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Hampshire College

Hampshire College is a private liberal arts college in Amherst, Massachusetts. It was opened in 1970 as an experiment in alternative education, in association with four other colleges in the Pioneer Valley: Amherst College, Smith College, Mount Holyoke College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Together they are known as the Five College Consortium. The campus also houses the National Yiddish Book Center and Eric Carle Museum, and hosts the annual Hampshire College Summer Studies in Mathematics.

The college utilizes an alternative curriculum, with an emphasis on progressive pedagogy and self-directed academic concentrations, a focus on portfolios rather than distribution requirements, and a reliance on narrative evaluations instead of grades and GPAs.

In January 2019, following the announcement that the college would seek a merger with another institution, the college received backlash from students and faculty and announced a re-envisioning project to ensure the college remain independent and sustainable. As a result of the controversy, President Miriam Nelson stepped down; Hampshire hired its tenth president, Edward Wingenbach, beginning an effort to revise the curriculum in order to increase interdisciplinarity, collaboration, and access.

History

The idea for Hampshire College originated in 1958 when the presidents of Amherst, Mount Holyoke, Smith Colleges, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst appointed a committee to examine the assumptions and practices of liberal arts education. Their report, "The New College Plan", advocated many of the features that have since been realized in the Hampshire curriculum: inviting students to self-design their program of studies; training students to be able to educate themselves through their lifetimes; emphasis on each student's curiosity and motivation; learning among and across multiple disciplines; and close mentoring relationships with teachers.

In 1965, Amherst College alumnus Harold F. Johnson, inspired by the New College Plan, donated $6 million toward the founding of Hampshire College. With a matching grant from the Ford Foundation, Hampshire's first trustees purchased 800 acre of orchard and farmland in South Amherst, Massachusetts, and construction began.

One of the most important founding documents of Hampshire College is the book The Making of a College (MIT Press, 1967; ISBN 0-262-66005-9), co-written by the College's first president, Franklin Patterson, together with Hampshire's founding employee from Amherst College who would become its second president, Chuck Longsworth. The Making of a College is (as of 2003) out of print but available in electronic form from the Hampshire College Archives.

Hampshire admitted its first students in 1970. For several years immediately after its founding in the early 1970s, the large number of applications for matriculation caused Hampshire College to be among the most selective undergraduate programs in the United States. Its admissions selectivity declined after that because of declining application popularity. The school's number of applications increased again in the late 1990s, causing increased admissions selectivity.

The school has been financially challenged throughout its history, largely because it lacked a founding endowment to rely on for income stability. It has relied substantially on tuition income for operations. As of June 30, 2017, the endowment had risen to $48.5 million. In recent years, the school has been on more solid financial footing, though still lacking a sizable endowment. In recent years its financial stability has relied on fundraising efforts led by its seventh president, Jonathan Lash.

In the mid-1990s, the college began establishing a "cultural village" making possible the residence of independent non-profit organizations on its campus. The cultural village includes the National Yiddish Book Center, the Eric Carle Museum of Picture Book Art and The Hitchcock Center for the Environment. Adele Simmons served as the College's third president from 1977 to 1989. Gregory Prince served as its fourth president from 1989 to 2005, the longest tenure of any Hampshire president.

On April 1, 2004, Prince announced his retirement, effective at the end of the 2004–2005 academic year. On April 5, 2005, the Board of Trustees named Ralph Hexter, formerly a dean at University of California, Berkeley's College of Letters and Science, as the college's next president, effective August 1, 2005. Hexter was inaugurated on October 15, 2005. The appointment made Hampshire one of a small number of colleges and universities in the United States with an openly gay president.

Professor Marlene Gerber Fried was interim president from 2010 to 2011. Jonathan Lash was named the sixth president of the College in May 2011, joining Hampshire as an internationally recognized expert on global sustainability, climate change, and environmental challenges and solutions. Two US Presidents have appointed him to serve on a national environmental council and commission. Lash served until 2018 and was followed by the college's seventh president, Miriam Nelson, who began her appointment in July 2018 but resigned in April 2019 after the failure of her plan for Hampshire to merge or partner with another institution.

The Hampshire College Archives in the Harold F. Johnson Library has extensively documented the college's history between 1965 and 2005, accessible on the college's Web site.

On August 23, 2012, the school announced the establishment of a scholarship fund dedicated to helping undocumented students get degrees. It would give more than $25,000 yearly to help an undocumented student pay for the $43,000-plus tuition.

2019 strategic partnership and financial challenges
On January 15, 2019, president Miriam Nelson and the Board of Trustees announced that the college was planning to seek a strategic partner to ensure long-term sustainability due to financial instability and small endowment. In addition, the college was considering not accepting a new first-year class for Fall 2019, due to concerns with compliance and accreditation. On February 1, the board of trustees voted that, for the Fall 2019 semester, it would only be admitting about 60 students who had already been offered early admission or who had previously deferred admission until Fall 2019. Furthermore, early admission students were released from their pledge to attend Hampshire College.

Some alumni protested these decisions, as did many students, who organized sit-ins in the Dean of Students office and the Office of the President, demanding more transparency from the administration and board of trustees and for student, staff, and faculty voices to be taken into account in decision-making processes. The occupation in the Dean of Students office ended after a few weeks, and the sit-in in the president's office lasted for 75 days, ending on April 22, 2019.

Following an announcement of the possibility that 30%–50% of the faculty and staff might be laid off, the faculty held a vote of no confidence in President Nelson, the board chair, the board vice chair, the incoming board chair, the board treasurer, and the vice president for finance and administration. Because a binding motion is required to be public for seven days before it is acted on, the February 20 no-confidence vote was not binding. A week later, the majority of the faculty decided not to move forward with a binding vote of no confidence.

On March 31, the chair of the board of trustees resigned. On April 5, Miriam Nelson, the Board's Vice Chair, and six other trustees resigned. Nelson said that her continued presence would be a "distraction" from the necessary work of improving the college's financial future. Shortly afterwards, the board announced the decision to prioritize remaining independent through a capital campaign led by alumnus Ken Burns. Ken Rosenthal was named interim president. The first round of layoffs primarily affected the admissions and fundraising offices, effective April 19, 2019. Ed Wingenbach became the new president in August.

Gradually, more information was released on what had happened. In February, following a public records request, the University of Massachusetts Amherst released emails between its chancellor and Hampshire's president discussing a partnership between the two schools, later confirmed by UMass' president. By August, emails were released stating that, UMass was considering the idea but only if Hampshire would be closed entirely and there were massive layoffs of its faculty. Hampshire wanted its name and its "spirit of interdisciplinary and independent studies" to continue, its students would be able to continue their studies at UMass, and that Hampshire's staff and faculty would be considered for positions at UMass. Ultimately, UMass and Hampshire could not come to an agreement.

In September 2019, the first-year class was 13 students. Total enrollment was around 750 students, substantially less than typical, due to decreased retention rates.

How Hampshire is rebuilding
The fundraising campaign, Change in the Making: A Campaign for Hampshire was launched in late 2019 with the goal of raising $60 million in unrestricted operating support by 2024. By March 2023, nearly $40 million had been raised. Alumnus documentarian Ken Burns committed to serve as cochair. In November 2020, Hampshire received its largest single donation since its founding, $5 million, by alumnus James S. Crown and his wife, Paula H. Crown. Later that month, alumnus Dr. Lucy McFadden contributed $2 million. In January 2022, The College received an anonymous gift of $5 million to fund the Ken Burns Initiative to Transform Higher Education. In January 2023, Stonyfield Yogurt cofounder and Hampshire alumnus Gary Hirshberg invested $1 million in the campaign.

In 2021, the College rebuilt its admissions operations, resulting in a 68 percent increase in enrollment over fall 2020 and a 100 percent increase in first-year enrollments over 2020. In fall of 2022, Hampshire welcomed its largest entering class since 2018, with 275 new students.

In 2020, continuing its legacy of innovation, Hampshire did away with departmental structures, reorganizing around urgent, global challenges like climate change, white supremacy, and life in a "post-truth" era.

Delayed a year due to the Covid-19 pandemic, Hampshire celebrated its 50th anniversary over the weekend of October 15–17, 2021, welcoming back to campus almost 900 guests, among them alums, families, community friends, donors, and former presidents and faculty members. Current staff, faculty, and students also participated in the festivities.

On March 9, 2023, "in response to the continuing attacks on New College of Florida intended to limit intellectual exploration, turn back progress toward inclusion, and curtail open discussion of race, injustice, and histories of oppression," Hampshire College extended an invitation of admission to its students, matching their current cost of tuition.

Presidents

 * Franklin Patterson (1966–1971)
 * Charles R. Longsworth (1971–1977)
 * Adele S. Simmons (1977–1989)
 * Gregory S. Prince, Jr. (1989–2005)
 * Ralph J. Hexter (2005–2010)
 * Marlene Gerber Fried (2010–2011) (interim)
 * Jonathan Lash (2011–2018)
 * Miriam E. Nelson (2018–2019)
 * Kenneth Rosenthal (2019) (interim)
 * Edward Wingenbach (2019–present)

Athletics
Hampshire athletic teams are the Black Sheep. The college is a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), primarily competing in the Yankee Small College Conference (YSCC) since the 2011–12 academic year.

Hampshire competes in eight intercollegiate varsity sports, including basketball, cross country, soccer, and track & field.

Curriculum
Hampshire College is accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education. Hampshire College describes itself as "experimenting" rather than "experimental", to emphasize the changing nature of its curriculum. From its inception, the curriculum has generally had certain non-traditional features:
 * An emphasis on project work as well as, or instead of, courses
 * Detailed written evaluations (as well as portfolio evaluations) for completed courses and projects, rather than letter or number grades
 * A curriculum centered on student interests, with students taking an active role in designing their own concentrations and projects
 * An emphasis on independent motivation and student organization, both within and without the college's formal curriculum

The curriculum is divided into three "divisions" rather than four grade-years:
 * Division I: Exploration and Working Across Disciplines
 * Division II: Concentration
 * Division III: Creating Knowledge

Its most popular majors, by 2021 graduates, were:
 * Creative Writing (33)
 * Art/Art Studies (20)
 * Film/Video & Photographic Arts (14)
 * Sociology (10)

Schools and programs

The Hampshire College faculty are organized broadly in defined Schools of thought:
 * Cognitive Science (CS): includes linguistics, most psychology, some philosophy, neuroscience, and computer science.
 * Humanities, Arts, and Cultural Studies (HACU): includes film, some studio arts, literature, media studies, architecture, art history, dance, music, and most philosophy.
 * Critical Social Inquiry (CSI): includes most sociology and anthropology, economics, history, politics, and some psychology.
 * Natural Science (NS): includes most traditional sciences, mathematics, and biological anthropology.
 * Interdisciplinary Arts (IA): includes theater, some studio arts, creative writing, and social entrepreneurship.

The Five College Program in Peace and World Security Studies (PAWSS) is based at Hampshire; its director is Michael Klare. The national reproductive rights organization Civil Liberties and Public Policy (CLPP) operates on Hampshire's campus, where they host an annual conference. In 2014 Hampshire announced the formation of a new concentration, in Psychoanalytic Studies.

Five College Consortium
Hampshire College is the youngest of the schools in the Five-College Consortium. The other schools are Amherst College, Mt. Holyoke College, Smith College and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Students at each of the schools may take classes and borrow books at the other schools, generally without paying additional fees. They may use resources at the other schools, including internet access, dining halls, and so forth. The five colleges collectively offer over 5,300 courses, and the five libraries have over eight million books. The Pioneer Valley Transit Authority (PVTA) operates bus services between the schools and the greater Pioneer Valley area.

There are two joint departments in the five-college consortium: Dance and Astronomy.

Admissions
Hampshire College stopped accepting SAT and ACT scores of applicants in 2014 both to eliminate income and ethnicity biases in standardized testing and focus assessment on data better correlated with college success and on a longer period of time rather than a single high-pressure test. As a result, it was dropped from the U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking. The next year, the college said this move decreased the quantity but increased the quality and diversity of applicants, eliminated the incentive to "game" the U.S. News & World Report ranking by admitting less-qualified students with higher numerical scores or encouraging unqualified students to apply.

The R.W. Kern Center
Opened on April 26, 2017, the R.W. Kern Center is the 17th Living Building in the world certified under the advanced green-building standard, the Living Building Challenge. The building cost $10.4 million made possible by private donations. It operates net-zero energy, water, and waste. The building is powered by solar panels on its roof, supplies its own drinking water by harvesting rainwater from its roof, manages its wastewater on site, and contains composting toilets. The Kern Center was built using materials from local sources without the use of any toxic "red list" materials; even materials such as duct tape were chosen carefully to comply with strict environmental standards. Currently, the Kern Center houses Admissions and financial aid offices as well as classrooms, student lounges, and a coffee shop. President Jonathan Lash stated that "[w]ith this building we have sought to reflect our values, in the inclusive design process, the design and materials, our construction practices, and our reporting about the building... [w]hy are buildings constructed any other way? In every way, the Kern Center was built to learn and teach."

Climate Action Plan
In the next 20 years, the college plans to reduce 50% of current consumption of energy, another major goal stated in their Climate Action Plan. They plan to renovate the Robert Crown Center, Library, Cole Science Center, Franklin Patterson Hall, Merrill House, and Greenwich House. The plan is made possible by a $1 million gift.

Solar power

Hampshire College planned to become the first college in the United States to be 100% solar powered. The solar panel array is a part of the college's main goal - to be climate-neutral by 2020 according to their extensive Climate Action Plan developed in April 2012. The school purchases solar credits and sells solar energy from its field. They began construction in February 2015. Two witness tests were conducted in June 2017 and its final one conducted November 2017. Since June 2017, part of the solar array has been powering the college. The solar panels cover 19 acres consisting of 15,000 panels which will eventually produce 4.7 megawatts of power. Hampshire College contracted with SolarCity to install the panels.

The college announced it will save up to $8 million in electricity cost in 20 years and $400,000 yearly. The 4.7 megawatts of solar power avoids 3,000 metric tons of greenhouse-gas emissions per year, equivalent to 650 fewer cars on the road. Other solar sources on campus contribute to the primary solar array's power production: the Kern Center rooftop solar arrays, the CSA Barn, the president's house, and the Longworth Arts Center canopy. The president stated that "[t]his is the challenge that our students and every other student is going to face in the next 20 years, how to turn the US economy into a low-carbon economy ... and they're going to get the real firsthand experience of doing it. So that was reason number one." The president has declared that switching to renewable energy is "just the right thing to do in an era of accelerating climate change." He also noted this project will keep jobs local and avoid pipelines being built through people's communities to get power to our college."

In February of 2023, The College announced that it had achieved its 2022 goal of carbon neutrality for all campus emissions, including electricity and natural gas heating.

Timeline of Sustainability Initiative
Since 2011, Hampshire College has been involved in various projects to "transform its food systems, campus operations, curriculum and campus culture to embrace sustainability." The college's advances in sustainability include various projects. In 2011, the college was the first in the world to divest from fossil-fuels. In 2012, they developed the Climate Action Plan for climate neutrality by 2022. Hampshire College Farm expanded their education and operation, establishing the Center for New England and Agriculture. In 2014 the main traffic circle and parking lot was eliminated and turned into a meadow. They also stopped mowing dozen acres of lawns in hopes of reducing greenhouse-gas emissions, saving landscaping expenses and creating wildlife and plant habitats. In the same year, they installed an electric car-charging station behind the library. In 2015 they permanently protected 46 acres of their property through a conservation restriction. The Kern Center became their first 100% emission-free building in 2016 and the Hitchcock Center for the Environment built its new living building on Hampshire land. In 2017, Hampshire College pledged to continue to support climate action and reduce carbon emissions in accordance with the Paris Climate Agreement. They signed the We Are Still In campaign along with 2,600 total signers.

Re-Radicalization
In the spring of 2004, a student group calling itself Re-Radicalization of Hampshire College (Re-Rad) emerged with a manifesto called "The Re-Making of a College", which critiqued what they saw as a betrayal of Hampshire's founding ideas in alternative education and student-centered learning. On May 3, 2004, the group staged a demonstration that packed the hall outside the President's office during an administrative meeting. Response from the community was generally amicable and Re-Rad made some progress.

The Re-Radicalization movement was responding in part to a new "First-Year Plan" that changed the structure of the first year of study. Beginning in the Fall of 2002, the requirements for passing Division I were changed so that first-year students no longer had to complete independent projects (see Curriculum above). Re-Rad submitted its own counter-proposal in both 2006 and 2007, but these proposals were not acted on, and no follow-up was attempted.

The Re-Radicalization of Hampshire College assisted the administration in launching a pilot program known as mentored independent study. This program paired ten third semester students with Division III students with similar academic interests to complete a small study—observed by, and subject to the approval of, a faculty member.

While some students worry about what they see as Hampshire's headlong plunge into normality, the circumstances of Hampshire's founding tends to perennially attract students who revive the questions about education the institution was founded on, and who challenge the administration to honor the founding mission. Unsurprisingly, then, Re-Rad was not the first student push of its type. Similar efforts have sprung up at Hampshire with some regularity, with varying impacts. In 1996, student Chris Kawecki spearheaded a similar push called the Radical Departure, calling for a more holistic, organic integration of education into students' lives. The most durable legacy of the Radical Departure was EPEC, a series of student-led non-credit courses.

A more detailed account of movements such as these can be found in A Documentary History of Hampshire College, Vol. 4: 1995–2005.

Divestment
In May 1977, Hampshire was the first college in the nation to divest from apartheid South Africa. The college removed $39,000 in stocks in four companies. In February 2009 it was reported that Hampshire College had divested from Israel because of its violation of human rights. However, under pressure from pro-Israel groups and high-profile individuals, most notably attorney Alan Dershowitz, the father of a Hampshire alumnus, Hampshire's president stated that the changes in investments were not politically motivated. Hampshire displayed a statement from Dershowitz on its website until at least October, 2021, in which the lawyer withdrew his criticism and pledged his support, stating, "Hampshire has now done the right thing. It has made it unequivocally clear that it did not and will not divest from Israel. Indeed, it will continue to hold stock in companies that do business with Israel as well as with Israeli companies...."

American flag
Following the election of Donald Trump as President of the United States, on November 9, 2016, Hampshire students lowered the American flag at the center of campus to half-staff as "a protest against acts of hate and harassment." The next day, school officials announced they would allow the flag to remain at half-staff temporarily. College president Jonathan Lash said in a statement that some of the people on campus felt that the flag was "a powerful symbol of fear they've felt all their lives because they grew up in marginalized communities, never feeling safe." In an incident under investigation by campus police, the flag was burned at some time in the evening of November 10 or the morning of November 11. It was replaced the following day and the school indicated it would continue to fly the flag at half-staff "to mourn deaths from violence in the U.S. and around the world." Following a backlash, the college announced on November 21 that it would temporarily cease flying the flag on campus. This, in turn, led to protests including veterans for restoration of the flag, with sources claiming from 400 attendees to "over a thousand." Local state representative John Velis (D) called for the school to return the flag and expel the students who burned the flag: they should "pack up their bags and leave." On November 29, shortly after Fox News aired a news segment on the incident, Trump tweeted "Nobody should be allowed to burn the American flag—if they do, there must be consequences—perhaps loss of citizenship or year in jail!" On December 2, the school decided to raise the flag to full staff.

In the media
In November 2001, a controversial All-Community Vote at Hampshire declared the school opposed to the recently launched War on Terrorism after 9/11, another national first that drew national media attention, including scathing reports from Fox News Channel and the New York Post ("Kooky College Condemns War").

Saturday Night Live had a regular sketch, "Jarret's Room", starring Jimmy Fallon, which ostensibly takes place at Hampshire College but is instead a composite of several schools. It refers to non-existent buildings ("McGuinn Hall", which is actually the Sociology and Social Work building at fellow cast member Amy Poehler's alma mater, Boston College) and features yearbooks, tests, seniors, fraternities, three-person dorm rooms, and a football team—none of which the school has ever had. The sketch also claims that the college is actually in New Hampshire rather than Massachusetts. These characters would later be revived on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon during the COVID-19 pandemic. In another SNL episode aired on December 14, 2002, host Al Gore plays Dr. Ralph Wormly Curtis, a professor at Hampshire College. The same sketch implies that the band Phish attends Hampshire as well, though in reality all four members attended the University of Vermont. In Whit Stillman's comedy-drama film The Last Days of Disco, Chloë Sevigny and Kate Beckinsale star as two recent Hampshire graduates in the early 1980s in the disco scene of New York City.

Alumnus Ken Burns wrote of the college: "Hampshire College is a perfect American place. If we look back at the history of our country, the things we celebrate were outside of the mainstream. Much of the world operated under a tyrannical model, but Americans said, 'We will govern ourselves.' So, too, Hampshire asked, at its founding, the difficult questions of how we might educate ourselves... When I entered Hampshire, I found it to be the most exciting place on earth." Loren Pope wrote of Hampshire in the college guide Colleges That Change Lives: "Today no college has students whose intellectual thyroids are more active or whose minds are more compassionately engaged."

The events around the planned closure of the college that was made unsuccessful by student protests are the subject of the 2022 film The Unmaking of a College.

Notable alumni
Hampshire College alumni have received the Pulitzer and Hillman Prizes; the National Humanities Medal; Emmy, Academy, Peabody, Tony, Golden Globe and Grammy Awards; MacArthur, Fulbright, and Guggenheim Fellowships; the National Book Award; the American Book Award; the National Book Critics Circle Award; and the National Endowment for the Arts.

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Paul Hester

Paul Newell Hester (8 January 1959 – 26 March 2005) was an Australian musician and television personality. He was the drummer for the band Split Enz for their last year together from December 1983 to December 1984, and co-founding member and drummer of the band Crowded House.

Early years
Hester was the elder of two children (his younger sister is Carolyn). He was born in Melbourne, Victoria, the son of a bushman father and jazz drummer mother. At an early age he was encouraged by his mother to play drums. His extrovert personality did not impress his teachers, and he left school early and attempted various jobs before starting a musical career. He spent most of his teen years living in the Dandenong Ranges, the family home being on the edge of Sherbrooke Forest at the Sherbrooke/Kallista boundary. Some of the Melbourne bands he played in from 1976 to 1978 included Thunder and Edges. In 1979 he co-founded a Melbourne-based band called Cheks (renamed Deckchairs Overboard when they moved to Sydney in 1982).

He lived with Deborah Conway of Do-Ré-Mi during the early 1980s, while playing regularly in Love Party. Hester later worked with Conway in Rose Amongst Thorns (1990–1991) and Ultrasound (1995).

Split Enz
At the departure of drummer Mal Green from Split Enz in 1981, their percussionist Noel Crombie took up the role of drummer. After the release of the Enz album Time and Tide in 1982, the band took a break to focus on other projects. According to the radio documentary Enzology, when they reformed in mid-1983, both Finn brothers returned somewhat distracted. Tim Finn had just released the very successful solo album Escapade, while younger brother Neil Finn had a child on the way.

The reunion resulted in Conflicting Emotions (November 1983), an album which marked the beginning of the end for the band. Before the tour to support the album it was decided that Crombie would return to percussion (something he says he enjoyed more than drumming), and the band would find a new drummer. Hester was auditioned on the advice of Rob Hirst of Midnight Oil and got the job. In June 1984, founder Tim Finn left Split Enz, and they released See Ya 'Round in November which included "This is Massive" which was written by Hester. When Split Enz disbanded in December, Hester and Neil Finn decided to start a new group.

Crowded House
Initially, the new band formed by Hester and Neil Finn was named "The Mullanes" and then underwent a few name changes. They recruited Nick Seymour to play bass guitar and Craig Hooper on guitar, Hooper left as they secured a recording contract with Capitol Records in the US. However, Capitol disliked the name and the band changed to Crowded House to record their debut eponymous album, Crowded House in 1986. Other records by Crowded House with Hester are: Temple of Low Men (1988), Woodface (1991), Together Alone (1993), and the Best-of collection Recurring Dream (1996).

By 1993, Hester was frustrated by the demands of his career and suffered a phobia about leaving to go on tour. On his return to Australia that year, he started to see a psychiatrist. He remained with Crowded House until 1994, when the pressure of touring and the birth of his first daughter made him want to stay home, rather than remain on the road. Hester left mid-way through a 1994 tour of America, forcing the band to recruit British drummer Peter Jones for the rest of the tour. Hester performed with Crowded House at the band's farewell concert on the forecourt of the Sydney Opera House in 1996. As of 2021, Crowded House have sold well over 20 million albums. In November 2016, the band and all of its original members (including Hester) were inducted into the ARIA Rock & Roll Hall of Fame.

After Crowded House
Towards the end of his time with Crowded House, Paul produced The Holy Toledos' second album, "Blood", and played drums on its first single. It was on his recommendation the band was picked up by Sony.

After leaving Crowded House, Hester appeared on many TV and radio shows in Australia and opened a cafe/restaurant named Beach House Cafe with fellow Melbourne musician Joe Camilleri in Elwood Beach in Melbourne. From 1995 until 1998, Hester appeared regularly on the popular Australian radio show Martin/Molloy. He collaborated with John Clifforth, a former Deckchairs Overboard bandmate and long time friend, in the early 2000's on Craven's Pharmacy where he played drums and instruments on multiple songs. He played drums as a session musician for producer Richard Pleasance. One of his final recordings was Sophie Koh's debut album All the Pretty Boys.

Hester also briefly worked with the popular Australian children's music group The Wiggles in 1998, playing drums on their album Toot Toot! and making a guest appearance on their video Yummy Yummy as Paul the Cook.

Largest Living Things
Hester later became involved in a new band called Largest Living Things (1997–2000), with Kevin Garant on guitar and Barry Stockley on bass, performing with members of rock groups Crowded House, Split Enz, Midnight Oil, and others. Largest Living Things released a few EPs in Australia featuring songs written and sung by Hester; in contrast to his previous work in Crowded House, Hester played guitar as well as drums. The Largest Living Things featured on Mick Molloy's controversial 1999 TV show The Mick Molloy Show, with Hester as bandleader. Hester formed Tarmac Adam with Crowded House's Nick Seymour and Matt O'Donnell, Sean McVitty and Steve Paix in 2001.

Hessie's Shed
In 1998, Hester hosted his own 10-part TV series Hessie's Shed on Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC). This show gave Hester the room to explore his humorous presenter skills, showcase some friends, reunite with friends from Crowded House, and play with the house band, Largest Living Things, with Hester now performing from behind the drums and on the guitar.

The MAX Sessions
Hester went on to host the intimate concerts The MAX Sessions. Broadcast on MAX, these intimate concerts, which were mainly recorded at the Sydney Opera House, featured a variety of local and international acts. A highlight of the show's concerts saw Hester reunite with former bandmates Neil Finn and Tim Finn for a few songs, backing them on drums, while they were promoting their album Everyone Is Here.

Personal life
Hester was in a relationship with Deborah Conway from Do-Re-Mi in the early 1980s. He later formed a relationship with photographer Mardi Sommerfeld and they had two daughters Olive and Sunday. They lived in the suburb of Elwood in Melbourne, Victoria.

Death and commemorations
On 26 March 2005, aged 46, Hester hanged himself at Elsternwick Park in Brighton, Melbourne, near his home. Four years earlier he had split from Mardi Sommerfeld. His two daughters, Olive and Sunday, were aged 5 and 10 at the time of his death. A few years before his death Hester's mother became ill, and died in 2003. It was known to family and close friends that he had been suffering from depression for a few years prior to his passing, and was prone to mood swings.

Hester was buried at Blackwood in the Central Highlands region of Victoria. His life was commemorated at the 2005 Aria Awards, with Neil Finn singing the staple Crowded House anthem solo "Better Be Home Soon" along with a mini-biography and footage from his life and achievements.

In October 2005, in memory of Hester and to acknowledge his long links with the area, the local Port Phillip Council agreed to name a path alongside the Elwood Canal, the Paul Hester Walk, after him. More recently, Hester Street in the Melbourne suburb of Officer was named after him.

Hester's girlfriend at the time of his death was New Zealand-based singer Kashan Vincent. In July 2006, Vincent sued his estate, claiming a third of his net worth. Vincent claimed the pair had a relationship for 32 months and, while not cohabiting, were engaged, but had called off their wedding. By May 2007, the lawsuit was resolved out of court, with Vincent receiving a payout, and Hester's two daughters named as the sole beneficiaries of their father's estate.

In 2007, a reformed Crowded House dedicated its album Time on Earth to Hester.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Paul Hester


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Talk:Joseph Gary

Untitled
Uh... Any reason to keep this page? All I can figure out is that this person isn't someone else who only was connected to Illinois in a roundabout way... Is this perhaps a user page that needs to be moved? --Rgamble

Questionable claim
Please cite for this: "They later admitted to the crimes before being sent to the gallows, thus giving Gary good reason for the sentencing." Biruitorul 01:03, 22 October 2006 (UTC)

WikiProject class rating
This article was automatically assessed because at least one WikiProject had rated the article as stub, and the rating on other projects was brought up to Stub class. BetacommandBot 07:10, 10 November 2007 (UTC)

title: Talk:Joseph Gary


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Talk:Tai chi

Inconsistent capitalization
Throughout the page, the spelling varies between "Tai chi" and "Tai Chi". Can we pick one (perhaps the one used in the page's title, although I personally prefer both words capitalized) and change the other? Kumagoro-42 (talk) 23:00, 7 March 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree with this, and also prefer capitalization of both words.
 * NorthWu (talk) 00:19, 8 March 2023 (UTC)
 * Google Translate agrees with you. – •Raven .talk 01:17, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
 * .Raven, NorthWu, Kumagoro-42 I added a move discussion below. SilverStar54 (talk) 18:33, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Consistency among Tai chi-related articles
There are a lot of Tai chi-related articles that use a different version of the name than that used here. For example: T'ai chi classics, Chen-style taijiquan, Yangjia Michuan Taiji Quan, Yang-style t'ai chi ch'uan, Wu-style t'ai chi ch'uan, Sun-style t'ai chi ch'uan, Wudang t'ai chi ch'uan, Zhaobao t'ai chi ch'uan, Guang Ping Yang t'ai chi ch'uan, etc. Needless to say, this really harms readability. I'm neutral on what name Wikipedia should use for this topic, but can we agree for sanity's sake to keep it consistent?

I'm going to cross-post links to this discussion on several related articles and boards so that we can hopefully come to a real consensus on this. (Note: for some context on why "Tai chi" is the current page name, see here and here). SilverStar54 (talk) 06:13, 12 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I agree, there's no reason for inconsistent names here. I'll start by saying that I agree with the reasons for making this page "Tai Chi" and think that should apply to all of these, but it looks like those past discussions were rather contentious, so I'm sure others still disagree. Justin Kunimune (talk) 13:55, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, if you want to move this page I'll go ahead and start a move discussion. SilverStar54 (talk) 16:28, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

Requested move 13 June 2023

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved. WP:COMMONNAME (non-admin closure) SilverLocust (talk) 02:43, 28 June 2023 (UTC)

Tai chi → ? – Note to admins: please keep this discussion posted for at least few weeks even if there's consensus on a move; last time a number of editors missed the window to participate.

The current title of this page, "Tai chi" is a less common equally common version of Tai Chi, the English-language WP:COMMONNAME for this art. That's the simplest option for a move, but editors have pointed out two issues with that name. First, although "Tai Chi" is based on the Wade-Giles romanization of 太極, it doesn't use correct Wade-Giles conventions (should be "T'ai Chi"). Second, it's imprecise. I'm not an expert, but it seems that T'ai Chi refers to the philosophy that the martial art is based on (太極), not the martial art itself (太極拳).

The two alternative suggestions are T'ai Chi Ch'uan (the correct way of writing 太極拳 in Wade-Giles) and Taijiquan, the way 太極拳 is romanized in pinyin. These are more precise but less common. Taijiquan has the additional advantage of being in pinyin, which is the romanization system considered standard these days. The Google ngram comparing usage over time

I'd be happy with any of these alternatives (Tai Chi, T'ai Chi Ch'uan, or Taijiquan), so long as we keep all of the related pages consistent. My tentative vote is for Taijiquan, because even though it's less common than Tai Chi, it is more precise and uses the modern system of romanization used elsewhere on Wikipedia. SilverStar54 (talk) 16:53, 13 June 2023 (UTC) — Relisting. C LYDE TALK TO ME/STUFF DONE (please mention me on reply) 07:28, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

 * I assume you read through the "Tai Chi without the fist" thread above; and I would like to assume you read through some of the referenced threads in the archive of this page. I still have an inkling that this page could use a better name, but the others convinced me that the project is too arduous. If a decade later, enthusiastic editors want to make a change I would stay abreast and involved. TommyKirchhoff (talk) 19:06, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I'm happy to help with standardizing references to whatever name editors agree upon. I obviously can't do all of it alone, but I've been working on fixing MOS:CHINA issues for a while now and would add this to my list of things to look for. SilverStar54 (talk) 20:33, 13 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I've no horse in this race (I just happened to the page randomly and noticed the inconsistencies), but if I had to cast a vote, it would be Tai Chi, just because it's common use. Still, I would like for the article to be added a paragraph summarizing SilverStar54's finds. If the article's title were one of the other terms, I wouldn't know at a glance what it would be talking about; but I would want to learn about those other terms while reading about it. Kumagoro-42 (talk) 21:03, 13 June 2023 (UTC)

 * T'ai Chi Ch'uan would fit the full name used in most English-language book titles, and by every place I've seen that teaches it. Tai Chi, the most common "for short" name, as a redirect [→dab; see below], would continue to be a quick way to look the article up. Taijiquan would continue to be mentioned in the lede. –  . Raven  .talk 05:07, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Links for examples:
 * https://www.britannica.com/sports/tai-chi-chuan
 * https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Tai_chi_chuan
 * https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/tai-chi-chuan-0
 * http://encyclopedia.uia.org/en/development/11802820
 * https://mwc.en-academic.com/117087/t%27ai
 * https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/t-ai-chi-ch-uan
 * https://www.collinsdictionary.com/us/dictionary/english/tai-chi-chuan
 * https://www.infoplease.com/dictionary/taichichuan  [Random House Dictionary]
 * https://books.google.com/books?q=t'ai-chi-ch'uan  [books]
 * https://www.google.com/search?q=%2BT'ai-Chi-Ch'uan+school  [schools]
 * See also the usage of other Wikipedias, like Simple English: Tai chi chuan
 * – . Raven  .talk 03:18, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * And I would amend my above suggestion to instead suggest that Tai Chi, and alternate capitalization Tai chi, should not be simple redirect pages, but rather disambiguation pages re Taijitu (the T'ai Chi or Yin-Yang disc) vs T'ai Chi Ch'uan. –  . Raven  .talk 03:38, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * – . Raven  .talk 03:18, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * And I would amend my above suggestion to instead suggest that Tai Chi, and alternate capitalization Tai chi, should not be simple redirect pages, but rather disambiguation pages re Taijitu (the T'ai Chi or Yin-Yang disc) vs T'ai Chi Ch'uan. –  . Raven  .talk 03:38, 22 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Tai chi is my vote. I think WP:COMMONNAME clearly applies.  The term has existed in English long enough that it's become an English word of its own with its own associated spelling, much like marijuana, Delhi, or Japan.  Ambiguity isn't a problem because anyone who comes here looking for the philosophical concept will see the hatnote.  As for capitalization, I just did an informal literature search, and it seems the lowercase form is the most common in books and scientific journals.  That's consistent with how karate and capoeira are lowercase except at the beginnings of sentences. Justin Kunimune (talk) 14:14, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * That's a good point that the un-capitalized version would appear as "tai chi" when it isn't at the start of a sentence. Google ngram shows that the sum of "Tai chi" + "tai chi" is equally as popular as "Tai Chi". SilverStar54 (talk) 16:26, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Thanks for that, SilverStar54. I see the same but for 2018-2019, "Tai chi" + "tai chi" is ahead of "Tai Chi". Unless it has a very close relationship with a person of that name, "tai chi" is it for me. [[User:Facts707|Facts707] (talk) 18:29, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Tai chi (tai chi if not at the begining of a sentence or in a title of a book etc.) is my vote. Similar to how karate, kung fu, jujutsu, etc. have evolved to become simple English common terms. T'ai Chi Ch'uan is fine for a formal name but few English-speaking writers will remember those apostrophes correctly. Facts707 (talk) 18:37, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Redirects would ensure they don't have to remember the exact full name – but the title should use it. –  . Raven  .talk 03:09, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Tai chi (no move) sentence case for the article title, lowercase in the body when not the beginning of a sentence per MOS:CONCISE, MOS:FIELD and MOS:SPORTCAPS. — BarrelProof (talk) 18:41, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Follow-up comment: My comment is primarily about using WP:SENTENCECASE, not about whether to include "ch'uan" or apostrophes, although at the moment I am leaning toward MOS:CONCISEness. — BarrelProof (talk) 18:09, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Justinkunimune - this is now an English word and the details of Chinese romanization are not determining. Walt Yoder (talk) 23:36, 15 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Relisting comment: Per nomination request. C LYDE TALK TO ME/STUFF DONE (please mention me on reply) 07:28, 21 June 2023 (UTC)

 * Oppose, principally per Justin Kunimune. "Tai chi" has come to be an WP:ESTABLISHED English term in its own right, so it's best to use the English WP:COMMONNAME even if it's not the romanization that would normally be preferred. See also WP:NC-CHINA for further corroboration. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 18:53, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose: The common phrase is tai chi in English. I can see how technically that name is wrong, but it is the present reality and Wikipedia follows reality rather than rights wrongs. There's no need for capitalization as the names of martial arts are not proper nouns and this name is based on a philosophy which is not named based on proper nouns, and the phrase is not overwhelmingly capitalized in sources. After closing, the article should be cleaned up and this and other martial arts' capitalization should be cleaned up on Wikipedia. SchreiberBike | ⌨ 22:00, 21 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Strong oppose, possible WP:SNOW close. The common name in English is so obviously "tai chi" that there's not a snowball's chance in hell this page will be moved.  O.N.R.  (talk) 12:17, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Oppose (keep at current name) arguments above and I was curious what newspapers.com would show for both total (approximate counts) and when they occurred (afaik it's case insensitive and I'm not going through the number of hits to use this to help determine that). And based on these numbers, I'd need to see a pretty strong argument that tai chi is "wrong" enough somehow to override WP:COMMONNAME: tai chi: 602,832 (this may catch some "t'ai" as well but not many based on a scan) begins rising in the mid-1970s, hitting peak at ~1998, with a small decline since but still substantial); T'ai Chi Ch'uan: 10,241 with large peak at 1974 (probably a book was published or otherwise popularized as that name) since then fairly low but consistent; T'ai Chi: 58,757, which will include all of the previous one and a few false positives from just "t'ai chi"; Taijiquan: 1,617 spiky with peaks at 2007 and 2019. Skynxnex (talk) 14:20, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * > "I'd need to see a pretty strong argument that tai chi is "wrong" enough..." — That it's ambiguous, and refers also to the Yin-Yang or Tai Chi disc or symbol (tàijítú as distinct from tàijíquán), is a strong reason Tai chi should be a disambiguation page like Taiji (disambiguation). –  . Raven  .talk 15:55, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * It's not really ambiguous, since neither taiji nor taijitu are called "tai chi" in English (they're both spelled with a "j" in English). Justin Kunimune (talk) 16:34, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * > "neither taiji nor taijitu are called 'tai chi' in English"Not to wall-of-text you, here are three examples:
 * https://www.lovetoknow.com/home/design-decor/tai-chi-symbol — e.g. "In addition to the male and female representation, the tai chi also embodies the Ten Thousand Things, which includes the four major compass directions and the four seasons."
 * http://www.newcastletaichi.co.uk/yinyang.htm — e.g. "The Chinese symbol called 'tai chi' or the 'supreme ultimate' contains yin and yang. Yin is black and yang is white. Tai chi combines yin and yang to produce a process of dynamic balancing."
 * http://defense-arts-center.com/tai-ji-quan-1 — e.g. "Many people interchange the use of Tai Chi and Tai Ji Quan or Tai Chi Ch’uan because it is popularly known as Tai Chi. This often causes confusion. Tai Chi is actually the Yin/Yang Diagram. This symbolizes the two opposing forces of the universe. It can be translated into 'the Grand Ultimate'. / When most Americans hear the words 'Tai Chi', they think of the slow movements of the discipline of Tai Ji Quan or Tai Chi Ch’uan. The 'quan' or ch’uan' means 'using the tai chi (yin/yang) as a martial art' or Tai Chi Boxing."
 * In light of the last clear distinction, rather than contribute to the (admittedly common) "confusion", shouldn't we also be clear in that same distinction? Not to 'right great wrongs', but rather, merely, not to add to a wrong. –  . Raven  .talk 20:29, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Interesting, I stand corrected on that point. But as Skynxnex says, a hatnote rather than a disambiguation page is still the correct way to handle it as per WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. Justin Kunimune (talk) 17:58, 23 June 2023 (UTC)
 * My sense is that in English "tai chi" referring to this article is the WP:PRIMARYTOPIC and so depending on the number of potential other articles we have it can be handled by hatnotes on this article and/or a new disambiguation page at Tai chi (disambiguation). (Added: It looks like that disambiguation page is at Taiji (disambiguation) already and is mentioned in the hatnote, which seems okay to me?) Skynxnex (talk) 17:34, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * In that case, Tai Chi and Tai chi could redirect to Taiji (disambiguation) and let that help the reader find whichever article best fits what they're searching for... perhaps it might be Tai Chi (band), or Tai Chi (TVB). –  . Raven  .talk 20:35, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
 * > "tai chi: 602,832" -and- "T'ai Chi: 58,757" How many of those refer to the martial art (aka tàijíquán), and how many of those refer to the Yin-Yang symbol (aka tàijítú)?References to the symbol don't logically support using that term "primarily" for the martial art.Also, did your search for "tai chi" (etc.) exclude the sites where the next word was "ch'uan" or "chuan"?Otherwise, we should propose that "United" is the "primary" and "common" name for "United States of America", because the single word occurs more commonly — even though we'd be counting hits on other topics and even on that nation's full name. –  . Raven  .talk 02:00, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * I scanned through close to a hundred results for "tai chi" and then tried adding "yin" or "yang" or "symbol" and the closest I found were articles talking about tai chi (martial art) that also referred to "tai chi symbol" or "symbol for tai chi". So, out of the ~660,000... very few.
 * I had meant to search for and include all of the distinct spellings terms to try to adjust for the prefix problem (since newspapers.com, at least as far as I know, you can't exclude terms in results) "tai chi ch'uan": 14,493 and "tai chi chuan": 52,056 (with a moderate number of all three punctuation forms in all three results, so probably under 60,000 total including the 10,241 for "t'ai chi ch'uan" from above). Skynxnex (talk) 02:31, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
 * Okay, I'll take that as good indication of WP:COMMONNAME, thus strong argument for WP:PRIMARYTOPIC. In other words, agreeing to:
 * Oppose.
 * – . Raven  .talk 03:58, 24 June 2023 (UTC)

The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

Article for Improvement
So, we got notification at WP:CHINA that this article is currently listed at Articles for improvement, which I'd never heard of. And it uh needs a lot of improvement!Is anyone active here who was involved in creating this article? I feel like there was some nonsense a few years back (not involving the wg-apos used in article titles against consensus), but I can't remember anything clearly. Why is there a huge family tree tagged as Original Research? Does anyone have any details on any of the books listed without isbns? Or page numbers from anything?Also the layout could use some work. There are a lot of lists that could be prose, and a lot of stuff explained using only Chinese martial arts or Chinese medicine terms that don't really establish what they mean. And the health benefits section looks like someone did a search for tai chi related medical articles and gave them each a two sentence summary ordered by year.I took care of a lot of trivial punctuation and formatting issues, and I don't have a clear way forwards to propose, but I'm hoping some people involved in content creation for this article are currently active to help out, because there's a lot of work to be done. Folly Mox (talk) 08:36, 4 July 2023 (UTC)

 * User:InferKNOX, do you have any sources for Template:Tai chi lineage tree? There's none on the template page and it's tagged as OR here. Folly Mox (talk) 00:01, 5 July 2023 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Taiji (philosophy) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 18:46, 28 October 2023 (UTC)

"Taichi" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taichi&redirect=no Taichi] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. SilverStar54 (talk) 02:59, 6 November 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Tai chi


text:
Speyside single malt

Speyside single malts are single malt Scotch whiskies, distilled in Strathspey, the area around the River Spey in Moray and Badenoch and Strathspey, in northeastern Scotland.

The two best-selling single malt whiskies in the world, The Glenlivet and Glenfiddich, come from Speyside. Strathspey has the greatest number of distilleries of any of the whisky-producing areas of Scotland. Dufftown alone has six working distilleries with an annual capacity of 40.4 million litres of spirit.

Legal status
Speyside is a "protected region" for Scotch Whisky distilling under UK Government legislation. According to Visit Scotland, this region includes the area between the Highlands to the west, Aberdeenshire in the east and extending north to the Cairngorms National Park. Due to the way that the regions are specified, Speyside is wholly within the Highland region and thus whiskies produced in Speyside may legally be described as coming from either region.

Distilleries

Illicit distilleries were common in the 1800s, but eventually, licences became available after the passing of the 1823 Excise Act. George Smith was the first licensee in Speyside, in 1824, and his small operation at Upper Drumin in the Glen Livet valley eventually grew into the massive Glenlivet enterprise.

Today, the major distilleries in the region are owned by leading international drinks groups including Diageo, LVMH and Pernod Ricard, by family-owned companies including J. & G. Grant and William Grant & Sons and by The Edrington Group (majority-owned by a charitable trust).

Roughly 50 percent of Scotland's whisky is made here in the approximately 50 distilleries located in this region. According to one source, the top five are The Macallan, Glenfiddich, Aberlour, Glenfarclas and Balvenie.

This dry, warm, region is a natural for whisky distillers because it is close to barley farms, contains the River Spey and is close to the Atlantic port of Garmouth. The water in the area is said to have "the lowest level of dissolved minerals" of any area in Scotland, and that may affect the taste of its whiskies. Another report explains that "quartzite at the source keeps high levels of minerals from mixing with the water".

The Visit Scotland website indicates that the region's whiskies have a fruity nature "ranging from ripe pears to sultanas" and some exhibit "sweet, caramel and fruity notes". Another review states that the use of peat is not common here, so many of the whiskies are not "smoky"; the article concluded that "typically, most Speyside whisky is fruity, sweet, and nutty, featuring notes of apple, honey, vanilla, and spice".

Benefits to the region
In addition to providing jobs and income for barley farmers and distillery employees in the region, whisky production has helped improve tourism. Hotels and others with tourism businesses then benefit. All regions of that produce Scotch Whisky benefit, of course; the Scotch Whisky Association estimated in 2019 that whisky tourism in Scotland generates £68.3 million per year. The Association also stated that the industry supported 40,000 jobs and accounted for over £4 billion in exports for Scotland; the specific benefits for Speyside were not provided.

The region hosts an annual whisky festival known as "Spirit of Speyside".

Scotland's Malt Whisky Trail is a tourism initiative featuring seven working Speyside distilleries, a historic distillery (Dallas Dhu, now a museum) and the Speyside Cooperage. A 2012 BBC article recommends a leisurely tour, taking a day or two at each distillery to appreciate the local "traditions and lore". In 2017, tourism in the Moray Speyside area increased significantly, by 50,000 visitors, primarily because of the appeal of the Malt Whisky Trail in the region. A Trail rep stated (in summer 2019) that 60% of tourists to Speyside visit at least one distillery.

In addition to those on the Trail, some other distilleries also have visitor centres.

List of Speyside distilleries

 * Aberlour
 * Allt-A-Bhainne
 * Auchroisk
 * Aultmore
 * Balmenach
 * Balvenie
 * BenRiach
 * Benrinnes
 * Benromach
 * Braeval
 * Cardhu
 * Cragganmore
 * Craigellachie
 * Dailuaine
 * Dalmunach
 * Dufftown
 * Glen Elgin
 * Glen Grant
 * Glen Keith
 * Glen Moray
 * Glen Spey
 * Glenallachie
 * Glenburgie
 * Glendullan
 * Glenfarclas
 * Glenfiddich
 * Glenlivet
 * Glenlossie
 * Glenrothes
 * Glentauchers
 * Inchgower
 * Kininvie
 * Knockando
 * Knockdhu
 * Linkwood
 * Longmorn
 * Macallan
 * Mannochmore
 * Miltonduff
 * Mortlach
 * Roseisle
 * Speyburn
 * Speyside
 * Strathisla
 * Strathmill
 * Tamdhu
 * Tamnavulin
 * Tomintoul
 * Tormore

Closed Speyside distilleries

 * Caperdonich distillery
 * Coleburn distillery
 * Convalmore distillery
 * Dallas Dhu distillery (open as a museum)
 * Imperial distillery
 * Parkmore distillery
 * Pittyvaich distillery

Other brands
In addition to those single malts sold under the distilleries' names, brands associated with Speyside include Allt-á-Bhainne, Glen Turner, Lismore, McClelland's Single Malt, and Tlàth.

title: Speyside single malt


text:
Talk:The Cardigans

Musical style
How come there's no information or comment on the band's sound and how that sound progressed/changed? For example I liked Life and First Band on the Moon because of the light 'apartment jazz' sound. After that they began sounding like any other indie band. According to the article's intro, their best known hits are "'Erase/Rewind', 'My Favourite Game' and 'Lovefool'". It's surely not only my POV that the latter song sounds like a different band featuring the same singer? Anyone also think a sentence summarising these points is worth writing and including in the article? (Decampos (talk) 00:21, 29 June 2010 (UTC))

Some rambling nonsense
This looks to me like copy&paste from another site. Google didn't find anything, does anyone know where this text is from? -- JeLuF 21:32 Jan 23, 2003 (UTC)
 * My guess is it's a paper for somebody's high school music class. The grammar is bad, the spelling is bad; the formatting is poor.  Either that or it's an amalgamation of slight rephrasings--there's a mixture of "smart" quotes and generic quotes and the content seems to draw heavily from this page. --Koyaanis Qatsi 21:44 Jan 23, 2003 (UTC)

 * It's also pretty riddled with minor errors and omitted facts that I'm not sure where to start editing. Maybe I'll get myself together and more (or less) rewrite the entire thing. What do you think? --Probell 4 July 2005 20:29 (UTC)

Did something. Rewrote quite a lot of stuff, added some bits, removed some bits. It's not really longer than it was before but (hopefully) a bit better. It's very far from perfect though and it feels pretty cluttered, I'm just hoping I could give this article a better start. --Probell 4 July 2005 22:17 (UTC)

Emmerdale v. Life
I've heard that the band re-recorded the songs that "reappear" on Life. Indeed, I just heard a version of "Rise & Shine" attributed to Emmerdale that is somewhat different from the version "that I own, from Life. Does anyone else know anything about this? Ckamaeleon 22:56, 27 January 2006 (UTC)

 * Some of the songs on Life are the same recording as Emmerdale, others are re-recorded.--142.106.85.75 19:14, 2 June 2006 (UTC)

One-Hit Wonder?

 * NPOV Violation? Only in one country that they regularly release stuff (USA) could you phrase it that way. --IceflamePhoenix 10:55, 28 June 2006 (UTC) (forgot to sign in!)

Ridiculous Picture
--REN 08:55, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Thats a big assed picture plain and simple it needs to be annihilated

Austin Powers
"Carnival" got exposure because it was on the Austin Powers soundtrack... AnonMoos 00:06, 1 February 2007 (UTC)

Certified Gold?
"Super Extra Gravity went straight to the #1 spot on the Swedish album chart and has so far been certified Gold (sales over 40,000)." I thought in Sweden, albums that sold over 40,000 were considered platinum.

Fair use rationale for Image:The Cardigans Super Extra Gravity.jpg
Image:The Cardigans Super Extra Gravity.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.BetacommandBot 03:40, 6 June 2007 (UTC)

Greatest Hits
Someone posted about a greatest hits being released on the 5th of Nov with a link to this website:. Seeing as nothing has been posted on cardigans.com or even cardifans.com, I'm thinking it's a possible hoax. This seems to be the only website advertising this "greatest hits" CD. Has anyone else heard about this release?  Angel Of Sadness  T / C  12:31, 21 July 2007 (UTC)

Myspace
I took off the link for "The Cardigans" myspace. Its not theirs its just some loser fan with no life's myspace. -- wanted to correct that magnus (bass) was warned and he now officially runs the myspace full of demos and rareties! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 212.203.16.122 (talk) 12:21, 19 November 2008 (UTC)
 * Cheers for the heads up. The link has now been re-added. AngelOfSadness  talk  15:50, 19 November 2008 (UTC)

Something
WHY DO YOU KEEP TAKING OFF THE "INFLUENTIAL" IN THE FIRST LINE???? DON'T YOU DUMB GUYS KNOW HOW INFLUENTIAL THE CARDIGANS ARE? HAVE YOU GUYS EVEN LISTENED TO A CARDIGANS ALBUM??? I SUGGEST YOU LISTEN CAREFULLY AND TELL ME IF THEIR MUSIC HASN'T INFLUENCED HUNDREDS OF OTHER CARDIGANS-WANNEBE ARTISTS!!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.112.84.139 (talk) 14:41, 2 February 2009 (UTC)
 * First thing please refrain from the personal attacks, it won't help this get sorted out.. Secondaly, because Influential is a point of view ie. it's not neutral by a longshot to say someone is influential because it's someone's point of view not fact. Wikipedia articles must follow Wikipedia's policy on neutral point of view and if non-neutral views are to be inserted it must contain a lot of reliable and independant sources that are verifiable to back it up. Not even Kurt Cobain or The Beatles are called influential in their articles because it's not neutral to say so. Even efforts to included influetial in those articles are quickly removed as its not fact. You don't see paperback encyclopedias have a point of view and this is carried on to Wikipedia as it's an online encyclopedia. It's not a newspaper column that can have a point of view, it is a place fact. I've been a fan myself of them for roughly ten years (favourite for the last five so yes I've listened to their albums to answer your question) and I have noticed the amount views in reviews that would counter influential and I'm sure you, like me, would be annoyed if someone inserted one of those remarks into the article - because it's someones point of view not fact. It's the same with influential. Therefore it gets removed and it doesn't matter how influential a person actually was/is. AngelOfSadness  talk  14:53, 4 February 2009 (UTC)

Where is the song

Where is the song say yea yeah —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.56.208.37 (talk) 18:23, 26 May 2010 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

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Swedes (tribe)

The Swedes (svear; Old Norse: svíar; probably from the PIE reflexive pronominal root *s(w)e, "one's own [tribesmen/kinsmen]"; Swēon) were a North Germanic tribe who inhabited Svealand ("land of the Swedes") in central Sweden and one of the progenitor groups of modern Swedes, along with Geats and Gutes. They had their tribal centre in Gamla Uppsala.

The first author who wrote about the tribe is Tacitus, who in his Germania from 98 AD mentions the Suiones. They are possibly first mentioned locally by the Kylver Stone in the 4th century. Jordanes, in the 6th century, mentions Suehans and Suetidi. Beowulf mentions the Swedes around 1000 A.D. According to early sources such as the sagas, especially Heimskringla, the Swedes were a powerful tribe whose kings claimed descendence from the god Freyr. During the Viking Age they constituted the basis of the Varangian subset, the Norsemen that travelled eastwards (see Rus' people).

The scholarly consensus is that the Rus' people originated in what is currently coastal eastern Sweden around the 8th century and that their name has the same origin as Roslagen in Sweden (with the older name being Roden). According to the prevalent theory, the name Rus', like the Proto-Finnic name for Sweden (*Ruotsi), is derived from an Old Norse term for "the men who row" (rods-) as rowing was the main method of navigating the rivers of Eastern Europe, and that it could be linked to the Swedish coastal area of Roslagen (Rus-law) or Roden, as it was known in earlier times. The name Rus' would then have the same origin as the Finnish and Estonian names for Sweden: Ruotsi and Rootsi.

Swedes made up the bulk of the Varangian Guard, this can be seen from the geographical location of the Varangian Runestones, of which almost all are found entirely in modern-day Sweden. Swedish men left to enlist in the Byzantine Varangian Guard in such numbers that a medieval Swedish law, Västgötalagen, from Västergötland declared no one could inherit while staying in "Greece"—the then Scandinavian term for the Byzantine Empire—to stop the emigration, especially as two other European courts simultaneously also recruited Scandinavians: Kievan Rus' c. 980–1060 and London 1018–1066 (the Þingalið).

Name
As the dominions of the Swedish kings grew, the name of the tribe could be applied more generally during the Middle Ages to include also the Geats. Later it again meant only the people inhabiting the original tribal lands in Svealand, rather than the Geats.

In modern North Germanic languages, the adjectival form svensk and its plural svenskar have replaced the name svear and is, today, used to denote all the citizens of Sweden. The distinction between the tribal Swedes (svear) and modern Swedes (svenskar) appears to have been in effect by the early 20th century, when Nordisk familjebok noted that svenskar had almost replaced svear as a name for the Swedish people. Although this distinction is convention in modern Norwegian, Danish and Swedish, Icelandic and Faroese do not distinguish between svíar (Icelandic) or sviar (Faroese) and sænskir (Icelandic) or svenskarar (Faroese) as words for modern Swedes.

Etymology
The form Suiones appears in the Roman author Tacitus's Germania. A closely similar form, Swēon, is found in Old English and in the Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum of Adam of Bremen about the Hamburg-Bremen archbishops who are denoted Sueones.

Most scholars agree that Suiones and the attested Germanic forms of the name derive from the same Proto-Indo-European reflexive pronominal root, *s(w)e, as the Latin suus. The word must have meant "one's own (tribesmen)". In modern Scandinavian, the same root appears in words such as svåger (brother-in-law) and svägerska (sister-in-law). The same root and original meaning is found in the ethnonym of the Germanic tribe Suebi, preserved to this day in the name Schwaben (Swabia). The details of the phonetic development vary between different proposals.

Noréen (1920) proposed that Suiones is a Latin rendering of Proto-Germanic *Swihoniz, derived from the PIE root *swih- "one's own". The form *Swihoniz would in Ulfilas' Gothic become *Swaíhans, which later would result in the form Suehans that Jordanes mentioned as the name of the Swedes in Getica. Consequently, the Proto-Norse form would have been *Swehaniz which following the sound-changes in Old Norse resulted in Old West Norse Svíar and Old East Norse Swear. Currently, however, the root for "one's own" is reconstructed as *s(w)e rather than *swih, and that is the root identified for Suiones e.g. in Pokorny's 1959 Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch and in the 2002 The Nordic languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages edited by Oskar Bandle. *Swe is also the form cited by V. Friesen (1915), who regards the form Sviones as being originally an adjective, Proto-Germanic *Sweoniz, meaning "kindred". Then the Gothic form would have been *Swians and the H in Suehans an epenthesis. The Proto-Norse form would then also have been *Sweoniz, which also would have resulted in the historically attested forms.

The name became part of a compound, which in Old West Norse was Svíþjóð ("the Svear people'", in Old East Norse Sweþiuð and in Old English Sweoðeod. This compound appears on runestones in the locatives i suiþiuþu (Runestones Sö Fv1948;289, Aspa Löt, and Sö 140 in Södermanland), a suiþiuþu (Runestone DR 344, Simris, Scania) and o suoþiauþu (Runestone DR 216, Tirsted, Lolland). A 13th century Danish source in Scriptores rerum danicarum mentions a place called litlæ swethiuthæ, which is probably the islet Sverige (Sweden) in Saltsjön in eastern Stockholm. 500 m west of the Islet Danmark. The earliest instance, however, appears to be Suetidi in Jordanes' Getica (6th century).

The name Swethiuth and its different forms gave rise to the different Latin names for Sweden, Suethia, Suetia and Suecia as well as the modern English name for the country.

A second compound was Svíariki, or Sweorice in Old English, which meant "the realm of the Suiones".

Location
Their primary dwellings were in eastern Svealand. Their territories also very early included the provinces of Västmanland, Södermanland and Närke in the Mälaren Valley which constituted a bay with a multitude of islands. The region is still one of the most fertile and densely populated regions of Scandinavia.

Their territories were called Svealand – "Swede-land" ("The Voyage of Ohthere" in Seven Books of History Against the Pagans: Swéoland), Suithiod – "Swede-people" (Beowulf: Sweoðeod [hence Sweden]), Svíaveldi or Svearike – "Swede-realm" (Beowulf: Swéorice). The political unification with the Geats in Götaland, a process that was not complete until the 13th century, is by some contemporary historians regarded as the birth of the Swedish kingdom, although the Swedish kingdom is named after them, Sverige in Swedish, from Svea rike – i.e. the kingdom of the Suiones.

The Æsir-cult centre in Gamla Uppsala, was the religious centre of the Swedes and where the Swedish king served as a priest during the sacrifices (blóts). Uppsala was also the centre of the Uppsala öd, the network of royal estates that financed the Swedish king and his court until the 13th century.

Some dispute whether the original domains of the Suiones really were in Uppsala, the heartland of Uppland, or if the term was used commonly for all tribes within Svealand, in the same way as old Norway's different provinces were collectively referred to as Nortmanni.

History
The history of this tribe is shrouded in the mists of time. Besides Norse mythology and Germanic legend, only a few sources describe them and there is very little information.

Romans
There are two sources from the 1st century A.D that are quoted as referring to the Suiones. The first one is Pliny the Elder who said that the Romans had rounded the Cimbric peninsula (Jutland) where there was the Codanian Gulf (Kattegat?). In this gulf there were several large islands among which the most famous was Scatinavia (Scandinavia). He said that the size of the island was unknown but in a part of it dwelt a tribe named the Hillevionum gente (Nominative: Hillevionum gens), in 500 villages, and they considered their country to be a world of its own.

What strikes the commentators of this text is that this large tribe is unknown to posterity, unless it was a simple misspelling or misreading of Illa Svionum gente. This would make sense, since a large Scandinavian tribe named the Suiones was known to the Romans.

Tacitus wrote in AD 98 in Germania 44, 45 that the Suiones were a powerful tribe (distinguished not merely for their arms and men, but for their powerful fleets) with ships that had a prow in both ends). He further mentions that the Suiones were much impressed by wealth, and the king's thus was absolute. Further, the Suiones did not normally bear arms, and that the weapons were guarded by a slave.

After Tacitus' mention of the Suiones, the sources are silent about them until the 6th century as Scandinavia still was in pre-historic times. Some historians have maintained that it is not possible to claim that a continuous Swedish ethnicity reaches back to the Suiones of Tacitus. According to this view the referent of an ethnonym and the ethnic discourse have varied considerably during different phases of history.

Jordanes
In the 6th century Jordanes named two tribes he calls the Suehans and the Suetidi who lived in Scandza. They were famous for their fine horses. The Suehans were the suppliers of black fox skins for the Roman market. Then Jordanes names a tribe named Suetidi a name that is considered to refer to the Suiones as well and to be the Latin form of Sweþiuð. The Suetidi are said to be the tallest of men together with the Dani who were of the same stock.

Anglo-Saxon sources
There are three Anglo-Saxon sources that refer to the Swedes. The earliest one is probably the least known, since the mention is found in a long list of names of tribes and clans. It is the poem Widsith from the 6th or the 7th century:

On line 32, Ongentheow is mentioned and he reappears in the later epic poem Beowulf, which was composed sometime in the 8th–11th centuries. The poem describes Swedish-Geatish wars, involving the Swedish kings Ongentheow, Ohthere, Onela and Eadgils who belonged to a royal dynasty called the Scylfings. These kings might have been historical as kings with similar names appear in Scandinavian sources as well (see list of legendary kings of Sweden). There appears to be a prophecy by Wiglaf in the end of the epic of new wars with the Swedes:

When more reliable historic sources appear the Geats are a subgroup of the Swedes.

The third Anglo-Saxon source is Alfred the Great's translation of Orosius' Histories, with appended tales of the voyages of Ohthere of Hålogaland and Wulfstan of Hedeby, who in the 9th century described the Sweon and Sweoland.

Ohthere's account is limited to the following statement about Swēoland:
 * Ðonne is toēmnes ðǣm lande sūðeweardum, on ōðre healfe ðæs mōres, Swēoland, oð ðæt land norðeweard; and toēmnes ðǣm lande norðeweardum, Cwēna land.

 * Then Sweden is along the land to the south, on the other side of the moors, as far as the land to the north; and (then) Finland (is) along the land to the north.

Wulfstan only mentions a few regions as being subject to the Sweons (in translation):
 * Then, after the land of the Burgundians, we had on our left the lands that have been called from the earliest times Blekingey, and Meore, and Eowland, and Gotland, all which territory is subject to the Sweons; and Weonodland was all the way on our right, as far as Weissel-mouth.

Frankish sources
The Annales Bertiniani relate that a group of Norsemen, who called themselves Rhos visited Constantinople around the year 838. Fearful of returning home via the steppes, which would leave them vulnerable to attacks by the Hungarians, the Rhos travelled through Germany. They were questioned by Louis the Pious, Emperor of Francia, somewhere near Mainz. They informed the emperor that their leader was known as chacanus (the Latin for "khagan") and that they lived in the north of Russia, but that they were Sueones.

Adam of Bremen
Dealing with Scandinavian affairs, Adam of Bremen relates in the 11th century Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum that the Sueones had many wives and were severe on crime. Hospitality was an important virtue and refusing a wanderer to stay over the night was considered shameful. The visitor was even taken to see the hosts' friends.

Their royal family is of an old dynasty (see House of Munsö), but the kings are dependent on the will of the people (the Thing). What has been decided by the people is more important than the will of the king unless the king's opinion seems to be the most reasonable one, whereupon they usually obey. During peacetime, they feel to be the king's equals but during wars they obey him blindly or whoever among them that he considers to be the most skillful. If the fortunes of war are against them they pray to one of their many gods (Æsir) and if they win they are grateful to him.

Norse sagas
The sagas are our foremost source for knowledge, and especially Snorri Sturluson, who is probably the one who has contributed the most (see for instance the Heimskringla). His descriptions sometimes concur with, sometimes contradict the previous sources.

For a continuation, see History of Sweden (800–1521).

title: Swedes (tribe)