text:
Talk:History of the European Union

Flag
Someone added:

 * The EU Flag with the 12 stars is not for the 12 member states, as there are currently 15 member states. Its 12 and it will remain forever 12, even after the expansion with east-European countries.

I've removed it. The above-linked page makes it clear that there's really no mystery about this - the flag represents Europe, not the EU. This has little to do with the history of the EU anyway. A link to the flag page from European Union is OK, of course, and I'll add one now if there isn't one already. --Camembert

As far as I know this flag had been in use since 1955, when it was adopted by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. In that time there were no 12, but 6 Members, the starting Six (Belgie, Deutschland, France, Italia, Luxembourg en De Nederlanden)

The 12 stars will remain on the flag, no matter how many countries join the European Union. This unchanging number symbolizes perfection and plenitude.

So: the gold stars on the blue flag were never intended to depict the number of member states.

Later, May 26 1986, this flag was officially adopted as a symbol of the European Union on May 26, 1986.

The 12 stars, forming an exact circle, are placed in the positions of the 12 hours on the face of a clock, the 12 months in a year, 12 tables of Roman Law. They represent the union of the peoples and peaopleS of Europa.

Some sections
The section on the post-Cold War enlargement and the one on associate memberships both seem out of place. They should probably be properly integrated and rewritten in the process. --Shallot 12:08, 1 May 2004 (UTC) --

Pre 1945 Origins - Nazi European Confederation
The nazi proposal for a confederated europe has no connection with the present EU. It is a piece of political spin to try to suggest there is a link between the two. By all means mention that it was floated but its nature needs to be clearly set out. User Elizabeth A seems to want to blur the distinction so that the reader would conclude that the EU has Nazi origins. Lumos3 21:18, 16 Jun 2004 (UTC)

I agree more or less. However, I am not sure it's totally irrelevant or out of scope for this article on the History of the European Union. And in any case, it fits better in this article then in the main article on the European Union. Maybe we should note also the Frankian realm as a predecessor? In my assessment, there are more similarities between the Holy Roman Empire and the EU than between EU and the Nazi concept of a united Europe. --Ruhrjung 21:34, 2004 Jun 17 (UTC)

On three occasions in the last three months, ti221110a080-2234.bb.online.no (83.109.136.186), ti221110a080-5341.bb.online.no (83.109.148.221) and ti221110a080-15749.bb.online.no (83.109.189.133) has tried to censor this Nazi reference without discussion and under pretense of NPOV policy. I'm noting this in case they try it again -- which will get them banned but it's obviously a random dialup IP so it may cause too much collateral damage. --Joy [shallot]   10:54, 22 Oct 2004 (UTC)

The NPOV of reference (6) which supports this section is disputed. The document is not the original German 1942 version but a biased modern English translation with commentary that tries to show that the EU itself is a Nazi concept. Portions of this text have been directly copied into this section. The reference document itself is hosted by the site of a former Voice of Russia journalist based in Moscow. This section should be clarified to remove the disputed reference and any non-NPOV wording whilst retaining the historical facts. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.25.248.206 (talk) 18:34, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * I have deleted the contentious material again. The citation given is not a WP:Reliable source. --Red King (talk) 21:37, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
 * Thanks — Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.25.248.206 (talk) 11:34, 8 March 2020 (UTC)

2004 enlargement
What units are used in the table in this section? Could someone please add them? Lumos3 16:23, 25 Jul 2004 (UTC)

opat
Aris Katsaris wrote: ''... I don't know what "opat" is supposed to mean.''

 * I can tell you what it means in a non-English language... it's a word for Christian monks (or something) in my language. I can't remember the direct translation to English. Friar? --Joy [shallot]   10:24, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

 * 'Abbot', apparently. I have made the edit. There are references to his 1713 'Plan for a perpetual peace' (or various other translations of the title) which may be relevant. I don't know about 1728. He may be a candidate for an article all to himself. Bobblewik  (talk) 12:13, 28 Aug 2004 (UTC)

Suggesting big structural change
There exist really two issues concerning the history of the European Union, and I feel that their juxtaposition in the text actually helps muddle both of them and is detrimental against expanding either. One of the issues we might call "History of the Enlargement of the European Union" and the other one is "History of European integration" (or perhaps "History of the structures") -- the one involves the expanding borders, the other concerns the structural changes and the various policies (like single currency and so forth). In short the "widening" and the "deepening" of the European Union.

So, would anyone agree to restructuring this article according to those lines? The way I see it, it could be something like this:
 * 1) Pre 1945 influences
 * 2) Post 1945 impetus and the three communities
 * 3) History of the European integration
 * 4) History of the enlargement of the European Union
 * 5) Current problems

Both 3 and 4 would be subdivided further ofcourse.

So, any comments or thoughts on all of this? Aris Katsaris 21:17, 27 Oct 2004 (UTC)

 * I'm asking again, if someone has huge problems to the concept of such a restructuring? Before I start attempting it. Specific problems can ofcourse be handled at a case-per-case basis but does anyone object to the idea of moving from a sequential order to an order that segregates between enlargement and integration? Aris Katsaris 13:56, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I have no objections to the changes you suggest. I dont like the word problems for the last section. Issues is a better description. Problem makes things sound insoluable. Lumos3 14:23, 5 Nov 2004 (UTC)

 * I was not very active when Aris Katsaris made this proposal, but I'm glad he did. Reading the result, I wonder if maybe the order of the sections on integration and enlargement should be switched, so that the enlargement followed immediately after the section on the three communities, and the integration, that is an ongoing process that to large degree is influented by the enlargement, followed. What do you say? --Ruhrjung 21:25, Jan 17, 2005 (UTC)

Role of Benelux
The role of the Benelux in the beginning of the EU is, in my opinion, completely looked over.
 * Well, as a Dutchman I'm inclined to agree with you that we're systematically being ignored (thank god imho =D)
 * But realistically speaking, is there really something you deem so crucial it has to be added to an encyclopedia article?
 * We were there? That's already in it. :/
 * -Kraftwerk 23-03-05-

 * When I was a schoolchild in the US, we were always taught that the EU started with the Benelux countries and the other countries joined in. I'll try to find a source... Only Zuul (talk) 06:44, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I mentioned the basic influence of the BeNeLux in the Messina Conference article.Pvosta (talk) 08:57, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * After some research I found that the roots of the EEC can be traced back to the BeNeLux memorandum of 1955 and the idea of Jan Willem Beyen for a customs union.Pvosta (talk) 18:44, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * The article should acknowledge the role of the BeNeLux more clearly. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.152.160.101 (talk) 08:17, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

ENLARGEMENT
I don't think enlargement history is given enough attention. Sure the enlaragements are mentioned but maybe some more info on the issues surrounding that enlargement would prove helpful. I mean the 2004 enlargement wasn't a clear cut issue that everyone was pleased about.

 * The 2004 Enlargement is already a large section. If we are to enlarge it any more, it's better to create a new article about it and just leave a synopsis here. Btw, please consider signing your posts in the talk pages and perhaps getting a Wikipedia account as well. Aris Katsaris 18:28, Mar 21, 2005 (UTC)

Enlargement and .Gif's animation
Can someone make an animation of the European enlargement ? An animation will be clearer than lot of words.Yug

Greenland comment
I just moved the Greenland comment from the Enlargement page. But I think that its place is neighter here, nor there - it is not a state, so it should be leaved in Special_member_state_territories_and_their_relations_with_the_EU, where it was in the first place.62.204.151.1 21:14, 17 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Federal Union
In Britain the group known as Federal Union was launched in November 1938, and began advocating a Federal Union of Europe as a post-war aim.

This sounds a little bit odd, given that WW II didn't start before September 1939. It should be clarified when the Federal Union started to have a post-war aim or which war they were referring to (maybe the spanish civil war? That was being fought in 1938) 213.191.70.226 14:38, 4 November 2005 (UTC)

Decimal points/thousand separators
What's Wiki style policy on the use of thousands separators and decimal points? A number of pages authored by Continental Europeans use a point ( . ) for the thousands separator and a comma for the decimal marker, e.g. 'twelve thousand point eight-four' is written '12.000,84' (and said, e.g. in German, "Zwölf Tausend komma acht-vier"). English style is, of course, a comma for the thousands separator and a point for the decimal marker, i.e. '12,000.84'. Furthermore, SI style drops the thousands separator (12 000.84).

I haven't seen anything in 'how to edit' guidelines about thousands separators and decimal points. Should an entry be made, indicating which style to use when editing English/European language pages?

What brought this up? I've just edited '80.000' to 'eighty thousand' and '80 000' to remove any source of confusion around the thousands separator.

 * See also: Decimal separator

Sentinel75 07:39, 2 December 2005 (UTC)

Article Defacement
I noticed that the begining of the article had been deleted and replaced with some offensive text. I removed the bad text, but the begining of this article remains missing. If anyone has an older copy of it, it would be much appreciated if someone could restore the article.

The EU -- A 'German Ploy'?
This might be worth mentioning in this article: many people in Eastern Europe (and elsewhere [i.e. France, Russia, those Europeans countries that refuse to join, many others]) believe that the European Union is nothing more than a 'German ploy' to 'control' Europe both politically and economically (given that Germany is the most economically powerful and populous member of the EU). They say that the success of the EU obliquely fulfills the Third Reich's burning desire for Germany to become "The Undisputed Masters of Europe." Should this hypothesis be included in the article or simply written off as a deluded conspiracy theory? --152.163.101.6 23:07, 13 June 2006 (UTC)
 * The later, unless you can cite someone important saying it. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 19:53, 15 June 2006 (UTC)

Maps
The 2007 map doesn't have Serbia and Montenegro as separate countries. Maybe not a high priority, since they're not joining the EU anyway, but if someone with image editing skills can fix it it'd be a good idea...
 * Quite right. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 13:13, 21 August 2006 (UTC)

It would also be nice if the visible sliver of Greenland was coloured in in the 1973 and 1982 maps. jnestorius(talk) 22:48, 25 September 2006 (UTC)

1993 Section
The section about the copenhagen criteria reads in a somewhat POV / negative towards the EU - specifically the statement about democracy being a requirement. Tholex 06:00, 4 October 2006 (UTC)

Structure of Articles
I would like to propose a reorganisation of articles about the EU, including merging and renaming as follows:

 * Enlargement of the European Union (EEU): rename to Future Enlargement of the European Union

 * List of European Union member states by accession: Merge future info into EEU article, and past info into History of the European Union. keep as a simple list.

Does this sound feasible? AndrewRT - Talk 23:46, 11 November 2006 (UTC)
 * I am against this. The list article was created to briefly summarise the past and future of enlargements and provide a concentrated collection of dates and information. Keep it as it is. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 21:20, 27 November 2006 (UTC)

Rotating presidency by country
Is there a list of the country-presidencies of the EEC/EU? If there is (or when it is created) could it be linked here and/or to the main EU page. Jackiespeel 18:13, 28 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Presidency of the Council of the European Union. This links into the main Politics and government of the European Union template AndrewRT(Talk) 18:25, 28 December 2006 (UTC)

Splitting the article
The EU only exists since the Treaty of Maastricht. Including its direct predecessors in this article is relevant, but before 1951 it gets problematic. It is not historically accurate to treat past events as part of a present entity, see historiography and anachronism. I therefore propose splitting the article into a pre-1945 and post-1945 version. One article could be titled History of European integration or History of pan-European proposals. The post-1945 article would retain the present title, and begin with the debate in the immediate post-war years (1945-1946).Paul111 12:34, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * If you look at the Article History of Zimbabwe it covers the whole span of histroy from ancient times to modern times, notwithstanding the fact that the country was known as Rhodesia prior to 1980. The is similar. The European Union is part of a continuity of organisations. It is right that the article called History of the European Union should deal with all those organisations and should take the name of the current organisation. Of course there is nothing wrong with having additional sub-articles for the pre-45 and post-45 periods. AndrewRT(Talk) 17:23, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

The continuity of organisations goes back to 1951. Adding anything before the Second World War is Whig history. There is no need for this article to repeat the errors of nationalist historiography, and assume territorial entities existed in the past in their current form.Paul111 19:53, 28 January 2007 (UTC)

 * Whig historiography perceives the past as an inevitable progression towards ever greater liberty and enlightenment. There is no evidence of a claim of inevitablility present in this article so this charge is not a valid one. Any history needs to set the scene as to how previous events have led up to the period in question so that they can be seen in context. Nothing jumps fully formed into being and the movements that led to the EU's coming into being should be described here if the reader is to gain an complete understanding of the subject. Lumos3 (talk) 18:32, 27 January 2008 (UTC)

Rework
Just on the idea of splitting, it is long - and should be longer. Way too much information is missing, this is basicaly a history of enlargement plus post 1945 ideas. I've started on a draft which I hope as a better structure to expand with information, including sub-pages, please do help out on it. If there are no objections I'll transfer it from my user space to here when all the existing information is moved to the new pages.

Only the pre-1993 information is in sub-pages, as there is little post-1993 yet to warrant a new page - I'd see a new sub-page post institutional settlement e.g. " History of the European Union (1993-2009)". Please, comments and contributions, still needs a lot of work - primarily the sub-pages which are just copied information at the moment. User:JLogan/DraftEUHistory -  J Logan t/c: 11:16, 8 June 2007 (UTC)

Election result tables
I've always got the impression that this type of articles should only contain text and supplementary images. I think massive amounts of quality text should be our 'goal' for this article. A fundamental article like History of the European Union should be spared from huge tables, and the exact numbers of MEPs in the Parliament is a bit too irrelevant, I think. - $\mathrm{S}$ $\mathrm{Solberg}$ $\mathrm{J}$ 18:14, 27 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I am half an half about it. I was thinking we could use some kind of quick reference on here for the results - for comparison between the years.- J Logan t: 13:04, 28 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I know what you mean, but I think "see also"s would be better. It looks better. - $\mathrm{S}$ $\mathrm{Solberg}$ $\mathrm{J}$ 14:22, 28 January 2008 (UTC)

The recent edits about the expansions ...
... that part was for me of big interest and it is now completely gone. Where can I see it? Was it moved? It was recently removed from the European Union article moved into this article, and now where? Miguel.mateo (talk) 22:59, 3 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Exactly what do you mean on expansions? Nothing was removed by SSJ and before I moved the 1993-1999 detail to its own page like the Communities one as it had grown larger than those independent pages, you can find that here: History of the European Union (1993-1999). The link to that is at the top of the shortened section, like the others. If not that, what?- J Logan t: 09:19, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

 * I am not actually sure, I think it may be worth to re-read the article as a whole. But a couple of notes: References to the fourth enlargements are gone (nothing is mentioned).  The fifth enlargement has its own section when there are no other sections for the previous enlargements (sounds out of place to me, look at the index to see if you understand what I am saying).  The section '1999–2004: "Prime Minister of Europe"' continues into the next section, but it does not "flow directly".  Again, I think a great job has been done to make it simple and short, but the last copy/edits seem to me like leaving the article in an inconsistent state.  I might be wrong ... Miguel.mateo (talk) 09:32, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Well yes the whole thing could do with copyedit and citation, 1999-2004 wasn't changed by me of late. There is a very small note on the 4th enlargement but granted it could do with a bit more. The 5th has its own section because there is no sub pages for 1999 onwards, 1999-2004 and 2004-present are essentially pages in the making which would need development (or merging together after 2009) before being shipped out like I did to 1993-1999.- J Logan t: 10:31, 4 June 2008 (UTC)

1945–1957: Peace from coal and steel
The first (pan)-European organization after the Second World War was the OECC, the Organization for European Economic Co-operation, instead of the Council of Europe. It was created on 16 april, 1948. See also http://www.oecd.org/document/48/0,3343,en_2649_201185_1876912_1_1_1_1,00.html —Preceding unsigned comment added by Blubberbrein2 (talk • contribs) 09:30, 6 June 2008 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Treaty nice.jpg
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History of European Parliament link
In reading this, I noticed that the History of European Union from 1973-2003 had a link to History of European Parliament from 1973-2003. That link led to the very same page. I assume this is a leftover from a merger, so I deleted the rouge link. If it was an incorrectly leading to the wrong page, feel free to fix it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.137.48.159 (talk) 01:29, 13 December 2010 (UTC)

 * The two links in question were History_of_the_European_Parliament and History_of_the_European_Union

European Atomic Energy Community
The intro states that the EAEC is part of the EU, but the EAEC's own article states that it is still legally distinct from the EU. I think the intro here is actually trying to say that the ECSC and EEC are part of the EU but has inadvertently and erroneously included the EAEC. I'm not sure how to reword the intro, but I thought it should be brought up. --Khajidha (talk) 00:34, 7 May 2011 (UTC)

Article
The wording and feel of the article seems to be very academic, as if it was an extract or a modified version of an original university essay, it is not the kind of article you would expect to see in an encyclopedia. Sheodred (talk) 17:49, 26 July 2012 (UTC)

External links modified
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For the External link "An Outline of Emergence of the European Union" I find the bar graph to be helpful, but it seems to be a little confusing to understand and follow? Uneatnesath the years and type of treaty it provides content and abbreviations, it would be nice to have a key of what those abbreviations means.Nikki sato (talk) 04:54, 20 January 2018 (UTC)Nikki S

From ECSC to the Treaties of Rome
The sentence Most European countries failed to maintain their Great Power status leaving two rival ideologically opposed superpowers .[6] However, the exception was the USSR, which became a superpower after World War II and maintained the status for 45 years is not clear and the referenced site [6] doesn't exist any more. I would delete "leaving two rival ideologically opposed superpowers", which smells like OR to me. Or can someone find the text of the original reference #6? 194.174.73.80 (talk) 11:19, 5 October 2018 (UTC) Marco Pagliero Berlin

Oswald Mosley/Europe A Nation
On purely objective grounds should there not be a section devoted to Mosley, his outline for an EU and the fact he was the first to publish a newspaper called "The European?" His vision provides an interesting alternative structure run by a coalition of businesses and trade unions, with fixed wage for each job and price controls over the entire continent to control over and underproduction which, agreeing with Marx, he held to be the cause of poverty and unemployment. Of course, as with the current set up, you end up with an open prison with a centralized power base but it is an interesting alternative and should feature in any history.
 * I don't think so. Plenty of people, both before and after Mosley, thought about European unity and published newspapers. Some of them had similar political views too, both before and after his swing from corporatism/planning to fascism. His ideas had no major success in the UK and no long-term influence elsewhere. At best, he might merit a wikilink. —Brigade Piron (talk) 13:42, 4 March 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree with Brigade Piron Rjensen (talk) 13:58, 4 March 2019 (UTC)

There's is something wrong with this sentence:
As a civilian Churchill, after leaving office calling for a United States of Europe. 62.74.34.119 (talk) 20:35, 11 February 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of the European Union


text:
Henry Kendall (poet)

Thomas Henry Kendall (18 April 1839 – 1 August 1882), was an Australian author and bush poet, who was particularly known for his poems and tales set in a natural environment. He appears never to have used his first name — his three volumes of verse were all published under the name of "Henry Kendall".

Early life
Kendall was born in a settler's hut by Yackungarrah Creek in Yatte Yattah near Ulladulla, New South Wales, twin son (with Basil Edward Kendall) of Basil Kendall (1809–1852) and his wife Matilda Kendall, née McNally c. 1815, and baptised in the Presbyterian church. His father was the second son of Rev. Thomas Kendall, an Englishman who came to Sydney in 1809 and five years later went as a missionary to New Zealand, before settling in New South Wales in 1827.

Kendall has also been known as Henry Clarence Kendall,    for reasons unknown (however at the age of 5, his parents moved to the Clarence River area of northern New South Wales ). Journalist and fellow poet A. G. Stephens sought to correct the confusion in 1928, publishing a pamphlet which included proof that the poet was baptised Thomas Henry Kendall, but stated the name of Henry Clarence Kendall at his wedding.

He received only a slight education. When he was 15 he went to sea with one of his uncles on a whaling voyage and was away for about two years.

Adult life
Returning from his maritime experience to Sydney when 17-years-old, Kendall found his mother keeping a boarding-school; it was necessary that he should do something to earn a living, and he became a shop-assistant. He had begun to write verses and this brought him in contact with two well-known verse writers of the day, Joseph Sheridan Moore who published a volume of verse, Spring Life Lyrics, in 1864, and James Lionel Michael. Michael, who was a solicitor, took Kendall into his office and gave him the run of his library. He removed to Grafton in 1861 and Kendall was again employed by him for about six months during the following year.

Kendall made another friend in Henry Parkes, who was editing The Empire from 1850 to 1857 and published a few of his youthful verses. In 1862 he sent some poems to the London Athenaeum which printed three of them and gave the author kindly praise. In the same year his first volume, Poems and Songs, was published at Sydney. It was well received and eventually the whole edition of 500 copies was sold. Representations were made to the government, and in 1863 a position was found for the poet in the lands department. He was transferred to the colonial secretary's department in 1864 and appears to have discharged his duties in a conscientious way; his hours were not long and he had some leisure for literature. His salary, originally £150 a year, became increased to £250 and he was able to make a home for his mother and sisters.

In 1868 he married Charlotte Rutter, the daughter of a Sydney physician, and in the following year resigned from his position in the government service and went to Melbourne, which had become a larger city than Sydney and more of a literary centre. Kendall's decision to give up his position must at the time have seemed very unwise. But he had become financially embarrassed before his marriage on account of the extravagance of his family, and his wife found it impossible to live with his mother, who had joined the young couple. The elder Mrs Kendall was in fact practically a dipsomaniac, and the poet felt that the only chance of happiness for himself and his wife was to make a fresh start in another city.

They travelled south to Melbourne where he was welcomed by his fellow writers, such as George Gordon McCrae, Marcus Clarke and Adam Lindsay Gordon. He and Clarke worked together to produce the short-lived satirical magazine Humbug (1869-70). Kendall, however, had none of the qualities of a successful journalist. Some of his work was accepted by the press and George Robertson published his second volume of poetry, Leaves from Australian Forests, soon after his arrival. The poem 'Bell-Birds', one of Australia's best-known poems, was published in that volume. The press notices were favourable, one reviewer in his enthusiasm going so far as to say that "Swinburne, Arnold and Morris are indulgently treated if we allow them an equal measure of poetic feeling with Kendall". Despite this, comparatively few copies were sold and the publisher made a loss.

The poet found that he could not make a living by literature and, probably by the good offices of George Gordon McCrae, a temporary position was found for him in the government statist's office. Kendall, however, had no head for figures. He did his best but found his tasks hopeless. One day McCrae was called out into the passage to see Kendall, an agitated, trembling figure who told him he must go, he could not stand it any longer. Years later Henry Lawson was to write

 * The hard-up rhymer figures!"

Kendall had indeed lost heart; he drifted into drinking and Alexander Sutherland in his essay draws a lurid picture of the depths into which the poet had fallen. It is true that he had the authority of Kendall's poem "On a Street", but years afterwards George Gordon McCrae reported that Kendall "made the worst of everything including himself". McCrae had no doubt about Kendall having at times given way to excessive drinking, but stated positively that he had never actually seen him the worse for drink. McCrae was a good friend to Kendall and he had many other friends in spite of his retiring and sensitive nature. But his friends could not save him from himself, and his two years in Melbourne were among the most miserable of his life. A pathetic letter is still in existence, in which Kendall tells McCrae that he could not go to Gordon's funeral because he was penniless. In December 1870 he was charged with forging and uttering a cheque but found not guilty on the ground of insanity. Unable to support his family, he was forced back to Sydney by poverty, ill health and drunkenness. Intervals of dogged literary effort alternated with lapses into melancholia. His wife had to return to her mother and Kendall became a derelict; in early 1873 he spent four months in the Gladesville Hospital for the Insane. In November 1873 Kendall was taken in by the Fagan brothers, timber merchants near Gosford, and was afterwards given a position in the business of one of the brothers, Michael Fagan, at Camden Haven. There he stayed six years and found again his self-respect. Writing in October 1880 to George Gordon McCrae he said, referring to his employer, "I want you to know the bearer. He is the man who led me out of Gethsemane and set me in the sunshine".

In 1880 he published his third volume, Songs from the Mountains. It was an outstanding success, doing much to re-establish his reputation. The volume contained a satirical poem on a politician of the day and had to be withdrawn under threat of a libel action. The original edition is now very rare. The volume was reissued with another poem substituted.

Final years
In 1881 his old friend Sir Henry Parkes had him appointed inspector of state forests at a salary of £500 a year. But his health, never strong, broke down due to the required long rides in all weather. He caught a severe chill, developed consumption, and died at Redfern in Sydney on 1 August 1882. He was buried in Waverley Cemetery. His widow survived him for more than 40 years, and during the last sixteen years of her life received a Commonwealth Literary Fund pension.

Legacy
A posthumous portrait, painted by Tom Roberts, is at the National Library of Australia, Canberra. In 1938 his son, Frederick C. Kendall published Henry Kendall, His Later Years, self-described as "A Refutation of Mrs Hamilton-Grey's book Kendall Our God-made Chief".

In 1886 a memorial edition of his poems was published at Melbourne. A translation into German of selected poems by Henry Kendall taken from the book of his son Frederick C. Kendall appeared in 2021.

Comboyne Street in Kendall has a granitic sculpture to the poet (GPS -31.63271°N, 152.70637°W).

His name is given to several locations:

 * The small village of Kendall on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales is named after him and not, as some suspect, after the similarly-spelled ancient town of Kendal in the County of Cumbria in England.

 * A street in Elwood, Victoria.

 * A street in Campbelltown, Padstow Heights, and Heathcote in New South Wales.

 * A street and a park in Tarrawanna near Wollongong, NSW.

NSW Central Coast
On the New South Wales Central Coast, a number of locations are named in his honour:

 * Henry Kendall Street in West Gosford is home to the stone building (now a museum known as 'Henry Kendall Cottage') where he lived for some time with the Fagans.

 * A retirement village in the nearby suburb of Wyoming is also named in his honour: Henry Kendall Gardens (formally the Henry Kendall Village).

 * Henry Kendall High School (also in West Gosford).

 * The biennial Henry Kendall Poetry Award, run by Central Coast Poets Inc., has been won by poets Louise Oxley, Judy Johnson and Joan Kerr.

On the hillside above West Gosford, near "Lookout – West Gosford" is a stone monument located on a tight bend of the Central Coast Highway, built sometime before 1920. The marble plaque is inscribed: TO KENDALL'S ROCK There was a rock-pool in a glen Beyond Narrara's sands; The mountains shut it in from men In flowerful fairy lands.

But once we found its dwelling place— The lovely and the lone— And, in a dream, I stopped to trace Our names upon a stone.
 * Henry Kendall
 * R.A.H.S.

Poetry

 * Poems and Songs (1862)
 * Leaves from Australian Forests (1869)
 * Songs from the Mountains (1880)
 * Poems of Henry Kendall (1886)

Major individual works

 * "The Glen of the White Man's Grave" (1860)
 * "The Curlew Song" (1860)
 * "Fainting By the Way" (1861)
 * "The Barcoo : The Squatter's Song" (1862)
 * "The Last of His Tribe" (1864)
 * "Daniel Henry Deniehy" (1865)
 * "The Voyage of Telegonus" (1866)
 * "Campaspe" (1866)
 * "The Warrigal" (1867)
 * "Bell-Birds" (1867)
 * "A Death in the Bush" (1868)
 * "Moss on a Wall" (1868)
 * "Rose Lorraine" (1869)
 * "Prefatory Sonnets : I" (1869)
 * "Prefatory Sonnets : II" (1869)
 * "The Hut by the Black Swamp" (1869)
 * "Aboriginal Death-Song" (1869)
 * "Bush Lyrics : No. II : Camped by the Creek" (1870)
 * "Song of the Shingle Splitters" (1874)
 * "The Voice in the Native Oak" (1874)
 * "Mooni" (1875)
 * "Bill the Bullock Driver" (1876)
 * "Araluen" (1879)
 * "Orara" (1879)
 * "Dedication : To a Mountain" (1880)
 * "The Song of Ninian Melville" (1880)
 * "Beyond Kerguelen" (1880)
 * "Kerrassu"

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Henry Kendall (poet)


text:
John of Brienne

John of Brienne (c. 1170 – 19–23 March 1237), also known as John I, was King of Jerusalem from 1210 to 1225 and Latin Emperor of Constantinople from 1229 to 1237. He was the youngest son of Erard II of Brienne, a wealthy nobleman in Champagne. John, originally destined for an ecclesiastical career, became a knight and owned small estates in Champagne around 1200. After the death of his brother, Walter III, he ruled the County of Brienne on behalf of his minor nephew Walter IV (who lived in southern Italy).

The barons of the Kingdom of Jerusalem proposed that John marry their queen, Maria. With the consent of Philip II of France and Pope Innocent III, he left France for the Holy Land and married the queen; the couple were crowned in 1210. After Maria's death in 1212 John administered the kingdom as regent for their infant daughter Isabella II; an influential lord, John of Ibelin, attempted to depose him. John was a leader of the Fifth Crusade. Although his claim of supreme command of the crusader army was never unanimously acknowledged, his right to rule Damietta (in Egypt) was confirmed shortly after the city fell to the crusaders in 1219. He claimed the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia on behalf of his second wife, Stephanie, in 1220. After Stephanie and their infant son died that year, John returned to Egypt. The Fifth Crusade ended in failure (including the recovery of Damietta by the Egyptians) in 1221.

John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe (Italy, France, England, León, Castile and Germany) to seek assistance for the Holy Land. He gave his daughter in marriage to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in 1225, and Frederick ended John's rule of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Although the popes tried to persuade Frederick to restore the kingdom to John, the Jerusalemite barons regarded Frederick as their lawful ruler. John administered papal domains in Tuscany, became the podestà of Perugia and was a commander of Pope Gregory IX's army during Gregory's war against Frederick in 1228 and 1229.

He was elected emperor in 1229 as the senior co-ruler (with Baldwin II) of the Latin Empire, and was crowned in Constantinople in 1231. John III Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea, and Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria occupied the last Latin territories in Thrace and Asia Minor, besieging Constantinople in early 1235. John directed the defence of his capital during the months-long siege, with the besiegers withdrawing only after Geoffrey II of Achaea and united fleets from Italian towns defeated their fleet in 1236. The following year, John died as a Franciscan friar.

Early life
John was the youngest of the four sons of Count Erard II of Brienne and Agnes of Montfaucon. He seemed "exceedingly old ... about 80" to the 14-year-old George Akropolites in 1231; if Akropolites' estimate was correct, John was born around 1150. However, no other 13th-century authors described John as an old man. His father referred to John's brothers as "children" in 1177 and mentioned the tutor of John's oldest brother, Walter III, in 1184; this suggests that John's brothers were born in the late 1160s. Modern historians agree that John was born after 1168, probably during the 1170s.

Although his father destined John for a clerical career, according to the late-13th-century Tales of the Minstrel of Reims he "was unwilling". Instead, the minstrel continued, John fled to his maternal uncle at the Clairvaux Abbey. Encouraged by his fellows, he became a knight and earned a reputation in tournaments and fights. Although elements of the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims are apparently invented (for instance, John did not have a maternal uncle in Clairvaux), historian Guy Perry wrote that it may have preserved details of John's life. A church career was not unusual for youngest sons of 12th-century noblemen in France; however, if his father sent John to a monastery he left before reaching the age of taking monastic vows. John "clearly developed the physique that was necessary to fight well" in his youth, because the 13th-century sources Akropolites and Salimbene di Adam emphasize his physical strength.

Erard II joined the Third Crusade and died in the Holy Land in 1191. His oldest son, Walter III, succeeded him in Brienne. John was first mentioned in an 1192 (or 1194) charter issued by his brother, indicating that he was a prominent figure in Walter's court. According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, John participated in a war against Peter II of Courtenay. Although the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims claimed that he was called "John Lackland", according to contemporary charters John held Jessains, Onjon, Trannes and two other villages in the County of Champagne around 1200. In 1201, Theobald III granted him additional estates in Mâcon, Longsols and elsewhere. Theobald's widow, Blanche of Navarre, persuaded John to sell his estate at Mâcon, saying that it was her dower.

Walter III of Brienne died in June 1205 while fighting in southern Italy. His widow, Elvira of Sicily, gave birth to a posthumous son, Walter IV, who grew up in Italy. John assumed the title of count of Brienne, and began administering the county on his nephew's behalf in 1205 or 1206. As a leading vassal of the count of Champagne, John frequented the court of Blanche of Navarre, who ruled Champagne during the minority of her son, Theobald IV. According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, she loved John "more than any man in the world"; this annoyed King Philip II of France.

The two versions of Ernoul's chronicle tell different stories about John's ascent to the throne of Jerusalem. According to one version, the leading lords of Jerusalem sent envoys to France in 1208 asking Philip II to select a French nobleman as a husband for their queen, Maria. Taking advantage of the opportunity to rid himself of John, Philip II suggested him. In the other version an unnamed knight encouraged the Jerusalemite lords to select John, who accepted their offer with Philip's consent. John visited Pope Innocent III in Rome. The pope donated 40,000 marks for the defence of the Holy Land, stipulating that John could spend the money only with the consent of the Latin patriarch of Jerusalem and the grand masters of the Knights Templar and the Knights Hospitaller.

Co-ruler
John landed at Acre on 13 September 1210; the following day, Patriarch of Jerusalem Albert of Vercelli married him to Queen Maria. John and Maria were crowned in the Cathedral of Tyre on 3 October. The truce concluded by Maria's predecessor Aimery and the Ayyubid sultan Al-Adil I had ended by John's arrival. Although Al-Adil was willing to renew it, Jerusalemite lords did not want to sign a new treaty without John's consent. During John and Maria's coronation, Al-Adil's son Al-Mu'azzam Isa pillaged the area around Acre but did not attack the city. After returning to Acre, John raided nearby Muslim settlements in retaliation.

Although about 300 French knights accompanied him to the Holy Land, no influential noblemen joined him; they preferred participating in the French Albigensian Crusade or did not see him as sufficiently eminent. John's cousin, Walter of Montbéliard, joined him only after he was expelled from Cyprus. Montbéliard led a naval expedition to Egypt to plunder the Nile Delta. After most of the French crusaders left the Holy Land, John forged a new truce with Al-Adil by the middle of 1211 and sent envoys to Pope Innocent urging him to preach a new crusade.

Conflicts
Maria died shortly after giving birth to their daughter, Isabella, in late 1212. Her death triggered a legal dispute, with John of Ibelin (who administered Jerusalem before John's coronation) questioning the widowed king's right to rule. The king sent Raoul of Merencourt, Bishop of Sidon, to Rome for assistance from the Holy See. Pope Innocent confirmed John as lawful ruler of the Holy Land in early 1213, urging the prelates to support him with ecclesiastical sanctions if needed. Most of the Jerusalemite lords remained loyal to the king, acknowledging his right to administer the kingdom on behalf of his infant daughter; John of Ibelin left the Holy Land and settled in Cyprus.

The relationship between John of Brienne and Hugh I of Cyprus was tense. Hugh ordered the imprisonment of John's supporters in Cyprus, releasing them only at Pope Innocent's command. During the War of the Antiochene Succession John sided with Bohemond IV of Antioch and the Templars against Raymond-Roupen of Antioch and Leo I, King of Cilician Armenia, who were supported by Hugh and the Hospitallers. However, John sent only 50 knights to fight the Armenians in Antiochia in 1213. Leo I concluded a peace treaty with the Knights Templar late that year, and he and John reconciled. John married Leo's oldest daughter, Stephanie (also known as Rita), in 1214 and Stephanie received a dowry of 30,000 bezants. Quarrels among John, Leo I, Hugh I and Bohemond IV are documented by Pope Innocent's letters urging them to reconcile their differences before the Fifth Crusade reached the Holy Land.

Fifth Crusade
Pope Innocent proclaimed the Fifth Crusade in 1213, with the "liberation of the Holy Land" (the reconquest of Jerusalem) its principal object. The first crusader troops, commanded by Leopold VI of Austria, landed at Acre in early September 1217. Andrew II of Hungary and his army followed that month, and Hugh I of Cyprus and Bohemond IV of Antioch soon joined the crusaders. However, hundreds of crusaders soon returned to Europe because of a famine following the previous year's poor harvest. A war council was held in the tent of Andrew II, who considered himself the supreme commander of the crusader army. Other leaders, particularly John, did not acknowledge Andrew's leadership. The crusaders raided nearby territory ruled by Al-Adil I for food and fodder, forcing the sultan to retreat in November 1217. In December John besieged the Ayyubid fortress on Mount Tabor, joined only by Bohemond IV of Antioch. He was unable to capture it, which "encouraged the infidel", according to the contemporary Jacques de Vitry.

Andrew II decided to return home, leaving the crusaders' camp with Hugh I and Bohemond IV in early 1218. Although military action was suspended after their departure, the crusaders restored fortifications at Caesarea and Atlit. After new troops arrived from the Holy Roman Empire in April, they decided to invade Egypt. They elected John supreme commander, giving him the right to rule the land they would conquer. His leadership was primarily nominal, since he could rarely impose his authority on an army of troops from many countries.

The crusaders laid siege to Damietta, on the Nile, in May 1218. Although they seized a strategically important tower on a nearby island on 24 August, Al-Kamil (who had succeeded Al-Adil I in Egypt) controlled traffic on the Nile. In September, reinforcements commanded by Pope Honorius III's legate Cardinal Pelagius (who considered himself the crusade's supreme commander) arrived from Italy.

Egyptian forces attempted a surprise attack on the crusaders' camp on 9 October, but John discovered their movements. He and his retinue attacked and annihilated the Egyptian advance guard, hindering the main force. The crusaders built a floating fortress on the Nile near Damietta, but a storm blew it near the Egyptian camp. The Egyptians seized the fortress, killing nearly all of its defenders. Only two soldiers survived the attack; they were accused of cowardice, and John ordered their execution. Taking advantage of the new Italian troops, Cardinal Pelagius began to intervene in strategic decisions. His debates with John angered their troops. The soldiers broke into the Egyptian camp on 29 August 1219 without an order, but they were soon defeated and nearly annihilated. During the ensuing panic, only the cooperation of John, the Templars, the Hospitallers and the noble crusaders prevented the Egyptians from destroying their camp.

In late October, Al-Kamil sent messengers to the crusaders offering to restore Jerusalem, Bethlehem and Nazareth to them if they withdrew from Egypt. Although John and the secular lords were willing to accept the sultan's offer, Pelagius and the heads of the military orders resisted; they said that the Moslems could easily recapture the three towns. The crusaders ultimately refused the offer. Al-Kamil tried to send provisions to Damietta across their camp, but his men were captured on 3 November. Two days later, the crusaders stormed into Damietta and seized the town. Pelagius claimed it for the church, but he was forced to acknowledge John's right to administer it (at least temporarily) when John threatened to leave the crusaders' camp. According to John of Joinville, John seized one-third of Damietta's spoils; coins minted there during the following months bore his name. Al-Mu'azzam, emir of Damascus and brother of al-Kamil, invaded the Kingdom of Jerusalem and pillaged Caesarea before the end of 1219.

John's father-in-law, Leo I of Armenia, died several months before the crusaders seized Damietta. He bequeathed his kingdom to his infant daughter, Isabella. John and Raymond-Roupen of Antioch (Leo's nephew) questioned the will's legality, each demanding the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia for themselves. In a February 1220 letter, Pope Honorius declared John to be Leo's rightful heir. Saying that he wanted to assert his claim to Cilicia, John left Damietta for the Kingdom of Jerusalem around Easter 1220. Although Al-Mu'azzam's successful campaign the previous year also pressed John to leave Egypt, Jacques de Vitry and other Fifth Crusade chroniclers wrote that he deserted the crusader army.

Stephanie died shortly after John's arrival. Contemporary sources accused John of causing her sudden death, claiming that he severely beat her when he heard that she tried to poison his daughter Isabella. Their only son died a few weeks later, ending John's claim to Cilicia. Soon after Pope Honorius learned about the deaths of Stephanie and her son, he declared Raymond-Roupen the lawful ruler of Cilicia and threatened John with excommunication if he fought for his late wife's inheritance.

John did not return to the crusaders in Egypt for several months. According to a letter from the prelates in the Holy Land to Philip II of France, lack of funds kept John from leaving his kingdom. Since his nephew Walter IV was approaching the age of majority, John surrendered the County of Brienne in 1221. During John's absence from Egypt, Al-Kamil again offered to restore the Holy Land to the Kingdom of Jerusalem in June 1221; Pelagius refused him. John returned to Egypt and rejoined the crusade on 6 July 1221 at the command of Pope Honorius.

The commanders of the crusader army decided to continue the invasion of Egypt, despite (according to Philip d'Aubigny) John's strong opposition. The crusaders approached Mansurah, but the Egyptians imposed a blockade on their camp. Outnumbered, Pelagius agreed to an eight-year truce with Al-Kamil in exchange for Damietta on 28 August. John was among the crusade leaders held hostage by Al-Kamil until the crusader army withdrew from Damietta on 8 September.

Negotiations
After the Fifth Crusade ended "in colossal and irremediable failure", John returned to his kingdom. Merchants from Genoa and Pisa soon attacked each other in Acre, destroying a significant portion of the town. According to a Genoese chronicle, John supported the Pisans and the Genoese left Acre for Beirut.

John was the first king of Jerusalem to visit Europe, and had decided to seek aid from the Christian powers before he returned from Egypt. He also wanted to find a suitable husband for his daughter, to ensure the survival of Christian rule in the Holy Land. John appointed Odo of Montbéliard as a bailli to administer the Kingdom of Jerusalem in his absence.

He left for Italy in October 1222 to attend a conference about a new crusade. At John's request, Pope Honorius declared that all lands conquered during the crusade should be united with the Kingdom of Jerusalem. To plan the military campaign, the pope and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II met at Ferentino in March 1223; John attended the meeting. He agreed to give his daughter in marriage to Frederick II after the emperor promised that he would allow John to rule the Kingdom of Jerusalem for the rest of his life.

John then went to France, although Philip II was annoyed at being excluded from the decision of Isabella's marriage. Matilda I, Countess of Nevers, Erard II of Chacenay, Albert, Abbot of Vauluisant and other local potentates asked John to intervene in their conflicts, indicating that he was esteemed in his homeland. John attended the funeral of Philip II at the Basilica of St Denis in July; Philip bequeathed more than 150,000 marks for the defence of the Holy Land. John then visited England, attempting to mediate a peace treaty between England and France after his return to France.

He made a pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela in March 1224. According to the Latin Chronicle of the Kings of Castile, John went to the Kingdom of León to marry one of the elder daughters of Alfonso IX of León (Sancha or Dulce) because Alfonso had promised him the kingdom "along with her". The marriage could jeopardize the claim of Sancha's and Dulce's half-brother, Ferdinand III of Castile, to León. To protect her son's interests, Ferdinand's mother Berengaria of Castile decided to give her daughter (Berengaria of León) to John in marriage. Although modern historians do not unanimously accept the chronicle's account of John's plan to marry Sancha or Dulce, they agree that the queen of France (Blanche of Castile, Berengaria of Castile's sister) played an important role in convincing John to marry her niece. The marriage of John and Berengaria of León was celebrated in Burgos in May 1224.

About three months later, he met Emperor Frederick's son Henry in Metz and visited Henry's guardian, Engelbert, Archbishop of Cologne. From Germany John went to southern Italy, where he persuaded Pope Honorius to allow Emperor Frederick to postpone his crusade for two years. Frederick married John's daughter, Isabella (who had been crowned queen of Jerusalem), on 9 November 1225. John and Frederick's relationship became tense. According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, John got into a disagreement with his new son-in-law because Frederick seduced a niece of Isabella who was her lady-in-waiting. In the other version of the chronicle John often "chastised and reproved" his son-in-law, who concluded that John wanted to seize the Kingdom of Sicily for his nephew Walter IV of Brienne and tried to murder John (who fled to Rome). Frederick declared that John had lost his claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem when Isabella married him; he styled himself king of Jerusalem for the first time in December 1225. Balian of Sidon, Simon of Maugastel, Archbishop of Tyre, and the other Jerusalemite lords who had escorted Isabella to Italy acknowledged Frederick as their lawful king.

Papal service
Pope Honorius did not accept Frederick's unilateral act, and continued to regard John as the rightful king of Jerusalem. In an attempt to take advantage of the revived Lombard League (an alliance of northern Italian towns) against Frederick II, John went to Bologna. According to a version of Ernoul's chronicle, he declined an offer by the Lombard League representatives to elect him their king. Even though this account was fabricated, John remained in Bologna for over six months. The dying Pope Honorius appointed John rector of a Patrimony of Saint Peter in Tuscany (part of the Papal States) on 27 January 1227, and urged Frederick II to restore him to the throne of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Honorius' successor, Gregory IX, confirmed John's position in the Papal States on 5 April and ordered the citizens of Perugia to elect him their podestà.

Gregory excommunicated Frederick II on 29 September 1227, accusing him of breaking his oath to lead a crusade to the Holy Land; the emperor had dispatched two fleets to Syria, but a plague forced them to return. His wife Isabella died after giving birth to a son, Conrad, in May 1228. Frederick continued to consider himself king of Jerusalem, in accordance with the precedent set by John during Isabella's minority.

The imperial army under the command of Rainald of Urslingen invaded the Papal States in October 1228, beginning the so-called War of the Keys. Although John defeated the invaders in a series of battles, it took a counter-invasion by another papal army in southern Italy to drive Rainald back to Sulmona. John laid a siege before returning to Perugia in early 1229 to conclude negotiations with envoys of the Latin Empire of Constantinople, who were offering him the imperial crown.

Election

The Latin Emperor of Constantinople, Robert I, died in January 1228. His brother Baldwin II succeeded him, but a regent was needed to rule the Latin Empire since Baldwin was ten years old. Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria was willing to accept the regency, but the barons of the Latin Empire suspected that he wanted to unite the Latin Empire with Bulgaria. They offered the imperial crown instead to John, an ally of the Holy See.

After months of negotiation, John and the envoys from the Latin Empire signed a treaty in Perugia which was confirmed by Pope Gregory on 9 April 1229. John was elected emperor of the Latin Empire for life as senior co-ruler with Baldwin II, who married John's daughter Marie. The treaty also prescribed that although Baldwin would rule the Latin lands in Asia Minor when he was 20 years old, he would become sole emperor only after John's death. John also stipulated that his sons would inherit Epirus and Macedonia, but the two regions still belonged to Emperor of Thessalonica Theodore Doukas.

After signing the treaty, John returned to Sulmona. According to the contemporary Matthew Paris, he allowed his soldiers to plunder nearby monasteries to obtain money. John lifted the siege of Sulmona in early 1229 to join Cardinal Pelagius, who launched a campaign against Capua. Frederick II (who had crowned himself king of Jerusalem in the Church of the Holy Sepulchre) returned to Italy, forcing the papal troops to withdraw.

John went to France to recruit warriors to accompany him to Constantinople. Pope Gregory did not proclaim John's expedition to the Latin Empire a crusade, but promised papal privileges granted to crusaders to those who joined him. During his stay in France, John was again an intermediary between local potentates and signed a peace treaty between Louis IX of France and Hugh X of Lusignan. He returned to Italy in late 1230. John's envoys signed a treaty with Jacopo Tiepolo, Doge of Venice, who agreed to transport him and his retinue of 500 knights and 5,000 commoners to Constantinople in return for John's confirmation of Venetian possessions and privileges in the Latin Empire. Shortly after John left for Constantinople in August, Pope Gregory acknowledged Frederick II's claim to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Rule
John was crowned emperor in Hagia Sophia in autumn 1231; by then, his territory was limited to Constantinople and its vicinity. The Venetians urged him to wage war against John III Vatatzes, Emperor of Nicaea, who supported a rebellion against their rule in Crete. According to Philippe Mouskes' Rhymed Chronicle, John could make "neither war nor peace"; because he did not invade the Empire of Nicaea, most French knights who accompanied him to Constantinople returned home after his coronation. To strengthen the Latin Empire's financial position, Geoffrey II of Achaea (John's most powerful vassal) gave him an annual subsidy of 30,000 hyperpyra after his coronation.

Taking advantage of John III Vatatzes' invasion of Rhodes, John launched a military expedition across the Bosphorus against the Empire of Nicaea in 1233. His three-to-four-month campaign "achieved little, or nothing"; the Latins only seized Pegai, now Biga in Turkey. With John's approval, two Franciscan and two Dominican friars wanted to mediate a truce between the Latin Empire and Nicaea in 1234 but it was never signed. In a letter describing their negotiations, the friars described John as a "pauper" abandoned by his mercenaries.

John III Vatatzes and Ivan Asen II concluded a treaty dividing the Latin Empire in early 1235. Vatatzes soon seized the last outposts of the empire in Asia Minor and Gallipoli, and Asen occupied the Latin territories in Thrace. Constantinople was besieged in an effort to persuade the defenders to gather in one place, enabling an invasion elsewhere. Although the besiegers outnumbered the defenders, John repelled all attacks on the town's walls. Mouskes compared him to Hector, Roland, Ogier the Dane and Judas Maccabeus in his Rhymed Chronicle, emphasizing his bravery.

A Venetian fleet forced Vatatzes' naval forces to withdraw, but after the Venetians departed for home the Greeks and Bulgarians besieged Constantinople again in November 1235. John sent letters to European monarchs and the pope, pleading for assistance. Since the survival of the Latin Empire was in jeopardy, Pope Gregory urged the crusaders to defend Constantinople instead of the Holy Land. A combined naval force from Venice, Genoa, Pisa and Geoffrey II of Achaea broke through the blockade. Asen soon abandoned his alliance with Vatatzes, who was forced to lift the siege in 1236.

Death
According to three 13th-century authors (Matthew Paris, Salimbene di Adam and Bernard of Besse), John became a Franciscan friar before his death. They agree that John's declining health contributed to his conversion, but Bernard also described a recurring vision of an old man urging the emperor to join the Franciscans. Most 13th-century sources suggest that John died between 19 and 23 March 1237, the only Latin emperor to die in Constantinople.

According to the Tales of the Minstrel of Reims, he was buried in Hagia Sophia. Perry wrote that John, who died as a Franciscan friar, may have been buried in the Franciscan church dedicated to Saint Francis of Assisi which was built in Galata during his reign. In a third theory, proposed by Giuseppe Gerola, a tomb decorated with the Latin Empire coat of arms in Assisi's Lower Basilica may have been built for John by Walter VI, Count of Brienne.

Family
John's first wife (Maria the Marquise, born 1191) was the only child of Isabella I of Jerusalem and her second husband, Conrad of Montferrat. Maria inherited Jerusalem from her mother in 1205. John and Maria's only child, Isabella (also known as Yolanda), was born in late 1212.

Stephanie of Armenia became John's second wife in 1214. She was the only daughter of Leo II of Armenia and his first wife, Isabelle (niece of Sibylle, the third wife of Bohemond III of Antioch). Stephanie gave birth to a son in 1220, but she and her son died that year.

John married his third wife, Berengaria of León, in 1224; she was born around 1204 to Alfonso IX of León and Berengaria of Castile. John and Berengaria's first child, Marie, was born in 1224. Their first son, Alphonse, was born during the late 1220s. Berengaria's cousin, Louis IX of France, made him Grand Chamberlain of France and he acquired the County of Eu in France with his marriage. John's second son, Louis, was born around 1230. His youngest son, John, who was born in the early 1230s, was Grand Butler of France.

title: John of Brienne


text:
List of Canadian television channels

Television in Canada has many individual stations, networks, and systems.

English

 * CBC Television, a national public network owned by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC).
 * Citytv, a privately owned television network owned by Rogers Media, with stations in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia.
 * CTV Television Network, a national private network (except for Newfoundland and Labrador and the territories) owned by Bell Media.
 * Global Television Network, a national private network (except for Newfoundland and Labrador and the territories) owned by Corus Entertainment.
 * APTN, the first national Indigenous broadcaster in the world.

French

 * Ici Radio-Canada Télé, a national public network owned by the CBC's French-language division Société Radio-Canada.
 * TVA, a privately owned television network owned by Groupe TVA.

Multilingual

 * Aboriginal Peoples Television Network, a broadcast television network with television stations in the three territories and cable network carried nationwide on cable and satellite. Programming focuses on Indigenous Peoples. It operates in English, French and various Aboriginal languages.

English

 * CTV 2, a privately owned television system with stations in Ontario, Alberta, British Columbia, and Atlantic Canada. It is owned by Bell Media.
 * Great West Television, a privately owned group of stations affiliated with CTV Two and Citytv in British Columbia.
 * Yes TV, a group of three religious stations in Ontario and Alberta owned by Crossroads Christian Communications.
 * indieNET, an arrangement CHCH (in Ontario), CHEK (in British Columbia), & CJON (in Newfoundland and Labrador), three independent broadcasters, have with Yes TV to sub-license some of Yes TV's programming

French

 * Noovo, a privately owned television system based in Quebec owned by Bell Media.

Multilingual

 * CFHD-DT, a privately owned multicultural station based in Montreal, using the on-air brand ICI (International Channel).
 * OMNI, a group of five privately owned multicultural television stations in Ontario, Alberta and British Columbia owned by Rogers Media.

Defunct regional broadcast television systems

 * A-Channel, a privately owned television system based in Alberta, Manitoba, and Toronto and owned by Craig Media.
 * Baton Broadcast System, or BBS, a privately owned television system based in Ontario and Saskatchewan and owned by Baton Broadcasting.
 * E!, a privately owned television system based in Quebec, Ontario, Alberta, and British Columbia and owned by Canwest.
 * Joytv, a privately owned television system based in British Columbia and Manitoba and was owned by ZoomerMedia.
 * Northern Television, similar in fashion to Great West Television, also in BC. Shared by two northern BC CBC Television affiliates.

English

 * CHCH-DT, using the on-air brand CHCH - a privately owned television station in Hamilton owned by Channel Zero which airs local news & movies.
 * CHEK-DT, using the on-air brand CHEK - a privately owned television station in Victoria owned by CHEK Media Group.
 * CHNU-DT, using the on-air brand Joytv - a privately owned religious television station in Vancouver owned by ZoomerMedia.
 * CIIT-DT, using the on-air brand Faith TV - a privately owned religious television station in Winnipeg owned by ZoomerMedia.
 * CJIL-DT, using the on-air brand The Miracle Channel - a privately owned Christian television station in Lethbridge, Alberta owned by The Miracle Channel Association.
 * CJON-DT, using the on-air brand NTV - a privately owned television station in Newfoundland & Labrador owned by Stirling Communications International.

English

 * CFSO-TV, Cardston, Alberta.
 * CFTS-TV, Teslin, Yukon.
 * CFTV-DT, Leamington, Ontario.
 * CH5248, Neepawa, Manitoba.
 * CHCO-TV, St. Andrews, New Brunswick.
 * CHOB-TV, Hobbema, Alberta.
 * CIHC-TV, Hay River, Northwest Territories.
 * CIRE-TV, High Prairie, Alberta.
 * CKER-TV, Kahnawake, Quebec
 * VX9AMK, (using the on-air brand Star Ray TV), Toronto, Ontario.

French

 * CHNE-TV, Chéticamp, Nova Scotia.
 * CHMG-TV, Quebec City, Quebec.

Multilingual

 * CIMC-TV, Arichat, Nova Scotia (English and French).
 * CFHD-DT, A privately owned multicultural station based in Montreal, using the on-air brand ICI (International Channel/Canal International).

English

 * Citytv Saskatchewan, a privately owned channel in Saskatchewan owned by Rogers Communications. Broadcasts a mix of educational, children's, and entertainment programs. Not available over-the-air, only available through cable throughout the province.
 * CTV 2 Alberta, a privately owned channel in Alberta owned by Bell Media. Airs a mix of educational and entertainment programming. Not available over-the-air (though two stations relayed its programming over-the-air under the former Access branding until they were shut down in August 2011), only available through cable throughout the province.
 * Knowledge Network, a publicly owned educational station in British Columbia owned by the government of British Columbia. Limited availability over-the-air, but is available on cable throughout the province.
 * TVOntario, a publicly owned educational station in Ontario owned by the government of Ontario. Available over-the-air and on cable throughout the province.

French

 * CFTU-DT, an educational station in Quebec owned by a private consortium known as Savoir Media, consisting primarily of Quebec-based post-secondary institutions. Broadcasts educational programming in Montreal over-the-air, but is available on cable throughout the rest of the province.
 * Télé-Québec, a publicly owned educational station in Quebec owned by the government of Québec. Available over-the-air and on cable throughout the province. (CIVM-DT Montreal)
 * TFO, a publicly owned educational station in Ontario owned by the government of Ontario. Available on cable throughout the province, as well as in New Brunswick and Manitoba.

English

 * BNN Bloomberg
 * Cartoon Network (children)
 * CBC News Network
 * CMT
 * CP24
 * CPAC
 * CTV Comedy Channel
 * CTV Drama Channel
 * CTV Life Channel (lifestyle)
 * CTV News Channel
 * CTV Sci-Fi Channel
 * Discovery
 * DTOUR
 * E!
 * Family (children)
 * Family Jr. (children)
 * Food Network (lifestyle)
 * HGTV (lifestyle)
 * History
 * MTV
 * Much
 * OWN
 * OLN
 * Showcase
 * Slice
 * Sportsnet
 * Sportsnet 360
 * Sportsnet East
 * Sportsnet Ontario
 * Sportsnet Pacific
 * Sportsnet West
 * Treehouse TV (children)
 * TSN
 * TSN1
 * TSN2
 * TSN3
 * TSN4
 * TSN5
 * VisionTV
 * W Network (lifestyle)
 * The Weather Network
 * YTV (children)

French

 * Canal D
 * Canal Vie
 * CPAC (French feed)
 * Elle Fictions
 * Évasion
 * Historia
 * ICI ARTV
 * ICI RDI
 * LCN
 * Max
 * MétéoMédia
 * RDS
 * RDS2
 * RDS Info
 * SériesPlus
 * Télétoon
 * TV5 Québec Canada
 * Unis
 * Z

Multicultural

 * ATN Channel
 * Fairchild TV
 * Odyssey
 * Talentvision
 * TLN

English

 * TSC

English

 * Alberta Legislature (Alberta)
 * Hansard TV (British Columbia)
 * House of Assembly Channel (Newfoundland and Labrador)
 * Legislative Assembly of New Brunswick Television Service
 * Legislative Television (Nova Scotia)
 * Ontario Parliament Network
 * Saskatchewan Legislative Network

French

 * Canal de l'Assemblée nationale (Quebec)

English

 * Crave (Six multiplex channels)
 * Crave 1
 * Crave 2
 * Crave 3
 * Crave 4 (time-shifted feed of Crave 1)
 * HBO Canada 1 (East)
 * HBO Canada 2 (West)
 * Starz Canada (Two multiplex channels)
 * Starz Canada 1
 * Starz Canada 2
 * Super Channel (Four multiplex channels)
 * Super Channel Fuse
 * Super Channel Heart & Home
 * Super Channel Vault
 * Ginx eSports TV Canada

French

 * Cinépop
 * Super Écran (Four multiplex channels)
 * Super Écran 1
 * Super Écran 2
 * Super Écran 3
 * Super Écran 4

Multicultural

 * ATN Aastha TV
 * ATN Bangla

English

 * SaskTel PPV
 * Shaw PPV
 * Sportsnet PPV
 * Vu!

French

 * Canal Indigo
 * TALC
 * Vu!

Audio and/or text-only services

 * AMI-audio (English)
 * Broadcast News (English)
 * Canal M (French)
 * Real Estate Channel (English)
 * Stingray Music

English

 * ABC Spark
 * Adult Swim
 * AMI-tv
 * Animal Planet
 * AOV Adult Movie Channel
 * ATN Cricket Plus
 * ATN DD Sports
 * BBC Earth
 * BBC First
 * beIN Sports
 * Boomerang (children)
 * Commonwealth Broadcasting Network
 * Cooking Channel (lifestyle)
 * Corco
 * Cottage Life
 * Crime & Investigation
 * Daystar Television Canada (religious)
 * DejaView
 * Discovery Science
 * Discovery Velocity
 * Disney Channel (children)
 * Disney Junior (children)
 * Disney XD (children)
 * Documentary Channel
 * Dorcel TV Canada
 * EuroWorld Sport
 * Exxxtasy TV
 * FEVA TV
 * Fight Network
 * FX
 * FXX
 * Game+
 * GameTV
 * Global News: BC 1
 * History2
 * Hollywood Suite 70s Movies
 * Hollywood Suite 80s Movies
 * Hollywood Suite 90s Movies
 * Hollywood Suite 00s Movies
 * HPItv (Four multiplex channels)
 * HPItv (flagship feed)
 * HPItv Canada
 * HPItv International
 * HPItv West
 * Investigation Discovery
 * Lifetime
 * Love Nature
 * Magnolia Network (lifestyle)
 * Makeful
 * Maleflixxx Television
 * MovieTime
 * Nat Geo Wild
 * National Geographic
 * NBA TV Canada
 * Nickelodeon (children)
 * One
 * OneSoccer
 * OutTV
 * Penthouse TV
 * Playmen TV
 * Red Hot TV
 * REV TV Canada
 * Rewind
 * RFD-TV Canada
 * Salt + Light Television
 * Silver Screen Classics
 * Skinemax HD
 * Smithsonian Channel
 * Sportsman Channel
 * Sportsnet One
 * Sportsnet Flames
 * Sportsnet Oilers
 * Sportsnet Canucks
 * Sportsnet World
 * Stingray Country (music)
 * Stingray Juicebox (music)
 * Stingray Loud (music)
 * Stingray Naturescape (music)
 * Stingray Now 4K (music)
 * Stingray Retro (music)
 * Stingray Vibe (music)
 * T+E
 * Terror TV (launch TBD)
 * The Cowboy Channel Canada
 * The Cult Movie Network
 * The News Forum
 * The Rural Channel
 * Toon-A-Vision (children)
 * Vertical TV
 * Vixen TV
 * Water Television Network
 * Wild TV
 * WildBrainTV (children)
 * Willow TV
 * WWE Network
 * XITE 4K (music)
 * XXX Action Clips Channel

French

 * aDDIK
 * AMI-télé
 * Avis de Recherche
 * Casa
 * Dorcel TV Canada
 * Frissons TV
 * ICI Explora
 * Investigation
 * La Chaîne Disney (children)
 * Natyf TV
 * PalmarèsADISQ par Stingray (music)
 * Prise 2
 * RDS2
 * RDS Info
 * Stingray Hits! (music)
 * Télémagino (children)
 * Témoin
 * TVA Sports
 * TVA Sports 2
 * TVA Sports 3
 * Zeste

Multicultural

 * Aaj Tak
 * Abu Dhabi TV
 * Afroglobal Television
 * Al-Nahar TV
 * Al-Nahar Drama
 * Al Resalah
 * All TV
 * All TV K
 * APTN
 * ATN Aastha TV
 * ATN ABP Sanjha
 * ATN ARY Digital
 * ATN B4U Movies
 * ATN B4U Music
 * ATN B4U Plus
 * ATN Bangla
 * ATN Brit Asia TV
 * ATN Channel
 * ATN Colors Bangla
 * ATN Colors Marathi
 * ATN Colors Rishtey
 * ATN DD Bharati
 * ATN DD India
 * ATN DD News
 * ATN DD Urdu
 * ATN Food Food
 * ATN Gujarati
 * ATN IBC Tamil
 * ATN Jaya TV
 * ATN Life
 * ATN Movies
 * ATN MTV India
 * ATN News
 * ATN News 18
 * ATN PM One
 * ATN Punjabi
 * ATN Punjabi 5
 * ATN Punjabi News
 * ATN Punjabi Plus
 * ATN SAB TV
 * ATN Sikh Channel
 * ATN Sony Aath
 * ATN Sony Max
 * ATN Sony Max 2
 * ATN Sony TV
 * ATN SVBC
 * ATN Tamil Plus
 * ATN Times Now
 * ATN Urdu
 * ATN Zoom
 * BBC Arabic
 * CBN
 * Canada Chinese TV
 * Canada National TV
 * CCCTV
 * Chakde TV
 * Channel Punjabi
 * Channel Y
 * ERT World
 * First National
 * FPTV
 * FTV
 * Fairchild TV
 * Fairchild TV 2 HD
 * Filmy
 * Greek Music Channel
 * Halla Bol!
 * Gurbaani TV
 * HRT Sat
 * Hum TV
 * Inuit TV
 * The Israeli Network
 * LS Times TV
 * Mediaset Italia
 * Mediaset TGCOM 24
 * MEGA Cosmos
 * Momo Kids
 * Montreal Greek TV
 * NGTV
 * News Only
 * New Tang Dynasty Television
 * Odyssey
 * Only Music
 * OSN Ya Hala International
 * Prime Asia TV
 * ProSiebenSat.1 Welt
 * PTC Punjabi
 * Punjabi TV Canada
 * Rawal TV
 * Rotana Aflam
 * Rotana Cinema
 * Rotana Classic
 * Rotana Clip
 * Rotana Drama
 * Rotana Khalijiah
 * Rotana Mousica
 * RTS Sat
 * RTVi
 * Sanjha TV
 * Schlager TV
 * SSTV
 * Tamil One
 * Tamil Vision
 * Talentvision
 * Telebimbi
 * TeleNiños
 * TET
 * TLN
 * Travelxp
 * TVCentr International
 * TVP Info
 * Univision Canada
 * Uvagut TV
 * VGN TV
 * Vanakkam TV
 * Win HD Caribbean
 * WOWtv
 * Zee 24 Taas
 * Zee Bangla
 * Zee Bollywood
 * Zee Cinema
 * Zee Marathi
 * Zee Punjabi
 * Zee Salaam
 * Zee Talkies
 * Zee Tamil
 * Zee TV Canada
 * Zing

Defunct Canadian specialty channels

 * AIM Pay-Tv Corp. (February 1983 - c. summer 1984)
 * Argent (February 21, 2005 - April 30, 2016)
 * A.Side TV (October 1, 2009 - January 15, 2023)
 * BBC Canada (September 7, 2001 - December 31, 2020)
 * BBC Kids (November 5, 2001 - December 31, 2018)
 * Bloomberg TV Canada (November 17, 2015- October 5, 2017)
 * bpm:tv (September 7, 2001 - June 1, 2015)
 * Bollywood Times (November 28, 2011 - January 2018)
 * BookTelevision (September 7, 2001 - February 21, 2021)
 * Breakaway PPV (unknown - 2010)
 * Canucks TV
 * Flames PPV
 * Oilers PPV
 * BuyNOW TV (summer 2014 - 2017)
 * CBC Parliamentary Television Network (September 1979 - October 1992)
 * C Channel (February 1983 - June 1983)
 * Canadian Forces Radio and Television (unknown — April 2014)
 * CityNews Channel (May 30, 2011 - June 30, 2013)
 * Comedy Gold (September 7, 2001 - September 1, 2019)
 * CoolTV (September 2003 - July 2008)
 * Cosmopolitan TV (February 14, 2008 - September 30, 2019)
 * Dream 2 (February 2011 - 2015)
 * DealsTV (September 2014 - 2016/2017)
 * Discovery Kids Canada (September 3, 2001 - November 2, 2009)
 * Dusk (September 2001 - March 2012)
 * Encore Avenue (October 1995 - March 2016)
 * Edge TV (September 7, 2001 - July 2003)
 * ESPN Classic (September 7, 2001 - October 31, 2023)
 * Fashion Television (September 7, 2001 - February 21, 2021)
 * Fine Living (September 2004 - October 2009)
 * Fox Sports World Canada (September 2001 - May 2012)
 * FYI (September 7, 2001 - December 31, 2019)
 * G4 (September 7, 2001 - August 31, 2017)
 * Global Reality Channel (July 2010 - November 2012)
 * GolTV (November 1, 2005 - August 31, 2015)
 * HSTN (August 2002 - October 2002)
 * ichannel (September 7, 2001 - August 15, 2016)
 * IDNR-TV (2006 - 2020)
 * IFC (August 15, 2001 - September 30, 2019)
 * Iran TV Network (2006 - 2020)
 * Leafs Nation Network (September 7, 2001 - August 31, 2022)
 * Leonardo World (June 2005 - September 2007)
 * M3 (October 5, 1998 - September 1, 2016)
 * Melody Hits (October 2002 - April 28, 2013)
 * Melody Aflam (January 2006 - April 28, 2013)
 * Melody Drama (October 17, 2009 - April 28, 2013)
 * Max Trax (unknown - October 2009)
 * MEGA Cosmos (ECG) (2007 - 2012)
 * Mehndi TV (November 28, 2011 - January 2018)
 * Movie Central (February 1983 - March 2016)
 * MSNBC Canada (September 2001 - December 2004)
 * MTV2 (October 18, 2001 - March 29, 2024)
 * Niagara News TV (February 2011 - April 18, 2011)
 * NTV Canada (January 6, 2006 - November 2015)
 * Nuevo Mundo (March 13, 2007 - December 1, 2015)
 * Persian Vision (unknown — January 2011)
 * Radiotélévision des Forces canadiennes
 * RTVi+ (November 2004 - November 2009)
 * Sens TV (pay-per-view service) (unknown - 2008)
 * ShopTV Canada (1996 - 2013)
 * Sun News Network (April 18, 2011 - February 13, 2015)
 * Sundance Channel (September 7, 2001 - March 1, 2018)
 * Talentvision 2 HD (May 23, 2013 - July 2016)
 * TATV (1982 - September 2008)
 * Télé Achats (November 1, 1995 - August 1, 2012)
 * Teletoon Retro (October 1, 2007 - September 1, 2015)
 * Télétoon Rétro (September 4, 2008 - September 1, 2015)
 * The Ecology Channel
 * The Life Channel (October 1985 - November 1986)
 * The Pet Network (December 3, 2004 - May 2, 2016)
 * Tonis (June 16, 2004 - February 2009)
 * TVOne Canada (September 14, 2010 - November 2015)
 * TVFQ 99 (September 1979 - August 1988)
 * TXT-TV (March 2010 - December 2011)
 * UTV Movies (December 2011 - December 2012)
 * Viceland (September 7, 2001 - March 31, 2018)
 * Video Italia (June 2005 - September 2007)
 * Vintage TV (October 2016 - November 2018)
 * Viewers Choice (September 1991 - September 2014)
 * Vrak (January 2, 2001 - October 1, 2023)
 * WTSN (September 2001 - September 2003)
 * X-Treme Sports (September 2001 - October 2008)
 * Yoopa (April 1, 2010 - January 11, 2024)

title: List of Canadian television channels


text:
The Duke (miniseries)

The Duke is an American television miniseries that aired on NBC from April 5 to May 18, 1979.

Overview
The Duke follows an aging boxer who became a private investigator. This Chicago, Illinois-set series starred Robert Conrad as Oscar "Duke" Ramsey; Conrad was actually a professional fighter in his own early years.

The executive producer was Stephen J. Cannell, and the show was produced by Stephen J. Cannell Productions, in association with Universal TV.

Cast

 * Robert Conrad as Oscar "Duke" Ramsey
 * Larry Manetti as Joe Cadillac
 * Red West as Sergeant Mick O'Brien
 * Patricia Conwell as Duke's friend, Dedra
 * Ed O'Bradovich as Eddie, the bartender at Duke and Benny's Corner, the tavern Ramsey owns.

title: The Duke (miniseries)


text:
The Duke (TV series)

The Duke is an American comedy series that aired on NBC from July 2 to September 3, 1954. The series was broadcast live.

Synopsis
Duke London a/k/a Duke Zenlee was a professional boxer who was also an accomplished painter. Through his artwork he met Rudy Cromwell, who offered to teach him to live a more cultured life. Duke left the boxing ring and opened a nightclub called The Duke's, but both his former promoter and trainer kept trying to persuade him to make a prize-fighting comeback.

Cast

 * Paul Gilbert as Duke London
 * Allen Jenkins as Johnny, Duke's former trainer
 * Phyllis Coates as Gloria, his girlfriend
 * Rudy Cromwell as Claude Stroud, taught Duke to appreciate intellectual pursuits
 * Sheldon Leonard as Sam Marco, Duke's former fight promoter

title: The Duke (TV series)


text:
The Dukes (TV series)

The Dukes is a 30-minute Saturday morning animated series based on the live-action television series The Dukes of Hazzard which aired on CBS from February 5 to October 29, 1983. Hanna-Barbera Productions produced the series in association with Warner Bros. Television, producer of the original series. 20 episodes were produced.

Plot
The series features the Duke boys and their cousin Daisy in an automobile race around the world against Boss Hogg, Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane, and Rosco's dog Flash in a duel for the prize money which the Dukes hope to use to keep the family farm from being foreclosed by Boss Hogg. Meanwhile, Boss Hogg wants the money and the land for himself so he, Rosco, and Flash plans various schemes to keep the Dukes from winning. Most of the adventures are read from a post card by Uncle Jesse Duke to his pet raccoon Smokey.

The first season took place during the period of the live-action series' temporary replacement of the original actors with similar characters, Coy and Vance Duke, after Tom Wopat and John Schneider walked out over a dispute about royalties from related merchandise. Thus, the first season of this animated series featured Coy and Vance. Bo and Luke eventually replaced Coy and Vance in Season 2 Episode 1 (14): "Boss O'Hogg and the Little People" after Tom and John simultaneously returned to the live series following the end of the dispute near the end of the fifth season. This episode also featured a new introduction and voice over that reflected the change in characters.

The series followed no particular logical geographic path; for instance, consecutive episodes feature appearances in Venice, Morocco, the Arctic Ocean, London, Greece, India, Uzbekistan, Hong Kong and Scotland.

Cast

 * Byron Cherry as Coy Duke (first season)
 * Christopher Mayer as Vance Duke (first season)
 * Tom Wopat as Luke Duke (second season)
 * John Schneider as Bo Duke (second season)
 * Catherine Bach as Daisy Duke
 * Denver Pyle as Uncle Jesse Duke
 * James Best as Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane
 * Sorrell Booke as Boss Hogg
 * Frank Welker as Flash, Smokey, The General Lee

Note: Live-action co-stars Waylon Jennings (narrator/"balladeer"), Ben Jones (Cooter Davenport), Sonny Shroyer (Deputy Enos Strate), and Rick Hurst (Deputy Cletus Hogg) did not appear in this cartoon version.

Additional voices

 * Jack Angel
 * Chris Anthony (Season 1)
 * Jered Barclay (Season 1)
 * Michael Bell (Season 1)
 * Susan Blu (Season 2)
 * Bill Callaway (Season 1)
 * Rick Cimino (Season 2)
 * Phil Clarke
 * Peter Cullen (Season 1)
 * Keene Curtis
 * Jennifer Darling (Season 1)
 * Dick Erdman
 * Pat Fraley (Season 2)
 * Linda Gary (Season 1)
 * Joan Gerber (Season 1)
 * Gary Goren (Season 2)
 * Joy Gronic (Season 2)
 * Ernest Harada (Season 1)
 * Phil Hartman (Season 2)
 * Bob Holt
 * Arte Johnson (Season 2)
 * Stanley Jones
 * Paul Kirby
 * Peter Leeds (Season 1)
 * Sherry Lynn (Season 2)
 * Ken Mars (Season 1)
 * Edie McClurg (Season 1)
 * Scott Menville (Season 1)
 * Larry Moss (Season 1)
 * Laurel Page (Season 1)
 * Pat Pinney (Season 2)
 * Henry Polic II (Season 1)
 * Tony Pope (Season 1)
 * Phil Proctor (Season 1)
 * Bob Ridgely (Season 1)
 * Neil Ross (Season 1)
 * Mike Rye (Season 1)
 * Marilyn Schreffler (Season 1)
 * Hal Smith (Season 1)
 * John Stephenson
 * Janet Waldo (Season 2)
 * Alan Young (Season 2)

Season 2 (1983)
Starting in the very first episode of this season, Tom Wopat and John Schneider return as Luke and Bo in the regular Dukes of Hazzard series, and take over for Coy and Vance in the cartoon.

Home media
On December 7, 2010, Warner Archive released The Dukes: The Complete Series on DVD in region 1 as part of their Hanna-Barbera Classic Collection.

title: The Dukes (TV series)