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Four-stroke engine

A four-stroke (also four-cycle) engine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:
 * 1) Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing a partial vacuum (negative pressure) in the cylinder through its downward motion.
 * 2) Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke  (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.
 * 3) Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. (the end of the compression stroke) the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug (in a gasoline engine) or by heat generated by high compression (diesel engines), forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
 * 4) Exhaust: Also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again, returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust port.

Four-stroke engines are the most common internal combustion engine design for motorized land transport, being used in automobiles, trucks, diesel trains, light aircraft and motorcycles. The major alternative design is the two-stroke cycle.

Otto cycle

Nikolaus August Otto was a traveling salesman for a grocery concern. In his travels, he encountered the internal combustion engine built in Paris by Belgian expatriate Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir. In 1860, Lenoir successfully created a double-acting engine that ran on illuminating gas at 4% efficiency. The 18 litre Lenoir Engine produced only 2 horsepower. The Lenoir engine ran on illuminating gas made from coal, which had been developed in Paris by Philip Lebon.

In testing a replica of the Lenoir engine in 1861, Otto became aware of the effects of compression on the fuel charge. In 1862, Otto attempted to produce an engine to improve on the poor efficiency and reliability of the Lenoir engine. He tried to create an engine that would compress the fuel mixture prior to ignition, but failed as that engine would run no more than a few minutes prior to its destruction. Many other engineers were trying to solve the problem, with no success.

In 1864, Otto and Eugen Langen founded the first internal combustion engine production company, NA Otto and Cie (NA Otto and Company). Otto and Cie succeeded in creating a successful atmospheric engine that same year. The factory ran out of space and was moved to the town of Deutz, Germany in 1869, where the company was renamed to Deutz Gasmotorenfabrik AG (The Deutz Gas Engine Manufacturing Company). In 1872, Gottlieb Daimler was technical director and Wilhelm Maybach was the head of engine design. Daimler was a gunsmith who had worked on the Lenoir engine. By 1876, Otto and Langen succeeded in creating the first internal combustion engine that compressed the fuel mixture prior to combustion for far higher efficiency than any engine created to this time.

Daimler and Maybach left their employ at Otto and Cie and developed the first high-speed Otto engine in 1883. In 1885, they produced the first automobile to be equipped with an Otto engine. The Daimler Reitwagen used a hot-tube ignition system and the fuel known as Ligroin to become the world's first vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. It used a four-stroke engine based on Otto's design. The following year, Karl Benz produced a four-stroke engined automobile that is regarded as the first car.

In 1884, Otto's company, then known as Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz (GFD), developed electric ignition and the carburetor. In 1890, Daimler and Maybach formed a company known as Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft. Today, that company is Daimler-Benz.

Atkinson cycle

The Atkinson-cycle engine is a type of single stroke internal combustion engine invented by James Atkinson in 1882. The Atkinson cycle is designed to provide efficiency at the expense of power density, and is used in some modern hybrid electric applications.

The original Atkinson-cycle piston engine allowed the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes of the four-stroke cycle to occur in a single turn of the crankshaft and was designed to avoid infringing certain patents covering Otto-cycle engines.

Due to the unique crankshaft design of the Atkinson, its expansion ratio can differ from its compression ratio and, with a power stroke longer than its compression stroke, the engine can achieve greater thermal efficiency than a traditional piston engine. While Atkinson's original design is no more than a historical curiosity, many modern engines use unconventional valve timing to produce the effect of a shorter compression stroke/longer power stroke, thus realizing the fuel economy improvements the Atkinson cycle can provide.

Diesel cycle

The diesel engine is a technical refinement of the 1876 Otto-cycle engine. Where Otto had realized in 1861 that the efficiency of the engine could be increased by first compressing the fuel mixture prior to its ignition, Rudolf Diesel wanted to develop a more efficient type of engine that could run on much heavier fuel. The Lenoir, Otto Atmospheric, and Otto Compression engines (both 1861 and 1876) were designed to run on Illuminating Gas (coal gas). With the same motivation as Otto, Diesel wanted to create an engine that would give small industrial companies their own power source to enable them to compete against larger companies, and like Otto, to get away from the requirement to be tied to a municipal fuel supply. Like Otto, it took more than a decade to produce the high-compression engine that could self-ignite fuel sprayed into the cylinder. Diesel used an air spray combined with fuel in his first engine.

During initial development, one of the engines burst, nearly killing Diesel. He persisted, and finally created a successful engine in 1893. The high-compression engine, which ignites its fuel by the heat of compression, is now called the diesel engine, whether a four-stroke or two-stroke design.

The four-stroke diesel engine has been used in the majority of heavy-duty applications for many decades. It uses a heavy fuel containing more energy and requiring less refinement to produce. The most efficient Otto-cycle engines run near 30% thermal efficiency.

Thermodynamic analysis

The thermodynamic analysis of the actual four-stroke and two-stroke cycles is not a simple task. However, the analysis can be simplified significantly if air standard assumptions are utilized. The resulting cycle, which closely resembles the actual operating conditions, is the Otto cycle.

During normal operation of the engine, as the air/fuel mixture is being compressed, an electric spark is created to ignite the mixture. At low rpm this occurs close to TDC (Top Dead Centre). As engine rpm rises, the speed of the flame front does not change so the spark point is advanced earlier in the cycle to allow a greater proportion of the cycle for the charge to combust before the power stroke commences. This advantage is reflected in the various Otto engine designs; the atmospheric (non-compression) engine operates at 12% efficiency whereas the compressed-charge engine has an operating efficiency around 30%.

Fuel considerations
A problem with compressed charge engines is that the temperature rise of the compressed charge can cause pre-ignition. If this occurs at the wrong time and is too energetic, it can damage the engine. Different fractions of petroleum have widely varying flash points (the temperatures at which the fuel may self-ignite). This must be taken into account in engine and fuel design.

The tendency for the compressed fuel mixture to ignite early is limited by the chemical composition of the fuel. There are several grades of fuel to accommodate differing performance levels of engines. The fuel is altered to change its self ignition temperature. There are several ways to do this. As engines are designed with higher compression ratios the result is that pre-ignition is much more likely to occur since the fuel mixture is compressed to a higher temperature prior to deliberate ignition. The higher temperature more effectively evaporates fuels such as gasoline, which increases the efficiency of the compression engine. Higher compression ratios also mean that the distance that the piston can push to produce power is greater (which is called the expansion ratio).

The octane rating of a given fuel is a measure of the fuel's resistance to self-ignition. A fuel with a higher numerical octane rating allows for a higher compression ratio, which extracts more energy from the fuel and more effectively converts that energy into useful work while at the same time preventing engine damage from pre-ignition. High Octane fuel is also more expensive.

Many modern four-stroke engines employ gasoline direct injection or GDI. In a gasoline direct-injected engine, the injector nozzle protrudes into the combustion chamber. The direct fuel injector injects gasoline under a very high pressure into the cylinder during the compression stroke, when the piston is closer to the top.

Diesel engines by their nature do not have concerns with pre-ignition. They have a concern with whether or not combustion can be started. The description of how likely Diesel fuel is to ignite is called the Cetane rating. Because Diesel fuels are of low volatility, they can be very hard to start when cold. Various techniques are used to start a cold Diesel engine, the most common being the use of a glow plug.

Power output limitations

The maximum amount of power generated by an engine is determined by the maximum amount of air ingested. The amount of power generated by a piston engine is related to its size (cylinder volume), whether it is a two-stroke engine or four-stroke design, volumetric efficiency, losses, air-to-fuel ratio, the calorific value of the fuel, oxygen content of the air and speed (RPM). The speed is ultimately limited by material strength and lubrication. Valves, pistons and connecting rods suffer severe acceleration forces. At high engine speed, physical breakage and piston ring flutter can occur, resulting in power loss or even engine destruction. Piston ring flutter occurs when the rings oscillate vertically within the piston grooves they reside in. Ring flutter compromises the seal between the ring and the cylinder wall, which causes a loss of cylinder pressure and power. If an engine spins too quickly, valve springs cannot act quickly enough to close the valves. This is commonly referred to as 'valve float', and it can result in piston to valve contact, severely damaging the engine. At high speeds the lubrication of piston cylinder wall interface tends to break down. This limits the piston speed for industrial engines to about 10 m/s.

Intake/exhaust port flow
The output power of an engine is dependent on the ability of intake (air–fuel mixture) and exhaust matter to move quickly through valve ports, typically located in the cylinder head. To increase an engine's output power, irregularities in the intake and exhaust paths, such as casting flaws, can be removed, and, with the aid of an air flow bench, the radii of valve port turns and valve seat configuration can be modified to reduce resistance. This process is called porting, and it can be done by hand or with a CNC machine.

Waste heat recovery of an internal combustion engine
An internal combustion engine is on average capable of converting only 40-45% of supplied energy into mechanical work. A large part of the waste energy is in the form of heat that is released to the environment through coolant, fins etc. If somehow waste heat could be captured and turned to mechanical energy, the engine's performance and/or fuel efficiency could be improved by improving the overall efficiency of the cycle. It has been found that even if 6% of the entirely wasted heat is recovered it can increase the engine efficiency greatly.

Many methods have been devised in order to extract waste heat out of an engine exhaust and use it further to extract some useful work, decreasing the exhaust pollutants at the same time. Use of the Rankine Cycle, turbocharging and thermoelectric generation can be very useful as a waste heat recovery system.

Supercharging
One way to increase engine power is to force more air into the cylinder so that more power can be produced from each power stroke. This can be done using some type of air compression device known as a supercharger, which can be powered by the engine crankshaft.

Supercharging increases the power output limits of an internal combustion engine relative to its displacement. Most commonly, the supercharger is always running, but there have been designs that allow it to be cut out or run at varying speeds (relative to engine speed). Mechanically driven supercharging has the disadvantage that some of the output power is used to drive the supercharger, while power is wasted in the high pressure exhaust, as the air has been compressed twice and then gains more potential volume in the combustion but it is only expanded in one stage.

Turbocharging
A turbocharger is a supercharger that is driven by the engine's exhaust gases, by means of a turbine. A turbocharger is incorporated into the exhaust system of a vehicle to make use of the expelled exhaust. It consists of a two piece, high-speed turbine assembly with one side that compresses the intake air, and the other side that is powered by the exhaust gas outflow.

When idling, and at low-to-moderate speeds, the turbine produces little power from the small exhaust volume, the turbocharger has little effect and the engine operates nearly in a naturally aspirated manner. When much more power output is required, the engine speed and throttle opening are increased until the exhaust gases are sufficient to 'spool up' the turbocharger's turbine to start compressing much more air than normal into the intake manifold. Thus, additional power (and speed) is expelled through the function of this turbine.

Turbocharging allows for more efficient engine operation because it is driven by exhaust pressure that would otherwise be (mostly) wasted, but there is a design limitation known as turbo lag. The increased engine power is not immediately available due to the need to sharply increase engine RPM, to build up pressure and to spin up the turbo, before the turbo starts to do any useful air compression. The increased intake volume causes increased exhaust and spins the turbo faster, and so forth until steady high power operation is reached. Another difficulty is that the higher exhaust pressure causes the exhaust gas to transfer more of its heat to the mechanical parts of the engine.

Rod and piston-to-stroke ratio
The rod-to-stroke ratio is the ratio of the length of the connecting rod to the length of the piston stroke. A longer rod reduces sidewise pressure of the piston on the cylinder wall and the stress forces, increasing engine life. It also increases the cost and engine height and weight.

A "square engine" is an engine with a bore diameter equal to its stroke length. An engine where the bore diameter is larger than its stroke length is an oversquare engine, conversely, an engine with a bore diameter that is smaller than its stroke length is an undersquare engine.

Valve train
The valves are typically operated by a camshaft rotating at half the speed of the crankshaft. It has a series of cams along its length, each designed to open a valve during the appropriate part of an intake or exhaust stroke. A tappet between valve and cam is a contact surface on which the cam slides to open the valve. Many engines use one or more camshafts "above" a row (or each row) of cylinders, as in the illustration, in which each cam directly actuates a valve through a flat tappet. In other engine designs the camshaft is in the crankcase, in which case each cam usually contacts a push rod, which contacts a rocker arm that opens a valve, or in case of a flathead engine a push rod is not necessary. The overhead cam design typically allows higher engine speeds because it provides the most direct path between cam and valve.

Valve clearance
Valve clearance refers to the small gap between a valve lifter and a valve stem that ensures that the valve completely closes. On engines with mechanical valve adjustment, excessive clearance causes noise from the valve train. A too-small valve clearance can result in the valves not closing properly. This results in a loss of performance and possibly overheating of exhaust valves. Typically, the clearance must be readjusted each 20000 mi with a feeler gauge.

Most modern production engines use hydraulic lifters to automatically compensate for valve train component wear. Dirty engine oil may cause lifter failure.

Energy balance
Otto engines are about 30% efficient; in other words, 30% of the energy generated by combustion is converted into useful rotational energy at the output shaft of the engine, while the remainder being lost due to waste heat, friction and engine accessories. There are a number of ways to recover some of the energy lost to waste heat. The use of a turbocharger in diesel engines is very effective by boosting incoming air pressure and in effect, provides the same increase in performance as having more displacement. The Mack Truck company, decades ago, developed a turbine system that converted waste heat into kinetic energy that it fed back into the engine's transmission. In 2005, BMW announced the development of the turbosteamer, a two-stage heat-recovery system similar to the Mack system that recovers 80% of the energy in the exhaust gas and raises the efficiency of an Otto engine by 15%. By contrast, a six-stroke engine may reduce fuel consumption by as much as 40%.

Modern engines are often intentionally built to be slightly less efficient than they could otherwise be. This is necessary for emission controls such as exhaust gas recirculation and catalytic converters that reduce smog and other atmospheric pollutants. Reductions in efficiency may be counteracted with an engine control unit using lean burn techniques.

In the United States, the Corporate Average Fuel Economy mandates that vehicles must achieve an average of 34.9 mpgus compared to the current standard of 25 mpgus. As automakers look to meet these standards by 2016, new ways of engineering the traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) have to be considered. Some potential solutions to increase fuel efficiency to meet new mandates include firing after the piston is farthest from the crankshaft, known as top dead centre, and applying the Miller cycle. Together, this redesign could significantly reduce fuel consumption and emissions.

Starting position, intake stroke, and compression stroke.

Ignition of fuel, power stroke, and exhaust stroke.

General sources

 * scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/OttoCycle.html
 * scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/OttoCycle.html

title: Four-stroke engine


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Talk:Israeli–Palestinian conflict/Archive 1

Article discussion
I think this may be a more fruitful entry than the separate terrorism against Israel and terrorism against Arabs entries, or the intifada entry as the primary place to put information. --The Cunctator

I have never heard the term "Israeli-Palestinian conflict" used before. Is this some wikipedian's ideosyncratic usage? Or attempt to slice off a digestible piece of the Arab-Israeli conflict? Absent a good explanation, I vote against having this article. Ed Poor
 * Then read the Israeli press. That is often what it is called in Hebrew. Think of it as a subconflict within a larger conflict. Danny

I guess what confuses me is the meaning of the word "Palestinian".
 * 1) A Palestinian is any long-term resident of the Levant, the region often called "Palestine" throughout much of history.
 * 2) A Palestinian is an Arab living in the Palestinian homeland, which is defined as the territory bordering on Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon -- that would explain the maps labeling this territory as "Palestine"

Is it one of the above, or something else?

 * Both and neither. Both in that Palestinian can be used to describe A and B. I know many Israeli Jews born in Mandatory Palestine, who birth certificates make them Palestinian. Neither because the two definitions are not exclusive. Palestinian means a lot of different things to a lot of different people (see what I did with nomenclature on the Palestine article). In the contemporary world, it is, however, most frequently used to refer to the latter option. Perhaps this is not an ideal situation, given the multiple meanings of the term, but one of the principles of self-determination is that peoples have a right to call themselves whatever they want. As for Palestinians and Jordanians (Syrians, Lebanese, Iraqis, etc.), yes, they are all Arabs, as are Algerians and Saudis. There are, however, regional differences, whether dialectical or cultural--the Jerusalem dialect of Arabic is closer to the Egyptian than the Syrian dialect (Jerusalem is al-'Uds, not al-Quds). There are different local customs and traditions, different historical narratives, local differences of cuisine and costume, in fact all the elements of distinct cultures. One would not think of lumping all Eastern Europeans together as Slavs, nor should they lump all Arabs together either. Danny

 * Agreed (though I do think the percentages are significantly different). What was important about Nusseibah's statement though is that it was an important example of a prominent Palestinian leader condemning violence from his own side in a meaningful manner. This has been done on many occasions by Israeli leaders (note the vocal peace movement in Israel). I think the media jumped on it because it may signify a turning point among some of the Palestinian leadership and the possibility of a peace movement emerging there too. Let's face it. Both sides are going to have to make painful compromises that extend beyond their current positions and red lines. Danny

 * I agree with your sentiments, but I'm not sure about the part where you say the Israeli leadership have condemned their own side's violence. There is an important distinction between the two sides in that the people who are perpetrating the violence against Palestinians are the IDF, directly accountable to the Israeli government;  the violence against Israelis comes from maverick militant groups.  I don't remember reading about anyone in the Israeli government condemning the actions of the IDF.  But that aside, how can we fix that bit of the article?  It is a bit odd at the moment. (It is too daunting a task to attempt to fix the bias in the rest of the article).  I favour just deleting that sentence. GrahamN

 * As I see it, the political leadership in Israel includes the Knesset, where Meretz, the chief opposition party, has condemned the violence. Similarly, Peres and prominent members of the Labor Party have also rejected Sharon's policies, but for reasons of their own decided to remain in the coalition (ostensibly to act as a "moderating factor"). Furthermore, some, but not all Palestinian violence is by maverick militant groups. Other acts have been arranged, sponsored, etc. by the Palestinian leadership under Arafat, or at least Mr. Arafat and his deputies turned a blind eye to them preparations. Attacks committed by Fatah, teh group headed by Arafat, are an example. Anyway, that's my declaredly POV perspective. More importantly, I would agree withe deleting the sentence if that would resolve the bias issue. Danny

 * I would agree to only one of the two: remove the quote altogether (anyway, it only represents Nusseibah and about 200 people who have signed his petition), or alternatively disclaim that he and his followers are a tiny minority. Representing him as some sort of a serious participant in the political apparatus of the PA is fallacious, and that I won't support. --Uri

Scanning the content about the Palestinian conflict I see that it is purely pro-Israeli. Any other information is promptly removed, rendering it meaningless for an unbiased person to participate. Only the "truth" that all Palestinians are murderers is allowed on Wikipedia. NPOV as usual. - A.

 * Speak about specifics. Is Sari Nusseibeh's opinion one representative of a majority? Is Haifa occupied Palestinian land? I only delete trolls; I discuss topics worthy of a discussion. --Uri

A., I think you are mistaken: if anything, the anti-Israeli view is given great prominence. My pro-Israeli additions are routinely neutralized, and several other Jewish or pro-Israeli contributors constantly add information on Arab points of view. I haven't seen "all Palestinians are murderers" or anything like it. Is there some specific factual information or spokesman's viewpoint you'd like to see included? Ed Poor 07:42 Jul 24, 2002 (PDT)

Why is there a detailed timeline on this entry? It seems to serve no purpose other than as a dumping ground for biased descriptions of every terrible thing that happens in the region. We don't have WWII timelines listing German citizens killed in Dresden. I don't think this can be managed objectively, and I don't think it belongs

I agree. And since this Israeli propagandist timeline is all there is in the article, I propose that the whole article be deleted. GrahamN

 * It's funny that you had no problem with that when you added Nusseibeh's quote. Talk about propaganda. --Uri

Everything above "Timeline" seems fine to me. Everything below should probably just be wiped out. Timelines should give major events that help someone understand the issue at hand, not a tit-for-tat recital by advocates. Marknau

 * Actually I can see the problem with the timeline, do we want it to contain _everything_? I thought that what I added (information about the attack on gaza city, which probably started this discussion) was something major. But now that I think about it, the most important thing for Wikipedia to provide is for example good (background) information about Gaza City. If someone comes here looking for background information on Gaza City after the attack, they will of course already know (or at least have a general idea) about how many people who died in the attack. pty 13:22 Jul 24, 2002 (PDT)

 * We could split off the timeline and rename it "Violence in the Levant" or something like that, with a link from Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Ed Poor

Look, this is silly. Even if the time-line were hived-off to a different place it would still be a full-time job for someone to prevent it from being a mouthpiece for the Israeli Ministry of Defense. And meanwhile, we are none of us getting on with writing an encyclopaedia. The subject is so current and controversial, that it is literally impossible to write a NPoV article about it. It is just not a suitable topic for Wikipedia. I propose that the whole article be deleted. Do I have a seconder? GrahamN

Archive 1 talk
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license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/


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List of heavy metal bands

This is a list of heavy metal artists from the formative years of the movement (formed between 1963 and 1981). For bands formed after 1981, please consult the lists for each heavy metal subgenre.

In the late 1960s, a number of bands began pushing the limits of blues rock into a new genre which would be called heavy metal.

In 1981, three of the "Big Four" thrash metal bands emerged (Metallica, Slayer and Anthrax), to be joined on the scene in 1983 by Megadeth.

title: List of heavy metal bands


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Valerie Anand

Valerie Anand (born 1937) is a British author of historical fiction.

Fiction
Under the pen name Fiona Buckley she writes the series of historical mysteries, set in the reign of Elizabeth I of England, featuring "Ursula Blanchard" (whose full name is Ursula Faldene Blanchard de la Roche Stannard). Under her own name, she writes historical fiction based on the royalty of England and the Bridges over Time series which follows a family from the eleventh century through the twentieth century. She has also written To a Native Shore, a contemporary novel that explores British prejudice toward Indian Sikhs.

Anand also holds the copyrights to The Fallen Pinnacle, a 1997 novel about Atlantis written under the pseudonym Valerie M. Irwin.

Ursula Blanchard mysteries

 * 1) To Shield the Queen (1998) ISBN 0-671-01531-1
 * 2) The Doublet Affair (1998) ISBN 0-671-01532-X
 * 3) Queen's Ransom (2000) ISBN 0-671-03293-3
 * 4) To Ruin a Queen (2000) ISBN 0-671-03294-1
 * 5) Queen of Ambition (2002) ISBN 0-7434-1030-0
 * 6) A Pawn for a Queen (2002) ISBN 0-7432-0265-1
 * 7) Fugitive Queen (2004) ISBN 0-7434-5748-X
 * 8) The Siren Queen (2004) ISBN 0-7432-3752-8
 * 9) Queen Without a Crown (2011) ISBN 9781780295145
 * 10) Queen's Bounty (2012) ISBN 9781780295275
 * 11) A Rescue for a Queen (2013)ISBN 9781780295374
 * 12) A Traitor's Tears (2014) ISBN 9781780295435
 * 13) A Perilous Alliance (2015) ISBN 9781780295855
 * 14) The Heretic's Creed (2017) ISBN 9781780295749
 * 15) A Deadly Betrothal (2017) ISBN 9781780295800
 * 16) A Web of Silk (2019) ISBN 9781780295930

Bridges Over Time series

 * The Proud Villeins (1992) ISBN 0-312-08282-7
 * The Ruthless Yeomen (1991) ISBN 0-312-08884-1
 * The Women of Ashdon (1993) ISBN 0-312-09417-5
 * The Faithful Lovers (1993) ISBN 0-312-10979-2
 * The Cherished Wives (1996) ISBN 0-312-13943-8
 * The Dowerless Sisters (1995) ISBN 0-7472-1267-8

Norman series

 * Gildenford (1977) ISBN 0-684-14896-X
 * The Norman Pretender (1982) ISBN 0-684-16099-4
 * The Disputed Crown (1982) ISBN 0-684-17629-7

Other historical novels

 * King of the Wood (1984) ISBN 0-312-02939-X (2016) ISBN 978-1861514578
 * based on King William Rufus
 * Crown of Roses (1989) ISBN 0-312-03315-X
 * based on the end of the Wars of the Roses
 * The House of Lanyon - The Exmoor Saga (2007) ISBN 978-0-7783-2502-4
 * Story of Richard Lanyon, his descendants, and his landlords the Sweetwaters
 * The House Of Allerbrook - The Exmoor Saga (2008) ISBN 978-1-74116-676-7
 * Story of Jane Sweetwater (Allerbrook)

Other novels

 * To a Native Shore: A Novel of India (1984) ISBN 0-684-18007-3

Innocence of King Richard III
Valerie Anand is a believer in the innocence of King Richard III in the matter of the Princes in the Tower, i.e. a Ricardian. She presents this view in Crown of Roses, making the point that the former tutor of Edward V, John Alcock, remained on good terms with the king, which he presumably would not have done had he suspected him of being responsible for the death of his former student.

title: Valerie Anand


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Talk:Jazz guitar

Untitled
That bit about the independant guitar maker is blatant self-promotion

-zerojake 10/28/07 —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.195.137.76 (talk) 17:38, 28 October 2007 (UTC)

Someone seems to have thought that Texas, home of Charlie Christian and Pat Metheny, is in the midwest. It is not, nor is Kansas City, Missouri. The cattle drives went from Texas to Kansas City and Kansas City was, and is, a southwestern city, as those of us who have lived in Missouri know. Wes Montgomery, now, was from the Midwest (Indianapolis). Ortolan88

Other notable guitarists
I broke up the long list by letter, and started filling in birth/death dates and summaries for musicians who didn't have them. I'd be grateful if others could help finish the job, because it's a long list. I also added some critical musicians who were missing, like Charlie Byrd and Lenny Breau. David 12:58, 21 October 2006 (UTC)

Turned alphabetical list into paragraphs
Hi, I have turned the alphabetical list into paragraphs, done chronologically by era. And I've eliminated people who aren't in the TRULY NOTABLE category...people that shaped the history of jazz guitar (Montgomery, Hall, Benson, McLaughlin, etc). I've found that when you have an alphabetical list of notable people, it tends to get populated by every up-and-coming local person who thinks that "I opened for George Benson when he played at our jazz festival, and I self-produced 2 CDs, which got good reviews from my local paper>>>>therefore I am notable". As well, the alphabetical list doesn't "tell the story" of the history of jazz guitar. The chronological approach allows you to tell the story of guitar's change from a rhythm instrument in the big bands to a soloing instrument. Nazamo 14:08, 22 June 2007 (UTC)

Robert Conti advertisements
Hi, Advertisements for Robert Conti jazz guitar instructional products keep getting posted here. Most recently, when they were re-added, the anonymous poster complained that "someone keeps deleting" the advertisements, which they claimed are "relevant". Take a minute, please, to read the Wikipedia External Links policy atWP:EL. It states that Links normally to be avoided include "Links to sites that primarily exist to sell products or services, or to sites with objectionable amounts of advertising." Just because you are selling a jazz guitar-related product, which makes it relevant in your eyes, it doesn't mean it is appropriate to put it on a WIkipedia article. OnBeyondZebrax (talk) 04:23, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
 * If you go onto the "free Robert Conti" jazz guitar lesson page, there is paragraph after paragraph praising Conti's jazz instructional methods, and his 25 DVDs, and then you are urged to visit RobertConti.com....when you go there, you can buy a range of Learning Products, including Jazz Guitar Improv DVDs,Chord Melody DVDs,Signature Chord Melody Arrangements,"Source Code" Books,Jazz Guitar Recordings,Lessons By Mail,Private Lessons, or the option of hiring him to Host a Clinic. Just because there are free jazz guitar lesson samples, it doesn't justify adding these promotional websites to the Wikipedia article on this subject. I think a quick surf of these sites will show you that these are advertising websites which exist primarily to sell products or services.OnBeyondZebrax (talk) 04:31, 9 May 2008 (UTC)

In the same way one could argue that the external link to "Jazz Chameleon" is a blatant advertisement for a sympathetic but otherwise low quality (and imho completely irrelevant) jazz guitar lesson site (which although free is using Amazon programs to generate revenue) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 114.145.3.24 (talk) 13:06, 7 September 2008 (UTC)

Improvisation
An editor added this section: "While many jazz musicians argue that jazz improvisation should be primarily based on the melody of the tune, and that chord progressions are of secondary relevance, jazz guitar players tend to improvise more according to chord/scale relationships than brass players, possibly due to guitarists' greater familiarity with chords resulting from the comping role." There is no source for this claim. This claim might make sense in the context of a 1915-era Dixie-style jazz band, where the brass players tend to riff around on the main theme of a tune. However, if you look at transcriptions of Bebop sax solos by people like Charlie Parker, the improvisations have nothing to do with the melody of the song. His complex improvisations were based on the chords in the tune, and their associated scales. Thus, on an Eb 7 (flat 9) chord, the sax line would include a prominent "flat 9" note, along with other prominent chord tones (often the 3rd, 7th, 9th, and 13th), and then the scale used as passing tones.OnBeyondZebrax (talk) 16:02, 23 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Here is a source that puts it far better than I could hope to do...The Jazzology: The Encyclopedia of Jazz Theory for All Musicians, by Robert Rawlins, Nor Eddine Bahha, Barrett Tagliarino ( Hal Leonard Corporation, 2005 ISBN 0634086782, 9780634086786), on page 141 notes that "With the advent of bebop...improvisation clearly emerges as the central component of the music. The harmonic structure of the tune assumes more importance than the melody. Whereas many swing musiciancs had been accustomed to faking solos by ear, the demanding tempos and chord sequences of bebop made it necessary for musicians to learn thoroughly the chords to the tunes they improvised" on....."Jazz musicians before Charlie Parker had the option of simply reinterpreting the melody and making it "hot". [e.g., by adding ornaments, riffs, and scale licks]........"Jazz musicians after Charlie Parker were expected to create something new and original from the harmonic structure of the tune."OnBeyondZebrax (talk) 17:35, 23 September 2008 (UTC)

Problems with "Playing Styles"
1. The section treats improvisation and single-note playing as equivalent. But chordal improvisation is perfectly possible.

2. It ignores the whole area of solo (qua unaccompanied playing)

3. Specifically, there is no mention of chord-melody playing and chord soloing.

1Z (talk) 21:50, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
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title: Talk:Jazz guitar


text:
Talk:Taxi Driver

When was its release date?
The article itself says "The film was theatrically released by Columbia Pictures on February 7, 1976"; but the article's sidebar says February 9. Which is correct? Josh (talk) 19:34, 9 February 2024 (UTC)

References to use

 * Please add to the list references that can be used for the film article.

High
Critcally noted as scorcese's trifecta with raging bull and goodfellas, oscars, IMDB 250. Andman8 04:21, 18 July 2006 (UTC)

Is Taxi Driver considered a pastiche?

Can you elaborate? -- Zoe

Jesus, what's the deal with User:Tarquin? She just deleted the link asking why anyone would care about what a taxi driver thinks of the film.

 * well it's like this: if you're going to link to one person's review on the web, you might as well link to them all. What makes that one special? Are they a well-known film critic? -- Tarquin 10:07, 23 Sep 2003 (UTC)

"he takes her to a pornographic film"? Does he? I thought it was a sex-ed film, but those were often shown in porn cinemas in the US. // Liftarn

 * It's no sex education film I've seen, but yes, you are correct. The IMDB entry on Kärlekens språk, the Swedish "information film" that's Bickle takes her to, mentions it shows actual coitus, something I don't think like that is shown in high schools, even nowadays. However, I could see it being one of those things, because of the display of sexual intercourse, would be shown in a porno theatre in the '70s. Of course, it could've been the only thing Scorsese could get ahold of and figured he could pass it off as a porn flick. --YoungFreud 04:50, 7 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Actually, it was a sex education film, at least in Nordic countries. It was shown in local film theaters and even our teacher suggested us that we should go to see the film. This took place in Finland in the 1960s.

 * The film was called an "Information Film", but that was always code for Swedish skin flicks. There aren't many orgies in sex ed, for example.  You have to remember that this was the early 1970's and even in Times Square things were somewhat repressed so they had to have silly double speak in order to get things by standards codes. --TheGrza 07:25, Nov 8, 2004 (UTC)

It comes under the sexploitation category, a film which claims it is educational, but is really a skin-flick. Until pornography laws in the UK were loosened in the early 2000s and high street newsagents were allowed to sell hard-core pornography, this 'rebranding' was often used as a way of getting porn into the country. Martyn Smith 17:35, 17 June 2006 (UTC)

I have added references to the fact that Bickle is suffering from post traumatic stress disorder, plus a few key points relating to Vietman vererans in the 'critical response' section.--ChrisJMoor 02:26, 3 October 2005 (UTC)

Travis a Marine?
I changed the line added "has recently been discharged from the Marines" to WHO CLAIMS THAT HE (has recently been discharged from the Marines) as the only evidence that Travis was a marine comes from Travis himself and throughout the film he is shown to invent stories about himself.

 * Interesting point. That he was a Vietnam vet was news to me, something that would make sense... given his age.  But is there any other reason for asserting this—the patches on his jacket, perhaps? —Morning star 15:21, 26 December 2005 (UTC)

 * In the screenplay, Schrader indicates the patches on his sleeves, one of which is King Kong Company and the years. I can't recall the years at this point, but I'm pretty sure the patch is readable in the movie, which would confirm he is a veteran. Gohst 04:12, 2 February 2006 (UTC)

 * If I'm not mistaken, the word "Vietnam" is never explicitly mentioned in the movie. Which is interesting in and of itself. -MB (9 September 2006)

 * Check out the massive scar on Travis' back when he's working out. Admittedly this might actually be DeNiro's scar, but if it was meant to be a combat related scar from Travis' time in Vietnam it may also help to explain his Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or if that's not adequate his simple disillusionment with society i.e. 'What was I at war for'. Phlippit (talk) 01:03, 1 June 2008 (UTC)

Small, but interesting detail is a Vietcong flag in his apartment, which appears on the screen for around 2 seconds in the first shot showing Travis' living space. 77.96.64.16 (talk) 05:13, 31 December 2009 (UTC)

Travis was definitely a Marine. There are several reasons I believe this. One, the burning of shoe polish is consistent with Marines spit shining their boots. Two, the way he wraps the cloth around his hand to shine his boots is consistent. Three, the tape he uses to secure his knife to his boot is consistent with the cloth type tape that was issued when I was in the Marine Corps. It's like athletic tape, but not exactly. I can't remember the name of the tape.

As for the word "Vietnam" being mentioned in the movie, it is actually mentioned by the Senatorial Candidate for the Presidency when Travis is sitting in his cab, watching the Senator give a speech, right before the cop comes up and says "Hey, cabbie. you can't park here." Vicioustwist 08:48, 19 November 2006 (UTC)

I believe that Travis was a Marine who served at least one tour in Vietnam. In the opening scene when he interviews for the taxi driver job, Travis mentions his honorable discharge from the Marines in May of 1973, and that his age is 26. Assuming that the time line of the story is either 1975 or 1976, it would be completely plausible that Travis could have served in Vietnam as early as 1968. (The full-blown war in Vietnam ran from about 1964 to 1975.)

Travis wears clothing all throughout the movie which are apparently left over from his days in the Marines. Travis can be seen wearing a yellow faded Marine Corps PT T-shirt turned inside-out when he exercises in his apartment. Near the end of this movie, just before Travis picks up Betsy as a fare, the back of one of his green jackets can be clearly seen with "Bickle T" stenciled upon it in faded black ink. I was not in the Marine Corps myself, but I would say that names and initials being stenciled on the outside of clothing is quite characteristic of military service. --Kepiblanc 06:41, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

I just finished watching the DVD. If you pause the film during the last scene when the "New York Times" article on the wall is being shown, you can read that Travis served in the "Special Forces in Vietnam". —Preceding unsigned comment added by 96.246.64.83 (talk • contribs) (18:06, 28 May 2010)
 * What you saw while watching the DVD would not be acceptable as a reference in the article. If, on the other hand, you were to find a book, or other source, in which this is mentioned, that would be another matter.  Thanks. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  03:28, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

 * Having seen this film many times since its initial release and being a former Marine and Vietnam era veteran myself, my view is that Travis Bickle was a Marine but did not serve in Vietnam. Nowhere in the film is Vietnam mentioned. As posted by some commentators, there is a Viet Cong flag seen in his room at the beginning that could have been found or bought anywhere; even a battle trophy from punching out an anti-war protestor. As mentioned, Travis does shine his shoes in the manner of a Marine, does "Airborne" pushups (propelling yourself off the ground and clapping your hands; when done in massive repetitions you often hit the deck with your body and face) and has his name stenciled on the back of a non issue jacket (Scorese's homage to Sands of Iwo Jima?). I have heard that some Stateside Force Recon wore Mohawk haircuts for a while in the early 70's to terrorise anti-war protestors but were forced to remove them.  He wears a "fantasy" coloured shoulder patch and incredibly, wears what looks like Marine Corps jump wings on the wrong (left) side of his jacket; something a real Marine who earned them would never do. Having just reseen the film on the big screen I tried to read the newspaper articles in the background, but as they were not frozen frame I could not notice any mention made of Vietnam. I found it incredible at that time that 'Ex-Marine' or 'Vietnam Vet' would not be mentioned in a tabloid style headline. In 1975 the US Veteran's Administration had a statistic that three out of every four males over the age of 18 had some military background, whether regular, reserve, National Guard, etc so it would be more surprising that Travis did not have any military experience. Only about half of the USMC is what is called the Fleet Marine Force; Three Divisions and Three Air Wings that deploy in combat.  The rest would be base and ship's detachments in the US or Okinawa.  Of these FMF Divisions and Air Wings, only two, the First and Third, were in Vietnam.  As Travis states when he approaches the taxi company, he was honourably discharged in 1973.  As the average Marine enlistment was three or four years it is well possible Travis was a Marine but never served in Vietnam. (I also wore my Ka-Bar upside down but under my jacket rather than on my leg).Foofbun (talk) 02:49, 12 August 2011 (UTC)

Hmmm...I think - whith respect to the above in particular - that the whole point is that you can never actually be really sure of Travis' past. Travis is given to storytelling - maybe his assertion about marine service is just another fantasy. You don't know. He "wears the t-shirts". So what? I have a t-shirt saying "I love New York", but I've never been there in my life. In the post shooting sequence someone has spotted a newspaper article saying that Travis served in the marines...but as others have said elsewhere you can't really tell whether that last scene is "real" or a delusional fantasy dreamt up by a dying Travis. And I think that the film was made that way deliberately. — Preceding unsigned comment added by John2o2o2o (talk • contribs) 00:55, 18 June 2012 (UTC)

From what I understand the wings are the ARVN (Army of the Republic of Viet Nam) ones and therefore is the correct side to wear  foreign para wings on a US jacket The US wings would be on the lefthand side. found some examples of U.S.ARMY jackets and shirts on the web with that configuration, so I guess it would also apply to the USMC. I also noticed that above the left, tape patch was removed....that maybe just prop used surplus jacket  :  Hope I did not say something wrong, just thought I would post my latest research regarding Travis' M65, Oli 13 january 2013  — Preceding unsigned comment added by 178.211.233.142 (talk) 13:33, 13 January 2013 (UTC)

Michael D. High's article "Taxi Driver and Veteran Trauma" gives all the supporting evidence as to why Travis is a veteran who has experienced combat, even though screenwriter Paul Schrader has been ambiguous on the point and Travis lies (to himself and others) throughout the film. In Scorsese on Scorsese, the director says "It was crucial to Travis Bickle's character that he had experienced life and death around him every second he was in south-east Asia " (Scorsese, 1989: 62). — Preceding unsigned comment added by 100.13.141.243 (talk) 21:01, 21 March 2016 (UTC)

Jodie Foster's age
Foster's age was just changed from fourteen to twelve. If she was born on 19 November 1962, that would make her thirteen for most of 1975. —Morning star 15:21, 26 December 2005 (UTC)
 * If Jodie 's birthday is 19 November 1962 she turned 13 on November 19 1975 and she was 12 during almost the year 1975. The film was released in February 1976 so Jodie was 12 when it was filmed and just 13 when the movie was released to theaters. Ik.pas.aan 22:30, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Ah! Duuh.  Sorry for one of my dimmer moments. —Morning star 05:15, 9 March 2006 (UTC)

Was Foster's character really supposed to be 12 1/2? My impression was that her pimp said she was 12 to imply she still had virginal qualities. Regardless of appearance, she seemed to posses the composure of someone older than that. -Bantosh 21:20, 7 May 2006

Sequel?
I remember reading something about De Niro and Scorsese working on a sequel a year ago I think. If I remember right, then someone should add that to the article.

 * The sequel section's final sentence is a misrepresentation of its cited source. I'm going to delete it or re-word it unless someone objects.Chickendijon (talk) 19:19, 12 April 2010 (UTC)

Trivia section
The Trivia section is much too long, and much of it is probably pointless. If I don't pull a bunch of it out soon, someone else should. --Xyzzyplugh 23:31, 18 August 2006 (UTC)
 * I removed a few of the entries that were cut and pasted from imdb, but it's still too long. I thought about starting a production or background section and moving the relevant pieces from there, but the problem is that they aren't sourced, and in some cases seem contradictory (the inspiration for the character of Travis Bickle). If someone wants to verify the information, great, otherwise it should just be removed. - Bobet 09:33, 16 October 2006 (UTC)

Why would Robert Deniro do a sequel what plot would there be, it would just be him picking up fares another reason is that Robert Deniro is now 65 what's he going to do pull out his bus pass and say "you talking to me". matthew suter 18:33, 10 june 2008

Novelisation
I have what must be a fairly rare copy of the novelisation of Taxi Driver, written by someone called Richard Elman and published by Bantam Books in 1976. The ISBN is 0552101281. I haven't been able to find out much about the author although there's a little here. Where should this go? Trivia, or a separate section? Or is it even worth mentioning at all? Incidentally, the same author seems to have done the novelisation of Smokey and the Bandit... Lexo, 15.52, 27 August 2006 (UTC)

'Coke' movie
I remember julia phillips (who did have a drug problem) saying in her autobiography that this was a 'Coke movie' referring to the drug (cocaine) consumed every day by participants in the movie. Somebody could check this and then mention it in the article.
 * No they shouldn't, it's not notable in any way.Vonbontee (talk) 10:43, 23 February 2011 (UTC)
 * Of course it's notable; do it. 173.210.125.42 (talk) 17:45, 4 April 2011 (UTC)
 * I fail to see why it's notable at all. If drug use had any real impact on the film - like, if an actor was too coked-out to perform on a particular shooting day, or if Scorsese claims that such-and-such a scene or a directorial choice was conceived during a cocaine fantasy - then obviously it's relevent. Otherwise, I don't think so. (But if anyone still feels the need to add it, I'll just shake my damn head and leave it there and not try to delete it. Unless I should happen across the article again someday when I'm bored.)Vonbontee (talk) 19:48, 11 November 2011 (UTC)

The ending
The ending is Robert de Niro successfully impressing a girl by getting famous then deciding he doesn't like the girl for liking him for being famous.

No it isn't. He just still feels detached from her and everything else; as well as holding resentment for her for rejecting him in the past.--Tainted Drifter 10:05, 16 February 2007 (UTC)

In the shootout scene, Travis kills a man who is an apparent mafioso. (I am referring to the man who wears the thick frame eyeglasses and plaid print leisure suit.) This man in the leisure suit is seen collecting a considerable sum of money from Sport just before he heads up to see Iris, and his holstered revolver can be briefly seen as he pockets the money. All of this would be uncharacteristic of an ordinary patron of prostitutes, but not of a mafioso who is making a protection money collection from a street pimp.

Since the mafia will typically seek to quickly retaliate against any outsider who kills one of their own, perhaps the reason that Travis quickly adjusts his rear view mirror just before the credits roll is because he catches a glimpse of a carload of hit men preparing to shoot him to death.--Kepiblanc 08:18, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

Well if someone was going to shoot him then they would of done it because when the credits come up you see Bickle driving through quite a few streets and pick up a fair,maybe he just saw something or someone he didnt like. matthewsuter--- 16:55 18 august 2008

Thelma Schoonmaker did not edit Taxi Driver
I have made the correction to the credits box per the IMDB listing. JohnC 14:58, 30 March 2007 (UTC)

If you notice in the shoot out that the mafioso shoots Travis in the arm at close range why not just shoot him in the head common of movies in this genre. matthew suter 18:38, 10 june 2008

Notes from Underground
someone should mention that the story is influenced by dostoevsky's notes from underground (ie. it quotes it directly "I am God's lonely man").

 * The quote is from Thomas Wolfe's essay, "God's Lonely Man", which is quoted and accredited to Wolfe at the beginning of the film. That's not to say that Dostoevsky's work wasn't an influence, but the quote is from Wolfe. PCLM (talk) 02:15, 6 July 2009 (UTC)

Alternative analysis
I dislike the new "Alternative analysis" section because any analysis violates Wikipedia:NPOV and there are several errors in that section. --Wasted Sapience 12:11, 9 April 2007 (UTC)
 * Agreed, it's original research, and tangential. Makes the article too long. Delete? --Nick 19:36, 21 April 2007 (UTC)

House Of Pain Lyric...

It's 'Holy Diver', not 'Holy Godiva'. 'Holy Diver' is a Dio song. I don't know what 'Holy Godiva' is. Someone please correct.

Shane reference
Isn't "you talking to me...I don't see anybody else here" a reference to a similiar line in Shane (film) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 82.24.120.123 (talk) 19:29, 29 January 2008 (UTC)

 * Thus:
 * Shane: You speaking to me?
 * Chris Calloway: I don't see nobody else standing there.
 * —SlamDiego←T 17:13, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

hi there
by the way i think this is a pretty good article and i want to congradulate the writer(s). i know not every one on wikipedia likes the trivia sections in articles but for a film like taxi driver which has made a huge imprint on popular culture, e.g. it was referenced on the simpsons, family guy e.ct. and every one konws the "you talkin to me" quote i think it should have its own popular culture section, just a suggestion. :) —Preceding unsigned comment added by Wannabe Wiki (talk • contribs) 03:48, 23 April 2008 (UTC)

Redrect
Why am I redirected here for Charles Palantine? --Arav the Undersith (talk) 09:51, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
 * A search for the string “Charles Palantine” within the article would answer your question. Googling for “Charles Palantine” would alos answer your question. —SlamDiego←T 17:06, 8 September 2008 (UTC)

History
I removed a claim that the movie inspired John Hinckley Jr. to try to assassinate George Wallace. First, John Hickley Jr. tried to assassinate Reagan, not Wallace. Second, Wallace's would-be assassin was Arthur Bremer. Third, a movie that came out in 1976 could hardly inspire an assassin who struck in 1972. Whoever submitted that information, good job. Phanatic (talk) 17:40, 18 August 2008 (UTC)

The viewer's mind?
I am somewhat inclined to fact-tag this assertion
 * Any lingering doubt in the viewer's mind about Bickle's insanity is obliterated when he is suddenly and shockingly shown to be sporting a crude Mohawk haircut at a public rally in which he actually attempts to assassinate Senator Palantine.

for the simple, saddening reason that all three of my dorm roommates one term were convinced, at the end of the movie, that this character was a hero of profound inner wisdom. —SlamDiego←T 16:55, 8 September 2008 (UTC)
 * Everything he does in the movie, even just up to that point, and he's crazy because he got a Mohawk? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.29.5.146 (talk) 04:18, 21 June 2015 (UTC)

Assassination attempt or protection?
My interpretation of the scenes involving Senator Palantine was that Travis was genuinely inspired by the Senator and wanted to protect him. While Travis is watching the Senator on the TV, the Senator says that "the people should rise up" and do something about helping to clean up the city. This contributes to Travis' decision to become a vigilante.

In the scenes where Travis attends Palantine's rallies, Travis sees himself as a protector to the Senator, helping to keep him safe from the "scum" of the city and he sees himself as similar to the secret service agents. This is why he tells his parents and Iris that he has secret goverment work to do, and he seems to believe it himself. When he reaches his hand into his jacket he is only getting ready to protect the senator as he passes through the danger of the crowd. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 220.239.220.162 (talk) 02:18, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

 * We would need a reliable source for any interpretation we find here. We can't, no matter how amazing, insightful or well thought out, provide original research ourselves. (John User:Jwy talk) 04:37, 6 May 2009 (UTC)

 * My friend, you have totally misunderstood the scene. --98.217.14.211 (talk) 02:57, 17 July 2009 (UTC)

I think it was quite clear that he was going to assassinate Palantine in order to get back at Betsy for rejecting him.--77.103.237.230 (talk) 02:40, 10 March 2012 (UTC)

Relationship to American Gigolo/Light Sleeper/The Walker
I recall hearing an interview with the screenwriter Paul_Schrader on the BBC in 2007 or 2008 (possibly to Mark_Kermode) in which he asserted, in a fairly unambiguous manner, that he intended the lead characters in Taxi Driver and those other films to be the same character. Of course, now I am having trouble locating that clip. Has anyone else heard this? There are suggestions that Schrader intended the characters to be similar, for example on the page for Light_Sleeper, but no assertion that the characters were identical. At any rate, there is no statement connecting Taxi Driver to the other three films, while there are statements about some sort of relationship to this movie on the pages for the other three. Any reason not to mention whatever verifiable relationship exists between the films here? KASchmidt (talk) 17:14, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, after you find a verifiable relationship, let's discuss it. Dlabtot (talk) 17:16, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay, this is a reference cited on the Light_Sleeper page: .  In it, the interviewer refers to Taxi Driver, American Gigolo, and Light Sleeper collectively as Schrader's "man in a room" films, and Schrader discusses the central character of those movies as though he's one character.

KASchmidt (talk) 17:25, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * And here: is the (audio) interview between Kermode and Schrader I mentioned above.  I'll hold off until someone else has listened to it so we can see if we agree that it means what I think it means, and where it would belong in this article if that's the case. KASchmidt (talk) 17:31, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Yes, it seems worth mentioning to me. Go for it. Dlabtot (talk) 17:42, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm not sure that it logically fits with any of the sections already in the article, so I'm tentatively making it its own section. If anybody wants to try to fit it in somewhere else after it's up, I'm okay with that. KASchmidt (talk) 17:47, 9 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Okay, it's in. It is however extremely short.  I don't know if beefing it up or putting it in a different subheading is the way to go, but I'd be happy with either. KASchmidt (talk) 18:02, 9 May 2009 (UTC)

Controversies.
I have not read of Ms Foster being 'subjected to psychological tests' during the making of the Movie. People were appointed to study the scenes she was to appear in and adjudge with Mr Scorsese if they were appropriate for her well being. Ms Fosters sister stood in in some of the scenes where concerns about their appropriateness for a child as young as Ms Foster were raised.Johnwrd (talk) 14:34, 8 July 2009 (UTC)

If....
It says in the wikipedia article for the Lindsay Anderson movie if.... that "Martin Scorsese revealed that Robert De Niro's character in Taxi Driver, Travis Bickle, was named after McDowell's character in if....." Couldn't this be added in the Production section? I haven't been able to find citation for this though. Any help would be appreciated —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.249.153.176 (talk) 01:47, 6 October 2009 (UTC)

Merge
Yes please. There is nothing in the Travis article that isn't in-universe and perfectly appropriate to put right here. Millahnna (mouse) talk  17:23, 18 March 2010 (UTC)

Nah, I believe this page has enough to stand on it's own. It contains enough real-world info. - 21:15, 19 March 2010 (UTC)

 * Support merge.... the Travis article is unnecessary duplication. Dlabtot (talk) 04:26, 20 March 2010 (UTC)

Oppose To put it in the most simple way, this is a memorable character and a memorable line to go with him. In-universe, isn't much an issue here. (Since grammar and cohesion is a gradual change). Sincerely Subzerosmokerain (talk) 03:02, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

 * I have to oppose as well. As far as single-film characters go, this is a notable example.  Both the film article and the character article have not received very full treatment, and I believe that with the significance of the film, Travis Bickle would be appropriate as a sub-article focusing mainly on the character. Erik (talk) 14:28, 28 March 2010 (UTC)

Firearm details
The sentences about the guns Travis Bickle buys seem unnecessary in the plot summary. They might better be listed in a separate section afterward.Cephal-odd (talk) 00:22, 23 March 2010 (UTC)
 * I thought this too. Just reading the plot section, there's far too much detail on what gun is being used at each given moment to be deemed necessary. JaffaCakeLover (talk) 23:10, 1 April 2010 (UTC)
 * I removed most of the specific mentions of guns, except for the first listing of the guns he bought. However, I removed the following and bring it here for discussion:

 * When Bickle fires his guns on the range, his Model 36 becomes a .38 Smith & Wesson Model 10 snubnose revolver, his Smith & Wesson Escort becomes a .25 Sterling Arms pistol, & his Astra Constable becomes a Walther PPK pistol.

 * This is original research, as someone apparently watched the movie and made observations of these supposed changes. Without a source, this cannot remain in the article. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  17:31, 29 April 2010 (UTC)

Removal of talk page comments
If we were talking about vandalism, gibberish or an off-topic rant, it might be appropriate to remove. But it is a case of somebody talking about something in the film and a plot point about which there has been discussion. Why not simply move the material to the appropriate section 'Travis a marine?'? No editor has the right to unilaterally decide which talk page comments are relevant. Please simply restore the material rather than force some tedious wiki-process. WP:TALK covers this in detail. Dlabtot (talk) 02:50, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
 * I respectfully disagree. What we are talking about is a person who watched the movie and then decided to add his opinion.  Now, as we both know, this is not acceptable in the article.  If someone were to change the article and then say, "I saw it in the movie," he would be informed that this is original research and not acceptable.  And, you are wrong again with your comment about editors unilaterally deciding which talk page comments are relevant.  We have to make such decisions, because people are constantly using the talk page as a forum for their opinions, just as in this case.  Now, if he had posted a message saying something like "According to this critic, Travis was in the Special Forces," that would be a different story. ---  RepublicanJacobite  The'FortyFive'  03:00, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
 * The removed comment was not as far off as much of the discussion here and deserved a reply (like what you just provided) - especially if you look at Diabot's contributions so far. Just my opinion.  It might stimulate an interested editor to look for your hypothetical critic. --John (User:Jwy/talk) 03:16, 29 May 2010 (UTC)
 * Have you actually reviewed WP:TALK since this started? It seems not. You are falsely applying the standards for an article to a talk page. Plus, your understanding of our sourcing rules seems to be a bit deficient. The film is perfectly acceptable as a source in an article about itself for plot points and the like.  Yes, the talk page is a forum for people's opinions about how to improve the article. With all due respect, I suggest you follow the talk page guidelines and refrain from deleting the comments of others unless they are "gibberish, rants about the article subject (as opposed to its treatment in the article) (or) test edits" Dlabtot (talk) 03:27, 29 May 2010 (UTC)

Location of Iris's tenement
It was incorrectly stated in the article that it was in Alphabet City. The address, based on the envelope Travis wrote to Iris, is 240 East 13th street, which is between 2nd and 3rd Avenues. Alphabet City begins east of 1st Avenue. The external shot of the building shows "226", street unknown. Halda (talk) 18:20, 7 August 2010 (UTC)

Non-free images
Regarding this edit: still no rationale has been given to explain why this picture is needed to illustrate anything in the article. Sure, her character generated a controversy; but what does a picture tell the reader about that that simply saying "she's 13 and a prostitute" doesn't? Consider looking through WP:NFCC and responding to how the image meets each one of those criteria. And, even if the image is kept (which I still argue is not necessary), someone would really need to fix the at the image page. r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 00:39, 18 September 2010 (UTC)
 * I could care less really; the section is called 'controversies' and her character illustrates one of them, so... Half  Shadow  00:42, 18 September 2010 (UTC)
 * You didn't answer my question. Why is the image needed? Just because a character is important doesn't mean an image is necessary; an image is only justified if something important about the visual makeup of the image is being discussed; compare to the non-free images in FAs like Street newspaper, Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, Sozin's Comet, etc.
 * If you couldn't care less, I assume you won't mind if I remove the image (again)? r ʨ anaɢ (talk) 00:44, 18 September 2010 (UTC)

Re-release
As of right now, the film has been re-released on a small scale to theatres in celebration of its 35th anniversary. However, I am unsure where in the article to put this. Karrmann (talk) 20:10, 19 March 2011 (UTC)

Jodie Foster in Taxi Driver image listed at Files For Deletion
Please contribute to the. The image was originally uploaded for this article but recently removed, and did not have a non-free use rationale. postdlf (talk) 14:43, 16 June 2011 (UTC)

Ending: Travis dreaming?
The article isn't mentioning the possibility that Travis might be dead or are still in a coma at the end, and the last part is a dream. This is open to speculation, and while I like to think he is alive, I have read interpretations suggesting he is dead or near dead in the end, and the last fare we see is just a dream. I've watched the film twice and I think this is very possible. Because we can't know if it's a dream or not, both possibilities should be mentioned in the plot section, now it just assumes he has recovered and actually drives taxi again. Urbanus Secundus (talk) 01:28, 1 December 2011 (UTC)

As suggested by Urbanus Secundus, the last paragraph of the plot summary is incorrect. Scorsese is subtle in not hitting the viewer over the head with it, but it is fairly clear, upon reflection, that Travis never stands up from the couch in the apartment where the shooting takes place. He sacrifices himself for Iris. The coda (pan across room, letter read aloud from Iris' father, encounter with Betsy) never happened, they only happened in Travis' mind, they are his final thoughts before death. They are his idealized vision of the aftermath of his violent escapade, and furthermore, his justification for doing so. The letter from the father and the encounter with Betsy are totally idealized representations of what Travis wishes would happen after his heroic deeds, society will be grateful (father) and impressed (Betsy). If you think about it, there is no way that Betsy would ever behave in such a pleasant/impressed way with Travis upon encountering him in a taxi, and Travis would not be as suave or cool about it as he is. This is all happening in Travis' mind, they are *why* he undertook his actions, he wanted to impress Betsy and win the respect of square/normal society and even exist as an outstanding hero in society -- but the trouble is, he is a confused and angry loser and isn't connected enough to society to perform well in it as a policeman or something else, he has to undertake unsanctioned vigilanteism which, even if it works, will not be accepted as honorable or laudable, even if his intentions are ultimately good. It would be hard to write the summary in a way that is not inaccurate, however I do insist that the current summary, which takes the final scenes as actual parts of the plot, is inaccurate and does a disservice to those trying to understand the movie. --Priceyeah (talk) 12:35, 3 June 2019 (UTC)

That's extremely subjective, you can't say that that is what actually happened because that's your own interpretation. The plot synopsis is not supposed to be a story of what a movie critic thinks happened, it's just a plain and simple exact summary of what actually happened on screen. Alexysun (talk) 22:46, 31 July 2022 (UTC)

Kicking his pill habit
A Norwegian commentator wrote today in a national newspaper that this movie might be the one that comes closest (går tettest innpå) to the 7/22 massacre at Utøya.

However, part of the plot was represented like this, "On his spare time, he isolates himself, eats pills, conducts weapon training and plans the aksjonen."

Maybe our article should say that his physical training commences with him kicking his pill habit by emptying his pill container into the toilet. --Sywoofer (talk) 10:52, 12 April 2012 (UTC)

Sequel footnote issue
Footnote 36 leads to a dead link. This seems like a fairly controversial statement considering the classic status that this film holds. Can we get another (and more reliable) source on this? If not, the entire text referenced by footnote 36 should be reconsidered. --SodiumWage (talk) 23:31, 7 May 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by SodiumWage (talk • contribs) 23:29, 7 May 2012 (UTC)

Merger proposal
I suggest that You talkin' to me? be merged into this article. I do not doubt the phrase's notability, but that article says nothing that cannot be said here. It is a very short article, and could be tightened up a little more, so there is no danger of overloading this article. If it is merged, I think we will also have a better opportunity to keep out all the speculation about the line's origins, and trivial nonsense about its influence. --- The Old Jacobite The '45  17:38, 4 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Support — I think it has notability problems on its own article. In fact if I were you I would just go ahead and do it, and if someone reverts the merge then have this discussion then. (If you do copy it in, don't forget the copy attribution in the edit summaries) Betty Logan (talk) 22:06, 5 August 2012 (UTC)

 * Done. As there was no further comment in the last week, I have performed the merge. --- The Old Jacobite The '45  15:38, 12 August 2012 (UTC)

You talkin' to me?
I was hoping to get some feedback on an edit I made to the article. A few weeks ago, I added this under the section about the famous quote: Although the image of a person uttering "You talkin' to me?" while facing a mirror may be best known from Taxi Driver, the earliest known instance in popular media came in an episode of The Twilight Zone. In the episode Nervous Man in a Four Dollar Room (first aired on October 14, 1960), Jackie Rhoades (played by Joe Mantell) speaks these words to his reflection: "You talkin' to me? You talkin' to me? Oh yeah. Yeah, sure you are. Now me and the mirror we're havin' a talk. I've had it huh? All my marbles are gone. This is how it happens." It was removed. I certainly understand the motivations of the editor who removed it, and believe that he acted in good faith. Therefore, I figured I'd get some feedback. What do you all think? Riffraff913 (talk) 15:30, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

 * It's an interesting parallel, but I don't see any evidence that the one was based on the other. Without that, this is just speculation.  Interesting speculation at that, but still speculation. --- The Old Jacobite The '45  15:47, 21 October 2012 (UTC)

Sugar with Jam in Iris / Travis Breakfast scene
I apologize in advance if this is not the correct forum to ask this question.

Today is the first day I have watched this movie.

I was surprised and intrigued to see the Jodie Foster character spoon sugar on her toast & jam in the breakfast scene with Travis, having previously noticed this meme in the breakfast scene of The Falcon and the Snowman, when the Falcon (Timothy Hutton) spoons sugar onto the jam on his toast, when breakfasting with the Snowman (Sean Penn).

I think The Falcon and the Snowman came out about a whole decade later than Taxi Driver. I don't really know anything about this meme, but it seems to me a metaphor for wanting some more satisfaction in life, as if the sweet jam is not enough to satisfy the character, and more sweetness is needed for the character to feel satisfied.

Would anyone care to comment?

Alpine Joy (talk) 04:31, 27 July 2014 (UTC)

 * The origin of the bread–jam–sugar breakfast is given in the 1999 documentary Making Taxi Driver. Pololei (talk) 19:45, 13 November 2017 (UTC)

Language of Love
That Language of Love would be the movie Travis takes Betsy to see is a misconception. A very common misconception, and one that can be found in decent sources beucase they've had no reason to question it, but nevertheless untrue. Elisabet Björklund at the University of Lund discusses this in her 2011 article "‘This is a dirty movie’ – Taxi Driver and ‘Swedish sin’" in Journal of Scandinavian Cinema 1 (2) pp. 163–176. The scenes are from the American sexplotation film Sexual Freedom in Demark, with added Swedish sound. /Julle (talk) 11:01, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * Interesting. The abstract here mentions a misconception but doesn't say what it is. I can't find any free versions of the article online, though.Sjö (talk) 11:44, 8 May 2015 (UTC)
 * It's not open access, unfortunately. But yes, this is the misconception in question. /Julle (talk) 12:27, 8 May 2015 (UTC)

Plot / ending
The ending section of the plot sounds like it may be missing something. It first goes in to detail about what sounds to be murder by Travis of at least two individuals (possibly killing the mobster was in self defence although considering he invaded the place, I'm not so sure, but in any case the description of killing Sport and the bouncer definitely sounds like murder or at least manslaughter). Of course the only witnesses are Travis and Iris, and it's possible Iris was so traumitised or grateful that she wouldn't tell what really happened. And the victims being fairly dodgy themselves may not have had much sympathy from the police. There's also the apparent attempted assassination of a senator, but perhaps the Secret Service agents didn't get a good enough look at him that they could identify him. So it's not hard to see how the movie allowed Travis to get away with it, but there should be some minimal explanation. If the movie had no explanation, this should be mentioned too. Nil Einne (talk) 15:24, 14 October 2015 (UTC)

Title of article
I believe that this page should be chnaged in title to 'Taxi Driver(1976 film) to distinguish it from other movies and the proffesion. --Lawrencegordon (talk) 13:48, 9 February 2017 (UTC)
 * There is no need for that. ---  The Old Jacobite  The '45  13:54, 9 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Go for it. You'll be shot down faster than a pimp in a brothel.  Lugnuts  Precious bodily fluids 08:21, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * Hello, TheOldJacobite, you have not given a proper reason to why this page's name should not be changed. There are many movies called Taxi driver and this can be confused very badly with the profession. I am not meaning to offend you, TheOldJacobite, I am just giving an opinion.--Lawrencegordon (talk) 21:48, 12 February 2017 (UTC)
 * First, do not remove other editor's comments.
 * Second, Taxi Driver is the primary topic for this name, even if there are other films or other search terms that are similar. When people search for Taxi Driver, this film is what they are looking for, for the most part, so it is the primary topic.  That is why there is a dab link at the top of the article, in case someone came here by accident.  But, you will never get support for moving the article. ---  The Old Jacobite   The '45  22:39, 12 February 2017 (UTC)

Lawrencegordon, you went ahead with this page move despite two editor's objections. You should revert your changes and explain your actions. Lugnuts, please weigh in here. ---  The Old Jacobite  The '45  17:43, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

 * I've moved it back to the original title. - please see WP:RM - "The move is potentially controversial if any of the following apply" and then see the points below that. If you feel strongly about the move, please go to WP:RM and start a discussion.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 17:47, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Chiming in, it need not be disambiguated from the profession—Taxi Driver and taxi driver are two different pages (the latter currently redirects here but does not need to). As for being disambiguated from other media using the same title, I can't think of a single one off-hand, which to me would certainly be an indication that this is already the primary subject of the title. I would oppose the move. G RAPPLE   X  18:04, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Agreed. Also see Personal Shopper for the same situation.  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 19:20, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

 * Also agree that title case is sufficient disambiguation. Additional examples are Pulp Fiction, Hall Pass, Panic Room. Erik (talk | contrib) (ping me) 20:25, 7 April 2017 (UTC)

Changes to lede
I have restored the version of the lede from the middle of last month, before the recent changes. The recent edits, especially the unexplained changes to the genre, need to be explained here. All of the genres were sourced, so they should not be changed without discussion. ---  The Old Jacobite  The '45  00:37, 14 November 2017 (UTC)

 * Likewise with the plot tag for OR. I don't see anything obvious to flag this. Maybe the IP editor would care to expand on it...  Lugnuts  Fire Walk with Me 10:42, 15 November 2017 (UTC)
 * Agreed. ---  The Old Jacobite  The '45  13:32, 15 November 2017 (UTC)

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Educational research
Hello,

We are a group of students from Queen Mary University of London who are doing a research project for a film class.

We are required to edit for educational purposes. Our usernames are User:Ruxiih, User:jade.dfr, User:Westfieldway, User:livmaris, User:JoeRogerson12, User:Oxterito.

Queen Mary University of London Student's Changes Proposal
When we found the Taxi Driver article it was long and had a lot of detail and information. However, we saw signs for little edits such as fixing bits of the references, tidying up and breaking down the lengthy production and synopsis paragraphs with very slight and subtle changes. Additional writing on the brief description of the film specifically highlights the classification as the film as a Psychological Drama. There previously was no mention about the director, Martin Scorsese's, influences by drawing a slight comparison between Taxi Driver and The Searchers (1956 film), with evidence of Scorsese stating so himself.

We also adapted the controversies section, breaking it down slightly into briefer sections and added a little bit more of the referenced information.

Sections modified: -External links -Controversies -'You talkin' to me' -Production -Synopsis — Preceding unsigned comment added by Oxterito (talk • contribs) 13:02, 15 February 2019 (UTC)

Themes and interpretations
removed the first interpretation as it was by an unknown professor with an unknown degree and the publication of the quote given was unknown in the reference — Preceding unsigned comment added by Dondoolee (talk • contribs) 23:17, 10 October 2019 (UTC)

clunky sentence
"The climactic shoot-out was considered intensely graphic by a few critics, considering an X-rating for the film" That just doesn't read right. I can't see the source material but this should probably be reworded. Beeblebrox (talk) 05:32, 29 May 2020 (UTC)

What is happening to the genres?
Before I recalled them being 'psychological drama', although some people really wanted to add 'thriller', which has been referenced in a roughly 70-page book by film critic Amy Taubin, but she also mentioned 'psychodrama'. Additionally, her mention of 'neo-noir' is not supported by the Allmovie and AFI references (& her allusion to 'horror' is very likely not supported by most sources per WP:FILMLEAD).

The Les Keyser source lacks inline citations, & its publisher, Twayne, as well as Les Keyser himself both lack their own Wiki pages. Either way, only 2 or at most 3 genres are meant to be allowed, so this needs a trimming. Donkey Hot-day (talk) 18:23, 2 November 2020 (UTC)

Comments from AlienChex
By Wikipedia standards there should be some genre in there, whether that be thriller, drama, or drama thriller AlienChex (talk) 02:38, 16 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Actually, it is not required for a genre to appear in the opening sentence of every film (due to exceptions). Per WP:FILMGENRE, "genre classifications should comply with WP:WEIGHT", which means it should be decisive and accurate. Even your initial comment wasn't able to pick a single genre, and what stops this film was being a psychological thriller, drama, or combination of these genres? Furthermore, multiple film articles also don't have genres (see Fight Club and The Lighthouse) due to consensus that it wouldn't be fair to describe them under simply a few genres per WP:WEIGHT.  Some Dude From North Carolina  (talk) 12:32, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

You make a fair point, it just makes the opening sentence feel a little empty to leave the genre ambiguous. IMDB lists the film as a crime-drama, would that be sustainable enough to warrant the Wikipedia article to mirror this? AlienChex (talk) 13:39, 16 April 2021 (UTC)
 * IMDb is not a reliable source, per WP:IMDB.  Some Dude From North Carolina  (talk) 13:50, 16 April 2021 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Taxi Driver (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 23:19, 12 March 2022 (UTC)

Cancelled Game
Is someone planning to add a section about the cancelled Taxi Driver game which was also supposed to be a sequel released in 2006? Wiseguys1990 (talk) 21:57, 12 August 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Taxi Driver