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Colorado Mountain College

Colorado Mountain College (CMC) is a public community college with multiple campuses in western Colorado. Founded in 1965, the institution offers numerous associate degrees, seven bachelor's degrees and a variety of career-technical certificates. Approximately 20,000 students take on-campus or online classes every year.

The CMC district includes six counties in the heart of the Colorado Rocky Mountains: Eagle, Grand, Jackson, Lake, Garfield, Pitkin, Summit, and Routt. The state-designated service area includes: Grand, Jackson, and Chaffee.

Besides eight community campuses, three full-service residential campuses in Leadville, Steamboat Springs, and Spring Valley at Glenwood Springs, provide students with residence halls, cafeterias, recreation facilities, and libraries. Students also have the opportunity to participate in different recreational and educational activities through student clubs, honor societies, a theatre company, and sports teams.

History
On November 2, 1965, voters of five Colorado counties approved the formation of a college district including the Eagle, Garfield, Routt, Lake, Summit and Pitkin counties. The junior college plan was unanimously approved by the State Board of Education and the name "Colorado Mountain College", suggested by the governing committee member, Harold Koonce, was immediately adopted.

The residential campuses of Leadville and Spring Valley at Glenwood Springs were the first ones built, and the first classes started in the fall of 1967, with Dr. Joe Davenport as the first president of the institution, and an in-district tuition of $6.75 per credit hour. Davenport died shortly after the opening of the two campuses, crashing his single-engine plane while attempting to land in Glenwood Springs.

The first 22 programs offered were Astrogeophysical Technology, Automobile Mechanics, Building Trades, Civil Technology, Commercial Photography, Data Processing, Drafting-Design Technology, Electrical-Electronics Technology, Metals Technology, Industrial Management, Farm and Ranch Management, Food Service Technology, Home Economics, Landscape Technology, Mining Technology, Office Management, Photographic Technology, Recreation Supervision, Resort Management and Secretarial Science.

In 1972, Summit County offered its first courses, followed by expansions in Rifle, Salida and Buena Vista. In 1974, the college received full accreditation by the North Central Association of Schools and Colleges.

The Isaacson School for Communication, Arts & Media, opened in 2012 with classes at the Spring Valley campus. That same year, a three-story $18 million Academic Center was opened at CMC Steamboat Springs.

In November 2019, the Salida and Poncha Springs communities voted to join the Colorado Mountain College special taxing district, while simultaneously the existing CMC district also voted to have them join, creating the newest CMC location.

The federal government designated Colorado Mountain College as a Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI) in 2021 after reaching enrollment of 25% or more Latino students.

Community campuses
Colorado Mountain College has eight community campuses and three full-service residential campuses that provide residence halls, cafeterias, student recreation facilities, and libraries, and are available for summer conferences.

Aspen
The Aspen community campus serves traditional and non-traditional students. Colorado Mountain College Aspen facilities include computer labs, "smart rooms", science lab, fitness studio, gallery, and art studios. It is also home to Aspen-Santa Fe Ballet. CMC Aspen offers various degrees and certificate programs.

Breckenridge and Dillon
The Breckenridge and Dillon campuses provide certificate, bachelor's and associate degree programs to students in Summit County. Colorado Mountain College Breckenridge offers traditional classroom settings, professional training opportunities and online courses. The Dillon Center also offers extensive options for college-level classes, English as a Second Language programs and technology-based learning labs.

Colorado Mountain College in Breckenridge and Dillon is home to CMC's Culinary Arts program, one of the few apprentice-based culinary programs in the country.

CMC's Summit County campuses also offer a Wilderness Emergency Medical Services certificate program, Outdoor Education, Nursing, and a variety of other programs, degrees, certifications, and non-credit classes.

Carbondale
Located in downtown Carbondale, Colorado, the Lappala Center is named after its land donors, Paul and Ginny Lappala, and offers associate and bachelor-level classes for CMC degree programs or transfer. CMC Carbondale also offers dual credit courses for local high school students, non-credit workshops, continuing education opportunities, and fitness classes.

Glenwood Springs
The Glenwood Springs campus offers associate and bachelor's level classes for CMC degree programs or for transfer. CMC Glenwood Springs also offers dual credit courses for local high school students, non-credit workshops, seminars, continuing education, and personal advancement opportunities.

Rifle
Process technology, solar energy, and welding are offered on-campus in Rifle, where students gain hands-on experience with a non-functioning gas and oil pad, gas processing facility, and solar farm that generates 33% of campus power.

Salida
In November 2019 voters overwhelmingly chose to annex Salida and Poncha Springs into CMC's district, creating the newest CMC campus. Salida students can enroll in certificate, associate, and bachelor-level classes for CMC degree programs like EMT Basic, Certified Nurse Aide, Business Administration, Early Childhood Education, Elementary Education, and Nursing pre-requisites.

Vail Valley at Edwards
The campus in Edwards provides certificates, associate and bachelor's degrees, ESL and GED classes. The college also prepares students to transfer to other four-year institutions. CMC's Edwards campus often hosts community events and educational opportunities.

Leadville

The Leadville residential campus was one of the first Colorado Mountain College campuses, built in 1967. CMC Leadville is the highest elevation college campus in the country, at 10,152 feet above sea level, with views of Colorado's two highest peaks, Mount Massive and Mount Elbert. The campus itself consists of six main buildings, all named after mines in the region: Mountain View Residence Hall, Climax Molybdenum Leadership Center, Pinnacle Resource Center, New Discovery Academic Center, Crown Point, and Coronado Café. The Mountain View Residence Hall has capacity for 128 students in 64 rooms.

Colorado Mountain College Leadville offers over 40 degrees and certificate options, including Ski Area Operations, Outdoor Recreation Leadership, and Ecosystem Science & Stewardship. CMC Leadville has a tradition to form top Ski Operations professionals, and alumni are often recognized for their accomplishments at local resorts as well as international events.

Spring Valley at Glenwood Springs

One of CMC's original campuses built in 1967, Spring Valley has 124 rooms in the Sopris Residence Hall. Spring Valley offers bachelor's and associate degree classes for several programs in science labs, smart rooms and traditional classrooms.

The Spring Valley campus has a 220-acre veterinary facility with large and small animals, mountain biking trails, an 18-hole disc golf course and a soccer field park. Approximately 1500 students pursue education in photography, design, veterinary medicine, nursing, outdoor education and more. Spring Valley is also home for the Isaacson School for Communication, Arts and Media's facilities, with a prototype lab, radio, video and photo studios.

This is the main theater certificate campus, hosting theater and musical performances throughout the year at the New Space Theatre.

Steamboat Springs

Colorado Mountain College Steamboat Springs provides flexible course schedules for a variety of associate and bachelor's degrees and certificate programs. Notable programs include ski & snowboard business, resort management, art, science, outdoor education, restaurant management and dozens more. With 110 residence hall rooms, a disc golf course and a ski/snowboard rail yard, the CMC Steamboat Springs residential campus offers access to recreation in every season.

The campus also hosts the SnowSports Industries America (SIA) certificate tests, for snowsports industry professionals.

The Colorado Mountain College Steamboat Ski Team is an associate member of the Rocky Mountain Intercollegiate Ski Association (RMISA), the strongest college ski racing conference in the country.

Academics
Colorado Mountain College offers seven bachelor's degrees, 53 associate degrees, and 72 certificates of one-year or less. The college also provides GED and ESL classes, continuing education, non-credit classes, and workshops to Colorado Mountain communities. Most of its academic programs meet the requirements of the Colorado State Guaranteed Transfer Courses. Colorado Mountain College is known for small class sizes, personalized attention, and hands-on experience.

Non-credit
Students can choose from more than 300 different non-credit classes to continue their education at Colorado Mountain College's 11 locations. From French cuisine, local geology, personal financing, yoga, social media skills, or learn to crochet.

Concurrent enrollment
High school students in CMC districts can earn college credits from Colorado Mountain College before graduating high school through the Colorado Concurrent Enrollment Programs Act (CEPA). One can take dual college and high school credits in commonly required classes as English, math, speech, foreign language, computer science and psychology.

The College-Level Examination Program (CLEP) at Colorado Mountain College, also gives students of any age the opportunity to demonstrate college-level achievement through a program of exams in undergraduate college courses.

Tuition
CMC offers three tuition rates based on residence status: In-District, In-State, and Out-of-State tuition. Other special tuition rates include a CMC Service Area Rate, and a Veterans & Military Families Discount Rate.

Isaacson School for Communication, Arts & Media
The school was named after the author and journalist, Walter Isaacson, former president and CEO of the Aspen Institute, a nonpartisan educational and policy studies organization based in Washington, D.C., and Aspen, Colorado. Isaacson is also former chairman and CEO of Cable News Network (CNN) and former managing editor of Time magazine.

Notable graduates of the Isaacson School include Pat Davison, who was part of a team awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 2000.

Sopris Theatre

The company usually performs three to five theatre productions each season, in its theatre that seats 100 people at the Colorado Mountain College Spring Valley at Glenwood Springs campus.

Sustainability
Colorado Mountain College is one of the nine postsecondary institutions in the US, and the only in Colorado, to receive the 2017 U.S. Department of Education Green Ribbon for Schools Postsecondary Sustainability Award. In January 2019, the U.S. Green Building Council and Second Nature honored Colorado Mountain College as one of eight U.S. institutions to receive the 2018 Higher Education Climate Leadership Awards. CMC's award, an honorable mention, is for cross-sector collaboration, recognizing the college's students, faculty and administration for partnering with many other organizations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, monitor changes in climate and support land preservation.

Some of the sustainability efforts applied to all its campuses are: recycling, conduct professional energy audits, replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent or LED bulbs, replaced conventional thermostats with programmable, use green cleaning products and paper products made from recycled fibers.

Notable alumni

 * Chris Klug, three-time Olympic snowboarder who has eleven US national snowboarding titles; won a bronze medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics
 * Johnny Spillane, Olympic silver medalist in Nordic combined
 * Katie Uhlaender, four-time Olympic skeleton racer
 * Elizabeth Velasco, member of the Colorado House of Representatives from the 57th district

title: Colorado Mountain College


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Deprecation

Deprecation is the discouragement of use of something human-made, such as a term, feature, design, or practice. Typically something is deprecated because it is claimed to be inferior compared to other options available.

Something may be deprecated when it cannot be controlled, such as a term. Even when it can be controlled, something may be deprecated even when it might be useful for example, to ensure compatibility  and it may be removed or discontinued at some time after being deprecated.

Etymology
In general English usage, the verb "to deprecate" means "to express disapproval of (something)". It derives from the Latin deponent verb deprecari, meaning "to ward off (a disaster) by prayer".

An early documented usage of "deprecate" in this sense is in Usenet posts in 1984, referring to obsolete features in 4.2BSD and the C programming language. An expanded definition of "deprecate" was cited in the Jargon File in its 1991 revision, and similar definitions are found in commercial software documentation from 2014 and 2023.

Software
While a deprecated software feature remains in the software, its use may raise warning messages recommending alternative practices. Deprecated status may also indicate the feature will be removed in the future. Features are deprecated, rather than immediately removed, to provide backward compatibility and to give programmers time to bring affected code into compliance with the new standard.

Notable reasons for deprecation include:

Other usage
A building code example is the use of ungrounded ("2-prong") electrical receptacles (UK English: "unearthed"). Over time, these older devices were widely deprecated in favor of safer grounded ("3-prong") receptacles. The older, ungrounded receptacles were still permitted in many places by "grandfathering" them in existing electrical wiring, while prohibiting them for new installations. Thus, though ungrounded receptacles may still be available for legal purchase in a location where they are obsolete, they would generally be intended only for repairs to existing older electrical installations.

In writing and editing, usage of a word may be deprecated because it is ambiguous, confusing, or offensive to some readers. For example, the words sanction and inflammable may be misinterpreted because they have auto-antonymic or self-contradictory meanings; writing style guides often recommend substituting other words that are clearly understood and unambiguous. Some word usages that have acquired different connotations over time, such as gay or colored, may be deprecated as obsolete in formal writing.

In technical standards, use of a certain clause may be discouraged or superseded by new clauses. As an example, in the Ethernet standard IEEE 802.3-2012, Clause 5 (Layer Management) is "deprecated" by Clause 30 (Management), except for 5.2.4.

Deprecation may also occur when a technical term becomes obsolete, either through change or supersession. An example from paleontology is the previously deprecated term Brontosaurus: before being recognized once again as a unique genus, it was considered a popular, yet deprecated, name for the genus Apatosaurus. Some deprecated terms in medicine are consumption (tuberculosis), grippe (influenza), and apoplexy (stroke). In chemical nomenclature, the international standards organization IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) has deprecated the term "methyl ethyl ketone", and now recommends using the term "ethyl methyl ketone" instead.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Deprecation


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Antonio de Ulloa

Antonio de Ulloa (12 January 1716 – 3 July 1795) was a Spanish naval officer, scientist, and administrator. At the age of nineteen, he joined the French Geodesic Mission to what is now the country of Ecuador. That mission took more than eight years to complete its work, during which time Ulloa made many astronomical, natural, and social observations in South America. The reports of Ulloa's findings earned him an international reputation as a leading savant. Those reports include the first published observations of the metal platinum, later identified as a new chemical element. Ulloa was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1746, and as a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1751.

Ulloa served the Spanish Crown as governor of Huancavelica (1758–64), in Perú, and superintendent of the quicksilver mines in the region. Following the defeat of France in the Seven Years' War, Ulloa was appointed as the first Spanish governor of Louisiana in 1766. His rule was strongly resisted by the French Creole colonists in New Orleans, who expelled him from the city in the Louisiana Rebellion of 1768. Ulloa continued to serve in the Spanish Navy, achieving the rank of vice-admiral and becoming its chief of operations.

Family background and education
Antonio de Ulloa was born in Seville, Spain, into an aristocratic and intellectually distinguished family. His father, Bernardo de Ulloa, was noted for his writings on economics. His brother Fernando would become an engineer and the chief of works of the Canal de Castilla. Destined for a naval career, at the age of thirteen Antonio embarked in Cádiz on the galleon San Luis, bound for the port of Cartagena de Indias (in present-day Colombia). After returning to Cádiz, Antonio entered the Real Compañía de Guardias Marinas (the Spanish Naval Academy) in 1733.

South American expedition
At that time the French Academy of Sciences was organizing a major scientific expedition to Quito, in present-day Ecuador, in order to measure the length of a degree of meridian arc (i.e., latitude) at the equator. This was part of an effort to determine in the precise figure of the Earth in order to settle the scientific debate between the defenders of René Descartes's physics and those who advocated the newer Newtonian mechanics. In 1735, Ulloa and another young naval officer, Jorge Juan, were appointed by the Spanish Crown to accompany the French Geodesic Mission to Quito. This was a sensitive assignment, both politically and scientifically.

The early work of the French Geodesic Mission, led by Charles Marie de La Condamine, was delayed and hindered by lack of cooperation from the local Spanish authorities. Indeed, in 1737 the personal dispute between Ulloa and the president of the Real Audiencia de Quito, Joseph de Araujo y Río, reached such a pitch that Araujo ordered the arrest of Ulloa and Juan, announcing his intention to have them killed. Juan and Ulloa took refuge in a church and Ulloa then escaped through the cordon of Araujo's men, reaching Lima and obtaining the protection of the Viceroy of Peru, the Marquis of Villagarcía. When war between Spain and Great Britain broke out in 1739 (see War of Jenkins' Ear), Juan and Ulloa, as naval officers, actively participated in the defense of Peru.

Ulloa traveled throughout the territories of the Viceroyalty of Peru from 1736 to 1744, making many astronomic, natural, and social observations. In one of his reports he described, for the first time in the European scientific literature, some of the properties of a metal that he called platina ("little silver") and which he encountered during his inspection the gold panning operations in the Chocó region of what is now Colombia. This metal would later be identified as a new chemical element, now known as platinum. Ulloa is therefore often credited as the discoverer of platinum.

The final results of French Geodesic Mission, published by La Condamine in 1745, combined with the measurements of meridian arc near the Arctic Circle that had been published in 1738 by Pierre Louis Maupertuis following the French Geodesic Mission to Lapland, decisively vindicated the predictions first made by Isaac Newton in Book III of his Principia Mathematica of 1687. These results greatly contributed to the triumph of Newtonianism over Cartesianism among Continental European savants.

Return to Spain

In 1745, having finished their scientific labours, Ulloa and Jorge Juan prepared to return to Spain, agreeing to travel on different ships in order to minimize the danger of losing their important samples and records. The ship upon which Ulloa was travelling was captured by the British Royal Navy, and he was taken to England as a prisoner of war. In Britain, however, Ulloa was soon befriended by leading men of science. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in December 1746. Thanks in part to the intervention of Martin Folkes, the President of the Royal Society, Ulloa was released from custody and allowed to return to Spain.

In 1749, Ulloa published his Relación histórica del viaje a la América Meridional (Madrid, 1748), which contains a full, accurate, and clear description of the greater part of South America geographically, and of its inhabitants and natural history. It was translated into English and published in 1758 as A Voyage to South America (1758).

Shortly after their return to Spain, Juan and Ulloa penned a confidential report to their political patron, the Marquess of Ensenada, on the state of the defenses and administration of the Spanish domains in South America. The document is highly critical of the corruption of both the civil authorities and the Catholic clergy, including their exploitation of the Native American population. That report remained unpublished during the lifetimes of its authors. It only became public in 1826, after the independence of South America from Spain, when it was published in London by an Englishman named David Barry, who had himself returned disillusioned from the newly independent Spanish America.

Ulloa gained an international scientific reputation and was appointed to serve on various important scientific commissions. With Jorge Juan, he is credited with the establishment of the first museum of natural history, the first metallurgical laboratory in Spain, and the astronomical observatory of Cádiz. In 1751, Ulloa was elected as a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

Imperial administrator

Ulloa returned to South America in 1758 as governor of Huancavelica, in Peru, and general manager of the quicksilver mines in the region. At the time, quicksilver (mercury) was of great practical importance because of its use in the extraction of silver and gold. Ulloa fought unsuccessfully against the deep-rooted corruption in the local administration and finally requested to be relieved of his post in 1764.

Following the defeat of France by Britain in the Seven Years' War, France agreed in the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau to cede to Spain its remaining territories in North America. The Spanish Crown then appointed Ulloa as the first governor of Spanish Louisiana. Ulloa reached New Orleans, the major city and port of the region, on 5 March 1766. The French Creole colonists refused to recognize Spanish rule, leading to the Louisiana Rebellion of 1768. On 28 October, as riots broke out in New Orleans, the governor and his pregnant wife were taken to a Spanish vessel. The Superior Council voted that the governor leave within three days. He complied, departing on 1 November. The revolt was ultimately crushed in 1769 by forces under the command of the new Spanish governor, Alejandro O'Reilly, who succeeded in establishing definitively the control of the region by the Spanish Crown.

Between 1776 and 1778, in the context of the American Revolutionary War, in which Spain supported the fight against British rule of the Thirteen Colonies, Ulloa helped organize a fleet of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (present-day Mexico) and construction of a military shipyard in the Atlantic port of Veracruz. He was in command of the last great naval fleet to sail from Cádiz to the Americas.

Later years
In 1768, while serving in New Orleans as governor of Spanish Louisiana, Ulloa married a woman from the high society of Lima, Francisca Melchora Rosa Ramírez de Laredo y Encalada, daughter of the Count of San Javier y Casa Laredo. The couple had six children, among them Francisco Javier de Ulloa who became the Spanish Minister of Marine and the 22nd Captain general of the Navy.

In 1779, Ulloa was promoted to teniente general de la Armada (i.e., vice-admiral). In that same year he participated in the Great Siege of Gibraltar, but failure to prevent the first British relief of Gibraltar led to charges of dereliction of duty against Ulloa and two captains under his command, Pedro de Leyba and Manuel Núñez Gaona. The drawn-out military justice proceedings ended with Ulloa's acquittal. Ulloa was later appointed as chief of operations of the Spanish Navy, a position that he occupied at the time of his death in 1795.

Legacy

Besides his role in the determination of the figure of the Earth and his pioneering reports on platinum, Ulloa is also remembered in science for his description of the meteorological phenomenon known as "Ulloa's halo", or sometimes "Bouguer's halo", which an observer may see infrequently in fog when the sun breaks through (for example, on a mountain). This is a fog bow, as opposed to a rainbow. A fog-bow is defined as "an infrequently observed meteorological phenomenon; a faint white, circular arc or complete ring of light that has a radius of 39 degrees and is centered on the antisolar point. When observed, it is usually in the form of a separate outer ring around an anticorona."

The confidential report to the Marquess of Ensenada, signed jointly by Jorge Juan and Antonio de Ulloa and written around 1746, remained unknown to the public until it was published in London in 1826 by an Englishman named David Barry, under the title Noticias secretas de América ("Secret News from America"). Barry had spent some time in the newly independent Spanish America seeking opportunities for investment, only to become thoroughly disillusioned about the prospects for the region. The Noticias secretas paints a dire picture of the state of the administration of the Spanish dominions in America in the 1730s and 1740s, alleging many instances of official corruption and mismanagement by both the civil and the ecclesiastical authorities, and denouncing the exploitation of the Native American population by unscrupulous governors and priests. As such, it has caused enduring controversy among historians of Spanish America.

Tributes

 * In 2016, Spain issued a stamp in tribute to Antonio de Ulloa.
 * In 2013 the University of Seville created a CRAI - Library named after him.

title: Antonio de Ulloa


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Polydactyly

Polydactyly or polydactylism, also known as hyperdactyly, is an anomaly in humans and non-human animals resulting in supernumerary fingers and/or toes. Polydactyly is the opposite of oligodactyly (fewer fingers or toes).

Context
As of 1977, the incidence of congenital deformities in newborns was approximately 2%, and 10% of these deformities involve the upper extremity.

In 1961, Frantz and O’Rahilly proposed that congenital anomalies of the limb could be classified in seven categories, based on the embryonic failure causing the clinical presentation. These categories are failure of formation of parts, failure of differentiation, duplication, overgrowth, undergrowth, congenital constriction band syndrome, and generalized skeletal abnormalities. In 1976 this was modified by Swanson. Polydactyly belongs to the category of duplication.

As of 2009, research has shown that the majority of congenital anomalies occur during the 4-week embryologic period of rapid limb development.

As of 2002, polydactyly has been associated with 39 genetic mutations.

Signs and symptoms
In humans/animals this condition can present itself on one or both hands or feet. The extra digit is usually a small piece of soft tissue that can be removed. Occasionally it contains bone without joints; rarely it may be a complete functioning digit. The extra digit is most common on the ulnar (little finger) side of the hand, less common on the radial (thumb) side, and very rarely within the middle three digits. These are respectively known as postaxial (little finger), preaxial (thumb), and central (ring, middle, index fingers) polydactyly. The extra digit is most commonly an abnormal fork in an existing digit, or it may rarely originate at the wrist as a normal digit does. Polydactyly can be divided into three major types, which are discussed below, which depend on the location of the additional digit.

In 2019 it was found that in cases of polydactyly with a fully functional additional digit, muscles to control the extra digit may be duplicated, resulting in increased motor control that allows the patient to carry out certain tasks with one hand that would normally require two.

Ulnar or postaxial polydactyly
This is the most common situation, in which the extra digit is on the ulnar side of the hand, thus the side of the little finger. This can also be called postaxial polydactyly. It can manifest itself very subtly, for instance only as a nubbin on the ulnar side of the little finger, or very distinctly, as a fully developed finger. Most commonly, the extra finger is rudimentary, consisting of an end phalanx with a nail, and connected to the hand with a small skin pedicle. Mostly one neurovascular bundle can be identified, with no tendons present in the extra digit. In case of a fully developed extra finger, the duplication usually presents itself at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint. A triplication of the little finger is very rare. Ulnar polydactyly occurs ten times more often in African populations. The incidence in Caucasians is reported as 1 in 1,339 live births, compared with 1 in 143 live births in Africans. Ulnar polydactyly is also often part of a syndrome. In patients with African ancestry ulnar polydactyly mostly occurs isolated, whereas the presentation in Caucasians is often associated with a syndrome, though in a retrospective review, only 4 of 37 cases of ulnar polydactyly in Caucasians were syndromic.

Radial or preaxial polydactyly
This is a less common situation, in which the affectation is on the side of the hand towards the thumb. Radial polydactyly refers to the presence of an extra digit (or extra digits) on the radial side of the hand. It is most frequent in Indian populations and it is the second most common congenital hand disorder. The incidence of radial polydactyly is reported as 1 in every 3,000 live births. The clinical features of radial polydactyly will depend upon the extent of duplication. Radial polydactyly varies from a barely visible radial skin tag to complete duplication. Thumb polydactyly varies from barely visible broadening of the distal phalanx to full duplication of the thumb including the first metacarpal. Radial polydactyly is frequently associated with several syndromes.

Central polydactyly
This is a very rare situation, in which the extra digit is on the ring, middle or index finger. Of these fingers, the index finger is most often affected, whereas the ring finger is rarely affected. This type of polydactyly can be associated with syndactyly, cleft hand and several syndromes. Polysyndactyly presents various degrees of syndactyly affecting fingers three and four.

Causes
Polydactyly is associated with different mutations, either mutations in a gene itself or in a cis-regulatory element responsible for the expression of a specific gene. Mutations in Hoxa- or Hoxd clusters are reported leading to polydactyly. Interactions of Hoxd13 and GLI3 induce synpolydactyly, a combination of extra and consolidated digits. Other signal transduction pathways in this context are the Wnt signaling pathway or Notch.

In the specific case of preaxial polydactyly (Hemingway mutant), a cis-acting mutation approximately 1Mb upstream of SHH gene has been implicated. Normally SHH is expressed in an organiser region, called the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA) on the posterior limb side. From there it diffuses anteriorly, laterally to the growth direction of the limb. In the mutant, smaller ectopic expression in a new organiser region is seen on the anterior side of the limb. This ectopic expression causes cell proliferation delivering the raw material for one or more new digits.

Polydactyly can occur by itself, or more commonly, as one feature of a syndrome of congenital anomalies. When it occurs by itself, it is associated with autosomal dominant mutations in single genes, i.e. it is not a multifactorial trait. But mutation in a variety of genes can give rise to polydactyly. Typically the mutated gene is involved in developmental patterning, and a syndrome of congenital anomalies results, of which polydactyly is one feature or two.

Polydactyly has been linked to the prenatal environment in a 2020 study showing a relationship to maternal PM10 pollution exposure in China.

Types include:

Syndromes
Because polydactyly can be part of a syndrome (known genetic defect) or association (genetic defect not known), children with a congenital upper extremity deformity should be examined by a geneticist for other congenital anomalies. This should also be done if a syndrome is suspected, or if more than two or three generations of the family are affected.

As of 2009, 97 genetic syndromes have been associated with different kinds of polydactyly.

Examples of syndromes include Diamond–Blackfan anemia, and the VACTERL association, acrocallosal syndrome, basal cell nevus syndrome, Biemond syndrome, ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasias-cleft lip/palate syndrome, mirror hand deformity, Mohr syndrome, oral-facial-digital syndrome, Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, short rib polydactyly.

Ulnar polydactyly
Ulnar polydactyly is often bilateral and associated with syndactyly and polydactyly of the feet. This can be a simple or complex polydactyly. Ulnar polydactyly occurs as an isolated congenital condition, but can also be part of a syndrome, such as: Trisomy 13, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome, Meckel syndrome, Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, McKusick–Kaufman syndrome, Down syndrome, Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome.

Radial polydactyly
Type VII of radial polydactyly is associated with several syndromes: Holt–Oram syndrome, Fanconi anemia (aplastic anemia by the age of 6), Townes–Brocks syndrome, and Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (also known to occur with ulnar polydactyly).

Central polydactyly
The syndromes associated with central polydactyly are: Bardet–Biedl syndrome, Meckel syndrome, Pallister–Hall syndrome, Legius syndrome, Holt–Oram syndrome. Central polydactyly can also be associated with syndactyly and cleft hand.

Polydactyly and evolution
From an evo-devo point of view, polydactyly is a phenotypic variation or innovation, as the fingers and toes arise in places where nothing is phenotypically present in the wild type. Although it is initiated by a point mutation, it occurs as a polyphenism with different numbers of toes. The analysis of the additional toe numbers of Maine Coon cats revealed that the number of toes follows a developmental bias: 2 additional toes occur much more frequently than 4, these more frequently than 6 or 8 additional ones. Also, for the evo-devo theory, polydactyly cannot be adequately explained by genetic mutation alone, but only by constructive development, i.e. the ability of development to produce a complex phenotypic output. The corresponding symbolic generation of toes can now be shown in computer models.

Diagnosis
Classification is performed by using x-ray imaging to see the bone structures.

Ulnar polydactyly
The classification of ulnar polydactyly exists of either two or three types. The two-stage classification, according to Temtamy and McKusick, involves type A and B. In type A there is an extra little finger at the metacarpophalangeal joint, or more proximal including the carpometacarpal joint. The little finger can be hypoplastic or fully developed. Type B varies from a nubbin to an extra, non-functional little finger part on a pedicle. According to the three-type classification, type I includes nubbins or floating little fingers, type II includes duplications at the MCPJ, and type III includes duplications of the entire ray.

Radial polydactyly
The Wassel classification is the most widely used classification of radial polydactyly, based upon the most proximal level of skeletal duplication. The most common type is Wassel 4 (about 50% of such duplications) followed by Wassel 2 (20%) and Wassel 6 (12%).

Central polydactyly
The classification of central polydactyly is based on the extent of duplication and involves the following three types: Type I is a central duplication, not attached to the adjacent finger by osseous or ligamentous attachments; it frequently does not include bones, joints, cartilage, or tendons. Type IIA is a nonsyndactylous duplication of a digit or part of a digit with normal components, and articulates with a broad or bifid metacarpal or phalanx. Type IIB is a syndactylous duplication of a digit or part of a digit with normal components, and articulates with a broad or bifid metacarpal or phalanx. Type III is a complete digital duplication, which has a well-formed duplicated metacarpal.

Ulnar polydactyly
Ulnar polydactyly usually does not interfere with hand function, but for social reasons it can be treated operatively.

Type A ulnar polydactyly
The treatment of Type A ulnar polydactyly is complex as its goal is to remove the accessory digit while maintaining a stable, functional small finger. When the duplicated proximal phalanx articulates with a common, broad metacarpal head, the ulnar collateral ligament must be considered. In those cases with a common articulation or with a sixth metacarpal the muscle executing the abduction of the little finger (abductor digiti minimi) must be preserved. In patients with a common metacarpal articulation an elliptical incision at the base of the post-axial digit is made. This incision may be extended proximally in order to adequately expose the abductor digiti minimi. The ulnar collateral ligament and the insertions of the abductor digiti minimi are then elevated with a periosteal sleeve. The duplicated extensor and flexor tendons to the ulnar digit are transected and after that the digit is amputated at its articulation with the metacarpal. If the articular surface is wide the metacarpal may be shaved. At last the collateral ligament and abductor digiti minimi are reinserted at the base of the preserved proximal phalanx and a wire is then placed across the reconstructed joint. In patients with a duplicated metacarpal, the accessory digit is amputated in a standard ray fashion with transfer of the abductor digiti minimi to the retained small finger.

Type B ulnar polydactyly
In this situation there is an absence of osseous and ligamentous structures. The surgical technique is analogous to radial polydactyly, in which the level of duplication and anatomical components should guide operative treatment. The pedicled ulnar extra digit can be removed by suture ligation to devise the skin bridge of the newborn child. This might be easier than an excision of the extra digit when the child is 6 to 12 months old. Ligation occludes the vascular supply to the duplicated digit, resulting in dry gangrene and subsequent autoamputation. This must be done with consideration of the presence of a neurovascular bundle, even in very small skin bridges. When the ligation is done inappropriately it can give a residual nubbin. Also, a neuroma can develop in the area of the scar. An excision can prevent the development of a residual nubbin and the sensitivity due to a neuroma.

For infants with ulnar type B polydactyly the recommended treatment is ligation in the neonatal nursery. A 2011 study opined that excision of an extra digit in the neonatal nursery was a safe and simple procedure with a good clinical and cosmetic outcome.

As of 2022, for infants with ulnar type B polydactyly the recommended treatment is surgical excision or suture ligation, when no bony structures exist. Complications of ligation include infection, neuroma or cyst formation.

Radial polydactyly
Because neither of the two thumb components is normal, a decision should be taken on combining which elements to create the best possible composite digit. Instead of amputating the most hypoplastic thumb, preservation of skin, nail, collateral ligaments and tendons is needed to augment the residual thumb. Surgery is recommended in the first year of life, generally between 9 and 15 months of age. Surgical options depend on type of polydactyly.

Bilhaut-Cloquet procedure
This type of procedure is recommended for Wassel types 1 and 2 (in which both thumbs are severely hypoplastic) by some congenital hand surgeons. The technique contains a composite wedge resection of the central bone and soft-tissue. This will be achieved with approach of the lateral tissue of each thumb. The goal is to achieve a normal thumb, what concerns the size, which is possible. If the width of the nail bed is greater than 70% of the contralateral thumb, it may be split.

Ablation with collateral ligament reconstruction
This type of procedure is used for all Wassel types of polydactyly and is the most commonly used technique. It is recommended in all cases of thumb duplication with a hypoplastic, less-functional thumb. Otherwise, one could consider the Bilhaut-Cloquet. The ulnar thumb is preferably preserved as it is the more developed one in most cases.

By detaching the radial collateral ligament from distal to proximal, a periosteal sleeve can be preserved. In this way, the radial collateral band of the radial digit will function as the absent radial collateral ligament of the preserved ulnar thumb.

Elevation of the APB and FPB is performed in Wassel type 4 duplication; this can be accomplished via the periosteum or separately. As the tendons insert proximally, the elevation is performed proximally too to potentially rebalance the ulnar thumb. After the radial thumb is amputated, the ulnar elements are centralized and fixed with a Kirschner wire. In most cases, a longitudinal and sagittal osteotomy is needed to centralize the bony parts of the ulnar thumb. While the soft-tissue of the radial thumb was preserved, it is now attached to the radial side of the ulnar thumb together with the periosteal sleeve. The APB and FPB of the ablated radial thumb are attached to the distal phalanx for more stability. If necessary, the extensor pollicis longus and the flexor pollicis longus are reattached to centralize their course.

In Wassel type 5 and 6 the opponens pollicis muscle must be transferred to the ulnar metacarpal. Soft tissue with collateral ligament reconstruction is used to avoid any angular deformity in the preserved thumb. Tendon centralization is also often used for correction. Still, cases with osseous deformities may happen. To provide alignment, osteotomies are necessary to be done. This operation may need bone grafting, which is obtained from the amputated thumb.

On top plasty procedure
This type is indicated when one thumb is larger proximally and the other thumb has a larger distal component. (The procedure is initially described as a way to lengthen amputated digits.) The goal is to create a functional thumb by combining less-hypoplastic components. On top plasty procedure is rarely employed in the treatment of congenital thumb duplication. It might be necessary for Wassel types 4, 5, 6.

At the level of the mid-proximal phalanx or mid-metacarpal, the distal component is transferred to the proximal component. The tendons of the distal component are preserved as the rest of the distal component is amputated. The neurovascular bundle which supplies the distal component is reserved and transferred proximally.

Central polydactyly
Early osteotomy and ligament reconstructions should be done to prevent deformities, such as angular growth deformities.

The surgical treatment of central polydactyly is highly variable. After the surgery the hand must be functional and stable, but also aesthetically pleasing. This requires intraoperative creativity and flexibility. The surgeon must also consider whether retention of a fully functional supranumerary digit is preferable to surgical intervention. In contrast, a functional, four-fingered hand achieved via ray amputation may be preferable to a five-fingered hand with a deformed or stiff reconstructed finger.

Cases of polysyndactyly are approached through a standard opposing zig-zag incision. The incision is favored toward the accessory digit, preserving extra skin for subsequent closure. Depending on the level and extent of duplication, the flexor and extensor tendons may require centralization or rebalancing. Also, the collateral ligaments must be preserved or reconstructed. Wide articular surfaces should be narrowed and phalangeal wedge osteotomies may be required to provide an axial alignment. Attention must also be given to reconstruct the intermetacarpal ligament. Furthermore, one should take in mind the provision for adequate web-space soft tissue.

Complications
Complications include: painful scarring, infection, joint instability, residual deformity, angulated growth, growth arrest, joint stiffness, and nail bed deformities. A 2014 study reported a 19% revision rate for preaxial polydactyly for pain or instability.

Type A ulnar polydactyly
There are no substantive outcome studies regarding the function of these hands following surgical intervention. This is mainly caused by the fact that there is a generally normal function of these patients’ hands following ablation with collateral ligament reconstruction. In a study on 27 patients undergoing surgical excision for Type A ulnar polydactyly, only one complication was noted in the form of an infection. However, no investigators have objectively reviewed functional range of motion or articular stability.

Type B ulnar polydactyly
In a study on 21 patients with Type B ulnar polydactyly treated with suture ligation it was found that the duplicated digit was typically amputated at an average of 10 days and no complications of infection or bleeding were reported. In a large study on 105 patients treated with suture ligation an overall complication rate of 23.5% was reported, citing a residual tender or unacceptable bump in 16%, infection in 6%, and bleeding in 1% of patients. In general, suture ligation is safe and effective when applied to appropriate cases of Type B polydactyly in which no substantial ligamentous or osseous structures are present within the pedicle. Parents should be educated as to the progression of necrosis, and that revision of residual tissue or scar may be necessary when the child is six months of age or older.

Bilhaut procedure
Advantages: By combining two hypoplastic thumbs a sufficient thumb size is acquired. Furthermore, the IP and MCP joints are very stable as the collateral ligaments are not violated during reconstruction. Disadvantages: Violation during reconstruction can lead to growth arrest or asymmetric growth. Nail deformity could also occur after reconstruction. Although the joints are stable, restriction of flexion may be possible. The average IP flexion in a reconstructed thumb is 55 degrees less than the contralateral thumb. MCP flexion averaged 55 degrees in reconstructed thumbs, compared to 75 degrees in the contralateral thumb.

Ablation with collateral ligament reconstruction
Advantages: The reconstructed joints tend to remain flexible. Also, it preserves the nail bed and physis, this increases the prevention of nail deformities over time. Disadvantages: Although surgeons try to obtain a stable thumb of appropriate size, instability of the IP and MCP joint may occur, as well as a size mismatch. Thumbs are defined as unacceptable if IP joint deviation exceeds 15 degrees, MCP joint deviation exceeds 30 degrees, and thumb size is inappropriate based on the examiner's assessment. Also, thumb size one-third greater or less than the contralateral thumb is defined as unacceptable.

On-top plasty procedure
No surgical outcomes studies exist for evaluating the function of the thumbs after an on-top plasty reconstruction.

Central polydactyly
Few clinical outcome studies exist regarding the treatment of central polydactyly. Tada and colleagues note that satisfactory surgical correction of central polydactyly is difficult to achieve and that outcomes are generally poor. In Tada's study, 12 patients were reviewed. All patients required secondary surgical procedures to address flexion contractures and angular deviation at the IP joint level. However, several primary factors contribute to the complexity of central polydactyly reconstruction. Hypoplastic joints and soft tissues that predispose the reconstructed finger to joint contracture, and angular deformities as well as complex tendon anomalies, are often difficult to address. Therefore, treatment is wholly dependent on the anatomic components present, the degree of syndactyly, and the function of the duplicated finger.

Epidemiology
The condition has an estimated occurrence of 0.3–3.6 per 1000 live births. Postaxial hand polydactyly is most frequent in the United States in Black males. Preaxial polydactyly occurs in 0.08 to 1.4 in 1,000 live births. In the United States, it is more common in White people and also relatively frequent in Native American and Asian people. A 1994 study by Finley et al. combined data from Jefferson County, Alabama, United States, and Uppsala County, Sweden. This study found incidence of all types of polydactyly at rates of 2.3 per 1000 live births of White males, 0.6 per 1000 live births of White females, 13.5 per 1000 live births of Black males, and 11.1 per 1000 live births of Black females.

People with polydactyly

 * Antonio Alfonseca, retired MLB professional baseball pitcher known as El Pulpo (Spanish for "the Octopus") for his extra digit on each extremity.
 * Endre Ady, Hungarian poet born with six fingers, but one was removed as a child. The poet later interpreted it as a sign of his selection (according to the ancient Hungarian belief, the táltos are born with more bones, such as six fingers).
 * Brites de Almeida, a legendary Portuguese woman who killed seven hiding Castilian soldiers in her oven after the Battle of Aljubarrota, had six fingers on each hand.
 * The actress Gemma Arterton was born with six fingers on each hand, the additional fingers being removed after birth.
 * Robert Chambers, purported author of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, and his brother William had six digits on each limb.
 * Lucille Clifton, an African-American poet and civil rights advocate.
 * Zerah Colburn, American prodigious math calculating savant.
 * Calvin Choy, a Hong Konger singer and actor nicknamed "Sir One One" (Sir11) as he has six digits on his right hand.
 * Fourteen members of a Da Silva family in São Paulo, Brazil, have six functional fingers on each hand (the thumb is doubled) and six toes on each foot.
 * Vicente Fox, former President of Mexico, has six toes on each foot.
 * Danny Garcia, boxing champion, has six toes on his right foot.
 * Yoandri Hernández Garrido, nicknamed Veinticuatro ("twenty four" in Spanish), has six fully formed fingers on both hands and six perfect toes on each foot.
 * Hampton Hawes, jazz pianist, was born with six fingers on each hand (the extra fingers were surgically removed shortly after birth).
 * Henry II the Pious, High Duke of Poland 1238–1241, had six toes on his left foot.
 * A boy named Hong Hong born in Pingjiang County, Hunan province, China, has 31 fingers and toes.
 * Kamani Hubbard, a boy in California, was born in 2009 with a rare case of polydactyly, with 12 fingers and 12 toes, all fully functional.
 * Johann Jacob Freiherr von Moscon (1621–1661), Lower Styrian baron, is depicted with six fingers at his left hand on a portrait from Brežice, Slovenia.
 * Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's fourth wife, reportedly had six toes on her right foot.
 * Hrithik Roshan, a Bollywood actor born with a supernumerary thumb on his right hand.
 * Nayanthara, an Indian actress, has a rudimentary finger on her left hand.
 * Akshat Saxena from Uttar Pradesh, India, is the world record holder for highest number of digits. He was born in 2010 with seven digits on each hand and 10 digits on each foot, for a total of 34 digits.
 * Garfield Sobers, West Indian cricketer, had an extra finger on each hand which he removed himself during childhood "with the aid of catgut and a sharp knife".
 * Theodore Roosevelt "Hound Dog" Taylor, Chicago-based American blues guitarist, was born with polydactyly on both hands, although around age 41, he removed the extra finger on his right hand.
 * Varalakshmi V, a girl from Bangalore with eight fingers on each hand and about four to five extra toes on each foot.
 * Volcacius Sedigitus, a Roman poet of the 1st century, probably received his epithet, signifying "Sixfinger", because he was born with six fingers on each hand, according to Pliny.
 * Zhu Yunming, a Chinese calligrapher, had six fingers on his right hand.
 * Reggy B, a drag queen and contestant on the second season of Drag Race Holland, revealed on the show that she was born with an extra thumb on her left hand, three extra toes on one foot, and two extra toes on her other foot. Her extra fingers and toes were surgically removed at a young age.
 * Mert Günok, Turkish national goalkeeper and player of Beşiktaş

Fictional people

 * In The Silence of the Lambs, Hannibal Lecter is described as having mid-ray duplication polydactyly (a duplicated middle finger) on his left hand, which he later removes in Hannibal as part of his cosmetic surgery to disguise himself.
 * Tyrone Rugen, a Count in The Princess Bride, is described many times as "the six-fingered man."
 * Void, an antagonist of the manga series Berserk, has six fingers on each hand.
 * Zigzag, an antagonist from The Thief And The Cobbler, had six fingers on each hand.
 * Billy, a character from Adventure Time, had six fingers on each hand.
 * Kinzo Ushiromiya, the head of the Ushiromiya household from the visual novel Umineko When They Cry, had six toes on each foot. Among the many previous Ushiromiya family heads, those with polydactyly were known for their wisdom.
 * In For Better or For Worse, Leah Nichols was born with 6 fingers on each hand.

Other animals
Polydactyly occurs in numerous types of animals. The condition is sporadically seen in livestock, where it affects cattle, sheep, pigs, and occasionally horses. Conversely, it is a common trait in several heritage chicken breeds. Chickens normally have 4 toes on each foot. The chicken breeds known for being polydactyl are the Dorking, Faverolle, Houdan, Lincolnshire Buff, Meusienne, Sultan, and non-bearded Silkie Bantams. The breed standard of these varieties of chickens calls for five toes on each foot, although sometimes more than five toes will occur. The extra digit in these breeds presents as an extra "thumb" that does not touch the ground. Mixed-breed chickens may also have extra digits if the aforementioned breeds are part of their genetic makeup.

Polydactyly also occurs in dogs, cats, and small mammals such as guinea pigs and mice. Cats normally have five digits on the front paws and four on the rear. Polydactyl cats have more, and this is a moderately common condition, especially in certain cat populations. Dogs, like other canids, normally have four claws on their rear paws; a fifth is often called a dewclaw and is especially found in certain dog breeds, including the Norwegian Lundehund and Great Pyrenees.

A number of mutations of the LMBR1 gene, in dogs, humans, and mice, can cause polydactyly. A 2014 report indicated that mice could also exhibit polydactyly arising from mutation in the VPS25 gene. In cattle, it appears to be polygenic with a dominant gene at one locus and a homozygous recessive at another.

Polydactyly is believed to have been common in early tetrapods, the extinct amphibians that represented the earliest landliving vertebrates. Their number of toes fluctuated until the early Carboniferous period when they finally began developing a uniform number of toes. Amniotes settled on five toes per limb, while amphibians developed four toes on each front limb and five toes on each back limb. (For more information, see Polydactyly in early tetrapods). Polydactyly also occurs in modern extant reptiles and amphibians. Polydactyly was a non-pathological, reacquired condition in extinct marine reptiles such as ichthyosaurs and hupehsuchians, some of which containing upwards of ten digits within their flippers.

title: Polydactyly


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Japanese era name

The Japanese era name (年号) or gengō (元号), is the first of the two elements that identify years in the Japanese era calendar scheme. The second element is a number which indicates the year number within the era (with the first year being "gan (元)"), followed by the literal "nen (年)" meaning "year".

Era names originated in 140 BCE in Imperial China, during the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han. As elsewhere in the Sinosphere, the use of era names was originally derived from Chinese imperial practice, although the Japanese system is independent of the Chinese, Korean, and Vietnamese era name systems. Unlike its other Sinosphere counterparts, Japanese era names are still in official use. Government offices usually require era names and years for official papers.

The five era names used since the end of the Edo period in 1868 can be abbreviated by taking the first letter of their romanized names. For example, S55 means Shōwa 55 (i.e. 1980), and H22 stands for Heisei 22 (2010). At 62 years and 2 weeks, Shōwa is the longest era to date.

The Reiwa (令和) era began on 1 May 2019, the day of accession of Naruhito to the throne as the 126th Emperor of Japan, following the day of the planned and voluntary abdication of his father, the 125th Emperor, Akihito. Emperor Akihito had received special permission to abdicate, rather than serving in his role until his death, as is the rule. The Reiwa (令和) era followed the 31st and final year of the Heisei era (平成31年), which had started on the day after the death of Emperor Hirohito on 8 January 1989.

Overview

The system on which the Japanese era names are based originated in China in 140 BC, and was adopted by Japan in 645 AD, during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku.

The first era name to be assigned was "Taika" (大化), celebrating the political and organizational changes which were to flow from the great Taika reform (大化の改新) of 645. Although the regular practice of proclaiming successive era names was interrupted in the late seventh century, it was permanently re-adopted in 701 during the reign of Emperor Monmu (697–707). Since then, era names have been used continuously up through the present day.

Historical nengō
Prior to the Meiji period, era names were decided by court officials and were subjected to frequent change. A new era name was usually proclaimed within a year or two after the ascension of a new emperor. A new era name was also often designated on the first, fifth and 58th years of the sexagenary cycle, because they were inauspicious years in Onmyōdō. These three years are respectively known as kakurei, kakuun, and kakumei, and collectively known as sankaku. Era names were also changed due to other felicitous events or natural disasters.

In historical practice, the first day of a nengō (元年) starts whenever the emperor chooses; and the first year continues until the next lunar new year, which is understood to be the start of the nengō's second year.

Era names indicate the various reasons for their adoption. For instance, the nengō Wadō (和銅), during the Nara period, was declared due to the discovery of copper deposits in Chichibu. Most nengō are composed of two kanji, except for a short time during the Nara period when four-kanji names were sometimes adopted to follow the Chinese trend. Tenpyō Kanpō (天平感宝), Tenpyō Shōhō (天平勝宝), Tenpyō Hōji (天平宝字) and Tenpyō Jingo (天平神護) are some famous nengō names that use four characters. Since the Heian period, Confucian thoughts and ideas have been reflected in era names, such as Daidō (大同), Kōnin (弘仁) and Tenchō (天長). Although there currently exist a total of 248 Japanese era names, only 73 kanji have been used in composing them. Out of these 73 kanji, 31 of them have been used only once, while the rest have been used repeatedly in different combinations.

The vast majority of Japanese Era Names were used for less than 10 years, with two being used for less than a year. Only 28 have been used for more than 10 years and less than 30 years. Only Heisei, Oei, Meiji, and Showa have been used for more than 30 years.

Nengō in modern Japan
Mutsuhito assumed the throne in 1867, during the third year of the Keiō (慶応) era. On 23 October 1868, the era name was changed to "Meiji" (明治), and a "one reign, one era name" (一世一元) system was adopted, wherein era names would change only upon immediate imperial succession. This system is similar to the now-defunct Chinese system used since the days of the Ming dynasty. The Japanese nengō system differs from Chinese practice, in that in the Chinese system the era name was not updated until the year following the emperor's death.

In modern practice, the first year of a nengō (元年) starts immediately upon the emperor's accession and ends on 31 December. Subsequent years follow the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Meiji era lasted until 30 July 1912, when the Emperor died and the Taishō (大正) era was proclaimed. 1912 is therefore known as both "Meiji 45" and "Taishō 1" (大正元年), although Meiji technically ended on 30 July with Mutsuhito's death.

This practice, implemented successfully since the days of Meiji but never formalized, became law in 1979 with the passage of the Era Name Law (元号法). Thus, since 1868, there have only been five era names assigned: Meiji, Taishō, Shōwa, Heisei, and Reiwa, each corresponding with the rule of only one emperor. Upon death, the emperor is thereafter referred to by the era of his reign. For example, Mutsuhito is posthumously known as "Emperor Meiji" (明治天皇). It is protocol in Japan that the reigning emperor be referred to as Tennō Heika (天皇陛下) or Kinjō Tennō (今上天皇). To call the current emperor by the current era name, i.e. "Reiwa", even in English, is a faux pas, as this is – and will be – his posthumous name. Use of the emperor's given name (i.e., "Naruhito") is rare, and is considered vulgar behaviour in Japanese.

The Emperor Akihito abdicated on 30 April 2019, necessitating a change in nengō. The new name, made public on the morning of 1 May of the same year, is Reiwa (令和).

Periods without era names
The era name system that was introduced by Emperor Kōtoku was abandoned after his death; no era names were designated between 654 and 686. The system was briefly reinstated by Emperor Tenmu in 686, but was again abandoned upon his death about two months later. In 701, Emperor Monmu once again reinstated the era name system, and it has continued uninterrupted through today.

Although use of the Gregorian calendar for historical dates became increasingly common in Japan, the traditional Japanese system demands that dates be written in reference to era names. The apparent problem introduced by the lack of era names was resolved by identifying the years of an imperial reign as a period.

Although in modern Japan posthumous imperial names correspond with the eras of their reign, this is a relatively recent concept, introduced in practice during the Meiji period and instituted by law in 1979. Therefore, the posthumous names of the emperors and empresses who reigned prior to 1868 may not be taken as era names by themselves. For example, the year 572—the year in which Emperor Bidatsu assumed the Chrysanthemum Throne – is properly written as "敏達天皇元年" (Bidatsu-Tennō Gannen, "the first year of Emperor Bidatsu"), and not "敏達元年" (Bidatsu Gannen, "the first year of Bidatsu"), although it may be abbreviated as such. By incorporating both proper era names and posthumous imperial names in this manner, it is possible to extend the nengō system to cover all dates from 660 BCE through today.

Unofficial era name system
In addition to the official era name system, in which the era names are selected by the imperial court, one also observes—primarily in the ancient documents and epigraphs of shrines and temples—unofficial era names called shinengō (私年号), also known as ginengō (偽年号) or inengō (異年号). Currently, there are over 40 confirmed shinengō, most of them dating from the middle ages. Shinengō used prior to the reestablishment of the era name system in 701 are usually called itsunengō (逸年号).

Because official records of shinengō are lacking, the range of dates to which they apply is often unclear. For example, the well-known itsunengō Hakuhō (白鳳) is normally said to refer to 650–654 CE; a poetic synonym for the Hakuchi era. However, alternate interpretations exist. For example, in the Nichūreki, Hakuhō refers to 661–683 CE, and in some medieval temple documents, Hakuhō refers to 672–685 CE. Thus, shinengō may be used as an alternative way of dating periods for which there is no official era name.

Other well-known itsunengō and shinengō include Hōkō (法興) (591–621+ CE), Suzaku (朱雀) (686), Entoku (延徳) (1460), Miroku (弥勒) (1506–1507 or 1507–1509) and Meiroku (命禄) (1540–1543).

The most recent shinengō is Seiro (征露) (1904–1905), named for the Russo-Japanese War.

Kyūshū nengō
Edo period scholar Tsurumine Shigenobu proposed that Kyūshū nengō (九州年号), said to have been used in ancient Kumaso, should also be considered a form of shinengō. This claim is not generally recognized by the academic community. Lists of the proposed Kyūshū nengō can be seen in the Japanese language entries 鶴峯戊申 and 九州王朝説.

Character sets
Certain era names have specific characters assigned to them, for instance ㋿ for the Reiwa period, which can also be written as 令和. These are included in Unicode: Code points U+32FF (㋿), U+337B (㍻), U+337C (㍼), U+337D (㍽) and U+337E (㍾) are used for the Reiwa, Heisei, Shōwa, Taishō and Meiji eras, respectively.

Calendar libraries
Certain calendar libraries support the conversion from and to the era system, as well as rendering of dates using it.

Since the release of Java 8, the Japanese calendar is supported in the new Date and time API for the year Meiji 6 (1873) onwards.

Support for the new era in Japanese imperial transition of 2019
Computers and software manufacturers needed to test their systems in preparation for the new era which began on 1 May 2019. Windows provided a test mechanism to simulate a new era ahead of time. Java Development Kit 11 supported this era using the placeholders "元号" for Japanese, "NewEra" for other languages. The final name was added in JDK 12.0.1, after it was announced by the Japanese government.

Unicode code point U+32FF (㋿) was reserved for representing the new era name, Reiwa.

The list of Japanese era names is the result of a periodization system which was established by Emperor Kōtoku in 645. The system of Japanese era names (年号) was irregular until the beginning of the 8th century. After 701, sequential era names developed without interruption across a span of centuries. As of 1 April 2019, there have been 239 era names.

List of Japanese era names
To convert a Japanese year to a Gregorian calendar year, find the first year of the Japanese era name (also called nengō). When found, add the number of the Japanese year, then subtract 1.

Modern Japan
The "one reign, one era name" (一世一元) system was implemented in 1868 AD.

Non-nengō periods
Unofficial non-nengō periods (shinengō) before 701 are called itsunengō (逸年号). Pre-Taika chronology intervals include:
 * Reign of Emperor Jimmu, 660–581 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Suizei, 581–548 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Annei, 548–510 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Itoku, 510–475 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Kōshō, 475–392 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Kōan, 392–290 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Kōrei, 290–214 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Kōgen, 214–157 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Kaika, 157–97 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Sujin, 97–29 BC
 * Reign of Emperor Suinin, 29 BC–AD 71
 * Reign of Emperor Keikō, AD 71–131
 * Reign of Emperor Seimu, 131–192
 * Reign of Emperor Chūai, 192–201
 * Regency of Empress Jingū, 201–270
 * Reign of Emperor Ōjin, 270–313
 * Reign of Emperor Nintoku, 313–400
 * Reign of Emperor Richū, 400–406
 * Reign of Emperor Hanzei, 406–412
 * Reign of Emperor Ingyō, 412–454
 * Reign of Emperor Ankō, 454–457
 * Reign of Emperor Yūryaku, 457–480
 * Reign of Emperor Seinei, 480–485
 * Reign of Emperor Kenzō, 485–488
 * Reign of Emperor Ninken, 488–499
 * Reign of Emperor Buretsu, 499–507
 * Reign of Emperor Keitai, 507–534
 * Reign of Emperor Ankan, 534–536
 * Reign of Emperor Senka, 536–540
 * Reign of Emperor Kinmei, 540–572
 * Reign of Emperor Bidatsu, 572–586
 * Reign of Emperor Yōmei, 586–588
 * Reign of Emperor Sushun, 588–593
 * Reign of Emperor Suiko, 593–629
 * Reign of Emperor Jomei, 629–645

Post-Taika chronology intervals not covered by the nengō system include:
 * Reign of Empress Saimei, 655–662 ... Saimei (period)
 * Reign of Emperor Tenji, 662–672 ... Tenji (period)
 * Reign of Emperor Kōbun, 672–673 ... Kōbun (period) or Sujaku (or Suzaku)
 * Reign of Emperor Tenmu, 673–686 ... Tenmu (period) or Hakuhō period
 * Reign of Empress Jitō, 687–697 ... Jitō (period)
 * Reign of Emperor Monmu, 697–701 ... Monmu (period)

title: Japanese era name


text:
Talk:Polydactyly

Post Axial?
this term is used several times throughout the article, but never defined. For those of us not in the know, what does it mean? —Preceding unsigned comment added by talk) 08:21, 3 November 2008 (UTC)

 * @ 43.247.41.17 (talk) 00:07, 4 February 2024 (UTC)

Accuracy
I am not a doctor or a geneticist. Please check what I have written carefully! -- Oliver P. 06:35 Mar 6, 2003 (UTC)

Do they work?
What finger gets double if it is guessable? I suppose they don't get two thumbs. -- Davidme

 * Me too ... maybe somebody who knows about this could include a bit in the article? (And also mention the genetically bread six-finger piano artist in GATTACA). -- till we *) 17:38, 15 Apr 2004 (UTC)

The last pictures show fingers that are separate and seem to be fully normal. I guess they are functioning well. Does someone know more?

 * As the originator of the pictures and the article I should be more specific. Many people with polydactyly have only rudimentary skin tags or even digits with some cartilage or bone. These can be removed shortly after birth with no adverse affect on the child. Many children, unless their birth mother tells them, have no idea that they had the condition.

 * The pictures here, 4 limb polydactyly are different. This child (now 11 in these pictures) had fully functioning digits in the hand and the foot. The hand actually has central re-duplication; the second or third finger is duplicated. The foot shows axial or lateral duplication (the 5th toe).

 * Repairing the foot would involve removing the 'normal appearing toe' and realigning the twisted one. The hand will probably not be redone. Because this child comes from a culture where having six fingers is considered 'bad luck' and the child might be killed or at worst shunned or cast out of local society. DrGnu 17:55, 7 November 2005 (UTC)

Are the extra fingers, if functional, as easy to remove in later life as they are after birth? Jackpot Den 12:51, 8 April 2006 (UTC)

The original question has not been answered. Are there any confirmed real stories of six fingered guitar players, piano players, etc.? I think it's important not to focus only on the negative side of genetic differences but also the possible postives. This is the best way to fight the kind of stigma mentioned above.

When I watched Gattaca, I assumed that the 6-fingered piano artist wasn't genetically bred, but that he was conceived through sex. Apparently the gene coding for six fingers is dominant. If he was an "invalid" or "love-child", it's quite possible that he would have been born with six fingers. I thought it was a nice touch by the director, showing how an unchosen mutation in a naturally born child resulted in a genetic advantage over genetically designed children.

 * You're right. The pianist is not genetically engineered, but rather a "faith birth."  That whole scene was meant to illustrate that Vincent was not the only "in-valid" capable of outperforming his "valid" peers.  --Logoskakou 14:00, 7 April 2006 (MST)

Sorry, but I have to say it.. it's 'Genetically BRED' --Mooky 06:45, 15 January 2006 (UTC)

Ya, it was my understanding from the movie that he was specifically "engineered" to have the functional extra digit. I use quotes because all of the people in to movie are genetically normal human beings, many are merely chosen from hundreds or thousands of embryos conceived by some kind of invetro fertilization based on their genetic desirablity. More than likely the pianist had musician parents, as like it or not musical ability tends to be genetically influenced, that specifically wanted a genetically superior embryo that also had the fully functional extra digit to give him an advantage as a musician. This is highly likely because the fully functional extra digit is extremely rare and combined with musical talent, the two are highly improbably in a "natural" conception. 98.28.114.217 (talk) 06:08, 4 January 2009 (UTC)

Types of polydactyly
In the list "Types of polydactyly" could someone "in the know" give a brief description of each? For laypeople (like me) it is incomprehensible. —Frecklefoot 14:53, Apr 15, 2004 (UTC)

Ditto for me! It looks like a catalogue of mysterious terms. David.Monniaux 06:55, 6 May 2005 (UTC)

 * They seem really fishy to me. "Polydactyly alopecia seborrheic dermatitis"? "Polydactyly cleft lip palate psychomotor retardation"? These sound bogus. —Keenan Pepper 03:40, 18 November 2005 (UTC)

 * I gotta admit, it looks fishy to me to, but these are actually real conditions. My only problem with them is that they are irrelevent, and like Frecklefoot said, they're incomprehensible. What's the point? -Darth Panda 14:08, 25 November 2005

 * What seems incomprehensible to some is not to others, even outside the medical profession. Moreover these technical terms provide search links for further explorations, both with Google and in books. Please do not dumb down articles just because some fail to understand the terms. It would be far more productive to make stubs or just redtext these terms so knowledge scope can be increased rather than kept at the very lowest common denominator. --15:07, 21 March 2006 (UTC)

 * Fishy but true (at least in the case of Varadi-Papp syndrome) see http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=16265870&dopt=Citation Jim Jacobs 03:35, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Polydactyly alopecia seborrheic dermatitis = Polydactyly + hair loss + "dandruff" ??????????

Is this for real? Come now..

If there is a link between those conditions, this "syndrome" would seem to be difficult to distinguish from a coincidental pairing of polydactyly and the rather common -->  alopecia + "dandruff".

The net reveals little to no info on this .. All I can find is a repetition of the phrase : "Polydactyly alopecia seborrheic dermatitis" on "rare diseases" listings.

Also, keep in mind "dandruff" is in quotes.. split hairs, tell me seborrheic dermatitis is not dandruff .. :)

-Marilyn Monroe
The Marilyn Monroe section amounts to "Someone once thought Marilyn Monroe had polydactyly. But she didn't, actually. And now nobody even thinks she does." This is pointless, and especially pointless in this article. If whoever wrote it thinks it's really important, it should go over in Marilyn Monroe, not here. grendel|khan 17:16, 2005 May 6 (UTC)

Polydactyly in The Princess Bride
I was thinking maybe there should be something added about polydactyly appearing in The Princess Bride, looking for the man with six fingers on one hand? I don't know whether or not people think it would be appropriate in a encyclopedic article, but it is a fairly popular instance.--MacAddct1984 14:29, August 6, 2005 (UTC)

 * This is kinda similar to the Marilyn Monroe insert. It isn't important to the article, and if people really want to find out about this, they should look up The Princess Bride. -Darth Panda 14:08, 25 November 2005

 * I think it would be interesting to have a section about "Polydactyly in Popular Culture", or something to that effect. The book of second Samuel in the Bible mentions a six-fingered giant. (This was picked up on by Frank E. Peretti in his children's book "The Tombs of Anak") Mikepurvis 23:08, 25 November 2005 (UTC)

 * You might want to go to List of polydactyl people and add those facts. I'm not sure if Samuel is mentioned there. Darth Panda 17:43, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

The popular culture section seems to have duplicated information. It mentions hannibal and the princess bride twice, separately. I'm merging it. Also, is it really necessary to feature both biblical passages, seeing as they're practically identical?68.229.6.134 (talk) 04:51, 24 April 2008 (UTC)

Beat the drum with six fingers
In the Ural cultures (finno-ugric) extra fingers were the sign of newborn being destined to become a shaman (a kind tribal wizard and visionaire). 195.70.32.136 07:09, 7 April 2006 (UTC)

Useful picture for this article
I saw a picture in another article on wikipedia some time ago of a family (I think in pakastan) that all have 6 (of the functional type) fingers and have attached some sort of prestiege to it. The picture was very old but it had a small paragraph about them in the article. Does anyone know what this is? I will look for the article I think I edited it (doing disambiguation link repair) so I am going to look though my edit history. Dalf | Talk 19:53, 11 July 2006 (UTC) they are ugly

POV?
"In the cult movie Gattaca, an embellishment of one of Schubert's Impromptus becomes a piece only playable with twelve fingers."
 * Is calling the movie Gattaca a "cult movie" really NPOV? The article on "Gattaca" does not contain any reference to it being a "cult movie".-Royalguard11Talk 03:06, 18 July 2006 (UTC)
 * The article on cult films contains a reference to Gattaca. Google picks out rather a lot of like references.  Brilliant film, possibly there is a transatlantic difference in emphasis on the meaning of "cult film"?  Google:

Cult film - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Cult films often become the source of a thriving, obsessive, ... Night of the Living Dead, Pink Flamingos, Female Trouble, The Hills Have Eyes, Gattaca, ... en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_film - 41k - Cached - Similar pages Coriolise 15:11, 16 March 2007 (UTC)

Doctors who operate on Polydactyl patients
Where in the world can you find doctors who actually know what to do for people who have this disorder? Are there so few of them that they are hard to find? Scorpio 1950 16:50, 3 August 2006 (UTC)Scorpio 1950

I have no idea. My friend Tara had Polydactyl. She was born with 6 toes on one foot. (Nearly everybody in her family was born with Polydactyl, but she was the only one who had bones and could actually use her extra... parts. It was removed shortly after birth.). I assume since Polydactyl is dominant that many people have it, there most be /some/ doctors knew what to do. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 70.112.29.124 (talk) 00:04, 8 March 2008 (UTC)

Since it is a congenital hand difference, the extra toe or finger is operated by a congenital hand surgeon most of the times. Especially in difficult cases it is important to look for a hand surgeon with its expertise in congenital hands. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 77.164.48.209 (talk) 15:49, 11 July 2010 (UTC)

 * A report in my local paper suggests that for extra fingers containing no bone, a procedure known as "tying off" has been employed when the baby has just been born . Presumably this is similar to the principle used by farmers to remove tails and/or testicles from young animals. The article would be improved by the addition of information on surgical measures and any ethical differences of opinion surrounding them. Rugxulo (talk) 22:57, 16 December 2010 (UTC)

About "Extra digits in popular culture"
All of the entries in that list seem to be about people, so it seems redundant since there is an existing list of polydactyly people. Should that section be merged with the existing list and just provide a link? -Mizi 22:10, 9 November 2006 (UTC)

Oprah
See the bossip web page... LILVOKA 02:30, 17 May 2007 (UTC) oprah is a fat ass —Preceding unsigned comment added by 204.38.97.4 (talk) 16:57, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

Miss Brazil
Natália Guimarães, Miss Brazil 2007 and Miss Universe 1rst Runner Up, was born polydactyl. Her father also had the condition and she says her eventual children would be candidates of being polydactyl, but she thinks that's no real problem. In portuguese: http://ego.globo.com/ENT/Noticia/Gente/0,,MUL82462-8334,00-NATALIA+GUIMARAES+FALA+SOBRE+POLIDACTILIA+QUE+A+FEZ+NASCER+COM+SEIS+DEDOS+N.html Aldo L 23:07, 3 August 2007 (UTC)

Giving the middle finger
When someone with polydactyly on non-thumb fingers, which finger would he or she use to give the bird to someone, typically? Oh yeah, and there's fingerspelling and ASL, both of which assume five-fingered hands. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Rickyrab (talk • contribs) 03:12, 7 September 2007 (UTC)

 * I'd would say by using the longest finger. My other questions are having to custom order 6 finger gloves and how awkward are handshakes? Night Tracks (talk) 02:20, 25 December 2009 (UTC)

I have 12 toes
and it makes buying shoes a pain! Sunnycal 02:54, 25 September 2007 (UTC)

00:45, 10 January 2008 (UTC)

Categories, people!
How is it that this article has been up since 2003 and it is still not categorized? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 74.34.217.222 (talk) 20:40, 26 May 2008 (UTC)

Goliath
The Bible passages mentioned do not refer to Goliath. It seems to refer to another giant from Gath, probably one of Goliath's brothers. So, I'm fixing this. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.187.0.164 (talk) 16:30, 25 July 2008 (UTC)

Mythical References
The references in the section on fictional and mythological polydactyls seem to be there; they simply are not written out in the standard bibliographical format. The 24-digit giant has Book, Chapter, and Verse references for the Bible, although the translation is not specified, nor is "The Bible" mentioned for those who do not recognize II Kings and II Cronicles. The Author of Redwall is identified, but not the publisher or copyright date. Hanibal could be better identified. Nevertheless, the statement that there are no references seems unjustified. (Replace it and tell me otherwise if you dissagree...) —Preceding unsigned comment added by 128.84.183.96 (talk) 19:21, 9 October 2008 (UTC)
 * Who believes in a Bible that doesn't have those books in it? I've never heard of such an idea existing today; do you mean that we should accomodate followers of Marcion?  Nyttend (talk) 02:54, 16 April 2009 (UTC)

Mismatch between title and content
From reading this article, it is clearly limited to Polydactyly in humans. However, polydactyly occurs in other animals as well. Only two options present themselves to us: do we add information on non-human animals with polydactyly, or do we rename this article "Polydactyly in Humans" and make a seperate article for the definition of the overall concept? I would vote for a single combined article on all forms of polydactyly.

As an example: Cats typically have five digits on each front paw, and four on each hind. I have personally known cats with up to seven functional digits on their front paws, and up to five on their hind paws. -Kasreyn (talk) 15:17, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

An adventurer? Possibly David Attenborough?
I remember,when I was young, watching a TV show with my parents; some adventurer would travel to exotic locales, and show the films. The films were silent; the adventurer would comment in voice-over as we watched.

One time, he visited a people who practiced fire-walking. He tried it himself, with less than good results. I remember that in the course of it, it came out incidentally that he had six toes--at least on one foot.

Does anybody (cough) older than me remember this? Now I find that in 1960--about the right time--David Attenborough did some shows like this, including an episode about fire-walkers in Fiji.

It was almost comical, in a way. The adventurer tried walking across the coals, and took about a step and a half before dancing and leaping off. He sat down, and one local examined his foot. The film showed the foot up close, and the adventurer remarked in voice-over that we will notice he has six toes. We saw the local man look puzzled. He then, with a finger, counted the adventurers toes, paused a moment, then with the same finger counted the fingers on his own hand. Then he shrugged, and that was the end of it.

Anybody else remember? David Attenborough? 140.147.236.194 (talk) 12:43, 15 September 2009 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza

Anne Boleyn
Very few of the people listed as being Polydactyly have references listed. In particular, Anny Boleyn. The page on here seems to indicate that it was a rumor started by radical Catholics after her death.--70.176.251.1 (talk) 08:51, 9 January 2011 (UTC)

I agree, the page on Anne reports that she was not Polydactyl, rumors of which were spread after her death. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 134.84.29.189 (talk) 17:35, 10 January 2011 (UTC)

12 fingers, 14 toes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWyKgCAO6Ko — Preceding unsigned comment added by Bigshotnews (talk • contribs) 12:24, 16 February 2011 (UTC)

I watched the video and paused it at times to count 24 digits. She has seven toes on one foot and 6 on the other, and six fingers on each hand. That is not a world record - but it is interesting.68.115.35.110 (talk) 04:45, 29 January 2012 (UTC)

Varalakshmi V
"Varalakshmi V, a girl born with a rare case of polydactyly with 27 fingers and toes. She is from Bangalore and has eight fingers in each hand and about four to five extra toes in each foot."

This doesn't add up, eight fingers on each hand is 16, four to five extra toes on each foot (can't they just count them?) is a minimum of 18, that makes 34 fingers and toes. Muleattack (talk) 02:50, 19 June 2011 (UTC)

agreed.....  i was reading this and thinking that it just made no sense. Should it be removed or checked with reference? — Preceding unsigned comment added by 90.215.230.136 (talk) 10:48, 20 October 2011 (UTC)

Hampton Hawes
"Hampton Hawes, jazz pianist, was born with six fingers on each hand (surgically removed shortly after birth).[11]" I am new to the editing and contribution side of Wikipedia so am reluctant to edit the main article, but the above entry rather implies that poor Hampton either had all six fingers, or maybe even "each hand" surgically removed rather than just the supernumerary digits. Should we make a change? Chris 89.168.65.63 (talk) 19:42, 9 January 2012 (UTC)

Evolutionary consequences
The section "Evolutionary consequences" is opinion and has no references. I believe it should be removed. The just of the section is to say that Polydactyly some-how invalidates evolutionary theory. There is no rule to evolution that prevents Polydactyly nor does it "need" to be explained by evolution. Indeed that fact that Polydactyly can be hereditary gives credence to changes in population over time (which is exactly what evolution is). This can be further supported by examples outside of humans such as the Norwegian Lundehund which has 6 toes across the entire breed, and gives it an evolutionary advantage (better hunting of the Puffin). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Chronofish (talk • contribs) 12:41, 30 March 2014 (UTC)

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Use of "Mongoloid" and other antiquated "Great Race" terms
Maybe the portion on what populations are likely to have different forms of polydactyly was copied from a 1906 Encyclopedia Britannica or a similar source, but I don't think that's any excuse for it to use terms that Wikipedia itself describes as problematic and outdated. Could we get an update with some more current terminology? 66.193.250.244 (talk) 15:34, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
 * That appears to have been vandalism that was missed at the time (2016) that it was made. I have reverted back to the previous wording, which still isn't great (it uses the term "blacks"). I'm concerned though about the source; the link that should take us to the source instead takes us to an alphabetical index that does not mention Polydactyly. ~  ONUnicorn (Talk|Contribs) problem solving 22:45, 10 February 2021 (UTC)

Arterton
I've just removed: IMDB is expressly identified as an unreliable source. The other appears within a list of gossipy items in Parade magazine. An encyclopedia should be based on better sources than either of these. -- Hoary (talk) 00:12, 20 September 2018 (UTC)
 * Gemma Arterton, an actress who has starred in Prince of Persia and Quantum of Solace, was born with an extra finger on each hand. The vestigial digits were removed when she was a child.

Global frequency
It would be nice if the article could show the global frequency (of polydactyly), as a table. Does not have to be a long sub-article, just so that we can see where this is most frequently found, and how often it occurs. Right now this partially exists in regards to the part "epidemiology" of polydactyly, but this refers mostly to africa, not to the global situation in regards to this disease/condition. 2A02:8388:1641:8380:3AD5:47FF:FE18:CC7F (talk) 02:03, 27 February 2020 (UTC)

An unusual example
I worked with an Indian man (ie, from India) who had a Y-shaped thumb. Both phalanges were duplicated. It was totally functional. Both thumbs moved together; he could not move each separately. From what is stated here, that would seem to be very very rare. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2001:8003:E414:3A01:FC23:1544:ADCE:9E2A (talk) 09:08, 2 October 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:Polydactyly