text:
Talk:Pierce Brosnan

Other Movies
Needs some more info on his other movies - while the list is there there's no mention of any of his other films.
 * And nothing about Don't Talk to Strangers from 1994. -- Darklock 17:16, 27 June 2007 (UTC)

 * What about The Spy?Kdammers (talk) 05:09, 26 June 2023 (UTC)

Shogun?
I'm not 100% sure, but wasn't Pierce Brosnan in some TV miniseries set in Hong Kong? Called "Shogun"? Some adaptation of a series of books by an american or british author? If so, why no mention of it on this page?

edit: Sorry, not Shogun. Noble House was what I was looking for.

Remington Steele

 * needs checking, but IIRC he was on the shortlist for Bond when Dalton got it, but was locked into Remington Steele.

 * I think he was actually announced as having the part but then Remington Steelegot was unexpectedly revived and a clause in his contract locked him in.

 * The article is correct as of today. Only after he was officially announced for Bond did NBC see fit to renew the television show and enforce his contract. --Dhartung | Talk 10:09, 29 Nov 2004 (UTC)

How come there is hardly anything about the role that made him famous and I would argue was the role he was best at --Remington Steele? There must have been a section about that at one point. Why was it taken out? That was stupid. Put it back. --Mccommas (talk) 21:39, 12 October 2019 (UTC)

Accent?
Should something be said on his accent? In the Bond films he talks a mix of RP/irish/american...

Birthplace:Navan
Peirce was born in Navan, so I'll change it if no one minds. Fergananim
 * No, according to his official webiste he was born in "Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland". See . K1Bond007 01:15, July 14, 2005 (UTC)

It is actually wrong. Drogheda is partially in Meath and partially in Louth. The hospital in which he was born is in the County Meath part (by a couple of metres! I was born there too so I know the location). People often forget that Drogheda straddles two counties, so I've removed the County Louth bit. It is also irrelevant. Navan people, and people from most of Meath are all born in that hospital. There is no maternity hospital in Meath other than that one (that is only in Meath by a few metres) but in a town often (wrongly) said to be in County Louth alone. So the country location of the Our Lady's Hospital is irrelevant. He is a Navanman. Like all Navan people he simply couldn't be technically born there and his mother went to OLH to give birth, then came back to Navan afterwards. Fear ÉIREANN \(caint) 01:22, 14 July 2005 (UTC)

Lourdes hospital is firmly in the Louth part of Drogheda. Trust me, I live in the meath part and although im not sure where the border is exactly I know that everywhere in the town on the northside of the Boyne is in Louth. However I think that the addition of his exact birthplace is pointless.
 * Wrong hospital. His official website says "1953 -- May 16th – Pierce Brendan Brosnan born at St. Mary’s Hospital, Drogheda, County Louth, Ireland." K1Bond007 18:55, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

 * By this logic, all us Meathmen who happened to have been born in a hospital in Dublin are Jackeens. You can have your shite, lads. We are Meathmen, no matter how much of our taxes are used to build hospitals in Dublin, which we have to use. Pierce Brosnan is as much a Meathman as Seán Boylan, Toirdhealbhach Ó Cearbhalláin and Tommy Dowd. 86.40.52.44 (talk) 18:01, 29 December 2009 (UTC)

 * Totally agree with the above (minus the Jackeen comment!). The hospital should not count as a birthplace, rather the location of the family home one was brought up in. Please also note that Pierce Brosnan's official site has changed the birthplace to Navan, County Meath. Heggyhomolit (talk) 01:40, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

 * We can also confirm that he must have been born in a hospital other than Our Lady of Lourdes, since its own Wikipedia page and the sources cited there state that it was founded in 1955 - two years after Brosnan's birth in 1953. Moloch dhalgren (talk) 07:05, 2 February 2022 (UTC)

Timothy Dalton
I've made some changes to the article that hopefully are non-controversial. These are on the Dalton films where there's evidence of different editors pulling different ways; i.e. someone says "Dalton's films flopped" and someone else adds "but they did OK in Europe". Or someoen says "the Dalton films were unsuccessful" and someone else adds "but critically acclaimed", etc... I've tried to simplify this because The Living Daylights wasn't unsuccessful it was a worldwide smash and was a big hit in the US. Licence to Kill was a hit, I think even in the States, but for a Bond film its US returns were disappointing. However, this is relative and it isn't the same thing as being commercially unsuccessful. I've also removed the bit about Dalton's films being critically acclaimed. I think this is someone, again, trying to balance things up, but although The Living Daylights was well-received Licence to Kill got very mixed reviews. This is also, of course, an article on Brosnan so we don't need to go on about the Dalton films more than is really necessary for context. JW 20:55, 19 July 2005 (UTC)

"Licence to Kill" got 80% good reviews from preview audiences and only did disappointingly due to a poor marketing campaign in the States. Dalton remains the best actor to play Bond, with his RADA training and experience in Shakespeare, and he is unquestionably the most accurate 007 in relation to the novels.

Anglo-Irish to Irish
The introduction stated that Pierce is an "Anglo-Irish actor". I changed it to "Irish" as I don't understand why he should be called anything else. He lived in London between the ages of 11 to 32, and is currently a US citizen, but I have never heard him refer to himself as anything other than Irish. Cheers. Fergananim 09:23, 28 September 2005 (UTC)

I'm also taking out the 'American' in the introduction stating him as 'Irish-American'. Many foreign actors live in America to further their career, that does not mean however they become American. He's Irish, nothing more, nothing less. Cobine 21:49, 15 September 2007 (UTC)

Pierce Brosnan is Irish, so it boggles me that somebody keeps refering him as Irish-American in this page. Users have been called vandals for making this simple factual change. I will change it back and if a user does not believe this to be justified, the may check the defenition of Irish American, which is "citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in the west European island of Ireland." If anything at all it could be mentioned that he is Irish, and holds Dual Irish and US citizenship. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 91.142.98.11 (talk) 19:41, 15 November 2007 (UTC)

 * I'll bet if he was a terrorist there wouldn't be any attempt to make him Anglo or American!! Now that I'm here may I add the new photo is c**p; the old one was very nice. Why change it? (Sarah777 23:12, 15 September 2007 (UTC))
 * He doesn't simply live in the United States, he is an American citizen. Please see WP:MOSBIO, which dictates that a person's country of citizenship should be stated in their introductory paragraph - The opening paragraph should give:: Nationality (In the normal case this will mean the country of which the person is a citizen or national, or was a citizen when the person became notable. Ethnicity should generally not be emphasized in the opening unless it is relevant to the subject's notability.). I did not remove the "Irish" part because he did indeed become notable while an Irish citizen, thus fulfilling part of the outlined criteria. However, his current country of citizenship should be stated in the opening. All Hallow's Wraith 08:54, 24 September 2007 (UTC)
 * The trouble with "Irish-American" is that it is normally used for people born in the United States who are of Irish ancestry rather than Irish people who have immigrated and taken up citizenship. It is not necessarily inaccurate to call Brosnan an Irish-American but I think it would tend to mislead people. In this article, the reader can look at the text and see exactly what is meant by "Irish-American" in this particular case: but if Pierce Brosnan is ever referred to as an Irish-American without an accompanying explanation, most people will take this to mean that he is American-born. "Irish-born American citizen" or simply "Irish-born American" would remove any ambiguity. Conval 22:14, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

 * Brosnan holds dual citizenship from Ireland and the USA. He is an Irish actor who holds both Irish and American citizenship. I think this is the most acceptable compromise for an introduction to the article, any other suggestions welcome. Heggyhomolit (talk) 01:36, 14 April 2010 (UTC)

Year range as Bond
The Bond chart at the bottom says Brosnan was Bond until 2002. I believe it should actually say either 2003 or 2004 as he played the role one last time in the videogame Everything or Nothing. 23skidoo 12:37, 14 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I disagree only because I think we should limit it to the films. If we include video games then we have to squeeze in Sean Connery for the latest release and that would be just "messed up" to consider. And then we might have to evaluate Never Say Never Again too. Too confusing. Keep it official. Keep it films. My opinion anyway. K1Bond007 13:13, 14 October 2005 (UTC)

Yeah, I mean Sir Sean Connery is apparently providing the voice for the video game version of "From Russia with Love", so using that logic one could say Connery played the role of James Bond until 2005!

Cubby Broccoli
"A number of actors were then screentested for the role, notably Sam Neill, but ultimately were passed over by Cubby Broccoli."

Is that a typo? I've never heard of anyone named Cubby Broccoli.
 * Broccoli was the producer of the James Bond films starting from Dr. No - Licence to Kill (although he had a major impact on GoldenEye and probably Tomorrow Never Dies too). Cubby is his well-known nickname. See Albert R. Broccoli. K1Bond007 04:27, 25 October 2005 (UTC)

Real birthdate
Is there any way of determining whether Brosnan was born in 1953, as he claims, or 1951 as many sources say?
 * His website says 1953. I think we should go with that. K1Bond007 18:55, 25 May 2006 (UTC)

The National Records say he was born in 1951. Also Halliwell's Who's Who in the Movies (2006 edition) says 1951. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 195.93.21.129 (talk • contribs).
 * As stated his website says 1953. From everything I've read he himself has said he was born in 1953 over and over. Contrary to what was posted in an edit summary, his own birth certificate is actually available for purchase online (at various times on eBay) and it says 1953. The certificate was actually posted online by his agent, however, it appears to have been taken down. I suppose if we want to be really thorough about this we can have some sort of carbon dating done :P K1Bond007 19:41, 13 July 2006 (UTC)

 * Have you actually seen this National Record saying 1951? If so please find a way to cite this so that all readers can see for verifiability. Searching on this I can't find anything to back up your claim other than a couple websites that asset it's 1951 without any source or discussion. First you said it was the birth certificate, but I now know that's false. K1Bond007 19:13, 14 July 2006 (UTC)

So Brosnan gets his agent to put out some fake birth certificate to make people think he isn't too old to keep playing Bond? Wow, what hard evidience. And yes, I have been to the National Records Office in London where I looked Brosnan up - and he was born in 1951. Not surprising that he lied about his age, so did Lazenby (born 1933, claimed 1939) and Dalton (born 1944, claimed 1946).
 * What would Brosnan's birth certificate be doing in the National Records Office in London, seeing as how he was born in the Republic of Ireland? And if it wasn't his birth cert you saw, then precisely which document did you see with the year "1951" on it? Demiurge 20:17, 19 August 2006 (UTC)
 * Well-put. And NHS and Social Security records are not publicly available. Unlikelyheroine (talk) 22:13, 21 September 2008 (UTC)

It was his NHS and Social Security records from the 1970s.
 * I'm pretty certain people's NHS and Social Security records (even those of celebrities) aren't available for public viewing, so while you may indeed be correct, this claim is unverifiable. Demiurge 15:32, 31 August 2006 (UTC)

Pierce Brosnan left the role on his own free will?
http://www.ew.com/ew/report/0,6115,673018_10_0_,00.html

 * There are just as many reports of Brosnan being told by the Bond producers that they would carry on without him, essentially fire him so to speak even though he technically wasn't under contract, which Brosnan confirmed. http://jam.canoe.ca/Movies/Artists/B/Brosnan_Pierce/2004/10/14/756872.html His attitude towards the Bond producers in 2004-05 negative and Brosnan went on record multiple times in various interviews about how he felt about EON and him being fired. These reports make the "firing" hypothesis much more plausible than his leaving on his own will. http://www.playboy.co.uk/article/16355/playboy-interview-pierce-brosnan http://www.culture.com/news/item/7652/brosnan-tells-bond-producers-f-you.phtml (129.42.208.183 (talk) 17:03, 15 August 2011 (UTC))

 * Does it say that Brosnan left of his own free will? Span (talk) 19:22, 15 August 2011 (UTC)

In that same section, the statement is made that Brosnan was aware that Bond fans objected to Roger Moore staying in the role until he was 58. This should be removed because 1) It's an irrelevance used to bolster the impression that Brosnan left voluntarily, which he did not; 2) There is no citation for this assertion and; 3) Fans did not object to Moore in the role due to his age, as shown by hard box-office numbers. According to the site the-numbers.com, Moore's last Bond film topped his previous one in total box office (U.S. combined with world-wide). His last Bond was OCTOPUSSY, and it grossed 255,400,000 U.S, topping his previous Bond, FOR YOUR EYES ONLY by nearly 5 million. In contrast, Brosnan's first Bond, A VIEW TO A KILL, lagged both of those films significantly, grossing only 202,955,920. It certainly doesn't sound like the fans were pushing Moore to leave - it sounds like they were let down when he did leave! Oldsmobile (talk) 00:20, 13 November 2014 (UTC)

 * A view To A Kill was not Brosnan's first Bond! It was Roger Moore's last Bond (rather than Octopussy). All you have to do is read the fact here at Wikipedia. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 145.130.113.142 (talk) 11:17, 22 September 2018 (UTC)

Aquascutum
Pierce Brosnan, is the face of aquascutum. I think that should be included.

see their website: www.aquascutum.co.uk for more info.

This is Dorian Gray 21:38, 15 February 2007 (UTC)

Good Article Nomination
This article if very close to getting GA status. The references are clear and in my opinion, they are reliable. It's well written and contains a reasonably broad overview of Brosnan's life. However, to comply with GA standards, all of the images, if not free, must have detailed fair use rationales, and some of the images in this article do not. Therefore, I'm putting this on hold for a short amount of time until these images are tagged properly. Otherwise, good work.

 * GA review (see here for criteria)

 * 1) It is reasonably well written.
 * a (prose): b (MoS):
 * 1) It is factually accurate and verifiable.
 * a (references): b (citations to reliable sources):  c (OR):
 * 1) It is broad in its coverage.
 * a (major aspects): b (focused):
 * 1) It follows the neutral point of view policy.
 * Fair representation without bias:
 * 1) It is stable.
 * No edit wars etc.:
 * 1) It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
 * a (tagged and captioned): b (enough images: lack of images does not in itself exclude GA):  c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
 * 1) Overall:
 * Pass/Fail:

Smomo 18:24, 13 March 2007 (UTC)

 * As the images have now been tagged, I am happy to pass this article as a Good Article. For things to improve, I think more information about him as a person and his personal life is needed. Along as content added stays up to standard and includes proper citations, you are well on the way to FA. Take a look at some other FAs and compare them to this. Smomo 18:07, 14 March 2007 (UTC)

Goldeneye-Not the fourth most selling Bond of all time.
Can someone please remove this from his biography?

http://k1bond007.shackspace.com/James%20Bond/Statistics/world_admissions.png

Here's the most selling with inflation. 01. Dr. No (1962) - $384,662,260 02. From Russia with Love (1963) - $503,238,732 03. Goldfinger (1964) - $786,109,249 04. Thunderball (1965) - $873,775,665 05. You Only Live Twice (1967) - $652,559,281 06. On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969) - $465,481,865 07. Diamonds Are Forever (1971) - $559,239,693 08. Live and Let Die (1973) - $710,900,787 09. The Man with the Golden gun (1974) - $386,403,405 10. The Spy Who Loved Me (1977) - $597,403,398 11. Moonraker (1979) - $565,980,043 12. For Your Eyes Only (1981) - $419,466,512 13. Octopussy (1983) - $367,658,132 14. A View to a Kill (1985) - $276,614,498 15. The Living Daylights (1987) - $328,709,154 16. Licence to Kill (1989) - $246,015,000 17. Goldeneye (1995) - $450,445,866 18. Tomorrow Never Dies (1997) - $405,215,336 19. The World is not Enough (1999) - $424,164,872 20. Die Another Day (2002) - $468,949,188 21) Casino Royale (without inflation 2006) - $593,597,723 —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Sam Leo Fisher (talk • contribs) 02:45, 14 March 2007 (UTC).

 * The article doesn't state that it's the fourth highest-selling Bond movie, but rather, "the 4th highest worldwide gross of any film in 1995". The citation,, backs the statement up. -- Britishagent 21:20, 15 March 2007 (UTC)

Quote
Just wondering why somebody removed this quote? The guy was actually thinking he was going to do two more Bond films (while promoting his "last")....he never did another one and a rather public fallout took-place between him and the producers of a film series that had dominated his life. So its going back in!! Whataboutbob 16:47, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

I'd like to do another, sure. Connery did six. Six would be a number, then never come back.

 * Supposedly it didn't add to the article. I'm with you, it describes Brosnan's prospects of continuing the role, despite his comments on the Die Another Day commentary.—My Name Is URL 18:10, 29 June 2007 (UTC)

 * Incorrect. Purvis and Wade began writing a fifth film with Brosnan in the role in 2004. - My Name Is URL 17:47, 11 October 2007 (UTC)

Nope. They didn't. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 92.8.245.132 (talk) 19:21, 29 June 2008 (UTC)

Edits from Banned User HC and IPs
1) and all of his sockpuppets are EXPRESSLY banned for life.

2) Be on the look out for any edits from these IP addresses:
 * AOL NetRange: 92.8.0.0 - 92.225.255.255
 * AOL NetRange: 172.128.0.0 - 172.209.255.255
 * AOL NetRange: 195.93.0.0 - 195.93.255.255

GA Sweeps (Pass)
This article has been reviewed as part of WikiProject Good articles/Project quality task force. I believe the article currently meets the criteria and should remain listed as a Good article. The article history has been updated to reflect this review. I have commented out two uncited facts, but they may be reinserted if citations are found. I also expanded the lead a bit, but it could probably use a little work per WP:LEAD regarding its level of detail and summary. Cheers, CP 23:56, 19 January 2008 (UTC)

Does he really have both Irish and American citizenship
The intro to this article says he has both Irish and American citizenship but he's quoted in one of the sources to this article (http://www.metro.co.uk/fame/interviews/article.html?in_article_id=1024&in_page_id=11) as saying he can't vote in U.S. elections because he's not an American citizen.

72.44.3.16 (talk) 13:10, 19 July 2008 (UTC)

Religion
Please stop removing the Irish Catholic category. This person also did it for the Enya article page and said the person wasn't noted for this. I have included information that Enya performed at the Vatican in December 1995, and that she doesn't like to be categorized as New Age in the sense that she doesn't identify with New Agers because she is Catholic. I also included an article that had her saying she attends mass with her family and sings in the choir.

Pierce Brosnan is Irish and Catholic. Becoming a NATURALIZED American doesn't make one NOT Irish Catholic if one's ethnicity is irish. He isn't an American of Irish descent. He became an American citizen late in life. He wasn't born here or grew up here as an Irish American child like Conan O'Brien. You can keep the American-Catholic category since American isn't an ethnicity.

Also, Pierce Brosnan is a practicing Catholic and he got married in an Irish Catholic church sometime back in 2000 in Ireland! There are tons of articles and photos of the wedding! His wife even wore a special dress for the Catholic ceremony that covered her shoulders so as not to offend the Church. She wore a strapless dress for the reception.

Stop deleting these categories that are relevant to a person's biography. Having a problem with Catholicism doesn't take away the fact that an actor, musician, or other person on Wikipedia is Catholic. --CreativeSoul7981 (talk) 20:28, 15 September 2008 (UTC)

Irish....Not Irish-American, Not Anglo-Irish, just Irish
Pierce Brosnan was born in Ireland to Irish parents, who had Irish parents. He lived there for most of his early years, he holds an Irish passport and was naturalised in the US for the purpose of remaining there indefinitely because he is a Hollywood actor. This does not make him American. Irish-American is a term used to describe American-born people who have an Irish parent(s) or grandparent(s). John Travolta, Mel Gibson, the Baldwin brothers are examples of Irish-American. Maureen O'Hara is IRISH but has both Irish and US passports so she is an example of Brosnan's situation. Please do not change this back to Irish-American as it is extremely misleading. Heggyhomolit (talk) 01:15, 17 December 2008 (UTC)

You could call him Irish or American. But I understand your point about 'Irish American', he wasn't American born of Irish ancestry which is the more common usage. But you are wrong about one thing, his becoming a citizen DOES make him an American. I would say 'Irish born American' or Naturalized citizen or Dual citizen of The USA and Ireland.

Actually Timothy Dalton would be more accurately described as 'Irish American' as he is a U.S. citizen by birth through his American mother who was half Irish. (75.69.241.91 (talk) 00:53, 12 January 2010 (UTC))

This is getting ridiculous. Someone keeps adding back the Irish-American category. There is already the Naturalized American category, and also the American category (for naturalized nationality). He is IRISH, not Irish American. His ancestors didn't come to America. He was born and raised in Ireland and became an American citizen as a middle-aged adult. --CreativeSoul7981 (talk) 06:45, 14 January 2010 (UTC)

Mel Gibson is Australian you ninny. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 64.253.221.128 (talk) 16:41, 1 February 2014 (UTC)

 * There seems to be a major misunderstanding about some basic grammar of the English language. Irish-American and Irish American do  not  have the same meaning at all. The hyphen in the former spelling clearly seems meaningless to some but it isn't at all. If you write Irish-American (with a hyphen) you denote a composition of both words and their meanings and specifically in this case a dual nationality of the person described, whereas when you write Irish American (without a hyphen) the former word becomes an adjective to the latter word, which is the substantive, and it thus specifies the meaning of a said substantive further. Specifically in this case it describes an American citizen with Irish ancestry. Therefore describing Pierce Brosnan, and anyone else in the same situation, as Irish-American (with hyphen!) is technically correct as it literally means that he holds both Irish and American citizenship, which is the case. Tvx1 (talk) 19:19, 20 February 2014 (UTC)

 * This discussion probably needs to be taken up on Talk:Irish American, since it clearly affects more than just the Brosnan entry. Tvx1's hyphen nuance difference seems legitimate to me, but Irish-American currently redirects to Irish American, and no clear discriminating text is offered there anyway. I think we're dealing with the separation of prescriptive vs descriptive definitions, and online dictionaries are fairly silent on the matter, alas. jxm (talk) 02:33, 22 February 2014 (UTC)

 * Well, Irish-American should not redirect to Irish American as they have different, non-interchangable meanings. Irish-American should provide separate links to the articles of both countries involved. I have already raised the matter on the talk page of Irish American Tvx1 (talk) 16:04, 23 February 2014 (UTC)

Irish - not Welsh
Someone has put very emphatic commented information in the bio that Brosnan was born in Wales, is Welsh, is only an honorary OBE because he's Welsh, yada yada. They've changed the infobox to state that he was born in Wales, even while the text correctly identifies him, the founder of Irish Dreamtime movies, as an Irishman, born in County Meath. Why someone has gone to these lengths, I don't know, but I'm about to fix this and hope that this person's vandalism does not recur.Dreamalynn (talk) 01:16, 10 January 2009 (UTC)

Brosnan's favorite Bond movie
Does anybody knows which of his four Bond Movies was his favorite? Connery's was With Love from Russia, Moores' was The Spy who loved me. Did Brosnan said anything about this? I mean he can't be satisfied with Die another way, especially because he wanted to play always a darker Bond. --88.68.202.25 (talk) 05:22, 13 June 2009 (UTC)

Brosnan said he liked GoldenEye the best. Die Another Day was his least favourite, and he has criticized it in several interviews since he stopped playing Bond. (JerryAtkinson (talk) 09:30, 5 November 2009 (UTC))

Height?
Does anyone know how tall Pierce Brosnan is? I know that he is, perhaps, a few Inches taller than Sean Bean when I saw them both in GoldenEye but I'd like to know what his exact height is. --Arima (talk) 08:08, 9 August 2009 (UTC)

Brosnan is exactly 6'1". Sean Bean is 5'10". (JerryAtkinson (talk) 09:29, 5 November 2009 (UTC)) I have read over and over again Pierce Brosnan is over 6' tall. What seems very strange to me is when my boys were very young (they are 21 and 22 now) we were eating at The Hard Rock Cafe in Hollywood, CA after a long day at Universal Studios. As I was returning from the restroom, all the employees were getting us back to our seats and had secured and sectioned off the entire top floor. With all the commotion you knew someone important was entering the room. Then right past me walked Pierce Brosnan and his current wife, they were not married at the time I believe. I am not quite 5'7", and I certainly would not be wearing high heels with 2 kids in tow at Universal Studios. Pierce Brosnan is shorter than I am. We were so close I could have touched him. There is no way he is that tall. He is a very good looking man, but short, and no one can convince me otherwise. I saw it with my own eyes, and my husband even commented, "who would guess James Bond is shorter than his {me} wife". I would love to see him stand next to Nicole Kidman in real life! Why is that so important anyway? It just boggles my mind when I had this real life experience and keep reading something else that I know is not true. Dee57 ([[User

Dee 57, if you ever saw the movie The Matador, you'll notice that Brosnan towers over Greg Kinnear, who is reportedly 5'9". He also towers over most of the other normal-sized actors in his other movies. I doubt that the producers could somehow have faked this in every single one of his movies. Let's just accept that you misremembered, and that the man is tall. About 6' 1" tall, to be exact. Younggoldchip (talk) 13:45, 15 March 2014 (UTC)

Nope, my two sons and husband also saw this too so I am sorry to burst your bubble but I know this for a fact.

He's 1.88m people, that's 6'2" guys and there's no doubt about it. He says he is, he looks it and he actually is! David-King (talk) 19:13, 10 November 2014 (UTC)

Details of boyhood home
Bulldozers to move on Brosnan's home — Evening Herald -- can  dle • wicke  04:29, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

Brosnan's Catholicism - quote
To state "Brosnan is a committed Catholic" with this citation is to misrepresent what he said:  When asked if he still practises the Catholicism of his childhood he replied "That never leaves you. So when there are churches around, I go to church. I went yesterday. I also love the teachings of Buddhist philosophy. It's my own private faith. I don't preach it, but it's a faith that is a comfort to me when the night is long." This inference is quite different. Since Eversman has been keen to put an "American Roman Catholics" category on Brosnan for a while, it seems like an argument is being made in the WP article for the strength of his Catholicism. The second citation doesn't add any detail, it just mentions he was a Catholic as a child. The given longer Reader's Digest quote reflects the balance of his beliefs. One set of beliefs does not preclude the other.Spanglej (talk) 23:51, 19 September 2010 (UTC)

If a person is attending the Mass when ever he can, then yes he is a committed Catholic and it should be noted under category of American Roman Catholics. BTW; quote from Daily Telegraph is the accurate one: "I was in Ireland and the first theatrical performance was being an altar boy at church. The whole celebration of the Catholic Mass. I was enjoying being up there and looked at. I still go to church. Went last night." So we have two references claiming his committed Catholicism, and what do you have? BTW RD article is from July 2008, and DT article is from June 2008. So DN article from December 2005 is irrelevant regarding his committed Catholicism.--Eversman (talk) 00:11, 20 September 2010 (UTC)

 * WP:BLP ". Categories regarding religious beliefs...should not be used unless the subject has publicly self-identified with the belief... and the subject's beliefs...are relevant to his notable activities or public life, according to reliable published sources." I'll also note that we don't interpret whether anyone is a committed anything in this way. Dougweller (talk) 13:59, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

 * As you can see I have provided two reliable references where Pierce Brosnan himself claims he was raised Catholic and that he is still a practising Catholic. So I don't understand why it shouldn't be noted, in the article, that he is a practising Catholic and there for I don't understand why it shouldn't be written under Category of American Roman Catholics. With regards--Eversman (talk) 18:39, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

P.S. I have set right that he is a practising Catholic.
 * Those sources are not exactly accurately represented. The Daily News has him state he was brought up Catholic; in Reader's Digest he does say that he goes to church when there is one, but also that he practices Buddhism and that it's his private faith. So the suggestion that he is exclusively Catholic is patently untrue, and leaving out Buddhism is an inaccurate representation of the sources. Drmies (talk) 21:21, 22 September 2010 (UTC)

 * I think they are, it states that he was raised Catholic and it states that he is a practising Catholic. What about source from Daily Telegraph; "I was in Ireland and the first theatrical performance was being an altar boy at church. The whole celebration of the Catholic Mass. I was enjoying being up there and looked at. I still go to church. Went last night." You left that one out, regarding him practising his Catholic faith. BTW now you have twice time repeating that he was raised Carholic, in the early life section(where it should be) and personal life section(where it should state that he is a practising Catholic).--Eversman (talk) 22:02, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
 * He's not. He attends Mass when he can. That does not make him a practicing Catholic, which requires a bit more than just attending Mass. Oh, mentioning that he is raised Catholic in the personal section, that is fine, since it leads into his personal life: he attends church and practices Buddhism. Can we drop this now, and not try to make the sources say more than they do? Thank you. Drmies (talk) 01:06, 23 September 2010 (UTC)

No we can't, because you are wrong. Just because you are admin, doesn't make you superior to me in this given issue. First of all, you are repeating the lines with writing that he was raised Catholic. That line already exists in the Early life section, where is should be. Second, I would like you to tell me what should a person do for you to call them practising Catholic? Should they kiss a statue of Christ and Holly Mary three times a day or what? I am asking this because my sister converted to Catholicism before here marriage, and she attends the Mass every now and then, and she considers herself a practising Catholic and she is considered a practising Catholic by here priest too. Further more, we have a quote from Fr Marcus Stock who is a General Secretary of the Bishops' Conference of England and Wales and he states in his publication Catholic Schools and the Definition of a Practising Catholic: 'A person is considered practising Catholic if they have been baptised (or have been canonically received into full communion with the Catholic Church) and strive to observe the Church’s precept of attending Mass on Sundays and holidays of obligation. This is perhaps the most simple and common understanding of the term.' So tell me, what from this quote doesn't fit in the Pierce Brosnan bio about his Catholicism? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Eversman (talk • contribs)
 * I'm not an admin. I explained why mentioning the fact twice makes sense. Please ask your sister, her priest, and Fr. Marcus Stock if they are OK with calling someone a "practicing catholic" when they are also an adherent to a competing faith, one they call "my own private faith." One seriously wonders here what kind of interest you have in wanting to call people "practicing catholics." Please sign your messages using four tildes. Drmies (talk) 14:42, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

 * WP:BLP states
 * " Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced—whether the material is negative, positive, neutral, or just questionable—should be removed immediately and without waiting for discussion. Users who constantly or egregiously violate this policy may be blocked from editing. Biographies of living persons (BLPs) must be written conservatively and with regard for the subject's privacy.

 * Further, BLP Categories, lists and navigation templates  specifically states that we should mention personal faith or orientation only when "the subject's beliefs or sexual orientation are relevant to his notable activities or public life". The fact that Brosnan (or anyone else) went to church is not a "notable activity". To state that Brosnan's belief is wholly Roman Catholic is questionable re the above. In "regard for the subject's privacy" references to his beliefs should be removed. BLP says they should be "removed immediately and without waiting for discussion". Note: this holds for any and all BLPs.  Spangle  (talk) 14:48, 24 September 2010 (UTC)

 * so ridiculous debates here !! Please, ask him, as he is still alive, how he considers himself, or provide interviews, but stop trying to deduce as if you were the person! Some people makes too much religious proselytism here! People stop your ridiculous proselytism, and consider what he is says about himself. If he considers himself as "devout" write it, and says he considers him as "devout", if he doesn't, don't write it. And your personal opinion is nothing. Stay profesional. @Drmies We don't care if X's sister says something. Learn to use wikipedia and to quote the fact a person says about himself, that's all that is asked. Your private opinion, or mine, nobody cares!

Bond 1995-2004
Brosnan was doing Bond game voiceovers and considering further Bond roles in 2004. See article refs. Please don't change the dates without discussion. Span (talk) 03:37, 25 October 2010 (UTC)

'Riparian rights' civil suit
A wiki is basically a synthesis of information. Please review my citation, which is a State of Hawaii official document available to anyone online: http://www.courts.state.hi.us/docs/opin_ord/ica/2010/apr/ica28392sdoada.pdf Then instead of deleting every attempt I make to report real citable material, please attempt one contribution yourself. The important facts of the document are 1999-2010 court proceedings between Lee & Young Vs. Brosnan & Smith. Lee & Young asked for their riparian rights to be returned to the original state before Brosnan & Smith created an artificial lake upstream from them. Lee & Young lost. This case is an important precedent for all riparian rights cases in Hawaii, and if Brosnan was an environmentalist he might have considered the precedent he set, instead of only thinking about the artificial lake he needed. I'm not biased either way, please feel free to report the facts any way you see fit. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Quash-asia (talk • contribs) 03:42, 14 June 2012 (UTC)
 * If the issue is as important as you claim "for all riparian rights cases in Hawaii", you should have no difficulty finding reliable secondary sources to back that statement up. Otherwise personal interpretations of primary documents amounts to original research, as has been pointed out to you. 'A wiki may be a synthesis of material', but original research is contrary to policy on Wikipedia. RashersTierney (talk) 08:58, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I'm not concerned with any interpretation. Like I mentioned before, please feel free to "interpret" the primary data of the court case yourself.  If you want to cite the whole proceedings feel free.  There is also the 3 newspaper articles I cited.  I am already contacting several Universities to publish this material.  This page serving as a "paid resume" will cease to exist.  Wikipedia is for impartial unbiased information, and as such the truth will come out eventually.  — Preceding unsigned comment added by Quash-asia (talk • contribs) 09:22, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

 * No-one is disputing that there was a disagreement between neighbours that went to court. What you have failed to demonstrate is that it is inherently significant, other than involving a celebrity. Your comment above invites personal speculation on primary docs which is not permitted in articles here. As for "truth will come out eventually", see 'What Wikipedia is not'. RashersTierney (talk) 12:44, 14 June 2012 (UTC)

 * I think the new revision shows how the case is significant. Thanks for bringing me up to speed with with the wiki jargon, by the "truth will come out eventually," I mean that there are many sources available.   — Preceding unsigned comment added by Quash-asia (talk • contribs) 16:29, 14 June 2012 (UTC)
 * You clearly have not taken on board a single point made in relation to original research and the related issue of 'notability'. Loading your POV statements with primary sources does not address the issue. I would also ask you to immediately withdraw your personal and unfounded allegations, made here and elsewhere, and assume good faith (not an optional extra). RashersTierney (talk) 12:31, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * I do not understand the 'blanket' accusation you have formed. I have withdrawn the comment you infer is not made in good faith on this talk page.  I do not know what you mean by 'elsewhere.'Quash-asia (talk) 16:22, 21 June 2012 (UTC)
 * 'Elsewhere' was on my Talk Page, since removed by you, and appreciated. The issue is more than sufficiently covered as since edited by another user, though the plethora of primary refs are unnecessary, in my opinion. RashersTierney (talk) 17:31, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

Why do new editors assume that any removed material has been taken down by the disgruntled subject of the article? Hubris, perhaps. At WP there is a strong preference for secondary sources. If primary sources are given they generally are used to promote original research, that is to say, a position forwarded by the editor, not demonstrated by the documents. You added two newspaper reports covering the land dispute which meets the guidelines better, although they don't give any sense that the land dispute is anything more than a neighbourly spat. Span (talk) 17:47, 21 June 2012 (UTC)

Brosnan/Dalton
Spanglej has advised me to post comments I left on his/her talk page about my decision to remove the myth that Timothy Dalton was the first actor the Bond producers approached to replace Roger Moore in 1986. I'm currently working on a discussion article for the Timothy Dalton talk page about this issue. Although we both know Wikipedia prohibits original research in articles, I do think I have sufficient documentary primary sources to prove that the producers approached the actors in the following order: Neill->Brosnan->Dalton. The 15 May 1986 New York Post reported that EON had signed Brosnan. Bond producer Cubby Broccoli did not consider or meet Dalton until Dalton was performing The Taming of the Shrew at the Haymarket theatre (London). At this meeting Dalton mentioned he could not do the film unless it was pushed back to the fall due to his Brenda Starr commitment. (Source: Broccoli autobiography, pp.280-281.) The 1 September 1991 Los Angeles Times reports that the production company producing Brenda Starr formed in May 1986 and production began in July 1986. Numerous newspapers and books report that The Taming of the Shrew with Dalton began its eight week run at the Haymarket starting June 1986. I rely on other credible primary sources to support my position. I will cite these in the impending Timothy Dalton talk page discussion. - Fanthrillers (talk) 19:45, 21 July 2012 (UTC)

Place of birth categories

 * As to why I feel the United States categories should be excluded, see this discussion.  Erpert  Who is this guy? 08:16, 1 August 2012 (UTC)

Interview with Pierce on RTÉ Radio 1 now
Excellent interview with the man himself this minute on the Marian Finucane Show. He's talking about growing up in Navan, how his father abandoned him, how he lived with the O'Reilly family on St Finian's Terrace in Navan and now about arriving in England and the difference between both worlds: "you certainly felt for the first time the sting of prejudice and being ridiculed". Very detailed and well worth listening to. Link to show is above. 89.101.41.216 (talk) 11:30, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * He's also talking about Catholicism, spirituality and Buddhism - "I've embraced Buddhism". 89.101.41.216 (talk) 11:38, 20 April 2013 (UTC)
 * How is this meant for improving the article? NathanWubs (talk) 11:40, 20 April 2013 (UTC)

number of children
if he adopted 2 children and had 3 of his own why are the number of children presented as 3? Angelina Jolie also has adopted 3 children and 3 of her own and at her topic her number of children is 6. Ritvakirp (talk) 11:18, 9 September 2014 (UTC)

OBE in lead
Somebody keeps inserting this in the lead. Here is Wikipedia's policy: "Post-nominal letters, other than those denoting academic degrees, should be included when they are issued by a country or widely recognizable organization with which the subject has been closely associated. Honors issued by other entities may be mentioned in the article, but should generally be omitted from the lead." (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Post-nominal_letters). If this award had been given by the government of Ireland, of which Brosnan is a citizen, then it should be in the lead. It wasn't. It therefore should be with his other foreign awards further down. 188.141.10.11 (talk) 02:51, 30 December 2014 (UTC)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Biographies#Post-nominal_letters

Brosnan's Nationality
If Irish-American doesn't describe his nationality and status could someone please explain what does. Irish born Americans have always been described as Irish-Americans. If there is another way of reflecting this, I don't know what it would be. Perhaps and verifiable alternative could be introduced?-- JOJ Hutton  18:20, 30 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Irish is fine. His American citizenship is clearly mentioned in the lead: "he became an American citizen in 2004." If he has to be referred to as an "Irish-American", why doesn't Martin Sheen? 109.76.161.84 (talk) 23:10, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * He is an American and an Irish citizen so its proper to call him Irish American. Thats the term that is used.-- JOJ Hutton  23:13, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Irish American refers to Americans of Irish descent. Its incredibly misleading. His American citizenship is already mentioned. Stevenbfg (talk) 23:15, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * It also refers to Irish born Americans. Look it up.-- JOJ Hutton  23:16, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Then once again, why isn't Martin Sheen called an Irish American? Or is it only Irish celebrities you decide to force the term "Irish American" on? He could hold British citizenship as well for all we know, considering he grew up in England. Stevenbfg (talk) 23:20, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I don't know, I've never edited that article. Perhaps it should. But don't use other articles as reference. Each article has its own consensus. Unless there is a wider community consensus at a project page or guideline.-- JOJ Hutton  23:22, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Yes but "Irish American" is still misleading. How about "Pierce Brosnan is an Irish actor, film producer and environmentalist. He holds both Irish and American citizenship." I know we aren't supposed to reference other articles but that's how we compromised Daniel Day-Lewis, an article which I also edited. Stevenbfg (talk) 23:25, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * No its not misleading. Its only misleading if you want it to be. And besides, Pierce Brosnan's own bio on his own OFFICIAL WEBSITE calls him Irish-American. He therefore self identifies as Irish-American and Wikipedia has always taken a person wishes into consideration when they are categorized and/or referred to. That basically ends this discussion.-- JOJ Hutton  23:30, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * I wasn't aware of his official website but that reference clearly indicates he has no problem with being called Irish American. I concede then. Stevenbfg (talk) 23:37, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * Thank You.-- JOJ Hutton  23:40, 31 December 2014 (UTC)
 * He's still referred to as solely Irish. How does Brosnan feel about his identity? I think we can all take a guess.--109.149.122.179 (talk) 09:54, 3 September 2015 (UTC)

 * I see this has flared up again. Is it possible to finish this conversation? --John (talk) 20:03, 13 May 2016 (UTC)
 * Good idea. Martinevans123 (talk) 20:05, 13 May 2016 (UTC)

GoldenEye: Rogue Agent (2004)
Can someone please stop tagging GoldenEye: Rogue Agent to Brosnan's profile? The actor, at the slightest, has no relation to the video game, and any similarities between his appearance if seen, which there aren't by any chance, are coincidental. The actor playing the presumed James Bond character in the game is Jason Carter, and by the time the game was made, Brosnan was already out of the Bond league, blocking his likeness, voice and image to be used in any film or video game released after Everything or Nothing. For proofs, check the following MI6-HQ.Com articles in the video game coverage section. Thank you. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 46.70.183.30 (talk) 07:35, 4 April 2015 (UTC)

Voting in British elections?
"Brosnan has stated on television that he voted for Margaret Thatcher three times in a row (in the 1979, 1983, and 1987 general elections)."

I've removed this because it has no sources. Also noteworthy that Brosnan is Irish, and would have to be a UK resident to be able to vote in a UK election.2600:1700:EA01:1090:B916:23E:4207:CD36 (talk) 15:01, 24 August 2020 (UTC)

A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:06, 17 June 2022 (UTC)
 * Pierce-brosnan2019.jpg

Best known as… Remington Steele!
What kind of claim to fame is it to be the FIFTH to do anything‽ Pierce Brosnan is best known for being the first and only actor to play the title role of the "Remington Steele" series! -- Mr. Lance E Sloan (talk) 00:19, 17 July 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Pierce Brosnan


text:
Blohm & Voss BV 155

The Blohm & Voss BV 155 was a German high-altitude interceptor aircraft intended to be used by the Luftwaffe against raids by USAAF Boeing B-29 Superfortresses. Work started on the design as the Messerschmitt Me 155 in 1942, but the project went through a protracted development period and change of ownership, and prototypes were still under test and development when World War II ended.

Background
Performance estimates of the American B-29 Superfortress reached German command in early 1942. The bomber would cruise at an altitude at which no current German plane could operate effectively. To intercept it, the Luftwaffe would urgently need new aircraft. Work on such a high altitude fighter was begun by Messerschmitt, but in 1943 the project was passed to Blohm & Voss. The result would be the Bv155 prototype that made its first test flight in September 1944.

Me 155
The story of the BV 155 began at Messerschmitt in the spring of 1942. A requirement had arisen for a carrier-based single-seat fighter to be based aboard the aircraft carrier GERMAN AIRCRAFT CARRIER Graf Zeppelin, then under construction. In response, Messerschmitt proposed the Me 409, later renamed Me 155. In the interest of economy and simplicity, it was to use as many Messerschmitt Bf 109 components as possible, being basically a navalized version of the earlier Messerschmitt fighter.

The Me 155 was to be powered by a DB 605A-1 liquid-cooled engine of 1,475 PS (1,455 hp, 1,085 kW). The fuselage was more or less that of the standard Bf 109G, but with an entirely new wing. The undercarriage retracted inwards into wing wells, providing the wider track required for safe carrier landings. Standard naval equipment such as folding wings, catapult spools, and arrester gear were to be fitted. Proposed armament was an engine mounted 20 mm MG 151 cannon and two 20 mm MG 151 cannons and two 13 mm (.51 in) MG 131 machine guns in wings. It had an estimated maximum speed of 649 km/h (403 mph). Three variants were worked out, the Me 155A with one Junkers Jumo 213, the Me 155B powered by a DB 628, which was basically a DB 605A with a two-stage mechanical supercharger with an induction cooler, and the Me 155C with one DB 605A.

Detail design of the Me 155 was complete by September 1942. However, the numerous delays in the Graf Zeppelin seemed to indicate that the completion of the carrier would be at least two years away. Messerschmitt was told to shelve the Me 155 project for the indefinite future. Work on the Graf Zeppelin carrier was eventually abandoned.

Me 155A
In order that all of that work on the Me 155 project not go entirely to waste, Messerschmitt adapted its design in November 1942 to match a Luftwaffe requirement for a fast single seat bomber. A single 1,000 kg (2,210 lb) SC1000 bomb was to be carried. All of the carrier equipment and most of the armament was removed from the aircraft. Additional fuel tanks were provided and an elongated, non-retractable tailwheel was added to provide ground clearance for the large bomb. The proposal was designated Me 155A in late 1942.

Me 155B
By the end of 1942, the increasing number of USAAF bombing raids and intelligence coming in about the new American B-29 bomber led the Luftwaffe to revive development of the Me 155B. The engine was to be the DB 628, which was basically a DB 605A with a two-stage mechanical supercharger with an induction cooler. A pressurized cabin was to be provided. It was estimated that a service ceiling of 14,097 m (46,250 ft) could be attained.

A converted Bf 109G adapted to take the DB 628 engine flew in May 1942 and attained an altitude of 15,500 m (50,850 ft). However, the Technische Amt concluded that a DB 603A engine with an exhaust-driven turbosupercharger was more promising. The DB 603A provided 1,201 kW (1,610 hp) for takeoff and 1,081 kW (1,450 hp) at 15,000 m (49,210 ft). This engine change required that the fuselage be elongated in order to house the turbosupercharger aft of the pressure cabin. Exhaust gases were carried to the turbosupercharger via external ducts. Air was drawn in through via a ventral trough aft of the wing. Standard Bf 109G wings were to be fitted outboard of a new, long-span, untapered wing center section. Other parts were scavenged from existing Messerschmitt designs – the vertical tail was from the Me 209, and the horizontal tail and the undercarriage were taken from the Bf 109G. The resulting revision of the Me 155B was designated P.1091 by Messerschmitt.

In August 1943, the RLM realised that Messerschmitt was over-committed and transferred the design work to Blohm & Voss. The design team there came to the conclusion that the existing Messerschmitt design had too many weaknesses and a complete redesign would be necessary.

BV 155
In September 1943, an order for five prototypes was placed. Blohm & Voss accepted the order only on condition they had complete design freedom and were not bound by Messerschmitt's work to date. The redesign was named the BV 155. B&V gave it a new laminar flow wing and tail unit, landing gear from the Ju 87 and many other parts of the plane. Further wind tunnel testing showed that there was a serious problem with the overwing radiators, at high angles of attack the wing "blanked" them from the airflow and cooling would suffer. Work moved to a revised B model.

The first prototype, BV 155 V1, took off for its maiden flight on 1 September 1944. Tests with the V1 showed that the outboard radiators provided inadequate cooling, especially at high angle of attack. The intakes on the next prototype were enlarged and underslung beneath the wing rather than placed over it. However, the enlarged radiators changed the aircraft's center of gravity which required moving the pressurized cockpit forward. The Blohm & Voss team took this opportunity to replace the original Bf 109G canopy with an aft-sliding all-round vision canopy, and the rear fuselage decking was cut down. This in turn required that a larger rudder be fitted. The ventral radiator bath was also enlarged.

With these changes, the BV 155 V2 flew on 8 February 1945. Blohm & Voss was still not satisfied with the design, and before the V2 began its flight trials they proposed that the engine be switched to the DB 603U having the larger mechanically driven supercharger of the DB 603E. The DB 603U promised a power of 1,238 kW (1,660 hp) for takeoff and 1,066 kW (1,430 hp) at 14,935 m (49,000 ft). The ventral turbosupercharger was retained. The Technische Amt decided to accept this proposal, and abandoned all work on the BV 155B in favor of the revised design, which was designated BV 155C.

The BV 155 V2 was damaged beyond repair during a bad landing. It was to be replaced in the test program by the BV 155 V3. The BV 155 V3 differed from the V2 in having the DB 603U intended for the BV 155C. However, the engine cowling and turbosupercharger were unchanged.

Various armament schemes for the BV 155B were proposed. One proposal had an engine-mounted (or Motorkanone) 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 108 cannon and two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannons. Another had a Motorkanone-mount 30 mm (1.18 in) MK 103 cannon and two wing-mounted 20 mm MG 151 cannons. Estimated maximum speed was 650 km/h (400 mph) at 12,000 m (39,370 ft) and 690 km/h (430 mph) at 15,999 m (52,490 ft). Service ceiling was to be 16,950 m (55,610 ft). Empty weight was 4,869 kg (10,734 lb). Normal loaded weight ranged from 5,126-5,488 kg (11,300-12,100 lb), depending on the armament provided.

According to the Pegasus Models Kit No. 5002 information sheet, V1 and V2 were both provided to the RAF after the war. V1 was flight-tested until it was written off. The fate of V3 is not known, except that it was left half-finished by the end of the war. V2 is in storage at the Smithsonian's National Air And Space Museum's storage facility.

BV 155C Project
In parallel with the prototype development, Blohm & Voss had been working on additional changes under Project 205. P.205 replaced the underwing radiators with an annular one around the front of the engine, a design feature commonly found on a number of German designs. With the wings now free of clutter, they were considerably simpler and were reduced in span. This also had the side effect of reducing the track, which would later prove to be a welcome change. The new design would be simpler, lighter and faster, and plans were made to make it the standard version of the aircraft. During the October re-evaluation, it was agreed that V1 and V2 would be completed as B models, while the V3 would be the prototype for the BV 155C.

The BV 155C was to be significantly different in appearance from the BV 155B. The clumsy wing-mounted radiators of the BV 155B were eliminated, and the main landing gear leg attachment points were moved inboard to retract inwards. Cooling was provided by an annular frontal radiator as in the Focke-Wulf Ta 152. Large circular intakes were attached to the fuselage sides above the wing roots. 30 were ordered but none were built. The V3 was 75% compelete when it was captured. Intended armament for the 155C was two wing-mounted 20mm MG 151/20 cannons and a 30mm MK 108 cannon firing through the spinner.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Blohm & Voss BV 155


text:
Victor Vroom

Victor Harold Vroom (August 9, 1932 – July 26, 2023) was a Canadian psychologist and business school professor at the Yale School of Management.

Early life
Vroom was born in Montreal, Quebec on August 9, 1932. He held a PhD from University of Michigan and an MS and BS from McGill University. Dr. Vroom initially was interested in music as a child, but later found interest in psychology after taking a career interests test in high school that showed he had the best potential of being either a musician or a psychologist. He continued to explore his love for music by playing the alto saxophone and clarinet for his high school band and at local clubs around Montreal. After high school graduation, Vroom initially wanted to become a part of an USA big band, but after being instructed by his father to become a bank teller (for a more stable career) Vroom enrolled in Sir George Williams College (now Concordia University). After his freshman year, he transferred to his alma mater, McGill University, where he earned a special honors bachelor's degree in psychology and a master's in industrial psychology. Before beginning his professional career, he finished his terminal degree (PhD) at the University of Michigan. It was at the University of Michigan that he met his first wife, Ann Workman, with whom he had two sons: Derek and Jeffrey. Later on, he met and is survived by his second wife, Julia Francis, with whom he had their two sons Tristan and Trevor. He died on July 26, 2023, at the age of 90 while living in Guilford, Connecticut.

Career
Victor began his professional career as a director for the Survey Research Center at the University of Michigan, while lecturing. He then took a position at the University of Pennsylvania teaching introductory and foundational courses in psychology, social psychology, and industrial psychology. Later, Vroom began teaching at Carnegie Mellon and began to understand and fit-in more with his strictly business science colleagues. This position eventually propelled him to work for a rebuilding Yale University, where he was appointed chair in only a few weeks, and where he stayed a professor at until his death.

Vroom was also a consultant to a number of corporations such as GE and American Express.

Victor Vroom was appointed Chairman of the Department of Administrative Sciences and associate Director of the Institution for Social and Policy Studies at Yale in 1972.

Theory of Expectancy
His primary research was on the expectancy theory of motivation, which attempts to explain why individuals choose to follow certain courses of action and prefer certain goals or outcomes over others in organizations, particularly in decision-making and leadership. His most well-known books are Work and Motivation, Leadership and Decision Making and The New Leadership. In this theory, he suggested that motivation is largely influenced by the combination of a person's belief that effort leads to performance, which then leads to specific outcomes, and that such outcomes are valued by the individual. Along with the version of Lyman Porter and Edward Lawler, Vroom's formulation is generally considered as representing major contributions to expectancy theory, having stood the test of time and historical scrutiny.

Vroom described the valence of a specific outcome as "a monotonically increasing function of the algebraic sum of the products of the valences of all other outcomes and his conceptions of its instrumentality for the attainment of these other outcomes." The second proposition central to Vroom's theory maintains that "the force on a person to perform an act is monotonically increasing function of the algebraic sum of the products of the valences of all outcomes and the strength of his experiences that the act will be followed by the attainment of these outcomes."

Publications

 * 2007. The role of the situation in leadership. American psychologist, 621, 17.
 * 2007. On the synergy between research and teaching. Journal of Management Education, 313, 365-375.
 * 2005. On the origins of expectancy theory. Great minds in management: The process of theory development, 239-258.
 * 2003. Educating managers for decision making and leadership. Management decision, 4110, 968-978.
 * 2000. Leadership and the decision-making process. Organizational dynamics, 284, 82-94.
 * 1995. Situation effects and levels of analysis in the study of leader participation. The Leadership Quarterly, 62, 169-181.
 * 1990. Manage people, not personnel: motivation and performance appraisal. Harvard Business Press.
 * 1989. Management and motivation. Penguin.
 * 1988. The new leadership: Managing participation in organizations. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
 * 1987. A new look at managerial decision making. pp. 365–383. McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
 * 1984. Reflections on leadership and decision-making. Journal of General Management, 93, 18-36.
 * 1983. Leaders and leadership in academe. The Review of Higher Education, 64, 367-386.
 * 1980. An evaluation of two alternatives to the Vroom – Yetton normative model. Academy of Management Journal, 232, 347-355.
 * 1978. Predicting leader behavior from a measure of behavioral intent. Academy of Management Journal, 214, 715-721.
 * 1977. Hierarchical level and leadership style. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 181, 131-145.
 * 1976. Can leaders learn to lead?. Organizational Dynamics, 43, 17-28.
 * 1974. Perceptions of Leadership Style: Superior and Subordinate Descriptions of Decision-Making Behavior. No. TR-6. YALE UNIV NEW HAVEN CONN SCHOOL OF ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT.
 * 1974. Leadership Revisited. No. TR-7. YALE UNIV NEW HAVEN CONN SCHOOL OF ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT.
 * 1974. Decision making as a social process: Normative and descriptive models of leader behavior. Decision sciences, 54, 743-769.
 * 1974. Decision making and the leadership process. Journal of Contemporary Business, 34, 47-64.
 * 1973. Leadership and decision making. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973.
 * 1973. The productivity of work groups. Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
 * 1973. Leadership and decision-making. Vol. 110. University of Pittsburgh Pre.
 * 1973. A new look at managerial decision making. Organizational dynamics.
 * 1972. An overview of work motivation. Reading in industrial and organizational psychology.—NY.
 * 1971. The stability of post-decision dissonance: A follow-up study of the job attitudes of business school graduates. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 61, 36-49.
 * 1971. Relationship between age and risk taking among managers. Journal of applied psychology, 555, 399.
 * 1970. The nature of the relationship between motivation and performance. Management and Motivation. Tennessee: Kingsport Press Inc.
 * 1969. The handbook of social psychology. The handbook of social psychology, 5.
 * 1969. The consequences of social interaction in group problem solving. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 41, 77-95.
 * 1969. Industrial social psychology. The handbook of social psychology, 5.
 * 1968. Toward a stochastic model of managerial careers. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26-46.
 * 1967. Methods of organizational research. University of Pittsburgh Press.
 * 1966. Organizational design and research: Approaches to organizational design. Vol. 66. University of Pittsburgh Press.
 * 1966. Organizational choice: A study of pre-and post decision processes. Organizational behavior and human performance, 12, 212-225.
 * 1966. A comparison of static and dynamic correlational methods in the study of organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 11, 55-70.
 * 1966. Some observations regarding Herzberg’s two-factor theory. In American Psychological Association Convention, New York.
 * 1965. Motivation in management. American Foundation for Management Research.
 * 1964. Work and Motivation. John Willey & Sons.
 * 1964. Employee attitudes. The Frontiers of Management Psychology, New York: Harper & Row. Publishers, 127-43.
 * 1964. Some psychological aspects of organizational control. New perspectives in organizational research, 72-86.
 * 1964. Division of labor and performance under cooperative and competitive conditions. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 683, 313.
 * 1962. Ego‐involvement, job satisfaction, and job performance. Personnel psychology, 152, 159-177.
 * 1961. Industrial social psychology. Annual review of psychology, 121, 413-446.
 * 1960. The effects of attitudes on perception of organizational goals. Human Relations, 133, 229-240.
 * 1960. Leader authoritarianism and employee attitudes. Personnel psychology, 132, 125-140.
 * 1959. Some personality determinants of the effects of participation. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 593, 322.
 * 1959. Projection, negation, and the self-concept. Human relations, 124, 335-344.

Notable Facts
Vroom was an avid sailor and captain, having even guided his ship with his family on it during a storm.

Vroom was a part of several semi-professional and professional big bands, one of them he founded in graduate school named "The Intellectuals".

Vroom once had a health scare, being diagnosed as having advanced-staged carcinoma in 1977. It was later discovered that it was actually sarcoidosis, yet he considered it a near-death experience and used it to fuel a lifestyle change.

Websites

 * Zeeman, Alexander (2023-04-06). "Victor Vroom biography and books". Toolshero. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
 * "Remembering Professor Victor H. Vroom, 1932-2023 | Yale School of Management". som.yale.edu. Retrieved 2023-12-06.

title: Victor Vroom


text:
Peter Brown (singer)

Peter Brown (born July 11, 1953) is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. Brown was a popular performer in the late 1970s and early 1980s. His biggest success was the release of the LP in 1977 called A Fantasy Love Affair which produced the disco hits "Do Ya Wanna Get Funky with Me" and "Dance With Me". He wrote, with Robert Rans, Madonna's hit "Material Girl".

Early life
Brown was born in Blue Island, Illinois, and raised in Palos Heights, Illinois, both suburbs of Chicago, United States. His mother, Virginia, was artistic and musically talented and gave Peter music lessons at a young age. Peter's father, Maurice, was an electronic engineer whose electronics helped Peter learn the technical aspects of recording music. He always brought home the latest technological breakthrough, which in those days included CB and ham radios, the first color television and the first stereo record player.

Maurice also purchased a number of tape recorders, which Peter played with as a child. One of these machines, a TEAC A-1200 two-track, had a feature which allowed transferring recordings on one track to a second track, while simultaneously allowing recording something new on that second track.

Early career
Brown became serious about music in his teens and chose to learn the drums. His greatest inspirations in music at the time were Santana; Earth, Wind and Fire; and Chicago. He later became proficient playing timbales, conga drums, and a large number of other percussion instruments. Later, Brown was one of the pioneer users of the musical synthesizer, and for a time he was spokesman for the ARP Synthesizer company, since he used their products almost exclusively in performances and recordings.

In his youth, Brown had assumed he would become a painter or a graphic artist of some kind. After High School he enrolled in The School of the Art Institute of Chicago. Although it was a prestigious school, professors seemed indifferent, and the facilities were rudimentary at the time.

Then Brown met Cory Wade, who eventually became his first producer. Wade encouraged Brown to give him some demo tracks for critique. At this point, Brown could use his four-track recorder and his then-innovative synthesizer. Brown subsequently changed his career to music, but thought of being a songwriter, studio musician, or producer; however, Wade suggested that Brown become a producer. Brown assembled a group of musicians to perform his music, inspiring them with stories of his connections with Wade. Among the original members of the band was Pat Hurley, who sang and played keyboard in the band and who eventually co-write lyrics with Brown. Tom Dziallo played bass in the band bass and guitar on all of Brown's albums, and Robert Rans became Brown's lead keyboard player and primary lyric writing partner for many years. Brown's lifelong friend, Robert Vavrik, never joined the band but eventually penned some lyrics with Brown.

They created some disco music, which was popular at the time, and wanted to take the track to TK Records in Hialeah, Florida, for a possible record deal. Within days of the record having been sent, Henry Stone, the president of TK, wanted to release the song just as it was and offered Wade a deal for the single. This was followed by an album deal if the single was successful. Although excited by the offer, Brown did not want his four-track, home made demo released as the actual record.

Henry Stone and everyone at TK Records liked the augmented version, so Brown and Stone made the album deal and settled on a six-month deadline to write new material and record the album. Brown also photographed the album's somewhat controversial cover and revealed, in a 1978 interview in Rolling Stone, that he had created the cover's nude model out of cardboard, sheer fabric and ribbons.

Music career (1977–85)
Late in 1977, TK Records announced that sales of the 12-inch version of "Do Ya Wanna Get Funky With Me" had reached the million dollar mark, making it the first gold 12-inch single in history. The album went gold as well.

Billboard Magazine's Year End #1 Awards for 1978 named Brown the #1 new male album artist, #3 new album artist and #10 pop male artist, as well as #11 pop male album artist, #16 soul artists and #11 soul albums. Cash Box Magazine's Year End Awards issue for 1978 named Brown #1 Top Male Single Vocalist, #1 Top New Male Single Vocalist and #2 Top Male Album Vocalist along with #3 Crossover R&B Male.

The 1978 Record World Magazine Disco Awards named Brown Outstanding New Performer, Top New Male Vocalist and Top Male Vocalist. He was also nominated by NARAS (The National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences) in 1978 for a Grammy Award for best R&B Vocal Performance for the song "Dance With Me". "Dance With Me" also included a guest vocal performance by Betty Wright. In 1979, Brown's single "Crank It Up" peaked in the Billboard Disco Chart at No. 4.

Brown's first professional performance came on the American Bandstand television show, hosted by Dick Clark. That year, Brown also took part in the filming of a television special to promote the upcoming movie Foul Play with Goldie Hawn and Chevy Chase. He also filmed a segment for the television show 60 Minutes showing the process of how a song is actually recorded in the recording studio. Later years saw him performing on the Mike Douglas Show, American Bandstand and as a presenter on the American Music Awards. On tour in 1978, Brown and his band (now with additional members Keith Anderson, drums, Joe Guzzo, guitar, Mike Hillinger, keyboards and Wildflower, background vocals) played venues as diverse as New York's The Bottom Line and Madison Square Garden.

On Brown's second album (recorded at Studio Center and Criteria Recording studios in North Miami, Florida), Stargazer, he was joined by Laura Taylor and Dan Hartman singing background vocals on the song "It's Alright."

In 1980, Brown released another charting dance song (#6 on Billboard's Dance Chart) called "Can't Be Love – Do It to Me Anyway", which was only released as a 12" single and never appeared on an album. The initial success of his career was soon overshadowed by legal disputes and the eventual bankruptcy of TK Records. After the dust cleared, he was able to sign a new record contract with RCA Records with the help of a new management team, Wiesner/DeMann Entertainment. The 1983 album was called Back to the Front, and was produced by Brown with executive producer Bob Gaudio (The Four Seasons) and recorded at Gaudio/Valli Recording Studios in Hollywood, California. Featured are musical guests Michael Brecker (saxophone) and Michael Boddicker (synthesizers). From this album, the song "Baby Gets High" reached #104 U.S. Billboard and #6 on Billboard's Disco Chart. Brown remained with Freddy DeMann after he started a solo management company whose clients included Madonna and Michael Jackson.

In 1984, Brown co-wrote "Material Girl", which became one of Madonna's biggest hits and signature song. It also made Brown's music publishing company, Minong Publishing one of the year's top music publishers.

Brown also wrote a song for Agnetha Fältskog, "Maybe It Was Magic". Peter Cetera from the group Chicago was producing her solo album I Stand Alone and liked the song. Brown also wrote "East Meets West" for the Japanese group Sandii & the Sunsetz. Brown's final hit was "They Only Come Out at Night" which hit the number one slot on Billboard magazine's Dance Chart in April 1984. Brown's fourth and final album Snap was recorded at Pumpkin Recording Studios in Oak Lawn, Illinois, owned by Gary Loizzo, who was a former member of The American Breed and sang their hit "Bend Me Shape Me" in 1968. This album contained the song "Zie Zie Won't Dance" which spawned Brown's music video of the same name. The video, filmed in London, was nominated for best video (special effects, art direction and editing) along with videos by Madonna and Bruce Springsteen at the second MTV Music Video Awards in 1985.

In the late 1980s, a severe case of tinnitus prompted Brown to quit the music business in an attempt to preserve his damaged hearing. He began a design company which headed the award-winning redesign of the Chicago Board Options Exchange Internet site, among other wide-ranging design and architectural projects.

In late June 2018, Brown released his fifth album, Boom, his first album release in over 30 years. It features 11 tracks of his signature dance/R&B sound. Singles include "Boom", the a cappella title track, "Dancing All Alone", and "Drama Queen". Boom was written, performed, arranged, recorded, and mixed entirely by Brown on an iMac computer using only Auratone speakers and a Sennheiser MD 441U microphone.

Compilation albums

 * 1998 – Get Funky with Me: The Best of the TK Years

title: Peter Brown (singer)


text:
Hypergeometric distribution

In probability theory and statistics, the hypergeometric distribution is a discrete probability distribution that describes the probability of $$k$$ successes (random draws for which the object drawn has a specified feature) in $$n$$ draws, without replacement, from a finite population of size $$N$$ that contains exactly $$K$$ objects with that feature, wherein each draw is either a success or a failure. In contrast, the binomial distribution describes the probability of $$k$$ successes in $$n$$ draws with replacement.

Probability mass function
The following conditions characterize the hypergeometric distribution:
 * The result of each draw (the elements of the population being sampled) can be classified into one of two mutually exclusive categories (e.g. Pass/Fail or Employed/Unemployed).
 * The probability of a success changes on each draw, as each draw decreases the population (sampling without replacement from a finite population).

A random variable $$X$$ follows the hypergeometric distribution if its probability mass function (pmf) is given by

 * $$ p_X(k) = \Pr(X = k)

= \frac{\binom{K}{k} \binom{N - K}{n-k}}{\binom{N}{n}},$$

where

 * $$N$$ is the population size,
 * $$K$$ is the number of success states in the population,
 * $$n$$ is the number of draws (i.e. quantity drawn in each trial),
 * $$k$$ is the number of observed successes,
 * $\textstyle {a \choose b}$ is a binomial coefficient.

The pmf is positive when $$\max(0, n+K-N) \leq k \leq \min(K,n)$$.

A random variable distributed hypergeometrically with parameters $$N$$, $$K$$ and $$n$$ is written $X \sim \operatorname{Hypergeometric}(N,K,n)$ and has probability mass function $ p_X(k)$  above.

Combinatorial identities
As required, we have

 * $$ \sum_{0\leq k\leq \textrm{min}(n,K)} { {K \choose k} { N-K \choose n-k} \over {N \choose n} }

= 1,$$

which essentially follows from Vandermonde's identity from combinatorics.

Also note that

 * $$ {{K \choose k} {N-K \choose n-k}\over {N \choose n}} =

{{{n \choose k} {{N-n} \choose {K-k}}} \over {N \choose K}};$$

This identity can be shown by expressing the binomial coefficients in terms of factorials and rearranging the latter. Additionally, it follows from the symmetry of the problem, described in two different but interchangeable ways.

For example, consider two rounds of drawing without replacement. In the first round, $$K$$ out of $$N$$ neutral marbles are drawn from an urn without replacement and coloured green. Then the colored marbles are put back. In the second round, $$n$$ marbles are drawn without replacement and colored red. Then, the number of marbles with both colors on them (that is, the number of marbles that have been drawn twice) has the hypergeometric distribution. The symmetry in $$K$$ and $$n$$ stems from the fact that the two rounds are independent, and one could have started by drawing $$n$$ balls and colouring them red first.

''Note that we are interested in the probability of $$k$$ successes in $$n$$ draws without replacement, since the probability of success on each trial is not the same, as the size of the remaining population changes as we remove each marble. Keep in mind not to confuse with the binomial distribution, which describes the probability of $$k$$ successes in $$n$$ draws with replacement.''

Working example
The classical application of the hypergeometric distribution is sampling without replacement. Think of an urn with two colors of marbles, red and green. Define drawing a green marble as a success and drawing a red marble as a failure. Let N describe the number of all marbles in the urn (see contingency table below) and K describe the number of green marbles, then N − K corresponds to the number of red marbles. Now, standing next to the urn, you close your eyes and draw n marbles without replacement. Define X as a random variable whose outcome is k, the number of green marbles drawn in the experiment. This situation is illustrated by the following contingency table:

Indeed, we are interested in calculating the probability of drawing k green marbles in n draws, given that there are K green marbles out of a total of N marbles. For this example, assume that there are 5 green and 45 red marbles in the urn. Standing next to the urn, you close your eyes and draw 10 marbles without replacement. What is the probability that exactly 4 of the 10 are green?

This problem is summarized by the following contingency table: To find the probability of drawing k green marbles in exactly n draws out of N total draws, we identify X as a hyper-geometric random variable to use the formula

$$ P(X=k) = f(k;N,K,n) = {{{K \choose k} {{N-K} \choose {n-k}}}\over {N \choose n}}.$$

To intuitively explain the given formula, consider the two symmetric problems represented by the identity

$$ {{K \choose k} {N-K \choose n-k}\over {N \choose n}} = {{{n \choose k} {{N-n} \choose {K-k}}} \over {N \choose K}}$$

 * 1) left-hand side - drawing a total of only n marbles out of the urn. We want to find the probability of the outcome of drawing k green marbles out of K total green marbles, and drawing n-k red marbles out of N-K red marbles, in these n rounds.
 * 2) right hand side - alternatively, drawing all N marbles out of the urn. We want to find the probability of the outcome of drawing k green marbles in n draws out of the total N draws, and K-k green marbles in the rest N-n draws.

Back to the calculations, we use the formula above to calculate the probability of drawing exactly k green marbles
 * $$ P(X=4) = f(4;50,5,10) = {{{5 \choose 4} {{45} \choose {6}}}\over {50 \choose 10}} = {5\cdot 8145060\over 10272278170} = 0.003964583\dots. $$

Intuitively we would expect it to be even more unlikely that all 5 green marbles will be among the 10 drawn.

 * $$ P(X=5) = f(5;50,5,10) = {{{5 \choose 5} {{45} \choose {5}}}\over {50 \choose 10}} = {1\cdot 1221759

\over 10272278170} = 0.0001189375\dots, $$

As expected, the probability of drawing 5 green marbles is roughly 35 times less likely than that of drawing 4.

Symmetries
Swapping the roles of green and red marbles:
 * $$ f(k;N,K,n) = f(n-k;N,N-K,n)$$

Swapping the roles of drawn and not drawn marbles:
 * $$ f(k;N,K,n) = f(K-k;N,K,N-n)$$

Swapping the roles of green and drawn marbles:
 * $$ f(k;N,K,n) = f(k;N,n,K) $$

These symmetries generate the dihedral group $$D_4$$.

Order of draws
The probability of drawing any set of green and red marbles (the hypergeometric distribution) depends only on the numbers of green and red marbles, not on the order in which they appear; i.e., it is an exchangeable distribution. As a result, the probability of drawing a green marble in the $$i^{\text{th}}$$ draw is
 * $$ P(G_i) = \frac{K}{N}.$$

This is an ex ante probability—that is, it is based on not knowing the results of the previous draws.

Tail bounds
Let $$X \sim \operatorname{Hypergeometric}(N,K,n)$$ and $$p=K/N$$. Then for $$ 0 < t < K/N$$ we can derive the following bounds:

 * $$\begin{align}

\Pr[X\le (p - t)n] &\le e^{-n\text{D}(p-t\parallel p)} \le e^{-2t^2n}\\ \Pr[X\ge (p+t)n] &\le e^{-n\text{D}(p+t\parallel p)} \le e^{-2t^2n}\\ \end{align}\!$$

where
 * $$ D(a\parallel b)=a\log\frac{a}{b}+(1-a)\log\frac{1-a}{1-b}$$

is the Kullback-Leibler divergence and it is used that $$D(a\parallel b) \ge 2(a-b)^2$$.

Note: In order to derive the previous bounds, one has to start by observing that $$X = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^n Y_i}{n}$$ where $$Y_i$$ are dependent random variables with a specific distribution $$D$$. Because most of the theorems about bounds in sum of random variables are concerned with independent sequences of them, one has to first create a sequence $$Z_i$$ of independent random variables with the same distribution $$D$$ and apply the theorems on $$X' = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n}Z_i}{n}$$. Then, it is proved from Hoeffding that the results and bounds obtained via this process hold for $$X$$ as well.

If n is larger than N/2, it can be useful to apply symmetry to "invert" the bounds, which give you the following:

 * $$\begin{align}

\Pr[X\le (p - t)n] &\le e^{-(N-n)\text{D}(p+\tfrac{tn}{N-n}||p)} \le e^{-2 t^2 n \tfrac{n}{N-n}}\\ \\ \Pr[X\ge (p+t)n] &\le e^{-(N-n)\text{D}(p-\tfrac{tn}{N-n}||p)} \le e^{-2 t^2 n \tfrac{n}{N-n}}\\ \end{align}\!$$

Hypergeometric test
The hypergeometric test uses the hypergeometric distribution to measure the statistical significance of having drawn a sample consisting of a specific number of $$k$$ successes (out of $$n$$ total draws) from a population of size $$N$$ containing $$K$$ successes. In a test for over-representation of successes in the sample, the hypergeometric p-value is calculated as the probability of randomly drawing $$k$$ or more successes from the population in $$n$$ total draws. In a test for under-representation, the p-value is the probability of randomly drawing $$k$$ or fewer successes.

The test based on the hypergeometric distribution (hypergeometric test) is identical to the corresponding one-tailed version of Fisher's exact test. Reciprocally, the p-value of a two-sided Fisher's exact test can be calculated as the sum of two appropriate hypergeometric tests (for more information see ).

The test is often used to identify which sub-populations are over- or under-represented in a sample. This test has a wide range of applications. For example, a marketing group could use the test to understand their customer base by testing a set of known customers for over-representation of various demographic subgroups (e.g., women, people under 30).

Related distributions
Let $$X\sim\operatorname{Hypergeometric}(N,K,n)$$ and $$p=K/N$$.

 * If $$n=1$$ then $$X$$ has a Bernoulli distribution with parameter $$p$$.
 * Let $$Y$$ have a binomial distribution with parameters $$n$$ and $$p$$; this models the number of successes in the analogous sampling problem with replacement. If $$N$$ and $$K$$ are large compared to $$n$$, and $$p$$ is not close to 0 or 1, then $$X$$ and $$Y$$ have similar distributions, i.e., $$P(X \le k) \approx P(Y \le k)$$.
 * If $$n$$ is large, $$N$$ and $$K$$ are large compared to $$n$$, and $$p$$ is not close to 0 or 1, then
 * $$P(X \le k) \approx \Phi \left( \frac{k-n p}{\sqrt{n p (1-p)}} \right)$$

where $$\Phi$$ is the standard normal distribution function
 * If the probabilities of drawing a green or red marble are not equal (e.g. because green marbles are bigger/easier to grasp than red marbles) then $$X$$ has a noncentral hypergeometric distribution
 * The beta-binomial distribution is a conjugate prior for the hypergeometric distribution.

The following table describes four distributions related to the number of successes in a sequence of draws:

Multivariate hypergeometric distribution
The model of an urn with green and red marbles can be extended to the case where there are more than two colors of marbles. If there are Ki marbles of color i in the urn and you take n marbles at random without replacement, then the number of marbles of each color in the sample (k1, k2,..., kc) has the multivariate hypergeometric distribution:

 * $$\Pr(X_1 = k_1, \ldots, X_c = k_c) = \frac{\prod\limits_{i=1}^c \binom{K_i}{k_i}}{\binom{N}{n}}$$

This has the same relationship to the multinomial distribution that the hypergeometric distribution has to the binomial distribution—the multinomial distribution is the "with-replacement" distribution and the multivariate hypergeometric is the "without-replacement" distribution.

The properties of this distribution are given in the adjacent table, where c is the number of different colors and $$N=\sum_{i=1}^c K_i$$ is the total number of marbles in the urn.

Example
Suppose there are 5 black, 10 white, and 15 red marbles in an urn. If six marbles are chosen without replacement, the probability that exactly two of each color are chosen is
 * $$ P(2\text{ black}, 2\text{ white}, 2\text{ red}) = {{{5 \choose 2}{10 \choose 2} {15 \choose 2}}\over {30 \choose 6}} = 0.079575596816976$$

Application to auditing elections

Election audits typically test a sample of machine-counted precincts to see if recounts by hand or machine match the original counts. Mismatches result in either a report or a larger recount. The sampling rates are usually defined by law, not statistical design, so for a legally defined sample size $n$, what is the probability of missing a problem which is present in $K$ precincts, such as a hack or bug? This is the probability that $k = 0.$ Bugs are often obscure, and a hacker can minimize detection by affecting only a few precincts, which will still affect close elections, so a plausible scenario is for $K$ to be on the order of 5% of $N$. Audits typically cover 1% to 10% of precincts (often 3%),  so they have a high chance of missing a problem. For example, if a problem is present in 5 of 100 precincts, a 3% sample has 86% probability that $k = 0$ so the problem would not be noticed, and only 14% probability of the problem appearing in the sample (positive $k$):

\begin{align} \operatorname{\boldsymbol\mathcal P}\{\ X = 0\ \} & = \frac{\ \left[\ \binom{\text{Hack}}{0} \binom{ N\ -\ \text{Hack}}{ n\ -\ 0 }\ \right]\ }{\left[\ \binom{N}{n}\ \right]} = \frac{\ \left[\ \binom{N\ -\ \text{Hack}}{n}\ \right]}{\ \left[\ \binom{N}{n}\ \right]\ } = \frac{\ \left[\ \frac{\ (N\ -\ \text{Hack})!\ }{n!(N\ -\ \text{Hack}-n)!}\ \right]\ }{\left[\ \frac{N!}{n!(N\ -\ n)!}\ \right]} = \frac{\ \left[\ \frac{(N-\text{Hack})!}{(N\ -\ \text{Hack}\ -\ n)!}\ \right]\ }{\left[\ \frac{N!}{(N\ -\ n)!}\ \right]} \\[8pt] & = \frac{\ \left[\ \binom{100-5}{3}\ \right]\ }{\ \left[\ \binom{100}{3}\ \right]\ } = \frac{\ \left[\ \frac{(100-5)!}{(100-5-3)!}\ \right]\ }{\left[\ \frac{100!}{(100-3)!}\ \right]} = \frac{\ \left[\ \frac{95!}{92!}\ \right]\ }{\ \left[\ \frac{100!}{97!}\ \right]\ } = \frac{\ 95\times94\times93\ }{100\times99\times98} = 86\% \end{align} $$

The sample would need 45 precincts in order to have probability under 5% that k = 0 in the sample, and thus have probability over 95% of finding the problem:
 * $$\operatorname{\boldsymbol\mathcal P}\{\ X = 0\ \} = \frac{\ \left[\ \binom{100-5}{45}\ \right]\ }{\left[\  \binom{100}{45}\ \right]} = \frac{\ \left[\ \frac{95!}{50!}\ \right]\ }{\left[\ \frac{100!}{55!}\ \right]} = \frac{\ 95\times 94\times \cdots \times 51\ }{\ 100\times 99\times \cdots \times 56\ } = \frac{\ 55\times 54\times 53\times 52\times 51\ }{\ 100\times 99\times 98\times 97\times 96\ } = 4.6\% ~.$$

Application to Texas hold'em poker
In hold'em poker players make the best hand they can combining the two cards in their hand with the 5 cards (community cards) eventually turned up on the table. The deck has 52 and there are 13 of each suit. For this example assume a player has 2 clubs in the hand and there are 3 cards showing on the table, 2 of which are also clubs. The player would like to know the probability of one of the next 2 cards to be shown being a club to complete the flush.

(Note that the probability calculated in this example assumes no information is known about the cards in the other players' hands; however, experienced poker players may consider how the other players place their bets (check, call, raise, or fold) in considering the probability for each scenario. Strictly speaking, the approach to calculating success probabilities outlined here is accurate in a scenario where there is just one player at the table; in a multiplayer game this probability might be adjusted somewhat based on the betting play of the opponents.)

There are 4 clubs showing so there are 9 clubs still unseen. There are 5 cards showing (2 in the hand and 3 on the table) so there are $$52-5=47$$ still unseen.

The probability that one of the next two cards turned is a club can be calculated using hypergeometric with $$k=1, n=2, K=9$$ and $$N=47$$. (about 31.64%)

The probability that both of the next two cards turned are clubs can be calculated using hypergeometric with $$k=2, n=2, K=9$$ and $$N=47$$. (about 3.33%)

The probability that neither of the next two cards turned are clubs can be calculated using hypergeometric with $$k=0, n=2, K=9$$ and $$N=47$$. (about 65.03%)

Application to Keno
The hypergeometric distribution is indispensable for calculating Keno odds. In Keno, 20 balls are randomly drawn from a collection of 80 numbered balls in a container, rather like American Bingo. Prior to each draw, a player selects a certain number of spots by marking a paper form supplied for this purpose. For example, a player might play a 6-spot by marking 6 numbers, each from a range of 1 through 80 inclusive. Then (after all players have taken their forms to a cashier and been given a duplicate of their marked form, and paid their wager) 20 balls are drawn. Some of the balls drawn may match some or all of the balls selected by the player. Generally speaking, the more hits (balls drawn that match player numbers selected) the greater the payoff.

For example, if a customer bets ("plays") $1 for a 6-spot (not an uncommon example) and hits 4 out of the 6, the casino would pay out $4. Payouts can vary from one casino to the next, but $4 is a typical value here. The probability of this event is:
 * $$ P(X=4) = f(4;80,6,20) = {{{6 \choose 4} {{80-6} \choose {20-4}}}\over {80 \choose 20}} \approx 0.02853791$$

Similarly, the chance for hitting 5 spots out of 6 selected is $$ {{{6 \choose 5} {{74} \choose {15}}} \over {80 \choose 20}} \approx 0.003095639$$ while a typical payout might be $88. The payout for hitting all 6 would be around $1500 (probability ≈ 0.000128985 or 7752-to-1). The only other nonzero payout might be $1 for hitting 3 numbers (i.e., you get your bet back), which has a probability near 0.129819548.

Taking the sum of products of payouts times corresponding probabilities we get an expected return of 0.70986492 or roughly 71% for a 6-spot, for a house advantage of 29%. Other spots-played have a similar expected return. This very poor return (for the player) is usually explained by the large overhead (floor space, equipment, personnel) required for the game.

title: Hypergeometric distribution


text:
Osric of Deira

Osric (died 633 or 634) was a King of Deira (632–633 or 633–634) in northern England. He was a cousin of king Edwin of Northumbria, being the son of Edwin's uncle Æthelric of Deira. Osric was also the father of Oswine.

After Edwin was killed in battle against Cadwallon ap Cadfan of Gwynedd and Penda of Mercia, Northumbria fell into disarray, with Eanfrith taking power in the sub-kingdom of Bernicia and Osric taking power in Deira. According to Bede, Osric was, like Eanfrith, a Christian who reverted to paganism upon coming to power.

Cadwallon continued his ruinous invasion of Northumbria, however. Bede says that Osric besieged Cadwallon "in a strong town", but Cadwallon successfully "sallied out on a sudden with all his forces, by surprise, and destroyed him [Osric] and all his army."

The year in which he and Eanfrith ruled was subsequently deemed so abhorrent because of their paganism that it was decided to add that year to the reign of the Christian Oswald of Bernicia, who defeated Cadwallon and came to rule both Bernicia and Deira, so as to ignore the brief reigns of Osric and Eanfrith.

title: Osric of Deira