text:
Talk:Shrewsbury School

Should there be a sport section
It seems to me like it would be a good idea to have a section on sport at shrewsbury. Most other schools have one.

 * Yes, and it should state that in common with most leading public schools, Shrewsbury is a soccer school. Ausseagull (talk) 21:58, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

 * Yes, I've deleted the brief mention  on sport  that  was nothing more than blatant  boasting. --Kudpung (talk) 21:02, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

slang
I believe there used to be a slang section on this page, but it was deleted because apparently didn't conform to the "Wikipedia isn't for things made up in school one day" rule. I believe that the section wasn't contravening this rule, partially because other public schools e.g. harrow, eton etc. quite legitimately have slang sections on their wikis. Should I add the section in once more? Ericbobson 22:42, 30 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Don't put it back, because the Eton and Harrow slang is an everyday part of the way of talking in those schools for both students and teachers. I suspect that the Shrewsbury slang is used by pupils mainly so isn't "official" school language. I'm saying it's "unencyclopedic" i.e it looks odd and amateur for a serious encyclopedia. And, to make it worse, the Shrewsbury slang has been written up in a childish and jokey way. - Adrian Pingstone 22:21, 20 March 2007 (UTC)

 * I was a student at the school two years ago, and I know for sure that over 90% of the slang written in that section was used by both pupils and teachers alike. In fact I believe this is an official and integral part of that school's culture given that there were student bodies which authorised its use when I was around. - User:Cpkenyon 21:21, 21 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia is not a dictionary covers dictionaries of slang such as this. As with any school, while the slang may be valid it is not encyclopedic and should be removed. The basic idea is that outside of the school community, noone really cares. This kind of section is being removed from ALL school articles. Adam McCormick 00:48, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

 * A lot of the slang on this page can be generalised. All the words like 'jackwat' merely have altered syllables in them, and salopian slang is mostly based around the alteration of syllables. I will try to rewrite this section if someone agrees to collaborate with me. As for the lack of sources on this page, I have heard that a slang dictionary may be published in the annual school magazine, which would solve problems. Stephencraigen 22:51, 26 May 2007 (UTC)

 * All the faculties and society departments were in existence when I attended the school, and those were their respective heada. To clarify if they are all still around I would recommend consulting someone who taught there or still attended. - User:Cpkenyon 18:23, 22 March 2007 (UTC)

 * Whoever deleted the 'slang' section - could it please be reinstated? I found it incredibly useful to understand what my brother was saying half the time, I know several friends did too. It doesn't need to be 'censored' because one person doesn't think its interesting or relevant - it is, and from a public school POV its also intersting to compare the different slangs. so I say put it back where it belongs, it definately helped me for one.

A slang section isn't even needed. Whoever deleted it initially is correct; wikipedia is not just a list of indescriminate information. I'm pretty sure if it should go anywhere it would be in Wikitionary. Further, as stated above quite plainly, Wikipedia_is_not_a_dictionary. So i'm going to remove it. 84.67.223.234 21:21, 27 May 2007 (UTC)

 * I could put a short slang explanation in that would not seem dictionary-like at all, and just how the majority of Shrewsbury School Slang is formed (through the lengthening of vowel sounds). Would any wiki user object to this if I did it? It would not be a list of words. Stephencraigen 18:09, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

 * I still don't think it would really be of encyclopedic value to the larger comminity of information seekers.. A whole section on school  jargon was recently  removed from the page of one of the most  notable schools in the country -  without  a murmur.--Kudpung (talk) 20:57, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

LInks

 * Erm, but there's only one link, Snoyes... -- Oliver P. 01:27 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Call me irrational, but to me "external links" just sounds more better, even if there is just one; There could be more in the future and "external link" somehow sounds too canonical - just as "external resources" would sound better even if there was only one. Oh well, its not that important - just change it to however you want it ! ;-)  --snoyes 01:34 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, I expect I'm just as irrational, but the other way, since I obsessively change "external links" to "external link" wherever I see that there is only one... Tell you what, let's have an edit war over it! Last one to drop dead from exhaustion from adding or removing too many "s"-es wins... ;) -- Oliver P. 01:44 Feb 27, 2003 (UTC)

You may want to consider upgrading this article to conform to WikiProject Schools. Davodd 07:51, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)
You may want to consider upgrading this article to conform to WikiProject Schools. Davodd 07:51, Feb 24, 2004 (UTC)

The list of pupils includes Ian Hislop, but according to the entry about him here, he didn't go to Shrewsbury and went to Ardingly College. I personally don't think he did go to Shrewsbury, although many make the mistake due to the Private Eye connection. Does this need checking?-213.254.171.194 22:29, 17 October 2005 (UTC)

Fees
This article says the boarders fees are £230,000 per annum. I don't believe it, whats the true figure? - Adrian Pingstone 09:56, 17 October 2006 (UTC)

 * About 1/10 of that figure, where did you get that from? 81.156.107.145 22:48, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

 * From the article, of course- Adrian Pingstone 22:56, 17 December 2006 (UTC)

The current figure for a boarder is about £29,000 per year — Preceding unsigned comment added by Altechs (talk • contribs) 23:30, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Assess
This article is important. Can someone add some references? You need to use the ref and references tag. Then the article would be in the top 100 articles on Wikipedia. Victuallers 11:00, 12 August 2007 (UTC)

'The Falopian'
Are you sure this isnt vandalism? The source linked has an image which says 'The Salopian'. Another source is required to verify the claim. 84.68.229.34 (talk) 19:44, 8 April 2008 (UTC)

The Falopian isn't vandalism as it is a satirical news paper published by students. The Salopian is publish by the school at the end of every term and is written by staff. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Altechs (talk • contribs) 23:31, 19 December 2011 (UTC)

Rape
Nothing about John Peel being sexually abused by an older boy when he was here? Really? I know the school wouldn't appreciate it, but it's pretty significant. Mankytoes (talk) 23:18, 5 February 2009 (UTC)

i'm not sure this is the type of thing to put in an encyclopedia about any school. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.86.146.66 (talk) 20:39, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

Tittle-tattle of non encyclopedic value. One must not lose focus on: Who  wants to know? --Kudpung (talk) 20:59, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

Surely this is more to do with the biography of John Peel, not in the page concerning the history of Shrewsbury School? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.31.86.145 (talk) 22:10, 19 March 2013 (UTC)

 * Of course it belongs in the article. Only someone more concerned with preserving the image of the school, would say otherwise. Spacecowboy420 (talk) 10:30, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

 * And on a personal note, I find it rather disgusting that the rape of a child can be dismissed as "tittle tattle" Spacecowboy420 (talk) 13:35, 25 February 2016 (UTC)

 * I recall reading in a Daily Mail report on the revelation that he recalled the incident taking place in a toilet in a cemetery (most likely the Shrewsbury General Cemetery in Longden Road which is in walking distance of the school), so I would omit this detail on the grounds the incident did not take place on the school's premises.Cloptonson (talk) 19:00, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Royal
At some regatta, I heard a reference to "Royal Shrewsbury School". Is that official? Ausseagull (talk) 21:59, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

technically yes it is Royal shrewsbury school. This is because it was founded by King Edward VI. However the term royal is never used, apart from use by some sports clubs within the school. Such as Rowing and Cross country. Talking of cross country i understand it possibly is the oldest running club in the world??? needs to be verified and also the old swimming pool is something like the oldest/first school swimming pool in the country. Wether this should go in the article is debatable??? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.86.146.66 (talk) 20:37, 28 November 2009 (UTC)

Old Salopians
I see Simon Dee is included here. As much of the public information about him (actually Cyril Nicholas Dodd) is untrue, we need evidence that Dee was here. (See Dee article) He may have been at Brighton College 1951-52 - no evidence yet found - so was he at Shrewsbury before this? Evidence?Sebmelmoth (talk) 16:44, 19 September 2009 (UTC)

 * Shrewsbury: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/tv-radio-obituaries/6115121/Simon-Dee.html --Kudpung (talk) 01:19, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

The trouble with obituaries is that they are unsourced - I know, I write them myself - so repeat folklore or, as here, wishes and hopes. Surely the school knows whether Cyril Dodd was a pupil and the circumstances of his departure. Same with Brighton College. Sebmelmoth (talk) 15:22, 29 July 2011 (UTC)

 * A foolproof source to check which could make a good citation source could be the published Shrewsbury School Register, which has been published in three volumes at least (not sure what cut off year for the latest volume is).Cloptonson (talk) 14:06, 19 January 2023 (UTC)

Location
The co-ordinates "52.4214°N 2.4558°W" put the school in the middle of nowhere in south Shropshire. Anyone got any better suggestions? —Preceding unsigned comment added by MyForest (talk • contribs) 00:50, 12 January 2010 (UTC)

Fees and scholarships
This is strictly school brochure information which makes the Wikipedia article look  like an ad. If there are no  concrete objections, it  will probably be removed in keeping with  the style of other school  articles. There are plenty of other sections that can be expanded to make the article look  bigger. --Kudpung (talk) 21:05, 28 February 2010 (UTC)

 * Fees section removed. Lead section cleaned up. Info box updated and cleaned up. References added. History  looks like OR - section tagged as requiring  more references.  --Kudpung (talk) 01:05, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Alumni
Separate list of Old Salopians updated, and Alumni  list  on  main article pruned to  include living  alumni. There is no point in the duplication  between the two  lists.--Kudpung (talk) 03:12, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

Two libraries in Shrewsbury?
Are there indeed two different  libraries in Shrewsbury? --Kudpung กุดผึ้ง (talk) 06:43, 30 July 2011 (UTC)

Edit request from, 13 November 2011
Please add titles and honours to the following Alumni: 1 Sir Mark Moody-Stuart 2 Michael Palin CBE 3 Baron Rees of Ludlow (not just plain Martin Rees) 4 The Rt Hon The Lord Heseltine CH PC 5 Sir John Stuttard

86.163.205.206 (talk) 17:56, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

 * Yes check.svg Done --Ella Plantagenet (talk) 20:50, 13 November 2011 (UTC)

Darwin
Darwin, who died in 1882, is said to be alive. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 86.181.80.215 (talk) 13:17, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

 * It doesn't say he's alive, it just doesn't list a death date (in common with the other dead Old Salopians listed). --Demiurge1000 (talk) 18:56, 25 October 2013 (UTC)

 * I am not sure that any others in the list now are dead. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 78.105.75.70 (talk) 11:17, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

 * ... which is rather odd in itself, given the number of birthdates in the 1930s and 1940s. Perhaps being an Old Salopian confers longevity. I've now put in Darwin's death date - thank you for pointing this out. --Demiurge1000 (talk) 11:28, 26 October 2013 (UTC)

Darwin "most famous alumnus" - POV?
The caption to Darwin's statue at the school describes him as the school's "most famous alumnus" - he was not the only Old Salopian surely of major historical interest? Should the description be deleted as POV? Fame is subjective, in the eye of the beholder; I would only use the description in the context of a quoted statement. (This is not an anti-Darwin rant.)Cloptonson (talk) 19:56, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

 * It would be very difficult to make a case for him not being the most famous. True there are a gaggle of very well known politicians and senior judges, etc., but you'd have to be at least prime minister to rival Darwin, and only Heseltine came close to that. Likewise Palin is exceptionally well known, but I think he'd laugh at being asked whether he or Darwin were more famous.

 * It would be nice to find a citation for it, but I don't think there's a big problem with it staying, even without one. --Demiurge1000 (talk) 20:17, 17 July 2014 (UTC)

Use of old School Buildings as Library
After period of decline and following extensive restoration work, the buildings were re-opened as Shrewsbury Public Library, on Castle Hill in 1983.

This is misleading - the building had been reopened as the town's "Free Library and Museum" after the school vacated to Kingsland and continued as such, with library use as an increasing role, by the time the restoration work completed in 1983 - almost exactly 100 years on - began. I and a good deal of the Shrewsbury area public were using the library there before the work.Cloptonson (talk) 20:08, 17 July 2014 (UTC)
 * I have reworked that part of the paragraph on the lines indicated, cited to a booklet produced about the history and restoration of the buildings.Cloptonson (talk) 20:22, 18 July 2014 (UTC)

Private School
I would suggest that Shrewsbury school be described as a private school. The description independent is vague and unclear. Wikipedia is global and most readers recognise organisations as being either public sector or private sector. 'Independent school' is an Anglocentric term and is just not a recognised term in most countries. It only serves to open up questions; independent from whom? Independen from what?

Over the last ten years most UK public sector secondary schools have converted to academies and are therefore independent. They're independent of central government and Local Education Authority control. This development has made it all the more confusing to describe private schools as independent. If you take private healthcare; go to the BUPA article and in the opening paragraph it is described as a private hospital. If private schools have private school in the opening paragraph the link takes the reader to an article that makes explicitly clear:

Private schools, also known as independent schools, non-governmental, or nonstate schools,[1] are not administered by local, state or national governments; thus, they retain the right to select their students and are funded in whole or in part by charging their students tuition, rather than relying on mandatory taxation through public (government) funding; at some private schools students may be able to get a scholarship, which makes the cost cheaper, depending on a talent the student may have (e.g. sport scholarship, art scholarship, academic scholarship), financial need, or tax credit scholarships that might be available.

That is clear, unambiguous and uneqivocal. (Garageland66 (talk) 01:27, 30 August 2016 (UTC)).
 * Please see discussion on Talk:Westminster School Benboy00 (talk) 19:23, 30 August 2016 (UTC)

 * This has been dealt with on Talk:Westminster School (Garageland66 (talk) 14:04, 7 January 2017 (UTC))

 * And mentioned on several other school articles' talk pages; there is a clear consensus for "independent", which is the status quo here. You should not be trying to force through your personal opinion by edit-warring, on multiple pages or on one. Chiswick Chap (talk) 18:10, 7 January 2017 (UTC)

Questions
A few of the citation links (citations 11 & 12) are archived or no longer continue to function. We should find new citations to replace them. A few of the houses are also missing opening dates that I'm curious about. Dalon041 (talk) 02:39, 14 September 2016 (UTC)
 * An okay assessment, David, but you really did not follow instructions under Week 2 of our timeline. You were supposed to ask critical questions of the post. You merely pointed out a small absence of references. Please take the time in the future to read the instructions fully before moving forward with your assignments. Alfgarciamora (talk) 11:38, 16 September 2016 (UTC)

Infobox
The infoboxes for the seven historic English public schools are, at present, inconsistent. Five have the School Type  listed as ‘Independent’, one has it as ‘Private’ and only one has it as ‘Public’. Can I propose that, for the sake of consistency, they all have ‘Public School’ in the infobox. They are defined as such by the 1868 Public Schools Act. Is there a consensus on this? Garageland66 (talk) 11:35, 16 February 2017 (UTC)

Attitude to football - check statement
A sentence in the Football sub section begins:

While, at the beginning of the 18th century, however, the school authorities deemed football "only fit for butchers boys", an attitude common at the other public schools,..

This is cited to a source dated 2017. However, in an earlier work, Catherine Beale's book Born out of Wenlock, William Penny Brookes and the British origins of the modern Olympics (2011), page 118, the 'butchers boys' quotation is more precisely attributed to Dr Butler who began his headship in 1798, so too late for beginning of 18th century but in time for the dawn of the 19th. The only 'school authorities' in existence at that early period would have been governors and masters, Local Education Authorities did not exist until after the institution of compulsory education later in the 19th century. Deserves checking out.Cloptonson (talk) 19:16, 19 July 2020 (UTC)

Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex an old boy? (section History) - check statement
I have noticed uncitated statements in this article and others, on Shrewsbury town and the 2nd Earl of Essex himself, that he attended Shrewsbury School at same period as Fulke Greville and Philip Sidney. It is not supported by his entry in Venn, which mentions no school attended prior to entering Cambridge University. I have raised a citation need in this article. A misunderstanding may have arisen in that the first headmaster of the School, Thomas Ashton, was Essex's tutor but that would have been after Ashton retired from the school headship in 1568 when Essex was two and did not become tutor until 1571.Cloptonson (talk) 12:46, 10 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I have now discovered that the paragraph appears to have been lifted from the main part of another paragraph in the article on Essex, without clarifying the literary circle Brooke and Sidney was formed post their school years. I have now therefore deleted all irrelevant and incorrect reference to Essex as a former pupil. Essex can also be conclusively ruled out as a former pupil because Greville and Sidney were 11 years the senior of Essex (born 1565) and attended the school between 1564 and 1568 so Essex could not have been with them!Cloptonson (talk) 06:53, 11 April 2023 (UTC)

 * I see Pupswand has added a citation against the reinstated mention of the Earl of Essex that points to page 28 of a publication of `1888. If they can share with us what is actually stated on that page in the source, it might or might not settle the dispute. I have today checked up the articles on the Earl in both the DNB and the, more recent, ODNB article by Paul E.J. Hammer; the former does not mention Shrewsbury School or name tutors, while the latter states: His earliest known teacher was Thomas Ashton, headmaster of Shrewsbury School....Ashton was succeeded as Devereux's "scolemaster" by his protege Robert Wright, who had been a pupil at Shrewsbury... This of itself does not explicitly support the implication he was at Shrewsbury School to receive the teaching because Ashton retired from his headship in 1568. Also please note my previous comment that the age disparity between Greville and Sidney and the much younger Essex does not support the implication all three were at the school together. I did also look for any published registers, which would have had his name entered, of Shrewsbury School scholars in the Shropshire Archives but find none are earlier than the 17th century.Cloptonson (talk) 14:06, 12 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Murgatroyd49 in the talk page on the same subject to the article on Shrewsbury (the town that is) tells me this:
 * ''The actual quote from the MS cited is as follows:
 * Of the high estimation in which this good man [Thomas Ashton] was held by those who
 * had enjoyed the benefit of his instruction, we have an interesting memorial
 * by one of them, Andrew Downes, who in his dedication of his Lectures on
 * an oration of Lysias, ed. 1595, to the celebrated and unfortunate Robert
 * Devereux, Earl of Essex, says : — " I was known to your Lordship at the
 * University. Low as was my condition, I was introduced to a nobleman of
 * your elevated rank by the circumstance of having received my education
 * from the same person who superintended your tender years, I mean Mr.
 * Thomas Ashton, who devoted himself to your father's service, and enjoyed
 * a most intimate acquaintance with your noble family.
 * Does not mention the school, just that Downes knew Devereux at University.
 * My conclusion is that the text that was brought up in citation does not support explicitly Devereux being at the School, merely :::that the two men had in common being taught by Thomas Ashton. It would be spurious for a student regardless of the college or school located to claim, for example to be an Old Etonian just because an important teacher of theirs had been previously a master at Eton. Some public schools are jealously guarding against people falsely claimed to be alumni.Pupswand, please note.Cloptonson (talk) 19:31, 15 April 2023 (UTC)

Philip Sidney and George Leigh - citation and check need
I have raised a citation need against the end of this account of Philip Sidney and George Leigh, which covers the remaining part of sentence after the ellipsis:

''Early pupils lodged with local families. For example, Sir Philip Sidney (who had a well-known correspondence with his father about his schooling....lodged with George Leigh (of the family of Sir Thomas Leigh), Member of Parliament for Shrewsbury.''

George Leigh's article has as only citation his article in the History of Parliament but it does not mention Philip Sidney, also he was not MP for Shrewsbury in the years Sidney was a pupil at Shrewsbury (1563-68) - he had been at other times, but in meantime was MP for Ripon. Also the HOP article does not mention any kinship with Sir Thomas Leigh the Lord Mayor. My inclination is to revise the section of sentence to reflect what I have found (or perhaps should say not found).Cloptonson (talk) 10:40, 16 April 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Shrewsbury School


text:
Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools

Compilers: Principles, Techniques, and Tools is a computer science textbook by Alfred V. Aho, Monica S. Lam, Ravi Sethi, and Jeffrey D. Ullman about compiler construction for programming languages. First published in 1986, it is widely regarded as the classic definitive compiler technology text.

It is known as the Dragon Book to generations of computer scientists as its cover depicts a knight and a dragon in battle, a metaphor for conquering complexity. This name can also refer to Aho and Ullman's older Principles of Compiler Design.

First edition
The first edition (1986) is informally called the "red dragon book" to distinguish it from the second edition and from Aho & Ullman's 1977 Principles of Compiler Design sometimes known as the "green dragon book". Topics covered in the first edition include:
 * Compiler structure
 * Lexical analysis (including regular expressions and finite automata)
 * Syntax analysis (including context-free grammars, LL parsers, bottom-up parsers, and LR parsers)
 * Syntax-directed translation
 * Type checking (including type conversions and polymorphism)
 * Run-time environment (including parameter passing, symbol tables and register allocation)
 * Code generation (including intermediate code generation)
 * Code optimization

Second edition
Following in the tradition of its two predecessors, the second edition (2006) features a dragon and a knight on its cover, and is informally known as the purple dragon. Monica S. Lam of Stanford University became a co-author with this edition.

The second edition includes several additional topics, including:
 * Directed translation
 * New data flow analyses
 * Parallel machines
 * Garbage collection
 * New case studies

Updated second edition
In order to cover recent developments and issues, there is an updated second edition from Pearson Education India (4 July 2023), with contributions from Sorav Bansal. This revised and updated edition has new chapters on Programming Language Semantics and Undefined Behaviour Semantics.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


text:
Salmon P. Chase

Salmon Portland Chase (January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist who served as the sixth chief justice of the United States from 1864 to his death in 1873. Chase served as the 23rd governor of Ohio from 1856 to 1860, represented Ohio in the United States Senate from 1849 to 1855 and again in 1861, and served as the 25th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 1861 to 1864 during the administration of Abraham Lincoln. Chase is therefore one of the few American politicians who have served in the highest levels of all three branches of the federal government, in addition to serving in the highest state-level office. Prior to his Supreme Court appointment, Chase was widely seen as a potential president.

Born in Cornish, New Hampshire, Chase studied law under Attorney General William Wirt before establishing a legal practice in Cincinnati. He became an anti-slavery activist and frequently defended fugitive slaves in court. Chase left the Whig Party in 1841 to become the leader of Ohio's Liberty Party. In 1848, he helped establish the Free Soil Party and recruited former President Martin Van Buren to serve as the party's presidential nominee. Chase won election to the Senate the following year, and he opposed the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas–Nebraska Act. In the aftermath of the Kansas–Nebraska Act, Chase helped establish the Republican Party, which opposed the extension of slavery into the territories. After leaving the Senate, Chase served as the governor of Ohio from 1856 to 1860.

Chase sought the Republican nomination for president in the 1860 presidential election, but the party chose Abraham Lincoln at its National Convention. After Lincoln won the election, he asked Chase to serve as Secretary of the Treasury. Chase served in that position from 1861 to 1864, working hard to ensure the Union was well-financed during the Civil War. Chase resigned from the Cabinet in June 1864, but retained support among the Radical Republicans. Partly to appease the Radical Republicans, Lincoln nominated Chase to fill the Supreme Court vacancy that arose following Chief Justice Roger Taney's death.

Chase served as Chief Justice from 1864 to his death in 1873. He presided over the Senate trial of President Andrew Johnson during the impeachment proceedings of 1868. Despite his nomination to the court, Chase continued to pursue the presidency. He unsuccessfully sought the Democratic presidential nomination in 1868 and the Liberal Republican nomination in 1872.

Early years

Chase was born in Cornish, New Hampshire, on January 13, 1808, to Janette Ralston and Ithamar Chase, who died in 1817 when Salmon was nine years old. His paternal immigrant ancestor was Aquila Chase from Cornwall, England, a ship-master who settled in Newbury, Massachusetts, about 1640, while his maternal grandparents Alexander Ralston and Janette Balloch were Scottish, originally from Falkirk. His mother was left with ten children and few resources, and so Salmon lived from 1820 to 1824 in Ohio with his uncle, Bishop Philander Chase, a leading figure in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the West and the founder of Kenyon College. U.S. Senator Dudley Chase of Vermont was another uncle.

He studied in the common schools of Windsor, Vermont, and Worthington, Ohio, and at Cincinnati College before entering the junior class at Dartmouth College. He was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi fraternity and Phi Beta Kappa, and graduated from Dartmouth with distinction in 1826. While at Dartmouth, he taught at the Royalton Academy in Royalton, Vermont. Chase then moved to the District of Columbia, where he opened a classical school while studying law under U.S. Attorney General William Wirt. He was admitted to the bar in 1829.

Chase married his first wife Katherine Jane Garniss on March 4, 1834. She died the following year after the birth of a girl who died a few years later. He married his second wife Eliza Ann Smith on September 26, 1839, who died from consumption years later. Chase married his third wife, Sarah Bella Dunlop Ludlow who also died from consumption. After her death, he did not remarry.

The Salmon P. Chase Birthplace and childhood home still stands in Cornish, New Hampshire.

Legal and political career
Chase moved to a country home near Loveland, Ohio, and practiced law in Cincinnati from 1830. He rose to prominence for his authoritative compilation of the state's statutes, which long remained the standard work on the topic.

From the beginning, despite the risk to his livelihood, he defended people who had escaped slavery and those who were tried for assisting them, notably the Matilda Case in 1837. He became particularly devoted to the abolition of slavery after the death of his first wife, Katherine Jane Garmiss, in 1835, shortly after their March 1834 wedding. This event was a spiritual reawakening for him. He worked initially with the American Sunday School Union. At a time when public opinion in Cincinnati was dominated by Southern business connections, Chase, influenced by local events, including the attack on the press of James G. Birney during the Cincinnati riots of 1836, associated himself with the anti-slavery movement. Chase was also a member of the literary Semi-Colon Club; its members included Harriet Beecher Stowe and Calvin Ellis Stowe. Chase became the leader of the political reformers, as opposed to the Garrisonian abolitionist movement.

For his defense of people arrested in Ohio under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, Chase was dubbed the "Attorney General for Fugitive Slaves." His argument in the case of Jones v. Van Zandt on the constitutionality of fugitive slave laws before the U.S. Supreme Court attracted particular attention. Chase contended that slavery was local, not national, and that it could exist only by virtue of positive state law. He argued that the federal government was not empowered by the Constitution to create slavery anywhere and that when an enslaved person leaves the jurisdiction of a state where slavery is legal, he ceases to be a slave; he continues to be a man and leaves behind the law that made him a slave. In this and similar cases, the court ruled against him, and the judgment against John Van Zandt was upheld.

Though elected as a Whig to a one-year term on the Cincinnati City Council in 1840, Chase left that party the next year. In the 1840s, he helped to form the Liberty Party. For seven years, Chase was the leader of the Liberty Party in Ohio. He helped balance its idealism with his pragmatic approach and political thought. Chase was skillful in drafting platforms and addresses, and he prepared the national Liberty platform of 1843 and the Liberty address of 1845. Building the Liberty Party was slow going. By 1848, Chase was the leader in the effort to combine the Liberty Party with the Barnburners or Van Buren Democrats of New York to form the Free Soil Party.

Chase drafted the Free-Soil platform, and it was chiefly through his influence that Van Buren was their nominee for president in 1848. In 1849, Chase was elected to the U.S. Senate from Ohio on the Free Soil ticket. Chase's goal, however, was not to establish a permanent new party organization, but to bring pressure to bear upon Northern Democrats to force them to oppose the extension of slavery. During his associations with the Liberty and Free Soil parties, Chase considered himself an "Independent Democrat" or a "Free Democrat".

While serving in the Senate (1849–1855), Chase was an anti-slavery champion. He argued against the Compromise of 1850 and the Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854. After the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska legislation and the subsequent violence in Kansas, Chase helped form the Republican Party with former Whigs and anti-slavery members of the American Party. The "Appeal of the Independent Democrats in Congress to the People of the United States", written by Chase and Giddings, and published in The New York Times on January 24, 1854, may be regarded as the earliest draft of the Republican party creed. In 1855, Chase was elected the first Republican governor of Ohio. During his time in office, from 1856 to 1860, he supported improved property rights for women, changes to public education, and prison reform.

In 1860, Chase sought the Republican nomination for president, with Massachusetts Governor Nathaniel Banks as his running mate. With the exception of William H. Seward, Chase was the most prominent Republican in the country and had done more to end slavery than any other Republican. However, he opposed a "protective tariff," favored by most other Republicans, and his record of collaboration with Democrats annoyed the many Republicans who were former Whigs. At the 1860 Republican National Convention, he got 49 votes on the first ballot, but he had little support outside of Ohio. Abraham Lincoln won the nomination, and Chase supported him.

Chase was elected as a Republican to the U.S. Senate from Ohio in 1860. However, he resigned shortly after taking his seat in order to become Secretary of the Treasury under Lincoln. This was despite no prior financial experience; rather obtained through Chase's nomination of Lincoln. He was also a participant in the February 1861 Peace Conference in Washington, D.C., a meeting of leading American politicians held in an effort to resolve the burgeoning secession crisis and to preserve the Union on the eve of the Civil War.

Secretary of the Treasury

During the Civil War, Chase served as Secretary of the Treasury in President Lincoln's cabinet from 1861 to 1864. In that period of crisis, there were two great changes in American financial policy: the establishment of a national banking system and the issue of paper currency. The former was Chase's own particular measure. He suggested the idea, worked out the important principles and many of the details, and induced the Congress to approve them. It secured an immediate market for government bonds and provided a permanent, uniform, and stable national currency. Chase ensured that the Union could sell debt to pay for the war effort. He worked with Jay Cooke & Company to successfully manage the sale of $500 million (~$ in ) in government war bonds (known as 5/20s) in 1862.

The first U.S. federal currency, the greenback demand note, was printed in 1861–1862 during Chase's tenure as Secretary of the Treasury, and it was his responsibility to design the notes. In an effort to increase the public's recognition of him, Chase put his own face on a variety of U.S. paper currency, starting with the $1 bill, possibly to further his political career. It was engraved by Joseph Prosper Ourdan.

On May 5, 1862, Chase accompanied President Lincoln, Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton, and Brigadier General Egbert Ludovicus Viele in what would become a pivotal week for Union forces. The presidential party left the Washington Navy Yard aboard a five-gun Treasury cutter, Miami, bound for Fort Monroe "to ascertain by personal observation whether some further vigilance and vigor might not be infused into the operations of the army and navy at that point" to determine whether Norfolk could be captured. After a 27-hour trip, the Miami reached Fort Monroe on the night of May 6. Chase went with Major General John E. Wool, in command of the Federals at Fort Monroe, to inspect beach locations for a potential troop landing and relayed to Lincoln that he and General Wool had found "a good and convenient landing place" on the south shore, safely away from the Confederates' ironclad, the CSS Virginia. Chase's participation in the reconnaissance ended with the surrender of Norfolk and the destruction of the Virginia.

On October 10, 1862, Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles wrote that "a scheme for permits, special favors, Treasury agents, and improper management" existed and was arranged by Treasury Secretary Chase for General John A. Dix. The motive of Chase appeared to be for political influence and not for financial gain.

Perhaps Chase's chief defect was an insatiable desire for high office. Throughout his term as Treasury Secretary, Chase exploited his position to build up political support for another run at the presidency in 1864. Benjamin Wade, a Republican commented: "Chase is a good man but his theology is unsound. He thinks there is a fourth person in the Trinity."

He also tried to pressure Lincoln by repeatedly threatening resignation, which he knew would cause Lincoln difficulties with the Radical Republicans.

To honor Chase for introducing the modern system of banknotes, he was depicted on the $10,000 bill printed from 1928 to 1946. Chase was instrumental in placing the phrase "In God We Trust" on United States coins in 1864.

Chief Justice

In June 1864, Lincoln surprised Chase by accepting his fourth offer of resignation as Treasury Secretary. The Republican Party had at that point already nominated Lincoln as its presidential candidate and the Treasury was in solid shape, so Lincoln no longer needed to keep Chase in the cabinet to forestall a challenge for the presidential nomination. But to placate the party's Radical wing, Lincoln mentioned Chase as a potential Supreme Court nominee.

When Chief Justice Roger B. Taney died in October 1864, Lincoln named Chase to succeed him. Nominated on December 6, 1864, and confirmed by the U.S. Senate on the same day, he was sworn into office on December 15, 1864, and served until his death on May 7, 1873. One of Chase's first acts as Chief Justice was to admit John Rock to the Supreme Court Bar, making him the first African-American attorney eligible to argue cases before the Supreme Court.

Among his more significant decisions while on the Court were:
 * Texas v. White, 74 U.S. 700 (1869), in which he asserted that the Constitution provided for a permanent union, composed of indestructible states, while allowing some possibility of divisibility "through revolution, or through consent of the States";
 * Veazie Bank v. Fenno, 75 U.S. 533 (1869), upholding banking legislation of the Civil War that imposed a 10% tax on state banknotes; and
 * Hepburn v. Griswold, 75 U.S. 603 (1870), which declared certain parts of the legal tender acts to be unconstitutional. When the legal tender decision was reversed after the appointment of new Justices, in 1871 and 1872 (Legal Tender Cases, 79 U.S. 457), Chase prepared a very able dissenting opinion.

As Chief Justice, Chase also presided at the impeachment trial of U.S. President Andrew Johnson in 1868. As the justice responsible for the 4th Circuit, Chase also would have been one of two judges at the trial of Jefferson Davis (who was imprisoned at Fort Monroe in Virginia), because trial for major crimes such as treason required two judges. However, Davis's best defense would be that he forfeited U.S. citizenship upon secession, and therefore could not have committed treason. Convicting Davis could also interfere with Chase's presidential ambitions, described below. After the passage of the 14th Amendment in 1868, Chase invited Davis's lawyer to meet with him privately, and explained his theory that Section 3 of the new Amendment prohibited imposing further punishment on former Confederates. When Davis's lawyer repeated this argument in open court, Chase dismissed the case, over the objection of his colleague, U.S. District Judge John Curtiss Underwood, and the government chose not to appeal the dismissal to the U.S. Supreme Court.

Chase made an unsuccessful effort to secure the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1868. He "was passed over because of his stance in favor of voting rights for black men." In 1871, the New Departure policy of Ohio Democrat Clement Vallandigham was endorsed by Chase. He helped found the Liberal Republican Party in 1872, unsuccessfully seeking its presidential nomination. Chase was also a Freemason, active in the lodges of Midwestern society. He collaborated with John Purdue, the founder of Lafayette Bank and Purdue University. Eventually, JP Morgan Chase & Co. would purchase Purdue National Corporation of Lafayette, Indiana, in 1984.

As early as 1868, Chase concluded that:

"Congress was right in not limiting, by its reconstruction acts, the right of suffrage to whites; but wrong in the exclusion from suffrage of certain classes of citizens and all unable to take its prescribed retrospective oath, and wrong also in the establishment of despotic military governments for the States and in authorizing military commissions for the trial of civilians in time of peace. There should have been as little military government as possible; no military commissions; no classes excluded from suffrage; and no oath except one of faithful obedience and support to the Constitution and laws, and of sincere attachment to the constitutional Government of the United States."

A few months before his death, Chase found himself in the minority of a 5–4 ruling in the Slaughter-House Cases, which greatly limited the scope of the powers given the federal government under the Fourteenth Amendment to protect Americans from state violations of their civil rights. With the other dissenters, Chase joined the dissent of Justice Stephen J. Field that the majority opinion effectively rendered the Fourteenth Amendment a "vain and idle enactment."

On October 23, 1873, in formally announcing the death of Chief Justice Chase in the Supreme Court and conveying the resolutions submitted by the bar, Attorney General George Henry Williams highlighted Chase's "early, continued and effectual labours for the universal freedom of man."

Death

Chase died of a stroke in New York City on May 7, 1873. His remains were first interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Washington, D.C., then re-interred in October 1886 in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio. Chase had been an active member of St. Paul Episcopal Cathedral, Cincinnati. Chase's birthplace in New Hampshire was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975.

Legacy
After Chase's death in 1873, the Supreme Court established a tradition that a newly deceased Justice's chair and the front of the bench where the Justice sat will be draped with black wool crêpe, with black crêpe hung over the Court's entrance.

The Chase National Bank, a predecessor of Chase Manhattan Bank which is now JPMorgan Chase, was named in his honor, though he had no affiliation with it, financial or otherwise.

In 1845, Chase was presented with a silver pitcher by black leaders in the city of Cincinnati. Engraved on the pitcher were the words “A testimonial of gratitude to Salmon P. Chase from the Colored People of Cincinnati for his various public services in behalf of the oppressed.

In May 1865, Chase was elected a 3rd class companion of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the United States (MOLLUS). MOLLUS was an organization of Union officers who had served in the Civil War which allowed distinguished civilians who had supported the Union cause to join as 3rd class companions. Chase was one of the first to receive this honor and was assigned MOLLUS insignia number 46.

Chase's portrait appears on the United States $10,000 bill, the largest denomination of U.S. currency to publicly circulate. The bill was last printed in 1945. In 1969, the Federal Reserve began withdrawing high-denomination bills from circulation, and as of 2009, only 336 $10,000 bills had not been returned for destruction.

Chase County, Kansas, Chase City, Virginia, and towns named "Chaseville" in Florida, Massachusetts, North Carolina (from 1868 to 1871), New York, Ohio, and Tennessee were named in his honor. Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio, and Chase Hall, the main barracks and dormitory at the United States Coast Guard Academy, are named for Chase in honor of his service as Secretary of the Treasury, and the United States Coast Guard cutter Chase (WHEC 718) is named for him, as are Chase Hall at the Harvard Business School, Chase House at the Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth College, and the Salmon P. Chase College of Law at Northern Kentucky University. He is featured on a New Hampshire historical marker (number 76) along New Hampshire Route 12A in Cornish.

In Popular Culture
Although not referred to by name, Chase was portrayed by Montagu Love in the 1942 film Tennessee Johnson and appears during Andrew Johnson's impeachment scenes. Chase was also portrayed by Josh Stamberg in the 2013 movie Saving Lincoln.

Chase was portrayed by Mark Rand in the 2024 Apple TV+ miniseries series Manhunt.

title: Salmon P. Chase


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Talk:Salmon P. Chase

The Alpha Delta Phi
The article as currently written describes Chase as having been a member of the Alpha Delta Phi as well as Phi Beta Kappa in the same sentence ending "and graduated from Dartmouth in 1826." However, Chase's membership in the Alpha Delta Phi Literary Society is more interesting than that. He was made an honorary member (if memory serves, in 1836) by the founder of Alpha Delta Phi, Samuel Eells, only a short number of years after the Fraternity's founding in 1832. Eells was a talented public orator, and was recruited into Chase's practice shortly after passing the Bar in Ohio. Literature I've seen provided by the Alpha Delta Phi describes them as having made fast friends as two very rare abolitionists in their set and setting, and Chase is the only Honorary Member of the Fraternity that I can currently recall.

As a long time patron without the experience to properly source and enter this into the encyclopedia, I thought I would point anyone willing to research and articulate an easy and fascinating entry to the recorded history of the Alpha Delta Phi. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 137.99.169.54 (talk) 16:30, 9 December 2011 (UTC)

Untitled comments
Salmon P. Chase and money.

The article states that Chief Justice Chase ruled that certain parts of the legal tender measures were unconsitutional.

The point here is that Salmon P. Chase did not support fiat money. He introduced it as a crises measure during the Civil War - not with the view to make it part of the American scene. To write of the introduction (as the article does)as a great achievement is an OPINION (and not the opinion of Salmon P. Chase). As for Chase being on the old ten thousand Dollar bill - this is a similar thing to President Andrew Jackson (another "hard money" man) being on a bill - neither person would have regarded it as an honour (rather the reverse).

Paul Marks.

Secretary of the Mint? Do we mean Secretary of the Treasury, or Treasurer of the United States? Anonymous, can you give us more detail in these many, many articles you're creating? -- Zoe

Chase's daughter
Is her name "Kate," or is that short for something? Did she have a middle name? Is she worthy of her own Wikipedia article? How about her two suitors? --clawson Kate chase was very jealous of her fathers 1st and 3rd wives ( her mother was 2nd ).
 * Kate needs her own entry. Rjensen 23:24, 19 December 2005 (UTC)
 * chase had 2 daughters!

Salmon Portland Chase had TWO daughters named Katherine. The first was born 16 Nov 1835 and died 6 Feb 1840. The second, by his second wife, was born 13 Aug 1840, married 12 Nov 1863 to Governor William Sprague of Rhode Island, and died 31 Jul 1899. I am a relative of theirs, which is why I have the information and am unsure about the appropriateness of me making actual entries in the main encyclopedia about them. You will find Kate mentioned in the entry in Wikipedia about her husband, along with a link to her own page. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sprague_%281830-1915%29 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Chase Wisconsinator (talk) 03:13, 20 May 2008 (UTC)

Ships and Building named for
--meatclerk 08:28, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
 * http://www.uscg.mil/history/webcutters/chase%5F1865.html Coast Guard Cutter - Dates of Service: 1865 - 1875
 * http://www.uscg.mil/history/WEBCUTTERS/Chase_1878.html Cutter - 1878-1907
 * http://www.uscga.edu/about/uscga_timeline.aspx Cutter - 1878-1907 (Another Listing)
 * http://www.usmm.net/l/oregonvanc.html Liberty Ship - No. 575
 * http://www.uscga.edu/campus/buildings_edu_chase.aspx Coast Guard Building
 * http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/123camp_chase/123facts1.htm Civil War POW Camp
 * There are more...
 * http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/travel/wash/dc35.htm Office restored in Treasury Building

--meatclerk 08:54, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Harper's Cartoon 1864 at Dartmouth.edu
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~library/Library_Bulletin/Apr1997/Wait.html See Figure 13 & 14. (16 July 1864)

--meatclerk 08:28, 6 July 2006 (UTC)

Link to "Money Masters"
Correct me if I'm wrong, but this seemed out of place. I removed it, but we may certainly discuss.--TurabianNights 13:22, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

Chase and Lincoln
I'm suprised more has not been made of Chase's ambitions to be president and how he spent a lot of his time while acting and tresurer trying to secure support for himself and how he worked quit ehard agaist Lincon to be become the choosen candiate. I know it mentions the thrre resignation letters that he put up that were denied by lincon but there is qutie a bit to mention why he did this.

Also his relationship with his daughter Kate is a very improtant one, as she had to take the place of his dead wife in social function and was almsot indespensible to him, so much so it caused soem problems when she got married as to how he was goign to look after himself etc.

This can all be seen in the book " A Team of Rivals" by Doris Kearns Goodwin

Philbentley 21:53, 3 October 2006 (UTC)

 * I agree that the information of this document is a bit questionable. However, the neutrality of Ms. Goodwin's book is a bit biased toward Lincoln's side as well. While the evidence shows that Chase did have his quirks, I would not entirely lean on antecdotal information provided by "Team of Rivals". Don't get me wrong. I enjoyed the book, and it does give a lot of facts. However, Doris was apparently picky about what facts she wanted to present to tell her story. There is absolutely nothing wrong with this in a Biography, but for an encyclopedia, there needs to be a bit more neutrality. I'll do my best to clean up the neutrality of this document in the next few weeks. --GonzosTorment 01:00, 23 October 2007 (UTC)

re: Chase and "In God We Trust"
Where is the cite for that? Were those words not added to our currency in the 1950s? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ben Manski (talk • contribs) 19:06, 19 September 2007 (UTC)

Don't get so excited. that was under god. but heres something to argue about. there are 3 non-presidents on us money. name them. I'll be back. alright you don't know. ben franklinhiemer, alex hamiltonhiemer and salmon p. chasenhiemer. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.122.62.231 (talk) 22:24, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

By the way. You're right. under god could have been in the '50s. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.122.62.231 (talk) 22:30, 7 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Found a source: --Son of lucas (talk) 09:01, 13 January 2008 (UTC)

Salmon P. Chase and Samuel Chase
Was Salmon P. Chase any relation to supreme court justice Samuel Chase? I suspect not, but the article should say so, probably parenthetically. I don't know for sure, so I don't want to change the article yet. —75.4.235.187 (talk) 20:36, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * It is my understanding that Samuel Chase was indeed Salmon's father, but was not the Samuel Chase who was Supreme Court justice. Salmon's father died in 1800, Samuel the chief justice died in 1811. Found on Google Books: Salmon P. Chase: A Biography, By John Niven, Published by Oxford University Press US, 1995, p. 6. Lucas20 (talk) 21:04, 5 February 2009 (UTC)
 * The article says that Salmon's father was Ithamar Chase, who died in 1817. Valetude (talk) 21:48, 16 October 2014 (UTC)
 * Walter Stahr's biography of Chase spells his father's name "Ithamer." (When Ithamar or Ithamer died, Chase went to live with his uncle Philander Chase. Chase's grandparents had a way with names. So did his parents, naming his "Salmon.") I trust Walter Stahr, because his biography of Chase is magnificent, but I googled for Chase's father's name, and came up with a couple of hits for "Ithamar" and none for "Ithamer." That might be because the sites that have "Ithamar" might have relied on Wikipedia. (See how important our editing is!) Since not a lot rides on the spelling of Chase's father's name, I'll let it be until I find something more definitive. Maurice Magnus (talk) 23:17, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

Bot-created subpage
A temporary subpage at User:Polbot/fjc/Salmon Portland Chase was automatically created by a perl script, based on this article at the Biographical Directory of Federal Judges. The subpage should either be merged into this article, or moved and disambiguated. Polbot (talk) 17:27, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

More Information on Later Personal Life?
I'm considering adding more information to the article on later Chase's personal life. There is no information here about the death of later 2 wives, for example.

Perhaps a new section regarding his later life would be useful? Just a thought.

Concchambers (talk) 15:40, 28 December 2013 (UTC)

Fun fact salmon p chase is my great great ..... grandpa
lol — Preceding unsigned comment added by Jamesisbestt (talk • contribs) 01:09, 2 May 2016 (UTC)

That's great, James. I'm here to tell you, when you randomly look this comment up again in 5 years, that I love you. Best of luck in life. Pass it on. --2601:182:C900:3C90:9D1:A69B:C15D:9278 (talk) 03:38, 17 January 2020 (UTC)

External links modified
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Name pronunciation
Is it pronounced like the fish? My 8th grade physics teacher's last name was Salmon, but it was pronounced like it's spelled.---Scottandrewhutchins (talk) 04:29, 1 August 2019 (UTC)
 * (1 year later) I hope someone will answer User:Scottandrewhutchins and add this information to the article. 173.88.246.138 (talk) 08:32, 17 September 2020 (UTC)
 * Salmon is a biblical name. In Hebrew, it would be pronounced with the "L" - SAL-mon. How to say "Salmon" in Hebrew.
 * In American English, it's usually pronounced without the L - Sammon..
 * I confess that I don't know how Chase pronounced it himself.
 * Hope this helps.
 * Billmckern (talk) 22:58, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

Family?
Three wives listed in the infobox, but no mention of family life. Valetude (talk) 00:14, 2 October 2019 (UTC)

File:CHASE, Samuel P-Treasury (BEP engraved portrait).jpg scheduled for POTD
Hello! This is to let editors know that the featured picture File:CHASE, Samuel P-Treasury (BEP engraved portrait).jpg, which is used in this article, has been selected as the English Wikipedia's picture of the day (POTD) for January 13, 2021. A preview of the POTD is displayed below and can be edited at Template:POTD/2021-01-13. For the greater benefit of readers, any potential improvements or maintenance that could benefit the quality of this article should be done before its scheduled appearance on the Main Page. If you have any concerns, please place a message at Wikipedia talk:Picture of the day. Thank you! Cwmhiraeth (talk) 11:26, 15 December 2020 (UTC)

Wiki Education assignment: Early American History Graduate Seminar
— Assignment last updated by Fpradojr (talk) 07:16, 8 December 2022 (UTC)

explanation of edit
Under the section "Chief Justice," I changed "permitted" to "eligible" in this sentence: "One of Chase's first acts as Chief Justice was to admit John Rock to the Supreme Court Bar, making him the first African-American attorney eligible to argue cases before the Supreme Court." I did so because "permitted" could be read to imply that Rock argued cases before the Supreme Court, and I don't know whether he did. The reason that I didn't explain this when I made the edit is that my finger hit something that published my edit before I intended to. Maurice Magnus (talk) 23:01, 28 July 2023 (UTC)

 * In a situation like that, you can always do a null edit (add a space at the end of a sentence, or delete an extra one somewhere, and then add a meaningful edit summary for the preceding edit. Kind of overkill for this simple instance, but maybe useful for the future. — JohnFromPinckney (talk / edits) 13:00, 29 July 2023 (UTC)

In case anyone is interested, I've learned that John Rock (abolitionist) never argued before the Supreme Court. I added that info to his Wikipedia article, in the section "Death." Maurice Magnus (talk) 21:06, 2 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Salmon P. Chase


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Arriva Trains Merseyside

Arriva Trains Merseyside was a train operating company in England owned by Arriva that operated the Merseyrail Electrics franchise from January 1997 until July 2003, when the Merseyrail railway franchise was transformed into the local Merseyrail concession, owned by the Merseyrail Passenger Transport Executive (Merseytravel).

History
The Merseyrail Electrics franchise was awarded by the Director of Passenger Rail Franchising to MTL with operations commencing on 19 January 1997. MTL retained the Merseyrail Electrics brand.

On 18 February 2000, MTL was purchased by Arriva, and on 27 April 2001, rebranded as Arriva Trains Merseyside.

On 23 April 2003, Serco-Abellio were awarded the Merseyrail Electrics franchise with the services operated by Arriva Trains Merseyside transferring to Merseyrail on 20 July 2003.

Rolling stock
Arriva Trains Merseyside inherited a fleet of Class 507 and Class 508 electric multiple units from Regional Railways. It also inherited a fleet of Class 73 locomotives and Class 936 EMUs for use on infrastructure trains; these were sold in 2002.

Depot
Arriva Trains Merseyside's fleet was maintained at Birkenhead North Depot.

title: Arriva Trains Merseyside


text:
Assamese language

Assamese or Asamiya (অসমীয়া ) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the north-eastern Indian state of Assam, where it is an official language. It serves as a lingua franca of the wider region and has over 15 million native speakers according to Ethnologue. Nefamese, an Assamese-based pidgin in Arunachal Pradesh, was used as the lingua franca till it was replaced by Hindi; and Nagamese, an Assamese-based Creole language, continues to be widely used in Nagaland. The Kamtapuri language of Rangpur division of Bangladesh and the Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri districts of India is linguistically closer to Assamese, though the speakers identify with the Bengali culture and the literary language. In the past, it was the court language of the Ahom kingdom from the 17th century.

Along with other Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, Assamese evolved at least before the 7th century CE from the middle Indo-Aryan Magadhi Prakrit. Its sister languages include Angika, Bengali, Bishnupriya Manipuri, Chakma, Chittagonian, Hajong, Rajbangsi, Maithili, Rohingya and Sylheti. It is written in the Assamese alphabet, an abugida system, from left to right, with many typographic ligatures.

History
Assamese originated in Old Indo-Aryan dialects, though the exact nature of its origin and growth is not clear yet. It is generally believed that Assamese and the Kamatapuri lects derive from the Kamarupi dialect of Eastern Magadhi Prakrit though some authors contest a close connection of Assamese with Magadhi Prakrit. The Indo-Aryan, which appeared in the 4th–5th century in Assam, was probably spoken in the new settlements of Kamarupa—in urban centers and along the Brahmaputra river—surrounded by Tibeto-Burman and Austroasiatic communities. Kakati's (1941) assertion that Assamese has an Austroasiatic substrate is generally accepted—which suggests that when the Indo-Aryan centers formed in the 4th–5th centuries CE, there were substantial Austroasiatic speakers that later accepted the Indo-Aryan vernacular. Based on the 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang's observations, suggests that the Indo-Aryan vernacular differentiated itself in Kamarupa before it did in Bengal, and that these differences could be attributed to non-Indo-Aryan speakers adopting the language. The newly differentiated vernacular, from which Assamese eventually emerged, is evident in the Prakritisms present in the Sanskrit of the Kamarupa inscriptions.

Magadhan and Gauda-Kamarupa stages
The earliest forms of Assamese in literature are found in the 9th-century Buddhist verses called Charyapada the language of which bear affinities with Assamese (as well as Bengali, Maithili and Odia) and which belongs to a period when the Prakrit was at the cusp of differentiating into regional languages. The spirit and expressiveness of the Charyadas are today found in the folk songs called Deh-Bicarar Git.

In the 12th-14th century works of Ramai Pundit (Sunya Puran), Boru Chandidas (Krishna Kirtan), Sukur Mamud (Gopichandrar Gan), Durllava Mullik (Gobindachandrar Git) and Bhavani Das (Mainamatir Gan) Assamese grammatical peculiarities coexist with features from Bengali language. Though the Gauda-Kamarupa stage is generally accepted and partially supported by recent linguistic research, it has not been fully reconstructed.

Early Assamese
A distinctly Assamese literary form appeared first in the 13th-century in the courts of the Kamata kingdom when Hema Sarasvati composed the poem Prahrāda Carita. In the 14th-century, Madhava Kandali translated the Ramayana into Assamese (Saptakanda Ramayana) in the court of Mahamanikya, a Kachari king from central Assam. Though the Assamese idiom in these works is fully individualised, some archaic forms and conjunctive particles too are found. This period corresponds to the common stage of proto-Kamta and early Assamese.

The emergence of Sankardev's Ekasarana Dharma in the 15th century triggered a revival in language and literature. Sankardev produced many translated works and created new literary forms—Borgeets (songs), Ankia Naat (one-act plays)—infusing them with Brajavali idioms; and these were sustained by his followers Madhavdev and others in the 15th and subsequent centuries. In these writings the 13th/14th-century archaic forms are no longer found. Sankardev pioneered a prose-style of writing in the Ankia Naat. This was further developed by Bhattadeva who translated the Bhagavata Purana and Bhagavad Gita into Assamese prose. Bhattadev's prose was classical and restrained, with a high usage of Sanskrit forms and expressions in an Assamese syntax; and though subsequent authors tried to follow this style, it soon fell into disuse. In this writing the first person future tense ending -m (korim: "will do"; kham: "will eat") is seen for the first time.

Middle Assamese
The language moved to the court of the Ahom kingdom in the seventeenth century, where it became the state language. In parallel, the proselytising Ekasarana dharma converted many Bodo-Kachari peoples and there emerged many new Assamese speakers who were speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages. This period saw the emergence of different styles of secular prose in medicine, astrology, arithmetic, dance, music, besides religious biographies and the archaic prose of magical charms.

Most importantly this was also when Assamese developed a standardised prose in the Buranjis—documents related to the Ahom state dealing with diplomatic writings, administrative records and general history. The language of the Buranjis is nearly modern with some minor differences in grammar and with a pre-modern orthography. The Assamese plural suffixes (-bor, -hat) and the conjunctive participles (-gai: dharile-gai; -hi: pale-hi, baril-hi) become well established. The Buranjis, dealing with statecraft, was also the vehicle by which Arabic and Persian elements crept into the language in abundance. Due to the influence of the Ahom state the speech in eastern Assam took a homogeneous and standard form. The general schwa deletion that occurs in the final position of words came into use in this period.

Modern Assamese
The modern period of Assamese begins with printing—the publication of the Assamese Bible in 1813 from the Serampore Mission Press. But after the British East India Company (EIC) removed the Burmese in 1826 and took complete administrative control of Assam in 1836, it filled administrative positions with people from Bengal, and introduced Bengali language in its offices, schools and courts. The EIC had earlier promoted the development of Bengali to replace Persian, the language of administration in Mughal India, and maintained that Assamese was a dialect of Bengali.

Amidst this loss of status the American Baptist Mission (ABM) established a press in Sibsagar in 1846 leading to publications of an Assamese periodical (Orunodoi), the first Assamese grammar by Nathan Brown (1846), and the first Assamese-English dictionary by Miles Bronson (1863). The ABM argued strongly with the EIC officials in an intense debate in the 1850s to reinstate Assamese. Among the local personalities Anandaram Dhekial Phukan drew up an extensive catalogue of medieval Assamese literature (among other works) and pioneered the effort among the natives to reinstate Assamese in Assam. Though this effort was not immediately successful the administration eventually declared Assamese the official vernacular in 1873 on the eve of Assam becoming a Chief Commissioner's Province in 1874.

Standardisation
In the extant medieval Assamese manuscripts the orthography was not uniform. The ABM had evolved a phonemic orthography based on a contracted set of characters. Working independently Hemchandra Barua provided an etymological orthography and his etymological dictionary, Hemkosh, was published posthumously. He also provided a Sanskritised approach to the language in his Asamiya Bhaxar Byakaran ("Grammar of the Assamese Language") (1859, 1873). Barua's approach was adopted by the Asamiya Bhasa Unnati Sadhini Sabha (1888, "Assamese Language Development Society") that emerged in Kolkata among Assamese students led by Lakshminath Bezbaroa. The Society published a periodical Jonaki and the period of its publication, Jonaki era, saw spirited negotiations on language standardisation. What emerged at the end of those negotiations was a standard close to the language of the Buranjis with the Sanskritised orthography of Hemchandra Barua.

As the political and commercial center moved to Guwahati in the mid-twentieth century, of which Dispur the capital of Assam is a suburb and which is situated at the border between the western and central dialect speaking regions, standard Assamese used in media and communications today is a neutral blend of the eastern variety without its distinctive features. This core is further embellished with Goalpariya and Kamrupi idioms and forms.

Geographical distribution
Assamese is native to Assam. It is also spoken in states of Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya and Nagaland. The Assamese script can be found in of present-day Burma. The Pashupatinath Temple in Nepal also has inscriptions in Assamese showing its influence in the past.

There is a significant Assamese-speaking diaspora worldwide.

Official status
Assamese is the official language of Assam, and one of the 22 official languages recognised by the Republic of India. The Assam Secretariat functions in Assamese.

Phonology
The Assamese phonemic inventory consists of eight vowels, ten diphthongs, and twenty-three consonants (including two semivowels).

Alveolar stops
The Assamese phoneme inventory is unique in the group of Indo-Aryan languages as it lacks a dental-retroflex distinction among the coronal stops as well as the lack of postalveolar affricates and fricatives. Historically, the dental and retroflex series merged into alveolar stops. This makes Assamese resemble non-Indic languages of Northeast India (such as Austroasiatic and Sino-Tibetan languages). The only other language to have fronted retroflex stops into alveolars is the closely related group of eastern dialects of Bengali (although a contrast with dental stops remains in those dialects). is normally realised as or.

Voiceless velar fricative
Assamese is unusual among Eastern Indo-Aryan languages for the presence of (realised as  or, depending on the speaker and speech register), due historically to the MIA sibilants' lenition to  (initially) and  (non-initially). The use of the voiceless velar fricative is heavy in the eastern Assamese dialects and decreases progressively to the west—from Kamrupi to eastern Goalparia, and disappears completely in western Goalpariya. The change of to  and then to  has been attributed to Tibeto-Burman influence by Suniti Kumar Chatterjee.

Velar nasal
Assamese, Odia, and Bengali, in contrast to other Indo-Aryan languages, use the velar nasal (the English ng in sing) extensively. While in many languages, the velar nasal is commonly restricted to preceding velar sounds, in Assamese it can occur intervocalically. This is another feature it shares with other languages of Northeast India, though in Assamese the velar nasal never occurs word-initially.

Vowel inventory
Eastern Indic languages like Assamese, Bengali, Sylheti, and Odia do not have a vowel length distinction, but have a wide set of back rounded vowels. In the case of Assamese, there are four back rounded vowels that contrast phonemically, as demonstrated by the minimal set: কলা kola ('deaf'), ক'লা kóla  ('black'), কোলা kwla  ('lap'), and কুলা kula  ('winnowing fan'). The near-close near-back rounded vowel is unique in this branch of the language family. But in lower Assam, ও is pronounced the same as অ' (ó): compare কোলা kwla and মোৰ mwr.

Vowel harmony
Assamese has vowel harmony. The vowels [i] and [u] cause the preceding mid vowels and the high back vowels to change to [e] and [o] and [u] respectively. Assamese is one of the few languages spoken in India which exhibit a systematic process of vowel harmony.

Schwa deletion
The inherent vowel in standard Assamese, //, follows deletion rules analogous to "schwa deletion" in other Indian languages. Assamese follows a slightly different set of "schwa deletion" rules for its modern standard and early varieties. In the modern standard // is generally deleted in the final position unless it is (1) /w/ (ৱ); or (2) /y/ (য়) after higher vowels like /i/ (ই) or /u/ (উ); though there are a few additional exceptions. The rule for deleting the final // was not followed in Early Assamese.

The initial // is never deleted.

Writing system

Modern Assamese uses the Assamese script. In medieval times, the script came in three varieties: Bamuniya, Garhgaya, and Kaitheli/Lakhari, which developed from the Kamarupi script. It very closely resembles the Mithilakshar script of the Maithili language, as well as the Bengali script. There is a strong literary tradition from early times. Examples can be seen in edicts, land grants and copper plates of medieval kings. Assam had its own manuscript writing system on the bark of the saanchi tree in which religious texts and chronicles were written, as opposed to the pan-Indian system of Palm leaf manuscript writing. The present-day spellings in Assamese are not necessarily phonetic. Hemkosh (হেমকোষ ), the second Assamese dictionary, introduced spellings based on Sanskrit, which are now the standard.

Assamese has also historically been written using the Arabic script by Assamese Muslims. One example is Tariqul Haq Fi Bayane Nurul Haq by Zulqad Ali (1796–1891) of Sivasagar, which is one of the oldest works in modern Assamese prose.

In the early 1970s, it was agreed upon that the Roman script was to be the standard writing system for Nagamese Creole.

Sample text
The following is a sample text in Assamese of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Assamese in Assamese alphabet
 * ১ম অনুচ্ছেদ: জন্মগতভাৱে সকলো মানুহ মৰ্য্যদা আৰু অধিকাৰত সমান আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ। তেওঁলোকৰ বিবেক আছে, বুদ্ধি আছে। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰত্যেকে প্ৰত্যেকক ভ্ৰাতৃভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা উচিত।

Assamese in WRA Romanisation
 * Prôthôm ônussêd: Zônmôgôtôbhawê xôkôlû manuh môrjyôda aru ôdhikarôt xôman aru sôtôntrô. Têû̃lûkôr bibêk asê, buddhi asê. Têû̃lûkê prôittêkê prôittêkôk bhratribhawê byôwôhar kôra usit.

Assamese in SRA Romanisation
 * Prothom onussed: Jonmogotobhabe xokolü manuh moirjjoda aru odhikarot xoman aru sotontro. Teü̃lükor bibek ase, buddhi ase. Teü̃lüke proitteke proittekok bhratribhawe bebohar kora usit.

Assamese in Common Romanisation
 * Prothom onussed: Jonmogotobhawe xokolu manuh morjyoda aru odhikarot xoman aru sotontro. Teulukor bibek ase, buddhi ase. Teuluke proitteke proittekok bhratribhawe byowohar kora usit.

Assamese in IAST Romanisation
 * Prathama anucchēda: Janmagatabhāve sakalo mānuha maryadā āru adhikārata samāna āru svatantra. Tēõlokara bibēka āchē, buddhi āchē. Tēõlokē pratyēkē pratyēkaka bhrātribhāvē byavahāra karā ucita.

Assamese in the International Phonetic Alphabet

Gloss
 * 1st Article: Congenitally all human dignity and right-in equal and free. their conscience exists, intellect exists. They everyone everyone-to brotherly behaviour to-do should.

Translation
 * Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Morphology and grammar
The Assamese language has the following characteristic morphological features:
 * Gender and number are not grammatically marked.
 * There is a lexical distinction of gender in the third person pronoun.
 * Transitive verbs are distinguished from intransitive.
 * The agentive case is overtly marked as distinct from the accusative.
 * Kinship nouns are inflected for personal pronominal possession.
 * Adverbs can be derived from the verb roots.
 * A passive construction may be employed idiomatically.

Negation process
Verbs in Assamese are negated by adding before the verb, with  picking up the initial vowel of the verb. For example:
 * 'do(es) not want' (1st, 2nd and 3rd persons)
 * 'will not write' (1st person)
 * 'will not nibble' (1st person)
 * 'does not count' (3rd person)
 * 'do not do' (2nd person)

Classifiers
Assamese has a large collection of classifiers, which are used extensively for different kinds of objects, acquired from the Sino-Tibetan languages. A few examples of the most extensive and elaborate use of classifiers are given below: In Assamese, classifiers are generally used in the numeral + classifier + noun (e.g. ejon manuh 'one man') or the noun + numeral + classifier (e.g.  manuh ejon 'one man') forms.
 * "zɔn" is used to signify a person, male with some amount of respect
 * E.g., manuh-zɔn – "the man"
 * "zɔni" (female) is used after a noun or pronoun to indicate human beings
 * E.g., manuh-zɔni – "the woman"
 * "zɔni" is also used to express the non-human feminine
 * E.g., sɔɹai zɔni – "the bird", pɔɹuwa-zɔni – "the ant"
 * "zɔna" and "gɔɹaki" are used to express high respect for both man and woman
 * E.g., kɔbi-zɔna – "the poet", gʊxaɪ-zɔna – "the goddess", rastrapati-gɔɹaki – "the president", tiɹʊta-gɔɹaki – "the woman"
 * "tʊ" has three forms: tʊ, ta, ti
 * (a) tʊ: is used to specify something, although the case of someone, e.g., loɹa-tʊ – "the particular boy", is impolite
 * (b) ta: is used only after numerals, e.g., ɛta, duta, tinita – "one, two, three"
 * (c) ti: is the diminutive form, e.g., kesua-ti – "the infant, besides expressing more affection or attachment to
 * "kɔsa", "mɔtʰa" and "taɹ" are used for things in bunches
 * E.g., sabi-kɔsa – "the bunch of key", saul-mɔtʰa – "a handful of rice", suli-taɹi or suli kɔsa – "the bunch of hair"
 * dal, dali, are used after nouns to indicate something long but round and solid
 * E.g., bãʱ-dal – "the bamboo", katʰ-dal – "the piece of wood", bãʱ-dali – "the piece of bamboo"

Nominalization
Most verbs can be converted into nouns by the addition of the suffix. For example, ('to eat') can be converted to  khaon ('good eating').

Grammatical cases
Assamese has 8 grammatical cases:

Pronouns
m=male, f=female, n=neuter., *=the person or object is near., **=the person or object is far., v =very familiar, inferior, f=familiar, p=polite, e=ergative form.

Tense
With consonant ending verb likh (write) and vowel ending verb kha (eat, drink, consume).

For different types of verbs. The negative forms are n + 1st vowel of the verb + the verb. Example: Moi porhw, Moi noporhw (I read, I do not read); Tumi khelila, Tumi nekhelila (You played, You didn't play). For verbs that start with a vowel, just the n- is added, without vowel lengthening. In some dialects if the 1st vowel is a in a verb that starts with consonant, ne is used, like, Moi nakhaw (I don't eat) is Moi nekhaü. In past continuous the negative form is -i thoka nasil-. In future continuous it's -i na(/e)thaki-. In present continuous and present perfect, just -i thoka nai and -a nai' respectively are used for all personal pronouns. Sometimes for plural pronouns, the -hok suffix is used, like korwhok (we do), ahilahok (you guys came).Content

Regional dialects
The language has quite a few regional variations. Banikanta Kakati identified two broad dialects which he named (1) Eastern and (2) Western dialects, of which the eastern dialect is homogeneous, and prevalent to the east of Guwahati, and the western dialect is heterogeneous. However, recent linguistic studies have identified four dialect groups listed below from east to west:
 * Eastern group in and around the undivided Sivasagar district (Golaghat, Jorhat, Majuli, Charaideo and Sivasagar) and the former undivided Lakhimpur district (Dibrugarh, Tinsukia, Lakhimpur and Dhemaji. Standard Assamese is based on the Eastern group.
 * Central group spoken in Nagaon, Sonitpur, Morigaon districts and adjoining areas
 * Kamrupi group in the Kamrup region: (Barpetia, Nalbariya, Palasbaria)
 * Goalpariya group in the Goalpara region: (Ghulliya, Jharuwa, Caruwa)

Samples
Collected from the book, Assamese – Its formation and development. The text below is from the Parable of the Prodigal Son. The translations are of different versions of the English translations:

"English: A man had two sons. The younger son told his father, 'I want my share of your estate now before you die.' So his father agreed to divide his wealth between his sons. A few days later this younger son packed all his belongings and moved to a distant land, and there he wasted all his money in wild living. About the time his money ran out, a great famine swept over the land, and he began to starve. He persuaded a local farmer to hire him, and the man sent him into his fields to feed the pigs. The young man became so hungry that even the pods he was feeding the pigs looked good to him. But no one gave him anything.

Eastern Assamese (Sibsagar): Künü ejon manuhor duta putek asil, tare xorutüe bapekok kole, 'Oi büpai! xompottir ji bhag moi paü tak mük diok!' Tate teü teür xompotti duiü putekor bhitorot bati dile. Olop dinor pasot xorutw puteke tar bhagot ji pale take loi dur dexoloi goi beisali kori gutei xompotti nax korile. Tar pasot xei dexot bor akal hól. Tate xi dux paboloi dhorile. Tetia xi goi xei dexor ejon manuhor asroy lole, aru xei manuhe tak gahori soraboloi potharoloi pothai dile. Tate xi gahorir khüa ebidh gosor seire pet bhoraboloi bor hepah korileü tak küneü ekü nidile.

Central Assamese: Manuh ejonor duta putak asil. Tahãtor vitorot xoutw putake bapekok kóle,

Central/Kamrupi (Pati Darrang): Eta manhur duta putak asil, xehatör xorutui bapakök kolak, 'He pite, xompöttir mör bhagöt zikhini porei, take mök di.' Tate teö nizör xompötti xehatök bhagei dilak. Tar olop dinör pasötei xeñ xoru putektüi xokolöke götei loi kömba dexok legi polei gel aru tate lompot kamöt götei urei dilak. Xi xokolö bioe koraõte xeñ dexöt bor akal hol. Xi tate bor kosto paba dhollak. Teten xi aru xeñ dexor eta manhur asroe lolak. Xeñ mantui nizör potharök legi tak bora saribak legi pothei dilak. Tate xi aru borai khawa ekbidh gasör sei di pet bhorabak legi bor hepah kollak. Kintu kawei ekö tak nedlak.

Kamrupi (Palasbari): Kunba eta manhur duta putak asil. Ekdin xortö putake bapiakok kola, 'Bapa wa, apunar xompöttir moi bhagöt zeman kheni pam teman khini mök dia.' Tethane bapiake nizör xompötti duö putakok bhage dila. Keidinman pasöt xörtö putake tar bhagtö loi kunba akhan durher dekhok gel, aru tate gundami köri tar götei makha xompötti nohoa koilla. Tar pasöt xiai dekhot mosto akal hol. Tethian xi bor dukh paba dhoilla. Tar xi tarei eta manhur osarök zai asroe asroe lola. Manhtöi tak bara sarba potharöl khedala. Tate xi barai khawa ekbidh gasör seṅ khaba dhoilla. Teö tak kayö akö khaba neidla.

Kamrupi (Barpeta): Kunba eta manhör duta putek asil. Ekdin xorutu puteke bapekök kolak, 'Pita, amar xompöttir moi zikhini mör bhagöt paü xikhini mök dia.' Tethen bapeke nizör xompötti tahak bhage dilak. Tare keidinmen pisöte xei xoru putektui tar gotexopake loi ekhen duhrer dekhök gusi gel, arö tate xi lompot hoi tar gotexopa xompöttike ure phellak. Tar pasöt xei dekhkhenöt mosto akal hol. Tethen xi xei dekhör eta manhör osröt zai asroe lolak. Manuhtui tak bara sarbak login patharök khedolak. Tate xi ekbidh barai khawa gasör sẽi khaba dhollak. Take dekhiö kayö tak ekö khaba nedlak.

Western Goalpariya (Salkocha): Kunö ekzon mansir duizon saöa asil. Tar sötotae bapok koil, 'Baba sompöttir ze bhag mör, tak mök de.' Tat oë nizer sompötti umak batia dil. Tar olpo din pasöte öi söta saöata sök götea dur desot gel. Ore lompot beboharot or sompötti uzar koril. Oë götay khoros korar pasöt oi desot boro akal hoil. Ote oya kosto paba dhoril. Sela oë zaya öi deser ekzon mansir asroe löat öi manusi ok suar soraba patharot pothea dil. Ote suare khaöa ek rokom gaser sal dia pet bhoroba saileö ok kaho kisu nadil."

Non-regional dialects
Assamese does not have many caste- or occupation-based dialects. In the nineteenth century, the Eastern dialect became the standard dialect because it witnessed more literary activity and it was more uniform from east of Guwahati to Sadiya, whereas the western dialects were more heterogeneous. Since the nineteenth century, the center of literary activity (as well as of politics and commerce) has shifted to Guwahati; as a result, the standard dialect has evolved considerably away from the largely rural Eastern dialects and has become more urban and acquired western dialectal elements. Most literary activity takes place in this dialect, and is often called the likhito-bhaxa, though regional dialects are often used in novels and other creative works.

In addition to the regional variants, sub-regional, community-based dialects are also prevalent, namely:
 * Standard dialect influenced by surrounding centers.
 * Bhakatiya dialect highly polite, a sattra-based dialect with a different set of nominals, pronominals, and verbal forms, as well as a preference for euphemism; indirect and passive expressions. Some of these features are used in the standard dialect on very formal occasions.
 * The fisherman community has a dialect that is used in the central and eastern region.
 * The astrologer community of Darrang district has a dialect called thar that is coded and secretive. The ratikhowa and bhitarpanthiya secretive cult-based Vaisnava groups too have their own dialects.
 * The Muslim community have their own dialectal preference, with their own kinship, custom, and religious terms, with those in east Assam having distinct phonetic features.
 * The urban adolescent and youth communities (for example, Guwahati) have exotic, hybrid and local slangs.
 * Ethnic speech communities that use Assamese as a second language, often use dialects that are influenced heavily by the pronunciation, intonation, stress, vocabulary and syntax of their respective first languages (Mising Eastern Assamese, Bodo Central Kamrupi, Rabha Eastern Goalpariya etc.). Two independent pidgins/creoles, associated with the Assamese language, are Nagamese (used by Naga groups) and Nefamese (used in Arunachal Pradesh).

Literature
There is a growing and strong body of literature in this language. The first characteristics of this language are seen in the Charyapadas composed in between the eighth and twelfth centuries. The first examples emerged in writings of court poets in the fourteenth century, the finest example of which is Madhav Kandali's Saptakanda Ramayana. The popular ballad in the form of Ojapali is also regarded as well-crafted. The sixteenth and seventeenth centuries saw a flourishing of Vaishnavite literature, leading up to the emergence of modern forms of literature in the late nineteenth century.

title: Assamese language