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Steve Fossett

James Stephen Fossett (April 22, 1944 – September 3, 2007) was an American businessman and a record-setting aviator, sailor, and adventurer. He was the first person to fly solo nonstop around the world in a balloon and in a fixed-wing aircraft. He made his fortune in the financial services industry and held world records for five nonstop circumnavigations of the Earth: as a long-distance solo balloonist, as a sailor, and as a solo flight fixed-wing aircraft pilot.

A fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and the Explorers Club, Fossett set more than one hundred records in five different sports, sixty of which still stood at the time of his death. He broke three of the seven absolute world records for fixed-wing aircraft recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, all in his Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer. In 2002, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Aero Club of the UK, and was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2007.

Fossett disappeared on September 3, 2007, while flying a light aircraft over the Great Basin Desert, between Nevada and California. Fossett's plane was discovered wrecked in 2008.

Early years
Fossett was born in Jackson, Tennessee and grew up in Garden Grove, California, where he graduated from Garden Grove High School.

Fossett's interest in adventure began early. As a Boy Scout, he grew up climbing the mountains of California, beginning with the San Jacinto Mountains. "When I was 12 years old I climbed my first mountain, and I just kept going, taking on more diverse and grander projects." Fossett said that he did not have a natural gift for athletics or team sports, so he focused on activities that required persistence and endurance. His father, an Eagle Scout, encouraged Fossett to pursue these types of adventures and encouraged him to become involved with the Boy Scouts early. He became an active member of Troop 170 in Orange, California. At age 13, Fossett earned the Boy Scouts' highest rank of Eagle Scout. He was a Vigil Honor member of the Order of the Arrow, the Boy Scouts' honor society, where he served as lodge chief. He also worked as a Ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico during the summer of 1961. Fossett said in 2006 that Scouting was the most important activity of his youth.

In college at Stanford University, Fossett was already known as an adventurer; his Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity brothers convinced him to swim to Alcatraz and raise a banner that read "Beat Cal" on the wall of the prison, closed two years previously. He made the swim, but was thwarted by a security guard when he arrived. While at Stanford, Fossett was a student body officer and served as the president of a few clubs. In 1966, Fossett graduated from Stanford with a degree in economics. Fossett spent the following summer in Europe climbing mountains and swimming the Dardanelles.

Business career
In 1968, Fossett received an MBA from the Olin School of Business at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, where he was later a longtime member of the Board of Trustees. Fossett's first job out of business school was with IBM; he then served as a consultant for Deloitte and Touche, and later accepted a job with Marshall Field's. Fossett later said, "For the first five years of my business career, I was distracted by being in computer systems, and then I became interested in financial markets. That's where I thrived."

Fossett then became a successful commodities salesman in Chicago, first for Merrill Lynch in 1973, where he proved a highly successful producer of commission revenue for himself and that firm. He began working in 1976 for Drexel Burnham, which assigned him one of its memberships on the Chicago Board of Trade and permitted him to market the services of the firm from a phone on the floor of that exchange. In 1980, Fossett began the process that eventually produced his enduring prosperity: renting exchange memberships to would-be floor traders, first on the Chicago Board Options Exchange.

After fifteen years of working for other companies, Fossett founded his own firms, Marathon Securities and Lakota Trading, from which he made millions renting exchange memberships. He founded Lakota Trading for that purpose in 1980. In the early 1980s, he founded Marathon Securities and extended that successful formula to memberships on the New York stock exchanges. He earned millions renting floor trading privileges (exchange memberships) to hopeful new floor traders, who also paid clearing fees to Fossett's clearing firms in proportion to the trading activity of those renting the memberships. In 1997, the trading volume of its rented memberships was larger than any other clearing firm on the Chicago exchange. Lakota Trading replicated that same business plan on many exchanges in the United States and also in London. Fossett later used those revenues to finance his adventures. Fossett said, "As a floor trader, I was very aggressive and worked hard. Those same traits help me in adventure sports."

Fossett said he did not participate in any of the "interesting things" he had done in college during his time in exchange-related activities: "There was a period of time where I wasn't doing anything except working for a living. I became very frustrated with that and finally made up my mind to start getting back into things." He began to take six weeks a year off to spend time on sports and moved to Beaver Creek, Colorado in 1990. Fossett later sold most of his business interests, although he maintained an office in Chicago until 2006.

Personal life
In 1968, Fossett married Peggy Fossett (née Viehland), who was originally from Richmond Heights, Missouri. They had no children. The Fossetts had homes in Beaver Creek, Colorado and Chicago, and a vacation home in Carmel, California.

Fossett became known in the United Kingdom for his friendship with billionaire Richard Branson, whose Virgin Group sponsored some of Fossett's adventures.

Overview

Steve Fossett was well known for his world records and adventures in balloons, sailboats, gliders, and powered aircraft. He was an aviator of exceptional breadth of experience. He wanted to become the first person to achieve a solo balloon flight around the world (finally succeeding on his sixth attempt, in 2002, becoming the first person to complete an uninterrupted and unrefueled solo circumnavigation of the world in any kind of aircraft). He set, with co-pilot Terry Delore, 10 of the 21 Glider Open records, including the first 2,000 km Out-and-Return, the first 1,500 km Triangle and the longest Straight Distance flights. His achievements as a jet pilot in a Cessna Citation X include records for U.S. Transcontinental, Australia Transcontinental, and Round-the-World westbound non-supersonic flights. Prior to Fossett's aviation records, no pilot had held world records in more than one class of aircraft; Fossett held them in four classes.

In 2005, Fossett made the first solo, nonstop unrefueled circumnavigation of the world in an airplane, in 67 hours in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, a single-engine jet aircraft.

In 2006, he again circumnavigated the globe nonstop and unrefueled in 76 hours, 45 minutes in the GlobalFlyer, setting the record for the longest flight by any aircraft in history with a distance of 25,766 statute miles (41,467 km).

He set 91 aviation world records ratified by Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, of which 36 stand, plus 23 sailing world records ratified by the World Sailing Speed Record Council.

On August 29, 2006, he set the world altitude record for gliders over El Calafate, Argentina at 15460 m.

Balloon pilot

On February 21, 1995, Fossett landed in Leader, Saskatchewan, Canada, after taking off from South Korea, becoming the first person to make a solo flight across the Pacific Ocean in a balloon.

In 2002, he became the first person to fly around the world alone, nonstop in any kind of aircraft. He launched the 10-story high balloon Spirit of Freedom from Northam, Western Australia on June 19, 2002 and returned to Australia on July 3, 2002, subsequently landing in Queensland. Duration and distance of this solo balloon flight was 13 days, 8 hours, 33 minutes (14 days 19 hours 50 minutes to landing), 20,626.48 statute miles (33,195.10 km). The balloon dragged him along the ground for 20 minutes at the end of the flight. Only the capsule survived the landing; it was taken to the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., where it was displayed. The control center for the mission was in Brookings Hall at Washington University in St. Louis. Fossett's top speed during the flight was 186 mi/h over the Indian Ocean. The trip set a number of records for ballooning: Fastest (200 mph, breaking his own previous record of 166 mph), Fastest Around the World (13.5 days), Longest Distance Flown Solo in a Balloon (20482.26 mi), and 24-Hour Balloon Distance (3186.80 mi on July 1).

While Fossett had financed five previous tries himself, his successful record-setting flight was sponsored by Bud Light. In the end, Fossett actually made money on all his balloon flights. He bought a contingency insurance policy for $500,000 that would pay him $3 million if he succeeded in the flight. Along with sponsorship, that payout meant that in the end Fossett did not have to spend any of his money other than for initial expenses.

Sailor
Fossett was one of sailing's most prolific distance record holders. Speed sailing was his specialty and from 1993 to 2004 he dominated the record sheets, setting 23 official world records and nine distance race records. He is recognized by the World Sailing Speed Record Council as "the world's most accomplished speed sailor".

On the maxi-catamaran Cheyenne (formerly named PlayStation), Fossett twice set the prestigious 24 Hour Record of Sailing. In October 2001, Fossett and his crew set a transatlantic record of 4 days 17 hours, shattering the previous record by 43 hours 35 minutes; an increase in average speed of nearly seven knots.

In early 2004, Fossett, as skipper, set the Around the world sailing record of 58 days, 9 hours in Cheyenne with a crew of 13. In 2007, Fossett held the world record for crossing the Pacific Ocean in his 125 ft sailboat, the PlayStation, which he accomplished on his fourth try.

Complete Summary of Sailing Records

13 Outright World Records: 2 Singlehanded World Records: 9 Race Records: Singlehanded Race Record: World Records set but later beaten:
 * Round Ireland	44 h 42 min 20 s	Sep 1993
 * Hawaii-Japan	13 d 20 h 9 min	July-Aug 1995
 * Pacific Ocean East to West	16 d 17 h 21 min	Aug 1995
 * Newport-Bermuda	1 d 14 h 35 min 53 s	Jan 2000
 * Miami-New York	2 d 5 h 54 min 42 s	May 2001
 * TransAtlantic	4 d 17 h 28 min 6 s (25.78 kn)	Oct 2001
 * Isle of Wight	2 h 33 min 55 s	Nov 2001
 * Fastnet Course	35 h 17 min 14 s	Mar 2002
 * Plymouth-LaRochelle	16 h 41 min 40 s	Apr 2002
 * TransMed (Marseilles-Carthage)	18 h 46 min 48 s	May 2002
 * Round Britain & Ireland	4 d 16 h 9 min 36 s	Oct 2002
 * TransAt-Discovery Route	9 d 13 h 30 min 18 s	Feb 2003
 * Round the World	58 d 9 h 32 min 45 s	Feb-April 2004
 * Pacific Ocean (Yokohama-SF)-World	20 d 9 h 52 min	Aug 1996
 * Newport-Bermuda-World	40 h 51 min 54 s	Jun 1999
 * Long Beach-Cabo San Lucas	3 d 2 h 59 min	Nov 1995
 * Swiftsure	14 h 35 min 29 s	May 1997
 * Windjammers (SF-Santa Cruz)	4 h 41 min 2 s	Aug 1997
 * San Diego-Puerto Vallarta	62 h 20 min 11 s	Feb 1998
 * Newport-Ensenada	6 h 46 min 40 s (18.45 kn)	Apr 1998
 * Chicago-Mackinac	18 h 50 min 32 s	Jul 1998
 * Pineapple Cup (Ft Lauderdale-Montego Bay)	2 d 20 h 8 min 5 s	Feb 1999
 * Round St. Martin (Heineken)	2 h 4 min 23 s	Mar 2003
 * California-Hawaii (Singlehanded Transpac) – Race	7 d 22 h 38 min	July 1998
 * Isle of Wight	3 h 35 min 38 s	Sep 1994
 * Round Britain & Ireland	5 d 21 h 5 min 27 s	Oct 1994
 * Transpac	6 d 16 h 7 min 16 s	July 1995
 * Pacific Ocean Record (Crewed)	16 d 17 h 21 min 19 s	Aug 1995
 * 24 Hour Record	580.23 nmi (24.18 kn)	Mar 1999
 * 24 Hour Record	687.17 nmi (28.63 kn)	Oct 2001
 * Cowes-St. Malo	6 h 21 min 54 s	Dec 2001

At the time of his death a submarine, DeepFlight Challenger, was under construction to enable Fossett to be the first solo submariner to reach the Challenger Deep.

Airship pilot
Fossett set the Absolute World Speed Record for airships on October 27, 2004. The new record for fastest flight was accomplished with a Zeppelin NT, at a recorded average speed of 62.2 kn. The previous record was 50.1 kn set in 2001 in a Virgin airship. In 2006, Fossett was one of only 17 pilots in the world licensed to fly the Zeppelin.

GlobalFlyer

Fossett made the first solo nonstop unrefueled fixed-wing aircraft flight around the world between February 28 and March 3, 2005. He took off from Salina, Kansas, where he was assisted by faculty members and students from Kansas State University, and flew eastbound with the prevailing winds, returning to Salina after 67 hours, 1 minute, 10 seconds, without refueling or making intermediate landings. His average speed of 342.2 mph was also the absolute world record for "speed around the world, nonstop and non-refueled." His aircraft, the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer, had a carbon fiber reinforced plastic airframe with a single Williams FJ44 turbofan engine. It was designed and built by Burt Rutan and his company, Scaled Composites, for long-distance solo flight. The fuel fraction, the weight of the fuel divided by the weight of the aircraft at take-off, was 83 percent.

On February 11, 2006, Fossett set the absolute world record for "distance without landing" by flying from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, around the world eastbound, then upon returning to Florida continuing across the Atlantic a second time to land in Bournemouth, England. The official distance was 25,766 statute miles (41,467 km) and the duration was 76 hours 45 minutes.

The next month, Fossett made a third flight around the world in order to break the absolute record for "Distance over a closed circuit without landing" (with takeoff and landing at the same airport). He took off from Salina, Kansas on March 14, 2006 and returned on March 17, 2006 after flying 25,262 statute miles (40,655 km).

There are only seven absolute world records for fixed-wing aircraft recognized by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale and Fossett broke three of them in the Virgin Atlantic GlobalFlyer. All three records were previously held by Dick Rutan and Jeana Yeager from their flight in the Voyager in 1986. Fossett contributed the GlobalFlyer to the Smithsonian Institution's permanent collection. It is on display at the Udvar-Hazy Center of the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum. Fossett flew the plane to the Center and taxied the plane to the front door.

Transcontinental aircraft records
Fossett set two U.S. transcontinental fixed-wing aircraft records in the same day. On February 5, 2003, Fossett and co-pilot Doug Travis flew his Cessna Citation X jet from San Diego, California to Charleston, South Carolina in 2 hours, 56 minutes, 20 seconds, at an average speed of 726.83 mph to smash the transcontinental record for non-supersonic jets.

He returned to San Diego, then flew the same course as co-pilot for fellow adventurer Joe Ritchie in Ritchie's turboprop Piaggio Avanti. Their time was 3 hours, 51 minutes, 52 seconds, an average speed of 546.44 mph, which broke the previous turboprop transcontinental record held by Chuck Yeager and Renald Davenport.

Fossett also set the east-to-west transcontinental record for non-supersonic fixed-wing aircraft on September 17, 2000. He flew from Jacksonville, Florida to San Diego, California in 3 hours, 29 minutes, at an average speed of 591.96 mph.

First trans-Atlantic flight re-enactment
On July 2, 2005, Fossett and co-pilot Mark Rebholz recreated the first nonstop crossing of the Atlantic which was made by the British team of John Alcock and Arthur Whitten Brown in June 1919 in a Vickers Vimy biplane. Their flight from St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada to Clifden, County Galway, Ireland in the open cockpit Vickers Vimy replica took 18 hours 25 minutes with 13 hours flown in instrument flight conditions. Because there was no airport in Clifden, Fossett and Rebholz landed on the 8th fairway of the Connemara Golf Links.

Glider records
The team of Steve Fossett and Terry Delore (NZ) set ten official world records in gliders while flying in three major locations: New Zealand, Argentina, and Nevada, United States. An asterisk (*) indicates records subsequently broken by other pilots.

 * 1,000 km Out-and-Return World Record* 166.46 km/h, December 12, 2002.
 * 750 Kilometer Triangle World Record* 171.29 km/h, July 29, 2003.
 * 1,250 Kilometer Triangle U.S. National Record 143.48 km/h, July 30, 2003. Exceeded world record by 0.01 km/h.
 * 1,500 km Out-and-Return World Record* 156.61 km/h, November 14, 2003.
 * Out-and-Return Distance (Declared) World Record* 1,804.7 km, November 14, 2003.
 * Out and Return Distance (Free) World Record* 2,002.44 km, November 14, 2003.
 * 500 Kilometer Triangle World Record* 187.12 km/h, November 15, 2003.
 * 1,500 Kilometer Triangle World Record 119.11 km/h, December 13, 2003.
 * Triangle Distance (Declared) World Record* 1,502.6 km, December 13, 2003.
 * Triangle Distance (Free) World Record* 1,509.7 km, December 13, 2003.
 * Distance (Free) World Record 2,192.9 km, December 4, 2004.

Fossett and co-pilot Einar Enevoldson flew a glider into the stratosphere on August 29, 2006. The flight set the Absolute Altitude Record for gliders at 15460 m. Since the glider cockpit was unpressurized, the pilots wore full pressure suits (similar to space suits) so that they would be able to fly to altitudes above 45000 ft. Fossett and Enevoldson had made previous attempts in three countries over a period of five years before finally succeeding with this record flight. This endeavor is known as the Perlan Project.

Cross-country skiing
As a young adventurer, Fossett was one of the first participants in the Worldloppet, a series of cross-country ski marathons around the world. While he had little experience as a skier, he was in the first group of 'citizen athletes' to participate in the series debut in 1979. And in 1980, he became the eighth skier to complete all 10 of the long distance races, earning a Worldloppet medallion. He has also set cross-country skiing records in Colorado, setting an Aspen to Vail record of 59 h, 53 min, 30 s in February 1998, and an Aspen to Eagle record of 12 hr, 29 min in February 2001.

Mountain climbing
Fossett was a lifelong mountain climber and had climbed the highest peaks on six of the seven continents. In the 1980s, he became friends with Patrick Morrow, who was attempting to climb the highest peaks on all seven continents for the "Seven Summits" world record, which Morrow achieved in 1985. Fossett accompanied Morrow for his last three peaks, including Vinson Massif in Antarctica, Carstensz Pyramid in Oceania, and Elbrus in Europe. While Fossett went on to climb almost all of the Seven Summits peaks himself, he declined to climb Mount Everest in 1992 due to asthma. He later returned to Antarctica to climb again.

Other accomplishments
Fossett competed in and completed premier endurance sports events, including the 1165 mi Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race, in which he finished 47th on his second try in 1992 after training for five years. He became the 270th person to swim across the English Channel on his fourth try in September 1985 with a time of 22 hours, 15 minutes. Although Fossett said he was not a good enough swimmer "to make the varsity swim team", he found that he could swim for long periods. Fossett competed in the Ironman Triathlon in Hawaii (finishing in 1996 in 15:53:10), the Boston Marathon, and the Leadville Trail 100, a 100 mi Colorado ultramarathon which involves running up to elevations of more than 12,600 ft in the Rocky Mountains.

Fossett raced cars in the mid-1970s and later returned to the sport in the 1990s. He competed in the 24 hours of Le Mans road race in 1993 and in 1996, along with the  Dakar Rally.

Previous attempts at records
Fossett tried six times over seven years for the first solo balloon circumnavigation. His fifth attempt cost him $1.25 million of his own money; his sixth and successful attempt was commercially sponsored. Two of the attempts were launched from Busch Memorial Stadium in St. Louis, Missouri. Washington University in St. Louis served as control center for four of the six flights, including the record-breaking one.

In 1998, one of the unsuccessful attempts at the ballooning record ended with a five-mile (8 km) plummet into the Coral Sea off the coast of Australia that nearly killed Fossett; he waited 72 hours to be rescued, at a cost of $500,000. The first attempt began in the Black Hills of South Dakota and ended outside Hampton, New Brunswick 1800 mi later. The second attempt, launched from Busch Stadium, cost $300,000 and lasted 9600 mi before being downed halfway in a tree in India; the trip set records at the time for duration and distance of flight (with Fossett doubling his own previous record) and was called Solo Spirit after Lindbergh's Spirit of St. Louis. Fossett slept an average of two hours a night for the six-day journey, conducted in below-zero temperatures. After taking too much fuel to cross the Atlantic Ocean and circling Libya for 12 hours while officials decided whether or not to allow him into their airspace, Fossett did not have enough fuel to finish the flight. That year, Fossett flew farther for less money than better-financed expeditions (including one supported by Virgin Galactic founder Richard Branson) in part due to his ability to fly in an unpressurized capsule, a result of his heavy physical training at high altitudes. The Solo Spirit capsule was put on display at the Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum across from the Apollo 11 command module.

In 2006, Fossett purchased the Formula Shell LSRV Spirit of America from former land speed record holder Craig Breedlove. He rechristened the vehicle the Spirit of America Sonic Arrow and set about making improvements to the vehicle to break the land speed record. Fosset was initially unable to break even 675 mph with the vehicle but eventually hoped to raise its top speed to 800 mph and even 900 mph. After his disappearance and death, his team's efforts continued until 2008. The vehicle was put up for auction in 2010.

Scouting
Fossett grew up in Garden Grove, California and earned the Eagle Scout award in 1957. He credited his experience in Scouting as a foundation for much of his later success. "As a Scout, I learned how to set goals and achieve them," he once said. "Being a Scout also taught me leadership at a young age when there are few opportunities to be a leader. Scouting values have remained with me throughout my life, in my business career, and now as I take on new challenges." In his later years, he was described as a "legend" by fellow Scouts. As a national BSA volunteer, he served as Chairman of the Northern Tier High Adventure Committee, Chairman of the Venturing Committee, member of the Philmont Ranch Committee, and member of the National Advisory Council. He later became a member of the BSA National Executive Board, and in 2007, Fossett succeeded Secretary of Defense Robert Gates as president of the National Eagle Scout Association. Fossett previously had served on the World Scout Committee.

Fossett was honored with the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 1992. In 1999, he received the Silver Buffalo Award, BSA's highest recognition of service to youth.

Awards and honors
In 2002, Fossett received aviation's highest award, the Gold Medal of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) and in July 2007, he was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame. He was presented at the ceremony by Dick Rutan.

In 1997, Fossett was inducted into the Balloon and Airship Hall of Fame. In February 2002, Fossett was named America's Rolex Yachtsman of the Year by the American Sailing Association at the New York Yacht Club. He was the oldest recipient of the award in its 41-year history, and the only recipient to fly himself to the ceremony in his own plane.

He received the Explorers Medal from the Explorers Club following his solo balloon circumnavigation. He was given the Diplôme de Montgolfier by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale in 1996. He received the Harmon Trophy, given annually "to the world's outstanding aviator and aeronaut", in 1998 and 2002. He received the Grande Médaille of the Aéro-Club de France, and the British Royal Aero Club's Gold Medal in 2002. He received the Order of Magellan and the French Republic's Médaille de l'Aéronautique in 2003.

The White Knight Two VMS Spirit of Steve Fossett was named in Fossett's honor by his friend Richard Branson in late 2007. Following his disappearance, Peggy Fossett and Dick Rutan accepted the Spread Wings Award on Fossett's behalf at the 2007 Spreading Wings Gala, Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum, Denver, Colorado.

In 2010, Fossett was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.

Disappearance and search
At 8:45 a.m. on the morning of Monday, September 3, 2007, Fossett took off in a single-engine Champion 8KCAB Super Decathlon light aircraft from the Flying-M Ranch private airstrip, near Smith Valley, Nevada. When he failed to return, searches were launched about six hours later. There was no signal from the plane's emergency locator transmitter (ELT) designed to be automatically activated in the event of a crash, but it was of an older type notorious for failing to operate after a crash.

It was first thought that Fossett may have also been wearing a Breitling Emergency watch with a manually operated ELT that had a range of up to 90 mi, but no signal was received from it. On September 13, Fossett's wife, Peggy, issued a statement clarifying that he owned such a watch but was not wearing it when he took off for the Labor Day flight.

Fossett took off with enough fuel for four to five hours of flight, according to spokesperson Major Cynthia S. Ryan, Public Information Officer with the Civil Air Patrol (CAP). Searchers with CAP were told that Fossett had gone out for a short flight, possibly including the areas of Lucky Boy Pass and Walker Lake. Civil Air Patrol Major Cynthia Ryan suggested that he might have been out scouting for potential sites to conduct a planned land speed run though Fossett's wife said the flight was a pleasure trip. Fossett apparently did not file a flight plan and was not required to do so.

On the second day, Civil Air Patrol aircraft searched but found no trace of wreckage after initiating a complex and expanding search of what later evolved into a nearly 20000 sqmi area of some of the most rugged terrain in North America. On the first day of CAP searching, operations were suspended by mid-day due to high winds, according to Ryan. By the fourth day, the CAP was using fourteen aircraft in the search effort, including one equipped with the ARCHER system that could automatically scan detailed imaging for a given signature of the missing aircraft.

By September 10, search crews reported eight previously unidentified crash sites, some of which were decades old. After accounting for double-counted sites and prior wrecks recorded by the NTSB, this was reduced to three previously undiscovered plane wrecks. The urgency of what was still regarded as a rescue mission meant that minimal immediate effort was made to identify the aircraft in the uncharted crash sites, although some had speculated that one could have belonged to Charles Clifford Ogle, missing since 1964. About two dozen aircraft were involved in the massive search, operating from the primary search base at Minden, Nevada, with a secondary search base located at Bishop, California.

On September 7, Google Inc. helped the search for the aviator through its connections to contractors that provide satellite imagery for its Google Earth software. British entrepreneur Richard Branson, a friend of Fossett, said he and others were coordinating efforts with Google to see if any of the high-resolution images might include Fossett's aircraft.

On September 8, the first of a series of new high-resolution imagery from DigitalGlobe was made available via the Amazon Mechanical Turk beta website so that users could flag potential areas of interest for searching. By September 11, up to 50,000 people had joined the effort, scrutinizing more than 300,000 278-square-foot (278 ft2) squares of the imagery. Peter Cohen of Amazon believed that by September 11, the entire search area had been covered at least once.

Amazon's search effort was shut down the week of October 29, without any measurable success. Major Cynthia Ryan later said it had been more of a hindrance than a help. She said that persons purporting to have seen the aircraft on the Mechanical Turk or have special knowledge clogged her email during critical days of the search, and for even months afterward. Many of the ostensible sightings proved to be images of CAP aircraft flying search grids, or simply mistaken artifacts of old images.

Psychics flooded the search base in Minden with predictions of where the aviator could be found. One man from Canada was particularly persistent with daily calls to Ryan. Ryan noted that every message, letter, or phone call was taken seriously, which swamped the USAF specialists assigned the task of reviewing every one of them without regard to apparent plausibility. In retrospect, the crowdsource effort was "not ready for prime time", according to Ryan.

On September 12, survival experts speculated that Fossett was likely to be dead.

On September 17, the Nevada Wing of the Civil Air Patrol said it was suspending all flights in connection with its search operations, but National Guard search flights, private search flights and ground searches continued.

The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) began a preliminary investigation into the likely crash of the plane that Fossett was flying. The preliminary report stated that Fossett was "presumed fatally injured and the aircraft substantially damaged", but was subsequently revised to remove that assumption. Branson made similar public statements.

On September 19, 2007, authorities confirmed they would stop actively looking for Fossett in the Nevada Desert, but would keep air crews on standby to fly to possible crash sites. On September 30, it was announced that after further analysis of radar data from the day of his disappearance, ground teams and two aircraft had resumed the search.

On October 2, 2007, the Civil Air Patrol announced it had called off its search operation. Ryan later noted that the search was the largest, most complex peacetime search for an individual in U.S. history.

In July 2008, Simon Donato's Team Adventure Science searched for a week on the Nevada–California border. On August 23, 2008, almost a year after Fossett disappeared, twenty-eight friends and admirers conducted a foot search based on new information and computer modeling. That search concluded on September 10.

Search and rescue costs
On May 1, 2008, the Las Vegas Review-Journal attributed to Nevada State Governor Jim Gibbons' spokesman, Ben Kieckhefer, the Governor's decision to direct the state to charge Steve Fossett's family for the $687,000 expense of the search for Fossett. Kieckhefer later played that early report down, when he told the Tahoe Daily Tribune that Nevada did not intend to demand an involuntary payment from Fossett's widow, but that such a payment would be voluntary: "We are going to request that they help offset some of these expenses, considering the scope of the search, the overall cost as well as our ongoing budget difficulties." Hotelier Barron Hilton, from whose ranch Fossett had departed on the day he went missing, had previously volunteered $200,000 to help pay for the search costs.

In his later comments to the Tahoe Daily Tribune, Kieckhefer denied outright that a bill for the family was being prepared. Kieckefer said, "It will probably be in the form of a letter", which he indicated would include a financial outline of the steps taken by the state, the associated costs, and a mention of the state's ongoing budget difficulties.

Days prior to this announcement, state Emergency Management Director Frank Siracusa noted that "there is no precedent where government will go after people for costs just because they have money to pay for it. You get lost, and we look for you. It is a service your taxpayer dollars pay for", although he conceded that legally any decision would rest with Gibbons.

At an April 10, 2008 Legislature's Interim Finance Committee hearing, Siracusa indicated that he had hired an independent auditor to review costs incurred by the state in searching for Fossett, but added, "We are doing an audit but not because we are critical of anybody or suspect something was done wrong". Chairman Morse Arberry queried Siracusa as to why, since they lacked funds, had the state not billed the Fossett family for its search costs, to which Siracusa did not directly respond.

In a later interview with the Las Vegas Review-Journal, Siracusa stated that his comments to the Committee may have given the false impression that he had hired an auditor for the purpose of later challenging the state's financial burden incurred on its behalf by the National Guard during the search operation. Upon interview regarding reports that the state would seek payment, Arberry was recorded as stating that he was glad to hear steps were being taken to try to recoup some of the costs.

The Nevada search cost $1.6 million, "the largest search and rescue effort ever conducted for a person within the U.S." Jim Gibbons asked Fossett's estate to shoulder $487,000, but it declined, saying Fossett's wife had already spent $1 million on private searching.

Recovery of wreckage and remains

On September 29, 2008, a hiker found three crumpled identification cards in the eastern Sierra Nevada in California about 65 mi south (186 degrees) of Fossett's take-off site. The items were confirmed as belonging to Fossett and included an FAA-issued card, his Soaring Society of America membership card and $1,005 in cash.

On October 1, late in the day, air search teams spotted wreckage on the ground at an elevation of 10100 ft, about 750 yd from where the personal items had been found. Later that evening the teams confirmed identification of the tail number of Fossett's plane.

The crash site is located on the western side of a ridge (Volcanic Ridge) whose orientation is northwest/southeast, at 37.66667°N, -119.13333°W. The site is about 300 ft below the crest of the ridge. The steep terrain was sparsely forested with Ponderosa pines averaging 40 ft to 60 ft tall. Numerous boulders and rock outcrops surrounded by grassy areas covered the ground.

The crash site is within the Ansel Adams Wilderness in Madera County, California. Other named places near the site include Minaret Mine (2000 ft west), Emily Lake (0.7 mi northeast), Minaret Lake (1.8 mi west-southwest), the Minaret peaks (3 mi west), Devils Postpile National Monument (4.5 mi southeast), and the town of Mammoth Lakes (the nearest populated place, 9 mi east-southeast). The site is 10 mi east of Yosemite National Park.

Over the next two days, ground searchers found four bone fragments that were about 2 by in size. However, the bones were found to be either not human or too small for DNA tests.

On October 29, search teams recovered two large human bones that they suspected might belong to Fossett. These bones were found 0.5 mi east of the crash site. Tennis shoes with animal bite marks on them were also recovered.

On November 3, California police coroners said that DNA profiling of the two bones by a California Department of Justice forensics laboratory confirmed a match to Fossett's DNA. Madera County Sheriff John Anderson said Fossett would have died on impact in such a crash, and that it was not unusual for animals to drag remains away.

NTSB report and findings
On March 5, 2009, the NTSB issued its report and findings. The report states that the plane crashed at an elevation of about 10000 ft, 300 ft below the crest of the ridge. The elevation of peaks in the area exceeded 13000 ft. However, the density altitude in the area at the time and place of the crash was estimated to be 12700 ft.

The aircraft, a tandem two-seater, was nearly 30 years old and Fossett had flown approximately 40 hours in this type. The plane's operating manual says that at an altitude of 13000 ft the rate of climb would be 300 feet per minute (about 1.5 m/s).

The NTSB report says that "a meteorologist from Salinas provided a numerical simulation of the conditions in the accident area using the WRF-ARW (Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting) numerical model. At 0930 [the approximate time of the crash] the model displayed downdrafts in that area of approximately 300 feet per minute." There was no evidence of equipment failure.

The report stated that a postmortem examination of the skeletal fragments had been performed under the auspices of the Madera County Sheriff's Department. The cause of death was determined to be multiple traumatic injuries. The ELT was destroyed by the crash.

On July 9, 2009, the NTSB declared the probable cause of the crash as "the pilot's inadvertent encounter with downdrafts that exceeded the climb capability of the airplane. Contributing to the accident were the downdrafts, high density altitude, and mountainous terrain."

title: Steve Fossett


text:
Loa loa

Loa loa is a filarial (arthropod-borne) nematode (roundworm) that causes Loa loa filariasis. Loa loa actually means "worm worm", but is commonly known as the "eye worm", as it localizes to the conjunctiva of the eye. Loa loa is commonly found in Africa. It mainly inhabits rain forests in West Africa and has native origins in Ethiopia. The disease caused by Loa loa is called loiasis and is one of the neglected tropical diseases.

L. loa is one of three parasitic filarial nematodes that cause subcutaneous filariasis in humans. The other two are Mansonella streptocerca and Onchocerca volvulus (causes river blindness).

Maturing larvae and adults of the "eye worm" occupy the subcutaneous layer of the skin – the fat layer – of humans, causing disease. The L. loa adult worm which travels under the skin can survive up to 10–15 years, causing inflammations known as Calabar swellings. The adult worm travels under the skin, where the female deposits the microfilariae which can develop in the host’s blood within 5 to 6 months and can survive up to 17 years. The young larvae, or microfilariae, develop in horseflies of the genus Chrysops (deer flies, yellow flies), including the species C. dimidiata and C. silacea, which infect humans by biting them. After bites from these infected flies, the microfilariae are unique in that they travel in the peripheral blood during the day and migrate into the lungs at night.

Morphology
L. loa worms have a simple structure consisting of a head (which lacks lips), a body, and a blunt tail. The outer body of the worm is composed of a cuticle with 3 main layers made up of collagen and other compounds which aid in protecting the nematodes while they are inside the digestive system of their host. Juveniles have a similar appearance to adult worms, but are significantly smaller. Male adults range from 20 to 34 mm long and 350 to 430 μm wide. Female adults range from 20 to 70 mm long and can be about 425 μm wide. They vary in color.

Lifecycle
The human is the definitive host, in which the parasitic worms attain sexual maturity, mate, and produce microfilariae. The flies serve as intermediate hosts in which the microfilariae undergo part of their morphological development, and then are borne to the next definitive host.

Two species of Chrysops deerflies, C. silacea and C. dimidiata, are the main vectors for this filariasis.
 * 1) A fly bearing third-stage filarial larvae in its proboscis infects the human host through the bite wound.
 * 2) After entering the human host, the larvae mature into adults, commonly in subcutaneous tissue. Adult females measure about 40 to 70 mm in length and 0.5 mm in diameter. Males measure some 30 to 34 mm by 0.35 to 0.43 mm.
 * 3) The adult female produces large numbers of microfilariae, about 250 to 300  μm in length and 6-8 μm in width. She continues to do so continuously for her lifetime, which typically spans several years.
 * 4) Microfilariae tend to reside within spinal fluids, urine, and sputum; by day, they also circulate in the bloodstream. Apart from their presence in bodily fluids, however, microfilariae in the noncirculating phase also occur in the lungs.
 * 5) The vector fly ingests microfilariae while feeding on the host's blood.
 * 6) Once inside the vector, the microfilaria sheds its sheaths and escapes through the walls of the midgut into the fly’s haemocoel.
 * 7) It then migrates through the hemolymph into the wing muscles in the fly's thorax.
 * 8) In the thoracic muscles, the microfilaria develops successively into a first-stage larva, second-stage larva, and finally into the infectious third-stage larva.
 * 9) The third-stage larva migrates to the fly’s proboscis.
 * 10) Once the larva is established in the proboscis and the fly takes its next human blood meal, the cycle of infection continues.

Signs and symptoms
Usually, about five months are needed for larvae (transferred from a fly) to mature into adult worms, which they can only do inside the human body. The most common display of infection is the localized allergic inflammations called Calabar or Cameroon swellings that signify the migration of the adult worm in the tissues away from the injection site by the vector. The migration does not cause significant damage to the host and is referred to as benign. However, these swellings can be painful, as they are mostly found near the joints.

Although most infections with L. loa are asymptomatic, symptoms generally do not appear until years, or even more than a decade, after the bite from an infected fly. However, symptoms can appear as early as four months after a bite. These parasites have a diurnal periodicity in which they circulate in the peripheral blood during the daytime, but migrate to vascular parts of the lungs during the night, where they are considered non circulatory. Therefore, the appearing and disappearing characteristics of this parasite can cause recurrent swelling that can cause painful enlargements of cysts in the connective tissue surrounding tendons. Additionally, chronic abscesses can be caused by the dying worms.

The most visual sign of an adult worm infections is when the worm crosses the sclera of the eye, which causes significant pain to the host and is usually associated with inflammation and less likely, blindness. Eye worms typically cause little eye damage and last a few hours to a week. Other tissues in which this worm can be found includes: the penis, testes, nipples, bridge of the nose, kidneys, and heart. The worms in these locations are not always externally visible.

Risk factors
People at the highest risk for acquiring loiasis are those who live in the rainforests of West or Central Africa. Furthermore, the probability of getting bitten by a deerfly increases during the day and during rainy seasons. The flies are also attracted to smoke from wood fires. These flies do not commonly enter houses, but they are attracted to the houses that are well lit, so will congregate outside.

Travelers can be infected in less than 30 days after arriving in an affected area, although they are more likely to be infected whilst being bitten by multiple deerflies over the course of many months. Men are more susceptible than women due to their increased exposure to the vectors during activities such as farming, hunting, and fishing.

Diagnosis
The main methods of diagnosis include the presence of microfilariae in the blood, the presence of a worm in the eye, and the presence of skin swellings. However, in cases where none of those is the case, a blood count can be done. Patients with infections have a higher number of blood cells, namely eosinophils, as well as high IgE levels that indicate an active infection with helminth parasites. Due to the migration of microfilariae during the day, the accuracy of a blood test can be increased when samples are taken between 10 am and 2 pm. A Giemsa stain is the most commonly used diagnostic test that uses a thick blood smear to count the microfilariae. Other than blood, microfilariae can also be observed in urine and saliva samples.

Treatment
Adult worms found in the eye can be surgically removed with forceps after being paralyzed with a topical anesthesia. The worm is not paralyzed completely, so if it is not extracted quickly, it can vanish upon attempting extraction.

Ivermectin has become the most common antiparasitic agent used worldwide, but can lead to residual microfilarial load when given in the management of loiasis. Treatment with ivermectin has shown to produce severe adverse neurological consequences in some cases. These treatment complications can be increased in individuals co-infected with onchocerciasis. Some of these patients experienced cases of coma and resultant encephalopathy, parkinsonism, and death. After about 12 hours, the first signs start to appear and include fatigue, pain in joints, mutism, and incontinence. Severe disorders of the consciousness start to develop after about a day.

Although Ivermectin is a common treatment for loiasis, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) recommends treatment with diethylcarbamazine (DEC). Symptoms may be resolved with as little as 1–2 courses of DEC. DEC is chosen over Ivermectin because evidence supports its ability to kill both the adult worms and the microfilariae, which are the main cause of the severe neurological problems mentioned above. In some cases, albendazole may also be an effective treatment used to reduce the microfilariae prior to treatment with DEC. The body's response to albendazole is slow, so the patient being treated must be monitored closely and frequently to ensure it is effective.

Prevention
Currently, no control programs or vaccines for loiasis are available. However, diethylcarbamazine treatment is suggested to the reduce risk of infection. Avoiding areas where the vectors, deerflies, are found also reduces risk. This includes swamps, bogs, and shaded areas near rivers or near wood fires. Fly bites can be reduced by using insect repellents such as DEET and wearing long sleeves and pants during the daytime. Permethrin treatment on clothes is an additional repellent that could be used. Also, using malaria nets can reduce the number of fly bites acquired.

Epidemiology
Reports of microfilaremia have been made in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria, and Sudan, and possibly rare cases in Chad, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Uganda, and Zambia. Of the 10 countries that have high rates of infection, about 40% of the people who live in the area have reported being infected with the worm in the past. The population in high-risk areas is about 14.4 million; in addition, 15.2 million people live in areas where around 20–40% of people admitted to having the worm in the past.

Epidemiological studies have been emphasized in the western part of Africa. In this area, the disease is considered endemic. A study conducted by the Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment in 2002 had a sample of 1458 persons, spanning 16 different villages, and found Loa loa presence in these villages ranging from 2.22 to 19.23% of the population. The disease was found to be slightly more prevalent in men.

In a different country in western Africa, a cross-sectional community survey was conducted in Gabon, Africa. The study was performed by the department of Tsamba-Magotsi from August 2008 to February 2009. The study of 1,180 subjects evaluated the presence of microfilaria using microscopy. The carriage rate of L. loa in the subjects tested was 5%. This rate falls within the range of the study listed above.

In the western part of Africa, an increase in prevalence has been associated with the distribution of ivermectin, which is used to prevent the infection of onchocerciasis, which is also very prevalent in the same region. Patients with L. loa who are treated with ivermectin have extreme adverse effects, including death. Therefore, a prevalence mapping system was created called REMO. REMO is used to determine which areas to distribute the ivermectin based on lower levels of L. loa prevalence. The area discovered to be the most overlapping was where Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo overlap.

A study performed to review reported cases of L. loa in nonendemic countries in the past 25 years reviewed 102 cases of imported loiasis, 61 of them from Europe and 31 from the US. Three-quarters of the infestations were acquired in three countries considered endemic: Cameroon, Nigeria, and Gabon. In the subjects viewed, peripheral blood microfilariae were detected 61.4% of the time, eye worm migration 53.5% of the time, and Calabar swellings 41.6% of the time. A trend appeared in the symptoms of the patients where Calabar swellings and eosinophilia were more common among travelers. African immigrants tended to have microfilaremia. Eye worm migration was observed in a similar proportion between the two groups. Only 35 of the patients underwent clinical follow-up. The researchers concluded that L. loa would end up migrating to Europe and the United States, due to increased travel to already endemic regions.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Loa loa


text:
Diethylcarbamazine

Diethylcarbamazine is a medication used in the treatment of filariasis including lymphatic filariasis, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia, and loiasis. It may also be used for prevention of loiasis in those at high risk. While it has been used for onchocerciasis (river blindness), ivermectin is preferred. It is taken by mouth.

Common side effects include itching, facial swelling, headaches, and feeling tired. Other side effects include vision loss and dizziness. It is a recommended treatment in pregnancy and appears to be safe for the baby. The World Health Organization; however, recommends waiting until after pregnancy for treatment when feasible. It is made from 4-methyl-piperazine.

Diethylcarbamazine was discovered in 1947 by Yellapragada Subbarow. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is not commercially available in the United States but can be acquired from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Medical uses
Diethylcarbamazine is indicated for the treatment of people with certain filarial diseases, including lymphatic filariasis caused by infection with Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori; loiasis and tropical pulmonary eosinophilia. The WHO recommends prescribing diethylcarbamazine to people who are infected with microfilariae of filarial parasites and also to control transmission of infection in filariasis-endemic areas.

In India and China, diethylcarbamazine has been added to salt to combat lymphatic filariasis.

Contraindications
Contraindications are previous history of heart problems, gastrointestinal problems, and allergies.

Diethylcarbamazine is contraindicated in patients who may have onchocerciasis, due to the risk of the Mazzotti reaction.

Mechanism
Diethylcarbamazine is an inhibitor of arachidonic acid metabolism in microfilariae. This makes the microfilariae more susceptible to innate immune attack, but does not kill the parasites outright.

Brand names
Brand names include Hetrazan, Carbilazine, Caricide, Cypip, Ethodryl, Notézine, Spatonin, Filaribits, Banocide Forte, and Eofil.

Veterinary uses
Diethylcarbamazine is used to prevent heartworm in dogs.

title: Diethylcarbamazine


text:
Naseby

Naseby is a village in West Northamptonshire, England. The population of the civil parish at the 2011 Census was 687.

The village is 14 mi north of Northampton, 13.3 mi northeast of Daventry, and 7 mi south of Market Harborough.

Geography
The village sits in a commanding position on one of the highest parts of the Northamptonshire Uplands, close to the county border with Leicestershire.

Early history
The original settlement probably owes its existence to its geography; the village lay in a strong defensive position. In the 6th century a Saxon named Hnaef established the settlement with the name of Hnaefes-Burgh ("fortified place of Hnaef"). Evidence for these origins came in the form of a 19th-century discovery of an Anglo-Saxon trefoil-headed brooch which is now in the collection of the British Museum.

Domesday Book to the Black Death
In 1086 Naseby appeared in the Domesday Book, by which time Hnaefes-Burgh had evolved into Navesberie. In later records the village had been known as Navesby and Nathesby, eventually becoming Naseby. It was believed that the name derived from the Old English naefela, meaning navel, because it was thought to be the navel of England. In 1203, King John granted Naseby its market charter and the village became a flourishing market town for many years.

During this period the village grew. In 1349, the Black Death, which wiped out a third of the population of England, attacked the village and greatly reduced its population, with parts becoming abandoned altogether. Extensive earthworks in the fields adjacent to parts of the village show the outlines of lost lanes and the outlines of buildings and enclosures which existed before the Black Death.

Battle of Naseby
The Battle of Naseby took place on 14 June 1645, during the English Civil War. In the area called Broad Moor a small distance north of the village, the Royalist forces, commanded by King Charles I, battled the Roundhead army commanded by Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron. The battle resulted in a decisive Royalist defeat.

A naval warship during the Commonwealth period was named the Naseby in honour of the battle; after the Restoration the ship was renamed HMS Royal Charles (1655).

18th century
During the 18th century, Naseby continued as an agricultural community and during this time several fine Georgian buildings were constructed in the parish, including Manor Farm (built 1720), Shuckburgh House (1773), and the old Vicarage (1785). One of the most significant buildings is Naseby House, built in 1818 for the Fitzgeralds, Lords of the Manor. In the 20th century the hall hosted the Duke of York, later King George VI, with the Duchess of York, Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon (the Queen Mother) and a very young future Queen Elizabeth. Naseby Hall, altered by E F Law in 1859 was badly damaged by fire in 1948, and was rebuilt from the ground up using the old materials.

Rev John Mastin was vicar of Naseby from 1783 until his death in 1829. He was the author of “The History and Antiquities of Naseby, in the County of Northampton”, which was the earliest published history of the parish. He also left a manuscript account of his life. The texts of both these works are included in a 2004 publication by the Northamptonshire Record Society.

Nineteenth century
In 1822 the Enclosure commissioners allocated the open land around the village to two landowners, who duly fenced off their newly acquired fields. This action deprived many of the villagers of their traditional plots of land that surrounded the village, that had for years allowed them to grow crops and graze their cattle and sheep. This action did not adversely affect the community as much as it did in other villages; one reason may have been that the village had other trades. A survey of the time lists 26 different occupations and trades in the village.

1837 baptisms
The local friendly society attracted non-conformists from the end of the eighteenth century and in 1825, a Methodist chapel was erected. The population continued to grow: thus between 1831 and 1841 it increased from 707 to 898 (including 48 visitors to the annual feast). In 1837, following the passing of the Births and Deaths Registration Act 1836 there was a peak in the number of baptisms recorded in the Naseby parish register, relating to All Saints church. Whereas during the previous ten years the number per annum had varied between 7 and 24, in 1837 there were a total of 91 baptisms which amounted to 10.7% of the population given in the 1841 census. 50 of these occurred in the week before 1 July when civil registration was made mandatory. Most of those baptised were over the age of one, mostly children with the oldest age recorded being 26. One view is the prevalence of baptisms in this year is that non-conformists wished to ensure their children and young adults were recorded before the introduction of civil registration.

Victorian building boom
Until around 1870, most buildings (except for the church, chapel, school, and the three houses from the Georgian period) were made of mud walls and cob with thatched roofs. During the 1870s Lord Clifden had most of the cottages demolished and replaced with new red-brick cottages, some of which were semi-detached, to house his estate workers. This gave Naseby its well-known Victorian appearance. All these Victorian houses still survive to this day, along with two remaining 17th-century cob and thatched cottages.

Churches
The two churches in Naseby are:
 * All Saints' Church, Church Street
 * Naseby Methodist Church, Church Street

River sources

Naseby and the plateau of land towards Sibbertoft form a watershed and contain the sources of four rivers flowing west, south and east.

In the front garden of Manor Farm at the junction of Church Street, Newlands and Welford Road is a cone-shaped monument which sits in a depression. This is the source of the River Avon, Warwickshire.

The northern tributary of the River Nene (Brampton Arm) arises by the Thornby road to the west of the village (the main Source being at Arbury Hill (SP 542 581) near Staverton, Northamptonshire).

The source of the River Ise can be found close to Sibbertoft Road to the north of Naseby.

The source of the River Welland can be found in fields close to Welland Rise, Sibbertoft village, three miles to the north.

Notable buildings
The Historic England website contains details of a total of ten listed buildings in the parish of Naseby, all of which are Grade II apart from All Saints' Church, which is Grade II*. They are:
 * All Saints' Church, Church Street
 * Naseby Hall
 * Shuckburgh House, Church Street
 * Monument, Clipston Road
 * Caton Cottage, High Street
 * Cromwell Cottage, High Street
 * Avon Well, south of Manor Farmhouse, Newlands
 * Manor Farm, Newlands
 * Whipping Cross, Newlands, Haselbech & Clipston Road
 * Monument, Sibbertoft Road

Details of some of these and other notable buildings in the village appear below.

Within the village at the junction of Church Street and Gynwell, close to the Methodist Chapel (1825) there is the shaft of the old whipping post dating to 1203. In the Middle Ages this stood opposite the church in what was the marketplace and is now the village street called Newlands.

Also to be found in Newlands are examples of the Victorian cottages from around 1870, which continue down the right-hand side of High Street; further down the street to the right is one of the two surviving cob-thatched cottages. It was built around 1630 and is now called Cromwell Cottage. Next door to the cottage in School Lane is the village school, built in 1843.

Further down School Lane are more Victorian cottages. At the end of School Lane with its intersection with Church Lane is the village war memorial. This memorial, built in 1918 to commemorate World War I, is a smaller copy of one of Edwin Henry Landseer's four lions at Nelson's Column in London's Trafalgar Square. On the opposite side of Church Street from the memorial is the Old Vicarage, built around 1785. The two beech trees at the entrance were planted in 1792. Next to the vicarage is Shuckburgh House which dates from around 1773. The other surviving cob thatched cottage can be found at the southern end of High Street.

Transport
Naseby is 2.4 mi from Junction 2 of the A14 road, giving it access to the national road system. For rail travel, the Midland Main Line can be accessed at the railway station in Market Harborough. There is a bus service between Market Harborough and Northampton that stops in Naseby, but it is very infrequent.

title: Naseby


text:
CBBS

CBBS ("Computerized Bulletin Board System") was a computer program created by Ward Christensen and Randy Suess to allow them and other computer hobbyists to exchange information between each other.

In January 1978, Chicago was hit by the Great Blizzard of 1978, which dumped record amounts of snow throughout the Midwest. Among those caught in the storm were Christensen and Suess, who were members of CACHE, the Chicago Area Computer Hobbyists' Exchange. They had met at that computer club in the mid-1970s and become friends.

Christensen had created a file transfer protocol for sending binary computer files through modem connections, which was called, simply, MODEM. Later improvements to the program motivated a name change into the now familiar XMODEM. The success of this project encouraged further experiments. CACHE members frequently shared programs and had long been discussing some form of file transfer using modems, and Christensen was naturally at the center of these discussions; however, Suess in particular was skeptical of accomplishing such a project by a volunteer committee. Christensen and Suess became enamored of the extended idea of creating a computerized answering machine and message center, which would allow members to call in with their then-new modems and leave announcements for upcoming meetings.

However, they needed some quiet time to set aside for such a project, and the blizzard gave them that time. Christensen worked on the software and Suess cobbled together an S-100 computer to put the program on. They had a working version within two weeks, but claimed soon afterwards that it had taken four so that it wouldn't seem like a "rushed" project. Time and tradition have settled that date to be February 16, 1978. Christensen and Suess described their innovation in an article entitled "Hobbyist Computerized Bulletin Board" in the November 1978 issue of Byte magazine.

Because the Internet was still small and not available to most computer users, users had to dial CBBS directly using a modem. Also because the CBBS hardware and software supported only a single modem for most of its existence, users had to take turns accessing the system, each hanging up when done to let someone else have access. Despite these limitations, the system was seen as very useful, and ran for many years and inspired the creation of many other bulletin board systems. Ward & Randy would often watch the users while they were online and comment or go into chat if the subject warranted. At times, online users wondered if Ward & Randy actually existed.

The program had many forward thinking ideas, now accepted as canonical in the creation of message bases or "forums".

As Christensen and Suess went their separate ways, the CBBS name lived on, and survives to an extent as a web-based forum on Suess' website, chinet.com. Christensen's version of CBBS, called "Ward's Board", closed in the early 1990s.

On February 16, 2003, Chicago's Mayor Richard M. Daley declared the day "BBS" day in honor of the world's first BBS being created 25 years ago that day. An article with a photo of Ward and the CBBS hardware appeared shortly thereafter in the Chicago Tribune.

There is still at least one active CBBS system as of August 2020.

title: CBBS


text:
Bernard Butler

Bernard Joseph Butler (born 1 May 1970) is an English musician, songwriter and record producer. He has been hailed by some critics as the greatest guitarist of his generation; BBC journalist Mark Savage called him "one of Britain's most original and influential guitarists". He was voted the 24th greatest guitarist of the last 30 years in a national 2010 BBC poll and is often seen performing with a 1961 cherry red Gibson ES-355 TD SV (Stereo Varitone) with a Bigsby vibrato tailpiece.

Early life
Butler was born to Irish parents in North London on 1 May 1970. He spent his summers in his parents' hometown of Dún Laoghaire and in an interview given in 2022, he reflected on his upbringing and Irish immigration to Britain.

"I don't know if it's the case now much, but definitely up to the generation where I was from. Just because of the migration in the sixties, I guess. That was the big thing in the '60s, and we all ended up in Manchester, Liverpool or North London. Places wherever the trains came into: Holyhead. Growing up, pretty much everyone I knew was Irish."

The youngest of three boys, Butler credits his oldest brother with inspiring his interest in music. The first vinyl record he bought was The Smiths' Hand in Glove, having become a fan of the band after hearing John Peel play Reel Around the Fountain on his BBC radio show. When he was eight, Butler started learning to play the violin, something which he later recalled he "used to get beaten up and spat at on the bus for." His introduction to the guitar came after his brothers lost interest in a "terrible electric guitar". Butler used it to play along with Johnny Marr's guitar parts to The Smiths' songs, eventually learning each one note-by-note and becoming proficient without ever having a formal guitar lesson.

Suede (1989-1994)
He first achieved fame in 1992 as the guitarist with Suede, forging a songwriting partnership with Brett Anderson. He co-wrote and played guitars or piano on every recording until 1994, when he exited Suede.

McAlmont & Butler (1994–1995, 2002–2004, 2006, 2014–present)
Immediately after leaving Suede he formed the duo McAlmont & Butler with David McAlmont and they released two singles, "Yes" and "You Do". A compilation album, The Sound Of... McAlmont & Butler, was released after the collaboration ended.

Solo (1998-1999, 2024)
Butler then released two solo albums under his own name, People Move On and Friends and Lovers, on Creation Records, yielding the hit single "Stay". In 2001 Butler teamed up with McAlmont for a second McAlmont & Butler album, Bring it Back, and they toured the UK after the release of two singles, "Falling" and "Bring it Back". In March 2024, Butler announced his third solo album, Good Grief, due for release in May 2024.

The Tears (2004-2006)
In 2004 Butler formed a new band with Brett Anderson, The Tears, based on the same style that yielded their first successes with Suede in the early 1990s. The Tears released their debut LP, Here Come the Tears, produced by Butler, in June 2005. Singles include "Refugees", which reached number 9 in the UK Singles Chart, and "Lovers".

Collaborations solo and production work
Butler has played on and/or produced records by Aimee Mann, Edwyn Collins, Neneh Cherry, Tim Booth (of James), Eddi Reader, Hopper, Roy Orbison, Bert Jansch, The Libertines, Heather Nova, Mark Owen, The Veils, Sophie Ellis-Bextor, The Cribs, the Pretenders, The On-Off's, 1990s, The Mescalitas, Cut Off Your Hands, Cajun Dance Party, Duffy, The View, Arkitekt, Sons and Daughters, Black Kids, Tricky, Sharleen Spiteri, Nerina Pallot, Natalie McCool and Pet Shop Boys.

In 2005 he was introduced to Welsh singer Duffy, and contributed to her top-selling debut album Rockferry—it was the best selling album of 2008 in the UK—which won the Best Pop Vocal Album Grammy Award in 2008.

In 2009 Butler co-wrote/produced/played on tracks by The Veils, Tommy Reilly, Jonathan Jeremiah, Kate Jackson and Catherine A.D who now performs as The Anchoress. He also commenced production work on Kate Nash's second album My Best Friend Is You in mid-2009.

In 2010 Butler worked with Nerina Pallot, Fyfe Dangerfield, Noisettes, Slow Club, Gabrielle, Howling Bells, The Veils, Simon Dine, and new artists Jodie Marie, Vince, Daley, Summer Camp, Joe Worricker and Scott McFarnon.

Over the 2011–2012 period, Butler produced albums for Frankie & The Heartstrings and continued working with Daley on his forthcoming Days & Nights album, the title track of which was co-written and produced by Butler. He also co-wrote and produced Texas's comeback album The Conversation. Butler again worked at Studio 355 for these recordings.

In 2013 Butler worked with the group Teleman, to finish their debut album; worked on songs with London group Flowers; and collaborated with Paloma Faith and Fyfe Dangerfield. In June 2013, he formed an impromptu improvisational performance at the Sunderland record store run by Frankie & The Heartstrings. Alongside members of Warm Digits, Field Music and 1990s, the impromptu group played a completely unrehearsed and improvised set.

In August 2013, Butler played two shows at The Slaughtered Lamb in London, UK, accompanying Ben Watt on electric guitar, resulting in a touring and recording collaboration spanning 2 albums and several years of live shows across the globe.

In October 2013, new group Trans released the red EP, the first in a series of EPs for Rough Trade Records. Featuring tracks grown out of improvisational sessions that date back over a year, with Jackie McKeown, Paul Borchers and Igor Volk, the recordings were made at Studio 355. All sessions were improvised, recorded in their entirety and later edited with very few overdubs.

In May 2014, Butler organised two special McAlmont & Butler performances to raise funds for The Bobath Centre's work with children with cerebral palsy. The London shows at the Union Chapel and Islington Assembly Hall sold out, and the duo were accompanied by a full band that consisted of members of The Magic Numbers, Mako Sakamoto on drums and Sean Read on keyboards.

In 2017, Butler produced the self-titled debut album of the New York band QTY. In November 2019, Pet Shop Boys released their second single "Burning The Heather" from their forthcoming album Hotspot, featuring acoustic guitar played by Bernard Butler. Acclaimed folk artist Sam Lee collaborated with Butler in 2019 resulting in his widely acclaimed "Old Wow" album and selected live shows which followed. Butler joined Lee's curated Earth Day live stream in May 2020 improvising remotely along to a live stream of nightingales singing in the Sussex forest. This was followed by the release of tracks from Roxanne De Bastion. In 2020 writer Pete Paphides' label Needle Mythology finally released the open collaboration with Catherine Anne Davies. The album "In Memory of My Feelings" compiled 10 songs drawn from the writing sessions begun in 2009 which Butler then pieced together and completed. Artwork was created in collaboration with acclaimed artist Eva Vermandel.

During 2021, Butler worked on a new Altered Images album with 1980s band members Clare Grogan and Stephen Lironi. According to Grogan, who announced the release in December 2021, the album would be released in August 2022, on Cooking Vinyl Records, with the name Mascara Streakz.

On 15 April 2022, Butler and Irish actress Jessie Buckley released "The Eagle & The Dove", the lead single from their album. For All Our Days That Tear the Heart was released on 17 June 2022. The resulting album "For All Our Days That Tear The Heart" was released to widespread acclaim and resulted in a nomination for the prestigious Mercury Music Prize. In 2023 Butler completed Sam Lee's "Songdreaming" album and the debut from Irish band The Clockworks "Exit Strategy" He toured as 'Butler, Blake, Grant' alongside songwriters Norman Blake and James grant, a collaboration formed for the 2022 Celtic Connections. The trio continue to tour and have begun work on a debut record. In 2024 released his first solo album in 25 years entitled "Good Grief" on his own 355 Recordings label. He will tour throughout 2024.

Music in film and television
Butler created the soundtrack to the 1997 film The James Gang and played on the soundtrack of Velvet Goldmine, and in 2020 created the score to a BBC Horizon episode on Pluto.

Radio Host
Since 2017 Butler has hosted a radio show "BB & The King". Broadcast live from North London via Boogaloo Radio each Friday, Bernard Butler and partner Mark Kingston bring 2 hours of music and conversation around an episodic theme. Each week is archived via a Mixcloud page.

Music Education
Butler collaborated in songwriting camps and sessions for Warner-Chappell Publishing. He conducts audience-led PreProduction events around the country for the Musicians Union. Butler is also a resident Lead Lecturer teaching the Songwriting BA degree course at BIMM London.

Personal life
On 13 April 2014, Butler participated in the London Marathon to raise funds for children with cerebral palsy, described by Butler as one of the "worst starts in life". Butler explains:

The problem is it's getting harder for families to get funding for therapy and children aren't getting the specialist support they need. So I'm raising money for the charity's treatment fund to make sure that children get seen as early as possible when it will have the greatest impact.

Butler is a proud Patron of the Bert Jansch Foundation. Set up in 2013, in the name of the legendary folk-guitarist and singer-songwriter, the Bert Jansch Foundation embraces the rich heritage of acoustic folk music and celebrates its creativity. Its charitable aims are to support young acoustic musicians with educational and early career opportunities. "When most people were just breathing, Bert was playing guitar. That sound really was his whole life; the vibrations of the strings were life-giving. The notes were like words and the whole sound a conversation."

Butler is also a Patron of the Music Venue Trust. Music Venue Trust is a UK Registered Charity which acts to protect, secure and improve UK Grassroots Music Venues for the benefit of venues, communities and upcoming artists.

Awards
Butler won the Producer's Award at the 2009 BRIT Awards, Producer of the Year at the 2008 Music Managers Forum Awards, was nominated for Best Producer at the 2009 Music Week Awards, and received a Grammy Award for work on Duffy's "Rockferry" which won the Best Album award for 2009. His collaborative album with Jessie Buckley 'For All Our Days That Tear That Tear The Heart' was nominated as one of the Albums Of The Year by the Mercury Prize 2022.

Suede

 * 1993 – Suede – Suede (#1 UK) (Mercury Music Prize winner)
 * singles: "The Drowners" (#49 UK), "Metal Mickey" (#17 UK), "Animal Nitrate" (#7 UK), "So Young" (#22 UK)
 * 1994 – Suede – "Stay Together" (#3 UK) (Non-album single)
 * 1994 – Suede – Dog Man Star (#3 UK)
 * singles: "We are the Pigs" (#18 UK), "The Wild Ones" (#18 UK), "New Generation" (#21 UK)
 * 1997 – Suede – Sci-Fi Lullabies (#9 UK)
 * (first eleven tracks on a collection of B-sides)
 * 2003 – Suede – Singles (#31 UK)
 * (eight tracks on a collection of Greatest Hits)

Solo

 * 1998 – Bernard Butler – People Move On (#11 UK)
 * Singles: "Stay" (#12 UK), "Not Alone" (#27 UK), "A Change of Heart" (#45 UK)
 * 1999 – Bernard Butler – Friends and Lovers (#43 UK)
 * Singles: "Friends and Lovers", "You Must Go On" (#44 UK), "I'd Do It Again If I Could"
 * 2024 – Bernard Butler – Good Grief (#40 UK)
 * Singles: 'Camber Sands', 'Deep Emotions', 'Pretty D'

McAlmont & Butler

 * 1995 – McAlmont & Butler – The Sound Of... McAlmont & Butler (#33 UK)
 * singles: "Yes" (#8 UK), "You Do" (#17 UK)
 * 2002 – McAlmont & Butler – Bring It Back (#18 UK)
 * singles: "Falling" (#23 UK), "Bring it Back" (#36 UK)
 * 2006 – McAlmont & Butler
 * single: "Speed" (#193 UK)

Bernard Butler & Edwyn Collins

 * 2002 - Single: "Message for Jojo" (#113 UK)

The Tears

 * 2005 – The Tears – Here Come The Tears (#15 UK)
 * singles: "Refugees" (#9 UK), "Lovers" (#24 UK)

Trans

 * 2013 – Red EP
 * 2014 – Green EP

Catherine Anne Davies & Bernard Butler

 * 2020 – In Memory of My Feelings

Jessie Buckley & Bernard Butler

 * 2022 - 'For All Our Days That Tear the Heart' (#23 UK)
 * Singles: "The Eagle & the Dove", "Seven Red Rose Tattoos", "For All Our Days That Tear the Heart", "Footnotes On the Map"

Collaborator/producer

 * Manic Street Preachers – The Drowners and Stay with Me (1994) Live recordings appeared as B-sides to the Manics' She Is Suffering
 * Aimee Mann – I'm With Stupid (1995)
 * Neneh Cherry – Man (1996)
 * Booth and the Bad Angel – Booth and the Bad Angel (1996)
 * Hopper – English And French (1996)
 * Bert Jansch – Crimson Moon (2000) and Edge of a Dream (2002)
 * Heather Nova – South (2001)
 * Bernard & Edwyn – "Message For Jojo" (2001)
 * The Libertines – "What a Waster" (2002), "Don't Look Back into the Sun" (2003)
 * Mark Owen – "Four Minute Warning" (2003), co-wrote b-side "Jay Walker"
 * Sophie Ellis-Bextor – Shoot from the Hip (2003)
 * The Veils – The Runaway Found (2003), Sun Gangs (2009)
 * The Cribs – "You're Gonna Lose Us" (2005)
 * 1990s – Cookies (2007), Kicks (2009)
 * Sharleen Spiteri – Melody (2008)
 * Sons And Daughters – This Gift (2008)
 * Cajun Dance Party – The Colourful Life (2008)
 * Duffy – Rockferry (2008)
 * Black Kids – Partie Traumatic (2008)
 * Tricky – Knowle West Boy (2008)
 * Duke Special – I Never Thought This Day Would Come (2008)
 * Cut Off Your Hands – You And I (2008)
 * Findlay Brown – Love Will Find You (2009)
 * Tommy Reilly – Words on the Floor (2009)
 * Fyfe Dangerfield – "Faster Than the Setting Sun" and "She Needs Me", Fly Yellow Moon (2010)
 * Kate Nash – My Best Friend Is You (2010)
 * Nerina Pallot – Year of the Wolf (2011)
 * Richard Walters – Pacing (2011)
 * Natalie McCool – Thin Air (2012)
 * Texas – The Conversation (2013)
 * Teleman – Cristina (2013)
 * Frankie & The Heartstrings – The Days Run Away (2013)
 * Teleman – Steam Train Girl (2013)
 * Trans – Red EP (2013)
 * Daley – Days & Nights (2014)
 * Trans – Green EP (2014)
 * Ben Watt – Hendra (2014), Fever Dream (2016)
 * Teleman – "Breakfast" (2014)
 * Flowers – "Do What You Want To, It's What You Should Do" (2014)
 * The Rails – "Habit" (2014)
 * Paloma Faith – "Beauty Remains" (2014)
 * Shaun Keaveny – "Please Don't Get Me Anything for Christmas" (2015)
 * Kate Jackson – British Road Movies (2016)
 * The Tyde – "The Curse In Reverse" (2016)
 * QTY – "Rodeo" (2016)
 * Mark Eitzel – Hey Mr Ferryman (2017)
 * QTY – "QTY" (2017)
 * Mull Historical Society – Wakelines (2018)
 * Pet Shop Boys – "Burning the Heather" (2020)

title: Bernard Butler


text:
User talk:Jimmycastellano

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April 2013
Hello, I'm Edenc1. I noticed that you made an edit to a biography of a living person, Francisco Lachowski, but that you didn’t support your changes with a citation to a reliable source. Wikipedia has a strict policy concerning how we write about living people, so please help us keep such articles accurate. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thank you. Edenc1 • Talk 10:12, 7 April 2013 (UTC)

Your recent edits
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title: User talk:Jimmycastellano


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User talk:Erich

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Wikipedians/Germany is being replaced by a category
Hello! You were listed on the Wikipedians/Germany page as living in or being associated with Germany. As part of the User categorisation project, these lists are being replaced with user categories. If you would like to add yourself to the category that is replacing the page, or one of the Bundesland-based subcategories, please visit Category:Wikipedians in Germany for instructions. --Angr ( tɔk ) 14:56, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Erich


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User talk:Morken (usurped)

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Thanks. I forgot my password (and did not insert my email address). So, after a while of "anonymous" writing, I decided to create a new account: Der Eberswalder 17:11, 16 Nov 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Morken (usurped)


text:
User talk:Basswulf

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

Cheers - thanks for the welcome. Basswulf 08:54 Apr 8, 2003 (UTC)
 * Thanks for the article at Christian Metal. I moved it to Christian metal because I don't think it's properly capitalized.  The vast majority of genres aren't (New Wave is the only exception I can think of) usually -- if Christian metal is an exception, feel free to move it back.  I also made a redirect from white metal -- it's best to do that with synonyms.  If you're interested in musicy articles on Wikipedia, I suggest you check out our music standards and Wikiproject: Albums.  Tuf-Kat

 * I'll have a look at the suggested links. Thanks. Basswulf 16:07 Apr 19, 2003 (UTC)

Hi. I considered the line "Grandmaster Caz from the Cold Crush Brothers claims that Sugarhill Gang member Big Bank Hank used his rhymes on Rapper's Delight" interesting and copied it from The Sugarhill Gang to Rapper's Delight article. --Erri4a 22:17, 13 Oct 2004 (UTC)

5-string acoustic bass guitar
That's a really good sentence. I wonder, do you have any idea of the volume of air inside a normal-sized ABG compared to a full-size double bass? Maybe we could get specs from some manufacturers. I think it must be something like 1/3 or 1/2. The fact the guitarron is so unwieldy due to its greater size (in addition to its sloped fingerboard) makes it better able to resonate the low tones, I think. Badagnani 17:17, 15 September 2005 (UTC)

 * My ABG is a Tanglewood Odyssey, with an ovationesque moulded back. The double bass I rented for a while was at least three times as deep and probably about three times the surface area. Accounting for the curvature on the ABG, I'd suspect it had 10% or less of the internal volume of the double bass! On the other hand, I'm not sure whether internal volume makes all the difference. You'd need someone with a better grasp of acoustics than me to write knowledgably about the topic! Basswulf 14:33, 16 September 2005 (UTC)

Christian Metal Project
If you are interested in joining a potential Project Wiki Christian Metal project go here to sign up. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Council/Proposals#Christian_Metal --E tac 08:12, 31 December 2006 (UTC)

AfD nomination of Bass player
I have nominated Bass player, an article that you created, for deletion. I do not think that this article satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and have explained why at Articles for deletion/Bass player. Your opinions on the matter are welcome at that same discussion page; also, you are welcome to edit the article to address these concerns. Thank you for your time.Please contact me if you're unsure why you received this message. Belasted (talk) 02:23, 19 March 2009 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Speedy deletion nomination of User:Basswulf

A tag has been placed on User:Basswulf requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under section U5 of the criteria for speedy deletion, because the page appears to consist of writings, information, discussions, and/or activities not closely related to Wikipedia's goals. Please note that Wikipedia is not a free web hosting service. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, such pages may be deleted at any time.

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may contest the nomination by visiting the page and clicking the button labelled "Contest this speedy deletion". This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with Wikipedia's policies and guidelines. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the, or if you have already done so, you can place a request here. — MusikAnimal  talk  16:44, 1 January 2019 (UTC)

title: User talk:Basswulf


text:
User talk:Mahongue

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title: User talk:Mahongue


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User talk:Jarl

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Thanks for noticing. Much appreciated. Jarl

title: User talk:Jarl


text:
User talk:Cadastral

/Archive 1

Mobile Bay Jubilee
Really nice work rewriting this article. I thought I should post some explicit recognition for it.
 * Many thanks, it was a pleasure to research. Cadastral  (  Talk  )  23:44, 30 May 2008 (UTC)

coordinate templates
coordinate is not in use on Wikipedia-EN. Please use coord. Thank you. Andy Mabbett (User:Pigsonthewing); Andy's talk; Andy's edits 08:16, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Pruitt-Igoe
I am too from St Louis, but now live in Toronto. I would like to improve the article building on what is already there. NVO did a lot of research; now polishing it and getting lots of contributers would be good. Pictures of the demolition site might be a good addition at this point too. Maybe you could get some snap shots of the area. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Lenin333 (talk • contribs) 07:11, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

I certainly will. Happy New Year!--Richard W. Pointer (talk) 23:01, 27 December 2008 (UTC)

That is a great photo.--Richard W. Pointer (talk) 06:16, 30 December 2008 (UTC)

Commons:File:Mobile bay05small.gif
This file or media is currently the subject of a at Wikimedia Commons.

If you have an interest in this media, or have information which could prevent it's deletion, please participate in the discussion, or contact someone from Commons as soon as possible.Sfan00 IMG (talk) 11:42, 27 July 2009 (UTC)

Meetup St. Louis
If you are in the STL area on the 23rd, we'd like you to come to our local St. Louis meetup. Details here. If you are interested, please add yourself to the list and our Facebook group. Thank you. Marcus  Qwertyus   18:24, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

ArbCom elections are now open!
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Photos of Public Schools in Kirkwood, Missouri?
Greetings, I was wondering whether you might have access to public-domain photos of public schools in Kirkwood, Missouri. I would like to add photos to supplement this article about the Kirkwood School District. Thank you. Cheers. LandLubber56 (talk) 14:18, 26 April 2019 (UTC)

Nomination of White Box Requiem for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article White Box Requiem is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/White Box Requiem until a consensus is reached, and anyone, including you, is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article until the discussion has finished. JJLiu112 (talk) 14:46, 21 April 2023 (UTC)

title: User talk:Cadastral


text:
User talk:Nimrod~enwiki

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Your account will be renamed
Hello,

The developer team at Wikimedia is making some changes to how accounts work, as part of our on-going efforts to provide new and better tools for our users like cross-wiki notifications. These changes will mean you have the same account name everywhere. This will let us give you new features that will help you edit and discuss better, and allow more flexible user permissions for tools. One of the side-effects of this is that user accounts will now have to be unique across all 900 Wikimedia wikis. See the announcement for more information.

Unfortunately, your account clashes with another account also called Nimrod. To make sure that both of you can use all Wikimedia projects in future, we have reserved the name Nimrod~enwiki that only you will have. If you like it, you don't have to do anything. If you do not like it, you can pick out a different name. If you think you might own all of the accounts with this name and this message is in error, please visit Special:MergeAccount to check and attach all of your accounts to prevent them from being renamed.

Your account will still work as before, and you will be credited for all your edits made so far, but you will have to use the new account name when you log in.

Sorry for the inconvenience.

Yours, Keegan Peterzell Community Liaison, Wikimedia Foundation 01:48, 20 March 2015 (UTC)

Renamed
 This account has been renamed as part of single-user login finalisation. If you own this account you can |log in using your previous username and password for more information. If you do not like this account's new name, you can choose your own using this form after logging in: . -- Keegan (WMF) (talk) 16:59, 22 April 2015 (UTC)

title: User talk:Nimrod~enwiki


text:
User talk:Aviado

Hello there, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. Cheers! --maveric149

title: User talk:Aviado


text:
User talk:Silver plane

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Hi, please see note about the walls' origin at Talk:Chester, England. Thanks, Nevilley 19:36 Mar 23, 2003 (UTC)

title: User talk:Silver plane


text:
User talk:Pseudo daoist

Responses
If I write a comment on your talk page, please respond there, not here.jonathon (talk) 20:22, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Graphology Talk
Please put comments about Graphology in this block.jonathon 22:03, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

e-Sword Talk
Please put comments about e-Sword in this block.jonathon 22:03, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Relgiously Orientated Distributions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pseudo_daoist/Religious_Distros is the current draft for the proposed religiously Orientated Distributions page.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Pseudo_daoist/Bible_study_Software is a draft for a page. I didn't know about Bible software when I started my draft.jonathon (talk) 20:22, 23 June 2008 (UTC)

Notes for New Users

 * Policy Library
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 * Conflict resolution
 * Brilliant prose
 * Pages needing attention
 * Peer review
 * Bad jokes and other deleted nonsense
 * Village pump
 * Boilerplate text

Deletion Guidelines
Unofficial guidelines
 * WP:CONG     : Notable churches or congregation
 * WP:SCHOOL   : Notable Schools

jonathon (talk) 21:55, 29 August 2008 (UTC)

Everything Else
If a comment doesn't belong in a category listed above, put it here.jonathon 22:03, 27 July 2007 (UTC)

Nomination of Psychogram for deletion
A discussion is taking place as to whether the article Psychogram is suitable for inclusion in Wikipedia according to Wikipedia's policies and guidelines or whether it should be deleted.

The article will be discussed at Articles for deletion/Psychogram until a consensus is reached, and anyone is welcome to contribute to the discussion. The nomination will explain the policies and guidelines which are of concern. The discussion focuses on high-quality evidence and our policies and guidelines.

Users may edit the article during the discussion, including to improve the article to address concerns raised in the discussion. However, do not remove the article-for-deletion notice from the top of the article. Orange Mike |  Talk  14:54, 14 October 2014 (UTC)

Orphaned non-free image File:E-Sword 9 7 1 screenshot.png
 Thanks for uploading File:E-Sword 9 7 1 screenshot.png. The image description page currently specifies that the image is non-free and may only be used on Wikipedia under a claim of fair use. However, the image is currently not used in any articles on Wikipedia. If the image was previously in an article, please go to the article and see why it was removed. You may add it back if you think that that will be useful. However, please note that images for which a replacement could be created are not acceptable for use on Wikipedia (see our policy for non-free media).

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GA reassessment
Churches of Christ has been nominated for a community good article reassessment. If you are interested in the discussion, please participate by adding your comments to the reassessment page. If concerns are not addressed during the review period, the good article status may be removed from the article. Iskandar323 (talk) 15:09, 7 May 2022 (UTC)

title: User talk:Pseudo daoist


text:
User talk:Emperor

IOM infobox
Just following up on this...

I've move the template to a live page - Infobox comics in other media and placed it on most of the IOM articles.

I've also gotten some feed back on my talk if you're interested.

- ``

Carol Danvers Death?
I changed the text stating the death of the character, as it is more plausible to assume from the interview and from her addition to the New Avengers cast, that Carol will fake her death. Either way, we do not know for sure the state of her during dark reign, and the source interview is inconclusive. I changed the text to reflect what we know for sure.

More minor stuff-questions
1) Doom (film) has a character, Carmack, that people keep saying is named for a real person, a programmer for the Doom game. But since Carmack the fictional character is an evil man, I've been deleting the references. Am I right to do so? It's one thing to say 'Funky Flashman is based on Stan Lee's mannerisms' when Funky is a fictional slave trader but a name is a name.

 * No. The character in the movie is not intended as a reflection on id's John Carmack. If you look at names mentioned in the credits, Carmack actually isn't even the only "scientist" who was involved in the development of the original DOOM--he's just the one with the most recognizable name and the most screen time.

 * The names are there simply as a nod to the history of the story and its beginnings as a video game; they're just intended to elicit a knowing smile from the audience. Their presence has no biographical implications whatsoever, particularly not as reported on Wikipedia.

 * TLDR: Stop removing stuff like that.

 * [Bot-automated signature redacted] LEAVE MY COMMENTS ALONE YOU STUPID BOT.

2) The Nathan Thompson Show. Kinda got out of control there re: history so I'm throwing it out with no commentary.

Unblocking
In case you didn't already know, Asgardian has been unblocked.

A gentle survey for research purpose
Hello Emperor,

Happy Thanksgiving! I am a computer science PhD student at the University of Minnesota - Twin Cities. Currently, we are working on a project studying the main article and sub article relationship in a purpose of better serving the Wikipedia article structure. It would be appreciated if you could take 4-5 minutes to finish the survey questions. Thanks in advance! We will not collect any of your personally information.

Thank you for your time to participate this survey. Your response is important for us!

https://umn.qualtrics.com/SE/?SID=SV_bvm2A1lvzYfJN9H

title: User talk:Emperor