text:
1949 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1949.

Events

 * January 11 – Bertolt Brecht's play Mother Courage and Her Children (Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder), 1939, is first performed in Germany, at the Deutsches Theater in East Berlin, with his wife Helene Weigel in the title role and staged with his Verfremdungseffekt ("distancing effect"). This marks the origin of the Berliner Ensemble.
 * January 19 – The Poe Toaster first appears, at the grave of Edgar Allan Poe.
 * January 31 – Late Night Serial, a pilot for the U.K. radio series Book at Bedtime, begins on the BBC Light Programme with a reading of John Buchan's novel The Three Hostages.
 * February – Théâtre du Rideau Vert, the first professional French-language theatre in Canada, gives its first performance.
 * February 10 – Arthur Miller's tragedy Death of a Salesman opens at the Morosco Theatre on Broadway in New York City with Lee J. Cobb in the title rôle of Willy Loman. It will run for 742 performances.
 * February 19 – Ezra Pound is awarded the first Bollingen Prize in poetry, by the Bollingen Foundation and Yale University.
 * March – Poet Pablo Neruda flees Chile over the Lilpela Pass through the Andes to Argentina on horseback carrying a manuscript of his Canto General.
 * April 14
 * Roy Campbell punches Stephen Spender on the nose at a poetry reading in London.
 * N'Ko alphabet devised by Solomana Kante as a writing system and literary language for the Manding languages of West Africa.
 * May – Welsh poet Dylan Thomas and his wife Caitlin settle at the Boat House, Laugharne, in South Wales.
 * June 8 – George Orwell's dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty-Four is published in London by Secker & Warburg.
 * June
 * Oxford University Dramatic Society production of Shakespeare's The Tempest beside Worcester College lake, directed by Nevill Coghill.
 * The final part of Jean-Paul Sartre's Les Chemins de la Liberté (The Roads to Freedom) trilogy is published. A projected fourth volume is never completed.
 * Summer
 * The first Cheltenham Literature Festival is held in England, so making it the longest-running event of its kind in the world.
 * Street & Smith ceases to publish its pulp magazines in the United States.
 * September 26 – Samuel Putnam publishes his new translation of Don Quixote, the first in contemporary English. It is instantly acclaimed and is still in print as of 2008.
 * October – Publication begins in Italy of L'inferno di Topolino, a graphic parody of Dante's Inferno featuring Mickey Mouse with text and verse by Guido Martina.
 * October 5 – American writer Helene Hanff writes her first letter from New York City to the London antiquarian book dealers Marks & Co, a correspondence eventually collected as 84, Charing Cross Road.
 * October 13 – George Orwell marries Sonia Brownell while confined in University College Hospital, London, where he will die three months later.
 * unknown dates
 * Arthur C. Clarke becomes an assistant editor of Science Abstracts.
 * Radclyffe Hall's lesbian novel The Well of Loneliness, convicted of obscenity in the United Kingdom on first publication in 1928, is republished in the UK posthumously by Falcon Press, with no legal challenge made against it.
 * A statue of the folk poet Larin Paraske is erected in Helsinki.
 * Enid Blyton's children's books – Little Noddy Goes to Toyland, the first to introduce the title character, and The Secret Seven, first in the eponymous series – are published in the UK.

Fiction

 * Ilse Aichinger – "Spiegelgeschichte" (Mirror Story, serialized short story)
 * Nelson Algren – The Man with the Golden Arm
 * Miguel Ángel Asturias – Men of Maize (Hombres de maíz)
 * Nigel Balchin – A Sort of Traitors
 * Antoine Blondin – L'Europe buissonnière (Europe Playing Truant)
 * Heinrich Böll – The Train Was on Time (Der Zug war pünktlich)
 * Jorge Luis Borges – The Aleph (El Aleph), short stories
 * Paul Bowles – The Sheltering Sky
 * Fredric Brown – The Screaming Mimi
 * Italo Calvino – The Crow Comes Last (Ultimo viene il corvo), short stories
 * Victor Canning – The Golden Salamander
 * Alejo Carpentier – The Kingdom of this World (El reino de este mundo)
 * John Dickson Carr
 * Below Suspicion
 * A Graveyard To Let (as Carter Dickson)
 * Peter Cheyney
 * One of Those Things
 * You Can Call It a Day
 * Agatha Christie – Crooked House
 * Howard Clewes – Green Grow the Rushes
 * Freeman Wills Crofts – Silence for the Murderer
 * Cecil Day-Lewis – Head of a Traveller
 * R. F. Delderfield – Seven Men of Gascony
 * H. F. Ellis – The Papers of A. J. Wentworth B. A.
 * Foster Fitzsimmons – Bright Leaf
 * Anthony Gilbert – Death Knocks Three Times
 * Winston Graham – Cordelia
 * Graham Greene – The Third Man
 * A. B. Guthrie, Jr. – The Way West
 * Knut Hamsun – On Overgrown Paths (Paa gjengrodde Stier)
 * L. P. Hartley – The Boat
 * John Hawkes – Cannibal
 * Alfred Hayes – The Girl on the Via Flaminia
 * William Heinesen – The Black Cauldron (Den sorte gryde)
 * Robert A. Heinlein - "Red Planet"
 * Georgette Heyer – Arabella
 * Hammond Innes – The White South
 * Shirley Jackson – The Lottery and Other Stories
 * Alaric Jacob – Scenes from a Bourgeois Life
 * Dagmar Lange – Mördaren ljuger inte ensam (The Murderer is Not the Only Liar)
 * Marghanita Laski – Little Boy Lost
 * E. C. R. Lorac
 * Policemen in the Precinct
 * Still Waters
 * H. P. Lovecraft – Something About Cats and Other Pieces
 * Ross Macdonald – The Moving Target
 * Ngaio Marsh – Swing Brother Swing
 * Ana María Matute – Luciérnagas
 * Robert Merle – Week-end at Zuydcoote (Week-end à Zuydcoote)
 * Yukio Mishima (三島 由紀夫) – Confessions of a Mask (仮面の告白)
 * Gladys Mitchell – Tom Brown's Body
 * Nancy Mitford – Love in a Cold Climate
 * Vilhelm Moberg – The Emigrants (Utvandrarna), first in The Emigrants (novel series)
 * C. L. Moore – Beyond Earth's Gates
 * Stratis Myrivilis – Η Παναγιά η Γοργόνα (E Panayia e Yoryona, The Mermaid Madonna)
 * Máirtín Ó Cadhain – Cré na Cille (Graveyard Clay)
 * John O'Hara – A Rage to Live
 * George Orwell – Nineteen Eighty-Four
 * Karel Poláček – There Were Five of Us (Bylo nás pět)
 * Samuel Putnam (translator) – Don Quixote
 * Ellery Queen – Cat of Many Tails
 * Harold Robbins – The Dream Merchants
 * Rafael Sabatini – The Gamester
 * Jack Schaefer – Shane
 * Anna Seghers – The Dead Stay Young (Die Toten Bleiben Jung)
 * Nevil Shute – A Town Like Alice
 * Rex Stout
 * The Second Confession
 * Trouble in Triplicate
 * Cecil Street
 * Blackthorn House
 * Up the Garden Path
 * Edward Streeter – Father of the Bride
 * Julian Symons – Bland Beginning
 * Gwyn Thomas – All Things Betray Thee
 * Arved Viirlaid – Tormiaasta (The Year of Storms)
 * Mika Waltari – The Wanderer (Mikael Hakim)
 * Jiří Weil – Life With a Star (Život s hvězdou)
 * Paul Winterton – Came the Dawn
 * S. Fowler Wright – The Throne of Saturn (short stories)
 * Frank Yerby – Pride's Castle

Children and young people

 * Marguerite de Angeli – The Door in the Wall
 * Rev. W. Awdry – Tank Engine Thomas Again (fourth in The Railway Series of 42 books by him and his son Christopher Awdry)
 * Carl Barks – Lost in the Andes! (comic-book story starring Donald Duck)
 * Enid Blyton
 * Noddy Goes to Toyland
 * The Secret Seven
 * The Rockingdown Mystery
 * Ruby Ferguson – Jill's Gymkhana (first in Jill series of nine books)
 * Janet and John (first in the series of early readers)
 * Robert A. Heinlein – "Red Planet"
 * Erich Kästner – The Parent Trap (Das doppelte Lottchen)
 * Astrid Lindgren – Most Beloved Sister (Allrakäraste syster) (in Nils Karlsson-Pyssling: sagor)
 * Clare Mallory – Juliet Overseas
 * Ruth Park – Poor Man's Orange
 * Willard Price – Amazon Adventure (first in The Adventure Series)
 * H. E. Todd – Bobby Brewster and the Winkers' Club (first in the Bobby Brewster series of 24 books)
 * Geoffrey Trease – No Boats on Bannermere (first in a series of five set in Cumberland)
 * Meriol Trevor – The Forest and the Kingdom (first in World Dionysius trilogy)

Drama

 * Ugo Betti – Corruzione al Palazzo di giustizia (Corruption in the Palace of Justice, written 1944, first performed)
 * Maurice Clavel – La Terrasse de midi
 * T. S. Eliot – The Cocktail Party
 * Christopher Fry – The Lady's Not for Burning
 * Jean Genet – Deathwatch (Haute Surveillance)
 * Val Gielgud – Party Manners
 * Hugh Hastings – Seagulls Over Sorrento
 * Ronald Jeans – Young Wives' Tale
 * Sidney Kingsley – Detective Story
 * Eric Linklater – Love in Albania
 * Alan Melville
 * Castle in the Air
 * Top Secret
 * Arthur Miller – Death of a Salesman
 * Pablo Picasso – The Four Little Girls (Les Quatre petites filles), first published version
 * Lynn Riggs – Out of Dust
 * Nelson Rodrigues – Dorotéia
 * Talbot Rothwell – Queen Elizabeth Slept Here
 * Aimée Stuart – Lace on Her Petticoat

Poetry

 * Carlos de Oliveira – Descida aos Infernos
 * Robert Frost – Complete Poems of Robert Frost
 * Máirtín Ó Direáin – Rogha Dánta
 * Octavio Paz – Libertad bajo palabra

Non-fiction

 * Marc Bloch – Apologie pour l'histoire, ou, Métier d'historien (translated as The Historian's Craft, 1953)
 * Fernand Braudel – La Méditerranée et le monde Méditerranéen à l'époque de Philippe II (The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II)
 * Herbert Butterfield
 * Christianity and History
 * Origins of Modern Science
 * Joseph Campbell – The Hero with a Thousand Faces
 * John Dickson Carr – The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
 * Thomas B. Costain – The Conquering Family (also The Conquerors, first book in Plantagenet Series)
 * Simone de Beauvoir – The Second Sex (Le Deuxième Sexe)
 * Dion Fortune (died 1946) – The Cosmic Doctrine
 * Benjamin Graham – The Intelligent Investor
 * John Gunther – Death Be Not Proud
 * Jean Hugard and Frederick Braue – The Royal Road To Card Magic
 * John Maynard Keynes (died 1946) – Two Memoirs
 * Osbert Lancaster – Drayneflete Revealed (architectural satire)
 * Aldo Leopold – A Sand County Almanac
 * Margaret Mead – Male and Female
 * Robert Michels – Political Parties (Zür Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie, 2nd ed., 1925)
 * Audie Murphy – To Hell and Back
 * P. D. Ouspensky – In Search of the Miraculous
 * Amber Reeves – Ethics for Unbelievers
 * Finn Ronne – Antarctic Conquest
 * Gilbert Ryle – The Concept of Mind
 * Robert Lewis Taylor – W. C. Fields: His Follies and Fortunes
 * Max Weber – The Methodology of the Social Sciences

Births

 * January 1
 * Olivia Goldsmith, American author (died 2004)
 * Radu Țuculescu, Romanian novelist, dramatist and theater director
 * January 12 – Haruki Murakami (村上 春樹), Japanese novelist
 * January 16 – John Guy, Australian-born British historian and biographer
 * January 26 – Jonathan Carroll, American author of fantasy fiction
 * January 27 – Ethan Mordden, American author
 * February 4 – Mark D. Devlin, American memoirist (died 2005)
 * February 23 – César Aira, Argentinian writer
 * March 22 – Brian Hanrahan, English journalist (died 2010)
 * March 26 – Patrick Süskind, German novelist
 * April 11 – Dorothy Allison, American novelist and campaigner
 * April 25 – James Fenton, English journalist, poet, critic and academic
 * May 25 – Jamaica Kincaid, Antiguan-born novelist
 * June 5 – Ken Follett, English novelist
 * June 14 – Harry Turtledove, American novelist
 * June 21 – John Agard, Guyanese poet
 * July 1 – Denis Johnson, American poet, novelist (Tree of Smoke) and short story writer ("Jesus' Son") (died 2017)
 * July 5 – Jill Murphy, English children's writer and illustrator (died 2021)
 * July 15 – Richard Russo, American Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist
 * August 3 – Peter Gutmann, American journalist
 * August 9 – Slavko Ćuruvija, Serbian journalist and newspaper publisher (died 1999)
 * August 17 – Julian Fellowes, English novelist and screenwriter
 * August 25 – Martin Amis, English novelist and critic (died 2023)
 * September 10 – Bill O'Reilly, American political journalist and author
 * September 13 – Linda Colley, English historian
 * September 19 – Jimmy McGovern, English screenwriter
 * September 26 – Jane Smiley, American novelist
 * October 4 – Luis Sepúlveda, Chilean author and journalist (died 2020)
 * October 5 – Peter Ackroyd, English biographer, novelist and critic
 * November 2 – Lois McMaster Bujold, American author of science fiction and fantasy
 * November 24 – Erwin Neutzsky-Wulff, Danish philosopher
 * December 6 – Élmer Mendoza, Mexican fiction writer
 * December 9 – Eileen Myles, American poet
 * December 22 – David Gilmour, Canadian novelist
 * December 24 – Alberto Pérez-Gómez, Mexican-born architectural historian

Deaths

 * January 15 – Mary Lewis Langworthy, American pageant writer (born 1872)
 * January 21 – William Price Drury, English novelist, playwright and officer (born 1861)
 * February 1 – N. D. Cocea, Romanian novelist, critic and journalist (born 1880)
 * February 11 – Axel Munthe, Swedish autobiographer and psychiatrist (born 1857)
 * March 2
 * Alberto Gerchunoff, Argentine writer (born 1883)
 * Sarojini Naidu, Indian poet and politician (born 1879)
 * May 6 – Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian poet, playwright and Nobel Laureate (born 1862)
 * May 21 – Klaus Mann, German-born American novelist (overdose, born 1906)
 * June 10 – Sigrid Undset, Norwegian author and Nobel Laureate (born 1882)
 * June 11 – Oton Župančič, Slovene poet, translator and dramatist (born 1878)
 * June 14 – Russell Doubleday, American author and publisher (born 1872)
 * July 2 – Elsa Bernstein (Ernst Rosmer), German dramatist (born 1866)
 * August 2 – Hermann Grab, Bohemian German-language novelist (born 1903)
 * August 8 – E. H. Young, English novelist (born 1880)
 * August 16 – Margaret Mitchell, American novelist (road accident, born 1900)
 * September 4 – Herbert Eulenberg, German poet and dramatist (born 1876)
 * September 6 – Lucien Descaves, French novelist (born 1861)
 * September 19
 * Will Cuppy, American humorist (born 1884)
 * George Shiels, Irish dramatist (born 1881)
 * September 21 – Jorge Cáceres, Chilean poet and artist (born 1923)
 * October 20 – Jacques Copeau, French actor and dramatist (born 1879)
 * October 24
 * Thomas Rowland Hughes, Welsh-language novelist, dramatist and poet (multiple sclerosis, born 1903)
 * Yaroslav Halan, Ukrainian playwright, translator, and publicist (homicide, born 1902)
 * December 7 – Rex Beach, American author (born 1877)
 * December 12 – Harriet Ford, American actress and playwright (born 1863)
 * December 28 – Hervey Allen, American novelist (heart attack, born 1889)

Awards

 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Agnes Allen, The Story of Your Home
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Emma Smith, The Far Cry
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: John Connell, W. E. Henley
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Marguerite Henry, King of the Wind
 * Nobel Prize for literature: William Faulkner
 * Order of Merit: Bertrand Russell
 * Premio Nadal: Jose Suárez Carreño, Las últimas horas
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: James Gould Cozzens, Guard of Honor
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Peter Viereck, Terror and Decorum

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1949 in literature


text:
Khong Tayiji

Khong Tayiji (, хун тайж; ), also spelled Qong Tayiji, was a title of the Mongols, derived from the Chinese term Huangtaizi (皇太子; "crown prince").

At first it also meant crown prince in the Mongolian language. It was originally given only to descendants of Genghis Khan. In the Mongol tradition, a khan was unable to appoint the successor, instead the successor was elected in the kurultai after the khan's death. However, Kublai Khan (who founded the Yuan Dynasty) broke this tradition and installed his second son Zhenjin (Chingem) as Crown Prince. After Chingem died in 1286, the seal of Crown prince was passed to Chingem's third son Temür in 1293. However, Temür was never formally appointed as the Crown Prince and still not the definite successor. He was only confirmed as successor in a kurultai held after Kublai's death.

The Khong Tayiji became sub-Khan when Altan Khan of the Tümed tümen installed the Khong Tayiji as assistant khan.

In 1630s the head of the Dzungars was given the title of Baatur Khong Tayiji by the 5th Dalai Lama. Thereafter the style "Khong Tayiji" was adopted by Dzungar leader Tsewang Dorji Namjal, son of Galdan Tseren. As the Dzungars got stronger, the title rose in importance. By the mid-18th century it was ranked higher than that of khan among the Oirats.

title: Khong Tayiji


text:
Cape Coloureds

Cape Coloureds (Kaapse Kleurlinge) are a South African ethnic classification consisting primarily of persons of mixed race African, Asian and European descent.

Demographics
Although Coloureds form a minority group within South Africa, they are the predominant population group in the Western Cape. They are generally bilingual, speaking Afrikaans and English, though some speak only one of these. Some Cape Coloureds may code switch, speaking a patois of Afrikaans and English called Afrikaaps, also known as Cape Slang (Capy) or Kombuis Afrikaans, meaning Kitchen Afrikaans. Cape Coloureds were classified under apartheid as a subset of the larger Coloured race group.

At least one genetic study indicates that Cape Coloureds have an ancestry consisting of the following cultural frames: It is important to note here that genetic reference cluster term "Khoisan" itself refers to a colonially admixed population cluster, hence the concatenation, and is not a straightforward reference to ancient African pastoralist and hunter ancestry, which is often demarcated by the L0 haplogroup ancestry common in the general South African native population, which is also integral part of other aboriginal genetic reference cluster terms like "South-East African Bantu".
 * Khoisan-speaking Africans: (32–43%)
 * Bantu-speaking Africans: (20–36%)
 * Ethnic groups in Europe: (21–28%)
 * Asian peoples: (9–11%)

Religion
A separate Dutch Reformed Church, the Dutch Reformed Mission Church (DRMC), was formed in 1881 to serve the Cape Coloured Calvinist population separately from the Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK). It was merged in 1994 with the Dutch Reformed Church in Africa (DRCA, formed 1963) to form the Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa.

Success in the spread of Catholicism among Afrikaans speakers, including Coloured communities, remained minimal until the death throes of Apartheid during the mid to late 1980s. As Catholic texts began to be translated into Afrikaans, sympathetic Dutch Reformed pastors, who were defying the traditional anti-Catholicism of their Church, assisted in correcting linguistic errors. By 1996, the majority of Afrikaans-speaking Catholics came from the Coloured community, with a smaller number of Afrikaner converts, most of whom were from professional backgrounds.

Sunni Islam remains in practice among Cape Malays, who were generally regarded as a separate ethnoreligious group under apartheid.

Origin and history
The Cape Coloureds are a heterogeneous South African ethnic group, with diverse ancestral links. Ancestry may include European settlers, indigenous Khoi and San and Xhosa people, and slaves imported from the Dutch East Indies (or a combination of all). People from India and the islands within the Indian Ocean region were also taken to the Cape and sold into slavery by the Dutch settlers. The Indian slaves were almost invariably given Christian names but their places of origin were indicated in the records of sales and other documents so that it is possible to get an idea of the ratio of slaves from different regions. These slaves were, however, dispersed and lost their Indian cultural identity over the course of time. Slaves of Malay and other ancestry were brought from India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Madagascar, and Mozambique. This diverse assortment of people was subsequently classified as a single group under the Apartheid regime.

The census in South Africa during 1911 played a significant role in defining racial identities in the country. One of the most noteworthy aspects of this census was the instructions given to enumerators on how to classify individuals into different racial categories. The category of "coloured persons" was used to refer to all people of mixed race, and this category included various ethnic groups such as Hottentots, Bushmen, Cape Malays, Griquas, Korannas, Creoles, Negroes, and Cape Coloureds.

Of particular importance is the fact that the instruction to classify "coloured persons" as a distinct racial group included individuals of African descent, commonly referred to as Negroes. Therefore, it is important to note that Coloureds or Cape Coloureds, as a group of mixed-race individuals, also have African ancestry and can be considered as part of the broader African diaspora.

Under Apartheid, under the Population Registration Act as amended, the term Cape Coloured referred to a subset of Coloured South Africans, with subjective criteria having been used by the bureaucracy to determine whether a person was a Cape Coloured, or belonged to one of a number of other related subgroups such as the "Cape Malays", or "Other Coloureds".

Cape Coloureds in the media

A group of Cape Coloureds were interviewed in the documentary series Ross Kemp on Gangs. One of the gang members who participated in the interview mentioned that black South Africans have been the main beneficiaries of South African social promotion initiatives while the Cape Coloureds have been further marginalised.

The 2009 film I'm Not Black, I'm Coloured – Identity Crisis at the Cape of Good Hope (Monde World Films, US release) is one of the first historical documentary films to explore the legacy of Apartheid through the viewpoint of the Cape Coloured community, including interviews with elders, pastors, members of Parliament, students and everyday people struggling to find their identity in the new South Africa. The film's 2016 sequel Word of Honour: Reclaiming Mandela’s Promise (Monde World Films, US release)

Various books have covered the subject matter of Coloured identity and heritage.

Patric Tariq Mellet, heritage activist and author of 'The Camissa Embrace' and co-creator of The Camissa Museum, has composed a vast online blog archive ('Camissa People') of heritage information concerning Coloured ancestry tracing to the Indigenous San and Khoe and Malagasy, East African, Indonesian, Indian, Bengal and Sri Lankan slaves.

Terminology
The term "coloureds" is currently treated as a neutral description in Southern Africa, classifying people of mixed race ancestry. "Coloured" may be seen as offensive in some other western countries, such as Britain and the United States of America.

The most used racial slurs against Cape Coloureds are Hottentot or hotnot and Kaffir. The term "hotnot" is a derogatory term used to refer to Khoisan people and coloureds in South Africa. The term originated from the Dutch language, where "Hottentot" was used to describe a language spoken by the Khoisan people. It later came to be used as a derogatory term for the people themselves, based on European perceptions of their physical appearance and culture. The term is often used to demean and dehumanize Khoisan and coloured people, perpetuating harmful stereotypes and discrimination against them. The term "Kaffir" is a racial slur used to refer to coloured people and black people in South Africa. It originated from Arabic and was used to refer to non-Muslims. Later, it was used by European-descended South Africans to refer to black and coloured people during the apartheid era, and the term became associated with racism and oppression. While it is still used against Coloured people, it is not as prevalent as it is against black people.

Politicians

 * Midi Achmat, South African writer and LGBT rights activist
 * Zackie Achmat, South African HIV/AIDS activist and filmmaker
 * Neville Alexander, Political activist, educationalist and lecturer.
 * Allan Boesak (Political activist & Cleric).
 * Patricia de Lille, former PAC, then Independent Democrats leader, then Democratic Alliance mayor of Cape Town, now leader of Good Party
 * Tony Ehrenreich, South African trades unionist.
 * Zainunnisa Gool, South African Political activist and representative on the Cape Town City Council.
 * Alex La Guma, South African novelist and leader of the South African Coloured People's Organisation.
 * Trevor Manuel, former Finance Minister, currently Head of the National Planning Commission of South Africa.
 * Peter Marais, former Unicity Mayor of Cape Town and Former Premier of the Western Cape
 * Gerald Morkel, former mayor of Cape Town
 * Dan Plato, Western Cape Community Safety Minister.
 * Dulcie September, political activist.
 * Adam Small, political activist, poet and writer.
 * Percy Sonn, former president of the International Cricket Council.
 * Simon van der Stel, last commander and first Governor of the Dutch Cape Colony.

Artists and writers

 * Peter Abrahams, writer
 * Tyrone Appollis, academic
 * Willie Bester
 * Dennis Brutus, journalist, poet, activist
 * Peter Clarke
 * Phillippa Yaa de Villiers, writer and performance artist
 * Garth Erasmus, artist
 * Diana Ferrus, poet, writer and performance artist
 * Oliver Hermanus, writer, director
 * Rozena Maart, writer
 * Mustafa Maluka
 * Dr. Don Mattera
 * James Matthews, writer
 * Selwyn Milborrow, poet, writer, journalist
 * Sizwe Mpofu-Walsh
 * Arthur Nortje, poet
 * Robin Rhode
 * Richard Moore Rive, writer
 * Tracey Rose
 * Adam Small, writer
 * Zoë Wicomb, writer
 * Athol Williams, poet, writer, scholar, social philosopher

Actors and actresses

 * Quanita Adams, actress
 * Natalie Becker, actress
 * Lesley-Ann Brandt, actress
 * Meryl Cassie, actress
 * Vincent Ebrahim, actor
 * Vinette Ebrahim, actress
 * Kim Engelbrecht, actress
 * Jarrid Geduld, actor
 * Shannon Kook, actor
 * Kandyse McClure, actress
 * Shamilla Miller, actress
 * Blossom Tainton-Lindquist

Beauty queens

 * Tansey Coetzee, Miss South Africa 2007
 * Tamaryn Green, Miss South Africa 2018
 * Amy Kleinhans, former Miss South Africa 1992 and first non-white Miss South Africa.
 * Liesl Laurie, Miss South Africa 2015
 * Jo-Ann Strauss, Miss South Africa 2000, media personality and business woman.

Musicians

 * AKA, hip-hop recording artist
 * Fallon Bowman, South African-born guitarist, singer, and actor.
 * Jonathan Butler, jazz musician.
 * Blondie Chaplin, singer and guitarist for the Beach Boys.
 * Paxton Fielies, singer
 * Jean Grae, hip-hop artist.
 * Paul Hanmer, pianist and composer
 * Abdullah Ibrahim, jazz pianist
 * Robbie Jansen, musician
 * Trevor Jones, South African-born film composer.
 * Taliep Petersen, musician and director
 * YoungstaCPT, rapper
 * Tyla Seethal, South African-born singer and songwriter

Others

 * Marc Lottering, comedian
 * Jenny Powell, television presenter.

Athletics

 * Shaun Abrahams, 800m runner
 * Cornel Fredericks, track-and-field sprinter
 * Paul Gorries, Sprinter
 * Leigh Julius, 2004-08 Olympian
 * Geraldine Pillay, 2004 Olympian, Commonwealth medallist
 * Wayde van Niekerk, track-and-field sprinter, Olympic and World Champion, and World Record Holder

Cricket

 * Paul Adams
 * Vincent Barnes
 * Loots Bosman
 * Henry Davids
 * Basil D'Oliveira
 * Damian D'Oliveira
 * JP Duminy
 * Herschelle Gibbs
 * Beuran Hendricks
 * Reeza Hendricks
 * Omar Henry
 * Garnett Kruger
 * Charl Langeveldt
 * Wayne Parnell
 * Alviro Petersen
 * Robin Peterson
 * Keegan Petersen
 * Vernon Philander
 * Dane Piedt
 * Ashwell Prince
 * Roger Telemachus

Field hockey

 * Clyde Abrahams
 * Liesel Dorothy
 * Ignatius Malgraff

Football

 * Keegan Allan
 * Kurt Abrahams
 * Cole Alexander
 * Oswin Appollis
 * Andre Arendse
 * Tyren Arendse
 * Wayne Arendse
 * Bradley August
 * Brendan Augustine
 * Emile Baron
 * Shaun Bartlett
 * Tyrique Bartlett
 * David Booysen
 * Mario Booysen
 * Ethan Brooks
 * Delron Buckley
 * Brent Carelse
 * Daylon Claasen
 * Rivaldo Coetzee
 * Keanu Cupido
 * Clayton Daniels
 * Lance Davids
 * Rushine De Reuck
 * Keagan Dolly
 * Kermit Erasmus
 * Jody February
 * Taariq Fielies
 * Quinton Fortune
 * Lyle Foster
 * Bevan Fransman
 * Stanton Fredericks
 * Reeve Frosler
 * Ruzaigh Gamildien
 * Morgan Gould
 * Victor Gomes, referee
 * Travis Graham
 * Ashraf Hendricks
 * Rowan Human
 * Rudi Isaacs
 * Willem Jackson
 * Moeneeb Josephs
 * David Kannemeyer
 * Ricardo Katza
 * Daine Klate
 * Lyle Lakay
 * Lee Langeveldt
 * Clinton Larsen
 * Luke Le Roux
 * Stanton Lewis
 * Benni McCarthy, South Africa national team's all-time top scorer with 31 goals
 * Fabian McCarthy
 * Leroy Maluka
 * Grant Margeman
 * Bryce Moon
 * Nasief Morris
 * Tashreeq Morris
 * James Musa
 * Andile Ncobo, referee
 * Morne Nel
 * Andras Nemeth
 * Reagan Noble
 * Brad Norman
 * Riyaad Norodien
 * Bernard Parker
 * Genino Palace
 * Peter Petersen
 * Brandon Peterson
 * Steven Pienaar
 * Reyaad Pieterse
 * Wayne Roberts
 * Frank Schoeman
 * Ebrahim Seedat
 * Brandon Silent
 * Elrio van Heerden
 * Dino Visser
 * Shu-Aib Walters
 * Mark Williams, scored both goals to win the 1996 African Cup of Nations final
 * Ronwen Williams
 * Robyn Johannes

Rugby

 * Gio Aplon
 * Nizaam Carr
 * Kurt Coleman, Western Province and Stormers player
 * Bolla Conradie
 * Juan de Jongh
 * Peter de Villiers
 * Justin Geduld, Sprinbok 7's
 * Bryan Habana
 * Cornal Hendricks
 * Adrian Jacobs
 * Conrad Jantjes
 * Elton Jantjies
 * Herschel Jantjies
 * Ricky Januarie
 * Ashley Johnson
 * Cheslin Kolbe, Western Province and Stormers player
 * Dillyn Leyds, Western Province and Stormers player
 * Lionel Mapoe
 * Breyton Paulse
 * Earl Rose
 * Tian Schoeman
 * Errol Tobias
 * Jaco van Tonder
 * Ashwin Willemse
 * Chester Williams

Others

 * Christopher Gabriel - basketball player
 * Raven Klaasen - tennis player
 * Devon Petersen - darts player
 * Kenny Solomon - South Africa's first chess grandmaster

title: Cape Coloureds


text:
Iller

The Iller (ancient name Ilargus) is a river of Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg in Germany. It is a right tributary of the Danube, 146 km long.

It is formed at the confluence of the rivers Breitach, Stillach and Trettach near Oberstdorf in the Allgäu region of the Alps, close to the Austrian border. From there it runs northwards, passing the towns of Sonthofen, Immenstadt, and Kempten. Between Lautrach near Memmingen and Ulm it forms the border between the two German States Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg for about 50 km. The river flows into the Danube in the city centre of Ulm.

The Iller has a catchment area of 2152 km2. It ranks as the seventh of Bavaria's rivers by water flow, with an average throughput of 75 m3/s at Senden, a short distance upstream from the Danube. The power of the river is used for the production of hydroelectricity via eight power stations with a total net capacity of 51 MW (1998).

A bicycle route follows the Iller, which is also a popular location for rafting and trekking.

title: Iller


text:
Talk:Traffic calming

Shared space
My useful changes have been removed twice by a scammer - the account is called Waddie, ridiculously claiming that the "changes were not constructive"! Please help! — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C6:D180:6700:159D:46C2:49E6:14E7 (talk) 13:56, 12 November 2019 (UTC)

we should mention the recent experiments in the netherlands: they tried removing the traffic lights from dangerous junctions. it apparently works; very wiki-way! -- Tarquin 09:38 Mar 2, 2003 (UTC)

 * Somehow I think american drivers are far too crazy and neurotic for that to work here. How did they manage to do this? --radiojon 07:32, 1 Sep 2003 (UTC)

 * I would guess that people stopped "jumping the lights" and started to actually look where they are going. Lights create a tendency to "speed up to catch the green" whereas junctions without lights necessitate slowing down to check the other roads.  Just a guess, would like to see the study. --/Mat 04:57, 4 Apr 2004 (UTC)

Bike lanes
Are bike lanes really a traffic calming measure? It seems to me that their primary purpose is the opposite, allowing drivers to pass bicyclists that would otherwise be in the traffic lane. --SPUI 01:32, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * You're right, they only calm traffic when they make the car lane narrower, but that falls under street narrowing. --Erauch 03:32, 30 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * Bicycle lanes wouldn't generally fall into the category of Traffic Calming, being more a safety and mode-shift encouraging measure, but most area wide Traffic Calming schemes and Traffic Calming measures will consider the needs of cyclists so it's probably appropriate that they are mentioned. Street Narrowing, having a direct correlation to vehicular speeds is indeed a traffic calming measure that is widely used and can be, in particular, demonstrated by the effects that horizontal deflections such as traffic islands, build outs (curb extensions) and overrun areas have on speeds. I've written a thesis about Traffic Control, and Traffic Calming in particular, that I'll be trying to convert over to this article once my finals are done with! Fiachs 19:34, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

What is the geographical spread of "traffic calming"?
It is unclear which countries or cities this article is talking about. It seems to be mainly England, but also Portland, OR, USA is listed in the references. But the state with the most reckless driving is Rhode Island U.S.A Maybe a Instances of traffic calming section would be useful... JesseW 06:17, 26 Feb 2005 (UTC)

 * Traffic Calming Innovation seems to be primarily occuring in the UK, so it's probably suitable that majority referance is made to it. Part of my thesis was comparison of the Traffic Calming measures of Dublin, Ireland; Manchester, UK; San Diego, USA and Calgary in Canada so I'll have that up ASAP Fiachs 19:26, 18 May 2006 (UTC)

Link to roadhumpcampaign.org website
I think the link to "Public debate site for road humps" should be deleted. Please discuss at Talk:Speed bump Softgrow 20:37, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Criticisms of Traffic Calming
A recently added section (which I reverted and has been re-reverted) states:

The term "Traffic Calming" states that traffic can be calmed. Traffic is an abstract concept, does not have emotions so cannot be calmed. The effects on Emergency Vehicles, residents, pedestrians, cyclists and drivers need to be considered, and to these groups, calming is not necessarily the effect.

I think this should be removed as the author is trying to get the meaning of Traffic Calming by looking at the words individually rather than what the abstract concept represents. Traffic calming is nothing about the emotions of traffic it is about the effect of traffic. Softgrow 21:38, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

 * You don't only think it should be removed, you have removed it. I guess it conflicts with your POV so as usual...SNIP. softgrow, I am sure that you know that when two words are juxtaposed, the meanings of those words gets conflated. The conflation of those words does not accurately represent the idea being expressed. You clearly dislike the fact I put this fact on a page you seem to be pruning and seeding like a pristine front garden to represent your ideas as closely as possible. That is not what wikipedia is about. Please replace it or if you think it is POV, keep the same idea there but edit it to make it less POV. If I think it is too pov in a different direction, I'll edit it again. That is how the wikipedia works. --Nick R Hill 23:45, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

The Paragraph which seems to be trying to define the meaning of the metaphorical phrase "Traffic Calming" strikes me as un necessary; when I first read the phrase, comprehension of it's intent was immediate. I was not confused into thinking "Gee, I didn't realize that the highway could get all mad." I just see the issue of attempting to define the metaphor as being needless 'over-parsing' of the phrase. A generous effort on the part of Mr. Hill, but adding perhaps too much verbage. Like the phrases " Over-pass " or " speed-bump " - "traffic Calming's" meaning is apparent. MBD —Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.6.81.62 (talk) 01:48, 4 January 2009 (UTC)
 * Goodness! Is this so difficult, that we need a link to calm?  Jim.henderson (talk) 22:17, 7 January 2009 (UTC)

Traffic calming does not improve liveability. NantucketNoon (talk) 06:36, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

 * Can you define liveability, some way of measuring it, then studies which back up your assertion? otherwise its a POV. SteveLoughran (talk) 21:09, 17 March 2011 (UTC)

The quoted text at top of this section has a valid point. I do not think that "traffic calming" is a neutral term, and I'm dismayed to see it used in multiple articles here. It is a political term, with not a little dose of sarcasm, used to sell intentional defects in road design that drivers don't actually want, and oppose. A neutral term would be "traffic slowing" or "traffic resisting" or "traffic congesting" because that is the intent and effect, when placing obstacles or other alterations in an otherwise freely usable lane. Any driver in such a circumstance is not likely calm, and may experience road rage if you identify these features as "calming" at the time. If the title cannot be changed because this reflects technical jargon that is actually in current use, so be it, but an explanatory note is certainly required. Regarding the studies, we should also note the impact on violence at home, and lost productivity. The effect of these things likely goes well beyond the roadway. 24.57.210.141 (talk) 06:34, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

The above post is highly POV. There are countless European towns where traffic calming is used heavily without a bit of road rage. You're coming at this from an American perspective. Once it becomes commonplace, US drivers, bikers, and pedestrians alike will realize the benefits.

Chokers Redirect?
The link for 'chokers' redirects to the New York Mets. I don't know if that's somebody's stupid joke, or an actual nickname for the Mets, but since it's not what's needed here and there's no page for the actual thing the link redirects to I'm truing it into normal text. 71.235.22.11 (talk) 04:10, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

two wheels?????
It says:

 * The town of Hilden in Germany has achieved a rate of 24% of trips being on two wheels, mainly via traffic calming and the use of 30 km/h (20 mph) zones.

My first thought is that the drivers go a bit fast around the corners, causing one side of the vehicle to lift off the ground. My second thought, given that this is "via traffic calming", is that speed bumps are being used as jumps. The front wheels lift off the pavement. After they settle down again, the back wheels lift off the pavement.

Perhaps this is really supposed to mean that people switch to motorcycles so that they can go around the side of the speed bumps? Weaving motorcycles would be horribly dangerous. Worse yet, maybe it means using motorcycles on sidewalks to avoid the speed bumps. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.40.152.209 (talk) 06:56, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

The term "Verkehrsberuhigung"
I just corrected the German term "Verkehrsberuhigung", since it was written wrong. 88.67.174.190 (talk) 19:48, 15 February 2012 (UTC)

Problem with article name
Shouldn't this article be re-named 'traffic creation'? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.48.137.165 (talk) 23:38, 24 January 2013 (UTC)

Dubious tag
Regarding this tag in the lede: "Traffic calming consists of engineering and other measures put in place on roads for the intention of slowing down or reducing motor-vehicle traffic and thereby improving the living conditions for residents living along the road "

I don't see what's dubious. This sentence accurtely conveys the Institute of Transportation Engineers' definition:
 * Traffic Calming is the combination of mainly physical measures that reduce the negative effects of motor vehicle use, alter driver behavior and improve conditions for non-motorized street users. Traffic Calming - ITE

Is the tag is meant to imply dubious effectiveness, or that the true intent is something else? Either way, the tag should be replaced with properly sourced text. --Triskele Jim 17:12, 3 September 2013 (UTC)

NPOV dispute - Problems With Traffic Calming Are Not Addressed
The article presents the positive outcome of traffic calming as a fait accomplis, but there are also many alleged drawbacks. These include impeding emergency vehicles, further shunting traffic away from primary to secondary and tertiary routes, increased accident rate (particularly involving motorcycles and bicycles), increased traffic delays and congestion, increased pollution, and pain and injury to persons with disabilities.

http://www.motorists.org/traffic-calming/problems is a secondary source, which references multiple government and industry primary sources and other secondary sources.

Atrobinson (talk) 15:58, 29 August 2014 (UTC)

 * Wikipedia goes with what reliable sources say. The Cochrane Review is a reliable source - because it evaluates all of the published, professional, peer-reviewed literature (unlike the self-published opinion from the motorists advocacy group)

 * Motorists.org is not a reliable source. If there are peer reviewed critiques from a real expert, then you can add them.

 * -- Callinus (talk) 04:18, 23 December 2015 (UTC)

NPOV dispute - Problems With Traffic Calming Are Not Addressed REDUX
Demanding "peer reviewed" evidence is code for "I don't understand the process of scientific analysis and publishing." An NPOV article must make an effort to include all reasonable points of view related to an issue, not simply those that are "peer reviewed." With respect, the fact you consider a source "unreliable" is irrelevant: as I indicated in my original comment, the article links or references multiple primary sources that ARE "reliable," and many if not most that are "peer reviewed." It is incumbent upon the author of a reference article to pursue those sources.

http://nacto.org/docs/usdg/investigating_effectiveness_of_traffic_calming_strategies_corkle.pdf

 * -- Atrobinson (talk) 08:06, 23 December 2015 (EST)

Why do so many articles give o'Toole the time of day?
I do not think what a random American far right figure says is of particular relevance to this topic. He's not a scientist, he's got no data to base his assertions on and he's a fringe figure we within the U.S., let alone globally. So I suggest we remove his ramblings and instead find more evidence based comments on which methods of traffic calming work and which do not... Hobbitschuster (talk) 11:25, 5 November 2021 (UTC)

Anyone considered just who might be funding many of the right wing nuts and their attacks on safety zones? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 95.149.166.182 (talk) 13:11, 22 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Traffic calming


text:
Talk:Charles II of England

How to talk about the the Commonwealth
I set off a small conflict when I edited out "de facto Republic". I gather @Urselius feels the wording should not imply that the Commonwealth was legitimate. If he can't have "de facto Republic" he wants to remind us that Cromwell had a standing army. Not sure why that matters – standing armies are a pretty common thing.

Legitimacy is a complicated and controversial thing, especially in the context of English Constitutional history. Opinions about whether the Commonwealth was legitimate vary, so WP:POV means we don't insert own own opinions. Let's just use the same wording as in Commonwealth of England.

-- Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 23:45, 25 March 2023 (UTC)

 * "Agreed. There continue to be strong and honestly-held academic opinions about the legitimacy or otherwise of the Commonwealth, opinions which we can address in other articles. But here, the inclusion of "de facto" or "whose authority rested on the power of a standing army" makes very clear the editor's opinion of the matter, contrary to WP:POV. MichaelMaggs (talk) 09:12, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Absolute rubbish. : You are both wrong. Apart from the former garrison of Calais, the army of the Commonwealth was the FIRST standing army in English history, so it was definitely exceptional at the time, whatever may have become normal later. If you disbelieve this, just look at the difficulty Charles I had in scraping together an army for his Scottish war, an army made up of amateurs: 'Trained Bands', the followers of magnates and 'volunteers' out for plunder. You are further mistaken, the phrase 'de facto republic' was originally employed in the article because the term 'republic' was not formally used about the non-monarchical regime in England, which was referred to as a 'commonwealth' and its later stages are called a 'protectorate' in historical usage. It has everything to do with usage and nothing to do with whether or not the Commonwealth was in reality a republic. It is an undoubted fact that the final arbiter of authority in the Commonwealth was the standing army, and, once various parliamentary and appointed committee experiments had failed, it was Cromwell, backed by the power of the army, who ran the country. I have absolutely no interest in the legitimacy or illegitimacy of the Commonwealth regime, none whatsoever. I am only interested in the facts of power. Can you realistically claim that the army was not the bedrock of power in the country when it was the most prominent army general, Monck, who engineered the restoration of Charles II? You have completely misunderstood my position and the situation. BTW I am a borderline Communist and in no way a monarchist by conviction, so you have misinterpreted my position entirely. Urselius (talk) 09:24, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * You know, you're making my point for me. When you characterize our opinions as "rubbish" and throw a lot of boldface at us, you're making it very clear that you have strongly held opinions. (You're also violating WP:NICE, not that I care that much.) Did I mischaracterize your opinions when I talked about legitimacy? If you say so. The fact remains that your inserting your opinions in violation of NPOV.
 * If you're absolutely determined to make us change the way we talk about the Commonwealth, the best way to start is by editing Commonwealth of England. Not that I'm recommending you do that: you'll get the same pushback there that you're getting here, only more so.
 * And maybe don't edit war.
 * -- Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 16:07, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * This is the problem, you do not understand what it is I am saying. What I characterised as 'rubbish' was the false inferences both yourself and the other editor had taken about what my views were. I am strictly interested in exactitude of expression and of the inclusion of relevant historical facts. I really do not care a tinker's cuss about the legitimacy of the Commonwealth from a constitutional law perspective, but I do recognise --- no it's pointless trying to reason with you at all. I note with interest that you have been blocked for edit warring yourself, in the past, not something that has ever happened to me. Urselius (talk) 16:38, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I leave you with this to ponder, from p. 40 of 'Oliver Cromwell' (2003), by David Sharp, "Cromwell was a shrewd politician who realised that his only secure power base was the army. In the last analysis the army would follow him, but he had no large group of civilian MPs to support him." That sounds a lot like what I have been saying, doesn't it? Urselius (talk) 16:46, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not clear to me what you think the "relevant historical facts" are. Are you arguing that Cromwell was an evil thug? If I knew more about him, I might well agree with you. But that's value judgment that has no place here.
 * And kindly dispense with the personal attacks. They just undermine your case. As does the shouting. Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 17:31, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The relevant facts are: that the Commonwealth was not called a republic, though it was one, the army of the Commonwealth was innovative, in that it was a standing army, the first in English history, and that the stability of the Commonwealth and Cromwell's grip on power were directly based on the existence of, and military force embodied in, the standing army. No personal attacks, just observations. I can find secondary sources to back up my claims, can you find secondary sources that gainsay them, or even militate against their importance? Urselius (talk) 18:54, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * "...no it's pointless trying to reason with you at all. I note with interest that you have been blocked for edit warring yourself, in the past, not something that has ever happened to me. " That's a personal attack.
 * And you keep ignoring my point: value judgments have no place here, even if they're based on good historical research. If you're not to address that, I'm done arguing with you. Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 19:41, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * A historical fact, backed up by the opinion of many academics, is not a value judgment in any universe, including yours. Cromwell's regime was, however it was dressed up, based on the backing of the army. It was not a parliamentary democracy, its was a republic inasmuch as he refused the crown (in 1657, when it was offered to him), but he had many of the powers of a monarch. Urselius (talk) 19:54, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Enough. We're done here. Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 20:03, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * This needs to be taken to formal arbitration. Urselius (talk) 20:05, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * By all means. I think you might find the results disappointing. Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 20:09, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Let us not prejudge. Urselius (talk) 20:17, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Just going by what happened last time I went to arbitration. The arbitrator's answer boiled down to, "Sorry, Isaac, you failed to convince the other editors, and that's that. Maybe you think they didn't give you a fair listen, but it's not my job to evaluate that." Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 20:41, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

RfC about whether the relation of the army and Cromwellian regime is relevant
Should the lead contain reference to the Cromwellian regime's reliance on the support of the newly embodied standing army? Urselius (talk) 20:15, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

Given that the body of the article text already contains the following sentence, "Under the Instrument of Government passed by Parliament, Cromwell was appointed Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653, effectively placing the British Isles under military rule", I hardly think that it constitutes a contentious addition to the introduction. Urselius (talk) 20:20, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I think I'd like to see some sources - much of the above is without any sources so it's hard to judge (I do note the one source brought forth) but we should decide these things on sources rather than our own opinions. Ealdgyth (talk) 20:27, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * The sources @Urselius offers are perfectly fine. There's no reason to question his characterization of Cromwell's rule. If this were an article about Cromwell or the English Commonwealth, this detail might be important.
 * But this article is about Charles II. Cromwell only comes up here because he's the guy who overthrew Charles's father. Urselius seems to think that we need to emphasize what a bad guy Cromwell was. Initially he insisted that Cromwell's regime was a "de facto republic". That's not what "de facto" means, so he fell back on "republic backed by a standing army."
 * If this fact is important (and I'm not arguing that it isn't), then Urselius needs to go edit Commonwealth of England to place more emphasis on this fact. Inserting it here means contributing to the factoid creep that gradually makes Wikipedia articles unreadable.
 * -- Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 21:20, 26 March 2023 (UTC)

 * It's a shame that such a small issue instantly degenerated into a two-editor argument and then to an RFC. This really should be the sort of thing that can be straightforwardly resolved by calm discussion. For what it's worth, my view is that the existing wording says all that's needed in the lead, bearing in mind that this article is about Charles II, not about Cromwell or his legitimacy. It uses the word "republic" and succinctly explains what that means. Additional glosses such as "whose authority rested on the power of a standing army" are unnecessary. It's not that such glosses are factually incorrect (it's easy to find support for them), but they're not directly relevant to the subject of the article and they read like an obvious interpolation giving the impression of editorial disapproval. MichaelMaggs (talk) 21:37, 26 March 2023 (UTC)
 * There is a factor in the involvement of the army in the politics of the time that is directly relevant to Charles II, it was the power of the newly created standing army that was the bedrock of the government of Oliver Cromwell, but it was the naked military power of the selfsame army, through the machinations of its most powerful and influential general, George Monck, that ensured his restoration. Without a prior, and direct, flagging of this political fact, the restoration of Charles II as king makes little sense. It is no coincidence that the majority of senior regiments in the British army trace their origins to this period, The Grenadier Guards originate in Charles' small army in exile, while the Royal Horse Guards (Blues), and many, many other regiments, trace their origins to units of the Commonwealth standing army. The standing army was a huge influence on the politics and history of the period, and had after effects that are still with us. Its importance is hard to exaggerate. Urselius (talk) 14:30, 27 March 2023 (UTC)

 * Comment: I think we should find a brief way of explaining the situation after Charles I's deposition that does not require supplementary clauses or raises additional problems or questions. For example, "England entered a period of military rule known as the English Interregnum or the English Commonwealth, with a government led by Oliver Cromwell". Celia Homeford (talk) 13:40, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That sounds fine. MichaelMaggs (talk) 13:41, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * I think that's a lot more detail than the context requires. But if it will end this argument, I can live with it. Isaac Rabinovitch (talk) 14:16, 28 March 2023 (UTC)
 * That works for me. Urselius (talk) 19:40, 28 March 2023 (UTC)

The fanatic Francophone Charles II was a ‘false Stuart’ (a Medici infiltrator) his true father being Henry Jermyn the Freemasonic grandmaster.
Is it okay to at least the byword the aforesaid?

2A00:23C7:2B13:9001:88B1:DDFD:F9B6:7E51 (talk) 21:47, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * I am reckoning that Charles ii true father (the Francophone Henry Jermyn) has nowt true royal Stewart blood in him.
 * Forsooth, what nonsense are you two talking about? EEng 22:49, 25 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Come on be better than that. Why exactly is it nonsense? 2A00:23C7:2B13:9001:88B1:DDFD:F9B6:7E51 (talk) 11:41, 26 April 2023 (UTC)
 * Because it's not cited and not phrased encyclopedically. Celia Homeford (talk) 12:25, 26 April 2023 (UTC)

 * Seriously? What is with these conspiracy theorists, and their blatant lies? 76.64.181.63 (talk) 01:53, 8 January 2024 (UTC)

No man or woman can ever be kind or queen of Scotland!!!!
It should read King of Scots not Scotland 130.51.240.92 (talk) 13:59, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

 * Specifically the usage of Charles II was, "By the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith". Being a king of a people, rather than a country tended to die out during the later Middle Ages. Urselius (talk) 15:25, 7 August 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 15 February 2024

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: A blizzard of policy-based SNOW; consensus will not develop in favour of the proposed title. ——Serial 13:23, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

Charles II of England → Charles II of England, Scotland, and Ireland – Charles was not only the king of England. DieOuTransvaal (talk) 23:27, 15 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose and close per WP:SNOW. Per WP:NCROY, when there are multiple states we use the most commonly associated realm. Векочел (talk) 02:20, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:SOVEREIGN: Where a monarch has reigned over a number of states, use the most commonly associated ordinal and state. Rosbif73 (talk) 08:47, 16 February 2024 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Unnecessarily long. Unnecessary disambiguation. Use the more concise unambiguous title. Celia Homeford (talk) 12:38, 16 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles II of England


text:
Roy Jones Jr.

Roy Levesta Jones Jr. (born January 16, 1969) is an American professional boxer. He has held multiple world championships in four weight classes, including titles at middleweight, super middleweight, light heavyweight, and heavyweight, and is the only boxer in history to start his professional career at light middleweight and go on to win a heavyweight title. As an amateur boxer he represented the United States at the 1988 Summer Olympics, winning a light middleweight silver medal after one of the most controversial decisions in boxing history. He is considered one of the greatest fighters in boxing history.

Jones is considered by many to be one of the greatest boxers of all time, pound for pound, and left his mark in the sport's history when he won the WBA heavyweight title in 2003, becoming the first former middleweight champion to win a heavyweight title in 106 years. In 1999 he became the undisputed light heavyweight champion by unifying the WBA, WBC, and IBF titles.

As of February 2018, Jones holds the record for the most wins in unified light heavyweight title bouts in boxing history, at twelve. He is ranked by BoxRec as the 29th greatest pound-for-pound fighter of all time. The Ring magazine named Jones the Fighter of the Year in 1994, and the World Boxing Hall of Fame named him the Fighter of the Year for 2003. He is also a three-time winner of the Best Boxer ESPY Award (1996, 2000, and 2003). The Boxing Writers Association of America named him as the Fighter of the Decade for the 1990s.

Early life
Roy Jones Jr. was born to a family with a boxing tradition. His father, Roy Jones Sr., a Vietnam war veteran who was awarded a Bronze Star for valor after he rescued another soldier. Jones Sr. was a middleweight boxer as well.

Amateur career
Jones won the 1984 United States National Junior Olympics in the 119 lb weight division, the 1986 United States National Golden Gloves in the 139 lb division, and the 1987 United States National Golden Gloves in the 156 lb division. As an amateur, he ended his career with a 121–13 record.

Highlights
National Golden Gloves (139 lbs), Cedar Rapids, Iowa, May 9–10, 1986: Goodwill Box-offs (156 lbs), Caesars Tahoe, Lake Tahoe, Nevada, April 12, 1986: Goodwill Games (139 lbs), Moscow, Soviet Union, July 5–20, 1986: National Golden Gloves (156 lbs), Knoxville, Tennessee, April 17–18, 1987:
 * 1/2: Defeated Derrick Rolon by decision
 * Finals: Defeated Victor Levine by decision
 * Defeated Stanley Longstreet
 * 1/4: Defeated Gordon Joyce (Ireland) by unanimous decision, 5–0
 * 1/2: Lost to Igor Ruzhnikov (Soviet Union) by majority decision, 1–4
 * 1/8: Defeated Anthony Daley
 * 1/4: Defeated George Calderon
 * 1/2: Defeated Donald Giron by decision
 * Finals: Defeated Ray McElroy by decision

Junior World Championships (156 lbs), Havana, Cuba, June 26, 1987: U.S. National Championships (156 lbs), Olympic Sports Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, March 29, 1988: National Golden Gloves (156 lbs), Omaha, Nebraska, May 16–20, 1988: Olympic Trials (156 lbs), Concord Pavilion, Concord, California, July 5–10, 1988: Olympic Box-offs (156 lbs), Caesars Palace, Las Vegas, Nevada, July 16, 1988:
 * 1/8: Lost to Andy Liebing (East Germany) by majority decision, 1–4
 * 1/8: Lost to Frank Liles by split decision, 2–3
 * 1/4: Defeated Hiskia Swartz by walkover
 * 1/2: Lost to Gerald McClellan by split decision, 2–3
 * 1/4: Defeated James Crisp by unanimous decision, 5–0
 * 1/2: Defeated Ray McElroy by majority decision, 4–1
 * Finals: Defeated Frank Liles by split decision, 3–2

Olympic results
Jones represented the United States at the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games in the 156-pound weight class, being the youngest member of the U.S. Olympic Boxing Team, where he won the silver medal. Jones did not lose a single round en route to the final. His quarterfinal match-up with Soviet boxer Yevgeni Zaytsev was the first U.S.–Soviet Olympic bout in 12 years (because each country had boycotted one Summer Olympics during that period). The final was met with controversy when Jones lost a 2–3 decision to South Korean fighter Park Si-Hun despite pummeling Park for three rounds, landing 86 punches to Park's 32. Reportedly, Park himself apologized to Jones afterward and the Italian referee Aldo Leoni, while raising Park's hand, told Jones that he was dumbstruck by the judges' decision, murmuring: "I can't believe they're doing this to you." One judge shortly thereafter admitted the decision was a mistake and all three judges voting against Jones were eventually suspended. Marv Albert, calling the bout on American television for NBC, reported that two judges from Communist countries, Hungary and the Soviet Union, scored the bout in favor of Jones, while those from Morocco and Uruguay favored Park. The fifth judge, from Uganda, scored the bout as a draw, leaving the outcome to be decided on other criteria.
 * 1/16: Defeated M'tendere Makalamba (Malawi) KO 1 (1:44)
 * 1/8: Defeated Michal Franek (Czechoslovakia) by unanimous decision, 5–0 (Franek was given a standing eight count in the 1st rd; and at the 2:33 of the 2nd rd)
 * 1/4: Defeated Yevgeni Zaytsev (Soviet Union) by unanimous decision, 5–0 (Zaytsev suffered a broken nose in the 1st rd)
 * 1/2: Defeated Richie Woodhall (United Kingdom) by unanimous decision, 5–0 (Woodhall suffered a broken nose in the 2nd rd)
 * Finals: Lost to Park Si-Hun (South Korea) by split decision, 2–3 (Park was given a standing eight count at 2:11 of the 2nd rd)

An official IOC investigation ending in 1997 found that, although the offending judges had been wined and dined by South Korean organizer's, there was no evidence of corruption in the boxing events in Seoul. Jones was awarded the Val Barker trophy as the best stylistic boxer of the 1988 games, which was only the third and to this day the last time in the competition's history when the award did not go to one of the gold medal winners. The Val Barker trophy is awarded by the AIBA, an organization not directly connected with the Olympic authorities. The incident led Olympic organizers to establish a new scoring system for Olympic boxing.

The U.S. Olympic Committee called for an investigation in 1996 after documents belonging to East Germany's Stasi secret police revealed reports of judges being paid to vote for South Korean boxers. East Germany ended the Seoul Olympics in second place on the medal table, ahead of the United States by one gold medal.

Early career
On turning professional, he had already sparred with many professional boxers, including NABF Champion Ronnie Essett, IBF Champion Lindell Holmes and Sugar Ray Leonard. Jones began as a professional on May 6, 1989, knocking out Ricky Randall in two rounds in Pensacola at the Bayfront Auditorium. For his next fight, he faced the more experienced Stephan Johnson in Atlantic City, beating him by a knockout in round eight.

Jones built a record of 15–0 with 15 knockouts before stepping up in class to meet former World Welterweight Champion Jorge Vaca in a Pay Per View fight on January 10, 1992. He knocked Vaca out in round one to reach 16 knockout wins in a row. After one more KO, Jones went the distance for the first time against future world champion Jorge Castro, winning a 10-round decision in front of a USA Network national audience.

Jones vs. Hopkins
Jones made his first attempt at a world title on May 22, 1993. He beat future Undisputed middleweight champion Bernard Hopkins by unanimous decision in Washington, D.C., to capture the IBF middleweight championship. Jones was ahead on all three judges' scorecards (116-112 three times). Jones landed 206 of 594 punches (35%) and Hopkins connected on 153 of 670 (23%). Jones claimed he had entered the bout with a broken right hand, but still managed to outpoint Hopkins and secure a unanimous decision win. Jones reminded the world of this claim on his hit single "Ya'll Must've Forgot" later in his career.

For his next fight, he fought another future world champion, Thulane "Sugar Boy" Malinga, in a non-title affair. Jones beat Malinga by knockout in six rounds. Jones finished the year with another win, beating Fermin Chirino by decision. In 1994, Jones beat Danny "Popeye" Garcia by knockout in six, then retained his IBF title against Thomas Tate in two rounds at Las Vegas on May 27.

Jones vs. Toney
On November 18, 1994, Jones was set to face undefeated IBF super middleweight Champion James Toney, who was ranked highly in the "pound for pound" rankings. Toney was undefeated after 46 bouts and was rated the best in the world at 168 lbs. Billed as "The Uncivil War", Toney vs. Jones was heavily hyped and on PPV. Jones, for the first time in his career, was the underdog.

Over the course of the 12-round unanimous decision, Jones demonstrated his greatness. He danced circles around Toney, utilizing his speed and athleticism to dictate the action, and landing quick combinations whenever Toney pressured him. Jones scored a flash knockdown in the third round with a leaping left hook after goading Toney by imitating a fighting cock. Ring magazine called Jones' performance the most dominant of any big fight in 20 years. Jones landed 285 of 614 punches (46%) and Toney connected on 157 of 451 (35%). Jones was ahead on all three judges' scorecards (117–110, 119–108 and 118–109). The fight generated 300,000 pay-per-view buys.

Miscellaneous defenses
In 1995, Jones defended his super middleweight title successfully multiple times. He began the year by knocking out IBF #1 Antoine Byrd in round one. This was the first time a championship fight took place at Pensacola. In a fight billed as 'The Devil & Mr Jones ', he faced former IBF lightweight Champion Vinny Pazienza and defeated him in round six, after knocking down Pazienza three times. In the fourth round, Jones became the first fighter in CompuBox history to go an entire round without being hit by his opponent. Pazienza was credited with throwing five punches and landing zero. Pazienza was guaranteed $1.35 million, while Jones, who worked off percentages of the gate and the pay-per-view revenue, was guaranteed at least $2 million. Jones then beat Tony Thornton in round three by KO three months later.

In 1996, Jones maintained his winning ways, defeating Merqui Sosa by knockout in two and future world champion Eric Lucas in round 11. When he boxed Lucas, he became the first athlete to participate in two paid sports events on the same day. He had played a basketball game in the morning and defended his boxing title in Jacksonville, Florida that evening. He also held a press conference in the ring just before his 3rd bout of the year, taking questions from a chair in the middle of the ring and defending his choice of Bryant Brannon as his opponent instead of Frankie Liles, his nemesis from the amateurs. He then defeated Bryant Brannon in a round two TKO.

Jones vs McCallum
In November 1996 at Ice Palace, Tampa, Florida, Jones defeated 40-year-old former three-weight world champion Mike McCallum via a shutout decision (120–107, 3 times) before a crowd of 12,000, to win the vacant Interim WBC Light Heavyweight title. Jones scored a knockdown just before the bell at the end of round 10. Jones landed 254 of 535 punches (47%) throughout the 12 rounds and McCallum connected on 209 of 651 (32%) Jones was soon upgraded to full champion by the WBC when former titlist Fabrice Tiozzo moved up to cruiserweight. Jones made $2.8 million from the fight and McCallum got $750,000.

Jones vs. Griffin
In 1997 Jones had his first professional loss, a disqualification against Montell Griffin (26–0, 18 KOs) at the Taj Majal Hotel & Casino in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Griffin was trained by the legendary Eddie Futch, who had taught him how to take advantage of Jones technical mistakes and lack of basic boxing fundamentals. Griffin jumped out to an early lead on Jones but by round 9 Jones was ahead on the scorecards by a point and had Griffin on the canvas early in round nine. But as Griffin took a knee on the canvas to avoid further punishment, Jones hit him twice. Subsequently, Jones was disqualified and lost his title. At the time of disqualification, Jones was ahead on two of the judges' scorecards (75–76, 77–75, 76–75).

Jones vs. Griffin II
Jones sought an immediate rematch five months later at Foxwoods Resort, Connecticut, US, and regained the World Light Heavyweight title easily, knocking Griffin down within the first 20 seconds of the fight, then ending the fight by knocking Griffin out 2 minutes and 31 seconds in with a leaping left hand shot. The fight took place in a bingo hall before a sellout crowd of 4,500. Both Jones and Griffin earned a $1.5 million purse.

Unified light heavyweight champion
In 1998, Jones began by knocking out former light heavyweight and future cruiserweight champion Virgil Hill in four rounds with a huge right hand to the body that broke one of Hill's ribs. Jones followed that with a win against WBA light heavyweight champion Lou Del Valle, by a decision in 12 on July 18, to unify the WBC and WBA belts. Jones had to climb off the canvas for the first time in his career, as he was dropped in round eight, but continued to outbox Del Valle throughout the rest of the fight and gained a unanimous decision. Jones then followed with a defense against Otis Grant. He retained the crown by knocking Grant out in ten rounds.

Undisputed light heavyweight champion
Jones began 1999 by knocking out the WBC number one ranked contender at the time, Rick Frazier. On June 5 of that year, Jones beat IBF champion Reggie Johnson by a lopsided 12-round decision to become the undisputed light heavyweight champion, as well as the first to unify the WBA, WBC, and IBF titles at that weight since Michael Spinks in 1983. Jones dropped Johnson in the first round and hard in the third round but backed off and allowed Reggie to finish the fight.

The year 2000 began with Jones easily beating the hard-punching David Telesco via a 12-round decision on January 15 at Radio City Music Hall to retain his titles, which was also the first fight hosted at the venue. Jones reportedly fractured his wrist a few weeks before the bout and fought almost exclusively one-handed. He also entered the ring to a live performance of "Da Rockwilder" by rappers Method Man and Redman. His next fight was also a first-time boxing event for a venue, as he traveled to Indianapolis and retained his title with an 11-round technical knockout over Richard Hall at the Conseco Fieldhouse. Jones ended 2000 with a 10-round stoppage of undefeated Eric Harding in New Orleans.

In 2001, Jones released Round One: The Album, a rap CD. That year he retained the title against Derrick Harmon by a knockout in ten and against future world champion Julio César González of Mexico by a 12-round unanimous decision before a crowd of 20,409. The three judges scored it (119–106, 118–107, 119–106) all for Jones. Jones knocked Gonzalez down in rounds one, five and twelve and earned a $1.5 million purse. Jones landed 192 of 375 punches (51%) whilst Gonzalez connected on a very low 91 of 609 (15%). Jones was awarded the World Boxing Federation's light heavyweight title on in November 2001.

In 2002, Jones retained his title by knocking out Australian boxer Glen Kelly in seven rounds. Jones put both hands behind his back. As Kelly moved in behind a jab, Jones went over the jab with a right to the head. Kelly went down and was counted out. Jones landed 124 of 249 punches (50%) and Kelly connected on 42 of 171 (25%). Before this bout, Jones was awarded The Ring Championship belt.

Jones then defeated future world champion, WBC #1 Clinton Woods by technical knockout before a crowd of 16,229. He performed a song from his CD during his ring entrance. The bout was stopped in round 6 after Woods' corner threw in the towel. Jones landed 140 of 300 punches (47%) and Woods connected on 39 of 166 (23%).

Jones vs. Ruiz
On March 1, 2003, at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, Jones defeated John Ruiz, the man who defeated an aging Evander Holyfield, for the WBA Heavyweight title in front of 15,300 fans. Jones officially weighed in at 193 lb and Ruiz at 226 lb. Jones became the first former middleweight title holder to win a Heavyweight title in 106 years. Jones also became the first fighter to start his career as a light middleweight and win a heavyweight title, and the second reigning light heavyweight champion after Michael Spinks in 1985 to move up in weight and claim a major heavyweight championship in his first fight in the division. Jones was guaranteed $10 million against 60% of the profits. Ruiz had no guarantee. He received 40% of the profits, which he had to share with promoter Don King. Jones won on all three scorecards (116–112, 118–110 & 117–111). According to Mark Taffet, HBO's senior vice president of sports operations and pay-per-view, the fight generated 602,000 pay-per-view buys.

Jones vs. Tarver
Jones chose to return to the light heavyweight division and on November 8, 2003, he defeated Antonio Tarver to retain the IBO and The Ring Light Heavyweight Championships, win Tarver's WBC title, and win the vacant WBA (Unified) title. Jones appeared a lot weaker after coming back down to the light heavyweight division, losing the muscle he gained for the heavyweight fight seemed to have taken a toll on his aging body and his cat-like reflexes appeared diminished. Jones won by majority decision, the judges giving him 117–111, 116–112 and 114–114.

Jones vs. Tarver II
On May 15, 2004, Jones faced Tarver in a rematch. Jones was heavily favored to win, but Tarver knocked him down at 1:31 of the second round. Jones had won the first round (Tarver only landed two punches in the first round), but in the second, as Jones tried a combination, he was caught by a big counter left hook from Tarver. Jones got on his feet by the count, but for the first time in his career was ruled unable to continue by referee Jay Nady.

Jones vs. Johnson
On September 25, 2004, Jones attempted to win the IBF light heavyweight title from Glen Johnson in a match in Memphis, Tennessee. Johnson knocked out Jones 49 seconds into the ninth round. Jones lay on the canvas for three minutes after being counted out. Johnson was ahead on all three judges' scorecards at the time of the knockout (77–75, 77–75, 78–74) and had landed 118 punches to Jones's 75. Jones used the ring's canvas that night as a billboard for his upcoming rap CD, which came out November 1.

Jones vs. Tarver III
After almost a year away from the ring, focusing on training and working as an analyst for HBO Boxing, Jones scheduled a third fight with Antonio Tarver, on October 1, 2005, a sellout crowd of 20,895 at the St. Pete Times Forum in Tampa, Florida, which aired on HBO PPV. For only the second time in his career, Jones was considered an underdog going into the fight.

Tarver won by unanimous decision (117–111, 116–112, 116–112) and had Jones out on his feet in the 11th round. Tarver landed 158 of 620 punches (25%) and Jones connected on 85 of 320 (27%). Despite being clearly behind from early in the contest, there was little urgency in either Jones' corner or his performance as he seemed content to make it to the end of the fight following his back-to-back knockout losses.

In the post-fight interview with ESPN's Brian Kenny, Jones said that he would like to fight again. He would welcome a fourth bout with Tarver or another duel with Johnson. The fighters earned in excess of $4 million apiece plus a share of pay-per-view revenues, with the fight generating 440,000 pay-per-view buys.

Fallout with HBO
After the loss in the third Tarver bout, Jones resumed his duties as a commentator for HBO World Championship Boxing, calling the Floyd Mayweather Jr.–Sharmba Mitchell fight on November 19, 2005, and the Jermain Taylor–Bernard Hopkins rematch on December 3, 2005. His return to the network was short-lived, as Jones was let go from his ringside analyst role in January 2006. HBO cited his reported lack of commitment to attending the network's production meetings. Jones returned as a guest analyst for several bouts in 2010, and HBO brought him back the next year as their analyst for Boxing After Dark.

Back to winning ways
Jones took on Prince Badi Ajamu (25–2–1, 14 KOs) on July 29, 2006, at the Qwest Arena in Boise, Idaho. Jones defeated Ajamu by a unanimous decision (119–106, 3 times), winning the WBO NABO light heavyweight title. Ajamu won the first round on all three official scorecards, however it was the only round he won. Ajamu also lost two points for repeated low blows in round seven and one more in round eight.

Next up for Jones was the undefeated 29-year-old Anthony Hanshaw (24–0–1, 14 KOs), on July 14, 2007, at the Mississippi Coast Coliseum in Biloxi, Mississippi. Hanshaw was ranked 11th by the IBF at super middleweight. Hanshaw was knocked down in the 11th round. Jones won the bout by unanimous decision (114–113, 117–110, 118–109) to claim the vacant International Boxing Council light heavyweight title.

Jones vs. Trinidad
On January 19, 2008, Jones faced former three-weight world champion Félix Trinidad at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Trinidad had also won the WBA Middleweight Title by defeating then Champion William Joppy. The bout was fought at a catchweight of 170 lbs. Jones had a noticeable size and speed advantage, and in round seven, a short right hand to the temple dropped Trinidad to his knees. Jones fired a combination in the tenth round to send Trinidad down once more. Jones won the fight by scores of 117–109 and 116–110 (twice). This was the first time a former heavyweight champion returned to fight successfully at 170 lbs. The fight generated 500,000 pay-per-view buys and $25 million in domestic television revenue. This was also the last fight of Trinidad's career.

Jones vs. Calzaghe
After Joe Calzaghe's split from promoter Frank Warren, it was officially announced that Roy Jones Jr. and Joe Calzaghe had reached an agreement to fight for The Ring Light Heavyweight Championship in New York City at Madison Square Garden on September 20, 2008, on HBO PPV. However, Calzaghe claimed injury to his right hand in training, so the fight had to be postponed a couple of weeks, with November 8 being set as the new date.

In the first round, Jones caught Calzaghe with an uppercut and knocked him down, as well as cutting the Welshman on the bridge of the nose. However, Jones failed to capitalize on the knock down. In the 2nd round Calzaghe began to control the action and dominated Jones throughout the remainder of the fight. As the fight progressed Jones absorbed more and more punishment and suffered a cut over his left eye. Jones' corner, who had never seen Roy cut before, didn't know how to properly handle the situation and blood covered the left side of his face. Ultimately, Jones lost by unanimous decision, winning only one round (10–8 in the first) on the 3 official judges' cards. There was a crowd of 14,152. The fight generated 225,000 pay-per-view buys. It was reported that Calzaghe was paid $10 million from the fight. The fight aired in the UK on Setanta Sports after 4:30 am local time, peaking at 500,000 viewers.

Jones vs. Sheika
It was announced that Jones would next fight Omar Sheika (27–8, 18 KOs) on March 21, 2009, at the Civic Center, Pensacola, Florida. Jones defeated Sheika via fifth-round technical knockout to claim the vacant WBO NABO light heavyweight title. The fight was the main event of a pay-per-view titled "March Badness", which included both boxing and mixed martial arts matches. Sheika had previously defeated Glen Johnson, who had knocked out Jones in 2004 and came into this fight having lost six of his last ten bouts. It was only his second fight since September 2005. Jones came in ranked as the #6 light heavyweight in the world by The Ring.

Jones vs. Lacy
On August 15, 2009, Jones beat former super middleweight champion Jeff Lacy (25–2, 17 KOs) in 10 rounds after Lacy's corner stopped the fight. The fight, billed as "Hook City", going off the boxers' nicknames of ' Captain Hook ' and 'Left Hook ', took place at the Coast Coliseum in Biloxi, Mississippi. Lacy had never been knocked out or stopped before. Lacy had tried to pin Jones on the ropes throughout the fight, but Jones was unaffected by the tactic and seemed more worried about playing to the crowd than about Lacy's punches. There was a discussion in Lacy's corner after the ninth round about stopping it, but Lacy, convinced his team to give him another round. Jones landed 249 of 500 punches (50%) while Lacy connected on 104 of 429 (24%). Jones was ahead on all three judges' scorecards at the time of stoppage (99–91, 100–89, 98–92).

Jones vs. Green
In December 2009, Roy Jones was set to face Australian boxer Danny Green in Sydney, Australia. In the weeks leading up to this fight, there were reports in the newspapers indicating difficulties getting Roy's sparring partners into Australia. Then on December 2, 2009, following an extensive pre-fight delay due to hand wrap protests, Danny Green defeated Jones via first-round TKO. Jones was initially gracious in his humbling defeat, stating that "We don't make excuses, it was a great performance by Danny." However, less than a month later, Jones would launch a formal complaint, accusing Green of using illegal hand wraps and demanding his loss be overturned, though the decision was upheld. Though Jones' rematch with Hopkins looked to be in trouble following Jones' loss, the two sides would officially come to an agreement in February 2010 for an April 3 bout.

Jones vs. Hopkins II
Roy Jones Jr. and Bernard Hopkins (50–5–1, 32 KOs) met in a rematch bout, on April 3, 2010, at the Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino in Las Vegas, 17 years after their first fight. Jones entered with a record of 5–5 in his previous ten bouts dating back to May 2004 whilst Hopkins came in 4–1 since June 2006. After going the distance, Hopkins was awarded with a unanimous decision (118–109, 117–110 twice). Hopkins landed 184 of 526 punches (35%), while Jones connected on 82 of 274 (30%). Hopkins collapsed to his knees in his dressing room, drained from a brutal fight and exhausted by the end of his 17-year wait for revenge against Jones. The fight generated 150,000 pay-per-view buys.

Jones vs. Lebedev
In February 2011, Vladimir Hryunov confirmed that negotiations were taking place for Denis Lebedev (21–1, 16 KOs) to fight Jones in Moscow. Lebedev had just come off a controversial split decision loss to Marco Huck. At the time, Lebedev was ranked #4 at cruiserweight by The Ring. On 24 March, a deal had been agreed which would see Jones earn a $500,000 purse. The fight, a 10-round bout, which was billed as the "Battle of Two Empires" was announced to take place on May 22 at Dynamo Palace of Sports in Krylatskoye. 2,000 tickets were reportedly sold on the day of release. The promoters expected a sellout.

Lebedev knocked Jones out with 2 seconds left in their 10-round bout. After round 9, the scorecards read (87–84, 85–86, 90–81). The controversy arose when Lebedev punched Jones, when it was, to some, clear that Jones was not responsive and was out on his feet. The final punch put Jones out cold on the canvas and he did not regain his senses for more than 5 minutes amid active medical help. After the bout, Lebedev said that he had nothing to be sorry about. Referee Steve Smoger was also accused of incompetence because he did not stop the fight even though Jones could no longer defend himself which led to Jones taking unnecessary damage. In a statement following the fight, Smoger said, "I didn't stop the fight because there were only a matter of seconds remaining in the fight and it seemed that Roy was pretending, trying to trick his opponent. He did this repeatedly in the fight. So I thought Jones was doing the same thing here, trying to deceive Lebedev in the final seconds of the fight in order to lure Denis in to land a big punch [which Jones managed to do in the previous round]." Jones, when asked about his feelings on the punch responded, "I forgive him".

Jones vs. Alexander
Jones won a 10-round unanimous decision against Max Alexander on December 10, 2011, in Atlanta, snapping a three-match losing streak, and winning the Universal Boxing Organisation (UBO) Intercontinental cruiserweight championship. The three judges scored the bout all in Jones' favour (100–90, 100–90 & 99–91). Jones rarely pressed over the first seven rounds but put together several combinations in the eighth and 10th rounds to beat Alexander. After the fight, Jones said, "I'm feeling wonderful. I want a cruiserweight title, the world title", said Jones, who weighed in at 189 pounds. "This is just a start. I'm not through yet." The fight was aired live on Internet PPV channel Ustream for $9.99.

Jones vs. Głażewski
Jones was due to fight Polish boxer Dawid Kostecki (39–1, 25 KOs) in a ten-round bout at Atlas Arena, Poland on June 30. Days before the fight, Kostecki was arrested on June 19 in order to begin serving a $2 1/2$-year prison sentence for a prior conviction of running a prostitution ring. Jones negotiated his deal with 12 Knockout Promotions, the fight's promoter, he was assured that Kostecki would not start serving his sentence until after the fight. 12 Knockout Promotions tried to secure a temporary release for Kostecki but were unsuccessful. Paweł Głażewski (17–0, 4 KOs), who was on standby all week, stepped in as a replacement. Jones defeated Głażewski by split decision (96–93, 94–95 & 96–94). There was some controversy from the decision. Many believed due to Jones being lined up to challenge then-WBC cruiserweight champion Krzysztof Włodarczyk, he was given the decision.

Jones vs. Benmakhlouf
On December 21, 2013, Jones defeated Zine Eddine Benmakhlouf (17–3–1, 8 KOs) by unanimous decision for the vacant WBU cruiserweight title at the Dynamo Palace of Sports in Krylatskoye in Moscow, Russia. The fight was billed as a "Winner Takes All" match, with the winner receiving the entire purse. Benmakhlouf took a knee after Jones wobbled him with a left hook early in the third round. The judges scored the bout 120–108, 119–109 and 118–111.

Miscellaneous fights
Jones, fighting at the Ķīpsala International Exhibition Centre in Latvia, defeated Courtney Fry (18–5–0) via RTD in the 5th round on July 26, 2014. Jones was ahead on all three judges scorecards by the end of the fourth round, (50–44, 50–44 & 50–45). On September 26, 2014, Jones defeated Hany Atiyo via 1st-round KO after 75 seconds. This fight took place in front of a sold-out crowd at The Basket Hall in Krasnodar, Russia. This was a second straight stoppage and fifth consecutive victory for Jones. Jones' next bout, for the first time 4 years, took place in USA at the Cabarrus Arena in Concord, North Carolina, and ultimately saw him defeat Willy Williams via 2nd-round TKO. Near the end of the same month on March 28, Jones was again back in the ring, this time against Paul Vasquez (10–6–1, 3 KOs), defeating him via 1st-round TKO for the WBU (German Version) cruiserweight title at the Pensacola Bay Center in Florida. On August 16, 2015, Jones scored his 62nd professional victory and 45th knockout win by defeating Eric Watkins via 6th-round KO.

Jones vs. Maccarinelli
On October 28, 2015, it was announced that Jones would be fighting former WBO cruiserweight champion Enzo Maccarinelli, 35, who had a career record of 40 wins and 7 losses, for the WBA 'super' world cruiserweight title. However, this was a 'false rumour'. It was however announced that they would fight on December 12, 2015, in a non-title cruiserweight battle. This was Jones' first fight since being granted Russian citizenship and he was going into it with eight straight victories, with the last four inside the distance. The fight took place at the VTB Ice Palace in Moscow.

After an evenly matched 3 rounds, the 4th round started more in Maccarinelli's favour. Halfway through the round, Maccarinelli dropped Jones with an uppercut. Jones beat the count and carried on for 10–12 seconds more with his gloves to his face, eating several more uppercuts. Against the ropes, he then absorbed a huge right hook which caused him to stiffen and fall face down on the canvas. Referee Ingo Barrabas waved off the fight in what was Jones' 9th career defeat, the 5th by KO.

Jones vs. Phillips
On March 20, 2016, Jones fought in Phoenix, Arizona, at the Celebrity Theatre against 33-year-old MMA fighter Vyron Phillips, who had won the right to fight him after having been selected through a vote on Facebook. Phillips, who fought in his first boxing match, was 5–3 in MMA bouts and 6–1 as an amateur boxer. Phillips would have received $100,000 if he had knocked Jones out, but was knocked down in the second round by Jones. The referee then stopped the fight.

Jones vs. Moore
Square Ring Promotions announced on July 29, Jones would return to his hometown, Pensacola Bay Center in Pensacola, Florida, on August 13 against journeyman "Rockin'" Rodney Moore (17–11–2, 7 KOs) in a cruiserweight bout. The fight headlined the "Island Fights 38" card, an ongoing series that combines boxing matches and MMA bouts on the same show. Jones last fought in Pensacola in March 2015, when he knocked out Paul Vasquez in the first round. Moore did not fight between 2005 and 2012 and has lost nine consecutive fights, although only one of them came by knockout. That was a second-round stoppage to top cruiserweight contender Murat Gassiev 13 months ago. On fight night, in front of more than 5,000 fans in attendance, in a slow-paced affair, Jones won a one-sided 10 round unanimous decision with shutout scores of 100–90 on all three cards.

It was noted that Jones incurred a tear in his right biceps in round five and fought the rest of the bout one handed and admitted after the bout the healing time required for his torn right biceps probably meant the end of his long career. In October, Jones stated his intentions to continue fighting on and not retiring from the sport.

Jones vs. Gunn
On December 2, 2016, David Feldman Promotions confirmed a fight between Jones and undefeated bare-knuckle fighter and former world title challenger Bobby Gunn would be announced for February 17, 2017, for the vacant World Boxing Foundation Cruiserweight championship at a press conference on December 6 at the Chase Center in Delaware. At the time of announcement, Gunn was a former IBA cruiserweight champion and bare-knuckle heavyweight champion, with a record of 72–0 with 72 knockouts. The fight was made official at the press conference on December 7. Jones spoke of his long-awaited desire to fight Gunn, "I always do things that people don't expect me to do. I promised Bobby a long time ago that I would give him the opportunity, and I am a man of my word. Come February 17th, I am going to shock the world again." At the official weigh-in Jones came in 199 pounds and Gunn weighed in lighter at 197.4 pounds. In a slow-paced fight, Jones stopped Gunn in the beginning of the 8th round, before Gunn had even left his corner, to win the vacant World Boxing Foundation cruiserweight title. Gunn injured his nose and was out boxed by Jones throughout seven rounds. In the post fight, Jones and Gunn both embraced.

Jones spoke about his desire to continue his boxing career further, "Anything is possible, I'm not going to make an immediate decision. Why would I stop when I looked that good though?... I want a shot at a cruiserweight title ... I do intend on fighting and we'll see what happens in the future. I looked good." Jones later told On The Ropes Boxing Radio, "Yeah I think it's my last year in boxing, and I tell people all the time." Hinting he may retire at the end of 2017. On December 3, 2017, after Miguel Cotto's farewell fight re-iterated his desire to continue boxing.

Jones vs. Sigmon
On December 30, 2017, Jones announced that he would return to the Bay Center in Pensacola, Florida to headline the Island Fights 46 on February 8, 2018. Jones had previously headlined Island Fights, which is a show that included both boxing and MMA bouts. Speaking of the event, Jones said, "My last day at the Bay. It's my last one for the bayfront ... Civic Center, Pensacola, Bayfront Arena, whatever you want to call it. So if you want to come to see my last day in Pensacola, be there February 8. That's my last one there." He stated it would be his final fight. Jones announced Scott Sigmon (30–11–1, 16 KOs) as his opponent for the 10 round bout. Jones ended his boxing career defeating Sigmon via a one-sided 10 round unanimous decision, also winning the vacant World Boxing Union cruiserweight title in the process. All three judges scored the fight 98–92 in favour of Jones. Jones started off the better boxer landed upper cuts and hooks and remained in control throughout the fight. Jones landed an uppercut in round 5 which knocked Sigmon's mouthpiece out. In round 6, Sigmon began throwing more punches, although they were weak combinations easily blocked by Jones. Jones was also able to counter most of the shots Sigmon threw.

After the fight, Jones stated he had fought with a bicep injury. He also called for a boxing match against 42-year-old former UFC middleweight champion Anderson Silva. In the post-fight interview, he said, "I knew Scott was tough, I knew Scott was game and I knew Scott would keep coming. However, I don't make excuses, but last week I tore my biceps in my left arm again and I refused to pull out. Other than that [fight], chapter closed." Jones retired after 75 professional fights over 29 years; 66 wins, 47 coming inside the distance and 9 losses.

Jones vs. Pettis
On February 6, 2023, it was announced that Jones would take on former UFC and WEC Lightweight Champion Anthony Pettis on April 1. The bout took place in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the hometown of Pettis. Pettis defeated Jones Jr. via majority decision after 8 rounds.

Exhibition bout
It was announced in July 2020 that Jones had signed a contract to face former undisputed heavyweight champion, Mike Tyson, in an eight-round exhibition fight. The bout—officially sanctioned by the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC)—was initially scheduled to take place on September 12 at the Dignity Health Sports Park in Carson, California, however, the date was pushed back to November 28 in order to maximize revenue for the event. The fight lasted the full 8 rounds, and was declared a draw.

Personal life
Jones was born in Pensacola, Florida. His mother, Carol, was warm and easy-going, whereas his father, Roy Sr., was much like a Marine Drill Instructor with respect to his son. A decorated Vietnam veteran, ex-club fighter and retired aircraft engineer who had taken up hog farming, Roy Sr. was harsh on his son from early on, taunting the child, "sparring" with him, enraging him, yelling at him and abusing him, often for 20 minutes at a time. Roy Jr. lived in constant fear of his father's verbal and physical violence against him.

Jones described his childhood in Sports Illustrated: "After a while I didn't care about gettin' hurt or dyin' anymore. I was in pain all day, every day, I was so scared of my father. He'd pull up in his truck and start lookin' for something I'd done wrong. There was no escape, no excuse, no way out of nothin'. ... Getting' hurt or dyin' might've been better than the life I was livin'. ... Used to think about killin' myself anyway."

Roy Sr. ran his own boxing gym, to which he devoted all his available time and financial resources. He offered direction to numerous youths and steered many of them away from trouble. Roy Sr. did everything possible to expand the program and help more kids. But toward his own son he was merciless, driving Roy Jr. to the brink of exhaustion, screaming at him in front of all the other fighters and assaulting him."

Using his birds as an image for his own predicament, Jones said in the same Sports Illustrated piece: "I spent all my life in my dad's cage. I could never be 100 percent of who I am until I left it. But because of him, nothing bothers me. I'll never face anything stronger and harder than what I already have."

On August 19, 2015, Roy Jones Jr. met with Vladimir Putin in Sevastopol, Crimea, to ask for Russian citizenship. Jones stated that he often visited Russia for business activity, and a passport would avoid inconvenient rides. Jones was granted Russian citizenship on September 12. He was banned from entering Ukraine after arriving to Russian-occupied Crimea from Russia.

Jones and his wife have three children. Their eldest son, Roy III, played basketball at Findlay Prep in Henderson, Nevada. On June 24, 2024, Jones announced his son Deandre had committed suicide at age 32 two nights prior.

Music career
Jones started his rap music career in 2001 with his album, titled Round One: The Album and the debut single, "Y'All Must've Forgot". In 2004, Jones formed a group, Body Head Bangerz and released an album. The album, Body Head Bangerz: Volume One, featured B.G., Juvenile, Bun B of UGK, Petey Pablo, Lil' Flip and Mike Jones among others.

In addition, Jones has made multiple songs regarding Florida State University Athletics. Growing up in the panhandle of Florida, Jones has been a long time fan of Florida State University.

Solo singles

 * 2001: "Y'all Must've Forgot"
 * 2001: "And Still"
 * 2009: "Battle of the Super Powers"

Featured singles

 * 2004: "Can't Be Touched"

Filmography

 * Mad TV (1995) - Himself (Episode: #104)
 * Married... with Children (1996) - Customer (Episode: Torch Song Duet)
 * The Devil's Advocate (1997) – Himself
 * The Sentinel (1998) – Sweet Roy Williams (Episode: "Sweet Science")
 * The Wayans Brothers (1999) – Himself (Episode: "Rope-a-Dope")
 * The Matrix Reloaded (2003) – Captain Ballard
 * Enter the Matrix (2003) – Captain Ballard
 * Cordially Invited (2007) – Lenny Banks
 * Little Fockers (2010) - Party Parent
 * Universal Soldier: Day of Reckoning (2012) – Mess Hall Unisol
 * Grudge Match (2013) – Himself
 * Inside Mayweather vs. Pacquiao (2015) - Himself (Epilogue episode, cameo)
 * Southpaw (2015) – Himself
 * Creed II (2018) – Himself

title: Roy Jones Jr.