text:
Talk:Mount Baker

Topics
Anyone know if you can still ski Baker? There was a movement to close it down.

The place is so popular (especially with snowboarders) that if it were to close, someone else would re-open the resort. There was the threat of an early end to the ski season in 2005 due to unusually light snowfall, but the weather from late March through mid-April was cool and precipitation-rich. The resort expects to stay open through April 24.
 * They're advertising season tickets for 2007-08 on their webpage. Brilang 16:07, 1 October 2007 (UTC)

Hydrothermally altered rock

 * Would it be suitable to change "hydrothermally altered rock" in the beginning of the Geology section to "metamorphic rock" ? --CraSH 03:25, 28 October 2005 (UTC)

 * while technically in the category metamorphesis, the term is very much more specific and also volcanic metamorphesis, rather than the more conventional heat and pressure. (Yes, I know, this is an ancient comment, but I thought it deserved an answer). Ratagonia (talk) 03:38, 30 October 2008 (UTC)

Another Mount Baker...
I'd like to turn this page into a disambig, so as to differentiate the two Mount Bakers -- this one in Washington, the other in Alberta (Mount Baker (Alberta), part of the Waputik Range). This is per WikiProject_Mountains

Thoughts?

-- ghoti 17:06, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * I'm not sure if there is much point in disambiguating until the Mount Baker (Alberta) article is written. Also, if one peak is much more likely to be the search target than the other, the approach taken by the Glacier Peak article may be better. In this case, Glacier Peak, New Zealand has been redlinked for months. A dab page for Glacier Peak would be annoying to the reader since it adds a step for someone looking for the one in Washington and is unhelpful to someone looking for the one in New Zealand. Disambiguation links are covered under the WP:DAB guidelines under disambiguation links. Thanks for bringing this up. Walter Siegmund (talk) 17:39, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
 * Now that Mount Baker (Alberta) is bluelinked, I think it is fine to dab; might still be good to use a disambiguation link in Mount Baker rather than a dab page as proposed above. My guess is that with 3 million people near Mount Baker (Seattle, WA area and Vancouver, BC), more people will be looking for the one in Washington, than the one in Alberta. (Full disclosure; I live in Seattle.) Walter Siegmund (talk) 17:50, 1 May 2006 (UTC)

 * There's a third Mount Baker: 11km SE of Cranbrook BC: *Bivouac.com "Mount Baker" search

 * Bivouac.com entry for "third" Mt Baker.
 * Further comment is that it would seem that the Mount Baker on Puget Sound was named more than a century earlier than the one in the Rockies, so it's not just notoriety/visibility, it's seniority; 1792 naming for the Mount Baker near Vancouver and Bellingham, 1898 for the one in the Rockies.Skookum1 01:32, 23 December 2006 (UTC)

 * I believe that the Mount Baker in Washington is the dominant meaning. The ol' Google test yields ---
 * "Mount Baker" Washington: 458,000 hits
 * "Mount Baker" Alberta: 37,300 hits
 * "Mount Baker" "British Columbia" 88,000 hits (some of these may be for the first peak)
 * "Mount Baker" Ruwenzori: 1,170 hits
 * So, leaving the Washington peak at Mount Baker follows the guidelines at WP:DAB hike395 05:59, 23 December 2006 (UTC)
 * Washington's still dominant meaning, but its losing Google hits, and the BC one has gained some.
 * "Mount Baker" Washington: 362,000 hits
 * "Mount Baker" Alberta: 20,000 hits
 * "Mount Baker" "British Columbia": 123,000 hits (some of these may be for the first peak)
 * "Mount Baker" Ruwenzori: 1,140 hits
 * I know this doesn't change much but if the BC one has an article, I think it should have the to distinguish it from the others.  TALKIN   PIE EATER   REVIEW ME  22:49, 13 July 2008 (UTC)

Easy Way Up - Snowmobile Up Mt Baker - Is It Possible / Legal
I have heard that it is possible and legal to snowmobile up to the top of Mt. Baker (Washington State). I'm looking for validation that this is possible (and legal). In addition, I'd like to hear from other that have done it (or been most of the way up). Ideally, I'm looking for someone to take me -- or resources as to what people/vendors might be able to get me to the top of the mountain. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Gonezo (talk • contribs) 21:32, 18 August 2006.

 * The summit, Grant Peak, is protected from motorized use since it is within Mount Baker Wilderness. However, this page is to discuss the article and issues related to its improvement, not to ask tourism questions. See WP:TALK for how to use talk pages. You might try http://wikitravel.org/en/Main_Page for travel information. Walter Siegmund (talk) 23:02, 18 August 2006 (UTC)

Good Article?
This must have been reviewed ages ago, it's shocking that a relatively short article with no inline-citations, and the photo layout problems of this one could get GA status. Murderbike (talk) 09:15, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * I only rated the article GA because that's what the status was when I rated WikiProject Volcanoes. If you look through the history, you will see that it was GA before I rated it. I agree the article is too short and it's probably better if it were rated B or start class. Longer Cascade volcano articles include: Mount Meager and Mount Shasta which are rated B class. Black Tusk 02:12, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Gotcha, sorry to throw the blame your way. I'm gonna drop it down to Start Class, though I'm not a Mountain/Volcano expert, so maybe someone else could be better at it. But, I don't think that B-Class can be reached without AT LEAST having inline-cites. Murderbike (talk) 19:18, 15 January 2008 (UTC)
 * Eh, so I'm not gonna reassess it, as there's a process for delisting GAs, and I don't have the time to deal with it right now. Murderbike (talk) 19:21, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

For an FA...
This article is close to FA. However, I have listed the things it needs to become FA.

 * References ✅

 * Additional Images (one or two) ✅

That's all. Thanks.  Meldshal42 Hit me What I've Done 20:38, 7 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I don't think it's that close to meeting the FA criteria yet. I don't know much about the subject, but the article doesn't feel comprehensive to me; for example, there's nothing about how or even whether the area is protected (except a link to Mount Baker Wilderness in the "See also" section). The lead section seems unbalanced, giving a lot of space to details of geography and little to the geology (which accounts for half the rest of the article). The link farm at the end should be cut back (see WP:EL). No doubt there are many other places where we're not following the style guidelines, too. -- Avenue (talk) 13:41, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * I apologize. I meant to state that this is what we should do and then we would review our changes.   Meldshal42 Hit me What I've Done  20:58, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

 * That's fine - I just didn't want people to be given false hope. The article seems to be shaping up well. -- Avenue (talk) 17:16, 11 May 2008 (UTC)

 * Part 2-

 * Watch for Mos breaches ✅-seems good for now.

 * References (30-40)

 * Work on lead ✅

Once we accomplish these, we'll see what else we need.  Meldshal42 Hit me What I've Done 21:00, 10 May 2008 (UTC)

"Classic view" from Central Fraser Valley
I just added the 1860 eruption, and in the same source there's a comment about how Baker looked from the new colonial capital on its establishment; that angle of view is the well-known one from the BC side of the border; I'm from Mission and in the south-facing rooms in the high school there, which is on the upper part of town, there's this staggering view across the hills and farmland of Abbotsford; similarly from Abbotsford itself there are some really "dominant" views, also from Langley; the effect from New West or Maple Ridge ain't quite the same. If there's anyone from the Valley, or who has a car and a camera and is willing to drive out, what I'd like to see in this article is a picture from that area; recommended locations somewhere on the upper part of Mission City, or at the Fraser River Heritage Park on the east side of town; or else from somewhere in central Abbostford, don't know where the best view sould be, ideally with Sumas Prairie in the foreground. One of the photos here is more or less from the same angle, though I'm betting from the US side of the border, as it's taken from quite a bit closer; a view with the Fraser Valley farmlands in the foreground would go a long ways to illustrating the volcano's prxoimity to populated areas (even though it's the Nooskack and Bellingham that are more at risk....); anyone who's a hiker might want to hike up Iron Mountain or Mount Crickmer for the excellent views to be had up there; even a highway-side shot between Mission and Silverdale would do to show the "great white lady" angle better, but again it's the green-farmland/suburban setting that I'm thinking of; there's spots on the freeway that would do but you can't stop there. ;-) Skookum1 (talk) 23:47, 29 October 2008 (UTC)

Koma Kulshan, and what other native languages/names?
There's only a few indigenous contributors, probably more linguistics people than indigenous people in fact, out there in wikipedia but I'm going to throw this by a few people to try and find out what specific language that's from, and what its literal meaning is; and needless to say if it's the name in Lummi, then it's probably a different name in Nooksack and a different on again in Halkomelem or Lushootseed or Twana. Also there's a fairly well known legend, not sure from which tribe, possibly shared between several, about Glacier and Baker at one time being closer together and they had a fight and Baker picked up her skirts adn marched northward (similar story about Adams or St Helens and Rainier or Hood, too, I think). I've taken that to mean, possibly, an ancient memory of a time when there was another volcano active close to Glacier which stopped around the time Baker's eruptive activity begins. The legend as I recall it says the mountains had a big fight, which suggests again that this may be a story of a few different mountains erupting at once; in which case it's a very ancient memory indeed. This is all too much synthesis of an interpretation of the myth, but the myth itself shoudl be found and added to the page; I've seen it on-line I think, maybe I'll come across it again. The Sto:lo Historical Atlas I think had a Halkomelem name for it on one of its maps, but I don't own a copy of that (any more - I sold my collection of BC history/geography books when I went "on the road"...). Anyway all native language names should be added, and there should be a bit more "indigenous content" such as what's on Mount Garibaldi and Mount Cayley; hard to get, hard to cite - all the best stuff tends to be in tribal libraries and is unpublished or only source/quoted in academic publications. I think some of hte archaeological sites in the region also ahve layers of volcanic deposits, or volcanic deposit-dating is used or noted. Mining reports on areas around mountains often turn up bits of geology and history you won't find anywhere else, also (as I've found for various locations/ ranges in BC...)Skookum1 (talk) 04:25, 17 November 2008 (UTC)
 * This book says that Koma Kulshan is Lummi for "Great White Watcher". I also read a Lummi (I think) legend once about Baker and his wife having a fight. I can't remember the details though, i'll try to find it. Murderbike (talk) 22:33, 17 November 2008 (UTC)

 * Article says: "The mountain is often locally referred to as Koma Kulshan or simply Kulshan (Lummi, qwúʔmə, "white sentinel", i.e. "mountain", and kwəlshéːn, "puncture wound", i.e. "crater"),[10][11][12] though it is also less frequently known by the Indian names "Quck Sam-ik" (Nooksack: kw’eq sámit, "white mountain"),[13] "Kobah" (Skagit: qwúbəʔ, "white sentinel", i.e. "mountain"), and "Tukullum" or "Nahcullum" (in the language of the unidentified "Koma tribe").[14] Mount Rainier, called "Tacoma", effectively means "larger than Koma (Kulshan)".[15]"

 * Really? I take exception to the "often locally referred to" part.  Without citation, I think most people in western washington refer to it as Mount Baker.  Perhaps there is a better way to word this... "is referred to in the local native language as..." or something like that. Ratagonia (talk) 05:35, 8 December 2008 (UTC)
 * Didn't catch that, good you did - even "sometimes" is "over-bloat" about this kind of thing, like efforts to portray Sto:lo as the "right" name of the Fraser, or teh claim that "Salish Sea" is "a traditional name" etc. Pretending something is the case in order to make it t he case.  See Newspeak and propaganda techniques.  Yes, fix it to accord with reality, and bedamned the POV sources....Skookum1 (talk) 14:52, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

Typo in quote propagated from digitized article
The quote "puffing out large volumes of smoke, which upon breaking, rolled down the snow-covered sides of the mountain, forming a pleasing efiect of light and shade." has a misspelling of "efiect" for "effect". While the text file source listing at www.archive.org for the quote has the same typographical error, examination of the actual book page image via Google books shows that "effect" is spelled correctly. Since the original source of the quote does not have the misspelling, I think its version should override the text file apparently created via digitization which introduced the error. However, I do not know if or how this deviation from spelling accuracy should be mentioned in the current article reference. -- Michael Devore (talk) 05:25, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

 * Good sleuthing, MD. Does not need discusion, just fix it. Ratagonia (talk) 05:28, 8 December 2008 (UTC)

picture
i made this. we should add it on the article but i dont know where it should go. help me to find a place. CallMeAndrew (talk) 19:36, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
 * I will add it to the article once you can source where you got that information (where it is located).  Ceran  thor 19:39, 25 March 2009 (UTC)

 * i searched "washington blank map" in google images. it came up. i thickened all the lines my self and added the triangle. the website it says its from is "geography.about.com" CallMeAndrew   Custom text here  —Preceding undated comment added 19:45, 25 March 2009 (UTC).

trying to combine multiple references
I've been trying to combine multiple references to the same paper (Scott03) by using a named reference, and folding a separate URL link into the reference (per WP:REFNAME), but User:Hannegan keeps reverting.

Hannegan: could you discuss your reversion here before we proceed? Other editors: what do you think?

—hike395 (talk) 18:27, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

from Hannegan
This is Hannegan. is this the way to make this contact with you? I am a volcanologist working at Mount Baker. Sorry about the references snafu. This is my first experience with wikipedia. I'm inporting many new references, that are posted online at the MBVRC website www.mbvrc.wwu.edu  I'll be done with this today [Tuesday]. When I'm finished, will try to be sure all the references are properly listed, as you have been doing them. Perhaps you can do this more easily than I can. If you notice things are still out of whack, perhaps you could tidy up? I plan to make new pages for Hannegan and Kulshan calderas and the two Baker summit area craters [I was involved in that research]. Sorry, new to this. Hannegan (talk) 18:57, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Hannegan is done with Mount Baker revision
Hike 395- Hannegan again. I'm finding the coding for the multiple references I have inserted archane. This is my first experience with this sort of thing and will need to take some time to figure it out. I'm an old guy and not too savvy with this sort of coding. I find three refs that I have listed multiple times: Scott and others, 2003 (4x); Tucker and others 2007 (2x); Scott and Tucker, 2003 (3x). I plan to insert a photo eventually from inside the crater, will figure out how that works. Thanks for you patience, hike395. Regards, Hannegan (talk) 20:48, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Now that you're done, I'll go back and fix the multiple references.

 * Thanks for contributing your expertise! We always need more expert help in geology. —hike395 (talk) 22:44, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

 * Thanks, Hike395. Just getting the hang of all this. There will be a big USGS paper published on Baker later in the year, a summation of the Holocene history. Many references can then be updated to refer to that [it will be online]. Hannegan (talk) 23:47, 31 March 2009 (UTC)

Height ranking
The article mentions Baker as the fourth tallest mountain in Washington State. I would have said third tallest, and indeed, the list of tallest mountains in Washington gives it as such. However, there are differing ways of measuring height, so I wanted to check before correcting it, in case the original editor was considering Little Tahoma to be higher (due to its low prominence I wouldn't count it). —Preceding unsigned comment added by 24.143.103.179 (talk) 15:30, 20 July 2009 (UTC)

Current activity
How active is right now? Is it giving off a lot of gas? --The High Fin Sperm Whale (Talk · Contribs) 22:06, 30 November 2009 (UTC)

Is there going to be any more expansion of the Current Activity section to include potential threats posed by Mt. Baker to the North Puget Sound area?--Gniniv (talk) 00:54, 31 May 2010 (UTC)

Baker as the northernmost volcano in the Cascade Range
I removed this claim from the introduction a while ago because it is incorrect. The USGS or some other source may state Baker as the northernmost volcano in the Cascade Range but there are volcanics related to Cascadia subduction north of Baker in the Canadian Cascades. As far as I'm aware of, the volcanics north of Baker are much older and were erupted when the Juan de Fuca Plate subducted at a shallower angle than it does today. The only volcano I know is Coquihalla Mountain in the Bedded Range but I bet there are other volcanics around there. BT (talk) 04:45, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

 * How about "northernmost active volcano" or something like that? Coquihalla last erupted 21 million years ago according to its page. Personally I don't care one way or the other; just a thought. Baker is definitely active, or could be any time. I'm kinda hoping to see an ash plume from it in my lifetime. Pfly (talk) 08:23, 2 June 2010 (UTC)
 * That seems to fit. The Cascade volcanics in the Canadian portion of the range are mostly Miocene age so any volcanoes there are probably long extinct. BT (talk) 09:32, 2 June 2010 (UTC)

Glaciation
I have some doubt with this sentence in the introduction: After Mount Rainier, Mount Baker is the most heavily glaciated of the Cascade volcanoes; the volume of snow and ice on Mount Baker (0.43 cubic miles or 1.8 cubic kilometers) is greater than that of all the other Cascades volcanoes (except Rainier) combined. The USGS website does have this claim here, but they link Cascade volcanoes to their "Cascade Range Volcanoes and Volcanics" page. If Silverthrone is included as a Cascade Arc volcano, it would likely be the most glaciated. It's simple. If you look at Google Earth or some other satellite imagery and compare Silverthrone Caldera's glaciation with other Cascade Arc volcanoes, it has much more glaciation. By measuring a large glaciated spot roughly in the middle of the caldera with the "Show Ruler" tool, it covers an area of about 68 kilometers, which is way larger than 1.8 cublic kilometers. So Cascade volcanoes should obviously be changed to Cascade Range volcanoes to avoid this error/confusion.  Volcano guy  05:58, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

 * Is the Silverthrone and the Pemberton Volcanic Belt really part of the Cascade Arc? I thought it was kind of iffy, because they're understudied. —hike395 (talk) 08:35, 17 May 2011 (UTC)
 * That is what I ment by if. Silverthrone's affinity is unclear because it has been only minimally studied. But according to the Geological Survey of Canada website, it is still considered to be part of the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt (northern extension of the Cascade Arc), although it also lies on the overlapping trend of the much older Pemberton Volcanic Belt, which formed as a result of subduction of the now-vanished Farallon Plate. From doing years of research and reading scientific documents about Silverthrone, its chemistry is much like Cascade Arc volcanoes. Rhyolites, dacites, andesites and basaltic andesites comprise the volcano (see the GSC link), as do other Cascade Arc volcanoes. Andesites, dacites and rhyolites are products of subduction zone magmatism according to this so Silverthrone must be a Cascadia subduction-related volcano. According to volcanologist Catherine Hickson, at issue is the current plate configuration and rate of subduction, but I don't have a reference for that claim. The tectonics at Silverthrone must be still active though because it has erupted in the past 1000 years and there have been earthquakes in the past 30 years.  Volcano guy  22:24, 17 May 2011 (UTC)

 * On a separate point, for that glaciated area, do you mean 68 square kilometers? If so, that would only need to be about 26.5 meters deep on average to exceed 1.8 km³ in volume, which is not very deep. But I think you may be massively understating things; I've found one news story saying that the Klinaklini Glacier alone has an area of 470 square kilometers. I haven't had much luck finding volumes, but one abstract says that the Klinaklini Glacier lost about 14 km³ between 1965 and 2006. --Avenue (talk) 09:15, 17 May 2011 (UTC)
 * I just did an estimate to see how many kilometers around the glaciated area is. The Klinaklini Glacier is not at the caldera as far as I'm aware of; it is further east. Even if Silverthrone has less ice and snow than Baker or Rainier I still think it should be changed to Cascade Range volcanoes because that's what the USGS is referring to.  Volcano guy  22:24, 17 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Sorry, you're right about the Klinaklini Glacier. I don't see any harm in the wording change you're proposing, and it does seem more precise. --Avenue (talk) 04:34, 18 May 2011 (UTC)
 * Support. Ratagonia (talk) 02:09, 19 May 2011 (UTC)
 * In area, Rainier's glaciation is about 56 kilometers. You could try searching Pashleth Glacier and Kingcome Glacier for their volume if you want as they are in fact inside the caldera. The 68 kilometer glaciated area at Silverthrone is part of the Ha-Iltzuk Icefield, which is the largest icefield in the Coast Mountains south of the Alaska Panhandle.  Volcano guy  18:40, 19 May 2011 (UTC)

Question about ascents
I have in my posession a letter written by my father, Harvey Ellis Anderson, a native of Grayson County, Virginia in which he describes the ascent of Mount Baker by himself and two unidentified companions. My elder brother, John G. Anderson, has a picture of our father taken while standing on the slopes of Mount Baker with walking sticks in both hands. He is dressed in a white dress shirt and derby hat with what appears to be his suit jacket tied around his waste by the sleeves. Two other men are with him. Some of his description on the picture has been obscured but he states "wherever we are it is the 14th of August [1911], the hottest month of the year."

The Wikipedia article on Mount Baker lists its first accent as occurring on August 17, 1868 while under "Notable Ascents" the next ascent is recorded as August 1948. Did Harvey and his companions precede Fred Beckey, Ralph, and Dick Widrig by 37 years? ROBERT DAVID ANDERSON (talk) 9 April 2016 (UTC) signature added when moved

Error needs attention
I changed one of the captions in “Climbing History” from “Frazier” River to Fraser Rive and inadvertently messed things up. Can someone please rectify? Orthotox (talk) 20:14, 2 March 2017 (UTC)

External links modified (February 2018)
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Rock fall 1891
The article states that 15cubic km of rock fell in 1891, which seemed very improbable. Source says “approximately 15-20 million m3 of andesitic lava and poorly consolidated lava-flow breccia fell from the north side of Lava Divide”. This would add up to 0,015 cubic km. I don’t know the formatting for editing with metric + imperial, hope someone else can edit and fix article. 155.4.133.8 (talk) 22:46, 29 November 2022 (UTC)

Umm... Lushootseed name given for MOUNT RAINIER?
This is ... wrong. Language Boi (talk) 19:46, 12 December 2023 (UTC)

 * What are you referring to specifically? PersusjCP (talk) 20:51, 13 December 2023 (UTC)

title: Talk:Mount Baker


text:
Thomas Warton

Thomas Warton (9 January 1728 – 21 May 1790) was an English literary historian, critic, and poet. He was appointed Poet Laureate in 1785, following the death of William Whitehead.

He is sometimes called Thomas Warton the younger to distinguish him from his father, who had the same name. His most famous poem is The Pleasures of Melancholy, a representative work of the Graveyard Poets.

Life
Warton was born in Basingstoke, Hampshire, the son of poet Thomas Warton, the Elder, and younger brother of Joseph Warton and Jane Warton. As a youngster, Warton demonstrated a strong predilection toward writing poetry, a skill he would continue to develop all of his life. In fact, Warton translated one of Martial's epigrams at nine and wrote The Pleasures of Melancholy at seventeen.

His early education was given to him by his father at home. In March 1744, aged 16, he entered Trinity College, Oxford. He graduated from Oxford in 1747, where he subsequently became a Fellow. Warton was selected as Poet Laureate of Oxford in 1747 and again in 1748. His duty in this post was to write a poem about a selected patroness of the university, which would be read to her on a specially appointed day.

Warton was appointed Professor of Poetry at the university in 1757, a post that he held for ten years.

In 1771, he was appointed rector of Kiddington in Oxfordshire, a post he held until his death. In 1785, he was appointed Camden Professor of History, as well as the eighth Poet Laureate.

Among other important contributions, Warton, along with his brother, was among the first to argue that Sir Thopas, by Geoffrey Chaucer, was a parody. Warton contributed to the general project of the ballad revival. He was a general supporter of the poetry of Thomas Gray—a fact that Johnson satirized in his parody "Hermit hoar, in solemn cell." Among his minor works were an edition of Theocritus, a selection of Latin and Greek inscriptions, the humorous Oxford Companion to the Guide and Guide to the Companion (1762); lives of Sir Thomas Pope and Ralph Bathurst; and an Inquiry into the Authenticity of the Poems attributed to Thomas Rowley (1782).

Warton gave little attention to his clerical duties, and Oxford always remained his home. He was known as a very easy and convivial as well as a very learned don, with a taste for taverns and crowds as well as dim aisles and romances.

Poetry, criticism and historical works
In a poem written in 1745 he shows the delight in Gothic churches and ruined castles which inspired much of his subsequent work in romantic revival. Most of Warton's poetry was written before the age of twenty-three, when he took his M.A. degree. In 1749, he penned The Triumph of Isis, a poem in praise of Oxford and the many students who had received their education there. Published anonymously, The Triumph of Isis rebutted William Mason's Isis, an Elegy published the previous year, which was anything but flattering to Oxford.

Following the success of The Triumph of Isis, Warton wrote Newmarket, a Satire, which was followed by a collection of verses. His complete poetical works were included in an anthology that was published in 1853.

Although he continued to write poetry, Warton's main energies were turned to poetical reading and criticism. His first major academic work was Observations on the Faerie Queene of Spenser, published in 1754. He is, however, best known for the three-volume The History of English Poetry (1774–81), which covered the poetry of the 11th through the 16th centuries. Although the work was criticised for its many inaccuracies, it is nonetheless considered a highly important and influential historical tome.

In 1782, he wrote The History and Antiquities of Kiddington, an early example of English local history.

Various works

 * – an anthology of verse and Oxford wit
 * – an anthology of verse and Oxford wit
 * – an anthology of verse and Oxford wit

Warton Lectures
In 1910, Frida Mond endowed the British Academy with a fund to establish an annual Shakespeare oration or lecture, as well as an annual lecture on English poetry to be called the Warton Lecture, as a tribute to the memory of Thomas Warton as a historian of English poetry. The inaugural lectures in these series were delivered in 1911 and 1910, respectively.

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Thomas Warton


text:
Flag of Norway

The national flag of Norway (Norges flagg; Noregs flagg; lit. 'Norway's flag') is red with a navy blue Scandinavian cross bordered in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog, the flag of Denmark.

History
It is difficult to establish what the earliest flag of Norway looked like. During ancient times countries did not fly flags. Kings and other rulers flew flags, especially in battle. Saint Olav used a serpent within a white mark at the Battle of Nesjar. Prior to this the raven or dragon was used. Magnus the Good used the same mark as Saint Olav. Harald Hardrade used the raven banner. This flag was flown by various Viking chieftains and other Scandinavian rulers during the 9th, 10th, and 11th centuries AD. Inge used a red lion on gold. Sverre used an eagle in gold and red. The earliest known flag which could be described as a national flag of Norway is the one used today as the Royal Standard. Eirik Magnusson used a flag described as a golden lion with axe and crown on red from 1280 and this was since regularly the flag of the king of Norway and thereby also of Norway.

The flag is based on the coat of arms and was originally only a flag for the ruler of Norway (as it is today). It was later also used on ships and on fortresses until it was gradually phased out during the 17th and 18th centuries. Its earliest certain depiction is on the seal of duchess Ingebjørg in 1318. Around 1500 it became the custom for ships to fly the flag of their home country to identify their nationality. A red flag with the golden lion and silver halberd is depicted as the flag of Norway in a Dutch flag book from 1669 to 1670. At least as late as 1698 the lion banner was flown over Akershus Fortress. The "Norwegian lion" was placed in the colours of all the Norwegian regiments in 1641. In 1748 a decree stated that the Dannebrog should be the only legal merchant flag.

From about the 16th century until 1814, Norway used the same flag as Denmark, as it was in union with that country. In 1814 independent Norway adopted the Danish flag with the Norwegian lion in the canton or the upper square at the hoist. This flag was in use as state and war flag until 1815 and as merchant flag until 1821. Later in 1814 Norway was united with Sweden, and on 7 March 1815 a common war flag for both states was introduced by royal order in council, the Swedish flag with a white cross on a red background in the square canton. The same design in a rectangular flag was introduced as an alternate merchant flag in 1818, for use in distant waters, i.e. south of Cape Finisterre in Spain.

The current flag of Norway was designed in 1821 by Fredrik Meltzer, a member of the parliament (Storting). It was adopted by both chambers of the Storting on 11 and 16 May, respectively. However, the king refused to sign the flag law, but approved the design for civilian use by royal order in council on 13 July 1821. The constitution of 1814 explicitly stated that the war flag was to be a union flag, hence the common flag (Swedish with a canton signifying Norway) was used by the armies and navies of both states until 1844.

Until 1838 the Norwegian flag was only used in Northern waters, i.e. the waters north of Cape Finisterre, as Norway had no treaty with the Barbary pirates of North Africa and had to fly the Swedish or union flag for protection. In 1844 a union mark combining Norwegian and Swedish colours was placed at the hoist of both countries' flags. The badge was jokingly or derogatorily called Sildesalaten ("the herring salad") because of its jumble of colours and resemblance to a popular dish on the breakfast tables of both countries. Initially, the union flag was popular in Norway, since it clearly denoted the equal status of the two united states. As the union with Sweden became less popular, the Norwegian parliament abolished the union mark from the national (merchant) and state flags in 1898. Although the law was not approved by the King, it became effective since it had been passed by three consecutive Stortings. The "pure" flag was first flown in 1899, but the union mark had to be kept in the war flag. After the dissolution of the union, it was removed from the navy flag as well on 9 June 1905. Sweden kept it in all flags until 1 November 1905.

Laws regarding the flag
The Norwegian flag law of 1898 specifies the appearance of the merchant and state flags and their use by merchant ships, customs and post vessels. The flag regulations of 1927 further describe the use of the state flag on state property and on national holidays.

The flag regulations also describe the time of day when the flag should be hoisted and lowered. From March to October the flag should be hoisted from 08.00. From November to February it should be hoisted from 09.00. The flag is lowered at sunset, although no later than 21.00, even if sunset is later than that. In the northern counties of Nordland and Troms the flag is flown between 10.00 and 15.00 from November to February. These rules do not apply for private use of the flag, but they are generally observed by all citizens.

There also exist written rules for the proper folding of the flag, for not letting it touch the ground, and in addition the unwritten rule that it should not be worn on the body below the waist.

Since 1933, only the Norwegian, the Sámi or the local official flags were allowed to fly on top of municipality buildings. Since 2014, the municipalities could hoist a different flag if an event in the building was related to it. In 2021, related to the group gathering restrictions with COVID-19, the government proposed to adapt the legislation so that municipalities do not need to host an event for hoisting a flag.

Construction sheets
The proportions of the national flag are 16:22 (height (width) to length), its colour elements having widths of 6:1:2:1:6 and lengths of 6:1:2:1:12. The proportions of the state flag are 16:27, or 6:1:2:1:6 vertically and 6:1:2:1:6:11 horizontally.

The law regarding the Norwegian flag by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs defines the colours as deep red and dark blue (“høirødt” og “mørkeblåt”) and white, with no reference to a specific colour system.

Flag producers normally use the red colour 200 and blue colour 281 from the Pantone colour matching system (note that no suffixes are specified in these PMS values, since the coated C version is normally assumed). These colours for the Norwegian flag were also defined on page 79 of the publication Flags and anthems manual, London 2012, and were used for the summer Olympic games in London 2012. Oslo Orlogsforening also specifies Pantone 200 and 281. The flag manufacturer Langkilde & Søn even refers to Pantone 200 as «Norwegian Red» and Pantone 281 as «Norwegian Blue». As of 2021, the Nordic Council also specifies Pantone 200 and 281.

Other sources have specified different colours for the red and the blue in relation to the Pantone colour matching system (PMS). In a document on the Norwegian government's web pages, the red colour is defined as “Pantone 032 U” and the blue as “Pantone 281 U”. However, Norwegian flag producers consider this red colour to be incorrect, and have complained that the Norwegian state propagates what they perceive as misinformation. For example, it has been argued that pantone suffixes (such as C and U) only are relevant for print on paper, and thus should not be used to specify flag colours. Norwegian authorities have since clarified that the colours only were an internal recommendation intended specifically for silkscreen printing, and not a legal definition, and has since withdrawn the recommendation. The Nordic Flag Society currently defines the red colour as PMS 186 and the blue as PMS 287. The Nordic Council previously attributed their colours to this source but defined red colour as “Pantone 186 C” (note the C postfix) while the blue was identical to the source (“Pantone 287”). However, in 2010 the same website defined the blue colour as “Pantone 301”.

On 25 April 2018 the Norwegian foreign minister recommended that Norwegian flag manufacturers take initiative to form a technical standard describing a guidance on which colours to use in the flag of Norway, similar to what has been done in Denmark. It was stressed that it is the colour of the finished product that matters, and that this may result in the guide describing different colour codes for fabric, paper and web use.

Due to the vastly different ways colors are reproduced on physical flags versus on digital displays (using web colors), there is naturally no precise RGB equivalent to the Pantone colours. However, a good approximation can be achieved by following the official translation to web colors in the Pantone Formula Guide. With the de facto standard used by Norwegian flag producers being PMS 200 and 281, the corresponding web colors using the official Pantone Matching System is #BA0C2F for PMS 200 (deep red) and #00205B for PMS 281 (dark blue).

Music when raising (hoisting) or lowering the flag
When raising the Norwegian flag on festive or ceremonial occasions, the hoisting will often be accompanied by a bugle call, fanfare, or the national anthem (Ja, vi elsker). For civilian use on ceremonial occasions, there are no written rules concerning this. The Norwegian armed forces have a unified bugle call for hoisting and lowering the flag, known as "flaggappell" (Attention to the flag) (cf. Bugle calls of the Norwegian Army).

Code of conduct during flag hoisting and lowering
According to Norwegian law as well as common usage, flags of other sovereign states are to be treated with the same respect as the Norwegian flag.

For civilians and non-uniformed government employees, there are no formal hand gestures (e.g. the U.S. hand-over-the-heart gesture {cf. United States Flag Code}) that must be performed. But it is commonly agreed that during the hoisting or lowering of the flag, civilians should conduct themselves in a respectful manner by facing the flag and standing still, straight, and quiet. Males should be bareheaded (unless there are religious, medical, or climatic reasons for covering the head).

All uniformed government personnel (e.g.: municipal traffic wardens, policemen, customs official, prison wardens, maritime pilots, armed forces personnel) follow the Norwegian Armed Forces regulation during flag hoisting or lowering. The regulations stipulate that when seeing the flag being hoisted or lowered, or hearing the bugle call, all activity should if possible be stopped, and personnel should execute the foot drill manoeuvre of "Halt and front face" (stopping up and turning one's body to face the flagpole).

A person must render a salute to the flag when wearing a uniform hat, cap or beret while not in formation. A person in formation or not wearing a prescribed uniform hat, should stand at attention for the duration of the bugle signal, or if in sight of the hoisting or lowering, until the flag is either at the top of the pole, at half mast, or until two thirds of the flag is in the hands of the flag party.

Rolling up the flag
Unlike the Anglo-American traditions of folding a flag (the triangular shape of the U.S. flag or the square shape of the UK's Union Flag), the Norwegian tradition is to roll the flag into a cylindrical shape and tie it up after lowering it.

The first step of this procedure is to fold the flag lengthwise so that its two long sides meet. Each half will then be folded 180 degrees, concealing the longitudinal white and blue stripes. Finally the folded full length flag, its width 1⁄4 of the hoist, will be rolled up into a red cylinder.

If the flag is fitted with a line, this is wrapped around the flag and tied with a simple slip knot. The use of a simple slip knot allows one person alone to hoist the flag unaided.

Occupation flag
When on international missions, Norwegian armed forces may keep a flag (national or merchant flag) raised during the night and illuminated by a spotlight, to affirm their presence and to boost morale.

This tradition stems from World War II, when a small-sized flag was hoisted (usually above the CO quarters) in the numerous camps of Norwegian forces in the UK, USA, Sweden, and Canada, to symbolize that fight against the enemy would go on day and night until final victory.

Dishonoured flag
Military regulations stipulate that a Norwegian flag shall never touch the ground, since this is disrespectful towards the flag and may signify surrender.

Symbolism
Fredrik Meltzer submitted his proposal just in time to be exhibited in parliament on 4 May 1821 together with a large number of other proposals. It was approved by both chambers during the following two weeks. Meltzer himself provided no written explanation for his choice of design and colours. However, his intentions may be inferred from an earlier letter of 30 April with his comments regarding the proposal from the flag committee. That design was divided quarterly red and white. Meltzer objected to the colours because they were too similar to those of the Danish flag. He added that it would be equally unseemly to choose the colours of any of "those states with which we have been or are connected with". Instead, he recommended a tricolour of red, white and blue, "three colours that now denote freedom, such as we have seen in the French flag of freedom, and still see in that of the Dutch and Americans, and in the Union of the Englishmen".

His eventual choice a few days later of a Nordic cross was clearly based on the tradition established by the other Nordic countries, Denmark and Sweden. This cross represents Christianity. The red and blue colours also explicitly referred to the same two countries, former and present union partners. It was clearly understood by all who took part in the flag discussions locally, in the press or in parliament what those colours denoted. A predominantly red flag had many adherents among those who were attached to the union with Denmark or to its flag, which for centuries had also been that of Norway. Others, who saw Denmark as an oppressor, favoured the blue colour associated with the new Swedish dynasty which was seen as more receptive of Norwegian ambitions of autonomy. Consequently, most of the other flag proposals on the agenda had either red or blue as the predominant colour, depending on the political preferences of the proposers.

Norwegian flag days

 * 1 January – New Year's Day
 * 21 January – Princess Ingrid Alexandra's birthday
 * 6 February – The Sami National Day. (An official flag day both for the Sami people and for the whole of Norway.) Sami flag.svg
 * 21 February – King Harald V's birthday
 * 16 March – The Kven National Day. (An official flag day for the Kven people.) Flag of the Kven people.svg
 * Easter Sunday
 * 1 May – Labour Day
 * 8 May – Liberation Day 1945
 * 17 May – Constitution Day 1814 (National Day) Flag of Norway.svg
 * Whitsunday
 * 7 June – Union Dissolution Day 1905
 * 4 July – Queen Sonja's birthday
 * 20 July – Crown Prince Haakon Magnus's birthday
 * 29 July – Olsok. (Olav's Mass. In memory of King Olav Haraldsson (the Holy), who died in the battle of Stiklestad 29 July 1030)
 * 19 August – Crown Princess Mette-Marit's birthday
 * Second Monday of September every 4 years – General election
 * 25 December – 1st Christmas Day

title: Flag of Norway


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Galvanic anode

A galvanic anode, or sacrificial anode, is the main component of a galvanic cathodic protection system used to protect buried or submerged metal structures from corrosion.

They are made from a metal alloy with a more "active" voltage (more negative reduction potential / more positive oxidation potential) than the metal of the structure. The difference in potential between the two metals means that the galvanic anode corrodes, in effect being "sacrificed" in order to protect the structure.

Theory
In brief, corrosion is a chemical reaction occurring by an electrochemical mechanism (a redox reaction). During corrosion of iron or steel there are two reactions, oxidation (equation $$), where electrons leave the metal (and the metal dissolves, i.e. actual loss of metal results) and reduction, where the electrons are used to convert oxygen and water to hydroxide ions (equation $$):

In most environments, the hydroxide ions and ferrous ions combine to form ferrous hydroxide, which eventually becomes the familiar brown rust:

As corrosion takes place, oxidation and reduction reactions occur and electrochemical cells are formed on the surface of the metal so that some areas will become anodic (oxidation) and some cathodic (reduction). Electrons flow from the anodic areas into the electrolyte as the metal corrodes. Conversely, as electrons flow from the electrolyte to the cathodic areas, the rate of corrosion is reduced. (The flow of electrons is in the opposite direction of the flow of electric current.)

As the metal continues to corrode, the local potentials on the surface of the metal will change and the anodic and cathodic areas will change and move. As a result, in ferrous metals, a general covering of rust is formed over the whole surface, which will eventually consume all the metal. This is rather a simplified view of the corrosion process, because it can occur in several different forms.

Prevention of corrosion by cathodic protection (CP) works by introducing another metal (the galvanic anode) with a much more anodic surface, so that all the current will flow from the introduced anode and the metal to be protected becomes cathodic in comparison to the anode. This effectively stops the oxidation reactions on the metal surface by transferring them to the galvanic anode, which will be sacrificed in favour of the structure under protection. More simply put, this takes advantage of the relatively low stability of magnesium, aluminum or zinc metals; they dissolve instead of iron because their bonding is weaker compared to iron, which is bonded strongly via its partially filled d-orbitals.

For this protection to work there must be an electron pathway between the anode and the metal to be protected (e.g., a wire or direct contact) and an ion pathway between both the oxidizing agent (e.g., oxygen and water or moist soil) and the anode, and the oxidizing agent and the metal to be protected, thus forming a closed circuit; therefore simply bolting a piece of active metal such as zinc to a less active metal, such as mild steel, in air (a poor ionic conductor) will not furnish any protection.

Anode materials
There are three main metals used as galvanic anodes: magnesium, aluminum and zinc. They are all available as blocks, rods, plates or extruded ribbon. Each material has advantages and disadvantages.

Magnesium has the most negative electropotential of the three (see galvanic series) and is more suitable for areas where the electrolyte (soil or water) resistivity is higher. This is usually on-shore pipelines and other buried structures, although it is also used on boats in fresh water and in water heaters. In some cases, the negative potential of magnesium can be a disadvantage: if the potential of the protected metal becomes too negative, reduction of water or solvated protons may evolve hydrogen atoms on the cathode surface, for instance according to

leading to hydrogen embrittlement or to disbonding of the coating. Where this is a concern, zinc anodes may be used. An aluminum-zinc-tin alloy called KA90 is commonly used in marine and water heater applications.

Zinc and aluminium are generally used in salt water, where the resistivity is generally lower and magnesium dissolves relatively quickly by reaction with water under hydrogen evolution (self-corrosion). Typical uses are for the hulls of ships and boats, offshore pipelines and production platforms, in salt-water-cooled marine engines, on small boat propellers and rudders, and for the internal surface of storage tanks.

Zinc is considered a reliable material, but is not suitable for use at higher temperatures, as it tends to passivate (the oxide layer formed shields from further oxidation); if this happens, current may cease to flow and the anode stops working. Zinc has a relatively low driving voltage, which means in higher-resistivity soils or water it may not be able to provide sufficient current. However, in some circumstances — where there is a risk of hydrogen embrittlement, for example — this lower voltage is advantageous, as overprotection is avoided.

Aluminium anodes have several advantages, such as a lighter weight, and much higher capacity than zinc. However, their electrochemical behavior is not considered as reliable as zinc, and greater care must be taken in how they are used. Aluminium anodes will passivate where chloride concentration is below 1,446 parts per million.

One disadvantage of aluminium is that if it strikes a rusty surface, a large thermite spark may be generated, so its use is restricted in tanks where there may be explosive atmospheres and there is a risk of the anode falling.

Since the operation of a galvanic anode relies on the difference in electropotential between the anode and the cathode, practically any metal can be used to protect some other, providing there is a sufficient difference in potential. For example, iron anodes can be used to protect copper.

Design considerations
The design of a galvanic anode CP system should consider many factors, including the type of structure, the resistivity of the electrolyte (soil or water) it will operate in, the type of coating and the service life.

The primary calculation is how much anode material will be required to protect the structure for the required time. Too little material may provide protection for a while, but need to be replaced regularly. Too much material would provide protection at an unnecessary cost. The mass in kg is given by equation ($$).

 * The design life is in years (1 year = 8760 hours).
 * The utilisation factor (UF) of the anode is a constant value, depending on the shape of the anode and how it is attached, which signifies how much of the anode can be consumed before it ceases to be effective. A value of 0.8 indicates that 80% of the anode can be consumed, before it should be replaced. A long slender stand off anode (installed on legs to keep the anode away from the structure) has a UF value of 0.9, whereas the UF of a short, flush mounted anode is 0.8.
 * Anode capacity is an indication of how much material is consumed as current flows over time. The value for zinc in seawater is 780 Ah/kg but aluminium is 2000 Ah/kg, which reflects the lower atomic mass of aluminium and means that, in theory, aluminium can produce much more current per weight than zinc before being depleted and this is one of the factors to consider when choosing a particular material.

The amount of current required corresponds directly to the surface area of the metal exposed to the soil or water, so the application of a coating drastically reduces the mass of anode material required. The better the coating, the less anode material is needed.

Once the required mass of material is known, the particular type of anode is chosen. Differently shaped anodes will have a different resistance to earth, which governs how much current can be produced, so the resistance of the anode is calculated to ensure that sufficient current will be available. If the resistance of the anode is too high, either a differently shaped or sized anode is chosen, or a greater quantity of anodes must be used.

The arrangement of the anodes is then planned so as to provide an even distribution of current over the whole structure. For example, if a particular design shows that a pipeline 10 km long needs 10 anodes, then approximately one anode per kilometre would be more effective than putting all 10 anodes at one end or in the centre.

Advantages

 * No external power sources required.
 * Relatively easy to install.
 * Lower voltages and current mean that risk of causing stray current interference on other structures is low.
 * Require less frequent monitoring than impressed current CP systems.
 * Relatively low risk of overprotection.
 * Once installed, testing the system components is relatively simple for trained personnel.

Disadvantages

 * Current capacity limited by anode mass and self consumption at low current density.
 * Lower driving voltage means the anodes may not work in high-resistivity environments.
 * Often requires that the protected structure be electrically isolated from other structures and ground.
 * Anodes are heavy and will increase water resistance on moving structures or pipe interiors.
 * Where D.C. power is available, electrical energy can be obtained more cheaply than by galvanic anodes.
 * Where large arrays are used, wiring is needed due to high current flow and need to keep resistance losses low.
 * Anodes must be carefully placed to avoid interfering with water flow into the propeller.
 * To retain effectiveness, the anodes must be inspected and/or replaced as part of normal maintenance.

Cost effectiveness
As the anode materials used are generally more costly than iron, using this method to protect ferrous metal structures may not appear to be particularly cost effective. However, consideration should also be given to the costs incurred to repair a corroded hull or to replace a steel pipeline or tank because their structural integrity has been compromised by corrosion.

However, there is a limit to the cost effectiveness of a galvanic system. On larger structures, such as long pipelines, so many anodes may be needed that it would be more cost-effective to install impressed current cathodic protection.

Production of sacrificial anodes
The basic method is to produce sacrificial anodes through a casting process. However, two casting methods can be distinguished.

The high pressure die-casting process for sacrificial anodes is widespread. It is a fully automated machine process. In order for the manufacturing process to run reliably and in a repeatable manner, a modification of the processed sacrificial anode alloy is required. Alternatively, the gravity casting process is used for the production of the sacrificial anodes. This process is performed manually or partially automated. The alloy does not have to be adapted to the manufacturing process, but is designed for 100% optimum corrosion protection.

title: Galvanic anode


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Jean Baptiste Gay, 1st Viscount of Martignac

Jean-Baptiste Sylvère Gay, 1st Viscount of Martignac (20 June 1778 –  3 April 1832) was a moderate royalist French statesman during the Bourbon Restoration 1814–30 under King Charles X.

Biography
Martignac was born in Bordeaux, France. In 1798 he became secretary to Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès; after serving for a while in the army, he turned to literature, producing several light plays. Under the Empire he practised with success as an advocate at Bordeaux, where in 1818 he became advocate-general of the cour royale. In 1819 he was appointed procureur-général at Limoges, and in 1821 was returned for Marmande to the Chamber of Deputies, where he supported the ultraroyalist policies of Villèle. In 1822 he was appointed councillor of state, in 1823 he accompanied the duc d'Angouléme to Spain as civil commissary; in 1824 he was created a viscount and appointed director-general of registration.

In contact with practical politics his ultra-royalist views were gradually modified in the direction of the Doctrinaires, and on the fall of Villèle he was selected by Charles X to carry out the new policy of compromise. On 4 January 1828 he was appointed minister of the interior, and, though not bearing the title of president, became the virtual head of the cabinet. He succeeded in passing the act abolishing the press censorship, and in persuading the king to sign the ordinances of 16 June 1828 on the Jesuits and the little seminaries.

He was exposed to attack from both the extreme left and the extreme right, and when in April 1829 a coalition of these groups defeated him in the chamber, Charles X, who had never believed in the policy he represented, replaced him by the prince de Polignac. In March 1830 Martignac voted with the majority for the address protesting against the famous ordinances; but during the revolution that followed he remained true to his legitimist principles. His last public appearance was in defence of Polignac in the Chamber of Peers in December 1830.

Works

 * Bordeaux au mois de Mars 1815 (1830)
 * Essai historique sur les révolutions d'Espagne et l'intervention française de 1823 (1832).


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Terrier

Terrier (from Latin terra, 'earth') is a type of dog originally bred to hunt vermin. A terrier is a dog of any one of many breeds or landraces of the terrier type, which are typically small, wiry, game, and fearless. There are five different groups of terrier, with each group having different shapes and sizes.

History

Most terrier breeds were refined from the older purpose-bred dogs.

The gameness of the early hunting terriers was exploited by using them in sporting contests. Initially, terriers competed in events such as clearing a pit of rats. The dog that was the fastest in killing all the rats won. In the eighteenth century some terriers were crossed with hounds to improve their hunting, and some with fighting dog breeds to "intensify tenacity and increase courage". Some of the crosses with fighting dogs, bull and terrier crosses, were used in the blood sport of dog-fighting. Modern pet breeds such as the Miniature Bull Terrier are listed by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) under Bull type terriers.

Today, most terriers are kept as companion dogs and family pets. They are generally loyal and affectionate to their owners.

Terrier types and groups
In the 18th century in Britain, only two types of terriers were recognized, long- and short-legged. Today, terriers are often informally categorized by size or by function.

Hunting-types are still used to find, track, or trail quarry, especially underground, and sometimes to bolt the quarry. Modern examples include the Jack Russell Terrier, the Jagdterrier, the Rat Terrier, and the Patterdale Terrier. There are also the short-legged terriers such as the Cairn Terrier, the Scottish Terrier, and the West Highland White Terrier, which were also used to kill small vermin.

The original hunting terriers include the Fell Terrier (developed in northern England to assist in the killing of foxes) and the Hunt Terrier (developed in southern England to locate, kill or bolt foxes during a traditional mounted fox hunt).

The various combinations of bulldog and terrier that were used for bull-baiting and dog-fighting in the late 19th century were later refined into separate breeds that combined both terrier and bulldog qualities. Except for the Boston Terrier, they are generally included in kennel clubs' Terrier Group. Breeders have bred modern bull-type terrier breeds, such as the Bull Terrier and Staffordshire Bull Terrier, into suitable family dogs and show terriers.

Toy terriers have been bred from larger terriers and are shown in the Toy or Companion group. Included among these breeds are the English Toy Terrier and the Yorkshire Terrier. While small, they retain true terrier character and are not submissive "lap dogs".

Other descendants of the bull and terrier types, such as the Asian Gull Terrier, are among the dogs still raised for dog-fighting.

Appearance
Terriers range greatly in appearance from very small, light bodied, smooth coated dogs such as the English Toy Terrier (Black and Tan), which weighs as little as 6 lb, to the very large rough-coated Airedale Terriers, which can be up to 56 lb or more. As of 2004, the United Kennel Club recognized a new hairless breed of terrier derived from the Rat Terrier called the American Hairless Terrier.

Kennel club classification
When competing in conformation shows, most kennel clubs including the Fédération Cynologique Internationale group pedigree terrier breeds together in their own terrier group. The Fédération Cynologique Internationale grouped Terriers in Group 3.

title: Terrier


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Neutral theory of molecular evolution

The neutral theory of molecular evolution holds that most evolutionary changes occur at the molecular level, and most of the variation within and between species are due to random genetic drift of mutant alleles that are selectively neutral. The theory applies only for evolution at the molecular level, and is compatible with phenotypic evolution being shaped by natural selection as postulated by Charles Darwin.

The neutral theory allows for the possibility that most mutations are deleterious, but holds that because these are rapidly removed by natural selection, they do not make significant contributions to variation within and between species at the molecular level. A neutral mutation is one that does not affect an organism's ability to survive and reproduce.

The neutral theory assumes that most mutations that are not deleterious are neutral rather than beneficial. Because only a fraction of gametes are sampled in each generation of a species, the neutral theory suggests that a mutant allele can arise within a population and reach fixation by chance, rather than by selective advantage.

The theory was introduced by the Japanese biologist Motoo Kimura in 1968, and independently by two American biologists Jack Lester King and Thomas Hughes Jukes in 1969, and described in detail by Kimura in his 1983 monograph The Neutral Theory of Molecular Evolution. The proposal of the neutral theory was followed by an extensive "neutralist–selectionist" controversy over the interpretation of patterns of molecular divergence and gene polymorphism, peaking in the 1970s and 1980s.

Neutral theory is frequently used as the null hypothesis, as opposed to adaptive explanations, for describing the emergence of morphological or genetic features in organisms and populations. This has been suggested in a number of areas, including in explaining genetic variation between populations of one nominal species, the emergence of complex subcellular machinery, and the convergent emergence of several typical microbial morphologies.

Origins
While some scientists, such as Freese (1962) and Freese and Yoshida (1965), had suggested that neutral mutations were probably widespread, the original mathematical derivation of the theory had been published by R.A. Fisher in 1930. Fisher, however, gave a reasoned argument for believing that, in practice, neutral gene substitutions would be very rare. A coherent theory of neutral evolution was first proposed by Motoo Kimura in 1968 and by King and Jukes independently in 1969. Kimura initially focused on differences among species; King and Jukes focused on differences within species.

Many molecular biologists and population geneticists also contributed to the development of the neutral theory. The principles of population genetics, established by J.B.S. Haldane, R.A. Fisher, and Sewall Wright, created a mathematical approach to analyzing gene frequencies that contributed to the development of Kimura's theory.

Haldane's dilemma regarding the cost of selection was used as motivation by Kimura. Haldane estimated that it takes about 300 generations for a beneficial mutation to become fixed in a mammalian lineage, meaning that the number of substitutions (1.5 per year) in the evolution between humans and chimpanzees was too high to be explained by beneficial mutations.

Functional constraint
The neutral theory holds that as functional constraint diminishes, the probability that a mutation is neutral rises, and so should the rate of sequence divergence.

When comparing various proteins, extremely high evolutionary rates were observed in proteins such as fibrinopeptides and the C chain of the proinsulin molecule, which both have little to no functionality compared to their active molecules. Kimura and Ohta also estimated that the alpha and beta chains on the surface of a hemoglobin protein evolve at a rate almost ten times faster than the inside pockets, which would imply that the overall molecular structure of hemoglobin is less significant than the inside where the iron-containing heme groups reside.

There is evidence that rates of nucleotide substitution are particularly high in the third position of a codon, where there is little functional constraint. This view is based in part on the degenerate genetic code, in which sequences of three nucleotides (codons) may differ and yet encode the same amino acid (GCC and GCA both encode alanine, for example). Consequently, many potential single-nucleotide changes are in effect "silent" or "unexpressed" (see synonymous or silent substitution). Such changes are presumed to have little or no biological effect.

Quantitative theory
Kimura also developed the infinite sites model (ISM) to provide insight into evolutionary rates of mutant alleles. If $$v$$ were to represent the rate of mutation of gametes per generation of $$N$$ individuals, each with two sets of chromosomes, the total number of new mutants in each generation is $$2Nv$$. Now let $$k$$ represent the evolution rate in terms of a mutant allele $$\mu$$ becoming fixed in a population.

 * $$k=2Nv\mu$$

According to ISM, selectively neutral mutations appear at rate $$\mu$$ in each of the $$2N$$ copies of a gene, and fix with probability $$1/(2N)$$. Because any of the $$2N$$ genes have the ability to become fixed in a population, $$1/2N$$ is equal to $$\mu$$, resulting in the rate of evolutionary rate equation:

 * $$k=v$$

This means that if all mutations were neutral, the rate at which fixed differences accumulate between divergent populations is predicted to be equal to the per-individual mutation rate, independent of population size. When the proportion of mutations that are neutral is constant, so is the divergence rate between populations. This provides a rationale for the molecular clock, which predated neutral theory. The ISM also demonstrates a constancy that is observed in molecular lineages.

This stochastic process is assumed to obey equations describing random genetic drift by means of accidents of sampling, rather than for example genetic hitchhiking of a neutral allele due to genetic linkage with non-neutral alleles. After appearing by mutation, a neutral allele may become more common within the population via genetic drift. Usually, it will be lost, or in rare cases it may become fixed, meaning that the new allele becomes standard in the population.

According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution, the amount of genetic variation within a species should be proportional to the effective population size.

The "neutralist–selectionist" debate
A heated debate arose when Kimura's theory was published, largely revolving around the relative percentages of polymorphic and fixed alleles that are "neutral" versus "non-neutral".

A genetic polymorphism means that different forms of particular genes, and hence of the proteins that they produce, are co-existing within a species. Selectionists claimed that such polymorphisms are maintained by balancing selection, while neutralists view the variation of a protein as a transient phase of molecular evolution. Studies by Richard K. Koehn and W. F. Eanes demonstrated a correlation between polymorphism and molecular weight of their molecular subunits. This is consistent with the neutral theory assumption that larger subunits should have higher rates of neutral mutation. Selectionists, on the other hand, contribute environmental conditions to be the major determinants of polymorphisms rather than structural and functional factors.

According to the neutral theory of molecular evolution, the amount of genetic variation within a species should be proportional to the effective population size. Levels of genetic diversity vary much less than census population sizes, giving rise to the "paradox of variation". While high levels of genetic diversity were one of the original arguments in favor of neutral theory, the paradox of variation has been one of the strongest arguments against neutral theory.

There are a large number of statistical methods for testing whether neutral theory is a good description of evolution (e.g., McDonald-Kreitman test ), and many authors claimed detection of selection. Some researchers have nevertheless argued that the neutral theory still stands, while expanding the definition of neutral theory to include background selection at linked sites.

Nearly neutral theory
Tomoko Ohta also emphasized the importance of nearly neutral mutations, in particularly slightly deleterious mutations. The Nearly neutral theory stems from the prediction of neutral theory that the balance between selection and genetic drift depends on effective population size. Nearly neutral mutations are those that carry selection coefficients less than the inverse of twice the effective population size. The population dynamics of nearly neutral mutations are only slightly different from those of neutral mutations unless the absolute magnitude of the selection coefficient is greater than 1/N, where N is the effective population size in respect of selection. The effective population size affects whether slightly deleterious mutations can be treated as neutral or as deleterious. In large populations, selection can decrease the frequency of slightly deleterious mutations, therefore acting as if they are deleterious. However, in small populations, genetic drift can more easily overcome selection, causing slightly deleterious mutations to act as if they are neutral and drift to fixation or loss.

Constructive neutral evolution
The groundworks for the theory of constructive neutral evolution (CNE) was laid by two papers in the 1990s. Constructive neutral evolution is a theory which suggests that complex structures and processes can emerge through neutral transitions. Although a separate theory altogether, the emphasis on neutrality as a process whereby neutral alleles are randomly fixed by genetic drift finds some inspiration from the earlier attempt by the neutral theory to invoke its importance in evolution. Conceptually, there are two components A and B (which may represent two proteins) which interact with each other. A, which performs a function for the system, does not depend on its interaction with B for its functionality, and the interaction itself may have randomly arisen in an individual with the ability to disappear without an effect on the fitness of A. This present yet currently unnecessary interaction is therefore called an "excess capacity" of the system. However, a mutation may occur which compromises the ability of A to perform its function independently. However, the A:B interaction that has already emerged sustains the capacity of A to perform its initial function. Therefore, the emergence of the A:B interaction "presuppresses" the deleterious nature of the mutation, making it a neutral change in the genome that is capable of spreading through the population via random genetic drift. Hence, A has gained a dependency on its interaction with B. In this case, the loss of B or the A:B interaction would have a negative effect on fitness and so purifying selection would eliminate individuals where this occurs. While each of these steps are individually reversible (for example, A may regain the capacity to function independently or the A:B interaction may be lost), a random sequence of mutations tends to further reduce the capacity of A to function independently and a random walk through the dependency space may very well result in a configuration in which a return to functional independence of A is far too unlikely to occur, which makes CNE a one-directional or "ratchet-like" process. CNE, which does not invoke adaptationist mechanisms for the origins of more complex systems (which involve more parts and interactions contributing to the whole), has seen application in the understanding of the evolutionary origins of the spliceosomal eukaryotic complex, RNA editing, additional ribosomal proteins beyond the core, the emergence of long-noncoding RNA from junk DNA, and so forth. In some cases, ancestral sequence reconstruction techniques have afforded the ability for experimental demonstration of some proposed examples of CNE, as in heterooligomeric ring protein complexes in some fungal lineages.

CNE has also been put forwards as the null hypothesis for explaining complex structures, and thus adaptationist explanations for the emergence of complexity must be rigorously tested on a case-by-case basis against this null hypothesis prior to acceptance. Grounds for invoking CNE as a null include that it does not presume that changes offered an adaptive benefit to the host or that they were directionally selected for, while maintaining the importance of more rigorous demonstrations of adaptation when invoked so as to avoid the excessive flaws of adaptationism criticized by Gould and Lewontin.

Empirical evidence for the neutral theory
Predictions derived from the neutral theory are generally supported in studies of molecular evolution. One of corollaries of the neutral theory is that the efficiency of positive selection is higher in populations or species with higher effective population sizes. This relationship between the effective population size and selection efficiency was evidenced by genomic studies of species including chimpanzee and human and domesticated species. In small populations (e.g., a population bottleneck during a speciation event), slightly deleterious mutations should accumulate. Data from various species supports this prediction in that the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions between species generally exceeds that within species. In addition, nucleotide and amino acid substitutions generally accumulate over time in a linear fashion, which is consistent with neutral theory. Arguments against the neutral theory cite evidence of widespread positive selection and selective sweeps in genomic data. Empirical support for the neutral theory may vary depending on the type of genomic data studied and the statistical tools used to detect positive selection. For example, Bayesian methods for the detection of selected codon sites and McDonald-Kreitman tests have been criticized for their rate of erroneous identification of positive selection.

title: Neutral theory of molecular evolution


text:
ORWO

ORWO (for ORiginal WOlfen) is a registered trademark of the company ORWO Net GmbH, based in Wolfen and is also traditionally known for black-and-white film products, made in Germany and sold under the ORWO brand.

ORWO was established in East Germany in 1964 as a brand for photographic film and magnetic tape, mainly produced at the former ORWO Filmfabrik Wolfen (now Chemical Park Bitterfeld-Wolfen). The Wolfen factory was founded by AGFA (Aktien-Gesellschaft für Anilin-Fabrikation) in 1910 and developed the first modern colour film, which incorporated colour couplers, Agfacolor Neu, in 1936.

The partition of Germany after the Second World War saw AGFA divided, into Agfa AG, Leverkusen in West Germany, and VEB Film und Chemiefaserwerk Agfa Wolfen in East Germany, which later adopted the brand ORWO. The company was privatised in 1990 as ORWO AG, but film production ceased at Wolfen in 1994 following the liquidation of the company, with its constituent parts closed or sold off. The Industry and Film museum Wolfen now occupies part of the original factory.

One of the successor companies, FilmoTec GmbH was founded in 1998 to produce high quality black and white cinema and technical films, based in Wolfen under the ORWO brand (license rights are held by the ORWO Net GmbH). Currently, the ORWOFilm range incorporates negative film for motion picture production (UN54 and N75), duplicating film, print film, sound recording film, and film leaders for the processing and distribution business.

In 2020 FilmoTec was brought under common ownership under Seal 1818 GmbH with film coating company InovisCoat GmbH, also based in Germany and with shared Agfa heritage to offer films for the film industry under the traditional brand “ORWO”.

AGFA
A color dye factory was established at the Rummelsburger See near Berlin in 1867, its name was changed to AGFA (Actien-Gesellschaft für Anilin-Fabrikation) in 1873. The Wolfen factory was established by AGFA in 1910 and its original Leverkusen works (nr. Cologne) around the same time. In 1911, the first casting plant at Wolfen for polymer films (nitrocellulose) was built by AGFA. By 1925, with AGFA now part of the industrial conglomerate I.G. Farben, Wolfen was specialising in film production and Leverkusen photographic paper. In 1932, the process of making Triacetate Cellulose (TAC) film was patented at the Wolfen facility

The Agfa Wolfen plant developed the first modern colour film, which incorporated colour couplers, Agfacolor Neu, in 1936, which simplified processing compared to its contemporary Kodak Kodachrome from 1935.

After World War II
On 20 April 1945, following the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the Wolfen plant was taken over by US forces, and important patents and other documents regarding the Agfacolor process were confiscated and handed over to Western competitors, such as Kodak and Ilford. As the plant was located in what was to become the Soviet zone of occupied Germany, the US forces then handed it over to the Soviet military administration, which dismantled large parts of the plant and moved it, with key German staff, to Svema in Shostka, Ukraine, where it formed the basis for the Soviet colour film industry.

AGFA was split into two companies each with one of the two plants: Agfa AG, Leverkusen in West Germany, and VEB Film und Chemiefaserwerk Agfa Wolfen in East Germany. Agfa AG (Leverkusen), by then a subsidiary of Bayer was subsequently merged with Gevaert based in Mortsel, Belgium in 1964 to form Agfa-Gevaert.

ORWO (VEB Film und Chemiefaserwerk)
On the last day of 1953, Agfa Wolfen was returned to the GDR by the USSR as one of the last reparations companies. At this time the company still shared the AGFA trademark with Agfa Leverkusen and both companies produced films under the AGFA brand with the same names, such as Isopan F. To distinguish them, the film edge markings were L IF for Agfa Leverkusen, and W IF for Agfa Wolfen. Trading of materials however continued between plants.

In 1953 in a trade agreement it was agreed that VEB Film und Chemiefaserwerk would have the sole rights to the AGFA brand in Eastern Europe and Agfa AG, would retain sole rights to the AGFA brand in the rest of the world. This hampered Wolfens exports and therefore after 1964 films from Wolfen were rebranded ORWO (ORiginal WOlfen)

After the formation of the Combine VEB Fotochemisches Kombinat Wolfen in 1970 the VEB ORWO Filmfabrik Wolfen became its headquarters. Founder members of the new Combine were Fotopapierwerke Dresden, Fotopapierwerke Wernigerode, Gelatinewerke Calbe, Fotochemische Werke Berlin and the Lichtpausenwerk Berlin. The now Kombinat also began developing and producing other information recording materials, such as magnetic, video and computer tapes.

ORWO-branded 35mm colour slide film became available in the United Kingdom in the 1970s through magazine advertisements for mail order suppliers. It was a cheaper alternative to the mainstream brands available at the time.

ORWO prepared the changeover from AgfaColor to C-41, similar to considerations in the USSR, but had not completed until the end of the GDR, which led to decreasing sales figures in the western countries, where the Kodak C-41 process dominated the market.

In 1989, at its peak, a total of 14,500 employees were employed at the Wolfen site, encompassing an area of 165 hectares. They produced 40 million square meters of base material, of which 50 percent was processed to raw film. There were 2,500 assemblies, producing a total of 200 different film types. The production height of magnetic recording materials was 2 million square meters, and in the chemical fibre sector, around 100,000 tons of various pulp, viscose products and special products were delivered.

Privatisation and Breakup
Following German reunification in 1990 the holding company was privatised as ORWO AG with Folienwerk Wolfen GmbH an early spin off. The Treuhand liquidated the company in 1994 and film production ceased. Attempts were made to revive the company and in 1995, Berlin-based photo merchant Heinrich Mandermann joined ORWO, and on April 1, 1996, ORWO films were put back on the market. However, they were no longer produced locally, merely assembled from products from other manufacturers such as Forte and Ilford. Due to the owners illness the company was again insolvent in 1997.

A number of separate successor companies emerged from the remnants of the former industrial behemoth; All suppliers for the optical, electrical and film industries
 * Folienwerk Wolfen GmbH founded 1991, PET films for packaging, printing, medical and industrial uses.
 * Organica Feinchemie GmbH Wolfen, founded in 1995, organic fine chemistry.
 * FEW Chemicals GmbH, founded 1997, speciality and fine chemistry.
 * Island Polymer Industries GmbH, founded 1998, Triacetate Cellulose (TAC) film production using former ORWO Wolfen facility, for photographic (film base) and optical markets, largest cast film manufacturer in Europe.
 * ORWO FilmoTec GmbH, founded 1998, Cine films and related technical films.
 * ORWO Net AG ,founded 1999, Digital photo supplies, photofinishing.

The ORWO Net GmbH retained the rights to the ORWO trademark for a variety of photographic products.

FilmoTec GmbH
The FilmoTec GmbH was formed in 1998 to continue to manufacture a range of Black and white camera and technical films for motion picture use under the ORWO brand. Film coating was contracted out, to Ilford and later InovisCoat. In 2020, twenty employees work in the areas of research, development, production, configuration, and distribution of ORWO black and white films.

Products are particularly aimed towards the technical needs of the world's archiving, motion picture, and holographic industries. FilmoTec is, with Kodak, now one of only two companies still producing black and white films for motion picture use.

In partnership with ORWO North America, ORWO film currently supplies all US Library of Congress black and white industrial films, in addition to high-profile archival clients like the Smithsonian and MOMA. For example, black-and-white movies that have been selected by the US Library of Congress for archival copy preservation in the last five years have been most likely reprocessed onto ORWO film.

The ORWO family
In 2020 FilmoTec was brought under common ownership with film coating company InovisCoat, based in Monheim am Rhein, Germany to offer products for the film industry under the traditional brand “ORWO”, both companies sharing AGFA heritage. In particular the new ownership structure with Filmotec and InovisCoat together with a number of other companies unites the ORWO brand, its Intellectual Property, Recipes and Research & Development with film manufacturing capabilities for the first time since ORWO AGs liquidation in 1994.

InovisCoat was founded by former employees of the consumer film division of Agfa-Gevaert, with its film coating plant based at Leverkusen, Germany which was spun off into a new company Agfa-Photo in 2004. The company (Agfa-Photo GmbH) folded a year later in 2005, although a separate holding company still retains the license rights to the Agfa-Photo brand. InovisCoat brought together technical expertise in film emulsions and coating with acquisition of one of the former Leverkusen wide coating machines for film production, and a smaller narrow coating machine for testing, relocated to new premises in Monnheim on Rhein, the new smaller scale facility capable of multi-layer film coating for both photographic and other applications. It undertakes the manufacture of coated films for a number of companies including Polaroid B.V., Adox, Bergger, Lomography and more recently ORWO Filmotec.

The companies being brought together under the ORWO name; holding company Seal 1818 GmbH, FilmoTec GmbH and InovisCoat GmbH underwent an organised restructure in 2022, to enable the introduction of new working practices and products, which due to legacy issues would otherwise prevent the company being able to quickly launch new products under the licensed ORWO name and Logo. The ORWO Net GmbH is holding all brand rights and they sell personalized photo products under the brand ORWO.

Filmotec announced the introduction of two new films to the market in 2022, a new black & white film for still camera use (expected April 2022) and a new colour cine film stock using ECN-2 development process (expected July 2022), which would provide cinematographers with an alternative to the Kodak vision 3 colour camera stocks.

Black & white camera film

 * UN54, Universal Negative Film 100 ISO, Panchromatic medium speed black-and-white negative camera film for both outdoor and indoor usage. Formats: 16mm/35mm,  122m/400ft (16mm/35mm) on core and 305m/1000ft on core (35mm).
 * N75, Negative film 400 ISO, High speed black-and-white panchromatic camera film for both outdoor and indoor usage. Formats: 16mm/35mm, 30.5m/100ft, 122m/400ft (16mm/35mm) on core and 305m/1000ft on core (35mm).

Their motion picture camera films UN54 and N75 are also widely re-packaged by third parties as still camera film.

Colour Camera film

 * NC500, 400 ASA, Colour film. Formats: 16mm (100ft & 400ft) & 35mm (400ft, 1000ft, 2000ft)

Other products

 * Laboratory films
 * Duplicating films
 * Sound Recording Film
 * Holographic films
 * Leader films
 * Special films

Discontinued Products

 * Still camera film
 * Magnetic tape

Wolfen Industrial and Film Museum
The Industrie- und Filmmuseum Wolfen provides a permanent exhibition about the history of the Filmfabrik Wolfen and the ORWO products.

title: ORWO


text:
Jean Philibert Damiron

Jean-Philibert Damiron (10 January 1794 – 11 January 1862) was a French philosopher.

Biography
Damiron was born at Belleville. At nineteen he entered the École Normale, where he studied under Eugène Burnouf, Abel-Francois Villemain, and Victor Cousin. After teaching for several years in provincial towns, he came to Paris, where he lectured on philosophy in various institutions, and finally became professor in the normal school, and titular professor at the Sorbonne. In 1824 he joined Paul-François Dubois and Théodore Simon Jouffroy in establishing Le Globe; and he was also a member of the committee of the society which took for its motto Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera. In 1833 he was appointed chevalier of the Legion of Honour, and in 1836 member of the Academy of Moral Sciences. Damiron died in Paris.

Works
Damiron works are known for his accounts of French philosophers:
 * Nouveaux mélanges philosophiques de Jouffroy (1842), one edition contained a notice of the author, in which Damiron softened and omitted several expressions used by Jouffroy, which were opposed to the system of education adopted by the Sorbonne.
 * De la mutilation des manuscrits de M. Jouffroy (1843), an article which gave rise to a bitter controversy, and to a book by Pierre Leroux,.
 * Essai sur l'histoire de la philosophie en France au XIXe siècle (1828, 3rd ed. 1834)
 * Essai sur l'histoire de la philosophie en France au XVIIe siècle (1846)
 * Mémoires a servir pour l'histoire de la philosophie en France au XVIIIe siècle (1858-1864)
 * Cours de la philosophie
 * De la Providence (1849, 1850)

title: Jean Philibert Damiron


text:
User talk:GYU

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

Dilberito
Another editor has added the "prod" template to the article Dilberito, suggesting that it be deleted according to the proposed deletion process. All contributions are appreciated, but the editor doesn't believe it satisfies Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion, and has explained why in the article (see also What Wikipedia is not and Notability). Please either work to improve the article if the topic is worthy of inclusion in Wikipedia or discuss the relevant issues at its talk page. If you remove the prod template, the article will not be deleted, but note that it may still be sent to Articles for deletion, where it may be deleted if consensus to delete is reached. BJBot (talk) 20:59, 30 December 2007 (UTC)

title: User talk:GYU


text: User:Engelsepiet

title: User:Engelsepiet


text:
User talk:Engelsepiet

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

title: User talk:Engelsepiet


text:
User talk:Elliot100

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

Norwood Road
Do you know where Norwood Road is ??? Alec - U.K. 20:28, 7 November 2006 (UTC)

Yes, why? Elliot100 15:02, 8 November 2006 (UTC)

title: User talk:Elliot100


title: User:Elliot100


text:
User:DavidWBrooks

I am a newspaper reporter in New Hampshire. (I am not the NY Times' David Brooks.) I came to Wikipedia in January 2003, following a media storm when it hit 100,000 articles. I became an administrator in 2004, when not much was required to become an administrator.

title: User:DavidWBrooks


text: User:TXTad

title: User:TXTad


text:
User talk:TXTad

Wikiproject Firearms
Welcome to the WikiProject Firearms. I hope you enjoy being a member.--LWF 14:57, 3 November 2007 (UTC)

Welcome!

Hello,, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions. I hope you like the place and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your messages on discussion pages using four tildes ( ~ ); this will automatically insert your username and the date. If you need help, check out Questions, ask me on, or ask your question on this page and then place  before the question. Again, welcome! Arthur 21:18, 3 November 2007 (UTC)
 * The five pillars of Wikipedia
 * Tutorial
 * How to edit a page
 * How to write a great article
 * Manual of Style

A tag has been placed on Prvi Partizan requesting that it be speedily deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done because the article appears to be about a person, group of people, band, club, company, or web content, but it does not indicate how or why the subject is notable: that is, why an article about that subject should be included in an encyclopedia. Under the criteria for speedy deletion, articles that do not assert the subject's importance or significance may be deleted at any time. Please see the guidelines for what is generally accepted as notable.

If you think that you can assert the notability of the subject, you may contest the deletion by adding  to the top of the page (just below the existing speedy deletion or "db" tag), coupled with adding a note on the article's talk page explaining your position, but be aware that once tagged for speedy deletion, if the article meets the criterion it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag yourself, but don't hesitate to add information to the article that would confirm the subject's notability under Wikipedia guidelines.

For guidelines on specific types of articles, you may want to check out our criteria for biographies, for web sites, for bands, or for companies. Feel free to leave a note on my talk page if you have any questions about this. Bielle (talk) 06:31, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

I didn't see anywhere that there was anything distinctive about this company. Bielle (talk) 06:31, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * Copied from Bielle's talk page:
 * As I recall, there was no claim for notability in the article itself, was there? However, it appears I did two things wrong that combined, unsurprisingly, to give a incorrect result. First, I didn't do a Wiki search for what else linked to it, and second, instead of copyng the name and pasting it into Google, I typed it and, as I got no hits, I obviously mistyped. It was late; I was tired; and none of that is any excuse whatsoever. I do apologise and will haste to undo whatever I can. Thanks for your polite note; it may be more than I deserved for this one. Again, I apologise. Bielle (talk) 17:35, 20 November 2007 (UTC) I did try and retrieve my mistake, only to find that an admin had agreed with my initial assessment. In that there were no claims in the article itself, I guess my "mistake" was a little more understandable. I thought I had totally lost it. Did you put a "hangon" on it? I will try and find an admin who can restore the article to a sandbox page so that you can enter the missing claims for notability. (The admin who did the delete is only on intermittently, as you may have noticed on his/her talk page.) I will copy this to your talk page from mine, and will continue any dialogue there. Bielle (talk) 17:47, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Bielle"

 * I was just about to put a note on the deleting admin's talk page to ask to have the text restored to your sandbox where you can insert the notability material. It is often hard to recognoze a "legitimate stub" when there are no claims in the article itself. (For example, I am seeing on NewPges articles that start with a "hangon" as if that somehow legitimazes them -and this before anyone has even looked at the text.} If this doesn't work, then I will ask another admin.  The text wasn't long, as I recall. Perhaps you have it stored somewhere else? Bielle (talk) 18:10, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * No, I hadn't made any claims about notability on it. I was expecting that having links from other pages would be enough to hold it for a while. That and there were several other company articles that I looked to for examples that had no more content yet have been around for quite a while. Is it really necessary that pages that aren't vandalism, offensive or gibberish are deleted so quickly? Tad Marko (talk) 18:17, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * "Notability" is a central concept in determining a speedy, especially about a person or a company. Otherwise, every mom-and-pop store, every teenager with a crush, would get to stay, as long as the text was well written. As for what gets overlooked, I am sure you have seen WP:OTHERCRAPEXISTS, and know that it is no basis for an argument. You do need to say why the subject of your article is worthy of an encyclopedia, if it isn't obvious to a non-specialist reader. Even if almost no one believes you, you wouldn't be speedied if you make a claim. I am sure we can shortcut the process to retrieve your text. Is the 24 hours critical? I can always ask another admin if we don't have a response by tonight, for example. (I am on Eastern Standard time at the moment, an hour ahead of you, I think.)  Bielle (talk) 18:24, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

 * See User_talk:Jmlk17. I assume that means he/she will put the text in your sandbox somewhere. Please let me know what happpens next, either here or on my page. Thanks and apologies again. Bielle (talk) 18:30, 20 November 2007 (UTC)

7.65x53 Belgian Mauser
Thanks very much for pointing out the error- you're absolutely right, it was simply a typo on my part. Thanks also for requesting the move- hopefully it will get sorted out shortly! :-) --Commander Zulu 04:18, 2 December 2007 (UTC)

M-1 Carbine Article
The M1 carbine article is currently on lock down. An administrator has requested some discussion from memeber of the Firearms Wikiproject. Can you take a look?Sf46 (talk) 19:48, 6 January 2008 (UTC)

title: User talk:TXTad


text:
User:CliffTaylor

I'm a newcomer to Wikipedia, but I'm already crazy about it. I love the idea of being able (and free) to contribute my small effort to the expansion of knowledge without having to go through a gauntlet of critics aand editors before the fact.

I've already boldly corrected a few errors and even added some graphic illustrations to an article or two. Now I'm trying to get my granddaughters to contribute some of their vast knowledge of equestrian sports to Wiki, since we found very little there when we looked.

I'm an old guy, 70 or so, but love new stuff, and this is the greatest.

Here's my best friend, Honey

title: User:CliffTaylor


text: User:Gepotto

title: User:Gepotto


text:
User talk:Gepotto

Hello and Welcome! I hope you like the place. --mav

title: User talk:Gepotto