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Republican River

The Republican River is a river in the central Great Plains of North America, rising in the High Plains of eastern Colorado and flowing east 453 mi through the U.S. states of Nebraska and Kansas.

Geography
The Republican River is formed by the confluence of the North Fork Republican River and the Arikaree River just north of Haigler in Dundy County, Nebraska. It joins with the South Fork Republican River immediately southeast of Benkelman, Nebraska. All three tributaries originate in the High Plains of northeastern Colorado. From the confluence, the river flows generally eastward along the southern border of Nebraska, passing through Swanson Reservoir and Harlan County Reservoir before curving southward into the Smoky Hills region of Kansas. The Republican River joins the Smoky Hill River at Junction City, Kansas to form the Kansas River.

Some cities along the river are McCook, Nebraska, Clay Center, Kansas, Concordia, Kansas and Junction City, Kansas. Near Concordia is the Republican River Pegram Truss, a bridge that goes over the Republican River that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History
The river was named after a branch of Pawnee Indians known as "the Republicans".

As early as 1785, the Spanish and French had identified one of the villages of the Pawnee people as aldea de la Republica (little village of the Republic). A French traders' custom was to name rivers for the tribal villages located on their banks. In this way, the north fork of the Kansas River was named Fourche des Republiques or Fork of the Republics.

The Kitkehahkis Pawnee villages farmed corn, beans, and pumpkin in the fertile Republican valley floor but seasonally left to hunt buffalo in the plains to the west and south.

The Kitkehahkis, or Republican Pawnee, occasionally abandoned and relocated various villages along the Republican River. In 1806, first the Spanish and then the Americans journeyed to the large Kitkehahkis village on Republican River, the Pike-Pawnee Village Site then near the present Guide Rock, Nebraska. Both parties were seeking the tribe's assistance in enforcing competing claims to the Louisiana Territory. Leading the much smaller American expedition, Lieutenant Zebulon Pike convinced the Kitkehahkis to accept the American Flag in place of the Spanish.

In 1853, Fort Riley was established at the junction of the Republican with the Smoky Hill and Kansas Rivers. American settlement of the lower Republican River in began in the 1860s.

Prior to 1864, the Kansas River was publicly navigable under Kansas law. A side-wheel steamboat of 125 tons burden, Financier No. 2, reached the Republican River in 1855 and ascended it some 40 miles. However, in 1864, railroad interests passed a bill through the Kansas Legislature entitled, "An act declaring the Kansas, Republican, Smoky Hill, Solomon, and Big Blue rivers not navigable, and authorizing the bridging of the same." Railroads were thus permitted to bridge or dam the Republican as if it were never declared navigable.

The Kansas Pacific Railway reached the fork of the Republican in 1866, crossing into the Junction City town site. The Junction City and Fort Kearney Railroad was constructed up the valley of the Republican to Clay Center in 1873.

The 1864 law was repealed in 1913; however, under Kansas Law, public access, whether for transport or recreation, is permitted only on publicly owned rivers. The State of Kansas owns only the Kansas and Arkansas Rivers as well as the portion of the Missouri River adjoining the northeastern corner of the state. As such, the limit of public river access is at the mouth of the Republican River. A public boat access ramp was opened on the mouth of the Republican River in 2009 just upstream of the railroad bridge, providing access to the upper end of the Kansas River National Water Trail, a part of the National Water Trail program.

Milford Lake, the largest man-made lake in Kansas, was completed on the Republican in 1967.

Republican River Compact
Allocation of the water from the Republican River is governed through an agreement called the Republican River Compact, involving the states of Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado, as modified by the settlement of a United States Supreme Court case (Kansas vs. Nebraska and Colorado) involving a water-use dispute under the Compact.

July 1902
On July 9, 1902, the river flooded near Concordia, Kansas, breaking a dam and re-routing the river by a quarter-mile (about half a kilometer).

May/June 1935
The storm of May 31 and June 1, 1935, (called "Nebraska's Deadliest Flood") dumped an average rainfall of 9 in on the river's watershed. This storm was also unique in that it moved in the same direction as the drainage basin. As a result, the Frenchman, Red Willow, Medicine, Deer, Muddy, and Turkey creeks all reached their flood peaks at the same time as the crest passed on the Republican River.

According to witness accounts, the roar of the water could be heard coming down the Republican Valley 5 mi away. Many survivors also reported that there were two crests - the water came up on May 28, then receded slightly, but the second crest on June 1 greatly exceeded the first. At one point, the water rose 6 ft in 30 minutes and was 10 to 15 ft higher than the previous record crest. One eyewitness said the water level rose in some places at 10 miles per hour or more. Another account states that the Republican rose 10 ft in 12 minutes in McCook, destroying the structures in its path. Water was 20 ft deep in some places, and the discharge was 280000 cuft/s, more than 320 times the normal flow today.

Estimates show 113 people killed. From 11,400 to 41,500 head of cattle were killed; one report said that carcasses littering the roads made them impassable. A total of 341 mi of highway and 307 bridges were destroyed, and 74500 acre of farmland were inundated.

title: Republican River


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Frontier Airlines

Frontier Airlines is a major American ultra low-cost airline headquartered in Denver, Colorado. It operates flights to over 120 destinations in the United States, Caribbean, Mexico and Central America, and employs more than 3,000 staff. The carrier is a subsidiary and operating brand of Indigo Partners, LLC, and maintains a hub at Denver International Airport with numerous focus cities across the US and Puerto Rico.

1990s
Frontier Airlines was created by Frederick W. "Rick" Brown (a United Airlines pilot), his wife Janice Brown, and Bob Schulman, the latter two having worked at the original Frontier Airlines (1950–1986). In 1993, Continental Airlines was scaling back flights from Denver's Stapleton International Airport (which was closed and replaced with the Denver International Airport in 1995), and the three proposed a charter airline named AeroDenver Travel Services to fill demand on international routes, potentially in partnership with Condor Airlines. To run the company, they brought in M.C. "Hank" Lund (ex-CEO of the original Frontier Airlines) as CEO and Sam Addoms as executive vice-president and treasurer (later CEO). As Continental's Denver drawback expanded in scope in late 1993, the proposed airline pivoted to fill regional routes, and adopted the Frontier Airlines name. The company was incorporated in February and went public in May 1994. Scheduled flights began on July 5, 1994, using Boeing 737-200 jetliners between Denver and four cities in North Dakota. Around three-quarters of its 180 employees, and many executives, had worked for the original Frontier Airlines. By January 1995, Frontier had expanded its route network from Denver and was serving destinations in New Mexico, Montana, North Dakota, Texas, Nevada, Nebraska, and Arizona. Like the original airline of the same name, the new Frontier operated a hub at Denver (DEN) and for the first nine years used the slogan "The Spirit of the West" which was displayed above the windows and just behind the cursive letters "Frontier" on the fuselage of their aircraft.

In 1999, Frontier signed agreements to begin purchasing and leasing Airbus A318 and A319 jet aircraft and had also added Boeing 737-300 jetliners to its fleet as well. Also by September 1999, the airline was serving destinations from coast to coast in the U.S., having expanded its route network to include Atlanta (ATL); Baltimore (BWI); Bloomington/Normal, Illinois (BMI); Boston (BOS); Chicago (MDW, Midway Airport); Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW); Phoenix (PHX); Los Angeles (LAX); Minneapolis/St. Paul (MSP); New York City (LGA, LaGuardia Airport); Orlando (MCO); Portland, Oregon (PDX); Salt Lake City (SLC); San Diego (SAN); San Francisco (SFO); and Seattle (SEA), all served from its Denver hub.

2000s
Frontier took delivery of its first Airbus aircraft (an A319) in 2001 and simultaneously launched with it DirecTV in-flight television along with a new company livery. Frontier Airlines was the launch customer of the Airbus A318 in 2003. In mid-April 2005, Frontier officially became an all-Airbus fleet, retiring its last Boeing 737. Jeff Potter was appointed CEO in 2002.

As part of its plan to stay competitive in reaction to the entry of Southwest Airlines into Denver, the company underwent a reorganization early in 2006. On April 3, 2006, Frontier created Frontier Airlines Holdings (FRNT), a holding company incorporated in Delaware to take advantage of favorable tax laws in that state. The corporate headquarters did not leave Colorado. In 2007, Frontier established a commuter airline subsidiary, Lynx Aviation, Inc., chaired by Dr. Paul Stephen Dempsey. Also that year, Jeff Potter left the company and was replaced by Air Canada's Sean Menke as CEO.

On January 24, 2007, Frontier was designated as a major carrier by the United States Department of Transportation.

On January 11, 2007, Frontier Airlines signed an 11-year service agreement with Republic Airways. Under the agreement, Republic was to operate 17, 76-seat Embraer 170 aircraft for the former Frontier JetExpress operations. At the time the contract was canceled in April 2008, Republic Airways operated 11 aircraft for Frontier Airlines, with the remaining six aircraft expected to join the fleet by December 2008. With the integration of Republic aircraft, the 'JetExpress' denotation was removed. Subsequent to the cessation of Horizon's services for Frontier in December 2007, all flights operated by Republic were sold and marketed as "Frontier Airlines, operated by Republic Airways." The first market created specifically for the Embraer 170 was Louisville, Kentucky, which began on April 1, 2007. Service to Louisville was suspended in August 2008 but restarted in April 2010.

Flights operated by Republic Airlines offered in-flight snack and beverage services similar to Frontier's mainline flights. Unlike Frontier's aircraft and due to the nature of contracting with regional carriers, these Embraer 170 aircraft were not fitted with LiveTV.

On April 10, 2008, Frontier filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in reaction to the intent of its credit card processor, First Data, to withhold significant proceeds from ticket sales. First Data decided that it would withhold 100% of the carrier's proceeds from ticket sales beginning May 1. According to Frontier's press release, "This change in practice would have represented a material change to our cash forecasts and business plan. Unchecked, it would have put severe restraints on Frontier's liquidity..." Its operation continued uninterrupted, though, as Chapter 11 bankruptcy protected the corporation's assets and allowed restructuring to ensure long-term viability. After months of losses, Frontier Airlines reported that they made their first profit during the month of November 2008, reporting US$2.9 million in net income for the month.

On June 22, 2009, Frontier Airlines announced that, pending bankruptcy court approval, Republic Airways Holdings, the Indianapolis-based parent company of Republic Airways, would acquire all assets of Frontier for the amount of $108 million. Thus, Frontier Airlines would become a wholly owned subsidiary of Republic. However, five weeks later on July 30, Dallas-based Southwest Airlines announced that it would be making a competing bid of $113.6 million for Frontier with intentions to also operate Frontier as a wholly owned subsidiary, but that it would gradually fold Frontier resources into current Southwest operating assets.

During a bankruptcy auction on August 13, 2009, Republic Airways Holdings acquired Frontier Airlines and its regional airline, Lynx Aviation, as wholly owned subsidiaries. On October 1, Republic completed the transaction, and Frontier officially exited bankruptcy as a new airline.

In late 2009, Republic began to consolidate administrative positions and moved 140 jobs from the Frontier Airlines Denver headquarters to Indianapolis. Shortly after in January 2010, Republic Airways announced that it would move all of its executives to Indianapolis. Later in February, the Denver Business Journal stated that the headquarters would be moved "soon". Despite this, according to the Denver Business Journal, Frontier Airlines will still maintain a local headquarters in Denver to house Training, Marketing, Customer Reservations, and Scheduling & Planning teams after extending its lease on the building through 2020.

In 2010, Frontier's then-CEO Bryan Bedford took part in the reality TV show Undercover Boss.

As Republic Airways Holdings was in the process of bidding to acquire Frontier in 2009, it was also in the process of acquiring Milwaukee-based Midwest Airlines. Through the fall and winter of 2009, Republic operated its two new acquisitions as separate brands. However, to improve efficiency by better matching aircraft capacity to route demand, Republic began to intermix the fleets of the two airlines, swapping a portion of its higher-capacity planes from Frontier with its smaller-capacity planes from Midwest and vice versa. However, the move caused some confusion amongst the public, as the two brands did not offer the same amenities and did not match the amenities mentioned on the airfare. As a result, in the Spring of 2010, Frontier and Midwest Airlines announced that their brands would merge, with Frontier being the surviving brand. This was a merger of brands only—no Midwest Airlines aircraft was ever operated by Frontier, as by this time, all Midwest Airlines flights were operated on its behalf by other Republic Airways Holdings subsidiaries.

On April 13, 2011, Frontier formed a new subsidiary, Frontier Express, that was planned to operate the airline's smaller aircraft with different services than those available on full-size aircraft.

2010s
Upon the full merger and integration of Frontier and Midwest Airlines in October 2010, Frontier and its regional partners operated over 100 daily flights from the Milwaukee hub. However, on September 9, 2011, Frontier notified the public of a 40% reduction of arriving and departing flights from MKE. Along with this reduction of flights, the company laid off approximately 140 employees from the MKE station. This included but was not limited to: maintenance, grooming services, flight-line and gate.

In February 2012, Frontier Airlines further reduced service to Milwaukee by cutting five more nonstop routes. This move "reduced Frontier's daily departing flights out of Mitchell International from 32 to 18," or 56%. Frontier announced further layoffs in conjunction with this route change: up to 446 Milwaukee-area employees were affected by the job cuts that occurred between April 15 and 30, 2012.

In an effort to focus on regional contract flights for major carriers, Republic Airways Holdings announced in January 2012 its intention to sell or spin off Frontier. On January 26, 2012, Republic Airways Holdings appointed former US Airways and Gate Gourmet CEO David Siegel as president and CEO of Frontier Airlines. Republic also added new senior officers for Frontier's finance and commercial team, among other changes in the executive leadership team. Siegel and other Frontier executives moved to Denver where Frontier is headquartered in order to facilitate management of all aspects of Frontier during its separation process from Republic and continue its transformation into an ultra low-cost carrier (ULCC).

In November 2012, Frontier started low-frequency service between Orlando International Airport and Trenton–Mercer Airport (TTN), located in Ewing, New Jersey, which at that time, had no commercial service. Frontier later expanded service several times from Trenton, and as of January 2023 services 9 destinations. Frontier currently bases three aircraft in Trenton. Trenton Mercer Airport lies roughly equidistant between Philadelphia International Airport and Newark Liberty International Airport.

In July 2013, Frontier started service from Wilmington-New Castle Airport (ILG) near Wilmington, Delaware, to five destinations, which Frontier markets as Wilmington/Philadelphia. Again, this airport had no commercial service prior to Frontier's entry. New Castle Airport lies roughly 30 miles southwest of Philadelphia International Airport and 75 miles northeast of Baltimore–Washington International Airport. As of 2022, Frontier does not serve ILG.

Frontier marketed both the Trenton-Mercer and Wilmington-Philadelphia airports as low-cost, low-hassle alternatives to the existing nearby commercial airports. Frontier is the only commercial carrier at Trenton, and was the only carrier at ILG until it left in 2022.

In October 2013, Republic Airways Holdings entered into an agreement with private equity firm Indigo Partners to sell Frontier Airlines for approximately $145 million. According to Indigo, the transaction would further Frontier's evolution into an ULCC. In December 2013, Indigo Partners LLC, through an affiliate, completed the purchase of Frontier Airlines from Republic Airways Holdings. The airline's headquarters remained in Denver. On January 1, 2014, Republic Airways Holdings subsidiary Republic Airlines ceased its operation of Embraer 190 aircraft on behalf of Frontier.In 2014, Frontier announced it would be transitioning into an ULCC. Frontier also announced that it would cut several flights and jobs at its Denver hub and transition them to different markets. On January 16, 2015, Frontier announced that it would close both its Denver and Milwaukee call centers, laying off 1,300 employees and outsourcing the jobs to call center company Sitel, which operates a large call center for Frontier in Las Cruces, New Mexico. Frontier Airlines joined Spirit and Allegiant in June 2015 by eradicating its toll-free telephone number for customer service.

In June 2014, Frontier Airlines opened a crew base for flight attendants at Trenton–Mercer Airport.

In January 2015, Frontier Airlines cut several flights from Wilmington and Trenton. It also resumed service to Philadelphia, casting doubt on the airline's existing bases. In late June 2015, Frontier announced it had ceased service in Wilmington, stating it was not profitable.

In February 2015, Frontier announced that they would begin service to several destinations from Atlanta, adding the airport as a focus city. In July, Frontier began to decrease service from Washington Dulles International Airport, removing the airport as a focus city. In early 2016, Frontier announced major route expansion from airports nationwide, including Atlanta, Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Orlando, and Philadelphia. In June 2016, Frontier re-established service to John Glenn Columbus International Airport. In May 2017, the airline announced it would open a new crew base in Las Vegas in fall 2017, to improve operational reliability and potentially create new jobs in Las Vegas. In December 2017, Frontier began service to Buffalo, New York, with service to Denver, Colorado, and Florida, including Miami, Fort Myers, Orlando, and Tampa.

In May 2015, Indigo and Frontier announced the departure of David Siegel as CEO. He had already previously turned over the role of president to Barry Biffle, formerly of Spirit Airlines. Siegel was not immediately replaced; instead, his duties were split between Biffle and Indigo chairman Bill Franke. Biffle cited operational issues in connection with Siegel's departure.

In 2015, in an airline quality rating report by Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University and Wichita State University, Frontier was ranked amongst the five worst airlines in the United States, especially due to its rate of customer complaints and bumped passengers. The airline had relatively poor on-time performance, and the waiting time for help when calling the airline on the phone was reported to have risen to two hours or more.

In December 2016, a winter weather event disrupted fleet operations and caused Frontier to delay or cancel up to 70% of their flights suddenly during the peak of the crisis. On the weekend of December 17, the storm caused major delays at Frontier's Denver hub. The effects of the storm were felt throughout the fleet. Flights were delayed or canceled at airports across the country; in some cases, planes were ready to depart, but the airline had no rested and available flight crews to service the flights. The head of Frontier's pilot's union issued a statement criticizing the companies' handling of the event, comparing the airline to a "house of cards."

2020s
In 2020, class-action lawsuits against Frontier were filed after the company refused to refund airfare for customers who could not travel during the COVID-19 pandemic. The company accepted part of the $25 billion in U.S. government funds to offset financial damage to the airline industry during the outbreak.

On April 1, 2021, Frontier went public with an initial public offering on the Nasdaq exchange. The company adopted the ticker symbol ULCC, a nod to the company's ultra low-cost carrier business model.

In early 2022, Frontier attempted to acquire Spirit Airlines, another US-based ULCC in a US$2.8 billion cash-and-stock deal. The deal would have created the fifth-largest airline in the country. After announcing the proposal, JetBlue made a competing offer to acquire Spirit for US$3.6 billion in cash. On July 27, 2022, Spirit announced that its shareholders had rejected Frontier's offer.

In November 2022, Frontier announced that it would establish a crew operating base at Dallas Fort Worth International Airport (DFW) in early 2023, and would add a gate in DFW Terminal E for flights to additional destinations starting in April of that year. That month, it also eliminated its customer service phone line completely, referring customers to online channels.

Business trends
The key available trends for Frontier Group Holdings, Inc. over recent years are shown below (as at year ending December 31), although full annual accounts have not been published since Frontier has been owned by private equity firm, Indigo Partners.

Management changes
Dave Siegel took the chief executive officer role in January 2012. Siegel's tenure ran through May 2015, when he left for personal reasons and was succeeded by the company's chairman, Bill Franke, who would manage strategy and finances. In April 2014, Barry L. Biffle was appointed as the company's president, reporting to Siegel; after Siegel's departure, Biffle was charged with managing the company's day-to-day operations.

Frontier JetExpress
In February 2002, the airline launched its first regional product, Frontier JetExpress, initially operated by Mesa Airlines using CRJ-200 regional jets. Similar to the "express" operations of other carriers, Frontier JetExpress was targeted for markets to and from Denver that do not generate traffic sufficient to support Frontier's smallest mainline jet, the Airbus A318, but could still offer lucrative business with a smaller jet.

The initial JetExpress partnership with Mesa ended in January 2004, when Horizon Air was selected to operate the routes. Horizon utilized slightly larger CRJ-700 regional jet aircraft on these routes. In August 2006, Frontier and Horizon planned to end their partnership. While Frontier was generally pleased with Horizon's operation, the carrier decided that it needed to revisit the agreement and find a provider with additional regional jets to grow the operation. The last of the CRJ-700s was returned to the Horizon Air fleet on November 30, 2007. As the service by Horizon Air was winding down in November 2007, Frontier had some flights operated by ExpressJet using Embraer-145 regional jets.

Lynx Aviation
On September 6, 2006, Frontier created a new division of the holding company, known as Lynx Aviation, to operate Bombardier Q400 aircraft beginning in May 2007. On December 5, 2007, Lynx Aviation received its operating certificate from the FAA. Lynx began passenger operations on the morning of December 6, 2007.

After commencing operations, Lynx provided service to 19 regional destinations: Albuquerque, Aspen, Billings, Boise, Bozeman, Colorado Springs, Durango, El Paso, Fargo, Grand Junction, Hayden/Steamboat Springs (seasonal), Jackson Hole (Seasonal), Kansas City, Oklahoma City, Omaha, Rapid City, Salt Lake City, Tulsa, and Wichita. Most cities were also served by mainline Frontier jets however Lynx provided the only Frontier service to Aspen, Billings, Bozeman, Colorado Springs, Grand Junction, and Hayden.

In 2012, the Lynx Aviation operation was folded into Republic Airways Holdings' subsidiary, Republic Airways. The remaining Q400 aircraft were withdrawn from Frontier service and placed in service for United Airlines, flying as United Express.

Republic Airways
Republic Airways operated Embraer 170 regional jets on behalf of Frontier in 2007 through mid-2008. Republic was also providing feeder service for Midwest Airlines and as Frontier and Midwest began merging in 2009, retaining the Frontier brand, Republic resumed service for Frontier with the Embraer 170s and also introduced larger Embraer 190 jets.

Chautauqua Airlines
Chautauqua Airlines had been operating feeder flights on behalf of Midwest Airlines and began service for Frontier with the merger of Frontier and Midwest in October 2010. Chautauqua operated up to 12 Embraer 135 and Embraer 145 jets out of Milwaukee. Frontier began branding these flights as Frontier Express in the spring of 2011. New service began in 2011 on three subsidized Essential Air Service routes to the cities of Rhinelander, Wisconsin, as well as Ironwood and Manistee, Michigan. However, Frontier almost immediately began a pull-down of the Milwaukee hub and by the end of 2012, the only route that continued to operate with a Frontier Express ERJ-145 jet was Milwaukee to Rhinelander. Service to Rhinelander ended on January 3, 2013, and Chautauqua transferred the remaining aircraft to other partners.

Maverick Airways
In early 1997, Maverick Airways was operating codeshare service for Frontier with de Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7 STOL capable turboprops between Denver (DEN) and two destinations in Colorado: Grand Junction (GJT) and Steamboat Springs (SBS).

Aspen Mountain Air
From mid-1997 through mid-1998, Aspen Mountain Air operated codeshare service for Frontier from Denver to Aspen, CO, Bozeman, MT, and Sioux City IA. The carrier flew Dornier 328 prop aircraft.

Great Lakes Airlines
Great Lakes Airlines also operated a codeshare service with Frontier from the early 2000s, until the airline shut down in 2018. Great Lakes provided connecting service to many smaller cities from the Denver hub as well as several other focus cities, using Beechcraft 1900D and Embraer EMB 120 Brasilia aircraft.

Airline branding
From 1994 to 2001, the airline's livery consisted of green script "Frontier" titles on the forward fuselage, a small "Spirit of the West" slogan, and wildlife photography on the tail of each aircraft. Most Boeing 737 aircraft featured different imagery on both sides.

Beginning in 2001, a new livery was introduced on the airline's new Airbus A319s, with large silver "FRONTIER" titles on the sides of the aircraft, and the airline's "Spirit of the West" slogan, later changed to "A whole different animal." The animal tails were retained, although only one image per aircraft was now used. Though the airline's Boeing 737s remained in the fleet until 2005, none were repainted into this livery.

In April 2013, Frontier introduced a modified version of that livery, keeping the iconic animals on aircraft tails, but dropping its former slogan and replacing "FRONTIER" with "FLYFRONTIER.COM", the company's website, in support of new marketing that focused heavily on the airline's web presence. This livery was only painted on a few newly delivered aircraft. Aircraft in the older livery received "FLYFRONTIER.COM" titles on engine nacelles.

On September 9, 2014, Frontier introduced an updated livery, as part of a rebranding that saw the spokesanimals' roles increase. The new livery reintroduced a green "FRONTIER" typeface to the fuselage, featuring the stylized "F" designed by Saul Bass for the original Frontier when the carrier unveiled a new livery in 1978. The livery of 2014 also includes the traditional arrow used by the original Frontier prior to 1978. Each aircraft features the name of the animal featured on its tail near the nose of the aircraft for easier identification.

Animal concepts used in the livery extend into Frontier's marketing as well. Each animal has a specific name. Animal aircraft used in their radio and television commercials include Jack the rabbit, Grizwald the bear, Foxy the fox (for whom Jack has a crush), Flip the dolphin (who always gets stuck going to Chicago rather than the warmer climates the others are going to), Larry the lynx, Hector the sea otter, and Sal the cougar. New additions are Penguins Jim, Joe, Jay, and Gary, a barbershop-style quartet, singing the praises of EarlyReturns to an audience of Frontier's well-known characters from the "a whole different animal" campaign, Hector the otter, advertising Frontier's expanding service to Mexico, and Polly the Parrot, who won the new animal audition in 2012.

Expanding on these concepts in 2023, Frontier introduced a new approach with their animal mascots taking on promiscuous roles in a calendar titled "Fur & Feathers".

Destinations
Frontier Airlines operates a network consisting of both domestic and international destinations in the United States, Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean.

Codeshare agreements
Frontier has a codeshare agreement with Volaris.

Current fleet

, Frontier Airlines operates an all-Airbus A320ceo and A320neo family fleet composed of the following aircraft:

Fleet development
During the 2011 Paris Air Show, Republic Airways Holdings ordered 60 A320neo aircraft and 20 A319neo aircraft for Frontier. In 2014, the airline ordered 19 Airbus A321neos. In October 2016, Frontier Airlines took delivery of its first Airbus A320neo aircraft and became the second US operator of the type after Spirit Airlines.

On November 15, 2017, Frontier Airlines announced a $15 billion order for 134 additional A320neo family aircraft. The order, slightly revised under new owner Indigo, consisted of 100 A320neos and 34 A321neos. The order also included the conversion of the remaining A319neo to A320neo. With this order, Frontier Airlines fleet sought industry-leading fuel efficiency as well as one of the youngest and most modern fleets, particularly in comparison to other low-cost carriers, with an average fleet age of five years.

Historical fleet
Frontier Airlines has operated the following aircraft types:

Frontier was the launch customer of the Airbus A318; between 2003 and 2007, the airline took delivery of eleven of the type. Retirement of the type began in 2010 and was completed by autumn 2013. All of Frontier's A318 were parted out for scrap. At the time, the five youngest examples had spent less than two and a half years in active service, while the oldest two were just over ten years old.

Services
As an ultra low-cost carrier (ULCC), Frontier sells basic economy class tickets and imposes fees for additional amenities and services, such as for advance seat reservation and baggage allowance, waiving of change and cancel fees, and operates a buy on board service for in-flight catering. Prior to its transition to an ULCC, the airline offered DirecTV channels on seat-mounted electronic screens for an additional fee. Following the removal of the electronic screens from its seats, airline has since not offered any in-flight entertainment options.

Seating
Frontier's aircraft are configured in all-economy class seating in a 3–3 layout. Seats on its A320 aircraft have 28 in to 30 in of seat pitch, and seats on its A321 aircraft have 30 in to 32 in of seat pitch. At 19 in wide, the middle seats on Frontier's aircraft are wider than the window and aisle seats. Seats do not have adjustable recline, with the exception of some premium "Stretch" seats in an exit row or near the bulkheads, which have an additional 5 in to 8 in of seat pitch.

Frequent-flyer program
Frontier Miles is the airline's frequent-flyer program, which replaced the EarlyReturns program that operated from 2003 to 2018. Originally a distance-based accrual program, it transitioned to a revenue-based accrual program in 2024, where Frontier Miles are accrued based on the amount spent on travel with the airline, or alternatively through co-branded products and services. Miles can be redeemed for travel with the airline; previously, the airline allowed miles to also be redeemed for other products and services.

The program has four tiers of elevated frequent flyer status, consisting of Elite Silver, Gold, Platinum, and Diamond. Prior to the revamp of the program in 2024, it had three tiers consisting of Elite 20k, 50k, and 100k. Elite benefits progressively include more and more complimentary services and amenities, such as advance seat assignments, baggage allowance, or priority boarding.

Accidents and incidents

 * On November 30, 2018, a Frontier Airlines Airbus A320-200, (registered N227FR) operating as Frontier Airlines Flight 260, had its engine fan cowlings ripped off during take-off. The crew stated that a foreign object on the runway may have caused it. Although this did not interfere with the aircraft's engine functionality, the crew decided to perform a precautionary emergency landing. No one aboard was injured.
 * On August 8, 2019, a Frontier Airlines Airbus A321-200 (registered N717FR) operating as Frontier Airlines Flight 1187 suffered a tailstrike during landing. The aircraft was repaired and no one was injured.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Frontier Airlines


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Smoky Hill River

The Smoky Hill River is a 575 mi river in the central Great Plains of North America, running through Colorado and Kansas.

Names
The Smoky Hill is named from the Smoky Hills region of north-central Kansas through which it flows. American Indians living along the Smoky Hill considered it and the Kansas River to be the same river, and their names for it included Chetolah and Okesee-sebo. Early maps of European explorers called the river (also in combination with the Kansas River) the River of the Padoucas as its source is located in what was then Padouca (Comanche) territory.

The USGS lists several other names, including Chitolah River, Fork of the Hill Buckaneuse, La Fourche de la Cote Boucaniere, La Touche de la Cote Bucanieus, Manoiyohe, Pe P'a, Sand River, Shallow River, Smoky Creek, Branche de la Montagne a la Fumee, Ka-i-urs-kuta, Oke-see-sebo River, and Rahota katit hibaru.

Geography
The Smoky Hill River originates in the High Plains of eastern Colorado and flows east. Both the main course of it and of the North Fork Smoky Hill River rise in northern Cheyenne County, Colorado. The two streams converge roughly 5 mi west of Russell Springs in Logan County, Kansas. From there, the river continues generally eastward through the Smoky Hills region. The Saline River joins it in eastern Saline County. The Solomon River joins the Smoky Hill River in western Dickinson County. The Smoky Hill River joins the Republican River at Junction City, Kansas to form the Kansas River.

The Smoky Hill River directly drains an area of 8810 sqmi. The combined Smoky Hill-Saline Basin drains 12229 sqmi. The entire Smoky Hill drainage basin covers approximately 20000 sqmi, including most of north-central and northwestern Kansas. Via the Kansas and Missouri Rivers, the Smoky Hill River is part of the Mississippi River watershed.

The Smoky Hill River feeds two reservoirs: Cedar Bluff Reservoir in Trego County and Kanopolis Lake in Ellsworth County.

The largest city along the Smoky Hill River is Salina, and other Kansas municipalities include Junction City, Ellsworth, Marquette, Lindsborg, and Abilene.

History
The earliest known reference to the river is on a 1732 map by French cartographer Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville who labeled it the "River of the Padoucas". A 1758 map referred to it as the "Padoucas River". An early reference to the river as the Smoky Hill was by American explorer Zebulon Pike during his 1806 expedition to visit the Pawnee. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 established Kansas Territory, including the entire length of the Smoky Hill River.

With the onset of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush in 1858, an ancient American Indian trail along the river known as the Smoky Hill Trail provided the shortest, fastest route west across Kansas. Beginning in 1865, the trail was the route for the short-lived Butterfield Overland Despatch. To protect travelers, the U.S. Army established several forts along the trail, including Fort Downer, Fort Harker, Fort Hays, Fort Monument, and Fort Wallace. Before American colonization, the land along the Smoky Hill River was favored hunting ground for the Plains Indians. In 1867, the Comanche and the Kiowa, and in 1868, the Sioux and the Arapaho signed treaties withdrawing their opposition to the construction of a railroad along the Smoky Hill River. The Kansas Pacific Railway was completed in 1870, rendering the Smoky Hill Trail obsolete.

In 1948, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers finished construction of a dam on the Smoky Hill for flood control in southeastern Ellsworth County creating Kanopolis Lake. In 1951, the United States Bureau of Reclamation completed another dam on the river, for irrigation and flood control, in southeastern Trego County, Kansas, which created Cedar Bluff Reservoir.

title: Smoky Hill River


text:
Talk:Wellington Region

Naming & definitions
Wellington applies to the major city, but the also applies to the region (provincial administration level) that encompass the greater urban area known by the same name. The Wellington region is administered by the Wellington Regional Council, while Wellington (not Wellington City) is administered by the Wellington City Council. The city and the region are known as Wellington but the primary meaning of Wellington is the city, with the region as a secondary meaning. Since Wellington City, New Zealand is rather obscure and using Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand seems totally redundant, very obscure and both are still ambiguous, I have left Wellington, New Zealand for the city unchanged and added [Wellington (region), New Zealand] for the greater urban area, with cross linking on both pages. Is this a reasonable approach? -- kiwiinapanic 16:45 Dec 31, 2002 (UTC)

 * I'm a bit iffy about the idea. Even the term "Wellington region" is used in multiple senses. Informally (I'm beginning to hate that word) Wellington region is the four cities, and probably the Kapiti Coast, at least as far as Waikanae. On the other hand, there's the formal Wellington Region, the area of the Wellington Regional Council, which includes the Wairarapa. I thought that this page could be part of a New Zealand-wide network of regional council pages, but that doesn't even sense. I mean we're hardly going to want a Gisborne Region page as well as a Gisborne City/District/city/town page. At the moment I'm thinking we should just admit that the term Wellington is ambiguous and throw everything under the Wellington page. A section of the page could go into detail about the different ways the name "Wellington" is used. I'm not going to do anything about it now... because I want to hear what other people think.

 * I've slightly changed the wording of the second paragraph in the Definitions section. I felt a bit uneasy about it broadly stating that all public perception defines the Wellington Region as only the four major centres, and I'm still not sure if it's ideal.

 * I suspect it's quite related to where people commute, and where they perceive people commuting to and from. I've always thought of Kapiti as being part of the Wellington region, and I think it's partly because I've had reasons to go there a lot, and also because that's where the metropolitan trains reach... which imples there's still a reasonable demand for commuters to get between Kapiti and Wellington (or places on the way there).  I have a completely different perception of the South-Eastern Wairarapa, which to me feels very cut-off by having to go all the way around the Rimutakas and back again.  Someone in Masterton might feel very different about this.

 * I'd be quite interested to know what the perception is of people who commute daily from somewhere like Masterton, or Kapiti. I think there are quite a lot of people who do, and I'm interested to know if they think of themselves as being part of Wellington. Izogi 07:15, 30 July 2005 (UTC)

Wellington Region
Lets agree that Wellington Region means exactly what every official organisation says it means on their web site. That co-relates with my official data and that makes me at least certain of what it means. I respect the human usage but that pertains as much to Greater Wellington as anything. In an age of diversity we probably need to put the stick in the ground and go with LINZ and Stats for the definitions, and perhaps add our own, the Greater Wellington thingy. Its a community of common interest, for things like transport, waste, tourism, and probably many other aspects. Ive left notes on the other Wellington sites for comment, and as soon as I get motivation and time, and a better understanding of CAT:'s I'll jump in and resolve some of the duplication and confusion.moza 17:12, 20 March 2006 (UTC)
 * "In public perception, the term "Wellington region" is much smaller. For some people, it is unlikely to include either the Kapiti Coast or the Wairarapa, both of which have their own distinct communities and identities. It is thus centred more heavily on the four cities at the southwest of the region." This is not really verified as far as I can see, perhaps more accurately local knowledge, and it isnt necessarily correct. How can we check the truth of it? Is it majority rule? do the people in the north of the region lose their identity just because more of us in the south forget about them? It may be correct but it just seems disturbing. 'Region' is a highly variable term but officially, in the context of Wellington, it only ever means one thing. If poor education or awareness create distortions of reality then this space is doing its job by being strict, and acting as a reference. moza 03:57, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

The public transport perspective
It's a Slippery Slope really. When I talk about Wellington I usually mean the city, but when I talk about Wellington Region I usually mean the five main population centres (I include Kapiti Coast in that). The fact that I think that way probably reflects the fact that I live in the smallest population centre in that group (Porirua). I suspect that people who live in Wellington (city) think similarly, whereas people who live in the Hutt Valley or the Kapiti Coast very likely think differently. I don't think that people who live in the Wairarapa think they live in the Wellington Region, however. One thing which argues for the inclusion of Kapiti Coast, and the exclusion of Wairarapa (to me, anyway) is the coverage of the train services: travel from Upper Hutt or Paraparaumu into Wellington on the train takes roughly equal time, and has roughly equivalent service. As such the two areas are both 'commuter country'. While many people from the Featherston, Otaki, Masterton or Palmerston North *do* commute to Wellington, there are far fewer services for them to use in doing so. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Karora (talk • contribs) 12:27, 24 September 2007 (UTC)

Oppose merge Wellington city and Wellington region are two different areas, just as Dunedin City and Otago Region are, it just so happens that Wellington has the same name --Nengscoz416 03:20, 3 December 2007 (UTC)

Kapiti Coast/City
Isnt Kapiti coast also a city of wellington if so should we not add it also to the lists of citys wellington has within her ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 203.97.217.248 (talk) 09:42, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

 * I agree. If it isn't a 'City' it is certainly a 'metropolitan area' of some kind.  It has it's own Territorial Authority (i.e. the Kapiti Coast District Council http://kcdc.govt.nz/ which justifies it to me.  Create yourself a username and get onto it :-) Karora 05:40, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Actually, on second thoughts, I've just done a thorough read and review (and rewrite of parts) of this article and I think that the coverage is correct to refer to Kapiti as 'the Kapiti district'. The towns there (i.e. Paraparaumu and Waikanae) are both mentioned, but neither of them is formally a city.  I think we should wait for some offial declaration of 'Kapiti City' when some charismatic councillor decides it should be that way. Karora 10:19, 8 May 2008 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Northland Region which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 22:59, 17 March 2014 (UTC)

Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Bay of Plenty Region which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 01:58, 23 April 2014 (UTC)

External links modified
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External links modified
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Population
The United Kingdom is a sovereign state. England and Scotland are not sovereign states. Wikipedia pages list in population statistics the nation state of foreign-born citizens, not states, provinces, regions, etc. It is both in keeping with Wikipedia's own standards and nationality that the United Kingdom be kept as the birthplace of foreign-born residents of Wellington. To remove the United Kingdom sets a cumbersome new precedent that would logically also lead to the break-up of Australia, China, and another nation states into their sub-national categories. Twistedpiper (talk) 07:33, 24 June 2018 (UTC)
 * All I ask is next time to do a better job of handling the source data. UK is not simply England + Scotland numbers. I've adjusted the numbers to reflect England + Scotland + Wales + Northern Ireland + United Kingdom (not further defined) + Other UK and Ireland, which is essentially all of "Total people, United Kingdom and Ireland" except "Ireland". Feel free to redefine how this statistic should be represented, as the source tool is there to re-evaluate the numbers in this table. As for definitions of "nationality", Wikipedia has guidelines—not standards—and they are generally flexible to fit different definitions of "nationality". I didn't see any big issue with the previous definition, but just "UK" is fine too. + m  t  23:36, 24 June 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wellington Region


text:
Talk:Wellington

Article lead
With currently five paragraphs, the lead is too long. Whilst some of the paragraphs may be joined, the bigger problem is that the lead contains material that is not present in the body of the article. Those items should be moved out of the lead. This includes:
 * Musket Wars
 * form originally designed by Captain William Mein Smith
 * Wellington's economy is primarily service-based, with an emphasis on finance, business services, government, and the film industry. It is the centre of New Zealand's film and special effects industries, and increasingly a hub for information technology and innovation, with two public research universities.
 * the country's second-busiest airport
 * Often referred to as New Zealand's cultural capital, the culture of Wellington is a diverse and often youth-driven one which has wielded influence across Oceania
 * One of the world's most liveable cities, the 2021 Global Livability Ranking tied Wellington with Tokyo as fourth in the world
 * From 2017 to 2018, Deutsche Bank ranked it first in the world for both livability and non-pollution
 * Cultural precincts such as Cuba Street and Newtown are renowned for creative innovation, "op shops", historic character, and food – this isn't explicitly stated in the article body
 * Wellington is a leading financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region, being ranked 35th in the world by the Global Financial Centres Index for 2021
 * The global city has grown from a bustling Māori settlement
 * The global city has grown from a bustling Māori settlement, to a colonial outpost, and from there to an Australasian capital that has experienced a "remarkable creative resurgence"

has just removed the "Lead too long" tag with the rationale that there isn't a talk page discussion. So here's the talk page discussion as requested and I have reverted the tag removal. Also of relevance is that I have warned this user on several occasions to not start adding content to article leads that isn't in the article itself. This has happened so many times that it can be considered disruptive behaviour. To therefore remove this tag is also straying into the disruptive behaviour territory. If I were to check who bloated up the current lead, I wonder what I would find?  Schwede 66  01:32, 3 December 2022 (UTC)

I removed the tag with a reason- this discussion was non existent. You have decided that was unnecessary, but believe me, I wouldn’t just delete it without a rationale; I believed enough time had surpassed without discussion to remove it. You initiating a discussion now also doesn’t mean it’s ongoing- we are only now talking about the use of the tag. You have made a good point that the lede is overlong, and I respect that. As for adding content to the lead without it being in the body, I stopped doing that months ago and genuinely understand that it was an error to have ever done so. Also, my last edit to the lead was a few months ago to remove the “coolest little capital of the world” quote, which I discussed on the Talk page first as being too touristy and outdated. Nobody responded so I removed it (and there was no objection raised), but I can’t see how that was disruptive. Aubernas (talk) 08:01, 5 December 2022 (UTC)

Hottest day in Wellington
I have done a brief search for sources that might back up the claim that the highest temperature recorded in Wellington is 31.1 C (as stated in the article), and that the date was 20 February 1896. The temperature record is stated on the Metservice website, but without a date. So far, I have found this quote from the Dominion of 30 December 1930: "The hottest day in Wellington was recorded 35 years ago on February 28, when the temperature rose to 88 degrees".. I will keep looking for other confirmation of the date, but the figure of 88 degrees F does support the 31.1 degrees C record. Marshelec (talk) 19:25, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * That's all good, except that with 88 being a whole number made up of only two digits, it would be inappropriate to give the converted, Celsius figure in a more precise form. It should be simply 31 C. HiLo48 (talk) 23:00, 14 January 2023 (UTC)
 * This source, published in 1896, states that the 88 degree record was set in February 1895 (not 1896).. I will keep looking. Marshelec (talk) 08:07, 18 January 2023 (UTC)

Sunburn
The UV index of 11 seems a bit hard to believe for a site at 41°S. — Soap — 18:36, 21 February 2023 (UTC)

 * The forecast max UV index for today in Wellington is said to be just under 10 by the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, see:, so a daily peak value of 11 in December and January is clearly credible. My guess is that the data in the table represents the typical daily maximum throughout a month, but the label just says "average" without qualifying what is meant. If I can manage to extract data from the cited database to confirm the numbers, I may change the label to "Peak", or "Daily peak". At midday on a clear day in Wellington during summer, you can definitely get badly sunburned in only a short time without use of sun protection. Marshelec (talk) 01:56, 22 February 2023 (UTC)

Add cycling and walkability to transport section
The article probably needs an update to include these other modes. There's big plans for improved cycle infrastructure, and cycle trip counts are rapidly increasing. I've just randomly read the article on Milwaukee and figured that might be a good template. Thoughts? 2401:7000:DAD7:2900:B879:EA9F:2030:CAD6 (talk) 16:46, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

 * Go for it. The most important aspect is that any additions are supported by reliable sources.  Schwede 66  17:22, 17 January 2023 (UTC)

Content about Malaysian cultural influence
This edit introduced content about Malaysian influence in Wellington. The difficulty I have with this is that as it stands, it creates an unbalanced impression. The influence of people from other cultural backgrounds is not currently mentioned, yet there is great cultural diversity in the city. The demographic data already in the article in the Culture and identity section indicates that the top 5 countries of origin of overseas-born people in Wellington are UK, India, China, Australia and Philipines (in that order). There is no data at present about the proportion of people in Wellington who would claim Malaysian ethnicity. There are certainly many Malaysian restaurants, (and this is supported by the sources quoted). However, the article now seems unbalanced. The options appear to be: (a) seek reliable sources that describe cultural diversity in Wellington, and broaden the coverage - perhaps including sub-headings (b) remove the specific content about Malaysian influence. Marshelec (talk) 00:57, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I have just noticed that the table giving countries of origin of overseas-born people in Wellington does not appear to match the latest 2018 data I have found at this StatsNZ webpage: . I will investigate further and will amend the table if required to align with this source. However, this does not change my view about the balance issues introduced by the recent edit.Marshelec (talk) 01:13, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree with this. I think it could do a bit of information about cultural influence from immigrants, but specifically about Malaysians is a bit overly detailed. Further, "prominent" is a bit of puffery and I think that it should really show not tell by stating the facts. —Panamitsu (talk) 01:48, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree the addition is disproportionate. The mention of Malaysian restaurants could be balanced with mention of other cultures, or could be removed. The mention of a Malaysian Students Organisation at Vic is not appropriate as the university, while important to the city, is not representative of it, and the mention of sun bears at the zoo has no bearing on Malaysian culture in the city.- gadfium 02:07, 3 January 2024 (UTC)
 * Thanks. I have removed the recently added content.Marshelec (talk) 05:45, 3 January 2024 (UTC)

Climate section - too many tables/graphs
The climate section now has a table for Wellington, a table for Pararaparaumu, a table for Wellington airport, and a graph illustrating long term trends. I think this is excessive and that only the table for Kelburn (in Wellington) is necessary. The additional data has added in good faith, but it now seems unbalanced. The Wellington airport climate table could be moved to Wellington Airport, and the Paraparaumu climate table could be moved to Kapiti Coast - noting that neither of these articles have a climate section at present. If there are no contrary views, I will relocate this content in a few days time.Marshelec (talk) 05:04, 1 March 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wellington


text:
Charles Pinckney (governor)

Charles Pinckney (October 26, 1757 –October 29, 1824) was an American Founding Father, planter, and politician who was a signer of the United States Constitution. He was elected and served as the 37th governor of South Carolina, later serving two more non-consecutive terms. He also served as a U.S. Senator and a member of the House of Representatives. He was first cousin once removed of fellow signer Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.

Pinckney's descendants included seven future South Carolina governors, including men related to the Maybank and Rhett families.

Early life and education
Pinckney was born and educated in Charles Town in the Province of South Carolina. His father, Colonel Charles Pinckney, was a rich lawyer and planter. His mother was Frances Brewton (b. 1733), daughter of a goldsmith and sister of Miles Brewton and Rebecca Brewton Motte, who were both also prominent in Charleston history.

His father had signed a loyalty oath to the British after they occupied Charleston in 1780 during the American Revolutionary War. This enabled him to keep his property. On his death in 1782, the senior Pinckney bequeathed Snee Farm, a plantation outside the city, and his numerous slaves, to his eldest son Charles.

Marriage and family
Busy with the war and his political career, Pinckney did not marry until 1788. He married Mary Eleanor Laurens on April 27, 1788, at Saint Philip's Church in Charleston. Mary was the daughter of Henry Laurens, a wealthy and politically powerful South Carolina slave trader. They had at least three children.

Among his in-laws were father-in-law Henry Laurens, Colonel John Laurens and U.S. Representative David Ramsay. A brother-in-law married the daughter of South Carolina Governor John Rutledge.

Career
He was elected as a delegate to the Third Continental Congress (1777–78). He started to practice law in Charleston in 1779 at age 21. About that time, well after the War for Independence had begun, Pinckney enlisted in the militia. He became a lieutenant and served at the siege of Savannah. When Charleston fell to the British the next year, Pinckney was captured; he was held as a prisoner until June 1781 and sent north for a potential exchange. He did not return to Charleston until 1783. His father was also captured. Along with more than 160 men, Colonel Pinckney agreed to sign an oath of allegiance to the British, in order to avoid having his property confiscated. After the war, Pinckney was fined 12% on his property for having sworn the oath of allegiance.

Pinckney was elected again to the Continental Congress following the war, serving 1784–1787. He was elected to the state legislature for several terms (1779–1780, 1786–1789, and 1792–1796). As a nationalist, he worked in Congress trying to ensure that the United States would receive navigation rights from Spain to the Mississippi River and to strengthen congressional power.

Pinckney eventually owned several plantations and a townhouse in Charleston in addition to Snee Farm: Frankville and Hopton, situated on both sides of the Congaree River, near Columbia; a plantation in Georgetown consisting of 560 acres of tidal swamp and 600 acres of high land; a tract of 1,200 acres called Lynches Creek; Fee Farm on the Ashepoo River; Shell Hall, a house with four acres of land at Haddrell's Point in Christ Church Parish; a house and garden lot on Meeting Street, Charleston; Wright's Savannah plantation on the Carolina side of the Savannah River; and a tract of land on the Santee River above the canal, including a ferry, called Mount Tacitus. After Pinckney married Eleanor Laurens in 1788, the elegant three-story brick home at 16 Meeting Street in Charleston presumably became his principal residence. In the 1790 federal census, he is recorded as holding "14 slaves in St. Philip's and St. Michael's Parish, 52 slaves in St. Bartholomew, and 45 slaves in the Orangeburg District," all in addition to Snee Farm, where his father's probate record had listed 40 slaves in 1787.

Constitutional Convention
Pinckney's role in the Constitutional Convention is controversial. Although one of the youngest delegates, he later claimed to have been the most influential one and contended he had submitted a draft, known as the Pinckney Plan, that was the basis of the final Constitution. This was strongly disputed by James Madison and some of the other framers. Pinckney submitted an elaborate form of the Virginia Plan, proposed first by Edmund Randolph, but it was disregarded by the other delegates. Historians assess him as an important contributing delegate. Pinckney boasted that he was 24, allowing him to claim distinction as the youngest delegate, but he was 29 years old at the time of the convention. He attended full-time, spoke often and effectively, and contributed to the final draft and to resolution of problems that arose during the debates. He also worked for ratification of the Constitution in South Carolina (1788).

At the Convention, Pierce Butler and Pinckney, both from South Carolina, introduced the Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV, Section II, Clause III). James Wilson of Pennsylvania objected, saying that it was special protection for slaveholders, requiring all state governments to enforce it at taxpayers' expense, in places where no one or most residents did not own slaves. Butler withdrew the clause, but the next day a southerner reinstated the clause and the Convention adopted it without further objection. This clause was added to the clause that provided extradition for fugitives from justice.

"No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due."

This clause was first applied to fugitive slaves and required that they be extradited upon the claims of their masters. Despite the clause, free states sometimes declined to enforce it. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 increased requirements on the states and penalties for failure to assist in the return of slaves. This practice was not eliminated until the Thirteenth Amendment abolished the institution of slavery. In 1864, during the Civil War, an effort to repeal this clause of the Constitution had failed.

Pinckney introduced a clause into the Constitution in opposition to an established state religion. His No Religious Test Clause read as follows: "no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States"

Once the inclusion of the phrase was brought to a vote, it passed with little opposition. For the first time, an official of a national government was not required to have a religion. Pinckney is also responsible for the inclusion of the writ of habeas corpus into the Constitution. Initially introduced as "Nor shall the privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus ever be suspended, except in case of rebellion or invasion", it is now a part of Article 1 of the United States Constitution.

Later career
Pinckney's political career blossomed. From 1789 to 1792, the state legislature elected him as governor of South Carolina, and in 1790 he chaired the state constitutional convention. During this period, he became associated with the Federalist Party, in which he and his cousin Charles Cotesworth Pinckney were leaders. But, with the passage of time, the former's views began to change. In 1795 he attacked the Federalist-backed Jay Treaty. He increasingly began to cast his lot with Carolina back-country Democratic-Republicans against his own eastern elite. The population in the western part of the state was increasing, but legislative apportionment favored the Low Country planters. In 1796 Pinckney was elected governor again by the state legislature. In 1798 his Democratic-Republican supporters in the legislature elected him to the U.S. Senate.

He strongly opposed actions by his former party. In the presidential election of 1800, he served as Thomas Jefferson's campaign manager in South Carolina. The victorious Jefferson appointed Pinckney as minister to Spain (1801–05). He tried but did not succeed in gaining cession Spanish Florida to the United States. He facilitated Spanish acquiescence in the transfer of Louisiana from France to the United States in 1803 by the Louisiana Purchase. (Spain had already returned rule of this territory to France under Napoleon.)

Pinckney returned from Spain to Charleston and to leadership of the state Democratic-Republican Party. He served in the legislature in 1805–06 and was elected again as governor (1806–08). In this position, he favored legislative reapportionment in order to give more fair representation to back-country districts. He also advocated universal white manhood suffrage. He served again in the legislature from 1810 to 1814 and then temporarily withdrew from politics. In 1818 he won election to the U.S. House of Representatives where he fought against the Missouri Compromise. A major slaveholder whose wealth depended on enslaved labor at his plantations, he supported expansion of the institution of slavery to new territories and states.

In 1821, with his health beginning to fail, Pinckney retired for the last time from politics. He died in 1824. A memorial was erected in St. Michael's Church in Charleston, South Carolina. The memorial was sculpted by Solomon Gibson (younger brother of John Gibson) in Liverpool in Great Britain.

Legacy and honors
Pinckney's Snee Farm plantation is maintained as Charles Pinckney National Historic Site. The nearby Charles Pinckney Elementary School in Mount Pleasant is named for him. His son, Henry L. Pinckney was a U.S. Representative from South Carolina, and mayor of Charleston. His daughter married Robert Young Hayne, who became a U.S. Representative, mayor of Charleston, and governor of South Carolina. Pinckney was a Freemason and a member of Solomon’s Lodge No. 1 in Charleston.

title: Charles Pinckney (governor)


text:
Talk:Charles Pinckney (governor)

Untitled
This text originally from: http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/constitution/south_carolina.html#Pinckney and should be in the public domain in the US

I really, really dislike the title of this article. It should be Charles Pinckney (governor). RickK 02:25, 17 Nov 2003 (UTC)

I've removed the category for Continental Army officers. CP served in the SC militia, but was never attached to the national army. Lou I 13:18, 9 Jun 2005 (UTC) I dont like these people — Preceding unsigned comment added by 66.188.2.222 (talk) 19:47, 15 January 2013 (UTC)

Vandalism correction
I believe that this page has been vandalised (see refs - "Pork" family, "Snee House" ?), but I do not have referfences to corect this. Someone else ? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 58.175.84.253 (talk) 05:56, 17 January 2010 (UTC)
 * I went to a previous version of the article to correct "Pork" family to Maybank family. The birth and death dates have also been corrected. Here is the vandalism diff. Robert K S (talk) 21:04, 4 February 2010 (UTC)

No religion test clause in article VI is his
The constitutional prohibition of religious tests for office in Article VI. The only mention of religion in the Constitution of the United States prior to the adoption of the First Amendment was the "no religious test" provision of Article VI. The significance of this often-forgotten provision cannot be exaggerated. At the time of the Constitutional Convention in 1787, most of the Colonies still had religious establishments or religious tests for office. It was unimaginable to many Americans that non-Protestants — Catholics, Jews, atheists and others — could be trusted with public office.

"No religious test" proposed at the Constitutional Convention. One aspect of religious liberty was inserted into the Constitution during its framing in Philadelphia.

The role of Charles Pinckney. At the Constitutional Convention, Charles Pinckney (1757-1824), a delegate from South Carolina, proposed that "no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States." Though he came from a state that had established the Protestant faith as the state religion, Pinckney represented the new spirit of religious liberty exemplified in the Enlightenment thinking of Jefferson.

A tool for oppression outlawed. Remarkably, the "no religious test" provision passed with little dissent. For the first time in history, a nation had formally abolished one of the most powerful tools of the state for oppressing religious minorities. This is taken from the First Amendment Center History of Religious Liberty in America" by Charles C Haynes senior scholar This oversight of Charles contribution needs to be added to the article.  97.85.168.22 (talk) 12:12, 13 October 2012 (UTC)
 * Done 97.85.168.22 (talk) 13:23, 13 October 2012 (UTC)

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Family relationship
The disambiguation page on Charles Pinckney gives the family relationship between Charles Pinckney (governor) and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney as second cousins, but here they are listed as first cousins once removed. Which is correct? — Dodiad (talk) 10:32, 8 September 2018 (UTC)

title: Talk:Charles Pinckney (governor)


text:
Talk:John Rutledge

Death
How did he die? Jsaurman (talk) 07:55, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
This text originally from http://www.archives.gov/exhibit_hall/charters_of_freedom/constitution/south_carolina.html

and should be in the public domain in the US.

Did he resign?
In Thomas Johnson (Maryland), it says Rutledge resigned. On this page, it sounds like he was rejected over the chief justice nomination but remained as an associate justice (later resigned or retired). What's the whole story? -- Toytoy July 2, 2005 04:06 (UTC)

 * List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States says he resigned March 5, 1791. Later, of course, he was reappointed as Chief Justice, but it was a recess appointment and his term ended as soon as the Senate refused to confirm the appointment. — Phil Welch 3 July 2005 00:35 (UTC)

There are inconsistent dates in Wiki for when Rutledge began as Chief Justice. I see 1 July, and 12 August. What is the correct date?

Norm --- John Rutledge, elder brother of Edward Rutledge, signer of the Declaration of Independence, was born into a large family at or near Charleston, SC, in 1739. He received his early education from his father, an Irish immigrant, and physician, and from an Anglican minister and a tutor. After studying law at London's Middle Temple in 1760, he was admitted to English practice. But, almost at once, he sailed back to Charleston to begin a fruitful legal career and to amass a fortune in plantations and slaves. Three years later, he married Elizabeth Grimke, who eventually bore him 10 children, and moved into a townhouse, where he resided most of the remainder of his life. In 1761, Rutledge became politically active. That year, on behalf of Christ Church Parish, he was elected to the provincial assembly and held his seat until the War for Independence. For 10 months in 1764, he temporarily held the post of provincial attorney general. When the troubles with Great Britain intensified about the time of the Stamp Act in 1765, Rutledge, who hoped to ensure continued self-government for the colonies, sought to avoid severance from the British and maintained a restrained stance. He did, however, chair a committee of the Stamp Act Congress that drew up a petition to the House of Lords. In 1774, Rutledge was sent to the First Continental Congress, where he pursued a moderate course. After spending the next year in the Second Continental Congress, he returned to South Carolina and helped reorganize its government. In 1776, he served on the committee of safety and took part in the writing of the state constitution. That year, he also became president of the lower house of the legislature, a post he held until 1778. During this period, the new government met many stern tests. In 1778, the conservative Rutledge, disapproving of democratic revisions in the state constitution, resigned his position. The next year, however, he was elected as governor. It was a difficult time. The British were invading South Carolina, and the military situation was desperate. Early in 1780, by which time the legislature had adjourned, Charleston was besieged. In May it fell, the American army was captured, and the British confiscated Rutledge's property. He ultimately escaped to North Carolina and set about attempting to rally forces to recover South Carolina. In 1781, aided by Gen. Nathanael Greene and a new Continental Army force, he reestablished the government. In January 1782, he resigned the governorship and took a seat in the lower house of the legislature. He never recouped the financial losses he suffered during the war. In 1782-83, Rutledge was a delegate to the Continental Congress. He next sat on the state chancery court (1784) and again in the lower house of the legislature (1784-90). One of the most influential delegates at the Constitutional Convention, where he maintained a moderate nationalist stance and chaired the Committee of Detail, he attended all the sessions, spoke often and effectively, and served on five committees. Like his fellow South Carolina delegates, he vigorously advocated southern interests. The new government under the Constitution soon lured Rutledge. He was a Presidential elector in 1789 and Washington then appointed him as Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, but for some reason he apparently served only a short time. In 1791, he became chief justice of the South Carolina Supreme Court. Four years later, Washington again appointed him to the U.S. Supreme Court, this time as Chief Justice to replace John Jay. But Rutledge's outspoken opposition to Jay'sTreaty (1794) and the intermittent mental illness he had suffered from since the death of his wife in 1792, caused the Federalist-dominated Senate to reject his appointment and end his public career. Meantime, however, he had presided over one term of the Court. Rutledge died in 1800 at the age of 60 and was interred at St. Michael's Episcopal Church in Charleston. this is all factual... I just copied my report and put it on here By unknown

Is that even worth keeping?
All of the trivia about who is related to who is honestly quite cumbersome, and not encyclopedic at all. I'm going to take it out in a few days unless anyone objects. I'll put it here, so that none of you have any reason to be distressed if you'd like to put it back. Captain Scotch 00:56, 8 October 2006 (UTC)

.....
I am doing a report for social studies on John Rutledge and none of the places I have been going to have his religion. So...what's his religion?

--71.50.213.145 15:47, 3 December 2006 (UTC) Talisha

Anglican. He is buried at St. Michael's Church in downtown Charleston. Gamecock 19:40, 3 December 2006 (UTC)

Eating habits
Is there a citation for the bit about him eating gavels? If not, how can this be in the entry?

Response: That was in America the Book by Jon Stewart and was a joke. It has been edited out and whoever wrote that in the article either wasn't aware it was a joke or thought that they were funny. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 68.198.134.176 (talk) 22:11, 4 November 2007 (UTC)

constitutional convention???
im doing a civics project and i dont know what his role was in the

constitutional convention. dose any one know or know where i can find

the info. if so plese tell--- thanxs!!

Mental illness
As Chief Justice, he was insane: John Adams explained that the Senate feared his "accelerated and increased ... Disorder of the Mind."[Laboratory of Justice, The Supreme Court's 200 Year Struggle to Integrate Science and the Law, by David L. Faigman, First edition, 2004, p. 34; Smith, Republic of Letters, 501] due to severe depression of his wife's death. --Florentino floro (talk) 06:08, 9 June 2008 (UTC)

End of term as Chief Justice
The infobox said that Rutledge's recess appointment ended on December 15, 1795, but that is incorrect. It is the date the Senate rejected his appointment, but under Article II Section 2 a recess appointment ends at the expiry of the next session, which was June 1, 1796 (see 4th United States Congress). This article (see "Later years") states that he left office on December 28 (and gives a source), so he must have resigned -- so I have amended the date to December 28. Richard75 (talk) 19:15, 3 January 2009 (UTC)

Doesn't this defy the laws of science?
"However, the fort’s walls were made out of soft palmetto palm trees, and the British cannonballs simply sank into the logs without doing any damage. Some bounced off the sponge logs and bounced back hitting the very British ships that fired them." A cannonball can be fired from offshore, hit a palmetto log and rebound the same distance from which it was fired? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 174.67.218.195 (talk) 20:09, 27 June 2010 (UTC)

Remove reverted reference
I missed that Find a Grave was being added back as a reference. IMBD is considered an unreliable source even though it has certain managerial editorial control that Find a Grave lacks. The statement, " This whole "unreliability because it is a wiki" argument is ironic considering where we are debating it. ", has nothing to do with any wiki arguement concerning references. Find a Grave is under discussion as an external link, but those discussions aside, Find a Grave fails:
 * 1)-WP:SOURCES; Articles should be based on reliable, third-party, published sources with a reputation for fact-checking and accuracy.
 * 2)- WP:NOTRELIABLE; Questionable sources are those with a poor reputation for checking the facts, or with no editorial oversight.
 * 3)- WP:SELFPUBLISH; Find a Grave is user edited and uses anonymous or pseudonymous editors.
 * 4)- WP:SPS]; This includes any website whose content is largely user-generated, including the Internet Movie Database, Cracked.com, CBDB.com, and so forth, with the exception of material on such sites that is labeled as originating from credentialed members of the sites' editorial staff, rather than users. Find a Grave is not currently specifically named as is IMBd but falls under "and so forth" but we can (and probably will) seek inclusion by name as it may be necessary for clarification.
 * Add to this the fact of:
 * 5)- WP:CHALLENGE; This policy requires that all quotations and any material challenged or likely to be challenged be attributed to a reliable published source using an inline citation.
 * 6)- WP:BURDEN; The burden of evidence lies with the editor who adds or restores material. Any material lacking a reliable source directly supporting it may be removed.

The use of Find a Grave as an external link is acceptable but not as a source or reference. While I understand, "This is a source at least for a picture and the location of the gravesite ONLY", the fact can not be ignored that it is considered unreliable, by policy and guidelines. Find a Grave is even considered unreliable by some proponents of the Find a Grave project, other editors, as well as the Find a Grave project page, Find-A-Grave famous people, that states, " Find-A-Grave is not considered a reliable source ", as well as, " If you add facts from Find-A-Grave into the article, add Find-A-Grave as an external link, not a source,...."

I challenged the reliability of the reference that I removed. It is the burden of an editor that restores such material to provide proof of reliability and Find a Grave clearly fails numbers 1 through 4 above. I am removing this reference again and it can be added back and we can seek dispute resolution, or we can bring this to WP:Reliable sources/Noticeboard for consensus, but I feel I have provided clear and ample supported reasoning for the removal as a reference. It should be noted that the information is not lost as it was duplicated in the external links and is still included. Otr500 (talk) 08:27, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

 * This is an old story. The fact is that you have bowdlerized the discussion, and ignore the fact that where Justice Rutledge is buried is corroborated by good sources.  Find a Grave is a good sourcee for the location and pictures of a gravesite.  It is routinely used in Wikipedia, and the discussions on this issue so reflect.  You have chosen to disregard that and the limited usage.   There is no consensus, and you -- gentle editor -- are not the arbiter, nor does ipse dixit apply.  Show all of us where this Find a Grave article is unreliable, and stop youir sloganeering   7&6=thirteen (☎) 13:00, 22 February 2011 (UTC)

Your verbiage is very impressive. I am especially touched by your use of "gentle" pejoratives. However, all the big words you choose to use does not circumvent the facts that I did add to the discussion the numbered reasons that you apparently chose to ignore when replying. Your statement, Show all of us where this Find a Grave article is unreliable, and stop youir sloganeering, simply appears (to me) to be words with no meaning. I did not miss the fact that you stated "...this Find a Grave article is unreliable,..." and I can appreciate the fact that Find a Grave has merit. I can also state with certainty that you did not address any of the reasons stated that provides that Find a Grave is not acceptable as a reference, more especially since it is addressed by the Find a Grave project and other editors. Either you did not see what was stated or simply decided to ignore the facts. You also did not provide any instances where there are exceptions (limited usage) to allow the use of Find a Grave as a source. The fact that Find a Grave has been "routinely used" as a source or reference on Wikipedia does not make it any less wrong. I read, "It is routinely used in Wikipedia, and the discussions on this issue so reflect" and would like to challenge you to point these discussions out to me. The on-going discussions are concerning use as an external link and I support this. It is "not" as use as a source. I would also, again for the record, state that I like Find a Grave and IMBd. However, just as Wikipedia is not an acceptable source (with exceptions on self usage) neither Find a Grave not IMBd (that has more editorial control) are acceptable, by Wikipedia policies and guidelines, as a source or reference. I did not make the guidelines and because I choose to follow those does not make me anything less than a good editor. This is not an old story but one editor that is following what is listed in the guidelines. If we would like to change them then lets do that. If you or another editor can show me exceptions (valid) then I will amend my thoughts accordingly. Until then I would suggest reading the guidelines I listed (and the Find a Grave project page) one more time and using rationale to explain any misinterpretation I may have in applying those to Find a Grave as a source. Otr500 (talk) 12:59, 24 February 2011 (UTC)

 * I had missed your edit. I would only respectfully suggest that I was not maligning you or your work as an editor. I understand your principled position, and I continue to recognize WP:civil as being a mutual obligation. Best regards. 7&6=thirteen (☎) 12:30, 16 April 2012 (UTC)

Chief Justice of ... ?
I've reverted a recent edit to the info box. While it is true that at the time Rutledge was Chief Justice, the position was called "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court", that position was re-named after the Civil War to "Chief Justice of the United States" by Congress (the Constitution makes no direct mention of what the title should be, other than "chief justice"). Since the info box is listing him as the second in a long line of what are currently called Chief Justice of the United States, and since Jay, Ellsworth, Marshall, and Taney all have info boxes conforming to the idea of calling these people by the current title, I've modified the info box accordingly. I have, however, left the text in the first paragraph alone; it's not clear that that correctly states the title at the time, but it is at least clear in its meaning. Doug (talk) 00:55, 11 March 2016 (UTC)

External links modified
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First or 31st
Apparently Rutledge was the first governor under the first SC constitution under the U.S. Constitution but 31st governor going back through colonial times. I changed the text of the article to "first" after someone else made the same change in the inbox. I don't really much care which is used but the article should be consistent and it sould be made clear in the article how the numbering is determined. Tom (North Shoreman) (talk) 01:34, 9 November 2017 (UTC)

External links modified
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 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20091202044045/http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/supremecourthistory_history_chief_002rutledge.htm to http://www.supremecourthistory.org/history/supremecourthistory_history_chief_002rutledge.htm

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Chief Justice of South Carolina
Despite having many other responsibilities, and preferring to work on Virginia articles, I added this to the infobox after hearing it on an audiobook (based on a book by a recently deceased U.S.Supreme Court justice), and confirming it with both the Brittanica.com article about this man, and the admittedly grossly incomplete list of chief justices of South Carolina. I noticed that the numbering in the infobox was odd, but do not have the time to check if someone removed this material. BTW, the backward list of Chief Justices of the South Carolina Supreme Court only does back to John Belton O'Neall who began serving shortly before the American Civil War and died in 1863 (during the conflict--the article is extremely sketchy), the wikipedia's list of South Carolina supreme court justices says (and is) sketchy. I added Aedenus Burke as his successor because that man's term as Chief Justice in South Carolina began in 1796, the year after this man began his ill-starred term on the U.S. Supreme Court, and noted that the other two men currently on that list from the 1790s have articles stating that they were only associate justices on that court. I suspect that court was actually named the Court of Appeals, as in Virginia of that day, and one of those articles has a mistaken link to the South Carolina Court of Appeals, which as in Virginia of the present day, is an intermediate appellate court, not that state's highest court. Anyhow,this man's biography is not available in the library where I'm writing right now (which is closing in 5 minutes), and I don't know when I'll be able to look at it.Jweaver28 (talk) Jweaver28 (talk) 00:55, 30 January 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:John Rutledge