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Kerry Wendell Thornley

Kerry Wendell Thornley (April 17, 1938 – November 28, 1998) was an American author. He is known as the co-founder (along with childhood friend Greg Hill) of Discordianism, in which context he is usually known as Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst or simply Lord Omar. He and Hill authored the religion's text Principia Discordia, Or, How I Found Goddess, and What I Did to Her When I Found Her. Thornley also was known for his 1962 manuscript The Idle Warriors, which was inspired by the activities of his acquaintance Lee Harvey Oswald before the 1963 assassination of John F. Kennedy.

Thornley was highly active in the countercultural publishing scene, writing for a number of underground magazines and newspapers, and self-publishing many one-page (or broadsheet) newsletters of his own. One such newsletter called Zenarchy was published in the 1960s under the pen name Ho Chi Zen. Zenarchy is described in the introduction of the collected volume as "the social order which springs from meditation", and "A noncombative, nonparticipatory, no-politics approach to anarchy intended to get the serious student thinking."

Raised Mormon, in adulthood Kerry shifted his ideological focus frequently, in rivalry with any serious countercultural figure of the 1960s. Among the subjects he closely scrutinized throughout his life were atheism, anarchism, Objectivism, autarchism (he attended Robert LeFevre's Freedom School), neo-paganism, Kerista, Buddhism, and the memetic inheritor of Discordianism, the Church of the SubGenius.

Personal life
Kerry Wendell Thornley was born on April 17, 1938, in Los Angeles to Kenneth and Helen Thornley. He had two younger brothers, Dick and Tom.

Thornley attended California High School in Whittier, California.

On Saturday, December 11, 1965, Kerry married Cara Leach at Wayfarers Chapel in Palos Verdes, California. They had one son, Kreg Thornley, born in 1969. They later divorced. Kreg was a photographer, painter, musician and film maker.

Military life
Having already been a reservist in the U.S. Marine Corps for about two years, Thornley had been summoned to active duty in 1958 at age 20, soon after completing his freshman year at the University of Southern California. According to Principia Discordia, it was around this time that he and Greg Hill—alias Malaclypse the Younger or Mal-2—shared their first Eristic vision in a bowling alley in their hometown of Whittier, California.

In early 1959, Thornley served for a short time in the same radar operator unit as Lee Harvey Oswald at MCAS El Toro in Santa Ana, California. Both men had shared a common interest in society, culture, literature and politics, and whenever duty placed them together, had discussed such topics as George Orwell's famous novel Nineteen Eighty-Four and the philosophy of Marxism, particularly Oswald's interest in the latter.

While aboard a troopship returning to the United States from duty in Japan (some time after the two men parted ways as a result of routine reassignment), Thornley read of Oswald's autumn 1959 defection to the Soviet Union in the U.S. military newspaper Stars and Stripes.

1960s
In February 1962, Thornley completed The Idle Warriors, which has the historical distinction of being the only book written about Lee Harvey Oswald before Kennedy's assassination in 1963. Due to the serendipitous nature of Thornley's choice of literary subject matter, he was called to testify before the Warren Commission in Washington, D.C., on May 18, 1964. The Commission subpoenaed a copy of the manuscript and stored it in the National Archives, and the book remained unpublished until 1991. In 1965, Thornley published another book titled Oswald, generally defending the "Oswald-as-lone-assassin" conclusion of the Warren Commission.

In January 1968, New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison, certain there had been a New Orleans-based conspiracy to assassinate John F. Kennedy, subpoenaed Thornley to appear before a grand jury, questioning him about his relationship with Oswald and his knowledge of other figures Garrison believed to be connected to the assassination. Thornley sought a cancellation of this subpoena on which he had to appear before the Circuit Court. Garrison charged Thornley with perjury after Thornley denied that he had been in contact with Oswald in any manner since 1959. The perjury charge was eventually dropped by Garrison's successor Harry Connick Sr.

Thornley claimed that, during his initial two-year sojourn in New Orleans, he had numerous meetings with two mysterious middle-aged men named "Gary Kirstein" and "Slim Brooks". According to his account, they had detailed discussions on numerous subjects ranging from the mundane to the exotic, and bordering sometimes on bizarre. Among these was the subject of how one might assassinate President Kennedy, whose beliefs and policies the aspiring novelist deeply disliked at the time. Later, the former Marine came to believe that "Gary Kirstein" had in reality been senior CIA officer and future Watergate burglar E. Howard Hunt, and "Slim Brooks" to have been Jerry Milton Brooks, a member of the 1960s right-wing activist group The Minutemen. Guy Banister, another Minutemen member in New Orleans, had been accused by Garrison of involvement in the assassination and was allegedly connected to Lee Harvey Oswald through the Fair Play for Cuba Committee leaflet. Thornley also claimed that "Kirstein" and Brooks had accurately predicted Richard M. Nixon's accession to the presidency six years before it happened, as well as anticipating the rise of the 1960s counterculture and the subsequent emergence of Charles Manson and what became his cult following. This led Thornley to believe that the US government had somehow been involved, directly or indirectly, in creating and/or supporting these events, personages and phenomena.

After Shaw was acquitted, Thornley said he wanted Garrison to bring him to trial in order to clear his name.

Later life and death
For the next 30 years, Thornley traveled and lived all over the United States and was involved in a variety of activities, ranging from editing underground newspapers to attending graduate school. He spent most of the remainder of his life in the Little Five Points neighborhood of Atlanta. During this time, he maintained a free series of fliers titled "Out of Order." This single page, double sided Xeroxed periodical was distributed in the Little Five Points area. In 1994, he and Malaclypse the Younger were inducted into the Order of the Pineapple. Thornley became increasingly paranoid and distrustful in the wake of his experiences during the 1960s, both by his own accounts and those of personal acquaintances. For a time, Thornley wrote a regular column in the zine Factsheet Five until editor Mike Gunderloy stopped publishing the magazine. Struggling with illness in his final days, Kerry Thornley died of cardiac arrest in Atlanta on November 28, 1998, at the age of 60. The following morning, 23 people attended a Buddhist memorial service in his honor. His body had been cremated, and the ashes scattered over the Pacific Ocean. Shortly before his death, Thornley reportedly said he'd felt "like a tired child home from a very wild circus", a reference to a passage by Greg Hill from Principia Discordia:

"And so it is that we, as men, do not exist until we do; and then it is that we play with our world of existent things, and order and disorder them, and so it shall be that Non-existence shall take us back from Existence, and that nameless Spirituality shall return to Void, like a tired child home from a very wild circus."

List of pen names and titles
List of pen names and self-awarded titles provided by Kerry himself on the role of Pope of the Discordian Society in an affidavit to the California School Employees Association (CSEA), on a legal case concerning a member of the society that refused to join the CSEA alleging that the Discordian religion forbade him from doing so:

 * co-founder of the Discordian Society and the Legion of Dynamic Discord thereof and co-author of Principia Discordia
 * Grand Ballyhoo of Egypt of the Orthodox Discordian Society
 * Kerry Wendell Thornley, JFK Assassin
 * Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst
 * President of the Fair-Play-for-Switzerland Committee
 * Reverend Doctor Jesse Sump
 * Ancient Abbreviated Calif. of California
 * Sinister Minister of the First Evangelical and Unrepentant Church of No Faith
 * Ho Chi Zen (the Fifth Dealy Lama)
 * Purple Sage
 * Pope
 * "I further declare that there is no truth whatsoever to the charge that Kerry Wendell Thornley is a fictitious identity created by the Warren Commission for its own mysterious purposes (Vol. XI, pp. 80+, Commission Exhibits and Testimony)"

title: Kerry Wendell Thornley


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Yazoo (band)

Yazoo (known as Yaz in North America) were an English synth-pop duo from Basildon, Essex, consisting of former Depeche Mode member Vince Clarke (keyboards) and Alison Moyet (vocals). The duo formed in late 1981 after Clarke responded to an advertisement Moyet placed in a British music magazine, although the pair had known each other since their school days.

Over the next 18 months the duo released two albums, Upstairs at Eric's and You and Me Both, which received critical acclaim for their production, particularly the blending of Clarke's synthesizer melodies with Moyet's blues- and soul-influenced vocals.

Yazoo enjoyed worldwide success, but were particularly popular in their home country, where three of their four singles reached the top three of the UK Singles Chart and both their albums made the top two of the UK Albums Chart. In North America, they are known for the song "Situation", which, though originally only a B-side in the United Kingdom, was a club and airplay success in the United States and Canada before being released as the band's debut single in North America.

Despite their success, the duo split acrimoniously in May 1983 as a result of a combination of Clarke's reluctance to make more records under the Yazoo name, a clash of personalities, and a lack of communication between the pair.

Clarke went on to form Erasure, another successful and longer-lasting synth-pop duo, while Moyet embarked on a highly successful solo career. Although their musical career was short, Yazoo's combination of electronic instrumentation and soulful female vocals has been cited as an influence on the house music scene that emerged in the mid-1980s, as well as on bands such as LCD Soundsystem (who name-checked the duo on their debut single "Losing My Edge"), Hercules and Love Affair (whose leader Andy Butler has said that "Situation" was his biggest musical inspiration as a child), La Roux, Shiny Toy Guns and Blaqk Audio.

In 2008, 25 years after splitting, Clarke and Moyet reconciled and reformed Yazoo to play a successful tour of the UK, Europe and North America in support of the reissue of Yazoo's two studio albums and a box set of their material titled In Your Room. The pair briefly reunited in May 2011 to play three Yazoo songs at a music festival organised by their record label.

Formation and Upstairs at Eric's (1982)
Clarke and Moyet grew up in Basildon and attended the same Saturday music school when they were eleven years old. Clarke was inspired to make electronic music after hearing Wirral synth-pop group Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD), and subsequently became co-founder and original bandleader of Depeche Mode. Moyet spent her teens singing in various punk and blues bands in her home town. She placed an advert in the UK weekly music magazine Melody Maker in late 1981 asking for musicians to form a "rootsy" blues band after her most recent group, the Screamin' Ab Dabs, had broken up.

Moyet was surprised when the only reply she received was from Clarke, who had recently stunned the music press by quitting Depeche Mode after their debut album and three hit singles, all of which he had written. Despite growing up nearby, Moyet and Clarke did not know each other. Moyet had been in the same class at school as Clarke's future Depeche Mode bandmates Martin Gore and Andy Fletcher but had no contact with Clarke himself, remembering him as an outsider who, with his brothers, would wear t-shirts proclaiming their Christianity.

Clarke had seen Moyet sing live a few times, as his best friend had been in her punk band. Aware of her vocal abilities, he was looking for someone to sing on a demo of a song he had written called "Only You". Clarke was worried that by walking out of Depeche Mode he would lose his record deal with Mute Records and wanted to show the label that he still had something to offer them, saying in a 2008 interview, "When I left Depeche I wasn't sure I'd still have a record deal and was keen to play the label something of my own, so I wrote the song 'Only You' but needed someone to demo it with. Alison happened to be advertising in a local paper so I called her." The band's "duo" configuration was inspired by OMD and Soft Cell.

The pair came to the project with different tastes in music. In an early interview, Moyet stated that "I'm a traditionalist, I can't accept the fact of blues with synthesizers at all," while Clarke admitted to tolerating modern R&B outfits like Dr. Feelgood but disliked traditional blues artists such as Muddy Waters. Clarke took the demo to Mute label boss Daniel Miller but recalled that at first Miller appeared to be uninterested: "'I tried to give it to Daniel and he didn't show much interest ... I brought it in and put it on, and the whole time it was playing, Daniel was messing around with a synthesizer. He said he liked it, but carried on doing what he was doing—and that was it. Only when the publishers took an interest did he brighten up.'" Mute asked the duo to record the song as a single and to make an album together. By this point Clarke had already written "Don't Go", but both he and Moyet felt it was too good to be the B-side of "Only You", so they quickly wrote the song "Situation" together for the single's B-side.

According to Moyet, the name Yazoo was taken from the specialist blues record label Yazoo Records. This decision led to a £3.5 million lawsuit threat by the label over the band's name and, coupled with the fact that the name Yazoo was already in use by a lesser known American rock band, the group was renamed Yaz for the North American market.

"Only You" was released in the UK in March 1982 and rose to number two on the UK singles chart. The duo recorded their debut album at Blackwing Studios in southeast London, where Clarke had recorded Depeche Mode's album Speak & Spell the previous year. As the studio had already been booked during the day by fellow Mute artist Fad Gadget, Yazoo recorded most of the album during the early mornings. Clarke had expected that Miller would produce the album, but discovered that Miller was already otherwise occupied, so Blackwing studio owner Eric Radcliffe carried out production duties with Clarke and Moyet. The album was named Upstairs at Eric's in recognition of Radcliffe's input.

"Don't Go" was released in July 1982 as the second single in the UK and also reached the top three of the UK charts. In North America, "Situation" had been a hit in the clubs in a version remixed by New York City-based DJ François Kevorkian, and against the band's wishes, it was released as Yazoo's debut single in the US and Canada, where it reached number 73 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Only You" was released as Yazoo's second single in North America and reached number 67.

Upstairs at Eric's was released in the UK in August 1982, peaking at number two on the UK Albums Chart and going on to sell more than 300,000 copies and achieving platinum status. In the US, initial success was more modest and the album peaked at number 92 on the Billboard 200 album chart, but by 1989, seven years after its release, word of mouth had helped to push the album to platinum status for sales of over one million copies. The duo played 24 dates in support of the album across Europe and North America.

You and Me Both and disbandment (1983)
After releasing "The Other Side of Love" in the UK in November 1982, a non-album stopgap single that reached number 13 in the UK singles chart, the duo went back to Blackwing to record their second album. However, by now there was growing tension between the pair. Clarke had always seen Upstairs at Eric's as a one-off project and had to be persuaded to make another Yazoo record by his publishers, who felt it would not go down well if he was seen to walk out of a second band within a year of the first. Compounding this were issues of self-esteem for Moyet. At only 21 years of age, she was struggling to come to terms with being in the spotlight and the pressures of sudden fame, and she resented the fact that Clarke was leaving her to carry out all the promotional work for the records by herself. Unlike their first record, the second album was made over a longer period of four months and with Clarke and Moyet rarely in the studio together at the same time; Clarke would record instrumental tracks in the morning and Moyet would come in during the evening and record her vocals.

A single, "Nobody's Diary", was released in May 1983 ahead of the album and reached number three in the UK chart, but within days of the single's release, Yazoo announced that they were splitting up. The album, ironically titled You and Me Both, was released in the UK in July 1983 and topped the UK album charts, a feat it would also achieve in New Zealand. However, with no further singles or live appearances to promote it, it did not sell as well as Upstairs at Eric's, although it still achieved gold status in the UK for sales of 100,000 copies. In the US, You and Me Both peaked at number 69 on the Billboard 200.

Reflecting in 2008 on the group's split, both Moyet and Clarke agreed that a lack of communication between the pair had been a major reason for the breakdown of the partnership. Moyet recalled that Clarke "was creatively very encouraging, very open to hearing my ideas for songs. The thing I found difficult was the lack of warmth. I wanted to feel more likeable, and you can't feel likeable if someone doesn't want to interact with you." Clarke admitted that "I lacked the life-skills of communication in a relationship. I felt confident in the studio, but starting a chat with somebody ..." He put it down to the fact that because the duo became popular so rapidly, there had never been any time to build up a personal relationship between them: "'It all happened very fast and because we hadn't been in a band for years, playing in clubs, it was very much just a working relationship—we never had the chance to bond. We never really knew each other. Not really ... The fact that we never talked, never socialised together, meant that when problems came up we didn't know how to communicate and sort things out.'" Moyet added that their differing personalities had not helped matters, saying, "He was, I think, sad at the time after leaving Depeche and remote, a bit angry, but it was all internalised. Whereas I was this disaffected, slightly aggressive ex-punk rocker where nothing was internalised. I was probably quite difficult to be around."

Legacy
Following Yazoo's split, Clarke formed the Assembly with Eric Radcliffe. Intending to record a series of one-off singles featuring different vocalists, in the end the Assembly produced just one single, "Never Never" with Feargal Sharkey, before also splitting up. Around this time, Clarke also produced the album The Peter Pan Effect for singer Robert Marlow, an old friend of both his and Moyet's. Clarke then teamed up with singer Andy Bell to form the successful synth-pop duo Erasure. Moyet spent several months out of the limelight before signing a deal with CBS Records and embarking on a successful solo career.

"Situation" was finally released as a single in the UK in 1990 in another remixed form, which was moderately successful, reaching number 14 on the UK singles chart. A compilation entitled Only Yazoo: The Best of was released in 1999 and was preceded by a re-release of Yazoo's debut single, "Only You", featuring a new remix of the title track and several more of "Don't Go". The band's output was book-ended with yet another release of "Situation", accompanied by many remixes. Clarke was chosen to remix Moyet's 1994 single "Whispering Your Name" and, with Erasure, Clarke and Moyet tried to record her single "This House" as a duet, but the project never happened because Sony Music would not permit it.

The band's songs have appeared in a number of films and television shows. In 1988, "In My Room", "Ode to Boy" and "Only You" were used in the film The Chocolate War (an adaption of the book of the same title). "Only You" was used in the film Napoleon Dynamite, the BBC television series The Office, the film Can't Hardly Wait, the Fringe episode "Transilience Thought Unifier Model-11", The Americans episode "Dimebag" and several episodes of "Once Upon a Time" [Season 5]. A cover version of "Only You" by Joshua Radin was used in 2007 in a J. C. Penney commercial. Another cover of "Only You" was recorded by Selena Gomez for the 2017 Netflix television show 13 Reasons Why. "Don't Go" appeared in the BBC series I'm Alan Partridge and was used in the film Tango and Cash. The song "Situation" was used in the 1990 TV movie Exile and was also used in a Nintendo commercial highlighting the classic edition of the Game Boy Advance SP and the NES games ported to it. In 2007, "Bring Your Love Down (Didn't I)" was used in The Sarah Silverman Program episode "Not Without My Daughter".

Anohni, lead vocalist of Antony & the Johnsons, talked with Terry Gross in February 2009 about recording the debut self-titled Hercules and Love Affair album. She said she had been asked by New York-based DJ Andy Butler to join the project and that the objective was (or became) "Let's sound as much like Yazoo as we can ... We loved Yazoo."

2008 reunion and 'Reconnected' tour
Despite the long estrangement, Moyet had always harboured plans to perform the songs from You and Me Both live on stage, something that had never occurred, as the duo had split before the album was released. Toward the end of 2007, she had finished promoting her album The Turn and had no immediate plans for more solo work, and aware that Mute were planning to issue remastered versions of Yazoo's albums, she e-mailed Clarke to see if he was interested in the idea of a reunion.

Clarke welcomed her message, but replied that he was now committed to his current band Erasure and felt it would be disloyal to his musical partner Andy Bell if he returned to work with Moyet. However, shortly afterwards Bell told Clarke that he wanted to take a break from Erasure, causing Clarke to reconsider Moyet's proposal, and with a message sent via Mute label head Daniel Miller, he indicated that he was open to reuniting for live performances. Clarke disclosed that he had felt obliged to ask Bell if he had any objections to Clarke performing with Yazoo again: Bell's response had simply been to ask Clarke for tickets for the reunion shows.

The first public indication that Yazoo was being revived was on 11 December 2007 when Erasure's website announced that an official Yazoo website and Myspace page were being set up. On 13 December, the Planet Sound music magazine pages on the UK's Teletext service on Channel 4 exclusively revealed that both Yazoo albums were to be reissued and that the duo were planning to reform and play a gig in support of the albums' release.

On 20 January 2008, the new official Yazoo website confirmed that Clarke and Moyet would be reuniting to play five concerts across the UK in June 2008, preceded by a four-disc box set entitled In Your Room, which would feature remastered stereo and 5.1 surround sound mixes of the albums Upstairs at Eric's and You and Me Both, a disc of B-sides and remixes and a DVD including new interviews with Clarke and Moyet and the videos for their five UK and US singles, along with video footage of television performances from 1982 and 1983. Two EPs available on vinyl and as digital downloads were released to coincide with the box set, the Nobody's Diary EP released on 12 May 2008 featuring various remixes of the song (including one by Erasure's Andy Bell) and the Reconnected EP released on 9 June 2008, which featured various Yazoo tracks remixed by different artists.

Having re-established contact, Clarke and Moyet met on 8 April 2008 in a private members' club in London's Covent Garden, with the occasion filmed by the press: it was the first time they had met since a mutual friend's wedding in the early 1990s. The promotion for the tour received moderate television coverage, including a performance on the prime-time BBC chat show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, broadcast in the UK on 16 May 2008. The tour was rapidly expanded to include concerts in Europe and in the US, as well as extra dates in the UK. The 'Reconnected' tour, as it became known, began in Copenhagen on 26 May 2008, the same day as In Your Room was released. The concert of 10 July 2008 at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles was recorded to be re-aired on Richard Blade's Sirius Radio show. Yazoo wrapped up the final two dates of the US tour by returning to New York City for the first time since October 1982.

In an interview in May 2008 with the online magazine Side-Line, Clarke said that there were plans to record the two London shows on the tour for a possible live album in the future. A double album titled Reconnected Live, featuring tracks recorded on the "Reconnected" tour, was eventually released in September 2010.

On 14 May 2011, Moyet appeared as a guest on stage before Erasure's set on the second day of Mute Records' Short Circuit music festival at the Roundhouse in London. She performed three Yazoo songs with Clarke, "Nobody's Diary", "Ode to Boy" and "Don't Go". In an interview prior to the concert, Moyet said she was "99.9% sure it's the last time" that she and Clarke would perform together as Yazoo, adding, "It was really good that Vince and I had come through the whole circle of being really angry with each other, forgetting what we'd been angry about, and forgetting that there was ever any displeasure."

Discography

 * Upstairs at Eric's (1982)
 * You and Me Both (1983)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Yazoo (band)


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National Science and Media Museum

The National Science and Media Museum (formerly The National Museum of Photography, Film & Television, 1983–2006  and then the National Media Museum, 2006–2017  ), located in Bradford, West Yorkshire, is part of the national Science Museum Group in the UK. The museum has seven floors of galleries with permanent exhibitions focusing on photography, television, animation, videogaming, the Internet and the scientific principles behind light and colour. It also hosts temporary exhibitions and maintains a collection of 3.5 million pieces in its research facility.

The venue has three cinemas, including Europe's first opened IMAX screen, finished in April 1983. It hosts festivals dedicated to widescreen film, video games and science. It has hosted popular film festivals, including the Bradford International Film Festival, until 2014.

In September 2011 the museum was voted the best indoor attraction in Yorkshire by the public, and it is one of the most visited museums in the north of England. the museum, in response to revenue shortfalls, has controversially adopted a policy of focusing on "the science and culture of light and sound"—to the exclusion of what are seen as "unsustainable" aspects of creativity and culture, such as past film festivals.

In March 2016 a £7.5 million five year investment plan in the museum was revealed by the Science Museum Group. In March 2017 its name was changed from National Media Museum to National Science and Media Museum.

As of July 2023, the museum is closed until 2025 as part of a project to construct two new galleries.

Building and admission
Entrance is free, with the exception of cinema screens. The museum is open 10 am until 6 pm every day. The museum underwent a £16 million refurbishment in 1998, developing a new digital technology gallery. This new development created a new glass-fronted atrium, which houses a new café and shop.

Galleries
There are six permanent exhibitions:
 * Kodak Gallery – The Kodak Gallery takes the viewer on a journey through the history of popular photography, from the world's first photographs to the digital snapshots of today. Most of the items on display in the gallery are taken from the museum collection of 35,000 objects and images donated by Kodak.
 * Wonderlab – Explores light and sound through interactive exhibits and live experiments. Opened in 2016, replacing the Experience TV gallery.
 * BFI Mediatheque – Allows visitors to access the British Film Institute collection of film and television programmes in the BFI National Archive, including a dedicated selection titled TV Heaven from the former iteration of the gallery.

 * Games Lounge – Playable classic games in their original arcade or console formats; the history of video gaming; the story behind this global phenomenon.
 * Sound and Vision – new galleries scheduled to open 2025

Cinemas
The museum incorporates the first permanent UK installation of an IMAX cinema (with a second screen opening in the UK 15 years later). Opened in 1983 as part of the Bradford Film Festival with the projector visible from a darkened booth of the 4th floor. Films included IMAX prints of Apollo 13, The Lion King, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire and Batman Begins. In 1999, IMAX upgraded the system and began releasing IMAX 3D presentations. In 2015 it was changed to digital projection instead of film. As a result, the IMAX projection booth is no longer visible. The museum also incorporates the Pictureville Cinema – opened in 1992 and described by David Puttnam as 'the best cinema in the world', Pictureville Cinema screens everything from 70 mm to video; from Hollywood to Bollywood; from silents to digital sound, with certifications in presentation including THX in sound and picture and the Dolby EX system. In 2008, the cinema presented the only true recorded public screening of Danny Boyle's 2002 film Alien Love Triangle.

Pictureville Cinema is one of only three public cinemas in the world permanently equipped to display original 3-strip 35mm Cinerama prints, and is the only public Cinerama venue in the UK. Cinerama films are screened at the annual Widescreen Weekend film festival.

The Cubby Broccoli Cinema (in memory of the producer of James Bond films), contains 106 seats and is used for a variety of film shows. In 2012, it was one of three venues in the UK to screen the Olympic Opening Ceremony in Super Hi-Vision.

Insight
Insight is a facility where members of the public can (by prior booking) view parts of the collections which are not on general display.

Collection
The museum's collection contains 3.5 million items of historical, cultural and social value. Notable objects and archives include:

 * The first photographic negative
 * The earliest television footage
 * The world's first colour moving pictures
 * Louis Le Prince's 1888 films Roundhay Garden Scene and Traffic Crossing Leeds Bridge
 * A collection of 35,000 objects and images donated by Kodak Ltd.
 * A collection of around 1,000 historical objects from the BBC
 * The photographic archive of the Daily Herald, comprising millions of images
 * The photographic archive of Tony Ray-Jones
 * Original toys from the BBC series Play School – the first programme on BBC2
 * Objects and designs used in the making of Hammer horror films

The collections are accessible to the public through the museum's Insight study centre.

The collection of the Royal Photographic Society was transferred to the Museum on behalf of the nation in 2003. As of 2017, most of the collection is moving to the Victoria and Albert museum in London. The National Science and Media Museum "will retain collections that help explore the development of photographic processes, such as the Kodak collection; the cultural impact of photography, such as the Daily Herald archive; and archives that have a direct relevance to Bradford."

National Museum of Photography, Film and Television
The museum (throughout its name changes and to the present) occupies a site originally proposed for a theatre in central Bradford, for which work had been begun in the 1960s but which remained unfinished. Discussions and a decision between Dame Margaret Weston of the Science Museum, London, and Bradford's city councillors led to the establishment of the National Museum of Photography, Film and Television, as it was then called, which was opened on 16 June 1983.

Local funding for architectural work complemented the Science Museum's funding to convert the building to its new use, with the bars and dressing rooms of the original theatre layout being converted to galleries, and with the conflicting demands of a theatre building occupying multiple storeys and a museum that would ideally reside on a single level needing to be accommodated. The museum's centrepiece was its auditorium with IMAX cinema, and its opening launched "the largest cinema screen in Britain": the IMAX screen was five storeys high with six-channel sound. During this period the museum specialised in the art and science of images and image-making. Colin Ford, its first director, believed that understanding how images are made led to better appreciation of the ideas expressed, the intentions and skills of the image-makers.

In 1986, to mark the 50th anniversary of the first public television service, two interactive television galleries were developed. These allowed visitors to directly operate cameras on a studio set with programmed sound and lighting, use vision mixers, read news items from an autocue and discover how chroma keying works. In 1989, to celebrate the 150th anniversary of photography, the museum launched the Kodak Gallery, a display of the history of photography from its invention to the present. This was followed by the installation of a standard television studio, first used by TV-am for outside broadcasts and, later, Nickelodeon. These studios were the first live broadcasting studios in a museum.

While continuing to run the Pictureville Cinema and exhibitions in a temporary venue on the other side of the city, the museum closed its main site on 31 August 1997 to allow for a 19-month, £16 million redevelopment, making the museum 25% bigger. The IMAX cinema was also developed to show 3D films. The new museum was opened on 16 June 1999 by Pierce Brosnan.

National Media Museum
On 1 December 2006, the museum was renamed the National Media Museum, and two new £3 million interactive galleries were opened: Experience TV, now replaced by Wonderlab, and TV Heaven, now the BFI Mediatheque. The interactive galleries were intended to represent the past, present and future of television and displayed scientific exhibits, such as television inventor John Logie Baird's original apparatus, and television ephemera such as one of the only surviving Wallace and Gromit film sets and Play School toys. TV Heaven was a unique viewing facility where visitors could access an archive of more than 1000 programmes covering sixty years of British television history. TV Heaven closed in 2013, but 50 titles are still available via the BFI Mediatheque.

In 2009 the museum partnered with other bodies from the Bradford district in a successful bid to become the world's first UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation) City of Film.

In February 2010, the museum unveiled a major revamp of the foyer. The remodeling included a brand new Games Lounge, a new gallery that drew on the National Videogame Archive established in 2008 in partnership with Nottingham Trent University. It was originally intended to be temporary, but one in five visitors to the Games Lounge named it as their favourite part of the museum, resulting in the creation of a permanent version in another part of the museum.

In March 2012 the museum opened Life Online, the world's first gallery dedicated to exploring the social, technological and cultural impact of the Internet. The permanent gallery was initially accompanied by a temporary exhibition, "[open source]: Is the internet you know under threat?" The exhibition was an exploration of the open source nature of the Internet, and the current threats to both net neutrality and the general continuation of the open source culture.

In October 2014 the museum entered into a partnership with Picturehouse Cinemas, with the national chain taking over the running of the three cinema screens in a bid to boost audience figures and revenue. The partnership was designated "Picturehouse at the National Media Museum". Despite sustained growth in ticket sales, the museum cancelled its participation in the 2015 Bradford International Film Festival and followed up by totally withdrawing from the festival the following year. This move, together with the 2016 transfer of a major photographic collection to London's Victoria and Albert Museum was very controversial.

In August 2016, the museum confirmed plans to permanently close their Experience TV gallery, after ten years, on 30 August 2016. A new gallery would open in the spring of 2017, called Wonderlab, which allows visitors to explore the sciences of light and sound in interactive exhibits. The television collection previously on display in Experience TV were made available for viewing through the Insight Centre at the museum.

National Science and Media Museum
In March 2017, the museum opened its £1.8 million interactive gallery Wonderlab. It also announced the second change of its name, to the National Science and Media Museum. Wonderlab is based on the principles of light and sound; attractions include a mirror maze, a 15-metre echo tube and a musical laser tunnel, as well as the world's first permanent 3D-printed zoetrope.

On 7 August 2017, The Magic Factory, a permanent interactive exhibition that lets visitors "get hands-on with light, lenses and mirror trickery to discover the science behind how we see the world around us" closed. According to the museum, its space on Level 4 was refurbished as its new activity and picnic area, Makespace. Amongst the exhibits were a camera obscura, and pinhole camera providing views over Bradford city centre.

In September 2017, Soyuz TMA-19M – the space capsule that brought British astronaut Tim Peake back to Earth after his months-long stint on the International Space Station – was displayed at the museum. This was the first time the capsule had been displayed outside London.

In April 2018 the museum reported 505,000 visits in the 2017/18 financial year, a 25% increase on the previous year and the highest number since 2009.

In September 2019 the museum announced the end of its partnership with Picturehouse Cinemas and its return to an independent cinema operation. The operation was officially launched on 1 November 2019 under the name Pictureville.

On 5 June 2023, the museum temporarily closed for a major refurbishment. Life Online was closed for improvements to access and an enhanced foyer. The TV Gallery and Animation Gallery were closed for redevelopment as the new Sound and Vision Galleries. The museum is scheduled to reopen in 2025.

Past exhibitions
• Ooh La La! Martin Parr, 1998

• Donovan Wylie: Losing Ground, 1998

• Young Meteors: British Photojournalism 1957–1965, 1998

• ReVisions: An Alternative History of Photography, 1999

• New Natural History, 1999

• Birth of the Cool: David Bailey, 1999–2000

• FutureWorld, 2000

• A Collector's Choice, 2000

• Specimens and Marvels: The Work of William Henry Fox Talbot, 2000

• NOISEGATE by Granular Synthesis, 2000

• The Art of Star Wars, 2000–2001

• In a Lonely Place, 2001

• Symptomatic: Recent Works by Perry Hoberman, 2001

• Paul Strand: Tir a'Mhurain, 2001–2002

• Bond, James Bond, 2002

• Martin Parr: Photographic Works 1971–2000, 2002–2003

• Unknown Pleasures: Unwrapping the Royal Photographic Society Collection, 2003

• Fabula, 2003

• Julia Margaret Cameron: 19th Century Photographer of Genius, 2003

• GENUS, 2003–2004

• A Matter of Focus: The Art of Photography 1892–1917, 2003–2004

• Luc Delahaye: History and Winterreise, 2004

• Simone Nieweg: Landscapes and Gardens, 2004

• Everything's Gone Green: Photography and the Garden, 2004

• Faking It: Between Art Photography and Advertising, 2004

• A Gentle Madness: The Photographs of Tony Ray-Jones (1941–1972), 2004–2005

• The Other Side of Football: Hans van der Meer, 2005

• Forget Me Not: Photography and Remembrance, 2005

• Fashination, 2005

• Lifetimes: Portrait Projects by Julian Germain, 2005–2006

• Raghubir Singh: From One World to Another, 2005–2006

• Mark Power: A System of Edges, 2006

• Elliot Erwitt: A Retrospective, 2006

• A Tale of Two Cities, 2006

• Myths and Visions: The Art of Ray Harryhausen, 2006

• The British Landscape: Photographs by John Davies, 2006–2007

• The Old Order and the New: P.H. Emerson and Photography (1885–1895), 2006–2007

• Paul Seawright: Field Notes, 2007

• An-My Lê: Small Wars, 2007

• The Dawn of Colour: Celebrating the Centenary of the Autochrome, 2007

• Celebrating Indian Cinema, 2007

• Extra! Extra! Tales from the Daily Herald Picture Library, 2007

• Sarah Jones, 2007–2008

• Henri Cartier-Bresson's Scrapbook: Photographs 1932–1946, 2007

• Sunny Snaps, 2007

• Live By the Lens, Die By the Lens, 2008

• New Works: Pavilion Commissions 2008, 2008–2009

• Breaking News: Celebrating 140 Years of the Press Association, 2008–2009

• "Here's one we made earlier..." 50 Years of Blue Peter, 2008–2009

• Baby: Picturing the Ideal Human, 2009

• Don McCullin: In England, 2009

• Animalism, 2009

• Drawings That Move: The Art of Joanna Quinn, 2009–2010

• Neeta Madahar, 2009–2010

• Robbie Cooper: Immersion, 2010

• Simon Roberts: We English, 2010

• Fay Godwin: Land Revisited, 2010–2011

• From Back Home, 2010–2011

• The Lives of Great Photographers, 2011

• David Spero: Churches, 2011

• Daniel Meadows: Early Photographic Works, 2011–2012

• Outposts: Donovan Wylie, 2011–2012

• In the Blink of an Eye, 2012

• Art of Arrangement: Photography and the Still Life Tradition, 2012–2013

• [open source]: Is the internet you know under threat?, 2012–2013

• Moving Stories: Children's Books from Page to Screen, 2013

• Bollywood Icons −100 Years of Indian Cinema, 2013

• Tom Wood: Photographs 1973–2013, 2013

• Copper Horses by Chris Harrison, 2013–2014

• Doctor Who and Me, 2013–2014

• Nature, Camera, Action!, 2014

• Open for Business, 2014

• Only in England: Photographs by Tony Ray-Jones and Martin Parr, 2014

• Joan Fontcuberta: Stranger than Fiction, 2014–2015

• Light Fantastic: Adventures in the Science of Light, 2015

• Drawn by Light: The Royal Photographic Society Collection, 2015

• Revelations: Experiments in Photography, 2015–2016

• Star Wars: The Fans Awaken, 2015–2016

• Great Interactions: Photographs by Polly Braden, 2016

• Gathered Leaves: Photographs by Alec Soth, 2016

• In Your Face, 2016

• El Salvador: Between Revolution and War, 2016

• Fox Talbot: Dawn of the Photograph, 2016–2017

• Britain in Focus: A Photographic History, 2017

• Poetics of Light: Pinhole Photography, 2017

• Supersenses, 2017

• Soyuz TMA-19M: Tim Peake's Spacecraft, 2017

• Fake News, 2017–2018

• City Girls, 2017–2018

• Thresholds and Immersion, 2018

• Action Replay, 2018–2019

• Never Alone, 2018–2019

• Above the Noise: 15 Stories from Bradford, 2019

• Gaia by Luke Jerram, 2019

Widescreen Weekend
This event began as part of Bradford International Film Festival and has been expanded into a 4-day standalone film festival. It takes place every October and focuses on large-screen formats and cinema technologies. It includes 70mm and Cinerama screenings.

Yorkshire Games Festival
This video game festival began in 2016. It celebrates games culture, design and production, and includes a conference programme as well as a weekend of events for families. It took place in November 2016 and 2017, before moving to a February slot for 2019. Guests at the first Yorkshire Games Festival included John Romero, Rhianna Pratchett, Charles Cecil, Warren Spector (via live video link), Brenda Romero, and presenters of The Yogscast.

Bradford Science Festival
This family science festival was first held in 2012, but was cancelled in 2016 after the previous organisers no longer had the capacity to carry it on. The museum took over the festival in 2017, in partnership with organisations including the University of Bradford, Bradford Council and Bradford College.

Discontinued film festivals
The museum organised and held four major film events every year: Bradford International Film Festival, Bradford Animation Festival, Bite the Mango and Fantastic Films Weekend. These attracted international speakers and new and classic works from around the world. All four festivals were eventually cancelled by the museum.

Bradford International Film Festival
From its inception in 1995, Bradford International Film Festival (BIFF) presented new and classic films from around the world. The Festival presented films in their original formats wherever possible, and existed to develop understanding of the art and science of the moving image by hosting innovators in many fields of filmmaking.

BIFF included the Shine Awards – which highlighting the work of new European directors, a Filmmakers Weekend designed to offer guidance and support to filmmakers in the north of England, and the Widescreen Weekend, which discussed film formats including Cinerama, VistaVision, 70 mm and IMAX.

Guests at Bradford International Film Festival included Riz Ahmed, Jenny Agutter, Michael Apted, David Arnold, Thomas Arslan, Ken Annakin, Olivier Assayas, Richard Attenborough, Simon Beaufoy, Alan Bennett, James Benning, Claire Bloom, Kenneth Branagh, Adam Buxton, Jack Cardiff, Ian Carmichael, Gurinder Chadha, Tom Courtenay, Mark Cousins, Alex Cox, Brian Cox, Benedict Cumberbatch, Terence Davies, Michael Deeley, Denis Dercourt, The Dodge Brothers, James Ellis, Mike Figgis, Freddie Francis, Terry Gilliam, Stephen Graham, Richard Griffiths, Ronald Harwood, Mike Hodges, Joanna Hogg, John Hurt, Derek Jacobi, Gualtiero Jacopetti, Terry Jones, Patrick Keiller, Mark Kermode, Mike Leigh, Euan Lloyd, Ken Loach, Malcolm McDowell, Virginia McKenna, Fernando Meirelles, Kay Mellor, Metamono, Chris Morris, Barry Norman, Michael Palin, Pawel Pawlikowski, Christian Petzold, Sally Potter, Godfrey Reggio, Menelik Shabazz, John Shuttleworth, Jean Simmons, Timothy Spall, Imelda Staunton, Eric Sykes, Julien Temple, Alex Thomson, Richard Todd, Danny Trejo, Roy Ward Baker, Peter Whitehead, Michael G. Wilson, Barbara Windsor, Ray Winstone, Stephen Woolley, Thierry Zéno and many independent filmmakers from around the world.

Other special programmes included Bradford After Dark (new horror films), Alexey Balabanov, Stan Brakhage, Richard Burton, new Canadian cinema, Pierre Clementi, Alexander Dovzhenko, Hauntology, a centenary of Indian cinema, Chuck Jones, James Mason, Yoshitaro Nomura, Nicolas Roeg, sixpackfilm, American Teen Movies, Uncharted States of America (undiscovered American Cinema), Amos Vogel, and the science films of Charles Urban.

Bradford Animation Festival
The animation and video games festival was the UK's leading event of its kind; host to discussions, workshops and special events. The annual BAF Awards honoured new animation from around the world.

Past guests include representatives from studios such as Pixar, Aardman, Wētā Workshop and Sony Interactive plus animators Ray Harryhausen, Richard Williams, Bob Godfrey, Caroline Leaf, Michael Dudok de Wit and Bill Plympton.

After the museum ended the festival following its 20th edition in 2014, former museum staff successfully revived the event in Manchester in November 2015 as Manchester Animation Festival.

Fantastic Films Weekend
This festival began in 2002 as a weekend event focusing on classic ghost stories and the supernatural. It developed into an annual celebration of horror, fantasy and sci-fi cinema and television. In February 2013 it was announced that the Fantastic Films Weekend would not continue.

The Co-operative Film Festival
The Co-operative Film Festival (formerly known as the Co-operative Young Film-Makers festival) started in 1966 and ended in 2013. It was a non-competitive and not-for-profit film festival designed to encourage young people to be creative. The museum was the host venue and associate of the festival from the year 1999 until 2013.

Notable staff

 * Colin Ford, first Head of Museum, 1983–1993.
 * Amanda Nevill, Head of Museum, 1994–2003.

title: National Science and Media Museum


text:
Khanate of Sibir

The Khanate of Sibir (Сыбыр ҡанныҡ, Искәр йорт; Сибирское царство, Сибирский юрт) was a Bashkir Khanate in western Siberia, founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the Golden Horde. Throughout its history, members of the Shaybanid and Taibugid dynasties often contested the rulership over the Khanate between each other; both of these competing tribes were direct patrilineal descendants of Genghis Khan through his eldest son Jochi and Jochi's fifth son Shayban (Shiban) (died 1266). The area of the Khanate had once formed an integral part of the Mongol Empire, and later came under the control of the White Horde and the Golden Horde of 1242–1502.

The Khanate of Sibir had an ethnically diverse population of Turkic peoples – Siberian Tatars and various Uralic peoples – including the Khanty, the Mansi, and the Selkup. The Sibir Khanate was the northernmost Muslim state in recorded history. Its defeat by Yermak Timofeyevich in 1582 marked the beginning of the Russian conquest of Siberia.

Aristocracy
The Sibir Khanate was administered by Mirzas (which is a noble title) who originated from various indigenous Siberian tribes. These Mirzas organized loosely knit dominions, which were all under the nominal authority of the Khan of Tyumen and Sibir. Mirzas also led the warriors of the Khanate of Sibir into battle and owed nominal allegiance to the Khan of Tyumen and Sibir.

Culture
Islam was the professed religion of the Sibir Khanate; it was the religion of the ruling Khan of Tyumen and Sibir. Grand mosques, palaces and fortified walls were constructed by the ruling class in both Tyumen and Sibir.

Islam was professed by not only the Khan but also the Mirzas, who were often educated in famous Islamic centers in Central Asia like Bukhara and Samarkand. However, shamanism and other traditional beliefs were practiced by much of the masses. Some groups practiced a form of Islam that incorporated elements of shamanism.

The leading Imams and Muftis of the Sibir Khanate are known to have had some influence in Kazan and Samarkand. The Khanate of Sibir was the northernmost Muslim state in recorded history.

The Khanate of Sibir had extensive trading connections with Central Asia and the Khanate of Kazan.

History
The area was originally inhabited by mainly Samoyedic and Ugric peoples. In the 11th century, Kipchaks began inhabiting the region which led to the Turkification of the population. In the 13th century, the Mongols conquered the region and it was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde. Some of the Tatars who arrived with Batu Khan during the conquests settled in the area.

The Khanate of Sibir was founded in the fifteenth century, at a time when the Mongols of the house of Jochi were generally in a state of decline. The original capital of the Khans was Chimgi-Tura. The first Khan was Taibuga, who was a member of the Borjigin. He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca, who was in turn succeeded by his son Mar.

The Taibugids' control of the region between the Tobol and middle Irtysh was not uncontested. The Shaybanids, descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own. Ibak Khan, a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose a new capital named Iskar (or Sibir) located on the Irtysh. The Russian conquest of Kazan in 1552 prompted the Taibugid Khan of Sibir, Yadigar, to seek friendly relations with Moscow. Yadigar, however, was challenged by a Shaybanid, Ibak's grandson Kuchum. Several years of fighting (1556–1563) ended with Yadigar's death and Kuchum becoming Khan.

Conquest of Sibir
Kuchum attempted to convert the Siberian Tatars, who were mostly shamanists, to Islam. His decision to conduct a raid on the Stroganov trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the Cossack Yermak against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the Battle of Chuvash Cape in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir. Over the next fourteen years, however, the Russians slowly conquered the Khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of the Ob and was forced to flee to the territories of the Nogai, bringing an end to his rule.

Taibugids and Shaybanids
The Khanate of Sibir and the town of Tyumen were founded by Taibuga probably some time between 1405 and 1428. The latter was probably of Keraite origin. However, some scholars also attempt to link the Taibugids to the Kipchak elites and others. Control alternated between the descendants of Taibuga and the Shaybanids who had descended from Genghis Khan. There are hints that the Shaybanids were more connected to the steppe nomads and that the Taibugids were more connected with the forest peoples to the north and east.

Taibuga's father was called On (On-Son, Onsom and other variants). Grousset says that they were 'the issue of Taibugha-bäki' without explanation ('bäki' (bek) was a princely suffix and Taibuqa was a Naiman chief at the time of Genghis Khan.) A few sources identify him with Bek Ondi Oglan, the great-great-great-grandson of Shayban, and thus a Shaybanid. The Stroganov chronicle says that On was killed by a chief called Chingi who spared Taibuga, sent him to fight the Ostyaks and granted him his own principality. Taibuga founded Tyumen and named it Chingi-tura in honor of his benefactor. Another source makes On a Nogai whose 'Hoflager' (German for 'court-camp') was Kasyl-Tura at the mouth of the Ishim River about 100 mi east of Tobolsk. Another source says that when Tokhtamysh was defeated he fled to the 'land of Sibir' (the first mention of 'Sibir' in Russian chronicles). Here he was protected by On until both were killed by Edigu about 1405.

There is no more information about Taibuga except that some say he drove the Novgoroders from his lands. In 1428 a 17-year old Shaybanid called Abu'l-Khayr Khan was chosen Khan on the Tura River (possibly at Tyumen). This implies that the Taibugids had been pushed aside. When he led his followers south for better things the remaining Shaybanids gathered around Ibak Khan, who was from a junior branch of the house. The Taibugids must have been restored because some time between 1464 and 1480 Ibak killed the Taibugid Mar and made himself Khan. In 1483 Fyodor Kurbsky is said to have led an army to the Irtysh River, but this had no lasting effects. Ibak went to the Volga where he killed the last Khan of the Golden Horde. Returning, he was killed by Mar's grandson called Mamuk or Makhmet or Mamet (about 1495). Makhmet moved the capital from Tyumen to Sibir and was briefly Khan of Kazan (1496). In 1552 the Taibugids Yediger and Bekbulat congratulated Ivan the Terrible on his conquest of Kazan. Later they paid limited tribute to Russia. In 1563 Ibak Khan's grandson Kuchum seized the throne from Yediger and Bekbulat. In 1573, following the Russo-Crimean War (1571) he stopped paying tribute and raided the Perm lands. In 1582, he was driven out by Yermak and died some time after 1600.

List of khans
List of Taibugids:
 * On
 * 1) Taibugha
 * 2) Khoja
 * 3) Mar (killed by Ibak)
 * 4) Obder (perhaps died as Ibak's captive)
 * 5) Makhmet/Mamuq (killed Ibak)
 * 6) Abalak (son of Obder)
 * 7) Aguish
 * 8) Kasim (son of Makhmet)
 * 9) Yadiger (killed by Kuchum)
 * 10) Bekbulat (brother of Yadiger and possibly a co-regent)
 * 11) Seid Akhmat (reoccupied Sibir after Yermak's death, captured by the Tsardom of Russia in 1588).

List of Shaybanids:
 * 1) Ibak Khan
 * 2) Murtaza Khan
 * 3) Kuchum Khan
 * 4) * Ali son of Kuchum (tried to reoccupy Sibir after Yermak's death),
 * 5) * Ishim (Asim?) son of Kuchum (married a Kalmyk & settled in their territory in 1620)

Additional sources

 * Forsyth, James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990. Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-40311-1
 * The West Siberian Tatars by Edward J. Vajda
 * Timeline Siberia at Timelines of History by Algis Ratnikas

title: Khanate of Sibir


text:
User talk:TakuyaMurata/old talk until feb 21 03

Is "Takuya" your surname or your given name?

I looked at your article on the "Jyokyu incident". I think that, in Wikipedia, we would call it the "Jokyu incident". Please include the kanji with furigana. To get kanji on Wikipedia, you will need to use special HTML codes.

Please also tell us more about this incident, if you can.

--User:Juuitchan

Thanks. I am still reading that (I am not sure yet). I will add more to Jokyu incident. And do you really mean furigana not romaji? Taku

I mean furigana, like you see in manga. But romaji are also good. And remember, it's "ta", "chi", "tsu" (not "tu"), "te", "to".--User:Juuitchan

All right. I will put furigana or romaji. (If I remember, that is the problem.)

I found out this: The Unicode for ō is 333 (decimal). The Unicode for ū is 363 (decimal).

I tried to fix what you wrote about Yoshinoya. Please check it. --User:Juuitchan

Takkun, I think I might help with your romaji ordering of the Aozora Bunko list. But why not just keep them in kana order? --User:Juuitchan

Hi Taku, thanks for the great work e.g. on kamikaze. ...but please be careful, don't move pages to quickly. For instance, not everyone would agree with your move of Le Bebete Show, and in particular not me. The real title is with the accents, and in several cases (like the less obvious Coup d'état, see Talk:Coup d'état) the choice to keep the accents has been made on purpose. Also, if you leave a justification please leave it on the article's talk page, don't hide it in a user's talk page (I haven't found your justification in User_talk:Ericd - gave up after a few seconds.) --FvdP 20:51 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

Sure, I was careless. I will do some research about the policy of accents. Thanks for correcting me Taku 21:10 Jan 2, 2003 (UTC)

---

Thanks for the hint about references on Jansenism. I thought I read someplace that references should go on the article talk page. Maybe I made it up. :)

Tbarron

- Hello there TakuyaMurata, welcome to the 'pedia! I hope you like the place and decide to stay. If you need pointers on how we title pages visit Naming conventions or how to format them visit our manual of style. If you have any other questions about the project then check out Help or add a question to the Village pump. BTW, nice work on Katakana. Cheers! --maveric149

Nice to meet you. Please let me know if I make a mistake. Taku

Hi, I have a question for you: Did you take out Rabbi Soloveitchik's middle name "Ber" from the link title? It's part of his full name. In fact he was commonly known as "JB" to many people. I don't get it. Are you familiar with this rabbi at all? User:IZAK

 * 1) I think I didn't,
 * 2) Yet I may have made a mistake,
 * 3) Anyhow I have no idea about rabbi

Therefore, just fix it.

Taku 20:03 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

---

My redirecting of the article titled "chain of responsibility pattern" to the one titled "chain-of-responsibility pattern" was a matter of grammar. The traditional use of hyphens is very useful, and whoever doubts that should consider the difference in meaning between a headline that says

New Age-Discrimination Rules Proposed

and one that says

New-Age Discrimination Rules Proposed.

But if you're writing an article on Wikipedia about a particular software design pattern you should begin by saying that it is a software design pattern. It is absurd to assume a reader of Wikipedia knows that there is such a thing as a software design pattern and launch straight in to a discussion of the differences between one software design pattern and another. You need to set some context right at the beginning. -- Mike Hardy

Yes. I totally agree with you. But gentelly remember articles in Wikipedia are in progress. I know many articles I wrote are incomplete, sometimes wrong. Please just fix them. Please please don't assume I am a perpetrator for computer programming related articles. I am not, but we all are.

Taku 03:41 Jan 4, 2003 (UTC)

- What are you doing with Singleton pattern et al? This looks like data dumping. Please do not data dump and expect other people to clean up the mess. --mav

I think first I have to put data then wikify it. I am expecting me to do in the future. Taku 20:44 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * But in the interim these articles are in a horrid state. Why not just work on one at at time and present something that is great in the end? This is also an encyclopedia and much of the material inserted doesn't look encyclopedic. Some of it is also CamelCased which is very odd. Are you copying another Wiki's pages? --mav

 * Again. Could you at least un-CamelCase the articles and do some basic formatting, write in complete sentences and give a definition of what each term is? You state above to tell you when you are making a mistake and I'm here now telling you that you are. Please put some time and effort in each of your entries before posting it on Wikipedia. If you want you can use Meta-Wikipedia as your work-space. This is a serious encyclopedia and having articles in such bad shape isn't acceptable even for relatively short periods. --mav

 * Maybe I thought it is not so big deal because those article will be changed in the future (not only by me but also by the entire community). So do you think if un-CamelCase with vital definition is done, the data dump is acceptable? I believe it is not a good idea that only I make the other source look an encyclopedia article then post it to Wikipedia. Anyway I will quickly un-CamelCase and delete some parts at first quickly. See and tell me about my job later. --Taku 21:22 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

 * Hi Taku... do you know what the copyright status of these pattern pages is? As far as I can tell, WikiWikiWeb doesn't have a copyright clause published, which means that the status is ambiguous and dangerous. Regardless in my opinion this information (all these pattern articles) is far too specialized to belong in wikipedia without a lot of contextual articles explaining them. Graft

First about I read somewhere I can copy the content in the http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WelcomeVisitors. I will show it later (I am looking for now). I mean even though the WikiWikiWeb doesn't explicitly say about the copyright, yet the all contributions to it are considered public or something. It can be interpreted public domain. Second, about the content. Yes, the quality is a quite bad as encyclopedia article but it can be a good stub to improve. Taku 22:01 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

I found this page: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiCopyRights. Sounds like my conduct is a copyright violation. But I am so unsure. If anyone got a better idea, let me know. I will appreciate it. Taku 22:31 Jan 3, 2003 (UTC)

Yep it looks like it. You can use the information contained in the text but not the text itself. Note:

and
 * Author(s) retain copyright
 * Others can use and reference but not copy

 * Unsigned work belongs to the repository operators.
 * Signed works are considered the property of the author(s) and subject to fair use.

Fair use does not allow for wholesale verbatim copying. No biggie - all that it means is that we will have to remove the text. --mav

Yeah as I thought. So I will just delete the text I copied. Please don't delete pages I made but leave them as stub. Maybe I can copy from other wiki sites. -- Taku 03:15 Jan 4, 2003 (UTC)

Oh, how about unsigned works but mime? Do I not have the ownership of them? Taku 03:34 Jan 4, 2003 (UTC)

 * If you wrote it it is yours unless you agreed to some type of special condition by saving your unsigned work on the other wiki. --mav

Hi Taku I noticed your talk note on the conservation article. Thought of dropping you a word about it since, you cared about it, and I wrote most of the initial article. I appreciated the time you spent on it. Other people here apparently care about conservation. I had hopes they would complete it, and correct me; but they didnot :-( I am glad you did. I don't write well, but can't help writing anyway :-))) Still, I feel unhappy when some people go through some stuff I write, correct only one comma, and go away only leaving the comment the article needs LOTS of copyediting. Each time I feel sorry such a poorly-written article stands there and give up writing for a while. Bah. If you care about the subject, I will feel happy if you check biodiversity. Horribly long and not-english written one. My play-ground for the years to come;-) Welcome anyway. NB : we have several japanese-speaking (living in Japan) on the french wikipedia. You may check http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aoineko. He will father a little japanese very soon. user:anthere

Hello. I think it is not a problem at all that you write a lot if you think you do poor. The strength of Wikipedia is there is no article that has a certain author who is reponsible for it. If your or my writing is poor, someone else may fix it. See the talk on the conservation artcile about my question about the article. I hope you will keep enjoying writing. -- Taku 00:08 Jan 6, 2003 (UTC)

Regarding Aozora Bunko:

First, subpages are no longer supported by the new wiki software, this was a deliberate design decision. It therefore makes no sense to use the subpage syntax. Instead you should try to find encyclopedia-style titles, e.g. "Aozora Bunko: A".

Second, even if you were to use subpage-style titles, you wouldn't do so by simply typing /A, this creates a new page in the global namespace called "/A". --Eloquence

Thank for input. I will fix it. Taku 16:50 Jan 5, 2003 (UTC)

The sunflower picture you added is better. No offense taken. :-) KQ

- Hi there Taku. I've read your question on WikiProject Countries. I'd like to point out that such questions are best asked at that page's talk page. I've moved and replied to it at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Countries. Thanks. -Scipius 18:02 Jan 18, 2003 (UTC)

Hi Taku. I've answered an old question of yours on Village pump DanKeshet 19:29 Jan 19, 2003 (UTC)

Hi - I've got a bit of a query at Talk:Basho Matsuo. You moved it from Matsuo Basho, which I'm pretty sure is the most common name order when he is referred to in the English language, and I think that's what we should go with when naming articles here (see Naming conventions (anglicization), which says to name things as they are most commonly named in English). --Camembert

Hi Taku. I don't suppose you know anything about Jun Tsuji, one of the authors of texts that are in the Aozora Bunko project. I started the article hoping someone might eventually add to it -- I'd just seen a request for information in Freedom newspaper. If you can add anything to that article, it would be much appreciated :) -- Sam

Hi Taku, I'm glad you are taking an interest in the Manual of Style, but as to the sentence I removed, commas are not optional for introductory clauses, nor for lists, nor for parenthetical expressions. Commas are sometimes optional when they are used to insert a pause, to allow the reader a moment to think. The last comma in that sentence is an example of an optional comma. Most commas are required, or at least expected. Some writers put in too many, but that is not as bad as putting in too few. The main idea, though, is that the Manual of Style is not the place to go into general grammatical questions, but only a place to list the conventions to be followed in Wikipedia articles. If you want to discuss commas further, I have just added some material to comma (punctuation). Best regards, Ortolan88 19:17 Jan 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * Oh, I am sorry. I didn't mean to talk about comman generally but only in that case. I totally agree that Manual of Style should not mention about grammar stuff, because it is not clear and may vary in British English or American English. I just wanted to only mean you can say either "In quantom physics, bahabaha" or "In quantom physics bahabaha". What do you think? Is it still grammar stuff? -- Taku 19:28 Jan 25, 2003 (UTC)

Your Japanese name for Foujita only shows up as blank boxes. I removed it... DW
 * I restored those Japanese characters. They look fine with the right font installed, tested Mac and Windows. Unicode has some possible font sources. --Nate 08:49 Jan 12, 2003 (UTC)

- Hello Murata-san!

I'm sorry I can't e-mail you directly. Are you by any means related to the law professor Harumi Murata (a friend of my father)?

You just wrote in Wikipedia_talk:Manual_of_Style:

 * If someone sees Basho Matsuo (芭蕉 松尾) he/she probably thinks 芭蕉 is Basho.

You probably meant

 * If someone sees Basho Matsuo (松尾 芭蕉) he/she probably thinks 松尾 is Basho.

Or else I'm really confused now. Well, a pine and a banana are at least both trees. ;-)

Sebastian 17:45 Jan 25, 2003 (UTC)

 * The truth is 芭蕉 is Basho. Right, it's so confusing. That's why finally I came up with that proposal I posted in Manual of Style. Apparently we need a better solution (not arbitrary digits). -- Taku 20:05 Jan 25, 2003 (UTC)

Aha found you, Takuya Murata! I see you still call yourself a hacker and you don't like documenting software. :-) Well, nevertheless, I think you were doing a great job on Wikitech-mailinglist. Kind regards / keep up the good work, :-) Pieter Suurmond 16:28 Feb 2, 2003 (UTC)

I want to talk to you. come to irc.freenode.net  and /msg skimpIzu in the next few hours.user_talk:hfastedge 21:42 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC)
 * Talk about what? Actually I am not used to irc chat so can you just tell me what you want to say? -- Taku 21:44 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC)

What i wish to discuss cannot be done via such latent means as a wiki. do u prefer any other live chat? if not, its not a huge deal, and we can forget it.
 * Oh, I see. I was just wondering what you want to talk like from just casual talks to software developement or about articles I edited. Please just tell me what do you want to discuss. It is not big deal to me to install IRC software if I am interested in the topic you like to talk about. -- Taku 22:03 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC)

I want to discuss object subject verb examples between japanese and english live. you'll notice that we edited the same page recently Hfastedge 22:05 Feb 20, 2003 (UTC)

Oh, I see. Then why don't we use their talk pages?

Hi, I've just been tidying a few little bits on the Cyber Law article and there's a few lines that don't make sense to me. I think from looking at the Older Versions that you are the author so I just wondered whether you could explain it to me. These are from the first two lines of the article;
 * ..... It can be seen one of copyright protection ways.
 * For those years, the technologies play a leading role in the information society.....

They just don't seem very clear to me, perhaps I'm just missing the point. -- Thanks Ams80 13:06 Feb 21, 2003 (UTC)

 * As you probably see, those articles are by no means complete. I really needed more research. If you think some parts don't make sense, just delete them. I am not confident at all. Anyway, I will look at it too and hopefully I can fix it. -- Taku 17:00 Feb 21, 2003 (UTC)