptian antiquities for their collection in England. In 1907 Lord Carnarvon undertook to sponsor the excavation of nobles' tombs in Deir el-Bahri, near Thebes. He employed Howard Carter to undertake the work on the recommendation of Gaston Maspero, director of the Egyptian Antiquities Department. In 1912 Carnarvon published Five Years' Exploration at Thebes, cowritten with Carter, describing their excavations.

In 1914 Lord Carnarvon received the concession to dig in the Valley of the Kings, replacing Theodore Davis, who had resigned. Carter again led the work, undertaking a systematic search of the Valley for any tombs missed by previous expeditions, in particular that of the Pharaoh Tutankhamun. Excavations were interrupted during the First World War but resumed in late 1917. By 1922 little of significance had been found and Lord Carnarvon decided this would be the final year he would fund the work. However on 4 November 1922 Carter was able to send a telegram to Lord Carnarvon in England, saying: "At last we have made wonderful discovery in Valley; a magnificent tomb with seals intact; re-covered same for your arrival; congratulations."

Lord Carnarvon, accompanied by his daughter, Lady Evelyn Herbert, returned to Egypt, arriving at Luxor on 23 November 1922. Both were present the next day when the full extent of the stairway to the tomb was cleared and a seal containing Tutankhamun's cartouche found on the outer doorway. This door was removed and the rubble-filled corridor behind cleared, revealing the door of the tomb itself. Carnarvon was also present when on 26 November Carter made a tiny breach in the top left-hand corner of this doorway, enabling him to peer in by the light of a candle. When Carnarvon asked, "Can you see anything?" Carter replied "Yes, wonderful things!" The tomb was then secured, to be entered in the presence of an official of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities the next day. However that night Carter, his assistant Arthur Callender, Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn apparently made an unauthorised visit, becoming the first people in modern times to enter the tomb. Some sources suggest that the group also entered the inner burial chamber. In this account a small hole was found in the chamber's sealed doorway and Carter, Carnarvon and Lady Evelyn crawled through.

The next morning, 27 November, saw an inspection of the tomb in the presence of an Egyptian official. Callender rigged up electric lighting, illuminating a vast haul of items, including gilded couches, chests, thrones and shrines. They also saw evidence of two further chambers, including the sealed doorway to the inner burial chamber, guarded by two life-size statues of Tutankhamun. In spite of evidence of break-ins in ancient times, the tomb was virtually intact and would ultimately be found to contain more than 5,000 items.

On 29 November the tomb was officially opened in the presence of a number of invited dignitaries and Egyptian officials.

Lord Carnarvon travelled to England in December 1922, returning in January 1923 to be present at the official opening of the inner burial chamber on 16 February. Before the opening Carnarvon had sold the exclusive newspaper rights to report the excavation to The Times. Whilst this helped finance the work it created resentment both from other newspapers and from the Egyptian authorities, whose own press was also excluded.

Towards the end of February a rift with Carter, probably caused by a disagreement on how to manage the supervising Egyptian authorities, temporarily closed excavation. Work recommenced in early March after Carnarvon had apologised. This was to be Lord Carnarvon's last significant involvement in the excavation project since he fell seriously ill shortly afterwards.

Death
On 19 March 1923 Carnarvon suffered a severe mosquito bite, which became infected after a razor cut. On the 5th of April he died in the Continental-Savoy Hotel in Cairo from, according to contemporary reports, blood poisoning progressing to pneumonia. On 14 April Lady Almina Carnarvon moved Lord Carnarvon's remains to England. His tomb appropriately reflects his archaeological interest, being situated within an ancient hill fort on Beacon Hill overlooking his Highclere family seat.

After Lord Carnarvon's death Carter continued the excavation. However the Egyptian government took ownership of the contents of the tomb and in April 1930 provided a grant of £35,000 to his heirs (equivalent to £ in ).

Legends and speculations
Encouraged by newspaper speculation, the ‘Curse of Tutankhamun’, or the ‘Mummy's Curse’ entered into popular culture and was fuelled further by the author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's suggestion that Carnarvon's death had been caused by ‘elementals’ created by Tutankhamun's priests to guard the royal tomb. On 3rd April 1923, just six weeks after Howard Carter had unsealed the burial chamber in the tomb of Tutankhamun, Conan Doyle arrived in New York to begin a four-month lecture tour on Spiritualism. Two days later he was asked by a reporter whether he connected the breaking news of Carnarvon’s death with the curse of the pharaohs. Conan Doyle responded to this question by drawing parallels between the death of Carnarvon and his late friend Bertram Fletcher Robinson, and his comments were reported in an article, which appeared in the Daily Express newspaper on 7th April 1923, as follows:

It is impossible to say with absolute certainty if this is true…If we had proper occult powers we could determine it, but I warned Mr Robinson against concerning himself with the mummy at the British Museum. He persisted, and his death occurred…I told him he was tempting fate by pursuing his enquiries...The immediate cause of death was typhoid fever, but that is the way in which the elementals guarding the mummy might act. They could have guided Mr Robinson into a series of such circumstances as would lead him to contract the disease, and thus cause his death - just as in Lord Carnarvon's case, human illness was the primary cause of death.

In 1998 it was argued in the Canadian Medical Association Journal that Conan Doyle may well have been right, owing to research (published in Proceedings of the Royal Society) by Sylvain Gandon, then of the Laboratoire d’Écologie in Paris, on the longevity and potency of toxic spores, as well as comments by archaeologist Nicholas Reeves on "reports of a black fungus inside the tomb". (If the current web address becomes out-of-date, Google Scholar versions are here (and here), giving alternative web addresses here, here (showing PMC), and (alternative PDF addresses:) here and here) Howard Carter dismissed such speculation as 'tommy-rot', commenting that "the sentiment of the Egyptologist [...] is not one of fear, but of respect and awe [...]  entirely opposed to foolish superstitions". Carter also asked a scientist he knew to test for possible pathogens on one of Tutankhamun's bandages, and the test reportedly found nothing. But modern testing of Egyptian mummies has found the presence of the toxic fungus Aspergillus flavus, whose spores also reportedly killed scientists after the opening of a 15th century royal tomb in Poland in 1973, and Carnarvon (and other alleged victims such as George Jay Gould and Arthur Mace) showed symptoms that were at least arguably consistent with poisoning by its spores.

Some of the stories were clearly fabricated, including that a curse had been found inscribed on the wall of the tomb, while a study showed that those involved in the tomb's discovery and clearance did not have a lower than average life expectancy. In 2003 a study of documents and scholarly sources led The Lancet to conclude as unlikely that Carnarvon's death had anything to do with Tutankhamun's tomb, refuting another theory that exposure to toxic spores, such as those of the toxic fungus (mycotoxin) Aspergillus flavus, had contributed to his demise. Although he was one of those to enter the tomb on several occasions, none of the other 25 from Europe was affected in the months after their entries. The cause of Carnarvon's death was reported as ‘pneumonia supervening on [facial] erysipelas' (a streptococcal infection of the skin and underlying soft tissue). Pneumonia was thought to be only one of various complications arising from the progressively invasive infection that eventually resulted in multiorgan failure." The Earl had been "prone to frequent and severe lung infections" according to The Lancet and there had been a "general belief ... that one acute attack of bronchitis could have killed him. In such a debilitated state, the Earl's immune system was easily overwhelmed by erysipelas.” The above-mentioned Aspergillus flavus speculation was revived in a 2022 documentary by Channel 4 that argued that its spores were a possible cause of Carnarvon's death (and possibly also of the deaths of Gould and Mace).

In popular culture

 * Carnarvon has been portrayed several times in film, video game and television productions, with events portrayed with varying degrees of accuracy:
 * By Harry Andrews in the 1980 Columbia Pictures Television production The Curse of King Tut's Tomb.
 * By Julian Curry in the 1998 IMAX documentary Mysteries of Egypt.
 * By Julian Wadham in the 2005 BBC docudrama Egypt.
 * By Sam Neill in the 2016 ITV series Tutankhamun.
 * In the film The Mummy the character Evelyn Carnahan is named in tribute to Lord Carnarvon's daughter, Lady Evelyn, whose father, although not named, is described as one of Egyptology's "finest patrons".
 * 'Lord Carnarvon' is the quest leader for the Archaeologist role in the classic text-based computer game NetHack.
 * His country house, Highclere Castle, serves as the exterior and upstairs filming location of the ITV/PBS television series Downton Abbey. The below-stairs scenes were filmed on a set in London, since Highclere's basement is the home of Carnarvon's Egyptian collection. Highclere is owned by the present earl.

title: George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon


text:
Old Sarum

Old Sarum, in Wiltshire, South West England, is the ruined and deserted site of the earliest settlement of Salisbury. Situated on a hill about 2 mi north of modern Salisbury near the A345 road, the settlement appears in some of the earliest records in the country. It is an English Heritage property and is open to the public.

The great stone circles of Stonehenge and Avebury were erected nearby and indications of prehistoric settlement have been discovered from as early as 3000 BC. An Iron Age hillfort was erected around 400 BC, controlling the intersection of two trade paths and the Hampshire Avon. The site continued to be occupied during the Roman period, when the paths were made into roads. The Saxons took the British fort in the 6th century and later used it as a stronghold against marauding Vikings. The Normans constructed a motte and bailey castle, a stone curtain wall, and a great cathedral. A royal palace was built within Old Sarum Castle for King Henry I and was subsequently used by Plantagenet monarchs. This heyday of the settlement lasted for around 300 years until disputes between the Sheriff of Wiltshire and the Bishop of Salisbury finally led to the removal of the church into the nearby plain. As New Salisbury grew up around the construction site for the new cathedral in the early 13th century, the buildings of Old Sarum were dismantled for stone and the old town dwindled. Its long-neglected castle was abandoned by Edward II in 1322 and sold by Henry VIII in 1514. Edward Rutherfurd's 1987 novel Sarum traces the history of the town.

Although the settlement was effectively uninhabited, its landowners continued to have parliamentary representation into the 19th century, making it one of the most notorious of the rotten boroughs that existed before the Reform Act of 1832. Old Sarum served as a pocket borough of the Pitt family.

Old Sarum is also the name of a modern settlement north-east of the monument, where there is a grass strip airfield and a small business park, and large 21st-century housing developments.

Name
The present name seems to be a ghost word or corruption of the medieval Latin and Norman forms of the name Salisbury, such as the Sarisburie that appeared in the Domesday Book of 1086. (These were adaptions of the earlier names Searoburh, Searobyrig, and Searesbyrig,  calques of the indigenous Brittonic name with the Old English suffixes -burh and -byrig, denoting fortresses or their adjacent settlements.) The longer name was first abbreviated as Sar̅, but, as such a mark was used to contract the Latin suffix -um (common in placenames), the name was confused and became Sarum sometime around the 13th century. The earliest known use was on the seal of the St Nicholas hospital at New Salisbury, which was in use in 1239. The 14th-century Bishop Wyvil was the first to describe himself as episcopus Sarum. The addition of 'old' to the name distinguished it from New Sarum, the formal name of the present-day city of Salisbury until 2009.

Prehistory
There is evidence that early hunters and, later, farming communities occupied the site. A protective hill fort, named Sorviodunum, was constructed by the local inhabitants around 400 BC during the Iron Age by creating enormous banks and ditches surrounding the hill. The hillfort is broadly oval shaped, measuring 400 m in length and 360 m in width. It consists of a double bank and intermediate ditch with an entrance on the eastern side.

Numerous other hillforts of the same period can be found locally, including Figsbury Ring to the east and Vespasian's Camp to the north. The archaeologist Sir R.C. Hoare described it as "a city of high note in the remotest periods by the several barrows near it, and its proximity to the two largest stone circles in England, namely, Stonehenge and Avebury."

Roman period
At the time of the Roman conquest of Britain in the 1st century, the area of Old Sarum seems to have formed part of the territory of the Atrebates, a British tribe apparently ruled by Gaulish exiles. Although the dynasty's founder Commius had become a foe of Caesar's, his sons submitted to Augustus as client kings. Their realm became known as the Regni and the overthrow of one of them, Verica, was the casus belli used to justify the Emperor Claudius's invasion. The settlement appeared in the Welsh Chronicle of the Britons as Caer-Caradog or Gradawc (kaer gradaỽc ) and as Caer-Wallawg. Bishop Ussher argued for its identification with the "Cair Caratauc" listed among the 28 cities of Britain by the History of the Britons traditionally ascribed to Nennius.

Saxon period
Cynric, king of Wessex, captured the hill in 552. It remained part of Wessex thereafter but, preferring settlements in bottomland like nearby Wilton, the Saxons largely ignored Old Sarum until the Viking invasions led King Alfred to restore its fortifications. In the early part of the 9th century, it was a frequent residence of Egbert of Wessex and, in 960, King Edgar assembled a national council there to plan a defence against the Danes in the north. Along with Wilton, it was abandoned by its residents to be sacked and burned by the Dano-Norwegian king Sweyn Forkbeard in 1003. It subsequently became the site of Wilton's mint.

Norman period
A motte-and-bailey castle was built by 1069, three years after the Norman conquest. The castle was held directly by the Norman kings; its castellan was generally also the sheriff of Wiltshire. In 1075, the Council of London established Herman as the first bishop of Salisbury (Seriberiensis episcopus), uniting his former sees of Sherborne and Ramsbury into a single diocese which covered the counties of Dorset, Wiltshire, and Berkshire. He and Saint Osmund began the construction of the first Salisbury cathedral but neither lived to see its completion in 1092. Osmund was a cousin of William the Conqueror and Lord Chancellor of England; he was responsible for the codification of the Sarum Rite, the compilation of the Domesday Book, and—after centuries of advocacy from Salisbury's bishops—was finally canonized by Pope Callixtus III in 1457.

The Domesday Book was probably presented to William I at Old Sarum in 1086, the same year he convened the prelates, nobles, sheriffs, and knights of his dominions there to pay him homage by the Oath of Salisbury. Two other national councils were held there: one by William Rufus in 1096 and another by Henry I in 1116, which has sometimes been described as the first English Parliament. William Rufus confirmed its bishop in various additional sources of income, which were later confirmed by Henry II.

The cathedral was consecrated on 5 April 1092 but suffered extensive damage in a storm, traditionally said to have occurred only five days later. Bishop Roger was a close ally of Henry I who served as his viceroy during the king's absence to Normandy and directed the royal administration and exchequer along with his extended family. He refurbished and expanded Old Sarum's cathedral in the 1110s. This work ultimately doubled the cathedral's length and involved the large-scale levelling of the ecclesiastical district in the northwest quadrant of the town. He began work on a royal palace during the 1130s, prior to his arrest by Henry's successor Stephen. This palace was long thought to have been the small structure whose ruins are located in the small central bailey; it may, however, have been the large palace recently discovered in the southeast quadrant of the outer bailey. This palace was 170 x, surrounded a large central courtyard, and had walls up to 3 m thick. A 60 m room was probably a great hall and there seems to have been a large tower. At the time of Roger's arrest by King Stephen, the bishop administered the castle on the king's behalf; it was thereafter allowed to fall into disrepair but the sheriff and castellan continued to administer the area under the king's authority.

Angevin period
Medieval Sarum also seems to have had industrial facilities such as kilns and furnaces. Residential areas were principally located in the two southern quadrants, built up beside the ditch protecting the inner bailey and Norman castle. Henry II held his wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, prisoner at Old Sarum. In the 1190s, the plain between Old Sarum and Wilton was one of five specially designated by Richard I for the holding of English tournaments.

An early 12th-century observer, William of Malmesbury, called Sarum a town "more like a castle than city, being environed with a high wall", and noted that "notwithstanding that it was very well accommodated with all other conveniences, yet such was the want for water that it sold at a great rate". Holinshed denied this and noted that the hill was "very plentifully served with springs and wells of very sweet water"; excavation has discovered numerous wells (including one within the Norman keep) but suggests that they were so deep as to make their use more cumbersome than carting water uphill from the rivers. The issue was presented to kings Richard and John as the prime reason to relocate the cathedral but seems to have only been part of the issue.

The late 12th-century canon Peter of Blois described his prebendary as "barren, dry, and solitary, exposed to the rage of the wind" and the cathedral "as a captive on the hill where it was built, like the ark of God shut up in the profane house of Baal." Holinshed records that the clerics brawled openly with the garrison troops. Bishop Herbert received permission for the move from Richard I, who was agreeably disposed towards the diocese after discovering it held £90 000 in coin in trust for his father, in addition to jewels, vestments, and plate, but was forced to delay the change after John's succession.

By papal order, Herbert's brother Richard Poore was translated from Chichester to succeed him in 1217; the next year, Sarum's dean and chapter presented arguments to Rome for the cathedral's relocation. The investigation of these claims by the papal legate Cardinal Gualo verified the chapter's claims that the site's water was both expensive and sometimes restricted by the castellans; that housing within the walls was insufficient for the clerics, who were required to rent from the laity; that the wind was sometimes so strong that divine offices could not be heard and the roof was repeatedly damaged; and that the soldiers of the royal fortress restricted access to the cathedral precinct to the common folk during Ash Wednesday and on other occasions for providing the Eucharist and the clerics felt imperilled by their circumstances. Pope Honorius III thereupon issued an indulgence to relocate the cathedral on 29 March 1217 or 1218. The chapter voted unanimously for the move and agreed to pay for it by withholding various portions of their prebends over the next seven years. On Easter Monday, 1219, a wooden chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary was begun near the banks of the Hampshire Avon; on Trinity Sunday, Bishop Poore celebrated mass there and consecrated a cemetery. On St Vitalis's Day, April 28, 1220, the foundation of the future stone cathedral was begun.

The settlement that grew up around it was called New Salisbury, then (at least formally) New Sarum, then finally Salisbury. The former cathedral was formally dissolved in 1226. The inhabitants of the new city gradually razed the old, constructing Salisbury Cathedral and other buildings from the materials at Old Sarum. Evidence of quarrying into the 14th century shows some continued habitation, but the settlement was largely abandoned and Edward II ordered the castle's demolition in 1322.

Modern period
The castle grounds were sold by Henry VIII in 1514. From the reign of Edward II in the 14th century, the borough of Old Sarum elected two Members of Parliament to the House of Commons despite having, from at least the 17th century, no resident voters. One of the members in the 18th century was William Pitt the Elder. In 1831, Old Sarum had eleven voters, all of whom were landowners who lived elsewhere, making Old Sarum the most notorious of the rotten boroughs. The 1832 Reform Act subsumed the Old Sarum area into an enlarged borough of Wilton. The fortified site was an extra-parochial area and became a civil parish in 1858, but the civil parish was abolished in 1894 and merged with Stratford sub Castle. In 1891 the parish had a population of 13. The site and surrounding area is now the northernmost part of Salisbury civil parish.

The site of the castle and cathedral is considered a highly important British monument: it was among the 26 English locations scheduled by the 1882 Ancient Monuments Protection Act, the first such British legislation. That protection has subsequently continued, expanding to include some suburban areas west and south-east of the outer bailey. It was also listed as a Grade I site in 1972.

Between 1909 and 1915, W.H. St J. Hope, W. Hawley, and D.H. Montgomerie excavated the site for the Society of Antiquaries of London. A second excavation occurred in the 1950s under John W. G. Musty and Philip Rahtz.

In 2014, an on-site geophysical survey of the inner and outer bailey by the University of Southampton revealed its royal palace, as well as the street plan of the medieval city. The survey made use of soil resistivity to electric current, electrical resistivity tomography, magnetometry, and ground-penetrating radar. The team planned to return in 2015 to complete a similar survey of the Romano-British site to the south of the hillfort.

20th and 21st centuries
The Old Sarum monument is now administered by English Heritage, and non-members are charged for admission. A paved carpark and grass overflow carpark are provided in the eastern area of the outer bailey.

In 1917, during World War I, farmland about 1 mi north-east of Old Sarum, along the Portway, was developed as the 'Ford Farm' aerodrome. That became Old Sarum Airfield, which remained in operation with a single grass runway until at least 2019 with a small business park which developed along the north edge of the airfield. As of January 2023 the airfield is still operational, but only by prior arrangement.

Around 800 homes were built on the north side of the Portway between 2008 and 2016, and this area (which includes Old Sarum Primary School) is also called Old Sarum. From 2018, further housing called Longhedge Village, around 750 homes accessed from the A345, was built immediately north of the earlier development. These areas all fall within Laverstock civil parish, while the monument itself – separated from modern development by about 0.6 mi of farmland – is within the Salisbury City area.

title: Old Sarum


text:
List of Cubans

This is a list of notable Cubans, ordered alphabetically by first name within each category.

Additional lists
For Cuban-Americans please see List of Cuban Americans

Actors

 * Ana de Armas, actress
 * Ana Margarita Martínez-Casado, actress and singer
 * Andy García, actor
 * Roberto Escobar, actor
 * César Évora, actor
 * Daisy Fuentes, actress
 * Desi Arnaz, actor
 * Emiliano Díez, actor
 * Enrique Molina, actor
 * Faizon Love, actor and comedian
 * Francisco Gattorno, actor
 * Julio Oscar Mechoso, actor
 * Luis Oquendo, actor
 * Luisa Martínez Casado (1860-1925), actress
 * Manela Bustamante, actress
 * María Conchita Alonso, actress
 * Mario Cimarro, actor
 * Mario Ernesto Sánchez, actor and founder of Teatro Avante
 * Renny Arozarena, actor
 * Steven Bauer, actor
 * Velia Martínez, actress and singer
 * William Levy, actor
 * Nobel Vega, actor, "Tio Nobel"

Architects

 * Raúl de Armas
 * Nicolas Arroyo
 * Max Borges Jr.
 * Max Borges del Junco
 * Felicia Chateloin
 * Leonardo Morales y Pedroso
 * Ricardo Porro
 * Antonio Quintana Simonetti
 * Eugenio Rayneri Piedra
 * Mario Romañach

Artists, photographers and fashion designers

 * Agustín Cárdenas, sculptor
 * Alberto Korda, photographer
 * Alexandre Arrechea, painter, sculptor
 * Amelia Peláez, painter
 * Baruj Salinas, painter
 * Carlos Enríquez, painter
 * Fidelio Ponce de León, painter
 * Herman Puig (born German Puig Paredes), photographer
 * Humberto Jesús Castro García, painter
 * José Bernal, painter
 * José Vilalta Saavedra, sculptor
 * Josignacio, creator of plastic paint medium, contemporary painter
 * Juan José Sicre, sculptor
 * Juan T. Vázquez Martín, painter
 * Lourdes Gomez Franca, painter
 * Luis Castaneda, photographer
 * Mario Perez, painter
 * Miguel Fleitas, painter, photographer
 * Miguel Rodez, painter, sculptor
 * Pedro Álvarez Castelló, painter
 * Rafael Consuegra, sculptor
 * Raúl Corrales, photographer
 * Raúl Martínez, pop artist, painter
 * Rene Mederos, poster artist and graphic designer
 * René Portocarrero, painter
 * Tomas Sanchez, painter
 * Victor Manuel, painter
 * Waldo Diaz-Balart, painter
 * Wifredo Lam, painter

Authors and poets

 * Alejo Carpentier, novelist
 * Antonio Benitez-Rojo, author
 * Brígida Agüero, poet
 * Daína Chaviano, author
 * Carilda Oliver Labra, poet
 * Domitila García de Coronado, writer and journalist
 * Dulce María Loynaz, author
 * Edmundo Desnoes, author
 * Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda, author, poet
 * Guillermo Cabrera Infante, author
 * Heberto Padilla, poet
 * Héctor Zumbado, writer, journalist, humorist, critic
 * José Ignacio Rivero, author and journalist
 * Antonio Rodríguez Salvador, poet, author
 * José Lezama Lima, author, poet
 * José María Heredia y Campuzano, poet
 * José Martí, author, poet, journalist
 * Julián del Casal, 19th-century poet
 * Leonardo Padura Fuentes, novelist, journalist
 * Mariano Brull, author
 * Nancy Morejón, author
 * José Gómez-Sicre, art critic and author
 * Nicolás Guillén, poet
 * Norberto Fuentes, author
 * Pedro Juan Gutiérrez, author, poet, painter
 * Pedro Luis Boitel, poet
 * Raúl Rivero, poet and journalist
 * Reinaldo Arenas, author
 * Severo Sarduy, poet
 * Virgilio Piñera, author, playwright, poet, short-story writer and essayist
 * Zoé Valdés, author
 * Cirilo Villaverde

Composers

 * Alejandro García Caturla, symphonic composer
 * Mariá Álvarez Rios, composer
 * Antonio María Romeu, composer
 * Arsenio Rodríguez, developer of the rumba
 * Didier Hernández, singer composer
 * Ernesto Lecuona, often regarded as the greatest Cuban composer
 * Esteban Salas y Castro, 18th century Cuban baroque composer
 * Gonzalo Roig, often regarded as one of the greatest composers of Cuba, "Quiere me mucho"/ Cecilia Valdez
 * Ignacio Cervantes, Chopinesque piano composer
 * José White Lafitte, violinist and composer
 * Leo Brouwer, guitarist and composer
 * Yalil Guerra, composer
 * Amadeo Roldán, composer and violinist
 * Dámaso Pérez Prado, developer of the mambo
 * Armando Rodriguez-Gonzalez, composer
 * Antonio Rodríguez Ferrer, composer
 * René Touzet, composer, bandleader and pianist
 * Flores Chaviano, guitarist and composer
 * Danilo Avilés, composer
 * Magaly Ruiz, composer
 * José Ardévol, composer
 * Harold Gramatges, composer
 * Carlos Fariñas, composer
 * Roberto Valera, composer
 * Julián Orbón, composer
 * Margarita Lecuona, singer and composer

Chess

 * José Raúl Capablanca, chess world champion, grandmaster considered "the Mozart of Chess"
 * Juan Corzo, chess
 * Lázaro Bruzón, chess grandmaster
 * María Teresa Mora

Musicians

 * Aida Diestro, pianist, arranger
 * Albita, singer
 * Alfredo de la Fé, musician
 * Adalberto Álvarez, pianist, director, composer
 * Ángel Reyes, violinist
 * AJ McLean, singer, member of American boyband The Backstreet Boys
 * Armando Peraza, percussionist
 * Arturo Sandoval, trumpeter
 * Arsenio Rodríguez, composer
 * Benny Moré, singer, songwriter, conductor, arranger
 * Bola de Nieve, singer, pianist
 * Camila Cabello, musician, songwriter, actress
 * Cándido Fabré, musician, singer-songwriter
 * Carlos Manuel Pruneda, singer
 * Carlos Varela, singer-songwriter
 * Celia Cruz, singer
 * Chocolate MC, el rey del Reparto
 * Celina González, singer-songwriter
 * Cesar "Pupy" Pedroso, pianist, musician
 * Christina Milian, singer
 * Chucho Valdés, pianist, bandleader, composer, arranger
 * Compay Segundo, musician, songwriter
 * Conchita Espinosa, pianist, teacher
 * Cuban Link, rapper
 * Cubanito 20.02, hip-hop band
 * Dave Lombardo, drummer
 * David Calzado, musician
 * Didier Hernández, singer-songwriter
 * Donna Maria Martinez, guitarist and singer
 * Eddy Zervigon, flautist and bandleader
 * Elena Burke, singer
 * El Medico, timba musician
 * Eliades Ochoa, guitarist and singer
 * Emilio Estefan, producer, composer
 * Ernesto Lecuona, pianist, composer
 * Esther Borja, singer
 * Eusebio Delfín, singer
 * Francisco Aguabella, percussionist
 * German Nogueira Gomez, songwriter, composer, producer
 * Gloria Estefan, singer, composer
 * Gonzalo Rubalcaba, pianist
 * Guillermo Portabales, singer, songwriter
 * Guillermo Rubalcaba, musician
 * Harold Lopez Nussa, jazz pianist
 * Horacio Gutiérrez, concert pianist
 * Hubert de Blanck, pianist, composer
 * Ignacio Piñeiro, composer
 * Ibrahim Ferrer, musician
 * Issac Delgado, singer
 * Jacobo Rubalcaba, musician
 * Jorge Bolet, concert pianist
 * Juan Croucier, bassist
 * Juan Formell, composer
 * Juan de Marcos González, musician
 * Juana Zayas, concert pianist
 * La Lupe, singer
 * Lena, singer
 * Lissette, singer
 * Magali del Valle, opera singer
 * Malena Burke, singer
 * Manuel Barrueco, classical guitarist
 * María Teresa Vera, composer, guitarist, singer
 * Mayra Verónica, singer
 * Miguel Matamoros, singer, composer
 * Moisés Valle, musician
 * Moisés Simons, composer
 * Mongo Santamaría, jazz musician
 * Moraima Secada, singer
 * Nelson Martinez, baritone
 * Ñico Saquito, composer, singer
 * Olga Guillot, singer
 * Omara Portuondo, singer
 * Orlando "Cachaito" López, bassist
 * Pablo Milanés, singer-songwriter
 * Pío Leyva, singer
 * Pitbull, rapper
 * Raul Paz, singer
 * Rey Ruiz, singer
 * Rita Montaner, singer
 * Roberto Faz, singer, conductor
 * Rubén González, pianist
 * Rudy Sarzo, rock bassist
 * Sen Dog, rapper
 * Silvio Rodríguez, singer-songwriter
 * Tico Torres, drummer, percussionist
 * Willy Chirino, singer-songwriter
 * Voltaire (musician), musician
 * Xavier Cugat, musician
 * Yalil Guerra, producer, musician, composer
 * Yotuel Romero, rapper

Film directors

 * Ernesto Daranas
 * Fernando Pérez
 * Humberto Padrón
 * Jorge Luis Sánchez
 * Juan Carlos Cremata
 * Juan Padrón
 * Miguel Coyula
 * Rodrigo García
 * Santiago Álvarez
 * Tomás Gutiérrez Alea

Journalists

 * Calixto Martínez
 * German Pinelli
 * Héctor Zumbado, writer, journalist, humorist, and critic
 * Nicolás Guillén
 * Oscar Espinosa Chepe
 * Pablo de la Torriente Brau
 * Raúl Rivero
 * Rick Sanchez

Dancers

 * Alicia Alonso, Prima Ballerina Assoluta, director of the Cuban National Ballet (Ballet Nacional de Cuba)
 * Carlos Acosta, dancer
 * Sadaise Arencibia, star dancer with the Cuban National Ballet
 * Fernando Bujones, dancer
 * Jose Manuel Carreño, American Ballet Theatre principal dancer
 * Lydia Diaz Cruz, prima ballerina
 * Miguel Campaneria, ballet dancer, currently artistic director of the National Ballet Theater of Puerto Rico
 * Vida Guerra, video dancer
 * Yat-Sen Chang, principal dancer, English National Ballet

Other entertainment

 * Alvarez Guedes, comedian and author
 * Ana María Polo, television personality and lawyer
 * Alina María Hernández, "Cachita", television personality
 * Cristina Saralegui, magazine editor, talk show host (Cristina) and actress
 * Vida Guerra, model/actress
 * Lili Estefan, television personality and former model
 * Mauricio Zeilic, television personality
 * Mayra Verónica, model
 * Nelson Ascencio, comedian (Madtv)
 * Pedro Zamora, AIDS activist, featured on The Real World: San Francisco
 * Raúl De Molina, television personality
 * Raúl Musibay, Food Network chef and author
 * Rosaura Andreu, children's television entertainer

Baseball

 * Adeiny Hechavarria, Miami Marlins
 * Adolfo Luque, Cincinnati Reds
 * Alex Fernandez, Chicago White Sox, Florida Marlins
 * Alex Sánchez
 * Ariel Pestano, Cuba national baseball team
 * Ariel Prieto, Oakland Athletics
 * Aroldis Chapman, Cincinnati Reds
 * Aurelio Monteagudo, Kansas City Athletics
 * Barbaro Canizares, Atlanta Braves
 * Biaiedo,チュニドラ
 * Bárbaro Garbey, Detroit Tigers
 * Bert Campaneris, Kansas City Athletics
 * Brayan Peña, Atlanta Braves
 * Cristóbal Torriente, Negro leagues, Baseball Hall of Fame
 * Danys Báez, Baltimore Orioles
 * Diego Seguí, Kansas City Athletics
 * Desupaine,便器
 * Eli Marrero, New York Mets
 * Esteban Bellán, first Latin American professional baseball player to play in the United States
 * Germán Mesa, trainer for the Cuban national baseball team
 * Jack Calvo, Washington Senators
 * Jasiel Rivero (born 1993), basketball player for Maccabi Tel Aviv in the Israeli Basketball Premier League
 * Jorge Soler, Chicago Cubs
 * José Abreu, Chicago White Sox
 * José Canseco, Oakland Athletics
 * José Cardenal, San Francisco Giants
 * José Contreras, Chicago White Sox
 * José Fernández, Miami Marlins
 * José Iglesias, Detroit Tigers
 * José Méndez, Kansas City Monarchs, Baseball Hall of Fame
 * José Rodríguez, New York Giants
 * José Tartabull, Kansas City Athletics
 * Kendrys Morales, Kansas City Royals
 * Liván Hernández, Arizona Diamondbacks
 * Luis Tiant, Cleveland Indians
 * Martín Dihigo, Negro leagues, Baseball Hall of Fame
 * Mike Cuellar, Cincinnati Reds
 * Minnie Miñoso, Chicago White Sox
 * Octavio "Cookie" Rojas, Cincinnati Reds
 * Omar Linares, Pinar del Río Vegueros, Cuban national baseball team
 * Orestes Destrade, New York Yankees, ESPN on-air personality
 * Orlando Hernández, New York Mets
 * Ozzie Canseco, Oakland Athletics
 * Pedro Ramos, Washington Senators
 * Preston Gómez, Washington Senators
 * Rafael Palmeiro, Baltimore Orioles
 * Ray Noble, New York Giants
 * René Arocha, St. Louis Cardinals
 * René Monteagudo, Washington Senators
 * Rey Ordóñez, New York Mets
 * Roberto "Bobby" Estalella, Washington Senators
 * Rolando Arrojo, Tampa Bay Devil Rays
 * Sandy Amorós, Brooklyn Dodgers
 * Tony Fossas, Texas Rangers
 * Tony González, Cincinnati Reds
 * Tony Oliva, Minnesota Twins
 * Tony Pérez, Cincinnati Reds
 * Tony Taylor, Chicago Cubs
 * Yuniesky Betancourt, last played for the Milwaukee Brewers
 * Yasiel Puig, Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Yasmani Grandal, Los Angeles Dodgers
 * Yoenis Céspedes, New York Mets
 * Zoilo Versalles, Minnesota Twins, first Latin American Major League MVP in
 * Alexei Ramírez, Chicago White Sox
 * Yunel Escobar, Washington Nationals

Boxing

 * Adolfo Horta, featherweight Olympic boxer
 * Ariel Hernández, Middleweight Olympic boxer
 * Armando Martínez, light middle-weight Olympic boxer
 * Benny Paret, boxer
 * Eliseo Castillo, boxer
 * Félix Savón, Olympic boxer
 * Florentino Fernández, boxer
 * Guillermo Rigondeaux Ortiz, amateur boxer
 * Joel Casamayor, boxer
 * Jorge Rubio, boxing trainer
 * José Nápoles, boxer
 * Kid Charol, boxer
 * Kid Chocolate, boxer
 * Kid Gavilán, boxer
 * Lorenzo Aragon Armenteros, Olympic welterweight boxer
 * Luis Manuel Rodríguez, boxer
 * Mario César Kindelán Mesa, Olympic gold medal-winning boxer
 * Raúl González, boxer
 * Roberto Balado, Olympic super heavyweight boxer
 * Sugar Ramos, world champion boxer
 * Teófilo Stevenson, amateur boxer
 * Yan Bartelemí, light flyweight gold medal winning boxer
 * Yanqui Díaz, boxer
 * Yudel Johnson Cedeno light-welterweight Olympic boxer
 * Yuriorkis Gamboa, flyweight Olympic gold medal-winning boxer

Athletes

 * Alberto Juantorena, track
 * Aliecer Urrutia, triple jump
 * Ana Fidelia Quirot, 800m
 * Anier García, hurdler
 * Dayron Robles, hurdling athlete
 * Emeterio González, javelin thrower
 * Héctor Herrera, sprinter
 * Ioamnet Quintero, high jumper
 * Iván García, sprinter
 * Iván Pedroso, long jump
 * Javier Sotomayor, track and field record setter
 * Joel Isasi, sprinter
 * Joel Lamela, sprinter
 * Jorge Aguilera, sprinter
 * Lázaro Martínez, sprinter
 * Luis Alberto Pérez-Rionda, sprinter
 * Osleidys Menéndez, javelin
 * Roberto Hernández
 * Roberto Moya, discus throw
 * Víctor Moya, high jumper
 * Yargelis Savigne, jump
 * Yarisley Silva, pole vaulter
 * Yipsi Moreno, hammer thrower
 * Yoandri Betanzos, triple jump
 * Yoel García, triple jumper
 * Yoel Hernández, hurdler
 * Yudelkis Fernández, long jumper
 * Yunaika Crawford, hammer thrower
 * Yuniel Hernández, hurdler

Swimming

 * Joel Armas, record holder in the US in monofin swimming
 * Neisser Bent, bronze medalist at the 1996 Summer Olympics
 * Rodolfo Falcón, silver medalist at the 1996 Summer Olympics
 * Leonel "Bebito" Smith, gold medalist in the 1926 and 1930 Central American and Caribbean Games

Other

 * Deborah Andollo, holds world records in free diving
 * Alberto Delgado, soccer
 * Ivan Dominguez, two time gold medalist in the Pan American Games and Cuban national champion in cycling
 * Héctor Socorro, footballer
 * Ibrahim Rojas, flatwater canoer
 * Juan Tuñas, former Cuban footballer
 * Manrique Larduet, gymnast
 * Rafael A. Lecuona, gymnast
 * Rey Ángel Martínez, soccer
 * Tomás Fernández, footballer in the 1938 World Cup
 * Yanelis Yuliet Labrada Diaz, Olympic silver medallist in Taekwondo
 * Maykel Galindo, soccer
 * Jorge Sánchez Salgado, volleyball player

Current

 * Abelardo Colomé Ibarra, vice president of the Council of State of Cuba
 * Alfonso Fraga-Perez, diplomat, Secretary General of the Organization of Solidarity of the People of Asia, Africa & Latin America (OSPAAAL), former Head of Cuban Interests Section
 * Carlos Lage Dávila, former executive Secretary of the Council of Ministers of Cuba
 * Felipe Pérez Roque, former Cuban government minister
 * Fidel Castro, previous First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
 * José Luis Rodríguez García, Cuban government minister
 * José Ramón Balaguer Cabrera, current Minister for Health in Cuba
 * Juan Almeida Bosque, third ranking member of the Cuban Council of State
 * Luis Posada Carriles, Cuban paramilitary leader, accused terrorist
 * Mariela Castro, director of the Cuban National Center for Sex Education and daughter of Raúl Castro
 * Oscar Elías Biscet, physician and dissident and founder of the Lawton Foundation, currently jailed
 * Oswaldo Payá, founder of Proyecto Varela
 * Raúl Castro, current First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
 * Liaena Hernandez Martínez, youngest member of the Cuban National Assembly
 * Roberto Fernández Retamar, President of the Casa de las Américas
 * Ricardo Alarcón, President of the Cuban National Assembly
 * Rosa Elena Simeón Negrín, former Minister of Science, Technology and the Environment
 * Pedro Pablo Prada Quintero, diplomat
 * Juan Valdés Figueroa, diplomat

Historical

 * Abel Santamaría, Cuban revolutionary
 * Alcibiades Hidalgo, former ambassador to the UN
 * Ana Betancourt, first to campaign for equal rights for Cuban women, in 1868 during the Ten Years' War
 * Andrés Rivero Agüero, Cuba's prime minister from March 1957 to March 1958
 * Anselmo Alliegro, acting president of Cuba for one day (1–2 January 1959) after the departure of General Fulgencio Batista from the country
 * Antonio Guiteras, politician and revolutionary
 * Antonio Maceo, revolutionary, military strategist
 * Armando Hart Dávalos, politician and Communist leader
 * Camilo Cienfuegos, Cuban revolutionary
 * Carlos Hevia, provisional president of Cuba 1934
 * Pilar Jorge de Tella, suffragist
 * Carlos Manuel Piedra, acting president of Cuba for one day (2 January 1959) after the departure of General Fulgencio Batista from the country
 * Carlos Prío Socarrás, former President of Cuba
 * Celia Sánchez, Cuban revolutionary and Secretary to the Presidency of the Council of Ministers
 * Cosme Torres Espinoza, ambassador to Zimbabwe
 * Eduardo Chibás, Cuban politician who used radio to broadcast his political views against Batista's government to the public
 * Federico Laredo Brú, President of Cuba from 1936 to 1940
 * Fernando Tarrida del Mármol, Cuban anarchist
 * Fabio Grobart, Communist leader
 * Fulgencio Batista, former Cuban President
 * Frank País, 20th century revolutionary
 * Gerardo Machado, Cuban president 1920–33
 * Gustavo Arcos, Cuban Revolutionary later became an imprisoned dissident
 * Huber Matos, Cuban Revolutionary
 * Ignacio Agramonte, 19th century Cuban revolutionary
 * Jorge Mas Canosa, founder of the Cuban American National Foundation
 * José Miró Cardona, President of Cuba in 1959
 * José Martí, poet, philosopher, politician, writer, revolutionary
 * Juan Carlos Robinson Agramonte, former member of the Cuban politburo and first Secretary of the Provincial Committee of the Cuban Communist Party in Santiago de Cuba
 * Julio Antonio Mella, founder of the original Cuban Communist Party
 * Jorge Payret, diplomat and academic
 * Leopoldo Cancio, deputy and Sectetary of Education
 * Manuel Piñeiro, first head of the Cuban General Intelligence Directorate
 * Manuel Urrutia Lleó, provisional Cuban President January to July 1959
 * Miguel Mariano Gómez, President of Cuba for seven months in 1936
 * Paul Lafargue, Cuban-born French Communist and son-in-law to Karl Marx
 * Pedro Pablo Cazañas, Cuban judge and politician
 * Rafael Diaz-Balart, Cuban politician and majority leader during presidency of Batista
 * Ramón Grau, Cuban president for two terms 1933, 1940–44
 * Saturnino and Mariano Lora, brothers and 19th century revolutionaries
 * Vilma Espín Guillois, President of the Cuban Federation of Women, wife of Raúl Castro
 * Virgilio Paz Romero, anti-Castro paramilitary

Religion

 * Alfredo Llaguno-Canals, former Auxiliary Bishop of Havana
 * Miguel A. De La Torre, prolific author on Hispanic religiosity
 * Agustin Roman, retired Auxiliary Bishop of Miami
 * Braulio Orue-Vivanco, former Bishop of Pinar del Río
 * Eduardo Tomas Boza-Masvidal, former Auxiliary Bishop of Havana
 * Félix Varela, beatified priest, candidate for sainthood
 * Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cardinal Archbishop of Havana
 * Meyer Rosenbaum, former rabbi and spiritual leader in Havana

Royalty and nobility

 * Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
 * Edelmira Ignacia Adriana Sampedro-Robato, Countess of Covadonga, first wife of Alfonso Prince of Asturias
 * Marta Ester Rocafort-Altazarra, second wife of Alfonso Prince of Asturias

Military

 * Adolfo Fernández Cavada, captain in the Union Army during the American Civil War who later served as commander-in-chief of the Cinco Villas during Cuba's Ten Year War
 * Alberto Bayo y Giroud, Cuban military leader of the defeated left-wing Loyalists in the Spanish Civil War
 * Antonio Maceo Grajales, second-in-command of the Cuban army of independence
 * Arnaldo Ochoa, Cuban general
 * Calixto García, Cuban soldier in the Ten Years' War
 * Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Cuban general in the war of independence against the Spanish
 * Eliseo Reyes Rodríguez, Cuban guerrillero
 * Emilio Mola Vidal (1887–1937), Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39); known for coining the phrase "fifth column"
 * Federico Fernández Cavada, colonel in the Union Army during the American Civil War; later commander-in-chief of all the Cuban forces during Cuba's Ten Year War
 * Jesús Sosa Blanco, captain in the Cuban army under Fulgencio Batista
 * José Braulio Alemán, Cuban general in the Spanish–American War
 * José Miguel Gómez, Cuban general in the war of independence against the Spanish
 * Julius Peter Garesché, lieutenant colonel in the Union Army who served as chief of staff, with the rank of lieutenant colonel to Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans
 * Loreta Janeta Velazquez, a.k.a. "Lieutenant Harry Buford", Velazquez was a Cuban-born woman who masqueraded as a male Confederate soldier during the Civil War
 * Manuel Artime, leader of the Bay of Pigs invasion in 1961
 * Máximo Gómez, 19th-century leader of Cuban forces in the wars of independence
 * Pedro Luis Diaz Lanz, chief air force commander and member of Operation 40
 * Víctor Dreke, Communist leader and a general in the Revolutionary Armed Forces
 * Tomás Diez Acosta, revolutionary soldier and historian
 * Víctor Ivo Acuña Velázquez, military commander
 * Pilar Garcia, pre-revolutionary Chief of National Police

Science

 * Luis Alvarez, winner of the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physics, worked on the Manhattan Project
 * Agustin Walfredo Castellanos, physician
 * Carlos Juan Finlay, epidemiologist, proposed the mode of transmission of yellow fever and was instrumental in assisting Walter Reed with his studies in Cuba
 * Juan Gundlach, 19th century naturalist and taxonomist
 * Celia Hart, Cuban physicist
 * Arnaldo Tamayo Méndez, first Cuban cosmonaut and the first person from a country in the Western Hemisphere other than the U.S. to travel to space
 * Hilda Molina, former chief neurosurgeon in Cuba
 * Felipe Poey, zoologist

Other categories

 * Sebastian Arcos Bergnes, human rights activist
 * Ramón Castro, older brother of Fidel and Raúl Castro
 * Mirta Diaz-Balart, Fidel Castro's first wife
 * Enriqueta García y Martín, prominent Cuban socialite, businesswoman and landowner
 * Delfín Fernández, high ranking government official, defected to Spain
 * Gregorio Fuentes, Cuban nautical captain
 * Elián González, boy who came to the US, leading to a custody battle between his American family and his father in Cuba
 * Jose Miguel Battle, Sr., former Godfather of the Cuban Mafia
 * Antonio Sánchez de Bustamante y Sirven, Judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice at the Hague
 * Dr. Eduardo J. Padrón, educator and college president
 * Jesús Permuy, human rights activist, architect, urban planner, community leader
 * Ignacio José Urrutia (born 1730), historian
 * Nitza Villapol, Cuban chef

Non-resident Cubans

 * 🇺🇸 List of Cuban-Americans
 * 🇲🇽 List of Cuban-Mexicans
 * Dane Bowers
 * Guillermo Cabrera Infante
 * Yat-Sen Chang
 * Sienna Guillory
 * William Montagu (Yznaga)
 * Consuelo Yznaga
 * 🇮🇹 Taismary Agüero
 * 🇮🇹 Mirka Francia
 * 🇮🇹 Libania Grenot
 * 🇮🇹 Magdelín Martínez
 * 🇻🇪 Alex Cabrera
 * 🇻🇪 Majandra Delfino
 * 🇻🇪 Viviana Gibelli
 * 🇨🇦 Arturo Miranda
 * 🇨🇦 Eduardo Sebrango
 * 🇵🇷 Bárbara Bermudo
 * 🇵🇷 Mike Lowell
 * 🇵🇷 Carlos Ponce
 * 🇯🇲 Rita Marley
 * 🇯🇲 Ziggy Marley
 * Lenny Martinez
 * 🇫🇷 Mariane Pearl
 * 🇬🇹 Oscar Isaac

title: List of Cubans


text: User talk:80.134.72.27

title: User talk:80.134.72.27


text:
Ephedraceae

Ephedraceae is a family of gymnosperms belonging to Gnetophyta, it contains only a single extant genus, Ephedra, as well as a number of extinct genera from the Early Cretaceous.

Taxonomy
Ephedraceae is agreed to be the most basal group amongst extant gnetophytes. Members of the family typically grow as shrubs and have small, linear leaves that possess parallel veins. The fossil Ephedraceae genera show a range of morphologies transitional between the ancestral lax male and female reproductive structures and the highly compact reproductive structures typical of modern Ephedra. Modern members of Ephedra have either dry winged membranous bracts (modified leaves which surround the seed), which are dispersed by wind, leathery covered seeds, which are dispersed by seed-eating rodents, or fleshy bracts which are consumed and then dispersed by birds. Some extinct members of Ephedra from the Early Cretaceous, such as Ephedra carnosa, as well as Arlenea from the Early Cretaceous of Brazil have fleshy bracts surrounding the seeds, suggesting that these seeds were dispersed by animals.

Genera

 * Ephedra L. Early Cretaceous-Recent
 * Arlenea Ribeiro, Yang, Saraiva, Bantim, Calixto Junior et Lima, 2023 Crato Formation, Brazil, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
 * Leongathia V.A. Krassilov, D.L. Dilcher & J.G. Douglas 1998 Koonwarra fossil bed, Australia, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
 * Jianchangia Yang, Wang and Ferguson, 2020 Jiufotang Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
 * Eamesia Yang, Lin and Ferguson, 2018 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
 * Prognetella Krassilov et Bugdaeva, 1999 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian) (initially interpreted as an angiosperm)
 * Chengia Yang, Lin & Wang, 2013, Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
 * Chaoyangia Duan, 1998 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
 * Eragrosites Cao & Wu, 1998 Yixian Formation, China, Early Cretaceous (Aptian)
 * Gurvanella Krassilov, 1982 China, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous
 * Alloephedra Tao and Yang, 2003 China, Early Cretaceous (considered a synonym of Ephedra by some authors)
 * Amphiephedra Miki, 1964 China, Early Cretaceous
 * Beipiaoa Dilcher & al, 2001 China, Early Cretaceous
 * Ephedrispermum Rydin, K.R.Pedersen, P.R.Crane et E.M.Friis, 2006 Portugal, Early Cretaceous (Aptian-Albian)
 * Ephedrites Guo and Wu, 2000 China, Early Cretaceous
 * Erenia Krassilov, 1982 China, Mongolia, Early Cretaceous
 * Liaoxia Cao et al. 1998 China, Early Cretaceous
 * Dichoephedra Ren et al. 2020 China, Early Cretaceous
 * Laiyangia P.H. Jin, 2024 China, Early Cretaceous
 * ?Pseudoephedra Liu and Wang, 2015 China, Early Cretaceous

title: Ephedraceae


text:
Talk:1754

Surely there was only one Talleyrand! The difference in birth dates (11 days) might reflect old/new style (Julian/Gregorian calendars). S.

years page layout
I have made some year layout proposals which would affect a significant proportion of the year pages: an example of proposed style is 1850. It is detailed on my talk page. However pre 1800 the change is largely cosmetic.

If no-one flags where I have put the discussion on my talk page that they object in a month I will start making everything consistent. It may take some time... --(talk)BozMo 16:14, 11 May 2004 (UTC)

Dead link
During several automated bot runs the following external link was found to be unavailable. Please check if the link is in fact down and fix or remove it in that case!

 * http://www.prensalibre.com/pl/domingo/archivo/revistad/2006/marzo06/260306/dhistoria.shtml
 * In 1754 on 2011-05-25 01:57:45, 404 Not Found
 * In 1754 on 2011-06-01 21:57:41, 404 Not Found

--JeffGBot (talk) 21:58, 1 June 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified one external link on 1754. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080510034049/http://www.inforpressca.com/melchordemencos/historia.php to http://www.inforpressca.com/melchordemencos/historia.php
 * Added tag to http://www.prensalibre.com/pl/domingo/archivo/revistad/2006/marzo06/260306/dhistoria.shtml

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Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 07:23, 14 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:1754


text:
User:Fransvannes

 Babel ''My Babel scores are all about writing, though the Hungarian text is about speaking, the English, the Estonian and the French ones about writing, and the Finnish and German ones just about knowing. Dutch tend to overestimate their language skills, therefore I try to be modest. If any native speaker wants to modify my scores, in whichever direction: feel free to edit this page.''

Commons

Frans van Nes lives in the Netherlands and has been active since September 02.

Appears occasionally in other Wikipedia's than the Dutch one, mainly in pages about the geography, history and languages of Central- and Eastern-Europe

de:Benutzer:Fransvannes et:Kasutaja:Fransvannes fr:Utilisateur:Fransvannes hu:User:Fransvannes nl:Gebruiker:Fransvannes ro:Utilizator:Fransvannes udm:Викиавтор:Fransvannes uk:Користувач:Fransvannes

title: User:Fransvannes