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Alfred Wainwright

Alfred Wainwright MBE (17 January 1907 – 20 January 1991), who preferred to be known as A. Wainwright or A.W., was a British fellwalker, guidebook author and illustrator. His seven-volume Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, published between 1955 and 1966 and consisting entirely of reproductions of his manuscript, has become the standard reference work to 214 of the fells of the English Lake District. Among his 40-odd other books is the first guide to the Coast to Coast Walk, a 182 mi long-distance footpath devised by Wainwright which remains popular today.

Life

Alfred Wainwright was born in Blackburn, Lancashire, into a family which was relatively poor, mostly because of his stonemason father's alcoholism. He did very well at school (first in nearly every subject) although he left at the age of 13. While most of his classmates were obliged to find employment in the local mills, Wainwright started work as an office boy in Blackburn Borough Engineer's Department. He spent several years studying at night school, gaining qualifications in accountancy which enabled him to further his career at Blackburn Borough Council. Even when a child Wainwright walked a great deal, up to 20 mi at a time; he showed a great interest in drawing and cartography, producing his own maps of England and his local area.

In 1930, at the age of 23, Wainwright saved up for a week's walking holiday in the Lake District with his cousin Eric Beardsall. They arrived in Windermere and climbed the nearby Orrest Head, where Wainwright saw his first view of the Lakeland fells. This moment marked the start of what he later described as his love affair with the Lake District. In 1931 he married his first wife, Ruth Holden, a mill worker, with whom he had a son, Peter. In 1941 Wainwright moved closer to the fells when he took a job (and a pay cut) at the Borough Treasurer's office in Kendal, Westmorland. His first home in the town was 19 Castle Grove, which boasted a view of Kendal Castle from the front window.

He lived and worked in the town for the rest of his life, serving as Borough Treasurer from 1948 until he retired in 1967. His first marriage ended when Ruth left three weeks before he retired (suspecting him of infidelity) and they divorced. In 1970 he married Betty McNally (1922–2008), a divorcée, who became his walking companion and who carried his ashes to Innominate Tarn at the top of Haystacks.

Wainwright was a lifelong Blackburn Rovers fan and a founder member of the Blackburn Rovers Supporters Club. He had no time for organised religion, and was agnostic. On Desert Island Discs, he described himself as having once been shy but having grown up to be antisocial and would avoid speaking to others, even lone walkers on fell tops.

Wainwright died in 1991 of a heart attack. According to his biographer, Hunter Davies, he left everything, including his house and royalty income, to Betty. His son Peter received nothing.

Pictorial Guides
Wainwright started work on the first page of his Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells on 9 November 1952. He planned the precise scope and content of the seven volumes and worked conscientiously and meticulously on the series for the next 13 years at an average rate of one page per evening.

According to Wainwright, in his autobiography Fellwanderer, he initially planned the series for his own interest rather than for publication. When he published his first book it was privately, as he could not face the prospect of finding a publisher. His friend Henry Marshall, Chief Librarian of Kendal and Westmorland, took charge of publicity and administration, and his name appears as publisher on the early impressions. Another friend, Sandy Hewitson (of Bateman and Hewitson Ltd), agreed to print the books using Wainwright's original manuscript, although the printing was done by the Westmorland Gazette in Kendal, who had taken over Bateman and Hewitson Ltd. From 1963, the Westmorland Gazette became his publisher, and its name appears on the first impressions of Books Six and Seven. Wainwright's books were in turn taken over by Michael Joseph in the 1990s. When they ceased publication in 2003, the rights were bought by Frances Lincoln.

Between 2005 and 2009, all the Pictorial Guides were updated for the first time, to take account of changed conditions on the fells. The revisions were made by Chris Jesty, and the publishers used an imitation font of Wainwright's hand lettering to make the alterations look as unobtrusive as possible. The most notable changes were the inclusion of photographs of the Lake District by Derry Brabbs on the front covers, rather than the drawings that were on the covers of the originals, and footpaths shown in red on the maps. These revised versions are titled 'Second Editions'. Revised editions of Wainwright's other Pictorial Guides, A Coast to Coast Walk, The Outlying Fells of Lakeland, Pennine Way Companion, Walks in Limestone Country and Walks on the Howgill Fells were published by Frances Lincoln between 2010 and 2014, with the amendments again being made by Chris Jesty.

The publishers announced in 2014 that Clive Hutchby, the author of The Wainwright Companion, was working on the third edition of the Pictorial Guide, with the first volume, The Eastern Fells, published on 26 March 2015 followed by The Far Eastern Fells on 8 October 2015. These revised versions are titled 'Walkers Editions'. Subsequent volumes in the series to have been revised are The Central Fells (published 2016), The Southern Fells (2017), The Northern Fells (2018); The North Western Fells (2019); and The Western Fells (2020).

Later works
Wainwright followed the Pictorial Guides in 1968 with the Pennine Way Companion, applying the same detailed approach to Britain's first long-distance footpath. This was for many years a leading guide to the Pennine Way, rivalling the official guide book by Tom Stephenson. Wainwright's book consists of a continuous strip map of the route with accompanying commentary, with an unusual quirk: because the route goes from south to north (bottom to top on a map), contrary to normal reading order, the map and commentary start at the bottom of the last page and work upwards and backwards towards the front of the book. The guide was prepared with the aid of four helpers (Harry Appleyard, Len Chadwick, Cyril Moore and Lawrence Smith) and its preparation was affected by the major outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in 1966 and 1967, which closed access to many of the moors.

In 1972 Wainwright devised the west–east Coast to Coast Walk, as an alternative to the north–south Pennine Way. The Coast to Coast, he declares in his guidebook, which follows the same format as the Pennine Way Companion, "puts the Pennine Way to shame" for scenic beauty, variety and interest. The 190 mi route traverses the north of England from St. Bees to Robin Hood's Bay, passing through the Lake District, the Yorkshire Dales and the North York Moors national parks.

The Outlying Fells of Lakeland (an idea he had previously rejected), published in 1974, was his last major guidebook. Thereafter he concentrated on sketchbooks of larger-size line drawings until his eyesight began to fail in the mid-1980s. His Ex-Fellwanderer, an autobiographical work published in 1987, was intended to be his last written work, but he continued to lend his name and some written commentary to a series of "coffee table books" featuring the photography of Derry Brabbs.

Television and radio
By the mid-1980s Wainwright was a TV personality; he featured in three television series for the BBC, presented by farmer and broadcaster Eric Robson and devised, directed and produced by Richard Else.

A BBC documentary about Wainwright's life was broadcast on Sunday 25 February 2007 on BBC Four, before a four-part series of walks. This first series covered Blencathra by Sharp Edge, Castle Crag, Haystacks and Scafell Pike from Seathwaite.

The second series, broadcast in 2007, included Catbells, Crinkle Crags, Helm Crag, Helvellyn from Patterdale, High Street from Mardale and Pillar. A six-part series entitled Wainwright Walks: Coast to Coast was broadcast on BBC Four in April and May 2009 and on BBC2 from 21 July 2009, and presented by Julia Bradbury.

A Granada TV series Wainwright Country included Eagle Crag, Great Calva, Knott Rigg, Pike O'Blisco, Stybarrow Dodd, Thornthwaite Crag and Yewbarrow.

In 2010, Eric Robson presented a BBC Radio 4 documentary called "The Man behind the Mountains" (16 October 2010).

Wainwright Walks Series One was released on DVD in June 2007 and Series Two was released in January 2008. Wainwright Walks: Coast to Coast was released on DVD in June 2009.

Influence

Wainwright's Pictorial Guides have been in continuous publication since they were written and have sold more than two million copies. Although a number of more up-to-date guides are on the market, his books remain among the most popular for their depth, detail and unique style. His division of the Lake District into seven areas, and choice of fells to include, have been followed in whole or in part by subsequent writers such as Mark Richards. The Coast to Coast Walk is one of the most popular long-distance footpaths in the United Kingdom despite its lack of official status, and has spawned various guidebooks by other authors. In 2003 it was voted the second best walk in the world in a survey of experts conducted by Country Walking magazine. The popularity of Wainwright's books of drawings and large-format photographic books has not matched that of the guides.

The 214 fells described in the Pictorial Guides are now generally known as the Wainwrights, and visiting them all is a common form of peak bagging. The Long Distance Walkers Association maintains a register of walkers who have completed the Wainwrights; there were 674 people on the list, of whom 40 had completed more than once; by March 2023 the figure had risen to 898. Dave Hewitt estimates that the total number of completers could be over 50% higher than the LDWA's figure. The Ramblers Association reported in 2008 that a boy of six years, four months and 27 days had become the youngest person to complete the Wainwrights. In April 2009 a boy aged five completed the round and became the third member of his family to do so after his older sisters held the 'Youngest 214 Completer' previously. Wainwrights On The Air is a scheme whereby amateur radio enthusiasts aim to make contact with or from the Wainwright summits. Wainwright was a supporter of animal rights and explained that the publisher of his books gave most of the profits from his books to animal charities. In 1972 he became chairman of Animal Rescue Cumbria, and donated enough money to enable the foundation in 1984 of Kapellan, a shelter for stray cats and dogs in Kendal. After his death the society was renamed "Animal Rescue Cumbria – The Wainwright Shelter".

The Wainwright Society was inaugurated in 2002, with the aim of keeping alive the fellwalking traditions and ideas promoted by Alfred Wainwright through his guidebooks and other publications.

On 27 June 2008 a landmark road bridge, in Blackburn, was opened and named the Wainwright Bridge in his honour.

John Burland, founder of the Wainwright Society, wrote and devised a dramatic presentation of his life and works which was presented at the Wildman Theatre at Ilkley Playhouse as part of the Ilkley Literature Festival on 15 October 2009. During 2010 and 2011 a further 17 presentations were made.

In 2013, a memorial toposcope was unveiled on the hills near his home town of Blackburn.

A pedestrian area of Kendal, including the office of Wainwright's first publisher the Westmorland Gazette, is named Wainwright's Yard and features a display of pages from his books.

Small-format walking guidebooks

 * A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells:
 * Book One: The Eastern Fells (1955)
 * Book Two: The Far Eastern Fells (1957)
 * Book Three: The Central Fells (1958)
 * Book Four: The Southern Fells (1960)
 * Book Five: The Northern Fells (1962)
 * Book Six: The North Western Fells (1964)
 * Book Seven: The Western Fells (1966)
 * Pennine Way Companion (1968)
 * Walks in Limestone Country (1970)
 * Walks on the Howgill Fells (1972)
 * A Coast to Coast Walk (1973)
 * The Outlying Fells of Lakeland (1974)
 * Walks from Ratty (1978)
 * Old Roads of Eastern Lakeland (1985)

Large-format guidebooks, illustrated with colour photographs

 * Fellwalking with Wainwright, photographs by Derry Brabbs (1984)
 * Wainwright on the Pennine Way, photographs by Derry Brabbs (1985)
 * Wainwright's Coast to Coast Walk, photographs by Derry Brabbs (1987)
 * Wainwright in Scotland, photographs by Derry Brabbs (1988)
 * Wainwright on the Lakeland Mountain Passes, photographs by Derry Brabbs (1989)
 * Wainwright in the Limestone Dales, photographs by Ed Gelgard (1991)
 * Wainwright's Favourite Lakeland Mountains, photographs by Derry Brabbs (1991, posthumously)
 * Wainwright in the Valleys of Lakeland, photographs by Derry Brabbs (1992, posthumously)

Books of drawings

 * Lakeland Sketchbooks:
 * A Lakeland Sketchbook (1969)
 * A Second Lakeland Sketchbook (1970)
 * A Third Lakeland Sketchbook (1971)
 * A Fourth Lakeland Sketchbook (1972)
 * A Fifth Lakeland Sketchbook (1973)
 * Scottish Mountain Drawings:
 * Volume One: The Northern Highlands (1974)
 * Volume Two: The North-Western Highlands (1976)
 * Volume Three: The Western Highlands (1976)
 * Volume Four: The Central Highlands (1977)
 * Volume Five: The Eastern Highlands (1978)
 * Volume Six: The Islands (1979)
 * A Dales Sketchbook (1976)
 * Kendal in the 19th Century (1977)
 * A Second Dales Sketchbook (1978)
 * A Furness Sketchbook (1978)
 * A Second Furness Sketchbook (1979)
 * Three Westmorland Rivers (1979)
 * A Lune Sketchbook (1980)
 * A Ribble Sketchbook (1980)
 * An Eden Sketchbook (1980)
 * Lakeland Mountain Drawings:
 * Volume One (1980)
 * Volume Two (1981)
 * Volume Three (1982)
 * Volume Four (1983)
 * Volume Five (1984)
 * A Bowland Sketchbook (1981)
 * Welsh Mountain Drawings (1981)
 * A Wyre Sketchbook (1982)
 * A North Wales Sketchbook (1982)
 * A South Wales Sketchbook (1983)
 * A Peak District Sketchbook (1984)

Books of photographs

 * Fellwalking with a Camera (1988)

Local history books

 * Westmorland Heritage (1975)

Autobiographical works

 * Fellwanderer: The Story Behind the Guidebooks (1966)
 * A Pennine Journey: The Story of a Long Walk in 1938 (1986)
 * Ex-Fellwanderer (1987)

Maps

 * Map of Westmorland (1974)
 * Antiquarian Map of Cumbria (1980)

Original illustrations, maps and forewords in other books

 * Inside the Real Lakeland by A. Harry Griffin (1961)
 * In Mountain Lakeland by A. Harry Griffin (1963)
 * Annual Accounts of Southern Lakes and Lune Water Board (1963–1973)
 * Scratch and Co by Molly Lefebure (1968)
 * The Hunting of Wilberforce Pike by Molly Lefebure (1970)
 * Across Northern Hills by Geoffrey Berry (1975)
 * The Plague Dogs by Richard Adams (1977)
 * Guide to the View from Scafell Pike by Chris Jesty (1978)
 * My Favourite Stories of Lakeland by Melvyn Bragg (1981)
 * Climbing at Wasdale Before the First World War by George S Sansom (1982)
 * A Naturalist’s Guide to Lakeland Waterfalls Throughout the Year by Mary Welsh (1985)
 * Lakeland 50 Years Ago by Kenneth Shepherd (1989)

Books and maps comprising previously published material

 * Wainwright in Lakeland (1983)
 * Memoirs of a Fellwanderer (1993)
 * Wainwright’s Lakeland, photographs by Derry Brabbs (1994)
 * Wainwright Maps of the Lakeland Fells:
 * Map One: The Eastern Fells (1997)
 * Map Two: The Far Eastern Fells (1997)
 * Map Three: The Central Fells (1999)
 * Map Four: The Southern Fells (1996)
 * Map Five: The Northern Fells (1999)
 * Map Six: The North Western Fells (1996)
 * Map Seven: The Western Fells (1998)
 * Seven Favourite Fellwalks compiled by Michael Joseph Ltd (1996)
 * The Best of Wainwright compiled by Hunter Davis (2004)
 * Wainwright’s TV Walks introduced by Eric Robson (2007)
 * Twelve Favourite Mountains compiled by Frances Lincoln Ltd (2007)
 * Wainwright: The Podcasts compiled by Frances Lincoln Ltd (2008)
 * Wainwright Family Walks: Vol. 1: The Southern Fells edited by Tom Holman (2012)
 * Family Walks in the Lake District: Vol. 2: The Northern Fells edited by Tom Holman (2013)

Books based on Wainwright’s life and work

 * Combined Indexes to A Wainwright’s Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells compiled by John M Turner (1982)
 * Sue Lawley’s Desert Island Discussions by Sue Lawley (1990)
 * A Companion to Wainwright’s Pictorial Guides to the Lakeland Fells compiled by Joan Newsome (1992)
 * Wainwright's Tour in the Lake District (1993), photographs by Ed Gelgard
 * The Official Wainwright Gazetteer compiled by Peter Linney (1993)
 * The Walkers Log Book: Volume One compiled by Michael Joseph Ltd (1993)
 * The Walkers Log Book: Volume Two compiled by Michael Joseph Ltd (1993)
 * For Those Who Love the Hills compiled by William F Dyer (1994)
 * Wainwright – The Biography by Hunter Davis (1995)
 * The Wainwright Memorial Walk compiled by Michael Joseph Ltd (1998)
 * After Wainwright by Eric Robson (2003)
 * Wainwright: The Man Who Loved the Lakes by Martin Wainwright (2007)
 * In the Footprints of Wainwright by Derry Brabbs (2007)
 * Wainwright: His Life from Milltown to Mountain by WR Mitchell (2009)
 * Wainwright’s Lost Tour by Ed Geldard (2010)
 * A Pennine Journey: From Settle to Hadrian's Wall in Wainwright's Footsteps edited by David Pitt (2010)
 * The Wainwright Letters edited by Hunter Davis (2011)
 * Behind the Scenes with Wainwright: A Publisher's Perspective of a Reluctant Celebrity by Andrew Nichol (2012)
 * The Wainwright Companion by Clive Hutchby, photographs by Sean McMahon (2012)
 * Wainwright Revealed by Richard Else (2017)

In addition to the above works, many other books contain previously published illustrations by Wainwright, or whose subject matter has been inspired by his life and works.

title: Alfred Wainwright


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Stratopause

The stratopause (formerly mesopeak) is the level of the atmosphere which is the boundary between two layers: the stratosphere and the mesosphere. In the stratosphere, the temperature increases with altitude, and the stratopause is the region where a maximum in the temperature occurs. This atmospheric feature is not exclusive to Earth, but also occurs on any other planet or moon with an atmosphere. According to James Kasting, planets whose atmospheres do not absorb shortwave sunlight, such as Venus and Mars, do not have a Stratosphere and thus have no Stratopause.

On Earth, the stratopause is 47 - 51 km above sea level. The atmospheric pressure is around of the pressure at sea level. The temperature in the stratopause is -2.5 C.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Stratopause


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Talk:Hot Grits

Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia, NOT a dictionary, nor a trivia collection. Put this on the slashdot trolling page, or better yet, condense the slashdot trolling page and put it all on the slashdot page. Zocky 12:35 Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)

This page should be deleted. "Hot grits" does not refer to grits in general, and - as Zocky says - the Slashdot troll is not notable enough to have its own redirect. 81.151.13.155 03:47, 21 December 2006 (UTC)

Should redirect to VH1 for Hot GRITS, reality television show which (will) premiere(d) in March of 2015. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2602:30A:2E63:2630:FC55:730E:DC05:AF6F (talk) 06:30, 25 February 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Hot Grits


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Galahad

Galahad, sometimes referred to as Galeas or Galath , among other versions of his name, is a knight of King Arthur's Round Table and one of the three achievers of the Holy Grail in Arthurian legend. He is the illegitimate son of Sir Lancelot du Lac and Lady Elaine of Corbenic and is renowned for his gallantry and purity as the most perfect of all knights. Emerging quite late in the medieval Arthurian tradition, Sir Galahad first appears in the Lancelot–Grail cycle, and his story is taken up in later works, such as the Post-Vulgate Cycle, and Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur. In Arthurian literature, he replaced Percival as the hero in the quest for the Holy Grail.

Origins
The story of Galahad and his quest for the Holy Grail is a relatively late addition to the Arthurian legend. Galahad does not feature in any romance by Chrétien de Troyes, or in Robert de Boron's Grail stories, or in any of the continuations of Chrétien's story of the mysterious castle of the Fisher King. He first appears in a 13th-century Old French Arthurian epic, the interconnected set of romances of unknown authorship, known as the Lancelot-Grail (Vulgate) Cycle. His name could have been derived from the Welsh name Gwalchaved, meaning "Falcon of Summer".

The original conception of Galahad, whose adult exploits are first recounted in the fourth book of the Vulgate Cycle (Vulgate Lancelot), may have come from the mystical Cistercian Order. According to some interpreters, the philosophical inspiration of the celibate, otherworldly character of the monastic knight Galahad came from this monastic order set up by St. Bernard of Clairvaux. The Cistercian-Bernardine concept of Catholic warrior asceticism that so distinguishes the character of Galahad also informs St. Bernard's projection of ideal chivalry in his work on the Knights Templar, the Liber ad milites templi de laude novae militiae. Significantly, in the narratives, Galahad is associated with a white shield with a vermilion cross, the very same emblem given to the Knights Templar by Pope Eugene III.

Conception

The circumstances surrounding Galahad's conception derive from the earlier parts of Grail prose cycles. It takes place when King Arthur's greatest knight, Lancelot, mistakes Princess Elaine of Corbenic (originally known as Heliabel or Amite in the Vulgate Cycle) for his secret mistress, Queen Guinevere. Lady Elaine's father, King Pelles, has already received magical foreknowledge that Lancelot will give his daughter a child and that this little boy will grow to become the greatest knight in the world, the knight chosen by God to discover the Holy Grail. Pelles also knows that Lancelot will only lie with his one true love, Guinevere. Destiny will have to be helped along a little; therefore, a conclusion which prompts Pelles to seek out "one of the greatest enchantresses of the time," Dame Brusen, who gives Pelles a magic ring that makes Elaine take on the appearance of Guinevere and enables her to spend a night with Lancelot. On discovering the deception, Lancelot draws his sword on Elaine, but when he finds out that they have conceived a son together, he is immediately forgiving; however, he does not marry Elaine or even wish to be with her anymore and returns to Arthur's court (albeit years later they eventually come to live together for a time, after Elaine cures him of his severe and long madness caused by both herself and Guinevere). Galahad is born and placed in the care of a great aunt, who is an abbess at a nunnery, to be raised there.

According to the 13th-century Old French Prose Lancelot (part of the Vulgate Cycle), "Galahad" (actually written as Galaad, in some manuscripts also as Gaalaz or Galaaus) was Lancelot's original name, but it was changed when he was a child. At his birth, therefore, Galahad is given his father's own original name. Merlin prophesies that Galahad will surpass his father in valor and be successful in his search for the Holy Grail. Pelles, Galahad's maternal grandfather, is portrayed as a descendant of Joseph of Arimathea's brother-in-law Bron, also known as Galahad (Galaad), whose line had been entrusted with the Grail by Joseph.

Grail Quest

Upon reaching adulthood (in medieval definition) of 15 years old, Galahad is finally united with his father Lancelot, who had never met him before that (not even during the years of living with Elaine). Lancelot knights Galahad after having been bested by him in a duel, the first and only time that Lancelot ever lost in a fair fight to anyone. Galahad is then brought to King Arthur's court at Camelot during Pentecost, where he is accompanied by a very old knight who immediately leads him over to the Round Table and unveils his seat at the Siege Perilous, an unused chair that has been kept vacant for the sole person who will succeed in the quest of the Holy Grail. For all others who have aspired to sit there, it has proved to be immediately fatal. Galahad survives this test, witnessed by Arthur who, upon realising the greatness of this new knight, leads him out to the river where a magic sword lies in a stone with an inscription reading "Never shall man take me hence but only he by whose side I ought to hang; and he shall be the best knight of the world." (The embedding of a sword in a stone is also an element of the legends of Arthur's original sword, the sword in the stone. In Malory's version, this is the sword that had belonged to Balin.) Galahad accomplishes this test with ease, and Arthur swiftly proclaims him to be the greatest knight ever. Galahad is promptly invited to become a Knight of the Round Table, and soon afterwards, Arthur's court witnesses an ethereal vision of the Grail. The quest to seek out this holy object is begun at once.

All of the Knights of the Round Table set out to find the Grail. It is Galahad who takes the initiative to begin the search for the Grail; the rest of the knights follow him. Arthur is sorrowful that all the knights have embarked thus, for he discerns that many will never be seen again, dying in their quest. Arthur fears that it is the beginning of the end of the Round Table. This might be seen as a theological statement that concludes that earthly endeavours must take second place to the pursuit of the holiness. Galahad, in some ways, mirrors Arthur, drawing a sword from a stone in the way that Arthur did. In this manner, Galahad is declared to be the chosen one.

Further uniquely among the Round Table, Galahad is capable of performing miracles such as banishing demons and healing the sick. For the most part, he travels alone during the Grail Quest, smiting (and often sparing) his enemies, rescuing fellow knights including Percival and saving maidens in distress until he is finally reunited with Bors and Percival. Together, the three blessed virgin knights come across Percival's sister, who leads them to the mystical Ship of Solomon. They use it to cross the sea to an island where Galahad finds King David's sword.

Ascension

After many adventures, Galahad and his companions find themselves in the mystical castle of Corbenic at the court of King Pelles and his son Eliazarr (Galahad does not reunite with his mother, who had died meanwhile). His grandfather and uncle bring Galahad into a room where he is finally allowed to see the Holy Grail. Galahad is asked to take the vessel to the holy island Sarras. After seeing the Grail, Galahad makes the request that he may die at the time of his choosing. So it is that, while making his way back to Arthur's court, Galahad is visited by the spirit of Joseph of Arimathea, and thus experiences such a glorious rapture that he makes his request to die. Galahad bids Percival and Bors farewell, after which angels appear to take him to Heaven. His ascension is witnessed by Bors and Percival. Depending on the telling, Galahad is either physically taken to paradise as he completely vanishes in a bright light or his mortal body is left behind and later buried. In the latter scenario, Galahad is usually laid to rest alongside the body of Percival's sister and later joined in their grave by Percival himself.

Galahad's success in the search for the Holy Grail was predicted before his birth, not only by Pelles but also by Merlin, who once had told Arthur's father Uther Pendragon that there was one who would fill the place at the "table of Joseph", but that he was not yet born. At first this knight was believed to be Percival, however it is later discovered to be Galahad. Galahad was conceived for the divine purpose of seeking the Holy Grail, but this happened under a cloak of deception, similarly to the conceptions of Arthur and Merlin. Despite this, Galahad is the knight who is chosen to find the Holy Grail. Galahad, in both the Lancelot-Grail cycle and in Malory's retelling, is exalted above all the other knights: he is the one worthy enough to have the Grail revealed to him and to be taken into Heaven.

Tennyson

In Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur, Galahad's incredible prowess and fortune in the quest for the Holy Grail are traced back to his piety. According to the legend, only pure knights may achieve the Grail. While in a specific sense, this "purity" refers to chastity, Galahad appears to have lived a generally sinless life and as a result, he lives and thinks on a level entirely apart from the other knights around him. This quality is reflected in Alfred, Lord Tennyson's poem                  "Sir Galahad":

My good blade carves the casques of men, My tough lance thrusteth sure, My strength is as the strength of ten, Because my heart is pure.

Galahad is able to conquer all of his enemies because he is pure. In the next verse of this poem, Tennyson continues to glorify Galahad for remaining pure at heart, by putting these words into his mouth:

I never felt the kiss of love, Nor maiden's hand in mine.

Galahad pursues a single-minded and lonely course, sacrificing much in his determination to aspire to a higher ideal:

Then move the trees, the copses nod, Wings flutter, voices hover clear “O just and faithful knight of God! Ride on! the prize is near.”

Tennyson's poem follows Galahad's journey to find the Holy Grail but ends while he is still riding, still seeking, still dreaming; as if to say that the quest for the Holy Grail is an ongoing task. Unlike many other portrayals of the legend of Sir Galahad, Tennyson has Sir Galahad speak in the first person, giving the reader his thoughts and feelings as he rides on his quest, rather than just the details of his battles, as in Malory.

William Morris

Sir Galahad's thoughts and aspirations have been explored as well by William Morris in his poems The Chapel in Lyoness, published in 1856, and Sir Galahad, a Christmas Mystery, published in 1858. Unlike Malory and Tennyson's pure hero, Morris creates a Galahad who is emotionally complex, conflicted, and palpably human. In A Christmas Mystery, written more than twenty years after Tennyson's Sir Galahad, Galahad is "fighting an internal battle between the ideal and the human", and tries to reconcile his longing for earthly delights, such as the romantic exploits of Sir Palomydes and his father Sir Lancelot, and the "more austere spiritual goal to which he has been called". In the companion piece The Chapel in Lyoness, a knight lies dying in winter "in a bizarre realization of Galahad's nightmare vision of his own fate". Galahad then "saves" the knight with a kiss before he finally expires. It is here that Galahad progresses from "a somewhat self-centered figure" to "a savior capable of imparting grace". Morris' poems place this emotional conflict at centre stage, rather than concentrating upon Galahad's prowess for defeating external enemies, and the cold and the frost of a Christmas period serve to reinforce his "chilly isolation". The poem opens on midwinter's night; Sir Galahad has been sitting for six hours in a chapel, staring at the floor. He muses to himself:

Night after night your horse treads down alone The sere damp fern, night after night you sit Holding the bridle like a man of stone, Dismal, unfriended: what thing comes of it?

Literature

 * A poem by Thomas de Beverly published in 1925, "The Birth of Sir Galahad", tells of the events leading up to the conception of Sir Galahad, his birth and a visit soon afterwards by Sir Bors, to see Elaine and the baby Galahad. Sir Bors sees a vision of the Holy Grail whilst in a chapel with the baby and his mother. Of the three knights who are untainted by sin – Sir Perceval, Sir Bors, and Sir Galahad – Galahad is the only one predestined to achieve this honor of attaining the Holy Grail. This is similar to God declaring that King David had shed much blood and was not worthy of building the Jerusalem Temple, this honour falling only to his son King Solomon.
 * Edmund Wilson's story "Galahad", published in 1927, presents a humorous story about the attempted seduction of a virginal high school student by a debutante.
 * In John Erskine's novel Galahad: Enough of His Life to Explain His Reputation, Galahad's main tutor for his knightly training is Queen Guinevere. Erskine follows Malory's text through Galahad's childhood. Just as in Le Morte d'Arthur, Galahad grows up in the court of his mother Elaine, and travels to King Arthur's court to be reunited with his father and to become a knight. When Galahad arrives at the court, Guinevere is upset with Lancelot because he does not want to be her lover anymore, and she takes an interest in the young knight, persuading him to go above and beyond regular knightly duties. At first Galahad seems content with just being an ordinary Knight of the Round Table, going out on quests and saving maidens in distress. Guinivere is the main contributor to Galahad's destiny in this work. She says, "You'll waste your life if you don't accomplish something new, something entirely your own." This is Galahad's motivation to seek the Grail.
 * Matt Cohen satirizes Galahad's virtuous character in his short story "Too Bad Galahad". Cohen describes Galahad as the perfect knight who does no harm. In part, "Galahad's virtue is a compensation for Lancelot's indiscretion". However, Cohen, instead of glorifying Galahad's virtuous character, makes it into a weakness. He writes that Galahad tried to "swear and kill and wench with the rest of the knights but he could never really get into it." Cohen's Galahad is not well-liked by the other knights because he is so perfect and seems unapproachable. Cohen pokes fun at Galahad's "calling" by saying that his life would be wasted if he failed to remain pure and holy in order to be the bearer of the Holy Grail.
 * Thomas Berger's Arthur Rex portrays Galahad differently. In most works, Galahad is depicted as an emblem of perfection. Berger shows Galahad's arrival to court in a more satirical light. Gawain comments that he cannot tell whether he is male or female. Berger shows that even though Galahad is in fact the greatest knight in the world, he does not appear to be. Appearance versus reality is a common theme throughout this novel. In most versions of the story of Sir Galahad, Galahad's death comes about after his greatest achievement, that of the Holy Grail. In Arthur Rex, however, Galahad is killed in a battle where he mistakes his own father Lancelot for a Saxon. Galahad is too weak and sleeps through most of the battle and, when he does wake up, he kills his father as well as being killed himself. Just like the Grail, perfection is unattainable; only glimpses of the Grail and of perfection can be seen.
 * In the Everworld fantasy novel series by K. A. Applegate, the character David Levin fights with the Sword of Galahad, after witnessing Sir Galahad's death. David is the self-appointed leader of the protagonists and takes on all the burdens of the group, being troubled by his past in which he was cowardly and feeling he must prove himself to be a man – in which could be seen some parallels with Galahad's life.
 * In Ayn Rand's novel We the Living, the character Andrei Taganov, an honest and idealistic revolutionary Communist, sacrifices his career and resorts to blackmail in order to save the life of Leo, the lover of Kira—the woman that Andrei loves; though hating Leo and intensely jealous of him, Andrei puts Kira's happiness before his own. The villain Pavel Syerov calls Andrei in derision "Sir Galahad of the blackmail sword"; thereupon, Andrei accepts the comparison as appropriate.
 * The Lady of the Lake, the final book of The Witcher saga by Andrzej Sapkowski, features Knight Galaad of Caer Benic, working for King Arthur. At the very beginning of the story, as a denizen of a parallel world, he encounters Cirilla of Cintra and calls her the Lady of the Lake.
 * In Sam Selvon's 1956 novel The Lonely Londoners, central character Moses Aloesa meets fellow Trinidadian émigré Henry Oliver and nicknames him Galahad.
 * Neil Gaiman's short story "Chivalry" from Smoke & Mirrors includes Galahad in his quest for the Holy Grail.
 * Galahad appears as a child toward the conclusion of British author Giles Kristian's novel Lancelot (2018). The sequel, Camelot (2020), is set a decade later, with Galahad as the protagonist.

Music

 * Joan Baez uses the legend metaphorically in her song "Sweet Sir Galahad", which is about the courtship of her sister.
 * The band America mentions Galahad ("... or the tropic of Sir Galahad") in the chorus for the song "Tin Man".
 * On his EP To the Yet Unknowing World, Josh Ritter has a song titled "Galahad", which jokes about Galahad's chastity and the 'virtue' of his supposed purity.
 * In Mili's song "Ga1ahad and Scientific Witchery", Galahad is portrayed as a robotic knight who was reanimated by a witch.
 * Marty Stuart uses part of the last stanza in the outro of the concept album The Pilgrim. Johnny Cash speaks as God, describing the Pilgrim as a just and faithful knight, before singing the final line of the album.

Film and television

 * Galahad is portrayed by George Reeves in the 1949 film serial Adventures of Sir Galahad.
 * Galahad briefly appears as a baby in the 1953 film Knights of the Round Table.
 * Galahad is portrayed by Michael Palin in Monty Python and the Holy Grail. The movie makes a satire of Galahad's purity as his chastity is put to the test when he finds a castle full of sexually charged nuns.
 * In the 1998 miniseries Merlin, the title character meets Galahad and his parents while looking for a suitable regent for Camelot while Arthur searches for the Grail. Merlin brings Lancelot back with him, and after the sorrows that subsequently befall Camelot, the Lady of the Lake reveals that Merlin was meant to pick Galahad and that his mistake proves how human he truly is.
 * Galahad is portrayed by Hugh Dancy in the 2004 historical action-adventure film King Arthur.
 * John Larroquette played an elderly yet immortal Galahad (now known as Jenkins) in the TV series The Librarians.
 * Galahad is a Knightmare frame piloted by the Knight of One, Bismarck Waldstein, in the anime Code Geass.
 * In the film Kingsman: The Secret Service and its sequel, Galahad is the code name of Colin Firth's character Harry Hart, later assumed by Taron Egerton's character, Gary "Eggsy" Unwin. It was used by Gemma Arterton's character Polly Watkins in the prequel.

Games

 * He is represented by Silver the Hedgehog in the 2009 video game Sonic and the Black Knight.
 * In the 2015 video game The Order: 1886, the main character is an heir to the title of Sir Galahad, and is therefore referred to as such.
 * In the video game Fate/Grand Order, Galahad is a Heroic Spirit that was fused with a girl, making the Demi-Servant Mash Kyrielight, under the class of Shielder.
 * The card game Android: Netrunner features a card named Galahad. It belongs to a sub-category of Intrusion Countermeasures Electronics called "Grail," to which Lancelot, Merlin, and Excalibur also belong.
 * The video game Starlancer has a torpedo ship type named after Galahad.
 * The video game Hero Wars has a knight character named Galahad. Considered to be the leading character of the game.
 * In the video game Tainted Grail: The Fall of Avalon, Galahad is a title held by Kamelot's representative to the South. Its holder at the time the events of the game take place is known for being violent and ruthless.

title: Galahad


text: User:SkyDancer~enwiki

title: User:SkyDancer~enwiki


text:
User talk:SkyDancer~enwiki

Hello and Welcome! Nice work on Alfred Wainwright. --mav

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title: User talk:SkyDancer~enwiki


text:
Talk:AD 911

Modifications
I disagree with modifications made by MyRedDice to 911 and Nine-eleven. Please explain your reasoning for deleting this information, in Talk:911 and Talk:Nine-eleven. I consider this sort of information important and relevant, especially the reference to 9 - 1 - 1 on this page and the usage of Nine-eleven on that page. While I agree that the Nine-eleven page is a disambiguation page, the phrase is also in common use in the environment where I work and is part of the emergency services culture, even if it is not in general usage. I believe it needs a little explanation here, rather than being buried deep in other bigger articles. I will put back the deleted text if no explanation is forthcoming, after say after 24 hours. Please tell me why I should not do this. kiwiinapanic 12:41 Jan 22, 2003 (UTC)

Duplicate
I just thought it wasn't necessary to duplicate the list of links now in nine-eleven here as well... Though perhaps the disambig block should be at the top? Martin

 * I have put the following text at the top of the page to clarify page intent and direct people to the pages they might want to look at - is this an OK way to do things?kiwiinapanic 12:57 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

Important Note: This entry deals with the Year 911, not the emergency telephone number 9-1-1.

Year / Number / Disambiguation
I'm not sure where to ask this, but I just happened to be here. Is there a better place to ask this?

I've been looking at a few numbers and the categorisation isn't standardised. I assume there are supposed to be three articles on each number (below 2006 at least); disambiguation, number and year. But they don't always exist all three and the number version is often used as a disambiguation page. And there isn't always a disambiguation link at the top. Are there rules for this? And, more importantly, can a robot be used for it? Fixing this for all numbers by hand would be a bit too much.

Also, the year-version is not, say '911 (year)' but just '911'. Wouldn't it make more sense to make it '911 (year)'. Or '911 ad' because negative years have something similar, like '100 bc' (911 bc redirects). I suppose the reason lies in years like 1955 because it isn't customary to write 1955 ad. And then there's the religious connotation, but 100 bc has that too. Or what about '-100'? As a notation for the year, but it's also a number. There's no article/stub on that. DirkvdM 08:59, 22 July 2005 (UTC)

 * The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

don't move. — Nightst a  llion  (?) 10:29, 13 March 2006 (UTC)

Proposed move
911 to 911 (year). Someone coming here might expect to get information about the emergency telephone number rather than the year. StarTrek 21:04, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Add *Support or *Oppose followed by an optional one sentence explanation and sign your vote with ~

 * Oppose. Wikipedia's rule is that for numbers with at most 4 digits, the year is to have no word suffix. Georgia guy 21:22, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Georgia guy above. We have a clear standard that numbers with 4 digits or less refer to the year. There's an obvious link to 911 (disambiguation) for visitors wanting to read up on other articles. └ UkPaolo/talk┐ 22:23, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Oppose as above. Disambiguation link is prominent and clear.  Pissant 23:40, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * "Oppose. What about 999 and all the other emergency telephone numbers? Keep it simple --Philip Baird Shearer 23:43, 8 March 2006 (UTC)
 * Support. 911 is the emergency telephone number in America and Canada and people from those countries might expect to get information about the emergency number when they type it in. StarTrek 23:29, 11 March 2006 (UTC)
 * This is the nominator vote. Septentrionalis
 * Oppose Emergency number added to dab header; now it can be found in seconds. Not worth shredding the date system and links. Septentrionalis 02:22, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

requested move (2nd nomination)

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was no move. JPG-GR (talk) 00:13, 14 June 2008 (UTC)

Users who type "911" into the search box are more likely to be looking for the emergency number than for the date. It would appear that WP:IAR may be more important than the need to maintain uniformity. I request that 911 redirect to 911 (disambiguation) (or to 9-1-1), and the current page be renamed to 911 (year); likewise, 112 and 999 should be disambiguation pages. I am also opening a discussion here. 69.140.152.55 (talk) 13:21, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Yes, that makes complete sense. I support this move all the way ;) Lord Sesshomaru (talk • edits) 15:53, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose Before the page is moved, please make sure that the Wikipedia policy about numbers and dates is changed, otherwise, you will break it. /Ludde23 Talk Contrib 17:16, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose this and the other eight emergency number proposals (it should be nine, in Australia we use 000). Perhaps we need a disclaimer saying Wikipedia is not a telephone book (even for emergency numbers). Otherwise, this seems likely to become a perennial proposal. Andrewa (talk) 17:33, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * ie read that vote as Oppose all now that the multimove templates are set up. Andrewa (talk) 01:07, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

I'd also point out that, if a person needs an emergency number and knows it, they aren't going to type it into Wikipedia, they'll type it into their 'phone! I guess there's a chance that an overseas traveller might type in their local number which they know, hoping to get to a table of emergency numbers... but they're far more likely to type emergency or help or ambulance or fire IMO. Andrewa (talk) 17:42, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose all (should have had a common section). Also note that this breaks the year templates.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 19:33, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Agree, the procedure described at requested moves should have been followed. Perhaps it's not too late, there seem no other discussion sections yet so I'll put the multimove templates at the other talk pages. Andrewa (talk) 00:49, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * It turns out that this procedure had been followed, but the multimove boxes had been removed for some reason... the nominator and I have both politely asked the contributor who did this for an explanation, but none is forthcoming as yet. Andrewa (talk) 07:38, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * ...and they have apologised. For my part I also apologise to the proposer for not checking more carefully what was going on (and it would also have saved me some work if I'd just reverted to the notices they'd already set up, oh well). Andrewa (talk) 00:57, 13 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Done... At least I've done Talk:101, Talk:102, Talk:103, Talk:112, Talk:119, Talk:120 and Talk:122 and another anon (possibly still the proposer of course) has subst-ed and modified the template to Talk:999. Andrewa (talk) 01:07, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Comment I think that all the articles that are bare numbers should be dab pages, and everything else should be parenthetically disambiguated... so... 911 is a dab, 911 AD/911 CE, 911 (number), 911 (telephone number), etc. 911 (year) would be a page relating various calendrical systems where the years actually reached that number. 70.55.84.228 (talk) 04:56, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * That would mean a major rewrite of Naming conventions (numbers and dates), and as such should be discussed at Village pump (policy) IMO. There's also discussion occurring at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions, in fact just hours ago I proposed there exactly what you're suggesting here, but as my personal third preference (coming after the mathematical meanings and the status quo, but ahead of the current proposal here). Andrewa (talk) 08:14, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * May I make a suggestion? First let me point something out - the articles in that vicinity could be as follows:
 * 906 - year
 * 907 - year
 * 908 - year
 * 909 - year
 * 910 - year
 * 911 - telephone number
 * 912 - year
 * 913 - year
 * 914 - year
 * 915 - year
 * 916 - year

 * Uh, that's oddly inconsistent, don't you think? Maybe it would be a good idea to keep 911 as the year, which seems to follow the current naming standard.  Hatnotes make it very clear right at the top of the page where to go for the other main uses of "911".

 * Just a thought.

 * I hope it helps.

 * The Transhumanist 14:17, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment (from nom.): My preferred choice is for 911 to redirect → 911 (disambiguation); having 911 redirect → 9-1-1 is a second-choice.  Also I have posted a link from village pump (proposals) both to Wikipedia talk:naming conventions and to here.  69.140.152.55 (talk) 14:49, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

 * Oppose. That's why we have a  dab header, redirecting to 9-1-1. The attacks are another claimant. Making a dab page is a second choice, since it inconveniences those readers who come here through a date link.  20:17, 10 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment if it were a proper date like, it should have 911 AD or 911 CE, would it not? 70.51.11.239 (talk) 06:56, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Every other plain-numeric title on Wikipedia is about the year. Why should 911 be any different just because it's an American phone number? J I P | Talk 20:21, 11 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Please note:
 * most of the discussion above concerns a proposed multiple move affecting nearly all emergency telephone numbers, not just this one
 * this appears to be intended to test a proposed change in policy, which could result in many more moves. Andrewa (talk) 00:53, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Comment: initially, I only wanted to move 911.  However, the rejection of this proposal the first time around was based on policy, and so I thought that policy would have to be amended.  And as for moving all the other articles, this is solely in the interests of countering geographic bias. 69.140.152.55 (talk) 05:40, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * It's a bit like the chicken and the egg, but neither the associated policy proposal nor this specific move seem to have much support, so far. Andrewa (talk) 11:27, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * Oppose all. As often stated, all four-digit or less numbers automatically link to years, and to change a handful of those to emergency phone numbers would cause massive needless confusion. All we have to do is on each article (e.g. 911) (about the year) provide a dab template linking to (e.g. 911 (emergency number)). And that's that. Wilhelm meis (talk) 04:29, 13 June 2008 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 24 April 2017

 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the move request was: Moved per consensus that the year is not the primary topic in this instance. I have updated links where possible, but many generated by templates still remain and are now incorrect. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 08:49, 3 May 2017 (UTC) It's complicated - see below for further comments — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 18:57, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

– WP:PRIMARYTOPIC; the year is clearly not the primary topic for "911" due to the existence of the emergency number and terrorist attacks. This move has previously been rejected for being against policy, but that policy changed and now there are many cases of number pages being disambiguation pages (such as 11, 42, et cetera). So there is no reason not to make 911 a disambiguation page. Chessrat ( talk, contributions ) 17:15, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
 * 911 → AD 911
 * 911 (disambiguation) → 911
 * Oppose per all previous discussion. Policy having changed seems a bad change. In ictu oculi (talk) 11:13, 25 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Comment The relevant policy change was developed in August 2016 at Talk:AD_1/Archive_1. Consensus was reached that the pages between 1 and 10 should have the number as the primary topic, and those between 11 and 100 should be disambiguation pages. This has been extensively debated. For a strong argument against moving this article, I think you should either try to argue that the policy relating to the article 911 should be different from the policy relating to the articles between 11 and 100, or open an RfC to try to overturn the 2016 consensus. Without doing either of those things, your Oppose vote doesn't seem very convincing in my opinion. Chessrat ( talk, contributions ) 23:31, 29 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Support primary topic is the emergency number, not the year. 911 should be a disambiguation page. Fish567 (talk) 13:06, 25 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per nom. Primary topic is certainly not the year. PizzaLuvver (talk) 19:31, 28 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Oppose per In ictu oculi. Srnec (talk) 22:19, 28 April 2017 (UTC)
 * Support per nom per common sense. How many readers are actually looking for the year when they enter '911'? The average for this page in the last 20 days is just over 150, and reading the page I just don't see why 150 new people would want to view it on a daily basis. Both the emergency number and the 2001 attacks are likely far and away the primaries for this number. Randy Kryn 14:12, 2 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Support as even now several links to 911 are for the emergency service. Will always be so. Hyperbolick (talk) 18:54, 2 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Support. Most people typing in 911 are not looking for the year. Voortle (talk) 20:21, 2 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Support year is definitely not primary. Laurdecl talk 07:31, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

''The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page or in a move review. No further edits should be made to this section.''

Reconsideration

 * The closer clearly misread the policy change. Consensus was reached that the pages between 1 and 10 should have the number as the primary topic, and those between 11 and 100 should be disambiguation pages, and that 101 through (at least) 999 should remain years, with no exceptions (as noted by at least 3 contributors to the discussion).  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 18:07, 6 May 2017 (UTC)
 * Even if the move were within policy, it should be reverted until the template masters are given a reasonable time to fix (or delete) the templates. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 18:39, 6 May 2017 (UTC)

I have been asked to reconsider my close above in light of relevant policy, the RfC from October 2016, and the desire to maintain consistency in this area. It is possible that the local discussion here should not outweigh a broader consensus established elsewhere. I will be doing further reading today and will make a further statement. I would also welcome comments from anyone else on this issue. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 07:54, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

It seems to me that the 2016 RfC related to the articles 1-100 only and so is fairly irrelevant to this discussion. The relevant naming convention is Naming conventions (numbers and dates) which states: "By convention, an article name that is a number in Arabic numerals represents a calendar year in the Common Era, up till several decades in the future. Such articles give an overview, in the form of a list, of the major events that took place (or are planned to take place) in that year. In general the use of number-only page names should only be used for "Year in Review" entries."

This part of the guideline has barely changed since it was created by twelve years ago. So it is probably not right that a discussion of 9 editors in 2017 should override such a long-standing convention involving thousands of articles.

I note that two similar proposals to move this article were roundly defeated in 2006 and 2008. There is also the technical issue of modifying the templates so that they do not produce incorrect links. In light of all this it is probably better to move this article back and preserve the status quo. If any editors involved in the above discussion strongly disagree then I suppose we could open a move review to get the opinions of others. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 12:19, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

— Martin (MSGJ · talk) 15:01, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I'd suggest that this is an exception to that decision, as 911, as both the emergency number and the common name of the 2001 attack, stands out in the number set of 101-999 to such a degree that using it instead for the year would be the encyclopedic equivalent of the wrong wine served with a fine dinner. Randy Kryn 15:18, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * If technical problems can't be overcome, move back I suppose. But better to overcome. Hyperbolick (talk) 15:44, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

This is an awkward situation. I'm not sure whether the 2016 RfC explicitly excluded articles greater than 100 from being moved and explicitly stated that the previous policy was still in force for those articles, or whether it's a grey area where precedent from the RfC could be argued to apply here. Also, there are of course the technical issues. What I would suggest is: Partial procedural reversal of move– namely, move 911 back to 911 (disambiguation); redirect 911 to AD 911 but do not move this AD 911 article back to 911. This is to fix the technical issues, and is the same setup used at the articles between 27 and 99, where the consensus (making those articles disambiguation pages and moving the year articles to the AD xx format) has currently only partially been implemented while the technical issues are being resolved. Then, open an RfC with the goal being to clarify/change current policy such that the new policy is: Articles between 101 and 2999 should generally be about the year, but in some cases may be disambiguation pages instead, if local consensus determines that the year is not the primary topic for that particular number. And finally, if that RfC passes, it may be a good idea to create a Category:Articles between 101 and 2999 which are not year articles (which would contain the sole member 911) to make the technical work easier. In hindsight, maybe I should have created an RfC rather than an RM in the first place. Sorry about that. Chessrat ( talk, contributions ) 16:56, 8 May 2017 (UTC)
 * I think these are sensible suggestions and I have moved 911 back to 911 (disambiguation) and redirected 911 to this article accordingly. If the RfC is to take place, then I suggest somewhere central like Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (numbers and dates) (and advertised on a village pump) rather than here. It is possible that this discussion will conclude that articles 101-999 should be for years without exception, in which case I would move this article back to 911. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 19:01, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

 * The 2016 RfC was held at what is now Talk:AD 1, but it was advertised on Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (numbers and dates) (and maybe the village pump too; I don't know about that). But if you think it would be better to hold this RfC in a different place rather than this talk page, then that's okay too. Regardless, we definitely need an RfC to clear up the situation– we've now had a local consensus in favor of moving, in probable conflict with policy, but the policy isn't clear anyway. The policy given at Naming conventions (numbers and dates) is from before the 2016 RfC and needs updating. I've started drafting a possible replacement version here. So, shall I start this RfC, or does someone else want to? <font color="#CC9900">Chessrat ( talk, <font color="#ff7788">contributions ) 23:40, 8 May 2017 (UTC)

As the RfC was never begun I have moved the article back to the status quo for consistency with other articles. This can be reviewed if consensus changes. — Martin (MSGJ · talk) 10:52, 20 June 2017 (UTC)

Do not request anymore moves to this article.
I have enough. We know the year 911 is Not the primary topic to this article, but the policies said that articles 1 - 10 should lead to the number, 11 - 100 should lead to a disambiguation, while 101 - 999 should lead to the year. This is why we have a dab link. However, I believe we should move the notification to the top of the article instead of below the templates, so users will find the correct links easily. 9-1-1 should stay as 9-1-1, done.

We've already got to much discussions about the move, and I feel like we should be reading the policies more.

Please do not argue here. This is just a reminder. I know I'm not a leader or an admin or anything, but I'm here to tell you not to request anymore moves involving disambiguation. Prodigy55 (talk) 03:19, 24 August 2017 (UTC)

Semi-protected edit request on 10 January 2018
Grammar request: in the line currently reading "King Louis IV (the Child), the last ruler of the Carolingian Dynasty, dies at Frankfurt am Main after a 11-year reign." It should read AN 11-year reign, rather than A 11-year reign. Lady Ruby Tuesday (talk) 11:16, 10 January 2018 (UTC)
 * Yes check.svg Done Jiten talkcontribs 11:35, 10 January 2018 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:911 (disambiguation) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 16:45, 19 June 2019 (UTC)

Requested move 8 July 2019
<div class="boilerplate" style="background-color: #efe; margin: 2em 0 0 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;">
 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Moved as proposed. Consensus is clearly in favor of the proposed move, and it is reasonably in accordance with various other pages listed at "AD [year]" titles. bd2412 T 03:30, 28 July 2019 (UTC)

911 (year) → AD 911 – Per the multiple comments at Talk:911, WP:CONSISTENCY with years AD 1 to AD 100, and that 911 BCE existed, leaving "year" as ambiguous. © Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 02:33, 8 July 2019 (UTC) --Relisting. Steel1943  (talk) 05:24, 15 July 2019 (UTC)

 * Support per nom, per WP:NATURALDAB, per WP:CONSISTENCY, etc.. While I'm neutral on using "AD", I think there should be consistency between this page and the other non-primary year pages. Paintspot Infez (talk) 03:03, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Pinging people from the previous discussion:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,.

 * Support. I complained about that to the previous RM closer, but, in spite of a number of bad closes he's done, he doesn't want to reconsider.  I was considering requesting a review, as I still don't think the closer considered the arguments for leaving it in place, but this would produce an acceptable result.  I've patched the article so (at least some of) the sidebar templates display correctly, but that wouldn't have been necessary if the article had been placed at AD 911 in the first place.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 03:11, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Comment. At least someone corrected the links to 911 to point to the new article.  I suggest that we correct all links to 911 (year) to point to AD 911, regardless of whether this move is made.  911 (year) is wrong, in most contexts.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 03:11, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Agree, I disambiguated the links that I could, there are 9 left from the Year nav (including 1 from 911 (year).  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 10:56, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and my arguments in the previous discussion, I was going to make this specific request myself but its already here.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 10:56, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per nom and comments. The move discussed above seems to have been well thought out, discussed, and appropriately closed per primary topic. Randy Kryn (talk) 12:16, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * if the article is moved to AD 911 would that fix the problems you're talking about? if so do you think we could ask this to be speedily moved at WP:RMT especially since the proposed title appears to follow the pattern of years that do require disambiguation. On the other hand if the patching up fixes it for now then there's no problem with leaving this RM to expire.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 18:31, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * , My patch fixes those problems I've seen, it may break other functions of M1 year in topic, but it doesn't do so visibly, so it would only disturb people who read the year article and follow links in the first sidebar. I don't consider myself a template guru, but I don't think there is any other collateral damage. — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 18:41, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per COMMONNAME. Contrary to the 1 to 100 years, nobody says "AD 911" in normal speech. So that's a poor comparison above. We just had a move request on this and it was settled on 911 (year) which is a good title. Leave it be. — Amakuru (talk) 20:34, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * "911 (year)" is NOT a good title, for reasons presented in the bulk reassignment of 1 through 100. 911 (Julian year) would be an acceptable disambiguation, although we would still have to patch all the templates, including the one(s) mentioned above.  — Arthur Rubin  (talk) 22:15, 8 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME. In this range, years are not usually described as "AD".  The AD is assumed, and it is only BC years that are clarified. -- Netoholic @ 02:34, 9 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support - per nom. Marcnut1996 (talk) 03:57, 11 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support – (year) is incomplete disambiguation as it doesn't specifiy the calendar (see calendar era). We generally avoid putting primary topics on incompletely disambiguated titles, e,g, Thriller (album) redirects to Thriller (Michael Jackson album). From a technical standpoint, this will be a bit easier on the template editors who struggle to maintain a substantial set of math-based templates that perform calculations based on the assumption that year articles are primary topics for the bare numbers, amid the increasing calls for more exceptions to the original naming convention. – wbm1058 (talk) 12:39, 12 July 2019 (UTC)
 * No, it's not incomplete disambiguation, because nobody would ever write "911" on its own if they meant 911 BC. That's not a contender for the name, so 911 (year) is unambiguous. 5 (year), 2019 (year) etc. already redirect to their AD equivalents so it's established that those are valid names. And harming reader experience by moving to a less recognizable name, just to help template editors, is a poor justification for that IMHO. The current name is clear and obvious, unlike AD 911,which is a construct not actually used in some countries. — Amakuru (talk) 07:27, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
 * I agree with you that I don't think that "AD" is used much (I don't know for sure since nobody really talks much about years over 1000 years ago) but my "support" was largely for consistency and the concerns about the templates etc. Now if we can get the templates sorted and we agree that other 3 digit years get "(year)" (like 999, 112, 420 etc) then I'd withdraw my support.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 07:45, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
 * This edit, which restored a more limited hatnote after the longer, pre-move hatnote was removed, belies the idea that "(year)" is totally unambiguous. wbm1058 (talk) 13:37, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose -- should every single year then be moved like this? Should we move it to AD 1000? Or should it be CE 1000? -- Rockstone   talk to me!   06:59, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
 * No "AD" is only being proposed when its needed for disambiguation per WP:NATURAL.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 07:45, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Although it may be rhetorical, that is a good question. Clearly 2019 should not be moved because the year is the primary topic but there is a case for moving several, and possibly all, three-digit years. Certes (talk) 15:44, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. AD 911 is unambiguous, concise and consistent with AD 1 to AD 100.  Having established that the year is not the primary topic for its most common name (simply "911"), our next choice is natural disambiguation.  Certes (talk) 15:48, 14 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support per comment above mine. --Comment by <b style="color:#14866d">Selfie City</b> ( talk about my  contributions ) 16:59, 15 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. Ambiguous disambiguation is no disambiguation at all. Red   Slash  18:59, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. Solidly reasoned nomination. Current title is wrong, proposed title conforms to our practices. Srnec (talk) 20:01, 17 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Oppose per WP:COMMONNAME, WP:D, WP:NATURAL, and . The notion that the year 911 is ambiguous with 911 BCE (a topic so obscure it's a redirect to 910s BC, a dwarf article with just a few words about 911 BCE) is technically correct but practically silly. 911 does need to be disambiguated from other topics much more likely to be sought by anyone searching with "911", and the current disambiguator, (year), does that splendidly. We do prefer natural disambiguation when it's available; but here's the thing about that: it needs to be natural, and "AD 911" is not natural. The ngrams show that "year 911" and especially "in 911" are far more commonly used than "AD 911" or "911 AD" in books.  And here is a link showing a typical reference to the year: "Thus from this takeover of the kingdom of Lotharingia in 911, the scribes of Charles the Simple's writing office styled him 'king of the Franks', perhaps to claim that he, and not the king of the Germans, was the true successor of Charlemagne.. In this case, year in parentheses is the more appropriate disambiguation. Executing the proposed move would incorrectly imply that AD 911 is the common way to refer to this year; it is not. Let us not be misleading to our readers.  --В²C ☎ 17:34, 23 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Support. I don't think the current title is a huge problem, but why not be consistent with, say, AD 41 and AD 67?  — <span style="border:1px solid #93010b;background:#ef0000;padding:2px;color:#efe6e6;text-shadow:black 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; font-family: Georgia;"> AjaxSmack  00:54, 27 July 2019 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Requested move 17 February 2021
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 * The following is a closed discussion of a requested move. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a move review after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.

The result of the move request was: Not moved  (non-admin closure)  —  Paper9oll  (📣 • 📝)  16:03, 24 February 2021 (UTC)

AD 911 → 911 AD – From a google search and google trends, it seems like generally the spellings of the AD before the year and after the year are about equally common- 43,800 results for "AD 911" versus 41,800 results for "911 AD" - and thus when places taking their guidance from wikipedia are excluded, having the AD second is likely more popular. In addition, having the "AD" second and the year first is a more natural spelling given people are likely to think of a year as simply being the number, with AD being used just to distinguish it from other things. Chessrat ( talk, contributions ) 21:35, 17 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Can I suggest a wider discussion like those at User talk:Crouch, Swale/Year DAB maybe at Wikipedia talk:Naming conventions (numbers and dates) since this change would affect many if we move others to be contestant with 911.  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 21:39, 17 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. Traditionally, the grammatically correct way is with the "AD" placed before the number. Rreagan007 (talk) 03:25, 18 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose moving. To me it is quite natural that the year goes after the AD. Other Wikipedia articles about "Anno Domini" years also seem to have standardised on putting AD before the year number. The AD is an abbreviation for Anno Domini, which is Latin for "in the year of the Lord" or "in the year of our Lord", depending on which document you are reading. I think comparing the results of Google searches for the comparative usage of a couple of particular strings as an argument biased with recentism thinking. It ignores the much longer history of the phrase of Anno Domini or "in the year of our/the Lord " used on many pre-electronic documents. Arguing that putting the year first is more natural only holds water if one thinks of the AD as a unit of measure rather than an abbreviation for a descriptive phrase. Then the grammar rule makes sense. I could apply a similar argument for placing the currency symbol after a sum of money, but the convention is that a currency symbol goes before the value, even though one says the currency unit after the sum of money. These are the traditional conventions of English that people should follow, although I would agree that some people don't. We currently have a convention that AD goes before the year in all Anno Domini (AD) year articles, so rather than moving one year article in isolation, I would like to see the convention changed if there is a significant consensus, say 80% or more, that AD should always go after the year in all cases, not just in this exceptional case. The traditional rules of grammar and English usage do change over time, so I am looking for a solid evidence that the underlying English usage conventions have changed on placement of AD from before to after the year. The argument for moving this page alone, doesn't really cut it, especially when much of the same ground was covered when the page was moved here less than 2 years ago. - Cameron Dewe (talk) 11:39, 18 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose. The traditional order is to suffix with BC, but prefix with AD. -- Necrothesp (talk) 13:49, 19 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose moving 911 in isolation, for consistency. Moving all the years called AD n would require discussion in a more appropriate forum, and I'd be inclined to oppose for the reasons set out above.  AD n is more grammatical, we decided on it after recent thorough discussion, and I see no new evidence for changing.  Certes (talk) 18:08, 19 February 2021 (UTC)
 * Oppose per Certes, I'm not really that much of a historian but I agree with Necrothesp that usually BC are suffixed while AD are prefixed, I'm not sure WP:NATURAL is satisfied but there seems to be consensus for this. Maybe the OP's results are perhaps because when the AD if used as an independent modifier rather than part of the name its more common to put it after that when its used as natural disambiguation?  Crouch, Swale  ( talk ) 22:12, 19 February 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:AD 911


text:
User:Erik S-O Johansson

From Stockholm, Sweden.

Active on the Swedish wiki susning.nu. Interested in music (especially opera) and many other things.

http://debora.byggdok.se/ej/erik_dalahast.jpg

title: User:Erik S-O Johansson


text:
Floyd Rose

The Floyd Rose Locking Tremolo, or simply Floyd Rose, is a type of locking vibrato arm for a guitar. Floyd D. Rose invented the locking vibrato in 1976, the first of its kind, and it is now manufactured by a company of the same name. The Floyd Rose gained popularity in the 1980s through guitarists like Eddie Van Halen, Neal Schon, Brad Gillis, Joe Satriani, Steve Vai, and Alex Lifeson, who used its ability to stay in tune even with extreme changes in pitch. Its tuning stability comes through the double-locking design that has been widely regarded as revolutionary; the design has been listed on Guitar Worlds "10 Most Earth Shaking Guitar Innovations" and Guitar Players "101 Greatest Moments in Guitar History 1979–1983."

History
Floyd D. Rose first started working on what became the Floyd Rose Tremolo in 1976. He was playing in a rock band at the time, inspired by Jimi Hendrix and Deep Purple. He frequently used the vibrato bar but could not make his guitars stay in tune using traditional approaches like lubricating the nut, or winding the strings as little as possible around the tuning pegs.

At the time, Rose made and sold jewelry, and so had the skills and tools to fabricate small metal parts. After noticing the strings moved freely with the regular nut design, he made a brass nut that locked the strings in place with three U-shaped clamps. He installed this nut in his 1957 Fender Stratocaster. Later he improved this design by using hardened steel—otherwise the strings wore the clamps down too quickly—and redesigned the bridge, which also locked the strings with clamps.

Rose hand-made the first bridges and nuts, which were quickly picked up by some influential guitarists at the time, such as Eddie Van Halen. Other well-known guitarists who picked it up early were Neal Schon, who purportedly got serial number 3, Brad Gillis (serial number 4), and Steve Vai.

The first patent was awarded in 1979, and shortly afterward, Rose made an agreement with Kramer Guitars because he could no longer keep up with demand manufacturing the bridges by hand. Kramer's guitar models with the Floyd Rose bridge became very popular, leading them to drop the earlier Rockinger vibrato in favor of the Floyd Rose between June 1982 and January 1983. The Floyd Rose design's popularity led to other companies making similar bridges, thus violating the patent. To combat this Floyd Rose and Kramer went on to make licensing agreements with other manufacturers, and there are now several different models available based on the double-locking design. Because the bridges and nuts were no longer hand-made it was necessary to update the design, and the bridges were changed to add a set of tuners that allow for fine-tuning the guitar after the strings are locked at the nut. The licensed units made by other manufacturers were stamped "Licensed Under Floyd Rose Patents" or similar. By the mid 1980s OEM units were supplied directly, made exclusively by Schaller, GmbH, of Germany. Eventually OEM units were made in Korea. The OEM unit, to this day, continues to be made in Germany, by Schaller, GmbH. A Korean model, designated, the Floyd Rose "1000 Series", is based on the original Floyd Rose.

Original producer of the production tremolos Fernandes Guitars went on to produce their "Headcrasher" and subsequent "FRT"-series versions for their own brand of guitars until 1997. Takeuchi produced licensed tremolos for Japanese-built Ibanez, Jackson, Charvel, Yamaha, Fernandes, Aria Guitars, and Washburn guitars, among others, until the mid 2000s. They also made lower-cost units for Ibanez's entry-level guitars up to 2010. Gotoh made their own licensed tremolo as a direct replacement for an Original Floyd Rose and also supplied theirs as an OEM unit to Aria Guitars and Ibanez for some of their models during the 1980s and for some Fernandes guitars after they stopped making their own in 1997. ESP made their "ESP Synclear Tremolo" for their Japanese-made guitars during the 1980s. Yamaha made their "Rocking Magic" series of tremolos until the early 1990s. Kahler produced the renowned "Steeler," "Killer," and "Spyder" variants during the 1980s while developing their own cam-based Kahler Tremolo System for which they are best known for today. Notably, courts found that the Kahler Tremolo System infringed on Floyd Rose's patents, and awarded a judgment in excess of $100 million against Gary Kahler.

In January 1991, Kramer's exclusive distribution agreement with Rose ended when Fender announced they would be the new exclusive distributor of Floyd Rose products. While Fender used Floyd Rose-licensed vibrato systems previously, this move allowed Fender to offer a few models with the original Floyd Rose Tremolo, such as the Richie Sambora Signature Strat in 1991, the Floyd Rose Classic Stratocaster in 1992 and the Set-Neck Floyd Rose Strat in 1993. Floyd Rose collaborated with Fender to design a Fender Deluxe Locking Tremolo, introduced in 1991 on the Strat Plus Deluxe, the USA Contemporary Stratocaster, and the Strat Ultra. Fender used the Floyd Rose-designed locking vibrato system on certain humbucker-equipped American Deluxe and Showmaster models until 2007.

In 2005, distribution of the Floyd Rose Original reverted to Floyd Rose, whereas the patented designs were licensed to other manufacturers to use.

Principles

Position I illustrates the normal position of an ideally tuned Floyd Rose bridge. The bridge (orange in the diagram) balances on a pivot point, being pulled counter-clockwise by the strings' tension and clockwise by typically one to five springs. Controlled by special tuning screws (purple in the diagram), these two forces are balanced such that the bridge's surface is parallel to the guitar body (olive in the diagram). The strings are locked tightly with a special mechanism at the nut (green in the diagram) as well as at the bridge (turquoise in the diagram), hence "double-locking".

Position II illustrates the position of the bridge when the vibrato arm is pushed down towards the guitar body. The bridge rotates around a pivot point counter-clockwise and the tension in each string decreases, lowering the pitch of each string. The sound of any notes being played becomes flat. While the tension of the strings decreases, the tension of the springs increases. It is the balance between string-tension and spring-tension, as well as the fact that the strings end at the bridge saddles and nut (eliminating "play" in the string, which would negatively affect tuning), that brings the strings reliably back into tune when force on the bar is removed.

Position III illustrates the position of the bridge when the vibrato arm is pulled up away from the guitar body. The bridge rotates clockwise, tension in the strings increases, the pitch of the sound increases and so notes sound sharper than normal. Due to the limitations on the assembly's movement imposed by the guitar's body, the amount of available pitch change is much larger when the bar is depressed than when it is lifted.

Note that when using the vibrato bar, string action (the distance between the strings and the fretboard) is affected, and this can sometimes cause the strings to unintentionally touch the frets and create unwanted sounds on instruments set up with extremely low action and heavily recessed vibrato installations.

Advantages and disadvantages
The main advantage of the Floyd Rose vibrato system is its double-locking design. This makes the guitar stay in tune through large pitch changes, e.g., forcing the vibrato bar all the way down to the guitar body, or pulling up on the bar to raise the tone by as much as a fifth or a seventh.

A typical bridge set-up has it "float"—so the player can both raise and lower the pitch with the vibrato bar. However, if a string breaks, the balance of tensions on the bridge is disrupted, leaving the bridge out of position and therefore the guitar out of tune. Moreover, since the tension of one string affects the tension of all the others, it can take several iterations through the tuning process before the instrument is tuned.

Some players, including Eddie Van Halen, prefer to instead have a "half-floating" bridge, which allows only downwards motion. This means the cavity of the tremolo pocket is not fully milled away underneath—and if the tension of the rear springs is slightly stronger than the tension of the strings, the tremolo always rests flush with the body. In this set-up, a broken string has no effect on the pitch of the other strings, as the reduced overall string tension from the broken string doesn't make the bridge move, since it already presses against the body of the guitar. This also allows fitting a device to the bridge that can drop the low E-string down to D to extend the tonal variety of the guitar, even during live performance. Bending, however, still affects the rest of the strings, which makes some double-stop ('diad'), techniques more difficult to achieve.

The bridge's effect on the tone of the guitar is a topic of much disagreement. Some players find that the Floyd Rose bridge has a "thin" tone, which has led to the development of replacement sustain blocks. These blocks are generally larger in size than the standard block and may be constructed from a similar brass alloy or an alternative like titanium or copper. According to reviews this modification might lead to a preferable change in the tonal quality of the guitar.

Models and varieties

 * Floyd Rose Original is the oldest model still in production. Since 1977, production models bearing this name are mostly the same as the first model, with only minor changes. Note that the name "Floyd Rose Original" is used to differentiate this system from "Floyd Rose Licensed". The first Original Floyds were double locking, but had no fine tuners, so players had to unclamp the nut every time they retuned the guitar, and people who use these today (for example Guthrie Govan) use them without locking nuts. Currently made by Schaller in Germany.
 * Floyd Rose II is a lower end version of the Original Floyd used mostly on import and mid-range instruments throughout the 1990s. Originally, Floyd IIs were single locking, locking only at the nut. Later versions were made double locking, but used weaker materials than the Original Floyd Rose, making them less dependable.
 * Floyd Rose Pro is a low-profile version of Floyd Rose Original. The bridge and arm design is changed in such a way that the guitarist's hand is generally closer to the strings while holding the vibrato arm. The bridge has a narrower string spacing (0.400 inches or 10.16 mm in this design versus 0.420 inches or 10.66 mm of the Floyd Rose Original).
 * Floyd Rose SpeedLoader Tremolo is a redesign developed in 1995–1999 and introduced around 2003 that combines Floyd Rose Original with the SpeedLoader system, and requires special strings and is manufactured under license of McCabe US Patents for "macrotuners", ie. full-range tuners.
 * Floyd Rose 1000 and Floyd Rose Special are made with the same design as the Original but manufactured in South Korea. The Floyd Rose 1000 is built with the same materials as the Original, however, the Floyd Rose Special utilizes substitute materials, such as zinc alloy saddles, zinc alloy string insert blocks, and zinc alloy fine-tuner screws instead of steel, and a zinc alloy sustain block instead of brass, which significantly decreases the cost of the Special model.
 * Fender Deluxe Locking Tremolo. A specially designed system that was made by Fender Musical Instruments Corporation in 1991 in conjunction with Floyd Rose, utilizing locking tuners, a modified Fender 2-point synchronized vibrato with locking bridge saddles and a special low-friction LSR Roller Nut that lets strings slide during vibrato use. This is a double locking system, except the other locking point is at the tuner instead of nut.

Well known Floyd Rose Licensed Models
Previously, all similar double locking vibrato systems were produced under license from Floyd Rose, and marketed as such, but in 2003 the relevant patents expired.

 * Gotoh GE1996T is an alternative made by Japanese guitar hardware company Gotoh. It shares the same materials as the Floyd Rose Original and adds new advancements to the design, including an Allen key adjustable push in arm and stud locks, which lock the studs to the body. The name comes from the fact that Gotoh got the license from Floyd Rose in 1996.
 * Schaller, the current makers of the Floyd Rose Original, also makes their own bridges which share the design of the Floyd Rose, but with their own branding instead of the Floyd Rose branding. the Schaller Tremolo features a design similar to the Floyd Rose II but with the same materials as the Floyd Rose Original, while the Schaller LockMeister is a rebranded Floyd Rose Original which can also be ordered for different fretboard radii, unlike a Floyd Rose Original. Schaller also makes the Schaller Vintage Tremolo which is a non locking tremolo bridge designed to be retrofitted on guitars with Floyd Rose bridges.
 * Yamaha Finger Clamp is a variety of Floyd Rose that have built-in levers, and thus when tuning, no allen keys are needed. Available on the RGX520DZ, RGX620DZ and CV820 Wes Borland signature model.
 * Vigier Floyd Rose created by Vigier guitars at the beginning of the '90s, this system uses force-tolerant needle bearings for improved wear on the bridge and enhanced tuning stability. The ball-bearing and global tuner features are manufactured under license to American Inventor and recording artist, Geoffrey Lee McCabe—see U.S. Patent Nos. 6,175,066 5,965,831, 6,891,094, 5,986,191, 6,563,034 and 7,470,841.
 * Kahler 2700 Series (Killer, Steeler, and Spyder) made in the late 80s by Kahler, designed by David Petschulat, this system used a knife-edge fulcrum bridge (unlike the typical Kahler cam system). The string locks at the bridge were embossed FLOYD ROSE LIC.
 * Ibanez Edge is Ibanez's Floyd Rose variant. There are 4 primary versions: Edge, LoPro Edge, EdgePro, and EdgeZero with numbered variants denoting budget models of the main lines, and also "Double" variants of many of these, the moniker denoting the inclusion of Piezo pickups. The Edge and LoPro Edge were discontinued in 2003 but were subsequently reintroduced on the signature models of Steve Vai and Joe Satriani. (Some special edition guitars used these trems prior to their reintroduction; however, the vibratos used were new old stock (NOS), rather than production runs.) These two vibratos, whether old or new, bear a mark of Floyd Rose Licensing, as they are produced using the same tooling, by Japanese guitar parts manufacturer Gotoh.
 * Ibanez Zero Resistance uses a ball-bearing mechanic instead of knife-edge as the joint, and a stop-bar to help the guitar stay in tune after diving the vibrato. Ibanez claims this system improves tuning stability after breaking a string. These springs, including their orientation, are referred to as the ZPS system, with variants numbered 1 to 3, and are also present as part of the EdgeZero design. The ball-bearing and global tuner features are manufactured under license to American Inventor and recording artist, Geoffrey Lee McCabe—see U.S. Patent Nos. 6,175,066 5,965,831, 6,891,094, 5,986,191, 6,563,034 and 7,470,841.
 * Ibanez Fixed Edge, while it still uses the locking nut and locking bridge, was mounted on top of the body, and was used not as a vibrato system, but to provide a familiar feel to vibrato users, and even more tuning stability on a hardtailed guitar.

Popular use

The Floyd Rose Tremolo rose to popularity in the early 1980s. Many popular artists quickly adopted the device, making it difficult to measure how much each individual artist contributed to that popularity. Most sources consider Eddie Van Halen a pioneer of Floyd Rose usage. Other players frequently cited as influential Floyd Rose users are Steve Vai,  Joe Satriani,  Kirk Hammett, Brad Gillis, Tom Morello, Allan Holdsworth, Dimebag Darrell and Synyster Gates.

Patents
Floyd Rose holds a number of patents on floating bridge design:

 * — bridge mechanism patent;

 * — first fine tuners and saddle patent;

 * — second fine tuners and saddle patent;

 * — spring and claw mechanism;

 * — early patent for a tremstopper device;

 * — patent for Floyd Rose Pro, low-profile version;

title: Floyd Rose