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List of Coptic Orthodox popes

The following is a list of all of the Coptic Orthodox popes who have led the Coptic Orthodox Church and have succeeded the Apostle Mark the Evangelist in the office of Bishop of Alexandria, who founded the Church in the 1st century, and marked the beginning of Christianity in Africa.

The Coptic Orthodox Church is one of the Oriental Orthodox churches (not to be confused with the Byzantine Orthodox group of churches) and is presided over by the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria who is the body's spiritual leader. This position is held since 2012 by Pope Tawadros II, the 118th Pope of Alexandria and Patriarch of all Africa on the Holy See of St. Mark.

The Oriental Orthodox believe that they are the "one, holy, catholic, and apostolic" Church of the ancient Christian creeds. To this date 92 of the Coptic Popes have been glorified, i.e., canonized as saints, in the Coptic Orthodox Church.

Title "Pope"
The title "pope" (in Greek, Papás) originally was a form of address meaning 'Father' used by several bishops. The first known record of this designation was Heraclas, the 13th Archbishop of Alexandria (232–249). The Alexandrian usage of the honorific does not conflict with the usage in reference to the bishop of Rome.

The full ecclesiastical title is Papa Abba, and the person who bears it stands for the devotion of all monastics, from Pentapolis in the west to Constantinople in the east, to his guidance. Within the denomination, it is the most powerful designation, for all monks in the East to voluntarily follow his spiritual authority, and it is said that it should be assumed that he is a bearer of Christ.

For the Patriarchs of Alexandria prior to the schism after the Council of Chalcedon, see List of Patriarchs of Alexandria. For the patriarchs of the Byzantine Orthodox church after the split with the Oriental Orthodox church, see List of Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Alexandria.

Not all of the dates given are certain. The dates below are according to the Gregorian calendar. Some of the dates disagree with those given in Coptic publications such as The English Katameros. In some cases, publication errors caused the difference and have been corrected. In other cases, calendar differences between the Julian and the Gregorian calendars have caused some confusion.

Dioscorus I served as Patriarch of Alexandria since 444 until he was deposed and exiled by the Council of Chalcedon in 451, but he was still recognized as the Coptic Pope until his death in 454.

Papal names
The most frequently used papal name is John, with 19 popes taking this name. There have also been 25 papal names that have only been used once. The number of all popes to the present is 118.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: List of Coptic Orthodox popes


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List of Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Alexandria

The Greek Orthodox patriarch of Alexandria has the title Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria and all Africa. The term "Greek" is a religious identifier and not an ethnic one; while many of these patriarchs were ethnic Greeks, some were Hellenized Egyptians, and others were Melkite Arabs.

List of Patriarchs
Following the Council of Chalcedon in 451, a schism occurred in Egypt, between those who accepted and those who rejected the decisions of the council. The former are known as Chalcedonians and the latter are known as miaphysites. Over the next several decades, these two parties competed for the See of Alexandria and frequently still recognized the same Patriarch. But after 536, they permanently established separate patriarchates, and have maintained separate lineages of Patriarchs ever since. The miaphysites became the Coptic Church (part of Oriental Orthodoxy) and the Chalcedonians became the Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria (part of the wider Eastern Orthodox Church).

For the list of patriarchs until 536 see List of patriarchs of Alexandria.

Chalcedonian Patriarchs of Alexandria After 536

 * 1) Gainas (536), Chalcedonian.
 * 2) Paul of Tabennesis (537-540), Chalcedonian.
 * 3) Zoilus (540–551), Chalcedonian.
 * 4) Apollinarius (551–569), Chalcedonian.
 * 5) John IV (569–580), Chalcedonian.
 * 6) Eulogius I (581–608), Chalcedonian.
 * 7) Theodore I (608–610), Chalcedonian.
 * 8) John V Eleemon (610–621), Chalcedonian.
 * 9) George I (621–630), Chalcedonian.
 * 10) Cyrus (631–641), Chalcedonian.
 * 11) Peter IV (642–651), Chalcedonian.

The Muslim invasion caused the see of Alexandria to become vacant.

Chalcedonian Patriarchs of Alexandria after the Islamic conquest
After 727, the Byzantine emperor Leo III once more attempted to install a Melkite patriarch in Alexandria. With the consent of the Muslim authorities the bishopric was, from that moment onwards, again headed by a patriarch.

 * 1) Theodore II
 * 2) Peter V
 * 3) Peter VI
 * Theophylactus
 * Onopsus
 * 1) Cosmas I (727–768)
 * 2) Politianus (768–813)
 * 3) Eustatius (813–817)
 * 4) Christopher I (817–841)
 * 5) Sophronius I (841–860)
 * 6) Michael I (860–870)
 * 7) Michael II (870–903)
 * vacant (903–907)
 * 1) Christodoulos (907–932)
 * 2) Eutychius (932–940)
 * 3) Sophronius II (941)
 * 4) Isaac (941–954)
 * 5) Job (954–960)
 * vacant (960–963)
 * 1) Elias I (963–1000)
 * 2) Arsenius (1000–1010)
 * 3) Theophilus (1010–1020)
 * 4) George II (1021–1051)
 * 5) Leontius (1052–1059)
 * 6) Alexander II (1059–1062)
 * 7) John VI Kodonatos (1062–1100)
 * Eulogius II (1100–1117) Coadjutor?
 * 1) Cyril II (1100–   )
 * 2) Sabbas (1117–   )
 * Theodosius II (   –1137) Coadjutor?
 * 1) Sophronius III (1137–1171)
 * 2) Elias II (1171–1175)
 * 3) Eleutherius (1175–1180)
 * 4) Mark III (1180–1209)
 * 5) Nicholas I (1210–1243)
 * 6) Gregory I (1243–1263)
 * 7) Nicholas II (1263–1276)
 * 8) Athanasius III (1276–1316)
 * 9) Gregory II (1316–1354)
 * 10) Gregory III (1354–1366)
 * 11) Niphon (1366–1385)
 * 12) Mark IV (1385–1389)
 * 13) Nicholas III (1389–1398)
 * 14) Gregory IV (1398–1412)
 * 15) Nicholas IV (1412–1417)
 * 16) Athanasius IV (1417–1425)
 * 17) Mark V (1425–1435)
 * 18) Philotheus (1435–1459)
 * 19) Mark VI (1459–1484)
 * 20) Gregory V (1484–1486)
 * 21) Joachim Pany (1486–1567)
 * vacant (1567–1569)
 * 1) Silvester (1569–1590)
 * 2) Meletius I (1590–1601)
 * 3) Cyril III Loucaris (1601–1620)
 * 4) Gerasimus I Spartaliotes (1620–1636)
 * 5) Metrophanes Kritikopoulos (1636–1639)
 * 6) Nicephorus (1639–1645)
 * 7) Joannicius (1645–1657)
 * 8) Paisius (1657–1678)
 * 9) Parthenius I (1678–1688)
 * 10) Gerasimus II Paladas (1688–1710)
 * 11) Samuel Kapasoulis (1710–1712)
 * 12) Cosmas II (1712–1714)
 * Samuel (restored) (1714–1723)
 * Cosmas II (restored) (1723–1736)
 * 1) Cosmas III (1737–1746)
 * 2) Matthew Psaltis (1746–1766)
 * 3) Cyprian (1766–1783)
 * 4) Gerasimus III Gimaris (1783–1788)
 * 5) Parthenius II Pankostas (1788–1805)
 * 6) Theophilus III Pankostas (1805–1825)
 * 7) Hierotheus I (1825–1845)
 * 8) Artemius (1845–1847)
 * 9) Hierotheus II (1847–1858)
 * 10) Callinicus (1858–1861)
 * 11) Jacob (1861–1865)
 * 12) Nicanor (1866–1869)
 * 13) Nilus (1869–1870)
 * 14) Sophronius IV (1870–1899)
 * 15) Photius (1900–1925)
 * 16) Meletius II Metaxakis (1926–1935)
 * 17) Nicholas V (1936–1939)
 * 18) Christopher II (1939–1966)
 * vacant (1966–1968)
 * 1) Nicholas VI (1968–1986)
 * 2) Parthenius III (1986–1996)
 * 3) Peter VII (1997–2004)
 * 4) Theodore II (2004–present)


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Jack Pesch Bridge

The Jack Pesch Bridge is a pedestrian and cyclist bridge that crosses the Brisbane River. It is named in honour of Jack Pesch (c. 1917 – 2002), a cycling champion during the 1930s. He subsequently ran a bicycle shop in Petrie Terrace, Brisbane, until the mid-1990s, selling and servicing his own 'Rocket' cycles and cycle parts.

The bridge crosses the Indooroopilly Reach of the River, linking Chelmer and Indooroopilly. It is immediately adjacent to the Albert and Walter Taylor Bridges. It was opened on 2 October 1998 by the Queensland Minister for Transport, Steve Bredhauer, and the Lord Mayor of Brisbane, Jim Soorley.

The bridge is for the exclusive use of pedestrians and cyclists.

title: Jack Pesch Bridge


text: Wikipedia:French Wikipedia

title: Wikipedia:French Wikipedia


text: User talk:66.159.210.12

title: User talk:66.159.210.12


text:
Talk:Time, Illinois

Numbers
These numbers don't work out - something's been miscounted. For example: 38.5% of 13 households = 5 which are non-family. But there are only 7 families; one household is unaccounted for. Also, someone appears to be bisected by the poverty line.

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 1 one external link on Time, Illinois. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html

When you have finished reviewing my changes, please set the checked parameter below to true or failed to let others know (documentation at ).

Cheers.—cyberbot II  Talk to my owner :Online 00:09, 2 July 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Time, Illinois


text:
Talk:O. J. Simpson

Another broken sentence that needs rewording
Before his murder trial, sportswriter Ralph Wiley claimed in 2002, White people considered Simpson a "unifying symbol of all races".

Should be - Before his murder trial, sportswriter Ralph Wiley claimed in 2002, white people considered Simpson a "unifying symbol of all races". 150.143.27.147 (talk) 19:49, 13 April 2024 (UTC)

 * It should be "Before Simpson's murder trial." If one writes "Before his murder trial," the sentence reads like it was Ralph Wiley's trial. KevinScott71 (talk) 02:14, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

Square One TV
There was a parody of the OJ Simpson trial in a skit where a carpenter is hired by a king who wants him to build a new bed for the queen and carefully paces out the dimensions of the bed on the floor of his palace. The bed turns out to be too small for the Queen, because the carpenter's feet are smaller than the King's, and the carpenter is accused of a math crime. Because, the King's feet are bigger than the carpenter's, his attorney is able to prove his innocence.Glammazon (talk) 04:29, 15 May 2024 (UTC)

"Convicted felon"
While it's true that he was convicted for the robbery, it's VERY misleading to put this in the lede even with a note, for obvious reasons. dekema (Formerly Buffaboy) (talk) 03:05, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Agree, and I have reverted those latest edits. It's strange to have a footnote when it's already in the lead later.  But the robbery was a minor part of his notability, compared to his career and his wife's murder.  The previous lead had been stable, so a new consensus should be established before changing again. —Bagumba (talk) 04:40, 1 June 2024 (UTC)
 * At, it was established that convictions dont automatically belong in a bio's lead sentence. —Bagumba (talk) 04:43, 1 June 2024 (UTC)

Created racial divisions?
“The internationally publicized murder trial lasted from January to October 1995 and created racial divisions in the U.S.”

The trial did not create racial divisions in the U.S. Those divisions might have became more prominent and played out more publicly than usual, but they existed already. I would request editing to end the sentence with a period after 1995. 50.47.201.32 (talk) 20:33, 23 June 2024 (UTC)

 * Agreed. It "exacerbated" them. – Muboshgu (talk) 17:40, 25 June 2024 (UTC)
 * I wrote that bit originally. I meant rather that it created racial divisions like "black people mostly say o.j. is innocent, white people mostly say o.j. is guilty", divisions that legitimately didn't exist before the trial. but yes exacerbated is clearer Atubofsilverware (talk) 06:28, 26 June 2024 (UTC)

Inconsistent information
In one place it says OJ Simpson died in Las Vegas, but in another place it says he died in Florida 99.181.40.199 (talk) 17:11, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

 * ‑‑Neveselbert (talk · contribs · email) 17:37, 25 June 2024 (UTC)

title: Talk:O. J. Simpson


text:
1931 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1931.

Events

 * January 10 – A rare copy of Edgar Allan Poe's Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Other Poems and first editions of The Scarlet Letter and Moby-Dick are stolen from New York Public Library by Samuel Dupree, on behalf of a crooked New York antiquarian book dealer, Harry Gold.
 * January 26 – The play Green Grow the Lilacs by Cherokee playwright Lynn Riggs, opens on Broadway. It is later adapted as Oklahoma! by Rodgers and Hammerstein.
 * March 27 – The English novelist Arnold Bennett dies of typhoid in London, shortly after a visit to Paris, where he drank local water in an attempt to prove it was safe.
 * April 11 – Gerald Brenan and Gamel Woolsey make a form of marriage in Rome.
 * June 1 – The Near v. Minnesota case in the Supreme Court of the United States affirms the principle that prior restraint is unconstitutional.
 * July 4 – James Joyce marries his long-time partner Nora Barnacle at Kensington register office in London.
 * October 4 – The Dick Tracy comic strip first appears, created by cartoonist Chester Gould.
 * October 5 – The first U.K. performance of Oscar Wilde's tragedy Salome (1891) is given at the Savoy Theatre, London, with Nancy Price as producer and as Herodias, and her daughter Joan Maude in the title role.
 * November – Federico García Lorca is appointed by the leftist Second Spanish Republic as director of a touring theatre company, Teatro Universitario La Barraca (The Shack), charged with taking a portable stage into rural areas to introduce audiences to classical Spanish theatre without charge.
 * unknown dates
 * The publisher Hamish Hamilton is founded by Jamie Hamilton in London.
 * Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is banned in Hunan, China, for anthropomorphism.
 * The Marquis de Sade's The 120 Days of Sodom (Les 120 Journées de Sodome), written in 1785, has its first publication in a scholarly edition as a literary text.

Fiction

 * Shmuel Yosef Agnon – The Bridal Canopy
 * Margery Allingham – Police at the Funeral
 * Roberto Arlt – Los lanzallamas (The Flame-Throwers)
 * E. F. Benson – Mapp and Lucia
 * Arna Bontemps – God Sends Sunday
 * Pearl S. Buck – The Good Earth
 * Morley Callaghan – No Man's Meat
 * Nellie Campobello – Cartucho
 * John Dickson Carr
 * Castle Skull
 * The Lost Gallows
 * Willa Cather – Shadows on the Rock
 * Sigurd Christiansen – To levende og en død
 * Agatha Christie – The Sittaford Mystery
 * N. D. Cocea – Vinul de viață lungă
 * J.J. Connington
 * The Boathouse Riddle
 * The Sweepstake Murders
 * Freeman Wills Crofts – Mystery in the Channel
 * A. J. Cronin – Hatter's Castle
 * E. E. Cummings – CIOPW
 * Sergiu Dan – Dragoste și moarte în provincie
 * Clemence Dane – Broome Stages
 * Detection Club – The Floating Admiral
 * Pierre Drieu La Rochelle – Will O' the Wisp
 * Lord Dunsany – The Travel Tales of Mr. Joseph Jorkens
 * Joseph Jefferson Farjeon – The House Opposite
 * William Faulkner
 * Sanctuary
 * These 13
 * Jessie Redmon Fauset – The Chinaberry Tree
 * Carlo Emilio Gadda – La madonna dei filosofi
 * Anthony Gilbert – The Case Against Andrew Fane
 * Emma Goldman – Living My Life
 * Caroline Gordon – Penhally
 * Maxim Gorky – The Life of Klim Samgin (Жизнь Клима Самгина, Zhizn' Klima Samgina; third volume, translated as Other Fires)
 * Dashiell Hammett – The Glass Key
 * James Hanley – Boy
 * Serge-Simon Held – La Mort du fer (The Death of Iron)
 * Harold Heslop – Red Earth
 * Georgette Heyer – The Conqueror
 * Robert Hichens – The First Lady Brendon
 * James Hilton (published under the name "Glen Trevor") – Murder at School
 * Knud Holmboe – Desert Encounter
 * E. M. Hull – The Captive of the Sahara
 * Fannie Hurst – Back Street
 * Francis Iles – Malice Aforethought
 * Carolyn Keene – The Secret of Shadow Ranch
 * Margaret Kennedy – Return I Dare Not
 * Irmgard Keun – Gilgi – eine von uns (Gilgi – One of Us)
 * Halldór Laxness – Salka Valka, pt I: Þú vínviður hreini (O Thou Pure Vine)
 * E. C. R. Lorac – The Murder on the Burrows
 * Marie Belloc Lowndes – Letty Lynton
 * Compton Mackenzie
 * Buttercups and Daisies
 * Our Street
 * W. Somerset Maugham – Six Stories Written in the First Person Singular
 * Pierre Mac Orlan – La Bandera
 * Nancy Mitford – Highland Fling
 * Thomas Mofolo – Chaka
 * Leopold Myers – Prince Jali
 * E. Phillips Oppenheim – Up the Ladder of Gold
 * Ilf and Petrov – The Little Golden Calf (Золотой телёнок, Zolotoy telyonok)
 * Andrei Platonov – The Foundation Pit (Котлован, Kotlovan, written)
 * Anthony Powell – Afternoon Men
 * Ellery Queen – The Dutch Shoe Mystery
 * Erich Remarque – The Road Back
 * E. Arnot Robertson – Four Frightened People
 * Sax Rohmer - Daughter of Fu Manchu
 * Rafael Sabatini – Captain Blood Returns
 * Vita Sackville-West – All Passion Spent
 * John Monk Saunders – Single Lady
 * Dorothy Sayers – Five Red Herrings
 * George S. Schuyler – Black No More
 * Nevil Shute – Lonely Road
 * Georges Simenon – Pietr-le-Letton (book format)
 * Upton Sinclair – Roman Holiday
 * Thomas Sigismund Stribling – The Forge
 * Eleanor Smith – Flamenco
 * Stanislas-André Steeman — The Six Dead Men
 * Cecil Street – Tragedy on the Line
 * Phoebe Atwood Taylor – The Cape Cod Mystery
 * Sigrid Undset – Wild Orchid
 * Henry Wade – No Friendly Drop
 * Edgar Wallace – The Man at the Carlton
 * Hugh Walpole – Judith Paris
 * Nathanael West – The Dream Life of Balso Snell
 * Ethel Lina White – Put Out the Light
 * Virginia Woolf – The Waves
 * P. G. Wodehouse
 * Big Money
 * If I Were You
 * Francis Brett Young – Mr. and Mrs. Pennington

Children and young people

 * Jean de Brunhoff – Histoire de Babar, le petit éléphant (translated as The Story of Babar)
 * John Buchan – The Blanket of the Dark
 * Edgar Rice Burroughs
 * A Fighting Man of Mars
 * Tarzan the Invincible
 * Arthur Ransome – Swallowdale
 * Ruth Plumly Thompson – Pirates in Oz (25th in the Oz series overall and the 11th written by her)

Drama

 * Clifford Bax – The Venetian
 * Charles Bennett – Sensation
 * James Bridie – The Anatomist
 * Chen Liting – Put Down Your Whip (放下你的鞭子, Fàngxià nǐde biānzi)
 * Noël Coward – Post-Mortem (published)
 * Federico García Lorca – When Five Years Pass (Así que pasen cinco años, written)
 * Benn Levy - Springtime for Henry
 * Jean Giraudoux – Judith
 * Walter C. Hackett –
 * The Gay Adventure
 * Good Losers (with Michael Arlen)
 * Take a Chance
 * Ian Hay
 * Mr Faint-Heart
 * The Midshipmaid
 * Ronald Jeans
 * Can the Leopard...?
 * Lean Harvest
 * Edward Knoblock – Grand Hotel
 * André Obey
 * Noé (Noah)
 * Le Viol de Lucrèce (The Rape of Lucretia)
 * Eugene O'Neill – Mourning Becomes Electra
 * Marcel Pagnol – Fanny
 * J. B. Priestley and Edward Knoblock – The Good Companions
 * Ahmed Shawqi – Qambeez (Cambyses)
 * Dodie Smith – Autumn Crocus
 * Gladys Bronwyn Stern – The Man Who Pays The Piper
 * John Van Druten
 * Hollywood Holiday
 * London Wall
 * Sea Fever
 * There's Always Juliet
 * Ödön von Horváth – Tales from the Vienna Woods (Geschichten aus dem Wiener Wald)
 * Edgar Wallace – The Old Man
 * Thornton Wilder – The Long Christmas Dinner
 * Carl Zuckmayer – The Captain of Köpenick (Der Hauptmann von Köpenick)

Non-fiction

 * Samuel Beckett – Proust
 * Adrian Bell – Silver Ley
 * Marc Bloch – Les Caractères originaux de l'histoire rurale française
 * Arthur Bryant – King Charles the Second
 * Herbert Butterfield – The Whig Interpretation of History
 * W. Chapman and V. C. A. Ferraro – A New Theory of Magnetic Storms
 * Ali Akbar Dehkhoda et al. – Dehkhoda Dictionary of the Persian language
 * Julius Evola – The Hermetic Tradition
 * Dion Fortune – Spiritualism in the Light of Occult Science
 * John Middleton Murry – Son of Woman: The Story of D. H. Lawrence
 * Irma S. Rombauer – The Joy of Cooking
 * D. I. Suchianu – Curs de Cinematograf (Cinema Course)
 * Helen Thomas – World Without End
 * Edmund Wilson – Axel's Castle

Births

 * January 4 – José Triana, Cuban poet (d. 2018)
 * January 6
 * E. L. Doctorow, American author (died 2015)
 * P. J. Kavanagh, English poet, novelist, and broadcaster (died 2015)
 * January 9 – Algis Budrys, Lithuanian-American science fiction author (died 2008)
 * January 10 – Peter Barnes, English playwright (died 2004)
 * January 17 – Mark Brandis (Nikolai von Michalewsky), German journalist and science fiction author (died 2000)
 * January 20 – Sawako Ariyoshi, Japanese novelist (died 1984)
 * January 24 – Leonard Baker, American historian and Pulitzer-winning author (died 1984)
 * January 27
 * Allan W. Eckert, American historian and novelist (died 2011)
 * Shirley Hazzard, Australian author (died 2016)
 * John Hopkins, English screenwriter (died 1998)
 * Mordecai Richler, Canadian author (died 2001)
 * February 2 – Walter Burkert, German writer (died 2015)
 * February 6 – Mamie Van Doren, American actress and writer
 * February 9 – Thomas Bernhard, Dutch-born Austrian author (died 1989)
 * February 11 – Larry Merchant, American author and boxing commentator
 * February 12 – Janwillem van de Wetering, Dutch-American crime writer (died 2008)
 * February 18
 * Johnny Hart, American cartoonist (died 2007)
 * Toni Morrison, American writer and Nobel Prize winner (died 2019)
 * February 19 – Robert Sobel, American business writer (died 1999)
 * March 2 – Tom Wolfe, American novelist (died 2018)
 * March 11
 * Janosch, German children's author and illustrator
 * Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born publisher
 * March 16 – Augusto Boal, Brazilian theater director and writer (died 2009)
 * March 22 – Leslie Thomas, Welsh novelist (died 2014)
 * March 26 – Alison Prince, English-born Scottish children's writer and biographer (died 2019)
 * April 1 – Rolf Hochhuth, German dramatist (died 2020)
 * April 12 – Chico Anysio, Brazilian actor, comedian, writer and composer (died 2012)
 * April 15 – Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish poet and translator (died 2015)
 * April 21 – Gabriel de Broglie, French historian
 * April 29 – Robert Gottlieb, American editor
 * May 2 – Ruth Fainlight, American-born poet, short story writer, translator and librettist
 * May 7 – Gene Wolfe, American science fiction and fantasy writer (died 2019)
 * May 23 – Barbara Barrie, American actress and writer
 * June 12 – Robin Cook (Derek Raymond), English crime novelist (died 1994)
 * June 21 – Patricia Goedicke, American poet (died 2006)
 * June 26 – Colin Wilson, British novelist and philosopher (died 2013)
 * June 28 – Hans Alfredson, Swedish actor and writer and comedian (d. 2017)
 * July 4 – Sébastien Japrisot, French novelist and screenwriter (died 2003)
 * July 6 – Emily Nasrallah, Lebanese writer and women's rights activist (died 2018)
 * July 7 – David Eddings, American novelist (died 2009)
 * July 10
 * Nick Adams, American screenwriter (died 1968)
 * Julian May, American science fiction author (died 2017)
 * Alice Munro, Canadian short story writer (died 2024)
 * July 14 – E. V. Thompson, English novelist (died 2012)
 * July 15 – Clive Cussler, American thriller writer and underwater explorer (died 2020)
 * July 17 – Caroline Graham, English playwright, screenwriter and novelist
 * August 2 – Karl Miller, British writer and literary editor (died 2014)
 * August 12 – William Goldman, American novelist and screenwriter (died 2018)
 * August 14 – Frederic Raphael, American-born English screenwriter, novelist and non-fiction author
 * August 16 – Marion Patrick Jones, Trinidadian writer (died 2016)
 * August 22 - Maurice Gee, New Zealand novelist
 * September 14 – Ivan Klíma, Czech novelist and dramatist
 * September 15 – Kalim Siddiqui, Pakistani-born British writer and Islamic activist (died 1996)
 * September 22
 * Ashokamitran (Jagadisa Thyagarajan), Indian fiction writer (died 2017)
 * Fay Weldon, English novelist (died 2023)
 * October 8 – Dennis Silk, American-born English writer on literature and cricket, and first-class cricketer (died 2019)
 * October 13 – Janice Elliott, English novelist and children's writer (died 1995)
 * October 19 – John le Carré (David John Moore Cornwell), English spy novelist (died 2020)
 * October 22 – Ann Rule, American true-crime writer (died 2015)
 * October 23 – James McNeish, New Zealand novelist, playwright and biographer (died 2016)
 * November 3 – Arun Sarma, Assamese playwright and novelist (died 2017)
 * November 18 – Nikoloz Janashia, Georgian historian (died 1982)
 * November 28
 * Dervla Murphy, Irish cyclist and author (died 2022)
 * Tomi Ungerer, Alsatian illustrator and writer (died 2019)
 * December 2 – Nigel Calder, British science writer (died 2014)
 * December 15 – Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish writer (died 2015)
 * December 17 – Krystyna Boglar, Polish writer known mostly for her work for children and young adults (died 2019)
 * December 24 – Walter Abish, Austrian-born American writer (died 2022)
 * December 31 – Bob Shaw, Irish science-fiction writer (died 1996)

Deaths
[March 25]- [Ida B. Wells], American journalist and novelist (born [1862 in literature|1862]
 * January 3 – L. Adams Beck, Irish writer (born 1862)
 * January 12 – Henry Gauthier-Villars, French writer (born 1859)
 * January 26 – Graça Aranha, Brazilian diplomat and writer (born 1868)
 * March 27 – Arnold Bennett, English novelist (born 1867)
 * April 4 – André Michelin, French originator of Michelin Guides (born 1853)
 * April 10 – Khalil Gibran, Lebanese-born American poet (born 1883)
 * June 29 – Nérée Beauchemin, French-Canadian poet (born 1850)
 * July 2 – Harald Høffding, Danish philosopher (born 1843)
 * July 14 – Vasile Cijevschi, Bessarabian Romanian soldier, journalist and short-story writer (born 1880)
 * August 1 – Bertha McNamara, German-born Australian pamphleteer and bookseller (born 1853)
 * August 15 – Delfín Chamorro, Spanish poet and language teacher (born 1863)
 * August 26 – Frank Harris, Irish-born American author and editor (born 1856)
 * August 31 – Hall Caine, Manx novelist and dramatist (born 1853)
 * September 8 – Sue A. Sanders, American teacher, clubwoman, and author (born 1842)
 * September 9 – Matilda Cugler-Poni, Romanian poet (born 1851)
 * September 24 – Ethel Hillyer Harris, author (born 1859)
 * September 30 – Jane Meade Welch, American historian (born 1854)
 * October 13 – Ernst Didring, Swedish novelist (born 1868)
 * October 21 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian dramatist (born 1862)
 * October 27 – Lucas Malet (Mary St Leger Kingsley), English novelist (born 1852)
 * November 3 – Juan Zorrilla de San Martín, Uruguayan epic poet (born 1855)
 * November 5 – Ole Edvart Rolvaag, Norwegian American writer (born 1876)
 * November 19 – Xu Zhimo (徐志摩), Chinese poet (air accident, born 1897)
 * December 5 – Vachel Lindsay, American poet (born 1879)
 * December 10 – Enrico Corradini, Italian novelist, essayist and journalist (born 1865)
 * December 26 – Melvil Dewey, American inventor of library classification system (born 1851)
 * December 27 – Alfred Perceval Graves, Irish author and collector of songs and ballads (born 1846)
 * December 31 – Ieronim Yasinsky, Russian writer, poet and essayist (born 1850

Awards

 * Chancellor's Gold Medal: Robert Gittings
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Kate O'Brien, Without My Cloak
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: J. Y. R. Greig, David Hume
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Elizabeth Coatsworth, The Cat Who Went to Heaven
 * Nobel Prize in literature – Erik Axel Karlfeldt
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Susan Glaspell, Alison's House
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Robert Frost, Collected Poems
 * Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: Margaret Ayer Barnes, Years of Grace

title: 1931 in literature


text:
1932 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1932.

Events

 * March – Captain W. E. Johns' character Biggles (James Bigglesworth) is introduced as an English World War I pilot in the short story "The White Fokker", in the first, April, issue of Popular Flying magazine, edited by Johns. The first Biggles collection, The Camels Are Coming, ensues in April.
 * April 23 – To mark Shakespeare's birthday:
 * The Royal Shakespeare Company's new theatre opens at Stratford-upon-Avon.
 * The Folger Shakespeare Library opens in Washington, D.C.
 * April 26 – The 32-year-old American poet Hart Crane, in a state of alcoholic depression, throws himself overboard from the Orizaba between Mexico and New York; his body is never recovered.
 * May – The first issue appears of the English journal of literary criticism Scrutiny: a quarterly review, edited by F. R. Leavis.
 * June 28 – Alice Hargreaves, the inspiration for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, meets the publisher Peter Llewelyn Davies, the inspiration for Peter Pan, at a Lewis Carroll centenary exhibition in a London bookshop.
 * July – W. B. Yeats leases Riversdale house in the Dublin suburb of Rathfarnham and publishes Words for Music Perhaps, and Other Poems.
 * Summer
 * The Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, is established as a regular venue in London by Sydney Carroll and Robert Atkins.
 * The first performances at the Minack Theatre, an open-air venue on the coast of Cornwall (England), include The Tempest.
 * October 3 – The Times newspaper of London introduces the Times New Roman typeface devised by Stanley Morison.
 * October – Nineteen Irish writers led by Yeats and George Bernard Shaw form an Academy of Irish Letters that opposes the Censorship of Publications Board.
 * November 16 – Compton Mackenzie is prosecuted under the Official Secrets Act in the U.K. for material in his Greek Memories.
 * December
 * The issue of Weird Tales magazine with this month's cover date in the United States includes Robert E. Howard's short story "The Phoenix on the Sword", the first published appearance of Conan the Barbarian.
 * E. V. Knox replaces Sir Owen Seaman as editor of Punch magazine.
 * Shortly after publication, the first copies of Graham Greene's novel Stamboul Train, published by Heinemann in London, are withdrawn and the text altered after a threat of libel action by J. B. Priestley.
 * unknown dates
 * Samuel Beckett's first novel, Dream of Fair to Middling Women, is written in Paris and rejected by several publishers.
 * Serialisation of the first three volumes of Mikhail Sholokhov's novel And Quiet Flows the Don («Тихий Дон») concludes in the Soviet magazine October.
 * The New Poetry (Thơ mới) period begins in Vietnamese literature, marked by an article and a poem from Phan Khôi.
 * Aussie: The Australian Soldiers' Magazine ceases publication.
 * Una Dillon founds Dillons Booksellers in London.

Fiction

 * Laura Adams Armer – Waterless Mountain
 * Henry Bellamann – The Richest Woman in Town
 * E.F. Benson – Secret Lives
 * Phyllis Bentley – Inheritance
 * Gerald Tyrwhitt-Wilson, 14th Baron Berners (as Adela Quebec) – The Girls of Radcliff Hall (privately circulated roman à clef)
 * Hermann Broch – The Sleepwalkers (Die Schlafwandler, trilogy completed)
 * Lynn Brock – Nightmare
 * John Buchan – The Gap in the Curtain
 * Pearl S. Buck – Sons
 * Edgar Rice Burroughs – Tarzan Triumphant
 * Erskine Caldwell – Tobacco Road
 * Morley Callaghan – A Broken Journey
 * John Dickson Carr
 * Poison in Jest
 * The Waxworks Murder
 * Louis-Ferdinand Céline – Journey to the End of the Night (Voyage au bout de la nuit)
 * Agatha Christie
 * Peril at End House
 * The Thirteen Problems
 * Colette – The Pure and the Impure (Le Pur et l'impur)
 * J.J. Connington – The Castleford Conundrum
 * John Creasey – Seven Times Seven
 * Freeman Wills Crofts
 * Death on the Way
 * Sudden Death
 * A. J. Cronin – Three Loves
 * Clemence Dane – Re-enter Sir John
 * Catherine Isabella Dodd – Paul and Perdita
 * John Dos Passos – 1919
 * Hans Fallada – Little Man, What Now? (Kleiner Mann, was nun?)
 * Joseph Jefferson Farjeon – The Z Murders
 * William Faulkner – Light in August
 * Lion Feuchtwanger – Josephus
 * Rudolph Fisher – The Conjure Man Dies: A Mystery Tale of Dark Harlem
 * Elena Fortún – Celia en el colegio
 * Gilbert Frankau – Christopher Strong
 * Lewis Grassic Gibbon – Sunset Song
 * Stella Gibbons – Cold Comfort Farm
 * Anthony Gilbert
 * The Body on the Beam
 * The Long Shadow
 * Jean Giono – Blue Boy
 * Ellen Glasgow – The Sheltered Life
 * Graham Greene – Stamboul Train
 * Ernst Haffner – Blood Brothers (Blutsbrüder)
 * Hermann Hesse – Journey to the East (Die Morgenlandfahrt)
 * James Hilton – Rage in Heaven
 * Pamela Hinkson – The Ladies' Road
 * Soeman Hs – Mentjahari Pentjoeri Anak Perawan
 * Aldous Huxley – Brave New World
 * Francis Iles (Anthony Berkeley Cox) – Before the Fact
 * Margaret Kennedy – A Long Time Ago
 * Irmgard Keun – The Artificial Silk Girl (Das kunstseidene Mädchen)
 * Marie Belloc Lowndes – Jenny Newstead
 * W. Somerset Maugham – The Narrow Corner
 * Gladys Mitchell – The Saltmarsh Murders
 * Nancy Mitford – Christmas Pudding
 * Abdul Muis – Pertemuan Jodoh
 * Vladimir Nabokov
 * Glory
 * Laughter in the Dark
 * Beverley Nichols – Evensong
 * Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall – Mutiny on the Bounty
 * Max Nomad – Rebels and Renegades
 * Seán Ó Faoláin – Midsummer Night Madness and Other Stories
 * E. Phillips Oppenheim – The Ostrekoff Jewels
 * Edith Philips – The Good Quaker in French Legend
 * Anthony Powell – Venusberg
 * John Cowper Powys – A Glastonbury Romance
 * Ellery Queen
 * The Greek Coffin Mystery
 * The Egyptian Cross Mystery
 * Sax Rohmer – The Mask of Fu Manchu
 * Joseph Roth – Radetzky March (Radetzkymarsch)
 * Damon Runyon – Guys and Dolls
 * Rafael Sabatini – The Black Swan
 * Dorothy L. Sayers – Have His Carcase
 * Nevil Shute – Lonely Road
 * Israel Joshua Singer – Yoshe Kalb
 * J. Slauerhoff – Het verboden rijk (The Forbidden Kingdom, serial publication concludes and first book publication)
 * Eleanor Smith – Ballerina
 * Thorne Smith – Topper Takes a Trip
 * Lesbia Soravilla – El dolor de-vivir
 * John Steinbeck – The Pastures of Heaven
 * Julia Strachey – Cheerful Weather for the Wedding
 * Cecil Street – Dead Men at the Folly
 * Thomas Sigismund Stribling – The Store
 * Margareta Suber – Charlie
 * Phoebe Atwood Taylor – Death Lights a Candle
 * Wallace Thurman – Infants Of The Spring
 * G. E. Trevelyan – Appius and Virginia
 * Sigrid Undset
 * Burning Bush
 * The Son Avenger
 * Maxence Van Der Meersch – The House on the Dune
 * Henry Wade – The Hanging Captain
 * Hugh Walpole – The Fortress
 * Evelyn Waugh – Black Mischief
 * Ethel Lina White – Fear Stalks the Village
 * Charles Williams – The Greater Trumps
 * S. Fowler Wright
 * Beyond the Rim
 * The New Gods Lead (short stories)
 * Francis Brett Young – The House Under the Water

Children and young people

 * Laura Adams Armer – Waterless Mountain
 * W. E. Johns – The Camels Are Coming
 * Erich Kästner – The 35th of May, or Conrad's Ride to the South Seas (Der 35. Mai)
 * Arthur Ransome – Peter Duck
 * Alison Uttley – Moonshine and Magic
 * Laura Ingalls Wilder – Little House in the Big Woods
 * Ruth Plumly Thompson – The Purple Prince of Oz (26th in the Oz series overall and the 12th written by her)

Drama

 * S. N. Behrman – Biography
 * Elias Canetti – Hochzeit (Wedding)
 * Noël Coward – Design for Living (premiered 1933)
 * Walter C. Hackett – Road House
 * Ian Hay – Orders Are Orders
 * Anthony Kimmins – While Parents Sleep
 * Edward Knoblock – Evensong
 * Ferdinand Kwasi Fiawoo – Toko Atolia
 * George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber – Dinner at Eight
 * W. Somerset Maugham – For Services Rendered
 * Harrison Owen – Doctor Pygmalion
 * Ahmed Shawqi – Amirat el-Andalus (The Andalusian Princess)
 * John Van Druten
 * Behold, We Live
 * Somebody Knows
 * Ödön von Horváth – Kasimir und Karoline

Poetry

 * W. H. Auden – The Orators
 * Hart Crane – The Broken Tower
 * Cecil Day-Lewis – From Feathers To Iron
 * An "Objectivist's" Anthology
 * Boris Pasternak – The Second Birth

Non-fiction

 * Adrian Bell – The Cherry Tree
 * Henri Bergson – The Two Sources of Morality and Religion (Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion)
 * Emil Brunner – The Divine Imperative: a study in Christian ethics (Gebot und die Ordnungen)
 * F. J. Harvey Darton – The Story of English Children's Books in England: Five Centuries of Social Life
 * Bernard DeVoto – Mark Twain's America
 * T. S. Eliot – Selected Essays, 1917-1932
 * Constantin Gane – Trecute vieți de doamne și domnițe (Bygone Lives of Queens and Princesses; first volume)
 * J. B. S. Haldane – The Causes of Evolution
 * Annabel Jackson – A Victorian Childhood
 * Kepelino (died c. 1878) – Kepelino's Traditions of Hawaii (translation of Moolelo Hawaii, 1868)
 * Hugh Kingsmill – Frank Harris
 * F. R. Leavis – New Bearings in English Poetry
 * Q. D. Leavis – Fiction and the Reading Public
 * Maxwell House Haggadah
 * Beverley Nichols – Down the Garden Path
 * Walter B. Pitkin – Life Begins at Forty
 * Stith Thompson – Motif-Index of Folk-Literature (begins publication)
 * E. C. Titchmarsh – The Theory of Functions
 * Florence White – Good Things in England (food)
 * S. Fowler Wright – The Life of Sir Walter Scott

Births

 * January 2 – Jean Little, Canadian children's fiction author (died 2020)
 * January 5 – Umberto Eco, Italian novelist and semiotician (died 2016)
 * January 18 – Robert Anton Wilson, American novelist and playwright (died 2007)
 * January 19 – George MacBeth, Scottish poet and novelist (died 1992)
 * February 7 – Gay Talese, American literary journalist
 * February 9 – Roderick Cook, English actor and playwright (died 1990)
 * February 15 – Troy Kennedy Martin, Scottish scriptwriter (died 2009)
 * February 16 – Aharon Appelfeld, Israeli novelist and poet (died 2018)
 * February 20 – Adrian Cristobal, Filipino journalist, playwright and author (died 2007)
 * March 4 – Ryszard Kapuściński, Polish journalist poet and travel writer (died 2007)
 * March 18 – John Updike, American novelist and poet (died 2009)
 * March 31 – John Jakes, American historical novelist (died 2023)
 * April 5 – Fănuș Neagu, Romanian novelist, journalist, and short story writer (died 2011)
 * April 8 – Joan Lingard, Scottish novelist (died 2022)
 * April 10 – Adrian Henri, English poet (died 2000)
 * May 7 – Jenny Joseph, English poet (died 2018)
 * May 8 – Julieta Campos, Cuban-Mexican author and translator (died 2007)
 * May 24 – Arnold Wesker, English dramatist (died 2016)
 * June 5 – Christy Brown, Irish autobiographer and poet (died 1981)
 * June 6 – Sara Banerji, English author and sculptor
 * June 18 – Geoffrey Hill, English poet (died 2016)
 * July 17 – Karla Kuskin, American children's writer and illustrator (died 2009)
 * July 18 – Yevgeny Yevtushenko, Russian poet and writer (died 2017)
 * August 16 – Christopher Okigbo, Nigerian poet (died 1967)
 * August 17 – V. S. Naipaul, Trinidad-born novelist (died 2018)
 * August 27 – Antonia Fraser, English biographer, novelist and historian
 * September 7 – Malcolm Bradbury, English novelist (died 2000)
 * September 9 – Alice Thomas Ellis, English novelist, essayist and cookery book author (died 2005)
 * October 24 – Adrian Mitchell, English poet, playwright and fiction writer (died 2008)
 * October 27 – Sylvia Plath, American poet (suicide 1963)
 * October 31 – Katherine Paterson, Chinese-American author

Deaths

 * January 6 – Iacob Negruzzi, Romanian poet, columnist and memoirist (born 1842)
 * January 12 – Ella Hepworth Dixon, English writer, novelist and editor (born 1857)
 * January 21 – Lytton Strachey, English biographer (cancer, born 1880)
 * January 28 – F. M. Mayor, English novelist (born 1872)
 * February 4 – Mona Caird, English novelist, essayist and feminist (born 1854)
 * February 10 – Edgar Wallace, English crime writer (diabetes, born 1875)
 * February 15 – Minnie Maddern Fiske, American actress and playwright (born 1865)
 * March 16 – Harold Monro, British poet and poetry bookshop proprietor (alcohol-related, born 1879)
 * April 20 – Giuseppe Peano, Italian mathematician and philosopher (born 1858)
 * April 22 – Ferenc Oslay, Hungarian-Slovene historian, writer and irredenta (born 1883)
 * April 23
 * Evelyn Everett-Green, English novelist and children's writer (born 1856)
 * Laura Kieler, Norwegian novelist and dramatic inspiration (born 1849)
 * April 27 – Hart Crane, American poet (suicide, born 1899)
 * May 22 – Augusta, Lady Gregory, Irish dramatist (born 1852)
 * June 17 – Sir John Quick, Australian politician and author (born 1852)
 * July 6 – Kenneth Grahame, Scottish-born children's and short-story writer (born 1859)
 * July 20 – René Bazin, French novelist (born 1853)
 * July 22 – J. Meade Falkner, English novelist and poet (born 1858)
 * July 23 – Emma Pow Bauder, American novelist, evangelist, missionary, and reformer (born 1848)
 * August 29 – Raymond Knister, Canadian writer (drowned, born 1899)
 * August 30 – Emma Wolf, American novelist (born 1865)
 * September 5 – Paul Bern, German-American screenwriter (suicide, born 1889)
 * September 24 – Rose Combe, French writer and railway worker (born 1883)
 * October 5 – Christopher Brennan, Australian poet (born 1870)
 * October 14 – Ahmed Shawqi, Egyptian poet (born 1868)
 * November 11 – Georgina Fraser Newhall, Canadian author (b. 1860)
 * November 13 – Catherine Isabella Dodd, English education writer and novelist (born 1860)
 * November 15 – Charles W. Chesnutt, American writer (born 1858)
 * November 23 – Henry S. Whitehead, American genre novelist (gastric ailment, born 1882)
 * date unknown — Hester M. Poole, American writer, poet, art critic (born 1833/34)

Awards

 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Helen de Guerry Simpson, Boomerang
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Stephen Gwynn, The Life of Mary Kingsley
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Laura Adams Armer, Waterless Mountain
 * Nobel Prize in literature: John Galsworthy
 * Prix Goncourt: Guy Mazeline, Les Loups
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: George S. Kaufman, Morrie Ryskind, Ira Gershwin, Of Thee I Sing
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: George Dillon, The Flowering Stone
 * Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: Pearl S. Buck, The Good Earth

title: 1932 in literature


text:
1933 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1933.

Events

 * February – Having joined the Japanese Communist Party, the Chinese novelist Hu Feng is arrested and "badly beaten" in Tokyo for his protests against imperialism. Returning to the Republic of China as a popular hero, he is nevertheless prevented from joining the Chinese Communist Party by a rival, Zhou Yang.
 * February 17 – The magazine News-Week is published for the first time in New York.
 * March 8 – Première of Federico García Lorca's play Blood Wedding (Bodas de Sangre) is held at the Teatro Beatriz in Madrid.
 * April 23 – Millosh Gjergj Nikolla is appointed schoolteacher among the Serbs of Vraka, Kingdom of Albania. The next two years bring his creative period as a short story writer, describing his sense of despair at being isolated in a backward region.
 * May – Nazi book burnings take place in Germany by the German Student Union, principally of works by Jewish intellectuals, leading to an Exilliteratur. Although his novels are spared (unlike those of his brother Heinrich Mann), Thomas Mann settles in Switzerland. Lion Feuchtwanger, on a lecture tour of the United States in January, has decided not to return to Germany; Bertolt Brecht has moved to Prague in February; and Alfred Döblin to Switzerland in March.
 * May 16–17 – In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin orders the NKVD to "preserve but isolate" Osip Mandelstam, after having been informed of the "Stalin Epigram"; Mandelstam is then arrested. A protest by literary figures, including Anna Akhmatova and Boris Pasternak, prompts Stalin to declare that he might "review the case" (he never will). His admiration for Pasternak as a poetic genius is strengthened when the latter asks for a private meeting to discuss "life and death" — although he never grants it, he instructs the NKVD to "leave that cloud-dweller [Pasternak] alone".
 * June
 * W. H. Auden has his "Vision of Agape".
 * Robert Walser, under treatment for schizophrenia since 1929, is placed in a sanatorium in Herisau, Switzerland. This ends his work as a writer, though he will live until 1956.
 * July – Poedjangga Baroe, the Indonesian avant-garde literary magazine, is first published, by Armijn Pane, Amir Hamzah and Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana.
 * October (approximate) – The name Inklings, previously used by a disbanded undergraduate group, is taken by an informal literary discussion group of University of Oxford academics, including C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien.
 * October 8 – The General Union of Roma in Romania is set up by writer Gheorghe A. Lăzăreanu-Lăzurică, with Grigoraș Dinicu as honorary president; by 1934, it publishes the Romani-language newspaper O Ròm, and books of Romani mythology, edited by Constantin S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor.
 * November 7 – Premiere of Samuil Lehtțir's Biruința (Victory), at Tiraspol's State Theater; it is the first local play to have been produced within the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
 * December
 * Codex Sinaiticus sold by the Soviet Union to the British Museum Library through the agency of Maggs Bros Ltd at a price of £100,000, the highest ever paid for a book at this time.
 * Raymond Chandler's first short story, the detective fiction "Blackmailers Don't Shoot", is published in the magazine Black Mask in the United States.
 * December 6 – In United States v. One Book Called Ulysses, U.S. District Judge John M. Woolsey rules that James Joyce's novel Ulysses is not as a whole pornographic and therefore cannot not be obscene.

Fiction

 * Hervey Allen – Anthony Adverse
 * Jorge Amado – Cacau (Cacao)
 * Edwin Balmer and Philip Wylie – When Worlds Collide
 * Marjorie Bowen – Album Leaf
 * Edgar Rice Burroughs – Tarzan and the City of Gold
 * Dino Buzzati – Bàrnabo delle montagne
 * Erskine Caldwell – God's Little Acre
 * John Dickson Carr – The Mad Hatter Mystery
 * Leslie Charteris – Once More the Saint (also The Saint and Mr. Teal)
 * Agatha Christie
 * The Hound of Death
 * Lord Edgware Dies
 * J.J. Connington – Tom Tiddler's Island
 * Freeman Wills Crofts – The Hog's Back Mystery
 * A. J. Cronin – Grand Canary
 * Warwick Deeping – Two Black Sheep
 * Mircea Eliade – Bengal Nights (Mayitreyi)
 * Guy Endore – The Werewolf of Paris
 * Susan Ertz – The Proselyte
 * Miles Franklin – Bring the Monkey
 * Zona Gale – Papa La Fleur
 * John Galsworthy – One More River
 * Erle Stanley Gardner – The Case of the Sulky Girl
 * Matila Ghyka – Pluie d'étoiles
 * Anthony Gilbert
 * Death in Fancy Dress
 * The Musical Comedy Crime
 * Portrait of a Murderer
 * Walter Greenwood – Love on the Dole
 * Dashiell Hammett
 * The Thin Man
 * Woman In The Dark
 * Ernest Hemingway – Winner Take Nothing
 * Robert Hichens – The Paradine Case
 * James Hilton
 * Knight Without Armour
 * Lost Horizon
 * Volter Kilpi – Alastalon salissa (In the Parlour at Alastalo)
 * Pär Lagerkvist – Bödeln (The Hangman; novella)
 * Alexander Lernet-Holenia – I Was Jack Mortimer
 * E. C. R. Lorac
 * The Case of Colonel Marchand
 * Death on the Oxford Road
 * Arthur Machen – The Green Round
 * Compton Mackenzie – Water on the Brain
 * Claude McKay – Banana Bottom
 * André Malraux – Man's Fate (La Condition humaine)
 * Caroline Pafford Miller – Lamb in His Bosom
 * A. A. Milne – Four Days' Wonder
 * Camil Petrescu – Patul lui Procust (The Bed of Procrustes)
 * E. R. Punshon – Information Received
 * Ellery Queen
 * The American Gun Mystery
 * The Siamese Twin Mystery
 * Raymond Queneau – Le Chiendent
 * Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings – South Moon Under
 * E. Arnot Robertson – Ordinary Families
 * Profira Sadoveanu – Mormolocul (Tadopole)
 * Dorothy L. Sayers
 * Hangman's Holiday (short stories)
 * Murder Must Advertise
 * Bruno Schulz – The Street of Crocodiles (short stories, published as Sklepy cynamonowe, "Cinnamon Shops", in December, dated 1934)
 * Nan Shepherd – A Pass in the Grampians
 * Gertrude Stein – The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas
 * Gladys Bronwyn Stern – Long Lost Father
 * Cecil Street
 * The Claverton Mystery
 * The Motor Rally Mystery
 * The Venner Crime
 * Phoebe Atwood Taylor – The Mystery of the Cape Cod Players
 * Angela Thirkell – High Rising
 * Thomas F. Tweed – Rinehard: a melodrama of the nineteen-thirties
 * S. S. Van Dine – The Kennel Murder Case
 * John Vandercook – Murder in Trinidad
 * Henry Wade – Mist on the Saltings
 * Helen Waddell – Peter Abelard
 * Hugh Walpole – Vanessa
 * H. G. Wells – The Shape of Things to Come
 * Franz Werfel – The Forty Days of Musa Dagh (Die vierzig Tage des Musa Dagh)
 * Nathanael West – Miss Lonelyhearts
 * Dennis Wheatley – The Forbidden Territory
 * Antonia White – Frost in May
 * Virginia Woolf – Flush: A Biography

Children and young people

 * Marjorie Flack – The Story about Ping
 * Norman Hunter – The Incredible Adventures of Professor Branestawm (first in Professor Branestawm series)
 * Erich Kästner – The Flying Classroom
 * Elizabeth Foreman Lewis – Young Fu of the Upper Yangtze
 * Arthur Ransome – Winter Holiday
 * Felix Salten – Florian: The Emperor’s Stallion
 * Dorothy Wall – Blinky Bill: the Quaint Little Australian (first in the Blinky Bill series of three books)

Drama

 * Tawfiq al-Hakim – Ahl el-Kahf (The People of the Cave)
 * Jean Anouilh – Mandarine
 * Clifford Bax – The Rose Without a Thorn
 * Ferdinand Bruckner – Die Rassen
 * Gordon Daviot (Josephine Tey) – Richard of Bordeaux
 * Selli Engler – Heil Hitler
 * Walter C. Hackett – Afterwards
 * Ian Hay – A Present from Margate
 * Hanns Johst – Schlageter
 * Sidney Kingsley – Men in White
 * Samuil Lehtțir – Biruința (Victory)
 * Federico García Lorca – Blood Wedding
 * W. Somerset Maugham – Sheppey
 * R. J. Minney – Clive of India
 * Ivor Novello – Fresh Fields
 * Eugene O'Neill – Ah, Wilderness!
 * J. B. Priestley – Laburnum Grove
 * Lennox Robinson – Drama at Inish
 * Mordaunt Shairp – The Green Bay Tree
 * John Van Druten – The Distaff Side
 * Maxim Ziese – Siebenstein

Poetry

 * Edwin James Brady – Wardens of the Seas
 * Benjamin Fondane – Ulysse
 * Mascha Kaléko – Das Lyrische Stenogrammheft: Verse vom Alltag
 * Osip Mandelstam – "Stalin Epigram"
 * Vita Sackville-West – Collected Poems
 * Filip Shiroka – Zâni i zêmrës
 * J. Slauerhoff – Soleares
 * W. B. Yeats – The Winding Stair and Other Poems

Non-fiction

 * Vera Brittain – Testament of Youth
 * Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud – Warum Krieg?
 * Benjamin Fondane – Rimbaud le voyou
 * Ionel Gherea – Le Moi el le monde. Essai d'une cosmogonie anthropomorphique (The Self and the World. An Essay in Anthropomorphic Cosmogony)
 * Carl Jung – Modern Man in Search of a Soul
 * Agnes Mure Mackenzie – An Historical Survey of Scottish Literature to 1714
 * George Orwell – Down and Out in Paris and London
 * Wilhelm Reich – The Mass Psychology of Fascism (Die Massenpsychologie des Faschismus)
 * Upton Sinclair – Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox
 * Muiris Ó Súilleabháin (Maurice O'Sullivan) – Fiche Bliain ag Fás (Twenty Years a-Growing)
 * Jun'ichirō Tanizaki (谷崎 潤一郎) – In Praise of Shadows (陰翳礼讃, essay on aesthetics)

Births

 * January 1 – Joe Orton, English playwright (murdered 1967)
 * January 2 – Seiichi Morimura (森村誠一), Japanese author
 * January 4 – Phyllis Reynolds Naylor, American children's and adult novelist
 * January 9 – Wilbur Smith, South African historical novelist (died 2021)
 * January 13 – Shahnon Ahmad, Malaysian writer and politician (died 2017)
 * January 16 – Susan Sontag (Susan Rosenblatt), American novelist (died 2004)
 * January 25 – Alden Nowlan, Canadian poet and novelist (died 1983)
 * February 1 – Reynolds Price, American novelist and literary scholar (died 2011)
 * February 5 – B. S. Johnson, English novelist (died 1973)
 * February 12 – Costa-Gavras (Konstantinos Gavras), Greek-French film director and writer
 * February 20 – Zamenga Batukezanga, Congolese francophone writer and philanthropist (died 2000)
 * February 22 – Christopher Ondaatje, Ceylonese-born English travel writer, biographer and philanthropist
 * February 27 – Edward Lucie-Smith, Jamaican-born English writer, critic and broadcaster
 * March 17 – Penelope Lively (Penelope Low), Egyptian-born English novelist
 * March 18 – Sergio Pitol, Mexican fiction writer, translator and diplomat (died 2018)
 * March 19 – Philip Roth, American novelist (died 2018)
 * April 2 – György Konrád, Hungarian novelist, essayist, political dissident and President of PEN International (died 2019)
 * April 7 – Cong Weixi, Chinese author (died 2019)
 * April 14 – Boris Strugatsky, Russian sci-fi writer (died 2012)
 * April 24 – Patricia Bosworth, American writer/biographer (died 2020)
 * May 9 – Jessica Steele, English romance novelist (died 2020)
 * May 10 – Barbara Taylor Bradford (Barbara Taylor), English-born American novelist
 * May 12 – Stephen Vizinczey, Hungarian-born writer (died 2021)
 * May 22 – Arnold Lobel, American children's writer and illustrator (died 1987)
 * May 29
 * Abdul Rahman Munif, Arab writer (died 2004)
 * Edward Whittemore, American novelist (died 1995)
 * June 9 – Vicente Leñero, Mexican novelist and playwright (died 2014)
 * June 11 – Martti Soosaar, Estonian journalist and author (died 2017)
 * June 20 – Claire Tomalin (Claire Delavenay), English journalist and biographer
 * June 25 – James Meredith, African-American civil rights activist, writer, political adviser and Air Force veteran
 * June 30 – Mauricio Rosencof, Uruguayan playwright, poet and journalist
 * July 2 – John Antrobus, English playwright and scriptwriter
 * July 4 – David Littman, English historian (died 2012)
 * July 10 – Kevin Gilbert, Australian writer and artist (died 1993)
 * July 13 – David Storey, English novelist and playwright (died 2017)
 * July 14 – Solange Fasquelle, French novelist (died 2016)
 * July 15 – M. T. Vasudevan Nair, Indian novelist
 * July 20 – Cormac McCarthy, American novelist, playwright and screenwriter (died 2023)
 * July 21
 * John Gardner, American novelist (died 1982)
 * Brigitte Reimann, German novelist (died 1973)
 * August 1 – Ko Un (Ko Untae), South Korean poet
 * August 7 – Jerry Pournelle, American science fiction writer (died 2017)
 * August 13 – Madhur Jaffrey, Indian actress and food writer
 * August 16 – Tom Maschler, Austrian-born English literary publisher (died 2020)
 * September 9 – Michael Novak, American philosopher and author (died 2017)
 * September 19 – Gilles Archambault, French Canadian novelist
 * September 27 – Paul Goble, English-American author and illustrator (died 2017)
 * October 11 – David Daniels, American visual poet (died 2008)
 * October 21 – Maureen Duffy, English poet, playwright, author and activist
 * October 24 – Norman Rush, American writer
 * November 1
 * Viačasłaŭ Adamčyk, Belarusian journalist, writer, playwright and screenwriter (died 2001)
 * Huub Oosterhuis, Dutch poet, theologian and liturgy reformer
 * Samir Roychoudhury, Indian Bengali poet and philosopher (died 2016)
 * November 5 – Ilie Purcaru, Romanian journalist and poet (died 2008)
 * November 13 – Peter Härtling, German novelist and poet (died 2017)
 * November 23 – Daniel Chavarría, Uruguayan writer and translator (died 2018)
 * December 2 – Kent Andersson, Swedish dramatist (died 2005)
 * December 22 – Jim Barnes, Native American poet and translator
 * December 31 – Edward Bunker, American crime novelist (died 2005)

Deaths

 * January 5 – J. M. Robertson, British Liberal Party politician, writer and journalist, Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade (born 1856)
 * January 11 – Hugo Zöller, German explorer and journalist (born 1852)
 * January 21 – George Moore, Irish poet and novelist (born 1852)
 * January 29 – Sara Teasdale, American poet (born 1884; suicide)
 * January 31 – John Galsworthy, English novelist and dramatist (born 1867)
 * February 20 – Takiji Kobayashi (小林多喜二), Japanese writer (born 1903)
 * April 5 – Earl Derr Biggers, American novelist and playwright (heart attack, born 1884)
 * April 19 – E. W. Hobson, English writer on mathematics (born 1856)
 * April 24 – Janet Milne Rae, Scottish novelist (born 1844)
 * April 29 – Constantine Cavafy, Greek Alexandrine poet (born 1863)
 * April 30 – Anna de Noailles, French writer (born 1876)
 * May 2 – Leonard Huxley, British writer (born 1860)
 * May 16 – John Henry Mackay, Scottish-born German anarchist writer and philosopher (born 1864)
 * May 26 – Horatio Bottomley, English journalist and fraudster (born 1860)
 * June 7 – Dragutin Domjanić, Croatian poet (born 1875)
 * July 8 – Anthony Hope (Anthony Hope Hawkins), English adventure novelist (born 1863)
 * August 12 – Alexandru Philippide, Romanian linguist and polemicist (atherosclerosis, born 1859)
 * September 20 – Annie Besant, English Theosophist writer (born 1847)
 * September 22 – György Almásy, Hungarian travel writer (born 1867)
 * September 25
 * Ring Lardner, American writer (born 1885)
 * Pascal Poirier, Canadian historian (born 1852)
 * September 28 – G. R. S. Mead, British writer (born 1863)
 * October 30 – Herminie Templeton Kavanagh, Anglo-Irish-American short story writer (born 1861?)
 * November 12 – F. Holland Day, American publisher (born 1864)
 * November 20 – Augustine Birrell, English politician and author (born 1850)
 * November 28 – Minnie Earl Sears, American librarian (born 1873)
 * November 30 – Annie Armitt, English novelist and poet (born 1850)
 * December 4 – Stefan George, German poet and translator (born 1868)
 * December 16 – Robert W. Chambers, American writer (born 1865)
 * December 27 – Georgina Castle Smith (pseudonym Brenda), English children's writer (born 1845)
 * date unknown – Jennie M. Bingham, American author (born 1859)

Awards

 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: A. G. Macdonell, England, Their England
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: Violet Clifton, The Book of Talbot
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Elizabeth Foreman Lewis, Young Fu of the Upper Yangtze
 * Nobel Prize for literature: Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Maxwell Anderson, Both Your Houses
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Archibald MacLeish, Conquistador
 * Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: T. S. Stribling, The Store

title: 1933 in literature


text:
1934 in literature

This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1934.

Events

 * January 7 – The first Flash Gordon comic strip is created and illustrated by Alex Raymond and published in the United States.
 * January 25 – James Joyce's novel Ulysses, after a December acquittal (upheld on appeal in February) in United States v. One Book Called Ulysses, is first published in an authorized edition in the Anglophone world by Random House of New York City. It has 12,000 advance sales.
 * January – B. Traven's novel The Death Ship (1926) first appears in English.
 * February – Stefan Zweig flees Austria and settles in London.
 * February 6 – The February 6 riots in France, partly provoked by a performance of Shakespeare's Coriolanus by the Comédie-Française, will become the focus of a cult in the works of far-right authors, notably Death on Credit by Louis-Ferdinand Céline (1936) and Gilles by Pierre Drieu La Rochelle (1939). Also in 1934, Drieu announces his conversion to fascism, with the essay Socialisme fasciste.
 * March 16 and October 5 – P. G. Wodehouse's Thank You, Jeeves and Right Ho, Jeeves, the first full-length novels to feature Jeeves, are published.
 * April – F. Scott Fitzgerald's fourth and final completed novel, Tender Is the Night, appears in book form in New York, after serialization since January in the monthly Scribner's Magazine.
 * April 3 – The English literary biographer Thomas Wright (of Olney) first publishes, in the Daily Express, some facts about Charles Dickens' relations with the actress Ellen Ternan.
 * April 6 – Rudyard Kipling and W. B. Yeats are awarded the Gothenburg Prize for Poetry.
 * May 1 – The first officially designated Thingplatz for the performance of Thingspiele is dedicated in the Brandberge in Halle (Nazi Germany).
 * June
 * A medieval manuscript of Le Morte d'Arthur used by Caxton is identified in the Fellows' Library of Winchester College (England) by the bibliophile Walter Fraser Oakeshott.
 * The English poet Laurie Lee walks out one midsummer morning from his Gloucestershire home, bound for Spain.
 * Two notable gentleman detectives of the Golden Age of Detective Fiction, set in England, appear for the first time in print, later to have whole series written about them. The first to feature Inspector Roderick Alleyn of Scotland Yard is A Man Lay Dead by Ngaio Marsh, at this time resident in her native New Zealand, published in London. The first Sir Henry Merrivale locked room mystery, The Plague Court Murders, appears from John Dickson Carr, at this time resident in the UK and writing as "Carter Dickson", in New York around early June. It is followed in December by The White Priory Murders.
 * July 17 – The circular Manchester Central Library, England, opens.
 * August – Boris Pasternak and Korney Chukovsky are among those at the first Congress of the Union of Soviet Writers.
 * September – Henry Miller's novel Tropic of Cancer is published in Paris by the Obelisk Press. The United States Customs Service prohibits imports of it.
 * October 22 – A new Cambridge University Library, designed by Giles Gilbert Scott, opens in England.
 * October 24 – The first of Rex Stout's Nero Wolfe detective novels, Fer-de-Lance, is published in New York, and abridged in the November The American Magazine as "Point of Death."
 * November 20 – Lillian Hellman's first successful play, The Children's Hour, dealing with a theme of accusations of lesbianism, opens at the Maxine Elliott Theatre on Broadway in New York, where it will run for two years.
 * December 25 – The Romanian novelist Panait Istrati, a former communist, begins his collaboration with the quasi-fascist Cruciada Românismului with a polemic against antisemitism. The weekly newspaper, edited by Mihai Stelescu and Alexandru Talex, later hosts pieces by Constantin Virgil Gheorghiu.
 * Unknown date – The first three volumes of Mikhail Sholokhov's novel And Quiet Flows the Don first appear in English under this title.

Fiction

 * M. Ageyev – Cocain Romance (Roman s kokainom)
 * Edwin Balmer and Philip Wylie – After Worlds Collide
 * Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay – Pother Kanta
 * Samuel Beckett – More Pricks Than Kicks
 * Phyllis Bottome – Private Worlds
 * Marjorie Bowen – Moss Rose
 * Ernest Bramah – The Bravo of London
 * James Branch Cabell – Smirt
 * John Brophy – Waterfront
 * James M. Cain – The Postman Always Rings Twice
 * Morley Callaghan – Such Is My Beloved
 * Victor Canning – Mr. Finchley Discovers His England
 * Willy Corsari – Terugkeer tot Thera (Return to Thera, introduces Inspector Lund, the archetypal Dutch detective)
 * John Dickson Carr
 * The Blind Barber
 * The Eight of Swords
 * The Bowstring Murders (as Carr Dickson/Carter Dickson)
 * The Plague Court Murders (as Carter Dickson)
 * The White Priory Murders (as Carter Dickson)
 * Devil Kinsmere (as Roger Fairbairn)
 * Gabriel Chevallier – Clochemerle
 * Agatha Christie
 * Murder on the Orient Express (book publication, features Hercule Poirot)
 * Why Didn't They Ask Evans? (full book publication)
 * The Listerdale Mystery (short stories)
 * Parker Pyne Investigates (short stories)
 * Unfinished Portrait (as Mary Westmacott)
 * Colette – Duo
 * J.J. Connington – The Ha-Ha Case
 * Freeman Wills Crofts
 * The 12.30 from Croydon
 * Mystery on Southampton Water
 * Henry de Montherlant – Les Célibataires (The Bachelors)
 * Isak Dinesen – Seven Gothic Tales
 * Pierre Drieu La Rochelle – The Comedy of Charleroi (La Comédie de Charleroi, linked short stories)
 * Max Ernst – Une semaine de bonté (A Week of Kindness, graphic novel)
 * F. Scott Fitzgerald – Tender Is the Night
 * Carlo Emilio Gadda – Il castello di Udine
 * Jeanne Galzy – Jeunes Filles en serre chaude (Young girls in a greenhouse)
 * Anthony Gilbert – An Old Lady Dies
 * Jean Giono – The Song of the World
 * Robert Graves – I, Claudius
 * Graham Greene – It's a Battlefield
 * Walter Greenwood – His Worship the Mayor
 * Harold Heslop
 * The Crime of Peter Ropner
 * Goaf (English version)
 * Robert Hichens – The Power To Kill
 * James Hilton – Goodbye, Mr. Chips
 * Richard Hull – The Murder of My Aunt
 * Zora Neale Hurston – Jonah's Gourd Vine: A Novel
 * F. Tennyson Jesse – A Pin to See the Peepshow
 * D. Gwenallt Jones – Plasau'r Brenin
 * John Knittel – Via Mala
 * Halldór Laxness – Independent People (Sjálfstætt fólk) — Part I, Icelandic Pioneers (Landnámsmaður Íslands)
 * Alexander Lernet-Holenia – The Standard
 * Eiluned Lewis – Dew on the Grass
 * Eric Linklater – Magnus Merriman
 * E. C. R. Lorac
 * Murder in Chelsea
 * Murder in St. John's Wood
 * Marie Belloc Lowndes
 * Another Man's Wife
 * The Chianti Flask
 * Compton Mackenzie – The Darkening Green
 * Ngaio Marsh – A Man Lay Dead
 * Alan Melville
 * Quick Curtain
 * Weekend at Thrackley
 * Henry Miller – Tropic of Cancer
 * Gladys Mitchell – Death at the Opera
 * Leopold Myers – Rajah Amar
 * Vladimir Nabokov – Despair
 * Carolina Nabuco – A Sucessora
 * John O'Hara – Appointment in Samarra
 * E. Phillips Oppenheim
 * The Man Without Nerves
 * The Spy Paramount
 * The Strange Boarders of Palace Crescent
 * George Orwell – Burmese Days
 * John Cowper Powys
 * Autobiography
 * Weymouth Sands
 * Ellery Queen – The Chinese Orange Mystery
 * Henry Roth – Call It Sleep
 * Rafael Sabatini – Venetian Masque
 * Dorothy L. Sayers – The Nine Tailors
 * Bruno Schulz – The Street of Crocodiles (short stories, Sklepy cynamonowe – Cinnamon Shops – in December 1933, dated 1934)
 * Mihail Sebastian – De două mii de ani (For Two Thousand Years)
 * J. Slauerhoff – Het leven op aarde (Life on Earth)
 * Howard Spring – Shabby Tiger
 * Irving Stone – Lust for Life
 * Rex Stout – Fer-de-Lance
 * Cecil Street
 * Poison for One
 * The Robthorne Mystery
 * Shot at Dawn
 * Ruth Suckow – The Folks
 * Phoebe Atwood Taylor
 * The Mystery of the Cape Cod Tavern
 * Sandbar Sinister
 * 'Torquemada' – Cain's Jawbone
 * Thomas F. Tweed – Blind Mouths
 * S. S. Van Dine
 * The Casino Murder Case
 * The Dragon Murder Case
 * Simon Vestdijk – Terug tot Ina Damman (Return to Ina Damman, first published of the Anton Wachter cycle)
 * Henry Wade – Constable Guard Thyself
 * Evelyn Waugh – A Handful of Dust
 * Nathanael West – A Cool Million
 * Dennis Wheatley – The Devil Rides Out
 * Dorothy Whipple – They Knew Mr. Knight
 * P. G. Wodehouse
 * Thank You, Jeeves
 * Right Ho, Jeeves
 * S. Fowler Wright
 * David
 * Prelude in Prague: The War of 1938
 * Who Else But She? (as Sydney Fowler)
 * V. M. Yeates – Winged Victory
 * Francis Brett Young – This Little World
 * Marguerite Yourcenar – A Coin in Nine Hands (Denier du rêve)
 * Louis Aragon – The Bells of Basel (Les Cloches de Bâle)

Children and young people

 * Edgar Rice Burroughs – Tarzan and the Lion Man
 * Elena Fortún – Celia en el mundo (Celia in the World)
 * Hergé – Cigars of the Pharaoh (Les Cigares du pharaon)
 * Capt. W. E. Johns – Biggles of the Camel Squadron
 * Lorna Lewis – The Little French Poodle
 * Constantin S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor – Paramiseà romanè (anthology)
 * Arthur Ransome – Coot Club
 * Hilda van Stockum – A Day on Skates
 * William Woodthorpe Tarn – The Treasure of the Isle of Mist
 * P. L. Travers – Mary Poppins (first in Mary Poppins series of eight books)
 * Geoffrey Trease – Bows Against the Barons

Drama

 * Tawfiq al-Hakim – Shahrazad (Scheherazade)
 * James Bridie – Mary Read
 * Winifred Carter – The Queen Who Kept Her Head
 * Jean Cocteau – The Infernal Machine
 * Federico García Lorca – Yerma
 * Ian Hay – Admirals All
 * Lillian Hellman – The Children's Hour
 * Frederick J. Jackson – The Bishop Misbehaves
 * Pär Lagerkvist – Bödeln (The Hangman; dramatization)
 * Eberhard Wolfgang Möller – Rothschild siegt bei Waterloo
 * Ayn Rand – Night of January 16th (first performed as Woman on Trial)
 * Lawrence Riley – Personal Appearance
 * Dodie Smith – Touch Wood
 * John Van Druten – Flowers of the Forest
 * Paul Vulpius (Ladislas Fodor and Hans Adler) – Youth at the Helm

Poetry

 * Vladimir Cavarnali – Poesii (Poems)
 * Constantin S. Nicolăescu-Plopșor – Ghileà romanè (anthology)
 * Dylan Thomas – 18 Poems

Non-fiction

 * Ruth Benedict – Patterns of Culture
 * Maud Bodkin – Archetypal Patterns of Poetry: Psychological Studies of Imagination
 * Marjorie Bowen – The Scandal of Sophie Dawes
 * Martí de Riquer i Morera
 * L'humanisme català (1388–1494)
 * Humanisme i decadència en les lletres catalanes
 * Pierre Drieu La Rochelle – Socialisme fasciste (Fascist Socialism)
 * Daphne du Maurier – Gerald: A Portrait
 * Julius Evola – Il Mistero del Graal e la Tradizione Ghibellina dell'Impero (The Mystery of the Grail)
 * Emma Goldman – Living My Life
 * Aldous Huxley – Beyond the Mexique Bay
 * Nicolae Iorga
 * Byzance après Byzance
 * Histoire de la vie byzantine
 * Orizonturile mele. O viață de om așa cum a fost
 * Hugh Kingsmill – The Sentimental Journey: A Life of Charles Dickens
 * Cornelia Meigs – Invincible Louisa: The Story of the Author of Little Women
 * A. A. Milne – Peace with Honour
 * Paul Otlet – Traité de Documentation
 * Karl Popper – The Logic of Scientific Discovery
 * J. B. Priestley – English Journey
 * Amber Reeves – The Nationalisation of Banking
 * Antal Szerb – A magyar irodalom története (History of Hungarian literature)
 * H. G. Wells – An Experiment in Autobiography

Births

 * January 4 – Hellmuth Karasek, German journalist, literary critic, and novelist (died 2015)
 * January 8 – Alexandra Ripley, American novelist (died 2004)
 * January 12
 * Ebrahim Nafae, Egyptian journalist (died 2018)
 * Alan Sharp, Scottish-American screenwriter and author (died 2013)
 * January 18 – Raymond Briggs, English writer and illustrator (died 2022)
 * February 10
 * Fleur Adcock, New Zealand-born poet
 * Gordon Lish, American writer, editor and teacher
 * February 18 – Audre Lorde, American poet, writer and feminist (died 1992)
 * February 27 – N. Scott Momaday, Native American novelist (died 2024)
 * March 28 – Jean Louvet, Belgian dramatist (died 2015)
 * April 24 – Jayakanthan, Tamil writer, Jnanpith awardee (died 2015)
 * May 10 – Richard Peck, American novelist (died 2015)
 * May 12 – Elechi Amadi, Nigerian novelist (died 2016)
 * May 27 – Harlan Ellison, American science fiction writer (died 2018)
 * June 11 – Lady Annabel Goldsmith, English memoirist and socialite
 * July 11 – Helen Cresswell, English children's writer and scriptwriter (died 2005)
 * July 13 – Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer, playwright and Nobel laureate
 * July 20 – Uwe Johnson, German writer (died 1984)
 * July 21 – Jonathan Miller, English satirist and non-fiction author (died 2019)
 * August 5 – Wendell Berry, American poet, novelist and activist (died 2019)
 * August 6
 * Piers Anthony, English-born science fiction and fantasy writer
 * Diane di Prima, American poet of the Beat Generation and artist (died 2020)
 * August 16 – Diana Wynne Jones, English children's fantasy novelist (died 2011)
 * September 11 – Leon Rooke, Canadian novelist
 * September 17 – Binoy Majumdar, Indian Hungryalist poet (died 2006)
 * September 21 – Leonard Cohen, Canadian-born poet, singer-songwriter and novelist (died 2016)
 * September 23 – Per Olov Enquist, Swedish novelist (died 2020)
 * October 1 – Shakeb Jalali, Pakistani poet in Urdu (suicide 1966)
 * October 17 – Alan Garner, English children's novelist
 * October 24 – Adrian Mitchell, English poet, playwright and children's author (died 2008)
 * November 9 – Ronald Harwood (Ronald Horwitz), South African-born English dramatist and screenwriter (died 2020)
 * November 12 – John McGahern, Irish novelist (died 2006)
 * November 15 – Irén Pavlics, Slovene author in Hungary
 * November 19 – Joanne Kyger, American poet (died 2017)
 * November 21 – Beryl Bainbridge, English novelist (died 2010)
 * December 5 – Joan Didion, American writer (died 2021)
 * December 28 – Alasdair Gray, Scottish novelist and artist (died 2019)
 * unknown dates
 * Muhammad al-Maghut, Syrian Ismaili poet (died 2006)
 * Yaakov Shabtai, Israeli novelist, playwright and translator (died 1981)

Deaths

 * January 1 – Jakob Wassermann, German-Jewish novelist (born 1873)
 * January 6 – Dorothy Edwards, Welsh novelist (suicide, born 1903)
 * January 8 – Andrei Bely (Boris Nikolaevich Bugaev), Russian novelist, poet and critic (born 1880)
 * January 11 – Helen Zimmern, German-born English writer and translator (born 1846)
 * January 15 – Hermann Bahr, Austrian dramatist and critic (born 1863)
 * February 8 – Ferenc Móra, Hungarian novelist and journalist (born 1879)
 * February 28 – Emeline Harriet Howe, American poet, writer and social activist (born 1844)
 * March 10 – Thomas Anstey Guthrie (F. Anstey), English comic novelist and journalist (born 1856)
 * April 9 – Safvet-beg Bašagić, Bosnian poet (born 1870)
 * April 12 – Robert Clyde Packer, Australian journalist and newspaper magnate (heart failure, born 1879)
 * May 1 – Paul Zarifopol, Romanian critic (born 1874)
 * June 14 – John Gray, English poet (born 1866)
 * June 21 – Thorne Smith, American humorist and fantasy author (heart attack, born 1892)
 * June 26 – Naito Torajiro (内藤 虎次郎), Japanese historian (born 1866)
 * June 30 – Night of the Long Knives
 * Fritz Gerlich, German journalist (murdered, born 1883)
 * Karl-Günther Heimsoth, Austrian doctor and gay publicist (shot, born 1899)
 * Willi Schmid, German music critic (murdered, born 1893)
 * July 4 – Hayim Nahman Bialik, Hebrew-language poet (born 1873)
 * July 21 – Julian Hawthorne, American journalist and novelist (born 1846)
 * July 23 – Karl Joel, German philosopher (born 1864)
 * July 29 – Frane Bulić, Croatian historian (born 1846)
 * August 13 – Mary Hunter Austin, American travel writer (born 1868)
 * August 30 – Rebecca Richardson Joslin, American non-fiction writer (born 1846)
 * September 9 – Roger Fry, English art critic (born 1866)
 * September 21 – Gheorghe Bogdan-Duică, Romanian literary critic (born 1866)
 * November 23 – Arthur Wing Pinero, English dramatist (born 1855)
 * December 15 – Gustave Lanson, French historian and literary critic (born 1857)
 * December 26 – Wallace Thurman, African American novelist (TB, born 1902)
 * unknown dates
 * Cora Linn Daniels, American author, editor, correspondent (born 1952)

Awards

 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction: Robert Graves, I, Claudius and Claudius the God
 * James Tait Black Memorial Prize for biography: J. E. Neale, Queen Elizabeth
 * King's Gold Medal for Poetry instituted this year with first winner, Laurence Whistler
 * Newbery Medal for children's literature: Cornelia Meigs, Invincible Louisa
 * Nobel Prize for literature: Luigi Pirandello.
 * Prix Goncourt: Roger Vercel, Capitaine Conan
 * Pulitzer Prize for Drama: Sidney Kingsley, Men in White
 * Pulitzer Prize for Poetry: Robert Hillyer, Collected Verse
 * Pulitzer Prize for the Novel: Caroline Miller, Lamb in His Bosom

title: 1934 in literature


text:
Wikipedia talk:French Wikipedia

Nice work Youssefsan! I enjoy reading the updates and am very proud of how fr.wiki is improving. --mav

Thanks :-) -- Youssefsan

title: Wikipedia talk:French Wikipedia


text:
Chromatophore

Chromatophores are cells that produce color, of which many types are pigment-containing cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods. Mammals and birds, in contrast, have a class of cells called melanocytes for coloration.

Chromatophores are largely responsible for generating skin and eye colour in ectothermic animals and are generated in the neural crest during embryonic development. Mature chromatophores are grouped into subclasses based on their colour under white light: xanthophores (yellow), erythrophores (red), iridophores (reflective / iridescent), leucophores (white), melanophores (black/brown), and cyanophores (blue). While most chromatophores contain pigments that absorb specific wavelengths of light, the color of leucophores and iridophores is produced by their respective scattering and optical interference properties.

Some species can rapidly change colour through mechanisms that translocate pigment and reorient reflective plates within chromatophores. This process, often used as a type of camouflage, is called physiological colour change or metachrosis. Cephalopods, such as the octopus, have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this, whereas vertebrates such as chameleons generate a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters and may be initiated by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes in the local environment. Chromatophores are studied by scientists to understand human disease and as a tool in drug discovery.

Human discovery
Aristotle mentioned the ability of the octopus to change colour for both camouflage and signalling in his Historia animalium (ca 4th century BC):

"The octopus ... seeks its prey by so changing its colour as to render it like the colour of the stones adjacent to it; it does so also when alarmed."

Giosuè Sangiovanni was the first to describe invertebrate pigment-bearing cells as cromoforo in an Italian science journal in 1819.

Charles Darwin described the colour-changing abilities of the cuttlefish in The Voyage of the Beagle (1860):

"These animals also escape detection by a very extraordinary, chameleon-like power of changing their colour. They appear to vary their tints according to the nature of the ground over which they pass: when in deep water, their general shade was brownish purple, but when placed on the land, or in shallow water, this dark tint changed into one of a yellowish green. The colour, examined more carefully, was a French grey, with numerous minute spots of bright yellow: the former of these varied in intensity; the latter entirely disappeared and appeared again by turns. These changes were effected in such a manner that clouds, varying in tint between a hyacinth red and a chestnut-brown, were continually passing over the body. Any part, being subjected to a slight shock of galvanism, became almost black: a similar effect, but in a less degree, was produced by scratching the skin with a needle. These clouds, or blushes as they may be called, are said to be produced by the alternate expansion and contraction of minute vesicles containing variously coloured fluids."

Classification of chromatophore

The term chromatophore was adopted (following Sangiovanni's chromoforo) as the name for pigment-bearing cells derived from the neural crest of cold-blooded vertebrates and cephalopods. The word itself comes from the Greek words chrōma (χρῶμα) meaning "colour," and phoros (φόρος) meaning "bearing". In contrast, the word chromatocyte (kytos (κύτος) meaning "cell") was adopted for the cells responsible for colour found in birds and mammals. Only one such cell type, the melanocyte, has been identified in these animals.

It was only in the 1960s that chromatophores were well enough understood to enable them to be classified based on their appearance. This classification system persists to this day, even though the biochemistry of the pigments may be more useful to a scientific understanding of how the cells function.

Colour-producing molecules fall into two distinct classes: biochromes and structural colours or "schemochromes". The biochromes include true pigments, such as carotenoids and pteridines. These pigments selectively absorb parts of the visible light spectrum that makes up white light while permitting other wavelengths to reach the eye of the observer. Structural colours are produced by various combinations of diffraction, reflection or scattering of light from structures with a scale around a quarter of the wavelength of light. Many such structures interfere with some wavelengths (colours) of light and transmit others, simply because of their scale, so they often produce iridescence by creating different colours when seen from different directions.

Whereas all chromatophores contain pigments or reflecting structures (except when there has been a mutation, as in albinism), not all pigment-containing cells are chromatophores. Haem, for example, is a biochrome responsible for the red appearance of blood. It is found primarily in red blood cells (erythrocytes), which are generated in bone marrow throughout the life of an organism, rather than being formed during embryological development. Therefore, erythrocytes are not classified as chromatophores.

Xanthophores and erythrophores
Chromatophores that contain large amounts of yellow pteridine pigments are named xanthophores; those with mainly red/orange carotenoids are termed erythrophores. However, vesicles containing pteridine and carotenoids are sometimes found in the same cell, in which case the overall colour depends on the ratio of red and yellow pigments. Therefore, the distinction between these chromatophore types is not always clear.

Most chromatophores can generate pteridines from guanosine triphosphate, but xanthophores appear to have supplemental biochemical pathways enabling them to accumulate yellow pigment. In contrast, carotenoids are metabolised and transported to erythrophores. This was first demonstrated by rearing normally green frogs on a diet of carotene-restricted crickets. The absence of carotene in the frogs' diet meant that the red/orange carotenoid colour 'filter' was not present in their erythrophores. This made the frogs appear blue instead of green.

Iridophores and leucophores
Iridophores, sometimes also called guanophores, are chromatophores that reflect light using plates of crystalline chemochromes made from guanine. When illuminated they generate iridescent colours because of the constructive interference of light. Fish iridophores are typically stacked guanine plates separated by layers of cytoplasm to form microscopic, one-dimensional, Bragg mirrors. Both the orientation and the optical thickness of the chemochrome determines the nature of the colour observed. By using biochromes as coloured filters, iridophores create an optical effect known as Tyndall or Rayleigh scattering, producing bright-blue or -green colours.

A related type of chromatophore, the leucophore, is found in some fish, in particular in the tapetum lucidum. Like iridophores, they utilize crystalline purines (often guanine) to reflect light. Unlike iridophores, leucophores have more organized crystals that reduce diffraction. Given a source of white light, they produce a white shine. As with xanthophores and erythrophores, in fish the distinction between iridophores and leucophores is not always obvious, but, in general, iridophores are considered to generate iridescent or metallic colours, whereas leucophores produce reflective white hues.

Melanophores

Melanophores contain eumelanin, a type of melanin, that appears black or dark-brown because of its light absorbing qualities. It is packaged in vesicles called melanosomes and distributed throughout the cell. Eumelanin is generated from tyrosine in a series of catalysed chemical reactions. It is a complex chemical containing units of dihydroxyindole and dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid with some pyrrole rings. The key enzyme in melanin synthesis is tyrosinase. When this protein is defective, no melanin can be generated resulting in certain types of albinism. In some amphibian species there are other pigments packaged alongside eumelanin. For example, a novel deep (wine) red-colour pigment was identified in the melanophores of phyllomedusine frogs. Some species of anole lizards, such as the Anolis grahami, use melanocytes in response to certain signals and hormonal changes, and is capable of becoming colors ranging from bright blue, brown, and black. This was subsequently identified as pterorhodin, a pteridine dimer that accumulates around eumelanin core, and it is also present in a variety of tree frog species from Australia and Papua New Guinea. While it is likely that other lesser-studied species have complex melanophore pigments, it is nevertheless true that the majority of melanophores studied to date do contain eumelanin exclusively.

Humans have only one class of pigment cell, the mammalian equivalent of melanophores, to generate skin, hair, and eye colour. For this reason, and because the large number and contrasting colour of the cells usually make them very easy to visualise, melanophores are by far the most widely studied chromatophore. However, there are differences between the biology of melanophores and that of melanocytes. In addition to eumelanin, melanocytes can generate a yellow/red pigment called phaeomelanin.

Cyanophores
Nearly all the vibrant blues in animals and plants are created by structural coloration rather than by pigments. However, some types of Synchiropus splendidus do possess vesicles of a cyan biochrome of unknown chemical structure in cells named cyanophores. Although they appear unusual in their limited taxonomic range, there may be cyanophores (as well as further unusual chromatophore types) in other fish and amphibians. For example, brightly coloured chromatophores with undefined pigments are found in both poison dart frogs and glass frogs, and atypical dichromatic chromatophores, named erythro-iridophores have been described in Pseudochromis diadema.

Pigment translocation

Many species are able to translocate the pigment inside their chromatophores, resulting in an apparent change in body colour. This process, known as physiological colour change, is most widely studied in melanophores, since melanin is the darkest and most visible pigment. In most species with a relatively thin dermis, the dermal melanophores tend to be flat and cover a large surface area. However, in animals with thick dermal layers, such as adult reptiles, dermal melanophores often form three-dimensional units with other chromatophores. These dermal chromatophore units (DCU) consist of an uppermost xanthophore or erythrophore layer, then an iridophore layer, and finally a basket-like melanophore layer with processes covering the iridophores.

Both types of melanophore are important in physiological colour change. Flat dermal melanophores often overlay other chromatophores, so when the pigment is dispersed throughout the cell the skin appears dark. When the pigment is aggregated toward the centre of the cell, the pigments in other chromatophores are exposed to light and the skin takes on their hue. Likewise, after melanin aggregation in DCUs, the skin appears green through xanthophore (yellow) filtering of scattered light from the iridophore layer. On the dispersion of melanin, the light is no longer scattered and the skin appears dark. As the other biochromatic chromatophores are also capable of pigment translocation, animals with multiple chromatophore types can generate a spectacular array of skin colours by making good use of the divisional effect.

The control and mechanics of rapid pigment translocation has been well studied in a number of different species, in particular amphibians and teleost fish. It has been demonstrated that the process can be under hormonal or neuronal control or both and for many species of bony fishes it is known that chromatophores can respond directly to environmental stimuli like visible light, UV-radiation, temperature, pH, chemicals, etc. Neurochemicals that are known to translocate pigment include noradrenaline, through its receptor on the surface on melanophores. The primary hormones involved in regulating translocation appear to be the melanocortins, melatonin, and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), that are produced mainly in the pituitary, pineal gland, and hypothalamus, respectively. These hormones may also be generated in a paracrine fashion by cells in the skin. At the surface of the melanophore, the hormones have been shown to activate specific G-protein-coupled receptors that, in turn, transduce the signal into the cell. Melanocortins result in the dispersion of pigment, while melatonin and MCH results in aggregation.

Numerous melanocortin, MCH and melatonin receptors have been identified in fish and frogs, including a homologue of MC1R, a melanocortin receptor known to regulate skin and hair colour in humans. It has been demonstrated that MC1R is required in zebrafish for dispersion of melanin. Inside the cell, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) has been shown to be an important second messenger of pigment translocation. Through a mechanism not yet fully understood, cAMP influences other proteins such as protein kinase A to drive molecular motors carrying pigment containing vesicles along both microtubules and microfilaments.

Background adaptation

Most fish, reptiles and amphibians undergo a limited physiological colour change in response to a change in environment. This type of camouflage, known as background adaptation, most commonly appears as a slight darkening or lightening of skin tone to approximately mimic the hue of the immediate environment. It has been demonstrated that the background adaptation process is vision-dependent (it appears the animal needs to be able to see the environment to adapt to it), and that melanin translocation in melanophores is the major factor in colour change. Some animals, such as chameleons and anoles, have a highly developed background adaptation response capable of generating a number of different colours very rapidly. They have adapted the capability to change colour in response to temperature, mood, stress levels, and social cues, rather than to simply mimic their environment.

Development
During vertebrate embryonic development, chromatophores are one of a number of cell types generated in the neural crest, a paired strip of cells arising at the margins of the neural tube. These cells have the ability to migrate long distances, allowing chromatophores to populate many organs of the body, including the skin, eye, ear, and brain. Fish melanophores and iridophores have been found to contain the smooth muscle regulatory proteins [calponin] and caldesmon. Leaving the neural crest in waves, chromatophores take either a dorsolateral route through the dermis, entering the ectoderm through small holes in the basal lamina, or a ventromedial route between the somites and the neural tube. The exception to this is the melanophores of the retinal pigmented epithelium of the eye. These are not derived from the neural crest. Instead, an outpouching of the neural tube generates the optic cup, which, in turn, forms the retina.

When and how multipotent chromatophore precursor cells (called chromatoblasts) develop into their daughter subtypes is an area of ongoing research. It is known in zebrafish embryos, for example, that by 3 days after fertilization each of the cell classes found in the adult fish—melanophores, xanthophores and iridophores—are already present. Studies using mutant fish have demonstrated that transcription factors such as kit, sox10, and mitf are important in controlling chromatophore differentiation. If these proteins are defective, chromatophores may be regionally or entirely absent, resulting in a leucistic disorder.

Practical applications
Chromatophores are sometimes used in applied research. For example, zebrafish larvae are used to study how chromatophores organise and communicate to accurately generate the regular horizontal striped pattern as seen in adult fish. This is seen as a useful model system for understanding patterning in the evolutionary developmental biology field. Chromatophore biology has also been used to model human condition or disease, including melanoma and albinism. Recently, the gene responsible for the melanophore-specific golden zebrafish strain, Slc24a5, was shown to have a human equivalent that strongly correlates with skin colour.

Chromatophores are also used as a biomarker of blindness in cold-blooded species, as animals with certain visual defects fail to background adapt to light environments. Human homologues of receptors that mediate pigment translocation in melanophores are thought to be involved in processes such as appetite suppression and tanning, making them attractive targets for drugs. Therefore, pharmaceutical companies have developed a biological assay for rapidly identifying potential bioactive compounds using melanophores from the African clawed frog. Other scientists have developed techniques for using melanophores as biosensors, and for rapid disease detection (based on the discovery that pertussis toxin blocks pigment aggregation in fish melanophores). Potential military applications of chromatophore-mediated colour changes have been proposed, mainly as a type of active camouflage, which could as in cuttlefish make objects nearly invisible.

Cephalopod chromatophores
Coleoid cephalopods (including octopuses, squids and cuttlefish) have complex multicellular organs that they use to change colour rapidly, producing a wide variety of bright colours and patterns. Each chromatophore unit is composed of a single chromatophore cell and numerous muscle, nerve, glial, and sheath cells. Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are enclosed in an elastic sac, called the cytoelastic sacculus. To change colour the animal distorts the sacculus form or size by muscular contraction, changing its translucency, reflectivity, or opacity. This differs from the mechanism used in fish, amphibians, and reptiles in that the shape of the sacculus is changed, rather than translocating pigment vesicles within the cell. However, a similar effect is achieved.

Octopuses and most cuttlefish can operate chromatophores in complex, undulating chromatic displays, resulting in a variety of rapidly changing colour schemata. The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain in a pattern isomorphic to that of the chromatophores they each control. This means the pattern of colour change functionally matches the pattern of neuronal activation. This may explain why, as the neurons are activated in iterative signal cascade, one may observe waves of colour changing. Like chameleons, cephalopods use physiological colour change for social interaction. They are also among the most skilled at camouflage, having the ability to match both the colour distribution and the texture of their local environment with remarkable accuracy.

title: Chromatophore