text:
Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood

Merchant Taylors' School is an 11–18 boys public day school, founded in 1561 in London. The school has occupied various campuses over its lifetime. From 1933, it has been located at Sandy Lodge, a 285 acre site close to Northwood in the Three Rivers district of Hertfordshire. The school caters for 1100 students between the ages of 11 and 18. The school is now an all-through school from age 3 to 18 after merger with Northwood Prep School in 2015.

Founded in 1561 by Sir Thomas White, Sir Richard Hilles, Emanuel Lucar and Stephen Hales, it was one of the nine English public schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission set up in 1861, but successfully argued that it should be omitted from the Public Schools Act 1868, as did St Paul's School, London, the other day school investigated by the Clarendon Commission.

Establishment, 1561
The school was founded in 1561 by Thomas White of the Merchant Taylors' Company in a manor house in the parish of St Lawrence Pountney in the City of London, where it remained until 1875.

A curious account survives of a rent payment ritual in London for the Merchant Taylors School in which Sir Rowland Hill, the Lord Mayor of London in 1549 who had coordinated the Geneva Bible translation, presided shortly before he died"The xxx day of September my lord mayre and the althermen and the new shreyffes took ther barges at the iij cranes in the Vintre and so to Westmynster, and so into the Cheker, and ther took ther hoythe; and ser Rowland Hyll whent up, and master Hoggys toke ser Rowland Hyll a choppyng kneyf, and one dyd hold a whyt rod, and he with the kneyf cute the rod in sunder a-for all the pepull; and after to London to ther plases to dener, my lord mayre and all the althermen and mony worshiphulle men."Merchant Taylors' was not the first school to be founded by members of the Merchant Taylors' Company. Sir John Percival (Master of the Company in 1485, Lord Mayor of London in 1498) established a grammar school at Macclesfield in 1502, while in 1508 his widow founded one at St. Mary's Wike in Cornwall (which moved to Launceston shortly thereafter). Also in 1508, Sir Steven Jenyns (Master in 1490, Lord Mayor in 1508) founded Wolverhampton Grammar School, which still maintains strong links with the Company.

The first Head Master, Richard Mulcaster, took up his post in 1561; one of the houses at Merchant Taylors' is now named after him. His educational philosophy is embodied in two books, The Positions (1581) and The Elementarie (1582), the latter an instalment of a larger work and one of the first dictionaries in English. One of his first pupils was Edmund Spenser. His goal was that English as a language might claim its place side by side with Latin: "I love Rome, but London better, I favour Italy, but England more, I honour Latin, but worship English."

Mulcaster's views were ahead of his time: he advocated the importance to children of relaxation and games, and a knowledge of the countryside and world of nature. He "wished that schools were planted in the suburbs of towns near to the fields". He was also "tooth and nail for womankind" in matters of education. He believed that education should fit women for their appropriate station.

The successive outbreaks of plague in 1592, 1603, 1626, 1630, 1637 and 1666, had a damaging effect on the School and its pupils. The School was obliged to break up during these periods, losing pupils and sometimes unable to take on new ones. In 1626 the headmaster Nicholas Gray complained of the loss of pupils and was given £20 to keep the school going; in 1630 he was given £40. Many parents kept their sons away from school, and boarders were summoned home.

The School was closed for at least a year in 1636 and 1637, with no new boys admitted until the contagion abated. The outbreak of 1666 was curtailed by the Great Fire of London, which started on 2 September close to Suffolk Lane and completely destroyed the school buildings. It was rebuilt by 1675, after classes had met in temporary quarters for years.

1606–1633
In 1606 Robert Dow, a member of the Company, instigated the process of "probation" or inspection, whereby the Court would visit the school three times each year and observe the school at work. Dow was concerned that the school was not meeting the challenge of being one of the great schools of the time and needed regular inspection to maintain and raise its standards. The Court appointed a committee to investigate and concluded:

Being situate neere the middest of this honourable and renowned citty is famous throughout all England ...First, for number of schollers, it is the greateste schoole included under one roofe. Secondly, the schollers are taught jointly by one master and three ushers. Thirdly it is a schoole for liberty most free, being open especially for poore men's children, as well of all nations, as for the merchauntailors themselves.

The probation was imposed without consultation with the schoolmasters. During the probation, the headmaster was required to open his copy of Cicero at random and read out a passage to the sixth form. The boys had to copy the passage from dictation and then translate it, first into English, then into Greek and then into Latin verse. After this, they had to write a passage of Latin and some verses on some topic chosen for the day. This was for the morning; in the afternoon the process was repeated in Greek, based on the Greek Testament, Aesop's Fables, "or some other very easie Greeke author". The standard in Greek was not as high as in Latin, but Hebrew was also taught.

This form of inspection was the model for teaching every day, as neither mathematics nor science were included in the curriculum. The pattern of teaching seen in the Probations at MTS was described in a popular work published in 1660, A New Discovery of the Art of Teaching Schoole by Charles Hoole. Hoole described the nature of education at the time:

 * 6.00 a.m. was considered the time for children to start their studies but 7.00 a.m. was more common;
 * Pupils of upper forms were appointed to give lessons to younger ones;
 * Pupils were required to examine each other in pairs; and
 * Children frequently went to "Writing-schooles" at the end of the school day, the purpose of which was to "learn a good hand". Good handwriting was supposed to be a condition of entry to a school like MTS but Hayne for one tended to ignore it and was eventually dismissed for, among other things, low standards of hand writing. In Germany at this time there were writing schools too and many children attended only these in order to learn sufficient skills for commerce and trade; English businessmen founded schools which encouraged an academic curriculum based on the classics.

The Head Master William Hayne (1599–1624) presided over the new methods of examination, but his success did not save him from dismissal for alleged financial misdemeanours. He was said to have sold text books to pupils for profit, and received gifts of money at the end of term and on Shrove Tuesday, when the "Victory Penny" might be presented by pupils.

1634–1685
William Staple (Head Master 1634–1644) fell victim to contemporary politics. In October 1643 Parliament ordered "That the Committee for plundered Ministers shall have power to enquire after malignant School-masters." In March 1644 Staple was ordered to appear before this committee, but as a royalist, he had no intention of so doing. He was dismissed and the Company had to seek a new headmaster.

The next Head Master William Dugard (1644–1661), previously headmaster of Stamford School, also ran into trouble. In 1649 he acquired a printing press and printed a pamphlet by Claudius Salmasius, a continental sympathiser with Charles I, entitled Defensio Regia pro Carolo Primo. Dugard was arrested and imprisoned, but as the pamphlet had not been distributed, his cousin Sir James Harrington was able to exert sufficient influence to have him released.

In 1647 Dugard had been appointed a member of the Stationers' Company; he did not declare his interests to the Court, and they were most annoyed at this extracurricular activity. In 1652, during the commonwealth, a time of religious experimentation, Dugard published Catechesis Ecclesiarum Poloniae et Lithuaniae (Ecclesiastical Catechism of Poland and Lithuania), a work that rejected Trinitarianism. Though the work had been licensed by Milton, it was seized and publicly burned, yet Dugard survived as headmaster and was simply required to give up his printing enterprise.

At this time the school fees were set at 2s 2d or 5s per quarter or nothing, but Dugard charged a variety of amounts; the number of pupils was down from the 250 expected by the Company. When he left in 1661, he set up a new school in Coleman Street and took a number of MTS pupils with him.

The next headmaster, John Goad (1661–1681), guided the school through rebuilding after the plague in 1666 and the destruction of the Great Fire of London. His eventual dismissal may have been influenced by the accusations of Titus Oates, who had been a pupil at MTS for a few months in 1665–66, although Goad survived for years afterward. Oates had brief stays at other schools, being dismissed from each in turn. In 1678 Oates "discovered" the "Popish Plot", which was supposed to include a threat to kill Charles II, but it was later found to be a hoax by him. William Smith, a master at MTS and later headmaster at the Brewers' School in Islington, wrote of his first encounter with Oates:

In the year 1664 he was brought to Merchant Taylors' School, as a free Scholar, by Nicholas Delves, Esq., now living; he happening to be in Books that were taught in my Form, I was sent down to receive him into the School, which I did in an unlucky hour. And truly, the first trick he played me was That he cheated me of our Entrance Money which his father sent me, which the Doctor generously confessed in his Greatness at Whitehall and very Honestly paid me then.

In 1676 Oates caught up with Smith and accused him of involvement in another imaginary plot, so the latter was obliged to commit perjury to escape punishment. In the MTS Probation Book, Oates was initially listed as "The saviour of the nation, first discoverer of ye damnable Popish Plot in 1678"; in 1685 a postscript was added: "Perjurd upon Record and a Scoundrell Fellow". In this suspicious climate, a whiff of Romanism was enough to condemn a man like Goad. After his dismissal in 1681, Goad became a member of the Roman Catholic Church.

1686–1759
When the headmastership fell vacant again in 1686, King James II tried to force his nominee James Lee on the Company. The election was postponed and the Master, Sir William Dodson, persuaded Lee to withdraw his nomination. Lee, formerly second usher at MTS and then headmaster at St Saviour's Free School, Southwark, stood against Ambrose Bonwicke but lost. Bonwicke, OMT, was a former pupil of Goad and had an acute mind, but he was dismissed for his political sentiments.

James abdicated in 1688, William III and Mary II acceded, and men were obliged once again to proclaim their loyalties. The majority avoided controversy by swearing allegiance to "the king". Bonwicke delayed for a year before the Court was forced by Act of Parliament to hear his oath of allegiance. Bonwicke said he supported James and was duly dismissed.

Under Matthew Shortyng, Head Master 1691–1707, the top boys of the Sixth began to be called "The Table" and "The Bench", with nine at the Table, the captain and eight monitors; and nine at the Bench, called prompters because they prompted the monitors on election day.

In 1710 Ambrose Bonwicke, son of the former Head Master, was captain of the school and refused to read prayers for King William on St Barnabas Day. Despite his intellectual prowess, his family's continuing support for James cost Bonwicke his election to St. John's College, Oxford and he went to St. John's College, Cambridge instead. At this time, there was a shortage of places at the school, as its reputation for scholarship and consequent chance of a university education attracted parents from all over the country. In 1750 a regulation was passed that boys should not be eligible for election to St. John's Oxford unless they had been at MTS for at least three years.

One pupil who would not have qualified for election under this rule was Robert Clive. He was at MTS from 1738–1739 and completed his education at Shrewsbury in his native Shropshire. The Head Master was then John Criche, OMT, a man who had occupied every position in the school and was not predisposed to change it. Criche was also a Jacobite. The school suffered during his tenure because parents were unwilling to send their sons to a school where anti-dynastic sentiments might prevail. Criche died in office at the age of 80, by when the school enrollment numbers had fallen from 244 to 116.

1760–1813
The next Head Master, James Townley, was in office from 1760 to 1768. Townley wrote a successful play, High Life Below Stairs, which was staged at Drury Lane by David Garrick and proved very popular.

The next three headmasters over the period 1778–1819, Green, Bishop and Cherry, were all OMTs. One of Bishop's pupils, Charles Mathews, went on to become a successful actor and comedian. His memoirs, from the late 18th century, include these observations:

I was now translated from Dominie the flagellator's garden of knowledge in St Martin-in-the-Fields to Merchant Tailors' School, to gain what Pope so aptly terms 'a dangerous thing', a little learning. This was about the year 1786. Bishop, the head master, wore a huge powdered wig, larger than any other bishop's wig. It invited invasion, and we shot paper darts with such singular dexterity into the protruding bush behind that it looked like 'a fretful porcupine'. He had chalk stone knuckles too, which he used to rap on my head like a bag of marbles, and, eccentric as it may appear, pinching was his favorite amusement, which he brought to great perfection.

There were six forms. I entered the school at the lowest, and got no higher than the fifth, but was of course alternately under the care and tuition of the four masters. Gardner, the lowest in the grade, was the only mild person amongst them; the others had a little too much, and perhaps he had much too little, of the severe in him for his station.

Two more cruel tyrants than Bishop and Rose never existed. .. Lord, the fourth master, was rather an invalid, and, I believe, had been prescribed gentle exercise; he therefore put up for, and was the successful candidate for, the flogging department. Rose was so adept at the cane, that I once saw a boy strip, after a thrashing from him, that he might expose his barbarous cruelty, when the back was actually striped with dark streaks like a zebra.

1814–1844
In 1814 Cherry made a detailed proposal for the setting up of an arithmetic and writing school and for the teaching of mathematics and accounts. Again the proposal was first deferred and then dropped. It was to be a further 15 years before mathematics was finally admitted into the school curriculum. In 1811 H.B. Wilson was granted permission to write a history of the school but he was overlooked as Head Master in 1819 on the appointment of James Bellamy, Head Master 1819–45. In 1828 Bellamy advised the Company of the need to modernise to "meet the daily increasing demand for a more general education", by which he meant in particular the founding of University College and King's College at the University of London. In 1830 education was as topical as it is today with writers like Christopher North advocating its spread, though fearful of the consequences, "from the classes to the masses". The Court voted £200 towards the founding of King's College and in 1829 Bellamy once again pleaded that the school be placed on the same level as other places of education. Beginning in 1830, classics was taught in the morning and mathematics in the afternoon, specialist teachers were appointed and by 1845 French was being considered for two afternoons per week. The last proposal proved too expensive but the further success of the school began to make it clear that the current premises were too small and new ones should be found.

Still, in the 1870s, Sir D'Arcy Power comments on the curriculum he faced: It seems to me, as I look back on the education at school in my time, that it was conducted with the design of giving a broad training without any utilitarian object. Every boy gained a sound knowledge of the classics, could write a little Latin and Greek prose and make a few verses; if he reached the higher forms, he learnt at least the Hebrew alphabet, but every boy was passed through the same mould without discrimination, no attempt was made to find out what his special aptitude might be. The best boys got on through sheer ability. .. The vast majority of boys went as stockbrokers' clerks, into merchants' offices or into business.

Nor was there much teaching of English. Bishop Samuel Thornton wrote: Incredible as it may seem, we were left to pick up our acquaintance with the classics of our own language out of school, as best we could. I read my English poets in the street as I walked from school. He adds however: In what was professedly taught there was instilled (and this is my deepest debt to Merchant Taylors') a passion for thoroughness and accuracy, and a contempt for all smatteriness and mere pretence of knowledge. It is likely that many parents cared little what was taught as long as their boys did well enough to attain a scholarship to university.

The city environment around it included a brewery which belched smoke and soot and a printing works whose apprentices fought with M.T.S. boys almost daily. According to A. J. Church in 1857: there were no desks in the schoolroom. The monitors had a table; the prompters had a bench. Everyone else had to write, when there was occasion for writing, on his knees. And there were no lights. Every boy had to supply his own candle, which was required to be of wax...

For more than two centuries the only place where teaching was carried on was the Great Schoolroom; its dimensions were about 85 ft by 30 ft. It was lighted very imperfectly by windows on either side, large enough, indeed, but obscured by the heavy leading of the diamond panes and by the long-standing accumulations of dirt ... The four classrooms were all more or less recent additions to the school accommodation. Bishop Samuel Thornton remembered the London fogs of his schooldays in the 1840s when "little was done on those dark days, the dreamy and unwonted state of affairs generating an excited condition in the Forms, unfavourable to discipline and work". There was also a constant din from outside the school which interfered greatly with the conduct of lessons. Until the 1860s no provision was made for feeding the boys at lunch time. In 1838 there were 58 boys in the Fourth, being taught in this room and without gas lighting – small wonder that the masters resorted to the stick to keep control.

1845–1865
James Augustus Hessey, Head Master from 1845 to 1870, improved many aspects of the school, increasing the number of masters, introducing school lunches and appointing a 'superior' teacher of mathematics. The rough practices of among the boys 'pulling' on clothes and 'bumping' against the pillars of the cloisters were banned, something which at first caused open rebellion among the younger boys but in which Hessey had his way by his firm insistence on more civilised behaviour. Hessey was also agitating for a change of location. Two Commissions of this time, the Oxford Commission and the Public Schools Commission (under Lord Clarendon), threatened the well-being of the school. The Oxford Commission restructured the arrangements for scholarships between the school and St. John's College so there was no longer such an easy path for boys to reach university. There had grown a general feeling that all was not well with Eton and other "public" schools and the Commission was appointed to investigate and put this right. The Schools Commission visited M.T.S. in 1862 and published its report in 1864. It was noted that parents were increasingly reluctant to send their sons to school in London due to the overcrowding, the lack of games facilities and increasing accessibility to country schools. It was proposed that Charterhouse and Westminster, boarding schools, should move out of London and that Merchant Taylors' and St. Paul's, day schools, should increase their premises. It was also recommended that, while the classical character of the curriculum should be continued, science, German, music and more drawing should be introduced.

1866–1907

In 1866, following reasoned argument from Hessey and the report of the Commission, the Company bought 5.5 acre of estate in Goswell Street for £90,000 from the Governors of the Charterhouse. Charterhouse School vacated the London Charterhouse in 1872, and it was taken over by Merchant Taylors. New school buildings were begun in 1873 and completed in 1875. Plans for the school on the new site included immediate expansion to 350 boys and later to 500, the development of a more modern curriculum to meet demand for "Modern Languages, Science and Commerce", and the raising of fees from 10 to 12 guineas for the lower school and 12 guineas to 15 guineas for the upper. William Baker, OMT, Head Master from 1870–1900, wanted to develop the whole of the new site for games, "to foster a corporate and public spirit among the boys of the School, by drawing them together in common amusements and giving them common interests". On the development of playing fields around the school, Baker wrote in 1872: Besides this, I regard such an arrangement as desirable for the healthy development of a boy's character and as furnishing a wholesome corrective to the narrowing effects of excessive competition. These ideas were in line with the policy of other public schools, which had placed great emphasis on games and outdoor activities (as they still, for the most part, do) since the time of Thomas Arnold at Rugby School. Baker was conservative in his views, considering the classics as the best means of training the mind, but he was almost equally keen on mathematics and paid much attention to its teaching in the school. In his time, chemistry and physics were introduced, and a new science building was finished in 1891. Baker proposed the introduction of biology, which was first taught as an extra in 1900.

French was still in a precarious position within the school curriculum – from a total of 3900 marks (from 78 scripts worth 50 marks each) in an examination in 1874 only 123 marks were actually scored and 53 boys submitted blank papers. The master in charge of the 'Modern Side' pointed out that boys joined his area not because they showed promise in French but because they had no obvious gift for the classics. On the appointment of John Nairn in 1900 to succeed Baker the new headmaster asked Professor Ernest Weekly to inspect the modern language teaching. He drew attention to the dominant role of Latin in determining a boy's promotion, to the beginning of Greek at too young an age and to the lack of systematic instruction in English. Meanwhile, Baker recommended the adoption of the newly established Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board for examination of higher work which for the first time provided a means for comparison between schools. Until this point schools could differ considerably in the ways they assessed pupils and conducted their affairs; today we take for granted the existence of national standards and criteria and the use of public examination results to compare one school, however invidiously, against another.

In the early 1900s the number of boys at the school began to fall, due in part to the rise of good and not too expensive schools in the country around London such as Bedford School, Berkhamsted, University College School, King's College School, St. Dunstan's, St Olave's and Latymer Upper School, amongst others. Science and technical subjects were being developed in institutions funded by public money and there was some pressure on the incomes of the class that sent its sons to schools like Merchant Taylors'. It became increasingly apparent that boys were travelling long distances to school each day, from as far as Hertford, Guildford and Leigh-on-Sea, the school needed a prep. school for boys aged 8–11 and a sports ground nearer than Bellingham. Nairn began to think that the school might be better placed on the outskirts of London. In 1914 the Oxford and Cambridge School Examination Board inspected the school and, amongst their conclusions, found the hours of the school too short and the homework too long, all of which limited their time for fresh air and recreation. The Board also said that the curriculum was too narrow, that the needs of a few potential classical scholars were dominating the needs of the many. Even at this stage the only education in English teaching was gained from the translation of Latin and Greek. In the 1860s the school had been 'one of the nine' but its position was now threatened by the competition of new schools. In 1925 the matter of the school's location was raised again but any suggestion that it should be moved was vetoed by the School Committee.

1908–1927
In 1908 Lord Haldane reorganised the School cadet corps, making them into a single body, the Officer Training Corps, which provided an essential source of officers for the First World War. In 1912 the London Rifle Brigade was permitted to billet three companies in the school and when war came the regiment was billeted there. The Old Merchant Taylors held a meeting at the Hall and 200 enlisted forthwith. In 1918 enlistment in the O.T.C. became compulsory and in 1921 a house system was introduced with four houses named Hilles, White, Spenser and Clive.

1927–1961
The next Head Master, Spencer Leeson, served for just nine years but in that time he proposed and supervised what was probably the greatest single event in the history of the school, the movement from the city of London to the green suburbs of Ruislip, Northwood, and Rickmansworth, an area bounded by branches of the Metropolitan Railway. Leeson made his mind up quickly and advised a move and the Company fell quickly behind him. He invited an inspection by the Board of Education in 1928 and concluded from their report that the school must move: "At Charterhouse Square we can never rejoin the number of the great schools of England". He attached a letter from Cyril Norwood which included these words:

In these next twenty years we shall see a belt of good secondary schools built all round London at a sufficient distance out to provide playing fields and space, and with all that is modern in equipment. These schools will be efficient and the middle class parent will send his sons either to boarding schools, if he can afford it, or to these schools. He will not send them to the noise and congestion of London, to premises which are congested and largely out of date, with playing fields miles away from the teaching centre...

The site at Sandy Lodge was bought in late 1929 and plans were drawn up for the new school by architect WG Newton, in the Neo-Georgian style The cost of the initial proposals was greeted with some dismay, meaning that they had to be revised "at great sacrifice of beauty and efficiency" to bring costs down, and eventually the Court eventually accepted them. The site at Charterhouse Square was sold to St. Bartholomew's Hospital who had been previous owners, having bought the site in 1349 from the Master of the Spital Croft hospital. The move to Sandy Lodge was completed in March 1933, with a farewell service to the city held at St. Paul's Cathedral on 20 March. The first new term at Sandy Lodge began on 4 May, and the School was formally opened on 12 June.

Birley's headmastership was defined by the events of the Second World War, when many of the masters and students were called up to fight. Before war broke out, Birley proposed to build a chapel which would fit the entire school (about 600 pupils at this time). Plans for a whole-school chapel had been included in the original plans for the school, but never came to fruition – partially due to budgetary constraints. These plans were revisited and reworked by Master R. T. D. Sayle, and after much convincing the Court agreed to proceed with the proposal. However, just as the plans had taken shape, the Second World War put them on indefinite hold. Instead, the temporary chapel (occupying the space intended to be a classroom) was renovated, and became the chapel which is still in place today.

When the War ended, Birley informed the Court that he wished to retire, and allow a younger, more energetic man to take over. Before he left, The Third form (years 7 & 8) was introduced to allow those from state primaries to enter the school, following the Fleming Committee report in 1944. Lord Clauson, who had great influence within the Court, was particularly eager to implement the scheme: "Our predecessors made an educational ladder on which boys could climb to the university, whatever their circumstances. The ladder is still here, but a rung is missing and we must put it back." It was named the 'Third Form' because the age of entry had been raised from 10 to 13 in the early 20th century, as such the bottom three forms had vanished. This meant that by 1944 the lowest year at the school was the Fourth Form.

Upon entering office, Elder set about re-organising the house system which had been implemented in 1921, which he viewed as dysfunctional. The boarders of the Manor of the Rose were spread throughout all four houses, and it was believed that houses of 120 were too large (as of 2017, each house has about 110 students) – as well as lacking Housemasters. It seemed to Elder that membership of houses meant very little to the students. As such, he re-divided the school into eight houses, giving boarders their own house (Manor of the Rose), and introducing three new houses (Andrews, Mulcaster and Walter). Elder created the position of Housemaster, who he envisaged would be the pastoral support of each pupil throughout their career.

In addition, reform was creeping into the school at this time, with the privilege of not wearing a cap (which had previously only applied to Monitors), was extended to Prompters and House Prefects, and subsequently to the entire Sixth Form. Around this time, Elder re-introduced the position of Second Master, which had been absent for many years. Games was also made compulsory during his tenure.

The school celebrated its quatercentenary in 1961, and a new art block was given by the Merchant Taylors' Company to honour the event.

1961–present
Hugh Elder was succeeded by Brian Rees (1965–73) and subsequently by Francis Davey (1974–81), under whose tenures the Recital Hall and a new Biology department was built. Under the headmastership of David Skipper (1982–91), wide-ranging developments took place, notably the building of a new Sports Hall and indoor swimming pool (1986), with the old Gymnasium being converted into a studio theatre for Drama.

During the tenure of Jon Gabitass (1991–2004), the sports complex was expanded, and on the east side of the school, he the Recital Hall/Biology department was joined by a Modern Languages building, expanded Art block, and a new lecture theatre. Under Gabitass, Saturday schooling was abolished, and boarding was ended soon after 2000 due to a decline in demand. The Manor of the Rose became a day house just like the other seven houses, and the building converted into staff accommodation. Also under Gabitass, the area under the Great Hall was redeveloped, introducing a reception area and Sixth Form Common Room. Gabitass also oversaw the removal of the Old Merchant Taylors’ clubhouse from Croxley Green to the school site.

The school celebrated its 450th anniversary in 2011, and retains close links with other Merchant Taylors' schools through the Merchant Taylors' Educational Trust and with the Merchant Taylors' Company itself. The members of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors visit the school at least twice a year – notably on St Barnabas' Day and Doctor's Day – and form the school's governing body. Under Simon Everson (2013–present), a new Design and Technology block has been built (2016) and the Fives courts were demolished and replaced by a modern Geography centre. In 2024 a new cricket centre was opened.

In March 2024, the school announced that all 13+ admission would halt after 2025.

Overview
The Merchant Taylors' remains a school for boys only, and accepts pupils based upon an entrance examination, which the boys sit when they are either 11, 13 or 16 years old. The school has a close relationship with its "sister school" St Helen's School, Northwood and the boys also work on occasion with girls from other schools, notably Northwood College.

The school's old boys, called Old Merchant Taylors (OMTs), include naturalists, poets, actors, academics, politicians, authors, sportsmen, and military figures, including three winners of the Victoria Cross award. OMTs include Lancelot Andrewes, who oversaw the translation of the King James' Bible; John Walter, founding editor of The Times; John Sulston, Nobel laureate in Physiology and Medicine; Marshal of the Royal Air Force The Lord Stirrup, former Chief of the Defence Staff; historian E. H. Carr; actor Boris Karloff; Lord Coggan, Archbishop of Canterbury, Robert Clive and many more. In the arts, OMTs have won Academy, Emmy and Grammy Awards. There is also a strong OMT presence in both Houses of Parliament.

Publications
The school has four main publications:

 * Scissorum is a weekly online newsletter
 * Concordia is the school's magazine for alumni, the name again referring to the motto.
 * The Taylorian (published since 1868; now published annually) is a record of the highlights of the preceding academic year and includes the names of all who join the school or leave, the Head Master's speech on St Barnabas' Day (the School's Feast Day), sports reports, cultural reviews, artwork and essays (a selection of its highlights 'Taylorian Analecta' is also published for alumni).
 * Parvae Res is an online digital miscellany of video clips and picture galleries posted on the School's website each term as a round-up of recent events in the life of the school. The name is a reference to the motto of the school and the Merchant Taylors' Company: Concordia Parvae Res Crescunt. The motto is taken from Sallust's Bellum Jugurthinum (X.6) and appears on the school's coat of arms. It figuratively means "In harmony, small things grow" (and is half of the full motto – Nam concordia parvae res crescunt, discordia maximae dilabuntur, which means "For harmony makes small states great, while discord undermines the mightiest empires" – the forerunner of the motto that renders it more colloquially into modern English as 'unity is strength').

Additionally, there are magazines produced by the students themselves. "The Dependent" is a termly publication with a satirical bent, largely focused on school life, "Tech 'N' Mech" is a magazine written by pupils of all ages about technology, mechanics and science, and 'Pulse' is the younger pupils' magazine of creative writing and journalistic comment.

Prefect body
The school prefect body (JCR) is drawn from the Upper Sixth Form, and is made up of monitors (the table) and prompters (the bench). Monitors are effectively head prefects, and number about 11, which fluctuates depending on demand, with more members being added in times of high demand, i.e. in events. They are headed by the head monitor, who is supported by two second monitors and a senior monitor. The remainder of the JCR (prompters) number roughly 40 and ensure good order is kept in school. Although the powers and responsibilities of the JCR have declined over recent decades, they still retain a few privileges. For instance, members of the JCR are allowed to wear pinstriped shirts and jackets with silver buttons, whilst monitors are allowed to wear gold-buttoned suits, the style being chosen by committee.

In addition, within each house there are a number of house prefects, appointed by the head of house. They help organise house events and competitions within school.

Merchant Taylors' Prep School
Merchant Taylors' Prep is Merchant Taylors' preparatory school for boys aged 3–13. It was originally called Northwood Prep School, but merged into Merchant Taylors' in 2015,. Pupils from Merchant Taylors' Prep do not currently have to sit the entrance exams to enter MTS. Merchant Taylors' Prep also has many sister programs with Merchant Taylors', through which they also share grounds, and occasional staff swaps. It also should be noted that students at Merchant Taylors' Prep join with the main school in year 9 (alongside the 13+ cohort), as opposed to joining with the 11+ cohort in year 7. Equally, students who join with the 11+ cohort tend to go to the main school rather than the prep school.

Houses
There are eight houses at Merchant Taylors' School. The Manor of the Rose takes its name from the original school buildings in Suffolk Lane in the City of London. It was the boarding house from 1933 to 2000. Recently the name of Clive was changed to Raphael as a result of the George Floyd protests, due to Clive's involvement with the “foundation of the Empire”.

Forms and jargon
Merchant Taylors' uses a unique method in the naming of the form groups: The school's jargon links back to its foundation:
 * The Lun – Tuck Shop
 * The Quarter – Break Period (20 mins)
 * The Hour – Midday break in which clubs are held (~50 mins)
 * Trials – Internal Examinations
 * The Table – Monitors
 * The Bench – Prompters
 * Beak – Teacher (no longer in common use)

Sport
The school has produced a number of sportsmen in cricket, rugby and other sports. For a listing of rugby internationals, see Old Merchant Taylors' FC.

Cricket ground
The first match recorded as having been played on the school's cricket ground was between the Norwood Club and the Marylebone Cricket Club in 1892. County Second XI cricket was first played there in 2002 when the Middlesex Second XI played the Kent Second XI.

The ground hosted its inaugural first-class match in 2012 when Middlesex played Durham MCCU, with the match ending in a draw. Middlesex's Sam Robson scored the first century at the ground. The ground was recently picked as a training ground for the Australian cricket team, and in 2018 the Indian cricket team, used the ground before playing in London.

Head Masters
• 1561–1586 Richard Mulcaster

• 1586–1592 Henry Wilkinson

• 1592–1599 Edmund Smith

• 1599–1624 William Hayne

• 1625–1632 Nicholas Grey

• 1632–1634 John Edwards

• 1634–1644 William Staple

• 1644–1661 William Dugard

• 1661–1681 John Goad

• 1681–1686 John Hartcliffe

• 1686–1691 Ambrose Bonwicke

• 1691–1707 Matthew Shortyng

• 1707–1720 Thomas Parsell

• 1720–1731 Matthew Smith

• 1731–1760 John Criche

• 1760–1778 James Townley

• 1778–1783 Thomas Green

• 1783–1795 Samuel Bishop

• 1795–1819 Thomas Cherry

• 1819–1845 James William Bellamy

• 1845–1870 James Augustus Hessey

• 1870–1900 William Baker

• 1900–1927 John Arbuthnot Nairn

• 1927–1935 Spencer Stottesbury Gwatkin Leeson

• 1935–1946 Norman Pellew Birley

• 1946–1965 Hugh Elder

• 1965–1973 Brian Rees

• 1974–1981 Francis Davey

• 1981–1982 Harris Thorning

• 1982–1991 David Skipper

• 1991–2004 Jon Gabitass

• 2004–2013 Stephen Wright

• 2013 – present Simon Everson

Old Merchant Taylors (OMTs)

 * Riz Ahmed – actor, comedian and musician
 * Franklin Allen – economist
 * Lancelot Andrewes, Bishop of Winchester and translator of the King James Bible
 * Robin Askwith – actor, writer (1950 - )
 * Neil Lawson Baker – artist, sculptor and photographer
 * Bryan Balkwill – conductor
 * John Beames – ICS, Author of "Memoirs of a Bengal Civilian"
 * Professor Martin Biddle – archaeologist; his work was important in the development of medieval and post-medieval archaeology in Great Britain
 * Edward John Bolus – writer, civil servant, and priest
 * Peter Broadbent – bishop of Willesden
 * Sir Charles Crosthwaite – Chief Commissioner of the British Crown Colony of Burma
 * Nigel Calder – populariser of science
 * EH Carr, Marxist historian and philosopher of history
 * Lynn Chadwick – sculptor, his work 'The Beast' adorns the school grounds
 * Bob Chilcott – composer
 * Edgar Claxton MBE (1910–2000), British Railways Board engineer involved in electrification of the railways in the 1960s.
 * Robert, Lord Clive (expelled) (Clive of India)
 * Donald Coggan – archbishop of Canterbury, 1974–1980
 * Robert Buckley Comyn – Chief Justice of the Madras High Court 1835–42
 * Ronald Cove-Smith – surgeon and rugby union international, captaining both England and the British Lions
 * Duncan Craig – director of Continental European Operations and board member of Logica
 * John Curchin – Australian-born flying ace of the Royal Air Force during the Second World War
 * William Dawes – Archbishop of York 1714-1724
 * Warwick Deeping – novelist
 * Dixon Denham – African explorer, Governor of Sierra Leone
 * Thomas Dove Bishop of Peterborough 1601–1630
 * Alan Duncan, MP and Minister of State in the Department for International Development
 * Iorwerth Edwards, Egyptologist
 * Admiral Edward Evans, 1st Baron Mountevans – naval officer and explorer, member of Scott's Terra Nova Expedition (expelled)
 * Sir Vincent Evans, GCMG, MBE, QC – judge, a decade at the European Court of Human Rights
 * Herbert Fryer, composer, pianist, and pedagogue
 * Colonel John George Nathaniel Gibbes, MLC – military officer, head of the New South Wales Customs Service 1834–1859, Crown appointed Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council
 * The Rt Hon John Gilbert, Baron Gilbert – life peer
 * Ronald Gurner MC – headmaster and writer
 * The Rt Hon, The Lord Hailey, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE – Chairman of the Committee on Post-War problems in the Colonies, Governor of the Punjab and later the United Provinces
 * Henry R.H. Hall – Egyptologist and historian
 * Jack Hargreaves – Television presenter and executive
 * Gordon Harris (born 1964) – Cricketer
 * Sir Brian Harrison – Professor of Modern History, Oxford University
 * Air Vice Marshal Michael Harwood – Head of British Defence Staff/ Defence Attaché Washington (2008–2011)
 * Mehdi Hasan – Host, Al Jazeera UpFront
 * Robert Herrick (1591–1674) lyric poet, author of "Gather ye rosebuds while ye may..."
 * Conn Iggulden – author, mainly historical fiction
 * Sir James Jeans, Astronomer Royal, 'new physicist', 'Quantum theorist', after whom there is a major 13+ Scholarship
 * Robert Jones – MP and Minister of State in the Department of the Environment
 * William Joynson-Hicks, 1st Viscount Brentford – Home Secretary
 * William Juxon – archbishop of Canterbury; he attended Charles I on the scaffold in 1649
 * Boris Karloff – actor
 * H. R. F. Keating – Literary critic and author of Inspector Ghote mysteries
 * Matt Kirshen – Comedian
 * Thomas Kyd – Renaissance dramatist, author of The Spanish Tragedie
 * John Lort-Williams – judge and politician
 * Michael Majerus (1954–2009) geneticist, entomologist, Professor of Evolution at the University of Cambridge
 * Alfred Marshall – economist, one of the founders of neoclassical economics, creator of the Cambridge Economics Tripos
 * Sir Paul Marshall - investor and hedge fund manager, co founder of Marshall Wace Asset Management
 * Morris Martin – Classical scholar who devoted much of his life to the Moral Re-armament movement
 * Reginald Maudling – politician
 * Michael McIntyre – comedian
 * Adrian Mee – cricketer
 * Joseph Merceron – corrupt magistrate and local politician of Bethnal Green
 * Bruce Montgomery – composer and crime writer
 * Michael Moxon – chaplain to the Queen (1986–1998)
 * Mick Mulligan – 1950s traditional jazz trumpeter and bandleader
 * Gilbert Murray – classicist, after whom there is a major 13+ Scholarship
 * Sir Thomas Nott – Royalist army officer
 * David Nutt – British publisher and bookseller
 * Mark Nye suffragan bishop of Pretoria
 * Titus Oates – (1665–1666, expelled)
 * Bernard Pagel, FRS – astronomer
 * Samuel Palmer – landscape painter
 * Jeremy Pang – chef, author, entrepreneur
 * Donald Parry – cricketer
 * Martyn Percy – dean of Christ Church, Oxford
 * John Perrin, churchman and academic, one of the translators of the Authorised King James Version of the Bible
 * Michael Peschardt – BBC foreign correspondent
 * Walter Alison Phillips – historian
 * Ashan Pillai – violist and professor
 * John Raphael, rugby union player and cricketer, captained the 1910 British Lions tour to Argentina
 * Lord John Randall, Conservative MP for Uxbridge and formerly Deputy Chief Whip
 * Joseph Ray Musician and producer, one half of Dubstep and Drum 'n' Bass duo Nero (band)
 * Lord Andrew Robathan – Conservative MP, Minister of State for Northern Ireland, ex Coldstream Guards Officer, SAS
 * Herbert Roper Barrett – tennis player – Wimbledon doubles champion 1909, 1912, 1923 and GB Davis Cup team 1900
 * Martin Rowson – political cartoonist
 * Arthur Lindsay Sadler – professor of Oriental Studies at the University of Sydney.
 * Andrew Cunningham Scott, Emeritus Professor of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London
 * Pat Sharp – radio & TV broadcaster
 * Richard Sharp – Banker and Chairman of the BBC.
 * Nikesh Shukla – writer, novelist, broadcaster & podcaster.
 * Peter Selby – bishop of Worcester
 * James Shirley – poet and playwright
 * Sir John Silvester – Recorder of London 1803–1822
 * Harry Smith FBA – Egyptologist and academic
 * Sir Robert Smith, 3rd Baronet – MP for West Aberdeenshire (Liberal Democrat)
 * Jason Solomons – Film critic for BBC Radio
 * Edmund Spenser – Renaissance poet, author of The Faerie Queene
 * Sir Jock Stirrup, Chief of the Defence Staff
 * Sir John Sulston – Nobel Laureate (2002)
 * Paul Sussman – author, archaeologist and journalist
 * Andrew Thomas, footballer, currently playing for Seattle Sounders FC
 * Major W. Ian Thomas (Ian), DSO, TD – Royal Fusilier and preacher
 * Samuel Thornton – Anglican bishop of Ballarat, Australia
 * John Timpson, OBE – radio presenter, former presenter of the "Today" programme and "Any Questions"
 * James Townley – dramatist and anonymous playwright (1714–1778)
 * Sir Frederick Treves, 1st Baronet – surgeon, medical pioneer
 * John William Tripe – President of the Royal Meteorological Society (1871–72)
 * James Twining – author
 * Jonathan Turnbull – cricketer
 * George Vasey – cricketer and educator
 * William Wadd – early 19th century surgeon and medical author
 * John Walter – founder of The Times newspaper
 * Augustine Warner Jr. – Virginia landowner, common ancestor of George Washington and Elizabeth II
 * John Webster, Renaissance dramatist, author of The Duchess of Malfi and The White Devil
 * Oliver White – Buckinghamshire and Northamptonshire cricketer
 * Sir Bulstrode Whitelocke – Civil War politician who enshrined the principle that only parliament could dissolve parliament
 * John J. Wild – part of the first group to use ultrasound for body imaging, most notably for diagnosing cancer
 * Tom Isaacs (fundraiser) - A pioneer of global Parkinson's fundraising and the founder of The Cure Parkinson's Trust.

Notable members

 * Richard Mulcaster – the school's first Head Master, an educationalist, thought by many to be the model for Shakespeare's Holofernes
 * Baroness Butler-Sloss – first female Lord Justice of Appeal and, until 2004, was the highest-ranking female judge in the United Kingdom
 * Spencer Leeson, Bishop of Peterborough, Head Master, instigated move of the school from Charterhouse Square to the current Sandy Lodge site
 * Alexander Macmillan, 2nd Earl of Stockton – First Upper Warden of the Merchant Taylors' Company
 * Geoffrey Holland, KCB, OMT – career civil servant who became Vice-Chancellor of the University of Exeter from 1994 to 2002; Chairman of the Governors until 2011
 * Douglas MacDowell – classical scholar and the last Professor of Greek at University of Glasgow
 * Peter Walker, Bishop of Ely, a figure at Oxford and Cambridge; Master at Merchant Taylors'

title: Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood


text:
Talk:Israeli system of government

Old talk
I updated the page with information on the latest elections (Feb 2003) and moved the outdated information to Politics of Israel/Archive. Maybe this was not necessary to keep the old results, they all exist at the Knesset site, although only in Hebrew... But I don't want to delete anything. Iorsh

This page is out of date. Israel has reverted to having a prime minister appointed by the President, not directly elected.

 * This has been updated (not be me). - Nahum 06:15 14 Jul 2003 (UTC)

Some curious inconsistencies here, re disputed/occupied territories. Pick one. -Penta 12:35, 13 Dec 2003 (UTC)

Why does it say "disputed territories" - there is no question but that they are currently occupied territories in international law and using the term "disputed" is confusing and not NPOV. To use the term "occupied" is not to make a ruling on their final status, but just to be correct. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 79.69.62.245 (talk) 10:45, 4 October 2009 (UTC)

---
 * Ugh. I looked over this article, just kind of randomly.

It's bad. More spelling mistakes than I can keep count of, among other things.

I would fix this, but it's 0030 here. I need to sleep. So, in hopes someone notices this thing, I post the cleanup tag.

-Penta 04:29, 23 October 2005 (UTC)

I have made minor changes, mainly updating some things, and one mistake about Amir Peretz being the chairman of the Histadrut. I could not find that many speeling mistakes, but that could be because of the hour. anyway soon I'll put my time to it. XonoX 01:22, 27 February 2006 (UTC)
 * Spelling mistakes were an issue that has been fixed since October. Indeed, I think the article qualifies enough to remove the cleanup tag (compare to in October). jnothman talk 03:21, 27 February 2006 (UTC)

Government of Israel
Government of Israel article is missing. Please do not make it as a redirect to Politics of Israel. For example, where is Ministry of Public Security of Israel ? `'mikka (t) 23:57, 31 July 2006 (UTC)

Silly Question
Presumably the body politic has been concerned with "other matters" since the nation's founding. However, is there any party or group advocating an Israeli monarchy?
 * Hmmm... There are probably fanatics who dream of a return of the monarchy, but, even the extremists don't claim to know what happened to the line of David and who is the rightful heir, so no one attempts to restore the monarchy actively. However, many Fundamentalists in Israel believe the monarchy will be restored once the Messiah arrives, and some groups believe that certain actions such as settling the entire land of Israel, or making all Jews Ultra Orthodox can help achieve this goal. Tal :) 20:48, 4 July 2007 (UTC)

Missing Information
Although the article mentions which political parties form the Knesset, there is no mention as of which ones are part of the government coalition, and which ones are in the opposition.--rafvrab 02:12, 3 September 2007 (UTC)
 * I have added it under the Olmert section. Number   5  7  10:54, 3 September 2007 (UTC)

Cleanup
This article is in dire need of verification by sources. --Lendorien 16:41, 3 July 2007 (UTC)

I agree. I'm surprised this hasn't been brought up yet.MustangAficionado (talk) 00:48, 10 December 2007 (UTC)

The link I described as BBC was actually BBS, an honest mistake. I have corrected that in the link and edit summary. The article is a good one that gives voice to some of the most controversial issues of the political involving Israel. A good find.Giovanni33 (talk) 06:16, 1 April 2008 (UTC)

Prime Ministers and governments after 1977
This section contains information available from the History of Israel. There is no point to it - though I can see the sense of having up to date information on Israeli politics, historical summaries strike me as out of context.

I therefore suggest deleting all information over 10 years old from this section (before 1998).

Telaviv1 (talk) 13:04, 7 December 2008 (UTC)

Important notice
The government section of the "Outline of Israel" needs to be checked, corrected, and completed -- especially the subsections for the government branches.

When the country outlines were created, temporary data (that matched most of the countries but not all) was used to speed up the process. Those countries for which the temporary data does not match must be replaced with the correct information.

Please check that this country's outline is not in error.

If you have any questions or comments, please contact The Transhumanist.

Thank you.

Split
This article should be split into two articles:
 * Government of Israel (meaning: the System of Government in Israel)
 * Politics of Israel (meaning: the political parties, groups, politicians etc.)

This first one shold reflect the system and the law. The second one should reflect about the differences between political parties, outcomes of elections and so on. Bekrob (talk) 14:21, 4 September 2011 (UTC)

External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,

I have just modified 2 external links on Israeli system of government. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20020925150102/http://www.president.gov.il/ to http://www.president.gov.il/
 * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090222053711/http://italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RL33476.pdf to http://italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RL33476.pdf

When you have finished reviewing my changes, you may follow the instructions on the template below to fix any issues with the URLs.

Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot  (Report bug) 17:22, 17 November 2017 (UTC)

Pic has a mistake
Cant help but notice that the picture misspells the word parliament. Idan (talk) 20:42, 8 December 2020 (UTC)
 * FYI. Number   5  7  20:57, 8 December 2020 (UTC)

Thank you for improving the object. Will get correcting.

Regards SPQR10 (talk) 04:58, 9 December 2020 (UTC)

YOU ARE BASTRDS AND YOH WILK DIE 90.240.158.157 (talk) 23:53, 15 January 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Israeli system of government


text:
St Paul's School, London

St Paul's School is a selective independent day school (with limited boarding) for boys aged 13–18, founded in 1509 by John Colet and located on a 43-acre site by the Thames in London.

St Paul's was one of nine English public schools investigated by the Clarendon Commission, which subsequently became known as the Clarendon schools. However, the school successfully argued that it was a private school and consequently was omitted from the Public Schools Act 1868, as was Merchant Taylors', the other day school within the scope of Lord Clarendon's terms of reference. Since 1881, St Paul's has had its own preparatory school, St Paul's Juniors (formerly Colet Court), which since 1968 has been located on the same site.

The school is included in The Schools Index as one of the world's 150 best private schools and among top 30 UK senior schools.

History
St Paul's School takes its name from St Paul's Cathedral in London. A cathedral school had existed since around 1103. By the 16th century however, it had declined, and in 1509, a new school was founded by John Colet, Dean of St Paul's Cathedral, on a plot of land to the north of the Cathedral.

The eldest son of Sir Henry Colet (a member of the Mercers' Company and twice Lord Mayor of the City of London), John Colet inherited a substantial fortune and used a great part of it for the endowment of his school, having no family of his own; his 21 brothers and sisters all died in childhood and he was a celibate priest. He described himself in the statutes of the school as "desyring nothing more thanne Educacion and bringing upp chyldren in good Maners and litterature."

Originally, the school provided education for 153 children of "all nacions and countries indifferently", primarily in literature and etiquette. The number 153 has long been associated with the miraculous draught of fishes recorded in St John's Gospel, and for several generations Foundation Scholars have been given the option of wearing an emblem of a silver fish. St Paul's was the largest school in England at its foundation, and its High Master had a salary of 13 shillings and sixpence weekly, which was double that of the contemporary Head Master of Eton College. The scholars were not required to make any payment, although they were required to be literate and had to pay for their own wax candles, which at that time were an expensive commodity.

Colet was an outspoken critic of the powerful and worldly Church of his day, and a friend of both Erasmus and Sir Thomas More. Erasmus wrote textbooks for the school and St Paul's was the first English school to teach Greek, reflecting the humanist interests of the founder. Colet distrusted the Church as a managing body for his school, declaring that he "found the least corruption" in married laymen. For this reason, Colet assigned the management of the School and its revenues to the Mercers' Company, the premier livery company in the City of London, with which his father had been associated. In 1876 the company was legally established as trustee of the Colet estate, and the management of the school was assigned to a Board of Governors consisting of the Master, Wardens and nine members of the company, together with three representatives from each of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and London. The Mercers' Company still forms the major part of the School's governing body, and it continues to administer Colet's trust.

One of St Paul's early headmasters was Richard Mulcaster, famous for writing two influential treatises on education (Positions, in 1581, and Elementarie in 1582). His description in Positions of "footeball" as a refereed team sport is the earliest reference to organised modern football. For this description and his enthusiasm for the sport he is considered the father of modern football.

Between 1861 and 1864, the Clarendon Commission (a Royal Commission) investigated the public school system in England and its report formed the basis of the Public Schools Act 1868. St Paul's was one of only nine schools considered by the Clarendon Commission, and one of only two schools which was not predominantly attended by boarders (the other day school was Merchant Taylors').

According to Charles Dickens Jr., writing in 1879 "St Paul's School (founded 1512 by John Colet, DD, Dean of St Paul’s), St Paul's-churchyard — There are 153 scholars on the foundation, who are entitled to entire exemption from school fees. Vacancies are filled up at the commencement of each term according to the results of a competitive examination. Candidates must be between 12 and 14 years of age. Capitation scholars pay £20 a year. The governors of this school are appointed by the Mercers' Company and the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and London. The school exhibitions [i.e. scholarships] are determined as to number and value by the governors from time to time, and the school prizes are of considerable importance. The following are the university exhibitions. To the University of Cambridge there are the following exhibitions: Five exhibitions at Trinity, founded by Mr Perry in 1696, of the value of £10 a year; two exhibitions at St John's, founded by Dr Gower in 1711, of the value of £10 a year, for the sons of clergymen. An exhibition, founded by Mr Stock in 1780 at Corpus Christi, of the yearly value of £30, given to a scholar recommended by the high master. Four exhibitions, in the same college, value £10 a year each, founded by Mr George Sykes in 1766, consolidated now in one exhibition, value £36 a year."

By comparison, in 2016 the Daily Telegraph reported that families earning up to £120,000 were being offered bursaries after the headmaster declared that the school had become "unaffordable".

Apposition
Apposition is a traditional ceremony at St Paul's and was originally a way of allowing the Mercers' Company to assess teaching staff and the High Master, with the option of dismissing or reappointing them. The assessment takes the form of a third-party "apposer", often a leading academic, judging the quality of teaching through scrutinising lectures given by boys in their final year. Today it is primarily a prize giving event, where prizes are awarded to senior boys who have excelled in particular subjects. The Apposition Dinner is held in Mercers' Hall in London every year around May.

Consequences of apposition have led to the dismissal of previous High Masters including Thomas Freeman, for lack of learning (although more probably for holding the incorrect religious views) in 1559. In 1748, High Master Charles was removed as he had allegedly threatened to "pull the Surmaster by the nose and kick him about the school".

Since it was re-introduced in 1969, the ceremony today takes place in May and is purely ceremonial, incorporating prize giving for boys in the final two years of the school.

City of London
The original school, which stood in St Paul's Churchyard, was destroyed with the Cathedral in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Hammersmith
In 1884 a new building designed by the architect Alfred Waterhouse rose to dominate the countryside of Hammersmith. The terracotta for the Hammersmith school was made by the famous Gibbs and Canning of Tamworth. At this time the street numbering was changed locally and so the school address, whether by accident or design, became 153 Hammersmith Road. The preparatory school, Colet Court, was soon afterwards housed in new premises in a similar style on the opposite side of the road. In September 1939 the school was evacuated to Easthampstead Park, near Crowthorne in Berkshire, where, under the then High Master, W. F. Oakeshott, it became solely a boarding school for the period of the war. Playing fields and some other facilities were borrowed from nearby Wellington College, but the boys and the teachers from the two schools remained entirely separate. In the meantime, the London buildings became the headquarters of the Home Forces in July 1940 and the headquarters of the XXI Army Group under the command of General, later Field-Marshal, Bernard Montgomery, himself an Old Pauline, in July 1943. There the XXI army part of the military side of the invasion of Europe was planned, including the D-Day landings. The map that he used is still present in the modern day site of the school in the Montgomery Room. The school recovered its buildings in September 1945, and resumed life essentially as a day school, although it retains a small number of boarders to this day. In 1959, Queen Elizabeth II visited the school to mark the 450th anniversary of its founding. Upon her death, BBC journalist John Simpson, a pupil at the time, was most complimentary, saying that "we were all just bowled over by it [the visit]".

Barnes
By 1961 it had become evident that the old school buildings were unsuited to modern educational needs. The opportunity arose to rebuild the school on a 45-acre (182,000 m²) riverside site at Barnes, adjacent to Hammersmith Bridge. This land had previously been the site of reservoirs which were filled in with earth excavated during the construction of the Victoria line.

In the 1970s, West London College was built on 14 acres of former playing fields of St Paul's, despite campaigns opposing the development.

2009–present day
The school has recently opened its Science wing. The wing is a four-storey building finished in February 2013, built to give university standard of work spaces and labs. The school now has its own scanning electron microscope along with the new science building.

A large number of music concerts, art exhibitions and plays take place each year, and pupils regularly receive national recognition for their achievements. The school also has a strong sports department; St Paul's was a founding member of the Rugby Football Union in 1871 and was pre-eminent in public school boxing, its first team failing to win only two boxing matches against first team boxers from other schools over a period of 25 years; however, boxing was discontinued as a school sport in the 1960s. More recently, the school teams were runners-up in the rugby U15 Daily Mail Cup in 2005 and in 2007. The school has a strong record in rugby. In 1979, the 1st XV of St Paul's, nicknamed the 'Invincibles', went twelve matches undefeated. Big rivals for the school are RGS Guildford, King's College School, Dulwich College, St John's Leatherhead, Merchant Taylors', Wellington and Eton.

Staff pay
St Paul's ranks highest on the Sunday Times Private School Pay List, with nine staff members paid salaries exceeding £100,000 in the accounting period 2019-20. St Paul’s also had the highest individual earner, with one staff member earning between £330,000 and £339,000 from September 2019 to August 2020.

Operation Winthorpe
St Paul's has been investigated by the Metropolitan Police for historic crimes of paedophilia so serious the investigation was given its own operational name, Operation Winthorpe. Since then school has reviewed and revised its safeguarding procedures. A major independent report published in January 2020, revealed 80 complaints against 32 members of staff over a period of six decades, mainly from the 1960s to the 1990s. There were 28 recommendations on how current practice could be improved.

Renewal campaign
The renewal campaign is the project to rebuild the entire school campus, frequently known as the Masterplan.

The majority of the current buildings date from the 1960s, and the CLASP technology used in the construction of the buildings has a limited lifespan. Even though over the last few years various buildings (such as the Wathen Hall Music School, Rackets Court and Milton Building) have been added on the campus wherever space was available, the dated buildings represent approximately three quarters of the school.

Local planning restrictions combined with a lack of available surplus land mean that St Paul's is faced with progressively replacing obsolete buildings with new ones located in the same general area. The plan should eventually result in a large building footprint area increase as well as increasing the amount of staff housing. The number of car parking spaces will be reduced, but there will be much more available room for bicycles.

In 2007, Nicholas Hare Architects were appointed to produce detailed designs for the first set of new buildings. Late in 2009, Richmond Council granted St Paul's detailed planning permission, and building started in 2011.

Rugby
In 2007, St Paul's recorded their most notable result in the sport when they reached the final of the U15 Daily Mail Cup, the premier rugby union tournament for British secondary schools. The team was coached by Richard Girvan, Surmaster from 2012 to 2020. St Paul's lost the game played at Twickenham Stadium 20-15 to Lymm High School.

Rowing
The St Paul's School Boat Club (SPSBC) has won the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta seven times. In 2018 the SPSBC 1st VIII achieved unprecedented success, winning the "triple crown" of schoolboy rowing with record breaking wins in the Princess Elizabeth Challenge Cup and the School's Head of the River, plus victory at the National Schools' Regatta in the Queen Mother's Challenge Cup; they also won the Men's Youth Eights at Head of the Charles in a record time and recorded the fastest time in history by any schoolboy crew over 2k of 5:36.59 at Marlow Regatta. Members of the crew also won the Pairs Head, Sculler's Head & Fours Head and all eligible members of the crew won gold medals at the World Junior Rowing Championships that year.

Examinations
In 2008, for the first time, its students sat the IGCSE exam instead of the GCSE in Science, following sitting IGCSE in Mathematics the previous year. The school does not currently offer the International Baccalaureate as an alternative to A Level, and has suffered on many league tables as a result. Martin Stephen, former High Master of St Paul's, has stated he believes that "league tables put massive pressure on headmasters to do bad things" and announced that St Paul's will be joining other private schools in London in withdrawing from the ISC's 2008 league tables.

The school record for students gaining places at Oxford or Cambridge was 74 pupils in 2010, representing 42% of the year group. In the same year, a record 53.5% of A Level entries were graded at A*, with 93.5% of grades at A* or A and 99.4% at or above a B. According to more recent data, pupils starting university in 2016 numbered 189. Of those starting in the UK in 2016, 95% went on to Russell Group universities, with 53 entering Oxford or Cambridge. The highest ever number of pupils (34) chose to study in America, at Ivy League or equivalent schools. In 2017, 72 pupils were made offers by Oxford or Cambridge, with 40 offers for Oxford and 32 for Cambridge. In addition, 40 pupils received offers from North American universities, with no fewer than five securing places at Yale. A further three offers were made each by Princeton and Columbia.

The school had its first student attain a place on the Prime Minister's Global Fellowship programme in 2009.

The school also has its first student win the national competition of IFS Young Business Writer of the Year 2010 Award, an award for the top young business thinker.

GCSE summary: last six years

A level summary: last six years

High Masters

The head teacher of St Paul's is known as the High Master, and the deputy head as the Surmaster. These titles are assigned in the school statutes. The following have been High Masters of St Paul's:

Other notable staff

 * Josh Hawley (born 1979), U.S. senator
 * George Green Loane (1865–1945), housemaster, classical scholar
 * Francis Sowerby Macaulay (1862–1937), mathematician

title: St Paul's School, London


text:
National anthem of Austria

The national anthem of Austria (Bundeshymne der Republik Österreich), also known by its incipit "Land der Berge, Land am Strome" (Land of the mountains, land by the river), was adopted in 1946. The melody, originally attributed to Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart but now disputed among various composers (most probably by Johann Holzer), was matched with a text by Paula von Preradović the following year.

History
Nineteen days before his death on 5 December 1791, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed his last complete work, the Freimaurerkantate, K. 623. In parts of the printed edition of this cantata there appeared the song K. 623a "Lasst uns mit geschlungnen Händen" ("Let us with joined hands"). To this melody the Austrian national anthem is sung. Today, Mozart's authorship is regarded as dubious and the song is attributed to Johann Holzer (either solely or co-authored with Mozart) or Paul Wranitzky.

Before the World War II Anschluss, Austria's state anthem was "Sei gesegnet ohne Ende", set to the tune of Haydn's "Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser", the state anthem of imperial Austria since 1797. The current German national anthem "Deutschlandlied" uses the same tune, but with different words (it was also the co-national anthem of Germany during National Socialist rule). To avoid the association, and because singing it was banned for a time after the war, a new state anthem was created. The lyrics were written by Paula von Preradović, one of the few women to have written lyrics for a national anthem. On 22 October 1946, the song was officially declared Austria's national anthem, albeit without words. Lyrics were added in February 1947. On 1 January 2012, parts of the lyrics were changed to make the composition gender-neutral.

Attempts at gender-neutral language
Since the 1990s, several attempts have been made to modify the lyrics to use more gender-neutral language. In 2005, Women's Minister Maria Rauch-Kallat of the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) stated her objection to the words sons, fraternal and fatherland in the lyrics and proposed changes. Her proposal met strong resistance by Austria's largest newspaper, the Kronen Zeitung, and failed to gain support from the then coalition partner, the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ).

In January 2010 Austrian pop singer Christina Stürmer presented a pop version of the hymn "Heimat bist du großer Söhne und Töchter" ("Thou art home to great sons and daughters") as part of a campaign by the Austrian federal ministry of education. She was sued for violation of copyright by the estate of Paula von Preradović but subsequently cleared by the Austrian Supreme Court of Justice who called it "a mere modernisation" and allowed the version to stand.

Since 1 January 2012 a few words in the state anthem are different from before. The text and notes of the state anthem were officially codified in the "Bundesgesetz über die Bundeshymne der Republik Österreich" (Federal act about the federal anthem of the Republic of Austria).

Lyrics
Only the first verse is considered official and performed during official events.

The original (pre-2012) lyrics had the line Heimat bist du großer Söhne (Home art thou to great sons) instead of Heimat großer Töchter und Söhne on first verse as well as Brüderchören (fraternal choirs) instead of Jubelchören (jolly choirs) in the third verse. The anthem is currently sung to the following melody:

Parody
The same evening after von Preradović learned that her lyrics were chosen for the national anthem, her sons, Otto and Fritz Molden, composed a satirical version of them. Land der Erbsen, Land der Bohnen, Land der vier Besatzungszonen, Wir verkaufen dich im Schleich! Und droben überm Hermannskogel Flattert froh der Bundesvogel. Vielgeliebtes Österreich! Land of the peas, land of the beans, Land of the four zones of occupation, we sell thee on the black market! And up there over the Hermannskogel gladly the federal bird flutters. Much beloved Austria!

According to media researcher Peter Diem, the first two of these lines were popular in the schools of Vienna in 1955.

title: National anthem of Austria