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Juilliard School

The Juilliard School is a private performing arts conservatory in New York City. Founded by Frank Damrosch as the Institute of Musical Art in 1905, the school later added dance and drama programs and became the Juilliard School, named after its principal benefactor Augustus D. Juilliard.

The school is composed of three primary academic divisions: dance, drama, and music, of which the last is the largest and oldest. Juilliard offers degrees for undergraduate and graduate students and liberal arts courses, non-degree diploma programs for professional artists, and musical training for pre-college students. Juilliard has a single campus at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, comprising numerous studio rooms, performance halls, a library with special collections, and a dormitory. It has one of the lowest acceptance rates of schools in the United States. With a total enrollment of about 950 students, Juilliard has several student and faculty ensembles that perform throughout the year, most notably the Juilliard String Quartet.

Juilliard alumni have won 105 Grammy Awards, 62 Tony Awards, 47 Emmy Awards, and 24 Academy Awards, including 2 alumni with EGOTs. Musicians from Juilliard have pursued careers as international virtuosos and concertmasters of professional symphony orchestras. Its alumni and faculty include more than 16 Pulitzer Prize and 12 National Medal of Arts recipients.

Early years: 1905–1946

In 1905, the Institute of Musical Art (IMA), Juilliard's predecessor institution, was founded by Frank Damrosch, a German-American conductor and godson of Franz Liszt, on the premise that the United States did not have a premier music school and too many students were going to Europe to study music. Chartered by the Board of Regents of the University of the State of New York, the institute became one of first endowed music schools in the US, with significant funding provided by philanthropist and banker James Loeb.

Damrosch and Loeb's mission was to establish a musical institution with high standards of teaching and learning that would incorporate a unified pedagogy and develop a "true musical culture among all classes". Accordingly, the school would rely on its endowment to ensure the quality of instruction was independent of students' financial status.

The Institute of Musical Art opened in the former Lenox Mansion, Fifth Avenue and 12th Street, on October 11, 1905. When the school opened, most teachers were European; however, only Americans were allowed to study at the institute. Although orchestras were exclusively male, women made up most of the student population. The school had 467 students in the first year, but the enrollment soon doubled in size over the following years. Five years after its inception, the institute moved to 120 Claremont Avenue in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan onto a property purchased from Bloomingdale Insane Asylum near the Columbia University campus.

In 1919, a wealthy textile merchant named Augustus D. Juilliard died and left a vast sum of money for the advancement of music in his will, which set up the Juilliard Musical Foundation (JMF) a year later as one of its primary beneficiaries. Under Eugene Noble as executive secretary, the foundation purchased the Vanderbilt family guesthouse at 49 E. 52nd Street, and established a separate new music school, the Juilliard Graduate School (JGS), in 1924.

After much discussion, the Juilliard School of Music was eventually created in 1926 through a merger of the Institute and the Graduate School. The JGS moved from E 52nd Street to 130 Claremont Avenue next to the IMA in 1931. The two schools had the same board of directors and president but maintained their distinct identities. Columbia University Professor John Erskine became the first president of the two institutions (1928–1937). Frank Damrosch continued as the Institute's dean, and the Australian pianist and composer Ernest Hutcheson was appointed dean of the Graduate School. Hutcheson later served as president from 1937 to 1945.

Expansion and growth: 1946–1990
Juilliard's third president, William Schuman, an American composer and the first Pulitzer Prize for Music winner, led the school from 1945 to 1961 and brought about several significant changes to raise the school's academic standards. In 1946, Schuman completely consolidated the Institute of Musical Art and the Juilliard Graduate School to form a single institution and created the Juilliard String Quartet as the school's main quartet-in-residence. During his tenure, Schuman cut down enrollment by more than half, eliminated the Juilliard Summer School and Music Education Program, and opened Juilliard's admission to non-Americans.

Schuman discontinued the Theory Department and initiated a new curriculum called the Literature and Materials of Music (L&M), which began in 1947–1948, and was based on the assumption that musical theory education "should transfer theoretical knowledge into practical performance." Designed for composers to teach, the more practical-orientated curriculum would provide an overview of the "literature of music". L&M was a reaction against more formal theory and ear training, and as a result did not have a formal structure and allowed for more flexibility.

Schuman established the school's Dance Department under Martha Hill's direction in 1951, intending that students in the program would receive an education in dance, choreography, and music. The department, later renamed the Dance Division, offered performance opportunities through the Juilliard Dance Theatre (1954–1958) and later the Juilliard Dance Ensemble (founded c. 1960), which often collaborated with the Juilliard Orchestra. For many years, the Juilliard Dance Department shared facilities with the School of American Ballet.

In 1957, after two years of deliberation, the Juilliard School of Music board announced that the school would relocate from upper Manhattan to the future Lincoln Center. The Lincoln Center would cover the costs for the construction project, but the school would have to instruct exclusively advanced students, introduce a drama program and cut its Preparatory School. Juilliard's new building at Lincoln Center would be designed by Pietro Belluschi with associates Eduardo Catalano and Helge Westermann. The Juilliard School building at Lincoln Center was completed on October 26, 1969, officially opening with a dedication ceremony and concert. With Lincoln Center's prestige came a newly elevated status for the Juilliard School.

William Schuman assumed the presidency of Lincoln Center in 1962 and composer Peter Mennin succeeded him. Mennin made substantial changes to the L&M program—ending ear training and music history, adding performances and composition in class, and hiring the well-known pedagogue Renée Longy to teach solfège. Mennin organized several new programs, such as Juilliard's Master Class Program and Doctoral Music Program. Under Mennin, Juilliard's international reputation grew as several alumni won competitive international competitions.

In 1968, Mennin hired John Houseman to manage the new Drama Division as director and Michel Saint-Denis as associate director and consultant. The School's name was changed to The Juilliard School to reflect its broadened mission to educate musicians, dancers, directors, and actors. The drama department first only trained actors, of which the first class graduated as Group 1 in 1972, but added playwrights and directors programs in the 1990s. Houseman founded The Acting Company in 1972, which allowed Juilliard students to perform and tour throughout the country. Also in 1972, Lila Acheson Wallace donated $5 million to Juilliard, which later named the Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program after her.

Modernization: 1990–2020
Juilliard's longest-serving president Joseph W. Polisi (1984–2017), helped the school modernize by developing educational outreach, formalizing and expanding its music programs, establishing interdisciplinary programs and reforming the school's finances. In 1991, Polisi founded the Music Advancement Program (MAP) to help underrepresented students affected by music education budget cuts throughout public schools in New York. Between 1990 and 1993, individual departments for all instruments and voice were established, the Merideth Wilson Residence Hall was built next to the school, salaries for teachers were increased, and the school hoped to accept fewer people and eventually cut 100 students to allow for more funding. In 2001, the school established a jazz performance training program.

By the end of the 20th century, Juilliard had established itself as a prestigious performing arts school. At the time, graduates comprised approximately 20 percent of the Big Five American Orchestras and half of the New York Philharmonic. Juilliard's endowment nearly tripled over the 1980s, reaching a quarter billion in the mid-1990s. Despite high tuition, on average, over 90 percent of accepted students ended up attending the school. In 1999, the Juilliard School was awarded the National Medal of Arts and became the first educational institution to receive the award.

In September 2005, Colin Davis conducted an orchestra that combined students from the Juilliard and London's Royal Academy of Music at the BBC Proms, and during 2008 the Juilliard Orchestra embarked on a successful tour of China, performing concerts as part of the Cultural Olympiad in Beijing, Suzhou, and Shanghai under the expert leadership of Maestro Xian Zhang.

The school has received various gifts and donations since the 2000s. In 2006, Juilliard obtained a trove of precious music manuscripts from board chair and philanthropist Bruce Kovner that make up the Juilliard Manuscript Collection. Philanthropist James S. Marcus donated $10 million to the school to establish the Ellen and James S. Marcus Institute for Vocal Arts at the school in 2010. In 2014, Kovner gave $60 million for the Kovner Fellowship Program to provide expenses for exceptionally gifted students.

On September 28, 2015, the Juilliard School announced a major expansion into Tianjin during a visit by China's first lady, Peng Liyuan, the institution's first such full-scale foray outside the United States. The school opened in 2020 and offers a Master of Music degree program.

In May 2017, retired New York City Ballet principal dancer Damian Woetzel was named president, replacing Joseph W. Polisi. From March 2020 through the spring 2021 semester, the school switched to online classes and suspended live performances in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Post-pandemic: 2020–present
In June 2021, members of the student group The Socialist Penguins organized a protest against rising tuition costs after claiming that they "weren't being listened to" when meeting with president and provost about the tuition fees. In September, the school's Evening Division was renamed to Juilliard Extension which would broaden to offer programs in person and online. In December of the same year, a $50 million gift was given to the school's Music Advancement Program to help students of underrepresented backgrounds.

Campus

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The Juilliard School occupies a single main building, the Irene Diamond Building, in the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts, along Broadway and W 65th Street. The Juilliard building contains several large studio rooms and performance venues, such as the Glorya Kaufman Dance Studio, Stephanie P. McClelland Drama Theater, Harold and Mimi Steinberg Drama Studio, the Judith Harris and Tony Woolfson Orchestral Studio, and Edwin and Nancy Marks Jazz Rehearsal Room. Recital halls include the Peter Jay Sharp Theater, Paul Recital Hall, and the Morse Recital Hall. The building also houses the Alice Tully Hall, where the Chamber Music Society of the Lincoln Center performs.

Adjacent to the Juilliard building is the Samuel B. & David Rose Building, which is the home of the school's Meredith Willson Residence Hall, named after the composer, conductor and Juilliard alumni Meredith Willson. The building consists of student dormitories, faculty suites, and studios for visiting artists. and is also home to the School of American Ballet.

Organization and Administration
Juilliard's leadership and administration consist of a Board of Trustees, Executive officers, and senior administrators. The Board of Trustees includes approximately thirty members, with a chair and two vice-chairs, and is responsible for appointing Juilliard's president and managing the school's business affairs. Executive offices include the offices of the president and provost. Four administrators serve each as dean and director of the dance, music, drama, and preparatory divisions. There is an additional director for the Jazz program. Other academic subdivisions include the Ellen and James S. Marcus Institute for Vocal Arts and Lila Acheson Wallace Library. The vice president holds the position of Chief Advancement Officer and manages the development of the school. Other administrative areas include the Chief Operating Officer and Corporate Secretary, the Public Affairs Office, and Enrollment Management and Student Development.

The Juilliard School has ties with higher education institutions such as Barnard College, Columbia University, and Fordham University and has associations with Nord Anglia Education for primary and secondary education since 2015. The school is accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE), with its last reaffirmation in 2020.

Admission
Juilliard admits both degree program seekers and pre-college division students. The latter enter a conservatory program for younger students to develop their skills; All applicants who wish to enroll in the Music Advancement Program, for the Pre-College Division, must perform an audition in person before members of the faculty and administration and must be between ages 8 and 18.

The Juilliard admissions program comprises several distinct steps. Applicants must submit a complete application, school transcripts, and recommendations; some majors also require that applicants submit prescreening recordings of their work, which are evaluated as part of the application. A limited number of applicants are then invited to a live audition, sometimes with additional callbacks. After auditions, the school invites select applicants to meet with a program administrator.

Admission to the Juilliard School is highly competitive, as it ranks among the most selective schools in the United States. In 2007, the school received 2,138 applications for admission, of which 162 were admitted for a 7.6% acceptance rate. For the fall semester of 2009, the school had an 8.0% acceptance rate. In 2011, the school accepted 5.5% of applicants. For Fall 2012, 2,657 undergraduate applicants were received by the college division and 7.2% were accepted. The 75th percentile accepted into Juilliard in 2012 had a GPA of 3.96 and an SAT score of 1350.

A cross-registration program is available with Columbia University where Juilliard students who are accepted to the program are able to attend Columbia classes, and vice versa. The program is highly selective, admitting 10–12 students from Juilliard per year. Columbia students also have the option of pursuing an accelerated Master of Music degree at Juilliard and obtaining a bachelor's degree at Barnard or Columbia and an MM from Juilliard in five (or potentially six, for voice majors) years.

Academic programs
The school offers courses in dance, drama, and music. All Bachelor's and Master's degree programs require credits from Liberal Arts courses, which include seminar classes on writing, literature, history, culture, gender, philosophy, environment, and modern languages.

The Dance Division was established in 1951 by William Schuman with Martha Hill as its director. It offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts or a Diploma. Areas of study include ballet and modern and contemporary dance, with courses ranging from dance technique and performance to dance studies. Since its inception, the dance program has had a strong emphasis not only on performance but also on choreography and collaboration.

The Drama Division was established in 1968 by the actor John Houseman and Michel Saint-Denis. Its acting programs offer a Bachelor of Fine Arts, a Diploma and, beginning in Fall 2012, a Master of Fine Arts. Until 2006, when James Houghton became director of the Drama Division, there was a "cut system" that would remove up to one-third of the second-year class. The Lila Acheson Wallace American Playwrights Program, begun in 1993, offers one-year, tuition-free, graduate fellowships; selected students may be offered a second-year extension and receive an Artist Diploma. The Andrew W. Mellon Artist Diploma Program for Theatre Directors was a two-year graduate fellowship that began in 1995 (expanded to three years in 1997); this was discontinued in the fall of 2006.

The Music Division is the largest of the school's divisions. Available degrees are Bachelor of Music or Diploma, Master of Music or Graduate Diploma, Artist Diploma and Doctor of Musical Arts. Academic majors are brass, collaborative piano, composition, guitar, harp, historical performance, jazz studies, orchestral conducting, organ, percussion, piano, strings, voice, and woodwinds. The largest music department is Juilliard's string department, followed by the piano department. The collaborative piano, historical performance, and orchestral conducting programs are solely at the graduate level; the opera studies and music performance subprograms only offer Artist Diplomas. The Juilliard Vocal Arts department now incorporates the former Juilliard Opera Center.

The school's non-degree diploma programs are for specialized training to advance a performer's professional career. These include undergraduate and graduate programs in dance, drama, and music. Musicians and performers can also complete Artist Diploma programs in jazz studies, performance, opera, playwriting, and string quartet studies.

Pre-College Division
The Pre-College Division teaches students enrolled in elementary, junior high, and high school. The Pre-College Division is conducted every Saturday from September to May in the Juilliard Building at Lincoln Center.

All students study solfège and music theory in addition to their primary instrument. Vocal majors must also study diction and performance. Similarly, pianists must study piano performance. String, brass and woodwind players, as well as percussionists, also participate in orchestra. The pre-college has two orchestras, the Pre-College Symphony (PCS) and the Pre-College Orchestra (PCO). Placement is by age and students may elect to study conducting, chorus, and chamber music.

The Pre-College Division began as the Preparatory Centers (later the Preparatory Division), part of the Institute of Musical Art since 1916. The Pre-College Division was established in 1969 with Katherine McC. Ellis as its first director. Olegna Fuschi served as director from 1975 to 1988. The Fuschi/Mennin partnership allowed the Pre-College Division to thrive, affording its graduates training at the highest artistic level (with many of the same teachers as the college division), as well as their own commencement ceremony and diplomas. In addition to Fuschi, directors of Juilliard's Pre-College Division have included composer Dr. Andrew Thomas. The current director of the Pre-College Division is Yoheved Kaplinsky.

Center for Innovation in the Arts
The Center for Innovation in the Arts (CIA), formerly called the Music Technology Center, at the Juilliard School was created in 1993 to provide students with the opportunity to use digital technology in the creation and performance of new music. Since then, the program has expanded to include a wide offering of classes such as, Introduction to Music Technology, Music Production, Film scoring, Computers In Performance and an Independent Study In Composition.

In 2009, the Music Technology Center moved to a new, state of the art facility that includes a mix and record suite and a digital "playroom" for composing and rehearsing with technology. Together with the Willson Theater, the Center for Innovation in the Arts is the home of interdisciplinary and electro-acoustic projects and performances at the Juilliard School.

Instruments
The Juilliard School has about 275 pianos, of which 231 are Steinway grand pianos. It is one of the world's largest collections of Steinway and Son's pianos in the space of concert halls and practice rooms.

Pipe organs at Juilliard include those by Holtkamp (III/57, III/44, II/7), Schoenstein (III/12), Flentrop (II/17), Noack (II/3) and Kuhn (IV/85), which are located in various practice rooms and recital halls.

The strings department allows students to borrow valuable historic stringed instruments for special concerts and competitions. There are more than 200 such stringed instruments, including several by Antonio Stradivari and Giuseppe Guarneri del Gesù.

Print and digital resources
The Lila Acheson Wallace Library is the main library at Juilliard that holds study scores, performance and sound recordings, books, and videos. The school's archives include manuscript collections with digitized holographs. The library has over 87,000 musical scores and 25,000 sound recordings. The Peter Jay Sharp Special Collections features the Igor and Soulima Stravinsky Collection, the Arthur Gold and Robert Fizdale Collection, and the Eugène Ysaÿe Collection.

The school acquired the Juilliard Manuscript Collection in 2006, which includes autograph scores, sketches, composer-emended proofs and first editions of major works by Mozart, Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Schumann, Chopin, Schubert, Liszt, Ravel, Stravinsky, Copland, and other composers of the classical music canon. Many of the manuscripts had been unavailable for generations. Among the items are the printer's manuscript of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, complete with Beethoven's handwritten amendments, that was used for the first performance in Vienna in 1824; Mozart's autograph of the wind parts of the final scene of The Marriage of Figaro; Beethoven's arrangement of his monumental Große Fuge for piano four hands; Schumann's working draft of his Symphony No. 2; and manuscripts of Brahms's Symphony No. 2 and Piano Concerto No. 2. The entire collection has since been digitized and can be viewed online.

Rankings
Juilliard consistently ranks as one of the top performing arts schools in the world. Since QS first published its QS World University Rankings for the subject performing arts in 2016, Juilliard held the top spot among academic institution for performing arts for six years. The school dropped its ranking to third place in 2022, falling behind the Royal College of Music and the University of Music and Performing Arts Vienna. As part of Juilliard's ranking criteria for 2022, the school scored 100 out of 100 for academic reputation and 69.2 for employer reputation for an overall score of 93.8. Juilliard and the Curtis Institute of Music were the only two American conservatories that made the top 10 in the 2022 QS World Rankings in performing arts. In another report, The Hollywood Reporter ranked the school first among drama schools in the world in 2021. According to the Hollywood Reporter's 2022 listing of the top-ranked music schools in the world, Juilliard ranked fourth.

Student body and diversity
The Juilliard School enrolled 492 full-time undergraduates, 114 part-time undergraduates and 374 graduate students as of the 2019–2020 school year. Women made up 47% of all the students enrolled. The retention rate for that academic year was 94%. That same year, Juilliard awarded 116 Bachelor's Degrees and 140 Master's Degrees and had a graduation rate of 94%. Of the undergraduate degrees, 87 were in music, 20 in dance, and nine in drama. The school conferred 132 Master of Music Degrees and eight Master of Fine Arts Degrees in drama.

Juilliard has made efforts to diversify its student body and program. In 2001, the conservatory introduced a Jazz Studies Program, which Wynton Marsalis currently directs. The school launched an Equity, Diversity, Inclusion, and Belonging (EDIB) initiative in 2018, which includes a task force and provides workshops for all faculty and staff. Student Diversity Initiatives provide students forums and activities to educate the community on diversity, internationalism, culture and social justice. In the same year, Alicia Graf Mack, who previously danced with the Dance Theatre of Harlem, became the school's first black dance director. The school has recently invested in funding for minority students and schoolchildren to address inequalities. However, some have criticized the school's lack of diversity in its faculty and curriculum and focus on primarily Western Classical Music.

Student organizations
The Juilliard Black Student Union (JBSU) was founded in the fall of 2016. A group of students established the Alliance for Latin American & Spanish Students (ALAS) in the summer of 2018. The political organization, the Socialist Penguins, was created in 2021 to encourage "anti-capitalist and anti-racist discussions." Other Juilliard clubs include the Juilliard Chinese Student & Scholars Association (J-CSSA), the Juilliard Christian Fellowship (JCF) and the Juilliard Green Club, among others. Juilliard does not have any fraternities or sororities.

In the 1980s, Juilliard students assembled an ice hockey team called the Fighting Penguins to compete against a faculty team. The naming of the teams became the first usage of the penguin as the school's mascot. Later in the 1980s, the school had several running and racing events and a tennis team from the 1970s to 1990s. Today, there is a faculty-staff softball team and the student Juilliard Volleyball Club. However, no varsity teams play for the school.

Performing ensembles
The Juilliard School has a variety of ensembles, including chamber music, jazz, orchestras, and vocal/choral groups. Juilliard's orchestras include the Juilliard Orchestra, the Juilliard Chamber Orchestra, the Wind Orchestra, the New Juilliard Ensemble, the Juilliard Theatre Orchestra, and the Conductors' Orchestra. The Axiom Ensemble is a student directed and managed group dedicated to well-known 20th-century works.

Established in 2003, the Juilliard Electric Ensemble allows all students to use multi-media technology to produce and perform works. The ensemble has performed works that incorporate new technology by many contemporary composers.

In addition, Juilliard resident ensembles, which feature faculty members, perform frequently at the school. These groups include the Juilliard String Quartet and the American Brass Quintet, which are American ensembles that perform throughout the United States and abroad.

Alumni
Over the years, Juilliard alumni have contributed significantly to the arts and culture. Collectively, they have won numerous awards nationally and internationally, including more than 300 Grammy, Oscar, Emmy, and Tony Awards. Juilliard alumni include principal players and concertmasters of several symphony orchestras such as the New York Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Berlin Philharmonic. Other graduates have led international careers as soloists, playing with orchestras worldwide. Juilliard alumni are the recipients of over 16 Pulitzer Prizes and 12 National Medals of Arts. Alumni have represented the United States as cultural ambassadors for the arts  and include U.N. messengers of peace.

Faculty
Juilliard has over 350 college faculty members. Present and past faculty have included Pulitzer Prize, Presidential Medal of Freedom and Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award recipients, as well as members of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and the American Philosophical Society. Since Peter Mennin's presidency, the school regularly offers master classes with various professional artists and its own faculty members. Past guest artists for these classes have included Leonard Bernstein, Herbert von Karajan, Arthur Rubinstein, Maria Callas, Luciano Pavarotti, Murray Perahia, András Schiff, Joyce DiDonato, Yannick Nézet-Séguin, Renée Fleming, Robert Levin, and Steven Isserlis, among others.

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Whats the purpose of this redirect?
 * Old page from the days all titles had to have two capital letters. Typically we save redirects older than a few days because we think they may have been indexed by a search engine and we don't want to break links.  They're small and mostly harmless.  Koyaanis Qatsi

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Seahouses

Seahouses is a large village on the North Northumberland coast in England. It is about 20 km north of Alnwick, within the Northumberland Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

Attraction
Seahouses attracts many visitors, mainly from the north east area. However national and international tourists often come to Seahouses whilst visiting the Northumberland National Park, Northumberland Coast and the Farne Islands. Seahouses also has a working fishing port, which also serves the tourist trade, being the embarkation point for visits to the Farne Islands. From shops in the town and booths along the harbour, several boat companies operate, offering various packages which may include inter alia landing on at least one Farne, seeing seals and seabirds, and hearing a commentary on the islands and the Grace Darling story or scuba diving on the many Farne Islands wrecks. Grace Darling's brother is buried in the cemetery at North Sunderland. He died in 1903, aged 84. The current Seahouses lifeboat bears the name Grace Darling.

The Seahouses Festival is an annual cultural event which began in 1999 as a small sea shanty festival. After a significant European funding grant from the Leader+ programme, in 2005, it has grown into a more broadly based cultural celebration.

There are claims that kippers were first created in Seahouses in the 1800s, and they are still produced locally to this day.

Between 1898 and 1951, Seahouses was the north-eastern terminus of the North Sunderland Railway. Independent until its final closure, it formed a standard gauge rail link between the village and Chathill Station on the East Coast Main Line. The site of Seahouses station is now the town car park and the trackbed between village and North Sunderland is a public footpath.

Governance
Seahouses is within the civil parish of North Sunderland and the Northumberland County Council electoral division of Bamburgh. The parliamentary constituency is Berwick-upon-Tweed, represented by MP Anne-Marie Trevelyan (Conservative).

Religion
Seahouses is in the archdeaconry of Lindisfarne, in the Diocese of Newcastle.

title: Seahouses


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Could do with:

 * North Sunderland name - is it synonymous with Seahouses and if not what does it indicate?
 * History
 * The railway - dates, what did it connect to? -on reflection I think my guess at the lime kilns having something to do with the railway was incorrect but it would help to know more about the connection with the main line.
 * A photo?

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Farne Islands

The Farne Islands are a group of islands off the coast of Northumberland, England. The group has between 15 and 20 islands depending on the level of the tide. They form an archipelago, divided into the Inner Group and the Outer Group. The main islands in the Inner Group are Inner Farne, Knoxes Reef, the East and West Wideopens (all joined on very low tides), and (somewhat separated) the Megstone; the main islands in the Outer Group are Staple Island, Brownsman, North and South Wamses, Big Harcar, and Longstone. The two groups are separated by Staple Sound. The highest point, on Inner Farne, is 62 ft above mean sea level.

Monks and hermits
The earliest recorded inhabitants of the Farne Islands were various Culdees, some connected with Lindisfarne. This followed the old Celtic Christian tradition of island hermitages, also found in Wales, Ireland, and Scotland.

The islands are first recorded in 651, when they became home to Saint Aidan, followed by Saint Cuthbert. Cuthbert isolated himself on the islands until he was called to the bishopric of Lindisfarne, but after two years, he returned to the solitude of the Inner Farne and died there in 687, when Saint Aethelwold took up residence, instead. Among other acts, Cuthbert introduced special laws in 676 protecting the eider ducks, and other seabirds nesting on the islands; these are thought to be the earliest bird-protection laws anywhere in the world.

The islands were used by hermits intermittently from the seventh century. These included Saint Bartholomew of Farne. The last hermit was Thomas De Melsonby, who died on the islands in 1246.

A formal monastic cell of Benedictine monks was established on the islands circa 1255. The cell was dependent on Durham Abbey, now Durham Cathedral. A very small cell, it was usually home to only two monks, although on occasion this rose to as many as six. The cell was dissolved in 1536 as part of King Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. Following the dissolution of the monastic cell on the islands, they became the property of the Dean and Chapter of Durham Cathedral, who leased them to various tenants. The islands remained a detached part of County Durham until 1844, when the Counties (Detached Parts) Act transferred them to Northumberland. In 1861, the islands were sold to Charles Thorp, who was at the time Archdeacon of Durham. In 1894, the islands were bought by industrialist William Armstrong, 1st Baron Armstrong. The islands are currently owned by the National Trust.

Remains still exist of the seventh-century anchorite cell used by Saint Aidan and Saint Cuthbert, as do the remains of a 14th-century chapel associated with the cell. Known as St Cuthbert's Chapel, it is described as a "single-cell building of four bays". The remains of a second chapel have been incorporated into a later building.

Grace Darling
The Farne Islands are associated with the story of Grace Darling and the wreck of the Forfarshire. Grace Darling was the daughter of Longstone lighthouse-keeper (one of the islands' lighthouses), William Darling, and on 7 September 1838, when she was aged 22, with her father she rescued nine people from the wreck of the Forfarshire in a strong gale and thick fog, the vessel having run aground on Harcar Rock. The story of the rescue attracted extraordinary attention throughout Britain, and made Grace Darling a heroine who has gone down in British folklore.

Tourism
By the eighteenth century, picnics were being held on the Farne Islands. A picnic was held in 1778 on Pinnacle Island by Dr Kayne and his house party which consisted of ten persons and one dog. The picnic was illustrated by S.H.Grimm who made a drawing of the house party and a separate drawing of the accompanying seven servants enjoying a picnic meal.

Today
The islands have no permanent population, but National Trust rangers live on the islands for nine months of the year, maintaining the site and monitoring wildlife. They live in Prior Castell's Tower on the Inner Farne (the largest and closest inshore of the islands), Lighthouse Cottage on Inner Farne and the lighthouse cottage on the Brownsman in the outer group. The pele tower was built during the early part of the 1494-1519 tenure of Thomas Castell as Prior of Durham.

Lighthouses
The lighthouse would not have been painted red and white in Grace Darling's day. The first lighthouse was built on the islands in 1773; prior to that, a beacon may have been installed on Prior Castell's Tower, permission having first been given for a light on Inner Farne in 1669.

Currently, two lighthouses are operated by Trinity House on the Farne Islands:
 * Farne Lighthouse was built in 1811 and originally named Inner Farne Lighthouse.
 * Longstone Lighthouse was built in 1826 and originally named Outer Farne Lighthouse.

Former lighthouses on the islands include:
 * Farne Island Lighthouse was built in 1673, but never lit; its replacement was built by Captain John Blackett in 1778, itself replaced by Trinity House with the current Farne Lighthouse in 1811. A minor light, called the Low Light, was also established by Trinity House on the north-west of Farne between 1811 and 1910. to aid navigation by lining this light up with the Inner Farne light
 * Staple Island Lighthouse was built by Captain Blackett in 1778 and blown down in the Great Storm of 1784; a replacement, built either in the same place or on Brownsman Island, was knocked down by heavy seas in 1800.
 * Brownsman Lighthouse, built in 1800, was replaced by Trinity House with a new tower in 1811 and closed in 1826 when Longstone Lighthouse was established.

All the operational lighthouses on the Farnes are now automatic and have no resident keepers, although in former years, they did. The lighthouse is now maintained by Trinity House via its local lighthouse attendant, George Shiel, who provides guided tours inside the lighthouse. Ruins of some of the older lighthouses may be seen, for example on the Brownsman, which has two. Before the lighthouses, beacons were on several of the islands. The prominent white streak on the cliff facing the mainland (see photo) is similar to bird droppings; although many parts of the islands do exhibit this colouring during the breeding season only, in this case it is the result of chalk deposits from the many years of spent calcium carbide from the lighthouse being thrown down the cliff; this calcium carbide was used to generate acetylene, which was used as fuel for the light before electricity came.

Ecology and natural history
The Farne Islands are an internationally important wildlife habitat. In summer puffins, eider duck, Arctic tern, shag, guillemot, kittiwake, fulmar, razorbill, common tern and Sandwich tern all breed here, while in late autumn a large colony of grey seals pup on the islands. Summer visitors to Inner Farne are strongly advised to wear hats due to Arctic terns dive bombing to protect their chicks.

Breeding birds on the Farnes (as of 2012) include:

 * Shelduck – 2 pairs
 * Mallard – 17 pairs
 * Common eider – 443 pairs
 * Fulmar – 276 pairs
 * Cormorant – 135 pairs
 * Shag – 965 pairs
 * Oystercatcher – 39 pairs
 * Herring gull – 72 pairs in 2011 (not counted in 2012)
 * Lesser black-backed gull – 52 pairs in 2011 (not counted in 2012)
 * Ringed plover – 4 pairs
 * Black-headed gull – 461 pairs
 * Black-legged kittiwake – 4,241 pairs
 * Sandwich tern – 966 pairs
 * Roseate tern – no pairs, several individuals
 * Common tern – 88 pairs
 * Arctic tern – 1,180 pairs in 2011 (not counted in 2012)
 * Guillemot – 49,076 birds
 * Razorbill – 365 pairs
 * Puffin – 36,285 pairs
 * Barn swallow – 4 pairs
 * Pied wagtail – 5 pairs
 * Rock pipit – 20 pairs

A total of 290 bird species have been recorded on the Farnes, including in the 1760s, an example of the now extinct great auk.

On 28–29 May 1979, an Aleutian tern, a rare tern from the Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific Ocean, visited the Farnes. It was the first, and still the only, member of its species ever seen anywhere in Europe.

A longer-staying unusual visitor was "Elsie" the lesser crested tern, which visited the Farnes every summer from 1984 to 1997; during that period (paired with a male Sandwich tern) she raised several hybrid chicks and attracted several thousand birders keen to see this species in Britain. Lesser crested terns normally nest on islands off the coast of Libya and migrate to West Africa for the winter; "Elsie" is thought to have taken a wrong turn at the Straits of Gibraltar on spring migration.

An Arctic tern from the Farnes, ringed as a chick not yet old enough to fly in summer 1982, reached Melbourne, Australia, in October 1982, a sea journey over 22,000 km in just three months from fledging. This remains one of the longest known distances travelled by any bird.

Geology
The Farnes are resistant igneous dolerite outcrops. These would originally have been connected to the mainland and surrounded by areas of less resistant limestone. Through a combination of erosion of the weaker surrounding rock, and sea level rise following the last ice age, the Farnes were left as islands. Because of the way the rock is fissured, dolerite forms strong columns. This gives the islands their steep, in places vertical cliffs, and the sea around the islands is scattered with stacks up to 66 ft (20 m) high. Many of the small islands are bare rock, but the larger islands have a layer of clay subsoil and peat soil supporting vegetation. The rock strata slope slightly upwards to the south, giving the highest cliffs on the south and some beaches to the north.

One classic view of the Farnes, very popular with photographers, is that from the harbour at Seahouses, but they are closer to the mainland further up the road northwards towards Bamburgh, and excellent views may be seen from here, in the vicinity of the Monks House Rocks, as well as from Bamburgh Castle and beach

Shipwrecks and diving
The Farne Islands are popular with bird watchers, and as scuba diving locations, with a variety of sites suitable for all levels of divers, for the seals and wrecks.

Hundreds of ships have been wrecked on the Farnes over the years, providing plenty for wreck divers to explore. Among them are:

 * {| class="wikitable sortable collapsible autocollapse"

! Name || Year
 * Abessinia|| 1921
 * Acantha || 1915
 * Adelina || 1862
 * Advance || 1891
 * Aepos || 1920
 * African Prince || 1931
 * Aid || 1853
 * Alert || 1918
 * Alexander || 1845
 * Alexander || 1947
 * Arab || 1849
 * Arbutus || 1890
 * Ardincaple || 1833
 * Armed Dutch vessel || 1650–1715
 * Arms || 1825
 * Ascot (HMS) || 1918
 * Assuan || 1943
 * Athelduke || 1945
 * Attwood || 1876
 * Auckland Castle || 1918
 * Augusta || 1823
 * Autumn || 1834
 * Baltanglia || 1940
 * Bonaventure || 1559
 * Bowling || 1939
 * Brave of Inverness || 1850
 * Breeze || 1852
 * Britannia || 1795
 * Britannia III || 1875
 * Britannia IIII || 1915
 * Britannia PSS || 1849
 * Byron || 1851
 * Cairnduna || 1875
 * Calcium || 1876
 * Caledonia || 1917
 * Caledonia of Montrose || 1802
 * Caroline || 1955
 * Cherokee || (1818)
 * Cheviot || 1853
 * Children's Friend || 1993
 * Chris Christensen || 1915
 * Christa || 1976
 * City of Aberdeen || (1816)
 * Constance || 1972
 * Coryton || 1941
 * Countess of Mar || 1847
 * Courier || 1875
 * Cresswell || 1869
 * Cydonia || 1916
 * Danio || 2013 (refloat)
 * Doore || 1855
 * Dublin || 1805
 * Dunelm || 1949 (refloat)
 * Earne || 1859
 * Eclipse  || 1851
 * Elizabeth Fawcett || (1846)
 * Elliott || 1852
 * Emerald || 1865
 * Emily Reaich || 1924
 * Emma || 1914
 * Empire Ford || 1943 (refloat)
 * Enterprise || 1876
 * Est || 1871
 * Euphemia || 1848
 * Everene || (1940)
 * Excel || 1939 (Refloat)
 * Expedit || 1917
 * Faith || (1847)
 * Falcon || 1851
 * Fame || 1833
 * Fifeshire || 1852
 * Flora || (1882)
 * Florence Dombey || 1933
 * Florence Nightingale || 1860
 * Flower of Ross || 1890
 * Forfarshire|| 1838
 * Formica || 1894
 * Fædreland ||
 * French caravels (two) || 1462
 * Friends || (1857)
 * Friendship || 1795
 * G.R. Grey || 1918
 * Garent || 1842
 * Gebruder || 1916
 * Generous Mind || (1809)
 * Geir || 1908
 * George & Mary || 1823
 * Glasgow packet || 1806
 * Glen || (1909)
 * Glenorm || (1906)
 * Glenorca || 1913 (Refloat)
 * Good Cheer || 2000
 * Gowan || 1917
 * Graciana || 1920 (Refloat)
 * Grade || 1955 (Refloat)
 * Grosvenor || 1935
 * Gudveig || 1940
 * Gustav Vigeland || 1916
 * Gwendoline || 1893
 * Harmony || 1857
 * Hazard || 1815
 * Helen || 1853
 * Helmsdale || 1939
 * Hero || 1817
 * Hetos || 1940
 * Hibernia || 1876
 * Holmrook || 1892
 * Holy Island Coble || 1895
 * Holy Island yawl || 1875
 * Hope (Smack) || 1819
 * Horley || 1922
 * Humber Packet || 1812
 * Igor || 1918
 * Ilala || 1876
 * Inatje Baaf || 1894
 * Industry || 1774
 * Isbul & Margarit  || 1849
 * Isabella Fowlie || 1941
 * Isorna || 1941
 * Ivanhoe || 1857
 * Jægersborg || 1916
 * Jack Tar || 1854
 * James B Graham || 1922
 * James Harris || 1881
 * Jan Ryswyck || 1924
 * Jane and Margaret || 1867
 * Janet Johnson || 1853
 * Jean and Jessie || 1856
 * Jemima || 1851
 * Jeremiah || 1806
 * Jessie || 1847
 * Joan || 1845
 * Johns || (1841)
 * Johns || (1845)
 * John || 1849
 * John & Isabella || 1808
 * John G. Watson || 1930
 * Juno || 1819
 * Kestrel || 1917
 * Kincardine || 1818
 * Kopanes || 1941
 * Lady Duff || (1853) (refloat)
 * Lady of the Lake || 1866
 * Lady Panmure || 1851
 * Lady Ross || 1847
 * Lancaster || 1854
 * Leda || 1886
 * Liberty || 1849
 * Liddle || 1774
 * Lilly Miles || 1899
 * Loch Leven || 1902
 * Lord Strathmore|| 1917 (refloat)
 * Lucerne || 1915 (refloat)
 * Luiste Josephine || 1851
 * Lunesdale || 1929
 * Maggie Lauder || 1804
 * Maid of Aln || 1863
 *  Manchant || 1852
 * Manly || 1852
 * Martha || 1827
 * May || 1894
 * Maystone || 1949
 * Medora || 1865
 * Mermaid || 1823
 * Merwede || 1918
 * Mistley || 1951
 * Monkwearmouth || 1823
 * Mormilion Frederick || 1800
 * Myrtle (brig) || 1864
 * Nellie || 1849
 * Neptune || (1819)
 *  Nisus || 1853
 * Ocean Bridge || 1873
 * Orca || 1982
 * Otago || 1915
 * Otto M'Combie || 1895
 * Paciline Defecamp || 1850
 * Pallas || 1901
 * Paragon || 1821
 * Paragon || 1842
 * Paragon || 1895
 * Patia || 1941
 * Peace and Plenty || 1860
 * Pearle || 1740
 * Peggy || 1774
 * Plough || 1850
 * Pluto || 1940
 * Prosperous || 1854
 * Queenstown || 1916
 * Rececca || 1899
 * Resolute || 1886
 * River Leven || 1953
 * Ryoll of Stockton || 1801
 * Saint Evelyn Joyce || 1922
 * Saint Louis || 1924 (refloat)
 * San Bernado || 1916
 * Sarah || 1815
 * Scottish Prince || 1913
 * Sedulous 2 || 1975
 * Shadwan || 1888
 * Sisters || 1832
 * Skovdal || 1917
 * Sloop no. 28 || (1806)
 * Snowdonia || 1881
 * Somali || 1941
 * Sootica || 1985
 * Smilax || (1851)
 * Sphynx || 1919
 * Spica || 1916
 * St Abbs Head || 1949
 * St Andre || 1908
 * St Fergus || 1885
 * St. Salvator || 1472
 * Stamfordham || 1916
 * Storfors || 1940
 * Strive || 1856
 * Success || 1774
 * Success || 1853
 * Thistle || 1883
 * Thomas || 1837
 * Thomas Jackson || 1825
 * Tioga || 1943
 * Tredegar Hall || 1916 (refloat)
 * Trio || 1860
 * Two Brothers || 1841
 * U-1274 || 1945
 * Urdate || 1823
 * Vaagan || 1916
 *  Valhal || 1890
 *  Volunteer || 1846 (refloat)
 * Waren Packet || 1830
 * Werner Kunstmann || 1914
 * William Thorpe || 1852
 * William (schooner) || 1864
 * Yagen || 1916
 * Yewglen || 1960
 * }
 * Isorna || 1941
 * Ivanhoe || 1857
 * Jægersborg || 1916
 * Jack Tar || 1854
 * James B Graham || 1922
 * James Harris || 1881
 * Jan Ryswyck || 1924
 * Jane and Margaret || 1867
 * Janet Johnson || 1853
 * Jean and Jessie || 1856
 * Jemima || 1851
 * Jeremiah || 1806
 * Jessie || 1847
 * Joan || 1845
 * Johns || (1841)
 * Johns || (1845)
 * John || 1849
 * John & Isabella || 1808
 * John G. Watson || 1930
 * Juno || 1819
 * Kestrel || 1917
 * Kincardine || 1818
 * Kopanes || 1941
 * Lady Duff || (1853) (refloat)
 * Lady of the Lake || 1866
 * Lady Panmure || 1851
 * Lady Ross || 1847
 * Lancaster || 1854
 * Leda || 1886
 * Liberty || 1849
 * Liddle || 1774
 * Lilly Miles || 1899
 * Loch Leven || 1902
 * Lord Strathmore|| 1917 (refloat)
 * Lucerne || 1915 (refloat)
 * Luiste Josephine || 1851
 * Lunesdale || 1929
 * Maggie Lauder || 1804
 * Maid of Aln || 1863
 *  Manchant || 1852
 * Manly || 1852
 * Martha || 1827
 * May || 1894
 * Maystone || 1949
 * Medora || 1865
 * Mermaid || 1823
 * Merwede || 1918
 * Mistley || 1951
 * Monkwearmouth || 1823
 * Mormilion Frederick || 1800
 * Myrtle (brig) || 1864
 * Nellie || 1849
 * Neptune || (1819)
 *  Nisus || 1853
 * Ocean Bridge || 1873
 * Orca || 1982
 * Otago || 1915
 * Otto M'Combie || 1895
 * Paciline Defecamp || 1850
 * Pallas || 1901
 * Paragon || 1821
 * Paragon || 1842
 * Paragon || 1895
 * Patia || 1941
 * Peace and Plenty || 1860
 * Pearle || 1740
 * Peggy || 1774
 * Plough || 1850
 * Pluto || 1940
 * Prosperous || 1854
 * Queenstown || 1916
 * Rececca || 1899
 * Resolute || 1886
 * River Leven || 1953
 * Ryoll of Stockton || 1801
 * Saint Evelyn Joyce || 1922
 * Saint Louis || 1924 (refloat)
 * San Bernado || 1916
 * Sarah || 1815
 * Scottish Prince || 1913
 * Sedulous 2 || 1975
 * Shadwan || 1888
 * Sisters || 1832
 * Skovdal || 1917
 * Sloop no. 28 || (1806)
 * Snowdonia || 1881
 * Somali || 1941
 * Sootica || 1985
 * Smilax || (1851)
 * Sphynx || 1919
 * Spica || 1916
 * St Abbs Head || 1949
 * St Andre || 1908
 * St Fergus || 1885
 * St. Salvator || 1472
 * Stamfordham || 1916
 * Storfors || 1940
 * Strive || 1856
 * Success || 1774
 * Success || 1853
 * Thistle || 1883
 * Thomas || 1837
 * Thomas Jackson || 1825
 * Tioga || 1943
 * Tredegar Hall || 1916 (refloat)
 * Trio || 1860
 * Two Brothers || 1841
 * U-1274 || 1945
 * Urdate || 1823
 * Vaagan || 1916
 *  Valhal || 1890
 *  Volunteer || 1846 (refloat)
 * Waren Packet || 1830
 * Werner Kunstmann || 1914
 * William Thorpe || 1852
 * William (schooner) || 1864
 * Yagen || 1916
 * Yewglen || 1960
 * }
 * Paragon || 1821
 * Paragon || 1842
 * Paragon || 1895
 * Patia || 1941
 * Peace and Plenty || 1860
 * Pearle || 1740
 * Peggy || 1774
 * Plough || 1850
 * Pluto || 1940
 * Prosperous || 1854
 * Queenstown || 1916
 * Rececca || 1899
 * Resolute || 1886
 * River Leven || 1953
 * Ryoll of Stockton || 1801
 * Saint Evelyn Joyce || 1922
 * Saint Louis || 1924 (refloat)
 * San Bernado || 1916
 * Sarah || 1815
 * Scottish Prince || 1913
 * Sedulous 2 || 1975
 * Shadwan || 1888
 * Sisters || 1832
 * Skovdal || 1917
 * Sloop no. 28 || (1806)
 * Snowdonia || 1881
 * Somali || 1941
 * Sootica || 1985
 * Smilax || (1851)
 * Sphynx || 1919
 * Spica || 1916
 * St Abbs Head || 1949
 * St Andre || 1908
 * St Fergus || 1885
 * St. Salvator || 1472
 * Stamfordham || 1916
 * Storfors || 1940
 * Strive || 1856
 * Success || 1774
 * Success || 1853
 * Thistle || 1883
 * Thomas || 1837
 * Thomas Jackson || 1825
 * Tioga || 1943
 * Tredegar Hall || 1916 (refloat)
 * Trio || 1860
 * Two Brothers || 1841
 * U-1274 || 1945
 * Urdate || 1823
 * Vaagan || 1916
 *  Valhal || 1890
 *  Volunteer || 1846 (refloat)
 * Waren Packet || 1830
 * Werner Kunstmann || 1914
 * William Thorpe || 1852
 * William (schooner) || 1864
 * Yagen || 1916
 * Yewglen || 1960
 * }
 * Sphynx || 1919
 * Spica || 1916
 * St Abbs Head || 1949
 * St Andre || 1908
 * St Fergus || 1885
 * St. Salvator || 1472
 * Stamfordham || 1916
 * Storfors || 1940
 * Strive || 1856
 * Success || 1774
 * Success || 1853
 * Thistle || 1883
 * Thomas || 1837
 * Thomas Jackson || 1825
 * Tioga || 1943
 * Tredegar Hall || 1916 (refloat)
 * Trio || 1860
 * Two Brothers || 1841
 * U-1274 || 1945
 * Urdate || 1823
 * Vaagan || 1916
 *  Valhal || 1890
 *  Volunteer || 1846 (refloat)
 * Waren Packet || 1830
 * Werner Kunstmann || 1914
 * William Thorpe || 1852
 * William (schooner) || 1864
 * Yagen || 1916
 * Yewglen || 1960
 * }
 * Tredegar Hall || 1916 (refloat)
 * Trio || 1860
 * Two Brothers || 1841
 * U-1274 || 1945
 * Urdate || 1823
 * Vaagan || 1916
 *  Valhal || 1890
 *  Volunteer || 1846 (refloat)
 * Waren Packet || 1830
 * Werner Kunstmann || 1914
 * William Thorpe || 1852
 * William (schooner) || 1864
 * Yagen || 1916
 * Yewglen || 1960
 * }
 * Waren Packet || 1830
 * Werner Kunstmann || 1914
 * William Thorpe || 1852
 * William (schooner) || 1864
 * Yagen || 1916
 * Yewglen || 1960
 * }
 * William (schooner) || 1864
 * Yagen || 1916
 * Yewglen || 1960
 * }
 * Yewglen || 1960
 * }

Dive sites and wrecks

 * Chris Christenson, a Danish steamer that sank on 16 February 1915, lies close into the reef off the south tip of Longstone, Outer Farnes, in about 98 - 115 ft at (55.63995°N, -1.60303°W).
 * SS Abessinia (1900), a 453 ft German steamship that drove onto Knifestone, Outer Farnes, on 3 September 1921, lies in about 30 - 66 ft at (55.64833°N, -1.602°W).
 * Brittania, a 740 LT, 210 ft British cargo/passenger steamship that struck the Callers, Outer Farnes, in thick fog on 25 September 1915 lies between 26 and 98 ft at (55.62813°N, -1.59985°W).
 * St Andre was a 1120 LT French steamship carrying pig iron. On 28 October 1908, she hit the Crumstone and floated off to sink finally at Staple Island. She lies in about 56 - 82 ft at (55.63067°N, -1.61967°W).

Diving at the Farnes is generally possible, regardless of wind direction; shelter is always available somewhere. Some dive locations even provide the opportunity to combine diving and birdwatching, in particular the Pinnacles, where guillemots can be found fishing at safety-stop depth.

Civil parish
Farne Islands was a civil parish, in 1951 the parish had a population of 3. On 1 April 1955 the parish was abolished and merged with North Sunderland.

title: Farne Islands


text:
Talk:Push printing

Untitled
In reality, the article confuses two types of "push":
 * Push developing (where the film is "pushed" from ISO 400 to ISO 800 by leaving it in the developer bath for a longer time)
 * Push printing, which is what the (excellent) example image show: The same process performed on the photo paper.

Push developing gives the best results, but may have problems with grain. It also increases contrast.

Push printing will not have grain, but has less potential for "push". When prints are made manually (not by a machine), "push" development is performed as a matter of course.

-- Egil 08:09 Jan 30, 2003 (UTC)

 * Ouch. I should stop with the photo articles then.  Can you help correct the article?  Koyaanis Qatsi

 * I have never heard of 'push printing'. All negatives print differently, and while you can under-develop a print, you can't over-develop as the paper develops to finality. RA-4 is a standardised process where you 'could' over-develop, but why would you? The resulting print will be pants. I think what this article is referring to is under-exposure in printing to compensate for a thin neg, and since there are no references, I wonder if it's a hoax article. Can someone prove me wrong? Baffle gab1978 (talk) 08:42, 12 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I've never heard of the term either. Shortening exposure of the paper is part of the normal process of fitting a negative's content within the confines of the paper's dynamic range. The article Push processing also provides a better explanation of pushing film. I suggest simply replacing this pages content with a redirect to Push processing. Reub2000 (talk) 17:13, 6 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Thanks for your comments, Reub2000; I'll re-direct in a week, if nobody objects. Baffle gab1978 (talk) 20:30, 6 January 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Push printing


text:
Talk:Farne Islands

Opening heading
Needs more on:

 * earlier setlement - who and when
 * St Cuthbert (??!!)
 * have added a little

 * Origins of word, geology, they are not Lindisfarne (but may be geologically the same structure??)
 * what the boat trip visitors get - should probably be here not Seahouses.
 * no, that's not right - the Seahouses bit is not excessive and is relevant there - it's that that something better and more comprehensive about the boat trips should be in here, as well as the Seahouses stuff which is just a summary.
 * how many islands and their size and spread, and distances from the mainland
 * shipwrecks
 * several hundred, if I remember the statistics correctly

 * lighthouses
 * what's the white stuff down the cliff??
 * It's bird droppings - in the photo caption it suggests it is calcium carbide?? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 129.67.88.181 (talk) 08:10, 9 July 2008 (UTC)

 * wildlife
 * added; more to come

 * is that right about the rabbits and puffins??
 * more or less!

 * oh, I don't know, loads of other stuff!
 * the flight to Australia!

Nevilley 08:18 Jan 30, 2003 (UTC)
 * additions MPF 18:28, 4 Feb 2004 (UTC)

I don't remember the name of the exact island my picture was taken on. It was one with a zig-zag path with nesting Arctic Terns that attempt to peck you (at least during that season...). If anyone knows, please make my caption more specific. Stoive 01:03, 10 May 2005 (UTC)

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 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --14:15, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

Wrecks
The list of wrecks by User:Muckleshed is potentially useful. I'm currently reducing the excessive citing - one cite is enough since there is only a single source. I'm a little concerned that a table such as this may not be the best way to present the information: perhaps a "List of wrecks on the Farne Islands" would be a better solution? Comments please! Martin of Sheffield (talk) 10:51, 13 September 2014 (UTC)

Thanks for making the list sortable. do you have any idea why some wrecks have the dates parenthesised? I hadn't noticed until I sorted them on date. They are parenthesised in the original source, but that doesn't explain why either! Regards, Martin of Sheffield (talk) 14:45, 21 May 2015 (UTC)

No idea. I don't even know the source. Maybe estimations or suppositions, when not exactly known. ※ Sobreira ◣◥ (parlez) 15:19, 25 May 2015 (UTC)

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Peel tower/lighthouse on Staple Island
Hi, I'm a little concerned about your addition of the Staple Island structure. You refer to it as a lighthouse, but the photographer thought it was a Peel tower. It doesn't appear to be listed or scheduled (zoom in on map here). It looks to be too small to be a Peel tower (see here). This page merely reports: "on Staple Island there is the remains of a small tower, but its not clear what this is".

I'm going to change the caption to "Ruined base of a tower on Staple Island" which it clearly is. If you can find a citation to support your assumption that this was the old lighthouse then please change it back and add the citation. Regards, Martin of Sheffield (talk) 08:41, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

 * Hello Martin; thanks, this was my source - Historical Environment Survey: The Farne Islands p.40 - which I should have cited in the caption.--Barabbas1312 (talk) 08:53, 26 February 2019 (UTC)
 * Thanks for getting back to me. I've reverted the caption and added the citation.  Martin of Sheffield (talk) 10:46, 26 February 2019 (UTC)

Birds
Section 3 clearly states that the Farnes are "an important wildlife habitat", "... landing on other islands is prohibited to protect the wildlife", "A total of 290 bird species has been recorded on the Farnes". A brief read of the National Trust's site (cited on the page under "External links") would also inform you about the islands' importance. See here. You might also want to have a quick read of WP:BRD, there is only one "R" in it. Martin of Sheffield (talk) 21:44, 13 December 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Farne Islands


text:
Hyperion (moon)

Hyperion, also known as Saturn VII, is the eighth-largest moon of Saturn. It distinguished by its highly irregular shape, chaotic rotation, low density, and its unusual sponge-like appearance. It was the first non-rounded moon to be discovered.

Discovery
Hyperion was independently discovered by William Cranch Bond and his son George Phillips Bond in the United States, and William Lassell in the United Kingdom in September 1848.

Name
The moon is named after Titan Hyperion, the god of watchfulness and observation, and the elder brother of Cronus (the Greek equivalent of the Roman god Saturn). It is also designated Saturn VII. The adjectival form of the name is Hyperionian.

Hyperion's discovery came shortly after John Herschel had suggested names for the seven previously known satellites of Saturn in his 1847 publication Results of Astronomical Observations made at the Cape of Good Hope. William Lassell, who saw Hyperion two days after William Bond, had already endorsed Herschel's naming scheme and suggested the name Hyperion in accordance with it. He also beat Bond to publication.

Shape
Hyperion is one of the largest bodies known to be highly irregularly shaped (non-ellipsoidal, i.e. not in hydrostatic equilibrium) in the Solar System. The only larger moon known to be irregular in shape is Neptune's moon Proteus. Hyperion has about 15% of the mass of Mimas, the least massive known ellipsoidal body. The largest crater on Hyperion is approximately 121.57 km in diameter and 10.2 km deep. A possible explanation for the irregular shape is that Hyperion is a fragment of a larger body that was broken up by a large impact in the distant past. A proto-Hyperion could have been 350 – in diameter (which ranges from a little below the size of Mimas to a little below the size of Tethys). Over about 1,000 years, ejecta from a presumed Hyperion breakup would have impacted Titan at low speeds, building up volatiles in the atmosphere of Titan.

Composition
Like most of Saturn's moons, Hyperion's low density indicates that it is composed largely of water ice with only a small amount of rock. It is thought that Hyperion may be similar to a loosely accreted pile of rubble in its physical composition. However, unlike most of Saturn's moons, Hyperion has a low albedo (0.2–0.3), indicating that it is covered by at least a thin layer of dark material. This may be material from Phoebe (which is much darker) that got past Iapetus. Hyperion is redder than Phoebe and closely matches the color of the dark material on Iapetus.

Hyperion has a porosity of about 0.46. Although Hyperion is the eighth-largest moon of Saturn, it is only the ninth-most massive. Phoebe has a smaller radius, but it is more massive than Hyperion and thus denser.

Surface features
Voyager 2 passed through the Saturn system, but photographed Hyperion only from a distance. It discerned individual craters and an enormous ridge, but was not able to make out the texture of Hyperion's surface. Early images from the Cassini orbiter suggested an unusual appearance, but it was not until Cassini's first targeted flyby of Hyperion on 25 September 2005 that Hyperion's oddness was revealed in full.

Hyperion's surface is covered with deep, sharp-edged craters that give it the appearance of a giant sponge. Dark material fills the bottom of each crater. The reddish substance contains long chains of carbon and hydrogen and appears very similar to material found on other Saturnian satellites, most notably Iapetus. Scientists attribute Hyperion's unusual, sponge-like appearance to the fact that it has an unusually low density for such a large object. Its low density makes Hyperion quite porous, with a weak surface gravity. These characteristics mean impactors tend to compress the surface, rather than excavating it, and most material that is blown off the surface never returns.

The latest analyses of data obtained by Cassini during its flybys of Hyperion in 2005 and 2006 show that about 40 percent of it is empty space. It was suggested in July 2007 that this porosity allows craters to remain nearly unchanged over the eons. The new analyses also confirmed that Hyperion is composed mostly of water ice with very little rock.

Static charge
Hyperion's surface is electrically charged and was the first discovered to be so other than the Moon's surface.

Orbit and rotation
The Voyager 2 images and subsequent ground-based photometry indicated that Hyperion's rotation is chaotic, that is, its axis of rotation wobbles so much that its orientation in space is unpredictable. Its Lyapunov time is around 30 days. Hyperion, together with Pluto's moons Nix and Hydra, is among only a few moons in the Solar System known to rotate chaotically, although it is expected to be common in binary asteroids. It is also the only regular planetary natural satellite in the Solar System known to not be tidally locked.

Hyperion is unique among the large moons in that it is very irregularly shaped, has a fairly eccentric orbit, and is near a much larger moon, Titan. These factors combine to restrict the set of conditions under which a stable rotation is possible. The 3:4 orbital resonance between Titan and Hyperion may also make a chaotic rotation more likely. The fact that its rotation is not locked probably accounts for the relative uniformity of Hyperion's surface, in contrast to many of Saturn's other moons, which have contrasting trailing and leading hemispheres.

Exploration
Hyperion has been imaged several times from moderate distances by the Cassini orbiter. The first close targeted flyby occurred at a distance of 500 km on 26 September 2005. Cassini made another close approach to Hyperion on 25 August 2011 when it passed 25000 km from Hyperion, and third close approach was on 16 September 2011, with closest approach of 58000 km. Cassini's last flyby was on 31 May 2015 at a distance of about 34000 km.

title: Hyperion (moon)


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Peel tower

Peel towers (also spelt pele) are small fortified keeps or tower houses, built along the English and Scottish borders in the Scottish Marches and North of England, mainly between the mid-14th century and about 1600. They were free-standing with defence being a prime consideration in their design, although "confirmation of status and prestige" also played a role. Additionally, they functioned as watch-towers, where garrisoned personnel could light signal fires to warn of approaching danger.

The FISH Vocabulary Monument Types Thesaurus lists "pele" alongside "bastle", "fortified manor house" and "tower house" under the broader term "fortified house". Pevsner defines a peel as simply a stone tower. Outside of this, "peel" or "pele" can also be used in related contexts, for example a "pele" or "barmkin" (in Ireland a bawn) was an enclosure where livestock were herded in times of danger. The rustling of livestock was an inevitable part of Border raids, and often their main purpose. In this usage, the tower usually stood at a corner of the pele. Most pele enclosure walls have not survived, and some towers perhaps never had them. Some, known as a "vicar's pele", housed the local vicar but could also serve as a refuge for the whole community.

History
Peels were built in Scotland, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, County Durham, the North Riding of Yorkshire, and as far south as Lancashire, in response to the threat of attack from the English, Scots and the Border Reivers of both nationalities.

In Scotland, a line of these towers was built in the 1430s across the Tweed valley from Berwick to its source, as a response to the dangers of invasion from the Marches. In the upper Tweed valley, going downstream from its source, they were as follows: Fruid, Hawkshaw, Oliver, Polmood, Kingledoors, Mossfennan, Wrae Tower, Quarter, Stanhope, Drumelzier, Tinnies, Dreva, Stobo, Dawyck, Easter Happrew, Lyne, Barnes, Caverhill, Neidpath, Peebles, Horsburgh, Nether Horsburgh Castle, Cardrona, Kirna(Kirnie), Elibank.

By an Act of the Parliament of England in 1455, each of these towers was required to have an iron basket on its summit and a smoke or fire signal, for day or night use, ready at hand. Apart from their primary purpose as a warning system, these towers were also the homes of the lairds and landlords of the area, who dwelt in them with their families and retainers, while their followers lived in simple huts outside the walls. The towers also provided a refuge so that, when cross-border raiding parties arrived, the whole population of a village could take to the tower and wait for the marauders to depart.

Surviving towers
Pele towers can be associated with a church: for example Embleton Tower in Embleton, Northumberland, and another at Church of St Michael, Alnham, are examples of a so-called 'vicar's peles' and the one at Hulne Priory near Alnwick is in the grounds of the priory. Corbridge Vicar's Pele in Northumberland has been converted to a small pub. St Michael's Church, Burgh by Sands has a heavily fortified tower at the west end and a former vicar's pele at the east end. St Cuthbert's, Great Salkeld, is another example of a fortified church. Both these Cumbrian churches have yetts or strong internal iron gates to defend their towers against Scottish raiders.

Some peles were converted to castles, such as Penrith Castle. Some towers are now derelict while others have been converted for use in peacetime. Embleton pele tower was part of the former vicarage, now a private home, and that on the Inner Farne is a home to bird wardens. The most obvious conversion needs include access, which would have originally been made intentionally difficult, and the provision of more and larger windows. A pele tower in Hellifield, North Yorkshire featured in an episode of Grand Designs showing the conversion from a derelict state to a home and a bed-and-breakfast business. Darnick Tower stands just outside Melrose and is still habitable. It was built in 1425 by the Heiton family from Normandy, and remained the property of the same family until 2016. The Pele Tower in Whittingham, Northumberland was converted to alms houses in 1864, but is now a single dwelling, rentable as holiday accommodation. The lower barrel vaulted chamber and first floor date from c. 1280, the top floor from the Victorian reconstruction.

Canons Ashby House incorporates one of only a few pele towers constructed in the Midlands; it owes its existence to the settlement of Cumbrian sheep farmer, John Dryden, in the county of Northamptonshire.

title: Peel tower


text:
Hyperion (poem)

Hyperion, a Fragment is an abandoned epic poem by 19th-century English Romantic poet John Keats. It was published in Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, and Other Poems (1820). It is based on the Titanomachia, and tells of the despair of the Titans after their fall to the Olympians. Keats wrote the poem from late 1818 until the spring of 1819. The poem stops abruptly in the middle of the third book, with close to 900 lines having been completed. He gave it up as having "too many Miltonic inversions." He was also nursing his younger brother Tom, who died on 1 December 1818 of tuberculosis.

Keats picked up the ideas again in his unfinished poem The Fall of Hyperion: A Dream (1856) published after his death. He attempted to recast the epic by framing it with a personal quest to find truth and understanding.

These poems were Keats' final attempt to reconcile his perceived conflict between mortal decay and absolute value.

Background
The Titans are a pantheon of gods who ruled prior to the Olympians and are now destined to fall. They include Saturn (king of the gods), Ops (Saturn's wife), Thea (Hyperion's sister), Enceladus (cast as the god of war, though considered a Giant rather than a Titan in Greek mythology), Oceanus (god of the sea), Hyperion (the god of the sun) and Clymene (a young goddess).

Poem
The poem opens with Saturn bemoaning the loss of his power, which is being overtaken by Jupiter. Thea leads him to a place where the other Titans sit, similarly miserable, and they discuss whether they should fight back against their conquest by the new gods (the Olympians). Oceanus declares that he is willing to surrender his power to Neptune (the new god of the sea) because Neptune is more beautiful (this is worth bearing in mind in relation to the Romantic idea that beauty is paramount). Clymene describes first hearing the music of Apollo, which she found beautiful to the point of pain (another Romantic idea). Finally, Enceladus makes a speech encouraging the Titans to fight.

Meanwhile, Hyperion's palace is described, and we first see Hyperion himself, the only Titan who is still powerful. He is addressed by Uranus (old god of the sky, father of Saturn), who encourages him to go to where Saturn and the other Titans are. We leave the Titans with the arrival of Hyperion, and the scene changes to Apollo (the new sun god, also god of music, civilisation and culture) weeping on the beach. Here Mnemosyne (goddess of memory) encounters him and he explains to her the cause of his tears: he is aware of his divine potential, but as yet unable to fulfill it. By looking into Mnemosyne's eyes he receives knowledge which transforms him fully into a god.

The poem as usually printed breaks off at this point, in mid-line, with the word "celestial". Keats's friend Richard Woodhouse, transcribing this poem, completed this line as "Celestial Glory dawn'd: he was a god!"

Style
The language of Hyperion is very similar to Milton's, in metre and style. However, his characters are quite different. Although Apollo falls into the image of the "Son" from Paradise Lost and of "Jesus" from Paradise Regained, he does not directly confront Hyperion as Satan is confronted. Also, the roles are reversed, and Apollo is deemed as the "challenger" to the throne, who wins it by being more "true" and thus, more "beautiful."

Extract
From Book I, lines spoken by the Titan Hyperion:

Reception
The poem and the volume that contained it met positive reception upon publication. As of 2022, it is considered one of the most important works of Romantic poetry.

Influence
Hyperion has influenced a number of later works:
 * Dan Simmons's science fiction quartet, the Hyperion Cantos.
 * The power metal band Keldian referenced the poem in the song "Hyperion" on the album Journey of Souls.

title: Hyperion (poem)


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Talk:Peel tower

cf.Tower House
I hope someone more knowledgeable can shed some light on this. I don't see what the difference is between a peel tower and a tower house. Maybe the entries could be merged? Or perhaps someone could provide more information detailing the differences. I have seen references to peel towers in locations other than along the Borders, so I don't think it's a matter of geography. Thanks in advance. Yasha1969 (talk) 16:54, 15 April 2008 (UTC)
 * "The word ['Peel'] came to be applied to tower houses on the English side of the border, but not in Scotland, where a ‘pele house’ is the name given to a variety of fortified farmhouse which in England would be called a ‘bastle’." – --Northernhenge (talk) 13:44, 12 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Hmm. I think most sources, eg Historic England, Aslet & Powers etc, use "pele" for the English ones too. Propably the article should be moved. Johnbod (talk) 14:01, 12 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes, someone who had read a guide book or spoken to locals and seeing a fortified Church or farm or country mansion or whatever with a particularly stern tower would say it was a peel tower. Academics might differ - they'd be looking at its age and details of its construction and they'd be looking out for later imitations and vanity projects. They might even avoid the word "pele" altogether. I imagine someone looking up "pele" or "bastle" or even perhaps "tower house" would expect to land in tbe same article. How about "keep" though? --Northernhenge (talk) 12:26, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Not sure what you're saying here. Best keep "keep" out of it I think, except as part of a large castle. Tower house rightly takes you to a global article, or a string of national ones. Bastle house is different and has a different article. The Peel Monument (and there seems in fact to be more than one Peel Tower), further confuses things. You do realize the pronunciation of "peel" & "pele" is identical?  Johnbod (talk) 15:35, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
 * Yes thanks (peel and pele). I used them interchangeably without noticing. I'll just keep very gradually working a little on this article and leave its longer term future to wiser souls. Over and out. --Northernhenge (talk) 20:47, 13 July 2019 (UTC)

Sources needed
Hi. Do you think this article now has enough sources to remove the tag? I'll gradually be adding more over time. --Northernhenge (talk) 13:22, 12 July 2019 (UTC)

1455 Act of Parliament
Hi

I'm a newbie here, and hope I'm not breaking any rules about Improvements to this page. I have a concern about the sentence: "By an Act of the Parliament of England in 1455, each of these towers was required to have an iron basket on its summit and a smoke or fire signal, for day or night use, ready at hand." [11] which links to a note "^James, 19", which like a previous note for James, has no association to a previous book in the notes. I raise this point because the wiki article List of Acts of the Parliament of England to 1483, for the year 1455, has this entry:

1455 (33 Hen. 6) (Embezzlement, repeal of 31 Hen. 6 c. 6, jurors, exchequer, etc.) cc. 1–7 Importation Act 1455

Neither of these subjects seem to concern pele (peel) towers, so where did 1455 come from?

Thanks for your attention

Trev 17:50, 8 Nov 2021 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2A00:23C5:4F09:E800:5C1F:DC33:197A:C1CE (talk)
 * I've been wondering about that too. Several sources mention the Act but never with any actual reference details. --Northernhenge (talk) 19:44, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
 * Now I see that the James refs are to I’ve updated the article, but still no source for the 1455 Act. --Northernhenge (talk) 21:55, 21 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Peel tower


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Hyperion (Titan)

In Greek mythology, Hyperion (Ὑπερίων, 'he who goes before') was one of the twelve Titan children of Gaia (Earth) and Uranus (Sky). With his sister, the Titaness Theia, Hyperion fathered Helios (Sun), Selene (Moon) and Eos (Dawn).

Hyperion was, along with his son Helios, a personification of the sun, with the two sometimes identified. John Keats's abandoned epic poem Hyperion is among the literary works that feature the figure.

Etymology
"Hyperion" means "he that walks on high" or simply "the god above", often joined with "Helios". There is a possible attestation of his name in Linear B (Mycenaean Greek) in the lacunose form ]pe-rjo-[ (Linear B: ]-[), found on the KN E 842 tablet (reconstructed [u]-pe-rjo-[ne]) though it has been suggested that the name actually reads "Apollo" ([a]-pe-rjo-[ne]).

Mythology
Hyperion is one of the twelve or thirteen Titans, the children of Gaia and Uranus. In the Theogony, Uranus imprisoned all the children that Gaia bore him, before he was overthrown. According to Apollodorus, Uranus only imprisoned the Hecatoncheires and the Cyclopes but not the Titans, until Gaia persuaded her six Titan sons to overthrow their father Uranus and "they, all but Ocean, attacked him" as Cronus castrated him. Afterwards, in the words of Hesiod, Hyperion subjected his sister Theia to his love, and fathered three children with her, who became the lights of heaven: Helios (Sun), Selene (Moon), and Eos (Dawn). As is the case for most of the Titans, there are no myths or functions for Hyperion. He seems to exist only to provide a father for the three celestial deities. As a Titan, one of the oldest generation of gods, Hyperion was a fitting father for these three sky-gods who, as elements of the natural world, must have been conceived of as having come into being near the beginning of the cosmos.

Helios
Hyperion and Helios were both sun-gods. Early sources sometimes present the two as distinct personages, with Hyperion being the father of Helios, but sometimes they were apparently identified, with "Hyperion" being simply a title of, or another name for, Helios himself. Hyperion is Helios' father in Homer's Odyssey, Hesiod's Theogony, and the Homeric Hymn to Demeter. But in the Iliad and elsewhere in the Odyssey, Helios is also called "Helios Hyperion" with "Hyperion" here being used either as a patronymic or as an other epithet. In the Homeric epics, and in the Homeric Hymn to Apollo, besides being called "Helios", Hyperion is sometimes also called simply "Hyperion". In later sources the two sun-gods are distinctly father and son. In literature, the sun is often referred to as "Hyperion's bright son."

Diodorus Siculus
According to the rationalizing historian Diodorus Siculus, Hyperion was the name of the first person to understand the movement of the sun and moon, and their effect on the seasons, and explains that, because of this, he was said to be their "father": "Of Hyperion we are told that he was the first to understand, by diligent attention and observation, the movement of both the sun and the moon and the other stars, and the seasons as well, in that they are caused by these bodies, and to make these facts known to others; and that for this reason he was called the father of these bodies, since he had begotten, so to speak, the speculation about them and their nature."

Diodorus also recorded an unorthodox version of the myth, in which Hyperion married his sister Basileia and had two children by her, Helios and Selene; their brothers, envious of their happy issue and fearful that Hyperion would divert the royal power to himself, conspired and killed Hyperion along with his two children (which then went on to transform into the Sun and the Moon), leaving Basileia in great distress.

In popular culture

 * Hyperion, one of the moons of Saturn, is named after the titan. Saturn itself is named after the Roman equivalent of Hyperion's brother Cronus, Saturnus.
 * Hyperion Records is a British classical label founded in 1980 and acquired by UMG in 2023, known for their recordings of Romantic piano concertos.

title: Hyperion (Titan)


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Wikipedia:Abundance and redundancy

Abundance and Redundancy deals with similar material being shared among separate articles, and debates over the removal of said materials on the basis of context: It is a preferred solution that material be included rather than excluded to resolve an edit war. In many cases, edit wars are based on a premise, that: "such material doesn't belong here, because it belongs in another article". Instead of removing content, it is preferred to have abundance and redundancy of content.

Size and ease-of-reading issue
Since most articles are very small (under 10 kB) there is no bandwidth need to exclude material on the basis of its redundancy across articles. Ease of reading is facilitated by the inclusion of relevant material, rather than disinclusion. If we weren't redundant, general articles would be chopped up into tiny little bits – each of which would link to specialized articles that you had to piece together.

Solution to NPOV disputes
More often this situation involves a disagreement about the validity of facts and/or their sources. Or, often, it's about the inclusion of points of view that differ. These tend to be examples of where materials that contradict the material already present in the article are contested. It's a reflex tendency of someone attached to a topic to want to exclude facts that seemingly contradict other facts in the article. It is often a flaw of human nature to want to simplify contentious topics by merely excluding points of view that disagree with it. This in fact, is the reason for the WP:NPOV policy. Even in these cases, abundance and redundancy as a rule of thumb can lead to a solution.

A hypothetical example

 * The "Geminye Group" article: The Geminye Group claim to have recently produced a working model of cold fusion. "User:JoeX1000" adds this claim to the article, under the lead, as a claim. An anonymous Geminye Group member, however, "555.454.x.x", has moved this information to the "ColdFuzers" article; about a subsidiary company of Geminye. A small "revision-war" erupts over the inclusion of this material...

This represents a common scenario: In these cases, an enormous amount of time and energy is wasted on the exclusion of something, as opposed to simply including it. "555", claims that this would be" redundant", but they are incorrect – "redundancy" only detracts if it's on the same article. As a rule; if the material is factual, and if it's not entirely irrelevant to the topic, it should not be excluded.

Editing is just as much about exclusion, as inclusion
"555" wanted the facts to be handled in a discorporate way: to isolate elements that are controversial: So that if they eventually are found to be false, can be disassociated from the "Geminye cult". Although it doesn't seem to be logical to worry about a Wikipedia article, people do battle over history and the way it is written all the time.

title: Wikipedia:Abundance and redundancy


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Roll film

Roll film or rollfilm is any type of spool-wound photographic film protected from white light exposure by a paper backing. The term originated in contrast to sheet film. Confusingly, roll film was originally often referred to as "cartridge" film because of its resemblance to a shotgun cartridge.

The opaque backing paper allows roll film to be loaded in daylight. It is typically printed with frame number markings which can be viewed through a small red window at the rear of the camera. A spool of roll film is usually loaded on one side of the camera and pulled across to an identical take up spool on the other side of the shutter as exposures are made. When the roll is fully exposed, the take up spool is removed for processing and the empty spool on which the film was originally wound is moved to the other side, becoming the take up spool for the next roll of film.

History
In 1881 a farmer in Cambria, Wisconsin, Peter Houston, invented the first roll film camera. His younger brother David, filed the patents for various components of Peter's camera. David Henderson Houston (born June 14, 1841; died May 6, 1906), originally from Cambria, Wisconsin, patented the first holders for flexible roll film. Houston moved to Hunter in Dakota Territory in 1880. He was issued an 1881 patent for a roll film holder which he licensed to George Eastman (it was used in Eastman's Kodak 1888 box camera). Houston sold the patent (and an 1886 revision ) outright to Eastman for $5000 in 1889. Houston continued developing the camera, creating 21 patents for cameras or camera parts between 1881 and 1902. In 1912 his estate transferred the remainder of his patents to Eastman.

The most popular roll film format is 120 film, which is used in most medium format cameras and roll film magazines for large-format cameras. Until the 1950s, 120 roll film was, with the smaller 127 film, also used in the simplest of box cameras and other snapshot cameras. The use of roll film in consumer cameras was largely superseded by 135 and 126 cartridges, but 120 and 220 (double length) film are still commonly used in medium format cameras.

Automatic film speed sensing
In 1998, Fujifilm introduced a film identification system for 120 and 220 format roll film called Barcode System (with logo "|||B"). The barcode encoding the film format and length as well as the film speed and type is located on the sticker between the emulsion carrying film and the backing paper. This 13-bit barcode    is optically scanned by newer medium format cameras like the Fujifilm GA645i Professional, GA645Wi Professional, GA645Zi Professional, GX645AF Professional, GX680III Professional and GX680IIIS Professional, the Hasselblad H1, H2, H2F and H3D Model I with HM 16-32, and the Contax 645 AF.

title: Roll film