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Exakta

The Exakta (sometimes Exacta) was a camera produced by the Ihagee Kamerawerk in Dresden, Germany, founded as the Industrie und Handels-Gesellschaft mbH, in 1912. The inspiration and design of both the VP Exakta and the Kine Exakta are the work of the Ihagee engineer Karl Nüchterlein (see Richard Hummel's Spiegelreflexkameras aus Dresden), who did not survive the Second World War.

An Exakta VX was used by James Stewart's character, a professional photographer, to spy on his possibly murderous neighbor in Alfred Hitchcock's Rear Window.

Characteristics
Highlights of Exakta cameras include:

 * First single-lens reflex camera (SLR) for 127 roll film (VP Exakta) came in 1933
 * First wind-on lever in 1934
 * First built-in flash socket, activated by the shutter, in 1935
 * First SLR for 35mm film came in 1936, the Kine Exakta

Early Kine Exaktas had a fixed waist-level viewfinder, but later models, starting with the Exakta Varex, had an interchangeable waist- or eye-level finder. Examat and Travemat through-the-lens metering prisms were introduced in the mid-1960s. Most controls—including the shutter release and the film wind lever—are on the left-hand side, unlike most other cameras. The film is transported in the opposite direction to other 35mm SLRs. In classic Exaktas—made between 1936 and 1969—two film canisters can be used, one containing unexposed film and a second into which is wound the exposed film. A sliding knife built into the bottom of the camera can be used to slice the film so that the canister containing the exposed film can be removed while preserving the unexposed film in the main canister. The knife was omitted in the Exakta VX500, one of the last "official" Exakta cameras. The shutter release on classic Exaktas is on the front of the camera, rather than the top. It is pressed with the left forefinger. Amongst others, Topcon would use this bajonet mount for a time. This is quite similar to the Praktica design (which adapted it from Ihagee's product), the shutter-release of which was located on the right-hand side of the camera-body front. Most later lenses produced for Exaktas (Ihagee did not produce their own lenses), known either as "automatic" or "semi-automatic" lenses, included a button in an extension that would align over the camera body's shutter release when the lens was mounted. The diaphragm of these lenses remained fully open, providing a bright viewfinder image, until the button was depressed halfway, when the iris would be stopped down to the shooting aperture; pressed farther, the lens button engaged the camera's shutter release button, tripping the shutter.

There was a full line of specialized equipment available for these system cameras that included microscope adaptor, extension bellows, stereo attachments, medical attachments and various specialized finder screens. Equipment is fully compatible between all models manufactured between 1936 and 1969. The spelling found on cameras has traditionally been Exakta, but some early Kine-Exaktas were marked Exacta specifically for marketing in France, Portugal and the U.S., perhaps for copyright reasons; and certainly a great number of American collectors refer to the whole range as the "Exacta." A related line of smaller, simpler cameras was the "Exa" line; these, too, existed in several variations. The Beseler Topcon line of 35mm cameras used the same lens mount as the Exakta. In the early 1970s the Exakta "RTL 1000" was introduced; it accepted the older models' lenses but had its own range of viewfinders, which included a model with through-the-lens light metering. M42 lens mount variants of the RTL line of cameras also appeared under the Praktica name.

After an economic collapse following Germany's reunification, the successor of the firm (Pentacon, which subsumed Ihagee) is now back in business. This company is not related to the Dutchman Johan Steenbergen, the founder of Ihagee, or with the Exakta, which was discontinued in the 1970s.

title: Exakta


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Talk:Ordinal number

Negative ordinals
A section quoting Russell in Principles of Mathematics was reverted as "surreal"! Now an illustration, as Venus has negative fourth apparent magnitude, is appended. Any comments? — Rgdboer (talk) 03:26, 27 November 2020 (UTC)
 * The "negative fourth magnitude" has no apparent connection to the topic of this article. It might have some connection with the ordinal numeral article.
 * (The "surreal" comment is probably a pun on the surreal numbers, which embed a copy of the ordinals, and which have negatives.) --Trovatore (talk) 04:01, 27 November 2020 (UTC)
 * At least the latter fact is worth mentioning in the article; and why not give Russell's reference (but not the full quotation) then, too? - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 10:00, 27 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Hmm, I suppose we could have a brief mention of the surreals (if we don't already; haven't checked) but the Russell thing is kind of anachronistic for that, maybe a precursor but not using terminology that has survived (come to think of it, you could say that about much of Russell's work in math logic). It's not really even clear from the excerpt given just what Russell was talking about -- does anyone have it handy to give more context? --Trovatore (talk) 19:09, 27 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Ok, I see. For now, ' recent edit (adding surreal numbers under "See also") is just fine. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 19:26, 27 November 2020 (UTC)

By way of explanation: In scientific notation a x 10N there is some discussion concerning the label for N beyond mere exponent. Some usage of order of magnitude has been noted but also that at the disambiguation page order (mathematics) nearly all the uses refer to a heirachial organization where N corresponds to an ordinal number such as at decade (log scale). A number of these orders of magnitude have been assembled in a WP:Category, and naturally with scientific notation there are negative Ns. Thus it seems necessary to acknowledge negative ordinals to properly document these order of magnitude articles in that category. — Rgdboer (talk) 01:35, 28 November 2020 (UTC)
 * are you sure you've understood what this article is actually about? I grant you that there's a different sense of the term ordinal number for which your comments might make a certain amount of sense; that sense is discussed at our article ordinal numeral, not here.  That's fundamentally a linguistic rather than mathematical concept.
 * This article is about the ordinal numbers introduced by Georg Cantor. The interesting ones are infinite; finite ordinals are not in any essential way different from natural numbers. --Trovatore (talk) 04:33, 28 November 2020 (UTC)

Bertrand Russell wrote his book in response to continental developements in logic and set theory. How dare editors remove the on-topic WP:RS? Why are negative ordinals WP:Out of scope of this article? So what that the transfinite ordinals are the "interesting ones", the encyclopedia is to serve all readers, young and old. The article transfinite number is your focus, but the general reader needs to know that there are negative ordinals, especially for the reason given above. — Rgdboer (talk) 04:32, 29 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Russell's construction, in the generality of posets, would be in scope for articles on order theory, or (in that context) as a construction of the integers from the natural numbers, as ordered sets. It's out of scope for ordinals since the structures it produces are not regarded as ordinals (in mathematics, which is where he proposed it, right?) and nobody adopted Russell's idea of calling these things "negative ordinals". Russell misapplied or misunderstood the term "negative" here; the point in mathematics is to create a group from a semigroup, not a minus sign as a reverse direction. 73.89.25.252 (talk) 06:31, 29 November 2020 (UTC)
 * There are not, in fact, "negative ordinals", not in the sense intended in this article. This article is about a specific structure in set theory, which has no negative ordinals.  Just because a reliable source uses the same word does not imply that it's talking about the same thing, or that it is on-topic for this article.  --Trovatore (talk) 05:56, 29 November 2020 (UTC)
 * Should we disregard one old source by Russell or thousands of more recent articles which use "ordinal" in a sense which excludes negatives? JRSpriggs (talk) 06:04, 29 November 2020 (UTC)
 * In over a century, this definition of Russell's never caught on. You can "double" any linear (or partial) order that has a minimum element, putting in a reflection symmetry by fiat, but what does that accomplish?  Apparently not much, since Russell's terminology did not gain acceptance. The gain in constructing integers from positive integers is create a homogeneous structure (transitive symmetry group), not an artificial left-right symmetry put in by hand by creating a duplicate mirrored copy.  Russell's construction does not really sew the left and right sides together properly, in that whether you have unique successor or unique predecessor depends on which half you are in; it's not a single structure working differently than the sum of its parts.  73.89.25.252 (talk) 06:10, 29 November 2020 (UTC)

Faulty caption on pictorial?
There is an image with the caption "A graphical "matchstick" representation of the ordinal ω². Each stick corresponds to an ordinal of the form ω·m+n where m and n are natural numbers."

It's probably my own confusion, but the caption makes little sense to me. Assuming a "matchstick" is a single vertical line, shouldn't the caption read "... ω^3 [not ^2]. Each stick corresponds to ... ω." ? In any event, isn't the "+n" in the quoted caption useless? Jamesdowallen (talk) 00:23, 20 September 2021 (UTC)

 * I think, each stick denotes one number, so the sticks at the left end denote the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ... . The leftmost "completely black triangle" (appearance to the human eye) then has ω at its tip. The next sticks right to it denote ω+1, ω+2, ω+3, ω+4, ... . The rightmost end of the picture then denotes ω^2. Maybe, the phrase "matchstick representation" should be explained in a footnote (along the above lines). - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 20:41, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

Get rid of pictures, or replace them
I am no expert, to be sure, on ordinals but can we please finally dump these attempts at graphical representations? the 'spiral' and 'matchstick' images -- they add nothing to the explanation and as far as I can see are not even discussed in the article text. 71.139.124.132 (talk) 13:20, 30 December 2022 (UTC)

 * The images are intended to illustrate the structure of (initial segments of) the ordinal numbers. The spiral form is just a hack to avoid an extreme aspect ratio. Do you have suggestion about alternatives? - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 19:07, 30 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The matchsticks are good. They clearly show how ω2 can be embedded into the reals.
 * The spiral could be improved by defining clearly what normal function corresponds to one turn of the spiral. If I could, I would change it so that that function is α -> ω·(1 + α). However, I do not know how to edit the image. JRSpriggs (talk) 00:35, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * It seems that the Svg file can be edited with an ordinary text editor, so I can offer to change the labels according to your suggestions. However, I'm afraid I didn't understand them. It seems that after n turns, we are at ωn; but I'm not sure whether your α corresponds to my n. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 13:12, 31 December 2022 (UTC)
 * The outermost ring of the spiral should begin with 0 at the 12:00 high position and continue with the natural numbers coming closer together until the first turn is completed. At that point it should meet ω which should be directly under 0. The spoke beginning with 0 would continue with ω, ω2, ω3, etc. until it reaches the center which would be ωω. The spoke beginning with 1 would continue with ω·2, ω2·2 ω3·2, etc.. Between these, new spokes should begin in the second turn, ω+1 would continue with ω2+ω. Clearly, most of these numbers would have to be replaced with just tick-marks and as you proceed around the spiral, and most of those would have to be omitted altogether. JRSpriggs (talk) 00:05, 1 January 2023 (UTC)
 * I started to redesign the picture according to your suggestion; it will take a few days to get the limit ordinals arranged. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 17:19, 23 January 2023 (UTC)
 * It took me longer than expected, but now I came up with a first version that meets the above requirements (I hope), see File:Omega-exp-omega-normal svg.svg and File:Omega-exp-omega-normal.pdf. Comments are appreciated. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 18:14, 8 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Thank you for your effort. Two problems:
 * 1. Use ωn instead of nω. 2ω = ω < ω + ω = ω2.
 * 2. Please use darker colors. Yellow on white is virtually illegible (to me at least). JRSpriggs (talk) 01:00, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I would use $$\omega\cdot2$$ rather than $$\omega2$$; the latter is unusual in my experience and the 2 looks like it could be a misplaced superscript or subscript. I agree about the yellow; that's pretty hard to see. --Trovatore (talk) 01:44, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * ✅. As for 1.: oops, sorry! As for 2.: I now darkened the colors from RGB (100%,0%,0%) for red (similar for green, blue) and (80%,80%,0%) for yellow (similar for cyan, magenta) to (80%,0%,0%) and (50%,50%,0%). I find the result still hard to read. On the other hand, I'd like to keep the "rainbow" effect which makes it easier to recognize which label belongs to which spiral turn. Moreover, inspired by the current image File:Omega-exp-omega-labeled.svg, I'd added some fade-out effect, e.g. at $$\omega, \omega+1, ..., \omega+4$$; should I turn that off? - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 12:08, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * Yes, I agree that File:Omega-exp-omega-normal.pdf should replace what is in the article. Thanks again. JRSpriggs (talk) 19:46, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
 * I think you put the wrong link. We don't want a PDF as an image (not sure that even works).  Probably you meant File:Omega-exp-omega-labeled.svg. --Trovatore (talk) 01:52, 10 February 2023 (UTC)
 * No, Trovatore. That is not it. That is an old incorrect version. JRSpriggs (talk) 14:48, 10 February 2023 (UTC)
 * @Jochen Burghardt After recently looking at the Ordinal number article, I see that you changed the black and white picture to a color one (March of last year). Is that really an improvement?  The old version seemed a lot easier to look at.  The new layout is good, but the lack of contrast with the washed-out tones of the colors makes the whole thing hard to follow and understand what is going on. Any thoughts? PatrickR2 (talk) 04:49, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * Yes, please turn off the fade-out effect. PatrickR2 (talk) 04:55, 15 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I've uploaded a b/w version at File:Omega-exp-omega-normal-bw svg.svg for comparison purposes. The colors are intended to ease distinguishing the different turns of the spiral and to ease recognition of which label belongs to which spoke.
 * I also have uploaded a version using the (darker) spoke colors for label coloring, too, see File:Omega-exp-omega-normal-dark svg.svg; it has a reduced fade-out effect; I' prefer this one. - Jochen Burghardt (talk) 07:51, 19 May 2024 (UTC)
 * I agree that https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Omega-exp-omega-normal-dark_svg.svg is the best of the three. The colors make it easier to distinguish the turns, and it's also easier to read without the fade-out effect. PatrickR2 (talk) 18:18, 22 May 2024 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Ordinal number


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Talk:Wacław Sierpiński

Two death dates?
The article gives two different dates for Sierpinski's death. S. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 217.168.172.214 (talk) 00:10, January 29, 2003 (UTC)

About the name.
Solkoll posts to the mailinglist sci.fractals: In article , SunCode wrote: Hello! A short question; Is it "Sierpinsky" or "Sierpinski"? Does anyone have the correct name? I have seen more variations but those are the common ones. This is why I'm asking : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpinski as far as I know it's "Sierpinsky" and the wikipedia is not correct. SunCode. reply 1: Interesting, I always thought it was "i". I grabbed "Science of fractal images off the shelf" and in the index it is "y" but in lots of the text it is "i".....very conffusing. I know it's hardly definitive but a google search for the "y" version gives about 1,700 entries while the "i" version gives 49,000. This looks reliable http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Sierpinski.html reply 2: I would say Sierpinski if it is from Polish (as it is), Sierpinsky if it is from Russian (it is not). Perhaps the erronesous "Sierpinsky" spelling is what comes out when you transliterate to Cyrillic and then back again. reply 3: To be perfectly true his surname should be written with polish dialectal chars: "Sierpiñski" — Preceding unsigned comment added by Solkoll~enwiki (talk • contribs) 07:17, July 13, 2004 (UTC)
 * Late reply - we use his Polish name in Polish spelling. --Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus| reply here 07:32, 31 August 2020 (UTC)

Stinkin' what?!
Where and when was he born? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Silver The Slammer (talk • contribs).

The article also says he died in Warsaw and Moscow... can anyone confirm one of these? Also, I'm a bit confused at the article's seemingly anti-Polish slant (at least in my eyes), particularly since he's often considered a Polish rather than Russian mathematician. How can he have refused to have his work published in Polish until 1907 if he first worked at the University of Warsaw sometime around 1904? Something doesn't smell quite right to me - CheeseOfGlory —Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.74.193.45 (talk) 22:35, 16 December 2009 (UTC)

sierpinski
I need some interesting facts about him.. there are none here —Preceding unsigned comment added by 173.180.143.146 (talk) 03:59, 20 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Um...he was born on Pi Day? (note today's date) Lanthanum-138 (talk) 10:17, 22 July 2011 (UTC)

Only two fractals bear his name
The Sierpinski curve and the Sierpinski gasket are the same object. Both constructions are published by Sierpinski in 1915 (comptes-rendus de l'académie des sciences) and described by him as a curve.

Alain Busser (talk) 09:58, 22 January 2021 (UTC)

title: Talk:Wacław Sierpiński


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Malcolm Campbell

Major Sir Malcolm Campbell (11 March 1885 – 31 December 1948) was a British racing motorist and motoring journalist. He gained the world speed record on land and on water at various times, using vehicles called Blue Bird, including a 1921 Grand Prix Sunbeam. His son, Donald Campbell, carried on the family tradition by holding both land speed and water speed records.

Early life and family
Campbell was born on 11 March 1885 in Chislehurst, Kent, the only son of William Campbell, a Hatton Garden diamond seller. He attended the independent Uppingham School. In Germany, learning the diamond trade, he gained an interest in motorbikes and races. Returning to Britain, he worked for two years at Lloyd's of London for no pay, then for another year at £1 a week.

Between 1906 and 1908, he won all three London to Land's End Trials motorcycle races. In 1910, he began racing cars at Brooklands. He christened his car Blue Bird, painting it blue, after seeing the play The Blue Bird by Maurice Maeterlinck at the Haymarket Theatre.

Campbell married Marjorie Dagmar Knott in 1913, but they divorced two years later.

Campbell then married Dorothy Evelyn Whittall in 1920; their son Donald was born in 1921, and their daughter, Jean, in 1923. Dorothy, who became Lady Campbell when he was knighted in 1931, later described him as "quite unfitted for the role of husband and family man". They divorced in 1940.

Campbell married Betty Nicory in 1945 in Chelsea.

Campbell wrote a number of "motoring mystery" novels including Salute to the Gods which was the source material for the 1939 motion picture Burn 'Em Up O'Connor.

Military service
At the outbreak of the First World War, Campbell initially enlisted as a motorcycle dispatch rider and fought at the Battle of Mons in August 1914. Shortly afterwards he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 5th Battalion, Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment, a Territorial Force unit, on 2 September 1914. He was soon drafted into the Royal Flying Corps, where he was a ferry pilot, for his instructors believed he was too clumsy to make the grade as a fighter pilot.

During the late 1930s, he commanded the provost company of the 56th (London) Division of the Territorial Army. From 1940 to 1942, he commanded the military police contingent of the Coats Mission tasked with evacuating King George VI, Queen Elizabeth and their immediate family from London in the event of German invasion. On 23 January 1943 he was transferred from the Corps of Military Police to the General List. On 16 December 1945, having attained the age limit of 60, Campbell relinquished his commission and was granted the honorary rank of major.

Grand Prix career
Campbell competed in Grand Prix motor racing, winning the 1927 and 1928 Grand Prix de Boulogne in France driving a Bugatti T37A.

Land speed record
Campbell broke the land speed record for the first time in 1924 at 146.16 mi/h at Pendine Sands near Carmarthen Bay in a 350HP V12 Sunbeam, now on display at the National Motor Museum, Beaulieu. He broke nine land speed records between 1924 and 1935, with three at Pendine Sands and five at Daytona Beach. His first two records were accomplished whilst driving a racing car built by Sunbeam.

In 1925 Campbell set a new lap record of 100 mi/h at Brooklands in a streamlined Chrysler Six.

On 4 February 1927, Campbell set the land speed record at Pendine Sands, covering the Flying Kilometre (in an average of two runs) at 174.883 mph and the Flying Mile in 174.224 mph, in the Napier-Campbell Blue Bird.

He set his final land speed record at the Bonneville Salt Flats in Utah on 3 September 1935, and was the first person to drive an automobile over 300 mph, averaging 301.337 mph in two passes.

Water speed records
Campbell developed and flotation-tested Blue Bird on Tilgate Lake, in Tilgate Park, Crawley. He set the water speed record four times, his highest speed being 141.740 mi/h in the Blue Bird K4. He set the record on 19 August 1939 on Coniston Water, Lancashire (now in Cumbria).

Politics
Campbell stood for Parliament without success at the 1935 general election in Deptford for the Conservative Party, despite his links to the British Union of Fascists. Reportedly, he once adorned his car with a Fascist pennant of the London Volunteer Transport Service, though there has been no photographic evidence to support this claim.

Death
Campbell died after a series of strokes in 1948 in Reigate, Surrey, aged 63. He was one of the few land speed record holders of his era to die of natural causes, for so many had died in crashes.

Honours and awards

 * In recognition of his service during the First World War, Campbell was appointed a Member of the Military Division of the Order of the British Empire on 3 June 1919.
 * In 1931, on his return from Daytona Beach where he set a land speed record of 245.736 mph, he was given a civic welcome and a Mansion House banquet in London, and was knighted at Buckingham Palace by King George V on 21 February 1931.
 * He was awarded the Segrave Trophy in 1933 and 1939.
 * He was inducted into the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 1990.
 * He was inducted into the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America in 1994.
 * In 2010, an English Heritage blue plaque commemorating Campbell and his son was installed at Canbury School, Kingston Hill, Kingston upon Thames, where Donald was born in March 1921 and the Campbell family lived until late 1922.

title: Malcolm Campbell


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Arthington

Arthington is a linear village in Wharfedale, in the City of Leeds metropolitan borough in West Yorkshire, England. It is a civil parish which, according to the 2011 census, had a population of 532. It is in the Otley ward of the City of Leeds, and the Leeds North West parliamentary constituency.

Geography
The village is a small collection of dwellings and farms along the A659 road (Arthington Lane) running from Pool-in-Wharfedale in the West to Harewood in the East, and south of a section of the River Wharfe. Up Black Hill Road to the south is a working stone quarry.

Etymology
The name Arthington is first attested in the Domesday Book as Hardinctone, Ardintona and Ardinton. The first element of the name comes from the Old English personal name Eard, a nickname form of longer names like Eardwulf; the connecting element -ing-, used to indicate Eard's association with the place; and the word tūn ('farmstead, estate'). Thus the name meant 'Eard's estate'. Spellings with th for d appear from the twelfth century onwards and are thought to show the influence of Old Norse pronunciation on the name.

History
Arthington was part of the estate of Aluuard of Northumbria, along with Adel, Burdon, Cookridge and Eccup, up until the Norman conquest of England. It was then given to the Count of Mortain (half brother of William the Conqueror). However, it had greatly reduced in value during the Conquest, falling from 30 shillings to 5, and much of the area was described as waste.

It was in the 12th century that Arthington (or Ardington) as a family name was established, as vassals to the tenant in chief, the Paynel and later the Luterel family. Peter de Arthington donated lands at Arthington to Kirkstall Abbey which led to the establishment of a nunnery known as Arthington Priory. The site is now believed to be occupied by Nunnery Farm, with the main house dated 1585 built from the ruins. By this time the region had improved with more land under agriculture and more inhabitants.

Buildings
The village mainly extends from the Wharfedale pub at the western end to the former parish church of St Peter on the eastern end. This dates from 1864 and is a Grade II Listed building like many others in the village. It became redundant because of the small congregation, and in 2007 it was renamed St Mary and St Abanoub as a Coptic Orthodox church. It serves a congregation living in West, North and East Yorkshire.

Arthington Hall was the home of the Arthington family from Norman times till the 18th century when it was taken over by the Sheepshank family who rebuilt in Italianate style and also paid for the church. It has been used for filming the UK TV series Heartbeat. To the West of the village is Creskeld Hall, a former Manor house, which has been used for filming the external shots of Home Farm in the TV serial Emmerdale.

The village was the site of Arthington Priory, one of only two Cluniac nunneries in England - the other being at Delapré Abbey in Northampton. The site is now believed to be occupied by Nunnery Farm, with the main house dated 1585 built from the ruins.

Railway
There used to be a railway junction (see Arthington railway station), where the (now-closed) line to Pool-in-Wharfedale station, Otley station, Ilkley station, and on to Skipton station joined the still open Harrogate Line from Leeds to Harrogate station. Arthington station closed completely in 1965 but there is a campaign to re-open the station and the former Otley line.

The village is at the northern end of the Bramhope Tunnel. The railway then crosses the dramatic stone Arthington Viaduct over the River Wharfe to Castley on the north side of the valley. The Arthington Show is actually held on grounds in Castley.

title: Arthington


text:
Airedale Terrier

The Airedale Terrier (often shortened to "Airedale"), also called Bingley Terrier and Waterside Terrier, is a dog breed of the terrier type that originated in the valley (dale) of the River Aire, in the West Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is traditionally called the "King of Terriers" because it is the largest of the terrier breeds. The Airedale was bred from the Old English Black and Tan Terrier and the Otterhound and probably some other Terrier breeds, and has contributed to other dog breeds, such as the Yorkshire Terrier.

Originally bred to serve as a versatile hunting and all around working farm dog, this breed has also been used as a war dog, guide dog, and police dog in Britain. In the United States, the breed has been used to hunt big game, upland birds, and water fowl, and serve in many other working capacities.

Appearance
The Airedale is the largest of the British terriers. They weigh 19 - 25 kg in fit condition and have a height at the withers of 58 - 61 cm for males, with females slightly smaller. The American Kennel Club standard specifies a very slightly smaller dog. Larger Airedales, up to 55 kg can sometimes be found in North America. They are sometimes referred to as "Oorangs" as this was the name of a kennel in Ohio in the early 1900s that produced this much larger variation, or Roosevelt Terriers.

The Airedale has a medium-length black and tan coat with a harsh topcoat and a soft undercoat. They are an alert and energetic breed, "not aggressive but fearless." It has been claimed that the larger "Oorang" type Airedales are more eager than the smaller, breed standard Airedales, but this is not necessarily so. The large type have been used for big game hunting and as family guardians or as pets, but usually do poorly in AKC (American Kennel Club) conformation shows. This larger type is also significantly more prone to hip dysplasia than the standard Airedales.

Coat
Like many terriers, this breed has a 'broken' coat, which is hard and wiry. It is meant to be kept not so long as to appear ragged, and lies straight and close, covering body and legs. The outer coat is hard, wiry and stiff, the undercoat softer. The hardest coats are crinkly or just slightly waved. Curly soft coats are highly undesirable.

The coat is commonly called hypoallergenic, but studies have not found significant differences in the levels of allergens between Airedales and other dogs.

Airedales bearing undercoats are generally groomed by hand stripping where a small serrated edged knife is used to pull out loose hair from the dog's coat. Most Airedales require frequent (6 to 8 weeks) clipping or stripping as they do not shed.

The AKC breed standard states that the correct coat color is either a black saddle, with a tan head, ears and legs; or a dark grizzle saddle (black mixed with gray and white). Grizzle that is a mix of red hair in the black, often on the area of back before the tail are often the best and harshest coats. There are, however, examples of non-standard black-coated and "red" (tan) coated Airedales. There are also short coated "Redline" type Airedales, similar in looks to the Airedale's early days when the breed's coats were shorter. Even with their shorter coat they still have the same hard wiry outer coat with a soft under coat and fall well within the criteria of the breed standard.

Tail

Traditionally the fluffy tail is long and erect. In most European countries and Australia it is illegal to dock dogs' tails unless it is for the dog's benefit (e.g., if the tail is broken). This has resulted in the emergence of a spitz tail in some dogs. Selective breeding should see this change over time and the required slightly curled tail set high on the back again become common.

In other parts of the world the Airedale's tail is commonly docked within five days of birth, but this is not considered a breed standard custom. To show an Airedale in the United States, the official AKC standard states "The root of the tail should be set well up on the back. It should be carried gaily but not curled over the back. It should be of good strength and substance and of fair length."

Size
Airedales weigh approximately 50-80 pounds, being active and agile enough to perform well, while not too small to function as a physical deterrent, retriever or hunter. Some breeders have produced larger Airedale Terriers, such as the 'Oorang Airedale', developed in the 1920s.

Ex-Army captain and Airdale breeder Walter Lingo's monthly magazine "Oorang Comments" (#25, page 81), stated that "When full grown your Airedale dog will weigh from forty to fifty-five pounds and if a female will weigh slightly less. This is the standard weight, but when required, we can furnish oversized Airedales whose weight will be from sixty to one hundred pounds." Because Lingo tried to fill orders for everyone, the Oorang strain size was never standardized. Airedales weighing from 40 to 100 pounds were produced, but for the most part they were approximately 50 pounds and 22 to 24 inches at the shoulder. In the United States, the male Airedales measure 40 to 70 pounds, with the Oorang strain typically in the 80 to 120 pound range.

Temperament
The Airedale can be used as a working dog and also as a hunting dog. Airedales exhibit some herding characteristics as well and have a propensity to chase animals. They have no problem working with cattle and livestock. However, an Airedale that is not well trained will agitate and annoy the animals.

The Airedale Terrier, like most terriers, has been bred to hunt independently. As a result, the dog is very intelligent, independent, strong-minded, stoic, and sometimes stubborn. If children and Airedales are both trained correctly, Airedales can be an excellent choice for a family dog. Airedales can do well with cats and other small animals, especially when they are raised with them. They are also very loyal to their owners.

Albert Payson Terhune wrote of the Airedale: "Among the mine-pits of the Aire, the various groups of miners each sought to develop a dog which could outfight and outhunt and outthink the other miner's dogs. Tests of the first-named virtues were made in inter-mine dog fights. Bit by bit, thus, an active, strong, heroic, compactly graceful and clever dog was evolved – the earliest true form of the Airedale. He is swift, formidable, graceful, big of brain, an ideal chum and guard. ....To his master he is an adoring pal. To marauders he is a destructive lightning bolt." The Airedale Terrier ranks 37th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, being of above average working dog.

Health

A UK study found a life expectancy of 12 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for crossbreeds.

In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (39.5%), old age (14%), urologic (9%), and cardiac (7%). In a 2000–2001 USA/Canada Health Survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (38%), urologic (17%), old age (12%), and cardiac (6%)

A study of North American teaching hospitals found 6.22% of Airedale Terriers to have hip dysplasia compared with 3.52% overall.

History
Airedale, a valley (dale) in the West Riding of Yorkshire, named for the River Aire that runs through it, was the birthplace of the breed. In the mid-19th century, working-class people created the Airedale Terrier by crossing the old English rough-coated Black and Tan Terrier with the Otterhound and an assortment of other breeds. In 1886, the Kennel Club of England formally recognized the Airedale Terrier breed.

In 1864 they were exhibited for the first time at a championship dog show sponsored by the Airedale Agricultural Society. They were classified under different names, including Rough Coated, Bingley and Waterside Terrier. In 1879 breed fanciers decided to call the breed the Airedale Terrier, a name accepted by the Kennel Club (England) in 1886.

The first imports of Airedale Terriers to North America were in the 1880s. The first Airedale to come to American shores was named Bruce. After his 1881 arrival, Bruce won the terrier class in a New York dog show. The patriarch of the breed is considered to be CH Master Briar (1897–1906). Two of his sons, Crompton Marvel and Monarch, also made important contributions to the breed.

The first Canadian registrations are recorded in the Stud book of 1888–1889.

In 1910, the ATCA (Airedale Terrier Club of America) offered the Airedale Bowl as a perpetual trophy, which continues to this day. It is now mounted on a hardwood pedestal base, holding engraved plates with the names of the hundreds of dogs that have been awarded Best of Breed at the National Specialties.

The Airedale was extensively used in World War I to carry messages to soldiers behind enemy lines and transport mail. They were also used by the Red Cross to find wounded soldiers on the battlefield. There are numerous tales of Airedales delivering their messages despite terrible injury. An Airedale named "Jack" ran through half a mile of enemy fire, with a message attached within his collar. He arrived at headquarters with his jaw broken and one leg badly splintered, and right after he delivered the message, he dropped dead in front of its recipient.

Lieutenant Colonel Edwin Hautenville Richardson was responsible for the development of messenger and guard dogs in the British Army. He, along with his wife, established the British War Dog School at Shoeburyness in Essex, England. In 1916, they provided two Airedales (Wolf & Prince) for use as message carriers. After both dogs proved themselves in battle, Airedales were given more duties, such as locating injured soldiers on the battlefield, an idea taken from the Red Cross.

Before the adoption of the German Shepherd as the dog of choice for law enforcement and search and rescue work, the Airedale terrier often filled this role.

In 1906, Richardson tried to interest the British Police in using dogs to accompany officers, for protection on patrol at night. Mr. Geddes, Chief Goods Manager for Hull Docks in Yorkshire, was convinced after he went and saw the impressive work of police dogs in Belgium. Geddes convinced Superintendent Dobie of the North Eastern Railway Police, to arrange a plan for policing the docks. Airedale Terriers were selected for duty as police dogs because of their intelligence, good scenting abilities and their hard, wiry coats that were easy to maintain and clean. They were trained in Hull to attack people not in uniform which could cause problems for their handlers when off duty. The first four dogs began patrols in Hull Docks in 1908, and the scheme was later extended to other docks policed by the North Eastern Railway Police.

At the beginning of the Russo-Japanese war in 1904, the Russian embassy in London contacted Lt. Colonel Richardson for help acquiring dogs for the Russian Army, trained to take the wounded away from the battlefields. He sent terriers, mostly Airedale Terriers, for communication and sanitary services. Although these original imports perished, Airedale Terriers were reintroduced to Russia in the early 1920s for use by the Red Army. Special service dog units were created in 1923, and Airedale Terriers were used as demolition dogs, guard dogs, police tracking dogs and casualty dogs. During the 1930s, when airedales were farmed like livestock, Capt. Walter Lingo, of LaRue, Ohio, developed the Oorang Airedale strain. The name came from a line of bench champions, headed by King Oorang 11, a dog which was said to have been the finest utility dog. King could retrieve waterfowl and upland game, tree raccoons, drive cattle and sheep, and bay mountain lions, bears, and wolves. King even fought one of the best fighting bull terriers, and killed his opponent. He also trained in Red Cross work, and served the American Expeditionary Force at the front in France.

Lingo simply was not satisfied with the average strain of Airedale, and after an incredible series of breedings, for which he brought in great Airedales from all over the world, he created the "King Oorang". At the time, Field and Stream magazine called it, "the greatest utility dog in the history of the world." The Oorang Kennel Company continued until Walter Lingo's death in 1969. To help promote the King Oorang, as well as his kennels, Lingo created the Oorang Indians football team headed up by Jim Thorpe. The team played in National Football League from 1922 to 1923. Jerry Siebert, an Airedale breeder in Buckeye Lake, Ohio, followed in Lingo's footsteps, and bred "Jerang Airedales". There is a kennel in Tennessee that claims to have original Oorang Airedales. After the First World War, the Airedales' popularity rapidly increased thanks to stories of their bravery on the battlefield and also because Presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Calvin Coolidge, and Warren Harding owned Airedales. President Harding's Airedale, Laddie Boy, was the "first celebrity White House pet". President Harding had a special chair hand carved for him to sit on at very important Cabinet meetings. In the 1920s, the Airedale became the most popular breed in the USA.

President Roosevelt claimed that "An Airedale can do anything any other dog can do and then lick the other dog, if he has to."

1949 marked the peak of the Airedales' popularity in the US, ranked 20th out of 110 breeds recognized by the American Kennel Club.

The Airedale Terrier was recognized by United Kennel Club in 1814 and the American Kennel Club in 1888. The Airedale Terrier Club of America (ATCA), founded in 1900 is the parent club of the breed in the United States and the official-spokes organization for the breed with the American Kennel Club (AKC). The Airedale Terrier Club of America periodically holds performance and conformation events. The Airedale judged to be Best of Breed at these national specialty shows is awarded the Airedale Bowl.

Notable Airedales

 * Ruff, owned by the Mitchell family of Dennis the Menace fame.
 * Kitty, owned by John Jacob Astor IV, perished during the sinking of the Titanic.
 * Laddie Boy, owned by U.S. President Warren G. Harding.
 * Paddy the Wanderer
 * The dog Myrtle Wilson buys in The Great Gatsby is said to be an Airedale, but Nick Carraway notices it has white paws.
 * Muggs, "The Dog That Bit People" owned by James Thurber as described in My Life and Hard Times.
 * Duke, owned by American actor John Wayne (from which Wayne got his nickname).
 * Rufus, from Open Season 2
 * Unnamed Airedale, in various episodes of Family Guy
 * Kipper, From The 1996 live-action Disney film 101 Dalmatians
 * Hugo, owned by Geri Halliwell of The Spice Girls
 * Princess Tina, owned by Theodore Wilson (minor character in Australian series Home and Away)

title: Airedale Terrier


text:
Kansai region

The Kansai region (関西地方) or the Kinki region (近畿地方) lies in the southern-central region of Japan's main island Honshū. The region includes the prefectures of Nara, Wakayama, Kyoto, Osaka, Hyōgo and Shiga, often also Mie, sometimes Fukui, Tokushima and Tottori. The metropolitan region of Osaka, Kobe and Kyoto (Keihanshin region) is the second-most populated in Japan after the Greater Tokyo Area.

Name
The terms Kansai (関西), Kinki (近畿), and Kinai (畿内) have their roots during the Asuka period. When the old provinces of Japan were established, several provinces in the area around the then-capital Yamato Province were collectively named Kinai and Kinki, both roughly meaning "the neighbourhood of the capital".

Kansai (literally west of the tollgate) in its original usage refers to the land west of the Osaka Tollgate (逢坂関), the border between Yamashiro Province and Ōmi Province (present-day Kyoto and Shiga prefectures). During the Kamakura period, this border was redefined to include Ōmi and Iga Provinces. It is not until the Edo period that Kansai came to acquire its current form. (see Kamigata)

While the use of the terms "Kansai" and "Kinki" have changed over history, in most modern contexts the use of the two terms is interchangeable. The term "Kinai", once synonymous with Kinki, now refers to the Kyoto–Osaka–Kobe (Keihanshin) area at the center of the Kansai region. Like all regions of Japan, the Kansai region is not an administrative unit, but rather a cultural and historical one, which emerged much later during the Heian period after the expansion of Japan saw the development of the Kantō region to the east and the need to differentiate what was previously the center of Japan in Kansai emerged.

"Kinki" from an international perspective
The name "Kinki" is pronounced similarly to the English word "kinky", which means "twisted" or "perverted". This has become a problem due to internationalization, and some organizations have changed their name as a result.

In April 2016, Kinki University (近畿大学) changed its English name to Kindai University. Keizai sangyō-kyoku (経済産業局) uses "Kansai" in English notation, and Kinki Unyukyoku (近畿運輸局) also uses "Kansai" in English notation since 2015. In addition, the Kinki shōkō kaigi-sho rengō-kai (近畿商工会議所連合会) changed its name to "Kansai Chamber of Commerce and Industry Association" on July 22, 2015. In the fall of 2014, Kansai Keizai Rengōkai (公益社団法人関西経済連合会) asked the government to unify the name of the local agency to "Kansai". On June 28, 2003, the English name of the major private railway company Kintetsu Railway was changed from Kinki Nippon Railway Co., Ltd. to the official abbreviation Kintetsu Corporation. It was subsequently changed again to Kintetsu Railway Co., Ltd. on April 1, 2015.

Overview
The Kansai region is a cultural center and the historical heart of Japan, with 11% of the nation's land area and 22,757,897 residents as of 2010. The Osaka Plain with the cities of Osaka and Kyoto forms the core of the region. From there the Kansai area stretches west along the Seto Inland Sea towards Kobe and Himeji, and east encompassing Lake Biwa, Japan's largest freshwater lake. In the north, the region is bordered by the Sea of Japan, to the south by the Kii Peninsula and the Pacific Ocean, and to the east by the Ibuki Mountains and Ise Bay. Four of Japan's national parks lie within its borders, in whole or in part. The area also contains six of the seven top prefectures in terms of national treasures. Other geographical features include Amanohashidate in Kyoto Prefecture and Awaji Island in Hyōgo.

The Kansai region is often compared with the Kantō region, which lies to its east and consists primarily of Tokyo and the surrounding area. Whereas the Kantō region is symbolic of standardization throughout Japan, the Kansai region displays many more idiosyncrasies – the culture in Kyoto, the mercantilism of Osaka, the history of Nara, or the cosmopolitanism of Kobe – and represents the focus of counterculture in Japan. This East-West rivalry has deep historical roots, particularly from the Edo period. With a samurai population of less than 1% the culture of the merchant city of Osaka stood in sharp contrast to that of Edo, the seat of power for the Tokugawa shogunate.

Many characteristic traits of Kansai people descend from Osaka merchant culture. Catherine Maxwell, an editor for the newsletter Omusubi, writes: "Kansai residents are seen as being pragmatic, entrepreneurial, down-to-earth and possessing a strong sense of humor. Kantō people, on the other hand, are perceived as more sophisticated, reserved and formal, in keeping with Tokyo's history and modern status as the nation's capital and largest metropolis."

Kansai is known for its food, especially Osaka, as supported by the saying "Kyotoites are ruined by overspending on clothing, Osakans are ruined by overspending on food." (京の着倒れ、大阪の食い倒れ). Popular Osakan dishes include takoyaki, okonomiyaki, kitsune udon and kushikatsu. Kyoto is considered a mecca of traditional Japanese cuisine like kaiseki. Kansai has many wagyu brands such as Kobe beef and Tajima cattle from Hyōgo, Matsusaka beef from Mie and Ōmi beef from Shiga. Sake is another specialty of the region, the areas of Nada-Gogō and Fushimi produce 45% of all sake in Japan. As opposed to food from Eastern Japan, food in the Kansai area tends to be sweeter, and foods such as nattō tend to be less popular.

The dialects of the people from the Kansai region, commonly called Kansai-ben, have their own variations of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar. Kansai-ben is the group of dialects spoken in the Kansai area, but is often treated as a dialect in its own right.

Kansai is one of the most prosperous areas for baseball in Japan. Two Nippon Professional Baseball teams, Hanshin Tigers and Orix Buffaloes, are based in Kansai. Koshien Stadium, the home stadium of the Hanshin Tigers, is also famous for the nationwide high school baseball tournaments. In association football, the Kansai Soccer League was founded in 1966 and currently has 16 teams in two divisions. Cerezo Osaka, Gamba Osaka, and Vissel Kobe belong to J. League Division 1 and Kyoto Sanga F.C. belongs to J. League Division 2, the top professional leagues in Japan.

History

As a part of the Ritsuryō reforms of the seventh and eighth centuries, the provinces of Yamato, Yamashiro, Kawachi, Settsu, and Izumi, were established by the Gokishichidō. These provinces were collectively referred to as Kinai or Kinki.

The Kansai region lays claim to the earliest beginnings of Japanese civilization. It was Nara, the most eastern point on the Silk Road, that became the site of Japan's first permanent capital. This period (AD 710–784) saw the spread of Buddhism to Japan and the construction of Tōdai-ji in 745. The Kansai region also boasts the Shinto religion's holiest shrine at Ise Shrine (built in 690 AD) in Mie prefecture.

The Heian period saw the capital moved to Heian-kyō (平安京, present-day Kyoto), where it would remain for over a thousand years until the Meiji Restoration. During this golden age, the Kansai region would give birth to traditional Japanese culture. In 788, Saicho, the founder of the Tendai sect of Buddhism established his monastery at Mount Hiei in Shiga prefecture. Japan's most famous tale, and some say the world's first novel, The Tale of Genji was penned by Murasaki Shikibu while performing as a lady-in-waiting in Heian-kyo. Noh and Kabuki, Japan's traditional dramatic forms both saw their birth and evolution in Kyoto, while Bunraku, Japanese puppet theater, is native to Osaka.

Kansai's unique position in Japanese history, plus the lack of damage from wars or natural disasters, has resulted in Kansai region having more UNESCO World Heritage Listings than any other region of Japan. The five World Heritage Listings include: Buddhist Monuments in the Hōryū-ji Area, Himeji Castle, Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities), Historic Monuments of Ancient Nara, and Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range.

Economy
The economy of Kansai region is largely based on that of Keihanshin (Greater Osaka) metropolitan area. Keihanshin metropolitan area contains the Hanshin Industrial Region and is centered mainly around chemical, metal, and other heavy industries. Keihanshin region also contains strong medical and electronics industries within its economy.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, Kansai region much like Keihanshin has experienced a small population increase beginning around 2010.

Major cities

 * Osaka: a designated city, the capital of Osaka Prefecture
 * Kobe: a designated city, the capital of Hyōgo Prefecture
 * Kyoto: a designated city, the capital of Kyoto Prefecture, formerly the Imperial capital of Japan
 * Sakai: a designated city
 * Tsu: the capital of Mie Prefecture
 * Wakayama: a core city, the capital of Wakayama Prefecture
 * Nara: a core city, the capital of Nara Prefecture
 * Otsu: a core city, the capital of Shiga Prefecture

Other major cities

 * Himeji, Hyōgo: a core city
 * Higashiōsaka, Osaka: a core city
 * Nishinomiya, Hyōgo: a core city
 * Amagasaki, Hyōgo: a core city
 * Toyonaka, Osaka: a core city
 * Takatsuki, Osaka: a core city
 * Hirakata, Osaka: a core city
 * Suita, Osaka: a special city
 * Yokkaichi, Mie: a special city
 * Akashi, Hyōgo: a core city
 * Ibaraki, Osaka: a special city
 * Yao, Osaka: a core city
 * Kakogawa, Hyōgo: a special city
 * Takarazuka, Hyōgo: a special city
 * Neyagawa, Osaka: a core city
 * Kishiwada, Osaka: a special city

International schools
International schools have served expatriates in the Kansai region since 1909. Outside of Tokyo and Yokohama, Kansai has the largest number of international schools.

In 1909, Deutsche Schule Kobe was founded to serve German, Austrian and German-speaking Swiss expatriates, traders and missionaries living in the Kobe area. After a long history of teaching a German curriculum, the school changed to The Primary Years Programme (PYP) in 2002. Today, Deutsche Schule Kobe/European School provides curriculum in three languages: German, English, and Japanese.

In 1913, Canadian Methodist Academy opened its doors to sixteen children. The school, renamed Canadian Academy in 1917, served children of missionary parents from grade one through high school and offered boarding facilities for students from throughout Asia. Today, the day and boarding school offers a PreK to Grade 12 education on the campus on Rokkō Island, a human-made island. The school, which is no longer affiliated with Canada or the church, is the largest school for expatriates in Kansai. The school is approved by the Japanese Ministry of Education and accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) and the Council of International Schools. The school awards both the International Baccalaureate (IB) and U.S. high school diplomas.

The number of international schools burgeoned after World War II.

In 1946, St. Michael's International School was established by Anglican Bishop Michael Yashiro and Miss Leonora Lee, a British missionary. Today, the school offers a distinctive British-style primary education based on the National Curriculum of England and Wales. The school has joint accreditation from the Council of International Schools and the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.

Brother Charles Fojoucyk and Brother Stephen Weber founded Marist Brothers International School in 1951 after communist authorities pressured them to leave Tientsin, China. Today, the international Montessori - Grade 12 school enrolls approximately 300 students. The school is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.

In 1957, a missionary homeschooled her son, his best friend and another student in their home. The next year, the home turned into Kyoto Christian Day School and a full-time teacher was hired. The school was renamed Kyoto International School in 1966. Today, the school serves students from two to fourteen years old. The school has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges (WASC) since 1992 and authorized by the International Baccalaureate Organisation (IBO) since 2006.

Kansai is also served by Osaka International School, Lycée français international de Kyoto as well as Chinese and Korean schools.

title: Kansai region


text:
Relational calculus

The relational calculus consists of two calculi, the tuple relational calculus and the domain relational calculus, that is part of the relational model for databases and provide a declarative way to specify database queries. The raison d'être of relational calculus is the formalization of query optimization, which is finding more efficient manners to execute the same query in a database.

The relational calculus is similar to the relational algebra, which is also part of the relational model: While the relational calculus is meant as a declarative language that prescribes no execution order on the subexpressions of a relational calculus expression, the relational algebra is meant as an imperative language: the sub-expressions of a relational algebraic expression are meant to be executed from left-to-right and inside-out following their nesting.

Per Codd's theorem, the relational algebra and the domain-independent relational calculus are logically equivalent.

Example
A relational algebra expression might prescribe the following steps to retrieve the phone numbers and names of book stores that supply Some Sample Book:

 * 1) Join book stores and titles over the BookstoreID.
 * 2) Restrict the result of that join to tuples for the book Some Sample Book.
 * 3) Project the result of that restriction over StoreName and StorePhone.

A relational calculus expression would formulate this query in the following descriptive or declarative manner:

 * Get StoreName and StorePhone for book stores such that there exists a title BK with the same BookstoreID value and with a BookTitle value of Some Sample Book.

Mathematical properties
The relational algebra and the domain-independent relational calculus are logically equivalent: for any algebraic expression, there is an equivalent expression in the calculus, and vice versa. This result is known as Codd's theorem.

Purpose
The raison d'être of the relational calculus is the formalization of query optimization. Query optimization consists in determining from a query the most efficient manner (or manners) to execute it. Query optimization can be formalized as translating a relational calculus expression delivering an answer A into efficient relational algebraic expressions delivering the same answer A.

title: Relational calculus


text:
Talk:Fictional country

Do these qualify?
I'm not sure the countries of Nineteen Eighty-Four really qualify because these "countries" are comprised solely of real-world countries; they simply united or confederated. And I don't think Strong Badia really qualifies, either, since it was a field that Strong Bad simply declared that he ruled. It's as much of a "country" as my back yard. ;) - Furrykef 13:39, 29 Jul 2004 (UTC)

Lands of Arda and Middle-earth
Well, only Middle Earth is there, lots to add. What is the status of, for example, Bree, Rivendell, The Iron Hills, Esgaroth, Farngorn, The Lonely mountain and Arnor?

And can Middle Earth really be called a continent? I don't think that's the intention.

Question
Can we also add fictional countries we made? - Revolutionary

 * Probably not. I'm thinking that No original research is the closest policy that's relevant. PaulStansifer 21:12, 17 Oct 2004 (UTC)

Futurama
Can someone add the list of fictional contries refered to in the Olympic bits of the episode "Bend Her".... i really can't be stuffed.

The Simpsons
How about Rand McNally?... it's a fictional fictional country. And Itchy and Scratchy Land? And Australia (with the fictional flag)? Bonerland? an such and such?

Question
Could I link this article to the NationStates article? At last count, NationStates contained 124,934 fictional nations in 14,955 regions, a small portion of which have extremely detailed backgrounds. (See the NSwiki) --Wyrm 19:43, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)

Reorganization ?
I think it would be a good idea to look at breaking up this article along the lines of Fictional countries in literature, Fictional countries in film & television, Fictional countries in role-playing games etc, otherwise it will grow to become a huge mish-mash of content. --Centauri 23:26, 31 Dec 2004 (UTC)
 * I agree. That would be the best way to go.--Mitsukai 4 July 2005 03:28 (UTC)

 * Films are often made from books, so Fictional countries in literature and Fictional countries in film & television will overlap. — Monedula 4 July 2005 06:09 (UTC)

 * I think there may be a problem with lack of category. There are Fictional Countries from literature and art but there's also what are known as Fictional States or "Fictional Republics". These Fictional States often have functional governments. Sometimes they issue passports and currency. I know of one that's recognized by the country of England (even though the entire Republic exists on an old British sea-tower). Maybe we need a new entry for this? A great source of information on Fictional States is in issue 18 of Cabinet Magazine.

 * You're talking about micronations. We already have an entire category of articles about them. The one I think you're referring to specifically is Sealand, and no, it's not "recognized" by England. --Centauri 04:48, 13 August 2006 (UTC)

 * Well, it's "recognized" by British courts as being outside their jurisdiction. —Tamfang 17:38, 28 October 2006 (UTC)

Free Country, USA
Does this belong here? Just because it has the word "country" in it?

If it has "USA" after it, it's a state or a town. KingTT 17:06, 8 Apr 2005 (UTC)

Osterland
I don't think that Osterland should be in this list. It's fictional, yes, but it's also clearly situated in a fantasy world and not on Earth.

"Semi-fictional countries"?
The list of semi-fictional countries seems to include a great deal of legitimate alternative names for completely real countries. Often these alternative names link to the same article as the name that's listed as real (via a redirect, usually). There are also pairs like Germany and Prussia which are/were both completely real and are simply not the same thing (although some will argue otherwise I suppose.) Other things just don't make much sense, at least with the way they're linked, like Romania being listed under Eastern Roman Empire. Either this is a list of semi-fictional countries or it's a list of different names used at some point correctly and/or incorrectly for real countries... It can't very well be both. Michael Sappir 01:53, 24 October 2005 (UTC)
 * I raise this question again. They really should go in a separate article, possibly with a title such as "Real countries used in poetic or fictional contexts" I'm sure someone can find a better name. DGG 19:57, 4 January 2007 (UTC)

Bandrika/Vandreka
Yesterday I added Bandrika to the list, as it features prominently in The Lady Vanishes. Today it was re-listed under Vandreka, and the Bandrika entry removed. Personally I wouldn't mind if the Bandrika entry also remained; but as it was removed I was hoping to find out why. The name Bandrika is spoken several times throughout the film, and appears on the subtitle track of the DVD release - along with (whenever someone speaks the language) "(Speaks Bandrikan)". I'm not aware of any alternative versions of the film existing, but as far as I know the country is never referred to as Vandreka. If someone could correct me and point out where this alternative version is used, then I'll quite happily go along with it (so long as the Bandrika entry is also re-listed). Otherwise, I would request that Bandrika be reinstated. I could provide several soundclips and DVD grabs to prove that the word is definitely Bandrika. HowardBerry 23:13, 20 November 2005 (UTC)

 * The entry of Bandrika/Vandreka was reinstated under Bandrika. I initially posted the entry under Vandreka because a Google search gives more results on this one. However, because of your evidence (DVD subtitle, audio and video clips) the main entry is now under Bandrika. Tavilis 10:34, 21 November 2005 (UTC)

List is way incomplete
There are at least 50 I can think of not on the list. Tobyk777 02:10, 3 December 2005 (UTC)

 * Did you see theres a longer list here: List of fictional countries Astrokey44 14:11, 4 December 2005 (UTC)

Semi-fictional?

 * I'm confused as to the purpose of listing some of the "semi-ficitonal" countries. Especially the Byzantine Empire, and Empire of Trebizond, etc. As far as I'm aware, those were real entities, even if the name was applied at a later date. It seems like bad policy to have them listed alongside modern day political ideological constructs like Aztlan, or older misunderstandings of contemporary countries, like Cathay.Arvis21

Get rid of all the lists
Now that we have a separate 'list of...' article, I think all lists from this one should be moved away. Rationale: if this were ever to become a FAC, one of the 'what makes a good article' criteria is 'as little lists as possible'.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 12:40, 24 December 2005 (UTC)

Proposed country?
What's the proper name to describe countries that were seriously considered in real world, but never came into existance? Like United States of Greater Austria, Międzymorze, Polish-Lithuanian-Muscovite Commonwealth or Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth just to name the few? They are not fictional, yet common enough to deserve their own subtype and a category.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 12:40, 24 December 2005 (UTC)
 * I am going ahead and creating the Category:Proposed countries.--Piotr Konieczny aka Prokonsul Piotrus Talk 12:35, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

List of fictional subterranean countries
Since fictional subterranean countries are not included in the Article List of fictional countries I will create a new article "List of fictional subterranean countries". The List there will be a Copy of the List in this Article an some added countries. I am not registered so it will take a while until my article will be posted.

My proposal: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation/2006-03-21#List_of_fictional_subterranean_countries

Star Wars planets
Please add to the list the planets Handor, Naboo and Tatooine of the Star Wars epic movie anthology. You need to include those places part of the creative genius of George Lucas in development of movies, characters and fictional settings. The descriptions of fictional planets is excellent and special effects to make the planets come alive is good work. 207.200.116.136 19:48, 23 October 2006 (UTC)

Pokémon lands
I noticed Hoenn and Orre were on the list, but not Kanto, Johto, or Sinnoh. Is there a reason they're not on there, or can I add them? Kochdude388 00:18, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Or Fiore Kochdude388 00:20, 5 January 2007 (UTC)
 * Now that I'm looking at it again, all the Pokémon regions (except Fiore and Sinnoh) are listed under "Not on Earth", while Hoenn and Orre are also mentioned in the "list of fictional countries". Kochdude388 00:31, 5 January 2007 (UTC)

Phone numbers for fictional countries
The ITU should reserve a range of phone numbers for fictional countries (and no, 555 isn't going to cut it.) Or maybe a whole new country code. Scott Gall 12:10, 5 February 2007 (UTC)

 * Country codes 210, 211, 214, 215, 217, 219 were allocated for North Africa (I don't know why) and never used; see List of country calling codes. —Tamfang 02:29, 27 February 2007 (UTC)

List Of Marvel Comics Fictional Locations
Wikipedia tells me it doesn't want to edit articles at the moment, so this is more of a reminder then anything else;

Bartovia link leads to a Simpsons episode summary. Sarawak is a real country. Santo Angelo links to an article about a real city. Azania is real also but it's 'fiction' section mentions nothing of Marvel. Canaan is real and is also apparently a big, real, religous movement. Costa Brava is real. Maura leads to a dismbiguation page. Terra Verde links to a -musical- style. Tierra Verde links to Maritime Square, a shopping center.

That is all.

P.S. I deleted a huge political spam that had been sitting at the top of this page. Odd.

Lots42 02:45, 11 June 2007 (UTC)

Image copyright problem with Image:Middle-earth.jpg
The image Image:Middle-earth.jpg is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check

 * That there is a non-free use rationale on the image's description page for the use in this article.
 * That this article is linked to from the image description page.

The following images also have this problem:

 * Image:Molvania400px.jpg

This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --06:53, 20 September 2008 (UTC)

Questionable cases
Not needed/controversial... delete?

7h3 0N3 7h3 \/4Nl)4L5 Pl-l34R technobabble   my screw ups  06:05, 4 March 2009 (UTC)

 * 16 days passed... I'll assume so.

 * 7h3 0N3 7h3 \/4Nl)4L5 Pl-l34R ( t  /  c  ) 22:13, 22 March 2009 (UTC)

Merge from Imaginary country
Is there supposed to be a difference between these two? If not, they should merge. Marnanel (talk) 02:57, 22 January 2010 (UTC)
 * Closing this discussion as no consensus to merge. --SarekOfVulcan (talk) 18:48, 7 October 2010 (UTC)

ISO 3166
Looking at the page on ISO 3166, ZZ is not reserved for fictional countries: it's listed as user-assigned. (Alas, the code ZZ is not listed in the ISO OBP page.) The archived version of the FAQ talks about this. Perhaps the sentence would be better written as "The ISO 3166 country code ZZ is often used for fictional countries." The citation would be the ISO 3166 FAQ as archived by the Wayback Machine --John (first post to any talk page, so I hope I haven't messed this up.) Jhmcmullen (talk) 14:01, 5 October 2016 (UTC)

title: Talk:Fictional country


text:
Anshan

Anshan is an inland prefecture-level city in central-southeast Liaoning province, People's Republic of China, about 92 km south of the provincial capital Shenyang. As of the 2020 census, it was Liaoning's third most populous city with a population of 3,325,372 people, over an area of about 9,270 km2 spanning 133 km from east to the west. Its built-up area encompassing the 4 Anshan urban districts (1,543,696 inhabitants), the 4 out of 5 urban Liaoyang districts (796,962 inhabitants, Gongchangling not being conurbated yet) and Liaoyang county largely being conurbated, was home to 2,712,789 million inhabitants in 2020.

The city's name came from the horse saddle-like shape of a nearby mountain south of the city, which can be seen on the left (west) about five minutes before the northbound train arrives at Anshan railway station. Anshan is home to the Anshan Iron and Steel Group, one of the largest steel producers in China. Anshan is sister city with Sheffield, United Kingdom.

Anshan holds one-third of the world's supply of talcum and a quarter of the world's reserves of magnesite. Anshan also produced the largest ever jade stone, now a local tourist attraction carved as a Buddha statue.

History
The area of Anshan has been inhabited since prehistoric times. It has been a site of iron mining and metallurgy for over 2,000 years. The area remained of little significance, a small city in Liaodong province, overshadowed by neighbouring Liaoyang city, until the mid-20th Century.

In 1587 Anshan was fortified by the Ming Dynasty to combat the growing power of the Manchu. The city was burnt down during the Boxer Rebellion, and was destroyed again in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905). As a result of this war, Japan had gained influence in Liaoning and was engaged in industrialising the region. Anshan lay beside the new South Manchuria Railway line that ran from the port of Dalian to the major city of Shenyang.

From 1918 to 1945, Anshan was under Japanese colonial control and was a centre for modern iron and steel production. After the Mukden Incident in 1931, Japan occupied the northeast of China. The mills were turned into a Japanese-owned monopoly. In 1933, the site was expanded to include steel production and the company was renamed Showa Steel Works. Anshan became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. Additional industries developed around the iron and steel mills. Anshan grew significantly in size around this new industrial site, becoming one of, if not the largest producers of iron and steel in Asia. It was therefore of strategic importance in the Pacific War, and was subject to several attacks by B-29 Superfortress strategic bombers of the USAAF. The Japanese Army detached the 1st Chutai (unit) of the 104th Sentai (squadron) of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force, to Anshan, with other air squadrons for industrial defence purposes. Although this unit was equipped with modern Nakajima Ki-84 Ia (Manshu Type) Hayate "Frank" fighters, manufactured by Manshūkoku Hikōki Seizo KK, the plant suffered heavy damage from the air raids, losing up to 30% of its capacity.

After the war in Europe ended, the Soviet Union declared war on Japan, as the Red Army simultaneously launched Operation August Storm. Soviet forces advanced rapidly and soon captured much of Manchuria from the Japanese. In late 1945, the Soviet Red Army occupied a large amount of Liaoning and took major portions of the area's manufacturing and mining equipment to the Soviet Union.

With the defeat of Japan in 1945, Anshan was returned to China along with the rest of the Chinese Manchuria. Civil war continued between the Nationalists and the Communists. The Nationalist Government attempted to revive manufacturing in the area during their period of control from 1946 to 1948. The city of Anshan was the scene of one of the battles of this war. The city was taken by the PLA on February 19, 1948. A monument in Lieshishan Park commemorates the battle.

The northeast of China was marked out to become a major industrial centre for the new People's Republic of China. Anshan was set to become a key part of this industrial development. Its mining and manufacturing industries had to be rebuilt almost from scratch, however. During this period, Anshan was given the same status as provinces, although it was reversed after the period ended. In December 1948, the Anshan Iron and Steel Company—also known as Angang—was founded. It was a centre of industrialization as part of China's First Five-Year Plan. Production in the newly repaired steel plant resumed on July 9, 1949. The plant was expanded to become the largest steel producer in China. Other industries set up alongside the steel plant including mining for coal, iron and other minerals. This industrial wealth had an environmental cost. The open-hearth furnaces of the steel mill created large amounts of dust and other pollution. Along with its growing reputation as a major steel producer. Anshan's cleanliness has been consistently subpar, leading to a negative reputation for the town.

Anshan became a formal administrative region under the Northeastern People's Government (later renamed as the Northeastern Administration Commission) in November 1949.

Anshan is reported to have served as a base for Soviet MIG fighter aircraft and pilots during the Korean War (1950–1953) in air combat operations against US/UN forces.

On March 12, 1953, the city became a municipality under the Central Government's direct administration. Haicheng County and Xiuyan County were subordinated to Liaodong Province. Tai'an County was subordinated to Liaoxi Province. On August 22, 1954, the central government decided that Anshan should be administered by Liaoning Province. The State Council confirmed that Anshan should be in charge of Xiuyan County and Haicheng City in 1985.

The furnaces of the steel plant were changed in the 1980s to designs which blow oxygen in from the front. This increased the production and also reduced pollution. In the 1990s, they were additionally altered to blow oxygen in from the top as well. This further increases production and reduces pollution. In December 2000, all three production lines of Anshan Iron and Steel Company switched from mould-casting to continuous casting. This new technology has significantly reduced the dust and other pollution in the city. The new plant equipment is also much less labour-intensive. This has meant a reduction in the workforce has caused an unemployment problem in the city. A new drive to market Anshan as a tourist destination is hoped to help bolster the city's economy.

Geography
Sited north of the Liao River plains, Anshan has wide flat lands in the west and central regions that develop into hilly and mountainous terrain on the southeastern fringes, which is bounded by the Qian Mountains and contains the famous Qianshan National Park. The region is rich in minerals including iron ore, coal, magnesite, talcum and jade. The plains of western Anshan have large flat fertile fields ideal for agriculture, with 24480 ha of arable land accounting for 26.4% of its total land area. One such agricultural product that Anshan has become renowned for is the Nanguo pears (, Pyrus ussuriensis c.v. Nanguo), nicknamed the "king of pears". Anshan was used as a travel post with motels during the Ming Dynasty for travellers who passed by on work duty.

Climate
Anshan has a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa) characterised by hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon, and rather long, cold, and arid winters, due to the Siberian anticyclone. The four seasons here are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. The monthly 24-hour average temperatures ranges from −8.1 °C in January to 25.3 °C in July, while the annual mean is 10.2 °C. Sunshine is generous and amounts to 2,543 hours annually, while relative humidity averages 58%, ranging from 47% in March and April to 75% in July and August. Extreme temperatures have ranged from −26.9 °C up to 36.7 °C.

Administrative divisions
Anshan is divided into four districts, one town, one county and one autonomous county.

Economy
The north east of China is a major industrial zone and Anshan is one of the key sites of the north east. Anshan is in the midst of a at least a quarter of China's iron and coal resources. The city is renowned as "China's capital of iron and steel". Prior to the development of the Iron and Steel industries, Anshan was a relatively small city of little importance. As the steel mills expanded, so to did the city. Spin off industries developed alongside the steel plant making the area a centre of heavy industry.

As a joint Sino-Japanese venture, Anshan Zhenzing Iron Ore Company Unlimited was started in Anshan in 1918. When Japan occupied Northeast China in 1931, these mills were turned into a Japanese owned monopoly. Anshan subsequently became part of the Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo and additional industries developed around the iron and steel mills. Due to its mills, the city became a significant strategic industrial hub during World War II and as such, was subject to constant Allied bombing during the war.

Total production of processed iron in Manchuria reached 1,000,000 tonnes in 1931–32, of which almost half was made by Shōwa Steel in Anshan. Iron production grew to 7,000,000 tonnes in 1938 and by 1941, Shōwa Steel Works had a total capacity production of 1,750,000 tonnes of iron bars and 1,000,000 tonnes of processed steel. By 1942, Anshan's Shōwa Steel Works total production capacity reached 3,600,000 tonnes, making it one of the major iron and steel centers in the world. In 1945 the steel plant was looted by Soviet forces. The Republic of China government partially repaired the site, but it was destroyed again during the Chinese civil war that saw the Communist forces victorious. The mills were once again repaired and Anshan Iron and Steel Company (Angang) was founded in 1948. From then to 2001, the company produced 290 million tons of steel, 284 million tons of pig iron and 192 million tons of rolled steel. Until the opening of a new steel plant in Shanghai, Angang was the largest steel producer in China. Today, Angang consists of three steelworks with 13 rolling mills plus supporting plants which produce coke, refractory materials and machinery for the steel plants. The company has an annual production capacity of 10 million tons of pig iron, 10 million tons of steel and 9.5 million tons of rolled steel. A quarter of China's total iron ore reserves, about 10 billion tons, are located in Anshan, ensuring that the city will remain an important steel producer well into the future.

Anshan is rich in other mineral wealth too. The southern and south eastern areas of Anshan are rich in magnesite, with reserves equivalent to a quarter of all worldwide reserves. Anshan also has the world's largest reserve of talcum, accounting for fully one third of the entire world supply. The Xiuyan area of Anshan is known for the production of jade. The largest single jade stone ever found came from Xiuyan, now carved into the form of a Buddha, it is a major tourist attraction in the area.

Anshan is serviced by Shenyang airport, about 90 km to the north, and by two major highways linking it with Shenyang and Dalian.

The government of Anshan established a five-year plan in 2000 with the aim of turning the city into a strong modern industrial city with plenty of tourism. It also aimed to make the city GDP reach 100 billion RMB by 2005 and to build a modern industrial city by using advances in technology to transform the traditional industries. Attracting foreign investment is also another main idea in the plan. The Anshan government anticipates the foreign investment assets would be around 80 billion RMB by 2005.

Anshan has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS (Chongqing, Hefei, Anshan, Maanshan, Pingdingshan and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China. The opportunities for engaging Anshan's consumers have been documented by the ethnographer and cultural sociologist Michael B. Griffiths.

Demographics
Out of the 3,584,000 people living in Anshan prefecture, 519,400 are ethnic Manchu, a holdover from northeast China's historical rule by the ethnic group. They are mainly in or around the Xiuyan Man regional ethnic autonomy area which is within Anshan's borders. During the last years of the Qing dynasty, large numbers of Han people migrated to the north east in search of work. This pattern continued into the 20th century. The development of Anshan as a large industrial center during and after World War II caused the city's population to increase rapidly, and the new arrivals began to significantly outnumber the local Man people. As of the last census data, Anshan was home to 48 Chinese ethnic groups. The Han people make up the lion's share at 3,020,500 people. Next, after the Han and Man people, come the Hui and the Chaoxian with 23,400 and 10,000 people respectively. The Hui population is widely dispersed but the Chaoxian population is mostly concentrated in Teixi (West district) and Qianshan district.

Anshan has a population of 3.65 million at the 2010 census. As the city has expanded, the area between Anshan and the neighbouring city of Liaoyang has become urbanised, with little or no farmland visible on route between them. According to the 2010 census, the conurbation of urban Anshan and urban Liaoyang districts contains 2.17 million inhabitants.

The city of Anshan can be divided into districts. The East district, Tiedong has a population of 452,900. The western district, Tiexi has 311,600 people. These two districts are demarcated by the railway lines that run north to south through the city. The north western portion of the city is dominated by the large steel works of Angang. The district of Lishan houses 425,600 people and the suburbs of Qianshan district have 366,200 soles. Within Anshan prefecture lies the subordinate city of Haicheng which accounts for 1,181,100 people. The neighbouring subordinate town of Tai'an has 354,700 people.

Transportation
Anshan has no river or sea port. The nearby military airport, Anshan Teng'ao Airport (AOG), also accepts commercial domestic flights. Currently there are five routes in operation, Anshan–Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Chengdu and Nanjing, with one flight each per day throughout the year. Anshan Teng'ao Airport is 15 km southwest of the city centre. In addition to the small terminal building at the airport, there is also a city terminal situated just off Qianshan Road in Tiexi district. Passengers may buy tickets and check-in at the city terminal, from which they are taken by coach to the main airport terminal. The nearest other major commercial airports are Shenyang Taoxian International Airport (SHE), about 90 km to the north and Dalian Zhoushuizi International Airport about 270 km to the south.

The city is beside the Shenyang–Dalian Expressway (part of the G15 Shenyang–Haikou Expressway), a privately funded eight-lane tolled highway, and was the first road of its kind in mainland China. The Liaozhong Ring Expressway (G91) passes just a few kilometers north of Anshan city. It connects east to Benxi and west onto the Jingshen Expressway (G1). The Panhai and Danxi Expressways (together forming the G16) pass through Anshan's counties of Haicheng and Xiuyan, connecting them to Yingkou and Panjin in the west and Dandong to the east.

Anshan is connected to the Chinese rail network with rail routes to Beijing, Dalian, and to the northeastern provinces of Jilin and Heilongjiang as well as to eastern Inner Mongolia, and even a direct, albeit slow, train to Hong Kong. As of December 2012, the new Harbin–Dalian High-Speed Railway serves Anshan West Railway Station and Haicheng West Railway Station. It connects south to Dalian and north east to Shenyang, Changchun and Harbin. This line was hailed as the world's first alpine high-speed rail line. In summer it runs at its full speed of 300 km/h but in winter speeds are restricted to 200 km/h. High-speed services also run via Anshan to Beijing. Tai'an county of Anshan is served by another high-speed rail line linking Shenyang to Beijing.

Long-distance coaches run to all the main cities of the province as well as to Beijing.

Local transportation is primarily by bus or taxi. Anshan used to have a single tram line—along Zhonghua Avenue, through the city centre and past Angang main gate—but this has been closed and the tracks removed. Due to the flat topography of the city centre, bicycles are popular. Almost all roads have a wide cycle lane on each side. Often this lane is further protected by a traffic island that separates the bikes from larger motor vehicles.

Tourist attractions
In recent years, Anshan has been trying to throw off its image as a heavy industrial town along with the dirt and pollution that goes with such industry. It has remodeled itself as a tourist destination. Foremost among the attractions in Anshan is Qianshan National Park which is about 18 km, by road, to the southeast of the city. Qianshan, literally 'Thousand Mountains', is an abbreviation of 'Thousand lotus flower mountains'. The peaks were said to resemble the petals of the lotus flower which had been dropped to earth by a goddess. The park area of 44 km2, is filled with both Buddhist and Taoist temples, monasteries and nunneries. It is one of few locations where both religions are found sharing the same site. Cars are not allowed within the park.

One of the mountains in the park is believed to resemble Maitreya Buddha. It is claimed to be the largest naturally occurring image of Maitreya in the world. Several temples have been built on the peaks of the overlooking hills. Near the Buddha is a bird park. Another major tourist location is "219 Park". The name of the park commemorates the liberation of Anshan by the People's Liberation Army on February 19, 1948. The park contains the Dongshan (East Mountain) scenic area as well as numerous lakes.

Of particular note is the Jade Buddha Palace. This large Buddhist temple complex of 22,104 square metres, houses the world's largest statue of Buddha made of Jade (It is called jade in Chinese, but in English it is Serpentine). It is a single piece of jade stone measuring 6.88 metres in width, 4.10 metres front to back and 7.95 metres high. The jade stone weighs 260.76 tons. The front of the stone has been carved with an image of Sakyamuni (aka. Gautama) Buddha. On the back of the stone Guanyin (aka. Avalokitesvara) Buddha has been carved. The jade stone was found in 1960 in Xiuyan County. It was declared a treasure of the State and listed as a protected property by Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai. Anshan city government commissioned the carving which took a team of 120 sculptures 18 months to complete. The temple complex was opened on September 3, 1996. The building that houses the Jade Buddha statue is 33 metres tall, representing the 33 layers of heaven in Buddhism. It claims to be one of the tallest two-story buildings of traditional Chinese architectural style in China.

Anshan contains naturally hot spring water spas. There are four spas/hotels in Anshan. Visitors may shower and bathe in the spring water. At Tanggangzi Spa, once frequented by the Qing Emperors of China, visitors may have mud treatment where they are buried in hot volcanic sand, which has been infused with the spring water. The geothermal energy is also used to provide hot steam and water for winter heating throughout the area.

Education system
The city contains two large universities:

 * Anshan Normal University
 * University of Science and Technology, Liaoning

Notable people

 * Kei Tomiyama (1938–1995), Japanese actor, voice actor, and narrator, born in Anshan
 * Zhang Dejiang (b. 1946), retired politician, served as the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress of the 12th National People's Congress
 * Ann Hui (b. 1947), Hong Kong New Wave film director, born in Anshan. Hui's 2006 film The Postmodern Life of My Aunt was partly set and filmed in Anshan.
 * Guo Mingyi (b. 1958), philanthropist who began work at Anshan Iron and Steel Group
 * Chen Xiaoxu (1965–2007), actress noted for playing Lin Daiyu
 * Tang Xiao'ou (b. 1968), computer scientist and co-founder of SenseTime
 * Lei Jiayin (b. 1983), actor noted for playing Chen Junsheng in The First Half of My Life
 * Du Jing (b. 1984), female badminton player, former women's double champion
 * Zhang Xiaofei (b. 1986), actress noted for her performance in Hi, Mom
 * Chen Tao (b. 1986), footballer, most recently played as midfielder for Sichuan Longfor
 * Zhang Wenzhao (b. 1987), footballer, most recently played as a midfielder for Beijing Renhe
 * Li Jiahang (b. 1987), actor noted for playing Fu Erkang in New My Fair Princess.
 * Li Man (b. 1988), actress noted for her role in Zhang Yimou'sCurse of the Golden Flower.
 * Li Xiaoxia (b. 1988), female table tennis player, Grand Slam champion.
 * Guo Yue, table tennis player, 2007 women's world champion.
 * Ma Long (b. 1988), male table tennis player, former world-ranked number one.
 * Wang Yanlin (b. 1989), actor
 * Beiwen Zhang (b. 1990), Chinese-born American badminton player
 * Xu Mengtao (b. 1990), 2022 Olympic Champion aerial skier.
 * Xu Minghao (stage name The8; b. 1997), member of popular K-pop group Seventeen, born in Anshan

title: Anshan