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Talk:New moon

Religious slant
What's all this religious mumbo in an astronomical article? If there is astrological, traditional, religious or superstition aspect to the topic - this should be completely separate section at the end.
 * Please read this talk thread Jaredscribe (talk) 06:25, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Formula
The formula D = 5.597660 + 29.5305888531*N + 102.19E-12*N*N is completely baffling at first because it looks as if E is a constant, like D, and -12*N*N is the final term. It could be made much clearer very simply, e.g.

D = 5.597660 + 29.5305888531*N + (102.19E-12)*N*N

I'll do that - but are there no conventions for writing formulae that would help here?

 * How about this (see in How to edit a page for how to create math):

 * D = 5.597660 + 29.5305888531*N + (102.19*10-12)*N2

 * andy 11:45 Mar 7, 2003 (UTC)

New Moons/Year
How many new moons are there per year? -Lommer | talk 04:20, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * At least twelve and no more than thirteen, depending on what the year it is. --Eric Forste 05:29, 21 Jan 2005 (UTC)

 * An average of about 12.36827. This has been approximated by 12 7/19 (Metonic cycle) and is more accurately by 12 123/334 or 12 130/353. -- Karl Palmen 21 Jan 2005 09:30 (UTC)

The Picture
The picture at the top of the page doesn't have any context. It could be interpreted as an indication of what time of day different moon phases occur every day. The moon takes roughly 29.5 days to pass through each phase.

It would be a good idea to actually note what this diagram is indicating.--Jcvamp 19:28, 3 August 2006 (UTC)

 * not to mention being just plain silly looking, it's just a circle in a square for crying out loud....maybe a photo of the actual event (a new moon) would be better — Preceding unsigned comment added by 192.158.48.16 (talk) 12:18, 14 August 2015 (UTC)

How long does it last?
How many days does the new moon last?

 * In an astronomical sense, New Moon occurs at the instant when the Moon is in conjunction with the Sun. It's not a range of times.

 * This is why published information shows a date and time of New Moon. It's unlikely that anyone would see the Moon at its closest approach to the Sun (unless there's a Solar Eclipse), so it's become conventional to call the first visible crescent moon 'New Moon' - but this may be a day or two after the actual instant of New Moon. Pavium 07:49, 28 April 2007 (UTC)

I too am interested in the subjective duration of the new moon. If it is true that "the first visible crescent moon...may be a day or two after the actual instant of New Moon", then we can assume too that the last visible crescent moon may be a day or two before the actual instant of new moon. And together that represents potentially quite a few days when nothing is visible to the naked eye. Vince Calegon 14:24, 26 January 2017 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by Vince Calegon (talk • contribs)

Numerical formulae and sources
The expressions have been taken from the papers of Chapront in 1985 and 2002, and the obsolete ones can also be found in Meeus' well-known "Astronomical Algorithms". The actual expressions are given in the "Approximate formula" section, the way they have been derived are given in painful detail in the "Explanation of the formulae" section for those who can stomach so many numbers. The two sources are listed at the bottom. The expressions are valid. Someone should not just put a big warning sign on them without indicating what might be wrong with them or why he even thinks that there is something wrong; that should be put in this discussion page first anyway. The referencing convention pre-dates the Wikipedia ref tag. I hate that new tag: it does not make a distinction between factual footnotes, and references. Also I very much prefer references as (author, year) in the text above a numerical reference, even if numbering is automatic. Tom Peters 09:10, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Could you please add the citations to the text in the appropriate places? There are currently no citations under approximate formula. Without citations, this appears to represent original research, which is not allowed by wikipedia policy, whcih is currently being discussed under the proposal for deletion of full moon cycle. Citations need to be added to the pages lunar phase and full moon as well. The citations should appear the time the formulas are given, and not later at the bottom. If you need help with the formatting of the refs, let me know and I'll take care of this for you. Lunokhod 16:16, 14 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I suppose you want actual references of all constants mentiond. I'll do that by next week.  What I did was re-compute Meeus' expressions (which are essentially 25 years old) with newer constants from the 2002 Chapront paper already referenced.  I do not believe that that could be regarded as "original research" in the meaning of the Wikipedia policy, because that clearly exists to avoid discussions about interpretations and opinions.  You cannot have an opinion about the result of arithmetic.  However one has to know what one is doing (which I do).  If you believe that Wikipedia should not contain such compilation of published material, I think we have a fundamental issue and we should take this to an appropriate Wikipedia forum.
 * Some historical considerations: lunar ephemerides have been a personal interest for a long time, and Meeus' compilations have been of great use. However there is no readily accessible reliable on-line source for even the most basic constants and expressions (unless you know exactly what you are looking for, where to get it, and how to interpret it).  I don't drag my books with me, and the Wikipedia seems like the perfect place to to have this info easily available for everyone including myself.  Originally I put the ELP2000-85 expressions from Meeus there, and that is still on the full moon page. When I had digested the latest Chapront paper I updated the New Moon expression, and thought it appropriate to add an explanation of the steps for those few people who care and actually know about such details - exactly to make the numbers verifyable.  The data have been there for a few years and some people have done some formatting and additional clarifications, but everybode seems to have been happy with the stuff being here.  Tom Peters 01:47, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * What you are describing is definitely original research. Wikipedia is an encylopedia that only summarizes topics, you are not supposed to "improve" upon data or formulas in the process. On another topic, you may want to look into the JPL DE405 ephemerides. This is the standard used in the scientific community, and it is quite possible that someone published the asymptotic formulas for certain quantities. Lunokhod 03:59, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * I maintain that this definately is not original research (litmus test: try to publish such things anywhere: it is not original enough and moreover it is not research), and does not in letter nor spirit violate the policy, which is there for a reason and not for its own sake. If such things were forbidden, then Wikipedia could only literally quote obsolete stuff that appeared in print.  Look around: that is not how Wikipedia (or in fact any encyclopedia) works, and the quality will actually be reduced if you remove such compilation of sources.  I say this is a fundamental issue and we resolve it in some Wiki-global forum.  BTW I work with the DE ephemerides and Chapront actually has been using them to fit his parameters.  Now fitting polynomials to DE ephemeride positions, that would be original reserach that would produce controversial results because these closely depend on some arbitrary choices in the procedures. Tom Peters 11:07, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * "(litmus test: try to publish such things anywhere: it is not original enough and moreover it is not research)": These types of things are routinely published, though not always in scholarly journals. Publishing could include documentation for ephemerides, or a web site. As an active research scientist, I would readily consider this research. "Wikipedia could only literally quote obsolete stuff that appeared in print": If there has not been an update published, then it is not old and obsolete. As I scientist, I have to use those values that are published in the literature, and give references. If I make my own correction, I need to describe in detail how this was done, and this would be my original research. Let's say I wanted to publish an article on this topic; would it be appropriate for me to site wikipedia as a primary reference? Of course not. I have no idea how you came up with these numbers. I agree that fitting ephemerides to a polynomial is original research, and I do not see how you could also claim that listing "new" corrections and giving updated formulas without detailed discussion (or error bars) are not. Lunokhod 17:07, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Have you actually read and understood this section? Meeus built a formula from the old ELP.  Chapront published new data.  I explain in quite some detail how to apply those new data to get an improved formula: but in all it's just plain arithmetic, of the category "it is easily shown that" or "it is left as an exercise to the reader".  Why don't you try yourself? Tom Peters 18:28, 15 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Add the citations, or I will propose this section for deletion. "it is easily shown that" has no place in an encyclopedia. I do not doubt your calculations, but that is not the point. If you want a citation that says that sidereal pediod of the Moon is X, I can find it. You can not find a citation for your numbers without describing the calculations to the reader: Such a description is original research. Lunokhod 06:58, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * First, I said that I would add relevant references by next week; the numbers have been there for years and I do not understand your hurry. Second, I doubt that this will satisfy you because you apparently are of the opinion that even the most trivial arithmetic operations applied to source materidal is ""original research" that would be forbidden by a Wikipedia policy.  That is your very personal interpretation.  I oppose because I have put a lot of time in these articles, maintained them against vandals and misguided passer-by's, and vow for their accuracy.  You do not just drop in and decide what can or can not be done, and again I propose that we take this fundamental issue to the Village Pump to find out how the community thinks about the extent of that "NOR" policy.
 * A preview of my arguments: Indeed you won't find "it is easily shown that" in an encyclopedia: you find that in student's text books. Encyclopedias are written by people knowledgeable on the subject, they compile and condense information from various sources usually not available to and beyond the understanding of the intended audience.  The information should be verifiable.  Apparently your opinion is that every digit must be taken as an exact quotation from somewhere else.  I believe that such a condition is too strict to work with.  A Wikipedia article must be original work and possibly integrates various sources.  Integrating newer information with existing models using established procedures in the field is perfectly valid when writing an encyclopedic article.  Numbers are used for computation, and computation and algebra is the bread and butter of any scientist.  If I apply the tricks of the trade to referenced public information, the result is verifiable.  That is not "original research", that is just an expert doing his thing.  Some of the differences you will find involve a change of units or epoch: too trivial to mention.  You cannot publish an article every time you manage to get a result on your calculator.  Even peer-reviewed scientific journals only require that the experiments, results, and inferences from them, are presented in such detail that they can be duplicated and verified by competent scientists knowledgeable in the field.  They do not require you to write a laboratory manual that someone without training could follow.  Even then Wikipedia "is not" a scientific book.  The best that Wikipedia as an encyclopedia can be is an expert synthesis of authorative sources, and that requires substantial processing.  If it is just going to be a bunch of links to existing sources it becomes pretty useless. Tom Peters 19:25, 16 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Suppose, for example, I write in a Wikipedia article about author X that "author X wrote five books on subject Y", and I use as my source a listing of author X's publications. Will Wikipedia scream "original research" because I had the audacity to count to five? 75.40.137.17 (talk) 10:16, 24 September 2009 (UTC)

The Big Secret?
Here's how to derive the expression for the time of mean New Moon from Delauney's parameter D (= mean longitude of Moon - mean longitude of Sun). Apparently this is not trivial to most astronomers contributing in the Wikipedia. I don't want to clutter the main page so I put it here on Talk.

From J.Chapront, M.Chapront-Touzé, G.Francou: "A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements", A&A 387, 700..709 (2002), Table 4:

D = 297°51'00.6902" + 1602961601.0312"×t − 6.8498"×t2 + 0.006595"×t3 − 0.00003184×t4

Converted to revolutions (i.e. divide by 60×60×360):

D = 0.8273616437 + 1236.8530872154×t − 5.2853E-6×t2 + 5.089E-9×t3 -24.57E-12×t4

derivative:

v = 1236.8530872154 − 10.5707E-6×t + 15.266E-9×t2 − 98.27E-12×t3 revolutions per Julian century (of 36525 days)

= 1236.8530872154 × (1 − 8.54643E-9×t + 12.343E-12×t2 − 79.45E-15×t3)

So the polynomial for the length of the synodic month around epoch J2000.0 is:

(36525 d/cy) / [ 1236.8530872154 rev/cy × (1 − 8.54643E-9×t + 12.343E-12×t2 − 79.45E-15×t3) ] = 29.530588860986 (d/rev) / (1 − 8.54643E-9×t + 12.343E-12×t2 − 79.45E-15×t3)

This has the form p/(1−f), and to first order of approximation this can be re-written as p×(1+f). This is accurate for our purpose because f is very small (8 orders of magnitude smaller than the main term):

P = 29.530588860986 + 252.381E-9×t − 364.49E-12×t2 + 2.346E-12×t3

Change unit from t (Julian centuries of 36525 days) to N (lunation of 29.530... days) by multiplying by (29.530.../36525)n :

P = 29.530588860986 + 204.051E-12×N - 238.26E-18×N2 + 1.2400E-21×N3

D is 0 modulo 1 after (1−0.8273616437)×29.530588860986 = 5.098112 days after the epoch. Integrating now with this offset as the integration constant yields:

d = 5.098112 + 29.530588860986×N + 102.026E-12×N2 - 79.42E-18×N3 + 310.0E-24×N3

N=0 for the first mean New Moon in 2000, and that is actually the epoch of the formula. At that time (0.17262308 revolutions after J2000) the period has already increased to 29.530588861021 days, so round to 10 decimals.

Add 0.5 days to the constant to shift the zero point to midnight instead of noon (epoch 2000.0 is JD 2451545 falls at noon), and subtract 0.000451 days to correct for light time as explained on the main page: this yields 5.597661 days after midnight of 1 Jan. 2000 (TT).

Compare Meeus' formula ("Astronomical Algorithms", formula 47.1) derived from the ELP2000-85 :

JD = 2451550.09765 + 29.530588853×k + 0.000 1337×T2 - 0.000 000 150×T3 + 0.000 000 000 73×T4

The quadratic term from Meeus when expressed in lunations becomes 133.7E-6×(29.530.../36525)2 = 87.40E-12, and this is indeed 14.63E-12 smaller than the newer expression, as deduced on the main page.

Tom Peters 23:51, 21 December 2006 (UTC) Tom Peters (talk) 13:45, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Elliott Smith
I hope no one minds, but I redirected New Moon (both words capitalized) to New Moon (Elliott Smith album), because it stands to reason that if someone capitalizes both words, they're looking for the album. Notahippie76 (talk) 02:43, 28 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I am undoing your change because numerous instances of a capitalized "New Moon" are already listed in New Moon (disambiguation) linked at the head of New moon, including New Moon (Elliott Smith album). — Joe Kress (talk) 04:51, 29 November 2007 (UTC)

 * You're right, good call. Notahippie76 18:36, 30 November 2007 (UTC)

New Moon - Book by Stephanie Meyer
Second book in Twilight saga. —Preceding unsigned commen→t added by 24.191.100.39 (talk) 20:47, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

 * This book is already listed in New Moon (disambiguation) at the top of New moon and has its own article at New Moon (novel). — Joe Kress (talk) 23:38, 31 December 2008 (UTC)

More precise definition needed?
The article says that new moon occurs when "the Moon ... lies between the Earth and the Sun", which is a bit woolly if you ask me. The moon's orbit is tilted roughly 5 degrees to the ecliptic, so the diagram is of course a simplification. The moon never passes exactly through the line connecting the Earth and Sun (although it gets very close to this during a lunar eclipse of the Earth) and so it is never exactly "between the Earth and the Sun".

So how do we define the new moon more accurately? I would guess that it is the lunar perihelion, i.e. the closest approach of the moon to the sun on each orbit. Can anyone clarify or confirm this?

I guess this only matters if you are interested in defining a time of new moon to quite high accuracy, which seems to crop up in some religious calendars and/or astrological calculations.JominyDave (talk) 21:18, 3 March 2009 (UTC)
 * The apparent geocentric longitude of the Moon is the same as the Sun's. From Meeus, Astronomical Algorithms, 1998 Saros136 (talk) 06:18, 9 March 2009 (UTC)
 * It is also not the Moon's closest distance to the Sun. The next new moon, for example, is March 26 at about 16:06 UT . Minimum Moon-Sun distance is March 23 at 15:58 UT. Solex 10.0. It's complicated by the fact that the Moon-Earth system is  moving away from the Sun at the same time. Saros136 (talk) 07:04, 9 March 2009 (UTC)

Alternate formula
See Talk:Lunar_phase. -Trift (talk) 18:23, 24 June 2011 (UTC)

Assessment comment
Substituted at 01:08, 30 April 2016 (UTC)

Engrish?
I'm having trouble rendering the first sentence of the article into meaningful English. "In astronomy, new moon is the first phase of the Moon, when it orbits not seen from the Earth, the moment when the Moon and the Sun have the same ecliptical longitude.[1] The Moon is not visible[note 1] at this time except when it is seen in silhouette during a solar eclipse when it is illuminated by earthshine. See the article on phases of the Moon for further details." Is it perhaps supposed to say "when its orbit is not seen from the Earth"? Thanks. --Thistledowne (talk) 17:06, 28 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (January 2018)
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Separating sections: Lunisolar Calendar and Lunar Calendar
This article has been factually misleading for quite a while. The Babylonian, Hebrew, and Chinese calendars are lunisolar, and shouldn't be put in the same category as the Islamic lunar calendar. I'm going put an in use tag for half an hour and reorganize the article.Jaredscribe (talk) 20:23, 13 April 2021 (UTC)
 * , my apologies, I've only just seen this notice. By pure coincidence, I happened on this article and thought 'what a horrible mess' and dived in. Feel free to revert my changes if it helps your clean up. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 00:06, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

I made a 2 new sections: #Lunisolar Calendars, for the Hebrew, Chinese, Hindu, and Babylonian calendars (and possibly others) #Lunar, for the Islamic, and #Solar calendars with moveable feasts, for the Ba'hai. This could also include Gregorian with some info on the Easter computus. I also added some relevant wikilinks to each of these sections, and I added the important point at the top of #Islamic calendar, that it is exactly 12 lunar months for a year length of 354 or 355 days. Why was all this missing? I think the Cartesian method of geometrically thinking, a "mainstream" habit of thought by natural philosophers in the west, has caused editors to neglect some of the most important facets of this topic, and make fundamental, serious factual errors and oversights that went uncorrected for over a decade. Meanwhile they apparently obsessed over mathematical precision, of the sort that matters to people who operate rocketships. After editors insisted that the "religious mumbo jumbo" get put down at the bottom. That is unacceptable in an Encylopedia. Meanwhile, the Jewish editors, unwelcome as usual, reverted to "Yinglish" and went and started another article called Rosh Hodesh, leading to a POV fork, impoverishing us all of relevant knowledge. The new moon is important to women all over the world, not just Jewish women. There are traditional observances in Chinese and Indian culture, and Indigenous American cultures, which could be included here. This article shows that the priorities and judgements of mainstream "scientism," in addition to creating systemic bias against women, against traditional religion, and against cultures outside the Graeco-Roman white supremacist world of solarian imperialism - enforced here as WP:Academic Bias under the retarded non-neutral and dubiously necessary WP:CHOPSY test, does not necessarily lead to truth. If you agree, consider this: WP:CSB. I also agree with that this is WP:NOTAMANUAL, although it would be nice to have an abstract with one or two major equations, and a link to the manuals home on another wikiproject. Jaredscribe (talk) 06:18, 14 April 2021 (UTC)
 * I agree broadly with your main point, but I don't agree that the Rosh Hodesh article (and its equivalent articles for other religions) is a WP:FORK. The beauty of Wikipedia is that it is not a book: the narrative does not have to be linear, it can be a multi-dimensional Russian doll. So the top level article should summarise the religious customs and beliefs associated with a natural phenomenon and these can be fully detailed in their dedicated articles. [But there is no excuse for crass errors like you found re the Islamic year]. By the way, this is equally true of more detailed scientific explanations: this summary article should not get into the details of gravitational bending or neutrino opacity. I don't see that this is being "mainstream" as you put it, but rather than that it aims for a logical, layered structure that facilitates 'drilling down'. Otherwise the result is that visitors decide wp:too long, didn't read and abandon, which we definitely don't want.--John Maynard Friedman (talk) 09:57, 14 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Agreed with that TLDR is a potential problem.  WP:SUMMARYSTYLE is good overview of the WP structure you describe as "multi-dimensional russian doll".  I retract my concerns about WP:FORK.  For section #Hebrew calendar, #Chinese calendar, etc. I'd like to see more on the cultural, traditional, or religious new moon practices and observances, more so than on the calendar system generally, but this latter can be excerpted.Jaredscribe (talk) 00:59, 22 April 2021 (UTC)
 * Also, since this is a teachable moment - I fully support WP:Verify standards and use of scholarly sources.  I criticise "scientism" when it becomes a popular way of uncritically relying on certain conclusions of western academia to justify scoffing at Asian civilizations (and Judaism) as "lunatic charlatans" without even understanding them, while failing to think critically about Islam or understand what a lunatic really is.  And prior to April 2021, this article incorrectly lumped #Chinese calendar, #Hindu calendar, and #Hebrew calendar, which are actually lunisolar calendars and the #Bah'ai calendar which is is solar, in with the Islamic lunar calendar.  The "solarian" POV in the west - that of the Roman empire, the kingdoms of Europe, the "catholic" church, and the secular modernism that supposedly replaced it - is reflected in Academia and on wikipedia, and is not neutral.   Science is good, ignorant prejudice is not.  I'm not WP:SOAPBOXing for lunisolarians or lunatics here, so much as working to restore WP:NPOV.  Jaredscribe (talk) 01:23, 22 April 2021 (UTC)
 * User:John Maynard Friedman, User:Jaredscribe: I drop in late, after not working on Wikipedia for several years. I think a "solarian" POV is a non-issue. Different calendars of different types are and have been in use for millennia, and AFAIK any discussion on which is "better" is rather academic and depends on which criteria that you like best. We don't need al this polarization: just factually describe what is in use. That said, I now propose to remove the religious calendar details altogether from this article, and just link to the separate pages that describe them. Tom Peters (talk) 14:12, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

Instructions removed per NOTMANUAL
I removed this material per WP: NOTMANUAL. Perhaps someone will find a better home for it? {{quote|1=

Formula for New Moons

The length of a lunation is about 29.53 days. Its precise duration is linked to many phenomena in nature, such as the variation between spring and neap tides (the most and least profound tidal variances respectively). An approximate formula to compute the mean moments of the new moon (conjunction between Sun and Moon) for successive months is:

 * $$d = 5.597661 + 29.5305888610 \times N + (102.026 \times 10^{-12})\times N^2$$

where N is an integer, starting with 0 for the first new moon in the year 2000, and that is incremented by 1 for each successive synodic month, and the result d is the number of days (and fractions) since 2000-01-01 00:00:00 reckoned in the time scale known as Terrestrial Time (TT) used in ephemerides.

With the year and the month, to calculate the N (should be an integer), enough following a hint (an adaptation) from Astronomical Algorithms by Meeus, pág. 349-350, formula 49.2:

N = (year — 2000) x 12.3685

where the “year” should be taken with decimals by (adaptation) the expression from the Polynomial Expressions for Delta T by Espenak & Meeus:

year = year + (month − 0.5) / 12

For example: If value N is negative (-282.87), then N will be an integer (- 283); If value N is positive (283.15), then N will be an integer (283).

To obtain this moment expressed in Universal Time (UT, world clock time), add the result of the following approximate correction to the result d obtained above:

 * $$-0.000739 - (235 \times 10^{-12})\times N^2$$ days

Periodic perturbations change the time of true conjunction from these mean values. For all new moons between 1601 and 2401, the maximum difference is 0.592 days = 14h13m in either direction. The duration of a lunation (i.e. the time from the new moon to the next new moon) varies in this period between 29.272 and 29.833 days, i.e. −0.259d = 6h12m shorter, or +0.302d = 7h15m longer than average. This range is smaller than the difference between mean and true conjunction, because during one lunation the periodic terms cannot all change to their maximum opposite value.

See the article on the full moon cycle for a fairly simple method to compute the moment of the new moon more accurately.

The long-term error of the formula is approximately: 1 cy2 seconds in TT, and 11 cy2 seconds in UT (cy is centuries since 2000; see section Explanation of the formulae for details.)

Explanation of the formula

The moment of mean conjunction can easily be computed from an expression for the mean ecliptical longitude of the Moon minus the mean ecliptical longitude of the Sun (Delauney parameter D). Jean Meeus gave formulae to compute this in his Astronomical Formulae for Calculators based on the ephemerides of Brown and Newcomb (ca. 1900); and in his 1st edition of Astronomical Algorithms based on the ELP2000-85 (the 2nd edition uses ELP2000-82 with improved expressions from Chapront et al. in 1998). These are now outdated: Chapront et al. (2002) published improved parameters. Also, Meeus's formula uses a fractional variable to allow computation of the four main phases and uses a second variable for the secular terms. For the convenience of the reader, the formula given above is based on Chapront's latest parameters and expressed with a single integer variable, and the following additional terms have been added:

constant term:

 * Like Meeus, apply the constant terms of the aberration of light for the Sun's motion and light-time correction for the Moon to obtain the apparent difference in ecliptical longitudes:

 * Sun: +20.496"
 * Moon: −0.704"
 * Correction in conjunction: −0.000451 days

 * For UT: at 1 January 2000, ΔT (= TT − UT ) was +63.83 s; hence the correction for the clock time UT = TT − ΔT of the conjunction is:

 * −0.000739 days.

quadratic term:

 * In ELP2000–85 (see Chapront et alii 1988), D has a quadratic term of −5.8681"T2; expressed in lunations N, this yields a correction of +87.403N2 days to the time of conjunction. The term includes a tidal contribution of 0.5×(−23.8946 "/cy2). The most current estimate from Lunar Laser Ranging for the acceleration is (see Chapront et alii 2002): (−25.858 ±0.003)"/cy2.  Therefore, the new quadratic term of D is  = -6.8498" T2.  Indeed, the polynomial provided by Chapront et alii (2002) provides the same value (their Table 4). This translates to a correction of +14.622N2 days to the time of conjunction; the quadratic term now is:

 * +102.026N2 days.

 * For UT: analysis of historical observations shows that ΔT has a long-term increase of +31 s/cy2. Converted to days and lunations, the correction from ET to UT becomes:

 * −235N2 days.

The theoretical tidal contribution to ΔT is about +42 s/cy2 The smaller observed value is thought to be mostly due to changes in the shape of the Earth. Because the discrepancy is not fully explained, the uncertainty of our prediction of UT (rotation angle of the Earth) may be as large as the difference between these values: 11 s/cy2. The error in the position of the Moon itself is only maybe 0.5"/cy2, or (because the apparent mean angular velocity of the Moon is about 0.5"/s), 1 s/cy2 in the time of conjunction with the Sun.

}} Action taken by --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 00:07, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Era notation
Per MOS:ERA, the era notation (AD/BC v. CE/BCE v AM v AH etc) should not be changed unless there is a consensus that the pre-existing notation is inappropriate to the article and should be changed. Given that the new moon as defined by sighting of the first crescent is especially significant in Islam and Judaism but only marginally so in Christianity, and that the article discusses its significance to the Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism, it seems to me to be invidious to retain the Christian notation in preference to any of the others. Accordingly I propose that the article uses the neutral CE/BCE notation. Are there any objections? --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 18:54, 14 April 2021 (UTC)

Lunation numbers
For most readers of this article the section on lunation numbers immediately after the lede is probably rather esoteric. I propose to move this section to the bottom of this article for those users who are actually interested in counting individual new moons in the calendar of their choice. AstroLynx (talk) 11:16, 3 May 2021 (UTC)

Remove elaborations on calenders?
I worked on this page way back (and most of my contributions have been removed). I now see that in the past few years a lot of text has been added about various calendars that happen to have a lunar month. While respecting the effort that went into that, I think this is mostly off-topic, because this article is about the New Moon lunar phase and not about religious calendars in detail. So I propose to remove the elaborate texts and just add a list of (religious) calendars - possibly classified as lunar, lunisolar, solar as they are now - with wikilinks to the pages that deal with them in detail. Tom Peters (talk) 12:28, 8 August 2022 (UTC)

 * Disagree. The discussion above, to me, make good arguments regarding WP:WORLDVIEW to keep the text. However, I do agree with you that much of the text is off-topic. I think that the text should be refocused to be about the significance/use of the new moon in said various calendars as there's a bit of extraneous text about the calendars themselves. EmeraldRange (talk/contribs) 18:06, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I disagree too. If there were any significant deviations into WP:fork territory, I would agree with a cull but I don't see anything obvious. All seem to about the significance, the special significance, of the New Moon in determining the operation of the calendar. If the article were to be restricted to the field of astronomy, it would be very thin indeed: as astronomical phenomena go, it is pretty trivial. Its real interest is the way that it has determined human timekeeping for millennia. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 23:47, 6 January 2023 (UTC)

Duration of invisibility
I would like Wikipedia contributors and editors to consider adding information regarding the DURATION of the new moon in a lunar cycle, that is, how long the invisibility of the moon lasts each cycle. Remfan1994 (talk) 22:06, 10 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:New moon


text:
Æthelred

Æthelred (Æþelræd ) or Ethelred is an Old English personal name (a compound of æþele and ræd, meaning "noble counsel" or "well-advised") and may refer to:

Anglo-Saxon England

 * Æthelred and Æthelberht, legendary princes of Kent
 * Æthelred of Mercia (fl. 645–709), King of Mercia
 * Æthelred I (disambiguation), several kings
 * Æthelred II (disambiguation), several kings
 * Æthelred Mucel (fl. 840–895), father of King Alfred the Great's wife, Ealhswith
 * Æthelred (archbishop) (fl. 870–888), Archbishop of Canterbury
 * Æthelred, Lord of the Mercians (fl. 881–911)
 * Æthelred of Cornwall (fl. 1001), Bishop of Cornwall
 * Æthelred the Unready (978–1016), King of England

Post-Conquest

 * Ethelred of Scotland (fl. 1093), son of Malcolm III and Saint Margaret
 * Aelred of Rievaulx (1110–1167), English writer, saint and abbot of Rievaulx
 * Ethelred Taunton (1857–1907), English Roman Catholic priest and historical writer
 * Aethelred Eldridge (1930–2018), American academic and painter

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Æthelred


text:
1964 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1964.

Events

 * January 10 – Federico García Lorca's play The House of Bernarda Alba, completed just before his assassination in 1936, receives its first performance in Spain.
 * January 12 – The Royal Shakespeare Company Experimental Group open a four-week Theatre of Cruelty season at the LAMDA Theatre Club, London.
 * January 23 – Arthur Miller's play After the Fall opens at the ANTA Washington Square Theatre Off-Broadway in New York City, directed by Elia Kazan and starring Jason Robards and Kazan's wife Barbara Loden. A semi-autobiographical work, it arouses controversy over Miller's portrayal of his late ex-wife Marilyn Monroe.
 * February 11 – A London retailer, in the case of R. v. Gold, is found guilty under section 3 of the Obscene Publications Act 1959 of stocking a 1963 edition of John Cleland's novel Fanny Hill (Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, 1748–1749).
 * February 28 – The Dutch comic artist and writer Jan Cremer publishes his autobiographical novel I, Jan Cremer, which provokes controversy for its frank content and style and becomes a bestseller.
 * April 23 – Shakespeare Birthplace Trust opens the Shakespeare Centre in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, to house its library and research facilities.
 * April 29 – Peter Weiss's play with music Die Verfolgung und Ermordung Jean Paul Marats dargestellt durch die Schauspielgruppe des Hospizes zu Charenton unter Anleitung des Herrn de Sade (The Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum of Charenton Under the Direction of the Marquis de Sade, known as Marat/Sade) premières at the Schiller Theater in West Berlin. In August it receives its English-language première by the Royal Shakespeare Company in London at the Aldwych Theatre.
 * May – Michael Moorcock becomes editor of the science fiction magazine New Worlds.
 * May 5 – W. H. Auden's preface to the anthology The Protestant Mystics describes the supernatural "Vision of Agape" he experienced in June 1933.
 * May 6 – Joe Orton's black comedy Entertaining Mr Sloane premières at the New Arts Theatre in London with Dudley Sutton in the title rôle.
 * May 29 – Le Théâtre du Soleil is established as a collective avant-garde stage ensemble by Ariane Mnouchkine, Philippe Léotard and fellow students of L'École Internationale de Théâtre Jacques Lecoq in Paris. It opens with Les Petits Bourgeois (adapted from Maxim Gorky's Мещане), at Théâtre Mouffetard.
 * June 22 – Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer is allowed to circulate legally in the United States by the U.S. Supreme Court three decades after its publication in France, after the U.S. Supreme Court, in Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein, cites Jacobellis v. Ohio (decided the same day) and overrules state court findings that the book is obscene.
 * August 11 – Ian Fleming walks to the Royal St George's Golf Club near Sandwich, Kent, for lunch with friends, collapsing shortly afterward with a heart attack. His last recorded words are an apology to the ambulance drivers: "I am sorry to trouble you chaps. I don't know how you get along so fast with the traffic on the roads these days." Fleming dies next day.
 * September – The Everyman Theatre opens in Liverpool, England.
 * September 28 – Brian Friel's play Philadelphia, Here I Come! is premièred at the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin.
 * October 28 – The Wednesday Play is broadcast for the first time on BBC1 television, presenting original one-off contemporary social drama, mostly written for television.

Fiction

 * Chinua Achebe – Arrow of God
 * José Agustín – La Tumba
 * Lloyd Alexander – The Book of Three
 * Eric Ambler – A Kind of Anger
 * Poul Anderson – Time and Stars
 * Louis Auchincloss – The Rector of Justin
 * J. G. Ballard – The Terminal Beach
 * Simone de Beauvoir – A Very Easy Death (Une Mort très douce)
 * Saul Bellow – Herzog
 * Thomas Berger – Little Big Man
 * Leigh Brackett
 * People of the Talisman
 * The Secret of Sinharat
 * Ray Bradbury – The Machineries of Joy
 * John Braine – The Jealous God
 * Richard Brautigan – A Confederate General From Big Sur
 * John Brunner
 * To Conquer Chaos
 * The Whole Man
 * Edgar Rice Burroughs – Tarzan and the Madman
 * William S. Burroughs – Nova Express
 * J. Ramsey Campbell – The Inhabitant of the Lake and Less Welcome Tenants
 * Victor Canning – The Scorpio Letters
 * John Dickson Carr – Most Secret
 * Agatha Christie – A Caribbean Mystery
 * Louis-Ferdinand Céline – London Bridge: Guignol's Band II
 * A. J. Cronin – A Song of Sixpence
 * Cecil Day-Lewis – The Sad Variety
 * Len Deighton – Funeral in Berlin
 * R. F. Delderfield – Too Few For Drums
 * August Derleth (editor) – Over the Edge
 * Michel Droit – Le Retour
 * Ralph Ellison – Shadow and Act
 * Ian Fleming – You Only Live Twice
 * Max Frisch – Gantenbein
 * Daniel F. Galouye – Simulacron-3 (Counterfeit World)
 * William Golding – The Spire
 * Richard Gordon – Nuts in May
 * L. P. Hartley – The Brickfield
 * Hartley Howard – Department K
 * Bohumil Hrabal – Dancing Lessons for the Advanced in Age (Taneční hodiny pro starší a pokročilé)
 * Carl Jacobi – Portraits in Moonlight
 * B. S. Johnson – Albert Angelo
 * Ken Kesey – Sometimes a Great Notion
 * Richard E. Kim – The Martyred
 * James Leasor – Passport to Oblivion
 * Etienne Leroux – Een vir Azazel (One for Azazel, translated as One for the Devil)
 * Liang Yusheng (梁羽生) – Datang Youxia Zhuan (大唐游俠傳)
 * Clarice Lispector – The Passion According to G.H. (A paixão segundo G.H.)
 * H. P. Lovecraft – At the Mountains of Madness and Other Novels
 * John D. MacDonald
 * The Deep Blue Good-by
 * A Purple Place For Dying
 * The Quick Red Fox
 * Ngaio Marsh – Dead Water
 * James Mayo – Hammerhead
 * Gladys Mitchell – Death of a Delft Blue
 * Iris Murdoch – The Italian Girl
 * Sterling North – Rascal
 * Vladimir Nabokov – The Defense
 * Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (also known as James Ngigi) – Weep Not, Child
 * Kenzaburō Ōe (大江 健三郎) – A Personal Matter (個人的な体験; Kojinteki na taiken)
 * Anthony Powell – The Valley of Bones
 * Mario Puzo – Fortunate Pilgrim
 * Ellery Queen – And On the Eighth Day
 * Jean Ray – Saint-Judas-de-la-nuit
 * Ruth Rendell – From Doon With Death
 * Karl Ristikivi – Imede saar
 * Hubert Selby Jr. – Last Exit to Brooklyn
 * Ryōtarō Shiba (司馬 遼太郎) – Moeyo Ken (燃えよ剣, Burn, O Sword)
 * Howard Spring – Winds of the Day
 * Clark Ashton Smith – Tales of Science and Sorcery
 * Wilbur Smith – When the Lion Feeds
 * Rex Stout
 * Trio for Blunt Instruments
 * A Right to Die
 * Julian Symons – The End of Solomon Grundy
 * Leon Uris – Armageddon
 * Jack Vance
 * The Houses of Iszm
 * The Killing Machine
 * Star King
 * Gore Vidal – Julian
 * Irving Wallace – The Man
 * Raymond Williams – Second Generation
 * Maia Wojciechowska – Shadow of a Bull

Children and young people

 * Lloyd Alexander – The Book of Three
 * Rev. W. Awdry – Mountain Engines (nineteenth in The Railway Series of 42 books by him and his son Christopher Awdry)
 * Nina Bawden – On the Run (also Three on the Run)
 * Christianna Brand – Nurse Matilda
 * Hesba Fay Brinsmead – Pastures of the Blue Crane
 * Jeff Brown – Flat Stanley
 * Roald Dahl – Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
 * Louise Fitzhugh – Harriet the Spy
 * Ian Fleming – Chitty-Chitty-Bang-Bang: The Magical Car
 * Rumer Godden – Home is the Sailor
 * Irene Hunt – Across Five Aprils
 * Ervin Lázár – A kisfiú meg az oroszlánok (The Little Boy and the Lions)
 * Rhoda Levine – Harrison Loved His Umbrella
 * Ruth Manning-Sanders – A Book of Dwarfs
 * J. P. Martin – Uncle (first in a series of six books)
 * Jean Merrill – The Pushcart War
 * Ruth Park – The Muddle-Headed Wombat on Holiday
 * Bill Peet
 * Ella
 * Randy's Dandy Lions
 * Shel Silverstein – The Giving Tree
 * Miriam Young – Miss Suzy

Drama

 * Ama Ata Aidoo – The Dilemma of a Ghost
 * David Campton – Dead and Alive
 * Brian Friel – Philadelphia Here I Come!
 * Girish Karnad – Tughlaq
 * Robert Lowell – The Old Glory
 * Arthur Miller
 * After the Fall
 * Incident At Vichy
 * Joe Orton – Entertaining Mr Sloane
 * Alexander Vampilov – Farewell in June
 * Peter Weiss – Marat/Sade

Poetry

 * Joseph Payne Brennan – Nightmare Need
 * Leonard Cohen – Flowers for Hitler
 * Mehr Lal Soni Zia Fatehabadi – Husn-e-Ghazal (The Beauty of Ghazal)
 * Philip Larkin – The Whitsun Weddings
 * Oodgeroo Noonuccal – We are Going: Poems
 * Ion Vinea – Ora fântânilor (The Hour of Fountains)
 * Donald Wandrei – Poems for Midnight
 * Up The Line To Death: The War Poets 1914-1918 (anthology)

Non-fiction

 * Nelson Algren – Conversations with Nelson Algren (interviews by H. E. F. Donohue)
 * Eric Berne – Games People Play
 * Allan Bloom with Harry V. Jaffa – Shakespeare's Politics
 * L. Sprague de Camp
 * Ancient Ruins and Archaeology (with Catherine Crook de Camp)
 * Elephant
 * Hilda Ellis Davidson – Gods and Myths of Northern Europe
 * Aileen Fox – South West England (Ancient peoples and places series)
 * Dick Gregory – Nigger: An Autobiography
 * Ernest Hemingway – A Moveable Feast
 * Michael Holroyd – Hugh Kingsmill: A Critical Biography
 * John F. Kennedy (k. 1963) – A Nation of Immigrants
 * Martin Luther King Jr. – Why We Can't Wait
 * Jan Kott – Shakespeare, Our Contemporary
 * Violette Leduc – La Bâtarde
 * Mao Zedong – Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung (毛主席语录, Máo Zhǔxí Yǔlù)
 * Herbert Marcuse – One-Dimensional Man
 * Marshall McLuhan – Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
 * Jürgen Moltmann – Theology of Hope (Theologie der Hoffnung)
 * V. S. Naipaul – An Area of Darkness
 * Sayyid Qutb – Ma'alim fi al-Tariq (معالم في الطريق, Milestones)
 * Ayn Rand – The Virtue of Selfishness
 * The Warren Commission – The Warren Report
 * Evelyn Waugh – A Little Learning

Births

 * January 26 – Peter Braunstein, American journalist and playwright
 * February 23 – Joseph O'Neill, Irish-born writer
 * March 7 – Bret Easton Ellis, American novelist, screenwriter and short-story writer
 * March 21 – Kaori Ekuni (江國 香織), Japanese novelist
 * April 9 – Margaret Peterson Haddix, American children's author
 * June 5 – Rick Riordan, American young-adult author
 * June 7 – Petr Hruška, Czech poet
 * June 11 – Dan Chaon, American novelist and short-story writer
 * June 22 – Dan Brown, American novelist and mystery writer
 * June 26 – Conor Kostick, Irish historian and children's author
 * July 3 – Joanne Harris, English novelist
 * July 7 – Karina Galvez, Ecuadorian poet
 * July 16 – Anne Provoost, Flemish novelist and essayist
 * August 22 – Diane Setterfield, British author
 * September 9 – Aleksandar Hemon, Bosnian novelist and short-story writer
 * September 19
 * Patrick Marber, English comedian, playwright, director, puppeteer, actor and screenwriter
 * Yvonne Vera, Zimbabwean novelist (died 2005)
 * September 25
 * Carlos Ruiz Zafón, Spanish novelist (died 2020)
 * Gareth Thompson, English children's author
 * December 12 – J. R. Moehringer, American journalist and ghostwriter
 * December 26 – Elizabeth Kostova, American author
 * December 29 – Christine Leunens, American-born Belgian-New Zealand novelist
 * unknown dates
 * Ros Barber, English novelist and poet
 * Ge Fei (格非, real name: Liu Yong, 刘勇), Chinese novelist
 * Mai Jia (real name: Jiǎng Běnhǔ, 蒋本浒), Chinese novelist
 * Nell Zink, American novelist

Deaths

 * January 17 – T. H. White, English novelist (heart condition, born 1906)
 * February 1 – Sigge Stark (Signe Björnberg), Swedish writer (born 1896)
 * February 3 – Clarence Irving Lewis, American philosopher (born 1883)
 * February 15 – Reginald Garrigou-Lagrange, French theologian (born 1877)
 * February 25 – Grace Metalious (Marie Grace DeRepentigny), American novelist (cirrhosis of liver, born 1924)
 * March 1 – Davíð Stefánsson, Icelandic poet (born 1895)
 * March 17 – Păstorel Teodoreanu, Romanian poet and satirist (lung cancer, born 1894)
 * March 20 – Brendan Behan, Irish playwright, poet and writer (born 1923)
 * April 9 – Mihu Dragomir, Romanian poet, journalist and short story writer (heart attack, born 1919)
 * April 14 – Rachel Carson, American environmentalist (breast cancer, born 1907)
 * April 18 – Ben Hecht, American screenwriter (born 1894)
 * April 23 – Karl Polanyi (Károly Polányi), Austro-Hungarian economic historian and social philosopher (born 1886)
 * April 26 – E. J. Pratt, Canadian poet (born 1882)
 * May 13 – Hamilton Basso, American novelist and journalist (born 1904)
 * July 6 – Ion Vinea, Romanian poet, novelist, and journalist (cancer, born 1895)
 * July 29 – Wanda Wasilewska, Polish Soviet novelist and journalist (heart disease, born 1905)
 * August 3 – Flannery O'Connor, American essayist and fiction writer (born 1925)
 * August 5 – Moa Martinson, Swedish author (born 1890)
 * August 12 – Ian Fleming, English spy thriller writer (heart attack, born 1908)
 * August 17 – Mihai Ralea, Romanian critic and sociologist of literature (born 1896)
 * September 5 – Angel Cruchaga Santa María, Chilean writer (born 1893)
 * September 6 – San Tiago Dantas, Brazilian journalist (born 1911)
 * September 14 – Vasily Grossman, Soviet novelist (cancer, born 1905)
 * September 18 – Seán O'Casey, Irish dramatist and memoirist (born 1880)
 * October 26 – Agnes Miegel, German author, journalist and poet (born 1879)
 * c. November – Radu D. Rosetti, Romanian poet and playwright (born 1874)
 * November 21 – Leah Bodine Drake, American poet, editor and critic (cancer, born 1914)
 * November 29 – Anne de Vries, Dutch novelist (born 1904)
 * December 9 – Dame Edith Sitwell, English poet and critic (born 1887)
 * December 21 – Carl Van Vechten, American writer and photographer (born 1880)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for literature – Jean-Paul Sartre (refused)

Canada

 * See 1964 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.

France

 * Prix Goncourt: Georges Conchon, L'Etat sauvage
 * Prix Médicis: Monique Wittig, L’Opoponax

United Kingdom

 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Sheena Porter, Nordy Bank
 * Eric Gregory Award: Robert Nye, Ken Smith, Jean Symons, Ted Walker
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Frank Tuohy, The Ice Saints
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Elizabeth Longford, Victoria R.I.
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: R. S. Thomas

United States

 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Drama: Lillian Hellman
 * Hugo Award: Clifford D. Simak, Way Station
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Emily Cheney Neville, It's Like This, Cat
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: no award given
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: no award given
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Louis Simpson: At The End Of The Open Road

Elsewhere

 * Miles Franklin Award: George Johnston, My Brother Jack
 * Premio Nadal: Alfredo Martínez Garrido, El miedo y la esperanza
 * Viareggio Prize: Giuseppe Berto, Il male oscuro

title: 1964 in literature


text:
1965 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1965.

You never heard such silence

Events

 * February 10 – Soviet fiction writers Yuli Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky are sentenced to five and seven years, respectively, for "anti-Soviet" writings.
 * February 20 – While Soviet author and translator Valery Tarsis is abroad, the Soviet Union negates his citizenship.
 * March 26 – Harold Pinter's play The Homecoming receives its world première at the New Theatre, Cardiff, from the Royal Shakespeare Company under Peter Hall. Its London première follows on June 3 at the Aldwych Theatre, with Vivien Merchant, Pinter's wife at this time, appearing. It also appears in print this year.
 * May 26 – The world première of A High Wind in Jamaica, a film from Richard Hughes's 1929 novel, featuring the future novelist Martin Amis, son of Kingsley Amis, as a teenage actor.
 * June 11 – International Poetry Incarnation, a performance poetry event, takes place at London's Royal Albert Hall before an audience of 7,000, with members of the Beat Generation featuring. Adrian Mitchell reads "To Whom It May Concern".
 * June 17 – The London première of Frank Marcus' farce The Killing of Sister George (at the Duke of York's Theatre) is among the first mainstream British plays with lesbian characters. Beryl Reid plays the title rôle. It has been previewed in April at the Bristol Old Vic.
 * June 19 – J. D. Salinger's novella "Hapworth 16, 1924" takes up most of an issue of The New Yorker magazine dated today. It will be the last of his works published before his death in 2010.
 * June 30 – The English novelists Kingsley Amis and Elizabeth Jane Howard marry at Marylebone register office in London, as his second marriage and her third.
 * November 10 – Chinese critic Yao Wenyuan publishes a review of a Beijing Opera production of Wu Han's Hai Rui Dismissed from Office in the Shanghai daily newspaper Wenhui Bao, claiming the drama to be counter-revolutionary, a starting point for the Cultural Revolution in China.
 * unknown dates
 * After the text of Heiner Müller's play Der Bau (Construction Site) is published in Sinn und Form, authorities in East Germany prevent a stage première until 1980.
 * The Nebula Award is conceived by Lloyd Biggle, Jr. The first award will be made next year to Frank Herbert's Dune.
 * The National Library of New Zealand is formed by merging the Alexander Turnbull Library, the National Library Service and the General Assembly Library under the National Library Act of this year.

Fiction

 * Lloyd Alexander – The Black Cauldron
 * Cécile Aubry – Belle et Sébastien
 * J. G. Ballard – The Drought
 * John Bingham – A Fragment of Fear
 * Ray Bradbury – The Vintage Bradbury
 * John Brunner
 * The Martian Sphinx as Keith Woodcott
 * The Squares of the City
 * Kenneth Bulmer – Land Beyond the Map
 * Edgar Rice Burroughs – Tarzan and the Castaways
 * Victor Canning – The Whip Hand
 * John Dickson Carr – The House at Satan's Elbow
 * Agatha Christie – At Bertram's Hotel
 * L. Sprague de Camp
 * The Arrows of Hercules
 * The Spell of Seven (ed.)
 * August Derleth – The Casebook of Solar Pons
 * Philip K. Dick – The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch
 * Margaret Drabble – The Millstone
 * Ian Fleming – The Man with the Golden Gun
 * Margaret Forster – Georgy Girl
 * Witold Gombrowicz – Kosmos
 * Richard Gordon – Love and Sir Lancelot
 * Winston Graham – After the Act
 * Graham Greene – The Comedians
 * Frank Herbert – Dune
 * Arthur Hailey – Hotel
 * James Leo Herlihy – Midnight Cowboy
 * Bohumil Hrabal – Ostře sledované vlaky (Closely Observed Trains)
 * Pamela Hansford Johnson – Cork Street, Next to the Hatters
 * Bel Kaufman – Up the Down Staircase
 * Danilo Kiš – Garden, Ashes (Bašta, pepeo)
 * Pierre Klossowski – Le Baphomet
 * Jerzy Kosinski – The Painted Bird
 * John le Carré – The Looking-Glass War
 * J. M. G. Le Clézio – Le Livre des fuites
 * David Lodge – The British Museum Is Falling Down
 * H. P. Lovecraft – Dagon and Other Macabre Tales
 * John D. MacDonald – A Deadly Shade of Gold
 * Compton Mackenzie – The Stolen Soprano
 * Norman Mailer – An American Dream
 * Eric Malpass – Morning's at Seven
 * James Mayo – Let Sleeping Girls Lie
 * James A. Michener – The Source
 * Gladys Mitchell – Pageant of Murder
 * Mudrooroo (also as Colin Johnson) – Wild Cat Falling
 * Iris Murdoch – The Red and the Green
 * Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o (also as James Ngigi) – The River Between
 * Peter O'Donnell – Modesty Blaise
 * J. B. Priestley – Lost Empires
 * Raymond Queneau – Les fleurs bleues
 * Françoise Sagan – La Chamade
 * Ernst von Salomon – Die schöne Wilhelmine
 * Muriel Spark – The Mandelbaum Gate
 * Vincent Starrett – The Quick and the Dead (collection)
 * Irving Stone – Those Who Love
 * Rex Stout – The Doorbell Rang
 * Julian Symons – The Belting Inheritance
 * Benjamin Tammuz – חיי אליקום (Hayei Elyakum, The Life of Elyakum)
 * Jesús Torbado – Las corrupciones
 * Jack Vance – Space Opera
 * Erico Verissimo – O Senhor Embaixador
 * Arved Viirlaid – Sadu jõkke (Rain for the River)
 * Ion Vinea – Lunatecii (The Lunatics, posthumous)
 * Stephen Vizinczey – In Praise of Older Women: the amorous recollections of András Vajda
 * Kurt Vonnegut – God Bless You, Mr. Rosewater
 * Donald Wandrei – Strange Harvest
 * Marguerite Young – Miss MacIntosh, My Darling

Children and young people

 * Rev. W. Awdry – Very Old Engines (twentieth in The Railway Series of 42 books by him and his son Christopher Awdry)
 * Kir Bulychov – A Girl Nothing Can Happen To (Девочка, с которой ничего не случится), the first work of literature about Alisa Selezneva
 * Thora Colson – Rinkin of Dragon's Wood
 * Susan Cooper – Over Sea, Under Stone (first in the Dark is Rising sequence of five books)
 * Ruth Manning-Sanders – A Book of Dragons
 * Constantin S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor – Tivisoc și Tivismoc
 * Ruth Park – The Muddle-Headed Wombat in the Treetops
 * Bill Peet
 * Chester the Worldly Pig
 * Kermit the Hermit
 * John Rowe Townsend – Widdershins Crescent

Drama

 * Alan Ayckbourn – Relatively Speaking (as Meet my Father)
 * Samuel Beckett – Come and Go
 * Edward Bond – Saved
 * David Halliwell – Little Malcolm And His Struggle Against The Eunuchs
 * John B. Keane – The Field
 * Frank Marcus – The Killing of Sister George
 * Sławomir Mrożek – Tango
 * John Osborne – A Patriot for Me
 * Nelson Rodrigues – Toda Nudez Será Castigada (All Nudity Shall Be Punished)
 * Michel Tremblay – Les Belles-Sœurs
 * Charles Wood – Meals on Wheels

Poetry

 * Stanley McNail – Something Breathing
 * Sylvia Plath (suicide 1963) – Ariel
 * Clark Ashton Smith – Poems in Prose

Non-fiction

 * Dean Acheson – Morning and Noon
 * Nelson Algren – Notes from a Sea Diary: Hemingway All the Way (travel book)
 * Dmitri Borgmann – Language on Vacation
 * Nirad C. Chaudhuri – The Continent of Circe
 * Allen G. Debus – The English Paracelsians.
 * Richard Feynman – The Character of Physical Law
 * Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss – Awareness of Dying
 * William Golding – The Hot Gates
 * Alex Haley and Malcolm X – The Autobiography of Malcolm X
 * Pauline Kael – I Lost It at the Movies
 * Peter Laslett – The World We Have Lost: England before the Industrial Age
 * H. P. Lovecraft – Selected Letters I (1911–1924)
 * P. J. Marshall – The Impeachment of Warren Hastings
 * Robin Moore – The Green Berets
 * Ralph Nader - Unsafe at Any Speed: The Designed-In Dangers of the American Automobile
 * Dan Simonescu – Romanul popular în literatura română medievală (Folk Novels in Medieval Romanian Literature)
 * Tamara Talbot Rice – Ancient Arts of Central Asia
 * Tom Wolfe – The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby

Births

 * February 1 – Louise Welsh, British writer of psychological thrillers
 * February 20 – Philip Hensher, English fiction writer, critic and editor
 * March 4
 * Andrew Collins, English journalist and scriptwriter
 * Anisul Hoque, Bangladeshi novelist, dramatist and journalist
 * March 30 – Piers Morgan, English journalist and editor
 * May 14 - Eoin Colfer, Irish children's books author
 * June 2 – Sean Stewart, American-Canadian author
 * June 22 – Gamal Abdul Nasir Zakaria, Indonesian lecturer and writer
 * July 7 – Zoë Heller, English novelist
 * July 31 – J. K. Rowling, English children's novelist
 * August 1 – Sam Mendes, English theatre and film director
 * September 29 – Nikolaj Frobenius, Norwegian novelist
 * October 23 – Augusten Burroughs, American memoirist
 * November 28 – Erwin Mortier, Belgian poet, novelist and translator writing in Flemish/Dutch
 * November 29 – Lauren Child, English children's fiction writer and illustrator
 * December 14 – Helle Helle, Danish novelist
 * December 31 – Nicholas Sparks, American novelist
 * unknown dates
 * Patience Agbabi, British performance poet
 * Mike McCormack, Irish fiction writer
 * Keith Mansfield, English novelist and publisher
 * Yishai Sarid, Israeli novelist and lawyer
 * Charlotte Wood, Australian novelist

Deaths

 * January 4 – T. S. Eliot, American-born English poet and dramatist (born 1888)
 * January 12 – Lorraine Hansberry, American journalist and dramatist (cancer, born 1930)
 * March 13 – Fan S. Noli, Albanian bishop and poet (born 1882)
 * May 3 – Howard Spring, Welsh-born novelist and writer (born 1889)
 * May 5 – Edgar Mittelholzer, Guyanese-born novelist (suicide, born 1909)
 * May 19 – Maria Dąbrowska, Polish novelist, essayist and playwright (born 1889)
 * June 5
 * Thornton Burgess, American children's author (born 1874)
 * Eleanor Farjeon, English children's writer and poet (born 1881)
 * June 13 – Martin Buber, Austrian-born Jewish philosopher (born 1878)
 * July 8 – Thomas Sigismund Stribling, American novelist (born 1881)
 * July 9 – Jacques Audiberti, French Absurdist dramatist, poet and novelist (born 1899)
 * July 28 – Rampo Edogawa (江戸川 乱歩, Taro Hirai), Japanese author and critic (born 1894)
 * July 30 – Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (谷崎 潤一郎), Japanese novelist (born 1888)
 * July 31 – John Metcalfe, English novelist and short story writer (born 1891)
 * August 1 – Percy Lubbock, English essayist, critic and biographer (born 1879)
 * August 6 – Aksel Sandemose, Danish novelist (born 1899)
 * August 8 – Shirley Jackson, American horror novelist and short story writer (born 1916)
 * August 17 – Jack Spicer, American poet (alcohol-related, born 1925)
 * September 17 – John Davy Hayward, English literary editor and bibliophile (born 1905)
 * October 8 – Thomas B. Costain, Canadian popular historian (born 1885)
 * October 15 – Randall Jarrell, American poet (road accident, born 1914)
 * October 30 – Arthur Schlesinger, Sr., American historian (born 1888)
 * November 8 – Dorothy Kilgallen, American journalist (alcohol/drug overdose, born 1913)
 * November 20 – Katharine Anthony, American biographer (born 1877)
 * November 24 – Betty Miller, Irish-born Jewish writer (born 1910)
 * December 16 – W. Somerset Maugham English novelist, dramatist and short story writer (born 1874)

Awards

 * Nobel Prize for literature – Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

Canada

 * See 1965 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.

France

 * Prix Goncourt: J. Borel, L'Adoration
 * Prix Médicis: René-Victor Pilhes, La Rhubarbe

United Kingdom

 * Carnegie Medal for children's literature: Philip Turner, The Grange at High Force
 * Eric Gregory Award: John Fuller, Derek Mahon, Michael Longley, Norman Talbot
 * Newdigate prize: Peter Jay
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Muriel Spark, The Mandelbaum Gate
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth: The Later Years 1803–1850
 * Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry: Philip Larkin

United States

 * American Academy of Arts and Letters Gold Medal for Criticism: Walter Lippmann
 * Hugo Award: Fritz Leiber, The Wanderer
 * Nebula Award: Frank Herbert, Dune
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Maia Wojciechowska, Shadow of a Bull
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Frank D. Gilroy, The Subject Was Roses
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Shirley Ann Grau – The Keepers Of The House
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: John Berryman: 77 Dream Songs

Elsewhere

 * Miles Franklin Award: Thea Astley, The Slow Natives
 * Alfaguara Prize: Jesús Torbado, Las corrupciones
 * Premio Nadal: E. Cabalero Calderón, El buen salvaje
 * Viareggio Prize: Goffredo Parise, Il Padrone (The Boss)

title: 1965 in literature


text:
Trygve Bratteli

Trygve Martin Bratteli (11 January 1910 – 20 November 1984) was a Norwegian newspaper editor, a politician with the Norwegian Labour Party, and Nazi concentration camp survivor. He served as the 26th prime minister of Norway from 1971 to 1972 and again from 1973 to 1976. He was president of the Nordic Council in 1978.

Background
Bratteli was born on the island of Nøtterøy at Færder in Vestfold, Norway. His parents were Terje Hansen Bratteli (1878–1966) and Martha Barmen (1880–1938). He attended school locally, having many jobs including: work in fishing, as a coal miner and on a building site. Over a 9- to 10-month period, Bratteli travelled with whalers to Antarctica, where he worked in a guano factory at South Georgia Island. He was a student at the socialist school at Malmøya in 1933. Oscar Torp, chairman of the Norwegian Labour Party, asked him to become editor of Folkets Frihet in Kirkenes and later editor of  Arbeiderungdommen which was published by the Socialist Youth League of Norway. For a period during 1940, he also served as Secretary of the Norwegian Labour Party.

Following the Nazi invasion of Norway, the daily newspaper Arbeiderbladet was closed down during 1940 by Nazi officials. Bratteli subsequently participated in the Norwegian resistance movement. He was arrested by agents of Nazi Germany in 1942, and was a Nacht und Nebel prisoner of various German concentration camps; including Natzweiler-Struthof, from 1943 to 1945. He was also imprisoned in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, north of Berlin. He was liberated from Vaihingen an der Enz concentration camp on 5 April 1945, by the Swedish Red Cross White Buses along with fifteen other Norwegians who had survived.

Political career
After the liberation of Norway in 1945, Bratteli was appointed as Secretary of the Labour Party. He became chairman of the Workers' Youth League, vice chairman of the party, served on the newly formed defence commission, and in 1965; was made Chairman of the Labour Party. Bratteli was elected to the Norwegian Parliament from Oslo in 1950, and was re-elected on seven occasions.

He was appointed as Minister of Finance in Oscar Torp's cabinet, and from 1956 to 1960 in the third cabinet of Einar Gerhardsen. From 1960 to 1963, during Gerhardsen's third period as Prime Minister, he was Minister of Transport and Communications. He was also acting Minister of Finance from January–February 1962. In September 1963, when Gerhardsen's fourth cabinet was formed, Bratteli was again made Minister of Transport and Communications, a post he held until 1964.

The centre-right cabinet of Borten held office from 1965 to 1971, but when it collapsed, Bratteli became Prime Minister. In social policy, Bratteli's premiership saw the passage of a law in June 1972 that lowered the pension age to 67. Central to his political career was the question of Norway's membership of the European Community. Following the close rejection of membership in the 1972 referendum, his cabinet resigned. However, the successor cabinet Korvald only lasted one year, and the second cabinet Bratteli was formed following the 1973 Norwegian parliamentary election. Bratteli resigned as prime minister in January 1976 on the grounds of ill health. He was succeeded by fellow Labour member Odvar Nordli.

Personal life
Trygve Bratteli was married to Randi Helene Larssen (1924–2002). They had three children: two daughters, Tone and Marianne, and one son, professor Ola Bratteli (1946–2015). Bratteli's memoirs of his experiences in Nazi concentration camps was published in 1980. He died in 1984 and was buried at Vestre gravlund in Oslo. Trygve Bratteli was a member of Friends of Israel within the Norwegian Labour Movement (Venner av Israel i Norsk Arbeiderbevegelse) which planted a forest to his memory in Israel.

Other sources

 * Anderson, Gidske (1984) Trygve Bratteli (Oslo: Gyldendal) ISBN 9788205148369

Related reading

 * Bratteli Trygve (1980) Fange I Natt Og Take  (Oslo: Tiden Norsk Forlag)  ISBN 978-8210020049

title: Trygve Bratteli


text:
1966 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1966.

Events

 * February
 * The Nottingham-based chain of pharmacy stores Boots UK closes the last of its circulating "Booklovers' Library" branches.
 * Managers of the Royal Court Theatre in London are convicted of presenting an unlicenced play, last November's premiere of Edward Bond's Saved. This prosecution is considered influential in the abolition of the Theatres Act 1843 under which it is brought.
 * February 10 – Author Jacqueline Susann has her first novel, Valley of the Dolls, published. From a friend she obtains a list of the bookstores on whose sales figures The New York Times relies for its bestseller list. She then uses her own money to buy large quantities of her book at these stores, causing it to head the list. Valley of the Dolls incidentally comes to rank among the best-selling novels of all time.
 * February 13 – Following the Sinyavsky–Daniel trial, dissident writers Yuli Daniel and Andrei Sinyavsky are sentenced to hard labour for "anti-Soviet activity".
 * March 9 – J. R. R. Tolkien writes to Roger Verhulst expressing concerns about a proposed book about him by W. H. Auden, saying, "I regard such things as premature impertinences.... I cannot believe that they have a usefulness to justify the distaste and irritation given to the victim," but adding: "I owe Mr. Auden a debt of gratitude for the generosity with which he has supported and encouraged me since the first appearance of The Lord of the Rings."
 * March 21 – In a landmark obscenity case, Memoirs v. Massachusetts, the Supreme Court of the United States rules that the hitherto banned novel Fanny Hill (John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure, 1749) does not meet the Roth Standard for obscenity.
 * April 14 – Noël Coward's A Song at Twilight, his only play to deal openly with homosexuality, premieres in London.
 * By June – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn completes his semi-autobiographical novel Cancer Ward («Раковый Корпус», Rakovy Korpus) and sends the manuscript to the Russian literary magazine Novy Mir. The editor, Tvardosky, equivocates and requests cuts, so Solzhenitsyn arranges for it be distributed as samizdat, then to be discussed at a meeting in Moscow of the Central Writers' Club on November 17.
 * June 14 – The Roman Curia abolishes the Index Librorum Prohibitorum of books banned by the Catholic Church, after 427 years.
 * June 16 – Blackwell's opens the 930 m2 Norrington Room in their main bookshop in Broad Street, Oxford.
 * June 23 – Octopussy and The Living Daylights appears as the final collection of James Bond short stories by the character's creator, Ian Fleming, who died in 1964.
 * July 24 – American poet and critic Frank O'Hara is hit by a dune buggy on Fire Island beach. He dies of his injuries the following day.
 * August 24 – Tom Stoppard's tragicomedy Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead is first played, at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Despite small audiences, Stoppard's reputation is made by a review by Ronald Bryden in The Observer.
 * September 8 – The first UNESCO International Literacy Day is celebrated.
 * September 9 – New Beacon Books, the first Caribbean publishing house in England, releases its first title, Foundations by John La Rose.
 * October 21 – Jacques Derrida delivers a lecture, La Structure, le signe et le jeu dans le discours des sciences humaines, to a structuralism colloquium at Johns Hopkins University, giving international prominence to his work on literary theory.
 * November 3–4 – The 1966 flood of the Arno in Florence causes severe damage to libraries, including the National Central Library and Gabinetto Vieusseux.
 * November 28 – Truman Capote's Black and White Ball ("The Party of the Century") is held in New York City. The guest of honor, The Washington Post publisher Katharine Graham, later says: "Truman called me up that summer and said, 'I think you need cheering up. And I'm going to give you a ball.'...I was...sort of baffled....I felt a little bit like Truman was going to give the ball anyway and that I was part of the props."
 * December – Moskva magazine begins the first publication of Mikhail Bulgakov's novel The Master and Margarita (Ма́стер и Маргари́та), begun in 1928 but left incomplete on the author's death in 1940. It appears in two parts with portions omitted or altered.
 * unknown date – The first modern revival of a play by Bhāsa, Madhyamavyayoga, directed by Shanta Gandhi, is performed in a Hindi translation.

Fiction

 * Chinua Achebe – A Man of the People
 * Robert H. Adleman (with Col. George Walton) – The Devil's Brigade
 * Lloyd Alexander – The Castle of Llyr
 * Elechi Amadi – The Concubine
 * Kingsley Amis – The Anti-Death League
 * Isaac Asimov – Fantastic Voyage
 * Margaret Atwood
 * The Circle Game
 * Expeditions
 * Speeches for Doctor Frankenstein
 * Louis Auchincloss – The Embezzler
 * Nigel Balchin – In the Absence of Mrs. Petersen
 * J. G. Ballard
 * The Crystal World
 * The Impossible Man
 * Henry Bauchau – La Déchirure
 * John Bingham – The Double Agent
 * Paul Bowles – Up Above the World
 * Ray Bradbury – S Is for Space
 * Victor Canning – Doubled in Diamonds
 * John Dickson Carr – Panic in Box C
 * Angela Carter – Shadow Dance
 * Agatha Christie – Third Girl
 * James Clavell – Tai-Pan
 * Robert Crichton – The Secret of Santa Vittoria
 * Cecil Day-Lewis – The Morning after Death
 * August Derleth and Mark Schorer – Colonel Markesan and Less Pleasant People
 * Philip K. Dick
 * The Crack in Space
 * Now Wait for Last Year
 * The Unteleported Man
 * Allen Drury – Capable of Honor
 * Friedrich Dürrenmatt – Der Meteor
 * Shusaku Endo (遠藤 周作) – Silence (沈黙, Chinmoku)
 * Ian Fleming – Octopussy and The Living Daylights
 * John Fowles – The Magus
 * L.P. Hartley – The Betrayal
 * Robert A. Heinlein – The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress
 * Aidan Higgins – Langrishe, Go Down
 * Robert E. Howard and L. Sprague de Camp – Conan the Adventurer
 * Michael Innes – The Bloody Wood
 * Daniel Keyes – Flowers for Algernon
 * Anatoly Kuznetsov – Babi Yar: A Document in the Form of a Novel («Бабий яр. Роман-документ»)
 * Arthur La Bern – Goodbye Piccadilly, Farewell Leicester Square
 * J. M. G. Le Clézio – Le Déluge
 * Violette Leduc – Thérèse et Isabelle
 * José Lezama Lima – Paradiso
 * Audrey Erskine Lindop – I Start Counting
 * H. P. Lovecraft and Divers Hands – The Dark Brotherhood and Other Pieces
 * John D. MacDonald – One Fearful Yellow Eye
 * Compton Mackenzie – Paper Lives
 * Alistair MacLean – When Eight Bells Toll
 * Larry McMurtry – Last Picture Show
 * Bernard Malamud – The Fixer
 * Marga Minco – Een leeg huis (An empty house)
 * Gladys Mitchell – The Croaking Raven
 * Grace Ogot – The Promised Land
 * Anthony Powell – The Soldier's Art
 * J. B. Priestley – Salt Is Leaving
 * Thomas Pynchon – The Crying of Lot 49
 * Seabury Quinn – Carnacki, the Ghost-Finder
 * Gerard Reve – Nader tot U (Nearer to Thee)
 * Jean Rhys – Wide Sargasso Sea
 * Karl Ristikivi – Rõõmulaul
 * Tayeb Salih – Season of Migration to the North (موسم الهجرة إلى الشمال, Mawsim al-Hijrah ilâ al-Shamâl)
 * Giorgio Scerbanenco
 * A Private Venus
 * Traitors to All
 * Leonardo Sciascia – A ciascuno il suo
 * Paul Scott – The Jewel in the Crown
 * Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn – Cancer Ward
 * Adela Rogers St. Johns – Tell No Man
 * Krishna Sobti – Mitro Marjani (To Hell with you Mitro!)
 * Rex Stout – Death of a Doxy
 * Jacqueline Susann – Valley of the Dolls
 * Leslie Thomas – The Virgin Soldiers
 * Roderick Thorp – The Detective
 * Jack Vance – The Eyes of the Overworld
 * Mario Vargas Llosa – The Green House (La Casa Verde)
 * Patrick White – The Solid Mandala
 * Roger Zelazny
 * The Dream Master
 * This Immortal

Children and young people

 * Chinua Achebe – Chike and the River
 * Rev. W. Awdry – Main Line Engines (twenty-first in The Railway Series of 42 books)
 * Nina Bawden – The Witch's Daughter
 * Roald Dahl – The Magic Finger
 * Leon Garfield – Devil-in-the-Fog
 * Charles Keeping – Charley, Charlotte and the Golden Canary
 * Clive King – The 22 Letters
 * Ruth Park
 * The Muddle-Headed Wombat at School
 * The Muddle-Headed Wombat in the Snow
 * Bill Peet
 * Capyboppy
 * Farewell to Shady Glade
 * Otfried Preußler – The Little Ghost
 * Tomi Ungerer – Moon Man
 * Eduard Uspensky – Crocodile Gena and His Friends («Крокодил Гена и его друзья»)
 * Jill Paton Walsh – Hengest's Tale

Drama

 * Edward Albee – A Delicate Balance
 * Noël Coward – Suite in Three Keys (A Song at Twilight, Shadows of the Evening and Come Into the Garden, Maud)
 * Barbara Garson – MacBird!
 * Günter Grass – The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising (Die Plebejer proben den Aufstand)
 * Gwenlyn Parry – Saer Doliau (Doll Doctor)
 * Tom Stoppard – Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead
 * Zdeněk Svěrák, Jiří Šebánek and Ladislav Smoljak – Akt (The Nude, introducing the Czech fictional character Jára Cimrman)
 * Luis Valdez – Quinta Temporada

Poetry

 * Seamus Heaney – Death of a Naturalist
 * Anne Sexton – Live or Die

Non-fiction

 * Geoffrey Blainey – The Tyranny of Distance: How Distance Shaped Australia's History
 * Dictionary of Canadian Biography, volume 1.
 * Truman Capote – In Cold Blood (non-fiction novel - book publication)
 * William Crossing (died 1928) – The Dartmoor Worker (anthology)
 * L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp – Spirits, Stars, and Spells
 * Edward Jay Epstein – Inquest
 * Margery Fish – An All the Year Garden
 * Michel Foucault – The Order of Things (Les Mots et les choses: une archéologie des sciences humaines)
 * Ernst H. Gombrich – Norm and Form. Studies in the Art of the Renaissance
 * A. E. Hotchner – Papa Hemingway
 * P. J. Kavanagh – The Perfect Stranger
 * Mark Lane – Rush to Judgment
 * Alasdair MacIntyre – A Short History of Ethics
 * Nancy Mitford – The Sun King
 * María Moliner – Diccionario de uso del español
 * Anaïs Nin – The Diary of Anaïs Nin, Volume I: 1931–1934
 * Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. – A Thousand Days
 * Hunter S. Thompson – Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs
 * Frances Yates – The Art of Memory

Births

 * February 14 - Alex Scarrow, British novelist
 * February 24 – Alain Mabanckou, Francophone Congolese novelist
 * March 4 – Dav Pilkey, American author and illustrator
 * March 5 – Mark Z. Danielewski, American fiction author
 * April 12 – Jim Duffy, Irish political writer
 * April 15 – Cressida Cowell, English children's writer
 * April 20 – David Chalmers, Australian philosopher and cognitive scientist
 * April 26 – Natasha Trethewey, American poet
 * July 4 – Brian Selznick, American children's writer and illustrator
 * July 21 – Sarah Waters, Welsh novelist
 * September 24 – Rhys Hughes, Welsh short-story writer
 * October 7 - Sherman Alexie, Native-American poet and fiction writer
 * October 19 – David Vann, Alaskan-born fiction writer and sailor
 * November 17 – Jane Holland (Victoria Lamb, etc.), English poet and novelist
 * November 22 – Mónica Montañés, Venezuelan screenwriter and journalist
 * December 27 – Chris Abani, Nigerian poet and novelist
 * December 29 – Christian Kracht, Swiss novelist and journalist
 * unknown date – Helen Zahavi, English novelist and translator

Deaths

 * January 18 – Kathleen Norris, American novelist (born 1880)
 * February 5 – Louisa Martindale, British physician, writer, magistrate and prison commissioner (born 1872)
 * February 12 – Elio Vittorini, Italian novelist (born 1908)
 * February 25 – Victor Kravchenko, Soviet writer (born 1905)
 * March 10 – Frank O'Connor, Irish short-story writer (born 1903)
 * April 1 – Brian O'Nolan (Flann O'Brien), Irish satirist (heart attack, born 1911)
 * April 2 – C. S. Forester, English historical novelist (born 1899)
 * April 10 (Easter Day) – Evelyn Waugh, English novelist, biographer and travel writer (heart failure, born 1903)
 * April 13 – Georges Duhamel, French novelist (born 1884)
 * May 7 – Stanisław Jerzy Lec, Polish aphorist and poet (born 1909)
 * June 7
 * Yoshishige Abe, Japanese philosopher and politician (born 1883)
 * Jean Arp, Alsatian poet, sculptor and painter (born 1886)
 * June 10 – Henry Treece, English children's historical novelist and poet (born 1911)
 * June 30 – Margery Allingham, English crime novelist (born 1904)
 * July 20
 * Anne Beffort, Luxembourg literary writer and biographer (born 1880)
 * Vladimir Cavarnali, Bessarabian-born Romanian poet, editor, and journalist (born 1910)
 * July 25 – Frank O'Hara, American poet (ruptured liver, born 1926)
 * August 2 or 3 – Tristan Klingsor (Léon Leclère), French fantaisiste poet, painter and musician (born 1874)
 * August 6 – Cordwainer Smith (Paul Myron Anthony Linebarger), American science fiction author (heart attack, born 1913)
 * August 12 – Artur Alliksaar, Estonian poet (cancer, born 1923)
 * September 3 – Fu Lei, Chinese translator (born 1908)
 * September 14- Dorothy Whipple, English novelist and children's writer (born 1893)
 * September 25 – Mina Loy, English-born poet and artist (born 1882)
 * September 28 – André Breton, French Surrealist poet and author (born 1896)
 * October 30 – Yórgos Theotokás, Greek novelist (born 1906)
 * November 26 – Siegfried Kracauer, German journalist and critic (born 1889)
 * December 23 – Heimito von Doderer, Austrian author (born 1896)

Awards

 * Alfaguara Prize: Manuel Vicent, Pascua y naranjas
 * Cholmondeley Award: Ted Walker, Stevie Smith
 * Eric Gregory Award: Robin Fulton, Seamus Heaney, Hugo Williams
 * See 1966 Governor General's Awards for a complete list of winners and finalists for those awards.
 * Hugo Award: Frank Herbert, Dune and Roger Zelazny, ...And Call Me Conrad
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Christine Brooke-Rose, Such, and Aidan Higgins, Langrishe, Go Down
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Geoffrey Keynes, The Life of William Harvey
 * Miles Franklin Award: Peter Mathers, Trap
 * Nebula Award (first): Samuel R. Delany, Babel–17 and Daniel Keyes, Flowers for Algernon
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Elizabeth Borton de Treviño, I, Juan de Pareja
 * Nobel Prize in Literature: Shmuel Yosef Agnon, Nelly Sachs
 * Premio Nadal: Vicente Soto, La zancada
 * Prix Goncourt: Edmonde Charles-Roux, Oublier Palerme
 * Prix Médicis: Marie-Claire Blais, Une saison dans la vie d'Emmanuel
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: no award given
 * Pulitzer Prize for Fiction: Katherine Anne Porter, Collected Stories
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Richard Eberhart, Selected Poems
 * Viareggio Prize: Alfonso Gatto,  La storia delle vittime

title: 1966 in literature


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Fjuken

Fjuken is a weekly local newspaper published in Skjåk, Norway. It serves for Skjåk, Lom and Vågå.

History and profile
Fjuken was founded in 1989. The founders were initially community members. The paper is published by the company Skjåk Mediautvikling AS, which in turn has the following owners:
 * Lom og Skjåk Sparebank 21.5%
 * Fjordingen AS 21.3%
 * Polaris Media 18.7%
 * other 38.5%

The paper had the 2006 circulation of 4,109 copies, of which 3,895 were subscribers.

title: Fjuken


text:
Wikipedia:Article size

This page contains an overview of the key issues concerning article size. There are three related measures of an article's size:

 * Readable prose size: the amount of viewable text in the main sections of the article, not including tables, lists, or footer sections.
 * Wiki markup size: the amount of text in the full page edit window, as shown in the character count of the edit history page.
 * Browser page size: the total size of the page as loaded by a web browser.

The article size impacts usability in multiple ways:

 * Reader issues, such as attention span, readability, organization, information saturation, etc. (when articles are large); and fragmentation and duplication of related information the reader may be seeking over multiple pages (when articles are short).
 * Maintenance, such as articles becoming time-consuming to maintain when they are very long; and articles becoming time-consuming to maintain when duplicate or coordinated information, possibly with duplicate references, must be maintained across multiple short articles.
 * Technical issues, such as size limits imposed by the MediaWiki software.

When an article is too large, consider breaking it into smaller articles, spinning part of it out into a new article, or merging part of it into another existing article. When an article is too small, consider merging with one or more other existing articles. Such editorial decisions require consensus. Guidelines on the size of articles, and detailed solutions, are provided below. The licensing policy mandates that whenever any content is copied from one article to another new or existing article, an edit summary containing the required copy attribution must be used.

Readability
Each Wikipedia article is in a process of evolution and is likely to continue growing. Other editors will add to articles when you are done with them. Wikipedia has practically unlimited storage space; however, long articles may be more difficult to read, navigate, and comprehend. An article longer than one or two pages when printed should be divided into sections to ease navigation (see Manual of Style and Layout for guidance). For most long articles, division into sections is natural anyway. Readers of the mobile version of Wikipedia can be helped by ensuring that sections are not so long or so numerous as to impede navigation.

A page of about 10,000 words takes between 30 and 40 minutes to read at average speed, which is close to the attention span of most readers. Understanding of standard texts at average reading speed is around 65%. At 10,000 words it may be beneficial to move some sections to other articles and replace them with summaries per Summary style – see below.

Articles that cover particularly technical subjects should, in general, be shorter than articles on less technical subjects. While expert readers of such articles may accept complexity and length provided the article is well written, the general reader requires clarity and conciseness. There are times when a long or very long article is unavoidable, though its complexity should be minimized. Readability is a key criterion: an article should have clear scope, be well organized, stay on topic, and have a good narrative flow.

Readable prose
Readable prose is the main body of the text, excluding material such as footnotes and reference sections ("see also", "external links", bibliography, etc.), diagrams and images, tables and lists, Wikilinks and external URLs, and formatting and mark-up. The measure may substantially underestimate the amount of content in articles that summarize much of their information in tables, especially when these contain notes and explanations in text columns.

XTools shows prose information, including number of characters (under "Prose" in the "General statistics" section). It may be used for an article currently being looked at by selecting the View History tab for the page, then Page Statistics from the line near the top headed External Tools. The prosesize gadget is also helpful for estimating readable prose size.

Lists, tables and summaries
Lists, tables, and other material that is already in summary form may not be appropriate for reducing or summarizing further by the summary style method. If there is no "natural" way to split or reduce a long list or table, it may be best to leave it intact, and a decision made to either keep it embedded in the main article or split it off into a stand-alone page. Regardless, a list or table should be kept as short as is feasible for its purpose and scope. Too much statistical data is against policy.

Maintenance
Wikipedia articles are in constant need of maintenance. This ranges from minor edits correcting spelling and grammar, to major updates reflecting new events and new source material. Some articles may require being rewritten after some time, especially articles created about recent events. It is generally good practice to ensure that articles do not become too long to maintain, especially articles in need of frequent updating. Maintenance can become more difficult when the amount of text on a topic grows, especially when information, possibly with duplicate references, must be maintained across multiple articles.

Technical issues
Total article size should be kept reasonably low, particularly for readers using slow internet connections or mobile devices or who have slow computer loading. Some large articles exist for topics that require depth and detail, but typically articles of such size are split into two or more smaller articles. For notes on unrelated problems that various web browsers have with MediaWiki sites, and for a list of alternative browsers you can download, see Browser notes.

The maximum limit for Wikipedia is via the MediaWiki software's wgMaxArticleSize to 2 MiB (specifically, 2048 kibibytes or 2,097,152 bytes). Exceeding the post-expand limit will result in templates in the article appearing incorrectly.

Size guideline
Some useful rules of thumb for splitting, trimming or merging articles:

Please note: These rules of thumb are intended to be approximate and apply only to readable prose – not to wiki markup size (as found on history lists or other means). Word counts can be found with the help of Shubinator's DYK tool or Prosesize (either as a script or on web version), or by copying and pasting the text (not including references) to a word processor or other tool on your computer that can count words.

The rules of thumb apply somewhat less to disambiguation pages and naturally do not apply to redirects. Readable prose tools do not count words or characters in image captions, lists or tables. When considering splitting list articles, consider the impact of breaking up a sortable table.

Lead section size
The appropriate length of the lead section depends on the total length of the article. As a guideline, the lead should usually be no longer than four paragraphs; most leads of featured articles are 250–400 words.

Splitting an article
Very large articles should be split into logically separate articles. Long stand-alone list articles are split into subsequent pages alphabetically, numerically, or subtopically. Also consider splitting and transcluding the split parts (for example with Template:Excerpt).

When splitting a section into a new article, you should refer to the steps in WP:PROPERSPLIT, including an edit summary in the new article attributing the origin of the content to the existing article.

No need for haste
There is no need for haste in splitting an article when it starts getting large. Sometimes an article simply needs to be big to give the subject adequate coverage. If uncertain, or with high-profile articles, start a discussion on the talkpage regarding the overall topic structure. Determine whether the topic should be treated as several shorter articles and, if so, how best to organize them. If the discussion makes no progress consider adding one of the split tags in order to get feedback from other editors.

Breaking out trivial or controversial sections
A relatively trivial topic may be appropriate in the context of the larger article, but inappropriate as the topic of an entire article in itself. In most cases, it is a violation of the neutral point of view policy to specifically break out a controversial section without leaving an adequate summary. It also violates that policy to create a new article specifically to contain information that consensus has rejected from the main article. Consider other organizational principles for splitting the article, and be sure that both the title and content of the broken-out article reflect a neutral point of view.

Breaking out an unwanted section
If a section of an article is a magnet for unhelpful contributions (such as the "external links" section or trivia sections), be aware that while moving it to another article may help to clean up the main article, it creates a new article that consists entirely of a section for unwanted contributions. If an article includes large amounts of material not suitable for inclusion in the encyclopedia, it is better to remove that content than to create a new article for it.

Trimming or content removal
Text can often be trimmed to use fewer words to say the same thing; Some good essays have been written on how to do this, including WikiProject Military history's Copy-editing essentials, User Tony1's redundancy exercises and the Principle of Some Astonishment. This technique not only leads to (slightly) shorter articles, readability of those articles typically improves.

Removing appropriate content, especially summary style, and/or reliably sourced and non-tangential information, from an article simply to reduce length without moving that content to an appropriate article either by merging or splitting, may require a consensus discussion on the talk page; see for acceptable reasons.

Markup size
Markup or markup language is the code used to organise a document and make it readable. Wiki markup is the codes used on Wikipedia. Markup size includes readable prose, the wiki codes, and any media used in the article, such as images or audio clips.

You can find the size of the markup of a page in bytes from its page history (near the bottom). Also the search box entry:  will show both number of words in the article and the size of the article in kilobytes. In most cases these are not reliable indications on their own of whether an article should be split.

The largest articles by markup size are listed at Special:Longpages.

Note that the ability to edit a section rather than the entire page decreases wait time, removing some of the many, oversized-page problems for editors; however, readers with slow connections will still have to wait for the entire page to load.

If you have problems editing a long article
If you have encountered an article that is so long you can't edit it, or if your browser chops off the end of the article when you try to edit it, there are a few ways you can solve the problem.

Often, you can edit the article one section at a time by using the "Edit" links you see next to each header in the article. You can edit the article lede before the first section by appending  to the URL. (See T2156 and two JavaScript workarounds: 1, 2.) You can insert a new section either by using the "" link (if there is one) in the "Views" section, or by editing an existing section and explicitly adding a second header line within it. If you find a section that is itself too long to edit, you can post a request for assistance on the help desk.

title: Wikipedia:Article size


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John Henley (preacher)

John Henley (3 August 1692 – 13 October 1756), English clergyman, commonly known as 'Orator Henley', was a preacher known for showmanship and eccentricity.

Life
The son of a vicar, John Henley was born in Melton Mowbray. After attending the grammar schools of Melton and Oakham, Rutland, he entered St John's College, Cambridge, "Ye College where I had ye Stupidity to be educated," as he himself said. After having taken a B.A. degree, he became assistant and, afterwards, director in the grammar school of Melton Mowbray. He was also assistant curate there.

In November 1721, after being promoted to an M.A. degree, he moved to London, where he obtained the appointment of assistant preacher and wrote several books. Quarrelling with the Bishop of London, he gave up his benefice, and began his lectures or 'Orations' on theological subjects and mundane matters. In 1723 he became Rector of Chelmondiston, Suffolk.

On 3 July 1726 Henley opened his so-called 'Oratory', a meeting room built over the shambles in Newport Market. In 1729, he transferred the scene of his operations to an old theater at Clare Market, near Lincoln's Inn Fields, where he continued to preach "on the world as it is, serious or ridiculous." "The Truth of the Gospel is in its Spirit and Moral, its practical Graces," he said, " the rest is, in Comparison, as sounding Brass, or as a tinkling Cymbal." His discourses were popular and subject to rowdy disturbances. Into his services he introduced many peculiarities. He drew up a 'Primitive Liturgy,' in which he substituted for the Nicene and Athanasian creeds, two creeds taken from the Apostolical Constitutions; for his 'Primitive Eucharist' he made use of unleavened bread and mixed wine; and he distributed medals of admission to his 'Oratory' at the price of one shilling. A visitor accused Henley that money was the god whom he worshipped: "we must give One Shilling to the Door-Keeper, for the Seats were personal Property. A very fine Story indeed! And such a one, that is not to be paralleled, that we should pay a Shilling before we can worship GOD!"

Henley knew that the most original element in the services was he himself. In his Dunciad, Alexander Pope called him a "great restorer of the good old Stage Preacher at once and Zany of thy age." He possessed oratorical ability and adopted a theatrical style of elocution, tuning his voice and balancing his hands. His addresses were a medley of solemnity and buffoonery. The Connoisseur, a critical weekly paper, wrote that

"'the Clare-Market Orator, while he turns religion into farce, must be considered as exhibiting shews and interludes of an inferior nature, and himself regarded as a Jack-pudding in a gown and cassock.'"

Despite all criticism, the energetic and eccentric 'Orator' was popular with most Londoners. His services were much frequented by the Freethinkers, and he himself expressed his determination "to die a rational." He died in London on 13 October 1756.

Henley was the subject of contemporary caricatures, among them works by George Bickham the Younger and William Hogarth.

Works
In 1714, he wrote a poem styled Esther, Queen of Persia, which was received with applause, and in 1719–1721, he published The Compleat Linguist; or, An Universal Grammar of all the Considerable Tongues in Being. For some years Henley edited the Hyp Doctor, a weekly paper established in opposition to the Craftsman. In 1726 he published The Primitive Liturgy: for the Use of the Oratory.

title: John Henley (preacher)


text:
Domnall Donn

Domnall Donn (died 696) was king of Dál Riata (modern western Scotland). He was a son of Conall Crandomna.

His death is reported by the Annals of Ulster, but without mention of a title. He is among the kings named by the Duan Albanach, following his father and Dúnchad mac Conaing, which assigns him an improbable reign of 13 years. He may have been co-ruler with his brother Máel Dúin mac Conaill, or have reigned for 3 years rather than 13, making his rule 693–696 approximately.

If he was king of Dál Riata, rather than only of the Cenél nGabráin of Kintyre, he was followed by Ferchar Fota of the Cenél Loairn. The next king of the Cenél nGabráin known is Eochaid mac Domangairt.

title: Domnall Donn


text:
Máel Dúin mac Conaill

Máel Dúin mac Conaill (died 688) was a king in Dál Riata (modern western Scotland).

He was the son of Conall Crandomna. His death is reported by the Annals of Ulster, but without mention of a title. He is among the kings named by the Duan Albanach, following his brother Domnall Donn, which assigns him an improbable reign of 17 years.

The general confusion of the sources makes any conclusion difficult, but while it is likely that Máel Dúin was co-ruler, with his brother Domnall Donn, of the Cenél nGabráin lands in Kintyre, it is not likely that Máel Dúin and Domnall were high kings of Dál Riata. Whether the lands of the Cenél nGabráin were subject to Ecgfrith of Northumbria, or whether they were dominated by Ferchar Fota of the Cenél Loairn, cannot be said with certainty.

The next king of the Cenél nGabráin known is Eochaid mac Domangairt.

title: Máel Dúin mac Conaill