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Talk:Okra

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Excision decision

 * I'd work on this more except it's time to go out and have a few. In the meanwhile I thought I'd leave a note of what I excised:

"People who have tried okra tend to either like it or hate it. The haters usually cite the "slimy" mouthfeel.  Those of us who like okra savor the texture, the delightful taste, comparable to - but not at all the same as - green pepper."
 * Sentence one: Yes, in my experience that's true.
 * sentence three: comparable to green peppers? In what way?  I must have had more vegetables in my time than you; okra is in no way similar to green peppers aside from being green and turning a bit soft and slimy if you cook it for far too long (which, IMHO is also the problem with how squash, spinach, and collards are often cooked).  Koyaanis Qatsi
 * I think you're right, KF. I wasn't paying as close attention as I should have when modifying the article.  -- Zoe
 * Did you mod that part? I never would have guessed; your other writing is clear and easy to understand.  Anyway, I'm not sure what the original author intended, and I don't trust myself to keep editing it tonight.  I'll look at it in the morning.  Best,  Koyaanis Qatsi
 * Actually, I took out the most egregious of the personal data listed here, but just sort of glossed over that other stuff. -- Zoe

Gumbo
Who calls Okra "Gumbo"? Sure, it's a featured ingredient in gumbo, but I have never heard such. (I live in the south and grew up on both.) Streyeder
 * I've removed this term. I've never heard it used that way either, and the first 20 pages of Google image search didn't have any pictures of okra when I searched for 'gumbo'.  In addition, if it is added back, it shouldn't be in bold unless there is a disambig at gumbo. - SCEhard T 13:50, 5 December 2005 (UTC)

Okra can be called Gumbo, it ought to be added back
Okra is called Gumbo guibo and guimyombo in some parts of Africa. "Gumbo" would be a written version of phonetical pronunciation. In the Gullah language spoken in South Carolina and Georgia, Gumbo means Okra. Gumbo and Okra are two words originating from African languages referring to the same plant. 67.171.65.167 05:27, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

Poisonous
I couldn't find any reference to Okra being poisonous. Perhaps the person who wrote that was confusing it with another plant?
 * As Paracelsus said, all things are poisonous, only the dossage makes the difference. Okra, I've heard from several sources (I'll see if I can make it official), is the most toxic plant regularly consumed by humans.  That doesn't make it specifically poisonous, you're not going to die eating an Okra or anything, but it is an interesting fact and a useful antidote to the claims that "all natural" foods are somehow tested by centuries of experience.  They really aren't, and there's no telling what surprises are going to show up when our food plants are actually tested. --Suttkus 12:25, 28 April 2006 (UTC)

historical uses of this plant
Are the pods of the okra the only parts of the plant that are put to commercial use? What kind of root or tuber does it produce?

The local grocery story offers packages of frozen okra pods that have been cut into segments, but it looks like it is impossible to buy the complete pods, or the stems or the leaves, for that matter.

How many parts of the okra are edible?

Is it poisonous to eat the leaves, or the roots?

Does it produce a tap root like the carrot does? Or is it more like a horse radish root? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 198.177.27.21 (talk • contribs).
 * Whole pods are often available in grocery stores in Houston, TX - I assume the Portland area would be the same but you might need to wait for warmer weather. You could buy seeds and grow some yourself come spring :-) - SCEhard T 13:50, 3 February 2006 (UTC)

Okra does not do well in cooler climates. It is one of the last crops planted in early summer in the deep south. Ground temperature must be over 75 or the seeds will rot. I have my doubts about cascade okra without greenhouse or hotbox supplementation. It is best boiled, batter fried, or in gumbo dishes. I am unaware of any attepmts to eat parts other than the pods and seeds. Whole pods are available in most areas where okra can be grown. I have never heard of any part of the okra being poisionous but in light of the fact that rhododendron, hemlock, oak nuts, and potatoes contain poisons, it is best to air on the side of caution. Okra is not a root drop and has no exceptional root or tuber system. ( are you confusing it with kudzu, which has legumous sacs?) It may be possible to make some cooking enhancements to the vegetable, but it is nutritious to all and tasty to most who eat it in the aforementioned forms. The original African okra strains produce very large pods before becoming woody and are more slimy than the popular hybrids, like clemson spineless okra. The original varities take more time to come to production, making them a near impossibility in short-season scenarios. Georgia Bob rdr4@alltel.net
 * Is Okra usually available in salted dishes? If the seeds in the pods are allowed to ripen, can they be popped like popcorn, or roasted like sesame?  I've seen candied confections with ground sesame seeds, so I'd think that something similar should be possible with okra.  As for the growing season in the foothills to the Cascade mountains in Oregon, it's so short it significantly limits the production of tomatoes.  Last frost at the 1100 feet above sea level is somewhere around May 15, and first frost is somewhere around mid-to-early October.  So that probably rules out raising okra in this part of the world, unless the okra can be hybridized with some other cold-loving species of the mallow family to produce something frost resistant.

Somebody has already added this information to the article, but even before that, searching Google for "okra greens" or "okra leaves" would have revealed the answer. Or you could have checked "what links here" to see a link from List of plants with edible leaves.

Eat your greens and be healthy. ♥ Okragreens 22:41, 21 September 2006 (UTC)

Fried okra, done correctly (as I will elucidate on in a moment) is quite good. It is crunchy, has a taste entirely it's own and goes well with other foods. Too many psuedo-southern restaurants serve fried okra that has been battered. Done that way, it's nothing more than boiled okra with a breading shell around it. That is not the correct way to cook it. Okra pods, about the size of an adults middle finger at harvest (cut the stem with a knife to harvest)are cut into 1/4" transverse slices. They can then be dropped in a quart food storage bag containing 1/2 cup ( or any other amount you wish) of a corn meal, seasoned with salt, and the bag zipped closed and shaken vigorously to make sure the corn meal comes into contact with all sides of the sliced okra.  The slime from the interior of the okra slices causes the corn meal/salt mixture to aadhere to the slices.  Remove the okra from the bag and fry in a large diameter pan in enough pre-heated peanut oil to cover the slices when laid flat.  Fry until golden brown (about 5 minutes).  Quickly remove from pan and place on a paper towel covered plate to allow excess oil to drain.  Salt to taste, if needed (very subjective on the amount of salt needed) and eat immediately.  If left to get cold, slices become limp. Crisp tastes better. This recipe, or actually, cooking method came from my Grandmother, Mamie Stephens Williams, Social Circle, Georgia, circa 1930's. Jody E. Huneycutt, Ellijay, GA. My source is personal experience and 60 years of eating okra cooked this way. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.44.194.37 (talk) 07:54, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

Kidney Stones
I've heard that okra can be used to painlessly flush out certain types of kidney stones. Three fingers cut into strips and left in 2 quarts of water for several hours. Then squeeze the juice into the 2 quarts of water. Drink it and it will turn some types of kidney stones to sludge, apparently! Isn't it also know as a kidney vetch? I might be totally wrong about this but that's what I've heard. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 62.255.36.5 (talk • contribs).

Callaloo
Callaloo is an important staple in the Caribbean, and according to Wikipedia's current entry on its preparation, Callaloo is almost always made with okra. Okra is also used in another Caribbean staple Coo Coo. Due to the importance of these dishes in Caribbean cuisine, they should not be omitted from the article on Okra. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.91.109.6 (talk • contribs)

Pronunciation
What is the proper pronunciation of Okra? -Tombrend 02:31, 7 January 2007 (UTC)
 * People of Igbo descent pronounce it "uh-KROH" but there are other derivate forms, such as "uh-KRAH", (note that "okra" is an Igbo word). I have always heard it as the former though. See answers.com for Western soundbite.

Don't know about Igbo, but in the southeastern U.S., it's pronounced O-kra, oddly enough, just as it's spelled. How about that? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.44.194.37 (talk) 08:01, 10 February 2010 (UTC)

merging and history
I have moved Abelmoschus esculentus here as the most common name. However, apparently two separate articles existed and the content at Okra was merged to Abelmoschus esculentus. When I moved the page here I had to combine the histories of the two pages. Certain revisions may thus appear as if an edit war is occurring, when it is simply alternate revisions of the two articles, when they existed separately. - BanyanTree 02:06, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Relevance to Christ
"The lack of a word for okra in the ancient languages of India suggests that it arrived there after the birth of Christ."

Is this time comparison appropriate, or would it be better to refer to the Common Era/Before Common Era?

excessive languages
I have excised sentences that simply state the name of okra is different languages. The paragraph, in its original incarnation is directly correlated to the origin and distribution paragraph that immediately follows it. The point of the paragraph became increasingly muddled as users, apparently not seeing the section as a whole, treated it as an entry point for listing the names in languages they knew. A list of names in various languages is accessible through the interwiki links in the left hand column of the article. - BanyanTree 06:47, 9 April 2008 (UTC)

Origin
The material I have seen suggests a South Asian rather than an Ethiopian origin for Okra. Lavateraguy (talk) 14:08, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The citation at the end of that paragraph to Texas A&M University covers the Ethiopian origin claim. It's certainly possible that it's wrong, but you would need to provide citations to credible sources claiming a South Asian origin to include it in the article. - BanyanTree 22:09, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * "There are two hypotheses concerning the geographical origin of A. esculentus. Some authors, arguing that one putative ancestor (A. tuberculatus) is native to Uttar Pradesh (north India), suggest that the species originated from this geographic area. Others, on the basis of ancient cultivation in East Africa and the presence of the other putative ancestor (A. ficulneus), suggest that the area of domestication is north Egypt or Ethiopia, but no definitive proof is available today." (Okra, Hamon and van Sloten, pp 350-357 in Smartt & Simmons, Evolution of Crop Plants (1995))

 * "All species and forms distinguished by VAN BORSSUM WAALKES (1966) are present in South East Asia, which he considers the centre of distribution. The three cultivated species are now almost cosmopolitan, whereas the wild species (including A. tuberculatus) are confined to Asia and Australia, with the exception of A . ficulneus, which is also present in tropical Africa . The Asiatic origin of the genus is hardly contested, but there are several theories on the origin of the cultigen A . esculentus, which variably consider India (MASTERS, 1875), Ethiopia (DE CANDOLLE, 1883; VAVILOV, 1951) and West Africa (CHEVALIER, 1940; MURDOCK, 1959) as the centre of origin. Cytogenetical observations suggest that A. esculentus is an amphidiploid having a genome in common with A. tuberculatus, a wild species from India. The origin of the complementary genome has not yet been elucidated." (Euphytica 31 241-252 (1982))

 * There's also a 72 chromosome cytotype of okra which would be an alternative candidate to A. ficulneus as a parent of 130 chromosome okra. Lavateraguy (talk) 23:16, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Why not actually edit the article and include these sources, rather than posting on the talk page? - BanyanTree 23:21, 11 June 2008 (UTC)

I do not think there is any scientific method that can trace the origin of a plant to the street level on Google maps geographically. Citing the Origin of  the plant  Okra to part of once the part Bengal province of India now known as Bangladesh is totally ridiculous and unscientific. whole Bengal province itself is not a huge land mass and also it is not geographically or meteorologically distinct from rest of Eastern states of India. One may claim a geographical region based on ideal climatic conditions for such plant, example  Northwest china, sub Saharan Africa, Peninsular India etc.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.89.156.253 (talk) 17:46, 9 September 2014 (UTC)

Interesting. According to a source I have found (a paper presented by Dr Zemede Asfaw of Addis Ababa University), Okra's name in Amharic is Bamia, which is cognate with the Arabic bāmyah. So if Okra originated in the Ethiopian highlands, then Amharic -> Arabic -> Middle East, Greece, Iran, etc. If, on the other hand, Okra originated in South Asia, then [appropriate source] -> Arabic -> Amharic. (Research into the history of Ethiopian foodstuffs is still in its beginnings.) -- llywrch (talk) 19:30, 15 April 2009 (UTC)

With regards to the proposed Nigerian origin of okra, the study cited for this was published before the separate status of Abelmoschus caillei was recognised. A study including accessions of both species would show greater diversity in West Africa, without necessarily providing evidence for a West African origin. (The paper is paywalled, so I can't evaluate it.) Lavateraguy (talk) 15:26, 5 August 2010 (UTC)

 * Hardcopies are also available at a number of libraries, depending on where you are:
 * http://www.worldcat.org/title/botanical-gazette/oclc/5667172

 * In the mean time, here are a few quotes that I think fall within fair use:
 * This study involved 296 okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench) accessions. The 81 accessions of Nigerian origin included 70 from the southern states of Nigeria and 11 from the Institute for Agricultural Research, Zaria, Nigeria. The remaining 215 accessions from 14 countries were obtained from the Southern Regional Plant Introduction Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Georgia; Division of Plant Introduction of the Indian Agri- cultural Research Institute, New Delhi; Kagawa University, Japan; and Instituto Agronomico Seqao de Olericultura, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

 * Reviewing the origin debate:
 * The origin of okra is controversial. Bates (1968) considered okra to be of Asiatic origin primarily on the basis that the related wild species of the genus are all native to southern and southeastern Asia. DeCandolle (1886) suggested an undoubtedly African origin on the basis of records indicating the existence of wild plants in the Nile valley and in Ethiopia. Records also showed that okra was cultivated prior to A.D. 1216 in Egvpt. Bunting and Kuckuck (1970) reported wild okra was gathered by the partly nomadic Arab tribes in the Blue Nile region of Sudan. Harlan (1971) listed okra as one of the crops domesticated in West Africa.

 * Then, after producing a minimum-spanning-tree with ten groups:
 * An examination of the country of origin of each accession and the group to which it belonged revealed that, while the introduced accessions clustered together to form groups I-VII with no particular correlation with their sources of origin, all of the locally collected accessions assembled rather neatly into three well-defined groups (VIII- X).
 * (where locally means Nigerian, I believe.) All three excerpts above are from H. R. Chheda and C. A. Fatokun, Numerical Analysis of Variation Patterns in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench), Botanical Gazette, Vol. 143, No. 2 (Jun., 1982), pp. 253-261, (c) 1982 The University of Chicago Press.
 * Fanyavizuri (talk) 16:09, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Sans context, that last quotation appears to argue against a West African origin. Assuming that at least one of the groups represents Abelmoschus caillei then Nigerian accessions fall into at most 2 or 9 groups. Lavateraguy (talk) 19:54, 5 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Point taken; after further reading of more recent papers, it seems that neither Asian nor African studies have recently been willing to stake a solid claim on the origin of okra; perhaps paraphrasing the following quote would give a more accurate summary of the current state of research:
 * The centre of origin of okra is uncertain, but centre [sic] of diversity exits [sic] in West Africa, India and South East Asia
 * from Sawadogo, Ouedraogo, Balma, Ouedraogo, Gowda, Botanga and Timko, The use of cross species SSR primers to study genetic diversity of okra from Burkina Faso, African Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 8, No. 11 (Jun., 2009), pp. 2476-2482, (c) 2009 Academic Journals. Fanyavizuri (talk) 19:38, 6 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I'd want to see a less secondary source for a South East Asian centre of diversity. For the genus Abelmoschus as a whole this is the case, by while Okra is grown in South East Asia, and they have their own varieties, I didn't get the impression that this area was anymore a centre of diversity than the southeastern United States (which has circa 100 varieties).
 * I've held off editing the section about origins because I would have to commit original research (synthesis) to produce put something together. Lavateraguy (talk) 14:46, 8 August 2010 (UTC)
 * All good points. I like the revision you recently did to the section; would you mind if I throw in a bunch of citations for the discussion you have written? Fanyavizuri (talk) 21:17, 8 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Go ahead.
 * With regards to the claims that it is native to Egypt and Ethiopia, Boulos's Flora of Egypt doesn't mention it. (It does mention Hibiscus sabdariffa as an escape from cultivation, so it would seem that okra isn't established in the wild in Egypt even as a naturalised plant.) My biogeography pages don't have it wild anywhere in north east Africa, but I only have through sources for Somalia. It is naturalised in some countries in southern Africa. Lavateraguy (talk) 22:22, 8 August 2010 (UTC)
 * Of course naturalised can mean as little as casual, and it's not always easy to tell how the word is being used. Lavateraguy (talk) 00:51, 9 August 2010 (UTC)

 * this site claims a Sanskrit name for okra. There's no guarantee that the name is truly ancient (compare the vocabulary of classical and medieval Latin), but one would expect a recent Sanskrit name to be nearer to bhindi. Lavateraguy (talk) 15:15, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

Taste?
As this plant doesn't grow in temperate regions and it doesn't seem to be commonly imported here, I've never encountered okra or its derived dishes. What I'm missing in this article is a description of what it tastes like, for example translated to other vegetables or herbs. Am I right in assuming it's quite distinct? -- MiG (talk) 13:10, 14 June 2008 (UTC)
 * No actually. It doesn't really taste like much of anything; perhaps it could be compared to cucumber in being clean and crisp in taste.  I mainly notice it because of the crunch it adds to food - because of the large, almost hollow-feeling seeds - as well as the mucilaginous qualities that thicken dishes.  - BanyanTree 01:19, 15 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Hmm I reckon it has a spicy aspect to it. Much milder than a chilli but definitely something there. 59.167.58.54 (talk) 02:05, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
 * it has a slight but distinctive taste. Some people compare it to the taste of soap. Maproom (talk) 15:16, 10 August 2010 (UTC)
 * I've just cooked it for the first time, and the taste and texture to me are very reminiscent of asparagus, although perhaps a little sweeter. Does anyone else feel the same?--86.221.50.221 (talk) 18:44, 15 April 2013 (UTC)

Slimy
Congratulations, Wikipedia, on your ability to write an article on Okra that does not even once use the word "slimy". I wonder if your article on wasabi fails to mention "spicy hotness"? 141.151.23.70 (talk) 22:49, 21 April 2009 (UTC)

This slime is the reason why I will never try this stuff. Mabye there are other people too who would avoid this plant if they knew about this aspect. Slimy is no good PR and thus not helping to advocate this plant. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.15.100.19 (talk) 21:34, 28 October 2013 (UTC)

okra seed preparation, preservation etc. for home gardening
I am inviting tips for care to be taken for collection and preservation of okra seeds when one tries to prepare them from the fruit for individual home gardening. I shall appreciate the guidance - HSParekh

It's very simple. Let the pod dry, either on the plant on after it's been cut off. Cut out the seeds, seal in an airtight container and wait until spring. For planting, wait until soil is at least 65 degrees F to plant. Take a file and scruff a smal area on each seed before planting. Plant about 3/4" deep. Fertilize heavily, water heavily and look out for Japanese beetles in late June/early July.  (The fertilizer and water requirements aren't really necessary, but do result in faster growth and more pods) Harvest when about the size of your middle finger, cook according to the fired okra recipe above and enjoy.  Jody Huneycutt

Nutritional Information
The nutritional information seems a little vague to me; it just says "Okra" not "cooked okra" or "raw Okra", just Okra. I am wondering how someone would go about fixing that? 173.48.18.128 (talk) 13:30, 5 September 2009 (UTC)
 * I added the template with USDA info. If you want to see the info for okra under various forms of preparation, check out http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/. - BanyanTree 04:08, 30 July 2010 (UTC)

Bhindi
I don't know how to produce a citation for the British-Indian use of the name "bhindi". But if you go into almost any of the many Indian restaurants in the British Isles, you will find "bhindi" on the menu; and if you order it, you will get okra. See for instance http://www.jamalsoxford.com/menu/vegetarian_sides/. Maproom (talk) 15:14, 10 August 2010 (UTC)

Bast Fiber
Okra is included on the list of plants from which bast fibers are obtained, but this is not included in the "uses" section of the Okra article. Does anyone have any information on the use of okra plants for fibers? I'll see if I can find something on it, but I was hoping someone might have the relevant article on hand. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.92.137.72 (talk) 14:27, 14 December 2010 (UTC)

Vegetable Sponge
Okra pods allowed to ripen get quite large, two feet long or more. They are tough and woody when allowed to grow this large and inedible but put out in the sun and allowed to "rot" produce a vegetable sponge similar to a loofah. I can't find a reference to link to about this but it is folk knowledge in Arkansas and I have seen it actually done. Without a reference though, it really can't be added to the article. Anyone else seen this in print or on the web anywhere? Halfelven (talk) 05:11, 31 October 2011 (UTC)

Home cultivation?
Are there any particular climates where this plant can be grown?

Which climates are most suitable for adding to a home garden?

Does it require hot weather?

What problems are gardeners likely to face if they planted this in their garden?

Are there any plants that don't mix with Okra?

A color map of which areas in the United States are most suitable for growing Okra.

The main article would be improved if a section addressed the matter of home gardening. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 216.99.198.58 (talk) 20:15, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Okra grows best in warm climates or as a annual in areas of hot summers. It is popular in the semiarid south western United States where it has few pests and is grown with little water, and few problems. The plants continue making new flowers and pods in frost free settings as long the pods are harvested before they become dry and hard. Pods form quickly and must be harvested several times a week, making a reliable supply of fresh vegetables for home consumption in areas where other vegetables are hard to grow. With little care the okra plant can be a prolific producer which accounts for the popularity among small farmers and gardeners. Okra can be found growing beside top setting onions, cherry tomatoes, and bush green beans. Occasionally it is grown between rows of corn. I have never seen any notice that it is unsafe to eat the pods, but never heard of any other part of the plant being eaten or used for anything except enriching the soil. Okra pods prepared in various ways are a staple in the diets of many people. Astrojed (talk) 00:55, 13 November 2015 (UTC)

Home cultivation?
Are there any particular climates where this plant can be grown?

Which climates are most suitable for adding to a home garden?

Does it require hot weather?

What problems are gardeners likely to face if they planted this?

Are there any plants that don't mix with Okra?

A color map of which areas in the United States are most suitable for growing Okra.

The main article would be improved if a section addressed the matter of home gardening. 216.99.198.58 (talk) 20:19, 31 August 2012 (UTC)

Grown in Sweden????
According to the map, okra is grown in Sweden (light green dots so some production but not much). The plant is not very well known here though and as far as I know (native Swede) nor even sold outside speciality stores. Is the map really right??? The text says the plant is grown in tropical and subtropical areas and Sweden hardly classify as any of those... 85.228.20.17 (talk) 19:36, 4 September 2012 (UTC)
 * and the map shows it as grown in most parts of England. I guess it can be grown in greenhouses, but I am sceptical. Maproom (talk) 21:28, 4 September 2012 (UTC)

Common diseases
Shouldn't this be Common diseases and pests? Respectfully,  Tiyang (talk) 12:44, 25 June 2013 (UTC)
 * I think infection with nematode worms counts as a disease. Maproom (talk) 18:03, 25 June 2013 (UTC)

Alternative Medicinal properties
The long first paragraph of this section is unsourced, and appears unclear, or unrealistic, reminescent of a cure-all slogan. The two other smaller paragraphs seem fine though. I'll wait at least a week before removing the first paragraph, in case someone wants to improve it. Thanks. 76.10.128.192 (talk) 15:36, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

'Mistaken' for marijuana
I don't think this is a common event, but just putting a link to the story here for potential future reference.

 * Christopher Ingraham (October 6, 2014) Heavily armed drug cops raid retiree’s garden, seize okra plants, Wonkblog, The Washington Post. Accessed March 7, 2015.

 * and the original Oct. 2, 2014 story at Okra mistaken for pot in man’s garden, WSB-TV (Atlanta).

220  of  Borg 05:13, 7 March 2015 (UTC)

Name of a Vegetarian Restaurant
See: http://okra.ch/ 3013 Bern, Okra, Lorrainestrasse 9, Tel: 031 332 18 44.

Geography is a bit wrong
There is not a Europe section and certain countries listed under Asia are not in Asia.

Greece, Cyprus, Macedonia etc are in the Balkans which are in Europe :) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ltsampros (talk • contribs) 06:21, 23 September 2015 (UTC)

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prediabetes and diabetes
On September 14, 2014, user Alexbrn removed a section titled "Medicinal properties", asserting it was weakly sourced even though the included paragraphs appeared sourced. I read the article recently and noted there were no mentions of its use in prediabetes or diabetes: "Extract of okra lowers blood glucose and serum lipids in high-fat diet-induced obese C57BL/6 mice.". Here's a web source specific to diabetes. Gzuufy (talk) 17:36, 28 August 2016 (UTC)

Gossypol in okra as a male contraceptive
In the 1970s-90s, gossypol - a phytochemical in cotton and okra seeds - was reported in the medical literature as a male contraceptive agent, as used especially in China. Searching [[PubMed] for reviews on this topic] produces only 20 review articles, none of them advancing in the last 10-20 years a concern about eating okra and causing male infertility. There is some weakly sourced content about this effect on the Gossypol article, but since there are no current medical reviews or concern in the clinical literature on this topic, I reverted this edit by an IP user. --Zefr (talk) 15:41, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
 * The presence of gossypol glands has been believed to be a derived characteristic of the tribe Gossypieae. Abelmoschus is not part of that tribe. Consequently I went looking for papers on the topic. This paper from 1992 says that Abelmoschus does not contain detectable gossypol. A later paper (2005) reports gossypol concentration 10-100 times greater in Gossypieae than in Malveae (Anoda) and Hibisceae (Hibiscus, Malvaviscus, Pavonia), but didn't sample Abelmoschus. Lavateraguy (talk) 16:43, 13 October 2019 (UTC)

Etymology dispute
WP:BRD - This edit is concise and uses three sources specific for etymology, whereas this version has words not obviously related and not previously discussed, with content meandering in history (not etymology). The disputing editor has edit-warred over the changes in the last two days, so we can discuss here for consensus per WP:CON. WP:3RR applies. Zefr (talk) 18:35, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

How so? You removed the etymology of the Latin name that was backed up by sources. You kept part of the history of the word gumbo in the paragraph for okra and deleted backed up information about the history of both word used for the plant. The most recent edit I made was concise aswell and there was no reason for it to be reverted. Igiveupicantchooseadecentusernamewithoutitbeingtaken (talk) 18:58, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

And for my "meandering" in history, I don't think you know what the word etymology means. Just so you know the dictionary definition of the word etymology is "the origin of a word and the historical development of its meaning." Which was exactly what I was doing. Igiveupicantchooseadecentusernamewithoutitbeingtaken (talk) 19:03, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Etymology and common names
Zefr, what is the reason for reverting every single one of my edits. All of my edits are backed up sources and relate to the article. For example the etymology of the Latin name is backed up by sources for both the Genus name and Species name. I also have backed up articles supporting the history of both the word Gumbo and Okra used as the name for both the plant and it's pods. Igiveupicantchooseadecentusernamewithoutitbeingtaken (talk) 18:53, 23 June 2020 (UTC)

Biology
The position of the ovary is meant to be included in the article 105.112.29.229 (talk) 17:19, 22 March 2022 (UTC)

Captions
Hello I changed this to   because that can be determined from looking at the image. As MOS:CAPTION says such captions are unnecessary. Invasive Spices (talk) 21 October 2022 (UTC)

Red okra
Shouldn't we add a mention that there is a burgundy (red) variety of okra? 98.123.38.211 (talk) 18:13, 26 May 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Okra


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Robert Jenkins (master mariner)

Robert Jenkins (fl. 1730s-40s) was a Welsh master mariner from Llanelli, famous as the protagonist of the "Jenkins's ear" incident, which became a contributory cause of the War of Jenkins' Ear between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Spain in 1739.

Returning home from a trading voyage in the West Indies in command of the smuggling brig Rebecca in April 1731, Jenkins' ship was stopped and boarded by the Spanish guarda-costa or privateer La Isabela on suspicion of smuggling. According to some accounts, her commander, Juan de León Fandiño, had Jenkins bound to a mast, then sliced off his left ear with his sword and allegedly told him to say to his King "the same will happen to him (the king) if caught doing the same". Another account, in the Pennsylvania Gazette for 7 October 1731, attributes the assault to the Spanish lieutenant Dorce, who "took hold of his left Ear, and with his Cutlass slit it down; and then another of the Spaniards took hold of it and tore it off, but gave him the Piece of his Ear again, bidding him carry it to his Majesty King George".

On arriving in Britain on 11 June, Jenkins addressed his grievances to the king, and gave a deposition which was passed to the Duke of Newcastle in his capacity as Secretary of State for the Southern Department (as such responsible for the American colonies). In his deposition of 18 June 1731, Jenkins stated that the Spanish captain, "took hold of his left Ear and with his Cutlass slit it down, and then another of the Spaniards took hold of it and tore it off, but gave him the Piece of his Ear again." This report was then forwarded to the Commander-in-chief in the West Indies, who then complained of Jenkins' treatment to the Governor of Havana.

At the time the incident received little attention, but it was reported in The Gentleman's Magazine in June 1731: "The Rebecca, Capt. Jenkins, was taken in her passage from Jamaica, by a Spanish Guarde Costa, who put her people to the torture; part of which was, that they hang'd up the Capt. three times, once with the Cabin-boy at his feet; they then cut off one of his Ears, took away his candles and instruments, and detain'd him a whole day. Being then dismissed, the Captain bore away for the Havana, which the Spaniards perceiving stood after her, and declared, that if she did not immediately go for the Gulf, they would set the Ship on fire; to which they were forced to submit, and after many Hardships and Perils arrived in the River Thames, June 11. The Captain has since been at Court and laid his case before his Majesty."

There is no evidence corroborating the oft-repeated story that in spring 1738 Jenkins told his story with dramatic details before a committee of the House of Commons, producing his severed ear (pickled in a jar). In any case, as a result from the petitions from West India merchants, the opposition in Parliament voted (257 "For" and 209 "Against") on 28 March to ask the King to seek redress from Spain. By summer of 1739, all diplomatic efforts having been exhausted, King George II agreed, on 10 July, to direct the Admiralty Board to initiate maritime reprisals against Spain. The Gentleman's Magazine reported that on 20 July 1739 Vice Admiral Edward Vernon and a squadron of warships departed Britain for the West Indies, and that on 21 July, "Notice was given by the Lords of the Admiralty, that in pursuance of his Majesty's Commission under the Great Seal, Letters of Marque or General Reprisals against the Ships, Goods and Subjects of the King of Spain, were ready to be issued." However, the formal declaration of war against Spain was withheld until Saturday 23 October 1739 [O.S.].

Jenkins was subsequently given the command of a ship in the British East India Company's service. In 1741 he was sent from Britain to Saint Helena to investigate charges of corruption brought against the acting governor, and from May 1741 until March 1742 he administered the affairs of the island. Thereafter he resumed his career at sea. He is said to have preserved his own vessel and three others under his care during an engagement with a pirate vessel.

As for Juan de León Fandiño, he was taken with his snow the San Juan Bautista (10 carriage guns, four of them 6 pounders, and 10 swivels) consisting of 80 crew, described as "Indians, negroes and mulattoes" by Captain (Sir) Thomas Frankland, of HMS Rose (20), on 4 June 1742. Frankland also recaptured three prizes taken by Fandiño. At the time The London Gazette wrote "Captain Frankland has sent him to England, and he is now in Custody at Portsmouth". After 19 months in captivity, Fandiño and his son were released by virtue of an agreement to exchange prisoners signed in Paris. They arrived in San Sebastián on 19 January 1744 and proceeded to Cádiz with the object of returning to Havana.

Fact versus fiction
The confrontational nature of British politics in 1738 led many who were opposed to launching a naval war against Spain to doubt the truthfulness of Jenkins' story. No serious research was undertaken until the late 1880s when John Knox Laughton, the founder of the Navy Records Society, uncovered contemporary letters from Jamaica in September and October 1731 which substantiated Jenkin's account of his losing an ear to a Spanish Guarda Costa on 9 April 1731 (Old Style; 20 April New Style). Writing from on board HMS Lion (1709) at Port Royal, Jamaica on 12 October 1731 [O.S.] to the Admiralty in London, Rear-Admiral Charles Stewart confided, "I was a little surprised to hear of the usage Captain Jenkins met with off the Havana." Earlier, on 12 September 1731, Rear-Admiral Stewart had written to the Governor of Havana to complain of the "violence and villainies" of a Guarda Costa commander named Fandino who, "about the 20th April last [N.S.] sailed out of your harbor in one of those Guarda Costas, and met a ship of this island bound for Britain; and after using the captain in a most barbarous inhuman manner, taking all his money, cutting off one of his ears, plundering him of those necessaries which were to carry the ship safe home...".

Contained within the Admiralty records files with the 1731 correspondence from Jamaica was a List of British Merchant ships taken or plundered by the Spaniards compiled in 1737, listing 52 ships, among them, Rebecca, Robert Jenkins, Jamaica to London, boarded and plundered near the Havana, 9 April 1731.

Shortly after Professor Laughton published his "Jenkins's Ear" research in the English Historical Review, a Royal Navy colleague wrote, on 26 October 1889, to inform the historian: "I have a curious book connected with the subject, published in London in 1739, entitled England's Triumph: or a complete History of the many signals victories gained by the Royal Navy & Merchant Ships of Great Britain, for the term of 40 years past over the insulting & haught Spaniards by Captain Charles Jenkins, who has too severely felt the effects of Spanish tyranny. On page 64 is an illustration representing A Spanish Guarda Costa boarding Capt. Jenkin's ship & cutting off his Ear." The 1889 correspondent noted that the 1739 author was named Charles Jenkins, while Laughton's research had proved the real mariner was named Robert Jenkins.

However, when Laughton subsequently examined the 1739 publication, he found it held little detail about Jenkins himself, and, in writing Robert Jenkins's entry for the Dictionary of National Biography he dismissed it as, "a catch-penny chapbook, in which no reference is made to Jenkins's case, except in a worthless frontispiece".

Mirabeau effectively quoted Jenkins's case when arguing before the French assembly (20–2 May 1790) against the policy of entrusting a popular assembly with the power of declaring peace or war.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Robert Jenkins (master mariner)


text:
Talk:Republican guard

Untitled
Would anyone object to me making this into two pages? (e.g. French Republican Guard and Iraqi Republican Guard)

 * It sounds like a good idea. -- Zoe

 * I moved them and re-pointed all the links - should this page be deleted? (and how do you do that?) - stewacide

Hmmm. Now a Disambiguation page--Tomtom9041 (talk) 20:51, 2 November 2008 (UTC)

Requested move 14 December 2018

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: moved  (non-admin closure)   JC7V (talk) 23:52, 21 December 2018 (UTC)

Republican Guard → Republican guard – Per MOS:MILTERMS – Illegitimate Barrister (talk • contribs), 22:55, 14 December 2018 (UTC)

 * leaning oppose - only because all of the entries on this WP:BROADCONCEPT page are proper names, and serves much closer to a WP:SETINDEX than it does a traditional article. -- Netoholic @ 04:50, 15 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. This is no longer a disambiguation page, so I've added categories as an article and removed dab templates. The title should be moved per nom (and BTW so should Presidential Guard and National Guard). Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 17:18, 19 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support per MOS:MILTERMS. Kraose (talk) 08:57, 20 December 2018 (UTC)
 * Support. In its generic context, not a proper name. -- Necrothesp (talk) 16:34, 20 December 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Republican guard


text:
Pelle the Conqueror

Pelle the Conqueror (Pelle Erobreren, Pelle Erövraren) is a 1987 epic film co-written and directed by Bille August, based upon the 1910 novel of the same name by Danish writer Martin Andersen Nexø. The film tells the story of two Swedish immigrants to Denmark, a father and son, who try to build a new life for themselves. It stars Pelle Hvenegaard as the young Pelle, with Max von Sydow as his father, and also features Axel Strøbye and Astrid Villaume.

A co-production of Denmark and Sweden, August chose to adapt Boyhood, the first part of Nexø's novel, seeking to make an epic and citing the novel's status as essential reading in Denmark. Pelle Hvenegaard was 11 when he was cast, after some 3,000 children auditioned. Like many other boys in Denmark, he was named by his family for the novel's eponymous character.

The film screened at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival and New York Film Festival. It was critically acclaimed, winning the Palme d'Or and the 1988 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and numerous other honours.

Plot
In the late 1850s, the elderly emigrant Lasse Karlsson and his son Pelle reach the Danish island of Bornholm after leaving Skåne County, in southern Sweden, following the death of the boy's mother. Lasse finds it difficult to secure work, given his advanced age and Pelle's youth. They are forced to toil at a large farm, where they are generally mistreated by the managers.

The managers work under the tyrannical Kongstrup, who has a history of affairs with female employees, resulting in illegitimate children. Among such children is Rud, who befriends Pelle and helps him learn Danish. Eventually, Pelle becomes more confident and begins attending school, though he is still discriminated against as a foreigner. Pelle also befriends the Swedish worker Erik, who is constantly harassed for alleged sloth. Erik shares his dream of visiting America, China, and "Negroland" with Pelle, aiming to "conquer" the world. Rud runs away after poor performance at school, but Pelle begins to excel.

After Kongstrup impregnates Mrs. Kongstrup's visiting niece Miss Sine, his wife castrates him for his abuses. Lasse begins an affair with Mrs. Olsen, believed to be a widow since her husband has not returned from a long sea voyage. Pelle is teased at school for his father's affair.

At the farm, Erik is injured and disabled after attempting to lead a revolt against management. Mrs. Olsen's husband returns from his voyage, and Lasse is overcome with depression and alcoholism. The two appeal to the Kongstrups for aid against their harassment. Mrs. Kongstrup offers support, but her husband remains silent. Pelle receives a promotion but, after witnessing Erik forced from the farm, vows to leave. Lasse initially resolves to go with him, before deciding he is too old to travel. He sends Pelle alone into the world.

Development
The film, based on the 1910 novel of the same name by Martin Andersen Nexø, was a co-production by Danish and Swedish companies. As the story had both Danish and Swedish elements, cooperation between producers in both countries had practical benefit.

The screenplay, by director Bille August, Per Olov Enquist, Max Lundgren, and Bjarne Reuter, adapted only the first Boyhood part of Nexø's four-volume work. August decided to film the novel, considered essential reading in Denmark, and he wanted to make an epic film.

For the title role, Pelle Hvenegaard, who was 11, was cast after August and the crew auditioned 3,000 children. August decided on Hvenegaard, who he said demonstrated concentration, patience and self-control. The boy was coincidentally named after the character in Nexø's book, as are many boys in Denmark, given the decades-long popularity of the book.

Filming
The film marked the first collaboration between production designer Anna Asp, who had previously worked on Offret (1986), and August, who had attended a Stockholm school of photography with her. Asp said that in designing the house seen in Pelle the Conqueror, she wanted to evoke a prison, and thus built the walls and painted them black and white.

Filming took place for nearly six months. Its budget of $4.5 million, secured from the Danish and Swedish film institutes, made it one of the most costly films made in the Scandinavian countries.

Release
The film was screened in the Cannes Film Festival in May 1988, and subsequently at the New York Film Festival in September 1988. The film's awards attracted the attention of foreign distributors, with Miramax releasing it in the United States.

Buoyed by the Academy Award recognition, Pelle the Conqueror grossed $2,053,931 in North America, a "respectable" figure for a foreign film. The film had a re-release at Golden West College in Los Angeles in March 1993.

Critical reception
Pelle the Conqueror was released to critical acclaim in the U.S. Roger Ebert gave it three and a half stars, comparing it to Jan Troell's The Emigrants (1971), saying Max von Sydow's Oscar nomination was "well deserved" and the novice Pelle Hvenegaard "never steps wrong." Vincent Canby, writing for The New York Times, called it "a vividly re-created, minutely detailed panorama of a particular time," and said it was a "scandal" that Von Sydow did not win Best Actor at Cannes. Peter Travers, writing for People, said that Von Sydow exhibited "wrenching simplicity and power," but the film "is maddeningly mediocre." Swedish director Ingmar Bergman told August he saw the film seven times, subsequently choosing August to direct the film The Best Intentions.

Mark Chalon Smith, writing in The Los Angeles Times in 1993, praised the film as faithful to the novel and said "Cinematographer Jorgen Persson ... captures several memorable images of the starkly beautiful Danish terrain." Time Out wrote "Despite occasional lapses into sentimentality, the film is saved by its performances and its uncluttered depiction of harsh impoverished lives," particularly praising von Sydow. In 2004, The New York Times placed the film on its list of "the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made." Sarah Lutton, writing for the British Film Institute, named Pelle the Conqueror one of "10 great Danish films" and called Von Sydow "extraordinary." Von Sydow later also called it "a very beautiful film." The film holds an 84% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 25 reviews.

Accolades
Pelle the Conqueror won the Palme d'Or at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival The film also won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, 1988; it was submitted to the Academy by the Danish government, giving Denmark its second consecutive win after Babette's Feast. The Oscars ceremony also marked Max von Sydow's first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor.

title: Pelle the Conqueror


text:
THX

THX Ltd. is an American audio company based in the San Francisco Bay Area. It is known for its eponymous suite of high fidelity audiovisual reproduction standards for movie theaters, screening rooms, home theaters, computer speakers, video game consoles, car audio systems, and video games. The THX trailer that precedes compliant films is based on the Deep Note, with a distinctive glissando up from a rumbling low pitch.

THX was developed by Tomlinson Holman at George Lucas's company Lucasfilm in 1983 to ensure that the soundtrack for the third Star Wars film, Return of the Jedi, would be accurately reproduced in the best venues. THX was named after Holman's initials, with the "X" standing for "crossover" or "experiment". The name is also an homage to Lucas's first film, THX 1138 (1971). Deep Note was created by Holman's co-worker James A. Moorer.

THX is a quality assurance system, not a recording technology. All sound recording formats, whether digital (Dolby Digital, DTS, SDDS) or analog (Dolby Stereo, Ultra Stereo), can be reproduced in a THX system. THX-certified theaters provide a high-quality, predictable playback environment to ensure that any film soundtrack mixed in THX will sound as near as possible to the intentions of the mixing engineer. THX also provides certified theaters with a special crossover circuit whose use is part of the standard. Certification of an auditorium entails specific acoustic and other technical requirements; architectural requirements include a floating floor, baffled and acoustically treated walls, non-parallel walls (to reduce standing waves), a perforated screen (to allow center channel continuity), and NC30 rating for background noise ("ensures noise from air conditioning units and projection equipment does not mask the subtle effects in a movie's soundtrack").

On June 12, 2002, THX was spun off as a separate company from Lucasfilm and sold to sound card manufacturer Creative Technology Limited, which held a 60% share of the company. Under Creative Technology, the company developed several further innovations, such as the first THX-certified audio card for computers, the Sound Blaster Audigy 2. In 2016, THX was acquired by video game hardware company Razer Inc.

History
Tomlinson Holman, a skilled audio engineer and scientist largely responsible for the design of the theater, had become an employee of Lucasfilm in 1980. In the process of enhancing the setup for the new Sprocket Systems theater, Holman and Lucas invented a complex system that arranged speakers to best fit the architectural space within the theater. Using an intricate crossover network that integrated equipment with the room's unique acoustics, it became perhaps the best quality system anyone could remember hearing. Sprocket Systems mixed the Return of the Jedi sound in the room, the first Lucasfilm production mixed in Northern California. Visiting filmmakers and studio executives were astounded at what they heard. Jim Kessler, who hired Holman, thought of calling the system "Tomlinson Holman's Crossover", or, as originally abbreviated, "XVR". He then changed the "VR" to "TH", but he realized that was the name for George Lucas's first film, THX 1138, and found that would be a fitting name. They eventually changed the "X"'s meaning to "experiment".

Four movie theaters in the United States fully installed THX sound systems, becoming the first THX certified theaters. To introduce the new system, James A. Moorer created an ear-catching sound called the Deep Note. THX was dedicated on May 20, 1983, and the first trailer and Deep Note premiered on time with the release of Return of the Jedi in theaters five days later. It was billed as the first advance in the motion picture loudspeaker systems since 1948.

In 1990, Lucasfilm unveiled the Home THX Audio System at the Consumer Electronics Show in Chicago. That year, a demo LaserDisc dubbed Wow! was unveiled. It featured various clips from Star Wars, Indiana Jones, and Willow. Three years later in 1993, The Abyss was released on LaserDisc, making it the first time THX was used on that device. In 1995, the Star Wars trilogy became the first THX certified VHS release. In 1997, Twister became the first digitally mastered THX release on the new DVD format.

In early 2002, it was announced that Lincoln became the first auto company to offer THX-certified premium car audio systems. A concept sound system for the Lincoln Blackwood showcased the potential for in-car multi-channel surround sound, demonstrated at the THX booth at the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas. The license ensured that high-performance audio systems in Lincoln vehicles met the exacting sound quality and performance standards of its new THX Ultra Premium Car Audio program, beginning with the 2003 Lincoln LS, which was introduced later that year.

THX separated from Lucasfilm and became an independent company in June 2002. The company's headquarters continued in Marin County, California, with offices in Burbank and plan for international expansion. It expanded into gaming and car audio systems. On the professional front, THX planned to continue the expansion of its theatrical certification programs as it became more involved in digital cinema.

On September 30, 2003, THX announced its seal of approval for video game audio. Electronic Arts became the first company to achieve the game certification. This helped improve game sound, measuring the credibility of games at a time when the industry became important to the entertainment market. Five games by Electronic Arts, including Need for Speed: Underground, Medal of Honor: Rising Sun and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King carried logos on their box and pre-game trailers. In 2020, THX Certified Game Mode was introduced, with enhanced contrast and color, and reduced input lag, and greater accuracy to the producers' intentions. It has judder and smear reduction, meaning that the picture remained crisp with a quick rise time between dark-to-light transitions. On August 3, TCL Technology revealed the first television to include THX Certified Game Mode, a 6-Series TCL Roku TV.

In 2006, THX began to certify high definition Blu-ray discs, starting with Terminator 2: Judgment Day.

A 3D product certification called THX 3D Display premiered in 2010. The first 3D television to feature this technology is the LG Infinia PX950 Plasma HDTV series. To earn the new THX 3D Display Certification, the PX950 passed more than 400 laboratory tests evaluating left and right eye images for color accuracy, cross-talk, viewing angles, and video processing performance. The PX950 had to pass THX certification for picture quality in 2D, which is required for THX 3D certification. Viewers can select THX 2D or 3D cinema modes for 2D or 3D movie experiences from broadcast sources and Blu-ray discs. Four new THX-certified 3D JVC projectors were unveiled during this time. These were the Reference Series DLA-RS60 and DLA-RS50, marketed by JVC's Professional Products Company, and the Precision Series DLA-X9 and DLA-X7.

In early 2013, THX unveiled a new app called THX Tune-Up in time for Super Bowl, available on App Store and Google Play. It was billed as the company's first mobile app.

On March 14, 2013, THX filed a lawsuit against Apple Inc., alleging patent infringement, Bloomberg L.P. prior to a federal court in Northern California.

THX expanded to China in 2014 with new offices in Beijing and a partnership with China Film Group Corporation to redefine the cinema experience. The first THX Certified China Giant Screen (CGS) auditoriums opened Shanghai in September. In December 2014, THX teamed up with Warren Theatres, opening a large theater complex opened in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma on December 23. Each of the 18 auditoriums in this theater was THX certified and two new Grand Infinity Auditoriums were introduced. They were designed by Bill Warren to revolutionize the large format movie-going experience. These auditoriums featured THX Certification, patented deep curved screens, 64-channel Dolby Atmos sound and the first 4K laser projector in the United States.

The company was acquired by Razer Inc. in October 2016.

The first THX-certified laptop was released in 2017, the Razer Blade Pro. THX introduced Spatial Audio in 2018, a new positional audio solution for an immersive 360-degree sound experience through headphones and speakers. The technology was used on the Kraken gaming headset for simulated 7.1 surround sound. These headphones were included with a Spatial Audio app. This would be later used on Windows 10 devices.

On May 2, 2018, it was announced that over 200 Cinemark XD locations in the United States and Latin America would feature a THX sound system. These auditoriums featured enormous wall-to-wall screens, 2D and 3D digital projection, immersive, surround sound, premium seats with Luxury Lounger electric recliners, and THX Certification. Both companies had first announced the partnership one year prior in 2017. The first THX Ultimate Cinema debuted at Regency Westwood Village in Los Angeles in 2019. This theater provided exhibitors with a branded and differentiated PLF offering that included projection technology from Cinionic, and an immersive audio system, acoustics, and auditorium specifications that met THX certification standards.

In September 2020, Walmart stores began to sell Gateway laptops and tablets, which were tuned by THX, ensuring brighter contrast with more rich vibrant screen colors. They combined style, performance, and value in a wide range of products for consumers, students, and creators. The laptops featured THX Spatial Audio that delivered an authentic 7.1 surround experience through built-in speakers and attached headphones.

THX premiered its first consumer electronic product called the Onyx in 2021, a mobile headphone DAC and amplifier using THX AAA technology.

Applications
The first THX theater is the University of Southern California's Eileen L. Norris Cinema Theatre, a part of USC's film school.

Certifications
THX has created a certification process for additional products including home audio, home theater, video, and automotive sound components and products. THX certification extends to home audio receivers, speakers, desktop systems, soundbars, acoustic materials, microphones, and HDMI cables.

THX Certified Ultra
THX Certified Ultra products are for larger home theaters, 3,000 cuft in size, with a viewing distance of 12 foot or greater from the screen.

THX Certified Select
THX Certified Select products are for medium-sized rooms, up to 2,000 cuft in size, with a 10–12 foot viewing distance from the screen.

THX Certified Compact
THX Certified Compact products for smaller sized rooms, up to 2,000 cuft in size, with an 8 foot viewing distance from the screen.

THX Certified Dominus
THX Certified Dominus products are for expansive home theater spaces, 6500 cuft in size, with a 20 foot viewing distance from the screen.

I/S Plus Systems
THX's I/S Plus systems include an AV Receiver + Speaker Bundle and are certified to fill a small home theater or dorm room where the viewing distance from the screen is 6 - 8 ft. These THX certified home theater in a box systems are so far exclusively made by Onkyo. and Enclave Audio.

Multimedia products
THX Certified Multimedia Products are designed and engineered for PC gaming and multimedia on the desktop.

THX Certified Optimode and Optimizer
THX Certified DVD and video displays (plasma display and LCD or LED flat panels and projectors) including THX Optimode and Optimizer which allows users to see a program or the movie as originally intended. Some tests required the use of special "blue filter glasses," which would either be included with the Optimizer disc, or sold separately on the THX website at the time.

The first DVD release to include the THX Optimode is 20th Century Fox's Fight Club, which was released on June 6, 2000.

Mascot
THX's mascot is a robot named Tex, created by John Lasseter, the former head of Pixar Animation Studios. He first appeared in the original Tex trailer (simply known as Tex 1), which premiered in theaters with Independence Day on July 3, 1996, in which he fixes up the THX logo. A second trailer, Tex 2: Moo Can (often called just simply Tex 2 or THX Moo Can), in which he uses a moo can to perform the Deep Note, premiered in theaters on November 26, 1997, with Alien Resurrection. Less than a decade later on June 9, 2006, the Tex 3: Action (often called just simply Tex 3) trailer, in which he escapes from a car, premiered with the release of Cars. These trailers were later seen on prints of early Pixar animated films on DVD including Toy Story, A Bug's Life (post-2003 only), Toy Story 2 (excluding the 2-Pack & Stand-alone DVDs, which have the Broadway trailer instead), Monsters, Inc., Finding Nemo and Cars. The Incredibles is the only exception to this, as the original DVD releases have the Cavalcade trailer instead. The Tex trailer can be spotted on the majority of Pixar titles, except for Monsters, Inc.. The Moo Can trailer can also be spotted on these Pixar titles, but it also appears on some 20th Century Studios Home Entertainment DVDs, such as Speed 2: Cruise Control and The Day the Earth Stood Still. Tex 3: Action, unlike the previous two trailers, was only spotted on two titles, those being District B13 and Brave Story. The trailers are also available on various THX demo discs. A fourth trailer featuring Tex titled Tex vs. the Robot, in which Tex and another robot named Bob try to place an orb into a socket in a spaceship, premiered on THX's YouTube channel on June 25, 2020, as a demo for the company's Spatial Audio technology.

title: THX


text:
Daniel Day-Lewis

Sir Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis (born 29 April 1957) is a retired English actor. Often described as one of the greatest actors in the history of cinema,  he received numerous accolades throughout his career, which spanned over four decades, including three Academy Awards, four BAFTA Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. In 2014, Day-Lewis received a knighthood for services to drama.

Born and raised in London, Day-Lewis excelled on stage at the National Youth Theatre before being accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, which he attended for three years. Despite his traditional training at the Bristol Old Vic, he is considered a method actor, known for his constant devotion to and research of his roles. Protective of his private life, he rarely grants interviews and makes very few public appearances.

Day-Lewis shifted between theatre and film for most of the early 1980s, joining the Royal Shakespeare Company and playing Romeo Montague in Romeo and Juliet and Flute in A Midsummer Night's Dream. Playing the title role in Hamlet at the National Theatre in London in 1989, he left the stage midway through a performance after breaking down during a scene where the ghost of Hamlet's father appears before him—this was his last appearance on the stage. After supporting film roles in Gandhi (1982) and The Bounty (1984), he earned acclaim for his breakthrough performances in My Beautiful Laundrette (1985), A Room with a View (1985), and The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1988).

He earned Academy Awards for his roles in My Left Foot (1989), There Will Be Blood (2007), and Lincoln (2012). His other Oscar-nominated roles were in In the Name of the Father (1993), Gangs of New York (2002), and Phantom Thread (2017). Other notable films include The Last of the Mohicans (1992), The Age of Innocence (1993), The Crucible (1996), and The Boxer (1997). He retired from acting from 1997 to 2000, taking up a new profession as an apprentice shoe-maker in Italy. Although he returned to acting, he announced his retirement again in 2017.

Early life and education
Daniel Michael Blake Day-Lewis was born on 29 April 1957 in Kensington, London, the second child of the poet Cecil Day-Lewis (1904–1972) and his second wife, actress Jill Balcon (1925–2009). His older sister, Tamasin Day-Lewis (born 1953), is a television chef and food critic. His father, who was born in the Irish town of Ballintubbert, County Laois, was of Protestant Anglo-Irish descent, lived in England from age two, and was appointed Poet Laureate in 1968. Day-Lewis's mother was Jewish; her Jewish ancestors were immigrants to England in the late 19th century, from Latvia and Poland. Day-Lewis's maternal grandfather, Sir Michael Balcon, became the head of Ealing Studios, helping develop the new British film industry. The BAFTA for Outstanding Contribution to British Cinema is presented every year in honour of Balcon's memory.

Two years after Day-Lewis's birth, he moved with his family to Croom's Hill in Greenwich via Port Clarence, County Durham. He and his older sister did not see much of their older two half-brothers, who had been teenagers when Day-Lewis's father divorced their mother. Living in Greenwich (he attended Invicta and Sherington Primary Schools), Day-Lewis had to deal with tough south London children. At this school, he was bullied for being both Jewish and "posh". He mastered the local accent and mannerisms, and credits that as being his first convincing performance. Later in life, he has been known to speak of himself as a disorderly character in his younger years, often in trouble for shoplifting and other petty crimes.

In 1968, Day-Lewis's parents, finding his behaviour to be too wild, sent him as a boarder to the independent Sevenoaks School in Kent. At the school, he was introduced to his three most prominent interests: woodworking, acting, and fishing. However, his disdain for the school grew, and after two years at Sevenoaks, he was transferred to another independent school, Bedales in Petersfield, Hampshire. His sister was already a student there, and it had a more relaxed and creative ethos. He made his film debut at age 14 in Sunday Bloody Sunday, in which he played a vandal in an uncredited role. He described the experience as "heaven" for getting paid £2 to vandalise expensive cars parked outside his local church.

For a few weeks in 1972, the Day-Lewis family lived at Lemmons, the north London home of Kingsley Amis and Elizabeth Jane Howard. Day-Lewis's father had pancreatic cancer, and Howard invited the family to Lemmons as a place they could use to rest and recuperate. His father died there in May that year. By the time he left Bedales in 1975, Day-Lewis's unruly attitude had diminished and he needed to make a career choice. Although he had excelled on stage at the National Youth Theatre in London, he applied for a five-year apprenticeship as a cabinet maker. He was turned down due to a lack of experience. He was accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School, which he attended for three years along with Miranda Richardson, eventually performing at the Bristol Old Vic itself. At one point he played understudy to Pete Postlethwaite, with whom he would later co-star in the film In the Name of the Father (1994).

John Hartoch, Day-Lewis's acting teacher at Bristol Old Vic, recalled: "There was something about him even then. He was quiet and polite, but he was clearly focused on his acting—he had a burning quality. He seemed to have something burning beneath the surface. There was a lot going on beneath that quiet appearance. There was one performance in particular, when the students put on a play called Class Enemy, when he really seemed to shine—and it became obvious to us, the staff, that we had someone rather special on our hands."

1980s
During the early 1980s, Day-Lewis worked in theatre and television, including Frost in May (where he played an impotent man-child) and How Many Miles to Babylon? (as a World War I officer torn between allegiances to Britain and Ireland) for the BBC. Eleven years after his film debut, Day-Lewis had a small part in the film Gandhi (1982) as Colin, a South African street thug who racially bullies the title character. In late 1982, he had his big theatre break when he took over the lead in Another Country, which premiered in late 1981. Next, he took on a supporting role as the conflicted, but ultimately loyal, first mate in The Bounty (1984). He next joined the Royal Shakespeare Company, playing Romeo in Romeo and Juliet and Flute in A Midsummer Night's Dream.

In 1985, Day-Lewis gave his first critically acclaimed performance playing a young gay English man in an interracial relationship with a Pakistani youth in the film My Beautiful Laundrette. Directed by Stephen Frears, and written by Hanif Kureishi, the film is set in 1980s London during Margaret Thatcher's tenure as Prime Minister. It is the first of three Day-Lewis films to appear in the BFI's 100 greatest British films of the 20th century, ranking 50th.

Day-Lewis gained further public notice that year with A Room with a View (1985), based on the novel by E. M. Forster. Set in the Edwardian period of turn-of-the-20th-century England, he portrayed an entirely different character: Cecil Vyse, the proper upper-class fiancé of the main character Lucy Honeychurch (played by Helena Bonham Carter). In 1987, Day-Lewis assumed leading man status by starring in Philip Kaufman's adaptation of Milan Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being, in which he portrayed a Czech surgeon whose hyperactive sex life is thrown into disarray when he allows himself to become emotionally involved with a woman. During the eight-month shoot, he learned Czech, and first began to refuse to break character on or off the set for the entire shooting schedule. During this period, Day-Lewis was regarded as "one of Britain’s most exciting young actors". He and other young British actors of the time, such as Gary Oldman, Colin Firth, Tim Roth, and Bruce Payne, were dubbed the "Brit Pack".

Day-Lewis progressed his personal version of method acting in 1989 with his performance as Christy Brown in Jim Sheridan's My Left Foot. It won him numerous awards, including the Academy Award for Best Actor and BAFTA Award for Best Actor. Brown, known as a writer and painter, was born with cerebral palsy, and was able to control only his left foot. Day-Lewis prepared for the role by making frequent visits to Sandymount School Clinic in Dublin, where he formed friendships with several people with disabilities, some of whom had no speech. During filming, he again refused to break character. Playing a severely paralysed character on screen, off-screen Day-Lewis had to be moved around the set in his wheelchair, and crew members would curse at having to lift him over camera and lighting wires, all so that he might gain insight into all aspects of Brown's life, including the embarrassments. Crew members were also required to spoon-feed him. It was rumoured that he had broken two ribs during filming from assuming a hunched-over position in his wheelchair for so many weeks, something he denied years later at the 2013 Santa Barbara International Film Festival.

Day-Lewis returned to the stage in 1989 to work with Richard Eyre, as the title character in Hamlet at the National Theatre, London, but during a performance collapsed during the scene where the ghost of Hamlet's father appears before him. He began sobbing uncontrollably, and refused to go back on stage; he was replaced by Jeremy Northam, who gave a triumphant performance. Ian Charleson formally replaced Day-Lewis for the rest of the run. Earlier in the run, Day-Lewis had talked of the "demons" in the role, and for weeks he threw himself passionately into the part. Although the incident was officially attributed to exhaustion, Day-Lewis claimed to have seen the ghost of his own father. He later explained that this was more of a metaphor than a hallucination. "To some extent I probably saw my father’s ghost every night, because of course if you’re working in a play like Hamlet, you explore everything through your own experience." He has not appeared on stage since. The media attention following his breakdown on-stage contributed to his decision to eventually move from England to Ireland in the mid-1990s, to regain a sense of privacy amidst his increasing fame.

1990s
Day-Lewis starred in the American film The Last of the Mohicans (1992), based on a novel by James Fenimore Cooper. Day-Lewis's character research for this film was well-publicised; he reportedly underwent rigorous weight training and learned to live off the land and forest where his character lived, camping, hunting, and fishing. Day-Lewis also added to his wood-working skills, and learned how to make canoes. He carried a long rifle at all times during filming to remain in character.

He returned to work with Jim Sheridan on In the Name of the Father in which he played Gerry Conlon, one of the Guildford Four, who were wrongfully convicted of a bombing carried out by the Provisional IRA. He lost 2st 2 lb (30 lb or 14 kg) for the part, kept his Northern Irish accent on and off the set for the entire shooting schedule, and spent stretches of time in a prison cell. He insisted that crew members throw cold water at him and verbally abuse him. Starring opposite Emma Thompson (who played his lawyer Gareth Peirce), and Pete Postlethwaite, Day-Lewis earned his second Academy Award nomination, third BAFTA nomination, and second Golden Globe nomination.

Day-Lewis returned to the US in 1993, playing Newland Archer in Martin Scorsese's adaptation of the Edith Wharton novel The Age of Innocence. Day-Lewis starred opposite Michelle Pfeiffer, and Winona Ryder. To prepare for the film, set in America's Gilded Age, he wore 1870s-period aristocratic clothing around New York City for two months, including top hat, cane, and cape. Although Day-Lewis was sceptical of the role, thinking himself "too English" for it and hoping for something "more rough-and-tumble", he accepted due to Scorsese directing the film. The film was critically well received, while Peter Travers in Rolling Stone wrote: "Day-Lewis is smashing as the man caught between his emotions and the social ethic. Not since Olivier in Wuthering Heights has an actor matched piercing intelligence with such imposing good looks and physical grace."

In 1996, Day-Lewis starred in the film adaptation of Arthur Miller's play The Crucible reunited with Winona Ryder, and starred alongside Paul Scofield, and Joan Allen. During the shoot, he met his future wife, Rebecca Miller, the author's daughter. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a grade of "A", calling the adaptation "joltingly powerful" and noting the "spectacularly" acted performances of Day-Lewis, Scofield, and Allen. He followed that with Jim Sheridan's The Boxer alongside Emily Watson, starring as a former boxer and IRA member recently released from prison. His preparation included training with former boxing world champion Barry McGuigan. Immersing himself into the boxing scene, he watched "Prince" Naseem Hamed train, and attended professional boxing matches such as the Nigel Benn vs. Gerald McClellan world title fight at London Arena. Impressed with his work in the ring, McGuigan felt Day-Lewis could have become a professional boxer, commenting, "If you eliminate the top ten middleweights in Britain, any of the other guys Daniel could have gone in and fought."

Following The Boxer, Day-Lewis took a leave of absence from acting by going into "semi-retirement" and returning to his old passion of woodworking. He moved to Florence, Italy, where he became intrigued by the craft of shoe-making. He apprenticed as a shoe-maker with Stefano Bemer. For a time, his exact whereabouts and actions were not made publicly known.

2000s
After a three-year absence from acting on screen, Day-Lewis returned to film by reuniting with Martin Scorsese for Gangs of New York (2002). He took on the role of villainous gang leader William "Bill the Butcher" Cutting, starring opposite Leonardo DiCaprio, who played Bill's young protégé as well as Cameron Diaz, Jim Broadbent, John C. Reilly, Brendan Gleeson, and Liam Neeson. To help him get into character, he hired circus performers to teach him to throw knives. While filming, he was never out of character between takes (including keeping his character's New York accent). At one point during filming, having been diagnosed with pneumonia, he refused to wear a warmer coat, or to take treatment, because it was not in keeping with the period; he was eventually persuaded to seek medical treatment. The film divided critics while Day-Lewis received plaudits for his portrayal of Bill the Butcher. Rotten Tomatoes's critical consensus reads, "Though flawed, the sprawling, messy Gangs of New York is redeemed by impressive production design and Day-Lewis's electrifying performance." It earned Day-Lewis his third Oscar nomination, and won him his second BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.

In the early 2000s, Day-Lewis's wife, director Rebecca Miller, offered him the lead role in her film The Ballad of Jack and Rose, in which he played a dying man with regrets over how his life had evolved, and over how he had brought up his teenage daughter. While filming, he arranged to live separately from his wife to achieve the "isolation" needed to focus on his own character's reality. The film received mixed reviews.

In 2007, Day-Lewis starred alongside Paul Dano in Paul Thomas Anderson's loose film adaptation of Upton Sinclair's novel Oil!, titled There Will Be Blood. The film received widespread critical acclaim, with critic Andrew Sarris calling the film "an impressive achievement in its confident expertness in rendering the simulated realities of a bygone time and place, largely with an inspired use of regional amateur actors and extras with all the right moves and sounds." Day-Lewis received the Academy Award for Best Actor, BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama, Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role (which he dedicated to Heath Ledger, who had died five days earlier, saying he was inspired by Ledger's acting and calling the actor's performance in Brokeback Mountain "unique, perfect"), and a variety of film critics' circle awards for the role. In winning the Best Actor Oscar, Day-Lewis joined Marlon Brando and Jack Nicholson as the only Best Actor winner awarded an Oscar in two non-consecutive decades.

In 2009, Day-Lewis starred in Rob Marshall's musical adaptation Nine as film director Guido Contini. The film featured a large ensemble of distinguished actresses, including Marion Cotillard, Penélope Cruz, Judi Dench, Nicole Kidman, and Sophia Loren. The film received mixed reviews, with overall praise for the performances of Day-Lewis, Cotillard, and Cruz. He was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy and the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for his role, as well as sharing nominations for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture and the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast and the Satellite Award for Best Cast – Motion Picture with the rest of the cast members.

2010s
Day-Lewis portrayed Abraham Lincoln in Steven Spielberg's biopic Lincoln (2012). Based on the book Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln, the film began shooting in Richmond, Virginia, in October 2011. Day-Lewis spent a year in preparation for the role, a time he had requested from Spielberg. He read over 100 books on Lincoln, and long worked with the make-up artist to achieve a physical likeness to Lincoln. Speaking in Lincoln's voice throughout the entire shoot, Day-Lewis asked the British crew members who shared his native accent not to chat with him. Spielberg said of Day-Lewis's portrayal, "I never once looked the gift horse in the mouth. I never asked Daniel about his process. I didn't want to know." Lincoln received critical acclaim, especially for Day-Lewis's performance. It also became a commercial success, grossing over $275 million worldwide. In November 2012, he received the BAFTA Britannia Award for Excellence in Film. The same month, Day-Lewis featured on the cover of Time magazine as the "World's Greatest Actor".

At the 70th Golden Globe Awards, on 14 January 2013, Day-Lewis won his second Golden Globe Award for Best Actor, and at the 66th British Academy Film Awards on 10 February, he won his fourth BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. At the 85th Academy Awards, Day-Lewis became the first three-time recipient of the Best Actor Oscar for his role in Lincoln. John Hartoch, Day-Lewis's acting teacher at Bristol Old Vic theatre school, said of his former pupil's achievement: "Although we have quite an impressive alumni – everyone from Jeremy Irons to Patrick Stewart – I suppose he is now probably the best known, and we're very proud of all he's achieved. I certainly hold him up to current students of an example, particularly as an example of how to manage your career with great integrity. He's never courted fame, and as a result, he's never had his private life impeached upon by the press. He's clearly not interested in celebrity as such – he's just interested in his acting. He is still a great craftsman."

Shortly after winning the Oscar for Lincoln, Day-Lewis announced he would be taking a break from acting, retreating back to his Georgian farmhouse in County Wicklow, Ireland, for the next five years, before making another film. After a five-year hiatus, Day-Lewis returned to the screen to star in Paul Thomas Anderson's historical drama Phantom Thread (2017). Set in 1950s London, Day-Lewis played an obsessive dressmaker, Reynolds Woodcock, who falls in love with a waitress (played by Vicky Krieps). Prior to the film's release, on 20 June 2017, Day-Lewis's spokeswoman, Leslee Dart, announced that he was retiring from acting. Unable to give an exact reason for his decision, in a November 2017 interview, Day-Lewis stated: "I haven't figured it out. But it's settled on me, and it's just there ... I dread to use the over-used word 'artist', but there's something of the responsibility of the artist that hung over me. I need to believe in the value of what I'm doing. The work can seem vital, irresistible, even. And if an audience believes it, that should be good enough for me. But, lately, it isn't." On Day-Lewis's retirement, Anderson stated, "I would like to hope that he just needs a break. But I don't know. It sure doesn't seem like it right now, which is a big drag for all of us." The film and his performance were met with widespread acclaim from critics, and Day-Lewis was again nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.

Technique and reputation
Day-Lewis is considered a method actor, known for his constant devotion to and research of his roles. Displaying a "mercurial intensity", he would often remain completely in character throughout the shooting schedules of his films, even to the point of adversely affecting his health. He is one of the most selective actors in the film industry, having starred in only six films since 1998, with as many as five years between roles. Protective of his private life, he rarely grants interviews, and makes very few public appearances.

Following his third Oscar win in 2013, there was much debate about Day-Lewis's standing among the greatest actors in film history. Joe Queenan of The Guardian remarked, "Arguing whether Daniel Day-Lewis is a greater actor than Laurence Olivier, or Richard Burton, or Marlon Brando, is like arguing whether Messi is more talented than Pelé, whether Napoleon Bonaparte edges out Alexander the Great as a military genius." When Day-Lewis himself was asked what it was like to be "the world's greatest actor", he replied, "It's daft isn't it? It changes all the time."

Widely respected among his peers, in June 2017, Michael Simkins of The Guardian wrote, "In this glittering cesspit we call the acting profession, there are plenty of rival thesps who, through sheer luck or happenstance, seem to have the career we ourselves could have had if only the cards had fallen differently. But Day-Lewis is, by common consent, even in the most sourly disposed green rooms – a class apart. We shall not look upon his like again – at least for a bit. Performers of his mercurial intensity come along once in a generation."

Personal life
Protective of his privacy, Day-Lewis has described his life as a "lifelong study in evasion". He had a relationship with French actress Isabelle Adjani that lasted six years, eventually ending after a split and reconciliation. Their son was born in 1995 in New York City a few months after the relationship ended.

In 1996, while working on the film version of the stage play The Crucible, he visited the home of playwright Arthur Miller, where he was introduced to the writer's daughter, Rebecca Miller. They married later that year, on 13 November 1996. The couple have two sons. They divide their time between their homes in Manhattan and Annamoe, Ireland.

Day-Lewis has held dual British and Irish citizenship since 1993. He has maintained his Annamoe home since 1997. He stated: "I do have dual citizenship, but I think of England as my country. I miss London very much, but I couldn't live there because there came a time when I needed to be private and was forced to be public by the press. I couldn't deal with it." He is a supporter of south-east London football club Millwall. Day-Lewis is also an Ambassador for The Lir Academy, a new drama school at Trinity College Dublin, founded in 2011.

In 2010, Day-Lewis received an honorary doctorate in letters from the University of Bristol, in part because of his attendance of the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in his youth. Day-Lewis has stated that he had "no real religious education", and that he "suppose[s]" he is "a die-hard agnostic". In 2012, he donated to the University of Oxford papers belonging to his father, the poet Cecil Day-Lewis, including early drafts of the poet's work and letters from actor John Gielgud and literary figures such as W. H. Auden, Robert Graves, and Philip Larkin. In 2015, he became the Honorary President of the Poetry Archive. A registered UK charity, the Poetry Archive is a free website containing a growing collection of recordings of English-language poets reading their work. In 2017, Day-Lewis became a patron of the Wilfred Owen Association. Day-Lewis's association with Wilfred Owen began with his father, Cecil Day-Lewis, who edited Owen's poetry in the 1960s and his mother, Jill Balcon, who was a vice-president of the Wilfred Owen Association until her death in 2009.

In 2008, when he received the Academy Award for Best Actor from Helen Mirren (who was on presenting duty having won the previous year's Best Actress Oscar for portraying Queen Elizabeth II in The Queen), Day-Lewis knelt before her, and she tapped him on each shoulder with the Oscar statuette, to which he quipped, "That's the closest I'll come to ever getting a knighthood." Day-Lewis was appointed a Knight Bachelor in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to drama. On 14 November 2014, he was knighted by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, in an investiture ceremony at Buckingham Palace.

Awards and nominations
He received numerous accolades throughout his career which spanned over four decades, including three Academy Awards for Best Actor, making him the only actor to have three wins in that category, and the third male actor to win three competitive Academy Awards for acting, the sixth performer overall. Additionally, he has received four British Academy Film Awards, three Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. In 2014, Day-Lewis received a knighthood for services to drama.

title: Daniel Day-Lewis