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Abraham-Louis Breguet

Abraham-Louis Breguet (10 January 1747 – 17 September 1823), born in Neuchâtel, then a Prussian principality, was a horologist who made many innovations in the course of a career in watchmaking industry, including the tourbillon. He was the founder of the Breguet company, which is now the luxury watch division of the Swiss Swatch Group.

In his lifetime he was considered the leading watchmaker of his day, and he built up a clientele that included many leading public figures and members of the European nobility.

Alongside his friend and contemporary John Arnold, Breguet is now widely acknowledged as one of the greatest horologists of all time. One of his famous ancestors was Jean Breguet (who died in 1593) a Protestant pastor in Neuchâtel very much influenced by the ideas of John Calvin.

Life
Breguet was born in Neuchâtel to Jonas-Louis Breguet and Suzanne-Marguerite Bolle. Breguet's father died in 1758 when he was ten, and his formal schooling ended when he was 12. Breguet's mother remarried Joseph Tattet, who came from a family of watchmakers. Tattet had a showroom in Paris; the family tried for some time to entice the young Breguet into the trade, to no avail, but he eventually took to it with great interest and in 1762, aged 15, he was sent to be apprenticed to an unknown Versailles master-watchmaker. At this time the Court had a great influence on the trade and the best watchmakers established themselves around Versailles.

The young Breguet soon "astonished" his master with his aptitude and intelligence, and to further his education he took evening classes in mathematics at the Collège Mazarin under Abbé Marie, who became a friend and mentor to the young watchmaker. Through his role as tutor to the dukes of Angoulême and de Berri, Abbé Marie was able to arrange for Breguet to be introduced to King Louis XVI of France, and the king's interest in mechanics led to many royal commissions for the rising watchmaker, including a perpetuelle (self-winding watch), with which the king was especially pleased. Unfortunately, Marie met a tragic end, either through murder or suicide, and soon after Breguet lost both his mother and his step-father, leaving him to support himself and his younger sister. How he managed this in the period between his parents' deaths and the establishment of his business is unknown.

Breguet was allowed to marry in 1775 after finishing his apprenticeship. He and his bride, Cécile Marie-Louise L'Huillier, set up their home and the Breguet watchmaking company; its first known address was at 51, quai de l'Horloge in the Île de la Cité in Paris (by the 1920s this location was designated as #39). Ca. 1812 the firm's address was 79, quai de l'Horloge du Palais, although Salomons speculated that this might have been merely a change of number and name, not of the actual location. By the year of Breguet's death in 1823, the firm also had a shop at 4, place de la Bourse, which is known because both addresses appear on the label of watch #4004. The firm later moved to Rue de la Paix and in the early 20th century to 2, rue Édouard-VII.

Breguet invented or developed innovative escapements, including the tourbillon, automatic winding mechanisms, and the overcoil (an improvement of the balance spring with a raised outer coil). Within ten years Breguet had commissions from the aristocratic families of France and even the French queen, Marie Antoinette. Cécile died in 1780. He met Abraham-Louis Perrelet in Switzerland and became a Master Clockmaker in 1784. In 1787 Abraham-Louis established a partnership with Xavier Gide, which lasted until 1791.

Ca. 1792 the Duke of Orléans went to England and met John Arnold, Europe's leading watch and clockmaker. The Duke showed Arnold a clock made by Breguet, who was so impressed that he immediately travelled to Paris and asked Breguet to accept his son as an apprentice.

As Breguet's fame gradually increased he became friendly with revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat, who also hailed from Neuchâtel. Salomons' biography records that Marat and Breguet were at the house of a mutual friend one day when an angry crowd gathered outside, shouting "Down with Marat!", but Breguet contrived their escape by disguising Marat as an old woman, and they left the house arm in arm, unmolested. In 1793 Marat discovered that Breguet was marked for the guillotine, possibly because of his friendship with Abbé Marie (and/or his association with the royal court); in return for his own earlier rescue, Marat arranged for a safe-pass that enabled Breguet to escape to Switzerland, from where he travelled to England. He remained there for two years, during which time he worked for King George III. When the political scene in France stabilised, Breguet returned to Paris.

In 1795 Breguet returned to Paris with many ideas for innovations in watch and clock making. He set up business again in Quai de l'Horloge and quickly established a reputation among the new wealthy classes in the Empire. Breguet did not staff his workshops in the traditional way, with unskilled apprentices, but instead sought out the finest available watchmakers in Paris, whom he employed to make watches to his own designs. At the 1798 Exposition des produits de l'industrie française Breguet was given an honorable distinction, the highest award, for "a free escapement with constant force, applicable to the improvement of both astronomical clocks and longitude clocks. This clock has the very singular effect of resetting the time in a watch."

Circa 1807 Breguet brought in his son, Antoine-Louis (born 1776) as a business partner, and from this point, the firm became known as Breguet et Fils. Breguet had previously sent his son to London to study with the great English chronometer maker, John Arnold, and such was the mutual friendship and respect between the two men that Arnold, in turn, sent his son, John Roger, to spend time with Breguet. Breguet met another watchmaker Louis Moinet, recognised his worth at once, and the two men worked closely together. From 1811 on, Moinet became Breguet's personal adviser.

Breguet became a member of the Bureau des Longitudes in 1814 and the following year gained an official appointment as chronometer-maker to the French Navy. He entered the French Academy of Sciences in 1816 as a full member, and received the Chevalier of the Legion of Honour from the hands of Louis XVIII in 1819. Breguet's name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. In 1822 the future engineer Isambard Kingdom Brunel, then aged sixteen, studied for some months with Breguet in Paris. Brunel had a French father so he spoke perfect French.

According to Salomons' biography, Breguet was known for his kindness and good humour. It is recorded that if a workman came to Breguet with a finished piece of work and an invoice for payment, and Breguet was satisfied with the work, then if the invoice ended in a zero, Breguet would add a tail to the zero to make it a '9', thereby enabling the workman to be paid nine francs more than he had asked for. He was also known for his encouragement of his young apprentices, often advising them "Do not be discouraged, or allow failure to dishearten you."

The business grew from strength to strength, and when Abraham-Louis Breguet died in 1823 it was carried on by Louis-Antoine. After Antoine-Louis retired in 1833 (he died in 1858) the business continued under Abraham-Louis' grandson Louis François Clément Breguet (1804–1883); his great-grandson Louis Antoine (1851–1882) was the last of the Breguet family to run the business. Although he had two sons and a daughter, they did not enter the business, so he took on noted English watchmaker Edward Brown of Clerkenwell to look after the Paris factory. Brown eventually became his partner and, after Breguet's death, the owner and head of the company. His sons Edward and Henry Brown headed the firm into the 20th century and after Edward retired in the early 1900s, Henry became the sole proprietor.

Works and influence
Breguet made three series of watches, and the highest numbering of the three reached 5120, so in all, it is estimated that the firm produced around 17,000 timepieces during Breguet's life. Because of his minute attention to detail and his constant experimentation, no two Breguet pieces are exactly alike. Following his introduction to the court, Queen Marie-Antoinette developed a fascination for Breguet's unique self-winding watch and Louis XVI of France bought several pieces. His achievements soon attracted a wealthy and influential clientele that comprised a veritable "Who's Who" of the period: Louis XVI and his Queen Marie-Antoinette, Napoleon Bonaparte, Joséphine de Beauharnais, Louis XVIII, Alexander I of Russia, George IV of the United Kingdom, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington.

Legend has it that it was the ill-fated French queen herself who commissioned Breguet's masterpiece, the "Marie Antoinette" (No. 160), which is now widely regarded as one of the most important and valuable timepieces ever made. In fact, it was commissioned in 1783 by a member of the Marie-Antoinette Guards, possibly as a gift for the queen, and it took almost twenty years to complete—work stopped for around seven years (1789–1795) during the period of Breguet's exile—and it was not finished until around 1802. Even by the standards of the day, it was an astronomically expensive piece; the commission specifically called for every watch function and complication known at that time and the use of the most valuable materials (including gold, platinum, rubies and sapphires), with no limit placed on time or cost. Breguet company records indicate that the factory costs eventually came to the colossal sum of 30,000 francs – more than six times the cost of Breguet's other major work, (No. 92), which was sold to the Duc De Preslin for 4800 francs. The "Marie Antoinette" remained in the possession of the Breguet company until it was sold to Sir Spencer Brunton in 1887, eventually finding its way into the collection of Breguet expert David Lionel Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons in the 1920s.

Breguet's most remarkable piece anticipated the wristwatch by a century; he designed this, together with his friend John Arnold, for Caroline Bonaparte, Queen of Naples, in 1810. Many honours recognised his enormous contribution to horology. Each watch from his workshops demonstrated the latest horological improvements in an original movement, mostly fitted with lever or ruby-cylinder escapements that he perfected. Breguet took refuge in Switzerland from the excesses of the French Revolution. He returned to Paris overflowing with the ideas that produced the Breguet balance-spring, his first carriage clock (sold to House of Bonaparte), the sympathique clock and its dependent watch, the tact watch, and finally the tourbillon, patented in 1801.

Although Breguet is probably best known for his luxury watches and carriage clocks, he also made a number of important scientific clocks. In 1818 Lieutenant-General Thomas Brisbane, a keen amateur astronomer, purchased a Breguet mean-time regulator clock (No. 3180, 1815–1820). It is thought that Breguet originally made the clock for the French Commission of Longitude, but sold it to Brisbane for use in his observatory at Largs in Scotland. It cost Brisbane the considerable sum of 2,500 francs, and the fact he chose to buy French rather British, even in the nationalistic political climate of the early nineteenth century, gives some idea of how well regarded Breguet was internationally. Brisbane brought the clock to Australia in 1821 and it was installed in Australia's first astronomical observatory at Parramatta. The New South Wales government purchased the clock from Brisbane when he returned to England in 1825 and it remained in use there until the Parramatta observatory closed in 1847. It was put into storage for a decade before being reinstalled in the new government observatory at The Rocks, and was one of the few instruments that the new Government Astronomer, Rev. W. Scott, felt was good enough to use in the new observatory. It remained in use there for another 70 years, until it was replaced in 1912. The clock is now part of the collection of the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney.

The Salomons Collection
British philanthropist, scientist and MP Sir David Lionel Goldsmid-Stern-Salomons (1851–1925) developed a lifelong passion for horology and he became one of the leading authorities on Breguet and his timepieces. In 1921 he published the seminal volume, Breguet 1747–1823, the first major book on the subject, which included a biography, an analysis of Breguet's key inventions, listings of major pieces, and a detailed timeline of production, using examples from his own unique collection for illustrations.

Over his lifetime, Salomons amassed the world's largest private Breguet collection, which ultimately grew to 124 pieces, including what are considered to be the two greatest examples of Breguet's watchmaking work – the "Marie Antionette" and the double-faced "Duc de Praslin" watches. In 1924 Salomons donated the "Duc de Praslin" (pictured at left) to the Musée des Techniques du Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in Paris, but it was subsequently stolen. Fortunately, after three months of tinkering with the watch, the thief was apprehended when he took it to a renowned Parisian watch specialist for repair.

After Salomons' death in 1925, his daughter Vera donated 57 of his best Breguet pieces, including the "Marie Antoinette" and a "Sympathiques" clock to the L.A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art in Jerusalem, which was founded by her brother. Salomons left the remainder of the collection to his wife, who eventually sold them at auction, although according to one account, she was initially rebuffed when she approached Sotheby's, because the staffer with whom she dealt could not believe that someone "off the street" could possibly have amassed such a collection. In 1980, British master horologist George Daniels (widely regarded as the most important watchmaker since Breguet) catalogued the Breguet watches and clocks in the museum and published a study on them.

Three years later, on the night of 15 April 1983, the Mayer Institute was burgled and 106 rare timepieces, including the entire Salomons collection, were stolen. The audacious multimillion-dollar theft was Israel's largest-ever robbery – by this time, the "Marie Antoinette" alone was valued at US$30 million. There was a substantial insurance payout, but the case remained unsolved until August 2006, when the perpetrator was revealed as Namaan Diller, a notorious Israeli burglar who had fled to the US after the break-in.

Just before he died in 2004, Diller had confessed his crime to his wife, Nili Shamrat, and in August 2006 she attempted to sell a batch of the stolen items (including the "Marie Antoinette" watch and a Breguet "Sympathique" clock) back to the museum, although her initial asking price of $2 million was eventually cut down to just US$35,000. When police searched the couple's Los Angeles home, more of the missing items were found, and documents recovered led them to safes and storage units in France, the Netherlands and Israel; by 2008 all but ten of the items Diller stole from the Mayer Museum had been recovered.

2011 montre à tact discovery
In 2011 a member of the public brought in a pocket watch to be assessed by the experts of the BBC TV series Antiques Roadshow at Blair Castle in Perthshire, Scotland. Roadshow expert Richard Price stated that the timepiece was an early Breguet montre à tact ("tactile watch"), dating from 1801.

The watch was enclosed on both sides by discs covered with a blue translucent enamel over a Guilloché base machined in a chevron pattern. The front face was fitted with a single arrow-shaped hand in silver, encrusted with small diamonds, and the case was surrounded by twelve large diamonds enclosed by a wavy gold band, which was faced with lighter blue enamel. The enamelled back hinged open to reveal a gold cover plate and a smaller two-handed watch face. The mechanism cover bore the engraved signature of Breguet and also bore the mark of Recordon, his London agent at the time (suggesting that it was originally made for an English client). The gold cover plate protected the mechanism, which bore another signature by Breguet, and the watch number.

Price then revealed that a similar watch, in much worse condition and with all the gems stripped from it, had recently sold for over UK£20,000. He declared the newly discovered Breguet to be the greatest watch he had ever seen in his 28 years with the programme, and assessed its value as at least UK£50,000, although it may be worth considerably more – another example sold for US$288,000, while a montre à tact of very similar design, commissioned by Napoleon's wife Joséphine de Beauharnais for her sister Hortense, was sold by Christie's in Geneva for US$1.3 million in 2007.

Breguet invented the montre à tact in 1799. Although these single-hand "tact" watches are sometimes called "blind man's watches", few blind people of that era could have afforded such luxury items, and these timepieces were designed for Breguet's wealthiest clients. The montre à tact (touch watch) enabled them to tell the time without removing the watch from their pocket because, in that period, it was considered highly impolite to consult one's watch during a social gathering.

The device also enabled owners to tell the time in the dark. This was done by turning the front disc clockwise until it went no further (because of the cam inside) and then feeling at which hour marker (indicated by the surrounding circle of jewels) the watch hand was positioned. In the case of the 2011 discovery, the 12 o'clock position was marked by the chain attachment. The watch was also fitted with a small internal dial with two normal hands so that the exact time could be read when the case was opened.

Timeline of Breguet's works

 * 1775–1780 Improved the automatic winding mechanism – his perpetual watch.
 * 1783 Invented the gong for repeater watches (bells were used until then).
 * 1783 Designed the apple-shaped (aiguilles à pomme) hands, known as 'Breguet' hands. These hollow, eccentric "moon" tip hands are a variant of the hands first used by Jean-Antoine Lépine, the only difference is that Lépine's hands were not eccentric. Since their invention, Breguet hands have graced watch and clock dials alike until today.
 * 1787 Adopted and improved the lever escapement. Abraham-Louis Breguet used it in its definitive form from 1814 (this form is still in use).
 * 1793 Developed a small watch showing the equation of time.
 * 1790 Invented the 'pare-chute' anti-shock device.
 * 1794 Invented a retrograde display mechanism.
 * 1795 Invented the Breguet spiral (flat spiral balance spring with overcoil).
 * 1795 Invented the "Sympathique" ('sympathetic') clock, a master carriage clock which rewinds and sets to time a detachable pocket watch.
 * 1799 Invented the montre a tact ("tactile") watch that could be read by feel in the pocket or the dark.
 * 1801 Patented the tourbillon escapement, developed circa 1795.
 * 1802 Invented the echappement naturel, a double-escape wheeled chronometer escapement that needed no oil.
 * 1821 Developed the "inking" chronograph, in partnership with Frédérick Louis Fatton.

Generally speaking, Abraham-Louis Breguet was distinguished by the highest attention paid to aesthetic watch design.

In 2009 the Louvre in Paris presented a major exhibition of Breguet's work, arranged chronologically, with 146 exhibits in eight sections that covered every phase of his career. Highlights included some of Breguet's most complicated watches:

 * No. 45, which displays both the Gregorian and the Republican "decimal" calendars (Breguet made only three Republican calendar timepieces)
 * No. 1160, the replica of the famous No. 160 "Marie-Antoinette",
 * Perpétuelle self-winding watches
 * multiple original tourbillons, including an unusual large-scale demonstration tourbillon later purchased by King George IV of the United Kingdom
 * examples of the "pare-chute" shock-protection system, constant force escapements
 * a superb Sympathique watch and clock set from the personal collection of Queen Elizabeth II.

title: Abraham-Louis Breguet


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1981 in American television

The year 1981 in television involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events during 1981.

Closures
There are no closures for Cable and satellite television channels in this year.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: 1981 in American television


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1982 in American television

The year 1982 involved some significant events in television. Below is a list of television-related events in the United States.

title: 1982 in American television


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1983 in American television

The year 1983 in television involved some significant events.

title: 1983 in American television


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Spinach

Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) is a leafy green flowering plant native to central and Western Asia. It is of the order Caryophyllales, family Amaranthaceae, subfamily Chenopodioideae. Its leaves are a common edible vegetable consumed either fresh, or after storage using preservation techniques by canning, freezing, or dehydration. It may be eaten cooked or raw, and the taste differs considerably; the high oxalate content may be reduced by steaming.

It is an annual plant (rarely biennial), growing as tall as 1 ft. Spinach may overwinter in temperate regions. The leaves are alternate, simple, ovate to triangular, and very variable in size: 2–30 cm long and 1–15 cm broad, with larger leaves at the base of the plant and small leaves higher on the flowering stem. The flowers are inconspicuous, yellow-green, 3–4 mm in diameter, and mature into a small, hard, dry, lumpy fruit cluster 5–10 mm across containing several seeds.

In 2022, world production of spinach was 33 million tonnes, with China alone accounting for 93% of the total.

Etymology
Originally from Persian aspānāḵ, the name entered European languages from Latin spinagium, which borrowed it from Arabic isbanakh. The English word "spinach" dates to the late 14th century from OF espinache.

Taxonomy
Common spinach (S. oleracea) was long considered to be in the family Chenopodiaceae, but in 2003 that family was merged into the Amaranthaceae in the order Caryophyllales. Within the family Amaranthaceae sensu lato, Spinach belongs to the subfamily Chenopodioideae.

Description
As opposed to the great majority of the flowering plants or plants used as vegetables, spinach is a dioicous plant, meaning different plants can have either female or male flowers.

The flowers are small, green and unattractive to pollinators. Rather, pollination occurs via wind anemophily, for which the pollen has evolved to be very small and light so it can be carried large distances, often miles away.

History
Spinach is thought to have originated about 2,000 years ago in ancient Persia from which it was introduced to India and later to ancient China via Nepal in 647 AD as the "Persian vegetable". In AD 827, the Arabs introduced spinach to Sicily. The first written evidence of spinach in the Mediterranean was recorded in three 10th-century works: a medical work by al-Rāzī (known as Rhazes in the West) and in two agricultural treatises, one by Ibn Waḥshīyah and the other by Qusṭus al-Rūmī. Spinach became a popular vegetable in the Arab Mediterranean and arrived in the Iberian Peninsula by the latter part of the 12th century, where Ibn al-ʻAwwām called it , 'the chieftain of leafy greens'. Spinach was also the subject of a special treatise in the 11th century by Ibn Ḥajjāj.

Spinach first appeared in England and France in the 14th century, probably via Iberia, and gained common use because it appeared in early spring when fresh local vegetables were not available. Spinach is mentioned in the first known English cookbook, the Forme of Cury (1390), where it is referred to as 'spinnedge' and 'spynoches'. During World War I, wine fortified with spinach juice was given to injured French soldiers with the intent to curtail their bleeding.

Culinary use, consumption and nutrition
Spinach is eaten both raw, in salads, and cooked in soups, curries, or casseroles. Notable dishes with spinach as a main ingredient include spinach salad, spinach soup, spinach dip, saag paneer, pkhali, and spanakopita.

Nutrients
Raw spinach is 91% water, 4% carbohydrates, 3% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a 100 g serving providing only 23 calories, spinach has a high nutritional value, especially when fresh, frozen, steamed, or quickly boiled. It is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A, vitamin C, manganese, and folate (31-52% DV), with an especially high content of vitamin K (403% DV) (table). Spinach is a moderate source (10–19% of DV) of the B vitamins, riboflavin and vitamin B6, vitamin E, potassium, iron, magnesium, and dietary fiber (table).

Due to the dense content of vitamin K, individuals taking the anticoagulant warfarin, which acts by inhibiting vitamin K, are instructed to minimize consumption of spinach (and other dark green leafy vegetables) to avoid blunting the effect of warfarin.

Although spinach contains moderate amounts of iron and calcium, it also contains oxalates, which may inhibit absorption of calcium and iron in the stomach and small intestine. Cooked spinach has lower levels of oxalates, and its nutrients may be absorbed more completely.

Cooking spinach significantly decreases its vitamin C concentration, as vitamin C is degraded by heating. Folate levels may also be decreased, as folate tends to leach into cooking liquid.

Spinach is rich in nitrates and nitrites, which may exceed safe levels if spinach is over-consumed.

Production
In 2022, world production of spinach was 33 million tonnes, with China alone accounting for 93% of the total.

Marketing and safety
Fresh spinach is sold loose, bunched, or packaged fresh in bags. Fresh spinach loses much of its nutritional value with storage of more than a few days. Fresh spinach is packaged in air, or in nitrogen gas to extend shelf life. While refrigeration slows this effect to about eight days, fresh spinach loses most of its folate and carotenoid content over this period of time. For longer storage, it is canned, or blanched or cooked and frozen.

Some packaged spinach is exposed to radiation to kill any harmful bacteria. The Food and Drug Administration approves of irradiation of spinach leaves up to 4.0 kilograys, having no or only a minor effect on nutrient content.

Spinach may be high in cadmium contamination depending on the soil and location where the spinach is grown.

In popular culture
The comics and cartoon character Popeye the Sailor Man is portrayed as gaining strength by consuming canned spinach. The accompanying song lyric is: "I'm strong to the finich [sic], 'cuz I eats me spinach." This is usually attributed to the iron content of spinach, but in a 1932 strip, Popeye states that "spinach is full of vitamin A" and that is what makes people strong and healthy.

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Portal:Current events/December 2002

December 2002 was the twelfth and final month of that common year. The month, which began on a Sunday, ended on a Tuesday after 31 days.

Portal:Current events
This is an archived version of Wikipedia's Current events Portal from December 2002.

title: Portal:Current events/December 2002


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Talk:List of years in television

Comments
So, can I hork your discussion and ask a question? I'm looking for some info on a TV show, and my recollection is really bad. It would be an old show, probably around 1970 - 1972. Almost certainly aired only in the US. It was about some kind of post-apocalyptic world, where this small (4-6?) group was running around in a really big All Terrain Vehicle. It had at least 6 or 8 tires on each side, that's what I remember best about the show was this huge vehicle. I think they had a couple of smaller buggies too. The cast was probably like one kid, one woman, one black guy, and two to three white guys. Sorry! But I'm desperate and I was hoping someone could help. -- Markspace 06:44, 17 December 2005 (UTC)

This is all from a very Americo-centric perpective. Mintguy

 * So add some that isn't -- Zoe

 * That I've done Zoe, with regard to the early days and Baird. But many of the 'highlights' of a particular year are completely meaningless to a readership audience outside of the US. e.g. First televised Presidential election coverage, should be ''First televised United States Presidential election coverage etc.. Mintguy

 * Not all of it. Most of it is though. I only know American TV, because I don't get TV from other countries other than the BBC. Hopefully, I'm not going to be the only one writing these articles. - Jazz77

 * I see that at least one other person is already adding some info.. -Jazz77

If pages are only going to list television of one country, IMO they should be renamed something like "USA Television in 1995". What do people think of moving them? Putting the pages in the proper category might turn them from very poor and biased pages into something that some folks could find usefull. -- Infrogmation

 * My intent was for them to be for all countries, which is why I included a lot of information about the BBC and other non-US countries. Add in more info about other countries.. as I'm trying to do. I'd rather do that than go through and edit out all of the non-US stuff and make them just about one country. -Jazz77

 * PS: they're "very poor and biased" only because I've been nearly alone in trying to add info to these pages. Add is some other non-US information. I've been adding as much as I can find, but being in the US I know very little about non-US television. Please help. Don't destroy the articles and turn them into US-specific articles. That's not what they were created to be. -Jazz77

 * Well, if you're just trying to contribute USA content to international articles, perhaps the categories should say things like "Hit Television Shows in the USA" and "Other Popular USA Television Shows". I'm certainly not trying to "destroy" anything, I'm trying to think how they could become more usefull based on what is there now.  -- Infrogmation

 * But that's just it. I'm not just contributing USA content. I've added almost 100% of what is there.. there is a hell of a lot of info about the BBC, German TV, etc.. You're ignoring that stuff. As I've stated before, it's hard because since I'm in the US, its a million times easier for me to find info on US television than it is to find anything for international television, but I'm trying as hard as I can. I could use help. The articles could be more useful if some non-US contributors added in more international information. -Jazz77

 * Okay. I'm sorry, but of the first dozen pages I looked at, it seemed that at least 3/4 of them were all USA stuff. Again, if you make a list of hit USA tv shows, why not label it as such?  That will leave room for others to add hit tv shows for countries they know about.  (Sorry I don't have much first hand knowledge of other countries tv to add; if I could remember more than a couple of shows from Guatemala and Mexico I'd list them, but I was pretty much only aware of them because I had friends who watched them and I really don't know how popular they were.) Cheers, Infrogmation

 * I never set out to make a list of "popular US television shows". The problem I have is that I'm adding a lot of shows by memory. Not necessarily shows that I liked or watched, but just what sticks out as being popular at the time. Other than a handful (Dr Who, Monty Python, etc) I can't remember many popular non-US television shows. I know they exist, but being American, it's not really something I can just open up a magazine and read about (Or turn on the TV and see whats on.. I do get the BBC, but I don't "get" the BBC..) I've been searching the net for lists of popular non-US shows, but the problem I have there is that every page that lists tv shows claims that they're *all* popular. I have no intention of including every show that ever aired in the universe, so I really need help narrowing it down to the truly popular international shows. I'm adding in some shows from the British sitcom article right now.. I've actually heard of a couple of them, so I assume they were big. -Jazz77

Thanks to google, I found this possibly usefull site: http://dir.yahoo.com/News_and_Media/Television/By_Region/Countries/ No doubt google can find stuff about television for at least most English speaking countries. Cheers, -- Infrogmation

Why is it the responsibility of the person who created this article to be forced to "internationalize" the article? What's stopping you, or anybody else, from adding more information? You make it sound like it's a sin that Americans would write about what they know -- American subjects. Yes, this is an international site, but why is it the responsiblity of the Americans to make it that way? -- Zoe

 * 1)Nothing has been stopping me from adding more info, which I have been doing. 2)If there are long lists of USA only information, I'd just like some acknowledgement that it is USA information (eg, a minor modification of a header to say something like "Hit Shows in the USA" rather than presenting it as if that's all that was going on in television anyhere in the world. IMO such a minor change of wording would improve the articles even without any additional information added. That is most certainly not the same thing as me saying people in the USA shouldn't write about USA subjects, but rather that while they are writing them they at least occasionally acknowledge that what they are writing about is specifically about the USA. See the distinction? -- Infrogmation

 * The problem with that is that if I were to label them "Hit shows of the USA", it would be very unlikely that anyone would add non-US TV shows to the list. By leaving it unspecific, I was hoping to encourage others to join in and add their own information. I think it would be easier for a non-US visitor to add an international show or two than it would be to go through and rename all of the articles "xxxx in American Television".

 * Thanks for the help by the way.. I see that you've been adding quite a bit. I haven't been able to find dates for some of that info. -Jazz77

The problem with these pages is that because they are so dominated by US programmes I feel reluctant to add British content. I'm for stating up pages for particular nations and getting around these Americo-centric pages. Mintguy 17:42 22 May 2003 (UTC)

Why is this List of 'years in television'? It should be List of years in television. Unless there are major objections, I am going to change it. Kingturtle 03:59, 1 Nov 2003 (UTC)
 * Well, i changed it. i got an error message when i did it....it read like this..."A database query syntax error has occurred. The last attempted database query was: "SELECT wl_user FROM watchlist WHERE wl_namespace=0 AND wl_title='List_of_'years_in_television" from within function "". MySQL returned error "1064: You have an error in your SQL syntax. Check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'years_in_television' at line 2". "

 * But everything seemed to work out ok. i dunno. Kingturtle 06:35, 12 Nov 2003 (UTC)

This page seems to be upside-down when compared to other timelines on Wikipedia... —Mulad 07:05, 3 Jan 2004 (UTC)

Does anyone know why the "First television program broadcast via the Internet" isn't specified by name? —Editor B 22 Oct 2004

Concerning Star Trek
I am curious as to what UPN decided to replace Star Trek: Enteprise with. I also want to know if the show was carried to other users here via UPN...if anyone has an answer to either of these please drop a line at my talk page.

--Nelson Talk 01:48, Jun 7, 2005 (UTC)

By-country listings
Two years later... I think this would be more useful if it was broken down by country. I'm rather interested in non-American TV history, but jumbling all the countries together like this is rather confusing. Lambertman 21:06, 11 September 2005 (UTC)
 * I'll get to this page eventually. See before 1925 in television through 1930 in television to get an idea of a new format.  The discussion is at Talk:1976 in television.  Let me know if you have questions.  If you wish to help—feel free to.—Ëzhiki (erinaceus amurensis) 11:02, September 12, 2005 (UTC)

Big Brother
I have added a tiny bit of information about the emergence of Big Brother. As it previously seemed, readers might´ve believed that Big Brother had its origins in England, while it´s actually a Dutch initiative.

English is not my first language though, so feel free to change the sentence if it doesn´t pass the grammar test.

Cervantes
 * I originally included 'the UK version of' so people didn't think it originated in the UK, but I see your point. BillyH 22:20, 12 February 2006 (UTC)

Thanks, glad I could be of service (if only for a little bit)!

Cervantes

 * (Sorry this is in a box: what is the formatting secret to get it out?) The 1942 chronology says "FCC terminates all television broadcasting because of the war, " but in fact there was a useful variety of programming during the war. Stations as noted somewhere in the article, kept on the air at least 4 hours a weak to hold their license, and during that time they showed first aid training, air warden training, entertainment from Madison Square Garden, and war news. Existing tvs were in homes, bars, hospitals and schools. I have some a WW2 magazine (Life I think) with pictures and descriptions of the programming, which I will look for to ad to the references. I have read in various places that tv was off the air, but it was not entirely.

 * The chronology says tv advertising began in 1941 in the US, and the first "legal" tv ad was in 1941. But in the book "Television Broadcasting" by Lenox Lohr (McGraw Hill, 1940), which is basically about the New York City NBC/RCA station, there is a detailed description of commercial ads broadcast in 1939. There were  54 advertisers on 95 programs between the start of regular broadcasting in April 1939 and the end of the year. Because the station had an experimental license, the ads were run free of charge. So maybe it became legal to charge in 1941, but it looks like many ads were run as early as 1939.Edison 04:51, 10 May 2006 (UTC)

1936 Olympics Broadcasts
I think it should be mentioned that the first ever (?) live broadcasts around the world for the 1936 olympics in Berlin were done. Volksgeist 10:26, 6 June 2006 (UTC)

Other timeline of television
I found the website The MZTV Museum of Television which have flash page. 201.0.80.132 (talk) 23:34, 8 February 2008 (UTC) Rsg 201.0.80.132 (talk) 23:34, 8 February 2008 (UTC)

Years should be reversed
I feel that the dates should be in chronological order with the earliest at the top, in both the decades and within the decades. -- Alan Liefting- ( talk ) - 07:06, 12 April 2008 (UTC)

Two Historical Notes
One of first all-electronic video camera tubes was invented in France by Edvard-Gustav Schoultz in 1921. He filed the French patent FR-539-613 on August 23, 1921. The patent was accepted on April 5, 1922, and published on June 28, 1922. You can find a copy of the original document in the web page []

The Image Dissector was also invented in Germany by Max Diekmann and Rudolf Hell in 1925. They filed the German patent DE-450-187 on April 5, 1925. The patent was accepted on September 15, 1927, and published on October 3, 1927. You can find a copy of the original document in the web page []

--134.153.204.160 (talk) 17:48, 24 July 2009 (UTC)

Game-changing shows?
Shows that are added next to their respective years should be landscape-changing shows, no? If so, then why are there some shows in the recent years that have already/will soon blip out of memory? Some of them are just nonsensical. Can I change a few? Nick1372 (talk) 21:30, 28 July 2013 (UTC)
 * I'm just going to change them. I should have expected no answer. Nick1372 (talk) 22:48, 3 August 2013 (UTC)

1925
If nothing of significance globally occurred with regard to television in 1925, why don't we just let the 20's begin with 1926 and Baird? GBrady (talk) 07:20, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

Actually it appears that in the "Two historical notes" section a fairly significant patent was filed in 1925. I don't feel comfortable adding the info to article as I don't speak German but perhaps someone who does could? GBrady (talk) 07:23, 12 July 2020 (UTC)

1964- Daisy
This commercial has several lines/reasons on its importance: why when shows are merely named and other events have but a descriptive phrase? Nelliebellie (talk) 08:26, 24 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:List of years in television


text:
1984 in American television

This article is a list of television-related events during 1984.

Made-for-TV movies and miniseries

 * V: The Final Battle

title: 1984 in American television


text:
1985 in American television

The year 1985 involved some significant events. Below is a list of television-related events of that year.

Closures
There are no closures for television channels in this year.

title: 1985 in American television


text:
1986 in American television

The year 1986 in television involved some significant events. This is a list of notable events in the United States.

Closures
There are no closures for cable and satellite television channels in this year.

title: 1986 in American television


text:
1987 in American television

The year 1987 in television involved some significant events. This is a list of notable events in the United States.

Television debuts

 * Patricia Arquette – Daddy
 * Billy Crudup – General College
 * Chris Elliott – Miami Vice
 * Juliette Lewis – Home Fires
 * Brad Pitt – Another World
 * Joely Richardson – Kin of the Castle
 * Chris Rock – Miami Vice

title: 1987 in American television


text:
1988 in American television

The year 1988 in television involved some significant events. This is a list of notable events in the United States.

Debuting this year
The following is a list of shows that premiered in 1988.

Entering syndication
A list of programs (current or canceled) that have accumulated enough episodes (between 65 and 100) or seasons (3 or more) to be eligible for off-network syndication and/or basic cable runs.

title: 1988 in American television


text:
1989 in American television

The year 1989 in television involved some significant events. This is a list of notable events in the United States.

Debuting this year
The following is a list of shows that premiered in 1989.

Television Debuts

 * William Baldwin – The Preppie Murder
 * Tim Blake Nelson – The Unnaturals
 * Michael Chiklis – Miami Vice
 * Sandra Bullock – Bionic Showdown: The Six Million Dollar Man and the Bionic Woman
 * Daniel Baldwin – Family Ties
 * Lea Thompson – Nightbreaker
 * Robert Patrick – The New Lassie
 * Faizon Love – L.A. Friday
 * Isabella Rossellini – The Tracey Ullman Show
 * Stephen Root – Cross of Fire
 * Tom Sizemore – Gideon Oliver

title: 1989 in American television


text:
1990 in American television

In American television in 1990, notable events included television show debuts, finales, and cancellations; channel launches, closures, and re-brandings; stations changing or adding their network affiliations; information on controversies, business transactions, and carriage disputes; and deaths of those who made various contributions to the medium.

Debuts
The following is a list of shows that premiered in 1990.

Entering syndication this year
A list of programs (current or canceled) that have accumulated enough episodes (between 65 and 100) or seasons (3 or more) to be eligible for off-network syndication and/or basic cable runs.

Changes of network affiliation
The following shows aired new episodes on a different network than previous first-run episodes:

title: 1990 in American television


text:
1991 in American television

In American television in 1991, notable events included television show debuts, finales, and cancellations; channel launches, closures, and re-brandings; stations changing or adding their network affiliations; information on controversies, business transactions, and carriage disputes; and deaths of those who made various contributions to the medium.

Entering syndication this year
A list of programs (current or canceled) that have accumulated enough episodes (between 65 and 100) or seasons (3 or more) to be eligible for off-network syndication and/or basic cable runs.

Changes of network affiliation
The following shows aired new episodes on a different network than previous first-run episodes:

title: 1991 in American television


text:
1992 in American television

In American television in 1992, notable events included television series debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

Entering syndication this year
A list of programs (current or canceled) that have accumulated enough episodes (between 65 and 100) or seasons (3 or more) to be eligible for off-network syndication and/or basic cable runs.

Changes of network affiliation
The following shows aired new episodes on a different network than previous first-run episodes:

title: 1992 in American television


text:
Talk:Our Man in Havana

Untitled
Is the information on this page useful?

 * Why not?olivier 08:51 Jan 17, 2003 (UTC)

 * I mean, what is useful? Is anything "useful"? Herostratus (talk) 15:50, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

horrible summary
this is the worst summary i read. whoever wrote it should learn to speak proper english

There are also some factual errors here. (See the Amazon.com reviews if you must include the plot.)
 * Well, if your own English is so great (which it isn't, judging from the above first sentence of yours), why don't you edit it a little? Hayford Peirce 06:30, 26 Oct 2004 (UTC)

_________________

This is such a terrible summary of a great book. I may do a rewrite later, but jesus, man. . . So bad. . .                                      -Foster.

I tried to edit the grammar, but there are still so many things that could be corrected. Wow.

Without sniping at the grammar of the person who got off their arse and actually wrote this thing, I would say that the synopsis would be massively improved by mentioning Hasselbacher, who is arguably one of two pivotal characters in the book. I will do it if I find time, but if anybody else does have time sooner, then it would improve the page Buyo 16:40, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

The Tailor of Panama
Should there be a mention of LeCarre's The Tailor of Panama? 152.30.183.167 17:55, 5 June 2006 (UTC)
 * Why? Never heard of The Tailor of Panama, what is the connection? Herostratus (talk) 15:55, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

Inadequate mention of the cast
The article has inadequate(no mention) of the cast. Ernie Kovacs should be mentioned and in particular the Guiness-Kovacs chessboard duel where winning a piece implies drinking the miniature liquor bottle representing it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.142.48.180 (talk) 07:30, 8 September 2007 (UTC)
 * That is because this is about the novel, not the film made from it. 70.106.108.146 (talk) 13:56, 26 July 2009 (UTC)

Primary Subject?
I don't know if the book is primary subject. Th film stars Alec Guinees and has some other A-list people in it. Perhaps "Our Man in Havana" should instead point to "Our Man in Havana (disambiguation)". I don't know. But I don't know how much Warsaw weighs either but that doesn't mean it isn't heavy. I'm just raising the questions. Herostratus (talk) 15:55, 20 May 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Our Man in Havana


text:
1993 in American television

In American television in 1993, notable events included television series debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

title: 1993 in American television


text:
1994 in American television

In American television in 1994, notable events included television series debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures and re-brandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

Television debuts

 * C. Martin Croker - Space Ghost Coast to Coast

title: 1994 in American television


text:
Bang Bang Jump Up

Bang Bang Jump Up is a solitary jump up in Stokes, Shire of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia.

Geography
Bang Bang Jump Up is 106 km southwest of Normanton on the Burke Developmental Road, where the terrain rises abruptly from 20 metres above sea level to 50 metres above sea level after many kilometres of flat terrain.

This jump up is noted because it is one of the few elevated areas located in the middle of an expansive flat grassland. The unusual name for the hill has landed it on a number of lists for interesting or unusual place names. The name is presumably derived from the nearby Bang Bang Homestead and/or Bang Bang Waterhole.

title: Bang Bang Jump Up


text:
1995 in American television

In American television in 1995, notable events included television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

Television debuts

 * Anthony Anderson – In the House
 * Michael Clarke Duncan – The Bold and the Beautiful
 * Mike Epps – Def Comedy Jam
 * Lee Evans – The World of Lee Evans
 * Will Ferrell – Saturday Night Live
 * Darrell Hammond – Saturday Night Live
 * Chris Kattan – NewsRadio
 * Ron Livingston – JAG
 * Cheri Oteri – Saturday Night Live
 * Anna Nicole Smith – The Naked Truth
 * Dave Willis – Cartoon Planet

title: 1995 in American television


text:
1996 in American television

In American television in 1996, notable events included television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

title: 1996 in American television


text:
1997 in American television

In American television in 1997, notable events included television show debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures, and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

Television debuts

 * James Gandolfini – Gun
 * Natasha Henstridge – The Outer Limits
 * Nick Offerman – ER
 * Rebecca Romijn – Friends
 * Octavia Spencer – 413 Hope St.
 * Jason Sudeikis – Alien Avengers II
 * Wanda Sykes – The Chris Rock Show
 * Paz Vega – Menudo es mi padre
 * Goran Visnjic – Olujne tisine 1895-1995
 * Shea Whigham – Ghost Stories
 * Rainn Wilson – One Life to Live

title: 1997 in American television


text:
1998 in American television

In American television in 1998, notable events included television series debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

title: 1998 in American television


text:
1999 in American television

In American television in 1999, notable events included television series debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures and re-brandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

title: 1999 in American television


text:
Humpty Doo

Humpty Doo is a town in Australia's Northern Territory, situated just south of the Arnhem Highway, approximately 40 km from Darwin. At the, Humpty Doo had a population of 4,313 people. Its local government area is Litchfield Municipality. The town is a popular stopping point for tourists travelling between Darwin and Kakadu National Park, and boasts many attractions of its own. The main industries are agriculture and tourism; however, most residents commute to Darwin or Palmerston for work, and many regard it as a dormitory town.

Origin of the name
The name of the town has frequently been noted on lists of unusual place names. It first appeared in 1910 as Umpity Doo, and is of uncertain origin. The following derivations have been suggested:
 * 1) from the army slang term "umpty", used for the dash when reading Morse code
 * 2) from a colloquialism meaning "everything done wrong or upside down"
 * 3) from Umdidu, an Aboriginal name supposedly meaning "popular resting place"

History
The Djerimanga (also known as Woolner) people are recognised as the traditional owners and first inhabitants of an area, from the present day site of Humpty Doo east into the Adelaide River wetlands. Their way of life remained unchanged until the first contact with European explorers in the 19th century, most likely during the 1864 expedition to explore the areas surrounding the Adelaide River, led by Boyle Travers Finniss.

In September 1869, Surveyor General of South Australia, George Goyder, completed work to divide the hinterland surrounding the present day Litchfield Shire into 10 sqmi parcels. These parcels were subsequently divided into smaller allotments, and made available to settlers as pastoral leases and freehold titles.

Following the discovery of gold near Pine Creek during the 1880s, the subsequent influx of Chinese miners to the Northern Territory led to a high demand for food crops such as rice. Rice planted on the floodplains near Humpty Doo was used to meet this demand, with some success. Experiments with other tropical crops, including sugar cane, coffee and rubber, were attempted, most of these planted in the vicinity of Beatrice Hill to the east of the present day town. Experiments were made with livestock too and it was hoped that the banks of the Adelaide River could be developed to include loading facilities for live cattle export.

By 1887, plantations on the floodplains had been abandoned due to the financial difficulties of the land owners. Despite this, rubber trees and coffee bushes showed particular potential. A single harvest of 10 tons of coffee beans was exported to Melbourne during the short lived experiment.

In 1910, the name "Umpity Doo" first appeared, to describe buildings and improvements on a survey plan of Agricultural Lease No. 28, held by Oscar Herbert. Herbert died in 1974 at nearby Koolpinyah Station.

In 1954, after some experimentation by CSIRO and based on previous successful rice crops, a joint Australia-U.S. company called Territory Rice Ltd. was formed and established the Humpty Doo Rice Project, with a plan to irrigate the sub-coastal plain of the Adelaide River in order to commercially produce rice. The rice project was 20 km east of the present town, on part of the Humpty Doo Station where the name "Humpty Doo" was first used. The plan was a complete failure due to several factors: an invasion of geese, soil that was too saline, and an insufficient amount of drainage, all combined with poor management. The company gave up the land to the government in 1962. The irrigation dam, called Fogg Dam, still exists and is a good site for bird watching.

Local resident, Neville Skewes, opened a small store on Mount Bundey Road (now the Arnhem Highway) in 1967. At this time, there was very little development, with most of the surrounding area being bushland. On 11 September 1971, after being granted a liquor licence, Skewes and his wife Helen opened the Humpty Doo Hotel-Motel. The opening of the Hotel coincided with further improvements to the road east to Kakadu and Arnhem Land, and encouraged further urbanisation of the area around Humpty Doo.

In 1982, the Royal Australian Navy opened the Humpty Doo Transmitting Station. This replaced a facility at Coonawarra East that was destroyed by Cyclone Tracy in December 1974. The station supports the naval base HMAS Coonawarra, located in Darwin.

On 21 July 2007, the town played host to the first of the 'Triple J goes AWOL' concerts, sponsored and organised by the national youth radio station Triple J.

Climate
Humpty Doo, like the rest of the outer Darwin area, experiences a tropical savannah climate (Köppen Aw), with two distinct seasons. The wet season is when the highest rainfall occurs and runs from November–December through until April. During these months the area is subject to the effects of monsoon troughs and there is the threat of tropical cyclones. The wet season is characterised by higher average temperatures, high humidity, and a greater proportion of rainy days and often associated thunderstorms.

The dry season from May to October brings lower humidity, significantly cooler overnight temperatures, and minimal rainfall. It is characterised by sunny days with clear skies.

Economy
The town is known for agriculture experiments that have occurred, including the failed rice crops of the 1950s.

A more successful agricultural experiment was the growing of mangos. Top-quality fruit from Humpty Doo is picked earlier than Queensland mangos and fetches a top price in southern markets.

There is a honey farm located in outer Humpty Doo, Humpty Doo Apiaries.

Education
There are several schools in Humpty Doo catering for students in Transition through to Year 12.

Humpty Doo Primary School, located on Freds Pass Rd, is a public school for Transition - Year 6 students. The site also has a pre-school and offers an after school childcare program. The school includes students from diverse ethnic backgrounds: 15% of students identify as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders, another 25% of the student population are from Vietnamese, Thai, Filipino, Indonesian, Cambodian, Spanish, Dutch, or Chinese language backgrounds. There were 394 students enrolled at the school as of August 2010.

Saint Francis of Assisi School and Early Learning Centre on Challenor Circuit is a Catholic school that provides an alternative for students in Transition to Year 7. The school was established in 1997 and draws enrollments from across the rural outer Darwin. As of 2012, the total student enrollment is approximately 160. The principal is Neal Maxwell.

The town has a public secondary school, Taminmin College, formerly Taminmin High School. Established in 1983, the college provides middle years schooling for students in Years 7 - 9, a senior college for Years 10 - 12 and Vocational Education and Training (VET) pathways. Student enrollments are drawn from an area of over 7000sq km. School facilities include a 150ha conservation area for the study of conservation and land management, a 75ha mixed produce and livestock farm for agricultural studies, an air-conditioned gymnasium, sports fields, and a library which is open to students and the wider Humpty Doo community. The school prepares senior students to sit their [NTCET] examinations, as well as having programs in place to provide vocational pathways such as trade apprenticeships on completion of studies. The current principal is Mrs. Sue Healy. As of August 2019, there were 1110 students enrolled at the college.

Tertiary and further vocational education and training are available through Charles Darwin University, with campuses in both Darwin and Palmerston.

Public transport
In January 2012, the Northern Territory Government opened a new $900,000 bus interchange park and ride facility to provide better public transport services for commuters travelling between the rural area, Darwin and Palmerston. This development includes:
 * 15m x 30m (49ft x 98ft) shaded bus/drop off terminal with seating
 * CCTV surveillance
 * a self-cleaning toilet
 * water bubbler
 * irrigated landscaping
 * secure push bike enclosure
 * 46 car park bays
 * four motor cycle parking bays
 * two disabled parking bays
 * an undercover bicycle shed accommodating up to 20 bikes.

Darwinbus provide 12 buses on weekdays and 6 on Saturdays. A return trip to either Darwin or Palmerston costs $4.

The following bus routes operate to the Humpty Doo park and ride as of April 2012:
 * Express Route 28 - Humpty Doo to Darwin via Coolalinga and Palmerston Interchange (and reverse) - Monday to Friday
 * Route 440 - Humpty Doo to Humpty Doo via Virginia, Noonamah, and Palmerston - Monday to Saturday
 * Route 445 - Humpty Doo to Palmerston via Cox Peninsula, Noonamah, and Coolalinga (PM service reversed) - Monday to Saturday
 * Route 447 - Humpty Doo to Palmerston via McMinns Lagoon and Howard Springs (PM service reversed) - Monday to Saturday
 * Route 450 - Humpty Doo to Palmerston via Girraween and Howard Springs (PM service reversed) - Monday to Saturday

Special events buses also run from this interchange. There are currently no services on Sunday.

On the day of the, only 3.4% of employed people travelled to work on public transport and 72.5% by car (either as driver or as passenger).

Utilities
The Humpty Doo waste transfer station is one of three waste management and recycling facilities operated by the Shire of Litchfield, and is the only station accommodating commercial waste. It is open 7 days per week. There is a fee that applies for commercial users. Non-recyclable waste is compacted and transferred to the Shoal Bay Waste Management Facility. The facility is capable of handling cardboard and paper, glass bottles, whitegoods, steel, plastic containers, aluminium cans, cardboard, green waste, and oil.

Attractions
The Humpty Doo Hotel is well known and features in several bush ballads, including "The Man from Humpty Doo" by Ted Egan and "Humpty Doo Waltz" by Slim Dusty. It opened in 1971, survived Cyclone Tracy in 1974 and has since become a local icon. In addition to comfortable visitor accommodation, the hotel features a bar area with open walls, a concrete floor, and an iron roof. Local live music acts regularly perform here.

Another tourist attraction is the Big Boxing Crocodile outside the United Petroleum station (formerly known as the Bush Shop) on the Arnhem Highway. This humorous attraction is a reference to the large crocodile population in the area and is one of the many famous "big things" found around Australia.

Graeme Gow's Reptile World is also an attractive stop for tourists on their way to Kakadu, with a collection of at least 300 species of snake

The Fogg Dam Conservation Reserve is approximately 25 km (15.5 mi) east of the town and can be accessed off the Arnhem Highway. The reserve is situated on the Adelaide River floodplains, and is one of few publicly accessible natural wetland environments in the Top End all year round. The reserve is a wildlife refuge, and is significant both as a remnant of the failed Territory Rice Ltd venture, and its cultural significance to the local Aboriginal people. Fogg Dam Conservation Reserve features many walking trails and observation areas. Ranger guided activities are also available. At the end of the wet season, in around March–April, native wading birds including jabirus can be observed in large numbers near the dam wall.

Wishart Siding, a heritage listed relic of the North Australia Railway is located near the junction of the Stuart and Arnhem Highways a short distance west of town. The site dates back to 1915 and was used as an accommodation facility for maintenance workers when the line was operational. It is the only facility remaining of its kind along the alignment of the former railway.

The Window on the Wetlands Visitor Centre overlooks the wetlands of the Adelaide River floodplain. The centre sits on top of Beatrice Hill the site of several failed agricultural experiments. Visitors to the centre receive an introduction to the eco-systems of the Northern Coastal Wetlands region. The centre features interactive touch screen displays about the native wildlife and local history, and there is an observation deck on the top floor that provides the best views of the surrounding environment, culturally significant to the local Aboriginal people. Entry is free and the centre is open all year round, seven days a week. The building itself is designed to blend into the natural contours of the landscape.

Notable residents

 * The World Wrestling Entertainment character Outback Jack–portrayed by Peter Stilsbury between 1986 and 1988–was billed as coming from Humpty Doo. The character was an outback bushman in the vein of Crocodile Dundee.
 * Professional Australian rules footballers to have come from Humpty Doo include Nakia Cockatoo and Tayla Thorn.
 * Harold Thomas, the designer and copyright holder of the Australian Aboriginal flag moved here in 1972 and still lives there.

Trivia
The 9th Fighter Squadron of the 49th Fighter Group attached to the United States' 5th Air Force gained the nickname "Humpty Doo Fighters" while stationed in the area in 1942. The squadron was accommodated in a camp referred to by Lucien Hubbard as Humpty Doo after the cattle station with the same name while acting as a publicity correspondent. The actual campsite location was further south than the township of Humpty Doo, to the east of Noonamah.

A rhabdovirus isolated from the midge Lasiohelea spp. at Humpty Doo is referred to as the "Humpty Doo virus". No cases of human infection by Humpty Doo virus are known. In the literature of virology, it is only referenced as infecting kangaroos.

A bacterial species of the genus Burkholderia was first isolated during routine screening of a water well in Humpty Doo. Burkholderia humptydooensis has been proposed as its taxonomic name.

From September 2009 to December 2009, the numbers station Cherry Ripe is believed to have been broadcast from Humpty Doo until its discontinuation.

title: Humpty Doo


text:
2000 in American television

In American television in 2000, notable events included television series debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures and rebrandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

title: 2000 in American television


text:
2001 in American television

In American television in 2001, notable events included television series debuts, finales, cancellations, and channel initiations, closures and re-brandings, as well as information about controversies and disputes.

title: 2001 in American television


text:
Talk:James Barry (surgeon)

Florence Nightingale quote
What pronouns did Nightingale actually use for Barry? Having both "She" and "He" be used in parenthesis makes it seem like the author simply swapped every use of one for the other, which is a strange choice. It probably would be preferable to simply quote her directly, perhaps with a (sic) after the first use of "he". 194.147.250.101 (talk) 10:25, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

 * I think she was quoted directly; if you look at the sources, one states "Use of rounded parentheses in original." NekoKatsun (nyaa) 14:23, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Perhaps we need an explanatory footnote (efn) to clarify that. Peaceray (talk) 14:47, 21 July 2023 (UTC)
 * Hey presto how's that? NekoKatsun (nyaa) 14:56, 21 July 2023 (UTC) Honestly great idea, by the by, thank you!

Gender identity discussion
, please discuss instead of edit warring. Valereee (talk) 12:46, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I added a source to the gender and personal life section of James Barry's wiki page stating that many consider James to be a Trans man/transmasculine figure nowadays but it was taken down not long after. I'd be open to discussing it if necessary. Thatstoic (talk) 16:39, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * First, I note that there have been multiple discussions concerning Barry's gender identity. Editors engaging in this discussion should at least peruse what has already been written, which includes:
 * Here is the source that Thatstoic cited:
 * Note that the URL, https://www.sfu.ca/wwest/WWEST_blog/dr--james-barry-and-recognizing-trans-stories-in-the-history-of-.html, is part of a blog, https://www.sfu.ca/wwest/WWEST_blog. The English Wikipedia policy for using blogs is governed by WP:BLOGS, which states:
 * I could not find the author of the blog, Mily Mumford, in Wikidata. I could only find scant mention in Google Scholar. I do not think that Mumford can be considered an established subject-matter expert.
 * That said, I think that the article deserves a neutral, balanced, and duly weighted discussion of Barry's gender identity. It is clear that regardless of gender identity, British military & medical societies only permitted men to hold positions among their ranks. Barry certainly could not have been a British Army surgeon should Barry's gender status at birth had been known.
 * I think that there is an indication in the article that there were those in the army & in medicine who did know Barry's about this. The supposition that Barry desired to hide physical gender at death to protect those who knew & protected Barry is at least as plausible that Barry identified totally as a man.
 * I could not find the author of the blog, Mily Mumford, in Wikidata. I could only find scant mention in Google Scholar. I do not think that Mumford can be considered an established subject-matter expert.
 * That said, I think that the article deserves a neutral, balanced, and duly weighted discussion of Barry's gender identity. It is clear that regardless of gender identity, British military & medical societies only permitted men to hold positions among their ranks. Barry certainly could not have been a British Army surgeon should Barry's gender status at birth had been known.
 * I think that there is an indication in the article that there were those in the army & in medicine who did know Barry's about this. The supposition that Barry desired to hide physical gender at death to protect those who knew & protected Barry is at least as plausible that Barry identified totally as a man.
 * I think that there is an indication in the article that there were those in the army & in medicine who did know Barry's about this. The supposition that Barry desired to hide physical gender at death to protect those who knew & protected Barry is at least as plausible that Barry identified totally as a man.

 * Peaceray (talk) 17:36, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

 * I'm not claiming that James was transgender, I'm merely including the fact that many people, whether they be historians or not, see him that way. The reason I included that article was because it included one such historian that believes that James was trans. I merely used that article because I was too lazy and thought that that would be enough to fix my previous error, but I suppose I should include articles made by the actual historian to hopefully put this issue to bed? Thatstoic (talk) 18:48, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I think I have outlined the way forward. For a balanced, and duly weighted discussion, we need to provide both
 * the viewpoint that Barry was transgender
 * the viewpoint that Barry passed as a man so as to be a British Army surgeon, & subsequently may have wanted to be buried without physical examination so as to protect those who knew about Barry's gender but were silent.
 * Both viewpoints must be verified by citations from reliable sources.
 * Because this page has been fully protected, any proposed change must be discussed here on the talk page & editors much reach consensus on the solution before an administrator would implement the change.
 * It is my belief that this article should have some sort of protection after this is done, but whether it should be pending changes protected, semi-protected, or extended confirmed protected would be up to an administrator.
 * I would suggest we open this as a request for comment under a more meaningful title than 2 days full. Peaceray (talk) 20:57, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree that that would be a good step in the right direction, if you'd like to set that up. Thatstoic (talk) 21:09, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * The lack of any mention of the word "transgender" in the article body seems a little odd to me. I updated this section title to "Gender identity discussion" to more accurately reflect the topic under discussion. – notwally (talk) 22:34, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * It's super weird to me that there's no mention of "transgender" in the article too. I'll see if I can track down any helpful sources in a few days here. NekoKatsun (nyaa) 22:40, 19 July 2024 (UTC) Also, nice to see you again, Notwally!
 * I believe I can be of service, I included that article because it listed one historian that believes that James was trans, but I can list some others if you'd like. Thatstoic (talk) 23:09, 19 July 2024 (UTC)
 * I also agree it's weird that there's no mention of the theory that Barry was a (proto) trans man. Loki (talk) 23:08, 19 July 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:James Barry (surgeon)


text:
2002 in American television

In American television in 2002, notable events included television series debuts, finales, cancellations, and new channel initiations.

title: 2002 in American television


text:
Talk:Norwegian language

mitt tilbaketrukne tannkjøtt
really? this is delightful and brings a smile to my face, but there is a reason language 101 exposition confines itself to things like "the boy's football" and "my brown suitcase" and the like. 2A01:CB0C:CD:D800:484F:92D0:543:F7A1 (talk) 09:47, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * Maybe this sort of graphic detail is peculiar to the Nordic languages. A reading in a 1945 Icelandic grammar: "What were the children doing? They were playing. In the classroom was a table; on the table were papers, ink, and pens. On the wall were maps and pictures of animals. There was a picture of a raven pecking a lamb's eyes out. ..." (Stefán Einarsson, Icelandic: grammar, texts, glossary, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1945.) Largoplazo (talk) 11:30, 13 July 2021 (UTC)
 * It may be that we have a taste for the macabre in the Nordic countries, but I do find it an odd example. I don't see what value it adds either. There is already an example for the neuter gender. An example with plural is missing, but that might perhaps require some more explanation. An example with the feminine gender is also missing, although that would look identical to the masculine example, so one can not tell if it actually is an example of feminine, as that is an optional grammatical gender in Bokmål. Ters (talk) 17:56, 13 July 2021 (UTC)

Map of norway needs fixing
The zoomed in map showing the spread of norwegian features Jan Mayen (1) outside of the text box and (2) in the middle of Libya. There are (presumptively) no norwegian speakers in the middle of Libya. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 83.250.128.97 (talk) 19:34, 4 February 2022 (UTC)

Apparent error in Frysian example
The current article contains:

”De reinbôge hat in protte kleuren”

in a table. I doubt it is correct Frysian, since - according to a couple of sources - “in” is a singular indefinite article whereas “kleuren” is a plural word. I suspect “in” needs to be removed. Can someone knowledgeable about the Frysian language confirm this?Redav (talk) 15:29, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

 * I removed it, because it was WP:OR anyway, like the rest of that section. Seems to be a major problem in general with these linguistics articles, people just add content without citing verifiable sources. TylerBurden (talk) 18:08, 27 September 2022 (UTC)

"Vikværsk" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vikv%C3%A6rsk&redirect=no Vikværsk] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 1234qwer1234qwer4 00:03, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

"BokmaalAndNynorsk" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BokmaalAndNynorsk&redirect=no BokmaalAndNynorsk] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at  until a consensus is reached. 〜 Festucalex  •  talk  06:03, 1 May 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Norwegian language