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Whitewater

Whitewater forms in the context of rapids, in particular, when a river's gradient changes enough to generate so much turbulence that air is trapped within the water. This forms an unstable current that froths, making the water appear opaque and white.

The term "whitewater" also has a broader meaning, applying to any river or creek that has a significant number of rapids. The term is also used as an adjective describing boating on such rivers, such as whitewater canoeing or whitewater kayaking.

Fast rivers
Four factors, separately or in combination, can create rapids: gradient, constriction, obstruction, and flow rate. Gradient, constriction, and obstruction are streambed topography factors and are relatively consistent. Flow rate is dependent upon both seasonal variation in precipitation and snowmelt and upon release rates of upstream dams.

Streambed topography
Streambed topography is the primary factor in creating rapids, and is generally consistent over time. Increased flow, as during a flood or high-rainfall season, can make permanent changes to the streambed by displacing rocks and boulders, by deposition of alluvium, or by creating new channels for flowing water.

Gradient
The gradient of a river is the rate at which it changes elevation along its course. This loss determines the river's slope, and to a large extent its rate of flow (velocity). Shallow gradients produce gentle, slow rivers, while steep gradients are associated with raging torrents.

Constriction
Constrictions can form a rapid when a river's flow is forced into a narrower channel. This pressure causes the water to flow more rapidly and to react to riverbed events (rocks, drops, etc.).

Obstruction
A boulder or ledge in the middle of a river or near the side can obstruct the flow of the river, and can also create a "pillow"; when water flows backwards upstream of the obstruction, or a "pour over" (over the boulder); and "hydraulics" or "holes" where the river flows back on itself—perhaps back under the drop—often with fearful results for those caught in its grasp. (Holes, or hydraulics, are so-called because their foamy, aerated water provides less buoyancy and can feel like an actual hole in the river surface.) If the flow passes next to the obstruction, an eddy may form behind the obstruction; although eddies are typically sheltered areas where boaters can stop to rest, scout, or leave the main current, they may be swirling and whirlpool-like. As with hydraulics (which pull downward rather than to the side and are essentially eddies turned at a 90° angle), the power of eddies increases with the flow rate.

In large rivers with high flow rates next to an obstruction, "eddy walls" can occur. An eddy wall is formed when the height of the river is substantially higher than the level of the water in the eddy behind the obstruction. This can make it difficult for a boater, who has stopped in that particular eddy, to re-enter the river due to a wall of water that can be several feet high at the point at which the eddy meets the river flow.

Stream flow rate
A marked increase or decrease in flow can create a rapid, "wash out" a rapid (decreasing the hazard), or make safe passage through previously navigable rapids more difficult or impossible. Flow rate is measured in volume per unit of time. The stream flow rate may be faster for different parts of a river, such as if there's an undercurrent.

Classification
The most widely used grading system is the International Scale of River Difficulty, where whitewater (either an individual rapid, or the entire river) is classed in six categories from class I (the easiest and safest) to class VI (the most difficult and most dangerous). The grade reflects both the technical difficulty and the danger associated with a rapid, with grade I referring to flat or slow-moving water with few hazards, and grade VI referring to the hardest rapids, which are very dangerous even for expert paddlers, and are rarely run. Grade-VI rapids are sometimes downgraded to grade-V or V+ if they have been run successfully. Harder rapids (for example a grade-V rapid on a mainly grade-III river) are often portaged, a French term for carrying. A portaged rapid is where the boater lands and carries the boat around the hazard. (In many cases, a lower rated rapid may give a better "ride" to kayakers or rafters, while a Class V may seem relatively tame. However, it is not so much the "ride," but the inherent danger in the rapid.  An exiting rapid may have minimal risk, while a seemingly simply rapid may have terminal hydraulics, undercut rocks, etc.)

A rapid's grade is not fixed, since it may vary greatly depending on the water depth and speed of flow. Also, the level of development in rafting/kayaking technology plays a role. Rapids that would have meant almost certain death a hundred years ago may now be considered only a Class IV or V rapid, due to the development of certain safety features. Although some rapids may be easier at high flows because features are covered or "washed-out", high water usually makes rapids more difficult and dangerous. At flood stage, even rapids that are usually easy can contain lethal and unpredictable hazards (briefly adapted from the American version of the International Scale of River Difficulty).
 * Class 1: Very small rough areas, requires no maneuvering (skill level: none)
 * Class 2: Some rough water, maybe some rocks, small drops, might require maneuvering (skill level: basic paddling)
 * Class 3: Medium waves, maybe a 3–5 ft drop, but not much considerable danger, may require significant maneuvering (skill level: experienced paddling)
 * Class 4: Whitewater, large waves, long rapids, rocks, maybe a considerable drop, sharp maneuvers may be needed (skill level: advanced whitewater experience)
 * Class 5: Approaching to the upper limits of rapids that can be run with the paddling skill (a Class 6 rapid has more to do with luck than skill, at least skill that can do much more than simply avoid the meat of the rapid). Whitewater, large waves, continuous rapids, large rocks and hazards, maybe a large drop, precise maneuvering, often characterized by "must make" moves, i.e. failure to execute a specific maneuver at a specific point may result in serious injury or death, Class 5 sometimes expanded to Class 5+ that describes the most extreme, runnable rapids (skill level: expert); Class 5+ is sometimes assigned to a rapid for commercial purposes, since insurance companies often will not cover losses sustained in a Class 6 rapid.
 * Class 6: While some debate exists over the term "class 6", in practice it refers to rapids that are not passable and any attempt to do so would has considerable risk of serious injury, near drowning, or death (e.g. Murchison Falls). If a rapid is run that was once thought to be impassible, it is typically reclassified as class 5.

Features found in whitewater
On any given rapid, a multitude of different features can arise from the interplay between the shape of the riverbed and the velocity of the water in the stream.

Strainers or sifts
Strainers are formed when an object blocks the passage of larger objects, but allows the flow of water to continue – like a big food strainer or colander. These objects can be very dangerous, because the force of the water will pin an object or body against the strainer and then pile up, pushing it down under water. For a person caught in this position, getting to safety will be difficult or impossible, often leading to a fatal outcome.

Strainers are formed by many natural or man-made objects, such as storm grates over tunnels, trees that have fallen into a river ("log jam"), bushes by the side of the river that are flooded during high water, wire fence, rebar from broken concrete structures in the water, or other debris. Strainers occur naturally most often on the outside curves of rivers where the current undermines the shore, exposing the roots of trees and causing them to fall into the river and form strainers.

In an emergency, climbing on top of a strainer may be better so as not to be pinned against the object under the water. In a river, swimming aggressively away from the strainer and into the main channel is recommended. If avoiding the strainer is not possible, one should swim hard towards it and try to get as much of one's body up and over it as possible.

Sweepers
Sweepers are trees fallen in or heavily leaning over the river, still rooted on the shore and not fully submerged. Their trunks and branches may form an obstruction in the river like strainers. Since it is an obstruction from above, it often does not contribute to whitewater features, but may create turbulence. In fast water, sweepers can pose a serious hazard to paddlers.

Holes
Holes, or "hydraulics", (also known as "stoppers" or "souse-holes" (see also Pillows) are formed when water pours over the top of a submerged object, or underwater ledges, causing the surface water to flow back upstream toward the object. Holes can be particularly dangerous—a boater or watercraft may become stuck under the surface in the recirculating water—or entertaining play-spots, where paddlers use the holes' features to perform various playboating moves.  In high-volume water flows, holes can subtly aerate the water, enough to allow craft to fall through the aerated water to the bottom of a deep 'hole'.

Some of the most dangerous types of holes are formed by low-head dams (weirs), and similar types of obstructions. In a low-head dam, the 'hole' has a very wide, uniform structure with no escape point, and the sides of the hydraulic (ends of the dam) are often blocked by a man-made wall, making paddling around, or slipping off, the side of the hydraulic, where the bypass water flow would become normal (laminar), difficult. By (upside-down) analogy, this would be much like a surfer slipping out the end of the pipeline, where the wave no longer breaks. Low-head dams are insidiously dangerous because their danger cannot be easily recognized by people who have not studied swift water. (Even 'experts' have died in them.) Floating debris (trees, kayaks, etc.) is often trapped in these retroflow 'grinders' for weeks at a time.

Waves
Waves are formed in a similar manner to hydraulics and are sometimes also considered hydraulics, as well. Waves are noted by the large, smooth face on the water rushing down. Sometimes, a particularly large wave also is followed by a "wave train", a long series of waves. These standing waves can be smooth, or particularly the larger ones, can be breaking waves (also called "whitecaps" or "haystacks").

Because of the rough and random pattern of a riverbed, waves are often not perpendicular to the river's current. This makes them challenging for boaters, since a strong sideways or diagonal (also called a "lateral") wave can throw the craft off if the craft hits sideways or at an angle. The safest move for a whitewater boater approaching a lateral is to "square up" or turn the boat such that it hits the wave along the boat's longest axis, reducing the chance of the boat flipping or capsizing. This is often counterintuitive because it requires turning the boat such that it is no longer parallel to the current.

In fluid mechanics, waves are classified as laminar, but the whitewater world has also included waves with turbulence ("breaking waves") under the general heading of waves.

Pillows
Pillows are formed when a large flow of water runs into a large obstruction, causing water to "pile up" or "boil" against the face of the obstruction. Pillows normally signal that a rock is not undercut. Pillows are also known as "pressure waves".

Eddies
Eddies are formed, like hydraulics, on the downstream face of an obstruction. Unlike hydraulics, which swirl vertically in the water column, eddies revolve on the horizontal surface of the water. Typically, they are calm spots where the downward movement of water is partially or fully arrested—a place to rest or to make one's way upstream. However, in very powerful water, eddies can have powerful, swirling currents that trap or even can flip boats and from which escape can be very difficult.

Eddy Lines
Located between the eddy and the main current, the eddy line is a swirling seam of green and sometimes white water. Eddy lines vary in size based on the size of the water column, the gradient of the section, and the obstacle creating the eddy. Often containing boils and whirlpools, eddy lines can spin and grab your watercraft in unexpected ways, but if used correctly, they can be a really playful spot. Full slice and half slice boaters are able to perform tricks like stern squirts and cartwheels, but nobody uses eddy lines as well as squirt boaters(link to squirt boating wiki), who use the swirling water and crossing currents to dance below the surface of the river.

Undercut rocks
Undercut rocks have been worn down underneath the surface by the river, or are loose boulders which cantilever out beyond their resting spots on the riverbed. They can be extremely dangerous features of a rapid because a person can get trapped underneath them under water. This is especially true of rocks that are undercut on the upstream side. Here, a boater may become pinned against the rock under water. Many whitewater deaths have occurred in this fashion. Undercuts sometimes have pillows, but other times the water just flows smoothly under them, which can indicate that the rock is undercut. Undercuts are most common in rivers where the riverbed cuts through sedimentary rocks such as limestone rather than igneous rock such as granite. In a steep canyon, the side walls of the canyon can also be undercut.

A particularly notorious undercut rock is Dimple Rock, in Dimple Rapid on the Lower Youghiogheny River, a very popular rafting and kayaking river in Pennsylvania. Of about nine people who have died at or near Dimple Rock, including three in 2000, several of the deaths were the result of people becoming entrapped after they were swept under the rock.

Sieves
Another major whitewater feature is a sieve, which is a narrow, empty space through which water flows between two obstructions, usually rocks. Similar to strainers, water is forced through the sieve, resulting in higher velocity flow, which forces water up and creates turbulence.

Whitewater craft
People use many types of whitewater craft to make their way down a rapid, preferably with finesse and control. Here is a short list of them:

Whitewater kayaks differ from sea kayaks and recreational kayaks in that they are better specialized to deal with moving water. They are often shorter and more maneuverable than sea kayaks and are specially designed to deal with water flowing up onto their decks. Most whitewater kayaks are made of plastics now, although some paddlers (especially racers and "squirt boaters") use kayaks made of fiberglass composites. Whitewater kayaks are fairly stable in turbulent water, once the paddler is skillful with them; if flipped upside-down, the skilled paddler can easily roll them back upright. This essential skill of whitewater kayaking is called the "Eskimo roll", or simply "roll". Kayaks are paddled in a low sitting position (legs extended forward), with a two-bladed paddle. See Whitewater kayaking.

Rafts are also often used as a whitewater craft; more stable than typical kayaks, they are less maneuverable. Rafts can carry large loads, so they are often used for expeditions. Typical whitewater rafts are inflatable craft, made from high-strength fabric coated with PVC, urethane, neoprene or Hypalon; see rafting. While most rafts are large multipassenger craft, the smallest rafts are single-person whitewater craft, see packraft. Rafts sometimes have inflatable floors, with holes around the edges, that allow water that splashes into the boat to easily flow to the side and out the bottom (these are typically called "self-bailers" because the occupants do not have to "bail" water out with a bucket). Others have simple fabric floors, without anyway for water to escape, these are called "bucket boats", both for their tendency to hold water like a bucket, and because the only way to get water out of them is by bailing with a bucket.

Catarafts are constructed from the same materials as rafts. They can either be paddled or rowed with oars. Typical catarafts are constructed from two inflatable pontoons on either side of the craft that are bridged by a frame. Oar-propelled catarafts have the occupants sitting on seats mounted on the frame. Virtually all oar-powered catarafts are operated by a boatsman with passengers having no direct responsibilities. Catarafts can be of all sizes; many are smaller and more maneuverable than a typical raft.

Canoes are often made of fiberglass, kevlar, plastic, or a combination of the three for strength and durability. They may have a spraycover, resembling a kayak, or be "open", resembling the typical canoe. This type of canoe is usually referred to simply as an "open boat". Whitewater canoes are paddled in a low kneeling position, with a one-bladed paddle. Open whitewater canoes often have large airbags and in some cases foam, usually 2-lb density ethyl foam, firmly attached to the sides, to displace water in the boat when swamped by big waves and holes and to allow water to be spilled from the boat while still in the river by floating it up on its side using the foam and bags. Like kayaks, whitewater canoes can be righted after capsizing with an Eskimo roll, but this requires more skill in a canoe.

C1s are similar in construction to whitewater kayaks, but they are paddled in a low, kneeling position. They employ the use of a one-blade paddle, usually a little shorter than used in a more traditional canoe. They have a spraycover, essentially the same type used in kayaking. Like kayaks, C1s can be righted after capsizing with an Eskimo roll.

McKenzie River dory (or "drift boat" by some) is a more traditional "hard sided" boat. The design is characterized by a wide, flat bottom, flared sides, a narrow, flat bow, a pointed stern, and extreme rocker in the bow and stern to allow the boat to spin about its center for ease in maneuvering in rapids.

River bugs are small, single-person, inflatable craft where a person's feet stick out of one end. River bugging is done feet first with no paddle.

Creature Craft are the ultimate whitewater craft, with a roll cage design that protects the occupants if they are to flip in any manner. You can see these creatures drifting down rivers like the Gauley, waiting to be capsized and righted by other enthusiastic river users.

Whitewater SUP (Stand Up Paddle Boarding), similar to traditional flat water stand up paddle boarding, whitewater SUPing involves the use of a stand up paddle board to run whitewater. The boards are typically specially designed for whitewater use, and more safety gear is used than on flat water.

Safety
Running whitewater rivers is a popular recreational sport, but is not without danger. Fast-moving water always has the potential for injury or death by drowning or hitting objects. Fatalities do occur; some 50 people die in whitewater accidents in the United States each year.

The dangers can be mitigated (but not eliminated) by training, experience, scouting, the use of safety equipment (such as personal flotation devices, helmets, throw ropes), and using other persons as "spotters".

Scouting or examining the rapids before running them is crucial to familiarize oneself with the stream and anticipate the challenges. This is especially important during flood conditions when the highly increased flows have altered the normal conditions drastically.

title: Whitewater


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Luscombe Aircraft

Luscombe Aircraft was a United States aircraft manufacturer from 1933 to 1950.

History
Donald A. Luscombe founded the Luscombe aircraft company in 1933 in Kansas City, Missouri. Luscombe had already made his reputation as an aircraft designer with the Monocoupe series of light aircraft, but he felt that the tube-and-fabric method of construction was too expensive and inefficient. He planned to create a light aircraft that was all-metal monocoque construction.

The new company's first aircraft was the Luscombe Model 1, commonly known as the Luscombe Phantom. This was a high-wing, two-place monoplane of all-metal construction (except for the fabric wing covering). The Phantom was tricky to land, and was never a financial success.

In the winter of 1934/35, Luscombe Aircraft moved to Trenton, New Jersey, and was incorporated as the Luscombe Aircraft Development Corporation. Shortly afterwards, the Luscombe School of Aeronautics opened. Trainees from the school worked in the Luscombe factory, and the school helped support the aircraft company for many years.

In 1936, the company designed and began flying a simplified version of the Phantom known as the Luscombe 90, or Model 4.

The Luscombe Aircraft Corporation was re-formed as a New Jersey company in 1937, and a new design was begun. The Luscombe 50 (Model 8) became the company's most famous product. The Type Certificate for the Model 8 is A-694 and is now held by Good Earthkeeping Organization, Inc. of Corona, California, USA.

In 1946, Luscombe also introduced the four-place model 11, designed to specifications produced by the Flying Farmers of America.

The firm was bankrupt in 1948 and its assets were purchased the following year by Temco.

8-F Production by Silvaire Uranium and Aircraft Company, Ft. Collins, Colorado
When TEMCO of Dallas, Texas chose to discontinue production, the Luscombe tooling, parts and other assets were purchased by Otis Massey (not the Houston mayor, Otis Massey.) Massey had been a Luscombe dealer since the 1930s. His new venture opened in Fort Collins, Colorado, as Silvaire Uranium and Aircraft Company. From 1956 to 1961, this firm produced 80 aircraft. The make and model for all 80 was Silvaire 8-F, with "Luscombe", shown in quotation marks, in company literature. The company's prototype aircraft, N9900C, serial number S-1, was built in 1956. N9900C first flew on September 10, 1956 and was sold, according to the FAA aircraft database, to a dealer, Boggs Flying Brokers, in California the following spring. Six aircraft were built in the next twelve months (serial numbers S-2 through S7). Serial numbers S-2 and S-3 were shipped via C-46 aircraft to Buenos Aires, Argentina. The first aircraft, S-1, was constructed from spares or Material Review Board serviceable parts remaining from TEMCO's prior production. TEMCO supplied enough inventory for the completion of approximately four aircraft (Swick, 2005).

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Luscombe Aircraft


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Balcony

A balcony (from balcone, "scaffold") is a platform projecting from the wall of a building, supported by columns or console brackets, and enclosed with a balustrade, usually above the ground floor. They are commonly found on multi-level houses, apartments and cruise ships.

Types
The traditional Maltese balcony is a wooden, closed balcony projecting from a wall.

In contrast, a Juliet balcony does not protrude out of the building. It is usually part of an upper floor, with a balustrade only at the front, resembling a small loggia. A modern Juliet balcony often involves a metal barrier placed in front of a high window that can be opened. In the UK, the technical name for one of these was officially changed in August 2020 to a Juliet guarding.

Juliet balconies are named after William Shakespeare's Juliet who, in traditional staging of the play Romeo and Juliet, is courted by Romeo while she is on her balcony—although the play itself, as written, makes no mention of a balcony, but only of a window at which Juliet appears. Various types of balcony have been used in depicting this famous scene; however the 'balcony of Juliet' at Villa Capuleti in Verona is not a 'Juliet balcony', as it does indeed protrude from the wall of the villa (see photograph below).

Functions
A unit with a regular balcony will have doors that open onto a small patio with railings, a small patio garden or skyrise greenery. A French balcony is a false balcony, with doors that open to a railing with a view of the courtyard or the surrounding scenery below.

Sometimes balconies are adapted for ceremonial purposes, e.g. that of St. Peter's Basilica at Rome, when the newly elected pope gives his blessing urbi et orbi after the conclave. Inside churches, balconies are sometimes provided for the singers, and in banqueting halls and the like for the musicians.

In theatres, the balcony was formerly a stage box, but the name is now usually confined to the part of the auditorium above the dress circle and below the gallery.

Balconies are part of the sculptural shape of the building allowing for irregular facades without the cost of irregular internal structures.

In addition to functioning as an outdoor space for a dwelling unit, balconies can also play a secondary role in building sustainability and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Balconies have been shown to provide an overhang effect that helps prevent interior overheating by reducing solar gain, and may also have benefits in terms of blocking noise and improving natural ventilation within units.

Materials
Balconies can be made out of various materials; historically, stone was the most commonly used. With the rise of technology and the modern age, balconies are now able to be built out of other materials, including glass and stainless steel to provide a durable and modern look to a building.

Notable balconies
One of the most famous uses of a balcony is in traditional staging of the scene that has come to be known as the "balcony scene" in Shakespeare's tragedy Romeo and Juliet (though the scene makes no mention of a balcony, only of a window at which Juliet appears).

Balcony names
Manufacturers' names for their balcony railing designs often refer to the origin of the design, e.g. Italian balcony, Spanish balcony, Mexican balcony, Ecuadorian balcony. They also refer to the shape and form of the pickets used for the balcony railings, e.g. knuckle balcony. Within the construction industry it is normal for balconies to be named descriptively. For example, slide-on cassette balconies referring to the modern method used to install aluminum balconies or cast-in-situ balconies relating to concrete balconies poured on a construction site.

title: Balcony


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Gooseberry

Gooseberry ( or   (American and northern British) or   (southern British)) is a common name for many species of Ribes (which also includes currants), as well as a large number of plants of similar appearance, and also several unrelated plants (see List of gooseberries). The berries of those in the genus Ribes (sometimes placed in the genus Grossularia) are edible and may be green, orange, red, purple, yellow, white, or black.

Etymology
The goose in gooseberry has been mistakenly seen as a corruption of either the Dutch word kruisbes or the allied German Krausbeere, or of the earlier forms of the French groseille. Alternatively, the word has been connected to the Middle High German krus ('curl, crisped'), in Latin as grossularia. However, the Oxford English Dictionary takes the more literal derivation from goose and berry as probable because "the grounds on which plants and fruits have received names associating them with animals are so often inexplicable that the inappropriateness in the meaning does not necessarily give good grounds for believing that the word is an etymological corruption". The French for gooseberry is groseille à maquereau, translated as 'mackerel berries', due to their use in a sauce for mackerel in old French cuisine. The word first appears in written English in the 16th Century. In Britain, gooseberries may informally be called goosegogs.

Gooseberry bush was 19th-century slang for pubic hair, and from this comes the saying that babies are "born under a gooseberry bush".

In history
Gooseberry growing was popular in 19th-century Britain. The 1879 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica described gooseberries thus: The gooseberry is indigenous to many parts of Europe and western Asia, growing naturally in alpine thickets and rocky woods in the lower country, from France eastward, well into the Himalayas and peninsular India. In Britain, it is often found in copses and hedgerows and about old ruins, but the gooseberry has been cultivated for so long that it is difficult to distinguish wild bushes from feral ones, or to determine where the gooseberry fits into the native flora of the island. Common as it is now on some of the lower slopes of the Alps of Piedmont and Savoy, it is uncertain whether the Romans were acquainted with the gooseberry, though it may possibly be alluded to in a vague passage of Pliny the Elder's Natural History; the hot summers of Italy, in ancient times as at present, would be unfavourable to its cultivation. Although gooseberries are now abundant in Germany and France, it does not appear to have been much grown there in the Middle Ages, though the wild fruit was held in some esteem medicinally for the cooling properties of its acid juice in fevers; while the old English name, Fea-berry, still surviving in some provincial dialects, indicates that it was similarly valued in Britain, where it was planted in gardens at a comparatively early period.

William Turner describes the gooseberry in his Herball, written about the middle of the 16th century, and a few years later it is mentioned in one of Thomas Tusser's quaint rhymes as an ordinary object of garden culture. Improved varieties were probably first raised by the skilful gardeners of Holland, whose name for the fruit, Kruisbezie, may have been corrupted into the present English vernacular word. Towards the end of the 18th century the gooseberry became a favourite object of cottage-horticulture, especially in Lancashire, where the working cotton-spinners raised numerous varieties from seed, their efforts having been chiefly directed to increasing the size of the fruit.

Of the many hundred sorts enumerated in recent horticultural works, few perhaps equal in flavour some of the older denizens of the fruit-garden, such as the Old Rough Red and Hairy Amber. The climate of the British Isles seems peculiarly adapted to bring the gooseberry to perfection, and it may be grown successfully even in the most northern parts of Scotland; indeed, the flavour of the fruit is said to improve with increasing latitude. In Norway even, the bush flourishes in gardens on the west coast nearly up to the Arctic Circle, and it is found wild as far north as 63°. The dry summers of the French and German plains are less suited to it, though it is grown in some hilly districts with tolerable success. The gooseberry in the south of England will grow well in cool situations and may sometimes be seen in gardens near London flourishing under the partial shade of apple trees, but in the north it needs full exposure to the sun to bring the fruit to perfection. It will succeed in almost any soil but prefers a rich loam or black alluvium, and, though naturally a plant of rather dry places, will do well in moist land, if drained.

The gooseberry was more populous in North America before it was discovered that it carries blister rust, deadly to certain pines, resulting in its removal from forest areas.

Ecology
Black bears, various birds and small mammals eat the berries, while game animals, coyotes, foxes and raccoons browse the foliage.

Modern cultivation

Humans cultivate gooseberries as insect habitats or directly for the sweet fruits. Numerous cultivars have been developed for both commercial and domestic use. Of special note are Ribes 'Careless', 'Greenfinch', 'Invicta', 'Leveller', and 'Whinham's Industry', to which the Royal Horticultural Society has awarded Garden Merit.

Ribes gooseberries are commonly raised from cuttings rather than seed; cuttings planted in the autumn will take root quickly and begin to bear fruit within a few years. Nevertheless, bushes planted from seed also rapidly reach maturity, exhibit similar pest-tolerance, and yield heavily. Fruit is produced on lateral spurs and the previous year's shoots.

Gooseberries must be pruned to insolate the interior and make space for the next year's branches, as well as reduce scratching from the spines when picking. Overladen branches can be (and often are) cut off complete with berries without substantially harming the plant. Heavy nitrogen composting produces excessive growth, weakening the bush to mildew.

Fungal pests
Gooseberries, like other members of genus Ribes are banned or restricted in several states of the United States of America because they are secondary (telial) hosts for white pine blister rust.

Insect habitat
Gooseberry bushes (Ribes) are hosts to magpie moth (Abraxas grossulariata) caterpillars. Gooseberry plants are also a preferred host plant for comma butterfly (Polygonia c-album), whose larvae frequently feed upon the plant during the development stage, v-moth (Macaria wauaria), and gooseberry sawfly (Nematus ribesii). Nematus ribesii grubs will bury themselves in the ground to pupate; on hatching into adult form, they lay their eggs, which hatch into larvae on the underside of gooseberry leaves.

Culinary uses
Gooseberries are edible and can be eaten raw, or cooked as an ingredient in desserts, such as pies, fools and crumbles. Early pickings are generally sour and more appropriate for culinary use. This includes most supermarket gooseberries, which are often picked before fully ripe to increase shelf life. Gooseberries are also used to flavour beverages such as sodas, flavoured waters, or milk, and can be made into fruit wines and teas. Gooseberries can be preserved in the form of jams, dried fruit, as the primary or a secondary ingredient in pickling, or stored in sugar syrup. Pastry dishes often pair gooseberry with flavors such as hazelnut, honey, raspberry, strawberry, and white chocolate.

Nutrition
Raw gooseberries are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates, and 1% each of fat and protein. In a reference amount of 100 g, raw gooseberries supply 44 calories and are a rich source of vitamin C (31% of the Daily Value), with no other micronutrients in significant content.

title: Gooseberry


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Maroon (disambiguation)

Maroon is a dark reddish purple or dark brownish red colour.

Maroon may also refer to:
 * Marooning, the intentional act of abandoning someone in an uninhabited area
 * Maroons, descendants of enslaved Africans in the Americas who escaped and formed free settlements

Music

 * Maroon (band), a German band
 * Maroon (Barenaked Ladies album) (2000)
 * Maroon (The Webb Brothers album) (2000)
 * "Maroon" (song), a 2022 song by Taylor Swift

Places

 * Maroon Dam, Queensland, Australia
 * Maroon Town, Jamaica
 * Maroon Town, Sierra Leone
 * Mount Maroon, Queensland, Australia

Other uses

 * Maroon (rocket), a loud rocket used for signalling
 * Maroon (surname)
 * The Chicago Maroon, a student newspaper of the University of Chicago
 * Maroon Cartoons, a fictional studio in Who Framed Roger Rabbit

title: Maroon (disambiguation)


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1959 in film

The year 1959 in film involved some significant events, with Ben-Hur winning a record 11 Academy Awards.

Top-grossing films (U.S.)
The top ten 1959 released films by box office gross in North America are as follows:

Events

 * January 23 – Republic Pictures releases its last production, Plunderers of Painted Flats.
 * January 29 – Walt Disney releases his 16th animated film, Sleeping Beauty in Beverly Hills. It is Disney's first animated film to be shown in 70mm and modern 6-track stereophonic sound, but its last fairytale adaptation until 1989. Also on the program is Disney's new "pictorial interpretation" Grand Canyon, which uses the music of Ferde Grofé's Grand Canyon Suite. Grand Canyon wins an Academy Award for Best Documentary (Short Subject).
 * April 30 – François Truffaut's The 400 Blows opens the 1959 Cannes Film Festival bringing international attention to the French New Wave.
 * June 4 – The Three Stooges release their 190th and last short film, Sappy Bull Fighters.
 * June 7 – A contract between Paramount and Jerry Lewis Productions is signed specifying a payment of $10 million plus 60% of the profits for 14 films over a seven-year period. This contract makes Lewis the highest paid individual Hollywood talent to date and is unprecedented in that he has unlimited creative control, including final cut, and the return of film rights after 30 years.
 * July 1 - Herbert J. Yates, founder of Republic Pictures, sells his controlling stake in the company.
 * July – Les Cousins, another film of the French New Wave, wins the Golden Bear at the 9th Berlin International Film Festival.
 * July 22 – Joseph E. Levine promotes the release of Hercules in the United States starring Steve Reeves which popularizes the sword and sandals genre.
 * August 4 – The Big Fisherman is the first film released in Super Panavision 70.
 * September 30 – The film of Mise Éire, made by George Morrison for Gael Linn, is premiered to close the Cork Film Festival, the first feature-length Irish language film.
 * October 7 – Rock Hudson, who is later voted top in the Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll for the year, appears in Pillow Talk alongside Doris Day for the first time.
 * October 14 – Legendary Australian-born actor Errol Flynn dies of a heart attack in Vancouver, Canada at the age of 50.
 * November 18 – William Wyler's Ben-Hur, the most expensive film up to this date with a budget of $15,175,000, premieres at Loew's State Theatre (New York City). It goes on to win a record 11 Academy Awards. Principal photography had wrapped on January 7 with filming the last shots of the crucifixion scene at Cinecittà in Rome.
 * December 2 – The battle of the smellies starts with the release of the documentary Behind the Great Wall in AromaRama, with scents pumped into the theater during the film.

Awards
Palme d'Or (Cannes Film Festival):
 * Black Orpheus (Orfeu Negro), directed by Marcel Camus, France

Golden Lion (Venice Film Festival):
 * Il Generale della Rovere (General della Rovere), directed by Roberto Rossellini, Italy / France
 * La grande guerra (The Great War), directed by Mario Monicelli, Italy / France

Golden Bear (Berlin Film Festival):
 * Les Cousins (The Cousins), directed by Claude Chabrol, France

1959 film releases
United States unless stated

January–March

 * January 1959
 * 2 January
 * Kaagaz Ke Phool (India)
 * 6 January
 * The Captain's Table
 * 13 January
 * Guns, Girls and Gangsters
 * 16 January
 * Anari (India)
 * 22 January
 * Room at the Top (Britain)
 * The Tiger of Eschnapur (West Germany)
 * 25 January
 * The Law (Italy)
 * 28 January
 * The Trap
 * 29 January
 * Sleeping Beauty
 * February 1959
 * 11 February
 * The Hanging Tree
 * 12 February
 * The Black Orchid
 * 15 February
 * No Name on the Bullet
 * Ride Lonesome
 * 17 February
 * House on Haunted Hill
 * 19 February
 * The Journey
 * 22 February
 * Model for Murder
 * 24 February
 * Make Mine a Million (Britain)
 * 26 February
 * City of Fear
 * March 1959
 * 3 March
 * The Giant Behemoth
 * A Stranger in My Arms
 * 4 March
 * Up Periscope
 * 5 March
 * Carry On Nurse (Britain)
 * 6 March
 * Breakout
 * 8 March
 * Too Many Crooks (Britain)
 * 10 March
 * Carlton-Browne of the F.O. (Britain)
 * 11 March
 * Les Cousins (France)
 * 12 March
 * The 39 Steps
 * 18 March
 * The Diary of Anne Frank
 * The Sad Horse
 * 19 March
 * Green Mansions
 * The Shaggy Dog
 * 20 March
 * Alias Jesse James
 * 25 March
 * Al Capone
 * Tiger Bay (Britain)
 * 29 March
 * Honeymoon (Britain/Spain)
 * Some Like It Hot

April–June

 * April 1959
 * 1 April
 * Compulsion
 * Warlock
 * 4 April
 * Rio Bravo
 * 6 April
 * The Sound and the Fury
 * 8 April
 * Thunder in the Sun
 * 10 April
 * Gidget
 * 14 April
 *
 * 16 April
 * Court Martial (West Germany)
 * 21 April
 * Sapphire (Britain)
 * 23 April
 * Count Your Blessings
 * The World, the Flesh and the Devil
 * 25 April
 * A Home for Tanya (USSR)
 * Westbound
 * 29 April
 * The Mating Game
 * 30 April
 * Imitation of Life
 * May 1959
 * 1 May
 * The World of Apu (India)
 * 2 May
 * The Sign of Leo (France)
 * 4 May
 * The 400 Blows (France)
 * The Hound of the Baskervilles (Britain)
 * 8 May
 * These Thousand Hills
 * 9 May
 * There Will Be No Leave Today (USSR)
 * 12 May
 * Face of a Fugitive
 * Good Morning (Japan)
 * 14 May
 * Serious Charge (Britain)
 * 19 May
 * The Young Philadelphians
 * 21 May
 * Ask Any Girl
 * Shake Hands with the Devil (U.S./Ireland)
 * 23 May
 * Little Greaser
 * 27 May
 * The Wild and the Innocent
 * Woman Obsessed
 * 29 May
 * The Man in the Net
 * Pork Chop Hill
 * June 1959
 * 4 June
 * Nazarín (Mexico)
 * 10 June
 * Hiroshima Mon Amour (France/Japan)
 * 12 June
 * Black Orpheus (Brazil/France/Italy)
 * The Horse Soldiers
 * 16 June
 * Don't Give Up The Ship
 * John Paul Jones
 * Ten Seconds to Hell
 * 17 June
 * The Hangman
 * Middle of the Night
 * 18 June
 * The Five Pennies
 * Say One for Me
 * Teenagers from Outer Space
 * This Happy Feeling
 * 24 June
 * Porgy and Bess
 * 25 June
 * The Giant Gila Monster
 * The Killer Shrews
 * 26 June
 * Darby O'Gill and the Little People (With Donald in Mathmagic Land released with it)
 * This Earth Is Mine
 * 27 June
 * Letter Never Sent (USSR)

July–September

 * July 1959
 * 1 July
 * North by Northwest
 * 2 July
 * Anatomy of a Murder
 * 3 July
 * The Beat Generation
 * The Heart of a Man
 * Return of the Fly
 * 5 July
 * The Big Circus
 * 8 July
 * Tarzan's Greatest Adventure
 * 11 July
 * Yesterday's Enemy
 * 14 July
 * The Legend of Tom Dooley
 * 15 July
 * A Hole in the Head
 * 16 July
 * The Alligator People
 * 17 July
 * The Mouse That Roared (Britain)
 * 18 July
 * The Nun's Story
 * 20 July
 * Day of the Outlaw
 * 22 July
 * Plan 9 from Outer Space
 * 24 July
 * Holiday for Lovers
 * 29 July
 * The Angry Hills
 * Last Train from Gun Hill
 * The Tingler
 * 30 July
 * Blue Denim
 * August 1959
 * 4 August
 * The Big Fisherman
 * 5 August
 * It Happened to Jane
 * 6 August
 * The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock
 * The Scapegoat (Britain)
 * 9 August
 * The Bat
 * 11 August
 * The Big Operator
 * 13 August
 * I'm All Right Jack (Britain)
 * 19 August
 * But Not for Me
 * It Started with a Kiss
 * 20 August
 * The Devil's Disciple (U.S./Britain)
 * 22 August
 * Fate of a Man (USSR)
 * 24 August
 * Sampo (U.S.S.R./Finland)
 * September 1959
 * 3 September
 * Carry On Teacher (Britain)
 * 4 September
 * The Blue Angel
 * 9 September
 * Les liaisons dangereuses (France)
 * 10 September
 * The Great St. Louis Bank Robbery
 * 11 September
 * That Kind of Woman
 * 12 September
 * Battle Beyond the Sun (USSR)
 * 15 September
 * Look Back in Anger (Britain)
 * 16 September
 * Jet Storm (Britain)
 * 18 September
 * Dil Deke Dekho (India)
 * 24 September
 * Killers of Kilimanjaro
 * 25 September
 * The Great War (Italy)
 * The Mummy (Britain)
 * 26 September
 * General Della Rovere (Italy)

October–December

 * October 1959
 * 3 October
 * A Bucket of Blood
 * Girls Town
 * 6 October
 * Pillow Talk
 * 7 October
 * 4D Man
 * Career
 * North West Frontier
 * 8 October
 * The Nightingale's Prayer (Egypt)
 * 9 October
 * The Best of Everything
 * 15 October
 * Odds Against Tomorrow
 * The Roots of Heaven
 * 16 October
 * Two Men in Manhattan (France)
 * 18 October
 * The Crimson Kimono
 * 21 October
 * The FBI Story
 * They Came to Cordura
 * The Wonderful Country
 * 22 October
 * The Bridge (West Germany)
 * The Last Angry Man
 * 23 October
 * Libel (Britain)
 * 25 October
 * The Three Treasures (Japan)
 * 27 October
 * Solomon and Sheba
 * 30 October
 * Paigham (India)
 * The Wasp Woman
 * November 1959
 * 2 November
 * Edge of Eternity
 * 3 November
 * Fires on the Plain (Japan)
 * 4 November
 * Jet Over the Atlantic
 * 6 November
 * The Wreck of the Mary Deare (U.S./Britain)
 * 10 November
 * Happy Anniversary
 * Third Man on the Mountain
 * 11 November
 * The Facts of Murder (Italy)
 * Shadows
 * Yellowstone Kelly
 * 12 November
 * The Miracle
 * The Soldiers of Pancho Villa (Mexico)
 * 13 November
 * Estate Violenta (Italy/France)
 * 14 November
 * Bad Girls Don't Cry (Italy)
 * Insan Jaag Utha (India)
 * 17 November
 * Beloved Infidel
 * 18 November
 * Ben-Hur
 * A Summer Place
 * 22 November
 * Timbuktu
 * 23 November
 * The Angry Red Planet
 * 29 November
 * The Atomic Submarine
 * 30 November
 * The Man Who Could Cheat Death (Britain)
 * December 1959
 * 1 December
 * 1001 Arabian Nights
 * Ballad of a Soldier (USSR)
 * The Rookie
 * 5 December
 * Republic of Sin (France/Mexico)
 * Operation Petticoat
 * 7 December
 * Never So Few
 * 11 December
 * Expresso Bongo (Britain)
 * Li'l Abner
 * SOS Pacific (Britain)
 * 12 December
 * Hannibal (Italy)
 * Terror Is a Man (U.S./Philippines)
 * 15 December
 * Follow a Star (Britain)
 * 16 December
 * Blessings of the Land (Philippines)
 * The Gazebo
 * Journey to the Center of the Earth
 * Pickpocket (France)
 * The Shakedown
 * 17 December
 * On the Beach
 * 18 December
 * We are Altogether Crazy (Denmark)
 * 20 December
 * A Dog's Best Friend
 * Suddenly, Last Summer
 * 21 December
 * Tommy the Toreador (Britain)
 * 25 December
 * Magic Boy (Japan)
 * 26 December
 * Battle in Outer Space (Japan)
 * 28 December
 * Come Dance with Me (France/Italy)
 * 30 December
 * Our Man in Havana (Britain)
 * 31 December
 * The Adventures of Buratino (USSR)

Notable films released in 1959
United States unless stated

#

 * 4D Man, starring Robert Lansing and Lee Meriwether
 * The 30 Foot Bride of Candy Rock, starring Lou Costello and Dorothy Provine
 * The 39 Steps, starring Kenneth More – (Britain)
 * The 400 Blows (Les Quatre Cents Coups), directed by François Truffaut, starring Jean-Pierre Léaud – (France)Nights
 * 1001 Arabian Nights, animated film directed by Jack Kinney.

A

 * The Adventures of Buratino (Priklyucheniya Buratino) – (USSR)
 * Al Capone, starring Rod Steiger
 * Alias Jesse James, starring Bob Hope
 * The Alligator People, starring Beverly Garland
 * Anari, starring Raj Kapoor – (India)
 * Anatomy of a Murder, directed by Otto Preminger, starring James Stewart, Lee Remick, Ben Gazzara, Eve Arden, Arthur O'Connell, Kathryn Grant, George C. Scott
 * The Angry Hills, starring Robert Mitchum and Gia Scala
 * The Angry Red Planet (aka Invasion of Mars), starring Gerald Mohr
 * Argument About Basia (Awantura o Basię) – (Poland)

B

 * Bad Girls Don't Cry (La notte brava), starring Rosanna Schiaffino – (Italy)
 * Ballad of a Soldier (Ballada o soldate), directed by Grigory Chukhray – (U.S.S.R.)
 * The Bat, starring Vincent Price and Agnes Moorehead
 * Battle Beyond the Sun (Nebo zovet) – (U.S.S.R.)
 * Battle in Outer Space, directed by Ishirō Honda – (Japan)
 * The Battle of the Sexes, starring Peter Sellers – (Britain)
 * The Beat Generation, starring Steve Cochran and Mamie Van Doren
 * Beloved Infidel, starring Gregory Peck and Deborah Kerr
 * Ben-Hur, directed by William Wyler, starring Charlton Heston, Stephen Boyd, Jack Hawkins – winner of 11 Academy Awards and 4 Golden Globes
 * The Best of Everything, starring Hope Lange, Diane Baker, Suzy Parker, Stephen Boyd, Joan Crawford
 * The Big Circus, starring Victor Mature, Rhonda Fleming, Red Buttons, Gilbert Roland, Kathryn Grant
 * The Big Fisherman, starring Howard Keel
 * The Big Operator, starring Mickey Rooney, Steve Cochran, Mamie Van Doren
 * The Birth of Japan (Nippon Tanjō), starring Toshiro Mifune – (Japan)
 * Black Orpheus, directed by Marcel Camus – winner of Palme d'Or, Golden Globe, Oscar and Bafta – (Brazil/France/Italy)
 * Blessings of the Land (Biyaya ng lupa), starring Rosa Rosal – (Philippines)
 * Breakout, starring Hazel Court
 * The Bridge (Die Brücke), directed by Bernhard Wicki – (West Germany)
 * A Bucket of Blood, directed by Roger Corman
 * But Not for Me, directed by Walter Lang, starring Clark Gable, Carroll Baker, Lee J. Cobb

C

 * The Captain's Table, starring John Gregson and Peggy Cummins – (Britain)
 * Career, starring Dean Martin, Shirley MacLaine, Anthony Franciosa
 * Carlton-Browne of the F.O., starring Peter Sellers, Terry-Thomas, John Le Mesurier – (Britain)
 * Carry On Nurse, starring Shirley Eaton and Kenneth Connor – (Britain)
 * Carry On Teacher, starring Kenneth Connor and Leslie Phillips – (Britain)
 * The Chasers (Jakten) – (Norway)
 * City of Fear, score by Jerry Goldsmith
 * Come Dance with Me, starring Brigitte Bardot – (France/Italy)
 * Compulsion, starring Orson Welles, Bradford Dillman, Dean Stockwell, Diane Varsi, E. G. Marshall
 * Court Martial (Kriegsgericht) – (West Germany)
 * Les Cousins, directed by Claude Chabrol – (France)
 * The Crimson Kimono, directed by Samuel Fuller, starring James Shigeta

D

 * Danger Within, starring Richard Todd, Bernard Lee, Richard Attenborough – (Britain)
 * Darby O'Gill and the Little People, starring Sean Connery
 * Date With Death, starring Gerald Mohr
 * Day of the Outlaw, starring Robert Ryan, Tina Louise, Burl Ives
 * The Death Ship (Das Totenschiff), starring Horst Buchholz – (West Germany)
 * Destiny of a Man (Sudba cheloveka), directed by Sergei Bondarchuk – (U.S.S.R.)
 * The Devil's Disciple, starring Laurence Olivier, Burt Lancaster, Kirk Douglas – (U.S./Britain)
 * The Diary of Anne Frank, directed by George Stevens, starring Millie Perkins, Joseph Schildkraut, Shelley Winters, Richard Beymer, Diane Baker, Ed Wynn
 * Dil Deke Dekho, starring Shammi Kapoor – (India)
 * Donald in Mathmagic Land (short subject)
 * Don't Give Up The Ship, starring Jerry Lewis
 * Dust on the Brain (Støv på hjernen) – (Norway)

E

 * Expresso Bongo, starring Laurence Harvey and Cliff Richard – (Britain)

F

 * The FBI Story, starring James Stewart
 * Face of a Fugitive, starring Fred MacMurray
 * The Facts of Murder (Un maledetto imbroglio), directed by and starring Pietro Germi with Claudia Cardinale – (Italy)
 * La fièvre monte à El Pao (Fever Mounts at El Pao), directed by Luis Buñuel – (France/Mexico)
 * Fires on the Plain (Nobi), directed by Kon Ichikawa – (Japan)
 * The Five Pennies, starring Danny Kaye
 * Floating Weeds (Ukikusa), directed by Yasujirō Ozu – (Japan)
 * Follow a Star, starring Norman Wisdom, Ron Moody, Hattie Jacques – (Britain)
 * Forbidden Women, directed by Mahmoud Zulfikar, starring Salah Zulfikar and Huda Sultan – (Egypt)
 * The Fugitive Kind, directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Marlon Brando, Anna Magnani, Joanne Woodward

G

 * The Gazebo, starring Glenn Ford, Debbie Reynolds, Carl Reiner
 * Il Generale della Rovere, directed by Roberto Rossellini, starring Vittorio De Sica – (Italy)
 * The Giant Behemoth, starring Gene Evans and André Morell
 * Gidget, starring Sandra Dee
 * Girls Town, starring Mamie Van Doren
 * Good Morning (Ohayō), directed by Yasujirō Ozu – (Japan)
 * La grande guerra (The Great War), directed by Mario Monicelli, starring Alberto Sordi and Vittorio Gassman – (Italy)
 * The Gunfight at Dodge City, starring Joel McCrea
 * Guns, Girls and Gangsters, directed by Edward L. Cahn

H

 * The Hanging Tree, directed by Delmer Daves, starring Gary Cooper, Karl Malden, George C. Scott
 * The Hangman, starring Robert Taylor and Tina Louise
 * Hannibal, starring Victor Mature and Rita Gam
 * Happy Anniversary, starring David Niven and Mitzi Gaynor
 * Have Rocket, Will Travel, starring Moe Howard, Larry Fine and Joe De Rita
 * The Heart of a Man, starring Frankie Vaughan and Anne Heywood – (Britain)
 * Hiroshima Mon Amour, directed by Alain Resnais – (France/Japan)
 * A Hole in the Head, starring Frank Sinatra, Edward G. Robinson, Carolyn Jones, Eddie Hodges
 * Holiday for Lovers, starring Jane Wyman, Clifton Webb, Jill St. John
 * A Home for Tanya (Otchiy dom) – (USSR)
 * Honeymoon (Luna de miel), directed by Michael Powell – (Britain/Spain)
 * The Horse Soldiers, starring John Wayne, William Holden, Constance Towers
 * The Hound of the Baskervilles (British), a Sherlock Holmes mystery directed by Terence Fisher for Hammer Films, starring Peter Cushing as Holmes, Andre Morell as Watson and Christopher Lee as Sir Henry Baskerville – (Britain)
 * House on Haunted Hill, starring Vincent Price

I

 * I'm All Right Jack, directed by the Boulting Brothers, starring Peter Sellers and Ian Carmichael – (Britain)
 * Imitation of Life, directed by Douglas Sirk, starring Lana Turner, John Gavin, Sandra Dee, Susan Kohner, Juanita Moore
 * The Immoral Mr. Teas, directed by Russ Meyer
 * The Indian Tomb, directed by Fritz Lang – (West Germany)
 * Insan Jaag Utha, starring Madhubala – (India)
 * It Happened to Jane, starring Doris Day, Jack Lemmon, Ernie Kovacs
 * It Started with a Kiss, starring Debbie Reynolds and Glenn Ford

J

 * Jazz on a Summer's Day, concert film of the 1958 Newport Jazz Festival, directed by Bert Stern and Aram Avakian
 * The Jazz Singer, a television film starring Jerry Lewis
 * Jet Over the Atlantic, starring Guy Madison and Virginia Mayo
 * Jet Storm, starring Richard Attenborough, Stanley Baker, Diane Cilento, Mai Zetterling – (Britain)
 * John Paul Jones, starring Robert Stack
 * The Journey, starring Yul Brynner and Deborah Kerr
 * Journey to the Center of the Earth, starring James Mason and Pat Boone

K

 * Kaagaz Ke Phool (Paper Flowers), directed by and starring Guru Dutt – (India)
 * Kapò, directed by Gillo Pontecorvo, starring Susan Strasberg – (Italy/France/Yugoslavia)
 * Killers of Kilimanjaro, starring Robert Taylor, Anthony Newley, Anne Aubrey

L

 * The Last Angry Man, starring Paul Muni
 * Last Train from Gun Hill, starring Kirk Douglas, Anthony Quinn, Carolyn Jones, Earl Holliman
 * The Law (La Legge), starring Gina Lollobrigida and Yves Montand – (Italy)
 * El Lazarillo de Tormes, winner of Golden Bear – (Spain)
 * Le signe du lion, directed by Éric Rohmer – (France)
 * The Legend of Tom Dooley, starring Michael Landon
 * Les liaisons dangereuses, directed by Roger Vadim, starring Jeanne Moreau – (France)
 * Letter Never Sent (Neotpravlennoye pismo) – (USSR)
 * Little Greaser
 * Libel, directed by Anthony Asquith, starring Dirk Bogarde and Olivia de Havilland – (Britain)
 * Li'l Abner, directed by Melvin Frank, starring Peter Palmer, Leslie Parrish, Stella Stevens, Julie Newmar, Stubby Kaye
 * Look Back in Anger, directed by Tony Richardson, starring Richard Burton and Claire Bloom – (Britain)

M

 * Magic Boy (Shōnen Sarutobi Sasuke) – Japanese animated film
 * Maigret et l'affaire Saint-Fiacre, directed by Jean Delannoy, starring Jean Gabin – (France)
 * Make Mine a Million, directed by Lance Comfort and starring Arthur Askey and Sid James – (Britain)
 * The Man in the Net, directed by Michael Curtiz, starring Alan Ladd and Carolyn Jones
 * The Man Who Could Cheat Death, starring Anton Diffring and Hazel Court
 * Model for Murder, starring Keith Andes and Hazel Court
 * The Master and His Servants (Herren og hans tjenere) – (Norway)
 * A Midsummer Night's Dream (Sen noci svatojánské), an animated puppet film by Jiří Trnka – (Czechoslovakia)
 * The Miracle, starring Carroll Baker and Roger Moore
 * Mise Éire – (Ireland)
 * The Mouse That Roared, starring Peter Sellers and Jean Seberg – (Britain)
 * The Mummy, starring Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee – (Britain)
 * My Second Brother, directed by Shōhei Imamura – (Japan)

N

 * Nazarín, directed by Luis Buñuel – (Mexico)
 * Never So Few, starring Frank Sinatra, Gina Lollobrigida, Peter Lawford, Steve McQueen
 * Night Train (Pociąg) – (Poland)
 * The Nightingale's Prayer (Doaa al-Karawan) – (Egypt)
 * No Name on the Bullet, starring Audie Murphy
 * North by Northwest, directed by Alfred Hitchcock, starring Cary Grant, Eva Marie Saint, James Mason
 * North West Frontier, aka Flame Over India, starring Kenneth More and Lauren Bacall – (Britain)
 * The Nun's Story, directed by Fred Zinnemann, starring Audrey Hepburn

O

 * Odd Obsession (Kagi), directed by Kon Ichikawa – (Japan)
 * Odds Against Tomorrow, starring Harry Belafonte and Robert Ryan
 * On the Beach, directed by Stanley Kramer, starring Gregory Peck, Ava Gardner, Fred Astaire, Anthony Perkins
 * Operation Petticoat, starring Cary Grant and Tony Curtis
 * Our Man in Havana, directed by Carol Reed, starring Alec Guinness, Maureen O'Hara, Noël Coward, Ernie Kovacs – (Britain)
 * The Overcoat (Shinel) – (USSR)

P

 * Paigham, directed by S. S. Vasan, starring Dilip Kumar, Vyjayanthimala, Raaj Kumar, B. Saroja Devi – (India)
 * Pickpocket, directed by Robert Bresson – (France)
 * Pillow Talk, starring Doris Day and Rock Hudson
 * El Pisito (The Little Apartment), directed by Marco Ferreri – (Spain)
 * Plan 9 from Outer Space, directed by Edward D. Wood, Jr., starring Tor Johnson, Vampira, Bela Lugosi
 * Porgy and Bess, a musical directed by Otto Preminger, starring Sidney Poitier and Dorothy Dandridge, music by George and Ira Gershwin
 * Pork Chop Hill, starring Gregory Peck

R

 * The Rest Is Silence (Der Rest ist Schweigen), starring Hardy Krüger – (West Germany)
 * Return of the Fly, starring Vincent Price
 * Ride Lonesome, starring Randolph Scott
 * Rio Bravo, directed by Howard Hawks, starring John Wayne, Dean Martin, Ricky Nelson, Walter Brennan, Angie Dickinson
 * The Rookie, starring Julie Newmar, Tommy Noonan, Peter Marshall
 * Room at the Top, directed by Jack Clayton, starring Simone Signoret and Laurence Harvey – (Britain)
 * The Roots of Heaven, directed by John Huston, starring Errol Flynn, Trevor Howard, Juliette Gréco, Eddie Albert, Orson Welles

S

 * Sampo (The Day the Earth Froze) – (U.S.S.R./Finland)
 * Sapphire, directed by Basil Dearden – (Britain)
 * Say One for Me, starring Bing Crosby, Debbie Reynolds and Robert Wagner
 * The Scapegoat, starring Alec Guinness and Bette Davis – (Britain)
 * Serious Charge, starring Anthony Quayle – (Britain)
 * Shadows, directed by John Cassavetes
 * The Shaggy Dog, starring Fred MacMurray, Jean Hagen and Tommy Kirk
 * The Shakedown, starring Donald Pleasence and Hazel Court
 * Shake Hands with the Devil, starring James Cagney – (U.S./Ireland)
 * Sleeping Beauty, animated film produced by Walt Disney
 * The Soldiers of Pancho Villa (La cucaracha), starring María Félix and Dolores del Río – (Mexico)
 * Solomon and Sheba, starring Yul Brynner and Gina Lollobrigida
 * Some Like It Hot, directed by Billy Wilder, starring Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis and Jack Lemmon
 * SOS Pacific, starring Richard Attenborough – (Britain)
 * The Sound and the Fury, starring Yul Brynner and Joanne Woodward
 * Stars (Sterne), directed by Konrad Wolf – (East Germany/Bulgaria)
 * A Stranger in My Arms, starring Jeff Chandler, June Allyson, Mary Astor and Sandra Dee
 * Suddenly, Last Summer, directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, starring Elizabeth Taylor, Montgomery Clift and Katharine Hepburn
 * A Summer Place, starring Troy Donahue and Sandra Dee

T

 * Tarzan's Greatest Adventure, directed by John Guillermin, starring Gordon Scott, Anthony Quayle, Sean Connery
 * Telegrame – (Romania)
 * Ten Seconds to Hell, directed by Robert Aldrich, starring Jack Palance
 * Terror Is a Man, starring Francis Lederer – (U.S./Philippines)
 * That Kind of Woman, directed by Sidney Lumet, starring Sophia Loren and Tab Hunter
 * The Unknown Woman, directed by Mahmoud Zulfikar, starring Shadia, Shoukry Sarhan and Kamal El-Shennawi – (Egypt)
 * There Will Be No Leave Today (Segodnya uvolneniya ne budet), directed by Andrei Tarkovsky – (USSR)
 * These Thousand Hills, starring Richard Egan, Don Murray, Lee Remick
 * They Came to Cordura, starring Gary Cooper, Rita Hayworth, Van Heflin, Richard Conte, Dick York, Tab Hunter
 * Third Man on the Mountain, starring Michael Rennie
 * Tiger Bay, starring John Mills and Hayley Mills – (Britain)
 * The Tiger of Eschnapur, directed by Fritz Lang – (West Germany)
 * The Tingler, starring Vincent Price
 * Tommy the Toreador, starring Tommy Steele – (Britain)
 * Too Many Crooks, starring Terry-Thomas and George Cole – (Britain)
 * Train Without a Timetable (Vlak bez voznog reda) – (Yugoslavia)
 * The Trap, starring Richard Widmark, Lee J. Cobb, Earl Holliman, Tina Louise
 * Two Men in Manhattan (Deux hommes dans Manhattan), directed by Jean-Pierre Melville – (France)

U

 * Up Periscope, starring James Garner and Edmond O'Brien

V

 * Il vedovo (The Widower), directed by Dino Risi, starring Alberto Sordi – (Italy)
 * La vida alrededor (Life Around Us) – (Spain)
 * Violent Summer (Estate violenta), starring Jean-Louis Trintignant – (Italy/France)

W

 * Warlock, directed by Edward Dmytryk, starring Henry Fonda, Richard Widmark and Anthony Quinn
 * The Wasp Woman, starring Susan Cabot
 * We Are Altogether Crazy (Vi er allesammen tossede) – (Denmark)
 * Westbound, starring Randolph Scott and Virginia Mayo
 * When the Woman Butts In (Kam čert nemůže) – (Czechoslovakia)
 * The Wild and the Innocent, starring Audie Murphy, Joanne Dru, Sandra Dee
 * Woman Obsessed, starring Susan Hayward
 * The Wonderful Country, starring Robert Mitchum and Julie London
 * The World, the Flesh and the Devil, starring Harry Belafonte and Inger Stevens
 * The World of Apu (Apur Sansar), directed by Satyajit Ray – (India)
 * The Wreck of the Mary Deare, starring Gary Cooper and Charlton Heston – (Britain/U.S.)

Y

 * Yellowstone Kelly, starring Clint Walker and Edd Byrnes
 * Yesterday's Enemy, directed by Val Guest, starring Stanley Baker – (Britain)
 * The Young Philadelphians, starring Paul Newman, Barbara Rush, Brian Keith, Alexis Smith, Robert Vaughn

Z

 * Zorro, the Avenger, feature film released outside of the U.S., compiled from six episodes of the Disney Zorro, the Avenger TV series, starring Guy Williams and Charles Korvin

Short film series

 * Looney Tunes (1930–1969)
 * Terrytoons (1930–1964)
 * Merrie Melodies (1931–1969)
 * Bugs Bunny (1940–1962)
 * Yosemite Sam (1945–1963)
 * Speedy Gonzales (1953–1968)
 * The Three Stooges (1934–1959)
 * Loopy De Loop (1959–1965)

Births

 * January 1 - Adrian Hall, English former actor and co-director
 * January 4 - Vanity, Canadian singer, songwriter, model and actress (died 2016)
 * January 5 – Clancy Brown, American actor and voice actor
 * January 12 - Ralf Moeller, German actor
 * January 13 - Alan Taylor, American director
 * January 17 – Momoe Yamaguchi, Japanese former actress and singer
 * January 22 – Linda Blair, American actress
 * January 23 - Robert Funaro, American actor
 * January 26 - Herbert Sigüenza, American actor, writer, visual artist and performer
 * January 27 - Glenn Taranto, American actor and writer
 * January 28 - Frank Darabont, American director, screenwriter and producer
 * January 30 - Alex Hyde-White, American actor
 * January 31
 * Anthony LaPaglia, Australian actor
 * Kelly Lynch, American actress
 * February 1 - Slink Johnson, American rapper, actor and comedian
 * February 2 – Laine Mägi, Estonian actress and dancer
 * February 4 – Pamelyn Ferdin, American actress
 * February 8 - Henry Czerny, Canadian actor
 * February 12 - Sigrid Thornton, Australian actress
 * February 16 - Hazelle Goodman, American actress
 * February 18 - Jayne Atkinson, British-American actress
 * February 22 – Kyle MacLachlan, American actor
 * March 3
 * Taylor Nichols, American actor
 * Olivier Rabourdin, French actor
 * March 5 – Darío Grandinetti, Argentinian actor
 * March 6 – Tom Arnold, American actor and comedian
 * March 7
 * Donna Murphy, American actress and singer
 * Nick Searcy, American character actor
 * March 8 – Aidan Quinn, Irish-American actor
 * March 9 – Rodney A. Grant, American actor
 * March 11 – Margus Oopkaup, Estonian actor and dramatist
 * March 12 - Luenell, American comedian and actress
 * March 14
 * Laila Robins, American actress
 * Tamara Tunie, American actress, director and producer
 * March 15 – Renny Harlin, Finnish director and producer
 * March 16
 * Gary Basaraba, Canadian actor
 * Ludger Pistor, German actor
 * March 18
 * Luc Besson, French director and producer
 * Irene Cara, American actress and singer (died 2022)
 * March 22 – Matthew Modine, American actor
 * March 23 – Catherine Keener, American actress
 * March 27 - Brian Tarantina, American character actor (died 2019)
 * April 1 - Ivan G'Vera, Czech actor
 * April 3 – David Hyde Pierce, American actor
 * April 4 - Phil Morris, American actor and voice actor
 * April 10 - Jochen Nickel, German actor
 * April 13 - Jodie Markell, American actress and director
 * April 15
 * Emma Thompson, English actress
 * Thomas F. Wilson, American actor, comedian and musician
 * April 17 – Sean Bean, English actor
 * April 20
 * Clint Howard, American actor
 * Yuji Okumoto, American actor of Japanese descent
 * April 23
 * Tim Blaney, American puppeteer and voice actor
 * Jonathan Sagall, Israeli actor
 * April 24 - Glenn Morshower, American character actor
 * April 27 - Neil Pearson, British actor
 * May 3 - Ben Elton, English comedian, actor and director
 * May 10 - Victoria Rowell, American actress
 * May 12 - Ving Rhames, American actor
 * May 15 - Chris Meledandri, American producer and founder and CEO of Illumination (company)
 * May 16 – Mare Winningham, American actress
 * May 19 - Jim Ward, American voice actor, radio personality and camera operator
 * May 20 - Bronson Pinchot, American actor
 * May 21
 * Nick Cassavetes, American actor, director and writer
 * Dana Kimmell, American former actress and model
 * May 26 - Kevin Gage, American character actor
 * May 29 – Rupert Everett, English actor
 * June 6
 * Neal H. Moritz, American producer
 * Colin Quinn, American stand-up comedian, actor and writer
 * June 7 - Francis Magee, Irish actor
 * June 8 - Bernard White, American actor, screenwriter and director
 * June 11 – Hugh Laurie, English actor
 * June 16 - Willard E. Pugh, American actor
 * June 22 – Wayne Federman, American actor and comedian
 * June 23 - Duane Whitaker, American character actor
 * June 28 - Chris Doohan, Canadian actor
 * June 29 - Charlotte Attenborough, British actress
 * June 30 – Vincent D'Onofrio, American actor
 * July 2 - Jere Fields, American former actress
 * July 3
 * Elisa Gabrielli, American actress
 * Andreas Wisniewski, German actor and former dancer
 * July 8
 * Jean-Philippe Écoffey, Swiss actor
 * Robert Knepper, American actor
 * July 9 - Kevin Nash, American actor and retired professional wrestler
 * July 12 - Charlie Murphy, American actor, comedian and writer (died 2017)
 * July 16 - Bob Joles, American voice actor and musician
 * July 26 – Kevin Spacey, American actor
 * July 29 – Sanjay Dutt, Indian actor
 * August 2
 * Urbain Cancelier, French comedian and actor
 * Jim Doughan, American actor and writer
 * August 3 - John C. McGinley, American actor
 * August 10 – Rosanna Arquette, American actress
 * August 14 – Marcia Gay Harden, American actress
 * August 22 - Mark Williams, English actor, presenter and screenwriter
 * August 27 - Peter Mensah, Ghanaian-British actor
 * August 28 - Brian Thompson, American actor
 * August 29 – Rebecca De Mornay, American actress
 * September 3 - Merritt Butrick, American actor (died 1989)
 * September 10
 * Michael Earl, American puppeteer, actor, writer and singer (died 2015)
 * Jim Meskimen, American actor and comedian
 * Peter Nelson, American actor, producer and writer
 * September 11 - John Hawkes, American actor
 * September 14
 * Kirk Baltz, American actor
 * Haviland Morris, American actress
 * September 19
 * Mark Gustafson, American animator and director (died 2024)
 * Carolyn McCormick, American actress
 * September 23
 * Jason Alexander, American actor
 * Elizabeth Pena, American actress, writer, panelist and musician (died 2014)
 * September 24 - Steve Whitmire, American puppeteer
 * September 28 - Steve Hytner, American actor
 * October 2 - Kevin Eldon, English actor and comedian
 * October 3 – Greg Proops, American actor, stand-up comedian, voice artist and television host
 * October 7 - Dylan Baker, American character actor
 * October 10
 * Julia Sweeney, American actress, comedian and author
 * Bradley Whitford, American actor and producer
 * October 17 - Norm Macdonald, Canadian stand-up comedian, writer and actor (died 2021)
 * October 21
 * Tony Ganios, American actor (died 2024)
 * Melora Walters, American actress
 * Ken Watanabe, Japanese actor
 * October 22 - Marc Lawrence, American director, screenwriter and producer
 * October 23
 * Sam Raimi, American filmmaker and producer
 * Weird Al Yankovic, American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, satirist, actor, music video director, and author
 * October 26 - François Chau, American actor
 * October 31 - Michael DeLorenzo, American actor, director, writer, producer and musician
 * November 2 - Peter Mullan, Scottish actor and filmmaker
 * November 4 - Ken Kirzinger, Canadian actor and stuntman
 * November 8 - Don McManus, American character actor
 * November 10 - Mackenzie Phillips, American actress and singer
 * November 13 - Caroline Goodall, British actress and screenwriter
 * November 14 – Paul McGann, English actor
 * November 19 – Allison Janney, American actress
 * November 20 – Sean Young, American actress
 * November 28 – Judd Nelson, American actor
 * November 30 - Les Mayfield, American retired director and producer
 * December 13 – Johnny Whitaker, American actor
 * December 14 - Debbie Lee Carrington, American actress and stuntwoman (died 2018)
 * December 16 - Lee Perry, Australian voice actor
 * December 24
 * Lee Daniels, American producer, director and screenwriter
 * Jesús Ochoa, Mexican actor
 * December 29
 * Patricia Clarkson, American actress
 * Paula Poundstone, American stand-up comedian and actress
 * Brian Sergent, New Zealand actor
 * December 30 - Tracey Ullman, British-American actress, comedian, singer, writer, producer and director
 * December 31
 * Ronnie del Carmen, Filipino director, animator and voice actor
 * Val Kilmer, American actor

Deaths

 * January 21
 * Cecil B. DeMille, 77, American director and producer, The Ten Commandments, The Greatest Show on Earth
 * Carl Switzer, 31, American singer and actor, Our Gang
 * February 1 – Madame Sul-Te-Wan, 85, American actress, King of the Zombies, In Old Chicago
 * February 4 – Una O'Connor, 78, Irish actress, Witness for the Prosecution, The Adventures of Robin Hood
 * February 5 – Gwili Andre, 51, Danish actress, Secrets of the French Police, No Other Woman
 * February 20 – George Archainbaud, 68, French director, Thirteen Women, Girls of the Big House
 * February 22 – Helen Parrish, 34, American actress, Too Many Blondes, X Marks the Spot
 * March 2 – Eric Blore, 71, British actor, Top Hat, The Lady Eve, The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad
 * March 3 – Lou Costello, 52, American comedian and actor, half of Abbott and Costello comedy team, Africa Screams, Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein
 * March 26 – Raymond Chandler, 70, American author and screenwriter, The Big Sleep, Double Indemnity
 * March 27 – Grant Withers, 54, American actor, My Darling Clementine, Fort Apache
 * April 12 – James Gleason, 76, American actor, Here Comes Mr. Jordan, The Bishop's Wife
 * April 17 – Cecil Cunningham, 70, American actress, The Awful Truth, Monkey Business
 * April 18 – Irving Cummings, 70, American director, Louisiana Purchase, The Dolly Sisters
 * May 3 – Troy Sanders, 57, American score arranger and composer, White Christmas, Going My Way
 * June 2 – Lyda Borelli, 75, Italian actress, Malombra, The Moth
 * June 4 – Charles Vidor, 58, Hungarian director, Gilda, Love Me or Leave Me
 * June 16 – George Reeves, 45, American actor, Gone with the Wind, So Proudly We Hail!
 * June 18 – Ethel Barrymore, 79, American actress, Portrait of Jennie, The Spiral Staircase
 * August 6 – Preston Sturges, 60, American writer, director, Sullivan's Travels, The Lady Eve
 * September 6
 * Edmund Gwenn, 81, British actor, Miracle on 34th Street, Mister 880
 * Kay Kendall, 32, British actress, Genevieve, Les Girls
 * September 11 – Paul Douglas, 52, American actor, A Letter to Three Wives, It Happens Every Spring
 * September 13 – Adrian, 56, American costume designer, The Wizard of Oz, The Women
 * September 14 – Wayne Morris, 45, American actor, Kid Galahad, Paths of Glory
 * September 25 – Helen Broderick, 68, American actress, Top Hat, Swing Time
 * September 30 – Taylor Holmes, 81, American actor, Kiss of Death, Sleeping Beauty
 * October 3 – William Bishop, 41, American actor, Harriet Craig, Top Gun
 * October 7 – Mario Lanza, 38, American singer and actor, The Great Caruso, Winged Victory
 * October 12 – Edward Keane, 75, American actor, Frontier Pony Express, The Roaring Twenties
 * October 14 – Errol Flynn, 50, Australian actor, The Adventures of Robin Hood, Captain Blood
 * October 21 – Olive Blakeney, 60, American actress, Leave It to Blanche, Don't Get Me Wrong
 * October 23 – Gerda Lundequist, 88, Swedish actress, Gosta Berlings Saga
 * October 30 – Noel Francis, 53, American actress, Blonde Crazy, I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang
 * November 7 – Victor McLaglen, 72, British actor, The Quiet Man, Gunga Din
 * November 20 – Sylvia Lopez, 26, French actress, Hercules Unchained, Son of the Red Corsair
 * November 21 – Max Baer, 50, American boxer and actor, The Prizefighter and the Lady, The Harder They Fall
 * November 25 – Gérard Philipe, 36, French actor, Fan-Fan the Tulip, Beauties of the Night
 * December 1 – Jose Nepomuceno, 66, Filipino filmmaker and producer, Country Maiden, The Three Humbugs
 * December 22 – Gilda Gray, 58, American actress, Aloma of the South Seas, Cabaret
 * December 24 – Edmund Goulding, 68, American director, Grand Hotel, The Razor's Edge

Film debuts

 * Francesca Annis – The Cat Gang
 * Diane Baker – The Diary of Anne Frank
 * Jack Betts – The Bloody Brood
 * Michael Callan – They Came to Cordura
 * Seymour Cassel – Shadows
 * James Coburn – Ride Lonesome
 * Michael Constantine – The Last Mile
 * Jean-Pierre Darras – Two Men in Manhattan
 * David Doyle – Happy Anniversary
 * Mia Farrow – John Paul Jones
 * Don Francks – The Fast Ones
 * Jerry Goldsmith (film composer) – Face of a Fugitive
 * Richard Harris – Alive and Kicking
 * Martin Landau – Pork Chop Hill
 * Martin LaSalle – Pickpocket
 * Mako – Never So Few
 * John Meillon – On the Beach
 * Lee Meriwether – 4D Man
 * Tomas Milian – The Big Night
 * Nichelle Nichols – Porgy and Bess
 * Warren Oates – Up Periscope
 * Millie Perkins – The Diary of Anne Frank
 * Michael J. Pollard – It Happened to Jane
 * Carl Reiner – Happy Anniversary
 * Bert Remsen – Pork Chop Hill
 * Jason Robards – The Journey
 * George C. Scott – The Hanging Tree
 * Lucille Soong – Ferry to Hong Kong
 * Stella Stevens – Say One for Me
 * Romolo Valli – Policarpo
 * Peter Vaughan – The 39 Steps
 * Billy Dee Williams – The Last Angry Man
 * Clarence Williams III – Pork Chop Hill

title: 1959 in film


text:
User:Rogerr~enwiki

Roger Ritter is a pilot, photographer, writer, and computer programmer living in Wimberley, Texas. For more information, you can visit his website: [rogerritter.com]

title: User:Rogerr~enwiki