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Gerpinnes

Gerpinnes (Djerpene) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2018 the municipality had 12,660 inhabitants. The total area is 47.10 km2, giving a population density of 269 inhabitants per km2.

Every year at Whitsun, a large procession is organised in honour of Saint Rolendis (Sainte Rolende). Participants are dressed as Napoleonic soldiers, and walk about 40 km around the whole municipality.

Villages and towns

 * Acoz (site of Acoz Castle)
 * Gougnies
 * Joncret
 * Loverval
 * Villers-Poterie

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Les Bons Villers

Les Bons Villers (Les Bons Viyés) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2018 the municipality had 9,457 inhabitants. The total area is 42.55 km², giving a population density of 222 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Frasnes-lez-Gosselies, Mellet, Rèves, Villers-Perwin and Wayaux.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Les Bons Villers


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Manage, Belgium

Manage (Manadje) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Manage had a total population of 22,341. The total area is 19.60 km2 which gives a population density of 1,140 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bellecourt, Bois-d'Haine, Fayt-lez-Manage, La Hestre, and Manage.

title: Manage, Belgium


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Montigny-le-Tilleul

Montigny-le-Tilleul (Montniye-Tiyoû) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On January 1, 2006, Montigny-le-Tilleul had a total population of 10,205. The total area is 15.10 km² which gives a population density of 676 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the sections of Landelies and Montigny-le-Tilleul.

Notable inhabitants

 * Jules Hiernaux, politician (1881-1944)

Sights

 * Village of Landelies, at the Haute-Sambre: picturesque port, lock and weir. Nice place for walking and biking. Railway station.

title: Montigny-le-Tilleul


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Pont-à-Celles

Pont-à-Celles (Pont-a-Cele) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On January 1, 2018, Pont-à-Celles had a total population of 17,287. The total area is 55.73 km2 which gives a population density of 310 inhabitants per km2.

Administration
The municipality consists of the following districts: Buzet, Liberchies, Luttre, Obaix, Pont-à-Celles, Thiméon, and Viesville.

Origin of the name
Pont-à-Celles draws its name from Latin Cella, meaning room or cell of monk, probably because of the presence of the monastery founded in the 7th century, by Saint Amand (apostle of Belgium). The jurisdiction on which this primitive monastery was established, and then the priory of the Park, was called Celles, and later Pont-à-Celles.

The name of Pont-à-Celles appears for the first time during the 16th century, when the monks of the Park built a bridge over the Pieton river near the church. The parishioners of Luttre and Hairiamont then had to cross the bridge for going to service (hence bridge to Celles, or Pont-à-Celles in French). Gradually, this name extended to all the parish whose territory covered six seigniories.

When in 1795, the French replaced these six seigniories by a newly created municipality, they adopted the name of the parish (Pont-à-Celles). In 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon in Waterloo, its territories were annexed to the Netherlands. With this occasion, the department of Jemappes (to which Pont-à-Celles belonged) became the province of Hainaut.

Notable people from Pont-à-Celles
The famous Jazz guitarist Django Reinhardt was born in Liberchies. Every May, the community honors him with the open air Django Reinhardt Jazz Festival.

title: Pont-à-Celles


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Seneffe

Seneffe (Sinefe) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 Seneffe had a total population of 10,743. The total area is 62.77 km² which gives a population density of 171 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Arquennes, Familleureux, Feluy, Petit-Rœulx-lez-Nivelles, and Seneffe.

The Château de Seneffe, now a museum belonging to the French Community of Belgium, is located in the municipality.

Seneffe was the site of a battle in 1674 between French and Dutch armies during the Franco-Dutch War.

British Leyland
Between 1965 and 1982 Seneffe was the location of a car plant belonging to British Leyland, which in its later years assembled models including the Mini and the Austin Allegro from crated kits shipped from the company's Cowley facility. A significant milestone was reached in June 1977 when the plant produced its 500,000th vehicle, an Austin Allegro 1300 Special. The Seneffe plant was closed in 1982 as the company's aging model range lost market share across Europe, with further loss of demand resulting from the depressed state of the UK economy at the time. With alternative employment opportunities limited, the plant closure triggered considerable bitterness locally.

Monuments

 * Seneffe Castle
 * Feluy Castle: Residence of Philippe François de Berghes, 1st Prince of Grimberghen.

title: Seneffe


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Boussu

Boussu (Boussu-dlé-Mont) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

As of January 1, 2006, Boussu had a population of 20,058. The total area is 20.01 km2, which gives a population density of 1,002 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Boussu and Hornu.

History
During the late Middle Ages the town gave his name to an important branch of the House of Hénin. The castle of Boussu was constructed in this period, and important members of this family are buried inside the church. Most famous is the Mausoleum of Maximilien II de Hénin, 5th Count of Bossu.

In the 19th century local industry expanded. A planned industrial city, called le Grand Hornu, was constructed. Located in Hornu, the buildings are now a museum.

Etymology
As its neighbouring municipality, Hornu, Boussu's town is very old and the history of Saint Waudru mentions the existence of a church in the 13th century. In the acts of the past, Boussu conquered very diverse titles: Buxutum, Bussuth, Bussut, Bossut, Boussut. However, the etymology is very simple. This means "the place abundant in boxwood" (in Latin buxus: meaning boxwood or buxutum meaning boxwood coppice).

Famous inhabitants

 * Marcel Moreau, writer
 * Massimo Bruno, Footballer and Belgian youth international

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Colfontaine

Colfontaine (Colfontinne; Colfontinne) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006, the municipality had 20,021 inhabitants. The total area is 13.62 km2, giving a population density of 1,470 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Pâturages, Warquignies, Wasmes (town centre; it includes the village of Petit Wasmes).

title: Colfontaine


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Dour, Belgium

Dour (Doû) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 the municipality had 16,810 inhabitants. The total area is 33.32 km2, giving a population density of 505 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Blaugies, Dour, Élouges, and Wihéries.

Dour is often considered the western end of the sillon industriel, the former industrial backbone of Wallonia.

Since 1989, Dour has hosted the annual Dour Festival, a music festival covering various genres.

title: Dour, Belgium


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Frameries

Frameries (Framrie; Framriye) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Eugies, Frameries, La Bouverie, Noirchain, and Sars-la-Bruyère.

Sport
Frameries is home to Rugby Union club RC Frameries who currently play in the Belgian Elite League and hosts the finish of the Grand Prix Pino Cerami cycling race.

Personalities

 * Eugène Boch, painter and friend of Vincent van Gogh
 * Auguste Toubeau, trade unionist

Twin towns

 * La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland
 * Issy-les-Moulineaux, France
 * Willmar, Minnesota, USA

title: Frameries


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Hensies

Hensies (Hinzi; Inzî) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

It has 6,857 inhabitants, as of January 1, 2017. The total area is 25.99 km2, giving a population density of 258 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Hainin, Hensies, Montrœul-sur-Haine, and Thulin.

title: Hensies


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Honnelles

Honnelles (Onele) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

The name comes from the two rivers which cross the municipality, Grande Honnelle and Petite Honnelle.

On 1 January 2006 Honnelles had a total population of 4,998. The total area is 43.65 km2 which gives a population density of 114 inhabitants per km2.

Honnelles is located 18 km southwest of Mons, 16 km east of the French city Valenciennes, 50 km west of Charleroi and 72 km southwest of Brussels.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Angre, Angreau, Athis, Autreppe (town centre), Erquennes, Fayt-le-Franc, Marchipont, Montignies-sur-Roc, Onnezies and Roisin.

title: Honnelles


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Jurbise

Jurbise (Jurbeke; Djurbize) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006 the municipality had 9,571 inhabitants. The total area is 57.86 km², giving a population density of 165 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Erbaut, Erbisœul, Herchies, Jurbise, Masnuy-Saint-Jean, and Masnuy-Saint-Pierre.

The village is located along N56 road.

Notable people

 * Jacqueline Galant

title: Jurbise


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Lens, Belgium

Lens (Linse) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

In 2007 its population was 4042. The total area is 49.42 km² which gives a population density of 80 inhabitants per km².

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bauffe, Cambron-Saint-Vincent, Lens, Lombise, and Montignies-lez-Lens.

It is located along the N56 road.

title: Lens, Belgium


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Incense

Incense is an aromatic biotic material that releases fragrant smoke when burnt. The term is used for either the material or the aroma. Incense is used for aesthetic reasons, religious worship, aromatherapy, meditation, and ceremony. It may also be used as a simple deodorant or insect repellent.

Incense is composed of aromatic plant materials, often combined with essential oils. The forms taken by incense differ with the underlying culture, and have changed with advances in technology and increasing number of uses.

Incense can generally be separated into two main types: "indirect-burning" and "direct-burning." Indirect-burning incense (or "non-combustible incense") is not capable of burning on its own, and requires a separate heat source. Direct-burning incense (or "combustible incense") is lit directly by a flame and then fanned or blown out, leaving a glowing ember that smoulders and releases a smoky fragrance. Direct-burning incense is either a paste formed around a bamboo stick, or a paste that is extruded into a stick or cone shape.

History
The word incense comes from Latin incendere meaning 'to burn'.

Combustible bouquets were used by the ancient Egyptians, who employed incense in both pragmatic and mystical capacities. Incense was burnt to counteract or obscure malodorous products of human habitation, but was widely perceived to also deter malevolent demons and appease the gods with its pleasant aroma. Resin balls were found in many prehistoric Egyptian tombs in El Mahasna, giving evidence for the prominence of incense and related compounds in Egyptian antiquity. One of the oldest extant incense burners originates from the 5th dynasty. The Temple of Deir-el-Bahari in Egypt contains a series of carvings that depict an expedition for incense.

The Babylonians used incense while offering prayers to divine oracles. Incense spread from there to Greece and Rome.

Incense burners have been found in the Indus Civilization (3300–1300 BCE). Evidence suggests oils were used mainly for their aroma. This was the first usage of subterranean plant parts in incense.

The oldest textual source on incense is the Vedas, specifically the Atharvaveda and the Rigveda. Incense-burning was used to create pleasing aromas as well as a medicinal tool. Its use in medicine is considered the first phase of Ayurveda, which uses incense as an approach to healing. The practice of incense as a healing tool was assimilated into the religious practices of the time. As Hinduism matured and Buddhism was founded in India, incense became an integral part of Buddhism as well. Around 200 CE, a group of wandering Buddhist monks introduced incense stick making to China. Some incense, depending on the contents, may also act as organic insect repellent.

At around 2000 BCE, Ancient China began the use of incense in the religious sense, namely for worship. Incense was used by Chinese cultures from Neolithic times and became more widespread in the Xia, Shang, and Zhou dynasties. The earliest documented use of incense comes from the ancient Chinese, who employed incense composed of herbs and plant products (such as cassia, cinnamon, styrax, and sandalwood) as a component of numerous formalized ceremonial rites. Incense usage reached its peak during the Song dynasty, with numerous buildings erected specifically for incense ceremonies.

Brought to Japan in the 6th century by Korean Buddhist monks, who used the mystical aromas in their purification rites, the delicate scents of Koh (high-quality Japanese incense) became a source of amusement and entertainment for nobles in the Imperial Court during the Heian Era 200 years later. During the 14th-century Ashikaga shogunate, a samurai warrior might perfume his helmet and armor with incense to achieve an aura of invincibility (as well as to make a noble gesture to whoever might take his head in battle). It was not until the Muromachi period during the 15th and 16th century that incense appreciation (kōdō, ) spread to the upper and middle classes of Japanese society.

Composition

A variety of materials have been used in making incense. Historically there has been a preference for using locally available ingredients. For example, sage and cedar were used by the indigenous peoples of North America. Trading in incense materials comprised a major part of commerce along the Silk Road and other trade routes, one notably called the Incense Route.

Local knowledge and tools were extremely influential on the style, but methods were also influenced by migrations of foreigners, such as clergy and physicians.

Combustible base

The combustible base of a direct burning incense mixture not only binds the fragrant material together but also allows the produced incense to burn with a self-sustained ember, which propagates slowly and evenly through an entire piece of incense with such regularity that it can be used to mark time. The base is chosen such that it does not produce a perceptible smell. Commercially, two types of incense base predominate:
 * Fuel and oxidizer mixtures: Charcoal or wood powder provides the fuel for combustion while an oxidizer such as sodium nitrate or potassium nitrate sustains the burning of the incense. Fragrant materials are added to the base prior to shaping, as in the case of powdered incense materials, or after, as in the case of essential oils. The formula for charcoal-based incense is superficially similar to black powder, though it lacks the sulfur.
 * Natural plant-based binders: Gums such as Gum Arabic or Gum Tragacanth are used to bind the mixture together. Mucilaginous material, which can be derived from many botanical sources, is mixed with fragrant materials and water. The mucilage from the wet binding powder holds the fragrant material together while the cellulose in the powder combusts to form a stable ember when lit. The dry binding powder usually comprises about 10% of the dry weight in the finished incense. These include:
 * Makko (incense powder) made from the bark of various trees in the genus Persea (such as Persea thunbergii)
 * Xiangnan pi (made from the bark of trees of genus Phoebe such as Phoebe nanmu or Persea zuihoensis.
 * Jigit: a resin based binder used in India
 * Laha or Dar: bark based powders used in Nepal, Tibet, and other East Asian countries.

Typical compositions burn at a temperature between 220 and(-).

Types
Incense is available in various forms and degrees of processing. They can generally be separated into "direct-burning" and "indirect-burning" types. Preference for one form over another varies with culture, tradition, and personal taste. The two differ in their composition due to the former's requirement for even, stable, and sustained burning.

Indirect-burning
Indirect-burning incense, also called "non-combustible incense", is an aromatic material or combination of materials, such as resins, that does not contain combustible material and so requires a separate heat source. Finer forms tend to burn more rapidly, while coarsely ground or whole chunks may be consumed very gradually, having less surface area. Heat is traditionally provided by charcoal or glowing embers. In the West, the best known incense materials of this type are the resins frankincense and myrrh, likely due to their numerous mentions in the Bible. Frankincense means "pure incense", though in common usage, it refers specifically to the resin of the boswellia tree.

 * Whole: The incense material is burned directly in raw form on top of coal embers.
 * Powdered or granulated: Incense broken into smaller pieces burns quickly and provides brief but intense odor.
 * Paste: Powdered or granulated incense material is mixed with a sticky incombustible binder, such as dried fruit, honey, or a soft resin and then formed to balls or small pastilles. These may then be allowed to mature in a controlled environment where the fragrances can commingle and unite. Much Arabian incense, also called "Bukhoor" or "Bakhoor", is of this type, and Japan has a history of kneaded incense, called nerikō or awasekō, made using this method. Within the Eastern Orthodox Christian tradition, raw frankincense is ground into a fine powder and then mixed with various sweet-smelling essential oils.

Direct-burning

Direct-burning incense, also called "combustible incense", is lit directly by a flame. The glowing ember on the incense will continue to smoulder and burn the rest of the incense without further application of external heat or flame. Direct-burning incense is either extruded, pressed into forms, or coated onto a supporting material. This class of incense is made from a moldable substrate of fragrant finely ground (or liquid) incense materials and odourless binder. The composition must be adjusted to provide fragrance in the proper concentration and to ensure even burning. The following types are commonly encountered, though direct-burning incense can take nearly any form, whether for expedience or whimsy.
 * Coil: Extruded and shaped into a coil without a core, coil incense can burn for an extended period, from hours to days, and is commonly produced and used in Chinese cultures.

 * Cone: Incense in this form burns relatively quickly. Incense cones were invented in Japan in the 1800s.
 * Cored stick: A supporting core of bamboo is coated with a thick layer of incense material that burns away with the core. Higher-quality variations have fragrant sandalwood cores. This type of incense is commonly produced in India and China. When used in Chinese folk religion, these are sometimes known as "joss sticks".
 * Dhoop or solid stick: With no bamboo core, dhoop incense is easily broken for portion control. This is the most commonly produced form of incense in Japan and Tibet.
 * Powder: The loose incense powder used for making indirect burning incense is sometimes burned without further processing. Powder incense is typically packed into long trails on top of wood ash using a stencil and burned in special censers or incense clocks.
 * Paper: Paper infused with resin or oils extracted from fragrant material, folded accordion style, is lit and blown out. Examples include Carta d'Armenia and Papier d'Arménie.
 * Rope: The incense powder is rolled into paper sheets, which are then rolled into ropes, twisted tightly, then doubled over and twisted again, yielding a two-strand rope. The larger end is the bight, and may be stood vertically, in a shallow dish of sand or pebbles. The smaller (pointed) end is lit. This type of incense is easily transported and stays fresh for extremely long periods. It has been used for centuries in Tibet and Nepal.

Moxa tablets, which are disks of powdered mugwort used in Traditional Chinese medicine for moxibustion, are not incenses; the treatment is by heat rather than fragrance.

Incense sticks may be termed joss sticks, especially in parts of East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. Among ethnic Chinese and Chinese-influenced communities these are traditionally burned at temples, before the threshold of a home or business, before an image of a religious divinity or local spirit, or in shrines, large and small, found at the main entrance of every village. Here the earth god is propitiated in the hope of bringing wealth and health to the village. They can also be burned in front of a door or open window as an offering to heaven, or the devas. The word "joss" is derived from the Latin deus (god) via the Portuguese deus through the Javanese dejos, through Chinese pidgin English.

Production

The raw materials are powdered and then mixed together with a binder to form a paste, which, for direct burning incense, is then cut and dried into pellets.

Certain proportions are necessary for direct-burning incense:
 * Oil content: an excess of oils may prevent incense from smoldering effectively. Resinous materials such as myrrh and frankincense are typically balanced with "dry" materials such as wood, bark and leaf powders.
 * Oxidizer quantity: Too little oxidizer in gum-bound incense may prevent the incense from igniting, while too much will cause the incense to burn too quickly, without producing fragrant smoke.
 * Binder: Water-soluble binders such as "makko" ensure that the incense mixture does not crumble when dry, dilute the mixture.
 * Mixture density: Incense mixtures made with natural binders must not be combined with too much water in mixing, or over-compressed while being formed, which would result in either uneven air distribution or undesirable density in the mixture, causing the incense to burn unevenly, too slowly, or too quickly.
 * Particulate size: The incense mixture has to be well pulverized with similarly sized particulates. Uneven and large particulates result in uneven burning and inconsistent aroma production when burned.

"Dipped" or "hand-dipped" direct-burning incense is created by dipping "incense blanks" made of unscented combustible dust into any suitable kind of essential or fragrance oil. These are often sold in the United States by flea-market and sidewalk vendors who have developed their own styles. This form of incense requires the least skill and equipment to manufacture, since the blanks are pre-formed in China or South East Asia.

Incense mixtures can be extruded or pressed into shapes. Small quantities of water are combined with the fragrance and incense base mixture and kneaded into a hard dough. The incense dough is then pressed into shaped forms to create cone and smaller coiled incense, or forced through a hydraulic press for solid stick incense. The formed incense is then trimmed and slowly dried. Incense produced in this fashion has a tendency to warp or become misshapen when improperly dried, and as such must be placed in climate-controlled rooms and rotated several times through the drying process.

Traditionally, the bamboo core of cored stick incense is prepared by hand from ''Phyllostachys heterocycla cv. pubescens'' since this species produces thick wood and easily burns to ashes in the incense stick. In a process known as "splitting the foot of the incense stick", the bamboo is trimmed to length, soaked, peeled, and split in halves until the thin sticks of bamboo have square cross sections of less than 3mm. This process has been largely replaced by machines in modern incense production.

In the case of cored incensed sticks, several methods are employed to coat the sticks cores with incense mixture:
 * Paste rolling: A wet, malleable paste of incense mixture is first rolled into a long, thin coil, using a paddle. Then, a thin stick is put next to the coil and the stick and paste are rolled together until the stick is centered in the mixture and the desired thickness is achieved. The stick is then cut to the desired length and dried.
 * Powder-coating: Powder-coating is used mainly to produce cored incense of either larger coil (up to 1 m in diameter) or cored stick forms. A bundle of the supporting material (typically thin bamboo or sandalwood slivers) is soaked in water or a thin water/glue mixture for a short time. The thin sticks are evenly separated, then dipped into a tray of incense powder consisting of fragrance materials and occasionally a plant-based binder. The dry incense powder is then tossed and piled over the sticks while they are spread apart. The sticks are then gently rolled and packed to maintain roundness while more incense powder is repeatedly tossed onto the sticks. Three to four layers of powder are coated onto the sticks, forming a 2 mm thick layer of incense material on the stick. The coated incense is then allowed to dry in open air. Additional coatings of incense mixture can be applied after each period of successive drying. Incense sticks produced in this fashion and burned in temples of Chinese folk religion can have a thickness between 2 and 4 millimeters.
 * Compression: A damp powder is mechanically formed around a cored stick by compression, similar to the way uncored sticks are formed. This form is becoming more common due to the higher labor cost of producing powder-coated or paste-rolled sticks.

Orthodox Christian
Incense of the Eastern Orthodox Christian monastic tradition on Mount Athos is made by powdering frankincense or fir resin, mixing it with essential oils. Floral fragrances are the most common, but citrus such as lemon is not uncommon. The incense mixture is then rolled out into a slab approximately 1 cm thick and left until the slab has firmed. It is then cut into small cubes, coated with clay powder to prevent adhesion, and allowed to fully harden and dry. In Greece this rolled incense resin is called 'Moskolibano', and generally comes in either a pink or green colour denoting the fragrance, with pink being rose and green being jasmine.

Burning incense
Indirect-burning incense is burned directly on top of a heat source or on a hot metal plate in a censer or thurible.

In Japan a similar censer called a egōro (柄香炉) is used by several Buddhist sects. The egōro is usually made of brass, with a long handle and no chain. Instead of charcoal, makkō powder is poured into a depression made in a bed of ash. The makkō is lit and the incense mixture is burned on top. This method is known as sonae-kō (religious burning).

For direct-burning incense, the tip or end of the incense is ignited with a heat source such as a flame until the incense begins to turn into ash at the burning end. The flame is then fanned or blown out, leaving the incense to smolder.

Arabian
In most Arab countries, incense is burned in the form of scented chips or blocks called bakhoor (بَخُورٌ ). Incense is used on special occasions like weddings or on Fridays or generally to perfume the house. The bakhoor is usually burned in a mabkhara (مبخر or مبخرة), a traditional incense burner (censer) similar to the Somali dabqaad. It is customary in many Arab countries to pass bakhoor among the guests in the majlis (مَجْلِسٌ, 'congregation'). This is done as a gesture of hospitality.

Chinese

For over two thousand years, the Chinese have used incense in religious ceremonies, ancestor veneration, traditional Chinese medicine, and daily life. Agarwood and sandalwood  are the two most important ingredients in Chinese incense.

Along with the introduction of Buddhism in China came calibrated incense sticks and incense clocks. The first known record is by poet Yu Jianwu (487–551): "By burning incense we know the o'clock of the night, With graduated candles we confirm the tally of the watches." The use of these incense timekeeping devices spread from Buddhist monasteries into Chinese secular society.

Incense-stick burning is an everyday practice in traditional Chinese religion. There are many different types of sticks used for different purposes or on different festive days. Many of them are long and thin. Sticks are mostly coloured yellow, red, or more rarely, black. Thick sticks are used for special ceremonies, such as funerals. Spiral incense, with exceedingly long burn times, is often hung from temple ceilings. In some states, such as Taiwan, Singapore, or Malaysia, where they celebrate the Ghost Festival, large, pillar-like dragon incense sticks are sometimes used. These generate so much smoke and heat that they are only burned outside.

Chinese incense sticks used in popular religion are generally odorless or only use the slightest trace of jasmine or rose, since it is the smoke, not the scent, which is important in conveying the prayers of the faithful to heaven. They are composed of the dried powdered bark of a non-scented species of cinnamon native to Cambodia, Cinnamomum cambodianum. Inexpensive packs of 300 are often found for sale in Chinese supermarkets. Though they contain no sandalwood, they often include the Chinese character for sandalwood on the label, as a generic term for incense.

Highly scented Chinese incense sticks are used by some Buddhists. These are often quite expensive due to the use of large amounts of sandalwood, agarwood, or floral scents. The sandalwood used in Chinese incenses does not come from India, its native home, but rather from groves planted within Chinese territory. Sites belonging to Tzu Chi, Chung Tai Shan, Dharma Drum Mountain, Xingtian Temple, or City of Ten Thousand Buddhas do not use incense.

Christian
Incense is used in Christian churches, including the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Assyrian Church of the East and Oriental Orthodox, as well as in some Lutheran, Old Catholic, United Methodist, Reformed, Presbyterian, and Anglican churches. A thurible is used to hold the burning incense. Each thurible consists of a censer section, chains to hold and swing it, a perforated lid, and a crucible in which burning charcoal is placed. The incense is placed directly upon the charcoal, where it melts to produce a sweet smelling smoke. This may be done several times during the religious service as the incense burns quite quickly. The thurible is swung by its chains to fan the charcoal, to produce copious smoke, and to distribute the smoke.

Indian
Incense sticks, also known as agarbattī (अगरबत्ती) and joss sticks, in which an incense paste is rolled or moulded around a bamboo stick, are the main forms of incense in India. The bamboo method originated in India and is distinct from the Nepali, Tibetan, and Japanese methods of stick making without bamboo cores.

The basic ingredients are the bamboo stick, the paste (generally made of charcoal dust and joss/jiggit/gum/tabu powder – an adhesive made from the bark of litsea glutinosa and other trees), and the perfume ingredients - which would be a masala (spice mix) powder of ground ingredients into which the stick would be rolled, or a perfume liquid sometimes consisting of synthetic ingredients into which the stick would be dipped. Perfume is sometimes sprayed on the coated sticks. Stick machines are sometimes used, which coat the stick with paste and perfume, though the bulk of production is done by hand rolling at home. There are about 5,000 incense companies in India that take raw unperfumed sticks hand-rolled by approximately 200,000 women working part-time at home, and then apply their own brand of perfume, and package the sticks for sale. An experienced home-worker can produce 4,000 raw sticks a day. There are about 50 large companies that together account for up to 30% of the market, and around 500 of the companies, including a significant number of the main ones, including Moksh Agarbatti, PremaNature, and Cycle Pure, are based in Mysore.

Jewish Temple in Jerusalem
Ketoret (קְטֹרֶת) was the incense offered in the Temple in Jerusalem and is stated in the Book of Exodus to be a mixture of stacte, onycha, galbanum and frankincense.

Japanese

In Japan incense appreciation folklore includes art, culture, history, and ceremony. Incense burning may occasionally take place within the tea ceremony, just like calligraphy, ikebana, and scroll arrangement. Kōdō (香道), the art of incense appreciation, is generally practiced as a separate art form from the tea ceremony, and usually within a tea room of traditional Zen design.

Agarwood (沈香) and sandalwood (白檀) are the two most important ingredients in Japanese incense. The characters in agarwood mean "incense that sinks in water" due to the weight of the resin in the wood. Sandalwood is used in the Japanese tea ceremony. The most valued sandalwood comes from Mysore in the state of Karnataka in India.

Japanese incense companies divide agarwood into six categories depending on its properties and the region from which it is obtained. Kyara (伽羅), a type of agarwood, is currently worth more than its weight in gold.

Odorizant
Incense fragrances can be of such great strength that they obscure less desirable odours. This utility led to the use of incense in funerary ceremonies because the incense could smother the scent of decay. An example, as well as of religious use, is the giant Botafumeiro thurible that swings from the ceiling of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela. It is used in part to mask the scent of the many tired, unwashed pilgrims huddled together in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.

A similar utilitarian use of incense can be found in the post-Reformation Church of England. Although the ceremonial use of incense was abandoned until the Oxford Movement, it was common to have incense (typically frankincense) burned before grand occasions, when the church would be crowded. The frankincense was carried about by a member of the vestry before the service in a vessel called a 'perfuming pan'. In iconography of the day, this vessel is shown to be elongated and flat, with a single long handle on one side. The perfuming pan was used instead of the thurible, as the latter would have likely offended the Protestant sensibilities of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Incense is also often used by people who smoke indoors and do not want the smell to linger.

Papier d'Arménie was originally sold as a disinfectant as well as for the fragrance.

Time-keeper
The regular burning of direct-burning incense has been used for chronological measurement in incense clocks. These devices can range from a simple trail of incense material calibrated to burn in a specific time period, to elaborate and ornate instruments with bells or gongs, designed to involve multiple senses.

Incense clocks are used to time social, medical and religious practices in parts of eastern Asia. They are primarily used in Buddhism as a timer of meditation and prayer. Different types of incense burn at different rates; therefore, different incense are used for different practices. The duration of burning ranges from minutes to months.

Insect repellent
Incense made from materials such as citronella can repel mosquitoes and other irritating, distracting, or pestilential insects. This use has been deployed in concert with religious uses by Zen Buddhists, who claim that the incense that is part of their meditative practice is designed to keep bothersome insects from distracting the practitioner.

Aesthetic
Many people burn incense to appreciate its smell, without assigning any other specific significance to it; this is in the same way that certain items can be produced or consumed solely for the contemplation or enjoyment of the aroma. An example is the kōdō (香道), where raw incense materials such as agarwood, which are frequently costly, are appreciated in a formal setting.

Religious
Religious use of incense is prevalent in many cultures and may have roots in the practical and aesthetic uses, considering that many of these religions have little else in common. One common motif is incense as a form of sacrificial offering to a deity. Such use was common in Judaic worship and remains in use for example in the Catholic, Orthodox, and Anglican churches, Taoist and Buddhist Chinese jìngxiāng (敬香, 'offer incense [to ancestors/gods]'), etc. Different cultures have associated rising sweet-smelling smoke with prayer - communication directed towards a deity on high.

Aphrodisiac
Incense has been used as an aphrodisiac in some cultures. Both ancient Greek and ancient Egyptian mythology suggest the usage of incense by goddesses and nymphs. Incense is thought to heighten sexual desires and sexual attraction.

Health risks from incense smoke
Incense smoke contains various contaminants including gaseous pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides , volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and adsorbed toxic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and toxic metals). The solid particles range between around 10 and(-). In a comparison, Indian sandalwood was found to have the highest emission rate, followed by Japanese aloeswood, then Taiwanese aloeswood, while Chinese smokeless sandalwood had the least.

Research carried out in Taiwan in 2001 linked the burning of incense sticks to the slow accumulation of potential carcinogens in a poorly ventilated environment by measuring the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (including benzopyrene) within Buddhist temples. The study found gaseous aliphatic aldehydes, which are carcinogenic and mutagenic, in incense smoke.

A survey of risk factors for lung cancer, also conducted in Taiwan, noted an inverse association between incense burning and adenocarcinoma of the lung, though the finding was not deemed significant.

In contrast, epidemiologists at the Hong Kong Anti-Cancer Society, Aichi Cancer Center in Nagoya, and several other centers found: "No association was found between exposure to incense burning and respiratory symptoms like chronic cough, chronic sputum, chronic bronchitis, runny nose, wheezing, asthma, allergic rhinitis, or pneumonia among the three populations studied: i.e. primary school children, their non-smoking mothers, or a group of older non-smoking female controls. Incense burning did not affect lung cancer risk among non-smokers, but it significantly reduced risk among smokers, even after adjusting for lifetime smoking amount." However, the researchers qualified their findings by noting that incense burning in the studied population was associated with certain low-cancer-risk dietary habits, and concluded that "diet can be a significant confounder of epidemiological studies on air pollution and respiratory health."

Although several studies have not shown a link between incense and lung cancer, many other types of cancer have been directly linked to burning incense. A study published in 2008 in the medical journal Cancer found that incense use is associated with a statistically significant higher risk of cancers of the upper respiratory tract, with the exception of nasopharyngeal cancer. Those who used incense heavily also were 80% more likely to develop squamous-cell carcinomas. The link between incense use and increased cancer risk held when the researchers weighed other factors, including cigarette smoking, diet and drinking habits. The research team noted that "This association is consistent with a large number of studies identifying carcinogens in incense smoke, and given the widespread and sometimes involuntary exposure to smoke from burning incense, these findings carry significant public health implications."

In 2015, the South China University of Technology found toxicity of incense to Chinese hamsters' ovarian cells to be even higher than cigarettes.

Incensole acetate, a component of frankincense, has been shown to have anxiolytic-like and antidepressive-like effects in mice, mediated by activation of poorly-understood TRPV3 ion channels in the brain.

title: Incense


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DX number

The DX number was assigned by the International Imaging Industry Association (I3A). It uniquely identifies the type and manufacturer (sensitizer) of a film emulsion. A proprietary list of DX numbers for APS and 135 film was prepared yearly or as needed. (DX Codes for 135-Size Film, 2004, I3A; last edition was from January 2009). The list was available for sale from the I3A.

DX number composition
A DX number has two parts separated by a dash: the "combination code" also known as "DX Number Part 1" followed by a "specifier number", or "DX Number Part 2". For example, Agfa Perutz 3-color ISO 200/24° film is assigned 115-4 (I3A).

DX film canister barcode
For 135-film cartridges the DX number is hashed to produce a four-digit code. A suffix digit for the number of exposures and a manufacturer's proprietary prefix digit are concatenated to form a six-digit decimal code. The code is printed in human-readable text and also represented as an Interleaved 2 of 5 barcode. Size and position conform to the ANSI/NAPM IT1.14:1994 standard.

To generate digits 2 through 5, the combination code is multiplied by 16 and added to the specifier number. The result is prefixed with zeroes to make four digits. For the Agfa film 115-4 above, the digits would be 1844 (16 × 115 + 4).

Digit 1 is any digit from 0 to 9 and is assigned by the manufacturer.

Digit 6 is a code digit for the number of full-frame exposures: 1 is for 12 exposures, 2 for 20 exposures, 3 for 24, 4 for 36, 5 for 48, 6 for 60, 0 for 72 and 7 for non-standard lengths such as 24 + 3.

The barcode is located between the electrically read silver and black DX Camera Auto-Sensing Code and the film cartridge exit lip.

The barcode is optically scanned by many film-processing machines when the cartridge is inserted for developing (Kodak patent 5761558).

DX film edge barcode
Most film produced since 1983 contains a bar code at the bottom edge, which contains both the above "DX Number Part 1" and "DX Number Part 2". This information identifies manufacturers and chemistry associated with their various film types. These codes are printed on the "data track" below another bar code called a "clock track". The data track also includes a start entry pattern, frame number information, including indicating if a position is a "half-frame", a parity bit, and an exit pattern. If the manufacturer and type of film negative is unknown, a negatives' edge bar code can be examined to identify this information.

Unlike the film canister DX number bar code, each frame or half-frame's data track code doesn't provide information about the total number of frames available in the roll.

title: DX number


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Quaregnon

Quaregnon (Couargnon; Cargnon) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2018 Quaregnon had a total population of 19,006. The total area is 11.08 km2 which gives a population density of 1,716 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Quaregnon and Wasmuel.

title: Quaregnon


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Quévy

Quévy (Kévi) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006, Quévy had a total population of 7,734. The total area is 65.16 km2 which gives a population density of 119 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Asquillies, Aulnois, Blaregnies, Bougnies, Genly, Givry, Gœgnies-Chaussée, Havay, Quévy-le-Grand, and Quévy-le-Petit.

It is on the former main rail route between Brussels and Paris, and it was the virtual tariff border between the French SNCF and Belgian Railways SNCB.

title: Quévy


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Quiévrain

Quiévrain (Kievrin) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2006, the municipality had 6,559 inhabitants. The total area is 21.22 km2, giving a population density of 309 inhabitants per km2.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Audregnies, Baisieux, and Quiévrain.

Quiévrain is the border crossing point on the old main Paris-Brussels railway line. As a result, Belgians humorously refer to France (and vice versa) as outre-Quiévrain (beyond Quiévrain).

In the closing days of the First World War, Quiévrain was liberated by the Canadian Expeditionary Force on November 7, 1918, and marks the starting point of the Canadian Route of Remembrance in Belgium.

Revolutions of 1848
Shortly after the French Revolution of 1848, Belgian migrant workers living in Paris were encouraged to return to Belgium to overthrow the monarchy and establish a republic. Around 6,000 émigrés, coming from Paris, formed the "Belgian Legion". The legion was armed by some of the administrative authorities of Lille, and intended to penetrate into Belgium to "raise the people" and overthrow the Belgian monarchy. It is likely that the revolutionaries had the support of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the French Second Republic, which had only recently been installed and was still very militant.

The first group, travelling by train, was stopped and quickly disarmed at Quiévrain on 26 March 1848. The second group crossed into Belgium and was defeated in the Risquons-Tout incident.

title: Quiévrain


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Saint-Ghislain

Saint-Ghislain (Saint-Guilagne; Sint-Guilin) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.

On 1 January 2018 the municipality had 23,335 inhabitants. The total area is 70.18 sqkm, giving a population density of 333 PD/sqkm.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Baudour, Hautrage, Neufmaison, Saint-Ghislain, Sirault, Tertre et Villerot.

History
The town is named after Saint Ghislain. In the 7th century, with two unknown disciples Ghislain made a clearing in the vicinity of Castrilocus (now Mons), later taking up his abode at a place called Ursidongus, where he built an oratory or chapel dedicated to Saints Peter and Paul. Ursidongus was later named after him.

Economy
Google chose Saint-Ghislain in 2007 to host its new major European datacenter.

People born in Saint-Ghislain

 * Johannes Ockeghem, composer (between 1410 and 1425)

Twin towns

 * 🇫🇷 Saint-Lô, France (since 1961)
 * 🇵🇱 Sierakowice, Poland (since 2005)

title: Saint-Ghislain


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Comines-Warneton

Comines-Warneton (Komen-Waasten, ; Comène-Warneuton; Koomn-Woastn; Cômene-Varneton) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium. It is contiguous with the identically named Comines on the other side of the border with France.

On 1 January 2006 it had a total population of 17,562. Its total area is 61.09 km2 which gives a population density of 287 PD/sqkm. The name "Comines" is believed to have a Celtic, or Gaulish, origin. Comines-Warneton is a municipality with language facilities for Dutch-speakers.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Bas-Warneton, Comines, Houthem, Ploegsteert, and Warneton (including the  hamlet of Gheer). They were all transferred in 1963 from the arrondissement of Ypres in the Dutch-speaking province of West Flanders to the newly created arrondissement of Mouscron in French-speaking Hainaut. The five municipalities (Comines, Houthem, Ploegsteert, Bas-Warneton, Warneton) were merged into a single Comines-Warneton municipality in 1977. Since then, the municipality forms an exclave of both Hainaut and Wallonia, being surrounded by the Flemish province of West Flanders and the French department of Nord and not connected to the rest of the French-speaking area of Belgium.

Comines-Warneton is twinned with Hedge End in England and with Argenton-les-Vallées in France.

Famous inhabitants

 * Johannes Despauterius, humanist
 * Frank Vandenbroucke, cyclist
 * Gustave Singier, painter
 * Eugene Joseph Verboeckhoven, painter

Twin towns

 * Hedge End, England
 * Wolverton, England

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Mouscron

Mouscron (Dutch and Moeskroen, ; Picard and Walloon: Moucron) is a city and municipality of Wallonia located in the Belgian province of Hainaut, along the border with the French city of Tourcoing, which is part of the Lille metropolitan area.

The municipality consists of the following districts: Dottignies, Herseaux, Luingne, and Mouscron. In accordance with the national law, the municipality offers facilities for the Dutch speaking minority. Kortrijk, in Flanders, is located just to the north of Mouscron.

The city substantially grew during the 19th and early 20th century with the development of the textile industry in the north of France. The symbol of the city is the Hurlu: a character representing Protestant activists, who plundered the countryside during the Wars of Religion (16th century).

Geography
Mouscron is divided into 7 districts: the downtown (le centre), the train station (la gare), Mont-à-Leux, Tuquet, Risquons-Tout, Nouveau-Monde and Coquinie. The municipality of Mouscron now also includes the old municipalities of Dottignies, Luingne, and Herseaux since the Fusion of the Belgian municipalities. The metropolitan area of Mouscron forms a conurbation with the French metropolitan area of Lille and is at the crossroad of three different administrative regions: Wallonia, France and Flanders. Mouscron is located 9 km from Roubaix, 11 km from Kortrijk, 23 km from Lille and 25 km from Tournai. The city has been part of the French-speaking province of Hainaut since 1963 and, as a result, part of the administrative region of Wallonia.

Middle Ages
A few archaeological discoveries were made in this area proving the existence of settlements during Roman times. The name Dottignies – a village that is now part of Mouscron – appeared for the first time in the 9th century, while that of Mouscron only appeared in 1060. In 1066, Baldwin V, Count of Flanders ceded the local buildings and territories to the estate of the Church of Saint-Pierre in Lille. In 1149, the right to collect tithes in the Mouscron area was ceded in part to the Abbey of Saint Martin in Tournai, in part to the Chapter of the Tournai Cathedral. The rights to the neighbouring villages of Herseaux and Luingne – now also part of Mouscron – were also given to the Tournai Cathedral in 1178. In the 14th century, the Seigneury of Mouscron was eventually sold to a lord of Tournai, and in 1430, the Castle of the Counts (Château des Comtes) became the lord's manor, which can still be seen today. The future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor stopped there for dinner on May 27, 1516.

16th to 18th centuries
In 1575, in the middle of the Wars of Religion, the castle was strengthened. It was nevertheless besieged and taken by the Geuzen, locally known as the Hurlus in 1579, before being taken back three months later. In 1627, Philip IV of Spain promoted the seigneury to the rank of county. The Franco-Dutch War under Louis XIV devastated this mostly agricultural region. Mouscron and the surrounding area became French after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668). Part of it rejoined the Southern Netherlands after the Treaty of Nijmegen (1678), which drew the frontier right through its territory. It was finally completely ceded to the Southern Netherlands under the terms of the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The textile industry started in Mouscron in the 1760s thanks to the imposition by Lille of a ban on the fabrication of molletons, a mixture of flax and wool, in Roubaix and Tourcoing. With the Battle of Fleurus (1794), Mouscron went back to France.

19th and 20th centuries
At the beginning of the 19th century, the textile industry flourished and added cotton as one of its prime materials. On March 29, 1848, the Belgian army intervened near Mouscron against a troop of French republican sympathizers who were ready to invade Belgium, in what was known as the Risquons-Tout incident. By the end of the century, several cotton mills and carpet plants were built, leading the village to expand into a much larger urban area, especially after the close of World War I.

During World War II, from May 22 to 27, 1940, artillery fire brought British and German soldiers into conflict in the Risquons-Tout district. 15 British soldiers, 10 German soldiers and 5 civilians were killed in the incident.

In 1963, Mouscron was transferred from the province of West Flanders, to the province of Hainaut, to reflect the predominantly francophone population (94% in 1846 and 74% in 1947). Mouscron was officially recognized as a city in 1986.

Sights

 * The town hall and the main square (Grand Place). The town hall was opened in 1890. It was designed by the architect René Aimé Buyck from Bruges and the style may be defined as neo gothic from maritime Flanders. The building is outstanding because of the harmony of its proportions and the fineness of its sculptures.
 * The Saint-Barthélémy church
 * The medieval castle known as the Château des Comtes can still be visited. The oldest extant parts date from the 15th century. Four families of lords lived in it during six centuries. From this big domain remains its courtyard marked by annexes from 16th to 17th centuries and moats.
 * Mouscron's public park dates back to the 1930s. With its ponds and manicured green areas, it is home to all the plant varieties that can be grown in the local climate and it extends over an area of 7 hectares. It was inaugurated in 1932 by Fernand Cocq.
 * The house of Picardy (Maison Picarde). The building was built around 1922. The inside is worth visiting. The painted earthenware that adorns the main hall of the second story were classified as historical artifacts. They depict bucolic scenes which praise the values of socialism, work, empowerment, knowledge and family. They were made by the studio of Jules Biesbroek.
 * The Urban Renewal (La Rénovation urbaine). At the beginning of 1980s, a big revitalization project was decided. The old Green Square was transformed and renamed Emmanuel de Neckere Square. The paving is worth looking at in more detail as it depicts the city's motto: “Loyal to the King, up to carrying the beggar's pouch” (French: “Fidèle au roy, jusqu’à porter la besace”). At the center of this modern atrium, you can see the fountain made by Bernard Verhaeghe, a local artist, in 1987.
 * The olympic-size swimming pool (Les dauphins);
 * The cultural center (Marius Staquet); has 3 main facilities: the Raymond Devos theater, the André Demeyère auditorium and the Jacques Brel exhibition hall
 * The exhibition hall (Centr’expo); hosts exhibitions, fairs and events
 * The Art Gallery; set up in the old swimming pool
 * The stadium (Cannonier); can hold 10,830 spectators
 * The public library
 * The El bar café; hosts concerts
 * Studio RQC (Radio qui chifel); the independent radio station of the city

Festivities

 * The Hurlus Festival (Fête des Hurlus): The Hurlus Festival happens every first weekend of October. On Friday evening, children from across the city gather on the main square for the lantern procession. Children are accompanied by fanfare, musicians and other traditional groups. They walk around the city and sing the main couplet of the traditional song. On Saturday, the inhabitants walk around the downtown to see traditional groups, majorettes, itinerant traders, musicians and craftsmen and a big bowls competition is organized. Then, the historical procession starts in the streets of the city. It is based on two main legendary events: the kidnapping of the Spanish-allied Adins vicar by the Hurlus and the fight in five trials between the Spanish leader (Don Ferrante de la Plancha y otros barrios) and the leader of the Hurlus. If the Hurlu leader wins the reenactment, little Hurlus dolls will be tossed into the crowd. Celebrations are in full swing to the beat of drums and trumpets until Sunday when Hurlus dolls are tossed from a raised platform on the main square.
 * The Hand Festival (Fête de la Main) in Dottignies. Every third week-end of September, a company of Gilles roams the streets of the village and distributes the traditional oranges to passers-by. The festival takes its name from the copper hand, possibly a symbol of fraternity, which tops the steeple of the church of Dottignies.
 * A Christmas Market takes place every year on the main square.
 * The vingt-quatre heure de Mouscron takes place every September. The ultimate goal of the event is to raise money for charity. The event includes groups of sportsmen running around the city for 24 hours.

The musical period
From 1960 to 1980, the city experienced a vibrant period in the music industry.

The studio of Marcel De Keukeleire and Jean Van Loo produced famous European artists like Chocolat's (Brasilia Carnaval), Patrick Hernandez (Born to Be Alive), Amadeo (Moving Like A Superstar), J.J. Lionel (Chicken dance) and the Crazy Horse band, which was partly made up of people from Mouscron.

In 1967, Jimi Hendrix gave his only Belgian concert at the Twenty club. Other artists of the 1960s to have performed in the club include: The Animals, The Small Faces, The Kinks, The Yardbirds, Gene Vincent, The Moody Blues. The latter stayed in Mouscron for the writing of their album “Days of Future Passed”. In 1978, their Song “Top rank suite” alludes to the city's name with the sentence: “They played a good game of football in Mucron”. The Moody Blues were certainly fans of football but they blatantly forgot how to spell the city's name.

Eventually, the beginning of the song “Les Bourgeois” of Jacques Brel, anecdotally mentions the name of “Adrienne du Mont-à-Leux”, who was the owner of a café in the city.

Notable people

 * Philippe Adams, Formula One driver (20th century)
 * Bourgon Broucard, immigrant ancestor of American television journalist and author Tom Brokaw (17th century)
 * Élise Crombez, supermodel (20th century)
 * Marcel De Keukeleire: accordionist and music producer
 * Raymond Devos, humorist and stand-up comedian (20th century)
 * Viscount Leonard Pierre Joseph du Bus de Gisignies, politician (19th century)
 * Alphonse Joseph Glorieux, missionary Roman Catholic bishop (19th century)
 * Fantine Harduin (2005): Belgian actress (21st century)
 * Yvonne Hubert, pianist and teacher (19th century)
 * Maxime Lestienne, football player with Standard Liège (21st century)
 * Louis-Philippe Loncke, explorer (20th century, member of The Explorers Club)
 * Steed Malbranque, football player (20th century)
 * Marcel Marlier (1930–2011): illustrator, cartoonist of Martine
 * Jacques Mercier (1943): TV and radio show host, writer
 * Charles Schepens, ophthalmologist (20th century)
 * Frank Vandenbroucke (1974–2009): cyclist
 * André Waignein (1942–2015): trumpet player and composer

Twin cities

 * 🇫🇷 Liévin, Pas-de-Calais, Hauts-de-France, France
 * 🇫🇷 Fécamp, Seine-Maritime, Normandy, France
 * 🇩🇪 Rheinfelden, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
 * Barry, Vale of Glamorgan, Wales, United Kingdom

title: Mouscron


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Hikaru Genji

Hikaru Genji (光源氏) is the protagonist of Murasaki Shikibu's important Heian-era Japanese novel The Tale of Genji. The story describes him as a superbly handsome man and a genius. Genji is the second son of a Japanese emperor, but he is relegated to civilian life for political reasons and lives as an imperial officer.

The first part of the story concentrates on his romantic life, and in the second, his and others' internal agony is depicted. He appears from the first volume "Kiritsubo" to the 40th volume "Illusion".

"Genji" is the surname of a noble demoted from royalty. His true given name is never referred to in the story, like most other characters. "Hikaru" means "shining", which is a nickname deriving from his appearance. He is also referred to as Rokujō no In (六条院), sometimes abbreviated as In (院). He is often called Genji when speaking of the story.

It is implied that Hikaru Genji was extremely attractive and talented, easily gaining the favor of those around him at a young age. Describing his superlative qualities, Murasaki Shikibu wrote: "but to recount all his virtues would, I fear, give rise to a suspicion that I distort the truth." His appearance was said to have tempted men and women alike, as he had desirable features such as smooth white skin, excellent fashion sense, which increased his fame and popularity.

The character of Hikaru Genji has had several adaptations in other media, from different iterations of The Tale of Genji. He is usually universally depicted as possessing unrivaled beauty and charisma in all subsequent media adaptations.

While fictitious, Genji is thought to be inspired by real historical figures, including Minamoto no Tōru, who was a grandson of Emperor Saga, hence one of the Saga Genji clan.

Life of Hikaru Genji in Tale of Genji
The ages of characters are counted in kazoedoshi (数え年), as the story discusses.

It is common to divide the tale into three parts, and this article follows that custom, but the division is not made explicit in the original version of the story written by Lady Murasaki.

Part one
Hikaru Genji was born the second son of Emperor Kiritsubo (桐壺帝) by his lower ranked consort, Kiritsubo no Koi (桐壺更衣). Genji had peerless beauty and genius, even from infancy, and was nicknamed "the Shining Prince". His mother died when he was only three years old. The pursuit of the feminine ideal represented by his deceased mother is an important element that drives many of his subsequent romantic pursuits.

His father Emperor Kiritsubo considered appointing Hikaru the crown prince. He was however worried that his second son had no support from his maternal line. After being further discouraged by a fortuneteller's prediction that the country would be thrown into chaos if Hikaru ascended to the throne, the Emperor lowered Hikaru's rank to civilian, giving him the clan name Minamoto (Genji).

Utsusemi, the wife of the Iyo Deputy and stepmother of the Governor of Kii, is memorable as the first woman Genji courts in the tale and also, arguably, as the first to resist him. Frustrated because he cannot reach Utsusemi, Genji beds little Kogimi, Utsusemi's younger brother, for Genji "found the boy more attractive than his chilly sister," as a replacement for her. This episode constitutes the only open reference to homosexuality in the tale.

Genji adored his stepmother Lady Fujitsubo (藤壺), a later favorite consort of Emperor Kiritsubo, because of her close resemblance to the dead Lady Kiritsubo, and that similarity was also the reason that Emperor Kiritsubo had her enter his court. As a result of Fujitsubo and Genji's forbidden love, she bore a boy, later Emperor Reizei (冷泉帝), to Genji when he is 19, but almost no one knew the truth of his birth, and the child was raised as a prince and son of Emperor Kiritsubo.

He had two wives in the legal sense during his life; he married Lady Aoi (Aoi no Ue､葵の上) in his youth, and much later Onna san no Miya (女三の宮) (meaning "The Third Princess", called so in Japanese, and known as Nyōsan in the Arthur Waley translation.) Lady Aoi died after she bore a son to Genji. But Genji's de facto wife and most beloved one was Lady Murasaki, Murasaki no Ue (紫の上), a niece of Fujitsubo. Genji met her by chance when she was very young - at the age of 10, and when he was 18 years old. When her grandmother who brought her up died, and before her real father could take her to his mansion, Genji kidnapped Murasaki and brought her up himself. After Aoi died, Genji made her his unofficial wife. Although their marriage didn't follow the whole protocol of official marriage, she received as many honours as the factual wife of Genji. But she officially remained his concubine, and that was one of the reasons Genji was offered the opportunity to marry the Third Princess in the second part of the story. Genji couldn't reject this offer because of his affection for Fujitsubo, but Onna san no miya was so young that she turned out to be too naïve, and he was very disappointed and had many regrets.

Genji had many love affairs. He even made love to one of his brother's de facto consorts Oborozukiyo (朧月夜). She was nominally the Head of Ladies-in-waiting and no official consort, but it was a scandal, and gave a pretext to political opponents. Genji moved to Suma, in Harima Province, before he could be expelled officially.

In Harima province, Genji met Lady Akashi and had a daughter by her. Later his brother Emperor Suzaku was afflicted by illness and feared it was a result of the wrath of his late father's spirit, by his poor treatment of his brother, Genji. Genji was invited to return to Miyako (nowadays Kyoto). He left Lady Akashi and the child, and returned to Kyoto.

After Genji was back in Kyoto, Emperor Suzaku abdicated in favor of the crown prince (Reizei) who was really the son of Genji and Fujitsubo. This prince ascended to the throne, but he learned the secret of his birth by chance, and wanted to abdicate in favor of his real father, Genji. It was however impossible and as the second best, Emperor Reizei later gave Genji nearly the same rank as an abdicated emperor. After rising to this noblest rank, Genji was called Rokujo-in (六条院), a name taken from his mansion.

Genji wanted his daughter to be the next Empress. He invited Lady Akashi and the child (known as Princess Akashi, 明石の姫君) to Kyoto. Later, Lady Murasaki adopted this girl and raised her. This girl later became a consort of the crown prince and eventually his empress.

Part two
At the age of forty, he married his niece Onna san no Miya, who was a daughter of his elder half-brother Emperor Suzaku (朱雀帝), and her mother was a lady whose half-sister was Empress Fujitsubo, hence another niece. This marriage did not make him happy. Kashiwagi (柏木), a friend of his son Yugiri, hence a nephew of Lady Aoi, lusted after Onna san no Miya and sought her love even after her marriage with Genji. Finally he intruded into Rokujoin and raped her. She bore a boy whose father was Kashiwagi. Genji later discovered the secret and became angry, but finally realized it was just what he had done to his father, and it was a punishment for his past treachery to his father and emperor. He decided to keep the secret of the birth of this boy and to bring him up as his real and third child.

After Lady Murasaki died, he became a monk and secreted himself in Saga.

title: Hikaru Genji


text:
Yorick (programming language)

Yorick is an interpreted programming language designed for numerics, graph plotting, and steering large scientific simulation codes. It is quite fast due to array syntax, and extensible via C or Fortran routines. It was created in 1996 by David H. Munro of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Indexing
Yorick is good at manipulating elements in N-dimensional arrays conveniently with its powerful syntax.

Several elements can be accessed all at once:

 * Arbitrary elements

 * Pseudo-index

Like "theading" in PDL and "broadcasting" in Numpy, Yorick has a mechanism to do this:

 * Rubber index

".." is a rubber-index to represent zero or more dimensions of the array.

"*" is a kind of rubber-index to reshape a slice(sub-array) of array to a vector.

 * Tensor multiplication

Tensor multiplication is done as follows in Yorick:

P(,+, )*Q(, +)

means $$\sum_{j=1}^{j=N}{P_{ijkl}Q_{mnj}}$$

title: Yorick (programming language)


text:
Turing (disambiguation)

Alan Turing (1912–1954) was a British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist.

Turing may also refer to:

People

 * Turing baronets, a title in the Baronetage of Nova Scotia, including a list of baronets
 * Dermot Turing (born 1961), British solicitor and author
 * Turing (drag queen), Filipino drag queen

Fictional characters

 * Angelica Turing, in Sense8
 * Turing, in video game 2064: Read Only Memories

Other uses

 * Turing (cipher), a cryptographic stream cipher
 * Turing (microarchitecture), by Nvidia
 * Turing (programming language)
 * Turing Award, the annual award by the Association for Computing Machinery

title: Turing (disambiguation)


text:
International Imaging Industry Association

The International Imaging Industry Association (I3A) was a trade association created by the merger of the Photographic and Imaging Manufacturers Association (PIMA) and the Digital Imaging Group (DIG) in 2001. It served the photographic industry, which included tracking the market size.

From 2001 through 2010, I3A also served as the sponsor for ANSI and ISO standards for photography, including the Picture Transfer Protocol (ISO 15740) as well as consortia standards such as the Internet Imaging Protocol.

I3A transferred the sponsorship of ANSI and ISO photographic standards to the Society for Imaging Science and Technology in January 2011, and had been disbanded as of October 2013.

PIMA and NAPM
The Photographic and Imaging Manufacturers Association, or PIMA, was founded in 1946 under the name National Association of Photographic Manufacturers (NAPM). In 1997 the name was changed to PIMA. NAPM and PIMA served as the sponsor for ANSI and ISO standards for photography from 1946 until 2001, when NAPM merged with DIG to become I3A.


text:
The Tale of Genji (manga)

The Tale of Genji: Dreams at Dawn (あさきゆめみし) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Waki Yamato. It is a manga version of Murasaki Shikibu's The Tale of Genji, following nearly the same plot with some modern adaptation. It was serialized in Kodansha's shōjo manga magazines Mimi and Minmi Excellent from 1979 to 1993, with its chapters collected in 13 tankōbon volumes. The first ten volumes focus on Hikaru Genji and his life, while the final three volumes follow two princes, lord Kaoru and Niou no Miya (Royal Prince with Perfumes) after Hikaru Genji's death.

Kodansha International published four volumes, as part of its bilingual manga program, from 2000 to 2001. Kodansha USA published the manga digitally in ten volumes from 2019 to 2020.

An anime adaptation was scheduled to air on Fuji TV's Noitamina programming block starting in January 2009; however, the producer decided to make the anime directly from the original Tale of Genji, calling the new anime Genji Monogatari Sennenki.

The series has sold over 18 million copies.

Characters

 * Hikaru Genji
 * A royal prince and the second son of Emperor Kiritsubo. People called him the Shining Prince for his beauty and exellence. His father, the Emperor, gave him a branch house called Gen, which meant he was no longer part of the royal family and lost the right to succeed the throne, since his mother was a concubine of low rank. Therefore, he was called Gen-ji, shining Gen-ji (Hikaru Genji).

 * Emperor Kiritsubo
 * Father of Genji. He wished Genji to become his successor, but it was impossible since his mother Kiritsubo-koui's was of low rank and the mother of his first son, Kokiden-nyougo, was of high rank.

 * Kiritsubo-koui
 * Second class concubine of Emperor Kiritsubo and mother of Genji. The emperor loved her most, but the jealousy and hatred of other concubines in the palace resulted in her death.

 * Kokiden-nyougo
 * First class concubine and mother of the first royal prince (later, Emperor Suzaku) of Emperor Kiritsubo. She was the daughter of the Minister at the right.

 * Fujitsubo-nyougo
 * Royal princess and first class concubine of Emperor Kiritsubo. Fujitsubo looked a lot like late Kiritsubo-koui. Emperor Kiritsubo loved her and she became the Empress consort (Chuuguu). Lord Genji secretly loved and adored Fujitsubo too which made him commit adultery with her.

 * Murasaki no ue
 * Daughter of the Imperial prince Hyobukyo no miya and niece of Empress consort Fujitsubo. Lord Genji first met her when she was 12 years old. Later, Genji married her and she was called Murasaki no ue (high Dame Murasaki).

 * Aoi no ue
 * Daughter of the Minister at the left. She was 4 years older than Genji. Aoi was the first spouse of Genji, therefore she was called Aoi no ue (high Dame Aoi). She was raised to be married to the next emperor, but was instead married to Genji who was the second son of the emperor, which made hef grow cold and distant. Aoi was killed by the jealous living ghost of royal Dame Rokujou.

 * Rokujou-miyasudokoro
 * Mother of Umetsubo-nyougo and a first class concubine of the former Crown Prince who was an elder brother of Emperor Kiritsubo. After her husband's death, she locked herself up in her mansion and only came out during poetry recitals. Considered to be very popular at court due to her reputation of wisdom and charm, she became Genji's mistress. Her love overwhelmed the Prince Genji which eventually drove him away from her. "Miyasudokoro" is title of mother of royal prince/princess.

 * Yuugiri
 * Second son of Genji. His mother was high Dame Aoi.

 * Emperor Suzaku
 * First son of Emperor Kiritsubo. His mother was Kokiden-nyougo. Suzaku succeeded his father Kiritsubo's throne and became emperor. Kokiden-nyougo was, then, grand Empress consort.

 * Emperor Reizei
 * Son of Empress consort Fujitsubo. He was to be considered as the royal prince, son of Emperor Kiritsubo, but his real father was Lord Genji, making him a child of adultery.

 * Tou-no-chuujou
 * Eldest son of the Minister at the left and elder brother of Aoi. He was a rival and a good friend of Genji.

 * Yuugao
 * A young lady from the middle class but was reputed for her beauty. She was one of Genji's loves. She was killed by the living ghost of the jealous Rokujou-miyasudokoro at the age of nineteen. Her death threw Genji into a pit of depression. She left a girl baby called Tamakadura, who was a daughter of Tou-no-chuujou.

 * Oborodukiyo
 * Daughter of the Minister at the right and younger sister of grand Empress consort Kokiden. She was a beautiful and brave lady. Kokiden planned to make her first class concubine of Emperor Suzaku, but she had love affairs with Lord Genji. Then, she became the chief Lady of Chamber (Naishi-no-kami) of Emperor Suzaku. Kokiden got angry and Genji retired to the seashore palace at Suma.

 * Akashi-no-okata
 * Daughter of Priest Akashi. Genji and his followers were met with a typhoon at Suma which made them take refuge in Priest Akashi's house. Genji, then, made love with her and begot a baby girl (later, Akashi-no-nyougo).

 * Shin-Kokiden-nyougo
 * Daughter of Tou-no-chuujou and elder sister of Kumoi-no-Kari. She was a first class concubine of Emperor Reizei.

 * Umetsubo-nyougo
 * Daughter of Rokujou-Miyasudokoro and the former Crown Prince. She was a Royal princess, entering the palace of Emperor Reizei as nyougo (first class concubine). After her mother's death, Genji became her father in palace low. Emperor Reizei became aware that Genji was his real father which filled his heart with agony but he later came to terms with it. Reizei raised Umetsubo to the Empress consort for she was Genji's daughter. Umetsubo became Akikonomu-chuuguu. Genji became de facto Ex-Emperor, Rokujou-in.

 * Kumoi-no-Kari
 * Daughter of Tou-no-chuujou and younger sister of shin-Kokiden-nyougo. She fell in love with Yuugiri, the son of Genji, whom she later married.

 * Tamakadura
 * Daughter of Tou-no-chuujou. She left Kyoto for Dazai-fu at Kyushu at a young age. After having grown up and become a young lady, she returned to Kyoto. Genji found her and announced she was his daughter. Many high rank noblemen sent love-letters to her. Royal army General at the left, Kurohige, proposed to her and then kidnapped her.

Publication
Written and illustrated by Waki Yamato, The Tale of Genji was serialized in Kodansha's shōjo manga magazines Minmi and Minmi Excellent from 1979 to 1993. Kodansha collected its chapters in 13 tankōbon volumes, released from November 15, 1980, to July 13, 1993.

Kodansha International published four volumes, as part of its bilingual manga program, from 2000 to 2001. Kodansha USA started publishing the manga digitally, with ten volumes released from February 26, 2019, to February 4, 2020.

title: The Tale of Genji (manga)


text:
Talk:Donald Sutherland

Mr. Sutherland also starred in the DIRTY DOZEN. Hello?
Yes 2601:6C3:4081:41C0:4C17:8B25:A992:913E (talk) 23:38, 1 May 2024 (UTC)

 * He also appeared in Hallmark's Movie Oldest Living Confederate Widow Tells All in 1994. https://www.bing.com/search?FORM=SNAPST&q=Oldest+Living+Confederate+Widow+Tells+All+TV&filters=fcid:%22actor.tvshow%22+pivot:%2203f90067-c593-29d6-0d7b-45efd34cd42e%22+sid:%225116a120-e90d-19e4-4173-a118d02d1149%22 2600:382:2B00:CE:D444:25E5:348B:4938 (talk) 19:53, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

His career spans over SIX decades, not seven. At least, not yet.
If his career started around 1963, in 2024 it's going to be 61 years long. 2001:4DF4:1309:7B00:74EB:E98D:68:2BDA (talk) 20:30, 2 May 2024 (UTC)

 * No, seven decades: 60s,70s,80s,90s,00s,10s,20s. A bit clever, but accurate. Rest In Peace Donald Sutherland. RTP Rocker (talk) 19:13, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * That's not how it works. 2001:4DF4:1309:7B00:9134:48AA:EE5D:4872 (talk) 20:36, 20 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Keep in mind 1963 was his FILM debut. He was acting on stage before then including on West End. 2600:100C:A20C:6C0F:38C3:7DA5:10A4:FB5D (talk) 23:53, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

Infobox image
I'm opening this talk page section in regards to Sutherland's infobox image. Per Template:Infobox person, "when the subject of a biographical article has recently died, particularly those who have been publicly known for decades, editors may come to a consensus on the article's talk page regarding what image would best be suited for the infobox."

The current infobox image (see attached image to prevent confusion) has already been used for years prior to his death, so consensus should be reached here if anybody wants to change it. Please discuss so here, whether you support using the current image or a different image on here. Thanks, B3251 (talk) 00:09, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * @JMerrill17 Please talk here and establish consensus before changing the image please. I do not want to engage in an edit war. B3251 (talk) 00:20, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Not sure why the image is in black-and-white. A color image is available; use that. elijahpepe@wikipedia (he/him) 00:34, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The image that I just reverted it back to has already been used as the infobox image for years prior to his death, I don't see why it's totally necessary to change it all of a sudden. I've been trying to tell the editor to discuss it here but they haven't been communicating. B3251 (talk) 00:45, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I don't, either; the current image is pretty representative of Sutherland already. I support the current image. XtraJovial (talk • contribs) 01:00, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I think the user pinged above is the same IP (or IPs for that matter) that has been trying to change the image for a couple of hours now. I don't think they will reply here. ภץאคгöร  01:04, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Since I think I'm "the editor" is referring to, I haven't posted anything because the only thing I can say is, I strongly agree with the template's documentation, whatever image is used it should be by following that guideline.  -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 01:15, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I am not referring to you, I am referring to the editor that I pinged. B3251 (talk) 02:31, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Infoboxes for deceased individuals usually use older photographs at the height of their success. See Akira Toriyama. elijahpepe@wikipedia (he/him) 03:39, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * But if I were to !vote, I think File:Donald Sutherland, 1981.jpg is the best choice. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 01:19, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Appears pretty fuzzy, overexposed and insignificant to me. As much as I try, I can't see why it should be superior to the current image. –Tobias (talk) 16:54, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * What makes this difficult here is that the 'height of his career' per se could also be attributed to during his later life, around mid 1990s - late 2010s, as this is around the time where he was receiving most of his awards/nominations. He is widely recognized for his role in M*A*S*H (1970) for example, but he is also massively recognized (in what is likely his most notable role) for portraying Coriolanus Snow in THG franchise. B3251 (talk) 03:59, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Definitely support use of the current, more recent photo as the main infobox photo TheLoyalOrder (talk) 03:36, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm not a big fan of this image, but given the other options available on Wikimedia Commons, I don't see anything better. Kire1975 (talk) 08:50, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * How about this image in 1998 when he was around 63 years old. 113.211.209.191 (talk) 10:51, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I'm a bit iffy on the grayscale image since we still have a pretty good colored image, but it's not a bad option and is within the timeframe I'd prefer. B3251 (talk) 16:09, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The current image is the most recent one, it's colored and taken during the period when the subject was arguably at the 'height of his career'/his most popular due to Hunger Games franchise, one of the highest-grossing franchises of all time. ภץאคгöร  16:59, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Current image. David J Johnson (talk) 17:06, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Support option 2 or 3 Usually after someone dies, their infobox changes to a more younger one / one that depicts the subject of the article in their 'prime' or 'peak'. Sometimes it's a colored photo, or sometimes it's black and white. I think options 2 and 3 are in good quality that shows a younger Sutherland in his prime, however if I had to pick, option 3 is a bit better. --TDKR Chicago 101 (talk) 17:04, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Now that I get a better look at these, #4 which shows a younger Sutherland, it's out of focus, #2 has a bad shining on the forehead, #3 would be my pick, if the current one is not used. -  FlightTime  ( open channel ) 17:10, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Option one (current) seems to be the best option of all the images as it is a clear view of his face, is in color and is in focus. Jurisdicta (talk) 19:13, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

The University of Toronto doesn’t allow students to pursue a dual degree in engineering
The Early Life and Education section claims that Sutherland pursued a double major in engineering and drama at Victoria University (University of Toronto). However, the University of Toronto's Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering (FASE) doesn't allow engineering students to pursue any double major due to its heavy course load, and, from what I can find, never has. Additionally, Victoria University has never offered its own engineering program and operates independently of FASE, which operates as its own independent affiliated college of UofT. From sources online, it is clear that at the beginning of his enrolment at UofT Sutherland did pursue engineering in some capacity; however, there is no credible source that I could find that claims he pursued a double major in it. Could someone please confirm whether or not he truly did pursue a double major or whether this is false? ArnavTalwani (talk) 02:23, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Most sources give this as the double major. A couple of Canadian sources vary this though:
 * The Times Colonist says "Sutherland began as an engineering student at the University of Toronto but switched to English and started acting in school theatrical productions."
 * The Albertan says "Sutherland studied drama, engineering and English at the University of Toronto, where he played to audiences at the Hart House Theatre and met his first wife of seven years, Lois Hardwick."
 * It seems quite plausible that he changed his major as I did this myself but I don't know whether this would formally be a double major at that institution.
 * Andrew🐉(talk) 20:55, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Thank you. This does not make this a double major at the University of Toronto, and I can confirm this since I am currently an undergraduate student in FASE. The University of Toronto requires that students declare both majors and then complete the appropriate course load for those majors; thus, when being conferred a degree, they will be conferred one for both majors. I found a blog credited to the University of Toronto History Society that agrees with the Times Colonist, so it is more likely that Sutherland began studying engineering and then switched to a "specialist" (a more rigorous and in-depth pathway of study than a major offered at UofT) in English or double major in English and Drama. In either case, it seems that part of the article on Wikipedia should be modified accordingly. ArnavTalwani (talk) 21:05, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I was a double major at my school in 1996. I dropped out and came back in 2004 and the double major was not available. Things change. Just because there is no double major at your school now doesn't mean it didn't exist when Donald Sutherland was there 60 plus years ago. That's why we don't do WP:ORIGINAL research here at Wikipedia. We rely on WP:RELIABLE sources. Kire1975 (talk) 21:14, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * There are no reliable sources or records from the University that indicate a double major in engineering ever existed. Additionally, I've checked all FASE archives and there is no indication that the faculty ever allowed students to pursue a double major. Because FASE would have been the only affiliated school/faculty at UofT to have offered engineering when Donald Sutherland was attending (the School of Practical Science, which later became FASE in 1906, became the engineering school for UofT in 1878), if he had pursued a double major in Engineering, he would have been affiliated with FASE in some capacity. Thus, it seems like he did not pursue a double major in engineering and drama because an engineering double major program never existed at this school. ArnavTalwani (talk) 21:25, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

Canadian President?
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau (please) 199.7.157.32 (talk) 13:59, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * I agree, we should include the comments from Candian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. He had this to say, "He was a man with a strong presence, a brilliance in his craft, and truly a great Canadian artist and he will be deeply missed. My thoughts go out to Kiefer and the entire Sutherland family, as well as all Canadians who are no doubt saddened to learn as I am right now." Jurisdicta (talk) 16:37, 21 June 2024 (UTC)
 * Done. Jurisdicta (talk) 16:41, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

Trudeau's comments are in two different sections - Death and tributes and artistry and legacy. That hardly seems necessary. Kire1975 (talk) 15:40, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

Why is the quote by Alissa Wilkinson in the article formated with a white background?
Reviewing the article, under Artistry and legacy, the quote by Alissa Wilkinson is formatted differently than the rest of the article. Is there a reason for this or editor error? Jurisdicta (talk) 16:43, 21 June 2024 (UTC)

 * @Jurisdicta, does it still appear that way to you? Right now I see a light blue. --Classicwiki (talk) If you reply here, please ping me. 06:42, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * In night mode, it appears a little green to me. According to Template:Quote box: the RGB background color of the box. Defaults to #F9F9F9 (light gray). Kire1975 (talk) 07:41, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * It is currently set to "| bgcolor = LightCyan" so it appearing a little green seems accurate. If it is an issue, feel free to adjust. --Classicwiki (talk) If you reply here, please ping me. 07:51, 22 June 2024 (UTC)
 * The light box behind the text is now gone. I am using dark mode but this is the first time I had seen a light box behind the text. All is well now and the quote appears to be in the same format as the rest of the article. Thanks for the help. Jurisdicta (talk) 19:12, 22 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Donald Sutherland


text:
Test Acts

The Test Acts were a series of penal laws originating in Restoration England, passed by the Parliament of England, that served as a religious test for public office and imposed various civil disabilities on Catholics and nonconformist Protestants.

The underlying principle was that only people taking communion in the established Church of England were eligible for public employment, and the severe penalties pronounced against recusants, whether Catholic or nonconformist, were affirmations of this principle.

Although theoretically encompassing all who refuse to comply with Anglicanism in a dragnet approach, in practice the nonconformist Protestants had many defenders in Parliament and were often exempted from some of these laws through the regular passage of Acts of Indemnity: in particular, the Indemnity Act 1727 relieved Nonconformists from the requirements in the Test Act 1673 and the Corporation Act 1661 that public office holders must have taken the sacrament of the Lord's Supper in an Anglican church.

An exception was at Oxbridge, where nonconformists and Catholics could not matriculate (Oxford) or graduate (Cambridge) until 1871.

Similar laws were introduced in Scotland with respect to the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and also in Ireland, where the minority Anglican Church of Ireland had penal laws set up in its favour to allow the Anglo-Irish minority to maintain control of land, law and politics as part of the Protestant Ascendancy.

Corporation Act 1661
The Naturalisation and Restoration of Blood Act 1609 {Repealed by Naturalization Act 1870} (7 Jas. 1. c. 2) provided that all such as were naturalized or restored in blood should receive the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.

It was not, however, until the reign of Charles II that actually receiving communion in the Church of England was made a precondition for holding public office. The earliest imposition of this test was by the Corporation Act 1661 requiring that, besides taking the Oath of Supremacy, all members of corporations were, within one year after election, to receive the sacrament of the Lord's Supper according to the rites of the Church of England.

Test Act 1673
The Corporation Act 1661 was followed by the Test Act 1673 (25 Cha. 2. c. 2) (the long title of which is "An act for preventing dangers which may happen from popish recusants"). This act enforced upon all persons filling any office, civil, military or religious, the obligation of taking the oaths of supremacy and allegiance and subscribing to a declaration against transubstantiation and also of receiving the sacrament within three months after admittance to office. The oath for the Test Act 1673 was: "I, N, do declare that I do believe that there is not any transubstantiation in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper, or in the elements of the bread and wine, at or after the consecration thereof by any person whatsoever."

The act was passed in the parliamentary session that began on 4 February 1673 (Gregorian calendar). The act is, however, dated 1672 in some accounts due to the Julian calendar then in force in England.

One of the immediate reasons that the "Country Party" (proto-Whigs) in Parliament pushed for this was to break up the Cabal ministry — members of the Court Party of powerful statement under Charles II, who had divergent religious interests — the Catholic Lord Clifford could not accept this oath which ran contrary to his beliefs, so resigned his position in government and the Cabal ministry completely unravelled by 1674. Foreign nations and their agents also had a vested interest in lobbying either way on the issue, as the leaders of the Cabal ministry (Arlington and Clifford) were allied with Catholic France against the Protestant Dutch in the Third Anglo-Dutch War; after the fall of the Cabal ministry, the pro-Dutch First Danby ministry came to power. In addition to this, 1673 was also the year that it became public knowledge that James, Duke of York, heir to the throne, had converted to Catholicism.

Test Act 1678
Initially, the act did not extend to peers, but in 1678 the act was extended by a further act (30 Cha. 2. St. 2) which required that all peers and members of the House of Commons should make a declaration against transubstantiation, invocation of saints, and the sacrificial nature of the Mass. The effect of this was to exclude Catholics from both houses, and in particular the "Five Popish Lords" from the House of Lords, a change motivated largely by the alleged Popish Plot. The Lords deeply resented this interference with their membership; they delayed passage of the act as long as possible, and managed to greatly weaken it by including an exemption for the future James II, effective head of the Catholic nobility, at whom it was largely aimed.

Scotland
In Scotland, a religious test was imposed immediately after the Reformation, and by a 1567 law no one was to be appointed to a public office or to be a notary who did not profess Calvinism. The Scottish Test Act was passed in 1681 but rescinded in 1690. Later attempts to exclude Scotland from the English Test Acts were rejected by the Parliament of Scotland. In 1707, anyone bearing office in any university, college or school in Scotland was to profess and subscribe to the Confession of Faith. All persons were to be free of any oath or test contrary to or inconsistent with the Protestant religion and Presbyterian Church government. The reception of the Eucharist was never a part of the test in Scotland as it was in England and Ireland. The necessity for subscription to the Confession of Faith by persons holding a university office was removed in an act of 1853. The act provided that in place of subscription every person appointed to a university office was to subscribe a declaration according to the form in the act, promising not to teach any opinions opposed to the divine authority of Scripture or to the Confession of Faith, and to do nothing to the prejudice of the Church of Scotland or its doctrines and privileges. All tests were finally abolished by an act of 1889.

Repeals
The necessity of receiving the sacrament as a qualification for office was repealed in Ireland in 1780 and in 1828 in England and Wales. Provisions requiring the taking of oaths and declarations against transubstantiation were repealed by the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829. Sir Robert Peel took the lead for the government in the repeal and collaborated with Anglican Church leaders. The application of the 1828 and 1829 acts to Irish acts was uncertain and so the Test Abolition Act 1867 (30 & 31 Vict. c. 62) repeated the 1829 repeal more explicitly.

The 1661, 1672 and 1678 acts were repealed by the Promissory Oaths Act 1871, Statute Law Revision Act 1863, and the Parliamentary Oaths Act 1866 respectively. Religious tests for officers of the ancient universities were repealed by the Universities Tests Act 1871 for England, the University of Dublin Tests Act 1873, and the Universities (Scotland) Act 1889.

title: Test Acts