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Eurovision Song Contest 1993

The Eurovision Song Contest 1993 was the 38th edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 15 May 1993 at the Green Glens Arena in Millstreet, Ireland. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ), and presented by Fionnuala Sweeney, the contest was held in Ireland following the country's victory at the with the song "Why Me?" performed by Linda Martin.

Twenty-five countries participated in the contest, the largest yet held. Twenty-two of the twenty-three countries that had participated in the previous year's event returned, with prevented from competing following the closure of its national broadcaster and the placement of sanctions against the country as a response to the Yugoslav Wars. In response to an increased interest in participation from former Eastern Bloc countries following the collapse of communist regimes, three spaces in the event were allocated to first-time participating countries, which would be determined through a qualifying competition. Held in April 1993 in Ljubljana, Slovenia, Kvalifikacija za Millstreet featured entries from seven countries and resulted in the entries from the former Yugoslav republics of, and  progressing to the contest in Millstreet.

For the second year in a row, the winner was with the song "In Your Eyes", written by Jimmy Walsh and performed by Niamh Kavanagh. The, , , and completed the top five, with the United Kingdom achieving their second consecutive runner-up placing. Ireland achieved their fifth victory in the contest, matching the overall record held by France and, and joined , Luxembourg and as countries with wins in successive contests.

Location
The 1993 contest took place in Millstreet, Ireland, following the country's victory at the with the song "Why Me?", performed by Linda Martin. It was the fourth time that Ireland had hosted the contest, having previously staged the event in, and , with all previous events held in the country's capital city Dublin.

The Green Glens Arena, an indoor arena used primarily for equestrian events, was chosen as the contest venue, with its owner Noel C Duggan offering the use of the venue for free, as well as pledging a further 200000 IEP from local businesses for the staging of the event. Individuals within RTÉ, including the organisation's Director-General Joe Barry, were interested in staging the event outside of Dublin for the first time, and alongside Dublin RTÉ production teams scouted locations in rural Ireland in the months following Ireland's win. Although the contest had previously been held in smaller towns, such as Harrogate, an English town of 70,000 people which staged the, with a population of 1,500, Millstreet became the smallest settlement to stage the event at that time and continues to hold the record. The arena would have an audience of around 3,500 during the contest. The choice of Millstreet and the Green Glens Arena to stage the contest was met with some ridicule, with BBC journalist Nicholas Witchell referring to the venue as a "cowshed", however Millstreet had won out over more conventional locations, including Dublin and Galway, due to the facilities available in the Green Glens Arena and the town's local community which were hugely enthusiastic about the event being staged in their area.

Due to the small size of Millstreet, delegations were primarily based in surrounding settlements, including Killarney and other towns in counties Cork and Kerry. Alongside Millstreet itself, Killarney and Cork City held receptions for the competing delegates during the week of the contest, at the Great Southern Hotel in Killarney and Cork's City Hall, the latter hosted by the Minister for Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht.

Participating countries
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Eurovision Song Contest regularly featured over twenty participating countries in each edition, and by 1992 an increasing number of countries had begun expressing an interest in joining the event for the first time. This came as a result of revolutions among many European countries that led to the fall of communist regimes and the formation of liberal democratic government among existing states and newly sovereign countries formed from entities within the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. In an effort to incorporate these new countries into the contest, the contest organisers the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) raised the maximum number of participating countries to twenty-five – the highest number yet seen in the contest – creating space for three new countries to participate alongside twenty-two of the twenty-three countries that had participated in the. – which had participated in the contest since – was unable to participate as its EBU member broadcaster Jugoslovenska radio-televizija (JRT) was disbanded in 1992 and its successor organisations Radio-televizija Srbije (RTS) and Radio-televizija Crne Gore (RTCG) were barred from joining the EBU due to sanctions against the country as part of the Yugoslav Wars.

As a temporary solution for the 1993 contest, a qualifying round was organised to determine the three countries which participate in the final for the first time. Subsequently, for the, a relegation system was introduced which would bar the lowest-scoring countries from participating in the following year's event. At the running order draw, held in December 1992 at the National Concert Hall in Dublin and hosted by Pat Kenny and Linda Martin, the three new countries were represented as Countries A, B and C, corresponding with the countries that placed first, second and third in the qualifying competition respectively. Entitled Kvalifikacija za Millstreet, the qualifying round took place on 3 April 1993 in Ljubljana, Slovenia. Initially broadcasters in as many as fourteen countries registered an interest in competing in the event, however only seven countries eventually submitted entries, representing, , , , , and. Ultimately the entries from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia were chosen to progress to the contest proper in Millstreet; as constituent republics of SFR Yugoslavia, representatives from all three countries had previously competed in the contest.

A number of artists who had previously participated in the contest were featured among the performers at this event, either as the main performing artist or as backing performers: Tony Wegas represented for a second consecutive year, and among his backing performers was Gary Lux, who had previously represented Austria in the contest on three occasions, as a member of the group Westend in  and as a solo artist in  and ; Katri Helena made a second contest appearance for, having previously competed in ; 's Tommy Seebach, having previously competed in 1979 as a solo artist and in  alongside Debbie Cameron, competed in the 1993 contest as part of the Seebach Band; and Humphrey Campbell, who had represented the  in the previous year's event, returned as a backing singer for the Dutch entrant Ruth Jacott.

Production and format
The Eurovision Song Contest 1993 was produced by the Irish public broadcaster Radio Telefís Éireann (RTÉ). Liam Miller served as executive producer, Kevin Linehan served as producer, Anita Notaro served as director, Alan Farquharson served as designer, and Noel Kelehan served as musical director, leading the RTÉ Concert Orchestra. A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor.

Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented. A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance, and all participants were required to have reached the age of 16 in the year of the contest. Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks; however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.

The results of the 1993 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in : each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry. The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, which was required to be split evenly between members of the public and music professionals, between men and women, and by age. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing.

The 1993 contest was at the time the largest outside broadcast production ever undertaken by RTÉ, and the broadcaster was reported to have spent over 2200000 IEP on producing the event. In order to stage the event Millstreet and the Green Glens Arena underwent major infrastructure improvements, which were led by local groups and individuals. The floor area within the arena had to be dug out in order to create additional height to facilitate the stage and equipment, extra phone lines had to be installed, and the town's railway line and station required an extension at an extra cost of over 1000000 IEP.

The stage design for the Millstreet contest featured the largest stage yet constructed for the event, covering 2,500ft² (232m²) of translucent material which was illuminated from below by lighting strips. A mirror image of the triangular shaped stage was suspended from above, and a slanted background created a distorted perspective for the viewer. A hidden doorway featured in the centre of the stage, which was used by the presenter at the beginning of the show, and by the winning artist as they re-entered the arena following the broadcast. The contest logo, which was publicly presented in February 1993, was designed by Conor Cassidy and was adapted from aspects of the coat of arms of County Cork.

Rehearsals for the participating artists began on 10 May 1993. Two technical rehearsals were conducted for each participating delegation in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals were held on 10 and 11 May, consisting of a 15-minute stage-call for the setting up of the stage with instruments and equipment and to brief the orchestra, followed by a 25-minute rehearsal, with the second rehearsals held on 12 and 13 May comprising a 10-minute stage call and 20-minute rehearsal. Following each first rehearsal, there was an opportunity for delegates to review their rehearsals on video monitors, as well as to take part in a 25-minute press conference. Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, two held in the afternoon and evening of 14 May and one final rehearsal in the afternoon of 15 May. An audience was present for the second dress rehearsal on the evening of 12 May, which was highly attended by the local population of Millstreet.

Contest overview
The contest took place on 15 May 1993 at 20:00 (IST) and lasted 3 hours and 1 minute. The show was presented by the Irish journalist Fionnuala Sweeney.

The contest was opened by an animated sequence designed by Gary Keenan and inspired by Celtic mythology, set to Irish traditional music by composers Ronan Johnston and Shea Fitzgerald and featuring uilleann pipes player Davy Spillane. The interval act comprised performances by previous Eurovision winners Linda Martin, reprising her winning song from the "Why Me?", and Johnny Logan, performing the song "Voices (Are Calling)" with choirs from the Cork School of Music and local children of Millstreet. The trophy awarded to the winners was crafted by Waterford Crystal and was presented by Linda Martin.

The winner was represented by the song "In Your Eyes", written by Jimmy Walsh and performed by Niamh Kavanagh. This marked Ireland's fifth contest win, putting them level with and  for the country with the most wins, and its second win in a row, matching the same feat previously achieved by  ( and ), Luxembourg ( and ) and  ( and ). } The finished in second place for the second year in a row, and for a record-extending fourteenth time overall.

Spokespersons
Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. Known spokespersons at the 1993 contest are listed below.

 * – Olivier Minne
 * – Eileen Dunne
 * – Kevin Drake
 * – Gösta Hanson
 * – Ömer Önder
 * – Colin Berry

Detailed voting results
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries. The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. However, due to a technical problem with the telephone connection, Malta, which had been scheduled to be the eighth country to vote, was passed over and instead voted last. The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.

12 points
The below table summarises how the maximum 12 points were awarded from one country to another. The winning country is shown in bold. Ireland received the maximum score of 12 points from seven of the voting countries, with the United Kingdom receiving four sets of 12 points, Norway and Switzerland receiving three sets of maximum scores each, France and Portugal two sets each, and Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Greece and the Netherlands each receiving one maximum score.

Broadcasts
Each participating broadcaster was required to relay the contest via its networks. Non-participating EBU member broadcasters were also able to relay the contest as "passive participants". Broadcasters were able to send commentators to provide coverage of the contest in their own native language and to relay information about the artists and songs to their television viewers. Known details on the broadcasts in each country, including the specific broadcasting stations and commentators are shown in the tables below.

title: Eurovision Song Contest 1993


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Talk:Courtesy name

Translations
Can we have some translations to show meaning of given names and the reference to them in the zi?

 * I've given an example in the article. To see more literal meaning of the characters, you can enter the character in a Chinese-English dictionary. Choose "Head Char." option on top of that page to see a character's full defintion. But you should be warned that not all Chinese characters have a literal meaning. Some are just proper nouns. Moreover, often there are several meanings to a character, it can therefore be unclear sometimes, even to native Chinese speaker that, which definition the namer meant. --Menchi 07:20 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

External Link I think the external link "Introduction to Chinese Names" should be deleted - it looks pretty commercial, and gives no more information than the "See Also" wikipedia link. Haven't done it myself since it's been there for so long - maybe there is a reason? 80.141.230.100 01:13, 30 December 2006 (UTC)

 * Agreed the link should be removed. There's so much more to a Chinese given name than a simple phonetic transliteration, which is what the site has done. Athanor (talk) 20:24, 28 December 2009 (UTC)

Join Characters in Zi

Should we join the characters of a multi-character zi, as per Library of Congress guideline? See also Talk:Transcription of Chinese. --Menchi 09:29 Feb 19, 2003 (UTC)

 * go for it --User:kt2

Style vs. Style Name
Can the person who recently moved it from [Courtesy name] to [Style name] justify the move? I have never heard of "style name", just simply "style". I realize that the original intro that I myself wrote was ambiguous in saying: "...sometimes as style or courtesy name". But believe me, I did not mean it as "...sometimes as "style name" and sometimes as "courtesy name". --Menchi 01:55, 14 May 2005 (UTC)

Martial Name
Many pre-mao Chinese martial artists went by several names, which i've heard referred to as martial names, which where given to them by their sifu, are these the same as zi?

How much are they used?

 * The tradition of using style names has been fading away since the May Fourth Movement.

Would be useful to have some sense of how much it has faded. Do 1% of people get one these days? 10%? Are there particular regions of China where it remains popular? Tempshill 17:10, 31 August 2007 (UTC)

In fact,the style names are not used by 99.9% of modern Chinese people. There are no particular regions of China where it remains popular. --61.190.88.142 (talk) 13:59, 2 January 2009 (UTC)

Today, Chinese scholars may have 子 or 号.KJ (talk) 18:28, 12 March 2009 (UTC)

To be honest, the article should stress that the taking of a courtesy name in China has become so obsolete that it is almost acceptable to call it a lost tradition. Also, most scholars and writers don't follow the old traditions. They take all sorts of different pen names. The Average Wikipedian (talk) 14:50, 2 March 2015 (UTC)

QASIM BUTT
QASIM &NISHA —Preceding unsigned comment added by 116.71.175.26 (talk) 04:48, 23 July 2008 (UTC)

"Famous"
What criteria should be used to determine if someone is "famous" enough to have their style name included among the examples? I see that an earlier version of this article stopped the list at Yue Fei. I respect the inclusion of everyone up to this point, as these are major historical figures that have been immortalized in literary, historical, or political texts. But are the 20th-century figures listed below Yue Fei recognizable enough to an English reader for inclusion in this article? I would guess that most Anglophone readers of this article would surely recognize the given names of most--if not all--of the figures listed from Laozi to Yue Fei; the others, however, would likely be much more obscure, with readers recognizing neither their given nor style names. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 75.119.5.232 (talk) 11:19, 15 September 2011 (UTC)

 * Agreed. I went ahead and removed the less famous names. --Zanhe (talk) 01:39, 4 December 2011 (UTC)

Family school
In the lede are cited "family schools teachers" but I couldn't find any information on them. Does anyone know what are/were them in China? Thanks. --Dia^ (talk) 09:08, 12 October 2012 (UTC)

Requested move 21 August 2013

 * The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

The result of the proposal was moved. --BDD (talk) 17:45, 28 August 2013 (UTC)

Chinese style name → Courtesy name – Per WP:COMMONNAME. According to Google ngram, the term "Chinese style name" is never used in any source. And it disregards the fact that these names were widely used in several Asian countries besides China. A less common translation is "style name", but Google results for that term are mostly unrelated to the topic. Encyclopedia Britannica uses "courtesy name" exclusively and does not use "Chinese style name" or "style name" at all. As early as 2005, the creator of this article objected to the undiscussed move to the current title (see thread above), but for some reason nothing was done to revert it. Zanhe (talk) 21:34, 21 August 2013 (UTC)

Survey

 * Feel free to state your position on the renaming proposal by beginning a new line in this section with  or  , then sign your comment with  . Since polling is not a substitute for discussion, please explain your reasons, taking into account Wikipedia's policy on article titles.

 * Support per both nom's main reasons. In ictu oculi (talk) 03:09, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * [Mild] Support. Thanks for the searches. I know I've used our house term on plenty of pages but, if it's not being used in current English scholarship, sure we should fix our mistake. Better late than never. — Llywelyn II   09:15, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Having looked through your work, you were cherry picking your terms quite a bit. If this page were covering only Chinese courtesy names, there's nothing wrong using the disambiguating adjective even if it might be obscure in texts which take their national focus for granted. And if we're cherry picking terms... The real data doesn't support the move 4k-odd (but really 3k + lots of extras) to 12k-odd (but really 300 all on point) and 880 (solid) to 806 (solid). Still, it's close enough to fudge and I like "courtesy name" more in the absence of a Sinologist coming by to explain why the term has fallen out of favor. —  Llywelyn II   09:43, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Please do a bit more research before accusing me of cherry picking the terms. As I mentioned in the nom, Google results for "style name" are overwhelmingly false hits, which is why I didn't use that term in ngram. A simple google books search reveals that the vast majority of "style name" matches are about HTML and XML style names, which explains why there has been a huge spike of its use in Google ngram since the late 80s and early 90s, when people began to use the web. Before the results became skewed by the emergence of HTML and XML, "courtesy name" was far more common than "style name". -Zanhe (talk) 16:43, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. I would have moved it a while ago if it wasn't for technical reasons. --Cold Season (talk) 15:25, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * Oppose. This article is a simple stub, without any references. It is not legitimate to decide such a change here, since this would imply changes in a HUGE number of articles related to China/Japan/Korea/Vietnam etc. Anyway, if you want to provide a redirect as 'Korean style name' and all the others than can look as politically correct ... why not. Pldx1 (talk) 16:13, 22 August 2013 (UTC)
 * No change is required for any other article if this one is renamed, as the current title will become a redirect. Already a large number of articles link to courtesy name despite that being currently a redirect. Also, the move proposal is mainly about WP:COMMONNAME, not political correctness. -Zanhe (talk) 17:03, 22 August 2013 (UTC)

 * Support per nom. In addition, the current title artificially limits the topic to China and could be ambiguous (vis-à-vis "Chinese-style name, i.e. Chinese name).  —  AjaxSmack   05:53, 25 August 2013 (UTC)

Discussion

 * Any additional comments:

 * Anybody want to tackle art name?
 * That seems to be the correct term - . What would you change it to? Johnbod (talk) 20:37, 27 August 2013 (UTC)
 * The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.

Relationship between zì and míng
Could someone with knowledge of Chinese please take a look at the sentence 'The relation which often exists between a person's zì and míng may be seen in the case of Chiang Kai-shek (蔣介石), whose ming was Zhōngzhèng (中正，Romanized as Chung-cheng) and zi was Jieshi（介石，Romanized as Kai-shek）.'?

I appreciate that it may not be straightforward to explain the relationship in English but I think it would be useful if some attempt was made. -- Boreas74  You'll catch more flies with honey 13:15, 12 May 2016 (UTC)

license: Creative Commons - Attribution Share-Alike - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

title: Talk:Courtesy name


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Charles, Duc de Morny

Charles Auguste Louis Joseph de Morny, 1st Duc de Morny (15/16 September 1811 – 10 March 1865) was a French statesman.

Biography
Morny was born in Switzerland, and was the extra-marital son of Hortense de Beauharnais (the wife of Louis Bonaparte and queen of Holland) and Charles Joseph, Comte de Flahaut, making him half-brother of Emperor Napoleon III and grandson of Talleyrand. His birth was duly registered in a misleading certificate, which made him the legitimate son of Auguste Jean Hyacinthe Demorny, and born in Paris on 23 October 1811, and described as a landowner of Saint-Domingue. M. Demorny was in fact an officer in the Prussian army and a native of St. Domingue (Modern day Haiti), though he owned no land there or elsewhere.

Morny was educated by his grandmother, Adelaïde Filleul. After a brilliant school and college career the future duc de Morny received a commission in the army, and the next year he entered the staff college. The comte de Morny, as he was called by a polite fiction, served in Algeria in 1834–1835 (during the French conquest of Algeria) as aide-de-camp to General Camille Alphonse Trezel, whose life he saved under the walls of Constantine.

When Morny returned to Paris in 1838, he secured a solid position in the business world by establishing a major beet-sugar industry at Clermont-Ferrand in the Auvergne and by writing a pamphlet Sur la question des sucres in 1838. In these and other lucrative speculations he was helped by his mistress Françoise Mosselman, the beautiful and wealthy wife of the Belgian ambassador, Charles Aimé Joseph Le Hon, Comte Le Hon. Eventually there were few great commercial enterprises in Paris in which he did not have an interest.

Although Morny sat as deputy for Clermont-Ferrand from 1842 onwards, he took at first no important part in party politics, but he was heard with respect on industrial and financial questions. He supported the government of Louis Philippe, because revolution threatened his commercial interests, but before the Revolutions of 1848, by which he was temporarily ruined, he considered converting to the Bourbon legitimist cause represented by the Comte de Chambord. His attitude was expressed by the witticism with which he is said to have replied to a lady who asked what he would do if the Chamber were "swept out." "Range myself on the side of the broom handle," was his answer. Presently he was admitted to the intimate circle of his half-brother Louis Napoleon, and he helped to engineer the coup d'état of 2 December 1851 on the morrow of which he was appointed to head the ministry of the interior.

After six months in office, during which Morny showed his political opponents moderation and tact, he resigned his portfolio, ostensibly because he disapproved of the confiscation of the Bourbon-Orléans property but really because Napoleon, influenced by Morny's rivals, resented his claim to a foremost place in the government as a member of the House of Bonaparte. He then resumed his financial speculations. When in 1854 the Emperor appointed him president of the Corps Législatif, a position which he filled for the rest of his life, he used his official rank to assist his schemes.

In 1856, Morny was sent as special envoy to the coronation of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and brought home a wife, Princess Sophie Troubetzkoi, who through her connections greatly strengthened his social position. Sophie was legally daughter of Prince Sergey Vasilyevich Trubetskoy, but may have been the illegitimate daughter of Nicholas I of Russia. In 1862, Morny was created a Duke. It is said that he aspired to the throne of Mexico, and that the French expedition sent to place Archduke Maximilian on the throne was prompted by Napoleon III's desire to thwart this ambition.

In spite of occasional disagreements, Morny's influence with the emperor remained great, and the liberal policies which he advocated enabled him to serve the imperial cause through his influence with the leaders of the opposition, the most conspicuous of whom, Émile Ollivier, was detached from his colleagues by Morny's efforts. But while he was laying the foundations of the "Liberal Empire" his health deteriorated and was further injured by quack medicines. The emperor and the empress visited him just before his death in Paris on 10 March 1865.

Morny's valuable collection of pictures, including Jean-Honoré Fragonard's The Swing, was sold after his death. In spite of his undoubted wit and social gifts, Morny failed to secure the distinction he desired as a dramatist, and none of his pieces, which appeared under the pseudonym of M. de St Rémy, including Sur la grande route, M. Choufleuri restera chez lui le . . ., and the Les finesses du mari, among others, met with success on the stage.

M. de Chenneviėres, the director of the Beaux-Arts, admired Morny's taste in pictures as well as the man himself. Charles de Morny was, he opined,"the most perfectly polite, the most elegant, the best bred man of his time".

Thoroughbred horse racing
Morny played an important role in the development of the thoroughbred horse racing and breeding industry in France. In 1860, he purchased the English Triple Crown champion West Australian and brought him to France for breeding purposes. In 1862 Morny built the Deauville-La Touques Race Course near Deauville. The Prix Morny is named in his honour.

Family
He had married at Saint Petersburg on 7 January 1857, Princess Sofia Sergeyevna Trubetskaya (Moscow, 25 March 1836 – 8 August 1898), the only daughter of Prince Sergey Vasilyevich Trubetskoy (1814 – 12 May (30 April Old Style), 1859) and his wife Ekaterina Petrovna Mussina-Pushkina (1 February 1816 – c. 1897). Their children included:
 * Marie Eugenie de Morny (1857–1883), who married a Spanish noble, José Ramón Gil Francisco de Borja Nicolás Osório y de Heredia, 9th Conde de La Corzana (1854–1919), in 1877 in Madrid, and had a son:
 * José Osorio y de Morny (Madrid, 1878 – Madrid, 1905). He married María de la Purificación Dorticos-Marín y León, Marquesa de Marín (1878–1928), in 1902 in Madrid. He had children.
 * Auguste Charles Louis Valentin de Morny (1859–1920), who succeeded his father as the 2nd Duc de Morny. He married Carlota de Guzmán-Blanco y de Ybarra (Caracas, 1869 – Courbevoie, 1939) in 1886 in Paris and had three children:
 * Auguste de Morny, 3rd Duc de Morny (1889–1935), unmarried and without issue.
 * Antoine de Morny, 4th Duc de Morny (1896–1943), unmarried and without issue.
 * Anna Teresa de Morny (1890–1924), unmarried and without issue.
 * Serge de Morny (1861–1922), who died unmarried and without issue.
 * Sophie Mathilde (Missy) de Morny (1863–1944), who married Jacques Godart, 6th Marquis de Belbeuf (1850–1906) in 1881 in Madrid and divorced him in 1903; without issue.
 * Serge de Morny (1861–1922), who died unmarried and without issue.
 * Sophie Mathilde (Missy) de Morny (1863–1944), who married Jacques Godart, 6th Marquis de Belbeuf (1850–1906) in 1881 in Madrid and divorced him in 1903; without issue.

He also had an illegitimate daughter by Fanny Mosselman, who was referred by Balzac.
 * Louise le Hon (ca. 1840-1931) married the Polish prince Stanislas-Auguste Poniatowski, of the Royal House of Poniatowski, and had children. Louise has living descendants.

Theatrical interests
De Morny was influential in the early career of Sarah Bernhardt, who played for Alexander Dumas and Victor Hugo. In her autobiography, My Double Life, Bernhardt recounts that at a family conference which de Morny attended as a family friend, the purpose of which was to determine what Bernhardt was to do with her future life, de Morny suggested that she be sent to the Conservatoire. The family took him up on the suggestion and her life turned to the theatre.

title: Charles, Duc de Morny


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Jesica Santillan

Jesica Santillan (December 26, 1985 – February 22, 2003) was a Mexican national who died after an organ transplant operation in which she received the heart and lungs of a patient whose blood type did not match hers. Doctors at the Duke University Medical Center failed to check the compatibility before surgery began.

Jesica, two siblings, her mother Magdelena Santillan and her mother's boyfriend Melecio Huerta illegally entered the United States from Tamazula, Mexico, a town 275 miles west of Mexico City, so that she could receive medical treatment. Relatives have stated that the family paid a coyote to get them across the border. During the journey, thieves stole all of the family's money, including Jesica's earrings. The family settled in Durham, North Carolina near Duke University Hospital and successfully raised money for the transplant operation with the help of Mack Mahoney, a local businessman.

Operation
Jesica, whose blood was type O-positive, had a heart condition (restrictive cardiomyopathy and secondary nonreactive pulmonary hypertension), that resulted in reduced blood perfusion in her lungs. On February 7, 2003, she received the heart and lung transplant at Duke University Hospital. The new organs had been flown in from Boston. James Jaggers, Santillan's transplant surgeon found that blood test results proving that the organ blood type (type A) and Jesica's blood type (O-Positive) did not match just as the surgery was ending.

The procedures that should have prevented such a mistake broke down twice: Dr. James Jaggers, Jesica's surgeon, failed to check the compatibility, assuming that the blood type of the donated organs matched Jesica's. He also failed to verbally confirm that assumption with Carolina Donor Services, the donor agency.

Upon discovery of the error, the transplant team used immunosuppressant drugs and plasmapheresis to prevent immediate organ rejection. The patient was kept on life support after the operation as donor for a second transplant was sought, even as she was racked by a series of seizures and her new organs started to fail. She also suffered from kidney failure as a result of the mismatch.

On February 20, Jesica received a new heart and set of lungs after a new donor was found late on February 19, 2003. However, the trauma of immune rejection had caused irreversible brain damage, and on February 21, she was declared brain dead. Her family was approached by the hospital to determine if her salvageable organs could be donated for use in other transplant patients. On the advice of their attorneys, the family declined. She was 17.

Subsequently, Mahoney, Jesica's benefactor, had to fight the hospital to get it to admit to the mistake, and according to him Duke officials misled the Santillans, who barely spoke English, about the gravity of Jesica's situation.

title: Jesica Santillan


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Panic of 1873

The Panic of 1873 was a financial crisis that triggered an economic depression in Europe and North America that lasted from 1873 to 1877 or 1879 in France and in Britain. In Britain, the Panic started two decades of stagnation known as the "Long Depression" that weakened the country's economic leadership. In the United States, the Panic was known as the "Great Depression" until the events of 1929 and the early 1930s set a new standard.

The Panic of 1873 and the subsequent depression had several underlying causes for which economic historians debate the relative importance. American inflation, rampant speculative investments (overwhelmingly in railroads), the demonetization of silver in Germany and the United States, ripples from economic dislocation in Europe resulting from the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871), and major property losses in the Great Chicago Fire (1871) and the Great Boston Fire (1872) helped to place massive strain on bank reserves, which, in New York City, plummeted from $50 million to $17 million between September and October 1873.

The first symptoms of the crisis were financial failures in Vienna, the capital of Austria-Hungary, which spread to most of Europe and to North America by 1873.

Europe
The panic and depression hit all of the industrial nations.

Germany and Austria-Hungary

A similar process of overexpansion took place in Germany and Austria-Hungary, where the period from German unification in 1870 and 1871 to the crash in 1873 came to be called the Gründerjahre ("Founders' Years"). A liberalized incorporation law in Germany gave impetus to the foundation of new enterprises, such as Deutsche Bank, and the incorporation of established ones. Euphoria over the military victory against France in 1871 and the influx of capital from the payment by France of war reparations fueled stock market speculation in railways, factories, docks, steamships; the same industrial branches that expanded unsustainably in the United States. In the immediate aftermath of his victory against France, Bismarck began the process of silver demonetization. The process began on 23 November 1871 and culminated in the introduction of the gold mark on 9 July 1873 as the currency for the newly united Reich, replacing the silver coins of all constituent lands. Germany was now on the gold standard. Demonetization of silver was thus a common element in the crises on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.

On 9 May 1873, the Vienna Stock Exchange crashed since it was unable to sustain the bubble of false expansion, insolvencies, and dishonest manipulations. A series of Viennese bank failures ensued, causing a contraction of the money available for business lending. One of the more famous private individuals who went bankrupt in 1873 was Stephan Keglevich of Vienna, a relative of Gábor Keglevich, who had been the master of the royal treasury (1842–1848) and in 1845 had cofounded a financial association to fund the expansion of Hungarian industry and to protect the loan repayments, similar to the 1870 Kreditschutzverband, an Austrian association for the protection of creditors and the interests of its members in cases of bankruptcy. That made it possible for a number of new Austrian banks to be established in 1873 after the Vienna Stock Exchange crash.

In Berlin, the railway empire of Bethel Henry Strousberg crashed after a ruinous settlement with the government of Romania, bursting the speculation bubble in Germany. The contraction of the German economy was exacerbated by the conclusion of war reparations payments to Germany by France in September 1873. Two years after the foundation of the German Empire, the panic came and became known as the Gründerkrach or "Founders' Crash". In 1865, Keglevich and Strousberg had come into direct competition in a project in what is now Slovakia. In 1870 the Hungarian government, and in 1872 the Emperor-King Franz Joseph I of Austria, resolved the question of the competing projects.

Although the collapse of the foreign loan financing had been predicted, the events of that year were in themselves comparatively unimportant. Buda, the old capital of Hungary, and Óbuda were officially united with Pest, thus creating the new metropolis of Budapest in 1873. The difference in stability between Vienna and Berlin had the effect that the French indemnity to Germany flowed into Austria and Russia, but the indemnity payments aggravated the crisis in Austria, which had benefited by the accumulation of capital not only in Germany but also in England, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, and Russia.

Recovery from the crash occurred much more quickly in Europe than in the United States. Moreover, German businesses managed to avoid the sort of deep wage cuts that embittered American labor relations. There was an anti-Semitic component to the economic recovery in Germany and Austria, as small investors blamed Jews for their losses in the crash. The Neuer Social-Demokrat newspaper of the ADAV published several articles blaming Gerson von Bleichröder for the stock market crash. An October 29 article called Bleichröder "Bismarck's Jew".

Soon, more luxury hotels and villas were built in Opatija, and a new railway line was extended in 1873 from the Vienna–Trieste line to Rijeka (Fiume), making it possible to go by tram from there to Opatija. The strong increase of port traffic generated a permanent demand for expansion. The Suez Canal was opened in 1869. 1875–1890 became "the golden years" of Giovanni de Ciotta in Rijeka.

Britain
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 was one of the causes of the Panic of 1873 because goods from the Far East had been carried in sailing vessels around the Cape of Good Hope and were stored in British warehouses. As sailing vessels were not adaptable for use through the Suez Canal (because the prevailing winds of the Mediterranean Sea blow from west to east), the British entrepôt trade suffered.

When the crisis came, the Bank of England raised interest rates to 9 percent. Despite this, Britain did not experience the scale of financial mayhem seen in America and Central Europe, perhaps forestalled by an expectation that the liquidity-constraining provisions of the Bank Charter Act of 1844 would be suspended as they had been in the crises of 1847, 1857, and 1866. The ensuing economic downturn in Britain seems to have been muted – "stagnant" but without a "decline in aggregate output". However, there was heavy unemployment in the basic industries of coal, iron and steel, engineering, and shipbuilding, especially in 1873, 1886, and 1893.

Comparison with Germany
From 1873 to 1896, a period sometimes referred to as the Long Depression, most European countries experienced a drastic fall in prices. Still, many corporations were able to reduce production costs and achieve better productivity rates with industrial production increasing by 40% in Britain and by over 100% in Germany. A comparison of capital formation rates in both countries helps to account for the different industrial growth rates. During the depression, the British ratio of net national capital formation to net national product fell from 11.5% to 6.0%, but the German ratio rose from 10.6% to 15.9%. During the depression, Britain took the course of static supply adjustment, but Germany stimulated effective demand and expanded industrial supply capacity by increasing and adjusting capital formation. For example, Germany dramatically increased investment of social overhead capital, such as in the management of electric power transmission lines, roads, and railroads, thereby stimulating industrial demand in that country, but similar investment stagnated or decreased in Britain. The resulting difference in capital formation accounts for the divergent levels of industrial production in the two countries and the different growth rates during and after the depression.

India
The discovery of large quantities of silver in the United States and several European colonies caused the panic of 1873 and thus a decline in the value of silver relative to gold, devaluing India's standard currency. This event was known as "the fall of the rupee".

South Africa
In the Cape Colony, the panic caused bankruptcies, rising unemployment, a pause in public works, and a major trade slump that lasted until the discovery of gold in 1886.

Ottoman Empire
In the periphery, the Ottoman Empire's economy also suffered. Rates of growth of foreign trade dropped, external terms of trade deteriorated, declining wheat prices affected peasant producers, and the establishment of European control over Ottoman finances led to large debt payments abroad. The growth rates of agricultural and aggregate production were also lower during the Long Depression than the later period.

Latin Monetary Union
The general demonetization and cheapening of silver caused the Latin Monetary Union in 1873 to suspend the conversion of silver to coins.

Factors
The American Civil War (1861–1865) was followed by a boom in railroad construction. 33000 mi of new track were laid across the country between 1868 and 1873, with much of the craze in railroad investment being driven by government land grants and subsidies to the railroads. The railroad industry was the largest employer outside agriculture in the US and involved large amounts of money and risk. A large infusion of cash from speculators caused spectacular growth in the industry and in the construction of docks, factories, and ancillary facilities. Most capital was involved in projects offering no immediate or early returns.

Coinage Act of 1873
A period of economic overexpansion arose from the northern railroad boom before a series of economic setbacks: the Black Friday panic of 1869, the Chicago fire of 1871, an outbreak of equine influenza and the Boston fire of 1872, and the demonetization of silver in 1873.

The decision of the German Empire to cease minting silver thaler coins in 1871 caused a drop in demand and downward pressure on the value of silver, which, in turn, affected the US since much of the supply of silver was mined there. As a result, the US Congress passed the Coinage Act of 1873, which changed the national silver policy.

Before the Act, the US had backed its currency with both gold and silver and minted both types of coins. The Act moved the United States to a de facto gold standard, which meant it would no longer buy silver at a statutory price or convert silver from the public into silver coins, but it would still mint silver dollars for export in the form of trade dollars.

The Act had the immediate effect of depressing silver prices, hurting Western mining interests, who labeled the Act "The Crime of '73", but its effect was offset somewhat by the introduction of a silver trade dollar for use in Asia and the discovery of new silver deposits at Virginia City, Nevada, that resulted in new investment in mining activity. The Act also reduced the domestic money supply, raising interest rates and hurting farmers and others who normally carried heavy debt loads. The resulting outcry raised serious questions about how long the new policy would last. The perception of US instability in its monetary policy caused investors to shy away from long-term obligations, particularly long-term bonds. The problem was compounded by the railroad boom, which was then in its later stages.

In September 1873, the US economy entered a crisis.

Jay Cooke & Company fails
In September 1873, Jay Cooke & Company, a major component of the country's banking establishment, found itself unable to market several million dollars in Northern Pacific Railway bonds. Jay Cooke's firm, like many others, had invested heavily in the railroads. Some investment banks were then anxious for more capital for their enterprises, US President Ulysses S. Grant's monetary policy of contracting the money supply and thus raising interest rates made matters worse for those in debt. Businesses were expanding, but the money they needed to finance that growth was becoming scarcer.

Cooke and other entrepreneurs had planned to build the second transcontinental railroad, the Northern Pacific Railway. Cooke's firm provided the financing, and ground for the line was broken near Duluth, Minnesota, on 15 February 1870. The railroad had borrowed more than $1.5 million from Cooke & Co, but was incapable of paying it back. An expanding funding gap became harder to resolve due to the Credit Mobilier scandal. Due to the financial crises in Europe, Cooke could not sell the securities abroad. Just as Cooke was about to swing a $300 million government loan in September 1873, reports circulated that his firm's credit had become nearly worthless. On 18 September, the firm declared bankruptcy.

Insurance industry
Many US insurance companies went out of business, as the deteriorating financial conditions created solvency problems for life insurers. The common factor of the surviving companies was that all marketed tontines.

Effects
The failure of Jay Cooke's bank and soon afterward of Henry Clews' set off a chain reaction of bank failures and temporarily closed the New York Stock Exchange. Factories began to lay off workers as the country slipped into depression. The effects of the panic were quickly felt in New York (where 25% of workers became unemployed) and more slowly in Chicago, Virginia City, Nevada (where silver mining was active), and San Francisco. In New Hampshire, state coffers were so depleted by lost tax revenue the state government turned to private interests including tea and gunpowder manufacturer D. Ralph Lolbert for financial support.

The New York Stock Exchange closed for ten days starting on 20 September. By November 1873, some 55 of the nation's railroads had failed, and another 60 had gone bankrupt by the first anniversary of the crisis. Construction of new rail lines, formerly one of the backbones of the economy, plummeted from 7500 mi of track in 1872 to just 1600 mi in 1875, and 18,000 businesses failed between 1873 and 1875. Unemployment peaked in 1878 at 8.25%. Building construction was halted, wages were cut, real estate values fell, and corporate profits vanished.

In 1874, Congress passed "the Ferry Bill" to allow for the printing of currency, increasing inflation and reducing the value of debts. The bill was vetoed by President Grant. The following year, Congress passed the Specie Resumption Act of 1875, which would back United States currency with gold. Backing American currency with gold helped curb inflation and stabilize the dollar.

Railroad strike
The railroad industry in the United States had seen major growth in the decades before 1873, driven in part by strong European interest in bonds issued by railroad companies. The failure of Jay Cooke & Co., heavily invested in railroad bonds, triggered a crisis in the railroad industry.

In 1877, steep wage cuts led American railroad workers to launch the series of protests and riots later dubbed Great Railroad Strike. Initial protests broke out in Martinsburg, West Virginia, after the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O) cut workers' pay for the third time in a year. West Virginia Governor Henry M. Mathews sent the militia, under Colonel Charles J. Faulkner, to restore order but was unsuccessful, largely because the militia sympathized with the workers. The governor called on US President Rutherford B. Hayes for federal assistance, and Hayes dispatched federal troops. That restored peace to Martinsburg but proved controversial, with many newspapers critical of Mathews' characterization of the strikes as an "insurrection", rather than an act of desperation and frustration. One notable paper recorded a striking worker's perspective that he "had might as well die by the bullet as to starve to death by inches".

Within a week, similar protests had erupted in other cities. In Baltimore, Maryland where strikers set fire to buildings owned by B.& O. Railroads and an outnumbered militia guard division opened fire when they were surrounded by rioters, killing 10 and injuring 25 more leading to a days-long standoff at Camden Yards.

In New York, striking workers began pelting arriving trains with thrown objects, prompting a response from local police. Pennsylvania saw perhaps the worst violence of the railroad strikes; see Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877, Reading Railroad massacre and Scranton general strike. In Chicago, Illinois, striking workers brought freight and passenger trains to a standstill, leading to an order from judge Thomas Drummond that such actions were illegal. The United States Marshals Service responded by arresting dozens of strikers. In Missouri, strikers also brought rail traffic to a halt, and at least 18 people died in conflicts.

In July 1877, the market for lumber crashed, leading several Michigan lumber companies to go bankrupt. Within a year, the effects of this second business slump reached all the way to California.

Aftermath in the United States
The depression ended in the spring of 1879, but tension between workers and the leaders of banking and manufacturing interests lingered on.

Poor economic conditions also caused voters to turn against the Republican Party. In the 1874 congressional elections, the Democratic Party assumed control of the House for the first time since the Civil War.

Public opinion made it difficult for the Grant administration to develop a coherent policy on the Southern states, and the North began to steer away from Reconstruction. With the depression, ambitious railroad building programs crashed across the South, leaving most states deep in debt and burdened with heavy taxes. Retrenchment was a common response of the South to state debts during the depression. One by one, each state fell to the Democrats in the South, and the Republicans lost power.

The end of the crisis coincided with the beginning of the great wave of immigration to the United States, which lasted until the early 1920s.

Global protectionism
After the 1873 depression, agricultural and industrial groups lobbied for protective tariffs. Conservative politicians such as Otto von Bismarck shifted from classical liberal economic policies in the 1870s, embracing many economic interventionist policies, including high tariffs, nationalization of railroads, and compulsory social insurance. The political and economic nationalism also reduced the fortunes of the German and Canadian classical liberal parties. France, like Britain, also entered into a prolonged stagnation that extended to 1897. The French also attempted to deal with their economic problems by the implementation of tariffs. New French laws in 1880 and in 1892 imposed stiff tariffs on many agricultural and industrial imports. The U.S., still in the period after the Civil War, continued to be very protectionist.

title: Panic of 1873


text:
Talk:Jesica Santillan

Foundation
Website appears to no longer exist, suspect ditto for foundation. Deleting final paragraph RE charitable foundation. IMO page worthy of deletion. Don't know how to flag... 131.111.184.92 (talk) 01:07, 25 April 2012 (UTC)

Untitled
This case had a huge effect on me. I had been working at the front desk of a hospital where a tv was located in my range of vision and I watched her story unfold. A few times I had to walk away so others couldn't see that I was crying. I was so conflicted by visions of Jesica's poor mother hovering over her precious daughter's bedside seemingly clinging desperately to the hope that her daughter would pull through. I could almost feel her pain. I prayed with all my heart for Jesica to survive and felt absolutely crushed when she died. I am a mother too.

Shortly thereafter, I decided to change my career path, with one goal being that I should learn Spanish. I sympathized with Magdelena Santillan and the anguish she suffered along with the language barrier that must've made things much more difficult for her. Additionally, I was dismayed by some of the heartless comments that I read from disgruntled people whose opinion about the fact that Jesica was a Mexican immigrant who was brought here by her mother seeking medical treatment that she couldn't get in her own country. Regardless of from where she came - she was someone's child. Any mother who loves their child as much as Magdelan loved Jesica would've gone to the end of the earth to save their daughter. And her daughter was very deserving of the effort.

It's been a couple of years since I've obtained my Associate's Degree. I had thought that maybe I might someday have the opportunity to work as an immigration paralegal; or at the very least, I wish to be able to understand the plights of immigrants and if possible - be of help. However, I'm not sure what the future will hold with regard to my career, Jesica's story has enlightened and inspired me. I have studied a little Spanish, and plan to work some more in learning the language out of respect for Jesica and her mother.

Lastly, I understand that Jesica had a strong faith in God, and her story reminds me of Saint Bernadette. Not to mention that there is a charitable organization that was created to help her, and now ls her legacy that continues to help other sickly children in her name. With that said, and given the fact that Jesica has touched the lives of people who never even knew her, I hope to find out someday that Jesica will be revered as a Saint. I truly believe that Jesica is more than deserving; as does her mother and family deserve to see it in their lifetime, to have that honor bestowed upon her. ~Judith F Orr

Rest in peace and God bless you, Jesica

AntonioMartin

Some groups are now using this incident as an example of why welfare is so bad. They are going on about how some [ - PMA] entered the country and got 2 transplants... Susan Mason

Antonio, I'm restoring Susan Mason's comment, as I'm sure it wasn't racist. My interpretation is that it is criticising the attitude described. Perhaps a section on public attitudes to the whole situation could be added to the article...? -- Oliver P. 01:45 Feb 26, 2003 (UTC)

Good idea Oliver - i dont think Susan meant to be racist - she was just reporting what other people have said about this case.

PMelvilleAustin 18:24 Mar 1, 2003 (UTC)

The line, "Asking the Santillans to donate her organs and afterwards publicizing their refusal was a strategy by Duke University PR to protect the institution from negative publicity." is not at all neutral. I'm removing it. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 152.3.96.58 (talk) 03:24, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

That is your POV. This is the official statement Duke made regarding it. I am deleting the caveat you made and adding a link to the article. "The option they had was whether or not they would speak with Carolina Donor Services about organ donation. We had been advised by CDS that based on their initial assessment several organs may be viable for donation. I explained to Jesica's family that this was the situation that other families were in when they made a decision to allow organs to be donated that could help someone like Jesica. Three certified translators were helping to convey our message to Jesica's family. However, her mother declined to speak with Carolina Donor Services who were present on site. They refused and we told them we would respect their decision." FEBRUARY 22, 2003 " http://www.dukemednews.org/global/download.pdf?ids=6498 LordPathogen Somebody has vandalized this article. Please revert it immediately.  —Preceding unsigned comment added by 76.171.104.235 (talk) 05:14, 5 March 2010 (UTC)

title: Talk:Jesica Santillan