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Heiji rebellion

The Heiji rebellion (平治の乱) was a short civil war between rival subjects of the cloistered Emperor Go-Shirakawa of Japan in 1160 fought in order to resolve a dispute about political power. It was preceded by the Hōgen Rebellion in 1156. Heiji no ran is seen as a direct outcome of the earlier armed dispute; but unlike Hōgen no ran, which was a dispute between Emperors in which members of the same clan fought on different sides, this was rather a struggle for power between two rival samurai clans. It is also seen as a precursor of a broader civil war.

Context
Following the Hōgen rebellion, in which Retired Emperor Sutoku attempted to seize power and enthrone his son, Emperor Go-Shirakawa reigned for only three years before abdicating on September 5, 1158. (Hōgen 3, 11th day of the 8th month) Shortly thereafter, Emperor Nijō is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui).

After Nijō was formally enthroned, the management of all affairs continued to rest entirely in the hands of Go-Shirakawa, as per the system of Cloistered Emperor (insei). Fujiwara no Nobuyori and Fujiwara no Michinori (Shinzei) emerged as leading and rival advisors in this period, with Shinzei in a pre-eminent role. Further, while both the Taira and the surviving elements of Minamoto had helped Go-Shirakawa retain power, the Minamoto felt that the Taira were more greatly favoured by the court, under Shinzei's influence, and chafed at the ordered executions of those parts of the clan who were loyal to Sutoku (especially Minamoto no Tameyoshi).

In late 1159, Taira no Kiyomori, head of the Taira clan, left Kyōto with his family, on a personal pilgrimage. This left the ambitious Fujiwara no Nobuyori, with allies from the Minamoto clan, a perfect opportunity to effect an uprising.

 * January 19 – February 5, 1160 (Heiji 1, 9th–26th day of the 12th month): The Heiji rebellion, also known as the Heiji disturbance or the Heiji insurrection or the Heiji war.

Combat
In an attack on Sanjō Palace, the residence of the retired Emperor, Nobuyori and his Minamoto allies abducted the former emperor Emperor Go-Shirakawa and set fire to the Palace. After a pursuit, this also resulted in Shinzei's death.

Minamoto no Yoshitomo and Fujiwara no Nobuyori moved the abducted Go-Shirakawa to the Imperial palace with Emperor Nijo, placing both under house arrest. Nobuyori had himself declared imperial chancellor, and began to see his plans for political power fall into place.

However, Kiyomori was informed and made haste to return. The Minamoto did not plan well enough militarily, and were unprepared to defend the city against Kiyomori's return. Upon his return, the Minamoto made no decisive moves and hesitated.

Kiyomori made some peace proposals to Nobuyori. However, this was a plot. While Nobuyori was careless, the Emperor Nijō and the former emperor Go-shirakawa escaped to Kiyomori's side.

Kiyomori received an imperial grant from the Emperor for attacking Yoshitomo and Nobuyori. Taira no Shigemori (the eldest son of Kiyomori) led 3,000 cavalry and attacked the Imperial Palace where Yoshitomo and Nobuyori were holed up. Nobuyori ran away immediately, but Minamoto no Yoshihira (the eldest son of Yoshitomo) fought back and a fierce battle ensued. Yoshihira fought hard and chased Shigemori within the Imperial Palace.

The Taira force retreated and the Minamoto force left the Imperial Palace in pursuit. This was a plot of Kiyomori. A detached Taira force occupied the Imperial Palace. The Minamoto force was cut off from the way of retreat. The Minamoto force charged at Rokuhara of a base of Kiyomori. It became a fierce battle, but finally the Minamoto force fled in disorderly retreat.

Outcome
Ultimately, Taira no Kiyomori defeated Yoshitomo. Yoshitomo was eventually betrayed and killed by a retainer while escaping from Kyōto in Owari. Yoshitomo's two sons, Minamoto no Tomonaga and Minamoto no Yoshihira were also casualties. However three of his other sons, Yoritomo (then only 13 years old, and future founding Shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate 25 years later), Noriyori and Yoshitsune were spared.

Afterwards, Taira no Kiyomori banished Yoshitomo's son Minamoto no Yoritomo, seized Minamoto wealth and land, and eventually formed the first of four samurai-dominated governments during the feudal history of Japan.

Legacy
The Heiji rebellion further weakened Imperial authority, placing power in the hands of the Taira samurai clan. It led to outright enmity between the Minamoto and Taira. The combination of this enmity and Go-Shirakawa's resentment of Taira power led to the Genpei War, ending with the decisive Taira defeat at the Battle of Dan-no-ura in 1185. The Kamakura period epic Tale of Heiji is about the exploits of the samurai who participated in the Heiji Rebellion. Together with the Tale of Hōgen and the Tale of Heike, these war stories (gunki monogatari) describe the rise and fall of the Minamoto and Taira samurai clans.

Illustrations
The scroll below, Illustrated Tale of the Heiji Civil War: Scroll of the Imperial Visit to Rokuhara, housed at the Tokyo National Museum, illustrates some events of the Heiji Rebellion.

title: Heiji rebellion


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John Christopher

Sam Youd (16 April 1922 – 3 February 2012) was a British writer best known for science fiction written under the name of John Christopher, including the novels The Death of Grass, The Possessors, and the young-adult novel series The Tripods. He won the Guardian Children's Fiction Prize in 1971 and the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis in 1976.

Youd also wrote under variations of his own name and under the pseudonyms Stanley Winchester, Hilary Ford, William Godfrey, William Vine, Peter Graaf, Peter Nichols, and Anthony Rye.

Biography
Sam Youd was born in Huyton, Lancashire (though Youd is an old Cheshire surname). Youd was educated at Peter Symonds' School in Winchester, Hampshire, then served in the Royal Corps of Signals from 1941 to 1946. A scholarship from the Rockefeller Foundation made it possible for him to pursue a writing career, beginning with The Winter Swan (Dennis Dobson, 1949), published under the name Christopher Youd. He wrote science fiction short stories as John Christopher from 1951, and his first book under that name was The Twenty-Second Century, a collection of science fiction stories; a few of the stories included had first appeared in magazines under the name Sam Youd. His first science fiction novel, Year of the Comet, was published by Michael Joseph in 1955, also under the name John Christopher. His second novel under the Christopher pseudonym, The Death of Grass (Michael Joseph, 1956) was Youd's first major success as a writer. It was published in the United States the following year as No Blade of Grass (Simon & Schuster, 1957). An American magazine published Year of the Comet later that year and it was issued in 1959 as an Avon paperback entitled Planet in Peril. Youd continued to use the pen name John Christopher for the majority of his writing and all of his science fiction. The Death of Grass has been reissued many times, most recently in the Penguin Modern Classics (2009).

In 1966 Youd started writing science fiction for adolescents, using the name John Christopher in every case. The Tripods trilogy (1967–68), The Lotus Caves (1969), The Guardians (1970) and the Sword of the Spirits trilogy (1971–72) were all well received. He won the annual Guardian Children's Fiction Prize for The Guardians. In 1976 he won the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, youth fiction category, for the same novel in its German translation, Die Wächter.

In 1946 he married Joyce Fairbairn, with whom he had five children (one son and four daughters). He divorced in 1978, marrying Jessica Ball.

Youd lived for many years in Rye, East Sussex and died in Bath, Somerset, on 3 February 2012, of complications from bladder cancer.

Film and television adaptations
The Death of Grass was adapted as a film by Cornel Wilde under its American title, No Blade of Grass (1970). The Tripods was partially developed into a British TV series. Empty World was developed into a 1987 TV movie in Germany, Leere Welt. The Guardians was made into a 1986 TV series in Germany, Die Wächter. The Lotus Caves was in development in 2007 as a film from Walden Media, to have been directed by Rpin Suwannath. Later, in 2013, a TV pilot based loosely on The Lotus Caves was developed by Bryan Fuller and titled High Moon. The pilot did not get picked up as a series, but was released on SyFy and Netflix in 2014.

John Christopher

 * The Twenty-Second Century (1954) (short story collection)
 * The Year of the Comet (Michael Joseph, 1955); US title, Planet in Peril (Avon, 1959)
 * The Death of Grass (Michael Joseph, 1956); US title, No Blade of Grass (Simon & Schuster, 1957)
 * The Caves of Night (1958)
 * A Scent of White Poppies (1959)
 * The Long Voyage (US title The White Voyage, 1960)
 * The World in Winter (US title The Long Winter, 1962)
 * Cloud on Silver (US title Sweeney's Island, 1964)
 * The Possessors (1964)
 * A Wrinkle in the Skin (US title The Ragged Edge, 1965)
 * The Little People (1966)
 * The Tripods trilogy (expanded to tetralogy, 1988)
 * The White Mountains (1967) Macmillan (US); Hamish Hamilton (UK)
 * 35th anniversary edition, with revised text and preface by author, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 9780689855047 (2003)
 * The City of Gold and Lead (1967) Macmillan (US); Hamish Hamilton (UK)
 * The Pool of Fire (1968) Macmillan (US); Hamish Hamilton (UK)
 * When the Tripods Came (prequel) (1988)
 * Pendulum (1968)
 * The Lotus Caves (1969) Macmillan (US); Hamish Hamilton (UK) ISBN 0-241-01729-7
 * The Guardians (1970)
 * The Sword of the Spirits trilogy
 * The Prince In Waiting (1970)
 * Beyond the Burning Lands (1971)
 * The Sword of the Spirits (1972)
 * In the Beginning Longman (1972) ISBN 0-582-53726-6
 * Dom and Va (1973)
 * Wild Jack (1974)
 * Empty World (1977)
 * The Fireball trilogy
 * Fireball (1981), E. P. Dutton, ISBN 0-525-29738-3
 * New Found Land (1983), Dutton (US), ISBN 0-525-44049-6. Gollancz (UK), ISBN 0-575-03222-7
 * Dragon Dance (1986) Dutton (US) ISBN 0-525-44227-8; Viking Kestrel (UK), ISBN 0-670-81030-4
 * A Dusk of Demons (1993)
 * Bad Dream (2003)

Christopher Youd

 * The Winter Swan (1949)

Samuel Youd

 * Babel Itself (1951)
 * Brave Conquerors (1952)
 * Crown and Anchor (1953)
 * A Palace of Strangers (1954)
 * Holly Ash (US title The Opportunist, 1955)
 * Giant's Arrow (1956); as Anthony Rye in the UK, Samuel Youd in the US
 * The Choice (UK title The Burning Bird, 1961)
 * Messages of Love (1961)
 * The Summers at Accorn (1963)

William Godfrey

 * Malleson at Melbourne (1956) - a cricket novel, volume 1 of an unfinished trilogy
 * The Friendly Game (1957) - volume 2 of the trilogy

William Vine

 * "Death Sentence" (short story), Imagination Science Fiction, June 1953
 * "Explosion Delayed" (short story), Space Science Fiction, July 1953

Peter Graaf

 * Dust and the Curious Boy (1957); US title, Give the Devil His Due - volume 1 in the Joe Dust series
 * Daughter Fair (1958) - volume 2 in the Joe Dust series
 * The Sapphire Conference (1959) - volume 3 in the Joe Dust series
 * The Gull's Kiss (1962)

Hilary Ford

 * Felix Walking (1958)
 * Felix Running (1959)
 * Bella on the Roof (1965)
 * A Figure in Grey (1973)
 * Sarnia (1974)
 * Castle Malindine (1975)
 * A Bride for Bedivere (1976)

Peter Nichols

 * Patchwork of Death (1965)

Stanley Winchester

 * The Practice (1968)
 * Men With Knives (1968); US title, A Man With a Knife
 * The Helpers (1970)
 * Ten Per Cent of Your Life (1973)

Short stories
Youd's first published story was "Dreamer" in the March 1941 Weird Tales, as C.S. Youd. He had stories published in the magazines Astounding Science Fiction, Science Fantasy, Worlds Beyond Science-Fantasy Fiction, New Worlds, Galaxy Science Fiction, SF Digest, Future Science Fiction, Space SF Digest, Thrilling Wonder Stories, Authentic Science Fiction, Space Science Fiction, Nebula Science Fiction, Fantastic Universe, Saturn Science Fiction, Orbit Science Fiction, Fantastic Story Magazine, If: Worlds of Science Fiction, Worlds of Science Fiction (UK), Argosy (UK), The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, Beyond Infinity

Serializations
No Blade of Grass was serialized in The Saturday Evening Post in 1957. Caves of Night was serialized in John Bull Magazine in 1958. The Little People was serialized in The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction in 1967.

Anthologies

 * The Best SF Stories 3rd Series by Grayson & Grayson (1953)
 * Avon Science fiction and Fantasy Reader #1 (1953)
 * The Twenty-Second Century Grayson & Grayson (1954)
 * Gateway To Tomorrow edited by John Carnell, published by Panther (1963)
 * Avon Science Fiction and Fantasy Reader No. 2
 * The Best Science Fiction Stories Third Series edited by Everett F. Bleiler and T. E. Dikty
 * The Tenth Pan Book of Horror Stories, edited by Herbert Van Thal (1969)
 * Young Winter’s Tales No. 2, ed. M. R. Hodgkin, London: Macmillan (1971)
 * In Time to Come, Topliner (1973)
 * The Best of British SF 1 Orbit Books (1977)
 * The Random House Book of Science Fiction Stories Random House (1997) (ISBN 0-679-88527-7)
 * The Young Oxford Book of Nasty Endings, (1997), edited by Dennis Pepper, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-278151-0

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: John Christopher


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USS Boise (CL-47)

USS Boise (CL-47) was a light cruiser of the Brooklyn-class cruiser in the United States Navy. The cruiser was named for Boise, the capital city of the state of Idaho. Commissioned in 1938, she saw extensive service during World War II, taking part in fighting in the Mediterranean and Pacific theaters. Following the war the ship was decommissioned in 1946 and lay idle until sold to Argentina in 1951. Renamed ARA Nueve de Julio, the ship remained in service with the Argentinian Navy until 1978, after which she was taken to Brownsville, Texas and scrapped in 1983.

Commissioning and Interwar period
Boise was launched on 3 December 1936 by Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, Newport News, Virginia, sponsored by Miss Salome Clark, the daughter of Governor Clark of Idaho. The ship commissioned on 12 August 1938 with Captain Benjamin Vaughan McCandlish in command.

In February 1939, following a shakedown cruise to Monrovia, Liberia and Cape Town, Union of South Africa, Boise joined Cruiser Division 9 (CruDiv 9), Battle Force, at San Pedro, California. Until November 1941, she operated alternately off the west coast and in Hawaiian waters. She then escorted a convoy to Manila, Philippine Islands, arriving on 4 December.

World War II
The outbreak of war on 8 December 1941 found Boise off Cebu Island. On 9 January 1942 Task Force 5 (TF 5) was in northern Australian waters. Boise with the task force commander, Rear Admiral Glassford aboard, departed Darwin that day with USS Marblehead (CL-12) and destroyers USS Barker (DD-213), USS Parrott (DD-218), USS Bulmer (DD-222), USS Stewart (DD-224) and USS Pope (DD-225) escorting the Dutch ship MS Bloemfontein (1934) that was transporting hastily re-stowed supplies, artillery and artillerymen of the Headquarters Battery, 26th Field Artillery Brigade and the 1st Battalion, 131st Field Artillery that had arrived with the Pensacola Convoy to Surabaya. She rejoined the other elements of TF 5 in the East Indies, but on 21 January 1942 she struck an uncharted shoal in Sape Strait and had to retire to Colombo, Ceylon; Bombay, India; and Mare Island Navy Yard for repairs, which in essence saved her from being destroyed with the rest of the Allied ships during the various battles around Java. Her repairs completed, she sailed on 22 June to escort a convoy to Auckland, New Zealand.

Boise returned to Pearl Harbor and was tasked to conduct a raiding cruise in Japanese waters in hopes of creating an impression, including generating radio traffic, of a striking force heading for Japan to draw attention away from preparations for Guadalcanal. Boise departed Pearl Harbor 27 July and was expected to begin this raid on the Japanese sampan patrol line guarding approaches to Honshu about 750 mi east of Tokyo on 5 August. She completed the raid on 8 August. Two seaplanes that had to land on the water at sunset were lost, one being found by the Japanese with indications this caused apprehension of a strike force preparing to attack Japan.

In August, she escorted a convoy to Fiji and New Hebrides. From 14 to 18 September, she helped cover the landing of Marine reinforcements on Guadalcanal.

On the night of 11–12 October 1942, during the Battle of Cape Esperance, the task force of which Boise was part encountered a force of Japanese cruisers and destroyers to the west of Guadalcanal. In the engagement Boise was hit a number of times, twice by fire from a Japanese heavy cruiser from about 7,500 yards range. One hit exploded upon impact on her armor causing little damage. The other penetrated under the waterline and exploded in the 6 in magazine located between number I and II turrets causing a powder fire and flooding, putting turrets I, II, and III out of action and causing a number of casualties including 107 killed.

Under the command of Captain "Mike" Moran, who was later awarded the Navy Cross for his leadership during the battle, Boise made her way to Philadelphia Navy Yard, where she underwent repairs from 19 November 1942 to 20 March 1943. The gunfire damage was the first case available for complete Bureau of Ships analysis. It was discovered that one of the shells was of English manufacture.

Boise departed on 8 June for the Mediterranean, arriving at Algiers, Algeria on 21 June. From 10 July to 18 August, she acted as a cover and fire support ship for the Amphibious Battle of Gela during the Invasion of Sicily. In September, she took part in the Italian mainland landings at Taranto (9–10 September) and Salerno (12–19 September). She returned to New York on 15 November, and once again steamed to the South Pacific, arriving at Milne Bay, New Guinea on 31 December.

During January–September 1944, she took part in operations along the northern shore of New Guinea, including: Madang-Alexishafen bombardment (25–26 January); Humboldt Bay landings (22 April); shelling the Wakde and Sawar Airfields to neutralize the danger of air attack on newly won Allied positions (29–30 April); Battle of Wakde-Toem landings (15–25 May); Battle of Biak landings (25 May – 10 June); Battle of Noemfoor landings (1–2 July); Battle of Sansapor landings (27 July – 31 August); and the Battle of Morotai landings (1–30 September). The cruiser then moved north, as the battle front advanced into the Philippines, taking part in: Leyte invasion (20–24 October); Battle of Surigao Strait (25 October); Mindoro landings (12–17 December); Leyte-Mindoro covering action (26–29 December); Lingayen Gulf landings, with General Douglas MacArthur embarked (4–13 January 1945); Luzon covering force (14–31 January); Bataan-Corregidor occupation (13–17 February); and Zamboanga landings (8–12 March). She then moved to Borneo for the Tarakan landings (27 April – 3 May).

From 3–16 June, she carried General MacArthur on a 3,500 mi tour of the Central and Southern Philippines and Brunei Bay, Borneo, and then returned to San Pedro, California, arriving on 7 July. There she remained, undergoing overhaul and training until October. She sailed on 3 October for the east coast, arriving at New York on 20 October. Boise remained there until decommissioned on 1 July 1946.

Argentine Navy
Boise was sold to Argentina on 11 January 1951, along with USS Phoenix (CL-46), where they were commissioned as ARA Nueve de Julio ("9 July", Argentina's Independence Day) and ARA Diecisiete de Octubre (later renamed General Belgrano) respectively.

During her years as an Argentinian warship, she took part of the Revolución Libertadora, shelling oil depots and military facilities around the coastal city of Mar del Plata, on 19 September 1955. She was accidentally rammed by General Belgrano on exercises in 1956, which resulted in damage to both cruisers.

Nueve de Julio remained in service with the Argentine Navy until 1978, when she was decommissioned and towed to Brownsville, Texas.

Awards
Boise received 11 battle stars for her service in World War II.

title: USS Boise (CL-47)


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François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt

François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt (14 October 1733 – 21 July 1798), a Walloon, joined the army of the Habsburg monarchy and soon fought in the Seven Years' War. Later in his military career, he led Austrian troops in the war against Ottoman Turkey. During the French Revolutionary Wars he saw extensive fighting and rose to the rank of Field Marshal.

Early career
In the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) he distinguished himself, earning rapid promotion, and received the Military Order of Maria Theresa decoration. At the conclusion of the peace (Treaty of Hubertusburg, 15 February 1763), though still under thirty, he had already become an Oberst (colonel).

During the revolt in the Netherlands in 1787, Clerfayt, as a Walloon by birth, came under great pressure to abandon Emperor Joseph II. But he resisted all overtures, and in the following year went to fight in the Austro-Turkish War with the rank of Feldmarschal-Leutnant (lieutenant field marshal). In an independent command Clerfayt achieved great success, defeating the Turks at Mehadia and Calafat. On 10 November 1788, the emperor appointed him to the rank of Feldzeugmeister.

French Revolutionary Wars
In 1792, as one of the most distinguished of the emperor's generals, he received the command of the Austrian contingent in army of the duke of Brunswick, and at La Croix-aux-Bois his corps inflicted a reverse on the troops of the French Revolution. In the Netherlands, he commanded the center at the Battle of Jemappes on 6 November. He opened the campaign of 1793 with the victory of Aldenhoven and the relief of Maastricht, and on 18 March 1793 proved instrumental in causing the complete defeat of Charles Dumouriez at the Battle of Neerwinden. In October, however, his victorious career suffered a reverse at the Battle of Wattignies.

He participated in the Flanders Campaign against Charles Pichegru in 1794. Leading a flanking column from the north, he fought at the Battle of Tourcoing on 17–18 May. A French force under Dominique Vandamme slowed his progress until Joseph Souham defeated the Anglo-Austrian army on the southern part of the battlefield. Souham then turned against Clerfayt and compelled him to retreat to the northeast. In the course of the campaign. Clerfayt succeeded Prince Josias of Coburg in the supreme command, but he failed to make headway against the French, and had to recross the Rhine.

A Feldmarschall from 22 April 1795, he commanded on the middle Rhine against Jean-Baptiste Jourdan, and this time the fortunes of war changed. Clerfayt beat Jourdan at Höchst and brilliantly relieved Mainz. But the Austrian Foreign Minister Johann Thugut did not approve Clerfayt's action in concluding an armistice with the French, so the field marshal resigned his command and became a member of the Aulic Council in Vienna. He died in 1798.

Clerfaytgasse in Hernals, Vienna is named after him.

Commentary
A brave and skillful soldier, Clerfayt perhaps achieved more than any other Austrian commander (except the Archduke Charles of Austria) in the hopeless struggle of small dynastic armies against a French "nation in arms".


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USS Boise

Two ships of the United States Navy have borne the name Boise, after  Boise, Idaho.

 * USS Boise (CL-47), was a light cruiser commissioned in 1938. The ship was later sold to Argentina.
 * USS Boise (SSN-764), is a Los Angeles-class nuclear attack submarine.

title: USS Boise


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Greedy reductionism

Greedy reductionism, identified by Daniel Dennett, in his 1995 book Darwin's Dangerous Idea, is a kind of erroneous reductionism. Whereas "good" reductionism means explaining a thing in terms of what it reduces to (for example, its parts and their interactions), greedy reductionism occurs when "in their eagerness for a bargain, in their zeal to explain too much too fast, scientists and philosophers ... underestimate the complexities, trying to skip whole layers or levels of theory in their rush to fasten everything securely and neatly to the foundation". Using the terminology of "cranes" (legitimate, mechanistic explanations) and "skyhooks" (essentially, fake—e.g. supernaturalistic—explanations) built up earlier in the chapter, Dennett recapitulates his initial definition of the term in the chapter summary on p. 83: "Good reductionists suppose that all Design can be explained without skyhooks; greedy reductionists suppose it can all be explained without cranes."

Examples
A canonical example of greedy reductionism, labelled as such by Dennett himself, is the (radical) behaviorism of B. F. Skinner. It is often said of this school of thought (which dominated the field of psychology, at least in the Anglo-American world, for part of the twentieth century) that it denied the existence of mental states such as beliefs, although at least in Skinner's original version it merely denied the theoretical utility (or necessity) of postulating such states in order to explain behavior. Notably, Skinner himself characterized his views as anti-reductionist: in Beyond Freedom and Dignity and other works (e.g. About Behaviorism and chapter 19 of Verbal Behavior), he wrote that while mental and neurological states did exist, behavior could be explained without recourse to either. As Dennett says, "Skinner proclaimed that one simple iteration of the fundamental Darwinian process—operant conditioning—could account for all mentality, all learning, not just in pigeons but in human beings. ... Skinner was a greedy reductionist, trying to explain all the design (and design power) in a single stroke".

In his earlier book Consciousness Explained, Dennett argued that, without denying that human consciousness exists, we can understand it as coming about from the coordinated activity of many components in the brain that are themselves unconscious. In response, critics accused him of "explaining away" consciousness because he disputes the existence of certain conceptions of consciousness that he considers overblown and incompatible with what is physically possible. This is perhaps what motivated Dennett to make the greedy/good distinction in his follow-up book, to freely admit that reductionism can go overboard while pointing out that not all reductionism goes this far.

A departure from strict reductionism in the opposite direction from greedy reductionism is called nonreductive physicalism. Nonreductive physicalists deny that a reductionistic analysis of a conscious system like the human mind is sufficient to explain all of the phenomena which are characteristic of that system. This idea is expressed in some theories that say consciousness is an emergent epiphenomenon that cannot be reduced to physiological properties of neurons. Those nonreductive physicalists, such as Colin McGinn, who claim the true relationship between the physical and the mental may be beyond scientific understanding—and therefore a "mystery"—have been dubbed mysterians by Owen Flanagan.

Nothing-buttery
An older name for 'greedy reductionism' is "nothing-buttery", an expression based on the repeated phrase "such-and-such is nothing but...". For example, in the article title, "Consciousness is Nothing But a Word".

This 1955 example of the phrase demonstrates its use in its characteristic context:"Yet one occasionally hears it said that the brain is nothing but a machine. The assertion is usually made in a slurring tone which implies that the brain has been overrated in some unspecified way and is supposed to put an end to further discussion. One investigator calls this 'nothing buttery' thinking. It is certainly a grave insult to the brain—and to the machines."The expression began to be used in US English from 1953, and in UK English from the beginning of the 1960s. Its usage peaked in about 1970, but the phrase continues to be used up to the present.

The related expression "nothing-but-ism" appeared earlier, in the 1930s. One of its earliest documented uses was in a 1935 review by W. J. H. Sprott of Carl Jung's book Man in Search of a Soul in the journal Mind. Sprott praised Jung's book because "it does not attempt to explain away spiritual aspiration, the antithesis of 'nothing-but'-ism".

Although in the 1970s the phrase "nothing-buttery" had already been in use for at least twenty years, it is often associated with the scholar Donald Mackay, who popularized its use at that time and debated publicly with B. F. Skinner.

title: Greedy reductionism


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Minamoto clan

Minamoto (源) was a noble surname bestowed by the Emperors of Japan upon members of the imperial family who were excluded from the line of succession and demoted into the ranks of the nobility since 814. Several noble lines were bestowed the surname, the most notable of which was the Seiwa Genji, whose descendants established the Kamakura and Ashikaga shogunates following the Heian era. The Minamoto was one of the four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period in Japanese history—the other three were the Fujiwara, the Taira, and the Tachibana.

In the late Heian period, Minamoto rivalry with the Taira culminated in the Genpei War (1180-1185 AD). The Minamoto emerged victorious and established Japan's first shogunate in Kamakura under Minamoto no Yoritomo, who appointed himself as Shōgun in 1192, ushering in the Kamakura period (1192–1333 AD) of Japanese history. The name "Genpei" comes from alternate readings of the kanji "Minamoto" (源 Gen) and "Taira" (平 Hei).

The Kamakura Shogunate was overthrown by Emperor Go-Daigo in the Kenmu Restoration of 1333. Three years later the Kenmu government would then itself be overthrown by the Ashikaga clan, descendants of the Seiwa Genji who established the Ashikaga shogunate (1333 to 1573).

The Minamoto clan is also called the Genji (源氏), or less frequently, the Genke (源家), using the On'yomi readings of gen (源) for "Minamoto", while shi or ji (氏) means "clan", and ke (家) is used as a suffix for "extended family".

History
The Emperors of Japan bestowed noble surnames upon members of the imperial family who were excluded from the line of succession and demoted into the ranks of the nobility. In May 814, the first emperor to grant the surname "Minamoto" was Emperor Saga, to his seventh son—Minamoto no Makoto, in Heian-Kyō (modern Kyōto). The practice was most prevalent during the Heian period (794–1185 AD), although its last occurrence was during the Sengoku period. The Taira were another such offshoot of the imperial dynasty, making both clans distant relatives. The most prominent of the several Minamoto families, the Seiwa Genji, descended from Minamoto no Tsunemoto (897–961), a grandson of Emperor Seiwa. Tsunemoto went to the provinces and became the founder of a major warrior dynasty. Minamoto no Mitsunaka (912–997) formed an alliance with the Fujiwara. Thereafter the Fujiwara frequently called upon the Minamoto to restore order in the capital, Heian-Kyō (modern Kyōto). Mitsunaka's eldest son, Minamoto no Yorimitsu (948–1021), became the protégé of Fujiwara no Michinaga; another son, Minamoto no Yorinobu (968–1048) suppressed the rebellion of Taira no Tadatsune in 1032. Yorinobu's son, Minamoto no Yoriyoshi (988–1075), and grandson, Minamoto no Yoshiie (1039–1106), pacified most of northeastern Japan between 1051 and 1087. The Seiwa Genji's fortunes declined in the Hōgen Rebellion (1156), when the Taira executed most of the line, including Minamoto no Tameyoshi. During the Heiji Disturbance (1160), the head of the Seiwa Genji, Minamoto no Yoshitomo, died in battle. Taira no Kiyomori seized power in Kyoto by forging an alliance with the retired emperors Go-Shirakawa and Toba and infiltrating the kuge. He sent Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147–1199), the third son of Minamoto no Yoshimoto of the Seiwa Genji, into exile. In 1180, during the Genpei War, Yoritomo mounted a full-scale rebellion against the Taira rule, culminating in the destruction of the Taira and the subjugation of eastern Japan within five years. In 1192, he received the title shōgun and set up the first bakufu in the history of Japan at Kamakura—Kamakura shogunate. The later Ashikaga (founders of the Ashikaga shogunate of Muromachi period), Nitta, Takeda, and Tokugawa (founders of the Tokugawa shogunate of Edo period) clans claim descents from the Minamoto clan (Seiwa Genji branch).

The protagonist of the classical Japanese novel The Tale of Genji (The Tale of Minamoto clan)—Hikaru Genji, was bestowed the name Minamoto for political reasons by his father the emperor and was delegated to civilian life and a career as an imperial officer.

The Genpei War is also the subject of the early Japanese epic The Tale of the Heike (Heike Monogatari).

Members of the Minamoto clan (Genji clan)
Even within royalty there was a distinction between princes with the title shinnō (親王), who could ascend to the throne, and princes with the title ō (王), who were not members of the line of imperial succession but nevertheless remained members of the royal class (and therefore outranked members of Minamoto clans). The bestowing of the Minamoto name on a (theretofore-)prince or his descendants excluded them from the royal class altogether, thereby operating as a reduction in legal and social rank even for ō-princes not previously in the line of succession. Many later clans were formed by members of the Minamoto clan, and in many early cases, progenitors of these clans are known by either family name. There are also known monks of Minamoto descent; these are often noted in genealogies but did not carry the clan name (in favour of a dharma name). The Minamoto is the ancestor and parent clan of many notable descendant clans, some of which are Ashikaga, Tokugawa, Matsudaira, Nitta, Takeda, Shimazu, Sasaki, Akamatsu, Kitabatake, Tada, Ota, Toki, Yamana, Satomi, Hosokawa, Satake, Yamamoto, Hemi, Ogasawara, Yasuda, Takenouchi, Hiraga, Imagawa, Miyake, etc.

There were 21 branches of the clan, each named after the emperor from whom it descended. Some of these lineages were populous, but a few did not produce descendants.

Saga Genji
The Saga Genji are descendants of Emperor Saga. As Saga had many children, many were bestowed the uji Minamoto, declassing them from imperial succession. Among his sons, Makoto, Tokiwa, and Tōru took the position of Minister of the Left (sadaijin); they were among the most powerful in the Imperial Court in the early Heian period. Some of Tōru's descendants in particular settled the provinces and formed buke. Clans such as the Watanabe, Matsuura, and Kamachi descend from the Saga Genji.

Noted Saga Genji and descendants include: History records indicate that at least three of Emperor Saga's daughters were also made Minamoto (Minamoto no Kiyohime, Minamoto no Sadahime, and Minamoto no Yoshihime), but few records concerning his daughters are known.
 * Minamoto no Makoto, seventh son of the Emperor
 * Minamoto no Hiromu, eighth son of the Emperor
 * Minamoto no Hitoshi, grandson of Hiromu
 * Minamoto no Tokiwa, son of the Emperor
 * Minamoto no Okoru, first son of Tokiwa
 * Minamoto no Sadamu, son of the Emperor
 * Minamoto no Shitagō, great-grandson of Sadamu
 * Minamoto no Hiroshi, son of the Emperor
 * Minamoto no Tōru, son of the EmperorMinamoto no Yoritomo.jpg (1147–1199) in 1179, by Fujiwara no Takanobu|left]]
 * Minamoto no Anbō (secular name Minamoto no Shitagō), great-grandson of Tōru
 * Watanabe no Tsuna (his official name was Minamoto no Tsuna, who resided at Watanabe in Settsu province, and took the name of the place), great-great-grandson of Tōru
 * Matsuura Hisashi, great-grandson of Tsuna
 * Minamoto no Koreshige, grandson of Tōru
 * Minamoto no Mitsusue, great-great-grandson of Koreshige
 * Minamoto no Tsutomu, son of the Emperor
 * Minamoto no Hiraku, son of the Emperor

Ninmyō Genji
They were descendants of Emperor Ninmyō. His sons Minamoto no Masaru and Minamoto no Hikaru were udaijin. Among Hikaru's descendants was Minamoto no Atsushi, adoptive father of the Saga Genji's Watanabe no Tsuna and father of the Seiwa Genji's Minamoto no Mitsunaka's wife.

Montoku Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Montoku. Among them, Minamoto no Yoshiari was a sadaijin, and among his descendants were the Sakado clan who were Hokumen no Bushi.

Seiwa Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Seiwa. The most numerous of them were those descended from Minamoto no Tsunemoto, son of Prince Sadazumi. Hachimantarō Yoshiie of the Kawachi Genji was a leader of a buke. His descendants set up the Kamakura shogunate, making his a prestigious pedigree claimed by many buke, particularly for the direct descendants in the Ashikaga clan (that set up the Ashikaga shogunate) and the rival Nitta clan. Centuries later, Tokugawa Ieyasu would claim descent from the Seiwa Genji by way of the Nitta clan.

Yōzei Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Yōzei. While Minamoto no Tsunemoto is termed the ancestor of the Seiwa Genji, there is evidence (rediscovered in the late 19th century by Hoshino Hisashi) suggesting that he was actually the grandson of Emperor Yōzei rather than of Emperor Seiwa. This theory is not widely accepted as fact, but as Yōzei was deposed for reprehensible behaviour, there would have been a compelling motive to claim descent from more auspicious origins if it were the case.

Kōkō Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Kōkō. The great-grandson of his firstborn Prince Koretada, Kōshō, was the ancestor of a line of busshi, from which various styles of Buddhist sculpture emerged. Kōshō's grandson Kakujo established the Shichijō Bussho workshop.

Uda Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Uda. Two sons of Prince Atsumi, Minamoto no Masanobu and Minamoto no Shigenobu became sadaijin. Masanobu's children in particular flourished, forming five dōjō houses as kuge, and as buke the Sasaki clan of the Ōmi Genji, and the Izumo Genji.

Daigo Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Daigo. His son Minamoto no Takaakira became a sadaijin, but his downfall came during the Anna incident. Takaakira's descendants include the Okamoto and Kawajiri clans. Daigo's grandson Minamoto no Hiromasa was a reputed musician.

Murakami Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Murakami. His grandson Morofusa was an udaijin and had many descendants, among them several houses of dōjō kuge. Until the Ashikaga clan took it during the Muromachi period, the title of Genji no Chōja always fell to one of Morofusa's progeny.

Reizei Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Reizei. Though they are included among the listing of 21 Genji lineages, no concrete record of the names of his descendants made Minamoto is known to survive.

Kazan Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Kazan. They became the dōjō Shirakawa family, which headed the Jingi-kan for centuries, responsible for the centralised aspects of Shinto.

Sanjō Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Sanjō's son Prince Atsuakira. Starting with one of them, Minamoto no Michisue, the position of Ōkimi-no-kami (chief genealogist of the imperial family) in the Ministry of the Imperial Household was passed down hereditarily.

Go-Sanjō Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Go-Sanjō's son Prince Sukehito. Sukehito's son Minamoto no Arihito was a sadaijin. Minamoto no Yoritomo's vassal Tashiro Nobutsuna, who appears in the Tale of the Heike, was allegedly Arihito's grandson (according to the Genpei Jōsuiki).

Go-Shirakawa Genji
This line consisted solely of Emperor Go-Shirakawa son Mochihito-ō (Takakura-no-Miya). As part of the succession dispute that led to the opening hostilities of the Genpei War, he was declassed (renamed "Minamoto no Mochimitsu") and exiled.

Juntoku Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Juntoku's sons Tadanari-ō and Prince Yoshimune. The latter's grandson Yoshinari rose to sadaijin with the help of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu.

Go-Saga Genji
This line consisted solely of Emperor Go-Saga's grandson Prince Koreyasu. Koreyasu-ō was installed as a puppet shōgun (the seventh of the Kamakura shogunate) at a young age, and was renamed "Minamoto no Koreyasu" a few years later. After he was deposed, he regained royal status, and became a monk soon after, thereby losing the Minamoto name.

Go-Fusakusa Genji
These were descendants of Emperor Go-Fukakusa's son Prince Hisaaki (the eighth shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate). Hisaaki's sons Prince Morikuni (the next shōgun) and Prince Hisayoshi were made Minamoto. Hisayoshi's adopted "nephew" (actually Nijō Michihira's son) Muneaki became a gon-dainagon (acting dainagon).

Ōgimachi Genji
These were non-royal descendants of Emperor Ōgimachi. At first they were buke, but they later became dōjō-ke, the Hirohata family.

Historical periods and cities founding

 * Kamakura period and Kamakura city, which were established and founded by Minamoto no Yoritomo—the first shōgun of Japan.
 * Muromachi period was founded by shōgun Ashikaga Takauji—a direct descendant of Minamoto no Yoshiyasu (also known as Ashikaga Yoshiyasu).
 * Edo period was founded by shōgun Tokugawa Ieyasu—who claimed to be a descendant of Minamoto no Yoshishige (also known as Nitta Yoshishige).

Shinto shrines founding

 * Three Genji Shrines (源氏三神社) - A group of Shinto shrines connected closedly with the members of Seiwa Genji branch of the Minamoto clan.
 * Rokusonnō Shrine, Minami-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture
 * Tada Jinja, Kawanishi, Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Tsuboi Hachimangū, Habikino, Osaka Prefecture
 * Sasaki Shrine - a Shinto shrine connected closely with the members of Uda Genji branch of the Minamoto clan.

Literature and arts

 * The Tale of Genji (源氏物語) by Murasaki Shikibu, an important 11th-century classical Japanese novel.Genji monogatari (ch. 34).jpg
 * The Tale of the Heike (平家物語), a 14th-century epic poetry compiled of the struggle between the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan for control of Japan at the end of the 12th century in the Genpei War (1180–1185).

title: Minamoto clan


text:
Taira clan

The Taira (平) was one of the four most important clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period of Japanese history – the others being the Minamoto, the Fujiwara, and the Tachibana. The clan is divided into four major groups, named after the emperors they descended from: Kanmu Heishi, Ninmyō Heishi, Montoku Heishi, and Kōkō Heishi, the most influential of which was the Kanmu Heishi line.

In the twilight of the Heian period, the Taira controlled the boy emperor Antoku (himself the grandson of the powerful Kugyō Taira no Kiyomori) and had effectively dominated the Imperial capital of Heian. However, they were opposed by their rivals the Minamoto clan (the Genji), which culminated in the Genpei War (1180-1185 AD). The five-year-long war concluded with a decisive Taira defeat in the naval Battle of Dan-no-Ura, during which Antoku would perish. Following the war, the victorious Minamoto established Japan's first shogunate in Kamakura. The name "Genpei" comes from alternate readings of the kanji "Minamoto" (源 Gen) and "Taira" (平 Hei).

The clan is commonly referred to as Heishi (平氏) or Heike (平家), using the character's On'yomi hei (平) for Taira, while shi (氏) means "clan", and ke (家) is used as a suffix for "extended family". The clan is the namesake of The Tale of the Heike, an epic account of the Genpei War.

History

Along with the Minamoto, Taira was one of the honorary surnames given by the emperors of the Heian period (794–1185) to their children and grandchildren who were not considered eligible for the throne.

The clan was founded when the Imperial Court grew too large, and the emperor ordered that the descendants of previous emperors from several generations ago would no longer be princes but would instead be given noble surnames and ranks. The decision became applicable during the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805) and thus, together with the Minamoto clan, the Taira clan was born.

Some grandchildren of Emperor Kanmu were the first to bear the name of Taira, after 825. Later, descendants of Emperor Nimmyo, Emperor Montoku and Emperor Koko also received the surname. The specific hereditary lines of these emperors are referred to by the posthumous name of the emperor followed by Heishi, for example Kanmu Heishi.

The Kanmu Heishi line has two major branches. One was founded in 889 by Taira no Takamochi (great-grandson of the 50th Emperor Kanmu, who reigned from 781 to 806) proved to be the strongest and most dominant line during the Heian period. A great-grandson of Takamochi, Taira no Korehira, moved to Ise Province (currently part of Mie Prefecture) and established an important Daimyo dynasty. Masamori, his grandson; and Tadamori, his great-grandson, became loyal supporters of Emperor Shirakawa and Emperor Toba, respectively. Later, Tadamori's son, Taira no Kiyomori, created what was considered the first samurai government in the history of Japan.

Taira no Kiyomori, son and heir of Tadamori, rose to the position of Daijō Daijin (great Minister of State), after his victories in the Hōgen Rebellion (1156) and the Heiji Rebellion (1160). Kiyomori succeeded in enthroning his youngest grandson as Emperor Antoku in 1180, an act that led to the Genpei War (Genpei no Sōran, 1180–1185). The last leader of the Kanmu Heishi bloodline, was eventually destroyed by Minamoto no Yoritomo's armies at the Battle of Dan-no-ura, the last battle of the Genpei War. This story is told in the Heike Monogatari.

This branch of the Kanmu Heishi had many collateral branches, including Hōjō, Chiba, Miura and Hatakeyama.

The other major branch of Kanmu Heishi was founded by Takamune-ō (804–867), the eldest son of Prince Imperial Kazurahara and grandson of Emperor Kanmu, who received the title of Taira no Ason in the year 825. Members of this branch served as middle-class kuge in the Imperial Court of Kyoto.

The Oda clan at the time of Oda Nobunaga (1534–1582) also claimed Taira descent, they were descendants of Taira no Chikazane, grandson of Taira no Shigemori (1138–1179).

Genpei War
During the Heiji Rebellion (1160), the Seiwa Genji leader, Minamoto no Yoshitomo, died in battle. Taira no Kiyomori gained power in Kyoto forging alliances with retired emperors Shirakawa and Toba. Kiyomori sent Minamoto no Yoritomo (1147–1199), the third son of Yoshitomo, into exile. In 1180, Yoritomo organized a large-scale rebellion against the rule of the Taira (the Genpei War or Taira-Minamoto), culminated with the destruction of the Taira by the Minamoto clan and the subjugation of eastern Japan in five years. In 1192, Minamoto no Yoritomo received the title shogun and created the first bakufu based in Kamakura (Kanagawa Prefecture).

Branches
The Taira clan had four main branches:

 * Taira Kanmu (Kanmu Heishi, 桓武平氏) – descended from the princes, children of 50th Emperor Kanmu.
 * Taira Nimmyō (Nimmyō Heishi, 仁明平氏) – descended from the princes, grandchildren of the 54th Emperor Nimmyō's lineage.
 * Taira Montoku (Montoku Heishi, 文徳平氏) – descended from princes, children of 55th Emperor Montoku.
 * Taira Kōkō (Kōkō Heishi, 光孝平氏) – descended from the princes, grandchildren of the 58th Emperor Kōkō's lineage.

Clan members
These were important members of the Taira clan.

 * Taira no Masakado (903–940)
 * Taira no Kiyomori (1118–1181)
 * Taira no Shigemori (1138–1179)
 * Taira no Tadanori (1144–1184)
 * Taira no Munemori (1147–1185)
 * Taira no Tomomori (1152–1185)
 * Taira no Shigehira (1158–1185)
 * Taira no Takakiyo (1173–1199)

Mon of the Taira
The mon (crest, emblem) of the Taira clan is an Agehanochō (揚羽蝶, Swallowtail butterfly) with raised wings.

title: Taira clan


text:
Talk:Ganzfeld experiment

Fringe description
The article lead was changed from pseudoscientific to fringe by an IP. The fringe claim is actually accurate. Ganzfeld experiments conducted by parapsychologists are very much fringe, this is not mainstream science. We have many references on the article which clearly discuss the fringe nature of these experiments. Psychologist Guy (talk) 21:08, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

 * You are begging the question. i.e. saying it is fringe because "it is an article about parapsychology". Saying it is obviously fringe and adding one reference (from 1987!) to the lead does not meet the guidelines for lead content. The lead needs to reflect important points from the article. The word "fringe" doesn't appear anywhere in the article, probably because it isn't a scientific term. See the Manual of Style lead section for more info. Manual_of_Style/Lead_section Morgan Leigh | Talk 22:20, 24 March 2022 (UTC)

 * The word "pseudoscience" was in the lead for over a year, I don't see any other user disputing pseudoscience or the newly added "fringe". You have no consensus for your edit. You are making a controversial edit so it is up to you to back it up, not the other way round. We have an article on parapsychology, the topic is considered pseudoscience by academics and scientists so you are arguing against the scientific consensus. The ganzfeld experiment is indeed a fringe experiment by default, are you claiming it is mainstream science? We have an article on fringe science, it is a scientific term, "Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted". Psychologist Guy (talk) 19:08, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Cited sources support "a pseudoscientific technique used in parapsychology" or "a technique used in parapsychology that has been criticized as pseudoscientific". Calling it "fringe technique" is clumsy, less specific, and would require adding additional explanation to the lead. - LuckyLouie (talk) 19:51, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

 * The cited sources, I believe, seem to support a wording I tried to construct. But I could be wrong. So WP:BRD if you feel it a problem and let me know. jps (talk) 20:01, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Better! - LuckyLouie (talk) 23:01, 25 March 2022 (UTC)

 * Great solution for replacement of fringe. But the claim that there is no scientific evidence for any parapsychological effects is not supportable. See The experimental evidence for parapsychological phenomena: A review Morgan Leigh | Talk 22:50, 26 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Written by a paranormal loon Etzel Cardeña who is the editor of Journal of Parapsychology, so hardly a neutral source! Psychologist Guy (talk) 01:41, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * , c'mon man you need to behave, this sort of POV editing is not acceptable. You are not playing fair. There are many references, for example The Psychology of the Psychic is also cited in the lead. Psychologist Guy (talk) 01:49, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * A retraction-watch worthy paper if I've ever read one. I have contacted the editor about whether they got a physicist(!) to vet his claims that quantum mechanics allows for psi, for example. jps (talk) 03:48, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Quantum physicists have been collaborating with parapsychologists since the fifties. e.g. That time in the 70s when quantum physicists and parapsychologists held a joint conference and decided that there were psi effects and that they may well be quantum effects. https://www.proquest.com/openview/9d88460b42c1dfccba4adc157f5ee865/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1818062
 * In actual scholarshipland, as opposed to pseudoskepticaland, these two fields are working together to try to understand consciousness as we speak. I'd cite this work in the article but I know it is a waste of time because of the attitudes of people here who think it is OK to impugn actual tenured scholars peer reviewed published work purely on the basis that they are parapsychologists. Morgan Leigh | Talk 04:14, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * In the fifties, parapsychologists still had lots of people fooled that they were on to something. That does not matter now. Of course, quantum mechanics is not a theoretical basis for psi. Can you please WP:FOCUS and stop telling stories from your tiny psi bubble? --Hob Gadling (talk) 09:33, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Ha! Funny thing then that none of the best journals that publish quantum physics accept these papers. When was the last time PRL published something about parapsychology? It was easy in the 1970s drug-addled heyday of the Fundamental Fysiks Group to get a conference together that attracts a few of the "Hippies who saved physics" who are completely marginalized in their blinkered beliefs. But do go on how this is the actual stream of research and not a laughable backwater. Go right ahead. jps (talk) 10:52, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * AH! I see that it wasn't reviewed at all. It is a "perspective". Cop-out, APA, but whatever. I suppose the problem would be that if they did allow for proper review Cardeña would have balked. After all, the rejoinder is this harsh. jps (talk) 04:23, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
 * We can agree that paper is a harsh rebuttal. It is also a stupid one which relies on the argument that "Claims made by parapsychologists cannot be true." Seems Cardeña's paper that is a meta analysis based on actual data might be more like actual science. Morgan Leigh | Talk 03:47, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * This is a meta argument irrelevant to our discussion here, but, suffice to say, the rejoinder is clear. Believers in parapsychology are charged with a kind of magical thinking that is impenetrable to dispute because they assume that psi exists. This is made all the more clear that they reject the null hypothesis out-of-hand in spite of 150 years of poor showing from true believers. If you want WP to follow your acceptance of woo-woo, get a result published in Nature or Science. Good luck! jps (talk) 10:47, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I wonder why I am not convinced by your an adhominum attack on a tenured professor? Morgan Leigh | Talk 03:43, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I wonder whether you could arrange a fair demonstration for us of psi. Maybe you could put your god to the test? Maybe you could write down the equation that allows for psi from QM? Seems Cardeña wasn't up to the task. jps (talk) 10:47, 28 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I would so love to jps. But sadly every time I try to show exactly how, for example, Cardeña is totally up the task his research papers keep getting removed because parapsychologists are persona non grata. How exactly should I proceed in this case? Morgan Leigh | Talk 05:30, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Convince the scientific community that psi exists. If you succeed, come back here. At the moment, you are trying to cram psi in through the back door. But that is not how Wikipedia works. First, go mainstream. Then, be described as mainstream science in Wikipedia. Not the other way around. --Hob Gadling (talk) 08:43, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
 * I'm not trying to convince anyone. Just trying to cite published research. Apparently that is a bridge too far for you guys to handle. You still haven't addressed the fact that Wikipedia policy doesn't support your contention that parapsychologists can't be cited. Nothing to say on that? Morgan Leigh | Talk 09:29, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
 * WP:PSCI Any inclusion of pseudoscientific views should not give them undue weight.. Is Cardeña's opinion any more relevant that other parpsychologists saying the same thing? We already say that parapsychologists believe they have something and that everybody else does not. So, what is gained by adding one voice from that choir? --Hob Gadling (talk) 10:48, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
 * The question was how do you justify your exclusion of works by parapsychologists given wikipedias policy that they don't have a conflict of interest?
 * Are you seriously asking why adding more peer reviewed published evidence for a thing you say there is no evidence for is necessary? Morgan Leigh | Talk 22:04, 30 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Conflict of interest is irrelevant. What is relevant is independent notice and WP:REDFLAG. jps (talk) 11:08, 31 March 2022 (UTC)

Also, it's at least admirable that other parapsychologists who argue that psi exists don't fall victim to the temptation to fall down the quantum flapdoodle rabbit hole. Misleading readers with an unreviewed jaunt through that sort of pseudoscience does no one any favors. jps (talk) 18:55, 30 March 2022 (UTC)

 * I reckon being published by the American Psychological association counts as pretty good independent notice. And 250 journal articles and a number of books. And getting the outstanding career award is also some pretty good independent notice Cardeña given Outstanding Career Award. Oh but wait, that award is from the parapsychological association and they are bad so it doesn't count, that's what you were going to say right? Which takes us right back to, how you can justify excluding peer reviewed published papers by award winning parapsychologists in defiance of wikipedia policy, which is the actual question here.
 * You can't have it both ways. You can't ask for evidence and then exclude evidence because you say it doesn't count when wikipedia policy says it does. Morgan Leigh | Talk 22:35, 31 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes academics can get pseudoscientific nonsense published in peer-reviewed papers, it happens everyday. Just because something is peer-reviewed does not mean it is reliable. You appear to be ignoring our fringe guidelines, I am not sure why we would be giving weight to Cardeña when his ideas are rejected by the science community. I am not sure if you have looked up Cardeña or not but he's actually written material claiming levitation and psychokinesis are real. I don't think you have done your homework, you are promoting someone with some very irrational and crazy views.
 * But this is all off-topic for this article. Cardeña's paper was not on the ganzfeld experiments. It is also irrelevant to what awards he has or how many books he has published. Even Nobel Prize-winning scientists are not immune from promoting pseudoscience, quackery or irrational ideas (look at Linus Pauling or Charles Richet). If you support Cardena then why stop there? Why not support John C. Sanford? He has better peer-reviewed publications than Cardeña and thinks the earth is less than 10,000 years old! Do you think Wikipedia should be promoting Sandford's creationism? He is published in some good journals so Wikipedia should promote his creationism, right? Of course not. You are ignoring scientific consensus. But we do have an article on the Parapsychological Association Outstanding Career Award if you want to update it. Instead of wasting time putting rants on talk-pages you could update and improve parapsychology articles if that is your thing but something tells me you are not interested in improving articles in this topic area, you just want a debate on talk-pages. Your approach is not productive and you are ignoring both scientific and consensus from other editors, so I will not be further responding here. This is a waste of time sadly. Psychologist Guy (talk) 23:34, 31 March 2022 (UTC)
 * Cardeña's work has clearly not been rejected by "the science community" as he has been published in many journals and is in fact a tenured professor. The point here is that you just keep stating your personal opinion without saying why it should be the arbiter and not wikipedia policy, while I refer to policy and peer reviewed sources.
 * I think it is you who is not abiding by the WP:FRINGE policy as that policy states that "an idea that is not broadly supported by scholarship in its field..." Clearly this means that Cardeña's, and any other published parapsychologist should be able to be cited here as they are, e.g. the aforementioned award, obviously recognized in their field.
 * Why am I having this discussion rather than editing the article? Because when I edit you guys always remove things stating this fallacious argument that parapsychologists can't be cited. So it seems that trying to get this sorted here is a necessity before editing.
 * Sadly though none of you will answer the simple question of why your personal opinions matter more than wikipedia policy. Morgan Leigh | Talk 04:51, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
 * "published in many journals" has nothing to do with getting one's ideas accepted.
 * "is in fact a tenured professor" has nothing to do with getting one's ideas accepted.
 * If you do not understand even simple and obvious truths like that, any discussion with you is pointless. --Hob Gadling (talk) 10:27, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
 * So, still no answer about why your opinion is more important than wikipedia policy. Morgan Leigh | Talk 22:18, 1 April 2022 (UTC)
 * It's clearly not just Hob's opinion. The most reliable sources we have on parapsychology identify it as completely corrupted by blinkered belief. Richard Wiseman, in particular, is an exemplar of such. He routinely defends parapsychology as an object lesson for psychology in general. It is true that parapsychologists have been subject to harsher criticism than psychologists when it comes to such matters as the replication crisis. Wiseman has made the case that for that reason alone parapsychology has done research psychology a favor. What that does not mean is that he accepts their evidence and, indeed, there are no people who accept their evidence except for those who believe in the paranormal. jps (talk) 11:23, 2 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Morgan, I have only skimmed this conversation, but one thing you need to understand here, that most editors don't have the courage to say, is that although we as editors are obligated to live by Wikipedia policy as we understand it (after all, you can't understand things the way other people understand them because as soon as you do, it automatically becomes your own understanding), policy ultimately is a layer over raw numbers majority rule. While editors will quote WP:NOTDEMOCRACY, in practice we see WP:Of course it's voting. You can run through the dispute resolution process which is supposedly structured to be all policy based, and you can take it further if you think the close is unfair, but ultimately if you're the minority, it's your interpretation of policy against everyone else's interpretation of policy. You are outnumbered, and those of us who think pro-psi stuff should not be in Wikipedia are not outnumbered, and policy is almost infinitely malleable to people with sufficient levels of cognitive dissonance. MarshallKe (talk) 19:04, 2 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Creationists, climate change deniers, 9/11 conspiracy theorists, astrologers, homeopaths, covidiots, flat-earthers, holocaust deniers and many others agree with you. What you said is pretty much the same reasoning they use. According to them, their worldviews are also not rejected by Wikipedia because they are rejected by mainstream sources but because of all those biased Wikipedia editors. --Hob Gadling (talk) 10:15, 5 April 2022 (UTC)
 * Yes, I am a very bad person. How dare I insist on evilly citing published works by actual scholars? Morgan Leigh | Talk 10:23, 5 April 2022 (UTC)
 * There is no similarity between what I said and what you portray me as saying. --Hob Gadling (talk) 10:36, 5 April 2022 (UTC)
 * This is a very telling reply from MarshallKe. Starting with, one radical skeptic doesn't accept the evidence so it must be bogus, and ending with, a bunch of editors with a stated bias against the topic know they are "interpreting" policy but there are more of them so they get their way.
 * I'm super glad you pointed out that the dispute resolution process is "supposedly" structured to be policy based, because that is the truth.
 * All in all this is just an extended version of the, our admittedly biased position is going to prevail over citing published work by actual scholars, argument. Morgan Leigh | Talk 10:19, 5 April 2022 (UTC)

title: Talk:Ganzfeld experiment


text:
Cundinamarca Department

Department of Cundinamarca  (Departamento de Cundinamarca, ) is one of the departments of Colombia. Its area covers 22623 km2 (not including the Capital District) and it has a population of 2,919,060 as of 2018. It was created on August 5, 1886, under the constitutional terms presented on the same year. Cundinamarca is located in the center of Colombia.

Cundinamarca's capital city is Bogotá, the capital of Colombia. This is a special case among Colombian departments, since Bogotá is not legally a part of Cundinamarca, yet it is the only department that has its capital designated by the Constitution (if the capital were to be ever moved, it would take a constitutional reform to do so, instead of a simple ordinance passed by the Cundinamarca Assembly). In censuses, the populations for Bogotá and Cundinamarca are tabulated separately; otherwise, Cundinamarca's population would total over 10 million.

Etymology
The name of Cundinamarca comes from Kuntur marqa, an indigenous expression, probably derived from Quechuan and means "condor's nest".

Geography
Most of Cundinamarca is on the Eastern Cordillera (Cordillera Oriental), just south of Boyacá, bordered by the Magdalena River on the west, reaching down into the Orinoco River basin on the east, and bordering on Tolima to the south. The capital district of Bogotá is nearly completely surrounded by Cundinamarca territory and was formed by carving up Cundinamarca. Because of this and other border changes, the present department of Cundinamarca is much smaller than the original state.

Municipal population position
According to the latest census conducted in 2005, 2,280,037 people live in Cundinamarca, excluding 6,776,009 of the capital, Bogotá. The city of Bogotá and the municipalities of Soacha, La Calera, Cota, Chía, Madrid, Funza, Mosquera, Fusagasugá, Facatativá and Zipaquirá form a single metropolitan area.

Important cities
Cundinamarca is made up of 116 municipalities, six of which recorded a population of over 100,000 and could be considered as cities: Soacha, Fusagasugá, Girardot, Facatativá, Zipaquirá and Chia, while Bogotá District is in the category of capital.
 * Metropolitan Area of Bogotá: Comprises the towns of Soacha, Facatativá, Chia, Madrid, Funza, and Mosquera, among others. Its activities are centered in the industrial sector. Estate activity is important especially in the suburbs closer to Bogotá: Chía, La Calera and Tocancipá.
 * Girardot: In the far southwest and bordering Department of Tolima, is the capital of the Upper Magdalena Province. Its main economic activity is trade, as a result of a major tourist dynamics and its proximity to major agricultural areas of Tolima. It has a college and important trade fairs and events.
 * Fusagasugá is located between Bogotá and Girardot, and it is an hour of each city. The capital city of the Province of Sumapaz, it is an important focus of agricultural marketing and regional services, standing out as an educational city with a large university and an increasing population trend. Its economy is mainly focused on trade and agricultural marketing, with a significant production of ornamental plants and flowers for export, for which it is known as the garden city of Colombia.
 * Zipaquirá: Despite being part of the metropolitan area of Bogotá, it has managed to position itself as one of the most important centers of Colombia's salt mining industry. Its economy is focused on commerce and services.

Other major towns are Ubaté due to high livestock and dairy production. Guaduas, is an important cultural center. Chocontá and Fred are agricultural centers.

Provinces
Cundinamarca has 15 provinces and the Capital District (Bogotá), which simultaneously acts as capital of the Republic, capital of the Department and a separately administered District (or Department) in itself.
 * 1) Almeidas
 * 2) Upper Magdalena (Alto Magdalena)
 * 3) Lower Magdalena (Bajo Magdalena)
 * 4) Gualivá
 * 5) Guavio
 * 6) Central Magdalena (Magdalena Centro)
 * 7) Medina
 * 8) Eastern (Oriente)
 * 9) Rionegro
 * 10) Central Savanna (Sabana Centro)
 * 11) Western Savanna (Sabana Occidente)
 * 12) Soacha
 * 13) Sumapaz
 * 14) Tequendama
 * 15) Ubaté

Tourism

 * Chingaza National Natural Park
 * La Chorrera Falls, one of the tallest waterfalls in the world
 * Cucunubá, wool capital of Colombia
 * Lake Guatavita
 * Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá
 * Sumapaz Páramo
 * Tequendama Falls
 * Tominé Reservoir

Sports
The department is home to the basketball team Cóndores de Cundinamarca, which plays its home games in the Coliseo de la Luna in Chía.

title: Cundinamarca Department


text:
Darryl Strawberry

Darryl Eugene Strawberry (born March 12, 1962) is an American former professional baseball right fielder who played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB). Throughout his career, Strawberry was one of the most feared sluggers in the sport, known for his prodigious home runs and his intimidating presence in the batter's box with his 6 ft frame and his long, looping swing that elicited comparisons to Ted Williams.

Strawberry, who was nicknamed "the Straw Man" or "Straw", helped lead the New York Mets to a World Series championship in and the New York Yankees to two World Series championships in  and. He was also suspended three times by MLB for substance abuse, leading to many narratives about his massive potential going unfulfilled. A popular player during his career, Strawberry was voted to the All-Star Game eight straight times from 1984 to 1991. Strawberry was formerly an analyst for SportsNet New York. His memoir, Straw: Finding My Way, written with author John Strausbaugh, was published in April 2009.

Early life and education
Strawberry was born to Henry and Ruby Strawberry in Los Angeles, California. He played high school baseball for the Crenshaw High School Cougars along with Chris Brown. Darryl's older brother Michael Strawberry was also a star baseball athlete who would play professional baseball.

Early career
The New York Mets selected Strawberry with the first overall selection in the 1980 Major League Baseball draft. Darryl's older brother, Michael Strawberry, was also selected in that draft, going to the Dodgers in the 31st round.

Employing a distinctive batting stance with a high leg kick, Strawberry rose through the Mets system and reached the major league level in 1983, posting 26 home runs, 7 triples, and 74 runs batted in, while hitting for a .257 average. He was named the National League's Rookie of The Year. In 1984, he made it to the All-Star game for the first of 8 consecutive appearances (the first 5 as a starter), and he once again hit 26 home runs, this time driving in 97 runs.

Prime years
Strawberry's Mets from 1984–1990 formed one of the premier teams in the National League, finishing either first or second in the division every year.

During the period from 1983 to 1990, Strawberry was very popular, with his image used on action figures (Kenner's Starting Lineup), posters and banners.

On May 11. 1985, Strawberry suffered torn ligaments in his thumb, making a diving catch off of Ozzie Virgil of the Philadelphia Phillies. This required surgery, and Strawberry missed the team's next 43 games, not returning until June 28. The injury was devastating to the Mets, who went only 20-23 (.465) without Strawberry (as opposed to 78-41 [.655] in all other games) and lost the National League East title to the St. Louis Cardinals by only three games.

On October 1, 1985, the Mets began a 3-game series in St. Louis, trailing the Cardinals by three games with only six remaining to play. It seemed that they would need to sweep the series in order to have a chance at the title. After starting pitchers Ron Darling of the Mets and John Tudor of the Cardinals dueled scorelessly into extra innings, Strawberry provided the only run of the Mets' 1-0 victory in the 11th inning, hitting a massive home run off of Ken Dayley that hit the clock on the scoreboard in the right field stands of Busch Stadium. (The Mets won the next game, 5-2, behind Dwight Gooden, but lost the final game, 4-3, despite five hits by Keith Hernandez.) For the season, Strawberry hit 29 home runs and drove in 79 runs; his .947 OPS would have been 2nd in the National League (behind Pedro Guerrero of the Los Angeles Dodgers) if the injury had not limited him to 470 plate appearances.

The 1986 Mets jumped to an early lead (a 4-game sweep of the Cardinals in St. Louis was pivotal) and cruised easily to the divisional title, setting a team record with 108 wins. Strawberry hit 27 home runs and had 93 RBIs, as the Mets defeated the Houston Astros in the National League Championship Series and rallied after losing the first two games at home to defeat the Boston Red Sox in the World Series. With the Mets having rallied to take a 6-5 lead in the 8th inning of Game 7, Strawberry hit a home run off of Al Nipper to seal the victory and the series. He took a notably-slow home run trot around the bases, leading to Nipper throwing at him and igniting a brawl between the teams during spring training, the next season.

In 1987, Strawberry hit 39 home runs and stole 36 bases, joining the exclusive 30–30 club at the time becoming one of only 10 players in baseball history to accomplish the feat. (Teammate Howard Johnson [36 HR, 32 SB] also accomplished the feat; to this day, Strawberry and Johnson are the only teammates to have ever gone 30/30 in the same season.) In addition to that, he hit 32 doubles and drove in 104 runs. Despite this, the 1987 team, plagued by pitching injuries, missed the playoffs.

On Opening Day in 1988, Strawberry hit a massive home run (estimated at 525 ft.) that struck the roof of Olympic Stadium in Montreal. For the season, Strawberry once again hit 39 home runs (despite a general decline in home run totals in all of baseball from the atypical 1987 season) to lead the National League for a second straight time. (Whereas Strawberry had tied with Dale Murphy of the Atlanta Braves in 1987, in 1988 he finished 10 home runs ahead of Murphy, his closest competitor.) Strawberry also led the league in slugging percentage at .545 and OPS at .911 and finished second with 101 runs batted in. He finished a very close second in MVP voting to the Dodgers' Kirk Gibson. Strawberry led the Mets to the playoffs, losing to the Dodgers in seven games in the National League Championship Series.

In 1989, Strawberry's offensive numbers declined: he had 29 home runs and 77 runs batted in, but only had a .225 average. Nevertheless, the Mets came in a close second place to the Chicago Cubs in the National League East.

In 1990, Strawberry rebounded by hitting 37 home runs, driving in 108 runs and batting for a .277 average. His Mets, however, came once again in a close second place in the National League East, losing to the Pittsburgh Pirates by three games. Strawberry himself finished third in MVP voting that season.

Despite his accomplishments, Strawberry was sometimes criticized for disruptive behavior. He got into a physical altercation on team picture day with team captain Hernandez and in the midst of a war of words with infielder Wally Backman, threatened to "bust that little redneck in the face". On multiple occasions, he overslept and was late for, or missed, team workouts.

Strawberry signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Dodgers on November 8, 1990, inking a lucrative five-year $22.25 million contract. In California, he was named Big Brother of The Year for 1991. After hitting 28 home runs and bringing in 99 runs batted in a successful first year for the Dodgers, injuries and personal problems kept him sidelined for much of the next two seasons, hitting five home runs in each season.

By the end of the 1991 season, he had 280 lifetime homers at the age of only 29, drawing comparisons to then home run king Hank Aaron.

Later years
Strawberry's numbers tailed off considerably after 1991; over the next two years he only played in 75 games. In 1994, he was released in May by the Dodgers after failing to show up to a game. Later that season he signed with the San Francisco Giants, where he saw limited playing time as he tried to make a comeback, hitting only four home runs and driving in 17 runs that year.

After a suspension at the beginning of 1995 after testing positive for cocaine, Strawberry signed with the New York Yankees for the stretch run. The next year, Darryl signed with the Saint Paul Saints of the Northern League on May 3, 1996, in an attempt to rehabilitate. On June 2, the Saints faced the Duluth–Superior Dukes at Wade Stadium, where Strawberry hit his first home run for the Saints, at a distance of 522' off pitcher Pat Ahearne. Soon thereafter, he found himself back with the Yankees, who signed him on July 4, 1996.

With the Yankees, he showed flashes of his former brilliance, belting 11 home runs in a part-time role and helping his team win the World Series in 1996 alongside former Mets teammates Dwight Gooden and David Cone. His second career three-homer game came against the Chicago White Sox on August 6 of that season.

He had a big series against the Baltimore Orioles in the 1996 ALCS as he blasted three home runs with five RBIs and a .417 average in four games. In 1997, he did not have any home runs, with his playing time limited by injuries. He played in just 11 games that year, collecting just two runs batted in.

In 1998, he had 24 home runs, once again helping the Yankees win the World Series and playing 100 games for the first time since 1991. However, he suffered abdominal pain for around two months, which he did not disclose to his teammates or staff, and his playing time declined late in the season. Strawberry was diagnosed with colon cancer during the American League Division Series (ALDS), and he was replaced on the roster by rookie Ricky Ledée. In 1999, he made a comeback from his cancer treatment, but saw limited playing time, hitting 3 home runs. He did however hit a crucial 3-run home run against the Texas Rangers in the ALDS, helping the Yankees advance to the ALCS.

Strawberry was set to return to the Yankees in 2000, but after testing positive for cocaine in February while attending spring training, Strawberry was ordered to leave the team while waiting for commissioner Bud Selig to make a decision on a possible suspension. Six days after news of the positive test broke, Selig announced that Strawberry would be suspended for the entire 2000 season, effectively ending his career.

Career accomplishments
Strawberry was the starting right fielder in five straight All-Star games and appeared in a total of nine All-Star games. He batted .333 with two stolen bases and two runs in 12 career All-Star at-bats. He had two three-home run games in his career, both of which came against Chicago teams and were almost 11 years to the day between each other. The first came against the Cubs on August 5, 1985, and the second was on August 6, 1996, against the White Sox.

He is one of only five Major League Baseball players to hit two pinch-hit grand slams in the same season. The others are his former coach Davey Johnson, who did it as a member of the Philadelphia Phillies, as well as Mike Ivie of the San Francisco Giants, Ben Broussard of the Cleveland Indians, and Brooks Conrad of the Atlanta Braves.

He is one of only three players in MLB history, along with former Yankees teammate Ricky Ledée and José Vizcaíno, to have played for all four of the former and current New York-based MLB teams: the Mets, Yankees, Dodgers and Giants. However, of the three, Strawberry is the only one to have played solely for the four teams with New York heritage; Ledée and Vizcaino were journeymen who played for numerous other teams.

Post-playing life
Strawberry attended the Mets' 1986 World Champion team reunion on August 19, 2006, where the team received a standing ovation from fans at Shea Stadium in an on-field ceremony. He worked as an instructor for the New York Mets in 2005 and 2008, and was inducted to the Mets Hall of Fame in 2010.

He has made regular appearances at the New York Yankees' Old Timer's Day, most recently in 2023.

He threw out the ceremonial first pitch at Shea Stadium before Game 1 of the National League Championship Series between the Mets and the St. Louis Cardinals on October 12, 2006. He was given a rousing ovation by the Shea Stadium crowd. He served as an anchor on the Mets pre- and post- game shows on SNY in 2007 and 2008, eventually settling into a part-time analysis role for the 2009 season.

He opened his own restaurant, Strawberry's Sports Grill, in Douglaston, Queens in August 2010. The restaurant closed in October 2012.

On August 24, 2023, the Mets announced plans to retire Strawberry's number 18 - along with the number 16 of former teammate Dwight Gooden - in a ceremony during the 2024 baseball season. His number was retired on June 1, 2024. In his acceptance speech, Strawberry apologized to Mets fans for leaving to sign with the Dodgers, saying it was "the greatest mistake I ever made".

Personal life
Strawberry is an evangelical born-again Christian and has appeared on the Trinity Broadcasting Network. In 1999, he and Tiny Lister appeared on evangelist Benny Hinn's television program giving their testimonies. Strawberry has also appeared on The 700 Club to talk about his life and his newfound Christian faith. He eventually became an ordained minister.

Strawberry frequently donates to charity and was a headliner of the BGC Charity Day event at BGC Partners in 2010.

In October 2005, his wife Charisse filed for divorce. After a second divorce, he married his third wife, Tracy Boulware, in 2006; the couple shares a vigorous Christian faith.

In 2006, he moved to St. Peters, Missouri with his third wife Tracy whom he met in a drug recovery convention. The couple were married in October 2006 and have since founded "The Darryl Strawberry Foundation", an organization dedicated to children with autism. Strawberry's son, Darryl "D.J." Strawberry, Jr., born in 1985, was a star shooting guard with the Maryland Terrapins men's basketball team and was drafted by the Phoenix Suns in the 2007 NBA draft. Strawberry has another son, Jordan, who played college basketball for the Mercer Bears.

Strawberry has stated that his father was an alcoholic who was verbally and physically abusive to him and his brothers. He attributes his initial alcohol and drug use to the pain he endured as a child and his subsequent substance abuse to the pressures of performing in New York.

On September 26, 2020, Strawberry led a prayer in the 2020 Franklin Graham Prayer March.

Legal and health problems
Strawberry has described himself as having struggled with a sex addiction. After retirement he admitted to routinely having sex between innings of MLB games in which he played.

On December 19, 1995, Strawberry was charged in California with failing to make child support payments. When he missed a June 5, 1996, deadline to pay the child support, a Los Angeles judge set a trial date of July 17, at which time Strawberry agreed to use his signing bonus to pay the debt.

In August 1998, Strawberry was sued by attorney Robert Shapiro for failing to pay $100,000 in legal fees, dating back to 1994, when Shapiro represented him in a contract with the Dodgers.

On October 1, 1998, Strawberry was diagnosed with colon cancer. Two days later, he had surgery to remove a tumor. On October 14, doctors announced that cancer had been detected in a lymph node so he would also have to undergo chemotherapy.

On April 3, 1999, Strawberry was arrested in Tampa, Florida for soliciting sex from a policewoman posing as a prostitute and for having a small amount of cocaine. On April 24, he was suspended for 140 days by Major League Baseball for the incident. On May 29, he pleaded no contest to the charges and was sentenced to 21 months probation and community service.

On July 28, 2000, a C.T. scan suggested that Strawberry's cancer had spread to his lymph nodes. The next month, he had surgery to remove a tumor near his left kidney on August 7.

On September 11, 2000, in Tampa, Florida, Strawberry tried to drive to see his probation officer after taking painkillers. While driving, he blacked out, rear-ended another car, and then tried to drive away. An off-duty police officer witnessed the episode and arrested him at gunpoint. The next day, Strawberry admitted to the charges and his probation was changed to two years of house arrest. On November 21, he was sentenced to a year of probation and community service. On October 25, 2000, Strawberry left a Tampa drug treatment center to use drugs with a female friend, violating his house arrest and parole. On November 9, he was sentenced to 40 days in jail with credit for time served. On November 3, 2000, Strawberry told a judge in Tampa that he had lost his will to live and had stopped chemotherapy. On November 30, he was released from jail and sent back to rehab. On April 2, 2001, Strawberry was arrested for again disappearing from his house arrest drug treatment center in Tampa. On May 1, he was sentenced to more time at a drug treatment center.

On March 12, 2002, Strawberry was back in jail for violating several non-drug rules at the drug treatment center where he was on probation in Ocala, Florida. On April 29, he was ordered to serve the 22-month suspended prison sentence from 1999. On April 8, 2003, he was released from prison after 11 months.

In September 2005, Strawberry was charged with filing a false police report after he claimed his SUV was stolen. He admitted that he had lied on the report but was not arrested because it was a misdemeanor.

On or about March 11, 2024, Strawberry suffered a heart attack, underwent a stent procedure and reported that he was recovering in a hospital in Lake St. Louis, Missouri. He recovered and was able to attend the ceremony where the Mets retired Gooden's number 16 on April 14, as well as his own retirement ceremony on June 1.

In media
Strawberry appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated seven times: five times by himself, once with Don Mattingly, and once with Dwight Gooden.

In 1988, he was featured heavily in the William Goldman and Mike Lupica book Wait Till Next Year, which looked at life inside the Mets over a whole season (among other New York sports teams). It gives a frank account of both his importance to the team and his problematic behavior.

In 2004, the Rebecca Gilman play The Sweetest Swing in Baseball premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in London. The lead character ‒ Dana, as portrayed by Gillian Anderson ‒ adopts the personality and speech of Darryl Strawberry in an attempt to pass herself off as schizophrenic. The title is a reference to Strawberry's playing skills.

Strawberry appeared, as himself, in The Simpsons episode "Homer at the Bat". He was a featured pro on the second season of the physical reality game show Pros vs. Joes. He currently does occasional commentary for baseball on SportsNet New York.

In 2010, Strawberry appeared on NBC's The Apprentice with Sharon Osbourne, Cyndi Lauper, Bret Michaels, and others. At the end of the third episode, Strawberry was fired after he admitted he was the weakest contestant, was tired, and wanted to go home. Donald Trump sent him home. After Strawberry made a successful return in the season finale to assist Bret Michaels, the show made a donation of $25,000 to The Darryl Strawberry Foundation. Strawberry placed 12th.

On February 8, 2011, Strawberry appeared along with Clara Hughes and Stephane Richer on a Canadian documentary by Michael Landsberg to talk about his battle with depression.

On Wednesday, November 15, 2017, Strawberry appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon to talk about his new book Don't Give Up on Me, which sheds light on addiction and recovery.

title: Darryl Strawberry


text:
Hales Trophy

The Hales Trophy, officially the North Atlantic Blue Riband Challenge Trophy is an award for the fastest Atlantic crossing by a commercial passenger vessel.

The award was created in 1935 when Harold K. Hales, a British politician and owner of Hales Brothers shipping company, donated the trophy to be a permanent, tangible expression of the Blue Riband, the unofficial accolade then given for this feat. Hales also wished to formalize the rules regarding the contest, which up to then had no official form, though they were, by tradition, widely recognized. The rules for the Hales Trophy were different from the traditional rules for the Blue Riband, and changed several times. For example, the Hales Trophy was originally only awarded for westbound records.

The trophy was awarded to just three Blue Riband holders during the express liner era; to the Italian liner Rex in 1935, the French Normandie in 1936, and the American United States in 1952. Cunard's Queen Mary, Blue Riband holder in 1936 and again from 1938 until 1952, did not receive the award for various reasons.

Following the retirement of United States in 1969 the award languished, until revived in 1990 for the Incat built passenger/car ferry Hoverspeed Great Britain when she established a new speed record for a commercial vessel on her eastbound delivery voyage without passengers that year. The trophy has been won twice since then, each time by an Incat built vessel.

The trophy
In 1935, Harold K. Hales (1868–1942), a member of the UK Parliament and owner of a shipping company, commissioned a Sheffield goldsmith to produce a large trophy to be presented to the fastest ship crossing the Atlantic. The four-foot-tall, nearly 100-pound Hales Trophy is made of solid silver and heavy gilt fashioned with a globe resting on two winged figures of Victory standing on a base of carved green onyx, with an enamelled blue ribbon encircling the middle, and decorated with models of galleons, modern ocean liners and statues of Neptune and Amphitrite, god and goddess of the sea. The trophy is surmounted by a figure depicting speed pushing a three-stacked liner against a figure symbolizing the forces of the Atlantic, which is represented in blue enamel with the traditional ocean liner route indicated by a red enamelled line.

History
The rules for the trophy did not correspond to the traditional rules for the Blue Riband, in that the trophy was to be awarded only to a passenger ship achieving the fastest speed in the westbound direction. Other rule changes further complicated the situation. For example, before the trophy was finished, Hales made arrangements to present the trophy to the owners of Rex, the then Blue Riband record-holder. In the meantime, Normandie took the record and Hales changed the rules so that any new claimant must wait three months to give the current holder a chance to beat the new record. In August 1935, the trophy was presented to the Rex, and then transferred to the Normandie two months later. Cunard White Star's Queen Mary was the next winner, but Cunard White Star refused to accept the trophy. The Queen's captain explained that, "We don't believe in racing on the Atlantic, or in blue ribands, or trophies and the like." Hales again changed the rules so that the trophy could only be won by a "non-British ship".

Hales died in 1942 and the location of the trophy was unknown when the United States Lines (USL) started planning the maiden voyage of its new record breaker, the United States. The trophy was found at the Sheffield goldsmith where it had been originally made. In 1952, USL accepted the trophy at a ceremony attended by 400 guests. It was displayed in USL's New York City headquarters until after the United States was taken out of service in 1969. Ten years later, the trophy was transferred to the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy's museum as a relic.

In 1986, Richard Branson was successful in setting a new eastbound transatlantic speed record in the powerboat Challenger II. He was not awarded the Hales trophy because his boat was not a commercial vessel. In 1990, the 242 ft catamaran passenger/car ferry Hoverspeed Great Britain was scheduled to take a delivery voyage from her Australian builders to begin cross channel operations. Her owners confirmed with the Hales trophy trustees in the UK that their vessel would be eligible for the trophy if they beat the United States record, even though the ship would not actually carry passengers on the trip. The trustees ruled that the ship still met the criteria. After Hoverspeed Great Britain's successful voyage, the Maritime Museum considered challenging the decision on the grounds that Hales donated the award for ships providing Atlantic passenger service, but decided not to because of the cost of legal fees. In 1992, the Italian powerboat Destriero made a voyage at 53.09 kn, breaking Challenger II's record, though she was not awarded the Hales Trophy either. In June 1998 the trophy was won by Catalonia on her delivery voyage (without passengers) at 38.9 kn, followed a month later by the current holder of the Hales Trophy, the catamaran Cat-Link V (now Fjord Cat) for a 1998 delivery voyage at 41.3 kn. The trophy resided on the premises of the owners of Cat-Link V, Scandlines, until 2010 when they opted to put it on display in the lobby of The Danish Shipowners' Association, Amaliegade 33, Copenhagen. The Association, of which Scandlines is a member, then had it for a couple of years. An interactive screen was created and installed, telling the highlights of the trophy's history, and a longer printed version with illustrations was placed next to the trophy case for all interested to take home. The trophy was subsequently returned to Scandlines' main office in Copenhagen, where it still stands.

Several replicas of the Hales Trophy exist. In 1998 Carnival Cruise Lines commissioned a replica for display on its cruise ship MS Paradise. They also had a duplicate made, for permanent loan to the Merchant Marine Academy Museum. INCAT, the builders of the last three winners of the Hales Trophy, are in possession of a museum quality replica which is displayed at their Fast Ferry Museum in Hobart, Tasmania. The formal records of the Hales Trophy Trustees are now lodged with Lloyds Register in London. Anyone wishing to access the formal records should contact Lloyds Register regarding obtaining permission to inspect the Hales Trophy Trust records.

title: Hales Trophy


text:
Minamoto no Yoriie

Minamoto no Yoriie (源 頼家) was the second shōgun (1202–1203) of Japan's Kamakura shogunate, and the first son of first shōgun Yoritomo. His Dharma name was Hokke-in-dono Kingo Da'i Zengo (法華院殿金吾大禅閤).

Life
Minamoto no Yoriie was born to Hōjō Masako at Hiki Yoshikazu's residence in Kamakura. Before he was born, his father Yoritomo had Hōjō Tokimasa and his men carry stones to build the Dankazura on Wakamiya Ōji to pray for the child's safe delivery. When Yoriie later himself had an heir, Ichiman, the child was also born at the Hiki mansion to Hiki's daughter Wakasa no Tsubone, a fact which further consolidated an already strong emotional bond. From this relationship Hiki gained considerable influence when Yoriie became shōgun, incurring the hostility of Hōjō Tokimasa, who was instead close to Yoriie's younger brother Senman (future third shōgun Sanetomo), and who was in his turn trying to leverage that relationship for political advantage. His childhood name was Manju (万寿).

When he was young, he was interested in military arts like fencing, and horse-riding. After his father's death in 1199, the 17-year-old became head of the Minamoto clan and was appointed sei-i taishōgun in 1202. He was, however, criticized for his abandonment of his father's policies, and his mother forbade him from any political activity. On June 30, 1203, his remaining powers were formally taken from him and assumed by a council of 13 elders, headed by his grandfather Hōjō Tokimasa. He ordained as a Buddhist monk. Yoriie, in turn, plotted with the Hiki to subjugate the Hōjō clan. However, he failed, and was put under house arrest, where he was forced to abdicate. Then in July 17, 1204, he was assassinated in his mansion in Izu. Yoriie was succeeded by his younger brother Sanetomo, the last of the Minamoto to rule over Kamakura.

Hiki Yoshikazu's rebellion
Seriously ill, Yoriie proposed to name both his younger brother, Minamoto no Sanetomo, and his young son Minamoto no Ichiman to succeed him; the two would split power, governing separate parts of the country. It seemed natural to them that Hiki would then be the regent, even if unofficially, of young Ichiman. Hiki suggested to Yoriie that they arrange to have Sanetomo killed. Hōjō Masako, Yoriie's mother and wife of the first shōgun Yoritomo, allegedly overheard the conversation.

On a pretext, Hōjō Tokimasa invited Hiki Yoshikazu to his home and assassinated him. A battle between the clans ensued, the Hiki were defeated by a coalition of the Hōjō, Wada, Miura and Hatakeyama clans and were exterminated.

Yoriie died in Shuzenji, a small town in what was later called Izu Province, assassinated by his grandfather Hōjō Tokimasa.

The sons of Yoriie
Yoriie had two sons, Ichiman and Kugyō. Both of his sons would end up dead, like their father they would fall victim to the power struggle that followed Yoritomo's death. Ichiman (1198–1203) was the eldest. His mother, Wakasa no Tsubone, was Hiki Yoshikazu's daughter, and the child was brought up by the Hiki clan. It is said that he died in a fire that destroyed the Hiki residence.

Yoriie's second son Yoshinari, his only son to reach adulthood, was forced to become a Buddhist monk. In 1219, Yoshinari murdered his uncle Sanetomo on the stairs leading to the shrine of Tsurugaoka Hachimangū in the shogunal capital of Kamakura, an act for which he was himself slain on the same day.

Family

 * Father: Minamoto no Yoritomo
 * Mother: Hōjō Masako
 * Wife: Wakasa no Tsubone (d. 1203)
 * Children:
 * Minamoto no Ichiman
 * Kugyō

Eras of Yoriie's bakufu
The years in which Yoriie was shōgun are all within only one era name or nengō: Kennin (1201–1204).

title: Minamoto no Yoriie