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Penelope Spheeris

Penelope Spheeris (born December 2, 1946) is an American film director, producer, and screenwriter. She has directed both documentary and scripted films. Her best-known works include the trilogy titled The Decline of Western Civilization, each covering an aspect of Los Angeles underground culture, and Wayne's World, her highest-grossing film.

Early life
Spheeris was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Her Greek-immigrant father owned the Magic Empire Shows carnival and was a side-show strong man. Her mother, of Irish heritage, was raised in Kansas and later worked as a ticket taker for the carnival. Her father was 40 years old and her mother was 19 when they began a relationship. Spheeris has three full siblings, plus a number of older half-siblings from her father's first marriage. She is a sister of singer Jimmie Spheeris and a first cousin of musician Chris Spheeris and Greek-French director Costa Gavras, which she says has made her consider that a genetic component exists to her vocation.

Spheeris told author Paul Stenning, "I believe each of us is born with certain characteristics that we genetically inherit, some of which are good, some not so good. My mother was extremely compassionate, my father more of a barbarian. My father was passionately ambitious, where my mother was not. The most significant traits I learned from my parents were a strong sense of survival and unfaltering tenacity."

Spheeris spent her first seven years traveling around the American South and American Midwest with her father's carnival. Her father was murdered in Troy, Alabama, after intervening in a racial dispute. In a 2015 interview, Spheeris stated that her father had come to the aid of an African-American man who had been struck on the back of the head with a cane by a white man over a dispute about cutting in front of him in line. The white man soon after returned and stabbed Spheeris' father. She states that her father's killer served no jail time, the man's legal defense apparently resting entirely on the claim that he was justified in murdering Spheeris senior as "he was defending a black."

After her father's death, Spheeris and her three siblings moved with their mother to California, generally living in trailer parks with a succession of stepfathers. She spent her teenaged years in Orange County, graduating from Westminster High School, where she was named 'most likely to succeed'. After high school, Spheeris attended California State University Long Beach, where she majored in art. She admired the teachings of George Falcon, a behavioral scientist. From his influence, Spheeris went on to study psychobiology at the University of California, Irvine, in Orange County, southeast of Los Angeles.

Working as a waitress at Denny's and IHOP, she put herself through film school. She majored in film and has a master of fine arts degree in theater arts from UCLA.

Career
Spheeris launched her career by producing short subjects for comedian Albert Brooks, many of them being highlights in the first season of the television series Saturday Night Live. Her first feature film was The Decline of Western Civilization (1981), a punk rock documentary that she produced and directed. She followed up with Suburbia in 1983, produced by Roger Corman, The Decline of Western Civilization Part II: The Metal Years, this time about the Los Angeles heavy metal scene of 1988, with footage and interviews of legendary metal bands such as Kiss, Ozzy Osbourne, Aerosmith, Megadeth, and Motörhead. She later returned to the streets of Los Angeles and the punk rock scene in 1998 for the documentary The Decline of Western Civilization Part III. She was offered the chance to direct This is Spinal Tap, but declined. In addition, she worked as a writer for the television series Roseanne (1988-1997). In the 1990s, she directed Wayne's World, a comedy based on Mike Myers' sketches from Saturday Night Live. The movie grossed over $183 million and became a popular hit. She directed the Wayne's World music video work for Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody", which earned a Grammy Award nomination. She had difficulty working with Myers, while acknowledging him as "profoundly talented," and in an Entertainment Weekly article stated she believes Myers dissuaded Paramount Pictures from hiring her for the sequel.

In 1996, she directed We Sold Our Souls for Rock 'n Roll, a documentary about the Ozzfest, produced by Sharon Osbourne, which explored life on the road.

Other films Spheeris has directed include The Beverly Hillbillies; The Little Rascals (for which she co-wrote the screenplay); the Chris Farley/David Spade comedy Black Sheep; the Marlon Wayans-David Spade team-up Senseless; and The Kid & I starring Tom Arnold. In 2006, she was set to direct the still-unfilmed Gospel According to Janis, about Janis Joplin.

The Portland Oregon Women's Film Festival named Spheeris its guest of honor for 2013.

The moving image collection of Penelope Spheeris is held at the Academy Film Archive. The Academy Film Archive has preserved several of Penelope Spheeris' films, including Bath, Hats Off To Hollywood, and Shit.

Personal life
Spheeris has a daughter, director Anna Spheeris Fox, born in 1969.

Since September 9, 1998, Spheeris has been in a relationship with a man known as Sin, whom she met while filming the documentary The Decline of Western Civilization Part III. In a 2015 interview, she revealed that he was in an institution in Florida after he stopped taking his medication (he has schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) and ended up in jail. She has described him as the love of her life.

Radio and podcast appearances
Spheeris appeared on WTF with Marc Maron on June 29, 2015.

She appeared on Ken Reid's TV Guidance Counselor podcast on October 18, 2016.

In December 2021, she appeared on the fourteenth episode of The Ghost of Hollywood, where she discussed her work career in filmmaking, with a focus on Suburbia in particular.

An interview with Penelope Spheeris and journalist Barney Hoskyns appeared on the Rock's Backpages web site.

Awards
Spheeris' work has received recognition from the Directors Guild of America, The Recording Academy, Stinkers Bad Movie Awards, the Chicago International Film Festival, the Chicago Underground Film Festival, the Deep Ellum Film Festival, the LA Femme International Film Festival, the Los Angeles Greek Film Festival, the Los Angeles Silver Lake Film Festival, the Melbourne International Film Festival, the Sundance Film Festival, and the Temecula Valley International Film Festival.

 * 1983 Won - Chicago International Film Festival award - Silver Hugo for Best First Feature Film (Suburbia)
 * 1992 Nominated - Grammy Award for Best Music Video - Long Form ("Bohemian Rhapsody (Wayne's World Version)")
 * 1993 Won - The Stinkers Bad Movie Award for Worst Resurrection of a Television Show (The Beverly Hillbillies)
 * 1998 Won - Chicago Underground Film Festival award - Jury award for Best Documentary (The Decline of Western Civilization Part III)
 * 1998 Nominated - Sundance Film Festival Award - Grand Jury award for Documentary (The Decline of Western Civilization Part III)
 * 1998 Won - Sundance Film Festival Award - Freedom of Expression Award (The Decline of Western Civilization Part III)
 * 2001 Won - Deep Ellum Film Festival award - Pioneer Filmmaker award
 * 2001 Won - Los Angeles Silver Lake Film Festival award - Spirit of Silver Lake award
 * 2001 Won - Melbourne International Film Festival award - Most Popular Documentary (We Sold Our Souls for Rock 'n Roll)
 * 2003 Won - Temecula Valley International Film Festival award - Lifetime Achievement Award
 * 2005 Won - LA Femme International Film Festival award - Maverick Award
 * 2009 Won - Los Angeles Greek Film Festival award - Honorary Award
 * 2012 Nominated - Directors Guild award for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Movies for Television/Miniseries (Five)

Unproduced projects

 * The Thing in Bob's Garage – A script was written but never made into a film
 * The Gospel According to Janis – An autobiography about Janis Joplin was developed by Spheeris for 15 years, and she had received help from David Dalton on the script. In 2004, the project finally began moving forward when singer Pink was cast in the lead role. Peter Newman had helped finance. Zooey Deschanel replaced her two years later. In 2009, Deschanel declared the project dead.
 * Closers – A romantic comedy distributed by Dimension Films, written by Monica Johnson and Josh Stolberg, and produced by Kevin Messick. The plot describes a man who signs up for a secret service in order to get a girl, only to realize that they assassinated her boyfriend.
 * Posers – A comedy distributed by Miramax about three guys who have to save their uncle's adult bookstore from being seized by launching their own porn site.
 * Spam on Rye – An action/comedy from Franchise Pictures, written by Sal Stabile and Andrew Wasser. The plot was about a guy who steals a mobster's car to impress a date and finds himself living the life of the one he stole from. David Arquette was being looked at to star.
 * Flashbacks – Based on the autobiography of the same name by Timothy Leary, produced by Interscope Communications and written by Randall Jahnson.

Television
TV movies

Reception
Critical, public, and commercial reception to films Spheeris has directed.

title: Penelope Spheeris


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USS Mississippi

USS Mississippi, named either for the state of Mississippi or the Mississippi River, may refer to:

 * USS Mississippi (1841) was a sidewheel frigate that saw action in the Mexican–American War and was lost during the American Civil War
 * USS Mississippi (BB-23) was the lead ship of the Mississippi-class battleship of battleships, saw action before World War I and was eventually sold to Greece
 * USS Mississippi (BB-41) was a New Mexico-class battleship and saw action during World War II
 * USS Mississippi (CGN-40) was a Virginia-class cruiser nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser
 * USS Mississippi (SSN-782) is a Virginia-class submarine commissioned in 2012

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: USS Mississippi


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Dennis Hwang

Hwang Jeong-mok (황정목; born c. 1978), known professionally as Dennis Hwang, is an American-born South Korean graphic artist currently working for Niantic, who was the original designer of some of the festive logos for Google.

Early life and education
Born in Knoxville, Tennessee, he moved to South Korea when he was about five years old. His hometown was Gwacheon where he "had a very normal childhood". He went through public schools, spending six years at Gwacheon Elementary School and two years at Munwon Middle School, before returning to Knoxville and graduating from Bearden High School. His doodles during these years were frowned upon. On a return visit to Knoxville in 2003, Hwang was awarded an Appalachian Arts Fellow Award at World's Fair Park by then-mayor Victor Ashe. Ashe proclaimed, "Mr. Hwang's work is impressioned hundreds of millions of times each week, and reaches all corners of the globe. He is arguably Knoxville's most persistent artist."

He received a degree from Stanford in arts and computer science.

Career
During the Burning Man festival of 1998, Larry Page and Sergey Brin designed Google's first "doodle" for the purpose of notifying users of their absence. Subsequently, Hwang was assigned to create special Google logos. His first logo design for Google was in honor of Bastille Day, on July 14, 2000, at the request of Page and Brin, and he went on to design a great many specialty logos. By 2005, he was creating about 50 Google logos each year. Hwang has designed Google logos commemorating Thanksgiving, Christmas, and other events such as Piet Mondrian's birthday. He also designed the iconic Gmail logo on the night before its release.

His position within Google was international webmaster, which made him responsible for all of their international content.

title: Dennis Hwang


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Talk:Pascal's wager/Archive 2

Simply writing Pascal’s wager off as a false dilemma shows how clearly opinionated this article is, and shows clearly that the writer DOES NOT BELIEVE IN GOD. God the Creator is One, and is the God described in all the monotheistic beliefs, such as Islam and the Jewish faith alongside Christianity.

Claiming that a different kind of god may exist than the God, who has presented Himself to mankind through the prophets, is even more preposterous that claiming that there is no God at all.

Therefore Pascal’s assertion that to deny the existence of God one loses everything (i.e. will abode in Hell for eternity) is clearly true, when God exists. And indeed, as long as one is not forced to martyr oneself for one’s faith, one loses nothing by believing in God.

 * I'm not sure I understand your argument, but if you have something to add to the article, feel free to do so. Specifically, I don't see what makes you certain that the God of Abraham is the only god that could exist.  What proof is there than Hinduism or Shintoism isn't the correct religion?  In addition, plenty of people believe in the God of Abraham but don't believe that nonbelievers will be damned to Hell for all eternity.  What proof is there that any of these belief systems are correct?  None, they are all based on faith.  Tuf-Kat

I think that Pascal's wager could be stated more fully. It seems odd to spend one sentence describing it followed by five or more refuting it. Wesley 18:12 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)

Why Pascal is right
The only reason that anyone would reject God has to do with his or her way of life. Because, according to Pascal--and his assertions are correct--one whoives a good life need only follow the path of God, because they are already living well. Why deny God and then follow the rules? Therefore, one makes a conscious decision, because of their choices in life, to merely reject Pascal because he or she does not live well, and therefore cannot afford to accept such a Truth.

Think about it; laws can only exist if we believe that there is a reason for those laws. If we believe that our Reason--that is God--is not reasonable, then how can we truth those who say that they have reason, but deny how they received that. Murder is a perfect example. You cannot say that murder is wrong, but then say it is because there is no ultimate point to life--that there is no Divine Truth. Ultimately, you decide whether or not you want to believe, because you decide whether you can handle the Truth with your lifestyle. Pascal is 100% correct. The article should spend more time speaking the truth, and less time trying to pick it apart. I wonder what kind of person could have possibly written something like that?

Quite possibly a person that sees the truth within cripplingly flawed philosophical equations.

Why No One Cares If Pascal Was Right
It doesn't matter whether or not he was right or wrong, that's not for Wikipedia to decide. The point is, it is a commonly used term, and most likely should simply be redirected to Pascal's Wager. The article is obviously written by someone who rejects Pascal's Wager, and should be redirected, and added to Wiktionary. 70.131.128.253 18:22, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

I strongly agree. Bethefawn 0222; 9.1.06

Wager + Flaw
The Flaw and the Wager go together, in the same way that a slice of bread has two sides. (Is that an argument with a flaw?) Peter Ellis 23:53, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

I agree with this. Alex McCusker.

The Flaw, so-called, cannot exist without the Wager. They should be considered, or at least presented, together.Slugger O'toole 15:16, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

I also agree. If this "truth" is truly "divine truth", it should not need the aid of censorship. Also, it is interesting that the opposing opinion is justified only by the very wager in question. 74.139.178.134 17:10, 6 November 2006 (UTC)Caleb Edwards

Wager + Flaw
It does not seem like a good manners to have a page that is dedicated to a certain context "Pascal's Wager", and then add information in the same page that totally undermines the competence of what is being written. When talking about Pascal's Wager, you are not trying to show how Pascal was correct or not, you are trying to put out the facts relating to what Pascal's beliefs, right or wrong. Having an article written on why Pascal was incorrect should be in a new section, not mixed in with his original theory.

Pascal's Flaw
In November 2005, someone proposed merging Pascal's Flaw into Pascal's wager. It seems no discussion took place so far. The flaw is known as a separate concept and therefore I'd rather keep a separate article. Rl 08:05, 23 June 2006 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pascal's wager/Archive 2


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USS Montana

USS Montana may refer to:

 * USS Montana (ACR-13), was a Tennessee-class cruiser that provided convoy escort duty during World War I, and was eventually renamed and reclassified Missoula (CA-13) in reserve fleet
 * USS Montanan (1913), was a cargo ship during World War I and sunk by torpedo in August 1918
 * USS Montana (BB-51), was a South Dakota-class battleship (1920) battleship laid down in 1920 but cancelled and scrapped in 1923
 * USS Montana (BB-67), would have been the lead ship of the Montana-class battleships; however, the entire class was cancelled in 1943
 * USS Montana (SSN-794), is a Virginia-class submarine

title: USS Montana


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Surinam

Surinam may refer to:

 * Surinam (Dutch colony) (1667–1954), Dutch plantation colony in Guiana, South America
 * Surinam (English colony) (1650–1667), English short-lived colony in South America
 * Surinam, alternative spelling for Suriname, country in South America established 1954

title: Surinam


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Talk:The World Almanac

Untitled
Are there already efforts to include almanac information within Wikipedia? It is frustrating I think that there is not a lot of choice for good on-line almanacs, and it seems to me this kind of information, if it is not copyrighted already, should be made freely accessible on the internet with all of its search capabilities. Granted, it may be better at Nupedia given that you probably don't exactly want everybody and anybody to fumble around with pages full of statistics (nor is there any need for that part of the page at least to be modified), but I think an almanac is definitely something which should be freely available, and it would seem logical to me that Wikipedia could house it. What do you think? Brettz9 18:08 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)
 * There's no organized effort to do so, really, but see List of reference topics for a collection of links to almanac-type info. Tuf-Kat
 * Thanks for the link, but I presume you meant List of reference tables? That does look pretty cool.  It'd be nice to know what items within our existing Almanacs are public domain content... - Brettz9 20:59 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)

Bold text

Can others check pages 617-680?
In my almanac, the pages 617-680 are all upside down and backwards. In other words, everything is fine up to and includingpage 616 (US Populations), but the next page is 680 and it is upside down (World History). The page after this is 679 and is upside down, and it goes on like this until page 617, which is the last upside down page. The page after this is 681, which is correct.

Can anyone else check their book and tell me if they have the same issue?

Do you think this printing error makes the book mroe valulable?

Thanks in advance, Andrew

"The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007" "The World Almanac 2007"

ISBN 10: 0886879957 ISBN 13: 9780886879952

Includes color pictures —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 75.68.235.119 (talk) 02:24, 25 December 2006 (UTC).

This isn't Yahoo! Answers.

Bwryan2006 (talk) 23:40, 30 May 2014 (UTC)

NPOV dispute

 * I'm a newbie, but I just noticed this today and had to comment. This article seems to be an ad for The World Almanac rather than a NPOV description of it.  This entire article seems to come straight from [| The World Almanac site] itself.  I immediately guessed this when I discovered that THE WORLD ALMANAC was italicized many times...more like what you'd find in an advertisement than in an encyclopedia entry.  Certainly this information should be used but I'm worried what is currently here is borderline plagiarism and biased to boot.

Arenasnow 21:14 December 26, 2006

 * That's exactly what I was thinking, too. I added a NPOV dispute banner and changed the title of this section. I suggest as a first step we change the names to a regular font style. Deivo 12:15, 1 January 2007 (UTC)

 * It was a plain copyright violation that had occurred on November 15, 2006. I've reverted back to the last version before that. Lupo 09:21, 3 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I loved the World Almanac as a child, but I was always bothered by the many inconsistencies and obvious errors in its information. In some cases, it seemed like simply bad sources; in others, like poor copy editing. This seems to be confirmed by the small editorial staff that is mentioned in this article.Bostoner (talk) 23:35, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Propaganda Criticism
I've heard that this book was criticised for giving out biased information on various things, could you name some? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 70.237.25.125 (talk) 18:26, 28 April 2007 (UTC).

 * I was always perturbed by the World Almanac's listing the form of government for the United States as "federal republic with a strong democratic tradition." It is not that I dispute that the US is a genuine democracy. It's just that such a description, by its very nature, sounds more like a matter of opinion than a matter of objective fact. No other country is described this way, and I find it hard to believe that are no other countries in the world, esp. in Europe, that are not equally democratic.Bostoner (talk) 23:35, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

Effect of the Internet on Sales?
I originally looked up this article to see if the World Wide Web had any effect on sales of the World Almanac. The Web contains more up-to-date information and more information. This is not to discourage people from using the World Almanac, just to see what today's perceptions are, and to see if there is some continued justification for it that I might have overlooked. Does anyone know?Bostoner (talk) 23:35, 25 January 2009 (UTC)

why?
Why was my edit undone, the World Almanac is not tolerant towards other peoples cultures.

--Heart Like a Wheel (talk) 00:27, 21 May 2008 (UTC)

 * For future reference, this is the edit to which HLaW is referring. - dcljr (talk) 22:14, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Why is my edit removed
Just why? --99.1.144.24 (talk) 17:40, 14 July 2008 (UTC)

 * For reference, this is the edit to which the anon editor is referring. - dcljr (talk) 22:12, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Sports
What is the section Sports even trying to say? I can't understand the relevance to this article. - dcljr (talk) 22:08, 9 September 2009 (UTC)

Washington Star?
Did it used to have the Washington Star in the branding? (I seem to dimly recall this.)TCO (talk) 15:25, 30 May 2013 (UTC)

title: Talk:The World Almanac


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Rex (krewe)

The Rex Organization (founded 1872), commonly referred to simply as Rex, is a New Orleans Carnival krewe which stages one of the city's most celebrated parades on Mardi Gras Day. Rex is Latin for 'king', and Rex reigns as "The King of Carnival".

History and formation
Rex was organized by New Orleans businessmen in part to put on a spectacle in honour of the New Orleans visit of Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia (remembered locally as "Grand Duke Alexis") during the 1872 Carnival season. Also in the minds of the founders of Rex was the desire to lure tourism and business to New Orleans in the years after the American Civil War.

Rex has held more parades in New Orleans than any other parading organization. Its official song is "If Ever I Cease to Love", a quirky tune from the 1870s musical Bluebeard. This was adopted because the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia had a fondness for Lydia Thompson, the actress who sang the song in the musical, which was playing in New Orleans at the time of the first Rex parade in 1872. It has stuck around since then and is played often during Carnival.

Membership
Traditionally, the secretive membership was restricted to New Orleans residents of European ancestry for most of its history, typically being elected from the membership rolls of The Boston Club including the first Rex, Louis Solomon, a Jewish businessman. However, in 1991 the New Orleans city council passed an ordinance that required social organizations, including Mardi Gras krewes, to certify publicly that they did not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, gender, or sexual orientation, in order to obtain parade permits and other public licensure. In effect, the ordinance required these, and other, private social groups to abandon their traditional code of secrecy and identify their members for the city's Human Relations Commission. The Mistick Krewe of Comus (along with Momus and Proteus, other 19th century Krewes) withdrew from parading rather than identify its membership. Rex decided to comply with the new ordinance, rather than disappear from the main event of Mardi Gras Day. Two federal courts later declared that the ordinance was an unconstitutional infringement on First Amendment rights of free association and an unwarranted intrusion on the privacy of the groups subject to the ordinance. The Supreme Court refused to hear the city's appeal from this decision. While the Krewe of Proteus returned to parading in 2000, the Mistick Krewe of Knights have not since been seen.

The Rex organization and the Mistick Krewe of Comus still hold their annual balls together on Mardi Gras night.

Parade

Rex assembles floats using techniques that have spanned generations, entirely by hand. Contrary to popular belief, Rex floats are not built over Civil War-era cotton wagons; they are instead built on wagons formerly employed by the City of New Orleans to collect refuse in the late 19th century.

The Rex parade is put on by The School of Design.

Since 1971, the parade has started at the corner of Napoleon Avenue and South Claiborne Avenue, proceeding south (river bound) on Napoleon to St. Charles Avenue, then east (downtown bound) on St. Charles to Canal Street. Unlike some other old-line krewes, Rex's route never went through the French Quarter prior to the city's ban on parades in the Vieux Carre which took effect in 1973.

Parade themes
The theme for each year's parade is decided more than a year in advance, and as soon as the parade is over on Mardi Gras Day, float artists begin work on the next year's parade. It takes thousands of man hours to create an entirely new parade, and it is for this reason, as well as the organization's commitment to its history and traditions, that many consider the Rex parade to be the highlight and most beautiful sight of New Orleans carnival.

Parade themes tend to cover themes related to mythology, ancient kingdoms, and Louisiana.

• 2024 The Two Worlds of Lafacdio Hearn: New Orleans & Japan

• 2023 Il Palio di Siena

• 2022 School of Design Sesquicentennial

• 2021 Parade canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic

• 2020 Omens and Auguries

• 2019 Visions of the Sun

• 2018 L'Ancienne Nouvelle-Orléans

• 2017 Carnival Fêtes and Feasts

• 2016 Horti Regis

• 2015 Wars that Shaped Early America

• 2014 Gods of All Ages

• 2013 All Creatures Great and Small

• 2012 Lore of the Ancient Americas

• 2011 This Sceptred Isle

• 2010 Fables of Fire and Flame

• 2009 Spirits of Spring

• 2008 Royal Rivers

• 2007 The Lunar Realm

• 2006 Beaux Arts and Letters

• 2005 Visions of Age-Old Cathay

• 2004 The Winged World

• 2003 Bicentennial of the Louisiana Purchase

• 2002 Royal Jazz

• 2001 Illustrious Illustrators

• 2000 Ancient Empires

• 1999 Golden Age of Mardi Gras

• 1998 Royal Gems

• 1997 If I Ever Cease to Love

• 1996 King Arthur and His Knights

• 1995 Enchanted Beasts

• 1994 Notable New Orleanians

• 1993 Royal British Scribes

• 1992 Voyages of Discovery

• 1991 The Mystery and Magic of Masks

• 1990 Audubon's Winged Splendour

• 1989 Lafcadio Hearn's Fantastics

• 1988 Fabled Gods and Heroes

• 1987 The Lure and Legend of Gold

• 1986 The Royal Academy

• 1985 Nature's Royalty

• 1984 Royal Transit Authority

• 1983 The Sovereign's Symphony

• 1982 Tricentennial Bourbon Louisiana

• 1981 Ars Poetica

• 1980 Flora of the Realm

• 1979 Parade cancelled due to New Orleans Police Department strike

• 1978 Rex and the Masters

• 1977 Look to the Stars

• 1976 Jazz: A New Orleans Heritage

• 1975 Creatures of the Imagination

• 1974 Twice Told Tales

• 1973 Kings and Queens of Fantasy and Fact

• 1972 A Tribute to Jules Verne

• 1971 Centennial Celebration

• 1970 Classics, Cartoons, and Comics

• 1969 Genesis Through Gemini

• 1968 New Orleans We Love You

• 1967 To the Ladies, Bless Them All

• 1966 The Adventures of Alice

• 1965 Once Upon a Rhyme

• 1964 We Return to the Land of Oz

• 1963 World of the Brothers Grimm

• 1962 Year of the Circus

• 1961 The Magic of Music

• 1960 The Wonderful World of Let's Pretend

• 1959 The Adventures of Marco Polo

• 1958 Tales of Hans Christian Andersen

• 1957 Favorite Stories from the Old Testament

• 1956 Festivals Over the World

• 1955 Washington's Birthday and Life

• 1954 Nature Creates, Man Invents

• 1953 Origin of Names of States, Seals, and Flags

• 1952 Panorama Through the Magic Sugar Egg

• 1951 Parade cancelled due to the Korean War

• 1950 Adventures in Slumberland

• 1949 Louisiana – Utopia of the South

• 1948 Dances Through the Ages

• 1947 What Is the Sea Shell Saying

• 1946 Myths of the Starry Hosts

• 1945 Carnival cancelled due to WWII

• 1944 Carnival cancelled due to WWII

• 1943 Carnival cancelled due to WWII

• 1942 Carnival cancelled due to WWII

• 1941 Gems from the Arabian Nights

• 1940 A Fantasy of the Alphabet

• 1939 Belgian Fairy Tales

• 1938 Realms of Earth, Sea, and Air

• 1937 Nature the First Inventor

• 1936 Roumanian Fairy Tales

• 1935 Nature's Workshop

• 1934 The Conquest of Air

• 1933 Paradise cancelled due to heavy rainfall

• 1932 Rex Scrap Book – 1932

• 1931 The History of Drama

• 1930 The Jewels of Rex

• 1929 Outline of History

• 1928 Transportation

• 1927 The Music of the Ages

• 1926 The Music of Bells

• 1925 Romances of Fan Land

• 1924 Notable Women Down the Ages

• 1923 A Fantasy of the Sea

• 1922 Romances of River and Valley

• 1921 Porcelain in Fact and Fancy

• 1920 Life's Pilgrimage

• 1919 Carnival cancelled due to Spanish Flu

• 1918 Carnival cancelled due to WWI

• 1917 The Gifts of the Gods to Louisiana

• 1916 Visions from the Poets

• 1915 Fragments from Song and Story

• 1914 The Drama of the Year

• 1913 Enchantments and Transformations

• 1912 Phases of Nature

• 1911 Arts and Sciences

• 1910 The Freaks of Fable

• 1909 The Treasures of the King

• 1908 The Classics of Childhood

• 1907 Visions of the Nations

• 1906 In Utopia

• 1905 Idealistic Queens

• 1904 In the Realm of Imagination

• 1903 Feasts and Fêtes

• 1902 Quotations from Literature

• 1901 Human Passions and Characteristics

• 1900 Terpsichore

• 1899 Reveries of Rex

• 1898 Harvest Queens

• 1897 On the Water – Real and Fanciful

• 1896 Heavenly Bodies

• 1895 Chronicles of Fairyland – Fantastic Tales for Young and Old

• 1894 Illustrations from Literature

• 1893 Fantasies

• 1892 Symbolism of Colors

• 1891 Visions

• 1890 Rulers of Ancient Times

• 1889 The Treasures of the Earth

• 1888 The Realm of Flowers

• 1887 Music and Drama – Odds and Ends – Washington

• 1886 The Triumph of Aurelian – Grand Historical Scenes

• 1885 Ivanhoe

• 1884 The Semitic Races

• 1883 Atlantis – The Antediluvian World

• 1882 The Pursuit of Pleasure

• 1881 Arabian Nights Tales

• 1880 The Four Elements

• 1879 The History of the World

• 1878 The Gods Modernized

• 1877 Military Progress of the World

• 1876 Persian & Egyptian

• 1875 Parade cancelled to protest federal occupation of the city after Crescent City White League riots

• 1874 Persian

• 1873 Egyptian

• 1872 Triumphal Entry

Royal court
One member of the Rex Organization is each year chosen to be the monarch of the organization; he is often incorrectly referred to by the (technically redundant) phrase "King Rex". The correct title is simply "Rex". The identity of Rex is made public on Lundi Gras, the day before Mardi Gras. Rex is always a prominent person in the city, one who is usually involved in several philanthropic and civic causes. Being chosen Rex is one of the highest civic honors a person can receive in New Orleans. The Mayor of New Orleans traditionally hands over the key to the city of New Orleans to Rex for Mardi Gras Day.

A consort is also chosen each year for Rex and she is titled the "Queen of Carnival". The queen is always a debutante of the current season. Like Rex, the queen is chosen in the spring of the previous year, and must keep her identity secret until Lundi Gras.

Ball & Meeting of the Courts
In addition to its famous parade, the Rex Organization also holds a private ball for its membership and invited guests on Mardi Gras night. In the 1950s, this ball made headlines when the Duke and Duchess of Windsor bowed down to Rex and the Queen of Carnival.

Pre Hurricane Katrina, the Rex ball was held on one side of the Municipal Auditorium, while on the other half of the building at the same time, the Mistick Krewe (the oldest krewe), holds its ball and was a more veiled affair.

Since Hurricane Katrina, the organizations have held their balls in the Sheraton and Marriott Hotels downtown. The rich tradition that Comus, ruler of the Mistick Krewe, extends an invitation to Rex and his queen to join him and his consort at the ball of the Mistick Krewe has been on public display on Canal Street, where a red carpet is rolled out. The court of The Rex Parade joins by invitation that of the senior krewe and the event is called The Meeting of the Courts, then when the monarchs have all made their exits, the Captain of the Mistick Krewe closes the curtain on the Carnival season. This event is televised live locally (and to selected areas outside of the city) – and many New Orleanians stay up to watch despite their weariness – until the very end.

Le Boeuf Gras
In early Mardi Gras celebrations parades would include a live ox or boeuf gras ('fattened ox'). The ox represented the last meat to be eaten before the beginning of Lent.

The first appearance of boeuf gras in a modern parading krewe was the Mistick Krewe 1867 parade entitled "Triumphs of Epicurus" including masked and costumed krewemen representing food and beverages with boeuf gras included.

A boeuf gras was included in the first Rex parade decorated with garland and ribbons directly behind Rex. Legend has it that Old Jeff, a stockyard bull from Arabi, was used in later years.

In 1900 boeuf gras was taken out of the Rex parade as it was thought outsiders to traditional Mardi Gras would not understand. By proclamation from Rex usage of a live ox "was not in harmony with the beautiful displays which are produced in this era and (it) must be relegated to the past."

In 1959 Rex issued another proclamation announcing the return of boeuf gras as a papier-mâché float design.

Today le boeuf gras is the fourth float in the Rex parade and is surrounded by masked krewemen costumed as butchers and bakers, many of whom are past kings of Carnival.

Pro Bono Publico
Since its founding in 1872, a few years after the civil war, Rex has constantly held itself to a tradition of public service. The Rex motto, "Pro Bono Publico" (for the public good) was adopted during this time, and continues to define the organization's commitment to service.

Following Hurricane Katrina, Rex organized a series of community service initiatives in 2006 under the banner "Operation Pro Bono Publico." The efforts of Rex targeted specific community needs such as support for police and other first responders, an organized clean-up effort of the Uptown parade route after Mardi Gras, as well as continued efforts to support New Orleans' Charter Schools.

Mardi Gras Colors
Rex established purple, green, and gold as the official colors of Mardi Gras in 1892. The three colors symbolize justice, faith, and power.

title: Rex (krewe)


text:
Talk:Surinam

Untitled
To be merged with Suriname! - Patrick 18:15 Mar 5, 2003 (UTC)

title: Talk:Surinam


text:
USS North Carolina

USS North Carolina may refer to:

 * USS North Carolina (1820) was a ship of the line launched in 1820 and sold in 1867
 * USS North Carolina (ACR-12) was a Tennessee-class cruiser launched in 1906 and escorted troop transports during World War I and sold for scrap in 1930
 * USS North Carolina (BB-52) was a South Dakota-class battleship, laid down but soon canceled by the Washington Naval Treaty in 1920
 * USS North Carolina (BB-55) is a North Carolina-class battleship launched in 1940; decommissioned in 1947 and a museum ship in Wilmington, North Carolina
 * USS North Carolina (SSN-777) is a Virginia-class submarine commissioned in 2008 and currently in service

See also
 * CSS North Carolina

title: USS North Carolina


text:
Hammersmith

Hammersmith is a district of West London, England, 4.3 mi southwest of Charing Cross. It is the administrative centre of the London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham, and identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London.

It is bordered by Shepherd's Bush to the north, Kensington to the east, Chiswick to the west, and Fulham to the south, with which it forms part of the north bank of the River Thames. The area is one of west London's main commercial and employment centres, and has for some decades been a major centre of London's Polish community. It is a major transport hub for west London, with two London Underground stations and a bus and coach station at Hammersmith Broadway.

Toponymy
Hammersmith may mean "(Place with) a hammer smithy or forge", although, in 1839, Thomas Faulkner proposed that the name derived from two 'Saxon' words: the initial Ham from ham and the remainder from hythe, alluding to Hammersmith's riverside location. In 1922, Gover proposed that the prefix was a personal name, Heahmaer or Hæmar, and stating that the suffix must be Anglo-Saxon from -myðe, meaning the junction of two rivers, as Hammersmith Creek merged with the Thames here. The earliest spelling is Hamersmyth in 1294, with alternative spellings of Hameresmithe in 1312, Hamyrsmyth in 1535, and Hammersmith 1675.

History
The district was a chapelry of the ancient parish of Fulham, but became a fully independent parish in 1631. In the early 1660s, Hammersmith's first parish church, which later became St Paul's, was built by Sir Nicholas Crispe who ran the brickworks in Hammersmith. It contained a monument to Crispe as well as a bronze bust of King Charles I by Hubert Le Sueur. In 1696 Sir Samuel Morland was buried there. The church was completely rebuilt in 1883, but the monument and bust were transferred to the new church.

In 1745, two Scots, James Lee and Lewis Kennedy, established the Vineyard Nursery, over six acres devoted to landscaping plants. During the next hundred and fifty years the nursery introduced many new plants to England, including fuchsia and the standard rose tree.

1804 saw the trial of Francis Smith for the murder of Thomas Millwood in Beaver Lane, Hammersmith. Called the Hammersmith Ghost murder case, it set a unique standard in English legal history.

In 1868, Hammersmith was the name of a parish, and of a suburban district, within the hundred of Ossulstone, in the county of Middlesex. Major industrial sites included the Osram lamp factory at Brook Green, the J. Lyons factory (which at one time employed 30,000 people). During both World Wars, Waring & Gillow's furniture factory, in Cambridge Grove, became the site of aircraft manufacture.

Hammersmith Borough Council had provided the borough with electricity since the early twentieth century from Hammersmith power station. Upon nationalisation of the electricity industry in 1948 ownership passed to the British Electricity Authority and later to the Central Electricity Generating Board. Electricity connections to the national grid rendered the 20 megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station redundant. It closed in 1965; in its final year of operation it delivered 5,462 MWh of electricity to the borough.

Economy
Hammersmith is located at the confluence of one of the arterial routes out of central London (the A4) with several local feeder roads and a bridge over the Thames. The focal point of the district is the commercial centre (the Broadway Centre) located at this confluence, which houses a shopping centre, bus station, an Underground station and an office complex.

Stretching about 750 m westwards from this centre is King Street, Hammersmith's main shopping street. Named after John King, Bishop of London, it contains a second shopping centre (Livat Hammersmith), many small shops, the town hall, the Lyric Theatre, a cinema, the Polish community centre and two hotels. King Street is supplemented by other shops along Shepherds Bush Road to the north, Fulham Palace Road to the south and Hammersmith Road to the east. Hammersmith's office activity takes place mainly to the eastern side of its centre, along Hammersmith Road and in the Ark, an office complex to the south of the flyover which traverses the area.

Charing Cross Hospital on Fulham Palace Road is a large multi-disciplinary NHS hospital with accident & emergency and teaching departments run by the Imperial College School of Medicine.

Architecture
"The Ark" office building, designed by British architect Ralph Erskine and completed in 1992, has some resemblance to the hull of a sailing ship. Hammersmith Bridge Road Surgery was designed by Guy Greenfield. 22 St Peter's Square, the former Royal Chiswick Laundry and Island Records HQ, has been converted to architects' studios and offices by Lifschutz Davidson Sandilands. It has a Hammersmith Society Conservation award plaque (2009) and has been included in tours in Architecture Week. Several of Hammersmith's pubs are listed buildings, including the Black Lion, The Dove, The George, The Hop Poles, the Hope and Anchor, the Salutation Inn and The Swan, as are Hammersmith's two parish churches, St Paul's (the town's original church, rebuilt in the 1890s) and St Peter's, built in the 1820s.

Culture and entertainment

Riverside Studios is a cinema, performance space, bar and cafe. Originally film studios, Riverside Studios were used by the BBC from 1954 to 1975 for television productions. The Lyric Hammersmith Theatre is just off King Street. Hammersmith Apollo concert hall and theatre (formerly the Carling Hammersmith Apollo, the Hammersmith Odeon, and before that the Gaumont Cinema) is just south of the gyratory. The former Hammersmith Palais nightclub has been demolished and the site reused as student accommodation. The Polish Social and Cultural Association is on King Street. It contains a theatre, an art gallery and several restaurants. Its library has one of the largest collections of Polish-language books outside Poland.

The Dove is a riverside pub with what the Guinness Book of Records listed as the smallest bar room in the world, in 2016 surviving as a small space on the right of the bar. The pub was frequented by Ernest Hemingway and Graham Greene; James Thomson lodged and likely wrote Rule Britannia here. The narrow alley in which it stands is the only remnant of the riverside village of Hammersmith, the bulk of which was demolished in the 1930s. Furnivall Gardens, which lies to the east, covers the site of Hammersmith Creek and the High Bridge.

Leisure activity also takes place along Hammersmith's pedestrianised riverside, home to the pubs of Lower Mall, rowing clubs and the riverside park of Furnival Gardens. Hammersmith has a municipal park, Ravenscourt Park, to the west of the centre. Its facilities include tennis courts, a basketball court, a bowling lawn, a paddling pool, and playgrounds.

Hammersmith is the historical home of the West London Penguin Swimming and Water Polo Club, formerly known as the Hammersmith Penguin Swimming Club. Hammersmith Chess Club has been active in the borough since it was formed in 1962. It was initially based in Westcott Lodge, later moving to St Paul's Church, then to Blythe House and now Lytton Hall, near West Kensington tube station.

Transport
The area is on the main A4 trunk road heading west from central London towards the M4 motorway and Heathrow Airport. The A4, a busy commuter route, passes over the area's main road junction, Hammersmith Gyratory System, on a long viaduct, the Hammersmith Flyover. Hammersmith Bridge closed in August 2020 to pedestrians, cyclists and road traffic, severing the link with Barnes in the southwest. Its cast iron pedestals that hold the suspension system in place had become unsafe.

The centre of Hammersmith is served by two London Underground stations named Hammersmith: one is served by the Hammersmith & City and Circle lines and the other is served by the Piccadilly and District lines. The latter station is part of a larger office, retail and transport development, locally known as "The Broadway Centre". Hammersmith Broadway stretches from the junction of Queen Caroline Street and King Street in the west to the junction of Hammersmith Road and Butterwick in the east. It forms the north side of the gyratory system also known as Hammersmith Roundabout. The Broadway Shopping Centre includes a major bus station. The length of King Street places the westernmost shops and offices closest to Ravenscourt Park Underground station on the District line, one stop west of Hammersmith itself.

Hammersmith Bridge
The first Hammersmith Bridge was designed by William Tierney Clark and opened in 1827 and was the first suspension bridge crossing the River Thames. It was redesigned by Joseph Bazalgette, and reopened in 1887. In August 2020, it closed to pedestrians, cyclists and road traffic as the cast iron pedestals that hold the suspension system in place became unsafe. Work began to improve the structural integrity of the bridge in 2022.

In literature and music
Hammersmith features in Charles Dickens' Great Expectations as the home of the Pocket family. Pip resides with the Pockets in their house by the river and goes boating on the river. William Morris's utopian novel News from Nowhere (1890) describes a journey up the river from Hammersmith towards Oxford.

In 1930, Gustav Holst composed Hammersmith, a work for military band (later rewritten for orchestra), reflecting his impressions of the area, having lived across the river in Barnes for nearly forty years. It begins with a haunting musical depiction of the River Thames flowing underneath Hammersmith Bridge. Holst taught music at St Paul's Girls' School and composed many of his most famous works there, including his The Planets suite. A music room in the school is named after him. Holst dedicated Hammersmith: "To the Author of "The Water Gypsies".

17th century

 * John Milton (1608–1674), poet
 * William Sheridan (c. 1635 – 3 October 1711), Bishop of Kilmore and Ardagh

18th century
• William Belsham (1752–1827), political writer and historian

• Charles Burney (1757–1817), schoolmaster

• Caroline of Brunswick (1768–1821), princess and Queen Consort of George IV

• William Crathern (born 1793), composer

• Lewis Kennedy (c. 1721 – 1782), nurseryman

• James Lee (1715–1795), nurseryman

19th century

• Frank Brangwyn, artist, painter, and designer, lived at Temple Lodge.

• T. J. Cobden Sanderson (1840–1922), artist and bookbinder

• William Tierney Clark (1783–1852), civil engineer, designer of first Hammersmith bridge

• Ellen and William Craft, (1826–1891, 1824–1900), slave abolitionists

• Jeanne Deroin (1805–1894), French socialist feminist

• Eric Gill (1882–1940), typographer and printmaker

• A. P. Herbert (1890–1971), humorist

• Gustav Holst (1874–1934), composer, taught music at St Paul's Girls' School

• Leigh Hunt (1784–1859), critic, essayist, poet, and writer

• Edward Johnston (1872–1944), scholar, credited with the revival of calligraphy

• William Morris (1834–1896), artist, writer, socialist and activist

• Ouida (Maria Louise Ramé, 1839–1908), novelist

• Francis Ronalds (1788–1873), inventor, built the first working telegraph at Hammersmith Mall

• Frederic George Stephens (1827–1907), art critic

• Emery Walker (1851–1933), engraver and printer

• Christopher Whall (1849–1924), stained glass artist

• Evelyn Whitaker (1844–1929), children's writer

• George Wimpey (1855–1913), stonemason

1900–1945

• George Devine (1910–1966), director

• Mary Fedden (1915–2012), artist

• Rosalind Franklin (1920–1958), X-ray crystallographer

• Jocelyn Herbert (1917–2003), stage designer

• Helen Mirren (born 1945), actress

• Maurice Murphy (1935–2010), trumpet player

• Eric Newby (1919–2006), travel writer

• Eric Ravilious (1903–1942), artist

• Tony Richardson (1928–1991), theatre and film director

• Diana Rigg (1938–2020), actress

• Vidal Sassoon (1928–2012), hairdresser

• Labi Siffre (born 1945), musician

• Julian Trevelyan (1910–1988), artist

1946–2000

• Alfie Allen (born 1986), actor

• Lily Allen (born 1985), pop singer

• Richard Ayoade (born 1977), actor and comedian

• Bill Bailey (born 1964), comedian

• Sacha Baron Cohen (born 1971), comedian and actor

• Marcus Bent (born 1978), footballer

• Joe Calzaghe (born 1972), boxer

• Parosha Chandran (born 1969), human rights barrister

• Sebastian Coe (born 1956), athlete and politician

• Marie Colvin (1956–2012), journalist

• Benedict Cumberbatch (born 1976), actor

• James DeGale (born 1986), boxer

• Cara Delevingne (born 1992), model and actor

• Emerald Fennell (born 1985), filmmaker

• Ralph Fiennes (born 1962), actor

• Emilia Fox (born 1974), actor

• Hugh Grant (born 1960), actor

• Michael Gove (born 1967), politician

• George Groves (born 1988), boxer

• Tom Hardy (born 1977), actor

• Miranda Hart (born 1972), actor

• Gary Hibbs (born 1957), former professional footballer

• Sophie Hunter (born 1978), theatre and opera director

• James May (born 1963), television presenter

• Barbara Mayo (1946–1970), victim of unsolved murder

• Douglas Murray (born 1979), author, journalist

• Gary Numan (born 1958), musician

• Scott Overall (born 1983), marathon runner

• Stuart Pearce (born 1962), footballer

• Rosamund Pike (born 1979), actor

• Stephen Poliakoff (born 1952), playwright

• Imogen Poots (born 1989), actor

• Jacob Rees-Mogg (born 1969), politician

• Toby Regbo (born 1991), actor

• Alan Rickman (1946–2016), actor

• Luke Stoughton (born 1977), cricketer

• Estelle Swaray (born 1980), musician

• Juno Temple (born 1989), actress

• Suki Waterhouse (born 1992), actress and model

• Alan Wilder (born 1959), electronic musician

title: Hammersmith


text:
Talsi

Talsi (Tālsa, Talsen) (population 11,371) is a town in Latvia. It is the administrative centre of Talsi Municipality. It is nicknamed the "green pearl of Courland".

Etymology
It is believed that the name is derived from an old Livonian word, talusse, meaning "secluded place".

Early history
A hill fort has existed in Talsi at least since the 10th century, originally inhabited by Curonians. The settlement of Talsi is mentioned in written sources for the first time in 1231 during the Middle Ages, in a contract between the elders of a Curonian tribe and the papal envoy Baldwin von Alna. During the Northern Crusades, the settlement came under German over-lordship and a castle was built in Talsi during the late 13th century. The settlement grew in the 15th century, when traders and artisans from German-speaking lands settled in Talsi. The presently visible main church of the town was inaugurated in 1567; pastor, a close friend of Ludwig van Beethoven, worked in the church for many years. During the reign of Duke Jacob Kettler, an iron smelting furnace was constructed in Talsi, an early industrial development. The town has suffered from the plague twice (1657 and 1710) and was devastated by a large fire in 1733. The town became part of the Russian Empire in 1795 together with the rest of Courland. At that time, Baltic Germans constituted about sixty percent of the population. At the end of the 18th century, Jews were allowed to settle in Talsi for the first time. Most of the Jews who settled in Talsi originally came from Lithuania and would with time come to form a substantial part of the town population. Eventually a synagogue was built in Talsi.

19th century and World War I
An elementary school opened in 1863 and a private school in 1873 (the latter was for many years the workplace of linguist Kārlis Mīlenbahs); both schools initially taught only in German. In 1887 a Russian-language school was also opened in Talsi. During the Revolution of 1905, there was unrest in the town and several houses burned down and inhabitants killed. During World War I the town suffered heavily and its population decreased from around 5,000 to about 1,100. The entire Jewish population was expelled by Russian military authorities (but some would later return). Peace was not entirely restored until 1920, with the end of the Latvian War of Independence which made Talsi part of the newly proclaimed Latvian republic.

In independent Latvia and during the 20th century
The town grew rapidly again and in 1935 had 4116 inhabitants (82% ethnic Latvians, 12% Jews and 3% Germans). The town was under German occupation from 3 July 1941 right up until the end of World War II on 9 May 1945. The occupying German army used one of the buildings in Talsi as a place where they tortured prisoners; during the Soviet times a bas-relief was put up in commemoration of the victims on the wall of the house. During the Nazi occupation the town's entire Jewish population was murdered. The Germans were aided by ethnic Latvian collaborators. A single Jewish woman was hidden by a local farmer but discovered in 1944 and killed.

The 1950s and 60s were a time of relative prosperity. The town had a forceful leader in Kārlis Grīnbergs, chairman of Talsi Executive Committee (as the town now was part of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic under Soviet occupation). A metalworking plant was opened in 1965 that would attract many jobs to the town. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the re-establishment of Latvia's independence, one of the main monuments of the town, a sculpture called Koklētājs and dedicated to the Latvian freedom fighters could finally be inaugurated. It was begun during the 1930s but could not be finished until after the fall of the Soviet Union.

Geography
Talsi is characterised by its location by nine hills and two lakes. The hills are called Pilskalns, Ķēniņkalns, Leču kalns, Tiguļu kalns, Sauleskalns, Baznīckalns, Krievragkalns, Vilkmuižas kalns and Dzirnavkalns. Pilskalns, meaning "castle hill" is the location of the old hill fort. The hill is 32 m high and lies at the centre of the town. An archaeological excavation of the hill fort was carried out here in 1936 – 1938. The highest hill in Talsi is Tiguļu kalns. This hill has an arboretum and is the location of Talsi Regional Museum, housed in a manor house originally built for a local aristocrat, Baron von Firck. OnLeču kalns there is a memorial sculpture in remembrance of the Revolution of 1905, when six revolutionaries where killed here. Talsi lake, in the middle of the town, is surrounded by a promenade and there is a fountain installed in the lake.

Culture and religion
As mentioned above, the town hosts a regional museum in the former manor house of Baron von Firck. There is also a cultural centre with a "creative yard" in the middle of the town. The town also has two libraries of which one is a children's library. There are churches of the Lutheran, Catholic, Baptist and Seventh-Day Adventist Christian faiths in Talsi. The former synagogue is today a private house. The Lutheran church, built in 1567 but reconstructed several times, is the oldest stone building in Talsi.

Sport
Talsi has a municipal school of sport, and hosts an annual rally competition. In addition, there are numerous sports facilities in the town, e.g. skating, ice hockey and association football.

Transportation and infrastructure
Talsi is connected to Riga via bus. A journey from Riga to Talsi takes approximately two hours. An airfield was built around 1 km outside Talsi during Soviet times. It is used for small planes and occasionally for events.

Notable people

 * Arved von Schultz (1883–1967), geographer
 * Frédéric Fiebig (1885–1953), painter
 * Israel Medalyer (1889-1950), grandfather of Robert Rinder
 * Vera Zozulya (born 1956), luger
 * Anita Liepiņa born 1967), athlete
 * Uvis Helmanis (born 1972), basketball player
 * Raimonds Tiguls (brons 1972), musician, composer
 * Romāns Vainšteins (born 1973), cyclist
 * Ilze Indriksone (born 1974), politician
 * Intars Busulis (born 1978), singer
 * Māris Ziediņš (born 1978), ice hockey player
 * Krišjānis Zeļģis (born 1985), poet
 * Artūrs Strēlnieks (born 1985), basketball player
 * Markus Riva (born 1986), singer
 * Jānis Strēlnieks (born 1989), basketball player
 * Dzintars Čīča (born 1993), singer

Events
A number of events are arranged annually in the town. The International Carl Ferdinand Amenda Music School Competition is a classical music competition arranged by the municipality and open for children aged 7–17 years. There is an annual "Talsi Celebration" every year in July, a market fair at the end of August and designated days of poetry and art. In addition, national holidays such as Independence Day (18 November) and Lāčplēsis Day are observed in the town.

Twin towns — sister cities
Talsi is twinned with:

 * 🇹🇷 Alanya, Turkey
 * Lejre, Denmark
 * 🇲🇩 Orhei, Moldova
 * 🇱🇹 Prienai, Lithuania
 * 🇪🇪 Saaremaa, Estonia
 * 🇷🇺 Shchyolkovo, Russia
 * 🇸🇪 Söderköping, Sweden
 * Telavi, Georgia

title: Talsi


text:
Talk:Talsi

Apparent advert
From the article: apparent advert content:

Exactly the reason why I removed it from here as well. Philaweb  T - C  22:54, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

Number of communities
"16 pagasts - Balgale, Dundaga, Gibuli, Ive, Kulciems, Laidze, Lauciene, Libagi, Lube, Mersrags, Roja, Strazde, Valdgale, Vandzene and Virbi Communities" - Erm, I make that 15, myself... -- Oliver P. 20:33 20 May 2003 (UTC)

Article content
The content of this article resembles a tourist pamphlet too much. Needs to be wikified. Philaweb  T - C  22:54, 3 June 2007 (UTC)

There are references to "Castle Mound" and "Castle Mould." One of these is a typo. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.242.162.203 (talk) 19:50, 3 November 2010 (UTC)
 * mould... and the correct term is hill fort Xil  (talk) 09:23, 4 November 2010 (UTC)

Twin towns
Where is this information referenced please? The Rambling Man (talk) 12:04, 17 November 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Talsi


text:
Eurovision Song Contest 1973

The Eurovision Song Contest 1973 was the 18th edition of the annual Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, following the country's victory at the with the song "Après toi" by Vicky Leandros. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Compagnie Luxembourgeoise de Télédiffusion (CLT), the contest was held at the Grand Théâtre on 7 April 1973 and was hosted by German television presenter Helga Guitton.

Seventeen countries took part in the contest this year, with and  deciding not to participate, and  competing for the first time.

In a back-to-back victory, won the contest again with the song "Tu te reconnaîtras" by Anne-Marie David. The voting was a very close one, with with "Eres tú" by Mocedades finishing only 4 points behind and the  with "Power to All Our Friends" by Cliff Richard (who had come second in  just behind Spain) another 2 points further back. The winning song scored the highest score ever achieved in Eurovision under any voting format until 1975, recording 129 points out of a possible 160, which represented almost 81% of the possible maximum. This was partly due to a scoring system which guaranteed all countries at least two points from each country.

Location
Luxembourg City is a commune with city status, and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. It is located at the confluence of the Alzette and Pétrusse Rivers in southern Luxembourg. The city contains the historic Luxembourg Castle, established by the Franks in the Early Middle Ages, around which a settlement developed.

The Grand Théâtre de Luxembourg, inaugurated in 1964 as the Théâtre Municipal de la Ville de Luxembourg, became the venue for the 1973 contest. It is the city's major venue for drama, opera and ballet.

Participating countries
Seventeen nations took part in this year's contest. participated for the first time, while and  decided against participating. Malta had originally being drawn to perform in sixth position between Norway and Monaco, however the Maltese broadcaster withdrew before the deadline to select an entry.

The language rule forcing countries to enter songs sung in any of their national languages was dropped this year, so performers from some countries sang in English.

Contest overview
In light of the events that had happened during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, there were fears of a terrorist threat, particularly directed against Israel's first-ever entrant, leading to unusually tight security for the contest. This gave rise to one of the best-known Eurovision anecdotes, frequently recounted by the UK's long-serving commentator Terry Wogan. He recalled that the floor manager strongly advised the audience to remain seated while applauding the performances, otherwise they risked being shot by security forces.

This contest holds the record for the most watched Eurovision Song Contest in the United Kingdom, and is also the 18th most watched television show in the same country, with an estimated 21.54 million tuning in on the night. Cliff Richard represented the with the song "Power to All Our Friends". He came 3rd with 123 points. The winner though was Anne-Marie David with "Tu te reconnaîtras".

Detailed voting results
Each country had two jury members, one aged between 16 and 25 and one aged between 26 and 55. They each awarded 1 to 5 points for each song (other than the song from their own country) immediately after it was performed and the votes were collected and counted as soon as they were cast. The juries watched the show on TV from the Ville du Louvigny TV Studios of CLT and appeared on screen to confirm their scores.

10 points
Below is a summary of all perfect 10 scores that were given during the voting.

Broadcasts
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers.

Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below. In addition to the participating countries, the contest was also reportedly broadcast in Austria, Greece, Iceland, Malta and Turkey, in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the Soviet Union via Intervision, and in Japan.

title: Eurovision Song Contest 1973


text:
Talk:Huldrych Zwingli

Zwingli and music
RelHistBuff, you have removed the bit about Zwingli's music with the comment "replace, will expand": what will you expand, when and where? I will concur that the "legacy" section may not be the best place to discuss Zwingli-the-musician, but the topic is of some importance wrt his stance on music in religious service. Mention of his three surviving hymns should also be part of a comprehensive article on Zwingli. The 1960 article by Hannes Reimann (citation of which you have removed) is a good source for this. dab (𒁳) 13:11, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I put it in the liturgy section. However, there is more modern research on the three songs. I will get to this eventually. --RelHistBuff (talk) 13:44, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I do imagine there is more recent literature :) I depend on jstor.org for this... since Zwingli's musical activity was precisely not liturgy, we might give some details on his musical education and talent in the "early years" section. dab (𒁳) 13:55, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * No problem about putting something in on his musical education in the "Early years" section. Just remember to add the citation. --RelHistBuff (talk) 14:29, 4 February 2008 (UTC)
 * On a related subject, the sentence, "Zwingli enjoyed music greatly and could play, among other instruments, the violin, the harp, flute, dulcimer and hunting horn", was in the original version of the article, but it had no citation. None of my sources mention the specific instruments that he played. I am going to check Locher's book; perhaps there might be something there. If you know of a source, could you add it in? --RelHistBuff (talk) 14:29, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

The Reimann article is really quite comprehensive. It lists the known facts of Zwingli's musical education, and it lists the eleven instruments Bernhard Wyss claims Zwingli could play: lute, harp, pipe, bagpipes, tromba marina, dulcimer, vielle ("violin"), rebec, horn, cornett, boxwood flute/recorder. I know the article is 48 years old, but I really doubt the communis opinio on this topic has changed very much since. dab (𒁳) 14:45, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

Zürich Bible
The "Zürich Bible" is this publication, appeared 2007, ISBN 978-3-85995-240-9. The particular text contributed to by Zwingli is known as the Froschauer Bibel because it appeared with Christoph Froschauer from 1525. dab (𒁳) 18:11, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The sources explicitly give the name of the first translation as the "Zürich Bible". Perhaps the first translation is commonly called Froschauer Bibel among germanophones, but since the anglophone sources call it the Zürich Bible, then we have to respect the sources. What we could do is to add an clause such as "The Zürich Bible translation, commonly called the Froschauer Bibel in German, traditionally attributed ...". But a citation should be added. --RelHistBuff (talk) 18:43, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

literature: Traudel Himmighöfer, Die Zürcher Bibel bis zum Tode Zwinglis (1531) : Darstellung und Bibliographie (= Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für Europäische Geschichte Mainz 154), Mainz 1995 ISBN 380531535X. This English language review unambiguously talks of the "Froschauer Bible". Now please let us not make this more difficult than absolutely necessary. This has nothing whatsoever to do with germanophone vs. anglophone. "Zürich Bible" is correct and mostly sufficient given the context, "Froschauer Bible" is more specific, in both English and German, and you should use it if you wish to refer to the first edition specifically. If we are going to argue, can we argue about something more controversial and more intersting please? dab (𒁳) 18:50, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

 * If you insist on changing it, then go ahead, I will not revert. But please add the footnote on "Froschauer Bible ". Neither Gäbler nor Potter used it, so the credit has to go to another source. --RelHistBuff (talk) 21:32, 4 February 2008 (UTC)

never mind. This isn't important enough. However, you appear to be relying on Gäbler and Potter over-much. If the "translation" I had removed here was really Potter's, I have grave doubts about Potter's reliability. There is a plethora of literature on Zwingli, and there is no need to rely on any one book in particular. At this point, I think you would profit from reviewing WP:OWN. As I say above, I am glad you have 'adopted' this article, but you'll need to recognize that it will not be "your" article. dab (𒁳) 09:06, 5 February 2008 (UTC)

ok, if you object to "Froschauer Bible", let's at least say "the Zürich Bible, printed by Christoph Froschauer", giving us the opportunity to link to Christoph Froschauer, who is certainly a person instrumental to the Zürich Reformation and Zwingli's impact. dab (𒁳) 13:19, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * No problem with your suggestion. I personally do not object to calling it the Froschauer Bible. As I implied previously, I am simply trying to keep to the wiki-policy of saying only what the sources say and adding nothing else. I will look for more sources on the naming of the Bible. --RelHistBuff (talk) 13:38, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

ok. You see, at the time of our discussion above, there had been no Christoph Froschauer article. I have created one since, and since we have one now "the Zürich Bible, printed by Christoph Froschauer" is clearly the optimal solution. --dab (𒁳) 14:18, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

FA?
Why not nominate this for GA first? You will get valuable feedback that you can use in the drive for FA. -- SECisek (talk) 01:41, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
 * I submitted it to GAN. The reasons I skipped GA were problems with the process and inconsistent reviews. Ian Thorpe is an example; it failed GA and passed FA at around the same time! Still, if a good reviewer takes a look, then it is worth the wait. --RelHistBuff (talk) 12:31, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I am withdrawing the GA nomination. The peer review has brought in four good reviews; I had to make some special requests, but the criticisms has been useful. So we will see how it goes on FAC. --RelHistBuff (talk) 22:51, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

The GA process is broken. I see no problem with going directly for FA. Submitting an article twice would be a waste of time. I have no basic objection to the present version qualifying as FA, except perhaps: that said, the article is certainly a good coverage of the topic. Well done. dab (𒁳) 13:13, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
 * why did you remove the "Theology" section entirely? It's ok to have a dedicated Theology of Huldrych Zwingli, but a full article on Zwingli should focus on content (works, theology) just as much as on biographical detail.
 * the article appears to rely on two sources, Gäbler (1986) and Potter (1976) far too much. I am sure these are ok sources, but if you have access to them, it would be better to cite their sources directly. It would be much preferable if we can cite academic literature on specific points directly (such as Reimann 1960 for Zwingli and Music).

 * The summary of the theology section wasn't really good. It's a chicken and egg problem. The theology article is not finished yet and it is hard to give a decent summary of his theology before it is finished. So I took the summary out temporarily while working on the theology article. I will write a new summary once the article is finished.
 * Concerning sources, Gäbler and Potter has extensive footnotes quite often citing Zwingli's works (primary sources) and a host of scholarly literature (secondary sources). For the purposes of an encyclopaedia article, however, it is not necessary to cite journals and other academic literature such as conference/symposium proceedings. One can see this in FA Biography articles where most use biographies, not journals, as their major sources. The two sources I used are the best modern English-language biographies on Zwingli. --RelHistBuff (talk) 14:24, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'd suggest the better way to handle the theology section might be to leave it in place here with a template in that section referring to the other article. That way, readers who visit here during your research and creation phase aren't entirely without a theology section. --Fl e x (talk/contribs) 16:13, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

Sure, this was no objection to FA-worthiness. What is lacking is a "Works" section. We cannot FA an article on a notable author that does not include a decent discussion of his written works. The "Selected works" section in FA John Knox is a bare minimum in my book. dab (𒁳) 15:39, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The John Knox list was easy to do because it is based on a compendium of his works edited by Laing. It isn't very large. The list of Zwingli's works in the modern critical edition is over a hundred. The question is which ones to list? I could start with a list based on the works mentioned in the article. --RelHistBuff (talk) 15:53, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

I think the ones listed now, from the 1995 Schriften, are sufficient. English translations of the titles would be nice though. dab (𒁳) 16:59, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Looks good. There is an incomplete sentence for Vol XIII "Zwingli's exegetical notes on the Bible, published in ." --RelHistBuff (talk) 17:12, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

ok, I see the four volume edition is in modernized German, while the full edition is in the original Early Modern German. Consequently, the titles given are modernized. "Die freie Wahl der Speisen" is really "Erkiesen und Freiheit der Speisen" etc. It may be better to give the original titles and their English translations than taking the detour over Modern German. dab (𒁳) 22:28, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I think it is best to keep the modern titles as stated in the four-volume edition and if necessary add the original titles in a parenthetical element. Otherwise we would be ascribing the original titles to the four-volume edition which might cause confusion if someone were to look them up. --RelHistBuff (talk) 10:14, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
 * yes - I have doubts the present arrangement by volume of the 1995 edition is a good idea anyway. It restricts our freedom of selection. Maybe we should dump that structure and just list selected original titles? I found a decent English language index of Zwingli's works on google books (Stephens 1992), here, we might go by that. dab (𒁳) 10:39, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Notes and suggestions
Hi all, RelHistBuff asked me to look over this article as a pre-pre-precursor to taking it to FAC. I'll do my best to help out! :) Willow (talk) 21:18, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The paragraphs of the lead seem rather short and don't always flow smoothly from one thought to the next? For example, I would devote the 2nd and 3rd sentences of the 1st lead paragraph to giving a "big picture" view of Zwingli's significance, before launching into his early history.  I'm afraid that many readers may not be familiar with 16th-century Switzerland, or even the 16th century, or even the Reformation.   Setting context will be important, I think, talking about the historical tides at work in Europe.  Willow (talk) 21:18, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I like your idea of adding a "Historical context" section (mentioned below). From that I think a sentence or two could be added to the first paragraph. The lead does probably make for stilted reading, primarily due to me (as a mediocre writer), but also due to the limitation of WP:LEAD. Will work on this. --RelHistBuff (talk) 09:31, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * My own feeling is that, for the lead, what Zwingli did is more important than than the exact church he did it from. So perhaps a few details could be sacrificed to make room for that broader discussion of Zwingli and his context? Willow (talk) 21:18, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * Will look into this. --RelHistBuff (talk) 09:31, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The names "Henry", "Gregory" and "Bartholomew" sound like Anglicanizations. ;) Were those really their names? Willow (talk) 21:38, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The names are from one of the sources (Gäbler). Potter uses "Heinrich", but retains "Gregory" and "Bartholomew". I believe the primary source of the names is a book on Reformation history by Heinrich Bullinger. --RelHistBuff (talk) 09:31, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * I'm pretty sure that it's Apologeticus not Apologeticeus. More generally, I think Apologeticus archeteles would be better translated as "A Defence of Ultimate Principles", rather than "The First and Last Word".  Zwingli's little pun on αρχη — which can mean "first" (εν αρχη ην ο λογος, in the beginning was the Word) but can also mean "principle" — is nice, but I think we should also give the main meaning as well for the reader.  I won't change anything until we agree, though.  Willow (talk) 22:26, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

 * It is Apologeticus. That was a typo on my part. The translation is from Gäbler. Stephens does not translate it at all just calling it Archeteles. Potter has more details on the Greek in a footnote. He said that it is an example of a composite noun which early 16th century humanists loved to invent. I can't type in the Greek words, but Zwingli supposedly merged two words "beginning" and "end". Potter then translates Archeteles as "once and for all". So Potter seems to support Gäbler's translation. By the way, the reason I chose Gäbler as the main source for title names and translations is because that source consistently gave the original German/Greek/Latin as well as English translations of all the titles. Stephens provides mostly his translated English, while Potter was inconsistent. That's not to say that Gäbler's translations are the best. I really could not agree with his literal translation of Burgrecht to "Fortress Law". Fortunately, I had other sources to resolve that one. --RelHistBuff (talk) 09:31, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

 * The titles of some of Zwingli's works read like High German, rather than Swiss German, e.g., Eine fruendliche Bitte, Schlußreden, Kurze christliche Einleitung? Were those the original titles, or have they been Germanified (hochdeutsch'd ;)?  Willow (talk) 22:34, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
 * The titles are from Gäbler. I have seen some of the original text and the German is definitely not modern German, so I am certain the titles were spelled differently. When the original titles are converted to modern German, one ends up with several choices of "conversions" as well. So I just stuck to one source. --RelHistBuff (talk) 09:38, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

OK, I finished it, and it reads very well, but it still seems a mite "rough" for FAC. It feels as though it would benefit from a stronger flow, and more rigorous integration of the various facts, so that even a casual reader is swept along and doesn't have to stop and think too much. ;) I would suggest adding an initial section about "Historical context" that paints the big picture for such a casual reader, you know the start of the Reformation, the factors religious and political leading up to it and favoring its growth, the political situation in Switzerland, etc.  As one example, I added something about Erasmus' publication of the Greek New Testament as being a catalytic event in new Biblical translations, but that might be better worked into such a "Historical Context".

 * I have added a new context section. Please tell me what you think. I hope you feel swept along. :-D --RelHistBuff (talk) 08:19, 29 February 2008 (UTC)

Another thing you might consider adding would be some summary statement of Zwingli's theology, or at least the issues on which it turned. You do a great job describing it piecemeal, in its chronological development, but I think it warrants its own section.

 * In a previous section above, I mentioned that I drafted a theology section. But it really wasn't good enough, so I took it out. Since I am also working on the Theology of Huldrych Zwingli article, I will put in a new summary when it is finished.

Also, how about more about Zwingli's personal life? I thought the sentences about his marriage very interesting, and would've liked to have heard more about Anna and his children, and the predicaments that might've caused him.

 * Did you see the Anna Reinhard article in the "External links" section? It is a very nice description written in the 19th century. I was strongly tempted to add some details from that source. I have other books of that period where they go into wonderful details about personal aspects of past people's lives. But I was told, rightly so, by our historian wiki-colleagues (Awadewit and Qp10qp) to avoid the old sources as they are hagiographic and no longer reflect modern scholarship. . Well, the old sources still make nice reading and conjures up nice fantasies. Anyway, I will try searching through modern sources for some details. It certainly would make the reading less dry! --RelHistBuff (talk) 09:55, 22 February 2008 (UTC)

Hoping this helps, Willow (talk) 23:31, 21 February 2008 (UTC)

The link to Anna Reinhart is wrong. It leads to another woman with that name that lived 200 years later. 84.241.68.188 (talk) 16:25, 10 November 2019 (UTC)

Confessions
I've read the article, but was left wanting to know more about the Confessions that he was involved in drafting. There's a note near the end that suggests he's responsible for the first Reformed Confession, but doesn't say what that was, and his list of works doesn't offer any clues to me. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.27.236.140 (talk) 22:22, 24 November 2012 (UTC)

Balance
I have added a couple of small edits including clarifying a couple of more negative issues for balance that seem to have been missed so far eg Zwinglis abolition of Church music, and his confession of personal immorality. Xandar (talk) 12:35, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

There are a couple of other questions here - particularly with reference to the seizure of the monasteries. It is stated that Zwingli wanted to close them in the high-minded interest of caring for the poor. It is implied that this is what happened. I do not know the details so far, but elsewhere in Europe, although this was the stated aim of suppression, very little of the money actually went to the poor, mostly ending up in the hands of the ruling elites. If this did not happen in Zurich it would be a big exception. Xandar (talk) 12:40, 4 May 2008 (UTC)

the Church, fasting, and the Confederation
I've read through parts of this article and found a couple things that struck me as being maybe not entirely geared towards a lay audience. Hope these comments help improve the readability and accessibility of this article.

In the second paragraph of the lead, "the Church" is introduced without any proper antecedent, nor wikilink. To those not familiar with European history or the Reformation, it may be confusing to what religious body "the Church" is referencing, because there are clearly disambiguation issues. I was wondering if the article could be changed to insert a wikilink full title to the religious body in question. Again, in the 2nd paragraph of "Early years", it could be helpful to state what Church Zwingli went to work for.

Under "First rifts", the idea of fasting is introduced, but not explained (or even linked to). Imagine a Protestant reader who was raised outside of the Church, or even a non-Christian reader. Do you think this section would be above their head? I think linking to, and perhaps having a short clause explaining what fasting meant back then would be a good idea. The phrase "thus not punishable by the Church" is confusing because it implies the Church punished people for fasting (or even punished people for sinning). Is that the case?

I read this article a bit out of order, so I'm not sure if this is that big of an issue, but in the 2nd paragraph of "Legacy", the sentence "Under Bullinger, the confessional divisions of the Confederation were stabilised." made absolutely no sense (without having read the "Reformation in the Confederation" section). I'm not sure if there is a creative way to expand that sentence slightly so it doesn't rely so heavily on previous text (and explain what a "confessional division" is, which is the only place that phrase is used in the entire article)?

Anyway, hope this helps.-Andrew c [talk] 19:34, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Rather late in response. Thanks for your suggestions; I implemented some of them. I think the link to Lent should be enough to obtain more info about fasting (although that article itself does not link to fasting probably because the word and article is too general). The Legacy section does assume that the article is read in order, so the confessional division (i.e., the existence of Protestant and Catholic cantons in the Confederation) should be clear. --RelHistBuff (talk) 13:01, 18 March 2009 (UTC)

Tithing
The original source, Gäbler, says the following: "As other critics had also done, Zwingli attacked the claim that the tithe was a divine institution. He asserted that its earlier meaning of 'contribution to the church' must be regained." Zwingli did not attack the tithe, nor even the institution of tithing, but the claim and this is understood in the context of the source. So the original sentence in the article is supported by the source. --RelHistBuff (talk) 22:58, 14 January 2009 (UTC)

So was he a Catholic Priest.
The article does not clearly state that he was a priest. Why not? Example: "Like many of his contemporaries, Zwingli went to work for the Catholic Church having studied little theology." Went to work for the Catholic Church I assume means became a priest.Nitpyck (talk) 17:12, 6 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Will add text from the source. --RelHistBuff (talk) 17:28, 8 May 2010 (UTC)

Death and legends
Apparently legends developed almost immediately after his death, on both sides of the confessional divide. This would bear some elaboration. I found Bullinger's account, which seems to be the origin of the pear-tree story (and which sounds credible enough, given Bullinger's no-nonsense character and his immediate proximity to events). Later there seem to have been accounts of treason on the Zurich side, and conflicting accounts on who actually killed Zwingli on the Catholic side.

Even later, there seem to have been other points, in Protestant hagiography stuff like this,
 * The Zurichers marched to meet the Waldstatter, but were defeated at Cappel with great slaughter Oct. 11, 1531. Zwingli was found, after the battle lying on his back and his eyes upturned to heaven, with his helmet on his head, and his battle-axe in his hand. He had been wounded at the beginning of the engagement. As he staggered and fell he was pierced several times with a lance. According to some accounts he was wounded while stooping to comfort a dying soldier. His last audible words were, “What of that? They can indeed kill the body, but they cannot kill the soul.” He was living when he was discovered but the infuriated fanatics soon finished him off.

but on the Lutheran side apparently also the "vile suggestion" that Zwingli was a combatant (while his own side reports that he merely accompanied his army but did not draw sword). Then there is the issue of his "relics", especially his helmet (which seems to be genuine, as it was kept as a trophy in Lucerne) his sword (where does this enter the record?) and finally his so-called "battle-axe", an interesting combination of handgun and axe also displayed in the Landesmuseum, but presumably its association with Zwingli is spurious(?)

I did what I could do in fifteen minutes, more research could go into these points. --dab (𒁳) 12:31, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

This might seem trivial, but....
Just for the sake of us ignorant Americans, could somebody throw in the correct pronunciation of his name? Both his first and last names, I mean, but especially "Zwingli." (I remember when I was a kid and I read this name for the first time, my initial thought was that whichever of his ancestors coined that surname must have worked for a pharmaceutical company. You know..."Ask your doctor about Zwingli®!"  Admittedly, I didn't realise there weren't any pharmaceutical companies back in the 16th century (or whenever the Zwinglis first started using that name) — in my defence, I was only like six or seven.) Mia229 (talk) 01:29, 22 July 2012 (UTC)

Zwingli's death
I was born and raised in the community (Gemeinde) of Kappel am Albis in Switzerland. We where always told, that Zwingli died during the second war of Kappel. Legend has it that he sacrificed himself at the front line to be stabbed by multiple warriors of the opposing (catholic) army. This act stunned everybody and caused a peace treaty and the subsequent eating of the Kappel milk soup. As a symbol of peace both armies eat from the same soup out of the same pot. There is a monument attributing Zwinglie's heroism on a hill overlooking the town of Kappel am Albis.

This detail is missing in your post — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.40.43.214 (talk) 18:00, 14 December 2013 (UTC)

Zwingly was ulgy
The facts prove that zwingly was ugly. I mean look at his knose. Good god yall that should be illigal to be that ugly. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.91.136.174 (talk) 02:00, 4 March 2014 (UTC)

 * Lol! I wasn't going to say nothing, but you are right. 134.228.33.96 (talk) 15:10, 28 February 2023 (UTC)

Reliable sources
Sources from the 19th century are considered unreliable. These are anecdotes. Also self-published sources (the Baseley quote) are also unreliable. And it is only in the lead, not in the article itself. 193.109.199.11 (talk) 16:36, 11 September 2014 (UTC)
 * The text that rely on these unreliable sources were put in without any discussion. The edits are to bring the article back to relying only on high quality sources. 193.109.199.128 (talk) 19:50, 11 September 2014 (UTC)

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Are there any decent white people among these sausage eaters?
For God's sake Zwingli looks like a closet homosexual and we all know Calvin was arrested on sodomy charges. They"re all Germanic or fat stubby czechs for the most part and their names are impossible to pronounce, They certainly got what they deserved in World War 2.

Pastor?
Was he really a “Pastor” in 1519 or rather a priest? I recommend to check this since I am not sure, however I believe to have learned it differently. I rather think he was a priest becoming a pastor through his activities. I may be completely wrong but would like to leave this task for someone who is specialized in Zwingli’s work. OnSpeech (talk) 10:17, 10 March 2018 (UTC)
 * I think you are positing a clear distinction between the two terms that doesn't exist. "Pastor" was already a mostly informal Catholic term for priests with parochial etc responsibilities, and could be used pretty loosely. Johnbod (talk) 15:18, 10 March 2018 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 14:53, 9 August 2019 (UTC)
 * Marburger-Religionsgespräch.jpg

main-belt asteroid?
Is the statement about the 7908 Zwingli main-belt asteroid necessary? I don't think any people are looking for that when they type Zwingli. Awsomaw (talk) 18:34, 29 June 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Huldrych Zwingli