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Narcissistic personality disorder

Narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is a personality disorder characterized by a life-long pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive need for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathize with other people's feelings. Narcissistic personality disorder is one of the sub-types of the broader category known as personality disorders. It is often comorbid with other mental disorders and associated with significant functional impairment and psychosocial disability.

Personality disorders are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring and inflexible maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by any culture. These patterns develop by early adulthood, and are associated with significant distress or impairment. Criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the sixth chapter of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) and in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

There is no standard treatment for NPD. Its high comorbidity with other mental disorders influences treatment choice and outcomes. Psychotherapeutic treatments generally fall into two categories: psychoanalytic/psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy, with growing support for integration of both in therapy. However, there is an almost complete lack of studies determining the effectiveness of treatments. One's subjective experience of the mental disorder, as well as their agreement to and level of engagement with treatment, are highly dependent on their motivation to change.

Signs and symptoms
Despite outward signs of grandiosity, many people with NPD struggle with symptoms of intense shame, worthlessness, low self-compassion, and self-loathing. Their view of themselves is extremely malleable and dependent on others' opinions of them. They are also hypersensitive to criticism and possess an intense need for admiration. People with NPD gain self-worth and meaning through this admiration. Individuals with NPD are often motivated to achieve their goals, status, improvement, and perfectionism, and to ignore relationships or avoid situations due to fears of incompetence, failure, worthlessness, inferiority, shame, humiliation, and losing control.

People with NPD will try to gain social status and approval in an attempt to avoid and combat these feelings, often by exaggerating their skills, accomplishments, and their degree of intimacy with people they consider high-status. Alongside this, they may have difficulty accepting help, vengeful fantasies, a sense of entitlement, and they may feign humility. They are more likely to try forms of plastic surgery due to a desire to gain attention and to be seen as beautiful. A sense of personal superiority may lead them to monopolize conversations, look down on others or to become impatient and disdainful when other persons talk about themselves. Drastic shifts in levels of self-esteem can result in a significantly decreased ability to regulate emotions.

Patients with NPD have an impaired ability to recognize facial expressions or mimic emotions, as well as a lower capacity for emotional empathy and emotional intelligence. However they do not display a compromised capacity for cognitive empathy or an impaired theory of mind, which are the abilities to understand others' feelings and attribute mental states to oneself or others respectively. They may also have difficulty relating to other's experiences and being emotionally vulnerable. People with NPD are less likely to engage in prosocial behavior. They can still act in selfless ways to improve other's image of them, advance their social status, or if explicitly told to. Despite these characteristics, they are more likely to overestimate their capacity for empathy.

It is common for people with NPD to have difficult relationships. Narcissists may disrespect other's boundaries or idealize and devalue them. They commonly keep people emotionally distant, and project, deny, or split. Narcissists respond with anger and hostility towards rejection, and can degrade, insult, or blame others who disagree with them.

They generally lack self-awareness, and will have a difficult time understanding their own traits and narcissistic tendencies, either due to a belief that NPD characteristics do not apply to them, or due to a refusal to accept or endorse negative characteristics in an attempt to maintain a positive self image. Narcissists can have difficulty seeing multiple perspectives on issues and might engage in black and white thinking. Despite this, people with NPD will often feel as they are skilled at accurately assessing others' feelings.

Diagnosis
The DSM-5 indicates that: "Many highly successful individuals display personality traits that might be considered narcissistic. Only when these traits are inflexible, maladaptive, and persisting, and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress, do they constitute narcissistic personality disorder." Given the high-function sociability associated with narcissism, some people with NPD might not view such a diagnosis as a functional impairment to their lives. Although overconfidence tends to make people with NPD very ambitious, such a mindset does not necessarily lead to professional high achievement and success, because they refuse to take risks, in order to avoid failure or the appearance of failure. Moreover, the psychological inability to tolerate disagreement, contradiction, and criticism, makes it difficult for persons with NPD to work cooperatively or to maintain long-term relationships.

DSM-5
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) describes NPD as possessing at least five of the following nine criteria.

 * A grandiose sense of self-importance (exaggerates achievements and talents, expects to be recognized as superior without commensurate achievements)
 * Preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success, power, brilliance, beauty, or ideal love
 * Believing that they are "special" and unique and can only be understood by, or should associate with, other special or high-status people (or institutions)
 * Requiring excessive admiration
 * A sense of entitlement (unreasonable expectations of especially favorable treatment or automatic compliance with their expectations)
 * Being interpersonally exploitative (taking advantage of others to achieve their own ends)
 * Lacking empathy (unwilling to recognize or identify with the feelings and needs of others)
 * Often being envious of others or believing that others are envious of them
 * Showing arrogant, haughty behaviors or attitudes

Within the DSM-5, NPD is a cluster B personality disorder. Individuals with cluster B personality disorders often appear dramatic, emotional, or erratic. Narcissistic personality disorder is a mental disorder characterized by a life-long pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, an excessive craving for admiration, and a diminished ability to empathize with others' feelings.

A diagnosis of NPD, like other personality disorders, is made by a qualified healthcare professional in a clinical interview. In the narcissistic personality disorder, there is a fragile sense of self that becomes a view of oneself as exceptional.

Narcissistic personality disorder usually develops either in youth or in early adulthood. True symptoms of NPD are pervasive, are apparent in varied social situations, and are rigidly consistent over time. Severe symptoms of NPD can significantly impair the person's mental capabilities to develop meaningful human relationships, such as friendship, kinship, and marriage. Generally, the symptoms of NPD also impair the person's psychological abilities to function socially, either at work or at school, or within important societal settings. The DSM-5 indicates that, in order to qualify as symptomatic of NPD, the person's manifested personality traits must substantially differ from social norms.

ICD-11 and ICD-10
In the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th Edition ICD-11 of the World Health Organization (WHO), all personality disorders are diagnosed under a single title called "personality disorder". The criteria for diagnosis are mainly concerned with assessing dysfunction, distress and maladaptive behavior. Once a diagnosis has been made, the clinician then can draw upon five trait domains to describe the particular causes of dysfunction, as these have major implications for potential treatments. NPD, as it currently conceptualised, would correspond more or less entirely to the ICD-11 trait of Dissociality, which includes self-centredness (grandiosity, attention-seeking, entitlement and egocentricity) and lack of empathy (callousness, ruthlessness, manipulativeness, interpersonal exploitativeness, and hostility).

In the previous edition, the ICD-10, narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is listed under the category of "other specific personality disorders", meaning the ICD-10 required that cases otherwise described as NPD in the DSM-5 would only need to meet a general set of diagnostic criteria.

Differential diagnosis
The occurrence of narcissistic personality disorder presents a high rate of comorbidity with other mental disorders. People with a fragile variant of NPD (see Subtypes) are prone to bouts of psychological depression, often to the degree that meets the clinical criteria for a co-occurring depressive disorder. NPD is associated with the occurrence of bipolar disorder and substance use disorders, especially cocaine use disorder. NPD may also be comorbid or differentiated with the occurrence of other mental disorders, including histrionic personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, or paranoid personality disorder. NPD should also be differentiated from mania and hypomania as these cases can also present with grandiosity, but present with different levels of functional impairment. It is common for children and adolescents to display personality traits that resemble NPD, but such occurrences are usually transient, and register below the clinical criteria for a formal diagnosis of NPD.

Subtypes
Although the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for NPD has been viewed as homogeneous, there are a variety of subtypes used for classification of NPD. There is poor consensus on how many subtypes exist, but there is broad acceptance that there are at least two: grandiose or overt narcissism, and vulnerable or covert narcissism. However, none of the subtypes of NPD are recognized in the DSM-5 or in the ICD-11.

Empirically verified subtypes
Some research has indicated the existence of three subtypes of NPD, which can be distinguished by symptom criteria, comorbidity and other clinical criteria. These are as follows:

Grandiose/Overt: the group exhibits grandiosity, entitlement, interpersonal exploitativeness and manipulation, pursuit of power and control, lack of empathy and remorse, and marked irritability and hostility. This group was noted for high levels of comorbid antisocial and paranoid personality disorders, substance abuse, externalizing, unemployment and greater likelihood of violence. Of note, Russ et al. observed that this group "do not appear to suffer from underlying feelings of inadequacy or to be prone to negative affect states other than anger", an observation corroborated by recent research which found this variant to show strong inverse associations with depressive, anxious-avoidant, and dependant/victimised features.

Vulnerable/Covert: this variant is defined by feelings of shame, envy, resentment, and inferiority (which is occasionally "masked" by arrogance), entitlement, a belief that one is misunderstood or unappreciated, and excessive reactivity to slights or criticism. This variant is associated with elevated levels of neuroticism, psychological distress, depression, and anxiety. In fact, recent research suggests that vulnerable narcissism is mostly the product of dysfunctional levels of neuroticism. Vulnerable narcissism is sometimes comorbid with diagnoses of avoidant, borderline and dependent personality disorders.

High-functioning/Exhibitionistic: A third subtype for classifying people with NPD, initially theorized by psychiatrist Glen Gabbard, is termed high functioning or exhibitionistic. This variant has been described as "high functioning narcissists [who] were grandiose, competitive, attention-seeking, and sexually provocative; they tended to show adaptive functioning and utilize their narcissistic traits to succeed." This group has been found to have relatively few psychological issues and high rates of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, with excessive perfectionism posited as a potential cause for their impairment.

Others
Oblivious/Hypervigilant: Glen Gabbard described two subtypes of NPD in 1989, later referred to as equivalent to, the grandiose and vulnerable subtypes. The first was the "oblivious" subtype of narcissist, equivalent to the grandiose subtype. It was described as being grandiose, arrogant and thick-skinned, while also exhibiting personality traits of helplessness and emotional emptiness, low self-esteem and shame. These were observed in people with NPD to be expressed as socially avoidant behavior in situations where self-presentation is difficult or impossible, leading to withdrawal from situations where social approval is not given.

The second subtype Gabbard described was termed "hypervigilant", equivalent to the vulnerable subtype. People with this subtype of NPD were described as having easily hurt feelings, an oversensitive temperament, and persistent feelings of shame.

Communal narcissism: A fourth type is the communal narcissist. Communal narcissism is a form of narcissism that occurs in group settings. It is characterized by an inflated sense of importance and a need for admiration from others. In relation to the grandiose narcissist, a communal narcissist is arrogant and self-motivating, and shares the sense of entitlement and grandiosity. However, the communal narcissist seeks power and admiration in the communal realm. They see themselves as altruistic, saintly, caring, helpful, and warm. Individuals who display communal narcissism often seek out positions of power and influence within their groups.

Millon's subtypes
In the study Disorders of Personality: DSM-IV-TM and Beyond (1996), Theodore Millon suggested five subtypes of NPD, although they did not identify specific treatments per subtype.

Masterson's subtypes (exhibitionist and closet)
In 1993, James F. Masterson proposed two subtypes for pathological narcissism, exhibitionist and closet. Both fail to adequately develop an age- and phase- appropriate self because of defects in the quality of psychological nurturing provided, usually by the mother. A person with exhibitionist narcissism is similar to NPD described in the DSM-IV and differs from closet narcissism in several ways. A person with closet narcissism is more likely to be described as having a deflated, inadequate self-perception and greater awareness of emptiness within. A person with exhibitionist narcissism would be described as having an inflated, grandiose self-perception with little or no conscious awareness of feelings of emptiness. Such a person would assume that their condition was normal and that others were just like them. A person with closet narcissism is described to seek constant approval from others and appears similar to those with borderline personality disorder in the need to please others. A person with exhibitionist narcissism seeks perfect admiration all the time from others.

Malignant narcissism
Malignant narcissism, a term first coined in Erich Fromm's 1964 book The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil, is a syndrome consisting of a combination of NPD, antisocial personality disorder, and paranoid traits. A person with malignant narcissism was described as deriving higher levels of psychological gratification from accomplishments over time, suspected to worsen the disorder. Because a person with malignant narcissism becomes more involved in psychological gratification, it was suspected to be a risk factor for developing antisocial, paranoid, and schizoid personality disorders. The term malignant is added to the term narcissist to indicate that individuals with this disorder have a severe form of narcissistic disorder that is characterized also by features of paranoia, psychopathy (anti-social behaviors), aggression, and sadism.

Historical demarcation of grandiose and vulnerable types
Over the years, many clinicians and theorists have described two variants of NPD akin to the grandiose and vulnerable expressions of trait narcissism. Some examples include:

Narcissistic Personality Inventory
Risk factors for NPD and grandiose/overt and vulnerable/covert subtypes are measured using the narcissistic personality inventory, an assessment tool originally developed in 1979, has undergone multiple iterations with new versions in 1984, 2006 and 2014. It captures principally grandiose narcissism, but also seems to capture elements of vulnerability. A popular three-factor model has it that grandiose narcissism is assessed via the Leadership/Authority and Grandiose/Exhibitionism facets, while a combination of grandiose and vulnerable traits are indexed by the Entitlement/Exploitativeness facet.

Pathological Narcissism Inventory
The Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) was designed to measure fluctuations in grandiose and vulnerable narcissistic states, similar to what is ostensibly observed by some clinicians (though empirical demonstration of this phenomenon is lacking). While having both "grandiosity" and vulnerability scales, empirically both seem to primarily capture vulnerable narcissism.

The PNI scales show significant associations with parasuicidal behavior, suicide attempts, homicidal ideation, and several aspects of psychotherapy utilization.

Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory
In 2013, the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI) was defined as a comprehensive assay of grandiose and vulnerable expressions of trait narcissism. The scale measures 11 traits of grandiose narcissism and 4 traits of vulnerable narcissism, both of which correlate with clinical ratings of NPD (with grandiose features of arrogance, grandiose fantasies, manipulativeness, entitlement and exploitativeness showing stronger relations). Later analysis revealed that the FFNI actually measures three factors:

 * 1) Agentic Extraversion: an exaggerated sense of self-importance, grandiose fantasies, striving for greatness and acclaim, social dominance and authoritativeness, and exhibitionistic, charming interpersonal conduct.
 * 2) Self-Centred Antagonism: disdain for others, psychological entitlement, interpersonally exploitative and manipulative behaviour, lack of empathy, anger in response to criticism or rebuke, suspiciousness, and thrill-seeking.
 * 3) Narcissistic Neuroticism: shame-proneness, oversensitivity and negative emotionality to criticism and rebuke, and excessive need for admiration to maintain self-esteem.

Grandiose narcissism is a combination of agency and antagonism, and vulnerability is a combination of antagonism and neuroticism. The three factors show differential associations with clinically important variables. Agentic traits are associated with high self-esteem, positive view others and the future, autonomous and authentic living, commitment to personal growth, sense of purpose in life and life satisfaction. Neurotic traits show precisely the opposite correlation with all of these variables, while antagonistic traits show more complex associations; they are associated with negative view of others (but necessarily of the self), a sense of alienation from their 'true self', disinterest in personal growth, negative relationships with others, and all forms of aggression.

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is another diagnostic test developed by Theodore Millon. The MCMI includes a scale for narcissism. The NPI and MCMI have been found to be well correlated. Whereas the MCMI measures narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), the NPI measures narcissism as it occurs in the general population; the MCMI is a screening tool. In other words, the NPI measures "normal" narcissism; i.e., most people who score very high on the NPI do not have NPD. Indeed, the NPI does not capture any sort of narcissism taxon as would be expected if it measured NPD.

A 2020 study found that females scored significantly higher on vulnerable narcissism than males, but no gender differences were found for grandiose narcissism.

Causes
The cause of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) is unclear, although there is evidence for a strong biological or genetic underpinning. Research has found NPD has a strong heritable component. It is unclear if or how much a person's upbringing contributes to the development of NPD, although many speculative theories have been proposed.

Evidence to support social factors in the development of NPD is limited. Some studies have found NPD correlates with permissive and overindulgent parenting in childhood, while others have found correlations with harsh discipline, neglect or abuse. Findings have been inconsistent, and scientists do not know if these correlations are causal, as these studies do not control for genetic confounding.

This problem of genetic confounding is explained by psychologist Svenn Torgersen in a 2009 review:

"If parents treat their children badly, and the children develop personality disorders, it does not necessarily mean that the treatment of the children is the cause of the development. An alternative explanation may be that the parents themselves have some personality disorder traits, partly due to genes. These genetically influenced traits correlate with poor parenting, explaining the genetic influence on parenting. The children inherit the genes and subsequently develop personality disorders. The personality disorders might thus have developed in any case, independent of the childhood conditions."

Twin studies allow scientists to assess the influence of genes and environment, in particular, how much of the variation in a trait is attributed to the "shared environment" (influences shared by twins, such as parents and upbringing) or the "unshared environment" (measurement error, noise, differing illnesses between twins, randomness in brain growth, and social or non-social experiences that only one twin experienced). According to a 2018 review, twin studies of NPD have found little or no influence from the shared environment, and a major contribution of genes and the non-shared environment:

"Taken together, these studies have consistently demonstrated that genetic influence constitutes a major source of NPD. Non-shared environments also exert substantial influence on NPD. Notably, shared environments had no significant influence on NPD in any of these studies."

- Lu & Cai, 2018

According to neurogeneticist Kevin Mitchell, a lack of influence from the shared environment indicates that the non-shared environmental influence may be largely non-social, perhaps reflecting innate processes such as randomness in brain growth.

Neuroscientists have also studied the brains of people with NPD using structural imaging technology. A 2021 review concluded the most consistent finding among NPD patients is lowered gray matter volume in the medial prefrontal cortex. Studies of the occurrence of narcissistic personality disorder identified structural abnormalities in the brains of people with NPD, specifically, a lesser volume of gray matter in the left, anterior insular cortex. The results of a 2015 study associated the condition of NPD with a reduced volume of gray matter in the prefrontal cortex. The regions of the brain identified and studied – the insular cortex and the prefrontal cortex – are associated with the human emotions of empathy and compassion, and with the mental functions of cognition and emotional regulation. The neurological findings of the studies suggest that NPD may be related to a compromised capacity for emotional empathy and emotional regulation.

Evolutionary models of NPD have also been proposed. According to psychologist Marco Del Giudice, cluster B traits including NPD, predict increased mating success and fertility. NPD could potentially be an adaptive evolutionary phenomena, though a risky one that can sometimes result in social rejection and failure to reproduce. Another proposal is that NPD may result from an excess of traits which are only adaptive in moderate amounts (leadership success increases with moderate degrees of narcissism, but declines at the high end of narcissism).

Research on NPD is limited, because patients are hard to recruit for study. The cause of narcissistic personality disorder requires further research.

Management
Treatment for NPD is primarily psychotherapeutic; there is no clear evidence that psychopharmacological treatment is effective for NPD, although it can prove useful for treating comorbid disorders. Psychotherapeutic treatment falls into two general categories: psychoanalytic/psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral. Psychoanalytic therapies include schema therapy, transference focused psychotherapy, mentalization-based treatment and metacognitive psychotherapy. Cognitive behavioral therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy and dialectal behavior therapy. Formats also include group therapy and couples therapy. The specific choice of treatment varies based on individual presentations.

Management of narcissistic personality disorder has not been well studied, however many treatments tailored to NPD exist. Therapy is complicated by the lack of treatment-seeking behavior in people with NPD, despite mental distress. Additionally, people with narcissistic personality disorders have decreased life satisfaction and lower qualities of life, irrespective of diagnosis. People with NPD often present with comorbid mental disorders, complicating diagnosis and treatment. NPD is rarely the primary reason for which people seek mental health treatment. When people with NPD enter treatment (psychologic or psychiatric), they often express seeking relief from a comorbid mental disorder, including major depressive disorder, a substance use disorder (drug addiction), or bipolar disorder.

Prognosis
, no treatment guidelines exist for NPD and no empirical studies have been conducted on specific NPD groups to determine efficacy for psychotherapies and pharmacology. Though there is no known single cure for NPD, there are some things one can do to lessen its symptoms. Medications such as antidepressants, which treat depression, are commonly prescribed by healthcare providers; mood stabilizers to reduce mood swings and antipsychotic drugs to reduce the prevalence of psychotic episodes.

The presence of NPD in patients undergoing psychotherapy for the treatment of other mental disorders is associated with slower treatment progress and higher dropout rates. In this therapy, the goals often are examining traits and behaviors that negatively affect life, identifying ways these behaviors cause distress to the person and others, exploring early experiences that contributed to narcissistic defenses, developing new coping mechanisms to replace those defenses, helping the person see themselves and others in more realistic and nuanced ways, rather than wholly good or wholly bad, identifying and practicing more helpful patterns of behavior, developing interpersonal skills, and learning to consider the needs and feelings of others.

Epidemiology
, overall prevalence is estimated to range from 0.8% to 6.2%. In 2008 under the DSM-IV, lifetime prevalence of NPD was estimated to be 6.2%, with 7.7% for men and 4.8% for women, with a 2015 study confirming the gender difference. In clinical settings, prevalence estimates range from 1% to 15%. The occurrence of narcissistic personality disorder presents a high rate of comorbidity with other mental disorders.

History
The term "narcissism" comes from a first century (written in the year 8 AD) book by the Roman poet Ovid. Metamorphoses Book III is a myth about two main characters, Narcissus and Echo. Narcissus is a handsome young man who spurns the advances of many potential lovers. When Narcissus rejects the nymph Echo, named this way because she was cursed to only echo the sounds that others made, the gods punish him by making him fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. When Narcissus discovers that the object of his love cannot love him back, he slowly pines away and dies.

The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history. In ancient Greece, the concept was understood as hubris. It is only since the late 1800s that narcissism has been defined in psychological terms:

 * Havelock Ellis (1898) was the first psychologist to use the term when he linked the myth to the condition in one of his patients.
 * Sigmund Freud (1905–1953) used the terms "narcissistic libido" in his Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality.
 * Ernest Jones (1913/1951) was the first to construe extreme narcissism as a character flaw.
 * Robert Waelder (1925) published the first case study of narcissism. His patient was a successful scientist with an attitude of superiority, an obsession with fostering self-respect, and a lack of normal feelings of guilt. The patient was aloof and independent from others and had an inability to empathize with others' situations, and was selfish sexually. Waelder's patient was also overly logical and analytical and valued abstract intellectual thought (thinking for thinking's sake) over the practical application of scientific knowledge.

Narcissistic personality was first described by the psychoanalyst Robert Waelder in 1925. The term narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) was coined by Heinz Kohut in 1968. Waelder's initial study has been influential in the way narcissism and the clinical disorder Narcissistic personality disorder are defined today

Freudianism and psychoanalysis
Much early history of narcissism and NPD originates from psychoanalysis. Regarding the adult neurotic's sense of omnipotence, Sigmund Freud said that "this belief is a frank acknowledgement of a relic of the old megalomania of infancy"; and concluded that: "we can detect an element of megalomania in most other forms of paranoic disorder. We are justified in assuming that this megalomania is essentially of an infantile nature, and that, as development proceeds, it is sacrificed to social considerations."

Narcissistic injury and narcissistic scar are terms used by Freud in the 1920s. Narcissistic wound and narcissistic blow are other, almost interchangeable, terms. When wounded in the ego, either by a real or a perceived criticism, a narcissistic person's displays of anger can be disproportionate to the nature of the criticism suffered; but typically, the actions and responses of the NPD person are deliberate and calculated. Despite occasional flare-ups of personal insecurity, the inflated self-concept of the NPD person is primarily stable.

In The Psychology of Gambling (1957), Edmund Bergler considered megalomania to be a normal occurrence in the psychology of a child, a condition later reactivated in adult life, if the individual takes up gambling. In The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (1946), Otto Fenichel said that people who, in their later lives, respond with denial to their own narcissistic injury usually undergo a similar regression to the megalomania of childhood.

Narcissistic supply
Narcissistic supply was a concept introduced by Otto Fenichel in 1938, to describe a type of admiration, interpersonal support, or sustenance drawn by an individual from his or her environment and essential to their self-esteem. The term is typically used in a negative sense, describing a pathological or excessive need for attention or admiration that does not take into account the feelings, opinions, or preferences of other people.

Narcissistic rage
The term narcissistic rage was a concept introduced by Heinz Kohut in 1972. Narcissistic rage was theorised as a reaction to a perceived threat to a narcissist's self-esteem or self-worth. Narcissistic rage occurs on a continuum from aloofness, to expressions of mild irritation or annoyance, to serious outbursts, including violent attacks.

Narcissistic rage reactions are not necessarily limited to narcissistic personality disorder. They may also be seen in catatonic, paranoid delusion, and depressive episodes. It was later suggested that narcissistic people have two layers of rage; the first layer of rage being directed constant anger towards someone else, with the second layer being self-deprecating.

Object relations
In the second half of the 20th century, in contrast to Freud's perspective of megalomania as an obstacle to psychoanalysis, in the US and UK Kleinian psychologists used the object relations theory to re-evaluate megalomania as a defence mechanism. This Kleinian therapeutic approach built upon Heinz Kohut's view of narcissistic megalomania as an aspect of normal mental development, by contrast with Otto Kernberg's consideration of such grandiosity as a pathological distortion of normal psychological development.

To the extent that people are pathologically narcissistic, the person with NPD can be a self-absorbed individual who passes blame by psychological projection and is intolerant of contradictory views and opinions; is apathetic towards the emotional, mental, and psychological needs of other people; and is indifferent to the negative effects of their behaviors, whilst insisting that people should see them as an ideal person. The merging of the terms "inflated self-concept" and "actual self" is evident in later research on the grandiosity component of narcissistic personality disorder, along with incorporating the defence mechanisms of idealization and devaluation and of denial.

Comparison to other personality disorders
NPD shares properties with borderline personality disorder, including social stigma, unclear causes and prevalence rates. In a 2020 study, it was argued that NPD is following a similar historical trend to borderline personality disorder: "In the past three decades, enormous progress has been made to elucidate the psychopathology, longitudinal course, and effective treatment for BPD. NPD, which remains as similarly stigmatized and poorly understood as BPD once was, now carries the potential for a new wave of investigation and treatment development."

However, NPD also shares some commonality with the now discredited "multiple personality disorder" (MPD) personality constellation in popular culture and clinical lore. MPD received a high level of mainstream media attention the 1980s, followed by a nearly complete removal from public discourse within the following two decades; this was in part due to thorough debunking many of its propositions and the evident societal harm created by its entry into the legal defence realm. Similar to MPD, NPD has been the subject of high levels of preoccupation in social and popular media forums, without a firm empirical basis despite over a century of description in clinical lore. The NPD label may be misused colloquially and clinically to disparage a target for the purpose of buttressing one's own self-esteem, or other motives that are detrimental for the person receiving the label. Finally, the rise in popular interest in NPD is not accompanied by hypothesized increases in narcissism among recent generations, despite widespread assumptions to the contrary.

Controversy
The extent of controversy about narcissism was on display when the committee on personality disorders for the 5th Edition (2013) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders recommended the removal of Narcissistic Personality from the manual. A contentious three-year debate unfolded in the clinical community with one of the sharpest critics being John Gunderson, who led the DSM personality disorders committee for the 4th edition of the manual.

The American Psychiatric Association's (APA) formulation, description, and definition of narcissistic personality disorder, as published in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Ed., Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR, 2000), was criticised by clinicians as inadequately describing the range and complexity of the personality disorder that is NPD. That it is excessively focused upon "the narcissistic individual's external, symptomatic, or social interpersonal patterns – at the expense of ... internal complexity and individual suffering", which reduced the clinical utility of the NPD definition in the DSM-IV-TR.

In revising the diagnostic criteria for personality disorders, the work group for the list of "Personality and Personality Disorders" proposed the elimination of narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) as a distinct entry in the DSM-5, and thus replaced a categorical approach to NPD with a dimensional approach, which is based upon the severity of the dysfunctional-personality-trait domains. Clinicians critical of the DSM-5 revision characterized the new diagnostic system as an "unwieldy conglomeration of disparate models that cannot happily coexist", which is of limited usefulness in clinical practice. Despite the reintroduction of the NPD entry, the APA's re-formulation, re-description, and re-definition of NPD, towards a dimensional view based upon personality traits, remains in the list of personality disorders of the DSM-5.

A 2011 study concluded that narcissism should be conceived as personality dimensions pertinent to the full range of personality disorders, rather than as a distinct diagnostic category. In a 2012 literature review about NPD, the researchers concluded that narcissistic personality disorder "shows nosological inconsistency, and that its consideration as a trait domain needed further research would be strongly beneficial to the field." In a 2018 latent structure analysis, results suggested that the DSM-5 NPD criteria fail to distinguish some aspects of narcissism relevant to diagnosis of NPD and subclinical narcissism.

In popular culture

 * Suzanne Stone-Maretto, Nicole Kidman's character in the film To Die For (1995), wants to appear on television at all costs, even if this involves murdering her husband. A psychiatric assessment of her character noted that she "was seen as a prototypical narcissistic person by the raters: on average, she satisfied 8 of 9 criteria for narcissistic personality disorder... had she been evaluated for personality disorders, she would receive a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder".
 * Jay Gatsby, the eponymous character of F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel The Great Gatsby (1925), "an archetype of self-made American men seeking to join high society", has been described as a "pathological narcissist" for whom the "ego-ideal" has become "inflated and destructive" and whose "grandiose lies, poor sense of reality, sense of entitlement, and exploitive treatment of others" conspire toward his own demise.

title: Narcissistic personality disorder


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Arrakis

Arrakis —informally known as Dune and later called Rakis—is a fictional desert planet featured in the Dune series of novels by Frank Herbert. Herbert's first novel in the series, 1965's Dune, is considered one of the greatest science fiction novels of all time, and it is sometimes cited as the best-selling science fiction novel in history.

In Dune, Arrakis is the most important planet in the universe, as it is the only source of the drug melange. Melange (or, "the spice") is the most essential and valuable commodity in the universe, as it extends life and makes safe interstellar travel possible (among other uses). Harvesting the spice is also hazardous in the extreme, due to both the harsh climate of the planet and the fact that melange deposits are guarded by giant sandworms.

Arrakis is also the home of the Fremen (Zensunni wanderers), and subsequently is the Imperial Capital of the Atreides Empire. Arrakis is the third planet orbiting the star Canopus, and it in turn is orbited by two moons, one of which has an albedo pattern resembling the desert kangaroo mouse, Muad'Dib, on it; the other moon has markings resembling a human hand.

Environment and the spice
A desert planet with no natural precipitation, in Dune it is established that Arrakis had been "His Imperial Majesty's Desert Botanical Testing Station" before the discovery of melange, for which it is the only natural source in the universe. Melange (or, "the spice") is the most essential and valuable commodity in the universe, as it extends life and makes safe interstellar travel possible (among other uses). The planet has no surface water bodies, but open canals called qanats are used "for carrying irrigation water under controlled conditions" through the desert. The Fremen collect water in underground reservoirs to fulfill their dream of someday terraforming the planet, and pay the Spacing Guild exorbitant fees in melange to keep the skies over Arrakis free of any satellites which might observe their efforts. As indicated by its large salt flats, Arrakis once had lakes and oceans; Lady Jessica also notes in Dune that wells drilled in the sinks and basins initially produce a "trickle" of water which soon stops, as if "something plugs it." Paul Atreides recalls that the few plants and animals on the planet include "saguaro, burro bush, date palm, sand verbena, evening primrose, barrel cactus, incense bush, smoke tree, creosote bush ... kit fox, desert hawk, kangaroo mouse ... many to be found now nowhere else in the universe except here on Arrakis." The most notable life forms on the planet are the giant sandworms and their immature forms of sandtrout and sand plankton. Sandtrout encyst any water deposits; predator fish are placed in the qanats and other water storage areas to protect them from the sandtrout. It is suggested the sandworms are an introduced species that caused the desertification of Arrakis; In Children of Dune (1976), Leto II Atreides explains to his twin sister Ghanima: "The sandtrout [...] was introduced here from some other place. This was a wet planet then. They proliferated beyond the capability of existing ecosystems to deal with them. Sandtrout encysted the available free water, made this a desert planet [...] and they did it to survive. In a planet sufficiently dry, they could move to their sandworm phase."

The environment of the desert planet Arrakis was primarily inspired by the hydrocarbon (ie. oil and/or natural gas) wealthy Mexico and the Middle East. Similarly Arrakis as a bioregion is presented as a particular kind of political site. Herbert has made it resemble a generic desertified petrostate.

The Dune Encyclopedia
The non-canon Dune Encyclopedia (1984) theorizes that the depletion of the oceans (the primary result of which was desertification) was probably caused by the impact or near miss of a comet or other quasi-planetary body. This event caused the loss of much of the atmosphere of Arrakis, allowing most of the oxygen and water to escape into space. This is thought to have occurred approximately 50 million years before the Imperium's creation. This catastrophic loss of oxygen led to the extinction of nearly all native flora and then therefore the fauna.

The Encyclopedia also explains that one of the few forms to survive were tiny worms of the phylum Protochordata. One of these forms was Shaihuludata, a genus of anaerobic burrowing worm that was the basal species from which the giant sandworms (Geonemotodium arraknis or Shaihuludata gigantica) evolved. Rather than sandworm creating desert, it was desert that created sandworm. The mass extinction of all of its predators and competitors for food allowed the animal, in a manner somewhat analogous to the evolution of unique faunal forms on isolated Terran islands, to take the evolutionary path that would not only re-oxygenate the Arrakeen atmosphere, but also create the spice melange with all of its immense consequences for humanity.

Finally, the Encyclopedia notes that early in the history of Arrakis, the Imperium made several attempts to terraform the planet, which resulted in an abundance of Terran desert life on the planet (such as kangaroo mice and hawks), but failed to otherwise change the environment, as the local sandtrout "encyst" any open water on the planet.

Fremen
The Zensunni wanderers, driven from planet to planet, eventually found their way to Arrakis, where they became the Fremen. They settled in artificial cave-like settlements known as sietches across the Arrakeen deserts. They also developed stillsuit technology, allowing them to survive in the open desert. By harvesting melange, they were able to bribe the Spacing Guild for privacy from observation and weather control in order to hide from the Imperium their true population and their plans to terraform Arrakis. Much of this ecological activity took place in the unexplored southern latitudes of the planet. The best-known of the sietches is Sietch Tabr, home of Stilgar and Muad'Dib's center of operations before victory in the Battle of Arrakeen put Muad'Dib on the Imperial throne.

According to the Legends of Dune prequel trilogy by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson, it was a group of Zensunni wanderers escaping slavery on the planet Poritrin who originally crashed on Dune in a prototype interstellar spacecraft several years prior to the creation of the Spacing Guild.

Plotlines
During the events of Dune, the Padishah Emperor Shaddam IV grants Duke Leto Atreides control of the lucrative spice harvesting operations of Arrakis, ousting the Atreides' longtime rivals, the Harkonnens. The Atreides rule is cut short by a murderous conspiracy crafted by the Harkonnens and the Emperor himself. Leto's son Paul Atreides (known by the Fremen as Muad'Dib) later leads a massive Fremen army to victory over the Emperor's Sardaukar soldier-fanatics, and by threatening the destruction of all spice production on Arrakis manages to depose Shaddam and ascend the throne in his place. With Emperor Paul worshipped as a god, Arrakis becomes the governmental and religious center of the Imperium.

Paul Muad'Dib continues the efforts to terraform Arrakis into a green world, a plan begun by the Fremen under the guidance of Imperial Planetologist Pardot Kynes and his son Liet-Kynes. The core of their plan is gradual water-collection from the Arrakeen atmosphere to form large reservoirs that would, eventually, become lakes and oceans. Much of this activity takes place in the unexplored southern latitudes of Arrakis.

By the time of Children of Dune, Alia Atreides (and then Leto II and Ghanima) realize that the ecological transformation of Arrakis is altering the sandworm cycle, which would eventually result in the end of all spice production. This at first seems a future to be avoided, but Leto II later uses this eventuality as part of his Golden Path to ultimately save humanity. Once he himself begins the transformation into a human/sandworm hybrid, he eradicates all desert on Arrakis except for a small area he makes his base of operations, and destroys all of the sandworms save one—himself.

After his death some 3,500 years later in God Emperor of Dune, Leto's worm-body is transformed back into sandtrout. Within only a few centuries, these sandtrout return Arrakis (thence called 'Rakis') to a desert.

In Heretics of Dune, all life on Arrakis is destroyed (and the entire surface of the planet slagged into oblivion) by the Honored Matres in a failed attempt to eliminate the latest Duncan Idaho ghola. The Bene Gesserit escape with a single sandworm, and drown it to revert the worm back into sandtrout. In Chapterhouse: Dune, the Bene Gesserit use these sandtrout to begin a new sandworm cycle on their homeworld of Chapterhouse, which is terraformed into desert for this purpose.

Finally, in Sandworms of Dune, some sandworms are revealed to be alive and well, having sensed the upper crust would be destroyed, and therefore burrowed even deeper, escaping the blast.

Cities and features
"ARRAKEEN: first settlement on Arrakis; long-time seat of planetary government. — Dune, Terminology of the Imperium" Arrakis' capital and largest city historically is Arrakeen. Arrakeen housed an ostentatious palace, which had been "the government mansion in the days of the Old Empire"; prior to the arrival of the Atreides on Arrakis, the Emperor's right-hand man Count Fenring and his wife Margot had resided there. Leto I had chosen Arrakeen for his seat of government because it "was a smaller city, easier to sterilize and defend."

In Dune, Leto's concubine Lady Jessica has this first impression of the Great Hall: "Jessica stood in the center of the hall [...] looking up and around at shadowed carvings, crannies and deeply recessed windows. This giant anachronism of a room reminded her of the Sisters' Hall at her Bene Gesserit school. But at the school the effect had been of warmth. Here, all was bleak stone. Some architect had reached far back into history for these buttressed walls and dark hangings, she thought. The arched ceiling stood two stories above her with great crossbeams she felt sure had been shipped here to Arrakis across space at monstrous cost. No planet of this system grew trees to make such beams—unless the beams were imitation wood. She thought not."

Arrakeen would go through multiple transformations over time; it first becomes an Imperial capital of staggering proportions under Paul Muad'Dib. It is later transformed into a festival city known as Onn, explicitly for the worship of the Tyrant Leto II. Finally, in the centuries after his death, it is known as Keen, a modern (though still impressive) city to house the Priesthood of Rakis.

Sietch Tabr
In Dune, Sietch Tabr is a major Fremen sietch originally led by Naib Stilgar. Paul Atreides and his mother Lady Jessica, safely escaping from the Harkonnen attack, come upon Sietch Tabr and are eventually accepted into the community. In these Fremen Paul finds an incomparable fighting force who are already disgruntled by Imperial rule. He shapes them into a resistance movement that eventually takes control of Arrakis, allowing Paul to depose the Emperor. Paul moves his base of operations to Arrakeen, but Sietch Tabr remains a center of Fremen culture and politics, as well as a religiously significant site for those who worship Paul as a messiah. All Fremen sietches but one are abandoned after the terraforming of Arrakis, their exact locations remaining a mystery for thousands of years.

The Keep
During the reign of Muad'Dib until the ascension of his son Leto II, the Atreides home-base was a colossal megastructure in Arrakeen, designed to intimidate, known as the Keep. In Dune Messiah, the fortress is described as being large enough to enclose entire cities.

Grand Palace of Arrakeen
In his 1985 short work "The Road to Dune" (published in the short story collection Eye), Frank Herbert described the Grand Palace of Arrakeen (and other sites) during the reign of Paul Atreides: "Your walking tour of Arrakis must include this approach across the dunes to the Grand Palace at Arrakeen. From a distance, the dimensions of this construction are deceptive [...] The largest man-made structure ever built, the Grand Palace could cover more than ten of the Imperium's most populous cities under one roof, a fact that becomes more apparent when you learn Atreides attendants and their families, housed spaciously in the Palace Annex, number some thirty-five million souls [...] When you walk into the Grand Reception Hall of the Palace at Arrakeen, be prepared to feel dwarfed before an immensity never before conceived. A statue of St. Alia Atreides, shown as 'The Soother of Pains,' stands twenty-two meters tall but is one of the smallest adornments in the hall. Two hundred such statues could be stacked one atop the other against the entrance pillars and still fall short of the doorway's capitol arch, which itself is almost a thousand meters below the first beams upholding the lower roof."

Temple of Alia
Alia's Fane (or Alia's Temple) is the two-kilometer wide temple Paul-Muad'Dib built for his sister Alia between the events of Dune and Dune Messiah. Herbert described it in The Road to Dune: "If you are numbered among 'the heartfelt pilgrims,' you will cross the last thousand meters of this approach to the Temple of Alia on your knees. Those thousand meters fall well within the sweeping curves leading your eyes up to the transcendent symbols dedicating this Temple to St. Alia of the Knife. The famed 'Sun-Sweep Window' incorporates every solar calendar known to human history in the one translucent display whose brilliant colors, driven by the sun of Dune, thread through the interior on prismatic pathways."

The Citadel of Leto II
The Tyrant Leto II rules the universe from the Citadel, a fortress built in the Last Desert of the Sareer. The Sareer is flanked by the Forbidden Forest, home of the ferocious D-wolves, the guardians of the Sareer. Beyond that lies the Idaho River, across which a bridge spans that leads to the festival city of Onn (once Arrakeen). Mount Idaho had been completely demolished to provide the raw materials to build the high walls surrounding the Sareer. The Citadel itself is taken apart in the Famine Times after the death of Leto II in search of his alleged hoard of spice.

Other locations
All Imperial cities on Arrakis are in the far-northern latitudes of the planet and protected from the violent weather of Arrakis by a natural formation known as the Shield Wall. When the Harkonnens controlled the planet, they ruled from the Harkonnen-built "megalopolis" of Carthag, described by Jessica as "a cheap and brassy place some two hundred kilometers northeast across the Broken Land." Arrakeen was merely the titular capital until the arrival of the Atreides.

There are other cities scattered in the northern regions of the planet (especially near the ice cap, where water is harvested), as well as the Fremen sietch communities scattered throughout the desert.

Other notable sites on Arrakis throughout its history include Observatory Mountain, Mount Idaho, Dar-es-balat and the Kynes Sea.

Prequels
The novel Paul of Dune (2008) by Brian Herbert and Kevin J. Anderson establishes that the first known inhabitants of Arrakis had been the Muadru, who introduced the sandworms to the planet. They had settlements all over the galaxy which suddenly disappeared; the Zensunni Wanderers came later, ultimately becoming the Fremen. In the novel Paul notes, "There appears to be a linguistic connection between the Fremen and the Muadru."

Namesakes

 * On April 5, 2010, a real-world planitia (plain) on Saturn's moon Titan was named Arrakis Planitia after Herbert's fictional planet, under the naming convention for Titanian planitia (which are all named for planets in Frank Herbert's works).
 * Arrakis is also an alternative name for the star Mu Draconis.
 * The fictional desert planet of Tatooine in the Star Wars franchise was inspired by the desert planet of Arrakis in Dune.

Analysis
The significance of Arrakis has been discussed in the context of ecocriticism and ecofiction   as well as in the context of influences of Arabic culture on modern popular culture.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Arrakis


text:
Talk:David Blunkett

External links modified
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Moo?
Is it worth mentioning the time - which got news coverage - when Mr Blunkett was trampled by a cow? (This is no joking matter; people have been killed by cows.) DS (talk) 14:50, 30 September 2017 (UTC)

Life peerages & infoboxes
Please do come along and discuss at: Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Politics of the United Kingdom DBD 18:55, 13 April 2018 (UTC)

Dreadful person
How can this be added? The man is a self-seeking disgrace.

Guilty Blunkett forced to resign 86.187.175.95 (talk) 12:16, 3 May 2019 (UTC)

I'D Card
It should have been done a long time ago 2A00:23C6:CF11:5401:F5E4:ACDF:C0A3:737B (talk) 16:15, 3 April 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:David Blunkett


text:
Geological history

Geological history may refer to:
 * Historical geology, or paleogeology is a discipline that seeks to reconstruct and understand the
 * geological history of Earth, or;
 * History of geology, the development of the scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the Earth.

title: Geological history


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Himalayan vulture

The Himalayan vulture (Gyps himalayensis) or Himalayan griffon vulture is an Old World vulture native to the Himalayas and the adjoining Tibetan Plateau. It is one of the two largest Old World vultures and true raptors. It is listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. It is not to be confused with the Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), which is a similar and sympatric species.

Description

The Himalayan vulture has dark brown greater covert feathers, tail and wing quills, but a pale buff uniform upperside and paler tipped inner secondaries; its legs are covered with buffy feathers and vary in colour from greenish grey to pale brown. The underside and under-wing coverts are pale brown or buff, almost white in some individuals. The whitish down on the head of immatures changes to yellowish in adults who have a long and pale brown ruff with white streaks and long and spiky ruff feathers.

The pale blue facial skin is lighter than the dark blue in Gyps fulvus with this species having a yellowish bill. In flight the long fingers are splayed and there is a pale patagial stripe on the underwing. The wing and tail feathers are dark and contrast with the pale coverts and body, one of the best methods to distinguish this species from the slightly smaller griffon vulture. The feathers on the body have pale shaft streaks.

It is the largest of the Gyps species, averaging larger in every method of measurement than its relatives, and is perhaps the largest and heaviest bird in the Himalayas. Weight in Himalayan vultures ranges from 6 kg to 12.5 kg. It has been estimated to weigh an average of 9 kg, but weights vary with conditions from 8 - 12 kg. Published measurements of the wingspan vary from 2.56 to 3.1 m, a similar range to that of cinereous vulture, but the wingspan varies greatly depending on the method used to measure them.

It differs from the similar-coloured Indian vulture (G. indicus) by a stouter, more robust bill; younger birds have a pale bill and tend to have buffy-white streaks on the scapulars and wing coverts contrasting with dark brown underparts. It is similar in size to the cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus), which typically has a slightly shorter overall length but can weigh more than the Himalayan vulture.

Distribution
The Himalayan vulture lives mainly in the higher regions of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau at the elevation range of 1200-5500 m. It is distributed from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Iran to Pakistan to India, Nepal, Bhutan to western China and Mongolia. Juvenile birds may however disperse further south, and vagrants have been recorded in Thailand, Burma, Singapore and Cambodia.

Diet
The Himalayan vulture perches on crags, favourite sites showing white marks from regular defecation. They tend to not range below an elevation of 1215 m. Himalayan vultures often bask in the sun on rocks. They soar in thermals and are not capable of sustained flapping flight. Flocks may follow grazers up the mountains in their search for dead animals. This vulture makes a rattling sound when descending on a carcass and can grunt or hiss at roosts or when feeding on carrion. While feeding, individuals may make cackling sounds to defend their food from other vultures or even reprimand them. They are social birds, and are hence found in large flocks, while even being accompanied by crows (observed with other vulture species as well). Such crows cannot interfere with the flocks (as vultures are physically larger and stronger than crows), but vehicular traffic, human interference, and attacks from herding dogs can pose a disturbance. They have been recorded eating carrion exclusively, some which is fed on even when putrid. On the Tibetan Plateau 64% of their diet is obtained from dead domestic yak (Bos grunniens). They feed on old carcasses sometimes waiting a couple of days near a dead animal. They disdain offal, which is readily eaten by other vultures, and instead typically eat only fleshy parts. Historically, Himalayan vultures regularly fed on human corpses left out on Celestial burial grounds. This species is fairly contentious around other scavengers and typically dominates other meat-eaters at carrion, though is subservient to gray wolves (Canis lupus), snow leopards (Panthera uncia) and cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) at carcasses. In a large party, these vultures can reportedly strip a human or sheep carcass of all meat in 30 minutes and do the same to a yak carcass in roughly 120 minutes. Himalayan vultures have been observed feeding on pine (Pinus roxburghii) needles, an unexplained behaviour that cannot be for obtaining nutrition.

Breeding
The breeding season begins in January. The nest is a platform of sticks placed on an inaccessible ledge on a cliff. Nest in northeastern India have been recorded at between 1215 and 1820 m in elevation, but those in Tibet have been as high as 4245 m. Several pairs may nest on the same cliff face, with between five and seven pairs being a typical colony size. The nests are relatively small for the large size of these birds and, although grow larger with repeated uses, do not generally get as massive as the nest of other large accipitrids. There is at least one recorded instance of Himalayan vultures using a nest made by bearded vultures (Gypaetus barbatus). On the Tibetan Plateau, Himalayan and bearded vultures were observed nesting in close proximity without conflict, which is notable because in several other cases of adjacent interspecies nesting by Old World vultures (including some involving bearded vultures) have resulted in high aggression and interspecies attacks. A single white egg marked with red splotches is the usual clutch. Egg laying dates in northern India have ranged from December 25 to March 7. The egg is coarse and oval and can measure from 87 to 103.6 mm in height and 65 to 74 mm in width, with an average of 94.8 by. In captivity the incubation period was about 54–58 days. The young birds stay on with the parents for six to seven months.

Threats
Himalayan vultures are susceptible to toxicity induced by diclofenac, a drug whose residues in domestic animal carcasses has led to rapid declines in populations of other Gyps vultures across Asia. The Himalayan griffon vulture populations have however not shown signs of rapid decline, although reductions in nesting birds have been noted in some parts of its range in Nepal.

title: Himalayan vulture


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Talk:Lists of awards

Rationalization
This page probably needs some rationalisation, or soon someone will add Bronze swimming medal.

 * unless this actually links to an article listing all or most of the decorated ... It would be nice to have that for at least one or two of the "British and Commonwealth". Otherwise it might be preferable to detail the system elsewhere.

Note: The "British and Commonwealth" are now at British and Commonwealth orders and decorations Docu 09:12 Feb 23, 2003 (UTC)

Just added Balzan Prize, reference link at, prize winners at I added because I saw some articles had dead links to Balzan, and I added a link from Michel Mayor. And agree about rationalisation, page is quite big, Nobel Peace is duplicated, maybe split into International awards (Nobel, etc) and the rest? Or split off entertainment/sports?-Wikibob | Talk 00:54, 2004 Apr 3 (UTC)

I wasn't sure whether to add the National Medal of Technology (awarded by the  United States of America) to the Technology section or the section for the individual country. --WhiteDragon 02:36, 30 Apr 2004 (UTC)

I added the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award, though I have not yet created the article. I intend to in the near future - likely in the next day or two, as soon as I can find the time, hopefully today.

What do people think about gradually moving the prizes from this list to the Category scheme?

Categorization advises not to convert certain lists to Categories:

Comprehensive lists, e.g. "List of all municipalities of Quuxen", annotated lists, and selective lists, e.g. "List of Quuxens that were Bazzed", should not be replaced with categories.

but I'm not sure if this list qualifies, it is partly but sparsely annotated. -Wikibob | Talk 14:11, 2004 Jun 21 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't move anything to Categories until the categories are all sorted out. Right now there's a still mess with the heirarchies and conventions of lists, they have not yet settled to the point that they can replace any of the lists that have been carefully constructed here over time. You could start building a parallel category that would in effect mirror this list, but I wouldn't delete any content from the list. --Woggly 15:08, 21 Jun 2004 (UTC)

 * As it isn't alphabetical, it's a bit hard to make into a category. I agree with Woogly that it may be  preferable to build categories for some of the lists expanding Category:Lists rather than to replace the page. -- User:Docu

I noticed that the "Searle Scholarship Program" is not listed under Science and Tech awards. Can someone please add it? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Vtraja (talk • contribs) 11:52, 5 January 2009 (UTC)

Does anyone think that such awards lists as Fortune 500, Deloitte Fast 500 and Technology 500 are worth mentioning on the page? If yes, can anyone add them? I think they could fit the "Science and technology (general and miscellaneous)" section. Marie flwr (talk) 09:20, 3 February 2011 (UTC)

What is the difference between the "Arts" category in section 1 and the "Arts" subcategory under "Humanities"? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lbravo (talk • contribs) 02:13, 22 December 2018 (UTC)

Page is too big!
Does anyone feel this page is far too big? Shouldn't it be split up into like different categories: sports prizes, music etc on different pages? Mandel 09:28, Jul 28, 2004 (UTC)
 * no, not yet. Jay 10:40, 28 Jul 2004 (UTC)
 * yes, I do. I believe countries could be grouped into continents.  That would make the Table of Contents shorter. Wout Perquin - April 28, 2012  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.132.117.239 (talk) 11:27, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

The question was raised in 2004, but now in 2007 the page is greater than 50K. Can't we split into a List of lists of awards, by various subjects? It would also be much easier to read them and find particular awards. Such a long list is hard to navigate, as well as to read. Even the table of contents is 5-screens-worth long on my screen! --lquilter 01:13, 23 January 2007 (UTC)

 * I couldn't agree more; it would be better served to split the page up into smaller lists of awards, such as a List of scientific awards. That's just my two cents, though. Hsh8 (talk) 20:59, 17 June 2009 (UTC)

Oppose - from a practicality standpoint, a list like this is beneficial as a "master list" for review of the subject and a source for items to justify WP:Notability for future articles. I'm in favor of sub-lists for major areas, some have this now. But breaking this list up will just make the subject matter harder to find. My 2 cents... --Scalhotrod - Just your average banjo playing, drag racing, cowboy... (talk) 05:55, 4 January 2014 (UTC)

Pending Article Split
I will split off the Science and Technology awards into a separate article entitled Science and Technology Awards at the end of January 2018 unless there is a howl of protest or an administrative veto. The existed section heading will remain in this article with a link to the new article. This of course is standard procedure when an article grows too big. (Plucas58 (talk) 18:59, 11 December 2017 (UTC))
 * The scope of this entire article is too vast and it borders on absurd. It needs to be List of lists of awards and the awards appropriately listed by category, ie, military, literary, athletic, by country, etc. They should not all be crammed onto one page. —МандичкаYO 😜 07:38, 3 January 2018 (UTC)

Music Awards
i don't understand why Music exists in two categories: Humanities, and Entertainment. Shouldn't they be merged? --emerson7 | Talk 17:40, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
 * Becuase they are quite different types of award. Although there is an overlap between Music as an art form and academic subject as opposeto as part of the entertainment industry, in terms of awards they mainly fall in to one or other camp. Billlion

Economics
This page needs a separate Economics section - classification of prizes under General Science and Maths are unnecessary!

Also - perhaps this needs to be initially divided under the same basic categorisation as is set by the Nobel prizes Just a thought —Preceding unsigned comment added by 89.248.129.115 (talk) 22:57, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

What is the criteria for organising the "Honours, military and patriotic medals" section by "Commonwealth" then "Europen Union" and then "Other Nations"? I imagine the Organization of American States (which could be listed ahead of the Commonwealth, as it is arguably the older organization - 1948 vs. 1949) and the African Union feel a little left out. Is there a logical reason NOT to list the nations of the world in alphabetical order? Does anybody mind if I do that? --Blake the bookbinder (talk) 12:44, 1 February 2009 (UTC)

International Congress of Distinguished Awards
I removed the external links section, as the only potentially pertinent link(s) was to: The International Congress of Distinguished Awards (ICDA) Official website (and the provisional 2006 list)

The only mention I could find of this organization (in a brief googling) was in this book, and their main index page hasn't been updated since 2003.

Just noting here. -- Quiddity (talk) 18:39, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Bullmoosebell's changes.
Bullmoosebell has erased the dots from the United States section twice so far. I'm not sure why he intends to deprive solely the United States section of its dots, especially when all the other sections have dots as well. I suggested in this edit of mine to either remove the dots from all the other sections, for uniformity purposes, or to leave the section as it is, but unfortunately he decided to revert it without offering any explanation. I'd like to ask him, therefore, to explain the rationale behind his removal of dots from only one section and not from all the others, as right now it is a matter of great mystery to me. --190.19.99.5 (talk) 23:21, 22 February 2012 (UTC)

 * 190.19.99.5, It appears you're taking this way to personal, your defensive posture reflects a lack of understanding of Wikipedia's Manual of Style and Policies & Guidelines (Good Faith Edits, Edit Wars, et cetera). Just know, the dots you're referring to are called punctuation marks, periods specifically. Periods are used to terminate a sentence. Considering this is a bulleted list and not a complete sentence, each entry is not to be formatted with sentence case or punctuation, per Manual of Style. Further clarification is stated in MOS/Lists, under the list styles subsection, "As a matter of style, list items should start with a capital letter. They should not have a punctuation mark such as a period, a comma or a semi-colon at the end, except if a list item is one or more full sentences, in which case there is a period at the end."
 * As with all articles on Wikipedia, a journey of a thousand miles starts with one small step. Fixing one section at a time is not a problem, it's just a work in progress (notice that not all entries have terminal punctuation). If you wish, you can assist with the necessary edits! Cheers, Bullmoosebell (talk) 04:01, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

I'd appreciate it if you wouldn't conjecture that I'm taking this personally (which I am not), or question my understanding of Wikipedia's MoS or policies, since doing so is far from civil and besides you don't even know for how long I have been editing Wikipedia. I don't think lecturing me on WP:BULLETLIST was necessary either, as I was not discussing the removal of dots itself but their removal from only one section. To be quite honest, all you had to tell me was that it is a work in progress, without jumping into assumptions. This is condescending, too. --190.19.99.5 (talk) 14:17, 23 February 2012 (UTC)

 * Perhaps you should read up on Wikipedia's Good Faith Edits before questioning productive edits. It would have saved a lot of hassle if you would have just professed an understanding of such productive edits by displaying your understanding of Wikipedia's Manual of Style in lists and list styles. However, you chose to be disruptive with my edits, which speaks to a lack of understanding of Wikipedia's Manual of Style and Policies & Guidelines. Thus, I educated you on what & why such edits could & would take place. So simmer down, it's just Wikipedia. Problem solved, problem staying solved.
 * It would also be in your best interest to register an account. Making edits through a simple IP address restricts a user's abilities on Wikipedia, whereas a registered AutoConfirmed user is granted more editing permissions. I've taken the liberty of welcoming you to Wikipedia by posting some tips & guidelines on your talk page. If you're as experienced as you claim to be, it's a good idea to register so as to distinguish yourself from vandal/disruptive editors that have had their accounts blocked or banned, such as trolls. Happy trails, and welcome to Wikipedia!

Missing Awards / Prices
Someone should add the Bram Stoker Award. I don't where does it belongs. The NeveR SLeePiNG 17:50, 10 January 2006 (UTC)

What about http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._A.H._Heinekenprijs — Preceding unsigned comment added by 109.132.117.239 (talk) 11:21, 28 April 2012 (UTC)

The advertising awards is missing one of the biggest: The One Show. The three major industry awards for advertising creative and design are: The D&AD Award (London). The One Show (New York). And the Cannes Advertising Awards. The Clios is also huge for TV advertising.. But the big three in the industry are D&AD, One Show and Cannes. Proaktivity (talk) 10:25, 2 April 2016 (UTC)

Ten Times the Nobel Prize
strangely something goes in the name of 'Sivashanmugam awards 2020'. Unbelievably, ten times the nobel prize. yammo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5qyG_pDu8s — Preceding unsigned comment added by 27.62.60.138 (talk) 19:54, 26 May 2017 (UTC)

Which of those awards make a person notable?
See Wikipedia_talk:Notability_(people). --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 11:52, 4 February 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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Requested move 3 November 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: page moved. Andrewa (talk) 05:19, 20 November 2017 (UTC)

List of prizes, medals and awards → List of awards – Per name of its main category, Category:Lists of awards. No reason to arbitrarly list only a few of the including things, when there are more, such as orders, etc. Chicbyaccident (talk) 17:20, 3 November 2017 (UTC) Relisted. Jenks24 (talk) 10:53, 12 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per WP:CONCISE, and WP:PRECISE (in that the current name is over-precision about three things, which effectively rules out other things that are within the list scope).  — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ >ʌⱷ҅ᴥⱷʌ<  20:22, 12 November 2017 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

External links modified
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Split and rename to Lists of awards
As has been discussed here, this article is insanely big. This makes it very difficult for readers to navigate (even scrolling through the table of contents is a chore). We need to do what other huge lists have done, and turn this into a list of lists. e.g. Lists of video games, Lists of magazines, Lists of rivers, etc. This has already been done for Science and technology (hat tip to User:Plucas58 for that; he is a hero). Now we just need to split the other major sections into separate list articles. Colin M (talk) 02:51, 11 July 2019 (UTC)

 * I have transferred sports sections to new article List of sport awards to reduce size of this article.Plucas58 (talk) 21:02, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

Nuking of "Military and patriotic honors and medals" section
I just removed all 62,566 bytes of the "Military and patriotic honors and medals" section, and turned it into a pointer to List of military decorations, as part of the larger goal of eventually turning this into a list of lists of awards, rather than a list of awards. I've tried to make sure that the content at List of military decorations was at parity with the section before deleting it. Three removed chunks of content which are not reflected at List of military decorations: 1) many red links 2) extensive listing of non-governmental (or quasi-governmental) awards in the "India" subsection. Many of these would not be appropriate to include in Orders, decorations, and medals of India. 3) The "United Nations" subsection. re 1), I don't think uncited redlinks without context are of much value to the reader. 2) and 3) weren't really appropriate to include in a section called "Military and patriotic honors and medals" in the first place. However, it's possible they could be salvaged and used for separate articles such as List of prizes, medals, and awards in India (analogous to existing articles like List of prizes, medals, and awards in Sri Lanka, List of prizes, medals, and awards in Singapore), and List of awards presented by the United Nations Colin M (talk) 20:10, 19 October 2019 (UTC)

Maintenance
I have taken a shot at splitting this list into sub-lists, then expanding the sub-lists using the category structure. The master list, large as it was, had only a small sample of awards in each area. There is still more to do to complete the sub-lists, which should roughly match the category structure, and to clean up some of the categorization, e.g. award winners categorized as awards. But there is a maintenance problem. In my view, every article in an award sub-category should be in a list of awards that owns that sub-category, and vice-versa. An award could be in more than one award sub-category, and a list could own more than one sub-category. Is there any mechanized way to audit this? Aymatth2 (talk) 17:50, 28 December 2019 (UTC)

title: Talk:Lists of awards


text:
User:Humanoid

Misc
User:Humanoid/sandbox

title: User:Humanoid


text:
User:Humanoid/sandbox

Why do the equations sometimes render as graphics, and sometimes as text?

Einstein Summation

An Einstein summation is a summation over an index that is implied without the use of a summation symbol. Authors who use it often say they are using the Einstein summation convention.

It is most often used in relativity when summing over an index that appears twice in a term, once as contravariant index and once as covariant index. In the following equation, on the left hand side we are doing an einstein summation, while on the right, we are explicitly showing the summation symbol:

 * $$ a_\mu b^\mu = \sum_{\mu = 0}^4 a_\mu b^\mu $$

In relativity, it is most common to use greek letters when the summation is taken from 0 to 3 inclusively, and to use latin letters when the summation is taken from 1 to 3 inclusively. We therefore have the following mathematical identity:

 * $$ a_\mu b^\mu = a_0 b^0 + a_i b^i $$

It is often said that as a rule, the summation only takes place if the index appears once as a contravariant index and once as a covariant index, but a lot of people break this rule and sum even when the index appears twice as the same kind. This rarely happens when the sum is over the 3 space dimensions and 1 time dimension of relativity. Thus, when using the standard metric of relativistic quantum theory we have:

 * $$ a_i b^i = - a^i b^i $$

The summation convention can also be used to display matrix multiplication such as:

 * $$ A_{ij} B_{jk} = C_{ik} $$

Sometimes we need to distribute over a factor before the summation can be clearly seen:

 * $$ a_\alpha (b^{\alpha \beta} - c_\beta d^\alpha) = a_\alpha b^{\alpha \beta} - a_\alpha c^\beta d^\alpha = e^\beta $$

title: User:Humanoid/sandbox