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Batman: The Animated Series

Batman: The Animated Series (often shortened as Batman TAS or BTAS) is an American animated superhero television series based on the DC Comics superhero Batman. Developed by Bruce Timm and Eric Radomski, and produced by Warner Bros. Animation, it originally aired on Fox Kids from September 5, 1992, to September 15, 1995, with a total of 85 episodes.

Batman: The Animated Series was hailed as a groundbreaking superhero show receiving praise for its writing, art design, voice acting, orchestrated soundtrack, and modernization of its title character's source material. The acclaim led to multiple Daytime Emmy Awards, as well as the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Programming.

After the series ended its original run, a follow-up titled The New Batman Adventures began airing on Kids' WB in 1997 as a continuation of the series, featuring a revamped animation style. Lasting 24 episodes, it has often been included in the same syndicated re-run packages and home media releases as the final season. Batman: The Animated Series also became the first in the continuity of the shared DC Animated Universe, which spawned further animated TV series, feature films, comic books and video games with much of the same creative talent, including the 1993 theatrical release Batman: Mask of the Phantasm.

Production
During the series' production, producer Alan Burnett wrote an episode without dialogue entitled "Silent Night" to explore more of Batman's sexual life, but this was never produced. Burnett also intended to make an episode featuring a female vampire that would bite Batman to suck his blood, but plans never materialized.

The series is also notable for its supporting cast. Numerous known actors provided voices for a variety of recognizable villains. Most notable was Mark Hamill, previously famous for his role as Luke Skywalker in the original Star Wars trilogy, whose prominence as a voice actor was heightened through his "cheerfully deranged" portrayal of the Joker. The role was originally given to Tim Curry, but he developed bronchitis during the initial recording sessions. John Glover, who later voiced the Riddler, also auditioned for the Joker role. Hamill, who found himself to be the biggest fan of the Batman comics among the cast, credited the laughs he had honed on stage in Amadeus with landing him the role. The recording sessions, under the supervision of voice director Andrea Romano, were recorded with the actors together in one studio instead of taking separate recordings, as is typical. This method would later be employed for all subsequent series in the DC Animated Universe. Al Pacino was considered to voice Two-Face in the series, but he declined the offer; Richard Moll was instead cast in the role. Other actors included Ron Perlman as Clayface, Roddy McDowall as the Mad Hatter, David Warner as Ra's al Ghul, Michael York as Count Vertigo, Kate Mulgrew as Red Claw, George Murdock as Boss Biggis, Ed Asner as Roland Daggett and George Dzundza as the Ventriloquist.

One of the series' best-known inventions is the Joker's assistant, Harley Quinn, who became so popular that DC Comics later added her to mainstream comic book continuity. The Penguin underwent change for the series; his appearance was remodeled after the version seen in Batman Returns, which was in production simultaneously with the series' first season. New life was also given to lesser-known characters for the series, such as the Clock King. In addition, dramatic changes were made to other villains such as Clayface and Mr. Freeze, the latter of whom was changed from a gimmicky mad scientist to a tragic figure whose "frigid exterior [hid] a doomed love and vindictive fury".

In order to complete the first season's 65 episodes, Warner Bros. Animation outsourced the series to several different overseas animation houses: Spectrum Animation, Sunrise, Studio Junio and Tokyo Movie Shinsha in Japan, Dong Yang Animation, Koko Enterprises Ltd. and AKOM in South Korea, Jade Animation in Hong Kong, Blue Pencil in Spain and Network of Animation (NOA) in Canada. TMS also animated the first season's opening theme sequence. AKOM was eventually fired due to its inconsistent animation in many episodes such as "Cat Scratch Fever" and "Moon of the Wolf".

The 20 episodes of the second season were animated largely by Dong Yang, with the exception of three done by Studio Junio ("A Bullet for Bullock", "Avatar" and "Baby-Doll") and one done by Jade Animation ("The Terrible Trio").

Styles and themes
The series took influence from Tim Burton's live-action films, Batman (1989) and Batman Returns (1992), and the acclaimed Superman theatrical cartoons produced by Fleischer Studios in the early 1940s. In designing the series, Bruce Timm and Eric Radomski emulated the Burton films' "otherworldly timelessness", incorporating period features such as black-and-white title cards, police airships and a "vintage" color scheme with film noir flourishes.

The visual style of the series was based on the artwork of Radomski, and the gothic look of Gotham City was derived from his initial designs. In addition, Radomski issued a standing order to the animation department that all backgrounds be painted using light colors on black paper (as opposed to the industry standard of dark colors on white paper). The distinctive visual combination of "noir" imagery and Art Deco design was dubbed "Dark Deco" by the producers. The series initially took a variation of music written by Danny Elfman for the Burton films as its theme; later episodes of the series used a new theme with a similar style by Shirley Walker, an occasional collaborator of Elfman. The score of the series was influenced by Elfman's work on the Burton films, as well as music of 1940s film noir. The show depicts outright physical violence against antagonists, including realistic firearms (though only one character, Commissioner Gordon, was ever depicted as having been shot, in the episode "I Am the Night"). First-time producers Timm and Radomski reportedly encountered resistance from studio executives, but the success of Burton's first film allowed the embryonic series to survive long enough to produce a pilot episode, "On Leather Wings", which, according to Timm, "got a lot of people off our backs".

Adaptations
The series adapted classic Batman comic books tales into memorable episodes including "The Laughing Fish" brought Joker's antics from Detective Comics #475-476 to life as he tried to copyright Jokerized fish. In "The Cape & Cowl Conspiracy," Batman faced deadly traps inspired by Detective Comics #450. "Moon Of The Wolf" saw Batman investigating werewolf attacks based on Batman #255. "The Demon's Quest" introduced Ra's Al Ghul from Batman #232 and #244. "Two-Face" delved into Harvey Dent's backstory, while "A Bullet For Bullock" had detective Harvey Bullock teaming up with Batman to crack a dangerous case.

In other media
Sixteen minutes of animated segments in the video game The Adventures of Batman & Robin for the Sega CD are sometimes referred to as a "lost episode" of the series. These segments are intended to be interspersed between gameplay elements of an early-1990s video game and as such, the sound, color and story are not quite of the same quality of the actual television program. And because Sega did not have to follow the censorship rules of the show, the fights are also a little more violent. Many of the shows voice actors reprised their roles for the game, and are thus in the lost episode as well. Similar cutscenes appear throughout the video games Batman: Vengeance and Batman: Rise of Sin Tzu.

Broadcast
Produced by Warner Bros, Batman: The Animated Series's episodes are typically 22 minutes in length and occupy half-hour time slots. Season 1 included a total of 65 episodes. It initially aired in prime time on the Fox network, beginning with a special broadcast of the first episode, "On Leather Wings," on September 5, 1992, to promote its upcoming debut on Fox Kids. The regular prime-time schedule then commenced on December 13, 1992, with the episode "I Am the Night," airing Sundays at 7 PM ET. Ultimately, the first season concluded on September 16, 1993.

After the series produced its 65th episode, the minimum required for syndication, Fox Network executives ordered a second season of 20 more episodes. This was later reduced to airing weekly on Saturday mornings. The second season, which featured Robin more prominently, was retitled The Adventures of Batman & Robin in the title credits. This run of episodes included two new opening sequences and ending credits. In 1997, following the end of Fox Kids' five-year exclusive broadcast contract, the series began airing in reruns on The WB Network's children's block Kids' WB. Later that year, The New Batman Adventures premiered on Kids' WB, airing alongside Superman: The Animated Series as part of an hour-long program titled The New Batman/Superman Adventures.

The series later began airing on Toon Disney's Jetix line-up on September 30, 2007, again alongside Superman: The Animated Series (despite Warner Bros. being one of Disney's biggest competitors). The show aired on Teletoon Retro, debuting on January 8, 2010. The first 65 episodes were confirmed, with the first being "The Cat and Claw, Part 1". The show was scheduled to air on a weekly basis, airing at 7:00 am, 6:00 pm, and midnight. All times are Eastern.

The Hub Network aired the series from September 6, 2011, to November 29, 2013. The channel aired a 10-episode marathon of the series on July 20, 2012, to coincide with the theatrical release of The Dark Knight Rises and even created an animated version of one of the film's trailers, featuring Kevin Conroy and Adrienne Barbeau re-dubbing Batman and Catwoman's dialogue from the trailer.

Music
Batman: The Animated Series featured a strong musical score written by several different composers throughout the course of the series. The main theme of the show, which was heard during the opening and ending credits of each episode, was composed by Danny Elfman. At first, Elfman turned down Bruce Timm's offer to compose the theme for the show and so Timm hired Shirley Walker to do so. However, Elfman later changed his mind and composed a variation of his 1989 Batman film theme for the series. Walker's unused theme went on to become the main theme for the second season of the show, when the name was changed to The Adventures of Batman & Robin.

Soundtracks
On December 16, 2008, La La Land Records announced the release of a soundtrack companion to Batman: The Animated Series on a two-disc CD set, which featured 11 episode scores (including those of "On Leather Wings", the "Two-Face" two-parter, "Joker's Favor" and "Perchance to Dream"). The release was limited to a pressing of 3,000 copies, which sold quickly. About one month after its release, the soundtrack set had sold over 2,500 copies. According to a spokesperson of La La Land Records, the sold out status of the soundtrack "can only help as the label hopes to convince Warner Bros. to release more Batman: The Animated Series soundtracks." The soundtrack received largely positive reviews.

On March 24, 2009, La La Land Records released the complete score for the animated film Batman: Mask of the Phantasm. It was a limited edition of 3,000 units and has since sold out.

The 2008 soundtrack was re-released in July 2012, minus "Gotham City Overture" (a suite featuring Walker's themes from the series, some of which do not appear elsewhere on the album) and "Music of the Bat 101" (a bonus track with Walker herself demonstrating the show's main music). The re-release is a limited edition of 5,000 units by La La Land Records.

On July 19, 2012, La La Land Records also released a four-disc CD set with a further 21 episode scores (including those of "Heart of Ice", the "Feat of Clay" two-parter, "Almost Got 'Im" and "The Laughing Fish"), titled Batman: The Animated Series – Original Soundtrack from the Warner Bros. Television Series, Volume Two. Volume 2 is a limited-edition release of 3,500 units by La La Land Records.

On October 7, 2014, La La Land Records released a four-disc set with another 24 episode scores (including those of the "Robin's Reckoning" two-parter, "Mudslide", "I Am the Night" and "The Man Who Killed Batman"), titled Batman: The Animated Series – Original Soundtrack from the Warner Bros. Television Series, Volume Three. Volume 3 is a limited-edition release of 3,000 units by La La Land Records. On July 26, 2016, La La Land Records released Batman: The Animated Series – Original Soundtrack from the Warner Bros. Television Series, Volume Four, which contains the remaining material from the first 65 episodes. The final nine episode scores from the first season are featured (including those of "Fear of Victory", "His Silicon Soul" and "Joker's Wild"), as well as never-before-released cues from scores featured on earlier volumes. Volume 4 is a limited-edition release of 3,000 units by La La Land Records.

La La Land Records is also planning to cover the later incarnations of the series (The Adventures of Batman & Robin and The New Batman Adventures) in the future, provided that sales of existing volumes are strong enough and that there is strong fan encouragement.

On July 22, 2014, WaterTower Music released six digital albums on download and streaming platforms (covering La La Land's first and second volumes, including "Gotham City Overture" and "Music of the Bat 101") for the series in honor of the 75th anniversary of Batman.

Volume 1 track listing

 * 1) Gotham City Overture 14:01 (not included on the re-release)
 * 2) Batman: The Animated Series – Main Title (Danny Elfman) 1:02

 * "On Leather Wings" (Shirley Walker):
 * 1) Sub-Main Title / Batwing / Bat Attack 1:51
 * 2) Batman Drives to Gotham 1:00
 * 3) Batman Investigates / Batman Uses Infrared / Police Rush Building 1:48
 * 4) Batman Escapes / Batman Flies 1:48
 * 5) Bats / Evidence Goes Up in Smoke / The Formula / Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Bat 3:01
 * 6) Gotham from the Air / Ride 'Em Batman / Epilogue 2:16

 * "The Last Laugh" (Shirley Walker):
 * 1) Sub-Main Title 1:35
 * 2) The Submarine / Joker Loots Gotham 2:35
 * 3) Alfred Loses It 0:58
 * 4) Bat Boat / Batman Catches the Big Fish / Batman Fights the Bad Guys 2:18
 * 5) Cliff-Hanger Under Water / Batman A.K.A. Houdini 1:56
 * 6) Batman the Terminator 2:01
 * 7) Batman vs. Joker / Batman vs. Joker Part 2** 3:47

 * "It's Never Too Late" (Lolita Ritmanis):
 * 1) Sub-Main Title / Stromwell's Flashback 2:01
 * 2) Batman on Top of Church / Stromwell Arrives at Pete's / Thugs Exit 1:20
 * 3) Stromwell Confronts Thorne 1:15
 * 4) It's Party Time / Batman Carries Stromwell 0:48
 * 5) Stromwell Sees Joey 1:41
 * 6) Stromwell Tricks Batman / Thorne's Men Move In / Thorne Chases Stromwell 3:22
 * 7) Stromwell's Flashback #2 1:45
 * 8) Batman Cracks Heads / Thorne Removed 1:20

 * "Pretty Poison" (Shirley Walker, Lolita Ritmanis and Michael McCuistion):
 * 1) Ground Breaking Ceremony / Penitentiary Time Lapses 1:11
 * 2) Batman Catches a Chopper / The Chopper Crashes / Rooftop Chase 1:58
 * 3) Batman Sneaks Around 1:09
 * 4) A Little Plant Muzak / The Carnivorous Plant 0:59
 * 5) Batman vs. Poison Ivy / Poison Ivy in Prison 3:52

 * "Christmas with the Joker" (Shirley Walker, Lolita Ritmanis and Michael McCuistion):
 * 1) 14 Seconds Opening / Jingle Bells / The Joker Blasts Off 1:03
 * 2) Down the Mountain / Sidewalk Red Herring 0:51
 * 3) 'Pukey Christmas Music / Christmas with the Joker / Game Show Music 2:18
 * 4) The Train Crashes 1:19
 * 5) Observatory Cannon / Cannon Out of Control / Robin Blows Up Cannon 1:11
 * 6) More Game Show Music / Drive to the Toy Company 1:39
 * 7) Nutcracker Suite Medley 1:24
 * 8) Pie in Batman's Face / Dangling Hostages Saved / Deck the Halls 1:40

 * 1) Batman: The Animated Series – Alternate Main Title (Shirley Walker) 1:09

 * "Two-Face, Part I" (Shirley Walker):
 * 1) Harvey's Nightmare / Dent's Soap Box 2:24
 * 2) Batman Tracks Dent 2:07
 * 3) Split Personality / Harvey / Harv 4:21

 * "Two-Face, Part II" (Shirley Walker):
 * 1) Part One Recap 0:33
 * 2) Sub-Main Title / The Heist 1:49
 * 3) Bruce Wayne's Nightmare / Two-Face Remembers 2:47
 * 4) Batcycle / What About Grace? 1:58
 * 5) My Name Is Two-Face 1:52
 * 6) The Great Equalizer / Where There's Love 4:03

 * "Joker's Favor" (Shirley Walker):
 * 1) Sub-Main Title / Cussing Out the Joker / I Had a Bad Day 3:18
 * 2) Joker's Hide-Out 1:19
 * 3) Charlie's Neighborhood / Joker Finds Charlie 1:18
 * 4) Charlie Arrives in Gotham / Joker Collects His Favor 0:42
 * 5) Harley's Party Source 0:44
 * 6) Crashing the Party 1:33
 * 7) Batman Saves the Commissioner / Batman's After the Joker / Charlie Gets the Joker 3:38

 * "Vendetta" (Michael McCuistion):
 * 1) Sub-Main Title / Conway Is Abducted 0:43
 * 2) A Clue / The Crocodile's Lair 1:27
 * 3) Another Clue 1:19
 * 4) Croc's Cave / Killer Croc 2:52
 * 5) Batman Chases Croc / Sewer Fight 2:54
 * 6) Bullock Gets the Croc 1:09

 * "Perchance to Dream" (Shirley Walker):
 * 1) Sub-Main Title / The Dream Begins 0:52
 * 2) It's Impossible / Bruce Sees Batman / Bruce Watches Batman at Work 2:14
 * 3) My Life Is a Dream 2:48
 * 4) Climbing the Church Tower / Belltower Fight 2:45
 * 5) Your Own Private Wonderland / Back to Reality 2:48

 * "Birds of a Feather" (Shirley Walker):
 * 1) Birds of a Feather 1:54
 * 2) That Fine Roman Nose / Penguin vs. Muggers 2:32
 * 3) Penguin Takes Veronica 0:40
 * 4) The Drop / Rubber Duckie Ride 1:50
 * 5) The Penguin's Opera / High Society 2:19

 * 1) Batman: The Animated Series – End Credit (Danny Elfman) 0:34
 * 2) Music of the Bat 101 (Bonus Track) 6:45 (not included on the re-release)

Volume 2 track listing

 * 1) Batman: The Animated Series Main Title (Danny Elfman) 1:05

 * Beware the Gray Ghost – Carl Swander Johnson:
 * 1) Beware the Gray Ghost 0:54
 * 2) Simon Trent 1:47
 * 3) Trent Meets Batman / Trent Runs 1:33
 * 4) He Runs But He Can't Hide 0:36
 * 5) Trent Helps Batman 0:55
 * 6) Lethal Toys / The Ghost Saves Batman 1:25
 * 7) Toy Car Chase 0:43
 * 8) Gray Ghost's Shrine / Mistaken Identity 0:46
 * 9) Twisted Ted / Up in Smoke 1:36
 * 10) Bruce's Hero 0:31

 * Beware the Gray Ghost – Bonus Track:
 * 1) Gray Ghost Suite 1:24

 * The Cat and the Claw, Part I – Harvey R. Cohen, Wayne Coster, Shirley Walker:
 * 1) The Catwoman (S. Walker) 4:51
 * 2) Riding the Truck* (W. Coster) 1:01
 * 3) Multigon International (W. Coster) 0:18
 * 4) Introducing Red Claw (H. Cohen) / A Word with the Boss (W. Coster) 0:55
 * 5) Catwoman at Multigon H.Q. (S. Walker) / Cats in the Office (S. Walker) (Features "Ode to Joy" by L. Beethoven) 1:31
 * 6) Batman Rescues Catwoman* (H. Cohen) / Lovers or Enemies (W. Coster) 3:33
 * 7) Who Will Save You? 0:30

 * The Cat and the Claw, Part II – Harvey R. Cohen
 * 1) The Cat and the Claw 0:44
 * 2) The Train* 1:59
 * 3) Bruce Wayne's Chaperone / A Bumpy Ride 1:57
 * 4) Alley Cat* / Catwoman Strikes* 3:30
 * 5) Bat Draft* 2:14
 * 6) The Fallen Resort* 0:57
 * 7) More Than You'll Ever Know* 0:46

 * The Cat and the Claw – Bonus Tracks:
 * 1) String Quartet (W. Coster) 1:01
 * 2) Ode to Joy (Composed by L. Beethoven; Arranged by Shirley Walker) 0:10
 * 3) Introducing Red Claw (Alternate) (H. Cohen) 0:39
 * 4) Ode to Joy Alternates (Composed by L. Beethoven; Arranged by Shirley Walker) 0:28

 * Nothing to Fear – Shirley Walker
 * 1) Nothing to Fear 0:43
 * 2) Machine Gun / The Scarecrow Arrives 1:42
 * 3) The Vault** / Sprinklers 3:22
 * 4) Scarecrow's Hideout 0:22
 * 5) Scarecrow's Backstory 0:35
 * 6) Batman's Flashback / Batman and Alfred 0:46
 * 7) Scarecrow Invades the Museum / Scarecrow's Attempt at Escape** 2:13
 * 8) Dirigible Flight / Fear Strikes Again / Escape and Explosion 3:22
 * 9) Scarecrow Discovered / Scarecrow is Captured / Scarecrow on a Skewer 1:54

 * Heart of Ice – Todd Hayen, Shirley Walker
 * 1) Heart of Ice 0:38
 * 2) The Iceman Cometh Again / Cold as Ice* 3:30
 * 3) Top Secret 0:57
 * 4) The Swift Hand of Vengeance 1:55
 * 5) Ice Assault / Frigid Frenzy / Alfred's Cold Remedy 2:34
 * 6) Arkham Asylum 0:59

 * Heart of Ice – Bonus Tracks:
 * 1) Newsbreak (Expanded) 0:44
 * 2) Benefit Classic 1:15
 * 3) Office Muzak 2:25
 * 4) The Iceman Cometh Again (Alternate) 2:53
 * 5) Batman: The Animated Series End Credits (Extended) (Danny Elfman) 0:46

 * 1) Batman: The Animated Series Main Title (Piano Version)(Danny Elfman and Shirley Walker) 1:03

 * Appointment in Crime Alley – Stuart Balcomb
 * 1) Sub Main Title 0:31
 * 2) Batman Drives to Crime Alley / Where Are We Going to Go? 2:23
 * 3) I'm Not Afraid Here* 1:12
 * 4) Searching for Leslie / Leslie's Held Captive 0:49
 * 5) The Billboard 0:52
 * 6) Baby Picture* 1:59
 * 7) Chasing the Trolley / Trolley Rescue* 1:28
 * 8) Batman Sees the Newsstand Clock* / Leslie Sweats / Batman Swings During Speech 1:09
 * 9) Good People in Crime Alley* 0:38

 * Mad as a Hatter – Harvey R. Cohen
 * 1) Mad as a Hatter 1:00
 * 2) Poor Jervis / Frabjous Day* 2:00
 * 3) A Walk in the Park* 0:38
 * 4) Ejection* / The Plunger* 1:15
 * 5) The Mock Turtle Song 0:34
 * 6) Until Tomorrow* / Will You, Won't You* 1:03
 * 7) All's Fair in Love and War* / Mad Hatter's Friends* / Storybook Land* 3:04
 * 8) Off with His Head* / The Maze* / Batman Comes to Tea* 4:15

 * Mad as a Hatter – Bonus Track:
 * 1) Dining with Jervis 1:18

 * The Strange Secret of Bruce Wayne – Lolita Ritmanis
 * 1) The Strange Secret* / Batman Intervenes 2:21
 * 2) Tragic Past* 1:23
 * 3) The Strange Doctor / The Joker's Phone Message* / Strange Has Left the Building 0:58
 * 4) The Diabolical Plan* 3:07
 * 5) Bruce Makes Another Tape 0:45
 * 6) Strange Tries to Run / Flying the Unfriendly Skies* /Running on Empty* / Batman Makes the Catch / Robin is Revealed 3:00

 * I've Got Batman in My Basement – Shirley Walker, Carlos Rodriguez
 * 1) The Heist 2:17
 * 2) Sherman Tracks Vulture / Birdseed / Penguin Revealed 1:36
 * 3) Batman Gets Gassed 2:11
 * 4) Batmobile Goes Bats / Sherman and the Batmobile* (Carlos Rodriguez) 2:09
 * 5) The Vulture Flies / It's a Matter of Life and Death 0:43
 * 6) Vulture Attack / Penguin Pays a Visit 1:04
 * 7) It's Them or Us / Polite Penguin 1:49
 * 8) Penguin the Bully / Batman vs. Penguin 2:20
 * 9) Front Page Penguin 0:41

 * Feat of Clay, Part I – Jeff Atmajian, Shirley Walker, Carl Swander Johnson
 * 1) Feat of Clay* (J. Atmajian) 1:09
 * 2) Mr. Fox's Resignation (S. Walker) 3:32
 * 3) Matt's Make-Up (S. Walker) 1:31
 * 4) Matt Finds the Formula (C. S. Johnson) 0:35
 * 5) Creation of Clayface (J. Atmajian) 0:45
 * 6) Bell Goes for a Ride*/** (C. S. Johnson) 1:56
 * 7) Bruce Looks for Answers (J. Atmajian) 0:49
 * 8) Teddy Discovers Clayface (S. Walker) 0:43

 * Feat of Clay, Part II – Shirley Walker
 * 1) Sub Main Title 0:36
 * 2) Arrival at Imperial Pictures 0:19
 * 3) Man of Many Faces 2:11
 * 4) Suffocation for Fox / Foiled by Batman 1:08
 * 5) Batman Confronts Clayface / The Matt Hagen Films 3:09
 * 6) Batman Confrontation with Clayface / Clayface Dies 4:48
 * 7) The Morgue 0:50
 * 8) Batman: The Animated Series End Credits (Alternate Beginning) (Danny Elfman) 0:48

 * 1) Batman: The Animated Series Main Title (MIDI Version)(Danny Elfman and Shirley Walker) 1:04

 * Almost Got 'Im – Stuart Balcomb
 * 1) Almost Got 'Im 1:24
 * 2) Pumpkin Patch* / Batman's Scorn* 1:11
 * 3) A Bad Penny* 1:12
 * 4) Penguin's Setup* / Birds of a Feather* 2:42
 * 5) Laugh O Meter / Catwoman to the Rescue* / Catwoman KO'd 1:10
 * 6) Shadow Secrets* / Cat Food for Thought* / Maybe Some Day 2:08

 * Almost Got 'Im – Bonus Tracks:
 * 1) Club Source #2 0:59
 * 2) Club Source #4 0:57
 * 3) Joker Talk Show Source* (Extended) 0:49
 * 4) Joker Bumper* 0:15
 * 5) Just for Laughs 1:40

 * If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich? – Carlos Rodriguez
 * 1) If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich?*/ Silent Radio 0:45
 * 2) The Wasteland*/ Rescue Attempt* / Riddler Escapes* 4:18
 * 3) Minotaur's Myth* / The Griffin /Griffin Fight / Hand of Fate 3:05
 * 4) Hijacked Hand* / The Minotaur / Destroy Them / Deadbolts* 3:06

 * If You're So Smart, Why Aren't You Rich? – Bonus Tracks:
 * 1) If You're So Smart Source (Shirley Walker) 2:11
 * 2) Riddle of the Minotaur Source 0:13
 * 3) Griffin Theme 0:09
 * 4) Question Mark Motif 0:08
 * 5) Hand of Fate Motif 0:09
 * 6) Wasteland Motif 0:07
 * 7) Musical Puzzle 0:12

 * The Demon's Quest, Part I – Michael McCuistion
 * 1) The Demon's Quest* 1:47
 * 2) Sad News / Strike One 1:06
 * 3) Calcutta / Alley Fight* 1:48
 * 4) Black Cat / Sweet Dreams, Kitty* 2:03
 * 5) After You 0:33
 * 6) Power Trooper* / The Demon's Guard / They Call Him Ra's* 2:45
 * 7) Strike Three – You're Out 0:44
 * 8) The Lazarus Pit* / Revitalized Demon* 2:04

 * The Demon's Quest, Part II – Harvey R. Cohen
 * 1) Recap* 0:52
 * 2) The Demon's Quest, Part II* 1:26
 * 3) Parted Lovers / Goodbye Beloved* 1:29
 * 4) Orpheus / Lets Do It* / Caravan* 1:47
 * 5) Pay for This Trespass 1:13
 * 6) Lower the Bombs / Crazy / To the Tower 1:10
 * 7) To Remember Me, Beloved* / Countdown* 1:44
 * 8) He'll Ruin Everything* 3:35
 * 9) Prisoner of Love* 0:57

 * The Laughing Fish – Shirley Walker
 * 1) The Laughing Fish / Joker's Insane Scheme 3:15
 * 2) Friendly Fish Truck / Missile Fish / Francis Gets Happy (Extended) / I Know You're Watching 1:13
 * 3) Jackson's Cat 0:57
 * 4) Oceanside Aquarium / Sharkey's Appetite 2:13
 * 5) Catch of the Day / How Do You Spell Relief? 1:57
 * 6) Batman Rides the Shark / Jumping Joker Sees Jaws / Is the Joker Gone? 3:30

 * The Laughing Fish – Bonus Tracks:
 * 1) "Joker's Fish Song" (Features "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star" Arranged by Nerida Tyson-Chew) 1:03
 * 2) Joker's Door Chime #1 0:11
 * 3) Joker's Door Chime #2 0:12
 * 4) Batman: The Animated Series End Credits (Alternate Ending) (Danny Elfman) 0:44

 * 1) Batman: The Animated Series Main Title (with Sound Effects) (Danny Elfman) 1:04

 * Shadow of the Bat, Part I – Shirley Walker
 * 1) Shadow of the Bat / Thorne on the Roof 2:01
 * 2) Gordon's Arrest 1:02
 * 3) We'll See About This / The Evidence Room 1:07
 * 4) Two-Face's Hideout / The Batgirl / Batgirl Takes Action / Batgirl Gets Trashed 2:37
 * 5) Bad Company / A Different Disguise / Matches Malone 3:56

 * Shadow of the Bat, Part II – Harvey R. Cohen
 * 1) Recap* 1:19
 * 2) Shadow of the Bat, Part II / Casing Gil's Apartment* 1:21
 * 3) Robin and Batgirl Follow* / Matches Gives the Signal / Bad Guys Escape 2:58
 * 4) Water in the Tunnel / Water, Water Everywhere* / Saving Robin / Batgirl Up the Rope* 1:47
 * 5) Blasted Out of Jail / Batgirl Finds Out 1:00
 * 6) Subway Escape* 1:44
 * 7) Rescue of the Commish* / Batgirl's a Real Drag / Batgirl Sees the Statue* 3:16
 * 8) Welcome to Gotham 0:32

 * Shadow of the Bat – Bonus Tracks:
 * 1) Recap (Alternate) 1:20
 * 2) Matches Gives the Signal (No Bass) / Bad Guys Escape (No Bass) 1:41

 * Harley and Ivy – Peter Davison, Michael McCuistion, Lolita Ritmanis, Shirley Walker
 * 1) Harley and Ivy* (M. McCuistion, L. Ritmanis) 2:57
 * 2) Harley is on Her Own (S. Walker, L. Ritmanis) / The Girls Escape (S. Walker) 3:18
 * 3) Toxic Dump (P. Davison) / Crime Spree (S. Walker) 1:10
 * 4) Batman Finds a Clue* (P. Davison) / Tie Me Up, Tie Me Down (S. Walker) / Locked in Chains (P. Davison) / Batman Escapes Bondage* (P. Davison) 1:43
 * 5) The Joker's Flower (S. Walker, L. Ritmanis) / Batman Rescues Mr. J* (M. McCuistion) / No More Women (S. Walker) 2:04

 * Read My Lips – Shirley Walker
 * 1) Read My Lips / Scarface's Boys 2:14
 * 2) What a Dummy 1:17
 * 3) Drapes for the Bat / Lumber Slumber / No Apples 2:50
 * 4) A Prima Notion 1:14
 * 5) Platinum Vault / Hang in There 1:24
 * 6) Dummy Up / Here We Go Again 3:24

 * Fire from Olympus – Shirley Walker
 * 1) Fire from Olympus 2:17
 * 2) Max on High 1:16
 * 3) Lightning Demonstration 0:39
 * 4) Sneaking Batman In / Fire in the Sky 2:39
 * 5) Batman Enters Olympus / Snake Fight 1:51
 * 6) Olympus Battle 4:59
 * 7) (Alternate Beginning and Ending) 1:57

Volume 3 track listing

 * 1) Batman: The Animated Series Main Title – Danny Elfman 1:03

 * Robin's Reckoning, Part I – Carlos Rodriguez:
 * 1) Robin's Reckoning/Yahoo!/Robin's Catch/Interrogation 2:50
 * 2) Boy Wonder 0:55
 * 3) Extortion/The Flying Graysons 1:49
 * 4) Goodbye/Master Dick 1:03
 * 5) Crap Shoot*/Stromwell's Mansion 0:59
 * 6) The Bonding*/Never Again 1:00

 * Robin's Reckoning, Part II – Peter Tomashek:
 * 1) Circus Memory 1:24
 * 2) Fencing Memory 0:53
 * 3) Dick Eavesdrops/Stealthy Dick 0:59
 * 4) Dick on the Street 2:44
 * 5) Dick Finds Zucco/Into the River/Out of the River 1:56
 * 6) Redial (William T. Stromberg)/Batman Drops In 0:56
 * 7) Amusement Park Fight/Robin Gets Zucco/Robin Does Right 3:40
 * 8) Sunrise 0:34

 * Robin's Reckoning: Bonus Track – Carlos Rodriguez:
 * 1) Circus Fanfare/The Flying Graysons (alternate) 1:05

 * P.O.V. – Shirley Walker:
 * 1) Gotham's Finest/Bad Guys Escape 1:42
 * 2) Bullock's P.O.V. 3:37
 * 3) Wilkes’ P.O.V. 1:35
 * 4) Montoya's P.O.V. 1:40
 * 5) Suspended Cops 0:44
 * 6) Renee Finds Batman/Batman Fights the Mob**/Montoya Cleans Up 5:07
 * 7) Epilogue 0:27

 * The Clock King – Carlos Rodriguez:
 * 1) The Clock King*/Gone with the Wind/Fugate Loses It 1:25
 * 2) Political Graffiti*/Fugate Catches Train* 1:36
 * 3) Back Alley Batman/Clock Creep Hits Bank/Adieu, Batman* 1:43
 * 4) Time Is Running Out/Batman the Safe-Cracker 1:11
 * 5) Timing Is Everything*Batman Saves the Mayor* 2:36

 * Tyger, Tyger – Todd Hayen:
 * 1) Tyger, Tyger*/Introducing Tygrus 2:31
 * 2) Tygrus Exercises 1:07
 * 3) Dorian's Island 1:23
 * 4) The Catwoman/You Made Her a Monster 0:43
 * 5) Tygrus Notices Catwoman/Her Fate Is in Your Hands 1:59
 * 6) Run Thru the Jungle/Bat vs. Cat/Fight on the Bridge/Batman and Tygrus Fall 2:18
 * 7) Selina Convinces Tygrus/Not His Enemy 2:24
 * 8) Tyger Burning Bright 1:40

 * See No Evil – Shirley Walker:
 * 1) See No Evil/Memoirs of an Invisible Con/Footprints 6:09
 * 2) Kimberly's School/Stay Away/Abandoned 2:59
 * 3) Mojo's Pearls/Hold On... Batman 5:03
 * 4) Safe and Sound 0:37

 * Cat Scratch Fever – Harvey R. Cohen:
 * 1) Cat Scratch Fever/Cat Catchers/Animal Testing 3:08
 * 2) Dagget Labs*/Selina Is Bitten* 0:57
 * 3) The Toxin Takes Effect* 2:13
 * 4) Let the Hunt Begin/The Chase Continues*/Toboggan Run 1:39
 * 5) On the Ice*/Under the Ice 1:43
 * 6) Bad Guys Take a Dip* 0:34
 * 7) Isis’ Return 0:47

 * The Forgotten – Shirley Walker:
 * 1) Down Into the City 0:37
 * 2) Bruce Becomes Homeless/Bruce Is Blackjacked 2:42
 * 3) The Oven 0:47
 * 4) The Dream Sequence/Dan Protects Salvo/Alfred Finds Bruce's Car 2:27
 * 5) Bruce's Family Flashback 0:34
 * 6) Sweatbox Breakout/Trapped in the Canyon 1:21
 * 7) Mining for Batman 2:52
 * 8) Master Bruce 0:29

 * Be a Clown – Michael McCuistion:
 * 1) Gotham Acres/Crooks Interrupt Mayor's Speech/Joker the Costume Freak* 1:59
 * 2) Jekko the Magnificent/You, You, You 1:15
 * 3) Pure Dynamite/Dynamite Birthday Cake* 1:51
 * 4) Jordan the Stowaway 0:39
 * 5) It's Not a Game, Jordan/The Old Ace Up the Sleeve/The Crystal Ball 1:43
 * 6) Batman in Straightjacket/The Show Continues* 2:20
 * 7) Rollercoaster Fight* 1:01
 * 8) Jordan & Mayor Reunited 0:16

 * Be a Clown: Bonus Tracks – Michael McCuistion:
 * 1) Organ Source 1:24
 * 2) Water Tank Source 1:02
 * 3) Carousel Source 1:48
 * 4) Circus Source (unused) 1:45

 * Dreams in Darkness – Todd Hayen:
 * 1) Dreams in Darkness/Batman Guesses Wrong/Batman Cracks Up 2:55
 * 2) Batman's Fate*/Threshold of Fear 2:18
 * 3) Batman Tries to Escape/Mass Madness* 0:32
 * 4) Batman's Delusions* 3:46
 * 5) Batman Conquers Fear*/Safe at Home 2:09

 * The Underdwellers – Lars Clutterham & Stuart Balcomb:
 * 1) Let's Play Chicken (L. Clutterham) 1:10
 * 2) It Was a Leprechaun (L. Clutterham) 0:48
 * 3) The Underdwellers (S. Balcomb) 1:42
 * 4) Blinded by the Light*/Batman Saves Frog* (S. Balcomb) 3:18
 * 5) The Sewer King (S. Balcomb) 1:14
 * 6) Batman Sounds Alarm (L. Clutterham) 1:27
 * 7) Be Our Guest/Endangered Species? Not/Hanging Out to Dry/Batman Dethrones King (L. Clutterham) 2:14
 * 8) The Light, the Light (S. Balcomb) 0:34

 * Terror in the Sky – Shirley Walker
 * 1) Terror in the Sky/The Man-Bat 1:44
 * 2) Carpet Inspection/Batman Operates/Francine Is in the Trash 1:01
 * 3) Man-Bat Out of the Sky/Man-Bat Chases Batman 2:34
 * 4) Batman Looks Thru Files/March Confesses 1:18
 * 5) Francine, Come Home 0:49
 * 6) Woman-Bat Wrecks the Plane/Langstrom Out the Door 2:59
 * 7) Detransformation 2:21

 * 1) Batman: The Animated Series Main Title Demo (Two Pianos)- Shirley Walker and Danny Elfman 1:04

 * Night of the Ninja – Mark Koval:
 * 1) Night of the Ninja 2:10
 * 2) Karate School/Flashback/Ninja Assault* 3:36
 * 3) Just in Time 0:56
 * 4) Bruce Catches Kyodai 1:13
 * 5) Kidnapped/Watertower 0:39
 * 6) Master Crime Fighter 1:39
 * 7) Ninja Meets His Match*/Thanks for Your Help 3:18

 * Day of the Samurai – Carlos Rodriguez:
 * 1) Day of the Samurai/Ninja's Arrival 1:54
 * 2) Kyodai Ken Is Revealed/Bruce's Sketch 0:42
 * 3) Bruce Meditates/Once Upon a Time, Alfred/Uramachi District/Batman Gives Chase 3:48
 * 4) Kyodai Ken Finds Scroll/The Big Sleep/Kyodai Studies Scroll 1:37
 * 5) Alfred's All Tied Up/Batman Does as He Will/Batman Examines Dummy 2:02
 * 6) Batman Confronts Kyodai* 2:32
 * 7) Most Ingenious, Sir/The Essence of Samurai 0:54

 * Prophecy of Doom – Shirley Walker:
 * 1) Prophecy of Doom 1:19
 * 2) Abandon Ship/Grave Danger 1:34
 * 3) Elevator Cliffhanger/Elevator Escape 1:47
 * 4) The Great Fall/Spiritual Crisis 2:33
 * 5) Nostromos Sees the Light/Guilty as Charged 4:24

 * Prophecy of Doom: Bonus Track – Shirley Walker:
 * 1) Nostromos Source 1:01

 * Eternal Youth – Lolita Ritmanis:
 * 1) Eternal Youth 1:47
 * 2) Wild Weekend/Detective Batman/Batcave Greenery 1:19
 * 3) Alfred and Maggie Go Back/Batman's Chemistry/Behind the Curtain 1:40
 * 4) Bat Gliding*/Petrified People 1:47
 * 5) Ivy the Eco-Terrorist 1:54
 * 6) What's It All About...? 0:48

 * Eternal Youth: Bonus Tracks – Lolita Ritmanis:
 * 1) Video Source 2:03
 * 2) Spa Source 1:51

 * What Is Reality? – Richard Bronskill:
 * 1) What Is Reality?/Police Station 1:18
 * 2) The Riddler's File/Robin Opens the Box 0:58
 * 3) Hard Copy* 1:16
 * 4) Riddler and the Commissioner*/Batman's Fire Out*/Batman in Computer Land* 1:27
 * 5) Batman's Riddler* 0:56
 * 6) Batman and Pegasus*/And So On, and So On 3:07
 * 7) Trapped* 0:38

 * Mudslide – Shirley Walker
 * 1) Mudslide/Clayface Slips By 1:17
 * 2) Your Goose Is Cooked/You Used to Be Neater 3:44
 * 3) Movie Source 1:15
 * 4) MP-40/Clayface Escapes 1:26
 * 5) He's Melting/Breaking Up Is Hard to Do 1:27
 * 6) Inside Addition 4:14

 * I Am the Night – Michael McCuistion:
 * 1) I Am the Night 0:37
 * 2) Roses/Stakeout/Roses on the Pavement/Brass Knuckles 1:56
 * 3) Battering Ram/The Jazzman Was Ready*/Catching the Jazzman/Commissioner Is Shot 2:23
 * 4) Emergency 0:27
 * 5) Batman Pays a Visit 0:38
 * 6) Batman's Rage/Jazzman in Prison 1:25
 * 7) Robin Sees Batman/Jazzman in the Laundry/Jazzman's Escape 0:58
 * 8) Batman Unmasks/This Is My Hunt*/Batman Saves Gordon* 2:25
 * 9) Batman Talks with Kid* 1:15

 * Heart of Steel, Part I – Richard Bronskill & Tamara Kline:
 * 1) Sub-Main Title/The Briefcase (R. Bronskill) 1:03
 * 2) Briefcase on the Prowl (T. Kline) 1:53
 * 3) The Escape* (R. Bronskill) 3:15
 * 4) Cybertron Industries/HARDAC/Next Duplicant/Another Gordon (T. Kline) 1:52
 * 5) Teddy Bear/Randa's Compact/Compact Goes to Work (R. Bronskill) 1:18
 * 6) Randa Finds the Batcave/HARDAC Has Control (T. Kline) 1:22

 * Heart of Steel, Part II – Carl Johnson:
 * 1) Heart of Steel, Part II* 0:58
 * 2) Another Mayor/Another Bullock 2:41
 * 3) A Very Exclusive Club* 1:49
 * 4) Trash Can Robot 1:36
 * 5) A Watchful Eye/Flying Over Cybertron*/Robots Run Amok*/Randa Is Terminated 3:24
 * 6) Let's Go Home* 0:39

 * Heart of Steel: Bonus Tracks – Tamara Kline, Richard Bronskill & Carl Johnson:
 * 1) Futuristic Muzak (T. Kline) 0:45
 * 2) Sub-Main Title/The Briefcase (alternate)/Randa's Compact (alternate) (R. Bronskill) 1:31
 * 3) Let's Go Home (alternate)* (C. Johnson) 0:40

 * Blind as a Bat – Steve Chesne & James Stemple:
 * 1) The Raven (S. Chesne) 1:34
 * 2) Raven Runs Amok* (J. Stemple) 0:52
 * 3) The Vision Thing (S. Chesne) 0:52
 * 4) Sight, or No Sight/Tooling Up*/Quoth the Batman, "Nevermore"*/** (J. Stemple) 4:29
 * 5) Batwing Disabled/Disabled Batman (S. Chesne) 4:05
 * 6) Cornered*/Good News* (J. Stemple) 1:01

 * Paging the Crime Doctor – Shirley Walker:
 * 1) Paging the Crime Doctor 3:44
 * 2) Leslie Remembers/Matt Finds Leslie/Old Friends/Abducted 2:00
 * 3) Signs of a Struggle/The Disorderly Orderly/Playing with Sharp Objects/Laser Blazer 4:08
 * 4) Rooftop Escape/About My Father 3:28

 * The Man Who Killed Batman – Shirley Walker:
 * 1) The Man Who Killed Batman 1:23
 * 2) Sid Wanted In/Sid the Squid 2:27
 * 3) Squid, Squid, Squid/Locked Up 1:46
 * 4) Sid Meets the Joker/The Diamond Exchange/No Punchline 2:13
 * 5) Batman's Funeral (includes "Amazing Grace," trad.) 3:33
 * 6) Pine Box/A Lot of Respect 1:43

 * 1) Batman: The Animated Series End Credits – Danny Elfman 0:45

DVD
Region 1

Warner Home Video (via DC Comics Entertainment and Warner Bros. Family Entertainment) has released Batman: The Animated Series on DVD in Region 1 in three volume box sets. A fourth volume containing all 24 episodes of The New Batman Adventures was also released and these episodes now also begin with the original Season 1 opening sequence, and also end with the standard final credits. Warner Home Video later released Batman: The Complete Animated Series, which features all episodes from both the original series and The New Batman Adventures, on DVD in Region 1. The set includes all features from the four individual volumes, plus a bonus 17th disc with a new special feature and a 40-page collector's book containing artwork. The DVD was originally on sale for a limited time only and went out of print in January 2009. Warner Home Video released a second printing of the DVD in May 2009, but then withdrew it three months later. Region 2

Volumes 1 and 2 were released on DVD in the UK on October 10, 2005 (Volume 1), and August 21, 2006 (Volume 2). These DVD volumes were exclusive to the retail chain HMV in the United Kingdom, a complete series 25th-anniversary collection was released in the UK on October 30, 2017, containing all four volumes. Volumes 3 and 4 were previously unreleased in the UK before the 25th-anniversary box set release.

On June 14, 2008, Volume 1 was re-released in the UK as a non-HMV exclusive, though both the artwork and the extras remain the same as the original HMV exclusive release. Volume 2 was released in the same way on March 3, 2009. Region 3

In Hong Kong, the show was packaged into four different DVD volume sets just as it was done in Region 1. Volumes 1 and 2 were both released on February 28, 2005, while Volume 3 was released July 7, 2005, and Volume 4 was released February 17, 2006.

Region 4

In Australia, Volume 1 was released on October 19, 2005. Volumes and the box set are available at websites like eBay.com, Amazon.com and Quicksales.com. All four volumes are available on the Australian iTunes Store, and were released individually on DVD on November 9, 2016, by Village Roadshow.

Blu-ray
During the series's 25th anniversary panel at the New York Comic Con on October 8, 2017, it was announced that the complete series and all 24 episodes of The New Batman Adventures would be released on Blu-ray later in 2018 (due to the financial success of the Batman: Mask of the Phantasm Blu-ray release in 2017). The Blu-ray release came out in fall 2018. The numbered, limited-edition box sets also included a code for a free digital SD and HD copy of the complete series, three collectible Funko Pocket Pops of Batman, the Joker and Harley Quinn, seven exclusive lenticular cards of original animation artwork, as well as Blu-ray copies of both spin-off animated films Mask of the Phantasm and SubZero.

Streaming
The series debuted on DC Universe in September 2018 in high definition. It moved to HBO Max on January 1, 2021.

Critical reception
Batman: The Animated Series, holds a perfect score on Rotten Tomatoes, with all 21 critics giving it a positive review. Widely hailed as a landmark in animated television, particularly in the superhero genre, reimagining Gotham City through a film noir lens, and modernizing Batman into a contemporary animated format. The decision to paint animation cels on black boards to enhance its dark and nocturnal atmosphere was lauded as groundbreaking visual choice that distinguished it from conventional animated shows. Critics unanimously applaud the series for its mature tone, storyline, voice acting, visual aesthetic, and fidelity to the source material. Scott Mendelson's Forbes article celebrates the series as the best superhero TV show, highlighting its grounded, life-sized drama and realistic portrayal of villains with relatable motivations. Mendelson also discusses how the series addresses real-life issues such as divorce and homelessness, showcasing its maturity and intelligence. Its emphasis on character-driven stories and adult themes has solidified its enduring appeal and established it as the quintessential Batman portrayal. Maya Phillips' review on New York Times highlights the series pioneering impact on Batman's television portrayal. Premiering in 1992, the series departed from previous campy versions, embracing a darker, more mature narrative influenced by Frank Miller's comics. It deftly balanced serious themes with humor, showcased by Kevin Conroy's acclaimed voice performance as Batman. The review applauds the series for revitalizing classic villains and introducing memorable characters like Harley Quinn, cementing its influence on subsequent Batman adaptations and foreseeing the franchise's enduring popularity across different media platforms.

Legacy and influence
Batman: The Animated Series has often been ranked as one of the greatest animated television shows ever made. In 1992, Entertainment Weekly ranked the series as one of the top television series of the year. IGN.com listed the series as the best adaptation of Batman anywhere outside of comics, the best comic book television show of all time and the second-best animated series of all time (after The Simpsons). Wizard magazine also ranked it No. 2 of the greatest animated television shows of all time (again after The Simpsons). TV Guide ranked it the seventh-greatest cartoon of all time.

In his reference book, Batman: The Complete History, Les Daniels described The Animated Series as coming "as close as any artistic statement has to defining the look of Batman for the 1990s." Animation historian Charles Solomon gave the series a somewhat mixed assessment, commenting that "the dark, Art Deco-influenced backgrounds tended to eclipse the stiff animation and pedestrian storytelling" and concluding that the series "looked better in stills than it did on the screen."

Several new characters, and other revamped backstories introduced in the series later made their way into comics and other media. Most notable was Harley Quinn, who was initially introduced in the Batman: The Animated Series episode "Joker's Favor", with the character being inspired and voiced by Arleen Sorkin. The character made her comics canon appearance in 1999 and is now one of the most popular characters in DC.

The dark atmosphere, mature themes, and even some of the voice cast from the series are employed in the Batman: Arkham video game series. Kevin Conroy, Mark Hamill, Arleen Sorkin, and Robert Costanzo reprise their roles. Furthermore, the first two games are co-written by series veteran Paul Dini. Also, Batman's design and costume in The Animated Series are featured as an alternate skin in Batman: Arkham City. These skins are available as downloadable content; they were also available in pre-orders at GameStop and a valid membership to Power-Up Rewards. There are also Animated-inspired alternate skins for Catwoman, Nightwing, and Robin.

Actor Robert Pattinson, who portrays Batman in The Batman (2022), has cited Batman: Mask of the Phantasm as an example of Batman media that effectively captured the character's psyche in a fashion he hoped his interpretation would emulate.

Feature films

 * Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) – based on The Animated Series; the film started production as a direct-to-video release, but was ultimately changed into a theatrical release. Although the film was not a financial success upon its initial release, it earned widespread acclaim and has since become a commercial success through its various home media releases.
 * Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero (1998) – a direct-to-video release, which was produced as a tie-in to the 1997 film Batman & Robin. SubZero's release was delayed until the following year due to Batman & Robin failing to meet commercial and critical expectations.

Comic adaptations
Batman: The Animated Series was accompanied by a tie-in comic book, The Batman Adventures, which followed the art style and continuity of the show rather than other Batman comic books. This comic series, through various format changes reflecting the evolving world of the show and its spin-offs, outlasted the series itself by nearly a decade. It was ultimately canceled in 2004 as part of a broader effort to conclude the DC Animated Universe. One notable milestone of The Batman Adventures was the first official comic appearance of the character Harley Quinn in issue No. 12, which has since become highly sought after by collectors and fans. DC announced in February 2020 that Paul Dini, Alan Burnett and artist Ty Templeton would be leading a new miniseries titled Batman: The Adventures Continue, set to be published in April 2020. This new series is based on the animated series and follows shortly after its conclusion, featuring Tim Drake as he adjusts to his role as the new Robin alongside Batman.

Superman & Batman Magazine
It is a tie-in for Batman: The Animated Series and The Batman Adventures, with 8 issues published between 1993 and 1995. The stories feature the appearances of Superman and other DC characters before their appearances in the base series and spinoff television series, but otherwise unrelated to the stories in the subsequent television series.

Novels
There was also a short-lived series of tie-in novels, adapted from episodes of the series by science fiction author Geary Gravel. To achieve novel-length, Gravel combined several related episodes into a single storyline in each novel. The novels included:

 * Shadows of the Past ("Appointment in Crime Alley", "Robin's Reckoning" two-parter)
 * Dual to the Death ("Two-Face" two-parter, "Shadow of the Bat" two-parter)
 * The Dragon and the Bat ("Night of the Ninja", "Day of the Samurai")
 * Mask of the Phantasm (Batman: Mask of the Phantasm)

Video games
Several video games based on the animated continuity were released during the 16-bit game-machine era, using The Adventures of Batman & Robin second season branding. Konami developed a game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), while Sega released versions of the game for the Genesis/Mega Drive, Mega-CD, and Game Gear. The SNES, Genesis/Mega Drive and Game Gear versions were side-scrolling action games, while the Mega-CD version featured a 3-D driving adventure. All of the games had art true to the series, while Sega's versions featured art elements directly from the show's creators. The CD version has over 20 minutes of original animated footage comparable to the most well-crafted episodes, with the principal voice actors reprising their roles.

There was also a game made for the Game Boy based on the series and created around the same time. Developed and published by Konami, this game was distinctive upon the fact that it still used the earlier Batman: The Animated Series moniker instead of The Adventures of Batman & Robin second season title given to the other games.

In Lego DC Super-Villains, a downloadable content level was released, based on the Batman: Mask of the Phantasm film, and contained some characters from the show, including the Batman: The Animated Series version of Batman, The Joker, Harley Quinn, Two-Face, Andrea Beaumont as The Phantasm, The Mad Hatter, Man-Bat, and Captain Clown.

Follow-ups
Due to the success of Batman: The Animated Series, many crew members went on to design and produce Superman: The Animated Series for The WB. During this time they created The New Batman Adventures, a direct sequel to the original series, featuring a revamped animation style that matched with Superman: The Animated Series. In 1999, a futuristic spin-off series titled Batman Beyond premiered on The WB, featuring a teenager named Terry McGinnis taking on the duties of Batman under the guidance of an elderly Bruce Wayne.

Canceled projects
Fox approached Bruce Timm to make a spin-off centered on Catwoman, but the project was abandoned shortly thereafter. Another continuation of the series was in development in the form of an audio podcast drama, with most of the cast returning along with writer Alan Burnett, before Conroy's passing.

title: Batman: The Animated Series


text:
Joseph Hooker

Joseph Hooker (November 13, 1814 – October 31, 1879) was an American Civil War general for the Union, chiefly remembered for his decisive defeat by Confederate General Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863.

Hooker had served in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War, receiving three brevet promotions, before resigning from the Army. At the start of the Civil War, he joined the Union side as a brigadier general, distinguishing himself at Williamsburg, Antietam and Fredericksburg, after which he was given command of the Army of the Potomac.

His ambitious plan for Chancellorsville was thwarted by Lee's bold move in dividing his army and routing a Union corps, as well as by mistakes on the part of Hooker's subordinate generals and his own loss of nerve. The defeat handed Lee the initiative, which allowed him to travel north to Gettysburg.

Hooker was kept in command, but when General Halleck and Lincoln declined his request for reinforcements, he resigned. George G. Meade was appointed to command the Army of the Potomac three days before Gettysburg.

Hooker returned to combat in November 1863, helping to relieve the besieged Union Army at Chattanooga, Tennessee, and continuing in the Western Theater under Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman, but departed in protest before the end of the Atlanta Campaign when he was passed over for promotion.

Hooker became known as "Fighting Joe" following a journalist's clerical error, and the nickname stuck. His personal reputation was as a hard-drinking ladies' man, and his headquarters was known for parties and gambling.

Early years
Hooker was born in Hadley, Massachusetts, the grandson of a captain in the American Revolutionary War. He was of entirely English ancestry, all of whom had been in New England since the early 1600s. His initial schooling was at the local Hopkins Academy. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1837, ranked 29th out of a class of 50, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the 1st U.S. Artillery. His initial assignment was in Florida fighting in the second of the Seminole Wars. He served in the Mexican–American War in staff positions in the campaigns of both Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. He received brevet promotions for his staff leadership and gallantry in three battles: Monterrey (to captain), National Bridge (major), and Chapultepec (lieutenant colonel). His future Army reputation as a ladies' man began in Mexico, where local women referred to him as the "Handsome Captain".

After the Mexican–American War (which ended in 1848), he served as an assistant adjutant general of the Pacific Division, but resigned his commission in 1853; his military reputation had been damaged when he testified against his former commander, General Scott, in the court-martial for insubordination of Gideon Johnson Pillow. The Handsome Captain struggled with the tedium of peacetime life and reportedly passed the time with liquor, ladies, and gambling. He settled in Sonoma County, California, as a farmer and land developer, and ran unsuccessfully for election to represent the region in the California legislature. He was obviously unhappy and unsuccessful in his civilian pursuits because, in 1858, he wrote to Secretary of War John B. Floyd to request that his name "be presented to president Buchanan as a candidate for a lieutenant colonelcy", but nothing came of his request. From 1859 to 1861, he held a commission as a colonel in the California militia.

Civil War
At the start of the Civil War in 1861, Hooker requested a commission, but his first application was rejected, possibly because of the lingering resentment harbored by Winfield Scott, general-in-chief of the Army. He had to borrow money to make the trip east from California. After he witnessed the Union Army defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run, he wrote a letter to President Abraham Lincoln that complained of military mismanagement, promoted his own qualifications, and again requested a commission. He was appointed, in August 1861, as brigadier general of volunteers to rank from May 17. He commanded a brigade and then division around Washington, D.C., as part of the effort to organize and train the new Army of the Potomac, under Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan.

1862

In the Peninsula Campaign of 1862, Hooker commanded the 2nd Division of the III Corps and made a good name for himself as a combat leader who handled himself well and aggressively sought out the key points on battlefields. He led his division with distinction at Williamsburg and at Seven Pines. Hooker's division did not play a major role in the Seven Days Battles, although he and fellow division commander Phil Kearny tried unsuccessfully to urge McClellan to counterattack the Confederates. He chafed at the cautious generalship of McClellan and openly criticized his failure to capture Richmond. Of his commander, Hooker said, "He is not only not a soldier, but he does not know what soldiership is." The Peninsula cemented two further reputations of Hooker's: his devotion to the welfare and morale of his men, and his hard-drinking social life, even on the battlefield.

On July 26, Hooker was promoted to major general, ranked from May 5. During the Second Battle of Bull Run, the III Corps was sent to reinforce John Pope's Army of Virginia. Following Second Bull Run, Hooker replaced Irvin McDowell as commander of the Army of Virginia's III Corps, which soon redesignated the I Corps of the Army of the Potomac. During the Maryland Campaign, Hooker led the I Corps at South Mountain and at Antietam, his corps launched the first assault of the bloodiest day in American history, driving south into the corps of Lt. Gen. Stonewall Jackson, where they fought each other to a standstill. Hooker, aggressive and inspiring to his men, left the battle early in the morning with a foot wound. He asserted that the battle would have been a decisive Union victory if he had managed to stay on the field, but General McClellan's caution once again failed the Northern troops and Lee's much smaller army eluded destruction. With his patience at an end, President Lincoln replaced McClellan with Maj. Gen. Ambrose Burnside. Although Hooker had criticized McClellan persistently, the latter was apparently unaware of it and in early October, shortly before his termination, had recommended that Hooker receive a promotion to brigadier general in the regular army. The War Department promptly acted on this recommendation, and Hooker received his brigadier's commission to rank from September 20. This promotion ensured that he would remain a general after the war was over, retire a general, and be entitled to a general's pay and pension.

The December 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg was another Union debacle. Upon recovering from his foot wound, Hooker was briefly made commander of V Corps but was then promoted to "Grand Division" command, with a command that consisted of both III and V Corps. Hooker derided Burnside's plan to assault the fortified heights behind the city, deeming them "preposterous". His Grand Division (particularly V Corps) suffered serious losses in fourteen futile assaults ordered by Burnside over Hooker's protests. Burnside followed up this battle with the humiliating Mud March in January and Hooker's criticism of his commander bordered on formal insubordination. He described Burnside as a "wretch ... of blundering sacrifice." Burnside planned a wholesale purge of his subordinates, including Hooker, and drafted an order for the president's approval. He stated that Hooker was "unfit to hold an important commission during a crisis like the present." But Lincoln's patience had again run out and he removed Burnside instead.

Army of the Potomac
Lincoln appointed Hooker to command of the Army of the Potomac on January 26, 1863. Some members of the army saw this move as inevitable, given Hooker's reputation for aggressive fighting, something sorely lacking in his predecessors. During the "Mud March" Hooker was quoted by a New York Times army correspondent as saying that "Nothing would go right until we had a dictator, and the sooner the better." Lincoln wrote a letter to the newly appointed general, part of which stated,

"I have heard, in such a way as to believe it, of your recently saying that both the Army and the Government needed a Dictator. Of course, it was not for this, but in spite of it, that I have given you the command. Only those generals who gain success can set up dictators. What I now ask of you is military success, and I will risk the dictatorship."

During the spring of 1863, Hooker established a reputation as an outstanding administrator and restored the morale of his soldiers, which had plummeted to a new low under Burnside. Among his changes were fixes to the daily diet of the troops, camp sanitary changes, improvements and accountability of the quartermaster system, addition of and monitoring of company cooks, several hospital reforms, and an improved furlough system (one man per company by turn, 10 days each). He created the Bureau of Military Information, which was the first all-source intelligence organization employed by the U.S. military. He also implemented corps badges as a means of identifying units during battle or when marching and to instill unit pride in the men. Other orders addressed the need to stem rising desertion (one from Lincoln combined with incoming mail review, the ability to shoot deserters, and better camp picket lines), more and better drills, stronger officer training, and for the first time, combining the federal cavalry into a single corps. The corps badge idea was suggested by Hooker's chief of staff, Daniel Butterfield. Hooker said of his revived army:

"I have the finest army on the planet. I have the finest army the sun ever shone on. ... If the enemy does not run, God help them. May God have mercy on General Lee, for I will have none."

Also during this winter, Hooker made several high-level command changes, including with his corps commanders. Both "Left Grand Division" commander Maj. Gen. William B. Franklin, who vowed that he would not serve under Hooker, and II Corps commander Maj. Gen. Edwin Vose Sumner was relieved of command, on Burnside's recommendation, in the same order appointing Hooker to command. The IX Corps was a potential source of embarrassment or friction within the army because it was Burnside's old corps, so it was detached as a separate organization and sent to the Virginia Peninsula under the command of Brig. Gen. William F. "Baldy" Smith, former commander of VI Corps. (Both Franklin and Smith were considered suspect by Hooker because of their previous political maneuvering against Burnside and on behalf of McClellan.)

For the important position of chief of staff, Hooker asked the War Department to send him Brig. Gen. Charles Stone, however, this was denied. Stone had been relieved, arrested, and imprisoned for his role in the Battle of Ball's Bluff in the fall of 1861, despite the lack of any trial. Stone did not receive a command upon his release, mostly due to political pressures, which left him militarily exiled and disgraced. Army of the Potomac historian and author Bruce Catton termed this request by Hooker "a strange and seemingly uncharacteristic thing" and "one of the most interesting things he ever did." Hooker never explained why he asked for Stone, but Catton believed:

"[Hooker] laid schemes and calculations aside and for one brief moment stood up as a straightforward soldier who would defy politics and politicians. ... It is a point to remember because to speak up for General Stone took moral courage, a quality which Joe Hooker is rarely accused of possessing."

Despite this, Fighting Joe would set a very bad example for the conduct of generals and their staff and subordinates. His headquarters in Falmouth, Virginia, was described by cavalry officer Charles F. Adams, Jr., as being a combination of a "bar-room and a brothel". He built a network of loyal political cronies that included Maj. Gen. Dan Butterfield for chief of staff, and the notorious political general, Maj. Gen. Daniel E. Sickles, for command of the III Corps.

Chancellorsville
Hooker's plan for the spring and summer campaign was both elegant and promising. He first planned to send his cavalry corps deep into the enemy's rear, disrupting supply lines and distracting him from the main attack. He would pin down Robert E. Lee's much smaller army at Fredericksburg while taking the large bulk of the Army of the Potomac on a flanking march to strike Lee in his rear. Defeating Lee, he could move on to seize Richmond. Unfortunately for Hooker and the Union, the execution of his plan did not match the elegance of the plan itself. The cavalry raid was conducted cautiously by its commander, Brig. Gen. George Stoneman, and met none of its objectives. The flanking march went well enough, achieving strategic surprise, but when he attempted to advance with three columns, Stonewall Jackson's surprise attack on May 1 pushed Hooker back and caused him to withdraw his troops. From there, Hooker pulled his army back to Chancellorsville and waited for Lee to attack. Lee audaciously split his smaller army in two to deal with both parts of Hooker's army. Then, he split again, sending Stonewall Jackson's corps on its own flanking march, striking Hooker's exposed right flank and routing the Union XI Corps. The Army of the Potomac dropped into a purely defensive mode and eventually was forced to retreat.

The Battle of Chancellorsville has been called "Lee's perfect battle" because of his ability to vanquish a much larger foe through audacious tactics. Part of Hooker's failure can be attributed to an encounter with a cannonball; while he was standing on the porch of his headquarters, the missile struck a wooden column against which he was leaning, initially knocking him senseless, and then putting him out of action for the rest of the day with a concussion. Despite his incapacitation, he refused entreaties to turn over temporary command of the army to his second-in-command, Maj. Gen. Darius N. Couch. Several of his subordinate generals, including Couch and Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum, openly questioned Hooker's command decisions. Couch was so disgusted that he refused to ever serve under Hooker again. Political winds blew strongly in the following weeks as generals maneuvered to overthrow Hooker or to position themselves if Lincoln decided on his own to do so.

Robert E. Lee once again began an invasion of the North, in June 1863, and Lincoln urged Hooker to pursue and defeat him. Hooker's initial plan was to seize Richmond instead, but Lincoln immediately vetoed that idea, so the Army of the Potomac began to march north, attempting to locate Lee's Army of Northern Virginia as it slipped down the Shenandoah Valley into Pennsylvania. Hooker's mission was first to protect Washington, D.C., and Baltimore and second to intercept and defeat Lee. Unfortunately, Lincoln was losing any remaining confidence he had in Hooker. Hooker's senior officers expressed to Lincoln their lack of confidence in Hooker, as did Henry W. Halleck, Lincoln's General-in-chief. When Hooker got into a dispute with Army headquarters over the status of defensive forces in Harpers Ferry, he impulsively offered his resignation in protest, which was quickly accepted by Lincoln and Halleck. On June 28, 1863, three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, Hooker was replaced by Maj. Gen. George Meade. Hooker received the Thanks of Congress for his role at the start of the Gettysburg Campaign, but the glory would go to Meade. Hooker's tenure as head of the Army of the Potomac had lasted 5 months.

Western Theater
Hooker's military career was not ended by his poor performance in the summer of 1863. He went on to regain a reputation as a solid corps commander when he was transferred with the XI and XII Corps of the Army of the Potomac westward to reinforce the Army of the Cumberland around Chattanooga, Tennessee. Hooker was in command at the Battle of Lookout Mountain, playing an important role in Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's decisive victory at the Battle of Chattanooga. He was brevetted to major general in the regular army for his success at Chattanooga, but he was disappointed to find that Grant's official report of the battle credited William Tecumseh Sherman's contribution over Hooker's.

Hooker led his corps (now designated the XX Corps) competently in the 1864 Atlanta Campaign under Sherman but when Army of the Tennessee commander James B. McPherson was killed in July during the battles around Atlanta, Sherman appointed XI Corps commander Oliver O. Howard to command the army instead. Hooker was offended at this gesture as he outranked Howard and had blamed him for the defeat at Chancellorsville. He also had very poor relations with XII Corps commander Henry W. Slocum ever since that battle and Slocum was relieved at being reassigned and sent to command the Vicksburg garrison. Sherman did not have a very positive opinion of Hooker and readily accepted his resignation. Upon hearing of Hooker's protests at being turned down for army command despite his seniority, Grant remarked "A major general is only entitled to command of a division." Hooker's biographer reports that there were numerous stories indicating that Abraham Lincoln attempted to intercede with Sherman, urging that Hooker be appointed to command the Army of Tennessee, but Sherman threatened to resign if the president insisted. However, due to "obvious gaps" in the Official Records, the story cannot be verified.

After leaving Georgia, Hooker commanded the Northern Department (comprising the states of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois), headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, from October 1, 1864, until the end of the war. While in Cincinnati he married Olivia Groesbeck, sister of Congressman William S. Groesbeck.

Final years

After the war, Hooker led Lincoln's funeral procession in Springfield on May 4, 1865. He served in command of the Department of the East and Department of the Lakes following the war. His postbellum life was marred by poor health and he was partially paralyzed by a stroke. He was mustered out of the volunteer service on September 1, 1866, and retired from the U.S. Army on October 15, 1868, with the regular army rank of major general. He died on October 31, 1879, while on a visit to Garden City, New York, and is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, Ohio, his wife's hometown.

Legacy
Hooker was popularly known as "Fighting Joe" Hooker, a nickname he regretted deeply; he said, "People will think I am a highwayman or a bandit." When a newspaper dispatch arrived in New York during the Peninsula Campaign, a typographical error changed the entry "Fighting – Joe Hooker Attacks Rebels" to remove the dash and the name stuck. Robert E. Lee occasionally referred to him as "Mr. F. J. Hooker" in a mildly sarcastic jab at his opponent.

Hooker's reputation as a hard-drinking ladies' man was established through rumors in the pre-Civil War Army and has been cited by a number of popular histories. Biographer Walter H. Hebert describes the general's personal habits as the "subject of much debate" although there was little debate in the popular opinion of the time. His men parodied Hooker in the popular war song Marching Along. The lines

"McClellan's our leader, He's gallant and strong"

were replaced by

"Joe Hooker's our leader, He takes his whiskey strong."

Historian Stephen W. Sears, however, states that there is no basis for the claims that Hooker was a heavy drinker or that he was ever intoxicated on the battlefield.

There is a popular legend that "hooker" as a slang term for a prostitute is derived from his last name because of parties and a lack of military discipline at his headquarters near the Murder Bay district of Washington, DC. Some versions of the legend claim that the band of prostitutes that followed his division was derisively referred to as "General Hooker's Army" or "Hooker's Brigade". However, the term "hooker" was used in print as early as 1845, years before Hooker was a public figure, and is likely derived from the concentration of prostitutes around the shipyards and ferry terminal of the Corlear's Hook area of Manhattan in the early to middle 19th century, who came to be referred to as "hookers". The prevalence of the Hooker legend may have been at least partly responsible for the popularity of the term. There is some evidence that an area in Washington, DC, known for prostitution during the Civil War, was referred to as "Hooker's Division". The name was shortened to "The Division" when he spent time there after First Bull Run guarding D.C. against incursion.

There is an equestrian statue of General Hooker outside the Massachusetts State House in Boston, and Hooker County in Nebraska is named for him.

In Sonoma, where he settled before the Civil War, his historic house near Sonoma Plaza currently houses a winery office and tasting room, and a thoroughfare in nearby Agua Caliente is named Hooker Avenue in his honor.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Joseph Hooker


text:
Talk:Christmas card

move
This should not have been moved here. "Christmas Card" with two upper case letters is its own disamibugation. -- Zoe

The description here seems overly Jesus-centric; many Christmas cards in the US at least are based rather in the Santa Claus tradition. --Brion 03:43 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)

--

In Japan, Christmas cards sometimes have pictures of Santa being crucified. :-)

 * I was devasted to hear that this is probably an urban myth. I suspect that if such a thing does nowadays exist, it is a deliberate joke based oin the original myth or story. Funny how many of the best stories end up not being true, isn't it? Nevilley 17:48 Jan 24, 2003 (UTC)

There are Christmas Cards and there are christmas cards--know what i mean? this is not a proper name!

[I love this place. I love all disputes. I hope no one is angry!]

Arthur

---

I'm not angry, just confused. :) "Christmas" is a proper name. "Card" is not. Ergo, "Christmas card". (Except for the obscure album title, of course.) --Brion 03:56 Jan 20, 2003 (UTC)

So what's your problem? The generic item is here. We're fine, leave it alone. -- Zoe

Which Queen Mary?
Is this Queen Mary the Mary of Teck, wife of George V, UK? Make clear? Cheers JackyR 20:22, 23 December 2005 (UTC)
 * Oh, good point! Certainly not the first, I don't think she had much leisure time. Fixed. (With link.) Lindmere 18:05, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Commercial and Personal Websites
Not surprisingly, this page attracts a fair amount of linkspam from ecard and other card purveyors. I added an External Links section for historical archives and other material that does not relate directly to the article, but are relevant to the topic. I would suggest that noncommercial ecard and other sites are only worthy of links if they would significantly enhance the reader's understanding of past history or current trends in Christmas cards. Lindmere 16:43, 27 August 2007 (UTC)

Snowy weather traditionally depicted in British cards a result of volcano activity in Victorian times
I've heard that the idea we have in Britain of Christmas being a time of snow was established during Victorian times, when the cards first became popular, and in writings by Dickens, was due to unusually cold weather at that time due to the eruption of a large volcano (Krakatoa?). In normal times, snow is quite rare on Christmas day in England, at least. Another thing I've heard is that this was due to Christmas being held in what we would now call January, prior to the change to the modern calendar. 78.147.242.123 (talk) 21:47, 6 April 2009 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just added archive links to 2 one external links on Christmas card. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20071208234007/http://www.jsonline.com:80/news/metro/dec04/286613.asp to http://www.jsonline.com/news/metro/dec04/286613.asp
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/20141028180539/http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/cards/ to http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/cards/

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Hello fellow Wikipedians, have just added 1 external link on the Christmas eCard in the sense of article modification as well as I have fixed 2 citation links, one more thing please check out the "References Number 27". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Motivatorss (talk • contribs) 01:03, 18 August 2022 (UTC)

Cheers. —cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 08:41, 30 August 2015 (UTC)

title: Talk:Christmas card


text:
Chinese social relations

Chinese social relations are typified by a reciprocal social network. Often social obligations within the network are characterized in familial terms. The individual link within the social network is known by guanxi (关系/關係) and the feeling within the link is known by the term ganqing (感情). An important concept within Chinese social relations is the concept of face, as in many other Asian cultures. A Buddhist-related concept is yuanfen (缘分/緣分).

As articulated in the sociological works of leading Chinese academic Fei Xiaotong, the Chinese—in contrast to other societies—tend to see social relations in terms of networks rather than boxes. Hence, people are perceived as being "near" or "far" rather than "in" or "out".

title: Chinese social relations