text:
Talk:List of Mexicans

List of Mexicans
I know how upset Latinos get if you call them Mexican or Puerto Rican when they're not (learned that from a Peruvian and a pair of El Salvadoreans), but isn't Santana Mexican? If someone can confirm this, please add him. Tokerboy

 * He is born in Mexico, so I think this could qualify him as Mexican, doesn't it? --zeno 07:57 Feb 5, 2003 (UTC)

 * I dont get upset. Im Puerto Rican and I feel all latinos are brothers and sisters. On the other hand, I changed the name to List of famous Mexicans, because the name List of Mexicans covers a wider variety. My neighbors and friends would qualify for the list if the name was List of Mexicans AntonioMartin

 * No they wouldn't, because they're not encyclopedic... ;-)

 * Every other nationality is currently at List of Poles, list of Albanians, etc - I was (foolishly) trying to standardise. It just means that fame isn't the sole quality for inclusion or not - importance counts too. (but see eg talk:List of Christians for debate on the subject) Martin

Revert
I reverted to an older version, because many names had been removed by an unlogged in user without any explanation. If there was a reason to remove all those names, please explain here on talk and feel free to undo my change. -- Infrogmation 23:41, 20 Dec 2004 (UTC)

 * There seem to be quite a few people listed who are not from Mexico but the US. Shouldn't they be in a different list, 'Mexican-USians' or something? Perhaps these were the names that were deleted.

White Mexicans
HAHAHAHA! 99% of famous "Mexicans" of pure White Spanish decent, not indigenous or mestizo decent. How sad...

 * how are you so sure? do you know the entire family histories of each person on this list? --212.240.35.234 19:14, 19 February 2006 (UTC)

 * I've never seen so many light haired, light eyed, pasty skinned, Nordic-looking "Mexicans" before. Are you going to try to tell me they are mixed with Amerindian? I don't think so. Please point out any non-Caucasian features among most of them. I think the list of "famous Mexicans" should be mestizos and indigenous Amerindians, not the decedents of Spanish White Europeans. You only have a tiny handful of real Mexicans on here. Edit this page or delete it.**

 * Most actors in Mexico are of the "Nordic" type you mention. All but one of the sportspeople are of the "real Mexican" type you seem to think exists (it doesn't, Mexicans are of every race). Kalimba is black, Salma Hayek, Harp Helu and Carlos Slim are of Lebanese descent. Jose Alfredo Jimenez and Miguel de Icaza do have features of "real Mexicans". --Vizcarra 05:04, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Latinos are of all types of colors. Did you know there are Argentine Mestizos and Blacks too? I agree with Vizcarra, no color should define whether you are from one country or not. Antonio Orale chula! Martin

Mexico is neither 100% european nor 100% indigenous, we are a mix of half and half" so every mexican is considered "mestizo", in that sense every mexican with european roots, causasian or indigenous roots is considered mexican.

Vote for Deletion
This article survived a Vote for Deletion. The discussion can be found here. -Splash 01:43, 16 August 2005 (UTC)

Guillermo Franco
i don't think Guillermo Franco should be in the list given that he's Mexican-Argentinian and the only reason for him to become a mexican cityzen was to join a national soccer team. he wasn't called for the argentinian national soccer team.

 * If he is a Mexican citizen and famous, he can be in the list. --Vizcarra 05:04, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Agree with Vizcarra. Antonio Tapachula Martin

 * Agree too. Please refer to the Constitution of Mexico for clarification of what constitutes Mexican. The constitution does not limit the rights and privileges of citizenship based on intent. Guillermo Franco is Mexican by law, and according to the constitution, he earned the right of doing so. There is no reason why he shouldn't be on the list, and actually, there is every reason to include him. He is Mexican and famous. Hari Seldon 06:56, 25 February 2007 (UTC)

Ethnic Representation
I think there is a problem of NPOV when on a List of Mexicans article, 34 of 38 images are of white Mexicans (35 out of 39 images if we include the cartoon self portarait). Given that 60% of Mexico is mestizo, 30% is indigenous Amerindian, 9% white and 1% Afro-Mexican, it would be good to have the pictures in that ratio. The only praise would be the inclusion of the Afro-Mexican singer Kalimba.

And yes, we all know that the proportions that are on the article right now is basically the same proportions of ethnic representation on Mexican television, but this is Wikipedia. We have control of NPOV here. Where's Benito Juárez? Where's Cantinflas? Where's María Elena Velasco? Al-Andalus 13:04, 1 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Being a mestizo does not imply looking like a native. A mestizo can look white, Amerindian or anything in between. Not because whites are a minority group in Mexico they should be represented less when they are a majority in certain lines of work. That would be NPOV. If there are no pictures of Benito Juárez it is because the section he would be in already has enough pictures. I think it takes less efort to place a Cantinflas picture than to write pro or against placing it here. --Vizcarra 00:55, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * Once again, Vizcarra's the...err, person. Antonio Barely Human Martin

 * Vizcarra, who said being a mestizo implies looking like a native? Being a mestizo implies you look mixed. The majority of Mexicans look mixed. The majority of the people in this article look unmixed European.

 * We also know that everyone in Mexico is mixed in some degree, even Mexico's whites and it's Amerindians. But in Mexico, and the rest of Latin America, you are what you look. Since everyone in Mexico is mixed, it is true that they are all "technically" mestizos, however, today, it is only those that are mixed and also look mixed that are classified as mestizo, this is 60% of the population. Likewise in modern-day Mexico, as was in the colonial era, if you are predominantly white, and look white, then you are white. Today, unlike the colonial era, if you are predominantly Amerindian, and look Amerindian, then you are what is today called Mexico's Amerindian population. Simply put, there is no unmixed Mexican, just people that look mixed (those actually classified as mestizo, 60%), and those that look unmixed and are Mexico's Amerindians, whites, and blacks anyway (30%, 9%, and 1% respectively).

 * In the colonial caste system you had peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain, 100% Spanish), criollos (Spaniards born in the New World to peninsulares parents; ie 100% Spanish, or people over 75% Spanish who legally regained their "purity of blood", all accepted as white), castizos (75% Spanish; some accepted as white depending on the status of the Criollo or Peninsular parent, but never categorised as mestizo), mestizos (50% Spanish, they were the type originally classed as "mestizo"), coyotes (75% Amerindian, but treated as separate from Amerindians in the old caste system), and indios (100% Amerindian). The percentages were calculated by the ratio of Spanish great-great-grandparents.

 * Your argument that not all mestizos look mixed (or as you erranously said, look native) is also the banrupt argument used by Televisa, TV Azteca and the entire Mexican entertainment industry to excuse why the industry is saturated with people who not only "look" white, but are indeed what in Mexico is classified as that country's white population. As already stated, yes, we know evey one has some admixture. When the industry is accused of racial bias, they affirm "we are all mestizos in Mexico", and then they happily continue profiling casting as usual, and continue to see themselves as whites behind closed doors. Al-Andalus 03:13, 2 April 2006 (UTC)

 * The Amerindian population in Mexico is approximately 12.7 million, which would be about 12% of the whole population, not 30%. The data for Mexico on the CIA World Factbook does not come from the Mexican government. --- Lancini87 02:39, 4 April 2006 (UTC)

 * That figure of Amerindians being a mere 12% of Mexico is based on the parameters that the person speak an indigenous language and have indigenous cultural affiliation. Additionally, that 12% estimate was reached not by asking Mexicans if they self-identified as Amerindian in a census question. That figure was reached by official Mexican statistic agencies who were using parameters specifically intended to under count the Amerindian population and minimise it as much as legistically possible. If you included Amerindians who no longer speak an indigenous language (ie. are monolinguals in Spanish), have adopted mestizo culture, dress, customs and practices, and have moved from rural areas to urban centres, then the estimate of indigenous Mexicans would reach between 30 and 35% of the population. This reality is self evident in the light of unbiased analysis of recent and past demographic data, or a mere visit to the country.

 * The officially sanctioned under counting of Amerindians (and/or the African descended population in countries where they may be found) in all of Latin America, not just Mexico, seems to be a favourite government pastime. It goes back to a culture of wanting to "mejorar la raza" (better the race), which in the past often went hand in hand with immigration policies seeking European immigration.

 * All Latin American countries have instituted laws to encourage this, but only Argentina and Uruguay were successful in achieving it. Argentina and Uruguay managed to overwhelm their colonial (mostly mestizo) population with European immigrants 7 times greater than the original population. Chile's attempt was just as hard pressed, but as a proportion of its population throughout its history, few Europeans ever made it to Chile — in the colonial period, Chile's population consisted of a mestizo majority, with a large Amerindian and small European minority. European immigrants never surpassed 5% of Chile's total population, and for every European immigrant there was one from other Latin American countries. This 5% was of course more than Mexico, the Dominican Republic, Colombia, or Peru managed to ever attract (just as examples). Venezuela also tried hard, but was as successful as Chile. All Chile and Venezuela managed to do was to lighten the population (which was and remains a mestizo majority) a shade or two. Where the average admiture in a Mexican would be 41% European contribution, 56% Amerindian and 3% African; in a Chilean it would be 57% European contribution, 43% Amerindian, and 0% African. In the Dominican Republic, dictator Rafael Leónidas Trujillo offered finiancial incentives and land grants for every European who settled in the country and sired with mulattos and blacks; to either whiten the existing mulattos or to decrease the large proportion of unmixed blacks. While today the country is not white, it did achieve an ethnic composition which is predominantly mulatto with a considerable white minority. It would otherwise have mirrored its neighbour Haiti with a black majority and tiny mulatto population (both countries are located on the island of Hispaniola).

 * Of Chile's total population, over 10% identified as Amerindian in the 1992 figures released by that country's own official statistic agencies. However, in 2002 the government reworded the census so as to count as few Amerindians as possible; where only those who have cultural and linguistic affiliation may be legally classified as Amerindian. Now Amerindians supposedly compose only 4.6% of Chile's total population.

 * In Ecuador's last census in 2000, the self-identified Amerindian population, which is also determined on certain parameters, was given as 6.8% . Analysis of demographic data of past years would show that it would today be closer to 25%.

 * Peru, Bolivia and Guatemala are even worse. In countries where Amerindians constitute the largest segment of the population (almost 50% for Peru, over 55% for Bolivia, and over 60% for Guatemala) not only do they refuse to ask a question on ethnic identity in the census, they also refuse to even estimate. These countries don't publish data for indigenous people, and never make mention of any numbers of percentage.

 * Going back to Mexico, although its largest segement of the population is not Amerindian (like Peru, Bolivia and Guatemala) it is nonetheless a very large minority. We have seen that Mexico also refuse to simply include a question on ethnic identity in their census. If this were done, the respondents self-identifying as Amerindian would rise to over 20%. Meanwhile, if Mexican statitians changed their purpusfully biased parameters and included those who failed to self-identify as Amerindian but are indeed Amerindian based on a racial standing (although now "mestizo" in language, culture and customs) the Amerindian figure would rise to 30 to 35% as stated earlier. Al-Andalus 05:49, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
 * Wow... did we sidetrack a bit much? --Vizcarra 21:42, 15 April 2006 (UTC)

Roberto Bravo
Can anyone confirm if this guy is notable or not? If he isn't, it could be overwritten with something about the pianist. Kappa 06:28, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

proposed cleanup
this list contain quite a few 'redlinked' names. as i've proposed on other lists, i think the following formula is useful and indeed necessary: "for lists of notable X, if X doesn't have a wikipedia page of their own, then they fail notability. create the page for X first, then add them to the list of notable X". why do i think this is important? because - on lists where i'm familiar with the notable parties - i've seen it to be all too common for vandals to add names that sound plausible, but that are not in fact notable X. someone could easily add "Romero Quintancias" or some other plausibly "mexican" sounding name to the list, and that vandalism would remain in place indefinitely. i believe all redlinked names should be removed from the list, and thereafter, vandalism will be easily and clearly discernable. thoughts? Anastrophe (talk) 19:42, 16 February 2008 (UTC)

Drug Lords
A list of prominent drug lords should be added to this list. Regards, Mercy11 (talk) 02:29, 19 January 2011 (UTC)

A Narco nation!
Mexico has failed1 The few mexicans that have been sucessful in science art etc. are too few! Mexico if it remains a nation. Will be remebered as a falied NARCO nation of thives and Drug Lords!```` — Preceding unsigned comment added by HATESPICMORT (talk • contribs) 01:37, 9 March 2011 (UTC)

Way too many images
We should clean up and get rid of some. The list is already long in names, made longer by images. Just a few needed, if any, not this many in an encyclopedia, where the images are (or should be) in their respective articles). Comments? -- Alexf(talk) 20:44, 19 June 2018 (UTC)

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title: Talk:List of Mexicans


text:
Husebyrennet

Husebyrennet was a ski jumping competition which was held in Ullern, Oslo, Norway. These yearly competitions, held from 1879 to 1891, were a precursor to the Holmenkollen event. Starting in January 1892, this competition relocated to the Holmenkollbakken in Holmenkollen.

The first competitions held by Christiania SK were different from today's ski jumping in that the ski jump formed part of a course that included a 4 km stretch of cross-country skiing (see Nordic combined). No jump lengths were measured. Instead, judges gave points for style, on a scale from 1 to 5.

The ski jump, called Kastellbakken, was viewed as gigantic for its time, with length around 20 meters readily achieved. At the first recognized competition held in Husebybakken in 1879, Olaf Haugann of Norway set the first world record for the longest ski jump at 20 meters.

In the first years, Sondre Norheim was dominating. Later, the brothers Mikkjel and Torjus Hemmestveit were dominant. In 1883, Fridtjof Nansen participated, and was a main attraction, having then won fame by finishing the distance Bergen to Oslo on skis. The event became very popular, with up to 10,000 spectators. King Oscar II and Prince Hans of Denmark were among the spectators.

Due to lack of snow, the event was not held in 1880, and in 1890 it was held elsewhere. This uncertainty relating to the conditions led to the competition being moved permanently to the location of what is now Holmenkollbakken in 1892. Today, only a bronze plaque serves as a reminder of the events.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Husebyrennet


text:
Talk:Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Politics
Nothing in the article about Coleridge's shift to Toryism by 1809? He was the premier conservative philosopher in Britain during the nineteenth century, even J.S. Mill famously acknowledged him as such. It's not a negligible aspect of his legacy. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.65.201.185 (talk) 11:47, 9 June 2010 (UTC)

The above comment is correct. Coleridge was a very important conservative thinker of the 19th century in Britain, this deserves a mention as does the fact he was at least as influenced by the British, Christian tradition of those like Hooker, the Cambridge Platonists and Burke as he was by any German idealism. 122.106.255.15 (talk) 01:55, 7 July 2010 (UTC)

Though it is true that Coleridge was, in some respects, a leading conservative philosopher, I think the reason that no one has ventured much concerning his politics here is that his ideas are difficult, mixed, fragmentary, and not strictly conservative in the orthodox sense. He had his own form of conservatism, and like Ruskin, has been called a Christian socialist. David Calleo wrote a book in the 1960s called Coleridge and the Idea of the Modern State which discusses Coleridge's unique form of conservatism. I can't remember the Coleridge scholar who became famous for calling him a Christian socialist - maybe someone else can recall. Anyway, whoever tackles this subject has to be subtle and knowledgeable. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kirbycairo (talk • contribs) 23:20, 2 August 2010 (UTC) Looking through my things, I realize it was Basil Willey who called Coleridge a Christian Socialist. I don't know if this is an entirely fitting description but to simply call Coleridge a conservative is, I believe, also misleading. Coleridge clearly didn't have a lot of faith in universal suffrage, but he was not fond of the aristocracy either and he despised the "Tory reactionaries" of his time. I think it is safe to say that Coleridge was a 'gradualist' who hoped that the moral and philosophical standards of the race would improve over time and allow for a much more equal and just society. However, given that the same could be said of William Godwin, it is difficult to simply say that Coleridge was a 'conservative' in the same sense that many of his contemporaries were. Though he was not a 'radical' or a republican in the sense that Paine or Hazlitt were, he was definitely 'progressive' in a number of ways that many of his contemporaries were not. Kirbycairo (talk) 00:24, 8 August 2010 (UTC)]

He was only "not a Conservative" in the modern American sense of the term because the American Right is a relatively recent invention. He was certainly no fan of free-market economists. But leading British intellectuals of the time like William Hazlitt and John Stuart Mill considered him a Conservative in the context of nineteenth century Britain, and I think their judgment is more pertinent than those of revisionist scholars who chafe at acknowledging the conservative and/or right-wing views of renowned writers. For example, how come I never see anyone claim, "to simply call him a Socialist is, I believe, misleading and reductive" or something along those lines? There is just as much diversity of opinion among right-wingers as there is among left-wingers. Okay, maybe the right doesn't have anything to match the four hundred different denominations of Marxism, but you get the point. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.65.201.185 (talk) 15:55, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

To clarify, just because Rose Luxemburg criticized the Bolsheviks does not mean she ceased being a Marxist, just because George Orwell spent lots of time criticizing other Socialists does not mean he was not a Socialist. So just because the Tory Coleridge criticized other Tories does not mean he was not a Tory himself at the time, and attempting to compare his Tory views to the radical William Godwin on anything beyond the most superficial level is just laughable.

And while "revisionist" might be too strong a word for someone like Basil Willey, there is certainly a long history of literary critics recasting the views of famous writers to make them more "acceptable" or similar to their own. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.65.201.185 (talk) 16:20, 8 August 2010 (UTC)

The above commentator certainly seems to have a serious ax to grind, and I believe an overly simplistic one. It just isn't as simple as this Unsigned comment leads us to believe. A good example of why is found in the fact that a "radical" like Tom Paine would not, by 20th century standards, be a radical because he had almost zero faith in state intervention. Given that both Coleridge and Paine (to say nothing of Hazlitt) lived before a time in which people could imagine dependable government services created on behalf of the working-class or the lumpen-proletariat, they were all suspicious of big-government because it meant something significantly different to them. I don't think just because he lived in the age, that Hazlitt had any privileged status to tell us who was or wasn't Conservative. Furthermore, Hazlitt was notoriously biased concerning Coleridge. I still contend that Coleridge was not conservative in the normal sense of the word because for most of his life he 1.Didn't trust the motives and the power of the 'ruling-class.' 2. He didn't trust nor did he seem to like the capitalist-class nor the capitalist effort. 3. He thought that society as it had evolved was profoundly unjust and this injustice had to be changed. 4. Unlike more notorious conservatives of his age Coleridge, even during his later years, was at pains to say that neglecting the needs and desires of the working-class would lead to revolution and this was perfectly understandable and even justified in Coleridge's mind. Furthermore, it is certainly not "laughable" to compare Godwin and Coleridge - they both had very similar goals and gradualist strategies. In Coleridge's 1795 lectures and his Watchman, Coleridge defined himself in contrast as well as in relation to the ideas of Godwin. They both spoke for non-violent, gradualist moral changes in society to a more just and equal system. The biggest difference was that Godwin's change was within the context of atheism and Coleridge's was in the context of Christian faith. Arguably, Godwin's radical credentials are overblown, and Coleridge's Conservative one are similarly overblown. This conversation could go on but there is not enough space here. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Kirbycairo (talk • contribs) 22:09, 17 August 2010 (UTC) I came here to learn something about Coleridge's political philosophy. I find this three year old discussion about how it should probably be mentioned, but then it isn't. I bet if he was a leftist this would have been fixed instantly. Thanks Wikipedia!

article cleanup
Hello all; I just wanted to add a few ideas to help clean up the article and see what others think.
 * The "Early Life" section needs to contain less direct quotations and more biographical information from reliable sources.
 * Most of the content in "Pantisocracy and marriage" can be kept if citations can be found to support, but facts that are not verifiable need to be removed, and the strange text box in the center needs to be placed into context or removed.
 * "Later life, and increasing drug use" can be shortened and referenced. I think that the drug use issue is probably less important than the poetry that made him famous, so I would put that below his poetry section and keep the size of text dealing with that issue in proportion to the influence it had on his life and poetry.
 * The "Poetry" section can be expanded and broken into subgroups, with direct references to poems and deeper discussion of his importance. I propose individual sections for The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Kahn.
 * The "Influence of Gothic" section can be wikified to remove large text quotations without relevent topic discussion and should contain info from a wider variety of sources. I think it could probably be changed to reflect more than just his influence on gothic; perhap changed to "Influence on Literatre" with a subsection on Gothic.
 * The "External Links" can probably use some trimming Mrathel (talk) 15:00, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Please let me know if you have any questions. I plan to gather sources and begin working on this by the end of the day.Mrathel (talk) 14:56, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I agree the quotations are overwhelming; I'd suggest we cut them all down. What about the forked article Coleridge and opium? Could that be reincorporated here (once it's sourced properly, of course)? I agree with your thoughts on the "Influence of Gothic" section needing to be broader. --Midnightdreary (talk) 15:15, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I can clean up the early life section (first, and I can work on other things later). I will come up with something and post it on the talk page for discussion. Ottava Rima (talk) 15:16, 14 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I've taken a look at the poetry section. The problem I see on a first reading is that it is devoid of critical references, even though it sounds authoritative. I like Mrathel's suggestion of breaking out Rime & Kubla as subsections. I'm willing to take a look at the paragraph on "conversation poems" and see what can be developed from it; it's a pretty strong claim that these were his greatest influence. Perhaps this could become a subsection also. Easchiff (talk) 19:09, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * His criticism also needs a section. Biographia Literaria is a major reason why he is such a high priority in the Wiki project. Ottava Rima (talk) 19:13, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * My best efforts, I think, would be in adding citations to the biographical details. I'll focus on that. --Midnightdreary (talk) 19:34, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I am having a hard time gettings started on the "Poetry" section as trying to incorporate the current analysis into meaningful text proves difficult. I may end up scrapping the majority of the text and starting anew, as trying to categorize the current presentation of his poetry is causing my head to spin. I am trying to decide if I should arrange the poetry on a chronological basis or if I should just go by importance. Mrathel (talk) 20:15, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm also thinking that we'll end up scrapping most of the present section. It's too bad, because I think the editors knew what they were talking about. To avoid piecemeal revision, should we create a sandbox somewhere and build this section there? I've found a lot of Coleridge scholarship already just on the "conversation poems". If I'm going to work on that, it'll take me a while; I'm starting with no specific knowledge. Easchiff (talk) 20:53, 14 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Well, if you pick the sandbox, I'll play in it. My internet at home has been on the fritz, so I have not gotten any work done. Also, I have found a few sources talking about Coleridge as a crtitic: Eliot in Selected Prose and Hugh Kenner in Historical Fictions. I think it would be advantageous for us to start a criticism section as well and let people unload their sources into it along with info on the poems. Mrathel (talk) 14:39, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Let's give it a try. You can find my working notes for the "Conversation Poems" at User:Easchiff/Sandbox2; feel free to add your own material, and to modify mine, as it seems convenient. At least we can share references this way! I'm sure you're correct about the need for a Criticism section, but we don't have to do it all immediately. Cheers, Easchiff (talk) 19:28, 15 May 2009 (UTC)

I'm not sure where to put this but the related link "Biographical essay on Coleridge by Mike Philips at the British library. Retrieved 2010-10-19" is the wrong Samuel Coleridge, and therefore a irrelevant link. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.78.234.40 (talk) 03:09, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

 * I have moved it. Thanks for flagging it up. Span (talk) 03:26, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

The relevance of his Notebooks should be mentioned.James Hercules Sutton 20:39, 4 February 2012 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by JamesSutton (talk • contribs)

Early life
Here is part of what I have for the early life. It is about 60% finished. I should have the rest completed later. This is just to give everyone a sense. Ottava Rima (talk) 16:48, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * The below section is about 80% complete. Any suggestions or comments? Ottava Rima (talk) 19:37, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Just put it in; we can work on the bio stuff on the main space. I think the Criticism/Poetic style stuff will be harder to work on, so that makes more sense to do on a work space. Oh, and I dislike quote boxes. :) --Midnightdreary (talk) 21:49, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * If you want, we can remove the quotes completely or just make a page devoted to his early life and keep them there. Ottava Rima (talk) 22:18, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I prefer removal. I'm also worried about unnecessarily adding length to this article. Between all of us, I think we'll be able to make this pretty substantial without such long quotes. Do you use them for aesthetic purposes? --Midnightdreary (talk) 22:32, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * The article is only 30k with formatting. That places it at about 70% below normal size for these articles. Anything shorter than 80k will have cries of incomplete. Ottava Rima (talk) 22:55, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * We're already incomplete - that's why we're working on it now. --Midnightdreary (talk) 23:14, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I'm going to make an early life page like the other major poets. I'll put in a four paragraph summary of it for the main article when I am finished. Ottava Rima (talk) 23:20, 15 May 2009 (UTC)
 * (undenting) I strongly disagree with a forked article on early life; I think it just makes them clunky. No one's early life is so important so as to need such detail. I'm not sure which "other major poets" utilize this, but none of my featured or good articles do (many of which are poetry-related). --Midnightdreary (talk) 00:16, 16 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Um. Samuel Johnson's early life is featured. Also, William Wordsworth, Byron, Milton, and others have pages devoted to their early lives. There are also many non-poets (such as Darwin) that have pages devoted to their early lives. This is standard for major authors. However, I'm beginning to think that I will be unable to work with you on this, as I have no faith in your knowledge of such complex articles. Ottava Rima (talk) 01:18, 16 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Fair enough. I'm sure my list of Wikipedia accomplishments (nevermind professional ones) are irrelevant so I won't bring them up. I also shouldn't mention that all the examples you gave of what is becoming "standard for major authors" were, in fact, articles created by you personally (does that show consensus, or an inability to follow summary style?). Regardless, I'm no longer interested in assisting in the development of this article. Good luck. --Midnightdreary (talk) 01:45, 16 May 2009 (UTC)

I don't understand the sentence "He was the youngest of thirteen children, though ten of them were by his father, the Reverend John Coleridge, and a second wife." He had 10 half-sibs? Can't this all be said more clearly, if more verbosely? Myron (talk) 07:20, 30 May 2009 (UTC)
 * User:Ottava Rima/Samuel Coleridge's early life - If you have any doubts, verify there. He was the youngest child of the second wife. It is incomplete, but it goes into further detail on many of the problematic sections. Ottava Rima (talk) 13:19, 30 May 2009 (UTC)

Early life
This is what I have so far for an early life page. It is roughly 80% done (text wise, sans images, of which there are 6/7 to add). As you can see, it focuses on important career development and nothing fluffy. Ottava Rima (talk) 01:28, 18 May 2009 (UTC)

Update
The early life page is mostly complete (there will be a same expansion) and the new early poems are almost complete. Once I finish that set, I will work on his conversation poems and then his sonnets to eminent men. That should cover 90%+ of his notable poems before 1798. Ottava Rima (talk) 19:58, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

 * I've drafted a section on the Conversation poems which is just about ready to post. Please take a look at User:Easchiff/Sandbox2. Cheers, Easchiff (talk) 20:04, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Looks good. We should probably think about condensing the Harper stuff together and then expand it on a page devoted to the Conversation poems. Ottava Rima (talk) 20:21, 27 May 2009 (UTC)
 * Let me think about how to condense Harper; I like for a main article to give a taste of the poetry, but maybe I could cut out or shorten the quote noting Milton. At that point, and allowing for some technical work on page numbers, etc., I'd be happy to post it as a subsection under "Poetry" and let anyone else have at it. Thankfully, the reference scheme in the main article seems compatible with the one I used.
 * Let me know how you think we should proceed; I know you're interested in working on a real article for the Conversation poems, and I agree with you that they're certainly interesting enough for one. I still have some work to do over at Wikisource. I fixed up a few of the poems, so I think 4 of them are in decent shape. The others need some work. Easchiff (talk) 20:33, 27 May 2009 (UTC)

Later life, and increasing drug use
I think this section needs to be broken down into at least two sections. Drug use can probably exist on its own, or it can be mixed into the biography less abruptly with "Later life" and "Opium Addiction and Death" sections or something of the sort. Also I don't think that the website cited for the discussion of Faustus is really the best source we can find on the subject. I appologize for my lack of support in this, but real life tends to strike when you least expect it:) Mrathel (talk) 13:35, 28 May 2009 (UTC)
 * I agree with the insufficiency of the Faust translation reference; that webpage does list lots of primary references, however. It's a small job; perhaps I can get to it in the next few days. Your suggestions for the biographical sections seem on target to me. Cheers, Easchiff (talk) 00:46, 29 May 2009 (UTC)

Discussion of plagiarism from German-language sources
There should be mention of the extent to which Coleridge copied ideas and writing(s) from German-language sources (passing them off as his own).Historian932 (talk) 18:47, 27 April 2010 (UTC)

Family
His daughter Sara Coleridge, sons Hartley Coleridge and Derwent Coleridge, grandson Ernest Hartley Coleridge, and granddaughter Christabel Coleridge all have their own wikipedia entries which link back here, but the only mention of any of his family in this entry appears to be the linked portrait of his daughter Sara. The omission of his children and grandchildren from a general biographical article seems odd, especially as some of them edited various editions of his works, and are considered notable enough to have entries in their own right. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Filigree11 (talk • contribs) 14:08, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

 * The article does need more detail on the family. Please do add. Spangle (talk) 15:31, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

I don't have the required time or expertise to add a new section to the proper standard: I'm merely bringing this to the attention of the more knowledgeable people who wrote the entry.Filigree11 (talk) 10:25, 29 September 2010 (UTC)

File:Samuel Taylor Coleridge at age 42.jpg to appear as POTD soon
Hello! This is a note to let the editors of this article know that File:Samuel Taylor Coleridge at age 42.jpg will be appearing as picture of the day on October 21, 2010. You can view and edit the POTD blurb at Template:POTD/2010-10-21. If this article needs any attention or maintenance, it would be preferable if that could be done before its appearance on the Main Page so Wikipedia doesn't look bad. :) Thanks!  howcheng  {chat} 21:51, 15 October 2010 (UTC)

Merge
A merge with Coleridge and opium was suggested in 2008 and it seems, never followed up. I suggest this article should also be merged with Early life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge - wholly or at least partially. There is much repetition in the three. This main Coleridge article is patchy and has almost no citation. I think, putting the three together would raise it considerably. I'm not sure if Ottava Rima had been planning to go for an FA and put it on hold, but it seems we should use what we presently have and back it up with good sources where we need them. There's a lot of good work here. Thoughts? Span (talk) 21:01, 21 October 2010 (UTC)

Period in Shrewsbury
I have added a paragraph, entirely cited to An Illustrated Literary Guide to Shropshire (1987) by Gordon Dickins, detailing a period of a few months (dates December 1797-February 1798), when he also worked as locum to the Unitarian minister in Shrewsbury, reputedly read The Rime of the Ancient Mariner at a literary evening, preached a probationary sermon, met William Hazlitt, and received means to give up a ministry career.Cloptonson (talk) 20:55, 28 June 2012 (UTC)

Portrait of Coleridge
The file File:Samuel Taylor Coleridge portrait.jpg doesn't look like Coleridge to me; hair too short and doesn't correspond with other contemporary portraits from 1790s. Possibly Charles Lloyd? --Jotoro (talk) 15:06, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

And he was a male poet
Just before the sub-heading "West Midlands and the North", there is a sentence which reads: "And he was a male poet". This seems like a superfluous sentence, as that he was a male poet is obvious from the rest of the article. Vorbee (talk) 15:05, 28 May 2019 (UTC)

Why is there no list of his published works?
With the original publication dates. Surely this is essential information? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 60.240.143.243 (talk) 22:51, 19 October 2021 (UTC)

"Social constraints"?
"He grew to detest his wife, whom he married mainly because of social constraints." What? I've heard of marriages being forbidden because of social constraints, but what could it possibly mean to claim that they were forced to marry because of social constraints?77Mike77 (talk) 02:00, 12 December 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Samuel Taylor Coleridge


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Iraqi Airways

Iraqi Airways Company (الخطوط الجوية العراقية), operating as Iraqi Airways, is the national carrier of Iraq, headquartered on the grounds of Baghdad International Airport in Baghdad. It is the second oldest airline in the Middle East. Iraqi Airways operates domestic and regional services; its main base is Baghdad International Airport.

Early history
Iraqi Airways was founded in 1945 as a department of the Iraqi State Railways and started operating on 28 January 1946 using five De Havilland Dragon Rapides on a service to Syria. With the help of the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), the new airline ordered three Vickers Viking aircraft. While waiting for the Vikings to be delivered, it leased four Douglas DC-3 aircraft from BOAC in December 1946. In 1947, the airline ordered the de Havilland Dove to replace the Dragon Rapides; the Doves were delivered in October 1947. The three new Vikings were delivered at the end of 1947 and the DC-3s returned to BOAC. A fourth Viking was bought second-hand.

In 1953, the four-engined Vickers Viscount turboprop was chosen to replace the Vikings and an order for three was placed in July. The Viscounts entered service in 1955 and operated all of Iraqi Airways' international services, including a new route to London with intermediate stops. On 1 April 1960, the airline was split from the railway company. In 1961, it placed an order for two Boeing 720Bs for delivery in 1964, but the order was later cancelled.

In the 1960s, Iraqi Airways bought Russian Tupolev Tu-124 planes as well as Hawker Siddeley Trident aircraft. These jets allowed the airline to increase services across the Middle East, to Africa and Europe. At the time, cargo aircraft such as the Ilyushin Il-76 were also purchased. During the 1970s, Iraqi Airways needed a bigger jet for a new route to John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York; it purchased the Boeing 707 and, soon after, the Boeing 747. Airfares were kept artificially low through state subsidies under the Iraqi Ba'athist government.

Later history
Attempts were made to restart domestic services after the Gulf War in May 1991, and permission was granted by the United Nations to operate helicopters on limited domestic services. Fixed-wing flights were banned under the ceasefire terms, although the UN Security Council agreed to the resumption of domestic flights. These restarted in January 1992 from Baghdad to Basra, using Antonov An-24 aircraft. Operations were suspended shortly after, following a UN ruling.

However, domestic flights became a rarity too, because of the no-fly zone imposed by the United States and United Kingdom over Iraqi skies. During the 1990s, Iraqi Airways would occasionally fly pilgrims to Muslim religious cities.

Revival
After the War in Iraq, on 30 May 2003, Iraqi Airways announced plans to resume international services. The rights to the Iraqi Airways name was transferred to a new and separate company called Iraqi Airways Company, which would establish a new airline and protect it from the legal problems tied to Saddam Hussein's regime. Operations restarted on 3 October 2004, with a flight between Baghdad and Amman.

Iraqi Airways operated the first domestic commercial scheduled service since the fall of Saddam Hussein's regime, from Baghdad to Basra, with 100 passengers in a Boeing 727-200, on 4 June 2005. On 6 November 2005, Iraqi Airways operated a flight from Baghdad to Tehran, Iran, for the first time in twenty-five years. The aircraft, as with the rest of the fleet, was operated on its behalf by Teebah Airlines of Jordan. Services to Erbil and Sulaymaniyah were added in summer 2005.

In June 2009, it was revealed that Iraqi Airways had struck a deal with British aviation authorities to resume direct from Baghdad to London Gatwick Airport; the flights were supposed to begin on 8 August 2009 using a Boeing 737-400 leased from Tor Air and would eventually have seen the Airbus A320-200 operating the route. This did not happen as planned, however. The airline said at the time that they intended on a bigger expansion into the UK and Europe.

In November 2009, Blue Wings, a German airline, began operating flights to Düsseldorf and Frankfurt, Germany on behalf of Iraqi Airways.

On 25 April 2010, Iraqi Airways launched flights to Gatwick Airport via Malmö, Sweden. When the first flight landed at London, a Kuwaiti lawyer had the General Director Kifah Hassan's documents and passport seized, as well as the plane itself. There were no developments, however, as the plane was owned by the Swedish company Tor Air. The plane returned to Baghdad. However, Kifah Hassan was not allowed to leave the United Kingdom and went up in court on 30 April. Kuwaiti officials demanded £780 million for the planes stolen by Saddam Hussein in the 1990 invasion.

On 26 May 2010, Amer Abdul-Jabbar, Iraq's transport minister, said the cabinet had decided on Tuesday to dissolve the company over the next three years and pursue private options to avoid asset claims made by Kuwait over their 1990–91 war.

In February 2012, Iraqi Airways announced that it would resume flights to India, with services to Delhi or Mumbai from Baghdad.

In April 2012, it was announced that Iraqi Airways had ordered 40 new Boeing aircraft, the order consisting of 30 737-800 and 10 787. The first aircraft would be delivered in December 2012. Airbus in early December delivered its first A330-200 to Iraq, while Boeing delivered a Boeing 777 around the same time as well.

On 14 August 2013, Iraqi Airways took delivery of their first Boeing 737-800 directly from Boeing Company.

In June 2014, Iraqi Airways suspended services to Mosul due to the capture of the city by ISIL.

On 8 September 2015, Iraqi Airways received a loan of $2 billion from a Citibank to finance the purchase of 40 modern aircraft type Boeing 777 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner.

The airline opened a Request For Proposals (RFP) to European airlines with a valid AOC certification in late 2019. The goal was to obtain agreements to wet lease aircraft that can serve routes between Iraq and Europe.

In 2019, Iraqi Airways saw the resumption of flights to Syria, between Damascus and Baghdad.

Livery
In 2008, Iraqi Airways received a single Bombardier CRJ in an adapted version of Bombardier's distinctive blue and white demonstrator livery with Iraqi titles and logos. The rest of the CRJ fleet were delivered in a version of the former green livery and YI-AQA was quickly painted to match. In 2012 Iraqi Airways adopted a new green livery which was applied fleet-wide.

Iraqi Airways is one of the few airlines that do not serve alcoholic beverages on their flights.

Destinations
In March 2009, Iraqi Airways began its first flights to Sweden in almost 19 years.

In September 2009, the airline resumed flights to Bahrain and Doha, Qatar.

In October 2009, Iraqi Airways resumed flights to Karachi, Pakistan. The airline also started seasonal (Hajj) flights to Jeddah.

After revealing the previous month that it had applied for rights to fly to Malmö, Sweden, Iraqi Airways commenced flights to the city on 28 November 2009.

Current fleet

, the Iraqi Airways fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
In May 2008, the Iraqi government signed a $2.2 billion contract with Boeing for 30 Boeing 737-800s with an option for an additional 10. It was also working on a deal involving the order of ten Boeing 787 Dreamliners aircraft for long-range service.

Another contract worth $398 million was signed for ten Bombardier CRJ-900ER aircraft with ten options. The first CRJ-900ER was delivered in October 2008. This resulted in a lawsuit against Bombardier by Kuwait Airways. Kuwait claims to have won $1.2 billion in judgments against Iraqi Airways as a result of the Gulf War. The Canadian judge ruled that he did not have jurisdiction because the case involved a foreign government, given that the purchaser of the aircraft was the government of Iraq, not Iraqi Airways. The lawsuit by Kuwait Airways was settled in 2009, with Iraq agreeing to pay $300 million.

In February 2010, Iraqi Airways announced major fleet plans, including converting 10 of the 30 orders for the Boeing 737-800 to additional wide bodies as well as bringing the delivery date forward to September 2011, and changing the 10 Boeing 787 Dreamliner orders to Boeing 777 aircraft.

Former fleet

 * Airbus A300B4-203
 * Airbus A300-600RF
 * Antonov An-12BP
 * Antonov An-24
 * Boeing 707-320C
 * Boeing 720-051B
 * Boeing 727-200
 * Boeing 737-200
 * Boeing 737-300
 * Boeing 737-400
 * Boeing 737-700
 * Boeing 747-200C
 * Boeing 747-200F
 * Boeing 747-400
 * Boeing 747SP
 * Boeing 757-200
 * Boeing 767-200
 * Boeing 767-300ER
 * de Havilland Dove
 * de Havilland Dragon Rapide
 * Fokker 70
 * Hawker Siddeley HS-121 Trident 1E
 * Ilyushin Il-76MD
 * Lockheed L-1329 Jetstar
 * McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10
 * Tupolev Tu-124V
 * Tupolev Tu-134
 * Vickers VC.1 Viking
 * Vickers Viscount

Five Kuwait Airways Airbus A310-200s were seized in 1990 and re-registered in Iraq as part of Iraqi Airways; however, these never flew any commercial flights for the airline. Iraqi Airways also ordered five Airbus A310-300s in the late 1980s, but war-related sanctions prevented their delivery.

Accidents and incidents
Iraqi Airways' was subject to incidents during the American-Led Gulf Wars with the last occurring on 25 December 1986. In modern day, has seen significant improvements amongst their fleet and operations. The airline has had the following incidents, accidents and hijackings since it began operations in 1945:
 * On 4 February 1955, de Havilland Dove YI-ABJ crashed following an engine fire in Al-Mansuriya, Iraq.
 * On 10 October 1955, a Vickers 644 Viking 1B overran the runway at Baghdad and crashed into a ditch, where it caught fire. All nineteen passengers and crew survived, but the aircraft was written off.
 * On 19 March 1965, a Vickers 773 Viscount crashed into a row of lamp posts at Cairo after a flight from Baghdad. All passengers and crew survived, but the aircraft was written off.
 * On 17 April 1973, a Vickers 735 Viscount performed a belly landing at Mosul International Airport after running out of fuel. All 33 passengers and crew survived, but the aircraft was written off.
 * On 1 March 1975, a Boeing 737-200 flying from Mosul to Baghdad was hijacked by three hijackers. There was one death on board.
 * On 23 September 1980, an Ilyushin Il-76 cargo aircraft flying from Paris to Baghdad crashed while on approach to Baghdad International Airport. It is believed the aircraft was shot down by Iranian fighter jets.
 * On 24 September 1980, an Antonov An-24TV was reportedly destroyed on the ground at Kirkuk Airport during heavy fighting.
 * On 22 April 1982, an Antonov An-24B crashed while on approach to an Iraqi airfield. The left wing hit the ground, causing the aircraft to crash.
 * On 28 August 1982, the undercarriage of an Antonov An-24TV collapsed on takeoff from Nasiriyah Airport. Everyone on board survived, but the aircraft was written off.
 * On 16 September 1984, Iraqi Airways Flight 123, a Boeing 737-200C flying from Larnaca to Baghdad was hijacked by three hijackers All the passengers and crew survived.
 * On 25 December 1986, Iraqi Airways Flight 163, a Boeing 737-200C flying from Baghdad to Amman experienced a hijack attempt while flying over Saudi Arabia. Four hijackers tried to enter the cockpit as the aircraft was flying at FL260. Two explosions went off, resulting in a crash near Arar, Saudi Arabia killing 63 of the 106 on board.
 * During the Persian Gulf War, two Iraqi Airways Tupolev Tu-124Vs parked on the ground were destroyed by U.S. bombs.
 * On July 3 2019 An Iraqi Airways Airbus A320-200, registration YI-ARA performing flight IA-239 from Sulaimaniyah to London Gatwick the flight was transit to Sofia then flying to London with 78 passengers and 9 crew, When the aircraft was descending toward Sofia the crew reported a cracked right hand windshield and requested a quick landing, however, no emergency or priority was requested. The aircraft landed on Sofia's runway 09 about 10 minutes later.
 * On 27 August 2023 An Iraqi Airways Boeing 737-800, registration YI-ASW, performing flight IA-3202 from Medina to Sulaymaniyah, was on approach to Sulaymaniyah when a bird impacted the nose cone of the aircraft. The aircraft continued for a safe landing on Sulaymaniyah's runway 31. The aircraft remained on the ground in Sulaymaniyah for about 18.5 hours before returning to service.
 * On 11 September 2023, a ground vehicle hit and damaged the left wing of a new Iraqi Airways Boeing 737 Max 8 (registration YI-ASY, which had been delivered in July 2023) at Baghdad International Airport, causing a fuel leak. The plane was grounded until 1 December. The aircraft underwent temporary repairs by the airline's maintenance staff, before being transferred to Southern California Logistics Airport, where the final repair of its left wing was carried out. By 1 January 2024 YI-ASY had been returned to service.

title: Iraqi Airways


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Talk:Husebyrennet

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The needs more work - full history of ski jumping in http://home.no.net/vethopp/historie.htm (in Norwegian)

title: Talk:Husebyrennet


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Urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine. It is a common and distressing problem, which may have a large impact on quality of life. It has been identified as an important issue in geriatric health care. The term enuresis is often used to refer to urinary incontinence primarily in children, such as nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting). UI is an example of a stigmatized medical condition, which creates barriers to successful management and makes the problem worse. People may be too embarrassed to seek medical help, and attempt to self-manage the symptom in secrecy from others.

Pelvic surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause are major risk factors. Urinary incontinence is often a result of an underlying medical condition but is under-reported to medical practitioners. There are four main types of incontinence:
 * Urge incontinence due to an overactive bladder
 * Stress incontinence due to "a poorly functioning urethral sphincter muscle (intrinsic sphincter deficiency) or to hypermobility of the bladder neck or urethra"
 * Overflow incontinence due to either poor bladder contraction or blockage of the urethra
 * Mixed incontinence involving features of different other types

Treatments include pelvic floor muscle training, bladder training, surgery, and electrical stimulation. Behavioral therapy generally works better than medication for stress and urge incontinence. The benefit of medications is small and long term safety is unclear. Urinary incontinence is more common in older women.

Causes
Urinary incontinence can result from both urologic and non-urologic causes. Urologic causes can be classified as either bladder dysfunction or urethral sphincter incompetence and may include detrusor overactivity, poor bladder compliance, urethral hypermobility, or intrinsic sphincter deficiency. Non-urologic causes may include infection, medication or drugs, psychological factors, polyuria, hydrocephalus, stool impaction, and restricted mobility. The causes leading to urinary incontinence are usually specific to each sex, however, some causes are common to both men and women.

Women
The most common types of urinary incontinence in women are stress urinary incontinence and urge urinary incontinence. Women that have symptoms of both types are said to have "mixed" urinary incontinence. After menopause, estrogen production decreases and, in some women, urethral tissue will demonstrate atrophy, becoming weaker and thinner, possibly playing a role in the development of urinary incontinence.

Stress urinary incontinence in women is most commonly caused by loss of support of the urethra, which is usually a consequence of damage to pelvic support structures as a result of pregnancy, childbirth, obesity, age, among others. About 33% of all women experience urinary incontinence after giving birth, and women who deliver vaginally are about twice as likely to have urinary incontinence as women who give birth via a Caesarean section. Stress incontinence is characterized by leaking of small amounts of urine with activities that increase abdominal pressure such as coughing, sneezing, laughing and lifting. This happens when the urethral sphincter cannot close completely due to the damage in the sphincter itself, or the surrounding tissue. Additionally, frequent exercise in high-impact activities can cause athletic incontinence to develop. Urge urinary incontinence, is caused by uninhibited contractions of the detrusor muscle, a condition known as overactive bladder syndrome. This type of urinary incontinence is more commonly seen in women of older age. It is characterized by leaking of large amounts of urine in association with insufficient warning to get to the bathroom in time.

Men
Urge incontinence is the most common type of incontinence in men. Similar to women, urine leakage happens following a very intense feeling of urination, not allowing enough time to reach the bathroom, a condition called overactive bladder syndrome. In men, the condition is commonly associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia (an enlarged prostate), which causes bladder outlet obstruction, a dysfunction of the detrusor muscle (muscle of the bladder), eventually causing overactive bladder syndrome, and the associated incontinence.

Stress urinary incontinence is the other common type of incontinence in men, and it most commonly happens after prostate surgery. Prostatectomy, transurethral resection of the prostate, prostate brachytherapy, and radiotherapy can all damage the urethral sphincter and surrounding tissue, causing it to be incompetent. An incompetent urethral sphincter cannot prevent urine from leaking out of the urinary bladder during activities that increase the intraabdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing, or laughing. Continence usually improves within 6 to 12 months after prostate surgery without any specific interventions, and only 5 to 10% of people report persistent symptoms.

Both

 * Age is a risk factor that increases both the severity and prevalence of UI
 * Polyuria (excessive urine production) of which, in turn, the most frequent causes are: uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, primary polydipsia (excessive fluid drinking), central diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. Polyuria generally causes urinary urgency and frequency, but does not necessarily lead to incontinence.
 * Neurogenic disorders like multiple sclerosis, spina bifida, Parkinson's disease, strokes and spinal cord injury can all interfere with nerve function of the bladder. This can lead to neurogenic bladder dysfunction
 * Overactive bladder syndrome. However, the etiology behind this is usually different between men and women, as mentioned above.
 * Other suggested risk factors include smoking, caffeine intake and depression

Adults
The body stores urine — water and wastes removed by the kidneys — in the urinary bladder, a balloon-like organ. The bladder connects to the urethra, the tube through which urine leaves the body.

Continence and micturition involve a balance between urethral closure and detrusor muscle activity (the muscle of the bladder). During urination, detrusor muscles in the wall of the bladder contract, forcing urine out of the bladder and into the urethra. At the same time, sphincter muscles surrounding the urethra relax, letting urine pass out of the body. The urethral sphincter is the muscular ring that closes the outlet of the urinary bladder preventing urine to pass outside the body. Urethral pressure normally exceeds bladder pressure, resulting in urine remaining in the bladder, and maintaining continence. The urethra is supported by pelvic floor muscles and tissue, allowing it to close firmly. Any damage to this balance between the detrusor muscle, urethral sphincter, supportive tissue and nerves can lead to some type of incontinence.

For example, stress urinary incontinence is usually a result of the incompetent closure of the urethral sphincter. This can be caused by damage to the sphincter itself, the muscles that support it, or nerves that supply it. In men, the damage usually happens after prostate surgery or radiation, and in women, it's usually caused by childbirth and pregnancy. The pressure inside the abdomen (from coughing and sneezing) is normally transmitted to both urethra and bladder equally, leaving the pressure difference unchanged, resulting in continence. When the sphincter is incompetent, this increase in pressure will push the urine against it, leading to incontinence.

Another example is urge incontinence. This incontinence is associated with sudden forceful contractions of the detrusor muscle (bladder muscle), leading to an intense feeling of urination, and incontinence if the person does not reach the bathroom on time. The syndrome is known as overactive bladder syndrome, and it's related to dysfunction of the detrusor muscle.

Children

Urination, or voiding, is a complex activity. The bladder is a balloon-like muscle that lies in the lowest part of the abdomen. The bladder stores urine and then releases it through the urethra, which is the canal that carries urine to the outside of the body. Controlling this activity involves nerves, muscles, the spinal cord and the brain.

The bladder is made of two types of muscles: the detrusor and the sphincter. The detrusor is a muscular sac that stores urine and squeezes to empty. Connected to the bottom or next of the bladder, the sphincter is a circular group of muscles that automatically stays contracted to hold the urine in. It will automatically relax when the detrusor contracts to let the urine into the urethra. A third group of muscles below the bladder (pelvic floor muscles) can contract to keep urine back.

A baby's bladder fills to a set point, then automatically contracts and empties. As the child gets older, the nervous system develops. The child's brain begins to get messages from the filling bladder and begins to send messages to the bladder to keep it from automatically emptying until the child decides it is the time and place to void.

Failures in this control mechanism result in incontinence. Reasons for this failure range from the simple to the complex.

Diagnosis
The pattern of voiding and urine leakage is important as it suggests the type of incontinence. Other points include straining and discomfort, use of drugs, recent surgery, and illness.

The physical examination looks for signs of medical conditions causing incontinence, such as tumors that block the urinary tract, stool impaction, and poor reflexes or sensations, which may be evidence of a nerve-related cause.

Other tests include:
 * Stress test – the patient relaxes, then coughs vigorously as the doctor watches for loss of urine.
 * Urinalysis – urine is tested for evidence of infection, urinary stones, or other contributing causes.
 * Blood tests – blood is taken, sent to a laboratory, and examined for substances related to causes of incontinence.
 * Ultrasound – sound waves are used to visualize the kidneys and urinary bladder, assess the capacity of the bladder before voiding, and the remaining amount of urine after voiding. This helps know if there's a problem in emptying.
 * Cystoscopy – a thin tube with a tiny camera is inserted in the urethra and used to see the inside of the urethra and bladder.
 * Urodynamics – various techniques measure pressure in the bladder and the flow of urine.

People are often asked to keep a diary for a day or more, up to a week, to record the pattern of voiding, noting times and the amounts of urine produced.

Research projects that assess the efficacy of anti-incontinence therapies often quantify the extent of urinary incontinence. The methods include the 1-h pad test, measuring leakage volume; using a voiding diary, counting the number of incontinence episodes (leakage episodes) per day; and assessing of the strength of pelvic floor muscles, measuring the maximum vaginal squeeze pressure.

Main types
There are 4 main types of urinary incontinence:
 * 1) Stress incontinence, also known as effort incontinence, is essentially due to incomplete closure of the urinary sphincter, due to problems in the sphincter itself or insufficient strength of the pelvic floor muscles supporting it. This type of incontinence is when urine leaks during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure, such as coughing, sneezing or bearing down.
 * 2) Urge incontinence is an involuntary loss of urine occurring while suddenly feeling the need or urge to urinate, usually secondary to overactive bladder syndrome.
 * 3) Overflow incontinence is the incontinence that happens suddenly without feeling the urge to urinate and without necessarily doing any physical activities. It is also known as under-active bladder syndrome. This usually happens with chronic obstruction of the bladder outlet or with diseases damaging the nerves supplying the urinary bladder. The urine stretches the bladder without the person feeling the pressure, and eventually, it overwhelms the ability of the urethral sphincter to hold it back.
 * 4) Mixed incontinence contains symptoms of multiple other types of incontinence. It is not uncommon in the elderly female population and can sometimes be complicated by urinary retention.

Other types

 * Functional incontinence occurs when a person recognizes the need to urinate but cannot make it to the bathroom. The loss of urine may be large. There are several causes of functional incontinence including confusion, dementia, poor eyesight, mobility or dexterity, unwillingness to use the toilet because of depression or anxiety or inebriation due to alcohol. Functional incontinence can also occur in certain circumstances where no biological or medical problem is present. For example, a person may recognize the need to urinate but may be in a situation where there is no toilet nearby or access to a toilet is restricted.
 * Structural incontinence: Rarely, structural problems can cause incontinence, usually diagnosed in childhood (for example, an ectopic ureter). Fistulas caused by obstetric and gynecologic trauma or injury are commonly known as obstetric fistulas and can lead to incontinence. These types of vaginal fistulas include, most commonly, vesicovaginal fistula and, more rarely, ureterovaginal fistula. These may be difficult to diagnose. The use of standard techniques along with a vaginogram or radiologically viewing the vaginal vault with instillation of contrast media.
 * Nocturnal enuresis is episodic UI while asleep. It is normal in young children.
 * Transient incontinence is temporary incontinence most often seen in pregnant women when it subsequently resolves after the birth of the child.
 * Giggle incontinence is an involuntary response to laughter. It usually affects children.
 * Double incontinence. There is also a related condition for defecation known as fecal incontinence. Due to involvement of the same muscle group (levator ani) in bladder and bowel continence, patients with urinary incontinence are more likely to have fecal incontinence in addition. This is sometimes termed "double incontinence".
 * Post-void dribbling is the phenomenon where urine remaining in the urethra after voiding the bladder slowly leaks out after urination.
 * Coital incontinence (CI) is urinary leakage that occurs during either penetration or orgasm and can occur with a sexual partner or with masturbation. It has been reported to occur in 10% to 24% of sexually active women with pelvic floor disorders.
 * Climacturia is urinary incontinence at the moment of orgasm. It can be a result of radical prostatectomy.

Screening
Yearly screening is recommended for women by the Women's Preventive Services Initiative (WPSI) and people who test positive in the screening process would need to be referred for further testing to understand how to help treat their condition. Screening questions should inquire about what symptoms they have experienced, how severe the symptoms are, and if the symptoms affect their daily lives. , studies have not shown a change in outcomes with urinary incontinence screenings in women.

Management
Treatment options include conservative treatment, behavioral therapy, bladder retraining, pelvic floor therapy, collecting devices (for men), fixer-occluder devices for incontinence (in men), medications, and surgery. Both nonpharmacological and pharmacological treatments may be effective for treating UI in non-pregnant women. All treatments, except hormones and periurethral bulking agents, are more effective than no treatment in improving or curing UI symptoms or achieving patient satisfaction.

Behavioral therapy, physical therapy and exercise
Behavioral therapy involves the use of both suppressive techniques (distraction, relaxation) and learning to avoid foods that may worsen urinary incontinence. This may involve avoiding or limiting consumption of caffeine and alcohol. Behavioral therapies, including bladder training, biofeedback, and pelvic floor muscle training, are most effective for improving urinary incontinence in women, with a low risk of adverse events. Behavioral therapy is not curative for urinary incontinence, but it can improve a person's quality of life. Behavioral therapy has benefits as both a monotherapy (behaviorial therapy alone) and as an adjunct to medications (combining different therapies) for symptom reduction. Time voiding while urinating and bladder training are techniques that use biofeedback. In time voiding, the patient fills in a chart of voiding and leaking. From the patterns that appear in the chart, the patient can plan to empty his or her bladder before he or she would otherwise leak. Biofeedback and muscle conditioning, known as bladder training, can alter the bladder's schedule for storing and emptying urine. These techniques are effective for urge and overflow incontinence.

Avoiding heavy lifting and preventing constipation may help with uncontrollable urine leakage. Stopping smoking is also recommended as it is associated with improvements in urinary incontinence in men and women. Weight loss may also be helpful for people who are overweight to improve symptoms of incontinence.

Physical therapy can be effective for women in reducing urinary incontinence. Pelvic floor physical therapists work with patients to identify and treat underlying pelvic muscle dysfunction that can cease urinary incontinence. They may recommend exercises to strengthen the muscles, electrostimulation, or biofeedback treatments. Exercising the muscles of the pelvis such as with Kegel exercises are a first line treatment for women with stress incontinence. Efforts to increase the time between urination, known as bladder training, is recommended in those with urge incontinence. Both these may be used in those with mixed incontinence.

Physical therapy, both by itself and in combination with anticholinergic drugs, was found to be more successful in reducing urinary incontinence in women than anticholinergics by themselves.

Small vaginal cones of increasing weight may be used to help with exercise. They seem to be better than no active treatment in women with stress urinary incontinence, and have similar effects to training of pelvic floor muscles or electrostimulation.

Biofeedback uses measuring devices to help the patient become aware of his or her body's functioning. By using electronic devices or diaries to track when the bladder and urethral muscles contract, the patient can gain control over these muscles. Biofeedback can be used with pelvic muscle exercises and electrical stimulation to relieve stress and urge incontinence. The evidence supporting the role for biofeedback devices in treating urinary incontinence is mixed. There is some very weak evidence that electrical stimulation that is low in frequency may be helpful in combination with other standard treatments for women with overactive bladder condition, however, the evidence supporting a role for biofeedback combined with pelvic floor muscle training is very weak and likely indicates that biofeedback-assistance is not helpful when included with conservative treatments for overactive bladder.

Preoperative pelvic floor muscle training in men undergoing radical prostatectomy was not effective in reducing urinary incontinence.

Alternative exercises have been studied for stress urinary incontinence in women. Evidence was insufficient to support the use of Paula method, abdominal muscle training, Pilates, Tai chi, breathing exercises, postural training, and generalized fitness.

Devices
Individuals who continue to experience urinary incontinence need to find a management solution that matches their individual situation. The use of mechanical devices has not been well studied in women, as of 2014.
 * Collecting systems (for men) – consists of a sheath worn over the penis funneling the urine into a urine bag worn on the leg. These products come in a variety of materials and sizes for individual fit. Studies show that urisheaths and urine bags are preferred over absorbent products – in particular when it comes to 'limitations to daily activities'. Solutions exist for all levels of incontinence. Advantages with collecting systems are that they are discreet, the skin stays dry all the time, and they are convenient to use both day and night. Disadvantages are that it is necessary to get measured to ensure proper fit, and in some countries, a prescription is needed.
 * Absorbent products (include shields, incontinence pads, undergarments, protective underwear, briefs, diapers, adult diapers and underpants) are the best-known product types to manage incontinence. They are widely available in pharmacies and supermarkets. The advantages of using these are that they barely need any fitting or introduction by a healthcare specialist. The disadvantages with absorbent products are that they can be bulky, leak, have odors and can cause skin breakdown due to the constant dampness.
 * Intermittent catheters are single-use catheters that are inserted into the bladder to empty it, and once the bladder is empty they are removed and discarded. Intermittent catheters are primarily used for urinary retention (inability to empty the bladder), but for some people they can be used to reduce or avoid incontinence. These are prescription-only medical devices.
 * Pessaries.JPGlling catheters (also known as foleys) are often used in hospital settings, or if the user is not able to handle any of the above solutions himself/herself (e.g. severe neurologic injury or neurodegenerative disease). These are also prescription-only medical devices. The indwelling catheter is typically connected to a urine bag that can be worn on the leg or hung on the side of the bed. Indwelling catheters need to be monitored and changed on a regular basis by a healthcare professional. The advantage of indwelling catheters is that because the urine is funneled away from the body, the skin remains dry. However, the disadvantage is that it is very common to incur urinary tract infections when using indwelling catheters. Bladder spasms and other problems can also occur with long-term use of indwelling catheters.
 * Penis clamp (or penis compression device), which is applied to compress the urethra to compensate for the malfunctioning of the natural urinary sphincter, preventing leakage from the bladder. This management solution is only suitable for light or moderate incontinence.
 * Vaginal pessaries for women are devices inserted into the vagina. This device provides support to the urethra which passes right in front of it, allowing it to close more firmly.

Medications
A number of medications exist to treat urinary incontinence including: fesoterodine, tolterodine and oxybutynin. These medications work by relaxing smooth muscle in the bladder. While some of these medications appear to have a small benefit, the risk of side effects are a concern. Medications are effective for about one in ten people, and all medications have similar efficacy.

Medications are not recommended for those with stress incontinence and are only recommended in those with urge incontinence who do not improve with bladder training.

Injectable bulking agents may be used to enhance urethral support, however, they are of unclear benefit.

Surgery
Women and men that have persistent incontinence despite optimal conservative therapy may be candidates for surgery. Surgery may be used to help stress or overflow incontinence. Common surgical techniques for stress incontinence include slings, tension-free vaginal tape, bladder suspension, artificial urinary sphincters, among others. It is not clear if antibiotics taken prophylactically after surgery are helpful at decreasing the risk of an infection after surgery.

The use of transvaginal mesh implants and bladder slings is controversial due to the risk of debilitating painful side effects such as vaginal erosion. In 2012 transvaginal mesh implants were classified as a high risk device by the US Food and Drug Administration. Urodynamic testing seems to confirm that surgical restoration of vault prolapse can cure motor urge incontinence.

Traditional suburethral sling operations are probably slightly better than open abdominal retropubic colposuspension and are probably slightly less effective than mid-urethral sling operations in reducing urinary incontinence in women, but it is still uncertain if any of the different types of traditional suburethral sling operations are better than others. Similarly, there is insufficient long term evidence to be certain about the effectiveness or safety of single-incision sling operations for urinary incontinence in women. Traditional suburethral slings may have a higher risk of surgical complications than minimally invasive slings but the risk of complications compared with other types of operation is still uncertain.

Laparoscopic colposuspension (keyhole surgery through the abdomen) with sutures is as effective as open colposuspension for curing incontinence in women up to 18 months after surgery, but it is unclear whether there are fewer risk of complications during or after surgery. There is probably a higher risk of complications with traditional suburethral slings than with open abdominal retropubic suspension. The artificial urinary sphincter is an implantable device used to treat stress incontinence, mostly in men. The device is made of 2 or 3 parts: The pump, cuff, and balloon reservoir connected to each other by specialized tubes. The cuff wraps around the urethra and closes it. When the person wants to urinate, he presses the pump (implanted in the scrotum), to deflate the cuff, and allow the urine to pass. The cuff regains pressure within a few minutes to regain continence. The European Association of Urology considers the artificial urinary sphincter as the gold standard in surgical management of stress urinary incontinence in men after prostatectomy.

Epidemiology
Globally, up to 35% of the population over the age of 60 years is estimated to be incontinent. In 2014, urinary leakage affected between 30% and 40% of people over 65 years of age living in their own homes or apartments in the U.S. Twenty-four percent of older adults in the U.S. have moderate or severe urinary incontinence that should be treated medically. People with dementia are three times more likely to have urinary incontinence compared to people of similar ages.

Bladder control problems have been found to be associated with higher incidence of many other health problems such as obesity and diabetes. Difficulty with bladder control results in higher rates of depression and limited activity levels.

Incontinence is expensive both to individuals in the form of bladder control products and to the health care system and nursing home industry. Injury-related to incontinence is a leading cause of admission to assisted living and nursing care facilities. In 1997 more than 50% of nursing facility admissions were related to incontinence.

Women
Approximately 17% of non-pregnant women have urinary incontinence, with the most common types being stress, urgency, and mixed. Bladder symptoms affect women of all ages. However, bladder problems are most prevalent among older women. Women over the age of 60 years are twice as likely as men to experience incontinence; one in three women over the age of 60 years are estimated to have bladder control problems. One reason why women are more affected is the weakening of pelvic floor muscles by pregnancy.

Men
Men tend to experience incontinence less often than women, and the structure of the male urinary tract accounts for this difference. Stress incontinence is common after prostate cancer treatments.

While urinary incontinence affects older men more often than younger men, the onset of incontinence can happen at any age. Estimates around 2007 suggested that 17 percent of men over age 60, an estimated 600,000 men in the US, experienced urinary incontinence, with this percentage increasing with age.

Children
Incontinence happens less often after age 5: About 10 percent of 5-year-olds, 5 percent of 10-year-olds, and 1 percent of 18-year-olds experience episodes of incontinence. It is twice as common in girls as in boys.

History
The management of urinary incontinence with pads is mentioned in the earliest medical book known, the Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC).

Incontinence has historically been a taboo subject in Western culture. However, this situation changed some when Kimberly-Clark aggressively marketed adult diapers in the 1980s with actor June Allyson as spokeswoman. Allyson was initially reticent to participate, but her mother, who had incontinence, convinced her that it was her duty in light of her successful career. The product proved a success.

Law
The case Hiltibran et al v. Levy et al in the United States District Court for the Western District of Missouri resulted in that court issuing an order in 2011. That order requires incontinence briefs funded by Medicaid to be given by Missouri to adults who would be institutionalized without them.

Research
The effectiveness of different therapeutic approaches to treating urinary incontinence is not well studied for some medical conditions. For example, for people who experience urinary incontinence due to stroke, treatment approaches such as physical therapy, cognitive therapy, complementary medicine, and specialized interventions with experienced medical professionals are sometimes suggested, however it is not clear how effective these are at improving incontinence and there is no strong medical evidence to guide clinical practice.

title: Urinary incontinence