text:
Reserve Officers' Training Corps

The Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC; or ) is a group of college- and university-based officer-training programs for training commissioned officers of the United States Armed Forces.

While ROTC graduate officers serve in all branches of the U.S. military, the U.S. Marine Corps, the U.S. Space Force, and the U.S. Coast Guard do not have their own respective ROTC programs; rather, graduates of Naval ROTC programs have the option to serve as officers in the Marine Corps contingent on meeting Marine Corps requirements. Graduates of Air Force ROTC also have the option to be commissioned in the Space Force as a Space Operations Officer.

In 2020, ROTC graduates constituted 70 percent of newly commissioned active-duty U.S. Army officers, 83 percent of newly commissioned U.S. Marine Corps officers (through NROTC), 61 percent of newly commissioned U.S. Navy officers and 63 percent of newly commissioned U.S. Air Force officers, for a combined 56 percent of all active-duty officers in the Department of Defense commissioned that year. Under ROTC, a student may receive a competitive, merit-based scholarship covering all or part of college tuition, textbooks and lab fees, in return for an active-duty service obligation after graduation (or completion of a graduate degree under an approved education delay). ROTC students attend college like other students, but also receive basic military training and officer training for their chosen branch of service through the ROTC unit at or nearby the college. The students participate in regular drills during the school year and off-campus training opportunities during the summer.

Army ROTC units are organized as brigades, battalions and companies. Air Force ROTC units are detachments with the students organized into wings, groups, squadrons and flights. Army and Air Force ROTC students are referred to as cadets. Naval ROTC units are organized as battalions and also include NROTC students under "Marine Option" who will eventually be commissioned as officers in the Marine Corps. Marine NROTC students may be formed in a separate company when the program includes sufficient numbers. All Naval ROTC students are referred to as midshipmen. Some of the summer training that is offered to cadets in the Army ROTC program are: Airborne, Air Assault, Mountain Warfare, WHINSEC and other related schools. In addition to their mandatory pre-commissioning Field Training (FT) at Maxwell AFB, Alabama (4 weeks for 4-year program cadets; 6 weeks for 2-year program cadets), Air Force ROTC cadets are also eligible for Airborne training under the tutelage of the Army at Fort Moore, Georgia. Naval ROTC midshipmen will participate in summer cruise programs every summer, either afloat or ashore, similar to their U.S. Naval Academy midshipmen counterparts.

History
The concept of ROTC in the United States was created by the founder of Norwich University, Alden Partridge, who was a former United States Military Academy instructor. Partridge, who founded Norwich in Northfield, Vermont in 1819 as the "American Literary, Scientific and Military Academy," promoted the idea of "citizen soldiers," men trained to act in a military capacity when their nation required but capable of fulfilling standard civilian functions in peacetime.

The Morrill Act of 1862 established land-grant colleges. Part of the federal government's requirement for these schools was that they include military tactics as part of their curriculum. Another root of the modern ROTC program comes from the "Plattsburg Idea". In 1915, Major General Leonard Wood instituted the Citizen's Military Training Camps (not to be confused with the later CMTC), the first series of training camps to make officers out of civilians. For the first time in history, an attempt was made to provide a condensed course of training and commissioning competent reserve line officers after only a summer of military training. In 1916, the provision to formally establish ROTC was advocated to Congress by a delegation from Ohio including William Oxley Thompson, President of the Ohio State University. On February 7, 1916, Ralph D. Mershon, a graduate of Ohio State, testified before the committee as a professional engineer. Present to testify as an advocate of a Reserve Engineers Corps, he expanded his remarks to argue in favor of the "Ohio Plan". Mershon noted:

 * "... the transformation that will take place in one term of drill in a man just off the farm and very clumsy when he enters college, and who at the end of a term is 'set up', carries himself well, looks neat in his uniform, and has acquired a measure of self-respect, and the respect of his colleagues, to an extent he would not have had without the military training."

Congress agreed, and the ROTC provision was included in the final version of the National Defense Act of 1916. The first ROTC unit was at Harvard in 1916.

Over 5,000 men arrived at Plattsburgh in May 1917 for the first of the officer training camps. By the end of 1917, over 17,000 men had been trained. By the eve of its entry into World War I, the U.S. had a prepared corps of officers including one of the earliest Plattsburgh graduates, Theodore Roosevelt Jr.

The National Defense Act of 1920 ramped up ROTC, and by 1928, units had been established at 225 colleges and universities, including all of the Morrill Act land-grant colleges. They were commissioning 6,000 reserve second lieutenants per year. During the 1930s, there were junior ROTC programs in some larger city high schools, such as in Memphis, Tennessee, Charlotte, North Carolina, Kansas City, Missouri, and New Orleans, Louisiana.

Until the 1960s, many major universities required compulsory participation in ROTC for all of their male students. However, because of the protests that culminated in the opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War, compulsory ROTC was dropped in favor of voluntary programs. In some places ROTC was expelled from campus altogether, although it was always possible to participate in off-campus ROTC. By the early 1980s, there was noticeably less resentment of the military on campus, as students' feelings about Vietnam became less vivid.

As of 2021, more than 1,700 high schools have Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps (JROTC) programs.

In the 21st century, the debate often focused around the Congressional don't ask, don't tell law, signed into law by President Bill Clinton in 1993 and in force until 2011, which forbade homosexuals serving in the United States military from disclosing their sexual orientation at the risk of expulsion. Some schools believed this legal mandate would require them to waive or amend their non-discrimination policies.

In recent years, concerted efforts are being made at some Ivy League universities that have previously banned ROTC (including Columbia) to return ROTC to campus. The Harvard ROTC program was reinstated effective March 4, 2011 following enactment of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.

Under current law, there are three types of ROTC programs administered, each with a different element.
 * The first are the programs at the six senior military colleges, also known as military schools. These institutions grant baccalaureate degrees (at a minimum) and organize all or some of their students into a corps of cadets under some sort of military discipline. Those participating in the cadet program must attend at least 2 years of ROTC education.
 * The second are programs at "civilian colleges". As defined under Army regulations, these are schools that grant baccalaureate or graduate degrees and are not operated on a military basis.
 * The third category is programs at military junior colleges (MJC). These are military schools that provide junior college education (typically A.S. or A.A. degree). These schools do not grant baccalaureate degrees but they meet all other requirements of military colleges (if participating in the Early Commissioning Program) and cadets are required to meet the same military standards as other schools (if enrolled in ECP), as set by Army Cadet Command. Cadets can be commissioned as second lieutenants in the Army Reserve/Army National Guard as graduating sophomores. Upon commissioning, these lieutenants are required to complete their bachelor's degree at another institution (of the lieutenant's choosing) while serving in their units. Upon receiving their bachelors, ECP lieutenants can assess active duty and go onto active duty as a first lieutenant. Only the Army currently offers an Early Commissioning Program. In time of war, MJC's have played a significant role in producing officers for the Army. During the Vietnam war, the requirement to complete one's bachelor's degree was not in effect. Therefore, upon commissioning lieutenants went straight onto active duty.

One difference between civilian colleges and the senior or junior military colleges is enrollment option in ROTC. ROTC is voluntary for students attending civilian colleges and universities. However, with few exceptions (as outlined in both Army regulations and federal law) it is required of students attending the senior and junior military colleges. Another major difference between the senior military colleges and civilian colleges is that under federal law, graduates of the SMCs are guaranteed active duty assignments if requested with the approval of the school's professor of military science.

U.S. Army ROTC

The Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (AROTC) program is the largest branch of ROTC, as the Army is the largest branch of the military. There are over 20,000 ROTC cadets in 273 ROTC programs at major universities throughout the United States. These schools are categorized as Military Colleges (MC), Military Junior Colleges (MJC) and Civilian Colleges (CC). Army ROTC provides the majority of the Army's officer corps; the remainder comes from West Point, Officer Candidate School (OCS), or direct commissions.

AROTC offers scholarships based on the time of enrollment in the program. Newly graduated seniors in high school can enter the program with a full four-year scholarship while college students can enroll later and earn a scholarship that would cover the remainder of their college career.

The two-year scholarship is available for students with two academic years of college remaining. An applicant for a two-year or four-year scholarship must meet the following requirements:
 * Be a U.S. citizen
 * Have a high school diploma or equivalent
 * Be between ages 17 and 27
 * Have a college GPA of at least 2.5
 * Meet the Army physical fitness standards

The applicant must agree to accept a commission and serve in the Army on active duty or in a reserve component (U.S. Army Reserve or Army National Guard).

The four-year scholarship is for students who receive it out of high school or before entering college. The four-year scholarship can be extended with the same conditions to a 5-year scholarship if the major is in Engineering.

Campus-based three-year, two-and-a-half-year, and two-year scholarships are available for students already enrolled in a college or university with three (or two) academic years remaining.

An applicant for a campus-based scholarship must meet all AROTC administrative and academic requirements as well as have a minimum SAT score of 1000 or ACT score of 19.

Once a prospect has shown interest in the AROTC program they can compete in a scholarship board. If the prospect boards well the AROTC program's Professor of Military Science may submit them for selection of a scholarship. Numerous factors will influence this decision.

Typically the summer between the academic junior and senior years of school, Cadets attend Advance Camp at Fort Knox, Kentucky. Here, each cadet would be evaluated on leadership skills. The course was set up for a month of training with other peers and evaluated by Army Officers and Non-Commissioned Officers. Advance Camp is the United States Army's largest training event.

U.S. Naval ROTC
The Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) program was founded in 1926 and the U.S. Marine Corps joined the program in 1932. The naval NROTC program is offered at over 150 colleges nationwide.

U.S. Air Force ROTC
The first Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (then Air ROTC) units were established between 1920 and 1923 at the University of California, Berkeley, the Georgia Institute of Technology, the University of Illinois, the University of Washington, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Texas A&M University. After World War II, the Air Force established ROTC units at 77 colleges and universities throughout the United States.

Non-U.S. ROTC programs
Other national armed forces in countries with strong historical ties to the United States have ROTC programs.
 * ROTC in the Philippines began in 1912 during American territorial rule with the creation of the first unit at the University of the Philippines. The National ROTC Alumni Association (NRAA) of the Philippines estimates that 75 percent of the officer corps of the Armed Forces of the Philippines come from ROTC.
 * ROTC in South Korea started in 1961.
 * ROTC in Taiwan started in the 1960s with training courses being severely reduced over the years as an experiment before it was implemented again in 1997.

Other countries have also institutionalized reservist training programs. Reserve Officer Training in Russia began in the 1920s. Brazil has had the CPOR and the NPOR since 1928, the difference being that officers trained by the CPOR choose their area of specialization, while officers trained by the NPOR learn from their local army base.

Student Army Training Corps (SATC)
During World War I, the United States created the Student Army Training Corps in an effort to encourage young men to simultaneously receive a college education and train for the military. Students were authorized to participate beginning in the summer of 1917, and training camps were held in the summer of 1918.

Enrollment in the SATC was voluntary, and 525 universities enrolled 200,000 total students on October 1, 1918, the first day SATC units were authorized to formally organize on college campuses. Students who joined the SATC received the rank of private in the army, and some advanced to leadership roles including sergeant.

When the Armistice of November 11, 1918 ended the war, the Army's need for more soldiers and officers ended. The SATC was disbanded in December 1918, and its members were honorably discharged from the military.

Notable members
Individuals who served in the Student Army Training Corps included:

 * Frederick Van Ness Bradley, U.S. Representative
 * Wilburn Cartwright, U.S. Representative
 * Deane Davis, governor of Vermont
 * William O. Douglas, associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court
 * Harold Earthman, U.S. Representative
 * Kenneth Keating, U.S. Senator and ambassador
 * F. Ray Keyser Sr., Associate Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court
 * Carl Mays, Major League Baseball pitcher
 * Claude Pepper, U.S. Senator and U.S. Representative
 * J. Ernest Wharton, U.S. Representative

title: Reserve Officers' Training Corps


text:
National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime in Norway

[[Image:C.J. Hambros plass 2.JPG|thumb|The headquarters in Oslo,

C. J. Hambros plass 2 ]]

The National Authority for Investigation and Prosecution of Economic and Environmental Crime (Økokrim) is Norway's central unit for fighting economic and environmental crimes. The unit, created in 1989, has its main office in Oslo.

Økokrim is both a police unit and a prosecution authority. The current director is Pål Lønseth. The unit is organized in multidisciplinary teams headed by public prosecutors. Each team has a specific field of expertise, such as corruption, computer crime or fraud.

Cases
The organization has played an important role in some major legal cases. In 2003, Økokrim arrested Mullah Krekar, alleged leader of the Kurdish Islamist group, Ansar al-Islam.

2002
After Jon Lech Johansen released DeCSS, he was taken to court by Økokrim. The trial opened in the Oslo District Court on 9 December 2002 with Johansen pleading not guilty and the defense, by Electronic Frontier Foundation argued that no illegal access was obtained to anyone else's information, since Johansen owned the DVDs himself. They also argued that it is legal under Norwegian law to make copies of such data for personal use. The verdict was announced on 7 January 2003, acquitting Johansen of all charges.

2003
Økokrim filed an appeal on 20 January 2003 to the Johansen verdict and on 28 February that the Borgarting Court of Appeal had agreed to hear the case. Johansen's second DeCSS trial began on 2 December 2003, and resulted in an acquittal on 22 December 2003. Økokrim did make a further appeal of the case to the Supreme Court.

2006
In 2006, Økokrim filed indictments were filed against four members of The 5 Percent Community for breach of trust with fraudulent intent. The main individuals responsible, including Henrik Ellefsen and Jørn Ronnie Tagge, were convicted on charges of fraud in December 2007.

2011
In 2011 the agency investigated 28 cases. 28 persons were convicted, and the conviction rate was 86%.

2012
The agency's desired conviction rate is 90%.

2016
On 8 March 2016, Økokrim seized the Popcorn-Time.no domain name. The site did not host the Popcorn Time application but instead had articles and links to sites that offered the application.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Talk:Nadsat

Charlie Chaplain is not rhyming slang
Butcher's means 'look' and is rhyming slang because butcher's hook rhymes with 'look' Apples means 'stairs' and is rhyming slang because apples and pears rhymes with 'stairs' Loaf means 'head' and is rhyming slang because loaf of bread rhymes with 'head'

Charlie means Chaplin but is not rhyming slang, because Chaplin does not rhyme with Chaplain, it IS the same word. It is a simple play on words. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:4C28:4000:721:185:26:182:30 (talk) 10:11, 7 July 2014 (UTC)

Moving definitions list from Wictionary:Concordance
I feel the article would greatly benefit from having the contents of the "Concordance" moved over into this article, perhaps under a secton "Definitions". It would improve the utility of the article by allowing people reading the book to translate terms. As nasdat has a limited vocabulary, the list isn't going to get any larger or become unwieldy. It seems like the "concordance" page is a bit of a backwater, and the information belongs in the wiki article. Any thoughts? Theinterior (talk) 02:57, 22 May 2010 (UTC)

Is Nadsat really a constructed language?
Is Nadsat really a constructed language? Unless Burgesss invented a whole lot more than there is in the book, I think not -- it's a set of slang words: as the article says "Nadsat is in fact not so much a language as a register". Objections / comments before I go ahead? -- Tarquin 11:22 Jan 8, 2003 (UTC)

It's not a language, but it is constructed... See if you can somehow stress this in the definition paragraph. --Gabbe 12:24 Jan 8, 2003 (UTC)

Also, is 'Cutter' Nadsat? Only the tramp in the movie uses it (can yer spare some cutter?), and this is supposed to be Alex and co's language - Daveryan 22:17 17 Jun 2003 (UTC).

Cutter is used a lot in the book as money. The nadsat is much more abundant, making it very hard to read for the first couple chapters. --24.51.94.14 23:12, 6 August 2006 (UTC)

Yes "Cutter" is also Nadsat and means "money". Here is the full list of Nadsat words trnaslated to english (from: www.sparknotes.com )

--B--

Baboochka: old woman Bezoomny: crazy Bitva: battle Bog: god Bolshy: big Bratty, brat: brother Britva: razor

--C--

Cal: shit Cancer: cigarette Carman: pocket Chasha: cup Chasso: guard Cheena: woman To cheest: to wash Chelloveck: guy Chepooka: nonsense Collocoll: bell To crast: to steal To creech: to scream Cutter: money

--D--

Deng: money Devotchka: girl Dobby: good To drats: to fight Droog, droogie: friend

--F--

To filly: to play

--G--

Glaz, glazz, glazzy: eye Gloopy: stupid Golly: coin Goloss: voice Goober: lip To gooly: to go To govoreet: to talk, speak Grahzny: dirty Grazzy: dirty Groody: breast Gulliver: head

--H--

Horrorshow: good Hound-and-horny: common

--I--

To itty: to go

--J--

Jeezny: life

--K--

Kleb: bread Klootch: key Koshka: cat Krovvy: blood To kupet: to buy

--L--

Lewdies: people Lighter: drinker Litso: face Lomtick: piece To lovet: to catch To lubbilub: to kiss

--M--

Malchick: boy Malenky: little Maslo: butter Messel: idea Mesto: place Milk-plus: milk laced with drugs Millicent: policeman Molodoy: young Moloko: milk Mounch: food Mozg: brain

--N--

Nadsat: teenager Nagoy: naked Neezhnies: panties Nochy: night Noga: foot, leg Nozh: knife

--O--

On one's oddy knocky: alone Okno: window To ookadeet: to leave Ooko: ear Oomny: smart Oozy: chain To osoosh: to wipe Otchkies, ochkies: glasses

--P--

To peet: to drink Pishcha: food To platch: to cry Platties: clothes Pletcho: shoulder Plott: body Pol: sex To pony: to understand Poogly: frightened Pooshka: pistol Pretty polly: money To prod: to produce Ptitsa: woman Pyahnitsa: drunk

--R--

To rabbit: to work Radosty: joy To make up one's rassoodock: to make up one's mind Raz: time Razdraz: angry Razrez: anger To razrez: to tear Rook, rooker: hand or arm Rot: mouth Rozz: policeman

--S--

Sabog: shoe [Sammy's Dot: Underground publication. From Russian samizdat. Invented by Ursula LeGuin.] Shaika: gang Sharp: woman Shest: barrier Shilarny: interest Shlaga: club, cudgel Shlapa: hat Shoom: noise Shoomny: loud Shoot: fool Sinny: cinema To skazat: to say Skorry: fast To skvat: to snatch Sladky: sweet To slooshy: to hear Slovo: word To smeck: laugh To smot: to see Sneety: dream To sobirat: to pick up To spat with: to have sex with Spatchka: sleep Starry: old ''--> What about 'sofisto'? It is mentioned in the movie when they're back in Korova's milk bar, and it's not standard English, but even less Russian, I believe --Selach 23:00, 21 January 2007 (UTC)''

--T--

Tashtook: handkerchief To tolchock: to hit Twenty-to-one: violence

--U--

To do the ultra-violent: to rape

--V--

What was vareeting: what was up Veck: guy Veshch: thing To viddy: to see Von: smell To vred: to injure

--Y--

Yahma: hole Yahzick: tongue Yarbles: testicles To yeckat: to drive

--Z--

Zheena: wife Zooby: tooth

--- Как бы его по-русски назвать? "Надсат"? "Надцат"? В книге этот жаргон ведь никак не называется?
 * Общепринятый перевод- Надсат.SergeyA. (talk) 23:18, 8 July 2010 (UTC)

Filling in Ukrainian
I will add a few missing phrases in Ukrainian. Please feel free to change them to Russian for consistency, if there is a correspondence. —Michael Z. 2005-03-24 18:14 Z

 * Looks like Ëzhiki beat me to most it. I think creech comes directly from the verb krychaty (to yell), and razrez from rozrizaty (to cut apart).  And vino is missing from the list, which probably comes from Russian and not Italian.  Saika is a typo; it appears as shaika in the book.  —Michael Z. 2005-03-24 19:18 Z

Vocabulary Section
There's already another article (Nadsat lexicon) which contains most of what's in the Vocabulary section, minus the word origins. I think it makes sense to move the Vocabulary section to the lexicon article and replace it with a link. Anyone agree? MFNickster 22:34, 2 Apr 2005 (UTC)

 * Whoa! What happened to the Nadsat lexicon article?? Was it removed for copyvio? Do they have a copyright on all of Russian now? MFNickster 04:00, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

"Functions of Nadsat"
I've removed, "(The above passage should be taken with a grain of salt... because whoever wrote it has no fucking idea what he or she is talking about)," from the end of this section in the article. If the author of the removed portion or anyone sharing his or her views would like to write a reasonable cautionary note in the section—one, hopefully, consisting of any sort of rationale and devoid of objectionable language—by all means do so. DTM 03:35, 31 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I have to say that the "Functions" portion of the article isn't very encyclopedic; it's clearly opinion. If this represents a predominant critical view of the function of Nadsat in the novel, then references should be provided.  --Starwed 22:37, 15 November 2005 (UTC)

I have added more to the Functions section, and have critical views to back it up. If you look at the 2000 penguin classics edition of A Clockwork Orange, the introduction by Blake Morrison explains Burgess's intentions as regards to Nadsat. The Halo 1:17, 9 February 2006 (GMT)

The Functions section is still not encyclopedic, and sounds very much like original research (even if it's something that the poster read in an introduction or an article somewhere, it is all speculation, deconstruction, and analysis--not fact). I've added a tag to it in the hopes that someone will clean it up, but if not then I think we might just have to get rid of it. At the very least, if someone has the introduction The Halo is talking about, then we could present a very brief summary of that argument, prefaced by "____ speculates that the reason Burgess created Nadsat was...." or something like that. --Politizer (talk) 21:56, 3 September 2008 (UTC)

Origins Contradiction?
Compare "It is a transliteration of the Russian suffix for 'teen'." to "The word 'nadsat' itself is the tail of Russian numerals from 11 to 19 (-надцать), a close parallel to the English 'teen'." These seem to contradict each other -- which one is the truth? -- Zawersh 01:14, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Somehow, reading it now, it doesn't contradict itself anymore. Oops. Disregard. :) -- Zawersh 07:48, 27 April 2006 (UTC)

Not the name of the language
Nadsat is not the name of the language. This is a misunderstanding. Burgess uses the word Nadsat as he would use the word teen in english. He does not write anywhere that the boys speak Nadsat. The speak the Nadsat slang (i.e. the language of the Nadsat). It should be disambiguated in the article, that Nadsat is not the name of the language, but, at best, the name of the group of people that speak it.--Iago4096 13:42, 23 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Thanks for pointing that out, it's been bugging me all the time on Wikipedia. 2001:9E8:461C:8700:7C66:6533:4C45:AAE5 (talk) 18:03, 14 May 2024 (UTC)

Isn't it more like Cockney rhyming slang as far as it is part of a language. In the book, Alex says to F. Alexander

''' 'Oh, that', I said, 'is what we call nadsat talk. All the teens use that sir.' '''

Therefore, I don't think that we can say that it describes the people that use it, as it is actually a type of Slang rather than a language.

The Halo (talk) 14:12, 6 May 2006 UTC

Well, no. It is not the slang. Burgess uses the word nadsat as a attribute to connect things like (though not only) the language to the teens.

as in:

He didn't get nadsat-talk at all, so I said...

or:

..., dressed in the height of nadsat fashion.

I propose to change the name of the article to Nadsat-talk or something like that.--Iago4096 16:15, 11 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Firstly, sorry for the late reply, I was rushed into hospital to have my appendix out, and then forgot about this discussion.

 * Secondly, I see what you mean, and you're right so far as Nadsat does mean more than just the language. However, Wikipedia naming conventions state that the article should be named after the most common use of the subject (see Sandis Ozolinsh, and it's talk page which explains that his name is actually Sandis Ozoliņš. However, because the western world knows him by Sandis Ozolinsh, that's what his article name is.), which is why I think the article should remain as Nadsat. Th e Halo (talk) 09:51, 20 June 2006 (UTC)

 * I propose we rename the English article to "Englishman-talk", the Spanish article to "Spaniard-talk", etc. etc. Heheheh! MFNickster 05:49, 24 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I think Iago's observation is a helpful one and should be added into the article.
 * As for changing the title though, too much of the secondary literature calls the invented language Nadsat for us to change the title. Yes, in the book nadsat is lower case, and is a substative corresponding to teen in English. As Iago says, it is not the name of their talk, it is their name for themselves autonym or endonym.
 * So, the primary source gives no name to the language, but the secondary sources give it the name Nadsat. We can't really title the article Nadsat-talk unless we have a Nadsat-Wiki, because nadsat talk is a phrase in Nadsat, not an English phrase. ;)
 * Alastair Haines (talk) 07:21, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

King James Bible influence
See here: Jess Cully 23:51, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

 * Yes, Burgess claims to have "resurrected" the King James "cadence" of English expression. Indeed, the "rhythm" of Alex narration has a formality to it. Perhaps I would prefer to describe it differently to Burgess, say as a "formal discourse register". But one really has simply to accept an author's description of his own intention, lol. Whatever it is called, it is not merely the vocab but an implicit affectation that characterises Alex' speech to my sensitivities. Sometime, undoubtedly a long time from now, I may seek a source that describes this feature of Alex' use of language. Alastair Haines (talk) 07:40, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

Russian translation
At least one translation of Burgess' book into Russian solved the problem of how to illustrate the Nadsat words - by using transliterated, slang English words in places where Burgess used Russian ones.

Can you quote a reference for this? Because I know of a polish translation that used that same method, and was quite innovative about that, but don't know about a russian one —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 194.176.105.39 (talk) 12:28, 23 April 2007 (UTC).

Anti-hero?
I wouldn't call him an anti-hero. An anti-hero is someone who does heroic things in less heroic ways. Alex isn't particularly heroic. JordanZed 14:38, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

That's a matter of opinion. And no, I'm not saying I think he's a great guy or that there are no characters in fiction that are clearly meant to be heroes or villains. Just that, well, he's a very complicated character and a lot of people I've talked to about this have had very varied views on the subject of whether he is a villain or a victim. Like Ned Kelly or Mick "Chopper" Read.--UrgeTheThird (talk) 11:19, 31 July 2008 (UTC)

This is unrelated to the article —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.153.132.151 (talk) 01:35, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Additions
A few possibilities:

 * Cutter/money: rhyming slang for "bread and butter".
 * Pan-handle/penis: maybe a coincidence, but in Polish and Ukrainian a pan is a man (honorific title), so this could be a clever joke for a linguist like Burgess
 * Skolliwoll/school: schoolboy form of Russian shkola

—Michael Z. 2007-07-11 04:59 Z

 * Agree cutter may be rhyming slang, but unable to substantiate. Could also have its origins indirectly in "bread and honey" (=money). --88.111.128.18 13:58, 19 August 2007 (UTC)

References and Original Research
I've done just a little work fact-checking and gathering a few quality references. The article, as at this date, appears not to contain original research, the facts check with reliable sources. There are hundreds or thousands of references available to source this article and I've found no serious controversies of fact in the literature. I've removed the tags. Personally, I'd like to see a few dozen entries in the bibliography. There'd be at least a dozen quality references available on line. Where do we draw the line?

There are some reliable sources that discuss the way Burgess borrowed or constructed words. This aspect of the article, which should be extended, needs to be scrutinised and carefully referenced. It's all too easy for any editor to offer a presumed etymology for a Nadsat word. That's just not necessary, professionals have already done it. There are, however, a few disputes in that. Burgess himself claimed there were gypsy words in Nadsat, I read one academic who reports not finding any such gypsy words. Perhaps Burgess was speaking casually, perhaps he was merely refering to Russian, German or other words he used because he'd heard the Romani use them. In any case, English, Russian and Romani all descend from a common origin according to independent lines of evidence and current academic consensus, perhaps Burgess anticipated them! :)

It'd be great to see this article expanded. Thanks to all who've worked on it already. Cheers Alastair Haines (talk) 07:02, 4 November 2008 (UTC)

 * I note the Description section is still flagged as possible "original research", but I see no basis for that flag in the content. The section pretty much entirely parallels information found in the novel itself, and in the appendix to the 1972 Ballantine paperback edition, which explains "nadsat-talk". If no one can justifiy the flag, it should be removed.
 * 74.95.43.253 (talk) 18:46, 8 June 2023 (UTC)

Link between Nadsat and foreshadowed Soviet invasion
I can't quite remember where I got this notion, but I do recall once finding out that the reason Nadsat has strong Russian influence is because they believed that eventually the Soviets would rule over Britain, and therefore felt it would come in handy--meaning they might be treated favorably or at least not get killed.

I'm not sure if this is right or not, but it should at least merit some discussion. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.153.132.151 (talk) 01:41, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

Study on vocabulary learning
I removed the following from the introduction:
 *  performed a study of vocabulary learning using Nadsat and A Clockwork Orange. They reported that subjects given a few days to read the book and no warning of a test scored an average of 67%, with the lowest score of 50% and highest of 96%.

It seems very out of context and hard to make sense of. What does it mean that "subjects scored an average of 67%" - compared to what? On what parameters? I can't see how this information helps anyone. Feel free to disagree if I'm off on this one.
 * Agree. It could be an interesting bit of information if it made sense.  The Interior  (Talk) 22:15, 10 March 2011 (UTC)
 * Disagree. Can't find the publication free online.
 * Pay to read here
 * Score is correct match of word to meaning, in a multiple-choice test. % relative to 100% 'correct'.
 * Of course, the author may have meant someting other than the tester's definition of 'correct'! - Burgess objected to the publication of a glossary (in the US ?) edition.
 * Might have been more constructive to give the conclusion of the study than the % scores ? - People can gain vocabulary from context in reading.
 * I found quite a few papers citing the original, and repeating the results - notable ?
 * Maybe not appropriate in the intro, though.
 * --195.137.93.171 (talk) 20:46, 24 December 2011 (UTC)

Templates removed
Since a lot of references have been added by now, I've removed the templates. Sinatra (talk) 08:43, 21 July 2011 (UTC)

Text Translated from the Russian version
Dear all, I have reviewed a translated version of the Russian page, here it is.

'Nadsat, Twelve (born Nadsat) - fictional jargon of British teenagers , described by Anthony Burgess dystopia in "A Clockwork Orange ." Has a predominantly Russian base ( shortly before writing the novel writer visited the Soviet Union ). Most words nadsata is recorded with the Latin and sometimes distorted words of Russian language (droog « friend », malchik « boy », korova « cow », litso « person », viddy « see "), but there are also borrowings from other sources (eg London cockney slang ), as well as words invented by Burgess . As a result, the perception and understanding of nadsata significant difficulty for English-speaking reader , colliding with words unfamiliar language , the meaning of which is nowhere in the book does not directly explained . Language name - Modified ending Russian numerals from " eleven " to " nineteen ". This is explained by the fact that carriers nadsata in " A Clockwork Orange " were teenagers (nadtsatyje) - « teens » (teenagers, literally " nadtsatiletnie ," or abbreviated - " slime », teens). Translated V.Boshnyaka nadsata most words with the Russian-speaking origin, just was not translated, though tended by the rules of the Russian language («drugi» - friends , «rvatt kogti» - ripping claws, etc.). This was done with a view to somehow bring challenges the reader to the difficulties of translation of the original reader. In the Russian translation and transliteration changed words, though understandable, but still require some effort. Author of another translation, E. Sinel'shchikov replaced words written in Cyrillic Russian English words ( "men " - people, " yew " - teeth , "face " - the person , etc.) , but the disadvantage of this version of the translation is that English words are all too familiar to many Russian readers and are widely used in Russian slang. Anthony Burgess also invented language spoken by primitive people in the film based on the novel Roni Elder "Fight for the fire." In the film adaptation of the same name by Stanley Kubrick (see A Clockwork Orange ), the heroes of the film visit milk bar «Korova», where they drink milkshakes with psychedelics. The walls are decorated with inscriptions bar «Moloko», «Moloko plus», etc. '

Note, I got this from Google translate, so it is a little sloppy, but after it has been fully analysed I think we will be able to translate this into proper English. — Preceding unsigned comment added by HistoryAddict2000 (talk • contribs) 22:08, 25 March 2014 (UTC)

Pretty Polly
Many English-speakers who had never heard of a song called "Pretty Polly" would be able to tell you that it is a phrase typically taught to a pet parrot. Captain Pedant (talk) 16:31, 10 October 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Nadsat


text:
Tony Harrison

Tony Harrison (born 30 April 1937) is an English poet, translator and playwright. He was born in Beeston, Leeds and he received his education in Classics from Leeds Grammar School and Leeds University. He is one of Britain's foremost verse writers and many of his works have been performed at the Royal National Theatre. He is noted for controversial works such as the poem "V", as well as his versions of dramatic works: from ancient Greek such as the tragedies Oresteia and Lysistrata, from French Molière's The Misanthrope, from Middle English The Mysteries. He is also noted for his outspoken views, particularly those on the Iraq War. In 2015, he was honoured with the David Cohen Prize in recognition for his body of work. In 2016, he was awarded the Premio Feronia in Rome.

Works
Adaptation of the English Medieval Mystery Plays, based on the York and Wakefield cycles, The Mysteries, were first performed in 1985 by the Royal National Theatre. Interviewed by Melvyn Bragg for BBC television in 2012, Harrison said: "It was only when I did the Mystery Plays and got Northern actors doing verse, that I felt that I was reclaiming the energy of classical verse in the voices that it was created for."

One of his best-known works is the long poem "V" (1985), written during the miners' strike of 1984–85, and describing a trip to see his parents' grave in Holbeck Cemetery in Beeston, Leeds, 'now littered with beer cans and vandalised by obscene graffiti'. The title has several possible interpretations: victory, versus, verse, insulting V sign etc. Proposals to screen a filmed version of "V" by Channel 4 in October 1987 drew howls of outrage from the tabloid press, some broadsheet journalists, and MPs, apparently concerned about the effects its "torrents of obscene language" and "streams of four-letter filth" would have on the nation's youth. Indeed, an Early Day Motion entitled "Television Obscenity" was proposed on 27 October 1987 by a group of Conservative Members of Parliament (MPs), who condemned Channel 4 and the Independent Broadcasting Authority. The motion was opposed only by MP Norman Buchan, who suggested that fellow members had either failed to read or failed to understand the poem. The broadcast went ahead and, after widespread press coverage, the uproar subsided. Gerald Howarth MP said that Harrison was "Probably another bolshie poet wishing to impose his frustrations on the rest of us". When told of this, Harrison retorted that Howarth was "Probably another idiot MP wishing to impose his intellectual limitations on the rest of us".

Reception
Richard Eyre calls Harrison's 1990 play, The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus "among the five most imaginative pieces of drama in the 90s". Jocelyn Herbert, famous designer of the British theatrical scene, comments that Harrison is aware of the dramatic visual impact of his ideas: "The idea of satyrs jumping out of boxes in Trackers is wonderful for the stage. Some writers just write and have little idea what it will look like, but Tony always knows exactly what he wants."

Edith Hall has written that she is convinced that Harrison's 1998 film-poem Prometheus is "artistic reaction to the fall of the British working class" at the end of the twentieth century, and considers it as "the most important adaptation of classical myth for a radical political purpose for years" and Harrison's "most brilliant artwork, with the possible exception of his stage play The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus".

Professor Roger Griffin of the Department of History at Oxford Brookes University, in his paper The palingenetic political community: rethinking the legitimation of totalitarian regimes in inter-war Europe, describes Harrison's film-poem as "magnificent" and suggests that Harrison is trying to tell his audience "To avoid falling prey to the collective mirage of a new order, to stay wide awake while others succumb to the lethe of the group mind, to resist the gaze of modern Gorgons".

Poetry

 * The Loiners (1970)
 * From the School of Eloquence and Other Poems (1978)
 * Continuous (50 Sonnets from the School of Eloquence and Other Poems) (1981)
 * A Kumquat for John Keats (1981)
 * V (1985)
 *  Dramatic Verse,1973–85 (1985)
 * The Gaze of the Gorgon (1992)
 * Black Daisies for the Bride (1993)
 * The Shadow of Hiroshima and Other Film/Poems (1995)
 * The Bright Lights of Sarajevo (1995)
 * Laureate's Block and Other Occasional Poems (2000)
 * Under the Clock (2005)
 * Selected Poems (2006)
 * Collected Poems (2007)
 * Collected Film Poetry (2007)
 * Kumkwat dla Johna Keatsa, in Polish, Bohdan Zadura (trans.), Warszawa: PIW (1990)
 * Sztuka i zagłada, in Polish, Bohdan Zadura (trans.), Legnica: Biuro Literackie (1999)

Pamphlets

 * Earthworks (1964)
 * Newcastle is Peru (1969)
 * Bow Down (1977)
 * Looking Up (1979)
 * A Kumquat for John Keats (1981)
 * The Fire Gap  (1985)
 * Anno Forty Two, Seven New Poems (1987)
 * Ten Sonnets from "The School of Eloquence" (1987)
 * A Cold Coming (1991)
 * A Maybe Day in Kazakhstan (1994)
 * Polygons (2017)

Film and television

 * The Blue Bird: lyrics for George Cukor film (1976)
 * Arctic Paradise: verse commentary for film in series The World About Us, producer: Andree Molyneux for BBC Two (1981)
 * The Oresteia: translation for National Theatre production with music by Harrison Birtwistle, filmed for Channel Four television. (October 1983)
 * The Big H: musical drama, producer: Andree Molyneux, for BBC Two, (December 1984)
 * The Mysteries: adaption of medieval English mystery plays for the National Theatre, produced by Bill Bryden and Derek Bailey, filmed for Channel Four television. December 1985, January 1986)
 * Loving Memory four poem-films, producer Peter Symes for BBC Two
 * Letters in Rock: (July 1987)
 * Mimmo Perrella Non è Piu: (July 1987)
 * Muffled Bells: (July 1987)
 * Cheating the Void: (August 1987)
 * v.: poem filmed for television, producer Richard Eyre for Channel 4 (1987)
 * The Blasphemers' Banquet: poem-film producer Peter Symes for BBC One (1989)
 * The Gaze of the Gorgon: poem-film for television. (1992) which examines the politics of conflict in the 20th century using the Gorgon as a metaphor. The imaginary narration of the film is done through the mouth of Jewish poet Heinrich Heine. Located in Corfu the film describes the connection between the Corfu Gorgon at the Artemis Temple of Corfu and Kaiser Wilhelm II
 * Prometheus: television film, also directed by the author (1998)

Theatre and opera

 * Aikin Mata with James Simmons (play), Nigeria (March 1964). An adaption of Aristophanes's Lysistrata.
 * The Misanthrope (play), National Theatre Company (opened at the Old Vic on 20 February 1973). Adaptation of Molière's Le Misanthrope.
 * Phaedra Britannica (play), National Theatre Company (opened at the Old Vic on 3 September 1975). Adaptation of Racine's Phèdre
 * Bow Down (play with Harrison Birtwistle), National Theatre (4 July 1977).
 * The Bartered Bride, translation into English of the opera by Bedrich Smetana, first seen at the Metropolitan Opera on 25 October 1978
 * Yan Tan Tethera (libretto for Harrison Birtwistle's opera), (1986).
 * The Common Chorus (play), (1988). An adaption of Aristophanes's Lysistrata.
 * The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus (play), (1990). A hit play.
 * Square Rounds (play), Olivier Stage (1992).
 * The Labourers of Herakles (play), (1995).
 * The Prince's Play, National Theatre, London, 1996. A translation and adaptation of Victor Hugo's Le Roi s'amuse. The play was subsequently published by Faber and Faber.
 * Fram (play), Royal National Theatre (10 April 2008).

Literary prizes

 * 1972 Geoffrey Faber Memorial Prize (for The Loiners 1970)
 * 1983 European Poetry Translation Prize (Aeschylus's The Oresteia 1981)
 * 1982 Whitbread Prize for Poetry (The Gaze of the Gorgon 1992)
 * 2004 Northern Rock Foundation Writer's Award
 * 2007 Wilfred Owen Poetry Award
 * 2009 PEN/Pinter prize, inaugural award.
 * 2010 European Prize for Literature
 * 2014 European Poetry Prize
 * 2015 David Cohen Prize
 * 2016 Premio Feronia

Reviews

 * Craig, Cairns (1982), Giving Speech to the Silent, which includes a review of Continuous: 50 Sonnets from The School of Eloquence, in Hearn, Sheila G. (ed.), Cencrastus No. 10, Autumn 1982, pp. 43 & 44,

title: Tony Harrison


text:
Carol Ann Duffy

Dame Carol Ann Duffy (born 23 December 1955) is a Scottish poet and playwright. She is a professor of contemporary poetry at Manchester Metropolitan University, and was appointed Poet Laureate in May 2009, and her term expired in 2019. She was the first female poet, the first Scottish-born poet and the first openly lesbian poet to hold the Poet Laureate position.

Her collections include Standing Female Nude (1985), winner of a Scottish Arts Council Book Award; Selling Manhattan (1987), which won a Somerset Maugham Award; Mean Time (1993), which won the Whitbread Poetry Award; and Rapture (2005), which won the T. S. Eliot Prize. Her poems address issues such as oppression, gender, and violence, in accessible language.

Early life
Carol Ann Duffy was born into a Roman Catholic family in the Gorbals, considered a poor part of Glasgow. She was the daughter of Mary (née Black) and Frank Duffy, an electrical fitter. Her mother's parents were Irish, and her father had Irish grandparents. The eldest of five siblings, she has four brothers: Frank, Adrian, Eugene and Tim. The family moved to Stafford, England, when Duffy was six years old. Her father worked for English Electric. A trade unionist, he stood unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate for the Labour Party in 1983 in addition to managing Stafford F.C.

Duffy was educated in Stafford at Saint Austin's RC Primary School (1962–1967), St. Joseph's Convent School (1967–1970), and Stafford Girls' High School (1970–1974), her literary talent encouraged by two English teachers, June Scriven at St Joseph's, and Jim Walker at Stafford Girls' High. She was a passionate reader from an early age, and always wanted to be a writer, producing poems from the age of 11. When one of her English teachers died, she wrote:

Career
When Duffy was 15, June Scriven sent her poems to Outposts, a publisher of pamphlets, where it was read by the bookseller Bernard Stone, who published some of them. When she was 16, she met Adrian Henri, 39 at the time, one of the Liverpool poets, and decided she wanted to be with him; she then lived with him for 10 years until they split in 1982. "He gave me confidence," she said, "he was great. It was all poetry, very heady, and he was never faithful. He thought poets had a duty to be unfaithful."

She applied to the University of Liverpool to be near him, and began a philosophy degree there in 1974. She had two plays performed at the Liverpool Playhouse, wrote a pamphlet, Fifth Last Song, and received an honours degree in philosophy in 1977. She won the National Poetry Competition in 1983. She worked as poetry critic for The Guardian from 1988 to 1989, and was editor of the poetry magazine, Ambit. In 1996, she was appointed as a lecturer in poetry at Manchester Metropolitan University, and later became creative director of its Writing School.

Duffy was almost appointed Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom in 1999 after the death of Ted Hughes, but lost out on the position to Andrew Motion. Duffy said she would not have accepted the position at that time anyway, because she was in a relationship with Scottish poet Jackie Kay, had a young daughter, and would not have welcomed the public attention. In the same year, she was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature.

She was appointed as Poet Laureate on 1 May 2009, when Motion's 10-year term was over. Duffy was featured on The South Bank Show with Melvyn Bragg in December 2009 and on 7 December she presented the Turner Prize to artist Richard Wright.

Duffy received an Honorary Doctorate from Heriot-Watt University in 2009.

In 2015, Duffy was elected as an Honorary Fellow of the British Academy.

Poet laureate
In her first poem as poet laureate, Duffy tackled the scandal over British MPs' expenses in the format of a sonnet. Her second, "Last Post", was commissioned by the BBC to mark the deaths of Henry Allingham and Harry Patch, the last remaining British soldiers to fight in World War I. Her third, "The Twelve Days of Christmas 2009", addresses current events such as species extinction, the climate change conference in Copenhagen, the banking crisis, and the war in Afghanistan. In March 2010, she wrote "Achilles (for David Beckham)" about the Achilles tendon injury that left David Beckham out of the English football team at the 2010 FIFA World Cup; the poem was published in The Daily Mirror and treats modern celebrity culture as a kind of mythicisation. "Silver Lining," written in April 2010, acknowledges the grounding of flights caused by the ash of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull. On 30 August 2010 she premièred her poem "Vigil" for the Manchester Pride Candlelight Vigil in memory of LGBTQ people who have lost their lives to HIV/AIDS.

Duffy wrote a 46-line poem, "Rings," for the 2011 wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton. The poem celebrates the rings found in nature and does not specifically mention the couple's names. It begins for both to say and continues: "I might have raised your hand to the sky / to give you the ring surrounding the moon / or looked to twin the rings of your eyes / with mine / or added a ring to the rings of a tree / by forming a handheld circle with you, thee, / ...". She wrote the verse with Stephen Raw, a textual artist, and a signed print of the work was sent to the couple as a wedding gift. Duffy also wrote the poem "The Throne," which she composed for the 60th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II's coronation.

In Stylist magazine, Duffy said of becoming poet laureate: "There's no requirement. I do get asked to do things and so far I've been happy to do them." She also spoke about being appointed to the role by Queen Elizabeth II, saying: "She's lovely! I met her before I became poet laureate but when I was appointed I had an 'audience' with her which meant we were alone, at the palace, for the first time. We chatted about poetry. Her mother was friends with Ted Hughes whose poetry I admire a lot. We spoke about his influence on me."

Duffy stood down as laureate in May 2019.

Style
Duffy's work explores both everyday experience and the rich fantasy life of herself and others. In dramatizing scenes from childhood, adolescence, and adult life, she discovers moments of consolation through love, memory, and language. Charlotte Mendelson writes in The Observer:

"Part of Duffy's talent – besides her ear for ordinary eloquence, her gorgeous, powerful, throwaway lines, her subtlety – is her ventriloquism. Like the best of her novelist peers ... she slides in and out of her characters' lives on a stream of possessions, aspirations, idioms and turns of phrase. However, she is also a time-traveller and a shape-shifter, gliding from Troy to Hollywood, galaxies to intestines, sloughed-off skin to department stores while other poets make heavy weather of one kiss, one kick, one letter ... from verbal nuances to mind-expanding imaginative leaps, her words seem freshly plucked from the minds of non-poets – that is, she makes it look easy."

Of her own writing, Duffy has said: "I'm not interested, as a poet, in words like 'plash'—Seamus Heaney words, interesting words. I like to use simple words, but in a complicated way." She told The Observer: "Like the sand and the oyster, it's a creative irritant. In each poem, I'm trying to reveal a truth, so it can't have a fictional beginning."

Duffy rose to greater prominence in UK poetry circles after her poem "Whoever She Was" won the Poetry Society National Poetry Competition in 1983. In her first collection, Standing Female Nude (1985), she uses the voices of outsiders, for example in the poems "Education for Leisure" and "Dear Norman." Her next collection, Feminine Gospels (2002), continues this vein, showing an increased interest in long narrative poems, accessible in style and often surreal in their imagery. Her 2005 publication, Rapture (2005), is a series of intimate poems charting the course of a love affair, for which she won the £10,000 T. S. Eliot Prize. In 2007, she published The Hat, a collection of poems for children. Online copies of her poems are rare, but her poem dedicated to U A Fanthorpe, "Premonitions," is available through The Guardian, and several others via The Daily Mirror.

In schools
Duffy's poems are studied in British schools at ISC, GCSE, National 5, A-level, and higher levels. In August 2008, her "Education for Leisure," a poem about violence, was removed from the GCSE AQA Anthology, following a complaint about its references to knife crime and a goldfish being flushed down a toilet. The poem begins: "Today I am going to kill something. Anything./I have had enough of being ignored and today/I am going to play God." The protagonist kills a fly, then a goldfish. The budgie panics and the cat hides. It ends with him, or her, or them, leaving the house with a knife. "The pavements glitter suddenly. I touch your arm."

According to The Guardian, schools were urged to destroy copies of the unedited anthology, though this was later denied by AQA. Duffy called the decision ridiculous. "It's an anti-violence poem," she said. "It is a plea for education rather than violence." She responded with "Mrs Schofield's GCSE", a poem about violence in other fiction, and the point of it. "Explain how poetry/pursues the human like the smitten moon/above the weeping, laughing earth ..." The Mrs. Schofield of the title refers to Pat Schofield, an external examiner at Lutterworth College, Leicestershire, who complained about "Education for Leisure," calling it "absolutely horrendous."

For the new National Qualifications Higher English Course in Scotland, Duffy's agents, RCW Literacy Agency, refused permission for her poem, "Originally," to be reproduced in the publicly accessible version of the paper.

Anthologise annual competition for schools
In 2011 Duffy, spearheaded a new poetry competition for schools, named Anthologise. The competition is administered by the Poetry Book Society and was launched by the Duchess of Cornwall in September 2011. School students aged 11–18 from around the UK were invited to create and submit their own anthologies of published poetry. The 2011 Anthologise judges were Duffy; Gillian Clarke (National Poet for Wales); John Agard; Grace Nichols and Cambridge Professor of Children's Poetry, Morag Styles. The first ever winners of Anthologise were the sixth form pupils of Monkton Combe School, Bath, with their anthology titled The Poetry of Earth is Never Dead, which was described by Duffy as "assured and accomplished as any anthology currently on the bookshelves."

Plays and songs
Duffy is also a playwright, and has had plays performed at the Liverpool Playhouse and the Almeida Theatre in London. Her plays include Take My Husband (1982), Cavern of Dreams (1984), Little Women, Big Boys (1986) Loss (1986), Casanova (2007). Her radio credits include an adaptation of Rapture. Her children's collections include Meeting Midnight (1999) and The Oldest Girl in the World (2000). She also collaborated with the Manchester composer, Sasha Johnson Manning, on The Manchester Carols, a series of Christmas songs that premiered in Manchester Cathedral in 2007.

She also participated in the Bush Theatre's 2011 project Sixty-Six Books, for which she wrote a piece based on a book of the King James Bible.

A modernised adaptation of Everyman by Duffy, with Chiwetel Ejiofor in the title role, was performed at the Royal National Theatre from April to July 2015.

Personal life
At the age of 16, Duffy began a relationship with poet Adrian Henri, living with him until 1982. Duffy later met poet Jackie Kay, with whom she had a 15-year relationship. During her relationship with Kay, Duffy gave birth to a daughter, Ella (born 1995), whose biological father is fellow poet Peter Benson.

Raised in her parents' Roman Catholic faith, Duffy became an atheist when she was 15. However, she has spoken of the influence her religious upbringing has had on her poetry, stating: "Poetry and prayer are very similar."

She is a lesbian.

Honours and awards
Duffy holds honorary doctorates from the University of Dundee, the University of Hull, the University of St Andrews, and the University of Warwick, as well as an Honorary Fellowship at Homerton College, Cambridge.
 * 1983: National Poetry Competition 1st prize (for Whoever She Was)
 * 1983: Greenwich Poetry Competition ("for Words of Absolution")
 * 1984: Eric Gregory Award
 * 1986: Scottish Arts Council Book Award (for Standing Female Nude)
 * 1988: Somerset Maugham Award (for Selling Manhattan)
 * 1989: Dylan Thomas Prize
 * 1990: Scottish Arts Council Book Award (for The Other Country
 * 1992: Cholmondeley Award
 * 1993: Whitbread Awards (for Mean Time)
 * 1993: Scottish Arts Council Book Award (for Mean Time)
 * 1993: Forward Prize (for Mean Time)
 * 1995: Lannan Literary Award
 * 1999: Signal Children's Poetry Prize
 * 1999: Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature
 * 2001: National Endowment for Science, Technology, and the Arts Award
 * 2005: T. S. Eliot Prize (for Rapture)
 * 2011: Costa Book Awards (Poetry), winner, The Bees
 * 2012 PEN Pinter Prize
 * 2013: Assessed as one of the 100 most powerful women in the United Kingdom by Woman's Hour on BBC Radio 4.
 * 2015: Elected as an Honorary Fellow of the British Academy.
 * 2015: Elected as an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
 * 2021: Struga Poetry Evenings Golden Wreath Laureate

She was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1995, Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 2002, and Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2015 New Year Honours for services to poetry.

Works

 * 1974: Fleshweathercock and Other Poems, Outposts Ltd.
 * 1977: (with Adrian Henri) Beauty and the Beast (poetry).
 * 1982: Fifth Last Song, Headland (poetry).
 * 1982: Take My Husband (play)
 * 1984: Cavern of Dreams (play).
 * 1985: Standing Female Nude, Anvil Press Poetry (poetry).
 * 1986: Little Women, Big Boys (play).
 * 1986: Loss (radio play).
 * 1986: Thrown Voices, Turret Books, pamphlet (poetry).
 * 1987: Selling Manhattan, Anvil Press Poetry (poetry).
 * 1990: The Other Country, Anvil Press Poetry (poetry).
 * 1992: I Wouldn't Thank You for a Valentine (editor), Viking (poetry anthology).
 * 1992: William and the Ex-Prime Minister, Anvil Press Poetry, pamphlet, (poetry).
 * 1993: Mean Time Anvil Press Poetry (poetry).
 * 1994: Anvil New Poets Volume 2 (editor), Penguin Books (poetry anthology).
 * 1994: Selected Poems Penguin (poems).
 * 1995: Penguin Modern Poets 2, with Vicki Feaver and Eavan Boland, Penguin (poetry).
 * 1996: Grimm Tales, Faber and Faber (play).
 * 1996: Salmon – Carol Ann Duffy: Selected Poems, Salmon Poetry (poetry).
 * 1996: Stopping for Death, Viking (poetry anthology).
 * 1997: More Grimm Tales, Faber and Faber (children's play).
 * 1998: The Pamphlet, Anvil Press Poetry (poetry).
 * 1999: Meeting Midnight, Faber and Faber (children's poetry).
 * 1999: The World's Wife, Anvil Press Poetry (poetry).
 * 1999: Time's Tidings: Greeting the 21st Century (editor), Anvil Press Poetry (poetry anthology).
 * 2000: The Oldest Girl in the World, Faber and Faber (children's poetry).
 * 2001: Hand in Hand: An Anthology of Love Poems (editor), Picador (poetry anthology).
 * 2002: Feminine Gospels, Picador.
 * 2002: Queen Munch and Queen Nibble, Macmillan Children's Books.
 * 2002: Underwater Farmyard, Macmillan Children's Books (children's book).
 * 2003: The Good Child's Guide to Rock N Roll, Faber and Faber (children's poetry).
 * 2003: Collected Grimm Tales (with Tim Supple), Faber and Faber (children's book).
 * 2004: Doris the Giant (children's literature, picture book).
 * 2004: New Selected Poems, Picador.
 * 2004: Out of Fashion: An Anthology of Poems (editor), Faber and Faber (poetry anthology).
 * 2004: Overheard on a Saltmarsh: Poets' Favourite Poems (editor), Macmillan.
 * 2005: Another Night Before Christmas, with John Murray (children's poetry).
 * 2005: Moon Zoo, Macmillan (children's literature, picture book).
 * 2005: Rapture, Picador (poetry).
 * 2006: The Lost Happy Endings (illustrated by Jane Ray), Penguin (children's book).
 * 2007: Answering Back (editor), Picador (poetry anthology).
 * 2007: The Hat. Faber and Faber (children's poetry).
 * 2007: The Tear Thief. Barefoot Books (children's book).
 * 2009: Mrs Scrooge: A Christmas Poem (illustrated by Beth Adams), Simon & Schuster.
 * 2009: New & Collected Poetry for Children Faber and Faber (poetry).
 * 2009: The Princess's Blankets (illustrated by Catherine Hyde). Templar (children's book).
 * 2009: The Twelve Poems of Christmas (editor), Candlestick Press (poetry).
 * 2009: To The Moon: An Anthology of Lunar Poetry (editor), Picador (poetry).
 * 2009: Love Poems, Picador (poetry, selected).
 * 2010: The Gift Barefoot Books (children's book).
 * 2011: The Bees Picador (poetry, selected).
 * 2011: The Christmas Truce (illustrated by David Roberts) Picador.
 * 2012: Wenceslas: A Christmas Poem (illustrated by Stuart Kolakovic), Picador.
 * 2014: Dorothy Wordsworth's Christmas Birthday (illustrated by Tom Duxbury), Picador.
 * 2015: The Wren-Boys (illustrated by Dermot Flynn), Picador.
 * 2018: Sincerity (Picador), ISBN 978-1-5098-9342-3.
 * 2018: Eight World's Wives Published by Andrew J Moorhouse (Fine Press Poetry).

title: Carol Ann Duffy


text:
Post-production

Post-production is part of the process of filmmaking, video production, audio production, and photography. Post-production includes all stages of production occurring after principal photography or recording individual program segments.

The traditional first part of the post-production process, non-linear (analog) film editing, has mostly been replaced by digital or video editing software, which operates as a non-linear editing (NLE) system. The advantage of non-linear editing is the ability to edit scenes out of order, thereby making creative changes at will. This flexibility facilitates carefully shaping the film in a thoughtful, meaningful way for emotional effect.

Once the production team is satisfied with the picture editing, the editing is said to be locked. At this point the turnover process begins, in which the picture is prepared for lab and color finishing, and the sound is spotted and turned over to the composer and sound designers for sound design, composing, and sound mixing.

Processes

Post-production consists of many different processes grouped under one name. These typically include:
 * When content is shot on film it is typically transferred to video, DPX, OpenEXR with a telecine or a more modern motion picture film scanner.
 * Editing the content of the film or television program.
 * Writing, recording and re-recording, and editing the soundtrack.
 * Adding visual effects – mainly computer-generated imagery (CGI) which is then composited into the frame.
 * Sound design, sound effects, ADR, Foley, and music, culminating in a process known as sound re-recording or mixing with professional audio equipment.
 * Stereoscopic 3D conversion in the case of content that was shot in 2D which is scheduled to have a 3D release
 * Color grading (and color correction) in a color suite.
 * Subtitling, closed captioning, or dubbing.

The post-production phase of creating a film usually takes longer than the actual shooting of the film. It can take several months to complete, because it includes the complete editing, color correction, and the addition of music and sound. The process of editing a movie is also seen as the second directing, because through post-production it is possible to change the intention of the movie.

Furthermore, through the use of color grading tools and the addition of music and sound, the atmosphere of the movie can be heavily influenced. For instance, a blue-tinted movie is associated with a cold atmosphere. The choice of music and sound increases the effect of the scenes shown to the audience.

Television
In television, the phases of post-production include: editing, video editing, color correction, assembly, sound editing, re-recording, animation and visual effects insertions, combining separately edited audio and video tracks back together and delivery for broadcast.

Photography
Professional post-producers usually apply a certain range of image editing operations to the raw image format provided by a photographer or an image bank. There is a range of proprietary and free and open-source software, running on a range of operating systems available to do this work.

The first of post-production usually requires loading the raw images into the post-production software. If there is more than one image, and they belong to a set, ideally post-producers try to equalize the images before loading them. After that, if necessary, the next step would be to cut the objects in the images with the Pen Tool for a perfect and clean cut. The next stage would be cleaning the image using tools such as the healing tool, clone tool, and patch tool.

The next stages depend on what the client ordered. If it is a photo montage, the post-producers would usually start assembling the different images into the final document, and start to integrate the images with the background.

In advertising, it usually requires assembling several images together in a photo composition.

Types of work usually done:
 * Advertising that requires one background (as one or more images to assemble) and one or more models. (Usually, the most time-consuming, as often these are image bank images which do not have much quality, and they all have different light and color as they were not controlled by only one photographer in one set location)
 * Product-photography that usually requires several images of the same object with different lights, and assembled together, to control light and unwanted reflections, or to assemble parts that would be difficult to get in one shot, such as a beer glass for beer advertising. (Sometimes to composite one image of a beer glass it requires four or five images: one for the base, one for the beer, one for the label, one for the foam, and one or more for splashing beer if that is desired)
 * Fashion photography that usually requires heavy post-production for editorial or advertising

Music
Techniques used in music post-production include comping (short for compositing, or compiling the best portions of multiple takes into a single composite take), timing and pitch correction (perhaps through beat quantization), and adding effects. This process is typically referred to as mixing and can also involve equalization and adjusting the levels of each individual track to provide an optimal sound experience. Contrary to the name, post-production may occur at any point during the recording and production process.

title: Post-production


text:
Talk:Penthouse (magazine)

The girl mentioned
The girl mentioned as Michelle Ramos is actually Sunny Leon

Penthouse showing full penetration
Didn't Penthouse start showing full penetration sometime around '96? I don't have one lying around now to check, but I remember being surprised at the time. GTBacchus 11:38 Jan 8, 2003 (UTC)

 * Yep, full non-simulated penetration is now commonly shown, . . . but very tastefully, of course. When this began, Barnes & Noble, and many other non-adult bookstores that carried Penthouse, moved it back behind the counter, where all men's mags used to be. Playboy generally joined it in exile, for uniformity of policy. And the more respectable bookstores seldom carried Hustler to begin with. ---Michael K. Smith 21:35, 5 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * The Penthouse I bought last week was more like a more explicit FHM. No Hardcore, no nothing. I bought it at Borders, but I've also seen it at Barnes & Noble.

Famous vs infamous
Famous vs infamous - A recent edit changed the description of the September 1984 issue from being "the most infamous" to "the most famous". It's arguably both; but I think the former (which I admittedly wrote) is more true than the latter. The issue did, after all, feature nude pictures of a fifteen year old. MK 20:25, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I think "infamous" is too strong a word here -- I think of it being applied to Hitler, Pol Pot, etc. The Marquis de Sade's writings, perhaps, or even just one of his books, since they were all a little near the knuckle.  But just one issue of Penthouse, out of many hundreds that weren't infamous, shouldn't be called that, or at least not to my way of thinking.... If you'd written "One issue of Penthouse has become infamous because of etc...." I'd probably go along with that.  22:01, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Vanessa Williams
Is it verifiable that the Vanessa Williams issue (September 1984) was the largest-selling issue of any magazine ever? --15:23, 02 Jul 2005 (UTC)
 * And is it verifiable that the issue is illegal to own? I've never heard of anyone being prosecuted for possessing it. 68.101.162.92 07:54, 23 November 2005 (UTC)

 * September 1984: Long article about the issue, including assertions of largest-seller and illegality of owning by people involved:  https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/a33955539/penthouse-scandal-vanessa-williams-traci-lords/?source=nl&utm_source=nl_esq&utm_medium=email&date=091520&utm_campaign=nl21471315 Kdammers (talk) 16:48, 15 September 2020 (UTC)

Should be "will feature fully nude models"
"For example, although the September 2006 issue features fully nude models, they have been posed such that their pubic regions generally remain hidden from view." <-Predicting the future I see. Should be "will feature fully nude models" or not be there at all. 59.167.141.187 14:26, 8 August 2006 (UTC)

Cite tags
I just added two more cite tags on the softcore ==> hardcore stuff. One question especially comes to mind - did the new format lead to the lower circulation or did the lower circulation lead to the new format? The section as currently written says both, and cites a source for neither. PurplePlatypus 07:17, 16 February 2007 (UTC)
 * I'm pretty sure that the answer is both. The "new format" was brought about because of lowered sales due to internet porn & the new format itself lead to a lower circulation, as some people were disgusted by the urination shots & hardcore photos and canceled their subscriptions. --Hndsmepete 21:06, 12 June 2007 (UTC)

Penthouse Forum
Should mention the infamous "forum" letters section. AnonMoos 03:09, 21 February 2007 (UTC)

Correct, that is not Michelle Ramos.
If you look at the actual issue, it is Sunny Leone, Penthouse Pet of the Year 2003 on the cover. Michelle was the Pet of the Month but the Pet of the Month is not always on the cover.

I know, because I work there.

The price of one cover and the circulation
What're the price of one cover and the circulation of Penthouse?

Thanks,

--Redflowers 08:22, 29 September 2007 (UTC)

Financials
I think this should be a separate section on financials of the company, General Media Inc., and Guccione. This article needs to be filled out with more details of the magazine and culture: Letters, Caligula, style of the magizine, history, and  Guccione's philosophy. It needs to be much more like the Playboy article.

Perseus109 (talk) 00:59, 1 March 2008 (UTC)

Removal of content

 * (Per message on my Talk page) Bloomberg? The editor used biglawbusiness.com a non-notable website to remove claims. A previous editor did this too, trying to remove references to Xvideos.com and changing the company name without citations (both new accounts). Also nowhere in the citation from Big Law does it even mention Holland. And the company's name is WGCZ Holding. I am undoing the revert for now per RS and COI rationale. Gotitbro (talk) 21:38, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
 * My mistake it is indeed a Bloomberg website. But the reported company name is still wrong and Kelly Holland is still the editor. I stand behind my reverts. Gotitbro (talk) 21:41, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The editor gave this link in the edit summary to say that she has left Penthouse. But her social profiles still say she is working for Penthouse. Kelly Holland can probably be removed from the infobox but the other edits by the editor removed information about Xvideos from the article and they should remain reverted. Gotitbro (talk) 21:56, 15 October 2018 (UTC)

 * The name of the company, as cited, is WGCZ Ltd. They own XVideos, but XVideos did not buy the magazine's assets, so is not to be listed as the owner. If you feel the connection is super-important, you can include a (cited) statement that XVideos is owned by WGCZ Ltd., but not remove the actual name of the new owning company. As for social profiles, they are NOT WP:RS, and are often obsolete - as it appears now. We do know that the assets were sold, and she was not part of the purchase. So keeping her name on the masthead is inappropriate. Tarl N. ( discuss ) 22:26, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
 * Most publications refer to the company a WGCZ Holding. If you feel it is better to refer to it as WGCZ Ltd. then please do so but that would be removing the common name of the company (they are both the same). Yes, I believe it is important to list it owns Xvideos.com as it is the company's main property and the sole article that relates to the company (even the Bloomberg reference mentions it). I know social media profiles are not reliable that is why I said it should probably be removed from the infobox and Holland's departure should be mentioned somewhere in the article as well. Please edit how you see is the best way ahead but I think Xvideos should be mentioned in the article. Thanks. Gotitbro (talk) 00:45, 16 October 2018 (UTC)
 * The cited reference says WGCZ Ltd. - it does not say WGCZ Holding. If you want to say that, you must find a WP:RS which says that WGCZ Holding (by that name) bought or owns the property. You don't get to simply say "I know they are the same, so I'll use the name I prefer", you have to have a reference that states it. As for XVideos, again, it is owned by the same owners, but it did not buy the property. It doesn't matter whether it's the major property of the owners, the purchaser was WGCZ Ltd. - not XVideos. You can add a statement in the article that they own the both properties, but it does not belong in the infobox. WGCZ (either Ltd. or Holding) isn't equivalent to XVideos. Tarl N. ( discuss ) 02:40, 16 October 2018 (UTC)
 * I am not saying anything it was right there in the AVN reference which was replaced by the Bloomberg one. Gotitbro (talk) 05:41, 16 October 2018 (UTC)

David Alexander
Why the dramatic push to include this author in an already run-on list of previous authors? If he's not notable enough for a Wikipedia article, why do we think he's so notable he MUST be added to a list in this article? Tarl N. ( discuss ) 17:12, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

I'm guessing that it's Mr. Alexander or someone associated with him. Trivialist (talk) 21:34, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

Shutter?
Is this another of those hip media words like ‘deprecate’ and ‘sunset’, or in other words, ‘close down’, or ‘discontinue’ or even ‘cease’ ? Could we try for encyclopaedic language, perhaps? 2001:8003:3010:700:38AC:179C:E284:708B (talk) 07:06, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

3D HD porn channel
Um… see the date? 2011 ? Should this be altered to the paste tense? 2001:8003:3010:700:38AC:179C:E284:708B (talk) 07:10, 11 June 2022 (UTC)

Confusing
The Financial history section is very confusing, noting General Media, Penthouse, and Penthouse International alternately as the parent company at the same time. This needs clarification by someone more knowledgeable about the subject and to be rewritten. - The literary leader of the age ✉ 13:55, 6 October 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Penthouse (magazine)


text:
Captain (disambiguation)

Captain is a rank or title for commander of a military unit, commander of a ship or other vessel, or leader of a unit or organization.

Captain or The Captain may also refer to:

Rank

 * Captain (armed forces), a commissioned officer rank historically corresponding to the command of a company of soldiers
 * Captain (naval), rank corresponding to command of the largest ships in English-speaking navies
 * Captain (Canadian army and air force)
 * Captain (D) or Captain Destroyers, a shore-based commander in the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom
 * Captain (D) afloat, a related rank
 * Group captain, senior commissioned rank in the air forces of many countries
 * Sea captain, high grade licensed mariner in ultimate command of the vessel
 * Kapitän, shortened version of several ranks in the German navy
 * Pilot in command, the lead pilot on an aircraft

Film and television

 * Captain (1994 film), a Telugu-Tamil bilingual film
 * Captain (1999 film), a Malayalam film
 * Captain (2018 film), a Malayalam film
 * Captain (2019 film), a Nepalese film
 * Captain (2022 film), a Tamil-language film
 * The Captain (1946 film), a French film
 * The Captain (1971 film), a German film
 * The Captain (2017 film), a German film
 * The Captain (2019 film), a Chinese film
 * The Captain (miniseries), a 2022 American television miniseries
 * Welcome to The Captain, previously known as The Captain, an American sitcom
 * The Captains (film), a 2011 documentary about captains in the Star Trek series
 * Captain, a non-rail vehicle in Thomas & Friends
 * The Captain, a minor character in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy
 * The Captain, the main character in Captain Kangaroo
 * Vijayakanth or Captain, Indian actor

Literature

 * The Captain (play), a 1647 stage play by Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher
 * The Captain (novel), a 1967 novel by Jan de Hartog
 * The Captain (magazine), a British magazine for boys

Comics and manga

 * Captain (Hellsing), a character from the Hellsing manga and OVA
 * Captain (manga), a 1972 baseball manga series by Akio Chiba
 * Captain (comics), a satiric superhero from the comic book Nextwave

Artists and composers

 * Captain (band), a London-based alternative rock band
 * Daryl Dragon or Captain, part of Captain & Tennille
 * Carl Fontana or the Captain, American jazz trombonist
 * Markus Kaarlonen or Captain, Finnish musician
 * Sergey Kuryokhin or the Captain, Russian composer
 * Saki Shimizu or Captain, J-pop singer

Albums

 * Captain (album), a 1998 album by Idlewild
 * The Captain (album), the 1999 album by Kasey Chambers

Songs

 * "The Captain" (Kasey Chambers song) (1999)
 * "The Captain" (Biffy Clyro song) (2009)
 * "The Captain" (Leonard Cohen song) (1984)
 * "The Captain" (Guster song) (2006)
 * "The Captain" (The Knife song) (2006)
 * "Captain", by Wiz Khalifa; see Wiz Khalifa discography

Ships

 * HMS Captain (1678), a 70-gun third rate
 * HMS Captain (1743), a 70-gun third rate
 * HMS Captain (1787), a 74-gun third rate
 * HMS Carnatic (1783), a 72-gun third rate renamed Captain in 1815
 * HMS Royal Sovereign (1786), a 100-gun first rate renamed Captain in 1825
 * HMS Agincourt  (1865), an iron screw ship that was to have been named Captain
 * HMS Captain (1869), a masted turret ship
 * Captain-class frigates, a class of Royal Navy frigates

Sports

 * Captain (sports), the leader of an athletic team
 * Captain (association football), a member chosen to be the on-pitch leader of the team
 * Captain (Australian rules football), a player who has several additional roles and responsibilities
 * Captain (cricket), the appointed leader of a team
 * Captain (ice hockey), the player authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations
 * Captain (baseball), an honorary title sometimes given to a member of the team to acknowledge his leadership
 * Captains, the sports teams of Christopher Newport University
 * "The Captain", a nickname for hockey player Steve Yzerman
 * "The Captain", a nickname for baseball player Derek Jeter

Other uses

 * Captain (videotex), a Japanese videotex system, operational from 1983 to 2002
 * Marion 6360, a power shovel known as "The Captain"
 * "The Captain", a nickname for the fascist Iron Guard leader Corneliu Zelea Codreanu
 * Captain (restaurant), responsible for interacting with guests and directing waiters
 * "Captain", a nickname for Captain Amarinder Singh, former Chief Minister of Punjab

title: Captain (disambiguation)


text:
Talk:Exposure

Isn't exposure principally what you can die of in the cold? -- Tarquin

Yes, we need a top level entry for exposure and other entries for exposure (photographic), exposure (weather), exposure (radiation), perhaps even exposure (vacuum). I'd do it if I had more than a few hours of experience with this wiki thingy. Jeremy

No problem. Someone will come along and write it eventually. Welcome to the Wikipedia, BTW :-) -- Tarquin

Done! Jeremy

I changed Perseus to Oedipus as an example of a Greek exposed child, because Perseus wasn't really abandoned by himself, but rather sent off with his mother (ok, so it was in a box...). I'm not too happy with Oedipus either, though, because he's not a hero. Does anybody know any better examples? Benji man
 * I think Oedipus works fine. He fits much of the Greek definition of hero. 68.48.137.87 00:55, 27 October 2005 (UTC)

I have disambiguated almost all links pointing here. The remaining ones almost exclusively refer to the first meaning. I've added a link to hypothermia. Are there any other articles related to fatal exposure to the elements? - Magnus Holmgren 19:47, 29 October 2005 (UTC)

Organization
While an argument can be made for putting the medical section at the top, there's no reason for removing all the sections and subsections already on the page. I'd also like to point out that there's no specific article for exposure in that medical section, so putting it at the top is questionable. If someone is looking for the dictionary definition of the word, then they should check out the wiktionary, which is linked to in the upper right of the page. -- Fyrael (talk) 18:54, 22 May 2014 (UTC)
 * That's fine. A lot of editors don't like to see red links. For me, the red links are reminders about what articles still need to be developed. I was thinking along of epidemiology, in the instances where exposure to a pathogen increases the risk of developing disease. I'll get back to it later. I was careless in my removal of the other sections and am thankful that you caught it. Thank you.
 * Best Regards,
 * Barbara (WVS) ✐   ✉  00:15, 24 June 2017 (UTC)

 * For perspective on this, see MOS:DABRED. Carbon Caryatid (talk) 16:28, 25 June 2017 (UTC)

title: Talk:Exposure


text:
Talk:Captain (disambiguation)

etymology
this greek etymology seem as phony as it probably is.

cf. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, "[Middle English capitain, from Old French, from Late Latin capitneus, chief, from Latin caput, capit-, head; see kaput- in Indo-European roots.]"

and

Collins English Dictionary, "[from Old French capitaine, from Late Latin capitāneus chief, from Latin caput head]"

daniel ávila — Preceding unsigned comment added by 200.194.67.100 (talk) 18:38, 23 August 2011 (UTC)

Should this be a disambiguation page?
(This is a carryover from Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Disambiguation) This article has tried, over the years, to describe disparate topics from waiters to Starfleet personnel to a band. If it were to magically be made complete, I'm sure it would top 100K in length. My feeling is that it will never be near complete, good, or even marginally palatable as a summary article.

Looking at it a couple of nights ago, it occurred to me that the only way I could see it doing what it should do is as a disambiguation page. That is to say: it could point readers in a NPOV, clear, and concise way to articles which explain their respective topics.

The previous thread has garnered three responses, all which support this idea. Recapping the responses very briefly:

 * "Makes sense..." -AndrewHowse
 * "The page would be more useful as a dab than in its current state as a series of mini-articles..." -Gwguffey
 * "Ideally suited for dab with spin-off articles." --Rosiestep

Any other thoughts on the matter are appreciated. H aus  Talk  17:01, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I wholeheartedly agree that it should be converted into a DAB page. — Bellhalla (talk) 17:49, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

 * What about The Captain - put it under 'See also'? --AndrewHowse (talk) 18:46, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

 * There is technical policy about dab pages that I'm not familiar with, but my inclination would be to merge it.  H aus  Talk   18:58, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd say leading the page with "Captain or The Captain may refer to:" would cover that aspect pretty well, and then just redirect The Captain. — Bellhalla (talk) 19:44, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I cleaned up The Captain per WP:MOSDAB — Bellhalla (talk) 19:46, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
 * I took a swing at fleshing out [Captain (disambiguation)] and then merged in The Captain. It's still something of a mishmash, but at least it's in one place.   H aus  Talk   02:18, 10 April 2008 (UTC)

( ←outdent) ✅  H aus  Talk   17:02, 11 April 2008 (UTC)

"Captain[WA], a Mule Used by CompMaster[WA] to complete tasks that he does not want to complete"
Under "Other Uses" -> "In 'Video Games'". This seems out of place. Clarification please? 76.117.195.179 (talk) 06:20, 1 July 2008 (UTC)

Copied from Talk:Captain (OF-2)
Copied from Talk:Captain (OF-2)

Name change
Captain (land) doesn't make a lot of sense to me: most sports team captains, tower captains, &c, operate on land. To distinguish OR-2 army captains from their OR-5 naval namesakes I believe Captain (military) would make more sense: this would apply to army and marine captains, captains in paramilitary forces and certain police forces, without implying football captains, Salvation Army captains, &c. 78.145.235.241 (talk) 20:19, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree. At the moment, Captain (military) redirects to this article, and Captain (military rank) redirects to Captain. Seems like there's some reorganizing to do. Eric talk 17:31, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

 * Not being funny, but wouldn't this article be better titled "Captain (Army)"? The disambiguation "land" seems odd and implies "terrain". Captain (military) is still too wide as it would imply air force captains and naval captains as well. Naval captains are are equivalent to colonels, so that would be wildly wrong! --Bermicourt (talk) 18:25, 9 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Comments:
 * a) There are OF-2 Captains that aren't "army" (or "land").
 * b) I'm not sure what "Captain (military)" means. Nor am I sure what it "should" mean.
 * c) I would have thought that all of Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Captains were both "Captain (military)" and "Captain (military rank)".
 * d) I'm not sure what "Captain (rank)" means, or "should" mean. The current situation of it redirecting to a dab page (Captain) seems sensible.
 * e) Similarly, I am quite comfortable that "Captain" is a dab page.
 * f) Where they exist, Commonwealth Marine captains are, in general, OF-2.
 * g) US Army, Marine and Air Force captains are Captain (OF-2) (i.e. Captain (O-3)
 * h) Captain (non-naval) seems rather silly to me ... (I wouldn't support it.)
 * i) There is a "Captain (land and air)" (that currently redirects to "Captain (land)"). That does 2/3 of the job, but doesn't cover "marines".
 * j) Captain (OF-2) is unambiguous and concise. As are Captain (OF-5) and Captain (naval).
 * Pdfpdf (talk) 16:49, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

 * My Opinions:
 * a) I think the there should be eight pages: Captain (a dab page); Captain (OF-2) (a page); Captain (OF-5) (a dab page); Captain (naval) (a page); Group Captain (a page); Captain (United States) (a page); Captain (British Army and Royal Marines) (a page); Captain (Royal Navy) (a page)
 * b) I don't think either "Captain (military)" or "Captain (military rank)" are at all useful disambiguators.
 * c) I don't think there is much, if any, difference between Captain (land) and Captain (army), and neither are particularly useful disambiguators.
 * d) I much prefer Captain (naval) to Captain (OF-5), but it doesn't cover Group Captain, so I guess we need all three.
 * e) I don't particularly like Captain (OF-2), but it caters for Captain (marines), whereas Captain (land and air) doesn't.
 * Pdfpdf (talk) 16:49, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Pdfpdf's preferences expanded/clarified (I hope)

Thanks Pdfpdf - an outstanding proposal to bring clarity out of confusion! I would support all of the above with just 2 minor caveats: first, a question mark about why Captain (naval) shouldn't be the main article and Captain (OF-5) the redirect as at present. AFAIK the only OF-5 captains are naval and its the clearer title of the two. Second, it should be Group Captain as at present, not Group captain, which is a combination that is never used in my experience. --Bermicourt (talk) 19:49, 10 April 2011 (UTC)

 * Dear Bermicourt, I agree with you - that is indeed what I had originally intended! Thanks. Have I now succeeded in making it clearer? Cheers, Pdfpdf (talk) 16:00, 11 April 2011 (UTC)

title: Talk:Captain (disambiguation)