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Procedures of the United States House of Representatives

The United States Constitution provides that each "House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings," therefore each Congress of the United States, upon convening, approves its own governing rules of procedure. This clause has been interpreted by the courts to mean that a new Congress is not bound by the rules of proceedings of the previous Congress.

Currently the procedures of the United States House of Representatives are governed by the Constitution, the House Rules, and Jefferson's Manual.

Rules of the House
Prior to the adoption of the rules by the United States House of Representatives, the House operates under general parliamentary rules and Jefferson's Manual but these are not binding on the current House until they are approved by the membership of the current Congress. Historically, the current Congress will adopt the rules of the previous Congress and make any amendments they think are necessary to govern themselves.

The Rules of the House of Representatives are prepared by the Clerk of the House.

On December 6, 2016, in the final month of the 114th Congress, the House resolved that a revised version of the Rules would be printed for the 115th Congress.

Rules of Decorum
While on the floor of the House of Representatives, Members are bound by a number of rules on their behavior. Clause 5 of Rule XVII of the House Rules forbids:

 * Exiting or crossing the hall while the Speaker is addressing the House.
 * Passing between the Chair and a Member under recognition.
 * Wearing a hat (This provision was modified in the 116th Congress to allow religious head coverings).
 * Using a mobile electronic device that impairs decorum.
 * Remaining by the Clerk's desk during roll calls.
 * Smoking.

Clause 7 of Rule XVII forbids Members from "bring[ing] to the attention of the House an occupant in the galleries of the House". In practice, this prevents Members from talking about the visitors who are seated in the galleries above.

While the proscription on using electronic devices is more recent, some of the current House Rules originated in the early sessions of Congress. After independence, members of Congress would often wear their hats, as was the custom in the British Parliament, however this custom was abolished in the House of Representatives in 1837.

Daily business
The Speaker calls the House to order, the Chaplain of the House then offers a prayer, and the Speaker and House approves the legislative journal from the previous legislative day. After approval of the journal the members recite the Pledge of Allegiance, followed by the start of legislative business.

Order of priority of business
The House generally adheres to the following order of priority as outlined in the House Rules, specifically Rule XIV during the 114th Congress, but variations exist to this order as a result of House Rules or parliamentary rules that take precedence. The House may suspend this order and conduct itself as it sees fit consistent with House Rules and with Parliamentary procedure.

 * 1) Prayer by the Chaplain.
 * 2) Reading and approval of the Journal.
 * 3) The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag.
 * 4) Correction of reference of public bills.
 * 5) Disposal of business on the Speaker's table.
 * 6) Unfinished business as provided in rules.
 * 7) Consideration of bills called up by committees.
 * 8) State of the Union
 * 9) Orders of the day.

Speaking on the Floor
At the beginning of the legislative business day, after the prayer, approval of the previous day's Journal, and pledge of allegiance, the Speaker of the House may recognize members for one-minute speeches. The rules of the House do not specifically provide for one-minute speeches, rather they have evolved as a unanimous consent practice of the chamber, where members must ask for unanimous consent to address the chamber. Under the power of House Rule XVII, clause 2, the Speaker decides when to entertain unanimous consent requests to address the House for one-minute, and how many speeches will be allowed. There may be unlimited time for speeches, or pressing legislative business may necessitate a shorter time. If there are any limitations on time, the majority and minority leadership typically receive advance notice.

Members do not need to receive prior authorization to deliver a one-minute speech. To deliver a one-minute speech, members go to the front row of seats on their party’s side of the Floor and sit down. The Speaker will recognize members in turn, alternating between the majority and minority sides. When the chair announces that one minute has expired, the Member can finish the sentence underway but must then stop speaking. If the member cannot finish their remarks in one minute, they may insert additional material, either the full speech or extraneous materials, such as constituent communications or newspaper articles, into the Congressional Record. The inserted material appears in a distinct typeface in the Congressional Record, typically italics.

One-minute speeches have many uses in Congress, including allowing members to explain a new bill or a floor amendment they will offer later in the day. Representatives also use one-minute speeches to deliver eulogies and tributes concerning individuals and organizations in their congressional district. One minutes also provide Members with an opportunity to express their views on bills, policy issues, and local, national, and international events. These speeches are one of the few unrestricted options members of Congress have to express a position.

Not all members of Congress use one-minute speeches equally. In previous studies of legislative behavior, results suggest institutionally disadvantaged members of Congress, members who may have limited position-taking opportunities through traditional channels, are more likely to deliver a one-minute speech. These include junior members of Congress, members of the minority party in the House, ideologically extreme representatives, or non-committee chairs. These members of Congress have little opportunity to shape the legislative process, and therefore rely on alternative mechanisms, such as one-minute speeches to represent their constituents.

On February 7, 2018, Representative Nancy Pelosi (D-CA) delivered the then-longest one-minute speech since at least 1909, speaking for eight hours and seven minutes. Pelosi's speech took advantage of a rule that allows only top party leaders (the Speaker, the Majority Leader, and the Minority Leader) the right to speak as long as they want: this custom is called the leadership minute, or magic minute. In November 2021, minority leader Kevin McCarthy used the minute to speak for eight hours and thirty-two minutes, the longest in the House's modern history, prior to the passage of Joe Biden's Build Back Better bill.

Introducing a bill
Any member of the House can introduce a bill at any time, while the House is in session, by placing (or most likely having a page place) a signed copy of the bill in the "hopper" at the side of the Clerk's desk on the Rostrum. Other members of the House may co-sponsor any bill to be introduced in the House by a member. These co-sponsors are not required to sign the bill and are considered under House Rules to be "original co-sponsors" and "additional co-sponsors" depending on whether they co-sponsored the bill at the time it was introduced or added their names to the bill after its introduction.

After the Clerk of the House receives the bill it is then assigned a legislative number, enrolled in the House Journal and printed in the Congressional Record and the Speaker of the House refers the bill to the Committee(s) with jurisdiction by sending the bill to the office of the chairman of the committee(s), and the Clerk of the Committee will add the bill to the Committee's calendar. The Speaker designates one of these committees as a "primary committee" with primary jurisdiction and responsibility for the bill and all other committee(s) are considered "additional committees." The Speaker may impose time limits on these committee(s) when appropriate - traditionally if the primary committee has reported out a version of the bill to the full House.

House floor action on a bill
Upon being reported out of Committee or removed from Committee by the House, a bill will be added to the House Calendar and any rules setting out how much time is allowed for debate, or other matters may be passed by the House in the form of a resolution. Generally, the supporters and opponents of a bill control debate time and may yield time to members who wish to speak upon the bill. In many instances this is the chairman and ranking member of the primary committee. If amendments are permitted under the rules governing floor action on the bill they are debated and voted upon at the time of the amendment (although common practice usually permits the House to debate several amendments without immediately voting on them, then voting back-to-back at the end of the series of amendments, which can either be voice votes or recorded votes). After the conclusion of time for debate and after all amendments have been disposed of, the matter is usually voted upon by the full House, unless the rules permit and a member moves to recommit (or commit) the bill back to committee. The chair will only recognize a member who is opposed to the bill for a Motion to Recommit and gives preference to members of the minority party. A motion to recommit may take two forms:
 * with instructions to take some action and then report back the bill forthwith, which will result in the Committee chairman immediately re-reporting to the House the bill according to the instructions in the motion to recommit;
 * without instructions, which leaves the bill in committee for reconsideration.

Committees
It is in Committee(s) that bills get the most scrutiny and attention and that most of the work on a bill is done. Committees play an important role in the legislative process by providing members the opportunity to study, debate and amend the bill and the public with the opportunity to make comments on the bill. There are three types of House Committees, these are:

1) standing committees elected by members of the House,

2) select committees appointed by the Speaker of the House, and

3) joint committees whose members are chosen according to the statute or resolution that created that committee.

As the House Rules limit the amount of floor debate on any given bill the committees play an important function in determining the final content and format of the bill.

After the committee conducts any necessary research, and has debated and voted on any amendments that were offered in committee they may take one of three actions. These are reporting a measure to the full House with or without amendments, report the measure to the full House with a negative recommendation or fail to report the measure. The House may under certain rules remove the bill or measure from committee (see discharge petition) if the committee fails to report the measure to the House Rules Committee or to the full House and a negative report to the full House does not terminate the bill. The phrase that a "bill has been killed in committee" is not completely accurate as the full House always has options under the rules to remove the bill from Committee and to take action.

Standing committees
Standing committees are established at the time that the rules of the House are adopted or by amending the House Rules. The jurisdiction of each standing committee is specified in the House Rules. Under the House Rules the chairman and members of standing committees are selected through a two-step procedure where the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference recommends members to serve on Committees, the majority party recommends a Chairman, and the Minority Party recommends a Ranking Member and finally the full House can approve the recommendation of the Party Caucuses.

The Rules of the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference determine the nomination procedure of its own members. Rules of party nominations may therefore differ but approval by the House of these nominations is conducted according to House Rules. Seniority on a Standing Committee is based on the order of the members on the election resolution as approved by the House. The number of members who serve on a committee along with the party ratio of a committee is determined by the Majority and Minority Leaders of the House with the exception of the Committee on Ethics which is limited by the Rules to 5 majority members and 5 minority members.

Membership
The number of members on a committee and the ratio of majority/minority members is determined by the Majority party with consultation with the minority. According to House Rules members of the House of Representatives may serve on two committees and four subcommittees. Seniority on a committee is not based on the longest-serving member of the House but on their order of appointment to that committee by their respective party caucus. The Committee Chairman is usually the ranking majority member in order of seniority (order of appointment). If a member of the House ceases to be a member of his caucus then he ceases having membership on that committee. Independent members of the House may caucus with either the Republican Conference or the Democratic Caucus and thus be appointed to and serve on Committees. Current House Rules also stipulate that a member cannot serve as chairman of the same standing committee or subcommittee for more than three consecutive Congresses (six years).

Chairman and ranking member
The House Rules provide that the chairman of a committee presides over its meetings, maintains decorum and ensures that the committee adheres to the House Rules governing committees and generally acts in an administrative role respective to such issues as determining salaries of committee staff, issuing congressional subpoenas for testimony and issuing committee reports. The committee's minority may also issue a Minority Report at their discretion. Also, a committee chairman along with the ranking member generally control the time each receives on the House Floor respective to a bill that originated or was reported out of their committee. The ranking member is second to the chairman.

Committee staff
According to House Rules each Standing Committee may have up to 30 persons appointed to serve as professional staff, 2/3 of which are selected by the majority committee members and 1/3 of which are selected by the minority members. This allows each party serving in the Committee to have professional staff available to assist them in performing their committee assignments and duties.


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USS Delaware (BB-28)

USS Delaware (BB-28) was a dreadnought battleship of the United States Navy, the lead ship of her class. She was laid down at Newport News Shipbuilding in November 1907, launched in January 1909, and completed in April 1910. The sixth ship to be named for the First State, Delaware was armed with a main battery of ten 12 in guns all on the centerline, making her the most powerful battleship in the world at the time of her construction. She was also the first battleship of the US Navy to be capable of steaming at full speed for 24 continuous hours without suffering a breakdown.

Delaware served in the Atlantic Fleet throughout her career. During World War I, she sailed to Great Britain to reinforce the British Grand Fleet, in the 6th Battle Squadron. She saw no action during the war, however, as both the British and Germans had abandoned direct confrontation with each other. After the end of the war, she returned to her peacetime duties of fleet maneuvers, midshipmen cruises, and good-will visits to foreign ports. Under the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, Delaware was retained until the new battleship USS Colorado (BB-45) was completed in 1924, at which point she was broken up for scrap in accordance with the treaty.

Design

The two Delaware-class battleships were ordered in response to the British battleship HMS Dreadnought (1906), the first all-big-gun battleship to enter service. The previous American dreadnoughts, the South Carolina-class battleship, had been designed before the particulars of HMS Dreadnought were known. The Navy decided that another pair of battleships should be built to counter the perceived superiority of Dreadnought over South Carolina, and so Rear Admiral Washington L. Capps prepared a design for a ship with an additional main battery gun turret to match Dreadnought's ten guns. But unlike Dreadnought, all ten of Delaware's guns could fire on the broadside. At the time of her construction, Delaware was the largest and most powerful battleship then building in the world.

Delaware was 518 ft long overall and had a beam of 85 ft and a draft of 27 ft. She displaced 20380 LT as designed and up to 22400 LT at full load. Her bow had an early example of bulbous forefoot. She had a crew of 933 officers and men.

The ship was powered by two-shaft vertical triple-expansion engines rated at 25000 shp and fourteen coal-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers, generating a top speed of 21 kn. The ship had a cruising range of 6000 nmi at a speed of 10 kn. Also, because Delaware's engine bearings were equipped with forced lubrication instead of a gravity-fed system, she was the first American battleship capable of steaming at full speed for 24 hours without any need for engine repair.

The ship was armed with a main battery of ten 12-inch/45 caliber Mark 5 guns in five twin Mark 7 gun turrets on the centerline, two of which were placed in a superfiring pair forward. The other three turrets were placed aft of the superstructure. The secondary battery consisted of 14 5 in/50 caliber Mark 6 guns mounted on Mark 9 and Mark 12 pedestal mounts in casemates along the side of the hull. As was standard for capital ships of the period, she carried a pair of 21 in torpedo tubes, submerged in her hull on the broadside.

Delaware's main armored belt was 11 in thick, while the armored deck was 2 in thick. The gun turrets had 12 in thick faces and the conning tower had 11.5 in thick sides.

Service history
Delaware was built by Newport News Shipbuilding; she was laid down on 11 November 1907 and was launched on 6 January 1909. After completion of the fitting-out work, the ship was commissioned into the United States Navy on 4 April 1910. On 3 October, she steamed to Wilmington, Delaware, where she received a set of silver service from her namesake state. The battleship then returned to Hampton Roads on the 9th, and remained there until she left to join the First Division of the Atlantic Fleet, on 1 November. She and the rest of the division visited England and France, and then conducted maneuvers off Cuba in January 1911.

On 17 January, a boiler explosion aboard Delaware killed eight men and badly scalded another. On 31 January, the ship carried the remains of Don Anibal Cruz, the Chilean ambassador to the United States, back to Chile. She steamed by way of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, around the tip of South America, to Punta Arenas, Chile. She returned to New York City on 5 May, and then left for Portsmouth on 4 June to participate in the coronation fleet review for King George V.

Throughout the next five years, Delaware participated in the normal peacetime routine of fleet and squadron maneuvers, gunnery drills, and torpedo practice in the Atlantic Fleet. During the summer months, she conducted training cruises for midshipmen from the Naval Academy. She was present in the Naval Review of 14 October 1912, attended by President William Howard Taft and the Secretary of the Navy George von Lengerke Meyer. In 1913, she conducted a good-will visit to Villefranche, France, along with the battleships USS Wyoming (BB-32) and USS Utah (BB-31). She participated in the intervention in Mexico at Veracruz during the Mexican Revolution, to protect American citizens in the area.

World War I
Following the American entrance into World War I on 6 April 1917, Delaware had recently returned to Hampton Roads from fleet maneuvers in the Caribbean Sea. There, she trained new armed guard crews and engine room personnel as the Atlantic Fleet prepared to go to war. On 25 November 1917, she sailed with the rest of Battleship Division 9, bound for Britain to reinforce the Grand Fleet in the North Sea. Once in Scapa Flow, the division joined the Grand Fleet as the 6th Battle Squadron. The 6th Battle Squadron was tasked with serving as the "fast wing" of the Grand Fleet. On 14 December, Delaware participated in joint Anglo-American maneuvers to practice coordination of the Allied fleet.

Starting in late 1917, the Germans had begun to use surface raiders to attack the British convoys to Scandinavia; this forced the British to send squadrons from the Grand Fleet to escort the convoys. On 6 February 1918, the 6th Battle Squadron and eight British destroyers escorted a convoy of merchant ships to Norway. While steaming off Stavanger on the 8th, Delaware was attacked twice by a German U-boat, though evasive maneuvers allowed Delaware to escape undamaged. The squadron was back in Scapa Flow on 10 February; Delaware escorted two more such convoys in March and April. On 22–24 April, the German High Seas Fleet sortied to intercept one of the convoys in the hope of cutting off and destroying the escorting battleship squadron. Delaware and the rest of the Grand Fleet left Scapa Flow on 24 April in an attempt to intercept the Germans, but the High Seas Fleet had already broken off the operation and returned to port.

Starting on 30 June, the 6th Battle Squadron and a division of British destroyers covered a group of American minelayers as they laid the North Sea mine barrage; the work lasted until 2 July. King George V inspected the Grand Fleet, including Delaware, at Rosyth. Thereafter, Delaware was relieved by the battleship USS Arkansas (BB-33); Delaware then sailed across the Atlantic, arriving in Hampton Roads on 12 August.

Post-war

Delaware remained at York River until 12 November 1918, the day after the Armistice with Germany was signed, effectively ending World War I. She then sailed to Boston Navy Yard for an overhaul. Delaware rejoined the fleet on 11 March 1919 for training maneuvers off Cuba. She returned to New York with her division on 14 April, where additional divisional, squadron, and fleet exercises were conducted. She was present for another Naval Review on 28 April 1921 in Hampton Roads. From 5 June to 31 August 1922, Delaware conducted a training cruise for midshipmen to various ports in the Caribbean along with to Halifax, Nova Scotia. She went on another cruise to Europe from 9 July to 29 August 1923, and visited Copenhagen, Greenock, Cádiz, and Gibraltar.

In the years immediately following the end of the war, the United States, Britain, and Japan all launched huge naval construction programs. All three countries decided that a new naval arms race would be ill-advised, and so convened the Washington Naval Conference to discuss arms limitations, which produced the Washington Naval Treaty, signed in February 1922. Under the terms of Article II of the treaty, Delaware and her sister USS North Dakota (BB-29) were to be scrapped as soon as the new battleships USS Colorado (BB-45) and USS West Virginia (BB-48), then under construction, were ready to join the fleet. On 30 August 1923, Delaware accordingly entered dry dock in the Norfolk Navy Yard; her crew was transferred to the recently commissioned Colorado, and the process of disposal began. Delaware was transferred to the Boston Navy Yard, decommissioned on 10 November, and disarmed. She was then sold on 5 February 1924 and subsequently broken up for scrap.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Delaware (BB-28)


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Corded Ware culture

The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between c. 3000 BC – 2350 BC, thus from the late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age. Corded Ware culture encompassed a vast area, from the contact zone between the Yamnaya culture and the Corded Ware culture in south Central Europe, to the Rhine in the west and the Volga in the east, occupying parts of Northern Europe, Central Europe and Eastern Europe. Autosomal genetic studies suggest that the Corded Ware culture originated from the westward migration of Yamnaya-related people from the steppe-forest zone into the territory of late Neolithic European cultures,  evolving in parallel with (although under significant influence from) the Yamnaya, with no evidence of direct male-line descent between them.

The Corded Ware culture is considered to be a likely vector for the spread of many of the Indo-European languages in Europe and Asia.

Nomenclature
The term Corded Ware culture (Schnurkeramik-Kultur) was first introduced by the German archaeologist Friedrich Klopfleisch in 1883. He named it after cord-like impressions or ornamentation characteristic of its pottery. The term Single Grave culture comes from its burial custom, which consisted of inhumation under tumuli in a crouched position with various artifacts. Battle Axe culture, or Boat Axe culture, is named from its characteristic male grave offering, a stone boat-shaped battle axe.

Geography

Corded Ware encompassed most of continental northern Europe from the Rhine in the west to the Volga in the east, including most of modern-day Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Belarus, Czech Republic, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Switzerland, northwestern Romania, northern Ukraine, and the European part of Russia, as well as coastal Norway and the southern portions of Sweden and Finland. In the Late Eneolithic/Early Bronze Age, it encompassed the territory of nearly the entire Balkan Peninsula, where Corded Ware mixed with other steppe elements.

Archaeologists note that Corded Ware was not a "unified culture," as Corded Ware groups inhabiting a vast geographical area from the Rhine to Volga seem to have regionally specific subsistence strategies and economies. There are differences in the material culture and in settlements and society. At the same time, they had several shared elements that are characteristic of all Corded Ware groups, such as their burial practices, pottery with "cord" decoration and unique stone-axes.

The contemporary Bell Beaker culture overlapped with the western extremity of this culture, west of the Elbe, and may have contributed to the pan-European spread of that culture. Although a similar social organization and settlement pattern to the Beaker were adopted, the Corded Ware group lacked the new refinements made possible through trade and communication by sea and rivers.

Origins

The origins and dispersal of Corded Ware culture is one of the pivotal unresolved issues of the Indo-European Urheimat problem, and there is a stark division between archaeologists regarding the origins of Corded Ware. The Corded Ware culture has long been regarded as Indo-European, with archaeologists seeing an influence from nomadic pastoral societies of the steppes. Alternatively, some archaeologists believed it developed independently in central Europe.

Relation with Yamnaya culture

The Corded Ware culture was once presumed to be the Urheimat of the Proto-Indo-Europeans based on their possession of the horse and wheeled vehicles, apparent warlike propensities, wide area of distribution and rapid intrusive expansion at the assumed time of the dispersal of Indo-European languages. Today this specific idea has lost currency, as the steppe hypothesis is currently the most widely accepted proposal to explain the origins and spread of the Indo-European languages.

Autosomal genetic studies suggest that the people of the Corded Ware culture share significant levels of ancestry with Yamnaya as a consequence of a "massive migration" from the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the people of both cultures may be directly descended from a genetically similar pre-Yamnaya population.

Kristiansen et al. (2017) theorise that the Corded Ware culture originated from male Yamnaya pastoralists who migrated northward and married women from farming communities. However, Barry Cunliffe has criticized the theory that the Corded Ware populations were descended from a mass migration of Yamnaya males, noting that the available Corded Ware samples do not carry paternal haplogroups observed in Yamnaya male specimens. This view is shared by Leo Klejn, who maintains that "the Yamnaya cannot be the source of the Corded Ware cultures", as the Corded Ware paternal haplogroups are unrelated to those found in Yamnaya specimens. Similarly, Guus Kroonen et al. (2022), had argued that the Corded Ware populations may have originated from a Yamnaya-related population, rather than the Yamnaya themself, stating that "this may support a scenario of linguistic continuity of local non-mobile herders in the Lower Dnieper region and their genetic persistence after their integration into the successive and expansive Yamnaya horizon".

In 2023, Kristiansen et al. argued that the lack of Yamnaya-related haplogroups in Corded Ware populations indicates that they cannot have been direct male-line descendants of the Yamnaya, as the Corded Ware culture samples were primarily from haplgroup R1a. These authors proposed that the Corded Ware culture evolved in parallel with (although under significant influence from) the Yamnaya, with direct male-line descent between them. However, Papac et al. (2023) revealed the presence of the most commonly sampled Corded Ware haplogroup in the Yamanya, and Lazaridis et al. (2024) showed the presence of the most commonly sampled Yamnaya haplogroup in the Corded Ware.

Archaeologists Furholt and Heyd continue to emphasize the differences both between and within the material cultures of these two groups, as well as emphasizing the problems of oversimplifying these long-term social processes.

The Middle Dnieper culture forms a bridge between the Yamnaya culture and the Corded Ware culture. From the Middle Dnieper culture the Corded Ware culture spread both west and east. The eastward migration gave rise to the Fatyanova culture which had a formative influence on the Abashevo culture, which in turn contributed to the proto-Indo-Iranian Sintashta culture. Its wide area of distribution indicates rapid expansion at the assumed time of the dispersal of the core (excluding Anatolian and Tocharian) Indo-European languages. In a number of regions Corded Ware appears to herald a new culture and physical type. On most of the immense, continental expanse that it covered, the culture was clearly intrusive, and therefore represents one of the most impressive and revolutionary cultural changes attested by archaeology.

Independent development

In favour of the view that the culture developed independently was the fact that Corded Ware coincides considerably with the earlier north-central European Funnelbeaker culture (TRB). According to Gimbutas, the Corded Ware culture was preceded by the Globular Amphora culture (3400–2800 BC), which she regarded to be an Indo-European culture. The Globular Amphora culture stretched from central Europe to the Baltic sea, and emerged from the Funnelbeaker culture.

According to controversial radiocarbon dates, Corded Ware ceramic forms in single graves develop earlier in the area that is now Poland than in western and southern Central Europe. The earliest radiocarbon dates for Corded Ware indeed come from Kujawy and Lesser Poland in central and southern Poland and point to the period around 3000 BC.

However, subsequent review has challenged this perspective, instead pointing out that the wide variation in dating of the Corded Ware, especially the dating of the culture's beginning, is based on individual outlier graves, is not particularly in line with other archaeological data and runs afoul of plateaus in the radiocarbon calibration curve; in the one case where the dating can be clarified with dendrochronology, in Switzerland, Corded Ware is found for only a short period from 2750 BC to 2400 BC. Furthermore, because the short period in Switzerland seems to represent examples of artifacts from all the major sub-periods of the Corded Ware culture elsewhere, some researchers conclude that Corded Ware appeared more or less simultaneously throughout North Central Europe approximately in the early 29th century BC (around 2900 BC), in a number of "centers" which subsequently formed their own local networks. Carbon-14 dating of the remaining central European regions shows that Corded Ware appeared after 2880 BC. According to this theory, it spread to the Lüneburg Heath and then further to the North European Plain, Rhineland, Switzerland, Scandinavia, the Baltic region and Russia to Moscow, where the culture met with the pastoralists considered indigenous to the steppes.

Middle Dnieper culture
The Middle Dnieper culture is a formative early expression of the Corded Ware culture. It has very scant remains, but occupies the easiest route into Central and Northern Europe from the steppe.

Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture

The Middle Dnieper culture and the Eastern Baltic Corded Ware culture gave rise to the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture on the upper Volga, which in turn contributed to the Abashevo culture, a predecessor of the proto-Indo-Iranian Sintashta culture.

The Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture may have been a culture with an Indo-European superstratum over a Uralic substratum, and may account for some of the linguistic borrowings identified in the Indo-Uralic thesis. However, according to Häkkinen, the Uralic–Indo-European contacts only start in the Corded Ware period and the Uralic expansion into the Upper Volga region postdates it. Häkkinen accepts Fatyanovo-Balanovo as an early Indo-European culture, but maintains that their substratum (identified with the Volosovo culture) was neither Uralic nor Indo-European.

Schnurkeramikkultur
The prototypal Corded Ware culture, German Schnurkeramikkultur, is found in Central Europe, mainly Germany and Poland, and refers to the characteristic pottery of the era: twisted cord was impressed into the wet clay to create various decorative patterns and motifs. It is known mostly from its burials, and both sexes received the characteristic cord-decorated pottery. Whether made of flax or hemp, they had rope.

Single Grave culture

Single Grave term refers to a series of late Neolithic communities of the 3rd millennium BC living in southern Scandinavia, Northern Germany, and the Low Countries that share the practice of single burial, the deceased usually being accompanied by a battle-axe, amber beads, and pottery vessels.

The term Single Grave culture was first introduced by the Danish archaeologist Andreas Peter Madsen in the late 1800s. He found Single Graves to be quite different from the already known dolmens, long barrows and passage graves. In 1898, archaeologist Sophus Müller was first to present a migration-hypothesis stating that previously known dolmens, long barrows, passage graves and newly discovered single graves may represent two completely different groups of people, stating "Single graves are traces of new, from the south coming tribes".

The cultural emphasis on drinking equipment already characteristic of the early indigenous Funnelbeaker culture, synthesized with newly arrived Corded Ware traditions. Especially in the west (Scandinavia and northern Germany), the drinking vessels have a protruding foot and define the Protruding-Foot Beaker culture (PFB) as a subset of the Single Grave culture. The Beaker culture has been proposed to derive from this specific branch of the Corded Ware culture.

Scandinavian Battle Axe culture
The Danish-Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe culture, or the Boat Axe culture, appeared c. 2800 BC and is known from about 3,000 graves from Scania to Uppland and Trøndelag. The "battle-axes" were primarily a status object. There are strong continuities in stone craft traditions, and very little evidence of any type of full-scale migration, least of all a violent one. The old ways were discontinued as the corresponding cultures on the continent changed, and the farmers living in Scandinavia took part in a few of those changes since they belonged to the same network. Settlements on small, separate farmsteads without any defensive protection is also a strong argument against the people living there being aggressors.

About 3000 battle axes have been found, in sites distributed over all of Scandinavia, but they are sparse in Norrland and northern Norway. Less than 100 settlements are known, and their remains are negligible as they are located on continually used farmland, and have consequently been plowed away. Einar Østmo reports sites inside the Arctic Circle in the Lofoten, and as far north as the present city of Tromsø.

The Swedish-Norwegian Battle Axe culture was based on the same agricultural practices as the previous Funnelbeaker culture, but the appearance of metal changed the social system. This is marked by the fact that the Funnelbeaker culture had collective megalithic graves with a great deal of sacrifices to the graves, but the Battle Axe culture has individual graves with individual sacrifices.

A new aspect was given to the culture in 1993, when a death house in Turinge, in Södermanland was excavated. Along the once heavily timbered walls were found the remains of about twenty clay vessels, six work axes and a battle axe, which all came from the last period of the culture. There were also the cremated remains of at least six people. This is the earliest find of cremation in Scandinavia and it shows close contacts with Central Europe.

In the context of the entry of Germanic into the region, Einar Østmo emphasizes that the Atlantic and North Sea coastal regions of Scandinavia, and the circum-Baltic areas were united by a vigorous maritime economy, permitting a far wider geographical spread and a closer cultural unity than interior continental cultures could attain. He points to the widely disseminated number of rock carvings assigned to this era, which display "thousands" of ships. To seafaring cultures like this one, the sea is a highway and not a divider.

Finnish Battle Axe culture
The Finnish Battle Axe culture was a mixed cattle-breeder and hunter-gatherer culture, and one of the few in this horizon to provide rich finds from settlements.

Economy
There are very few discovered settlements, which led to the traditional view of this culture as exclusively nomadic pastoralists, similar to that of the Yamnaya culture, and the reconstructed culture of the Indo-Europeans as inferred from philology.

However, this view was modified, as some evidence of sedentary farming emerged. Traces of emmer, common wheat and barley were found at a Corded Ware site at Bronocice in south-east Poland. Wheeled vehicles (presumably drawn by oxen) are in evidence, a continuation from the Funnelbeaker culture era.

Cows' milk was used systematically from 3400 BC onwards in the northern Alpine foreland. Sheep were kept more frequently in the western part of Switzerland due to the stronger Mediterranean influence. Changes in slaughter age and animal size are possibly evidence for sheep being kept for their wool at Corded Ware sites in this region.

Graves

Burial occurred in flat graves or below small tumuli in a flexed position; on the continent males lay on their right side, females on the left, with the faces of both oriented to the south. However, in Sweden and also parts of northern Poland the graves were oriented north-south, men lay on their left side and women on the right side - both facing east. Originally, there was probably a wooden construction, since the graves are often positioned in a line. This is in contrast with practices in Denmark where the dead were buried below small mounds with a vertical stratigraphy: the oldest below the ground, the second above this grave, and occasionally even a third burial above those. Other types of burials are the niche-graves of Poland. Grave goods for men typically included a stone battle axe. Pottery in the shape of beakers and other types are the most common burial gifts, generally speaking. These were often decorated with cord, sometimes with incisions and other types of impressions. Other grave goods also included wagons and sacrificed animals.

The approximately contemporary Beaker culture had similar burial traditions, and together they covered most of Western and Central Europe. The Beaker culture originated around 2800 BC in the Iberian Peninsula and subsequently extended into Central Europe, where it partly coexisted with the Corded Ware region.

In April 2011, it was reported that an untypical Corded Ware burial had been discovered in a suburb of Prague. The remains, believed to be male, were orientated in the same way as women's burials and were not accompanied by any gender-specific grave goods. Based on this, and the importance usually attached to funeral rites by people from this period, the archaeologists suggested that this was unlikely to be accidental, and conclude that it was likely that this individual "was a man with a different sexual orientation, homosexual or transsexual", while media reports heralded the discovery of the world's first "gay caveman". Archaeologists and biological anthropologists criticised media coverage as sensationalist. "If this burial represents a transgendered [sic] individual (as well it could), that doesn't necessarily mean the person had a 'different sexual orientation' and certainly doesn't mean that he would have considered himself (or that his culture would have considered him) 'homosexual,'" anthropologist Kristina Killgrove commented. Other items of criticism were that someone buried in the Copper Age was not a "caveman" and that identifying the sex of skeletal remains is difficult and inexact. Turek notes that there are several examples of Corded Ware graves containing older biological males with typically female grave goods and body orientation. He suggests that "aged men may have decided to 'retire' as women for symbolic and practical reasons." A detailed account of the burial has not yet appeared in scientific literature.

Spread of Indo-European languages

The Corded Ware culture may have played a central role in the spread of the Indo-European languages in Europe during the Copper and Bronze Ages. It had often been suggested that the CWC represented the geolinguistic core of the Indo-European languages subsequent to the divergence of first the Anatolian and Tocharian languages and later a group ancestral to the Indo-Iranian, Greek, Armenian, Illyrian and/or Thracian languages; such models implied the CWC spoke a language ancestral to the Italo-Celtic, Germanic, and Balto-Slavic languages. According to Mallory (1999), the Corded Ware culture may have been "the common prehistoric ancestor of the later Celtic, Germanic, Baltic, Slavic, and possibly some of the Indo-European languages of Italy." Mallory (1999) also suggests that Corded Ware could not have been the sole source for Greek, Illyrian, Thracian and East Italic, which may be derived from Southeast Europe. Mallory (2013) proposes that the Beaker culture was associated with a European branch of Indo-European dialects, termed "North-West Indo-European", spreading northwards from the Alpine regions and ancestral to not only Celtic but equally Italic, Germanic and Balto-Slavic.

According to Anthony (2007), the Corded Ware horizon may have introduced Germanic, Baltic and Slavic into northern Europe. According to Anthony, the Pre-Germanic dialects may have developed in the Usatovo culture in south-eastern Central Europe between the Dniestr and the Vistula between c. 3100 and 2800 BC, and spread with the Corded Ware culture. Between 3100 and 2800/2600 BC, a real folk migration of Proto-Indo-European speakers from the Yamnaya culture took place into the Danube Valley, which eventually reached as far as Hungary, where pre-Celtic and pre-Italic may have developed. Slavic and Baltic developed at the middle Dniepr (present-day Ukraine).

Haak et al. (2015) envision a migration from the Yamnaya culture into Germany. Allentoft et al. (2015) envision a migration from the Yamnaya culture towards north-western Europe via Central Europe, and towards the Baltic area and the eastern periphery of the Corded Ware culture via the territory of present-day Ukraine, Belarus and Russia.

Theoretical explanation: language shift

According to Gimbutas' original theory, the process of "Indo-Europeanization" of Corded Ware (and, later, the rest of Europe) was essentially a cultural transformation, not a genetic one. The Yamnaya migration from Eastern to Central and Western Europe is understood by Gimbutas as a military victory, resulting in the Yamnaya imposing a new administrative system, language and religion upon the indigenous groups.

David Anthony (2007), in his "revised Steppe hypothesis", proposes that the spread of the Indo-European languages probably did not happen through "chain-type folk migrations," but by the introduction of these languages by ritual and political elites, which were emulated by large groups of people, a process which he calls "elite recruitment". Yet, in supplementary information to Haak et al. (2015), Anthony, together with Lazaridis, Haak, Patterson, and Reich, notes that the mass migration of Yamnaya people to northern Europe shows that "the Steppe hypothesis does not require elite dominance to have transmitted Indo-European languages into Europe. Instead, our results show that the languages could have been introduced simply by strength of numbers: via major migration in which both sexes participated."

Linguist Guus Kroonen points out that speakers of Indo-European languages encountered existing populations in Europe that spoke unrelated, non-Indo-European languages when they migrated further into Europe from the Yamnaya culture's steppe zone at the margin of Europe. He focuses on both the effects on Indo-European languages that resulted from this contact and investigation of the pre-existing languages. Relatively little is known about the Pre-Indo-European linguistic landscape of Europe, except for Basque, as the "Indo-Europeanization" of Europe caused a massive and largely unrecorded linguistic extinction event, most likely through language shift. Kroonen's 2015 study claims to show that Pre-Indo-European speech contains a clear Neolithic signature emanating from the Aegean language family and thus patterns with the prehistoric migration of Europe’s first farming populations.

Marija Gimbutas, as part of her theory, had already inferred that the Corded Ware culture's intrusion into Scandinavia formed a synthesis with the indigenous people of the Funnelbeaker culture, giving birth to the Proto-Germanic language. According to Edgar Polomé, 30% of the non-Indo-European substratum found in the modern German language derives from non-Indo-European-speakers of Funnelbeaker culture, indigenous to southern Scandinavia. She claimed that when Yamnaya Indo-European speakers came into contact with the indigenous peoples during the 3rd millennium BC, they came to dominate the local populations yet parts of the indigenous lexicon persisted in the formation of Proto-Germanic, thus giving Proto-Germanic the status of being an "Indo-Europeanized" language. However, more recent linguists have substantially reduced the number of roots claimed to be uniquely Germanic, and more recent treatments of Proto-Germanic tend to reject or simply omit discussion of the Germanic substrate hypothesis, giving little reason to consider Germanic anything but a typical Indo-European dialect with at most minor substrate influence.

Relation with Yamnaya-culture
found that a large proportion of the ancestry of the Corded Ware culture's population is similar to that of the Yamnaya culture, tracing the Corded Ware culture's origins to a "massive migration" of the Yamnaya or an earlier (pre-Yamnaya) population from the steppes 4,500 years ago. The DNA of late Neolithic Corded Ware skeletons found in Germany was found to be around 75% similar to DNA from individuals of the Yamnaya culture. Yet, Haak et al. (2015) warned: "We caution that the sampled Yamnaya individuals from Samara might not be directly ancestral to Corded Ware individuals from Germany. It is possible that a more western Yamnaya population, or an earlier (pre-Yamnaya) steppe population may have migrated into central Europe, and future work may uncover more missing links in the chain of transmission of steppe ancestry."

The same study estimated a 40–54% ancestral contribution of so-called "steppe ancestry" in the DNA of modern Central & Northern Europeans, and a 20–32% contribution in modern Southern Europeans, excluding Sardinians (7.1% or less), and to a lesser extent Sicilians (11.6% or less). Haak et al. (2015) further found that autosomal DNA tests indicate that westward migration from the steppes was responsible for the introduction of a component of ancestry referred to as "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into western Europe. "Ancient North Eurasian" is the name given in genetic literature to a component that represents descent from the people of the Mal'ta-Buret' culture or a population closely related to them. The "Ancient North Eurasian" genetic component is visible in tests of the Yamnaya people as well as modern-day Europeans, but not of Western or Central Europeans predating the Corded Ware culture.

has cautioned to be careful with drawing too strong conclusions from those genetic similarities between Corded Ware and Yamnaya, noting the small number of samples; the late dates of the Esperstadt graves, which could also have undergone Bell Beaker admixture; the presence of Yamnaya ancestry in western Europe before the Danube expansion; and the risks of extrapolating "the results from a handful of individual burials to whole ethnically interpreted populations." Heyd confirms the close connection between Corded Ware and Yamnaya, but also states that "neither a one-to-one translation from Yamnaya to CWC, nor even the 75:25 ratio as claimed (Haak et al. 2015:211) fits the archaeological record."

In the early 3rd millennium BC, the Corded Ware culture appeared in Northern Europe. Genetic studies suggest that Funnelbeaker women of European Neolithic farmer ancestry were incorporated into the Corded Ware culture through intermixing with incoming Corded Ware males of Yamnaya ancestry. Saag et al. (2017) found that the people of the Corded Ware culture in the eastern Baltic carried "Steppe ancestry on the male side" and "some European early farmer genetic ancestry on the female side".

An archaeogenetic study focusing on late Neolithic and Bronze Age individuals from Bohemia,, which includes Haak and Heyd as co-authors, suggests that the early Corded Ware culture was a "polyethnic" society characterized by genetic, cultural, and linguistic diversity, resulting from the agglomeration of people of the Globular Amphora culture and Yamnaya-related migrants, who had highly differentiated genetic profiles, a different material culture, and probably spoke different languages. 100% of the Bohemian Corded Ware samples found without steppe-derived ancestry were female, indicating that this genetic diversity was a result of Corded Ware males marrying and assimilating local Globular Amphora females. Later Corded Ware individuals of Central Europe were less differentiated genetically. This study also detected ancestry similar to Latvia Middle Neolithic ("Latvia_MN-like"), or Ukraine Neolithic in early Corded Ware individuals, suggesting either a northeast European Eneolithic forest steppe contribution to early CW, partially supported by archaeology, or alternatively a contribution from a hypothetical steppe population carrying this ancestry, which the authors consider less likely. This ancestry made up 5-15% of the early Corded Ware ancestry, depending on the model used.

R1a and R1b
According to Malmström et al. (2019), neither R1a nor R1b-M269 have been reported among Neolithic populations of central and western Europe, although they were common among earlier hunter gatherers of Eastern Europe. Haak et al. note that their results suggest that these haplogroups "spread into Europe from the East after 3,000 BC."

The majority of CWC-men carried haplogroup R1a-M417, the remaining ones R1b and I2a. Note that, although related to the Corded Ware population, Yamnaya males mainly carried R1b-Z2103, while R1b-bearing Corded Ware males had R1b-L51, suggesting that Corded Ware culture males cannot be directly patrilineally descended from Yamnaya individuals. Yet, Linderholm et al. (2020) found seven CW males which were narrowed down to either R1b-M269 or R-L11, while Allentoft et al. (2015) report two CW males with R1b, and Furtwängler et al. (2020) report three CW males with R1b. According to Sjögren et al. (2020), R1b-M269 "is the major lineage associated with the arrival of Steppe ancestry in western Europe after 2500 BC[E]."

Papac et al. (2021) argue that the differences in Y-DNA between early CW and Yamnaya males suggest that the Yamnaya culture did not have a direct role in the origins and expansion of the Corded Ware culture. They found that a majority of early Corded Ware males in Bohemia belonged to R1b-L151, while R1a lineages became predominant over time. The study detected a reduction in male haplogroup diversity over time, reducing from five different lineages in early CW to a single dominant lineage, R1a-M417(xZ645), in late CW. The authors suggest that males of this haplogroup had around 15% more surviving offspring per generation compared to other males, which may have been caused by "selection, social structure, or influx of nonlocal R1a-M417(xZ645) lineages." The sample included one individual ancestral to haplogroup R1b-P312, which is the most common male lineage found in individuals of the Bell Beaker culture.

Overview of reported CW Y-DNA haplogroups
An overview of reported CW Y-DNA haplogroups:
 * Haak et al. (2008): three males (probably a father and his two children) from a single Corded Ware burial in Eulau, Germany carrying R1a.
 * Haak et al. (2015): a Corded Ware male from Esperstedt carrying R1a1a1.
 * Allentoft et al. (2015): several males from the Corded Ware culture. A male from the Battle-Axe culture in Viby, Kristianstad was found to be carrying R1a1a1. A Corded Ware male of Bergrheinfeld, Germany was also found to have carried R1a1a1. A Corded Ware male of Leki Male was found to have carried R1b1a. Two Corded Ware males from Tiefbrunn, Germany were found to have carried R1 and R1b1 respectively.
 * Mathieson et al. (2015): eight Corded Ware males buried in Esperstedt. Six carried R1a or various subclades of it, while two carried R.
 * Saag et al. (2017): five males from the Corded Ware culture in Estonia. Four of them carried R1a-Z645, while the other carried R1a1-Z283.
 * Mathieson et al. (2018): three Corded Ware males from the Czech Republic. The three were found to be carrying the paternal haplogroups R1a1a, R1a1 and I2a2a2 respectively.
 * Malmström et al. (2019): two Corded Ware males; both were found to be carriers of R1a.
 * Linderholm et al. (2020) report seven Polish CW males with R1b.

Relations with later cultures
A 2015 study by Allentoft et al. in Nature found the people of the Corded Ware culture to be genetically similar to the Beaker culture, the Unetice culture and the Nordic Bronze Age. People of the Nordic Bronze Age and Corded Ware show the highest lactose tolerance among Bronze Age Europeans.

The study also found a close genetic relationship between the Corded Ware culture and the Sintashta culture, suggesting that the Sintashta culture emerged as a result of an eastward expansion of Corded Ware peoples. The Sintashta culture is in turn closely genetically related to the Andronovo culture, by which it was succeeded. Many cultural similarities between the Sintashta/Andronovo culture, the Nordic Bronze Age and the people of the Rigveda have been detected.

Narasimhan et al. (2019) found the Sintashta culture, the Potapovka culture, the Andronovo culture and the Srubnaya culture to be closely related to the Corded Ware culture. These cultures were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the Yamnaya culture and peoples of the Middle Neolithic of Central Europe. The genetic data suggested that these cultures were ultimately derived of a remigration of Central European peoples with steppe ancestry back into the steppe.

title: Corded Ware culture


text:
Jack Warner (actor)

Jack Warner, OBE (born Horace John Waters; 24 October 1895 – 24 May 1981) was a British actor. He is closely associated with the role of PC George Dixon, which he played in the 1950 film The Blue Lamp and later in the television series Dixon of Dock Green from 1955 until 1976, but he was also for some years one of Britain's most popular film stars.

Early life
Warner was born Horace John Waters in Bromley-by-Bow, Poplar, London, the third child of Edward William Waters, master fulling maker and undertaker's warehouseman, and Maud Mary Best. His sisters, Elsie and Doris Waters, were comediennes who usually performed as "Gert and Daisy".

Warner attended the Coopers' Company's Grammar School for Boys in Mile End, while his sisters both attended the nearby sister school, Coborn School for Girls in Bow. The three children were choristers at St. Leonard's Church in Bromley-by-Bow, and for a time, Warner was the choir's soloist.

After leaving school, he studied automobile engineering at the Northampton Institute (now part of the City University, London) but being more practical than academic he left after a year to work at the repair facilities of F.W. Berwick and Company in Balham, where he started by sweeping the floors for 2d per hour. Frederick William Berwick became a partner in the Anglo-French automobile manufacturing company Sizaire-Berwick and, in August 1913, Warner was sent to work as a mechanic in Paris. He drove completed chassis to the coast from where they were shipped to England, road-testing them en route. He acquired a working knowledge of French which stood him in good stead throughout his life; an imitation of Maurice Chevalier became a part of his repertoire.

During the First World War, he served in France as a driver in the Royal Flying Corps and was awarded the Meritorious Service Medal in 1918. He returned to England and the motor trade in 1919, graduating from hearses to occasional car racing at Brooklands, where he maintained and sometimes raced Henrietta Lister's Aston Martin. He was over thirty before he became a professional entertainer.

Career
Warner first became known to the general public in music hall and radio. By the early years of the Second World War, he was nationally known and starred in a BBC radio comedy show, Garrison Theatre, invariably opening with "A Monologue Entitled...".

Film
Warner's first film was The Dummy Talks (1943), in which he had the lead role. He had a support role in The Captive Heart (1946), a successful film. Also successful were Hue and Cry and Dear Murderer (both 1947). Warner was the patriarch of the Huggett family in Holiday Camp (1947) which was a big hit. He played a policeman in It Always Rains on Sunday (1947), and was another family man in the comedy Easy Money (1948).

He was in a war film, Against the Wind (1948), and starred in a thriller, My Brother's Keeper (1948). The Huggett family had been so well received in Holiday Camp that production company Gainsborough Pictures decided to give them their own series, so Warner was seen in Here Come the Huggetts (1948), Vote for Huggett (1949) and The Huggetts Abroad (1949). He was one of several names in Train of Events and played the governor of a borstal institution in Boys in Brown (both 1949).

Warner was by now established as one of the most popular British actors in the country. His stock rose further when he played PC George Dixon pursuing young hoodlum Dirk Bogarde in The Blue Lamp (1950), the most successful film at the box office that year. One observer predicted, "This film will make Jack the most famous policeman in Britain."

Warner performed in a comedy Talk of a Million (1951) and a thriller Valley of Eagles (1951). He had a small part in Scrooge (1951) then played a policeman again in Emergency Call (1952). He was one of several stars in Meet Me Tonight (1952) and returned to comedy for Those People Next Door (1953). He was top-billed in The Square Ring and The Final Test (both 1953). In the POW film Albert R.N. (1953) he was billed beneath Anthony Steel.

Additional thrillers followed: Bang! You're Dead (1954) and Forbidden Cargo (1954). He co-starred in the Hammer film version of The Quatermass Xperiment (1955) and had a cameo-like supporting role as the police superintendent in the 1955 Ealing Studios black comedy The Ladykillers.

Even with his success that followed in television, Warner performed in the occasional film such as Now and Forever (1956), Home and Away (1956), Carve Her Name with Pride (1958) and Jigsaw (1962). His last film appearance was in Dominique (1979).

Television
Although the police constable he played in The Blue Lamp was shot dead in the film, the character was revived in 1955 for the BBC television series Dixon of Dock Green, which ran until 1976. However in the series' later years, Warner's character became ridiculed and the series no longer supported by the police since Warner at 80 was so obviously well past compulsory retirement age, even though supposedly confined to a less active desk sergeant role. The series had a prime-time slot on Saturday evenings, and always opened with Dixon giving a little soliloquy to the camera, beginning with the words, "Good evening, all". According to Warner's autobiography, Jack of All Trades, Queen Elizabeth II once visited the television studio where the series was made, and told Warner "that she thought Dixon of Dock Green had become part of the British way of life".

Personal life
In 1933, Warner married company secretary Muriel Winifred ("Mollie"), daughter of independently wealthy Roberts Peters. The couple had no children.

Warner was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1965. In 1973, he was made a Freeman of the City of London. Warner commented in his autobiography that the honour "entitles me to a set of 18th century rules for the conduct of life urging me to be sober and temperate". Warner added, "Not too difficult with Dixon to keep an eye on me!"

He died, aged 85, of pneumonia in the Royal Masonic Hospital, Ravenscourt Park, Hammersmith, London, in 1981. The characterisation by Warner of Dixon was held in such high regard that officers from Paddington Green Police Station bore the coffin at his funeral.

Box-office ranking
For a number of years, British film exhibitors voted him among the top ten British stars at the box office via an annual poll in the Motion Picture Herald.
 * 1948 – 7th-most popular British star
 * 1949 – 10th-most popular British star
 * 1950 – 3rd (5th-most popular overall)
 * 1952 – 8th-most popular British star
 * 1953 – 7th-most popular British star

title: Jack Warner (actor)


text:
List of people from Rochester, New York

Rochester, New York in the United States, and its suburbs, is or has been home to many famous individuals. These people include businessmen, civil rights activists, politicians, entertainers, educators, athletes, and much more. Three prominent Rochesterians in the national consciousness are abolitionist Frederick Douglass, suffragist Susan B. Anthony, and inventor-philanthropist George Eastman.

Academics

 * Martin Brewer Anderson, first president of University of Rochester
 * Richard N. Aslin, developmental psychologist at the University of Rochester
 * Dave Bayer (b. 1955), mathematician at Barnard College, Columbia University
 * Boris Bittker, legal academic
 * Catherine Crary (1909-1974), historian of the American Revolution
 * Harry Gideonse (1901–1985), president of Brooklyn College, and chancellor of the New School for Social Research
 * Hilda Conrady Kingslake, optics engineer
 * Rudolf Kingslake, optics engineer
 * Sylvy Kornberg (1917–1986), biochemist who discovered and characterized polyphosphate kinase
 * Joy Ladin, professor, poet, and theologian
 * Edgar Lane (1923–1964), American professor of political science
 * Michael A. Marletta, biochemist, MacArthur Fellow, former CEO of Scripps Research Institute
 * E. C. Mills, educator
 * H. Allen Orr, evolutionary biologist, winner of the Darwin-Wallace Medal
 * Robert Putnam, Harvard professor
 * Richard W. Rahn, economist
 * Kenneth Rogoff, Harvard professor
 * Joel Seligman, former president of the University of Rochester
 * Eugene H. Spafford, Purdue University professor
 * Ching W. Tang, 2011 recipient of the Wolf Prize in Chemistry
 * Robert E. Wright, Nef Family Chair of Political Economy, Augustana College, South Dakota

Architects and designers

 * Claude Fayette Bragdon, architect
 * Harvey Ellis, architect
 * Robert Trent Jones, golf course architect
 * Ramón Santiago, artist
 * Fletcher Steele, landscape designer
 * Clarence Stein, urban planner, architect and writer who advocated for the Garden City Movement
 * John Rochester Thomas, architect
 * Andrew Jackson Warner, architect
 * J. Foster Warner, architect

Athletes
Like most cities, Rochester has its share of famous athletes. Among the biggest names are Walter Hagen in golf, Johnny Antonelli in baseball, Brian Gionta and Ryan Callahan in hockey, Abby Wambach in soccer, and Jon "Bones" Jones in mixed martial arts.

Baseball

 * Johnny Antonelli, MLB
 * Ross Barnes, hit the first recorded home run in professional baseball
 * Bernie Boland
 * Chris Bostick, Indianapolis Indians, Pittsburgh Pirates
 * Ernie Clement, Utility player for the Cleveland Guardians and Toronto Blue Jays
 * Cito Culver, 2010 first-round draft pick
 * Heinie Groh, MLB
 * Mike Jones, MLB
 * Bob Keegan, MLB
 * Michael King, pitcher for the New York Yankees and San Diego Padres
 * Danny Mendick, infielder for the Chicago White Sox
 * Andy Parrino, MLB
 * Charley Radbourn, MLB
 * Tim Redding, MLB
 * George Selkirk, MLB

Basketball

 * Joe Arlauckas
 * Joe Binion
 * Thomas Bryant, NBA
 * Al Butler, NBA
 * Marty Byrnes, NBA
 * Emma Cannon, WNBA
 * Al Cervi, NBA player and coach
 * Dyaisha Fair, WNBA
 * Les Harrison, NBA player and coach
 * Mark Jones, NBA
 * Anthony Lamb, NBA
 * Jack Leasure
 * Art Long, NBA
 * Mauro Panaggio
 * Ryan Pettinella
 * Robert Rose, NBA and NBL (Australia) player; won the NBL MVP award (1993, 2001), NBL champion 1992
 * Isaiah Stewart, NBA
 * Jeff Van Gundy, NBA coach
 * Stan Van Gundy, NBA coach
 * Bernie Voorheis, NBL
 * John Wallace, NBA

Combat sports

 * Carmen Basilio, champion boxer
 * Yianni Diakomihalis, folkstyle and freestyle wrestler, four-time NCAA wrestling champion at Cornell, 2022 World silver medalist
 * Gregor Gillespie, lightweight fighter in the UFC, also known as "The Gift"
 * Desmond Green, featherweight fighter in UFC
 * Jon "Bones" Jones, former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion, current UFC Heavyweight Champion
 * Willie Monroe, Jr., middleweight boxer
 * Charles "The Natural" Murray, light welterweight boxer
 * Hanna Thompson, fencer, 2008 Olympic silver medalist (team foil)
 * Frank Trigg, welterweight fighter in the UFC
 * Bobby Weaver, freestyle wrestler, 1984 Olympic gold medalist
 * Felicia Zimmerman, fencer, 1996 and 2000 Olympics
 * Iris Zimmerman, fencer, 2000 Olympics

Professional wrestling

 * Johnny Barend
 * Dalton Castle
 * Colin Delaney, WWE
 * Jonathan Huber, ring names Luke Harper and Brodie Lee
 * Joanie "Chyna" Laurer
 * Gorilla Monsoon
 * The Roadblock

Football

 * Branden Albert, NFL
 * Cris Crissy, NFL
 * Don Davey, NFL
 * Quentin Gause, NFL
 * Tony Green, NFL
 * Don Holleder, West Point football star and Vietnam War hero
 * Ernest Jackson, CFL
 * T. J. Jackson, NFL
 * Arthur Jones, NFL
 * Chandler Jones, NFL
 * Tony Jordan, NFL
 * Jim Kane, NFL
 * Pat Kelly, NFL
 * Rob Konrad, NFL
 * Brian Kozlowski, NFL
 * Leo Lyons, founder of the NFL's Rochester Jeffersons
 * Kevin McMahan, NFL
 * Seth Payne, NFL (Victor)
 * Adam Podlesh, NFL
 * Ryan Poles, NFL
 * A. J. Terrell, NFL
 * Robert R. Thomas, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois and former NFL player
 * David Walker, NCAA coach
 * Roland Williams, NFL
 * Marcus Wilson, NFL
 * Alan Zemaitis, NFL

Golf

 * Don Allen, championship amateur golfer
 * Terry Diehl, PGA Tour
 * Danielle Downey, LPGA player
 * Walter Hagen, PGA legend
 * Calvin Peete, African-American PGA Tour pioneer
 * Jeff Sluman, PGA Tour and Champions Tour
 * Sam Urzetta, 1950 U.S. Amateur Champion and professional golfer

Hockey

 * Dan Conway, floor hockey professional-retired
 * Scott Bartlett, ECHL
 * Mike Battaglia, ECHL
 * Jason Bonsignore, NHL
 * Ryan Callahan, NHL
 * Adam Clendening, NHL
 * Chris Collins, AHL
 * David Farrance, NHL
 * Rory Fitzpatrick, NHL
 * Brian Gionta, NHL
 * Stephen Gionta, NHL
 * Kim Insalaco, Olympic medalist
 * Connor Knapp, NHL
 * Matt Lane
 * Phil Lane, AHL, EURO
 * Shane Prince, NHL
 * Marty Reasoner, NHL
 * David Shields, AHL
 * Francis Spain, 1936 Winter Olympic bronze medalist
 * Lyndsay Wall, Olympic medalist
 * Derek Whitmore, NHL

Lacrosse

 * Paul Cantabene
 * Grant Catalino, MLL
 * Dan Conway, Greece Athena HS- retired
 * Pat Cougevan, NLL
 * Sean Doyle, MLL
 * Shawn Nadelen, NLL and MLL
 * Brett Queener, NLL and MLL
 * Chris Schiller, NLL and MLL
 * Tim Soudan
 * Joe Walters, NLL and MLL

Soccer

 * Jordan Allen, MLS
 * Brian Bliss, MLS
 * Josh Bolton, USL
 * Dema Kovalenko, MLS
 * Daniel Lynd, USL
 * Angelo Panzetta, retired professional soccer player
 * Mike Reidy, USL
 * Dave Sarachan, NASL, Team USA
 * Lydia Vandenbergh, WPS
 * Abby Wambach, two-time Olympic gold medalist, Women's World Cup Champion, all-time highest scoring international player

Swimming and diving

 * Kara Lynn Joyce, Olympic medalist
 * Ryan Lochte, 11-time Olympic medalist
 * Richard Saeger, 1984 Olympic gold medalist
 * Wendy Wyland, 1984 Olympic medalist, diving

Other athletes

 * Kim Batten, track and field, 1996 Olympic silver medalist in triple jump
 * Dick Buerkle, athlete, former world-record holder, indoor mile
 * Paige Conners, Olympic ice dancer for Israel
 * William Cox, athlete, 1924 Olympic medalist
 * Irving Crane, billiards, six-time world champion, Billiard Congress of America Hall of Famer
 * Louis Fox, 1865 national billiards champion
 * Doug Kent, professional bowler, 2006–07 PBA Player of the Year
 * A.J. Kitt, downhill skier, 1988–98 Olympics
 * Jason McElwain, basketball personality
 * Danny Padilla, bodybuilder, "The Giant Killer"
 * Stacey Pensgen, figure skater and meteorologist
 * Pete Pfitzinger, marathoner, 1984 and 1988 U.S. Olympics
 * Frank Ritter Shumway, figure skater
 * Mike Sigel, billiards, Billiard Congress of America Hall of Famer
 * Jenn Suhr (née Stuczynski), 2012 Olympic gold medalist, pole vault
 * Maynard Troyer, NASCAR
 * Cathy Turner, Olympic gold medalist, short-track speed skating
 * Jason Turner, 2008 Olympic medalist, air pistol
 * Elsa von Blumen (Caroline Roosevelt), early endurance cyclist

Coaches

 * Joe Altobelli, baseball manager
 * Richard Callaghan, figure skater and coach
 * Dave Sarachan, soccer player and coach

Officials

 * Nick Bremigan, MLB umpire
 * Maia Chaka, first black woman hired as NFL official
 * Jimmy Debell, NFL official
 * Ken Kaiser, MLB baseball umpire
 * Bill Klem, umpire in Baseball Hall of Fame; umpired in a record 18 World Series
 * Silk O'Loughlin, MLB baseball umpire

Executives

 * See, below

Broadcasters

 * See, below

Businesspeople
Rochester's history of innovation and progress is reflected in the long list of notable businessmen who founded their companies here. Eastman Kodak, Bausch + Lomb, Xerox, Gannett Company, and Western Union all trace their roots to Rochester.
 * Charles August, co-founder of Monro Muffler Brake
 * John Jacob Bausch, co-founder of Bausch & Lomb
 * Thasunda Duckett, CEO of Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of America and former JPMorgan Chase executive
 * Thomas B. Dunn, founder of perfume manufacturer T.B. Dunn, and inventor of Sen-Sen breath candy
 * George Eastman, Eastman Kodak founder
 * Charles J. Folger, lawyer, jurist and statesman
 * Frank Gannett, founder of Gannett newspapers; presidential candidate
 * Malcolm Glazer, CEO of First Allied; owner of Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Manchester United
 * Kate Gleason, first female mechanical engineer
 * Tom Golisano, Paychex founder, philanthropist, gubernatorial candidate; owner of NHL's Buffalo Sabres (2003–2010)
 * Martha Matilda Harper, hair care entrepreneur
 * Leonard Jerome, financier, "King of Wall Street"; grandfather of Sir Winston Churchill
 * David T. Kearns, Xerox CEO and Deputy Secretary of Education
 * Henry Lomb, co-founder of Bausch & Lomb
 * Ralph Peo, inventor, founder of Frontier Industries, CEO and chairman of Houdaille Industries
 * Arthur Rock, venture capitalist
 * James Satloff, founder of Liberty Skis
 * Hiram Sibley, Western Union co-founder
 * Henry A. Strong, Eastman Kodak co-founder and president
 * Hulbert Harrington Warner, patent medicine sales
 * Don Alonzo Watson, Western Union co-founder
 * Robert Wegman, Wegmans Food Markets
 * Henry Wells, founder of American Express and co-founder of Wells Fargo
 * Joseph C. Wilson, founder of Xerox Corporation
 * Luke Wood, president of Beats Electronics

Computing and Internet

 * Eric Bauman, founder of eBaum's World
 * Paul Buchheit, creator of Gmail and AdSense; founder of FriendFeed
 * Burnie Burns, co-founder of Rooster Teeth, an online video production company
 * Diane Greene, founder of VMware

Inventors

 * William Seward Burroughs I
 * Marcian E. Hoff, Jr., inventor of the microprocessor
 * Matthew Ewing, carpenter and inventor
 * James Caleb Jackson, Granula
 * Daniel Myron LeFever, gun maker and inventor of the hammerless shotgun
 * C. J. Rapp, Jolt Cola
 * John Samuel Rowell, agricultural inventor and manufacturing industrialist
 * Steve Sasson, demonstrated first digital electronic camera
 * George B. Selden, automotive pioneer
 * S. Donald Stookey, inventor of CorningWare

Sports executives

 * Steve Donner, hockey
 * Kim Pegula, co-owner and president, Buffalo Sabres, Buffalo Bills, Buffalo Bandits, Rochester Americans
 * Morrie Silver, minor-league baseball

Criminals (suspected or convicted)

 * The Alphabet Killer, cold case
 * Kenneth Bianchi, one of the Hillside Stranglers
 * Angelo Buono, Jr., one of the Hillside Stranglers
 * Joseph Naso, serial killer
 * Arthur Shawcross, serial killer
 * Francis Tumblety, one of the Jack the Ripper suspects

Actors and models
The most acclaimed actor to come out of the Rochester area is Academy Award winner Philip Seymour Hoffman; prior to him, Rochester's main claim to fame on stage and screen was Robert Forster. John Lithgow was born (but not raised) in Rochester, and Louise Brooks died in Rochester after many years as a recluse there. Other popular Rochesterians on the screen include comedian Kristen Wiig and voice actor Vincent Martella.

 * Tyson Beckford, fashion model and television personality
 * John Bolton, actor, A Christmas Story: The Musical
 * Pandora Boxx, drag queen, Rupauls Drag Race Season 2, All Stars 1, All Stars 6
 * Peter Breck, actor, The Big Valley Western series, Thunder Road movie, guest starred in many TV shows and acted in theater productions
 * Louise Brooks, actress of 1920s and 30s
 * Burnie Burns, voice actor, Red Vs. Blue; co-founder of Rooster Teeth
 * Donna Lynne Champlin, Broadway actress
 * Julie Lynn Cialini, Playboy model
 * Jordan Clarke, actor, Guiding Light
 * Jennifer Cody, dancer and actress
 * Mrs. Kasha Davis, drag queen, Rupauls Drag Race season 7
 * Taye Diggs, actor, Rent, Private Practice
 * Pete Duel, actor, Alias Smith and Jones
 * Winston Duke, actor, Black Panther
 * Marilyn Erskine, actress
 * Dan Finnerty, singer and actor
 * Nicole Fiscella, actress, Gossip Girl
 * Robert Forster, Oscar-nominated actor, Jackie Brown
 * Susan Gibney, actress, Crossing Jordan
 * Rachel Hilbert, model, Victoria's Secret
 * Che Holloway, actor, Dark Justice
 * Philip Seymour Hoffman, Oscar-winning actor
 * Tom Keene, western actor
 * Mimi Kennedy, actress and activist
 * Norman Kerry, silent film actor
 * Darienne Lake, drag queen, Rupauls Drag Race season 6
 * Hudson Leick, actress, Xena: Warrior Princess
 * Kara Lindsay, actress, Newsies
 * John Lithgow, Oscar, Tony and Emmy-nominated actor
 * Rick Lyon, Broadway puppeteer and puppet designer
 * Vincent Martella, actor, Everybody Hates Chris, Phineas and Ferb
 * Timothy Mitchum, actor, The Lion King
 * Audrey Munson, early 20th-century model
 * Paul Napier, television and commercial actor, SAG leader
 * Hugh O'Brian, actor, films and Wyatt Earp television series
 * Michael Park, actor, As the World Turns
 * Chris Perfetti, actor, Abbott Elementary
 * Richard Ryder, actor, Forever Young
 * Keesha Sharp, actress, director
 * Brennan Swain, contestant, The Amazing Race
 * Joy Tanner, actress
 * Tom Villard, actor, We Got it Made
 * Gloria Votsis, actress
 * Jimmy Wallington, actor and radio personality
 * Kristen Wiig, comedian and actress, Saturday Night Live

Comedians

 * Foster Brooks
 * Jay Jason

Dancers and choreographers

 * Aesha Ash, ballet dancer
 * Garth Fagan, choreographer, considers Rochester home base
 * Sybil Shearer

Musicians
Thanks in part to the Eastman School of Music, Rochester has an especially rich musical legacy, most notably as the birthplace of Cab Calloway and the hometown of jazz great Chuck Mangione. Lou Gramm of Foreigner is also a native, while Gene Cornish of The Rascals is a more recent transplant. Jeff Tyzik is one of the great jazz arrangers and pops conductors. Acclaimed soprano Renée Fleming grew up in nearby Churchville. A number of nationally known musicians have passed through the halls of the Eastman School, either as students or professors (or both).

Classical music

 * David Diamond, composer
 * Renée Fleming, soprano
 * Adolphus Hailstork, composer
 * Howard Hanson, composer and conductor
 * David Hochstein, virtuoso violinist
 * Claire Huangci, pianist
 * Daniel Katzen
 * Gregory Kunde, tenor
 * Ward Stare, conductor and trombonist
 * Jeff Tyzik, conductor and jazz trumpeter
 * William Warfield, bass-baritone
 * Alec Wilder, composer
 * Zvi Zeitlin, violinist and teacher

Jazz, big bands, and blues

 * Cab Calloway, bandleader
 * Chet Catallo, guitarist, Spyro Gyra, Chet Catallo and the Cats,
 * Hank D'Amico, clarinetist
 * JT Bowen, R&B singer
 * Steve Gadd, drummer
 * Michael Hashim, saxophonist
 * Son House, bluesman
 * Vijay Iyer, jazz pianist
 * Nancy Kelly, jazz singer
 * Chuck Mangione, smooth jazz flugelhornist
 * Gap Mangione, bandleader
 * Roy McCurdy, drummer
 * Mitch Miller, bandleader
 * John Mooney, Bluesiana
 * Famoudou Don Moye, drummer, Art Ensemble of Chicago
 * Gerry Niewood, saxophonist
 * Joe Romano, jazz saxophonist
 * Frank Strazzeri, jazz pianist
 * John Viavattine, Mambo Kings

Popular music
Lou Gramm, lead singer of Foreigner, and Gene Cornish of The Rascals might be the best-known pop musicians from Rochester. Gary Lewis (of Gary Lewis and the Playboys) came to the area late in life but now calls it home. Notable bands whose members are largely or entirely Rochesterians include Gym Class Heroes, Joywave, Rustix, SNMNMNM, and The Sunstreak.

 * Steve Alaimo, teen idol pop singer, hosted and co-produced Dick Clark's Where the Action Is
 * Gene Cornish, The Rascals
 * Rivers Cuomo, Weezer
 * Brann Dailor, Mastodon
 * Steve Decker, Gym Class Heroes
 * Joe English, drummer for Wings and Sea Level
 * Teddy Geiger
 * Kim Gordon, Sonic Youth
 * Lou Gramm, Foreigner
 * DJ Green Lantern, rapper
 * RXK Nephew, rapper
 * Mick Guzauski, mixer
 * Davey Havok, AFI and Blaqk Audio
 * Duke Jupiter
 * Bill Kelliher, Mastodon
 * Gary Lewis, Gary Lewis and the Playboys
 * Disashi Lumumba-Kasongo, Gym Class Heroes (From nearby Ithaca, NY)
 * Lydia Lunch
 * Travis McCoy, Gym Class Heroes (From nearby Geneva, NY)
 * Matt McGinley, Gym Class Heroes (From nearby Geneva, NY)
 * Bob Nastanovich, Pavement
 * Mike Piano, The Sandpipers
 * Don Potter
 * Bobby Orlando, producer
 * Emilio Rojas, rapper
 * Jacob Stanczak, better known as Kill the Noise, Disk Jockey and producer
 * Peter Shukoff ("NicePeter")
 * Joyce Sims
 * William Tell, Something Corporate
 * Tweet, born Charlene Keys
 * Virus, aka Andre Karkos, Device, Big & Rich, Dope, Lords of Acid
 * Leehom Wang, C-pop
 * Wendy O. Williams, Plasmatics
 * Tim Yeung, Divine Heresy, Morbid Angel

Others

 * Rick Beato, musician, music educator, YouTuber
 * Robert Bernhardt, symphony conductor
 * The Campbell Brothers, instrumental gospel quartet
 * Thomas Keene, folk singer/Bloomberg radio host
 * Christine Lavin, folk singer/songwriter
 * Julia Nunes, folk ukelelist and singer/songwriter
 * Lauren O'Connell, folk singer/songwriter
 * Lesley Riddle, 'human tape recorder' during A.P. Carter's song collecting excursions

Other

 * Raul daSilva, author, filmmaker
 * Thérèse DePrez, production designer
 * Andrea Nix Fine, Oscar-winning documentary producer, Inocente
 * Jason Hawes, founder of the Atlantic Paranormal Society and Sci Fi Channel series Ghost Hunters
 * Jenna Mourey, YouTube personality, screen name "Jenna Marbles"
 * James Sibley Watson, grandson of Western Union founders Hiram Sibley and Don Alonzo Watson; doctor and filmmaker
 * Andrew Rea, creator/host of popular YouTube cooking series "Binging with Babish"

Politicians and leaders

 * Parmenio Adams, U.S. Representative
 * Nathaniel Allen, U.S. Representative
 * Fernando C. Beaman, U.S. Representative
 * Charles Billinghurst, U.S. Representative from Wisconsin
 * Harmon P. Burroughs, Illinois state representative
 * Angus Cameron, U.S. Senator from Wisconsin
 * Sanford E. Church, Lieutenant Governor of New York, New York State Comptroller, and Chief Judge of New York State Court of Appeals
 * Edward Colman, Wisconsin state senator
 * Cornplanter, leader of the Seneca
 * Robert Duffy, former Rochester Police Chief, Rochester's 65th Mayor, and NYS Lieutenant Governor, President and CEO of the Greater Rochester Chamber of Commerce;
 * Marion B. Folsom, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare
 * John Rankin Gamble, U.S. Representative from South Dakota
 * John W. Gunning, Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * Leopold Hammel, Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * Elizur K. Hart, U.S. Representative and founder of Rochester Post-Express newspaper
 * David J. Hayes, Deputy Secretary of the Interior
 * Charles H. Holmes, U.S. Representative
 * Kenneth Keating, U.S. Representative, senator, and ambassador to Israel
 * Robert L. King, state assemblyman, county executive, and chancellor of the State University of New York
 * Brian Kolb, Minority Leader of the New York State Assembly
 * Charles H. Nesbitt, assemblyman and assembly minority leader
 * Bill Nojay, assemblyman, public authority leader, and radio talk show host
 * William F. Quinn, Governor of Hawaii
 * John Raines, state senator
 * Adolph J. Rodenbeck, mayor of Rochester, New York State Assemblyman, Court of Claims Judge, and New York Supreme Court Justice
 * Eliakim Sherrill, politician and brigade commander in Union Army during Civil War
 * Louise Slaughter, U.S. Representative, chairperson of House Rules Committee
 * Ellicott R. Stillman, Wisconsin State Assemblyman
 * Thomas Benton Stoddard, first mayor of La Crosse, Wisconsin, and state assemblyman
 * James W. Symington, Chief of Protocol of the United States (1966–68) and U.S. Representative (1969–77)
 * John Todd Trowbridge, Wisconsin territorial legislator and sea captain
 * Tom Warner, representative in Florida State Legislature

Judges and lawyers

 * Benjamin Cunningham, Supreme Court Justice
 * Robert Khuzami, deputy U.S. Attorney
 * Donald Mark, New York Supreme Court Justice
 * Robert R. Thomas, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois and former NFL player

Military personnel
Military personnel best known as astronauts are listed below under "Scientists".
 * Brigadier General John F. Albert, Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force
 * Major General Joseph L. Biehler, commander of the 42nd Infantry Division
 * Corporal Richard Brookins, the "American St. Nick" of World War II
 * Pfc. Raymond J. Bowman
 * Brigadier General Frank Merrill Caldwell, Brigade commander in World War I
 * Major General Mary E. Clarke, director of the Women's Army Corps; first woman to attain the rank of major general in the US Army
 * Lieutenant Colonel Elmer W Heindl, WWII Chaplain
 * General Francišak Kušal, commander of the Byelorussian Home Defence
 * George Lennon Irish Republican Army leader during the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War.
 * Major General Daniel McCallum, head of the United States Military Railroad
 * Major General William Augustus Mills, served during the defense of the Niagara frontier in the War of 1812
 * Colonel Patrick O'Rorke

Authors and writers

 * Isabella Macdonald Alden, author
 * John Ashbery, poet
 * Natallia Arsiennieva, poet
 * Nicholson Baker, author
 * Andrea Barrett, short-story writer
 * Philip Barry, playwright
 * Richard Brookhiser, biographer
 * Marcia Brown, Caldecott-winning author
 * Rob Byrnes, writer, Lambda Literary Award winner
 * Ron Carlivati, head writer of One Life to Live, General Hospital
 * Tom Chiarella, writer for Esquire
 * Francis Pharcellus Church, publisher and editor
 * Henry W. Clune, journalist and novelist
 * Sheila Connolly, mystery writer
 * Cornelius Eady, poet
 * Thomas Fenton, screenwriter, Saw IV
 * Edith Willis Linn Forbes, poet and writer
 * Joseph Fornieri, historian, political scientist
 * Dana Fox, screenwriter, The Wedding Date
 * Geoffrey Giuliano, biographer
 * Virginia Haviland, librarian and writer
 * Edward D. Hoch, mystery writer
 * Mary Jane Holmes, 19th-century author
 * David Hudson, lawyer and writer
 * Marie Howe, poet
 * Charles R. Jackson, author of The Lost Weekend
 * Shirley Jackson, author, The Lottery
 * David Cay Johnston, Pulitzer Prize winner, reporter for New York Times
 * Ilya Kaminsky, Ukrainian-American poet
 * Garson Kanin, playwright and screenwriter
 * Mollie Katzen, chef and cookbook author
 * Stanton Davis Kirkham, naturalist
 * Michael Muhammad Knight, novelist
 * Helen Aldrich De Kroyft (1818–1915), author
 * Sonja Livingston, author
 * Jerre Mangione, writer
 * Minerva Brace Norton, educator and author
 * Linda Sue Park, Newbery Medal winner
 * Jane Marsh Parker, author, historian and clubwoman
 * Herbie J Pilato, writer
 * Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, author, Pulitzer Prize winner for The Yearling
 * David Oliver Relin, journalist and author, Three Cups of Tea
 * Julia Sauer, librarian and author
 * David Schickler, author, Kissing in Manhattan and Sweet and Vicious
 * Emma Augusta Sharkey, writer
 * Mark Shulman, children's author
 * Joe Simon, comic book writer, co-creator of Captain America
 * Lura Eugenie Brown Smith (1864–?), journalist, newspaper editor, author
 * Thomas Thackeray Swinburne (1865–1926), poet
 * Chris Van Etten, TV writer and author
 * Amelia Kempshall Wing (1837-1927), American author and philanthropist

Broadcasters and journalists

 * Don Alhart, television journalist
 * Ralph Bown, radio pioneer
 * Richard Ben Cramer, journalist and author, Pulitzer Prize winner
 * Frederick Douglass, editor of The North Star (anti-slavery newspaper)
 * Jean Giambrone, journalist, first woman credentialed for Masters golf
 * Sean Lahman, sports statistician and newspaper journalist
 * John Machacek, Pulitzer Prize winner (1972, spot reporting)
 * Don Martin, Calgary Herald columnist
 * Anne Montgomery, WROC sports reporter and ESPN broadcaster
 * Henry Jarvis Raymond, journalist and founder of New York Times
 * Neil Rogers, radio host
 * Martin Sargent, professional "nerd" and host of TWIF
 * Steve Scully, C-SPAN host; reporter and anchor at WHEC-TV in Rochester
 * Jimmy Wallington, radio personality
 * Irv Weinstein, television journalist

Sport broadcasters

 * Mike Catalana, Rochester television executive
 * Lanny Frattare, Pittsburgh Pirates
 * Hank Greenwald, San Francisco Giants
 * Josh Lewin, Los Angeles Chargers and Texas Rangers
 * Clem McCarthy, sportscaster and newsreel narrator
 * Nick Nickson, Jr., Los Angeles Kings
 * Bill Stern, sportscaster in National Radio Hall of Fame
 * Jeff Van Gundy, pro basketball
 * Pete Van Wieren, Atlanta Braves

Photographers and artists
Metalwork sculptor Albert Paley, although originally from Philadelphia, has lived and worked in Rochester for over four decades; he's probably the region's most prominent artist. Like many other artists, he came to Rochester because of RIT's School for American Crafts.
 * Alfred Agate, painter
 * Frederick Styles Agate, painter
 * Harry Bliss, cartoonist
 * Wendell Castle, wood furniture sculptor
 * Arthur Dove, abstract painter
 * Emil Gruppe, impressionist painter
 * Nicholas Gurewitch, creator of The Perry Bible Fellowship
 * Peter Hannan, creator of CatDog
 * James D. Havens, woodcut artist; early insulin recipient
 * Maud Humphrey, commercial illustrator, suffragist; mother of actor Humphrey Bogart
 * Jeannette Klute, photographer
 * Marilyn Leavitt-Imblum, needlework designer
 * Albert Paley, metalwork sculptor
 * Manuel Rivera-Ortiz, photographer

Other

 * Larry Ashmead, book editor

Religion and philosophy

 * Reverend Francis Bellamy, wrote the Pledge of Allegiance
 * Antoinette Brown Blackwell, first female minister
 * James Callan, former Catholic priest
 * Hiram Edson, pioneer of the Seventh-day Adventist Church
 * Kate, Leah, and Margaret Fox, spiritualists
 * Philip Kapleau, brought Zen Buddhism to western mainstream 1964; founded Rochester Zen Center
 * Max Landsberg (1845–1927), rabbi of B'rith Kodesh
 * Bishop Bernard John McQuaid
 * Carolyn Merchant, philosopher and historian
 * Walter Rauschenbusch, theologian
 * Abraham Resnick, rabbi in Ashgabat, Kokand, Moscow, Quincy MA, Lowell MA and Rochester
 * Benjamin Titus Roberts, founder, Free Methodist Church
 * Bishop Fulton Sheen, archbishop and television personality
 * Joseph Smith, founder of Latter Day Saint movement
 * Paul J. Swain, Roman Catholic bishop
 * Reverend Dr. Howard Thurman
 * William C. White, Seventh-day Adventist minister

Scientists
Pioneering physician Elizabeth Blackwell, pioneering astronaut Pamela Melroy, and naturalist Henry Augustus Ward are the most notable scientists to come from the Rochester area. Acclaimed surgeon Seymour I. Schwartz also made Rochester his home.
 * James C. Adamson, astronaut
 * John Auer, physiologist and pharmacologist credited with the discovery of Auer rods
 * Elizabeth Blackwell, first woman to become qualified as a medical doctor
 * Esther M. Conwell, physicist, 1997 recipient of the IEEE Edison Medal
 * Frank J. Duarte, laser physicist and author
 * Grove Karl Gilbert, geologist
 * David Lipman, bioinformaticist
 * Edward Tsang Lu, space shuttle astronaut, International Space Station resident
 * Pamela Melroy, astronaut
 * Lewis Henry Morgan, anthropologist
 * Arthur Caswell Parker, archaeologist, historian, expert on Native Americans, and director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences
 * John Wesley Powell, geologist
 * Mark Rosenzweig, research psychologist
 * Seymour I. Schwartz, author of Schwartz's Principles of Surgery, the "Surgeon's Bible"
 * Lewis A. Swift, astronomer
 * Ching W. Tang, chemist, physicist, inventor of OLED
 * Henry Augustus Ward, naturalist and geologist, founder of Ward's Natural Science
 * John Ralston Williams, medical pioneer
 * Herbert York, nuclear physicist

Social reformers
No list of notable Rochesterians could ever omit Susan B. Anthony and Frederick Douglass, but the area has a long history of progressive social reformers. Anarchist Emma Goldman lived there for a time.
 * Terry A. Anderson, former hostage and humanitarian
 * Susan B. Anthony, women's rights leader
 * Walter Cooper, research scientist, urban education reformer and civil rights activist
 * Frederick Douglass, abolitionist
 * Lavantia Densmore Douglass (1827–1899), social reformer
 * Emma Goldman, anarchist
 * George W. Goler, pioneer in pasteurisation
 * Shields Green, escaped slave who participated in John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
 * Jean Brooks Greenleaf (1832–1918), woman suffragist
 * Antoinette Arnold Hawley, temperance activist
 * Hester C. Jeffrey, suffragist
 * Clarissa Caldwell Lathrop, asylum reform advocate and autobiographer
 * Helen Barrett Montgomery, social reformer and women's activist
 * Helen Pitts, abolitionist and feminist
 * Amy and Isaac Post, abolitionists and women's rights advocates
 * Joy Powell, social reformer, political prisoner and anti-violence activist
 * Mabel Sine Wadsworth, birth control activist
 * Lillian Wald, public health nurse and social worker
 * Samuel Ringgold Ward, African-American pastor and abolitionist
 * Frances Willard, suffragist and temperance reformer
 * Fannie Barrier Williams, black social reformer

Others

 * Josh Arieh, 2005 World Series of Poker champion
 * Timothy Blodgett, Sergeant at Arms of the U.S. House of Representatives as of January 2021
 * Mabel Boll, socialite, the "Queen of Diamonds"
 * Douglas Brei, sports historian
 * Obadiah Bush, ancestor of the Bush financial and political family
 * Elizabeth Eden, figure in the Dog Day Afternoon bank heist
 * Ed Edmondson, chess arbiter
 * Jon Finkel, Magic: The Gathering champion
 * Jerome Fuller, jurist
 * Mike Goodman, professional gambler, casino pit boss, and author
 * Gideon Granger, U.S. Postmaster General under Thomas Jefferson
 * Seth Green, pioneer in fish farming
 * Mary Jemison, the White Lady of the Genesee
 * Lincoln Kirstein, writer, ballet impresario, art connoisseur, and one of the Monuments Men
 * Thomas Krens, former director, current senior adviser, at the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum
 * Increase A. Lapham, "father" of the United States Weather Service
 * Christopher Lasch, historian
 * Belva Ann Lockwood, first female attorney to practice before the Supreme Court
 * Shawn Rabideau, event planner, TV personality
 * Nathaniel Rochester, city founder
 * Blanche Stuart Scott, first American woman aviator
 * Jane Teller, sculptor
 * Robert Van Leer, an American arts executive

Fictional Rochesterians

 * Luke and Joanne Collins, and son Dennis Collins, Heroes Reborn
 * Rosalie Hale, vampire, Twilight

title: List of people from Rochester, New York