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User talk:Svensson~enwiki

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User talk:Rdeligne

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User talk:Druid~enwiki

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User talk:Kazuo Moriwaka

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User talk:Monaca

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User talk:Sven Eriksson~enwiki

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Thanks maveric149. I'm mainly editing the Swedish wikipedia and adding language links here. Sven Eriksson 16:39 Feb 24, 2003 (UTC)

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User talk:Pzembrod

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Talk:History of Cuba

anti-cuban text
2005-03-15... still present 15 April 2009

63.83.249.12 has added anti-cuban text and deleted bits of text that apparently aren't anti-cuban enough. I've re-installed the latter, but left his additions in place, which seems the proper thing to do; every perspective should have it's place.

I added a bit to the this writer's argument about the effectiveness of the embargo. But in retrospect I think both these bits should really be placed in the separate text on the embargo. The text is somewhat out of date; the Helms-Burton Act is not mentioned. I added one mention of it, but I suppose that needs some more work.

Is there any reason to call the cuban government Stalinist? Sounds like silly name-calling to me. Just as the usage of the word regime. I suggest that all these occurrences (here and in texts about other countries) are replaced by the neutral word 'government'.

Kurce
I know this is trivial but the section on early history mentions this as an agricultural product produced in Cuba yet a google search produces no result that defines what Kurce is or means. Is this a typo in the article or is this some obscure agricultural product that is no longer produced or perhaps it has a different name today? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.129.140.124 (talk) 19:59, 17 December 2014 (UTC)

I believe it was supposed to be "rice," not "kutrice." Rice was one of Cuba's major crops, along with tobacco. I thought about changing it, but perhaps it's some sort of regional name for something, since adding a "kut" before the word "rice" would be a strange typo to make?

I can't help but think that the author has some knowledge I don't about "kutrice."

ObadiahKatz (talk) —Preceding undated comment added 04:08, 3 November 2017 (UTC)

As there's no clarification by now on this I think it should be changed to "rice" to avoid confusion. A search for "Kurce" only turned up this page. Grobburgess (talk) 15:34, 26 March 2018 (UTC)

 * Unfortunately, this is vandalism of long standing, from this edit in 2010, very likely by someone named—well, you can guess his name as well as I. Now fixed. What a travesty that it took this long.  Found, due to your messages, so thanks for that.
 * You'll notice that in the previous version before the fix, it was "kurce" so if you stare at that a little bit, I think you'll figure out the name of the person responsible for the vandalism.
 * Please note that I've added a text template to all occurrences of the nonsense word to obfuscate it in such a way that search engines cannot find it (but search-on-page can, if you're already here), so the vandal won't have the satisfaction of googling it and finding this page. This means I've changed the wikicode of your entry above, without however changing the rendered page at all. This is a technical violation of WP:TPO, but I hope that you will approve of this change; if you need additional explanation, I'm happy to oblige. Mathglot (talk) 07:44, 28 March 2018 (UTC)

Odd Syntax strikes again
One could notice that the above critic uses "cuban" without capitalization, suggesting that his native language is one that like Spanish does not capitalize such words as "cubano." The common English usage is Cuban

adj : of or relating to or characteristic of Cuba or the people of Cuba; "Cuban rum" [syn: Cuban] n : a native or inhabitant of Cuba [syn: Cuban]

Source: WordNet ® 2.0, © 2003 Princeton University

One also notices that this author confuses anti-Cuban with anti-Castro clearly delineating her/his political views.

xe xe (El Jigüe, 11/2/2005)

First of all, how is the ethnicity of the "above author" of any relevance? Secondly, if he was de-capitalizing "Cuban" because he speaks Spanish, he would have also de-capitalized "Stalinist". Finally, confusing anti-Cuban with anti-Castro is not at all uncommon. As an American, I typically use the former term when the latter would be more appropriate. Rather than a Cuban spy, he could simply be an arrogant American, like me, or, most likely, someone who just misspoke. Making so much out of his word choice is silly and baseless. Furthermore, it implies either that being Hispanic somehow renders one's opinions and contributions invalid or that he is a Cuban agent in the employ of Castro, which is fairly ridiculous. --70.20.23.229

defense of the present Cuban government
Under the missile crisis it says "the U.S. blockaded Cuba to force the USSR to withdraw their newly-installed MRBMs from the country". I believe that should be "the USA blockaded USSR ships in international waters to prevent them from delivering missiles to newly-built launch sites in Cuba". But I'm not entirely sure. Anyone? Also, a bit more about the reasons for sending the missiles and the way the situation was dealt with an the way it was resolved is called for. I'm no expert, but as I understand it, the USA had many more missiles aimed at the USSR than the other way around and the USSR tried to even the balance and this was resolved by the USA removing missiles in Turkey. But this was kept secret, resulting in the USSR looking weak. Who knows more about this?

Under 'Cuba after the Sovjet Union' it says "This led Castro to open the country to tourism from Europe and Asia". And America, Africa and wherever, I suppose, or was it done in stages? Sounds unlikely to me.

Then there's a bit about the rapid-action brigades that says they were employed against anti-government protesters. That may be, but it stands to reason that there was a lot of theft going on (as someone in Cuba also pointed out to me), so I'd say that would have been their primary target.

 * The US blockade was meant to stop two things: the reinforcement of Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops. SLBM’s and MRBM’s were delivered 6 months prior to the blockade and already present and fully assembled in Cuba. I am not sure if there were any more SLBM’s and MRBM’s on board the inbound blockaded ships (something that might need to be researched).

 * The missile issue in its totality is all a PR thing anyways. Although the Soviets had far fewer ICBM’s and intercontinental bombers that could penetrate US airspace, in 1963, they had more than enough nuclear subs with ballistic missiles to offset this. That’s the thing though, people (the public) never really thought about subs because no one could see them. Missile tests and bomber parades are high profile events, but subs by their very nature were secretive and the public, both NATO and WP, did not know much if anything about sub capabilities. The Soviets also wanted to use Cuba as a wedge in the western hemisphere, and placed the missiles there as an act of “good will” towards the Cubans. That’s why it was mainly a PR stunt to put missiles in Cuba.

 * As far as the rapid reaction forces, they were created to deal with a twofold problem, rising crime and anti-Castro rallies and organizations. Realistically the police could have handled the crime problem, but in order to deal with both crime and demonstrations while maintaining a degree of plausible deniability the “rapid reaction forces” were cobbled together from party and Castro loyalist. The official line was that these were spontaneous and independent organizations fighting crime and counterrevolutionaries. I believe you can find the information in the 1994 HRW report . TDC 22:35, Mar 15, 2005 (UTC)

 * On February 21, 1960 Castro nationalized all businesses in Cuba and undertook other communist reforms.

I've removed this sentence because it does not fit the facts. The first land reform bill was indeed as early as May 1959. The US owned oil refineries were not nationalized until June 29, 1960 (because they refused to refine Soviet crude oil). Other major US enterprises were nationalized on August 17. Small businesses were not nationalized until 1968.

Also, rather than using the provocative phrase "other communist reform", it would be more NPOV to simply list what those reforms were, and let the reader decide. Eclecticology 11:43 Feb 22, 2003 (UTC)

Looks like this page needs a lot of work. As it looks now it could have been written by a sitting US president. Sorry :-/ I will fix :-) --BL

 * As of now parts of it could have been written by a Cuban government official. The are some fairly bad POV violations now.

 * "The United States used this as a final pretext to enter a conflict (see: Spanish-American War), which was practically already won by Cuban revolutionaries."

 * A rewriting of history to minimize US involvement. True, Cuban revolutionaries had won an important battle on April 2, 1898 under Colonel J.P. Quijano at Chambas (Morón), Cuba, causing the Spanish Governor General Blanco to temporarily suspend hostilities on April 10, shortly before the USA entered the war, but Admiral Pascual Cervera was being sent from Spain with a large number of reinforcements in order to restart the conflict, which began again at the end of April.  The US blockaded Admiral Cervera's ships and destroyed his squadron.  "Practically already won" is too strong of a statement, since the fighting resumed and Cervera's reinforcements were so great in number.  At the very least, the US involvement certainly hastened the end of the hostilities.  At the time of the suspension of hostilities, the Cuban revolutionaries controlled the eastern half of the island (primarily the rural areas), while the Spanish forces controlled the western half.  Most historians believe that a stalemate would have continued for some time, especially once Cervera's reinforcements arrived.

Odd view of Cuban history
The above view of history is most odd. Cervera was an admiral not the Governor of Cuba. And most odd is the mention of Quijano's battle generally considered minor. What a weird history you are consulting it appears you are following. That chronology somehow has left out major battles like Peralejo, La Invasion, the taking of Tunas and Guisa, etc. ete. By the beginning of US contact General Calixto Garcia, having taken most places on the Cauto plains, was sitting in Bayamo after the Spanish had fled. waiting for the US connection and The message to Garcia. You might go to and that is far from complete.(El Jigüe, 11/2/2005)

and on go the less informed criticisms

 * Also, I'm fairly sure that Spain did not send over one million men to the island to supress the rebellion; all other sources I've checked have it at 220,000. I'm a slight bit skeptical of the claim that so many of the Spanish soldiers stayed in Cuba after the war because of povety back home, considering how Cuba was ravaged by the war and was in abject poverty itself.  Please look at some of the external links supplied in the Spanish-American War article.

I've removed the following which mixes some fact and some fiction with sweeping generalizations to arrive at a highly POV result. Some of the material was already in other parts of the article, and much of it is not verifiable. ☮ Eclecticology 05:54, 2003 Nov 14 (UTC):===Soviet and Chinese Influence===

 * In 1960-61, Castro took over all industries, including those owned by Americans, except for small tobacco farms and other retailers who were allowed to remain independent while under government surveillance. Cuba?s government was state controlled like the Soviet models.  Che Guevara was head of the Ministry of Industry and they set up elaborate plans for production.  Sugar production was continued so that the profits could be used to pay for the increase of exports.  Since these ideal plans were not well thought out they failed due to a severe lack of needed technology and capabilities, as well as, the skilled laborers and professionals to run it.  They also did not have the adequate funding and consequently industrial and agricultural production fell.  Add to this the amount of debt owed to the Soviet Union and Europe nations and the complete collapse of the economy was inevitable.  The scarcity of food led to severe rationing and that was dependant on the stores being able to stock their shelves with the necessary goods.  In 1963, Castro realized the extent of the devastated economy and reverted to self-sufficiency and a priority of sugar and tobacco production, but this also failed.

 * Castro was determined to be the sole leader of Cuba and was already the head of the government and military and now the economy. To fix the economy, Castro and other Cuban officials turned to the Chinese models.  These put the rural society before the urban cities by applying more of a Marxist approach which did not work because this was based on a working class revolution.  Cuba was not industrialized to have a proletarian society living in the city slums in overcrowded conditions.  They also put an end to all bureaucracy.  Literacy was extremely important and he formed a system of educating the rural society and to prove that you could read and write you were expected to write Castro a letter.  A change from material or profit incentives to a more moral based reward system was created so that workers gained recognition, acknowledgement and status for their hard work, dedication and production instead of monetary benefits.  It was believed that patriotism and nationalism were enough to compel people to work harder. There was no longer any private ownership left except for a small number of tobacco farms.  The Cuban government provided many free goods and services, none of which were of good quality, and tried to end the use of money.  A goal of 10 million metric tons of sugar was created that needed the entire nation?s effort to complete.  Only 8.5 million metric tons were actually produced and even though this is more than was ever produced before, it was also considered a failure and drained the production of other goods, especially food.  The economy and the country as a whole was devastated and Castro returned back to the Soviet Union.  (Ian Rogozinski)

Plagiarism and distortion exposed
An instance of plagiarism has been brought to my attention:

 * Batista's rule fueled increasing popular discontent and the rise of active urban resistance groups, a fertile political environment for Castro's 26th of July Revolutionary Movement.

Compare that sentence to the following, which appears at |http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2886.htm:

 * Batista's dictatorial rule fueled increasing popular discontent and the rise of many active urban and rural resistance groups, a fertile political environment for Castro's 26th of July Movement.

Identical but for the words dictatorial, many, and rural, and Revolutionary, which were deleted. Evidently material from the US State Department was not far enough to the right for the purposes of the plagiarist-propagandist who wrote this text.

I am going to restore the original version of the sentence and give a reference.

I hope, but doubt, that the person who stole and modified this sentence is duly ashamed of himself. Shorne 22:53, 8 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Mediation requested
User VeryVerily's intransigence and impossible behaviour have left me no option but to request mediation. People who have anything to add to my request are asked to visit Requests for mediation. Shorne 11:01, 10 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Shorn I think you should keep in mind Ana Belen Montes of the National Defense Agency, she was passing on info to Cuba and diddling all such Cuban info to make Castro a little better, until she was caught with her old fashioned short wave radio and code book. Much of the older stuff on Cuba is hers....(El Jigüe, 9/26/2005)

Factual Accuracy
This page seems to leave out things, and some of the previous debates on this talk page don't seem to be resolved. Therefore I added the Factual Accuracy warning. You can remove it if you feel this page is factually accurate, I just put it in because I have a feeling that it isn't. For instance, the entire period of the Spanish-American War is blank. They don't even mention it. YourNickname 19:22, 24 Jun 2005 (UTC)

Third War of Independence
Since I can't imagine anyone in the context of Cuban history trying to draw a distinction between the 1895 Insurrection and the Spanish American War as separate wars, I would guess that the anonymous editor who changed Second to Third probably was considering the Ten Years' War as the Second War of Independence and either the Bolivarian efforts of the 1820s or the filibuster efforts c.1850 as the First War of Independence. Caerwine 22:19, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Caerwine most do not count Narciso Lopez's expeditions, believing them to support US statehood annexation (sp?) what you forget is "la Guerra Chiquita" of 1880,which although rapidly defeated was not insignificant (El Jigüe, 9/26/2005)

205.240.227.15 lingo

 * ...and civil rights legislation against discrimination was enacted ordered minimum employment quotas for Cubans.

Is it me or is it the phrase? I can't figure out what is meant here. DirkvdM 04:56, 6 October 2005 (UTC)

That should be ordering. It was in the Menocal administration and the legislation was to assuring a quota of Cubans employed in businesses. It was aimed primarily at Spanish owned firms who prefered to import their relatives from Spain. My grandfather was instrumental in its passage.....xe xe (El Jigüe, 10/16/2005)

Women in Cuba needs better citation
In particular the line "Although the official line is that "The Revolution" freed the women of Cuba, even Castro supporters have to admit prejudices did not fade overnight. Cuban women in authoritarian Cuba where superiors hold much power, still have to "fight" for respect in the workplace." should have a direct footnote as it is stated as a fact. If no footnote is added, I'm going to assume it's POV and remove it. Vanessa kelly 03:35, 6 February 2006 (UTC)

Mulata Mistresses
A paragraph from "Race and Women":

 * However, it should be noted that elected president Carlos Prio, as well as the first President in Arms of Cuba Carlos Manuel de Cespedes, kept Mulata mistresses e.g. the most beautiful Celia Touzet who gave him three children [34], [35]. In 1894 Elena González Núñez, a beautiful woman married José Maceo [36] (Estenger, 1939); José Maceo although said to be mulatto, was far darker than his brother Antonio Maceo yet Elena was “White” with blue eyes.

The claim regarding Carlos Manuel de Cespedes is unsubstantiated here or in the separate article about him. The footnoted reference for the Carlos Prio/Celia Touzet claim is a cached gossip item from what appears to be a Miami talk radio station. The Jose Maceo sentence is out of place. Is there a story that follows? Consequences? Social reaction? Otherwise, it is again simply a gossip item. Unless someone objects, I'm going to remove the paragraph. The same De Cespedes/Prio sentence appears in the Carlos Prio Socarras article. There's no discussion over there, so I'm announcing here my intention to axe it. Orestesm 04:18, 15 February 2006 (UTC)

Cespedes mistress was given a Cuban Government pension....and she is placed by some at the site of his death, other historians emphasize that only old women were there, but they seem determined to write her out of Cuban history. Whatever, Cespedes mistress is buried close to him in Santiago de Cuba. El Jigue 11-12-06

Colombus and Cipango
No mention in this article that when Christopher Colombus explored the island he thought it could be Cipango (european name for Japan at that time), since Colombus was looking for a short route to Asia.--tequendamia 11:59, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

deleted the following
Fidel...

as a student-gangster, one of the "trigger happy boys" (los muchachos del gatillo alegre) Enrique Ros and is widely believed responsible for several murders.

 * Please source the "trigger happy boys", and put it in context, what does this mean?  I have no idea?

 * Enrique Ros and is widely believed responsible for several murders.

 * who is Enrique Ros, why should a wikipedian care? Please explain who this man is

 * "widely believed" is a weasel term. Widely believed by who? Please source your information, add footnotes peferably.Travb 09:15, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

Chibás, entangled in an accusation that proved false

 * What accusations? How were they proven false?  At least list what that accsation are. Travb 09:23, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

After a very promising start in his first (elected) term his policy was now very hard on the people and discontentment grew.

 * How was this dictator term "promising" at the start? This is not explained.

 * How was it a very hard policy? This is very important to explain, because it seeds the disconnect for the revolution. why would people support the overthrow of this leader? Travb 09:26, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

added three unref tags
Three large important section of the contemporary history of Cuba is unrefenced. Please verify your sources.

As per: Verifiability

This means that we only publish material that is verifiable with reference to reliable, published sources.

Signed: Travb 09:32, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

early history later history
Early history parts of this article need help. There are paragraphs of duplicate material that need to be consolidated into single paragraphs. In some of the later history, writing needs to be re-done in standard English--some material is still in rough English translated from the Spanish. Thanks Hmains 18:29, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

2003 ferry hijackings
This had two ferry hijackings with six executions from the first, and ? from the second. All sources I have seen had one hijacking and three executions. -- Beardo 08:32, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm amazed you managed to find such a subtle piece of baloney on this page otherwise rampant with errors. I've removed it - it was certainly 1 hijack 3 executions. And the Catholic church did not openly back the Varela project. --Zleitzen 08:37, 2 August 2006 (UTC)

No poor countries have succeeded?
"Another consideration here is that Cuba already was a very poor country in 1959 and hardly any poor countries, capitalist or socialist, have managed to escape poverty in the 20th century, so political orientation can't be conclusively said to be the determining factor."

What about Greece, Portugal, and/or Ireland? and Japan and Taiwan

Not to mention (South) Korea, which went from being a Japanese colony to having the 10th-largest economy in the world.

 * It's bollocks and has been removed.--Zleitzen 23:58, 9 August 2006 (UTC)

 * I wouldn't call it complete bollocks. It says 'hardly any countries', not 'no countries'. You have to admit there is something to it. Out of more than 100 poor countries in the world just a few have escaped poverty over the last century or so. The division between rich and poor countries has remained pretty much the same, so that seems to be the most decisive factor (money makes money). Also, Greece, Portugal and Ireland happened to get rich after they joined economically with the EU, so having rich trading partners is more likely the cause (hint!). Anyway, there have been too few 'communist' countries to base any statistically sound conclusions on (and Russia has certainly improved economically). Whether any of that is relevant here is another issue. :)
 * However, I notice another strange phrase in that section: "But now the United States pressures other nations and U.S. companies with foreign subsidiaries to restrict trade with Cuba. This hinders Castro's historic argument of blaming the United States for Cuba's grave economic situation." I'd sooner say that supports it. Or do I misunderstand this? If so, it might need a rewrite. DirkvdM 18:11, 13 September 2006 (UTC)
 * There are many strange phrases on the page Dirk. I'm still at about the year 1540 with my gradual rework of the article and can only work chronologically so I may reach that phrase in about 6 months! As for the above, by bollocks I mean that the sentence is meaningless within the article and has no context, it is also an uncited opinion. The other phrase you noticed makes absolutely no sense at all, you're right! --Zleitzen 18:43, 13 September 2006 (UTC)

It seems inaccurate to state that Cuba was a very poor country in 1959, since despite the damage to infra-structure in the countryside in late 1958 there was little damage in major cities. Of course before 1958 Cuba's economy/per capita was ranked among the upper three or four countries in the Americas. To verify this statement one has only to look at the buildings built during this period e.g. La FOCSA. Will supply references at a later date. El Jigue 12-8-06

"In the 1950s, Cuba's gross domestic product (GDP) per capita was roughly equal to that of contemporary Italy, and significantly higher than that of countries such as Japan, although Cuba's GDP per capita was still only a sixth as large as that of the United States. According to the United Nations at the time, "one feature of the Cuban social structure [was] a large middle class"

It wasn't poor relative to the rest of world at the time under Batista.

Cuba under attack
In this section the disastrous effect of disease on the English and English Colonial (North American troops) is seemingly rarely mentioned in histories, and yet this must have been a major factor in 1763 exchange. Will add some references once I finish a pressing project. El Jigue 12-08-06 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 208.65.188.149 (talk) 00:41, 9 December 2006 (UTC).

 * Thanks EJ. I mention it as a critical factor in relation to the earlier Cumberland bay episode. I haven't read anything yet about disease and the British in Havana 1762. Will look further into it.--Zleitzen 06:46, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I'd love to see some references. (Despite being a Brit in Cuba, I am almost as ignorant of this episode as the average Cuban !) -- Beardo 21:43, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Cuban War of Independence
I cannot believe that there isn't a separate article on the Cuban War of Independence (when there is on the Ten Years War) - unless it is under another name. I wonder about starting it by copying what is here. -- Beardo 21:43, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Article overall
There are lot's of things that need work. Not enough pre-1959, too much post.

There needs to be something about Angola (that looms large in the history of Cubans - almost the way Vietnam does for Americans - except the side Cuba supported won. There are lots of veterans wounded there. [Does anyone have statistics on Cuba's casualities]. Many Cubans first trip overseas was to Angola. (Either that or a separate article).

The section on Castro's illness is way too long, as it is covered in detail elsewhere. In the long term it will not be a main section - a footnote in the history.

-- Beardo 21:43, 9 December 2006 (UTC)

Cuban Involvement in Africa
Cuba was actively involved in Africa for 25 years. Cuban Intervention in Guinea-Bissau and Angola was instrumental in ending imperialism in Africa and in the independence of Namibia. At the hight of their involvement there were 450.000 Cuban troops involved in a war against FNLA and UNITA, the latter supported by South Africa; very unique and no small feat for a little country halfway around the world. Cuba keeps the numbers of its fallen soldiers secret. Estimates go up to 10.000.

All this considered i do find it surprising that there is no mention of this in Cuba's recent history. Sundar1 11:21, 4 October 2007 (UTC)

Correction: The 450.000 troops refer to the overall involvement over the period of 25 years which, in light of the total population of Cuba, is an impressive figure. Sundar1 (talk) 16:25, 17 November 2007 (UTC)

 * The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale and its outcome is disputed to this day with a vast amount of sources taking opposing views. Some have great difficulty in understanding the other view is different than a defense of apartheid. For accuracy's sake I've balanced it out. Virgil61 (talk) 00:24, 7 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Looks good to me, and you have some good sources. Natalie (talk) 00:38, 7 January 2008 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Granma 1 agosto 06.jpg
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BetacommandBot (talk) 22:30, 13 February 2008 (UTC)

Cuba comment
Well if you ask me i think cuba is a beautiful and most sightful places ever-xx —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.236.221.158 (talk) 20:53, 26 August 2008 (UTC)

bias
This article seems fairly heavily biased towards not only Batista but also the USA. There are a lot of subjective comments which seem to to use fairly vague sources or sources of questionable authority that were published at the height of anti-communist propaganda in the USA. This isn't surprising given the amount of Cuban exiles who are quite vocal about Castro but it is disappointing to see them vandalise an article like this on Wikipedia.--Senor Freebie (talk) 02:13, 23 March 2009 (UTC)

Biased as hell. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.206.5.233 (talk) 19:50, 17 April 2009 (UTC)

yea its pretty terrible, even by anti-castro standards. especially the "socialism" section. it reads more like a rambling polemic, and a bad one at that, rather then an encyclopedia article. - anon

Is there any verification that 20,000 dissidents were imprisoned "in any given year"? It is obvious that the scale of repressions in 1950-1960s was much lager than in 1970s - present day. Olegwiki (talk) 11:28, 9 July 2009 (UTC)
 * The article cites a supporting source for this claim but does not specify a page number. It turns out that the source is partially previewable via Google books, and the support is found on page 194. Note 12 on that point in the book probably cites a further source, but that note would appear on Page 207, which is not previewable. Perhaps your local library has a copy of the book. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:38, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

WikiProject Cuba recognizes that this article article needs a massive amount of work (clean up, npov, fact checking, source checking etc), and has that flagged as "Urgent!!" [inserted:that was for the Cuba article. They have this article tagged as currently undergoing verification.]. They would probably welcome additional participants. Wtmitchell Wtmitchell  (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 04:07, 10 July 2009 (UTC)

"The Black Book of Communism" is not neutral — Preceding unsigned comment added by 69.91.152.118 (talk) 17:07, 14 August 2012 (UTC)

Explanation of recent revert, request for comment on concerns
User:Luis Napoles, I have recently reverted this large edit you made to this article with the explanation of "clean up" - and thus I wanted to take the chance here to explain my reasoning for doing so - and allow you to provide rationale for the array of alterations which took place in this single edit. In chronological order:

(1) I'm not quite sure why you removed the note that "native populations were rapidly declining"? This fact is not in dispute and could easily be sourced. (2) To your deletions regarding the U.S. Foraker Amendment etc, do you dispute the factual accuracy of these notations, or are you removing them because the citation needed tag you possibly placed there was not answered?

(3) You have chosen to remove the terms of the Platt Amendment. Do you dispute that these were in fact the terms, or are you removing this because you were unable to locate a ref? The latter could easily be done.

(4) You removed the sentence stating that the Platt Amendment "gave the United States the right to intervene militarily in Cuba". Is this something that you dispute from a factual standpoint?

(5) You also removed notations that "Havana and Varadero became tourist resorts, adorned with casinos and strip-clubs." Is your removal from this that you dispute its factual accuracy, its relevance? etc

(6) You deleted the entire section on "Opposition to the Regime". Do you dispute that this is relevant to the History of Cuba, or that it is not accurate?

(7) You unilaterally removed the July 2009 POV tag on the "repression" section.

(8) You have switched the terms "liberation movements" to "communist groups". Although many of these groups prescribed to some sort of socialist/marxist/communist ideology - they also classified themselves as "liberation movements". Do you find the term in itself to be pov, even if it were used in quotations to denote that this is the way those groups described themselves?

(9) Perhaps most puzzling, you have removed the description of Joseph Mobutu as a "long-time dictator" while then declaring that Laurent-Désiré Kabila became Congo's "new dictator". Not only did you not provide a source for the latter, but you also have offered no rationale for why you then do not recognize Mobutu as a dictator? (Nearly all are unanimous on this both left and right)

(10) You have removed mention of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale which had no fact tag or anything and merely called it a "military excursion", is it your view that this somehow provides more information to the reader?

(11) You removed all external links with recent material, except for a 1908 Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Cuba? What makes this link more valid than any of the others?

Thanks for your time, and please take your time providing a response if you'd like. Red thoreau (talk)RT 07:04, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

 * "This fact is not in dispute and could easily be sourced". Then source it. If it has been unreferenced for a while, in this case for two years, it must go.Luis Napoles (talk) 07:29, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Sugar plantations in the 1800s
"In the 1800s, Cuban sugar plantations became the most important world producer of sugar, thanks to the expansion of slavery and a relentless focus on improving the island's sugar technology. Use of modern refining techniques was especially important because the British abolished the slave trade in 1807 and, after 1815, began forcing other countries to follow suit. Cubans were torn between the profits generated by sugar and a repugnance for slavery, which they saw as morally, politically, and racially dangerous to their society. By the end of the nineteenth century, slavery was abolished.

However, leading up to the abolition of slavery, Cuba gained great prosperity from its sugar trade. Originally, the Spanish had ordered regulations on trade with Cuba, which kept the island from becoming a dominant sugar producer. The Spanish were interested in keeping their trade routes and slave trade routes protected. Nevertheless, Cuba's vast size and abundance of natural resources made it an ideal place for becoming a booming sugar producer. When Spain opened the Cuban trade ports, it quickly became a popular place. New technology allowed a much more effective and efficient means of producing sugar. They began to use water mills, enclosed furnaces, and steam engines to produce a higher quality of sugar at a much more efficient pace than elsewhere in the Caribbean.

The boom in Cuba's sugar industry in the nineteenth century made it necessary for Cuba to improve its means of transportation. Planters needed safe and efficient ways to transport the sugar from the plantations to the ports, in order to maximize their returns. Many new roads were built, and old roads were quickly repaired. Railroads were built early and changed the way that perishable sugar cane (within one or two days after the cane is cut easily crystallizable sucrose sugar has "inverted" to turn into far less recoverable glucose and fructose sugars) is collected and allowing more rapid and effective sugar transportation. It was now possible for plantations all over this large island to have their sugar shipped quickly and easily. The prosperity seen from the boom in sugar production is a major reason that Cuban ethnicity became further enriched by new influx of Spanish migrants. Many Spaniards immigrated to Cuba, calling it a place of refuge."

The section is unsourced. Could somebody find sources for these paragraphs? Luis Napoles (talk) 09:02, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Proclamation of Montecristi
This is unsourced: "On 25 December 1895 three ships loaded with fighters and weapons, the Lagonda, the Almadis and the Baracoa set sail for Cuba from Fernandina Beach, Florida, loaded with weapons and supplies that had been difficult and costly to obtain. Two of the ships were seized by US authorities in early January, who also alerted the Spanish government, but the proceedings went ahead. Not to be dissuaded, on 25 March Martí presented the Proclamation of Montecristi (Manifesto de Montecristi) which outlined the policy for Cuba’s war of independence:
 * the war was to be waged by blacks and whites alike;
 * participation of all blacks was crucial for victory;
 * Spaniards who did not object to the war effort should be spared,
 * private rural properties should not be damaged; and
 * the revolution should bring new economic life to Cuba." Luis Napoles (talk) 09:10, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

 * It is copied from here.Luis Napoles (talk) 09:12, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

Ramon Leocadio Bonachea
I seek information on my great grandfather. I understand that he was a member of the nationalist forces and was exiled to the US in order to avoid arrest and execution. Oscar Cano  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.159.140.82 (talk) 18:45, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Try the reference desk. -- Trevj (talk) 11:40, 20 August 2012 (UTC)

Apparent error
I haven't tagged this -- it looks to me like an error, but it may be a misunderstanding on my part. The article asserts, "The 1940 Constitution, which Julia E. Sweig describes as extraordinarily progressivist, was adopted by Batista administration.[70][71] The constitution denied Batista the possibility to run consecutively in the 1944 election." I am unable to find such a prohibition in the 1940 Cuban Constitution. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 03:03, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

Blacklisted Links Found on the Main Page
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The "Modern era" section
Is the "Modern era" section supposed to be "recent bad things about Cuba"? It contains nothing about the reforms, nothing about the economic rebound (its GDP/capita went up from $2300 in 1998 to $6000 in 2011) and the newly-found focus on tourism. It doesn't mention at all its close relationship with Chavez's Venezuela or Cuban medical internationalism.

Now it looks like a piece of anti-Cuban propaganda. bogdan (talk) 21:45, 5 April 2014 (UTC),
 * Good suggestions. I'll add some info and refs on the Cuban economy, medical int. etc. – Michaelmas1957 (talk) 11:49, 9 February 2015 (UTC)
 * Done. The Modern era section is more balanced now. – Michaelmas1957 (talk) 13:15, 9 February 2015 (UTC)

External links modified
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Indian should be indigenous
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Cuba#Spanish_conquest_and_early_colonization

this paragraph is especially guilty. Descriptor "indian" is antiquated language which now more specifically suggests asian decent. Indigenous is more specific / accurate. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Comomomo (talk • contribs) 03:11, 20 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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EW GROSS — Preceding unsigned comment added by 167.217.31.57 (talk) 19:08, 23 May 2018 (UTC)

Anti-colonial rhetoric
Noticed there is some strong anti-colonial rhetoric in the Early Spanish Colonization section, focussing solely on the crimes of Spanish colonizers, with little to nothing about the actual development of colonial infrastructure or the role it played in expanding the Spanish Empire. The main source is a book from a disgraced former British journalist and KGB asset, which cannot be considered objective or credible.

A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 21:51, 18 June 2019 (UTC)
 * Adolescente reconcentrado. Restos óseos de miles de víctimas..jpg

Politics
The section under politics has paragraphs with no citation or improper citation. Much work is needed to clean up the citations. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Eshaparvathi (talk • contribs) 18:39, 11 January 2020 (UTC)

Undoing vandalism
I've just removed a small silly edit. The text I've removed read "However, they took the haitians [sic] sugar while the haitians where [sic] fighting in war and now they have sugar in their tanks. They are to be believed 98% flamboyant." This was between mention of the Ten Years' War and the Spanish American war. I'm only writing here because this is my first time doing something like this, so if really does believe there's merit to the Haitian-Cuban Sugar Crisis, they can make their case. Entomas (talk) 11:48, 20 December 2021 (UTC)

Precise timeline, please
It would be helpful if months were provided, so that readers could have a sense of the pace of Castro's actions. For example: dates, or at least months, should be provided for the following: "The new government of Cuba soon encountered opposition from militant groups and from the United States, which had supported Batista politically and economically.[153] Fidel Castro quickly purged political opponents from the administration. Loyalty to Castro and the revolution became the primary criterion for all appointments."Dogru144 (talk) 00:08, 19 March 2022 (UTC)

Concern re image
After seeing this image removal from the Spanish–American War article, I have added a discuss tag to the caption of which appears in the Escalation of the war section of this article. I'm not a regular uploader or maintainer of images, but perhaps some action needs to be taken on the image page or its talk page as well. Wtmitchell (talk) (earlier Boracay Bill) 00:04, 20 February 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Cuba


text:
Eurasian griffon vulture

The Eurasian griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus) is a large Old World vulture in the bird of prey family Accipitridae. It is also known as the griffon vulture, although this term is sometimes used for the genus as a whole. It is not to be confused with the Rüppell's griffon vulture (Gyps rueppellii) and Himalayan griffon vulture (Gyps himalayensis). It is closely related to the white-backed vulture (Gyps africanus).

Description
The griffon vulture is 93 – long with a 2.3 – wingspan. In the nominate race the males weigh 6.2 to 10.5 kg and females typically weigh 6.5 to 10.5 kg, while in the Indian subspecies (G. f. fulvescens), the vultures average 7.1 kg. Extreme adult weights have been reported from 4.5 to 15 kg, the latter likely a weight attained in captivity. Hatched naked, it is a typical Old World vulture in appearance, with a white head,  broad wings and short tail feathers. It has a white neck ruff and yellow bill. The buff body and wing coverts contrast with the dark flight feathers.

Distribution and habitat
In Italy, the species has survived only in the island of Sardinia, but there have been recent attempts at reintroducing the griffon in the peninsula. As a result, several specimens were spotted in August 2006 on the Gran Sasso massif (central Italy). Populations in Italy are thought to be increasing thanks to reintroduction schemes in neighbouring countries  and a ban on hunting the species.

In Croatia, a colony of griffon vultures can be found near the town of Beli on the island of Cres. There they breed at lower elevations, with some nests just 10 m above sea level. Therefore, contact with people is common. The population makes frequent incursions in the Slovenian territory, especially in the mountain Stol above Kobarid. The bird is protected in an area called Kuntrep on the Croatian island of Krk. In Ireland, the first record of a griffon vulture occurred in 1843 in Cork. More recently, in 2000 a vulture took up residence on the Channel Island of Guernsey. In Cyprus, there was a colony of fewer than 30 birds at Episkopi, in the south of the island in 2006.

In Israel, colonies of griffon vultures can be found in the north and the Golan Heights. A large colony breeds in the Carmel Mountains, the Negev desert and especially at Gamla. Reintroduction projects are being carried out at breeding centres in the Carmel and Negev.

In Greece, there are nearly 1000 birds. The majority of griffon vulture population in Greece resides in Crete, which hosts the largest insular population of the species in the world. On Crete they can be found in most mountainous areas, sometimes in groups of up to 20. Griffon vultures have been reintroduced successfully into the Massif Central in France; about 500 are now found there. Griffon vultures are regularly spotted over the Millau bridge, and since 2015 also in the Cantal Mountains. In Serbia, there are around 60–65 pairs of griffon vultures in the western parts of the country, around Zlatar mountain and also 35 birds in the canyon of the Trešnjica river. They are under legal protection from hunting.
 * In Belgium and the Netherlands, around 100 birds were present in the summer of 2007. These were vagrants from the Pyrenees population (see below).
 * In Germany, the species died out in the mid-18th century. Some 200 vagrant birds, probably from the Pyrenees, were sighted in 2006, and several dozen of the vagrants sighted in Belgium the following year crossed into Germany in search for food. There are plans to reintroduce the species in the Alps. In September 2008, pieces of a griffon vulture bone, about 35,000 years old, were excavated from Hohle Fels cave in southern Germany, which are believed to form a flute.

In Austria, there is a remnant population around Salzburg Zoo, and vagrants from the Balkans are often seen.In Spain and France, in 2008, there were 25,000 birds, from a low of a few thousand around 1980. Spain has the biggest colony of Griffon vultures in all Europe. It is located at Hoces del Río Duratón Natural Park (Province of Segovia). In Portugal a few hundred pairs of griffons nest, but their distribution is strongly asymmetric. The main areas of reproduction are located in the northeast (Douro International), which is home to more than half of the Portuguese population. Though permanently resident in the interior of the country, the griffon vulture often ventures west when the breeding season is over and can occasionally reach the Tagus Estuary and Cape St. Vincent.

The Pyrenees population has apparently been affected by an EC ruling that due to danger of BSE transmission, no carcasses must be left on the fields for the time being. This has critically lowered food availability, and consequently, carrying capacity. Although the griffon vulture does not normally attack larger living prey, there are reports of Spanish griffon vultures killing weak, young or unhealthy living animals when they do not find enough carrion. In May 2013, a 52-year-old woman who was hiking in the Pyrenees died after falling off a cliff. Griffon vultures devoured her corpse before rescue workers arrived and found only her clothes and a few bones.The story attracted attention to griffon vulture problems in Southern Europe.

In Armenia there are 46-54 pairs according to last estimation of population; the trend demonstrates slight increasing. In Russia, nests on the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus.

Behaviour and ecology
Like other vultures, it is a scavenger, feeding mostly from carcasses of dead animals which it finds by soaring over open areas, often moving in flocks. It grunts and hisses at roosts or when feeding on carrion.

The maximum recorded lifespan of the griffon vulture is 41.4 years for an individual in captivity.

It breeds on crags in mountains in southern Europe, north Africa, and Asia, laying one egg. Griffon vultures may form loose colonies. The population is mostly resident. Density Dependence in this colonial species has been shown to affect annual reproductive success with eyries in protected location (caves, potholes and sheltered ledges) producing more fledglings, and used preferentially, than low-quality eyries (exposed ledges and open crevices), which were only used when the number of breeding individuals increased.

Physiology
Griffon vultures have been used as model organisms for the study of soaring and thermoregulation. The energy costs of level flight tend to be high, prompting alternatives to flapping in larger birds. Vultures in particular utilize more efficient flying methods such as soaring. Compared to other birds, which elevate their metabolic rate to upwards of 16 times their basal metabolic rate in flight, soaring griffon vultures expend about 1.43 times their basal metabolic rate in flight. Griffon vultures are also efficient flyers in their ability to return to a resting heart rate after flight within ten minutes.

As large scavengers, griffon vultures have not been observed to seek shelter for thermoregulation. Vultures use their bald heads as a means to thermoregulate in both extreme cold and hot temperatures. Changes in posture can increase bare skin exposure from 7% to 32%. This change allows for the more than doubling of convective heat loss in still air. Griffon vultures have also been found to tolerate increased body temperatures as a response to high ambient temperatures. By allowing their internal body temperature to change independently of their metabolic rate, griffon vultures minimize their loss of water and energy in thermoregulating. One study in particular (Bahat 1995) found that these adaptations have allowed the Griffon vulture to have one of the widest thermal neutral zones of any bird.

Intraspecific competition
Griffon vultures have shown no age difference in their feeding rates. Feeding rates do tend to increase when more food is available. Studies connected with reintroduction of the vultures have found that older adults are more inclined to display aggressive behaviour and signs of dominance. The sexes have shown no difference in competitive behaviours. Reintroduced and wild-bred birds did not differ in dominance or feeding rate despite their differences in upbringing.

Threats
The main cause of the rapid decline in the griffon vulture population is the consumption of poisoned baits set out by people. Wildlife conservation efforts have attempted to increase awareness of the lethal consequences of using illegally poisoned baits through education about the issue.

title: Eurasian griffon vulture


text:
User:Jmelchio

Is science synomymous with progress?

1. Introduction.

Is science really synonymous with progress?

From the Greek Antiquity, philosophy was considered as the most important doctrine, and was the model for people's behaviour.

But the 17th century underwent an important ideological change. Indeed, thanks to people like Newton and Galilée, science started its incredible development.

Nowadays, science occupies a dominating position in our society: in communication, transport, etc.

However, we can wonder if science is really the answer to all our problems.

This is what we will try to debate in the next few pages.

2. Interview.

We have interviewed Romain Bodard to have his opinion about the influence of science on our society. Here are the main points of the interview.

 * Science has improved our quality of life considerably :

e.g. - We have lots of electrical appliances for the household tasks

- Some types of manual work ( harvesting, milking etc.)are done with machines

- Cars, etc. make travelling easier.

 * However, there are always side effects :

e.g. - In agriculture, the chemical fertilizers used to increase productivity make the rivers more acid. Therefore, purification stations are needed, and this costs a lot of money.

- Cars pollute the Earth's atmosphere. Moreover, cars need petrol, which is transported in oil tankers. If these oil tankers sink, enormous pollution problems follow.

- Weapons are another example. They are more and more precise, efficient and lethal. So if they fall in the hands of terrorists, it can have dramatic consequences... At the start, weapons were designed to protect and defend people, but now, they are used to attack and destroy.

Let's take the example of medicines : the inhabitants of poor countries do not have access to them. In general, the development of new medicines targets rich countries.
 * Another important point to make is that scientific progress is not accessible to everybody.

research could be devoted to other purposes, for example, help to poor countries. In this respect, let's consider space research : its usefulness is not very clear. It could help develop medical research in the long term... But at the moment it mainly has commercial aims.
 * In addition, the money invested in some very costly scientific

 * Science brings good things, but also bad ones. Generally, the good aspects can be seen from the start, whereas the negative side effects are often only discovered later. Scientists then work to reduce the negative aspects, but this usually implies many costs. Sometimes also, personal interests are involved, and they outweigh the interests of mankind.

 * On the whole, on comparing the advantages and disadvantages brought by science, we can say that there are more good things than bad things.

3. Argumentation.

According to Hottois, science is more a way of life than an improvement. Our whole civilisation is articulated around science. One would not exist without the other. We can then have 2 different points of view : science is positive for the advantages it brings, but it is negative if we consider its disadvantages and restraints.

According to Gusdorf, science used to be separated from other disciplines such as literature and philosophy. Today, science is not isolated any more and is linked to the other disciplines. He also says that hope is our objective, and science is our hope, so reaching our objective means progress. In this respect, science is synonymous with progress.

However, this progress did not happen overnight. Galilée and Kepler, for example, had to fight against religion to see their scientific ideas recognized. At that time, religion was considered as more important than science, which had no rights. Now the trend has been reversed, but it should not be to the detriment of religion. The fact that science has enabled people to broaden their views and mentalities to evolve can also be seen as a kind of progress.

4. Counter-argumentation.

As we have seen, Hottois's opinion can be analysed in 2 different ways. It is either an argument in favour of the fact that science means progress for man, or it is the opposite. Indeed, he links science to civilisation, and civilisation has good and bad aspects. Therefore, this idea can be an argument or a counter-argument. We can give as examples the negative consequences of some technical inventions.

5. Our position.

In the light of all the documents read and opinions collected, each member of the group has developed his own opinion. We have put all our opinions in common and tried to find a 'happy medium'.

The general opinion is the following : from a strictly scientific point of view, science contributes actively to progress. (let's consider our present comfort)

However, there are negative aspects, e.g. pollution.

Science can also be dangerous, e.g. the catastrophy of the Space Shuttle Columbia, in which 7 people lost their lives.

The group's opinion is mitigated. Science is a source of progress, but which should not be pursued at any cost : we should always assess the possible consequences in advance.

The evolution of science is sometimes too fast, and in some areas, it can cause incontrollable drifts, e.g. cloning, in-vitro fertilization etc.

The development of science must be done in a thoughtful and consistent way. Then, it will be total progress.

6. Link with the job of engineer.

An engineer is a person qualified in applied sciences, so a person able to use the different scientific domains put at his disposal and apply them to different situations.

All the technical progress of our modern world is linked to scientific discoveries. Engineers must exploit these discoveries to help others in their daily lives.

However, it is important to set the right priorities and to make the right choices. Profit should never be put above other values, like social development. To sum up, we can quote some words by Rabelais : "Science sans conscience n'est que ruine de l'âme." Our future choices will have consequences, and we will have to measure these consequences.

An engineer is above all a scientist who asks himself the right questions and who uses his knowledge to the best benefit of the whole community.

title: User:Jmelchio


text:
World Championship Wrestling

World Championship Wrestling (WCW) was an American professional wrestling promotion founded by Ted Turner in 1988, after Turner Broadcasting System, through a subsidiary named Universal Wrestling Corporation, purchased the assets of National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) territory Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP) (which had aired its programming on TBS).

For all of its existence, WCW was one of the two top professional wrestling promotions in the United States alongside the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE), at one point surpassing the latter in terms of popularity. After initial success through utilization of established wrestling stars of the 1980s, the company appointed Eric Bischoff to executive producer of television in 1993. Under Bischoff's leadership, the company enjoyed a period of mainstream success characterized by a shift to reality-based storylines, and notable hirings of former WWF talent. WCW also gained attention for developing a popular cruiserweight division, which showcased an acrobatic, fast-paced, lucha libre-inspired style of wrestling. In 1995, WCW debuted their live flagship television program Monday Nitro, and subsequently developed a ratings competition against the flagship program of the WWF, Monday Night Raw, in a period now known as the Monday Night War. From 1996 to 1998, WCW surpassed their rival program in the ratings for 83 consecutive weeks.

Beginning in 1999, WCW endured significant losses in ratings and revenue due to creative missteps and suffered from the fallout from the 2001 merger of America Online (AOL) and Turner Broadcasting parent Time Warner (later WarnerMedia, now known as Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD)). Soon thereafter, WCW was shut down, and the WWF purchased select WCW assets in 2001, including its video library, intellectual property (including the WCW name and championships), and some wrestler contracts. The corporate subsidiary, which was retained to deal with legal obligations and reverted to the Universal Wrestling Corporation name, officially became defunct in 2017. Its headquarters were located in Smyrna, Georgia.

1982 to 1993: Origins, creation, and NWA membership
"World Championship Wrestling" was a television show produced by Georgia Championship Wrestling (GCW) since 1982. Jim Barnett (who had briefly owned the Australian promotion of that name) came to Atlanta in the 1970s during an internal struggle for control of GCW. Barnett ultimately became majority owner of the promotion, and began using his previous promotion's name for GCW's weekly Saturday television program in 1982. Following the events that became known as Black Saturday, in which GCW and its television program briefly came under the ownership of the WWF, the promotion was eventually purchased by Charlotte, North Carolina-based Jim Crockett Promotions (JCP), the promoter of the Mid-Atlantic territory immediately north of Georgia.

Influential wrestling magazine Pro Wrestling Illustrated and its sister publications thereafter habitually referred to JCP as "World Championship Wrestling", "WCW" and most commonly "the World Championship area" and continued to do so until early 1988 when it began referring to the company solely as the NWA, reasoning that "it has become apparent that the NWA and the World Championship area are one and the same."

By late 1988, JCP was financially struggling after further territory acquisitions. Ted Turner, the namesake principal owner of Turner Broadcasting System, formed a new subsidiary in October 1988 to acquire most of the assets of JCP. The acquisition was completed on November 2, 1988. While initially the subsidiary was incorporated as the "Universal Wrestling Corporation", following the purchase the decision was made to utilize the familiar "World Championship Wrestling" as the name for the promotion.

In late Summer/early Autumn 1993, a behind-the-scenes dispute between WCW and the NWA Board of Directors over who had the right to authorize NWA World Heavyweight Championship title changes ultimately resulted in WCW formally withdrawing from the NWA and becoming a standalone wrestling promotion.

1993 to 1996: Eric Bischoff takes charge; launch of WCW Monday Nitro
In February 1993 former commentator Eric Bischoff was appointed as Executive Producer of WCW, and by 1994 he had been promoted once again to Senior Vice President, a position which gave Bischoff both creative and financial control of WCW. At this point, the promotion was struggling financially and was widely perceived within the wrestling industry to be at a low ebb. To counter this, Bischoff felt that WCW was in need of radical reform; to this end, Bischoff sought to modernise WCW and move its image away from that of a Southern-based "rasslin" company. To achieve this, Bischoff increased WCW's production values, avoided unprofitable house shows, increased the number of WCW pay-per-views (PPVs, which were profitable), decreased the number of Southern accents on commentary, and began recruiting top stars away from the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). This led to marquee names such as Hulk Hogan and "The Macho Man" Randy Savage joining WCW's ranks and helping to supplement its business.

In 1995, during a face-to-face meeting with Ted Turner, Bischoff was able to convince Turner that in order for WCW to become competitive with the WWF, WCW would require an equivalent to WWF's new flagship cable show WWF Raw, which aired on the USA Network. The meeting led to Turner greenlighting the creation of WCW Monday Nitro, which would air on TNT on the same day and in the same time slot as Raw. Nitro would debut on September 4, 1995, and directly lead into the Monday Night War era of professional wrestling, in which WCW Nitro and WWF Raw would fiercely compete to beat each other in the Nielson ratings each and every week. The struggle between the two promotions, each one attempting to produce the best television show possible each week, led to an explosion in the popularity of professional wrestling in the United States and in hindsight is widely considered a golden era.

1996 to 1998: WCW's exponential growth; Nitro defeats Raw for 83 weeks
WCW Monday Nitro proved a success for the company, which was immediately able to create a television audience of an equivalent size to WWF Raw. Between September 1995 and May 1996, Nitro and Raw regularly traded victories in the battle for the largest television audience. However in June 1996, Nitro would begin a streak of 83 constructive victories over Raw, initially sparked by the start of the New World Order (nWo) storyline. The start of the nWo angle saw former WWF talent Scott Hall and Kevin Nash unexpectedly leave the WWF to come to Monday Nitro on consecutive episodes, and each time insinuate that they were there on behalf of the WWF to fight a proxy war. They also alleged that they would soon be joined by a third major figure; this "third man" was eventually revealed to be Hulk Hogan at Bash at the Beach 1996. A major advantage WCW Nitro initially had over WWF Raw was that Nitro was live-to-air every week, while Raw alternated between live episodes and ones taped in advance and aired the following week. Nitro's live atmosphere enhanced segments such as the Hall and Nash debuts as it gave the show an unscripted, "anything can happen at any time" feeling to the television audience.

The start of the nWo angle, which immediately proved immensely popular and intriguing to wrestling fans, was part of a wider shift in the WCW presentation still being pursued by Eric Bischoff. As part of his overhaul of WCW, Bischoff wanted to grow WCW's audience amongst 18 to 35-year-olds. To that end, he alongside WCW's booker Kevin Sullivan began grounding WCW characters and storylines more in reality, utilising real names and darker themes in contrast to the more cartoon-like presentation which had dominated wrestling in the 1980s and early 90s. An example of this shift in tone was seen in the transformation of top WCW star Sting over the course of 1996 following the start of the nWo angle, whose persona shifted from a colorful and cheerful clean-cut face to a dark, depressed and brooding antihero inspired by the 1994 film The Crow. Another major innovation occurring concurrently in WCW was the introduction of the Cruiserweight division, which saw the introduction of smaller, more agile and more athletic wrestlers performing fast-paced, high-flying dangerous matches on WCW shows. This added another unique element to WCW shows that helped propel their surging popularity.

The combination of a more adult-orientated presentation, live and unedited television, more reality-based storylines, new top-level talent, new and intriguing characters, and more varied in-ring action saw WCW's fortunes dramatically shift; the company went from struggling financially as late as 1995 to generating $55 million in profit in 1998. December 1997's Starrcade pay-per-view (PPV) event became the highest-grossing PPV of all time for the company, thanks in large part to the show being billed as the culmination of a year-and-a-half feud between Sting and "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan.

1998 to 2001: Leadership changes; collapse and eventual demise
1996 and 1997 had been banner years for WCW, with profits and popularity soaring. 1998 saw profits continue to rise. However, maintaining the quality of the shows became difficult, particularly after WCW's owners Time Warner Entertainment (who bought Turner Broadcasting System in 1996) ordered the creation of a second live cable WCW program WCW Thunder, to air on Thursdays on TBS Superstation starting on January 8, 1998, as well as ordering a third hour to be added to Nitro's runtime. Nonetheless, the creation of new major headline babyface stars such as Diamond Dallas Page and Goldberg were causes for optimism, making the company initially less dependent on the nWo storyline for ratings. However, beginning in Spring 1998, WCW began an angle which saw the nWo split into a heel faction, nWo Hollywood (centered around "Hollywood" Hulk Hogan), and the rival face nWo Wolfpac (consisting of stars such as Kevin Nash, Sting, Lex Luger and Konnan). Speaking in hindsight in 2023, Eric Bischoff has said the angle was rushed, ill-conceived and had no long-term direction. By this point, many critics began to argue that WCW was now completely overreliant on the nWo storyline and unable to pivot to a new grand concept. Additionally, beginning in the summer of 1998, Bischoff has claimed that Time Warner Entertainment management began to increasingly micromanage WCW and meddle in its presentation. Executives at Time Warner Entertainment began to increasingly advocate that WCW should pivot to more a "family-friendly" orientation, and drop the reforms that turned around the company's fortunes.

Concurrently to WCW beginning to struggle under the weight of its own momentum, the WWF began to turn the corner on its own reforms. Having been caught flatfooted by the total reconfiguration of WCW and the success of Nitro in 1996 and 1997, by 1998 the WWF was building its own momentum. Taking most of the innovations WCW had implemented and reapplying them to their own presentation, WWF began its "Attitude Era". Building around newly emerging stars such as Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Rock, as well as WWF promoter Vince McMahon becoming a major on-screen character himself, the WWF finally ended Nitro's 83 weeks of ratings victories on April 27, 1998. For the next four months, Nitro and Raw would trade wins until October 26, 1998, when Nitro scored its last-ever ratings victory over Raw. The combined pressure of the WWF seizing back the ratings lead as well as WCW's own internal problem caused tension amongst both the on-screen talent and management.

By November 1998 Kevin Nash had become head booker of WCW, overseeing the creative direction of both Nitro and Thunder. Nash's tenure was fraught with unpopular decisions, such as the move that saw the popular undefeated streak of WCW Champion Goldberg ended by Nash himself, who then became champion, only for Nash to then lay down for Hollywood Hogan and reform a reunited nWo in the widely panned "Fingerpoke of Doom" angle.

Bischoff removed from power; Vince Russo and Ed Ferrera arrive
By September 1999, the rapidly declining ratings of Nitro (now half that of Raw), drastic dropoff in revenue, and the increasing antagonism between Eric Bischoff and Time Warner executives prompted the head of Turner Sports, Harvey Schiller, to relieve Bischoff of his position. Almost immediately Schiller found a duo to replace Bischoff: former head writers for Raw Vince Russo and Ed Ferrera. Russo had just weeks prior walked off the job at the WWF after a dispute with Vince McMahon over work hours, and Ed Ferrera soon followed. Russo and Ferrera were heralded at the time as the main drivers in the turnaround at WWF over the previous two years with their writing philosophy of "Crash TV", a presentation style that emphasized Soap opera style storylines, lengthier non-wrestling segments, frequent heel/face turns, an increased amount of female representation on the show, expanded storyline depth, frequent title changes, and a greater focus on developing mid-card talent.

The tenure of Russo and Ferrera at the creative helm of WCW was short-lived; by March 2000 the pair had been suspended from their positions as their provocative and edgy angles caused constant protest from AOL Time Warner executives. AOL and Time Warner had merged in January 2000 and, according to Bischoff and Russo, headquarters′ eagerness to tone down WCW had only grown more intense because of this.

Mounting frustrations amongst the talent resulted in many leaving WCW for the WWF; The Giant and Chris Jericho were the first major talent to "jump" to the WWF in 1999, but they were soon followed by many others. Chris Benoit (WCW World Champion at the time), Dean Malenko, Eddie Guerrero and Perry Saturn, who performed together on WCW television as "The Revolution", all collectively walked out of WCW and over to the WWF in January 2000, an incident which resulted in a number of firings amongst WCW management. With shakeups to WCW management becoming more and more frequent, the WCW talent began to lose any sense of leadership or direction, which in turn caused them to form bickering political cliques amongst themselves.

Bischoff and Russo collaboration
In April 2000, WCW attempted to resolve its creative issues by asking Eric Bischoff to return but work alongside Vince Russo as a duo. The pairing was not cohesive and frequently chafed over the direction of the company. Creatively, the year 2000 saw WCW attempt numerous publicity stunts to gain traction, such as making actor David Arquette (who then had no professional wrestling experience) the WCW World Heavyweight Champion. These moves only served to push traditional wrestling fans away from WCW. Events such as Goldberg forcing WCW World Heavyweight Champion Bret Hart into retirement following a botched move at Starrcade 1999, followed just days later by Goldberg very seriously injuring himself during an angle on Thunder, and Hollywood Hogan seemingly quitting the company live on PPV at Bash at the Beach 2000 only seemed to further a sense that the company was spiralling out of control. By July 2000 Bischoff had walked off the job.

2001: Sale to the World Wrestling Federation
In 2000, several potential buyers for WCW were rumored to show interest in the company. Ted Turner, however, did not hold influence over Time Warner before the final merger of America Online (AOL) and Time Warner in 2001, and most offers were rejected. Eric Bischoff, working with Fusient Media Ventures, made a bid to acquire the company in January 2001. One of the primary backers in the WCW deal backed out after AOL Time Warner refused to allow WCW to continue airing on its networks, leaving Fusient to take that offer off the table while it attempted to bring a new deal around.

In the meantime, Jamie Kellner was handed control over the Turner Broadcasting division in 2000, eventually succeeding Ted Turner on March 7, 2001. Along with AOL Time Warner, Kellner deemed WCW, along with Turner Sports as a whole, to be out of line with its image and saying that it "would not be favorable enough to get the 'right' advertisers to buy airtime" (even though Thunder was the highest-rated show on TBS at the time). As a result, WCW programming was cancelled on TBS and TNT. Another factor in Kellner's decision to cancel all WCW programming was the terms of the company's purchase deal with Fusient, which included giving Fusient control over time slots on TNT and TBS even if those slots did not air WCW programming. WCW's losses were then written off via purchase accounting.

The cancellation of WCW programming left the WWF free to acquire the key assets of WCW through its new subsidiary W. Acquisition Company, which was renamed WCW Inc. afterwards. AOL Time Warner sold the rights to the World Championship Wrestling name, branding, championships, and all other remaining assets aside from the talent roster and video library to WWF for $2.5 million in March 2001. Shortly afterwards WWF paid an additional $1.8 million to cover costs to AOL Time Warner in the negotiations, bringing the final tally of WCW's sale to $4.3 million. AOL Time Warner maintained its subsidiary, which reverted to its original legal name of Universal Wrestling Corporation, to deal with legal obligations and liabilities not acquired by the WWF. The UWC was listed as a subsidiary of Time Warner until 2017, when it was merged into Turner Broadcasting System.

Some of the WCW wrestlers joined the WWE immediately and participated in The Invasion storyline which lasted until the end of 2001, however many of WCW's top stars had contracts with AOL Time Warner rather than WCW itself that the WWF did not acquire, and most choose to sit out the length of their contracts rather than breaking them in order to work for the WWF. Most would eventually find their way to WWE, although Sting remained a notable exception for almost a decade and a half.

Many other WCW wrestlers moved to World Wrestling All-Stars (WWA) and then Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) which both started after the end of WCW.

Cruiserweight division
In the spring of 1996, WCW introduced its "Cruiserweight division", a segmented portion of the roster featuring smaller, faster and more agile wrestlers that contrasted starkly, both visually and stylistically, with their heavyweight counterparts. Although weight categories were not a new concept in wrestling or even WCW, the WCW Cruiserweight Division was quickly able to form a unique and popular identity by integrating and mixing wrestlers from all around the world and from vastly different wrestling styles, particularly Mexican Luchadores such as Rey Misterio Jr., Psychosis, and Juventud Guerrera, but also Japanese "Super Juniors" such as Último Dragón. North American wrestlers, such as Chris Jericho, Eddie Guerrero, Dean Malenko and Chris Benoit, who had travelled abroad to Mexico and Japan earlier in their careers and learned the local styles were also able to thrive in the division. The division as a whole became a showcase of a fast-paced, aerial and athletic style of wrestling which became highly influential in both the short and long term in the industry. Eric Bischoff has credited with the division as becoming a defining feature of Monday Nitro that was as fundamental to the late 1990s popularity of WCW as the New World Order faction: "I think the cruiserweight division and the talent represented therein probably had as much to do with the success of Nitro as the nWo storyline and Hulk Hogan, Scott Hall, and Kevin Nash. I don’t think people recognize it. The talent in that division not only helped Nitro consistently defeat WWE...that talent forced WWE, as much as the nWo, to change the way they were presenting the product."

The Cruiserweight division would continue to directly influence North American wrestling for many decades. Following the acquisition of WCW by WWF/WWE in 2001, WWE revived the Cruiserweight division in 2002 to be a feature of its Smackdown brand, with the WWE Cruiserweight Championship being deemed by the promotion to be the direct lineal successor to the WCW title. Simultaneously, the newly formed Total Nonstop Action wrestling promotion heavily featured their X Division, which did not limit participants by weight but rather by style. Nonetheless, the X-Division was considered a direct spiritual successor to the style developed in the WCW Cruiserweight division and became influential in its own right. WWE and TNA/Impact have continued to experiment and use the Cruiserweight/X-Division concept on and off throughout the 2000s and 2010s and into the 2020s.

Legacy
WCW was extremely influential within professional wrestling in the 1990s and several elements innovated and introduced by WCW would continue to be used in professional wrestling decades after its closure.

Short-term legacy
In the immediate aftermath of WWF's purchase of WCW, a significant portion of WCW's active roster was integrated into the WWF. These former WCW talents would be used as part of a "WCW vs WWF" storyline that ran in the WWF throughout 2001. The storyline began proper at the WWF Invasion pay-per-view, which received 775,000 buys and became one of the highest-grossing wrestling pay-per-views of all time. Although WWF was able to recruit many of those on the WCW roster at the time of the purchase, it was unable to secure the use of most of its top-level stars, as they were signed to long-term contracts with AOL-Time Warner rather than WCW. As such, these stars could remain inactive but still continue to be paid, and were not incentivized to join WWF until those contracts expired. It would not be until 2002 onwards that headline WCW stars such as Goldberg or Scott Steiner would join the company. At the No Way Out pay-per-view in February 2002, WWE began their own version of the new World order centered around Hogan, Nash and Hall, but later incorporating former WCW stars the Giant (now known as the Big Show) and Booker T as well as WWE talent such as Shawn Michaels.

Throughout the early 2000s, many former WCW headliners found it difficult to integrate into WWE, as there continued to be legitimate tensions between the two groups. Former WCW performers such as Diamond Dallas Page (who had accepted a WWF contract in 2001) were perceived to be intentionally poorly used as part of a "victory lap" by WWF. In turn, this dissuaded some WCW stars from trusting WWE; for example, Sting choose to remain out of WWE until 2014, and even when he did join, WWE was criticised using Sting to perform yet another victory lap at WrestleMania 31.

After the closure of WCW, several new professional wrestling promotions would launch featuring former talent associated with WCW. The most prominent of these, Total Nonstop Action (TNA), was founded by Jeff Jarrett in 2002 and would attempt to take over WCW's market position in the mid-to-late 2000s using some former WCW stars such as Sting. TNA would also adopt their own version of the Cruiserweight division, branded as the X Division.

Long-term legacy
Throughout the 2000s, WWE would incorporate elements into their shows formerly associated with WCW. Former WCW Championships such as the WCW World Heavyweight Championship, the WCW United States Championship and the WCW Cruiserweight Championship would be reactivated in WWE, with their WCW lineages acknowledged. The Cruiserweight division concept was introduced to WWE in 2002 and since then has been used intermittently throughout the 2000s, 2010s and 2020s from 2002 onwards. Some WCW mainstays such as Booker T, Eddie Guerrero, Chris Benoit and Chris Jericho were able to achieve long-term top positions within WWE by the mid to late 2000s. Similarly, promotions such as Total Nonstop Action would also make use of former WCW talent when possible and also continued the legacy of the Cruiserweight with their X-Division.

WWE has since released various WCW documentaries, anthologies, and compilations, including The Rise and Fall of WCW, and a three volume series hosted by Diamond Dallas Page called The Very Best of WCW Monday Nitro. WCW's library content would be made available with the launch of WWE Network in 2014.

WWE would revive several of WCW's events, including Great American Bash in 2004, Starrcade in 2017 and Halloween Havoc in 2020. WWE also utilized the Night of Champions name and theme used on the last episode of Nitro beginning in 2007, which was later known as Clash of Champions, similarly named from WCW’s Clash of the Champions. In 2017, WWE held its first annual NXT WarGames event for its NXT brand, with that's year's event featuring the first WarGames match since the September 4, 2000, episode of Nitro.

In 2019, new promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW) formed a partnership with WarnerMedia to air their flagship show, AEW Dynamite, on TNT, returning professional wrestling to the network for the first time since WCW's closure. On January 5, 2022, Dynamite moved to TNT's sibling network, TBS, marking the first time TBS has aired wrestling programming since the March 21, 2001, episode of WCW Thunder. TNT has also broadcast AEW's second show, AEW Rampage, since August 13, 2021, and added another AEW show with the June 17, 2023, debut of AEW Collision.

In 2020, AEW revived WCW's Bash at the Beach series of shows with AEW Bash at the Beach on January 15, 2020. However, a lawsuit by WWE prevented further reuse of that branding. Beginning in 2021, AEW began presenting their own version of WCW's WarGames match, held at the AEW Blood & Guts event.

Who Killed WCW?, a four-part documentary series based off the downfall of WCW premiered June 6, 2024 on Vice TV. The series was presented by Dwayne Johnson and featured former WCW personalities including Bill Goldberg, Eric Bischoff, Bret Hart, Booker T, Kevin Nash, amongst others.

In other media
From 2000 to 2001, Monster Jam had a series of monster trucks based on wrestlers' names. These included the nWo, Sting, Nitro Machine, Madusa and Goldberg. Following the end of WCW, Debrah Miceli, the only one of the truck's namesakes to actually drive them, remained in monster trucks. The legacy of the other trucks is most prominent with Goldberg. Driven by to great success by Tom Meents (including Monster Jam World Finals championships both years the truck ran), after the end of the sponsorship Meents continued to run the truck as "Team Meents" in 2002 before debuting its new name Maximum Destruction in 2003. Max-D continues to compete in the series and rivals the legendary Grave Digger in popularity on the circuit.

WCW also had a presence in NASCAR from the mid-1990s to 2000, sponsoring the #29 team in the Busch Grand National Series full-time and the #9 Melling Racing team in the Winston Cup Series part-time. In 1996, Kyle Petty's #49 car in the Busch Grand National series was sponsored by the nWo, and Greg Sacks briefly drove a WCW-sponsored for Galaxy Motorsports.

Several WCW video games were made in the 1980s, 1990s and early 2000s, including WCW Wrestling, WCW SuperBrawl Wrestling, WCW vs. the World, WCW vs. nWo: World Tour, WCW/nWo Revenge and WCW Mayhem.

title: World Championship Wrestling