text:
Talk:Switzerland

Semi-protected edit request on 22 September 2023
Council of Europe figures (2012) suggest a population of around 30,000 Romani people in Switzerland. Add this information to the demographics section.

Source: https://minorityrights.org/country/switzerland/ 103.164.138.55 (talk) 21:47, 22 September 2023 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. I would object to including 2012 information in the demographics section, and it is not entirely clear where in the section it would fit. HouseBlastertalk 22:16, 2 October 2023 (UTC)

Updated request
'''This is the updated request, reflecting the current state of discussion. Please continue the discussion at the end of the Discussion section.'''

Requested edit: In the Infobox country, please add

Signature: 62.144.37.161 (talk) 17:11, 1 January 2024 (UTC)

Discussion
This is the original request, kept intact here for chronological reading, followed by the discussion.

Requested edit: In the Infobox country, please add

Reasons:
 * 1) This language is not mutually intelligible with any variety of Standard German (which includes that it is also not mutually intelligible with Swiss Standard German)
 * 2) This language is spoken by ~80% of the Swiss citizens, ~60% of all people in Switzerland (including foreigners)
 * 3) As a spoken language, Swiss German (a variety of Alemannic) unquestionably dominates daily life (including business and broadcasting) in the Alemannic area of the country (commonly called: «German speaking» area), which is the largest in terms of population, economy, political power, and land area.
 * 4) This language is almost exclusive to Switzerland
 * 5) People who grew up in the Alemannic area of Switzerland typically consider Swiss German their native language, and Swiss Standard German a second language (usually the second language they learned first, followed by one or more of French, Italian, English, less so Spanish or Romansh).
 * 6) The language is thriving, including new media productions (mostly TV, music, less so in books), a subjective increase in courses / evening schools for immigrants (including Germans!) to learn the language, and so forth.
 * 7) Using any variety of Standard German (including Swiss Standard German) is frowned upon in the Alemannic area, unless addressing someone from Romandy, Ticino or the Italian-speaking part of the Grisons who does not understand Swiss German.
 * 8) The Swiss often refer to Swiss Standard German as «Schriftdeutsch» (literally: «writing German») to differentiate it from their beloved vernacular Swiss German (High and Highest Alemannic). There is no such distinction in Germany or Austria, where everything --spoken or written-- is simply referred to as «Deutsch» (literally: «German»), which is understood to mean the respective variante of Standard German (as opposed to a dialect or vernacular).
 * 9) While there is an ever-growing corpus of written fiction in Swiss German, it has not been standardised (neither in spelling, grammar nor vocabulary), as is typical of vernacular languages.
 * 10) While spoken Swiss German is cherished and well-regarded, even in business, written Swiss German only saw widespread adoption during the past 20 years and is not (yet) accepted in the realms of education, business, law or state. (Advertisement is an exception to this rule and sometimes employs written Swiss German.) This dichotomy between spoken and written language is also typical of vernacular language.

Similar such languages exist in Switzerland, albeit to a much lesser degree, with Arpitan in Evolène, Bavarian in Samnaun and Alpine Lombard in the Grisons and Ticino. I am frightfully ignorant as to the extent in which they are still passed on to new generations, dominating daily life (in their respective region) and thriving. They are, however, definitely not of any national importance comparable to Swiss German, with full-blown TV series production, et cetera.

Thank you. --195.52.63.102 (talk) 06:22, 31 December 2023 (UTC) Thank you :-) --62.144.37.161 (talk) 18:07, 1 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Unable to implementA reference was not included with the request. Any change made to the infobox must be accompanied by more than the suggesting editor's say-so concerning a claim statement's purported validity.  Also, please note that when the languages parameter is activated along with an already-existing official languages parameter, the resulting text displays in the infobox as "Other languages".  Spintendo  22:31, 31 December 2023 (UTC)
 * and . While listing it as «Other languages» would be tolerable, I tested the combination of languages_type with languages as used in the requested edit and it rendered as expected in the Sandbox, just like it does in the Infobox Country of Guyana, too. One suitable source is published by the Swiss Federal Statistics Office, who authored it in cooperation with the Institute of Multilingualism of the University of Freiburg (Switzerland). All of the following statements are according to that source (unless explicitly noted otherwise):
 * «Swiss German [as opposed to Swiss Standard German] is omnipresent in the German-speaking part of Switzerland».
 * This diglossia is «identitätsstiftend» (literally: «identity-giving») for the population.
 * In all of Switzerland, 63% use Swiss German regularly.
 * That number is 87% for the German-speaking part of Switzerland.
 * Only 7,5% in the German-speaking part of Switzerland do not employ Swiss German (as opposed to (Swiss) Standard German) as a main language. «main language» is defined as: «The language in which you think, and of which you have your best command.» (My comment for some context: The German-speaking part of Switzerland accounts for ~2/3rds of the population and territory.)
 * These data were acquired as part of the federal 2014 census.
 * The code for that source was added in the updated request (see section above). Please re-evaluate my edit request.

 * Definitely NO. It's written that way in the constitution. Linguists say so, also. As you say, it's a diglossia, therefore German is totally correct. BTW: I am Swiss for many Generations, as opposed to the initiater. Pedriod. -- ZH8000 (talk) 18:54, 2 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Article 4 of the Swiss Constitution merely names the national languages. It does, however, not make any other statement regarding languages.
 * You seem to be mistake about something: Nobody has any intention of removing «German» from being listed as an official language. This is purely about adding one more language, and about adding it explicitly not as an official language.
 * By agreeing that it is a pronounced diglossia, you can hardly argue that one of the two is irrelevant or even non-existant. The statistics prove otherwise, anyway.
 * While I stated my preference, I also indicated previously that I will not argue about whether it should best to be listed as «Other language» or «Vernacular language», which is to say I support both (a case of preferred vs unpreferred indifference).
 * The infobox is incomplete without listing «Swiss German», which is a «main language» for the majority of people in the country.
 * (Swiss German comment expressing my refusal to accept anyone's lineage as an argument in our discussion: U suscht lan i mi nöd la vo dinere Nebelkerze verwuusche 🤷♀). Please do source future statements and keep things fact-based. Thank you :-) --62.144.32.184 (talk) 22:25, 2 January 2024 (UTC)

 * It is actually very simple: German means both, the standard and written language, as well as the vernacular or spoken language; in other words: it implies the diglosia. Both are German languages. There is no need to change anything. -- ZH8000 (talk) 15:41, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * The constitution specifies «German» as a national language. This is to be understood as «(Swiss) Standard German», and it does neither include nor imply «Swiss German».
 * According to Article 70 Section 1 of the Constitution communication with the federal state happens in German (and French, and Italian, and sometimes Romansh), which is to be understood as Swiss Standard German. This is why you do not have a legal right to receive official federal communication in Swiss German, and you do not have a legal right to address the federal authorities in Swiss German. (There may be accommodating arrangements as a courtesy for those who genuinely cannot speak Standard German (nor French, Italian, or Romansh), but signs of goodwill don't imply a legal right.) The same is true for every cantonal constitution (in case it includes German to begin with). If you seriously doubt that, feel free to ask a lawyer; this is so basic, that they should all know it, no matter their specialty. It is also a level of discussion I'm not willing to waste my time with, so this shall be my last reply.
 * My position is «Add Swiss German to the infobox one way or another, but do not add it as an official language.», so please count this message as an advance vote in case there is to be a WP:3O later on.
 * Thank you. --62.144.38.55 (talk) 18:44, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

 * "which is to be understood as Swiss Standard German." – NO. Period. That's the source of your fundamental error. -- ZH8000 (talk) 16:00, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done for now: please establish a consensus for this alteration before using the template. Pinchme123 (talk) 20:38, 4 January 2024 (UTC)
 * For what it's worth, I think adding Swiss German / Züritüütsch as a vernacular language would be a good idea, given that it's the main language of interaction between people in town, presumably before English in second and Standard German in third place. (Not sure if I have to list my ancestor's heimatorts here, he he.) Trigaranus (talk) 16:57, 5 January 2024 (UTC)
 * (Fellers, that's what you get for editing with a massive migraine... Somehow I had got my signals mixed and, in a minor (?) brain fart, conflated this discussion with another one from a few years ago that was about Zürich. I know it looks bad, but before anyone chalks this up to me being just another self-absorbed hipster from Züri, let me assure you that I am actually from a small village in Aargau. I am also fully aware that this is true for about half the stuck-up Züri hipsters you'll ever meet, but I hope you'll take my humble admission as a sign of good faith) Trigaranus (talk) 17:57, 8 January 2024 (UTC), oder?
 * I agree. Swiss German is the main language of interaction -- period. Overall, the majority of the population uses Swiss German, as opposed to (any kind of) Standard German, as their «main language» (see the statistics I cited above). This holds true even when including Romandy, Ticino and the Grisons, simply because the German-speaking part of Switzerland is so large and Swiss German is so very omnipresent there.
 * However, do not conflate Züritüütsch with Swiss German -- Züri West will get mad, and needlessly provoking anger like that doesn't rank too high in terms of Swissness and Konkordanz ;-) (and of course, that conflation is also objectively wrong…).
 * Thanks for expressing your opinion in the matter :-) --62.144.38.55 (talk) 18:55, 7 January 2024 (UTC)

Designation of capital city in the infobox
Hello all- I noticed that in the infobox, Switzerland's capital was presented as a two-line list, the first line reading "None (de jure)", and the second "Bern (de facto)". Initially I just wanted to nix the italics, as both terms are part of the English lexicon and needn't be treated as foreign words. But I found the presentation to be awkward, and the "None" to be unnecessary due to the "de facto", especially as the latter had a pop-up/tool-tip note, so I deleted the "None (de jure)" altogether. reverted my edit, with this edit summary: I disagree with your changes. It's not unnecessary, The capital is normally designated by law and in Switzerland it isn't. This is fact, so your change is wrong. If you disagree, take it to the talk page. So here I am. Disagreement notwithstanding, my change was not "wrong", though I can see where some readers might not see the "None" as redundant. For the moment, I have removed the italics again. Eric talk 14:59, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * This has been discussed several times before. See this comment. If you want to learn more about it, see here. None (de jure) is accurate. Nobody  ( talk ) 15:30, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

 * I neither stated nor implied that it was inaccurate. Thanks for the link to the January 2022 discussion, I wondered if the topic had been discussed before. I now see that it has been a couple times. The anonymous IP editor makes good points, as does, in what looks to be the final comment there. Worth noting that the AHD and the Cambridge Dictionary give seat or center of government as their primary definitions of the word capital. Eric talk 16:14, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Perhaps Capital of Switzerland could be expanded into a full explanation of the situation? Furius (talk) 17:16, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

 * The Capital of a country is decided by its government, no one else. Using descriptions from dictionaries to determine what the Capital is would be original research. There are sources that explain why, in 1848, they didn't decide on a capital per law (de jure). [2] in the article is one. This also explains it. Nobody  ( talk ) 18:04, 14 February 2024 (UTC)

 * No one is trying to claim otherwise, no one is trying to "decide" what Bern's status is, so admonitions regarding "original research" are irrelevant here. I posted the links to the dictionary entries for edification, nothing else. Those entries explain how speakers of the English language employ the term capital, regardless of what anyone might assert a city's official legal status to be. No one is trying to override the Swiss constitution by citing a dictionary. Eric talk 21:51, 14 February 2024 (UTC)
 * So you tried to change the accurate description of the situation to a less accurate one, because you found it awkward and unnecessary? Makes no sense to me. Nobody  ( talk ) 19:07, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Strictly speaking "none (de jure)" is not redundant, since the de jure situation could be that some other place was the capital (as with Palestine and Montserrat). On the other hand, I note that in the cases of Taiwan, Portugal and Canton of Zürich, which are exactly analogous to that of Switzerland, we consider a note explaining the situation to be sufficient. Furius (talk) 20:48, 15 February 2024 (UTC)

 * Thanks for the input. No need to tell us you are having trouble making sense of things. Eric talk 22:01, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * If you can't explain your edit better, then you don't have to start being condescending. Nobody  ( talk ) 08:33, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * The rationale for @Eric's edit has been very clear: saying "Bern (defacto)" already implies that the "dejure" situation is different, so there is no need to specifically state that. None of your comments have really engaged with this. I raised the obvious objection in my comment, but, as I note, the counterargument to that objection is that in many identical cases we don't include "none (de jure)". (and past discussions have found that even the Swiss government is far from clear on the matter) Furius (talk) 10:50, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I see what you mean. I agree it could be moved to the note with an explanation. But I don't know know what kind of consensus would be needed for this / How big of a discussion. Nobody  ( talk ) 11:07, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * I think that in English Wikipedia, the ordinary definition of English words should be used, unless a relevant context requires otherwise. Swiss government has also referred to Bern as its capital from time to time, though not in legal texts. From my point of view, there is no reason why Ottawa is the capital (without note) of Canada but Bern is only the de facto capital when both countries' laws specify the "seat of government" and not "capital". Canada does have a National Capital Region legally defined, but NCR is not Ottawa: Ottawa does not include all parts of NCR and NCR does not include all of Ottawa's municipal boundary. Or as I noted before, Paris and London lack even the seat of government designation.
 * The Swiss situation is interesting, but I stand by my old comment that such situation is not that unusual to warrant special treatment in Infobox and it seems like a Swiss "exceptionalism" to specify it that way. Going strictly by legal text would result in a lot more countries having a note contrary to the usual understanding on how the English word "capital" is used and recognized by people and government. Zhantongz (talk) 12:47, 24 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 23 March 2024
Albert Einstein is not Swiss, but he is listed in this article as being a Swiss scientist. The link to his page clearly shows that he was born in Ulm, Germany. 76.75.11.234 (talk) 03:38, 23 March 2024 (UTC)
 * Red information icon with gradient background.svg Not done: Einstein was a Swiss citizen from 1901, which is why he is listed as a Swiss scientist. If you still believe he shouldn't be, you may wish to attempt to form a consensus before re-opening the request. Irltoad (talk) 08:50, 23 March 2024 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 21 April 2024
According to Council of Europe, around 30,000 Romani people live in Switzerland. Add this information to the demographics section.

Source: https://minorityrights.org/country/switzerland/ 174.243.152.88 (talk) 17:50, 21 April 2024 (UTC)
 * Red question icon with gradient background.svg Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. Charliehdb (talk) 10:00, 23 April 2024 (UTC)

Hostels Rotan01 (talk) 06:52, 19 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Switzerland


text:
Adam Małysz

Adam Henryk Małysz (born 3 December 1977) is a Polish former ski jumper and rally driver. He competed in ski jumping from 1995 to 2011 and is one of the most successful athletes in the history of the sport. His many accomplishments include four World Cup titles (a male record shared with Matti Nykänen), four individual Winter Olympic medals, four individual World Championship gold medals (an all-time record), 39 individual World Cup competition wins, 96 World Cup podiums (individual and team), and being the first male ski jumper to win three consecutive World Cup titles. He is also a winner of the Four Hills Tournament, the only three-time winner of the Nordic Tournament, and a former ski flying world record holder.

After retiring from ski jumping, Małysz competed in the Dakar Rally in 2012, 2013 and 2014 finishing 37th, 15th and 13th respectively.

In 2018-2022 period he was a director-coordinator of ski jumping and Nordic combined at the Polish Ski Federation. On 25 June 2022, he was elected CEO of Polish Ski Federation

Ski jumping career
Małysz began his senior-level ski jumping career on 4 January 1995, finishing seventeenth at the third event of the Four Hills Tournament in Innsbruck. In his first two World Cup seasons, he was moderately successful, winning in Oslo on 17 March 1996; in Sapporo on 18 January 1997; and in Hakuba on 26 January. His breakthrough season came in 2000–01, when he won the Four Hills Tournament and ended Martin Schmitt's long run of success dating back to 1998–99. Małysz went on to dominate the season by reeling off five consecutive individual victories in Innsbruck, Bischofshofen, both ski flying competitions in Harrachov, and Park City. Further success came at the 2001 World Championships, in which he won a gold medal on the individual normal hill and silver on the individual large hill. He finished the season by a landslide points margin with three more consecutive wins in Falun, Trondheim and Oslo to claim his first Nordic Tournament title.

The 2001–02 season saw Małysz pick up where he left off, as he never once lost the lead in the World Cup standings. A streak of five wins by a highly motivated Sven Hannawald in December 2001 through January 2002 looked to threaten Małysz's run, but burnout prematurely ended Hannawald's challenge. Małysz picked up one last win of the season in Zakopane to the delight of his Polish fans, thereafter finishing consistently on the podium to claim his second World Cup title by a comfortable points margin. He also won silver on the individual large hill and bronze on the individual normal hill at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Park City.

Małysz faced stiff competition in defence of his World Cup title throughout the 2002–03 season. Despite second place at the season-opener in Kuusamo, he failed to win a competition for nearly four months. The lead of the overall standings changed hands several times until the final month of the season, by which time Małysz began to regain his form. At the 2003 World Championships in Predazzo, he won the gold medal in both the individual normal and large hill competitions. This was followed up by three straight wins in Oslo and Lahti (twice in the latter), securing his second Nordic Tournament title. Małysz ended the season on a high by equalling the then-world record of 225 m in Planica, as well as fending off a late challenge by Sven Hannawald, who again finished runner-up in the overall World Cup standings—albeit with six wins to Małysz's three, and by a closer margin than before.

In the following years, as is the case with almost all ski jumpers in the prime of their career, Małysz was unable to maintain his previous form. He only managed twelfth in the 2003–04 season, finishing on the podium four times but without a win. 2004–05 saw an improvement with fourth place in the overall standings as well as four wins; these came on the large hill in Harrachov, the ski flying hill in Kulm, and a double win in Zakopane. The only highlights of Małysz's 2005–06 campaign, in which he finished ninth overall, were third place in Kuopio and a win in Oslo.

Małysz experienced a significant career resurgence in 2006–07, which began with a surprise win in Oberstdorf in January 2007. This was followed up by a double victory in Titisee-Neustadt, an individual gold medal on the normal hill at the 2007 World Championships, and a hat-trick of wins during the Nordic Tournament (Lahti, Kuopio, and Oslo) to win his third and final such title. The season was punctuated with a clean sweep of all three competitions in Planica, which enabled him to leapfrog his younger competitor Anders Jacobsen with only two competitions remaining. This secured Małysz a fourth World Cup title, equalling Matti Nykänen's record total in the 1980s.

Sporadic success from 2008 to 2011 saw Małysz achieve seventeen podiums, as well as silver medals in both the individual normal hill and large hill competitions at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver. A fitting end to Małysz's career came in the form of a home victory in Zakopane on 21 January 2011, an individual bronze medal on the normal hill at the 2011 World Championships in Oslo on 26 February, and third place at the season finale in Planica on 20 March. Małysz publicly announced his retirement from ski jumping six days later.

Legacy and awards
Małysz's success contributed to his enormous popularity not only among ski jumping fans but throughout Poland as well. Additionally, he is the only five-time winner of the ski jumping event at the Holmenkollen Ski Festival (in 1996, 2001, 2003, 2006 and 2007), earning the Holmenkollen Medal in 2001 for his ski jumping victories (shared with Bente Skari and Thomas Alsgaard). He was also voted four times the Polish sportsman of the year (2001, 2002, 2003, 2007).

For his sporting achievements, he received the Order of Polonia Restituta:

Officer's Cross (4th Class), 2002 Commander's Cross (3rd Class), 2007 Commander's Cross with Star (2nd Class), 2010

Total podiums

 * 1) Iron Mountain  – 18 February 1996 (2nd place)
 * 2) Lahti  – 1 March 1996 (3rd place shared with Primož Peterka)
 * 3) Falun  – 13 March 1996 (2nd place)
 * 4) Oslo/Holmenkollen  – 17 March 1996 (1st place)
 * 5) Bischofshofen  – 6 January 1997 (2nd place)
 * 6) Engelberg  – 11 January 1997 (3rd place)
 * 7) Sapporo  – 18 January 1997 (1st place)
 * 8) Hakuba  – 26 January 1997 (1st place)
 * 9) Garmisch-Partenkirchen  – 1 January 2001 (3rd place)
 * 10) Innsbruck  – 4 January 2001 (1st place)
 * 11) Bischofshofen  – 6 January 2001 (1st place)
 * 12) Harrachov (HS 205) – 13 January 2001 (1st place)
 * 13) Harrachov (HS 205) – 14 January 2001 (1st place)
 * 14) Salt Lake City  – 20 January 2001 (1st place)
 * 15) Sapporo  – 27 January 2001(1st place)
 * 16) Sapporo  – 28 January 2001 (1st place)
 * 17) Willingen  – 3 February 2001 (2nd place)
 * 18) Willingen  – 4 February 2001 (1st place)
 * 19) Oberstdorf (HS 213) – 4 March 2001 (2nd place)
 * 20) Falun  – 7 March 2001 (1st place)
 * 21) Trondheim/Granasen  – 9 March 2001 (1st place)
 * 22) Oslo/Holmenkollen  – 11 March 2001 (1st place)
 * 23) Kuopio  – 23 November 2001 (1st place)
 * 24) Kuopio  – 24 November 2001 (2nd place)
 * 25) Titisee-Neustadt  – 1 December 2001 (1st place)
 * 26) Titisee-Neustadt  – 2 December 2001 (2nd place)
 * 27) Villach  – 8 December 2001 (1st place)
 * 28) Engelberg  – 16 December 2001 (1st place)
 * 29) Val di Fiemme/Predazzo  – 21 December 2001 (1st place)
 * 30) Val di Fiemme/Predazzo  – 22 December 2001 (1st place)
 * 31) Garmisch-Partenkirchen  – 1 January 2002 (3rd place)
 * 32) Innsbruck  – 4 January 2002 (2nd place)
 * 33) Zakopane  – 20 January 2002 (1st place)
 * 34) Lahti  – 1 March 2002 (2nd place)
 * 35) Trondheim  – 15 March 2002 (2nd place)
 * 36) Oslo/Holmenkollen  – 17 March 2002 (3rd place)
 * 37) Kuusamo  – 29 November 2002 (2nd place)
 * 38) Titisee-Neustadt  – 14 December 2002 (3rd place)
 * 39) Garmisch-Partenkirchen  – 1 January 2003 (2nd place shared with Andreas Goldberger)
 * 40) Zakopane  – 18 January 2003 (3rd place)
 * 41) Zakopane  – 19 January 2003 (3rd place)
 * 42) Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf  – 1 February 2003 (3rd place)
 * 43) Oslo/Holmenkollen  – 9 March 2003 (1st place)
 * 44) Lahti  – 14 March 2003 (1st place)
 * 45) Lahti  – 15 March 2003 (1st place)
 * 46) Planica (letalnica, HS215) – 22 March 2003 (2nd place)
 * 47) Kuusamo  – 28 November 2003 (2nd place)
 * 48) Kuusamo  – 30 November 2003 (2nd place)
 * 49) Zakopane  – 17 January 2004(2nd place)
 * 50) Zakopane  – 18 January 2004 (2nd place)
 * 51) Harrachov (HS 142) – 11 December 2004 (1st place)
 * 52) Oberstdorf (HS 137) – 29 December 2004 (3rd place)
 * 53) Innsbruck  – 3 January 2005 (2nd place)
 * 54) Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf  – 15 January 2005 (3rd place)
 * 55) Tauplitz/Bad Mitterndorf  – 16 January 2005 (1st place)
 * 56) Titisee-Neustadt  – 23 January 2005 (2nd place)
 * 57) Zakopane  – 29 January 2005 (1st place shared with Roar Ljøkelsøy)
 * 58) Zakopane  – 30 January 2005 (1st place)
 * 59) Kuopio  – 9 March 2005 (3rd place shared with Jakub Janda)
 * 60) Kuopio  – 7 March 2006 (3rd place)
 * 61) Oslo/Holmenkollen  – 12 March 2006 (1st place)
 * 62) Lillehammer – 3 December 2006 (3rd place)
 * 63) Engelberg  – 16 December 2006 (3rd place)
 * 64) Oberstdorf (HS 137) – 30 December 2006 (3rd place)
 * 65) Oberstdorf (HS 137) – 27 January 2007 (1st place)
 * 66) Titisee-Neustadt (HS 142) – 3 February 2007 (1st place)
 * 67) Titisee-Neustadt (HS 142) – 4 February 2007 (1st place)
 * 68) Klingenthal – 7 February 2007 (3rd place)
 * 69) Lahti (HS 130) – 11 March 2007 (1st place)
 * 70) Kuopio (HS 127) – 13 March 2007 (1st place)
 * 71) Oslo/Holmenkollen (HS 128) – 17 March 2007 (1st place)
 * 72) Planica (letalnica, HS215) – 23 March 2007 (1st place)
 * 73) Planica (letalnica, HS215) – 24 March 2007 (1st place)
 * 74) Planica (letalnica, HS215) – 25 March 2007 (1st place)
 * 75) Kuopio/Puijo – 10 March 2009 (3rd place)
 * 76) Planica (letalnica, HS215) – 20 March 2009 (2nd place)
 * 77) Planica (letalnica, HS215) – 22 March 2009 (2nd place)
 * 78) Lillehammer – 5 December 2009 (3rd place)
 * 79) Klingenthal – 3 February 2010 (2nd place)
 * 80) Lahti (HS 130) – 7 March 2010 (2nd place)
 * 81) Kuopio (HS 127) – 9 March 2010 (2nd place)
 * 82) Lillehammer – 12 March 2010 (3rd place)
 * 83) Oslo/Holmenkollen  – 14 March 2010 (2nd place)
 * 84) Engelberg  – 18 December 2010 (2nd place)
 * 85) Engelberg  – 19 December 2010 (3rd place)
 * 86) Garmisch-Partenkirchen  – 1 January 2011 (3rd place)
 * 87) Innsbruck – 3 January 2011 (2nd place)
 * 88) Harrachov (HS 205) – 8 January 2011 (3rd place)
 * 89) Sapporo  – 15 January 2011 (3rd place)
 * 90) Zakopane  – 21 January 2011 (1st place)
 * 91) Vikersund – 13 February 2011 (3rd place)
 * 92) Planica (letalnica, HS215) – 20 March 2011 (3rd place)

Personal life
Adam Małysz was born in Wisła, Poland, to Ewa and Jan Małysz. He has an older sister – Iwona (born 1975). He graduated from a vocational high school in Ustroń, where he learned a profession (specialisation: tinsmith-roofer). He speaks German very well. On 16 June 1997, he married Izabella Polok (born 4 December 1978). The wedding took place at the Evangelical Church of St. Peter and Paul in the Wisła (Izabella is Catholic). On 31 October 1997, Izabella gave birth to their daughter – Karolina. His life motto is "Be good and that's it" and his idol is a German former ski jumper Jens Weißflog. His religion is Lutheranism.

On 1 April 2007 Małysz opened a Trophy Gallery, which includes all the major medals and trophies he won during his career, including the Crystal Globe trophies for victories in the World Cup. The Gallery is located in the building of the Izabella and Adam Małysz Foundation in Wisła, Poland.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Adam Małysz


text:
John Arbuthnot

John Arbuthnot FRS (baptised 29 April 1667 – 27 February 1735), often known simply as Dr Arbuthnot, was a Scottish physician, satirist and polymath in London. He is best remembered for his contributions to mathematics, his membership in the Scriblerus Club (where he inspired Jonathan Swift's Gulliver's Travels book III and Alexander Pope's Peri Bathous, Or the Art of Sinking in Poetry, Memoirs of Martin Scriblerus, and possibly The Dunciad), and for inventing the figure of John Bull.

Biography
In his mid-life, Arbuthnot, complaining of the work of Edmund Curll, among others, who commissioned and invented a biography as soon as an author died, said, "Biography is one of the new terrors of death," and so a biography of Arbuthnot is made difficult by his own reluctance to leave records. Alexander Pope noted to Joseph Spence that Arbuthnot allowed his infant children to play with, and even burn, his writings. Throughout his professional life, Arbuthnot exhibited a strong humility and social conviviality, and his friends often complained that he did not take sufficient credit for his own work.

Arbuthnot was born in Arbuthnot, Kincardineshire, on the north-eastern coast of Scotland, son of Margaret (née Lammie) and Rev Alexander Arbuthnot, an Episcopalian priest. He may have graduated with an arts degree from Marischal College in 1685. Where Arbuthnot's brothers took part in Jacobite causes in 1689, he remained with his father. These brothers included Robert, who fled after fighting for King James VII in 1689 and became a banker in Rouen and half-brother George, who fled to France and became a wine merchant. However, when William and Mary came to the throne and the Scottish and English parliaments required all ministers to swear allegiance to them as king and queen, Arbuthnot's father did not comply. As a non-juror, he was removed from his church, and John was there to take care of affairs when, in 1691, his father died.

Arbuthnot went to London in 1691, where he is supposed to have supported himself by teaching mathematics (which had been his formal course of study). He lodged with William Pate, whom Swift knew and called a "bel esprit". He published Of the Laws of Chance in 1692, translated from Christiaan Huygens's De ratiociniis in ludo aleae. This was the first work on probability published in English. The work, which applied the field of probability to common games, was a success, and Arbuthnot became the private tutor of one Edward Jeffreys, son of Jeffrey Jeffreys, an MP. He remained Jeffreys's tutor when the latter attended University College, Oxford in 1694, and he there met the variety of scholars then teaching mathematics and medicine, including Dr John Radcliffe, Isaac Newton, and Samuel Pepys. However, Arbuthnot lacked the money to be a full-time student and was already well educated, although informally. He went to the University of St Andrews and enrolled as a doctoral student in medicine on 11 September 1696. The very same day he defended seven theses on medicine and was awarded the doctorate.

He first wrote satire in 1697, when he answered Dr John Woodward's An essay towards a natural history of the earth and terrestrial bodies, especially minerals... with An Examination of Dr Woodward's Account &c. He poked fun at the arrogance of the work and Woodward's misguided, Aristotelian insistence that what is theoretically attractive must be actually true. In 1701, Arbuthnot wrote another mathematical work, An essay on the usefulness of mathematical learning, in a letter from a gentleman in the city to his friend in Oxford. The work was moderately successful, and Arbuthnot praises mathematics as a method of freeing the mind from superstition.

In 1702, he was at Epsom when Prince George of Denmark, husband of Queen Anne fell ill. According to tradition, Arbuthnot treated the prince successfully. According to tradition again, this treatment earned him an invitation to court. Also around 1702, he married Margaret, whose maiden name is possibly Wemyss. Although there are no baptismal records, it seems that his first son, George (named in honour of the prince), was born in 1703. He was elected to be a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1704. Also thanks to the Queen's presence, he was made an MD at Cambridge University on 16 April 1705.

Arbuthnot was an amiable individual, and Swift said that the only fault an enemy could lay upon him was a slight waddle in his walk. His conviviality and his royal connections made him an important figure in the Royal Society. In 1705, Arbuthnot became physician extraordinary to Queen Anne, and at the same time was put on the board trying to publish the Historia coelestius. Newton and Edmund Halley wanted it published immediately, to support their work on orbits, while John Flamsteed, the Royal Astronomer whose observations they were, wanted to keep the data secret until he had perfected it. The result was that Arbuthnot used his leverage as friend and physician to Prince George, whose money was paying for the publication, to force Flamsteed to allow it out, albeit with serious errors, in 1712. Also as a scholar, Arbuthnot took up an interest in antiquities and published Tables of Grecian, Roman, and Jewish measures, weights and coins; reduced to the English standard in 1705, 1707, 1709, and, expanded with a preface (which indicated that his second son, Charles, was born in 1705), in 1727 and 1747.

Although Arbuthnot was not a Jacobite after the fashion of his brothers, he was a Tory, for national and familial reasons. Anne was advised (and many said controlled) by Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, who was a champion of Whig causes. In 1706, the Duchess of Marlborough fell out with Anne—a schism which the Tories were pleased to encourage. The marriage of lady-in-waiting Abigail Hill to Samuel Masham, which was the first overt sign of Anne's displeasure with Sarah Churchill, took place in Arbuthnot's apartments at St James's Palace. The reasons for the choice of apartment and the degree of involvement of Arbuthnot in either the love match or Anne's estrangement, are not clear. As a Scotsman, Arbuthnot served the crown by writing ''A sermon preach'd to the people at the Mercat Cross of Edinborough on the subject of the union. Ecclesiastes, Chapter 10, Verse 27.'' The work was designed to persuade Scots to accept the Act of Union. When the Act passed, Arbuthnot was made a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. He was also made a physician in ordinary to the Queen, which made him part of the royal household.

Arbuthnot returned to mathematics in 1710 with An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes (linked below) in the Royal Society's Philosophical Transactions. In this paper, Arbuthnot examined birth records in London for each of the 82 years from 1629 to 1710 and the human sex ratio at birth: in every year, the number of males born in London exceeded the number of females. If the probability of male and female birth were equal, the probability of the observed outcome would be 1/282. This vanishingly small number led Arbuthnot to believe that this phenomenon was not due to chance, but to divine providence: "From whence it follows, that it is Art, not Chance, that governs." This paper was a landmark in the history of statistics; in modern terms he performed statistical hypothesis testing, computing the p-value (via a sign test), interpreted it as statistical significance, and rejected the null hypothesis. This is credited as "… the first use of significance tests …", the first example of reasoning about statistical significance and moral certainty, and "… perhaps the first published report of a nonparametric test …".

As a Scriblerian
In 1710, Jonathan Swift moved to London. With Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford (who was then the secretary of the treasury and not a peer), he produced the Tory Examiner, and Arbuthnot made their acquaintance and began to provide "hints" to them. These "hints" were ideas for essays, satirical gambits, and facts, rather than secrets of any sort. From 1711 to 1713, Arbuthnot and Swift formed "The Brothers' Club," though Arbuthnot characteristically gave away his ideas and even his writings, never seeking credit for them.

In 1712, Arbuthnot and Swift both attempted to aid the Tory government of Harley and Henry St. John in their efforts to end the War of the Spanish Succession. The war had profited John and Sarah Churchill, and the Tory ministry sought to end it by withdrawing from all England's alliances and negotiating directly with France. Swift wrote The Conduct of the Allies, and Arbuthnot wrote a series of five pamphlets featuring John Bull. The first of these, Law Is a Bottomless Pit (1712), introduced a simple allegory to explain the war. John Bull (England) is suing Louis Baboon (i.e. Louis Bourbon, or Louis XIV of France) over the estate of the dead Lord Strutt (Charles II of Spain). Bull's lawyer is the one who really enjoys the suit, and he is Humphrey Hocus (Marlborough). Bull has a sister named Peg (Scotland). The pamphlets are Swiftian in their satire, in that they make all of the characters hopelessly flawed and comic and none of their endeavour worth pursuing (which was Arbuthnot's intent, as he sought to make the war an object of scorn), but it is filled with homespun humour, a common touch, and a sympathy for the figures that is distinctly non-Swiftian.

In 1713, Arbuthnot continued his political satire with Proposals for printing a very curious discourse... a treatise of the art of political lying, with an abstract of the first volume. As with other works that Arbuthnot encouraged, this systemizes a rhetoric of bad thinking and writing. He proposes to teach people to lie well. Similar lists and systems are in Alexander Pope's Peri Bathos and John Gay and Pope's Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus. Also in 1713, Arbuthnot was made a physician of Chelsea Hospital, which provided him with a house. It was this house that hosted the meetings of the Scriblerus Club, which had as its members Harley (now Earl of Oxford), St. John (now Viscount Bolingbroke), Pope, Gay, Swift, and Thomas Parnell. According to all the members of the club, Arbuthnot was the one who contributed the most in ideas, and he was the only source they could draw upon when satirizing the sciences, and his was the idea for the Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus, a pedantic man who, like Arbuthnot's earlier opponent, Dr Woodward, would read three or four lines of Classical literature and deduce a universal (and absurd) truth from them.

The club met for only a year, as Queen Anne died in July 1714, and the club met for the last time in November of that year. When Anne died, she had no will. Consequently, all her servants were left without positions and entirely at the mercy of the next administration – an administration that was chosen by the enemies of Arbuthnot and the other Scriblerans. When George I came to the throne, Arbuthnot lost all of his royal appointments and houses, but he still had a vigorous medical practice. He lived at "the second door from the left in Dover Street" in Piccadilly.

Life under the Hanoverians
In 1717, Arbuthnot contributed somewhat to Pope and Gay's play, Three Hours after Marriage, which ran for seven nights. He was a friend to George Frederic Handel and appointed director to the Royal Academy of Music (1719) from the start in 1719 till 1729.

In 1719 he took part in a pamphlet war over the treatment of smallpox. In particular, he attacked Dr Woodward, who had again presented a dogmatic and, Arbuthnot thought, irrational opinion. In 1723, Arbuthnot was made one of the censors of the Royal College of Physicians, and as such he was one of the campaigners to inspect and improve the drugs sold by apothecaries in London. In 1723, the apothecaries sued the RCP, and Arbuthnot wrote Reasons humbly offered by the ... upholders (undertakers) against part of the bill for the better viewing, searching, and examining of drugs. The pamphlet suggested that the funeral directors of London might wish to sue the Royal College of Physicians as well to ensure that drug safety remained poor. In 1727, he was made an elect of the Royal College of Physicians.

In 1726 and 1727, Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope reunited at Arbuthnot's house during visits, and Swift showed Arbuthnot the manuscript of Gulliver's Travels ahead of time. The detailed parody of on-going Royal Society projects in book III of Gulliver's Travels likely came from "hints" from Arbuthnot. The visit also bore fruit in Pope's The Dunciad of 1729 (the second edition), where Arbuthnot probably wrote the "Virgilius restauratus" satirizing Richard Bentley.

Arbuthnot was guardian to Peter the Wild Boy on his first arrival in London. In 1730, Arbuthnot's wife died. The next year, he produced a work of popular medicine, An essay concerning the nature of aliments, and the choice of them, according to the different constitutions of human bodies. The book was quite popular, and a second edition, with advice on diet, came out the next year. It had four more full editions and translations into French and German. In 1733 he wrote another very popular work of medicine called An Essay Concerning the Effects of Air on Human Bodies. As with the former work, it went through multiple editions and translations. He argued that the air itself had to have enormous effects on the personality and persons of humanity, and he believed that the air of locations resulted in the characteristics of the people, as well as particular maladies. He advised his readers to ventilate sickrooms and to seek fresh air in cities. Although the idea that airs carried sickness was incorrect, the practical upshot of Arbuthnot's advice was efficacious, as crowded, poorly sanitized Augustan era cities had bad air and infectious air.

His son Charles, studying to be a divine at Christ Church, Oxford, died in 1731, the same year that the Swift and Pope Miscellanies, Volume the Third (which was the first volume) appeared. He contributed "An Essay of the Learned Martinus Scriblerus Concerning the Origine of the Sciences" to the volume.

In 1734, his health began to decline. He had kidney stones and asthma, and he was also overweight. On 17 July 1734, Arbuthnot wrote to Pope to tell him that he had a terminal illness. In a response dated 2 August, Pope indicates that he planned to write more satire, and on 25 August told Arbuthnot that he was going to address one of his epistles to him, later characterizing it as a memorial to their friendship. Arbuthnot died at his house in Cork Street, in London on 27 February 1735, eight weeks after the poem "Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot" was published. He is buried at St James's Church, Piccadilly.

Literary significance
Arbuthnot was one of the founding members of the Scriblerus Club, and was regarded by the other wits of the group as the funniest, but he left fewer literary remains than the other members. His satires are written with an ease, a humanity, and an apparent sympathy. Swift and Arbuthnot had similar styles in language (both preferred direct sentences and clear vocabulary) with a feigned frenzy of lists and taxonomies, and sometimes their works are attributed to each other. The treatise on political lying, for example, has been attributed to Swift in the past, although it was definitely Arbuthnot's. Generally, Arbuthnot's writings are not as vicious or nihilistic as Swift's, but they attack the same targets and both refuse to hold up a set of positive norms for their readers.

Because of Arbuthnot's own insistence on not being recognized, it is difficult to speak definitively of his literary significance. Samuel Johnson thought highly of him as Boswell noted: "Talking of the eminent writers in Queen Anne's reign, he observed ,'I think Dr. Arbuthnott the first man among them. He was the most universal genius, being an excellent physician, a man of deep learning, and a man of much humour.'" Arbuthnot was at the heart of many of the greatest satires of his age. He was a conduit and source for a great many of the finest literary accomplishments for over half a century of writing, but Arbuthnot was zealous that he not receive credit.

Works

 * John Arbuthnot (1712, published in 1727). The History of John Bull.
 * John Arbuthnot (1722). Mr. Maitland’s account of inoculating the small-pox, London, printed for the author, by J. Downing. (Transcription in Eighteenth Century Collections Online).
 * John Arbuthnot (1733). An essay concerning the effects of air on human bodies, London, printed for J. Tonson in the Strand. (Transcription in Eighteenth Century Collections Online).
 * John Arbuthnot (1727). Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures. Explain'd and exemplify'd in several dissertations., London : printed for J. Tonson, 1727.
 * John Arbuthnot (1727). Tables of Ancient Coins, Weights and Measures. Explain'd and exemplify'd in several dissertations., London : printed for J. Tonson, 1727.

title: John Arbuthnot


text:
Émile Saisset

Émile Edmond Saisset (16 September 1814 – 27 December 1863) was a French philosopher.

Life
Émile Edmond Saisset was born at Montpellier. He studied philosophy at the École Normale Supérieure, and carried on the eclectic tradition of his master along with Ravaisson and Jules Simon. In 1842 he was professor of philosophy at Caen, at the École Normale in Paris. He later moved on to the College de France in 1843. He became a member  of the Academie des Sciences Morales et Politiques at the Sorbonne in 1862. Saisset, known as "fashionable psychologist", was associated with the Eclectic school of Victor Cousin.

Saisset's chief works are a monograph on Aenesidemus the Sceptic (1840); Le Scepticisme: Ænésidème, Pascal, Kant (1845); a translation of Spinoza (1843); Précurseurs et disciples de Descartes (1862); Discours de la philosophie de Leibniz (1857) (a work which had great influence on the progress of thought in France); Essai de philosophie religieuse (1859); Critique et histoire de la philosophie (1865).

His untimely death in 1863, "a year after his appointment to the Sorbonne, surely prevented his literary output from being more formidable."

title: Émile Saisset


text:
User:Anthere/placard

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need any questions answered about the project then check out Help or drop me a line. Cheers! --maveric149

I tried to amend the history log of Agricultural Science to agricultural science but the damn conversion script took over and overwrote both your and Robert's contributions. Sorry. The history doesn't last forever anyway and older edits eventually are no longer shown. Since you have done so much work on this article, I could copy the text into a temp article, delete agricultural science and then you can recreate it with the saved text. That way it will appear as if you "created" the article (which you really did anyway - the stub that was there before was rather short) --maveric149

 * That's ok, Maverick. Thanks for trying. Please read my comment on that point under Robert Menkel user's page.

RE Fertilisation and In vitro fertilisation: And what are you talking about? I didn't change any spelling in either article -- all I did was add the American spelling in parenthesis so that search engines will be able to find that spelling and American readers will not immediately think the article is spelled (or spelt if you like) incorrectly. --maveric149

No problem or hard feelings on the misunderstanding -- I've jumped the gun, so to speak, several times before just to find out I was incorrect. Hum, you do have a valid point about a possible ambiguity between biological fertilization and the agricultural kind. I wouldn?t disambiguate based on British / American spelling variations because the same ambiguity exists for both the z and s spellings. However, as you allude to, the use of the word ?fertilizer? is not ambiguous and can only be about agricultural fertilization. Besides I am not familiar with the common use of the word ?fertilization? (either spelling) in the context of agriculture. It is far more common (at least with American English) to say you have or will fertilize your filed or add fertilizer to your field. The ?tion term would describe the actual process of fertilizing a field ? which I guess you could write an article about?. However, it would be far more interesting to talk mainly about what fertilizer does to a crop and why than to talk exclusively about particular methods of applying fertilizer to a field. --maveric149

I answered your comment on my talk page. -- Marj Tiefert 11:14 Aug 29, 2002 (PDT)

I sent an email to the account you use for nupedia (I figured out how to block, now I need to know whom to block). --KQ 14:23 Aug 30, 2002 (PDT)

No, I mean I found out how to block the vandal, I just need to know who the vandal is (I don't speak French, sorry). You see? --KQ 14:29 Aug 30, 2002 (PDT)

 * proxy.culture.fr. Do you think you can succeed banning a proxy ip ? I'm very sorry, I have to leave my computer...anthere

 * I sent you an email about it. It seems to be blocked already.  --KQ 14:50 Aug 30, 2002 (PDT)

Thanks, Anthere! I also found "Libertine" and would have no problem with "known for his debauchery" -- but the other seemed out of place! JHK -- I answered your question on my talk page. --mav - No need to apologize - I knew instantly what happened and what browser you must have been using. It's mainly my fault for letting my talk page get so dang long. Archiving now. :) --mav

Hi Anthere. There's a WikiProject French departements starting up. Would you & any other anglophones on the French Wikipedia be interested in helping out? I figure data such as population, area, prefectures, etc can be put on both Wikipedias simultaneously -- a sort of Eurovision Wiki ;-) -- Tarquin

 * I saw that yesterday. Placed a very short note on user:olivier and gave a comment here. I seem to remember the work on the department was done by Shailuhud but I'm not entirely sure and he doesnot seem much around these days. Anyway, I'll put an "advertisment" page WorldVision Project (why limit it to Europe, hein ?) to see if anybody else would be interested --ant

(re: folding camera vs. view camera) Hm, well I'm obviously out of my depth on the camera stuff. You can see why I didn't add it to the article proper. --KQ
 * user:Ericd asked me to look at folding camera and I commented on his page about it. But it seems that the folding camera and the view camera are two different things.  That's all I meant.  My experience is with the single lens reflex camera; I'm an amateur.  --KQ

Hello, I'm not sure what you want me to do at biopiracy. I've read it and it seems ok, but did you want opposing viewpoints? Further support? Simple copyediting? ... Sorry for the delay in getting back to you; I'm taking classes again and spending most of my time just trying not to fall behind in studies. Best, --KQ 15:16 Sep 9, 2002 (UTC)

Happy birthday. :-)

I'll take a look at biopiracy and see if the grammar needs any work. Offhand I can't think of anyone who knows about the subject well enough to add to what you've already written--maybe user:Axel Boldt? Have you asked around? Even if you put a request in the talk page with a note in the edit summary, it would probably get more attention more quickly than from me alone. --KQ 19:48 Sep 10, 2002 (UTC)
 * Hell, I took a look at it. Here's the history.
 * I think it's a good article in general. I'm of two minds about it, though.  I can easily imagine it being challenged for appearing non-NPOV.  (I'm not saying it is, I'm just saying I can see it being challenged as such).  Aside from that:
 * I think it's exactly correct, and here's why. <opinion>There are only so many widgets you can sell to people before people realize "you know what? This is crap; I don't need another widget."  However, everyone has to eat, and if you can patent food itself (as companies are doing); you're certain of an income because you can charge whatever price you want and people have to buy it; you can also sue them if they decide to grow their own food with your "intellectual property" (the seeds from last year's crops), as companies have done and continue to do.&lt/opinion>
 * You did know, I hope, that there's also a movement afoot to privatize the world's water supply!? That's the ultimate cash crop--all of them, and water too.
 * Anyway, that's that. My edits were mostly grammar tweaks and wikifications.  Happy birthday.  :-)

--KQ 20:06 Sep 10, 2002 (UTC)

I answered your move question on my talk page. BTW you can sign your name to talk posts by either typing three or four tildas ( or ~ ). --mav

Hi ant- thanks for your comments- sorry for the delay- I had some technical hitches- couldn't log onto wiki for a while...

I thought the treee thing would make a nice project, both to try to tie together existing fragmented articles and to try to make a coherent source of information on trees, there uses and mythology- partly it's self interest- I know a fair bit about trees, but my own knowledge is fragmented and weak in places- the discipline of researching and writing about each of the british trees systematically will hopefully fill alot of my own gaps! (and of course at the same time produce a resource which is useful to others... ) Cheers for now quercus robur -

Hello Anthere, thought I'd mention that I'd made a suggestion to your question in Talk:Non-sexist language. Montrealais 08:07 Oct 5, 2002 (UTC)

Mon petit chou, I don't speak French, so I'll have to take your word on it, but I did change it. Someone else put it there as part of the whole ortolan thing. What's your translation? It will probably be more elegant than anything I've come up with so far. Ortolan88

French conversion should be ready to go -- I just have to wait for the automatic backup dump from the old server so I can copy including today's revisions and renames. Should happen a half hour from now. --Brion 09:25 Oct 31, 2002 (UTC)

-

Hi Anthere,

When I referred to a "newbie experiment", I wasn't talking about your current vandal -- I was instead removing an old entry for a user who had only made one edit, the deletion of the content of the WikiWiki page, some days ago. The Anome

Anthere, I got the information from this morning's Los Angeles Times. You have to be registered with them to read their articles so I can't link to the page but this is the article from their website:

-- Zoe (delete this when you're through reading it, I know you don't want to keep all of this on your Talk page)

I fixed the disambiguation maintenance on the French wiki. Enjoy! --Brion 20:35 Nov 10, 2002 (UTC)

I don't think my two-line comment was any different from what d'Estang said. I stand by my interpretation. -- Zoe

Anthere, you have been a bit too harsh on Rinaldum, his modifs to the english version were probably, IMO, just an error -- he was creating a french translation, and perhaps got his windows mixed, which would explain why he introduced french text in the english wikipedia. Perhaps he thought he deleted the results on the french version. My 0.02 cents of an impression...

OTOH, I agree that the election results should go on their own pages, otherwise the "list of Presidents" would become too long a page. --FvdP 13:59 Nov 11, 2002 (UTC)

FvdP 13:59 Nov 11, 2002 (UTC)

I'm sorry if I said anything that offended you, Anthere. --Ed Poor
 * Ed, I was shocked to see your message. You're usually quite diplomatic. ...?  :-)  --KQ

 * I was also shocked, upon re-reading the sequence of posts, to see how offensive my words appeared (even to me!).
 * Anthere, Je regrette que j'ai employee votre diminitive sans permission. --user:Ed Poor

User:hfastedge replied

Message from Dan Koehl to you at Utilisateur:anthere ;-) FvdP 23:46 Nov 28, 2002 (UTC)

I replied to your question and added a bonus photo on my talk page, thanks for your interest, Anthere. I am curious where you found my hairless cats, if not on the Sphynx page... User:Steverapaport

I have moved the talk at Utilisateur:anthere to User talk:Anthere/utilisateur in order to keep it separate from the main encyclopedia articles. -- Derek Ross

---

Hi Anthere,(didn't you pull away from here last year? Back again! :))

 * er, no. Was not me. I know there was a user:ant, his name somehow similar to my nickname...but no, I was not there in 2001.

There has been a lot of positive activity on susning, which should not be hidden.

Meanwhile, as from my point of view, the susning was started just before the swedish wikipedia had its start, so all the people went there. Susning is a private site with its extremely peculiar rules which the owner doessnt really explain.

His, very unclear policy is, every writer is owner. If there's more than one writer per article (likely not, after 1,5 years?) then none of them may use this file anywhere else. In the end the owner claim ownership to the total site material.

 * so, not free, and definitely not favoring collaboration...why would not both authors agree for a common ownership then ? I guess everyone must be preventing others from adding anything to their articles. Sad.

There was no link to the Swedish wikipedia until one month ago. On the other hand no one ws there, so why, but I find it extremely strange that the www.susning is so enjoyed and has advertisement everywhere around in wikipedias, when the owner is against the development of the Swedish wikipedia, and is trying to make people believe he had the swedish one...

I personally spend some 400 hours in October (about the same in November) making around 2000 articles. Most of them containing many, many, many commas. Long ones, interlinked genealogical links and God knows, a hell of a job, but funny.

Suddenly at the 21 of November the first advertisement banner at the head of the site came up, with a Dell banner. People went angry, since we suddenly understood the guy wants now to earn money from all we wrote, but he doesn't want to pay us. Is this OK? if he doesn't tell this from the beginning?

 * remind me of the spanish fork yes. People got mad just with the allusion of a banner.

About one weeek of battle on the site, he doesn't answer questions, doesn't try negotiating, just says it's his site. Nice community?

 * He seems to say he never tried to hide it was a private ownership. I guess...just as was (?) Wikipedia...but we are free to pick up stuff.

No willing to discuss from the owner, this "community" was clearly suddenly a private website, the playground for a private person, we had no rights to our material, forbidden to download database since it's not open system.

We are now slowly developing the Swedish true Wikipedia, from about 250 articles to over 1100 in one week, but have to do this manually, open the file at susning, copy, make a file (trouble because it's the old script) at wiki paste it, and repair links. The guy is laughing at us, not even want to tell where we can find our files. Can you imagine finding (and remembering) thousands of files and bring them to a new site? A lot of work. Why is Wikipedia supporting someone who is absolutely not supporting Wikipedia? Thanks for asking, and for the help with my files, I guess, I was "new" when I did that. user:Dan Koehl

 * yeah, it must be a hell of a job. I keep links to the articles I feel personal attachment. Yeah, I wonder about the support; from the mailing lists, I understood Jimmy disagreed very much with Lars, but mostly for content issues. I had understood it was private ownership (and indeed, I can understand he somehow need money for the bandwidth and the server...but this can be discussed...), but not that the content was not free. I am surprised you all accepted to put in so much work while not having the right to pick up your stuff after some minor changes.

 * btw, do you speak french ? If so, I hope you will drop by from time to time to tell us about your place (must be pretty dark and cold outside right now ;-)), and put some links when you are in phase III.

 * btw2, this is not really my user page here. It is at user:anthere. But, well, okay, I'll keep this one too. I have two nice pictures I scanned today. It's gonna be a warm place :-). I am also at the french wiki under utilisateur:anthere and at anthere. My problem is that I used an utilisateur here (for the message I let you), and sometimes I use a user on the french wiki. Why on earth is not the code the same everywhere : something like u:anthere ???

 * btw3, I hope you will be an active one to help us in the integration of the international wikis in the global scheme. A couple of us removed the ugliest weeds from the way, but there's still work to do :-)

 * Well, welcome anyway. I hope you make yourself a nice cozy place at the new wiki, with lots of cooperation, freedom and joy. user:anthere

 * Thanks Anthere, of course you are right with a common ownership and an integration of the both sites, in order to keep the work on one place and avoid people getting pissed off and stop contributing at all. But Lars is somehow not interested in such a solution, in my opinion he's not interested in the idealistic angle of this, he's interested in the personal honor by the high visits to his site, and the potential money he can get when more ads will be developed. So, there's not much we can do...And this means that people are split in two groups, or three since now some are writing the same articles on two places, bizarre. Or, rather four groups, the fourth group of people, so pissed off, and so sad, that they stopped writing at all.

I will be around, unfortunately I don't speak French... user:Dan Koehl

title: User:Anthere/placard


text:
Critical mass

In nuclear engineering, a critical mass is the smallest amount of fissile material needed for a sustained nuclear chain reaction. The critical mass of a fissionable material depends upon its nuclear properties (specifically, its nuclear fission cross-section), density, shape, enrichment, purity, temperature, and surroundings. The concept is important in nuclear weapon design.

Point of criticality
When a nuclear chain reaction in a mass of fissile material is self-sustaining, the mass is said to be in a critical state in which there is no increase or decrease in power, temperature, or neutron population.

A numerical measure of a critical mass depends on the effective neutron multiplication factor $k$, the average number of neutrons released per fission event that go on to cause another fission event rather than being absorbed or leaving the material. A subcritical mass is a mass that does not have the ability to sustain a fission chain reaction. A population of neutrons introduced to a subcritical assembly will exponentially decrease. In this case, called subcriticality, k < 1.

A critical mass is a mass of fissile material that self-sustains a fission chain reaction. In this case, called criticality, k = 1. A steady rate of spontaneous fission causes a proportionally steady level of neutron activity.

A supercritical mass is a mass which, once fission has started, will proceed at an increasing rate. In this case, called supercriticality, k > 1. The constant of proportionality increases as $k$ increases. The material may settle into equilibrium (i.e. become critical again) at an elevated temperature/power level or destroy itself.

Due to spontaneous fission a supercritical mass will undergo a chain reaction. For example, a spherical critical mass of pure uranium-235 (235U) with a mass of about 52 kg would experience around 15 spontaneous fission events per second. The probability that one such event will cause a chain reaction depends on how much the mass exceeds the critical mass. If there is uranium-238 (238U) present, the rate of spontaneous fission will be much higher. Fission can also be initiated by neutrons produced by cosmic rays.

Changing the point of criticality
The mass where criticality occurs may be changed by modifying certain attributes such as fuel, shape, temperature, density and the installation of a neutron-reflective substance. These attributes have complex interactions and interdependencies. These examples only outline the simplest ideal cases:

Varying the amount of fuel
It is possible for a fuel assembly to be critical at near zero power. If the perfect quantity of fuel were added to a slightly subcritical mass to create an "exactly critical mass", fission would be self-sustaining for only one neutron generation (fuel consumption then makes the assembly subcritical again).

Similarly, if the perfect quantity of fuel were added to a slightly subcritical mass, to create a barely supercritical mass, the temperature of the assembly would increase to an initial maximum (for example: 1 K above the ambient temperature) and then decrease back to the ambient temperature after a period of time, because fuel consumed during fission brings the assembly back to subcriticality once again.

Changing the shape
A mass may be exactly critical without being a perfect homogeneous sphere. More closely refining the shape toward a perfect sphere will make the mass supercritical. Conversely changing the shape to a less perfect sphere will decrease its reactivity and make it subcritical.

Changing the temperature
A mass may be exactly critical at a particular temperature. Fission and absorption cross-sections increase as the relative neutron velocity decreases. As fuel temperature increases, neutrons of a given energy appear faster and thus fission/absorption is less likely. This is not unrelated to Doppler broadening of the 238U resonances but is common to all fuels/absorbers/configurations. Neglecting the very important resonances, the total neutron cross-section of every material exhibits an inverse relationship with relative neutron velocity. Hot fuel is always less reactive than cold fuel (over/under moderation in LWR is a different topic). Thermal expansion associated with temperature increase also contributes a negative coefficient of reactivity since fuel atoms are moving farther apart. A mass that is exactly critical at room temperature would be sub-critical in an environment anywhere above room temperature due to thermal expansion alone.

Varying the density of the mass
The higher the density, the lower the critical mass. The density of a material at a constant temperature can be changed by varying the pressure or tension or by changing crystal structure (see allotropes of plutonium). An ideal mass will become subcritical if allowed to expand or conversely the same mass will become supercritical if compressed. Changing the temperature may also change the density; however, the effect on critical mass is then complicated by temperature effects (see "Changing the temperature") and by whether the material expands or contracts with increased temperature. Assuming the material expands with temperature (enriched uranium-235 at room temperature for example), at an exactly critical state, it will become subcritical if warmed to lower density or become supercritical if cooled to higher density. Such a material is said to have a negative temperature coefficient of reactivity to indicate that its reactivity decreases when its temperature increases. Using such a material as fuel means fission decreases as the fuel temperature increases.

Use of a neutron reflector
Surrounding a spherical critical mass with a neutron reflector further reduces the mass needed for criticality. A common material for a neutron reflector is beryllium metal. This reduces the number of neutrons which escape the fissile material, resulting in increased reactivity.

Use of a tamper
In a bomb, a dense shell of material surrounding the fissile core will contain, via inertia, the expanding fissioning material, which increases the efficiency. This is known as a tamper. A tamper also tends to act as a neutron reflector. Because a bomb relies on fast neutrons (not ones moderated by reflection with light elements, as in a reactor), the neutrons reflected by a tamper are slowed by their collisions with the tamper nuclei, and because it takes time for the reflected neutrons to return to the fissile core, they take rather longer to be absorbed by a fissile nucleus. But they do contribute to the reaction, and can decrease the critical mass by a factor of four. Also, if the tamper is (e.g. depleted) uranium, it can fission due to the high energy neutrons generated by the primary explosion. This can greatly increase yield, especially if even more neutrons are generated by fusing hydrogen isotopes, in a so-called boosted configuration.

Critical size
The critical size is the minimum size of a nuclear reactor core or nuclear weapon that can be made for a specific geometrical arrangement and material composition. The critical size must at least include enough fissionable material to reach critical mass. If the size of the reactor core is less than a certain minimum, too many fission neutrons escape through its surface and the chain reaction is not sustained.

Critical mass of a bare sphere

The shape with minimal critical mass and the smallest physical dimensions is a sphere. Bare-sphere critical masses at normal density of some actinides are listed in the following table. Most information on bare sphere masses is considered classified, since it is critical to nuclear weapons design, but some documents have been declassified.

The critical mass for lower-grade uranium depends strongly on the grade: with 20% 235U it is over 400 kg; with 15% 235U, it is well over 600 kg.

The critical mass is inversely proportional to the square of the density. If the density is 1% more and the mass 2% less, then the volume is 3% less and the diameter 1% less. The probability for a neutron per cm travelled to hit a nucleus is proportional to the density. It follows that 1% greater density means that the distance travelled before leaving the system is 1% less. This is something that must be taken into consideration when attempting more precise estimates of critical masses of plutonium isotopes than the approximate values given above, because plutonium metal has a large number of different crystal phases which can have widely varying densities.

Note that not all neutrons contribute to the chain reaction. Some escape and others undergo radiative capture.

Let q denote the probability that a given neutron induces fission in a nucleus. Consider only prompt neutrons, and let ν denote the number of prompt neutrons generated in a nuclear fission. For example, ν ≈ 2.5 for uranium-235. Then, criticality occurs when ν·q = 1. The dependence of this upon geometry, mass, and density appears through the factor q.

Given a total interaction cross section σ (typically measured in barns), the mean free path of a prompt neutron is $$ \ell^{-1} = n \sigma $$ where n is the nuclear number density. Most interactions are scattering events, so that a given neutron obeys a random walk until it either escapes from the medium or causes a fission reaction. So long as other loss mechanisms are not significant, then, the radius of a spherical critical mass is rather roughly given by the product of the mean free path $$ \ell $$ and the square root of one plus the number of scattering events per fission event (call this s), since the net distance travelled in a random walk is proportional to the square root of the number of steps:

R_c \simeq \ell \sqrt{s} \simeq \frac{\sqrt{s}}{n \sigma} $$

Note again, however, that this is only a rough estimate.

In terms of the total mass M, the nuclear mass m, the density ρ, and a fudge factor f which takes into account geometrical and other effects, criticality corresponds to

1 = \frac{f \sigma}{m \sqrt{s}} \rho^{2/3} M^{1/3} $$

which clearly recovers the aforementioned result that critical mass depends inversely on the square of the density.

Alternatively, one may restate this more succinctly in terms of the areal density of mass, Σ:

1 = \frac{f' \sigma}{m \sqrt{s}} \Sigma $$

where the factor f has been rewritten as f' to account for the fact that the two values may differ depending upon geometrical effects and how one defines Σ. For example, for a bare solid sphere of 239Pu criticality is at 320 kg/m2, regardless of density, and for 235U at 550 kg/m2. In any case, criticality then depends upon a typical neutron "seeing" an amount of nuclei around it such that the areal density of nuclei exceeds a certain threshold.

This is applied in implosion-type nuclear weapons where a spherical mass of fissile material that is substantially less than a critical mass is made supercritical by very rapidly increasing ρ (and thus Σ as well) (see below). Indeed, sophisticated nuclear weapons programs can make a functional device from less material than more primitive weapons programs require.

Aside from the math, there is a simple physical analog that helps explain this result. Consider diesel fumes belched from an exhaust pipe. Initially the fumes appear black, then gradually you are able to see through them without any trouble. This is not because the total scattering cross section of all the soot particles has changed, but because the soot has dispersed. If we consider a transparent cube of length L on a side, filled with soot, then the optical depth of this medium is inversely proportional to the square of L, and therefore proportional to the areal density of soot particles: we can make it easier to see through the imaginary cube just by making the cube larger.

Several uncertainties contribute to the determination of a precise value for critical masses, including (1) detailed knowledge of fission cross sections, (2) calculation of geometric effects. This latter problem provided significant motivation for the development of the Monte Carlo method in computational physics by Nicholas Metropolis and Stanislaw Ulam. In fact, even for a homogeneous solid sphere, the exact calculation is by no means trivial. Finally, note that the calculation can also be performed by assuming a continuum approximation for the neutron transport. This reduces it to a diffusion problem. However, as the typical linear dimensions are not significantly larger than the mean free path, such an approximation is only marginally applicable.

Finally, note that for some idealized geometries, the critical mass might formally be infinite, and other parameters are used to describe criticality. For example, consider an infinite sheet of fissionable material. For any finite thickness, this corresponds to an infinite mass. However, criticality is only achieved once the thickness of this slab exceeds a critical value.

Criticality in nuclear weapon design
Until detonation is desired, a nuclear weapon must be kept subcritical. In the case of a uranium gun-type bomb, this can be achieved by keeping the fuel in a number of separate pieces, each below the critical size either because they are too small or unfavorably shaped. To produce detonation, the pieces of uranium are brought together rapidly. In Little Boy, this was achieved by firing a piece of uranium (a 'doughnut') down a gun barrel onto another piece (a 'spike'). This design is referred to as a gun-type fission weapon.

A theoretical 100% pure 239Pu weapon could also be constructed as a gun-type weapon, like the Manhattan Project's proposed Thin Man design. In reality, this is impractical because even "weapons grade" 239Pu is contaminated with a small amount of 240Pu, which has a strong propensity toward spontaneous fission. Because of this, a reasonably sized gun-type weapon would suffer nuclear reaction (predetonation) before the masses of plutonium would be in a position for a full-fledged explosion to occur. Instead, the plutonium is present as a subcritical sphere (or other shape), which may or may not be hollow. Detonation is produced by exploding a shaped charge surrounding the sphere, increasing the density (and collapsing the cavity, if present) to produce a prompt critical configuration. This is known as an implosion type weapon.

Prompt criticality
The event of fission must release, on the average, more than one free neutron of the desired energy level in order to sustain a chain reaction, and each must find other nuclei and cause them to fission. Most of the neutrons released from a fission event come immediately from that event, but a fraction of them come later, when the fission products decay, which may be on the average from microseconds to minutes later. This is fortunate for atomic power generation, for without this delay "going critical" would be an immediately catastrophic event, as it is in a nuclear bomb where upwards of 80 generations of chain reaction occur in less than a microsecond, far too fast for a human, or even a machine, to react. Physicists recognize two points in the gradual increase of neutron flux which are significant: critical, where the chain reaction becomes self-sustaining thanks to the contributions of both kinds of neutron generation, and prompt critical, where the immediate "prompt" neutrons alone will sustain the reaction without need for the decay neutrons. Nuclear power plants operate between these two points of reactivity, while above the prompt critical point is the domain of nuclear weapons and some nuclear power accidents, such as the Chernobyl disaster.

title: Critical mass


text:
Jules Grévy

François Judith Paul Grévy (15 August 1807 – 9 September 1891), known as Jules Grévy, was a French lawyer and politician who served as President of France from 1879 to 1887. He was a leader of the Moderate Republicans, and given that his predecessors were monarchists who tried without success to restore the French monarchy, Grévy is considered the first real republican president of France. During Grevy's presidency from 1879 to 1887, according to David Bell, there was a disunity among his cabinets. Only one survived more than a year. Grevy paid attention chiefly to defense, internal order, and foreign relations. Critics argue that Grevy's confusing approach to appointments set a bad precedent for handling crises. Grevy's son-in-law was implicated in a corruption scandal in 1887, and Grevy had to resign after exhausting the pool of willing politicians to form a fresh government.

Born in a small town in the Jura department, Grévy moved to Paris where he initially followed a career in law before becoming a republican activist. He began his political career after the French Revolution of 1848, as a member of the National Assembly of the French Second Republic, where he became known for his opposition to Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte and as a supporter of lesser authority for the executive branch. During the 1851 coup d'état by Louis-Napoléon he was briefly imprisoned, and afterwards retired from political life.

With the downfall of the Second French Empire and the reestablishment of the Republic in 1870, Grévy returned to prominence in national politics. After occupying high offices in the National Assembly and the Chamber of Deputies, he was elected president of France in 1879. During his presidency Grévy confirmed his longtime stance by diminishing his own executive authority in favor of the Parliament, and in foreign policy strove for peaceful relations and opposed colonialism. He was reelected in 1885, but two years later was compelled to resign due to a political scandal involving his son-in-law, although Grévy himself was not implicated. His nearly nine years as president of France are seen as the consolidation of the French Third Republic.

Early life and career
Grévy was born on 15 August 1807 in Mont-sous-Vaudrey, in the department of Jura, into a republican family. His paternal grandfather, Nicolas Grévy (1736–1812), the son of farmers from Aumont, moved to Mont-sous-Vaudrey during the French Revolution, where he bought the property of la Grangerie. He was a justice of the peace. Grévy's parents were François Hyacinthe Grevy (1773–1857) and Jeanne Gabrielle Planet (1782–1855). His father, who had joined the French Revolutionary Army as a volunteer in 1792, rose to become a battalion commander and fought in the Revolutionary Wars until retiring to Mont-sous-Vaudrey under the Consulate. He operated a tile factory on his property.

At age 10, Grévy started attending school at the nearby town of Poligny, and continued his studies in Besançon, Dole, and finally at the Faculty of Law of Paris. He became a lawyer at the Paris bar in 1837, distinguishing himself at the Conférence du barreau de Paris. Having steadily maintained republican principles under the July Monarchy, he started his political activity as a defense attorney in the trial of Philippet and Quignot, two accomplies of Armand Barbès in a failed republican insurrection on 12 May 1839.

Second Republic
In 1848, a revolution in France abolished the July Monarchy and led to the creation of the Second Republic, and with it Grévy was appointed Commissioner of the Republic for the department of Jura. In April 1848 he was elected by that department for a seat in the constituent National Assembly. On the signed declaration for his candidacy, Grévy demanded a "strong and liberal Republic, that makes itself loved for its wisdom and moderation". Foreseeing the rise of Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte in that year's presidential election he began to advocate a weak executive branch, and became famous during the debates on the drafting of the Constitution for his opposition to electing the president by universal suffrage, instead proposing that the executive power should be vested on a "President of the Council of Ministers", who would be appointed and dismissed by the directly elected National Assembly. The "Grévy Amendment", as it became known, was rejected, and in December 1848 Bonaparte was elected president of France.

Grévy was elected vice-president of the National Assembly in April 1849. The same month he protested against the president's decision to launch an expedition against the revolutionary Roman Republic, created as part of the First Italian War of Independence, but the invasion proceeded and succeeded in restoring Papal rule. In 1851, his fear that Louis-Napoléon intended to perpetuate himself in power was proven true, when the president seized dictatorial power with a coup d'état on 2 December, in which Grévy was arrested and imprisoned in Mazas Prison. He was released shortly after but retired from politics in the subsequent French Empire, under now emperor Napoleon III, and returned to his law practice.

Third Republic
Grévy resumed his political career in the last years of the Empire. In 1868 he was elected to the Corps législatif, where he quickly emerged as a leader of the liberal opposition. Along with Adolphe Thiers and Léon Gambetta he opposed the declaration of the Franco-Prussian War, in 1870, and condemned the socialist insurrection of the Paris Commune. Upon the death of Thiers years later, in 1877, Grévy would become the head of the Republican Party.

After the collapse of the Empire in the Franco-Prussian War, Grévy was elected as representative of Jura and Bouches-du-Rhône to the National Assembly of the new Third Republic, in 1871. He served as president of the Assembly from February 1871 to April 1873, when he resigned on account of the opposition from the Right, which blamed him for having called one of its members to order in the session of the previous day. On 8 March 1876 Grévy was named president of the Chamber of Deputies, a post which he filled with such efficiency that upon the resignation of Legitimist president Marshal de MacMahon he seemed to step naturally into the Presidency of the Republic, and on 30 January 1879 was elected without opposition by the republican parties.

Presidency
Throughout his presidency, Grévy sought to minimize his powers and instead favored a strong legislature. On 6 February 1879, shortly after taking office, he made a speech before the Chambers where he explained his vision of the role of President: “Subject with sincerity to the great law of the parliamentary regime, I will never enter into battle against national wishes expressed by its institutional bodies”. This interpretation of the office's limited power influenced most of the later presidents of the Third Republic.

In foreign policy he strove for peaceful relations, particularly with the German Empire, resisting revanchist demands for a retribution over the disastrous defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, and opposed colonial expansion. Among internal policies his presidency was marked by anti-clerical reforms, particularly under the government of prime minister Charles de Freycinet. In 1880, he passed an amnesty law in favor of the communards.

On 28 December 1885, Grévy was elected for another seven years as president of the Republic. Two years later however, in December 1887, he was compelled to resign due to a political scandal that started after his son-in-law, Daniel Wilson, was found to be selling awards of the Legion of Honour. Although Grévy himself was not implicated in the scheme, he was indirectly responsible for the misuse Wilson had made of the access to the Élysée. Under pressure from the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate, Grévy resigned on 2 December and addressed a last message to the two chambers, in which he stated "my duty and my right would be to resist, wisdom and patriotism command me to yield". This political matter was the first to feed anti-Masonic opinion in France.

Grévy wrote a two-volume Discours politiques et judiciaires ("Political and Judicial Speeches") in 1888.

Personal life
Grévy married in 1848 to Coralie Frassie, the daughter of a tanner from Narbonne. They had one daughter, Alice (1849–1938), who married Daniel Wilson in 1881.

He died in his hometown of Mont-sous-Vaudrey on 9 September 1891, following a pulmonary edema. His state funeral was held on 14 September.

Initiated at the masonic lodge "La Constante Amitié" in Arras, his masonic activity was inseparable from his policies, especially in the ensuing struggle for separation of church and state that marked the beginning of the Third Republic and MacMahon's resignation.

In private life, Grévy was an ardent billiards player, and was featured as one in a portrait published in the Vanity Fair magazine in 1879.

He is referred to as one of Swann's dinner hosts in Proust's In Search of Lost Time.

There is a type of lilac, Syringa vulgaris 'President Grévy', named after him.

Grévy's zebra is named after him.

title: Jules Grévy


text:
Félix Dupanloup

Félix Antoine Philibert Dupanloup (3 January 1802 – 11 October 1878) was a French ecclesiastic. He was among the leaders of Liberal Catholicism in France.

Biography
Dupanloup was born at Saint-Félix, in Upper Savoy, (which at the time was part of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia rather than France) an illegitimate son of Prince Camillo Borghese. In his earliest years he was confided to the care of his brother, a priest in the diocese of Chambéry. In 1810 he was sent to a pensionnat ecclésiastique at Paris. Thence he went to the seminary of Saint-Nicolas-du-Chardonnet in 1813, and was transferred to the seminary of Saint Sulpice at Paris in 1820. In 1825 he was ordained priest, and was appointed vicar of the Madeleine at Paris. For a time he was tutor to the Orléans princes. He became the founder of a celebrated academy at St Hyacinthe, and received a letter from Gregory XVI lauding his work there, and calling him Apostolus juventutis.

He was elected to the Académie française in 1854, occupying the thirty-eighth chair and leading the academy's "religious party", in which capacity he manoeuvred against the election of agnostic intellectuals. Dupanloup resigned in 1875 after Émile Littré, an agnostic, was elected to the academy.

His imposing height, his noble features,his brilliant eloquence, as well as his renown for zeal and charity, made him a prominent feature in French life for many years. Crowds of persons attended his addresses, on whom his energy, command of language, powerful voice and impassioned gestures made a profound impression. When made bishop of Orléans in 1849, he pronounced a fervid panegyric on Joan of Arc, which attracted attention in England as well as France. Joan of Arc was later canonized, due partly to Dupanloup's efforts. Before this, he had been sent by Archbishop Aifre to Rome, and had been appointed Roman prelate and protonotary apostolic.

For thirty years he remained a notable figure in France, doing his utmost to arouse his countrymen from religious indifference. He was a distinguished educationist who fought for the retention of the Latin classics in the schools and instituted the celebrated catechetical method of St Sulpice. Among his publications are:
 * De l'Éducation (1850)
 * De la Haute Éducation Intellectuelle (3 vols., 1866)
 * Œuvres Choisies (1861, 4 vols.)
 * Histoire de Jésus (1872), a counterblast to Renan's Vie de Jésus.

In ecclesiastical policy his views were moderate. Both before and during the First Vatican Council, he opposed the definition of the dogma of papal infallibility as inopportune, but after the definition was among the first to accept the dogma.

Dupanloup died on 11 October 1878 at the château of La Combe-de-Lancey.

Memory
In the work known as Illustrissimi, a collection of letters written by Pope John Paul I when he was Patriarch of Venice, Dupanloup is one of the "recipients" of the letters. There are 40 letters in all, mainly to people in Italian history and fiction, but also to internationally well known fictional and historical characters such as Pinocchio, Charles Dickens, Hippocrates, and Jesus. Each of the letters tend to be droll and witty, but cleverly turned into a short sermon in order to make a point, whether it is on fashion, pornography, capitalism, or the communications industry.

In his book My Life and Loves, volume III, chapter 15, Frank Harris tells of an anecdote he told Prince Edward, The Prince of Wales, about the bishop: "'There is a story told,' I said, 'of Monseigneur Dupanloup, Bishop of Orleans, who was supposed to be one of the wittiest men of his time. He was at dinner once with a lady who made a peculiar little noise and then proceeded to shuffle with her feet on the parquet so as to cover the indiscretion with similar sounds. 'Oh, Madame,' said the witty Bishop, 'please don't trouble to find a rhyme; it is not important.'' The Prince laughed but did not prize the witty word at its real worth."

Works

 * (1845). De la Pacification Religieuse. Lecoffre et Cie.
 * (1860). La Souveraineté Pontificale selon le Droit Catholique et le Droit Européen. J. Lecoffre et Cie.
 * (1860). Réponse de Mgr l'Évêque d'Orléans à M. le Baron Molroguier. Paris: Charles Douniol.
 * (1861). Défense de la Liberté de l'Église. R. Ruffet.
 * (1865). La Convention du 8 Décembre. Suivie d'une Lettre au Journal des Débats. Paris: Charles Douniol.
 * (1866). L'Athéisme et le Péril Social. Paris: Charles Douniol et Cie.
 * (1866). Entretiens sur la Prédication Populaire. Paris: Charles Douniol.
 * (1866). De la Haute Éducation Intellectuelle. Paris: Charles Douniol.
 * (1867). Louis XVII, sa Vie, son Agonie, sa Mort: captivité de la famille royale au Temple. H. Plon.
 * (1869). L' Enfant. Paris: Charles Douniol.
 * (1869). La Femme Studieuse. Paris: Charles Douniol.
 * (1872). De l'Éducation. Paris: Charles Douniol et Cie. [3 volumes].
 * De l'Éducation en Général.
 * De l'Autorité et du respect dans l'Éducation.
 * Les Hommes d'Éducation.
 * (1875). Étude sur la Franc-maçonnerie. Paris: Charles Douniol.
 * (1878). Premières Lettres a Messieurs les Membres du Conseil Municipal de Paris sur le Centenaire de Voltaire. Paris: Société Bibliographique.
 * (1879). Lettres sur l'Éducation des Filles et sur les Études qui Convienment aux Femmes dans le Monde. Paris: Charles Douniol.
 * (1920). Le Mariage Chrétien. Paris: P. Téqui.

Works in English translation

 * (1860). The Papal Sovereignty. London: Catholic Publishing and Bookselling Company.
 * (1869). Studious Women. Boston: Patrick Donahoe.
 * (1869). Joan of Arc. London: Burns and Oates.
 * (1875). The Child. Boston: Thomas B. Noonan & Co.
 * (1875). A Study of Freemasonry. London: Burns and Oates (American edition: Newark, N.J.: J.J. O'Connor & Co, 1876).
 * (1890). The Ministry of Catechising. London: Griffith Farran & Co.
 * (1891). The Ministry of Preaching. London: Griffith Farran, Okeden & Welsh.

Selected articles

 * (1867). "Learned Women and Studious Women," Part II, The Catholic World, Vol. VI, pp. 24–43, 209–226.

title: Félix Dupanloup