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Donald Serrell Thomas

Donald Serrell Thomas (18 July 1934 – 20 January 2022) was a British crime writer. His work primarily included Victorian-era historical, crime and detective fiction, as well as books on factual crime and criminals, in particular several academic books on the history of crime in London. He wrote a number of biographies, two volumes of poetry, and also edited volumes of poetry by John Dryden and the Pre-Raphaelites. He also wrote under the pseudonym Richard Manton.

Biography
Donald Thomas was born in Weston-super-Mare, Somerset on 18 July 1934. He was educated at Queen's College, Taunton, before completing his National Service in the Royal Air Force (1953–1955) and then going up to Balliol College, Oxford (1955–1958). He currently holds a personal chair as Professor Emeritus of English Literature at Cardiff University.

Early works
Thomas's earliest works seem to have been in the area of legal and historical fact, notably revised texts of Thomas Bayly Howell's collection of state trials, originally collected at the behest of William Cobbett and published between 1809 and 1826. Among his earliest forays into the world of fiction was Sergeant Verity and the Cracksman, 1974, published under the pseudonym Francis Selwyn. By the early 1980s, however, he had largely shed the Selwyn pseudonym (returning to it briefly in the late 1980s for some non-fiction works, and once in 2000, for another "Verity" novel), and began writing under his own name, Donald (S.) Thomas, switching from academic study and biography to Sherlockiana and crime fiction, all underpinned with his deep knowledge of the times and cultures of which he writes.

Biographies and fact
He wrote a number of books, mostly novels, on a variety of subjects predominantly set in Victorian England. He also wrote a small number of non-fiction works dealing with similar subjects/settings, among them a study of the Victorian underworld, and biographies of Robert Browning, the Marquis de Sade, Henry Fielding, and Lewis Carroll.

His 1978 (rev. ed. 2001) biography of Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald highlights the characteristics of that individual which served in large part as inspiration both for C. S. Forester's Horatio Hornblower, and for Patrick O'Brian's Jack Aubrey. In 1994, his Hanged in Error? provided an overview/investigation as to the likely guilt of seven individuals all hanged in the UK before its abolition as a means of capital punishment in 1965. The book dealt with the cases of Timothy Evans, John Williams (alias George MacKay, hanged in 1913 for the fatal shooting of Inspector Arthur Walls in Eastbourne during a burglary attempt), Edith Thompson, Robert Hoolhouse, Neville Heath, Charles Jenkins (hanged in 1947 together with Christopher Geraghty for fatally shooting Alec de Antiquis following a botched London jewel robbery), and James Hanratty. (N.B. This is not the same as the similarly titled 1961 book Hanged in Error by Leslie Hale, which contains a different set of case histories.)

In academic circles, he is especially well known for his studies of the criminal underworld of London from Victorian times, through World War II to the Kray twins. He wrote seven biographies and a handful of other biographical studies, as well as fictionalised biographies of individuals such as Bonnie Prince Charlie. His biography of Lewis Carroll is recommended by Representative Poetry Online, and his other biographical works can be found on many academic reading lists.

He edited volumes of Everyman's Library on poets ranging from John Dryden to the Post-Romantics, and also offered a translation of Michel Millot and Jean L'Ange's bawdy 17th century novel L'École des filles, which is described as "both an uninhibited manual of sexual technique and an erotic masterpiece of the first order" on its back cover.

Fiction
In fiction terms, he is perhaps best known for his more recent works, in particular a series of Sherlock Holmes pastiches, beginning with 1997's The Secret Cases of Sherlock Holmes. He has also written a number of other titles, and three series featuring the main characters of:

 * Alfred Swain, an inspector of Scotland Yard.
 * Sonny Tarrant, a "gangland capo", and
 * Sgt. William Clarence Verity, a "Sergeant in Scotland Yard's 'Private Clothes Detail'" who investigates the Victorian criminal underground of London, c.1850.

(Verity was created under the pseudonym Francis Selwyn.) His other novels include The Raising of Lizzie Meek, "based on the scandals surrounding the Victorian miracle-worker Father Ignatius of Capel-y-ffin". Thomas is represented by Bill Hamilton of A.M. Heath & Company, Ltd.

Later life and death
Having retired from Cardiff University, he remained affiliated there, as an Associate Research Professor in the School of English, Communication and Philosophy. In 2005, as Personal Chair in the School of English, Communication and Philosophy at Cardiff University, he "donated a selection of his personal archive of research papers, used in writing his series of acclaimed books on the Underworld in Victorian and World War II eras to the University [of Cardiff]'s Special Collections and Archives."

Some of his last works included a study on censorship in modern Britain, reviewed as "provocative, timely and disturbing" by Iain Finlayson in The Times.

Thomas died on 20 January 2022, at the age of 87.

Awards and nominations
As a poet, Thomas won the Eric Gregory Award in 1962 for his collection Points of Contact. His biography of Robert Browning A Life Within Life was a runner-up for the Whitbread Prize, and his Victorian Underworld was shortlisted for the Gold Dagger Award.

Sgt. Verity

 * Sergeant Verity and the Imperial Diamond (André Deutsch 1975) ISBN 0-233-96704-4
 * (Stein and Day 1976) ISBN 0-8128-1917-9
 * Sergeant Verity and the Cracksman (André Deutsch 1974) ISBN 0-233-96599-8
 * (Futura 1975) ISBN 0-86007-252-5
 * Cracksman on Velvet (Stein and Day 1974) ISBN 0-8128-1729-X
 * Sergeant Verity Presents His Compliments (André Deutsch 1977) ISBN 0-233-96806-7
 * (Stein and Day 1977)
 * Sergeant Verity and the Blood Royal (André Deutsch 1979) ISBN 0-233-97074-6
 * (Stein and Day 1979) ISBN 0-8128-2608-6
 * Sergeant Verity and the Swell Mob (André Deutsch 1980) ISBN 0-233-97217-X
 * (Stein and Day 1981) ISBN 0-8128-2727-9
 * The Hangman's Child (Robert Hale 2000) ISBN 0-7090-6683-X

Other?

 * Villa Rosa (Blue Moon/Lyle Stuart 1989) ISBN 0-8216-5038-6

Non-fiction

 * Hitler's Englishman: The Crime of Lord Haw-Haw (Routledge and Kegan Paul 1987) ISBN 0-7102-1032-9
 * (Penguin Books 1993) ISBN 0-14-014833-7
 * Rotten to the Core?: The Life and Death of Neville Heath (Routledge and Kegan Paul 1988) ISBN 0-7102-1033-7
 * Gangland: The Case of Bentley and Craig (Routledge 1988) ISBN 0-7102-1034-5
 * Nothing But Revenge: The Case of Bentley And Craig (Penguin 1991) ISBN 0-14-014832-9

Poetry

 * Points of Contact: a collection of poems, 1958–1961 65pp. (Routledge and Kegan Paul 1963)
 * Welcome to the Grand Hotel 68pp. (Routledge and Kegan Paul 1975, 2006) ISBN 0-7100-8104-9

Alfred Swain

 * Belladonna: A Lewis Carroll Nightmare (Macmillan 1984) ISBN 0-333-36048-6
 * Mad Hatter Summer (Viking Press 1983) ISBN 0-670-44526-6
 * Belladonna (Papermac 1988) ISBN 0-333-46627-6
 * Jekyll, Alias Hyde: A Variation (Macmillan 1988) ISBN 0-333-45782-X
 * (St. Martin's Press 1988) ISBN 0-312-02592-0
 * The Ripper's Apprentice (Macmillan 1986) ISBN 0-333-40850-0
 * (St. Martin's Press 1989) ISBN 0-312-03420-2
 * The Arrest of Scotland Yard (Macmillan 1993) ISBN 0-333-60506-3

Sonny Tarrant

 * Dancing in the Dark (Macmillan 1992) ISBN 0-333-58718-9
 * (St. Martin's Press 1994) ISBN 0-312-10447-2
 * Red Flowers for Lady Blue (Macmillan 2000) ISBN 0-333-78154-6
 * (Pan Books 2001) ISBN 0-330-39252-2

Sherlock Holmes

 * The Secret Cases of Sherlock Holmes (Macmillan 1997) ISBN 0-330-36977-6
 * Sherlock Holmes and the Running Noose (Macmillan 2001) ISBN 0-333-90522-9 (UK edition of Sherlock Holmes and the Voice from the Crypt, see below)
 * Sherlock Holmes and the Voice from the Crypt (Carroll & Graf 2002) ISBN 0-7867-0973-1 (US edition of Sherlock Holmes and the Running Noose, see above)
 * The Execution of Sherlock Holmes (Pegasus 2007) ISBN 1-933648-22-8
 * Sherlock Holmes and the King's Evil (Pegasus 2009) ISBN 1-60598-043-9
 * Sherlock Holmes and the Ghosts of Bly (Pegasus 2010) ISBN 1-60598-134-6
 * The Lost Casebooks of Sherlock Holmes (Pegasus 2012) ISBN 978-1-60598-352-3
 * (Omnibus of The Secret Cases of Sherlock Holmes, Sherlock Holmes and the Voice from the Crypt, & The Execution of Sherlock Holmes)
 * Death on a Pale Horse: Sherlock Holmes on Her Majesty's Secret Service (Pegasus, March 2013) ISBN 1-60598-394-2

Other

 * Summer in the Country (The Odyssey Press, 1968)
 * Prince Charlie's Bluff (Macmillan 1974) ISBN 0-333-15042-2
 * Flight of the Eagle  (Macmillan 1975, 2006) ISBN 0-333-18087-9
 * (Viking Press 1976) ISBN 0-670-31830-2
 * The Blindfold Game (André Deutsch 1981) ISBN 0-233-97366-4
 * Captain Wunder (Viking Books/Penguin 1981) ISBN 0-670-20355-6
 * The Day the Sun Rose Twice (1985)
 * Honour among Thieves (Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1991) ISBN 0-297-81205-X
 * Dead Giveaway (1993)
 * The Raising of Lizzie Meek (Robert Hale 1993) ISBN 0-7090-5031-3

Non-fiction & reference

 * A Long Time Burning: The History of Literary Censorship in England (Praeger 1969)
 * State Trials, Vol. 1: Treason and libel, with Thomas Bayly Howell (Routledge & Kegan Paul 1972) ISBN 0-7100-7325-9
 * State Trials, Vol 2: The Public Conscience, with Thomas Bayly Howell (Routledge & Kegan Paul 1972) ISBN 0-7100-7326-7
 * Charge! hurrah! hurrah!: A Life of Cardigan of Balaclava (Viking Press 1975) ISBN 0-670-20388-2
 * Cardigan: The Hero of Balaclava (Routledge & Kegan Paul 1987) ISBN 0-7102-1205-4
 * (rev. ed. Weidenfeld Military/Cassell Military/Viking Press 2002) ISBN 0-304-35824-X
 * Cochrane: Britannia's Sea Wolf (1975)
 * Cochrane: Britannia's Last Sea-King (Viking Press 1978) ISBN 0-670-22644-0
 * The Marquis de Sade: A New Biography (New York Graphic Society 1976) ISBN 0-8212-0653-2
 * (Little, Brown & Company 1977) ISBN 0-8212-0653-2
 * fr. Le Marquis de Sade (Seghers 1977)
 * de. Marquis de Sade: die grosse Biographie (Blanvalet 1978)
 * Swinburne, the Poet in his World (Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1979; OUP 1979) ISBN 0-297-77605-3 ; ISBN 0-19-520136-1
 * (Allison & Busby 1999) ISBN 0-7490-0409-6
 * (Häftad. Ivan R. Dee Publisher, 1999) ISBN 1-56663-229-3
 * Robert Browning: A life within life (Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1982, 1989) ISBN 0-297-78092-1 ; ISBN 0-297-79639-9
 * (Viking Books 1983) ISBN 0-670-60090-3
 * Henry Fielding (1990) (St. Martin's Press 1991) ISBN 0-312-05443-2
 * Dead Giveaway: Murderers Avenged from the Grave (M. O'Mara Bks. 1993) ISBN 1-85479-930-4
 * Hanged in Error? (Robert Hale 1994) ISBN 0-7090-5357-6
 * Lewis Carroll: A Portrait With Background (John Murray 1996) ISBN 0-7195-5323-7
 * (Barnes & Noble Books 1999) ISBN 0-7607-1232-8
 * The Victorian Underworld, with Henry Mayhew (New York University Press 1998) ISBN 0-8147-8238-8
 * An underworld at war : spivs, deserters, racketeers & civilians in the Second World War (John Murray, 2003) ISBN 0-7195-6340-2
 * The Enemy Within: Hucksters, Racketeers, Deserters, & Civilians During the Second World War (New York University Press 2004) ISBN 0-8147-8286-8
 * Villains' Paradise: A History of Britain's Post-War Underworld: From the spivs to the Krays (John Murray 2006) ISBN 0-7195-6344-5
 * (Pegasus 2006) ISBN 1-933648-17-1
 * Freedom's Frontier: Censorship in Modern Britain (John Murray 2007) ISBN 0-7195-5733-X
 * Naval Battles of Crete (André Deutsch)

As editor

 * Selected Poems by John Dryden (J.M. Dent/C.E. Tuttle Everyman's Library 1993) ISBN 0-460-87230-3
 * The Everyman Book of Victorian Verse: The Pre-Raphaelites to the Nineties (J.M. Dent/C.E. Tuttle 1993) ISBN 0-460-87310-5
 * The Everyman Book of Victorian Verse: The Post-Romantics (Routledge 1990, 1994) ISBN 0-415-00888-3
 * (J.M. Dent/C.E. Tuttle 1994) ISBN 0-460-87526-4

As translator

 * The School of Venus (orig: L'École des filles, ou la Philosophie des dames) by Michel Millot et Jean L'Ange (New American Library 1971)
 * (Panther 1972) ISBN 0-586-03674-1

title: Donald Serrell Thomas


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Wayne Worcester

Wayne Worcester (born 1947) is an American journalist and author born in Keene, New Hampshire in 1947. He graduated from the University of New Hampshire and Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and worked as a reporter and magazine writer. He became a journalism professor at the University of Connecticut in 1987. He is the author of a series of Sherlock Holmes novels.

Biography
Worcester was a news reporter for the Providence Journal in Providence, Rhode Island for over a decade before he joined the faculty at the University of Connecticut as a journalism professor in 1987. He reported on the theft of more than $30 million worth of valuables from safe deposit boxes in 1975; most of the valuables belonged to the Patriarca crime family. He began working as a journalism professor in 1987 at the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut.

Worcester has been diagnosed with narcolepsy and has been featured in national media coverage of the illness, including NBC News.

Sherlock Holmes

 * The Monster of St. Marylebone (© 1999) ISBN 0-451-19871-9
 * The Jewel of Covent Garden (© 2000) ISBN 0-451-20195-7

Short stories

 * "Sweet Rewards" (included in the mystery anthology And the Dying Is Easy (© 2001) ISBN 0-451-20329-1)

Non-fiction

 * The Essential Researcher (©1993) ISBN 0-06-271514-3

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Wayne Worcester


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Larry Millett

Larry Millett (born 1947 in Minneapolis, Minnesota) is an American journalist and author. He is the former (retired 2002) architectural critic for the St. Paul Pioneer Press, a daily newspaper in St. Paul, Minnesota, and the author of several books on the history of architecture in Minnesota. He has also written a series of Sherlock Holmes mysteries set in the United States and Minnesota in the 1890s. The books feature the character Shadwell Rafferty, who assists Holmes in his American investigations.

Education
Millett attended St. John's University in Collegeville, Minnesota, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English in 1969. He went on to Chicago, Illinois, where he obtained an English master's degree in 1970 from the University of Chicago.

Career
Millett worked at the Pioneer Press from 1972 until 1984 when he had an opportunity to study architecture at the University of Michigan. When he returned to St. Paul in 1985, he became the newspaper's first architecture critic. He has written articles for several historical and architectural magazines in the Midwest, mostly focusing on works by Prairie School architects such as Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright.

Millett's Lost Twin Cities is probably the best known of his works in the Minneapolis-St. Paul region largely because KTCA, a local public television station, created a video documentary by the same name which covered a few of the buildings in the book. The video was narrated by Dave Moore, a noted area TV journalist, and is often replayed when the station is running a pledge drive. In 2014, Millet was interviewed by Peter Shea for the Institute for Advanced Study at the University of Minnesota. He has also been interviewed twice on the Northern Lights Minnesota Author Interview TV Series.

Nonfiction

 * The Curve of the Arch: The Story of Louis Sullivan's Owatonna Bank (1985) ISBN 0-87351-181-6 & ISBN 0-87351-182-4
 * Lost Twin Cities (1992) ISBN 0-87351-273-1
 * Twin Cities Then and Now (1996) ISBN 0-87351-326-6 & ISBN 0-87351-327-4
 * National Register of Historic Places in Minnesota (foreword, 2003) ISBN 0-87351-448-3
 * Strange Days, Dangerous Nights: Photos from the Speed Graphic Era (2004) ISBN 0-87351-504-8
 * AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul (Paperback) (2007) ISBN 0-87351-540-4
 * Murder Has a Public Face (2008)
 * AIA Guide to Downtown Minneapolis (2010) ISBN 0873517202
 * Once There Were Castles: Lost Mansions and Estates of the Twin Cities (2011)
 * Minnesota's Own (2014)

Sherlock Holmes in Minnesota

 * Sherlock Holmes and the Red Demon (1996) ISBN 0-670-87039-0
 * Sherlock Holmes and the Ice Palace Murders (1998) ISBN 0-670-87944-4 & ISBN 0-14-028089-8
 * Sherlock Holmes and the Rune Stone Mystery (1999) ISBN 0-670-88821-4 & ISBN 0-14-029645-X
 * Sherlock Holmes and the Secret Alliance (2001)
 * The Disappearance of Sherlock Holmes (2002) ISBN 0-14-200340-9
 * "The Mystery of the Jeweled Cross" (short story, 2002) ISBN 1-879832-40-2 & ISBN 1-879832-38-0
 * "The Brewer's Son" (short story, 2006)
 * The Magic Bullet: A Locked Room Mystery Featuring Shadwell Rafferty and Sherlock Holmes (2011) ISBN 0-8166-7480-9
 * Strongwood: A Crime Dossier (2014) ISBN 0-8166-9093-6
 * Sherlock Holmes and the Eisendorf Enigma (2017)

Other works

 * Pineland Serenade (2020)

title: Larry Millett


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Laurie R. King

Laurie R. King (born September 19, 1952) is an American author best known for her detective fiction.

Life and career
Born in Oakland, California, King earned a degree in comparative religion from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 1977 and a masters in theology from the Graduate Theological Union in 1984, where her thesis was on "Feminine Aspects of Yahweh". She later received an honorary doctorate from the Church Divinity School of the Pacific.

Among King's books are the Mary Russell series of historical mysteries, featuring Sherlock Holmes as her mentor and later partner, and a series featuring Kate Martinelli, a lesbian police officer in San Francisco, California. Using the pseudonym "Leigh Richards", she has published a science fiction novel, Califia's Daughters (2004). Across these genres, she explores several humanist themes, including the effects of war on soldiers as they attempt to find their place when returning home. This is seen in several of the Mary Russell novels and has been described in a comparison of the detectives in Keeping Watch (2003) and Touchstone (2007). She lives in Watsonville, California, in the hills above Monterey Bay, southeast of Santa Cruz, California. From 1977 until his death in early 2009, she was married to the historian Noel Quinton King. They are the parents of two children.

Awards
King's first book, A Grave Talent (1993), received the 1994 Edgar Award for Best First Novel and a 1995 John Creasey Memorial Award. This was followed by the 1996 Nero Award, for A Monstrous Regiment of Women, the 2002 Macavity Award for Best Novel, for Folly, the 2007 Lambda Award for Best Lesbian Mystery, for The Art of Detection, and the 2015 Agatha Award for Best Historical Novel, for Dreaming Spies. She has also been nominated for two Anthonys, a Barry, two additional Edgars, another Macavity, an Orange Prize, and four RT Reviewers' Choice Awards. In 2022, she won the Edgar Award's 'Grand Master' for her work.

She was inducted into membership of The Baker Street Irregulars in 2010.

Kate Martinelli mysteries

 * A Grave Talent (1993) ISBN 0-312-08804-3
 * To Play the Fool (1995) ISBN 0-312-11907-0
 * With Child (1996) ISBN 0-312-14077-0
 * Night Work (2000) ISBN 0-553-10713-5
 * The Art of Detection (2006) ISBN 0-553-80453-7 (Lambda Literary Award 2006)
 * Beginnings (2019) ISBN 9781732464728

Mary Russell and Sherlock Holmes mysteries

 * The Beekeeper's Apprentice (1994) ISBN 0-312-10423-5
 * A Monstrous Regiment of Women (1995) ISBN 0-312-13565-3
 * A Letter of Mary (1997) ISBN 0-312-14670-1
 * The Moor (1998) ISBN 0-312-16934-5
 * O Jerusalem (1999) ISBN 0-553-11093-4 (although written fifth in sequence, the events in this book take place during the latter part of those described in The Beekeeper's Apprentice)
 * Justice Hall (2002) ISBN 0-553-11113-2
 * The Game (2004) ISBN 0-553-80194-5
 * Locked Rooms (2005) ISBN 0-553-80197-X
 * The Language of Bees (2009) ISBN 0-553-80454-5
 * The God of the Hive (2010) ISBN 0-553-80554-1
 * Beekeeping for Beginners (an ebook novella) (2011) ISBN 978-0-7490-4059-8 (This short story describes the early events of The Beekeeper's Apprentice from the point of view of Sherlock Holmes. The novella is included in Garment of Shadows ISBN 978-0-7490-1377-6.)
 * Pirate King (2011) ISBN 0-553-80798-6
 * Garment of Shadows (2012) ISBN 978-0-7490-1377-6
 * Dreaming Spies (2015) ISBN 978-0-3455-3179-7 (although written thirteenth in sequence, the events in this book take place between those described in The Game and Locked Rooms)
 * The Marriage of Mary Russell (March 15, 2016)
 * The Murder of Mary Russell (April 5, 2016) ISBN 978-0804177900
 * Mary Russell's War And Other Stories of Suspense (2016) ISBN 978-1-4642-0733-4 contains 10 short stories:
 * "Mary's Christmas"
 * "Mary Russell's War: My War Journal"
 * "Beekeeping for Beginners"
 * "The Marriage of Mary Russell"
 * "Mrs Hudson's Case"
 * "A Venomous Death"
 * "Birth of a Green Man"
 * "My Story, or The Case of the Ravening Sherlockians"
 * "A Case in Correspondence"
 * "Stately Holmes"

 * Island of the Mad (2018) ISBN 978-0-804-17796-2
 * Riviera Gold (2020) ISBN 978-0-525-62083-9
 * Castle Shade (2021) ISBN 978-0525620860
 * The Lantern's Dance (2024)

Harris Stuyvesant and Bennett Grey series
(Historical novels of suspense, featuring FBI agent Harris Stuyvesant and injured British soldier Bennett Grey)
 * Touchstone (2007) ISBN 978-0-553-80355-6
 * The Bones of Paris (2013) ISBN 978-0-7490-1587-9

Non-series books

 * A Darker Place [UK title: The Birth of a New Moon] (1999) ISBN 978-0-553-57824-9
 * Folly (2001) ISBN 978-0-553-38151-1
 * Keeping Watch (2003) ISBN 978-0-553-38252-5
 * Califia's Daughters (as Leigh Richards) (2004) - science fiction. ISBN 978-0-553-58667-1
 * Lockdown (2017) ISBN 978-0-804-17793-1
 * Back to the Garden (2022) ISBN 978-0-593-49656-5

title: Laurie R. King


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Al Smith

Alfred Emanuel Smith (December 30, 1873 – October 4, 1944) was an American politician who served four terms as the 42nd governor of New York and was the Democratic Party's presidential nominee in 1928.

The son of an Irish-American mother and a Civil War–veteran Italian-American father, Smith was raised on the Lower East Side of Manhattan near the Brooklyn Bridge. He resided in that neighborhood for his entire life. Although Smith remained personally untarnished by corruption, he—like many other New York Democrats—was linked to the notorious Tammany Hall political machine that controlled New York City politics during his era. Smith served in the New York State Assembly from 1904 to 1915 and held the position of Speaker of the Assembly in 1913. Smith also served as sheriff of New York County from 1916 to 1917. He was first elected governor of New York in 1918, lost his 1920 bid for re-election, and was elected governor again in 1922, 1924, and 1926. Smith was the foremost urban leader of the Efficiency Movement in the United States and was noted for achieving a wide range of reforms as the New York governor in the 1920s.

Smith was the first Roman Catholic to be nominated for president of the United States by a major party. His 1928 presidential candidacy mobilized both Catholic and anti-Catholic voters. Many Protestants (including German Lutherans and Southern Baptists) feared his candidacy, believing that the Pope in Rome would dictate his policies. Smith was also a committed "wet" (i.e., an opponent of Prohibition); as New York governor, he had repealed the state's prohibition law. As a "wet", Smith attracted voters who wanted beer, wine and liquor and did not like dealing with criminal bootleggers, along with voters who were outraged that new criminal gangs had taken over the streets in most large and medium-sized cities. Incumbent Republican Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover was aided by national prosperity, the absence of American involvement in war and anti-Catholic bigotry, and he defeated Smith in a landslide in 1928.

Smith then entered business in New York City, and became involved in the construction and promotion of the Empire State Building. He sought the 1932 Democratic presidential nomination but was defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt, his former ally and successor as governor of New York. During the Roosevelt presidency, Smith became an increasingly vocal opponent of Roosevelt's New Deal.

Early life

Smith was born at 174 South Street and raised in the Fourth Ward on the Lower East Side of Manhattan; he resided there for his entire life. His mother, Catherine (née Mulvihill), was the daughter of Maria Marsh and Thomas Mulvihill, who were immigrants from County Westmeath, Ireland. His father, baptised Joseph Alfred Smith in 1839, was the son of Emanuel Smith, an Italian marinaro. The elder Alfred Smith (Anglicized name for Alfredo Emanuele Ferraro) was the son of Italian and German immigrants. He served with the 11th New York Fire Zouaves in the opening months of the Civil War.

Smith grew up with his family struggling financially in the Gilded Age; New York City matured and completed major infrastructure projects. The Brooklyn Bridge was being constructed nearby. "The Brooklyn Bridge and I grew up together", Smith would later recall. His four grandparents were Irish, German, Italian, and Anglo-Irish, but Smith identified with the Irish-American community and became its leading spokesman in the 1920s.

His father Alfred owned a small trucking firm, but died when Smith was 13. Aged 14, Smith had to drop out of St. James parochial school to help support the family, and worked at a fish market for seven years. Prior to dropping out of school, he served as an altar boy, and was strongly influenced by the Catholic priests he worked with. He never attended high school or college, and claimed he learned about people by studying them at the Fulton Fish Market, where he worked for $12 per week. His acting skills made him a success on the amateur theater circuit. He became widely known, and developed the smooth oratorical style that characterized his political career. On May 6, 1900, Al Smith married Catherine Ann Dunn, with whom he had five children.

Political career
In his political career, Smith built on his working-class beginnings, identifying himself with immigrants and campaigning as a man of the people. Although indebted to the Tammany Hall political machine (and particularly to its boss, "Silent" Charlie Murphy), he remained untarnished by corruption and worked for the passage of progressive legislation. It was during his early unofficial jobs with Tammany Hall that he gained renown as an orator. Smith's first political job was in 1895, as an investigator in the office of the Commissioner of Jurors as appointed by Tammany Hall.

State legislature
Smith was first elected to the New York State Assembly (New York Co., 2nd D.) in 1904, and was repeatedly elected to office, serving through 1915. After being approached by Frances Perkins, an activist to improve labor practices, Smith sought to improve the conditions of factory workers.

Smith served as vice chairman of the state commission appointed to investigate factory conditions after 146 workers died in the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire. Meeting the families of the deceased Triangle factory workers left a strong impression on him. Together with Perkins and Robert F. Wagner, Smith crusaded against dangerous and unhealthy workplace conditions and championed corrective legislation.

The Commission, chaired by State Senator Robert F. Wagner, held a series of widely publicized investigations around the state, interviewing 222 witnesses and taking 3,500 pages of testimony. They hired field agents to do on-site inspections of factories. Starting with the issue of fire safety, they studied broader issues of the risks of injury in the factory environment. Their findings led to thirty-eight new laws regulating labor in New York State, and gave each of them a reputation as leading progressive reformers working on behalf of the working class. In the process, they changed Tammany's reputation from mere corruption to progressive endeavors to help the workers. New York City's Fire Chief John Kenlon told the investigators that his department had identified more than 200 factories where conditions resulted in risk of a fire like that at the Triangle Factory.

The State Commission's reports led to the modernization of the state's labor laws, making New York State "one of the most progressive states in terms of labor reform." New laws mandated better building access and egress, fireproofing requirements, the availability of fire extinguishers, the installation of alarm systems and automatic sprinklers, better eating and toilet facilities for workers, and limited the number of hours that women and children could work. In the years from 1911 to 1913, sixty of the sixty-four new laws recommended by the Commission were legislated with the support of Governor William Sulzer.

In 1911, the Democrats obtained a majority of seats in the State Assembly, and Smith became Majority Leader and Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means. The following year, following the loss of the majority, he became the Minority Leader. When the Democrats reclaimed the majority after the next election, he was elected Speaker for the 1913 session. He became Minority Leader again in 1914 and 1915. In November 1915, he was elected Sheriff of New York County, New York. By now he was a leader of the Progressive movement in New York City and state. His campaign manager and top aide was Belle Moskowitz, a daughter of Jewish immigrants.

Governor (1919–1920, 1923–1928)

After serving in the patronage-rich job of sheriff of New York County beginning in 1916, Smith was elected governor of New York in 1918 with the help of Tammany Boss Charles F. Murphy and James A. Farley, who brought Smith the upstate vote.

In 1919, Smith gave the famous speech "A man as low and mean as I can picture", making a drastic break with publisher William Randolph Hearst. Hearst, known for his notoriously sensationalist and largely left-wing position in the state Democratic Party, was the leader of its populist wing in the city. He had combined with Tammany Hall in electing the local administration, and had attacked Smith for starving children by not reducing the cost of milk.

Smith lost his bid for re-election in the 1920 New York gubernatorial election, but was again elected governor in 1922, 1924 and 1926, with Farley managing his campaign. In his 1922 re-election, he embraced his position as an anti-prohibitionist. Smith offered alcohol to guests at the Executive Mansion in Albany, and repealed the state's Prohibition enforcement statute, the Mullan-Gage law.

As governor, Smith became known nationally as a progressive who sought to make government more efficient and more effective in meeting social needs. Smith's young assistant Robert Moses built the nation's first state park system and reformed the civil service, later gaining appointment as Secretary of State of New York. During Smith's time in office, New York strengthened laws governing workers' compensation, women's pensions and children and women's labor with the help of Frances Perkins, soon to be President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Labor Secretary.

1924 presidential election
In 1924, Smith unsuccessfully sought the Democratic nomination for president, advancing the cause of civil liberty by decrying lynching and racial violence. Roosevelt delivered the nominating speech for Smith at the 1924 Democratic National Convention in which he saluted Smith as "the Happy Warrior of the political battlefield." Smith represented the urban, east coast wing of the party as an anti-prohibition "wet" candidate, while his main rival for the nomination, President Woodrow Wilson's son-in-law William Gibbs McAdoo, a former Secretary of the Treasury, stood for the more rural tradition and prohibition "dry" candidacy. The party was hopelessly split between the two. An increasingly chaotic convention balloted 100 times before both men accepted that neither would be able to win the required two-thirds of the votes, and so each withdrew. On the 103rd ballot, the exhausted party nominated the little-known candidate John W. Davis of West Virginia, a former congressman and United States Ambassador to Great Britain who had been a dark horse presidential candidate in 1920. Davis lost the election by a landslide to the Republican Calvin Coolidge, who won in part because of the prosperous times.

Undeterred, Smith returned to fight a determined campaign for the party's nomination in 1928. He was aided by the endorsement of Philip La Follette, son of 1924 Progressive Party presidential candidate Robert M. La Follette, who died in 1925 seven months after receiving 16.62 percent of the popular vote—the fifth-highest proportion for any third-party presidential candidate.

1928 presidential election
Reporter Frederick William Wile made the oft-repeated observation that Smith was defeated by "the three P's: Prohibition, Prejudice and Prosperity". The Republican Party was still benefiting from an economic boom, as well as a failure to reapportion Congress and the electoral college following the 1920 census, which had registered a 15 percent increase in the urban population. The party was biased toward small-town and rural areas. Its presidential candidate Herbert Hoover, who headed the Census of 1920, did little to alter this state of affairs.

Historians agree that prosperity, along with widespread anti-Catholic sentiment against Smith, made Hoover's election inevitable. He defeated Smith by a landslide in the 1928 United States presidential election, carrying five Southern states via crossover voting by conservative white Democrats.

The fact that Smith was Catholic and the descendant of Catholic immigrants was instrumental in his loss of the election of 1928. Historical hostilities between Protestants and Catholics had been carried by national groups to the United States by immigrants, and centuries of Protestant domination allowed myths and superstitions about Catholicism to flourish. Long-established Protestants had viewed the waves of Catholic immigrants from Ireland, Italy and Eastern Europe since the mid-19th century with suspicion. In addition, many Protestants carried old fears related to extravagant claims of one religion against the other which dated back to the European wars of religion. They feared that Smith would answer to the Pope rather than the United States Constitution.

Scott Farris notes that the anti-Catholicism of the American society was the sole reason behind Smith's defeat, as even contemporary Prohibition activists would admit that their main problem with the Democratic candidate was his faith and not any political view. Bob Jones Sr., a prominent Protestant pastor in South Carolina, said:I'll tell you, brother, that the big issue we've got to face ain't the liquor question. I'd rather see a saloon on every corner of the South than see the foreigners elect Al Smith president.A Methodist newspaper in Georgia called Catholicism "a degenerate type of Christianity," while Southern Baptist churches ordered their followers to vote against Smith, claiming that he would close down Protestant churches, end freedom of worship and prohibit reading the Bible. Charles Hillman Fountain, a Protestant writer, insisted that Catholics should be barred from holding any office. Farris states that "More disturbing than the ridiculous and the dangerous was the respectable anti-Catholicism", as contemporary newspapers and Protestant churches tried to mask their anti-Catholicism as genuine concern. Protestant activists insisted that Catholicism represents an alien culture and medieval mentality, claiming that Catholicism is incompatible with American democracy and institutions.

Catholics were portrayed as reactionary despite being more left-wing than mainstream American Protestant congregations at the time. William Allen White, a renowned newspaper editor, warned that Catholicism would erode the moral standards of America, saying that "the whole Puritan civilization which has built a sturdy, orderly nation is threatened by Smith." While Herbert Hoover avoided raising the issue of Catholicism on the campaign trail, he defended the Protestant actions in a private letter:

"There are many people of intense Protestant faith to whom Catholicism is a grievous sin, and they have as much right to vote against a man for public office because of that belief. That is not persecution."

White rural conservatives in the South also believed that Smith's close association with Tammany Hall, the Democratic machine in Manhattan, showed that he tolerated corruption in government, while they overlooked their own brands of it. Another major controversial issue was the continuation of Prohibition, the enforcement of which was widely considered problematic. Smith personally favored the relaxation or repeal of Prohibition laws because they had given rise to more criminality. The Democratic Party split North and South on the issue, with the more rural South continuing to favor Prohibition. During the campaign, Smith tried to duck the issue with non-committal statements.

Smith was an articulate proponent of good government and efficiency, as was Hoover. Smith swept the entire Catholic vote, which in 1920 and 1924 had been split between the parties; he attracted millions of Catholics, generally ethnic whites, to the polls for the first time, especially women, who were first allowed to vote in 1920. He lost important Democratic constituencies in the rural North as well as in Southern cities and suburbs. Smith did retain the loyalty of the Deep South, thanks in part to the appeal of his running mate, Senator Joseph Robinson from Arkansas, but lost five states of the Rim South to Hoover. Smith carried the popular vote in each of America's ten most populous cities, an indication of the rising power of the urban areas and their new demographics.

Smith was not a very good campaigner. His campaign theme song, "The Sidewalks of New York", had little appeal among rural Americans, who also found his 'city' accent slightly foreign when heard on radio. Smith narrowly lost his home state; New York's electors were biased in favor of rural upstate and largely Protestant districts. However, in 1928 his fellow Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt (a Protestant of Dutch old-line stock) was elected to replace him as governor of New York. Farley left Smith's camp to run Roosevelt's successful campaign for governor in 1928, and then Roosevelt's successful campaigns for the Presidency in 1932 and 1936.

Voter realignment

Some political scientists believe that the 1928 election started a voter realignment that helped develop Roosevelt's New Deal coalition. One political scientist said, "...not until 1928, with the nomination of Al Smith, a northeastern reformer, did Democrats make gains among the urban, blue-collar and Catholic voters who were later to become core components of the New Deal coalition and break the pattern of minimal class polarization that had characterized the Fourth Party System." However, historian Allan Lichtman's quantitative analysis suggests that the 1928 results were based largely on religion and are not a useful barometer of the voting patterns of the New Deal era.

Lichtman notes that the sole defining issue of the election was anti-Catholicism, which radically realigned states' voting patterns. States that had never voted Republican after Reconstruction such as Texas, Florida, North Carolina, and Virginia voted for Hoover, while Smith carried Massachusetts and Rhode Island—states that had never voted Democratic before save for 1912. Lichtman further proves this by pointing out that Smith and Hoover had very similar political views save for religion and Prohibition, and yet the 1928 election had a turnout of 57%, despite previous 1920s American elections having their turnouts below 50%.

Christopher M. Finan (2003) says Smith is an underestimated symbol of the changing nature of American politics in the first half of the last century. He represented the rising ambitions of urban, industrial America at a time when the hegemony of rural, agrarian America was in decline, although many states had legislatures and congressional delegations biased toward rural areas because of lack of redistricting after censuses. Smith was connected to the hopes and aspirations of immigrants, especially Catholics and Jews from eastern and southern Europe. Smith was a devout Catholic, but his struggles against religious bigotry were often misinterpreted when he fought the religiously inspired Protestant morality imposed by prohibitionists.

The 1928 election initiated a complete voter realignment of African-Americans, who overwhelmingly supported the Republican Party prior to 1928. Hoover sought "Southern Strategy" for the election, and sided with the segregationist lily-white Republicans at the expense of the pro-civil rights black and tans. Prominent African Americans were removed from positions of leadership in the Republican Party and replaced with lily-white Republicans in order to appeal to the segregationist South, and Hoover's spokesmen in the South spoke of his commitment to white supremacy. Allan Lichtman wrote that Hoover "sought a permanent reorganization of southern Republicanism under the leadership of white racists." This action was taken to exploit the unpopularity of Smith in the South, as Hoover and his cabinet were "convinced that white Southern votes were more essential to a Hoover win than black ones". Hoover assured Southern voters that he "had no intention of appointing colored men" and pledged that he had "no intention—party platform notwithstanding—of foisting off an anti-lynch law on the white South"; at the same time, Hoover heavily emphasized "his rural-Protestant roots" and appealed to the white voters' anti-urban and anti-Catholic sentiments, while also portraying Smith as a pro-civil rights candidate. According to Phylon, apart from the Catholics' perceived allegiance to the Pope over United States, American anti-Catholicism was also racially motivated, as Southern Protestants "strongly opposed the church's liberal policies—particularly its uncompromising position against social and political segregation."

Al Smith was supportive of racial equality and appointed African Americans to the New York City school system and civil service commission. Major black newspapers throughout the United States such as The Chicago Defender, Baltimore Afro-American and Norfolk Journal and Guide endorsed Smith for president, and prominent members of the NAACP supported Smith, with Walter Francis White writing that "Governor Smith is by far the best man available for the Presidency" and arguing that Smith's "nomination and election would be the greatest blow at bigotry that has ever been struck." Smith attracted the attention of disheartened African-American voters, as he was unpopular in the South, faced prejudice as a Roman Catholic, and had a reputation of a "spokesman for ethnic minorities in Northern cities". As such, Smith's candidacy, coupled with Hoover's Southern concession, initiated abandonment of loyalty to the Republicans and embrace of the Democratic Party by African-American voters. Samuel O'Dell wrote in Phylon that 1928 black voters "bolted to the Democratic party in unprecedented numbers."

Opposition to Roosevelt and the New Deal

Smith felt slighted by Roosevelt during the latter's governorship. They became rivals in the 1932 Democratic Party presidential primaries after Smith decided to run for the nomination against Roosevelt, the presumed favorite. At the convention, Smith's animosity toward Roosevelt was so great that he put aside longstanding rivalries to work with McAdoo and Hearst to block FDR's nomination for several ballots. That coalition fell apart when Smith refused to work on finding a compromise candidate; instead, he maneuvered to become the nominee. After losing the nomination, Smith eventually campaigned for Roosevelt in 1932, giving a particularly important speech on behalf of the Democratic nominee at Boston on October 27 in which he "pulled out all the stops."

Smith became highly critical of Roosevelt's New Deal policies, which he deemed a betrayal of good-government progressive ideals and ran counter to the goal of close cooperation with business. Smith joined the American Liberty League, an organization founded by conservative Democrats who disapproved of Roosevelt's New Deal measures and tried to rally public opinion against the New Deal. The League published pamphlets and sponsored radio programs, arguing that the New Deal was destroying personal liberty. However, the League failed to gain support in the 1934 or 1936 elections and rapidly declined in influence. It was officially dissolved in 1940. Smith's antipathy to Roosevelt and his policies was so great that he supported Republican presidential nominees Alf Landon in the 1936 election and Wendell Willkie in the 1940 election.

Although personal resentment was one factor in Smith's break with Roosevelt and the New Deal, Christopher Finan (2003) argues that Smith was consistent in his beliefs and politics—suggesting that Smith always believed in social mobility, economic opportunity, religious tolerance, and individualism. Despite the break between the men, Smith and Eleanor Roosevelt remained close. In 1936, while Smith was in Washington making a vehement radio attack on the President, she invited him to stay at the White House. To avoid embarrassing the Roosevelts, he declined. Historian Robert Slayton notes that Smith and Franklin Roosevelt did not reconcile until a brief meeting in June 1941, and he also suggests that during the early 1940s the antipathy which Smith held toward his former ally had waned. Upon the death of Smith's wife Katie in May 1944, FDR sent Smith a note of personal condolence. Smith's grandchildren later recalled that he was greatly touched by it.

Business life and later years
After the 1928 election, Smith became the president of Empire State, Inc., the corporation that built and operated the Empire State Building. Construction for the building symbolically began on March 17, 1930, St. Patrick's Day, per Smith's instructions. Smith's grandchildren cut the ribbon when the world's tallest skyscraper opened on May 1, 1931, which was May Day, an international labor celebration. Its construction had been completed in only 13 months, a record for such a large project.

As with the Brooklyn Bridge, which Smith had seen being built from his Lower East Side boyhood home, the Empire State Building was both a vision and an achievement that had been constructed by combining the interests of all, rather than being divided by the interests of a few. Smith continued to promote the Empire State Building, which was derided as the "Empty State Building" due to a lack of tenants, in the years following its construction.

In 1929, Smith was awarded the Laetare Medal by the University of Notre Dame, considered the most prestigious award for American Catholics.

In 1929 Smith was elected President of the Board of Trustees of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. Knowing his fondness for animals, in 1934 Robert Moses made Al Smith the Honorary Night Zookeeper of the newly renovated Central Park Zoo. Though a ceremonial title, Smith was given keys to the zoo and often took guests to see the animals after hours.

Smith was an early and vocal critic of the Nazi regime in Germany. He supported the Anti-Nazi boycott of 1933 and addressed a mass-meeting at Madison Square Garden against Nazism that March. His speech was included in the 1934 anthology Nazism: An Assault on Civilization. In 1938, Smith took to the airwaves to denounce Nazi brutality in the wake of Kristallnacht. His words were published in The New York Times article "Text of the Catholic Protest Broadcast" of November 17, 1938.

Like most New York City businessmen, Smith enthusiastically supported American military involvement in World War II. Although he was not asked by Roosevelt to play any role in the war effort, Smith was an active and vocal proponent of FDR's attempts to amend the Neutrality Act in order to allow "Cash and Carry" sales of war equipment to be made to the British. Smith spoke on behalf of the policy in October 1939, to which FDR responded directly: "Very many thanks. You were grand."

In 1939 Smith was appointed a Papal Chamberlain of the Sword and Cape, one of the highest honors which the Papacy bestowed on a layman.

Smith died at the Rockefeller Institute Hospital on October 4, 1944, of a heart attack, at the age of 70. He had been broken-hearted over the death of his wife from cancer five months earlier, on May 4, 1944. He is interred at Calvary Cemetery.

Legacy
Buildings and other landmarks named after Smith include the following:

 * Alfred E. Smith Building, a 1928 skyscraper in Albany, New York;
 * Governor Alfred E. Smith Houses, a public housing development in Lower Manhattan near his birthplace;
 * Governor Alfred E. Smith Park, a playground in the Two Bridges neighborhood in Manhattan near his birthplace;
 * Governor Alfred E. Smith, a former front line and current reserve fireboat in the New York City Fire Department fleet;
 * Governor Alfred E. Smith Sunken Meadow State Park, a state park in the Town of Smithtown, Suffolk County;
 * Alfred E. Smith Recreation Center, a youth activity center in the Two Bridges neighborhood, Manhattan;
 * PS 163 Alfred E. Smith School, a school on the Upper West Side of Manhattan;
 * PS 1 Alfred E. Smith School, a school in Manhattan's Chinatown;
 * Alfred E. Smith Career and Technical Education High School in the South Bronx;
 * Alfred E. Smith Memorial Foundation Dinner, a fundraiser held for Catholic Charities and a stop on the presidential campaign trail;
 * Smith Hall, a residence hall at Hinman College, Binghamton University;
 * Smith Hall, a residence hall at Farmingdale State College; and
 * Camp Smith, a State owned military installation of the New York Army National Guard in Cortlandt Manor near Peekskill, NY, about 30 mi north of New York City, at the northern border of Westchester County and consists of 1900 acre.

Popular culture and commemorations

 * Smith and Franklin D. Roosevelt were filmed by Lee de Forest in his DeForest Phonofilm sound-on-film process during the 1924 Democratic National Convention, which ran from June 21 to July 9. This film is now in the Maurice Zouary collection at the Library of Congress.
 * In Sinclair Lewis' 1928 novel The Man Who Knew Coolidge, Smith is cited as an example of the opportunities "in this new and increasingly practical America for any bright fellow today!"
 * In Harry Turtledove's alternate history Southern Victory series, in which the Confederate States of America wins the American Civil War in 1862, Al Smith is elected President of the United States in 1936 on the Socialist Party ticket, defeating Democratic incumbent Herbert Hoover. As per the Richmond Agreement with Confederate President Jake Featherston, he allowed plebiscites to be held in the states of Kentucky, Sequoyah and Houston on re-admittance to the Confederacy; the rejection of readmittance in Sequoyah serves as a casus belli for the Second Great War in North America (1941–1944). Smith serves until 1942, when he is killed in a bombing raid on the Powel House in Philadelphia and is succeeded by his Vice President Charles W. La Follette (the fictional son of Robert M. La Follette).
 * Smith was portrayed by Alan Bunce in the 1960 film Sunrise at Campobello, and by Wilbur Fitzgerald in HBO's 2005 TV-movie Warm Springs. Both of these movies focus on Franklin D. Roosevelt's struggle with polio.

New York gubernatorial elections, 1918–1926

 * List of candidates, (.pdf) in The New York Times of September 13, 1920

United States presidential election, 1928

 * Source (Popular Vote):
 * Source (Electoral Vote):

Works

 * Campaign Addresses of Governor Alfred E. Smith, Democratic Candidate for President 1928. Washington, DC: Democratic National Committee, 1929.
 * Progressive Democracy: Addresses & State Papers. 1928.
 * Up to Now: An Autobiography (The Viking Press, 1929)

title: Al Smith


text:
Chelsea Quinn Yarbro

Chelsea Quinn Yarbro (born September 15, 1942) is an American writer. She is known for her series of historical horror novels about the vampire Count Saint-Germain.

Biography
Yarbro was born in Berkeley, California. She attended Berkeley schools through high school followed by three years at San Francisco State College (now University).

In November 1969 she married Donald Simpson and divorced in February 1982. She has no children.

Writing for over 45 years, Yarbro has worked in a wide variety of genres, from science fiction to westerns, from young adult adventure to historical horror. She is the author of over 70 novels and numerous short stories. In addition to the Count Saint-Germain novels, she also has published numerous volumes in a popular series of channeled wisdom from the entity Michael in the Messages from Michael series.

Yarbro's contribution to the horror genre has been recognised in a variety of ways: she was named a Grand Master at the World Horror Convention in 2003, and in 2005 the International Horror Guild named her a "Living Legend". She has received the Knightly Order of the Brasov Citadel from the Transylvanian Society of Dracula. In 2009 the Horror Writers' Association presented Yarbro with the Bram Stoker Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2014, she was honored with the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement. Additionally, two of her novels, The Palace (1979) and Ariosto (1980) were nominated for the World Fantasy Award, neither winning.

In 2016, she reported that on average, she wrote three to four books and one or two short stories and/or essays a year. She wrote six hours per day, six days per week except when traveling. Five days a week she spent three to four hours doing research.

Aside from writing, she has worked as a cartographer, has read tarot cards and palms, and has composed music, all of which she continues to do. Over the years she has studied seven instruments, voice, and musical theory: composition, voice, and piano have continued to be active interests for her. The newsletter, Yclept Yarbro, about her and her writings has been published since 1995 by Lindig Hall Harris. She played a major role in popularizing The Eye of Argon, a novella that became part of widespread science fiction convention reading game.

Pseudonyms

 * Quinn Fawcett, for projects coauthored with Bill Fawcett
 * Trystam Kith, for the two volume Trouble in the Forest historical fantasy series featuring vampire antagonists
 * Terry Nelson Bonner, for the fifth volume of The Making of Australia series)
 * T. C. F. Hopkins, for historical nonfiction
 * Camille Gabor, for the high fantasy series, The Vildecaz Talents
 * Vanessa Pryor, for the romance novel Taste of Wine

The Michael teachings
Messages from Michael is the first in a series of four books recounting three-decade-long "conversation" between a group of friends centered around Sarah Chambers (1937≠1998) with a channeled entity and spiritual teacher that has come to be known as Michael. As of September 2013 this conversation continues, as the Michael group continues to conduct closed sessions in the San Francisco Bay Area. A core concept of the teachings is "all choices made are equally valid."

Yarbro's book presented a heavily fictionalized version of Sarah Chambers' group, which gave Chambers the alias of "Jessica Lansing". The three subsequent books more contain edited channeling transcripts, along with background material.

title: Chelsea Quinn Yarbro


text:
Talk:History of Chile

Chile position in World War I and World War II?
Can someone please add information on Chile's prosition during the two world wars? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 218.185.113.36 (talk) 00:38, 2 February 2009 (UTC)

Allende election
"Elected with only 36% of the vote and by a plurality of only 36,000 votes, Allende never enjoyed majority support in the Chilean Congress or broad popular support."
 * If Allende never enjoyed broad popular support, how could he gather 36% of the vote and split the country into two parties? --zeno 03:24 Jan 21, 2003 (UTC)

Probably "broad" should be changed by "mayoritarian", even if it repeats the word for the congress.--AN

Use of "Indians"
I would like to point that the word "Indians" is utterly ugly. Use "indigenous" or "aborigine." Better yet, explain that the original people inhabiting our country were:
 * Inca, Diaguita in the north;
 * Mapuche, Picunche and Huilliche people in central zone;
 * Ona, Yagan in the south (Called "Patagones" by Hernando de Magallanes.)

I would like to edit this page myself, but I'm not english speaker. --Leus

Death of Allende
According to my knowledge of the 11th of September, Salvador Allende shot himself and was not killed during the assault. I would have changed it already but maybe that information is not completely correct. --fsateler

That's right. Allende shot himself with a gun gived to him by Fidel Castro. The version of Allende's murdered in the assault was told by Castro a few days after the coup. The members Allende's personal guard (GAP) and eyewitnesses of the event remained in silence and some chilean left parties embraced the murder version. Nevethernless, one of the witnesses declared allende killed himself but was not taken serious and accused by some allendist as traitor, until in 2003 other surviving witnesses confirmed the suicide version.

Baloo rch 02:15, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

Let's keep editing
I see no mention of any dispute on this talk page, so I can't see why any admin would "protect" it from editing. Please explain why you don't want the community to edit the History of Chile article. --Uncle Ed 14:37, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

1970 election results
Article currently says:

 * ...elected by a narrow plurality. Allende won with 36% of the vote against Allesandri's 34% and Tomic's 27%.

My questions are:
 * How should we mention the Constitution of Chile and its requirement that the "winner" receive a majority of votes?
 * Did Allende really "win" the election, if he did not meet the Constitutional requirement of getting a majority?
 * What did the constitution say about resolving election disputes? Specifically, how did it address the situation wherein no candidate gets 50% of the vote?

Pending resolution of these questions, should the article say that Allende was elected president, or what? --Uncle Ed 14:49, 28 May 2004 (UTC)

Well, Allende hadn't absolute majority, so it was not directly elected. Chilan Constituition of 1925 stablished if no candidate had absolute majority (50% + 1 votes) the congress had to elect the president between the two most voted candidates. (on current consitution there is a second round).

In chilean democratic tradition when this situation ocurred the Congress had always voted for the first relative majority. But in this case the national situation was tense - considering that the three parties had excluding goverment programmes. So, the Christian Democrats negociated with the UP a agreement of democratic clauses ("garantías democratic"). Allende's coalition signed the treaty (however they didn't follow it) and the DC voted for Allende in congress. The right coalition abstained.

I've have also a few observations about the 1973-1978. I wish to know the sources of the information about the numbers of prisioneers during the first time of Pinochet's regime. I think it's important to clarify and distingish between the number of people who was imprissioned and the number of people who dissapeared.

'''The junta relied on the army, the police, the oligarchy, huge foreign corporations, and foreign loans to maintain itself. As a whole, the armed services received large salary increases and new equipment. The oligarchy recovered most of its lost industrial and agricultural holdings, for the junta sold to private buyers most of the industries expropriated by Allende's Popular Unity government. This period saw the expansion of monopolies and widespread speculation.'''

Also i think it's important to say that the military regime had also a non neglectible support of a important minority of the population.It is true that the upper class was mostly for the regime, but it had also some some support of other parts of chilean society. As example, the result of 1988 plebiscite was 54,7 % for "no" vs 43% for "si".

Baloo rch 02:06, 29 May 2004 (UTC)

Some edits. Repression was brutal and large scale, but "the most brutal of Latin America"? Say that to the mothers of May in Argentina that still protest their 30,000 dead in the "Guerra Sucia". Guess someone confused the country, as they put that number here...when 3,000 is closer to the truth. Walter Rauff supervisiong Contreras? Better have a good source for that...Rauff was in Chile, but this is the first time I hear of him helping Contreras. --AstroNomer 05:15, Jun 5, 2004 (UTC)

Timeline
I've brought the timeline in from Cronología de Chile in the Spanish-language Wikipedia. At first I thought I would try to properly merge this material, but I've just translated it. I'm pretty weak on Chilean history before 1970; reading this has only made me more aware of my ignorance. There may even be contradictions between the material I've translated and what was already here. I wouldn't know how to resolve them properly; it looks like others who have worked on this article know more than I. I hope that what I've translated will at least be suggestive of more topics to cover.

neutral?
i think the part of this article referring to the militar dictatorship is way too left-winged. it only speaks about the mistakes and wrong things they did, but doesnt explain why 43% of the population (which is more than Allende got) wanted Pinochet to continue being President. i hope this gets fixed soon; i would do it, but i do not speak or write much english. i'll try though. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Xkoalax (talk • contribs) 19 Sept 2005.
 * Just because a large percentage hated some jerk(Allende) doesn't mean they support the worse dictator Pinochet. Many people who do not know Pinochet may have been asked who is worse.173.180.214.13 (talk) 09:35, 8 January 2011 (UTC)

Mercosur
Uncommented removal of mention of Mercosur. Does anyone have any idea why? I would think this should be restored. -- Jmabel | Talk 05:34, 8 November 2005 (UTC)

Broken interwiki link
The bn: link appears broken, and has been for some time. I don't know whether there is a corresponding article in the Bangla Wikipedia. -- Jmabel | Talk 03:38, 1 December 2005 (UTC)

On Allende's regime
I would like to see some discussion about the enviroment that Chile was under during Allende regimes. First, about Allende in regards to hyperinflation and the "disappearences" of goods, I would like someone with firsthand knowledge (and a little backup with sources, hopefully) to describe the economic conditions of Chile after the initial boom period. I've heard from people who lived in Chile during the 1970s that there was a lot of opposition to Allende from various groups, but especially from business interests who resented the increasing state intervention in the economy. This resulted in some of the "disapperances" that I would assume only made inflation worse as warehouses withheld their goods, especially near the twilight of Allende's regime. There also was a large trucker's strike, a strike I have heard from some sources that was orcestrated by the distributors and shipping companies interests, but made to look as if the truckers themselves where striking Allende's policies.

In regard to Allende's popularity, I would be hardpressed to say that Allende was embraced by a wide majority of the population, but then that is true of many democratic countries. There were those who supported Allende with great enthusiasm, there were many who absolutely did not, and still many who were either wishy-washy, apathetic or accepting him on the grounds that he was elected president, but not necessarily fervently supportive of him. In regards to this aspect, I would also like to see some discussion on the Santiago/provincial divide in Chile at the time and how this affected popular support for Allende. Perhaps this could shed some light on if Allende was really supported by the people or not, like many would like to quip. Santiago is the only large metropolitan area in Chile, with a significant percentage of the population (a "primate city", so to speak) and a significant middle class. Additionally, Santiago is also the heart of Chile's social liberal viewpoint, whereas provincial Chile was very conservative socially. Finally, Santiago was the most modern section of Chile, embracing its increasingly urban lifestyle, while the provicial areas where very traditional. This is important to note because in the rural areas of provincial Chile, the hacienda system was still utilised as way of organization by large landowners, and to see a peasant lowering his eyes when speaking to the "patron" was still common. I've also heard accounts where the patrons would directly have influence politically and otherwise over those even not working on their land, such as in the surrounding villages, therfore influencing many to hold certain viewpoints, even if they themselves were not completely sincere about those beliefs. This is not a phenomenon that would be restrained to Chile, there has been occurences where the person with the most power has influence over other's opinon. I would like to hear other's opinion about this. L pour soi 04:07, 16 February 2006 (UTC)

 * On the trucker's strike: I gather that a lot were owner-operators, and were indeed on strike. And certainly in any rural area of Latin America, there is at least some degree to which landowners function as caciques, delivering the vote for their favored politicians. I don't have a lot else to add; these are topics that—if enough citable material can be found—would probably belong better in Chile under Allende than in this more general article, in which the Allende years already get a lot of column inches. - Jmabel | Talk 06:49, 14 February 2006 (UTC)

weak
I think some of these article parts are somewhat weak specially the begining of the XX century —The preceding unsigned comment was added by 201.215.193.42 (talk • contribs) 6 March 2006.

Merging?
How about moving some of the text to the main articles and have this article shorter. Right now it's the same information in several articles about the history of Chile, e.g. Salvador Allende, Chile under Allende, Augusto Pinochet, Chile under Pinochet, Chilean coup of 1973, U.S. intervention in Chile, 1970 Chilean presidential election. For example the article History of the United States is very short but has several main articles instead. Vints 18:10, 19 March 2006 (UTC)

Edits with an agenda
Here, and at Salvador Allende, and doubtless elsewhere, someone seems to be editing with a strong anti-Allende agenda. I don't have time to do more than note this and hope someone else will follow up, but two points leap out: the mention of the Resolution of Aug 22, 1973, with no mention that the legislature could not muster the two-thirds majority that could have legally removed Allende, and the addition of "Soviet-aligned". Chile under Allende was certainly somewhat friendly toward the Soviets (and very friendly toward Cuba) but aligned? I don't remember any Soviet bases in Chile, nor any military treaties. - Jmabel | Talk 05:14, 19 April 2006 (UTC)

Chiloé
Where the article refers to Chiloé, does it mean Chiloé Island or the whole province (which also includes other islands)? - Jmabel | Talk 18:58, 5 August 2006 (UTC)

Map
In this article, as well as in Chile, the map that appears is very weak. It doesn't show important cities, and the more populated ones (Copiapó, Viña del Mar, Talca, Valdivia). I recommend replacing it for a better one... i'll do it myself if i find one. Rodcontr 20:49, 20 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Feel free, though I would have to say that it looks to me like the map we currently have shows more or less the most historically important cities, which seems appropriate for a map for an article on Chile's history. - Jmabel | Talk 20:48, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

Prehispanic Chile
The information given here about prehispanic Chile is considerably weak, just a few lines, and nothing actualized according to the latest archaeological discoveries. Has anyone anything to write abou it? I'd do by myself. Is it possible to write a special article about prehistoy of Chile? DaniloVilicic 02:52, 5 October 2007 (UTC)DaniloVilicic

I noticed that much of the pre-historic section is copied directly from this site, but it is not sourced:

http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+cl0014)

Is it okay to copy these words directly or should it be paraphrased? —Preceding unsigned comment added by 98.176.69.106 (talk) 08:34, 25 February 2010 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Pinochetjunta.jpg
Image:Pinochetjunta.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

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If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images uploaded after 4 May, 2006, and lacking such an explanation will be deleted one week after they have been uploaded, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you.

BetacommandBot 02:31, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

Removed reference for foundation date of Santiago
mapsofworld.com is blacklisted, and was probably not a trustworthy source anyway, so I'm not going to be asking for whitelisting. The reference was to mapsofworld.com/cities/chile/santiago/ William Avery 22:22, 29 October 2007 (UTC)

Fair use rationale for Image:Pinochetjunta.jpg
Image:Pinochetjunta.jpg is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.

Please go to the image description page and edit it to include a fair use rationale. Using one of the templates at Fair use rationale guideline is an easy way to insure that your image is in compliance with Wikipedia policy, but remember that you must complete the template. Do not simply insert a blank template on an image page.

If there is other fair use media, consider checking that you have specified the fair use rationale on the other images used on this page. Note that any fair use images lacking such an explanation can be deleted one week after being tagged, as described on criteria for speedy deletion. If you have any questions please ask them at the Media copyright questions page. Thank you. — Moe   ε  18:31, 5 January 2008 (UTC)

Major changes to this page
The summary for the article has been changed from:

The territory of present-day Chile has been populated since 12,000 BC. In the 16th century Spanish conquistadors began to subdue and colonize the region of present-day Chile. Chile gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century. Chile's development was marked by the export of saltpeter and later copper until the Second World War. The wealth of raw materials led to an economic upturn, but also led to dependency, and even wars with neighboring states. After a decade of Christian Democratic presidency, the socialist President Salvador Allende was elected president in 1970. The coup of General Augusto Pinochet in 11 September 1973 launched a 17-year dictatorship and radical market-oriented economic reforms. In 1988, Chile made a transition to a path of democracy. Michelle Bachelet was elected the first woman president in the 2006 presidential election.

To:

The territory of present-day Chile has been populated since at least 12,000 BC. In the 16th century Spanish conquistadors began to subdue and colonize the region of present-day Chile, and the territory became a colony from 1540 to 1818, when it gained independence from Spain. Chile's economic development was successively marked by the export of first agricultural produce, then saltpeter and later copper until the 1970s. The wealth of raw materials led to an economic upturn, but also led to dependency, and even wars with neighboring states. The country has been governed by elections for most of the time, except in the 1920s and 1973-1990. In 1988, Chile made a peaceful transition to democracy. Sound economic policies have contributed to steady growth.

So the revised (and current version) has no mention whatsoever of the coup? The military overthrowing of an elected president and establishment of a 17yr long military dictatorship is not worthy of a few sentences in the introduction? Why is that?

Wasn’t the coup of 1973 one of the landmark events in Chilean history?

Likeminas (talk) 16:40, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * The 17 year long military government led by Pinochet should be included. Selecciones de la Vida (talk) 20:18, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks for your input Selecciones de la Vida, I also think there's a strong and compelling argument for its inclusion.
 * On another point, I think that the last sentence stating Sound economic policies have contributed to steady growth is kind of opinionated and not too neutral. But that's just a minor thing compared to the blatant omission of the coup.
 * Likeminas (talk) 20:29, 23 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Two observations. The Coup IS mentioned in the lead. Second, the coup may be ONE of the "landmarks" of RECENT Chilean history, but is not the whole history. Chilean recorded history covers a period of over 500 years and the Allende Government, Coup and subsequent political events are only part of the LAST 30 years, that's it, less than 6% of the whole period. There are other events that are much more important in the overall scheme of history that are glossed over. So, please stop trying to make this page about the a single event and allow it to be what is meant to be, a page about the PROCESS of formation of the Chilean nation. --Mel Romero (talk) 23:05, 27 April 2009 (UTC)

 * Please don't take this personally. And most importantly, avoid making spurious accusations. I see nobody here trying to make this page about a single event as you suggest.
 * What I do see, however, is an attempt to include a very (if not the most) important historical event in recent Chilean history.
 * The coup IS mentioned in the lead because, I added it.
 * The lead you had previously edited made NO mention of this (see both versions above), as if trying to dismiss it altogether. Why, may I ask?

 * While it’s possible that events such the Holocaust, which happened more than 60 years ago, within a time span of less than 10 yrs of German history, don’t make up a huge chunk of the overall history of the country (which by itself is thousands of years old) I doubt anyone thinks that people attempting to add it to the article are trying to make it about a single event. Nonetheless, a whole paragraph is dedicated to the Holocaust, even though that event constitutes, perhaps, only 0.0001% of German historical landmarks.

 * Likeminas (talk) 14:31, 28 April 2009 (UTC)

Operation TOUCAN
The last paragraph of Collapse of democracy (on KGB disinformation) is ungrammatical and unclear. When was this disinformation campaign launched? Who was it aimed at? What was its objective? Even if these points can be clarified, I don't see how the number of articles the NY Times ran on human rights abuses in Chile vs. in Cambodia in 1976 proves anything about the success of this disinformation campaign. Also, the article cited in footnote 30 was from the Washington Times, not the Washington Post. I would make some of these corrections, but I don't believe the paragraph belongs here at all. Someone who does should make a better case for its inclusion. RRvR (talk) 03:56, 10 May 2009 (UTC)

Reference to "16,000 documents" is not a valid reference
Per WP:V the source should be cited clearly and precisely to enable readers to find the text that supports the article content in question. Editors should cite sources fully, providing as much publication information as possible, including page numbers when citing books. Reference to "16,000 documents" is not acceptable because readers can't be expected to read all of them. Luis Napoles (talk) 05:54, 13 May 2009 (UTC)

Major propaganda/bias
This article seems heavily flawed, key assumnptions left unsourced, citation of sources that don't match the point being made (Allende and the KGB in particular). Request this be locked and gone over with more direct scrutiny, this topic is too significant to allow this levelof misinformation have free play. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 99.71.243.80 (talk) 15:02, 26 September 2010 (UTC)

Likeminas, -- it is not historical revisionism to INCLUDE history -- such as the Chamber of Deputies resolution authorizing the removal of Allende -- which you are attempting to airbrush from history.

Flushing the Chamber of Deputies Resolution of August 22, 1973 down the memory-hole
Editors please keep an eye on the concerted efforts of (Marxist?) revisionists to erase or at least marginalize the importance of the Chamber of Deputies call upon the armed forces to physically remove Allende.Mike18xx (talk) 22:11, 12 January 2011 (UTC)
 * You need to provide reliable sources to verify both the call itself and its significance (to avoid risk of WP:SYNTHESIS). You may have such sources, or be able to find new ones; some quotes from them may be helpful, and prior discussion here is probably better than jumping back in with editing. Also WP:AGF - editors should not call each other revisionists (I think you're not the only one to use the word here). Rd232 talk 11:28, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

I also called Mike18xx a revisionist and I apologize for that. It wasn't the right thing to say in a disagreement.

In any case, what I think Mike18xx wants to change in the article is that Allende was legally removed from office by the military, acting on an order by congress rather the current version that states that Allende was overthrown in a coup. I just gathered a few sources here is what I found: ''His government, however, was overthrown by a military coup on September 11, 1973. During a concerted attack on the presidential palace, Allende was killed, though the manner of his death has been a subject of controversy.'' Salvador Allende Gossens (1908-1973) was President of Chile from 1970 to 1973. He died in the Presidential Palace during the brutal military coup which installed a military dictatorship in Chile in 1973.
 * BBC: 1973, President overthrown in Chile coup
 * Encyclopedia Britannica
 * Encyclopedia of World Biography

If we need to discuss this any further please let's keep it in this talk page. Likeminas (talk) 14:23, 13 January 2011 (UTC)
 * Indeed, Allende was killed by the military coup. Probably, some people from the Chamber of Deputies helped economically the army forces, but that's nothing I can guarantee nor I have sources for that, it's from what I've been told by History teachers. Apart from that, what Mike18xx claims is incorrect. Diego Grez (talk) 15:44, 13 January 2011 (UTC)

An error that lasted 2 years
This vandalism was inserted on 6 May 2011, i.e. it lasted almost two years. See also Aprenda sobre Chile en Wikipedia in today's El Mercurio. Letuño (talk) 13:39, 12 April 2013 (UTC)

External links modified
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chile
chile is cooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo0000000000ooooooooooooooo00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooool and preety≠≠≠≠≠≠≠ΫἕᾟᾟᾏᾏἜϋἅᾈὛῂἝῊῖΘυἚὲἣ — Preceding unsigned comment added by 184.190.44.235 (talk) 19:37, 8 November 2019 (UTC)

Discovery of Chile
I've just stumbled upon the article Discovery of Chile and I'm left with the impression that it might have evaded proper scrutiny. It's completely unsourced, and entirely focused on the period of European exploration, without going as far as to even mention the indigenous people who were already there, their ancestors having discovered the region thousands of years previously. Now, I don't know a thing about Chilean history, so I'm deferring to you here: should that article be rewritten, or just redirected to History of Chile? – Uanfala (talk) 22:25, 17 September 2020 (UTC)

title: Talk:History of Chile


text:
The Letter (1929 film)

The Letter is an American pre-Code dramatic film directed by Jean de Limur and released by Paramount Pictures. It was the first full-sound feature shot at Astoria Studios, Queens, New York City. A silent version of the film was also released. The film stars stage actress Jeanne Eagels in her penultimate role and O.P. Heggie. The film was adapted by Garrett Fort from the 1927 play The Letter by W. Somerset Maugham. It tells the story of a jealous married woman who kills her lover and is brought to trial.

Plot
Bored and lonely living on her husband's rubber plantation, Leslie Crosbie takes a lover, Geoffrey Hammond, but he eventually tires of her and takes a Chinese mistress, Li-Ti. When Leslie learns of Geoffrey's new mistress, she insists on seeing him while her husband is away and tries to rekindle his love. However, Geoffrey is not moved and informs Leslie that he prefers Li-Ti. Leslie becomes enraged and shoots Geoffrey repeatedly.

At the murder trial, Leslie perjures herself on the stand, claiming that she had little to do with Hammond and that she shot him when he tried to rape her. Meanwhile, Li-Ti's emissary provides Joyce, Leslie's attorney, with a copy of a letter in which Leslie begged Hammond to visit her. Li-Ti is ready to sell it for $10,000, provided Leslie makes the exchange. On Joyce's advice, Leslie agrees. Li-Ti humiliates her but eventually accepts the money. Leslie is found not guilty.

Joyce presents his bill to Leslie's husband Robert, who demands to know why the expenses total $10,000. Joyce relates the story of Li-Ti's blackmail and gives Robert the damning letter. Robert confronts Leslie and forces her to admit everything. Leslie proclaims that she still loves the man whom she had killed. As punishment, Robert keeps her on the plantation even though he no longer has any money.

Cast

 * Jeanne Eagels as Leslie Crosbie
 * Reginald Owen as Robert Crosbie
 * Herbert Marshall as Geoffrey Hammond
 * Irene Browne as Mrs. Joyce
 * O.P. Heggie as Mr. Joyce
 * Lady Tsen Mei as Li-Ti
 * Tamaki Yoshiwara as Ong Chi Seng

Preservation status
The Letter was long out of circulation. In June 2011, a restored edition of the film was released on home video by Warner Bros. as part of its Warner Archive Collection as a made-on-demand DVD.

Awards and nominations
Jeanne Eagels, who died just months after the film was completed, was posthumously nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She was the first performer to be nominated by the Academy after her death, although all nominations at the 2nd Academy Awards were unofficial, and she was listed among several actresses "under consideration" by a board of judges.

The Letter was included in the Top Ten Films list of 1929 by the National Board of Review.

Remake
Herbert Marshall, who plays Leslie's lover in the film, also appears as her husband in William Wyler's 1940 Warner Bros. remake. Bette Davis received an Oscar nomination for the role of Leslie Crosbie in the 1940 version.

title: The Letter (1929 film)


text:
Kimball Bent

Kimball Bent (24 August 1837 – 22 May 1916), also known as Kimble Bent, was a soldier and adventurer, who deserted from the British Army during the New Zealand Wars and lived for several years among the Māori people of New Zealand.

Biography
Bent was born in Eastport, Maine USA. He ran away to sea at 17 and spent three years travelling the Atlantic seaboard as a sailor/ gunner in the US Navy. He returned to Eastport but was restless and sailed to Liverpool, England. Penniless and seeking adventure on 18 October 1859 he enlisted in the 57th (West Middlesex) Regiment of Foot in the British Army. He served in India and his unit was posted to New Zealand in 1861. His record was dubious, and he was repeatedly disciplined for various military infractions including disobedience and drunkenness. This discipline included a prison sentence in Wellington, and receiving lashes in front of his company. Bent accordingly decided to desert in June 1865 while serving in Taranaki.

Bent was found by a local Māori chief of the Ngāti Ruanui iwi in South Taranaki and eventually became accepted as a part of the local tribe. He fell in with Tītokowaru's followers in 1867 and fought with them against the colonists in what has become known as Tītokowaru's War until their eventual defeat in 1869.

Bent then went into hiding first in the backblocks of Taranaki and later in Wairau, Blenheim. He spent his remaining years working in several trades including as a builder, fisherman, horticulturist, tattooist, traditional healer using Māori medicine and even a confectioner. He remained a wanted deserter with a reward on his head for many years, but eventually the authorities stopped looking for him. In 1903 he was rediscovered, and a book was written about his life by James Cowan. Entitled The adventures of Kimble Bent: a story of wild life in the New Zealand bush, it was something of sensation at the time.

He died in Wairau Hospital on 22 May 1916. and was buried in an unmarked grave in the Omaka Cemetery. The location of his grave in this cemetery is only known to descendants of the family whom he lived with in his final years.

More recently, his tale has been fictionalised by New Zealand author Maurice Shadbolt in his 1990 historical novel Monday's Warriors and in the 2011 graphic novel, Kimble Bent Malcontent: The Wild Adventures of a Runaway Soldier in Old-Time New Zealand by Chris Grosz.

title: Kimball Bent


text:
Classful network

A classful network is an obsolete network addressing architecture used in the Internet from 1981 until the introduction of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) in 1993. The method divides the IP address space for Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) into five address classes based on the leading four address bits. Classes A, B, and C provide unicast addresses for networks of three different network sizes. Class D is for multicast networking and the class E address range is reserved for future or experimental purposes.

Since its discontinuation, remnants of classful network concepts have remained in practice only in limited scope in the default configuration parameters of some network software and hardware components, most notably in the default configuration of subnet masks.

Background
In the original address definition, the most significant eight bits of the 32-bit IPv4 address was the network number field which specified the particular network a host was attached to. The remaining 24 bits specified the local address, also called rest field (the rest of the address), which uniquely identified a host connected to that network. This format was sufficient at a time when only a few large networks existed, such as the ARPANET (network number 10), and before the wide proliferation of local area networks (LANs). As a consequence of this architecture, the address space supported only a low number (254) of independent networks.

Before the introduction of address classes, the only address blocks available were these large blocks which later became known as Class A networks. As a result, some organizations involved in the early development of the Internet received very large address space allocations (16,777,216 IP addresses each).

Introduction of address classes
Expansion of the network had to ensure compatibility with the existing address space and the IPv4 packet structure, and avoid the renumbering of the existing networks. The solution was to expand the definition of the network number field to include more bits, allowing more networks to be designated, each potentially having fewer hosts. Since all existing network numbers at the time were smaller than 64, they had only used the 6 least-significant bits of the network number field. Thus it was possible to use the most-significant bits of an address to introduce a set of address classes while preserving the existing network numbers in the first of these classes.

The new addressing architecture was introduced by in 1981 as a part of the specification of the Internet Protocol. It divided the address space into primarily three address formats, henceforth called address classes, and left a fourth range reserved to be defined later.

The first class, designated as Class A, contained all addresses in which the most significant bit is zero. The network number for this class is given by the next 7 bits, therefore accommodating 128 networks in total, including the zero network, and including the IP networks already allocated. A Class B network was a network in which all addresses had the two most-significant bits set to 1 and 0 respectively. For these networks, the network address was given by the next 14 bits of the address, thus leaving 16 bits for numbering host on the network for a total of 65 536 addresses per network. Class C was defined with the 3 high-order bits set to 1, 1, and 0, and designating the next 21 bits to number the networks, leaving each network with 256 local addresses.

The leading bit sequence 111 designated an at-the-time unspecified addressing mode ("escape to extended addressing mode"), which was later subdivided as Class D (1110) for multicast addressing, while leaving as reserved for future use the 1111 block designated as Class E.

This architecture change extended the addressing capacity of the Internet but did not prevent IP address exhaustion. The problem was that many sites needed larger address blocks than a Class C network provided, and therefore they received a Class B block, which was in most cases much larger than required. Due to the rapid growth of the Internet, the pool of unassigned Class B addresses (214, or about 16,000) was rapidly being depleted. Starting in 1993, classful networking was replaced by Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR), in an attempt to solve this problem.

Classful addressing definition
Under classful network addressing, the 32-bit IPv4 address space was partitioned into five classes (A-E) as shown in the following tables.
 * Classes

In the following bit-wise representation,
 * Bit-wise representation
 * n indicates a bit used for the network ID.
 * H indicates a bit used for the host ID.
 * X indicates a bit without a specified purpose.

Class A 0.  0. 0. 0 = 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 127.255.255.255 = 01111111.11111111.11111111.11111111                  0nnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class B 128. 0. 0.  0 = 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 191.255.255.255 = 10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111                  10nnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH

Class C 192. 0. 0.  0 = 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 223.255.255.255 = 11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111                  110nnnnn.nnnnnnnn.nnnnnnnn.HHHHHHHH

Class D 224. 0. 0.  0 = 11100000.00000000.00000000.00000000 239.255.255.255 = 11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111                  1110XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX

Class E 240. 0. 0.  0 = 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 255.255.255.255 = 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111                  1111XXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX.XXXXXXXX

The number of addresses usable for addressing specific hosts in each network is always 2N - 2, where N is the number of rest field bits, and the subtraction of 2 adjusts for the use of the all-bits-zero host value to represent the network address and the all-bits-one host value for use as a broadcast address. Thus, for a Class C address with 8 bits available in the host field, the maximum number of hosts is 254.

Today, IP addresses are associated with a subnet mask. This was not required in a classful network because the mask was implied by the address itself; any network device would inspect the first few bits of the IP address to determine the class of the address and thus its netmask.

The blocks numerically at the start and end of classes A, B and C were originally reserved for special addressing or future features, i.e., and  are reserved in former class A;  and  were reserved in former class B but are now available for assignment;  and  are reserved in former class C. While the  network is a Class A network, it is designated for loopback and cannot be assigned to a network.

Class D is reserved for multicast and cannot be used for regular unicast traffic. Class E is reserved and cannot be used on the public Internet. Many older routers will not accept using it in any context.

title: Classful network